cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constructing quantum dynamics from mixed quantum-classical descriptions

Abstract The influence of quantum bath effects on the dynamics of a quantum two-level system linearly coupled to a harmonic bath is studied when the coupling is both diagonal and off-diagonal. It is shown that the pure dephasing kernel and the non-adiabatic quantum transition rate between Born–Oppenheimer states of the subsystem can be decomposed into a contribution from thermally excited bath modes plus a zero point energy contribution. This quantum rate can be modewise factorized exactly into a product of a mixed quantum subsystem-classical bath transition rate and a quantum correction factor. This factor determines dynamics of quantum bath correlations. Quantum bath corrections to both the transition rate and the pure dephasing kernel are shown to be readily evaluated via a mixed quantum-classical simulation. Hence, quantum dynamics can be recovered from a mixed quantum-classical counterpart by incorporating the missing quantum bath corrections. Within a mixed quantum-classical framework, a simple approach for evaluating quantum bath corrections in calculation of the non-adiabatic transition rate is presented.
Spectral Efficiency Improvement in Photonic Time-Stretch Analog-to-Digital Converter via Polarization Multiplexing

Dual-polarization photonic time-stretch technique, which exploits polarization multiplexing to improve the spectral efficiency of the conventional photonic time-stretch technique, is proposed. This technique reduces the demand on optical bandwidth for large record length of the photonic time-stretch analog-to-digital converter. It is shown that this technique can capture high-bandwidth radio-frequency signals (>;10-GHz instantaneous bandwidth). Experimentally, 12.5-Gb/s data eye-diagram measurement using this preprocessor operating in equivalent-time mode is demonstrated.
Comparison of heuristic dynamic programming and dual heuristic programming adaptive critics for neurocontrol of a turbogenerator

This paper presents the design of an optimal neurocontroller that replaces the conventional automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and the turbine governor for a turbogenerator connected to the power grid. The neurocontroller design uses a novel technique based on the adaptive critic designs (ACDs), specifically on heuristic dynamic programming (HDP) and dual heuristic programming (DHP). Results show that both neurocontrollers are robust, but that DHP outperforms HDP or conventional controllers, especially when the system conditions and configuration change. This paper also shows how to design optimal neurocontrollers for nonlinear systems, such as turbogenerators, without having to do continually online training of the neural networks, thus avoiding risks of instability.
Assertive Testing

Standard software testing might not catch important defects, and formal methods can be difficult to use. But, there's a middle ground between the two. This middle ground involves adding five steps to standard testing and employing test randomization, model-based testing, and a more aggressive use of assertions (also called self-tests).
Decentralist Intellectuals and the New Deal

kLMOST a decade ago William E. Leuchtenburg noted that the full intellectual history of the 1930s has yet to be written.' The earliest treatments of the Roosevelt era were primarily the work of historians sympathetic with economic and political collectivism. Their studies have largely shaped historical understanding of the intellectual history of the New Deal era. Their emphasis was upon intellectuals such as John Dewey and Reinhold Niebuhr and journals such as New Republic, Nation, and Common Sense. Their work virtually ignored intellectuals and journals with other interpretations of the economic crisis of the 1930s. Especially unfamiliar to many historians is a small group of intellectuals who, calling themselves "agrarians," "distributists," and "decentralists," argued in behalf of a peaceful, middleclass revolution leading to the widespread distribution of property, the decentralization of economic and political authority, and the decentralization of the city. The decentralist intellectuals included Southern Agrarians, historian and journalist Herbert Agar, contributors to Who Owns America? A New Declaration of Independence and Free America, and members of the Catholic rural life movement. The Southern Agrarians were famous for I'll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition, published in 1930 in order to dramatize the plight of southern agriculture, and for their opposition to big business and the rapid industrialization of the South. Agar, perhaps the most important of the decentralist intellectuals, had been influenced by the English Distributist movement of Hilaire Belloc and G. K. Chesterton while living in England during the late 1920s. After returning to the United States, he was instrumental in the publication of Who Owns America?, a collection of articles by agrarian and non-agrarian decentralists
Experimental Research on Velocity and Density Properties of Heavy Oil Mixed with Hydrocarbon Solvent

The velocities and densities of heavy oil mixed with hydrocarbon solvent (diluent 12 wt% and propane 88 wt%) were measured and analyzed for a wide range of temperatures from 8°C to 90°C, pressures from 1 MPa to 48 MPa, and mixed hydrocarbon solvent from 5wt% to 80wt%. Velocities and densities of the mixture decrease with increasing temperature, decreasing pressure, and increasing weight fraction of the solvent. The 6 wt% of the solvent shows the highest effect to reduce velocity and density, and then, the effect reduces gradually.
Molecular Imaging of Inflammation: Current Status

