cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Indirect Effect of Positive Parenting on the Relationship Between Parent and Sibling Bereavement Outcomes After the Death of a Child

Abstract Context Families are referred to pediatric palliative care (PPC) programs when a child is diagnosed with a medical condition associated with less than a full life expectancy. When a child dies, PPC programs typically offer a range of bereavement interventions to these families, often focusing on parents. Currently, it is unclear which factors increase the likelihood that bereaved siblings will experience negative outcomes, limiting the development of empirically supported interventions that can be delivered in PPC programs. Objectives The present study explored the relationship between parents' and surviving sibling's mental health symptoms (i.e., post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], prolonged grief disorder (PGD), and depression symptoms) after a child's death. Additionally, the extent to which parent functioning indirectly impacted sibling functioning through parenting behaviors (i.e., positive parenting and parent involvement) was also examined, with a specific focus on differences based on parent gender. Methods Sixty bereaved parents and siblings (aged 8–18) who enrolled in a PPC program from 2008 to 2013 completed measures of PTSD, PGD, and depression related to the loss of a child/sibling. Siblings also completed a measure of general parenting behaviors. Results Maternal, but not paternal, symptoms of PTSD and PGD were directly associated with sibling outcomes. Paternal symptoms were associated with sibling symptoms indirectly, through parenting behaviors (i.e., via decreasing positive parenting). Conclusion These results underscore the importance of examining both maternal and paternal influences after the death of a child, demonstrate differential impact of maternal vs. paternal symptoms on siblings, and stress the importance of addressing postloss symptoms from a family systems perspective.
Empathy : a social psychological approach

This multidimensional approach brings together cognitive, sociobiological and behavioural perspectives providing students with a thorough, vet balanced and well-synthesised presentation of contemporary empathy research. The author approaches the topic in two ways: 1. through empirical work which is examined in a variety of empathy-related areas, clearly recognising the theoretical context; 2. through an organisational model which puts the smaller pieces into one, more coherent whole.
Financial literacy and the cost of borrowing

This research investigates the relation between financial literacy and the cost of borrowing via credit cards and mortgage loans among US consumers. This is a departure from previous studies that have focused on levels of debt in relation to human capital, either financial knowledge or education. Data from the Consumer Finance Monthly (CFM) survey are used to specifically examine the effect of financial literacy on borrowing rates for credit cards and mortgages controlling for other human capital influences. The CFM is a national survey, rich in American consumer credit information, and includes a comprehensive instrument specifically designed to measure financial literacy. Results indicate that those who are financially literate are about twice as likely to have lower costs of borrowing for both credit cards and mortgage loans.
Helium Refrigeration System for BNL Colliding Beam Accelerator

A Helium Refrigeration System which will supply the cooling required for the Colliding Beam Accelerator at Brookhaven National Laboratory is under construction. Testing of the compressor system is scheduled for late 1983 and will be followed by refrigerator acceptance tests in 1984. The refrigerator has a design capacity of 24.8 kW at a temperature level near 4K while simultaneously producing 55 kW for heat shield loads at 55K. When completed, the helium refrigerator will be the world's largest. Twenty-five oil-injected screw compressors with an installed total of 23,250 horsepower will supply the gas required. One of the unique features of the cycle is the application of three centrifugal compressors used at liquid helium temperature to produce the low temperatures (2.5K) and high flow rates (4154 g/s) required for this service.
Expectations and the Emergence of Nanotechnology

Although nanotechnology is often defined as operations on the 10-9 meters, the lack of charisma in the scale-bound definitions has been fortified by remarkable dreams and alluring promises that spark excitement for nanotechnology. The story of the rhetorical development of nanotechnology reveals how speculative claims are powerful constructions that create legitimacy in this emerging technological domain. From its inception, nanotechnology has been more of a dream than reality, more fiction than fact. In recent years, however, the term nanotechnology has been actively drawn toward the present to begin to deliver on the fantastic expectations. This debate over time and timing is loaded with paradox. This work examines how future claims work to define what counts as nanotechnology and reveals dilemmas that accompany temporal disjunctures. Science and politics converge in debates about the future of technology as expectations serve to create and enforce power and legitimacy in the emerging area.
Benzidine dihydrochloride: Risk assessment

Abstract Benzidine, recognized as a bladder carcinogen in man and as a liver carcinogen in experimental animals, is the chemical basis of as many as 200 commercial dyes. Physiological processes can metabolize these dyes to release benzidine, thereby creating a potential exposure hazard. To assess this hazard, both sexes of F 1 hybrid (genetically homogeneous) and monohybrid (genetically heterogeneous) mice from a BALB c male and C57BL 6 female cross were exposed for their respective lifespans to benzidine dihydrochloride in their drinking water at concentrations of 0, 30, 40, 60, 80, 120, and 160 ppm for males, and 0, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, and 120 ppm for females. Animals were removed from the study when they were dead or moribund. This study was terminated after 33 months of exposure. Using the endpoint of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas, the Armitage Doll multistage model was used to describe the tumor rates in the experimental dose range and to obtain the upper confidence level on tumor rates. Linear interpolation was used between zero dose and the upper confidence level of the lowest experimental dosage for predicting potential low dose tumor rates. Dose-response effects on body weight, survival, and liver neoplasms were noted in both stocks. For each of the endpoints, the females were more susceptible than males and the F 1 (homogeneous) stock was more susceptible than the monohybrid cross (heterogeneous). The calculated virtually “safe” dose predicted to produce less than one per million F 1 female mice with a liver tumor is 0.045 ppb. One part per billion of benzidine dihydrochloride in the drinking water of these mice is estimated to produce liver tumors in less than 2.23 mice per 100,000 population.
One-meson-exchange contributions to nucleon-nucleon scattering below 400 MeV and relation to scattering at higher energies

