cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of proportional-sum-derivative control methodology

A newly developed proportional-sum-derivative (PSD) control methodology is introduced. The need for on-line local controllers that can be adapted to existing proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers without additional effort for re-tuning motivates this work. The PSD control methodology is founded on the basis that an increase in energy efficiency and an enhancement in thermal comfort conditions are achieved by means of decreasing both the energy input and the heating/cooling-cycle changeovers. The objectives of this article are to describe the PSD control methodology and to compare the performance of the PSD and PID controllers. For the case where the gain coefficients are equal, the comparison is made using cost indices based on the controller energy and the offset of temperature from the setpoint temperature. The results show that the energy cost for the PSD controller is 64% lower than that for the PID controller. Also, because of fewer oscillations in zone temperature, the change-over to PSD results in better comfort conditions although the steady-state zone temperature is 0.5% higher than that of PID control methodology. The study performed on tuning the PSD controller indicates that various forms of performance objectives, such as lowering energy cost or lowering comfort-penalty, can be achieved. The PSD control methodology is adaptable to PID controllers that are currently in operation and should be considered in new installations.
SU-E-I-159: Delaunay Triangulation for Angular Interpolation and Single Stage Reconstruction of EPRI

Purpose: To employ Delaunay Triangulation of projection orientations in 3D electron paramagnetic resonanceimaging (EPRI) for multidimensional angular interpolation and the duel tessellation (Voronoi diagram) for weighting coefficients enabling reconstruction by single stage inverse Radon Transform without the necessity of regridding data. Methods: Standard 3D pulsed EPR oxygen images were acquired of an OX063 phantom with projections in an approximately uniform but none rectilinear fashion. The projection orientation was mapped to a unit sphere, and the Delaunay triangulation was calculated for these points on the surface. Projections were interpolated to the incenter of each triangulation using a weighted mean of projections located at the vertices. The Voronoi diagram was then calculated, partitioning the surface of the sphere such that each projection was associated with a spherical polygon. The area of these polygons was used as a weighting coefficient for calculation of the discrete surface integral in the filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm. Results: We were able to successfully reconstructimages using angular interpolation and the FBP algorithm without decomposition of the problem into stages of 1D interpolation and line integrals. Examination of images indicates improved ability to resolve oxygen concentration of phantoms Conclusions: Direct single stage reconstruction from non rectilinear sampling is an important progression in ERPI as it avoids the filtering effects of interpolation in regridding and multistage reconstruction. Proper analysis of the angular distributions of projections will allow for unrestricted sampling choices and potential optimization. Since sampling requirements of the discrete inverse Radon transform scale rapidly with higher dimension, angular projection interpolation is an important technique for artifact avoidance that must be reproduced in the move from single to multistage reconstruction. This work will form the basis for future investigation into the reconstruction of EPRI.
Food vacuoles during heat-shock-induced transformation from the microstomal to the macrostomal cell type of Tetrahymena vorax

. The heat-shock method for induction of the macrostomal form of Tetrahymena vorax involves the transfer of cells to reduced nutrient medium and the application of a series of elevated temperature shocks followed by washing the protozoa into inorganic medium. The component of the procedure that had the greatest effect on food vacuoles was the heat shocks. At the end of the heat shocks, cells formed vacuoles at a lower rate than non-heat-shocked cells, but the size of the vacuoles formed was larger and the protozoa contained an increased number of vacuoles and total vacuolar membrane. The rate was further reduced by washing cells into nonnutrient medium. In the absence of the heat shocks, the medium had little effect on the capacity of the cells to form vacuoles although after 7.5 h in inorganic medium, the vacuoles formed were smaller and the protozoa possessed fewer vacuoles and therefore less vacuolar membrane. The amount of membrane required to form the cytopharyngeal pouch of the macrostomal cell type was equivalent to the surface area of food vacuoles present in cells prior to the onset of the heat shocks, but the number and surface area of vacuoles decline between the time of oral resorption and pouch development.
From the Margins to the Center: A Critical Examination of the Identity Constructions of Bosnian Adolescent Refugees in New York City

This article explores the role of culture and social networks as relations of difference in refugee experiences by challenging the assumptions in mainstream psychology that objectify the experiences of refugees and act as gatekeepers to their subjectivity. The deterministic bent of existing psychological theories legitimates an essentialist paradigm by failing to critically examine the various ways refugees themselves experience and negotiate cultural processes. A critical lens illuminates the discursive functioning of mainstream psychology by questioning power relations and placing a premium on individual agency. Through an exploration of the identities of adolescent refugees schooled in the United States, this article discusses refugees' conditions of consciousness in terms of how they participate in an increasingly heterogeneous world and balance their own ethnoscapes.
Polymerized Surfactant Vesicles

Irradiation of surfactant vesicles prepared from (C18H37)2 N+(CH3)C6H4-CHCH2p,CT−, 1, [C15H31CO2(CH2)2]2N+(CH3)CH2C6H4CHCH2,CL− 2, and (C18-H37)2N+(CH3)CH2CH2OCOC6H4CHCH2p,Br−, 3, by ultraviolet light or by bursts of 266 nm laser pulses have resulted in the loss of styrene absorbances. This process has been accounted for in terms of a model which considers intravesicular surface reactions to give polymers with average chainlength of 22. Degreees of photopolymerization have been determined in vesicles prepared from 3 subsequent to separating the polystryrene, formed in the photolysis, from the surfactants. Vesicle surface photopolymerizations result in aqueous cleft formation and in enhanced stabilities. Polymerized vesicles provide media for in situ generation of colloidal catalysts and semiconductors.
Diffusion of HDO in pure and acid-doped ice films.