The ability to image inflammation in vivo can improve our understanding of the pathophysiology underlying various disease etiologies, including cancer, atherosclerosis, and neurodegeneration. A great wealth of preclinical and translational research has been and is currently being developed to decipher the involvement of the immune system in disease pathophysiology, quantify the course of a disease, and visualize the potential detrimental effects of excessive inflammation. Down the road, the ultimate goal is to have clinical noninvasive in vivo imaging biomarkers of inflammation that will help diagnose disease, establish prognosis, and gauge response to preventative and therapeutic strategies.
Value of platelet indexes detection in the patients with pancreatitis

Objective:To investigate the clinical value of platelet indexes detection in the patients with pancreatitis.Methods:A total of 69patients with pancreatitis in our hospital were selected as observation group,69healthy people were the control group,then the platelet parameters and activity indexes of two groups were compared,and the detection results of patients with mild,moderate,severe and critical pancreatitis were also compared.Results:The platelet parameters and activity indexes of observation group were all higher than those of control group,and the detection results of patients with critical pancreatitis were all higher than those of patients with mild,moderate and severe pancreatitis,the detection results of patients with evere pancreatitis were all higher than those of patients with mild and moderate pancreatitis(Pall0.05).Conclusion:Increased platelet indexes in the patients with pancreatitis indicate that those indexes plays active role in understanding the severity of pancreatitis.
The glycan did it: how the α-gal story rescued carbohydrates for allergists — a US perspective

IgE antibodies to carbohydrate epitopes on allergens are thought to be less common than IgE antibodies to protein epitopes and also of much less clinical significance. Our recent work, however, has identified a novel IgE antibody response to a mammalian oligosaccharide epitope, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal). IgE to alpha-gal has been associated with two distinct forms of anaphylaxis including delayed allergic reactions after eating beef, pork or lamb. IgE antibody responses to alpha-gal have now been found globally. Therefore, establishing the mechanism of the specific IgE antibody response to alpha-gal will be an important aspect to address as this area of research continues.
Experimental and Modeling Study of Forest Fire Effect on Soil Thermal Conductivity

An understanding of soil thermal conductivity after a wildfire or controlled burn is important to land management and post-fire recovery efforts. Although soil thermal conductivity has been well studied for non-fire heated soils, comprehensive data that evaluate the long-term effect of extreme heating from a fire on the soil thermal conductivity are limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term impact of fire on the effective thermal conductivity of soils by directly comparing fire-heated and no-fire control soils through a series of laboratory studies. The thermal conductivity was measured for ten soil samples from two sites within the Manitou Experimental Forest, Colorado, USA, for a range of water contents from saturation to the residual degree of saturation. The thermal conductivity measured was compared with independent estimates made using three empirical models from literature, including the Campbell et al. (1994), Cote and Konrad (2005), and Massman et al. (2008) models. Results demonstrate that for the test soils studied, the thermal conductivity of the fire-heated soils was slightly lower than that of the control soils for all observed water contents. Modeling results show that the Campbell et al. (1994) model gave the best agreement over the full range of water contents when proper fitting parameters were employed. Further studies are needed to evaluate the significance of including the influence of fire burn on the thermal properties of soils in modeling studies.
Relative efficacy of sodium hypochlorite wash versus irradiation to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 internalized in leaves of Romaine lettuce and baby spinach.

Pathogenic bacteria that become internalized in leaf tissues are protected from the antimicrobial effects of surface treatments. Ionizing radiation is known to penetrate food tissues, but the efficacy of the process against internalized bacteria is unknown. Leaves of Romaine lettuce and baby spinach were cut into pieces, submerged in a cocktail mixture of three isolates of Escherichia coli O157:H7, and subjected to a vacuum perfusion process to force the bacterial cells into the intercellular spaces in the leaves. Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the efficacy of the perfusion process. The inoculated leaves were then treated with a 3-min water wash, a 3-min wash with a sodium hypochlorite sanitizing solution (300 or 600 ppm), or various doses of ionizing radiation (0.25 to 1.5 kGy). Leaves were stomached to recover the internalized pathogen cells, which were enumerated. The vacuum perfusion effectively forced bacteria into the leaf vasculature and apoplast, as confirmed by scanning electro...
Sustainability Attitudes and Actions: An Examination of Craft Brewers in the United States

Making beer is a multifaceted endeavor. Arguably, there are over 14 production stages in beer making, which can be simplified down to three stages – the brewing stage, the fermentation and maturation stage and finally, the packaging and distribution stage. Each production stage provides an opportunity for the brewery to engage in [more] sustainable views and practices. Given the focus of this edited volume, we were particularly interested in the economic, environmental and social sustainability attitudes and actions of craft breweries located in urban areas. Specifically, we wanted to explore the similarities and differences in sustainability attitudes and actions among urban craft breweries, as well as different brewery types, categorized here as brewpubs, microbreweries, and regional craft breweries. Using the three pillars of sustainability, we developed a survey designed to ascertain the attitudes and practices embraced by these brewery types. Findings show minor differences among the brewery types under the economic pillar, while brewpubs significantly differed from microbreweries and regional/regional craft breweries under the environmental and social pillars.
Manipulating ligand–nanoparticle interactions and catalytic activity through organic-aqueous tunable solvent recovery

