cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathology of Cerebral Aneurysms and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

This chapter discusses the pathology of cerebral aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. The concept of a congenital defect of the media allowing the intima to protrude through the internal elastic membrane is supported by the increased occurrence of cerebral aneurysms in certain hereditary diseases such as Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, collagen type III deficiency, and the familial occurrence of aneurysms. Mycotic aneurysms are caused by infection and are usually associated with septicemia. Fusiform aneurysms are segmental areas of elongation and dilatation of cerebral vessels, most frequently involving the internal carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries. The pathogenesis of these aneurysms is congenital or acquired defects in the wall of the vessel, especially atherosclerosis in the adult population, or collagen and metabolic diseases in the pediatric population. Hypothalamic dysfunction that manifest primarily by cardiac arrhythmias and electrolyte abnormalities is not uncommon in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Necropsy studies in patients with hypothalamic dysfunction following SAH show variable regions of ischemic changes or hemorrhage in the hypothalamus, particularly in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. It is found that although the cerebellum may be involved directly with hemorrhage from SAH, a percentage of patients exhibit characteristic nonhemorrhagic changes in cerebellar histology, including granule and purkinje cell loss, and areas of infarction.
Phenomenology of Neutral Current Interactions

It was three years ago this summer that the Gargamelle Collaboration discovered neutral-current phenomenal--perhaps the most important high-energy physics discovery made on this side of the Atlantic since the discoveries of pions and strange particles in the late 1940s. The initial phase of this three-year period may be called the “discovery era,” during which we witnessed breathtaking “alternating neutral currents.” It appears that this first era, which may be characterized as allegro con brio,2 is now over, and we have entered a new era during which we are confronted with the extraordinarily difficult task of determining the detailed space-time and internal properties of the hadronic and leptonic neutral currents. The tempo of the present era may perhaps be described as lento.
Effects of Meteorological Conditions on Reactions to Noise Exposure

More than 80,000 residents' responses to transportation noise at different times of year provide the best, but imprecise, statistical estimates of the effects of season and meteorological conditions on community response to noise. Annoyance with noise is found to be slightly statistically significantly higher in the summer than in the winter in a seven-year study in the Netherlands. Analyses of 41 other surveys drawn from diverse countries, climates, and times of year find noise annoyance is increased by temperature, and may be increased by more sunshine, less precipitation, and reduced wind speeds. Meteorological conditions on the day of the interview or the immediately preceding days do not appear to have any more effect on reactions than do the conditions over the immediately preceding weeks or months.
A FLORISTIC DESCRIPTION OF A NEOTROPICAL COASTAL SAVANNA IN BELIZE

Abstract. The diverse graminoid-dominated savannas of Central America remain poorly described. The flora and environment of a hyperseasonal coastal savanna near Sapodilla Lagoon, Stann Creek District, Belize were examined. Percent cover and frequency using plots and line transects were used to assess the community structure. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling and correlation to describe communitylevel variation and its environmental correlates. The flora consisted of 193 angiosperms, 2 gymnosperms, and 6 pteridophytes, and was dominated by graminoids. Species with the highest importance values were Mesosetum filifolium, Paspalum pulchellum, Rhynchospora plumosa, and Rhynchospora barbata. Woody species were scattered in dense clusters throughout the savanna, and were divided into a tall tree layer, dominated by Pinus caribaea, and a tree-palm-shrub layer, dominated by Acoelorraphe wrightii and Byrsonima crassifolia. Several large Acoelorraphe wrightii-dominated vernal pools were scattered about th...
Qualitative analysis of Hopfield neural nets with delays: Global and local results

It is well known that Hopfield neural networks without delays exhibit no oscillations and possess global stability (i.e., all trajectories tend to some equilibrium). In the present paper we show that if the bound /spl tau//spl beta//spl par/T/sub 2//spl par/ 0, interconnection matrix T/sub 2/ associated with delays, and gain of the neurons given by /spl beta/, will exhibit similar qualitative properties as the original Hopfield neural network without delays (/spl par/T/sub 2//spl par/ denotes the matrix norm induced by the Euclidean vector norm).
An interactive metadata model for structural, descriptive, and referential representation of scholarly output

The scientific metadata model proposed in this article encompasses both classical descriptive metadata such as those defined in the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (DC) and the innovative structural and referential metadata properties that go beyond the classical model. Structural metadata capture the structural vocabulary in research publications; referential metadata include not only citations but also data about other types of scholarly output that is based on or related to the same publication. The article describes the structural, descriptive, and referential (SDR) elements of the metadata model and explains the underlying assumptions and justifications for each major component in the model. ScholarWiki, an experimental system developed as a proof of concept, was built over the wiki platform to allow user interaction with the metadata and the editing, deleting, and adding of metadata. By allowing and encouraging scholars (both as authors and as users) to participate in the knowledge and metadata editing and enhancing process, the larger community will benefit from more accurate and effective information retrieval. The ScholarWiki system utilizes machine-learning techniques that can automatically produce self-enhanced metadata by learning from the structural metadata that scholars contribute, which will add intelligence to enhance and update automatically the publication of metadata Wiki pages.
Teachers' Awareness and Acquisition of Questioning Strategies: A Case Study