In these experiments, a few bilayers of D2O were vapor-deposited on a pure crystalline H2O ice film or an ice film doped with a small amount of HCl. Upon deposition, H/D isotopic exchange quickly c...
Expression of human papillomavirus type 6 El, E2, L1 and L2 open reading frames in Escherichia coli

Abstract Open reading frame (ORF) fragments (putative gene fragments) from human papillomavirus type 6b (HPV-6b) were inserted into the bacterial expression vector pHK413 to provide viral antigenic determinants. Approximately 86% of the entire LI ORF, 82% of the E2 ORF, and 52% of the L2 ORF were expressed in Escherichia coli . The E1 ORF was cloned as two fragments. The constructions containing E1 n (coding for the N-terminal region) and E1 c (coding for the C-terminal region) expressed 27% and 16% of the El ORF, respectively. Protein encoded by the L1 ORF, but not that encoded by the L2 ORF, reacted with antibodies elicited by disrupted bovine papillomavirus. These reagents will be extremely useful in unravelling the HPV-6b replication cycle.
Phenomenological potential for π-p scattering in the 1 GeV region

It is shown that a nuclear potential with a repulsive core can quantitatively describe the large backward scattering observed in π−-p scattering for pion energies around 1 GeV. With an infinite repulsive core (V=∞ from 0 tor), surrounded by a complex well (V=Vr+iVi fromr toR) a phase shift calculation gives best agreement with experiment forR=1.1·10−13 cm,r/R=0.2,Vr=−60 MeV,Vi=−40 MeV.
Space—time CESE method for the convection equation

In the paper, we study the analytic convergence of the space-time conservation element and solution element method for smooth solutions of the convection equation. Stability of the method is limited by the CFL condition and a parameter,e,which controls the numerical dissipation. We show that the method converges under appropriate conditions on the mesh and on the parameter,e, by considering a one-dimensional convection equation. The main advantage of this second order scheme is that it is an explicit marching scheme that allows one to solve for both the function and its derivative at the same time with comparable accuracy.Numerical simulations are presented to verify the convergence results for both the linear convection equation and a non-linear conservation law.
Unusual Variation in the Life Cycle of the Male of Aenoplex Carpocapsae Cush., Codling Moth Parasite

Studies of Aenoplex carpocapsae Cush., a parasite of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella Linne, conducted in Illinois during 1931, showed that there existed marked differences in the lengths of life cycles, for different individuals, according to their parentage. The adult parasites were taken from untreated corrugated paper codling moth bands on apple trees in Calhoun County. As only a few males were found at that time the females were unfertilized. These unfertilized females actively parasitized the full grown spinning codling moth larvae given them and the male progeny produced had strikingly different life cycles.
Celebrating 100 years of the Bulletin of the Medical Library Association and Journal of the Medical Library Association: a selection from each decade.

Let me be honest. From the moment I accepted Susan Starr's offer to curate a special supplement to celebrate 100 years of the Bulletin of the Medical Library Association (BMLA)/Journal of the Medical Library Association (JMLA), I knew I was going to include the Doe lecture by Nina W. Matheson, AHIP, FMLA [1]. I remember standing in the back of the ballroom listening and knowing that it was changing my life.
Re‐Focusing the Business School Agenda

This commentary agrees with Starkey and Madan (2001) that business schools must incorporate Mode 2 production methods if they are to be significant knowledge producers in the future. We reinforce their specific suggestions about how that might be accomplished by focusing on learning from early Mode 2 attempts, promoting practitioner research, seeking business co-sponsorship and sheltering some Mode 1 practices and values, including longitudinal reflective research and information storage. We also argue, however, that business schools must go beyond such tasks, difficult and expensive though they are. The way business and business schools currently operate, and are being encouraged to operate, does not address the broader issues of human relevance that concern James March (1998) and others. The gap here is a risk for business and society, and appears to require new, Mode 3, methods of knowledge production.
Construction, validation, and evaluation of a diagnostic test of listening effectiveness∗

(1956). Construction, validation, and evaluation of a diagnostic test of listening effectiveness. Speech Monographs: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 9-13.
The geometry and cohomology of the Mathieu group M12

