cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene by Environment Interaction Linking the Chromosome 15q25 Locus with Cigarette Consumption and Lung Cancer Susceptibility--Are African American Affected Differently?--Authors' Reply.

We appreciate Drs. Hopkins' and Young's commentary (Hopkins and Young, 2016) on some of the conclusions and limitations to our investigation (David et al., 2016) of gene by environment interactions for lung cancer in African–Americans. The investigation was not designed to examine underlying biological mechanisms of gene by environment interactions for lung cancer risk, but was instead intended to characterize the nature and directionality of such interactions in a sufficiently powered case–control study of African–Americans. Potential mediating processes, such as can be captured by measurements of airflow limitation resulting from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the inflammatory and oxidative stress processes – resulting from altered levels of inhaled, combusted tobacco smoke – are examples of precursor phenotypes, which could shed additional light on genetically-moderated mediation of lung cancer. The present study did not compare genetic interaction effects between different ethnic groups. Therefore, we cannot directly contrast our results with those of Asian-, American–Indian- or European-ancestry studies. Although it may appear that the dose–response of cigarettes smoked per day is lost in smokers with 2 risk alleles, this may not necessarily be the case. It may be more accurate to conclude that the genetic association with lung cancer is most prominent in light smokers. Nonetheless, our results, including the predeceasing genome-wide association studies of smoking quantity and fine mapping studies of lung cancer confirm the importance of the chromosome 15q25.1 region (CHRNA3, CHRNA5, IREB2 and PSMA4) in lung cancer risk in African–Americans. Differences in genetic architecture of this region between African-ancestry and those of non-African ancestry, such as varying prevalence of polymorphisms linked to smoking exposure and lung cancer and lower levels of linkage disequilibrium, necessitate careful evaluation within African-ancestry study populations in order to demonstrate the clinical validity of lung cancer susceptibility variants that have been more widely studied in European-ancestry populations. Overall, these results point to a complex web of causation whereby the chromosome 15q25.1 region represents a lung cancer susceptibility locus in African–Americans vis-a-vis increased smoking exposure and intrinsic lung cancer risk.
Attenuation of pilocarpine-induced drinking by chronic treatment with estrogens.

SummaryAcute ip administration of graded doses of the parasympathomimetic agent, pilocarpine, to female rats increased their water intake, urine output and urinary sodium excretion rate in a graded...
The Usability of Personal Digital Assistants as Prospective Memory Aids for Medication Adherence in Young and Older Adults

Medication adherence is essential to retaining functional independence into older adulthood. In the experiment reported here, 25 older and 26 young adults were asked to learn to use medication adherence software supported by a personal digital assistant (PDA). In addition to completing a battery of cognitive tests, each participant's PDA skill acquisition was assessed over time (i.e., during training, immediately following training, and after a delay). Consistent with previous research, older adults required longer to learn to use the PDA and committed more errors compared to younger adults. Over time, age differences in PDA performance were reduced suggesting that older adults might benefit from the use of PDAs as prospective memory aids.
Intentions and behaviors to use oral supplements for computer vision syndrome

We study intentions and behavior associated with use of the oral supplement of the EyeScience Computer Eye Strain formula for computer vision syndrome. Participants (n = 588) completed a survey wit...
Screening for Neuroblastoma: Progress and Pitfalls

The primary goal of cancer screening is to identify tumors in their earlier and, presumably, more curable stages. Mass screening has been recommended for the early detection of several adult malignancies, including cancers of the colon, breast, cervix, and prostate. In the past two decades,
"Vitamin S" (Steroids) and Vitamin C for the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock!

It has been assumed that severe sepsis and septic shock occur due to immune disequilibrium. Excessive activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) has been implicated in generation of the “cytokine storm” in the early stages of sepsis. Through a variety of genomic and nongenomic mechanisms, glucocorticoi
An aromatic cage is required but not sufficient for binding of Tudor domains of the Polycomblike protein family to H3K36me3

Polycomblike (Pcl) proteins are important transcriptional regulators and components of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2). The Tudor domains of human homologs PHF1 and PHF19 have been found to recognize trimethylated lysine 36 of histone H3 (H3K36me3); however, the biological role of Tudor domains of other Pcl proteins remains poorly understood. Here, we characterize the molecular basis underlying histone binding activities of the Tudor domains of the Pcl family. In contrast to a predominant view, we found that the methyl lysine-binding aromatic cage is necessary but not sufficient for recognition of H3K36me3 by these Tudor domains and that a hydrophobic patch, adjacent to the aromatic cage, is also required.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Hope and History.

