cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental differences in the mental effort requirements for the use of an organizational strategy in free recall

Abstract The mental effort requirements of free recall and the use of an organization strategy for recall were investigated in two experiments. Interference on a secondary task (finger tapping) was assessed to measure the mental effort requirements of the memory tasks. In a first experiment, it was found that comparable expenditure of mental effort resulted in better memory performance for adults and seventh-graders compared with third-graders, and for related lists compared with unrelated lists. In a second experiment, third- and seventh-graders were instructed to use an organizational strategy to remember a list of words. Although both third- and seventh-graders employed the organizational strategy and showed comparable expenditure of mental effort, this led to increased levels of performance only for the seventh-graders. The results suggest that when memory strategies are imposed on young children, what mental effort is expended on implementing the mnemonic reduces the amount of mental capacity available for other activities, resulting in only modest gains in memory performance.
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After Infant Cardiac Surgery With Circulatory Arrest and Intermittent Perfusion

Background Optimal perfusion strategies for neuroprotection during infant cardiac surgery remain undefined. Despite encouraging experimental data, neurodevelopmental (ND) outcomes after cardiac surgery in neonates and infants using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) with a period of intermittent perfusion have not been reported, and it is not known whether DHCA can be extended while preserving ND outcomes. Methods Cross-sectional ND evaluation with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition was conducted at 24 months of age. Retrospective clinical data were extracted from the electronic medical record. Results Forty patients underwent cardiac surgery during the first year of life using a period of uninterrupted DHCA (24 patients) or DHCA interrupted by a period of intermittent perfusion (16 patients). Total duration of DHCA ranged from 5 to 74 minutes and did not predict ND scores. Despite a longer exposure to DHCA in the intermittent perfusion group (55 minutes [1,3 interquartile [IQ] 45.3 to 65.5] versus 38 minutes [1,3 IQ 32 to 40.8]), no differences in ND scores were detected. Significant comorbidities, duration of intensive care unit and hospital stay, as well as multiple procedures with DHCA were independent predictors of ND outcomes at 24 months of age. Conclusions Despite extended duration of total DHCA, the use of a period of intermittent perfusion to limit uninterrupted DHCA periods to less than 45 minutes could lead to ND outcomes similar to those of patients exposed to brief periods of DHCA. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with intermittent perfusion may facilitate implementation of prospective studies to identify the optimal cerebral perfusion strategy.
The demonstration of compounds containing carbonyl groups in tissue sections.

Observations have shown that the Ashbel-Seligman reagents for carbonyl compounds stain the same structures revealed by Schiff's Ieucofuchsin after analogous procedures. These observations suggest that carbonyl groups are the responsive configurations in the group of methods utilizing Schiff's reagents for demonstrating various lipids, carbohydrates and nucleoprotein. Although qualitatively similar results are obtained with the two procedures, the intensity of staining varies with the two mediods. No explanation for this differential sensitivity is known at present.
Nourishing Our Roots: Voices from AHS's First Five Years A Keynote in Three Acts

Drawing from email interviews of 15 individuals who had been Association for Humanist Sociology (AHS) members during the first five years of its existence, supplementary interviews and research, th...
The BLM semantics may be inconsistent

A declarative semantics for logic programs must guarantee logical consistency. In this short note, we point out that the fixed-point semantics by Baral et al. (the BLM semantics) [1] for disjunctive programs may give rise to an inconsistent state. We show that the source of the inconsistency problem is that the BLM-semantics does not use the information in the derived rules. A refined semantics which avoids the inconsistency problem using the notion of derived rules will be presented in a separate paper.
The conformations and absolute configurations of two preferred diastereoisomers having composition (CH3C5 H4)Mo(CO)2 [HCPhRNC(Ph)NHCPhR′]

Abstract The structure and absolute configurations of two compounds having composition (CH 3 C 5 H 4 )Mo(CO) 2 [HCPhRNC(Ph)NHCPhR′] were established by X-ray diffraction methods. MOCPME [R CH 3 , R′H]: orthorhombic, space group P 2 1 2 1 2 1 ; a = 10.998(6), b = 12.728(7), c = 18.622(7) A V = 2607 A 3 , Z = 4 molecules/unit cell. MOCP2 [R = CH 3 , R′CH 3 ]: triclinic, space group P 1 ; a = 9.451(4), b = 11.803(5), c = 12.436(9) A, α = 93.11(5)°, β = 95.31(5)°, γ = 100.06(5)°. V = 1357 A 3 , Z = 2 molecules/unit cell. Both are thermodynamically preferred stereoisomers and as such show the typical conformation with the side phenyl rings facing the apical Cp. MOCPME has the absolute configuration ( S ; C)( R ; Mo). MOCP2 bears optically active substituents at both benzamidine ligand nitrogens and is ( S ; C)( R ; C). For MOCP2, asymmetry arises from the conformation of the molecule in the solid state but should average out in solution. The conformational effects of methylating the Cp were studied A rationale is provided for the orientation of the phenyl rings with respect to the Cp ring, which does not appeal to packing forces.
Event type polymorphism

