cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short-Term Hematopoietic Stem Cells (ST-HSC) Have Full Long-Term Capacity with Sustained but Reduced Potential Compared with LT-HSC.

Abstract Abstract 2550 Poster Board II-527 We evaluated the hypothesis that there was a homing defect between long-term (LT) hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) (KLS-Flk2-) and ST-HSC (KLS-Flk2+) that explained differences in engraftment potential and duration. Short-term HSC by definition have limited self-renewal capacity, generally described as giving rise to lymphohematopoiesis for 4–12 weeks before senescence. We performed three large animal engraftment studies into lethally ablated mice (950cGy split dose) looking at engraftment of both ST and LT-HSC cells delivered via intravenous, intraperitoneal and intra-femoral route. Two-hundred or 500 cells derived from B6/SJL mice were administered to each animal along with 300,000 recipient (C57/BLK) whole bone marrow cells for radioprotection following prior published studied [PNAS:98;14541, Stem Cells 24:1087] with optimization of flourochromes for better discrimination with our Cytopeia sorter. The animals were serially transplanted after eight months or one year to secondary recipients. In our hands, the ST-HSC engrafted animals did not lose chimerism over time. Review of the literature revealed that there were not confirmatory studies from those published from the initial one publication describing the ST-HSC. We found the ST-HSC were not short-term and persisted for one year in primary recipients and at least 3 months in secondary recipients. Engraftment kinetics favored LT-HSC over ST-HSC with engraftment examples at one year of 62% compared with 30% respectively when administered intravenously, 10% verses 4% given intra-femoral and 0.5% verse 0.3% given intraperitoneal. Chimerism was on average 50% better for the LT-HSC when compared with the ST-HSC and was irrespective of route proving that the differences seen are not due to homing deficiency but rather intrinsic differences in the two stem cell pools. Prior studies gave a maximum of 100 cells. Cell number was purposely increased for better differentiate of subtle differences in engraftment kinetics for statistical reasons. To avoid contamination of Flk2+ cells in the Flk2- cohort and vise-versa, discrimination of the gates were enhanced from that which was published prior. Double sorting of the cells confirmed that there was no appreciable cross contamination but obviously we cannot totally rule that out as a potentially confounding factor. In conclusion we found that ST-HSC as described have long-term capacity with intrinsic differences in engraftment potential that is not driven by a homing defect. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Influence of 4-Aminopyridine on Parasympathetic Transmission

ABSTRACT The influence of 4-aminopyridine (4-APYR) on parasympathetic transmission was investigated on the myenteric plexus - longitudinal muscle preparation of the guinea-pig ileum. 4-APYR increased the force of contraction of the longitudinal muscle elicited by electrical field stimulation or by the addition of nicotine to the bath. It had little effect on the contraction caused by the addition of acetylcholine (ACh) to the bath. The decrease of the force of electrical, ACh or nicotine contraction caused by decreasing the [Ca] to 0.5×10 −3 M was antagonized by 4-APYR. Inhibition of the electrical contraction by homatropine methylbromide, normorphine, enkephalins or 1 -epinephrine was antagonized by 4-APYR. Similarly, the inhibition of the nicotine contraction by normorphine was also antagonized by 4-APYR. The site of the antagonist effect of 4-APYR on the inhibition of the electrical and nicotine contraction by normorphine appears to be different from that of naloxone. 4-APYR increased both the spontaneous and stimulated ACh release and the volley output of ACh in this preparation and also antagonized the inhibition of ACh release caused by normorphine and [ d -Ala 2 -]-Met 5 - enkephalin. The facilitation of parasympathetic transmission, in this preparation, by 4-APYR can be explained by its effect on stimulated ACh release.
Low frequency 1/f noise on QWIPs, nBn, and superlattice focal plane array

Abstract Noise Equivalent Difference Temperature (NEΔT) is a standard performance metric for most infrared focal plane array (FPA) systems. The frequency bandwidth and range associated with NEΔT is normally at high frequency and it does not describe the long time noise behavior or the very low frequency noise of the FPA. Very low frequency noise measurement requires data capture that takes longer time duration and sampling interval. This study investigates low frequency noise in QWIP, nBn and LWIR n-type Complementary Barrier Infrared Detector (CBIRD) FPAs. The corner frequencies are extracted from the power spectral density (PSD) as function of frequency. The peak wavelength, quantum efficiency of QWIP detector are 6.2 μm and 2%, respectively. QWIP FPA has a mean NEΔT ∼ 25 mK at an operating temperature of 65 K and an integration time of 16 ms. The mean QWIP PSD plot shows a corner frequency of 50 mHz. Lastly the n-type CBIRD FPA with a 50% cutoff at 8.8 μm and quantum efficiency of ∼50 % has an NEΔT ∼ 18.6 mK at an integration time of 1.86 ms and operating temperature 120 K. The superlattice FPA has a corner frequency ∼10 mHz. The investigation of the tail on the NEΔT histogram reveals that its origin is not accounted for entirely by the high noise current, but also it needs the inclusion of lower responsivity for some pixels.
Optical Recognition of 3-D Targets

