cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stereographic projection diffusion monte carlo (SPDMC) algorithms for molecular condensed matter.

We develop and test three algorithms for diffusion Monte Carlo simulations in non-Euclidean manifolds. The methods are based on the construction of the "velocity" distribution by rejection techniques and are capable of functioning in a broad class of non-Euclidean spaces generated by holonomic constraints. The formulation of the propagator for non-Euclidean manifolds avoids the use of Lagrange multipliers; it is derived instead from the Feynman quantization in manifolds proposed by DeWitt. The manifolds are mapped onto R d by using stereographic projection coordinates. Numerical tests are conducted for the particle in a ring of unit radius subjected to a sinusoidal potential, for the electron in the field of an infinitely massive proton, and for a water molecule modeled as an asymmetric top subjected to an external field.
Breeding Structure of Steelhead Inferred from Patterns of Genetic Relatedness among Nests

Abstract Ten polymorphic microsatellite loci were used to infer kinship among steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss sampled from nest sites in the Hamma Hamma River, Washington. Fertilized eggs were removed from 8 of 11 redds (i.e., individual nests within redds) surveyed in 1998, tagged with unique identifiers, and reared until adulthood as part of a conservation program. On average, individuals sampled from the same redd were more closely related than individuals sampled from different redds, and a tree generated from the pairwise relatedness estimates shows clear clustering of individuals by redd. Despite this general pattern, there was substantial overlap in the pairwise relatedness estimates within and among most redds. Of the eight redds, seven contained more than four alleles at a minimum of one locus and five contained more than six alleles, indicating that most redds were the result of matings by more than a single pair of parents. In total, the eight redds were created by a minimum of 21 parents, which ...
Integrating visible, near-infrared and short-wave infrared hyperspectral and multispectral thermal imagery for geological mapping at Cuprite, Nevada

This study investigated the potential value of integrating hyperspectral visible, near-infrared, and short-wave infrared imagery with multispectral thermal data for geological mapping. Two coregistered aerial data sets of Cuprite, Nevada were used: Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) hyperspectral data, and MODIS/ASTER Airborne Simulator (MASTER) multispectral thermal data. Four classification methods were each applied to AVIRIS, MASTER, and a combined set. Confusion matrices were used to assess the classification accuracy. The assessment showed, in terms of kappa coefficient, that most classification methods applied to the combined data achieved a marked improvement compared to the results using either AVIRIS or MASTER thermal infrared (TIR) data alone. Spectral angle mapper (SAM) showed the best overall classification performance. Minimum distance classification had the second best accuracy, followed by spectral feature fitting (SFF) and maximum likelihood classification. The results of the study showed that SFF applied to the combination of AVIRIS with MASTER TIR data are especially valuable for identification of silicified alteration and quartzite, both of which exhibit distinctive features in the TIR region. SAM showed some advantages over SFF in dealing with multispectral TIR data, obtaining higher accuracy in discriminating low albedo volcanic rocks and limestone which do not have unique, distinguishing features in the TIR region.
Visual field deficits in early age-related macular degeneration

Patients with early age-related macular degeneration (AMD) may retain good visual acuity but experience distortion and other qualitative visual changes. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether deficits of form recognition, as well as of light sensitivity, were related to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) atrophy and/or drusen. We assessed form recognition deficits by the Amsler grid and by a perimetric test of letter recognition and sensitivity deficits by the macular threshold test of the Humphrey Field Analyzer in 59 patients with AMD and visual acuities of 20/40 or better. The number of defects on each test was compared with the area of RPE atrophy and with the area of drusen determined from fundus photographs. Multiple regression analyses based on ordinal data revealed that the number of visual field defects by each test was significantly correlated with the area of atrophy, but not with the area of drusen. There was also no significant tendency for a patient with a regional preponderance of drusen to have more impairment in the corresponding visual field. These results suggest that deficits of form recognition, as well as of sensitivity, in patients with early stages of AMD can be attributed to alteration of photoreceptor function associated with RPE atrophy, but not with drusen.
Intrahippocampal transplants of septal cholinergic neurons: high-affinity choline uptake and spatial memory function

Recent studies have demonstrated that intrahippocampal cholinergic septal grafts can ameliorate deficits in spatial memory function and hippocampal cholinergic neurochemical activity in animals with disruptions of the septohippocampal system. However, no study has determined if the restoration of spatial memory function is correlated to the restoration of cholinergic activity, as measured by high-affinity choline uptake (HACU). The present study was designed to determine if such a correlation between behavioral and neurochemical restoration exists. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received either sham lesions (SHAM), bilateral lesions of the septohippocampal pathway (LES), or bilateral lesions along with intrahippocampal septal grafts (SG). After 8 months, rats were tested for their ability to perform spatial reference, spatial navigation and working memory tasks. Upon completion of the behavioral testing, neurochemical activity of the hippocampus was measured by HACU. The results indicate that animals in the SG group had significantly higher behavioral scores and hippocampal HACU rates than animals in the LES group. Regression analysis indicates that a significant correlation exists between performance on each behavioral task and HACU rates. These results demonstrate that hippocampal cholinergic activity, as measured by HACU, correlates significantly with performance on tests of spatial memory function.
Factors Affecting Thermal Stress Resistance of Ceramic Materials