Dispersed gold nanoparticles demonstrate much higher catalytic activities compared to their supported counterparts. Current methods for nanoparticle recovery are difficult to scale up, can alter the morphology of the nanoparticles, require large amounts of energy or solvents, and/or need highly specialized syntheses. Herein, we propose a facile system for the recovery of nanoparticles from reaction mixtures using Organic-Aqueous Tunable Solvents (OATS). OATS are homogeneous mixtures of an organic solvent and water which have the inherent property to phase separate into a heterogeneous mixture under moderate CO2 pressure. A 60 vol% acetonitrile and 40 vol% water mixture was chosen to disperse gold nanoparticles for these experiments. Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) was selected because it is water soluble and is believed to allow access to the entire metal surface for reactive compounds. We synthesized gold nanoparticles of average size 9.4 ± 1.4 nm and performed four different thermal treatments (no thermal treatment, 40, 50, 60 °C). The phase separation of the OATS mixture was determined to occur between 9.6 and 11.3 bar of absolute CO2 pressure. Complete recovery of gold nanoparticles was achieved for all thermal treatments based on UV-vis absorbance of the localized surface plasmons collected from each phase. Catalytic activity of the nanoparticles was benchmarked using the hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol. Reduction of catalytic activity occurred after the nanoparticles underwent thermal treatments or were subjected to pressure separation in OATS but still remained highly active. The decrease in catalytic activity can be attributed to additional PVP functional groups having passivated the surface of the nanoparticles and blocking active sites as the system minimized free energy indicating that PVP does not allow access to the entire nanoparticle surface. The additional surface-bound ligands also prevented precipitation and growth in OATS, but slowed dynamic surface restructuring, ultimately decreasing the apparent catalytic activity.
Isotope-Labeling Studies Support the Electrophilic Compound I Iron Active Species, FeO3+, for the Carbon–Carbon Bond Cleavage Reaction of the Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme, Cytochrome P450 11A1

The enzyme cytochrome P450 11A1 cleaves the C20–C22 carbon–carbon bond of cholesterol to form pregnenolone, the first 21-carbon precursor of all steroid hormones. Various reaction mechanisms are possible for the carbon–carbon bond cleavage step of P450 11A1, and most current proposals involve the oxoferryl active species, Compound I (FeO3+). Compound I can either (i) abstract an O–H hydrogen atom or (ii) be attacked by a nucleophilic hydroxy group of its substrate, 20R,22R-dihydroxycholesterol. The mechanism of this carbon–carbon bond cleavage step was tested using 18O-labeled molecular oxygen and purified P450 11A1. P450 11A1 was incubated with 20R,22R-dihydroxycholesterol in the presence of molecular oxygen (18O2), and coupled assays were used to trap the labile 18O atoms in the enzymatic products (i.e., isocaproaldehyde and pregnenolone). The resulting products were derivatized and the 18O content was analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. P450 11A1 showed no incorporation of an 18O atom into e...
Application of Random Forest to Aircraft Engine Fault Diagnosis

Aircraft engine fault diagnosis plays a critical role in modern, cost-effective condition-based maintenance strategy in aircraft industry. Due to several inherent characteristics associated with aircraft engines, accurately diagnosing aircraft engine faults is a challenging classification problem. As a result, aircraft engine fault diagnosis has been an active research topic attracting tremendous research interests in machine learning community. In this paper, random forest classifier, a recently emerged machine learning technique, is applied to aircraft engine fault diagnosis in an attempt to achieve more accurate and reliable classification performance. Our primary objective is to evaluate effectiveness of random forest classifier on aircraft engine fault diagnosis. By designing a real-world aircraft engine fault diagnostic system, this paper investigates design details of random forest classifier and evaluates its performance. In this paper, we also make some efforts on investigating strategies for improving random forest performance specifically for aircraft engine fault diagnosis problem
Bone Lining Cells and the Bone Fluid Compartment, an Ultrastructural Study

