cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease in HIV Patients

As an increasing proportion of HIV-infected patients have access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and achieve virologic suppression, the focus of clinical care is shifting from treating the infectious complications of advanced immunodeficiency to managing and preventing chronic diseases. The increased impact of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is due to both the aging of the HIV population as a whole and to increased rates of chronic disease complications in the setting of HIV infection. Of these non-infectious complications, coronary heart disease (CHD) is of considerable import. In 2010, ischemic heart disease was the number one cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) globally and the number one cause of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs in the United States.1 Extensive data over the past decade indicate that HIV infection confers an increased risk of CHD, with greater-than-expected morbidity and mortality from a disease that is already widespread.2 Moreover, risk factors for HIV-associated CHD are thought to differ from those of the general population, with risk mediated by HIV-specific factors including chronic inflammation and immune activation. Therapeutic interventions tailored to traditional CHD risk factors and proven to benefit the general population may therefore not be appropriate in the setting of HIV infection. In recent years, our understanding of the epidemiology of coronary heart disease in HIV has evolved, reflecting clinical progress both in HIV medicine and in preventative cardiology. Recent studies feature improved characterization of demographic and clinical risk factors which modulate risk for HIV populations. This review will describe the current state of epidemiologic knowledge on coronary heart disease in HIV infection. It will highlight key studies in the field and summarize epidemiologic data with respect to: 1) traditional and novel CHD risk factors; 2) specialized clinical subgroups; and 3) broader cardiovascular outcomes. The review will not focus on mechanistic data or on clinical management, as other recent reviews and articles in this issue summarize these topics.3 Understanding the epidemiology of HIV-associated coronary heart disease has implications for the long-term care of both HIV-infected patients and of other at-risk populations with novel CHD risk factors.
The Repair of Urethral Fistulas Occurring after Hypospadias Repair

Abstract A successful method for repair of urethral fistulas occurring after correction of hypospadias has been developed. This repair was done in 14 patients with no fistula recurrence. The advantages of this technique include the decreased number of recurrent fistulas and the decreased hospital stay.
The Future of Motivated Deception and Its Detection

Highly publicized deceptions by spies, terrorists, foreign adversaries, politicians, and corporations occur daily amid fears that the ability to detect such duplicity is far outstripped by the ability to perpetrate it by motivated deceivers. Whether new technologies hold promise for aiding in their detection or instead pose greater risks of vulnerability is the issue addressed in this chapter. Answers to this question lie in considering, (a) humans’ general proclivities to detect deceit, (b) features of communication technologies that may abet or deter successful deceit, (c) the role of motivation in deceptive performances, and (d) the potential of information technologies to identify indicators of deceit. This chapter takes up these four issues within the context of a hypothesis called the motivation impairment effect (MIE), which holds that high motivation facilitates deceptive verbal performances but impairs deceptive nonverbal ones and motivation backfires. Examination of empirical evidence expressly ...
Aerobic Exercise Improves Mood, Cognition, and Language Function in Parkinson's Disease: Results of a Controlled Study.

Objectives: Parkinson’s disease (PD) results in a range of non-motor deficits that can affect mood, cognition, and language, and many of these issues are unresponsive to pharmacological intervention. Aerobic exercise can improve mood and cognition in healthy older adults, although only a few studies have examined exercise effects on these domains in PD. The current study assesses the effects of aerobic exercise on aspects of cognition, mood, and language production in people with PD. Methods: This study compares the effects of aerobic exercise to stretch-balance training and a no-contact control group in participants with idiopathic PD. The aerobic and stretch-balance groups trained three times a week for 16 weeks, while controls continued normal activities. Outcome measures included disease severity, mood, cognition (speed of processing, memory, and executive function), and language production (picture descriptions). Cognition and language were assessed in single and dual task conditions. Results: Depressive symptoms increased only in the control group (p<.02). Executive function improved in the aerobic exercise group only in the single task (p=.007) and declined in controls in the dual task. Completeness of picture descriptions improved significantly more in the aerobic group than in the stretch-balance group (p<.02). Conclusions: Aerobic exercise is a viable intervention for PD that can be protective against increased depressive symptoms, and can improve several non-motor domains, including executive dysfunction and related aspects of language production. (JINS, 2016, 22, 878–889)
Automation, Algorithms, and Politics| Growing Bot Security: An Ecological View of Bot Agency

Political actors are now deploying software programs called social bots that use social networking services such as Facebook or Twitter to communicate with users and manipulate their behavior, creating profound issues for Internet security. Current approaches in bot control continue to fail because social media platforms supply communication resources that allow bots to escape detection and enact influence. Bots become agents by harnessing profile settings, popularity measures, and automated conversation tools, along with vast amounts of user data that social media platforms make available. This article develops an ecological approach to thinking about bots that focuses on how social media environments propel bots into agency. This habitat-based model uses bots to expose ripe targets of intervention and innovation at the level of interface design. It also situates bots in the context of platform providers with a vested interest in interface design, revealing a range of new political problems. Most important, it invites a hybrid ethics, wherein humans and bots act together to solve problems in bot security and Internet ethics more broadly.
The Design and Evaluation of Exhibition Catalogs

