cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Margin notes: building a contextually aware associative memory

Both the Human Computer Interaction and Information Retrieval fields have developed techniques to allow a searcher to find the information they seek quickly. However, these techniques are designed to augment one's direct-recall memory, where the searcher is actively trying to find information. Associative memory, in contrast, happens automatically and continuously, triggering memories that relate to the observed world. This paper presents design techniques and heuristics for building “remembrance agents,” applications that watch a user's context and proactively suggest information that may be of use. General design issues are discussed and illuminated by a description of Margin Notes, an automatic just-in-time information system for the Web.
An application of market window analysis: the case of vegetables grown on reclaimed phosphatic clay in Florida.

A market window analysis was constructed to analyze the market potential for vegetables grown on reclaimed phosphatic clay in Polk County, Florida. Weekly new returns averaged over an eight year period in nominal and real terms were used to identify market windows. Five vegetable crops, cabbage, cucumbers, peppers, and several types of squash and sweet corn were included in the analyses. The results indicated that cabbage, white sweet corn, cucumbers, and crookneck squash may be economically viable for production on reclaimed phosphatic day in Central Florida.
Phonon density of states and oxygen-isotope effect in Ba1-xKxBiO3.

The phonon densities of states (DOS) of insulating ${\mathrm{BaBiO}}_{3}$ and superconducting ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{0.6}$${\mathrm{K}}_{0.4}$${\mathrm{BiO}}_{3}$ and the variation of the phonon spectrum of the superconducting compound upon oxygen-isotope ${(}^{16}$O, $^{18}\mathrm{O}$) substitution are determined by inelastic neutron scattering (INS) and molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations. The MD simulations are carried out with an effective interaction potential which includes steric effects, Coulomb interactions, and the charge-dipole interactions due to the electronic polarizability of ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$. The MD results are in good agreement with the INS experiments and electron-tunneling measurements. Partial DOS of Ba, K, Bi, and O in ${\mathrm{BaBiO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{0.6}$${\mathrm{K}}_{0.4}$${\mathrm{BiO}}_{3}$ are also determined from MD simulations. In the superconducting material, the phonon spectrum softens and is comprised of broad bands around 15, 30, and 60 meV. The partial DOS reveal that phonons above 20 meV are due to oxygen vibrations, whereas phonons below 20 meV are due to Ba, K, and Bi. The reference oxygen-isotope-effect exponent, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathrm{O}}$r=-\ensuremath{\partial} ln〈\ensuremath{\omega}〉/\ensuremath{\partial} ln${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{O}}$, of ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{0.6}$${\mathrm{K}}_{0.4}$${\mathrm{BiO}}_{3}$ is determined to be ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathrm{O}}$r=0.42\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 from the mass (${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{O}}$) variation of the first moment of the phonon DOS, $_{\mathrm{O}}^{16}\mathrm{〉}$ and $_{\mathrm{O}}^{18}\mathrm{〉}$.This value is close to the oxygen-isotope-effect exponent, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathrm{O}}$, determined from the variation of ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ (0.41\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 by Hinks et al. and 0.35\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 by Kondoh et al.), indicating that ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{0.6}$${\mathrm{K}}_{0.4}$${\mathrm{BiO}}_{3}$ is a weak- to moderate-coupling BCS-like superconductor and that the high ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ (\ensuremath{\sim}30 K) results from large electron-phonon matrix elements involving high-energy oxygen-related phonons.
An Examination of the Thermodynamics of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation of (R,S)- and (R)-Flurbiprofen by Correlation Gas Chromatography

The vaporization, fusion, and sublimation enthalpies of (R,S)- and (R)-flurbiprofen at T = 298.15 K are reported and compared with literature values when available. Correlation gas chromatography experiments were first performed to identify appropriate standards that could be used for materials containing a single fluorine substituent. Subsequent correlations resulted in a vaporization enthalpy for (R,S)-flurbiprofen and (R)-flurbiprofen, ΔHvap(298.15 K), of (127.5 ± 5.5) and (127.4 ± 4.7) kJ mol, respectively. Fusion enthalpies, ΔHfus(387 K), of (28.2 ± and, ΔHfus(381 K), (22.8 ± kJ mol−1 were also measured by differential scanning calorimetry for the racemic and chiral forms of flurbiprofen. Adjusted to T = 298.15 K and combined with the vaporization enthalpy resulted in sublimation enthalpies, ΔHsub(298.15 K), of (155.6 ± 5.8) and (145.1 ± 5.7) kJ mol−1 for (R,S)- and (R)-flurbiprofen, respectively. The fusion enthalpy measured for the racemic form was in excellent agreement with the literature value, while the sublimation enthalpy varies substantially from previous work. Two weak solid–solid phase transitions were also observed for (R)-flurbiprofen at T = 353.9 K (0.30 ± 0.1) and 363.2 K (0.21 ± 0.03) kJ·mol−1. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 101:2045–2054, 2012
Metal Mesh Foil Bearing: Effect of Motion Amplitude, Rotor Speed, Static Load, and Excitation Frequency on Force Coefficients

