cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Traffic Operation and Safety Analysis on an Arterial Highway: Implications for Connected Vehicle Applications

This paper presents the operational and safety analysis of an arterial highway establishing benchmarks before deploying connected vehicle (CV) technologies. This is especially critical for the safety of at-risk populations such as older adults. The study corridor is on US 90 located in Tallahassee, Florida. Two operational performance measures were used in the analysis which are travel time reliability and delay. For the safety analysis, crash topology and the level of safety benefits likely to accrue in the study corridor due to the implementation of CV applications and automatic traffic signal performance measures were assessed by predicting the likelihood of crash reduction by type based on the preponderance of literature review.
Occult drug exposure in young children evaluated for physical abuse: An opportunity for intervention.

Abstract Background Although screening for drug exposure is an important consideration in the evaluation of suspected child maltreatment, limited data are available on the frequency of drug exposure in children with suspected physical abuse. Objective To examine occult drug and pharmaceutical exposure in young children with suspected physical abuse. Participants and setting Children ages 2 weeks –59 months evaluated for physical abuse by a tertiary referral center Child Protection Team. Methods Cross-sectional study of young children diagnosed with high, intermediate, or low concern for physical abuse and tested for occult drug exposure from 2013-2017. Chart review was performed to determine adherence to recommended testing and drug test results with comparison between groups. Results Occult drug exposures were found in 5.1% (CI 3.6–7.8) of 453 children tested: 6.0% (CI 3.6–10.0) of 232 children with high concern for physical abuse, 5.0% (CI 2.7–9.3) of 179 children with intermediate concern, and 0% of 42 children with low concern. As adherence to protocol-based screening improved during the second half of the study, so did the overall rate of detection of occult drug exposures (7.9%, CI 5.2–11.9) in 252 children with intermediate or high concern for physical abuse. Most exposures were to cocaine, although non-prescribed pharmaceutical exposures were also detected. Conclusions Up to 7.9% of young children suspected of being physically abused also had an occult drug exposure. Given the adverse health consequences associated with exposure to a drug-endangered environment, screening for occult drug exposure should be considered in the evaluation of young children with intermediate or high concern for physical abuse.
Quantitative structure-activity study on human pharmacokinetic parameters of benzodiazepines using the graph theoretical approach.

The graph theoretical indices for a series of 13 benzodiazepines were calculated using a graph-path topological method. The total molecule, the ring fragments, and combinations of ring fragments were subjected to a quantitative structure–activity analysis using eight pharmacokinetic parameters. The metabolic clearance and the blood-to-plasma concentration ratios were most highly correlated with the graph theoretical indices, with R values of 0.975 and 0.938, respectively. These correlations were found when the diazepine + benzo fragment and phenyl fragment were used to calculate the graph-path indices. Terminal disposition half-life was correlated with the benzo + diazepine fragment, with R = 0.969. Truncating the graph-path codes by eliminating cycles in the total molecule markedly improved the correlation coefficients. When compared to the graph-path indices for the total molecule, the correlation coefficients for the terminal disposition half-life and metabolic clearance data rose from 0.721 to 0.935 and from 0.770 to 0.968, respectively, using the graph-path indices of the truncated molecule. Intrinsic clearance of unbound drug also was poorly correlated with the total molecule (r < 0.7) but rose significantly using the graph-path indices of the truncated moleucle (r = 0.971 and 0.975 for the well-stirred and parallel-tube models, respectively.)
Influence of Trailing Cables on Magnetic Proximity Detection Systems

Machine-related injuries are one of the major safety concerns in underground coal mines. Severe injuries and fatalities occur when a miner is struck, crushed, or pinned by mining equipment such as a continuous mining machine (CMM), shuttle car, or a scoop. Proximity detection systems (PDSs) have been applied in mining to reduce these types of injuries and fatalities. All of the PDSs that are currently approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) for use in underground coal mines are magnetic-field based and could be affected by metallic objects such as trailing cables. Researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) investigated the influence of trailing cables on the performance of PDSs. In particular, the magnetic field coupled from proximity system generators to a de-energized trailing cable was characterized. The results show that significant energy can be coupled from the proximity system generators to a trailing cable when there is a closed loop in the cable. The effect on PDS performance from the magnetic field radiated around an energized trailing cable was also quantified for different current amplitudes in the cable. It is shown that the magnetic field caused by the electric current in the trailing cable mainly consists of a 60-Hz signal and its harmonics which causes little interference to the PDS. The results presented in this paper can help PDS manufacturers to design better systems that are more immune to these effects.
Cost Benefit and Utility Decision Analysis of Turbinoplasty with Adenotonsillectomy for Pediatric Sleep-Disordered Breathing.