A method of pattern recognition is presented that can recognize image variations such as different perspective views of a three-dimensional object. The general theory allows many different kinds of image variations, such as rotation, scale, perspective, or combinations of these, to be recognized. The method produces a small bank of about 20 filters to be used in a correlator. We call these filters lock-and-tumbler filters. The theory is illustrated on several different kinds of invariant pattern recognition problems. The correlation filters designed for these invariant recognition problems may be modified to reject certain kinds of clutter in an input scene. An example of modifying these filters to achieve rejection of clutter is given. An implementation of the lock-and-tumbler filter method using a high speed digital correlator is then described.
Amyloid β peptides overexpression in retinal pigment epithelial cells via AAV-mediated gene transfer mimics AMD-like pathology in mice

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive retinal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular deposits known as drusen. A major constituent of drusen deposits are Alzheimer disease-associated amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. To understand the etiology of Aβ proteostasis in AMD, we delivered recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptides fused to BRI2 protein by intraocular injection in C57BL/6J mice. Endogenous protease cleavage of such constructs leads to production of secreted Aβ42 and Aβ40 respectively. We demonstrate that overexpression of secreted Aβ40 or Aβ42 resulted in dramatic induction of drusen-like deposits by 2 months’ post-injection. These drusen-like deposits were immunopositive for Aβ and complement proteins but did not stain for conventional amyloid dyes, such as Thioflavin S. Both injected cohorts showed gliosis and degenerative changes, though ERG responses were minimally affected. Intriguingly, simultaneous overexpression of BRI-Aβ40 or BRI-Aβ42 together resulted in dose-dependent and cumulative changes reminiscent of AMD type pathology - drusen-like deposits, severe reduction in ERG responses, photoreceptor cell loss and gliosis. Here, we have established a physiological model of Aβ containing deposits in wild-type mice that recapitulates major retinal pathophysiological features of AMD and will be instrumental in mechanistic understanding and development of therapeutic strategies against AMD.
A simple test for assessing solidification cracking susceptibility and checking validity of susceptibility prediction

Abstract Cracking during solidification is a serious defect in welding and casting. The crack susceptibility of one Al alloy relative to that of another has been predicted recently using the maximum steepness |dT/d(fS)1/2| as the crack susceptibility index, where T is temperature and fS the fraction solid. To check the validity of predictions based on the index, a simple test for the solidification cracking susceptibility was developed. In this test a stationary sheet was lap welded to a sheet moving at speed V in a straight line normal to the welding direction. V is the transverse tensile deformation rate of the mushy zone. As V was increased from zero, the transition from no crack propagation to full crack propagation occurred over a range of V, called the transition range. The crack susceptibility is lower if the transition range is located at a higher V level because the fact that a faster deformation rate V is required to cause crack propagation means less crack susceptibility. It was shown that the V level of the transition range increased, i.e., the crack susceptibility decreased, in the order of 6061 Al, 7075 Al, 2024 Al and 2219 Al. This is consistent with the predicted one. Thus, the present test can be used to check the validity of predicting the crack susceptibility based on the crack susceptibility index. The present test addressed some of the issues in the Varestraint test, in which the workpiece is bent suddenly during welding to induce cracking, thus inducing an unrealistically high deformation rate and unable to determine the deformation rate of the mushy zone that causes cracking. Other advantages of the present test were also discussed. Since the Varestraint test has long been the most widely used test for studying the important subject of solidification cracking, the present test is particularly significant.
Robust optimization for decision-making under endogenous uncertainty

Abstract This paper contemplates the use of robust optimization as a framework for addressing problems that involve endogenous uncertainty, i.e., uncertainty that is affected by the decision maker’s strategy. To that end, we extend generic polyhedral uncertainty sets typically considered in robust optimization into sets that depend on the actual decisions. We present the derivation of robust counterpart models in this setting, and we discuss relevant algorithmic considerations for solving these models to guaranteed optimality. Besides capturing the functional changes in parameter correlations that may be induced by given decisions, we show how the use of our decision-dependent uncertainty sets allows us to also eradicate conservatism effects from parameters that become irrelevant in view of the optimal decisions. We quantify these benefits via a number of case studies, demonstrating our proposed framework’s versatility to be utilized in the context of various applications.
Total artificial heart implantation in a young Marfan syndrome patient

Introduction:Cardiovascular complications represent the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with Marfan syndrome. Here, we describe a unique case where a total artificial heart was...
#Healthy Selfies: Exploration of Health Topics on Instagram

