cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The characteristic time to achieve interfacial phase equilibrium in cloud drops

Abstract The problem of gas absorption in a cloud drop for the case of a single isolated drop as well as for the case of a drop within a cloud is considered. Expressions for the characteristic times for achieving phase equilibrium between the gas-phase and liquid-phase pollutant concentrations at the air-water interface for the two cases are derived. According to the work reported herein, for highly soluble gases, the characteristic time for the case of an isolated drop as well as for the case of a drop within a cloud is directly proportional to the drop radius and inversely proportional to the accommodation coefficient of a gas. Furthermore, in the first case, the characteristic time is directly proportional to the solubility of the gas, while in the second case, it is independent of the solubility but inversely proportional to the liquid water content of the cloud. This problem has been considered previously, however, the expression in the literature is based on the concentration at the interface of a semi-infinite liquid body and is not valid for a cloud drop. The findings in this paper disagree with those obtained from the expressions derived in the literature. In addition, for highly soluble gases, the expression in the literature predicts unrealistically large characteristic times for establishment of interfacial equilibrium. The reaction characteristic times for reactions of SO 2 , H 2 O 2 and O 3 leading to the formation of SO 4 2− within cloud drops are calculated and compared to the characteristic times, predicted by the expressions derived here, for establishment of interfacial equilibrium for these gases. The comparison shows that the establishment of interfacial equilibrium is a rapid process for all cases considered, and does not limit the chemical reactions leading to the formation of SO 4 2− within cloud drops.
The relationship of examinations to amount of student reading: the examination as symbol.

The authors explored the relationship between examinations and amount of reading by students taking an introductoy course in Pediatrics. The amount of reading reportedly done by students who knew they would be given a written examination based on the reading content was compared to the amount read by those who knew they would not be examined. The test counted for a small percentage of the course grade. A precipitous decline in reading was noted among students who knew they were not going to be given this test. Explanations are offered to account for the striking differences in the amount of reading among the students surveyed. It is suggested that examinations serve as powerful symbols that transcend quantitative input toward student grades. Educators are encouraged to balance the independence given to students with the formal assignments for which they will be accountable.“It is symbolic thought which overcomes the natural inertia of man…”Ernst Cassirer—An Essay on Man
Effect of nitric oxide donors on renal tubular epithelial cell-matrix adhesion

Effect of nitric oxide donors on renal tubular epithelial cell-matrix adhesion. Background Nitric oxide (NO) and its metabolite, peroxynitrite (ONOO - ), are involved in renal tubular cell injury. We postulated that if NO/ONOO - has an effect to reduce cell adhesion to the basement membrane, this may contribute to tubular obstruction and may be partially responsible for the harmful effect of NO on the tubular epithelium during acute renal failure (ARF). Methods We examined the effect of the NO donors (z)-1-[2-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (DETA/NO), spermine NONOate (SpNO), and the ONOO - donor 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) on cell-matrix adhesion to collagen types I and IV and fibronectin using three renal tubular epithelial cell lines: LLC-PK 1 , BSC-1, and OK. Results In LLC-PK 1 cells, DETA/NO (500 μm) had no effect, and SpNO (500 μm) had a modest effect on cell adhesion compared with controls. Exposure to SIN-1 caused a dose-dependent impairment in cell-matrix adhesion. Similar results were obtained in the different cell types and matrix proteins. The effect of SIN-1 (500 μm) on LLC-PK 1 cell adhesion was not associated with either cell death or alteration of matrix protein and was attenuated by either the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide, the superoxide scavenger superoxide dismutase, or the ONOO - scavenger uric acid in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions These results therefore support the possibility that ONOO - generated in the tubular epithelium during ischemia/reperfusion has the potential to impair the adhesion properties of tubular cells, which then may contribute to the tubular obstruction in ARF.
Four-dimensional projection reconstruction imaging

A brief description of 4-dimensional (4-D) filtered backprojection image reconstruction algorithm that has been developed for use in spectral-spatial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is presented. The algorithm uses three successive stages of 2-D filtered backprojection to reconstruct a 4-D image. This approach results in a reduction in computational time on the order of N2 relative to the single-stage technique, where N4 is the number of hypervoxels in the image. Design of digital filters used to filter projections is discussed. Images obtained from simulated data are presented to illustrate the accuracy and potential utility of the technique.
High-resolution nonlinear laser spectroscopy of exciton relaxation in GaAs quantum wells

This paper describes measurements of exciton relaxation in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well structures based on high resolution nonlinear laser spectroscopy. The nonlinear optical measurements show that low energy excitons can be localized by monolayer disorder of the quantum well interface. We show that these excitons migrate between localization sites by phonon assisted migration, leading to spectral diffusion of the excitons. The frequency domain measurements give a direct measure of the quasi-equilibrium exciton spectral redistribution due to exciton energy relaxation, and the temperature dependence of the measured migration rates confirms recent theoretical predictions. The observed line shapes are interpreted based on solutions we obtain to modified Bloch equations which include the effects of spectral diffusion.
Berkeley's notion of spirit

