cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Headgear Use on Concussion Injury Rates in Girls' High School Lacrosse

ObjectivesThe use of headgear is a controversial issue in girls lacrosse. We compared concussion rates among high school lacrosse players wearing versus not wearing lacrosse headgear. MethodsStudy participants included a sample of convenience of high schools with girls lacrosse from across the United States. Certified athletic trainers reported athlete exposure and injury data via the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network during the 2019 through 2021 seasons. The Headgear cohort was inclusive of high schools from the state of Florida, which mandate the use of ASTM standard F3137 headgear, while the Non-Headgear cohort was inclusive of the remaining states, none of which have headgear mandates. Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated. IRRs with corresponding CIs that excluded 1.00 were deemed statistically significant. Results141 concussions (Headgear: 25; Non-Headgear: 116) and 357,225 Athlete Exposures (AE) were reported (Headgear: 91,074AE; Non-Headgear: 266,151AE) across all games and practices. Overall, the concussion injury rate per 1000AE was significantly higher in the Non-Headgear cohort (0.44) than the Headgear Cohort (0.27) (IRR=1.59, 95% CI:1.03 - 2.45). The IRR was significantly higher for the Non-Headgear cohort during games (1.74, 95% CI: 1.00, 3.02) but not for practices (1.42, 95% CI: 0.71, 2.83). ConclusionsThese findings indicate that concussion rates among high school girls lacrosse players not wearing headgear were 59% higher than those wearing headgear. These data support the use of protective headgear to reduce the risk of concussion among high school female lacrosse athletes. SummaryO_ST_ABSWhat are the new findingsC_ST_ABSO_LIThe use of lacrosse headgear meeting the ASTM F3137 standard was associated with a lower risk of experiencing a concussion injury among high school girls lacrosse players. C_LI How might these findings impact clinical practice in the future?O_LILacrosse headgear may be warranted for use for concussion risk mitigation among high school girls lacrosse players. C_LIO_LILacrosse headgear may be considered for concussion risk mitigation at other levels of play such as the youth or collegiate levels; further study is warranted. C_LI
Financial Reporting Quality and Idiosyncratic Return Volatility Over the Last Four Decades

Campbell, Lettau, Malkiel and Xu (2001) show that stock returns of individual firms have become more volatile in the U.S. since 1960. We hypothesize and find that deteriorating earnings quality is associated with higher idiosyncratic return volatility over the period 1962-2001. These results are robust to controlling for (i) inter-temporal changes in the disclosure of value-relevant earnings information, sophistication of investors and for the possibility that earnings quality can be informative about future cash flows; (ii) stock return performance, cash flow operating performance, cash flow variability, growth, leverage and firm size; and (iii) accounting for new listings, high technology firms and firm-years with losses, mergers and acquisitions and financial distress.
The Radiation Therapy Planning Problem

In this article we describe mathematical aspects of the radiation therapy optimization problem. Various says of formulating the problem are presented and discussed.
Machine Tool Adaptive Control

The design of high performance adaptive control systems for process control in metal cutting is being investigated. This paper summarizes progress in analytical, simulation, and experimental studies for machine tool adaptive control.
Automated identification of malicious code variants

The goal of this research is to develop a system that identifies new variants of malicious code by analyzing the system and API calls that the code makes at run-time. This system will aid industry experts in analyzing newly discovered viruses and worms, and could also potentially be used with an emulator as a malicious code detection tool.
Specific clinical phenotypes in relapsing multiple sclerosis: The impact of relapses on long-term outcomes

Abstract Objective The impact of relapses on the disease course of relapsing MS remains to be determined. This study aims to identify and characterize clinical phenotypes of relapse onset MS in a longitudinally studied cohort. Methods We recorded the clinical course of MS during the first decade of disease, using five-year epochs. Patients were stratified as: no worsening due to relapse or secondary progression (type A), relapse with worsening seen without secondary progression (type B), secondary progression with no worsening due to relapse (type C), worsening due to relapses mixed with secondary progression (type D). Results Of 176 patients followed from diagnosis for 12.62±4.18 years, 93.2% (164/176) had increased disability in their first 5-year epoch of MS and 52.2% (72/138) in the next. The phenotypes significantly differed by EDSS change during each epoch ( p p ≤0.002) and relapse rate ( p Conclusion We identified multiple specific phenotypes of MS and temporal shifts between phenotypes according to relapse type and progression.
Polymeric N-halamine latex emulsions for use in antimicrobial paints.

