cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the plasticity contributions during laser-shock loading and spall failure of Cu microstructures at the atomic scales

Abstract A hybrid atomic-scale and continuum-modeling framework is used to study the microstructural evolution during the laser-induced shock deformation and failure (spallation) of copper microstructures. A continuum two-temperature model (TTM) is used to account for the interaction of Cu atoms with a laser in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The MD-TTM simulations study the effect of laser-loading conditions (laser fluence) on the microstructure (defects) evolution during various stages of shock wave propagation, reflection, and interaction in single-crystal (sc) Cu systems. In addition, the role of the microstructure is investigated by comparing the defect evolution and spall response of sc-Cu and nanocrystalline Cu systems. The defect (stacking faults and twin faults) evolution behavior in the metal at various times is further characterized using virtual in situ selected area electron diffraction and x-ray diffraction during various stages of evolution of microstructure. The simulations elucidate the uncertain relation between spall strength and strain-rate and the much stronger relation between the spall strength and the temperatures generated due to laser shock loading for the small Cu sample dimensions considered here.
Structural characterization of hexameric shell proteins from two types of choline-utilization bacterial microcompartments

Bacterial microcompartments are large supramolecular structures comprising an outer proteinaceous shell that encapsulates various enzymes in order to optimize metabolic processes. The outer shells of bacterial microcompartments are made of several thousand protein subunits, generally forming hexameric building blocks based on the canonical bacterial microcompartment (BMC) domain. Among the diverse metabolic types of bacterial microcompartments, the structures of those that use glycyl radical enzymes to metabolize choline have not been adequately characterized. Here, six structures of hexameric shell proteins from type I and type II choline-utilization microcompartments are reported. Sequence and structure analysis reveals electrostatic surface properties that are shared between the four types of shell proteins described here.
Modeling Disorder in Pyrochlores and Other Anion-Deficient Fluorite Structural Derivative Oxides

Their very flexible chemistry gives oxide materials a richness in functionality and wide technological application. A specific group of oxides that have a structure related to fluorite but with less oxygen, termed anion-deficient fluorite structural derivatives and with pyrochlores being the most notable example, has been shown to exhibit a diversity of useful properties. For example, the possibility to undergo a transition from an ordered to disordered state allows these oxides to have high radiation tolerance. Atomistic-scale calculations in the form of molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) have been extensively used to understand what drives this order/disorder transition. Here we give a brief overview of how atomistic-scale calculations are utilized in modeling disorder in pyrochlores and other anion-deficient fluorite structural derivatives. We discuss the modeling process from simple point defects to completely disordered structures, the dynamics during the disordering process, and the use of mathematical models to generate ordered solid-solution configurations. We also attempt to identify the challenges in modeling short range order and discuss future directions to more comprehensive models of the disordered structures.
Identification of the titrating group in the heme cavity of myoglobin. Evidence for the heme-protein pi-pi interaction.

The pH dependence of the proton NMR chemical shifts of met-cyano and deoxy forms of native and reconstituted myoglobins reflects a structural transition in the heme pocket modulated by a single proton with pK 5.1–5.6. Comparison of this pH dependence of sperm whale and elephant myoglobin and that of the former protein reconstituted with esterified hemin eliminates both the distal histidine as well as the heme propionates as the titrating residue. Reconstitution of sperm whale met-cyano myoglobin with hemin modified at the 2,4-positions leads to a systematic variation in the pK for the structural transition, thus indicating the presence of a coupling between the titrating group and the heme π system. The results are consistent with histidine FG3 (His-FG3) being the titrating group, and a donor-acceptor π-π interaction between its imidazole and the heme is proposed.
On The Continuous Series for \({{\widehat{sl(2,{\mathbb{R}})}}}\)

We construct the representations of \({\widehat{sl(2,\mathbb{R})}}\) starting from the unitary representations of the loop ax + b-group. Our approach involves a combinatorial analysis of the correlation functions of the generators and renormalization of the appearing divergences. We view our construction as a step towards a realization of the principal series representations of \({\widehat{sl(2,\mathbb{R})}}\).
An improved algorithm for learning systems

Algorithm for implementing learning controller based on subgoal concept applicable to linear stationary system
Career Services in University External Relations

The chapter will focus on the role of career services in external relations. It will provide the basis for this connection along with best practices in developing and maintaining a mutually beneficial relationship between career centers and on-campus and off-campus partners.
An approach to teaching object oriented design in CS2

Introducing object-orientation early in the CS curriculum has received significant attention over the past few years in response to the ACM Computing Curriculum 2001 report. We describe an approach for teaching object oriented design in the context of CS2. This includes an expectation of design before coding by relying on the use of UML class diagrams, test plans and GUI prototypes. We provide a collection of interesting objects for students to integrate into moderately sophisticated GUI applications using inheritance and composition.
Filtering medical documents using automated and human classification methods