N ineteen ninety-eight is an important year; it is a year when we mark the fiftieth anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and also an important year for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. It is a year when we reaffirm our commitment to work for change and to demonstrate that the principles of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration are not too theoretical, nor too abstract. It is also a time to recognize the importance of the Universal Declaration for health issues globally. If we strive to give such principles practical effect, the success of our efforts can be measured by the improved health and well-being of individuals around the world. The Universal Declaration was the first international agreement aimed at the improvement of human rights for all people. The year 1948 was, of course, "no ordinary time." The devastation of World War II and the revelations at Nuremberg made nations more willing to commit to a universal standard of human rights protections. today, when we have become concerned about a lack of individual and collective will, it is worth remembering that not only after that war, but throughout, dedicated groups and individuals around the world worked tirelessly for the human rights of ordinary men and women. This can serve as a reminder that no matter how hard the going gets, we must not sacrifice human rights for other goals. The Universal Declaration is a document that owes much to the vision of Eleanor Roosevelt, one of those wartime champions of human rights. She was the US representative to the UN Commission on Human Rights and later its
Semantics, Components, Rapprochement

What are the principal considerations in developing a model of semantic processing? According to Manfred Bierwisch, ‘The semantic analysis of a given language must explain how the sentences of this language are understood, interpreted, and related to states, processes, and objects in the universe.’ A problematic order, to be sure. None the less, if ‘analysis’ is changed to model, then this imperative is exactly the one to which the modeller must respond. The fundamental question of semantic analysis or modelling is, for Bierwisch, ‘What is the meaning of a sentence S of the language L?’ In attempting to answer that question, one necessarily deals with another: how is that sentence meaningful in that language? Of course, context is critical because one must interpret sentence S in terms of ‘its semantic relations to other expressions’ in that language. Furthermore, one must know ‘not only the meaning of its lexical elements, but also how they interrelate’ — which interrelation, of course, ‘depends on the syntactic structure of the sentence’. Thus a semantic theory — or model must ‘make reference to the syntactic structure in a precise way’; ‘systematically represent the meaning of… lexical elements’; ‘show how the structure of the meanings of words and the syntactic relations interact, in order to constitute the interpretation of sentences’; and ‘indicate how these interpretations are related to things spoken [or written] about’.1
Failure analysis defect localization of a metal stringer defect on a monolithic step-up DC-DC converter

There is a recent influx of failures on an automotive device particularly on a Monolithic Step-Up DC-DC Converter. Difficulty arises on the defect localization of the metal stringer since majority of the failing units have different electrical signatures wherein some returned units are failing at field, 0Km failure or failing at higher temperature which was either verified electrically failing at ATE (Automated Testing Equipment), curve trace verification or bench test simulation. This paper aims to show the different FA techniques particularly bench test verification, OBIRCH, Emission Microscopy, Micro probing, FIB and EDX which was utilized to pinpoint the exact failure mechanism. Also, on the wafer fabrication site, a root cause was put in place to minimize if not eliminate these kinds of failure.
Computational Simulation of the GCM Tractor-Trailer Configuration

Aerodynamic simulations were carried out for the Generic Conventional Model, a 1/8th scale tractor-trailer model, that was tested in the NASA Ames 7’x10’ tunnel. The computed forces are compared for the zero, ten and fourteen degree yaw cases while the pressure coefficients are compared to experimental data for the ten and fourteen degree cases. A DES version of the one-equation Menter SAS is used in these simulations. Overall forces as well as pressure distributions matched well for the fourteen degree case. For the ten degree case, the forces were in reasonable agreement while the pressure distributions indicated a need for tighter grid resolution as well as possibly advanced turbulence models.
Alex and the Origin of High-Temperature Superconductivity

A brief discussion on the course of development in the high-temperature superconductivity research is presented from my personal perspective, focusing on the lattice effects. In spite of the tidal waves of colorful and unconventional spin-based ideas on the origin of high-temperature superconductivity promoted by prominent theoreticians, Alex Muller has been the true invariant who stood by his intuition and conviction that the lattice, not the spin fluctuation, provides the basis for the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity. Recent developments are beginning to show that after all he may have been right all along.
Social brain circuitry and social cognition in infants born preterm

Preterm birth is associated with an increased risk of adverse neurologic, psychiatric, and cognitive outcomes. The brain circuits involved in processing social information are critical to all of these domains, but little work has been done to examine whether and how these circuits may be especially sensitive to prematurity. This paper contains a brief summary of some of the cognitive, psychiatric, and social outcomes associated with prematurity, followed by a description of findings from the modest body of research into social-cognitive development in infants and children born preterm. Next, findings from studies of structural and functional brain development in infants born preterm are reviewed, with an eye toward the distinctive role of the brain circuits implicated in social functioning. The goal of this review is to investigate the extent to which the putative “social brain” may have particular developmental susceptibilities to the insults associated with preterm birth, and the role of early social-cognitive development in later neurodevelopmental outcomes. Much work has been done to characterize neurobehavioral outcomes in the preterm population, but future research must incorporate both brain and behavioral measures to identify early biomarkers linked to later emerging social-cognitive clinical impairment in order to guide effective, targeted intervention.
Immunomodulatory Role of Arsenic in Regulatory T Cells

