cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The SU(N) Wilson loop average in two dimensions

Abstract We solve explicitly a closed, linear loop equation for the SU(2) Wilson loop average on a two-dimensional plane and generalize the solution to the case of the SU(N) Wilson loop average with an arbitrary closed contour. Furthermore, the flat space solution is generalized to any two-dimensional manifold for the SU(2) Wilson loop average and to any two-dimensional manifold of genus O for the SU(N) Wilson loop average. The SU(N) Wilson loop average folows an area law W(C) = ΣrP'r exp[ - Σijri2Si], where jri2 is the quadratic Casimir operator for the window with area Si. Only certain combinations of the Casimir operators are allowed in the sum over i. We give a physical interpretation of the constants Pr1 in the case of a non self-intersecting composed path C and of the constraints determining in which combinations the Casimir operators occur.
Novel intrinsic and extrinsic engineering for high-performance high-density self-aligned InGaAs MOSFETs: Precise channel thickness control and sub-40-nm metal contacts

We have fabricated self-aligned tight-pitch InGaAs Quantum-well MOSFETs (QW-MOSFETs) with scaled channel thickness (t c ) and metal contact length (L c ) by a novel fabrication process that features precise dimensional control. Impact of t c scaling on transport, resistance and short channel effects (SCE) has been studied. A thick channel is favorable for transport, and a mobility of 8800 cm2/V·s is obtained with t c =11 nm at N s =2.6×1012 cm−2. Also, a record g m,max of 3.1 mS/µm and R on of 190 Ω·µm are obtained in MOSFETs with t c =9 nm and gate length L g =80 nm. In contrast, a thin channel is beneficial for SCE control. In a device with t c =4 nm and L g =80 nm, S is 111 mV/dec at V ds = 0.5 V. For the first time, working front-end device structures with 40 nm long contacts and gate-to-gate pitch of 150 nm are demonstrated. A new method to study the resistance properties of nanoscale contacts is proposed. We derive a specific contact resistivity between the Mo contact metal and the n+ InGaAs cap of ρ=(8±2)×10−9 Ω·cm2. We also infer a metal-to-channel resistance of 70 Ω·µm for 40 nm long contacts.
Potential CO2-induced climate effects on North American wheat-producing regions

The environmental requirements for growth of winter, spring, and fallsown spring wheats in North America are specified and compared to temperature results from the control run of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model (GISS GCM) and observed precipitation in order to generate a simulated map of current wheat production regions. The simulation agrees substantially with the actual map of wheat-growing regions in North America. Results from a doubled CO2 run of the climate model are then used to generate wheat regions under the new climatic conditions. In the simulation, areas of production increase in North America, particularly in Canada, due to increased growing degree units (GDU). Although wheat classifications may change, major wheat regions in the United States remain the same under simulated doubled CO2 conditions. The wheat-growing region of Mexico is identified as vulnerable due to high temperature stress. Higher mean temperatures during wheat growth, particularly during the reproductive stages, may increase the need for earlier-maturing, more heat-tolerant cultivars throughout North, America. The soil moisture diagnostic of the climate model is used to analyze potential water availability in the major wheat region of the Southern Great Plains.
Hospitals and Reengineering

One of the key success factors for reengineering in hospitals will be the ability of health care leaders to redefine their organizations in terms of process. Hospital managers are responding with anything from mergers to minor shifts in strategic thinking. Some hospital leaders answering the call for significant change are faced without dated models that are complex and inflexible.
Scoring the mouse formalin test: validation study.

The formalin test is a well-established model for assessing nociceptive processes and analgesic drug effects. Previous studies have provided statistical validation of optimal procedures for conducting and scoring the rat formalin test. In the mouse model, formalin concentration has been subjected to validation studies. The present research extended previous work by subjecting two additional parameters — the behaviors that should be scored and the optimal interval for second-phase formalin response — to empirical validation. Five behavioral (formalin-induced favoring, lifting, and biting/licking, rearing and locomotion) and two physiological measures (paw weight and paw thickness increases reflective of formalin-induced inflammation) were examined under four formalin concentrations (Exp. 1: 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0%/25 μl formalin) or under four morphine doses (Exp. 2: 0.0, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg, s.c. with 5% formalin concentration). Multiple regression analyses defined the optimal second-phase formalin response in outbred, Swiss-Webster mice as 15–35 min post formalin injection, and revealed that the second-phase response is best characterized by the cumulative time spent biting/licking the injected paw. Finally, paw physiological measures provided convergent evidence of nociceptive and antinociceptive processes in the mouse formalin test.
The Bauschinger effect in a nitrogen-strengthened austenitic stainless steel

Abstract The Bauschinger effect and yield strength anisotropy in an Fe-21wt.%Cr-6wt.%Ni-9wt.%Mn-0.29wt.%N austenitic stainless steel were measured after prestraining in uniaxial tension and in hemishells formed at 25 and 480 °C. The effect of stress relief heat treatment at 480 °C was also investigated. A new Bauschinger effect parameter, independent of process history, was introduced for this investigation and showed that the Bauschinger effect was generally reduced by both heat treating and warm forming. The reduction after warm forming was attributed to a decreased dislocation density and after stress relief heat treatment was attributed to strain aging. However, the interaction between the complex straining during hemishell formation and strain aging during heat treatment resulted in an increased Bauschinger effect for one direction in hemishells. Thus, warm forming is preferred to heat treating for reduction of the Bauschinger effect in complex shapes formed from alloys susceptible to strain aging.
THE HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: IMPLICATIONS FOR LEARNING PROCESSES AND CRITICAL PERIODS IN EARLY DEVELOPMENT.