Ogretim stratejilerinin amaclarindan birisi ogrencilerin neler bilip bilmediklerini yanlamalarini saglamaya yardimci olmaktir (Marzano, Pickering, & Pollock, 2001). Dolayisi ile ogretmenlerin gorevlerinden birisi ogrencinin daha once ogrendigi bilgileri harekete gecirmesi ve bu sayede ogrencinin yeni bilgiler ogrenmesini kolaylastirmasidir. Gercekten de, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) (2000), yayinladigi ogretim raporunda, basarili ve verimli ogretmenlerin, ogrencilerin sadece ne bildiklerini anlamayip, onlarin neleri ogrenmeye ihtiyaclari oldugunu ortaya cikaracak ve yeni seyler ogrenmelerini saglayacak gorevler vermesi gerektiginden bahsetmistir. NCTM (2000) ayrica ogretmenlerin bu gorevi basarmasi icin iyi soru sorma tekniklerini gelistirmeleri gerektigini tavsiye etmistir. Kisacasi, ogretmen-ogrenci iliksisini gelistirecek duzeyde kaliteli ogretim yontemleri gelistirmek, ogretmenlerin NCTM’in iyi ogretmen olma modeline uymasi anlaminda da onemlidir.
Observations on the Behaviour of Bees in a Controlled-Environment Room

SUMMARYA detailed description is given of a controlled-environment flight room for the study of bee behaviour both in and outside the colony. Experiments demonstrated the ability of a colony to collect pollen, sugar syrup and water in the room, and to rear brood normally, increasing its strength throughout 1½ months in spring. The behaviour of bees collecting powdered pollen from a tray 30 ft. [10 m.] from the hive was influenced by the amount and distribution of light in the room.
Weight limitations for weekly urea clearances using various exchange volumes in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

ObjectiveTo calculate the relationships of weekly KT/V urea to standard body weight with different exchange volumes (2, 2.5, or 3 L) for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in function...
Atomistic Simulation of Ceramic/Metal Interfaces: {222}MgO/Cu

Atomistic simulations are performed for the (222)MgO/Cu interface by local density functional theory (LDFT) methods, within the planewave-pseudopotential representation, and by molecular dynamics and statics. The electronic spectra obtained with LDFT calculations show a localized interface state within the bulk MgO gap, at 0.5 eV below the Fermi energy. Adhesive energy calculations, as a function of interface spacing and translations parallel to the interface, are employed to devise an interatomic potential suitable for large-scale atomistic simulation. The interface structure, obtained with molecular dynamics (and statics) calculations based on the resultant potential, exhibits a misfit dislocation network with trigonal symmetry, and no standoff dislocations.
Altered trabecular bone morphology in adolescent and young adult athletes with menstrual dysfunction.

Abstract Context Young amenorrheic athletes (AA) have lower bone mineral density (BMD) and an increased prevalence of fracture compared with eumenorrheic athletes (EA) and non-athletes. Trabecular morphology is a determinant of skeletal strength and may contribute to fracture risk. Objectives To determine the variation in trabecular morphology among AA, EA, and non-athletes and to determine the association of trabecular morphology with fracture among AA. Design and setting A cross-sectional study performed at an academic clinical research center. Participants 161 girls and young women aged 14–26 years (97 AA, 32 EA, and 32 non-athletes). Main outcome measure We measured volumetric BMD (vBMD) and skeletal microarchitecture using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. We evaluated trabecular morphology (plate-like vs. rod-like), orientation, and connectivity by individual trabecula segmentation. Results At the non-weight-bearing distal radius, the groups did not differ for trabecular vBMD. However, plate-like trabecular bone volume fraction (pBV/TV) was lower in AA vs. EA (p = 0.03), as were plate number (p = 0.03) and connectivity (p = 0.03). At the weight-bearing distal tibia, trabecular vBMD was higher in athletes vs. non-athletes (p = 0.05 for AA and p = 0.009 for EA vs. non-athletes, respectively). pBV/TV was higher in athletes vs. non-athletes (p = 0.04 AA and p = 0.005 EA vs. non-athletes), as were axially-aligned trabeculae, plate number, and connectivity. Among AA, those with a history of recurrent stress fracture had lower pBV/TV, axially-aligned trabeculae, plate number, plate thickness, and connectivity at the distal radius. Conclusions Trabecular morphology and alignment differ among AA, EA, and non-athletes. These differences may be associated with increased fracture risk.
Ethanol Modulates the Growth of Human Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro

The role of ethanol or its metabolites on breast neoplasm has not been characterized. We hypothesized that ethanol may alter the growth rate of human breast tumor epithelial cells by modulating putative growth-promoting signaling pathways such as p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The MCF-7 cell line, considered a suitable model, was used in these studies to investigate the effects of ethanol on [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, cell number, and p44/42 MAPK activities in the presence or absence of a MAPK or extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK-1, and (MEK1) inhibitor (PD098059). Treatment of MCF-7 cells with a physiologically relevant concentration of ethanol (0.3% or 65 mM) increased p44/42 activities by an average of 400% (P < 0.02), and subsequent cell growth by 200% (P < 0.05) in a MEK1 inhibitor (PD098059)-sensitive fashion, thus suggesting that the Ras/MEK/MAPK signaling pathways are crucial for ethanol-induced MCF-7 cell growth.
Models of Matter: Principles and Perspectives of Chemistry (Wiegand, Gayl H.)

