cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a nitrogen-rich fulvic acid and its precursor algae from solid state NMR

Abstract A nitrogen-rich fulvic acid (FA) from Pony Lake, a coastal pond in Antarctica, was investigated using advanced solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and compared with the precursor algal material. A significant fraction of non-protonated alkyl carbons, some bonded to nitrogen, was detected; most must be humification products, since they were undetectable in the lake algae. The corresponding branched alkyl structures account for 25–50% of carbon in the FA. Spectral editing detected methylenes (20% of all C) and ethyl groups attached to a branch point. COOH groups are also enriched (∼10% of all C); 15N NMR and spectral editing of CH and CN groups indicates peptides (∼1/4 of all C, ∼2/5 of all N), but the 15N NMR spectrum also exhibits bands up- and downfield from the peptide signal; these must be associated with a 157 ppm sp2-hybridized carbon bonded to three heteroatoms, of which at least two are N, according to 13C{14N} SPIDER (saturation pulse induced dipolar exchange with recoupling) NMR. This component, possibly a degradation product of penguin guano, accounts for nearly half the N. OCH, O–CH–O and OCH2 moieties, typically found in sugar rings, were identified using spectral editing (∼12% of all C). The quantitative 13C spectrum shows an aromaticity of 8%; many of the aromatic carbons are bonded to N. 1H–13C NMR with 1H spin diffusion shows that most components are within 1 nm from non-polar alkyl segments, which excludes polysaccharide or aromatic domains. Overall, the structural differences between the algal precursor and the FA are striking.
Creating Gender Brand Personality with Brand Names: The Effects of Phonetic Symbolism

We propose that gender brand personality can be created with phonetic symbolism embedded in brand names. Results from two experiments indicate that brand names with front vowels better create a feminine brand personality, whereas brand names with back vowels better form a masculine brand personality. Moreover, when sound in a brand name is congruent with the gender target of the brand, consumers indicate a greater preference for the brand name and exhibit more favorable responses toward the brand. The findings provide managers with practical guidelines for creating gender brand personality through brand names, facilitating gender targeting efforts.
How to Be a Successful Mentor

Mentoring doctoral students is one of the most challenging and important tasks faced by faculty teaching in PhD programs. Receiving effective mentoring is central to students’ success in their grad...
Finite Sized Oblate and Ortho-Prolate Metal Nanoparticles: Optical Theory and Potential as Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Substrates,

Abstract The relative absorption intensities of composites containing Au, Ag or Cu prolate (a>b=c) , oblate (a , ortho-prolate (b>a=c) and ortho-oblate (b nanoparticles have been modeled with the dynamical Maxwell-Garnett effective medium expression. The electric field of the light was along the b-axis of the nanoparticles in simulations. The semi-radii b for prolate-oblate particles and a for the ortho counterparts were equal to 26 nm. The results of simulations indicate that the absorptive power of the composites increased as particle shape changed from ortho-oblate → ortho-prolate and prolate → oblate. We found that in simulations, ortho-prolate particles provided the greatest intensity per unit volume fraction of metal. When considering particle shape only, the degree of enhancement expected from SERS substrates is approximately proportional to the intensity of absorption. We also propose a simple means of fabricating SERS substrates by means of the template synthesis method.
Effect of a finite outer scale on the Zernike decomposition of atmospheric optical turbulence

Phase distortions in optical systems induced by atmospheric turbulence are investigated with the use of Zernike polynomial decompositions. An analytic solution for the variances of the Zernike coefficients is found for the case of Kolmogorov turbulence with a finite outer-scale length. It is shown that the effect of finite outer scale is to attenuate low-order Zernike components, even when the outer-scale length is much larger than the optical aperture. Effects are investigated for constant outer-scale size and for height-dependent outer scales. It is found that seeing effects on large telescopes are dependent more on the magnitude of the outer scale than on the shape of the outer-scale vertical profile.
Freehand cerebroventricular injection technique for unanesthetized rats

Abstract A convenient, rapid technique for the chronic intraventricular cannulation of small animals is described. The main advantage of the technique is that it enables the investigator to study the effects of drugs on the brains of unanesthetized animals. The technique has been used to study the distribution of choline in brain. Autoradiographic studies showed that ventricularly injected 14 C-choline is rapidly distributed in the brain, but does tend to concentrate in periventricular structures. Furthermore, by 30 minutes the radioactivity is distributed fairly evenly to both sides of the brain, with a slight preponderance on the injected side.
49.3: Development of New Energy Recovery Driving Method for Column PDP Addressing

In this paper, we propose a new energy recovery driving method for column addressing. This new method is more efficient and saves more time than conventional method. By this method, the amount of power dissipation, which is from energy recovery circuit by itself, is reduced adaptively according to the varied image pattern. Besides, this circuit can be composed of fewer devices than conventional and it will be good solution for high resolution PDP.
Benzo(a)pyrene in smoked meat products.

