cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of phosphorus content and grain size on the long-term phase stability of Ni-base superalloys

Abstract The effect of grain size on the phase stability of two nominally identical high refractory content powder-processed Ni-base superalloy with varying levels of P additions (0.013 wt% for alloy P1 and 0.026 wt% for alloy P3) was studied. Solutioning of the alloys at either sub-solvus or super-solvus temperatures were used to vary the grain size of the starting microstructure prior to long-term thermal exposures at 800 °C for up to 1000 h. EBSD analyses revealed that the sub-solvus solutioned samples had an average grain size of 10 μm and possessed a high angle grain boundary length density that was approximately 2.5 times greater than that found in the super-solvus solutioned samples with an average grain size of 16 μm. Differences in both the initial grain boundary character distribution and P content present in these alloys resulted in varying behavior with respect to the grain boundary precipitation of Laves and sigma phase during aging. Since P additions to Ni-base superalloys are known to promote the formation of Laves phases and segregate predominately to grain boundaries, sub-solvus heat treated samples exhibited a lower susceptibility of Laves phase precipitation compared with super-solvus heat treated samples for both P1 and P3 alloys. Sub-solvus heat treated P1 samples were found to be resistant to the formation of Laves phase after 1000 h exposure while the coarser grained super-solvus heat treated P3 samples exhibited extensive formation of intertwined Sigma-Laves along the grain boundaries just after 100 h exposure. The improvement in phase stability could be attributed to the reduced concentration of P along the grain boundary as increasing the length density of random high-angle grain boundary resulted in a more dilute spatial distribution of segregated P atoms.
Effects of Frailty on Outcomes and 30-day Readmissions After Surgical Mitral Valve Replacement.

Background Frailty is increasingly recognized as an important prognostic marker in surgical populations. The effects of frailty on outcomes after mitral valve replacement (MVR) is less clear given the inherent complexity of this patient population. We evaluated the influences of frailty on outcomes and readmission rates after MVR. Methods Adult patients undergoing isolated MVR were queried from the National Readmissions Database from 2010 to 2014. Frailty was defined using the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups frailty-defining diagnoses indicator, a validated instrument developed for use in health administrative data. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine hospital- and patient-level risk factors for readmission, postoperative complications, and death. Results Among 50,410 patients who underwent MVR, 7.9% met frailty criteria. Frail patients were more likely to be older, have nonprivate insurance, an index admission from the emergency department, and teaching hospital care (all P Conclusions Frailty is an independent predictor of morbidity, death, and increased costs after MVR. Frailty metrics should be increasingly understood among patients requiring mitral valve intervention as percutaneous approaches for intervention become increasingly used.
Social Functioning in Adults with Learning Disabilities.

This article reviews the literature on the possible causes of social functioning deficits in adults with learning disabilities including language disorders, information processing deficits, and beh...
2.2 Protein-Engineered Biomaterials: Synthesis and Characterization☆

Protein-engineered biomaterials are designed and synthesized using recombinant protein technology and offer an alternative to both harvested natural biomaterials and synthetic polymeric biomaterials. A defining feature of such protein-engineered biomaterials is the precise control over macromolecular composition and function, made possible by modular peptide domain design and exact specification of the encoding DNA sequence. This approach allows multiple functional domains to be encoded directly into the protein backbone, creating a plethora of biomaterials with tunable mechanical, biochemical, and biodegradation properties. This chapter describes the design, recombinant synthesis, and fabrication strategies for protein-engineered biomaterials for use in tissue engineering applications. Analytical tools for characterizing the molecular and bulk properties of these materials are also discussed. Building upon modular domain design and by expanding peptide functionality, a variety of protein biomaterials have been engineered which serve as versatile platforms for studying and addressing various challenges in regenerative medicine.
Molybdenum disulfide–boron nitride junctionless tunnel effect transistor

In this chapter, the operating principle of JTET discussed in Chapter 11 has been extended for the study of MoS2 JTET considering MoS2 /hBN/MoS2 for reduced subthreshold slope operation and sustainable leakage. The interlayer tunneling-based barrier control mechanism as proposed for graphene JTET in Chapter 11 and [16] is used for the current transport study of MoS2 JTET through self-consistent simulation method [22]. Similar to graphene JTET, multilayer hBN is considered as the gate dielectric for MoS2 JTET. The performances of MoS2 JTET are compared with the earlier reported graphene-based iTFET.
Fractional anisotropy from diffusion tensor imaging correlates with acute astrocyte and myelin swelling in neonatal swine models of excitotoxic and hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury

The specific cytopathology that causes abnormal fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is not completely understood. The panoply of cell types in the brain might contribute differentially to changes in DTI metrics. Because glia are the predominant cell type in brain, we hypothesized that changes in FA and MD would signify perturbations in glial microstructure. Using a 3-Tesla clinical scanner, we conducted in vivo DTI MRI in nine neonatal piglets at 20-96 h after excitotoxic brain injury from striatal quinolinic acid injection or global HI. FA and MD from putamen, caudate, and internal capsule in toto were correlated with astrocyte swelling, neuronal excitotoxicity, and white matter injury. Low FA correlated with more swollen astrocytes immunophenotyped by aquaporin-4 (AQP4), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1). Low FA was also related to the loss of neurons with perineuronal GLT-1+ astrocyte decorations, large myelin swellings, lower myelin density, and oligodendrocyte cell death identified by 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, bridging integrator-1, and nuclear morphology. MD correlated with degenerating oligodendrocytes and depletion of normal GFAP+ astrocytes but not with astrocyte or myelin swelling. We conclude that FA is associated with cytotoxic edema in astrocytes and oligodendrocyte processes as well as myelin injury at the cellular level. MD can detect glial cell death and loss, but it may not discern subtle pathology in swollen astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, or myelin. This study provides a cytopathologic basis for interpreting DTI in the neonatal brain after HI.
Paraburkholderia edwinii protects Aspergillus sp. from phenazines by acting as a toxin sponge

Many environmentally and clinically important fungi are sensitive to toxic, bacterially-produced, redox-active molecules called phenazines. Despite being vulnerable to phenazine-assault, fungi inhabit microbial communities that contain phenazine producers. Because many fungi cannot withstand phenazine challenge, but some bacterial species can, we hypothesized that bacterial partners may protect fungi in phenazine-replete environments. In the first soil sample we collected, we co-isolated several such physically associated pairings. We discovered the novel species Paraburkholderia edwinii and demonstrated it can protect a co-isolated Aspergillus species from phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) by sequestering it, acting as a toxin sponge; in turn, it also gains protection. When challenged with PCA, P. edwinii changes its morphology, forming aggregates within the growing fungal colony. Further, the fungal partner triggers P. edwinii to sequester PCA and maintains conditions that limit PCA toxicity by promoting an anoxic and highly reducing environment. A mutagenic screen revealed this program depends on the stress-inducible transcriptional repressor HrcA. We show that one relevant stressor in response to PCA challenge is fungal acidification and that acid stress causes P. edwinii to behave as though the fungus were present. Finally, we reveal this phenomenon as widespread among Paraburkholderia with moderate specificity among bacterial and fungal partners, including plant and human pathogens. Our discovery suggests a common mechanism by which fungi can gain access to phenazine-replete environments, and provides a tractable model system for its study. These results have implications for how rhizosphere microbial communities as well as plant and human infection sites are policed for fungal membership.
An examination of the prospective associations between objectively assessed exposure to alcohol-related Instagram content, alcohol-specific cognitions, and first-year college drinking.

Abstract Previous research suggests that exposure to alcohol-related content on social media sites (SMSs) may inflate perceptions of drinking norms, thereby increasing drinking among college students and potentially undermining popular social norms-based alcohol interventions. However, prior research on exposure has used subjective measures of alcohol exposure and has focused mostly on Facebook. The current study focused on Instagram, a popular SMS among college students, and utilized objective time tracking and newsfeed sampling methods to rigorously examine the prospective relationship between exposure to alcohol-related Instagram content (ARIC), alcohol cognitions, and drinking. Participants were 309 matriculating college students (Mage = 18.1, SD = 0.26; 62.1% female; 46.9% White/Caucasian; 17.5% Hispanic) who had their Instagram use tracked and newsfeeds sampled via a macro several times during the transition into college (August & September), and completed a baseline survey and two follow-up surveys. A sequential mediation model examined theoretically derived pathways between objective ARIC exposure and alcohol use. Results revealed that objective ARIC exposure during the transition to college was positively associated with drinking at the end of the first year of college, and subjective frequency of ARIC exposure mediated this relationship between objective ARIC exposure and later drinking. Subjective frequency of ARIC exposure also mediated the association between objective ARIC exposure and perceptions of descriptive norms, which, in turn, predicted later drinking. These findings illustrate that greater objective ARIC exposure during the transition into college may increase risky drinking over the first year via increased subjective frequency of ARIC and elevated perceptions of drinking norms. Priority directions for future research are discussed and several novel ways in which social norms-based interventions for first-year students may be enhanced to better combat ARIC-related influences are introduced.
Modelling of Smart Homes Affected by Cyberattacks

Smart grid represents a computerized platform for two-way communications between system utilities and customers through digital and information technologies. Information, which is crucial for cyber-physical systems, is exchanged between power system utilities and smart homes through communication infrastructures. The more digitization of power system, the more vulnerability to various security threats such as False Data Injection (FDI) cyberattacks. The significance of the FDI cyberattacks is inevitable for some sectors such as homes, medical services, industry, etc. In this paper, attacker is considered to 1) gain access to the information of smart home and 2) manipulate the electricity demand of the smart home such that its overall cost is not significantly affected. The objective function and the operation of the smart home with/without FDI cyberattack are compared. The results demonstrate that attacker is able to successfully affect the performance of smart home by changing the shape of demand.
Low albumin levels are independently associated with neonatal acute kidney injury: a report from AWAKEN Study Group