Subtype polymorphism is an important feature available in most modern type systems which makes code reuse and specialization possible. Recent works on separation of crosscutting concerns have created event interfaces (types) to decouple subjects from handlers. Extending the notion of subtyping to these event interfaces is a logical step. In this paper, we define event type polymorphism in the context of the Ptolemy language. Ptolemy allows declaring quantified, typed events which provide an interface between subjects and handlers. We add the notion of polymorphic event types to the Ptolemy language, defining a subtype relation among event types which in turn allows for both depth and width subtyping with regard to event context. Since Ptolemy only has explicit event announcement, our semantics is simpler and easier to reason about when compared to previously defined approaches. We also give the first formally defined static semantics for polymorphic events as well as demonstrate its usefulness via examples.
Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Blocks Self-Renewal and Homotypic Aggregation of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Spheroids

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive form of locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). Patients with IBC commonly present with skin metastasis, which are observed microscopically as tumor emboli within dermal lymphatics. These metastatic tumor cells aberrantly overexpress E-cadherin and exhibit the ability to undergo self-renewal and are highly invasive. There are no therapeutics yet identified that target the structure and functions of IBC tumor emboli. The present studies evaluated the effects of the pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) using IBC tumor spheroids derived from established IBC cell lines and tumor spheroids derived from pleural effusion (PE) aspirates of patients with IBC and LABC, designated as PE-IBC and PE-LABC. METHODS: Methods used are as follows: culture of IBC cells from clonal density single cells in low adherence culture conditions that promote formation of IBC tumor spheroids; clonogenic assays; cell fractionation and Western blotting; confocal microscropy; and modified Boyden chamber invasion assays. RESULTS: SAHA inhibited self-renewal of IBC tumor spheroids from established IBC cell lines and PE-IBC and PE-LABC, as assessed by decreased clonogenic growth. SAHA blocked homotypic aggregation of the cells that comprised the IBC tumor spheroids leading to loss of their 3-dimensional (3D) structure, which was associated with a change in location of E-cadherin protein from the plasma membrane in untreated IBC tumor spheroids to the cytoplasm of cells within IBC tumor spheroids with SAHA treatment. In addition, SAHA blocked the robust invasion exhibited by IBC tumor spheroids of established cell lines as well as by tumor spheroids derived from PE-IBC and PE-LABC. CONCLUSIONS: SAHA targets the integrity and biological activities of IBC tumor spheroids and may be a promising agent to evaluate for its effectiveness in treatment of IBC. Cancer 2010;116(11 suppl):2760–7. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Effects of Landau level mixing on the fractional quantum Hall effect in monolayer graphene.

We report results of exact diagonalization studies of the spin- and valley-polarized fractional quantum Hall effect in the N = 0 and N = 1 Landau levels in graphene. We use an effective model that incorporates Landau level mixing to lowest order in the parameter κ = ((e(2)/el)/(ħv(F)/l)) = (e(2)/ev(F)ħ), which is magnetic field independent and can only be varied through the choice of substrate. We find Landau level mixing effects are negligible in the N = 0 Landau level for κ ≲ 2. In fact, the lowest Landau level projected Coulomb Hamiltonian is a better approximation to the real Hamiltonian for graphene than it is for semiconductor based quantum wells. Consequently, the principal fractional quantum Hall states are expected in the N = 0 Landau level over this range of κ. In the N = 1 Landau level, fractional quantum Hall states are expected for a smaller range of κ and Landau level mixing strongly breaks particle-hole symmetry, producing qualitatively different results compared to the N = 0 Landau level. At half filling of the N = 1 Landau level, we predict the anti-Pfaffian state will occur for κ ∼ 0.25-0.75.
Improved optical properties and detectivity of an uncooled silicon carbide mid-wave infrared optical detector with increased dopant concentration

An n-type 4H-SiC substrate is doped with gallium using a laser doping technique and its optical response is investigated at the mid-wave infrared (MWIR) wavelength 4.21 μm as a function of the dopant concentration. The dopant creates a p-type energy level of 0.3 eV, which is the energy of a photon corresponding to the MWIR wavelength 4.21 μm. Therefore, Ga-doped SiC can be used as an uncooled MWIR detector because an optical signal was obtained at this wavelength when the sample was at room temperature. The energy level of the Ga dopant in the substrate was confirmed by optical absorption spectroscopy. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) of the doped samples revealed an enhancement in the solid solubility of Ga in the substrate when doping is carried out by increasing the number of laser scans. A higher dopant concentration increases the number of holes in the dopant energy level, enabling photoexcitation of more electrons from the valence band by the incident MWIR photons. The detector performance improves as the dopant concentration increases from 1.15 × 1019 to 6.25 × 1020 cm−3. The detectivity of the optical photodetector is found to be 1.07 × 1010 cm Hz1/2 W−1 for the case of doping with four laser passes.
XQuery 1.0 is nearing completion