The sources and calculation of thermal stresses are considered, together with the factors involved in thermal stress resistance factors. Properties affecting thermal stress resistance of ceramics are reviewed, and testing methods are considered.
Variational Formulation of Budyko-Sellers Climate Models

A class of simple climate models including those of the Budyko-Sellers type are formulated from a variational principle. A functional is constructed for the zonally averaged mean annual temperature field such that extrema of the functional occur when the climate satisfies the usual energy-balance equation. Local minima of the functional correspond to stable solutions while saddle points correspond to unstable solutions. The technique can be used to construct approximate solutions from trial functions and to carry out finite-amplitude stability analyses. A spectral example is given in explicit detail.
HucR, a Novel Uric Acid-responsive Member of the MarR Family of Transcriptional Regulators from Deinococcus radiodurans

The MarR family of transcriptional regulators comprises a subset of winged helix DNA-binding proteins and includes numerous members that function in environmental surveillance of aromatic compounds. We describe the characterization of HucR, a novel MarR homolog from Deinococcus radiodurans that demonstrates phenolic sensing capabilities. HucR binds as a homodimer to a single site within its promoter/operator region with Kd = 0.29 +/- 0.02 nM. The HucR binding site contains a pseudopalindromic sequence, composed of 8-bp half-sites separated by 2 bp. The location of the HucR binding site in the intergenic region between hucR and a putative uricase suggests a mechanism of simultaneous co-repression of these two genes. The substrate of uricase, uric acid, is an efficient antagonist of DNA binding, reducing HucR-DNA complex formation to 50% at 0.26 mM ligand, compared with 5.2 and 46 mM for the aromatic compounds salicylate and acetylsalicylate, respectively. Enhanced levels in vivo of hucR and uricase transcript and increased uricase activity under conditions of excess uric acid further indicate a novel regulatory mechanism of aromatic catabolism in D. radiodurans. Since uric acid is a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, we hypothesize that HucR is a participant in the intrinsic resistance of D. radiodurans to high levels of oxidative stress.
Genetic Variations in Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 Adaptor Protein Are Associated With Sudden Cardiac Death in US White Community-Based Populations

Background— The ECG QT interval is associated with risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). A previous genome-wide association study demonstrated that allelic variants (rs10494366 and rs4657139) in the nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP), which encodes a carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, are associated with the QT interval in white adults. The present analysis was conducted to validate the association between NOS1AP variants and the QT interval and to examine the association with SCD in a combined population of 19 295 black and white adults from the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities Study and the Cardiovascular Health Study. Methods and Results— We examined 19 tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the genomic blocks containing rs10494366 and rs4657139 in NOS1AP. SCD was defined as a sudden pulseless condition of cardiac origin in a previously stable individual. General linear models and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used. Multiple single-nucleo...
Nicotine and amphetamine acutely cross-potentiate their behavioral and neurochemical responses in female Holtzman rats

Rationale Psychostimulants are often used in close temporal proximity to nicotine and have been reported to enhance acutely nicotine’s desirability in humans.
Imposing Procedural Constraints on State Administrative Agencies: An Empirical Investigation of Competing Explanations

Scholars have offered different explanations for administrative procedures. One general approach stresses the importance of normative theory as a determinant of institutional choice, while two other perspectives emphasize the interests and political influence of pressure groups and legislators. To test these models, this study uses comparative state data to predict the adoption of three types of administrative procedures-legislative rule review, procedural requirements opening up the rulemaking process to public participation, and economic impact analysis. The findings suggest that factors associated with the adoption of one kind of administrative requirement may not be associated with the use of others. The analysis also suggests that, while ideology, political culture, and party competition intermittently affect the adoption of particular administrative procedures, they do not always have the kinds of effects that are suggested by the traditional state policy making literature.
Thermal Modeling of Absolute Cryogenic Radiometers

This work consists of a detailed thermal modeling of two different radiometers operated at cryogenic temperatures. Both employ a temperature sensor and an electrical-substitution technique to determine the absolute radiant power entering the aperture of a receiver. Their sensing elements are different: One is a germanium resistance thermometer, and the other is a superconducting kinetic-inductance thermometer. The finite element method is used to predict the transient and steady-state temperature distribution in the receiver. The nonequivalence between the radiant power and the electrical power due to the temperature gradient in the receiver is shown to be small and is minimzed by placing the thermometer near the thermal impedance
Chronotherapeutic delivery of verapamil in obese versus non-obese patients with essential hypertension.

