cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inactivation of p53 tumor suppressor gene acts synergistically with c- neu oncogene in salivary gland tumorigenesis

Transgenic mice expressing specific oncogenes usually develop tumors in a stochastic fashion suggesting that tumor progression is a multi-step process. To gain further understanding of the interactions between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes during tumorigenesis, we have crossed a transgenic strain (TG.NK) carrying an activated c-neu oncogene driven by the MMTV enhancer/promoter with p53-deficient mice. c-neu transgenic mice have stochastic breast tumor formation and normal appearing salivary glands. However, c-neu mice heterozygous for a p53 deletion develop parotid gland tumors and loose their wild type p53 allele. c-neu mice with a homozygous p53 deletion have increased rates of parotid tumor onset suggesting that inactivation of p53 is required and sufficient for parotid gland transformation in the presence of activated c-neu. In contrast to the dramatic effect of p53 in parotid gland transformation, p53 loss has little effect on the rate or stochastic appearance of mammary tumors. In addition, p53 loss was accompanied by the down regulation of p21 in parotid gland tumors but not breast tumors. The parotid gland tumors were aneuploid and demonstrated increased levels of Cyclin D1 expression. These observations suggest that in c-neu transgenic mice, p53 alterations have differential tissue effects and may be influenced by the tissue specific expression of genes influencing p53 activity.
Dependence of recovery of contractile function on maintenance of oxidative metabolism after myocardial infarction

This study was performed to define the importance of maintenance of oxidative metabolism as a descriptor and determinant of the potential for functional recovery after revascularization in patients with recent myocardial infarction. In 11 patients (mean interval after infarction 6 days; 5 patients given thrombolytic therapy), positron emission tomography (PET) was performed to characterize myocardial perfusion (with oxygen-15-labeled water), glucose utilization (with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose) and oxidative metabolism (with carbon-11-acetate). Dysfunctional but viable myocardium was differentiated from nonviable myocardium by assessments of regional function before and after coronary revascularization. The impact of coronary revascularization on regional myocardial perfusion and metabolism was assessed in nine patients in whom tomography was repeated after revascularization. Before revascularization, dysfunctional but viable myocardium (19 segments) and nonviable myocardium (10 segments) exhibited relative perfusion equivalent to 74% and 63% of that of normal myocardium (33 segments), respectively (p less than 0.02). Dysfunctional but viable myocardium exhibited oxidative metabolism equivalent to 74% of that of normal myocardium (p less than 0.02). In contrast, in nonviable myocardium, oxidative metabolism was only 45% of that seen in normal (p less than 0.02) and 60% of that in reversibly dysfunctional myocardium (p less than 0.003). Regional glucose utilization (normalized to regional perfusion) in dysfunctional but viable myocardium was higher than that in normal myocardium (p less than 0.02). Nonviable myocardium exhibited lower levels of glucose utilization than did normal tissue (p less than 0.02). However, in both reversibly and persistently dysfunctional myocardium utilization of glucose normalized to relative perfusion was markedly variable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
S4 Arginines Make Unique Contributions to Voltage Dependent Gating Due to Electrostatic Interactions and the Membrane Potential

Conserved positively charged arginines in the fourth transmembrane segment (S4) of Kv channels are responsible for imparting voltage sensitivity to the channel. There are several forces that may influence these arginines including the membrane potential and electrostatic interactions with countercharges. In Shaker channels, the first four arginines are the primary gating charges that sense the membrane potential. Kv7.1 has fewer positively charged S4 residues than Shaker, notably with the third arginine in Shaker replaced by a glutamine (Q3). Further loss of charge induced by charge reversal at R1 (R1E) in Kv7.1 results in constitutively activated channels, perhaps due to insufficient charge in S4. Consistent with this idea, introduction of a positive charge at Q3 (Q3R) can restore voltage dependent activation to R1E, suggesting that Q3R may substitute for the loss of gating charge at R1E. In a related study, we have demonstrated in Kv7.1 channels that residues corresponding to the first four arginines in Shaker channels (R1-R4) interact sequentially with the first conserved glutamate in S2 (E1) during gating. Here we show via intragenic suppression that S4 arginines also interact electrostatically with the second conserved glutamate in S2 (E2), and these electrostatic interactions play an important role in voltage sensing of S4. Therefore, a network of electrostatic interactions and the membrane potential act on S4 arginines, and the balance of these forces stabilize the conformation of the voltage sensor at different states. The combination of these interactions acts uniquely on each arginine such that each arginine plays a different role in voltage dependent gating. In Kv7.1, the first two arginines (R1, R2) stabilize the resting state while the last three charged residues (R4, H5, R6) stabilize the activated state.
Adenosine A1 receptors regulate the response of the hamster circadian clock to light

