cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Science of the Individual

Our goal is to establish a science of the individual, grounded in dynamic systems, and focused on the analysis of individual variability. Our argument is that individuals behave, learn, and develop in distinctive ways, showing patterns of variability that are not captured by models based on statistical averages. As such, any meaningful attempt to develop a science of the individual necessarily begins with an account of the individual variability that is pervasive in all aspects of behavior, and at all levels of analysis. Using examples from fields as diverse as education and medicine, we show how starting with individual variability, not statistical averages, helped researchers discover two sources of ordered variability—pathways and contexts—that have implications for theory, research, and practice in multiple disciplines. We conclude by discussing three broad challenges—data, models, and the nature of science—that must be addressed to ensure that the science of the individual reaches its full potential.
Establishing Specifications for Low Enriched Uranium Fuel Operations Conducted Outside the High Flux Isotope Reactor Site

The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) has funded staff at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to study the conversion of the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) from the current, high enriched uranium fuel to low enriched uranium fuel. The LEU fuel form is a metal alloy that has never been used in HFIR or any HFIR-like reactor. This report provides documentation of a process for the creation of a fuel specification that will meet all applicable regulations and guidelines to which UT-Battelle, LLC (UTB) the operating contractor for ORNL - must adhere. This process will allow UTB to purchase LEU fuel for HFIR and be assured of the quality of the fuel being procured.
Preproinsulin mRNA in the rat eye

PURPOSE The goal of this study was to extend the results of previous immunoassay, immunocytochemistry, and in situ hybridization studies showing the presence of insulin-related peptide in the rat retina by confirming the expression of insulin genes in the rat eye. METHODS Total and poly(A)+ RNA were isolated from whole rat eyes, and separately from the retina, choroid, iris, lens, and vitreous. The poly(A)+ RNA was used for preparation of insulin-specific cDNA according to a coupled reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol under high stringency conditions. Southern transfers, restriction fragment analyses, and nucleotide sequencing were used to characterize and identify the amplified cDNA products. RESULTS Amplified cDNA fragments of 329 +/- 6 base pairs (bp) were derived from whole rat eye and rat retina poly(A)+ RNA, but not from other regions of the eye. Southern blots probed with preproinsulin-specific primer demonstrated homology with similar-sized cDNA from rat pancreas. Restriction digests with 10 restriction enzymes and direct nucleotide sequencing confirmed that the 329-bp cDNA was identical to the previously known coding sequence for rat pancreatic preproinsulin1 DNA. CONCLUSIONS The identification of retinal preproinsulin1 mRNA was confirmed. This correlates with previous studies showing insulin immunoreactivity in rat eyes and in cultured retina, and verifies in situ hybridization evidence for the presence of insulin-related mRNA in retinal glial cells.
The stretch of a foliation and geometric superrigidity

We consider compact smooth foliated manifolds with leaves isometrically covered by a fixed symmetric space of noncompact type. Such objects can be considered as compact models for the geometry of the symmetric space. Based on this we formulate and solve a geometric superrigidity problem *for foliations that seeks the existence of suitable isometric totally geodesic immersions. To achieve this we consider the heat flow equation along the leaves of a foliation, a Bochner formula on foliations and a geometric invariant for foliations with leafwise Riemannian metrics called the stretch. We obtain as applications a metric rigidity theorem for foliations and a rigidity type result for Riemannian manifolds whose geometry is only partially symmetric.
Impact of Polyacrylamide Treatment on Sorptive Dynamics and Degradation of 2,4-D and Atrazine in Agricultural Soil

High-molecular-weight, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is added to irrigation water to reduce soil erosion during furrow irrigation of crops. The chemical nature of PAM, together with the observation that the polymer can be biotransformed by soil bacteria, led us to question the impact of PAM treatment on the fate of coapplied agrochemicals. The herbicides, atrazine (nonionic) and 2,4-D (anionic), were tested for pesticide sorption, desorption, and degradation in PAM-treated and untreated soils. Sorption of atrazine and 2,4-D in soil was unaffected by PAMtreatment, as was atrazine desorption. However, 2,4-D desorbedmore readily from the PAM-treated soil than from untreated soil. With respect to pesticide degradation, mineralization of the 2,4-D aromatic ring was not impacted by PAM treatment, but decarboxylation of the 2,4-D carboxylic acid side chain was significantly reduced in the PAM-treated soil. Limited mineralization (7 to 10%) of atrazine was observed in both soils. However, in PAM-treated soils atra...
A composite neutron model

A composite neutron model is proposed within the context of the author’s approach to elementary matter from general relativity. An earlier analysis, that led to the conclusion that all observed matter is in a background matter field of (a countable set of) particle-antiparticle pairs, each in a (derived) state of null energy and null momentum, leads to the possibility of describing the neutron as a proton bound to an electron in the nucleon domain, through the intermediary of a single protonantiproton pair of the background. The electromagnetic field of the latter is represented here in terms of a two-component spinor variable (coming from a factorization of Maxwell’s equations) and the system p+(p−-p+)e− is then a fermion. A discussion is given to such a compound as a neutron in terms of its binding energy and its magnetic moment, and to the implication of a resonance in (e, n) scattering.
EPA Research in Urban Stormwater Pollution Control

