cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growing Equity and Health Equity in Perilous Times: Lessons from Community Organizers.

Although a growing body of evidence underscores the contributions of community-based participatory research, community coalitions and other community engagement approaches to addressing health equity, one of the most potent forms of engagement-community organizing-has attracted far less attention in our field. Yet, organizing by and for communities, to build power, select issues, develop and use strategies, and take action to address the goals they collectively have set, may offer important lessons for public health professionals in these fraught times. We share, largely in their own words, the experiences and reflections of ~140 grassroots organizers across the United States who attended regional convenings of organizers in 2017, planned and run by four leading community capacity and base-building organizations, and where diverse organizers shared strategies that work, challenges faced, and the deep concerns among their already often disenfranchised communities in the contemporary sociopolitical and cultural context. After briefly reviewing some of community organizing's core tenets and complexities, we share our qualitative research methods and key findings about the primary cross-regional concerns raised (mass incarceration, voter suppression, and immigrant rights), the themes that emerged (e.g., centering leadership by women of color and of using a health lens to frame community issues), as well as the challenges faced (e.g., the retraumatization often experienced by organizers and the difficulties in building alliances between groups "that have been taught to distrust each other"). We conclude by discussing how many of the promising practices and lessons shared by the community organizers might enhance our own field's health equity-focused efforts, particularly if we take seriously one of their most bedrock messages: that there can be no health equity without racial equity and social justice, and that to get to health equity, we must first address equity writ large, particularly in troubling times.
Unraveling the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) expression in colon carcinogenesis

The peroxisome proliferator-activated-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) was identified in 1994, but not until 1999 was PPARβ/δ suggested to be involved in carcinogenesis. Initially, it was hypothesized that expression of PPARβ/δ was increased during colon cancer progression, which led to increased transcription of yet-to-be confirmed target genes that promote cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. It was also hypothesized at this time that lipid-metabolizing enzymes generated lipid metabolites that served as ligands for PPARβ/δ. These hypothetical mechanisms were attractive because they potentially explained how non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibited tumorigenesis by potentially limiting the concentration of endogenous PPARβ/δ ligands that could activate this receptor that was increased in cancer cells. However, during the last 20 years, considerable research was undertaken describing expression of PPARβ/δ in normal and cancer cells that has led to a significant impact on the mechanisms by which PPARβ/δ functions in carcinogenesis. Whereas results from earlier studies led to much uncertainty about the role of PPARβ/δ in cancer, more recent analyses of large databases have revealed a more consistent understanding. The focus of this review is on the fundamental level of PPARβ/δ expression in normal tissues and cancerous tissue as described by studies during the past two decades and what has been delineated during this timeframe about how PPARβ/δ expression influences carcinogenesis, with an emphasis on colon cancer.
Sexual attractions, behaviors, and boundary crossings between sport psychology professionals and their athlete-clients: Prevalence, attitudes, and supervision

Participants were 181 sport performance professionals (SPPs); 92 reported being sexually attracted to their athlete-clients (ACs), though few SPPs sought supervision regarding such attractions. In ...
State Variability in the Prevalence and Healthcare Utilization of Assisted Living Residents with Dementia

OBJECTIVES Almost 1 million older and disabled adults who require long-term care reside in assisted living (AL), approximately 40% of whom have a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). States vary in their regulations specific to dementia care that may influence the presence of residents with ADRD in AL and their outcomes. The objectives of this study were to describe the state variability in the prevalence of ADRD among Medicare beneficiaries residing in larger (25+ bed) ALs and their healthcare utilization. DESIGN Retrospective observational national study. PARTICIPANTS National cohort of 293,336 Medicare fee-for-service enrollees residing in larger (25+ bed) ALs in 2016 and 2017 including 88,867 (30.3%) residents with ADRD. We compared this cohort's characteristics and healthcare utilization with that of individuals with ADRD who resided in nursing homes (NHs; n = 602,521) and the community (n = 2,074,420). METHODS Medicare enrollment data, claims, and the NH Minimum Data Set were used to describe differences among ADRD patients in AL, NHs, and the community. We present rates of NH admission and hospitalization, by state, adjusting for age, sex, race, dual eligibility, and chronic conditions. RESULTS The prevalence of ADRD among AL residents varied by state, ranging from 24% to 47%. In 2017, AL residents with ADRD had higher rates of NH admission than their community-dwelling counterparts (adjusted national average = 24%, ranging from 14% to 35% among states). AL residents with ADRD had higher rates of hospitalization (38%) than populations in either NHs (29%) or the community (34%), and ranged from 29% to 45% of residents among states. CONCLUSION These findings have implications for states as they regulate AL and for healthcare professionals whose patients reside in AL. Future work is needed to understand specific elements of states' regulatory environments and local markets that may impact access and outcomes for this vulnerable population of residents with ADRD. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1504-1511, 2020.
Extinction and recovery of mass flow through solid He 4 samples