Background and objective Chronic Arsenic (As) exposure continued to be a cause of major problem associated with different kind of diseases including skin problem and different types of cancer. As exposure leads to numerous other pathological conditions that affect millions of people worldwide on a regular basis. It was recently established that As toxicity affects immune system and modulates the function and survival of cells involved in immune regulation. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) was reported to be an effective apoptosis inducer in a variety of cell types. Despite intensive research, the exact immune-modulatory role of As is poorly understood till now. Methods We reviewed the immunological imbalance caused due to As exposure and focused on regulatory T cells (Tregs cells). In this review, we mainly focused on role of As and its potential mechanisms in the induction and modulation of Tregs cells. Conclusion The multiple effects of As on immune system tend to decrease the immune surveillance system and increase the rate of infection, autoimmune disease, cancer and other immune mediated problems. As exposed individuals showed induction of oxidative stress, inflammation and impaired lymphocytes activation. The effect of As on T cell population is mainly attributed to altered expression of key immune regulator molecules impaired T cell functions, cytokines production, induction of apoptosis, and oxidative stress induction in T cells.
Postpartum Lactation-Mediated Behavioral Outcomes and Drug Responses in a Spontaneous Mouse Model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Using a spontaneous mouse model of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), the current study evaluated the influence of postpartum lactation on the expression of compulsive-like behaviors, SSRI effectiveness, and the putative role of oxytocin and dopamine in mediating these lactation specific behavioral outcomes. Compulsive-like lactating mice were less compulsive-like in nest building and marble burying and showed enhanced responsiveness to fluoxetine (50 mg/kg) in comparison to compulsive-like nonlactating and nulliparous females. Lactating mice exhibited more anxiety-like behavior in the open field test compared to the nulliparous females, while chronic fluoxetine reduced anxiety-like behaviors. Blocking the oxytocin receptor with L368-899 (5 mg/kg) in the lactating mice exacerbated the compulsive-like and depression-like behaviors. The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) agonist bromocriptine (10 mg/kg) suppressed marble burying, nest building, and central entries in the open field, but because it also suppressed...
Host preference of ectomycorrhizal fungi in mixed pine–oak woodlands

Many ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are generalists, but most plant genera that form ectomycorrhizas have at least some fungal partners that are specific to that host genus. Because shared mycorrhizal...
The Interplay of Psychology and Societal Transformation

This special issue of the International Journal of Group Tensions examines the contribution of psychology to societal transformation worldwide and the impact of societal transformation on psychology. In this introduction, I review the aims and scope of the journal and the focus of the special issue. Second, I identify several key consequences of societal transformation that are not bounded by culture, nationality, or politics, underscoring the psychosocial outcomes. Third, I articulate the role of psychology in societal transformation, highlighting the conceptual, methodological, and practical tools available to describe, study, and effect change. I also address psychosocial explanations of resistance to societal transformation. Fourth, I discuss the impact of societal transformation on psychology as a discipline and profession, noting how such transformation has influenced academic training and professional practice in psychology. I also note how societal transformation has altered public opinion about psychology. I conclude by providing an overview of the articles that comprise the special issue, underscoring their shared themes.
Improving Question Design to Maximize Reliability and Validity

Few topics in survey methodology have received more attention than questionnaire design and there is a large and growing body of research findings that inform best practices. But for every questionnaire design topic for which there are accepted best practices there are several topics that still generate a large amount of controversy, and these controversies need to be addressed by future research. This chapter reviews many of the best practices in questionnaire design and introduces important recommendations for areas where additional research is needed and most likely to positively impact practice.
Slang, Argot and Ingroup Codes

Slang, argot, and ingroup codes are sets of words and expressions that bring about a social bond between speakers and hearers and set them apart. Slang is an ever-changing set of colloquial words and phrases that speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness within a group or with a trend or fashion in society at large. Many slang items convey nonchalance or flippancy. Argot applies to groups such as con artists, drug dealers, thieves, or prisoners. Ingroup code usually refers to more deliberate and collaborative lexical inventions or systematic alterations of the standard language, like those shared by twins.
The History and Development of Biological Control

The purposeful control of insect and weed pests by biotic agents is a comparatively modern development, having become an effective technique in pest control only since about 1890. However, there are antecedent historical events that trace the evolution of some of the fundamental concepts in the development of biological control, and several of these events show the remarkable and perceptive insight of man into the workings of nature. Without these pre-nineteenth-century discoveries and conceptualizations, modern environmental science, to which biological control has made substantial contributions, would very likely have been much delayed. These discoveries and concepts include, among others, those of the balance of nature; population growth and limitation; natural control of numbers; the symbioses among different species, particularly those of plants, animals, and their natural enemies; and the roles such natural enemies play in the determination of abundance.
Controlled Release and Plant-Growth Regulators