This is a text for a one-semester chemistry course for non-science majors and assumes little or no prior familiarity with chemistry.
A pH-based method for measuring gaseous ammonia

Cumulative emission or gaseous concentrations of ammonia (NH3) are commonly measured by trapping gaseous NH3 in an acidic solution that is later analyzed for total ammonia content. This traditional acid trap method is inexpensive, reliable, and accurate, but it is labor-intensive and inconvenient for high-frequency sampling. This paper describes a new acid trap method in which total ammonia concentration in a citric acid solution is calculated from measured pH by applying a speciation model. With this new method, the quantity of captured ammonia in a single acid trap can be determined repeatedly over time. Testing through titrations, laboratory emission measurements, and field measurement of gaseous NH3 showed that the method is accurate and reasonably precise. For the most sensitive case standard deviation was 8 μmol kg−1 in titration results, and 10−20 μmol kg−1 in the field trials. The lower quantitation limits from emission measurements and field trials were around 100 and 300 μmol kg−1, respectively. Speciation modeling was used to assess the importance of interferences. Results showed that error due to minor contamination of chemicals and evaporation of water can be kept at low levels. Acidic gases may be a significant interference, but their presence is easy to recognize, and significant error can be avoided by selecting an appropriate acid concentration.
Children and Grief: When a Parent Dies

Introduction. Part I: Children and their Families in Mourning. The Mourning Process for Children. When a Parent Dies. How Life Changes. How the Child Responds. Mediators of the Child's Bereavement Experience. Children at Risk. Part II: Comparative Losses. When a Sibling Dies. The Loss of a Parent by Divorce. Part III: How We Can Help Bereaved Children. Counseling and Intervention Issues. Intervention Models and Activities. Epilogue. Appendix A: Project Assessment Instruments. Appendix B: Screening Instrument and Scoring Instructions.
RETURNS TO HUMAN CAPITAL UNDER UNCERTAIN REFORM : GOOD GUYS FINISH LAST

Abstract This paper models the career decisions of agents, heterogeneous in their ability, facing the possibility of future drastic changes (e.g. reforms) affecting the demand for different professions. Supposing that the uncertainty arises after educational choices have been made by the cohort of agents, we analyze their response to it depending on ability and educational attainment. We show that the more able individuals tend to stay in their original profession, while their less able counterparts are more likely to switch to an alternative occupation. If reform does take place, the more able agents will be forced to change careers. Since they switch late, they miss the benefits of learning-by-doing. This adverse selection has important implications for the analysis of labor allocation during transition from central planning to markets. In particular, it lowers productivity in the emerging `market' occupations, reducing the benefits of reforms.
Chemoprevention strategies for the control of cancer

High incidence and low survival rates of many epithelial cancers remain beyond the control of established preventive and therapeutic modalities. Chemoprevention is a new approach under study that involves the intervention within the premalignant process with specific chemical agents to reverse carcinogenesis and prevent the development of invasive cancer. The two biologic concepts that underlie this research are multistep carcinogenesis and field carcinogenesis. Major clinical issues include trial design and drug development in head and neck, lung, and breast cancer chemoprevention. Within the area of trial design, intermediate end point biomarkers will become very important for providing biologic insights in the short term and greater trial efficiencies in the long term
SQL text parsing for information retrieval

The concept of using a relational database to perform information retrieval (IR) search functions is well established. Prior work demonstrates the capability to perform common functions and advanced ranking algorithms using standard, unchanged SQL. The previous work does not address the preprocessing of unstructured text within the relational model. In fact, the parsing of the unstructured data into a structured data set was done outside of the database, usually using sequential programming languages such as C. This work proves that IR preprocessing does not require proprietary application code to build the framework necessary for searching document databases. Furthermore, the resulting environment is relational and integrates with other data sources within an organization.
The Evaluation of an Application-Oriented First-Year Algebra Program.

In these materials, the usual skills and concepts are developed through applications and models rather than from the field properties. The traditional skills associated with first-year algebra are presented, with the exception of the factoring of polynomials, fractional expressions and simplification, and artificial word problems. In their place, greater attention is given to operations, linear expressions, sentence solving, and problems arising from real situations. Elementary notations from probability and statistics are integrated into the course. Although the materials were designed for the average student as a substitute for the traditional first-year algebra course, they represent a substantial departure from the traditional syllabus. During the 1976-77 school year, NSF sponsored this field evaluation of the Algebra Through Applications materials. The goals for the study were (a) to evaluate the materials in typical classrooms in schools representative of a broad spectrum of the nation's schools, (b) to evaluate the extent to which students using the materials understand the concepts considered unique to these materials (as well as the concepts considered standard in first-year algebra) when compared to other first-year algebra students, (c) to evaluate the extent to which student attitudes about the enjoyment and usefulness of mathematics are affected through the use of these materials, (d) to evaluate the extent to which an application approach helps in solving reallife problems, (e) to evaluate the appropriateness of the reading level of the materials, and (f) to determine the difficulties, if any, of implementing the experimental materials in the school curriculum. (The complete report, A
Does burnout begin with student-teaching? Analyzing efficacy, burnout, and support during the student-teaching semester