Superfluidlike mass flow through 2 cm thick solid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ samples sandwiched between two porous Vycor glass rods filled with superfluid was observed in 2008. The flow commences below 0.6 K, increases in magnitude with decreasing temperature, and shuts off abruptly below a temperature ${T}_{d}$ near 0.1 K. ${T}_{d}$ is found to increase with $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ impurities at the few parts per million level. The mass flow phenomenon is recently reproduced in $8\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ thick solid samples; however, the shutoff of mass flow at low temperature is not seen. Here, we report measurements on 2.5 mm thick solid samples. Mass flow rate reduction and extinction near 0.1 K is found only when the concentration of the helium gas, ${X}_{3}$, used to prepare the sample exceeds respectively $3.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ and $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. After the extinction, the mass flow shows a gradual but complete recovery with a characteristic time of many hours. The experimental evidence allows us to formulate a model that explains both the extinction and recovery phenomena. The extinction of the mass flow is due to the trapping of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ atoms at the nodes or the intersections of the dislocation network which blocks the transport of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ along the network. The slow recovery in the 2.5 mm samples is due to the migration of the trapped $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ atoms along the dislocation lines and drain into the superfluid inside the porous Vycor glass. Our model also explains naturally the absence of mass flow extinction in the $8\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ samples and the apparent absence of recovery in the 2 cm samples.
Biology and management of Tropical whiteweed (Ageratum conyzoides) in citrus groves

This 3-page document profiles tropical whiteweed, a common weed of agriculture crops, wetlands, roadsides, and pastures in many parts of the world, and discusses how to manage this weed in citrus groves. Written by Ramdas Kanissery, Brent Sellers, and Steve Futch and published by the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department, January 2019. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1325
Key Interplay between the Co-Opted Sorting Nexin-BAR Proteins and PI3P Phosphoinositide in the Formation of the Tombusvirus Replicase

Positive-strand RNA viruses replicate in host cells by forming large viral replication organelles, which harbor numerous membrane-bound viral replicase complexes (VRCs). In spite of its essential role in viral replication, the biogenesis of the VRCs is not fully understood. The authors identified critical roles of cellular membrane-shaping proteins and PI(3)P (phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate) phosphoinositide, a minor lipid with key functions in endosomal vesicle trafficking and autophagosome biogenesis, in VRC formation for tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). The authors show that TBSV co-opts the endosomal SNX-BAR (sorting nexin with Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs- BAR domain) proteins, which bind to PI(3)P and have membrane-reshaping function during retromer tubular vesicle formation, directly into the VRCs to boost progeny viral RNA synthesis. We find that the viral replication protein-guided recruitment and pro-viral function of the SNX-BAR proteins depends on enrichment of PI(3)P at the site of viral replication. Depletion of SNX-BAR proteins or PI(3)P renders the viral double-stranded (ds)RNA replication intermediate RNAi-sensitive within the VRCs in the surrogate host yeast and in planta and ribonuclease-sensitive in cell-free replicase reconstitution assays in yeast cell extracts or giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Based on our results, we propose that PI(3)P and the co-opted SNX-BAR proteins are coordinately exploited by tombusviruses to promote VRC formation and to play structural roles and stabilize the VRCs during viral replication. Altogether, the interplay between the co-opted SNX-BAR membrane-shaping proteins, PI(3)P and the viral replication proteins leads to stable VRCs, which provide the essential protection of the viral RNAs against the host antiviral responses.
Big Data Analytics

An in-depth analysis of data can reveal many interesting properties of the data, which can help us predict the future characteristics of the data. The objective of this chapter is to illustrate some of the meaningful changes that may occur in a set of data when it is transformed into big data through evolution. To make this objective practical and interesting, a split-merge-split framework is developed, presented, and applied in this chapter. A set of file-split, file-merge, and feature-split tasks is used in this framework. It helps explore the evolution of patterns from the cause of transformation from a set of data to a set of big data. Four digital images are used to create data sets, and statistical and geometrical techniques are applied with the split-merge-split framework to understand the evolution of patterns under different class characteristics, domain characteristics, and error characteristics scenarios.
Bayesian signal processing: A practical guide to particle filtering design and performance

When uncertain acoustic processes can no longer be characterized by Gaussian or for that matter unimodal (single peak) distributions along with the fact that the underlying phenomenology is nonstationary (time-varying) and nonlinear, then more general Bayesian processors must be applied to solve the underlying signal enhancement/extraction problem. A particle filter provides a solution to this multimodal (multiple peaks) posterior distribution estimation problem in noisy acoustic environments. A particle filter is a sequential Markov chain Monte Carlo processor capable of providing reasonable performance for data evolving from a multimodal distribution by estimating a nonparametric representation of the posterior distribution from which a multitude of meaningful statistics can be retrieved. However, the question of evaluating its performance can be challenging even for the simplest of processes. For instance, it is well-known that Kalman filter optimality can be obtained only when the resulting error residuals (innovations) are zero-mean and white. It is not that simple for the particle filter. Once characterized, the performance of the particle filter must be analyzed for it to be of practical value. Here a set of design and analysis criteria is discussed and applied to demonstrate their ability to quantify particle filtering performance.
The impacts of SOX and SEC investigation on the corporate governance of option backdating firms

