cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Made in Bangladesh: The Romance of the New Woman

This chapter examines women’s oppression and emancipation in contemporary Bangladesh through the lens of literary and visual culture. Recent visual depictions of women’s participation in the apparel industry illustrate the emerging identities of the empowered woman—the object of neoliberal development policy—as well as structural inequalities that constrain their autonomy. An investigation of competing and contradictory notions of women’s subjectivity and agency in visual media representing women as emancipated subjects of neoliberalism or victimised objects of culture and patriarchy allows us to understand how these intersect with shifting notions of local/global patriarchies, corporate globalisation, feminist solidarity, and women’s empowerment in Bangladesh today. I illuminate the disjunctures between representations of the ‘new woman’ circulated through cultural and human rights advocacy narratives with women’s lived realities of oppression and struggle.
The Origins of a Capital Market Union in the United States

EU policy-makers have focused on the creation of a “Capital Market Union” to advance the economic vitality of the EU in the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis of 2007-09 and the Eurozone crisis of 2011-13. The hope is that EU-wide capital markets will help remedy the limitations in the EU’s pattern of bank-centered finance, which, despite the launch of the Banking Union, remains tied to Member States. Capital market development will provide alternative channels for finance, which will facilitate greater resiliency, more economic integration within the EU, and more choices for savers and firms. This chapter uses the origins of the US capital market union to explore how law can advance the creation of a CMU. The chapter shows the importance of expanding the focal lens beyond investor protection to reveal the full array of ways that the legal choices of repression, substitution, and facilitation shape the private funding of economic activity. Central to the US story was a mismatch between growing enterprises and a stunted banking system. Political choices led to a banking system populated primarily by small local banks that were ill suited to provide financing in the amounts, or with the risk, needed to fund the railroads and the follow-on industrial film expansion. The bond market stepped in, creating national and international channels for debt and then equity finance. Depression-era legal enactments strengthened these markets, through a strong disclosure regime, a powerful market regulator and enforcer (the SEC), and, through the separation of commercial and investment banking (“Glass-Steagall”), the creation of a set of private actors, investment banks, with strong incentives to develop ever more robust capital markets. These developments also helped deter states from interfering excessively in the issuance of debt or equity securities, a core challenge for any capital market union. In arguing for a richer understanding of “financial structure law,” the chapter makes some EU-specific suggestions. These focus on facilitating the growth of EU-wide asset managers, which can engage in credit intermediation similar to banks but with lower systemic risk. In marshalling individuals’ retirement savings, the asset managers can provide a funding supply side to CMU.
Optimality and Functionality: Objections and Refutations

The classical generative theory of knowledge of language is that a speaker’s mental grammar is a pure combinatorial engine, blind to typology and resistant to grammar-external forces. It arises from domain-specific innate principles of UG, whose parametric variation becomes fixed upon exposure to a given linguistic experience. In this classical epistemology, markedness hierarchies such as the animacy hierarchy cannot play a role in the individual synchronic grammar of a present-day English speaker. These hierarchies are not universal; they are exceptionridden, both across languages and even within the individual languages where their effects sometimes appear. They also have no obvious structural basis in generative representations. Hence, they are regarded as at best vague tendencies reflecting scalar properties of human perception and cognition or socio-cultural categorizations, external to the specific domain of linguistic structure. Their appearance in languages typologically distant from English (e.g. Lummi, Dyirbal, Navajo) shows merely that grammar-external forces may leave their marks upon languages historically. On this view, some of the grammatical structure found in existing languages may be the conventionalized residue of external pressures on historical change, which are no longer active synchronically. But present-day speakers have no knowledge of typology, nor of the external pressures that have affected typological distributions—and their mentally represented grammars reflect this.
Determination of the Electrochemical Properties of a Soluble Aqueous FeS Species Present in Sulfidic Solutions

Field and laboratory data are presented that show a soluble FeS species(FeSaq) exists in sulfidic seawater solutions, and is observedwhen the IAP exceeds the Ksp of amorphous FeS. TheFeSaq yields a discrete signal (double peak) using square-wavevoltammetry and two one-electron waves in sampled DC polarographyexperiments at the Hg electrode. The aqueous FeS species reacts irreversiblyat the electrode as a single FeS subunit and not as a polymeric entity. Thepeak potential of FeSaq occurs at -1.1 V whereas the peakpotential of Fe $$(H_2 O)_6^{2 + } $$ occurs at-1.45 V; the positive shift for Fe2+ reduction inFeSaq indicates a change in geometry for Fe2+from octahedral to tetrahedral. The kinetics of electron transfer at theelectrode are determined to be similar for both Fe2+ andFeSaq. Molecular orbital energy diagrams, further indicatethat Fe(II) does change from octahedral to tetrahedral geometry in solution.First, Fe(II) exists as octahedralFe $$(H_2 O)_6^{2 + } $$ in solution whichundergoes a substitution reaction of bisulfide for water. The resultingcomplex, Fe(H2O)5(HS)+, thentransforms to a tetrahedral complex on further addition of sulfide. Thisgeometry change is consistent with the formation of amorphous FeS thatconverts to mackinawite which has tetrahedral Fe(II). The process is entropydriven because of the water loss that occurs. The overall sequence can berepresented as: $$\begin{gathered} 3Fe(H_2 O)_6^{2 + } + 3HS^ - \to 3Fe(H_2 O)_5 (HS)^ + + 3H_2 O \hfill \\ 3Fe(H_2 O)_5 (HS)^ + + 3HS^ - \to Fe_3 S_3 (H_2 O)_6 + 3H_2 S + 9H_2 O \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ Soluble FeS species are important asreactants in the formation of iron-sulfide minerals including pyrite.
Code switching between tamazight and arabic in the first libyan berber news broadcast: An application of Myers-Scotton's MLF and 4M models