SUMMARY: A procedure was established for analyzing benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in smoked meat products, which involves extraction, solvent partition, column chromatography and spectrophotofluorometric measurement. Studies were then made as to the effect of artificial casings on the content of BaP, penetration of BaP through a meat product in smoking, possible presence of the hydrocarbon in unsmoked meats and distribution of the compound after cooking smoked meat. Bologna was used in most experiments except for the one on cooking effect, in which bacon was used. Artificial cellulose casings caused a noticeable reduction in the concentration of BaP. Regardless of whether the smoke was generated in a small-scale or in a larger-scale generator, bologna smoked in casings had much less BaP than that smoked without casings. BaP was concentrated in the outer part of bologna. In smoking with or without casings, the hydrocarbon did not penetrate farther, in most cases, than 1.4–1.6 mm from the surface of the bologna. Several unsmoked meats of beef and pork were analyzed and none seemed to have endogenous BaP, since the detected amount was similar in magnitude to that of the solvent control. More than half the amount of BaP in smoked bacon was found in the fat drippings following cooking.
Who or What Creates? A Conceptual Framework for Social Creativity:

Creativity is increasingly understood as a social phenomenon, especially in organizational contexts. This article offers a conceptual framework for social creativity that integrates perspectives from published literature. The foundational questions that structured the literature review are twofold. First, because both individuals and entities, such as teams, can be agents of creativity, who or what creates? Second, through what sites of action or contexts does creative engagement by individuals, groups, and organizations occur? An integrative review of the literature reveals that the engagement occurs in individuals, in individuals interacting, in group work, and in complex multilevel systems.A concept map is used to represent the literature in this domain. This is then discussed with reference to the representative authors in each of the identified sectors. A set of names for the outcomes of the creative process is suggested, including individually generated creative outcomes, socially influenced creativ...
The intermittent feeding of anti-bacterial and-or antifungal agents to laying hens.

Synopsis A study was conducted in order to ascertain the effects of feeding large doses of various antibacterial (chlortetracycline, furazolidone, bacitracin) and/or anti‐fungal (nystatin, cupric sulphate) agents to laying hens on an intermittent basis. None of the drugs tested enhanced the performance of the birds when fed singly. However, birds that received a diet intermittently containing a broad‐spectrum antibiotic (110 mg/kg of diet) exhibited a performance superior to that of the control group when the antibacterial treatment was immediately followed by the feeding of a ration containing 55 mg nystatin/kg, during the 7 subsequent days. It is possible that the intermittent, successive feeding of massive amounts of antibacterial and antifungal agents may act synergistically to promote egg production and efficiency of food utilisation. An economic evaluation of the data revealed that, at constant egg production levels, the feeding of chlortetracycline‐supplemented diet (110 mg/kg of diet) for 3 consec...
Universal extra dimensions and charged LKPs

Abstract We consider the possibility of charged stable Kaluza–Klein leptons in orbifold models in which all the Standard Model fields propagate (UED models). At tree level the masses of the 1st mode states are nearly identical and kinematics can prevent the decays of the 1st mode charged leptons. Perturbative and non-perturbative effects alter this picture and allow for a range of possibilities. For single extra-dimensional UED-type models with stable Kaluza–Klein charged leptons we calculate their production from the all-particle incident flux of cosmic rays and find that null results in direct searches for anomalously heavy water suggest a lower bound on the compactification scale: 1/R>290 GeV .
F1-histone phosphorylation in metaphase chromosomes of cultured Chinese hamster cells.

Evidence has accumulated to suggest a relationship between lysine-rich (F1) histone phosphorylation and the overall processes of cell growth and chromosome replication1–4. Augmented F1 phosphorylation has also been found in mitotic Chinese hamster, HeLa S-3, rat nephroma and African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells5,6. These observations suggest a discrete role for F1-histone phosphorylation in events at mitosis which are common to both metaphase (M) and interphase (I) cells. Previous experiments have also shown that the phosphoform of F1 reverts to the dephosphoform upon release of M cells into G15 and that a highly active cAMP-independent Phosphokinase which has a high preference for F1 histone decays with long meta-phase-arrest times6.
Exposure to tourism reduces stress-induced corticosterone levels in Galápagos marine iguanas

Unstressed and stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels in Galapagos marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) were compared in animals from a site heavily exposed to tourism to animals from a site undisturbed by humans. Initial corticosterone levels not only did not differ between the two groups, but they were 50% of levels in iguanas known to be chronically stressed. These data suggest that iguanas in tourist areas are not chronically stressed. Both groups of iguanas exhibited elevated corticosterone levels after 30 min of capture and restraint, indicating that they can physiologically respond to stressful stimuli. The stress response was lower, however, at the tourist site. This result indicates that iguanas are physiologically affected by tourism, although it is presently unknown whether these changes are ultimately beneficial or harmful.
Is the Tonal Quality of Birdsong Learned? Evidence from Song Sparrows

