cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorine-18 Ligands for the in Vivo Study of the Beta Adrenergic Receptor in the Heart and Lung

In the last 10 years there has been considerable interest in development of receptor ligands labeled with externally detectable radionuclides for the study of receptors in vivo. Most of the interest has been directed towards compounds labeled with positron emitting radionuclides permitting in vivo studies to be performed using positron emission tomography (PET) and the majority of studies have been directed towards the brain. One of the challenges in all in vivo receptor ligand studies is the estimation of non-specific binding, normally measured in vitro by as that binding which occurs in the presence of a large excess of ligand. In studies in the brain the non-specific binding of the ligand is typically estimated by finding an area of the brain that has the same or similar blood flow and partition coefficient as the area of interest but has none of the receptors of interest. This tissue can then be used to estimate the amount of non-specific binding of the ligand, which can be subtracted from the activity in the area of interest to give the specific binding. However, if the area of interest is in the heart and lung such a method is not applicable since there is no tissue in the field of view with similar properties but no receptors to provide the non-specific measurement. To distinguish the nonspecific from the specific binding in such cases it is necessary to use the kinetics of the two processes to separate them. Thus the non-specific binding is rapid and independent of the ligand and we can assume that the non-specifically bound tracer in the tissue and the tracer in the blood will be in equilibrium, even though the concentration of the tracer in the blood will be constantly changing. On the other hand the ligand-receptor interactions are slower, especially the disassociation of the ligand-receptor complex. To use this kinetic difference to distinguish between specific and the non-specific binding, the dissociation of the ligand receptor complex must be as slow as possible and the system must be observed for a sufficient length of time to measure changes in all the processes. The time period involved will depend upon the ligand, not only in its kinetics of binding to the receptor, but also in its blood-tissue partition coefficient which dictates the time scale of the nonspecific binding changes. Although the time scale can only be approximated ahead of time it can be estimated to be in hours. Of the available PET radionuclides only fluorine-18 has a long enough half-life to meet these requirements.
Oyster reproduction is compromised by acidification experienced seasonally in coastal regions.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have been rising during the past century, leading to ocean acidification (OA). Coastal and estuarine habitats experience annual pH variability that vastly exceeds the magnitude of long-term projections in open ocean regions. Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) reproduction season coincides with periods of low pH occurrence in estuaries, thus we investigated effects of moderate (pH 7.5, pCO2 2260 µatm) and severe OA (pH 7.1, pCO2 5584 µatm; and 6.7, pCO2 18480 µatm) on oyster gametogenesis, fertilization, and early larval development successes. Exposure at severe OA during gametogenesis caused disruption in oyster reproduction. Oogenesis appeared to be more sensitive compared to spermatogenesis. However, Eastern oyster reproduction was resilient to moderate OA projected for the near-future. In the context of projected climate change exacerbating seasonal acidification, OA of coastal habitats could represent a significant bottleneck for oyster reproduction which may have profound negative implications for coastal ecosystems reliant on this keystone species.
Diagnosis and management of McFarland fractures.

Abstract Background McFarland fracture is the eponym for a rare Salter Harris III or IV fracture involving the medial distal tibia. These fractures can be difficult to diagnose without a high index suspicion and appropriate radiographic imaging. These fractures may result in significant growth disturbances to the pediatric patient. When diagnosed and treated acutely, these fractures can be managed with cast immobilization and close follow up. If diagnoses in a delayed fashion they can result in significant morbidity including prolonged casting and possible surgical treatment. Case report In this case report we discuss a pediatric patient with a delayed presentation McFarland fracture which was initially diagnosed and treated as an ankle sprain. He required a prolonged course of treatment and we describe his clinical progression. We review the literature regarding this fracture pattern including history, acute management and outcomes. Why should an emergency physician be aware of this? McFarland fractures are rare Salter Harris III fractures of the medial malleolus. These ankle fractures affect patients nearing skeletal maturity and may be difficult to diagnose without the appropriate orthogonal X-ray imaging. Also, a missed diagnosis can lead to unnecessary morbidity to the patient. If diagnosed acutely, these fractures can be easily treated with immobilization but if allowed to become chronic they require prolonged periods of casting and possibly even surgical intervention. A patient with a specific constellation of symptoms and history should raise suspicion for these injuries and prompt a thorough workup.
Divine persons as relational qua-objects

Is the Christian doctrine of the Trinity consistent with a very strong version of the thesis of divine simplicity? Yes, so long as the simple divine nature is a relational nature, a nature that could be characterized in terms of such relations as knowing and loving. This divine nature functions simultaneously as agent, patient, and action: as knower, known and knowledge, and lover, beloved, and love. I will draw on work on qua-objects by Kit Fine and Nicholas Asher and on my own account of relational facts to elucidate this model more fully.
Gut bacterial assemblages of freshwater macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups

Little is known about the impacts of diet and environment on the composition and stability of gut microbial assemblages among freshwater macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups, compared to terrestrial counterparts. In this study, we compared gut microbial assemblages among functional feeding groups and environmental/dietary materials (biofilm and bacterioplankton) within and across two Northeastern Ohio streams differing in environmental conditions, following partial 16S rRNA sequence data analyses. Four functional feeding groups (filter feeders, grazers/collectors, omnivores, and predators) were uncovered in both streams, with significant differences in gut microbial community compositions among functional feeding groups within streams, and significant similarities in gut microbial community compositions between the same functional feeding groups across streams. Observed differences and similarities among functional feeding groups may be attributed to group-specific internal sorting processes due to physical and chemical properties (such as pH and oxygen levels) of the gut, which impact successful bacterial colonization. Results from this study provide insights into the impacts of diet and environment on the composition and stability of freshwater macroinvertebrate gut microbial assemblages. Results also provide a basis for further studies investigating initial establishment and colonization of gut microbiota across developmental stages, and potential gut microbial functions of importance to freshwater macroinvertebrate hosts.
Patient-reported Allergies are Associated With Preoperative Psychological Distress and Less Satisfying Patient Experience in a Lumbar Spine Surgery Population.

Study Design:This was a retrospective cohort study.Objective:The main objectives of this study were: (1) to determine whether patient-reported allergies (PRAs) are associated with patient satisfaction scores, and (2) to clarify the association between PRAs and preoperative anxiety and depression in
Conformational Flexibility Determines Electronic Coupling and Charge Transfer Character in Single Propeller-Shaped Perylene Diimide Tetramer Arrays

We investigate the effect of molecular geometry and conformational flexibility on electronic coupling and charge transfer interactions within propeller-shaped perylene diimide (PDI) tetramer arrays differing by the number of covalent linkages to a central spirobifluorene core. Electronic spectra of tetramers with one (“floppy”) or two (“rigid”) bay covalent linkages display evidence of charge transfer character in either ground or excited states. Floppy tetramers exhibit marked red-shifted and broadened absorption features that we assign as overlapping inter-PDI charge transfer and PDI-centered π–π* transitions, whereas rigid tetramers retain features similar to single PDI molecules, albeit with broader line widths. Interestingly, both tetramers exhibit charge transfer character in their fluorescence emission, but this is most prominent in the rigid tetramer, which displays dominant long-lived excimer behavior in addition to a minority component resembling single PDI-like emission. We then use single-mole...
Decreasing Unexpected Returns to Orthopedic Hand Clinic: Improving Efficiency of Health Care Delivery.

Purpose An unexpected return to clinic (URTC) visit can place a substantial financial burden on patients and families while stressing the health care system. Our SMART aim was to decrease the rate of URTC visits from 1.8 per 100 patient follow-up visits by 50% using quality improvement methodology. Methods The rate of URTC visits was tracked at our tertiary care pediatric hospital from February 1, 2014, to May 31, 2015, using a weekly P-chart. Interventions were studied from January 1 to May 31, 2015. Pareto charts determined the common causes of URTC visits. Interventions were studied using Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles. Medical charges for URTC patient visits were collected and patients/families were given a cost survey to determine nonmedical costs associated with the clinic visits. Results Cast issues (50.5%) were most common, followed by new symptom/complaints (29.5%), and persistent or worse symptoms (15.2%). Following interventions, URTC rates decreased from 1.8 to 0.7 (⇓62%) per 100 follow-up visits during the study period. Interventions were targeted toward cast use and improved patient education via standardized materials. The average URTC resulted in $350.38 of charges. Additionally, the average URTC cost families $70 for a half day of lost wages and travel expenses. Discussion Applying quality improvement methodology to URTC visits by standardizing patient education and minimizing cast usage resulted in a substantial decrease in the number of patients returning to clinic, both for scheduled follow-ups and unexpectedly. This improvement resulted in a savings of more than $420 per visit saved, including medical and nonmedical costs.
Sweeteners are added to modify consumer behaviour

The meta-analysis by Toews and colleagues indicates that artificial sweeteners are safe to consume, but their uses go beyond sugar substitution and calorie reduction.12 Artificial sweeteners allow the cheaper and more efficient production of highly processed foods with long shelf lives and enable the formulation of new sweet products. Sweeteners such as sucralose or aspartame are 200-600 times sweeter than sugar. Novel candy products and beverages often contain sugar and artificial …
Selection Bias in Audit Firm Tenure Research

Prior studies find that long auditor tenure improves audit quality. An alternative explanation, however, is that low audit quality increases auditor turnover, thereby self-selecting into the short-tenure group. To disentangle these explanations, this paper examines selection bias in audit firm tenure research in three steps. First, we empirically demonstrate the existence of self-selection. We find that the length (or duration) of the auditor-client relationship is not random: firms that have higher audit quality, higher profitability, and lower risk are more likely to have long relationships with their auditors. Second, we use simulated panel data to illustrate that, when self-selection exists, results consistent with long tenure improving audit quality may be obtained, even if lengthened tenure has no impact or even an adverse impact on audit quality. We show that incorporating fixed effects is critical to address the selection bias. Third, we examine commonly used audit-quality proxies and find that, after controlling for selection bias, there is little evidence that auditor tenure affects audit quality or perceived audit quality. Our results suggest that the previously documented positive association between auditor tenure and audit quality reflects selection bias, instead of a treatment effect.
Dividend payments and excess cash: an experimental analysis