This state-of-the-art on the Environmental Protection Agency's research in urban stormwater and combined sewer overflow pollution control describes the major elements of the Urban Runoff Pollution Control Program. Problem definition, users assistance tools, management alternatives and technology transfer are covered, including some of the highlights of the Program's future direction and products from over 150 of its research projects. Capital cost comparisons for storm and combined sewer control and treatment are given, along with a specific example of cost-effect solution for urban runoff pollution control by in-line storage in Seattle. In a study done in Des Moines, using a simplified receiving water model, four control alternatives were compared, considering cost and effectiveness in terms of a frequency of dissolved oxygen standard violations. (ASCE)
Using optical spectroscopy to longitudinally monitor physiological changes within solid tumors.

The feasibility of using quantitative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to longitudinally monitor physiological response to cancer therapy was evaluated in a preclinical model. This study included two groups of nude mice bearing 4T1 flank tumors (N = 50), half of which were treated with a maximum tolerated dose of doxorubicin (DOX). Diffuse reflectance spectra were collected from tumors during a period of 2 weeks using a fiber-optic probe coupled to a spectrometer. These spectra were quantified using an inverse scalable Monte Carlo model of light transport in tissue to extract the concentrations of oxygenated, deoxygenated hemoglobin (dHb), and a wavelength mean reduced scattering coefficient ( ). The tumor growth rates of the treated and control groups were nearly identical, as were changes in the scattering parameter during this time frame. However, tumors treated with DOX showed a transient but significant increase in blood oxygen saturation. A comparison between the optically derived and immunohistochemical end points in a subset of the 50 animals showed that the temporal kinetics of dHb concentration and were highly concordant with those of hypoxic and necrotic fractions, respectively. In conclusion, optical methods could function as a “screening” technology in longitudinal studies of small animal tumor models to accelerate development and testing of new anticancer drugs. This technique could isolate specific landmark time points at which more expensive and sophisticated imaging methods or immunohistochemistry could be performed.
Multiple Informant Agreement and the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Parents and Children

ABSTRACT Objective To examine concordance of child, parent, and consensus agreement on the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule, Child and Parent versions (ADIS-C/P), for an outpatient sample of children and adolescents and to explore moderators of those relations. Child characteristics (age, gender, social desirability), a family environment variable (conflict), and type of diagnoses (internalizing, externalizing) were systematically examined. Method These relations were examined in 165 children and adolescents referred to a psychological clinic by family practitioners, pediatricians, schools, and mental health professionals. Participants were individually administered the ADIS-C or ADIS-P by separate clinicians, and consensus diagnoses were determined in a clinical conference. Agreements between child-parent, child-consensus, and parent-consensus were determined. Results Poor levels of agreement were found among our informants, especially between child and parent and to some extent between child and consensus. Agreement was higher between parent and consensus, suggesting that our clinicians tended to favor parent input over child input. Although the effects were complex, characteristics of the child, family, and type of diagnosis moderated or qualified these findings. Conclusions Although discrepancies exist among our informants, our overall findings suggest important information is obtained from each informant and, when combined with certain modifying characteristics, may lead to diagnostic and treatment decisions.
PLAIN RADIOGRAPHY IN THE EVALUATION OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS

The prospects for results of controlled studies of disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs in humans have fostered interest in radiographic methods to detect early cartilage damage and to assess progressive cartilage changes in osteoarthritis of the knee. We summarize here the extent to which technical factors in plain knee radiography-/e, the degree of knee flexion, misalignment of the x-ray beam, magnification of the radiographic image of the joint-and mensural procedures can impact the reproducibility of quantitative measurements of tibiofemoral joint space width, the surrogate for thickness of articular cartilage. Failure to standardize crucial elements of conventional knee radiography and to computerize measurement of tibiofemoral joint space width will introduce significant (and probably insurmountable) error variation into radiographic outcome data. The level of precision achievable with fluoroscopically- assisted flexion of the knee and rotation of the foot with computerized, magnification-corrected measurement of joint space width greatly improves the feasibility of disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug trials as they relate to sample size and duration of treatment necessary to detect an effect from disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs.
Effect of an Electric Field on the Adsorption of Metal Clusters on Boron-Doped Carbon Surfaces