The goal of this research is to clarify the role of document classification in information filtering. An important function of classification, in managing computational complexity, is described and illustrated in the context of an existing filtering system. A parameter called classification homogeneity is presented for analyzing unsupervised automated classification by employing human classification as a control. Two significant components of the automated classification approach, vocabulary discovery and classification scheme generation, are described in detail. Results of classification performance revealed considerable variability in the homogeneity of automatically produced classes. Based on the classification performance, different types of interest profiles were created. Subsequently, these profiles were used to perform filtering sessions. The filtering results showed that with increasing homogeneity, filtering performance improves, and, conversely, with decreasing homogeneity, filtering performance degrades.
Activation of myelin-associated cholesteryl ester hydrolase in developing rat brain

Short-term regulation of rat brain cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) by protein kinases is described. CEH was activated 280-340% in the presence of Mg2(+)-ATP and this inhibition was partially abolished by rabbit skeletal muscle protein kinase inhibitor or chlorpromazine, a phospholipid interacting drug, suggesting the involvement of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C, respectively. However, the involvement of other kinases cannot be ruled out. In developing rat brain, CEH activity per unit brain weight closely correlated with myelination. During the premyelination period (5 days postnatal), significantly higher activation (P less than 0.001) of CEH was observed by cAMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase C, when compared to activation observed during the period of active myelination (20 days postnatal). These results indicate that CEH in rat brain is tightly regulated and closely related to myelination.
Quality care in surgery.

D uring the past several years, one of the most perplexing issues for surgeons has been the assessment of quality of care. We, however, owe it to ourselves and our patients to master the substantive issues that underlie current discussions about this subject. What is quality care? Many definitions have been proposed. Donabedian developed the classic triad for measuring quality in health care: structure, process, and outcome. Structural data are characteristics of physicians and hospitals (eg, specialty of physicians, ownership of hospitals). Process data result from an interaction between physician and patient (eg, tests ordered). “Outcome” refers to the subsequent health status of the patient (eg, improvement in gastrointestinal function). To be credible, structure and process must lead to differences in outcome, and outcome data, to be valid, must show that differences will result if processes of care, under the control of the provider, are modified. There are critics of each approach. When used appropriately, both process and outcome measures can provide important information about the quality of care. We, as surgeons, rely heavily on outcome data. In 1990, the Institute of Medicine defined quality as: “The degree to which Health Services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge.” Most agree with this definition and feel it can be measured with a degree of accuracy comparable with that of most measures used in clinical medicine.
Spectral characteristics and synchrony in primary auditory-nerve fibers in response to pure-tone acoustic stimuli

Under pure-tone stimulation, the spectrum of the period histogram recorded from primary auditory-nerve fibers at low and medium frequencies contains components at DC, at the applied tone frequency (the fundamental), and at a small number of harmonics of the tone frequency. The magnitudes and phases of these spectral components are examined. The spectral magnitudes of the fundamental and various harmonic components generally bear a fixed proportionality to each other over a broad range of signal conditions and nerve-fiber characteristics. This implies that the shape of the underlying rectified wave remains essentially unchanged over a broad range of stimulus intensities. For high-frequency stimuli, the fundamental and harmonic components are substantially attenuated. We provide a theoretical basis for the decrease of the spectralcomponent magnitudes with increasing harmonic number. For low-frequency pure-tone signals, the decrease is caused principally by the uncertainty in the position of neural-event occurrences within the half-wave-rectified period histogram. The lower the stimulus frequency, the greater this time uncertainty and therefore the lower the frequency at which the spectral components begin to diminish. For high-frequency pure-tone signals, on the other hand, the decrease is caused principally by the frequency rolloff associated with nervespike time jitter (it is then called loss of phase locking or loss of synchrony). Since some of this jitter arises from noise in the auditory nerve, it can be minimized by using peak detection rather than level detection. Using a specially designed microcomputer that measures the times at which the peaks of the action potentials occur, we have demonstrated the presence of phase locking to tone frequencies as high as 18 kHz. The traditional view that phase locking is always lost above 6 kHz is clearly not valid. This indicates that the placeversus-periodicity dichotomy in auditory theory requires reexaraination.
Congenital Malformations Diabetic Embryopathy versus Trisomy 13

The incidence of multiple congenitalmalformations amid infants of mothers withinsulindependent diabetes mellitus (type I or IDDM) isbetween 6% and 12%. This is two to five timesthe incidence in non...
Structural analysis for gas-assisted injection-molded parts