Abstract The burnout process may begin as early as the student-teaching experience [Gold, Y., 1985. Does teacher burnout begin with student teaching? Education, 105, 254–257]. Data from 49 student–teachers in the southwest United States were gathered twice during their student-teaching practicum. Data assessing teacher efficacy, teacher burnout, learning climate, and cooperating teacher support (guidance or imitation) were analyzed using correlational analyses, repeated measures MANOVA, a 2×2 repeated measures MANOVA, and stepwise regression. Results indicated significant increases in efficacy and decreases in burnout symptoms over time. We found significant interactions in the three factors of burnout by guidance group, such that student–teachers experiencing high guidance demonstrated lower levels of burnout at the end of their practicum.
Experimental Demonstration of Continuous-Variable Entanglement of Phase-Locked Bright Beams

We observed continuous-variable entanglement between two bright beams emitted above threshold by a phase-difference-locked ultrastable optical parametric oscillator. The squeezing about HWHM is -3 dB for amplitude-difference and -1.35 dB for phase-sum.
Signs, communication, and language

Abstract Noting the vagueness and confusion in the literature on animal behavior with regard to the phenomenon of communication, an attempt is made to define “sign” and “communication” from the point of view of cybernetics, drawing also on Susanne Langer's philosophy of symbols. The author argues that neither communication nor language can be successfully investigated as long as the dogmatic behaviorist's taboo against goal-directed or purposive activities is maintained. In accord with recent developments in feedback theory, he shows that the cyberneticist's concept of purpose can be used quite legitimately in the scientific analysis of behavior and that it makes possible a viable classification of signs as well as the discrimination of communication from other types of interaction. In conclusion some of Hockett's “design features” of language are discussed and an attempt is made to formulate criteria for the form of communcation that should be called linguistic.
The computer and information sciences and the community of disciplines.

The author discusses the computer and information sciences, which he considers a new discipline. He considers how this new science has been affecting other sciences, arts, and professions. The approach is a philosophic attitude which the author calls cybernetic pragmatism, within which a model is given of the growth and interrelationship of information systems and the organizations which use them. The discussion concludes with a section on interdisciplinary politics and a reevaluation of liberal arts education.
The (non)making/becoming of inquiry practicing science teachers

Teacher education programs have adopted preparing science teachers that teach science through inquiry as an important pedagogic agenda. However, their efforts have not met with much success. While traditional explanations for this failure focus largely on preservice science teachers’ knowledge, beliefs and conceptions regarding science and science teaching, this conceptual paper seeks to direct attention toward discursive practices surrounding inquiry science teaching in teacher education programs for understanding why most science teachers do not teach science through inquiry. The paper offers a theoretical framework centered on critical notions of subjection and performativity as a much needed perspective on making/becoming of science teachers through participation in discursive practices of science teacher education programs. It argues that research based on such perspectives have much potential to offer a deeper understanding of the difficult challenges teacher education programs face in preparing inquiry practicing science teachers.
Far-infrared spectra of ring compounds: A semi-rigid model for the ring-puckering vibration in some pseudo-four-membered ring molecules☆

Abstract The far-infrared data previously reported for a number of pseudo-four-membered ring molecules are reanalyzed using a Hamiltonian of the form H= 1 2 g 0 44 P 2 +g (2) 44 Px 2 P + g (4) 44 Px 4 P + g (6) 44 Px 4 P + ax 4 + bx 2 where P = ( h i )( d dx ) , x = ring-puckering coordinate, a,b = potential constants determined by fitting the data, g44(i) = coefficients in the expansion of the G-matrix element corresponding to the ring-puckering vibration. The coefficients g44(i) are calculated for a semirigid model for the ring-puckering vibration and then the parameters a and b are varied in an iterative leastsquares fitting of the data. The variance of the calculated far-infrared transition frequencies is substantially reduced by the inclusion of these higher order kinetic energy terms in the Hamiltonian. The molecules considered include 2,5-dihydrofuran, cyclopentene, 2,5-dihydrothiophene, 1-pyrazoline, silacyclopent-3-ene and silacyclopent-3-ene-1,1-d2. These calculations suggest a three-parameter Hamiltonian appropriate to the ring-puckering vibration of the form H = 1 2 g 0 44 P 2 + cPx 2 P + ax 4 +bx 2 , where a, b, c are adjustable parameters.
Hierarchical and interactive habitat selection in response to abiotic and biotic factors: The effect of hypoxia on habitat selection of juvenile estuarine fishes