Abstract There is an observed positive correlation between the size of firms’ dividends and the amount of cash they keep on hand. We specify a new channel of precautionary cash holdings as related to dividend-smoothing, which predicts that increased dividends should cause firms to keep more cash on hand. In the reverse direction, theory’s predictions depend on the source of the increased cash on hand. General dividend-smoothing theory predicts that temporary increases in cash due to natural market fluctuations should not affect dividends. If the increased cash is due to a permanent increase in profitability, both the marginal benefit and the marginal cost of paying dividends also increase, and the net effect is unclear. Theory’s predictions of causality cannot be tested empirically using observed firm data, however, due to an underlying endogeneity issue. We instead turn to a laboratory experiment to determine causality. In the lab, we separately and exogenously vary each relevant variable to test each theoretical hypothesis. Increased dividends lead to increased cash on hand. One-time increases in firms’ cash on hand, representing natural market fluctuations, do not affect firms’ dividends. Increases in cash on hand due to a permanent increase in firm profitability, however, cause dividends to decrease.
Exotic parrots breeding in urban tree cavities: nesting requirements, geographic distribution, and potential impacts on cavity nesting birds in southeast Florida

Exotic parrots have established breeding populations in southeast Florida, including several species that nest in tree cavities. We aimed to determine the species identity, nest site requirements, relative nest abundance, geographic distribution, and interactions of parrots with native cavity-nesting bird species. We searched Miami-Dade County, Florida, and nearby areas for natural cavities and holes excavated by woodpeckers, recording attributes of potential nest trees. We inspected all cavities with an elevated video inspection system to determine occupancy by parrots or other birds. We mapped nearly 4000 citizen science observations of parrots in our study area corresponding to our study period, and used these to construct range maps, comparing them to our nesting observations. Not all parrots reported or observed in our study area were actively breeding. Some parrots were observed at tree cavities, which previous studies have suggested is evidence of reproduction, but our inspections with an elevated video inspection system suggest they never initiated nesting attempts. Several parrot species did successfully nest in tree cavities, Red-masked Parakeets (Psittacara erythrogenys) and Orange-winged Parrots (Amazona amazonica) being the most common (n = 7 and 6 nests, respectively). These two parrots had similar nesting requirements, but Orange-winged Parrots use nests with larger entrance holes, which they often enlarge. Geographic analysis of nests combined with citizen science data indicate that parrots are limited to developed areas. The most common parrots were less abundant cavity nesters than the native birds which persist in Miami’s urban areas, and far less abundant than the invasive European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Exotic parrots breeding elsewhere in the world have harmed native cavity-nesting birds through interference competition, but competitive interference in southeast Florida is minimized by the urban affinities of parrots in this region. The relative abundance and geographic distribution suggest that these parrots are unlikely to invade adjacent wilderness areas.
“What I Mean Is…”: The role of dialogic interactions in developing a statement of teaching philosophy

Abstract This case study explores the role of dialogic interactions in a US-based Korean doctoral student’s efforts to write a statement of teaching philosophy (TPS) as part of her employment applications in science education. While previous studies have examined the role of pedagogical strategies and available resources to help students improve their statement, these approaches tend to be dispensed by field experts such as faculty members; few studies have examined methods that can be adopted by a tutor-student dyad in which the tutor must rely on the student’s knowledge and perspectives in order to help the student write and improve the statement. In this study, the participant and I (the researcher) discussed the participant’s concerns regarding her TPS drafts. Bakhtin’s (1981) concept of dialogism was employed to facilitate the participant’s attempts to write her statement. Results showed that dialogic interactions aided the participant in clarifying her thoughts through verbalization and subsequently transferring those thoughts to her writing. The interactions also facilitated the participant’s efforts to infuse her writing with uniqueness or individualism, a key component of the TPS.
Threat of Brown Rot of Potato and Existing Resistance

Brown rot of potatoes caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is common in developing countries. Historically, brown rot losses in the United States have been restricted to southern states. This trend will most likely change with new Ralstonia introductions and temperature variability. A cold tolerant Ralstonia strain was used in this study to compare resistance between 18 wild accessions from eight species, nine accessions from the International Potato Center (CIP), and seven common US cultivars. Testing was done at both 18 °C and 30 °C. Of the wild potato species tested, S. commersonii and S. microdontum were the most resistant. CIP accessions varied from moderately resistant to very resistant. Four of the US cultivars were also moderately resistant. With certain accessions temperature played a role in resistance with high temperatures usually increasing severity of disease and cool temperatures promoting the occurrence of asymptomatic plants. The resistance observed appears to be partial, multigenic resistance.
Diffuse large B-cell and follicular lymphoma presenting as a slowly growing compressive goiter: A case report and literature review.