A new N-halamine monomer, N-chloro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl methacrylate (Cl-TMPM), was synthesized and used to prepare water-based polymeric N-halamines by emulsion polymerization. The chemical structures of the samples were characterized with Fourier transform IR, 13C NMR, UV/vis, and differential scanning calorimetry analyses. Upon the addition of a small amount of the polymeric N-halamine latex emulsions into commercial water-based latex paints as antimicrobial additives, the new paints provided potent antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus; Gram-positive bacteria), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA; drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria), vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE; drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria), Escherichia coli (E. coli; Gram-negative bacteria), Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis; fungi), MS2 virus (15597-B; virus), and Stachybotrys chartarum spore (S. chartarum; mold), and they successfully prevented biofilm formation and development. The...
Clinical significance of nuclear DNA ploidy pattern in nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors

Objective. To evaluate the clinical significance of DNA ploidy pattern for patients with nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors who did not receive platinum-based chemotherapy. Methods. Flow cytometric nuclear DNA ploidy analysis of paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were used. Results. All patients underwent radical orchiectomy with or without retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy between 1960 and 1980. Mean follow-up time was eight years. Nineteen percent of the tumors were DNA diploid and 81 percent were DNA aneuploid. Signs of local tumor extension (spermatic cord involvement or vascular invasion) were found in 20 tumors, all were classified as DNA aneuploid (P < 0.04). After primary treatment 9 patients who were clinically cured experienced disease progression; only 1 of them had DNA diploid tumor; the rest were DNA aneuploid (P < 0.05). The ten-year survival rate was higher for patients having DNA diploid tumors compared with those with DNA aneuploid neoplasms (86% versus 53 percent, P < 0.02). Conclusions. The results of this retrospective study indicate that nuclear DNA content provide important information concerning the natural history and biology of nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumor.
Aberrations in Normal Systemic Lipid Metabolism in Ovarian Cancer Patients

Numerous investigations have demonstrated altered systemic lipid metabolism in cancer patients, as well as aberrant lipid utilization by tumor cells. The most common measure of altered systemic lipid metabolism in these individuals has been hyperlipidemia. Although cachexia is not generally considered to be associated with gynecologic cancers, this study demonstrates the presence of lipolysis-promoting activity, detectable in sera and ascites of ovarian cancer patients and indices of altered systemic lipid metabolism. Elevated lipolysis promoting activity was detectable in the sera of 7/9 patients and in the ascites of 5/5 patients. Since previous studies have indicated that cancer patients exhibit a 2.5-fold enhancement in hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) versus normal controls, as a potential mechanism for elevated lipolysis, the ability of ascites-derived factors to induce HSl was examined. The addition of three of four ascites fluids increased the level of HSL in normal adipocytes. All of the patients' samples exhibited elevated lipid levels versus normal peritoneal fluid. Isolation and analysis of lipids from three ovarian cancer patients revealed four consistent altered lipid parameters compared to normal peritoneal fluid: elevated monoglycerides, diglycerides, and free fatty acids and decreased triacylglycerides. While "classical" cachexia is not a common feature of ovarian cancer, the presence of circulating lipolysis-promoting activity and altered lipid metabolism, generally observed in cachectic individuals, can be demonstrated in these ovarian cancer patients. Based on recent evidence indicating a role of lipids in carcinogenic initiation or promotion, the presence of tumor-derived lipolysis-promoting factor and lipid metabolism alterations may provide a mechanism for the epidemiologically observed association between lipids and certain cancers, including ovarian cancer.
SEM observations of the sliding behavior of A12O3 and CBN against steel

Both aluminum oxide (A12O3) and cubic boron nitride (CBN) are being used as the abrasive medium in grinding wheels. To compare the effectiveness of these abrasives, a study was made, using the scanning electron microscope (SEM), to observe the sliding behavior and surface damage resulting from single particles of polycrystalline A12O3 and CBN sliding dry against hardened M-50 tool steel. These experiments were run in the chamber of the SEM, which permitted direct observation of the contact areas at high magnifications. Friction force was monitored and videotape recordings were made continuously during these tests. Significantly lower friction and smoother wear tracks were obtained with the CBN. The A12O3 grit produced much sharper ridges and considerable microcracking on the ridges. These microcracks were formed perpendicular to the wear track. The wear tracks obtained in the SEM were compared with the surfaces produced by surface grinding hardened steel with both CBN and A12O3 wheels. At high magnifications, marked similarities between the ground surfaces and the surfaces produced by the basic sliding tests were noted. It is suggested that because of the large number of microcracks formed during the grinding process with the A12O3, the fatigue life of parts ground with an A12O3 wheel would be shorter than those ground with CBN. Practical experience indicates that this is true.
Early uses of hypnosis in smoking cessation and dietary management: a historical note.

Abstract Hypnosis as a treatment for smoking cessation and dietary management was first reported in 1847 when J.W. Robbins, a Massachusetts physician, successfully used posthypnotic suggestions of an aversive nature with two different subjects. The techniques then employed closely resemble those in use today.
Translation as Rule-Governed Behaviour

Access to full text is restricted. WSU Libraries provides access to electronic copy of this article via commercial databases and library online catalog: http://libcat.wichita.edu/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=1332858
Contemporary German‐language literature in English translation: a checklist of the works of the younger generation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce librarians, faculty, and other interested individuals to contemporary German literature in English translation.Design/methodology/approach – German‐language authors born in 1950 or later and listed on the Contemporary Living Authors Comprehensive List developed by the German vendor Otto Harrassowitz are searched in OCLC's WorldCat database to determine the existence of English translations. A bio‐bibliographical list is then developed featuring all contemporary German‐language authors who have achieved an English language translation of at least one of their literary works.Findings – Of the approximately 1,400 writers on Harrassowitz's comprehensive list, a surprisingly large number of almost 80 authors of the younger generation (born in 1950 or later) have been translated into English.Originality/value – This bio‐bibliography of contemporary German belles lettres (of the younger generation) in English translation is the first of its kind. It can be used...
Gamma-ray-induced ESR signals in lettuce: Evidence for seed-hydration-resistant and -sensitive free radicals