Habitat selection is a shared process among animals where individuals choose areas that differ in biotic and abiotic characteristics to maximize individual fitness. We used manipulative laboratory mesocosm choice experiments to examine hierarchical and interactive relationships influencing this habitat selection process of estuarine fishes. We assessed selection among substrate, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, food availability, and predation risk using two common juvenile estuarine fish species, pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus). For both species oxygen concentration greatly influenced selection patterns; fishes strongly avoided low DO conditions, while in higher levels of DO factors such as substrate or food influenced selection patterns. However, both species strongly avoided predators even when alternative habitat was severely oxygen limited. These results suggest that predation risk may be the greatest determinant of habitat selection of the factors considered. Expansion of low DO areas in the world’s oceans is a major anthropogenic disturbance and is rapidly increasing. Assessing impacts of hypoxia on habitat usage of mobile organisms is critical as changes in environmental metrics including predator distribution and DO levels may alter habitat selection patterns disrupting critical ecosystem processes and trophic interactions. Our results indicate that juvenile fishes may forgo emigration from hypoxia due to predation risk. If similar patterns occur for juvenile fishes in estuaries they may potentially suffer from reduced growth, reproductive output, and survivorship.
Daphnia size structure, vertical migration, and phosphorus redistribution

The timing and magnitude of diel migration in two daphnid assemblages were determined from a series of vertical profiles of daphnid size distribution. Animals were collected concurrently for gut fullness determination. Only large daphnids (> 1.4 mm) migrated, but these animals could account for substantial vertical and diel differences in phosphorus excretion rate. Gut fullness measurements and time courses of diel vertical migration suggested that large Daphnia can cause a net downward flux of phosphorus during summer in thermally stratified lakes.
Deliberation scheduling using GSMDPs in stochastic asynchronous domains

We propose a new decision-theoretic approach for solving execution-time deliberation scheduling problems using recent advances in Generalized Semi-Markov Decision Processes (GSMDPs). In particular, we use GSMDPs to more accurately model domains in which planning and execution occur concurrently, plan improvement actions have uncertain effects and duration, and events (such as threats) occur asynchronously and stochastically. In this way, agents develop a continuous-time deliberation policy offline which can then be consulted to dynamically select deliberation-level and domain-level actions at plan execution-time. We demonstrate a significant improvement in expressibility over previous discrete-time approximate models in which mission phase duration was fixed, failure events were synchronized with phase transitions, and planning time was discretized into constant-sized planning quanta.
Slow light in paraffin-coated Rb vapour cells

Preliminary results from an experimental study of slow light in anti-relaxation-coated Rb vapour cells are presented, and the construction and testing of such cells are described. The slow ground state decoherence rate allowed by coated cell walls leads to a dual-structured electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectrum with a very narrow (< 100 Hz) transparency peak on top of a broad pedestal. Such dual-structured EIT permits optical probe pulses to propagate with greatly reduced group velocity on two time scales. Ongoing efforts to optimize the pulse delay in such coated cell systems are discussed.
The world settles in : Washington, DC, as an immigrant gateway

This study examines the ethnic geography of a new immigrant gateway, Washington, DC. According to Census 2000, more than 832,000 foreign-born individuals reside in the Washington metropolitan region. This research uses Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data in an effort to map the residential decisions of immigrant newcomers by zip code from 1990 to 1998. Spatially, a very diverse, dispersed, and suburbanized pattern of newcomer settlement emerges, a pattern that contradicts many of the assumptions of the spatial assimilation model. Whereas the overall pattern is one of dispersion, an analysis of country-of-origin groups results in a settlement continuum ranging from concentrated (Vietnamese) to highly dispersed (Indians). Current research in Washington suggests that a pattern of heterolocalism (community without propinquity) may be a better model for understanding the role of immigrant settlement patterns and networks.
Ultrasound evaluation of polyhydr amnios and twin pregnancy

We analyzed the ultrasound examinations and medical records of 75 pairs of twins who were delivered between January, 1983, and December, 1984, to study the relationship between increased amniotic fluid volume, fetal abnormalities, and preterm labor. Ten of these 75 twin pregnancies demonstrated elevated amniotic fluid volume that persisted throughout pregnancy. Total intrauterine volumes were elevated in these cases, and nine of the ten pregnancies were abnormal. In addition, it was noted that elevation of the amniotic fluid volume alone did not explain the high rate of preterm labor and delivery in twin gestations.
Triton X-100 as a complete liquid scintillation cocktail for counting aqueous solutions and ionic nutrient salts

Abstract Triton X-100, used alone, was found to act as a complete liquid scintillation cocktail. Triton X-100 acted as a scintillator and the effect was not due to Cerenkov radiation. A variety of other commercially available surfactants also acted as scintillators, but with different levels of efficiency. Triton X-100/water combinations were suitable for counting aqueous solutions of 33P and 86Rb and the count rate was stable over extended periods of time. Triton X-100/toluene combinations also yielded high counting efficiencies, Triton X-100 was more sensitive to quenching than standard cocktails containing fluors.
Zhang Yimou's Hero: dismantling the myth of cultural power