As all behavioral scientists know, the child is father of the man, and mounds of data have been collected on the behavioral and neurological changes which occur as the infant sucking his fist becomes the adult who programs computers and peers through microscopes. This paper attempts to correlate behavioral data on the development of learning processes with neurological data on the maturation of the central nervous system, and proposes a model to relate these phenomena to each other.
Development of a photovoltaic panel emulator using Labview

With increasing interest in renewable energies, large amounts of money and effort have been put into research and development for photovoltaic systems. The larger interest in PV systems has increased demand for appropriate equipment to test PV systems and for teaching and training the next generation of workers for the sector. A photovoltaic emulator is a device that satisfies a portion of these needs. A photovoltaic (PV) emulator was created using a programmable DC power supply and a developed GUI using Labview. The photovoltaic emulator provides the same current and voltage characteristics as any desired PV panel under various sets of environmental conditions. A PV emulator allows the remaining system to be analyzed in a controlled environment with control over the inherent variability of outside temperature and weather conditions and allows repeatable conditions to test PV equipment such as inverters and MPPT algorithms. The emulator provides an ideal tool and environment for both teaching and research at the University level without the costly investment of a set of commercial PV emulators. An existing power supply that can be used for a variety of other purposes is controlled via Labview to emulate a photovoltaic panel. The power supply can provide an open circuit voltage of 60V and short circuit current of 9A, such that any panel with parameters within this range may be emulated. Thus an extensive variety of panels may be emulated and the majority of panels from the Sandia database are within the capabilities of the available power supply.
Cigarette smoking baboon model: demonstration of feasibility.

SummaryUsing operant conditioning techniques and a specially designed apparatus, and without surgical manipulation or obvious stress, we trained seven baboons to puff on lighted cigarettes and to inhale cigarette smoke. Smoking behavior was maintained for up to 15 months and could be controlled by manipulating minimum puff duration, water reward, and frequency of presenting cigarettes. Concentrations of blood carbon monoxide after 3 hr of smoking equaled or exceeded those reported for heavy human cigarette smokers. The cigarette smoking baboon models human smoking performance and is a useful animal model for studying the mechanism of the effects of cigarette smoke inhalation on the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and reproductive systems.
Impairment of glucose homeostasis after hepatic ischemia

Abstract An anticipated complication of surgery involving hepatic ischemia is disturbance of blood glucose regulation. Five cases of human orthotopic hepatic transplantation are discussed in regard to intraoperative and postoperative blood glucose changes. Fifty-five dogs were used to investigate the effect of experimental hepatic ischemia on glucose homeostasis. Glucose intolerance was reproducibly induced by as little as 20 minutes of normothermic stagnant ischemia or 30 minutes of hypothermic asanguinous perfusion ischemia. No abnormality of insulin response was noted after hepatic ischemia. Response to glucagon after hepatic ischemia was depressed. The duration and magnitude of net hepatic glucose uptake was diminished after hepatic ischemia. It is suggested that in addition to the recognized tendency to hypoglycemia after hepatic ischemia, there is also a tendency to hyperglycemia resulting from hypoxic depression of enzyme systems for hepatic glucose uptake.
Diagnosis of late life depression: the view from primary care

In the typical primary care practice, in which patients with a wide range of diseases and symptoms present with numerous needs, concerns, and requests, a chronic disease that lacks quantitative, biologically based diagnostic testing, such as depression, can present a daunting diagnostic challenge to even the best and most dedicated primary care physician. Depression does not compete well for patient and physician time and energy with other medical problems and medical co-morbidity in patients who seek care from their primary care physician. Primary care patients may be more comfortable with and accepting of depression being framed as a "normal" chronic disease rather than a psychiatric "brain" disease subject to cultural and generational stigmas, nihilism, and prejudice. Insurance parity in mental health care would make depression and other mental illness more legitimate in the eyes of patients, family members, employers, and physicians. Of particular value would be new and creative approaches to collaborative care, including telephone monitoring, nurse clinician outreach, and improved availability of psychiatric consultation in primary care, because elderly depressed patients often see the care of their depression as part of the integrated care of multiple chronic medical diseases, rather than a separate psychiatric problem to be referred for specialty care.
Treatment strategies for pelvic inflammatory disease

Background: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is one of the most common infections seen in nonpregnant reproductive-age women. It is a major public health problem associated with substantial medical complications (e.g., infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain) and healthcare costs. Prevention of these long-term sequelae requires treatment strategies that are based on the microbiologic etiology of acute PID. Objective: To determine appropriate antimicrobial regimens for the treatment of acute PID based on published literature. Methods: Clinical trials published since 2002 were assessed conducting a systematic search of the literature on the treatment of acute PID using PubMed (National Library of Congress). The search was limited to articles written in English and published from 1 January 2002 to 30 June 2008. Results: Acute PID is a polymicrobic infection caused by both sexually transmitted organisms (primarily Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis) and microorganisms found in th...
Improved method for computing potential doubling time from flow cytometric data.

