cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parenteral inotropic support for advancedcongestive heart failure

Parenterally administered positive inotropic agents remain an important component of the therapeutics of cardiac dysfunction and failure. Dobutamine, a catechol, remains the prototype of this drug group, but recently has been joined by the phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, milrinone. Compared with dobutamine, milrinone has greater vasodilating-unloading properties. The catecholamine, dopamine, is often used as a parenteral positive inotrope; but at moderate to high dose, it evokes considerable systemic vasoconstriction. At lower doses, dopamine appears to augment renal function. Levosimendan and toborinone, new compounds with several mechanisms of action, are under active clinical investigation and review for approval. Parenteral positive inotropic therapy is indicated for short-term (hours to days) treatment of cardiovascular decompensation secondary to ventricular systolic dysfunction, low-output heart failure. More prolonged or continuous infusion of one of these agents may be necessary as a "pharmacologic bridge" to cardiac transplantation, another definitive intervention, or more advanced, intense medical therapy. An occasional patient will require a continuous infusion via indwelling venous catheter and portable pump, simply to be able to be discharged from the hospital setting and function in the home environment. Intermittent parenteral inotropic therapy for chronic heart failure has provoked considerable controversy and passion among cardiologists and heart failure specialists; an attempt is made to present this topic in an objective manner.
Glass-blown spherical microcells for chip-scale atomic devices

Abstract This paper demonstrates spherical vapor cells intended to be used in chip-scale atomic devices. A micro glass blowing process is introduced, in which multiple glass spheres are simultaneously shaped on the top of a silicon wafer and subsequently filled with rubidium. In the presented fabrication process, an array of cylindrical cavities is first etched in silicon. Next, a thin glass wafer is anodically bonded to the silicon wafer. The bonded wafers are then placed inside a furnace set to 850 ° C. At this elevated temperature, the viscosity of the glass is decreased and the heated trapped gas in the cavities expands, thus causing the glass to be blown into spherical cells. Microscopic alkali vapor cells are achieved by evaporation of Rb 87 through a small glass nozzle into the cell cavities. The cells are then sealed by anodic bonding. The fabricated cells are characterized and the presence of rubidium vapor inside the cells is verified by observing an absorption spectrum.
In vivo interference by Newcastle disease virus in chickens, the natural host of the virus

Homologous and heterologous viral interference is a common occurrence that has been well studied in vitro. In the present study, homologous viral interference between the LaSota and NYP strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was studied in vivo in chickens, the natural host for NDV. The LaSota strain is avirulent and widely used as a vaccine in poultry industry, while the NYP strain is highly virulent and causes acute disease and death in chickens within four to six days after infection. Chickens generally became resistant to NYP strain challenge 12 hours after intranasal or intratracheal inoculation with LaSota strain virus. The resistance was manifested by reduction in chicken morbidity and mortality, decrease in virus replication in the chicken respiratory tract (p<0.05), and inhibition of NYP strain induced gross and microscopic lesions. Interferon was first detected in the chicken respiratory tract and blood at 3 to 6 hours; it peaked at 12 to 24 hours and was maintained for 48 hours after viral inoculation, indicating that interferon induction might be one possible mechanism of the interference between the two strains. This study suggests a role for viral interference in vaccination against virulent viruses.
LEAD ACETATE AS A MARKER OF GROWING CALCIFIED TISSUES: A MODIFIED METHOD.

The pattern of growth of bone and dentin was studied in serial decalcified sections by the use of lead markings. The experimental animals (monkeys and rabbits) received repeated intravenous injections of 4 mg lead acetate/kg body weight. The tissues were decalcified in 1% HCl through which H2S was constantly bubbled. Serial frozen sections were cut at 15–20 μ embedded in 10% gelatin and mounted in polyvinyl pyrollidone. They were placed in a 0.1% solution of gold chloride for ten minutes and then immersed for the same length of time in a 5% solution of sodium bisulphate in order to tone the background tissues. The sections were transferred to distilled water until the tissues became pink. When the desired toning was obtained they were fixed in 5% sodium thiosulphate. The examination of the sections obtained by this method confirmed the data obtained by other vital marking methods. However, much finer detail could be observed due to the sharpness of the lines and the use of relatively thin decalcified sections.
Evidence that Set1, a Factor Required for Methylation of Histone H3, Regulates rDNA Silencing in S. cerevisiae by a Sir2-Independent Mechanism