i Acknowledgments ii List of Tables v List of Figures vi List of Abbreviations vii Chapter 1
Implications of Individual QT/RR Profiles-Part 1: Inaccuracies and Problems of Population-Specific QT/Heart Rate Corrections.

Universal QT correction formulas are potentially problematic in corrected QT (QTc) interval comparisons at different heart rates. Instead of individual-specific corrections, population-specific corrections are occasionally used based on QT/RR data pooled from all study subjects. To investigate the performance of individual-specific and population-specific corrections, a statistical modeling study was performed using QT/RR data of 523 healthy subjects. In each subject, full drug-free QT/RR profiles were available, characterized using non-linear regression models. In each subject, 50 baseline QT/RR readings represented baseline data of standard QT studies. Using these data, linear and log-linear heart rate corrections were optimized for each subject and for different groups of ten and 50 subjects. These corrections were applied in random combinations of heart rate changes between − 10 and + 25 beats per minute (bpm) and known QTc interval changes between − 25 and + 25 ms. Both the subject-specific and population-specific corrections based on the 50 baseline QT/RR readings tended to underestimate/overestimate the QTc interval changes when heart rate was increasing/decreasing, respectively. The result spread was much wider with population-specific corrections, making the estimates of QTc interval changes practically unpredictable. Subject-specific heart rate corrections based on limited baseline drug-free data may lead to inconsistent results and, in the presence of underlying heart rate changes, may potentially underestimate or overestimate QTc interval changes. The population-specific corrections lead to results that are much more influenced by the combination of individual QT/RR patterns than by the actual QTc interval changes. Subject-specific heart rate corrections based on full profiles derived from drug-free baseline recordings with wide QT/RR distribution should be used when studying drugs expected to cause heart rate changes.
Aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons in mice

Sodium deficiency elevates aldosterone, which in addition to epithelial tissues acts on the brain to promote dysphoric symptoms and salt intake. Aldosterone boosts the activity of neurons that express 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2), a hallmark of aldosterone-sensitive cells. To better characterize these neurons, we combine immunolabeling and in situ hybridization with fate mapping and Cre-conditional axon tracing in mice. Many cells throughout the brain have a developmental history of Hsd11b2 expression, but in the adult brain one small brainstem region with a leaky blood–brain barrier contains HSD2 neurons. These neurons express Hsd11b2, Nr3c2 (mineralocorticoid receptor), Agtr1a (angiotensin receptor), Slc17a6 (vesicular glutamate transporter 2), Phox2b, and Nxph4; many also express Cartpt or Lmx1b. No HSD2 neurons express cholinergic, monoaminergic, or several other neuropeptidergic markers. Their axons project to the parabrachial complex (PB), where they intermingle with AgRP-immunoreactive axons to form dense terminal fields overlapping FoxP2 neurons in the central lateral subnucleus (PBcL) and pre-locus coeruleus (pLC). Their axons also extend to the forebrain, intermingling with AgRP- and CGRP-immunoreactive axons to form dense terminals surrounding GABAergic neurons in the ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTvL). Sparse axons target the periaqueductal gray, ventral tegmental area, lateral hypothalamic area, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, and central nucleus of the amygdala. Dual retrograde tracing revealed that largely separate HSD2 neurons project to pLC/PB or BSTvL. This projection pattern raises the possibility that a subset of HSD2 neurons promotes the dysphoric, anorexic, and anhedonic symptoms of hyperaldosteronism via AgRP-inhibited relay neurons in PB.
The Influence of Online-Only Friends on the Substance Use of Young Adults with a History of Childhood Maltreatment.