Relative movement methods use the timed progression of the mean fluorescence of cells which have heen labeled with monoclonal antibodies against bromodeoxyuridine and displayed with bivariate flow cytometry according to DNA and label content to compute duration of DNA synthesis, Ts. The relative movement is the difference of the mean DNA fluorescence of the labeled undivided cells from the G1 channel relative to the difference between the G1 and G2M channels. In this communication, we show how to extend this method to compute the potential doubling time, Tpot, the time required for a population of cells to double, given quiescent cells but no cell loss. A quantity vis introduced that is a function of the fraction of labeled divided cells and the fraction of labeled undivided cells. We show that v is independent of time and is equal to In(2)T8/Tpot so that Tpot (equal to In(2)T8/v) can be directly found from the information available in computing the relative movement. The method is applied to Chinese hamster ovary cells to demonstrate its utility.
An Algorithm for the Computation of Optimal Control Gains for Second Order Matrix Equations

Abstract In control of structures, the problem is ordinarily formulated in terms of second order matrix differential equations. In general, for an n -degree-of-freedom structure, design of a linear quadratic regulator requires the solution of a 2n × 2n matrix Ricatti equation. In the case of second order matrix equations, this involves the computation of an n × n submatrix of the Riccati matrix not required for feedback. In this paper an algorithm for the computation of steady state control gains is developed in which only the submatrices required for feedback are computed.
Effect of thermal treatment and moisture content on the charge of silica particles in non-polar media

Surfactants, such as Aerosol-OT (AOT), are known to impart charge on particles in non-polar media and make them colloidally stable. Previous studies on the charge of silica particles, which are one of the most widely used and studied colloids in non-polar media, have shown significant inconsistencies in the observed charging behaviour. While some studies have shown that silica becomes positively charged with AOT, others have shown that silica gains a net negative charge with the same surfactant. In addition, we have noticed differences in the charge state of colloidal silica from different suppliers. To determine the possible origin of these discrepancies, the effect of surface chemistry and moisture on the charge of silica in AOT–toluene is examined. The surface chemistry of silica is altered by thermal treatment at temperatures up to 1000 °C, while the amount of water in silica dispersions is controlled by keeping them at three different relative humidities. We use Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to gain insight into the effect of thermal treatment and moisture on the charging of silica in non-polar media. Changes in the surface chemistry of silica particles are found to have a significant effect on their charge in AOT–toluene solution. In addition, an increase in the moisture content of silica dispersions is shown to adversely affect the charge in AOT–toluene and, in some cases, induce charge inversion. Our results show that the surface chemistry of silica as well as moisture content are crucial parameters that influence the charging of silica in non-polar media and that these parameters should be carefully controlled to enhance the reproducibility of surface charge measurements in non-polar media. Furthermore, both high temperature thermal treatment and moisture content could serve as control parameters to change the charge of silica in non-polar media.
Aerospace Composite-Rotor Induction Motors

The theoretical analysis based on electromagnetic field theory is given for high speed aerospace induction motors whose solid rotor is provided with layers of highly permeable and highly conductive materials. Numerical solutions indicate that the efficiency of the rotor as compared with a solid iron rotor is increased considerably. The torque-speed characteristic of the composite rotor motor rises steeply and is nearly flat between 20 and 100 percent slip. The design approaches the characteristic of a multiple cage motor. Operating temperatures are considerably reduced.
Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Deleted on Chromosome 10 (PTEN) Signaling Regulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Respiration via Estrogen-related Receptor α (ERRα)

Mitochondrial abnormalities are associated with cancer development, yet how oncogenic signals affect mitochondrial functions has not been fully understood. In this study, we investigate the relationship between mitochondrial alterations and PI3K/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling activation using hepatocytes and liver tissues as our experimental models. We show here that liver-specific deletion of Pten, which leads to activation of PI3K/AKT, is associated with elevated oxidative stress, increased mitochondrial mass, and augmented respiration accompanied by enhanced glycolysis. Consistent with these observations, estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), an orphan nuclear receptor known for its role in mitochondrial biogenesis, is up-regulated in the absence of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). Our pharmacological and genetic studies show that PI3K/AKT activity regulates the expression of ERRα and mitochondrial biogenesis/respiration. Furthermore, cAMP-response element-binding protein, as a downstream target of AKT, plays a role in the regulation of ERRα, independent of PKA signaling. ERRα regulates reactive oxygen species production, and ERRα knockdown attenuates proliferation and colony-forming potential in Pten-null hepatocytes. Finally, analysis of clinical datasets from liver tissues showed a negative correlation between expressions of ERRα and PTEN in patients with liver cancer. Therefore, this study has established a previously unrecognized link between a growth signal and mitochondrial metabolism.
Isolation of a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from virus infected myeloblasts

