cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of lithium on growth factor production in long-term bone marrow cultures

We have previously reported that lithium chloride (LiCl) stimulates the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFC), pluripotent stem cells (CFU-S), and differentiated granulocytes, macrophages and megakaryocytes in murine Dexter marrow cultures and that this effect appears to be mediated indirectly by a radioresistant adherent marrow cell. In this study we have established that exposure of murine Dexter cultures to LiCl (4 mEq/L) causes an increase of colony-forming cell megakaryocytes (CFU-meg) over 1 to 6 weeks of culture in both supernatant (188% to 611%) and stromal phases (123% to 246%). Moreover, we have shown that lithium treatment of either irradiated (1,100 rad) or unirradiated stromal cells increased production of activities stimulating formation of megakaryocyte, granulocyte, macrophage, and mixed lineage colonies and proliferation of the factor-dependent cell line, FDC-P1. This FDC-P1 stimulatory activity was completely blocked by an antibody to purified recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (rGM-CSF). The baseline or lithium-induced--stromal-derived bone marrow colony stimulating activity was partially blocked by the antibody to rGM-CSF and by an antibody to purified colony stimulating factor I (CSF-1); the two antibodies combined resulted in greater than 90% inhibition of the lithium-induced marrow stimulatory activity. In addition, radioimmunoassay (RIA) showed that although CSF-1 was detectable in supernatants of these cultures, exposure to lithium did not increase CSF-1 levels. These data indicate that Dexter stromal cells produce CSF- 1 and GM-CSF and that lithium appears to exert its stimulatory effects on in vitro myelopoiesis by inducing production of GM-CSF.
Cardiac Ischemia, Injury, and Infarction

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is an irreplaceable diagnostic test in the evaluation of suspected myocardial injury. While children with structurally normal hearts are far less likely than adults to have acute coronary syndromes or true ischemic injury, it is not unusual for a child to present with chest pain in a setting that cardiac ischemia needs to be ruled out. Along with a careful history and exam, the ECG is an essential part of the workup for a child with acute chest pain. In otherwise healthy children without a history of congenital heart disease or cardiomyopathy, cardiac ischemia is exceedingly rare. This chapter provides a valuable guide for detecting cardiac ischemia, injury, and infarction in the pediatric population.
Effects of Higher EITC Payments on Children’s Health, Quality of Home Environment, and Noncognitive Skills:

In 1993, the benefit levels of the earned income tax credit (EITC) were changed significantly based on the number of children in the household. Exploiting this policy change and employing a differe...
Enhancing energy harvesting capacity using delayed feedback control

This article explores the effects of delayed feedback control laws on vibration-based energy harvesting performance. The novel idea originates from a special form of active vibration control systems, namely delayed feedback vibration absorbers (DFVAs). The premise is that DFVAs may offer superior vibration suppression and improved energy harvesting potential when compared to traditional tuned-mass damper (TMD) setups. The dynamics of delayed feedback based absorbers are analyzed. A control law is formulated that enables favorable energy harvesting capability. Closed loop stability concerns are also addressed. The findings are demonstrated on a case study.
Ligament Reconstruction and Tendon Interposition (LRTI)

This chapter details the steps in performing a ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition. A subperiosteal longitudinal capsulotomy between the extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) and abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendons is made over the carpometarcarpal and scaphotrapezial joint. The trapezium is dissected and osteophytic bone between base of thumb and index metacarpal is removed. A bone tunnel is created through the first metacarpal. The ulnar half of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendon is transected at the musculotendinous junction and is then passed through the bone tunnel. The tendon is tied and sutured onto itself using Krackow style technique. Remaining tendon is rolled and secured into the arthroplasty space. Indications, essential steps, postoperative care, and sample operative dictation are included.
Structural Effects in the Mitsunobu Reaction of Calix[4]arene with Benzylic and Allylic Alcohols [1]

A study of the Mitsunobu reaction involving calix[4]arene and a series of benzylic and allylic alcohols reveals the structural effect of the alcohol component on the distribution between Oand C-alkylation of the phenol component in the formation of aryl alkyl ethers and p-alkylated phenols, respectively.
Additive-Free Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Esters to Alcohols

Here, we report an additive-free catalytic system for hydrogenation of carboxylic acid esters to alcohols with a well-defined cobalt pincer catalyst precursor. Various substrates, including methyl, ethyl, and benzyl esters, have been evaluated under hydrogenation conditions; however, methyl esters have low reactivity compared to those of the corresponding ethyl and benzyl esters. The biomass-derived γ-valerolactone successfully formed 1,4-pentanediol with a turnover number of 3890 with this system. Metal–ligand cooperativity is probed with the related [PN(Me)P] derivative of the cobalt catalyst, and the results suggest a nonbifunctional hydrogenation mechanism.
Environmental Management Systems