ObjectivesUse decision analysis techniques to assess the potential utility gains/losses and costs of adding bilateral inferior turbinoplasty to tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy (T/A) for the treatment o...
A New Bayesian Single Index Model with or without Covariates Missing at Random.

For many biomedical, environmental, and economic studies, the single index model provides a practical dimension reaction as well as a good physical interpretation of the unknown nonlinear relationship between the response and its multiple predictors. However, widespread uses of existing Bayesian analysis for such models are lacking in practice due to some major impediments, including slow mixing of the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), the inability to deal with missing covariates and a lack of theoretical justification of the rate of convergence of Bayesian estimates. We present a new Bayesian single index model with an associated MCMC algorithm that incorporates an efficient Metropolis–Hastings (MH) step for the conditional distribution of the index vector. Our method leads to a model with good interpretations and prediction, implementable Bayesian inference, fast convergence of the MCMC and a first-time extension to accommodate missing covariates. We also obtain, for the first time, the set of sufficient conditions for obtaining the optimal rate of posterior convergence of the overall regression function. We illustrate the practical advantages of our method and computational tool via reanalysis of an environmental study.
On Improved Statistical Accuracy of Low-Order Polynomial Chaos Approximations.

Polynomial chaos expansion is a popular way to develop surrogate models for stochastic systems with arbitrary random variables. Standard techniques such as Galerkin projection, stochastic collocation, and least squares approximation, are applied to determine polynomial chaos coefficients, which define the surrogate model. Since the surrogate models are developed from a function approximation perspective, there is no reason to expect accuracy of statistics from these models. The statistical moments estimated from the surrogate model may significantly differ from the true moments, especially for lower order approximations. Often arbitrary high orders are required to recover, for example, the second moment. In this paper, we present modifications of standard techniques and determine polynomial chaos coefficients by solving a constrained optimization problem. We present this new approach for algebraic functions and differential equations with random parameters, and demonstrate that the surrogate models from the new approach are able to recover the first two moments exactly.
Cycloparaphenylene (CPP) series are molecular models for graphene armchair edges: trends in their aromaticity and cyclic conjugation are evaluated

Cycloparaphenylene ([r]CPP) and cyclacene ([r]CA) series are models for short carbon nanotubes. It is shown that armchair edges in model cycloparaphenylenes possess greater aromaticity and cyclic c...
Explaining urban economic growth through cluster complementarity

Economic development strategies centered on the presence of industry clusters have become quite popular with local policy makers. With this in mind, we test whether or not the degree of cluster complementarity in a given urban area does in fact lead to it having a persistent economic advantage over its peers. Using a spatial factor model built on growth accounting principles, we show that this is indeed the case by identifying key agglomeration factors influencing urban growth. However, our results suggest substantial heterogeneity exists in the types of policies that are likely to best support local economies based on their cluster complementarity.
Mining-contaminated estuaries of Cornwall – field research laboratories for trace metal ecotoxicology

A century or so after the cessation of almost all mining in Cornwall, certain estuaries still have extremely high sediment concentrations of toxic trace metals, particularly copper and arsenic, but also lead and zinc. These high trace metal loadings in the sediments are to a large degree bioavailable to the local infauna, especially sediment-ingesting invertebrates. Some sediment trace metal bioavailabilities are so high as to be of ecotoxicological concern, with deleterious effects on the local biota at levels of biological organization up to and including changed community structure. The estuaries of interest here are those of the Rivers Carnon (Restronguet Creek), Tamar (and Tavy), Gannel, West Looe and Hayle. These estuaries are especially attractive field sites for comparative trace metal ecophysiology and ecotoxicology research for they lack the confounding presence of other anthropogenic contaminants inevitably present in most estuaries in the developed world. The estuaries also offer a range of combinations of different trace metals and a comparative gradient of sediment bioavailabilities of these trace metals.
CRT-300.02 Comparison of Stent Expansion Using a Novel Volumetric Method Versus the Traditional Calculation Through Optical Coherence Tomography in An All-Comers Population

A volumetric approach to measure stent expansion derived from optical coherence tomography (OCT) is superior in regards to clinical outcomes when compared to the conventional method. The FDA recently approved software that performs that assessment automatically, being available as a clinical tool;
When Does Verbal Aggression in Relationships Covary With Physical Violence