Background: The effect of controlled-onset, extended-release (COER) verapamil on haemodynamic parameters in obese and non-obese patients is evaluated in this analysis. Methods: Data were pooled from three clinical trials evaluating efficacy and tolerability of COER-verapamil. Hypertensive men and women (stage I to III) were randomised to COER-verapamil (180–540 mg at bedtime) or placebo for 4–8 weeks and stratified according to body mass index (BMI-obese >28 kg/m2). Efficacy was assessed as change from baseline in blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and rate-pressure product during four time periods throughout the dosing interval. Safety and tolerability were assessed by monitoring all adverse events and changes in metabolic laboratory parameters. Results: Reductions in all haemodynamic parameters were significantly greater following COER-verapamil compared with placebo for all time periods. The haemodynamic effects of COER-verapamil in obese (n= 166, BMI = 32.8 kg/m2) and non-obese patients (n = 115, BMI = 25.0 kg/m2) were similar. COER-verapamil was well tolerated in both subgroups, but the incidence of constipation was significantly less in obese patients (P < 0.001). Conclusions: COER-verapamil is effective in reducing BP, heart rate, and rate-pressure product independently of BMI.
Environmental Performance of Marine Net-Pen Aquaculture in the United States

ABSTRACTThe United States has a small net-pen salmon industry dating back over 40 years and a nascent net-pen industry for other marine fish. The United States net-pen aquaculture sector has improved its resource efficiency in terms of the amount of fish meal and fish oil used in feeds and reduced its environmental impacts in terms of the mass loading and impact of nutrient discharge on the receiving ecosystem, the incidence and treatment of fish diseases, the use of antibiotics, and the number and impact of fish escapes, while increasing production. These changes can be attributed to a combination of advances in science and technology, rising cost of fish meal/oil, improved management, and informed regulatory practices. Net-pen aquaculture has become an efficient food production system. Existing laws and regulations in the United States effectively address most of the potential adverse environmental effects of net-pen aquaculture.
Radiation recall skin toxicity with bleomycin in a patient with kaposi sarcoma related to acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Background. Radiation recall is a recurrence of acute toxicity within a previously quiescent radiation field that occurs with subsequent administration of chemotherapy. Methods. A patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related Kaposi sarcoma (KS) who had radiation recall is reported. The patient was participating in a randomized prospective trial of radiation treatment regimens for KS. Each lesion was randomized to one of three possible radiation fractionation schemes. All lesions were photographed and measured before treatment with radiation. Results. Two skin sites developed erythema and dry desquamation 18 days after completion of radiation therapy to a dose of 40 Gy in 20 fractions. These reactions took place after the second dose of bleomycin administered intravenously on a weekly basis. The reactions were exacerbated by oral etoposide therapy, which was started 4 days after the recall phenomenon was noted. Other cutaneous sites treated with 8 Gy in a single fraction and 20 Gy in ten fractions during the same time period showed no sign of recall skin toxicity. Conclusions. The authors believe this to be the first report of radiation recall toxicity after bleomycin therapy and of a radiation dose response related to this phenomenon. The potential for radiation recall toxicity should be considered in treatment decisions pertaining to patients with AIDS-associated KS.
Porokeratosis of Mibelli following heart transplant.

A 59-year-old white man with a history of Sydenham's chorea received a mitral valve prosthesis in 1962. He sustained an anterolateral myocardial infarction in 1983. In 1984, he received a heart transplant. To prevent heart rejection, he was initially treated with cyclosporine 12 mg/kg/day and prednisone 90 mg b.i.d. In 1987, azathioprine 100 mg daily was added. In 1989, at the time of our evaluation, his medications included cyclosporine 80 mg b.i.d., prednisone 10 mg b.i.d., and azathioprine 75 mg/day. Since his heart transplant surgery he had not taken any thiazide medication. The patient noted a lesion on his right thigh; the lesion appeared in 1986, 2 years after his heart transplant. On examination in 1989, the lesion was a 2 cm wide annular plaque with a shiny atrophic center and raised border. Both the clinical appearance and pathology were consistent with a diagnosis of porokeratosis of Mibelli. No family history of porokeratosis was elicited.
Quantitative determination of perfluorochemicals in sediments and domestic sludge.

Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) are the subject of increasingly intense environmental research. Despite their detection both in biota and in aqueous systems, little attention has been paid to the possible presence of this class of compounds in solid environmental matrixes. The limited available data indicate that some PFCs such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) may strongly sorb to solids, and sewage sludge is widely suspected as a major sink of PFCs entering municipal waste streams. A quantitative analytical method was developed that consists of liquid solvent extraction of the analytes from sediments and sludge, cleanup via solid-phase extraction, and injection of the extracts with internal standards into a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer (LC/MS/MS). The limits of detections of the method were analyte and matrix dependent, but ranged from 0.7 to 2.2 ng/g and 0.041 to 0.246 ng/g (dry weight) for sludge and sediment, respectively. A demonstration of t...
The Distribution of Linear Functions of Independent F Variates

