cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic and Strategic Aspects of Knowledge Retrieval

An experiment was performed in which subjects retrieved members of natural categories. Subjects used a variety of retrieval cues in this task, making knowledge retrieval a two-tiered process: First, contexts were generated in which category members are likely to be found, and second, these were used as retrieval cues to produce the category members themselves. These retrieval cues were primarily episodic rather than abstract-semantic. Similarly, in a script-generation task, subjects tended to generate scripts from personal experiences rather than through the retrieval of an abstract scheme or script. A loosely interassociated memory network is suggested by these results. A model of memory retrieval developed to account for the data of list-learning experiments by Raaijmakers and Shiffrin was shown to be able to account for the automatic component of knowledge retrieval but requires a more complex control structure before it can successfully simulate the retrieval strategies used by the subjects in these experiments.
Polymeric microfluidic device for separation of small molecules

We have used an embossed plastic microfluidic system for the electrophoretic separation of relatively small molecules followed by electro spray ionization of the analytes. Th separation of dyes has been also visualized in microfluidic systems. A lithographically produced silicon master was used to emboss channels in ZEONOR 1020R plastic. An oxygen plasma was used to convert the plastic channel surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic characteristics for the separation of molecules in aqueous solution.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of L-glucose on sodium reabsorption in the isolated perfused rat kidney

Abstract In the isolated perfused rat kidney, sodium reabsorption is enhanced in the presence of 5.5 mM D-glucose. However, it is unclear whether this effect is metabolic or whether it is due to a requirement for sodium transport in the process of glucose reabsorption. A third possibility is solvent drag. In an attempt to differentiate between these possibilities, kidneys were perfused with the D-glucose isomer, L-glucose (L-G), a nonmetabolizable hexose. At a perfusate concentration of 5.5 mM L-G, per cent L-G reabsorption was approximately 30. Inhibition of L-G reabsorption by D-glucose suggests carrier-mediated transport. In the presence of 5.5 mM L-G, sodium reabsorption approximated 92% during the course of perfusion. When L-G was omitted from perfusate, sodium reabsorption ultimately declined to 85%. Since significant metabolism of L-G was not observed, the results are compatible with the hypothesis that enhanced sodium reabsorption may be brought about by some still to be defined aspect of glucose transport.
Variability of steroid receptors in multiple biopsies of breast cancer: effect of systemic therapy.

Estrogen receptor (ER) was measured on two or more specimens taken from each of 53 patients with carcinoma of the breast (18 also had progesterone receptor analyzed). Among the 35 patients who had no interval therapy, 27 patients had repeated tests within one month, and only two had reversal of ER results. Among the eight patients who had ER tests 9–36 months apart, four of five ER + lesions (7 + fmol/mg cytosol protein) had ER − metastasis. Among the 18 patients who received systemic therapy, three of ten ER + became ER −, while two of ten ER − became ER +. Our data and reports in the literature are summarized, showing that about 20% of receptor studies among multiple samples are different even when patients received no interval therapy. In asynchronous studies, it is more likely to have ER positive change to negative than vice versa (31% vs 12%). Interval chemotherapy or endocrine therapy tends to increase the occurrence of ER negative relapse among patients with ER positive tumors.
A peel of onion

Onion routing was invented more than fifteen years ago to separate identification from routing in network communication. Since that time there has been much design, analysis, and deployment of onion routing systems. This has been accompanied by much confusion about what these systems do, what security they provide, how they work, who built them, and even what they are called. Here I give an overview of onion routing from its earliest conception to some of the latest research, including the design and use of Tor, a global onion routing network with about a half million users on any given day.
Where will all the threads come from

Today, multicore microprocessors are at the heart of systems ranging from laptops to supercomputers. The shift to multicore architectures has transformed the problem of improving program performance from a micro-architecture problem to a software problem, shifting the focus from instruction-level parallelism to thread-level parallelism. As the density of transistors on chips increases, technology roadmaps call for increasing the number of cores. A key challenge facing the community is how we will keep increasing numbers of cores busy with productive work. Of great interest are answers to the question, "Where will all the threads come from"This panel will explore several dimensions of the problem of developing applications that effectively use extensive thread-level parallelism. First, we will hear about an initiative that aims to exploit the growing number of cores by increasing the sophistication of applications that run on the desktop. Next, we will hear about experiences mapping applications to systems with large-scale multithreading using programming models that rely on implicit and/or explicit parallelism. Finally, we will hear about past and present work on languages and compiler technology for mapping programs onto parallel systems. An aim of the panel is to identify promising directions for the future and potential stumbling blocks.The panelists have a broad range of experience with parallel applications, programming models and languages, and compiler technology for mapping languages to parallel architectures.
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Observations of an X-Ray Bright Region in the Vela Supernova Remnant