Greer Allen, in his article on “The Design and Printing of Library Exhibition Catalogues,”1 gives an excellent overview of the problems that producers of these catalogs might face, and he suggests ways of anticipating and dealing with these problems. He considers the crucial issues of the purpose of the catalog, the readers’ expectations, the feasibility of the project (as a function of money and time), and the standards one should set in terms of physical results. His understanding clearly comes from having dealt with institutions, librarians, designers, printers, and funders. As an award-winning designer himself, he understands the possibilities and . . .
Aberrant lipogenesis is a metabolic marker for azole-resistant candida albicans (Conference Presentation)

Candida is the single most important cause of fungal bloodstream infections worldwide causing significant mortality as high as 50%. This high mortality rate is, in part, due to the inability to rapidly diagnose and simultaneously initiate an effective antifungal therapy early in the disease process. Current culture-based diagnostics are often slow, requiring several days to complete, and are only 50% sensitive in diagnosing candidemia (Candida bloodstream infection). For every 12 hours of delay in starting correct antifungal therapy, the risk of death for a given patient with candidemia increases by 200%. To address this unmet need, we explored the potential of employing stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) imaging to diagnose candidemia and probe metabolic differences between resistant and susceptible strain at a single cell level. Metabolism is integral to pathogenicity; microorganism have very short life cycles, and therefore only a few hours are needed to observe a full metabolic cycle. SRS imaging at C-H vibration frequency at 2850 cm-1 revealed a substantial difference in lipogenesis between the susceptible and resistant C. albicans. Treating the C. albicans with fluconazole, an antimicrobial drug that targets ergosterol biosynthesis only affected the lipogenesis in the susceptible strain. Our results show that single-cell metabolic imaging under a SRS microscope can be used for diagnose candidemia and early detection of antimicrobial susceptibility.
Response to: The cost of caring

Dear SirWe thank Drs. van Venrooij and Barnhoorn for their thoughtful comments. Certainly, we agree that the first step to addressing the issue of medical student burnout is to “acknowledge the pro...
An animal model for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn: I. Alloimmunization techniques

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The addition of ultrasonography and ultrasonographically directed fetal blood sampling was attempted in an effort to study the fetal effects of red blood cell alloimmunization in a rabbit model. STUDY DESIGN: Nineteen New Zealand does were alloimmunized to incompatible red blood cells. Sensitized does were bred twice, once with a homozygous buck of incompatible blood type and once with a homozygous buck of compatible blood type. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed on days 20 and 27 of gestation (term 28 to 31 days). Fetal blood sampling was undertaken on day 27 of gestation, and hematologic data were compared between compatible and incompatible litters. RESULTS: A total of 41 pregnancies occurred in 19 does. Fetal hemoglobin was higher in the compatible litters (9.7 gm/dl vs 5.8 gm/dl, p p = 0.2). Hydrops fetalis was noted in none of 18 compatible litters versus 12 of 19 incompatible litters ( p CONCLUSION: A disease analogous to human hemolytic disease of the newborn can be induced in the rabbit fetus.
Association of Biotin Ingestion With Performance of Hormone and Nonhormone Assays in Healthy Adults.

Importance Biotinylated antibodies and analogues, with their strong binding to streptavidin, are used in many clinical laboratory tests. Excess biotin in blood due to supplemental biotin ingestion may affect biotin-streptavidin binding, leading to potential clinical misinterpretation. However, the degree of interference remains undefined in healthy adults. Objective To assess performance of specific biotinylated immunoassays after 7 days of ingesting 10 mg/d of biotin, a dose common in over-the-counter supplements for healthy adults. Design, Setting, and Participants Nonrandomized crossover trial involving 6 healthy adults who were treated at an academic medical center research laboratory Exposure Administration of 10 mg/d of biotin supplementation for 7 days. Main Outcomes and Measures Analyte concentrations were compared with baseline (day 0) measures on the seventh day of biotin treatment and 7 days after treatment had stopped (day 14). The 11 analytes included 9 hormones (ie, thyroid-stimulating hormone, total thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, parathyroid hormone, prolactin, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, 25-hydroxyvitamin D) and 2 nonhormones (prostate-specific antigen and ferritin). A total of 37 immunoassays for the 11 analytes were evaluated on 4 diagnostic systems, including 23 assays that incorporated biotin and streptavidin components and 14 assays that did not include biotin and streptavidin components and served as negative controls. Results Among the 2 women and 4 men (mean age, 38 years [range, 31-45 years]) who took 10 mg/d of biotin for 7 days, biotin ingestion–associated interference was found in 9 of the 23 (39%) biotinylated assays compared with none of the 14 nonbiotinylated assays ( P = .007). Results from 5 of 8 biotinylated (63%) competitive immunoassays tested falsely high and results from 4 out of 15 (27%) biotinylated sandwich immunoassays tested falsely low. Conclusions and Relevance In this preliminary study of 6 healthy adult participants and 11 hormone and nonhormone analytes measured by 37 immunoassays, ingesting 10 mg/d of biotin for 1 week was associated with potentially clinically important assay interference in some but not all biotinylated assays studied. These findings should be considered for patients taking biotin supplements before ordering blood tests or when interpreting results. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT03034707
What Happened to Eosinophilic Cationic Protein: A Dead End

Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a single cationic polypeptide chain consisting of 133 amino acids. ECP is a mediator in host immune response to parasites, bacteria and viruses. Much of the literature on this protein focuses on its role in eosinophil-related disorders like asthma. ECP correlates with airway inflammation but not airway hyper-responsiveness. It is not diagnostic of asthma but is related to severity and can be used to monitor effects of asthma treatment [1, 2]. Concentrations of ECP correlate with the clinical severity of chronic allergic conjunctival disease [3]. Although present in numerous biological fluids, sample management is complex and serum has become the main avenue of determination used in the laboratory setting. The ECP molecule participates in a large number of biological reactions, which makes it an unacceptable diagnostic marker due to low diagnostic specificity [4].
Short-term Metformin and Exercise Training Effects on Strength, Aerobic Capacity, Glycemic Control, and Mitochondrial Function in Children with Burn Injury

Severely burned children experience a chronic state of sympathetic nervous system activation that is associated with hypermetabolic/cardiac stress and muscle wasting. Metformin, a diabetes medicati...
A quantitative metabolomics study of bacterial metabolites in different domains.

Abstract Absolute metabolite concentrations are essential information for quantitative metabolomics studies, as concentrations are closely related to metabolic reactions, enzyme kinetics and other important biological activities. A well-performed metabolites extraction procedure, a reliable detection method, and a robust quantitative approach are all critical factors for obtaining absolute metabolite concentrations. Here, we used a HPLC-MS/MS based platform to successfully develop a 13C-labeled quantitative metabolomics approach, and applied this novel method to quantify bacterial metabolite concentrations in three different domains (i.e., intracellularly, extracellularly and to the whole culture), with high accuracy for a model Escherichia coli bacteria. The bacterial culture was grown in universal 13C-labeled medium and the metabolites were extracted by 40/40/20/methanol/ACN/H2O with 0.1% formic acid. One hundred and twenty-five metabolites were initially screened and one hundred and six 13C metabolites were confidently detected from the model bacteria grown in 13C-labeled medium. A subset of twenty-one metabolites was subsequently quantified using 12C-metabolite chemical standards to assist the calculation of 13C metabolite concentration. This rigorous 13C-labled quantitative method was then applied to characterize the metabolic profile changes in three domains of E. coli going through antibiotic treatment. Our results demonstrated that metabolites from all three domains can be used to significantly differentiate the ampicillin treatment group and control group (without ampicillin). In conclusion, our work demonstrated that the quantitative metabolomics approach can be used as a valuable tool to study bacterial metabolism in different domains and to understand their response to environmental perturbations.
Virginia Woolf’s Poetic Imagination: Patterns of Light and Darkness in To the Lighthouse

To the Lighthouse, an exquisitely formed, musical novel composed of triads, is Woolf s only novel with a Table of Contents, and named (rather than numbered) sections. Part I, “The Window,” although it takes up more than half the novel, covers half of one day in the lives of Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay; Part II, “Time Passes,” is a brief but extraordinary lyric interlude which occurs after the death of Mrs. Ramsay; Part III, “The Lighthouse,” alternates the simultaneous events of an expedition to the lighthouse with the completion of a painting.
Abstract 066: NO Regulates Trafficking of Claudin-19 in the Thick Ascending Limb via c-GMP

Claudins are a family of tight junction proteins that provide size and charge selectivity to solutes traversing this route. Claudin function can be regulated by posttranslational modifications that...
INCIDENTALLY DETECTED CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS AT THE TIME OF MITRAL VALVE SURGERY: INCIDENCE AND SURGICAL OUTCOMES

It is unknown whether patients undergoing mitral valve surgery may have co-existing, unrecognized cardiac amyloidosis. The pathology department database at our center was retrospectively analysed for cases in which the mitral valve or another type of cardiac tissue removed at the time of mitral
Improving Building Energy System Performance by Continuous Commissioning

ABSTRACT Commissioning has played important role in improved building comfort and reduced energy consumption. This article presents an advanced form of commissioning for existing buildings, called continuous commissioning (CC), which has produced energy savings comparable to those produced by the traditional audit/retrofit process at a third of the cost. It has also increased operating staff skills, reduced maintenance costs, and improved building comfort—“extras” which are not provided by usual retrofit programs. This article will present the philosophy, process, cost, and savings.
China’s rise and physical integrity rights in developing countries

China’s rise has been met with concern by human rights scholars and activists. Critics contend that China is using its clout to weaken the international human rights regime while simultaneously emp...
Effects of Messaging and Psychological Reactance on Marijuana Craving.