Background: Social media provides a complementary source of information for public health surveillance. The dominate data source for this type of monitoring is the microblogging platform Twitter, which is convenient due to the free availability of public data. Less is known about the utility of other social media platforms, despite their popularity. Objective: This work aims to characterize the health topics that are prominently discussed in the image-sharing platform Instagram, as a step toward understanding how this data might be used for public health research. Methods: The study uses a topic modeling approach to discover topics in a dataset of 96,426 Instagram posts containing hashtags related to health. We use a polylingual topic model, initially developed for datasets in different natural languages, to model different modalities of data: hashtags, caption words, and image tags automatically extracted using a computer vision tool. Results: We identified 47 health-related topics in the data (kappa=.77), covering ten broad categories: acute illness, alternative medicine, chronic illness and pain, diet, exercise, health care & medicine, mental health, musculoskeletal health and dermatology, sleep, and substance use. The most prevalent topics were related to diet (8,293/96,426; 8.6% of posts) and exercise (7,328/96,426; 7.6% of posts). Conclusions: A large and diverse set of health topics are discussed in Instagram. The extracted image tags were generally too coarse and noisy to be used for identifying posts but were in some cases accurate for identifying images relevant to studying diet and substance use. Instagram shows potential as a source of public health information, though limitations in data collection and metadata availability may limit its use in comparison to platforms like Twitter.
Abstract 336: Prevalence and Risk Factors for Idiopathic Venous Thromboembolism

Introduction: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Despite medical advances in diagnostics and thromboprophylaxis, the incidence of VTE has...
A genomic model for differential hypoxic ventilatory responses

Inbred mice are routinely used as genetic models in lung biology. Among many phenotypic differences in lung function and structure, C3H/HeJ (C3) and C57BL/6J (B6) inbred mice also demonstrate a significantly different ventilatory pattern during acute hypoxic challenge. The present study rejects the hypothesis that a genomic basis for differential hypoxic ventilatory responses (HVR) is linked to loci which determine differential breathing pattern at baseline, while proposing an alternative genetic model for HVR variation. Twelve BXH recombinant inbred (RI) strains derived from C3 and B6 progenitors were examined to enumerate the genes regulating differential HVR. In each of 134 mice, HVR was assessed using whole-body plethysmography to measure tidal volume VΥ and breathing frequency (f). With respect to f during hypoxia, three distinct and reproducible phenotypes arc evident in the BXH RI strain distribution pattern (SDP). The SDP for hypoxic f is consistent with the hypothesis that parental strain differences are regulated by two genes. Cosegregation analysis suggest that the genetic control of f during hypoxia differs from the genes which control differential baseline f. Although the genetic control of VT appears more complex, differences in the minute ventilation VF during hypoxia is determined by VΥ Therefore, this study suggests that the phenotypic variation in HVR between C3 and B6 parental strains, especially related to f during hypoxia, is regulated by as few as two major genetic determinants. Support: HL53700
Presuppositions of Induction

We may be far from an adequate account of good scientific method, but however such an account might turn out, it is hard to believe that it would not have a significant contrast. There will presumably be logically consistent ways of assimilating evidence which count as bad science, or unscientific or outright mad. To this extent, at the very least, scientific method will have its presuppositions.1 An examination of the presuppositions of scientific induction is nothing other than an analysis of scientific method itself.
Unique 6Li-nucleus optical potentials from elastic scattering of 210 MeV 6Li ions by 28Si, 40Ca, 90Zr, and 208Pb.

Differential cross sections for the elastic scattering of /sup 6/Li ions have been measured at a bombarding energy of 210 MeV. Angular distributions for /sup 28/Si (3.6/sup 0/--45.9/sup 0/), /sup 40/Ca (4.6/sup 0/--43.5/sup 0/), and /sup 90/Zr (4.0/sup 0/--43.6/sup 0/) extend sufficiently into the rainbow region to enable the extraction of unique /sup 6/Li potentials. For the /sup 208/Pb target (3.1/sup 0/--36.0/sup 0/), Coulomb scattering dominates with only a slight evidence of nuclear diffraction at the largest angles. The data were analyzed in terms of a six-parameter phenomenological optical-model potential with Woods-Saxon form factors. The unique potentials obtained show a weak target-mass dependence, which allowed the prediction of /sup 208/Pb potential parameters. Using the present results and lower energy analyses, an energy dependence for the /sup 6/Li-nucleus potentials was derived. For all targets, the volume integral per nucleon pair of the real potential seems to satisfy a logarithmic energy dependence of the form J/sub R//6A = J/sup 0//sub R//6A-..beta.. ln E/sub lab/ with J/sub R//sup 0//6A = 830 +- 30 MeV fm/sup 3/ and ..beta.. = 105 +- 5 MeV fm/sup 3/. This result is consistent with elastic scattering of other light ions. By truncating the angular distributions for themore » lighter targets up to the rainbow angle, several discrete potentials, corresponding to the different families found at lower energies, were obtained.« less
Impact of Geomagnetically Induced Current on Distributed Generators

This paper investigates the effects of the Geomagnetically Induced Current (GIC) on distribution networks, especially the distributed generators. The GIC is modeled and injected in 25 kV distribution system that consists of a PV plant and a wind farm with full-scale converters. Modeling and simulation were carried out through the SIMULINK software. Simulation results show that the low-voltage side of the transformer suffers from amplified negative sequence harmonics. The harmonics on the converter side caused low pulse modulation, voltage swell, system unbalance, and DC link voltage spikes.
Effects of Membrane Morphology on the Efficiency of Direct Contact Membrane Distillation