Abstract This study investigates the combined impact of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) and the subsequent related Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) initiatives on the corporate governance characteristics of firms that had historically backdated stock options. Our results show that backdating firms had both weaker board-level and committee-level corporate governance characteristics than control firms in the pre-SOX period. In contrast, backdating firms dress up their board-level governance to meet regulatory requirements but still feature weaker committee-level corporate governance in the post-SOX era.
A Rare Case of p190 BCR-ABL Chronic Myeloid Leukemia With a Very Good Response to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

The oncoprotein BCR-ABL has distinct fusion proteins generated from the Philadelphia chromosome translocation, depending on the site of the breakpoint on chromosome 22. The p210 is the hallmark of chronic myeloid leukemia. Only 1% - 2% of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) demonstrate p190 BCR-ABL. Imatinib mesylate, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), specifically targets BCR-ABL, which brought a revolutionary era to the treatment of CML. Although the efficacy of imatinib is widely known, resistance to it has become a pressing challenge in the treatment of CML. CML patients harboring atypical e1a2 transcript (referred to as p190 BCR-ABL) show a poor and short-lived response to first-generation TKI therapy. Patients with p190 BCR-ABL CML should be identified as high-risk patients from the beginning to allow the best chance of a deep molecular response. These patients must be closely monitored during TKI therapy and should be treated upfront with a second-generation TKI. We report a case of p190 BCR-ABL CML with a good response to second-generation TKI.
Diagnostic assessment of reservoir response to fracturing: a case study from Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site (HFTS) in Midland Basin

This paper outlines a data collection and diagnostics case study involving multiple horizontal shale wells. We look at well production profiles using rate transient analysis, differences in near wellbore complexity, geologic variations within the area of interest, as well as compositional differences in the rocks based on cores obtained from within the stimulated reservoir. The Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site is a multi-well experiment involving stimulation of unconventional shale wells in the southeastern Midland portion of the Permian Basin. The targeted formations include both the upper as well as the middle Wolfcamp formations, also referred alternatively as Wolfcamp A and Wolfcamp B. Data integration and analysis shared in this paper help us understand the various geologic controls impacting well productivity, particularly the wide variance observed between the Wolfcamp A and Wolfcamp B formations. Rate transient analysis indicates similar system permeabilities for stimulated wells. However, we observe higher effective fracture half-lengths for upper Wolfcamp wells. Using observations from 3D seismic interpretations (such as pad scale faults) as well as petrophysical and image log data, we highlight the substantial differences in stimulation as we move along the well laterals from the heel toward the toe sections. These differences are further reconciled with observations from zones with high data density at the core locations through stimulated rock, as well as independent data such as microseismic emissions. At the test site, Wolfcamp A was found to be relatively quartz rich with significant heterogeneity whereas Wolfcamp B is richer in clay and organic content. This impacts the geomechanical characteristics of the rock mass with much higher natural fracture density in the shallower interval. Thus, the fracture growth is more uniform in the deeper interval and more heterogeneous with branching likely in upper interval. Increased complexity also leads to consistently better productivity from the wells in the shallower interval as demonstrated from RTA results. This case study is unique because it provides valuable insights from actual sampling of the stimulated zones in hydraulically fractured wells and helps understand impact of various factors that contribute toward variability in well production. The findings from this study provides insights into need for optimization of completion designs in the various Wolfcamp landing zones, such as optimization of cluster or fracture spacing in various Wolfcamp intervals. In addition, it provides a useful template for data collection and research direction in future field test sites of similar nature in unconventional reservoirs.
Awareness and education to support sexual health after urologic cancer.

Abstract One of the most common side effects of urologic cancer and its treatment is sexual dysfunction. This negative consequence can occur because of changes in anatomy and/or the physiologic response to sexual stimuli, but also due to the psychological impact of those physical changes and the cancer experience. Sexual health is a key part of survivorship, but it is under-emphasized in training and can be overlooked in clinical practice. To support the sexual health of the urologic cancer survivor, the urologic oncologist should: 1) acknowledge and educate the patient about the potential effects, 2) be sensitive to identifying sexual issues as they arise, and 3) be aware of treatment strategies and be able to access the team members needed to provide these strategies. As sexual function requires a complex interplay of anatomy, physiology, and psychology, so does addressing sexual dysfunction resulting from cancer treatment. In this special Seminars issue, we review the sexual dysfunction consequences of urologic cancers in both men and women and strategies to maximize sexual health.
A Comparative Study of Risk Appraisal: A New Look at Risk Assessment in Different Countries