An Environmental Management System, or EMS, is a structured framework under which an entity can manage environmental impacts. Many transit agencies have embraced the structured EMS to ensure compliance, and also include sustainability initiatives and mitigation measures that go beyond compliance. The ISO 14001 EMS standard is the world’s most recognized best management practice in evaluating EMSs, which includes at minimum an environmental policy, and an internal review of activities that identify the most significant environmental aspects.
Component age estimates for the Hell Gap Paleoindian site and methods for chronological modeling of stratified open sites

The Hell Gap National Historic Landmark, located on the northwestern plains of Wyoming, is one of the most important Paleoindian archaeological sites in North America because it contains a stratified sequence of occupations spanning nearly the entirety of the Paleoindian period. Although Hell Gap is central to archaeological knowledge concerning North American Paleoindian chronology, consistently assigning component ages has been problematic due to conflicting radiocarbon determinations from individual strata, stratigraphic age reversals in age-depth relationships, and other issues related to the stratified open campsite. Toward resolving the Hell Gap chronology, we devised a procedure for correcting age-depth relationships for incorporation in chronostratigraphic models and then used the Bayesian age-depth modeling qprocedures in Bchron to estimate the ages of 11 stratified components present at Hell Gap Locality 1. We present these age estimates and discuss their significance to Paleoindian chronology. Notable aspects of our chronology include a revised age estimate for the Goshen complex, the identification of three Folsom components spanning the entirety of the Folsom temporal range, and relatively young age estimates for the Late Paleoindian Frederick/Lusk component(s) at Locality 1. More broadly, our study demonstrates a procedure for creating chronometric models of stratigraphically complicated open stratified sites of any type.
Multi-standard low-power DDR I/O circuit design in 7nm CMOS process

This paper presents novel circuit techniques to implement DDR I/O circuit design that can support multiple low-power standards in a state-of-art 7nm CMOS finfet process. Hybrid pull-up driver with a power gating switch is proposed to support a wide range of data rates and output swing levels. The usage of both thin and thick gate oxide devices in the final output stage effectively achieves minimal power consumption while enabling 6.4Gbps/pin data rate. The proposed input receiver directly converts the incoming signal's common mode levels to the optimal level of the 1st stage amplifier by a replica feedback loop. Frequency peaking technique is also employed to suppress the inter-symbol interference (ISI) and increase overall bandwidth of the receiver. Simulation results are provided.
On Robustness of Simultaneous Long-Short Stock Trading Control with Time-Varying Price Dynamics

Abstract This paper provides a time-varying extension of the so-called Robust Positive Expectation Theorem which arises in the context of Simultaneous Long-Short (SLS) stock trading. In the literature, the original version of the theorem applies to an idealized market with prices governed by a constant-parameter Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM). By this we mean that the process drift µ and voltility σ are time-invariant. In this context, the SLS strategy leads to the guarantee of a positive expected trading gain at every instant of time. In this paper, this result is generalized to GBM price dynamics with these two parameters allowed to be continuously time-varying with no restrictions on their rate of change. The motivation for considering this more general class of stock-price variations is the following: At first glance, it appears that these time-varying price dynamics are “unbeatable” in the sense that there cannot be a stock-trading strategy which still leads to robust positive expectation. In this regard, the “surprising” result in this paper is that the same SLS controller used in the time-invariant case also works in the time-varying case. These results strengthen the case made in earlier literature that linear feedback control in stock trading is worthy of further research.
TugSat: Removing Space Debris from Geostationary Orbits Using Solar Sails

Space debris accumulation is on the rise as commercial space applications become more affordable and existing satellites near the end of their operational lifetimes. For geosynchronous equatorial o...
Multilingual Electronic Commerce in a Global Economy

The purpose of this research is to further the knowledge required for building electronic commerce s stems that operate in multiple languages in global settings. The issues in multilingual electronic commerce are presented in two parts. First we describe a bilingual electronic catalog that can be used by online retailers for selling products and/or services to customers interacting in either English or Chinese that was developed to investigate into the nature of user interactions in multilingual electronic catalogs. Second, we discuss issues in developing multilingual electronic catalogs.
Psychotherapy from the Perspective of Cognitive Theory

The “cognitive revolution” in psychology is having a profound impact on the concerns and practices of clinical psychology. Cognitive phenomena such as expectancies and self-verbalizations are routinely invoked as essential elements in clinical theory and practice. To date, however, there has actually been little cross-fertilization between clinical and cognitive psychology. While some clinicians have attempted to sketch a cognitive model for clinical work (e.g., Mahoney, 1974; Meichenbaum, 1977), clinicians have not been extensively influenced thus far by cognitive theorizing.
Generalities on Compact Lie Groups and G -Spaces

This chapter will briefly review the general facts about compact topological groups, fibre bundles, topological G-spaees and compact Lie groups that are necessary for the subsequent development. Basic concepts and definitions will be adequately explained; and proofs of some fundamental theorems will also be included whenever short clear cut proofs are available.
The Wisdom of the Middle Ages. By Michael K. Kellogg. (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2016. Pp. 381. $26.00.)

