cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute Effects of Nifedipine on Renal Electrolyte Excretion in Normal and Hypertensive Subjects

ABSTRACT The role of renal calcium handling in the hypotensive response to calcium channel blockers has not been investigated previously. The acute vasodilatory effect of calcium channel blockers may be accompanied by changes in renal electrolyte handling that are important in producing the hypotensive response seen with these agents. Nifedipine has been shown to cause acute and chronic natriuresis and diuresis, which are important in the ability to use nifedipine chronically in essential hypertension. We prospectively investigated the acute effect of 10 mg of nifedipine orally on renal cation handling in normotensive and untreated essential hypertensive subjects during a Standard oral water load. At baseline there was no difference between normotensives and hypertensives in serum ionized calcium or magnesium, or in the urinary fractional excretion of these two cations. Oral nifedipine acutely increased the fractional excretion of sodium without changing the fractional excretion of calcium or magnesium. Nifedipine did not alter the serum concentrations of sodium, calcium, or magnesium. Augmented sodium excretion may play a role in the acute hypotensive response to oral nifedipine. The acute hypotensive response does not seem to be caused by altered renal handling of calcium or magnesium. Counterbalancing effects of nifedipine on proximal and distal nephron calcium handling may explain the disassociation of augmented sodium excretion and no net change in calcium excretion.
A new horizon for epigenetic medicine

Histone lysine demethylases are chromatin modifiers that play important roles in many pathological processes such as inflammation and cancer, making them potentially attractive drug targets. In a recent study, Kruidenier et al. provided proof of concept by identifying chemical matters that inhibit demethylation mediated by the two related histone H3 lysine 27 demethylases, KDM6A and 6B (UTX and JMJD3). The KDM6 inhibitor shows remarkable substrate selectivity and can inhibit transcription of a plethora of pro-inflammatory genes in cell culture by altering H3K27me3 level at some of the KDM6 target genes.
Association of average heart rate on 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms with incidence of new coronary events at 48-month follow-up in 1,311 patients (mean age 81 years) with heart disease and sinus rhythm

A prospective study performed in 1,311 men and women, mean age 81 years, with heart disease and sinus rhythm showed at 48-month follow-up that male sex, increasing age, and average 24-hour heart rate measured from 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms were independent risk factors for new coronary events. There was a 1.14 times higher chance of developing new coronary events for an increment of 5 beats/min of heart rate after controlling the confounding effect of other risk factors.
A Synthetic High‐Spin Oxoiron(IV) Complex: Generation, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Reactivity

High versus low: The high-yield generation of a synthetic high-spin oxoiron(IV) complex, [Fe(IV)(O)(TMG(3)tren)](2+) (see picture, TMG(3)tren = 1,1,1-tris{2-[N2-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidino)]ethyl}amine), has been achieved by using the very bulky tetradentate TMG(3)tren ligand, in order to both sterically protect the oxoiron(IV) moiety and enforce a trigonal bipyramidal geometry at the iron center, for which an S = 2 ground state is favored.
A Novel Ice-Cloud Retrieval Algorithm Based on the Millimeter-Wave Imaging Radiometer (MIR) 150- and 220-GHz Channels

Abstract A novel microwave technique for simultaneously retrieving cirrus ice water path (IWP) and characteristic ice particle size is described. The retrieval algorithm exploits radiance measurements made at 150 and 220 GHz by the airborne Millimeter-Wave Imaging Radiometer (MIR). Other MIR channels additionally are used to test for the presence of liquid clouds and precipitation, which otherwise would have a contaminating effect on the retrievals. Forward radiative transfer modeling was used to generate a two-dimensional retrieval table in which brightness-temperature depressions (relative to clear-sky values) for both microwave channels were recorded as functions of IWP and characteristic particle size for gamma distributions of ice particles. Retrieval errors due to particle shape, size distribution, clear-sky water vapor variability, cirrus-cloud altitude variability, and instrument noise were estimated using Monte Carlo analysis. Particle shape uncertainty is believed to be the dominant source of re...
Diagram query and image retrieval in design

Architectural designers are voracious consumers of visual images, which play a crucial role especially in conceptual and creative design. Consequently architectural education revolves around visual references. Yet key word, texture and color retrieval schemes do not suit designers' needs. Designers need shape based retrieval that is driven by free hand drawing, and ways to integrate retrieved images into their design environment. The paper describes Drawing Analogies, an image retrieval scheme for design based on the need for image retrieval that can be integrated with the act of free hand drawing. Our scheme does not perform feature extraction of stored images, but relies on users to create an index of diagram keys.
A Randomized Controlled Safety Trial of Interferon beta–1a and Oral Cyclophosphamide in MS