Abstract The effects of wetting and redrying lettuce seeds on γ-radiation-induced electron-spin-resonance (ESR) signals have been studied. Seeds were wetted and then dried at room temperature over a desiccant, followed by equilibration in an atmosphere until the water content for both the wetted-redried seeds and their unwetted controls was approximately 6–7 per cent. When γ-irradiated seeds were completely wetted and redried, most, but not all, of the radiation-induced signal was eliminated. The radiation-induced signal that persisted after wetting and redrying was approximately 8 per cent of the total radiation-induced signal in unwetted seeds. The derivative curve of the signal from un-irradiated seeds, both before and after wetting and redrying, has a peak-to-peak line width of 6·5 G. The corresponding line width of the radiation-induced signal for doses less than 1 Mrad was not detectably different from the endogenous signal width. At very high doses (5–20 Mrad), the radiation-induced, water-resistant signal was from 4 to 12 per cent wider and the radiation-induced signal in unwetted seeds was from 9 to 20 per cent wider. No difference in g values (2·006-2·007) were detected resulting either from irradiation or from wetting and redrying. Studies of power saturation, however, did indicate a difference between the radiation-induced resonances that persisted after wetting and redrying vs. the radiation-induced resonances that were present in unwetted controls. These results indicate a difference in the molecular environment of such radiation-induced unpaired electrons that persist after hydration vs. the molecular environment of radiation-induced unpaired electrons in unwetted seeds. Reirradiation of seeds that had been wetted and redried after receiving 8 Mrad was as effective in inducing resonances as was irradiation of control seeds that had not been irradiated before having been wetted and redried. This indicates that the radiation-induced resonances that persist after hydration and redrying do not influence the subsequent induction of resonances by radiation. This last finding also suggests that the radiation-induced signal that disappears on seed hydration can be reversibly eliminated by hydration and reinduced by reirradiation.
Heavy-metal mitogenesis: thymocyte activation by Zn++ requires 2-mercaptoethanol and lipopolysaccharide as cofactors.

Abstract Thymocytes from Balb/C mice were activated in vitro by Zn ++ as noted by the several-foldincreases in 3 H-thymidine incorporation at 144 h of culture. Thymocyte activation by Zn ++ required the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in concentrations as low as 1.0 ng/ml. Thymocytes were not stimulated by these agents in the absence of Zn ++ . Bovine serum products, thought to contain trace amounts of LPS, appeared to satisfy this LPS requirement. Interleukin 1 (IL 1) could not replace LPS as a cofactor. Thymocytes did not respond to Hg ++ under the culture conditions used here. Thymocyte subpopulation studies showed that cell preparations enriched for peanut lectin receptor-negative, mature thymocytes were activated by Zn ++ and required LPS for the response.
Regulation of Atherosclerosis and Associated Risk Factors by Adenosine and Adenosine Receptors

Adenosine is an endogenous metabolite that has an anti-inflammatory effect across the vasculature. Extracellular adenosine activates 4 G-protein coupled receptors (A1, A3, A2A, and A2B) whose expression varies in different cells and tissues, including the vasculature and blood cells. Higher levels of adenosine are generated during stress, inflammation, and upon tissue damage. Some of the adenosine receptors (AR), such as the A2BAR, are further up-regulated following such stresses. This review discusses the role of adenosine and adenosine receptors in the development of atherosclerosis and some of the risk factors associated with this pathology. These include adenosine receptor-regulated changes in atherosclerosis, blood pressure, thrombosis, and myocardial infarction. Potential therapeutic applications are reviewed, as well as reasons for phenotypic differences occasionally observed between receptor knockout and pharmacological inhibition via drug administration.
Small Cell Lung Cancer: Therapies and Targets

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains a fatal disease due to limited therapeutic options. Systemic chemotherapy is the bedrock of treatment for both the limited and extensive stages of the disease. However, the established management paradigm of platinum-based chemotherapy has reached an efficacy plateau. A modest survival improvement, approximately 5%, was witnessed with the addition of cranial or thoracic radiation to systemic chemotherapy. Other strategies to improve outcome of platinum-based chemotherapy in the last two decades have met with minimal success. The substitution of irinotecan for etoposide in the frontline treatment of SCLC achieved significant efficacy benefit in Japanese patients, but similar benefit could not be reproduced in other patient populations. Salvage treatment for recurrent or progressive SCLC is particularly challenging, where topotecan remains the only agent with regulatory approval to date. Ongoing evaluation of biologic agents targeting angiogenesis, sonic hedgehog pathway, DNA repair pathway, and immune checkpoint modulators hold some promise for improved outcome in SCLC. It is hoped that the coming decade will witness the application of new molecular biology and genomic research techniques to improve our understanding of SCLC biology and identification of molecular subsets that can be targeted appropriately using established and emerging biological agents similar to the accomplishments of the last decade with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Single Molecule Probing of P53's Ability to Dynamically Regulate Chromatin Structure