Efficient delivery of agricultural chemicals to crops has been the major focus of controlled release research. The resulting commercial applications have centered on traditional fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. However, recent research suggests that significantly greater productivity can be achieved by using controlled release methods to deliver plant-growth regulators.
Properties of Sheet Molding Compounds

The use of lightweight fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) in automotive applications offers a promising avenue towards achieving better fuel economy through weight reduction. In addition to their high strength-to-weight ratios, FRP ma-terials offer other potential advantages over sheet metals, such as a wide choice of thickness and shape, reduced cost, corrosion resistance, and good vibration damping properties.
Social Support and Physical Health: Models, Mechanisms, and Opportunities

Social support is defined as the perceived or actual receipt of social resources (e.g., tangible, emotional) and is one of the most reliable predictors of disease morbidity and mortality. In this chapter, the evidence linking social support to disease is reviewed along with the presentation of a theoretical model which highlights the social, psychological, behavioral, and biological pathways potentially responsible for such links. Important unresolved issues are also raised such as the distinction between perceived and received support, the importance of modeling antecedent processes and change over time, and cultural/technological influences on support processes. Studies attempting to utilize the epidemiological evidence to produce effective support intervention that impact health are also reviewed. Finally, the future of social support research/interventions along with their policy implications is discussed and highlights the tremendous progress in the field and potential impact of social support to help individuals live healthier and happier lives.
Oxidative stress creates a unique, CaMKII-mediated substrate for atrial fibrillation in heart failure

The precise mechanisms by which oxidative stress (OS) causes atrial fibrillation (AF) are not known. Since AF frequently originates in the posterior left atrium (PLA), we hypothesized that OS, via calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) signaling, creates a fertile substrate in the PLA for triggered activity and reentry. In a canine heart failure (HF) model, OS generation and oxidized-CaMKII-induced (Ox-CaMKII-induced) RyR2 and Nav1.5 signaling were increased preferentially in the PLA (compared with left atrial appendage). Triggered Ca2+ waves (TCWs) in HF PLA myocytes were particularly sensitive to acute ROS inhibition. Computational modeling confirmed a direct relationship between OS/CaMKII signaling and TCW generation. CaMKII phosphorylated Nav1.5 (CaMKII-p-Nav1.5 [S571]) was located preferentially at the intercalated disc (ID), being nearly absent at the lateral membrane. Furthermore, a decrease in ankyrin-G (AnkG) in HF led to patchy dropout of CaMKII-p-Nav1.5 at the ID, causing its distribution to become spatially heterogeneous; this corresponded to preferential slowing and inhomogeneity of conduction noted in the HF PLA. Computational modeling illustrated how conduction slowing (e.g., due to increase in CaMKII-p-Nav1.5) interacts with fibrosis to cause reentry in the PLA. We conclude that OS via CaMKII leads to substrate for triggered activity and reentry in HF PLA by mechanisms independent of but complementary to fibrosis.
Choosing Terror: Rebels' Use of Terrorism in Internal Armed Conflicts 1970-2010

Why do some rebel groups use terrorism as a tactic while others do not? Why some opposition groups engage in terrorism while others do not is of obvious importance both to the study of terrorism more generally, and to policy makers. But most existing studies of terrorism are not well-equipped to answer this question as they lack an appropriate comparison category. This project examines terrorism in the context of civil war to remedy this problem.I argue that terrorism is more likely to be used when it is expected to be most effective, namely against democratic governments, and when the otherwise prohibitive legitimacy costs of using terrorism are expected to be lowest. I argue that legitimacy costs vary with government regime type, rebel aims and rebel funding sources. This paper begins to test hypotheses derived from this theory, as well as prominent alternative arguments, including the notion that terrorism is a weapon of the weak, and that it is caused by competition among groups (outbidding), with preliminary data on armed opposition groups involved in internal armed conflicts from 1970-2010. Preliminary findings show support for the efficacy/legitimacy argument and cast doubt on alternatives.
Association of vital signs and process outcomes in emergency department patients