Abstract The distribution of a linear function of two independent F variates with respective degrees of freedom n, N-n and m, N-m has been expressed as a quickly-convergent infinite series of incomplete beta functions. This exact distribution is used to determine the error of a simple F approximation to it obtained by equating the first two cumulants. By those results small sample percentage points can be obtained for some tests on the mean vector of a multivariate normal distribution whose covariance matrix has certain patterns.
Introduction to the phenomenology of high temperature superconductors

Abstract A pedagogical survey of the macroscopic phenomenology of high temperature superconductors is given, emphasizing the differences from conventional superconductors, such as anisotropy, “pancake vortices”, and prominent flux lattice melting, which stem from the layered structure and from the high Tc itself. Pinning effects are also briefly reviewed.
My many mistakes with microcomputers (or four years of fun trying to get my computer to run)

This paper presents examples of mistakes committed in the process of developing an inexpensive computer laboratory for problem solving research and a larger mulituser cognitive psychology laboratory at the University of California at Santa Barbara. Major mistakes include failure to adequately plan whether the system will work, failure to check for compatibility among components, failure to develop adequate software, and failure to anticipate maintenance problems.
A Drowned Miocene Terrace in the Hawaiian Islands

A highly fossiliferous sample dredged in September 1961 from a submerged terrace at a depth of 500 to 520 meters off Honolulu contains a reef fauna suggesting deposition at depths of 10 meters or less. The corals and pelagic foraminifers indicate a probable Miocene age. The Hawaiian rise was in existence prior to that time, and the submarine terrace and associated reef were subsequently submerged to their present position.
Proximal minimizations with D -functions and the massively parallel solution of linear network programs

This paper discusses the massively parallel solution of linear network programs. It integrates the general algorithmic framework of proximal minimization with D-functions (PMD) with primal-dual row-action algorithms. Three alternative algorithmic schemes are studied: quadratic proximal point, entropic proximal point, and least 2-norm perturbations. Each is solving a linear network problem by solving a sequence of nonlinear approximations. The nonlinear subproblems decompose for massively parallel computing. The three algorithms are implemented on a Connection Machine CM-2 with up to 32K processing elements, and problems with up to 16 million variables are solved. A comparison of the three algorithms establishes their relative efficiency. Numerical experiments also establish the best internal tactics which can be used when implementing proximal minimization algorithms. Finally, the new algorithms are compared with an implementation of the network simplex algorithm executing on a CRAY Y-MP vector supercomputer.
Resonance Raman spectra of O−3 ion in γ-irradiated potassium chlorate

Abstract Resonance Raman scattering has been observed from O − 3 (ozonide) ions produced in single crystal KClO 3 by irradiation with 60 Co γ-rays. The splitting found for the ν 1 fundamental of O − 3 and its overtones, nv 1 ( n =2 to 5), is attributed to a multi-site effect. The magnitude of the splitting observed between pairs of two-site components was proportional to the vibrational quantum number n . Polarization effects observed in the ν 1 and 2ν 1 regions indicate that the molecular planes of two non-equivalent O − 3 ions lie in the ab and bc ′ crystallographic planes, respectively.
Metabolic mayhem caused by 2-ketoacid imbalances.

A variety of herbicides act by inhibiting the branched chain amino-acid biosynthetic enzyme, acetolactate synthase (EC 4.1.3.18). The initial consequences of this event are 2-ketoacid accumulation and amino-acid starvation. Recent studies demonstrate that 2-ketoacid imbalances play a significant role in the action of these herbicides; such imbalances may also be important in certain inborn errors of human metabolism.
EFFECT OF UNPAIRED UCS PRESENTATIONS ON PERFORMANCE IN EYELID CONDITIONING

Sunzmary.-The facilitative effect of unpaired UCS presentations in eyelid conditioning was studied by varying the number of prior paired CS-UCS presentations (associative factor) and the intensity of the UCS (motivational factor). Results showed that, when a strong UCS was used on paired CS-UCS trials, performance collowing unpaired UCS presentations was significantly poorer than performance of a control group which had received continued CS-UCS pairings. When a weak UCS u7as used, unpaired UCS presentations led to an increase in CRs but no more than would have been expected following an equal number of prior paired CS-UCS :rials. Performance was not related to the intensity of the UCS on unpaired trials. Results are interpreted as leaving the issue unresolved. Kimble and his students (1955) have reported that, given a m~n~mal number of paired CS-UCS presentations, performance in eyelid condit~on~ng following several UCS-alone trials does not differ significantly from performance following continued CS-UCS pairings. An attempt to replicate their findings by Goodrich, Ross, and Wagner ( 1957 ) was not successful. Subsequently, attempts were made to identify the procedural differences responsible for this failure. In one smdy Dufort and Kimble (1958) found evidence that the presence or absence of a ready signal was the crucial variable but others have not confirmed that finding (Goodrich, et al., 1959; McAlliscer & McAllister, 1960). More recently Kimble and Ost ( 1961 ) varied instructions to S, using instructions from the Iowa laboratory for one group and Duke instructions for another, No significant difference was found relative to the different instructions but performance following unpaired UCS trials did show n gain rather than a loss in response strength, supplementing in part the previous findings of the Duke laboratory. In their 1955 study, Kimble, et dl., suggested that their findings gave support for the existence of two processes in eyelid conditioning, an associative factor which depends upon presentations of the CS and the UCS together, and a performance factor, assumed to be a motivational one, under the control of the UCS. In view of the theoretical importance of this interpretation the present snidy was designed to investigate fur-her the effect of unpaired UCS trials in eyelid conditioning. Specifically, both the number of paired CS-UCS trials prior to the UCS-alone trials, and the intensity of the UCS were varied to obtain data relative to the associative and performance factors, respectively.
N‐ACETYL‐BETA‐GLUCOSAMINIDASE OF LYMPHOCYTES IN THE PREMATURE INFANT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE FETAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LYSOSOMAL APPARATUS

