cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activation switch pocket inhibitors target the T315I mutant of BCR-ABL

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 4867 Overview: The BCR-ABLT315I mutant is highly resistant to imatinib, nilotinib and dasatinib and is frequently detected in CML patients relapsing on the newer ABL kinase inhibitors. We have developed switch pocket inhibitors of ABL kinase that are effective against BCR-ABLT315I. The switch pocket controls the activity state of ABL by binding key residues of the kinase activation loop. These inhibitors exhibit long off-rates and retain potency against gatekeeper and P-loop residues implicated in resistance. Here, we evaluated two switch pocket inhibitors, DCC-2036 and DP-2494, against native and mutant BCR-ABL. Methods: We assessed DCC-2036 and DP-2494 in cellular and biochemical assays against a panel of BCR-ABL mutants: M244V, G250E, Q252H, Y253F, Y253H, E255K, E255V, T315A, T315I, F317L, F317V, M351T, F359V, and H396P. Colony assays were performed with primary CML cells expressing BCR-ABLT315I. Results: Our results establish that both inhibitors have activity against most imatinib-resistant mutants, with minimal effect on parental cells (IC50 > 5 µM). DCC-2036 inhibited growth of cells expressing BCR-ABL (IC50: 19 nM) with ~16-fold higher potency than imatinib. Of key importance, DCC-2036 also blocked growth of cells expressing BCR-ABLT315I (IC50: 63 nM). Sensitivity to DCC-2036 segregated into 3 categories: [IC50 ≤ 50 nM: 1/14; M351T], [IC50 ≤ 100 nM: 8/14; M244V, G250E, Q252H, Y253F, T315A, T315I, F317L, H396P], and [IC50 > 100 nM: 5/14; Y253H, E255K, E255V, F317V, F359V]. By comparison, the potency of DP-2494 against cells expressing BCR-ABL (IC50: 0.06 nM) rivals that of dasatinib (IC50: 0.8 nM). Unlike dasatinib, DP-2494 also inhibited BCR-ABLT315I (IC50: 6.1 nM). All tested BCR-ABL mutants except E255V (IC50: 144 nM) were inhibited by DP-2494 with an IC50 ≤ 50 nM. Colony formation by patient-derived cells expressing BCR-ABLT315I was reduced by each of the inhibitors in a dose-dependent manner. Results from a mutagenesis screen for BCR-ABL mutants emerging in the presence of DCC-2036 or DP-2494 will be reported. Conclusions: Both inhibitors exhibited significant activity against T315I. Our results suggest that monotherapy with DCC-2036 or DP-2494 may provide a treatment option for relapsed patients with a BCR-ABLT315I mutation, but vulnerability to mutations such as E255V is predicted. However, combinations of ABL kinase inhibitors that include a T315I-targeted compound such as DCC-2036 or DP-2494 may completely pre-empt BCR-ABL-dependent resistance.
A Screening Tool to Measure Eye Contact Avoidance in Boys with Fragile X Syndrome

We examined the reliability, validity and factor structure of the Eye Contact Avoidance Scale (ECAS), a new 15-item screening tool designed to measure eye contact avoidance in individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS). Internal consistency of the scale was acceptable to excellent and convergent validity with the Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2) and the Anxiety, Depression, and Mood Scale (ADAMS) was good. Boys with a comorbid ASD diagnosis obtained significantly higher scores on the ECAS compared to boys without ASD, when controlling for communication ability. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a two-factor model (avoidance and aversion) provided an excellent fit to the data. The ECAS appears to be a promising reliable and valid tool that could be employed as an outcome measure in future pharmacological/behavioral treatment trials for FXS.
Positive Feedback Loops of Metacontingencies: A New Conceptualization of Cultural-Level Selection

Couto and Sandaker (2016) proposed two complementary processes, selection of cultures and cultural-selection, as successors to the metacontingency in the process of cultural-level selection. They argued that the selective processes in the metacontingency were limited to within-groups selection, and might be included in the discussion pertaining to the selection of cultural practices. Further, they argued that the selection processes outlined in the metacontingency model failed to address the selection of cultural-social environments, which they suggested might result in the selection of between cultures, or between groups, features and would be more in line with the third level of selection processes which Skinner (1981; 1988) described as resulting in the evolution of cultures. This present article incorporates an understanding of feedback from systems theory that is broader than the common application of the concept in the field of behavior analysis, and considers several examples that illustrate how positive-feedback loops between multiple metacontingencies may result in the between-groups, cultural-level selective processes described by Couto and Sandaker, and how such systems may emerge via processes of self-organization. Keywords : Cultural-level selection; metacontingency; selection of cultures; cultural-selection; self-organization; emergence
Network Mechanisms of Clinical Response to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder

Abstract Background Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) therapy can modulate pathological neural network functional connectivity in major depressive disorder (MDD). Posttraumatic stress disorder is often comorbid with MDD, and symptoms of both disorders can be alleviated with TMS therapy. This is the first study to evaluate TMS-associated changes in connectivity in patients with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and MDD. Methods Resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging was acquired before and after TMS therapy in 33 adult outpatients in a prospective open trial. TMS at 5 Hz was delivered, in up to 40 daily sessions, to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Analyses used a priori seeds relevant to TMS, posttraumatic stress disorder, or MDD (subgenual anterior cingulate cortex [sgACC], left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and basolateral amygdala) to identify imaging predictors of response and to evaluate clinically relevant changes in connectivity after TMS, followed by leave-one-out cross-validation. Imaging results were explored using data-driven multivoxel pattern activation. Results More negative pretreatment connectivity between the sgACC and the default mode network predicted clinical improvement, as did more positive amygdala-to-ventromedial prefrontal cortex connectivity. After TMS, symptom reduction was associated with reduced connectivity between the sgACC and the default mode network, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and insula, and reduced connectivity between the hippocampus and the salience network. Multivoxel pattern activation confirmed seed-based predictors and correlates of treatment outcomes. Conclusions These results highlight the central role of the sgACC, default mode network, and salience network as predictors of TMS response and suggest their involvement in mechanisms of action. Furthermore, this work indicates that there may be network-based biomarkers of clinical response relevant to these commonly comorbid disorders.
Mesozooplankton abundance and distribution in association with hydrography on Hanna Shoal, NE Chukchi Sea, during August 2012 and 2013

Abstract Hanna Shoal, in the northeastern Chukchi Sea, is potentially vulnerable to ecosystem disruption under ongoing climate change, however aspects of its ecology, particularly of its zooplankton, have been poorly understood. Mesozooplankton distribution, taxonomic composition, and abundance were described from across Hanna Shoal in August 2012 and 2013 as part of the multidisciplinary COMIDA Hanna Shoal Program. Zooplankton were collected using vertical tows of paired Bongo nets equipped with 150-µm and 500-µm mesh nets; samples from the 150-µm mesh nets were enumerated to identify and count taxa, copepod species, and copepod life stages. Haplotypes of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (mtCOI) gene were used to differentiate Bering and Arctic haplotype groups of the copepod Calanus glacialis and to differentiate C. glacialis and its close congener C. marshallae. The meroplankton, particularly bivalve larvae and in 2012 echinoderm larvae, were an important component of the zooplankton and were of greater abundance on the eastern portion of the Shoal than elsewhere. Regions identified on the basis of different taxonomic compositions were associated with different water masses and current pathways. The northeast corner of the Shoal in particular was distinct from the remainder of the Shoal and from Barrow Canyon, with both different life stage compositions and unique Arctic haplotypes of the mtCOI gene for C. glacialis/marshallae, suggesting populations at those locations originated in the Arctic Ocean rather than the Bering Sea. Bering Sea Summer water, and intrinsic plankton, was observed in the southwest portion of the Shoal. Comparisons with historic and recent studies done near Hanna Shoal demonstrated that similar plankton compositions were present across a broad region of the Chukchi Sea and that abundances of the copepod C. glacialis appear to be increasing on the time scale of decades, potentially through increased input from the northern Bering Sea. Because the Chukchi Sea is highly advective, it is likely that zooplankton populations over Hanna Shoal are lost to the Canada Basin to the north and must be re-established annually through input from the northern Bering Sea. Under this scenario, enhancement of a resident Hanna Shoal zooplankton community that would retain a significant proportion of the primary production in the water column is unlikely.
Proposed biopsy performance benchmarks for MRI based on an audit of a large academic center

Performance benchmarks exist for mammography (MG); however, performance benchmarks for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are not yet fully developed. The purpose of our study was to perform an MRI audit based on established MG and screening MRI benchmarks and to review whether these benchmarks can be applied to an MRI practice. An IRB approved retrospective review of breast MRIs was performed at our center from 1/1/2011 through 12/31/13. For patients with biopsy recommendation, core biopsy and surgical pathology results were reviewed. The data were used to derive mean performance parameter values, including abnormal interpretation rate (AIR), positive predictive value (PPV), cancer detection rate (CDR), percentage of minimal cancers and axillary node negative cancers and compared with MG and screening MRI benchmarks. MRIs were also divided by screening and diagnostic indications to assess for differences in performance benchmarks amongst these two groups. Of the 2455 MRIs performed over 3-years, 1563 were performed for screening indications and 892 for diagnostic indications. With the exception of PPV2 for screening breast MRIs from 2011 to 2013, PPVs were met for our screening and diagnostic populations when compared to the MRI screening benchmarks established by the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 5 Atlas®. AIR and CDR were lower for screening indications as compared to diagnostic indications. New MRI screening benchmarks can be used for screening MRI audits while the American College of Radiology (ACR) desirable goals for diagnostic MG can be used for diagnostic MRI audits. Our study corroborates established findings regarding differences in AIR and CDR amongst screening versus diagnostic indications.
Review of enhanced recovery programs in benign gynecologic surgery

