cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monitoring infiltration rates with Time Domain Reflectometers

The current study determines infiltration rates in six tree boxes located in Louisville, KY, and analyzes the effects of season, age of the tree box, and depth on infiltration. Street and parking lot runoff enter each tree box through a curb cut. Time domain reflectometers (TDRs) were embedded in the tree box media at different depths to continuously monitor volumetric soil moisture content and other parameters. The moisture content recorded by the TDRs was used to calculate steady-state infiltration rates through the media at the TDR location using the Green-Ampt equation. For each rain event, steady-state infiltration rate and drainage rate were separately calculated. For four of the six tree boxes, the steady-state infiltration rate did not vary with depth. However, the drainage rate varied with depth for five of the six tree boxes. Overall, the drainage rate through the entire depth is 1.7 times larger than in the upper layer. During the second year of the study, the steady-state infiltration rate and drainage rate decreased by 20% and 38%, respectively, from the first year. The steady-state infiltration rate and drainage rate vary with seasons. Some correlation (r = -0.5) was observed between initial soil moisture content and steady-state infiltration rate. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Initial infiltration rate and drainage rate decrease by 20% and 30%, respectively, within a year. The smallest infiltration rates were observed during winter and largest infiltration rates were observed in summer. Initial and saturated infiltration rates varied among all six tree boxes.
Some mixed character sum identities of Katz II

A conjecture connected with quantum physics led N. Katz to discover some amazing mixed character sum identities over a field of q elements, where q is a power of a prime \(p >3\). His proof required deep algebro-geometric techniques, and he expressed interest in finding a more straightforward direct proof. The first author recently gave such a proof of his identities when \(q \equiv 1 \pmod 4\), and this paper provides such a proof for the remaining case \(q \equiv 3 \pmod 4\). Our proofs are valid for all characteristics \(p>2\). Along the way we prove some elegant new character sum identities.
Capitalizing on short-term collaborative projects: A special collections case study

After the University of Idaho (UI) Library Special Collections and Archives (SPEC) received an unexpected bequest of approximately 340 boxes of science fiction books and manuscript materials, faculty and staff had to think creatively about how to appraise, clean, preserve, and provide basic access to the collection within a short time frame. Embracing the idea that short-term collaborative projects require less formality, which makes them “low-hanging fruit” and more likely to succeed than long-term collaborative projects, SPEC implemented successful strategies such as cross-training library student employees from other units, applying for use of temporary space on campus, and creative use of available technology. Short-term projects require different approaches and resources than a long-term project. Lessons about flexibility, student learning, and using available technology can be used by other academic libraries facing short-term projects that can at first seem overwhelming.
Emotional granularity in PTSD

Abstract Emotion granularity and emotion differentiation are constructs that refer to individual differences in the ability to make nuanced distinctions among similarly valenced emotional states ( Barrett, 2004 ; Kashdan, Barrett, & McKnight, 2015 ). Some have argued that increased emotional granularity represents an evolutionary adaptation that helped humans become more adroit in navigating our increasingly complex social worlds ( Barrett, 2017 ; Smidt & Suvak, 2015 ), and there is a small, but growing, body of empirical studies documenting inverse relationships between emotional granularity and a variety of psychosocial functioning problems and mental disorders including schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, major depression, autism, and alcohol problems (for reviews, see Kashdan et al., 2015 ; Smidt & Suvak, 2015 ). Despite a growing body of research supporting the importance of emotional granularity, it is a relatively new construct with many gaps remaining in research supporting its construct validity. This chapter focuses on the following question: what is the association between emotional granularity and PTSD? Unfortunately, there is an absence of empirical research directly examining this association. Therefore we review research examining associations among PTSD and constructs related to emotional granularity (e.g., alexithymia and emotional clarity), before using existing theory and research to map out mechanisms that may contribute to a link between PTSD and emotional granularity. In doing so, we build a case that the association between PTSD and emotional granularity warrants further investigation that could not only help to elucidate emotional processes associated with PTSD but also increase our understanding of the nature and importance of emotional granularity.
Digital Curation Fundamentals

Digital Curation Fundamentals provides a concise overview of the theory and practice of digital curation in libraries and archives. The book is organized according to a series of nine questions rel...
Chapter 6 – Childhood Depression

Publisher Summary This chapter explains various aspects of childhood depression. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) for depression are remarkably similar. At a general level, both interventions share a problem-focused, time-limited approach in which the depressed child and the therapist work together to identify problems that contribute to depressive symptoms and then develop plans for overcoming the problems. Problem solving is a central component of both treatment programs. In IPT it is used as a means of enhancing interpersonal relationships and for developing plans that deal with problems that are the primary focus of treatment. Within CBT, problem solving is directly taught to the participants as a means of dealing with daily hassles, and more significant interpersonal and impersonal problems. Self-monitoring is also a central component of both treatment programs. In IPT, youngsters are asked to self-monitor their depressive symptoms and feelings. In the CBT program, youngsters are directly taught how to self-monitor thoughts, feelings, behavior, and extra therapy events. Interpersonal relationships are the focus of IPT and CBT. Relationships with peers and family members are considered to be important determinants of depressive symptoms. Research clearly demonstrates that disturbances in interpersonal functioning exist in the families and friendships of depressed youths. It may be more useful to recognize the reciprocal relationship between the cognitive and interpersonal domains.
Behavioral Conditioning, the Placebo Effect, and Emergency Department Pain Management.