Objective Psychological aggression is common in intimate relationships, yet only a subset of psychologically aggressive couples also engage in physical violence. We examine two factors proposed to identify which psychologically aggressive couples display physical violence, emphasizing (a) couples' negative and ineffective communication during relationship-focused conversations and (b) the demands imposed upon couples by chronic social and economic disadvantage. Method From 862 spouses (431 couples), we collected self-report data on psychological and physical aggression, observational data capturing the quality of their communication, and self-report data assessing established indicators of socioeconomic vulnerability. Tests of moderation were conducted with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results The association between psychological and physical aggression was stronger among couples who displayed lower-quality communication and among couples facing higher levels of socioeconomic disadvantage. The moderating effect of couple communication remained significant after controlling for socioeconomic disadvantage, and the moderating effect of socioeconomic disadvantage remained significant after controlling for communication. All effects remained after controlling for relationship satisfaction. Conclusions Specific communication skills and broad indices of socioeconomic vulnerability make independent contributions to acts of physical aggression among psychologically aggressive couples. Conceptual frameworks are needed to integrate these two levels of analysis, and intervention models are needed that identify at-risk couples and that modify the conditions that heighten their likelihood of physical aggression.
Design of a micrometer-long superconducting nanowire perfect absorber for efficient high-speed single-photon detection

Despite very efficient superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) reported recently, combining their other performance advantages such as high speed and ultralow timing jitter in a single device still remains challenging. In this work, we present a perfect absorber model and the corresponding detector design based on a micrometer-long NbN nanowire integrated with a 2D photonic crystal cavity of ultrasmall mode volume, which promises simultaneous achievement of near-unity absorption, gigahertz counting rates, and broadband optical response with a 3 dB bandwidth of 71 nm. Compared to previous stand-alone meandered and waveguide-integrated SNSPDs, this perfect absorber design addresses the trade space in size, efficiency, speed, and bandwidth for realizing large on-chip single-photon detector arrays.
When to call home?: the intersection of race and gender and teacher communication with parents in first grade

Previous research makes clear that racism can be a barrier to parental involvement in education. However, it is less clear how racism can facilitate parental involvement. This study uses national e...
Teaching during COVID-19 Times: A Community College Perspective

In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic altered instructional and learning strategies at institutions across the globe. This emergency transition to remote instruction (ETRI) resulted in ambiguity regarding what to teach, how to teach, and instructor and student workload. We report on a survey-based study of 44 community college (CC) faculty at 16 institutions, with the aim of documenting how our CC faculty colleagues perceived the ETRI, the challenges they faced, and the resources that were-or would have been-most helpful. We conclude with recommendations, in the words of participating faculty, to address prevailing concerns voiced by these instructors: namely, the lack of student-faculty interactions in the online space, concerns about student access to resources, and the demand for authentic research and lab experiences.
Practical Use of Single-Case Research Designs When Testing Mathematics Interventions for Students With Learning Disabilities:

Single-case research design is a useful methodology for evaluating the presence a functional relation between an intervention and the mathematical performance of students with a learning disability...
An archaeology of early Japanese film music: The culture of the sound image in Prewar Japan, edited by Michael Raine and Johan Nordström, Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam Press, 2020, 228 pp., € 99,00 (pb), ISBN 9789089647733

The Culture of the Sound Image in Prewar Japan seeks to redefine the transition in Japanese cinema from silent film to “talkie”, occupying roughly the years 1920–1940. The work contains chapters by...
The Index of Digital Humanities Conferences

The Index of Digital Humanities Conferences is a database of conference metadata relevant to the digital humanities community dating back to the 1960s. It includes details about hundreds of conferences, and for a subset of them, details about work presented at those events. Weingart, Eichmann-Kalwara, Lincoln, and research assistants collected information by hand or with machine assistance from paper programs, listserv announcements, published proceedings, PDF programs, and conference websites. Data are in CSV tables with a data dictionary describing how they can be linked together, for use by digital humanists and bibliometricians to study the history of the digital humanities community.
People are more tolerant of inequality when it is expressed in terms of individuals rather than groups at the top

Despite the ever-growing economic gap between the very wealthy and the rest of the population, support for redistributive policies tends to be low. This research tested whether people’s tolerance of inequality differs when it is represented in terms of a successful individual versus a group of people at the top of the economic ladder. We propose that drawing people’s attention to wealthy individuals undermines support for redistribution by leading people to believe that the rich person’s wealth is well deserved. Across eight studies (n = 2,800), survey participants rated unequal distributions of resources as more fair when presented with an individual, rather than a group, at the top of the distribution. Participants also expressed lower support for redistributive policies after considering inequality represented by successful individuals compared to groups. This effect was driven by people’s different attributions for individual versus group success. Participants thought that individuals at the top were more deserving of their successes and, in turn, were less likely to support redistribution when inequality was represented by individual success. These findings suggest that support for inequality, and policies to reduce it, may depend on who people are led to consider when they think about the top of the economic distribution.
Unsystematic Technology Adoption in Cambodia: Students' Perceptions of Computer and Internet Use.