Abstract Introduction Neck ultrasonography with fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the diagnostic modality of choice for clinicians who routinely work up a thyroid mass. Distinguishing chronic lymphocytic infiltration from a lymphoproliferative process with FNAC in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis presenting with a goiter can be particularly challenging. Case description A 58 y.o. female with a history of a goiter showing interval growth and compressive symptoms over 18 months, was treated with a thyroid lobectomy. Surgical pathology demonstrated a thyroid lymphoma (TL) with mixed follicular and diffuse large B cell (DLBCL) components, not initially diagnosed by FNAC. Staging workup showed the involvement of chest lymph nodes only, consistent with Stage IIE disease. She was treated with combination chemotherapy and immunotherapy, followed by involved-field radiotherapy. Discussion TL often arises in a background of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis which can make its histological diagnosis a challenge. The disease is heterogeneous in histological subtype and progression. Conclusion While TL usually presents as a rapidly growing neck mass, indolent types can present as a slow growing mass with subsequent transformation. Patients may benefit from avoiding unnecessary diagnostic steps, including surgery, and potential delays in treatment by performing a core needle biopsy when a lymphoproliferative process cannot be excluded if FNAC was initially performed.
Practicing What We Preach

Today, environmental, cultural, and historical sites are emphasizing educational and interactive visitor experiences. An institution's educational philosophy should form the core of volunteer train...
Modification and complexity analysis of an incremental learning algorithm under the VPRS model

This article introduced the modification of an incremental learning algorithm and summarized its performance via the complexity analysis. The algorithm was originally proposed in the context of classic rough set theory, utilizing the hierarchy of probabilistic decision tables as the classifier. The variable precision rough set model (VPRS model) is an extension of the classic rough set theory with unique features. When implemented under the VPRS model, the algorithm has to be modified; for example, some of its strategies can be merged and additional operations are required. Initially, the algorithm was modified into a version specifically suitable for the field of face recognition. This article further reformulated the algorithm so that it can be potentially applied in different areas and, after that, analyzed its complexity.
Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)

Product design involves in modelling, simulation, and evaluation of the behaviors of the product at the different stages of its product lifecycle (PLC). Computer aided engineering (CAE) uses computers to model and analyze the responses of product that is subjected to external loads and constraints. CAE has become essential to eliminate hidden mistakes and omissions in virtual design before the physical product is made. In this chapter, the importance of CAE in manufacturing is discussed, different CAE tools are introduced, and the focus is put on finite element analysis (FEA). The theoretical fundamental of FEA is introduced, the general procedure of FEA modelling and simulation is presented, and FEA is used to analyze six common types of engineering problems. The SolidWorks Simulation is used to illustrate how CAE is applied in analyzing and solving various engineering problems.
AFRL Additive Manufacturing Modeling Challenge Series: Overview

The Air Force Research Laboratory Additive Manufacturing Modeling Challenge series launched in November 2019 was devised as a means to assess the Additive Manufacturing modeling community’s ability to predict, in a locally resolved fashion, details of the structure and subsequent mechanical performance of metallic materials fabricated with a laser powder bed fusion process. This communication gives a general overview of the challenge series implementation, results, and workshop.
Amino Acid Sequence Composition of AA Amyloid Fibrils in Cystic Fibrosis

Amyloidosis is a relatively rare complication of cystic fibrosis although chronic infections are a hallmark of the disease. During the past 20 years, sixteen cases of amyloidosis in patients with cystic fibrosis have been reported. The mean age at the time of the diagnosis of amyloid was 20 years with a range from 6-33 years.
An Overview of Network Bifurcations in the Functionalized Cahn-Hilliard Free Energy

The functionalized Cahn-Hilliard (FCH) free energy models interfacial energy in amphiphilic phase-separated mixtures. Its minimizers and quasi-minimizers encompass rich classes of network morphologies with detailed inner layers incorporating bilayers, pore, pearled pore, and micelle type structures. We present an overview of the stability of the network morphologies as well as the competitive evolution of bilayer and pore morphologies under a gradient flow in three space-dimensions.
Synthesis and export of the outer membrane lipoprotein in Escherichia coli mutants defective in generalized protein export.