Enhanced recovery programs (ERPs) are evidence-based protocols designed to improve functional rehabilitation after surgery. ERPs have gained widespread acceptance in many surgical disciplines, and their use leads to significant improvements in patient outcomes while reducing hospital length of stay (LOS). There remains a paucity of data on the use of ERPs in benign gynecologic surgery. The purpose of this review was to evaluate current literature on the use of ERP concepts in benign gynecologic surgery. A systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and the Cochrane databases was conducted, cross-referencing search terms related to gynecologic surgery and ERP concepts. The search was limited to publications available in English. Studies published prior to 2000, and those involving gynecologic oncology, nonadult patients, and outpatient surgery were excluded. Nine studies were included in the analysis. Due to heterogeneity of the included studies, no statistical pooling was possible and comparison between studies was limited to their respective themes. Primary study outcomes included LOS, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), pain management, patient satisfaction, and hospital costs. Five studies investigated ERPs, two evaluated measures to improve PONV, and four focused on unique aspects of pain management. Across the studies, ERPs that focused on the patients’ basic symptoms and recovery were found to have equal, if not better, outcomes than standard practice. This integrative review supports the implementation of ERPs in benign gynecologic surgery. The results showed that the use of ERPs decreased LOS, improved pain scores, and reduced hospital costs, without increasing perioperative complications. We suggest additional randomized controlled trials of ERP concepts in benign gynecologic surgery to support their more widespread use and application.
Fidélité à soi et au devenir franco-ontarien : Fernand Dorais essayiste

Michel Gaulin propose de « faire le point sur l’essentiel de la pensee » de Fernand Dorais, telle qu’il l’a pu degager des deux recueils d’essais publies par ce dernier : Entre Montreal... et Sudbury et Temoins d’errances en Ontario francais. Il met en perspective l’activite de ce professeur de litterature de l’Universite Laurentienne et la reflexion que l’essayiste entretint sur son metier de pedagogue et sur la matiere qui etait sienne. Il aborde ainsi la conception de la litterature de ce « penseur provocant » et l’idee qu’il se faisait du « devenir franco-ontarien ». Cet article est un hommage que Michel Gaulin rend a l’actualite des idees de cet auteur.
Stress testing in the evaluation of upper-extremity perfusion.

SUMMARY Stress testing is an important element in the evaluation of upper extremity vascular perfusion. Advances in noninvasive testing provide mechanisms to evaluate the static structural characteristics of the arterial system, to define patent and nonpatent vessels to identify areas of thrombosis or occlusion, to evaluate arterial wall motility and elasticity, and to observe the nutritional capillary bed. To understand upper-extremity vascular function, however, some form of stress testing is crucial. The techniques discussed previously continue to evolve and serve only as examples of the potential of noninvasive tests evaluated before, during, and after stress. Stress testing provides techniques that allow us to understand the functional components of vascular perfusion and to monitor our attempts at interventions.
Low-Latency 2d non-line-of-sight positioning using single-anchor magnetoquasistatic systems

Recent progress in magnetoquasistatic (MQS) positioning theory and techniques have resulted in short to long range two-dimensional (2D) positioning using a single-anchor device — a single fixed base-station device that enables 2D positioning of a mobile device, not relying on tri-angulation/lateration. These recent works demonstrate the ability to determine the position of a mobile device in 2D space over ranges of up to many ten's of meters and in non-line-of-sight environment, due to use of MQS fields. One additional advantage of the recent theory and technique is that the solutions for range, azimuthal-direction, and orientation of the device are decoupled and can be solved in a low-latency environment. In this article, we demonstrate a low-latency solution for MQS positioning in a large 2D space.
Association of Preoperative Cell Counts With Outcomes After Operation for Congenital Heart Disease.

Background We examined the association of preoperative cell count abnormalities, which have been shown to be associated with outcomes in adult cardiac patients, with morbidity and mortality after operation for congenital heart disease (CHD) in children. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study on 4,865 children undergoing cardiac operation from 2004 to 2014. Our exposures of interest were presence of preoperative lymphopenia (lymphocyte count ≤ 3,000 cells/μL), thrombocytopenia (platelet count Results Overall mortality was 2.8%, median LOS was 6 days, and 7.6% of patients had postoperative complications. Lymphopenia was associated with increased odds of postoperative mortality (odds ratio 1.67, 95% confidence interval: 1.15 to 2.43, p = 0.007). Lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and neutrophilia were all associated with longer postoperative LOS. Lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia were associated with increased occurrence of postoperative sepsis, and neutrophilia was associated with need for postoperative mechanical circulatory support. Conclusions In children undergoing CHD operation, preoperative lymphopenia is associated with increased in-hospital mortality postoperatively. Preoperative lymphopenia, neutrophilia, and thrombocytopenia are associated with longer postoperative LOS and with development of postoperative complications. Preoperative cell counts may serve as important prognostic markers in preoperative planning for patients with CHD.
The reclassification of asteroids from planets to non-planets