Setting his face firmly against William Manchester's egregious dismissal of the Middle Ages as little more than “a melange of incessant warfare, corruption, lawlessness, obsession with strange myth...
Six Phase Synchronous Machine Model in Machine Variables and “dq” Variables

Past and present interest in six phase synchronous machines for shipboard use warrants development of a dynamic model, down to subtransient time scales, for use in larger, integrated electric power system simulations. Fundamental models of three phase synchronous machines are extended to include six phase machines.
The origin of chromosomal histones in a 30S ribosomal protein.

Abstract Histones are genes that regulate chromatin structure. They are present in both eukaryotes and archaea, and form nucleosomes with DNA, but their exact evolutionary origins have hitherto remained a mystery. A longstanding hypothesis is that they have precursors in ribosomal proteins with whom they share much in common in terms of size and chemistry. By examining the proteome of the Asgard archaeon, Lokiarchaeum, the most conserved of all the histones, H4, is found to plausibly be homologous with one of its 30S ribosomal proteins, RPS6. This is based on both sequence identity and statistical analysis. The N-terminal tail, containing key sites involved in post-translational modifications, is notably present in the precursor gene. Although other archaeal groups possess similar homologs, these are not as close to H4 as the one found in Lokiarchaeum. The other core histones, H2A, H2B and H3, appear to have also evolved from the same ribosomal protein. Parts of H4 are also similar to another ribosomal protein, namely RPS15, suggesting that the ancestral precursor could have resembled both. Eukaryotic histones, in addition, appear to have an independent origin to that of their archaeal counterparts that evolved from similar, but still different, 30S subunit proteins, some of which are much more like histones in terms of their physical structure. The nucleosome may, therefore, be not only of archaeal but also of ribosomal origin.
Effect of adaptation on the perception and production of vowel duration preceding stop consonants

Abstract: The effects of adaptation were tested: (1) on listeners’ categorization of post-vocalic stop consonants as voiced or voiceless on the basis of preceding vowel duration using short (125 ms) and long (375 ms) vowel adaptors and (2) on speakers’ production of vowel duration preceding voiced and voiceless stop consonants using short (125 ms) and long (375 ms) vowel adaptors and pseudo-adaptors including a speech noise and an /m/ sound. It was found that: (1) Listeners are able to categorize post-vocalic stops as voiceless /t/ or voiced /d/ based on the variation in the duration of the preceding vowel; (2) After listening to a repetitive stimulus of fixed long or short vowel duration, subjects shift the locus of the perceptual phonetic boundary between voiced and voiceless stops toward the value of the adapting stimulus; (3) The mean shift in phonetic boundary locus is significant in the case of the short adapting stimulus and non-significant in the case of the long adapting stimulus; (4) The measured durations of subjects’ vowels in AT utterances show a significant shift toward the adapting stimulus when it is short; and (5) The measured durations of subjects’ vowels in AD utterances do not appear to be affected by the long adapting stimulus.
A Study on the Detection of Visible Parts of Cordons Using Deep Learning Networks for Automated Green Shoot Thinning in Vineyards

