cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Marxist Methodology for Critical Collaborative Inquiry

This chapter attempts to trouble the author's performance of the Stampede as a way to begin a conversation about what and how the Stampede teaches. It aims to engage what Dewsbury describes as the "imperceptibles" lost when treating visual culture and performance solely as representation. The chapter attempts to discern possibilities for a sensory, embodied pedagogy, occasioned or shaped by unsettling affect. It explores the performance of complicity from the standpoint of experiences derived from diverse and incompatible roles. The selection of bite-sized food adds a gala quality to the Calgary Stampede's annual Western Art Auction. Cultural performance like the Calgary Stampede offers nothing to teach except the complete absence of oppositional critique. Although the brand of the Calgary Stampede may be widely recognized, there are a number of features about its formation that are less well known. The Stampede doubled the square footage of the art show, which must be a sign of something.
Assessing Caregiver Sensitivity to Infants

Over the past 15 years, there has been a proliferation of research on parent-infant attachment. This work has generated a lively exchange of ideas among researchers of various theoretical persuasions (cf. Rajecki, Lamb, & Obmascher, 1978; Lamb & Easterbrooks, 1981). We are now faced with the challenging task of evaluating and integrating this field. In this chapter, we discuss parental sensitivity to infant cues in an expanded context of caregiver sensitivity and development. We also trace the development and application of a psychophysiological paradigm for the study of parental responsiveness to infants and present recent research in this area from our own laboratory. We then explore some of the methodological issues in the study of parental sensitivity.
The effect of sociodemographic factors and therapy on survival in pediatric liver cancers: A SEER population study.

10076 Background: To investigate long-term survival in pediatric primary liver cancers, including hepatoblastoma & hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on sociodemographic factors & therapy in a la...
Laminin-coated electrodes improve cochlear implant function and post-insertion neuronal survival

The benefits of Cochlear implant (CI) technology depend among other factors on the proximity of the electrode array to the spiral ganglion neurons. Laminin, a component of the extracellular matrix, regulates Schwann cell proliferation and survival as well as reorganization of actin fibers within their cytoskeleton, which is necessary for myelination of peripheral axons. In this study we explore the effectiveness of laminin-coated electrodes in promoting neuritic outgrowth from auditory neurons towards the electrode array and the ability to reduce acoustic and electric auditory brainstem response (i.e. aABR and eABR) thresholds. In vitro: Schwann cells and neurites are attracted towards laminin-coated surfaces with longer neuritic processes in laminin-coated dishes compared to uncoated dishes. In vivo: Animals implanted with laminin-coated electrodes experience significant decreases in eABR and aABR thresholds at selected frequencies compared to the results from the uncoated electrodes group. At 1 month post implantation there were a greater number of spiral ganglion neurons and neuritic processes projecting into the scala tympani of animals implanted with laminin-coated electrodes compared to animals with uncoated electrodes. These data suggest that Schwann cells are attracted towards laminin-coated electrodes and promote neuritic outgrowth/ guidance and promote the survival of spiral ganglion neurons following electrode insertion trauma.
Asymmetric N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Catalyzed Acyl Anion Reactivity.

The generation of acyl anion equivalents has been of interest to the synthetic community since the early 1960’s. Of the numerous methods available to generate acyl anions (or acyl anion equivalents), their catalytic production from aldehydes has been through the use of cyanide and N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). The latter has emerged as a prominent method to catalyze the formation of acyl anion equivalents from aldehydes in an umpolung process facilitating the discovery of new transformations and the development of asymmetric variants. This rapidly growing field of organocatalysis1 has been the subject of many reviews which detail the contributions from numerous researchers in this area.2 The present review will discuss the advent and development of NHCs in the generation of acyl anion equivalents and their use in synthesis.
A Cost Benefit Study of using Energy Storage to Provide Regulation Services

This paper presents a cost benefit study of using energy storage systems (ESS) to provide regulation services. The impact of lifetime depreciation characteristics and regulation signal design on ESS service lifetime depreciation, service quality and service costs are quantified. Two ESS operation mechanisms are considered: 1-dircctional and 2-directional services. When providing 1-directional service, the ESS only responds to regulation-up or regulation-down service during the committed period. When providing 2-directional service, the ESS can respond to both regulation-up and regulation-down signals. Regulation and price data published by New York Independent System Operator and PJM are used to conduct the study.
An evaluation of HHV-6 as an etiologic agent in Hodgkin lymphoma and brain cancer using IARC criteria for oncogenicity.

Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is a ubiquitous double-stranded DNA virus that can cause roseola infantum, encephalitis, and seizure disorders. Several studies have shown an association between HHV-6 and cancer but confirmation of an etiologic role is lacking. We reviewed the criteria for viral causation of cancer used by The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) for six oncogenic viruses and applied criteria to published reports of HHV-6 and its association with Hodgkin lymphoma and brain tumors. Our major criteria for oncogenicity were finding evidence of the virus in every tumor cell and prevention of the tumor by an antiviral vaccine. Our six minor criteria included: 1) suggestive serologic correlation, such as higher virus antibody levels in cases compared to controls; 2) evidence of the virus in some but not all tumor cells, and 3) time space clustering. We focused on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as the primary virus for comparison as HHV-6 and EBV are both Herpesviridae, ubiquitous infections, and EBV is well-accepted as a human oncovirus. Particular attention was given to Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and brain cancer as these malignancies have been the most studied. No studies reported HHV-6 satisfying either of the major criteria for oncogenicity. Of the minor criteria used by IARC, serologic studies have been paramount in supporting EBV as an oncogenic agent in all EBV-associated tumors, but not for HHV-6 in HL or brain cancer. Clustering of cases was suggestive for both HL and brain cancer and medical intervention suggested by longer survival in patients treated with antiviral agents was reported for brain cancer. There is insufficient evidence to indicate HHV-6 is an etiologic agent with respect to HL and brain cancers. We suggest that methods demonstrating EBV oncogenicity be applied to HHV-6. It is important that one study has found HHV-6 in all cancer cells in oral cancer in a region with elevated HHV-6 antibodies and therefore HHV-6 can still be considered a possible human oncogenic virus.
Plasma Extracellular Vesicles in Children with OSA Disrupt Blood–Brain Barrier Integrity and Endothelial Cell Wound Healing In Vitro

Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (P-OSA) is associated with neurocognitive deficits and endothelial dysfunction, suggesting the possibility that disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) may underlie these morbidities. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include exosomes, are small particles involved in cell–cell communications via different mechanisms and could play a role in OSA-associated end-organ injury. To examine the roles of EVs in BBB dysfunction, we recruited three groups of children: (a) absence of OSA or cognitive deficits (CL, n = 6), (b) OSA but no evidence of cognitive deficits (OSA-NC(−), n = 12), and (c) OSA with evidence of neurocognitive deficits (OSA-NC(+), n = 12). All children were age-, gender-, ethnicity-, and BMI-z-score-matched, and those with OSA were also apnea–hypopnea index (AHI)-matched. Plasma EVs were characterized, quantified, and applied on multiple endothelial cell types (HCAEC, HIAEC, human HMVEC-D, HMVEC-C, HMVEC-L, and hCMEC/D3) while measuring monolayer barrier integrity and wound-healing responses. EVs from OSA children induced significant declines in hCMEC/D3 transendothelial impedance compared to CL (p < 0.001), and such changes were greater in NC(+) compared to NC(−) (p < 0.01). The effects of EVs from each group on wound healing for HCAEC, HIAEC, HMVED-d, and hCMEC/D3 cells were similar, but exhibited significant differences across the three groups, with evidence of disrupted wound healing in P-OSA. However, wound healing in HMVEC-C was only affected by NC(+) (p < 0.01 vs. NC(−) or controls (CO). Furthermore, no significant differences emerged in HMVEC-L cell wound healing across all three groups. We conclude that circulating plasma EVs in P-OSA disrupt the integrity of the BBB and exert adverse effects on endothelial wound healing, particularly among OSA-NC(+) children, while also exhibiting endothelial cell type selectivity. Thus, circulating EVs cargo may play important roles in the emergence of end-organ morbidity in pediatric OSA.
Light-degradable hydrogels as dynamic triggers for gastrointestinal applications

Triggerable materials capable of being degraded by selective stimuli stand to transform our capacity to precisely control biomedical device activity and performance while reducing the need for invasive interventions. Here, we describe the development of a modular and tunable light-triggerable hydrogel system capable of interfacing with implantable devices. We apply these materials to two applications in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract: a bariatric balloon and an esophageal stent. We demonstrate biocompatibility and on-demand triggering of the material in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Moreover, we characterize performance of the system in a porcine large animal model with an accompanying ingestible LED. Light-triggerable hydrogels have the potential to be applied broadly throughout the GI tract and other anatomic areas. By demonstrating the first use of light-degradable hydrogels in vivo, we provide biomedical engineers and clinicians with a previously unavailable, safe, dynamically deliverable, and precise tool to design dynamically actuated implantable devices.
Factors Influencing Future Music Participation: A Review of Literature Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior:

The theory of planned behavior (TPB) has been employed as a theoretical framework that predicts and explains an individual’s intention to engage in a certain behavior. The TPB postulates that an in...
Intraoperative brain tumour identification with deep learning.