Background: Existing research shows that having offline friends that use substances increases risk for individual substance use in adolescence. However, there is little research examining the influ...
Health Care Spending Slowed After Rhode Island Applied Affordability Standards To Commercial Insurers

States are introducing regulations to slow health care spending growth, but which of these successfully reduce spending growth remains unclear. We studied Rhode Island’s 2010 affordability standard...
High efficiency diffractive optical element design and fabrication in a two-stage photopolymer

We show the design and fabrication of high diffraction efficiency, optically recorded gradient-index Fresnel lenses in a two-stage photopolymer. A design analysis reveals that lens f/# is limited by the material refractive index contrast, motivating use of recent high contrast polymers. The number of pixels required for the optical exposure is typically well beyond available spatial light modulator resolutions, motivating the use of a photolithographic mask. Thus, we present a photolithographic technique by which a single exposure into a self-developing photopolymer can directly print single custom high efficiency DOEs with freeform phase profiles, in contrast to holographic optical elements that are limited to the interference of two propagating fields. We use a dithered binary chrome mask with 9000 x 9000 pixels of 2.5 μm diameter to write lenses up to 23 mm in diameter. Lenses down to f/44 with 76% diffraction efficiency and f/79 with 83% diffraction efficiency are demonstrated.
The affordable care act in the heart of the opioid crisis: Evidence from west Virginia

West Virginia is at the epicenter of a national opioid crisis, with a 2016 fatal opioid overdose rate of 43.4 per 100,000 population—more than triple the US average. We used claims data for 2014–16...
OBSERVATIONS ON THE HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELASTIC AND INELASTIC PROPERTIES OF POLYCRYSTALLINE GRAPHITES

A comparison of the high-temperature strength and elastic properties of polycrystalline graphites with those exhibited by certain crystalline and amorphous materials indicates defects in the mechanisms postulated by Mrozowski and Hove to explain the temperature dependence of these properties. An interpretation of the elastic and inelastic properties of a polycrystalline graphite in terms of its polymeric nature is advanced, and experimental data obtained at the Aerojet-General Corporation are cited in support of this surmise. The relative magnitudes of activation energies derived from creep and relaxation measurements in the temperature range 2000° to 2800°C on a commercial molded graphite stock, using specimens with axes either perpendicular or parallel to the grain, indicate that the high-temperature plasticity of the material may result principally from shear strains in the crystallites parallel to the basal plane of the lamellae. That the gross average magnitude of these activation energies is of the order of one-half the value reported for lattice self-diffusion in graphite suggests that the rate of creep or relaxation in this temperature range may be controlled by the movement of peripheral atoms at the crystallite boundaries to permit breaking and making of C—C bonds. The results of repeated transient creep tests in tension and torsion indicate that the plastic behavior may be strongly influenced by strain history. Preliminary strength measurements on boron nitride at temperatures from 1000° to 2400°C confirm the trend suggested by data obtained at lower temperature in that the strength increases with temperature in this range, a result which is consistent with the Mrozowski hypothesis.
Glaucoma in the elderly

An 85-year-old Latin American female presents for evaluation after an increased intraocular pressure was detected at a community screening for glaucoma. She has a past medical history of severe degenerative arthritis in her hands and suffers from stable angina. Though widowed, she lives independently near her family; she has declined previous suggestions to move in with them or to the local retirement center. On examination the patient has 20/20 visual acuity OU, an increased intraocular pressure (IOP) of 28 mmHg OU, glaucomatous cupping of 0.6 OU, and a superior arcuate glaucomatous defect OU. At that point, her eye doctor begins a one-eyed trial in the right eye (OD) of timolol GFS 0.5% each morning.
Tracing shoreline flooding: Using visualization approaches to inform resilience planning for small Great Lakes communities

Abstract Planning for increasing flood occurrences due to climate variability is posing new challenges to traditional master planning approaches in small Great Lakes communities. This paper calls for the incorporation of a wider range of visualization techniques as a critical component of local planning efforts to improve shoreline resiliency in the face of climate uncertainty. We utilized multiple visualization techniques to examine and illustrate diverse data sources as part of a community-based scenario planning process for three Lake Michigan coastal communities—Ludington, Grand Haven, and St Joseph, Michigan, USA—between 2013 and 2015. The outcomes demonstrate the localized impacts of climate variability on Lake Michigan's eastern shoreland dynamics over time and visualize a range of future scenarios impacting inland land use. The results show that utilizing a range of visualization techniques in public engagement platforms offers communities a more detailed and complete understanding of climate variability, shoreland dynamics, and the trade-offs involved in community-based resilience planning. To support ongoing efforts advancing resilience planning in the State, many of the visualizations and a toolkit for the Michigan Association of Planners which provides a step-by-step guide for community-based master planning.
Associations of perceived information adequacy and knowledge with pursuit of live donor kidney transplants and living donor inquiries among African American transplant candidates