Fuel cell catalysts can lose their activity over a period of time due to the sintering of the nanometer-sized catalyst particles. However, the sintering of metal clusters on carbon supports may be reduced by increasing the interaction between the metal and the support. To manipulate this metal−support interaction, carbon-substituted boron defects were introduced in a graphite lattice, and the adsorption energies of metal clusters (Pt, PtRu, and Au) on the pristine and on the boron-doped carbon were calculated using first-principles density functional theory. The metal−support interaction was also calculated in the presence of an external electric field. Although the metal−support interaction is slightly weakened in the electric field, the boron-doped carbons are still predicted to maintain a significant stabilizing effect.
The predictive value of different reasons for saving and acquiring on hoarding disorder symptoms

Few studies to date have studied the particular reasons endorsed by individuals with hoarding disorder (HD) for why they save or acquire certain objects. Understanding how reasons for saving and acquiring objects influence hoarding severity and the degree to which the relationship depends on gender or age differences can have implications for the treatment of HD. The current study looked at reasons for saving and acquiring in 84 individuals diagnosed with HD. Consideration of the usefulness of an object as a reason for saving was the most consistently uniquely predictive of all of the reasons examined for saving and acquisition when controlling for gender differences and other endorsed reasons. These results may suggest that targeting specific reasons for saving and acquiring may be an efficient way to reduce hoarding severity, specifically related to ideas of utility and waste.
Glucose metabolism, insulin effects, and developmental age of cultured neonatal rat heart cells

Cultured heart cells from 2-3 day old and 5-6 day old neonatal rats have been used as a model system for the characterization of carbohydrate metabolism in developing cardiac tissue. The rate of depletion of glucose from the growth medium was dependent on 1) the age of the animals from which the cultured cells were obtained, and 2) the presence and absence of serum and/or insulin in the growth medium. The glucose depletion rate in insulin and serum-containing medium was 9.63 +/- 0.96 nmol/min/mg protein for heart cell cultures from 2 day old rats and 3.51 +/- 0.68 nmol/min/mg protein in heart cell cultures from 5 day old rats. Appearance of lactate in the medium during these experiments occurred at the rates of 18.6 +/- 7.9 nmol/min/mg and 6.4 +/- 1.2 nmol/min/mg, respectively. In the absence of serum and insulin, the medium glucose depletion rates were 5.7 +/- 1.6 and 2.2 +/- 0.5 nmol/min/mg for cells derived from 2-day-old and 5-day-old rats, respectively. It is apparent from these data that immature cardiac cells depend upon glucose as a primary source of energy for muscle contraction and cellular growth, and that less-efficient energy-yielding metabolic pathways are used to obtain ATP.
Synthesis and characterization of the unusual cluster [Ni2(GaAr′)2(η1:η1-μ2-C2H4)]: Ready addition of ethylene to Ni(COD)(GaAr′)2 at 25 °C and 1 atmosphere

Abstract The nickel (0) compound Ni(COD)(GaAr′)2 (Ar′ = C6H3–2,6-(C6H3-2,6-i-Pr2)2), 1, was synthesized by the reaction of Ni(COD)2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) with (GaAr′)2. Compound 1 reacted with ethylene at 25 °C and at 1 atm pressure to give the bimetallic cluster [Ni2(GaAr′)2(η1:η1-μ2-C2H4)], 2, through the incorporation of one molecule of ethylene and displacement of COD. The structure of 2 featured an unusual Ni2Ga2C2 core bicyclic structure in which the C2H4 moiety bridges the Ga···Ga edge of a Ga2Ni2 tetrahedron. The galliums each carry an η1-bonded Ar′ substituent which complexes the nickel atom by an η6–π interaction with one of its flanking Ar’ rings.
Infrared Spectra of Amide Groups in α-Helical Proteins: Evidence for Hydrogen Bonding between Helices and Water

Infrared spectral frequencies of amide vibrational modes are sensitive to secondary structure. In this work, evidence is presented that accessibility to water additionally affects spectral positions. The dimeric α-helical coiled-coil GCN4-P1‘ was 13C labeled in the amide carbonyl groups of buried Leu or exposed Ala. At 20 °C, the amide I‘ peak for 13C Ala amide is at 1585 cm-1, whereas the position for 13C Leu is at 1606 cm-1. These shifts permit the distinction of solvent-exposed and buried amide groups. Lowering temperature increases H-bond strength, producing a shift to lower frequency. In the temperature range from 10 to 273 K in aqueous glycerol, the amide transitions assigned to solvent-exposed regions of the helices undergo the strongest temperature-dependent shifts, similar to that of the peptide bond model compound, N-methylacetamide, in the same aqueous solvent. In addition, spectral shifts of the amide bands for N-methylacetamide and the solvent-exposed component of the proteins follow the glas...
The product field of values

Abstract For two n -by- n matrices, A,B , the product field of values is the set P ( A , B ) = { 〈 Ax , x 〉 〈 Bx , x 〉 : x ∈ C n , | | x | | = 1 } . In this paper, we establish basic properties of the product field of values. The main results are a proof that the product field is a simply connected subset of the complex plane and a characterization of matrix pairs for which the product field has nonempty interior.
Das Siebengang-Mild-Hybrid-Getriebe 7HDT500