Abstract Evidence is given for the presence of a RNA polymerase in virus-infected myeloblasts which is absolutely dependent upon the presence of exogenous RNA template for enzyme activity. In the presence of polyvinyl sulfate, a rinonuclease inhibitor, the high molecular weight virus RNA fraction is the most effective template for RNA synthesis with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Nearest neighbor analysis of the product indicates synthesis of a RNA heteropolymer.
Behavioral consequences of neonatal injury of the neocortex

Several strains of autoimmune mice spontaneously develop molecular layer ectopias that are similar in appearance to those seen in humans and are caused by disturbances in neocortical neuronal migration. These mice also exhibit behavioral anomalies, some of which correlate with ectopias, others with the immunological disorder. In this study, we induced neocortical ectopias (via puncture wounds) and microgyria (via freezing lesions) in the neocortex of 1-day-old (newborn) mice without immune disorders in an attempt to further disentangle the effects of autoimmunity and of cortical malformation on behavior. In addition, we wished to compare the behavioral effects of small ectopias to larger microgyric lesions. DBA mice were assigned at birth to receive either a puncture wound or freezing lesion of either the left or right hemisphere. An independent group was subjected to sham surgery. In adulthood, these mice were given a battery of tests designed to measure lateralization and learning capacity. Lesioned mice (irrespective of hemisphere or type of damage) performed poorly when compared to sham-operated animals in discrimination learning, in a spatial Morris Maze Match-to-Sample task, and in a Lashley Type III maze. In shuttlebox avoidance conditioning, where immunological disorder has been shown to compromise behavioral performance in autoimmune mice, there was no difference between lesioned and sham animals. These results (1) support the dissociation between the effects of developmental neocortical anomalies and autoimmune disease on behavior (2) reveal similarities between spontaneous and induced neocortical malformations and (3) fail to support a difference in behavioral effects between ectopias and microgyria.
Comparison of sinogram- and image-domain penalized-likelihood image reconstruction estimators.

Purpose: In recent years, the authors and others have been exploring the use of penalized-likelihood sinogram-domain smoothing and restoration approaches for emission and transmission tomography. The motivation for this strategy was initially pragmatic: to provide a more computationally feasible alternative to fully iterative penalized-likelihood image reconstruction involving expensive backprojections and reprojections, while still obtaining some of the benefits of the statistical modeling employed in penalized-likelihood approaches. In this work, the authors seek to compare the two approaches in greater detail. Methods: The sinogram-domain strategy entails estimating the “ideal” line integrals needed for reconstruction of an activity or attenuation distribution from the set of noisy, potentially degraded tomographic measurements by maximizing a penalized-likelihood objective function. The objective function models the data statistics as well as any degradation that can be represented in the sinogram domain. The estimated line integrals can then be input to analytic reconstruction algorithms such as filtered backprojection (FBP). The authors compare this to fully iterative approaches maximizing similar objective functions. Results: The authors present mathematical analyses based on so-called equivalent optimization problems that establish that the approaches can be made precisely equivalent under certain restrictive conditions. More significantly, by use of resolution-variance tradeoff studies, the authors show that they can yield very similar performance under more relaxed, realistic conditions. Conclusions: The sinogram- and image-domain approaches are equivalent under certain restrictive conditions and can perform very similarly under more relaxed conditions. The match is particularly good for fully sampled, high-resolution CT geometries. One limitation of the sinogram-domain approach relative to the image-domain approach is the difficulty of imposing additional constraints, such as image non-negativity.
Alcohol use and hippocampal volume deficits in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with hippocampal volume deficits, but the effects of alcohol use on hippocampal volume in PTSD are unclear. We meta-analytically examined the relationship between alcohol use, PTSD, and hippocampal volume deficits. Studies were initially searched through electronic databases. Twelve studies reporting data for the right hippocampal volume and 11 studies with data for the left hippocampal volume met initial inclusion criteria. In the meta-analysis of the studies in which subjects had no lifetime history of alcoholism, both the left and right hippocampal volumes were smaller in PTSD subjects compared to controls. Meta-regression using a continuous trial-level covariate showed that a lifetime history of alcoholism further moderates left and right hippocampal volume in PTSD. PTSD is associated with hippocampal volume deficits independent of a lifetime history of alcoholism, but alcoholism further contributes to the hippocampal volume deficits associated with PTSD.
The Tragedy of Public Housing: Spatial Analysis of Hotspots of Aggravated Assaults in Louisville, KY (1989–1998)