This study examines perceived risk data from the U.S., China, Japan, and South Korea. These data are then compared with similar results collected from previous studies. Psychometric scaling scores from Burkino Faso (a West African Country), France, Norway, and Hungary have been analyzed and compared with results from our study. The data reveal certain risk events like nuclear weapons, war, and AIDS to have high perceived risks in all countries. These data also show that many of the events have dissimilar perceived risks in different countries. The conclusions also show some countries have higher over all levels of perceive risk (South Korea) while others like the United States display generally lower values.
Bubble Burst vs. Defused Bubble: A Humble Opinion for When You are Sick

When you are sick, all hell breaks loose. Solutions have problems and society may not have all the answers. When you are sick, you (or your society) may choose one of the many options for helping you override the tide of sickness. Basically four scenarios can reflect all types of healthcare. The best scenario can be that you can try age-old understanding of living life simpler and healthier in terms of quality of life. Quantity of life is secondary to the primary goal of quality of life. You should develop resilience in resisting the covert assaults of modifiable risk factors. Health promotion and disease prevention should be allowed to replace the currently overenthusiastic culture towards curing diseases. The health care is like a multifaceted (multipronged and non-spherical) balloon. This multipronged healthcare balloon will never be air-less but at least we can aim to achieve that only air-left (compressed air energy) inside the balloon are the catastrophes that are not made by us and hence, out of an individual’s direct control.
Gastric cancer: Overview

Gastric cancer ranks fourth in incidence and second in mortality among all cancers worldwide. Despite the decrease in incidencein some regions of the world, gastric cancer continues to present a major clinical challenge due to most cases beingdiagnosed in advanced stages with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The development of gastric cancer is acomplex and multi-factored process involving a number of etiological factors and multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations.Among the predisposing factors are: Helicobacter pylori infection, high salt intake, smoking, and, in a small percentage ofpatients, a family genetic component. More than 90% of stomach cancers are adenocarcinomas, which are classified intotwo major histological groups: intestinal and diffuse. Intestinal adenocarcinoma is preceded by a sequence of gastric lesionsknown as Correa´s cascade. According to the anatomical position, adenocarcinomas are classified as proximal (originatingin the cardia) and distal (originating in the body and antrum). This is a classification that recognizes two different clinicalentities. In general, the only possible cure for the disease is resection of the tumor in an early stage for which the identificationand monitoring of at-risk patients play a significant role. With the exception of Japan, no effective early detection programsexist. Anti-H. pylori has been shown to be an effective measure in the prevention of gastric cancer.
Molecular Tribology of Fluids

The rheology of fluids at interfaces differs considerably from that in the bulk. Differences depend in part on the nature of the surface (especially the strength and uniformity of adsorption) and in part on the chemical makeup of the fluids themselves. This review emphasizes the shear rheology of fluid films of thickness 15-100 Angstroms. Differences from the bulk behavior are more prominent, the thinner the film. Ultimately a solid-like response to shear is observed. These findings show that one needs to develop a new intuition about the flow of even the simplest liquids, when one dimension of the flow is comparable to the size of the molecule. These new notions are not intuitive extrapolations of bulk properties.
Correlates of Young Women's Interest in Obtaining Cosmetic Surgery

This study examined predictors of young women’s interest in obtaining cosmetic surgery. The sample investigated was comprised of 101 college undergraduates residing in the northeastern U.S. (M age = 19.99, SD = 4.79). Participants’ weight status (M BMI = 24.52, SD = 5.69), body dissatisfaction, internalization of media messages, reports of physical appearance teasing, and interest in obtaining cosmetic surgery were assessed. Results indicated that all of the predictors examined were correlated with women’s interest in cosmetic surgery. Further, body dissatisfaction mediated the relations between weight status, internalization of media messages, reports of teasing, and women’s interest in cosmetic surgery. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of understanding cosmetic surgery trends and young women’s susceptibility to body dissatisfaction.
A rapid, flexible, parallel-access, heca-bit reading and storage scheme.

A paper tape data-handling system is described which can present 288 bits of information simultaneously; each bit having its own isolated output. The system utilizes a fast single-line paper tape reader, storage circuitry and circuitry to control the entry into storage. The rate of changing from one block of bits to a new block is 200 msec; this means that 5 blocks of information can be scanned per second. Aside from the speed of entry, the storage capacity can easily be increased or decreased depending on the need. The feasibility and the reliability of this system rely on the characteristics of a solid state ring counter which can handle load requirements without buffer circuitry and whose cost and size are much less than similar gating devices. The authors describe, a reader system which is felt to be the preferred alternative to the block reader in preprogrammed data situations.
COMMUNITY COLLEGE FACULTY AND STAFF REDUCTION: MERITOCRACY OR SENIORITY?