XQuery is a query language designed for querying real and virtual XML documents and collections of these documents. Its development began in the second half of 1999. We provided an early look at XQuery in Dec. 2002 [1]. XQuery 1.0 is now approaching its publication as a W3C Recommendation, and we would like to update you on its progress. We can speak to this area with even more authority than we did last time, as we both became co-chairs of the W3C XML Query Working Group [2] in summer 2004.
Mutant prion proteins in gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker disease with neurofibrillary tangles

Two families with Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease (GSS) are atypical in possessing neocortical neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are few or absent in other kindreds with GSS, in addition to amyloid plaques that react with prion protein (PrP) antibodies and protease-resistant PrP accumulation in the brain. A leucine substitution at PrP codon 102 has been genetically linked to GSS in some families. We examined the PrP gene in these families. A serine for phenylalanine substitution was found at codon 198 in the Indiana patients; arginine for glutamine substitution at codon 217 in the Swedish patients. These mutations in PrP are the first to be associated with the appearance of both PrP amyloid plaques and neocortical NFTs in GSS patients.
Pulmonary Infiltrate with a Chest Wall Mass

his 45-year-old man was hospitalized for evaluaTtion of a tender mass in the back. He gave a history of malaise and 35 lb weight loss in three months. One month ago, he developed an unproductive cough and fever. A chest roentgenogram at that time showed right upper lobe infiltrate. He smoked approximately 20 cigarettes a day for over 20 years. His pulse was rapid and he had a low grade fever. A tender fluctuant mass was noted medial to the right scapula. Breath sounds were normal. Intermediate strength PPD (5TU) was negative. Figures 1 and 2 represent the chest roentgen findings on admission.
Selective underexpression of Kv3.2 and Kv3.4 channels in the cortex of rats exposed to ethanol during early postnatal life

The expression of voltage-gated potassium channels belonging to the Kv3 family has been studied in the sensori-motor cortex of rats exposed to alcohol inhalation during the first postnatal week (P2–P6). The study was carried out using comparative RT-PCR. At P9, a significant reduction of the expression of Kv3.2 and Kv3.4 subunits occurred in alcohol-treated animals, as compared with controls. The expression of the Kv3.4a splicing variant, which is thought to be critically involved in the high-frequency firing of some cortical interneurons, was also correspondingly reduced. The downregulation of Kv3.2 and Kv3.4a subunits represented a long-lasting effect of alcohol exposure, since it was also observed in P24 animals. The expression of both Kv3.1 and Kv3.3 channels appeared to be not significantly affected by alcohol exposure. An increased susceptibility to apoptotic neuronal death after early postnatal exposure to ethanol was confirmed by the lower bcl-2/bax ratio observed in alcohol-treated animals. Although Kv3.4 subunits are thought to trigger apoptosis, the lack of upregulation in our model argues against their involvement in the mechanism leading to alcohol-induced apoptosis. The possible consequences of the selective downregulation of Kv3 subunits on the cortical function, as well as their relevance for the genesis of fetal alcohol effects, are discussed.
Executive Functions and Developmental Psychopathology

In this paper, we consider the domain of executive functions (EFs) and their possible role in developmental psychopathologies. We first consider general theoretical and measurement issues involved in studying EFs and then review studies of EFs in four developmental psychopathologies: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), autism, and Tourette syndrome (TS). Our review reveals that EF deficits are consistently found in both ADHD and autism but not in CD (without ADHD) or in TS. Moreover, both the severity and profile of EF deficits appears to differ across ADHD and autism. Molar EF deficits are more severe in the latter than the former. In the few studies of more specific EF tasks, there are impairments in motor inhibition in ADHD but not in autism, whereas there are impairments in verbal working memory in autism but not ADHD. We close with a discussion of implications for future research.
Incorporating urban infrastructure into biogeochemical assessment of urban tropical streams in Puerto Rico

The influence of built urban infrastructure on stream chemistry was quantified throughout the drainage network of the tropical Rio Piedras watershed, San Juan metropolitan area, Puerto Rico. Urbanization and failing domestic wastewater infrastructure appeared to drive changes in surface water chemistry throughout the watershed. Mean baseflow concentrations of chloride (Cl), ammonium (NH4), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and phosphate (PO4) all increased with urban infrastructure, while nitrate (NO3) and dissolved oxygen (DO) decreased. These patterns in stream chemistry suggest that sewage effluent from failing or illegally connected sewer pipes has a major impact on surface water quality. Concentrations of Cl, DO, and NH4 in stream water were most strongly related to sewer pipe volume, demonstrating the tight connection between urban infrastructure and stream chemistry. The loading and transformation of NO3 and NH4 were modeled along the river network and NH4 loading rates from the landscape were strongly related to urban infrastructure, whereas NO3 loading rates showed only weak relationships, highlighting the importance for incorporating NH4 dynamics into river network models in urban environments. Water quality appears to be severely impacted by sewage in this tropical basin, despite large investments in built infrastructure. The high temperatures in the Rio Piedras exacerbate water quality problems by reducing saturation DO levels in streams, and intense rainstorms tax the ability of built infrastructure to adequately manage overland flows. These problems are likely typical of much of the urbanized humid tropics.
Comparative study of cadmium levels of shellfish and finfish species