AbstractZhang Yimou's 2002 film Hero has been acclaimed by audiences and attacked by film and cultural critics, who often interpret it as an example of fascist aesthetics that supports totalitarianism in general and the Chinese authoritarian state in particular. I analyse Hero as an investigation into the viability of culturalism, or a meditation on aesthetics and its relationship to political power under the conditions of the nation state and the ‘community of nations’ to which modern countries belong. Culturalism refers to the implicit nation state mandate that each nation must have a set of distinct cultural practices, ideas and forms that inspire love and delight in the homeland, are readily represented and performed, and are powerful enough to lure and capture the gaze of the outsider while simultaneously appearing authentic in the eyes of the insider. Hero shows the false underpinnings of culturalism, in the process dismantling a powerful twentieth-century myth.
Interleukin-1β Elevates Cyclooxygenase-2 Protein Level and Enzyme Activity via Increasing Its mRNA Stability in Human Endometrial Stromal Cells: An Effect Mediated by Extracellularly Regulated Kinases 1 and 2

We investigated the regulation of PG production in human endometrial stromal cells (ESC) by IL-1beta. We found that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein levels and PGE(2) production in ESC were significantly increased by IL-1beta. COX-2 mRNA, protein, and PGE(2) levels in IL-1beta-treated ESC were decreased by a PKA inhibitor, a nuclear factor (NF-kappaB) inhibitor, and an ERK1/2 inhibitor, but not by a p38 MAPK inhibitor or a PKC inhibitor, suggesting the possible involvement of PKA, NF-kappaB, and/or the ERK1/2 signaling pathway(s) in IL-1beta-mediated COX-2 gene induction in ESC. We then transiently transfected deletion mutants of the COX-2 promoter fused to the luciferase reporter gene and variants of -360/+56 bp promoter construct carrying different site-directed mutations of selected cis-acting elements. We determined that a NF-kappaB site (-222/-213 bp), a nuclear factor for IL-6 expression site (NF-IL6, -132/-124 bp), and a cAMP response element (-59/-52 bp) were essential for the baseline COX-2 gene promoter regulation. The addition of IL-1beta, however, did not affect the activity of these COX-2 promoter constructs. To investigate the potential effects of IL-1beta on COX-2 mRNA stability, ESC were treated with actinomycin D, a general transcription inhibitor, in the absence or presence of IL-1beta. We found that 1) IL-1beta significantly increased COX-2 mRNA stability; 2) continuous transcription was not required to sustain the IL-1beta-induced COX-2 mRNA levels; and 3) COX-2 mRNA was highly unstable in the absence of IL-1beta. Additionally, we found that the ERK1/2 signaling pathway was essential for stabilizing COX-2 mRNA. We conclude that levels of COX-2 mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity in ESC are controlled by various signaling pathways, including PKA, ERK1/2, and NF-kappaB. Moreover, posttranscriptional mRNA stability is an important mechanism for IL-1beta-induced elevation of COX-2 expression in ESC.
A Programmatic Description of a Social Skills Group for Young Children with Autism.

Deficits in social skills are a common problem for children with autism. One method of developing appropriate social skills in children with autism has been group instruction. To date, however, gro...
Thermal performance of a direct expansion solar-assisted heat pump

Abstract A direct expansion solar assisted heat pump, in which a bare flat plate collector also acts as the evaporator for the refrigerant, Freon-12, is designed and operated. The system components, e.g. the collector and the compressor, are properly matched so as to result in system operating conditions wherein the collector/evaporator temperature ranges from 0 to 10°C above ambient temperature under favorable solar conditions. This operating temperature range is particularly favorable to improved heat pump and solar collector performance. The system thermal performance is determined by measuring refrigerant flow rate, temperature and pressure at various points in the system. The heat pump COP H and the solar collector efficiency ranged from 2.0 to 3.0 and from 40 to 70 per cent, respectively, for widely ranging ambient and operating conditions. Experimental results indicate that the proposed system offers significant advantage in terms of superior thermal performance when compared with results gotten by replacing the solar evaporator with a standard outdoor fan-coil unit.
Enhancement of neointima formation with tissue-type plasminogen activator.