We evaluated the safety of adding oral cyclophosphamide to interferon beta-1a (IFNβ-1a; Avonex®) in a placebo-controlled randomized study of 24 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The clinical course was monitored during nine months of treatment. Treated patients tolerated 150 to 200 mg/m2 of weekly administered cyclophosphamide and IFNβ-1a with few reported side effects. We conclude that oral cyclophosphamide can be added safely to IFNβ-1a without intolerable acute side effects. One death unrelated to treatment occurred. Cholecystitis and a benign breast mass both developed in a single cyclophosphamide-treated participant. Leukopenia and lymphopenia were observed in treated participants. Longer, larger trials testing the efficacy of cyclophosphamide may be appropriate for some individuals with breakthrough disease activity while taking IFNβ-1a. (Int J MS Care. 2002; 4: 174–175, 180–182)
Near-infrared spectroscopy assessment of cerebral oxygen metabolism in the developing premature brain

Little is known about cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume (CBV), oxygenation, and oxygen consumption in the premature newborn brain. We combined quantitative frequency-domain nearinfrared spectroscopy measures of cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation (SO2) and CBV with diffusion correlation spectroscopy measures of cerebral blood flow index (BFix) to determine the relationship between these measures, gestational age at birth (GA), and chronological age. We followed 56 neonates of various GA once a week during their hospital stay. We provide absolute values of SO2 and CBV, relative values of BFix, and relative cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (rCMRO2 )a s a function of postmenstrual age (PMA) and chronological age for four GA groups. SO2 correlates with chronological age (r= � 0.54, P value p0.001) but not with PMA (r= � 0.07), whereas BFix and rCMRO2 correlate better with PMA (r=0.37 and 0.43, respectively, P value p0.001). Relative CMRO2 during the first month of life is lower when GA is lower. Blood flow index and rCMRO2 are more accurate biomarkers of the brain development than SO2 in the premature newborns.
Work Potential Perspective of Engine Component Performance

Presented at the 37th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Salt Lake City, UT, July 2001.
Nutrient enrichment can increase the severity of coral diseases

John F. Bruno*, Laura E. Petes, C. Drew Harvell and Annaliese Hettinger Department of Marine Sciences, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3300, USA Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Section of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, USA *Correspondence: E-mail: jbruno@unc.edu Abstract The prevalence and severity of marine diseases have increased over the last 20 years, significantly impacting a variety of foundation and keystone species. One explanation is that changes in the environment caused by human activities have impaired host resistance and/or have increased pathogen virulence. Here, we report evidence from field experiments that nutrient enrichment can significantly increase the severity of two important Caribbean coral epizootics: aspergillosis of the common gorgonian sea fan Gorgonia ventalina and yellow band disease of the reef-building corals Montastraea annularis and M. franksii. Experimentally increasing nutrient concentrations by 2–5· nearly doubled host tissue loss caused by yellow band disease. In a separate experiment, nutrient enrichment significantly increased two measures of sea fan aspergillosis severity. Our results may help explain the conspicuous patchiness of coral disease severity, besides suggesting that minimizing nutrient pollution could be an important management tool for controlling coral epizootics.
Wide-scale detection of earthquake waveform doublets and further evidence for inner core super-rotation

SUMMARY We report on more than 100 earthquake waveform doublets in five subduction zones, including an earthquake nest in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Each doublet is presumed to be a pair of earthquakes that repeat at essentially the same location. These doublets are important for studying earthquake physics, as well as temporal changes of the inner core. Particularly, our observation from one South Sandwich Islands (SSI) doublet recorded at station INK in Canada shows an inner core traveltime change of ∼0.1 s over ∼6 yr, confirming the innercore differential motion occurring beneath Central America. Observations from one Aleutian Islands doublet, recorded at station BOSA in South Africa, and from one Kuril Islands doublet, recorded at station BDFB in Brazil, show an apparent inner core traveltime change of ∼0.1 s over ∼7 yr and ∼6 yr, respectively, providing evidence for the temporal change of inner core properties beneath Central Asia and Canada, respectively. On the other hand, observations from one Tonga–Fiji–Solomon Islands doublet, recorded at station PTGA in Brazil, and from one Bucaramanga doublet, recorded at station WRAB in Australia and station CHTO in Thailand, show no/little temporal change (no more than 0.005 syr −1 , if any) of inner core traveltimes for the three corresponding ray paths for which the path in the inner core is nearly parallel to the equatorial plane. Such a pattern of observations showing both presence and possible absence of inner-core traveltime change can be explained by the geometry and relative directions of ray path, lateral velocity gradient and inner-core particle motion due to an eastward super-rotation of a few tenths of a degree per year.
Development of a mouse model for evaluation of small diameter vascular grafts.