Critical data has been developed in recent years that supports the hypothesis that ion concentrations in bone fluid and general extracellular fluid are modulated by a functional membrane that separates the fluid of bone from the general ECF. The evidence for the postulated functional membrane in bone is based on the experiments of Geisler and Neuman1, and Ramp and Neuman2, Scarpace and Neuman3,4. The prime points of the data are that potassium is concentrated in the bone fluid and that mineralization of the matrix is increased when bone cells are disrupted or poisoned inferring that the cells serve to partition these fluids, excluding excess calcium from the matrix surfaces. The actual “membrane” and mechanisms of its action are not clearly established. Talmage has suggested that the cells lining the bone surface (osteoblasts) serve this partitioning function5. The Talmage model proposes that calcium enters the bone fluid compartment by passive diffusion from the general ECF to the bone fluid compartment by passing between the lining cells. In the Talmage model, calcium eflux from the bone occurs by entering the osteocytes and osteoblasts whereupon it is actively transported through the cells and through the plasma membrane to reach the general ECF. Entry into the cell would not be difficult as a downhill gradient would exist, i.e., intracellular calcium levels are approximately 10–5.
Development of Verification Methodology for Extreme Weather Forecasts

AbstractIn 2006, the statistical postprocessing of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) and North American Ensemble Forecast System (NAEFS) was implemented to enhance probabilistic guidance. Anomaly forecasting (ANF) is one of the NAEFS products, generated from bias-corrected ensemble forecasts and reanalysis climatology. The extreme forecast index (EFI), based on a raw ensemble forecast and model-based climatology, is another way to build an extreme weather forecast. In this work, the ANF and EFI algorithms are applied to extreme cold temperature and extreme precipitation forecasts during the winter of 2013/14. A highly correlated relationship between the ANF and EFI allows the determination of two sets of thresholds to identify extreme cold and extreme precipitation events for the two algorithms. An EFI of −0.78 (0.687) is approximately equivalent to a −2σ (0.95) ANF for the extreme cold event (extreme precipitation) forecast. The performances o...
ESR and CRP are useful between stages of 2-stage revision for periprosthetic joint infection.

Abstract Background Serum erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are important tests in the initial diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. Many surgeons also use these tests to determine if infection has resolved between stages of a 2-stage procedure, but little data exist regarding this practice. Methods A retrospective review of our institutional total joint databases was conducted to determine sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of elevated ESR and/or CRP to diagnose persistent infection between stages. Results Among 16 knees and 5 hips, sensitivity was 50% for CRP, 75% for ESR, and 100% when combined. The negative predictive value of persistent infection was 100% when neither test was elevated. Conclusions Results of this study support the use of CRP and ESR as indicators of the resolution of periprosthetic joint infection between stages of 2-stage revision.
Low energy magnetic radiation enhancement in the f 7 / 2 shell

Studies of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray strength functions can reveal useful information concerning underlying nuclear structure. Accumulated experimental data on the strength functions show an enhancement in the low $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ energy region. We have calculated the $M1$ strength functions for the $^{49,50}\mathrm{Cr}$ and $^{48}\mathrm{V}$ nuclei in the ${f}_{7/2}$ shell-model basis. We find a low energy enhancement for $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ decay similar to that obtained for other nuclei in previous studies, but for the first time we are also able to study the complete distribution related to $M1$ emission and absorption. We find that $M1$ strength distribution peaks at zero transition energy and falls off exponentially. The height of the peak and the slope of the exponential are approximately independent of the nuclei studied in this model space and the range of initial angular momenta. We show that the slope of the exponential fall off is proportional to the energy of the $T=1$ pairing gap.
Joint Source-Channel Coding for Quasi-Static Fading Channels with Noisy Quantized Feedback

We consider the transmission of a complex Gaussian source over a single-input multiple-output (SIMO) quasi-static fading channel. The goal is to minimize the expected distortion of the reconstructed signal at the receiver. A delay-limited scenario is assumed where channel coding is restricted to a single realization of the channel. Quantized channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) is obtained using a noisy, fixed-rate feedback link and is used to adjust the transmission rate and power. A channel optimized scaler quantizer (COSQ) is designed to incorporate the effects of the errors in the feedback link. For a high quality feedback channel, the proposed COSQ performs close to the noiseless feedback case, while its performance converges to the no-feedback scenario as the feedback channel quality degrades. We show that noisy feedback does not improve the performance at asymptotically high signal to noise ratios (SNRs). Nevertheless, the numerical results for a Rayleigh fading channel show that noisy feedback provides significant gains for practical values of the SNR.
Effects of processing and storage on almond (Prunus dulcis L.) amandin immunoreactivity

Abstract A murine monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess amandin immunoreactivity in processed and long-term stored almonds. The results demonstrated that amandin immunoreactivity is stable in variously processed almond seeds. Using the ELISA, amandin immunoreactivity could be detected in commercial whole raw and processed (blanched, sliced, dry roasted, and indicated combinations thereof) almond seeds stored for eleven years and eight months, defatted almond seed flours from several almond varieties/hybrids and their borate saline buffer-solubilized protein extracts stored for ten years and seven months, and several almond varieties grown in different California counties (full fat flours and their defatted flour counterparts). Roasting Nonpareil whole full fat almond seeds, full fat flour, and defatted flour at 170 °C for 20 min each with 2, 5, 10, and 20% w/w corn syrup or sucrose did not prevent amandin detection by ELISA. Similarly, amandin detection in select food matrices spiked with Nonpareil almond protein extract was not inhibited. In conclusion, amandin is a stable target protein for almond detection under the tested processing and storage conditions.
Dynamic Scholarly Collaborator Recommendation via Competitive Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