Abstract This study indicates that the concentration of cadmium in shellfish species may often be higher than it is in their environment as a result of formation of stable biological chelate complexes. This study also indicates that the concentration of cadmium in finfish species is less than the shellfish species. It was found that cadmium levels in shellfish were relatively higher in oysters and shrimps, moderately high in scallops and squids, and less in crabs and clams. It seems that cadmium levels are surprisingly elevated in shellfish than other saltwater finfish. It also seems that larger shellfish had higher Cd content levels than the smaller shellfish of the same species.
Protons in the thylakoid membrane-sequestered domains can directly pass through the coupling factor during ATP synthesis in flashing light.

Thylakoid membranes contain sequestered domains in which protons are held in a metastable state out of equilibrium with those in the inner (lumen) or the outer aqueous bulk phases unless the membranes are made leaky by, for instance, the addition of uncouplers. Previously, it has not been clear whether such sequestered domain protons are: 1) directly on a localized pathway into the CF0-CF1; 2) on an ultimately delocalized pathway comprising domains—-lumen—-CF0-CF1; or 3) perhaps not importantly involved in any way with proton gradient-linked ATP formation. Recent developments now permit a test of the above possibilities. The test for the possible mode of involvement of domain protons in energy coupling utilized single turnover flashes to energize electric field-driven ATP formation, as influenced by both the proton depletion level of the sequestered domains and whether the thylakoids were prepared in a way to show either a localized or delocalized proton gradient response in ATP formation (this response is reversibly controlled by incubation in low (localized coupling mode) or high KCl (delocalized mode) incubations (Beard, W. A., and Dilley, R. A. (1986) FEBS Lett. 201, 57-62; Chiang, G. and Dilley, R. A. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 4911-1916). Using thylakoids showing delocalized coupling responses, there was no influence of the reversible depletion of the sequestered domain buffering pool on the delta psi-driven ATP formation onset lag. Lumenal protons rather than domain protons in that case appear to be the first to be driven through the CF0-CF1 complex by the delta psi field. However, using thylakoids prepared to be in the localized gradient coupling mode, protons in the domains, rather than those in the lumen, are the first to pass through the CF0-CF1 complex in the onset of energization. We conclude that the sequestered domain protons, in the latter case only, are obligatorily in the main proton diffusion pathway for energization of ATP formation and are the first protons (rather than lumen protons) driven through the CF1-CF0 complex by a delta psi field.
Nutrient regulation of signaling, transcription, and cell physiology by O-GlcNAcylation.

The nutrient sensor, O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), cycles on and off nuclear and cytosolic proteins to regulate many cellular processes, including transcription and signaling. Dysregulated O-GlcNAcylation and its interplay with phosphorylation contribute to the etiology of diabetes, cancer, and neurodegeneration. Herein, we review recent findings about O-GlcNAc's regulation of cell physiology.
A role for Wnt signalling in self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells

Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the ability to renew themselves and to give rise to all lineages of the blood; however, the signals that regulate HSC self-renewal remain unclear. Here we show that the Wnt signalling pathway has an important role in this process. Overexpression of activated beta-catenin expands the pool of HSCs in long-term cultures by both phenotype and function. Furthermore, HSCs in their normal microenvironment activate a LEF-1/TCF reporter, which indicates that HCSs respond to Wnt signalling in vivo. To demonstrate the physiological significance of this pathway for HSC proliferation we show that the ectopic expression of axin or a frizzled ligand-binding domain, inhibitors of the Wnt signalling pathway, leads to inhibition of HSC growth in vitro and reduced reconstitution in vivo. Furthermore, activation of Wnt signalling in HSCs induces increased expression of HoxB4 and Notch1, genes previously implicated in self-renewal of HSCs. We conclude that the Wnt signalling pathway is critical for normal HSC homeostasis in vitro and in vivo, and provide insight into a potential molecular hierarchy of regulation of HSC development.
1,4‐Naphthoquinone

[130-15-4] C10H6O2 (MW 158.16) InChI = 1S/C10H6O2/c11-9-5-6-10(12)8-4-2-1-3-7(8)9/h1-6H InChIKey = FRASJONUBLZVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N (dienophile used to synthesize various aromatic rings via Diels–Alder or cycloaddition-type reactions;1 undergoes amination,2 allylation,3 cyclooligomerization,4 and Thiele–Winter acetoxylation to give the 1,2,4-triacetoxynaphthalene5) Physical Data: mp 126 °C, begins to sublime below 100 °C; d 1.422 g cm−3. Solubility: sparingly sol cold water; slightly sol pet ether; freely sol hot alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform, carbon disulfide, acetic acid; sol alkali hydroxide solutions, giving a reddish brown solution. Form Supplied in: yellow triclinic needles from alcohol or pet ether. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: toxic and irritant.
Effect of Crack‐Interface Bridging on Subcritical Crack Growth in Ferrites