Song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) songs are composed largely of pure-tonal sounds. This paper investigates the role that learning plays in the development of the tonal structure of song sparrow songs, as well as the role that tonal quality plays in determining the suitability of songs as models for learning. 20 birds were trained with both normal pure-tonal songs and modified songs that included harmonic overtones. The harmonic-modified songs were obtained from birds singing in a helium atmosphere, the result of which is to perturb vocal tract resonances and thus alter a song's tonal quality. Subjects learned equally well from normal and harmonic models. Birds that learned material from harmonic models reproduced some of this material with harmonic overtones, but the majority of notes learned from harmonic models were subsequently reproduced as pure-tonal copies. Thus, the tonal structure of songs does not influence young song sparrows in their selection of song models, but there is a strong tendency to reproduce songs in a pure-tonal fashion, even if learned from harmonic models.
1001-29 Prevention of Subacute Stent Thrombosis by Polymer-Polyethylene Oxide-Heparin Coating in the Rabbit Carotid Artery

Our goals were to develop a rabbit model of subacute stent thrombosis and to evaluate the efficacy of a polymer stent coating with covalently bound heparin for its prevention. Bare metal stents (a nitinol wire coil with 3 stainless steel joints) were implanted in a carotid artery of 10 NZW rabbits with a 3.0 mm balloon catheter, inflated twice at 6 atm for 1 minute. Systemic antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapy was withheld. Animals were sacrificed at 24, 72 and 96 hours. Only the 96 hour group consistently developed occlusive or subocclusive thrombosis. Heparin (0.28 μ g/cm 2 ) was linked onto the surface of soluble polymer chains of segmented polyurethaneurea (SPUU) or aliphatic Tecoflex polyurethane membrane (50 μ m thick). using polyethylene oxide (PEO) as a hydrophilic spacer group. Eight stents were coated with this polymer-PEO-Heparin coating. Eight bare metal stents and 8 coated stents were deployed in a carotid artery of 16 NZW rabbits. All animals were sacrificed at 96 hours. At the time of sacrifice, both carotids (stented and contralateral nonstented) were exposed and resting blood flow measured. The amount of thrombus on each stent was assessed by a semiquantitative grading scale (I: no lumen encroachment; II: lumen encroachment; III: subocclusive thrombus; IV: occlusive thrombus) and by the weight of the dry thrombus. Results Carotid Flow (ml/min) Thrombus Grade (III/IV) Thrombus Weight (mg) Bare Stent (N = 8) 3.8 ± 8.2 7 of 8 42.2 ± 19.9 Heparin Stent (N = 8) 210 ± 92 0 of 8 6.0 ± 2.4 p -value 0.0014 0.0004 0.00016 Conclusions The 96 hour rabbit carotid model yields a high frequency of occlusive and subocclusive subacute thrombosis. The stents coated with polymer-PEO-Heparin accumulate significantly less thrombus and have better patency than the uncoated stents at 96 hours in this model of subacute stent thrombosis.
Perceptions of Female/Male Presidential Candidates: Familial and Personal Situations:

A factor mediating attitudes toward female/male political candidates may be the potential effect of a candidate's private life. The impact of a familial situation on attitudes towards a hypothetical presidential candidate was investigated in Study 1. Although main effects for candidate sex and familial situation were found, our data did not support differential effects by candidate sex. In Study 2 the potential impact of a candidate's personal problem was examined. A male with past psychological problems was perceived as more electable than three of four female candidates. In both studies, male candidates were perceived as more likely to win the election than were female candidates.
Dinucleoside pyrophosphate are substrates for T4-induced RNA ligase.

Abstract RNA ligase isolated from bacteriophage T4-infected Escherichia coli will utilize a number of different compounds with the general structure Ado-5'PP-X as substrates in an ATP-independent reaction. The P-X portions of these molecules are transferred to the 3'-hydroxyl of an oligoribonucleotide to form a phosphodiester bond, and the Ado-5'P (AMP) portion is released. AMP, CMP, GMP, UMP, dTMP, NMN, alphaNMN, reduced NMN, FMN, Rib-5P, phosphopantetheine, and cyanoethylphosphate all have been added to [Cyd-3H](Ap)3C from their corresponding AMP adducts. Contrary to the relative lack of specificity of RNA ligase for the P-X -group added, the failure of NADP+, deamino-NAD+, epsilonNCD+, epsilon NAD and CoA to react indicates that the enzyme shows a high degree of selectivity for the AMP portion of the substrate. The diversity of chemical groups that can be efficiently added suggests that this reaction of RNA ligase will prove useful for the modification of the 3' ends of RNA molecules.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mutants Altered in Vacuole Function Are Defective in Copper Detoxification and Iron-Responsive Gene Transcription