This study was designed to understand how upper secondary school students in Cambodia perceive the use of computers and the Internet. Data were collected from students in three urban upper secondary schools (n=1,137) in Cambodia using questionnaires. The data indicate that the more exposure a Cambodian student had to computers and the Internet the more favorable their attitudes were toward these technologies. Additionally, students with limited exposure to these technologies were more likely to have increased anxiety about using such technologies. The findings are discussed using Rogers’ conceptualization of the Diffusion of Innovations theory. This study is the first of its kind aimed at understanding the perceptions and use of digital technology by Cambodian upper secondary students.
The Volume-Outcome Relationship, Standardized Clinical Pathways, and Minimally Invasive Surgery for Esophagectomy

Surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment of locoregional esophageal cancer. However, it is a highly demanding technical procedure that has historically been associated with a relatively high rate of procedural mortality and morbidity and a prolonged postoperative recovery when compared to other oncological procedures. The centralization of esophagectomy to high-volume institutions has been shown to reduce associated operative mortality; this is a process issue and not just a clinical observation. Management of patients with esophageal cancer at high-volume institutions lends itself towards a true multidisciplinary approach to treatment of these patients typically within standardized clinical pathways or enhanced recovery programs. The use of these standardized pathways facilitates a system-wide approach to the perioperative management of these patients. Furthermore, multidisciplinary standardized clinical pathways as part of enhanced recovery programs have been associated with a progressive improvement in procedural morbidity and length of hospital stay. Evolution in surgical approach including the advent of minimally invasive esophagectomy has been further suggested to improve perioperative outcomes including a reduction in pulmonary complications. There is increasing indications that there are many other perioperative process issues which can lead to measurable improvement in outcomes associated with the surgical treatment of esophageal cancer.
Universal XForms for Dynamic XQuery Generation

This demonstration illustrates how a variety of queries can be built dynamically by examining XML stored in databases through general purpose XForms. The forms are called the Universal XForms for XQuery, and abbreviated to the Universal XForms. The Universal XForms help users to construct XQueries through the provision of prompts, and do not require prior knowledge of the structure of the data to be queried. Sample XML documents from more than twenty industry formats constitute the base for illustrating the building of queries in the demonstration.
Manipulation of Spins and Coherence in Semiconductors

The ability to optically measure coherent ensembles of spin-polarized carriers in semiconductors has enabled many advances in the study of spin dynamics. Recent experiments reveal new capabilities to generate spin polarization through all-electrical means without external magnetic fields. The ability to both manipulate and transport spins at GHz frequencies and micron length scales has created much interest in semiconductor spintronics. We review developments in the study of coherent spins in semiconductors, including methods for the electrical generation of spin polarization such as current-induced spin polarization and the recently discovered spin Hall effect. Additionally, we discuss spin coherence in magnetic semiconductors, which offer a unique class of materials where electrical and magnetic phenomena can be combined. Keywords: spintronics; spin dynamics; Faraday rotation; spin-orbit interaction; spin Hall effect; current-induced spin polarization; magnetic semiconductors
Synthesis of ruthenium(II) complexes of aromatic chelating heterocycles: Towards the design of luminescent compounds

The majority of ruthenium(II) compounds which have been observed to be luminescent are complexes of aromatic heterocyclic chelating ligands. Methods of synthesizing such complexes are reviewed and recommendations made (where considered possible) as to the best procedures.
Oral contraceptives and cervical carcinoma.

Abstract In a case-control study, 689 consecutive patients with cervical carcinoma were studied for their use of oral contraceptives. The control patients were matched for age, ethnic origin, age at first pregnancy, age at first coitus, and socioeconomic status. There was no significant difference between case and control subjects in the duration of oral contraceptive use, the type of estrogen used, or the years in which oral contraceptives were used. The mean duration of oral contraceptive use was 30.9 months by the case subjects and 30.2 months by the control subjects.
Understanding defects in DSA: calculation of free energies of block copolymer DSA systems via thermodynamic integration of a mesoscale block-copolymer model

Directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) is a promising method for producing the sub-20nm features required for future semiconductor device scaling, but many questions still surround the issue of defect levels in DSA processes. Knowledge of the free energy associated with a defect is critical to estimating the limiting equilibrium defect density that may be achievable in such a process. In this work, a coarse grained molecular dynamics (MD) model is used to study the free energy of a dislocation pair defect via thermodynamic integration. MD models with realistic potentials allow for more accurate simulations of the inherent polymer behavior without the need to guess modes of molecular movement and without oversimplifying atomic interactions. The free energy of such a defect as a function of the Flory- Huggins parameter (χ) and the total degree of polymerization (N) for the block copolymer is also calculated. It is found that high pitch multiplying underlayers do not show significant decreases in defect free energy relative to a simple pitch doubling underlayer. It is also found that χN is not the best descriptor for correlating defect free energy since simultaneous variation in chain length (N) and χ value while maintaining a constant χN product produces significantly different defect free energies. Instead, the defect free energy seems to be directly correlated to the χ value of the diblock copolymer used. This means that as higher χ systems are produced and utilized for DSA, the limiting defect level will likely decrease even though DSA processes may still operate at similar χN values to achieve ever smaller feature sizes.
Nutrition of Preterm Infants After Hospital Discharge