Staff reduction is an ominous issue to community college faculty today. As more and more colleges face the necessity of reducing staff, the question of criteria is raised: seniority or meritocracy? The study surveyed faculty at three Michigan community colleges as to their attitudes about the criteria for staff reduction. Responses to the questions were analyzed in terms of a number of variables, such as sex, age, length of service, unionized, and so on. It was found that the variables reached the level of significance in only a few situations. The responses indicated that faculty do not favor seniority over meritocracy as a basis for staff reduction. Responding to several hypothetical methods for reducing staff, faculty choose a plan based on evaluation as the method with which they most clearly agreed.
Medium range order in Zr-noble metal eutectic liquids

Abstract The medium range order (MRO) in containerless-processed Zr-noble metal eutectic liquids has been measured using the Beamline Electrostatic Levitation (BESL) technique. High energy X-ray diffraction data were obtained for equilibrium and supercooled Zr 75.5 Pd 24.5 and Zr 80 Pt 20 ; Zr 77 Rh 23 and Zr 82 Ir 18 ; and Zr 81 Au 19 liquids. When Zr is alloyed with 5d transition metals (Ir, Pt, Au) a prominent pre-peak in the X-ray static structure factor appears, indicating the presence of extended order. However, the position of the pre-peak is not consistent with size considerations alone. Given the similarities between the 4d and 5d alloying elements in atomic size and enthalpy of mixing with Zr, extended MRO likely exists in all of the compositions studied.
The distribution of real estate value changes: Metropolitan Boston, 1870–1970

Abstract This paper presents estimates of land value change and other measures of real estate value change for the Boston area's 78 towns and cities over the past 100 years. A flattening of the real estate value gradient over time is demonstrated. Given the pattern of land ownership in the Boston area, a higher rate of value increases at greater distances from the center is shown to imply a regressive distribution of capital gains with respect to wealth among the homeowner population. Returns to homeowning are compared with returns to alternative business assets indicating some possible factors in the persistence of wealth inequality.
Opportunistic Free-Living Amebae, Part II

The free-living amebae Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Naegleria fowleri have been recognized as etiologic agents of amebic encephalitis. Although each has its own morphologic, ecologic, and epidemiologic traits, they have in common the ability to tolerate mammalian body temperature and cause infections. The amebic diseases are difficult to diagnose clinically, leading to delay in treatment, resulting in a high mortality rate. The major tests for the diagnosis of these diseases include immunostaining for amebae in brain and other tissues and conventional and real-time PCR. Because the number of reported cases is low, only a handful of laboratories are equipped for performing such testing. Acanthamoeba causes systemic infections mainly in immunocompromised individuals but can also cause corneal infections in healthy individuals who wear contact lenses. In Part I of this article, the general characteristics of Acanthamoeba are reviewed, as well as its cultivation, the diseases it causes, the pathophysiology of infections, mechanisms of pathogenesis, therapy and prognosis, and, finally, prevention and control. In addition, the general characteristics of B. mandrillaris, which causes a subacute though deadly infection in either healthy or immunocompromised hosts, is discussed.
Efficacy of Surgery for Femoroacetabular Impingement: A Systematic Review

Background: Recent case studies on the surgical treatment of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) have introduced a large amount of clinical data. However, there has been no clear consensus on its efficacy.Hypothesis: The current literature can be clarified to address 4 questions: (1) Does treatment for FAI succeed in improving symptoms? (2) In which subset of patients should treatment for FAI be avoided? (3) Is labral refixation superior to simple resection? (4) Does treatment for FAI alter the natural progression of osteoarthritis in this group of typically young patients?Study Design: Systematic review.Methods: Twenty-three reports of case studies on the surgical treatment of FAI were identified and a systematic review was conducted. Data from each study were collected to answer each of the 4 focus questions.Results: This review of 970 cases included 1 level II evidence trial, 2 level III studies, and 20 level IV studies. Based on patient outcome scores and effect size, all studies demonstrated improveme...
Evidence for serotonin as a possible inhibitory transmitter in some limbic structures.

Cats were used for microelectrode recording from single cells in the amygdaloid complex, and for fluorescence histochemical demonstration of monoamines. It was found that the firing rate of amygdaloid neurones decreased sharply following the administration of 5-HTP, the precursor of serotonin. Conversely, it increased after the administration of L-DOPA, the precursor of dopamine and norepinephrine. The fluorescence microscopy studies, after formaldehyde condensation, showed the presence of what appear to be axosomatic synapses containing serotonin on amygdaloid and hippocampal neurones. We conclude that serotonin may be an inhibitory synaptic transmitter in these limbic structures.
Interface structure of epitaxial graphene grown on 4H-SiC(0001)