In a community-level analysis, this study examines violent crime hot spots and displacement patterns in the city of Louisville, KY, from 1989 to 1998. Park DuValle, a neighborhood in Louisville, KY, was one of the major historic hot spots for assaults until 1998. The revitalization of the two vulnerable low-income public housing developments in Park DuValle, combined with the acquisition of nearby dilapidated and unattended private property by the Housing Authority of Louisville, caused a shift in the clustering pattern of assaults at Park DuValle in the 1997 and 1998. Maps revealed that assaults were displaced from the Park DuValle neighborhood to the Central Business District—the neighborhood where the majority of former residents of the Park DuValle public housing units were relocated. Both Park DuValle and the Center Business District were associated with low-income census blocks in Louisville, KY. These low-income public housing developments have exhibited a higher incidence of aggravated assaults. The results are discussed in the context of the possible revitalization of low-income public housing units. The study concludes that clustering and displacement of assault hot spots as well as emphasis on the decentralization of low-income residents need to be addressed further.
Dynamic Modeling of Magnetic Hysteresis

Magnetic hysteresis rods have been used successfully for damping the attitude motions of passively stabilized near-Earth satellites. This paper describes the implementation of a model of magnetic hysteresis that is suitable for digital computer simulations of such motions. The model is based on the domain theory of magnetization which assumes that associated with each domain is a shifted rectangular hysteresis loop. Coefficients used by the model are determined by least-squares fitting data from experimental hysteresis loops. For a type of hysteresis rod commonly in use, it is shown that a simplified version of the model may be used. Results from the theoretical model are compared with experimentally generated loops and show good agreement. Nomenclature a, b = axes of increasing and decreasing H in the theoretical hysteresis model B = magnetic flux density in a damping rod Bn = B(Hn)j the normal flux density in a rod Br = B(Hr) — B(Q), the residual flux density in a rod dA = weighted differential area in the Preisach plane F = function minimized in determining kQ and the fct-/s H = ambient magnetic field component along the longitudinal axis of a damping rod Hn = normal magnetizing force along the axis of a rod Hr = 0, the residual magnetizing force along the axis of a rod kotkij = coefficients determined by least-squares fitting experimental data to the theoretical model N = parameter that determines the order of the polynomials Pij Pij = polynomials in terms of H and Hn used in the theoretical model aij,pij = coefficients of Hn when only the normal and residual experimental magnetization data are used <p ^ weighting function in the theoretical model
The female oedipal drama of Rebecca from novel to film

(1993). The female oedipal drama of Rebecca from novel to film. Quarterly Review of Film and Video: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 17-30.
A Flash of Enlightenment: A Brechtian Moment in Douglas Sirk's La Habanera

Douglas Sirk's German films are currently looked on as works that contain few oppositional elements, and even their degree of sophistication has been questioned. Sirk's last German film, La Habanera (1937), includes a piece of visual trickery that functions subliminally—in the broadest sense of that term—and reveals a psychological truth underlying the social interactions of the main characters. The trompe-l'oeil also refl ects back on the construction of illusion and fi lm's expressive powers. This Brechtian moment complements a critical stance that favors strong female characters, and it invites a reconsideration of the political position Sirk adopts in his fi lm. Although both NS censorship and the nationalist sentiments of the author of the screenplay make it seem unlikely, the repression of science through dictatorial fi at depicted in the fi lm and the poetic justice meted out to this folly offer a strong critique of intellectual conditions in Germany.
Synthesis and Mesomorphic Properties of New Liquid Crystalline Dimesogens

Abstract Syntheses and mesomorphic properties of dimesogens incorporating dissimilar mesogenic units viz. cholesterol and substituted biphenyls are reported.
Perceptual Judgments and Particulars in Plato's Later Philosophy

THROUGHOUT the centuries since Plato wrote, interpretations of his theory of forms, from Aristotle's criticisms to the exhaustive commentaries of modern times, have varied with the philosophies on which they have been based. These divergent interpretations may be divided into two groups. One group holds that Plato maintained his doctrine of forms as contained in his earlier and middle dialogues throughout his writings, only clarifying it and developing its consequences in his later dialogues. To this group belong Ritter and probably Cornford, notwithstanding the latter's insistance that the later dialogues consider (but do not solve) the problems of the concrete, particular thing, and of the "separate reality of the forms", which the earlier dialogues left unsolved.' The other group, represented in their various ways by Burnet, Robin, Stenzel, agree in holding that the earlier theory of forms was fundamentally altered in the later dialogues from the Theaetetus on. They base their theories not only on the internal evidence of the dialogues, but on some references by Aristotle to the forms as "numbers", which are distinguished from "mathematicals", and are generated from "the One and the dyad of the Great-and-Small".2 Members of this group, however they diverge on the significance of Aristotle's references, yet agree that Plato's original problem of the participation of sensible, particular things in forms is superseded by the problem of the method of dialectical investigation or, in Burnet's words, of giving an "intelligible account" of appearances.3 This paper holds, following the views of the latter group, that there is a nmarked difference between the earlier and later doctrines of forms. The difference does not consist in Plato's abandonning his earlier theory for one of form-numbers. For, however fornm-numbers be construed, their nature and knowability and relation to each other and to particulars must be explained. They should at least solve the difficulties of the earlier
What's new in pediatric dermatology?: Part II. Treatment