Metal mesh foil bearings (MMFBs), simple to construct and inexpensive, are a promising bearing technology for oil-free microturbomachinery operating at high speed and high temperature. Prior research demonstrated the near friction-free operation of a MMFB operating to 60 krpm and showing substantial mechanical energy dissipation characteristics. This paper details further experimental work and reports MMFB rotordynamic force coefficients. The test rig comprises of a turbocharger driven shaft and overhung journal onto which a MMFB is installed. A soft elastic support structure akin to a squirrel cage holds the bearing, aiding to its accurate positioning relative to the journal. Two orthogonally positioned shakers excite the test element via stingers. The test bearing comprises of a cartridge holding a Copper wire mesh ring, 2.7 mm thick, and a top arcuate foil. The bearing length and inner diameter are 38 mm and 36.5 mm, respectively. Experiments were conducted with no rotation and with journal spinning at 40–50 krpm, with static loads of 22 N and 36 N acting on the bearing. Dynamic load tests spanning frequencies from 150 to 450 Hz were conducted while keeping the amplitude of bearing displacements at 20 μm, 25 μm, and 30 μm. With no journal spinning, the force coefficients represent the bearing elastic structure alone since the journal and bearing are in contact. The direct stiffnesses gradually increase with frequency while the direct damping coefficients drop quickly at low frequencies (< 200 Hz) and level off above this frequency. The damping combines both viscous and material types from the gas film and mesh structure. Journal rotation induces airborne operation with a hydrodynamic gas film separating the rotor from its bearing. Hence, cross-coupled stiffness coefficients appear though with magnitudes lower than those of the direct stiffnesses. The direct stiffnesses, 0.4 to 0.6 MN/m within 200–400 Hz, are slightly lower in magnitude as those obtained without journal rotation suggesting the air film stiffness is quite high. Bearing direct stiffnesses are inversely proportional to the bearing motion amplitudes, whereas the direct equivalent viscous damping coefficients do not show any noticeable variation. All measurements evidence a test bearing system with material loss factor (γ) ∼ 1.0, indicating significant mechanical energy dissipation ability.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The influence of zinc status on the kinetics of zinc uptake into cultured endothelial cells

Abstract To better understand cellular zinc homeostasis and characterize the zinc transport process, a mammalian cell culture model was utilized to investigate the influence of zinc status on the kinetics of zinc uptake. Culturing conditions were optimized to induce moderate zinc deficiency and zinc excess while still sustaining the general health of the cells. Cells were grown in (1) control medium of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in minimum essential medium (MEM; 5.0 μmol zinc/L), (2) low zinc medium (10% dialyzed FBS in MEM; 1.5 μmol zinc/L), or (3) zinc back medium (10% dialyzed FBS in MEM with zinc added as ZnCl2; 5.0 μmol zinc/L). Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC), porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC), and porcine venous endothelial cells (PVEC) were evaluated as to their responsiveness to our zinc-deficient conditions. Zinc uptake was faster (P 0.05) between the low zinc group and the control group in the concentration at which uptake was half-maximal (K). Zinc uptake into BPAEC grown in excess zinc conditions was not different (P > 0.05) unless the medium contained greater than 50 μmol zinc/L. In conclusion, BPAEC increased their ability for zinc uptake in response to moderate zinc deficiency, but did not change their kinetics of zinc uptake during moderate zinc excess.
Anisotropic nonlinear response of silicon in the near-infrared region

We characterize experimentally the anisotropy of two-photon absorption and the Kerr nonlinearity in silicon over a broad spectral region.
A Creole origin for Barlovento Spanish? A linguistic and sociohistorical inquiry

McWhorter challenges the validity of the limited access model for creole formation, noting that “the mainland Spanish colonies put in question a model which is crucial to current creole genesis.” His thesis is that in the Spanish mainland colonies the disproportion between the Black and White populations was enough for the emergence of a creole language. This article focuses on one colony, Venezuela, and argues that Africans there had as much access to Spanish as they did in islands such as Cuba. Based on this fact, the relevant linguistic evidence is analyzed. The most important contribution of this study is the discussion of the Spanish crown's monopolization of the slave trade, which kept the Black/White ratio relatively low in certain Spanish colonies until the end of the 18th century. Until now, this part of the puzzle has been absent in the discussion of the missing Spanish creoles.
Effect of induced lateral dielectric modulation on gain nonlinearity in stripe semiconductor lasers

It is shown by a simple theory that for stripe semiconductor lasers, the lateral dielectric modulation induced by lateral laser field nonuniformity will apparently increase the gain nonlinearity. >
Dynamically switchable biointerfaces

Smart surfaces can alter their macroscopic properties on demand. Over the past decade, a variety of approaches have been pursued to create reversibly switchable surfaces, which were triggered by several different stimuli. For instance, stimuli-responsive polymers or self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) can be employed to produce switchable surfaces that bind or release cells and proteins in response to external stimuli. Furthermore, anisotropic particles may be used to alter surface properties by controlling particle orientation relative to an interface. This article highlights a selected number of recent developments related to dynamically controlled biointerfaces, discusses some of their prospective applications, and attempts to outline future directions and challenges in this rapidly emerging field.
LIPOLYTIC, PECTOLYTIC, AND ALGINOLYTIC ACTIVITIES OF ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.