We studied associations between perceived adequacy of live donor kidney transplant (LDKT) information or knowledge with pursuit of LDKT or receipt of live donor inquiries among 300 African American kidney transplant candidates. Participants reported via questionnaire how informed or knowledgeable they felt regarding LDKT. Participants also reported their pursuit of LDKT, categorized as "low" (no discussion with family or friends about LDKT and no identified donor), "intermediate" (discussed LDKT with family but no identified donor) or "high" (discussed LDKT with family and identified a potential donor). We reviewed participants' electronic health records to identify potential donors' transplant center inquiries on participants' behalves. A minority of participants reported they felt "very" or "extremely" well informed about LDKT (39%) or had "a great deal" of LDKT knowledge (38%). Participants perceiving themselves as "very" or "extremely" (vs "not" or "slightly") well informed about LDKT had statistically significantly greater odds of intermediate or high (vs low) pursuit of LDKT (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 2.71 [1.02-7.17]). Perceived LDKT knowledge was not associated with pursuit of LDKT. Neither perceived information adequacy nor knowledge was associated with living donor inquiries. Efforts to better understand the role of education in the pursuit of LDKT among African American transplant candidates are needed.
The paradox of Haiti in African Diaspora Studies

This article is grounded on the premise that any critical discussion of the formation and intellectualization of the African Diaspora as discourse and field of study must confront the place and dis...
Influence of Anticipation and Motor-Motor Task Performance on Cutting Biomechanics in Healthy Men.

Context Biomechanical analyses of cutting tasks have demonstrated kinematic differences associated with the noncontact knee-injury risk when the movement direction is unanticipated. Motor-motor dual tasks occur within dynamic environments and change the demand for attentional resources needed to complete athletic maneuvers, which may contribute to injury risk. Objective To investigate the influence of anticipation and motor-motor task performance on cutting biomechanics. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Laboratory. Patients or other participants A total of 32 healthy, recreationally active men (age = 23.1 ± 3.6 years, height = 180.0 ± 7.0 cm, mass = 81.3 ± 17.3 kg) who self-reported regular participation in cutting sports. Intervention(s) Participants performed a 45° side-step cut on the dominant limb in a random order of conditions: anticipation (anticipated, unanticipated) and task (no ball throw, ball fake, ball throw). Main outcome measure(s) Triplanar trunk, hip, and knee angles were assessed throughout the stance phase using 3-dimensional motion capture. Data were analyzed using a time series of means calculated from initial contact to toe-off (0%-100%) with 90% confidence intervals. Mean differences between conditions were identified as regions of nonoverlapping confidence intervals, and those that occurred during the region of peak vertical ground reaction force (0%-25%) are presented. Results Regardless of anticipation, attending to a ball (ball throw) resulted in more trunk extension (range = 2.9°-3.7°) and less lateral trunk flexion toward the cutting direction (range = 5.2°-5.9°). Planning to attend to a ball (ball fake) resulted in less lateral trunk flexion toward the cutting direction (4.7°). During unanticipated cutting, more trunk rotation away from the cutting direction was observed when attending to a ball (range = 5.3°-7.1°). The interaction of anticipation and task had a similar influence on sagittal- and frontal-plane trunk position. Conclusions Motor-motor task performance and its interaction with anticipation induced an upright, neutral trunk position during side-step cutting, which has been associated with the risk for noncontact knee injury. Promoting task complexity during rehabilitation and injury-prevention programs may better prepare individuals to succeed when performing high-risk athletic maneuvers.
Earned Income Tax Credit Portability: Respecting the Autonomy of American Families

The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) was a key component of the welfare reform movement that began in the 1970s and expanded in the 1990s. Politicians and the public saw the EITC as a helping hand to working families – a way to “make work pay.” The EITC today is the single largest federal anti-poverty program in the United States. Although the EITC clearly is targeted at families with children, it is not optimally structured to improve child welfare. The current rules limit EITC eligibility to a taxpayer who lives with a child more than six months of the year, presumably on the assumption that shared residence is a rough stand-in for support of a child. This rough approach hurts many children. This Article argues that, in many situations, child welfare would be improved if the noncustodial parent were able to claim the EITC and share the resulting refund with his or her children. To accomplish this, this Article proposes that the law be changed to make the EITC portable between custodial and noncustodial parents. This Article proposes replacing an inflexible rule based on an assumption with a more flexible rule that is not only easy for the IRS to administer but which respects the autonomy of modern American families.
A comparison of owner/operator and worker perspectives on workplace safety in the West Virginia logging industry.

Background The logging industry is known to have one of the highest rates of fatal and nonfatal occupational injuries in the United States. Perspectives on why this study is so hazardous may differ between logging company owners/operators and workers. In this study, we explored and compared the safety perspectives of logging company owners/operators and workers in West Virginia. Methods Using a mixed-methods approach, we analyzed survey (n = 245) and interview (n = 14) data collected in 2015 from logging company owners/operators and workers in West Virginia. Survey data were analyzed via logistic regression; interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Response patterns were contrasted by occupational status (owners/operators vs. workers) in both analyses. Results Owners/operators and workers agreed on several aspects of workplace safety including the importance of personal protective equipment and the benefits of mechanization when timber harvesting. Key differences observed between owners/operators and workers included why injuries are underreported and the effects of production pressures on safety. Conclusion While there was much agreement, owners/operators and workers in the West Virginia logging industry reported differences in key domains of workplace safety. These differences should be taken into account when designing and implementing safety programs in the logging industry.
A comparison of hypothesis tests for homogeneity in meta-analysis with focus on rare binary events