In this article, three computational models have been proposed to analyze the structure of gas-assisted injection-molded parts under external loads and constraints. Through comparison of numerical experiments, model II, which treats gas-assisted injection-molded parts as thin-walled hollow structures, is demonstrated to be reasonable and efficient for analysis and simulation of such parts. Model I, which converts the parts into shell structures with equivalent reinforcing hollow beams, is shown to be acceptable only under certain restricted situations. Considered to be the most accurate approach, model III faithfully models the parts as a solid structure with a hole. However, this kind of modeling is computationally inefficient. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv in Polym Techn16: 159–173, 1997
Ionic association in H2O?CO2fluids at mid-crustal conditions

The equilibrium constant, Ka, of the association reaction to form ion pairs from charged solute species in supercritical solutions can be calculated from a model based on published equations. Log Ka at constant pressure is a linear function of the inverse in the dielectric constant of the fluid times temperature. The dielectric properties of H2O and CO2 at supercritical pressures and temperatures can also be evaluated using the Kirkwood equation. Using Looyenga mixing rules, the dielectric constant of H2O–CO2 mixtures can be obtained and the change in log Ka with addition of CO2 in aqueous solutions evaluated. These changes in log Ka with addition of CO2 are consistent with measured changes of log Ka with addition of Ar in supercritical H2O–Ar solutions. Log Ka of KCl and NaCl increase to an increasing extent as the mole fraction of CO2 increases in H2O–CO2 solutions. For instance, at 2 kbar and constant temperature between 400 and 600° C, log Ka of KCl increases by about two orders of magnitude whilst that of NaCl increases by over four orders of magnitude as the CO2 mole fraction increases from 0.0 to 0.35. Such changes in log Ka will have dramatic effects on the solubility of minerals in CO2-rich environments.
Inherited conduction system abnormalities--one group of diseases, many genes.

The cardiac conduction system can be anatomically, developmentally, and molecularly distinguished from the working myocardium. Abnormalities in cardiac conduction can occur due to a variety of factors, including developmental and congenital defects, acquired injury or ischemia of portions of the conduction system, or less commonly due to inherited diseases that alter cardiac conduction system function. So called ‘idiopathic’ conduction system degeneration may have familial clustering, and therefore is consistent with a hereditary basis. This ‘Molecular Perspectives’ will highlight several diverse mechanisms of isolated conduction system disease as well as conduction system degeneration associated with other cardiac and non-cardiac disorders. The first part of this review focuses on channelopathies associated with conduction system disease. Human genetic studies have identified mutations in the sodium channel SCN5A gene causing tachyarrhythmia disorders, as well as progressive cardiac conduction system diseases, or overlapping syndromes. Next, the importance of embryonic developmental genes such as homeobox and T-box transcription factors are highlighted in conduction system development and function. Conduction system diseases associated with multisystem disorders, such as muscular and myotonic dystrophies, will be described. Last, a new glycogen storage cardiomyopathy associated with ventricular preexcitation and progressive conduction system degeneration will be reviewed. There are a myriad of mutations identified in genes encoding cardiac transcription factors, ion channels, gap junctions, energy metabolism regulators, lamins and other structural proteins. Understanding of the molecular and ionic mechanisms underlying cardiac conduction is essential for the appreciation of the pathogenesis of conduction abnormalities in structurally normal and altered hearts.
Heterogeneous Electrode Designs for Planar SOFC Optimizations

Suitable porous electrode design may play a significant role in the performance enhancement of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In this paper, a genetic algorithm optimization method is employed to design electrodes based on a 2-D planar SOFC model development. The objective is to find out suitable porosity and particle size distributions for both anode and cathode electrodes so that the cell performance can be maximized. The results indicate that the optimized heterogeneous electrode may better improve SOFC performance than the homogeneous count-part, particularly under relatively high current density conditions. The optimization results are dependent on the operating conditions. The effects of pressure losses along the anode/cathode channels and inlet fuel compositions are investigated. The proposed approach provides a systematical method for electrode microstructure designs of high performance SOFCs.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Graphene-Si heterogeneous nanotechnology

It is widely envisioned that graphene, an atomic sheet of carbon that has generated very broad interest has the largest prospects for flexible smart systems and for integrated graphene-silicon (G-Si) heterogeneous very large-scale integrated (VLSI) nanoelectronics. In this work, we focus on the latter and elucidate the research progress that has been achieved for integration of graphene with Si-CMOS including: wafer-scale graphene growth by chemical vapor deposition on Cu/SiO 2 /Si substrates, wafer-scale graphene transfer that afforded the fabrication of over 10,000 devices, wafer-scalable mitigation strategies to restore graphene’s device characteristics via fluoropolymer interaction, and demonstrations of graphene integrated with commercial Si- CMOS chips for hybrid nanoelectronics and sensors. Metrology at the wafer-scale has led to the development of custom Raman processing software (GRISP) now available on the nanohub portal. The metrology reveals that graphene grown on 4-in substrates have monolayer quality comparable to exfoliated flakes. At room temperature, the high-performance passivated graphene devices on SiO 2 /Si can afford average mobilities 3000cm2/V-s and gate modulation that exceeds an order of magnitude. The latest growth research has yielded graphene with high mobilities greater than 10,000cm 2 /V-s on oxidized silicon. Further progress requires track compatible graphene-Si integration via wafer bonding in order to translate graphene research from basic to applied research in commercial R and D laboratories to ultimately yield a viable nanotechnology.
Face-Specific Resting Functional Connectivity between the Fusiform Gyrus and Posterior Superior Temporal Sulcus.