The tumor suppressor p53 protein is a transcriptional activator that binds to its response elements (REs) on target promoters and activates expression of a large number of genes involved in tumor suppression. Previous ChIP-seq studies indicate that p53 binds to its REs embedded in regions densely populated with nucleosomes. However, it is unknown if nucleosomes help or hinder binding of p53 to its response elements to regulate transcription.To decipher the interaction of p53 with nucleosomes, we have utilized a combination of Next Generation Proteomics, bioinformatics, bulk biochemical and real-time single molecule FRET assays. Our proteomic assays show that p53 interacts with peptides that have strong homology to histones H2A, H2B, and H4. Biochemical assays indicate that p53 can stably interact with histone peptides in the absence of DNA. Genomic maps of p53 REs and nucleosome positions further reveal that p53 REs cluster specifically within 2 regions of the nucleosome. Furthermore these clustered p53 REs are adjacent to histone regions identified in our proteomic studies, suggesting localization of two physiologically relevant binding platforms for p53 on the nucleosome.We have also established a single molecule FRET assay to characterize dynamic structural changes in nucleosomes with and without p53 REs. Interestingly, our studies reveal that p53 can bind to our biochemically defined nucleosomal surface and dynamically alter the structure of nucleosomal DNA independently of the presence of a p53 RE. Intriguingly, p53 has a higher affinity for its RE when incorporated into nucleosomes assembled with native DNA compared to REs on naked DNA. Thus, our studies indicate that histone/p53 contacts may enhance p53 directed transcription by creating a stable platform for p53 promoter recruitment.
The race/ethnicity disparity in misdemeanor marijuana arrests in new york city*

RESEARCH SUMMARY: This article examines the growth in marijuana misdemeanor arrests in New York City (NYC) from 1980 to 2003 and its differential impact on blacks and Hispanics. Since 1980, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) expanded its use of arrest and detention for minor offenses under its quality-of-life (QOL) policing initiative. Arrest data indicate that during the 1990s the primary focus of QOL policing became smoking marijuana in public view (MPV). By 2000, MPV had become the most common misdemeanor arrest, accounting for 15% of all NYC adult arrests and rivaling controlled substance arrests as the primary focus of drug abuse control. Of note, most MPV arrestees have been black or Hispanic. Furthermore, black and Hispanic MPV arrestees have been more likely to be detained prior to arraignment, convicted, and sentenced to jail than their white counterparts. POLICY IMPLICATIONS: In light of the disparities, we recommend that the NYPD consider scaling back on MPV enforcement and reducing the harshness of treatment by routinely issuing Desk Appearance Tickets when the person is not wanted on other charges, so that most MPV arrestees would not be detained. Furthermore, we recommend that legislators should consider making smoking marijuana in public a violation and not a misdemeanor. Lastly, we suggest ways that NYC could monitor the effectiveness of these policy modifications to assure that the city continues to meet its goals for order maintenance.
New methods of rating and prescribing magnifiers for the partially blind.

The conventional formula for the increase in size of the retinal image provided by a simple magnifier is M=D/4. This formula is based on arbitrary assumptions as to the accommodative powers exerted when the observer views a near object with and without the magnifier. Since these assumptions do not apply in a majority of cases, the conventional ratings of magnification are of limited use in the prescribing of reading aids for patients with subnormal vision. More realistic formulas are proposed which are applicable to many special cases, and which take account of the fact that the increase in size of the retinal image may depend upon the way in which the magnifier is used.It is shown that the dioptric power of the magnifier required by a given patient is determined primarily by (a) his visual acuity and (b) his near point of distinct vision. A simple test of near-acuity for meaningful text is described which gives direct and valid information as to the increase in size of the retinal image required for useful reading vision. Further studies are needed to determine the best method of measuring the accommodative powers of patients with subnormal vision.
A facility for in vivo measurement of kidney and liver cadmium by neutron capture prompt gamma ray analysis

An in vivo method for the determination of Cd levels in human kidney and liver has been developed. The method allows detection of absolute quantities of Cd in the left kidney and Cd concentration in the liver. The limit of detection of cadmium is 2.5 mg for the left kidney and 1.8 mu g/g (wet weight) for the liver, for a localized dose of 670 mrem. The effects of patient positioning, organ geometry and liver-kidney interference on the measurement have been investigated using an Alderson phantom.
Displacement of a DNA binding protein by Dda helicase