Background: Psychological Reactance Theory asserts that people experience reactance (a motivational state characterized by negative affect and cognition) when they perceive threats to their autonom...
A multiplicative comparison of Segal and Waldhausen K-Theory

In this paper, we establish a multiplicative equivalence between two multiplicative algebraic K-theory constructions, Elmendorf and Mandell’s version of Segal’s K-theory and Blumberg and Mandell’s version of Waldhausen’s $$S_\bullet $$ construction. This equivalence implies that the ring spectra, algebra spectra, and module spectra constructed via these two classical algebraic K-theory functors are equivalent as ring, algebra or module spectra, respectively. It also allows for comparisons of spectrally enriched categories constructed via these definitions of K-theory. As both the Elmendorf–Mandell and Blumberg–Mandell multiplicative versions of K-theory encode their multiplicativity in the language of multicategories, our main theorem is that there is multinatural transformation relating these two symmetric multifunctors that lifts the classical functor from Segal’s to Waldhausen’s construction. Along the way, we provide a slight generalization of the Elmendorf–Mandell construction to symmetric monoidal categories.
Reclaiming a Unified American Narrative Lexical, Grammatical, and Story Metaphors in a Discussion of Polarized Identities

Abstract As part of an on-going project to apply metaphor analysis to understanding the cultural polarization that has recently obstructed discourse about political and cultural issues in both the United States and Europe, this essay examines the lexical, grammatical, and story metaphors in a recent editorial column, by conservative columnist Ross Douthat, that also focuses on this topic. In a key section of the essay, Douthat uses a blend of complex grammatical and lexical metaphors to highlight the contrast between the traditional American identity narrative of settlement and conquest and a recently emerged liberal counter-narrative, which Douthat epitomizes by quoting former President Obama’s repeated insistence that “That’s not who we are.” Douthat’s argument is contextualized by the reproduction of an image with the title “Engraving of a massacre of Indian women and children in Idaho by 19th century white settlers,” which strengthens the contrasts and implied ironies embedded in his complex combination of grammatical and lexical metaphors. These relationships are brought into sharp focus through the metaphor-led analysis of the text and its interaction with the image, demonstrating the value of this approach to discourse analysis.
Association between body mass index and folate insufficiency indicative of neural tube defects risk among nonpregnant women of childbearing age in the United States, NHANES, 2007-2010.

BACKGROUND Maternal folate status and obesity are known risk factors for neural tube defects (NTD) in the offspring. We examined the association between body mass index (BMI) categories and blood folate concentrations, specifically, red blood cell (RBC) folate concentrations indicative of NTD risk among nonpregnant women of child-bearing age (20-44 years) in the United States. METHODS We used data from 2007 to 2010 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Overweight, obesity, and strata within obesity were examined. Serum and RBC folate concentrations were examined as continuous and categorical variables. RBC folate concentrations were grouped indicating high (≤585 nmol/L) and elevated risk (586-747 nmol/L) for NTDs. Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence odds ratios (aPOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS Of the 30,878 participants, 25.6% were overweight, 32.7% obese, and 32.3% had RBC folate concentration indicating NTD risk (<748 nmol/L). Overweight was not associated with RBC folate level for NTD risk; however, a marginally significant negative association was noted for overall obesity and RBC folate concentrations indicative of elevated NTD risk (aPOR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.45, 1.00). A significant protective association was noted between Class 3 obesity (BMI ≥40 kg/m2 ) and folate concentration indicative of high NTD risk (≤585 nmol/L; aPOR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.24, 0.89). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of RBC folate concentrations indicating elevated or high NTD risk varied by level of obesity among nonpregnant women of child-bearing age. Further studies are needed to understand the folate pathway in overweight and obese women and subsequent NTD risk in their offspring.
Optical “Blinking” Triggered by Collisions of Single Supramolecular Assemblies of Amphiphilic Molecules with Interfaces of Liquid Crystals