Abstract It is often claimed that asteroids’ sharing of orbits is the reason they were re-classified from planets to non-planets. A critical review of the literature from the 19th Century to the present shows this is factually incorrect. The literature shows the term asteroid was broadly recognized as a subset of planet for 150 years. On-going discovery of asteroids resulted in a de facto stretching of the concept of planet to include the ever-smaller bodies. Scientists found utility in this taxonomic identification as it provided categories needed to argue for the leading hypothesis of planet formation, Laplace's nebular hypothesis. In the 1950s, developments in planet formation theory found it no longer useful to maintain taxonomic identification between asteroids and planets, Ceres being the primary exception. At approximately the same time, there was a flood of publications on the geophysical nature of asteroids showing them to be geophysically different than the large planets. This is when the terminology in asteroid publications calling them planets abruptly plunged from a high level of usage where it had hovered during the period 1801–1957 to a low level that held constant thereafter. This marks the point where the community effectively formed consensus that asteroids should be taxonomically distinct from planets. The evidence demonstrates this consensus formed on the basis of geophysical differences between asteroids and planets, not the sharing of orbits. We suggest attempts to build consensus around planetary taxonomy not rely on the non-scientific process of voting, but rather through precedent set in scientific literature and discourse, by which perspectives evolve with additional observations and information, just as they did in the case of asteroids.
Intellectual Intuition: With Hölderlin, “Lost in the Wide Blue”

Friedrich Holderlin’s novel, Hyperion, opens with fantas ies of the protagonist’s melding into unity with nature. These visions of oneness find a corollary in the novel’s setting within an idealized version of Greece. I argue that we can best understand the significance of Hyperion’s desire to be “one with everything” by considering it within the context of Holderlin’s and Friedrich Schelling’s attempt in the 1790s to find a way to incorporate a dynamic view of nature into German Idealist philosophy, in part, by transforming the concept of “intellectual intuition.” Key to understand the novel is thus the idea of an intellectual form of intuition that opens possibilities of non-material connections with a world of things that are dynamically alive and interconnected.
A hybrid genetic algorithm for the Quadratic Assignment Problem

A heuristic technique that combines a genetic algorithm with a Tabu Search algorithm is applied to the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP). The hybrid algorithm improves the results obtained through the application of each of these algorithms separately. The QAP is a NP-hard problem and instances of size n> > 15 are still considered intractable. The results of our experiments suggest that CHC combined with TS (CHC+TS), and a TS with elitist backtracking algorithm are able to obtain good near optimal solutions within 0.75% of the best-known solutions. CHC+TS produces the best-known solution in 12 of the 16 QAPLIB problems tested, where n ranges from 10 to 256.
Motion adaptation and evidence for parallel processing in the lobula plate of the bee-fly Bombylius major

As different insects fly about their world, they experience an enormous range of ambient image speed, from near stationary in hovering flies or hawkmoths (Farina et al. 1994) to 5,000 °/s or more during aerial pursuit by male flies (Land and Collett 1974). The optimum strategy for sampling and analysing complex patterns of optic flow must depend (and to a large extent be limited by) the behaviour of the animal (see also Eckert and Zeil, this volume). This notion is supported by comparative analysis of photoreceptor kinetics (Laughlin and Weckstrom 1993) which show a remarkable diversity of coding strategies within the Dipteran flies, consistent with differences in flight speed. We have recently described a correlation between spatiotemporal properties of motion detecting neurones in the optic lobes of flying insects and their flight behaviour (O’Carroll et al. 1996, 1997) suggesting that this principle also holds at the level of “central” processing. Most species that we have studied have “fast” photoreceptors, able to encode even rapidly moving images at the level of the retina. Yet specialized hovering insects such as hawkmoths and syrphid flies have motion detectors with maximal sensitivity at much lower (10-20 fold) image velocities than other insects such as butterflies or bees (O’Carroll et al. 1996). Detecting low velocities reliably may be crucial for stabilizing precise hovering flight by these species, but usually incurs a cost, either in the form of very large eyes, or reduced sensitivity of motion detectors to high pattern speeds.
Analysis of Proton Radiography Images of Shock Melted/Damaged Tin

Tin coupons were shock damaged/melted under identical conditions with a diverging high explosive shock wave. Proton Radiography images and velocimetry data from experiments with seven different tin coupons of varying thickness are analyzed. Comparing experiments with identical samples allowed us to distinguish between repeatable and random features. Shapes and velocities of the main fragments are deterministic functions of the coupon thickness; random differences exist only at a small scale. Velocities of the leading layer and of the main fragment differ by the same value independently of coupon thicknesses, which is likely related to the separation energy of metal layers.
Toward a Psychophysiological Assessment of Dynamic Changes in Mental Workload

The main goal of the present study was to examine the feasibility of employing event-related brain potentials to measure dynamic changes in mental workload. Subjects performed two tasks, monitoring...
Amsterdam’s Atlantic: Print Culture and the Making of Dutch Brazil

Few people in today’s Netherlands are aware of the fact that a large part of Brazil was once a colony of the West India Company. In the first half of the seventeenth century, however, Brazil was on...
Assessment of somatic single-nucleotide variation in brain tissue of cases with schizophrenia.