Analysis of rare binary events is an important problem for biomedical researchers. Due to the sparsity of events in such problems, meta-analysis that integrates information across multiple studies can be applied to increase the efficiency of statistical inference. Although it is critical to examine whether the effect sizes are homogeneous across all studies, a comprehensive review of homogeneity tests has been lacking, and in particular, no attention has been paid to infrequent dichotomous outcomes. We systematically review statistical methods for homogeneity testing. By conducting an extensive simulation analysis and two case studies, we examine the performance of 30 tests in meta-analysis of rare binary outcomes. When using log-odds ratio as the association measure, our simulation results suggest that there is no uniform winner. However, we recommend the test proposed by Kulinskaya and Dollinger (BMC Med Res Methodol, 2015, 15), which uses a gamma distribution to approximate the null distribution, for its generally good performance; for very rare events coupled with small within-study sample sizes, in addition to the Kulinskaya-Dollinger test, we further recommend the conditional score test based on the random-effects hypergeometric model proposed by Liang and Self (Biometrika, 1985, 72:353-358). One should be cautious about the use of the Wald tests, the Lipsitz tests (Biometrics, 1998, 54:148-160), and tests proposed by Bhaumik et al (J Am Stat Assoc, 2012, 107:555-567).
Detection of Microbial Agents in Oropharyngeal and Nasopharyngeal Samples of SARS-CoV-2 Patients

The novel coronavirus outbreak started in December 2019 and rapidly spread around the globe, leading to a global pandemic. Here we reported the association of microbial agents identified in oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal samples from patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, using a Pan-microarray based technology referred to as PathoChIP. To validate the efficiency of PathoChIP, reference viral genomes obtained from BEI resource and 25 SARS-CoV-2 positive clinical samples were tested. This technology successfully detected femtogram levels of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA, which demonstrated greater sensitivity and specificity than conventional diagnostic techniques. Simultaneously, a broad range of other microorganisms, including other viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites can be detected in those samples. We identified 7 viral, 12 bacterial and 6 fungal agents common across all clinical samples suggesting an associated microbial signature in individuals who are infected with SARS-CoV-2. This technology is robust and has a flexible detection methodology that can be employed to detect the presence of all human respiratory pathogens in different sample preparations with precision. It will be important for differentiating the causative agents of respiratory illnesses, including SARS-CoV-2.
Adolescent Weight Management Intervention in a Nonclinical Setting: Changes in Eating-Related Cognitions and Depressive Symptoms.

OBJECTIVE The present study was a secondary data analysis of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to examine changes in depressive symptoms and eating-related cognitions in teens who participated in a nonclinic-based adolescent behavioral weight control treatment delivered by YMCA coaches. Differences in intervention effects were also examined by sex. METHODS Adolescents (N = 66; 13-17 years; 60.6% girls) with overweight (10.6%) or obesity (53.0% with severe obesity) participated in an RCT comparing 2 versions of an evidence-based intervention. Adolescents completed measures of eating-related cognitions (Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire) and depressive symptoms (Children's Depressive Inventory-2) at baseline and end of active treatment (16 weeks). RESULTS There were no significant effects of group, time, or group by time interaction for depressive symptoms, global eating-related cognitions, dietary restraint, or eating concerns (ps > 0.05). Shape concerns (p = 0.04) and weight concerns (p = 0.02) significantly decreased over the intervention. Significant interactions between sex and time on global eating-related cognitions (p < 0.001), eating (p = 0.002), shape (p = 0.02), and weight concerns (p = 0.004) were detected such that female participants' scores decreased over the course of the treatment, but male participants' scores did not. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate some positive and no detrimental effects of a nonclinic-based behavioral weight control intervention on adolescents' eating-related cognitions and depressive symptoms. The findings may mitigate concerns that dissemination of structured, nonclinic-based weight management programs for adolescents will produce negative eating and mood outcomes; however, replication of results in larger trials is needed.
Joint Position and Beamforming Control via Alternating Nonlinear Least-Squares with a Hierarchical Gamma Prior

We consider the problem of controlling antennae gains and positions among a set collection of mobile beamforming agents. Existing approaches predominately fall into two categories: solvers based upon convex relaxations of subset selection, and Monte Carlo sampling approaches that seek close-to-exact solutions, whose consistency requires the number of samples to approach infinity. In this work, we adopt an approach that improves upon the accuracy of prevailing convex relaxation approaches, motivated by their relative computational efficiency. Specifically, for fixed pose, we develop a modified hierarchical prior which is well-known within Bayesian inference to promote sparsity more effectively than the conventional Gaussian-gamma prior. Then, with this specification, we develop a variant of Expectation Maximization (EM) whose updates can be evaluated in closed form to obtain the beamforming gains and set of active agents. Then, when the signal phase and and amplitude are fixed, we propose a projected block descent approach, i.e., alternating nonlinear least-squares, for efficient relocation of the pruned set of agents. The inter-weaved iterative approach presented here better synthesizes the desired beam pattern with the minimum set of active agents and demands less computational load compared to the dense grid search implementations. Preliminary results indicate the proposed approach attains a superior tradeoff of sparsification and accuracy as compared to existing approaches.
Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a clinically recognizable and relatively common muscular dystrophy. It is inherited mostly as an autosomal dominant disease or in a minority of cases, in a digenic pattern. The disease manifestation is variable and most likely dependent on genetic and epigenetic factors. We review the history, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and genetics of the disease, present the recently elucidated molecular pathogenesis, discuss the pathology and the possible consequence of the inflammation seen in the muscle biopsies, and consider future treatments.
Biography of Jack Holland (1926-2014): Chert expert