Abstract Nucleon-nucleon scattering is studied from the standpoint of meson resonances. The 0 to 400 MeV p-p and n-p data is fit by a sum of ρ, ω, π and e Born contributions in the geometric-unitarization model, with the S-wave phase-shift parameters searched phenomenologically as in phase-shift analysis. The correspondence of this model with ordinary phase-shift analysis, which incorporates just the pion pole term, is brought out. Evidence for multi-uncorrelated meson exchange effects is indirectly obtained in that the ρ, ω and e masses, when freed in the search, take on low values, much as the ρ and ω masses take on low values in single-pole fits to the nucleon electromagnetic form factors. However the π-mass, when freed, remains close to the physical mass. Thus a verification of the pion pole contribution to N-N scattering is provided by the lower partial waves. It is concluded that the muiti-pole, geometric-unitarization model correctly depicts the major features of the N-N interaction but must be augmented by uncorrelated meson-exchange contributions. Nucleon-nucleon scattering in the range 400 to 800 MeV is briefly touched upon. Several predictions are pointed out for high-energy, high orbital angular momentum states due to meson-exchange models which fit low-energy, low angular momentum states. A plea is made for experimental measurements to test time-reversal invariance and conservation of isotopic spin.
Polarizability of ions in crystals

Abstract Ionic polarizabilities are calculated for alkali, halide, and chalcogenide ions in crystals with the NaCl structure. The Sternheimer method is used to calculate the ionic polarizability. The crystalline environment about the central ion is taken to be a spherically averaged sum of pseudopotentials. The numerical results show that the anion polarizability are affected by their environment, while the cation polarizability are not affected. A final set of ionic polarizabilities are proposed which differ significantly from preceding compilations.
Feasibility study of the dual-chamber SMART (SMA ReseTtable) lift device

Pedestrian protection is a major focus of automotive crashworthiness with new regulations taking effect worldwide. While there are many approaches to reducing the head-injury-criteria (HIC), a leading approach is to actively lift the hood to increase the crush distance to rigid underhood components. Most current lift devices are single-use, requiring the hood to be manually returned to a drivable position, and may damage the hood during lift due to inappropriate lift rates. This paper addresses these issues with an alternative approach using stored energy marrying conventional (pneumatic) and smart materials (Shape Memory Alloy) actuation. The SMART (SMA ReseTtable) hood lift device comprises a dual chamber cylinder which releases stored pneumatic energy via an ultra-fast SMA exhaust valve, raising a piston attached to the hood. The device can be automatically reset and rearmed through pressurization of the chambers and the energy dissipated for service by evacuating both chambers. This approach is unique in that several design parameters such as pressure and valve opening/timing profile can be altered in the field to compensate for temperature, added mass (such as snow) or platform changes. This paper presents the concept of this device and the parametric design of the pneumatic cylinder and valve orifice based on an analytical performance model. Two valve concepts are presented: direct and indirect, where the direct valve is simpler and more controllable, but the indirect valve can provide larger orifices (and therefore faster lift times) with reduced actuation requirements. Using a combination of analytical model-based and experimental methods, the SMART lift device with each valve approach was designed, and a full-scale prototype built and experimentally characterized validating the model and successfully demonstrating feasibility of each system to meet and exceed the pedestrian protection specifications. This new set of technologies enables the hood lift application with added functionality such as tailorability and resettability.
Implementation of a very large atmospheric correction lookup table for ASTER using a relational database management system

The advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) is designed to provide a high resolution map of the Earth in both visible, near-infrared, and thermal spectral regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The ASTER science team has developed several standard data product algorithms, but the most complex and computing-intensive of these is the estimation of surface radiance and reflectance values, which is done by modeling and correcting for the effects of the atmosphere. The algorithm for atmospheric correction in the visible bands sensed by ASTER calls fur the use of a very large atmospheric correction look up table (ACLUT). The ACLUT contains coefficients which describe atmospheric effects on ASTER data under various conditions. The parameters used to characterize the atmosphere and its effects on radiation in the ASTER bands include aerosol and molecular optical depth, aerosol size distribution, single scattering albedo, and solar, nadir view, and azimuth angles. The ACLUT coefficients are produced by thousands of runs of a radiative transfer code (RTC) program produced by Phil Slater and Kurt Thome of U. of A. The final version of ACLUT is expected to be in the neighborhood of 10 gigabytes. The RDBMS Sybase is used to manage the process of generating the ACLUT as well as to host the table and service queries on it. Queries on the table are made using ASTER band number and seven floating-point values as keys. The floating-point keys do not necessarily exactly match key values in the database, so the query involves a hierarchical closest-fit search. All aspects of table implementation are described.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
National transplantation pregnancy registry: Analysis of pregnancy outcomes in female liver transplant recipients