Abstract Animals and humans can be readily conditioned to associate a novel stimulus (often a unique taste) by pairing it with the effects of a drug or other agent. When later presented with the stimulus alone, their body's systems respond as if the drug or agent were given. The earliest clinical applications demonstrated both conditioned suppression and enhancement of immune processes. Unique benign stimuli, paired with chemotherapy, come to elicit T-cell suppression when administered alone. The beneficial immune responses to an antigen can be conditioned in the same manner. Further study of what came to be called “psychoneuroimmunology” led to the understanding that the familiar placebo effect, previously attributed to suggestion and expectation, is at least equally dependent on the same sorts of behavioral conditioning. The demonstrated ability to manipulate the immune system by a conditioned taste stimulus is, by definition, a placebo: a therapeutic effect caused by an inactive agent. The purpose of this analysis was to stimulate research in, and the application of, placebo–response conditioning to emergency medicine. Clinical and experimental studies confirm the usefulness of conditioned placebos in analgesia and in placebo-controlled dose reduction. Such conditioning paradigms demonstrate “one-trial learning,” making them potentially useful in pain and addiction management within a single emergency department encounter.
Outcomes of left ventricular assist device implantation in hypercoagulable patients.

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) in patients who tested positive for hypercoagulable hematologic disorders. Methods Adults undergoing continuous-flow LVAD implantation with preoperative hypercoagulability testing between 2004 and 2018 at a single center were reviewed. Hypercoagulability was defined as testing positive for antiphospholipid antibody, anticardiolipin antibody, lupus anticoagulant, protein C, protein S, factor V Leiden, and/or heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. The primary outcome was survival on the original LVAD. Secondary outcomes included rates of thromboembolic complications and readmission for intravenous heparin treatment. Results A total of 270 LVAD patients with pre-implant hypercoagulability testing were included, and 157 (58%) tested positive for a hypercoagulable disorder. Of those testing positive, 10 (6.4%) had a clinical pre-LVAD history of thromboembolic events. Survival was comparable between hypercoagulable and non-hypercoagulable patients (1 year: 73.3% vs 78.9%, P = .2195, 2-year: 60.7% vs 62.8%, P = .3627). Rates of pump thrombosis (14.0% vs 13.3%, P = .8618), hemolysis (4.5% vs 3.5%, P = .3536), stroke (18.5% vs 14.2%, P = .3483) and readmission for IV heparin therapy (87.3% (n = 137) vs 77.9% (n = 88), P = .7560) were similar. Outcomes were comparable in patients with positive hypercoagulable tests when stratified by pre-implant clinical history of hypercoagulability as well as stratified by recent preoperative exposure to heparin or warfarin. Conclusions In this series, positive laboratory tests for hypercoagulability were common amongst patients undergoing LVAD implantation although few had positive clinical histories. Survival and freedom from thromboembolic complications were comparable to non-hypercoagulable patients. Hypercoagulability alone should therefore not serve as a contraindication to LVAD implantation.
COVID-19 and Music Therapists’ Employment, Service Delivery, Perceived Stress, and Hope: A Descriptive Study

In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic was declared, which impacted music therapists in terms of employment, service delivery, and mental health However, the extent of changes within the profession was unknown The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the pandemic on the employment, service delivery, stress, and hope of music therapy professionals in the United States Music therapists (N = 1,196) responded to a 51-item survey including questions related to employment and service delivery The study also included the Adult Hope Scale and the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) Results indicated that many music therapists experienced changes in their positions, including a decrease in client contact hours and an increase in using alternative services, such as telehealth Changes in service hours and delivery were higher for individuals who worked in private practice than for other settings Primary respondent concerns included being a carrier of COVID-19, being isolated from loved ones, and income loss Compared with prior general population samples from the United States, respondents reported higher levels of hope, with a majority of respondents also reporting a high level of hope for the profession Respondents also indicated a moderate level of perceived stress on the PSS-10 Open response comments provided additional insights into the situational stressors and feelings of hope at this time in the pandemic The results of this study indicate that music therapists adapted to service delivery changes and continued to provide services to clients, despite the many difficulties faced during the pandemic
Extraction of common and differential modes radiation from the current distribution obtained by an EMI simulator