Faces activate specific brain regions in fMRI, including the fusiform gyrus (FG) and the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS). The fact that the FG and pSTS are frequently co-activated suggests that they may interact synergistically in a distributed face processing network. Alternatively, the functions implemented by these regions may be encapsulated from each other. It has proven difficult to evaluate these two accounts during visual processing of face stimuli. However, if the FG and pSTS interact during face processing, the substrate for such interactions may be apparent in a correlation of the BOLD timeseries from these two regions during periods of rest when no faces are present. To examine face-specific resting correlations, we developed a new partial functional connectivity approach in which we removed variance from the FG that was shared with other category-selective and control regions. The remaining ‘face-specific’ FG resting variance was then used to predict resting signals throughout the brain. In two experiments, we observed face-specific resting functional connectivity between FG and pSTS, and importantly, these correlations overlapped precisely with the face-specific pSTS region obtained from independent localizer runs. Additional region-of-interest and pattern analyses confirmed that the FG-pSTS resting correlations were face-specific. These findings support a model in which face processing is distributed among a finite number of connected, but nevertheless face-specialized regions. The discovery of category-specific interactions in the absence of visual input suggests that resting networks may provide a latent foundation for task processing.
Chemoprevention of skin cancer and photoaging.

Abstract Skin cancer and photoaging are thought to be the result of ultraviolet radiation exposure. "Chemoprevention" refers to the prevention of photoaging and skin cancer through the use of pharmacologic agents that inhibit or reverse the process of photoaging or carcinogenesis. As both carcinogenesis and photoaging are multi-step processes, tumor development may be halted at several prospective points of intervention. A wealth of research aimed at chemoprevention is emerging. In this article, a variety of potential chemopreventive agents are discussed, including vitamins, diet, aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and topical agents. Although further studies are warranted to identify and determine the safety and efficacy of new chemotherapeutic agents, it is expected that both systemic and topical agents may soon be available that effectively prevent photoaging and skin cancer development.
Protein engineering and design for drug delivery

Over the past decade considerable effort has been focused on the genetic construction, expression, and characterization of fusion proteins designed to selectively target specific disease-causing cells and/or extracellular targets. In each instance, the coding sequences for the functional domains of different proteins have been genetically fused, resulting in the formation of fusion proteins which retain the function of their component segments. As anticipated from their design, many of these fusion proteins offer a marked therapeutic advantage over conventional agents in preclinical studies. While several recombinant fusion proteins have entered or will shortly begin Phase I/II human clinical trials, the first of these fusion proteins is currently being evaluated in Phase III human clinical trials for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma.
Design of a digital phantom population for myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging research.

Digital phantoms and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations have become important tools for optimizing and evaluating instrumentation, acquisition and processing methods for myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS). In this work, we designed a new adult digital phantom population and generated corresponding Tc-99m and Tl-201 projections for use in MPS research. The population is based on the three-dimensional XCAT phantom with organ parameters sampled from the Emory PET Torso Model Database. Phantoms included three variations each in body size, heart size, and subcutaneous adipose tissue level, for a total of 27 phantoms of each gender. The SimSET MC code and angular response functions were used to model interactions in the body and the collimator-detector system, respectively. We divided each phantom into seven organs, each simulated separately, allowing use of post-simulation summing to efficiently model uptake variations. Also, we adapted and used a criterion based on the relative Poisson effective count level to determine the required number of simulated photons for each simulated organ. This technique provided a quantitative estimate of the true noise in the simulated projection data, including residual MC simulation noise. Projections were generated in 1?keV wide energy windows from 48?184?keV assuming perfect energy resolution to permit study of the effects of window width, energy resolution, and crosstalk in the context of dual isotope MPS. We have developed a comprehensive method for efficiently simulating realistic projections for a realistic population of phantoms in the context of MPS imaging. The new phantom population and realistic database of simulated projections will be useful in performing mathematical and human observer studies to evaluate various acquisition and processing methods such as optimizing the energy window width, investigating the effect of energy resolution on image quality and evaluating compensation methods for degrading factors such as crosstalk in the context of single and dual isotope MPS.
Similarity Analysis for Turbulent Boundary Layer with Pressure Gradient: Outer Flow