It is usually very complex to calculate the cohomology of a finite group G. To date the most significant results have been on the symmetric and alternating groups ([N], [M– M], [Ma], [Mu], [A–M–M]); the general linear groups over a finite field [Q1]; and the extra–special p–groups [Q2]. In the list above only the alternating groups and the GLn(F2) are simple. Indeed, among the simple groups only a very few, aside from those above have been understood. It is probable that away from the characteristic, p, H(PSLn(Fpn );Z/q) is available, but even this is not obvious, especially for q = 2. And certainly we currently have no information on most of the families of groups of Lie type, for example, G2(Fq ), E6(Fq ), E7(Fq ), E8(Fq ), or any of the sporadic groups but M11 and J1. About 15 years ago Quillen introduced very powerful techniques that allowed for a much deeper understanding of group cohomology. However, it is also apparent that successful calculations over Z/p have only occurred when the group has a well–behaved lattice of p–elementary abelian subgroups. Formidable combinatorial problems arise in the general situation, as well as necessarily complicated multiplicative relations. For example, the general calculation of H(GLn(Fp);Z/p) remains quite inaccessible, and there has been only marginal progress since Quillen’s landmark results.
The history of neurosurgical treatment of sports concussion.

: Concussion has a long and interesting history spanning at least the 5 millennia of written medical record and closely mirrors the development of surgery and neurosurgery. Not surprisingly, much of the past and present experimental head injury and concussion work has been performed within neurosurgically driven laboratories or by several surgically oriented neurologists. This historical review chronicles the key aspects of neurosurgical involvement in sports concussion as related to the diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, and prevention of injury using the example of American football. In addition, we briefly trace the developments that led to our current understanding of the biomechanical and neurophysiological basis of concussion. ABBREVIATIONS:: AFCA, American Football Coaches AssociationCTE, chronic traumatic encephalopathyEEG, electroencephalographyLOC, loss of consciousnessRTP, return to play. Language: en
New schemes for the electron-capture sensitization of aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract In recent years it has been shown that the response characteristics of an electron-capture detector can be altered dramatically by the intentional addition of either oxygen or nitrous oxide to the carrier gas. These dopants produce negative ions whose reactions with molecules can cause enhanced responses. In these instances the dopant gas serves as a “catalyst” for electron capture (EC) by the sample molecule. A new EC detection scheme is described in which the roles of the dopant and the sample molecule are reversed in that the sample molecule serves as the catalyst for EC by a normally inactive dopant molecule. Specifically, it is shown that by doping the carrier gas with ehtyl chloride, a very sensitive EC response to anthracene and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAH s) with EC detection, in general, is the detrimental effect on the response caused by positive ion—molecule reactions. The means for its control and elimination is also described. These improvements are significant, because the normal EC response to anthracene and other PAH s is weak and non-linear at the detector temperature required for general chromatographic analysis.
The clinical importance of electrocardiographic changes during pharmacologic stress testing with radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging

Radionuclide MPI has become a reliable tool for the detection and surveillance of suspected or known CAD, regardless of whether it is used in combination with exercise or pharmacologic stress agents. The presence of an abnormal electrocardiogram, especially during a pharmacologic stress test, may indicate an elevated risk of multivessel CAD and higher annualized cardiac event rates. Therefore the presence of ischemic ECG changes should prompt further evaluation, even in the presence of normal MPI.
Effect of shear stress and substrate on endothelial DAPK expression, caspase activity, and apoptosis

Background In the vasculature, misdirected apoptosis in endothelial cells leads to pathological conditions such as inflammation. Along with biochemical and molecular signals, the hemodynamic forces that the cells experience are also important regulators of endothelial functions such as proliferation and apoptosis. Laminar shear stress inhibits apoptosis induced by serum depletion, oxidative stress, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Death associated protein kinase (DAPK) is a positive regulator of TNFα induced apoptotic pathway. Here we investigate the effect of shear stress on DAPK in endothelial cells on glass or silicone membrane substrate. We have already shown a link between shear stress and DAPK expression and apoptosis in cells on glass. Here we transition our study to endothelial cells on non-glass substrates, such as flexible silicone membrane used for cyclic strain studies.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)-induced stimulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in adult male rhesus monkeys: examination of the role of CCK in nutritional regulation of LH secretion.

Studies were performed with the overall goal of testing the hypothesis that cholecystokinin (CCK), a peptide hormone released from the gastrointestinal tract in response to meal consumption, provides a metabolic signal which modulates LH secretion in response to changes in the body's nutritional intake. In an initial study to document the effects of CCK on LH secretion in adult male rhesus monkeys, sulfated CCK-8 (7 and 15 micrograms/kg) was administered to six monkeys, and blood samples were collected from indwelling venous catheters. The 15-micrograms/kg dose of CCK elicited a rapid release of LH, with peak LH levels of 31.29 +/- 7.19 ng/ml occurring within 5-15 min. To determine the CCK receptor type mediating the effect of CCK on LH secretion, specific CCK type-A (L-364,718) and type-B (L-365,260) receptor antagonists (1 mg/kg) were administered to five monkeys 15 min before CCK administration. The CCK-A antagonist completely blocked LH secretion in response to CCK, whereas the CCK-B antagonist had no...
International Hydrometry Symposium Koblenz, Germany September 13”19, 1970

Nearly six hundred scientists and engineers from more than fifty nations attended the International Symposium on Hydrometry in the beautiful West German city of Koblenz. Organized within the framework of the International Hydrological Decade, the symposium was sponsored jointly by Unesco, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the International Association of Scientific Hydrology (IASH), and the National Committee for the IHD of the Federal Republic of Germany. The purpose of the symposium was to focus attention on modern developments in surface-water measurements.
Synthesis and characterization of low valent vanadium thiolate complexes