Bacteriophage T4 Dda helicase has recently been shown to be active as a monomer for unwinding of short duplex oligonucleotides and for displacing streptavidin from 3'-biotinylated oligonucleotides. However, its activity for streptavidin displacement and DNA unwinding has been shown to increase as the number of Dda molecules bound to the substrate molecule increases. A substrate was designed to address the ability of Dda to displace DNA binding proteins. A DNA binding site for the Escherichia coli trp repressor was introduced into an oligonucleotide substrate for Dda helicase containing single-stranded overhang. Here we show that a Dda monomer is insufficient to displace the E.coli trp repressor from dsDNA under single turnover conditions, although the substrate is unwound and the repressor displaced when the single-stranded overhang is long enough to accommodate two Dda molecules. The quantity of product formed increases when the substrate is able to accommodate more than two Dda molecules. These results indicate that multiple Dda molecules act to displace DNA binding proteins in a manner that correlates with the DNA unwinding activity and streptavidin displacement activity. We suggest a cooperative inchworm model to describe the activities of Dda helicase.
Esterase and lipase activity in the midgut of Diatraea grandiosella: Digestive functions and distribution

Abstract Disc electrophoresis was used to examine and characterize the esterases and lipase-like enzymes present in the midgut cells and digestive fluid of larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella. Seven esterases and two lipase-like enzymes were detected in the midgut cells, whereas only four esterases and one lipase-like enzyme were detected in the digestive fluid. Although actively feeding non-diapausing and prediapausing larvae had similar patterns of esterases, the titres of the slow-migrating esterases decreased during starvation and diapause. Genetic polymorphism was found among the rapidly-migrating carboxylesterases. The results also show that the major lipase-like enzyme of the midgut cells is not secreted in the lumen. Lipolysis in the intestinal lumen appears to be carried out by a slow-migrating enzyme secreted only from the posterior section of the midgut.
The relationship between mitochondrial activation and toxicity of some substituted carboxylic acids

Abstract The activation of 4-bromocrotonic acid, 4-bromo-2-octenoic acid, valproic acid, and 3-methylglycidic acid by conversion to their CoA thioesters and the effects of these carboxylic acids on palmitoylcarnitine-supported respiration were studied with rat liver and rat heart mitochondria. 4-Bromocrotonic acid was activated by both liver and heart mitochondria, whereas 4-bromo-2-octenoic acid and valproic acid were only activated by liver mitochondria. 3-Methylglycidic acid was not a substrate of mitochondrial activation. All of the carboxylic acids that were activated also inhibited palmitoylcarnitine-supported respiration. 3-Methylglycidoyl-CoA was found to irreversibly inhibit 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner. Together, these results lead to the conclusion that substituted medium-chain carboxylic acids, which enter mitochondria directly, may inhibit β-oxidation as long as they are activated and perhaps further metabolized in the mitochondrial matrix to compounds that sequester CoA and/or inhibit β-oxidation enzymes. Liver is more susceptible to inhibition by such xenobiotic carboxylic acids due to the broader substrate specificity of its mitochondrial medium-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.2).
Feasibility of Soil Dust Source Apportionment by the Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Method

Abstract This study tested the feasibility of using pyrolysis (Py)-gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) to obtain organic chemical species data suitable for source apportionment modeling of soil-derived coarse particulate matter (PM10) dust on ambient filters. A laboratory resuspension apparatus was used with known soils to generate simulated receptor filter samples loaded with ∼0.4 mg of PM10 dust, which is within the range of mass loading on ambient filters. Py-GC/MS at 740 °C generated five times more resolvable compounds than were obtained with thermal desorption GC/MS at 315 °C. The identified compounds were consistent with literature from Py experiments using larger samples of bulk soils. A subset of 91 organic species out of the 178 identified Py products was used as input to CMB8 software in a demonstration of source apportionment using laboratory-generated mixtures simulating ambient filter samples. The 178 quantified organic species obtained by Py of soil samples is an improvement comp...
Effects of fenoprofen and benoxaprofen on human lymphocytes: inhibition of tritiated thymidine uptake.

The effects of the related nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, fenoprofen and benoxaprofen, on in vitro responses of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined. Drugs caused dose-related inhibition of stimulated cell responses. Fifty percent inhibition occurred at 400 μg/ml calcium fenoprofen and 250 μg/ml sodium benoxaprofen. Drugs affected not only responses to soluble phytomitogens but also responses to specific antigens and allogeneic lymphocytes. Numbers of viable cells in cultures with and without mitogens and drugs were similar at beginnings and ends of experiments, excluding drug-related cytotoxicity. Inhibition by drugs was greater when cells were cultured in medium alone than in medium with plasma. Cells that were exposed overnight to drugs and then washed and stimulated did not respond as well as did cells not exposed to drugs. These data indicated that fenoprofen and benoxaprofen exhibited noncytotoxic, incompletely reversible inhibition of nonspecific, specific, soluble and insoluble, mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte responses. These findings may pertain to the anti-inflammatory efficacy of these drugs.
The antialgal activity of obtusastyrene and related cinnamylphenols

Der phenolische Inhaltsstoff vonDalbergia Arten, Obtusastyrol und verwandte, zimtsaureartige Phenole hemmen das Wachstum der AlgenChlorella pyrenoidosa undScenedesmus obliquus.
Evaluation of Three Proposed Markers for Language Impairment in English: A Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies

Purpose The goal of the study was to determine to what extent 3 proposed markers of language impairment (LI) in English (verb tense, nonword repetition, and sentence repetition) accurately distingu...
Support or competition?: Dynamic development of the relationship between manual pointing and symbolic gestures from 6 to 18 months of age

Dynamic Skills Theory (DST) posits that skills within domains may promote or suppress other skills as they first develop, resulting in spurts of growth in one skill concurrently with regression in another. I test this premise by examining development of two preverbal representational skills: manual pointing and symbolic gestures. Pointing is a robust early communicative gesture, indicating infants’ awareness of others’ attention, but limited in ability to represent infants’ conceptual repertoires as they grow beyond the immediate environment. Symbolic gestures are more specific but less flexible representational tools. Both skills predict language, yet no study has addressed the effects of these skills on each other. I observed the gesturing behavior of 10 infants over 8 months in a gesture-rich environment to test the effects of each skill on the other. Supporting DST, results show early pointing predicted earlier, but not more, symbolic gesturing, while symbolic gesturing did suppress pointing frequency.
Multiaxis grip characteristics for varying handle diameters and effort.

Objective:A multiaxis dynamometer was used to quantify grip force vector angles and longitudinal centers of pressure (COPs) while varying handle size and effort used.Background:Authors of many stud...
Juvenile play in the rat: Thalamic and brain stem involvement

Discrete electrolytic lesions of the parafascicular area of the thalamus (PFA) or posterior thalamic area (TP) reduced the frequency of pinning, an indicator variable for rough-and-tumble play in juvenile rats, while largely sparing motivation to play. Similar sized lesions placed within the ventrobasal thalamic area (VBT) had minimal effects on both pinning and measures of play solicitation. Lesions placed within the ventrolateral aspect of the brain stem also markedly reduced pinning, while having no effect on indices of play motivation. Although tests designed to assess the extent to which the observed play deficits may be attributable to a loss of somatic acuity proved inconclusive, the overall pattern of results were not inconsistent with positing a role for these neural areas in relaying somatic stimuli relating to playful intent.
Changing patent strategies: what will they mean for the industry?

Could the decline in DNA-based patent applications actually increase the potential for an anticommons effect?
An adaptive neuron circuit for signal compression

We present a low-bandwidth analog circuit for implementing an adaptive biphasic leaky integrate-and-fire neuron. This neuron circuit is targeted for signal compression in neural recording applications. Unlike other adaptive neuron circuits, this adaptive integrate-and-fire neuron supports signal reconstruction with known threshold voltages. Matlab simulations show promising bandwidth reduction comparing to an integrate-and-fire neuron without the adaptive feature. We quantify the circuit performance in terms of the tradeoff between signal reconstruction accuracy and bandwidth.
The Structure of Hexane Soot I: Spectroscopic Studies:

Soot produced from the combustion of fossil fuels, widely distributed in the atmosphere, is significantly different from most carbons for which the surface structure and/or reactivity have been studied. The composition and surface structure of soot derived from the combustion of n-hexane have been examined by FT-IR, Raman, 13C CP/MAS NMR, and EPR spectroscopies as well as through desorption measurements. Carbon-oxygen functionalities on the fresh carbon surface include acid anhydride, a carbonyl conjugated with an aromatic segment, an alkylketone, and aryl ether linkages. Also present, confirmed by isotopic substitution, is a quantity of unsaturated C-H, dependent upon the combustion conditions. The degree of aromaticity and the graphitic nature of this soot have been determined.
Vibrational energy redistribution in polyatomic liquids: 3D infrared–Raman spectroscopy

Abstract Vibrational energy relaxation (VER) in polyatomic liquids and solutions can be studied in unprecedented detail using ultrafast incoherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy to monitor the decay of a parent vibration generated with a tunable mid-IR pump pulse, and the appearance of daughter excitations at lower frequencies. A 2D vibrational spectroscopy technique results from fixing the mid-IR pump pulse and obtaining a time series of anti-Stokes Raman spectra. A 3D technique results from obtaining 2D spectra as a function of pump frequency. This 3D technique is presently the most powerful method available for studying VER in condensed phases. It provides information on VER mechanisms and pathways, liquid-state structural relaxation resulting in spectral diffusion, excitation transfer among sites with different local structures, strong correlations between vibrations as a result of Fermi resonance, and extremely weak anharmonic interactions resulting in VER via multistep vibrational cascades. The technique is illustrated by recent results obtained with ambient temperature associated liquids water (and deuterated water) and methanol, and by new measurements of strong correlations between CH stretching and bending and OH stretching and bending vibrations in methanol.
Evidence for interstitial hydrogen as the dominant electronic defect in nanometer alumina films