Background It is estimated that 80,000 individuals are unable to undergo life or limb saving bypass surgery because of inadequate small caliber synthetic vascular grafts. The use of tissue engineering methods has been proposed as a potential means of creating improved vascular conduits. We have developed a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse aortic interposition model for initial evaluation and screening of small diameter vascular conduits in vivo. Methods Fifteen small diameter vascular conduits, approximately 1 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length, were implanted as infrarenal aortic interposition grafts for 1 to 35 days. Eight grafts were constructed using a decellularized ovine arterial tissue as a scaffold. Seven grafts were constructed from silastic tubing. Four grafts were composed of Polyurethane, and two were made of expanded polytetrafluroethylene. To explore noninvasive means of evaluating patency, grafts were selectively imaged using ultrasound and micro-computed tomography. Results All grafts were patent immediately post-operatively and at time of sacrifice. All imaging modalities were able to visualize the grafts and confirm patency. All specimens were sent for histology to evaluate neotissue formation and to correlate radiographic morphology with histological morphology. Conclusions The use of the SCID mouse model for initial evaluation of small caliber grafts is feasible and provides a cost effective rapid screening model with the added advantage of being able to use human cells in further studies.
Assessment of post-cardiac-arrest somatosensory evoked potential in rats

Somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) reflects the intactness of somatosensory pathways and is commonly used for brain function monitoring during surgeries. Conventional analysis of SSEP usually use sweep averaging, which requires long time recording and may distort the features (amplitudes, latencies) of SSEP components. Here we conducted single-trial SSEP analysis with wavelet denoising, and our results showed that wavelet denoising kept the information of SSEP components unchanged. Our analysis showed the amplitudes and latencies of N1/P1 all decreased compared the baseline level, indicating the neurological injuries in the somatosensory pathways. We hypothesized the neurological injuries in the thalamus may contribute to the decrease in amplitudes and latencies of SSEP components.
Enzymatic cleavage of the cholesterol side chain to dehydroepiandrosterone and 2-methylheptan-6-one

Abstract An enzyme system capable of cleaving the cholesterol side chain between carbon atoms 17 and 20 to yield dehydroepiandrosterone and 2-methylheptan-6-one has been identified in acetone powder obtained from calf testes. The enzyme system has a requirement for reduced cofactors,i.e. NADPH or NADH. The enzymatic activity was measured after incubation of cholesterol-26-14C and determination of the side chain fragment 2-methylheptan-6-one-14C by reverse-isotope dilution and derivative formation. The existence of a new pathway of androgen biosynthesis,i.e. the direct conversion of cholesterol to dehydroepiandrosterone without intermediary formation of pregnenolone is proposed.
On infinite antichains of matroids

Abstract Robertson and Seymour have shown that there is no infinite set of graphs in which no member is a minor of another. By contrast, it is well known that the class of all matroids does contains such infinite antichains. However, for many classes of matroids, even the class of binary matroids, it is not known whether or not the class contains an infinite antichain. In this paper, we examine a class of matroids of relatively simple structure: M a,b,c consists of those matroids for which the deletion of some set of at most a elements and the contraction of some set of at most b elements results in a matroid in which every component has at most c elements. We determine precisely when M a,b,c contains an infinite antichain. We also show that, among the matroids representable over a finite fixed field, there is no infinite antichain in a fixed M a,b,c; nor is there an infinite antichain when the circuit size is bounded.
Stochastic flow modelling in terms of interactive perturbation, Feynman diagrams and graph theory

The stochastic modeling of groundwater flow is considered. It is pointed out that in many circumstances analysis in terms of the ordinary perturbation series method may be incapable of representing fundamental characteristics of flow, and may lead to physically unreasonable solutions of the stochastic flow equation. To support this argument, the case of 1-D steady-state flow is examined using ordinary perturbation methods. Then, a more advanced interactive perturbation approach is introduced. This approach goes beyond standard perturbation approximation and can be used in situations where the interactions between flow terms is so significant that the ordinary low-order perturbation approximation will not work. The stochastic flow problem is then analyzed using concepts and techniques from stochastic turbulence and quantum field theory. These well-established techniques yield results similar to those of the interactive perturbation approach, a fact that proves the power of the latter. >
The process of donation after cardiac death: a US perspective

Abstract Donation after cardiac death (DCD) has the potential to significantly increase the number of organ donors nationwide by at least 10%, which is the current goal of the National Organ Donation and Transplantation Collaboratives. Several organ procurement organizations in the United States currently exceed this goal with nearly 20% of their organ donors being DCD donors. With the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations asking all hospitals in the United States to have a policy on DCD donation, the number of DCD donors nationwide is expected to increase. Likewise, the numbers of organs transplanted from DCD donors is expected to increase since transplantation results with kidneys, pancreata, livers, lungs, and, in two cases, heart transplantation, have been similar to results from brain-dead donors. Equally, if not more important, is the ability to offer the opportunity of organ donation as part of the continuum of care at the end of life for patients and families. The comfort and healing nature of being able to leave a legacy of life through organ donation is well known and should never be underestimated whether donation occurs in the DCD or brain-death setting.
Human Papillomavirus and Epstein Barr Virus in Head and Neck Carcinomas: Suggestions for the New WHO Classification