An analysis methodology of EMI simulation results is proposed. The electric and magnetic dipole moments are calculated from the current distribution obtained by an EMI simulator. The radiation is re-calculated from those moments to decompose the total radiation to the common mode and differential mode radiation. Investigating the direction and phase of those moments with the current distribution, much helpful information can be obtained.
Text retrieval and blind feedback for the ImageCLEFphoto task

In this paper we will describe Berkeley's approach to the ImageCLEFphoto task for CLEF 2006. This year is the first time that we have participated in ImageCLEF, and we chose to primarily establish a baseline for the Cheshire II system for this task, while we had originally hoped to use GeoCLEF methods for this task, in the end time constraints led us to restrict our submissions to the basic required runs for the task.
Concurrent Drainage Network Rendering for Automated Pen-and-ink Style Landscape Illustration

Pen-and-ink style geomorphological illustrations render landscape elements critical to the understanding of surface processes within a viewshed and, at their highest levels of execution, represent works of art, being both practical and beautiful. The execution of a pen-and-ink composition, however, requires inordinate amounts of time and skill. This article will introduce an algorithm for rendering creases – linework representing visually significant morphological features – at animation speeds, made possible with recent advances in graphics processing unit (GPU) architectures and rendering APIs. Beginning with a preprocessed high-resolution drainage network model, creases are rendered from selected stream segments if their weighted criteria (slope, flow accumulation, and surface illumination), attenuated by perspective distance from the viewpoint, exceed a threshold. The algorithm thus provides a methodology for crease representation at continuous levels of detail down to the highest resolution of the preprocessed drainage model over a range of surface orientation and illumination conditions. The article also presents an implementation of the crease algorithm with frame rates exceeding those necessary to support animation, supporting the proposition that parallel processing techniques exposed through modern GPU programming environments provide cartographers with a new and inexpensive toolkit for constructing alternative and attractive real-time animated landscape visualizations for spatial analysis.
Heating at a propagating crack tip in a viscoplastic material

The crack tip temperature due to near-tip dissipation of mechanical energy has been calculated for a crack propagating in a viscoplastic material. The mechanical behavior of the material was represented by a model proposed by Bodner and Partom. On the basis of the adiabatic approximation the maximum temperature has been investigated as a function of the crack-tip speed and the material parameters. For a specific crack-tip speed, T max is displayed as a function of the material constant, D 0, which defines the asymptotic limit of the inelastic strain rate as the stress level increases. The maximum temperature increases with increasing values of D 0.
The Anthropology of Love and Anger: The Aesthetics of Conviviality in Native Amazonia

The Anthropology of Love and Anger: The Aesthetics of Conviviality in Native Amazonia. Joanna Overing and Alan Passes. eds. London: Routledge, 2000. 305 pp.
Fire-history implications of fire scarring

Fire scars are widely used to reconstruct fire history, yet patterns of scarring are poorly understood, hampering effective sampling and analysis. Factors that influence the probability a tree will receive a scar (SP) and the fraction of trees that scar (SF) are little studied. We analyzed scarring in 16 fires in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Lawson & C. Lawson) forests in northern Arizona. SP was significantly related to char height, presence of a preceding scar, tree diameter, and years since a preceding fire. Mean SF was 0.375, but varied from 0.121 to 0.728, with SF significantly higher with higher mean char height, larger scar dimensions, higher fire severity, larger tree diameter, and where no preceding fire had burned within 30 years. The expected healing times exceeded 55 years for 33% of scars and 100 years for 11% of scars. Scars with a preceding scar were 38% larger than new scars, with expected healing about 20–25 years longer. Scars were clustered, particularly at scales from ...
“I Never Think about My Race”: Psychological Features of White Racial Identities

This study examines the ways that middle-aged white adults in a midwestern city talk about their own racial identity. Because race is a social identity that is so often viewed as “belonging” to people of color, this study assesses the ways that white participants responded to interview questions that asked specifically about racial identity. Twenty-three interviews were conducted with white graduates of the same high school in the Midwest when they were in their 50s. Qualitative analyses yielded codes that indicated denying any white racial identity or not understanding the question, experiencing white privilege, witnessing white privilege, and white guilt. Many expressions of white privilege were accompanied by ambivalence and anxiety.
Phosphorylation sites in the cerebral cavernous malformations complex.