Abstract Export of the outer membrane lipoprotein in Escherichia coli was examined in conditionally lethal mutants that were defective in protein export in general, including secA, secB, secC, and secD. Lipoprotein export was affected in a secA(Ts) mutant of E. coli at the nonpermissive temperature; it was also affected in a secA(Am) mutant of E. coli at the permissive temperature, but not at the nonpermissive temperature. The export of lipoprotein occurred normally in E. coli carrying a null secB::Tn5 mutation; on the other hand, the export of an OmpF::Lpp hybrid protein, consisting of the signal sequence plus 11 amino acid residues of mature OmpF and mature lipoprotein, was affected by the secB mutation. The synthesis of lipoprotein was reduced in the secC mutant at the nonpermissive temperature, as was the case for synthesis of the maltose-binding protein, while the synthesis of OmpA was not affected. Lipoprotein export was found to be slightly affected in secD(Cs) mutants at the nonpermissive temperature. These results taken together indicate that the export of lipoprotein shares the common requirements for functional SecA and SecD proteins with other exported proteins, but does not require a functional SecB protein. SecC protein (ribosomal protein S15) is required for the optimal synthesis of lipoprotein.
Adenovirus DNA. 3. Separation of the complementary strands of adenovirus types 2, 7 and 12 DNA molecules.

Abstract The binding of homo- and oo-polyribonucleotides to the denatured DNA molecules of adenovirus types 2, 7 and 12, members of three different oncogenic and transforming human virus groups, was studied by analytical equilibrium centrifugation in cesium chloride density gradients. Denatured adenovirus 2 DNA binds to poly(G) and poly(U) at pH 7.2, and to poly(C) at pH 5, but not to poly(A); satisfactory separation of the complementary DNA strands as complexes with homopolymers was not achieved. Copolymer poly(U,G) preparations with suitable ratios of U to G bind to both strands of adenovirus 2, 7 and 12 DNA molecules and produce increases in buoyant density of 50 to 80 mg/cm3. Each of the complementary strands of adenoviruses 2, 7 and 12 DNA bind poly(U,G) to different extents, producing differences in buoyant density of 10 to 17 mg/cm3 and thus permitting strand separation. Adenovirus 2 heavy and light DNA strands were separated preparatively as intact DNA molecules sedimenting at 35 s as determined by analytical zone centrifugation in alkali. Each strand was uncoutaminated by its complement as shown by self-annealing experiments and by hybridization with virus-specific RNA
Evaluation of methods for sampling, recovery, and enumeration of bacteria applied to the phylloplane

Determining the fate and survival of genetically engineered microorganisms released into the environment requires the development and application of accurate and practical methods of detection and enumeration. Several experiments were performed to examine quantitative recovery methods that are commonly used or that have potential applications. In these experiments, Erwinia herbicola and Enterobacter cloacae were applied in greenhouses to Blue Lake bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Cayuse oats (Avena sativa). Sampling indicated that the variance in bacterial counts among leaves increased over time and that this increase caused an overestimation of the mean population size by bulk leaf samples relative to single leaf samples. An increase in the number of leaves in a bulk sample, above a minimum number, did not significantly reduce the variance between samples. Experiments evaluating recovery methods demonstrated that recovery of bacteria from leaves was significantly better with stomacher blending, than with blending, sonication, or washing and that the recovery efficiency was constant over a range of sample inoculum densities. Delayed processing of leaf samples, by storage in a freezer, did not significantly lower survival and recovery of microorganisms when storage was short term and leaves were not stored in buffer. The drop plate technique for enumeration of bacteria did not significantly differ from the spread plate method. Results of these sampling, recovery, and enumeration experiments indicate a need for increased development and standardization of methods used by researchers as there are significant differences among, and also important limitations to, some of the methods used.
Zinc Deficiency Increases Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y and Neuropeptide Y mRNA Levels and Does Not Block Neuropeptide Y–Induced Feeding in Rats

Zinc deficiency reduces intake and produces an unusual approximately 3.5-d cycle of intake in rats. The mechanism underlying the anorexia and cycling has not yet been defined; current hypotheses suggest that alterations in amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter concentrations may be a part of this anorexia. Recent reports indicate that appetite-stimulating neuropeptide Y (NPY) may be elevated during zinc deficiency. This suggests that a resistance to NPY may exist during zinc deficiency because NPY levels are high, yet appetite is low. The purpose of this study was to measure NPY peptide and mRNA concentrations during zinc deficiency in specific nuclei of the hypothalamus in which peptide and mRNA for NPY are known to be associated with appetite, and also to determine whether zinc-deficient rats are responsive to central infusions of NPY. Both NPY peptide levels in the paraventricular nucleus and NPY mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus were higher (P < 0.05) in zinc-deficient rats than in zinc-adequate rats. When rats were administered exogenous NPY to the paraventricular nucleus, both zinc-deficient and zinc-adequate rats responded similarly by increasing food intake. These results suggest that NPY is elevated during zinc deficiency in an attempt to restore normal food intake levels, rather than being reduced and thereby contributing to the anorexia associated with zinc deficiency. During zinc deficiency, NPY receptors are able to bind NPY and initiate an orexigenic response.
Children's knowledge of auditory/articulatory correspondences: phonologic and metaphonologic.