A transition between transgranular fracture and intergranular fracture in polycrystalline manganese zinc ferrites has been investigated by measuring subcritical crack growth in double-cantilever-beam specimens. Log velocity vs K1 plots are like those for other ceramic materials with three well-defined regions of growth. Unlike other ceramics, however, the K1 values at which crack growth became critical showed large variations with relative humidity. Crack velocities depended on prior history and, at K1 > 1.1 MPa · m1/2 in dry N2, crack growth was intermittent. All of these features were related to an increase in intergranular fracture with K1. A model is presented to explain the data in terms of the generation ad removal of crack-interface bridges which were produced by intergranular fracture.
Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials 75. T-Jump/Raman Spectroscopy and its Application to High-Nitrogen Compounds

Flash pyrolysis of energetic compounds that are unusually rich in nitrogen can be expected to liberate a large amount of N2 among other products. In addition H2 and O2 can be pyrolysis products from other types of energetic compounds. While many kinetics and mechanistic details have been learned from T-jump/FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy, the development of the complementary method of T-jump/Raman spectroscopy described herein helps to complete the elemental atom balance of the gaseous products. Differential Raman scattering cross sections were determined for many of the common gases resulting from pyrolysis of energetic compounds. The spontaneous Raman scattering by the products of hydrazinium [3-nitro-4-nitraminofurazan], poly(bis(3,3'-azidomethyl)oxetane), poly(glycidyl azide) as the mono-ol derivative, and 5-nitriminotetrazole were determined. Provided that at least one of the quantified species is common to both the IR and Raman spectra, the Raman-based data can be combined with the IR data to give a properly balanced gasification reaction.
Mirror Symmetry Constructions

Mirror symmetry, in general, is a correspondence between objects of a certain type (manifolds, for example, or polynomial functions) and objects of a possibly different type that exchanges the “A-model” of each object with the “B-model” of its image. This equivalence has many manifestations in both mathematics and physics, but in order to discuss any of them, one must first understand how mirror pairs are constructed. We review three such constructions—the Batyrev construction, the Hori–Vafa construction, and the Berglund–Hubsch–Krawitz constructions—and, in each case, describe the A-model and B-model state spaces that mirror symmetry interchanges.
Natural resolution of a herniated lumbar disc.

A middle-aged patient with a history of mild, intermittent low back pain presented with several months of new right leg pain and numbness in the L5 dermatomal distribution. The pain had not improved with trials of physical therapy, gabapentin or tramadol. The patient denied weakness or bowel and bladder symptoms. Physical examination was significant for reproduction of leg symptoms with spine flexion and straight leg raise. Palpation of the right lumbar paraspinal musculature produced mild discomfort and myofascial spasm. Strength, sensation and reflexes were normal in the bilateral lower extremities. MRI at 1.5 T of the lumbar spine revealed a large L4–L5 disc extrusion producing severe central canal stenosis and mild-to-moderate bilateral neuroforaminal narrowing (figure 1). Near complete resolution …
Is the technology-driven real business cycle hypothesis dead? Shocks and aggregate fluctuations revisited ☆

Abstract This paper re-examines recent empirical evidence that positive technology shocks lead to short-run declines in hours. Building on Gali's [1999. Technology, employment, and the business cycle: do technology shocks explain aggregate fluctuations. American Economic Review 89, 249–271] work, which uses long-run restrictions to identify technology shocks, we analyze whether the identified shocks can be plausibly interpreted as technology shocks. We first examine the validity of the identification assumption in a DGE model with several possible sources of permanent shocks. We then empirically assess the plausibility of the shocks using a variety of tests. After finding that the shocks pass all of the tests, we present two examples of modified DGE models that match the facts.
Universal Piecewise Linear Regression of Individual Sequences: Lower Bound

We consider universal piecewise linear regression of real valued bounded sequences under the squared loss function. In this setting, we present a lower bound on the regret of a universal sequential piecewise linear regressor compared to the best piecewise linear regressor that has access to the entire sequence in advance. This lower bound is tight in that it achieves the corresponding upper bound, suggesting a minmax optimality of the sequential regressor, for every individual bounded sequence.
Time-lapse Imaging of Mitosis After siRNA Transfection