Studies in the past four years in humans, mice, zebrafish and cultured cells have identified the cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) multiprotein complex, which is localized in part to endothelial and epithelial cell–cell junctions, and is important in the stability of these junctions and in vascular development (Glading et al., 2007; Mably et al., 2006; Mably et al., 2003; Whitehead et al., 2004; Wustehube et al., 2010). In humans, mutations that affect at least two members of this complex are associated with a common (~0.5% prevalence) vascular malformation that leads to substantial morbidity and mortality. In animals, mutations in components of this complex lead to defects in cardiovascular development, increased vascular permeability (Boulday et al., 2009; Guclu et al., 2005; Laberge-le Couteulx et al., 1999) and are associated with exacerbation of Wnt/β-catenin-driven pathologies, such as intestinal adenomas (Glading and Ginsberg, 2010). Recent studies have identified a physical association of this complex with the transmembrane receptor heart of glass (HEG1) and have established the role of this complex in inhibiting Rho and Rho-associated protein kinase 1/2 (ROCK1/2), to stabilize endothelial and epithelial cell–cell junctions (Crose et al., 2009; Kleaveland et al., 2009; Stockton et al., 2010; Whitehead et al., 2009), in limiting permeability of the endothelial monolayer and in regulating Wnt/β-catenin-driven transcription (Glading and Ginsberg, 2010).
A COMPARISON OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS IN A RARE AND A COMMON SPECIES OF EUPATORIUM

Demographic information on natural populations is essential to management of rare species. A comparative demographic study of a rare perennial plant, Eupatorium resinosum, and its closely related common congener, E. perfoliatum, was conducted to examine life history characteristics associated with rarity. Demography of three natural populations of each species revealed that E. resinosum has relatively lower sexual and asexual reproduction but more successful establishment of seedlings and asexually produced ramets than E. perfoliatum. Matrix projection analysis showed positive projected growth rates for two populations of E. resinosum, whereas E. perfoliatum showed a positive projected growth rate in only one of the populations studied. Survivorship of nonflowering ramets influenced projected population growth rates more in E. resinosum, while survivorship of flowering individuals influenced projected population growth rates more in E. perfoliatum. E. resinosum appears able to maintain populations in the short term, but over the long term lower seed production may make it difficult for E. resinosum to colonize new habitats as frequently as E. perfoliatum.
Analytic expressions for energy centroids and widths in the microscopic collective model

Abstract Analytic formulae are given for the U(3) centroids of the collective Bohr-Mottelson potential in the microscopic collective model. In particular, formulae are reported for the centroids of the quadratic [ Q · Q ∼ β 2 ] and cubic [ Q · ( Q × Q ∼ β 3 cos 3 γ ] rotational scalars in the microscopic quadrupole operator. Favorable comparisons for ground-state intensities are achieved between shell-model diagonalizations and statistical predictions based upon the gaussian approximation to the energy density. These results suggest that statistical measures can be used reliably for truncation of the infinite-dimensional representation spaces of the microscopic symplectic collective theory.
Breast disease in adolescents and young women.

Although breast cancer is extremely uncommon during childhood and adolescence, breast concerns and problems among females of this age group are a relatively common occurrence. These concerns may be further exaggerated by the significance placed on breasts in American culture and the fear of breast cancer. This article reviews breast disorders that can occur in female adolescents and young adults. This includes asymmetric breast development, accessory breast tissue, macromastia, benign and malignant breast tumors, and nipple discharges. A discussion of the diagnosis and management of breast conditions in young women is also included.
Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry based fingerprinting analysis and mass profiling of Euterpe oleracea (açaí) dietary supplement raw materials

Chemical fingerprinting and mass profiling methods to identify biologically active compounds in botanical dietary supplements is gaining much attention in recent years. Euterpe oleracea (acai) has been reported to be rich in health-beneficial chemical constituents. We have developed LC/MS based fingerprinting and mass profiling methods to identify fatty acids, anthocyanins and non-anthocyanin polyphenols in three processed raw materials; non-organic acai powder (ADSR-1), raw-organic acai powder (ADSR-2) and freeze-dried acai powder (ADSR-3) that are used in the preparation of botanical dietary supplements. For LC/MS analysis of fatty acids and non-anthocyanin polyphenols, the acai samples were extracted sequentially with dichloromethane followed by methanol. To study fingerprinting analysis of anthocyanins, acai samples were extracted with acidic methanol-water. The LC separation of fatty acids, non-anthocyanin polyphenols and anthocyanins in acai raw materials was achieved using a C18 column with a gradient mobile phase consisting of solvents A (0.1% formic acid in water), and B (0.1% formic acid in methanol). MS experiments were carried out with negative and positive mode electrospray ionization. LC/MS analysis of dichloromethane extracts of (ADSR-1), (ADSR-2) and (ADSR-3) acai powders have shown to contain fatty acids, γ-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid. Whereas, the fingerprinting analysis of methanol extracts of ADSR-1, ADSR-2 and ADSR-3 led to the identification of phenolic acids, anthocyanin and non-anthocyanin polyphenols. The results from our study may be useful for the authentication and quality assessment of acai dietary supplement raw materials.
On the determination of an adequate diet at minimum cost

El autor se plantea el problema de determinar el coste de «subsistencia fisiologica», es decir el coste minimo de las necesidades nutritivas, problema de programacion lineal del que se da la solucion, es decir la dieta de coste minimo, correspondiente a los precios de noviembre 1959.
Practical considerations in T1 mapping of prostate for dynamic contrast enhancement pharmacokinetic analyses.