We present the results of a Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer observation of an X-ray-selected knot in the Vela supernova remnant. Spectra were obtained through the 30'' × 30'' low-resolution aperture and the 4'' × 20'' medium-resolution aperture. O VI λλ1032, 1038 and C III λ977 are detected strongly in both spectra, and S VI λλ933, 944 is detected weakly only in the larger aperture spectrum. We also report the first detection of C II λ1037 emission in a supernova remnant. The spectra show the presence of two kinematic components along the line of sight—one with both low- and high-excitation emission centered at a velocity of -50 km s-1 and another with only low-excitation emission centered at a velocity of +100 km s-1. We associate the -50 km s-1 component with the observed X-ray knot and find a dynamical pressure of 3.7 × 10-10 dyne cm-2 driving the shock. We compare our results with data obtained using the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope at nearby locations and find that differences in the spectra imply the existence of two emitting components in the X-ray knot. Based on the X-ray morphology seen in a ROSAT HRI image, we identify two distinct regions that can be associated with these two components which have dramatically different ultraviolet emission. These observations demonstrate the importance of high spectral resolution in understanding the proper physical relationships between the various emitting components in supernova remnants.
Two disulfide-linked polypeptide chains constitute the active F protein of paramyxoviruses

Abstract The paramyxovirus glycoprotein which is required for virus-induced cell fusion, hemolysis, and the initiation of infection (F protein) has been found with three different viruses to consist of two disulfide-linked glycopolypeptide chains (F1 and F2) which are derived from the precursor glycopolypeptide (F0) by proteolytic cleavage. The larger glycopolypeptide chain (F1) previously identified in SV5, Sendai, and Newcastle disease virions has an estimated molecular weight of 48,000–54,000. The smaller polypeptide chain (F2) has been found to have a molecular weight of ∼10,000–16,000, depending on the virus. The identification of the F2 polypeptide was accomplished by isolating the disulfide-linked complex (F1,2) under nonreducing conditions, followed by reduction of the disulfide bonds and separation of the two polypeptide chains. Although both polypeptides are glycosylated, the F2 polypeptide contains more carbohydrate per unit protein than F1. No free N-terminus could be detected on the F0 or F2 polypeptides of Sendai virus, whereas N-terminal phenylalanine was found on F1. This suggests that the order of the F0 polypeptide is X-NH-F2—Phe-F1—COOH. The finding that with three different paramyxoviruses the biologically active virions possess F1 and F2 polypeptides suggests that this is a general feature of paramyxoviruses, and that the activation of infectivity, cell fusion, and hemolysis is due to a conformational change in the F protein resulting from proteolytic cleavage to form an active complex of two disulfide-linked polypeptide chains.
Tumescent technique does not increase the risk of complication following mastectomy with immediate reconstruction

Background Despite the growing interest in the advantages of tumescent mastectomy technique, there remain concerns that tumescent solution may increase postoperative complication rates. This study evaluates patient outcomes following tumescent mastectomy in the setting of immediate prosthetic reconstruction.
Traumatic injury patterns associated with static line parachuting.

Objective We investigated the incidence and injury patterns of acute parachuting injuries evaluated at a level II military facility during a 5-year period to compile medical information that may assist in improving the safety of parachuting. Methods A retrospective chart review of all parachuting injuries that presented to the Madigan Army Medical Center emergency department in Tacoma, Washington, during a 5-year period from February 2005 to June 2011. Results A total 110 patient charts met inclusion criteria. Lower extremity injuries made up 65% of total injuries, followed by 22% head injuries, 22% neck or back injuries, and 19% upper extremity injuries. One patient died in the emergency department of head injuries, and 1 patient was transferred for an open-book pelvic fracture. The most common phase of the jump in which to sustain injury was at landing. A total of 15 patients were admitted to the hospital. It is of note that some patients had combined injuries. The mechanism of injury documented in 96 of 110 (87%) patients and 10 of 15 (66%) admitted patients was a difficult landing. Conclusions The rate of injury for each area of the body is within previously reported rates, with lower extremity injuries making up the largest category and leading to the majority of admissions. The most common time to sustain an injury was during landing, which represented a majority of both emergency room visits and hospitalizations.
Recent progress in picosecond pulse generation from semiconductor lasers

This paper reviews the recent progress in producing picosecond optical pulses from semiconductor laser diodes. The discussion concentrates on the mode-locking of a semiconductor laser diode in an external resonator. Transform-limited optical pulses ranging from several picoseconds to subpicosecond durations have been observed with active and passive mode-locking. Even though continuing research on the influence of impurities and defects on the mode-locking process is still needed, this technique has good promise for being utilized in fiber-optic communication systems. Alternative methods of direct electrical and optical excitation to produce ultrashort laser pulses are also described. They can generate pulses of similar widths to those obtained by mode-locking. The pulses generated will find applications in laser ranging and detector response measurement.
A numerical absorbing boundary condition for quasi‐TEM analysis of microwave transmission lines using the finite‐element method

This article presents a new numerical absorbing boundary condition useful for quasi-TEM analysis of open-type microwave transmission lines employing the finite-element method (FEM). The standard FEM equations are used for the inner nodes of the mesh, and mesh truncation is achieved by imposing linear relationships for the nodes on the outer boundary and their neighbors, which are derived from the appropriate Green's functions. This approach greatly reduces the mesh size, while preserving the sparsity of the FEM equations. Higher-order approximations of the absorbing boundary condition are derived through the use of higher-order finite elements. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Operator Algebra for Differential Systems

