cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Disclosure and Relationship Disengagement

Altman and Taylor’s (1973) book, Social Penetration, has served as the foundation for much of the research on self-disclosure in developing relationships. However, Altman and Taylor posited the dynamics of depenetration in their volume as well as the process of social penetration. They viewed depenetration, or disengagement as it shall be referred to in this chapter, as a simple reversal of the relationship growth process, arguing that self-disclosure breadth, depth, and valence decreased to strangerlike status as relationship parties grew more distant. To date, Altman and Taylor’s so-called “reversal hypothesis” has met with inconsistent support. Some studies have reported reduced depth of disclosure as relationships disengaged (Baxter, 1979a, 1983; Baxter & Wilmot, 1983; Lloyd, 1983; Wheeless, Wheeless, & Baus, 1984; Wilmot & Baxter, 1983), but other research has noted an increased depth of disclosure (Tolstedt & Stokes, 1984). No reduction in the breadth of disclosure has been noted in some studies (Baxter, 1979a; Baxter & Wilmot, 1983), in contrast to the reduced breadth of disclosure found in other research (Tolstedt & Stokes, 1984). Although a shift toward affectively neutral disclosure has been noted in some work (Ayres, 1982), other research has reported an increase in negatively valenced disclosures (Tolstedt & Stokes, 1984). Certainly, methodological differences in these various investigations account at least in part for the discrepancies that exist. However, it is the argument in this chapter that the “reversal hypothesis,” despite the elegance of its simplicity, fails to conceptualize important complexities of self-disclosure in the disengagement process that may lead to a prediction of reversal in some instances but not in others. The chapter is framed in a rhetorical/strategic theoretical perspective in contrast to the social exchange perspective (Airman & Taylor, 1973; Knapp, 1984) and the stochastic structural perspective (Cappella, 1984; Gottman, 1979), which are often associated with the self-disclosure construct.
Curricular Activity Systems Supporting the Use of Dynamic Representations to Foster Students’ Deep Understanding of Mathematics

A significant body of research has shown the benefits of dynamic representations technologies for learning. Dynamic representations embed mathematical relationships in objects that can be manipulated and illustrated in a concrete way. An example is a position graph that controls the motion of an object or character (e.g., a person running) in a simulated world. Although the technology required to use dynamic representations is now commonplace their use in the classroom is still limited. This chapter describes the notion of a curricular activity system and how it can be used in the design of learning environments that have a wider reach.
Random walks and forbidden minors II: a poly(d ε-1)-query tester for minor-closed properties of bounded degree graphs

Let G be a graph with n vertices and maximum degree d. Fix some minor-closed property P (such as planarity). We say that G is e-far from P if one has to remove e dn edges to make it have P. The problem of property testing P was introduced in the seminal work of Benjamini-Schramm-Shapira (STOC 2008) that gave a tester with query complexity triply exponential in e−1. Levi-Ron (TALG 2015) have given the best tester to date, with a quasipolynomial (in e−1) query complexity. It is an open problem to get property testers whose query complexity is (de−1), even for planarity. In this paper, we resolve this open question. For any minor-closed property, we give a tester with query complexity d· (e−1). The previous line of work on (independent of n, two-sided) testers is primarily combinatorial. Our work, on the other hand, employs techniques from spectral graph theory. This paper is a continuation of recent work of the authors (FOCS 2018) analyzing random walk algorithms that find forbidden minors.
Superadditivity of quantum channel coding rate with finite blocklength quantum measurements

This paper investigates the superadditivity of the maximum achievable information rate in a quantum channel. The superadditivity is a phenomenon that the maximum accessible information per channel strictly increases as the number of quantum states jointly measured increases. We give an explanation of this phenomenon by comparing the quantum channel with the classical discrete memoryless channel (DMC) under the concatenated codes, and give a lower bound on the maximum accessible information per channel at a finite length of quantum measurements in terms of V , which is the quantum version of channel dispersion, and C, the capacity of the quantum channel.
Deep Prototypical Networks for Imbalanced Time Series Classification under Data Scarcity

With the increase of temporal data availability, time series classification has drawn a lot of attention in the literature because of its wide spectrum of applications in diverse domains (e.g., healthcare, bioinformatics and finance), ranging from human activity recognition to financial pattern identification. While significant progress has been made to solve time series classification problem, the success of such methods relies on data sufficiency, and may not well capture the quality embeddings when training triple instances are scarce and highly imbalance across classes. To address these challenges, we propose a prototype embedding framework-Deep Prototypical Networks (DPN), which leverages a main embedding space to capture the discrepancies of difference time series classes for alleviating data scarcity. In addition, we further augment DPN framework with a relationship-dependent masking module to automatically fuse relevant information with a distance metric learning process, which addresses the data imbalance issue and performs robust time series classification. Experimental results show significant and consistent improvements compared to state-of-the-art techniques.
Man versus Machine: A Comparison of Robo-Analyst and Traditional Research Analyst Investment Recommendations