The metal ions, Cu2+/+ and Fe3+/2+, are essential co-factors for a wide variety of enzymatic reactions. However, both metal ions are toxic when hyper-accumulated or maldistributed within cells due to their ability to generate damaging free radicals or through the displacement of other physiological metal ions from metalloproteins. Although copper transport into yeast cells is apparently independent of iron, the known dependence on Cu2+ for high affinity transport of Fe2+ into yeast cells has established a physiological link between these two trace metal ions. In this study we demonstrate that proteins encoded by genes previously demonstrated to play critical roles in vacuole assembly or acidification, PEP3, PEP5 and VMA3, are also required for normal copper and iron metal ion homeostasis. Yeast cells lacking a functional PEP3 or PEP5 gene are hypersensitive to copper and render the normally iron-repressible FET3 gene, encoding a multi-copper Fe(II) oxidase involved in Fe2+ transport, also repressible by exogenous copper ions. The inability of these same vacuolar mutant strains to repress FET3 mRNA levels in the presence of an iron-unresponsive allele of the AFT1 regulatory gene are consistent with alterations in the intracellular distribution or redox states of Fe3+/2+ in the presence of elevated extracellular concentrations of copper ions. Therefore, the yeast vacuole is an important organelle for maintaining the homeostatic convergence of the essential yet toxic copper and iron ions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Youth Self-Report of Physical and Sexual Abuse: A Latent Class Analysis.

Abstract Objective To determine if meaningful groups of at-risk pre-adolescent youth could be identified based on their self-report of physical and sexual abuse histories. Methods Youth participating in a consortium of ongoing longitudinal studies were interviewed using an audio-computer assisted self-interview (A-CASI) when they were approximately 12 years of age to obtain information about their perceived experiences of physical (18 items) and sexual (12 items) abuse. In addition, Child Protective Service records were reviewed and the taxonomy developed for defining maltreatment characteristics ( Barnett, Manly, & Cicchetti, 1993 ) was applied. A total of 795 youth completed the age 12 interview and had their records reviewed during the period from birth to the time of their age 12 interview. A latent variable modeling approach, specifically latent class analysis (LCA), was used to generate profiles of youth based on their endorsements of the physical and sexual abuse items. These profiles were then compared to CPS reports of physical or sexual abuse to determine their validity. Results The LCA identified 4 interpretable classes or groups of pre-adolescent youth. Based on the pattern of responses to specific items the classes were identified as follows: (1) no physical or sexual abuse; (2) high physical abuse/low sexual abuse; (3) no physical abuse/moderate sexual abuse; and (4) high physical and sexual abuse. Follow-up analyses indicated that the odds of a CPS report for Classes 2, 3, and 4 compared to Class 1 were significantly greater (2.21, 2.55, and 5.10, respectively). Conclusion The latent variable modeling approach allowed for the identification of meaningful groups of youth that accounted for both the occurrence of multiple types of abuse as well as differing severities associated with each type. It is suggested that this methodological approach may be most useful in future efforts to identify the antecedents and consequences of maltreatment. Practice implications The results of the present study not only have implications for future research efforts, but also suggest that in practice, youth at-risk for maltreatment may be reliable and valid reporters of their physical and sexual abuse experiences.
Basic principles of tumor-associated regulatory T cell biology

Due to the critical role of forkhead box (Fox)p3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the regulation of immunity and the enrichment of Tregs within many human tumors, several emerging therapeutic strategies for cancer involve the depletion or modulation of Tregs, with the aim of eliciting enhanced antitumor immune responses. Here, we review recent advances in understanding of the fundamental biology of Tregs, and discuss the implications of these findings for current models of tumor-associated Treg biology. In particular, we discuss the context-dependent functional diversity of Tregs, the developmental origins of these cells, and the nature of the antigens that they recognize within the tumor environment. In addition, we highlight critical areas of focus for future research.
In search of grid converged solutions

Assessing solution error continues to be a formidable task when numerically solving practical flow problems. Currently, grid refinement is the primary method used for error assessment. The minimum grid spacing requirements to achieve design order accuracy for a structured-grid scheme are determined for several simple examples using truncation error evaluations on a sequence of meshes. For certain methods and classes of problems, obtaining design order may not be sufficient to guarantee low error. Furthermore, some schemes can require much finer meshes to obtain design order than would be needed to reduce the error to acceptable levels. Results are then presented from realistic problems that further demonstrate the challenges associated with using grid refinement studies to assess solution accuracy.
The Influence of Spokesperson Trustworthiness on Message Elaboration, Attitude Strength, and Advertising Effectiveness