The field of pediatric dermatology has been rich in new developments. Part II of this continuing medical education article will focus on new therapeutic modalities for several entities encountered in pediatric dermatology. The treatment of atopic dermatitis, exciting advances in the use of propranolol and other beta-blockers for the use of infantile hemangiomas, the use of rapamycin for vascular anomalies, the use of biologics in children, the central nervous system risks of general anesthesia in young children, side effects in the use of isotretinoin, the treatment of tinea capitis, treatment of herpes simplex infections, and the use of technologies such as texting and social media in medicine will be discussed.
Measurement of the D 0 lifetime from the upgraded Mark II detector at the SLAC e + e − storage ring PEP

We present a new measurement of the D/sup 0/ meson lifetime based on 31 pb/sup -1/ of e/sup +/e/sup -/ interaction data taken at ..sqrt..s = 29 GeV. The data were recorded with the upgraded Mark II detector, which allowed the identification of a clean D/sup 0/ signal from this small data set. Using a sample of 53 D/sup 0/ candidates based on the decays D/sup 0/..-->..K/sup -/..pi../sup +/, K/sup -/..pi../sup +/..pi../sup 0/, and K/sup -/..pi../sup +/..pi../sup -/..pi../sup +/, we measure the D/sup 0/ lifetime to be 0.44/sub -0.11//sup +0.12/ +- 0.06 psec.
Analyzing enhancement of CO2, reforming of CH4, in Pd membrane reactors

It is demonstrated that H2, removal through Pd foil membranes can enhance the CO2, reforming of CH4. At 550°C and low flows over Pt/γ -Al2O3, pellets, conversions were twice that of a conventional reactor, while H2O formation was suppressed, resulting in H2/CO effluent ratios of 1.0. Larger sweep flows enhanced the reaction somewhat, and the replacement of Pt/γ -Al2O3, with Pt/ZrO2 mitigated catalyst deactivation in H2-poor operating environments. A quantitative correlation was established between reaction enhancement and the overall H2 removal to production ratio. Based on this correlation, a simple membrane reactor equilibrium model was developed for comparison against experimental data. Subsequently, a unique and useful “on-the-fly” method of gauging membrane limitations, catalyst limitations, and modes of deactivation within a membrane reactor was demonstrated.
A class of Lorenz-like systems

The transformation of a three-dimensional dynamical system to its differential model can be used to identify different nonlinear dynamical systems that share the same time series of one of its variables. This transformation then can be used to find classes of nonlinear dynamical systems with similar dynamical behavior.
Bile Acid Profiles in Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy: Is This the Solution to the Enigma of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy?

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a rare pregnancy-related liver disease characterized by pruritus, abnormal liver function tests, and an increased risk of fetal complications. An increase in the levels of bile acids is considered to be the diagnostic hallmark of the disease. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is currently the most effective therapy. Tribe et al. (this issue) hypothesized that measuring the longitudinal profiles of individual bile acids would provide further insight into the mechanisms of disease. They used a novel chromatography method, which allowed the simultaneous measurement of 15 serum bile acids between 16 weeks of pregnancy and 4 weeks post-partum. ICP was associated with a predominant rise in cholic acid conjugated with taurine and glycine from 24 weeks of pregnancy. UDCA treatment significantly reduced serum taurocholic and taurodeoxycholic acid concentrations. Finally, bile acid profiles were similar in normal pregnancy and pregnancy associated with pruritus gravidarum. The study by Tribe et al. (this issue) presents a significant contribution to the solution of this enigmatic disease by expanding our knowledge on the pathophysiology of ICP and proposing a convenient method for diagnosis and monitoring of this disorder.
Properties of MoSi2 and WSi2, magnetron cosputtered from elemental targets

A rotating table sputter system was used to coat substrates with refractory metal-silicon mixtures as the substrates alternately passed under refractory metal and silicon elemental targets. By varying target power, silicon rich, silicon defficient, or stoichiometric films of the disilicides could be deposited. Film resistivity was investigated as a function of anneal time and temperature, film thickness and grain size. Sheet resistance of of less than 1 ohm per square was found for WSi2 films of 300nm thickness and for MoSi2 films of 500nm thickness when annealed at 1000 °C for 30 min, This corresponds to 30 and 50 micro-ohm cm resistivity respectively. Film thickness was determined from surface profilometry of etched steps for films deposited over silicon nitride and by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry for films deposited over single-crystal or polysilicon films.
In vitro protein degradation of feeds using concentrated enzymes extracted from rumen contents