Davis, B. R. (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.), and W. H. Ewing. Lipolytic, pectolytic, and alginolytic activities of Enterobacteriaceae. J. Bacteriol. 88:16–19. 1964.—Of 2,262 cultures of Enterobacteriaceae tested, only cultures of Enterobacter liquefaciens (Aerobacter liquefaciens), Serratia, Proteus vulgaris, and P. mirabilis gave evidence of lipolytic activities. None of the cultures liquefied pectate or alginate. The value of tests for these activities in diagnostic work with Enterobacteriaceae, and in defining the limits of that family, is discussed.
Sister-chromatid exchanges: a report of the GENE-TOX program.

This paper reviews the ability of a number of chemicals to induce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs). The SCE data for animal cells in vivo and in vitro, and human cells in vitro are presented in 6 tables according to their relative effectiveness. A seventh table summarizes what is known about the effects of specific chemicals on SCEs for humans exposed in vivo. The data support the concept that SCEs provide a useful indication of exposure, although the mechanism and biological significance of SCE formation still remain to be elucidated.
Optimal chemostat cascades for periplasmic protein production

This theoretical work predicts the optimal system design for the steady-state production of secreted protein in a chemostat cascade, using bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as the host organism. The protein of interest, mutant invertase, is secreted to the periplasmic space instead of the culture medium on account of its large size. This work uses the secretion model developed and tested by Park and Ramirez (1988). It is shown that the highest productivity is achieved when the chemostat cascade contains two stages, although the improvement over the single-stage productivity is small. When no recycle is used, the advantage of two stages results from the tradeoff between maximizing the cell concentration and maximizing the rate of protein production per cell. When recycle is used, the cell concentration and protein productivity are increased, and the advantage of two stages results from the tradeoff between maximizing the specific protein production rate and maximizing the specific protein secretion rate. Cascades with three stages were also investigated, but these were found to have no improvement over the corresponding two-stage cascades.
Family-based association analysis of β2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms in the childhood asthma management program

Abstract Background β 2 -Adrenergic receptor (B2AR) polymorphisms have been associated with a variety of asthma-related phenotypes, but association results have been inconsistent across different studies. Objective We sought to apply family-based association methods to individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes of SNPs in B2AR to define the relationship of these genetic variants to asthma-related phenotypes. Methods DNA samples were obtained from 707 Childhood Asthma Management Program participants, representing 650 sibships, as well as their parents. Genotyping was performed at 8 B2AR SNPs. Qualitative asthma-related phenotypes were analyzed with single SNPs and haplotypes by using TRANSMIT; quantitative asthma-related phenotypes were analyzed with the Family-Based Association Test. Results Several SNPs, including SNP −654 and SNP +46, demonstrated significant associations ( P 1 as both a qualitative ( 1 ( P = .012) or a percentage of predicted FEV 1 ( P = .008). Similar evidence for association between the +523 SNP and qualitative bronchodilator responsiveness phenotypes was also found. Analysis of haplotypes supported an association of B2AR variants with spirometric values and bronchodilator responsiveness. Conclusion B2AR variants are associated with spirometric values and bronchodilator responsiveness, but different regions of the gene provide evidence for association with these phenotypes.
Uracil DNA glycosylase: Insights from a master catalyst

The recognition and removal of damaged bases in the genome is the province of a highly specialized assemblage of enzymes known as DNA glycosylases. In recent years, structural and mechanistic studies have rapidly moved forward such that in some cases, the high-resolution structures of all stable complexes along the reaction pathway are available. In parallel, advances in isotopic labeling of DNA have allowed the determination of a transition state structure of a DNA repair glycosylase using kinetic isotope effect methods. The use of stable substrate analogs and fluorescent probes have provided methods for real time measurement of the critical step of damaged base flipping. Taken together, these synergistic structural and chemical approaches have elevated our understanding of DNA repair enzymology to the level previously attained in only a select few enzymatic systems. This review summarizes recent studies of the paradigm enzyme, uracil DNA glycosylase, and discusses future areas for investigation in this field.
The Effect of Rearing Density on Growth, Survival, and Feed Conversion of Juvenile Atlantic Sturgeon

Abstract We investigated the effect of rearing density on the growth and survival of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus using initial rearing densities ranging from 10 to 30 fish per tank or 3.6–10.9 kg/m2 of substrate. The mean weight of fish at the start of the trial was 368.7 g. After 7 weeks of rearing, density ranged from 6.5 to 16.3 kg/m2 (14.7–36.6 g/L). Fish reared at the lowest density had significantly higher mean weight and length at the end of the trial. Growth over the 7-week experiment was modeled as a function of time, and growth rate was inversely proportional to density. The mean increase in total biomass was 63.14%, and the mean daily length gain was 0.23%. Overall survival was 99.7%, and calculated feed conversion rates ranged from 1.93 to 2.65. However, feed conversion rates were likely not at maximum levels due to the selection of a relatively high experimental feeding rate (2.5% of body weight per day).
“Behind Cinerama's Aluminum Curtain”: Cold War Spectacle and Propaganda at the First Damascus International Exposition