Recent research has shown that information presented by untrustworthy endorsers is likely to be thoughtfully elaborated, whereas information presented by trustworthy endorsers is likely to be unthinkingly accepted (Priester & Petty, 1995). Study 1 manipulated argument quality and assessed cognitive responses to demonstrate that this influence of trustworthiness on persuasion holds for familiar endorsers likely to be used in actual advertisements. Study 2 demonstrated that trustworthiness can be influenced by individuals endorsing too many products, with similar persuasion consequences (i.e., untrustworthy endorsers prompt greater scrutiny of product-related attributes than trustworthy endorsers). Study 2 also found that the attitudes that resulted from an untrustworthy endorser came to mind faster, even when those attitudes were equivalently positive—thus demonstrating that elaboration can influence attitude accessibility. This research provides evidence that attitude extremity may not be a sufficient indicator of advertising effectiveness, in that equally extreme attitudes can vary as to the bases by which they were formed, their underlying strength, and their effectiveness. Further, this research provides theoretical and strategic insight into the use of trustworthy and untrustworthy endorsers.
Smooth social choice

This paper reviews recent results on the analysis of voting rules in the discrete, continuous and smooth categories. A voting rule D is identified with a class of decisive coalitions. When the set of alternatives W has finite cardinality |W|, then there exists an integer [the Nakamura number, @u(D)] such that D has an equilibrium (or core) iff |W | = = w(D), the core is empty, (ii) when dim(W) >= w(D) + 1, then cycles fill almost all of the space W. In the latter case, voting outcomes can be expected to depend on accidental details of the political process. The theory is used to examine the possibility of stability in multiparty coalition systems.
Particle beam radiation therapy in prostate cancer: Is there an advantage?*

Hadron therapy uses heavy particles to deliver therapeutic ionizing energy. Each particle's inherent attributes determine the pattern of energy deposited by its beam, expressed in macro (conformability to a three-dimensional target volume) and micro (radiobiologic properties) distributions. Mass and charge regulate the inherent properties; beam energy provides a controllable, variable characteristic. Generally, heavy charged particles provide superior macrodosimetric properties; heavy particles (charged or not) have microdosimetric characteristics that produce high linear energy transfer (LET). Neutron macrodosimetry is similar to that of photons. Protons and helium ions possess superior macrodosimetric properties, plus microdosimetric characteristics resulting in low LET, yielding beam characteristics that approach the ideal for clinical radiotherapy. Hadron therapy for prostate cancer has been limited by the availability of appropriate treatment facilities. Nonetheless, encouraging results have been obtained. Neutron therapy demonstrated improved overall survival in a multi-institutional randomized trial, and improved local disease control in a subsequent trial. Proton radiation forms the boost component of several conformal dose-escalation studies. A Loma Linda University study demonstrated low treatment-related morbidity despite a prostate dose of 75 CGE; late-morbidity data were superior to published reports from multi-field, conformal photon therapy. A Phase III dose-escalation study of protons for early prostate cancer is proceeding.
Maximum a posteriori probability assignment (MAP‐A): an optimality criterion for phylogenetic trees via weighting and dynamic programming

One of the most time-consuming aspects of Bayesian posterior probability analysis in the analysis of phylogenetic trees is the use of Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo (MC3 ) methods to determine relative posteriors and identify maximum a posteriori (MAP) trees. Here, analytical and numerical methods are presented to determine tree likelihoods that are integrated over edge-length (and other parameter) distributions. Given topological (tree) priors (flat or otherwise), this allows for identification of the maximum posterior probability assignment (MAP-A) of character states to non-leaf tree vertices via dynamic programming. Using this form of posterior probability as an optimality criterion, tree space can be searched using standard trajectory techniques and heuristically optimal MAP-A trees can be identified with considerable time savings over MC3 . Example cases are presented using aligned and unaligned molecular sequences as well as combined molecular and anatomical data.
Localized dynamics of earthworm populations in relation to bison dung in north American tallgrass prairie

Abstract Potential interactions between earthworms and the large mammal Bison bison include effects of dung deposition and effects of grazing via plant responses to defoliation. In the experiment reported here I sought to test the hypothesis that populations under dung pats increase primarily by immigration from adjacent areas, and secondarily by reproduction. A 1.25 m 2 grid of 100 bison dung pats of uniform composition was placed on a level upland area of tallgrass prairie in Kansas in October 1987. Baseline data collected in 1986 in the same manner from the same site were used to measure the influence of dung pats. The April 1988 wet preserved biomass of Aporrectodea turgida under dung pats was ten times the intra-grid non-pat sample values, and was triple the baseline measures. Biomass remained greater under pats through October 1988 but declined to baseline by April 1989. Octolasion cyaneum biomass had a less dramatic increase under dung pats and quickly equilibrated between pat and non-pat samples. Diplocardia kansensis and D. longiseta had consistently higher biomass under pats than non-pat samples. D. smithii and unidentified juvenile Diplocardia were not affected by dung application. Demographic profiles and gut content analysis suggest that A. turgida, D. longiseta and D. kansensis immigrate and consume dung. The latter is in accord with previous estimates of the feeding ecology of these species.
Slip-line solution for orthogonal cutting with a chip breaker and flank wear

