cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A note on aggregation bias and loss

Since the introduction of the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function, estimation and testing of aggregate production functions has blossomed as never before. Concomitantly a continuing refinement of econometric techniques has enabled scholars to detect and, to some extent, correct for the potentially deleterious effects of a multitude of specification and identification problems in their work. However, the problem of aggregation bias and loss arising when an essentially micro-oriented, usually nonlinear, production model is applied to aggregate data has received scant attention. While the existence of such a problem is well known, there has been a notable lack of communication between theorists and practitioners. This is disconcerting, since the manner in which data are aggregated has a direct influence on parameter estimates, attendant conclusions and policy implications. In this note we present empirical evidence of the potential seriousness of aggregation bias and loss for a common econometric problem: estimation of parameters of an aggregate CES production function. The general tenor of our conclusions is valid for a wide range of econometric applications.
From the Guest Editor’s Desk: Science and Health Care Library Liasons

Many of us now include instruction in our list of job responsibilities; some of us count it as one of our major responsibilities! In talking to other librarians with science and health care liaison positions, I’ve been fascinated by some of the innovative methods they use in instruction, as well as by how long we have been doing instruction as a profession. I’d like to present some aspects of library instruction and information literacy as it is being practiced in academic libraries – I think you’ll find applications for many other venues, perhaps for your own, in these articles. I appreciate the information shared herein and hope that you enjoy it, too!
POPULATION GENOMICS: Genome-Wide Sampling of Insect Populations

▪ Abstract Modern population genetics underwent a major paradigm shift during the last decade of the 20th century with the discovery that thousands of genes of known function and position in a genome can be analyzed simultaneously in a single individual. The impact of this technology on insect population genetics is potentially profound. Sampling distributions of genetic statistics can now be derived from many individual loci or among many segregating sites within a gene. Inferences regarding random mating, gene flow, effective population sizes, disequilibrium, and relatedness among populations can now be based on patterns of variation at many loci. More importantly, genome-wide sampling enables population geneticists to distinguish effects that act on the whole genome from those that act on individual loci or nucleotides. We introduce the term “population genomics” to describe the process of simultaneous sampling of numerous variable loci within a genome and the inference of locus-specific effects from t...
Visualization of DC-SIGN-Mediated Entry Pathway of Engineered Lentiviral Vectors in Target Cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells and therefore have enormous potential as vaccine targets. We have previously developed an engineered lentiviral vector (LV) that is pseudotyped with a mutated Sindbis virus glycoprotein (SVGmu), which is capable of targeting DCs through Dendritic Cell-specific ICAM3-grabbing Nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), a receptor that is predominantly expressed by DCs. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the internalization and trafficking mechanisms of this viral vector system through direct visualization of GFP-Vpr-tagged viral particles in target DCs, which was further corroborated by drug inhibition and dominant-negative mutants of cellular proteins that regulate the endocytic traffic. We demonstrated that our engineered LVs enter the cell via receptor-mediated clathrin- and dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Microtubule networks were also involved in a productive infection. Viral vector fusion was low-pH-dependent and occurred in the early endosomal stage of the intracellular transport. Autophagy was also examined for its effect on transduction efficiency, and we observed that enhanced autophage activity reduced vector infectivity, while suppressed autophagy boosted transduction efficiency. This study shed some light on the internalization and trafficking mechanisms of DC-directed LVs and offers some strategies to further improve the efficiency of LV-mediated gene therapy.
A Metabolic Model for Life Span Determination in Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract Several studies with the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have made the unexpected discovery that certain hypomorphic mutations in genes encoding mitochondrial proteins result in life span extension. These mutations appear to act independently of the other known pathway that regulates life span extension, the dauer-specifying insulin/IGF-1-like pathway. Here we present a hypothesis that unifies the effects of these two classes of genes on longevity. The central concept is that energy generation in C. elegans occurs by differential flux through two coexisting mitochondrial metabolic pathways—aerobic respiration and fermentative malate dismutation. In the latter process, fumarate is terminally reduced at complex II to succinate. We suggest that most, if not all, long-lived mutants in C. elegans utilize malate dismutation, a byproduct of which is the generation of fewer radical species.
Molecular Beam Epitaxial Regrowth of Antimonide-Based Semiconductors