Abstract Several types of histone modifications have been shown to control transcription [1, 2]. Recent evidence suggests that specific combinations of these modifications determine particular transcription patterns [2–4]. The histone modifications most recently shown to play critical roles in transcription are arginine-specific and lysine-specific methylation [4, 5]. Lysine-specific histone methyltransferases all contain a SET domain, a conserved 130 amino acid motif originally identified in polycomb- and trithorax-group proteins from Drosophila [6, 7]. Members of the SU(VAR)3-9 family of SET-domain proteins methylate K9 of histone H3 [8, 9]. Methylation of H3 has also been shown to occur at K4. Several studies have suggested a correlation between K4-methylated H3 and active transcription [10–13]. In this paper, we provide evidence that K4-methylated H3 is required in a negative role, rDNA silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . In a screen for rDNA silencing mutants, we identified a mutation in SET1 , previously shown to regulate silencing at telomeres and HML [14, 15]. Recent work has shown that Set1 is a member of a complex [16] and is required for methylation of K4 of H3 at several genomic locations [17]. In addition, we demonstrate that a K4R change in H3, which prevents K4 methylation, impairs rDNA silencing, indicating that Set1 regulates rDNA silencing, directly or indirectly, via H3 methylation. Furthermore, we present several lines of evidence that the role of Set1 in rDNA silencing is distinct from that of the histone deacetylase Sir2. Together, these results suggest that Set1-dependent H3 methylation is required for rDNA silencing in a Sir2-independent fashion.
Societal issues as Mars mission impediments: planetary protection and contamination concerns.

Abstract Societal and non-scientific factors represent potentially significant impediments for future Mars missions, especially in areas involving planetary protection. This paper analyzes public concerns about forward contamination to Mars and back contamination to Earth, evaluates major areas where lack of information may lead to uncontrollable impacts on future missions, and concludes that NASA should adopt a strategy that actively plans both the generation and subsequent management of planetary protection information to ensure that key audiences obtain needed information in a timely manner. Delay or avoidance in dealing with societal issues early in mission planning will increase the likelihood of public opposition, cost increases and missed launch windows. While this analysis of social and non-scientific considerations focuses on future Mars missions, the findings are also relevant for RTG launches, nuclear propulsion and other NASA activities perceived to have health, safety or environmental implications.
The Long Valley/Mono Basin Volcanic Complex: A preliminary magnetotelluric and magnetic variation interpretation

The Long Valley/Mono Basin volcanic complex in eastern California is one of the few major silicic caldera systems in western North America which have exhibited volcanic activity so recently that they may still be potentially active. Whereas, in principle, magnetotelluric measurements offer a significant opportunity to study such systems through mapping subsurface electrical features associated with hydrothermal and magmatic processes in the crust, our studies in this area indicate that such techniques are profoundly affected by the highly three-dimensional structures associated with these complicated volcanic terranes. We argue that while simple plane-layered (one-dimensional) interpretations are likely to be misleading in such a complicated three-dimensional environment, magnetotelluric observations can delineate important physical features associated with caldera structures; in particular, the method can closely determine the location and magnitude of major boundary faults. Because of the high resistivity contrast between basin fill and crystalline basement, these techniques are very useful for characterizing the subsurface hydrologie regime as well. In addition, sites have been occupied in the southwest moat of Long Valley caldera, an area that is currently exhibiting a variety of tectonic activity. Both the telluric field and magnetic induction arrows imply the presence of a structurally controlled east-west electric current system at relatively shallow depth in the crust. This elongated east-west zone is aligned along the belt of recent seismic activity in the southwest moat, a zone of seismic shear wave attenuation, and a zone of known hydrothermal alteration at the surface. Finally, we summarize observations from the vicinity of Pumice Valley (adjacent to Mono Craters) which has been thought to be an active incipient caldera. Since our present data do not indicate an observable decrease in resistivity at shallow depths beneath the valley, we are led to conclude that the parent magma body feeding Mono Craters (and perhaps Inyo domes) is either too thin or too deep to be resolved or is significantly displaced from a position beneath the center of the inferred ring fractures.
Two-liquid partition coefficients: Experimental data and geochemical implications

Partition coefficients for Cs, Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg, La, Sm, Lu, Mn, Ti, Cr, Ta, Zr, and P between immiscible basic and acidic liquids in the system K2O-Al2O3-FeO-SiO2 were experimentally determined at 1,180 °C and 1 atm. Phosphorus is most strongly enriched in the basic melt (by a factor of 10), followed by rare earth elements, Ta, Ca, Cr, Ti, Mn, Zr, Mg, Sr, and Ba (enriched by a factor of 1.5). Of the elements studied, only Cs is enriched in the acidic melt. The two-liquid partition coefficients of Zr, Ta, Sm, and Mn are constant for concentrations ranging from <0.1% to as high as 1 wt.-%, suggesting that Henry's law is applicable in silicate melts (at least for these elements) to concentrations well above typical trace element levels in rocks. The strong relative preference of many elements for the basic melt implies that the structural characteristics of basic melts more readily permit stable coordination of cations by oxygen. Partitioning of elements between crystal and liquid in a magma must therefore be influenced by the composition (and consequent structure) of the liquid. Application of the two-liquid partition coefficients to possible occurrences of liquid immiscibility in magmas reveals that typical basalt-rhyolite associations are probably not generated by two-liquid phase separation. However, liquid immiscibility cannot be discounted as a possible origin for lamprophyric rocks containing felsic segregations.
A versatile shear and compression apparatus for mechanical stimulation of tissue culture explants.