Growth failure in preterm infants remains extremely common despite advances in neonatal care. Many, or even a majority, leave the hospital with weights below the 10th centile for age. Because of this, the possibility of nutritional interventions to improve postdischarge growth has been considered. A variety of interventions have been tested in randomized controlled trials in formula-fed infants. Although the studies vary in design and in the intervention used, on balance the evidence supports the use of fortified formulas in formula-fed preterm infants after hospital discharge. Specially designed postdischarge formulas and preterm infant formulas seem equally efficacious. The situation for infants fed human milk is much less clear. Although the postdischarge growth in human milk-fed infants is not as good as in formula-fed infants, no interventions have been examined in human milk-fed infants in a randomized study, to our knowledge. We are unaware of any evidence that any of the commonly proposed nutritional interventions in human milk-fed infants after hospital discharge are either safe or efficacious. In the absence of such evidence, it seems prudent to avoid untested interventions in this population and to concentrate our efforts on the encouragement of breast-feeding after hospital discharge.
Marine macroalgae as foods for fishes: an evaluation of potential food quality

A revitalized view of feeding by herbivorous marine fishes is sought through two questions. First, What characteristics of major taxa of algae identify them as predictably high or low quality foods? Second, are marine algae valuable foods for fishes which do not mechanically disrupt cell walls and do not harbor specialized enzymes or microbes capable of lysing cell walls? Energy, ash and nutrient content of 16 species of marine algae were employed to assess food quality of fleshy red, green, brown and calcareous red algae. On the basis of ash, calories, total protein and total lipid content, fleshy algae should be superior to calcareous algae as foods for fishes; in addition, green algae should be superior to brown algae and brown algae superior to red algae. When the probable digestibility of storage and extracellular carbohydrates is considered, green and red algae are predicted superior to brown algae as food. Two species of damselfishes (Pomacentridae) from the Gulf of California,Eupomacentrus rectifraenum andMicrospathodon dorsalis, eat red and green algae and ignore brown and calcareous algae. They feed, therefore, in a fashion consistent with predictions based only on algal chemistry. These fishes absorb at least 20–24% of the biomass, 57–67% of the protein, 46–56% of the lipid and 37–44% of the carbohydrate contained in algae eaten in the wild. Since these damselfishes do not masticate their food, it appears that herbivorous fishes can digest major fractions of algal nutrients without mechanical destruction of algal cells.
Selective Fluorogenic Derivatization with Isotopic Coding of Catechols and 2-Amino Phenols with Benzylamine: A Chemical Basis for the Relative Determination of 3-Hydroxy-tyrosine and 3-Nitro-tyrosine Peptides

The derivatization of catecholamines and catechols, first with diphenylethylenediamine and latter benzylamine, to apparently form the same highly fluorescent product has been described for many years. Based on fluorescence spectral evidence, previous conclusions were that the same product was formed for each analyte class with either reagent. In the present investigation this conclusion has been revisited by isolating and characterizing (X-ray crystal determination, MS, NMR, etc.) the product resulting from reaction of 4-methylcatechol with benzylamine. These investigations definitively establish that catecholamines and catechols undergo this reaction to form related but different 6-substituted 2-phenyl benzoxazole products. Based on a plausible product formation mechanism, it was postulated and shown that 2-aminocresol would participate in this fluorogenic derivatization reaction to form the same product as results from 4-methylcatechol. It appears that this is a general transformation available for analytes bearing the 2-hyroxyl-phenol (catechol) and/or the 2-amino-phenol moieties. Further experimentation confirmed that 2H5-benzylamine reacts with 4-methylcatechol and 2-aminocresol to form the same product in identical analytical yield as previously noted for 1H5-benzylamine, thus establishing a potential chemical basis for the relative quantitation of 3-hyroxy-tyrosine (DOPA) residues and 3-nitro-tyrosine residues (reduction to the corresponding 3-amino-tyrosine residue required) in proteins that have been subjected to oxidative stress. In preliminary experiments relative quantitation was achieved for 4-methylcatechol and the 3-hydroxy-tyrosine containing peptide DOPA-Gly-Gly.
STOMATAL PENETRATION: EFFECT OF SURFACTANTS AND ROLE IN FOLIAR ABSORPTION