Abstract A method was developed and evaluated to measure protein degradation of feeds using proteolytic enzymes extracted from rumen contents. Strained rumen fluid was centrifuged and the pellet was extracted with butanol and acetone. Enzymes were then solubilized from the residue in water, and frozen for later use. Feed protein was degraded by incubating feeds with enzyme at 38°C. At the end of the degradation period, trichloroacetic acid was added to precipitate undigested protein. The final enzyme preparation maintained 62% of the proteolytic activity on azocasein of the original rumen fluid (plus rinse of solids). When enzyme was incubated at 38°C, activity on azocasein decreased slightly for 12 h and then increased. There was no difference between 3, 5 or 10 ml of enzyme on degradation of soya bean meal or lucerne hay protein at 6 or 16 h. This suggests that enzyme was supplied in excess for the duration of the incubation. Soya bean meal protein degraded at 0.15 h−1 for the first 2 h and slowed to 0.01 h−1 from 8 to 24 h. Similarly, lucerne hay protein degraded at 0.06 h−1 for the first 2 h and then slowed to 0.01 h−1. Degradation of feed protein was less than that measured using live microbes in a previous study. The method is simple with low variation within treatment, and enzyme activity appeared to be supplied in excess for extended incubations, but it appears that some requirements for long-term (> 2 h) protein degradation have not been met.
Interactive Manipulation Of 3D Data Via A 2D Display Device

The medical motivation for interactive manipulation of 3D data by a 2D display device is presented. Four specific topics are described: (i) interactive orientation specification, (ii) 3D83, a program currently used in clinical practice, (iii) directed contour based display and manipulation, and (iv) binary array based display and manipulation. Timings are reported on medical examples. Advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches are discussed.
Local energy flux and the refined similarity hypothesis

In this paper we demonstrate the locality of energy transport for incompressible Euler equations both in space and in scale. The key to the proof is the proper definition of a “local subscale flux,”Π t (r), which is supposed to be a measure of energy transfer to length scales <l at the space point r. Kraichnan suggested that for such a quantity the ”refined similarity hypothesis” will hold, which Kolmogorov originally assumed to hold instead for volume-averaged dissipation. We derive a local energy-balance relation for the large-scale motions which yields a natural definition of such a subscale flux. For this definition a precise form of the “refined similarity hypothesis” is rigorously proved as a big-O bound. The established estimate isΠ t (r)=O(l3h-1) in terms of the local Holder exponenth at the point r, which is also the estimate assumed in the Parisi-Frisch “multifractal model.” Our method not only establishes locality of energy transfer, but it also clarifies the physical reason that convection effects, which naively violate locality, do not contribute to the subscale flux. In fact, we show that, as a consequence of incompressibility, such effects enter into the local energy balance only as the divergence of a spatial current. Therefore, they describe motion of energy in space and cancel in the integration over volume. We also discuss theorems of Onsager, Eyink, and Constantinet al. on energy conservation for Euler dynamics, particularly to explain their relation with the Parisi-Frisch model. The Constantinet al. proof may be interpreted as giving a bound on the total flux,Π t =∫d d rΠ t (r), of the formΠ t (r)=O(lz3h-1), wherez3 is the third-order scaling exponent (or Besov index), in agreement with the “multifractal model.” Finally, we discuss how the local estimates are related to the results of Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg on partial regularity for solutions of Navier-Stokes equations. They provide some heuristic support to a scenario proposed recently by Pumir and Siggia for singularities in the solutions of Navier-Stokes with small enough viscosity.
RHEED reflex profile analysis and phase locked epitaxy of ZnSe on (001) -oriented GaAs

Abstract ZnSe layers have been grown by MBE in both the conventional and the phase-locked epitaxy (PLE) mode. RHEED patterns have been taken at different stages during growth interruptions. The intensity profile along the 00 rod has been analyzed with respect to the surface morphology. During growth interruptions, the surface is smoothed by two processes with different time constants. In the PLE mode, surprisingly, the present results indicate that the number of RHEED oscillation periods observed does not coincide with the number of monolayers obtained.
Phase 2 trial of talampanel, a glutamate receptor inhibitor, for adults with recurrent malignant gliomas

BACKGROUND: Glioma cells secrete glutamate and also express α-amino-3-hydroxy-5 methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) glutamate receptors, which contribute to the proliferation, migration, and neurotoxicity of malignant gliomas. Talampanel is an oral AMPA receptor inhibitor with excellent central nervous system penetration and good tolerability in clinical trials for epilepsy and other neurologic disorders. METHODS: A phase 2 trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of talampanel in patients with recurrent malignant glioma as measured by 6-month progression-free survival (PFS6). RESULTS: Thirty patients (22 with glioblastomas [GBMs] and 8 with anaplastic gliomas [AGs]; 63% men) with median age of 51 years (range, 20-67 years) and a median Karnofsky performance scale of 80 were included. Patients tolerated treatment well, and most adverse events were mild and reversible; the most common toxicities were fatigue (27%), dizziness (23%), and ataxia (17%). There was only 1 partial response (5%) reported in the GBM stratum and none among AG patients. At a median follow-up of 13 months, 28 patients (93%) had died. The PFS6 was 4.6% for the initial 22 GBM patients, and the study was terminated early due to treatment futility; the PFS6 was 0% for 8 AG patients. The median PFS was 5.9 weeks for GBM and 8.9 weeks for AG patients. The median overall survival was 13 weeks for GBM patients and 14 months for AG patients. CONCLUSIONS: Talampanel was well‒tolerated but had no significant activity as a single agent in unselected recurrent malignant gliomas. Cancer 2010. Published 2010 by the American Cancer Society.
The Effect of Hawai’i’s Big Island on Track and Structure of Tropical Cyclones Passing to the South and West*