Abstract We have developed an incubator housed, biaxial-tissue-loading device capable of applying axial deformations as small as 1 μm and sinusoidal rotations as small as 0.01°. Axial resolution is 50 nm for applying sinewaves as low as 10 μm (or 1% based on a 1 mm thickness) or as large as 100 μm . Rotational resolution is 0.0005°. The machine is small enough ( 30 cm high ×25 cm ×20 cm ) to be placed in a standard incubator for long-term tissue culture loading studies. In metabolic studies described here, application of sinusoidal macroscopic shear deformation to articular cartilage explants resulted in a significant increase in the synthesis of proteoglycan and proteins (uptake of 35S-sulfate and 3H-proline) over controls held at the same static offset compression.
Involvement of fumarate hydratase in nonsyndromic uterine leiomyomas: Genetic linkage analysis and FISH studies

Recently, germline mutations of the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene, in 1q42.1, have been found to be involved in syndromes associated with uterine leiomyomas (ULs). Compelling evidence also supports a genetic liability to develop nonsyndromic UL, although susceptibility genes have not been reported to date. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) studies have found no or rare evidence of LOH of FH in nonsyndromic UL. However, the karyotypes of these tumors were not reported, and cytogenetic aberrations of 1q42-44 have been observed infrequently in UL. To determine whether FH mutations also may predispose women to developing nonsyndromic UL, we performed a genetic linkage study with DNA from 123 families containing at least one affected sister pair. In addition, to assess the frequency of FH loss specifically in UL with 1q rearrangements, we performed a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of UL with 1q rearrangements. Analysis of the genotyping data revealed evidence suggestive of linkage to the FH region among study participants who were less than 40 years of age at diagnosis (Zlr 1.7 at D1S547, P = 0.04). FISH results showed that one copy of FH was absent in 9 of 11 ULs. These data indicate that loss of FH might be a significant event in the pathogenesis of a subset of nonsyndromic ULs.
Immunologic and inflammatory mechanisms that drive asthma progression to remodeling.

Although histologic features of airway remodeling have been well characterized in asthma, the immunologic and inflammatory mechanisms that drive progression of asthma to remodeling are still incompletely understood. Conceptually, airway remodeling may be a result of persistent inflammation and/or aberrant tissue repair mechanisms. It is likely that several immune and inflammatory cell types and mediators are involved in mediating airway remodeling. In addition, different features of airway remodeling are likely mediated by different inflammatory pathways. Several important candidate mediators of remodeling have been identified, including TGF-β and T H 2 cytokines (including IL-5 and IL-13), as well as vascular endothelial growth factor, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 33, and matrix metalloproteinase 9. Mouse models of airway remodeling have provided important insight into potential mechanisms by which TGF-β activation of the Smad-2/3 signaling pathway may contribute to airway remodeling. Human studies have demonstrated that anti–IL-5 reduces levels of airway eosinophils expressing TGF-β, as well as levels of airway remodeling as assessed by bronchial biopsies. Further such studies confirming these observations, as well as alternate studies targeting additional individual cell types, cytokines, and mediators, are needed in human subjects with asthma to determine the role of candidate mediators of inflammation on the development and progression of airway remodeling.
Activation of maternal mRNA in the absence of poly(A) formation in fertilised sea urchin eggs

THE protein synthesis which follows fertilisation of sea urchin eggs depends largely on genetic templates synthesised much earlier during oogenesis1. In the first 2 h after fertilisation the amount of protein being made increases steadily as the preformed mRNA molecules gradually become available for translation2,3. During this period of mRNA activation, the polyadenylic acid content of the embryo increases to more than twice the level present in unfertilised eggs4–6. This fertilisation-stimulated polyadenylation occurs in the cytoplasm on RNA stored in the egg6 and is essentially complete by the time of the second cleavage. Soon after fertilisation the poly (A)-containing RNA moves from the post-ribosomal supernatant to the ribosomal-polysomal fraction of embryos5,6, which suggests that polyadenylation is important in the activation of stored mRNA molecules. This is consistent with other reports that these tracts may play a role in the translation of viral RNAs7,8 and eukaryotic mRNAs9,10. We have therefore investigated whether the formation of poly (A) after fertilisation is necessary for the activation of maternal mRNA. We measured the increase in protein synthesis and active mRNA while poly (A) synthesis was repressed and found a substantial activation even when poly (A) formation could not occur.
The Role of Heparin Anticoagulation during Intra-aortic Balloon Counterpulsation in the Coronary Care Unit