Outcomes from 48 pregnancies in 34 female liver transplant recipients were analyzed. Data were collected via interviews, questionnaires, and hospital records. All recipients were treated with cyclosporine-based immunosuppression except 2 patients treated with FK506 and 2 treated with no immunosuppression. The age at conception was 26.1 +/- 5.9 years (mean +/- SD) with a transplant interval (time from transplantation to conception) of 2.9 +/- 2.5 years. There were 49 outcomes (1 set of twins): miscarriage 9 (18%), therapeutic abortion 4 (8%), and live birth 36 (74%). No stillbirths or ectopic pregnancies were reported. Of the 36 live births, the gestational age was 36.9 +/- 3.5 weeks, the birthweight was 2,604 +/- 698 grams, 39% were premature (< 37 weeks), and 31% had low birthweight (< 2,500 grams). No birth defects or neonatal deaths (< 28 days) were reported. The newborn complication rate was 17% (n = 6), 5% in premature infants. The incidence of drug-treated hypertension was 46%; pre-eclampsia 21%; infectious complications 26%; and Caesarean section 47%. Recipients with hypertension had a higher proportion of premature infants (71%) than normotensive patients (38%) (P = .04 by Fisher's exact test). Acute rejection was diagnosed in 6 pregnancies, 2 of which were ended by therapeutic abortion. Four recipients who continued their pregnancies were treated with increased immunosuppression for rejection, and all delivered livebirths. There were two grafts lost within 6 months of pregnancy. The only maternal death occurred in a patient who required retransplantation for recurrent C hepatitis 3 months afte therapeutic abortion and died 6 months later. The other recipient with graft loss was successfully retransplanted for chronic rejection 6 months after delivery. We draw the following conclusions: (1) female liver transplant recipients can safely undergo pregnancy, although there is a high rate of premature and low birthweight infants; (2) pregnancies in this population should be considered high-risk and require close monitoring of liver function; and (3) altered graft function during pregnancy should be thoroughly investigated.
Aggregation rate and fractal dimension of fullerene nanoparticles via simultaneous multiangle static and dynamic light scattering measurement

The time-evolutions of nanoparticle hydrodynamic radius and aggregate fractal dimension during the aggregation of fullerene (C60) nanoparticles (FNPs) were measured via simultaneous multiangle static and dynamic light scattering. The FNP aggregation behavior was determined as a function of monovalent (NaCl) and divalent (CaCl2) electrolyte concentration, and the impact of addition of dissolved natural organic matter (humic acid) to the solution was also investigated. In the absence of humic acid, the fractal dimension decreased over time with monovalent and divalent salts, suggesting that aggregates become slightly more open and less compact as they grow. Although the aggregates become slightly more open, the magnitude of the fractal dimension suggests intermediate aggregation between the diffusion- and reaction-limited regimes. We observed different aggregation behavior with monovalent and divalent salts upon the addition of humic acid to the solution. For NaCl-induced aggregation, the introduction of humic acid significantly suppressed the aggregation rate of FNPs at NaCl concentrations lower than 150 mM. In this case, the aggregation was intermediate or reaction-limited even at NaCl concentrations as high as 500 mM, giving rise to aggregates with a fractal dimension of 2.0. For CaCl2-induced aggregation, the introduction of humic acid enhanced the aggregation of FNPs at CaCl2 concentrations greater than about 5 mM due to calcium complexation and bridging effects. Humic acid also had an impact on the FNP aggregate structure in the presence of CaCl2, resulting in a fractal dimension of 1.6 for the diffusion-limited aggregation regime. Our results with CaCl2 indicate that in the presence of humic acid, FNP aggregates have a more open and loose structure than in the absence of humic acid. The aggregation results presented in this paper have important implications for the transport, chemical reactivity, and toxicity of engineered nanoparticles in aquatic environments.
Depth of field estimation: theory, experiment, and application

When a fingerprint image is acquired via contactless means, the depth of field must be measured. Due to the natural curvature of a finger, not all of the fingerprint will be in focus. Defocus introduced by such curvature may cause contrast reduction, loss of certain spatial frequencies, blurriness, and contrast reduction and reversal. We need to ensure that the imaging system has enough depth of field to compensate for the longitudinal displacement created by the finger curvature. This paper presents theoretical and experimental techniques to simulate and measure the depth of field of an imaging system. Experimentally, image contrast as a function of object position along the optical axis is measured for several spatial frequencies of interest, and the defocused modulation transfer function (MTF) is determined. The acceptable contrast range is defined by the system application and used to determine the corresponding depth of field. A diffraction image irradiance theoretical model is developed, and the Zemax optical design program is used to simulate depth of field. The experimental and simulated depth-of-field results are presented and applied to a contactless fingerprint sensor.
Diagnostic application of high resolution single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis for children with brain tumors