The equilibrium-type similarity analysis of George and Castillo for the outer part of zero pressure gradient boundary layers has been extended to include boundary layers with pressure gradient. The constancy of a single new pressure gradient parameter is all that is necessary to characterize these new equilibrium turbulent boundary layers. Three major results are obtained: First, most pressure gradient boundary experiments appear to be equilibrium flows (by the new definition), and nonequilibrium flows appear to be the exception. Second, there appear to be only three values of the pressure gradient parameter: one for adverse pressure gradients, one for favorable pressure gradients, and one for zero pressure gradients. Third, correspondingly, there appear to be only three normalized velocity deficit profiles, exactly as suggested by the theory
Remote Substituent Effects on Allylic and Benzylic Bond Dissociation Energies. Effects on Stabilization of Parent Molecules and Radicals

The effect of remote substituents on bond dissociation energies (BDE) is examined by investigating allylic C−F and C−H BDE, as influenced by Y substituents in trans-YCHCHCH2−F and trans-YCHCHCH2−H. Theoretical calculations at the full G3 level model chemistry are reported. The interplay of stabilization energies of the parent molecules (MSE) and of the radicals formed by homolytic bond cleavage (RSE) and their effect on BDE are established. MSE values of allyl fluorides yield an excellent linear free energy relationship with the electron-donating or -withdrawing ability of Y and decrease by 4.2 kcal mol-1 from Y = (CH3)2N to O2N. RSE values do not follow a consistent pattern and are of the order of 1−2 kcal mol-1. A decrease of 4.1 kcal mol-1 is found in BDE[C−F] from Y = CH3O to NC. BDE[YCHCHCH2−H] generally increases with decreasing electron-donating ability of Y for electron-donating groups and does not follow a consistent pattern with electron-withdrawing groups, the largest change being an increase o...
Temporal Energy Cascading in the Beat Wave Accelerator

A preliminary analytic study of the temporal evolution of the beat wave accelerator (BWA) has been conducted. It was found that while energy cascading is crucial to the interpretation of current simulations, it will be less important in an actual device where the existing simple fluid model will be adequate.
HMM-based script identification for OCR

While current OCR systems are able to recognize text in an increasing number of scripts and languages, typically they still need to be told in advance what those scripts and languages are. We propose an approach that repurposes the same HMM-based system used for OCR to the task of script/language ID, by replacing character labels with script class labels. We apply it in a multi-pass overall OCR process which achieves "universal" OCR over 54 tested languages in 18 distinct scripts, over a wide variety of typefaces in each. For comparison we also consider a brute-force approach, wherein a singe HMM-based OCR system is trained to recognize all considered scripts. Results are presented on a large and diverse evaluation set extracted from book images, both for script identification accuracy and for overall OCR accuracy. On this evaluation data, the script ID system provided a script ID error rate of 1.73% for 18 distinct scripts. The end-to-end OCR system with the script ID system achieved a character error rate of 4.05%, an increase of 0.77% over the case where the languages are known a priori.
Group responses to parturition inMacaca arctoides

The birth of an infant to the highest ranking female in a captive social group of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) is described. Along with certain details of delivery behavior, the responses of group members to the birth are given. The alpha male and two juvenile males were sexually aroused just prior to and during parturition. Adult females paid no special attention to the birth. A subadult nulliparous female and a young adult primiparous female showed interest in the eating of the placenta by the female. The new mother's juvenile son was the monkey closest to her for about two hours after the birth; approaches by other monkeys, especially adult males were avoided. Time of delivery, signs of labor, and the behavior of the mother are also included.
Aspects of Salmonella enteritidis control in poultry

Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 was recovered from the yolk sacs of broiler chickens in East Anglia, UK, during 1987. When the same phage type 4 was identified in two of the supply flocks, transovarian infection was suspected. These findings were of particular interest to the Public Health Laboratory Service because they provided a possible explanation for the unprecedented increase in food poisoning during 1988 linked to the consumption of shell eggs. Some of the problems of diagnosis are discussed in breeder hens and in the progeny. Effective control of S. enteritidis phage 4 in poultry is dependent on the accurate detection of infected breeder/layer hens in which vertical transmission is the essential distinguishing feature from most other non-invasive, enteric salmonellas found in poultry. The mandatory testing of poultry flocks by the UK Ministry of Agriculture introduced in March 1989 has led to the compulsory slaughter of a large number of birds as prescribed by the Zoonosis (1989) Order. The benefits of this policy should soon become apparent to poultry producers and to the consumer.
Environmental business strategy: Corporate leaders’ perceptions

Do firms willingly address social objectives, or must they be coerced? This article examines the particular relationship between environmental objectives and business strategy using a survey of corporate leaders' perceptions. Respondents from a set of companies listed in the U.S. Fortune 500 characterize their basic environmental strategy, the relevance of the natural environment to their management objectives, the drivers of their environmental decisions, and impacts on business outcomes. The results suggest that government and business negotiate over problems of environmental protection, proactive pollution prevention and green consumer concepts have only a toehold, traditional environmental management objectives of cost and risk reduction still dominate, and regulatory interventions by government are still the most important drivers of business environmental decisions.
Diversity of macrociliary size, tooth patterns, and distribution in Beroe (Ctenophora)