In September 1954 the United States Information Service presented Cinerama's panoramic widescreen projection and surround-sound technology at the First Damascus International Exposition. This exercise in “soft-power” cultural diplomacy underlay the U.S. government's participation in the event, a “festival” of national progress and development staged in the midst of three interrelated contests—the Cold War, the Arab-Israeli conflict, and a multisided struggle for Arab supremacy via control of Syria's foreign policy orientation. Drawing on declassified U.S. diplomatic correspondence, Syrian press coverage of the exposition, and the content of the film This Is Cinerama, this article compares U.S. and Syrian perceptions of the exposition and the multimedia spectacle it embodied. In the process, the article explores the reach of U.S. “soft-power” cultural diplomacy efforts in the Arab world after World War II, as well as the relationship among politics, technology, and cultural representation.
Citizens of a hydropower nation: Territory and agency at the frontiers of hydropower development in Nepal

This article interrogates Nepal's ongoing and intensifying attempt to become a “hydropower nation” by focusing ethnographic attention on new kinds of subjectivity, identity, and agency emerging at the frontiers of hydropower development in the Upper Trishuli and Upper Tamakoshi watersheds of central Nepal. Drawing on 13 months of field study and ethnographic observation, this article makes a series of arguments about the coevolutionary relationship between the production of an imagined hydropower future and the diverse positions of Nepali citizens living and working along this expanding hydropower frontier. Thematically, my analysis focuses on (a) the scale and velocity of hydropower development in Nepal, (b) the polyvalent role of the hydropower sector within Nepal's recent history of political volatility and vacuums of local governance, (c) an increasingly complex politics of recognition based on “project-affected” identities, and (d) emerging trends of financialization and mobilization sparked by the proliferation of shareholder-based models of benefit sharing that affect the discourse on risk sharing and stakeholder rights in crucial ways. Building on other critical scholarship on Himalayan hydropower development, this article seeks to disaggregate the technical and discursive abstractions of the Nepalese hydroscape by providing an ethnographic account of the micropolitics and praxis that shape the lived experience of hydropower development in Nepal.
Involutions fixing RPj∪Fn, II

Abstract This paper establishes bounds on the dimension of a manifold with involution having fixed set the union of the projective space R P j and an n-dimensional submanifold.
Visible-Light-Active NiV2O6 Films for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation

NiV2O6 films were successfully fabricated and characterized as photoanodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation. The films were synthesized by vacuum codeposition of Ni and V followed by annealing in air. The resulting triclinic NiV2O6 films were n-type semiconductors with optical transitions at ∼2.1 eV (indirect) and 2.4 eV (direct). Photoelectrochemical testing in 1 M KOH showed a photoelectrochemical band gap of ∼2.4 eV and that ∼45% of the photocurrent came from light with λ > 420 nm. NiV2O6 electrodes showed quite stable photocurrent under bias in basic electrolyte, indicative of chemical stability against photocorrosion despite its relatively small band gap. The flat band potential of NiV2O6 was ∼0.6 V vs RHE, thus allowing photogenerated holes to oxidize water thermodynamically, and confirmed by oxygen evolution measurements (Faradaic efficiency ∼80%). Suitable oxygen evolution catalysts and n-type doping are suggested to improve the PEC performance of this material further. Regarding the...
Effects of pCO2 on the interaction between an excavating sponge, Cliona varians, and a hermatypic coral, Porites furcata

Rising dissolved pCO2 is a mounting threat to coral reef ecosystems. While the biological and physiological impacts of increased pCO2 are well documented for many hermatypic corals, the potential effects on bioerosion processes remain largely unknown. Increases in pCO2 are likely to modify the direct interactions between corals and bioeroders, such as excavating sponges, with broad implications for the balance between biologically mediated deposition and erosion of carbonate in reef communities. This study investigated the effects of three levels of CO2 (present-day, mid-century and end-of-century projections) on the direct interaction between a bioeroding sponge, Cliona varians, and a Caribbean coral, Porites furcata. Increased pCO2 concentrations had no effect on the attachment rates of C. varians to the corals, and we observed no significant impact of pCO2 on the survival of either the coral or sponges. However, exposure to end-of-century levels of CO2-dosing (~750 μatm) reduced calcification in P. furcata and led to a significant increase in sponge-mediated erosion of P. furcata. These findings demonstrate that pCO2 can enhance erosional efficiency without impacting survival or competitive vigor in these two species. While few studies have considered the influence of pCO2 on the competitive outcomes of interactions between corals and other reef organisms, our study suggests that assessing the impacts of changing pCO2 on species interactions is crucial to adequately predict ecosystem-level responses in the future.
Lie groups and symmetric spaces : in memory of F.I. Karpelevich