Abstract The reaction of the bulky lithium terphenyl thiolate LiSAr′ ( Ar ′ = C 6 H 3 - 2 , 6 - ( C 6 H 3 - 2 , 6 -Pr 2 i ) 2 ) with VI 2 (THF) 2 in THF resulted in the formation of two new V(II) and V(III) thiolate complexes. The addition of one equivalent of LiSAr′ to VI 2 (THF) 4 led to the isolation of the dimeric V(II) species {V(μ-SAr′)I} 2 ( 2 ); a rare example of a structurally characterized V(II) thiolate. The thiolate ligands bridge the two vanadium centers, which are also bonded to a terminal iodide. In addition, there is an η 6 -interaction between a flanking aryl ring from a terphenyl substituent with each metal. The attempted preparation of the vanadium dithiolate V(SAr′) 2 by reaction of VI 2 (THF) 2 with two equivalents of LiSAr′ led to disproportionation which resulted in the isolation of the V(III) product V(SAr′) 2 I ( 3 ) in which the vanadium center is coordinated by two sulfurs, an iodine, and a weaker interaction to a flanking aryl ring of the terphenyl group.
A comparison of 2 methods of vaginal cuff closure during robotic hysterectomy

Abstract Objective To compare 2 methods of vaginal cuff closure with regard to safety, ease of use, and postoperative outcome. Methods All patients undergoing robotic-assisted total hysterectomy by a gynecologic oncologist from July 1, 2010, to July 1, 2011, at Northwestern Memorial Prentice Women's Hospital were included in a retrospective analysis. Providers used either 2–0 monofilament synthetic absorbable suture to close the vaginal cuff in a running fashion, secured with an absorbable suture clip at the angles and then knotted in the middle, or 2–0 absorbable unidirectional barbed suture with a welded-loop closure in a running fashion. Results A total of 134 patients underwent robotic-assisted total hysterectomy. The 2–0 tied monofilament closure was used in 58 patients, and the 2–0 barbed knotless closure was used in 76 patients. There were no instances of vaginal cuff dehiscence or vaginal cuff cellulitis. Rates of vaginal spotting and bleeding were comparable between the groups (12.0% spotting in the monofilament suture group vs 13.0% spotting in the barbed suture group). All vaginal cuff bleeding resolved on its own without significant intervention. Conclusion The use of either a 2–0 welded-loop unidirectional barbed suture or a 2–0 monofilament absorbable suture to close the vaginal cuff is safe and well tolerated.
Regional brain cooling induced by vascular saline infusion into ischemic territory reduces brain inflammation in stroke

The neuroprotective effect of hypothermia has long been recognized. Use of hypothermia for stroke therapy, which is currently being induced by whole body surface cooling, has been largely limited because of management problems and severe side effects (i.e., pneumonia). Our recent studies have demonstrated the significant therapeutic value of local brain cooling in the ischemic territory prior to reperfusion in stroke. The goal of this study was to determine if cerebral local cooling infusion could reduce stroke-mediated brain injury by inhibiting inflammatory responses. A hollow filament was used to block the middle cerebral artery (MCA) for 3 hours, and then to locally infuse the ischemic territory with 6 ml cold saline (20 degrees C) for 10 min prior to 48-h reperfusion. This cold saline infusion significantly ( P<0.01) reduced temperature of the MCA supplied territory (in cerebral cortex from 37.2+/-0.1 degrees C to 33.4+/-0.4 degrees C, in striatum from 37.5+/-0.2 degrees C to 33.9+/-0.4 degrees C), with the hypothermia remaining for at least 45 min after reperfusion. Consequently, significant ( P<0.01) reductions in endothelial expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), the key step for inflammatory progress, as well as leukocyte infiltration, were evident in both cortex and striatum after reperfusion. As a control, ischemic rats received the same amount of cold saline systemically through a femoral artery. A mild hypothermia was induced in the cerebral cortex (35.3+/-0.2 degrees C) but not in the striatum (36.8+/-0.2 degrees C). The reduced cortical temperature returned to normal within 5 min. Brain temperature in ischemic rats perfused locally with saline at 37 degrees C remained normal. Intensive expression of ICAM-1 and accumulation of leukocytes was observed in ischemic control groups without brain cooling infusion. In conclusion, brain hypothermia induced by local pre-reperfusion infusion ameliorated brain inflammation from stroke.
Self-Healing Polymer Coatings

These images present the dramatic reduction in corrosion of a steel plate coated with a self-healing coating (right) as compared to a conventional coating. Both samples were scratched and placed in 5% NaCl for 5 days. The background is an optical image (2x magniﬁ cation), in the foreground is an SEM image of the scratch. In the self-healing sample, the scratch has almost completely self-healed, while in the control sample, the scratch remains all the way down to the substrate, as reported by Paul Braun and co-workers on p.645.
By design: James Clerk Maxwell and the evangelical unification of science.