Background: The benefit of heparin anticoagulation in patients undergoing intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) is unproven. Methods: We determined the net clinical benefit (or harm) of hepa...
CRACK GROWTH RATE. ITS MEASUREMENT AND A CONTROLLING FACTOR IN ROLLING CONTACT FATIGUE

An optical method has been developed for measuring the extent if cracking in test specimens which have failed by fatigue under rolling contact conditions. The data from these measurements are expressed in terms of an over-all crack growth rate, and it is found that an excellent correlation exists between fatigue life and the rate at which cracks branch and propagate. The correlation appears to be independent of stress, lubricant chemistry, and probably metallurgy; this shows that crack branching rate controls fatigue life. The results do show that lubricant chemical factors affect fatigue life through the crack branching rate. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Montreal, Canada, October 8–10, 1974
COMBINING HGM AND EMAP PROCEDURES TO ASSESS WETLANDS AT THE WATERSHED SCALE — STATUS OF FLATS AND NON-TIDAL RIVERINE WETLANDS IN THE NANTICOKE RIVER WATERSHED, DELAWARE AND MARYLAND (USA)

The hydrogeomorphic (HGM) approach to wetland assessment was combined with the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) survey design procedures to evaluate the condition of non-tidal riverine and flats wetlands in the Nanticoke River watershed (Delaware and Maryland, USA). We found degradation of wetland functions below reference standard levels for the majority of wetlands in both classes. Wetland condition was also related to the level of disturbance in both wetland classes. In flats, the most common disturbances were associated with hydrologic and vegetation modifications. Flat wetlands with low HGM function scores for the Plant Community and Habitat functions had almost all been converted from hardwood forest to Loblolly pine plantations. Most modifications associated with riverine wetlands were associated with stream channelization. Results of this study demonstrate that a site-specific and reference-based approach to assessment (i.e., the HGM method) can successfully be applied at the scale of an entire watershed if it is combined with a sampling approach that allows sites to be selected without geographic bias. The approach can also be used to determine if wetland functions vary from one sub-basin to another, and results of this project can be used by managers to begin to develop strategies for restoration of wetland functions at the watershed scale.
On the conversion of indirect to direct recursion

Procedure inlining can be used to convert mutual recursion to direct recursion. This allows use of optimization techniques that are most easily applied to directly recursive procedures, in addition to the well-known benefits of inlining. We present tight (necessary and sufficient) conditions under which inlining can transform all mutual recursion to direct recursion, and those under which heuristics to eliminate mutual recursion always terminate. We also present a technique to eliminate mutually recursive circuits that consist of only tail calls. From this, we conclude that tail recursion elimination should be interleaved with inlining.
Recent developements in charge-transfer theory

Abstract In this paper we discuss some recent theoretical developments of importance in the area of charge transfer between atoms and surfaces. Using the complex scaling method we have calculated the energy shift and broadening of atomic levels near metal surfaces. Two novel applications will be discussed. The first concerns the interaction of atomic Rydberg levels with clean metal surfaces. It is shown that as Rydberg atoms approach a surface, strong hybridization occurs that depends sensitively on both the atom-surface separation and the details of the surface potential. The widths of the hybridized states can differ by several orders of magnitude depending on their orientation with respect to the surface. The second application is an investigation of how dielectric overlayers adsorbed on metal surfaces can influence the energy shift and broadening of atomic levels. The calculations show that the energies and widths of atomic levels near metal surfaces can be influenced strongly by thin dielectric films adsorbed on the surface.
Escape from and avoidance of nociception elicited by intracranial stimulation of the cat subthalamus

Abstract An investigation was undertaken to find out whether cats would learn by a non-aversive auditory cue to avoid a pain-producing intracranial stimulation (ICS) of the subthalamic region. The purpose was to determine whether such ICS produces genuine pain or simply generalized evasive actions. Bipolar stimulating electrodes were implanted bilaterally [into the brain, aimed at] in the H2 (lenticular fasciculus)-H (prerubral) fields of Forel or adjacent part of the zona incerta. The animals were trained initially to escape noxious ICS and, subsequently, to avoid that same noxious ICS when presented with an auditory cue which preceded the ICS by 10 s. After training, lesions were produced through the same electrodes; controls were without lesions. After recovery, both groups were taken through the same escape and avoidance sequence. In eight animals the prelesion avoidance patterns were not significantly altered and remained intact throughout the postlesion testing period. The effective electrode placements extended through the subthalamus to the ventral part of the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. Fiber projections, with or without terminals, were found in the zona incerta, H1 field, lateral, posterior and dorsal hypothalamus, intralaminar, ventral, and midline thalamic nuclei, and rostral mesencephalic central gray. Certain effective stimulating or ablative neurosurgical procedures for relief of pain in humans are largely consistent with these findings.
Ecological Variables in the Origin and Evolution of African States: The Buganda Example