There are many challenges in developing robust imaging biomarkers that can be reliably applied in a clinical trial setting. In the case of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI, one such challenge is to obtain accurate precontrast T1 maps for subsequent use in two-compartment pharmacokinetic models commonly used to fit the MR enhancement time courses. In the prostate, a convenient and common approach for this task has been to use the same 3D spoiled gradient-echo sequence used to collect the DCE data, but with variable flip angles (VFAs) to collect data suitable for T1 mapping prior to contrast injection. However, inhomogeneous radiofrequency conditions within the prostate have been found to adversely affect the accuracy of this technique. Herein we demonstrate the sensitivity of DCE pharmacokinetic parameters to precontrast T1 values and examine methods to improve the accuracy of T1 mapping with flip angle-corrected VFA SPGR methods, comparing T1 maps from such methods with “gold standard” reference T1 maps generated with saturation recovery experiments performed with fast spin-echo (FSE) sequences.
Modular design for simulation

This paper presents a modular design approach for the implementation of process-oriented or event-oriented discrete systems simulation software. Requirements for such a simulation facility are discussed, to include list processing capabilities, data structuring capabilities, dynamic allocation of data storage, statistics collection and number-crunching capabilities, and subprograms. Specific focus is placed upon implementing the process view which requires constructs in the language for initiating, controlling and terminating a process. Resource management facilities are also considered, to include a means of defining a resource with its associated resource handler and a set of primitives for requesting, releasing and obtaining status information regarding a resource. HPSIM, an organized collection of modules written in Modula-2, was designed to facilitate both event-oriented and process-oriented discrete systems simulation, Modula-2 was chosen for its data abstraction facilities, its software engineering capabilities, its execution efficiency, its ability for separate compilation and its implementation of co-routines. The modeller encapsulates the conceptual model of the system into a software module which is interfaced with the HPSIM modules. The IMPORT statement in Modula-2 allows the modeller to access any of the routines provided by HPSIM as required. An example involving a single-server CPU system highlights the process/resource features of HPSIM.
Synthesis, electrochemistry, MO properties, and X-ray diffraction structures of the new redox-active diphosphine ligand 2-(2-thienylidene)-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione (tbpcd) and the rhenium compound fac -BrRe(CO) 3 (tbpcd)

Abstract Knoevenagel condensation of 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione (bpcd) with thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde furnishes the second-generation unsaturated diphosphine ligand 2-(2-thienylidene)-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione (1, tbpcd) in high yield. The substitution chemistry of the rhenium compounds BrRe(CO)5 and BrRe(CO)3(THF)2 with tbpcd has been investigated and found to produce fac-BrRe(CO)3(tbpcd) (2). Compounds 1 and 2 have been isolated and fully characterized in solution by IR and NMR (1H and 31P) spectroscopies, in addition to mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. The redox properties of 1 and 2 have been examined by cyclic voltammetry, and these data are discussed relative to the results obtained from extended Huckel MO calculations and emission spectroscopic studies, as well as related ligand derivatives previously prepared by us. Our data indicate that the lowest excited state in tbpcd and fac-BrRe(CO)3(tbpcd) arises from a π → π∗ intraligand (IL) transition confined exclusively to the tbpcd ligand.
Electrical analogues for tissues.

Abstract The equations of Maxwell and Reyleigh for the electrical resistance of suspensions of spheres and cylinders have been widely used to calculate the volume concentration of nonconducting cells in several tissues. The assumptions made in the derivations of these equations are not valid over at least part of the concentration range from 50 to 100% so that such calculations are without analytical basis. Approximations for uniform, uniformly separated, space filling figures and for randomly oriented, uniform and uniformly distributed, conducting planes show that each of the equations is correct for volume concentrations approaching 100%. Analogue measurements were made with conducting paper for circular cylinders in square and hexagonal arrays and with an electrolytic tank for spheres in simple and face centered cubic arrays. The available theories are not entirely satisfactory. Similar measurements were made for a square array of square cylinders and a hexagonal array of hexagonal cylinders and for a cubic array of cubes and a hexagonal array of tetrakaidecahedra. In all cases it was found that the measured volume concentrations agreed with those given by the simple Rayleigh and Maxwell equations, to within the experimental accuracies of about 1%, over all of the concentration ranges measured from 30% or less to 90% or more. These analogue calculations thus provide a basis for the use of the equations over the entire range.
Mercury contamination in a 54-m core from lake Huleh.