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis is currently used as a first tier test for pediatric brain tumors at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. The results from 100 consecutive patients are summarized in the present report. Eighty-seven percent of the tumors had at least one pathogenic copy number alteration. Nineteen of 56 low grade gliomas (LGGs) demonstrated a duplication in 7q34, which resulted in a KIAA1549-BRAF fusion. Chromosome band 7q34 deletions, which resulted in a FAM131B-BRAF fusion, were identified in one pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) and one dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT). One ganglioglioma (GG) demonstrated a 6q23.3q26 deletion that was predicted to result in a MYB-QKI fusion. Gains of chromosomes 5, 6, 7, 11, and 20 were seen in a subset of LGGs. Monosomy 6, deletion of 9q and 10q, and an i(17)(q10) were each detected in the medulloblastomas (MBs). Deletions and regions of loss of heterozygosity that encompassed TP53 , RB1 , CDKN2A/B , CHEK2 , NF1 , and NF2 were identified in a variety of tumors, which led to a recommendation for germline testing. A BRAF p.Thr599dup or p.V600E mutation was identified by Sanger sequencing in one and five gliomas, respectively, and a somatic TP53 mutation was identified in a fibrillary astrocytoma. No TP53 hot-spot mutations were detected in the MBs. SNP array analysis of pediatric brain tumors can be combined with pathologic examination and molecular analyses to further refine diagnoses, offer more accurate prognostic assessments, and identify patients who should be referred for cancer risk assessment.
Decomposition method for solving stochastic nonlinear equations of quantum phenomena

This paper extends the Decomposition Method to analyze photon and electromagnetic radiation transport through random and nonlinear media. The Decomposition Method is extended to solve the Schrodinger equation describing propagation through a nonlinear random media. The Decomposition Method is also applied to solve Maxwell's equations applied to random scattering. This approach can be applied to mathematical problems with general boundary and initial conditions. The Decomoposition Method as developed here can find quickly converging analytic solutions to a wide range of nonlinear and stochastic mathematical problems in quantum communications, quantum imaging, and quantum computing.
Two-Dimensional Dispersivity Estimation Using Tracer Experiment Data

This paper presents two analytical methods for estimating longitudinal and transversal dispersivities for a two-dimensional plume generated by a slug tracer injection in a uniform ground-water flow field. The first method requires the mapped plume area measurements at a given time after the tracer sources are injected. The second method requires concentration versus time data from one sampling well through which the plume passes. Detailed example calculations and comparisons with other procedures show that the methods presented herein represent improvements in both accuracy and ease of use over previous methods.
Some major landmarks in the path from nuclein to human genome (1).

The completion of sequencing of the human genome as well as the genomes of other species is a spectacular achievement of 20th-century biology. It is appropriately regarded as a turning point in biology and medicine for the 21st century. Knowledge of the human genome will presumably help us understand the genetic instructions that make us human. By learning about the gene sequences, the functional dynamics of the genome as well as the individual genetic differences, scientists hope to understand the molecular basis of the normal state and the diseased state of life on one hand, and develop ways to individualize medicine and nutrition on the other hand. Thus, the science of genomics that has grown out of this genome sequencing effort is expected to revolutionize the future of biology itself. The present article is an attempt to briefly summarize some major landmarks in the path that began with the discovery of “nuclein” and led to the completion of the human genome sequencing.
Stability boundaries of mechanical controlled system with time delay

Abstract The problem of determining critical time delays where an actively controlled mechanical system may loss or gain stability is considered. It is shown that for the Single-Input–Multiple-Output controlled system the problem may be reduced by using Singular Value Decomposition to a problem of finding the roots of a certain polynomial. The technique cannot be extended to the Multiple-Input–Multiple-Output controlled system. Two numerical methods are developed to solve this case. One involved Newton's iterations and the other involves Bisection for multiple functions.
Anorganische Materialien mit Hilfe von Rastersondenmikroskopen verstehen und manipulieren