Asymptotic distribution of eigenvalues for certain elements of the group ring of a compact Lie group by D. N. Akhiezer Minimal homogeneous submanifolds of symmetric spaces by D. V. Alekseevsky and A. J. Di Scala The heat kernel on noncompact symmetric spaces by J.-P. Anker and P. Ostellari On the uniqueness of Fourier Jacobi models for representations of $U(2,1)$ by E. M. Baruch, I. Piatetski-Shapiro, and S. Rallis Notes on integral geometry for manifolds of curves by J. Bernstein and S. Gindikin Quantization of Alekseev-Meinrenken dynamical $r$-matrices by B. Enriquez and P. Etingof Analysis on the crown of a Riemannian symmetric spaces by J. Faraut Quaternionic quasideterminants and determinants by I. Gelfand, V. Retakh, and R. L. Wilson Product formula for $c$-function and inverse horospherical transform by S. Gindikin The dual horospherical Radon transform as a limit of spherical Radon transforms by J. Hilgert, A. Pasquale, and E. B. Vinberg The Gindikin-Karpelevic formula and intertwining operators by A. W. Knapp Multiplicity one theorem in the orbit method by T. Kobayashi and S. Nasrin The c-function for non-compactly causal symmetric spaces and its relations to harmonic analysis and representation theory by B. Krotz and G. Olafsson A formal identity for affine root systems by I. G. Macdonald Canonical representations and overgroups by V. F. Molchanov Pencils of geodesics in symmetric spaces, Karpelevich boundary, and associahedron-like polyhedra by Y. A. Neretin Poisson formula for a family of non-commutative Lobachevsky spaces by M. A. Olshanetsky and V.-B. K. Rogov Real semisimple Lie algebras and their representations by A. L. Onishchik A calculation of $c$-functions for semisimple symmetric spaces by T. Oshima The Abel transform on symmetric spaces of noncompact type by P. Sawyer.
TRINITY: Tailoring Wireless Transmission Strategies to User Profiles in Enterprise Wireless Networks

The proliferation of smartphones and tablet devices is changing the landscape of user connectivity and data access from predominantly static users to a mix of static and mobile users. While significant advances have been made in wireless transmission strategies (e.g., beamforming and network MIMO) to meet the increased demand for capacity, such strategies primarily cater to static users. To cope with growing heterogeneity in data access, it is critical to identify and optimize strategies that can cater to users of various profiles to maximize system performance and more importantly, improve users’ quality of experience. Toward this goal, we first show that users can be profiled into three distinct categories based on their data access (mobility) and channel coherence characteristics. Then, with real-world experiments, we show that the strategy that best serves users in these categories varies distinctly from one profile to another and belongs to the class of strategies that emphasize either multiplexing (e.g., network MIMO), diversity (e.g., distributed antenna systems) or reuse (e.g., conventional CSMA). Two key challenges remain in translating these inferences to a practical system, namely: 1) how to profile users and 2) how to combine strategies to communicate with users of different profiles simultaneously. In addressing these challenges, we present the design of TRINITY —a practical system that effectively caters to a heterogeneous set of users. We implement and evaluate a prototype of TRINITY on our WARP radio testbed. Our extensive experiments show that TRINITY’s intelligent combining of transmission strategies improves the total network rate by 50%–150%, satisfies the QoS requirements of thrice as many users, and improves PSNR for video traffic by 10 dB compared with individual transmission strategies.
Clipping a Concave Polygon

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses how to clip a concave polygon. Polygons are a popular modeling primitive. Polygon clipping against a line or a plane is one of the most common rendering operations. The classic re-entrant method clips a convex polygon against a line, yielding a pair of polygons lying on either side of the line. The algorithm is conceptually elegant and easy to program for convex polygons, but becomes difficult to implement for concave ones. Although it can be patched up to treat these cases, the patching becomes complicated, involving the detection of degenerate edges. This chapter presents a simple yet robust method for clipping concave polygons. In the general case, both polygons are returned, suggesting an algorithm that can accommodate multiple polygons such as those produced when a concave polygon is split into many fragments (which may also be concave).
Trajectories in Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Risk of Stroke in Women in the California Teachers Study.

Background and Purpose—Whether changes in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) over time are associated with lower risk of stroke is not well established. We examined the association between chang...
Phacoemulsification: Technology and Fundamentals

The number one rule of phacoemulsification and aspiration cataract surgery is to know your machine. This chapter is designed to help the surgeon who is currently using phacoemulsification, or those who wish to understand more about technique, learn the basics and technology of the various types of phacoemulsification machines. Fluidics, pump design, handpiece mechanics, phacoemulsification needles, and fundamentals of phacoemulsification of cataracts will be reviewed.
A method for isolating adult and neonatal airway smooth muscle cells and measuring shortening velocity.