A computer simulation is used to predict the effects of membrane morphology on the thermal efficiency of direct contact membrane distillation. The mass transfer through the porous microstructure and the heat conduction through the membrane are both related by the membrane morphology. The interrelated tortuosity of the porous structure and solid phase influences the mass transfer and thermal conductivity, respectively. The effects of varying the morphology are elucidated and introducing a lattice structure, which tailors the morphology, can significantly increase thermal efficiency. A three-layer system is also simulated, where the pore size in the middle layer can be increased without significantly increasing the risk of membrane pore wetting. Three-layer systems that possess a lattice morphology are found to result in thermal efficiencies around 20\% higher than random morphologies.
Citrus Greening Infection Detection (CiGID) by Computer Vision and Deep Learning

The citrus greening infection detection algorithm is performed via computer vision techniques and deep learning for the purpose of extracting sub-images of fruit from a tree image and using a trained machine learning function to determine if the fruit shows signs of a citrus greening infection disease called Huanglongbing. We trained our deep learning inception model with 4000 iterations and achieved validation accuracy 93.3%. The computer vision fruit sub-image extraction resulted in at worst around 80% accuracy in tree images and was manually calibrated to detect a specific range of orange color values.
Human Carcinogenesis: The Role of Age and Gender.

BACKGROUND/AIM To identify the reason for age and gender differences in cancer risk. PATIENTS AND METHODS Age-standardized incidence rates for 17 cancer types were compared between genders in 50 populations. For each cancer type, the female/male rate ratio was listed in fixed order of population. Correlation coefficients were calculated between these lists in all pairwise combinations. For each population, the female/male rate ratio was listed in fixed order of cancer. Correlation coefficients were calculated between lists in all pairwise combinations. RESULTS Only four pairwise combinations for cancer type gave a correlation coefficient greater than 0.700. For each population, the lowest correlation coefficient was 0.950. CONCLUSION The reason for the differences in risk of cancer varies with each type of cancer, but remains fixed in all populations. It is suspected that species-specific genes control stem cell telomere dynamics in a fixed strategy at rates that vary among tissues and between genders.
Energy Harvesting from Moving Vehicles on Highways

Due to the high emissions from the consumption of natural fossil fuel resources, developing and commercializing the sustainable and environment-friendly renewable energy systems are highly demanding topics. The wind turbines are commonly used to convert wind kinetic energy into electric energy. The induced wind along the highways has a great potential to be harvested through the wind turbines on the sideways. In this paper, the aerodynamic effect of traffic along the highway is analyzed to generate the induced wind profile in estimating the potential energy generation. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is used to measure the wind velocity profiles generated through the vehicles in different scenarios. Based on these wind velocity profiles energy that can be captured from the harvesting units are estimated. Feasibility of the system is tested to power highway lighting apparatus.
Simultaneous dual AV node antegrade conduction (2 for 1) and lower common pathway (2–1) block illustrate AVNRT physiology

We report a rare case of spontaneous initiation of Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) via 2 for 1 phenomenon, into a 2:1 AV block due to lower common pathway block and finally transition to 1:1 tachycardia. The premature atrial p wave traverses down both the fast and slow pathway simultaneously during 2 for 1 initiation and is met with subsequent typical AVNRT with 2:1 block. Infranodal location of the block is confirmed on electrophysiologic testing and is also cured by intervention. This rare electrographic presentation is not only pathognomonic for AVNRT with lower common pathway block but also illustrates its dual conduction physiology.
85. A CLER PATH TO ONBOARDING TRAINING: A NOVEL APPROACH TO PREPARE PEDIATRIC FELLOWS TO WORK AT A CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL

Background Fellows need to be prepared for their clinical tasks to ensure safe and effective patient care. Many fellows graduate from residency and receive limited orientation for clinical learning at a new hospital. Using the ACGME's Clinical Learning Environment Review (CLER) program as a framework for instructional strategies can be an effective approach to prepare fellows for clinical work. Objective: To develop and evaluate a new interactive hospital onboarding program for pediatric fellows and to explore benefits to clinical practice 8 months after training. Design/Methods We implemented a novel Fellow Readiness Conference in alignment with CLER Pathways of Excellence to ensure fellows were well-prepared in domains of care transitions, patient safety, and physician wellness. A needs assessment evaluated the hospital's key elements of patient care for fellows, along with a review of 2018 CLER site visit data. Participants were 1st year fellows (n=64) who attended a didactic session. A post-session and 8-month follow-up survey were distributed. The Kirkpatrick Model was applied using descriptive statistics to assess Kirkpatrick Levels 1 (reaction) and 3(behavior) via means, frequencies, and histograms. Results Data from the 2 surveys are shown in Tables 1 and 2. All fellows completed the post-session survey, rating overall conference impressions as favorable (mean=3.6, SD=0.83) on a 5-point scale; 91% responded that it met or exceeded their expectations (exceeded, 41%). At 8-month follow-up 96% (26/27) of respondents indicated at least moderate confidence in applying skills learned in telephone consult communication;85% (23/27) evaluated the session as effective in helping them to apply safety practices in practice. Conclusion(s) The CLER Pathways are a valuable resource for developing a new orientation program. Our data showed benefits in several training areas, and a need to place a stronger emphasis on adverse event education. Escalation of care was added to the 2019 conference. Based on this program's success, we plan to expand the conference to add additional CLER pathways.
CALT: Classification with Adaptive Labeling Thresholds for Analog Circuit Sizing