Rastersondenmikroskope wie das Ra- nen auch Beziehungen zwischen der Zustertunnelmikroskop und das Raster- sammensetzung, der Struktur und den kraftmikroskop sind hervorragende physikalischen Eigenschaften verstandWerkzeuge fur die Untersuchung der lich und somit die chemischen Grundlamikroskopischen Eigenschaften von gen der Materialeigenschaften verdeutOberflachen. Verwendet man sie zum licht werden. Dieser Artikel zeigt, da13 Studium niederdimensionaler Materia- die Kombination der Rastersondenmilien, etwa zweidimensionaler Festkorper kroskopien rnit der chemischen Synthewie Graphit oder nulldimensionaler Na- se das Verstandnis der Ladungsdichtenostrukturen, lassen sich auch struktu- wellen und der Hochtemperatur-Suprarelle und elektronische Eigenschaften leitung erweitert sowie die Herstellung auf atomarer Skala erforschen, die fur von Nanoteilchen in niederdimensionadie gesamte Probe und nicht nur fur die len Materialien vorangebracht hat. WeiOberflache charakteristisch sind. Kom- terhin wurde aufgezeigt, wie dotierte biniert man solche Untersuchungen mit Materialien mit Ladungsdichtewellen der chemischen Synthese oder der direk- wechselwirken; ebenso wurde das Verten Manipulation von Atomen, so kon- standnis der lokalen Kristallchemie komplizierter Kupferoxide envei tert, mikroskopische Details uber die supraleitenden Zustande in HochtemperaturSupraleitern enthiillt und neue Ansatze zur Herstellung von Multikomponenten-Nanostrukturen hervorgebracht. Die Kopplung rastersondenmikroskopischer Messungen und Manipulationen mit chemischer Synthese ist ein allgemeiner Ansatz, um Materialeigenschaften besser zu verstehen und komplexe Nanostrukturen gezielter zu erzeugen.
Tricyclic 2,4-diaminopyrimidines with broad antifolate activity and the ability to inhibit pneumocystis carinii growth in cultured human lung fibroblasts in the presence of leucovorin

A selected number of 1,3-diaminobenzo[f]quinazolines and 1,3-diamino-5,6-dihydrobenzo[f]quinazolines, which may be viewed as tricyclic analogues of the lipid-soluble antifolates pyrimethamine (PM), metoprine (DDMP), and etoprine (DDEP), were tested as inhibitors of purified dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from WI-L2 lymphoblasts, and as inhibitors of the growth of Streptococcus faecium ATCC 8043 and L1210 murine leukemia cells in culture. In addition, these tricyclic compounds were tested for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei in mice, and for the ability to inhibit the growth of Pneumocystis carinii trophozoites in WI-38 human lung fibroblast cultures in the presence of leucovorin (LV). The most potent analogues were those with chlorine substitution in the ring distal to the 2,4-diaminopyrimidine moiety. Fully aromatic compounds tended to be more active than those in which the 5,6-bond was reduced, suggesting that planarity favors binding to the DHFR active site and may be favorable for cellular uptake. Several of the 2,4-diaminopyrimidine analogues showed greater potency than PM, DDMP or DDEP, and were more nearly comparable to the bicyclic 2,4-diaminopyrimidine antifolates trimetrexate (TMQ) or piritrexim (BW301U), which are known to be selectively toxic to P. carinii in the presence of LV. Two of the tricyclic compounds, 1,3-diamino-8-chlorobenzo[f]quinazoline and 1,3-diamino-9-chlorobenzo[f]quinazoline, proved to have activity similar to TMQ and BW301U in this system.
Homoepitaxial AlN thin films deposited on m-plane ( 11¯00) AlN substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

AlN homoepitaxial films were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on chemo-mechanically polished ( 11¯00)-oriented single crystalline AlN substrates. The dependence of the surface morphology, structural quality, and unintentional impurity concentrations on the growth temperature was studied in order to determine the most appropriate growth conditions for high quality ( 11¯00) AlN epitaxial layers. Optically smooth surfaces (RMS roughness of 0.4 nm) and high crystalline quality, as demonstrated by the presence of FWHM values for ( 101¯0) rocking curves along [ 0001] of less than 25 arc·sec, were achieved for films grown above 1350 °C. Furthermore, sharp and intense near band edge luminescence was observed in these high quality films. A reduction in unintentional oxygen impurity levels was seen with an increase in growth temperature. These high crystalline quality films are suitable for device applications and hold great potential for providing an ideal platform for deep UV emitters with high Al ...
ILL-POSEDNESS OF THE BASIC EQUATIONS OF FLUID DYNAMICS IN BESOV SPACES

We give a construction of a divergence-free vector field uo ∈ H s ∩ B -1 ∞,∞ for all s 0 if r > 2, and s > n(2/r - 1) if 1 ≤ r ≤ 2. This includes the space B 1/3 3,∞ , which is known to be critical for the energy conservation in ideal fluids.
Hindered diffusion of asphaltenes through microporous membranes

Abstract The relationship between the diffusion coefficient of asphaltenes and pore size was studied experimentally using track-etched mica membranes. The asphaltenes were extracted from Kuwait atmospheric bottoms using criteria of n -pentane insolubility and tetrahydrofuran solubility at 25°C. Data were obtained for asphaltene fractions of narrow size range by using gel permeation chromatography to analyze the diffusion samples. The results show a very strong pore size effect on diffusion coefficient in the range 70–500 A pore radius for asphaltenes whose GPC-equivalent polystyrene molecular weight is 3000 or greater. By properly accounting for the molecular size of the asphaltene fractions, we are able to obtain good agreement between the measured diffusion coefficients and those predicted from a hydrodynamic theory of hindered diffusion.
Failure of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors and urea to increase concentrating ability in the isolated perfused rat kidney