Methods are described for isolating smooth muscle cells from the tracheae of adult and neonatal sheep and measuring the single-cell shortening velocity. Isolated cells were elongated, Ca2+ tolerant...
Visual Evoked Potentials in Evaluation and Management of Patients with Hydrocephalus

The essential goal of therapy for any disorder of the nervous system is to prevent any further loss of function and, it is hoped, produce a partial or complete reversal of the functional deficit that led to the initial diagnosis of the disorder. With this in mind, it is obvious that our ability to evaluate the efficacy of treatment is dependent on our ability to accurately assess the function of that portion of the nervous system involved. In many instances, this presents no problem; in the conscious adult patient, the clinical neurological examination provides detailed evaluation of all levels of the neuroaxis. However, in some situations, our ability to assess the function of portions of the nervous system becomes significantly impaired. For example, it is virtually impossible to assess, with usual clinical examinations, cortical function in an unconscious patient. To some extent, established laboratory tests can circumvent this difficulty. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is routinely used as a technique for evaluating cortical function.
An account of truthmaking

In this paper, I both propose and discuss a novel account of truthmaking. I begin by showing what truthmaking is not: it is not grounding and it is not correspondence. I then show what truthmaking is by offering an account that appeals both to grounding and what I call ‘deep correspondence’. After I present the account and show that it is an account that unifies, I put it to work by showing how it can overcome an objection to truthmaking, how we can get truthmaking from correspondence, what it says about truthmaker necessitation, and how it can explain a connection between truthmaker maximalism and pluralism about truth.
Do basketball scoring patterns reflect illegal point shaving or optimal in‐game adjustments?

This paper develops and estimates a model of college basketball teams' search for scoring opportunities, to provide a benchmark of the winning margin distributions that should arise if teams' only goal is to win. I estimate the model's structural parameters using first‐half play‐by‐play data from college games and simulate the estimated model's predicted winning margin distributions. Teams' optimal state‐dependent strategies generate patterns that match those previously cited as evidence of point shaving. The results suggest that corruption in NCAA basketball is less prevalent than previously suggested and that indirect forensic economics methodology can be sensitive to seemingly innocuous institutional features. Forensic economics estimating dynamic games point shaving C61 K42 L83
Social Justice Approaches to Mass Atrocity Education

This chapter discusses the development of the 2013–2014 National Endowment for the Humanities/Kupferberg Holocaust Center (NEH/KHC) Colloquium Series and the motivation behind utilizing interdisciplinary and social justice approaches in the teaching of the Holocaust, genocide, and mass atrocity. It reviews the pedagogical theories that support encouraging students to relate the Holocaust to ongoing challenges in society and to their own lives, and it introduces additional examples of social justice instruction.
Bioinspired Micro-Optics and Applications to Imaging Polarimetry

Study of structural colors has led to optical filter designs using liquid crystal polymer that has microscopic structure similar to exoskeleton of many animals. The optical filters are utilized in novel multi-spectral and polarization cameras with applications in medical imaging, remote sensing, surveillance, and metrology.
DIABETES IS ASSOCIATED WITH WORSE LONG-TERM OUTCOMES IN YOUNG ADULTS AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: THE PARTNERS YOUNG-MI REGISTRY

Little is known about how often diabetes mellitus (DM) is present in individuals who have a myocardial infarction (MI) at a young age and whether the presence of DM is associated with worse outcomes in young patients post-MI. We retrospectively analyzed records of patients presenting with a first
Soil Microbial and Chemical Properties of a Minimum and Conventionally Tilled Wheat–Fallow System

Tillage alters the soil environment and microbial communities responsible for decomposition and nutrient cycling. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tillage intensity (minimum vs. conventional) on the soil chemical and microbial properties of a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–fallow rotation in the low-precipitation zone of the Pacific Northwest. Soils collected for 2 yr at two depths from both crop phases (wheat and fallow) were analyzed for pH, nutrient availability, total C and N, fungal and bacterial gene abundance, and enzyme activity related to C, P, and N cycling. All soil variables excluding soil pH were significantly greater in the top 10 cm of the soil. Except for pH and nitrate, all were greater in 2016 than in 2017. Across the full rotation, tillage did not affect any measured parameter. Instead, crop phase influenced several soil chemical properties and arylamidase activity, although the effects were not consistent across depth. Fungal abundance was influenced by tillage intensity but only in the top depth under wheat, indicating a phase-specific effect rather than a change persisting across the entire rotation. Soil enzymes were strongly related to total C, total N, and phosphate across the two soil depths, but effects were inconsistent between depths and across phases. Overall, crop phase and year were stronger drivers of soil chemical and microbial properties than tillage intensity. Short-term (<4 yr) tillage intensification does not have a strong influence on the nutrient cycling capacity of soil, although fungal numbers may decline in the cropped phase.
Multilinear Compressive Sensing With Tensor Ring Factorization

Tensor factorization has become a powerful tool for representation and analysis of multi-dimensional data. Low rank tensor factorization can be viewed as a higher order generalization of low-rank matrix factorization, both of which have been used for image and video representation and reconstruction from compressive measurements. In this paper, we present an algorithm for reconstructing images and videos from compressive measurements using tensor ring factorization model. We use a projected gradient descent approach that alternates between gradient descent over a loss function and projection onto a low-rank tensor ring structure. We also present a computationally efficient initialization step for the special case of multilinear compressive sensing. We present simulation results to demonstrate the performance of our algorithm on real images and videos.
The Stress Distribution on the Zygapophyseal Joint of Lumbar Vertebra by ANSYS Program