THERE has been some discussion1 concerning the suggestion of Aston et al.2 that recent technological growth has resulted in a progressive increase in mercury in the sediments of Lake Windermere, UK. Here I report some data from another lake to substantiate their suggestion.
Climate Change and Agriculture in Africa: Impact Assessment and Adaptation Strategies

As climate change has emerged as a significant threat, there is much concern about how vulnerable agricultural communities will adapt, particularly as global population continues to rise. Much of the current lack of productivity and economic marginalization of African agriculture arises from global trade regimes that give a competitive advantage to Western farmers, from low use of agricultural inputs, and from a dearth of infrastructure and services for the agriculture sector. For centuries, African farmers have used a wide variety of risk-reducing livelihood strategies, including diversifying income sources, switching crops, and investing in marketing. However, improving their productivity to “modern” levels has remained a distant dream, resulting in a continual reduction in investment in the sector over the past five decades.
Optimizing bus energy consumption of on-chip multiprocessors using frequent values

Chip multiprocessors (CMP) are a convenient way of leveraging from the technological trends to build high-end and embedded systems that are performance and power efficient, while exhibiting attractive properties such as scalability, reliability and ease of design. However, the onchip interconnect for moving the data between the processors, and between the processors and memory subsystem, plays a crucial role in CMP design. We present a novel approach to optimizing its power by exploiting the value locality in data transfers between processors. A communicating value cache (CVC) is proposed to reduce the number of bits transferred on the interconnect, and simulation results with several parallel applications show significant energy savings with this mechanism. Results show that the importance of our proposal will become even more significant in the future.
Skin Viscoelasticity: Physiologic Mechanisms, Measurement Issues, and Application to Nursing Science

Skin is the primary interface between health care providers and patients and is assessed clinically to predict physiological stability or instability. The biomechanical properties of human skin, most notably elasticity and viscoelasticity, are critical to its protective function. In this article, the authors describe the physiological basis for skin elasticity and viscoelasticity. The authors discuss the role of viscoelasticity in nursing science and consider avenues for scientific exploration of the skin's biomechanical properties, including applications in pressure ulcer research, injury, and healing. They also discuss the Cutometer® as one option for measurement of viscoelasticity in clinical and bench research protocols.
Far posterior subtemporal approach to the dorsolateral brainstem and tentorial ring: technique and clinical experience.

Objective Surgical access to the posterolateral mesencephalon or tentorial ring can be problematic, depending on the angle of the tentorium and associated venous structures. A far posterior subtemporal approach was developed that uses the wide opening of the tentorium and the option of supratentorial retraction of the cerebellum to provide an excellent angle of approach to this region. Details of this technique and a series of eight patients with lesions treated by this approach are presented. Methods Seven cavernous malformations and one dural arteriovenous malformation were approached in eight patients. In this far posterior subtemporal approach, a horseshoe incision is centered slightly behind the ear, with the caudal extent of the craniotomy defined by the temporal fossa floor. The entry of the vein of Labbe into transverse sinus is identified intradurally. If the vein enters anteriorly in the exposure, it is mobilized. Retractors are then placed, and the tentorium is visualized and opened laterally, avoiding the trochlear nerve. A thin, tapered retractor can be used to retract the cerebellum posterolaterally away from the brainstem. Results This approach was used to treat eight patients, and their lesions were successfully resected. Seven patients experienced good outcomes, and one patient, who presented with Hunt-Hess Grade IV subarachnoid hemorrhage from a dural arteriovenous malformation, experienced a fair outcome. Conclusion The far posterior subtemporal approach is effective for approaching carefully selected lesions of the posterolateral mesencephalon and tentorial ring.
The Large Binocular Telescope

The Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) Observatory is a collaboration between institutions in Arizona, Germany, Italy, Indiana, Minnesota, Ohio and Virginia. The telescope on Mt. Graham in southeastern Arizona uses two 8.4-meter diameter borosilicate honeycomb primary mirrors mounted side-by-side to produce a collecting area equivalent to an 11.8-meter circular aperture. A unique feature of LBT is that the light from the two primary mirrors can be combined to produce phased-array imaging of an extended field. This coherent imaging along with adaptive optics gives the telescope the diffraction-limited resolution of a 22.65-meter telescope. The first on-sky phasing of the two telescopes in the mid-infrared occurred in October 2010 with the LBTI instrument in Fizeau mode. The telescope control system has been upgraded to allow binocular (2-sided) observations with pairs of instruments. The prime focus cameras (LBC) routinely operate in this mode. Improved collimation and pointing models have been deployed to keep both sides collimated and pointed at the same target. The control system has also been upgraded to allow observations of solar system objects at non-sidereal tracking rates. Science observations are scheduled for 60% of the nights including a significant fraction of adaptive optics imaging with the first adaptive secondary mirror and the FLAO system with natural guide stars. MODS1, a nearUV-optical spectrometer, has been added to the suite of science instruments along with LBC (visible imagers) and LUCI1 (near infrared spectrometer). LMIRcam (2-5 microns) and PISCES (1-2.5 microns) have been used for adaptive optics imaging. The remaining nights are scheduled for telescope and instrument commissioning activities as new instruments arrive. The second of the two F/15 adaptive secondary mirrors has been installed on the telescope in Fall 2011 and has been commissioned on-sky in Spring 2012.
Mangrove reemergence in the northernmost range limit of eastern Florida