Author(s): Hodgson, Nicole R.; Poterack, Karl A.; Mi, Lanyu; Traub, Stephen | Abstract: Introduction: We sought to determine the association of abnormal vital signs with emergency department (ED) process outcomes in both discharged and admitted patients.Methods: We performed a retrospective review of five years of operational data at a single site. We identified all visits for patients 18 and older who were discharged home without ancillary services, and separately identified all visits for patients admitted to a floor (ward) bed. We assessed two process outcomes for discharged visits (returns to the ED within 72 hours and returns to the ED within 72 hours resulting in admission) and two process outcomes for admitted patients (transfer to a higher level of care [intermediate care or intensive care] within either six hours or 24 hours of arrival to floor). Last-recorded ED vital signs were obtained for all patients. We report rates of abnormal vital signs in each group, as well as the relative risk of meeting a process outcome for each individual vital sign abnormality.Results: Patients with tachycardia, tachypnea, or fever more commonly experienced all measured process outcomes compared to patients without these abnormal vitals; admitted hypotensive patients more frequently required transfer to a higher level of care within 24 hours.Conclusion: In a single facility, patients with abnormal last-recorded ED vital signs experienced more undesirable process outcomes than patients with normal vitals. Vital sign abnormalities may serve as a useful signal in outcome forecasting.
Smart Cities: Parking Monitoring Through Smart Cameras

One of today&#x0027;s major problems in medium to large cities is pollution caused by urban traffic. There are various factors that negatively affect this problem. First of all, the constant increase in vehicles, and at the same time the reduction, for budget reasons, of the number of free parking areas more or less easily reached. Moreover, due to global events such as the economic crisis, there is a general reduction in the efficiency of local public transport. In this research, we present an approach to this problem that exploits the greater availability of IT structures and devices. The solution presented offers the possibility of improving one of the most burdensome aspects, namely the traffic generated by cars looking for a parking space through an integrated and automatic management of employment levels. The procedure is based on wireless smart cameras for monitoring public outdoor parking areas. The main strengths of this solution lie in the independence and scalability of the proposed architecture. Independence is ensured by the node&#x0027;s modus operandi, in which processing is performed on board the intelligent camera without the need for a video stream or operator intervention. Scalability can be achieved by designing low-cost nodes that can be connected in a sensor network that does not require high installation costs. Moreover, the possibility of making such processing nodes autonomous through the use of a photovoltaic panel allows them to be installed in even more flimsy situations.
Gender inequality in the academy: microaggressions, work-life conflict, and academic rank

Recent statistics reveal that white women and women of colour struggle to attain the rank of full professor. In addition, women in academia report repeated experiences with workplace hostilities, m...
Molecular characterization of the resilient brain: transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms

Abstract Humans show remarkable variability in their responses to stress. In some individuals, major life stressors precipitate the onset of psychiatric disease, whereas in most others, identical stressors have little to no effect. This phenomenon of individual resistance to stress has been termed resilience. The unique characteristics of resilient individuals have garnered considerable interest, and recent efforts in animal models have attempted to unravel the molecular mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon. These animal studies have identified changes in numerous molecules and pathways spanning multiple brain regions. Although some molecular pathways identified in resilience overlap with those regulated in the opposite direction in stress susceptibility, others are unique to stress-resilient individuals. Hence, the molecular basis of resilience is not merely the absence of susceptibility, but rather an active process, with transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms demonstrated to play important roles. As pro-resilient molecular alterations counteract the deleterious effects of stress, a better understanding of these processes can potentially pave the way for novel clinical interventions for psychiatric disorders.
Reduced Levels of Cerebrospinal Fluid/Plasma Aβ40 as an Early Biomarker for Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy in RTg-DI Rats.

The accumulation of fibrillar amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in blood vessels of the brain, the condition known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), is a common small vessel disease that promotes cognitive impairment and is strongly associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Presently, the clinical diagnosis of this condition relies on neuroimaging markers largely associated with cerebral macro/microbleeds. However, these are markers of late-stage disease detected after extensive cerebral vascular amyloid accumulation has become chronic. Recently, we generated a novel transgenic rat model of CAA (rTg-DI) that recapitulates multiple aspects of human CAA disease with the progressive accumulation of cerebral vascular amyloid, largely composed of Aβ40, and the consistent emergence of subsequent microbleeds. Here, we investigated the levels of Aβ40 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of rTg-DI rats as CAA progressed from inception to late stage disease. The levels of Aβ40 in CSF and plasma precipitously dropped at the early onset of CAA accumulation at three months of age and continued to decrease with the progression of disease. Notably, the reduction in CSF/plasma Aβ40 levels preceded the emergence of cerebral microbleeds, which first occurred at about six months of age, as detected by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and histological staining of brain tissue. These findings support the concept that reduced CSF/plasma levels of Aβ40 could serve as a biomarker for early stage CAA disease prior to the onset of cerebral microbleeds for future therapeutic intervention.
STUDY DESIGN AND RATIONALE OF HELIOS-B: A PHASE 3 STUDY TO EVALUATE THE CLINICAL EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF VUTRISIRAN IN PATIENTS WITH ATTR AMYLOIDOSIS WITH CARDIOMYOPATHY