In an interdisciplinary environment, scientific collaboration is becoming increasingly important. Helping scholars make a right choice of potential collaborators is essential in achieving scientific success. Intuitively, the generation of collaboration relationship is a dynamic process. For instance, one scholar may first choose to work with Scholar A, and then work with Scholar B after accumulating additional academic credits. To address this property, we propose a novel dynamic collaboration recommendation method by adapting the multi-agent reinforcement learning technique to the coauthor network analysis. The collaborator selection is optimized from several different scholar similarity measurements. Unlike prior studies, the proposed method characterizes scholarly competition, a.k.a. different scholars will compete for potential collaborator at each iteration. An evaluation with the ACM data shows that multi-agent reinforcement learning plus scholarly competition modeling can be significant for collaboration recommendation.
Correction to: Hamiltonian and Algebraic Theories of Gapped Boundaries in Topological Phases of Matter

There were two errors in the original publication. First, the term B K in Eq. (2.20) was not well-defined in the case of non-normal subgroups K.
FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT IN SATURATED AQUIFERS

Abstract A Galerkin finite element method is formulated to predict contaminant transport under saturated conditions. The governing equations which are coupled are nondimensionalized to yield four nondimensional parameters. These parameters are the ratio of the aquifer depth to the longitudinal dispersivity of the medium, the ratio of the transverse to longitudinal dispersivity, the ratio of the transverse to longitudinal hydraulic conductivity, and the gradient of the piezometric head. Two finite element grid sizes, one refined near the contaminant source and the other consisting of uniform triangular elements, are utilized to simulate contaminant transport for realistic ranges of the nondimensional parameters. A parametric study is conducted to determine the effects of these parameters on the transport behavior of the contaminant. Numerical difficulties encountered for some typical combinations of these parameters are also mentioned.
Magnetic resonance thermometry and its biological applications - Physical principles and practical considerations

Abstract Most parameters that influence the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal experience a temperature dependence. The fact that MRI can be used for non-invasive measurements of temperature and temperature change deep inside the human body has been known for over 30 years. Today, MR temperature imaging is widely used to monitor and evaluate thermal therapies such as radio frequency, microwave, laser, and focused ultrasound therapy. In this paper we cover the physical principles underlying the biological applications of MR temperature imaging and discuss practical considerations and remaining challenges. For biological tissue, the MR signal of interest comes mostly from hydrogen protons of water molecules but also from protons in, e.g., adipose tissue and various metabolites. Most of the discussed methods, such as those using the proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift, T1, T2, and diffusion only measure temperature change, but measurements of absolute temperatures are also possible using spectroscopic imaging methods (taking advantage of various metabolite signals as internal references) or various types of contrast agents. Currently, the PRF method is the most used clinically due to good sensitivity, excellent linearity with temperature, and because it is largely independent of tissue type. Because the PRF method does not work in adipose tissues, T1- and T2-based methods have recently gained interest for monitoring temperature change in areas with high fat content such as the breast and abdomen. Absolute temperature measurement methods using spectroscopic imaging and contrast agents often offer too low spatial and temporal resolution for accurate monitoring of ablative thermal procedures, but have shown great promise in monitoring the slower and usually less spatially localized temperature change observed during hyperthermia procedures. Much of the current research effort for ablative procedures is aimed at providing faster measurements, larger field-of-view coverage, simultaneous monitoring in aqueous and adipose tissues, and more motion-insensitive acquisitions for better precision measurements in organs such as the heart, liver, and kidneys. For hyperthermia applications, larger coverage, motion insensitivity, and simultaneous aqueous and adipose monitoring are also important, but great effort is also aimed at solving the problem of long-term field drift which gets interpreted as temperature change when using the PRF method.
Mother-daughter sexual communication: differences by maternal sexual victimization history

Women who experience childhood sexual victimization (CSV) report more problems with sexuality and with parenting during adulthood. Consequently, mothers with a CSV history may have particular difficulty with parent-child sexual communication. We examine this possibility in 184 diverse, low-income mother-adolescent daughter dyads. Mothers and daughters reported on the frequency, tone, and comfort of their sexual communication. Using dyadic approaches to analyses, we tested whether mothers' and daughters' reports, and their level of agreement, differ by maternal CSV history. In dyads with maternal CSV, daughters reported more frequent communication in which they felt less embarrassed, and they perceived their mothers as less embarrassed. Mothers with a CSV history were also more accurate in judging how their daughters feel during sexual communication. Although CSV is associated with many negative outcomes, our results suggest mothers with CSV may approach mother-daughter sexual communication in ways that could reduce sexual risk in offspring.
Firework Injuries of the Hand: An Analysis of Treatment and Health Care Utilization:

Background: Firework injuries to the hand can be devastating due to the explosive and ballistic nature of these devices. The aim of this study was to describe the injury and treatment characteristics of patients requiring surgery for firework-related hand injuries and to investigate which factors are associated with an increased utilization of health care resources. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients undergoing surgery for firework-related hand injuries at two American College of Surgeons level I trauma centers between 2005 and 2016 was performed. Twenty cases were identified. These patients were evaluated for demographics, injury characteristics, number and types of surgical interventions, length of stay, and utilization of health care resources. Bivariate analyses were performed to investigate which factors were associated with increased consumption of health care resources. Results: Injuries ranged from digital nerve injuries to traumatic amputation. Patients underwent a median of 3 surgical operations. More than half the patients underwent flap or skin graft coverage of a soft tissue defect. The median length of hospital stay was 7 days. Factors found to be associated with an increased utilization of surgical and hospital resources included a first web space injury, thumb fracture, and traumatic amputation of any digit. Conclusions: The morbidity inflicted by firework injuries to individual patients is substantial. Patients with severe injuries undergo a median of three surgical operations and have a long duration of initial hospital stay. Knowing which factors are associated with an increased utilization of resources can help prognosticate these preventable injuries.
From Protest To Protection: Navigating Politics with Immigrant Students in Uncertain Times

With the rise of nationalism and the current contentious debate on immigration in the US, school leaders and educators are faced with difficult questions about how to negotiate sensitive political ...
Gender-Specific Sexual Activity After Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome: Position Matters

Abstract Background There is limited evidence on the safety of return to sexual activity after hip arthroscopy. Aim To determine the positional safety of sexual activity after hip arthroscopy relative to hip instability and/or impingement risk. Study Design This study is an observational study. Methods 12 common sexual positions were identified based on previous research. Gender-specific hip motion was then assessed for the possibility of postarthroscopic hip instability (due to disruption of iliofemoral ligament [interportal capsulotomy] repair) and/or impingement (labral or capsular compressive stress with disrupted repair) for all 12 positions (both right and left hips; 15 unique male and 14 unique female positions). Instability risk was defined as greater than 0° hip extension, greater than 30° external rotation (ER), or greater than 30° abduction. Impingement risk was defined as greater than 90° hip flexion, greater than 10° internal rotation, and greater than 10° adduction. Outcomes A majority of both male and female sexual positions caused either instability or impingement, with only 4 positions in women and 4 positions in men deemed “safe” by avoiding excessive hip motion. Results Return to sexual activity after hip arthroscopy may cause instability in 10/15 of male positions and 5/14 female positions. Most male positions (6/10) were at risk for instability because of excessive ER. 2 positions were unstable because of a combination of ER and extension, one was due to extension, and one abduction. In female instability positions, all 5 were unstable because of excessive abduction. Impingement may be observed in 5 of 15 male positions and 6 of 14 female positions. In male impingement positions, all were due to excessive adduction. 4 female positions risked impingement due to excessive flexion and 2 positions due to internal rotation. Clinical Implications This study demonstrates risks that should be considered when counseling patients preoperatively and postoperatively regarding sexual activity. Strengths & Limitations This study closely models a hip preservation patient population by using 2 young and otherwise healthy individuals. The most significant limitation of this investigation was its basis with only 2 young healthy volunteers (one male, one female) in a single motion capture session using surface-based spherical retroreflective markers from a previous investigation. Conclusion After hip arthroscopy, patients need to be made aware of the possibility of hip instability (10 of 15 men; 5 of 14 women) and impingement (5 of 15 men; 6 of 14 women) due to excessive hip motion that may compromise their outcome. Morehouse H, Sochacki KR, Nho SJ, et al. Gender-Specific Sexual Activity After Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome: Position Matters. J Sex Med 2020;17:658–664.
Electrically tuned hyperfine spectrum in neutral Tb(II)(CpiPr5)2 single-molecule magnet.