Anthropologists have been interested in African societies and cultures for several decades. Few will dispute the contributions which British social anthropologists and others have made to the understanding of African institutions, especially in the domains of kinship and marriage, political organization, and most recently in urban studies. Many of these studies, however, have been avowedly synchronic; they are intended as descriptions of societies at a single time level. Even in those cases where the anthropo- logist has been privileged to conduct research within the same society over an extended period of time, the problems of social and cultural change which he documents generally involve modifications of ‘traditional’ institutions and behavior in the context of colonialism, postcolonialism, and world capitalism. While such studies are extremely important, the processes they describe do not exhaust the limits of the study of change in African society.
Measurement of Membrane Potential and Intracellular Ca2+ of Arteriolar Endothelium and Smooth Muscle in Vivo

Abstract We have developed an intensity analysis technique for fluorescence microscopy that allows us to measure, in real time, the diameter and the membrane potential or intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) of in vivo arteriolar endothelium or smooth muscle. Cheek pouch arterioles of anesthetized hamsters were luminally or abluminally labeled with Di-8-ANEPPS, a voltage-sensitive dye, or Fura PE3, a calcium indicator. The peak fluorescence intensities of the images were used to locate the endothelium or smooth muscle. The changes in membrane potential or [Ca2+]i were determined based on the ratiometric analysis of fluorescence intensity of the endothelium or smooth muscle. Membrane depolarization of the smooth muscle using KCl caused a decrease in the ratio of emission, 620 nm/560 nm (∼6 mV/% ratio). The ratio of excitation, 340 nm/380 nm, increased with increasing free Ca2+. Methacholine, a muscarinic receptor agonist, caused arteriolar dilation (12.2 ± 0.9 μm). It produced hyperpolarization of the endothelium and smooth muscle (2.8 ± 0.6% and 2.3 ± 0.3% in ratio). Methacholine also induced an increase in [Ca2+]i (11.0 ± 1.1% in ratio) of the endothelium. In contrast, methacholine caused a biphasic change in [Ca2+]i of the smooth muscle, a rapid reduction (−3.4 ± 0.2% in ratio) followed by a prolonged increase (2.4 ± 0.2% in ratio). These results demonstrate that the peak intensity analysis can be used to determine in real time the changes in membrane potential or [Ca2+]i of in vivo endothelium or smooth muscle.
On Critical-Rhetorical Pedagogy: Dialoging with Schindler's List

The two prevailing critical paradigms in rhetorical and media studies can be characterized as artistic and ideological. Despite their evident differences, both of these analytical modes impose a final signified on the text. That is to say, each approach insists its critical interpretation is authoritative. Consequently, neither mode is particularly well suited to the broad aims of critical pedagogy, which values the dynamic and always-unfinished interplay among text, citizen-student, and other. Drawing upon Mikhail Bakhtin's notion of dialogism, this essay offers an alternative critical paradigm that values the lived experiences of students and promotes agentive citizenship. This paradigm, which we have dubbed critical-rhetorical pedagogy (CRP), conceptualizes criticism dialogically and situates it in a much larger network of pedagogical and political discourses. To illustrate the utility of CRP, this essay provisionally sketches how it might be practiced to critically engage Stephen Spielberg's 1993 film...
Intravascular lymphoma associated with hemophagocytic syndrome: a rare but aggressive clinical entity

We report a 55-year-old male with a diagnosis of intravascular lymphoma and hemophagocytosis. He initially presented with hemolytic anemia and splenomegaly and was successfully treated with oral steroids. His clinical course was later complicated by fever, cytopenias, hypoalbuminemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, gastrointestinal bleeding and acute tubular necrosis. Results of an extensive investigation for fever of unknown origin were negative. Although the patient was treated aggressively with antimicrobials, transfusion support and dialysis, he expired 3 weeks after hospitalization. Post-mortem analysis revealed large CD30- and CD45-positive lymphoma cells in an intravascular distribution in most of the organs studied. Histopathology of the spleen and bone marrow was significant for fulminant hemophagocytosis.
Hopf bifurcations via zero sets

Abstract This paper gives conditions under which certain two-dimensional systems of differential equations have a Hopf bifurcation. The systems studied are used as models in cell biophysics. The conditions required can be verified easily by numerical computation.
A higher-order generalized ghost fluid method for the poor for the three-dimensional two-phase flow computation of underwater implosions