AbstractThe effect of the Big Island of Hawai’i on tropical cyclone (TC) track and structure is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The high (~4000 m) mountains of the Big Island modulate lower-tropospheric flow in such a way that it can influence TCs hundreds of kilometers away from the island. When a TC approaches from the east, the blocking of lower-tropospheric flow leads to a slowing of the TC’s movement. As a TC passes close to the south side of the Big Island, it deviates southward. The TC core convection and winds can become axisymmetric because of the blocking of the stronger northeasterly flow to the north of the storm. The authors hypothesize that this axisymmetrization led to the unexpected eye formation of Hurricane Flossie (2007) just southeast of the Big Island. As a TC moves into the lee (southwest side) of the Big Island, the flow associated with the island wake leads to a track deviated to the right. The Hurricane Dot (1959) simulations suggest that this ...
Physiological studies on Phymatotrichum omnivorum. VI. Lipid composition of mycelium and sclerotia.

The lipid composition of the mycelium and sclerotia ofPhymatotrichum omnivorum was compared. The lipids of the mycelium contained 47.9 % polar lipids as compared to 21.4 % in the sclerotia. Sterols represented 10 % of the lipids in sclerotia as contrasted to 3.6 % of the mycelium. More monoglycerides (17.5 %) were detected in the sclerotia as compared to the mycelium (1.6 %). Fatty acid analysis indicated that linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in the total fatty acids fraction in both the mycelium and the sclerotia. Palmitic acid was the major free fatty acid in the mycelium, whereas myristic acid was the predominant free fatty acid in the sclerotia. In the fatty acids of the diglycerides of sclerotia, palmitic acid represented 71 % of that fraction, as compared to 6.6 % of the fatty acids of the diglycerides in the mycelium. The major fatty acid in the diglycerides of the mycelium was oleic acid.
Analysis of single-phase capacitor-input rectifier circuits

An analytical treatment of four capacitor-input rectifier circuits is outlined, and computed results are indicated. The instantaneous minimum output voltage is given as a function of the source resistance, the load resistance and the filter capacitance, for a knowledge of this quantity is essential to the design of regulated power supplies. Peak-peak voltage ripple, peak current and root-mean-square current are also given, to permit the design of transformer and rectifiers. Significant differences are found to exist between the results and those published previously.
The Upper Limit for CH4 in the Protostellar Disk toward HL Tauri

We used high-resolution infrared spectra of the heavily embedded T Tauri star HL Tau to search for evidence of absorption due to the R0, R1, and R2 gas-phase CH4 ν3 lines near 3.3 μm. From this, we report a 3 σ upper limit of 1.3 × 1015 cm-2 for the CH4 gas column density toward HL Tau. Our results are compared to those found for CO gas toward this source and to the recent model for chemistry in the inner (10 AU) disks around T Tauri stars by Markwick et al. We find that the upper limit of methane ice+gas column density toward HL Tau, when compared to CO, is somewhat lower than but consistent with that measured toward other interstellar sources (~1%) but that it is much lower than that predicted in the Markwick et al. model and much less than the CH4/CO ratio (10%-80%) found in cometary volatiles. This has important implications for the processing of interstellar material and its incorporation into planetary bodies.
Radiochemical preparation of 3, 4, 3′, 4,-tetrachloroazobenzene−14C

Interest for the preparation of 14C-labeled 3,4,3′,4′-tetrachloroazobenzene for metabolism studies was developed after recent reports indicated that soil micro-organisms could transform some chlorinated aniline based herbicides into azobenzene compounds. The preparation of tetrachloroazobenzene was carried out in a three-step synthesis starting with ring−14C-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (Diuron) which was previously prepared in the laboratory. The overall product yield for the synthesis was estimated to be 33.6%, and the specific activity of the labeled material was 252 μCi/mM.
Improving Language Access: A Personal and National Agenda

Over the past several decades, the United States has made unprecedented advances in medicine and technology. At the same time, America’s ever-increasing diversity has enriched our nation culturally, linguistically, and economically. However, not all Americans are benefiting equally from improvements in health and health care, and in some cases, diversity has translated into health disparities.
The Role of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in Adolescent Obesity: A Review of the Literature:

Soft drink consumption has increased by 300% in the past 20 years, and 56–85% of children in school consume at least one soft drink daily. The odds ratio of becoming obese among children increases ...