We have investigated regrowth of p + InGaSb on AlGaSb and on thin InAs etch-stop layers after atomic hydrogen cleaning (AHC) surface treatments. Following certain cleaning conditions, the surface morphologies for In0.27Ga0.73Sb regrown on InAs exhibit smooth surfaces with similar root-mean-square (rms) roughness to the as-grown InAs, which in turn is similar to the roughness of the AlGaSb buffer layer below it. In addition, hole mobilities for InGaSb regrown on AHC InAs approach the highest mobilities reported to date for any p + III–V semiconductors. A wide range of AHC conditions including substrate temperatures from 280°C to 370°C and exposure durations between 5 min and 30 min result in smooth InGaSb films with low resistivity.
A naturally occurring TIPS

Portal-systemic encephalopathy in both cirrhosis and non-cirrhotic patients can occur when a large portal-systemic shunt forms within the venous system. Though most commonly found in patients with portal hypertension, after trauma, surgical intervention, and liver biopsy, one can also be idiopathic. A 78-year-old Latino male developed worsening confusion and lethargy during a hospitalization for bridging of his anticoagulation. An extensive laboratory and radiologic workup did not initially reveal the etiology of his delirium and decreased state of consciousness. On exam, he had tremulousness and fetor hepaticus without corresponding liver function abnormalities in his laboratory testing. An ultrasound of the liver demonstrated a large veno-venous shunt between the right portal vein and the right hepatic vein. After multiple episodes of encephalopathy and progressive heart failure from significant right ventricular overload, the shunt was closed by interventional radiology. This treatable cause of encephalopathy may not be evident without radiologic studies.
Multidimensional investigation of the structure of coping among people with amputations.

In this study, the responses of 61 people with amputations to a measure of coping strategies were submitted to multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. Interpretations of the three-dimensional solution, aided by the emergence of five coping clusters, suggested that respondents’ perceptions of their coping with amputation-related stress were best explained by the following three dimensions: 1) active/confrontive versus passive/avoidance coping; 2) pessimistic/fatalistic versus optimistic/positivistic coping; and 3) social/emotional versus cognitive coping.
Treatment of cerebellar ataxia

SUMMARY Symptoms of cerebellar degeneration include ataxia or wide-based gait, visual and speech dysfunction, dysmetria, and dyscoordination. The etiology of cerebellar degeneration is vast and often complex, and requires neuroimaging, lab assessments, and a thorough family history to delineate its cause. There is currently no accepted treatment of hereditary cerebellar degeneration, although several pharmaceutical agents have shown potential promise.
Damage Localization from Transmission Zeros of Delta Systems

Conditioning difficulties often thwart the characterization of damage by model updating. Methods that can provide information on damage location without explicit selection of free parameters are important for improving the likelihood of success. A technique that satisfies this objective known as the dynamic damage locating vector method locates damage as regions where a stress field that is computed in a model of the reference state, using loads extracted from changes in the transfer matrix, is identically zero. Central to the present paper is the fact that existence of the noted loads requires that the change in the transfer matrix be rank deficient everywhere in . Specifically, the paper examines the situation where the change in the transfer matrix is full normal rank and shows that although zero stress excitations are not generally feasible, useful surrogates can often be obtained from conditions defined by the invariant zero triplets (i.e., zero, zero direction, and zero input) of a mathematical structure, designated as the delta system, which maps inputs to changes in the output. The paper discusses the formulation of the delta system, the extraction of the invariant zeros, and the computation of the associated stress fields. Selection of the potentially damaged set of elements is based on a decision logic that uses the aggregate information from all (or any subset) of the identified zeros.
Detecting Races with a Production Environment Logic Simulator

A logic simulator serves three functions: computing the output of a circuit board for a given set of input patterns, indicating faults which have been detected by a set of input patterns (tests), and predicting race conditions which may occur. Race detection is important because races prevent faults from being detected and produce unknown states during testing, causing failed boards to pass or good boards to fail. If a simulator fails to detect a race condition, the test engineer does not become aware of its effect until he observes anomalies during production testing. This paper describes a race detection technique which is quite conservative, in that it predicts potential race conditions which are ignored by commonly used "unit delay" simulators. It requires neither modeling of tolerances of components, nor the computation of delays on all parts through the board. Additionally, because the approach is based on a mathematical technique, each logic element state computed by the simulator is available as a dynamic trace printout which helps isolate the source of the race. An example is given in which a race ignored by the unit delay method is detected in a circuit where performance is adversely affected.
On Experience, Memory, and Knowing: A Post-Holocaust (Auto)Biography