Jack was born and grew up in Lock Haven Pennsylvania, the son of William G. Holland and Florence (Davies) Holland. He had an older brother, William and a younger brother, Donald. Jack spent much of his boyhood roaming the surrounding flood plains of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River looking for arrowheads. As Jack recalled, his parents gave him a great deal of freedom, just asking that he be home in time for dinner. Dr. T. B. Stewart, a Lock Haven dentist, encouraged Jack’s early archaeological interest, helping him to identify specimens. Dr. Stewart had an extensive archaeological collection and had worked with Donald Cadzow, Pennsylvania’s State Archaeologist (1929-1939). Dr. Stewart was also one of the founders of the Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology, an organization with which Jack would later become involved and that bestowed their J. Alden Mason Award on him as a professional who encouraged society members in the “proper pursuit of archaeology.”
On the timing of marriage, cattle, and weather shocks in rural Zimbabwe

The authors focus on the timing of marriages of women in rural Zimbabwe. Zimbabwean marriages are associated with bride welath payments, which are transfers from (the family of) the groom to the bride's family. Unmarried daughters could therefore be considered assets who, at time of need, can be cashed in. The authors investigate to what extent the timing of a marriage of a daughter is affected by the economic conditions of the household from which she originates. They distinguish household-specific wealth levels and two types of shocks--correlated (weather) shocks and idiosyncratic shocks. The authors estimate a duration model using a unique panel survey of Zimbabwean smallholder farmers. The estimation results support the hypothesis that the timing of marriage is affected by household characteristics. Girls from households that experiences a negative (idiosyncratic) shock in their assets are more likely to marry.
Is acute kidney injury in the early phase of sepsis a sign of metabolic downregulation in tubular epithelial cells

This study tested the hypothesis that the cellular response in the kidney to sepsis is characterized by early activation of AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), and that such activation is temporally associated with downregulation of the epithelial sodium channel (B-ENaC).
Boosted mucosal immune responsiveness in the rat intestine by actively transported hexose

Anaphylaxis-mediated intestinal fluid secretion was measured in Trichinella spiralis- or ovalbumin-immunized rats challenged intraduodenally with T. spiralis somatic antigen (1 mg protein/0.5 mL saline) or ovalbumin (1 mg/0.5 mL saline), respectively. Intestinal fluid volume was measured 30 minutes after challenge as an index of net secretion. Challenge with the antigenic bolus containing 40 mmol/L D-glucose induced twice the fluid secretion as that induced by either antigen alone. L-Glucose was an ineffective substitute for D-glucose. The enhancement of secretion by D-glucose was dependent on prior immunologic sensitization, was diminished in the presence of phlorizin, and was mimicked by beta-methyl glucoside. Results indicate that the active transport of D-glucose augments the antigen-mediated fluid secretion, possibly by enhancing permeation of the intestinal epithelium to antigen, thereby providing greater access to the mucosal immune system.
MicroRNA regulation of F-box proteins and its role in cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNAs, which play critical roles in cancer development by suppressing gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In general, oncogenic miRNAs are upregulated in cancer, while miRNAs that act as tumor suppressors are downregulated, leading to decreased expression of tumor suppressors and upregulated oncogene expression, respectively. F-box proteins function as the substrate-recognition components of the SKP1-CUL1-F-box (SCF)-ubiquitin ligase complex for the degradation of their protein targets by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Therefore F-box proteins and miRNAs both negatively regulate target gene expression post-transcriptionally. Since each miRNA is capable of fine-tuning the expression of multiple target genes, multiple F-box proteins may be suppressed by the same miRNA. Meanwhile, one F-box proteins could be regulated by several miRNAs in different cancer types. In this review, we will focus on miRNA-mediated downregulation of various F-box proteins, the resulting stabilization of F-box protein substrates and the impact of these processes on human malignancies. We provide insight into how the miRNA: F-box protein axis may regulate cancer progression and metastasis. We also consider the broader role of F-box proteins in the regulation of pathways that are independent of the ubiquitin ligase complex and how that impacts on oncogenesis. The area of miRNAs and the F-box proteins that they regulate in cancer is an emerging field and will inform new strategies in cancer treatment.
A Systematic Approach for the Evaluation of Triethanolamine as a Possible Sulfur Dioxide Sorption Detector Coating