We provide the first comprehensive analysis of the properties of investment recommendations generated by “Robo-Analysts,” which are human-analyst-assisted computer programs conducting automated research analysis. Our results indicate that Robo-Analyst recommendations differ from those produced by traditional “human” research analysts across several important dimensions. First, Robo-Analysts produce a more balanced distribution of buy, hold, and sell recommendations than do human analysts and are less likely to recommend “glamour” stocks and firms with prospective investment banking business. Second, automation allows Robo-Analysts to revise their recommendations more frequently than human analysts and incorporate information from complex periodic filings. Third, while Robo-Analysts’ recommendations exhibit weak short-window return reactions, they have long-term investment value. Specifically, portfolios formed based on the buy recommendations of Robo-Analysts significantly outperform those of human analysts. Overall, our results suggest that automation in the sell-side research industry can benefit investors.
Validation of Self-Administered Single-Item Screening Questions (SISQs) for Unhealthy Alcohol and Drug Use in Primary Care Patients.

Very brief single-item screening questions (SISQs) for alcohol and other drug use can facilitate screening in health care settings, but are not widely used. Self-administered versions of the SISQs could ease barriers to their implementation. We sought to validate SISQs for self-administration in primary care patients. Participants completed SISQs for alcohol and drugs (illicit and prescription misuse) on touchscreen tablet computers. Self-reported reference standard measures of unhealthy use, and more specifically of risky consumption, problem use, and substance use disorders, were then administered by an interviewer, and saliva drug tests were collected. Adult patients aged 21–65 years were consecutively enrolled from two urban safety-net primary care clinics. The SISQs were compared against reference standards to determine sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for alcohol and drug use. Among the 459 participants, 22 % reported unhealthy alcohol use and 25 % reported drug use in the past year. The SISQ-alcohol had sensitivity of 73.3 % (95 % CI 65.3–80.3) and specificity of 84.7 % (95 % CI 80.2–88.5), AUC = 0.79 (95 % CI 0.75–0.83), for detecting unhealthy alcohol use, and sensitivity of 86.7 % (95 % CI 75.4–94.1) and specificity of 74.2 % (95 % CI 69.6–78.4), AUC = 0.80 (95 % CI 0.76–0.85), for alcohol use disorder. The SISQ-drug had sensitivity of 71.3 % (95 % CI 62.4–79.1) and specificity of 94.3 % (95 % CI 91.3–96.6), AUC = 0.83 (95 % CI 0.79–0.87), for detecting unhealthy drug use, and sensitivity of 85.1 (95 % CI 75.0–92.3) and specificity of 88.6 % (95 % CI 85.0–91.6), AUC = 0.87 (95 % CI 0.83–0.91), for drug use disorder. The self-administered SISQs are a valid approach to detecting unhealthy alcohol and other drug use in primary care patients. Although self-administered SISQs may be less accurate than the previously validated interviewer-administered versions, they are potentially easier to implement and more likely to retain their fidelity in real-world practice settings.
High Acuity of Postoperative Consults to Emergency General Surgery at an Urban Safety Net Hospital.

Abstract Background Emergency general surgery (EGS) has high rates of morbidity, mortality, and readmission. Therefore, it might be expected that an EGS service fields many consultations for postoperative patients. However, with the known overutilization of emergency department visits for nonurgent conditions, we hypothesized most postoperative consults received by an EGS service would be nonurgent and could be appropriately managed as an outpatient. Methods We reviewed all EGS consults at a single urban safety net hospital over a 12-month period, screening for patients who had undergone surgery in the previous 12 mo. This included consultations from the emergency room and inpatient setting. Demographics, admission status, procedures performed, and other details were abstracted from the chart and Vizient reports. Consultation questions were categorized and then reviewed by an expert panel to determine if conditions could have been managed as an outpatient. Results The EGS service received a total of 1112 consults, with 99 (9%) for a postoperative condition. Overall, 85% of postoperative consults were admitted after consultation, 19% underwent surgery and 21% underwent a procedure with gastroenterology or interventional radiology. Expert review classified slightly over one-third (36%) of consults as nonurgent. Conclusions Most postoperative consults seen at our urban safety net hospital represent true morbidity that required admission, intervention, or surgery. Despite this high acuity, one-third of postoperative consults could have been managed as an outpatient. Efforts to improve discharge instructions and set patient expectations could limit unnecessary postoperative emergency department visits.
Can You Believe Your Patients If They Say They Have Quit Smoking