Abstract A slip-line field model for orthogonal cutting with chip breaker and flank wear has been developed. For a worn tool, this slip-line field includes a primary deformation zone with finite thickness; two secondary shear zones, one along the rake face and the other along the flank face; a predeformation zone; a curled chip; and a flank force system. It is shown that the cutting geometry is completely determined by specifying the rake angle, tool-chip interface friction and the chip breaker constraint. The chip radius of curvature, chip thickness, and the stresses and velocities within the plastic region are readily computed. Grid deformation patterns, calculated with the velocity field determined, demonstrate that the predicted effects of changes in frictional conditions at the tool-chip interface and of the rake angle on chip formation are in accord with experimental observations. The calculated normal stress distribution at the tool-chip interface is in general agreement with previously reported experimental measurements. The model proposed predicts a linear relationship between flank wear and cutting force components. The results also show that non-zero strains occur at and below the machined surface when machining with a worn tool. Severity and depth of deformation below the machined surface increases with increasing flank wear. Forces acting on the chip breaker surface are found to be small and suggest that chip control for automated machining may be feasible with other means.
Two-dimensional electron liquid at the (111) SmTiO3/SrTiO3 interface

Similar to (001) interfaces, a high carrier density, two-dimensional electron liquid (2DEL) is expected to form at (111) RTiO3/SrTiO3 interfaces (R is a trivalent rare earth ion). In this study, epitaxial SmTiO3 layers were grown on (111) SrTiO3 surfaces using hybrid molecular beam epitaxy. We report on electrical transport measurements and characterize the carrier densities in the 2DEL and the carrier mobilities at these interfaces. The carrier density is in reasonable agreement with the expected carrier density of ∼2 × 1014 cm−2. Mobility-limiting mechanisms are analyzed and compared with those of (001) interfaces. Collectively, the results indicate that (111) 2DELs are less confined than those at (001) interfaces. These 2DELs should allow for the study of the phenomena induced by the unique topology of the electron system at (111) interfaces.
Estimating Octanol–Water Partition Coefficients for Selected Nanoscale Building Blocks Using the COSMO-SAC Segment Contribution Method

The use of the conductor-like screening with segment activity coefficient (COSMO-SAC) model to predict octanol–water partition coefficients (log KO/W) for selected nanoscale building blocks (NBBs) has been evaluated. COSMO calculations have been performed using charge density information obtained from density functional theory calculations of the compounds that, in turn, provide input data that allow the calculation of the activity coefficient in the COSMO-SAC model. The NBBs of interest in this study are C60, the hydrogen functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane Si8O12H8 (H-POSS), and their functionalized variants C60(OH)32, Si8O12F8 (F-POSS), and Si8O12(OH)8 (OH-POSS). It is found that COSMO-SAC, while being unable to accurately predict the solubility of very hydrophobic compounds in water, can quickly and efficiently provide qualitative estimates of log KO/W for the selected solutes. The COSMO-SAC estimation of log KO/W for C60 is 6.79, which is consistent with the experimentally reported va...
Neurologic assessment of subarachnoid hemorrhage in a large patient series

Data from the International Cooperative Aneurysm Study including 3521 cases of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were used to statistically derive a simple scoring method for assessing neurologic status of subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Discriminant analysis was used to identify the best combination and weighting of seven neurologic assessment variables to classify outcomes at 6 months post-subarachnoid hemorrhage. The sum of eye opening response and worst motor response classified patient outcomes nearly as well as all variables combined. The validity of this summary score was tested using good recovery and mortality endpoints. The result is a useful scale for classifying subarachnoid hemorrhage patients.
Four-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation for WRF : Formulation and Preliminary Results

Abstract The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model–based variational data assimilation system (WRF-Var) has been extended from three- to four-dimensional variational data assimilation (WRF 4D-Var) to meet the increasing demand for improving initial model states in multiscale numerical simulations and forecasts. The initial goals of this development include operational applications and support to the research community. The formulation of WRF 4D-Var is described in this paper. WRF 4D-Var uses the WRF model as a constraint to impose a dynamic balance on the assimilation. It is shown to implicitly evolve the background error covariance and to produce the flow-dependent nature of the analysis increments. Preliminary results from real-data 4D-Var experiments in a quasi-operational setting are presented and the potential of WRF 4D-Var in research and operational applications are demonstrated. A wider distribution of the system to the research community will further develop its capabilities and to encoura...
Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach

Part I. The Stakeholder Approach: 1. Managing in turbulent times 2. The stakeholder concept and strategic management 3. Stakeholder management: framework and philosophy Part II. Strategic Management Processes: 4. Setting strategic direction 5. Formulating strategies for stakeholders 6. Implementing and monitoring stakeholder strategies Part III. Implications for Theory and Practice: 7. Conflict at the board level 8. The functional disciplines of management 9. The role of the executive.
Evaluating Teacher Education Programs Using a National Survey