Data from adult and pediatric literature have shown an association between albumin levels and AKI. Whether hypoalbuminemia and neonatal AKI are associated has not been studied. We evaluated the association of albumin with early (during the first postnatal week) and late (after the first postnatal week) AKI for 531 neonates from the Assessment of Worldwide AKI Epidemiology in Neonates (AWAKEN) database and for 3 gestational age (GA) subgroups: 3.1 g/dL). This held true for albumin levels 2.3 to 2.6 g/dL for early [AdjOR 2.5, 95% CI = 1.2–5.5, p < 0.02] and late AKI [AdjOR 6.4, 95% CI = 1.9–21.6, p < 0.01]. Albumin quartiles of (2.7 to 3.0 g/dL) were associated with increased odds of late AKI. Albumin levels of 2.6 g/dL and 2.4 g/dL best predicted early (AUC = 0.59) and late AKI (AUC = 0.64), respectively. Analysis of albumin association with AKI by GA is described. Low albumin levels are independently associated with early and late neonatal AKI. Albumin could be a potential modifiable risk factor for neonatal AKI.
Treatment Strategies and Healing Related to African American Mental Health

This chapter first explores the common barriers to effective mental health treatment in the African American community such as social inequalities, low representation in the mental health field, lack of awareness about mental illness, and stigma. Various sociocultural, relational, and historical factors that helpers need to be aware of when working with African Americans are presented. Additionally, recommendations on treatment strategies that were reportedly successful with African Americans are discussed such as multicultural counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy, and spiritual integrated counseling, to name a few. Other alternative forms of treatment and frameworks that may be helpful to use or integrate with other treatment models also are explored. Suggestions for future research on treatment strategies are discussed.
Ischemic stroke in a patient with Parry-Romberg syndrome (P4.064)

Objective: To discuss a rare case of a patient with a known diagnosis of PRS presenting with ischemic stroke, the second such reported case. Background: Parry-Romberg Syndrome (PRS) is a rare genetic disorder with progressive hemi-facial atrophy, which usually presents within the first two decades of life. Neurological manifestations include trigeminal neuralgia with associated deafness, hemi-facial pain with associated migraine headaches, seizures, movement disorders, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Many patients have elevated ANA titers. However, stroke is uncommon. Design/Methods: We describe a 34 year-old right-handed woman, diagnosed with PRS at age 15, presented with right-sided weakness upon awakening. Results: Brain MRI revealed a small infarct of the posterior limb of the left internal capsule. Vessel imaging revealed an aberrant right subclavian artery. On physical exam, atrophy of the right sided muscles of mastication consistent with her known diagnosis of right-sided PRS was noted. Stroke workup revealed a patent foramen ovale (PFO), however no evidence of deep venous thrombosis was found. Hypercoagulability work up revealed an elevated ANA titer of 1:1280. She was started on atorvastatin 80 mg and aspirin 81 mg daily and discharged home. The cause of stroke in this patient with PRS remains unknown as she has no other known risk factors aside from a PFO and elevated ANA titers. Patient showed no residual neurologic deficits on subsequent follow-ups. Conclusions: The only other reported patient with PRS and stroke was also found to have a PFO. It is possible that the elevated ANA seen in this patient correlates with propensity towards small venous clots not seen on ultrasound. This may lead to paradoxical emboli and ischemic strokes. It is important to note this potential association between PRS and ischemic stroke in young patients without other known risk factors. It would be worthwhile to treat this subset of patients with medications for secondary stroke prevention. Disclosure: Dr. Ebiana has nothing to disclose. Dr. Singh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Khosa has nothing to disclose. Dr. Moheb has nothing to disclose. Dr. Trikamji has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rao has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mishra has nothing to disclose.
Using multiple markers to elucidate the ancient, historical and modern relationships among North American Arctic dog breeds

Throughout most of the Americas, post-colonial dogs largely erased the genetic signatures of pre-historical dogs. However, the North American Arctic harbors dogs that are potentially descended from pre-historical ancestors, as well as those affected by post-colonial translocations and admixtures. In particular, Inuit dogs from Canada and Greenland are thought to descend from dogs associated with Thule peoples, who relied on them for transportation ca. 1000 years ago. Whether Thule dogs reflected an earlier colonization by Paleoeskimo dogs ca. 4500 years ago is unknown. During the Alaskan Gold Rush, additional sled dogs, possibly of post-colonial derivation, the Alaskan Husky, Malamute and Siberian Husky, were used in the Arctic. The genealogical relationships among and origins of these breeds are unknown. Here we use autosomal, paternal and maternal DNA markers to (1) test the hypothesis that Inuit dogs have retained their indigenous ancestry, (2) characterize their relationship to one another and to other Arctic breeds, and (3) estimate the age of North American indigenous matrilines and patrilines. On the basis of the agreement of all three markers we determined that Inuit dogs have maintained their indigenous nature, and that they likely derive from Thule dogs. In addition, we provide support for previous research that the Inuit dogs from Canada and Greenland dog should not be distinguished as two breeds. The Alaskan Husky displayed evidence of European introgression, in contrast to the Malamute and Siberian Husky, which appear to have maintained most of their ancient Siberian ancestry.
Automatic Capture for Spectrum-Based Instrument Models