Das Mild-Hybrid-Getriebe 7HDT500 von Getrag baut wie das Basis- Doppelkupplungsgetriebe 7DCT500 sehr kompakt. Dies ist bei quer zur Fahrtrichtung eingebauten Antriebsstrangen von Vorteil. Diese technische Losung kann in Kombination mit elektromotorisch angetriebenen Hinterradern auch als drehmoment- und leistungsstarker Axle-Split-Hybrid zum Einsatz kommen.
Quality measurement and system change of cancer care delivery

Cancer care quality measurement and system change may serve as a case example for larger possibilities in the health care system related to other diseases. Cancer care quality gaps and variation exist across both technical and patient-centered cancer quality measures, especially among vulnerable populations. There is a need to develop measures that address the following dimensions of quality and its context: disparities, overuse, patient-centeredness, and uncertainty. Developments that may promote system change in cancer care delivery include changes in the information market, organizational accountability, and consumer empowerment. Information market changes include public cancer care quality reporting, enabled by health information exchange, and incentivized by pay-for-performance. Moving organizational accountability, reimbursement, and quality measurement from individual episodes of care to multiple providers providing coordinated cancer care may address quality gaps associated with the fragmentation of care delivery. Consumer empowerment through new technologies, such as personal health records, may lead to the collection of patient-centered quality measures and promote patient self-management. Across all of these developments, leadership and ongoing research to guide informed system changes will be necessary to transform the cancer care delivery system.
Racializing and concretizing gramsci in contemporary adult education practice

This response to Mayo’s book emphasizes its Gramscian aspects and explores two dimensions not addressed in the original. The first is Cornel West’s attempt to racialize Gramsci and examine how his ideas might serve the interests of African-Americans. The second is Michael Newman and Ian Baptiste’s exploration of the partisan, directive role of adult educators confronting situations of conflict.
Revisiting the Rosiglitazone Story — Lessons Learned

In July 2007, 24 members of the Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drug Advisory Committee (EMDAC) and the Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) held a joint meeting, which I chaired, and concluded that rosiglitazone, an insulin-sensitizing agent used in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus, was associated with an increased risk of myocardial ischemia.1 This conclusion was based on concordant evidence from three independent meta-analyses performed by the drug's sponsor, the FDA, and Nissen and Wolski.1,2 Nevertheless, the committee voted, as did I, to keep rosiglitazone on the market, although we recommended enhancing . . .
Laboratory and epidemiologic assessment of a recent influenza B outbreak.

A viral surveillance system in Nashville detected an outbreak of influenza B that occurred between January and March 1986. Paired sera from 32 individuals with culture-documented influenza B illness were tested using three serologic assays. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using purified hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and plaque neutralization detected a seroresponse in 69% and 66% of these individuals, respectively. These assays were superior to hemagglutination inhibition, which detected a 41% seroresponse. ELISA was perferred because of cost and ease of performance. A group of 286 individuals, aged 1-65 years, was studied more extensively including serologic assessment before and after the influenza B outbreak. Historical information and viral throat cultures were obtained from those with influenza-like illness during the epidemic. An influenza B infection rate (seroresponse and/or positive culture) of 31% and illness rate (infection with flu-like symptoms during the epidemic period) of 13% was demonstrated using these methods. Pre-epidemic mean serum ELISA IgG titers were lower in those with, versus those without, evidence of subsequent influenza B illness (1,541 vs. 4,311, P = .0026). Children less than or equal to 15 years of age were infected more frequently than adults (44% vs. 28%, P = .04). Fever greater than or equal to 101 degrees F was reported more frequently with influenza B than non-B illness (43% vs. 18%, P = .03). These data are useful in preparing for future epidemiologic studies of influenza B and demonstrate the value of and need for standardization of ELISA as a serologic assay for influenza B.
Gary Gilmore, power, and the rhetoric of symbolic forms

The events and statements surrounding the execution of Gary Gilmore are depicted as rhetorically appealing because they embody the symbolic form of Power versus Powerlessness. Gilmore defeated symbols of the Powerful in America by strategically co‐opting two bases of power, physical force and moral force. Attention is drawn to the dangers of rhetorical drama that has an appealing form but dangerous content.
Patents and inventors: An empirical study

Abstract In this paper the results of a survey on Italian inventors who applied for a patent in Italy is described. The survey was aimed at highlighting some characteristics of the inventors, of the patented inventions, and of the context in which the patent is developed. The data reveal that the vast majority of Italian inventors are males, that their average age is 46.5 years, and that (at variance with Patent Office statistics) 60 percent of them work in a company - the rest being “individual” inventors. Fourfifths of the inventions for which a patent application was filed, relate to products and the remaining one-fifth to processes. The obsolescence of patented inventions is, on average, of the same order of magnitude (16.8 years) as the duration of the patent in Italy (20 years). Economic theory suggests that the patent represents an incentive for economic agents to accept the costs and the risks involved in the invention process. Surprisingly enough, almost three-quarters of the respondents claimed that the invention would have been achieved even in the absence of the patenting institution. Examination of the group of products to which the patent application relates shows a concentration, in descending order, in the sectors of mechanical engineering, chemicals, electricalelectronic, vehicles.
Effect of Introducing Hematoma Ultrasound-Guided Lumpectomy in a Surgical Practice