. N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity was determined in peripheral blood lymphocytes by means of Hayashi's cytochemical method in 50 premature infants born between the 21st and 37th weeks of gestation. The lymphocytes exhibited three types of enzymatic cytochemical reaction, i.e. granular, diffuse and mixed (both granular and diffuse). The total count of enzyme-positive lymphocytes was significantly lower in the group of premature infants born between the 21st and 28th weeks of gestation as compared with those born later. This difference was due to the smaller numbers of enzyme-positive lymphocytes with granular reaction type in the group of more immature infants. The formation of enzyme-positive lysosomal granules within the lymphocyte cytoplasm during the last months of fetal development has been suggested and the relationship between the enzymatic equipment of lymphocyte lysosomes and immune response discussed.
A laser-induced-fluorescence visualization study of transverse, sonic fuel injection in a nonreacting supersonic combustor

The present paper reports work which has been conducted in the first phase of a research program which is to provide a data base of spatially-resolved measurements in nonreacting supersonic combustors. In the measurements, a nonintrusive diagnostic technique based on the utilization of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is employed. The reported work had the objective to conduct LIF visualization studies of the injection of a simulated fuel into a Mach 2.07 airstream for comparison with corresponding numerical calculations. Attention is given to injection from a single orifice into a constant-area duct, injection from a single orifice behind a rearward-facing step, and injection from staged orifices behind a rearward-facing step.
Food applications and the toxicological and nutritional implications of amorphous silicon dioxide

The chemical and physical characteristics of the different types of amorphous silicon dioxide contribute to the versatility of these compounds in a variety of commercial applications. Traditionally, silicas have had a broad spectra of product usage including such areas as viscosity control agents in inks, paints, corrosion‐resistant coatings, etc. and as excipients in Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. In the food industry, the most important application has been as an anticaking agent in powdered mixes, seasonings, and coffee whiteners. However, amorphous silica has multifunctional properties that would allow it to act as a viscosity control agent, emulsion stabilizer, suspension and dispersion agent, desiccant, etc. The utilization of silicas in these potential applications, however, has not been undertaken, partially because of the limited knowledge of their physicochemical interactions with other food components and partially due to their controversial status from a toxicological point of view. The main g...
Analysis of longitudinal data with non-ignorable non-monotone missing values

A full likelihood method is proposed to analyse continuous longitudinal data with non-ignorable (informative) missing values and non-monotone patterns. The problem arose in a breast cancer clinical trial where repeated assessments of quality of life were collected: patients rated their coping ability during and after treatment. We allow the missingness probabilities to depend on unobserved responses, and we use a multivariate normal model for the outcomes. A first-order Markov dependence structure for the responses is a natural choice and facilitates the construction of the likelihood; estimates are obtained via the Nelder–Mead simplex algorithm. Computations are difficult and become intractable with more than three or four assessments. Applying the method to the quality-of-life data results in easily interpretable estimates, confirms the suspicion that the data are non-ignorably missing and highlights the likely bias of standard methods. Although treatment comparisons are not affected here, the methods are useful for obtaining unbiased means and estimating trends over time.
Calculated free bilirubin levels and neurotoxicity