AbstractIn this article I describe how my studied recollections of how I learned about my father’s life, in the Holocaust and beyond it, have led me to make my scholarly work, existing for years apart from myself, much more a part of myself. I describe what it meant to me, years back, to learn of my father’s life—a personal narrative that for much of my life I purposefully separated from my professional narrative of what (I thought) it meant to learn and teach in scholarly ways. I describe my efforts to rethink and revise this distinction, and how, as it blurred, my understanding of my work began to change.
Corrective measures and pregnancy outcome in in vitro fertilization in patients with severe sperm morphology abnormalities

Sperm morphology evaluated by new, strict criteria is a good predictor of outcome in in vitro fertilization (IVF). This study aimed (1) to determine whether the fertilization rate of preovulatory oocytes in patients with abnormal morphology can be improved by increasing insemination concentration at the time of IVF and (2) to evaluate the pregnancy outcome in patients with abnormal sperm morphology. Three groups were studied: (1) normal morphology, (2) good prognosis pattern, and (3) poor prognosis pattern. All other sperm parameters were normal. Group 3 had a lower overall fertilization rate, lower pregnancy rate/cycle, and lower ongoing pregnancy rate/cycle. Groups 2 and 3 showed a higher miscarriage rate, although not significantly different from group 1. By increasing insemination concentration from 2- to 10-fold, the fertilization rate in group 3 increased from 14.5% to 62.6%. However, pregnancy outcome did not improve. We conclude that patients with severe sperm head abnormalities have a lower ability to establish successful pregnancies, even though fertilization may be achieved.
The Cultural Evolution of Ancient Nahua Civilizations: The Pipil‐Nicarao of Central America.

The Cultural Evolution of Ancient Nahua Civilizations: The Pipil-Nicarao of Central America. William R. Fowler, Jr. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989. 352 pp. $39.95 (paper). ISBN 0-8061-2197-1.
Understanding preventive behaviors among mid-Western African-American men: a pilot qualitative study of prostate screening

Background: African-American men bear a disproportionate burden for disease compared to other ethnic and racial groups. Due to gender differences in socialization and lifestyle practices, men are more likely to adopt attitudes and beliefs that undermine their health and well-being, including beliefs related to masculinity. The purpose of this study was to explore and understand the contextual factors in the attitudes and beliefs of African-American men’s view of health in general, and as related to prostate cancer in particular. Methods: Qualitative data from 15 African-American men were collected from two focus groups and analyzed for common themes using a qualitative descriptive design. Results: Three themes emerged that focused on the beliefs and attitudes regarding general health and prostate cancer screening: (i) traditional beliefs about masculinity; (ii) psychosocial impact from family medical history; and (iii) sexual mores regarding digital rectal exams. Conclusions: The socialization of African-American men and masculinity ideologies may be significant factors in the focus group member’s decisions to seek preventive health behavior changes. Further research is needed to examine the determinants of African-American men’s health seeking behavior, in particular on the influence of masculine beliefs. WPMH GmbH. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Application And Results Of A Reinjection Technique For Hydrothermal Experiments In Dickson Autoclaves

Cohassett basalt was reacted with synthetic Hanford groundwater in a Dickson rocking autoclave at 300°C and 30 MPa for ca. 7600 hours. During the experiment fresh solution was twice reinjected into the reaction cell, raising the nominal water:rock mass ratio from 50:1 to 140:1. The reinjection experiment is intermediate between closed-system Dickson experiments and flow-through tests in that the fluid and solids can remain in contact for extended periods of time before the solution is replaced. This allows more time for equilibrium to be approached. Data from this experiment suggest: (1) After reinjection many solution parameters quickly (hrs-days) returned to near preinjection values. (2) The redox buffer capacity of the basalt was not exceeded, i.e. fO2 values remained near magnetite-hematite values, although the nominal water:rock mass ratio was raised to ca. 140 during the experiment. (3) After reinjection the stable high-temperature pH value was only slightly less than the initial pH value. (4) The silica concentration stabilized near apparent quartz saturation rather than the cristobalite saturation value found in closed-system experiments. (5) Short-term relationships between cations appear to be controlled by ionexchange between the solutions and clay minerals. Reaction products identified from the experiment include: Fesmectite, illite, hematite, minor cristobalite and possibly Ti-maghemite.
Preparation and properties of clean Si3N4 surfaces