Background Preoperative needle localization (NL) is the gold standard for lumpectomy of nonpalpable breast cancer. Hematoma ultrasound-guided (HUG) lumpectomy can offer several advantages. The purpose of this study was to compare the use of HUG with NL lumpectomy in a single surgical practice. Study Design Patients with nonpalpable lesions who underwent NL or HUG lumpectomy from January 2007 to December 2009 by a single surgeon were identified from a breast surgery database. Ease of scheduling, volume excised, re-excision rates, operating room time, and health care charges were the main outcomes variables. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to compare the 2 groups. Results Lumpectomy was performed in 110 patients, 55 underwent HUG and 55 underwent NL. Hematoma ultrasound-guided lumpectomy was associated with a nearly 3-fold increase in the odds ratio of additional tissue being submitted to pathology (p = 0.039), but neither the total amount of breast tissue removed, nor the need for second procedure were statistically different between the 2 groups. Duration of the surgical procedure did not vary between the 2 groups; however, the time from biopsy to surgery was shorter for HUG by an expected 9.7 days (p = 0.019), implying greater ease of scheduling. Mean charges averaged $250 less for HUG than for NL, but this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Hematoma ultrasound-guided is equivalent to NL with regard to volume of tissue excised, need for operative re-excision, and operating room time. Adoption of HUG in our practice allowed for more timely surgical care.
Nature of Disorder and Inter-Complex Energy Transfer in LH2 at Room Temperature: A Three Pulse Photon Echo Peak Shift Study†

Three Pulse Photon Echo Peak Shift data are reported for the B850 band of the peripheral light-harvesting complex (LH2) of Rb. sphaeroides at room temperature. The data are obtained for both the detergent solubilized and purified complex, and the native membrane samples containing LH2 as the sole bacteriochlorophyll-protein complex. Both samples reveal an ultrafast decay on a 100−200 fs time scale that is attributed to exciton relaxation dynamics within individual aggregates. The samples in native membranes also contain a ∼5 ps decay component which is assigned to inter-complex, LH2−LH2 energy transfer. The observation of the 5 ps component in the membrane samples strongly suggests the presence of two levels of energetic disorder in the system.
The Primary Structures of Rat Ribosomal Proteins: The Characterization of the cDNAs for S21 and L39; Corrections in the Sequences of L7 and L18a and the Identification of L33

Abstract cDNAs for rat ribosomal proteins S21 and L39 were characterized. S21 has 83 amino acids and a molecular weight of 9,121; L39 has 50 amino acids and a molecular weight of 6,271. There are 8 to 9 copies of the S21, and 9 to 11 copies of the L39 genes. The mRNA for S21 is about 500 nucleotides in length and for L39 it is about 450. Rat S21 and L39 are related to ribosomal proteins from other species. Corrections have been made in the amino acid sequences of L7 and L18a. The rat ribosomal protein designated L33 from its coordinates on two-dimensional gels has been found, from its amino rid sequence, to be identical to S24.
A Time-Domain Computational Simulation of Acoustic Silencers.

A one-dimensional finite difference numerical method is applied for the simulation of sound attenuation in reactive silencers placed in an impedance tube configuration. This time-domain approach solves the nonlinear fundamental balance equations of mass, momentum and energy, and the equation of state. The temporal solution is first converted to the frequency domain by the Fast Fourier Transform, which is then processed by the two-microphone technique to yield transmission loss. Results are presented for the attenuation of acoustic disturbances in four basic configurations including the expansion chamber, Helmholtz resonator, quarter-wave resonator and Herschel-Quincke tube. A comparison to available experimental data and linearized acoustic theory shows excellent agreement for silencers with both anechoic and echoic terminations.
Rushing to the Polls: The Causes of Premature Postconflict Elections:

In the post--cold war period, civil wars are increasingly likely to end with peace settlements brokered by international actors who press for early elections. However, elections held soon after wars end, when political institutions remain weak, are associated with an increased likelihood of a return to violence. International actors have a double-edged influence over election timing and the risk of war, often promoting precarious military stalemates and early elections but sometimes also working to prevent a return to war through peacekeeping, institution building, and powersharing. In this article, we develop and test quantitatively a model of the causes of early elections as a building block in evaluating the larger effect of election timing on the return to war.
‘Aquí no somos unidos’/‘We’re not united here’: adult literacy and the obstacles to solidarity in postwar El Salvador