Abstract A change in the vibrating frequency of a quartz crystal can be an accurate measurement of the mass change on the surface of the crystal. When coated with an absorbing compound, the subsequent frequency change indicates the sorption of a chemical species by the coating. An approach is proposed for evaluating potential crystal coatings and is. applied to the evaluation of Triethanolamine as a possible sulfur dioxide sorption detector coating.
Can transposable elements be used to drive disease refractoriness genes into vector populations

A number of biological procedures are currently being considered as alternatives to insecticide-based methods for the control of insect vectors of disease. Among these are the adaptation of various genetic mechanisms to drive genes of interest, such as refractoriness to malaria in mosquitoes, into natural populations, for vector control purposes. Here, Margaret Kidwell and Jose Ribeiro develop a rationale for the possible use of transposable genetic elements, one of these potential drive mechanisms, and some of the problems being faced in seeking to determine the feasibility of such a strategy are described.
Technical Review: Earthquakes and Eruptions CD‐ROM

Both standard and advanced modes were tested, but not all files on the CD (hundreds present) were investigated.
Polar signal averaging

Signals suffering from phase noise, such as spin echoes from NMR experiments in a fluctuating magnetic field, can be underestimated by traditional signal averaging. Averaging in the polar rather than in the Cartesian domain can solve this problem. However, because of background noise, there is an inherent drawback in the polar averaging technique: polar averaging under conditions of a low initial signal to noise will cause these same signals to be overestimated. We studied this problem with both numerical simulations and experiments. The quantitative results allow not only an assessment of the applicability of polar averaging for a given experiment but also possible corrections of the overestimate. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 14: 359–364, 2002
Electronystagmographic and audiologic findings in patients with meniere's disease

Electronystagmographic (ENG) and audiologic findings were reviewed for 206 patients treated for Meniere's disease (MD) at the University of Washington Hospital over a 10-year period (1971–80). The most frequently seen ENG findings were unilateral caloric weakness (UW) in 49%, directional preponderance (DP) in 36%, and spontaneous and/or positional nystagmus (SN, PN) in 32%. ENG was normal in 25%. Bilteral caloric weakness (BW) occurred in 36% of patients with bilateral hearing loss. UW was reliably correlated with the side of audiometric involvement; after exclusion of bilateral cases, only 3% of patients showed UW contrala-teral to the ear with hearing los. Neither DP nor direction of SN or PN correlated at all with side of hearing loss. There was no significant correlation of severity of hearing loss (by pure-tone thresholds or speech discrimination score) with ENG abnormality (UW or DP). Glycerol-positive patients had significantly poorer hearing than glycerol-negative patients, but ENG findings were s...
Influence of host log age and refuge from natural enemies on colonization and survival of Phoracantha semipunctata

The eucalyptus longhorned borer Phoracantha semipuncata (F.) is native to Australia and has become established in most of the regions of the world where its Eucalyptus L'Heritier host trees have been introduced. To study the population dynamics of the insect in its native range, we investigated the influence of host log age (fresh or aged), protection from ant predation, and protection from parasitism by specialist larval parasitoids on numbers of initial larval feeding galleries, larval mortality, larval survivorship, and parasitization. There were greater numbers of initial larval galleries when ants were excluded, and greater numbers on fresh logs than on aged logs. However, mortality of larvae was greater in fresh logs, as well as when larvae were exposed to parasitism. Survivorship was greater when ants and parasitoids were excluded. Larvae achieved a larger size in fresh logs and in logs protected from parasitism. Fresh host material may provide a fitness advantage because it is a higher quality resource, brat greater infestation of that material also increases the probability of mortality from competition among larvae. The results suggest that there are potential ecological interactions among food quality, host resistance, natural enemies, and competition that must be considered in evaluating the population dynamics of this species in native and novel environments.
The asymmetric synthesis of β-lactam antibiotics. V: Application of chiral α, β-epoxyimines in ketene-imine cycloaddition reactions leading to homochiral 3-aminoazetidinones

Abstract Imines derived from chiral α,β-epoxyaldehydes have been shown to be useful chiral glyoxal imine synthons in the ketene-imine cycloaddition reaction. This process, which proceeds with high levels of reaction diastereoselection, affords enantiomerically pure cis-substituted 3-amino-4-alkylazetidinones in good yields.
Legislative Calendars and Workload Management in Texas

There is a well-developed normative model of how state legislatures ought to use calendars to make the management of their workloads more efficient. State legislatures that follow the normative model identify more and less important bills. Presumably, major and minor bills are treated differently--but are they? This study desegregates the agenda of the Texas Legislature into unimportant, less important, and more important bills as defined by bill placement on calendars. There are systematic differences in the way bills of varying importance are treated. Moreover, the differences are consistent with the contention that calendars can facilitate the more efficient management of legislative workloads.
Relational data models and category theory (abstract)