In the 9 years since the last World Health Organization (WHO) classification for head and neck tumors, a great deal has changed. In particular, human papillomavirus (HPV) has emerged as the major etiologic agent and patient prognostic marker for squamous cell carcinoma, most profoundly in the oropharynx. It also casts a long shadow over all of the rest of head and neck cancer given its biologic and prognostic implications. By contrast, little has changed regarding our knowledge of Epstein–Barr virus in head and neck cancers, except as it relates to HPV in nonkeratinizing-type nasopharyngeal carcinomas. This article discusses some of the major advances in our understanding of virus-related squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and suggests several specific concepts and terminology for incorporation into the next WHO classification.
The Binding of Cofactors to Photosystem I Analyzed by Spectroscopic and Mutagenic Methods

This review focuses on cofactor-ligand and protein-protein interactions within the photosystem I reaction center. The topics include a description of the electron transfer cofactors, the mode of binding of the cofactors to protein-bound ligands, and a description of intraprotein contacts that ultimately allow photosystem I to be assembled (in cyanobacteria) from 96 chlorophylls, 22 carotenoids, 2 phylloquinones, 3 [4Fe-4S] clusters, and 12 polypeptides. During the 15 years that have elapsed from the first report of crystals to the atomic-resolution X-ray crystal structure, cofactor-ligand interactions and protein-protein interactions were systematically being explored by spectroscopic and genetic methods. This article charts the interplay between these disciplines and assesses how good the early insights were in light of the current structure of photosystem I.
The Geology of the Broken Hill Lead-Zinc-Silver Deposit, New South Wales, Australia. A. E. Webster. Pp. 278. CODES ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits Monograph 1. 2006. ISBN 1-86295-353-8. Price: $100.75.

This monograph on the supergiant Broken Hill deposit by Webster “is the first in a series on world-class ore deposits” to be published by CODES ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania. It is based mainly on Ph.D. research completed while Webster was an exploration and mine geologist working for Pasminco, when that company owned and operated the deposit. Most of the text was written prior to 2004 and it was published in 2006. The Broken Hill orebodies were first mined in 1883 and mining continues today. This Pb-Zn-Ag deposit is the largest on Earth and one of the most studied (if not the most studied) ore deposits, with hundreds of publications appearing in the literature. Despite all of this work, there are still several fundamental questions about the deposit and its host rocks which remain controversial and are the subject of debate, including the origin of the deposit, the precursors of several of the host rocks, the effects of metamorphism on the ore deposit, and the stratigraphic relationship of the massive sulfides to fold events. The controversy surrounding many aspects of the deposit is, in large part, a result of its enormous size, with many researchers basing conclusions on limited exposures of the ore and surrounding rocks, influenced by the camouflaging effects of granulite facies metamorphism and at least three fold events on the ore. In the preface of the monograph, the …
Structural Biochemistry and Interaction Architecture of the DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Mre11 Nuclease and Rad50-ATPase

To clarify functions of the Mre11/Rad50 (MR) complex in DNA double-strand break repair, we report Pyrococcus furiosus Mre11 crystal structures, revealing a protein phosphatase-like, dimanganese binding domain capped by a unique domain controlling active site access. These structures unify Mre11's multiple nuclease activities in a single endo/exonuclease mechanism and reveal eukaryotic macromolecular interaction sites by mapping human and yeast Mre11 mutations. Furthermore, the structure of the P. furiosus Rad50 ABC-ATPase with its adjacent coiled-coil defines a compact Mre11/Rad50-ATPase complex and suggests that Rad50-ATP-driven conformational switching directly controls the Mre11 exonuclease. Electron microscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, and ultracentrifugation data of human and P. furiosus MR reveal a dual functional complex consisting of a (Mre11)2/(Rad50)2 heterotetrameric DNA processing head and a double coiled-coil linker.
Amperometric biosensors based on three-dimensional hydrogel-forming epoxy networks

Abstract : Proteins and glycoproteins of enzymes behave with respect to electron transport, but not ion transport, as good electrical insulators. We have shown that these insulators can be made sufficiently electron conducting to allow the flow of a current between reaction centers of redox enzymes and electrodes equaling or exceeding the current associated with the turnover of the enzymes. In order for such a current to flow it is necessary to introduce into the enzyme proteins of glycoproteins fast electron relaying centers, so as to reduce the electron transfer distances.
VEGF increases BMEC monolayer permeability by affecting occludin expression and tight junction assembly

Tight junctions between brain microvessel endothelial cells (BMECs) maintain the blood-brain barrier. Barrier breakdown is associated with brain tumors and central nervous system diseases. Tumor ce...
Walking the Tightrope of Bipolar Disorder: The Secret Life of a Law Professor