Based on ethnographic, participatory research in two Salvadoran villages, this article analyzes how features of the sociocultural setting bred discord and mistrust among the participants in an adult literacy program and other community residents, thereby undermining the program’s goal of equipping campesinos to work together to improve their lives. The theoretical framework incorporates critical theories of adult education emphasizing communal learning and action (i.e. solidarity). The article examines how local conditions—namely, the history of land tenure, the legacy of the Salvadoran civil war, social isolation (particularly for women), interpersonal conflicts, gossip and rumors, beliefs in hechieria (sorcery), religious divisions and preferencias (class‐based favoritism)—discouraged trust and community participation, and shaped program implementation and relationships among learners. To foster cooperation and participation in educational programs, especially in conflictual settings, educators must rec...
Preferences for Health Inquiry among Adults Aged 50 and Over

The study has two main objectives: (1) to determine the proportion of adults ≥ 50 years of age who prefer to have their physician inquire about their functional and emotional health status, and (2) what physician, patient, and medical care system factors are associated with these preferences. The findings suggest that 76% of patients want their physician to inquire about their functional health and 72% want their physician to inquire about their emotional health during the medical encounter. Further analyses show that type of inquiry is strongly associated with patient's preference. Multiple regression models showed congruence regarding physician inquiry about functional and emotional health and patients' preferences for this type of inquiry. The current study is valuable because it highlights the importance of communication exchange during the medical encounter. Physicians are encouraged to inquire into older patients' functional and emotional health status.
Effects of chlorinated benzenes on diatom fatty acid composition and quantitative morphology. IV. Pentachlorobenzene and comparison with trichlorobenzene isomers.

Cells of the diatomCyclotella meneghiniana were exposed in a closed system to 0.095 ppm pentachlorobenzene over a period of 5 days. Changes in fatty acid and morphological percent composition were monitored to determine the effect of the toxicant. The greatest morphological change observed was an increase in lipid volume. Most morphological changes occurred in the 1 hour and 5 day sampling periods. Few changes in morphological characteristics or fatty acid percent composition were observed at eight hours, when the cells were in the dark. The C18∶1 and C20∶5 fatty acids were most variable with exposure to pentachlorobenzene. Results suggest that at sublethal doses, lipophilic toxicants exert effects that are biphasic. That is, immediately measurable effects are observed in the cells that include increases in storage products and changes in membranous organelles. Long-term effects are postulated to be the result of mobilization of lipophilic toxicants that have partitioned into lipid stores and are more available when lipids are metabolized. Although pentachlorobenzene has a higher octanol/water partition coefficient, it appears to exert fewer cellular changes than any trichlorobenzene isomer.
Activity coefficients for (hydrogen bromide + calcium bromide + water) at various temperatures. Application of Pitzer's equations

Abstract Activity coefficients for HBr in (hydrogen bromide + calcium bromide + water) have been measured at constant total ionic strengths of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 3.5, 4.0, and 5.0 mol·kg −1 . The temperatures covered in this study were 278.15, 283.15, 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K. The e.m.f. method using a cell of the type: Pt/H 2 (g, p = 101.325 kPa)/HBr( m 1 ), CaBr 2 ( m 2 )/AgBr(s)/Ag(s) was used. The thermodynamic properties of this asymmetrical mixture including the activity coefficients of calcium bromide in the mixture have been calculated and interpreted in terms of Pitzer's formalism. The Pitzer mixing parameters: Θ H, Ca S and Ψ H, Ca, Br (including higher-order electrostatic effects), and Θ H, Ca and Ψ H, Ca, Br (excluding higher-order effects) as well as the temperature derivatives of the mixing coefficients: ∂Θ H, Ca S ∂T and ∂Ψ H, Ca, Br ∂T , have been estimated. The temperature derivatives of the Pitzer pure-electrolyte parameters for CaBr 2 are also included.
An investigation of the differences in attitude and achievement between male and female second and fifth grade science students

Research has indicated a strong decline in science interest and achievement among students in middle school and high school, with significantly greater declines among female students. This study investigated the differences in attitudes toward and achievement in science between boys and girls in grades two and five to see if the gender differences observed in middle school and high school may apply to elementary students. No significant gender differences were observed in grades two and five. Therefore, it appeared that the disparity of attitudes and achievement between female and male students may originate after grade five.
A Commodore 64-based experimental psychology laboratory

When used in conjunction with a 6522 interface board, the Commodore 64 (C64) computer can control and precisely time externally generated stimuli. A C64-based experimental psychology laboratory that uses these capabilities is described along with a set of programs that can be used to control experimentation. The pros and cons of using the C64 as a laboratory computer are discussed.
Principal interactions analysis for repeated measures data: application to gene–gene and gene–environment interactions