The ghost fluid method for the poor (GFMP) is an elegant, computationally efficient, and nearly conservative method for the solution of two-phase flow problems. It was developed in one dimension for the stiffened gas equation of state (EOS) and one-step time-discretization algorithms. It naturally extends to three dimensions but its extension to higher-order, multi-step time-discretization schemes is not straightforward. Furthermore, the original GFMP and many other ghost fluid methods fail to handle the large density and pressure jumps that are encountered in underwater implosions. Therefore, the GFMP is generalized in this work to an arbitrary EOS and multi-fluid problems with multiple EOSs. It is also extended to three dimensions and developed for higher-order, multi-step time-discretization algorithms. Furthermore, this method is equipped with an exact two-phase Riemann solver for computing the fluxes across the material interface without crossing it. This aspect of the computation is a departure from the standard approach for computing fluxes in ghost fluid methods. It addresses the stiff nature of the two-phase air/water problem and enables a better handling of the large discontinuity of the density at the air/water interface. As the original GFMP, the proposed method is contact preserving, computationally efficient, and nearly conservative. Its superior performance in the presence of large density and pressure jumps is demonstrated for shock-tube problems. Its practicality and accuracy are also highlighted with the three-dimensional simulation of the implosion of an air-filled and submerged glass sphere.
How I treat hypereosinophilic syndromes

Hypereosinophilic syndromes (HESs) are a heterogeneous group of uncommon disorders characterized by marked peripheral eosinophilia and end organ manifestations attributable to the eosinophilia or unexplained in the clinical setting. Whereas corticosteroids remain the mainstay of treatment for most patients, recent diagnostic advances and the development of novel targeted therapies, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors and humanized monoclonal antibodies, have increased the complexity of therapeutic decisions in HESs. This review presents a treatment-based approach to the diagnosis and classification of patients with peripheral blood eosinophilia of 1.5 × 109/L (1500/mm3) or higher and discusses the role of currently available therapeutic agents in the treatment of these patients.
A Three-dimensional Working Model of the Multienzyme Complex of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases Based on Electron Microscopic Placements of tRNA and Proteins

It has become evident that the process of protein synthesis is performed by many cellular polypeptides acting in concert within the structural confines of protein complexes. In multicellular eukaryotes, one of these assemblies is a multienzyme complex composed of eight proteins that have aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities as well as three non-synthetase proteins (p43, p38, and p18) with diverse functions. This study uses electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction to explore the arrangement of proteins and tRNA substrates within this "core" multisynthetase complex. Binding of unfractionated tRNA establishes that these molecules are widely distributed on the exterior of the structure. Binding of gold-labeled tRNA(Leu) places leucyl-tRNA synthetase and the bifunctional glutamyl-/prolyl-tRNA synthetase at the base of this asymmetric "V"-shaped particle. A stable cell line has been produced that incorporates hexahistidine-labeled p43 into the multisynthetase complex. Using a gold-labeled nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid probe, the polypeptides of the p43 dimer have been located along one face of the particle. The results of this and previous studies are combined into an initial three-dimensional working model of the multisynthetase complex. This is the first conceptualization of how the protein constituents and tRNA substrates are arrayed within the structural confines of this multiprotein assembly.
The Relationship Between Culture, Gender, Structural Factors, Abuse, Trauma, and HIV/AIDS for Latinas

The study, in which the author aim to understand the contextual risks of HIV-positive serostatus and intimate partner violence (IPV) of 32 Latina women, involved focus groups, in-depth face-to-face narratives, and community meetings. The data emerged into four themes: histories of trauma, living with HIV, vulnerability, and la suerte (luck). In addition to the themes, women in this study talked about how structural and cultural factors such as machismo, marianismo, and fatalism are implicated in the risk for HIV and IPV. Women in the study reconceptualized the notion of IPV to denote a form of situational abuse, such as threats of deportation, that is exacerbated by their HIV status.
Familial and Economic Influences on the Gender-Related Educational and Occupational Aspirations of Rural Adolescents.

Economic, occupational, and social shifts in rural economies have influenced nuanced changes in the educationaland occupational aspirations of rural adolescent women and men. However, there is limited contemporaryresearch that examines the aspirations of rural adolescents at the beginning of the 21st century. Drawing on asample of 8,756 rural adolescents in the United States, we examine how familial, geographic, and economicvariables influence gender-related differences in educational and occupational aspirations. Findings revealedsignificant gender differences, favoring girls, in youth’s educational aspirations, occupational aspirations, andaspirations for nontraditional careers. Results highlight the importance of contextual variables such as parentalexpectations, family income, and motivation variables in predicting gender-related aspirations of rural youth.
A Microcomputer System for Processing Natural Languages

This correspondence describes a microcomputer system, called ?BE (for microprocessor-based English), for processing natural languages. Its techniques and facilities, however, should be extendible to other languages. By using the microprocessor as special purpose hardware for several functions of a natural language processor (in particular, hashing and parsing), the system aids computational linguists by increasing the computational power available for natural language investigations. An overview of ?BE is given followed by a more detailed discussion of the hasher and parser. The paper concludes with specific applications of the microprocessor system to computational linguistics. ?BE is not based on a particular theory of language so that the system's user may define his own theory and investigate its consequences. ?BE contains facilities and capabilities to assist such investigations.
Multi-GHz interconnect effects in microprocessors