The genetic architecture of schizophrenia (SCZ) includes numerous risk loci across a range of frequencies and sizes, including common and rare single-nucleotide variants and insertions/deletions (indels), as well as rare copy number variants (CNVs). Despite the clear heritability of the disease, monozygotic twins are discordant for SCZ at a significant rate. Somatic variants—genetic changes that arise after fertilization rather than through germline inheritance—are widespread in the human brain and known to contribute to risk for both rare and common neuropsychiatric conditions. The contribution of somatic variants in the brain to risk of SCZ remains to be determined. In this study, we surveyed somatic single-nucleotide variants (sSNVs) in the brains of controls and individuals with SCZ (n = 10 and n = 9, respectively). From each individual, whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on DNA from neuronal and non-neuronal nuclei isolated by fluorescence activated nuclear sorting (FANS) from frozen postmortem prefrontal cortex (PFC) samples, as well as DNA extracted from temporal muscle as a reference. We identified an increased burden of sSNVs in cases compared to controls (SCZ rate = 2.78, control rate = 0.70; P = 0.0092, linear mixed effects model), that included a higher rate of non-synonymous and loss-of-function variants (SCZ rate = 1.33, control rate = 0.50; P = 0.047, linear mixed effects model). Our findings suggest sSNVs in the brain may constitute an additional component of the complex genetic architecture of SCZ. This perspective argues for the need to further investigate somatic variation in the brain as an explanation of the discordance in monozygotic twins and a potential guide to the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
Alterations in Oscillatory Behavior of Central Medial Thalamic Neurons Demonstrate a Key Role of CaV3.1 Isoform of T-Channels During Isoflurane-Induced Anesthesia

Although the central medial nucleus (CeM) of the thalamus is an essential part of the arousal system for sleep and anesthesia initiation, the precise mechanisms that regulate its activity are not well studied. We examined the role of CaV3.1 isoform of T-type calcium channels (T-channels) in the excitability and rhythmic activity of CeM neurons during isoflurane (ISO)-induced anesthesia by using mouse genetics and selective pharmacology. Patch-clamp recordings taken from acute brain slices revealed that CaV3.1 channels in CeM are inhibited by prototypical volatile anesthetic ISO (250 and 500 μM) and selective T-channels blocker 3,5-dichloro-N-[1-(2,2-dimethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-4-fluoro-piperidin-4-ylmethyl]-benzamide (TTA-P2). Both TTA-P2 and ISO attenuated tonic and burst firing modes, and hyperpolarized CeM neurons from wild type (WT) mice. These effects were greatly diminished or abolished in CaV3.1 null mice. Our ensuing in vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings from CeM indicated that the ability of TTA-P2 and anesthetic concentrations of ISO to promote δ oscillation was substantially weakened in CaV3.1 null mice. Furthermore, escalating ISO concentrations induced stronger burst-suppression LFP pattern in mutant than in WT mice. Our results demonstrate for the first time the importance of CaV3.1 channels in thalamocortical oscillations from the non-specific thalamic nuclei that underlie clinically important effects of ISO.
Variation in rotavirus vaccination coding in state US medicaid data

Abstract Differences in state Medicaid policies and practices may result in variation in the recording of individual-level vaccination claims, which may present challenges for vaccination research using state Medicaid data. We describe differences in procedure coding for rotavirus vaccination in four states’ Medicaid programs by identifying rotavirus vaccine–specific codes and oral vaccine administration codes. The proportion of vaccinated children with vaccine-specific and oral vaccine administration codes differed substantially across states: two states used vaccine-specific codes almost exclusively (95.9% and 99.0%); one had exclusively oral vaccine administration codes (>99.9%); another had a mixture (32.1% vaccine-specific codes, 40.0% oral vaccine administration codes, and 27.9% both). Depending on the research question, studies using Medicaid data in states without (or with incomplete) vaccine-specific coding may be infeasible. Prior to initiating research, investigators should carefully evaluate state Medicaid policies and patterns of vaccination uptake, as vaccine reimbursement policies and availability of vaccine claims may vary.
“Hell Hath No Fury ….”: Gendered Reactions to the Cosby Mistrial Across Liberal and Conservative News Media Sites