Abstract Green shoot thinning operation in vineyards helps to reduce the crop load in favor of optimal quality wines. Mechanical green shoot thinning exists, but it causes cluster removal efficiencies to vary widely between 10-85 % because of difficulty in controlling the thinning end-effector position precisely to cordon trajectories. Automatically positioning the thinning end-effector to cordon trajectories will help to precisely remove the green shoots and to increase the efficiency and performance of the mechanical green shoot thinning operation. However, heavy occlusion of cordons due to shoots/leaves during thinning season makes it challenging to accurately determine the trajectories of cordons. Successfully detecting the visible parts of the cordons during the thinning season will help to estimate the trajectories of cordons for automated/robotics operation. In this study, a total of 390 wine grape vines were selected, and color images of these wine grapes were captured from a fixed distance and height for three weeks during the thinning season in real-time field conditions. Faster R-CNN (Faster regions-convolutional neural network) was deployed through transfer learning and fine tuning using the pre-trained networks (AlexNet, VGG16, VGG19 and ResNet18) to detect the visible parts of the cordons. Results showed that, Faster-RCNN model trained with ResNet18 networks provides higher accuracy in detecting visible parts of cordons compared to other tested networks with faster detection speed. Moreover, the detection accuracy with week 2 dataset was higher compared to that with week 3 and week 4 datasets because of the higher visibility of cordons. These results show the potential of Faster-RCNN model in detecting the visible parts of cordons, which will be used in the future to estimate the trajectories of the cordons for the automated green shoot thinning operation in vineyards.
Differences in Baseline Characteristics and White Blood Cell Ratios Between Racial Groups in Patients with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains a malignancy with poor prognosis. Black patients experience poorer overall survival compared with other races. Recent studies have elucidated certain prognostic factors at the time of diagnosis of pancreatic cancer which have largely not been studied for differences between racial groups. We present a study examining differences in blood levels between Black and non-Black patients and their effects on overall survival. This is a retrospective cohort study. One hundred sixty-three patients were confirmed to carry a tissue diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and included in analysis; 27 of the patients were self-identified as “Black”; 136 were analyzed together as “Non-Black” with the majority identifying as “White”. Various blood markers were drawn at the time of diagnosis. Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox regression models were used to examine differences in these factors between Black and non-Black patients, as well as their effect on overall survival. Black patients were younger at diagnosis (p = 0.001) and were more likely to experience significant weight loss leading up to diagnosis (p = 0.009); Black patients also had a lower neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (p = 0.001) and higher lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) (p = 0.001) at diagnosis. In multivariable analysis, an NLR > 3.5 had a significantly negative impact on overall survival (p = 0.002), as did the presence of metastatic disease (p < 0.001). Black patients demonstrated a “favorable” white blood cell profile (higher LMR, lower NLR) compared with non-Black patients. This may suggest that the immune response in pancreatic adenocarcinoma is not what is driving disparately poor outcomes in Black patients. Further study is warranted to ascertain the role of immune response in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the prognostic use of these measurements at diagnosis, and possible other factors, such as genetics, which may better explain poorer outcomes in Black patients.
Neurosonographic Study of Children with Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Ijury

The study is aimed at neurosonographic characteristics of brain injury in newborn patients with perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury of central nervous system, complicated with inflectional process (meningitis, ventriculitis). It is settled that brain immaturity, hydrocephalic syndrome, ischemia of the brain tissue and intraventricular hemorrhages are found 2 times more often in infants with perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury of central nervous system, complicated with inflectional process. This fact generally characterizes disorders of the hemato-encephalic barrier and the development of destructive processes in the tissue of the brain.
Concerns About Automation and Negative Sentiment Toward Immigration

Across 12 studies (N = 31,581), we examined how concerns about the rise of automation may be associated with attitudes toward immigrants. Studies 1a to 1g used archival data ranging from 1986 to 20...
Quantitative analysis of subcellular distributions with an open-source, object-based tool.

The subcellular localization of objects, such as organelles, proteins, or other molecules, instructs cellular form and function. Understanding the underlying spatial relationships between objects through colocalization analysis of microscopy images is a fundamental approach used to inform biological mechanisms. We generated an automated and customizable computational tool, the SubcellularDistribution pipeline, to facilitate object-based image analysis from 3D fluorescence microcopy images. To test the utility of the SubcellularDistribution pipeline, we examined the subcellular distribution of mRNA relative to centrosomes within syncytial Drosophila embryos. Centrosomes are microtubule-organizing centers, and RNA enrichments at centrosomes are of emerging importance. Our open-source and freely available software detected RNA distributions comparably to commercially available image analysis software. The SubcellularDistribution pipeline is designed to guide the user through the complete process of preparing image analysis data for publication, from image segmentation and data processing to visualization.
Management options for mid-century maize (Zea mays L.) in Ethiopia

Abstract This simulation study was carried out to assess the impact of climate change and adaptation strategies on maize production across 22 locations in Ethiopia using Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer – Cropping System Model (DSSAT-CSM) CERES-Maize. Three maize varieties, i.e., [BH-660 (late maturing), BH-540 (medium maturing) and Melkasa-1 (short maturing)] along with three planting dates [early (25-Apr), normal (25-May) and late (25-Jun)], four N fertilizer rates (64, 96, 128 and 160 kg N/ha) and three water levels [rainfed (no irrigation), two irrigations (each 30 mm at time of flowering and 5 d after flowering with total = 60 mm) and five irrigations (each 30 mm at time of flowering to early grain-filing, which were applied every five days in total = 150 mm)] were evaluated as the adaptation strategy. The mid-century (2040–2069) temperatures and solar radiation were extracted from multiple model means across the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) models under the highest Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP8.5). Maize productivity was evaluated assuming that maize was grown on shallow sandy loam soils. Yield of an early, medium and late maturing maize were changed by −13 to −8%, −10 to +4% and + 3 to +13%, respectively, relative to the baseline period (1980–2005). The days to maturity decreased by about 16%. Under rainfed condition, N application up to 64, 128 and 160 kg/ha significantly improved yield for early, medium and late maturing varieties, respectively. Relatively high yield and low inter-seasonal yield variability were simulated for BH-660 and Melkasa-1 when planted on 25-Apr and 25-May, respectively, for most locations. Application of two (60 mm) and five (150 mm) irrigation levels improved yield in drier locations. In conclusion, this study provides potential adaptation options under the future climate in maize producing regions of Ethiopia.
Performance Study of the Robot Operating System 2 with QoS and Cyber Security Settings