Abstract The authors used the National Survey of Teacher Education Program Graduates, developed by Freeman, Loadman, and Kennedy (1991), to evaluate the baccalaureate and master's of education (M.Ed.) teacher education programs at a major Carnegie I research university. The instrument's 4 measures—acting as proxies for teacher education graduate careers, quality of program, teaching skills, and teaching knowledge satisfaction—were compared with national norms from other teacher education programs across the country. The survey data from the class of 1996, consisting of 263 baccalaureate graduates and 171 M.Ed, graduates, suggested that they were generally very positive about their programs and careers. In general, the baccalaureate and M.Ed. graduate responses on all 4 measures were more alike than different. Both groups of 1996 graduates rated the measures more positively than the national norms.
Percutaneous Balloon Rhizotomy for Trigeminal Neuralgia Using Three-Dimensional Fluoroscopy

Background Percutaneous balloon rhizotomy is one of the standard techniques for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. However, there have been well-reported complications from cannulating the foramen ovale (FO). We describe a novel technique for cannulating the FO using 3-dimensional (3D) rotational fluoroscopy. Methods Three-dimensional rotational fluoroscopy is used to reconstruct the skull base. The optimal working projection is thus generated to best visualize the FO. When the optimal working projection is not anatomically feasible, for example, in a patient with severe cervical spondylosis, further rotational fluoroscopic data acquisition can assess the position of the needle to determine its relationship to the foramen. Furthermore, while inflated, the balloon position can also be verified with the same rotational technique. Results Three-dimensional rotational fluoroscopy allows quick, safe, and easy cannulation of the FO. The equipment is readily available in the biplanar fluoroscopy suite. Its use should decrease the incidence of complications reported with the standard fluoroscopic technique. Conclusions Three-dimensional rotational fluoroscopy allows real-time visual guidance to cannulate the FO and determine the optimal position of the inflated balloon. We believe that this is an important adjunct for treating trigeminal neuralgia via percutaneous techniques.
Challenging device innovation

The semiconductor industry has continuously transformed our way of life, through a number of underlying technology breakthroughs and innovations over the past years. There are currently two challenges that this industry faces: a limitation of miniaturization technology and a difficulty in maintaining an economy of scale. To cope with these challenges, there is a growing need to work closely with partners and customers who have business related to semiconductors, in addition to semiconductor manufacturers. Especially in the area of semiconductor design, we see a need to create a new EDA methodology that broadens the definition of traditional EDA and re-defines the connection among system designers, SoC designers and development tool designers. As we move closer to the realm driven. by the convergence of applications and advancements in miniaturization technology, I'd like to discuss the associated technological challenges as well as economical challenges, and present to you our strategy to overcome these issues.
Listen to me! Police officers’ views of appropriate use of force

Police use of force research has concentrated heavily on officer behavior. Much of what is known from the attitudinal side has tended to focus on officers’ views of excessive force. We currently lack a clear understanding of officers’ beliefs regarding the everyday application of less lethal force. Utilizing survey data collected as part of a national multi-agency use of force project, the current study addresses this empirical void by allowing patrol officers to choose, irrespective of their departmental guidelines, what they believe to be appropriate forms of force in dealing with different levels of non-compliance. Somewhat surprisingly, the findings reveal a natural progression in terms of a use of force continuum, whereby patrol officers are rather conservative in their force options relative to citizen resistance. Based on the survey responses, a model is constructed that depicts an officer-based use of force continuum.
Time-resolved ionization depletion. A new picosecond method for molecular beam studies

Abstract The implementation of a new, mass-selective picosecond spectroscopy for molecular beam studies, in general, and rotational coherence spectroscopy, in particular, is described. The technique, time-resolved ionization depletion, has the potential to increase substantially the general usefulness of rotational coherence spectroscopy in structural studies of large, gas-phase species. The method is demonstrated in a rotational coherence experiment on jet-cooled fluorene.
Autotransplantation for advanced lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease followed by post-transplant rituxan/GM-CSF or radiotherapy and consolidation chemotherapy.

Autotransplantation for advanced lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease followed by post-transplant rituxan/GM-CSF or radiotherapy and consolidation chemotherapy
Response of Anemic Chicks to Peteroylglutamic Acid.