We present a structural analysis of the graphene-4HSiC(0001) interface using surface x-ray reflectivity. We find that the interface is composed of an extended reconstruction of two SiC bilayers. The interface directly below the first graphene sheet is an extended layer that is more than twice the thickness of a bulk SiC bilayer ($\ensuremath{\sim}1.7\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$ compared to $0.63\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$). The distance from this interface layer to the first graphene sheet is much smaller than the graphite interlayer spacing but larger than the same distance measured for graphene grown on the $(000\overline{1})$ surface, as predicted previously by ab initio calculations.
Material removal associated with condensation on a droplet in motion

Abstract This paper treats a three-phase, multicomponent fluid mechanics-heat and mass transfer problem. Solutions to the nonlinear, coupled boundary layer equations that govern laminar condensation heat and mass transfer in the vicinity of the forward stagnation point of a spherical cold water drop translating in a saturated mixture of five components are presented. The environment surrounding the drop is composed of a condensable (steam), a noncondensable and nonabsorbable (air), a noncondensable but absorbable (e.g. elemental iodine), a chemically reactive component (e.g. methyl iodide), and a particulate substance. The dispersed and the continuous phases have been treated simultaneously. The effect of chemical reaction between a reactive component in the continuous phase and an additive (e.g. hydrazine) in the droplet liquid has also been considered. The droplet sizes, the thermodynamic range, and the nature of chemical constituents chosen for the illustrative calculations are closely related to the operating conditions that are likely to prevail in the containment spray atmosphere of a nuclear reactor following a loss of coolant accident. The choice of elemental iodine and methyl iodide has an added feature. The mass transfer resistance for elemental iodine is almost entirely in the gaseous phase while the absorption of methyl iodide could be regarded as a liquid-phase resistance-controlled process. Mass transport, in the presence of condensation, is seen to depend in a rather complicated manner on droplet radius.
The Spencer's Curve: Clinical Implications of a Classic Hemodynamic Model

Merrill P Spencer and John M Reid applied the Hagen-Poiseuille law, continuity principle, and cerebrovascular resistance to describe a theoretical model of the relationship between the flow velocity, flow volume, and decreasing size of the residual vessel lumen. The model was plotted in a graph that became widely known as the Spencer's curve. Although derived for a smooth and axis-symmetric arterial stenosis of a short length in a segment with no bifurcations being perfused at stable arterial pressures and viscosity, this model represents a milestone in understanding cerebral hemodynamics with long-lasting practical and research implications. This review summarizes several hemodynamic principles that determine velocity and flow volume changes, explains how the model aids interpretation of cerebrovascular ultrasound studies, and describes its impact on clinical practice and research.
Kepler mission development challenges and early results

Kepler is NASA's first mission capable of detecting Earth-size planets orbiting in the habitable zone of stars other than the Sun. Kepler comprises a space telescope designed to continuously monitor the brightnesses of more than 100,000 target stars, and a ground segment to analyze the measured stellar light curves and detect the signatures of orbiting planets. In order to detect Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars Kepler was designed to provide unprecedented photometric sensitivity and stability. This paper addresses some of the technical challenges encountered during the development of the Kepler mission and the measures taken to overcome them. Early scientific results are summarized.1 2
Total and Jet Blandford-Znajek Power in the Presence of an Accretion Disk

Rotating black holes probably power ultrarelativistic jets in gamma-ray bursts, relativistic jets from some active galactic nuclei, and jets from some black hole X-ray binaries. Prior estimates of the power output of a black hole have assumed an infinitely thin disk and a magnetic field based upon a slowly rotating black hole and have not self-consistently determined the geometry or magnitude of the magnetic field for a realistic accretion disk. We provide useful formulae for the total and jet Blandford-Znajek (BZ) power and efficiency as determined self-consistently from general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic numerical models. Of all jet mechanisms, we suggest that only the BZ mechanism is able to produce an ultrarelativistic jet.
Didactic Uses of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem and Guided Problem Solving

Teachers are expected to generate new knowledge; but they equally have the deontic task of conserving the old knowledge and prevent it from slipping into oblivion. This seems to happen in the case of certain simple theorems in calculus. This paper attempts to deal with this issue in the teaching of maximum power transfer theorem (MPTT), especially with STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) initiatives kept in view. The MPTT is one of the foundational theorems in the entire electrical engineering curriculum. It is usually introduced to electrical engineering students at the sophomore level in basic circuit analysis. After teaching some important theorems like superposition, Thevenin, Norton etc., MPTT is initially taught in the case of a d.c. circuit and is taught again later in a.c. phasor analysis. By this time, almost all students have had tuition in basic calculus. Although higher order skills in math are expected of them, some of the mathematical facts in basic calculus such as Rolle’s theorem, mean value theorem, root relations of quadratic equation, Lagrange multipliers and so on are seldom mentioned in the teaching of electrical engineering. The object of this paper is to provide alternate proofs to the simple, well-known MPTT in unsuspected ways not found in standard textbooks. The MPTT can be proven even using the iso-perimeter or iso-area problem for four-sided polygons. Although all these proofs lead to the same well-known fact that the load resistance must equal the source resistance in order to have maximum power transfer from a d.c. source, the idea is to stimulate students’ creative thinking. This is done by posing MPTT in the form of guided problems with a prompt, cue or a recipe that would hopefully produce a desired result. With the increasing emphasis on STEM education, there is a growing need to lay down concrete steps that would painlessly lead to higher level of abstraction. This is of especial benefit to a majority of engineering students in the early years of their college study. After what seems like an exercise of ‘majoring on a minor,’ the proof of MPTT in the case of an N-port network with a.c. sources and complex impedances is elegantly completed via Brandwood complex gradient. The MPTT is very easy if the
USING SERVICE-LEARNING RESEARCH TO ENHANCE THE ELDERLY'S QUALITY OF LIFE