In situ chemical methods for preparing atomically-clean surfaces of Si3N4 thin films in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) have been studied using X-ray and ultraviolet photoemission, electron energy loss and Auger electron spectroscopies. Prior to the UHV studies, the films (grown ex situ on Si(1 0 0) wafers by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition) were characterized using primarily infrared reflection‐absorption spectroscopy. A combination of annealing in NH3 to remove C and deposition of Si (followed by thermal desorption) to remove O is found to be an effective cleaning procedure. Other potential cleaning methods, such as annealing in UHV without in situ chemical treatment and annealing in a flux of H atoms, were also considered and found to be only partly effective. The clean surfaces are disordered but show no evidence of Si‐Si bonding (which would indicate N vacancies) in the Si LVV Auger spectrum or in surface-sensitive Si 2p photoemission data. Evidence for surface-related features is seen in the N 1s photoemission and in energy loss spectra in the region of valence excitations; however, no indication of occupied surface states near the valence band maximum is seen in ultraviolet photoemission spectra. Preliminary results for O2 chemisorption show adsorbateinduced features in the Si3N4 band gap and also evidence for changes in surface potential due to adsorption.
Averting Another Lost Decade Moving Hispanic Families From Outlier to Mainstream Family Research

This study endorses an urgent call-to-action for researchers to move Hispanic families from outlier to mainstream family research. The top-15 ranked U.S. journals in the field of family studies published more than 8,000 articles in the prior decade—the same time period when Hispanics were also the largest, most rapidly growing ethnic group in the United States. This study contributes to the field of family studies by using quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze these articles per journal for empirical evidence that indicates the importance of Hispanic families within this literature. Further empirical evidence comes from extending the analysis to 2011. The evidence presented suggests insufficiency of Hispanic family research with regard to quantity, quality, relevance, and recognized contributions to the field of family studies. The discourse includes examples and recommendations for averting another lost decade of opportunities for research relevant to the health and welfare of a growing U.S. Hi...
Relaxant effect of ketamine and its isomers on histamine-induced contraction of tracheal smooth muscle.

The mechanism by which racemic (R(+/-)) ketamine relaxes airway smooth muscle is unclear and there is no information on the differential effects of ketamine and its isomers. In this study, we have examined the spasmolytic effect of R(+/-) ketamine and its isomers S(+) and R(-) ketamine and the role of intracellular calcium and opioid receptors in R(+/-) ketamine-induced relaxation. The tension of isolated guinea pig tracheal strips was measured isometrically with a force displacement transducer and contraction elicited with histamine 10(-5) mol litre-1. In histamine-preconstricted strips, the two ketamine isomers (4.5-18.0 x 10(-4) mol litre-1) produced equipotent relaxation. A subthreshold dose of each isomer of ketamine (10(-4) mol litre-1) which alone did not relax histamine-induced contraction (S(+), P R(+/-) > R(-)). Increase in extracellular Ca2+ (1.8-14.4 x 10(-3) mol litre-1) significantly reduced R(+/-) ketamine-induced relaxation. S(-) Bay K 8644, at concentrations up to 2.0 x 10(-6) mol litre-1, partially antagonized R(+/-) ketamine-induced relaxation whereas at 10(-5) mol litre-1 or higher it potentiated the response. Naloxone 1.5-6.0 x 10(-6) mol litre-1 did not affect the relaxation caused by R(+/-) ketamine. We conclude that although both ketamine isomers produced equipotent spasmolytic effects on airway smooth muscle precontracted with histamine, they differed in their ability to potentiate the relaxing effect of adrenaline. S(+) ketamine produced the greatest potentiation. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ level secondary to a reduction in the L-type Ca2+ current may partially mediate the spasmolytic effect of R(+/-) ketamine.
Formulating the problem: Digital storytelling and the development of engineering process skills