(1986). Berkeley's notion of spirit. History of European Ideas: Vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 597-602.
Bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic analysis of dynamic expression patterns of regulator of G-protein signaling 4 during development. I. Cerebral cortex

Signaling through G-protein-coupled receptors is modulated by a family of regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins that have been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. Defining the detailed expression patterns and developmental regulation of RGS proteins has been hampered by an absence of antibodies useful for mapping. We have utilized bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) methods to create transgenic mice that express GFP under the control of endogenous regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4) enhancer elements. This report focuses on expression patterns in the developing and mature cerebral cortex. Based on reporter distribution, RGS4 is expressed by birth in neurons across all cortical domains, but in different patterns that suggest region- and layer-specific regulation. Peak expression typically occurs before puberty, with complex down-regulation by adulthood. Deep and superficial neurons, in particular, vary in their patterns across developmental age and region and, in primary sensory cortices, layer IV neurons exhibit low or no expression of the GFP reporter. These data suggest that altering RGS4 function will produce a complex neuronal phenotype with cell- and subdomain-specificity in the cerebral cortex.
Plasma Membrane Vesiculation: A New Technique for Isolation of Plasma Membranes

Monolayer cell cultures of macrophages, monocytes, myoblasts, and density-inhibited and transformed fibroblasts form and release cell surface membrane vesicles following exposure to formaldehyde, related low-molecular-weight aldehydes, and disulfide blocking agents. Vesicles have a unique composition of proteins and lipids. They show enrichment of cholesterol and sphingomyelin content and a seven-to tenfold enrichment of 5'-nucleotidase activity. Vesicles also contain intramembranous particles and show a trilamellar unit membrane and no ultrastructural evidence of contamination with other cytoplasmic organelles. The technique is proposed as a novel method for isolating plasma membrane vesicles from cells in culture.
Methods for Estimating Medical Expenditures Attributable to Intimate Partner Violence

This article compares three methods for estimating the medical cost burden of intimate partner violence against U.S. adult women (18 years and older), 1 year postvictimization. To compute the estimates, prevalence data from the National Violence Against Women Survey are combined with cost data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, the Medicare 5% sample, and published studies and with relative risk estimates from published studies. Results are compared and reasons for difference are explored, including the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Estimates of the medical cost burden of intimate partner violence within the first 12 months after victimization range from $2.3 billion to $7.0 billion, depending on the method used. Although limited to women victimized in the last year, each method reveals that intimate partner violence imposes a substantial burden on the health care system. Among the approaches, there is no clear gold standard nor any evidence of bias.
NRF2-mediated Notch pathway activation enhances hematopoietic reconstitution following myelosuppressive radiation

A nuclear disaster may result in exposure to potentially lethal doses of ionizing radiation (IR). Hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS) is characterized by severe myelosuppression, which increases the risk of infection, bleeding, and mortality. Here, we determined that activation of nuclear factor erythroid-2–related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling enhances hematopoietic stem progenitor cell (HSPC) function and mitigates IR-induced myelosuppression and mortality. Augmenting NRF2 signaling in mice, either by genetic deletion of the NRF2 inhibitor Keap1 or by pharmacological NRF2 activation with 2-trifluoromethyl-2′-methoxychalone (TMC), enhanced hematopoietic reconstitution following bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Strikingly, even 24 hours after lethal IR exposure, oral administration of TMC mitigated myelosuppression and mortality in mice. Furthermore, TMC administration to irradiated transgenic Notch reporter mice revealed activation of Notch signaling in HSPCs and enhanced HSPC expansion by increasing Jagged1 expression in BM stromal cells. Administration of a Notch inhibitor ablated the effects of TMC on hematopoietic reconstitution. Taken together, we identified a mechanism by which NRF2-mediated Notch signaling improves HSPC function and myelosuppression following IR exposure. Our data indicate that targeting this pathway may provide a countermeasure against the damaging effects of IR exposure.
MAXIMUM CHANGE IN PHYSICAL AND QUALITY PARAMETERS OF FLUID FOODS DURING CONTINUOUS FLOW HEATING. APPLICATION TO LIQUID WHOLE EGG

A fluid in continuous flow heating approaches maximum thermal treatment as the viscosity profile becomes plug flow. This effect is examined for physical and quality changes in tubular heating of fluid foods. Arrhenius mathematical forms of constituent change are incorporated into the thermal profile models for the general case. Application to soluble protein loss (SPL) and viscosity change in liquid whole egg (LWE) are used as examples. Time and temperature schedules are suggested for pasteurization of LWE at elevated temperatures and shorter times, relative to standard schedules, based on the plug flow velocity profile assumption.
Interference Model for Cognitive Coexistence in Cellular Systems