We report that incubation of aqueous dispersions of supramolecular assemblies formed by synthetic alkyl triazole-based amphiphiles against interfaces of thermotropic liquid crystals (LCs; 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl) triggers spatially localized (micrometer-scale) and transient (subsecond) flashes of light to be transmitted through the LC. Analysis of the spatiotemporal response of the LC supports our proposal that each optical "blinking" event results from collision of a single supramolecular assembly with the LC interface. Particle tracking at the LC interface confirmed that collision and subsequent spreading of amphiphiles at the interface generates a surface pressure-driven interfacial flow (Marangoni flow) that causes transient reorientation of LC and generation of a bright optical flash between crossed polarizers. We also found that dispersions of phospholipid vesicles cause "blinks". When using vesicles formed from 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC), we measured the frequency of blinking to decrease proportionally with the number density of vesicles in the aqueous phase, consistent with single vesicle events, with the lifetime of each blink dependent on vesicle size (800 ± 80 nm to 150 ± 30 nm). For 100 μM of DLPC, we measured vesicles with a diameter of 940 ± 290 nm to generate 47 ± 9 blinks min-1 mm-2, revealing that the fraction of vesicle collisions resulting in fusion with the LC interface is ∼10-3. Overall, the results in this paper unmask new nonequilibrium behaviors of amphiphiles at LC interfaces, and provide fresh approaches for exploring the dynamic interactions of supramolecular assemblies of amphiphiles with fluid interfaces at the single-event level.
Particle shape analysis using whispering gallery mode polarization sensing (Conference Presentation)

Whispering-gallery mode (WGM) microtoroid optical resonators have been used for highly sensitive biological and chemical sensing. With the help of auto-balanced detection and data processing techniques, frequency locked optical whispering evanescent resonator (FLOWER) has successfully reduced external noise and achieved detection of single macromolecules. FLOWER, however, can only analyze the size of particles and not their shape. To determine the shape of non-spherical particles interacting with different polarized WGM modes, we built a dual-FLOWER system to perform multi-mode locking. We demonstrate the ability of this system to detect particle shape by detecting gold nanorods and spheres.
Failing Forward: Stability of Transparent Electrodes Based on Metal Nanowire Networks.

Metal nanowire (MNW)-based transparent electrode technologies have significantly matured over the last decade to become a prominent low-cost alternative to indium tin oxide (ITO). Beyond reaching the same level of performance as ITO, MNW networks offer additional advantages including flexibility and low materials cost. To facilitate adoption of MNW networks as a replacement to ITO, they must overcome their inherent stability issues while maintaining their properties and cost-effectiveness. Herein, the fundamental failure mechanisms of MNW networks are discussed in detail. Recent strategies to computationally model MNWs from the nano- to macroscale and suggest future work to capture dynamic failure to unravel mechanisms that account for convolution of the failure modes are highlighted. Strategies to characterize MNW network failure in situ and postmortem are also discussed. In addition, recent work about improving the stability of MNW networks via encapsulation is discussed. Lastly, a perspective is given on how to frame the requirements of MNW-encapsulant hybrids with reference to their target applications, namely: solar cells, transparent film heaters, sensors, and displays. A cost analysis to comment on the feasibility of implementing MNW hybrids is provided, and critical areas to focus on for future work on MNW networks are suggested.
A critical librarianship approach for teaching patent searching: Who becomes an inventor in America?

The ways in which a technology is invented, owned, and approved are strongly influenced by the same oppressive and exclusionary structures that critical librarianship interrogates. Patents, limited...
Integrating social considerations in multicriteria decision analysis for utility-scale solar photovoltaic siting

Abstract Solar photovoltaic facilities are cropping up with ever-increasing size and frequency. Often, these utility-scale projects incite opposition from local communities – once branded a “Not in my backyard” reaction. Here we conduct a cross-disciplinary review covering two interrelated topics: 1) solar siting analyses utilizing a geographical information system – multicriteria decision analysis (GIS-MCDA) approach and 2) social science research discussing public responses to solar photovoltaic development. We follow this with a discussion on how to improve GIS-MCDA by more explicitly including aspects of the people and the place under study. Past research leans primarily upon technical and economic criteria directly related to the solar facility itself, largely ignoring social considerations, which are important for public acceptability and fairness. Incorporating siting criteria reflecting the interests of local people and how they interact with their immediate environment would not only improve the process for developers, but it could also be adapted to mitigate inequalities pervasive in the historical siting of energy facilities.
Characterizing Consumer Suggestion Sharing: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives

Firms can learn valuable customer knowledge by engaging with customers who share their suggestion ideas. Yet consumer suggestion sharing has been minimally studied and remains poorly distinguished from complaint behavior. This research reviews suggestion-sharing related literature, theoretically distinguishes suggestion sharing behavior from complaint behavior and offers an exploratory empirical characterization of direct-to-firm consumer suggestion sharing. The empirical findings draw on seven surveys employing three different elicitation techniques – critical incident, direct reporting, and scenario response. Results indicate that approximately 70% of consumers share suggestions with firms each year and that the majority are unsolicited and are shared face to face in services contexts, highlighting the need for companies to establish frontline service processes both to capture and communicate shared insights and to better engage with customers seeking to help them. Further, consumers conceive of more than twice as many suggestion ideas as they share, highlighting the potential for companies to garner substantially more improvement ideas and feedback, and to develop stronger customer relationships, by fostering increased sharing of suggestion ideas.
Book Review: Sam Lebovic. Free Speech and Unfree News: The Paradox of Press Freedom in America

This invited American Historical Review book review provides an analysis of the 2016 Harvard University Press book Free Speech and Unfree News: The Paradox of Press Freedom in America.
Urban Planning Academics and Twitter: Who and what?