We are exploring whether and how “Digital-Storytelling” can be used to a) attract and engage student apprentices otherwise estranged from STEM-linked career or education pathways b) help student apprentices address the complexities of ill-formed or “wicked” design problems typical of sustainable engineering. Building on preliminary evidence from a pilot 2014 study we hypothesize that apprentices who engage in digital storytelling can gain proficiency in key reasoning skills related to scientific argumentation including: 1. formulating and articulating problem statements 2. anticipating and understanding tradeoffs, limitations and contingencies of proposed solutions and 3. justifying solutions relative to requirements/specifications articulated in the problem statement. Our continuing work is in the development and validation of evaluation and assessment instruments appropriate for evaluating these skills among apprentices focused on digital storytelling and for drawing comparisons against apprentices engaged in “hands-on” sustainable design projects. Our overarching objective is to offer evidence validating digital storytelling as an alternative pedagogy for introducing and teaching STEM reasoning skills to newcomers or “outsiders”.
Putting Terrorists Out of Business: Using Sarbanes-Oxley to Prosecute Terror Financiers

This article examines the practicality and the utility of prosecuting terrorist financiers for anticipatory obstruction of justice under section 802 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, codified at 18 U.S.C. s. 1519. Section 1519 was written to be a broadly applicable law, designed to go after the "individual shredder" or destructor of evidence in a way that other obstruction statutes (e.g. ss. 1503 and 1512) could not. It has been applied to a variety of defendants, ranging from those charged with possession of child pornography, to those being investigated for health care fraud. The article examines the legislative history and the Supreme Court's ruling in Arthur Anderson (reversing convictions on obstruction charges), and applies that background to the possibility of using this law against those who finance terrorists.
Mapping of Nucleosomes and DNA-Bound Proteins in Living Cells with Ionizing Radiation

The folding of DNA into chromatin plays a crucial role in regulating transcription, DNA replication and DNA repair. Current methods to probe chromatin structure have provided significant insight into the organization of nucleosomes, their modifications and the proteins that bind them, along the linear sequence of the genome. However, most methods do not provide information about the structure of the unperturbed condensed chromatin fiber in enzymatically inaccessible regions of the genome. Here, we describe a novel method, called RICC-seq, for probing chromatin structure using hydroxyl radicals generated by ionizing radiation as a small molecule probe that generates sparse and spatially correlated strand breaks that result in short DNA fragments. The lengths and mapping locations of these fragments can be used to place pairwise distance constraints on sequence loci in 3D space, which can indicate nucleosome positions, while the locations of cleavage events can be used for DNA footprinting. RICC-seq produces chromatin structure data with relatively even genome-wide coverage, due to the small size of the hydroxyl radical. Although RICC-seq is compatible with formaldehyde fixation, it can be applied to live cells, thus providing information about the native state of chromatin in the nucleus. It also relies on a fundamentally different mechanism for structure mapping than enzyme-based or proximity ligation-based assays, and can thus be used for orthogonal validation of existing epigenomic data. We show that it can reproduce aspects of the CTCF footprint observed with DNase-seq and can report on both nucleosome structure with base pair resolution and on nucleosome position. RICC-seq is thus a novel and complementary addition to the epignomicist's toolbox.
Sterilization by spring clip: a report of 1000 cases with a 6-month follow-up.

Between September 1972 and March 1974 more than 1000 patients had undergone laparoscopic sterilization by spring-loaded clip under local anesthesia in outpatient settings in the United States and overseas. No fixed contraindications were noted. Complications and pregnancy rates based on a 6-month follow-up were as follows: 1 death of a patient with artificial mitral and aortic valves resulted 5 days after surgery; cramps similar to menstrual cramps were reported in 26% of patients for 24-48 hours after clip application; some prototype complications occurred. The centers with the highest pregnancy rates were teaching centers employing experienced electrocoagulation physicians with the highest rate occurring at Chapel Hill where physicians were becoming familiar with the new technique. Of 24 pregnancies 3 women were pregnant at the time of clip application 11 resulted from improper placement of the clips 5 pregnancies followed correct clip application and 3 resulted from weak springs (a manufacturing defect). The corrected pregnancy rate counting only those good and properly applied clips was 2/1000. Contraindications to this procedure include the presence of adhesions preventing visualization of the isthmic portion of the tube obesity and enlarged uteri. The clip designed to eliminate the need for electrocoagulation thus eliminates possible bowel burn mesosalpingeal hemorrhaging pain and general anesthesia. Use factors combined with the advantage of potential reversibility via end-to-end anastomosis make sterilization by spring clip an effective possibility.
Making the most of uncertainty: Treasuring exceptions in prenatal diagnosis