Throughout the Department of Defense, there are ongoing efforts to increase cybersecurity and improve data transfer in unmanned robotic systems (UxS). This paper explores the performance of the Robot Operating System (ROS) 2, which is built with the Data Distribution Service (DDS) standard as a middleware. Based on how quality of service (QoS) parameters are defined in the robotic middleware interface, it is possible to implement strict delivery requirements to different nodes on a dynamic nodal network with multiple unmanned systems connected. Through this research, different scenarios with varying QoS settings were implemented and compared to baseline values to help illustrate the impact of latency and throughput on data flow. DDS security settings were also enabled to help understand the cost of overhead and performance when secured data is compared to plaintext baseline values. Our experiments were performed using a basic ROS 2 network consisting of two nodes (one publisher and one subscriber). Our experiments showed a measurable latency and throughput change between different QoS profiles and security settings. We analyze the trends and tradeoffs associated with varying QoS and security settings. This paper provides performance data points that can be used to help future researchers and developers make informative choices when using ROS 2 for UxS.
Research on Application of Low Voltage Ride Through Technology of Auxiliary Equipment Inverter of Thermal Power Plant in Power Grid

To prevent cascading failures caused by abnormal frequency and voltage of AC/DC hybrid power grids, carry out the low voltage ride-through transformation of type I auxiliary equipment to ensure that the power plant auxiliary equipment of the power plant has low voltage ride through under 20%, 60% and 90% of the rated voltage ability. In order to improve the adaptability of the low voltage ride-through equipment in the voltage support process, a three-phase uncontrolled rectifier bridge and a Boost Boost circuit are built with diodes as the original rectifier bridge. In view of the tripping of the low-through device under some working conditions in the field test, the parameters of the rectifier circuit and the Boost Boost control system were improved and adjusted, and a buffer circuit was added. MATLAB simulation results show that, under different working conditions, the circuit after coefficient adjustment has a lower oscillation peak.
Cognate restriction of transposition by piggyBac-like proteins.

Mobile genetic elements have been harnessed for gene transfer for a wide variety of applications including generation of stable cell lines, recombinant protein production, creation of transgenic animals, and engineering cell and gene therapy products. The piggyBac transposon family includes transposase or transposase-like proteins from a variety of species including insect, bat and human. Recently, human piggyBac transposable element derived 5 (PGBD5) protein was reported to be able to transpose piggyBac transposons in human cells raising possible safety concerns for piggyBac-mediated gene transfer applications. We evaluated three piggyBac-like proteins across species including piggyBac (insect), piggyBat (bat) and PGBD5 (human) for their ability to mobilize piggyBac transposons in human cells. We observed a lack of cross-species transposition activity. piggyBac and piggyBat activity was restricted to their cognate transposons. PGBD5 was unable to mobilize piggyBac transposons based on excision, colony count and plasmid rescue analysis, and it was unable to bind piggyBac terminal repeats. Within the piggyBac family, we observed a lack of cross-species activity and found that PGBD5 was unable to bind, excise or integrate piggyBac transposons in human cells. Transposition activity appears restricted within species within the piggyBac family of mobile genetic elements.
Measuring Undergraduate Students’ Beliefs about and Career Interest in Bioproducts and Bioenergy

Two survey instruments measuring undergraduate students’ beliefs about bioproducts/bioenergy and related careers were developed and validated in this research study. The Beliefs about Bioproducts/Bioenergy (BABB) and Career Interest in Bioproducts/Bioenergy (CIBB) surveys were administered to undergraduate students enrolled in courses in a natural resources college. BABB (N = 168) and CIBB (N = 203) survey results were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Validity and reliability were demonstrated. The BABB has two related scales, Personal (P) and Societal (S), which can be used together or separately. ANOVA and t-test analyses determined that students with majors closely related to bioproducts/bioenergy held significantly more positive personal and societal beliefs about bioproducts/bioenergy, as well as related career interests. Differences were identified based on gender, but not by race/ethnicity. Measuring student beliefs about bioproducts/bioenergy and interest in related careers may help to gauge trends and changes in beliefs that influence environmentally-related choices and support efforts to prepare a diverse workforce for the bioeconomy. The authors recommend the use of these surveys to measure the impacts of academic and professional development experiences.
Availability of Medications for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder in U.S. Counties, 2016-2019.