This chapter analyses online comments regarding the 2017 mistrial in Commonwealth v. William H. Cosby, Jr. to explore how gendered stereotypes and rape myths are activated and deployed across liberal and conservative news media sites. A popular explanation for the result of Election 2016 is the existence of a “media bubble”, the tendency of liberal and conservative US voters to seek out like-minded commenters rather than conversing across political boundaries. Analysing the reactions to Bill Cosby’s first trial for indecent assault, which took place just five months after the swearing in of Donald Trump as the 45th US President, provides an opportunity to examine how gender is discussed across this presumed political divide. Comparing and contrasting comments on the mistrial on traditionally conservative sites, such as Breitbart.com, with comments to similar articles on liberal sites, such as the New York Times, the chapter tests the hypothesis that conservative sites are more likely to promote misogyny, while liberal sites offer more equitable points of view. The chapter concludes that, although there are important distinctions among comments, sexism, misogyny and victim-blaming remain disappointingly common across conservative and liberal online fora. Briefly exploring Cosby’s 2018 conviction, the chapter observes, further, that although such discourse has been lessened, gendered stereotypes and rape myths persist in the #MeToo era.
Transport phenomena in the Knudsen layer near an evaporating surface.

Using the combination of the kinetic theory of gases (KTG), Boltzmann transport equation (BTE), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we study the transport phenomena in the Knudsen layer near a planar evaporating surface. The MD simulation is first used to validate the assumption regarding the anisotropic velocity distribution of vapor molecules in the Knudsen layer. Based on this assumption, we use the KTG to formulate the temperature and density of vapor at the evaporating surface as a function of the evaporation rate and the mass accommodation coefficient (MAC), and we use these vapor properties as the boundary conditions to find the solution to the BTE for the anisotropic vapor flow in the Knudsen layer. From the study of the evaporation into a vacuum, we show the ratio of the macroscopic speed of vapor to the most probable thermal speed of vapor molecules in the flow direction will always reach the maximum value of $\sqrt{1.5}$ at the vacuum boundary. The BTE solutions predict that the maximum evaporation flux from a liquid surface at a given temperature depends on both the MAC and the distance between the evaporating surface and the vacuum boundary. From the study of the evaporation and condensation between two parallel plates, we show the BTE solutions give good predictions of transport phenomena in both the anisotropic vapor flow within the Knudsen layer and the isotropic flow out of the Knudsen layer. All the predictions from the BTE are verified by the MD simulation results.
Componential Analysis of a Paradigm

The linguistic structure of an utterance is presumed to be fully stated by a list of the morphemes which constitute it, and by their order. The difference between two utterances is expressed by the difference in morphemic constituency between them. Frequently, however, we find that there is a set of morphemes in a language, such that each morpheme in the set is identified by its contrast with all the others in the set. Such morphemes are often arranged in paradigms, and the various crisscrossing relationships among the morphemes of the paradigm are often called categories. Thus there are such Latin morphemes as -us, -um, -ī, -ōs which are defined by their membership in a paradigm, and which are considered as expressing, within the paradigm, such categories as case and number.
Embedded and Empowered: A Practical Guide for Librarians: by Courtney Mlinar, Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield, 2019, 151 pp., $65.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-4422-6360-4, Practical Guides for Librarians.

Embedded and Empowered is the 54th title in the “Practical Guide for Librarians” series published by Rowman & Littlefield. The book is highly practical and provides an introduction to embedded libr...
New Fiscal Rules for State and Local Government: A Question of Institutional Complementarity

New fiscal rules, referred to as tax and expenditure limits (TELs), were enacted in many states during the tax revolt launched in the 1970s. Over the past two decades a second generation of TELs, patterned after Colorado’s TABOR Amendment, was introduced in the states. The new fiscal rules have had a limited impact in constraining fiscal policy in the states. Many state and local governments are now incurring debt at an unsustainable rate, and citizens have lost confidence in the ability of these governments to pursue prudent fiscal policies. The problem with new fiscal rules enacted in the states is not just design flaws, it is the absence of complementary institutions that are prerequisites to effective fiscal rules. In this study we focus on three institutional reforms: fiscal autonomy for subnational jurisdictions; capital market and legal reforms to restore bankruptcy procedures for state as well as local government; and strengthening institutions of direct democracy to give citizens more ‘voice’ in enacting fiscal rules and pursuing fiscal policies. New fiscal rules are effective when enacted with broad support within the community, and with effective fiscal rules in place citizens can again gain confidence in their state and local governments. Growing this ‘dynamic credence capital’ will be essential for state and local governments to solve the debt crisis.
Copyright and Attention Scarcity