Many existing cohorts with longitudinal data on environmental exposures, occupational history, lifestyle/ behavioral characteristics, and health outcomes have collected genetic data in recent years. In this paper, we consider the problem of modeling gene-gene and gene-environment interactions with repeated measures data on a quantitative trait. We review possibilities of using classical models proposed by Tukey (1949) and Mandel (1961) using the cell means of a two-way classification array for such data. Although these models are effective for detecting interactions in the presence of main effects, they fail miserably if the interaction structure is misspecified. We explore a more robust class of interaction models that are based on a singular value decomposition of the cell-means residual matrix after fitting the additive main effect terms. This class of additive main effects and multiplicative interaction models (Gollob, 1968) provide useful summaries for subject-specific and time-varying effects as represented in terms of their contribution to the leading eigenvalues of the interaction matrix. It also makes the interaction structure more amenable to geometric representation. We call this analysis 'principal interactions analysis'. While the paper primarily focuses on a cell-mean-based analysis of repeated measures outcome, we also introduce resampling-based methods that appropriately recognize the unbalanced and longitudinal nature of the data instead of reducing the response to cell means. We illustrate the proposed methods by using data from the Normative Aging Study, a longitudinal cohort study of Boston area veterans since 1963. We carry out simulation studies under an array of classical interaction models and common epistasis models to illustrate the properties of the principal interactions analysis procedure in comparison with the classical alternatives.
Genetics behind barbed wire: Masuo Kodani, émigré geneticists, and wartime genetics research at Manzanar relocation center.

This article explores the sociopolitical backdrop of genetics research during the politically turbulent decades of the mid-20th century that saw the persecution, displacement, and relocation of unpopular minorities in both the United States and Europe. It explores how geneticists in the United States accommodated these disruptions through formal and informal emigre networks and how the subsequent war affected their research programs and their lives. It does so by focusing on the career and life of geneticist Masuo Kodani, who, as a Japanese American, found himself conducting unexpected cytogenetics research in Manzanar, a “relocation center,” or internment camp, located in the California desert, after the attack on Pearl Harbor. After the war, Kodani9s subsequent career continued to be shaped by his experiences as a Japanese American and by the specific skills as a cytogeneticist that he demonstrated at a critical period in the history of 20th-century genetics. His many relocations in search of employment culminated in his work with the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission on human chromosomes, for which he is best known.
Optical conductivity and kinetic energy of the superconducting state: A cluster dynamical mean field study

We study the evolution of the optical conductivity in the t-J model with temperature and doping using the Cluster Dynamical Mean Field Method. The transition to the superconducting state in the overdoped regime is characterized by an increase in the kinetic energy of the system, in contrast to the underdoped side where kinetic energy of the system decreases upon condensation. In the underdoped and optimally doped regime, the optical conductivity displays anomalous transfers of spectral weight over a broad frequency region.
Language, Lies, and Human Action in William of Ockham's Treatment of Insolubles

En reponse a la position de P. Spade et K. Simmons sur la question de la difference entre l'attitude medievale et l'attitude moderne face aux paradoxes logiques, l'A. etudie le traitement du paradoxe du menteur par Guillaume d'Ockham, qui souligne le role de la notion d'action humaine dans la generation des insolubles. Admettant la fragilite et la limitation humaines plutot qu'il ne denonce une crise et une perte de notre heritage intellectuel a la maniere de Quine, Ockham s'inspire de la definition thomiste et aristotelicienne du desir deliberateur pour eclairer la nature humaine dans toute sa psychologie, plutot qu'il ne s'interesse au langage et a la logique pour eux-memes
Molecular biology for the pediatric surgeon

Molecular biology is leading a revolution in our understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of disease and will continue to do so. Medicine in the future will require a greater understanding of this field and its methods by medical practitioners. This report reviews the basic aspects of the field including recombinant DNA methods. Of particular importance is how molecular biology will impact pediatric surgeons. Accordingly, the final section of this report briefly reviews the molecular biology of three diseases commonly treated by pediatric surgeons.
FLEXOR TENDON REPAIR USING A STAINLESS STEEL EXTERNAL SPLINT: Biomechanical study on human cadaver flexor tendons

A stainless steel external tendon splint was used in repair of cadaver tendons and compared with standard tendon repairs with suture. The splint was combined with a Kessler repair and tested against the Kessler, Becker, and Savage repairs in fresh human cadaver flexor digitorum profundus tendons. Biomechanical testing was done on a tensile testing machine, and load-displacement curves were generated. The repairs using the external tendon splint demonstrated a range of improvement of 32 to 146% in mean maximal tensile strength and a 20 to 185% improvement of mean ultimate tensile strength compared with all other repairs. The external tendon splint is relatively easy to apply to a tendon. The repair is strengthened and becomes capable of withstanding early active range of motion excercises. In vivo testing will be needed to assess the potential clinical usefulness of such a device.
JAK2V617F prevalence and allele burden in non-splanchnic venous thrombosis in the absence of overt myeloproliferative disorder.