Molecular spin qubits with long spin coherence time as well as non-invasive operation methods on such qubits are in high demand. It was shown that both molecular electronic and nuclear spin levels can be used as qubits. In solid state systems with dopants, an electric field was shown to effectively change the spacing between the nuclear spin qubit levels when the electron spin density is high at the nucleus of the dopant. Inspired by such solid-state systems, we propose that divalent lanthanide (Ln) complexes with an unusual electronic configuration of Ln2+ have a strong interaction between the Ln nuclear spin and the electronic degrees of freedom, which renders electrical tuning of the interaction. As an example, we study electronic structure and hyperfine interaction of the 159Tb nucleus in a neutral Tb(II)(CpiPr5)2 single-molecule magnet (SMM), which exhibits unusually long magnetization relaxation time, using the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) method with spin–orbit interaction included within the restricted active space state interaction (RASSI). Our calculations show that the low-energy states arise from 4f8(6s,5dz2)1, 4f8(5dx2−y2)1, and 4f8(5dxy)1 configurations. We compute the hyperfine interaction parameters and the electronic–nuclear spectrum within our multiconfigurational approach. We find that the hyperfine interaction is about one order of magnitude greater than that for Tb(III)Pc2 SMMs. This stems from the strong Fermi contact interaction between the Tb nuclear spin and the electron spin density at the nucleus that originates from the occupation of the (6s,5d) orbitals. We also uncover that the response of the Fermi contact term to electric field results in electrical tuning of the electronic–nuclear level separations. This hyperfine Stark effect may be useful for applications of molecular nuclear spins for quantum computing.
The Remarkable Growth in Financial Economics, 1974-2020: Online Appendix

Complete Lists of Authors, Institutions, and Papers and the Citations They Have Received in the Social Science Citation Index. The paper "The Remarkable Growth in Financial Economics, 1974-2020" is available here: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3722311.
The Ecosystem of Fear – Predator and Prey – Which Involves Maintenance of Hierarchy and Ecosystems and Survival/Survival of the Fittest

This chapter explores the primitive origins of fear in nature and its power to transform and influence ecosystems and human behavior. There are implications for understanding racism and its impact on human ecosystems and behavior.
Edward S Perkins, MD, PhD (1919-2015): In the vanguard of ophthalmic physician-scientists.

British-American ophthalmologist Edward Perkins, MD, PhD (1919–2015) held wide-ranging research interests during his career at the Institute of Ophthalmology in London, the University of Iowa, and ...
A Weak Asynchronous RESet (ARES) PUF Using Start-up Characteristics of Null Conventional Logic Gates

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are widely researched security primitive in the digital and analog domain but have yet to be explored for asynchronous circuits. In this paper, we propose novel optimization methods to design a weak Asynchronous RESet (ARES) PUF that exploits random start-up characteristics of Threshold M of N Null Conventional Logic (NCL) gates as a source of entropy. We employ two different methods to design the ARES PUF. The first includes traditional delay matching techniques using linear programming-based optimization, whereas the second one uses the genetic algorithm (GA) with delay matching as a fitness function. Both methodologies are explained with analysis and design specifications required to model NCL TH22 gates to achieve PUF characteristics. Threshold 2 of 2 (TH22) and 4 of 4 (TH44) gates are used as test cases for evaluation and comparison. Simulation results using initial delay matching techniques at 90nm and 65nm technology in HSPICE shows that the proposed ARES PUF has a uniqueness of 49.98% and reliability of 96.53% across $V_{DD} $ variation (± 10%) and 93.39% across temperature variation $(0^{\circ}C- 80^{\circ}C)$. Whereas, the GA method can optimize NCL cells to form a PUF with 49% uniqueness at 65nm with an average reliability of 96.4% across $V_{DD} $ and 93.82% across temperature. Preliminary silicon results for proposed TH22 at TSMC 90nm technology node shows a 34% improvement in uniqueness compared to standard TH22 gate with best-case uniqueness of 53.3% and reliability of 100% respectively across repeated measurements (noise). Unlike standard TH22, standard TH44 performs better with 47.62% best-case uniqueness and 98.1% reliability.1
Care disruptions among patients with lung cancer: A COVID-19 and cancer outcomes study.

Abstract Introduction Patients with lung cancer (LC) are susceptible to severe outcomes from COVID-19. This study evaluated disruption to care of patients with LC during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The COVID-19 and Cancer Outcomes Study (CCOS) is a prospective cohort study comprised of patients with a current or past history of hematological or solid malignancies with outpatient visits between March 2 and March 6, 2020, at two academic cancer centers in the Northeastern United States (US). Data was collected for the three months prior to the index week (baseline period) and the following three months (pandemic period). Results 313 of 2365 patients had LC, 1578 had other solid tumors, and 474 had hematological malignancies. Patients with LC were not at increased risk of COVID-19 diagnosis compared to patients with other solid or hematological malignancies. When comparing data from the pandemic period to the baseline period, patients with LC were more likely to have a decrease in in-person visits compared to patients with other solid tumors (aOR 1.94; 95% CI, 1.46–2.58), but without an increase in telehealth visits (aOR 1.13; 95% CI 0.85–1.50). Patients with LC were more likely to experience pandemic-related treatment delays than patients with other solid tumors (aOR 1.80; 95% CI 1.13–2.80) and were more likely to experience imaging/diagnostic procedure delays than patients with other solid tumors (aOR 2.59; 95% CI, 1.46–4.47) and hematological malignancies (aOR 2.01; 95% CI, 1.02–3.93). Among patients on systemic therapy, patients with LC were also at increased risk for decreased in-person visits and increased treatment delays compared to those with other solid tumors. Discussion Patients with LC experienced increased cancer care disruption compared to patients with other malignancies during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Focused efforts to ensure continuity of care for this patient population are warranted.
Effect of hot air and infrared drying on the retention of cannabidiol and terpenes in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the drying effects on the retention of cannabidiol and terpenes in the industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Hemp inflorescence and leaves from Pipeline, Maverick and Queen-Dream-CBD varieties were dried with hot air (40, 50, 60, 70, 90 °C), and sequential infrared and hot air drying (infrared preheating for 1 and 2 min, then hot air drying at 40 and 60 °C). Ambient air drying and freeze drying were conducted as control groups. As the drying temperature increased from ambient to 90 °C, drying time reduced from 1800 to 210 min, cannabidiolic-acid conversion increased from 0.2%–14.1%, and total terpene retention decreased from 82.1%–29.9%. The total cannabidiol retention (ranging from 83.8%–98.6%) was affected by the drying methods and conditions. The findings suggested that drying conditions should be tailored to the requirements of the final products, which provides important information to the industry for improving the postharvest drying, downstream processing and product development.
Viewpoint: Turning streets into housing