Our goal is to automate the analysis of recorded acoustic performances in order to study the relationship between scores and performance. An automated system segments a recorded performance into individual notes. These are then analyzed to determine pitch and amplitude envelopes. Spectral data is also measured. The technique consists of two stages. First, a rough estimation stage performs pitch detection based on MQ analysis. Second, an accurate estimation stage uses period-synchronous analysis. The data will ultimately be used by a machine learning process to build instrument and performance models. Experiments with trumpet tones are described.
Business Driven Technology

Business Driven Technology discusses various business initiatives first and how technology supports those initiatives second. The premise for this unique approach is that business initiatives should drive technology choices. Every discussion first addresses the business needs and then addresses the technology that supports those needs Table of contents Chapter 1 Business Driven TechnologyChapter 2 Identifying Competitive AdvantagesChapter 3 Strategic Initiatives for Implementing Competitive AdvantagesChapter 3 Measuring the Success of Strategic InitiativesChapter 4 Organizational Structures that Support Strategic InitiativesChapter 5 Valuing Organizational InformationChapter 6 Storing Organizational Information – DatabasesChapter 7 Accessing Organizational Information – Data WarehouseChapter 8 Enabling the Organization – Decision MakingChapter 9 Extending the Organization – Supply Chain ManagementChapter 10 Building a Customer-Centric Organization – Customer Relationship ManagementChapter 11 Integrating the Organization from End-to-End – Enterprise Resource PlanningChapter 12 Creating Innovative OrganizationsChapter 13 E-BusinessChapter 14 Creating Collaborative PartnershipsChapter 15 Integrating Wireless Technology in BusinessChapter 16 Building Software to Support an Agile OrganizationChapter 17 Outsourcing in the 21st CenturyChapter 18 Developing a 21st Century Organization Business Plug-InsB1 Business BasicsB2 Business ProcessB3 Hardware and SoftwareB4 Enterprise ArchitecturesB5 Networks, Telecommunications, and Wireless ComputingB6 Information SecurityB7 EthicsB8 Supply Chain ManagementB9 Customer Relationship ManagementB10 Enterprise Resource PlanningB11 E-Business ModelsB12 Emerging Trends and TechnologyB13 Strategic OutsourcingB14 Systems DevelopmentB15 Project ManagementTechnical Plug-InsT1 Personal Productivity Using IT (OLC only)T2 Basic Skills Using Excel (OLC only)T3 Problem Solving Using Excel (OLC only)T4 Decision Making Using Excel (OLC only)T5 Designing Database Applications (OLC only)T6 Basic Skills Using Access (OLC only)T7 Problem Solving Using Access (OLC only)T8 Decision Making Using Access (OLC only)T9 Designing Web Pages (OLC only)T10 Creating Web Pages Using HTML (OLC only)T11 Creating Web Pages Using Dreamweaver (OLC only)T12 Creating Gantt Charts with Excel and Microsoft Project (OLC only)
Content routing for distributed information servers

We describe a system that provides query based associative access to the contents of distributed information servers. In typical distributed information systems there are so many objects that underconstrained queries can produce large result sets and extraordinary processing costs. To deal with this scaling problem we use content labels to permit users to learn about available resources and to formulate queries with adequate discriminatory power. We have implemented associative access to a distributed set of information servers in the content routing system. A content routing system is a hierarchy of servers called content routers that present a single query based image of a distributed information system. We have successfully used a prototype content routing system to locate documents on several user file systems and on a large number of information servers.
Comparative Analysis of State Statutes

Abstract The purposes of this study were to analyze statutory requirements regarding prenatal substance abuse reporting, related healthcare assessments, and state interventions with reported women and their families. The author conducted a legal search of the statutes of ten states, which were identified as having “specific gestational abuse statutes” in previous literature (Lieb & Sterk-Elifson, 1995). The findings revealed that seven of the ten states included a specific reporting requirement. Even in these seven states, neither assessment procedures nor treatment provisions were well-delineated. Only three states had specific provisions on therapeutic intervention with reported women. Based on the findings, three principles for a model statute are recommended for balancing the rights of infants and mothers.
Logical computation using algorithmic self-assembly of DNA triple-crossover molecules

Recent work1,2,3 has demonstrated the self-assembly of designed periodic two-dimensional arrays composed of DNA tiles, in which the intermolecular contacts are directed by ‘sticky’ ends. In a mathematical context, aperiodic mosaics may be formed by the self-assembly of ‘Wang’ tiles4, a process that emulates the operation of a Turing machine. Macroscopic self-assembly has been used to perform computations5; there is also a logical equivalence between DNA sticky ends and Wang tile edges6,7. This suggests that the self-assembly of DNA-based tiles could be used to perform DNA-based computation8. Algorithmic aperiodic self-assembly requires greater fidelity than periodic self-assembly, because correct tiles must compete with partially correct tiles. Here we report a one-dimensional algorithmic self-assembly of DNA triple-crossover molecules9 that can be used to execute four steps of a logical (cumulative XOR) operation on a string of binary bits.
Decade in review-technology: Technological advances transforming rheumatology.