This paper presents the development of an operator algebra for differential systems which is useful in that it allows the transmittance methods commonly applied to linear stationary systems to be extended, almost without modification, to nonstationary systems as well. This operator algebra for differential systems has two operations, addition and multiplication, and two special elements, the null and the identity elements. The null element is defined as any differential system operator that maps every input into a null output. The identity element is defined as any differential system operator that maps every input into an identical output. In a similar fashion the negative and inverse of a particular differential system are defined. Also included is a treatment of reducibility of nonstationary systems and its relation to controllability. Matrix-vector notation is used exclusively. This has the advantage of yielding explicit expressions for sum and product differential systems. Examples illustrate the application of the differential system operator algebra.
Abstract 240: Natural antioxidants exhibit chemopreventive characteristics through the regulation of CNC-bZip transcription factors in estrogen-induced breast carcinogenesis

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Epidemiological data and studies in rodent models strongly support the role of estrogens in the development of breast cancers. Exact mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of estrogen-related cancers are not clear. Literature evidence and our studies strongly support the role of estrogen metabolism mediated oxidative stress in estrogen-induced breast carcinogenesis. We have recently demonstrated that antioxidants vitamin C (VC) or butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) severely inhibit 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced breast tumor development in female ACI rats. The objective of this study was to characterize the role of CNC b-zip transcription factors in antioxidant-mediated prevention of breast cancer. Human non-neoplastic breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A was treated with E2, VC, VC + E2, Resveratrol (Res) and Res + E2 for up to 72 hrs. mRNA and protein expression levels of phase-II detoxifying enzymes SOD1, SOD2, SOD3, GPx, NQO1 and transcription factors from CNC b-zip family: Nrf1, Nrf2 and Nrf3 were quantified after treatment with E2 and compared with that of cells treated with antioxidants either alone or in combination with E2. The mRNA as well as protein expression levels of SOD3 and NQO1 were suppressed in MCF-10A cells treated with E2. There was no change in mRNA and protein expression levels of SOD1, SOD2 and GPX in MCF-10A cells treated with E2. Nrf2 mRNA and protein expression levels were also significantly suppressed in E2-treated MCF-10A cells. Vitamin C or Res treatment prevented E2-mediated decrease in SOD3, NQO1 and Nrf2 mRNA and protein expression levels. A significant increase in Nrf1 mRNA and protein expression levels in MCF-10A cells treated with E2 was noted. Further, treatment with antioxidants Res or VC also increased mRNA and protein expression levels of Nrf1. Nrf3 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly increased in MCF-10A cells treated with E2. This induction was overcome by co-treatment with E2 and VC or Res. Our studies demonstrate that antioxidant-mediated protection against estrogen-induced breast cancer could be through up regulation of phase-II detoxifying enzymes via an Nrf-dependent pathway involving a complex interplay among Nrfs 1, 2 and 3. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Anwesha Chatterjee, Amruta Ronghe, Fatma Abdalla, Hari K. Bhat. Natural antioxidants exhibit chemopreventive characteristics through the regulation of CNC-bZip transcription factors in estrogen-induced breast carcinogenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 240. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-240
VHDL switch level fault simulation

Switch level faults, as opposed to traditional gate level faults, can more accurately model physical faults found in an integrated circuit. This paper presents a novel VHDL switch level fault simulator. The simulator implementation uses 9-valued logic, N and P-type switch state tables, a minimum operation, and a switch level extension to parallel fault single pattern fault simulation. The advantages of this technique and hardware description language implementation are fault modeling accuracy and a straight forward implementation that compiles switches and faults to VHDL code.
TH‐D‐201B‐06: Evaluation of the Intracellular and Extracellular Anomalous Diffusion from MR Diffusion Tensor in Neural Structure

Purpose: To improve the characterization of the distribution and microarchitecture of white matter by comparing Monte Carlo simulations of the diffusion weighted MR signal from both the Gaussian and non‐Gaussian PDF with generalized models of anomalous diffusion α tα α≠1 that allows for deviations from standard Fickian diffusion as a function of axon diameter packing fraction and fiber spatial distribution. Method and Materials: The diffusion weighted MR signal is evaluated from a 3D Monte Carlo simulator that tracks the pulsed gradient spin echo within a voxel size 100×100×100μm3 TE= 80ms Δ =40ms δ=30ms . White matter is modeled as cylindrical fibers with intracellular and extracellular molecules distributed homogeneously under δ correlated and general stochastic force within and between the axons. The semi‐analytic models are taken from a general Fokker‐Planck equation that allows deviations from Gaussian diffusion. The mean square displacement predicted from the models is compared to the results of the Monte Carlo simulations for different fiber configurations.Results: Fickian diffusion assumption in conventional diffusiontensor imaging (DTI) can only sustain in a condition of mean spatial homogeneity that depends on the architecture and measurement time. Non‐Fickian diffusion are predicted and observed in the simulations at early times and weaken at very late times. Even when the diffusion is inferred to be Fickian higher order statistical measures of the molecular distribution such as kurtosis reveal an opposite distribution to apparent diffusion coefficient. The mean diffusivity increases with α while the fractional anisotropy remains yet to indentify relationship between the fiber packing geometry.Conclusion: We develop a novel tool to evaluate the MR diffusion weighted signal from the intracellular and extracellular compartment as a function of fiber diameter fraction and geometry using tunable parameters and find that the observed diffusionanisotropy mainly originates from the extracellular compartment between axons.
Binding of agonists and antagonists to β-adrenoceptors in rat vas deferens: relationship to functional response