A novel simulation-based framework that applies classification with adaptive labeling thresholds (CALT) is developed that auto-generates the component sizes of an analog integrated circuit. Classifiers are applied to predict whether the target specifications are satisfied. To address the lack of data points with positive labels due to the large dimensionality of the parameter space, the labeling threshold is adaptively set to a certain percentile of the distribution of a given circuit performance metric in the dataset. Random forest classifiers are executed for surrogate prediction modeling that provide a ranking of the design parameters. For each iteration of the simulation loop, optimization is utilized to determine new query points. CALT is applied to the design of a low noise amplifier (LNA) in a 65 nm technology. Qualified design solutions are generated for two sets of specifications with an average execution of 4 and 17 iterations of the optimization loop, which require an average of 1287 and 2190 simulation samples, and an average execution time of 5.4 hours and 23.2 hours, respectively. CALT is a specification-driven design framework to automate the sizing of the components (transistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.) of an analog circuit. CALT generates interpretable models and achieves high sample efficiency without requiring the use of prior circuit models.
Exonic Disruption Facilitates Antiviral CRISPR-Cas9 Activity for Multistrain HIV-1 Elimination

Abstract A barrier to HIV-1 cure rests in the persistence of proviral DNA in infected CD4+ leukocytes. The high mutation rate of HIV-1 gives rise to numerous circulating strains with increased capacity for immune evasion and antiretroviral drug resistance. To facilitate viral elimination while accounting for this diversity, we propose genetic inactivation of proviral DNA with CRISPR-spCas9. We designed a library of “mosaic gRNAs” against a HIV-1 consensus sequence constructed from 4004 clinical strains, targeting the viral transcriptional regulator tat. Testing in 7 HIV-1 transmitted founder strains led, on average, to viral reductions of 82% with tandem TatD and TatE (TatDE) treatment. No off-target cleavages were recorded. Lentiviral transduction of TatDE attenuated latency reversal by 94% in HIV-infected, transcriptionally silent ACH2 T cells. In all, TatDE guide RNAs successfully disrupted 5 separate HIV-1 exons (tat1-2/rev1-2/gp41) providing a pathway for CRISPR-directed HIV-1 cure therapies. Significance Statement Over 38 million individuals worldwide are infected with HIV-1, which necessitates lifelong dependence on antiretroviral therapy (ART) to prevent viral replication that leads to AIDS. Efforts to rid hosts of HIV-1 are limited by the virus’ abilities to integrate proviral DNA in nuclei, mutate their genomes, and lay dormant for decades during ART treatment. We developed mosaic guide RNAs, TatD and TatE, for CRISPR-Cas9 that recognize the majority of known HIV-1 strains and inactivate 94% of proviral DNA in latently infected cells. Tandem TatDE-CRISPR inactivation of 5 viral exons (tat1-2, rev1-2, and gp41), which blocked HIV-1 replication for 28 days in CD4+ T cells without unwanted editing to the host genome, may serve as a viable strategy for HIV cure.
Impact of Presymptomatic COVID-19 on Vascular and Skeletal Muscle Function: A Case Study.

This unique case study details the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on vascular and skeletal muscle function in a young predominantly presymptomatic woman. Prior to COVID-19 diagnosis, substantial re...
Generation of Diazomethyl Radicals by Hydrogen Atom Abstraction and Their Cycloaddition with Alkenes

A general catalytic methodology for the synthesis of pyrazolines from α -diazo compounds and conjugated alkenes is reported. The direct hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process of α -diazo compounds promoted by the tert -butylperoxy radical generates electrophilic diazomethyl radicals, thereby reversing the reactivity of the carbon atom attached with the diazo group. The regiocontrolled addition of diazomethyl radicals to carbon-carbon double bonds followed by intramolecular ring closure on the terminal diazo nitrogen and tautomerization affords a diverse set of pyrazolines in good yields with excellent regioselectivity. This strategy overcomes the limitations of electron-deficient alkenes in traditional dipolar [3+2]-cycloaddition of α -diazo compounds with alkenes. Furthermore, the straightforward formation of the diazomethyl radicals provides umpolung reactivity, thus opening new opportunities for the versatile transformations of diazo compounds.
Comparison of Preservation and Extraction Methods on Five Taxonomically Disparate Coral Microbiomes