The isolated rat kidney perfused with a cell-free perfusion medium produces urine with a solute concentration at or below that of the perfusate. Vasopressin (Pitressin®), arginine vasopressin, DDAVP or dibutyryl cyclic AMP increased urine osmolality to a maximum of 20% above that of perfusate. The increase in urinary solute concentration was similar to the increase in solute content in the inner medulla of the perfused kidney. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin or acetyl salicylate decreased free water clearance slightly but did not increase urinary osmolality in response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Nor did inclusion of urea in the perfusate enhance the maximal response to ADH. It is concluded that the concentrating ability of the isolated perfused kidney is not improved by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and is limited by an inability to increase medullary solute concentration in the presence of the high perfusion flow rates which characterize this preparation.
Silicone gel breast implant failure and frequency of additional surgeries: Analysis of 35 studies reporting examination of more than 8000 explants †

Although it is well known that silicone gel breast implants (SGBIs) produce many "local" complications (i.e., pain, hard fibrous capsules, disfigurement, chronic inflammation, implant shell failure) and necessitate frequent surgical revisions, no large cohort retrospective quantitative analysis of clinical data has been reported to date, especially for the prevalence of failures and additional surgeries. Data from 35 different studies that encompass more than 8000 explanted SGBIs have now been analyzed and are reported here. Because examination of a prosthesis when explanted is the definitive method for determining shell integrity, the only studies that were used were ones that reported implant duration, the total number of SGBIs explanted, and the number of SGBIs for which shell rupture or failure ("not intact") was confirmed upon surgical removal. An exponential regression plot of data indicated a direct correlation of implant duration with percent shell failure (r2 = 0. 63 and r = 0.79 ). SGBI failure was found to be 30% at 5 years, 50% at 10 years, and 70% at 17 years. The failure rate was 6% per year during the first 5 years following primary implant surgery. ANOVA comparison of three implant age groups (mean implant durations of 3. 9, 10.2, and 18.9 years) indicated a highly significant statistical correlation of percent failure with implant duration (p < 0.001). Complications necessitating at least one additional surgery occurred for 33% of implants within 6 years following primary implant surgery. Shell failure was found to be an order of magnitude greater than the 4 to 6% rupture prevalence suggested by the AMA Council on Scientific Affairs in 1993, the 0.2 to 1.1% cited by manufacturers at that time, and the 5% rupture that was stated to be "not a safety standard that the FDA can accept."
The Structural Bases of Political Change in Urban Communities

The field of urban politics is vast and rapidly increasing. Students of a number of disciplines with a plethora of specific interests work within its hazy boundaries. The purpose of this essay is to attempt a contemporary synthesis of the field by linking a set of social structural changes to a variety of patterned political outcomes. Concretely a number of trends affecting urban social organization are summarized with three dimensions. Next the political consequences of change along each of these dimensions are discussed in some detail. Finally, the variable effects produced by the interplay among dimensions are dealt with in a way that gives rise to some data-based speculation about the future of urban politics. In addition to advancing a number of researchable hypotheses, it is hoped that the essay will sensitize the reader to some of the more fundamental issues that loom ahead.
Mechanism of heat transport in nanofluids

We have calculated thermal conductivity of alumina nanofluids (with water and ethylene glycol as base fluids) using temperature as well as concentration-dependent viscosity, η. The temperature profile of η is obtained using Gaussian fit to the available experimental data. In the model, the interfacial resistance effects are incorporated through a phenomenological parameter α. The micro-convection of the alumina nanoparticle (diameter less than 100 nm) is included through Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. The model is further improved by explicitly incorporating the thermal conductivity of the nanolayer surrounding the nanoparticles. Using this improved model, thermal conductivity of copper nanofluid is calculated. These calculations capture the particle concentration-dependent thermal conductivity and predict the dependence of the thermal conductivity on the size of the nanoparticle. These studies are significant to understand the underlying processes of heat transport in nanofluids and are crucial to design superior coolants of next generation.
EGF stimulates the processing and export of a secreted form of EGF receptor

Human A431 cells express a 100 kDa EGF-receptor homolog that contains only the external domain. The kinetics of its maturation and export are slow and comparable to those of the transmembrane receptor. Here we demonstrate that exogenously added EGF stimulates post-translational processing and export of this receptor through a pathway that is insensitive to inhibitors of protein synthesis. The results suggest that EGF may influence one or more of the rate determining steps that control receptor export from endoplasmic reticulum. This may constitute one of the pathways by which EGF regulates the expression of its receptor.
Low-field Zeeman effect of the microwave spectrum of the OH radical☆

Abstract The low-field Zeeman effect of the J, K = 0, 1 → 1, 0 and 2, 2 → 2, 3 rotational transitions in the 3Σ ground state of the 32S16O radical has been observed in the region of 0–30 gauss. In the 2, 2 → 2, 3 transition, four sets of σ-components and one set of π-components were resolved. All measurements were made using a dielectric rod absorption cell with square-wave Zeeman modulation. The measured splittings agree well with first-order theoretical calculations. No second-order Zeeman effect was observed in the region measured.
Nox4 B-loop Creates an Interface between the Transmembrane and Dehydrogenase Domains