The properties of β-adrenoceptors in rat vas deferens were examined using radioligand binding assays of 125I-pindolol (125IPIN) and inhibition of electrically-evoked contractions of vas deferens in vitro. 125IPIN labelled a single class of high affinity binding sites with apparently mass action kinetics in membrane preparations of vas deferens with properties consistent with an essentially homogeneous population of β2-adrenoceptors. Isoprenaline inhibited electrically evoked (60 V, 1.0 ms, 0.1 Hz) contractions of vas deferens with an EC50 of 18.0±2.1 nM. KB values for antagonists in competitively antagonizing this response correlated well (r2=0.99) with the KD values for inhibition of 125IPIN binding. Inhibition of 125IPIN binding by isoprenaline, adrenaline, noradrenaline and salbutamol was determined under conditions designed to produce high and low affinity agonist binding. In the presence of 10 mM MgCl2, agonists inhibited specific 125IPIN binding with a relatively high potency and low Hill slope, while in the presence of 154 mM NaCl and 300 μM guanosine-5′-triphosphate, agonists inhibited specific 125IPIN binding with a lower potency and an apparent Hill slope closer to 1. To determine which affinity state was relevant to functional receptor stimulation, receptor density was decreased with bromoacetylalprenololmenthane (BAAM). Treatment of membrane preparations with 0.3 μM BAAM produced a 45% decrease in the Bmax for 125IPIN with no change in the apparent KD. Treatment of intact vasa deferentia with increasing concentrations of BAAM resulted in a progressive rightward shift in the dose-response curve to isoprenaline or salbutamol folowed by a decreased maximum response. KA values for isoprenaline and salbutamol in activating the functional β-adrenoceptors were compared with KI values for agonist inhibition of specific 125IPIN binding. The KA values for both agonists were not significantly different from the low affinity KI values, but were significantly different from the high affinity KI values. These data suggest that 1) a homogeneous population of β2-adrenoceptors inhibiting contraction of rat vas deferens can be labelled with 125IPIN, 2) there is a substantial β-adrenoceptor reserve in rat vas deferens; and 3) the initial event in signal transduction by β-adrenoceptors in rat vas deferens is the binding of agonists to the low affinity form of the receptor which is not complexed with the guanine nucleotide binding protein.
Conflict in the Caucasus: An historical context and a prospect for peace

(1998). Conflict in the Caucasus: An historical context and a prospect for peace. Central Asian Survey: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 337-352.
Fine structure of Methanomonas methanooxidans

Thin sections of the obligate methane oxidizing bacterium, Methanomonas methanooxidans, reveal extensive intracytoplasmic membranes. These always occur in a peripheral arrangement. They appear similar to those in other bacteria which utilize specific energy sources. Their structure and function is discussed.
Effects of flow-path variations on internal reversing flow in a tailpipe offtake configuration for ASTOVL aircraft

A one-third-scale model of a generic tailpipe offtake system for an advanced short takeoff, vertical landing (ASTOVL) aircraft was tested at the NASA Lewis Research Center Powered Lift Facility. The basic model consisted of a tailpipe with a center body to form an annulus simulating turbine outflow with no swirl; twin offtake ducts with elbows at the ends to turn the flow to a downward direction; flow control nozzles at the ends of the elbows; and a blind flange at the end of the tailpipe to simulate a closed cruise nozzle. The offtake duct-to-tailpipe diameter ratio was 0.74. Modifications of a generic nature were then made to this basic configuration to measure the effects of flow-path changes on the flow and pressure-loss characteristics. The modifications included adding rounded entrances at the forward edges of the offtake openings, blocking the tailpipe just aft the openings instead of at the cruise nozzle, changing the location of the openings along the tailpipe, removing the center body, and varying the Mach number (flow rate) over a wide range in the tailpipe ahead of the openings by changing the size of the flow control nozzles. The tests were made with unheated air at tailpipe-to-ambient pressure ratios from 1.4 to 5. Results are presented and compared with performance graphs, total-pressure contour plots, paint streak flow visualization photographs, and a flow-angle probe traverse at the offtake entrance.
Species differences in the response of amino acid transport to ouabain and a sodium-free medium☆

Abstract 1. 1. Active transport of lysine and methionine was studied in three rodent species by the everted gut sac method. Addition of ouabain, an inhibitor of the sodium-dependent ATPase, failed to inhibit amino acid absorption by the hamster and mouse intestine. Lysine and methionine transport in the guinea pig were inhibited following the addition of ouabain. 2. 2. There was complete inhibition of amino acid transport in hamster and guinea pig intestine in a sodium-free medium. In the mouse, however, there was minimal movement of both amino acids in the absence of sodium. 3. 3. The presence of significant species differences is emphasized in attempting to evaluate apparently conflicting results in the literature.
Comparison of outer-membrane fractions of Serpulina (Treponema) hyodysenteriae.