OBJECTIVE Although numerous studies have examined the geographic availability of medications for opioid use disorder, none have measured the availability of medications for alcohol use disorder (MAUD) in the United States. We examined county-level trends in MAUD offerings in the specialty substance use disorder treatment system and compared MAUD availability with local geographic characteristics and alcohol use disorder treatment need. METHOD We constructed annual county-level measures of MAUD availability for 2016-2019 using the National Directory of Drug and Alcohol Abuse Treatment Facilities, determining the number of outpatient facilities offering MAUD in each county (n = 12,568). Two-part, multivariable regression models estimated the association between MAUD availability and temporal trends, census region, urbanicity, and prevalence of excessive drinking. RESULTS Availability of MAUD increased significantly over the study period. By 2019, 38% of U.S. facilities offered at least one MAUD, 40% of counties had at least one specialty treatment facility offering MAUD, and counties with at least one facility had an average of 3.36 MAUD facilities. Availability was significantly higher in urban counties and in the Northeast (both p < .01), but not in counties with higher prevalence of excessive drinking. CONCLUSIONS We observed large increases in the availability of MAUD in the U.S. specialty treatment system from 2016 to 2019. Although these results are encouraging, a majority (60%) of U.S. counties did not have a specialty outpatient treatment facility that offered MAUD in 2019. Additional efforts are needed to improve availability of MAUD, especially in rural counties and in the southern and midwestern United States.
How Women Cope: Being a Numerical Minority in a Male-Dominated Profession

Women who have academic careers in engineering have successfully navigated the social identity threats that prevent many other women from feeling that they belong in science, technology, engineering, and math fields. In this research, we examined what factors may be related to resilience in these academic environments. Female academics in engineering and nonengineering fields watched a fictitious conference video depicting either an unbalanced ratio of men to women or a balanced ratio. Subjective measures of identity threat were collected. Past experience with discrimination, positive experience with female role models, family support, and general social support were associated with a greater sense of belonging to or desire to participate in the conference. These variables all buffered negative responding to social identity threat. Implications are discussed for understanding resilience to social identity threat, particularly among women in engineering.
Transport across the endothelium: regulation of endothelial permeability.

An important function of the endothelium is to regulate the transport of liquid and solutes across the semi-permeable vascular endothelial barrier. Two cellular pathways controlling endothelial barrier function have been identified. The transcellular pathway transports plasma proteins of the size of albumin or greater via the process of transcytosis in vesicle carriers originating from cell surface caveolae. Specific signalling cues are able to induce the internalisation of caveolae and their movement to the basal side of the endothelium. Caveolin-1, the primary structural protein required for the formation of caveolae, is also important in regulating vesicle trafficking through the cell by controlling the activity and localisation of signalling molecules that mediate vesicle fission, endocytosis, fusion and finally exocytosis. An important function of the transcytotic pathways is to regulate the delivery of albumin and immunoglobulins, thereby controlling tissue oncotic pressure and host-defence. The paracellular pathway induced during inflammation is formed by gaps between endothelial cells at the level of adherens and tight junctional complexes. Paracellular permeability is increased by second messenger signalling pathways involving Ca2+ influx via activation of store-operated channels, protein kinase Cα (PKCα), and Rho kinase that together participate in the stimulation of myosin light chain phosphorylation, actin-myosin contraction, and disruption of the junctions. In this review of the field, we discuss the current understanding of the signalling pathways regulating paracellular and transcellular endothelial permeability.
Level-3 Large Deviations for I.I.D. Random Vectors

Theorem II.4.4 stated the level-3 large deviation property for i.i.d. random vectors taking values in ℝ d . In this chapter, we prove Theorem II.4.4 in the special case of i.i.d. random variables with a finite state space. This version of the theorem covers the applications of level-3 large deviations which were made in Chapters III, IV, and V to the Gibbs variational principle. Theorem II.4.4 can also be proved via the methods of Donsker and Varadhan (1983a). The main result in that paper is a level-3 theorem for continuous parameter Markov processes taking values in a complete separable metric space.1
Raman spectral studies of nucleic acids: III. Laser-excited spectra of ribosomal RNA