Transthyretin-mediated (ATTR) amyloidosis is a life-threatening disease caused by the accumulation of amyloid fibrils in multiple tissues. Vutrisiran, an investigational RNA interference therapeutic, is in development for treatment of ATTR amyloidosis. The rationale and design of HELIOS-B, a global
Forecasting Bitcoin Price using Artificial Neural Network

Forecasting Bitcoin prices is a big challenge today because of difficulties to exactly know the parameters upon which the Bitcoin price depends. In this paper, I forecast the price using the artificial neural network (ANN) technique. Bitcoin market capitalization, volume, dollar to euro, dollar to pound exchange rates, gold price, and S&P 500 index does not support to predict the prices. However, the Bitcoin price lags with four inputs, ten hidden layers, and two hundred iterations provide a better result with root mean square (RMSE) equals to 10.20, and coefficient of determination (R2) equals to 0.96.
EMR Tips and Tricks

The EMR is an integral part of your clerkship experience. This chapter covers the must-knows of utilizing an electronic medical record (EMR) system to help speed up your workflow. Note that it is not meant to be a comprehensive manual on how to use an EMR. Since Epic is the most widely used EMR in the USA, we will use it in our examples; however, the underlying concepts should apply to most EMR systems. Remember, there are some stylistic differences between institutions and users, and these tips are not meant to be the only way EMRs can be used.
Patellofemoral joint cartilage restoration with particulated juvenile allograft in patients under 21 years old.

Abstract Background Patellofemoral joint cartilage defects are difficult to treat due to their unique thickness and topography. Purpose To report the postoperative outcomes of patients age 21 and younger treated with particulated juvenile allograft cartilage (PJAC) for full-thickness cartilaginous defects of the patellofemoral joint. The primary aim was to report surgical outcomes and complication rates, as well as return to sport activity. A secondary aim was to provide objective scores of defect restoration by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment. Methods A retrospective review of all PJAC cases conducted between 2012 and 2019 at a single tertiary care urban musculoskeletal institution was conducted. Patients 21 years old or younger with minimum clinical follow up of 1 year and postoperative MRI at a minimum of 6 months were included. Cartilage restoration by MRI was independently assessed using the International Cartilage Repair Society’s (ICRS) standardized system. Results Thirty four patients, 36 knees, were included, with mean age 16.1 ± 3.1 years old. Return to sport rate among patients who participated in a sport preoperatively was 100%. On independent MRI assessment, two thirds of defects achieved an overall grade of normal or nearly normal, while 28 patients (78%) had majority defect fill. Primary graft failure occurred in two cases and one patient experienced a surgical complication. Conclusion Restoration of patellofemoral chondral defects in young patients with particulated juvenile allograft results in satisfactory short-term outcomes and postoperative MRI appearance, along with high rates of return to sport and low rate of complications and graft failure. What is known about the subject: Patellofemoral joint cartilage defects are difficult to treat due to their unique thickness and topography. Several cartilage restoration techniques are available, but these rarely achieve the same mechanical properties as native hyaline cartilage. PJAC is a cell-based technique that has demonstrated promise since its introduction in 2007. What this study adds to existing knowledge: This series of patients adds the largest single cohort of pediatric and adolescent patients who receive PJAC for defects of the patellofemoral joint. Surgeons treating patients in this age group should be aware of every technique, and their respective outcomes.
Averages and Error Bars

A reference for the material in this subsection is the book by Taylor [1]. Suppose we have a set of data from a simulation, \(x_i, \, (i = 1, \ldots , N)\), which we shall refer to as a sample of data.
Molecular basis for the potency of IL-10-deficient dendritic cells as a highly efficient APC system for activating Th1 response

Identification and targeting of novel immunobiological factors that regulate the induction of Th1 cells are crucial for designing effective vaccines against certain intracellular pathogens, including Chlamydia. IL-10-deficient dendritic cells (DC) are potent APCs and effective cellular vaccines that activate a high frequency of specific Th1 cells. To elucidate the molecular basis for the potency of the IL-10-deficient APC system, we tested the hypothesis that Chlamydia Ag-primed IL-10 knockout (IL-10KO) DC are quantitatively and qualitatively distinct in their metabolic characteristics relating to T cell activation. Using a combination of RT-PCR, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and MALDI-TOF-based proteomics analyses, the transcriptional and translational activities of Chlamydia-pulsed DC from wild-type and IL-10KO mice were assessed. IL-10 deficiency caused early maturation and activation of pulsed DC (i.e., high CD11c, CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, IL-1, IL-12, and the T cell-attracting chemokine CCL27/CTACK) and consequently an enhanced ability to process and present Ags for a rapid and robust T cell activation. Supporting comparative proteomics revealed further that IL-10 deficient DC possess specific immunobiological properties, e.g., the T cell-attracting chemokine CCL27/CTACK, calcium-dependent protein kinase, and the IL-1/IL-12 inducer, NKR-P1A (CD161), which differentiated them immunologically from wild-type DC that express molecules relating to anti-inflammatory, differentiative, and metabolic processes, e.g., the anti-IL-12 molecule peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and thymidine kinase. Collectively, these results provide a molecular basis for the high Th1-activating capacity of IL-10KO APC and may provide unique immunomodulation targets when designing vaccines against pathogens controlled by T cell immunity.
REGULATION OF CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND CHROMATIN-DEPENDENT TRANSCRIPTION BY POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASE-1 Possible targets for drug-based therapies

Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is the prototypical and most abundantly expressed member of a family of PARPs that catalyze the polymerization of ADP-ribose (ADPR) units from donor NAD' molecules on target proteins. PARP-1 plays roles in a variety of genomic processes, including the regulation of chromatin structure and transcription in response to specific cellular signals. PARP-1 also plays important roles in many stress-induced disease states. In this chapter, we review the molecular and cellular aspects of PARP-1's chromatin-modulating activities, as well as the impact that these chromatin-modulating activities have on the regulation of gene expression. In addition, we highlight the potential therapeutic use of drugs that target PARP-1's enzymatic activity for the treatment of human diseases
Spermatids from mice after cryptorchid and reversal operations can initiate normal embryo development.

: We investigated fertilization and embryo development following intracytoplasmic injection of round spermatids collected from mice after cryptorchid and reversal operations. The rates of oocyte activation, blastocyst formation, and development to live offspring were compared after intracytoplasmic injection of round spermatids from intact, cryptorchid males (control) or males that had undergone the reversal operation. The incidence of normal fertilization and embryo development was about the same when the oocytes were injected with spermatids from intact cryptorchid males or males after reversal operation. The rates of the development of two-cell embryos to term were also about the same, regardless of the origin of spermatids injected. Round spermatids from both cryptorchid and previously cryptorchid testes can initiate normal embryo development when injected into mature oocytes.
Flexible Control of an Organic Matrix Composite Cure Process using Object-Oriented Control Concepts

Rule-based expert systems for controlling the curing of organic matrix composites have demonstrated the ability to process a part according to the specific requirements of a part's materials and geometry. This paper describes an extension to this methodology using an object-oriented approach to develop a highly flexible, on-line control strategy which can be quickly configured to accommodate a variety of production loads.
Stress urinary incontinence in women: diagnosis and medical management

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is the most common form of urinary incontinence in women and is associated with high financial, social, and emotional costs. The history and physical examination can identify most patients with a significant stress incontinence component without the need for urodynamic testing. A variety of pharmacologic agents have been used off-label, but an evidence-based pharmacologic treatment has not been readily available. The development of a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor will add a potentially useful drug to the primary care physician's practice for treating female patients with SUI. In August 2004, a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, duloxetine, became the first medication approved for the treatment of women with moderate to severe SUI throughout the European Union. As of November 2005, however, duloxetine has not been approved for the treatment of SUI in the United States.
An Investigation of K-8 Preservice Teachers' Concept Images and Mathematical Definitions of Polygons.

These answers may not be surprising had they been spoken by elementary level students; however, these responses were made by K-8 preservice teachers. The responses seem to indicate that these teacher candidates’ mathematical definitions of a polygon seemed to conflict with their mental representations, that is, their concept images, of a polygon. In other words, the teacher candidates indicated that having a certain number of sides was a requirement for the definition of a polygon, yet the figure the teacher candidates
Atrial natriuretic peptide attenuates thrombin-induced inflammation (672.4)

One microcirculatory homeostatic action of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the absence of inflammation is to increase barrier permeability to plasma proteins (Ps) when plasma volume is increase...
Repeated allergen challenge provokes mechanical sensitivity, hyper-innervation and mast cell accumulation in the vulvar tissue of mice (HYP7P.319)

Epidemiological evidence suggests a link between a history of environmental allergies and the risk of developing vulvodynia - a chronic provoked vulvar pain condition affecting up to 20% of women in populates assessed. We have previously shown that acute labiar exposure to a hapten allergen provokes increased mechanical sensitivity in the vulvar tissue of sensitized mice. Here, we show repeated challenge with contact hypersensitivity allergen oxazolone produces sustained mechanical hyperalgesia in the vulvar region of previously sensitized female mice for 10-14 days after final allergen exposure. Acute inflammatory responses including labiar neutrophil influx, T and B cell amplification in the draining iliac lymph nodes, labiar expression of inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-6, IL-1β and Cxcl-2) are all resolved within 5 days after final allergen exposure while increased densities of both peptidergic nerve fibers and mast cells in the labiar tissue are observed. Our findings provide the first evidence of the induction of measurable and sustained pain persisting after the resolution of overt inflammatory events following an allergic response in the labiar/vulvar tissue in mice. We have established the first model of chronic allergy-provoked vulvar pain in mice that can be used to elucidate the underlying etiology of subsets of vulvar pain that present without accompanying inflammation and are associated with histories of allergic skin responses.
Improving Prediction of Work Performance Through Frame-of-Reference Consistency: Empirical evidence using openness to experience