Abstract Sarkosyl-insoluble fractions (outer-membrane proteins) and endoflagella (EF) fractions of Serpulina hyodysenteriae serotypes 1–7 were examined for protein differences using SDS-PAGE. Both the outer-membrane proteins (OMP) and endoflagella were also examined for antigenicity using porcine sera from acutely infected and convalescent swine. Seven major staining proteins were resolved in outer-membrane enriched fractions ranging in molecular weight between 42 and 32 kDa. A comparison of purified EF to OMP from serotype 1 and 2 isolates of Serpulina hyodysenteriae demonstrated that six of the seven OMP were actually EF. Sera from swine with acute swine dysentery identified only a portion of the proteins from both preparations. In contrast, immune sera from convalescent swine identified all the proteins in the OMP and EF preparations as well as an additional 16 kDa carbohydrate antigen.
New Integral Representations for Solutions of Cauchy's Problem for Abstract Parabolic Equations

Abstract A study has been made of Cauchy's problem for a class of abstract parabolic differential equations. Our study is based upon a transformation that maps solutions of second-order abstract Cauchy problems into solutions of first-order. This is a preliminary report on some of the results obtained. These results include (1) new representations for solutions of abstract parabolic equations, (2) applications to the heat equation, (3) a discussion of solution representations for second-order abstract Cauchy problems, and (4) applications to nonwell posed (in the sense of Hadamard) Cauchy problems.
Plastic deformation of silicon during contact sliding at ambient temperature

Evidence of plastic deformation during contact sliding of silicon under relatively low loads at room temperature is presented. Sapphire spheres were slid against Si (1 0 0) under various normal loads at temperatures above and below the critical temperature. Upon chemical etching, pits that are attributed to dislocations developed along the sliding track for all experiments. This suggests that plastic deformation can readily take place in covalent solids, such as silicon, even at temperatures far below the critical temperature. The results of this work support the view that frictional force and energy dissipation are largely caused by plastic deformation of the materials near the sliding contact even under relatively low loads.
Phenotype–genotype correlations in skeletal muscle of patients with mtDNA deletions

Large-scale deletions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been associated with a subgroup of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, usually characterized by progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO) and mitochondrial proliferation in muscle fibers. We and others have shown that muscle from patients with mtDNA deletions have variable cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency and reduction of mitochondrially-synthesized polypeptides in affected muscle fibers. The present work summarizes the phenotype-genotype correlations observed in patients' muscle. In situ hybridization revealed that, while most COX-deficient fibers had increased levels of mutant mtDNA, they almost invariably had reduced levels of normal mtDNA. PCR quantitation of both deleted and wild-type mtDNAs in normal and respiration-deficient muscle fibers from patients with the "common deletion" showed that deleted mtDNAs were present in normal fibers (31 +/- 26%), but their percentages were much higher in affected fibers (95% +/- 2%). Absolute levels of deleted mtDNA were also increased in affected fibers, whereas absolute levels of wild-type mtDNA were significantly reduced. Taken together, our results suggest that although a specific ratio between mutant and wild-type mitochondrial genomes is probably the major determinant of the respiratory chain deficiency associated with mtDNA deletions, the reduction in the absolute amounts of wild-type mtDNA may also play a significant pathogenetic role.
Synthetic micro/nanoengineered tools to study mechanobiology and its regulatory role for human pluripotent stem cells

In this talk, I will discuss our recent effort using synthetic micro/nanoengineered tools to study mechano-sensitive and -responsive behaviors of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms.
Reply to Ellis and to Handfield on essentialism, laws, and counterfactuals