All animals are host to a multitude of microorganisms that are essential to the animal’s health. Host-associated microbes have been shown to defend against potential pathogens, provide essential nutrients, interact with the host’s immune system, and even regulate mood. However, it can be difficult to preserve and obtain nucleic acids from some host-associated microbiomes, making studying their microbial communities challenging. Corals are an example of this, in part due to their potentially remote, underwater locations, their thick surface mucopolysaccharide layer, and various inherent molecular inhibitors. This study examined three different preservatives (RNAlater, DNA/RNA Shield, and liquid nitrogen) and two extraction methods (the Qiagen PowerBiofilm kit and the Promega Maxwell RBC kit with modifications) to determine if there was an optimum combination for examining the coral microbiome. These methods were employed across taxonomically diverse coral species, including deep-sea/shallow, stony/soft, and zooxanthellate/azooxanthellate: Lophelia pertusa, Paragorgia johnsoni, Montastraea cavernosa, Porites astreoides, and Stephanocoenia intersepta. Although significant differences were found between preservative types and extraction methods, these differences were subtle, and varied in nature from coral species to coral species. Significant differences between coral species were far more profound than those detected between preservative or extraction method. We suggest that the preservative types presented here and extraction methods using a bead-beating step provide enough consistency to compare coral microbiomes across various studies, as long as subtle differences in microbial communities are attributed to dissimilar methodologies. Additionally, the inclusion of internal controls such as a mock community and extraction blanks can help provide context regarding data quality, improving downstream analyses.
Polysubstance use trends and variability among individuals with opioid use disorder in rural versus urban settings.

Abstract Rural areas of the United States have been disproportionately impacted by the opioid epidemic, exacerbated by COVID-19-related economic upheavals. While polysubstance use is an important determinant of overdose risk, variability in polysubstance use as a result of numerous factors (e.g., access, preference) has yet to be described, particularly among rural persons with opioid use disorder (PWOUD). Survey data on past-month use of prescription and illicit opioids and 12 non-opioid psychoactive drug classes were analyzed from a national sample of rural (n = 3872) and urban (n = 8153) residents entering treatment for OUD from 2012 to 2019. Trend analyses for opioid and stimulant use were compared between rural and urban PWOUD. Latent class analyses assessed substance use trends through identified typologies of rural/urban PWOUD, which then underwent comparative analyses. By 2019, prescription opioid use remained greater in rural versus urban PWOUD, and methamphetamine use showed greater growth in rural, compared to urban areas. Latent class analyses identified variability in polysubstance use, with five identical subgroups in rural/urban PWOD: high polysubstance, polyprescription, prescription opioid-focused, prescription opioid-focused with polysubstance use, and illicit opioid-focused. Polyprescription was highest in rural areas, with illicit opioid-focused use highest in urban areas. Demographic characteristics, co-morbid conditions and healthcare coverage were all associated with between-group differences. There is significant variability in polysubstance use that may identify specific prevention and treatment needs for subpopulations of OUD patients: interventions focused on reducing opioid prescriptions, early engagement with mental health resources, wider distribution of naloxone, and screening/treatment plans that take into account the use of multiple substances.
Impact of Indian Culture-Oriented Color, Material, and Finish (CMF) Design on Contemporary Products

Aesthetic appeal and cultural meaning of product are two key aspects that are becoming very popular in consumers and which are highly influencing consumer’s buying decisions in today’s competitive market. Culture-oriented Color, Material, and Finish (CMF) Design workaround aesthetic values and cultural connections are based on emotional values. Cultural CMF elements are considered to be a unique character to embed into a product for the enhancement of product identity in the global market and for the fulfillment of the individual consumer’s experiences. The intent of this paper is to study the impact of Indian culture-oriented CMF design on contemporary product’s aesthetic and semantic attributes. The research work has been carried out in two stages. Firstly, a visual audit was conducted to understand the impact of Indian culture-oriented CMF design on the visual identity of the product by re-visiting past and current trends. Secondly, an effort has been made to find out differences in the visual product perception of the designers and users by using semantic differential (SD) tests. A one-way ANOVA test was carried out to analyze the results achieved from the SD test. The result shows that Indian culture-oriented CMF design creates a significant impact on contemporary product aesthetic and semantic values. If contemporary product aesthetics is designed considering Indian users’ perception and their needs, then products will have enhanced semantic values, and products will become more meaningful for users. Indian traditional CMF elements will help to create product identity in the global market.
179 12 years too late? Rethinking CFRD screening

Objectives UK practice for Cystic Fibrosis Related Diabetes (CFRD) screening varies widely. There is poor adherence to the current guidelines, which recommend annual screening of all patients >12 using oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT). CFRD is associated with poor lung function and clinical status, and diagnosis is often made following clinical decline. Evidence linking CFRD to other morbidities supports a more proactive and sensitive screening process. We aimed to screen all CF patients >10 for CFRD using a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS). Methods 114 CF patients were identified, of whom 52 were >10 y at the end of 2014. CGMS (Medtronic I-Pro™) was applied for 72 hours. Capillary blood glucose was independently recorded, along with a food diary. CFRD diagnosis was made in conjunction with a paediatric Diabetologist, according to International Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) guidelines. Results 39/47 (83%) eligible (non-CFRD) patients were screened in 2014. Of those screened, 8 patients (21%) were diagnosed with CFRD (mean age 11.7±0.42 y), 4 (50%) of these were aged Conclusion 21% of screened patients were diagnosed with CFRD, higher than the incidence reported by the European Epidemiologic Registry of CF (ERCF, 2001) however similar to some other studies. CGMS screening at 10 y identified cases that would have otherwise been missed under current guidelines. We recommend CFRD screening at 10 y in line with new ISPAD guidelines (2014). Early CGMS and prompt treatment may prevent clinical deterioration. Future work should address the impact of earlier diagnosis and treatment on clinical outcomes and quality of life.
Impact of Liquid Swine Manure Application and Cover Crops on Nitrate in Subsurface Drainage Water