Abstract Laser-excited Raman spectra of rRNA from Escherichia coli have been obtained in the frequency range 2000-200 cm −1 for both H 2 O and 2 H 2 O solutions. Raman lines of the phosphodiester group and of paired and unpaired purine and pyrimidine bases are readily detected. Several lines in the spectra are sensitive to changes in RNA secondary structure caused by increasing the ionic strength of solutions. The results suggest that the Raman effect will be more advantageous than infrared spectroscopy for the study of secondary structures and intermolecular interactions of nucleic acids in aqueous solution.
The Diurnal Oscillation of MAP (Mitogen-Activated Protein) Kinase and Adenylyl Cyclase Activities in the Hippocampus Depends on the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memory is dependent on activation of the cAMP/Erk/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signal transduction pathway in the hippocampus. Recently, we discovered that adenylyl cyclase and MAPK activities undergo a circadian oscillation in the hippocampus and that inhibition of this oscillation impairs contextual memory. This suggests the interesting possibility that the persistence of hippocampus-dependent memory depends upon the reactivation of MAPK in the hippocampus during the circadian cycle. A key unanswered question is whether the circadian oscillation of this signaling pathway is intrinsic to the hippocampus or is driven by the master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). To address this question, we ablated the SCN of mice by electrolytic lesion and examined hippocampus-dependent memory as well as adenylyl cyclase and MAPK activities. Electrolytic lesion of the SCN 2 d after training for contextual fear memory reduced contextual memory measured 2 weeks after training, indicating that maintenance of contextual memory depends on the SCN. Spatial memory was also compromised in SCN-lesioned mice. Furthermore, the diurnal oscillation of adenylyl cyclase and MAPK activities in the hippocampus was destroyed by lesioning of the SCN. These data suggest that hippocampus-dependent long-term memory is dependent on the SCN-controlled oscillation of the adenylyl cyclase/MAPK pathway in the hippocampus.
Domain wall structure in bulk magnetic materials

Abstract A cross section of a wall in 10 μm thick material with Permalloy characteristics has been simulated on the massively parallel Thinking Machine system CM2 using direct integration of the LLG equation. A Cartesian lattice of 256 nodes representing 20 μm normal to the wall and 128 nodes in thickness was used. The expected stray-field-free structure was found with a vortex that extends nearly 10 μm from the Bloch wall center. The Bloch wall itself was well formed over 80% of the thickness with two thin Neel-like surface walls of opposite chirality. The Neel caps were wide and very asymmetric. If a width definition of 10%–10% of the wall normal magnetization is used, the width is 8.3 μm. The vortex is large and only on one side of the wall extending 10 μm to the edge of the simulation with as much as 10° tilt of the magnetization away from the easy axis. The width of the Bloch wall in the sample center was 15% smaller than that predicted by the classic wall width.
Correlating pathological symptoms in Heliothis virescens eggs with development of the parasitoid Telenomus heliothidis

Abstract The parasitoid Telenomus heliothidis was able to develop successfully in Heliothis virescens eggs throughout nearly all phases of host embryogenesis. Development of H. virescens eggs ceased subsequent to parasitism because of an arrestment factor injected by the parasitoid female at oviposition. This factor appeared to be produced by exocrine cells of the T. heliothidis common oviduct. Microscopical studies indicated host cells were pycnotic prior to T. heliothidis first-instar eclosion; however, very rapid decomposition of host tissues occurred after first instar eclosion. The adult produced arrestment factor was found to be partially responsible for the host symptoms prior to T. heliothidis first-instar eclosion, but teratocytes associated with the parasitoid larva were primarily responsible for host decomposition. The T. heliothidis larva did not appear to have an active role in host pathogenesis.
Lunar Get Away Special (GAS) spacecraft

A new approach to the resumption of Lunar missions is discussed which relies upon Shuttle Get-Away-Special Canisters for launch and solar electric ion propulsion for slow orbit transfer to low Lunar orbit. The technique of orbit transfer is outlined along with a summary of a mission profile for a first mission which could carry a Gamma Ray Spectrometer. System design constraints are discussed followed by a description of the low mass spacecraft concept which has been developed. Particular emphasis is placed upon describing the small solar electric, xenon ion propulsion system.
The strangeness-conserving effective weak interaction in the quark basis☆

Abstract Strong interaction corrections to the Glashow-Salam-Weinberg model of electroweak interaction are studied, for the up and down quarks only, to all orders of leading logarithms using renormalization-group techniques. The resulting quark effective weak hamiltonian is explicitly written out in a form convenient for obtaining matrix elements. The accuracy of this result is estimated by a comparison with finite, one-loop calculations of parity-violating parts of the interaction.
A systematic review of economic studies on biological agents used to treat Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND Identifying clinical scenarios that maximize the cost-effectiveness of biological treatments can lead to optimized health care cost-saving and clinical effectiveness from a society's perspective. METHODS Published articles between January 1995 and June 2012 were searched in PubMed, EMBASE, ABI/INFORM, Tuft's Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry Database, Cochrane National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies of interest included the following: (1) cost studies, (2) economic evaluations, or (3) narrative or systematic reviews related to economic evaluations of biological treatments for moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease (CD). The primary outcomes of interest included costs associated with biological treatments and cost-effectiveness measures, including incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. A threshold of $100,000/quality-adjusted life year (£60,000/quality-adjusted life year) gained was used for treatment cost-effectiveness. RESULTS Thirty-eight studies were identified, including 15 economic evaluations and 23 cost studies or reviews of economic evaluations. Economic evaluations found that infliximab and adalimumab were more cost-effective than standard therapy for luminal CD when provided as an induction therapy followed by episodic therapy over 5 or more years. The cost-effectiveness of infliximab and adalimumab versus standard therapy for luminal CD was less certain when used as 1-year maintenance treatment with or without previous induction therapy. Cost studies revealed that infliximab therapy reduced health care resource utilization and cost. Older reviews were inconclusive about the cost-effectiveness of biological treatments used for CD. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence suggests that biological treatments may be cost-effective for CD under certain clinical scenarios. Future studies evaluating all biological treatments are needed to compare their respective benefits and costs.
Zinc oxide nanoparticle and polymer antimicrobial biomaterial composites