Cognitive radio is a key enabling technology of dynamic spectrum access for exploiting unused spectrum resources. This article focuses on modeling the opportunity for cellular systems which have the greatest spectrum scarcity problem. A system model is introduced for analyzing the opportunistic bandwidth within a cellular network through a spatial evaluation of the resources used by the primary and available to the secondary systems. Towards this purpose, two metrics are introduced signifying the spatial coherence of resources: the region of interference and the region of communications. Our results suggest significant underutilized resources that can be scavenged through secondary users to greatly improve the spectral efficiency of cellular networks.
Scaling Exponents for Lattice Quantum Gravity in Four Dimensions

© 2015 American Physical Society. In this work nonperturbative aspects of quantum gravity are investigated using the lattice formulation, and some new results are presented for critical exponents, amplitudes, and invariant correlation functions. Values for the universal scaling dimensions are compared with other nonperturbative approaches to gravity in four dimensions, and specifically to the conjectured value for the universal critical exponent ν=1/3. The lattice results are generally consistent with gravitational antiscreening, which would imply a slow increase in the strength of the gravitational coupling with distance, and presented herein are detailed estimates for exponents and amplitudes characterizing this slow rise. Furthermore, it is shown that in the lattice approach (as for gauge theories) the quantum theory is highly constrained, and eventually, by virtue of scaling, depends on a rather small set of physical parameters. Arguments are given in support of the statement that the fundamental reference scale for the growth of the gravitational coupling G with distance is represented by the observed scaled cosmological constant λ, which in gravity acts as an effective nonperturbative infrared cutoff. In this nonperturbative vacuum condensate picture a fundamental relationship emerges among the scale characterizing the running of G at large distances, the macroscopic scale for the curvature as described by the observed cosmological constant, and the behavior of invariant gravitational correlation functions at large distances. Overall, the lattice results suggest that the slow infrared growth of G with distance should become observable only on very large distance scales, comparable to λ. One may hope that future high precision satellite experiments could possibly come within reach of this small quantum correction, as suggested by the vacuum condensate picture of quantum gravity.
Silver Signals: Twenty-Five Years of Screening and Signaling

The theory of market signaling and screening is a cornerstone of the new economics of information. The last two and a half decades have not only witnessed a series of remarkable theoretical developments but also a wide range of applications. This essay examines the key theoretical issues and explores their use in three major fields: industrial organization, labor, and finance. Considerable emphasis is placed on attempts to test the theory in each of these fields.
Improved outcome secondary to concurrent chemoradiotherapy for advanced carcinoma of the nasopharynx : Preliminary corroboration of the Intergroup experience

Abstract Purpose: The recent Intergroup 0099 trial of concurrent chemoradiotherapy for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinomas, demonstrated improved survival for chemoradiotherapy as compared to radiation therapy alone. Following closure of this study, we adopted the chemoradiotherapy regimen used in 0099 as our standard of practice. We herein report our recent institutional results, representing a relatively large uniformly treated cohort. Methods and Materials: Between 1995 and 1997, 35 consecutive patients, who had clinically nondisseminated Stage III or IV nasopharyngeal cancer, were treated by chemoradiotherapy. The prescribed radiation regimen was 7000 cGy delivered in 35 fractions over 7 weeks to all macroscopic disease and 5000 cGy to areas considered at risk of harboring microscopic disease. Chemotherapy was designed to deliver cisplatin (100 mg/m 2 i.v.) on Days 1, 22, and 43 of radiation therapy and cisplatin (80 mg/m 2 i.v.) on Days 71, 99, and 127 plus flurouracil (5-FU; 1 g/m 2 /day by 96-h infusion) on Days 71–74, 99–102, and 127–130. Results: All patients had at least a partial response (PR) to treatment, including an 85% complete response (CR) rate. The actuarial 3-year overall survival rate was 93% and the disease-free survival rate was 65%. Both represent substantial improvements over our institutional historical controls treated by radiation therapy alone and both are similar to the rates observed in the Intergroup trial. Conclusion: Our data support the conclusion that concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy (as was used in Intergroup 0099) should be considered the current standard of care for patients who have advanced cancers of the nasopharynx.
Excitation volumetric effects (EVE) in metal-enhanced fluorescence

Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF) effects from different density silver island films (SiFs) and the effects of far-field excitation irradiance on the observed enhancement of fluorescence were studied. It is shown that MEF non-linearly depends on silver nanoparticle (NP) size/density, reaching a maximum value for SiFs made at a deposition time (DT) of ∼5 minutes, i.e. just before SiFs become continuous. Numerical simulations of the silver-islands growing on glass revealed that the near-field magnitude depends non-linearly on size and interparticle distance exhibiting dramatic enhancement at ∼10 nm distance between the NPs. In addition, a remarkable effect of modulation in MEF efficiency by far-field excitation irradiance has been observed, which can be correlated well with numerical simulations that show an excitation power volume dependence. The near-field volume changes non-linearly with far-field power. This unique observation has profound implications in MEF, which has rapidly emerged as a powerful tool in the biosciences and ultimately allows for tunable fluorescence enhancement factors.
Courses of Action A Qualitative Investigation Into Urban Teacher Retention and Career Development