SummaryChicks deprived of pteroylglutamic acid (folic acid) for the first 4 weeks of life respond dramatically to a single administration of the vitamin given either orally or intramuscularly. The reticulocyte response preceded hemoglobin increase and reached a peak 4 to 6 days following administration. Intramuscular injection of pteroylglutamic acid was more than twice as effective as the same amount administered orally. The hemoglobin increase in 7 days was proportional to the amount of pteroylglutamic acid administered either by mouth or by intramuscular injection.
A Russian adaptation of the child behavior checklist : psychometric properties and associations with child and maternal affective symptomatology and family functioning

The Child Behavior Checklist's (CBCL) applicability to a sample of 105 Russian 9- and 10-year-old children was evaluated by examining the internal consistency of Russian adaptations of parent and teacher report forms. In addition, child behavior scores were correlated with child reports of internalizing symptoms and maternal reports of their own internalizing symptoms and general family functioning. Finally, rates of child behavior problems and patterns of interrater agreement were compared with U.S. normative data. The psychometric properties of the adaptations demonstrate the adequacy of these instruments for use in Russia. Internal consistency and interrater agreement were generally comparable to estimates obtained in U.S. normative samples. Further, an exploration of the construct validity of the Russian versions of the CBCL and Teacher Report Form (TRF) lends additional support to the adequacy of these instruments.
TH‐C‐M100F‐03: One Vision of the Next Generation of Helical Tomotherapy

Purpose: The current Hi‐Art™ helical TomoTherapy system is dynamic in the following sense: the gantry and couch move at constant speed during treatment. However, the dose calculations approximate this motion with 51 discrete angles projected with constant pitch. The couch speed and jaws remain fixed during treatment, but if their dynamics could be made to vary within a fraction, then real time organ motion corrections would be possible. We estimate the benefits that could be obtained with these enhanced dynamics. Method and Materials: Three key studies manifest the road to an enhanced TomoTherapy system. The studies are based on computer simulations. The first study explores longitudinal dose delivery resolution with the TomoTherapy system on a lungtumor with large avoidance structure adjacent superior and inferior. In the second study, an MTF‐like or Delivery Transfer Function (DTF) approach is used to determine the constant gantry source motion blurring on the off‐axis delivery — this effect has yet to be included in the treatment planning. Finally, the effects of longitudinal intra‐fractional organ motion are explored with respect to typical delivery patterns. Results: Equal importance specified adjacent to a tumor longitudinally can lead to few percent Gibbs‐like inhomogeneities. Ideally, we should use multiple jaw settings at edges. The DTF estimate of the gantry motion dose blurring is that the 6.25mm MLC projection at isocenter can double for full intensity of that leaf 15cm off axis. For typical treatment parameters, intra‐fraction organ motion leads to blurring of (motion amplitude)+(jaw width). If the couch speed and jaws could be variable within a fraction, then this blurring could be greatly reduced. Conclusion: If the couch and jaws are made dynamic, and motion is incorporated into the treatment planning, then very effective control of intra‐fraction organ motion and longitudinal resolution control would be achieved.
The Kyushu, Japan, chondrite

Abstract The Kyushu chondrite has been analysed, with the following results: Fe 6·27, Ni 1·34, Co 0·046, FeS 5·89, SiO 2 39·93, TiO 2 0·14, Al 2 O 3 1·86, Cr 2 O 3 0·54, FeO 15·44, MnO 0·33, MgO 24·71, CaO 1·70, NaO 0·74, K 2 O 0·13, P 2 O 5 0·31, H 2 O+0·27, C 0·03; total 99·67. The mineralogical composition is olivine (Fo 74 ), hypersthene (En 78 ), maskelynite, nickel-iron, troilite, chromite and possibly apatite. The density of the meteorite is 3·53.
Product Inhibition Influence on Immobilized Cell Biocatalyst Performance

The potential steady-state influence of product inhibition on the performance of immobilized cell cultures is thoroughly explored with the aid of a simple unstructured reaction-diffusion model. Production inhibition was assumed to diminish the specific growth rate directly. The range of product sensitivity explored corresponds directly with the observed range of ethanol sensitivity of Clostridium thermocellum, Clostridium ace-tobutylicum, Saccharomyces uvarum, Zymomonas mobilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The consequent influence on the immobilized cell growth rate, thickness of steady-state viable cell layer, formation of growth-associated product, and global performance of the immobilized cell particle is explored by simulated variation of both the external bulk solution product level and the cell intrinsic sensitivity to the inhibitory product. Thus, both the thickness of the steady-state viable cell layer and the consequent biomass loading of the bead are predicted variables of the model; these are variables due to the adaptive growth and biomass redistribution which occur in porous supports. The calculated influences are appreciable and even dramatic under some circumstances; the implications for packed-bed reactor operations for ethanol and solvent production are discussed. These model calculations indicate that product inhibition can very significantly influence the performance of immobilized cell particles. Immobilization alone necessarily increases the impact of product inhibition on the culture since intraparticle product levels must be higher that external solution conditions. The presence of product inhibition lowers the specific growth rate of the culture pointwise in the carrier, thus diminishing the particle conversion of substrate to product and the total productivity and specific activity of the biocatalyst. Counterintuitively, perhaps, increased sensitivity to product inhibition results at first in an increased viable biomass loading of each carrier particle; then at still higher sensitivities a decreased loading and eventual extinction of viable cells is predicted. The application of these calculations for packed-bed reactor design is suggested and constitutes a portion of our ongoing studies.