Circadian rhythms are synchronized to the environmental light-dark cycle by daily, light-induced adjustments in the phase of a biological clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Ambient light alters the phase of the clock via a direct, glutamatergic projection from retinal ganglion cells. We investigated the hypothesis that adenosine A1 receptors modulate the phase adjusting effect of light on the circadian clock. Systemic administration of the selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist, N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA), significantly (p<0.05) attenuated light-induced phase delays and advances of the circadian activity rhythm. Selective agonists for the adenosine A2A and adenosine A3 receptors were without effect. The inhibitory effect of CHA on light-induced phase advances was dose-dependent (0.025-1.0 mg/kg, ED(50)=0.3 mg/kg), and this effect was blocked in a dose-dependent (0.005-1.0 mg/kg) manner by the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX). Injection of CHA (10 microM) into the region of the suprachiasmatic nucleus significantly attenuated light-induced phase advances, and this effect was also blocked by DPCPX (100 microM). The results suggest that adenosine A1 receptors located in the region of the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate the response of the circadian clock to the phase-adjusting effects of light.
Concordance Among Biological, Interview, and Self-Report Measures of Drug Use Among African American and Hispanic Adolescents Referred for Drug Abuse Treatment

This study examined the concordance among urine assays, interview measures, and self-report measures of marijuana and cocaine use among 190 drug-abusing/dependent African American and Hispanic adolescents and their families at 3 assessment points of an 18-month randomized clinical trial study. Results demonstrated concordance among urine assays, a calendar method self-report measure (Timeline Follow Back [TLFB]), and a noncalendar method self-report measure (Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis Scale). Diagnostic criteria of marijuana and cocaine abuse/dependence from a clinical structured interview (Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children [DISC]) also converged, albeit weakly, with self-report measures. Adolescent and parent reports on DISC marijuana abuse/dependence diagnostic criteria were related; however, collateral findings for DISC cocaine abuse/dependence diagnostic criteria were equivocal. Differences in concordance among biological and self-report cocaine use measures were found for baseline TLFB assessments among African American participants. Implications for future use and refinement of adolescent drug use assessments are discussed.
COMPARISON OF WAVE FORCES COMPUTED BY LINEAR AND STREAM FUNCTION METHODS

The Wave Project I and II data consist of simultaneous measurements of water surface displacements and wave forces at different vertical elevations along platform piles. Wave Projects I and II data are utilized in a comparative study to evaluate the capability of linear wave theory to evaluate the kinematics of some of the larger waves measured. In particular, a set of wave and wave force data are selected and forces are calculated by the Morison equation based on the linear filter method and the stream function method with published drag and inertia coefficients. A "relative standard deviation" is defined and represents an index of the goodness-of-fit between the measured and calculated wave forces.
JOSEF ALBERS’S MONUMENTAL HOMAGE TO THE SQUARE

Josef Albers’s well-known series of paintings and prints, generally called Homage to the Square, was developed and refined over 25 years, beginning in 1949. In 1969, Albers received a commission from the Rochester Institute of Technology in upstate New York to paint two murals, each 32 meters square, on purpose-built walls in the new administration building. This paper examines the two-year development of these paintings, the materials and techniques used and how they relate to Albers’s Homage to the Square easel paintings. The function of the architectural space in terms of lighting is examined. The recent conservation treatment of these murals required special precautions to ensure that the large fields of unmodulated color would remain consistent after cleaning.
Monitoring RNA base structure and dynamics using site-directed spin labeling

Site-directed spin labeling utilizes site-specific attachment of a stable nitroxide radical to probe the structure and dynamics of macromolecules. In the present study, a 4-thiouridine base is introduced at each of six different positions in a 23-nucleotide RNA molecule. The 4-thiouridine derivatives were subsequently modified with one of three methanethiosulfonate nitroxide reagents to introduce a spin label at specific sites. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the labeled RNAs were analyzed in terms of nitroxide motion and the RNA solution structure. At a base-paired site in the RNA helix, where the nitroxide has weak or no local interactions, motion of the nitroxide is apparently dominated by rotation about bonds within the probe. The motion is similar to that found for a structurally related probe on helical sites in proteins, suggesting a similar mode of motion. At other sites that are hydrogen bonded and stacked within the helix, local interactions within the RNA molecule modulate the nitroxide motion in a manner consistent with expectations based on the known structure. For a base that is not structurally constrained, the mobility is higher than at any other site, presumably due to motion of the base itself. These results demonstrate the general utility of the 4-thiouridine/methanethiosulfonate coupling method to introduce nitroxide spin labels into RNA and the ability of the resulting label to probe local structure and dynamics.
Negotiating (with) the natives: Ancestors and identity in 'Genesis'

No sooner does the Abraham of Genesis arrive in Canaan than the narrator informs us that “the Canaanite was then in the land” (Gen 12:6). Yet immediately God an-nounces his intention to give this land to Abraham's descendants (v. 7). From the outset of the Abraham narrative, the divine promise of nationhood and territory is haunted by the presence of the indigenous inhabitants of Canaan. Though mostly a silent feature of the landscape, they emerge from time to time to encounter and threaten the first family.
Load-relaxation testing at elevated strain rates