This article reports on a study investigating relationships among the reasons for entry, preparation experiences, workplace conditions, and future career plans of 15 early-career teachers working i...
NIDDK data repository: a central collection of clinical trial data

The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases have established central repositories for the collection of DNA, biological samples, and clinical data to be catalogued at a single site. Here we present an overview of the site which stores the clinical data and links to biospecimens. The NIDDK Data repository is a web-enabled resource cataloguing clinical trial data and supporting information from NIDDK supported studies. The Data Repository allows for the co-location of multiple electronic datasets that were created as part of clinical investigations. The Data Repository does not serve the role of a Data Coordinating Center, but rather as a warehouse for the clinical findings once the trials have been completed. Because both biological and genetic samples are collected from many of the studies, a data management system for the cataloguing and retrieval of samples was developed. The Data Repository provides a unique resource for researchers in the clinical areas supported by NIDDK. In addition to providing a warehouse of data, Data Repository staff work with the users to educate them on the datasets as well as assist them in the acquisition of multiple data sets for cross-study analysis. Unlike the majority of biological databases, the Data Repository acts both as a catalogue for data, biosamples, and genetic materials and as a central processing point for the requests for all biospecimens. Due to regulations on the use of clinical data, the ultimate release of that data is governed under NIDDK data release policies. The Data Repository serves as the conduit for such requests.
Optimizing BeLPT criteria for beryllium sensitization.

Background The beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT) is used to identify persons sensitized to beryllium. ATSDR convened an expert panel of physicians and scientists in April 2006 to discuss this test and to consider what BeLPT test results actually establish beryllium sensitization. The three criteria proposed by panel members were one abnormal result, one abnormal and one borderline result, and two abnormal results. Methods Complete algorithms were developed for each of the three proposed criteria. Using single-test outcome probabilities developed by Stange et al. [2004. Am J Ind Med 46:453–462], we calculated and compared the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values (PPVs) for each set of criteria. Results The overall sensitivity and specificity of the three criteria were similar. When the criteria required confirmation of an abnormal result the PPV was higher—whether the requirement was satisfied by a borderline result, or only by another abnormal result. Confirmation also reduced the likelihood of false positives. The differences between the three criteria decreased as the prevalence of sensitization increased. Conclusions A single unconfirmed abnormal is usually insufficient to establish sensitization for an apparently healthy person. When the prevalence of beryllium sensitization in a group is high, however, even a single abnormal BeLPT can be a strong predictor. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:166–172, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Genomic approaches to identifying targets for treating β hemoglobinopathies

Sickle cell disease and β thalassemia are common severe diseases with little effective pathophysiologically-based treatment. Their phenotypic heterogeneity prompted genomic approaches to identify modifiers that ultimately might be exploited therapeutically. Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the major modulator of the phenotype of the β hemoglobinopathies. HbF inhibits deoxyHbS polymerization and in β thalassemia compensates for the reduction of HbA. The major success of genomics has been a better understanding the genetic regulation of HbF by identifying the major quantitative trait loci for this trait. If the targets identified can lead to means of increasing HbF to therapeutic levels in sufficient numbers of sickle or β-thalassemia erythrocytes, the pathophysiology of these diseases would be reversed. The availability of new target loci, high-throughput drug screening, and recent advances in genome editing provide the opportunity for new approaches to therapeutically increasing HbF production.
Latinas: The new Latino majority in college

The numbers of Latinas who attend college, stay in college, graduate, and attend graduate school escalated in the 1990s, surpassing gains made by any other underrepresented group of students in higher education. However, their achievements come at a personal cost, as the high-achieving Latinas profiled in this chapter demonstrate.
"She can‘t help it, she was born that way": Adolescents' beliefs about the origins of homosexuality and sexual prejudice

This paper examined differences in American adolescents' (n = 1069) beliefs about the origins of homosexuality and how these beliefs re- lated to adolescents' judgments and reasoning about homosexuality, their comfort interacting with lesbian and gay peers, and their judgments and reasoning about the treatment of lesbian and gay peers. Using Latent Class Analysis four origins cluster profiles were determined (choice/early socialization, choice, socialization, and biological). Results provide evi- dence that adolescents endorsing socialization beliefs about the origins of homosexuality were more likely to evaluate homosexuality as wrong, least comfortable interacting with lesbian and gay peers, and least likely to evaluate exclusion and teasing a lesbian or gay peer as wrong. Conversely, adolescent endorsing biological beliefs were least likely to evaluation ho- mosexuality as wrong, most comfortable interacting with lesbian and gay peers, and most likely to evaluate exclusion and teasing as wrong. Further, the results provide evidence that origins beliefs were also related to the type of reasoning (moral, conventional, personal) that adolescents bring to bear on these issues.
Comment on ``Constraints on biological effects of weak extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields''