As the costs of creating and sharing information have plummeted, some scholars question the continued utility of copyright protection, which imposes artificial scarcity so that authors can recoup creation and dissemination costs. Scholars have ignored, however, that when information is abundant, attention becomes a scarce resource. Superabundant information can overtax consumer attention. Reducing copyright protection in this new environment may worsen the costs of attention scarcity on consumers of creative expression. Firms often compete for attention by free riding on the public interest generated by copyrighted works. If copyright protection is narrowed, new entrants have reduced motivation to create works that are clearly distinguishable from existing works. Indeed, a new entrant is more likely to create a close substitute for an existing work already available to consumers than to spend the time necessary to create a distinctly original contribution. Thus, new works are more likely to be wastefully duplicative of available content. Calls to diminish copyright protection in response to falling costs of creation and dissemination often target the derivative right as the first mechanism to weaken or excise. But preserving copyright protections – especially the derivative right – may have unexpected benefits for consumers, including keeping attention costs in check. The effort required to create around copyright constrains entry. Compared to entry under weaker copyright protection, new entrants are likely to offer works that are less redundant, and therefore both more valuable to consumers and less likely to distract or divert attention in ways that impose undue costs on consumers. Legislators and judge may wish to exercise caution before sacrificing the attention-assisting aspects of copyright protection based solely on the intuition that creators could survive with weaker incentives.
Viscoelastic Modeling for Heterogeneous Fan-out Wafer Molding Process

Fan-out wafer level package (FOWLP) is a disruptive technology in the semiconductor packaging industry. Demand for higher system performance has caused an increase in both package size and the complexity of heterogeneous integration. Large warpage, which arises from significant volume changes in molded underfill (MUF) during the curing and subsequent assembly processes, is a top process and reliability issue.The selection of molding material is critical importance in FOWLP, as the material must meet multiple manufacturing requirements. In this study, an integrated modeling approach is used to predict fan out wafer form warpage. This approach considers both chemical shrinkage and cure dependency of molded underfill. Viscoelastic relaxation behavior over the course of compression molding cured (namely CMC) and post molding cured (namely PMC) has been carefully modeled. Measurements of material properties used in our models were characterized through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The result of our integrated modeling approach was validated by comparing actual warpage data of various temperature loading conditions. Predicted warpage values are in good agreement with in-line experimental data.Furthermore, we apply this methodology to study the wafer fan-out ratio and Cu density effect. It is shown that Cu density effect is not sensitive, and higher wafer fan-out ratio induces larger warpage due to more molding volume.
Fully automated segmentation of brain tumor from multiparametric MRI using 3D context U-Net with deep supervision

Gliomas are very heterogenous set of tumors that grow within the substance of brain and often mix with normal brain tissues. Due to its histologic complexity and irregular shapes, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging is used to accurately diagnose brain tumor and their subregions. Current practice requires physicians to manually segment these regions on a large image dataset, which can be a very time consuming and complicated task especially with large variations among different tumor regions. Automatic segmentation of brain tumors in multimodal MRI holds a great potential in developing an effective treatment plan and improving brain tumor radiotherapy workflow. Despite continuous investigations on DL-based brain tumor segmentation, irregular shapes and histologic complexities of brain tumors introduces a major challenge in developing an effective automatic segmentation method. In this study, we develop a novel context U-net with deep supervision to segment both the whole brain tumor and their subregions of tumors. The context module was formed by an inception-like structure to extract more information regarding the brain tumors. The deep supervision in the encoder path was achieved by adding up the segmentation outputs at different levels of the network. We evaluated our method on Brain Tumor Segmentation Challenge (BraTS) 2019 training dataset in which 80% was used for training while the remaining 20% was used for performance testing. Our method achieved Dice similarity coefficients (DSC) were 0.8693, 0.8013 and 0.7782 for the whole tumor (WT), tumor core (TC) and enhancing tumor (ET), respectively. The results attained by our proposed network suggested that this technique could be used for segmentation of brain tumors and their subregions to facilitate the brain tumor radiotherapy workflow.
Not set in stone: five bad arguments for letting monuments stand

I examine five arguments against removing controversial monuments. I argue that none of these arguments provides good reasons for leaving controversial monuments in place. A close examination of th...
Transoral approach to excision of massive dermoid cysts in pediatric patients: A case series

Abstract Floor of mouth (FOM) dermoid cysts are a rare but clinically significant lesion of the head and neck. Classically, large cysts have been excised via a transcervical approach, although the limits of the transoral approach are expanding. The majority of FOM dermoid cysts present in the midline, but true lateral cysts have been reported. In this case series, we describe 3 pediatric patients who all underwent successful transoral excision of massive dermoid cysts, along with a literature review. Massive cystic lesions were identified on preoperative imaging. The dermoid cysts averaged 6 × 4.3 × 5 cm and were successfully removed via a transoral approach. Two were removed via a median ventral FOM incision and one via a lateral trans-sublingual approach to the FOM. When needed, the geniohyoid muscle was divided to gain access to the cyst. All cysts were removed intact, although partial, controlled decompression was performed to aid in dissection. There were no post-operative complications. FOM dermoid cysts are a rare but important cause of pediatric neck masses that present a challenging but satisfying surgical opportunity. The transoral approach is a viable option for massive dermoid cysts superior to the mylohyoid.
Media Review: Sleep in Art: How Artists Portrayed Sleep and Dreams in the Last 7000 Years.