OBJECTIVES To determine the reliability of self-reported smoking status in the orthopaedic trauma population and determine if certain patient factors might predispose inaccurate self-reported smoking cessation. DESIGN Prospective. SETTING Level I trauma center. PATIENTS Two hundred forty-seven orthopaedic trauma patients were included in the study. INTERVENTION In-office measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Self-reported smoking cessation with exhaled CO measurements. RESULTS A total of 906 self-reported surveys were completed over 4 follow-up visits. Of the responses indicating smoking cessation (n = 174), 12.6% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.081-0.185] reported smoking cessation with positive CO readings, suggesting inaccurate self-reporting of smoking status. Over 20% of those patients inaccurately reporting abstinence did so more than once. The odds of inaccurate self-reporting was 3 times higher in patients with no insurance or government insurance [odds ratio (OR), 3.5; 95% CI, 1.1-11.0; P = 0.043] and in the unemployed (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 0.97-8.57; P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS Self-reported smoking status in the orthopaedic population is fairly reliable, with 13% of patient's inaccurately self-reporting smoking cessation despite knowing their smoking status was being measured. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for inaccuracy in self-reported smoking cessation, particularly in patients with the identified socioeconomic factors. Point-of-care testing before elective trauma procedures to confirm smoking status might have a role if the procedure outcome is highly dependent on smoking status. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
On the Origin of Pandemic

Civilization remains under heavy attack, and for the first time in modern history almost all nations around the globe unify in battle. The common enemy, Planet Earth, has waged war against homo sapiens since the species first ventured away from Africa to populate the rest of Earth. The planet remains undefeated in conflict and well rested since it ended all but the birds during its last global extinction campaign some 66 million years earlier. Science speculates that Planet Earth defeated its last enemy with the help of an extra-terrestrial ally (an asteroid/meteor). To date the planet has proven a formidable opponent, relying upon its own, antiquated but effective arsenal, employing documented textbook military strategies for over 5,000 years, including a prehistoric village in China to Athens in antiquity to Eurasia in the fourteenth century to Mexico and Central America in the sixteenth century. Recently, Planet Earth upped its game by striking the global population in the 1918 Spanish Flu, HIV/AIDS (while still a pandemic, the virus peaked between 2005 and 2012), and most recently the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19).
"She's Not Ready to Give Up Yet!": When a Family Member Overrides the Patient's Medical Decisions.

Abstract Autonomy, which gives individuals the right to make informed decisions about their medical treatment, is a central principle in Western bioethics. However, we often encounter patients for whom a family member seems to dominate medical decision-making, to the extent that clinicians become concerned that the patient is subject to excessive pressure or even coercion. In this article, we describe one such case and how we assess a decision-making process that involves family influence. This entails acknowledging that many individuals weigh their family members’ preferences and/or well-being heavily in making medical decisions, and family norms for decision-making differ. A family member who tells their loved one “You can't give up now” is typically not ursurping the patient's liberty to make a different decision. However, there are some family influences which may be autonomy-limiting, including credible threats, or in situations of abuse. Aside from these scenarios, our role is not to alter a couple's long-standing dynamics and decision-making processes. However, for the patient who wants to assert herself, we can set the stage in a family meeting and amplify her voice. We must also attend to the emotional level of family members’ statements. “I won't let you give up” might be more a statement of grief rather than a true reflection of their values or intent. Supporting the family member's coping may help to bring together what initially seem to be divergent goals. Exploring these decision-making dynamics is key to providing good palliative care.
Examining HIV Risk and Exchange Sex Among Current and Formerly Homeless Young Adults.

This study investigated HIV risk among homeless and formerly homeless young adults by examining risky sex behaviors (e.g., condomless sex, exchange sex, and sex with multiple persons) using 90-day and daily recall methods. Data came from a sample of young adults (aged 18-27) with current (n = 101) or past (n = 109) homelessness experience in Los Angeles, California, recruited between 2017 and 2019. Baseline surveys queried demographics and sexual history. Daily retrospective surveys queried sexual events. Multiple logistic regressions were used to test the effects of demographic characteristics including homelessness history, relationship status, substance use, and sexual history on risky sex outcomes. In this sample, 26% reported never using a condom during anal or vaginal sex in the past 90 days, 5% reported testing positive for HIV, 82% had limited to no knowledge of preexposure prophylaxis, and 8% reported having had exchange sex during a 7-day measurement period, with those experiencing homelessness more likely to report. The study suggests supportive housing can reduce the occurrence of exchange sex but that HIV prevention services are still needed in homeless and housing programs to promote safe sexual practices.
Fighting an invisible enemy: Beginning a new chapter in the COVID-19 era

Editorial Comment, The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has disproportionately impacted communities of color and particularly Black and Hispanic individuals.
Bicultural Experience in the Legal Profession: A Developmental Network Approach

The use of “up or out” employment contracts, rank order promotions, and the limited availability of partnership positions have helped the tournament metaphor become established as a framework to describe the hypercompetitive work culture found in large law firms.1 At the heart of this framework is an exchange of capital: junior associates provide their labor in exchange for human capital development from the partners.2 The role of relational capital in the career tournament makes it difficult to understate the importance of developmental relationships; in particular, mentoring has been cited as the “royal jelly” of law firms because it acts as a conduit for capital development.3 As a consequence, the individual
Stochastic behaviors in plastic deformation of face-centered cubic micropillars governed by surface nucleation and truncated source operation