Although most bilirubin in the circulation is bound to albumin, a relatively small fraction remains unbound. The concentration of this ‘free’ bilirubin (BF) is believed to dictate the biologic effects of bilirubin in jaundiced newborns, including its neurotoxicity. The threshold at which BF produces changes in cellular function culminating in permanent cell injury and cell death has been the subject of considerable debate. The objective of this study was to compare calculated central nervous system (CNS) BF levels in Gunn rat pups during (i) peak postnatal hyperbilirubinemia and (ii) sulfadimethoxine-induced acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE) previously reported from our laboratory with those predicted in human neonates with peak total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels of 35 mg per 100 ml (599 μmol l−1), a clinical cohort that often evidence moderate-to-severe adverse post-icteric neurodevelopmental sequelae. Homozygous j/j Gunn rat pups with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia due to a deficiency of the bilirubin conjugating enzyme uridine-diphosphate-glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 were studied along with non-jaundiced littermate heterozygous J/j controls. Sulfadimethoxine was used to displace bilirubin from albumin in hyperbilirubinemic j/j Gunn rat pups to increase their brain bilirubin content and induce ABE. Calculated Gunn rat CNS BF levels were determined as a function of genotype, sulfadimethoxine exposure and albumin–bilirubin binding constant. These data were compared with the human CNS BF predicted from the calculated serum BF in human neonates with a TSB of 35 mg per 100 ml as a function of albumin–bilirubin binding constant, albumin concentration and the assumption that at this hazardous bilirubin level there may be rapid equilibration of BF between serum and brain. There was a large gap between the upper limit of the calculated CNS BF 95% confidence interval (CI) range in non-jaundiced J/j pups (for example, 112 nM at k=9.2 l μmol−1) and the lower limit seen in the saline-treated hyperbilirubinemic j/j pups (556 nM at k=9.2 l μmol−1) as well as between the upper limit in saline-treated hyperbilirubinemic j/j pups (1110 nM at k=9.2 l μmol−1) and the lower limit seen in sulfadimethoxine-treated jaundiced j/j littermates (3461 nM at k=9.2 l μmol−1). There was considerable overlap and remarkable similarity between the predicted human CNS BF values at a TSB of 35 mg per 100 ml for a range of reported human serum bilirubin–albumin binding constants and albumin concentrations, and those calculated for saline-treated hyperbilirubinemic j/j Gunn rat pups. This exercise yielded strikingly similar apparent calculated neurotoxic BF levels for Gunn rat pups and human neonates rather than orders of magnitude differences that might have been predicted at the outset and add to a growing literature aimed at defining clinically germane neurotoxic BF thresholds.
Activation of a local renin angiotensin system in podocytes by glucose.

ANG II is a critical mediator of diabetic nephropathy. Pharmacologic inhibition of ANG II slows disease progression beyond what could be predicted by the blood pressure lowering effects alone, sugg...
The G894-T894 polymorphism in the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase and blood pressure in lead-exposed workers from Korea

We evaluated whether the G 894 -T 894 polymorphism in exon 7 of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene is associated with blood pressure or modifies the relation between lead dose and blood pressure in 803 lead workers in Korea. A total of 84.9% of individuals were homozygous GG, 14.4% heterozygous GT, and 0.8% homozygous TT. The T 894 allele was not significantly associated with systolic or diastolic blood pressure. The prevalence of hypertension did not differ by T 894 status (OR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.50-1.37). There was no evidence of effect modification by eNOS genotype on relations of lead dose with blood pressure. These data provide no evidence that the T 894 allele is associated with higher blood pressure or modifies the association of lead dose with blood pressure.
Dispositional optimism predicts placebo analgesia.

Abstract Based on prior research identifying dispositional optimism as a predictor of placebo responding, the present study tested the hypothesis that individuals high in optimism would be more likely to respond to a placebo analgesic. Optimists and pessimists were randomly assigned to a placebo expectation condition or a no expectation condition before a cold pressor task. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded before and during the cold pressor task, and participant ratings of pain and expectations were obtained immediately after the task. Analysis of the expectation manipulation revealed that the placebo instruction was successful in altering participant expectancy during the cold pressor. Supporting the main hypothesis, dispositional optimism was associated with lower pain ratings in the placebo condition but not in the control condition. Because dispositional optimism can alter placebo responding to laboratory pain, future studies should examine the potential role that this individual difference factor may play in patient responsivity to pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments for clinical pain. Perspective This study examined the possibility that individual differences can predict placebo analgesia. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either a placebo expectation or no expectation before a cold pressor task. Dispositional optimism was related to less cold pressor pain in the placebo condition as compared with the control condition.
Practical limitations of state-of-the-art passive printed circuit board power delivery networks for high performance compute systems

Trends in high performance computing (HPC) systems point to ever-decreasing power delivery network (PDN) impedances. While there is no particular theoretical minimum impedance, practical limitations present boundaries which will be difficult to exceed. In this paper, we explore specifically the practical limitations of the printed circuit board (PCB) portion of the PDN, concluding that useful implementations will be limited to on the order of 0.2 mOhms below 1 MHz, rising to roughly 0.4 mOhms at 10 MHz, and increasing with frequency thereafter.
Rapid Deterioration of Searching Behavior, Host Destruction, and Fecundity of the Parasitoid Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in Culture

Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders that had been in culture for seven generations (collected in 1987, strain MR87) were larger, killed more house fly pupae, produced more progeny, and had superior host-searching ability than parasitoids that had been in culture for 94 generations (collected in 1982, strain MR82). After 17 generations, attack rates of MR87 declined to equal those of MR82 and were substantially lower than those of MR82 after 42 generations. Heritability, based on mother-daughter regressions, was 0.52 for wing length and impossibly high ( h 2, 1.56) for fecundity, indicating that fecundity is largely determined by nonchromosomal maternal influences. Single-pair reciprocal crosses between strains confirmed that fecundity was influenced by a maternal effect, although hybrids showed evidence of positive heterosis as well. Attack rates and progeny production by parasitoids collected from the field, in 1990 declined by 50% after only two generations in culture. The results are best explained by a combination of a maternally transmitted pathogen that is amplified in the laboratory and, to a lesser extent, inbreeding depression. Examination of cultures after the conclusion of the experiments revealed infections of most colonies with an undetermined microsporidium.
The effect of hypothermia on central neural control of respiration