The feasibility of a new mechanical testing technique is described. This technique allows the collection of load-relaxation type data at higher strain rates than is possible in a conventional load-relaxation test. This technique was used on commercial purity aluminium and 304 stainless steel at strain rates up to 5 sec−1. Good agreement with Hart's state variable model for plastic deformation was found.
Quantification of pancreatic islet distribution in situ in mice

Tracing changes of specific cell populations in health and disease is an important goal of biomedical research. Precisely monitoring pancreatic β-cell proliferation and islet growth is a challenging area of research. We have developed a method to capture the distribution of β-cells in the intact pancreas of transgenic mice with fluorescence-tagged β-cells with a macro written for ImageJ (rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/). Total β-cell area and islet number and size distribution are quantified with reference to specific parameters and location for each islet and for small clusters of β-cells. The entire distribution of islets can now be plotted in three dimensions, and the information from the distribution on the size and shape of each islet allows a quantitative and a qualitative comparison of changes in overall β-cell area at a glance.
A Note on Distributional Equality in the Cyclic Tour Property for Markov Chains

The cyclic tour property has previously been an equality for the expected time to complete a tour, compared with that for the reverse tour, for reversible Markov chains. We give a simple bijection to show that the equality can be extended to the distributions involved. The bijection is based on rotation of circular words.
Confidence Measures for Voice Search Applications

Abstract Voice search is the technology underlying many spoken dialog applications that enable users to access information using spoken queries. This paper reviews voice search technology, and proposes a new and effective method for computing semantic confidence measures. It explores the use of maximum entropy classifiers as confidence models, and investigates a feature selection algorithm that leads to an effective subset of prominent features for the classifier. The experimental results on a directory assistance application show that the reduced feature set not only makes the model more effective in handling different recognition and search engine combinations, but also results in a very informative confidence measure that is closely correlated with the actual voice search accuracy. Index Terms : voice search, directory assistance, confidence measure, Tf-Idf vector space model, maximum entropy model. 1. Introduction
Role of the pharmacist in the community: from corner drug store to corner pharmacy in 40 years with friends like Harvey.

2006 marks the 40th year of publication for The Annals. Over that time, The Annals has been an important contributor to the development of clinical pharmacy. Throughout 2006, we are publishing articles reflecting on the history of clinical pharmacy through the eyes of practitioners, including those pioneering clinical pharmacy, as well as those who have more recently entered the profession and a well-established specialty. In addition, we are also presenting articles and editorials from the early history of The Annals that have given direction and shape to the practice of clinical pharmacy (see page 1857).
DETERMINATION OF URINARY 11-OXYGENATED 17-KETOGENIC STEROIDS*

THE increasing clinical investigative interest in adrenocortical function and awareness of therapeutic aspects of adrenal dysfunction have increased the need for specific methods of urinary corticoid assay which are adaptable to use in the hospital laboratory. Certain problems are involved in applying any of the published methods (1–7) to clinical investigations. In attempting to choose the most appropriate method for our institution, three important functions were deemed desirable: 1) the method should be conveniently applicable to a sufficiently large number of specimens; 2) it should detect the greatest possible number of the known adrenocortical steroid metabolites of the C19 and C21 series with only a minimum number of compounds to be analyzed per specimen; and 3) the method should have high chemical specificity. It is the purpose of this communication to describe a new method of analyzing urinary corticoids, which embodies the advantage of measuring in one step a pair of isomeric oxidation products ...
Results from the bates 12C parity experiment

Abstract We report the results of an experiment measuring the the parity-violating electroweak asymmetry in the elastic scattering of polarized electrons from 12 C nuclei. We obtain A exp = 0.60 ± 0.14 ± 0.02 ppm. The first error is statistical and the second is systematic. Using our measured beam polarization of 0.37 ± 0.02, we compute the isoscalar vector hadronic coupling constant γ to be 0.136 ± 0.032 ± 0.009. This agrees with the tree level Standard Model prediction of γ = 0.155 .
Transferrin Receptor Mediated Brain Uptake During Ischemia and Reperfusion

Purpose. Drug delivery by transferrin receptor-mediated transport at the blood-brain barrier has shown beneficial effects in animal models of stroke, but it is unclear whether receptor mediated uptake remains functional in the ischemic tissue. The present study addressed that question in a mouse model of brain focal ischemia, permanent or transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Methods. Brain accumulation of 125 I-labeled 8D3, a mouse-specific transferrin receptor antibody, or of the isotype control UPC-10 used as vascular marker, was measured autoradiographically by phosphorimaging in the core ischemic region on cryostat brain sections up to 24h after ischemia or reperfusion. Cerebral blood flow was quantitatively determined in the same animals after administration of 99m Tc-ECD (Neurolite). Results. Apparent volume of distribution obtained with UPC-10 indicated no significant nonspecific leakage of the blood-brain barrier at any time point. Although brain uptake of 8D3 gradually declined compared to healthy tissue under MCAO, V D remained significantly higher than V D of UPC-10 up to 5h. In transient MCAO the brain uptake recovered to levels as in healthy tissue immediately after reperfusion. Conclusion. Transferrin receptor-mediated brain uptake, which is an energy dependent vesicular transport process, is sensitive to reduction in blood supply but remains partially functional for several hours after onset of ischemia. The uptake shows complete recovery after reperfusion. These results support the use of transferrin receptor-mediated brain drug delivery in the early phase of ischemia and in the phase when blood flow is restored. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW . Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
Conceptual Models and Theory Development