Mathematicians use the notion of category to define their universe. While database theorists use the data model to define their universe of discourse. Therefore, a close interconnection between these two disciplines should be anticipated. This paper represents our first effort to explore this interconnection. Our present focus is on the categorical constructions of data modeling. Our approach encompasses many of current data models, relational models [Codd79], poset models [GiHu83], metric models [Motr86], Topological data models [Lin89], Power set models [BuPe82], and Sea View's Multilevel relational Data Models [Denn87]. This unification is economical both in concept and development. The categorical data models is not merely a conceptual unification of data modeling. In fact, this give us a framework of “generic database system”. And each individual system can then be obtained by specifying the category or the objects. We are developing a prototype of a generic DBMS for categorical data model. By specifying the category to that of graded sets the prototype DBMS will turn into a multilevel DBMS. There is a common misconception about the category theory; it is a very GENERAL mathematical theory. Category theory is a very HIGH level, but NOT very general, mathematical language. For example, category theory is not general enough to express any internal structure of its objects.
Baculovirus of Autographa californica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): a Candidate Biological Control Agent for Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

A strain of Baculovirus (nucleopolyhedrosis virus) recently isolated from Autographa californica (Speyer) (AcMNPV) was found to be virulent for the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough). Based on polyhedron-to-bioactivity ratios, the new AcMNPV stram has nearly one-third the activity of a Baculovirus (OpMNPV) isolated from O. pseudotsugata . OpMNPV is registered in the United States (with the name TM BioControl-l) as a biological insecticide for control of the Douglas-fir tussock moth in Douglas-fir and true fir forests of the western states. Sprayed at equal levels of activity with an aerial-application simulator, AcMNPV equals OpMNPV in efficacy. An analysis of survival time patterns shows that the disease caused by AcMNPV in O. pseudotsugata has a more acute course than that caused by OpMNPV. Compared with OpMNPV, AcMNPV has several advantages as a microbial insecticide. AcMNPV can be produced in a relatively simple system, costs less than OpMNPV produced in O. pseudotsugata , and has a wider host range than OpMNPV. The evidence strongly favors consideration of AcMNPV as a viral agent for Douglas-fir tussock moth control.
CGM: A Geometry Interface for Mesh Generation, Analysis and Other Applications

Geometry modeling has recently emerged as a commodity capability. Several geometry modeling engines are available which provide largely the same capability, ad most high-end CAD systems provide access to their geometry through APIs. However, subtle differences exist between these modelers, both at the syntax level and in the underlying topological models. A modeler-independent interface to geometry bridges these differences, allowing applications to be developed in a true modeler- independent manner. The Common Geometry Module, or CGM, provides such an interface to geometry. At the most basic level, CGM translates geometry function calls to access geometry in its native format. To smooth over topological differences between modelers, and to allow modeler-independent modification of topology, CGM maintains its own topology datastructure. CGM also provides functionality not found in most modelers, like support for non-manifold topology, and alternative representations, including facet-based and ‘virtual’ geometry. CGM is designed to be extensible, allowing applications to derive application-specific capabilities from topological entities defined in CGM. The CUBIT Mesh Generation Toolkit has been modified to work directly with CGM. CGM is also designed to simplify the implementation of other solid model-based or alternative representations of geometry. Ports to Solid Works and Pro/Engineer are underway. CGM is also being used as the foundation for parallel mesh generation and is being used for geometry support in several advanced finite element analysis codes.
Increased cellular brevetoxins in the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis under CO2 limitation of growth rate: Evolutionary implications and potential effects on bloom toxicity

Karenia brevis blooms impair human health, marine ecosystems, and coastal economies in the Gulf of Mexico via their production of carbon-based neurotoxins (brevetoxins), which contain no nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P). N and P limitation of growth rate substantially increases brevetoxins in this dinoflagellate, consistent with predictions of the carbon nutrient balance (CNB) hypothesis. This hypothesis further predicts that an increase in carbon-based brevetoxins should not occur if growth rate is limited by carbon dioxide (CO2). We tested this prediction by examining the effect of CO2 limitation of K. brevis growth rate on cellular brevetoxins. In contradiction to the prediction of the CNB hypothesis, brevetoxins normalized to cell carbon were on average 81% higher in CO2-limited cells growing at a rate of 0.1 d−1 than in cells growing at their maximum rates (0.4–0.5 d−1). This increase in brevetoxin : C values in the CO2-limited cells, however, was 23–42% lower than that previously observed for comparable growth rate limitation by phosphate. The CO2-limited cells also exhibited 40% higher cellular N : C and 60–100% higher chlorophyll a : C than observed in P-limited cells at equivalent growth rates. These effects were likely due to the up-regulation of the cell's CO2-concentrating mechanism under CO2 limitation, which increased the demand for photosynthetically produced adenosine-5′-triphosphate. The results indicate that anthropogenic increases in CO2 concentrations in surface ocean waters are likely to increase the toxicity of K. brevis blooms due to potential increases in bloom biomass yield and to a greater likelihood that dense blooms will become N or P limited rather than CO2 limited.