In a recent paper, Adair [Phys. Rev. A 43, 1039 (1991)] concludes that weak extremely-low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields cannot affect biology on the cell level. However, Adair’s assertion that few cells of higher organisms contain magnetite (Fe_(3)O_4) and his blanket denial of reproducible ELF effects on animals are both wrong. Large numbers of single-domain magnetite particles are present in a variety of animal tissues, including up to a hundred million per gram in human brain tissues, organized in clusters of tens to hundreds of thousand per gram. This is far more than a "few cells." Similarly, a series of reproducible behavioral experiments on honeybees, Apis mellifera, have shown that they are capable of responding to weak ELF magnetic fields that are well within the bounds of Adair’s criteria. A biologically plausible model of the interaction of single-domain magnetosomes with a mechanically activated transmembrane ion channel shows that ELF fields on the order of 0.1 to 1 mT are capable of perturbing the open-closed state by an energy of kT. As up to several hundred thousand such structures could fit within a eukaryotic cell, and the noise should go as the square root of the number of independent channels, much smaller ELF sensitivities at the cellular level are possible. Hence, the credibility of weak ELF magnetic effects on living systems must stand or fall mainly on the merits and reproducibility of the biological or epidemiological experiments that suggest them, rather than on dogma about physical implausibility.
Hepcidin regulation of ferroportin 1 expression in the liver and intestine of the rat

Hepcidin has been implicated as the iron stores regulator: a hepatic signaling molecule that regulates intestinal iron absorption by undefined mechanisms. The possibility that hepcidin regulates th...
Nicotinic receptor-mediated biphasic effect on neuronal excitability in chick lateral spiriform neurons.

Abstract Local neuronal circuits integrate synaptic information with different excitatory or inhibitory time windows. Here we report that activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) leads to biphasic effects on excitability in chick lateral spiriform (SPL) neurons during whole cell recordings in brain slices. Carbachol (100 μM in the presence of 1 μM atropine) produced an initial short-term increase in the firing rates of SPL neurons (125±14% of control) that was mediated by postsynaptic nAChRs. However, after 3 min exposure to nicotinic agonists, the firing rate measured during an 800 ms depolarizing pulse declined to 19±7% (100 μM carbachol) or 26±8% (10 μM nicotine) of the control rate and remained decreased for 10–20 min after washout of the agonists. Similarly, after 60 s of electrically-stimulated release of endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) from cholinergic afferent fibers, there was a marked reduction (45±5% of control) in firing rates in SPL neurons. All of these effects were blocked by the nAChR antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine (30 μM). The inhibitory effect was not observed in Ca 2+ -free buffer. The nAChR-mediated inhibition depended on active G-proteins in SPL neurons and was prevented by the GABA B receptor antagonist phaclofen (200 μM), while the GABA B receptor agonist baclofen (10 μM) decreased firing rate in SPL neurons to 13±1% of control. The inhibitory response thus appears to be due to a nAChR-mediated enhancement of presynaptic GABA release, which then activates postsynaptic GABA B receptors. In conclusion, activation of nAChRs in the SPL initiates a limited time window for an excitatory period, after which a prolonged inhibitory effect turns off this window. The prolonged inhibitory effect may serve to protect SPL neurons from excessive excitation.
Ethical problems in genetic counselling.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the ethical problems faced in genetic counseling. In modern genetic counseling, the information is provided based upon a presumed knowledge of the distinction between conditions that have major genetic determinants and those that apparently do not. There are at least two different settings in which genetic counseling may occur, which are distinguished by the way the counselee is motivated or brought to seek counseling. The first and best known category is the one that operates in standard medical practice. The lay counselor does not have the physician's obligation to the counselee as patient may well adopt the potential child as patient or focus on the potentially unfortunate couple or couples who may have had multiple involved children as patients. The couple with sickle-cell trait can only be certain of avoiding the birth of a child with sickle-cell anemia by not having natural children. Eliminating genes that determine disease might be beneficial from the disease standpoint but might not be beneficial from an adaptive point of view as the carrier status of the Tay–Sachs or sickle cell genes might confer benefits that are currently unknown.
Preventing Unnecessary Deaths Among Older Adults

Abstract The United States Surgeon General has identified suicide as a national public health problem and recognized that mind and body are inseparable (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999). Poor mental health and medical conditions can lead to expressions of a desire to die, depression, suicide, and requests for physician-assisted suicide. This paper examines depression and the risks for suicide, suicide prevention, physician-assisted suicide (including the experience of Oregon's Death with Dignity Act, 1994) among older adults. The appropriate role for social workers in preventing unnecessary deaths is discussed.
The Enduring Legacy of the Sit-Down Strikes and the Limits of Liberal Labor Law