Forty-five normally developing children, 15 within each group of mean ages 5, 6, and 7, participated in a metaphonologic study examining the knowledge of auditory/articulatory correspondences Tasks included (a) a nonverbal identification of correspondences by selecting the appropriate side of a split video screen display, and (b) a verbal explanation of the cues used to motivate this choice. With development, there were significant increases in numbers of correct responses on the nonverbal task and corresponding changes in relative proportions of verbal explanation types. No significant relationship between level of performance on metaphonologic tasks and phoneme production skill was found.
Model-Simulated Northern Winter Cyclone and Anticyclone Activity under a Greenhouse Warming Scenario.

Abstract Two 100-yr equilibrium simulations from the NCAR Community Climate Model coupled to a nondynamic slab ocean are used to investigate the activity of northern winter extratropical cyclones and anticyclones under a greenhouse warming scenario. The first simulation uses the 1990 observed CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC-11, and CFC-12 concentrations, and the second adopts the year 2050 concentrations according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change business-as-usual scenario. Variables that describe the characteristic properties of the cyclone-scale eddies, such as surface cyclone and anticyclone frequency and the bandpassed root-mean-square of 500-hPa geopotential height, along with the Eady growth rate maximum, form a framework for the analysis of the cyclone and anticyclone activity. Objective criteria are developed for identifying cyclone and anticyclone occurrences based on the 1000-hPa geopotential height and vorticity fields and tested using ECMWF analyses. The potential changes of the eddy activi...
Truncated DCC Reduces N-Cadherin/Catenin Expression and Calcium-Dependent Cell Adhesion in Neuroblastoma Cells

The deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) protein is important in the pathway guidance of cells and cell processes during neural development, and DCC has also been implicated in the aberrant cellular migrations of neuroblastoma dissemination. We attempted to further define DCC protein function by the overexpression of full-length and truncated DCC constructs in a human neuroblastoma cell line. Overexpression of the truncated DCC protein resulted in a less epithelioid morphology. This was accompanied by decreases in expression of N-cadherin and α- and β-catenin by immunoblot and Northern blot analysis. Levels of desmoglein were relatively less affected, whereas endogenous DCC protein levels were increased in the truncated transfectants. N-cadherin immunofluorescence was consistent with the immunoblot studies and localized the protein to the cytoplasm and sites of cell-cell contact. Cell aggregation studies demonstrated diminished calcium-dependent aggregation in the truncated transfectants. In conclusion, overexpression of a truncated DCC protein in neuroblastoma cells resulted in the loss of an epithelioid morphology, diminished expression of N-cadherin and α- and β-catenin, and diminished calcium-dependent cell adhesion. These studies provide the first evidence of an apparent functional link between DCC and N-cadherin/catenin-dependent cell adhesion.
Electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol: carbon-supported gold–platinum nanoparticle catalysts prepared by two-phase protocol

Abstract This paper describes recent results of an investigation of the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol at carbon-supported gold and gold–platinum nanoparticle catalysts. The exploration of the bimetallic composition on carbon black support is aimed at modifying the catalytic properties for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) at the anode in methanol oxidation fuel cells. Gold and gold–platinum nanoparticles of 2–3 nm core sizes with organic monolayer encapsulation were prepared by two-phase protocol. The nanoparticles were assembled on carbon black materials and thermally treated. The electrocatalytic MOR activities were characterized using voltammetric techniques, and were compared with commercial catalysts under several conditions. The results have revealed some initial insights into the catalytic activity of gold–platinum nanoparticle catalysts. Implications of our findings to the design and manipulation of highly-active gold–platinum nanoparticle catalysts for fuel cell applications are also discussed.
Curvature effects in carbon nanomaterials: Exohedral versus endohedral supercapacitors

Capacitive energy storage mechanisms in nanoporous carbon supercapacitors hinge on endohedral interactions in carbon materials with macro-, meso-, and micropores that have negative surface curvature. In this article, we show that because of the positive curvature found in zero-dimensional carbon onions or one-dimensional carbon nanotube arrays, exohedral interactions cause the normalized capacitance to increase with decreasing particle size or tube diameter, in sharp contrast to the behavior of nanoporous carbon materials. This finding is in good agreement with the trend of recent experimental data. Our analysis suggests that electrical energy storage can be improved by exploiting the highly curved surfaces of carbon nanotube arrays with diameters on the order of 1 nm.
Theories: For Academics and Practitioners

Academics consider theories to be the bedrock of scientific research, while some business practitioners find them esoteric and difficult to understand. Previous discussions on this issue have often framed theories and research in terms of either rigor or relevance—with little middle ground for academics and practitioners to meet. This article maintains theories are useful to academics and practitioners, and that it is essential for both parties to take advantage of the characteristics and usefulness of theories. This article suggests specific ways academic researchers and business practitioners can effectively use a full range of theories.
Microsatellite Variation Demonstrates Multiple Paternity in Lekking Cichlid Fishes from Lake Malawi, Africa

The genotypes of two microsatellite loci were determined for the mouthbrooded progeny of 13 females, representing seven species of both rock- and sand-dwelling Lake Malawi cichlid fishes. Multiple paternity is clearly demonstrated for all but two broods. One brood contained the progeny of at least six males. Heterozygosity of these two microsatellite loci in a sample of 18 male Copadichromis cyclicos was 89% and 83%, respectively. Each locus displayed 16 alleles among the 18 males. The expected average exclusion probability using both loci, given a mother/offspring pair, is 0.968, suggesting that microsatellite variation will be useful for quantifying mate choice in these taxa. The low heterozygosity of a Melanochromis auratus brood is consistent with reduced levels of mtDNA polymorphism previously documented in this species. Thus microsatellite variation may provide insight into the genetic history of these populations.
Experience of working for a medical NGO, a contribution to global child health?