JAK2 V617F prevalence and allele burden in non-splanchnic venous thrombosis in the absence of overt myeloproliferative disorder
Septo-hippocampal cholinergic and neurotrophin markers in age-induced cognitive decline

Abstract Messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules encoding proteins related to the presynaptic cholinergic and neurotrophin systems were quantitated in the hippocampus and basal forebrain of Long–Evans rats with spatial learning ability assessed in the Morris water maze. The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed that the mRNAs for the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75-NTR) and the growth-associated protein GAP-43 were decreased in level in the basal forebrain of aged-impaired rats. In the hippocampus of these aged-impaired rats, the mRNA for VGF, another neurotrophin-inducible gene, also was decreased. In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that mRNAs for nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor increased in level in the aged rat hippocampus; when age effects were removed, NGF mRNA level remained significantly correlated with maze performance. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that NGF protein was expressed at normal levels in the aged rat hippocampus. These mRNA and protein alterations may signify that a defect in neurotrophin signaling exists in the brains of aged Long–Evans rats, underlying reduced plasticity responses in the basal forebrain cholinergic system.
Modeling Satellite Ozone Data

Abstract Starting in the early 1970s, the decline in column ozone over much of the earth has received much attention. Satellite ozone data, with the advantage of global coverage, now play an important role in assessing long-term trends in ozone distributions. We consider a class of space-time regression models for the analysis of satellite data on a fixed latitude, which take into account temporal and longitudinal dependence of the observations. The models can be used to test the uniformity of long-term trends in different longitudinal ozone series. Using the property of circular matrices, explicit expressions of the likelihood functions are obtained. Asymptotic properties of the parameter estimates are briefly discussed. A diagnostic method is proposed to tentatively select the orders in the noise terms of the models. The space-time regression models are applied to the total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) data for trend assessment.
Computational-complexity reduction for neural network algorithms

An important class of neural models is described as a set of coupled nonlinear differential equations with state variables corresponding to the axon hillock potential of neurons. Through a nonlinear transformation, these models can be converted to an equivalent system of differential equations whose state variables correspond to firing rates. The firing rate formulation has certain computational advantages over the potential formulation of the model. The computational and storage burdens per cycle in simulations are reduced, and the resulting equations become quasilinear in a large significant subset of the state space. Moreover, the dynamic range of the state space is bounded, alleviating the numerical stability problems in network simulation. These advantages are demonstrated through an example, using the authors' model for the so-called neural solution to the traveling salesman problem proposed by J.J. Hopfield and D.W. Tank (1985). >
EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM SULFATE ON LEUKOTRIENE-INDUCED AIRWAY TONE. 1789

Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) may be useful in patients failing conventional therapy for asthma. Studies suggest that Mg2+ is a voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel (VDC) antagonist, causing greater relaxation in airways contracted with KCl than with cholinergic agonists. This is consistent with the fact that in KCl-induced tension, both initiation and maintenance of contraction require Ca2+ entry through VDCs, but in cholinergic-induced tension, initiation of contraction is mediated by receptor-operated Ca2+ channels, and only maintenance requires VDCs. However, there is little evidence showing involvement of VDCs in airway contraction to physiologic agonists, such as leukotriene D4 (LTD4), an inflammatory mediator in asthma. The mechanism of LTD4-mediated airway contraction is not precisely known. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of MgSO4 on LTD4-induced airway tone. Methods. Newborn guinea pig tracheal ring segments (n=7-9) were constricted to 2 grams tension with acetylcholine (ACh), KCl, or LTD4. Changes in isometric tension to cumulative additions of MgSO4 (1.2-11.2 mM) were measured. Results. After constriction with ACh, MgSO4 produced dose-dependent airway relaxation, at maximum by 33±6%. After constriction with LTD4, MgSO4 relaxed airway tone by 42±8%, similar to that produced after constriction with ACh (p=NS). However, after constriction with KCl, MgSO4 produced greater relaxation (74±7%, p<0.0001). Conclusions. MgSO4 significantly relaxes leukotriene-induced airway contraction in vitro, supporting its use clinically in reducing inflammatory-mediated airway hyperresponsiveness. The similarity of relaxation responses after constriction with ACh and LTD4 suggests that, as with ACh, maintenance of contraction to LTD4 may require VDCs.
Empowered to lead: the role of psychological empowerment in leadership

This study examines the relationship between psychological empowerment and leadership. Empowered supervisors are hypothesized to be innovative, upward influencing, and inspirational and less focused on monitoring to maintain the status quo. Tested on a sample of mid-level supervisors from a Fortune 500 organization, the hypotheses were largely supported. Supervisors who reported higher levels of empowerment were seen by their subordinates as more innovative, upward influencing, and inspirational. No relationship was found between supervisory empowerment and monitoring behaviours. Implications for theory and practice are discussed, and future research directions are suggested. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.