Primarily because of stigma, one of the unanswered questions in legal education is how many in the Academy have severe mental illnesses. When Professor Elyn R. Saks of the Gould School of Law at the University of Southern California published The Center Cannot Hold: My Journey Through Madness about her secret life with schizophrenia, mental illness in legal education finally had a face. Now, it has another representative. In Walking the Tightrope of Bipolar Disorder: The Secret Life of a Law Professor, Professor James T. R. Jones of the Louis D. Brandeis School of Law at the University of Louisville writes about his life, and successful career in legal academics, with the secret that he has bipolar disorder. He discusses why he went public with his condition; offers hope to others in legal education who have severe mental diseases; and joins Professor Saks in inviting those colleagues to consider, after due reflection, joining the fight against stigma by disclosing their own conditions. Hopefully, his story will help create a world in legal academia free of stigma and discrimination against those with severe mental illness.
Quantitation of Effect of Several Stimuli on Landing and Probing by Aedes aegypti

The effect of several stimuli on the attraction, landing, and probing by Aedes aegypti (L.) was studied in a specially constructed tower. The stimuli studied were heat (34°C), water-vapor, carbon dioxide, and combinations of these. The human palm was studied as a natural source of attractive stimuli. The number of mosquitoes found to 1 foot above the source of stimulus in a 10- minute period was quantitated. This estimate of attraction was broken down for counting into 3 parameters: the number of mosquitoes (1) flying, (2) landing on the bottom, and (3) probing toward the stimulus. Heat activated the mosquitoes but did not induce landing. Addition of moisture to heat increased landings and induced some probing. CO2. activated the mosquitoes and in the presence of heat and moisture elicited a few more landings. Moisture and CO2, per se or in combination did not elicit a landing or a probing response from A. aegypti . The maximal attraction as well as landing and probing was obtained with the palm. It is concluded that the maximal attraction and the high incidence of landing and probing by A. aegypti over the palm is due to some “component” of skin emanation other that heat, moisture, or CO2.
Iron replacement therapy in cancer-related anemia: introduction.

Most patients with cancer will develop anemia during the course of their illness. Anemia, which is defined by the World Health Organization as a hemoglobin (Hb) concentration of <13 g/dL in men and <12 g/dL in women,[1][1] has been reported to occur in up to 90% of patients with cancer.[2][2]
Resistance in Cucumber to the Twospotted Spider Mite

Five selected varieties of cucumber, Cucumis sativus L., were tested for resistance to Tetranychus urticae Koch. The varieties ‘Marketmore’ (bitter) and ‘Tablegreen’ (bitter) were significantly resistant, causing high mortality in the immature stages and kept mite populations under effective control.
Kinetics and route of active K-transport in the isolated midgut of Hyalophora cecropia.

(1) The time lag for attaining a steady state of 42 K movement from blood-side to lumen was 2-4 min. (2) The flux of 42 K was changed as much as 100-fold with but minor effects on the lag time. (3) The specific activity of the gut did not approach 100% of the blood-side value in this short time although the specific activity of K arriving in the lumen from the transport mechanism must be 100%. (4) From these results we conclude: I that the K being transported through the gut cannot be mixing with the total cell K of the gut, and therefore II that the route of K transport may be through just the goblet cells, or III that the K may pass through special pathways between or through epithelial cells.
Numerical simulation of viscous flow around a suspended-stationary pipe under high Reynold number

On the basis of hydrodynamics,the vortex shedding condition was investigated.After theoretical analysis of shedding,physical and mathematic models of the pipe were established under high Reynolds number.The numerical results demonstrate that Reynold number is the major factor controlling the flow.Under different high Reynolds numbers,there is different vortex shedding condition.The lift coefficient and resistance coefficient changes periodically and the amplitude is held constantly,and the pulsation frequency of resistance is twice as much as that of the lift.The relationship between position of vortex shedding and tangent force of pipe wall and pressure distributing around pipe was derived.
Saving the Canary

In this Essay, I offer preliminary reflections on two questions. First, given the looming issue of a breakdown in the law school business model, why has it been so difficult for law school administrators and faculties to innovate and stay ahead of the curve? My point here is that the competitive posture of law schools and commendable commitments to academic integrity are much more to blame than concern for self-interest or a general reluctance to change. Second, I will highlight how current fiscal challenges risk blinding us to the even scarier questions involved in keeping legal education relevant in a rapidly changing landscape. The need for contemporary relevance challenges wealthy schools as well, and, although financial pressures vary, even many of the strongest schools have their eye on enrollment and rankings at the expense of true innovation. My emphasis here is that the Socratic method, the focus on appellate cases, and the general focus on “thinking like a lawyer” gave legal education a head start on the Internet age. But a head start doesn’t help much in a marathon, and our charge now is to invent a second, or, depending on one’s attitude toward co-op and clinical education, a third act. We owe our students and the country our best efforts if we are to do our part to ensure that democracy and the rule of law remain the dominant tools of social organization for the twenty-first century.
Rapidly Progressing Rash in an Adult.