Throughout the 20th century, human genetics research was driven by the identification of new variants. As pioneering geneticist William Bateson put it, novel variants were "exceptions" to "treasure". With the rise of human chromosomal analysis in the postwar period, the identification of genetic variants became increasingly significant to clinical and prenatal diagnosis. Human geneticists had long sought a broader sampling of human genetic variation, from a largely "normal" population. The expansion of prenatal diagnosis in the late 20th century offered a new resource for identifying novel genetic variants. In the prenatal diagnostic setting however, many of the exceptions to be treasured were of uncertain clinical significance, which raised anxiety among parents. In the early 1990s, providers reported that specific uncertain results from chorionic villus sampling (CVS) facilitated prenatal diagnoses that were not previously possible. Based on this, some prenatal diagnostic providers began to embrace uncertainty, when properly managed to reduce anxiety, rather than prevent it. The potential to produce uncertainty in prenatal diagnosis grew with whole genome microarray in the 2000s. Rather than outcomes to avoid, or accept as inevitable, providers presented uncertain results as starting points for research to improve the scope prenatal diagnosis, and bring future certainty.
A finite element and symbolic method for studying laminar boundary layers of real gases in equilibrium at Mach numbers to 30

This investigation is the second part of a two phase study of laminar boundary layers a t the high Mach numbers and stagnation temperatures encountered in hypersonic flow. The Prandtl laminar boundary layer equations for an adiabatic flat plate are solved using a finite element method with symbolic evaluation of element matrices for three different assumptions: (i) a perfect gas with constant properties and unit Prandtl number; (ii) a perfect gas with viscosity and thermal conductivity variation according to Sutherland’s law; and (iii) a real gas with equilibrium properties. Results for each flow regime include streamwise and transverse velocity profiles, temperature and density distributions, and gas property distributions. Results for air considered as a real gas (chemically reacting mixture in equilibrium) are presented for Mach numbers to 30 with a constant temperature wall.
The Status of Business Ethics

There is more to business ethics than just ethics, or the application of ethical principles to business. Ethical business practices and principles arise from business as much as they apply to it, and in any case virtues are worth considering. As previous chapters have suggested, business ethics must take account of the facts on the ground and use the tools of psychology and sociology as well as philosophy. Broad principles that we might wish to invoke to justify actions and practices in business and elsewhere are often too broad to be action-guiding. Dialectic and reflective equilibrium may generate principles, but seldom universally and usefully applicable ones, and the intuitions invoked are far from infallible. Moral imagination is crucial to dialectical argument, and a course in business ethics can help the students develop the moral imagination that enables them to discern the ethical aspects of situations that they will face, in part through discussion of case studies.
Hematology Estimation of CD4 (T-Helper) Cell Count Using an Automated Hematology Analyzer

The number of CD4 (T4 or T-helper) lymphocytes in the peripheral blood is of prognostic significance in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A decreased number of these lymphocytes is associated with the development of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We estimated the CD4 cell counts in the blood of 70 patients with HIV infection using the Technicon H·l® Automated Hematology Analyzer and compared the results with a Coulter EPICS® Flow Cytometer. The Technicon H·l uses an avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method for lymphocyte typing on whole blood. Endogenous peroxidase in granulocytes and monocytes is taken into account. The results of the correlative study were as follows: correlation coefficient, r=.92; slope, 0.822; intercept, −0.762; range, 1.0×l06/L to 1.109×l09/L; and standard error of estimate, 0.081×l09/L. We conclude, therefore, that the Technicon H·l, which is increasingly used in general hematology laboratories, may be used for CD4 lymphocyte count determination with a fair degree of accuracy in the above range of values.
Ten survivors of cardiac arrest.