Abstract Three dimensional dislocation dynamics (DD) simulations are performed to investigate the governing mechanism of size dependent plastic deformation in submicron face-centered cubic (fcc) micropillars under uniaxial loading. Based on previous atomistic simulations, we introduce an algorithm for dislocation nucleation at the free surface as a function of stress and temperature in the DD simulation. The simulation results show stochastic behaviors in agreement with experimental observations, and reveal that dislocation nucleation at the free surface is the dominant mechanism of plastic flow in small pillars with diameters less than 200 nm, while the operation of truncated dislocation sources is the governing mechanism in large pillars with diameters exceeding 1 μm. In between, both mechanisms come into play in a stochastic way.
Intelligent mining in image databases, with applications to satellite imaging and to web search

An important part of our knowledge is in the form of images. For example, a large amount of geophysical and environmental data comes from satellite photos, a large amount of the information stored on the Web is in the form of images, etc. It is therefore desirable to use this image information in data mining. Unfortunately, most existing data mining techniques have been designed for mining numerical data and are thus not well suited for image databases. Hence, new methods are needed for image mining. In this paper, we show how data mining can be used to find common patterns in several images.
Platform motorized wheelchairs in congregate care centers: A survey of usage and safety

Abstract A survey of residents was done in three congregate care facilities to determine the prevalence and safety of platform motorized wheelchairs (PMWs) otherwise known as three-wheeled motorized wheelchairs or scooters. Thirty-one drivers of these vehicles were identified, 30 of whom consented to be interviewed. The mean age of the drivers was 80.7 years and 84% were women. Arthritis was the most frequent reason for use of the PMW (47%), followed by neurologic problems (23%) and orthopedic problems (23%). Of this group, 77% had their PMW prescribed by a physician, most commonly an orthopedic surgeon (40%) with only 14% being prescribed by a geriatrician or physiatrist. Thirty percent of the drivers felt other drivers in their facility drove unsafely. Most residents (57%) had no training in the use of the vehicle and two admitted they had a medical condition that made it difficult to drive. Five accidents were reported, two of which involved either a serious injury or property damage. Based on the results obtained from this survey, we conclude that driver safety evaluation should be done on all users of PMWs in congregate care facilities.
Formal integration archetypes in ambidextrous organizations

Research suggests that organizational ambidexterity, an organization's capacity to pursue both exploratory and exploitative activities, is critical to firm innovation and performance. Extant research primarily emphasizes several firm-level informal integration mechanisms, such as creating a common vision and relying on social integration, for integrating structurally ambidextrous units. Research has largely ignored, however, the formal mechanisms by which organizations have integrated such units. In this inductive study, using archival and interview data from organizations in Silicon Valley, we address this gap by identifying the formal integration archetypes that enable core business units to collaborate with new venture units to incubate new businesses. The four integration archetypes that enable collaboration vary along two key dimensions: who initiates new ventures and when collaboration is solicited. We identify formal administrative and resource mechanisms that enable such collaboration. We combine the disparate literatures of temporal and spatial separation of ambidextrous structures, and demonstrate how these must be combined at the business unit and new venture levels of analysis to achieve integration. The practical contribution of this study lies in identifying suitable contexts in which each of these archetypes can be utilized by practitioners for reintegrating new venture projects developed in separate structures.
GAMMA FLASH SUPPRESSION FOR THE ORELA PULSED NEUTRON SOURCE.

Abstract A gamma ray flash suppression system for neutron time-of-flight experiments at the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator (ORELA) has been found very effective for partial cross section measurements. For capture cross section measurements at 40 m the residual pileup flash pulse from a typical sample is well within the neutron binding energy range, where the detector response is linear. This has allowed two parameter (time and pulse height) analysis down to 0.5
Stereoselectivity in the adduct formation between chiral Eu(III) β-diketone complexes and sulphoxides, sulphones and phosphate esters

Abstract The adduct formation which takes place when Eu(III) chelates of triflouroacetyl-d-camphor and heptaflourobutyryl-d-camphor bind substrates has been studied. Enhancement of Eu(III) luminescence as a function of substrate concentration has been used to obtain information on the nature of the chelate/substrate adducts, and the stereochemistry of the complexes was studied by means of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectroscopy. While no optical activity can be measured for, the free chelates, formation of the adduct complexes usually led to the observation of very strong chirality even though the substrates were themselves achiral. It was concluded that adduct formation causes the bulky camphorato ligands to interact and adopt a configuration of lowest energy. This process perturbs the diastereomer ratios and yields a partial resolution of these very labile complexes.
Interpretive dilemmas created by the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory 2 (MMPI-2)

While the new MMPI-2 has the potential to provide more and better clinically relevant information than its predecessor, its introduction also creates several important problems for clinicians and researchers. In particular, the new norms and the use of uniform (rather than linear) T-scores result in the same raw scores on the two tests yielding clinical profiles that can be quite different, both qualitatively and quantitatively. These differences can result in difficulty in MMPI-2 profile interpretation when the user is relying on MMPI interpretive strategies. This paper addresses these concerns and offers some temporary remedial strategies.
Some properties of precedence languages