By targeting redox-sensitive amino acids in signaling proteins, the NADPH oxidase (Nox) family of enzymes link reactive oxygen species to physiological processes. We previously analyzed the sequences of 107 Nox enzymes and identified conserved regions that are predicted to have important functions in Nox structure or activation. One such region is the cytosolic B-loop, which in Nox1-4 contains a conserved polybasic region. Previous studies of Nox2 showed that certain basic residues in the B-loop are important for activity and translocation of p47(phox)/p67(phox), suggesting this region participates in subunit assembly. However, conservation of this region in Nox4, which does not require p47(phox)/p67(phox), suggested an additional role for the B-loop in Nox function. Here, we show by mutation of Nox4 B-loop residues that this region is important for Nox4 activity. Fluorescence polarization detected binding between Nox4 B-loop peptide and dehydrogenase domain (K(d) = 58 +/- 12 nm). This interaction was weakened with Nox4 R96E B-loop corresponding to a mutation that also markedly decreases the activity of holo-Nox4. Truncations of the dehydrogenase domain localize the B-loop-binding site to the N-terminal half of the NADPH-binding subdomain. Similarly, the Nox2 B-loop bound to the Nox2 dehydrogenase domain, and both the Nox2 and Nox4 interactions were dependent on the polybasic region of the B-loop. These data indicate that the B-loop is critical for Nox4 function; we propose that the B-loop, by binding to the dehydrogenase domain, provides the interface between the transmembrane and dehydrogenase domains of Nox enzymes.
TCP-aware Load-Balanced Routing in Optical Burst-Switched (OBS) Networks

TCP-over-OBS is a promising transport paradigm to support next-generation-Internet. Load-balanced OBS improves loss- performance. We identify the ill-effects of load-balancing on TCP-performance due to false-time-outs and false-triple-duplicates. We propose source-ordering to improve TCP-throughput by three-four times.
Comparison of sex steroid receptor analyses and carcinoembryonic antigen with clinical response to hormone therapy

This study corroborates previous reports which suggested the efficacy of estrogen receptor (ER) analysis in predicting responses of patients with metastatic mammary carcinoma to hormonal therapeutic manipulation. The predictive value of multiconcentration titration and sucrose density gradient analyses of ERs and progesterone receptors (PRs) are compared. The predictive value of ER analyses can be improved by the discrimination of 8S versus 4S binding species or by the use of PR analysis in combination with ER analysis. The tumor-associated antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), is evolving as an important quantitative aid in evaluating the clinical responses of patients receiving hormonal therapy.
Operators with Closed Ranges in Spaces of Analytic Vector-Valued Functions

Abstract Let A + ( P , X ) denote the Banach space of X -valued analytic functions on a polydisc P ⊂ C n with absolutely convergent Taylor series. Main result : Let T ( z ) be an analytic family of bounded operators from X to Y . Assume that all T ( z ) have closed ranges depending continuously on z . Then the “multiplication” operator T : A + (P, X) → A + (P, Y) , induced by T ( z ), has closed range. (Equivalent characterization of such operator-valued functions are given.) This result makes it possible to construct Banach spaces of sections of some infinite-dimensional analytic sheaves. The construction is functorial and has certain exactness properties which help to study analytic perturbations of the joint spectrum of J. L. Taylor.
Science education in Tanzania: Challenges and policy responses

Abstract Students in rural and urban areas in Tanzania, and elsewhere in Africa, continue to have limited or lack access to culturally and employment-relevant science education. The current case study, a 2007–2009 examination of barriers to the reform movement of science education in Tanzania, uses data from interviews, classroom observations, document analysis, and a survey questionnaire. Areas of interest included overcrowding, lack of textbooks, a general low or inadequate access to education, irrelevant curricula, poor learning outcomes, and weak links to general employment options. The study discusses these barriers and their influence in thwarting implementation of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education in Tanzania. The totality of data constitutes a case study that results in proposing an instructional model called iSPACES (which stands for Innovation, Science, Practicals, Application, Conceptualization, Entrepreneurship and Systems), that encompasses core principles of science, systems thinking, and entrepreneurship.
The role of negotiational psychology in J.R. Commons's proposed reconstruction of political economy ∗

‘Negotiational psychology’ was Commons's pharase for the psychology of the transaction, the fundamental unit of this economic analysis. He used the pharase to refer to the behaviour of participants in transactions, and to the study of that behaviour. Though Commons often spoke of negotiational psychology, he provided no self-contained definition of what it was. This paper provides an explanation of what Commons meant by negotiational psychology and of how he thought it should be studied. The discussion sheds light on Commons's overall conceptualization of institutional economics, and on his beliefs regarding the proper research methods for building institutional economics.
The Impact of Party Cues on Citizen Evaluations of Senators

Students of Congress highlight the connections that legislators cultivate with constituents, bonds that help to secure voters’ trust and incumbents’ reelection. We revisit the forces that shape citizens’ evaluations of their senators, embedding a survey experiment in the 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Study to test for the impact of party labels. We show that citizens think more highly of senators from the opposite party when prompted with that senator's party label, results that are consistent with the psychological theory of “reference group effects.” The theory and results help explain how senators maintain favorable reputations from cross-partisans in periods of partisan voting.
ATTITUDINAL MODELS OF MODAL CHOICE: THE MULTINOMIAL CASE FOR SELECTED NONWORK TRIPS