The influence of conceptual models on theory development efforts stemming from NAACOG research priorities is discussed. Examples are given to illustrate the guidelines for theory development provided by seven conceptual models of nursing. In addition, a conceptual‐theoretical‐empirical structure for use in developing and testing theories and identifying tools for data collection is described.
Concurrent and Predictive Validity of an Early Childhood Screening Test

The purpose of this study was to validate an early childhood screening instrument concurrently with other established psychoeducational tests and predictively with a standardized measure of achievement. A battery of tests including a screener and five other established psychoeducational measures was administered to 64 children during their kindergarten year. An achievement test was administered to 33 of these children during their third grade year. The screening test scores were found to be significantly related to the results of other psychoeducational measures both concurrently and predictively. The instrument permits teachers to gather behavior samples in minutes.
Sports hand and wrist injuries.

Some common traumatic injuries in athletes include joint dislocations, sprains, muscle strains, broken bones, tendon inflammation, and ligament tears. The most common fracture injury in the athletic population occurs in the fingers. Articles included in this issue are: The challenges of treating athletes- Sport specific injuries, Wrist ligament injuries, Scaphoid fractures, Carpal fractures other than scaphoid, Thumb UCL and RCL injuries, Ulnar sided wrist pain in the athlete and many more!
Effects of plasticizer on the mechanical and ferroelectric properties of uniaxially oriented β‐phase PVF2

The ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and dynamic mechanical properties of uniaxially oriented films of poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVF 2 , undoped and doped with a plasticizer, tricresyl phosphate (TCP), were investigated. X-ray diffraction studies were carried out and show that for uniaxially oriented films, as dopant concentration increased, the percentage of nonpolar α-phase increased. These results also confirmed previous studies that indicate that the dopant resides in the amorphous regions. The piezoelectric coefficients (d 31 and e 31 ), pyroelectric coefficient (p y ), and remanent polarization (P r ) were observed to be enhanced by doping with TCP. Measurements of the pyroelectric coefficient, p y , showed that the dopant produced a large increase in p y from 19.6 to 28.5 μC/m2/K, suggesting an increase in the thermal expansion coefficient, α 3 . The data also suggest that a small amount of dopant in the noncrystalline regions greatly enhanced the high-temperature stability of the remanent polarization.
Strategies for crystallization of protein/DNA bound complex by in situ phosphorylation of aspartic residue using 5′-phosphorylated-DNA

We explore an opportunities that lie at the interface of chemistry and biology to generate the processes with novel biological and chemical properties. Our goal is to create complex of DNA molecules in series of operation directed toward efficient protein phosphorylation beyond autophosphorylating kinases for protein/DNA complex formation. The NarL protein is a model of our studies. From crystal structure of NarL and one of its domain-NarLC/DNA complex it is suggested that upon phosphorylation of Asp(59), NarL must open compacted pair of domains, the NarLN and NarLC to receive DNA molecule in the pathway that is yet not elucidated. We try to understand such process using programmed 5'-phosphorylated DNA for simultaneous NarL protein phosphorylation and DNA binding.
Trace-driven steady-state probability estimation in FSMs with application to power estimation

This paper illustrates, analytically and quantitatively, the effect of high-order temporal correlations on steady-state and transition probabilities in finite state machines (FSMs). As the main theoretical contribution, we extend the previous work done on steady-state probability calculation in FSMs to account for complex spatiotemporal correlations which are present at the primary inputs when the target machine models real hardware and receives data from real applications. More precisely: (1) using the concept of constrained reachability analysis, the correct set of Chapman-Kolmogorov equations is constructed; and (2) based on stochastic complementation and iterative aggregation/disaggregation techniques, exact and approximate methods for finding the state occupancy probabilities in the target machine are presented. From a practical point of view, we show that assuming temporal independence or even using first-order temporal models is not sufficient due to the inaccuracies induced in steady-state and transition probability calculations. Experimental results show that, if the order of the source is underestimated, not only the set of reachable sets is incorrectly determined, but also the steady-state probability values can be more than 100% off from the correct ones. This strongly impacts the accuracy of the total power estimates that can be obtained via probabilistic approaches.
Variations in working memory capacity predict individual differences in general learning abilities among genetically diverse mice.