The classes of languages definable by operator precedence grammars1 and by Wirth-Weber precedence grammars2 are studied. A grammar is backwards-deterministic3 if no two productions have the same right part. Operator precedence grammars have no more generative power than backwards deterministic operator precedence grammars, but Wirth-Weber precedence grammars (i.e., grammars having unique Wirth-Weber precedence relations) are more powerful than backwards-deterministic Wirth-Weber precedence grammars; indeed they can generate any context-free language. An algorithm is developed for finding a Wirth-Weber precedence grammar equivalent to a given operator precedence grammar, a result of possible practical significance. The operator precedence languages are shown to be a proper subclass of the backwards-deterministic Wirth-Weber precedence languages which in turn are a proper subclass of the deterministic context-free languages.
The Log‐Linear Cognitive Diagnostic Model (LCDM) as a Special Case of the General Diagnostic Model (GDM)

Diagnostic models combine multiple binary latent variables in an attempt to produce a latent structure that provides more information about test takers' performance than do unidimensional latent variable models. Recent developments in diagnostic modeling emphasize the possibility that multiple skills may interact in a conjunctive way within the item function, while individual skills still may retain separable additive effects. This extension of either the conjunctive deterministic-input-noisy-and (DINA) model to the generalized version (G-DINA) or the compensatory/additive general diagnostic model (GDM) to the log-linear cognitive diagnostic model (LCDM) is aimed at integrating models with conjunctive skills and those that assume compensatory functioning of multiple skill variables. More recently, a result was proven mathematically that the fully conjunctive DINA model, which combines all required skills in a single binary function, may be recast as a compensatory special case of the GDM. This can be accomplished in more than one form such that the resulting transformed skill-space definitions and design (Q) matrices are different from each other but mathematically equivalent to the DINA model, producing identical model-based response probabilities. In this report, I extend this equivalency result to the LCDM and show that a mathematically equivalent, constrained GDM can be defined that yields identical parameter estimates based on a transformed set of compensatory skills.
VIRAL IMMUNE RESPONSES OF PROFOUNDLY DEAF STUDENTS AGED 19

We compared the viral-specific immunity of 6 profoundly deaf students born in 1964 with congenital rubella(CR) with that of 10 same-aged students profoundly deaf from other causes(OD). No defects other than hearing loss and mild retinitis were present. We measured GAM immunoglobulins(Ig),viral-specific antibodies(Ab) and in vitro lymphocyte stimulation indices (SI) against 7 heat-killed viruses, etiologically linked with deafness. The presence of prostaglandin-dependent lymphocyte suppression was determined by SI after indomethacin (IMC) addition. CR vs OD students had lower mean rubella Ab titers (1:29±9 vs 1:52±29, p=0.05) and lower mean rubella SI (3.5±2 vs 22.9±11; p< 0.001). Rubella SI were not increased after IMC in the CR group. SI against other viruses were comparable in the CR and OD students. In contrast to the CRs, 9 of 10 ODs had increased SI to one or more viruses after IMC,indicating suppressor activity. Normal levels of Ig were present in all CRs but only 3 of 10 ODs. The finding of immune tolerance against rubella virus in the CR group is a recognized event following intrauterine exposure to the virus. We demonstrate its persistence for at least 19 years. The finding of IMC-abrogated suppressor activity and altered Ig in these OD students suggests that their deafness, if virally-associated, differs in timing, or involves immunologic responses different from those following congenital rubella.
Mechanisms by which nitrite inhibits the development of warmed-over flavour (WOF) in cured meat

Abstract The mechanism by which nitrite functions as an antioxidant in cured meat products was studied using ground beef and meat (beef) pigment extracts (MPE). Nitrite, l -ascorbate, sodium tripolyphosphate, ADP and EDTA were reacted with ground beef and MPE, after which the samples were heated and stored at 4°C. Lipid oxidation was assessed by the TBA method. The results suggested that nitrite functions as an antioxidant in three possible ways: (1) by the formation of a strong complex with heme pigments, thereby preventing the release of non-heme iron and its subsequent catalysis of lipid oxidation; (2) by interacting directly with the liberated non-heme iron (Fe2+) from denatured heme pigments and (3) to a lesser extent, by stabilization of the unsaturated lipids within the membranes. Stabilization of the porphyrin ring, preventing release of Fe2+ during the cooking process, appears to be the most important mechanism.
The Discovery of VX-745: A Novel and Selective p38α Kinase Inhibitor

The synthesis of novel, selective, orally active 2,5-disubstituted 6H-pyrimido[1,6-b]pyridazin-6-one p38α inhibitors is described. Application of structural information from enzyme–ligand complexes guided the selection of screening compounds, leading to the identification of a novel class of p38α inhibitors containing a previously unreported bicyclic heterocycle core. Advancing the SAR of this series led to the eventual discovery of 5-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenylthio)-6H-pyrimido[1,6-b]pyridazin-6-one (VX-745). VX-745 displays excellent enzyme activity and selectivity, has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, and demonstrates good in vivo activity in models of inflammation.
Project EFECT: A case study of collaboration and cooperation