Macrocilia are compound ciliary feeding organelles found inside the mouth of beroid ctenophores. Each macrocilium contains multiple 9+2 axonemes surrounded by a common membrane and bears a distinct capping structure at the distal end. The cap consists of extensions of axonemal microtubules that are embedded in an electron-dense matrix to form pointed projections or teeth. The teeth change from a straight to a hooked configuration during the beat cycle of macrocilia, and these changes in tip shape are thought to aid ingestion and/or breakup of prey. Using light and electron microscopy we found a remarkable diversity in macrociliary size, tooth pattern, and distribution among “traditional” morphospecies of Beroe. These differences distinguish two major groups of Beroida. Group 1 includes most of the described nominal species [B. cucumis, B. abyssicola, B. ovata, B. gracilis, and B. sp. (Gloria)]. Their macrocilia are relatively small (typically 25–30 μm long, 5 μm diameter) and are restricted to a band around the inside of the lips. Two main types of macrociliary tooth patterns are found: 3–12 equally-sized teeth [B. cucumis (Mon), B. ovata, B. sp. (Gloria)] or 3 teeth with the middle tooth being larger (B. cucumis (CC), B. gracilis) or smaller (B. abyssicola). Group 2 species (B. forskali, B. mitrata) have greatly flattened bodies and wide mouths. Their macrocilia cover an extensive area of the stomodaeal cavity, and are longer and stouter (80–100 μm long, 12–15 μm in diameter). The shaft of the macrocilium is not hexagonal in transverse section, as in Group 1 species, but is wedge-shaped, being broader on the recovery-stroke (oral) side. The macrociliary tips are blunt and finely serrated, bearing one or more rows of 10–12 short teeth running at right angles to the beat plane. This diversity in macrociliary patterns is apparently related to differences in diet, feeding methods, and/or mechanism of prey digestion among various species. However, direct evidence for the functional significance of macrociliary diversity has not yet been obtained. The macrociliary patterns may be useful for clarifying problems of species identification and relationships within the Beroida. In particular, macrociliary differences found between and within traditionally distinguished morphospecies of Beroe raise the possibility of the existence of complexes of sibling species in this group.
HSOP: A neural network paradigm and its applications

This paper presents a neural network paradigm, case studies on its applications and performance. We called this paradigm the ‘Hybrid Sum-of-Products’ (HSOP), and it is an improvement on both sum-of-products and backpropagation paradigms. In the HSOP architecture, the lowest layer (input layer) is connected to the layer above in the standard backpropagation manner. Subsequent layers are connected in the sum-of-products manner. The learning rates required for the HSOP are similar to those required for sum-of-products, with slight differences. Since input units do not have defined error, the fact that they are connected differently has no consequences on the calculations of the error and δ values for the rest of the units. The proposed paradigm was applied to two classification problems: computer user identification and characterisation of ultrasonic transducers. In both cases, the HSOP showed faster learning than backpropagation and sum-of-products without a significant computational penalty, since the number of its weights is comparable to backpropagation. The classification accuracy of HSOP when applied to the two applications is better than the traditional sum-of-products, and is comparable to that of the backpropagation.
Human apolipoprotein B cDNA clone isolation and demonstration that liver apolipoprotein B mRNA is 22 kilobases in length.

Abstract An expression library made in plasmids pUC8 and pUC9 with mRNA derived from the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 was screened with a rabbit antiserum to human low density lipoprotein (LDL). Approximately 12,000 clones were screened and five positives were identified. The cDNA inserts were all 1500-1600 base pairs in length. The insert from one clone, pB8, was isolated, labeled by nicktranslation, and found to cross-hybridize strongly with the other four cDNA clones. The pB8 clone produces a fusion protein of approximately equal to 37.5 kDa that reacts in electrophoretic transfer blot analysis with rabbit anti-human LDL. This reactivity can be abolished by pretreatment of the antiserum with purified human LDL, p = 1.025 - 1.050 g/ml. A pB8-derived probe was used to demonstrate that apolipoprotein B (apo B) mRNA is present in HepG2 cells and liver extracts but not in HeLa cells or extracts from small intestine, heart, aorta, spleen, brain, skeletal muscle, lung, kidney, or ovary. RNA transfer blot analysis revealed that HepG2 cell apo B mRNA was approximately equal to 22 kilobases in length. These cDNA clones should allow the isolation of the apo B gene and ultimately the elucidation of the primary structure of this protein.
Agency as a Form of Discursive Practice. A Classroom Scene Observed