Stomatal penetration of aqueous solutions into pear (Pyrus communis L. cv. Bartlett) leaves was induced with surfactants. The effectiveness of surfactants in promoting stomatal penetration was related to their effectiveness in decreasing surface tension. Vatsol OT (dioctyl ester of sodium sulfosuccinic acid) was most effective, X-77 (compounded product of alkyl aryl polyethoxy ethanol, free fatty acids and isopropanol) intermediate, and Tween 20 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) least effective. The percentage of stomata penetrated was limited, ranging from 0.5-4.5 %. There was no evidence of stomatal penetration of aqueous solutions with surface tensions of approximately 70 dyne cm'. The importance of stomatal penetration in foliar absorption under conditions of plant culture is discussed.
Rapid and precise down regulation of fast axonal transport of transmitter in an identified neuron

Within 1 day after the removal of one branch of the bifurcated axon of an identified neuron in Aplysia, the cell body reduced its output of transmitter storage vesicles to adjust precisely for the decreased need. This adjustment terminated the initial consequence of the removal, the transport of an inappropriately large number of vesicles to the remaining synapses. The most likely cause of the reduction of transport of transmitter is the loss of information normally provided by the disconnected axon or synapses.
Polymer supported organic catalysts for O2 reduction in Li-O2 batteries

Abstract A novel organic catalyst has been synthesized that contains an anthraquinone moiety supported on a polymer backbone. This oxygen reduction catalyst was successfully incorporated in the cathode of Li-O 2 batteries. The addition of the anthraquinone-based catalyst improved the cycleability of the Li-O 2 battery when cycled in a tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether electrolyte. Computational studies coupled with a wide range of analytical techniques including differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedence spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used to interrogate the Li-O 2 battery with and without the organic catalyst present. This study suggests that organic catalysts may serve as light and inexpensive alternatives to the precious metals frequently used in Li-O 2 batteries.
Irredundant intersections of valuation overrings of two-dimensional Noetherian domains☆

Abstract Let D be a two-dimensional Noetherian domain, let R be an overring of D, and let Σ and Γ be collections of valuation overrings of D. We consider circumstances under which ( ⋂ V ∈ Σ V ) ∩ R = ( ⋂ W ∈ Γ W ) ∩ R implies that Σ = Γ . We show that if R is integrally closed, these representations are “strongly” irredundant, and every member of Σ ∪ Γ has Krull dimension 2, then Σ = Γ . If in addition Σ and Γ are Noetherian subspaces of the Zariski–Riemann space of the quotient field of D (e.g. if Σ and Γ have finite character), then the restriction that the members of Σ ∪ Γ have Krull dimension 2 can be omitted. An example shows that these results do not extend to overrings of three-dimensional Noetherian domains.
Determination of grain boundary barrier height and interface states by a focused laser beam

An experimental technique has been developed to study the electrical properties of semiconductor grain boundaries (GB’s) by a focused laser beam. The laser beam is trained on a GB while the photoconductivity of the sample is measured. This technique allows us to examine a localized region of an individual GB in semiconductors with multiple grains. The measurement of the steady state and transient signals as a function of temperature determines the grain boundary barrier height, trap energy, and capture cross section.
"Camp Pain": Talking with Chronic Pain Patients.

"Camp Pain": Talking with Chronic Pain Patients. Jean E. Jackson. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. ix. 281 pp., appendix, notes, bibliography, index.
Outcome of phacoemulsification after pars plana vitrectomy.

Abstract Purpose To compare the outcome of phacoemulsification surgery in patients with and without prior vitrectomy, adjusted for confounding factors. Design Retrospective cohort study. Participants and controls Thirty-one consecutive eyes undergoing phacoemulsification after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and 116 consecutive eyes undergoing phacoemulsification without previous PPV. Methods Office records of the operating surgeons were reviewed for age, gender, type of cataract, vitrectomy status, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) before and after phacoemulsification, intraoperative difficulties, and postoperative complications. Bivariate analyses between these predictors and the main outcome, BCVA of 20/40 or better after phacoemulsification, were performed using Pearson's chi-square tests. An adjusted analysis of the relationship between outcome and vitrectomy status was performed with logistic regression. Pearson's chi-square tests were used to compare type of cataract, intraoperative difficulties, and postoperative complications in study and control eyes. Main outcome measures BCVA of 20/40 or better after phacoemulsification, rates of intraoperative difficulties, and postoperative complications. Results The most common indication for PPV was macular hole. The average interval from PPV to phacoemulsification was 15.4 months. Study eyes were followed for an average of 10 months compared with 6.6 months for controls. Study eyes were more likely than controls to have predominantly nuclear sclerotic cataracts ( P = 0.002). After cataract extraction, 24 of 31 study eyes (77.4%) and 110 of 116 control eyes (94.8%), had BCVAs of 20/40 or better. After adjusting for confounders, eyes without previous vitrectomy were 3.44 times more likely to obtain a BCVA of 20/40 or better than eyes with prior PPV, but this difference was not statistically significant (95% CI, 0.72–16.67). Only 3 of 31 (9.7%) study and 11 of 116 (9.4%) control eyes had intraoperative difficulties ( P = 0.47). Posterior capsule plaque was the most common intraoperative difficulty in study eyes; small pupil requiring stretching or iris hooks was most common in controls. Only 1 of 31 (3.2%) study eyes had a postoperative complication other than posterior capsule opacification compared with 18 of 116 (15.5%) controls ( P = 0.07). Conclusions A large proportion of patients with prior PPV obtain good visual acuity after phacoemulsification. We did not find significantly higher rates of intraoperative difficulties or postoperative complications compared with controls. The benefits of phacoemulsification seem to be limited only by retinal comorbidity.
Getting beyond relatedness as a driver of corporate value