James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory famously unified many of the Victorian laws of physics. This essay argues that Maxwell saw a deep theological significance in the unification of physical laws. He postulated a variation on the design argument that focused on the unity of phenomena rather than Paley's emphasis on complexity. This argument of Maxwell's is shown to be connected to his particular evangelical religious views. His evangelical perspective provided encouragement for him to pursue a unified physics that supplemented his other philosophical, technical and social influences. Maxwell's version of the argument from design is also contrasted with modern ‘intelligent-design’ theory.
Real-Time Monitoring of GaAs(100) Etching by Surface Photoabsorption

Surface photoabsorption (SPA) has been applied to monitor, in real time, the surface of GaAs(100) during chemical dry etching by a molecular beam of HCl. Changes in the HCl flux to the surface at a constant temperature (840 K) have been used to induce changes in the Ga:As ratio on the surface. These changes in surface stoichiometry have been detected in situ via SPA measurements of the transient fractional change in the reflectance of p-polarized, 488 nm light that is incident onto the surface near the pseudo-Brewster angle. On the basis of results from prior applications of SPA to the study the atomic layer deposition of GaAs, the changes in the SPA signal as a function of the etching parameters can be correlated with changes in the relative surface densities of Ga and As. The findings are confirmed by independent determinations of the changes in surface stoichiometry made by measuring the time-integrated difference in the fluxes of Ga- and As-containing etching products evolved from the surface as a function of the HCl flux.
Identification of local interaction models with imperfect location data

This paper considers the problem of estimating a local interaction model defined at the level of individual agents, in the absence of perfect information about agent locations in the relevant socio-economic space. We consider two types of data limitations: one in which individual locations are measured with error, the other in which location information is correct but only up to some spatial region (e.g., census tracts or zip codes). Our results indicate that the model parameters are not identified almost surely in the former situation, whereas identification is preserved in the latter. We also suggest a potential estimation strategy that can yield useful information about the likely range of parameters even when point identification fails. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ground-based remote sensing and profiling of the lower atmosphere using radio wavelengths

From an all-weather point of view, radio waves appear to be most suitable for the remote sensing of winds, temperature, water vapor, and liquid of the troposphere. Some background is given on the measured data, and the physical principles involved are discussed.
Application of oral bioavailability surrogates in the design of orally active inhibitors of rhinovirus replication.

Abstract Previous studies in rats and humans demonstrated poor oral bioavailability of potent in vitro 2‐aminobenzimidazole inhibitors of rhinovirus replication due to significant first‐pass elimination and possibly also to poor aqueous solubility. Estimations of aqueous solubility, as well as measurements of caco‐2 permeability and NADPH dependent compound loss in rat liver microsomal incubations were employed alongside traditional in vivo experiments in rats to guide subsequent chemistry efforts. Retention of activity upon replacement of the metabolically labile vinyl oxime in the lead molecule with a vinyl carboxamide was a major breakthrough; however, oral bioavail‐ability among the latter compounds was variable. Based on the ability to independently measure solubility, permeability, and metabolic stability of new compounds, variable solubility across the series (ranging from approximately 1 to 10 µg/mL) was identified as the cause of the inconsistent performance. Subsequent efforts to improve solubility led to the discovery of highly soluble (>10 mg/mL) and potent dessulfonyl vinyl carboxamide benzimidazoles. Determination of the metabolic stability of these compounds as a surrogate of the extent of their first‐pass elimination supported a prediction of excellent oral bioavail‐ability. In comparison to the sulfonyl‐containing vinyl carboxamides, caco‐2 permeabilities were reduced 5 to 10‐fold; however, these were considered to be in the range of well‐absorbed compounds based on comparison to a series of reference compounds of known percentage absorption in humans. Subsequent experiments in the rat verified the oral bioavailability of these N‐alkyl compounds, with one compound (368177) having an absolute oral bioavailability of 89.4%. The application of solubility and caco‐2 permeability as surrogates for oral absorption potential, in conjunction with the use of microsomal incubations as a surrogate for first‐pass metabolism, was shown to augment a rational chemistry approach to discover orally bioavailable inhibitors of rhinovirus replication. Future expanded use of these surrogates is planned.
Poly(aryl ether phenylquinoxalines) via anionic ring opening polymerization of macrocycles

A cyclic poly(aryl ether phenylquinoxaline) was prepared via the self-polymerization of 1 in an N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solution containing base using a pseudo-high dilution polymerization condition. The macrocycle formation of I was carried out in the presence of potassium carbonate in a NMP/toluene solvent mixture at a solids content of 1%. The water generated by phenoxide formation was removed as an azeotrope with toluene 170 °C. A concentrated solution of the macrocycle was added to the reaction mixture over an 8 hour period. The reaction was allowed to proceed for an additional 24h to ensure quantitative reaction. A number of characterization techniques were used to study the cyclization of I including GPC, HPLC, H NMR and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectroscopy. The MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of the cyclization of 1 clearly showed that a mixture of macrocycles is obtained, with the expected distribution of molecular weights. Facile ring opening polymerization of the cyclic poly(aryl ether phenylquinoxaline) oligomers was accomplished with a nucleophilic initiator. High polymer was obtained for each polymerization temperature (n =0.4-0.5 dl/g in NMP), however, prolonged reaction time resulted in significant gel formation. The Tg's were high and commensurate with the high molecular weight linear analog (250 °C).
The Attitudes of Business Majors in Australia and the United States toward the Teaching of Business Ethics.