Abstract Paediatrics has strongly globalized during the recent decades. Increased collaboration between healthcare workers and institutes beyond national borders is needed to establish and sustain improvement of paediatrics. The growing medical technical progression is mainly applicable in the high-income countries. In contrast, in resource-limited settings the high mortality mainly caused by conditions that are either preventable of treatable with low-cost interventions. Experiencing this increasing gap by working in a resource-poor setting is will make a modern paediatrician a well-balanced doctor.
a Calculation Procedure for Two-Dimensional Elliptic Situations

A calculation method based on the control-volume approach has been developed for solving two-dimensional elliptic problems involving fluid flow and heat and mass transfer. The main features of the method include a power-law formulation for the combined convection-diffusion Influence, an equation-solving scheme that consists of a block-correction method coupled with a line-by-line procedure, and a new algorithm for handling the interlinkage between the momentum and continuity equations. Although the method is described for steady two-dimensional situations, its extension to unsteady flows and three-dimensional problems is very straightforward.
Fluxless wafer bonding with Sn-rich Sn-Au dual-layer structure

Abstract We report our initial result of bonding two 2 in. silicon wafers using Sn-rich Sn–Au dual-layer structure that is produced by electroplating process. No flux is used in the bonding process. Comparing to Au-rich Au80Sn20 eutectic alloy, it is more difficult to achieve fluxless feature using Sn-rich Sn–Au alloys due to tin oxidation. In this initial effort, two samples are produced. The resulting Sn-rich solder joint layer, about 30 μm in thickness, is very uniform over the entire 2-in. sample. The quality of the joint is examined using scanning acoustic microscope (C-SAM) and X-ray micro-imaging technique. Images of these two techniques indicate that the joints are of high quality. Of the two samples, the better one shows nearly perfect joint with only 2% of possible void area. This initial success shows that it is indeed possible to bond entire wafers together with a thin metallic joint of high quality. This fluxless technique can be extended to bonding wafers of different materials for new device and packaging applications. The use of metallic alloy layers of high melting temperature is also possible and is being considered.
Sex Bias in Experimental Immune-Mediated, Drug-Induced Liver Injury in BALB/c Mice: Suggested Roles for Tregs, Estrogen, and IL-6

Background and Aims Immune-mediated, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) triggered by drug haptens is more prevalent in women than in men. However, mechanisms responsible for this sex bias are not clear. Immune regulation by CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and 17β-estradiol is crucial in the pathogenesis of sex bias in cancer and autoimmunity. Therefore, we investigated their role in a mouse model of immune-mediated DILI. Methods To model DILI, we immunized BALB/c, BALB/cBy, IL-6–deficient, and castrated BALB/c mice with trifluoroacetyl chloride-haptenated liver proteins. We then measured degree of hepatitis, cytokines, antibodies, and Treg and splenocyte function. Results BALB/c females developed more severe hepatitis (p<0.01) and produced more pro-inflammatory hepatic cytokines and antibodies (p<0.05) than did males. Castrated males developed more severe hepatitis than did intact males (p<0.001) and females (p<0.05). Splenocytes cultured from female mice exhibited fewer Tregs (p<0.01) and higher IL-1β (p<0.01) and IL-6 (p<0.05) than did those from males. However, Treg function did not differ by sex, as evidenced by absence of sex bias in programmed death receptor-1 and responses to IL-6, anti-IL-10, anti-CD3, and anti-CD28. Diminished hepatitis in IL-6-deficient, anti-IL-6 receptor α-treated, ovariectomized, or male mice; undetectable IL-6 levels in splenocyte supernatants from ovariectomized and male mice; elevated splenic IL-6 and serum estrogen levels in castrated male mice, and IL-6 induction by 17β-estradiol in splenocytes from naive female mice (p<0.05) suggested that 17β-estradiol may enhance sex bias through IL-6 induction, which subsequently discourages Treg survival. Treg transfer from naive female mice to those with DILI reduced hepatitis severity and hepatic IL-6. Conclusions 17β-estradiol and IL-6 may act synergistically to promote sex bias in experimental DILI by reducing Tregs. Modulating Treg numbers may provide a therapeutic approach to DILI.
Near bed cross-shore velocity profiles, bed shear stress and friction on the foreshore of a microtidal beach