A woman presented with a nonpruritic rash on her extremities, including palms and soles, and around her lips. The rash developed after symptoms of fever, sore throat, and headache.
The Value of Excretory Urography in Staging Bladder Cancer

AbstractDisagreement exists about the accuracy of excretory urography in the staging of bladder cancer. During a 10-year period 38 of 524 patients with carcinoma of the bladder had ureteral obstruction on excretory urography at the time of the initial diagnosis. All 38 patients had lamina propria invasion and 35 had muscle invasion at staging transurethral resection. Of those patients 22 had exploratory laparotomies, 11 after 4,000 to 5,000 rad. Of the patients undergoing laparotomy 55 per cent had metastases. Ureteral obstruction at the time of initial diagnosis of bladder cancer usually indicates muscle invasion and/or metastases.
Negotiating contradictions: educación among Dominican transnational mothers in New York City

ABSTRACTThis paper examines how a transnational orientation shapes Dominican mothers’ contradictory attitudes towards education in New York City. Through this ethnographic study, which draws on 36 interviews, community walkabouts, and participant observations in community-led adult education classes, we show how Dominican mothers struggle with conflicting values; on the one hand, they embrace the idea of schooling for individual advancement, integration in the US, and critical thinking, while on the other hand, they regret the diminution of a collective, family orientation and respect for parents. Overall, this study shows that contradictions are not a sign of confusion or denial, but rather a struggle to transform cultural practices that satisfy multiple worlds. A deeper understanding of these contradictions could help educators and educational institutions consider how these transnational tensions motivate parent engagement and their hopes for their children’s education.
The Culture of International Arbitration: Introduction

This chapter provides a brief introduction of the book by offering a description of the problem of cultural miscommunication and how that might affect the efficiency, fairness, and accuracy of the outcome of a case in international arbitration involving parties, arbitrators and counsel from diverse backgrounds.
Retrograde popliteal access to treat femoropopliteal artery occlusive disease.

Abstract Objective Retrograde popliteal artery (RPA) access to treat superficial femoral artery and popliteal artery disease is an option when treatment through common femoral artery (CFA) access is not possible. Our goal was to compare the safety and efficacy of RPA access with CFA access for treatment of femoral and popliteal artery lesions. Methods The Vascular Quality Initiative was queried for all patients undergoing RPA access from 2010 to 2016 for symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. These were compared with standard CFA access. Patients with acute limb ischemia were excluded. Preoperative, operative, and postoperative data were analyzed. Perioperative and 6-month outcomes were analyzed. Multivariable analysis was used to assess the effect of RPA access on amputation or death, major adverse limb event (MALE) or death, patency, and death. Results There were 30,074 patients with isolated superficial femoral and popliteal artery disease treated, 148 of whom had RPA access. Indications overall included claudication (56.3%), rest pain (13.9%), and tissue loss (29.8%). RPA access had a significantly lower rate of technical success compared with CFA access (80.4% vs 93.8%; P P = .333), distal embolization (0% vs 1.2%; P = .183), access site hematoma (3.4% vs 3.1%; P = .849), and 30-day mortality (1.4% vs 1.1%; P = .789). There were no differences between RPA access and CFA access for unadjusted 6-month amputation-free survival (94.8% vs 96%; P = .747) or survival (934.3% vs 95.6%; P = .845). MALE-free survival (74.5% vs 83.5%; P = .016) and patency (70.3% vs 83.1%; P P = .669), MALE-free survival (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 0.99-2.5; P = .057), and survival (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.43-1.73; P = .675). RPA access was independently associated with loss of primary patency (HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.24-2.94; P = .003). Conclusions RPA access had lower technical success and primary patency compared with antegrade access at 6 months. There were no differences demonstrated between the two access techniques in perioperative morbidity and mortality or 6-month amputation, MALE, and survival. This technique should be considered when CFA access cannot be accomplished.
Toward prethreshold gate-based quantum simulation of chemical dynamics: using potential energy surfaces to simulate few-channel molecular collisions

One of the most promising applications of an error-corrected universal quantum computer is the efficient simulation of complex quantum systems such as large molecular systems. In this application, one is interested in both the electronic structure such as the ground state energy and dynamical properties such as the scattering cross section and chemical reaction rates. However, most theoretical work and experimental demonstrations have focused on the quantum computation of energies and energy surfaces. In this work, we attempt to make the prethreshold (not error-corrected) quantum simulation of dynamical properties practical as well. We show that the use of precomputed potential energy surfaces and couplings enables the gate-based simulation of few-channel but otherwise realistic molecular collisions. Our approach is based on the widely used Born---Oppenheimer approximation for the structure problem coupled with a semiclassical method for the dynamics. In the latter the electrons are treated quantum mechanically but the nuclei are classical, which restricts the collisions to high energy or temperature (typically above $$\approx 10$$?10 eV). By using operator splitting techniques optimized for the resulting time-dependent Hamiltonian simulation problem, we give several physically realistic collision examples, with 3---8 channels and circuit depths < 1000.
Democratic Policing and State Capacity in an Integrated World