Changes in cellular organization and chromosome dynamics that occur during mitosis are tightly coordinated to ensure accurate inheritance of genomic and cellular content. Hallmark events of mitosis, such as chromosome movement, can be readily tracked on an individual cell basis using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of mammalian cell lines expressing specific GFP-tagged proteins. In combination with RNAi-based depletion, this can be a powerful method for pinpointing the stage(s) of mitosis where defects occur after levels of a particular protein have been lowered. In this protocol, we present a basic method for assessing the effect of depleting a potential mitotic regulatory protein on the timing of mitosis. Cells are transfected with siRNA, placed in a stage-top incubation chamber, and imaged using an automated fluorescence microscope. We describe how to use software to set up a time-lapse experiment, how to process the image sequences to make either still-image montages or movies, and how to quantify and analyze the timing of mitotic stages using a cell-line expressing mCherry-tagged histone H2B. Finally, we discuss important considerations for designing a time-lapse experiment. This strategy is complementary to other approaches and offers the advantages of 1) sensitivity to changes in kinetics that might not be observed when looking at cells as a population and 2) analysis of mitosis without the need to synchronize the cell cycle using drug treatments. The visual information from such imaging experiments not only allows the sub-stages of mitosis to be assessed, but can also provide unexpected insight that would not be apparent from cell cycle analysis by FACS.
Zeros and ones: a case for suppressing zeros in sensitive count data with an application to stroke mortality

In the current era of global internet connectivity, privacy concerns are of the utmost importance. When official statistical agencies collect spatially referenced, confidential data that they intend to release as public-use files, the suppression of small counts is a common measure that agencies take to protect the confidentiality of the data-subjects from ill-intentioned users. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that an interval suppression criterion that does not suppress zeros can fail to protect regions with a single occurrence. We illustrate the difference in disclosure risk between an interval suppression criterion and a one-sided suppression criterion by considering a US county-level dataset composed of the number of deaths due to stroke in White men. Here, we illustrate that an interval suppression criterion leads to a twofold increase in the disclosure risk when compared with a one-sided suppression criterion for regions with a single incidence among a population of less than 600. We conclude with an extension of these findings beyond stroke mortality and by offering general guidelines for data suppression. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ruminating on rumination.

H i H amilton et al. (1) reported some very interesting and important findings in their article “Default-Mode and TaskPositive Network Activity in Major Depressive Disorder: Implications for Adaptive and Maladaptive Rumination.” In the article, the authors explored dominance of the default-mode network (DMN) over the task-positive network (TPN) and how that dominance might be related to depression and rumination. Dominance of the DMN over the TPN was defined for time points where the DMN blood oxygen level dependent signal was greater than the TPN blood oxygen level dependent signal. This calculation was performed across the whole brain where the DMN and the TPN were defined from seed-based approaches of Fox et al. (2) during eyes-shut resting state scans. The authors found that subjective reflection scores from the Rumination Response Scale (RRS) of Treynor et al. (3) correlated negatively with DMN dominance. That is, for participants with major depressive disorder (MDD), the more they reflected, the less dominance there was of the DMN over the TPN. By contrast, depression sub-scales of the RRS correlated positively with DMN dominance for participants with MDD. The authors did not find reliable correlations between DMN dominance and RRS measures for the healthy control (HC) group. Therefore, DMN dominance might be a reliable measure of depression severity. With a spatial frequency analysis, the authors also found that a region of the right frontal insular cortex (RFIC) was more likely included in the TPN for MDD subjects, relative to the HC subjects. Interestingly, the RFIC has been implicated in switching between DMN dominance and TPN dominance (4). In a separate regionof-interest analysis on the RFIC, the authors found voxels that interacted by group and network. These voxels in RFIC increased in activation during DMN dominance (i.e., DMN peaks) for MDD subjects, but they activated in the opposite condition for HC subjects during TPN dominance (i.e., TPN peaks). Although the authors could not examine what role the RFIC might be playing psychologically, they proposed a potential mechanism. If one role of the RFIC might be to monitor for the presence of undesired bodily states (5), then when MDD subjects are in a ruminative state represented by DMN dominance, the RFIC might jumpstart the TPN-based affect regulation mechanisms (1). By contrast, for HC subjects, activation of the RFIC might get participants out of analytical and cold cognitive processing represented by TPN dominance and into more creative processes such as mind wandering and daydreaming (1,6,7), which might be represented by DMN dominance. These findings are novel and important in that they point to a potentially important neural marker of psychological dysfunction and rumination. Surprisingly, no overlap in voxels was found in RFIC between this analysis and the spatial frequency analysis (an issue that merits further attention). These results are related to recent work exploring the relationship of default-network connectivity to rumination in de-
Rate of comorbidities not related to HIV infection or AIDS among HIV-infected patients, by CD4 cell count and HAART use status.

The rate of comorbidities not related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among HIV-infected patients may be higher than expected. We assessed the incidence of comorbidities not related to HIV infection or AIDS by CD4 cell count and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) use status in an HIV clinical practice. A total of 2824 patients contributed 9172 person-years of longitudinal data during the period 1997‐2006. Among patients with a CD4 cell count !350 cells/mm 3 , receipt of HAART was associated with a significantly decreased incidence of comorbidities not related to HIV infection or AIDS. Recent research has suggested that the rate of comorbidities not related to HIV infection or AIDS among HIV-infected patients may be higher than expected. This concern was raised particularly by results from the Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy Study, a clinical trial of continuous versus interrupted combination antiretroviral therapy [1]. In addition, other researchers have found increased rates of hepatic, cardiovascular, metabolic and/or endocrine, renal, neurologic, and pulmonary events and non–AIDS-defining malignancy among HIV-infected patients [2–7]. If the risk of many of these comorbidities is increased because of HIV infection or advancing immunosuppression, early HAART use may prevent the occurrence of these comorbidities. This analysis assessed the incidence of comorbidities not related
Melt spinning of isotactic polypropylene: Structure development and relationship to mechanical properties