High frequency on-chip interconnect examples are accurately analyzed using full-wave PEEC (Partial Element Equivalent Circuit) analysis. All wire currents and voltages (or delays) are visualized using 3D animations to aid intuitive understanding of new, high frequency interconnect effects.
Dialogic Discussion and the Paideia Seminar

Discussion is currently at the center of educators’ attention, and Paideia Seminars are discussions that increasingly are being advocated. In particular, Paideia Seminars embody dialogic discussion. However, little is known about the extent to which principles of dialogic discussion are manifested in classrooms during the enactment of the seminars. The main purpose of this case study was to examine types of discussion in Paideia Seminars. Data were collected through observations, questionnaires, and interviews. “Grand case analysis,” “micro-examination” of the seminar discussions, and “narrative research” analyses were done. The overarching conclusion of the study was that the observed discussions reflected the teacher’s transitional status in conducting dialogic discussion, with some features of “ideal” Paideia Seminar dialogue represented and some features of “teacher-fronted” discussion represented.
Avoiding the natural resource curse : lessons from Nigeria and policy implications

This article explores the curse of natural resources in Africa and the lessons that richly endowed countries can learn from Nigeria. The history of oil in Nigeria has been particularly characterised by violent low-intensity conflicts with mixed dimensions of environmentalist agitations, ethno-national protestations against collective marginalisation, low-intensity militia insurgency, criminal predation and obstruction of oil operations, as well as pro-oil violent reprisal by state security forces, This article discusses apparent policy lessons that any emerging oil rich country, especially those that have recently discovered commercial deposits (e.g. Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Uganda, DRC and Kenya), as well as other (non)volatile and emerging economies with abundant oil and/or gas endowments (e.g. South Sudan, Tanzania and Mozambique) could learn from the Nigerian saga.
Customs and Christian conversion among Akha highlanders of Burma and Thailand

This article considers why Akha highlanders of Burma and Thailand were reluctant to convert to Christianity in the past, why they have been converting in growing numbers in recent years, and, finally, why they convert at all. It argues that a key to answering these three questions is the nature of the traditional Akha cultural equivalent of the Western category “religion,” especially its equation with ethnic identity. Since Akha Christianity does not fit any of the various social science models of religions in contact situations such as coexistence or syncretism, an alternative model, namely, replacement, is proposed. [Christian missions, conversion, cultural change, ethnic identity, Southeast Asia]
History of the Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society (update)

This is an update on the paper published under the same title in the Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. 25, pp. 3-16, 1990, by the same author. That issue celebrated the 25th year of publication of this journal. The current update shows the Tables of the DEIS officers and an extended Table of the DEIS Awards.
The Struggle for Judicial Independence in Antebellum North Carolina: The Story of Two Judges

The Supreme Court of North Carolina is an anomaly among state courts in the antebellum years. In a period dominated by democratic reforms of state government, the court did not merely survive unscathed it actually increased its independence. The remarkable success of this court is largely attributable to the personal reputations and political acumen of two of its judges, Thomas Ruffin and William Gaston. Without those two men it is likely that the Supreme Court would have been abolished in a wave of democratic reforms that peaked in North Carolina with the constitutional amendments of 1835.
Cutaneous lymphoscintigraphy in malignant melanoma

Melanoma commonly metastasizes to the regional lymph nodes. With early melanomas the accepted therapy is local wide excision and regional lymphadenectomy for nodes in the lymph drainage path. For some melanoma sites the lymph node groups that should be removed are obvious; however, for other sites the decision as to which nodes are at risk may present a difficult problem, since drainage from these sites may vary unpredictably from classical anatomic descriptions. We reviewed recent reports from four institutions using four radiocolloids (colloidal 198gold, 99mtechnetium antimony sulfur colloid (99mTcSbSC), 99mtechnetium sulfur colloid (99mTcSC), and micro 99mtechnetium sulfur colloid (micro 99mTcSC)) to determine lymph shed from melanomas. Correlation with surgical findings was excellent. In addition, drainage to second and third nodal groups, some of which were not clinically predictable, was frequently observed. While all four agents gave good scans, 99mTcSC and micro 99mTcSC are probably the best radiopharmaceuticals.
Long-Term Neuropsychological Sequelae of Severe Burns

Eight patients who suffered severe burns and protracted periods of amnesia following those burns were evaluated for neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric problems between 6 months and 4 years following their accidents. All were found to have significant problems as evidenced in neuropsychological testing, activities of daily living, and reports from relatives. Findings on these burn patients with postburn amnesia were quite different from those of five burn patients who did not develop amnesia. Problems observed and reported in the burn-amnesia patients appeared to reflect clear neuropathological etiologies, which was not unexpected because their initial amnestic syndromes must also have been the result of significant central nervous system dysfunction. It is recommended that severe burn patients have neuropsychological, psychiatric, and neurological exams as part of routine postburn care.
Reflex suppression and initiation of gastric contractions by electrical stimulation of the hepatic vagus nerve.