Technological advances over the past decade have revolutionized many areas of rheumatology, ranging from diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic development to the mechanistic understanding of rheumatic diseases. This overview highlights key technological innovations and discusses the major impact that these developments are having on research and clinical practice.
Supporting information retrieval from electronic health records

Display Omitted EMERSE is an information retrieval system designed for free-text clinical notes.EMERSE supports varied tasks including infection control surveillance and research.Sharing and reusing search terms helps to ensure standardized search results.Synonym recommendations are important to broaden users' ability to find concepts.EMERSE is available at no cost for academic use. ObjectiveThis paper describes the University of Michigan's nine-year experience in developing and using a full-text search engine designed to facilitate information retrieval (IR) from narrative documents stored in electronic health records (EHRs). The system, called the Electronic Medical Record Search Engine (EMERSE), functions similar to Google but is equipped with special functionalities for handling challenges unique to retrieving information from medical text. Materials and methodsKey features that distinguish EMERSE from general-purpose search engines are discussed, with an emphasis on functions crucial to (1) improving medical IR performance and (2) assuring search quality and results consistency regardless of users' medical background, stage of training, or level of technical expertise. ResultsSince its initial deployment, EMERSE has been enthusiastically embraced by clinicians, administrators, and clinical and translational researchers. To date, the system has been used in supporting more than 750 research projects yielding 80 peer-reviewed publications. In several evaluation studies, EMERSE demonstrated very high levels of sensitivity and specificity in addition to greatly improved chart review efficiency. DiscussionIncreased availability of electronic data in healthcare does not automatically warrant increased availability of information. The success of EMERSE at our institution illustrates that free-text EHR search engines can be a valuable tool to help practitioners and researchers retrieve information from EHRs more effectively and efficiently, enabling critical tasks such as patient case synthesis and research data abstraction. ConclusionEMERSE, available free of charge for academic use, represents a state-of-the-art medical IR tool with proven effectiveness and user acceptance.
A general earthquake-observation system (GEOS)

Microprocessor technology has permitted the development of a General Earthquake-Observation System (GEOS) useful for most seismic applications. Central-processing-unit control via robust software of system functions that are isolated on hardware modules permits field adaptability of the system to a wide variety of active and passive seismic experiments and straightforward modification for incorporation of improvements in technology. Various laboratory tests and numerous deployments of a set of the systems in the field have confirmed design goals, including: wide linear dynamic range (16 bit/96 dB); broad bandwidth (36 hr to 600 Hz; >36 hr available); selectable sensor-type (accelerometer, seismometer, dilatometer); selectable channels (1 to 6); selectable record mode (continuous, preset, trigger); large data capacity (1.4 to 60 Mbytes); selectable time standard (WWVB, master, manual); automatic self-calibration; simple field operation; full capability to adapt system in the field to a wide variety of experiments; low power; portability; and modest costs. System design goals for a microcomputer-controlled system with modular software and hardware components as implemented on the GEOS are presented. The systems have been deployed for 15 experiments, including: studies of near-source strong motion; high-frequency microearthquakes; crustal structure; down-hole wave propagation; teleseismicity; and earth-tidal strains. These studies have yielded recordings of near-source radiation fields in the frequency band of 1 to 300 Hz with signal resolution greater than 84 dB, documented seismic signals of 80 Hz at distances of 190 km with implications for nuclear detection, provided complete onscale high-resolution recording of several aftershock sequences with signal amplitudes ranging over 180 dB, and records of Earth dilational strain over the period band 0.1 sec to 28 hr, with superimosed radiation fields for nuclear explosions at regional distances and near-source earthquakes. Data sets recorded on the GEOS illustrate the importance of broad bandwidth, high resolution, and wide linear dynamic range for future earthquake studies. Field deployments of a minicomputer system compatible with the GEOS have emphasized the usefulness of portable field computers for experiments using microcomputer-controlled data-acquisition systems.
Student and high-school characteristics related to completing a science, technology, engineering or mathematics (STEM) major in college

Background: The importance of increasing the number of US college students completing degrees in science, technology, engineering or mathematics (STEM) has prompted calls for research to provide a better understanding of factors related to student participation in these majors, including the impact of a student’s high-school mathematics curriculum. Purpose: This study examines the relationship between various student and high-school characteristics and completion of a STEM major in college. Of specific interest is the influence of a student’s high-school mathematics curriculum on the completion of a STEM major in college. Sample: The sample consisted of approximately 3500 students from 229 high schools. Students were predominantly Caucasian (80%), with slightly more males than females (52% vs 48%). Design and method: A quasi-experimental design with archival data was used for students who enrolled in, and graduated from, a post-secondary institution in the upper Midwest. To be included in the sample, stud...
Why the Good Foul is Not Good