Cavanaugh et al. (1) report conclusive evidence of poleward expansion of mangroves at the northern limit of their historic range on the east coast of Florida and associate the expansion to a reduction in the frequency of extreme cold events. We agree with their assertion that mangrove expansion has occurred in eastern Florida, resulting from a lack of extreme freeze perturbations since 1984 (2, 3). We differ, however, with their conclusion that mangrove expansion is evident beyond the northern boundary of their historical range in eastern Florida. We contend that the 2011 mangrove area likely did not exceed the mangrove extent before their study period (1984–2011).
Finite element analysis of elastic-plastic wave propagation effects

Abstract The feasibility of dynamic analysis by means of the finite element method, in conjunction with direct time step integration procedures, has been demonstrated and documented in the literature. However, there appears to be some uncertainty concerning the validity of such analyses in cases involving wave propagation effects. It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate that under appropriate conditions, nonlinear finite element analysis techniques, utilizing a variable time step integration procedure, may be applied to obtain a reliable description of the response of a body undergoing wave propagation effects. The method employs Taylor series expansions to obtain predictor-corrector expressions, truncated to difference form, of the solution to a system of first order nonlinear equations. The corresponding second order system of equations of motion are employed to construct the corrector expression. The incorporation of this procedure within the tangent modulus method of nonlinear analysis is described and numerical results are presented for a number of axisymmetric structures subjected to elastic-plastic wave propagation effects, including those cases involving reflections from boundaries.
EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS ON PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FUNCTIONING

Significant impairment was measured across the board in the physical, psychosocial, and daily living functions of 24 multiple sclerosis patients. These findings support the need of MS patients for a comprehensive, multidisciplinary treatment approach to all areas affected by MS.
Dynamical Heterogeneity of the Glassy State

We compare dynamical heterogeneities in equilibrated supercooled liquids and in the nonequilibrium glassy state within the framework of the random first order transition theory. Fluctuating mobility generation and transport in the glass are treated by numerically solving stochastic continuum equations for mobility and fictive temperature fields that arise from an extended mode coupling theory containing activated events. Fluctuating spatiotemporal structures in aging and rejuvenating glasses lead to dynamical heterogeneity in glasses with characteristics distinct from those found in the equilibrium supercooled liquid. The non-Gaussian distribution of activation free energies, the stretching exponent β, and the growth of characteristic lengths are studied along with the four-point dynamical correlation function. Asymmetric thermodynamic responses upon heating and cooling are predicted to be the result of the heterogeneity and the out-of-equilibrium behavior of glasses below Tg. Our numerical results agree ...
Deciding when heel pain is of neural origin

"Tips, Quips, and Pearls" is a specia l section in The Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery which is devoted to the sharing of ideas to make the practice of fo ot and ankle surgery easier. We invite our readers to share ideas with us in the fo rm of special tips regarding diagnostic or surgical procedures, new devices or modifications of devices for making a surgical procedure a little bit easier, or virtually any other "pearl " that the reader believes will assist the foot and ankle surgeon in providing better care. Please address your tips to: John M. Schuberth, DPM, Editor, The Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery, American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons, 515 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068-3150; Fax: 847-292-2022; E-mail: JFASeditor@aol.com
Regulation of Rac1 translocation and activation by membrane domains and their boundaries.

The activation of Rac1 and related Rho GTPases involves dissociation from Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor proteins and translocation to membranes, where they bind effectors. Previous studies have suggested that the binding of Rac1 to membranes requires, and colocalizes with, cholesterol-rich liquid-ordered (lo) membrane domains (lipid rafts). Here, we have developed a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay that robustly detects Rac1 membrane targeting in living cells. Surprisingly, FRET with acceptor constructs that were targeted to either raft or non-raft areas indicated that Rac1 was present in both regions. Functional studies showed that Rac1 localization to non-raft regions decreased GTP loading as a result of inactivation by GTPase-activating proteins. In vitro, Rac1 translocation to supported lipid bilayers also required lo domains, yet Rac1 was concentrated in the liquid-disordered (ld) phase. Single-molecule analysis demonstrated that translocation occurred preferentially at lo–ld boundaries. These results, therefore, suggest that Rac1 translocates to the membrane at domain boundaries, then diffuses into raft and non-raft domains, which controls interactions. These findings resolve discrepancies in our understanding of Rac biology and identify novel mechanisms by which lipid rafts modulate Rho GTPase signaling.
Within-tree life process models of the southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis

Abstract This paper develops models of gallery construction, emergence and re-emergence for use in a general population dynamics model of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonuc frontalis Zimmermann. Models of these processes were originally developed from laboratory data, and are extended here to account for fluctuating temperatures and variable attack densities under field conditions. The resulting models were tested using data from three natural populations (infestations) from east Texas. These tests reveal that the laboratory-derived models closely predict the timing and length of gallery, and the timing of emergence and re-emergence in the field.
American Restaurants and Cuisine in the Mid–Nineteenth Century

The author discusses the food served at high-end restaurants in New England, New York, and beyond in the mid–nineteenth century. Based on menus of the period, he looks at taste, cuisine, and the setting and rules of dining out, a new form of socializing in America.
Understanding household demand for indoor air pollution control in developing countries.

More than 2 billion people rely on solid fuels and traditional stoves or open fires for cooking, lighting, and/or heating. Exposure to emissions caused by burning these fuels is believed to be responsible for a significant share of the global burden of disease. To achieve widespread health improvements, interventions that reduce exposures to indoor air pollution will need to be adopted and consistently used by large numbers of households in the developing world. Given that such interventions remain to be adopted by large numbers of these households, much remains to be learned about household demand for interventions designed (in part at least) to reduce indoor air pollution. A general household framework is developed that identifies in detail the determinants of household demand for indoor air pollution interventions, where demand for an intervention is expressed in terms of willingness to pay. Household demand is shown to be a combination of three terms: (1) the direct consumption effect; (2) the child health effect; and (3) the adult health effect. While micro-level data are not available to estimate directly this model, existing data and information are used to estimate just the health effects component of household demand. Based on such existing information, it might be concluded that household demand should seemingly be strong given that willingness to pay, based on existing information, is seemingly large compared to costs for common interventions like improved stoves. Given that household demand is not strong for existing interventions, this analysis shows that more clearly focused research on household demand for interventions is needed if such interventions are going to be demanded (i.e. adopted and used) by large numbers of households throughout the developing world. Four priority areas for future research are: (1) improving information on dose-response relationships between indoor air pollution and various health effects (e.g. increased mortality and morbidity risks); (2) improving information on impacts from interventions in terms of air pollution reductions and also cooking times, fuel use, and heat intensities; (3) improving information on household shadow values for improved health, with separate information for adult and child health; and (4) considering more directly household information, and its adequacy, for their ability to evaluate the relationships between fuel use and health.
An amorphous phase on the anorthite hugoniot

Compressional wave velocities as a function of pressure have been measured in pressure-amorphized anorthite to 14 GPa at room temperature. A weighted linear fit to the data gives a zero-pressure value of Vp = 6.35±0.12 km s−1, with a slope of 0.154±0.016 km s−1 GPa−1. It is shown that these compressional wave velocities compare well with bulk sound speeds inferred from shock-wave experiments on anorthite above the phase transition at 30 GPa, assuming a value of Poisson's ratio in the range of 0.15 to 0.20. All crystalline assemblages which have been suggested as high-pressure phases of anorthite are shown to possess zero-pressure bulk sound speeds in the range 6.9 km s−1 to 8.1 km s−1, well above the value of 5 km s−1 extrapolated from the shock-wave data. It is therefore proposed that the shock Hugoniot of anorthite above 30 GPa represents the properties of the pressure-amorphized phase, rather than those of the equilibrium high-pressure phases.
Novel cascaded battery charging architecture for photovoltaic systems

In this work, a battery charging architecture is proposed and validated which uses optimal photovoltaic energy harness to perform battery charging quickly and safely. The architecture is developed to mitigate conflicting objectives, which arise from charging batteries optimally while simultaneously harnessing photovoltaic energy optimally. A charge controller is implemented which aims to prolong battery life through monitoring battery characteristics, and subsequently determining the proper charge profile that would meet this objective while providing fast and efficient charging. The MPPT controlled solar array is integrated with the battery charging system and the coupled system is simulated and validated.
On the unique solvability of a family of two-point boundary-value problems for systems of ordinary differential equations

We consider a family of two-point boundary-value problems for systems of ordinary differential equations with functional parameters. This family is the result of the reduction of a boundary-value problem with nonlocal condition for a system of second-order, quasilinear hyperbolic equations by the introduction of additional functions. Using the parametrization method, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions of the unique solvability of the family of two-point boundary-value problems for a linear system in terms of the initial data. We also prove sufficient conditions of the unique solvability of the problem considered and propose an algorithm for its solution.
Implications of light amplification for astronomical imaging

It is shown that the amplification of a finite-bandwidth thermal light beam always leads to a severe degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio by means of additive noise. Such degradation renders light amplification essentially useless as a means of signal enhancement for imaging faint stellar objects.