Developing novel technologies to discriminate malignant tissue from nonmalignant structures and thereby facilitate safe, complete tumour resection is a major priority for advancing oncological neurosurgery. Herein, we discuss a recently reported innovation involving stimulated Raman spectroscopy of intraoperative tissue samples and data interpretation with artificial intelligence, as well as the implications of this approach for neurosurgical oncology.
Effects of maturation on knee biomechanics during cutting and landing in young female soccer players

Young female soccer players are at high risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury due to the fast-paced nature of the sport and surplus of unplanned movements during play. Neuromuscular training programs that aim to reduce this injury by targeting the associated biomechanical movements are a potential solution. While previous studies have examined the lack of dynamic knee control during landing, there are few that outline the role that maturation can play during unanticipated cutting. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if young female soccer players across multiple phases of maturation exhibited the before seen differences in knee control during a drop landing as well as an unanticipated cutting task. 139 female soccer players volunteered to participate in this study and were classified in three maturational groups based on percent adult stature: prepubertal (PRE), pubertal (PUB), and post-pubertal (POST). Each group performed a drop vertical jump (DVJ) and an unanticipated cutting task (CUT). Standard 3D motion capture techniques were used to determine peak knee flexion/abduction angles and moments during each task. Within tasks, POST exhibited significantly greater peak abduction angles and moments compared to PUB/PRE. While each maturational group exhibited greater peak knee abduction angles during the DVJ compared to the CUT, peak knee abduction moments during the CUT were greater compared to the DVJ. Participants within each maturational group exhibited greater knee flexion during the DVJ compared to the CUT, however there were no differences identified between groups. During both tasks, POST/PUB exhibited greater peak knee flexion moments compared to PRE, as well as POST compared to PUB. Overall, each group exhibited significantly greater peak knee flexion moments during the CUT compared to the DVJ. These observed differences indicate the need for neuromuscular training programs that target both jumping and cutting techniques to reduce ACL injuries.
Simple Data Types, Expressions, and Operations

SETL allows one to manipulate two main kinds of data items, namely simple data items and composite data items. The intuitive distinction between these is that composite data items have elements, or components, which are themselves other (simple or composite) data items.
Effect of spironolactone and benazepril on furosemide-induced diuresis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation in normal dogs.

Background Diuretic braking during furosemide continuous rate infusion (FCRI) curtails urine production. Hypothesis Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation mediates braking, and RAAS inhibition will increase urine production. Animals Ten healthy purpose-bred male dogs. Methods Dogs received placebo, benazepril, or benazepril and spironolactone PO for 3 days before a 5-hour FCRI (0.66 mg/kg/h) in a 3-way, randomized, blinded, cross-over design. Body weight (BW), serum creatinine concentration (sCr), serum electrolyte concentrations, PCV, and total protein concentration were measured before PO medications, at hours 0 and 5 of FCRI, and at hour 24. During the FCRI, water intake, urine output, urine creatinine concentration, and urine electrolyte concentrations were measured hourly. Selected RAAS components were measured before and after FCRI. Variables were compared among time points and treatments. Results Diuretic braking and urine production were not different among treatments. Loss of BW, hemoconcentration, and decreased serum chloride concentration occurred during FCRI with incomplete recovery at hour 24 for all treatments. Although unchanged during FCRI, sCr increased and serum sodium concentration decreased at hour 24 for all treatments. Plasma aldosterone and angiotensin-II concentrations increased significantly at hour 5 for all treatments, despite suppressed angiotensin-converting enzyme activity during benazepril background treatment. Conclusions The neurohormonal profile during FCRI supports RAAS mediation of diuretic braking in this model. Background treatment with benazepril with or without spironolactone did not mitigate braking, but was well tolerated. Delayed changes in sCr and serum sodium concentration and incomplete recovery of hydration indicators caused by furosemide hold implications for clinical patients.
Ethical Decision Making: Are Men and Women Treated Differently?

This exploratory study finds that ethical choices made by decision makers are influenced by a social factor, the gender of other individuals affected by the decisions. In contrast to Schminke's (1997) study this investigation focuses on ethical decision making and finds that both men and women are more often charitable to women participants in most situations, although this effect appears to be greater for men. This study contributes to extant literature on ethical decision making by identifying “participant gender” (gender) as a critical influence on ethical choices. “Respondent sex” (sex) effects are also found in some situations. In response to Robertson's (1993) call, several methodological improvements on past studies are made, and behavioral intentions as indicants of future ethical behaviors, rather than ethical attitudes, are employed. Managerial implications are drawn and suggestions for future research are made.
Conditions for Implicit Parallelism

Many interesting varieties of genetic algorithms have been designed and implemented in the last fifteen years. One way to improve our understanding of genetic algorithms is to identify properties that are invariant across these seemingly different versions. This paper focuses on invariants among genetic algorithms that differ along two dimensions: (1) the way user-defined objective function is mapped to a fitness measure, and (2) the way the fitness measure is used to assign offspring to parents. A genetic algorithm is called admissible if it meets what seem to be the weakest reasonable requirements along these dimensions. It is shown that any admissible genetic algorithm exhibits a form of implicit parallelism.
Theoretical interpretation of Traveling Interplanetary Phenomena and their solar origins

Recent theoretical studies on Traveling Interplanetary Phenomena (TIP) and their relation or presumed relation to their solar origins will be reviewed. An attempt is made to outline the theoretical studies in the context of mathematical methods and physical processes. The following alternative approaches are examined: analytical vs. numerical methods; magnetohydrodynamics vs. hydrodynamics; processes with or without dissipation; continuum (macroscopic) vs. the kinetic (microscopic) approach. In particular, the flare-generated interplanetary shocks are used as examples to illustrate these theoretical studies within the context of TIP. Some emphasis will be placed on MHD wave propagation through the inner corona and its maturity to a fully-developed interplanetary shock. Further, their propagation and the disturbing effects on the solar wind will be considered. Cases concerning the classification and characteristics of blast-produced shocks and long-lasting ejecta are also discussed in the context of numerical simulations.
Missed lipoma of the spermatic cord. A pitfall of transabdominal preperitoneal laparoscopic hernia repair.