Many service professionals have little opportunity during their educational experience to collaborate directly with others outside of their discipline or to have real-life experiences in teamwork and cooperation. Project EFECT provided laboratory experiences in area schools for students from 4 different disciplines to practice working together while delivering much needed services to at-risk school children.
Eating without hands or tongue: specialization, elaboration and the evolution of prey processing mechanisms in cartilaginous fishes

The ability to separate edible from inedible portions of prey is integral to feeding. However, this is typically overlooked in favour of prey capture as a driving force in the evolution of vertebrate feeding mechanisms. In processing prey, cartilaginous fishes appear handicapped because they lack the pharyngeal jaws of most bony fishes and the muscular tongue and forelimbs of most tetrapods. We argue that the elaborate cranial muscles of some cartilaginous fishes allow complex prey processing in addition to their usual roles in prey capture. The ability to manipulate prey has evolved twice along different mechanical pathways. Batoid chondrichthyans (rays and relatives) use elaborate lower jaw muscles to process armored benthic prey, separating out energetically useless material. In contrast, megacarnivorous carcharhiniform and lamniform sharks use a diversity of upper jaw muscles to control the jaws while gouging, allowing for reduction of prey much larger than the gape. We suggest experimental methods to test these hypotheses empirically.
Bioinformatics analysis of Brucella vaccines and vaccine targets using VIOLIN.

Brucella spp. are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacteria that cause brucellosis, one of the commonest zoonotic diseases found worldwide in humans and a variety of animal species. While several animal vaccines are available, there is no effective and safe vaccine for prevention of brucellosis in humans. VIOLIN ( http://www.violinet.org ) is a web-based vaccine database and analysis system that curates, stores, and analyzes published data of commercialized vaccines, and vaccines in clinical trials or in research. VIOLIN contains information for 454 vaccines or vaccine candidates for 73 pathogens. VIOLIN also contains many bioinformatics tools for vaccine data analysis, data integration, and vaccine target prediction. To demonstrate the applicability of VIOLIN for vaccine research, VIOLIN was used for bioinformatics analysis of existing Brucella vaccines and prediction of new Brucellavaccine targets. VIOLIN contains many literature mining programs (e.g., Vaxmesh) that provide in-depth analysis of Brucella vaccine literature. As a result of manual literature curation, VIOLIN contains information for 38 Brucella vaccines or vaccine candidates, 14 protective Brucella antigens, and 68 host response studies to Brucella vaccines from 97 peer-reviewed articles. These Brucella vaccines are classified in the Vaccine Ontology (VO) system and used for different ontological applications. The web-based VIOLIN vaccine target prediction program Vaxign was used to predict new Brucella vaccine targets. Vaxign identified 14 outer membrane proteins that are conserved in six virulent strains from B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis that are pathogenic in humans. Of the 14 membrane proteins, two proteins (Omp2b and Omp31-1) are not present in B. ovis, a Brucella species that is not pathogenic in humans. Brucella vaccine data stored in VIOLIN were compared and analyzed using the VIOLIN query system. Bioinformatics curation and ontological representation of Brucella vaccines promotes classification and analysis of existing Brucella vaccines and vaccine candidates. Computational prediction of Brucellavaccine targets provides more candidates for rational vaccine development. The use of VIOLIN provides a general approach that can be applied for analyses of vaccines against other pathogens and infection diseases.
Electrochemically controlled binding and release of protonated dimethyldopamine and other cations from poly( N-methyl-pyrrole)/polyanion composite redox polymers

The composite polymer, poly(N-methylpyrrole)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PMP+ PSS−), was synthesized by anodic polymerization of N-methylpyrrole onto a platinum electrode in the presence of poly(styrenesulfonate). When this polymer film on platinum was reduced cathodically to PMP0PSS− in an aqueous solution of dopamine hydrobromide or dimethyldopamine hydrobromide, the cationic, protonated amines were incorporated into the film. Release of these compounds from the film could be accomplished by reoxidation in aqueous electrolyte solution. The total amount released and the release rate were studied using a thin layer cell with UV spectroscopic detection of the organic compound in the solution. Pulsed release was possible. At open circuit the film potential drifted, leading to changes in the amount of ion bound in the film. Under potentiostatic control, it was shown that the film reached equilibrium with the solution at various potentials over the range −0.4 to 0.4 V (SCE). Nemst plots of the equilibrium data for protonated dimethyldopamine (1H+) (0.5 or 1 mM) incorporation from aq. 0.01 M KCl into films of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 μm thickness had slopes of 250 mV. The films were half oxidized at about 0.1 V, but a reliable Eo' could not be determined. Use of 50% sulfonated PSS− or Nation® in place of 100% sulfonated PSS− gave similar film properties, and similar Nemst plots. Films from polyvinylsulfonate or PAMPS did not bind appreciable amounts of 1H+. Potential step experiments showed that both uptake and release of 1H+ were diffusion controlled. The apparent diffusion coefficient (dapp), measured spectrophotometrically, was invariant with the redox state of the film. Dapp was found to be independent of the magnitude of the potential step, the direction of the potential step, and the presence of supporting electrolyte (0.01 M KCl). Small variations in Dapp were observed when the solution concentration of 1H+, the film thickness, and the polyanion structure (PSS− vs. Nafion) were varied. Binding and release of BNA+ methyl viologen, Ru(bpy)32+, and protonated procaine gave similar results to those for 1H+.
Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase during rat parotid acinar cell proliferation