The primary objective of this project is to determine the impact of appropriate rates of swine manure applications to corn and soybeans based on nitrogen requirements of crops, and the potential of nitrate leaching to groundwater. Another purpose of this longterm experimental study is to develop and recommend appropriate manure and nutrient management practices to producers to minimize the water contamination potential and enhance the use of swine manure as an organic fertilizer. A third component of this study is to determine the potential effects of rye as a cover crop to reduce nitrate loss to shallow ground water.
Cognitive, Social, and Personality Processes in the Physiological Detection of Deception

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a research that examines the underlying cognitive, social, and personality processes involved in the physiological response accompanying deception. By understanding the way underlying processes contribute to the physiological response associated with deception, the reciprocal effects of social psychological and physiological processes in general can be clarified. The chapter discusses the origin and nature of lie detection or field polygraph testing. The accuracy of physiological indicators and alternative test procedures in current field polygraph tests are also discussed in the chapter, wherein guilty person polygraph test and guilty knowledge polygraph test are described and conclusion given. Process underlying the physiological response to deception and its detection are discussed in the chapter. The chapter discusses cognitive and behavioral components—namely, deceptive acts versus deceptive intentions, intent to deceive versus stimulus content, nature of questions, awareness, knowledge of results, attention, and habituation. The chapter has focuses on ways to cope with the polygraph test and its countermeasures—namely, tranquilizers and self-hypnosis. The detection of deception based on personality and individual differences because of the level of socialization and autonomic lability is also discussed in the chapter.
Juan Anguera, alias Flanagan: Ironic Hard-boiled Hero

Juan Anguera, aka Flanagan, is the autodiagetic narrator of a best-selling series of adolescent novels by Catalan writers Andreu Martin and Jaume Ribera. Critics sometimes refer to the series as a parody of the novela negra, or hard-boiled detective novel, especially, though not exclusively, that of Raymond Chandler, whose private-eye hero, Philip Marlowe, is Flanagan's chief role model. The books certainly fall within the genre of the detective novel for adolescents, and they are definitely funny. But are they parodies, and if so, of what kind?
Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling by Intestinal Microbes Influences Susceptibility to Food Allergy

The mechanisms by which signaling by the innate immune system controls susceptibility to allergy are poorly understood. In this report, we show that intragastric administration of a food allergen with a mucosal adjuvant induces allergen-specific IgE, elevated plasma histamine levels, and anaphylactic symptoms in three different strains of mice lacking a functional receptor for bacterial LPS (Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)), but not in MHC-matched or congenic controls. Susceptibility to allergy correlates with a Th2-biased cytokine response in both the mucosal (mesenteric lymph node and Peyer's patch) and systemic (spleen) tissues of TLR4-mutant or -deficient mice. TLR4-mutant mice are not inherently impaired in their ability to regulate Th1 cytokine production because they respond to stimulation via TLR9. Coadministration of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides during sensitization of TLR4-mutant mice with allergen plus CT abrogates anaphylactic symptoms and Ag-specific IgE, and results in a Th1-polarized cytokine response. When the composition of the bacterial flora is reduced and altered by antibiotic administration (beginning at 2 wk of age), TLR4 wild-type mice become as susceptible to the induction of allergy as their TLR4-mutant counterparts. Both allergen-specific IgE and Th2 cytokine responses are reduced in antibiotic-treated mice in which the flora has been allowed to repopulate. Taken together, our results suggest that TLR4-dependent signals provided by the intestinal commensal flora inhibit the development of allergic responses to food Ags.
Pāṇinian accounts of the Vedic subjunctive