This paper explores the history of sit-down strikes from the New Deal Era and beyond and traces their influence on the substance of modern labor law. It argues that, even as the sit-down strikes proved essential to the development of a meaningful system of labor rights, the strikes also had a very different effect. As this paper undertakes to demonstrate, legal and political attacks on labor rights that were originally aimed at the sit-down strikes metastasized into a more general campaign to prohibit a range of militant strike practices, even those bearing little outward resemblance to the original sit-down strikes. The resulting consequences for organized labor have been quite grave, as this dynamic has helped eviscerate the right to strike and, in effect, deprived labor of weapons it desperately needs to mount any meaningful challenge to the entrenched power of employers in the workplace. In this way, the reaction to the strikes helps to account for the dire state that organized labor finds itself in today. Bringing this out is important not so much because it reveals some simple legal formula for rebuilding labor rights but, to the contrary, because it speaks to the tremendous difficulties that await any such effort. Indeed, this paper argues, the reactionary legacy of the sit-down strikes suggest inherent, perhaps insuperable, limits that may appertain to the right to strike in liberal society. In addition to offering this account of how the sit-down strikes shaped modern labor law, this paper also demonstrates that the strikes were more extensive and enduring than students of labor history commonly assume.
Abstract 13243: Oxidative Stress From Upregulation of Cardiac β3-AR-Activated iNOS Uncoupling Promotes Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Cynomolgous Monkeys With Naturally-Occurring Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Recent evidence highlights oxidative stress as an important mechanism to cardiac dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DM) and altered β 3 -adrenergic receptor (AR)-activated nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathway contributing to this process. However, the NOS isoforms involved are controversial. The mechanism of how β 3 -AR stimulation impacts ROS, SERCA2a, and cardiac function in diabetes is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that oxidant stress from upregulation of LV β 3 -AR-activated iNOS uncoupling promotes DM. Methods: We compared myocyte β 1 - and β 3 -AR, 3 NOS, peroxynitrite (NT), NADPH and SERCA2a expressions and myocyte functional responses to β- and β 3 -AR stimulation with isoproterenol (ISO,10 -8 M) and BRL-37344 (BRL,10 -8 M), respectively, in the absence and presence of iNOS inhibitor, 1400W (10 -5 M), of 10 male monkeys: 5 normal and 5 with naturally-occurring type 2 diabetes. Myocytes were freshly isolated from LV tissue collected during terminal study. Results: Compared to normal myocytes, DM myocytes had significantly increased protein levels of β 3 -AR (0.27 vs 0.15) and iNOS (0.46 vs 0.23) accompanied with increased oxidative stress indicated by significantly-elevated NT formation, NADPH (P67 -phox , 33% and p22 -phox , 25%) and decreased GTPCH expression (0.48 vs 0.82) and activity. DM myocytes had significantly-decreased protein levels of β 1 -AR (0.38 vs 0.59) and SERCA2a (0.95 vs 1.15). These changes were associated with reduced basal cell contraction of dL/dt max (68.4 vs 121.1 μm/s), relaxation (-63.4 vs -110.2 μm/s), and [Ca 2+ ] iT (0.15 vs 0.27) accompanied by diminished β-AR-stimulated positive inotropic response, but enhanced β 3 -AR-induced negative inotropic response. Only in DM myocytes, pretreatment with 1400W improved basal cell function and augmented ISO-increased dL/dt max (63.2%) and [Ca 2+ ] iT (27.8%), but significantly limited BRL-induced decrease in dL/dt max (-13.8%) and [Ca 2+ ] iT (-10.9%). Conclusions: DM is associated with contrasting changes on myocyte β 1 - and β 3 -AR expression with decreased SERCA2a and increased iNOS. Upregulation of β 3 -AR triggers iNOS uncoupling, leading to oxidative stress, thus promoting intrinsic myocyte dysfunction with impaired [Ca 2+ ] i regulation and reduced β-AR reserve.
Incidence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in the CHS Cognition Study (S24.001)

Objective: To examine the incidence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the Cardiovascular Health Study-Cognition Study. Background Older subjects with MCI have an increased risk of developing dementia. Design/Methods: We examined the incidence of MCI and patterns of progression from incident MCI to dementia in 285 normal subjects (mean age: 78.9) participating in the CHS-CS from 1998-99 to 2010-2011. Results: 200 (70%) of the participants progressed to MCI; the age-adjusted incidence of MCI was 112.09 (95% CI: 88.1 – 142.95) per/1000 persons-years. 110 (55%) of the incident MCI subjects progressed to dementia. The mean time to MCI was 5.9 + 2.7 years and from the MCI to dementia 2.8 + 1.8 years. 40 (20%) of the incident MCI cases had an “unstable” course: 19 (9.5%) converted to MCI and later returned to normal, 10 (5%) converted to MCI to normal and later went back to MCI, 7 (3.5%) converted to MCI to normal to MCI and later to dementia, and 4 (2%) converted to MCI to normal and later to dementia. Conclusions: The majority of the subjects older than age 80 developed an MCI syndrome and half progressed to dementia. Progression from normal to MCI or from normal to MCI to dementia is not always linear; 20% of the subjects had a fluctuating course. Subjects who developed MCI and later returned to normal can progress to dementia during follow-up. Importantly, once the MCI syndrome is present, the symptoms of dementia appear within 2-3 years. This suggests that the window to detect symptomatic pre-dementia cases is narrow in this age group, which has important implications for the development of prevention therapies. Supported by: The research reported in this article was supported by contracts N01-HC-85079 through N01-HC-85086, N01-HC-35129, and N01-HC-15103 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and grants AG15928 and AG20098 from the National Institute on Aging. Disclosure: Dr. Lopez has received personal compensation for activities with Lundbeck and Johnson & Johnson as a consultant. Dr. Becker has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sweet has nothing to disclose. Dr. DeKosky has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Up-to-Date, Inc. Dr. Gach has nothing to disclose. Dr. Carmichael has nothing to disclose. Dr. McDade has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kuller has nothing to disclose.
A Cytological Study of Typical and Atypical Basidial Development in Gymnosporangium Clavipes