Abstract We have recently shown that β-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol-induced parotid acinar cell proliferation is in part mediated by elevated levels of surface galactosyltransferase which undergoes interaction with the EGF-R. The receptor subsequently undergoes autophosphorylation on the tyrosine residues in a manner similar to its ‘receptor-ligand’ interaction (Purushotham et al. (1992) Biochem. J. 284, 767–776). In this study, we provide evidence for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and 4-kinase as cytoplasmic signalling proteins involved in both the isoproterenol and EGF-stimulated signal transduction upon in vitro and in-vivo stimulation of parotid acinar cells. Total cell lysate activity for the PtdIns 4-kinase was 2- and 3-fold higher than unstimulated control cells, while the PtdIns 3-kinase was 1.4- and 2.8-fold higher following stimulation by isoproterenol or EGF, respectively. Increases of 6- and 2-fold in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase were observed in anti-phosphotyrosine-antibody-immunoprecipitated cell lysates upon in-vitro growth stimulation with isoproterenol or EGF, respectively. There was an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of the holoenzyme and association of the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with EGF-R in response to both isoproterenol and EGF treatments. This corresponded with the mobilization of p85 from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane upon growth stimulation. These results further implicate the phosphoinositide metabolites in the second messenger signalling pathways of isoproterenol-induced rat parotid cell proliferation. The parallel utilization of EGF indicate that the post-transductional mechanisms of isoproterenol-induced acinar cell proliferation are similar to the growth-factor-mediated activation of intracellular signalling pathways for cell growth.
The hydrosilation of olefins catal̂zed by some rhodium and cobalt complexes

Abstract A variety of homegneous hydrogenation catalysts has been examined for the catlysis of olefin hydrosilation including RhCl(PPh 3 ) 3 , RhCl(CO)(PPh 3 ) 2 and RhH(CO)(PPh 3 ) 3 . The addition of phenyldimethylsilane to 2-pentene gave only n−pentyldimethylphenylsilane, although very little olefin isomerization accompanied additions to terminal olefins. Addition of phenyldimethylsilane to acrylonitrile gave the α−adduct only. Addition of dimethylchlorosilane to acrylonitrile was catalyzed by RhH(CO)(PPh 3 ) 3 in the presence of tributylamine or by Co 2 (CO) 8 . In both cases α-Adduct was formed. With methacrylonitrile, 1,4−addition occurred to give Me 2 CCHN(SiMe 2 Cl) 2 with Co 2 (CO) 8 . The addition of triethoxysilane and trichlorosilane to ethylene was catalyzed by [RhCl(CO) 2 ] 2 to give the corresponding ethyl derivatives an in the latter case excess ethylene was dimerized to butenes
Structure of the Membrane Domain of Subunit b of the Escherichia coli F0F1 ATP Synthase

The structure of the N-terminal transmembrane domain (residues 1–34) of subunit b of theEscherichia coli F0F1-ATP synthase has been solved by two-dimensional 1H NMR in a membrane mimetic solvent mixture of chloroform/methanol/H2O (4:4:1). Residues 4–22 form an α-helix, which is likely to span the hydrophobic domain of the lipid bilayer to anchor the largely hydrophilic subunit b in the membrane. The helical structure is interrupted by a rigid bend in the region of residues 23–26 with α-helical structure resuming at Pro-27 at an angle offset by 20° from the transmembrane helix. In native subunitb, the hinge region and C-terminal α-helical segment would connect the transmembrane helix to the cytoplasmic domain. The transmembrane domains of the two subunit b in F0 were shown to be close to each other by cross-linking experiments in which single Cys were substituted for residues 2–21 of the native subunit and b-b dimer formation tested after oxidation with Cu(II)(phenanthroline)2. Cys residues that formed disulfide cross-links were found with a periodicity indicative of one face of an α-helix, over the span of residues 2–18, where Cys at positions 2, 6, and 10 formed dimers in highest yield. A model for the dimer is presented based upon the NMR structure and distance constraints from the cross-linking data. The transmembrane α-helices are positioned at a 23° angle to each other with the side chains of Thr-6, Gln-10, Phe-14, and Phe-17 at the interface between subunits. The change in direction of helical packing at the hinge region may be important in the functional interaction of the cytoplasmic domains.
A conjugate gradient iterative method