Abstract In this study, over 1,400 university students in the United States and Australia completed a questionnaire adapted from one used by Professor John Milton-Smith (1992) in his Australian Business Ethics Project. Study results show that (a) students in the United States and Australia place importance on business ethics education, (b) students from both countries who have taken a business ethics course found the experience to be valuable, (c) students view ethical behavior as leading to positive outcomes for the corporation, and (d) measures are underway in both countries to enhance learning in the area of business ethics.
A pharmacokinetic evaluation of oral edivoxetine hydrochloride for the treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.

Introduction: The majority of available therapeutics to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are formulations of either methylphenidate or amphetamine. However, psychostimulants may not be suitable options for many patients. The availability of novel pharmacological agents to treat ADHD is highly desirable. Edivoxetine hydrochloride (LY2216684) is a highly selective and potent norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor under clinical development for ADHD. Areas covered: This paper provides an overview of what is presently known of the pharmacokinetics (PK) of edivoxetine based on available studies in healthy volunteers, in subjects with compromised renal and hepatic functioning and in children and adolescents. Expert opinion: Available data suggest edivoxetine is safe and well tolerated. Edivoxetine is readily absorbed with metabolism proceeding through the CYP hepatic enzyme pathway, with CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 playing the most prominent roles. The tmax is ∼ 2 h post-dose, and the plasma t1/2 is ∼ 4 –...
Ferroelectric behavior of pulsed laser deposited Ba x Sr 1− x TiO 3 thin films

Ba0.75Sr0.25TiO3 thin films have been deposited on single-crystal MgO substrates by pulsed laser deposition with the objective of forming ferroelectric films with a low Curie temperature. The films have been characterized by capacitance measurements and by transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (random and channeled). Films deposited with the substrate at 500 °C are polycrystalline, while those deposited at 650 °C are highly aligned and possibly epitaxial. The films are transparent in the visible region with an optical absorption edge at about 300 nm. Capacitance measurements on the polycrystalline films reveal a Curie transition at 283 K. The lowering of Curie temperature from the corresponding bulk sample is attributed to the films being under compression, as verified by Raman spectroscopy.
Incoherent non-Fermi-liquid scattering in a Kondo lattice

One of the most notorious non-Fermi-liquid properties of both archetypal heavy-fermion systems1,2,3,4 and the high-Tc copper oxide superconductors5 is an electrical resistivity that evolves linearly (rather than quadratically) with temperature, T. In the heavy-fermion superconductor CeCoIn5 (ref. 6), this linear behaviour was one of the first indications of the presence of a zero-temperature instability, or quantum critical point. Here, we report the observation of a unique control parameter of T-linear scattering in CeCoIn5, found through systematic chemical substitutions of both magnetic and non-magnetic rare-earth, R, ions into the Ce sublattice. We find that the evolution of inelastic scattering in Ce1−xRxCoIn5 is strongly dependent on the f-electron configuration of the R ion, whereas two other key properties—Cooper-pair breaking and Kondo-lattice coherence—are not. Thus, T-linear resistivity in CeCoIn5 is intimately related to the nature of incoherent scattering centres in the Kondo lattice, which provides insight into the anomalous scattering rate synonymous with quantum criticality7.
Rapid Thermal Annealing on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Films and Solar Cells

Rapid thermal annealing (RTA), with fast ramp up and down rates, was performed on several Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) films and solar cells under various peak annealing temperatures and holding times. The XRD, SEM, Hall- effect, photo J-V, and quantum efficiency (Q-E) measurements were made on CIGS films and cells before and after RTA treatments to study the effects of RTA on the CIGS film properties and cell performance. The results show that RTA treatments under optimal annealing condition can provide significant improvements in the electrical properties (resistivity, carrier concentration, and mobility) of CIGS films and cell performance while preserving the film composition and microstructure morphology.
A practical approach to ballistic deficit correction

A method of ballistic deficit correction is presented which relies on the relative amplitudes of the unipolar quasi-Gaussian signal and its bipolar first-derivative. This ballistic deficit correction scheme was evaluated using both small (20%) and large (110%) volume p-type closed-end coaxial detectors in conjunction with a signal processor having a 2 mu s peaking time. The dramatic improvements in the spectral energy resolution and peak shape, along with the simplicity of the correction circuit, make this the method of choice for ballistic deficit correction. System throughput can be increased by a factor of ten without a significant penalty in the ultimate resolution of the detection system. >
Possible Lansoprazole-Induced Eosinophilic Syndrome