Abstract In the rat, electrical stimulation of the cranial end of the cut hepatic branch of the vagus nerve modulated gastric contractions. When the gastric contraction rate reached approximately one per min, nerve stimulation caused total suppression. When the stomach was free of contraction, nerve stimulation initiated one. The amplitude of the stimulation-initiated contractions was frequency related. These contractions were vagal-muscarinic mediated since vagotomy of the gastric branches or i.v. atropine (100 μg/kg) eliminated them. The results suggested that the hepatic nerve relayed both excitatory and inhibitory sensory inputs to the central nervous system that modulated the vagal excitatory cholinergic efferent nerve activities.
A LOGICAL SEMANTICS FOR NONMONOTONIC SORTS

Suppose we have a feature system, and we wish to add default values in a well-defined way. We might start with Kasper-Rounds logic, and use Reiter's example to form it into a default logic. Giving a node a default value would be equivalent to saying "if it is consistent for this node to have that value, then it does." Then we could use default theories to describe feature structures. The particular feature structure described would be the structure that supports the extension of the default theory. This is, in effect, what the theory of nonmonotonic sorts gives you. This paper describes how that theory derives from what is described above.
The Ecological Footprint Intensity of National Economies

At least three perspectives—industrial ecology (IE), ecological modernization theory (EMT), and the “environmental Kuznets curve” (EKC)—emphasize the potential for sustainability via refinements in production systems that dramatically reduce the environmental impacts of economic development. Can improvements in efficiency counterbalance environmental impacts stemming from the scale of production? To address this question we analyze cross-national variation in the ecological footprint (EF) per unit of gross domestic product (GDP). The EF is a widely recognized indicator of human pressure on the environment. The EF of a nation is the amount of land area that would be required to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb the wastes it generates. The most striking finding of our analyses is that there is limited variation across nations in EF per unit of GDP. This indicates limited plasticity in the levels of EF intensity or eco-efficiency among nations, particularly among affluent nations. EF intensity is lowest (ecoefficiency is highest) in affluent nations, but the level of efficiency in these nations does not appear to be of sufficient magnitude to compensate for their large productive capacities. These results suggest that modernization and economic development will be insufficient, in themselves, to bring about the ecological sustainability of societies.
PSR (paternal sex ratio) chromosomes: the ultimate selfish genetic elements.

PSR (paternal sex ratio) chromosomes are a type of supernumerary (or B) chromosomes that occur in haplodiploid arthropods. They are transmitted through sperm but then cause loss of the paternal chromosomes (except themselves) early in development. As a result, PSR chromosomes convert diploid fertilized eggs (which would normally develop into females) into haploid males that carry a PSR chromosome. Because they act by completely eliminating the haploid genome of their ‘hosts’, PSR chromosomes are the most extreme form of selfish or parasitic DNA known. PSR was originally described in the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Pteromalidae). A second PSR chromosome has been found in Trichogramma kaykai, an egg parasitoid from a different family of Hymenoptera (Trichogrammatidae). We argue that PSR chromosomes are likely to be widespread in haplodiploid organisms, but have so far gone under reported due to a paucity of population genetic studies in haplodiploids. We describe the two known PSR systems and related phenomena, and models indicating the conditions conducive to increase of PSR like chromosomes in haplodiploids.
Dynamic loading increases strength of tissue-engineered chordae tendineae

We have used directed collagen gel shrinkage to fabricate tissue-engineered mitral valve chordae tendineae. These constructs have a microstructure similar to that of native chordae - a dense collagen core and an elastin sheath surrounding it. We designed a dynamic loading system to stretch the constructs in vitro to improve their mechanical properties. At 5 weeks of culture, dynamically loaded constructs have a 120% increase in failure strength relative to statically loaded constructs.
Technology In The Classroom Versus Sustainability

The use of technology in universities and colleges is an issue of interest and speculation. One issue related to technology use in the classroom is sustainability of resources that support the technology. This paper explores faculty perceptions about technology use and sustainability in an east coast university. This university has initiated a new program that has been charged with the objective of creating and maintaining a sustainability program. The program is still being developed, but a few of the key goals are to look at recycling campus-wide, printing costs in the computer labs and library, and exploring what the faculty perceptions are about using technology in the classroom. This paper focuses on the last goal; and in order to explore this objective, a survey was administered to the Schools of Business, Health Professions, Arts & Sciences and the Library. The research question addressed in this paper is the relationship between the use of technology in the classroom and the course discipline of the faculty teaching the class. The faculty participants in the survey included four of its academic schools - Business, Health Professions, Arts & Sciences, and the Library. Consequently, there are four different faculty affiliations based on their school. The research questions related to school assignments presented in this paper:  Are there significant differences in the use of technology based on the school in which the