This chapter outlines some of the challenges that providers of assistance to developing democracies face in helping create practices of democratic policing. Police in modern democracies face a “democratic dilemma” wherein effective crime control practices that are too aggressive can curb democratic liberties on one hand, and a closely controlled police force’s failure to confront social disorder can similarly harm democratic institutions. It discusses three main areas where international actors can contribute to the creation of a police force to handle these issues: organization, professionalization, and legalization. Foreign intervention can structure police forces so that they are less likely to allow for abusive environments. They can also help create cultures of professionalism by arranging opportunities for cross-national police relations that can foster a respect for the rule of law. Finally, foreign intervention can help to create legal structures that regulate police behavior and punish police misconduct. After describing these contributions, this chapter ends with some reflections on the amplification of problems of democratic policing in relation to transnational crime.
Institutional Resilience in Banking Systems

This is a condensed version of Salter and Tarko (2018), presented at the Austrian Economics in the 21st Century conference in Rosario, Argentina. I argue that current perspectives on banking and financial regulation, including newly popular proposals for macroprudential regulation, cannot achieve their objective. Admittedly banking and financial systems need to be governed, to overcome collective action problems that can hinder the stability of the system. But this stability can be an endogenous feature of self-regulation. I contend that the governance institutions in historical free banking systems succeeded in making those systems resilient. These institutions permit us to classify free banking systems as polycentric systems for banking and financial governance.
Using Geometric Habits of Mind to Connect Geometry from a Transformation Perspective to Graph Transformations and Abstract Algebra

The Common Core State Standards for Mathematics advocate for geometry from a transformation approach, and we illustrate how this movement opens two important mathematical opportunities. First, geometry from a transformation approach connects to algebra at the secondary level, especially through transformations of graphs; and second, geometry from a transformation approach connects to abstract algebra at the university level, especially through linear algebra and group theory. To make these connections visible, we propose an extension of Driscoll et al.’s (2007) Geometric Habits of Mind (GHOM) framework that can apply to graph transformations and ideas of abstract algebra. We then describe three specific contexts where the extended GHOMs link problem solving and theory building activities (Gowers, The two cultures of mathematics. Retrieved from https://www.dpmms.cam.ac.uk/~wtg10/2cultures.pdf, 2000) across geometry and algebra at the secondary level and abstract algebra at the university level. These contexts are: (1) reconciling three definitions of congruence, (2) using transformations to understand conventions for defining families of functions and shapes, and (3) analyzing plane transformations of the plane in terms of linear algebra. We conclude with some implications of our work for the preparation of secondary teachers.
Deep Neural Networks to Remove Photoacoustic Reflection Artifacts in Ex Vivo and in Vivo Tissue

Deep neural networks trained with simulated data are capable of distinguishing sources from reflection artifacts in photoacoustic data. Our group recently introduced this concept with simulated and experimental waterbath and phantom data. In this novel approach, channel data is used as an input to learn the spatial impulse response of pressure waves from point-like sources and differentiate true sources from reflection artifacts. We hypothesize that this is possible based on learned differences in the unique shape-to-depth relationship of point sources. The work presented in this paper builds on previous demonstrations to investigate the feasibility of this approach when applied to ex vivo tissue and in vivo data from a pig catheterization procedure. Three networks were trained with k-Wave simulated data: two residual deep network architectures (i.e., Resnet-50 and Resnet-101) and the previously implemented VGG16 deep network architecture, which does not use residual learning. These networks classified sources correctly in over 82% of images in the ex vivo chicken breast, liver, and steak datasets and over 64% of images in the dataset acquired from an ex vivo chicken thigh containing bone. When applied to in vivo data, the Resnet-50 and Resnet-101 architectures classified 83.3% and 88.8% of sources correctly, respectively, while the VGG16 architecture performed more poorly, classifying 14.5% of sources correctly. In addition, the residual network architectures had <2% misclassification rate, whereas the VGG16 architecture had a maximum 23.53% misclassification rate for all datasets. These results indicate that residual networks architectures are better suited to in vivo source detection and artifact elimination using our approach.
Silicon photonics (Conference Presentation)