Synopsis An extensive experimental study of structure development during the melt spinning of polypropylene and in as-spun polypropylene filaments is reported. Five polymers representing different molecular weights and polymerization methods were studied. WAXS, SAXS, and birefringence measurements were used to characterize the structure of the filaments. Spinning through air gives rise to monoclinic crystalline structures and spinning into cold water, the paracrystalline smectic form. Both crystalline and amorphous orientation factors were found to correlate with spinline stress for the different polymers studied, Mechanical properties of as-spun fibers such as modulus, yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation to break also correlate with spinline stress.
Corporate Preferences and Public Policies: Foreign Aid Sanctions and Investment Protection

Since 1959 Congress has tried to protect U.S. direct foreign investments from expropriation by quite explicit amendments to various foreign assistance acts. Probably the most important of these legislative efforts, the Hickenlooper amendment, the Gonzales amendments, and the effective repeal of the Hickenlooper amendment, are contradictory and have been applied only sporadically. By developing testable hypotheses that can accurately and parsimoniously predict these varied legislative and diplomatic policies, this article attempts to demonstrate the value of a radical analysis of American foreign policy. After those hypotheses are evaluated, they are compared with propositions derived from pluralist and bureaucratic analysis. Finally, the policy history is reconsidered to show that changes in the external environment, particularly the rise of economically powerful nationalist regimes, have let to a significant evolution in the policy preferences of large multinational firms.
Guarding Polyominoes, Polycubes and Polyhypercubes

Abstract We consider variations of the original art gallery problem where the domain is a polyomino, a polycube, or a polyhypercube. An m-polyomino is the connected union of m unit squares called pixels, an m-polycube is the connected union of m unit cubes called voxels, and an m-polyhypercube is the connected union of m unit hypercubes in a d dimensional Euclidean space. In this paper we generalize and unify the known results about guarding polyominoes and polycubes and obtain simpler proofs. We also obtain new art gallery theorems for guarding polyhypercubes.
PIM-MANET: Extension to PIM for multicast routing in MANETs

This paper presents a novel multicast routing protocol for wireless mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that uses distribution trees to efficiently forward multicast traffic. The proposed multicast routing protocol is built as a MANET extension to the popular Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) routing protocol used in wired networks; hence, we call our scheme PIM-MANET. Similar to PIM, PIM-MANET is agnostic of the unicast routing protocol that is used to connect users in the network. PIM-MANET extends PIM to the wireless domain by implementing required features such as Duplicate Packet Detection (DPD) to avoid routing loops, removing extraneous messaging, and using a novel tree creation mechanism to form multicast trees that achieve better performance in presence of asymmetric links. We implement the PIM-MANET protocol as a routing daemon for the Linux environment and show the benefits of our approach over currently used MANET multicast protocols.
Indeterminate Hydraulics of Alluvial Channels

Field and laboratory data indicate that the relations among width, depth, velocity, and slope are indeterminate unless the constraints on the development of the bed forms are known. A knowledge of the rate of sediment transport will satisfy this deficiency most of the time but not always. Only a full knowledge of the response of one variable to changes in other variables will permit an evaluation and description of the relation of all the variables to each other. It is possible to predict general patterns of stream behavior. Actual stream behavior deviates about these general patterns in two ways. One is a statistical deviation expected when dealing in probabilities. The second results from a change in the general or usual relation between discharges of water and sediment and size of transported sediment. Because it is impossible to have an alluvial channel that will remain in equilibrium under a wide range of discharges of water and sediment, problems associated with alluvial channels can and must be resolved only by recognizing and accepting the lesser of a good many evils.
Effects of Soil Mixing and Flooding on the Fate and Metabolism of 14C-Fonofos and 14C Parathion in Open and Closed Agricultural Microcosms

The effects of soil surface application and soil incorporation (“tillage”) of 14C-fonofos and 14C-parathion on the metabolic fate of the insecticides in soils and their translocation into oat leaves were investigated in the laboratory, using both open and closed microcosms. The effects of flooding of 14C insecticide-treated soils were also studied. The insecticides were least persistent after their application to the soil surface, whereas mixing the insecticides with the soil increased the persistence of fonofos and parathion by factors of 2 and 5.3. respectively. Most of the organic solvent-soluble radiocarbon in 14C insecticide-treated soils was recovered as the undegraded parent compound, more so with fonofos than with parathion. In oat leaves from fonofos-treated soils, most of the organic soluble 14C recovered (1% of less of the soil-applied radiocarbon) was associated with the non-insecticidal fonofos metabolite methyl phenyl sulfone; in leaves from parathion-treated soil, > 90% of the organic soluble 14C (0.1 % of the soil-applied dose) was associated with parathion. In experiments with closed systems, the amounts of 14CO2 produced from soil-applied 14C-parathion were 30% of the insecticide applied to the soil surface, 23% of that mixed with the soil, and only 0.9% of that mixed with the soil and kept under flooded conditions. With fonofos-treated soils, less 14CO2 was produced, but the general trend was the same as that observed with parathion. Binding of 14C compounds to soils increased after the insecticides had been mixed with the soil and, in particular, after soil flooding when 72% of the soil-applied 14C-parathion was unextractable.
Recent Progress in Sub-Wavelength Metallic Cavity Nanolasers