Background: Missed lipoma of the spermatic cord is a pitfall unique to the transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) laparoscopic hernia repair. This problem occurs when a palpable inguinal mass is noted preoperatively, but no identifiable hernia defect is found at time of laparoscopy and the procedure is terminated.
Bayesian broadband passive sonar tracking

We present a Bayesian tracker for broadband passive sonar. The Bayesian formulation in Cartesian coordinates facilitates multi-sensor fusion of a distributed field of receivers. The likelihood functions used in the tracker are formulated so as to leverage a priori knowledge about the signal-of-interest's bandwidth and spectral mask when available. The use of a priori knowledge about the signal enables substantial gains in the tracker's detection and localization performance, even when this knowledge is approximate.
Effect of Guided Practice on Overhand-Throw Ball Velocities of Kindergarten Children

Abstract Forty-five children from two intact kindergartens in one school were randomly assigned by sex to (a) an experimental group which received a movement program that included 120 min of guided practice in the overhand throw; or (b) a control group which received the same movement program but no exposure to the throw. A third group (N = 24), randomly selected by sex from a comparable school, received no movement program. Before and after the eight-week instructional period, ten trials of each child's overhand throw for force were filmed. Horizontal ball velocities were simultaneously recorded. ANOVAs on pre- and posttest ball velocities for each sex within each treatment group revealed no significant practice effect over ten trials (p > .05); thus, the trial mean was used as each subject's score. Two-way ANOVAs (treatment X sex) on the pre- and posttest data indicated no significant velocity differences (p > .05) between groups either before or after instruction. Boys had significantly greater velocit...
UPDATED OKLAHOMA OZARK FLORA: A Checklist for the Vascular Flora of Ozark Plateau in Oklahoma based on the work of C.S. Wallis and records from the Oklahoma Vascular Plants Database

Charles Wallis’ 1959 dissertation “Vascular Plants of the Oklahoma Ozarks” is one of the most important florisitic works for state botanists and conservationists. Although a number of local and county floras for Oklahoma have been published, only Wallis and C. T. Eskew (1937) have completed regional studies.
Orderly Process of Sequential Cytokine Stimulation Is Required for Activation and Maximal Proliferation of Primitive Human Bone Marrow CD34+ Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Residing in G0

Bone marrow (BM) CD34+ cells residing in the G phase of cell cycle may be the most suited candidates for the examination of cell cycle activation and proliferation of primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). We designed a double simultaneous labeling technique using both DNA and RNA staining with Hoechst 33342 and Pyronin Y, respectively, to isolate CD34+ cells residing in G(GCD34+ ). Using long-term BM cultures and limiting dilution analysis, GCD34+ cells were found to be enriched for primitive HPCs. In vitro proliferation of GCD34+ cells in response to sequential cytokine stimulation was examined in a two-step assay. In the first step, cells received a primary stimulation consisting of either stem cell factor (SCF), Flt3-ligand (FL), interleukin-3 (IL-3), or IL-6 for 7 days. In the second step, cells from each group were washed and split into four or more groups, each of which was cultured again for another week with one of the four primary cytokines individually, or in combination. Tracking of progeny cells was accomplished by staining cells with PKH2 on day 0 and with PKH26 on day 7. Overall examination of proliferation patterns over 2 weeks showed that cells could progress into four phases of proliferation. Phase I contained cytokine nonresponsive cells that failed to proliferate. Phase II contained cells dividing up to three times within the first 7 days. Phases III and IV consisted of cells dividing up to five divisions and greater than six divisions, respectively, by the end of the 14-day period. Regardless of the cytokine used for primary stimulation, GCD34+ cells moved only to phase II by day 7, whereas a substantial percentage of cells incubated with SCF or FL remained in phase I. Cells cultured in SCF or FL for the entire 14-day period did not progress beyond phase III but proliferated into phase IV (with <20% of cells remaining in phases I and II) if IL-3, but not IL-6, was substituted for either cytokine on day 7. GCD34+ cells incubated with IL-3 for 14 days proliferated the most and progressed into phase IV; however, when SCF was substituted on day 7, cells failed to proliferate into phase IV. Most intriguing was a group of cells, many of which were CD34+, detected in cultures initially stimulated with IL-3, which remained as a distinct population, mostly in G /G1 , unable to progress out of phase II regardless of the nature of the second stimulus received on day 7. A small percentage of these cells expressed cyclin E, suggesting that their proliferation arrest may have been mediated by a cyclin-related disruption in cell cycle. These results suggest that a programmed response to sequential cytokine stimulation may be part of a control mechanism required for maintenance of proliferation of primitive HPCs and that unscheduled stimulation of CD34+ cells residing in G may result in disruption of cell-cycle regulation.
Rat astroglial somatomedin/insulin-like growth factor binding proteins: characterization and evidence of biologic function