Up to 50% of an individuals’ performance across a wide variety of distinct cognitive tests can be accounted for by a single factor (i.e., “general intelligence”). Despite its ubiquity, the processes or mechanisms regulating this factor are a matter of considerable debate. Although it has been hypothesized that working memory may impact cognitive performance across various domains, tests have been inconclusive due to the diYcultly in isolating working memory from its overlapping operations, such as verbal ability. We address this problem using genetically diverse mice, which exhibit a trait analogous to general intelligence. The general cognitive abilities of CD-1 mice were found to covary with individuals’ working memory capacity, but not with variations in long-term retention. These results provide evidence that independent of verbal abilities, variations in working memory are associated with general cognitive abilities, and further, suggest a conservation across species of mechanisms and/or processes that regulate cognitive abilities.
Effectiveness of honey bees in delivering the biocontrol agent Bacillus subtilis to blueberry flowers to suppress mummy berry disease

Abstract Honey bees are important pollinators of commercial blueberries in the southeastern United States, and blueberry producers often use supplemental bees to achieve adequate fruit set. However, honey bees also vector the plant pathogenic fungus Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi which infects open blueberry flowers through the gynoecial pathway causing mummy berry disease. Here, we report the results of a 3-year field study to test the hypothesis that using bee hives equipped with dispensers containing the biocontrol product Serenade, a commercial formulation of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis which has shown activity against flower infection by M. vaccinii-corymbosi in laboratory experiments, can reduce mummy berry disease incidence when honey bees are used as pollinators in blueberries. Individual honey bees carried 5.1–6.4 × 10 5 colony-forming units (CFU) of B. subtilis when exiting hive-mounted dispensers with Serenade. On caged rabbiteye blueberry bushes in the field, population densities of B. subtilis vectored by honey bees reached a carrying capacity of 3 CFU per flower stigma within 2 days of exposure, and there was a highly significant non-linear relationship between B. subtilis populations per stigma and bee activity, expressed as number of legitimate flower visits per time interval per cage ( R = 0.6928, P n = 32). Honey bee density (1600 or 6400 individuals per 5.8-m 3 cage) and Serenade treatment (presence or absence of the product in hive-mounted dispensers) significantly ( P
Discs of mammalian rod photoreceptors form through the membrane evagination mechanism

Photoreceptor discs are membrane organelles harboring components of the visual signal transduction pathway. The mechanism by which discs form remains enigmatic and is the subject of a major controversy. Classical studies suggest that discs are formed as serial plasma membrane evaginations, whereas a recent alternative postulates that discs, at least in mammalian rods, are formed through intracellular vesicular fusion. We evaluated these models in mouse rods using methods that distinguish between the intracellular vesicular structures and plasma membrane folds independently of their appearance in electron micrographs. The first differentiated membranes exposed to the extracellular space from intracellular membranes; the second interrogated the orientation of protein molecules in new discs. Both approaches revealed that new discs are plasma membrane evaginations. We further demonstrated that vesiculation and plasma membrane enclosure at the site of new disc formation are artifacts of tissue fixation. These data indicate that all vertebrate photoreceptors use the evolutionary conserved membrane evagination mechanism to build their discs.
Coupled van der Pol oscillators as a simplified model for generation of neural patterns for jellyfish locomotion

In this paper, we present a simple system of coupled oscillators as a model of pattern generation for jellyfish locomotion. Coupled oscillator models have been successfully applied to model pattern generation in numerous biological systems including jellyfish locomotion, but the previous jellyfish models have required complicated oscillators or variation of coupling topology to produce gait variations. Here we show that a simple model consisting of identical van der Pol oscillators with fixed coupling topology suffices to produce dynamics corresponding to essential jellyfish gaits (co-ordinated bout swimming, hovering, and turning) solely by uniform adjustment of coupling strengths. Thus, a simple coupled oscillator model succeeds in producing a range of dynamic behaviour analogous to the essential neural dynamics for locomotion control of a simple animal. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating age-dependent per-encounter chlamydia trachomatis acquisition risk via a Markov-based state-transition model

Background Chlamydial infection is a common bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide, caused by C. trachomatis. The screening for C. trachomatis has been proven to be successful. However, such success is not fully realized through tailoring the recommended screening strategies for different age groups. This is partly due to the knowledge gap in understanding how the infection is correlated with age. In this paper, we estimate age-dependent risks of acquiring C. trachomatis by adolescent women via unprotected heterosexual acts.
Silica microtoroid resonator sensor with monolithically integrated waveguides

Due to their wide operating range, silica toroidal whispering gallery mode microresonators have enabled numerous applications from fundamental physics to lasing and sensing. However, the integration of a waveguide with these microresonators has not been achieved which limits their integration with additional on-chip components. Here, we demonstrate a novel approach for monolithically integrating a silica microtoroid with an on-chip waveguide to form a fully integrated microtoroid-waveguide system with quality factors in excess of 4 million. Similar to the conventional toroidal cavities, power-independent operation is demonstrated. UV and temperature sensing experiments are also performed using the monolithically integrated microtoroid-waveguide system.
Enzymatic porphyrin synthesis in Harderian glands and other organs and tissues of mice.