A work-specific measure of openness to experience was compared with the general NEO PI-R Openness scale for predicting supervisory ratings of creative performance at work. Results at the scale and facet levels indicated that the use of a consistent and criterion-matched frame of reference improved validity of this personality construct for the prediction of work-related creative problem solving. Scores from the Work-specific Openness scale significantly predicted creative work performance, whereas scores from the general measure did not. Results also showed incremental validity of the Work-specific scale over the NEO PI-R scale. Evidence is mounting that specifying a work context for personality measures can increase validity for predicting job performance beyond that typically observed when using general scales.
Synthesis, characterization, and cure chemistry of high performance phosphate cyanate ester resins

Three thermosetting cyanate ester resins with phosphate cores have been synthesized from chlorophosphates by a straightforward, three-step approach. A p-substituted bis(cyanate) ester generated by this route (PhosCy) was cured to give a thermoset material with a Tg of 223 °C and a char yield of 47% in air, while the m-substituted version (MPhosCy) yielded a thermoset with a Tg of only 131 °C and a char yield of 65% in air. The low Tg of the MPhosCy thermoset is attributed to a unique intramolecular cyclization of the cyanate ester groups, while the high char yield is attributed to a high temperature cross-linking reaction involving the phosphate core. To further explore this class of materials, a trifunctional phosphate cyanate ester (PhosCy3) was prepared from POCl3. This material was cured to generate a thermoset with an impressive Tg of >360 °C and a char yield of 67% in air. All three hybrid resins can potentially be used in fire-resistant composite materials or as protective surface coatings for conventional polymers.
SketchUp : A Technology Tool to Facilitate Intergenerational Family Relationships for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)

This study used a qualitative design to examine intergenerational relationships facilitated by an intervention employing Google SketchUp� , a freeware 3D design program. Seven high-functioning boys (ages 8–17) with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) participated in computer workshops. The investigators capitalized on the boys’ strengths in visual–spatial skills. The interdisciplinary team structured the workshops to facilitate computer skill development as well as social interaction. Qualitative analysis involved thematic analysis of transcripts from focus groups with parents and grandparents. The two key themes that emerged were as follows: (i) reframing expectations (parental efficacy and creating a safe environment) and (ii) building intergenerational bridges among parents, children, siblings, and grandparents. These findings indicate that technology can build on the strengths of children with ASD and promote social engagement of the children with their families.
Fanconi anemia and apoptosis: The fancc gene product functions downstream of caspase 3

Abstract Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) from mice and children with type C Fanconi anemia (FA-C) are hypersensitive to mitotic inhibitory factors, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)(Blood, 90:974,1997). We tested the hypothesis that IFN/fasL induced programmed cell death in FA-C cells involves the ordered activation of specific caspase molecules. In immunoblot experiments, the FA-C lymphoblastoid cell line HSC536N treated with an agonistic fas antibody (100 ng/ml) and IFN-γ(1 ng/ml) contained activated caspase 3, 6, and 7 (but not 1, 2, 4, or 10) by 60 minutes and PARP cleavage products by 180 minutes. Caspase 3 activation by immunoblot and flow cytometric analysis was identical in FA-C cells and FA cells complemented by FANCC cDNA transfer even though the latter cells were less apoptotic. The apoptotic effects of fas agonists in IFN-γ-treated human FA-C CD34 + cells, FA-C murine progenitor cells, and EBV-transformed lymphoblasts from a child with FA of the C type, were blocked when the cells were pretreated any one of three inhibitors of caspase 3 protease. Caspase 1 inhibitors did not block the effect of IFN and fas ligand and caspase 1 inhibition did not prevent caspase 3 cleavage but caspase 8 inhibition did block caspase 3 activation. We conclude that in IFN-primed FA-C cells, fas -induced apoptosis involves the activation of caspase 8, which controls activation of caspase 3 family members but that the function of FANCC in suppressing normal apoptotic responses is downstream of caspase 3.
Compressive Sampling via Random Convolution

Several recent results in compressive sampling show that a sparse signal (i.e. a signal which can be compressed in a known orthobasis) can be efficiently acquired by taking linear measurements against random test functions. In this paper, we show that these results can be extended to measurements taken by convolving with a random pulse and then subsampling. The measurement scheme is universal in that it complements (with high probability) any fixed orthobasis we use to represent the signal. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)