(1982). Why the Good Foul is Not Good. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 41-42.
Total Reflection of X-Rays and the Index of Refraction of Certain Metals

Total reflection of a beam of x-rays ($\ensuremath{\lambda}=0.7078\mathrm{A}$) is obtained from mirrors of glass, tin, silver, selenium, and zinc. The deviations of the reflected rays at the critical positions were measured on photographic films placed 312.5 cm from the mirrors. The index of refraction was calculated from the measured critical angle in each case, with the following results: crown glass $\ensuremath{\delta}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}=1.711$; tin 3.97; silver 5.78; selenium (vitreous) 2.67; and zinc 4.59. The experimental values of $\ensuremath{\delta}$ agree with those calculated by the Drude Lorentz dispersion formula to about 0.5%. It is shown in the case of the metals that there are undoubtedly in each atom 2 electrons which have the critical $K$ absorption frequency.
Structuring Board of Directors’ Compensation Contracts: An Optimal Incentives Perspective

Boards of directors have been the subject of much research in various business disciplines. Boards are purported to serve as representatives of shareholders, oversee the implementation of the chosen strategy and provide useful external links and contacts to facilitate firm success. We know what we want boards to do, but how do we ensure they will do it? This leads to the issue of how best to compensate board members. This paper explores the relationship between board members’ compensation structure and subsequent firm performance. Based on a sample of 1721 directors and 158 firm year observations, compelling evidence suggests a moderate level of performance-based compensation for BOD members is associated with maximum firm performance. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA
NFS Climate Dynamics Workshop: Paleoclimate Data‐Model Interaction

There is a growing awareness by both scientists and policy makers of the importance of understanding Planet Earth as a single interactive environmental system. This is reflected by major programs of action like the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP). According to the booklet “Global Change,” which covers the U.S. efforts in this area (National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 1986, pp. 3–4), the IGBP-Global Change Program calls for integrated study of the physical, chemical, and biological processes that have produced and now maintain the environment needed for life on earth. Such a program would be based on a well-planned series of observations and modeling and process studies. It should also include increased efforts to recover a much longer history of the Earth and its environment, from geological records and the records preserved in trees and ice, for we recognize that changes on a wide range of time scales, from years to hundreds of millions of years, are a significant feature of earth history. Knowledge of the past is essential to the tasks of understanding the present or predicting the future.
Effect of epidural clonidine added to epidural sufentanil for labor pain management.

Abstract Labor analgesia with intrathecal sufentanil has been shown to be prolonged by the addition of intrathecal clonidine. The current study was designed to determine if epidural clonidine would prolong labor analgesia provided by epidural sufentanil. Forty laboring primiparous women at less than 5 cm cervical dilation requesting epidural analgesia were enrolled. Following a 3 mL test dose of lidocaine with epinephrine, patients were randomized to receive 10 mL of either sufentanil 20 μg (S) or sufentanil 20 μg with clonidine 75 μg (SC). After administration of the analgesic, pain scores and side-effects were recorded for each patient at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min, and every 30 min thereafter, by an observer blinded to the technique used. There were no demographic differences between the two groups. Pain relief was rapid for all patients. The mean duration of analgesia was similar between the S group (153 ± 78 min) and the SC group (178 ± 55 min). Side-effects were similar between the two groups. There was no difference between the two groups in time from sufentanil administration to delivery, incidence of operative or assisted delivery, or cervical dilation at the time of redose. For early laboring patients, epidural sufentanil 20 μg after a lidocaine test dose provides analgesia comparable to that of sufentanil 20 μg with clonidine 75 μg; there was no significant difference in analgesic duration between the two groups.
Molecular cloning, characterization and mapping of the canine glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding factor 1 (GRLF1)

Progressive rod-cone degeneration (prcd) is an autosomal recessive retinal degeneration of dogs that maps to chromosome 9 (CFA9). Positional cloning and candidate gene approaches are presently used to identify the disease-causing gene. To complement these strategies and identify novel candidate genes, we have used a subtraction approach to detect modified gene expression caused by prcd that may be causally associated with the disease, or, alternatively, be involved in the molecular mechanisms leading to the disease phenotype. With this technique we characterized a 4503 nucleotide open reading frame (ORF) within a 5.6 kb cDNA that predicts a protein of 1500 amino acids. The gene shows about 90% homology to the human and rat glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding factor 1 (GRLF1) gene, also known as p190-A. The transcript was detected in several tissues, including retina, and the protein was localized to the photoreceptor cell layer. The canine GRLF1 maps near the telomere of CFA1 close to CRX, a region synteny to human chromosome 19q13 (HSA19q13). Based on its chromosomal location, GRLF1 has been excluded as a candidate gene for prcd. Northern blot analysis also failed to prove down-regulation of the gene in early stages of disease in six different non-allelic canine retinal degenerations. However, we were able to show that in advanced stages of prcd, GRLF1 is expressed in remaining photoreceptor cells, thus, providing a challenging task to uncover the gene's exact function in the retina and degenerative processes.
A Pirouette on a Metallofullerene Sphere: Interconversion of Isomers of N-Tritylpyrrolidino Ih Sc3N@C80