Abstract Purpose: Indirect evidence suggests that tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) either limits or does not alter restenosis. However, tPA enhances tumor invasiveness through matrix remodeling, and several elements of degraded matrix enhance smooth muscle cell mitogenesis. We use either local adenoviral-mediated overexpression of tPA or systemic infusion of recombinant tPA combined with mechanical overdilation of rabbit common femoral arteries to evaluate the impact of tPA on neointima formation. Methods: Left common femoral arteries of New Zealand white rabbits were transfected in situ either with an adenoviral-construct-expressing tPA or a viral control (adenoviral-construct-expressing β-galactosidase) or nonviral (buffer) control after balloon angioplasty injury. At 7 and 28 days, left common femoral artery segments were harvested (n = 4 for each group and time point). Vessel segments were examined for intimato-media ratio, smooth muscle cell proliferation, extracellular matrix, and inflammatory response. Thrombus formation was evaluated after 3 days (n = 3 for each group). In a second experiment, New Zealand white rabbits (n = 3 per group, per time point) underwent mechanical dilation followed by buffer treatment or systemic tPA infusion according to a widely clinically used accelerated infusion protocol. Treated artery segments were harvested after 7 or 28 days and processed for intima-to-media ratio determination and class-wide histochemical determination of collagenous extracellular matrix and collagen content. Results: Both rate and degree of neointima formation increase dramatically with overexpression (250%-461% relative to controls at 7 and 28 days). Substantial early matrix degradation is observed in vessels treated with local overexpression of tPA, although no increases in local inflammation or in smooth muscle proliferation occur. Late enhancement of smooth muscle proliferation emerges, consistent with secondary impact of perturbed matrix components. Systemic infusion of tPA according to clinical protocols also results in early and late enhancement of neointima formation in this model (34%-52% relative to controls at at 7 and 28 days), with significant early collagenous matrix degradation. Systemic infusion, although significant, did not attain the degree of neointima formation present with overexpression. Conclusion: With some evidence of dose-dependence, tissue plasminogen activator enhances neointima formation after angioplasty in a rabbit model. Early matrix degradation precedes change in rates of proliferation and underlies this effect in spite of several antirestenotic actions including decreased thrombus and decreased macrophage recruitment in this model. (J Vasc Surg 2001;33:821-8.)
Biologically-active sterol sulfates from the marine spongeToxadocia zumi

Three sterol sulfates1–3 having a wide variety of biological activities were isolated from the local marine spongeToxadocia zumi. The structures were determined from spectral data.
On the acyclic subgraph polytope

The acyclic subgraph problem can be formulated as follows. Given a digraph with arc weights, find a set of arcs containing no directed cycle and having maximum total weight. We investigate this problem from a polyhedral point of view and determine several classes of facets for the associated acyclic subgraph polytope. We also show that the separation problem for the facet defining dicycle inequalities can be solved in polynomial time. This implies that the acyclic subgraph problem can be solved in polynomial time for weakly acyclic digraphs. This generalizes a result of Lucchesi for planar digraphs.
The Krull–Gabriel Dimension of a Serial Ring

Abstract We prove that every serial ring R has the isolation property: every isolated point in any theory of modules over R is isolated by a minimal pair. Using this we calculate the Krull–Gabriel dimension of the module category over serial rings. For instance, we show that this dimension cannot be equal to 1.
Female epistolary literature from antiquity to the present: An introduction

(1988). Female epistolary literature from antiquity to the present: An introduction. Studia Neophilologica: Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 3-13.
Sculpting the Nucleus with Dynamic Microtubules

How nuclear morphology is regulated during development and disease remains poorly understood. In this issue of Developmental Cell, using a pronuclear assembly assay, Xue et al. (2013) demonstrate that Dppa2, a chromatin-bound microtubule regulator, controls both the morphology and function of the pronucleus by fine-tuning microtubule dynamics.
Cardiovascular responses to central administration of mu and kappa opioid receptor agonist and antagonist in normal rats

The response to centrally administered beta-endorphin has been characterized by decreasing sympathetic nervous activity and decreased cardiovascular tone. We investigated the effect of the central administration of both mu and kappa opioid receptor agonist and antagonists on cardiovascular responses. The administration of the mu agonist, DAMGO (0.2nmol) increased the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and stimulated iliac vasoconstriction while higher doses (2 and 20nmol) decreased MAP and stimulated iliac vasodilation. The administration of the kappa receptor agonist, Dynorphin decreased the MAP and stimulated superior mesenteric vasodilation. beta-Funaltrexamine reduced MAP and superior mesenteric vasodilation while nor-binaltorphimine increased MAP and iliac and superior mesenteric vasoconstriction. We conclude that mu receptor activation decrease or increase MAP depending on the mu agonist concentration. However, kappa receptor activation is consistently associated with a decrease in MAP.
Synthesis of 2-methylbenz[f]indene and (η5-2-methylbenz[f]indenyl)rhodium dicarbonyl

Abstract The compound 2-methylbenz[ f ]indene ( 8 ) was synthesized by modification of the procedure used to synthesize benz[ f ]indene ( 1 ). Attempts to form Group 4 metal complexes of 8 were unsuccessful giving similar results to those obtained when attempting to metallate 1 . The complex (η 5 -2-methylbenz[ f ]indenyl)rhodium dicarbonyl was synthesized by the reaction of 8 with butyllithium and subsequent reaction with [RhCl(CO) 2 ] 2 in a 41% yield.
An induced interaction model for arbitrarily polarized Fermi systems

A model for calculating the interactions in arbitrarily spin-polarized Fermi systems is presented. Starting from the four-point vertex functions, the “induced” part of the interactions is deduced by explicitly treating the one-particle, one-hole irreducible diagrams and using some general crossing symmetry relations. Extrapolation away from the Fermi surface is carried out by replacing the particle-hole phase space by Lindhard functions in the “crossed” channel; consequently, calculation of the necessary ↑-↓ phase space function is presented. The longitudinal spin-density and density responses for polarized systems are obtained by diagrammatic means. A possible way of treating the “direct” part of the interactions using Born approximation is also discussed. Finally, the limits of the model for zero and full polarization are given.
The relationship between the state of adenylylation of glutamine synthetase I and the export of ammonium in free-living, N2-fixing Rhizobium