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of myalgia with eosinophilia related to lansoprazole administration.CASE SUMMARY:A 50-year-old white woman developed severe myalgia 1 week after starting lansoprazole. During the treatment course, the patient was also found to have eosinophilia. The myalgia and eosinophilia resolved 40 days after lansoprazole was stopped and 18 days after prednisone therapy was begun. The patient was not rechallenged with lansoprazole.DISCUSSION:To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of lansoprazole-induced eosinophilic syndrome. Clinically, it is difficult to distinguish between eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome and eosinophilic fasciitis, which are probably part of a continuum of eosinophilic disorders. This patient presented with symptoms of both syndromes. Although other causes cannot be completely ruled out, the time course strongly suggests that lansoprazole was the causative agent.CONCLUSIONS:It is important to consider medications when diagnosing patients with hypereosinophilia an...
Reduced root cortical cell file number improves drought tolerance in maize

We tested the hypothesis that reduced root cortical cell file number (CCFN) would improve drought tolerance in maize (Zea mays) by reducing the metabolic costs of soil exploration. Maize genotypes with contrasting CCFN were grown under well-watered and water-stressed conditions in greenhouse mesocosms and in the field in the United States and Malawi. CCFN ranged from six to 19 among maize genotypes. In mesocosms, reduced CCFN was correlated with 57% reduction of root respiration per unit of root length. Under water stress in the mesocosms, genotypes with reduced CCFN had between 15% and 60% deeper rooting, 78% greater stomatal conductance, 36% greater leaf CO2 assimilation, and between 52% to 139% greater shoot biomass than genotypes with many cell files. Under water stress in the field, genotypes with reduced CCFN had between 33% and 40% deeper rooting, 28% lighter stem water oxygen isotope enrichment (δ18O) signature signifying deeper water capture, between 10% and 35% greater leaf relative water content, between 35% and 70% greater shoot biomass at flowering, and between 33% and 114% greater yield than genotypes with many cell files. These results support the hypothesis that reduced CCFN improves drought tolerance by reducing the metabolic costs of soil exploration, enabling deeper soil exploration, greater water acquisition, and improved growth and yield under water stress. The large genetic variation for CCFN in maize germplasm suggests that CCFN merits attention as a breeding target to improve the drought tolerance of maize and possibly other cereal crops.
N‐(tert‐Butoxycarbonyl)pyrrole

[5176-27-2] C9H13NO2 (MW 167.21) InChI = 1S/C9H13NO2/c1-9(2,3)12-8(11)10-6-4-5-7-10/h4-7H,1-3H3 InChIKey = IZPYBIJFRFWRPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (used as a synthetic equivalent of pyrrole; the tert-butoxycarbonyl group can be cleaved under acidic or basic conditions1) Physical Data: bp 98–99 °C/19 mmHg. Solubility: freely sol common organic solvents. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR. Preparative Method: see Reese and Dhanak.1 Purification: distillation under reduced pressure.
Selection for Chromosome Architecture in Bacteria

Bacterial chromosomes are immense polymers whose faithful replication and segregation are crucial to cell survival. The ability of proteins such as FtsK to move unidirectionally toward the replication terminus, and direct DNA translocation into the appropriate daughter cell during cell division, requires that bacterial genomes maintain an architecture for the orderly replication and segregation of chromosomes. We suggest that proteins that locate the replication terminus exploit strand-biased sequences that are overrepresented on one DNA strand, and that selection increases with decreased distance to the replication terminus. We report a generalized method for detecting these architecture imparting sequences (AIMS) and have identified AIMS in nearly all bacterial genomes. Their increased abundance on leading strands and decreased abundance on lagging strands toward replication termini are not the result of changes in mutational bias; rather, they reflect a gradient of long-term positive selection for AIMS. The maintenance of the pattern of AIMS across the genomes of related bacteria independent of their positions within individual genes suggests a well-conserved role in genome biology. The stable gradient of AIMS abundance from replication origin to terminus suggests that the replicore acts as a target of selection, where selection for chromosome architecture results in the maintenance of gene order and in the lack of high-frequency DNA inversion within replicores.
Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone in mice following single dose oral administration

5,7-Dimethoxyflavone (5,7-DMF) is a major active constituent of many herbal plants, such as Kaempferia paviflora, Piper caninum, and Leptospermum scoparium. 5,7-DMF has demonstrated many beneficial pharmacological effects in vitro, including anti-infammatory, anti-oxidant, cardioprotection effects, as well as chemopreventive and chemosensitizing properties. In contrast to the extensive in vitro investigations, the information of the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of 5,7-DMF in vivo is very limited. In this study we investigated the PK and tissue distribution of 5,7-DMF in mice following single oral dose of 10mg/kg 5,7-DMF. Mouse plasma, heart, lung, liver, kidney, intestine, brain, spleen, muscle and fat tissues were collected and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Maximal 5,7-DMF concentrations in plasma and tissues were reached within 30min. The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 1870±1190ng/mL, and area under the curve (AUCt) was 532±165hng/mL and terminal half-life was 3.40±2.80h. The volume of distribution was 90.1±62.0L/kg. Clearance was 20.2±7.5L/h/kg. Except for muscle and adipose, other tissues had higher Cmax than plasma, ranging from 1.75- to 9.96-fold. After oral administration, 5,7-DMF was most abundant in gut, followed by liver, kidney, brain, spleen, heart, lung, adipose and muscle. The partition coefficient (Kp) of these tissues were 0.65 to 12.9. In conclusion, we reported for the first time the PK and tissue distribution of 5,7-DMF in mice. These results will be critical in evaluating if those beneficial in vitro effects can be translated in vivo.
Ketamine for Analgosedation in the Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review.