Summary and Conclusions1. Buffered saline extracts of equal weights of mouse Harderian gland, liver, muscle-bone, and brain homogenates were prepared. 2. Various amounts of these extracts were tested for their capacity to produce porphyrin by adding 1.4 cc of a 0.01 M solution of δ aminolevulinic acid and incubating the mixture in a stoppered Klett tube at 37°C for 24 hours. 3. The Harderian gland displayed the greatest porphyrin-producing enzyme activity, whereas the liver was less than that of Harderian gland but 5 and 7 times as great as muscle-bone and brain respectively. 4. These results led to the conclusion that the Harderian gland is a porphyrin-secreting structure and probably not an excretory type of gland.
A solution to the fixed-cycle traffic light problem for compound Poisson arrivals

A basic problem in the mathematical theory of traffic flow is to obtain the expected delay to a vehicle at a fixed-cycle traffic light controlling an intersection. The factors affecting this expected delay are the cycle time, the fraction of time the traffic light is effectively red, the number of vehicles which can pass through when the signal is green, and the nature of the (random) arrival process for the vehicles. Once a solution is known, it is possible to fix the cycle time and the effective red period in such a way that the expected delay is minimized.
Amorphous Thin Film Ruthenium Oxide as an Electrode Material for Electrochemical Capacitors

Ruthenium oxide thin films of an amorphous phase were successfully prepared on a titanium (Ti) substrate at temperatures below 160 °C. The sol-gel process using metal alkoxide precursor in nonaqueous solvents was used to prepare these films. The preliminary results showed that a specific capacitance of 430 F/g can be achieved for amorphous ruthenium oxide electrode in sulfuric acid. Films prepared by this method are compared with the films prepared by the thermal decomposition of the aqueous ruthenium chloride solution at temperatures above 300 °C. The specific capacitance, the crystalline structure, and the surface morphology of these films as a function of the preparation temperature were also discussed.
Tracking the spin on a ping pong ball with the quaternion Bingham filter

A deterministic method for sequential estimation of 3-D rotations is presented. The Bingham distribution is used to represent uncertainty directly on the unit quaternion hypersphere. Quaternions avoid the degeneracies of other 3-D orientation representations, while the Bingham distribution allows tracking of large-error (high-entropy) rotational distributions. Experimental comparison to a leading EKF-based filtering approach on both synthetic signals and a ball-tracking dataset shows that the Quaternion Bingham Filter (QBF) has lower tracking error than the EKF, particularly when the state is highly dynamic. We present two versions of the QBF– suitable for tracking the state of firstand second-order rotating dynamical systems.
Impact of a mentored student clerkship on underrepresented minority diversity in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery.

Objectives/Hypothesis To describe the impact of a mentored clerkship initiative on underrepresented minority medical students interested in otolaryngology–head and neck surgery (OHNS). Study Design Prospective observational study. Methods An outreach effort to recruit underrepresented minority students was initiated in 2008, consisting of either a 3-month research clerkship or a 1-month clinical rotation. Financial assistance and faculty mentorship was provided for students. Upon conclusion of the clerkship, students completed a post-clerkship evaluation form. Students were followed regarding residency applications, match status, and publications. Evaluations were compiled and analyzed. The number of publications resulting from interaction with faculty mentors was calculated. Results Fifteen students participated in the clerkship from 11 medical schools. Of those, 10 students participated in the clinical clerkship, four in the research clerkship, and one in both clerkships. Evaluation (5-point Likert scale) average scores and comments revealed high student satisfaction with the rotations (4.85), provided individual mentorship (4.85), and provided exposure to academic medicine (4.92). Participants indicated the rotation favorably impacted their decision to apply for OHNS residency training and increased their interest in academic medicine. The participants had an average number of 1.7 publications, with 1.18 publications in OHNS journals. Six publications resulted from direct interaction between students and faculty during the clerkship. Seven students applied for OHNS residency programs, and six matched successfully. Conclusion Mentored clerkships for underrepresented minority medical students increases interest in applying to OHNS residency training programs and is a successful approach to increasing physician diversity. It provides a pathway to expand research opportunities and increase student interest in academic medicine. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 126:2684–2688, 2016
Enhancing Parent–Child Interaction Therapy With Motivational Interviewing Techniques

Abstract Parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT) is an evidence-based family intervention for young children with disruptive behavior. Parents and children who complete PCIT show greater immediate and long-term treatment gains than those who discontinue treatment prematurely. PCIT is a time- and effort-intensive treatment, and parents ambivalent about its value for their child or their ability to master the treatment skills may discontinue treatment before engaging sufficiently to experience change. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a client-centered therapeutic method of increasing motivation for change through the resolution of ambivalence. This paper describes how clinicians may incorporate MI strategies into PCIT to enhance parental motivation when signs of ambivalence arise. Vignettes and scripted therapy exchanges illustrate use of the strategies to decrease ambivalence in PCIT, improve homework adherence, increase parenting self-efficacy, and reduce attrition, thereby improving outcomes for young children with disruptive behaviors and their families.
Investigation on Occupational Health of Workers in Gas Station in Ji'an City