Specific binding proteins (BPs) to somatomedin/insulin-like growth factors (Sm/IGFs) have been identified in conditioned media from a variety of cells in culture. By affinity cross-linking using disuccinimidyl suberate, we have covalently cross-linked radiolabeled somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I (Sm-C/IGF I), insulin-like growth factor II (IGF II) and insulin to BPs in conditioned medium (CM) from cultured astroglial cells derived from cerebral cortices of neonatal rats. Two species of radiolabeled Sm/IGF BP complexes of 40,000 Da (40K) and 45K were identified. Competition with unlabeled Sm- C/IGF I and IGF II demonstrated that the BPs in each complex have similar affinities for Sm-C/IGF I and IGF II. The BP in the 45K complex was about 5-fold more sensitive to competition with unlabeled Sm/IGFs than the BP in the 40K complex, suggesting that it either has a higher affinity for Sm/IGFs or is less abundant. Evidence that the BPs in each complex are distinct includes the following findings: (1) insulin competed with Sm/IGF for binding to the 45K complex, but not the 40K complex, and (2) the BP in the 40K complex, but not the 45K complex, was recognized by antibodies raised against a BP purified from CM of buffalo rat liver (BRL) 3A cells. Growth hormone did not affect the apparent secretion of either BP. The binding activity of both BPs was retained after mild heat treatment, changes to extremes of pH (2–10), and prolonged storage at -20 degrees C, but was destroyed after heating to higher temperatures (80 degrees C and greater), reduction, and proteolytic treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
One-Dimensional Spectra of Atmospheric Turbulence in the Lowest 100 Metres

This paper summarizes our knowledge of one-dimensional spectra of atmospheric turbulence in relation to each other, and to easily measured parameters. Taylor's hypothesis regarding equivalence of Eulerian time and space spectra seems to be well satisfied in homogeneous turbulence. Lagrangian correlation functions have generally longer time scales than Eulerian functions, but approximately similar shapes. The spectra of the longitudinal and lateral velocity components can be divided into low-frequency “convective” and high-frequency “mechanical” portions. The former is sensitive to changes in lapse rate, particularly in the case of the lateral component. The mechanical portion is sensitive to wind and surface roughness. The spectrum of vertical motion seems to have essentially the same shape at all heights, but shifts to lower frequencies with increasing height. The shape is independent of wind, roughness and lapse rate in the surface layer. However, the magnitude is strongly influenced by these parameters.
SPLENECTOMY IN CHILDHOOD AND THE HAZARD OF OVERWHELMING INFECTION

Splenectomy is a necessary remedial operation in a number of conditions in childhood; in others it is of questionable value. In traumatic rupture of the spleen, the necessity for removal of the organ is absolute and immediate; in aplastic anemia there is little need for haste and the possible benefit of the operation is doubtful. Between these extremes, there are several gradations (Table I). In the last 12 years, attention has been called to the greater frequency of sudden overwhelming infection in the splenectomized infants or children as compared to those with intact spleens. There are conflicting opinions about this danger. Some see no greater risk after splenectomy than after appendectomy; many others believe that the hazard is so specific as to contraindicate splenectomy in childhood, even when it might relieve acute or chronic hemolysis. The syndrome of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI) is unlike most fulminating bacteremias and septicemias in ordinary (spleen-containing) individuals. Very few patients with bacteremia progress from good health to death in less than 24 hours, whereas the OPSI syndrome constitutes a distinct entity which often lasts only 12 to 18 hours. It may begin abruptly with slight sore throat, fever, and "feeling or looking sick," proceed to headache, vomiting, and hyperpyrexia; and be followed within a few hours by convulsions or coma and death. In the uncomplaining infant, the prodromata of spreading infection may be absent or missed. The pneumococcus is usually the invading organism. The meningococcus or influenza bacillus have also been blamed, but these infections last several days and are less fulminant.
The Draft Bill on the Recognition of Muslim Marriages; an unwise, improvident and questionable constitutional exercise