We provide experimental and first principles theoretical evidence that electron transport through alumina films on Al(111) occurs through electron tunneling mediated by interstitial (i.e., nonbonded) H defects within the 6-nm amorphous surface oxide. Experiments indicate field-assisted tunneling into a defect level near midgap in the oxide and conductance that increases with increasing H content. Using density functional theory, we find interstitial neutral H indeed produces a midgap trap. Moreover, with a negatively charged H, the full ${1s}^{2}$ orbital is almost at the same mid-gap energy. This shows ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ electron-electron interactions are well screened in this wide gap insulator and can mediate conduction.
Gastric Outlet Obstruction Caused by Prolapsed Gastric Polyp Into the Pyloric Channel

A54-year-old morbidly obese African American woman with a significant past medical history of sarcoidosis, hypertension, and congestive heart failure presented to the emergency room with a 1-week history of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The patient had moderate tenderness to palpation of the right upper and left upper quadrants on physical examination, with no rebound or guarding. A computerized tomography scan of the abdomen was obtained in the emergency room that showed gastric outlet obstruction and possible intussusception (Figure A). An upper endoscopy showed multiple pedunculated gastric polyps varying in size from 5 to 40 mm. One pedunculated polyp appeared to have prolapsed into the duodenal bulb, causing complete gastric outlet obstruction (Figure B). Multiple maneuvers were not successful in pulling the polyp back into the stomach, including grasping the stalk with a foreignbody forceps, snare, epinephrine injection to shrink the polyp, suction using a banding cap, and the use of glucagon intravenously. A repeat esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed the next day with plans to attempt different maneuvers under fluoroscopy, however, on repeat endoscopy, the polyp appeared to have spontaneously flipped back into the stomach (Figure C) and subsequently was removed with a hot snare. The patient noted a significant improvement in abdominal pain after polyp removal, and was able to tolerate diet well. The pathology of the removed polyp was consistent with a tubular adenoma with intramucosal focal invasive adenocarcinoma. Surgery was considered high risk in view of the patient’s multiple risk factors. Because of the presence of multiple gastric polyps, the patient underwent sequential EGDs with polypectomy. All polyps showed invasive adenocarcinoma that had reached the stalk margin. The patient was deemed high risk for surgery because of her morbid obesity, frequent asthma attacks, and because of possible distant spread. Computerized tomography of the abdomen, pelvis, and chest showed liver lesions and mediastinal lymph nodes. An endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine-needle aspiration of the liver and the mediastinal lymph nodes was performed, however, it showed a granuloma, which was consistent with sarcoidosis but could not exclude metastatic disease. The patient currently is receiving chemotherapy. Gastric polyps are found in approximately 6% of all upper-endoscopy procedures in the United States. In the vast majority of cases, gastric polyps are asymptomatic. However, in some cases, gastric polyps can present with gastrointestinal bleeding, and, less commonly, with gastric outlet obstruction. Pyloric obstruction has been described in case reports as a manifestation of pedunculated polyps in the gastric antrum intermittently prolapsing into or through the pylorus. In our patient, based on her symptoms, images, and the endoscopic findings, it appears that the polyp had prolapsed and
Retroperitoneal cyst of the lienorenal ligament.

O patient was a 47-year-old woman with a history of nephrolithiasis who had a large “left renal cyst” on ultrasound examination. The patient had flank pain and underwent cyst aspiration. The cytologic findings were benign, and her pain resolved. However, her flank pain returned, and computed tomography revealed the recurrence of a large cyst. The patient was referred to our institution for laparoscopic management. The review of the outside computed tomography scan revealed that the cyst was not clearly within the renal parenchyma. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that this cystic structure was within the lienorenal ligament (Fig. 1). The patient underwent uncomplicated laparoscopic unroofing of this cystic structure. During laparoscopy, the retroperitoneal cyst did appear to lie within the lienorenal ligament. The spleen, kidney, and mesentery were without pathologic findings. When the cyst was uncovered, clear fluid and benign-appearing epithelium were seen. Histopathologic examination of the cyst wall revealed findings consistent with peritoneal epithelium. The patient tolerated the procedure well and her symptoms resolved.
An analysis of potentially converging inputs to the rostral ventral thalamic nuclei of the cat.