The pure Ih isomer of Sc3N@C80 was allowed to react with N-triphenylmethyl-5-oxazolidinone via the corresponding azomethine ylide. The reaction results in the formation of two monoadducts; one (1b) is the kinetic product, and the other (1a) is thermodynamically more stable. Small amounts of the bisadducts were also formed. The structure of the thermodynamic monoadduct 1a was shown conclusively by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography to result from addition across the 5,6-ring junction. The kinetic product 1b was demonstrated to be the 6,6-ring juncture adduct on the basis of NMR experiments and X-ray crystallography. In refluxing chlorobenzene pure 1b was converted to the more thermodynamically stable 1a isomer. These N-tritylpyrrolidino derivatives are potentially useful precursor compounds for further derivatization for various applications.
A comparison of two methods of endovaginal probe disinfection

Abstract Objective: To compare two methods of endovaginal probe disinfection after detergent and water cleaning. Methods: Fifty patients undergoing sheathed endovaginal ultrasound examination with a latex condom were prospectively randomized to two cleaning methods. After completion of the ultrasound examination, the probe was cleaned with detergent and water. Endovaginal probes were randomized to an additional disinfection with soaking in a 2.4% glutaraldehyde solution (ProCide) for 10 minutes (n = 25) or wiping with a premoistened cloth (Sani-Cloth) containing an 8% isopropyl alcohol solution and 0.28% dimethyl ethylbenzyl and benzyl ammonium chloride (n = 25). Aerobic and anaerobic cultures were then obtained from the probe head and shaft. Standard microbiologic techniques were used, and the laboratory was blinded to cleaning method. Condoms were filled with 300 mL of water and inspected for leakage. Results: There was no growth in aerobic or anaerobic cultures obtained after either method of disinfection. No leakage was noted from the condoms. Conclusions: There was no microbiologic contamination of the sheathed endovaginal probe when the detergent cleaning was followed by either method of disinfection. Given the potential toxicity of glutaraldehyde, disinfection with Sani-Cloth is an acceptable technique.
Item Response Analysis of Uppercase and Lowercase Letter Name Knowledge

Letter name knowledge in the preschool ages is a strong predictor of later reading ability, but little is known about the psychometric characteristics of uppercase and lowercase letters considered ...
CT Angiography: Injection and Acquisition Technique

CT scanner technology is continuously evolving, with scan times becoming shorter with each scanner generation. Achieving adequate arterial opacification synchronized with CT data acquisition is becoming increasingly difficult. A fundamental understanding of early arterial contrast medium dynamics is thus of utmost importance for the design of CT scanning and injection protocols for current and future cardiovascular CT applications. Arterial enhancement is primarily controlled by the iodine flux (injection flow rate) and the injection duration versus a patient's cardiac output and local downstream physiology. The technical capabilities of modern CT equipment require precise scan timing. Together with automated tube current modulation and weight-based injection protocols, both radiation exposure and contrast medium enhancement can be individualized.
Informational Constraints of Remote Technical Support Environments: Implications for the Design of Support Systems

Effective remote technical support is a competitive factor in consumer satisfaction. This paper reports the analysis of the remote support domain with respect to the agents, their information requirements, the issues relevant to the transfer of information from one agent to another, and the technology and tools that are currently used. The goal of this work was to understand the current environment with respect to the future direction of such environments and to understand the issues that afflict that environment so that the design of any support system would incorporate the appropriate design requirements. The factors contributing to performance behavior in the remote support task include the problem solving nature of the task, the restricted perceptual context, the distributed knowledge of the remote support team, and the role of communicating to remotely located agents. Research in these issues leads to the conclusion that tools designed to support the collaboration of remote technical support teams mu...
Resolution of hydrops fetalis in congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation after prenatal steroid therapy

Abstract Background/Purpose: Development of hydrops fetalis in fetuses with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations (CCAM) is a significant risk factor for fetal or neonatal demise. In rare cases, resolution of CCAM has occurred, presumably owing to lesion maturation or involution. Steroid therapy, utilized for lung maturity, has been postulated to accelerate this process. The natural history of hydropic fetuses with CCAM after receiving steroid therapy is presented. Methods: The authors prospectively followed up with 3 patients who had antenatally diagnosed CCAM and nonimmune hydrops fetalis with predicted mortality. All patients declined or were not candidates for fetal intervention and were treated with standard prenatal betamethasone to increase lung maturity. Results: Three fetuses had CCAM and nonimmune hydrops fetalis diagnosed prenatally. After a course of prenatal steroids during the second trimester, all 3 patients had resolution of their hydrops and were delivered at term without respiratory distress. Conclusions: Nonimmune hydrops fetalis in fetuses with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation is a harbinger for fetal demise. The resolution of hydrops in these patients after receiving steroid therapy is an interesting and compelling observation. Because the mechanism of this process is speculative, further studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between antenatal steroids and maturation of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. J Pediatr Surg 38:508-510. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
CHANGES IN OVARIAN LHRH RECEPTOR CONTENT DURING THE ONSET OF PUBERTY IN THE FEMALE RAT