Particulate zinc oxide (ZnO) is a known antibacterial agent. Studies show that reducing the size of ZnO particles to nanoscale dimensions further enhances their antibacterial properties. Polymers, like all biomaterials, run the risk of harboring bacteria which may produce an antibiotic-resistant biofilm. The addition of ZnO nanoparticles, to form a composite, may reduce undesirable bacteria activity. The purpose of the present in vitro study was to investigate the antibacterial properties of ZnO nanoparticles when incorporated into a polymer biomaterial. Staphylococcus aureus were seeded at a known cell density onto coverslips coated in a film of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with varying concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles. Samples were maintained for 24 or 72 h. Crystal violet staining indicated a reduced presence of biofilm on ZnO nanoparticle and polymer composites compared to pure polymer. Live/dead assays provided images to confirm reduced presence of active bacteria on samples with ZnO nanoparticles. Development of this technology may improve biomaterial effectiveness for applications, such as endotrachial tubes and implanted biomaterials, which are prone to bacterial infection.
Sex, Sex-Role, and Machiavellianism as Correlates of Decoding Ability

The present study examined the relationships of sex, sex-role and Machiavellianism to the ability to decode adult facial expressions. 80 undergraduates, classified into traditional, cross-sex, androgynous or undifferentiated sex-role categories based on scores on Bern's inventory, were asked to view slides of adults posing different facial expressions and asked to choose which emotion was being expressed. Subjects were given the Machiavellianism V scale to complete. Neither sex nor sex-role significantly influenced decoding ability; however, Machiavellianism was negatively related to the ability to decode facial expressions.
Wael B. Hallaq on the Origins of Islamic Law: A Review Essay

In his The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law , Wael B. Hallaq seeks to create a new paradigm for the scholarly understanding of the origins of Islamic law. In this essay, I review Hallaq's Origins and four other publications of his in an effort to assess his achievement. A comparison of Hallaq's vision of legal developments during the first two centuries AH with that of Joseph Schacht suggests that the differences between the two scholars are minor and that much scholarly work remains to be done on the emergence of Islamic legal doctrine.
DFT-BS examination of exchange coupling in chromium(III) dimers containing the μ1,2-squarato bridge

Abstract A series of Cr(III) dimers previously reported has had certain structural parameters refined and/or revised using theoretical techniques. These compounds were modeled with isotropic J-couplings that vary between −11.1 and −25.8 K. Each dimer contains a bis(μ-hydroxo) bridge. The existence or absence of a bis(μ1,2-squarato) bridge was determined using the density functional theory-broken symmetry approach. The bis(μ1,2-squarato) bridge was determined to be countercomplementary to the bis(μ-hydroxo) bridge. The hydroxo bridges contribute ferromagnetically to the exchange coupling. The results show that triple-ζ basis sets with polarization in conjunction with the B3LYP hybrid DFT method are highly accurate in predicting exchange coupling in these weakly antiferromagnetically coupled Cr(III) systems. The use of the RIJCOSX approximation was also shown to greatly speed up the calculations with a minimal loss in accuracy. Fine structure parameters were also generated using density functional methods, and these parameters matched well with the experimental ones. These results can be used to help verify predicted structures that cannot be crystallized, and they can also aid in designing new compounds tailored to exhibit specific magnetic properties.
Continuous-Flow Particle Separation by 3D Insulative Dielectrophoresis Using Coherently Shaped, dc-Biased, ac Electric Fields

We present the development of a continuous-flow, "dielectrophoretic spectrometer" based on insulative DEP techniques and three-dimensional geometric design. Hot-embossed thermoplastic devices allow for high-throughput analysis and geometric control of electric fields via ridged microstructures patterned in a high width-to-depth aspect ratio (250:1) channel. We manipulate particles with dc-biased, ac electric fields and generate continuous-output streams of particles with a transverse outlet position specified by linear and nonlinear particle mobilities. We show, with simulation and experiment, that characteristic shape factors can be defined that capture the effects of constrictions in channel depth and that modulating the angle of these constrictions changes the resulting local DEP force. Microdevices are fabricated with an insulative constriction in channel depth, whose angle of incidence with the direction of flow varies continuously across the channel width. The resulting electric field gradients enable demonstration of a dielectrophoretic spectrometer that separates particles and controls their transverse channel position.