In this paper an analysis of the concept of agency is undertaken. The traditional or agonistic definition of agency which assumes that to be a person is to have agency is rejected in favour of a definition that shows the way in which agency may be discursively constructed as a positioning made available to some but not to others. This analysis is then applied to an episode in a primary school classroom to see whether the discursive practices in that classroom can be said to position the students as agentic. The particular classroom was chosen on the basis of the teacher's explicit wish that his students be agentic, but what the analysis shows is the extreme complexity involved in actually carrying this off, given all of the contradictory beliefs and practices that militate against children actually being agentic.
The resting cardiokymogram: Distribution of morphologies in normal patients and in patients with coronary heart disease†

The cardiokymograph, a relatively new noninvasive device capable of recording anterior left ventricular segmental wall motion, was used to evaluate the frequency and type of wall motion abnormalities in 25 normal patients and in 109 patients with ischemic heart disease. Of the 25 patients with normal coronary arteries and normal left ventriculograms, 24 had smooth systolic inward motion which morphologically resembles the normal pattern of systolic shortening as measured in experimental animals by various length gauges. In patients with angiographically established coronary artery disease but normal left ventriculograms and no previous myocardial infarction (MI), systolic outward motion was significantly more common than in normal patients. The most common systolic outward motion pattern seen in this group was partial outward motion characteristic of early stages of myocardial ischemia in experimental animals. In contrast, holosystolic outward motion, characteristic of severe ischemia in animals, was seen most commonly in patients with MI (73% anterior vs. 28% inferior). Thus, holosystolic outward motion was characteristic of MI especially when acute and involving the anterior wall, while partial systolic outward motion was the more common pattern in ischemic heart disease without MI, and systolic inward motion was the pattern most commonly seen in normals.
Spontaneous potentials from explants of human adult cerebellum in culture.

USING techniques and supernatant similar to those used to demonstrate spontaneous potentials from explants of chick embryo cerebellum in tissue culture in Kahn tubes1, spontaneous potentials have been demonstrated in explants from the surface of the upper postero-lateral aspects of human adult cerebellum. The explants were thin slices of the full thickness of cerebellar grey matter together with some of the related white matter. The control used was dead chick cerebellar tissue, side by side with the living culture material in the same incubator, with identical amplification and recording apparatus. The living brain tissue gave the same form and magnitude of potentials on any recording channel which was tried. The form of the potentials is shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Fig. 1 shows the typical activity after 12 hr. in culture. This consists of pairs of potentials having a complex wave-form. The first of the potentials in each pair has a magnitude of 75 μV. and the other, which follows after an interval of 12–15 sec., has about one-third of this potential. The interval between the pairs of spikes is about 45 sec. Fig. 2 shows the typical activity after 24 hr. in culture. The pairing of the spikes is much less common, and when it does occur the interval between the two members of the pair is very irregular. The interval between the potentials is more irregular and varies about 20 sec. The potentials at this time have a magnitude of about 20 μV. The culture continued to have spontaneous electrical activity until more than 72 hr. after explantation. No record of spontaneous potentials from adult brain in culture have been found in the literature. Further investigations of these potentials are in progress.
A cross-sectional population-based study of elder self-neglect and psychological, health, and social factors in a biracial community.

Objective: Elder self-neglect is an important public health issue; however, its association with psychological, health, and social factors remains unclear. This study aimed to (1) examine the associations between self-neglect severity and psychological, health, and social factors (2) examine the racial/ethnic differences in these associations. Methods: We conducted a biracial population-based study in a geographically defined community in Chicago: Chicago Health Aging Project. We identified 1094 persons who had been identified by social services agency as suspected elder self-neglect from 1993 to 2005. Self-neglect severity was assessed on a 0–45 scale. The psychological, health, and social factors were assessed using Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression (CESD), poor mental health, health status, unhealthy days, poor physical health, days away from usual activities, social network, and social engagement. Linear regression was used to assess associations between self-neglect and psychological, ...
Mechanism-specified 5-exo termini differentiation of a C32-desmethyl C28–C34 aplyronine A analog segment

Abstract A new mild, high yielding oxidative cleavage method allows access to a critical lactone aplyronine A analog precursor. Enhanced termini selectivity is achieved, granting access to a previously unavailable C28–C34 C-32-desmethyl actin binding tail fragment via vinyl sulfone polypropionate methodology.
Matte painting in stereoscopic synthetic imagery