This article focuses on the South African Law Reform Commission's proposed legislation on the recognition of Muslim marriages. Whilst applauding the recognition of Muslim and other forms of traditional marriages as an unqualified good, this article asserts that state involvement in religion should never extend to the state telling a community what their religion is or how their religion should be practised. Moreover, the state should not be taking sides by legislating a particular understanding of religion. Where the state prescribes a particular understanding of religion and imposes this view on the group affected under penalties of sanction, this constitutes coercion. Such action constitutes a violation of freedom of religion under international law and also constitutes a violation of the Bill of Rights. This article critiques the South African Law Reform Commission's proposals as an exercise of the state choosing sides in doctrinal disputes and using the power of the state to impose a particular view on the community affected. This is improper religious involvement by the state. This article further asserts that the freedom of religion clauses under the Bill of Rights should be understood as provisions that empower religious groups and further their autonomy to practice their religion as defined by their religious leaders and institutions. Where the state acts in the realm of religion to curtail religions practices, state involvement must be limited to laws of general application to advance important social interests. Where the state seeks to instruct a community on their religion as the proposals do, this denigrates the community and invites unnecessary conflict.
Dewey's Conception of "Virtue" and its Educational Implications

INTRODUCTION During the past decade, interest in “virtue” as a moral concept and as an educational ideal has increased dramatically. This interest is reflected in a huge number of scholarly books and articles, as well as in the popular media. This interest is reflected further in the many “character education” programs that have already been implemented across the country and in the legislation introduced by President Clinton that would require such programs in all public schools. Because different conceptions of virtue will have different implications for students and teachers, it is important to assess the potential value of alternative conceptions of this attribute. In this paper I hope to contribute to such an assessment by discussing Dewey’s particular conception of virtue and some of its educational implications.
Effect of current density on electrolytic transformation of benzene for groundwater remediation

Abstract Electrolytic transformation of benzene in water is evaluated as a potential mechanism that can be implemented for in situ remediation of benzene in groundwater. Electrolytic transformation experiments were conducted using inert electrodes that are separated by a membrane. Electrolytes that consist of sodium chloride or sodium nitrate solutions with 40 mg/L benzene concentration were used. Electric currents of 1, 5 and 10 mA (1.8, 9.0 and 18.1 mA/L, respectively) were applied and the transformation of benzene was monitored and compared with a control. The results show that electrolytic transformation of benzene occurred under different rates that depend upon the type of electrolyte and the current density. Transformation results in formation of chlorinated benzene when sodium chloride is the electrolyte. However, processing for long enough time (up to 300 h) resulted in transformation of the chlorinated benzene byproducts. Benzene transformation occurred when the electrolyte was sodium nitrate but the rate was slower than the case with sodium chloride. The results did no show formation of byproducts in this case. The transformation rate was dependent on the current density. The results with sodium chloride showed that the rate increases with increasing the current density, but there is an optimum value, beyond which increasing the current density will not increase the transformation rate.
Speed-accuracy tradeoff and information processing dynamics

Abstract For a long time, it has been known that one can tradeoff accuracy for speed in (presumably) any task. The range over which one can obtain substantial speed-accuracy tradeoff varies from 150 msec in some very simple perceptual tasks to 1,000 msec in some recognition memory tasks and presumably even longer in more complex cognitive tasks. Obtaining an entire speed-accuracy tradeoff function provides much greater knowledge concerning information processing dynamics than is obtained by a reaction- time experiment, which yields the equivalent of a single point on this function. For this and other reasons, speed-accuracy tradeoff studies are often preferable to reaction-time studies of the dynamics of perceptual, memory, and cognitive processes. Methods of obtaining speed-accuracy tradeoff functions include: instructions, payoffs, deadlines, bands, response signals (with blocked and mixed designs), and partitioning of reaction time. A combination of the mixed-design signal method supplemented by partitioning of reaction times appears to be the optimal method.
The effects of rifampin and rifabutin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination oral contraceptive

The relative effects of rifampin and rifabutin (a related rifamycin) on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ethinyl estradiol (EE) and norethindrone were evaluated in a prospective randomized double-blinded crossover study in 12 premenopausal women who were on a stable oral contraceptive regimen that contained 35 mcg EE and 1 mg norethindrone. Subjects were randomized to receive 14 days of rifampin or rifabutin from days 7 through 21 of their menstrual cycle. After a 1-month washout period (only the oral contraceptives were taken) subjects were crossed over to the other rifamycin. Findings showed that rifampin significantly decreased the mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to 24 hours [AUC (0-24)] of EE and the mean AUC (0-24) of norethindrone. Rifabutin significantly decreased the mean AUC (0-24) of EE and the mean AUC (0-24) of norethindrone. The effect of rifampin was significantly greater than rifabutin on each AUC (0-24). Despite these changes subjects did not ovulate (as determined by progesterone concentrations) during the cycle in which either rifamycin was administered. Levels of mean follicle-stimulating hormone increased 69% after rifampin. This study suggests that rifampin (600 mg daily) was a more important inducer of EE and norethindrone clearance than rifabutin but none of these agents were able to reverse the suppression of ovulation done by oral contraceptives.
MRI for Physiology and Function: Technical Advances in MRI of Congenital Heart Disease