In the past few years we went from the ability to miniaturize a handful of optical components to being able to print massive optical circuits on a microelectronic chip composed of thousands of optical components. These optical circuits enable one to control the flow of light in unprecedented ways and are opening the door to applications that only a decade ago were unimaginable. The idea for guiding light on silicon chip originated in the 1980s but only in the early 2000s the viability of the platform was demonstrated. I will describe the challenges that silicon photonic faced in its infancy, and the work that helped overcome these challenges. I will also discuss the current state of art of silicon photonics, where larger and more complex systems are now putting higher demands and setting up new challenges for the technology.
Learning Guided Enumerative Synthesis for Superoptimization

The field of program synthesis has seen substantial recent progress in new ideas, e.g., program sketching and synthesis modulo pruning, and applications, e.g., in program repair and superoptimization, which is our focus in this paper. The goal of superoptimization is to generate a program which is functionally equivalent to the given program but is optimal with respect to some desired criteria. We develop a learning-based approach to guide the exploration of the space of candidate programs to parts of the space where an optimal solution likely exists. We introduce the techniques of bulk and sequence orderings which enable this directed search. We integrate these machine learning techniques with an enumerative superoptimizer and experimentally evaluate our framework using a suite of subjects. Our findings demonstrate that machine learning techniques can play a useful role in reducing the amount of candidate program space that the enumerative search must to explore in order to find an optimal solution; for the subject programs, the reduction is up to 80% on average.
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Causes Nociceptive Sensitization through Spinal Chemokine Upregulation

High rates of acute and chronic pain are associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but mechanisms responsible for the association remain elusive. Recent data suggest dysregulated descending pain modulation circuitry could be involved. Based on these and other observations, we hypothesized that serotonin (5-HT)-dependent activation of spinal CXC Motif Chemokine Receptor 2 (CXCR2) may support TBI-related nociceptive sensitization in a mouse model of mild TBI (mTBI). We observed that systemic 5-HT depletion with p-chlorophenylalanine attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity seen after mTBI. Likewise, selective spinal 5-HT fiber depletion with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) reduced hypersensitivity after mTBI. Consistent with a role for spinal 5-HT3 serotonin receptors, intrathecal ondansetron administration after TBI dose-dependently attenuated nociceptive sensitization. Also, selective CXCR2 antagonist SCH527123 treatment attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity after mTBI. Furthermore, spinal CXCL1 and CXCL2 mRNA and protein levels were increased after mTBI as were GFAP and IBA-1 markers. Spinal 5,7-DHT application reduced both chemokine expression and glial activation. Our results suggest dual pathways for nociceptive sensitization after mTBI, direct 5-HT effect through 5-HT3 receptors and indirectly through upregulation of chemokine signaling. Designing novel clinical interventions against either the 5-HT3 mediated component or chemokine pathway may be beneficial in treating pain frequently seen in patients after mTBI.
Schema-ing with color and temperature: The effects of color-temperature congruity and the role of non-temperature associations

Abstract The present investigation utilizes schema congruity theory to predict when consumers use or do not use color-temperature associations to make downstream judgments of products. The results of five studies reveal that consumers use red-heat (blue-cold) color-temperature associations when the triggered red (blue) schema has no active non-temperature associations during product selection. In these cases, color-temperature congruity (red-heat and blue-cold) leads to more positive responses than color-temperature incongruity (red-cold and blue-heat). Additionally, the findings indicate that consumers do not use color-temperature associations when the situation activates both temperature and non-temperature associations for the red or blue schema (red-sales promotions or blue-trade dress). In these instances, consumers negate the influence of color-temperature associations in favor of non-temperature associations. This indicates that color-temperature congruency or incongruency does not affect downstream consumer responses because of a shift in the salience of schematic associations that weakens the influence of color-temperature associations.
Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair Using ProGrip Self-Fixating Mesh: Technical Learning Curve and Mid-Term Outcomes.

PURPOSE Self-fixating mesh has been introduced to further improve the quality results already seen with laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. An observational study was undertaken to evaluate the technical learning curve and mid-term outcomes associated with the use of ProGrip (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) laparoscopic self-fixating mesh in transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) inguinal herniorrhaphy. METHODS Patients who underwent elective laparoscopic TAPP inguinal herniorrhaphy by a single surgeon using ProGrip laparoscopic self-fixating mesh within a one-year period were studied. The primary outcome measures included the time from mesh introduction to the final position (MI-FP), surgical complications, and pain scores. Demographic and other perioperative outcome data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS Forty hernias were repaired in 29 patients with a laparoscopic TAPP approach. The average MI-FP was 249.4 seconds for the first 20 repairs, and 118.6 seconds (p < 0.001) for the final 20. Minor post-operative surgical complications were reported by 13.8% of patients; there were no major surgical complications. The average pain score on a scale of 0 to 5 was 0.9 (SD = 0.67, range 0-3). CONCLUSIONS Surgeons with reasonable laparoscopic experience can expect to become fully proficient in the manipulation of self-fixating mesh after 15 to 20 repairs. Use of this product yielded low intraoperative and mid-term postoperative complication rates as well as low postoperative pain.