Twitter has increasingly become a resource used by academics to share scholarship and opinions within professional networks. This paper presents a descriptive analysis of Twitter use by urban planning faculty, reporting characteristics of users, the topics posted, and indicators of Twitter influence among urban planning faculty as well as those interested in planning from outside academic circles. Approximately one-third of urban planning academics are active Twitter users, and as of yet, there have been no empirical analyses of how and why they use the social media platform. This analysis uses Twitter data from active accounts for urban planning faculty in the U.S. and Canada identified as being used for professional purposes for the period from March 2007 to April 2019. Considering how planning academics use Twitter lends insights on its usefulness for academic discussion and scholarly communications. The conclusion discusses the prospects for planning academics to better utilize Twitter to broaden and deepen their professional activities while noting particular concerns.
Pion-proton backward elastic scattering between 30 and 90 GeV/c

Backward elastic scattering of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ on protons has been measured for incident pion momenta between 30 and 90 GeV/c and $0\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{-}u\ensuremath{\le}0.5$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$. The $u$ dependence of the cross sections is similar to that observed at lower momenta, and Regge models give acceptable fits to the data.
Working with Healthcare Subject Matter Experts and Clinical Stakeholders

This chapter discusses strategies to identify and engage healthcare subject matter experts (SME) and stakeholders in projects applying simulation. Developing positive and cohesive working relationships between healthcare subject matter experts, simulation experts and other stakeholders will optimize the success of system improvement work.
The impact of electronic health record functions on patterns of depression treatment in primary care.

Background Many individuals with depression are not being linked to treatment by their primary care providers. Electronic health records (EHRs) are common in medicine, but their impact on depression treatment is mixed. Because EHRs are diverse, differences may be attributable to differences in functionality. This study examines the relationship between EHR functions, and patterns of depression treatment in primary care. Methods secondary analyses from the 2013-2016 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey examined adult primary care patients with new or acute depression (n = 5,368). Bivariate comparisons examined patterns of depression treatment by general EHR use, and logistic regression examined the impact of individual EHR functions on treatment receipt. Results Half the sample (57%; N = 3,034) was linked to depression treatment. Of this, 98.5% (n = 2,985) were prescribed antidepressants, while 4.3% (n = 130) were linked to mental health. EHR use did not impact mental health linkages, but EHR functions did affect antidepressant prescribing. Medication reconciliation decreased the odds of receiving an antidepressant (OR = .60, p Conclusions EHR systems did not impact mental health linkages but improved rates of antidepressant prescribing. Optimizing the use of contraindication warnings may be a key mechanism to encourage antidepressant treatment.
INCORPORATING ROADS AND FOOTPATHS IN WATERSHED-SCALE HYDROLOGIC AND SOIL EROSION MODELS

Hydrologic and soil erosion models, even distributed models, require some degree of generalization of land surface characteristics. Because generalization typically depends on the areal extent of parameter values, surfaces that affect geomorphic/erosional processes out of proportion to their areal extent require special consideration. Increased erosion and sediment yield on roads and trails is frequently reported, but the interactive process relationships between such highly compacted and neighboring, less compacted surfaces have received little research attention. This paper reviews watershed-scale modeling strategies and presents the results of rainfall simulation experiments conducted on paired path and non-path sites in highland Ecuador and East Tennessee. The results show rural roads and footpaths to be the most active runoff-generating components of inhabited mountain landscapes and provide preliminary quantitative and qualitative bases for incorporating the runoff and erosion-initiating effects of ...
Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and heart block

In two patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and heart block, right and left heart catheterization studies showed marked cycle-to-cycle variation in subvalvular gradient. The patient with complete heart block showed a marked decrease in gradient when atrial systole fortuitously preceded ventricular contraction by an appropriate interval. This decrease appeared to be due to augmented ventricular end-diastolic volume provided by atrial contraction. The second patient, who had second degree heart block with the Wenckebach phenomenon, demonstrated marked increases in gradient after blocked cycles in which ventricular volume appeared to be enhanced by a long diastolic filling period. Since aortic diastolic pressure (afterload) was also decreased in the latter patient, a comparison of the hemodynamics in these two unusual cases showed that decreased afterload was a more important variable affecting outflow tract gradient in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis than the augmentation of preload by atrial systole.
Mechanisms of olfactory receptor neuron specification in Drosophila