Our paper scrutinizes how corporate value derives from redeployability of firms' resources to new product markets. We focus on the underexplored determinant of redeployability, inducements, defined as advantages in returns in new over existing markets. We assemble separate dimensions of inducements from research on corporate diversification and real options and consider inducements in their entirety. A simulation model casts redeployability as a real option to switch the use of resources across markets and explicates important interdependences among the dimensions of inducements. The model also demonstrates that inducements modify the effect of relatedness on corporate value. Our theoretical arguments amend existing theory and have important implications for corporate diversification research
ETERNITY IS A PRESENT, TIME IS ITS UNWRAPPING

There is debate in the philosophy of religion about whether the being of God is timelessly eternal or is instead temporal but unbounded. In this paper, I seek to defend the first view by motivating and deriving it from the Christian doctrines of the trinity and salvation. My goal is to present the notion of eternity in a way that makes clear that it belongs to God by nature and to man by grace, with the condition of time being part of the medium of grace. To this end, I also employ the doctrine of theosis, as found in Maximus the Confessor and Dumitru Staniloae, and the Augustinean theory of time.
The formation of the Oort cloud in open cluster environments

We study the influence of an open cluster environment on the formation and current structure of the Oort cloud. To do this, we have run 19 different simulations of the formation of the Oort cloud for 4.5 Gyrs. In each simulation, the Solar System spends its first 100 Myrs in a different open cluster environment before transitioning to its current field environment. We find that, compared to forming in the field environment, the inner Oort cloud is preferentially loaded with comets while the Sun resides in the open cluster and that most of this material remains locked in the interior of the cloud for the next 4.4 Gyrs. In addition, the outer Oort cloud trapping efficiencies we observe in our simulations are lower than previous formation models by about a factor of 2, possibly implying an even more massive early planetesimal disk. Furthermore, some of our simulations reproduce the orbits of observed extended scattered disk objects, which may serve as an observational constraint on the Sun's early environment. Depending on the particular open cluster environment, the properties of the inner Oort cloud and extended scattered disk can vary widely. On the other hand, the outer portions of the Oort cloud in each of our simulations are all similar.
AN ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF (+)-PHYLLANTHOCIN

Abstract An enantiocontrolled synthesis of (+)-phyllanthocin from methyl R-3-hydroxyisobutyrate and the acrylic ester of D-pantolactone is accomplished in 20 steps in 5% overall yield.
Auditory–visual integration of talker gender in vowel perception

The experiments reported here used auditory–visual mismatches to compare three approaches to speaker normalization in speech perception: radical invariance, vocal tract normalization, and talker normalization. In contrast to the first two, the talker normalization theory assumes that listeners' subjective, abstract impressions of talkers play a role in speech perception. Experiment 1 found that the gender of a visually presented face affects the location of the phoneme boundary between [Ω] and [Λ] in the perceptual identification of a continuum of auditory–visual stimuli ranging from hood to hud. This effect was found for both “stereotypical” and “non-stereotypical” male and female voices. The experiment also found that voice stereotypicality had an effect on the phoneme boundary. The difference between male and female talkers was greater when the talkers were rated by listeners as “stereotypical”. Interestingly, for the two female talkers in this experiment, rated stereotypicality was correlated with voice breathiness rather than vowel fundamental frequency. Experiment 2 replicated and extended experiment 1 and tested whether the visual stimuli in experiment 1 were being perceptually integrated with the acoustic stimuli. In addition to the effects found in experiment 1, there was a boundary effect for the visually presented word: listeners responded hood more frequently when the acoustic stimulus was paired with a movie clip of a talker saying hood. Experiment 3 tested the abstractness of the talker information used in speech perception. Rather than seeing movie clips of male and female talkers, listeners were instructed to imagine a male or female talker while performing an audio-only identification task with a gender-ambiguous hood-hud continuum. The phoneme boundary differed as a function of the imagined gender of the talker. The results from these experiments suggest that listeners integrate abstract gender information with phonetic information in speech perception. This conclusion supports the talker normalization theory of perceptual speaker normalization.
EGFR overexpression and radiation response in glioblastoma multiforme.