Through the implementation of sound Service-Learning (SL) projects, research populations seldom involved in academic endeavors, such as the elderly, can be recruited into innovative studies that are likely to improve their quality of life. However, conducting such SL interventions, although important, may be discouraged by the multiple methodological challenges that are likely to be posed by these studies, and by the delicate nature of some of the issues in question. To address the need to develop novel SL gerontology applications, this article proposes topics for SL professors to consider for future research on older adults. Furthermore, it offers preliminary recommendations on ways to minimize the possible methodological challenges inherent in the implementation of these innovative studies, based on a new SL research model. Upper-division SL undergraduate or graduate classes could involve students in advanced SL applications to target some of the complex issues discussed herein, such as abuse (of all ty...
Extranucleosomal DNA enhances the activity of the LSD1/CoREST histone demethylase complex

The promoter regions of active genes in the eukaryotic genome typically contain nucleosomes post-translationally modified with a trimethyl mark on histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4), while transcriptional enhancers are marked with monomethylated H3K4. The flavin-dependent monoamine oxidase LSD1 (lysine-specific demethylase 1, also known as KDM1) demethylates mono- and dimethylated H3K4 in peptide substrates, but requires the corepressor protein, CoREST, to demethylate nucleosome substrates. The molecular basis for how the LSD1/CoREST complex interacts with its physiological nucleosome substrate remains largely unknown. We examine here the role of extranucleosomal DNA beyond the nucleosome core particle for LSD1/CoREST function. Our studies of LSD1/CoREST's enzyme activity and nucleosome binding show that extranucleosomal DNA dramatically enhances the activity of LSD1/CoREST, and that LSD1/CoREST binds to the nucleosome as a 1:1 complex. Our photocrosslinking experiments further indicate both LSD1 and CoREST subunits are in close contact with DNA around the nucleosome dyad as well as extranucleosomal DNA. Our results suggest that the LSD1/CoREST interacts with extranucleosomal DNA when it productively engages its nucleosome substrate.
The minimal cone for conic linear programming

It is known that the minimal cone for the constraint system of a conic linear programming problem is a key component in obtaining strong duality without any constraint qualification. For problems in either primal or dual form, the minimal cone can be written down explicitly in terms of the problem data. However, due to possible lack of closure, explicit expressions for the dual cone of the minimal cone cannot be obtained in general. In the particular case of semidefinite programming, an explicit expression for the dual cone of the minimal cone allows for a dual program of polynomial size that satisfies strong duality. In this paper we develop a recursive procedure to obtain the minimal cone and its dual cone. In particular, for conic problems with so-called nice cones, we obtain explicit expressions for the cones involved in the dual recursive procedure. As an example of this approach, the well-known duals that satisfy strong duality for semidefinite programming problems are obtained. The relation between this approach and a facial reduction algorithm is also discussed.
Improved accuracy benchmarks of small molecules using correlation consistent basis sets

Improved accuracy benchmark atomization energies, equilibrium structures, and harmonic frequencies were obtained from the composite Feller–Peterson–Dixon procedure applied at the highest possible level permitted by our current hardware and software. Convergence of the 1-particle expansion was achieved through use of correlation consistent basis sets as large as aug-cc-pV8Z and aug-cc-pV9Z, followed by the application of a simple extrapolation formula in order to more closely approximate the basis set limit. Convergence of the n-particle expansion was addressed with a systematic sequence of coupled cluster methods up through CCSDTQ5. In 10 cases, coupled cluster theory was augmented with full configuration interaction. Each of the multiple sources of error was carefully monitored in order to minimize the overall uncertainty to the extent possible. Comparison with highquality experimental values, many of them obtained from the active thermochemical tables, reveals overall close agreement with theory.
Micro vapor-phase hydrogenation monitored with tandem chromatography-radioactivity

Abstract Reaction kinetics and selectivity of hydrogenation catalysis have been studied by (the microreactor chromatography-radioactivity technique as described.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of SERCA and PLB Oligomers