Summary Cardiovascular MRI is an active area of research, and the techniques and application are continuing to evolve. We have presented the basic categories of MRI techniques used to image the heart and have shown some examples of advanced techniques applied to the evaluation of congenital heart disease. The reader is referred to other articles for examples of these techniques in clinical practice.
Preclinical evaluation of intravenously administered 111In- and 90Y-labeled B72.3 immunoconjugate (GYK−DTPA) in beagle dogs

B72.3, a monoclonal antibody with reactivity against human adenocarcinomas was obtained from the Cytogen Corporation in the form of an immunoconjugate coupled with linker-chelator GYK-DTPA by using proprietary carbohydrate directed site specific chemistry. The immunoconjugate was radiolabeled with indium-111 or yttrium-90. A preclinical analysis was performed in 10 normal beagle dogs. The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered indium- and yttrium-labeled immunoconjugates were compared serially in blood, bone marrow and urine samples. Compared to 90Y less of the 111In label ended up in urine and more was found in blood and bone marrow. Indium-labeled B72.3 GYK-DTPA had relatively higher uptake in most glandular tissues than 111In-labeled antiferritin immunoconjugate. Bone marrow toxicity was the dose limiting side effect after intravenous infusion of 90Y-labeled B72.3 GYK-DTPA. Toxicity was also observed in the liver but not in other organ systems. Recently other investigators obtained similar results with these immunoconjugates in human patients. A preclinical pharmacokinetic analysis of radioimmunoconjugates in beagle dogs provided useful information regarding bone marrow toxicity, liver toxicity and in vivo instability of the immunoconjugate. Data suggest that for future trials in human patients, a more stable chelated immunoconjugate for yttrium is needed to achieve less liver uptake and a better correlation with the 111In-labeled product than the 90Y-labeled B72.3 GYK-DTPA used in this investigation.
The spin physics of composite fermions

We discuss the qualtitative and quantitative features of the composite fermion theory in situations when the spin degree of freedom is relevant, and its success in explaining the spin structure of the fractional quantum Hall states at low Zeeman energies.
'House of Believers': Irony and Commensurability in Tanganyikan Colonial Discourse

This article is an historical analysis of a colonial vernacular (Kiswahili) newspaper. As Mambo Leo (‘Today's Events’) was sold across Tanganyika to a Kiswahili readership of new East African British subjects, the task necessarily requires an appreciation of irony. In fact, it is irony and humour that was crucial to Mambo Leo reaching its audience, crossing thresholds between Western news reporting and East African oral performance, between literacy and orality. In particular, it was the newspaper's cartoons that attracted its readership. Like cartoons elsewhere, Mambo Leo's represent captured moments of laughter, which, for want of these comic strips, might escape history's notice. Crafted by coastal Tanganyikans (for whom Kiswahili was at least a familiar second language) under editorial direction of British editors, they attempt to plumb the contentious process of identity construction in a colonial cultural milieu for all of its comedic potential. The vernacular news publication, ostensibly a vehicle ...
A Generalization of the Euler-Fermat Theorem.

This note considers the problem of determining, for fixed k and m, all values of r, , such that . More generally, if k, m and c are given, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for .
A method for purifying rat myoglobin for kinetic studies.

Une technique est decrite pour preparer de la myoglobine pure par fractionnement avec sulfate d'ammonium.
Transport Through a Driven Three-Site System

ABSTRACT We study the current and its noise properties of the electron transport through a molecular wire modeled by a three tight-binding levels. Within a high-frequency approximation, the time-dependent transport problem is described by a static problem with renormalized parameters. The analytical results are in good agreement with an exact numerical solution.
Analyzing Nonexponential Kinetics with Multiple Population-Period Transient Spectroscopy (MUPPETS)

A new multidimensional spectroscopy (MUPPETS) was recently introduced (van Veldhoven, E.; et al. ChemPhysChem 2007, 8, 1761) that distinguishes between nonexponential relaxations that are due to heterogeneous dynamics and those that are due to homogeneous dynamics. This paper develops methods for the quantitative analysis of MUPPETS data and demonstrates the ability of this experiment to decompose a complex decay into its components. These methods have been applied to MUPPETS data on the ground-state recovery of auramine in methanol and on a mixture of auramine and coumarin 102 in methanol. The auramine is found to have two kinetically different components, even though the decay times are too similar to be distinguished in a one-dimensional experiment. The dynamics of each component are derived from the MUPPETS data in a model-free procedure in particular without assuming that the individual decays are exponential or that they have similar shapes. In fact, the component decays are each found to be nonexponential and to have different decay shapes. We suggest that the two components are due to ion-paired and nonpaired molecules. The effect of rotation on MUPPETS with all parallel polarizations is analyzed. The nonexponentiality in ground-state recovery signals due to the combination of rotation and population decay is shown to behave as a nearly ideal homogeneous nonexponentiality. This prediction is confirmed in a mixture of auramine and coumarin. MUPPETS allows the decay from the fast relaxing auramine to be removed from the mixture, leaving only the rotation/population decay of the coumarin.
CONTROL AND IMPROVEMENT OF COMPLEX PROCESSES