[Objective]To understand the health conditions of workers in gas stations in Ji'an city and the effect of long-term exposure to gasoline on the health of workers. [Methods]The occupational health examination was performed on 903 workers from 83 gas stations in Ji'an.The examination items included occupational history inquiry,routine general medical examination,routine neurological assessment,routine dermatology examination,blood pressure,blood routine examination,urine routine test,liver function and electrocardiogram.The results of the examinations were analyzed. [Results]The detection rate of neurasthenic syndrome was 9.19%.The detection rate of rash,skin allergy,dryness and flakiness of skin,and skin keratinization was 2.1%.The detection rate of reduction or disappearance of nerve ending sense and Achilles tendon reflex was 2.33%.The detection rate of hypertension,abnormal blood routine examination results,abnormal urine routine test results,abnormal electrocardiogram and abnormal liver function was 6.87%,5.65%,2.66%,9.64% and 2.55%,respectively.The chi-square test showed that the detection rates of hypertension,neurasthenic syndrome,abnormal blood routine and abnormal electrocardiogram increased linearly with increasing age(P0.05),and that of neurasthenic syndrome,hypertension,abnormal blood routine,abnormal urine routine and abnormal electrocardiogram increased linearly with increasing working age(P0.05). [Conclusion]Long-term exposure to gasoline is harmful to health of workers in gas stations in Ji'an.Therefore,occupational health surveillance of workers in gas stations should be strengthened.
Potassium currents in freshly dispersed myometrial cells

K+ currents in freshly dispersed cells from rat myometrium at estrus were studied with the patch-clamp technique (whole cell). Three types of K+ currents were identified: 1) a fast-activating current (IKf), 2) a slowly activating current (IKs), and 3) a transient current (IKt). IKf had a half-activation voltage of 12 mV and a time constant of activation (tau on) of approximately 3 ms at +50 mV. IKs had a tau on of approximately 9 ms at +50 mV and a half-activation potential of 33 mV. Both IKf and IKs were sustained and became potentiated by the entrance of Ca2+ from the patch pipette. These two Ca(2+)-activated K+ currents were inhibited by 100 nM external charybdotoxin and were blocked by external tetraethylammonium (TEA, 2-20 mM). The third current (IKt) was transient, had a faster tau on (approximately 1 ms), and a decay phase with a time constant of approximately 8 ms at +50 mV. This current had a half-activation potential of 22 mV. IKt was not potentiated by intracellular Ca2+, was sensitive to 4-aminopyridine (1 mM), was insensitive to external charybdotoxin (100 nM) and TEA (2 mM), and spontaneously decreased with time.
Questions and answers in 2008 about biologics in rheumatoid arthritis.

It is my pleasure to present the Dunlop-Dotteridge Lecture for 2008. This has been an exciting decade for advances in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). There are, however, many questions remaining about the use of our therapies in the treatment of this disease. Are tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors effective? The answer is a resounding yes. There have been multiple randomized trials as part of the development programs of the 3 approved anti-TNF therapies. There has been a consistency of response with all 3 therapies, whether used as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate (MTX). If one uses the…
Endothelin-1 ameliorates contractile depression by lipopolysaccharide in cardiac myocytes

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces cardiac depression by activating nitric oxide pathways to increase guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), a second messenger of nitric oxide. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) may interact with nitric oxide pathways. We hypothesized that ET-1 modulates LPS-induced contractile depression in cardiac myocytes. Adult rabbit cardiac myocytes exposed to LPS (10 ng/ml) developed decreased cell shortening after 6 h, with an increase in cardiac cGMP levels [606 +/- 36 (SE) fmol/mg protein] compared with control myocytes (360 +/- 26 fmol/mg protein, P < 0.05). LPS effects were completely blocked by coincubation with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (1 mM). Coincubation with ET-1 (10 nM) attenuated the contractile depression and increase in cGMP with LPS (482 +/- 28 fmol/mg protein, P < 0.05 vs. LPS alone). ET-1 alone did not alter cGMP levels (350 +/- 30 fmol/mg protein). ET-1 effects on contractile function were blocked by BQ-123 (10 microM), a selective ET-1 type A receptor antagonist. We conclude that ET-1 ameliorates LPS-induced contractile depression in cardiac myocytes by attenuating LPS effects on nitric oxide-cGMP pathways.
Microchip-Based Electrochemical Enzyme Immunoassays