The effects of whole body hypothermia on metabolism, blood and medullary acid-base, and respiratory variables were determined in 29 paralyzed, vagotomized and glomectomized cats. Respiratory output was quantified from integrated phrenic nerve activity. Metabolic rate (VCO2) decreased progressively as temperature decreased. When end-tidal PCO2 was kept constant by decreasing artificial ventilation, cooling of the brain to 30.5 degrees C resulted in a large decrease of respiratory frequency (f) with prolongations of both inspiratory (TI) and expiratory (TE) times but an increase in neural tidal activity (VTN). Neural minute activity (MVN) and rate of rise of phrenic activity (RR) decreased moderately despite an acid shift of arterial and medullary extracellular fluid (ECF) pH and a decrease in the fractional dissociation of imidazole (alpha Im). Anesthesia, decerebration and spinal cord section at C7-T1 did not alter the responses. When ventilation was kept constant during cooling so that PCO2 decreased along with metabolic rate, all respiratory variables (VTN, f, MVN and RR) decreased significantly and reached near apneic levels at 30.5 degrees C. These changes were associated with an alkaline shift in ECF pH. Fractional dissociation of imidazole (alpha Im) remained constant at all temperatures. Our findings do not support the hypothesis of 'alphastat' regulation as a general explanation of central chemical control of breathing in homeotherms. We also present arguments that it may not apply to the control of breathing in ectotherms. We conclude that hypothermia affects both respiratory drive and timing mechanisms through its effect on neural synaptic function.
Neurofilament 200 as an Indicator of Differences Between Mipafox and Paraoxon Sensitivity in SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells

Organophosphorus (OP) compounds produce potent neurotoxic effects in humans, including organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN). This investigation examined the potential for the 200-kD neurofilament protein (NF200) and other neuronal proteins to serve as indicators for neurite damage in a differentiated SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell culture system. Mipafox, which induces OPIDN, increased NF200 protein expression in SY5Y cells differentiated with human recombinant beta-nerve growth factor (NGF, 20 ng/ml) in a concentration-dependent manner, compared to NGF controls, when SY5Y cells were exposed to 0.3 or 30 microM mipafox during the last 5 days of neurite extension (experimental set A). However, mipafox produced little change in NF200 protein expression in SY5Y cells exposed continuously throughout neurite elongation (experimental set B). Paraoxon (up to 30 microM), which does not produce OPIDN, did not produce any change in NF200 expression in set A or set B. The upregulation of NF200 by mipafox may represent a compensatory response to neurite degeneration. Two other neuronal proteins, growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) and microtubule-associated protein 2ab (MAP2ab), showed no changes in response to OP treatment in NGF-treated cells. Protein expression of NF200 was shown to be an indicator by which the sensitivities of SY5Y cells to mipafox and paraoxon were distinguishable at the molecular level. These results indicate an alternative approach and test system for investigating structure-activity relationships of OPs.
Unconventional transport in the "hole" regime of a si double quantum dot.

Studies of electronic charge transport through semiconductor double quantum dots rely on a conventional ``hole'' model of transport in the three-electron regime. We show that experimental measurements of charge transport through a Si double quantum dot in this regime cannot be fully explained using the conventional picture. Using a Hartree-Fock (HF) formalism and relevant HF energy parameters extracted from transport data in the multiple-electron regime, we identify a novel spin-flip cotunneling process that lifts a singlet blockade.
Identification of independent rainstorms

Abstract An easily-applied approximate criterion is proposed for the separation of pointprecipitation records into statistically-independent storms. The criterion is tested successfully in parameter estimation for Poisson models of annual rainfall frequency in an arid climate. Analysis of rainfall records from a wide range of climates produces an empirical relation for estimating the minimum time between independent rainstorms, given only the mean annual rainfall and the mean length of the rainy season.
Fracture Toughness of Metaphosphate Glasses

The fracture toughnesses and Young's elastic moduli of several metaphosphate glasses were measured by the indentation technique. The results show that the normal glasses lie along a KIc vs E line between (0.4, 40) and (0.7, 60) MPa-m112 and GPa, respectively. The abnormal ZnO and MgO metaphosphates appear to be tougher and are above the line of the normal glasses.
Those of Little Note: Gender, Race, and Class in Historical Archaeology