While there have been numerous studies concerning human perception in stereoscopic environments, rules of thumb for cinematography in stereoscopy have not yet been well-established. To that aim, we present experiments and results of subject testing in a stereoscopic environment, similar to that of a theater (i.e. large flat screen without head-tracking). In particular we wish to empirically identify thresholds at which different types of backgrounds, referred to in the computer animation industry as matte paintings, can be used while still maintaining the illusion of seamless perspective and depth for a particular scene and camera shot. In monoscopic synthetic imagery, any type of matte painting that maintains proper perspective lines, depth cues, and coherent lighting and textures saves in production costs while still maintaining the illusion of an alternate cinematic reality. However, in stereoscopic synthetic imagery, a 2D matte painting that worked in monoscopy may fail to provide the intended illusion of depth because the viewer has added depth information provided by stereopsis. We intend to observe two stereoscopic perceptual thresholds in this study which will provide practical guidelines indicating when to use each of three types of matte paintings. We ran subject tests in two virtual testing environments, each with varying conditions. Data were collected showing how the choices of the users matched the correct response, and the resulting perceptual threshold patterns are discussed below.
Effects of apomorphine in vitro on the uptake and release of catecholamines in crude synaptosomal preparations of rat striatum and hypothalamus

Abstract It is currently believed that apomorphine exerts its pharmacological effects primarily by a direct stimulatory action on post-synaptic dopaminergic receptors. In the present study, uptake of 3 H-dopamine into crude synaptosomal preparations of rat striatum and uptake of 3 H-norepinephrine into crude synaptosomal preparations of rat hypothalamus were inhibited 50 per cent by concentrations of apomorphine of 3.6 ± 0.5 × 10 −5 M and 3.2 ± 0.2 × 10 −5 M respectively. Lineweaver-Burk plots of 3 H-catecholamine uptake data revealed that apomorphine exhibited mixed inhibition kinetics for dopamine uptake into striatum ( K i = 1.91 ± 0.19 × 10 −5 M) and mixed inhibition kinetics for norepinephrine uptake into hypothalamus ( K i = 2.0 ± 0.17 × 10 −5 M). In crude synaptosomes of rat striatum, apomorphine elicited a dose-dependent release of 3 H-dopamine during a 5-min incubation period at 37°. In contrast, the drug failed to produce a significant release of 3 H-norepinephrine from crude synaptosomes obtained from rat hypothalamus. While these results suggest that apomorphine in high concentrations is capable of inhibiting the uptake of catecholamines and stimulating the release of dopamine at nerve endings, it is unlikely that these events contribute significantly to the behavioral effects elicited in animals after administration of the drug, since such effects occur at much lower doses.
Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor activation prevents allergic asthma in a mouse model

Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the lung characterized by airways hyper-responsiveness (AHR), inflammation, and mucus hyperproduction. Current mainstream therapies include bronchodilators that...
Phase transformations in Ti- 3AI- 8V- 6Cr- 4Zr- 4Mo

The time-temperature-transformation behavior of a metastable β-titanium alloy, Ti-3A1-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo (RMI 38644), has been examined using hardness, X-ray measurements, and optical and transmission electron microscopy. This examination has shown that a variety of metastable and stable phases may form in this alloy system. These include metastable zones, ω, both Burgers (Type 1) α and non-Burgers (Type 2) α, TiCr2, and a Ti-Zr-silicide. A composite TTT diagram is presented which describes the influence of aging time and temperature on the stability of these phases. Finally, the appearance of these transformation products is correlated with the observed hardness changes when RMI 38644 is aged at elevated temperatures.
Fate of human lens soluble protein during cataractogenesis.

Abstract The possibility that whole soluble proteins leak from human normal and nuclear cataractous lenses in vivo and in vitro was studied. No appreciable leakage of proteins out of these lenses in vivo could be detected. However, when human lenses were kept in TC199 incubation medium for 24 hr, 0·5 and 1·8 mg of protein were leached into the medium by normal and grade D nuclear sclerotic (brunescent) cataractous lenses, respectively. Cataractous lenses leak in this situation in positive relationship to the severity of cataract. The leakage may occur as a result of damaged lens capsules or a medium incompatible with lens epithelial cell metabolism. The general conclusion reached is that conversion of soluble proteins to insoluble forms represents the manner in which soluble protein levels are depressed in the senile cataractous lens, rather than leakage through the capsule into the aqueous humor.
Effective mass approach for n-MOSFETs on arbitrarily oriented wafers

The general theory for quantum simulation of cubic semiconductor n-MOSFETs is developed within the effective mass equation approach. The full three-dimensional transport problem is described in terms of coupled transverse subband modes which arise due to quantum confinement along the body thickness direction. Couplings among the subbands are generated for two reasons: due to spatial variations of the confinement potential along the transport direction, and due to non-alignment of the device coordinate system with the principal axes of the constant energy conduction band ellipsoids. The problem simplifies considerably if the electrostatic potential is separable along transport and confinement directions, and further if the potential variations along the transport direction are slow enough to prevent dipolar coupling (Zener tunneling) between subbands. In this limit, the transport problem can be solved by employing two unitary operators to transform an arbitrarily oriented constant energy ellipsoid into a regular ellipsoid with principal axes along the transport, width and confinement directions of the device. The effective masses for several technologically important wafer orientations for silicon and germanium are calculated in this paper.