Potentially convergent inputs to cerebellar-receiving and basal ganglia-receiving areas of the thalamus were identified using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing techniques. HRP was deposited iontophoretically into the ventroanterior (VA), ventromedial (VM), and ventrolateral (VL) thalamic nuclei in the cat. The relative numbers of labeled neurons in the basal ganglia and the cerebellar nuclei were used to assess the extent to which the injection was in cerebellar-receiving or basal ganglia-receiving portions of thalamus. The rostral pole of VA showed reciprocal connections with prefrontal portions of the cerebral cortex. Only the basal ganglia and the hypothalamus provided non-thalamic input to modulate these cortico-thalamo-cortical loops. In VM, there were reciprocal connections with prefrontal, premotor, and insular areas of the cerebral cortex. The basal ganglia (especially the substantia nigra), and to a lesser extent, the posterior and ventral portions of the deep cerebellar nuclei, provided input to VM and may modulate these corticothalamo-cortical loops. The premotor cortical areas connected to VM include those associated with eye movements, and afferents from the superior colliculus, a region of documented importance in oculomotor control, also were labeled by injections into VM. The dorsolateral portion of the VA-VL complex primarily showed reciprocal connections with the medial premotor (area 6) cortex. Basal ganglia and cerebellar afferents both may modulate this cortico-thalamo-cortical loop, although they do not necessarily converge on the same thalamic neurons. The cerebellar input to dorsolateral VA-VL was from posterior and ventral portions of the cerebellar nuclei, and the major potential brainstem afferents to this region of thalamus were from the pretectum. Mid- and caudo-lateral portions of VL had reciprocal connections with primary motor cortex (area 4). The dorsal and anterior portions of the cerebellar nuclei had a dominant input to this corticothalamo-cortical loop. Potentially converging brainstem afferents to this portion of VL were from the pretectum, especially pretectal areas to which somatosensory afferents project.
Modes of antifungal action of alkanols against Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Primary aliphatic alcohols from C(6) to C(13) were tested for their antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Undecanol was found to be the most potent fungicide followed by decanol. The time-kill curve study showed that undecanol was fungicidal against S. cerevisiae at any growth stages. This fungicidal activity was not influenced by pH values. The alcohols tested inhibited glucose-induced acidification by inhibiting the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase. The primary antifungal action of amphipathic medium-chain (C(9)-C(12)) alkanols comes mainly from their ability as nonionic surfactants to disrupt the native membrane-associated function of the integral proteins. Hence, the antifungal activity of alkanols is mediated by biophysical process, and the maximum activity can be obtained when balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions becomes the most appropriate.
Pharmaceutical inhibition of glycogen synthetase kinase-3β reduces multiple myeloma–induced bone disease in a novel murine plasmacytoma xenograft model

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells that accumulate in the bone marrow. MM is incurable with approximately 100 000 patients currently in the United States and 20 000 new cases diagnosed yearly. The malignancy causes displacement of hematopoiesis and formation of osteolytic bone lesions also known as myeloma bone disease (MBD). At diagnosis, 79% of patients suffer from MBD associated with severe pain and increased mortality. Wnt inhibitors secreted by MM cells inhibit osteogenesis and promote osteoclastogenesis, therefore rapid targeting of Wnt inhibitors is necessary to prevent potentially irreversible effects on the stroma, which could lead to incurable MBD. Inhibition of glycogen synthetase kinase-3β (GSK3β) causes accelerated Wnt signaling and enhanced osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells, irrespective of the extracellular concentration of Wnt inhibitors. Our primary goal of this study was to evaluate a GSK3β inhibitor (6-bromoindirubin-3′-oxime BIO) for amelioration of bone destruction in a murine model of MBD. When measured using histomorphometry, peritumoral BIO administration improved bone quality at the bone-tumor interface and, surprisingly, increased histologically apparent tumor necrosis. Furthermore, in vitro assays demonstrated a proapoptotic effect on numerous MM cell lines. These preliminary data suggest that pharmaceutical GSK3β inhibition may improve bone quality in myeloma and other malignant bone diseases.
Induced absorption in “pure” KCl and CaF2☆

Abstract The experimental difficulty in distinguishing between double absorption and induced absorption is discussed. It is shown that KCl and CaF 2 crystals with a diminutive amount of impurities can give rise to apparent double absorption signals even though double absorption is impossible due to energy considerations. The threshold for laser induced damage was found correlated with impurities.
Thermal-fluid flow in parallel boards with heat generating blocks

Abstract A method is developed to numerically investigate thermal-fluid flow behavior in a bundle of parallel boards with heat producing blocks. The system simulates cooling passages in a stack of electronic circuit boards with heat generating chips. At a low Reynolds number flow, a developing flow may achieve a fully developed flow state at certain block number from the entrance. Thermal conductivity of the board and thermal contact resistance between the chip and board has a considerable impact on thermal performance. The fluid flow and heat transfer performance in this channel flow is similar to that in ribbed channel flow.
The Dually Diagnosed Patient with Psychotic Symptoms

The dual diagnoses of substance use disorder with other psychiatric disorder is especially problematic in psychotic or other chronically mentally ill patients. Such patients have a more fragile mental status which can be adversely affected by psychoactive substances of abuse. In addition, most such patients need to take potent psychiatric medications which themselves may interact with substances. This article reviews substance induced versus true comorbid major psychiatric disorders and discusses the major classes of psychiatric medications in terms of abuse potential and their abilities to either help or hinder substance disorder recovery.
Gauge invariance and the quark-antiquark static potential

We calculate the quark-antiquark static potential to order ${g}^{4}$ in temporal-gauge quantum chromodynamics by constructing a suitably general family of gauge-invariant $q\overline{q}$ states and then selecting the one whose energy is minimal for a given $q\overline{q}$ separation $r$. Our results agree with those of conventional perturbation theory. We study various ways in which quark confinement might arise from nonperturbative effects related to the Gribov ambiguity. We find that the presence of long-range gauge fields can change the asymptotic behavior of the Coulomb Green's function from ${r}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to ${r}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$. We illustrate this possibility by a simple example. After making some simplifying assumptions, we obtain a minimally confining potential $V(r)$ that rises logarithmically for large $r$.