Because some classes of people may not have been considered worthy of notice by dominant social groups in the past, they may be less visible to us today in historical and archaeological records; consequently, they remain less studied. This volume attempts to redress this oversight by presenting case studies of historical and archaeological research on various ethnic, racial, gender, and socioeconomic groups in colonial and post-colonial North America. These contributions illustrate how historical archaeologists and ethnohistorians have used documentary and archaeological evidence to retrieve information on neglected aspects of American history. They explore ways of making more visible Native Americans, African Americans, and Euro-Americans of differing ethnic groups and economic classes, and also shed new light on such groups as celibate religious communities, women in predominantly male communities, and working-class and middle-class women in urban communities. Material evidence on "those of little note" provides not only fresh insight into our understanding of daily life in the past, but also a refreshing counterpoint to the male- and Euro-centered analysis that has characterized much of historical archaeology since its inception. Readers will find many chapters rewarding in their application of sophisticated feminist theory to archaeological data, or in their probing of complex relational issues concerning the construction of gender identity and gender relationships. As the first archeaeologically-focused collection to examine the interconnectedness of gender, class, race, and ethnicity in past societies, Those of Little Note sets new standards for future research. CONTENTS-I--Introduction-1. Through the Lens of Gender: Archaeology, Inequality, and Those "Of Little Note" / Elizabeth M. Scott-II--Native American and African American Communities-2. Cloth, Clothing, and Related Paraphernalia: A Key to Gender Visibility in the Archaeological Record of Russian America / Louise M. Jackson-3. "We Took Care of Each Other Like Families Were Meant To": Gender, Social Organization, and Wage Labor Among the Apache at Roosevelt / Everett Bassett-4. The House of the Black Burghardts: An Investigation of Race, Gender, and Class at the W. E. B. DuBois Boyhood Homesite / Nancy Ladd Muller-III--All Male and Predominantly Male Communities-5. "With Manly Courage": Reading the Construction of Gender in a 19th-Century Religious Community / Elizabeth Kryder-Reid-6. The Identification of Gender at Northern Military Sites of the Late 18th Century / David R. Starbuck-7. Class, Gender Strategies, and Material Culture in the Mining West / Donald L. Hardesty-IV--Working Women in Urban Communities-8. Mrs. Starr's Profession / Donna J. Seifert-9. Diversity and 19th-Century Domestic Reform: Relationships Among Classes and Ethnic Groups / Suzanne M. Spencer-Wood
Anthocyanins are Bioavailable in Humans following an Acute Dose of Cranberry Juice

Research suggests that anthocyanins from berry fruit may affect a variety of physiological responses, including endothelial function, but little information is available regarding the pharmacokinetics of these flavonoids in humans. To determine the pharmacokinetics of cranberry anthocyanins, a study was undertaken in 15 participants (age: 626 8 y) with coronary artery disease. Blood and urine samples were collected between baseline (0 h) and 4 h after consumption of 480 mL cranberry juice (54% juice; 835 mg total polyphenols; 94.47mg anthocyanins). Marked inter-individual differences in plasma anthocyanin pharmacokinetics were observed with maximum anthocyanin concentrations detected between 1 and 3 h. Cranberry anthocyanins were bioavailable but with notable differences in the maximum concentration and area under the curve0‐4h between individual participants. The pattern of anthocyanin glucosides observed in plasma and urine generally reflected the relative concentration determined in the juice. Plasma concentrations of the individual anthocyanins ranged between 0.56 and 4.64 nmol/L. Total recovery of urinary anthocyanin was 0.79 6 0.90% of the dose delivered. These data are in agreement with the pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins from other foods suggesting that cranberry anthocyanins are poorly absorbedand rapidly removed from plasma. Observedconcentrationsof plasma anthocyanins appear insufficient to alter radical load or redox potential but may be adequate to affect signal transduction and/or gene expression. J. Nutr. 140: 1099‐1104, 2010.
Atopic dermatitis: clinical relevance of food hypersensitivity reactions.

Forty-six patients with atopic dermatitis ranging from mild to severe were evaluated for food hypersensitivity with double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges. Twenty-eight (61%) patients had a positive prick skin reaction to one of the foods tested. Sixty-five food challenges were performed; 27 (42%) were interpreted as positive in 15 (33%) patients. Egg, milk, and peanut accounted for 78% of the positive reactions. As in previous studies, patients developed skin (96%), respiratory (52%), or gastrointestinal (30%) symptoms during the challenge. These studies indicate that children who have atopic dermatitis unresponsive to routine therapy or who continue to need dally treatment after several months would benefit from evaluation for food hypersensitivity.
Improving Rates of Convergence of Iterative Schemes for Implicit Runge-Kutta Methods

Various iterative schemes have been proposed to solve the non-linear equations arising in the implementation of implicit Runge-Kutta methods. In one scheme, when applied to an s-stage Runge-Kutta method, each step of the iteration still requires s function evaluations but consists of r(>s) sub-steps. Improved convergence rate was obtained for the case r = s + 1 only. This scheme is investigated here for the case r = ks, k = 2, 3, …, and superlinear convergence is obtained in the limit k∞. Some results are obtained for Gauss methods and numerical results are given. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)