Attitudinal multinomial logit models of modal choice are presented for four nonwork activities: major grocery shopping, shopping for odds and ends, shopping for personal goods and visiting friends and acquaintances. Explanatory variables are individuals' beliefs about attributes of four modal alternatives: bus, car, taxi and walking. Factor analysis is employed to identify latent dimensions of perception of the modal alternatives and to eliminate problems of multicollinearities in model estimation. Models are estimated using data obtained for a sample of residents of Buffalo, New York. Planning implications of the methodology are assessed.
Values for a post-Kyoto discourse

Environmental policy, including the Kyoto Protocol, is laden with values. Recognizing this fact can help UNFCCC parties come to agreement. Much of the contention surrounding the post-Kyoto negotiations can be explained through a framework of values. This article summarizes the arguments used by proponents and critics of emissions trading of greenhouse gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol through such a framework of values. Proponents and critics of emissions trading espouse common values, such as achievement, to work toward ameliorating climate change; there is less agreement on emissions trading seen through values such as responsibility and fairness. As non-Annex I parties are expected to take a more active role in the second commitment period, identifying values held by those working on their behalf will facilitate negotiations and help develop a discourse that is inclusive of their interests. Annex I parties can also benefit from the identification of the values to better convey their interests. All parties can use the values framework identified here to construct a more durable climate change regime.
Incidences and Sociodemographics of Specific Congenital Heart Diseases in the United States of America: An Evaluation of Hospital Discharge Diagnoses

Current estimates of the incidence of congenital heart disease (CHD) are derived from small clinical studies and metaanalyses. For the true incidence of CHD in the United States of America to be estimated, a single large representative population must be analyzed. All the data in this study were derived from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. The study determined the overall and lesion-specific incidences of CHD diagnoses among all birth hospitalizations in 2008, stratified by race, gender, socioeconomic status, and hospital geographic location. The study identified 13,093 CHD diagnoses among 1,204,887 birth hospitalizations, yielding an incidence of 10.8 per 1,000, with a predominance of mild lesions and septal defects. Atrial septal defect (ASD) and pulmonic stenosis were more common among females, whereas aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and d-transposition of great arteries were more common among males. No racial difference was observed in the overall CHD incidence. However, isolated patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and ventricular septal defects (VSDs) were more common among Caucasians, whereas ASDs were more common among Hispanics. The incidences of CHD diagnoses were similar for all socioeconomic classes except the lowest socioeconomic class, which had a significantly lower CHD incidence. There was no geographic or seasonal variation in CHD incidence. This study demonstrated the incidence of echocardiographically confirmed CHD diagnosis to be 10.8 per 1,000 live births, marked by a high proportion of mild cardiac lesions and isolated PDAs. The high incidence of isolated PDAs in this study may be explained by the inclusion of only CHD diagnoses during birth hospitalization.
Effects of caramiphen and phencyclidine alone and in combination on behavior in the rat.

Because dextromethorpan (DM) has been shown to inhibit the locomotor stimulant effects of phencyclidine (PCP), this study explored further the possible interaction between drugs acting on DM and PCP receptor sites. Caramiphen, an antitussive that binds with high affinity to the DM site, was injected (IP) alone (15–120 mg/kg) or at two doses (15 or 60 mg/kg) 15 min before a challenge dose of PCP (1.25–20 mg/kg). Caramiphen alone dose-dependently increased ataxia, increased stereotypy, and had no effect on locomotor activity. PCP alone dose-dependently increased ataxia, stereotypy, and locomotor activity, the latter showing an inverted U-shaped function. At both pretreatment doses, caramiphen enhanced locomotor activity and stereotypy when combined with low PCP doses but decreased these behaviors at high PCP doses. Caramiphen produced a dose-dependent additive effect on ataxia when combined with all PCP doses. It was concluded that, although caramiphen, like DM, inhibited the locomotor stimulant effects of selected doses of PCP, that interaction appeared to be due to other behaviors (e.g., ataxia/ stereotypy) elicited by caramiphen combined with high doses of PCP. This study underscored the importance of using full dose ranges of PCP when attempting to antagonize its behavioral effects with other drugs.
Management of Hospitals

This article presents a review of the book “Management of Hospitals,” by Rockwell Schulz and Alton C. Johnson.
The nature of the charges, currents, and fields in and about conductors having cross-sectional dimensions of the order of a skin depth

The nature of the charge, current, and field patterns is investigated in and about transmission-line conductors operating in a frequency range where one or more of the cross-sectional dimensions of the conductors is on the order of a skin depth. Questions are addressed concerning whether quasi-TEM (transverse electromagnetic) approximations can be used. Examples which simulate the relatively lossy, longer on-chip interconnects in high-speed digital circuits are considered. For comparison, approximations to monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) line examples, which usually have larger cross-sectional dimension and hence are less lossy, are also examined. >