In Gymnosporangium clavipes the basidia are normally four-celled and four-nucleate and each cell gives rise to a basidiospore which is uninucleate at its origin, but becomes binucleate before disch...
Probing the Interplay of Ultraviolet Cross-Linking and Noncovalent Interactions in Supramolecular Elastomers

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiated supramolecular polybutadienes (PBs) containing 2-ureido-4-[1H]-pyrimidone (UPy) linkages were examined as a simple model for curable supramolecular elastomers. Via precise control of UV exposure, the cure and the degradation of the vinyl groups within the PB elastomeric core were investigated. The combination of UPy binding and covalent cross-linking by UV irradiation dramatically enhanced mechanical properties of these UPy-functionalized elastomers, yielding toughness enhancement up to ∼200× at the 5 min UV cure. UV-initiated cross-linking dominated the curing process up to ∼50 min exposure time. Beyond this cure time, dominant degradation of the vinyl linkages was observed. Control of this UV-initiated process yielded supramolecular elastomers with a covalently cross-linked phase induced by UV irradiation combined with a noncovalent UPy cross-linked phase induced by secondary hydrogen bonding interactions. Of particular note, it was determined that the presence of UPy hydroge...
Coding Cognitive Interviews: An Approach to Enhancing the Value of Cognitive Testing for Survey Question Evaluation

Cognitive testing has become routine for well-designed surveys. However, the protocols for cognitive testing vary widely, and observers have been concerned that analysis of the results is not systematic, that results are not replicable, and that the bases for conclusions are not transparent. To address some of those concerns, in this study the cognitive interviews were structured so that interviewers gathered information specifically about whether there was a problem with any of the four standard issues in question answering: comprehension, retrieval, estimation, and providing an answer. From the tape-recorded interviews, the percentage of respondents who had “no problem” with each element of question answering was tabulated for each question. In addition to being systematic and transparent, a strength of the approach is that it documents the positive features of questions, potentially providing evidence for the validity of answers as well as identifying possible question problems.
How is the Opera Like a Soup Kitchen

The charitable tax subsidies are, at heart, redistributive. Some individuals (the recipients of charitable goods and services, such as students, museum-goers, and soup kitchen patrons) receive benefits. Other individuals pay for these benefits, both voluntarily (through donations) and involuntarily (in the form of higher taxes or reduced benefits). At first glance, it appears that the redistribution effectuated by the subsidies violates commonly-held notions of distributive justice. After all, the subsidies treat charities that serve the wealthy (like the opera) the same as charities that aid the poor (such as the soup kitchen). How can spending public funds on the wealthy in this manner be considered just? As this Chapter shows, so doing is just under expansive interpretations of resource egalitarianism and left-libertarianism that account for expensive tastes and talent-pooling. These understandings argue that individuals with expensive tastes deserve compensation to put them on equal footing with individuals with ordinary tastes when pursuing their visions of the good life – just as individuals who lack financial resources deserve compensation to put them on equal footing with the financially-advantaged when pursuing their life plans. Subsidizing not only the soup kitchen but also the opera thus helps a variety of individuals who are disadvantaged in their ability to pursue their visions of a good life to achieve those visions.
Structurally Homologous β- and meso-Alkynyl Amidinium Porphyrins

Alkynylamidinium groups have been introduced at the beta and meso positions of a nickel(II) porphyrin (PNi(II)) framework. The modification permits the distance between the amidinium-amidine acid-base group and porphyrin to be increased while effectively maintaining pi conjugation between the porphyrin macrocycle and the acid-base functionality. Use of an ethynyl spacer as a linker (i) extends the amidinium functionality away from the sterically bulky mesityl groups of the porphyrin, allowing it to be nearly planar with respect to the porphyrin ring, and (ii) draws the pi-orbital character of the porphyrin out toward the amidinium functionality, thereby engendering sensitivity of the electronic properties of the porphyrin macrocycle to the protonation state of the amidinium. The barrier for rotation of the amidinium group, as calculated by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), is approximately 8.5 kT (5 kcal/mol) for both porphyrins. Analysis of UV-visible absorption profiles for the beta- and meso-alkynylamidinium PNi(II) upon deprotonation enables accurate determination of the amidinium acidity constants for the ground state (pK(a)(beta) = 7.03 +/- 0.1, pK(a)(meso) = 7.74 +/- 0.1 in CH(3)CN) and excited state (pK(a)*(beta) = 6.89 +/- 0.1, pK(a)*(meso) = 8.37 +/- 0.1 in CH(3)CN) porphyrins. Whereas pK(a)* pK(a) for the meso-alkynylamidinium porphyrin, indicating that beta-alkynylamidinium PNi(II) is a photoacid and meso-alkynylamidinium PNi(II) is a photobase. These divergent behaviors are supported by analysis of the frontier molecular orbitals of the homologous pair with TDDFT.
SNAREs and cholesterol movement for steroidogenesis.