I argue that wide residential streets in US cities are both a contributor to homelessness and a potential strategy to provide more affordable housing. In residential neighborhoods, subdivision ordinances typically set binding standards for street width, far in excess of what is economically optimal or what private developers and residents would likely prefer. These street width standards are one contributor to high housing costs and supply restrictions, which exacerbate the housing affordability crisis in high-cost cities. Planning for autonomous vehicles highlights the overprovision of streets in urban areas. Because they can evade municipal anti-camping restrictions that restrict the use of streets by unhoused people, autonomous camper vans have the ability to blur the distinction between land for housing and land for streets. I propose two strategies through which excess street space can accommodate housing in a formalized way. First, cities could permit camper van parking on the right-of-way, analogous to liveaboard canal boats that provide housing options in some UK cities. Second, extending private residential lots into the right-of-way would create space for front-yard accessory dwelling units.
"The Verdict" Is In: The Civic Implications of Civil Trials

causes. He tells Billy Amsel, who most rigorously rejects his "philosophy," that it is "society" that has robbed parents of their children. In fact, as the story tells us time after time, it is the parents themselves: it is Stevens being too much "the lawyer" (his daughter's sarcastic indictment), it is Billy himself and his adulterous lover Risa Walker, it is the specific adult and not a baleful, more remote reality. If Mitchell can pin the accident on distant deeper pockets, might implicitly also excuse himself, Billy, Risa, and even the incestuous father of Nichole Burnell, the accident victim who has been left a paraplegic but who will refuse to play the "blame game" when she knows the truly responsible cause. In a fine article on Banks' novel, Margaret J. Fried and Lawrence A. Frolick emphasize what the film version sadly alters, the equal time given by the novel to three other voices in addition to that of Mitchell Stevens.29 For the filmmaker, however, the almost-exclusive focus on the lawyer opportunistically rouses the audience's ire at exactly the (brief) American period in which opposition to "trial lawyers" had peaked. The cost to Banks' more universal indictment of a whole generation was more than outweighed by the emotional benefit to the filmgoer of finding one villain among the many. The film is quite different from, and simply not as good as, the novel.30 Too melodramatic, perhaps not all that well acted, the film may play best these days in law school classrooms where the impetus driving tort reform needs to be understood by budding litigators. Emphasizing the film's lone genial invention, Nichole's constant inter-textual reference to "The Pied Piper," the law school teacher can evoke the fatuousness both of leader and follower in some populist movements, including some on both sides of the tort reform debate. 29. Margaret J. Fried and Lawrence A. Frolick, The Limits of Law: Litigation, Lawyers, and the Search for Justice in Russell Bank's The Sweet Hereafter, 7 CARDoZO STUD. L. & Lrr. 1
Small geometry effects in n- and p-channel polysilicon thin film transistors

The authors describe the results of an experimental study of small-geometry effects in n- and p-channel polysilicon TFTs (thin film transistors) fabricated on quartz substrates. Short-channel effects are shown to be severe, with significant threshold shifts observed in devices with gate lengths of less than about 8 mu m and degradation in drain breakdown voltages for gate lengths below about 5 mu m. The performance of simple digital CMOS circuits fabricated using TFTs with a range of gate lengths is also reported, and the improvement in speed achieved by reducing gate lengths is shown. In particular, the operation of shift registers, designed using 5- mu m-long TFTs at clock frequencies in excess of 50 MHz, is demonstrated. >
Ageing and the Brain

Anatomical, neurochemical, and functional characteristics of the mammalian brain change with age. Although some of these changes are generalized, many aspects of the brain are affected differentially. Keywords: atrophy; basal ganglia; hippocampus; magnetic resonance imaging; prefrontal cortex; ventricles; white matter