To determine which Vedic texts Pāṇini knew requires a comprehensive approach that establishes a high correlation between the complete set of linguistic traits his treatise describes and the complete set of linguistic traits exhibited in each text in question. The examination of individual linguistic traits is inadequate to determine which texts he knew because neither the Vedic nor the grammatical tradition is uniform and static. Bronkhorst (Pāṇinian Studies: Professor S. D. Joshi Felicitation Volume, p. 75, 1991) calls into question the assumption that Vedic texts were known to Pāṇini in the form we have received them, while Cardona (Pāṇinian Studies: Professor S. D. Joshi Felicitation Volume, p. 130, 1991) shows that Pāṇini’s silence concerning certain Vedic forms may be due to deference to certain received exegetical traditions. The current paper considers a case where the Pāṇinian grammatical tradition entertains disagreement over the derivation of obscure forms. Doubt concerning the recurrence of the term pit (3.4.92) into 3.4.94 brings into question whether Pāṇini systematically accounts for stem strengthening in the present subjunctive. Kātyāyana, Patanjali, Jayāditya, and Jinendrabuddhi remain silent on the point. Rāmacandra, Śrīkriṣṇa, and Bhaṭṭojidīkṣita assert that pit recurs, thereby allowing stem strengthening. Haradatta, on the other hand, maintains that a rule of indeterminate variation, 3.4.117 chandasy ubhayathā, accounts for it. Nāgeśa points out that the latter procedure is more comprehensive in that it accounts for the lack of stem strengthening in exceptional forms, such as krṇvaite in the Rgveda. The implication is that the former procedure fails to account for the form, which, if Pāṇini’s knowledge of texts were to be established based upon the consideration of individual traits, would imply the absurdity that Pāṇini, as interpreted by Rāmacandra et al. did not know the Rgveda. On the contrary, however, the procedure of Rāmacandra et al. can employ another rule of indeterminate variation: 3.1.85 vyatyayo bahulam. This procedure, which provides a systematic explanation of the present subjunctive generally and requires a rule of indeterminate variation only to account for exceptional forms, is preferable to leaving the account of stem strengthening in the present subjunctive generally to a rule of indeterminate variation. Since both procedures rely on rules of indeterminate variation to account for the Rgvedic form, however, it is impossible to establish either Pāṇini’s knowledge or ignorance of the text on the basis of his account of the subjunctive. The controversy demonstrates that the depth and variety of the Indian grammatical tradition must be taken into account in determining which rules describe which linguistic facts and that it is inadequate to consider individual traits. A comprehensive approach is required.
Bottom loss in areas with ice-rafted sediments

Bottom loss vs. grazing angle data was obtained for a location in Baffin Bay. The analysis showed bottom losses decreasing with frequency, for frequencies from 20 to 630 Hz. This feature fits the hypothesis of the presence of ice-rafted sediments, which could be modelled by adding a thin layer of high-impedance material at the sediment surface. Other areas of the North Atlantic Ocean have shown similar features in their bottom loss curves and sediment configuration. The thin layer approximation appears to be valid for areas where ice-rafting is dominant. Turbidity currents may possibly create the same phenomenon
Synthesis, Internalization, Recycling, and Regulation of Peptide Hormone Receptors

The sections in this article are: 1 Classification of Peptide Receptors 2 Overview of Regulatory Mechanisms 3 Receptor Biosynthesis 4 Endocytotic Cycle 5 Receptor Sequestration 5.1 Sequestration Motifs and Domains 6 Receptor Regulation 7 Conclusions
Dual Critical Points and Related Phenomena in Simple Fluids from the Perspective of (Approximate) Renormalization Theory

It is known that some single component fluids can have coexisting low-density and high-density liquid phases with two, separate, gas–liquid and liquid–liquid, critical points. Such behavior is found both by experiments and in recent molecular-dynamics simulations performed for certain simple isotropic attractive pair potentials with softened repulsive cores. In the present investigation, a “global” renormalization group theory that was employed previously to make predictions for simple Lennard–Jones and square-well fluids over wide ranges of density and temperature, including the critical point, in reasonably good agreement with molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations, is applied to simple shoulder potentials and to square-well potentials with softened repulsive cores. Results using this renormalization approach are compared with some previously reported results for a shoulder potential and expectations regarding dual critical points for water.
Factors Influencing Growth Plate Cartilage Turnover

Abstract A number of nutrients and chemicals have now been identified as consistent inducers of tibia dyschondroplasia (TD). Thiram, Antabuse®, and fusarochromanone induce TD when fed at 30 to 75 ppm. Cysteine, cystine, homocysteine, and histidine induced TD when fed at .5 to 3% of the diet. Cation: anion imbalances resulting in acidotic diets also induced TD. Even though prevention of TD induced by these chemicals and nutrients has been established, reversal of the spontaneous TD lesion has not been clearly demonstrated. Thus, the etiology of the spontaneous lesion awaits elucidation. These model systems all suggest that TD is the result of decreased growth plate cartilage degradation. Recent work has shown that increased collagen cross-links in the accumulated cartilage, which makes collagen less susceptible to degradation. Cysteine-induced TD seems to decrease growth plate collagenase activity and production. A role of growth plate macrophages in paracrine signaling of collagenase production by chondrocytes has been presented.
Gonadotropin-enhancing factors (GEF): III. A comparison of bioassays and radioimmunoassay in assessing GEF activity

Abstract Parallel studies are presented of the amplification of biological and immunological responses to HCG through simultaneous treatment (or mixture of hormone) with semipurified extracts of rat cerebrocortical tissue. Gonadotropin-enhancing factors (GEF) reversed blockage of ovulation by reserpine in intact or hypophysectomized immature rats. A relationship between biological and immunological enhancement of HCG is indicated by determination that a marked increase in radioimmuno-binding of the hormone to anti-human-LH serum occurs when solutions of HCG and GEF which possess no detectable binding affinity are mixed. The same solutions had been employed in the analysis of uterotrophic potency in the immature mouse, in which assay no detectable response was obtained to either hormone or GEF alone, but in mixture produced a nearly maximal uterine weight. These combined results suggest a specific molecular interaction between gonadotropin and GEF. Possible mechanism(s) of action of GEF are discussed.