LHRH and some of its analogs have been reported to exert inhibitory effects on ovarian function, seemingly following interaction of the neurohormone with specific, high affinity binding sites. The present experiments were undertaken to determine whether LHRH binding sites in the ovary undergo quantitative changes during the onset of puberty in the rat. Changes in LHRH receptor content were assessed by the binding of the stable LHRH analog, [D-Ala, Pro]-LHRH to ovarian membrane preparations. LHRH binding in prepubertal rats (anestrus, A) was 166 ± 11 fmol/mg protein, declined gradually (to 127 ± 14 fmol/mg protein) during the early proestrous (EP) phase of puberty—a time at which intrauterine fluid begins to accumulate and uterine weight increases more rapidly—and became even lower (75 ± 4 fmol/mg protein) by 1300 h of the day of first proestrus (LP), prior to the initiation of the first gonadotropin surge. At the time of the surge (1600 h) binding was 70 ± 3 fmol/mg protein. LHRH binding was minimal on th...
Spin tests for charmed mesons produced in e + e − annihilation at s = 4.028 GeV

Spin tests for particles produced in e/sup +/e/sup -/ annihilation at ..sqrt..s = 4.028 GeV in the state labeled D-bar*D* are presented. These particles are currently believed to be spin-1 particles with negative parity. However, their extraordinarily large production rate just above their production threshold: despite the p-wave nature of the production process-leads us to speculate that one of these might, in fact, be a spinless, positive-parity D meson with a mass approximately the same as the D*. This possibility is considered and tested in detail, along with the usual hypothesis that the particles are spin-1 particles.
Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway by delphinidin, an anthocyanidin in pigmented fruits and vegetables

Inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have generated considerable hope for cancer treatment, specifically for lung and breast cancers. Therefore, identification of a natural, nontoxic agent(s) as an inhibitor of EGFR is of considerable importance. Delphinidin, an anthocyanidin present in pigmented fruits and vegetables, possesses potent antioxidant and antiproliferative properties. In our study, employing EGFR positive breast cancer AU-565 cells and immortalized MCF-10A cells, we evaluated the effect of delphinidin on EGFR and its downstream signaling pathways. Delphinidin (5–40 μM; 3 hr) treatment of both AU-565 cells and MCF-10A cells inhibited the (i) phosphorylation of EGFR, (ii) activation of PI3K, (iii) phosphorylation of AKT and MAPK. Further, delphinidin treatment of AU-565 cells inhibited EGF-induced autophosphorylation of EGFR, AKT and MAPK, activation of PI3K and cell invasion. We then compared the growth inhibitory effects of delphinidin (5–40 μM; 48 hr), and found that it resulted in a decrease in cell growth of AU-565 and MCF-10A cells but had only minimal effects on normal mammary epithelial 184A1 cells. Treatment of AU-565 cells with delphinidin resulted in (i) induction of apoptosis, (ii) cleavage of PARP protein, (iii) activation of caspase-3 and (iv) downregulation of Bcl-2 with an increase in the expression of Bax. In summary, our study identifies a naturally occurring dietary agent delphinidin as an effective inhibitor of EGFR signaling in breast cancer cells. We suggest that delphinidin could be developed as an agent for the management of EGFR positive human cancers. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of chronic ICV leptin infusion on motor-activating effects of D-amphetamine in food-restricted and ad libitum fed rats

Abstract Recently, attention has turned to the possibility that endocrine adiposity hormones, such as leptin, may regulate appetitively motivated behavior by modulating brain dopamine function. By extension, it has been hypothesized that the increased behavioral sensitivity of food-restricted, underweight rats to psychostimulant challenge may be triggered by the accompanying hypoleptinemia. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether two weeks of continuous intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of leptin alters the motor-activating effect of d -amphetamine (0.75 mg/kg, IP) in food-restricted rats. Lateral ventricular infusion of leptin, using a regimen that decreases food intake and body weight in ad libitum fed rats (12 μg/day), had no effect on the locomotor response to d -amphetamine in food-restricted rats that were maintained at 80% of prerestriction body weight. This result may indicate that hypoleptinemia is not involved in the induction/maintenance of neuroadaptations that mediate enhanced behavioral sensitivity to psychostimulant challenge. Interestingly, ad libitum fed rats treated with leptin displayed an increased locomotor response to d -amphetamine that was most prominent 3–5 days after termination of the infusion. Body weights and d -amphetamine sensitivity of these subjects returned to control values by 8–10 days postinfusion. The enhanced behavioral sensitivity to d -amphetamine in leptin-treated ad libitum fed rats may be a by-product of adipose depletion and, if so, would further support involvement of a peripheral signal other than hypoleptinemia in the modulation of central sensitivity to psychostimulant challenge.