In this chapter a microchip-based electrochemical enzyme immunoassay is developed and its performance is demonstrated for the determination of monoclonal mouse IgG as a model analyte. Such a direct homogeneous immunoassay requires the integration of electrokinetic mixing of alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-labeled anti-mouse IgG antibody (Ab-E) with the mouse IgG antigen (Ag) analyte in a precolumn reaction chamber, injection of immunochemical products into the separation channel, followed by rapid electrophoretic separation of enzyme-labeled free antibody and enzyme-labeled antibody-antigen complex. The separation is followed by a postcolumn reaction of enzyme tracer with p-aminophenyl phosphate (p-APP) substrate (S) and downstream amperometric detection of p-aminophenol (p-AP) product. Factors influencing the reaction, injection, separation, and detection processes are optimized. We have characterized the microchip-based immunoassay protocol. The resulting attractive analytical performance, along with distinct miniaturization and portability advantages of the electrochemical microsystem, offer considerable promise for designing self-contained and disposable chips for decentralized clinical diagnostics.
Comparative features of enkephalin and neurotensin in the mammalian central nervous system

Interest in recent years has centred on small peptides as possible neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the central nervous system (CNS). Some of these, such as somatostatin and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), were first explored as hypothalamic releasing factors for pituitary hormones. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and gastrin were identified as gastrointestinal modulators and angiotensin has been well known as a regulator of vascular muscle activity and adrenal gland secretion. Substance P and neurotensin were first characterised as brain peptides of unknown function; enkephalin as the brain’s endogenous opioid peptide. Most ‘neuropeptides’ appear to be associated with cells that have arisen embryologically from neuroectodermal elements and which are localised in the intestinal system or the CNS. Enkephalin and neurotensin will constitute the major focus of this chapter.
Evolution of global temperature over the past two million years

Reconstruction of global average surface temperature for the past two million years shows continuous cooling until about 1.2 million years ago, followed by a general flattening, with close coupling of global temperature and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations over the past 800,000 years.
Evidence-Based Considerations and Recommendations for Athletic Trainers Caring for Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Context: Patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be noncompliant, impulsive, and disruptive in an athletic training or physical rehabilitation facility. Athletic trainers ...
Neurological exclusiveness or unified science inclusiveness: Comment on Schwartz et al. (2016).

Schwartz, Lilienfeld, Meca, and Sauvigne (2016) argue effectively and productively that neuroscience is monistic (excludes other fields) in a way that affects negatively psychology department makeup, psychology grant support, and the way students are trained. They conclude, rather, that it is important to effect an inclusion of different fields of psychology. This paper broadens and strengthens their position. However, it also points out that a call for inclusiveness raises a central question. How is inclusiveness to be accomplished? Without stipulation to the contrary the call is for an eclecticism. As Schwartz et al. indicate, unified theory is now rejected because grand theory in the past has been monistic. However, science moves on; there are unified theories today that are inclusive. Thus, development of an area in psychology is needed that studies, evaluates, and advances works that unify inclusively, the present article being an example. (PsycINFO Database Record
A University-Wide Collaborative Effort to Designing a Makerspace at an Academic Health Sciences Library

This article describes the planning and development of a 3D printing makerspace at an academic health sciences library. At the start of 2015, a new library Technology Team was formed consisting of a team leader, an emerging technologies librarian, and a library systems analyst. One of the critical steps in the development of the proposal and with the planning of this project was collaborating and partnering with different departments and units outside the library. These connections helped shape the design of the makerspace.
Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Rheumatoid Arthritis in an Inner City Population with Sickle Cell Disease.

Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been rarely reported in association with sickle cell disease (SCD). Our study aimed to estimate the prevalence of RA in SCD population and to describe the clinical characteristics of RA associated with SCD. Methods: Retrospective chart review of SCD and RA patients followed at 2 large urban hospitals. Seven RA/SCD patients were identified and compared to age and sex matched cohort of SCD only and of RA only group. All patients were Black. Results: There were 739 SCD cases, seven (0.94%) met ACR criteria for RA (SCD-RA), 411 cases were RA only group. Mean age was significantly higher in SCD-RA compared to the entire population of SCD and RA (41.7 ± 3.9 (± SEM) vs. 33.26 ± 0.47, vs. 61.39 ± 0.79, p<0.01). SCD-RA patients had lower hemoglobin (g/dl) when compared to the age and sex matched SCD or RA only patients (7.4 ± 0.49 vs. 8.3 ± 0.60 vs. 11 ± 0.59, p <0.01) respectively. There were no significant differences in laboratory and treatment approach between SCD-RA and RA only groups, except for the radiographic evidence of periarticular osteopenia and greater difficulty in the activities of daily living (ADL) among SCD-RA cohort, compared to the age and sex matched RA cohort (p=0.01) Conclusion: In contrast to older reports, the prevalence of RA among SCD patients in our study (0.94%) was similar to that reported in the general population (0.5-1%) and was to be associated with difficulty in ADL and periarticular osteopenia. Since RA manifests at an older age, our reported prevalence is likely explainable by improved survival of SCD patients due to enhanced medical care and the advent of hydroxyurea as a major therapeutic breakthrough for SCD.