Detection of a broad range of chemosensory signals is necessary for the survival of multicellular organisms. Chemical signals are the main facilitators of foraging, escape, and social behaviors. To increase detection coverage, animal sensory systems have evolved to create a large number of neurons with highly specific functions. The olfactory system, much like the nervous system as a whole, is astonishingly diverse. The mouse olfactory system has millions of neurons with over a thousand classes, whereas the more compact Drosophila genome has approximately 80 odorant receptor genes that give rise to 50 neuronal classes and 1300 neurons in the adult.(4) Understanding how neuronal diversity is generated remains one of the central questions in developmental neurobiology. Here, we review the current knowledge on the development of the adult Drosophila olfactory system and the progress that has been made toward answering this central question.
A 3-D Level Set Method for Microwave Breast Imaging

Objective: Conventional inverse-scattering algorithms for microwave breast imaging result in moderate resolution images with blurred boundaries between tissues. Recent 2-D numerical microwave imaging studies demonstrate that the use of a level set method preserves dielectric boundaries, resulting in a more accurate, higher resolution reconstruction of the dielectric properties distribution. Previously proposed level set algorithms are computationally expensive, and thus, impractical in 3-D. In this paper, we present a computationally tractable 3-D microwave imaging algorithm based on level sets. Methods: We reduce the computational cost of the level set method using a Jacobian matrix, rather than an adjoint method, to calculate Frechet derivatives. We demonstrate the feasibility of 3-D imaging using simulated array measurements from 3-D numerical breast phantoms. We evaluate performance by comparing full 3-D reconstructions to those from a conventional microwave imaging technique. We also quantitatively assess the efficacy of our algorithm in evaluating breast density. Results: Our reconstructions of 3-D numerical breast phantoms improve upon those of a conventional microwave imaging technique. The density estimates from our level set algorithm are more accurate than those of the conventional microwave imaging, and the accuracy is greater than that reported for mammographic density estimation. Conclusion: Our level set method leads to a feasible level of computational complexity for full 3-D imaging, and reconstructs the heterogeneous dielectric properties distribution of the breast more accurately than conventional microwave imaging methods. Significance: 3-D microwave breast imaging using a level set method is a promising low-cost, nonionizing alternative to current breast imaging techniques.
A Unified Feature Registration Method for Brain Mapping

This paper describes the design, implementation and preliminary results of a unified non-rigid feature registration method for the purpose of brain anatomical structure alignment. We combine different types of features together and fuse them into a common point representation. This enables the co-registration of all features using a new non-rigid point matching algorithm. In this way, the spatial interrelationships between different features are directly utilized to improve the registration accuracy. We also conducted a carefully designed synthetic study to compare some anatomical features' ability for non-rigid brain structure alignment. This study allows us to evaluate the relative improvements in registration accuracy when different features are combined.
Molecular mobility in mixtures of absorbed water and solid poly(vinylpyrrolidone).

Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) was used as model system to examine molecular mobility in mixtures of absorbed water with solid amorphous polymers. Water vapor absorption isotherms were determined, along with diffusion and proton NMR relaxation measurements of absorbed water. Concurrently, measurements of glass transition temperatures (Tg) and carbon-13 NMR relaxation times for PVP were determined as a function of water content. Two water contents were used as reference points: Wm, obtained from the fit of water absorption isotherms to the BET equation, corresponding to the first shoulder in the sigmoid isotherm; and Wg, the amount of water necessary to depress Tg to the isotherm temperature. Translational diffusion coefficients of water, along with proton T1 relaxation time constants, show that both the translational and the rotational mobility of the water is hindered by the presence of the solid polymer and that the absorbed water is most likely represented by two or more populations of water with different modes or time scales of motion. The presence of "tightly bound” or immobilized water at levels corresponding to Wm, however, is unlikely, since water molecules maintain a high degree of mobility, even at the lowest levels of water. Above Wg, water shows an increase in mobility with increasing water content, but it is always less mobile than bulk water. With increasing water content, carbon-13 T1 relaxation time constants for PVP, measured under the same conditions as above, indicate a major increase in the molecular mobility of carbon atoms associated with the pyrrolidone side chains.
William Hamilton (1936-2000)

David Haig, Naomi Pierce, and Edward Wilson of Harvard University discuss the life of their friend and colleague, evolutionary biologist Bill Hamilton, who recently died of malaria contracted on a trip to the Congo where he was trying to discover the origin of AIDS.
Weak normality and seminormality