Objective:To evaluate the evidence for the use of intravenous ketamine for analgosedation in the intensive care unit.Methods:MEDLINE and EMBASE were queried from inception until July 2015. Search t...
Risky Tests of Etiological Models in Psychopathology Research: The Need for Meta-Methodology

Progress in elucidating the causes of mental illness has been frustratingly slow (Insel, 2009). Hence, we welcomed Vaidyanathan, Vrieze, and Iacono's (this issue) provocative and well-reasoned essa...
The Late Embrace of Urban Water Service Privatization in India: A Political Economy Explanation

Political and economic reforms in India have made private sector participation (PSP) in urban water delivery a viable strategy for state and city policy, against the expectations of many scholars. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the development of temporal, geographic and stakeholder variation in urban water PSP within India. Basic regression models are used to explore state-level determinants of PSP as well as variation in city-level contract features. Findings emphasize the role of political party ideology in implementation, the decreasing cost and length of initiatives, and the prospects for future sector private participation in India.
Condition Prediction for Cured-in-Place Pipe Rehabilitation of Sewer Mains

AbstractAuthorities in Quebec, Canada, have been making considerable efforts to improve sewer networks across the province by using up-to-date technologies. To rehabilitate its sewer mains, Quebec has used several rehabilitation methods including slip lining, cement and epoxy lining, and cured-in-place pipe (CIPP).These replacement and rehabilitation techniques have been developed over the last four decades, with many arbitrary declarations made about the efficiency and performance of different rehabilitation techniques. This paper presents condition prediction models for CIPP rehabilitation of sewer mains. Regression analysis technique is used to develop these models, based on gathered and analyzed closed-circuit television (CCTV) inspection reports for Quebec CIPP rehabilitations. The models can predict the structural and operational conditions of CIPP rehabilitation on the basis of basic input such as pipe material, and rehabilitation type and date. They can also generate curves illustrating condition ...
Canonical Forms for Compatible BiHamiltonian Systems

In this note, I will review recent results on the canonical forms for compatible biHamiltonian systems of complex-analytic ordinary differential equations based on Turiel’s classification, [8], of compatible non-degenerate Hamiltonian pairs. The resulting explicit forms for general biHamiltonian systems in canonical coordinates lead to a complete analysis of their integrability. More details of these results can be found in the author’s paper [6].
A case study of GOES-15 imager bias characterization with a numerical weather prediction model

The infrared imager onboard the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 15 (GOES-15) provides temporally continuous observations over a limited spatial domain. To quantify bias of the GOES-15 imager, observations from four infrared channels (2, 3, 4, and 6) are compared with simulations from the numerical weather prediction model and radiative transfer model. One-day clear-sky infrared observations from the GOES-15 imager over an oceanic domain during nighttime are selected. Two datasets, Global Forecast System (GFS) analysis and ERAInterim reanalysis, are used as inputs to the radiative transfer model. The results show that magnitudes of biases for the GOES-15 surface channels are approximately 1 K using two datasets, whereas the magnitude of bias for the GOES-15 water vapor channel can reach 5.5 K using the GFS dataset and 2.5 K using the ERA dataset. The GOES- 15 surface channels show positive dependencies on scene temperature, whereas the water vapor channel has a weak dependence on scene temperature. The strong dependence of bias on sensor zenith angle for the GOES-15 water vapor channel using GFS analysis implies large biases might exist in GFS water vapor profiles.
Observation of Nanoparticle-Enhanced Marangoni Transport near a Freezing Out Front

We report observation of an unusual nanoparticle (NP)-enhanced Marangoni flow near the melting point of a dodecanethiol ligated Au NP–octadecane solution. A thermal gradient (0.74 °C/cm) is applied to a thin film of this NP–octadecane mixture in an open Teflon trough parallel to the liquid–vapor surface. Half the mixture is frozen, and the other half is liquid. Over a period of many hours, thermal and solutal Marangoni flow transports the liquid in the direction of the solidified mixture where a “mountain” of this material builds up over time at the liquid–solid boundary due to the presence of this liquid flow. Small quantities of NPs in the bulk solution (NP volume fractions of ∼10–5) enhance this Marangoni flow by upward of factors of 4 relative to pure octadecane. We believe that this effect is due to the freezing out of NPs (relative to the liquid octadecane) within a thin liquid film that flows over the solidified NP–octadecane mixture; this freezing out of NPs within the thin film creates a large NP...
Teflon® and Cornstarch-Coated Paper as Substrates for Oviposition by Cabbage Looper Moths

Research and rearing programs have often been hampered by lack of a simple technique of removing insect eggs from the substrates used for oviposition. Chemical agents such as sodium hypochlorite have been used to dislodge eggs by partially dissolving the chorion, but eggs treated in this manner desiccate and must be incubated at a high relative humidity (Henneberry and Kishaba 1966).