In Lange 2004a, I argued that ‘scientific essentialism’ [Ellis 2001 cannot account for the characteristic relation between laws and counterfactuals without undergoing considerable ad hoc tinkering. In recent papers, Brian Ellis 2005 and Toby Handfield 2005 have defended essentialism against my charge. Here I argue that Ellis's and Handfield's replies fail. Even in ordinary counterfactual reasoning, the ‘closest possible world’ where the electron's electric charge is 5% greater may have less overlap with the actual world in its fundamental natural kinds than a ‘more distant possible world’ where the electron's charge is 5% greater. But more importantly, essentialism's flexibility in being able to accommodate virtually any relation between laws and counterfactuals is a symptom of essentialism's explanatory impotence as far as that relation is concerned.
Therapy-Related Myelodysplasia and Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Therapy-related leukemia (myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia-t-MDS/AML) is a well-known complication of conventional chemoradiotherapy used to treat a variety of primary malignancies including Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), sarcoma, and ovarian and testicular cancers. The median time to development of t-MDS/AML is 3-5 years, with the risk decreasing markedly after the first decade. t-MDS/AML is the major cause of non-relapse mortality after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for HL or NHL. The magnitude of risk of t-MDS/AML is higher, and the latency is shorter after HCT, compared to conventional therapy. Two types of t-MDS/AML are recognized depending on the causative therapeutic exposure: an alkylating agent/radiation-related type and a topoisomerase II inhibitor-related type. Inter-individual variability in the risk for development of t-MDS/AML suggests a role for genetic variation in susceptibility to genotoxic exposures. Treatment of t-MDS/AML with conventional therapy is associated with a uniformly poor prognosis, with a median survival of 6 months. Because of the poor response to conventional chemotherapy, allogeneic HCT is recommended. Current research is focused on developing risk prediction and risk reduction strategies.
Where Do MAIT Cells Fit in the Family of Unconventional T Cells

Mucosal-associated invariant T cells are newly identified subpopulation of T cells. A new study highlights their developmental pathway and functional features that allow these cells to assume a unique position in the family of unconventional T cells.
Multidimensional comparisons of structures of vocally and facially expressed emotion

The cognitive structure of vocally expressed emotion was examined using a nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis and a factor analysis of seven tone-of-voice rating scales. A canonical correlation analysis suggested that the same two dimensions clearly emerged from these analyses, pleasant-unpleasant and excitement. These two general dimensions were each highly related to single tone-of-voice rating scales, those for pleasantness and thinness, respectively. The two dimensions of pleasant-unpleasant and excitement were shown to correspond to the facial expression scales of pleasant-unpleasant and attention-rejection developed by Engen, Levy, and Schlosberg in 1958. When the stimuli for both vocally and facially expressed emotion were mapped together on a two-dimensional space, notable differences became apparent. An attempt to interpret some of these differences was made.
The thermodynamic prediction of phase stability in multicomponent superalloys

Thermodynamic calculations, which are being performed on a daily basis in industrial laboratories such as the General Electric Corporate Research and Development Center, have proven to be of great assistance in the development of new alloys and the selection of processing conditions for existing or new alloys. This article presents an evaluation of the state-of-the-art ofthat capability for nickel-base superalloys.
PATTERNS OF HYPOXEMIA IN INFANTS WITH RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS(RSV) BRONCHIOLITIS AND PNEUMONIA, MEASURED BY EAR OXIMETRY

The degree and duration of hypoxemia in babies with RSV has not been studied. We used an ear oximeter to measure dally the arterial satuation(% Sat)on 32 infants consecutively admitted with RSV bronchiolitis and pneumonia; median age 2 months. Oximetry readings compared to simultaneous arterial gases gave a correlation coefficient of 0.95, and 0.7 compared to capillary gases. On admission these infants' mean % Sat was 86%(pO2=53 mm Hg), range 75-95%(pO2 41-75). The lowest mean value was not until day 3 and was 85%(pO2 51) with a range of 53-96%(pO2 28-87). The severity of hypoxemia fluctuated in any given day and was prolonged. At discharge the mean % Sat=90%(pO2 60) range 83-98% (pO2 47-113); only 3 infants had values >93%(or >pO2 66). Mean % Sat of 9 infants 3-7 weeks after discharge was 96%(pO2 87), range 93-98%(pO2 66-113). Clinical detection of hypoxemia was difficult. Marked hypoxemia existed without cyanosis. However, severity of hypoxemia correlated with cyanosis, respiratory rate, younger age and % bands. No correlation existed with total WBC, PMNs, nor clinical severity judged by retraction and lethargy. Thus, RSV hypoxemia may be severe, prolonged, and clinically occult. Ear oximetry is a valuable and non-invasive technic in the management of infants with RSV lower respiratory tract disease.
Setting Cloud Standards in a New World

The ongoing process of defining, developing, and recognizing standards is intrinsically a community activity. As standards are developed and implemented in the emerging cloud computing landscape, the "Standards and Compliance" area will serve as a forum for describing not only the standards that are seeing use, but also the process by which they're developed to the point that they can see the light of day.
Late Holocene δ13C and pollen records of paleosalinity from tidal marshes in the San Francisco Bay estuary, California