مفاصل النامية المقرنية او (مفاصل الظهر) هو مفصل زلالي مستوي يحدد مكانه بين نتوءات المظهر المفصلية للتقوس الفقري وهي عبارة عن مفاصل متحركة بحرية. استعملت عشر فقرات مجففة للمنطقة القطنية واخذت (الفقرة القطنية الرابعة) كعينة لكشف ممرات الأجهاد عبر المفاصل بأستعمال برنامج ANSYS تحت شروط التحميل المختلفة والتي استعملت لها نموذج تحليل العناصر المحدود. النتائج التي حصلت من برنامج ANSYS مهم في فهم الشروط الحدية لتحليل الحمل ونقاط تركيز الأجهاد الذي وضحا من وجهة النظر التشريحية والاتباط العضلات والأربطة المتصلة. هذا النموذج استعمل كاداة حسابية لربط علم الميكانيك الحيوي مع تحليل الزرع البديلي.
Crosslinking of Antibody Molecules by Bifunctional Antigens

A requirement for at least two antigenic determinants to induce humoral antibody responses has been demonstrated using derivatives of a small molecule, L-tyrosine-p-azobenzenearsonate (RAT). This molecule itself induces only cellular immunity in guinea pigs. Assymetric bifunctional antigens composed of one RAT moiety and one haptenic determinant, such as DNP, with or without a spacer, induce cellular immunity to RAT and anti-DNP antibody. A symmetrical bifunctional antigen comprised of two RAT determinants separated by a rigid spacer, (PRO)10, induces cellular and humoral responses, but the same two functions separated by a flexible spacer (6-amino-caproyl) gives cellular responses only. The bifunctionality of the latter antigen is probably compromised by intramolecular stacking of azoarsonate groups, since this molecule exhibits extensive hypochromism in physiological solution. The simplest hypothetical model of cell cooperation leading to a humoral response, i.e., bridging of T and B cells by antigen, requires the congregation of two lymphocytes on a molecule as small as DNP-RAT. Since the means of direct demonstration of such an interaction are not available, the capacity of such bifunctional molecules to bridge the receptors of specific antibody molecules was examined here. Thin layer gel chromatography was used to assess the crosslinking of the specific antibodies. It was found that all the bifunctional molecules examined were able to polymerize specific antibodies, regardless of whether they were effective mediators of cell cooperation in vivo.
Manufacturing Reusable NAND Logic Gates and Their Initial Circuits for DNA Nanoprocessors.

DNA-based computers can potentially analyze complex sets of biological markers, thereby advancing diagnostics and the treatment of diseases. Despite extensive efforts, DNA processors have not yet been developed due, in part, to limitations in the ability to integrate available logic gates into circuits. We have designed a NAND gate, which is one of the functionally complete set of logic connectives. The gate's design avoids stem-loop-folded DNA fragments, and is capable of reusable operations in RNase H-containing buffer. The output of the gate can be translated into RNA-cleaving activity or a fluorescent signal produced either by a deoxyribozyme or a molecular beacon probe. Furthermore, three NAND-gate-forming DNA strands were crosslinked by click chemistry and purified in a simple procedure that allowed ≈1013 gates to be manufactured in 16 h, with a hands-on time of about 30 min. Two NAND gates can be joined into one association that performs a new logic function simply by adding a DNA linker strand. Approaches developed in this work could contribute to the development of biocompatible DNA logic circuits for biotechnological and medical applications.
Persistent organic pollutants and couple fecundability: a systematic review

BACKGROUND Despite increasing regulation, exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) remains a serious public health concern due to their accumulation in the environment and ability to biomagnify up the food chain. POPs are associated with endocrine-disrupting effects including adverse reproductive outcomes that could affect fecundability, i.e. the capacity to conceive a pregnancy, quantified as time to pregnancy (TTP). OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Results of epidemiologic studies that examine the impact of various chemical classes of POPs on TTP have not been synthesised. We undertook a systematic review to summarise the strength of evidence for associations of four common groups of POPs with couple fecundability and to identify gaps and limitations in the literature in order to inform policy decisions and future research. SEARCH METHODS We performed an electronic search of literature published between 1 January 2007 and 6 August 2019 in MEDLINE, EMBASE.com, Global Health, DART/TOXLINE and POPLINE. We included empirical research papers that examined human exposure to organochlorine (OC) pesticides, brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated organic compounds and/or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and considered TTP or fecundability as an outcome. Standardised forms for screening, data extraction and study quality were developed using DistillerSR software, and all reviews were completed in duplicate. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess risk of bias and devised additional quality metrics based on specific methodological features of fecundability studies. OUTCOMES The search returned 4573 articles, and 28 papers from 19 different studies met inclusion criteria. Among them, four studies measured TTP prospectively, three had data on participants' prenatal exposure, three examined associations in both male and female partners and one focused exclusively on males. Analyses varied widely in terms of exposure characterisation, precluding a meta-analytic approach. Evidence was strongest for adverse associations of female exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls with TTP, with some additional support for associations of female exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and PFAS with longer TTP. Our review provided little or no support for associations between female exposure to OC pesticides or male exposure to any of the POP groups and TTP. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Evidence suggests that female exposure to at least some POPs may reduce fecundability. Although many of these chemicals are no longer in production, they are still detectable in human biosamples because of their persistence in the environment. Replacement chemicals that are being introduced as older ones are restricted may have similar reproductive consequences. Future studies should examine these newer POPs, assess interactions between POPs and other chemical and non-chemical exposures, investigate how POPs are distributed in and metabolised by the human body and focus on populations that may be disproportionately exposed.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Thrombogenesis: A Foreign Materials Perspective.