Abstract New, high-resolution acoustic Doppler current profilers are used to quantify the vertical structure of cross-shore fluid velocities in the very inner surf and swash zones on two west-central Florida beaches. Field data are collected at an unprecedented 0.001 m vertical resolution over the lower 0.02 m of the water column and at up to 100 Hz. Swash events (defined based on the timing of sensor submergence and emergence) and inner surf zone flow cycles (defined based on the timing of zero upcrossings) are normalized around flow reversal and ensemble-averaged to investigate the vertical profiles of cross-shore flow. The ensemble-averaged cross-shore velocity profile is generally well-represented by the logarithmic model (r2 > 0.9) within 0.02 m of the bed; the maximum elevation over which the model was applied. The logarithmic model fails near flow reversal when velocities are weak. Friction velocities are used to estimate the corresponding bed shear stress with maximum values of 6.45 and 4.25 N m− 2 for swash events and inner surf zone wave cycles respectively. Friction coefficient estimates adopting the quadratic drag law and the velocity at 0.02 m above the bed are 0.024 ± 0.008 and 0.022 ± 0.007 (mean ± standard deviation) for onshore-directed motion and 0.034 ± 0.005 and 0.027 ± 0.006 for offshore-directed motion for swash zone events and inner surf zone flow cycles respectively.
Evaluation of human acute leukemia data using a murine leukemia model system.

Data from studies of the duration of unmaintained remissions in human acute leukemia have been analyzed according to a murine L1210 leukemia model system. The pattern of recurrence follows an exponential distribution. The slope of recurrence (λ) was more shallow and the guarantee time (G) was longer for the intensive combination treatments (VAMP and BIKE) than for single drug treatment (vincristine and prednisone). The presented model provides the clinician with another potential tool for the analysis of the effectiveness of therapy on human leukemia.
A 189-bp fragment of Crithidia fasciculata maxicircle DNA confers autonomous replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract A 189-bp fragment capable of promoting high-frequency transformation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been isolated from the maxicircle of the insect trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata. Chimeric plasmids containing this autonomously replicating sequence (ars) are maintained as extrachromosomal elements in S. cerevisiae. The nucleotide sequence of the maxicircle fragment, termed ars 189, has been determined, and its position has been mapped in the maxicircle. The ars 189 fragment has an A + T content of 79.4% and shows a large asymmetry in the distribution of adenine and thymine residues between the two strands. In one strand (the T strand) thymine accounts for 118 out of 189 nucleotides while adenine accounts for only 32 nucleotides. The arc 189 DNA does not hybridize with minicircles, and its sequence appears to be unique in the C. fasciculata maxicircle genome. This sequence also shows extensive homology to a sequence within a 2.6-kb arc fragment of the Leishmania tarentolae maxicircle. In addition, ars 189 contains two copies of a yeast consensus ars sequence (A/T) TTTATPuTTT (T/A).
Stain Removal from a Pigmented Silicone Maxillofacial Elastomer

The removal of environmental stains from a pigmented maxillofacial elastomer was carried out by solvent extraction under network swelling. Silastic 44210 was pigmented with 11 maxillofacial pigments prior to staining. Samples were stained with lipstick, methylene blue, and disclosing solution. These stains were then removed by solvent extraction with 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Color parameter measurements both before and after staining and after solvent extraction demonstrated the effectiveness of removing these stains by solvent extraction while causing little or no change in the color of the pigmented samples.
CT outperforms radiographs at a comparable radiation dose in the assessment for spondylolysis

Lumbar spondylolysis, a unilateral or bilateral fracture at pars interarticularis, is a common cause of low back pain in children. The initial imaging study in the diagnosis of lumbar spondylolysis has historically been lumbar spine radiographs; however, radiographs can be equivocal or false-negative. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved with computed tomography (CT), but its use has been limited due to the dose of ionizing radiation to the patient. By limiting the z-axis coverage to the relevant anatomy and optimizing the CT protocol, we are able to provide a definitive diagnosis of fractures of the pars interarticularis at comparable or lower radiation dose than commonly performed lumbar spine radiographs. As there is no gold standard for the diagnosis of spondylolysis besides surgery, we compared interobserver agreement and degree of confidence to determine which modality is preferable. Sixty-two patients with low back pain ages 5-18 years were assessed for the presence of spondylolyis. Forty-seven patients were evaluated by radiography and 15 patients were evaluated by limited field-of-view CT. Both radiographic and CT examinations were assessed anonymously in random order for the presence or absence of spondylolyisis by six raters. Agreement was assessed among raters using a Fleiss Kappa statistic for multiple raters. CT provided a significantly higher level of agreement among raters than radiographs (P < 0.001). The overall Kappa for rater agreement with radiographs was 0.24, 0.34 and 0.40 for 2, 3 or 4 views, respectively, and 0.88 with CT. Interobserver agreement is significantly greater using limited z-axis coverage CT when compared with radiographs. Radiologist confidence improved significantly with CT compared to radiographs regardless of the number of views.