Dr. Meir Kryger’s Sleep in Art: How artists portrayed sleep and dreams in the last 7000 years published in 2019 is a book likely to captivate the interests of those in sleep medicine. This book fea...
RESEARCH ARTICLE: Factors influencing career paths in Infectious Disease and/or HIV pharmacy: An exploratory study of pharmacy school graduates

Objective: This study aimed to determine what impact an elective course in HIV had on pursuing a speciality in Infectious Disease (ID) and/or Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pharmacy. Methods: Graduates enrolled in an HIV elective in three subsequent years were recruited. A cross-sectional study assessed what career path participants chose post-graduation, what impact the elective had on their career path, and if they obtained the AAHIVE/AAHIVP credential using this elective to fulfil the credential’s educational requirement. Results: Three hundred and twenty-five emails were sent to graduates. Sixty-eight (20.9%) participants responded. Ten of the respondents (14.7%) considered themselves to be practising in ID pharmacy and/or HIV pharmacy. Of these ten respondents, four indicated that taking the HIV elective made them more likely to become an ID or HIV pharmacy specialist; seven of those respondents became, or are planning to become, an AAHIVE/AAHIVP-credentialed pharmacist. Conclusion: Taking an HIV elective may influence post-graduation career choices in this small cohort.
A Portfolio Approach to Hedging Climate Risk

This chapter describes methods for investors to integrate climate-related data into their portfolios through risk management techniques rather than by seeking outperformance. We demonstrate this risk management approach using the standard tools of modern portfolio theory and quantitative portfolio construction familiar to many investors. We argue that all investors would be well served by taking at least some steps down this path, whether by marginally modifying their exposures, or wholesale shifts in their portfolio benchmarks. Furthermore, some investors may choose to use more sophisticated long/short strategies to dramatically reduce their carbon exposures across entire investment portfolios.
In-situ imaging of charge carriers in an electrochemical cell.

A toroid cavity nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detector capable of quantitatively recording radial concentration profiles, diffusion constants, displacements of charge carriers, and radial profiles of spin-lattice relaxation time constants was employed to investigate the charge/discharge cycle of a solid-state electrochemical cell. One-dimensional radial concentration profiles (1D-images) of ions solvated in a polyethylene oxide matrix were recorded by {sup 19}F and {sup 7}Li NMR for several cells. A sequence of {sup 19}F NMR images, recorded at different stages of cell polarization, revealed the evolution of a region of the polymer depleted of charge carriers. From these images it is possible to extract the transference number for the Li{sup +} ion. Spatially localized diffusion coefficients and spin-lattice relaxation time constants can be measured simultaneously for the ions in the polymer electrolyte by a spin-labeling method that employs the radial B{sub 1}-field gradient of the toroid cavity. A spatial resolution of 7 {micro}m near the working electrode was achieved with a gradient strength of 800 gauss/cm. With this apparatus, it is also possible to investigate novel intercalation anode materials for lithium ion storage. These materials are coated onto the working electrode in a thin film. The penetration depth of lithium cations in thesemore » films can be imaged at different times in the charge/discharge cycle of the battery.« less
Anidulafungin: when and how? The clinician’s view

Anidulafungin is the newest addition to the antifungal arsenal. It possesses fungicidal activity against Candida spp., including isolates that are azole and polyene resistant. In addition, it is fungistatic against Aspergillus spp. Anidulafungin is unique in that it possesses no clinically relevant drug interactions and does not require dosage adjustment in renal or hepatic impairment. Anidulafungin was well tolerated in clinical trials and its clinical efficacy has been demonstrated in the treatment of candidemia and other forms of candidiasis.
Recasting the American Race Problem

In Rethinking the American Race Problem, Roy L. Brooks addresses what many consider America's most intractable problem: race.x In this well-researched volume, Brooks sets out to accomplish three tasks: to demonstrate the extent and seriousness of the American race problem (pp. 25-128), explain why it fails to galvanize the American people and their government (pp. 6-9), and offer some suggestions on what ought to be done (pp. 131-72). He is notably successful in the first undertaking, less so with the other two-better at showing the stark realities of the race problem than at showing why these realities persist or what should be done about them. Despite my reservations about the interpretive side of Brooks' book, I believe it makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the race problem. Part I of this review sets out Brooks' thesis. Part II deals with its interpretive deficiencies, showing how certain insights associated with the Critical Race Theory school of jurisprudence could have given Brooks' treatment even more depth and explanatory power.
Protoplasts of Cosmarium as a Potential Protein Source

Cosmarium turpinii, a fast-growing desmid alga, transforms into protoplasts in 4 h when incubated in a mineral medium + 0.4 M mannitol + 0.5% Cellulysin.