On a cellular level, the cardiac cycle is orchestrated by release of Ca2+ into the cytosol during systole (contraction) and subsequent reuptake of Ca2+ into internal stores by an ion-motive ATPase during diastole (relaxation). This pump, the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA), undergoes large conformational changes between enzymatic substates during calcium transport. Recently, we quantified SERCA structural dynamics using intramolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Here, we extend this work to investigate SERCA conformational changes in atomic detail using molecular dynamics simulations. Specifically, we tested a hypothesis generated from FRET experiments: Open conformations of SERCA are more dynamic than compact, closed structures. Our molecular dynamics simulations showed that larger amplitude cytoplasmic domain motions for open conformations compare to compact structures. The data suggest that the open conformation of SERCA is more dynamically disordered than the closed state. We also performed a molecular dynamics simulation on PLB, a homopentameric regulator of SERCA. Previous studies have suggested that a naturally occurring human heart failure mutation of PLB, L39Stop, disrupts membrane localization. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that L39Stop-PLB was unstable compared to WT PLB. In particular, we observed that the interactions between protomers of the L39Stop PLB pentamer were disrupted within 10 ns, resulting in collapse of the pentamer structure. L39Stop-PLB monomers were subsequently extruded from the bilayer, becoming soluble in the aqueous phase. We determined that the instability of the L39Stop PLB pentamers is partially due to lack of van der Waals interactions between truncated PLB monomers.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Osteogenic Genes in Atrophic Delayed Fracture-Healing: A Preliminary Investigation.

This article was updated on September 10, 2014, because of a previous error. On page 1242, in the byline, and on page 1247, in the author addresses, the academic degree for Henry J. Donahue had previously read “MD.” The degree now reads “PhD.” Background: We propose that fracture-healing potential is affected by the patient’s genome. This genotype is then phenotypically expressed by the patient at the time of injury. We examined the hypothesis that patients who exhibit delayed or impaired fracture-healing may have one or more single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within a series of genes related to bone formation. Methods: We performed a population-based, case-controlled study of delayed fracture-healing. Sixty-two adults with a long-bone fracture were identified from a surgical database. Thirty-three patients had an atrophic nonunion (delayed healing), and twenty-nine displayed normal fracture-healing. These patients underwent buccal mucosal cell harvesting. SNP genotyping was performed with use of bead array technology. One hundred and forty-four SNPs (selected from HapMap) within thirty genes associated with fracture-healing were investigated. Three SNPs did not segregate in the population and were excluded from the analysis. Eight of the remaining SNPs failed the test for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p value smaller than the Bonferroni-corrected level of 0.05/141 = 0.000355) and were excluded. Results: Five SNPs on four genes were found to have a p value of 1, indicating that the presence of the allele increased the risk of nonunion. The rs2853550 SNP, which had the largest effect (OR = 5.9, p = 0.034), was on the IL1B gene, which codes for interleukin 1 beta. The rs2297514 SNP (OR = 3.98, p = 0.015) and the rs2248814 SNP (OR = 2.27, p = 0.038) were on the NOS2 gene coding for nitric oxide synthase. The remaining two SNPs had an OR of <1, indicating that the presence of the allele may be protective against nonunion. The rs3819089 SNP (OR = 0.26, p = 0.026) was on the MMP13 gene for matrix metallopeptidase 13, and the rs270393 SNP (OR = 0.30, p = 0.015) was on the BMP6 gene for bone morphogenetic protein 6. Conclusions: Variations in the IL1B and NOS2 genes may contribute to delayed fracture-healing and warrant further investigation. Clinical Relevance: Impaired fracture union may have genetic contributions.
Anaerobic membrane bioreactor treatment of domestic wastewater at psychrophilic temperatures ranging from 15 °C to 3 °C

Anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) treatment of a simulated domestic wastewater was evaluated at psychrophilic temperatures of 15, 12, 9, 6, and 3 °C. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal >95% was achieved at temperatures as low as 6 °C, but fell to 86% at 3 °C. As temperature decreased, soluble COD in the bioreactor increased suggesting a reduction in suspended biomass activity. The high total COD removal was maintained via biological activity in the membrane biofilm, which resulted in significant dissolved methane oversaturation in the permeate. Sequencing of 16S rRNA suggested that the biofilm's metabolic diversity increased as temperature decreased in response to a greater flux of complex organics into the biofilm due to temperature-based suspended biomass inhibition. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis as opposed to aceticlastic methanogenesis was the preferred pathway in the biofilm, but not in the suspended biomass. This research demonstrated that AnMBR treatment of domestic wastewater at very low temperatures is feasible. However, it is important to develop technologies for dissolved methane recovery and to consider strategies to improve suspended biomass activity at low temperatures to decrease the reliance on biofilm treatment thereby decreasing dissolved methane oversaturation.