The initiation of thrombus formation in transcatheter aortic valves (TAVs) is not well understood. The foreign material components of a TAV may play a key role in TAV thrombogenesis. The goal of this study was to evaluate the thrombogenic potential of a TAV (entire valve) and its stent (with skirt). Blood was collected from eight human donors with citrate anticoagulation and later reconstituted with calcium chloride. A low-volume steady flow loop (flow rate = 0.8 L/min) was designed to facilitate three separate conditions (experimental duration = 1 h) per donor blood: (1) control (n = 8), (2) stent-with-skirt (leaflets removed from a 23 mm SAPIEN XT valve; n = 8) and (3) entire valve (an intact 23 mm SAPIEN XT valve; n = 8). Samples were collected at the start and end of each experiment. Serum D-Dimer and thrombin–antithrombin (TAT) concentrations were measured as markers of thrombogenicity. There was no significant change in serum D-Dimer and TAT concentration with time for the control group. An increasing trend in D-Dimer and TAT concentration was observed with time for the stent-with-skirt group. Interestingly, there was a decreasing trend in serum D-Dimer and TAT concentration with time for the entire valve (leaflet dominating) group. Moreover, changes in D-Dimer and TAT concentration were significantly different between the stent-with-skirt and entire valve (leaflet dominating) groups. Stent-with-skirt was found to impart the most prominent thrombogenic effect, indicating the significance of blood-stent and blood-skirt interactions in TAV thrombosis.
Shaping the Future of Policy on Learning Disorders: A comparative analysis of US, Canada UK & Sweden

Learning disabilities (LD) arise out of neurological differences in structure and function that impede an individual's ability to receive, process, retain, and retrieve information. Similar disruptions in learning manifest in autism, a highly complex neurodevelopmental disorder. For these individuals, learning disabilities are concrete and permanent, resulting in lifelong difficulties in learning, employment, and social recognition. Cases of delayed LD identification are often associated with debilitating incapacitation, resulting from low self-esteem, underachievement, and underemployment.Government policy needs to stand at the forefront of knocking down the many barriers that hinder individuals with LD from becoming confident, independent members of society. Policies from North American and European nations contain respective strengths, and thus international discussions and comparative research should be conducted on LD policies. This article examines national policies of the US, UK, Canada, and Sweden, focusing on identification, funding, and core focuses of learning disability policy.I argue three main points within each respective category of diagnosis, funding, and goals of LD policy. First, educators need to play larger roles in the identification of LD, and government policy should facilitate this role. Second, funding for LD and autism support is largely channelled towards educational initiatives, but such initiatives are currently too broad to promote concrete outcomes. Funding needs to go towards specific categories of support – including assistive technologies, assessment protocols, or extracurricular/pre-professional activities. Finally, the foremost focus of policy should be placed on addressing employment disparities for individuals with LD/autism. Such policy would go the furthest ways in promoting the "normalization principle" and "social role valorization," which are two guiding principles that can help increase opportunities for persons with disabilities, equip them with socially-valued roles, and bring them towards a greater level of social equality.
Strategies for chassis dislocation management at container ports: repositioning and yard consolidation

Abstract Marine container chassis have emerged at the forefront of container port operations in the U.S., with chassis dislocation being a major new problem. To manage chassis dislocation, two strategies are presented in this paper. In the first strategy, a model is presented to support the chassis repositioning decision faced by chassis pool operators. We consider the case that an (accurate) probability distribution of chassis demand is unknown. For such a case, it is generally not possible to determine the exact optimal number of chassis to reposition. Lower and upper bounds on the optimal cost are derived that are explicitly shown to converge to the minimum cost. The second strategy is chassis yard consolidation, which has the potential to reduce the variance in chassis demand and, therefore, lead to more accurate demand forecasts. An effective algorithm to iteratively reduce the variance in chassis demand is provided. Numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the strategies.
Currents: The Research University of the Twenty-First Century

Changes affecting American research universities include rapid advances in information technology; trends in job requirements, career paths and demographics; business restructuring; and the use of societal benefit as a criterion for financing research. In response, research will become more collaborative and international. Scholarly communication will transformed by the electronic world. Libraries will become sophisticated linked information networks equipped with powerful search engines. The structure and size of the research enterprise will adapt to economic conditions. Research universities will build greater synergies between research and education and adjust to serve the needs of a diverse populace for primary and continuing education.
An online field experience using mixed reality virtual simulation

A convergent parallel mixed methods study was employed to investigate teacher candidates’, peers’, and the instructor’s perceptions of teacher candidates’ teaching performance during an online fiel...