Data were collected at inappropriate points in a process, for manufacturing semiconductor integrated circuits, such that statistical process control techniques failed to identify the state of process control. The correct points for monitoring the proces..
Interactions of O2, CO, CO2, and D2 with the stepped CU(311) crystal face: Comparison to CU(110)

Abstract Carbon dioxide is shown to chemisorb and dissociate to carbon monoxide and atomic oxygen on Cu(311) at 150 K in ultra-high vacuum. The reverse reaction of carbon monoxide and surface oxygen to form carbon dioxide is also shown to occur in the range of 150 to 400 K. At about 0.4 ML oxygen on Cu(311), a poorly ordered p(2 × 1) surface structure forms. Increasing the oxygen coverage further enhances surface disorder. Oxygen blocks only one of the three CO adsorption sites, and has little effect on CO 2 adsorption and dissociation. Adsorption of D 2 on Cu(311) is enhanced by pre-adsorbed oxygen. We contrast the high reactivity of Cu(311) for CO 2 and D 2 dissociative adsorption, and for CO oxidation to CO 2 with the relatively inactive Cu(110). These chemisorption studies suggest that methanol synthesis over copper may be a structure sensitive reaction.
Enemy or ally: migrants, intermediaries and the state in Bangladeshi migration to Japan and the United States

Migration scholars are becoming increasingly concerned about migrants’ exploitation by intermediaries and the state’s regulatory power on these intermediaries. This study looks at Bangladeshi migration to Japan and the USA and examines the relationships among migrants, agents and the state. To comprehend the migrant’s perspective, an ethnographic methodology is adopted to conduct fieldwork among Bangladeshis in Tokyo and Los Angeles. Several findings contradict the tenets of market-based approach to migration agent’s business: that the agents may develop migration business out of legal procedures to enter the destination countries, and that the agents provide useful services to both the migrants and the state. Thus, it argues that migration agents and the states are not always competing with one another, but can be mutual beneficiaries. It also finds that migrants affect the agents by influencing their business reputation. Thus, it argues that the migrants are not powerless vis-a-vis the agents, but rathe...
Clinical Outcome after Intrahepatic Venous Stent Placement for Malignant Inferior Vena Cava Syndrome

We evaluated the clinical outcome of malignant inferior vena cava (IVC) syndrome after intrahepatic IVC stent placement by retrospective analysis of 50 consecutive patients (25 men, 25 women, age 32-83 years) with malignant IVC syndrome who were treated with intrahepatic stent placement. Gianturco-Rosch-Z (GRZ) stents (n = 45), and Wallstents (n = 5) were inserted. Clinical outcome was assessed from patients' records using a score based on leg swelling, scrotal/vulvar edema, ascites and anasarca before and after stent placement, as well as at last follow-up visit before death. Clinical follow-up was supplemented by duplex sonography in 36 patients. Inferior venocavography was performed in 5 patients prior to re- intervention. Follow-up time ranged from 1 to 932 days (mean 62 days). Mean pressure gradient in the IVC was reduced from 14 +/- 4.1 mmHg before to 2.9 +/- 3.2 mmHg after stent placement (p < 0.001). Four patients had stent occlusion, 2 of whom were successfully re-stented. Primary and secondary patency was 59% and 100%, respectively at 540 days. Immediate clinical data were available in 44 patients: 38 improved; 6 did not respond. Last follow-up visit data were available in 36 patients: 24 showed persistent symptom relief till death. All symptom scores were significantly improved after stent placement (p < 0.001) and with the exception of ascites, remained significantly improved (p < 0.05) until the last follow-up. Increased serum bilirubin was a common characteristic of clinical failures and recurrences. Intrahepatic IVC stent placement resulted in significant symptomatic relief in patients with malignant IVC syndrome. Palliation was effective even in patients with a very short life expectancy.
An application of linear algebra to petrologic problems: Part 1. Mineral classification

Abstract The conservation of mass within any mineral that is regarded as a closed system is expressed by the equations: ∑ j=i n a ij x j = b i , i = 1, 2,…m, or A x = b where aij is the number of moles of oxide i in molecular member j, xi is the mole per cent of molecular member j in the mineral phase, and bi is the total number of moles of oxide i. Each of the column vectors a1, a2, … a n within the matrix of detached coefficients, A, represents a molecular member. If all possible molecular members of a given mineral group are grouped together in a matrix, B, the maximum number of members necessary to represent a mineral is equal to the rank of B, i.e. to the number of linearly independent column vectors in B. There are at most m − 1 such vectors. Once A is formed by arbitrarily selecting a suitable set of linearly independent vectors, a1, a2, … a n from B, the mineral composition, x, is easily computed from: x = E −1 b where E−1 is the inverse to some square array from A. This procedure of classification and computation is illustrated for the three mineral groups feldspar, biotite, and amphibole.