Records of stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) are presented from cores collected from four San Francisco Bay marshes and used as a proxy for changes in estuary salinity. The δ13C value of organic marsh sediments are a reflection of the relative proportion of C3 vs. C4 plants occupying the surface, and can thus be used as a proxy for vegetation change on the marsh surface. The four marshes included in this study are located along a natural salinity gradient that exists in the San Francisco Bay, and records of vegetation change at all four sites can be used to infer changes in overall estuary paleosalinity. The δ13C values complement pollen data from the same marsh sites producing a paleoclimate record for the late Holocene period in the San Francisco Bay estuary. The data indicate that there have been periods of higher-than-average salinity in the Bay estuary (reduced fresh water inflow), including 1600–1300 cal yr B.P., 1000–800 cal yr B.P., 300–200 cal yr B.P., and ca. A.D. 1950 to the present. Periods of lower-than-average salinity (increased fresh water inflow) occurred before 2000 cal yr B.P., from 1300 to 1200 cal yr B.P. and ca. 150 cal yr B.P. to A.D. 1950. A comparison of the timing of these events with records from the California coast, watershed, and beyond the larger drainage of the Bay reveals that the paleosalinity variations reflected regional precipitation.
CW, High Power, Single-Longitudinal-Mode Operation of an Optically Pumped Mid-IR DFB Laser

A CW, single-longitudinal-mode, optically pumped mid-IR distributed-feedback antimonide-based type-II quantum-well laser at 3.62 mum is demonstrated. Record high output powers, > 300 mW per side, and tunability of 5.5 nm are obtained at 77 K.
European Consumers' Willingness to Pay for U.S. Beef in Experimental Auction Markets: Comment

In an article with important implications for international trade of agricultural products, Alfnes and Rickertsen used an experimental market to simultaneously auction four types of beef products. Experimental auction markets have become a popular method for valuing selected food product attributes (e.g., see, Lusk et al. or Rousu et al.) in large part because auction mechanisms such as the Vickrey secondprice auction are designed so that participants have a weakly dominant strategy to bid their true willingness to pay (WTP) for a product. This dominant strategy for the Vickrey second-price auction occurs "regardless of risk attitudes or beliefs about others' values" for the products (Davis and Holt, p. 279). I show in this comment, however, that the simultaneous Vickrey-style auction mechanism used by Alfnes and Rickertsen does not give participants a (weakly) dominant strategy to bid their true WTP for a product. Two alternative experimental designs are discussed, both of which will result in auctions that are demand
Orlistat with behavioral weight loss for obesity with versus without binge eating disorder: Randomized placebo-controlled trial at a community mental health center serving educationally and economically disadvantaged Latino/as

Objective This study was a randomized placebo-controlled trial testing the addition of orlistat to behavioral weight loss for obesity in Spanish-speaking-only Latino/as with versus without binge eating disorder (BED) performed at a community mental health center serving educationally- and economically-disadvantaged patients. Latino/as have high rates of obesity but are under-represented in obesity treatment studies and despite comparable-to-or-higher rates of BED than Whites, Latino/as are under-represented in BED treatment studies. BED is associated with obesity but whether it predicts/moderates treatment outcomes remains uncertain. Thus, this study also tested whether BED prospectively predicts/moderates outcomes.
Static analysis based invariant detection for commodity operating systems

Abstract Recent interest in runtime attestation requires modeling of a program's runtime behavior to formulate its integrity properties. In this paper, we study the possibility of employing static source code analysis to derive integrity models of a commodity operating systems kernel. We develop a precise and static analysis-based data invariant detection tool that overcomes several technical challenges: field-sensitivity, array-sensitivity, and pointer analysis. We apply our tool to Linux kernel 2.4.32 and Windows Research Kernel (WRK). For Linux kernel 2.4.32, our tool identifies 284,471 data invariants that are critical to its runtime integrity, e.g., we use them to detect ten real-world Linux rootkits. Furthermore, comparison with the result of a dynamic invariant detector reveals 17,182 variables that can cause false alarms for the dynamic detector in the constant invariants category. Our tool also works successfully for WRK and reports 202,992 invariants, which we use to detect nine real-world Windows malware and one synthetic Windows malware. When compared with a dynamic invariant detector, we see similar results in terms of false alarms. Our experience suggests that static analysis is a viable option for automated integrity property derivation, and it can have very low false positive rate and very low false negative rate (e.g., for the constant invariants of WRK, the false positive rate is one out of 100,822 and the false negative rate is 0.007% or seven out of 100,822).
Theory of Radio Pulses from Cosmic Ray Air Showers

Refractive index variations, Coulomb scattering and time variation of shower front effects on coherent emission of polarized radio pulses from cosmic ray showers
Reaction of tissue-type plasminogen activator with 4-methylumbelliferyl-p-guanidinobenzoate hydrochloride

Abstract It has recently been reported that the fluorogenic serine proteolytic active site titrant, 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-p-guanidinobenzoate (MUGB), cannot be employed in this capacity for tissue-type plasminogen activator (TPA) [Geiger, M., and Binder, B.R. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 912 , 34–40]. Since this observation has such important ramifications in this area of research, we have studied the reaction of MUGB with recombinant (rec)TPA under a variety of experimental conditions and find that MUGB is indeed an effective titrant of rec-two chain TPA (recTCTPA) at 4°, a condition under which the deacylation rate constant is diminished to the point that acylation can be readily observed. The K S for the interaction of MUGB with recTCTPA is 43 μM–46 μM, the acylation rate constant, k 2 , is approximately 3.6 min −1 –4.2 min −1 , and the rate constant for deacylation of p-guanidinobenzoyl-recTCTPA is 0.084 min −1 –0.110 min −1 . This same recTCTPA, after treatment with diisopropylfluorophosphate, does not react with MUGB. Single-chain TPA (recSCTPA) has been found to acylate more slowly than its two-chain counterpart and to exhibit a higher degree of turnover of the acyl-enzyme with this reagent. These results demonstrate that the active site concentration of TCTPA can be accurately determined by titration with MUGB, a consideration which is essential to the proper kinetic evaluation of this agent and its genetic variants. On the other hand, the presteady state kinetic characteristics for MUGB toward SCTPA are not favorable for its use as a titrant with this form of the enzyme.
Congressional tenure: Myth and reality*