Recent progress in nanolasers with sub-wavelength metallic cavities will be described, from initial conception of core-shell structures, through the understanding of loss compensation in plasmonic waveguides, to the recent demonstration of room temperature CW operation.
Self–Other Agreement and Assumed Similarity in Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Trait Affect: Distinguishing the Effects of Form and Content

Trait Negative Affect (NA) and Positive Affect (PA) are strongly associated with Neuroticism and Extraversion, respectively. Nevertheless, measures of the former tend to show substantially weaker self-other agreement-and stronger assumed similarity correlations-than scales assessing the latter. The current study separated the effects of item content versus format on agreement and assumed similarity using two different sets of Neuroticism and Extraversion measures and two different indicators of NA and PA (N = 381 newlyweds). Neuroticism and Extraversion consistently showed stronger agreement than NA and PA; in addition, however, scales with more elaborated items yielded significantly higher agreement correlations than those based on single adjectives. Conversely, the trait affect scales yielded stronger assumed similarity correlations than the personality scales; these coefficients were strongest for the adjectival measures of trait affect. Thus, our data establish a significant role for both content and format in assumed similarity and self-other agreement.
Peak Pressures and PaO2/FiO2 Ratios Are Associated With Adverse Outcomes in Patients on Mechanical Ventilators.

Abstract Background Patients requiring mechanical ventilation can have complications related to their underlying diseases and hospital-related events. It is possible that easily obtained information early in the course of mechanical ventilation can provide information about important outcomes. Methods Medical records from 281 episodes of mechanical ventilation in the medical intensive care unit were reviewed to collect information on patient demographics, admitting diagnoses, laboratory tests, duration of mechanical ventilation, the development of ventilator-associated events and mortality. Ventilator pressures from day 2 were analyzed for this study. Results Most patients (72.7%) were ≥50 years, 53.8% were men and 66.3% had a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m 2 .The mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Healthy Evaluation II score was 13.6 ± 5.9. The median initial PaO 2 /FiO 2 was 240 with interquartile range of 177-414. The median duration of ventilation was 4 days (interquartile range: 2-9 days). A PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio 2 /FiO 2 ratio > 500, and a BMI > 30 kg/m 2 was associated with decreased mortality compared with normal BMIs. A PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio 2 or >30 kg/m 2 were all associated with having a ventilator-associated event. There was a positive correlation between peak pressure (day 2) and the duration of ventilation ( r = 0.263, P = 0.007). Conclusions Easily available information collected on day 2 of mechanical ventilation can help identify patients at risk for poor outcomes, including the duration of mechanical ventilation, the development of ventilator-associated complications and mortality. Prospective studies measuring peak pressures are needed to evaluate the utility of this simple measurement in the management of patients requiring mechanical ventilation.
Effect observation of Biyan Qing oral liquid on the treatment of acute nasosinusitis in children

Objective To observe the treatment effect of Biyan Qing oral liquid on children with acute nasosinusitis. Methods Sixty cases of children with acute nasosinusitis were randomly divided into treatment group and control group(30 cases in each group).Children in both groups were treated with antibiotics and fluticasone propionate nasal spray.Additionally,children in the treatment group was given Biyan Qing oral liquid therapy.Then,the treatment efficacy was evaluated.Results After 14 days treatment,the efficiency of nasal congestion,purulent nasal discharge flow of individual symptom in the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group( P0.05);The total effective rate was 73.3% in treatment group,which was higher than 63.3% of the control group,but the difference was not significant(P0.05).After 14 days treatment,the individual point and total score was significantly lower than that before treatment(P0.05),and the treatment group improved more significantly compared with that of the control group( P0.05). There was no adverse reactions found in the two groups.Conclution Biyan Qing oral liquid combined with conventional therapy for nasosinusitis in children is effective and safety,especially to children with symptoms of rhinobyon and pus nasal discharge.This therapy might be worth to widely applied in clinic.
Spectrophotometric method for the determination of histamine in fish products

Objective To investigate the spectrophotometric method for the determination of histamine in fish products.Methods The histamine in fish products was soaked by trichloroacetic acid,extracted with pentane and quantified by colorimetry.Results The recovery rate was 84.6% ~ 90.6%,and the relative standard deviation was 1.20% ~ 1.52%.Conclusions Experimental results showed that the method in the determination of histamine in fish products can fully meet the testing requirements.