Abstract A strongly implicit pre-conditioned form of the conjugate gradient method is considered. The resulting iterative technique is applicable for sparse systems of difference equations arising from boundary value problems. The method is used to solve two- and three-dimensional potential flows. In addition, it is extended to a 2 x 2 coupled system to solve the Navier-Stokes equations in stream function-vorticity form.
Activated switching between two driven oscillation states in a nonlinear micromechanical oscillator (Invited Paper)

We present measurements of noise induced switching for a system far from equilibrium. The system under study is an underdamped micromechanical torsional oscillator driven into the nonlinear regime. Under a sufficiently large periodic driving field, the oscillator has two stable dynamical states with different oscillation amplitudes within a certain range of driving frequencies. We induce the oscillator to escape from one dynamical state into the other by introducing noise in the excitation. By measuring the rate of random transitions as a function of noise intensity, we demonstrate the activated behavior of escape from the high-amplitude state to the low-amplitude state.
Intraocular Pressure Increase Associated With Epsilon-Aminocaproic Acid Therapy for Traumatic Hyphema

We treated five patients receiving epsilon-aminocaproic acid who demonstrated sudden and accelerated clot dissolution with accompanying increases in intraocular pressure 24 to 96 hours after discontinuing treatment. All of these patients required additional ocular hypotensive medications and one patient required anterior chamber washout for persistently increased intraocular pressure. These findings suggest that certain patients with hyphema may be at risk for significant intraocular pressure increases following cessation of epsilon-aminocaproic acid therapy.
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSION OF LOGICO-GRAMMATICAL SENTENCES BY GRADE SCHOOL CHILDREN

The development of comprehension of 50 sentences expressing comparative, passive, temporal, spatial, and familial relationships was evaluated in 210 grade school children. Significant increases in correct responses occurred during the first five grades but not between Grades 5 and 8. The periods during which significant increases occurred differed for sentence categories. In the early grades comparative relationships were easiest followed by passive, temporal, spatial, and familial relationships. The findings suggest that spatial relationships are established earlier in a developmental sequence than temporal relationships. In Grades 1 and 2 WISC Full Scale IQ and comprehension of logico-grammatical sentences correlated significantly.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY-GUIDED PERCUTANEOUS BIOPSY: CRITERIA FOR ACCURATE NEEDLE TIP IDENTIFICATION

Precise localization of the needle tip during CT-guided percutaneous biopsy is considered to be a key element of a successful procedure. To ensure accuracy, the true needle tip must be differentiated from a false or simulated tip which appears when the CT slice encompasses only the shaft of an angled needle. By obtaining images of an aspiration biopsy needle inserted vertically into a phantom and then incrementally tilting the gantry, the authors were able to compare the characteristic features of the true tip to the simulated tip. The true tip was abrupt and distinct and had an adjacent flame-like low density artifact. The simulated tip was indistinct and tapered, yet still produced the adjacent artifact. We concluded that the shape and distinctness of the end portion of the needle itself, rather than the attendant artifact, were the most reliable criteria for accurate needle tip identification.
Automated testing for large-scale critical software systems

Software systems are important components for the deployment and operation of large-scale critical systems, such as nuclear plants and aerospace shuttles. The very high reliability is critically required. Due to the very large scale and computational complexity, however, there are some inherent challenges for conducting extensive testing. In this paper, we define such challenges in the testing scope of large-scale critical software. The paper presents the testing workflows and coverage, the mechanism of random testing, followed by the automated testing framework. We then present the implementing details of the automated testing platform ATLAS.
Manganese and carbon lines as temperature indicators

Selected hyperfine structure broadened lines of various excitations and the carbon line at 5380 A are tested as temperature diagnostics for photospheric heterogeneities. This is done by comparing the observed center-to-limb variation of the equivalent widths of these lines with predictions by several proposed models of homogeneous type. Model 10 (Elste, 1968), which also explains the limb-darkening of the continuum in the same spectral range, provides a better basis for the analysis of heterogeneities at different photospheric levels than other recent reference models.
Expression of multiple ATP receptor subtypes during the differentiation and inflammatory activation of myeloid leukocytes

ATP can activate both G-protein-coupled signaling systems or ATP-gated channels by stimulating either P2Y-family or P2X-family receptors. Our studies indicate that different P2Y- and P2X-family receptors are expressed in mature human phagocytic leukocytes and in myeloid progenitor cells. The P2Y 1 receptor is functionally expressed only in early myeloid progenitor cells, whereas the P 2U /P2Y 2 receptor is expressed in late-stage progenitor cells and in mature monocytes and neutrophils. The P2X 1 receptor is not expressed in early myeloid progenitors, but it is abundantly expressed when these cells commit to monocytic differentiation. However, the expression of P2X 1 and P 2U /P2Y 2 receptors is significantly down-regulated when myeloid leukocytes are activated with proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, these same inflammatory stimuli induce a large up-regulation of P2Z/P2X 7 receptor expression. We propose that the differential expression of ATP receptor subtypes in various myeloid leukocyte populations indicates that these cells utilize locally released ATP and particular ATP receptors for distinct types of autocrine and paracrine communication.