Congressional tenure is longer now than in earlier times, but it is largely a myth that the era of the professional politician is a modern phenomenon. Here, tenure is compared between the 57th and 86th Congresses. Tenure is linked to a simple median voter model. Increased tenure is associated with an increased ability to transfer government expenditures to the political unit. The increased size of government at the time of the 86th Congress compared to the 57th Congress, largely explains the greater length of time in office. The higher tenure of southern legislators is linked to lower per capita incomes.
Quantum-mechanical study of lead coordination in sulfur-rich proteins: mode and structure recognition in UV resonance Raman spectra.

Resonance Raman spectra are computed applying the weighted gradient methodology with CIS and DFT gradients to determine the characteristic spectral patterns for Hg(II) and Pb(II) loaded sulfur-rich proteins while excited to a characteristic LMCT electronic transition band. A framework of structure-spectrum relationships is established to assess lead coordination modes via vibrational spectroscopy. Illustrative calculations on Hg(II) complexes agree with experimental data demonstrating reliability and accuracy of the applied methodology. In contrast to Hg(II) complexes, a unique 3-center-4-electron hypervalent CβH---S interaction present in lead-sulfur complexes was established and suggested to play a key role in the strong preference for lead versus other metal ions in lead specific proteins such as PbrR691. The characteristic Pb-S symmetric stretching bands, predicted without additional refinements such as scaling of a force field or frequencies, are found around 238 cm−1 for 3-coordinated lead-sulfur domains, and around 228 cm−1 for 4-coordinated lead-sulfur domains. These results present an experimental challenge for clear detection of lead coordination via solely UVRR spectroscopy. In addition to predicted UVRR spectra, UVRR excitation profiles for relevant vibrational bands of lead-sulfur domains are presented.
Traveling Showmen, Makeshift Cinemas The Bioscopewallah and Early Cinema History in India

This article offers an archeology of vintage, obsolete, pirate and “junk” media forms related to the cinema in India, with the Bioscopewallah or traveling picture showman at the center of such an archeology. The article traces the origins of the Bioscope to nineteenth century European entertainment in Calcutta, and follows its numerous subsequent reinventions, as it weaves in and out of the European and Indian worlds, private, commercial and state initiatives, and plays a central role in movie exhibition in early twentieth century Bengal. It concludes by mapping itinerant cinema’s place within India’s contemporary media ecologies. Linking technology and commerce to each other on the ground of seemingly vestigial artifacts from an earlier era, it argues that the obviation of obsolescence, as an historically contingent and geographically variable survival tactic, is critical to the logic of media history in India.
Automating vertical profiling

Last year at OOPSLA we presented a methodology, vertical profiling, for understanding the performance of object-oriented programs. The key insight behind this methodology is that modern programs run on top of many layers (virtual machine, middleware, etc) and thus we need to collect and combine information from all layers in order to understand system performance. Although our methodology was able to explain previously unexplained performance phenomena, it was extremely labor intensive. In this paper we describe and evaluate techniques for automating two significant activities of vertical profiling: trace alignment and correlation. Trace alignment aligns traces obtained from separate runs so that one can reason across the traces. We are not aware of any prior approach that effectively and automatically aligns traces. Correlation sifts through hundreds of metrics to find ones that have a bearing on a performance anomaly of interest. In prior work we found that statistical correlation was only sometimes effective. We have identified highly-effective approaches for both activities.For aligning traces we explore dynamic time warping, and for correlation we explore eight correlators based on statistical correlation, distance measures, and piecewise linear segmentation. Although we explore these activities in the context of vertical profiling, both activities are widely applicable in the performance analysis area.
Reactions of anthracene anions with beryllium chloride

Abstract Reaction of anthracene radical anion with BeCl2 in THF give a crystalline polymeric organometallic compound that yields 9,9′,10,10′-tetrahydro-9,9′-bianthryl (THBA) on hydrolysis. Hydrolysis with D2O gives exclusively trans-10-d, trans-10′-d hydrocarbon. Reaction of anthracene dianion with BeCl2 in THF leads to cleavage of the solvent and formation of cis-9,10-dihydro-9,10-bis(4-hydroxybutyl)anthracene. Comparable reactions of cyclooctatetraene dianion are also discussed. The results point up the covalence of the carbon—beryllium bond.