In this survey article we outline the history of the twin theories of weak normality and seminormality for commutative rings and algebraic varieties with an emphasis on the recent developments in these theories over the past 15 years. We develop the theories for general commutative rings, but specialize to reduced Noetherian rings when necessary. We hope to acquaint the reader with many of the consequences of the theories.
Sociodramatic Script Training and Peer Role Prompting : Two Tactics to Promote Sociodramatic Play and Peer Interaction

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sociodramatic script training, in combination with an intervention package consisting of peer role prompting, a group‐oriented reinforcement contingency, and visual feedback on sociodramatic role play. The study was implemented with nine children who formed three triads. Each triad was comprised of one target child and two socially competent peers. Immediate improvements were observed in the social play of the targets with the initiation of script training. However, with the withdrawal of script training, improvements were not maintained. Implementation of the intervention package was associated with substantially increased participation in the sociodramatic play activities. Minimal levels of trainer prompting were required. The results support the use of a peer‐mediated intervention package, in combination with sociodramatic script training, to facilitate sociodramatic play, while minimizing teacher involvement.
Colorimetric representations for use with polarization-difference imaging of objects in scattering media

Polarization-difference imaging (PDI) has been shown to yield an improvement in the qualitative and quantitative detectability of objects in scattering media. In this investigation, PDI and conventional, polarization-blind imaging are combined to yield a novel representational scheme generally suitable for detection of targets having a low degree of linear polarization and specifically suitable for detection and discrimination of weakly polarizing targets in scattering media. This representational scheme meets several general criteria for optimization of the presentation of low-signal image information to human observers and takes specific advantage of the properties of the opponent-color coding used by the human visual system.
Numerical experiments with various optimal estimators

Numerical experiments are performed to measure the relative accuracy and computational efficiency of various estimators for the parameters and state of a linear dynamic system with forcing using a finite sequence of measurements containing noise. This nonlinear estimation problem is treated by estimators based on least-squares and maximumlikelihood criteria and, for the linearized problem, two mechanizations of the Kalman-Bucy estimator are applied. A digital computer simulation of an example problem is performed, and a Monte Carlo technique is used to generate statistics of the errors in the estimates empirically. This process is carried out for a range ofa priori error statistics.
Respecifying Display Questions: Interactional Resources for Language Teaching.

Previous research into teachers' questions has focused on what types of questions are more conducive for developing students' communicative language use. In this regard, display questions, whose answers the teacher already knows, are considered less effective because they limit opportunities for students to use genuine language use (Long & Sato, 1983). Although the research into teacher questions has been refined in recent years, it is not certain how much we know about how display questions work, especially how they are produced and acted on in the course of classroom interaction by language teachers and students. This article uses a sequential analysis (Koshik, 2002; Markee, 2000; Sacks, Schegloff, & Jefferson, 1974; Schegloff, Koshik, Jacoby, & Olsher, 2002) to examine teachers' display questions. Sequential analysis considers how classroom talk is the outcome of the contingent coordination of interactional work of common understanding (Moerman & Sacks, 1971/1988). Through analysis of transcribed interaction in an English as a second language (ESL) classroom, this article argues that display questions are central resources whereby language teachers and students organize their lessons and produce language pedagogy.
RhoA regulation of NF-κB activation is mediated by COX-2-dependent feedback inhibition of IKK in kidney epithelial cells

Numerous studies have demonstrated a central role of renal tubular epithelial cells in the etiology of kidney injury and disease through the elaboration of inflammatory mediators. However, little i...
Frequency metrology by use of quantum interference

Quantum interference in the rate of two-photon excitation of the 6S1/2 → 6P3/2 → 6D5/2 transition in atomic cesium is exploited to demonstrate phase-sensitive frequency demodulation for an optical interval of 612.5 THz. By thus using atoms as ultrafast nonlinear mixing elements, we suggest and analyze a new avenue for absolute comparisons of a dense set of frequencies over the range of 200–2000 nm.
Ligand-Induced Conformational Heterogeneity of Cytochrome P450 CYP119 Identified by 2D NMR Spectroscopy with the Unnatural Amino Acid 13C-p-Methoxyphenylalanine

Conformational dynamics are thought to play an important role in ligand binding and catalysis by cytochrome P450 enzymes, but few techniques exist to examine them in molecular detail. Using a unique isotopic labeling strategy, we have site specifically inserted a 13C-labeled unnatural amino acid residue, 13C-p-methoxyphenylalanine (MeOF), into two different locations in the substrate binding region of the thermophilic cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP119. Surprisingly, in both cases the resonance signal from the ligand-free protein is represented by a doublet in the 1H,13C-HSQC spectrum. Upon binding of 4-phenylimidazole, the signals from the initial resonances are reduced in favor of a single new resonance, in the case of the F162MeOF mutant, or two new resonances, in the case of the F153MeOF mutant. This represents the first direct physical evidence for the ligand-dependent existence of multiple P450 conformers simultaneously in solution. This general approach may be used to further illuminate the role that co...