The relationship between ammonium assimilation and ammonium export has been studied in free-living, N2-fixing Rhizobium sp. 32H1. After 55 to 67 h of microaerobic growth under a gas phase of 0.2% O2 – 1.0% CO2 – 98.8% Ar high levels of nitrogenase were observed concomitant with a slightly adenylylated glutamine synthetase (GSI) and some glutamine synthetase (GSII) activity. However, after growth of 89 h, or longer, GSI became adenylylated and the level of GSII had decreased. When the gas phase was shifted to 0.2% O2 – 1.0% CO2 – 98.8% N2, a lag was observed before ammonium export could be detected in the 55 to 67 h cultures. No lag in ammonium export was observed in the cultures previously grown for 89 h. The onset of ammonium export in the 55 to 67 h cultures was found to correlate with the adenylylation state of GSI. There appeared to be no correlation between the level of GSII and the export of ammonium. Neither an increase in the adenylylation level of GSI nor ammonium export was observed when the 55 to 67 h cultures were maintained under the Ar gas mixture.
Riboflavin Metabolism in the Hypothyroid Human Adult

It had been shown that thyroxine regulates the conversion of riboflavin to riboflavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in laboratory animals. In the hypothyroid rat, the flavin adenine dinucleotide level of the liver decreases to levels observed in riboflavin deficiency. We have shown that in six hypothyroid human adults, the activity of erythrocyte glutathione reductase, an accessible FAD-containing enzyme, is decreased to levels observed during riboflavin deficiency. Thyroxine therapy resulted in normal levels of this enzyme while the subjects were on a controlled dietary regimen. This demonstrates that thyroid hormone regulates the enzymatic conversion of riboflavin to its active coenzyme forms in the human adult.
Studies on the formation and stability of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complexes from Ehrlich ascites cells.

Abstract Nine aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from Ehrlich ascites cells were examined with respect to their ability to be isolated as high molecular weight complexes, soluble enzymes, and ribosome-bound enzymes. Several different methods were employed for cell homogenization and enzyme isolation, with particular attention paid to the effects of hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic buffers on enzyme isolation. The binding of all synthetases to ribosomes was eliminated if the low ionic strength of the isolation buffer was raised to isotonic levels. In contrast, neither the ionic strength or composition of the buffers, nor the procedures used for cell homogenization or enzyme isolation, had any significant effect on the isolation of the high molecular weight synthetase complex. Certain enzymes (lysyl-, methionyl- and isoleucyl-tRNA synthetases) formed very stable complexes and high molecular weight species were the predominant forms of these enzymes under all conditions of cell homogenization and enzyme isolation. Other enzymes (glycyl-, tyrosinyl- and threonyl-tRNA synthetases) formed complexes very weakly, if at all, and always appeared predominately in the soluble enzyme fraction. Isolated soluble forms of the lysyl-, methionyl- and isoleucyl-tRNA synthetases did not associate to form significant amounts of complex upon re-isolation, suggesting that a component necessary for complex formation was missing from the soluble enzyme fraction. However, the soluble forms of these enzymes, but not the glycyl-, tyrosinyl- and threonyl-tRNA synthetases, did form complexes when mixed with ribosomal RNA or polyuridylic acid. Preliminary experiments showed no significant differences between the complexed and soluble forms of the lysyl-, methionyl- and isoleucyl-tRNA synthetases with respect to K m values or ability to charge different isoaccepting tRNAs.
Induction of Lactation: Histological and Biochemical Development of Mammary Tissue and Milk Yields of Cows Injected with Estradiol-17β and Progesterone for 21 Days

Abstract Lactations were induced in nonpregnant, nonlactating dairy cows by subcutaneous injections of estradiol-17 β and progesterone for 21 d (.10 and .25 mg/kg body weight/d) and dexamethasone (.028 mg/kg body weight/d) on d 31 to 34. Milking was initiated on d 35. Each cow was biopsied two or three times during the experiment with five to eight mammary tissue biopsies on d 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 49, and 130. Mammary tissue preinjection had abundant connective and adipose tissues with limited lobuloalveolar structures. Beginning on d 7, there was decreased stroma, increased epithelial cell area, increased lobuloalveolar architecture, plus the accumulation of intracellular and intraluminal secretions which were high in lipid droplets. From d 7 through 35, these changes were progressive although variable among cows. Changes in activities of enzymes and concentrations of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid were gradual during this time but essentially paralleled histological development. Tissue samples during lactation (d 49 and 130) showed increased histological and biochemical development; development was maximal for d 130 samples. Fourteen of 15 cows that lactated had mean daily yields of milk more than 5 kg and yields of milk of 12 cows with projected or actual 305-d lactations were 63.0% of that during their previous natural lactations. Reasons for less yields of milk and for varied patterns of tissue development were not identified nor explained by concentrations of several selected hormones in plasma.