Steroidogenesis is a complex process through which cholesterol traffics to mitochondria and is converted via a series of enzymatic steps to steroid hormones. Although the rate-limiting step in this process is the movement of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane via the actions of StAR, a continuous supply of cholesterol must be delivered to the outer mitochondrial membrane during active steroidogenesis and this is derived from multiple sources, including lipoprotein uptake, endogenous cholesterol synthesis and release from stores within cytoplasmic lipid droplets. A number of mechanisms have been suggested to contribute to cholesterol trafficking to mitochondria; however, there is no definitive consensus and this is particularly so in regards to trafficking from cytoplasmic lipid droplets. In this paper we review experiments in which we have surveyed the expression of SNARE proteins in steroidogenic tissue and cells and examined the role of SNAREs in mediating cholesterol movement from lipid droplets to the mitochondria based on multiple studies that identified SNAREs as components of cytoplasmic lipid droplets. We established and characterized an in vitro mitochondria reconstitution assay system that enabled us to examine the impact of adding recombinant SNARE proteins specifically on the movement of cholesterol from model lipid droplets to the outer mitochondrial membrane. Using this reconstitution assay system in combination with siRNA knockdown experiments in rat primary granulosa cells or in steroidogenic cell lines, we showed that several SNARE proteins are important components in the trafficking of cholesterol from lipid droplets to the mitochondria for steroidogenesis.
Venous Duplex Ultrasound of the Lower Extremity in the Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an important clinical problem facing most medical and surgical specialties and potentially affecting both inpatients and outpatients. The clinical symptoms and signs are often vague and nonspecific; therefore, an accurate diagnostic test is needed to help guide management. Venous color-flow duplex scanning has been refined over the last several years and is now considered the “gold standard” test for acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The technique of scanning and finding of acute DVT is described herein.
Angular Spectrum Decomposition: Improving the Resolution

Angular spectrum decomposition is a technique which is being used to represent a given wave field the way a spectrum is used to represent a given time varying signal. This technique can reconstruct a source from the measured field on a plane. This paper deals with the resolution aspect of the reconstruction. In particular, two methods to improve the resolution of the reconstruction are described and substantiated with simulations. The first concerns the use of multiple frequency and the second involves the use of multiple element spacing in the detecting array.
Small Bowel Resection

Small bowel resections are very common in the adult and pediatric general surgery practice. The reasons for performing a small bowel resection are numerous and include bowel obstruction, vascular compromise, hemorrhage, neoplasms, inflammatory disease, fistulas, and congenital anomalies. In spite of the myriad of potential indications, the approach is generally the same for each situation.
Signaling with Reform: How the Threat of Corruption Prevents Informed Policymaking

Lobbying is a potential source of corruption but is also a valuable source of information for policymakers. We analyze a game-theoretic model that shows how the threat of corruption affects the incentives of non-corrupt politicians to enlist the help of lobbyists to make more informed decisions. Non-corrupt politicians face a dilemma because voters cannot always tell whether a politician allows access to lobbyists in order to solicit corruption or to seek information. Thus, unless policy information is valuable enough to risk losing the election to a corrupt opponent, a non-corrupt politician may deny access to lobbyists to signal that she is non-corrupt even though doing so impedes her ability to make good policy. If policy information is particularly valuable, non-corrupt politicians will grant access to lobbyists, but this leaves the voter unable to distinguish between corrupt and non-corrupt politicians. The voter may place greater value on screening out corrupt types or on choosing informed policy, depending on the parameters of the game, so these parameters determine which type of equilibrium is optimal for the voter.
Popularizing the Solar System in the Early United States

Most of the ideas that have historically influenced Western world views have come from areas around the Mediterranean Sea, Continental Europe, and the British Isles. Likewise, most of the observational and theoretical discoveries in the 18th and 19th Centuries that characterized and expanded our notion of the solar system were made in these areas. As a new country, the United States lagged behind in observational and theoretical astronomy. However, things were happening in early America that led the United States onto the world stage in the late 1800s. Let’s trace this development.
Induction of CYP2A6 by Metronidazole in Primary Human Hepatocytes

BackgroundMetronidazole is the drug of choice for treating sexually transmitted infections caused by T. vaginalis. Although metronidazole remains effective in treating trichomoniasis, treatment fai...