Abstract Purpose: Recent studies have suggested relative radioresistance in glioblastoma multiforme (GM) tumors in older patients, consistent with their shorter survival. Two common molecular genetic abnormalities in GM are age related: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression in older patients and p53 mutations in younger patients. We tested whether these abnormalities correlated with clinical heterogeneity in GM response to radiation treatment. Methods and Materials: Radiographically assessed radiation response (5-level scale) was correlated with EGFR immunoreactivity, p53 immunoreactivity, and p53 exon 5–8 mutation status in 170 GM patients treated using 2 prospective clinical protocols. Spearman rank correlation and proportional-odds ordinal regression were used for univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: Positive EGFR immunoreactivity predicted poor radiographically assessed radiation response (p = 0.046). Thirty-three percent of tumors with no EGFR immunoreactivity had good radiation responses (>50% reduction in tumor size by CT or MRI), compared to 18% of tumors with intermediate EGFR staining and 9% of tumors with strong staining. There was no significant relationship between p53 immunoreactivity or mutation status and radiation response. Significant relationships were noted between EGFR score and older age and between p53 score or mutation status and younger age. Conclusion: The observed relative radioresistance of some GMs is associated with overexpression of EGFR.
An extension of the theory of oscillating cup viscometers

The theory of the fluid motion in the interior of an oscillating or rotating cup is reexamined. The quantity of interest in viscometry is the torque exerted by the fluis on the sides and rims of the cup. In this paper expressions for the torque are obtained for geometries for which the cup height approaches a fluid boundary layer thickness. Interest in such geometries is due to viscosity measurements made in mixtures in the critical region where cups of small height are used in order to minimize gravity effects.
Reprint of “Quantitative evaluation of brain development using anatomical MRI and diffusion tensor imaging”

The development of the brain is structure-specific, and the growth rate of each structure differs depending on the age of the subject. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used to evaluate brain development because of the high spatial resolution and contrast that enable the observation of structure-specific developmental status. Currently, most clinical MRIs are evaluated qualitatively to assist in the clinical decision-making and diagnosis. The clinical MRI report usually does not provide quantitative values that can be used to monitor developmental status. Recently, the importance of image quantification to detect and evaluate mild-to-moderate anatomical abnormalities has been emphasized because these alterations are possibly related to several psychiatric disorders and learning disabilities. In the research arena, structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have been widely applied to quantify brain development of the pediatric population. To interpret the values from these MR modalities, a “growth percentile chart,” which describes the mean and standard deviation of the normal developmental curve for each anatomical structure, is required. Although efforts have been made to create such a growth percentile chart based on MRI and DTI, one of the greatest challenges is to standardize the anatomical boundaries of the measured anatomical structures. To avoid inter- and intra-reader variability about the anatomical boundary definition, and hence, to increase the precision of quantitative measurements, an automated structure parcellation method, customized for the neonatal and pediatric population, has been developed. This method enables quantification of multiple MR modalities using a common analytic framework. In this paper, the attempt to create an MRI- and a DTI-based growth percentile chart, followed by an application to investigate developmental abnormalities related to cerebral palsy, Williams syndrome, and Rett syndrome, have been introduced. Future directions include multimodal image analysis and personalization for clinical application.
The influence of diurnal rhythms in patients with intracranial hypertension: implications for management.

Abstract Decompensation of brain injured patients during the night is common and has been attributed to the retention of CO2 during sleep. When CO2 is controlled, such nocturnal decompensation needs another explanation; consequently, the records of 21 consecutive patients with acute closed head injuries and increased intracranial pressure were reviewed. There were 185 separate episodes of intracranial hypertension (30 mm Hg or more for 10 minutes or more) in the 21 patients, 124 of which (67%) occurred between 4:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. (p less than 0.01). Intravenous pentobarbital (3 to 5 mg/kg) was effective in reducing the intracranial pressure (ICP) to normal levels during 104 of the 124 early morning episodes (84%), whereas mannitol was less effective (7 of 17; 41%). This suggests that an increase in brain blood volume directly related to diurnal rhythm is responsible for the increase in ICP. Severe bradycardia and systemic arterial hypertension were unreliable predictors of elevation in ICP. They preceded or accompanied less than one-fourth of the episodes.