Patients from two hospitals who had experienced a cardiac arrest with resuscitation, within a forty-three month period, were considered for the study. All surviving patients within a one-hundred mile radius were actually included; these ten were interviewed and evaluated.The two most marked psychological reactions of these patients were 1) the use of “major denial” and 2) the experiencing of a transcendental redirection in their lives. Three patients used “major denial” and made good adjustments. Five patients experienced either a religious conversion or a philosophical redirection in their lives. All of these used either minimal or partial denial, and two made good adjustments. The “life review” prior to arrest, as reported by other authors, was not experienced in this sample.All of the families interviewed assumed an overprotective role toward the patients, while the patients themselves were relieved to be able to discuss the incident. Case examples of various reactions are presented.
Sociological Theory and Practice: The Case of Criminology

Issues in the application of sociological theory to practice in the control, prevention, and treatment of criminal and delinquent behavior are reviewed. The validity of the distinction between appl...
In vitro evaluation of MR hypointensity in Aspergillus colonies

PURPOSE To demonstrate that paramagnetic elements in fungal colonies can cause hypointensity in MR images. METHODS Aspergillus fumigatus grown in vitro was imaged with CT and MR at the time of initial inoculation and 5 days later. CT and MR images, T2 values, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive analysis, and furnace atomic absorption spectrometry were performed. RESULTS After 5 days of growth, MR images of A fumigatus revealed curvilinear hypointensities on T2-weighted images corresponding to the fungal growth. Gradient-echo images revealed two distinct components of hypointensity with different calculated T2 values. Phase-angle-difference images revealed a phase shift characteristic of magnetic-susceptibility paramagnetic effects, which corresponded to the hypointense regions on gradient-echo images. Energy-dispersive analysis and furnace atomic absorption spectrometry confirmed the presence of paramagnetic elements. CONCLUSION It was shown that in vitro A fumigatus concentrates metal elements contained within the nutrient broth. These focal collections of calculated T2 values are caused at least partly by magnetic susceptibility effects.
Analysis the effect of motivating expression nursing to reduce anxiety of abdomen operation patients.

Objective:To explore the impact and effect of motivating expression nursing method to reduce anxiety for the patients after abdomen operation.Methods:60 patients with abdomen operation were randomly divided into two groups.Use normal anti-anxiety method to comparison group and add motivating expression nursing method to test group.To check the differences of anxiety effect and nursing satisfaction of patients.Results:The nursing effect of test group was much better than comparison group(P0.05).Conclusion:Motivating expression nursing method is effective to relieve anxiety for the patients,increase probability of operation success.It could enhance the nursing effect to match the satisfation of patients and has positive impact on the patient's recovery.
150 RADIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSES OF PATIENTS WHO RECEIVED IMAGING DESPITE NEGATIVE D-DIMER TESTS

Purpose Venous thromboembolic (VTE) disease, which includes pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT), remains a challenging diagnosis despite the development of non-invasive tests to help rule-out the disease. Several studies have found that a negative D-dimer can exclude VTE in low-risk patients. However, few studies have investigated the radiological findings of patients where a clinician has ordered imaging despite a negative D-dimer. This study attempts to determine the radiological diagnoses of patients who received imaging despite negative D-dimer tests. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed including all patients who received a negative D-dimer test and a radiological study within 48 hours between February 1, 2002 and February 1, 2003. A radiological study included ventilation/perfusion scanning, computed tomography, vascular ultrasound, or pulmonary arteriogram. These studies were used to evaluate PE and DVT. All radiological studies were initially coded as negative, indeterminate, or positive. Patients with studies coded as indeterminate or positive, as well as those that had multiple studies associated with a single D-dimer test were re-reviewed by a senior chest radiologist for final classification. Inter-rater reliability was determined by a second senior radiologist for a randomly selected 25% representation of the population. Results Two groups were identified for study, those with D-dimer values ≤350ng/mL (1) and those with values between 351-500ng/mL (2). Among the 3553 D-dimer tests ordered during the time period, 1362 were suitable for chart review in (1). Radiological studies were associated with 166 of these tests. 93.4% of the final radiological diagnoses were negative, 3.6% were indeterminate, and 3.0% (1.0-6.9%) were positive. In (2), 316 D-dimer tests were suitable for chart review and 89 were associated with radiological studies. 94.4% of the final radiological diagnoses were negative, 2.2% were indeterminate, and 3.4% (0.7-9.6%) were positive. Conclusions A small proportion of patients who receive imaging despite negative D-dimer tests have positive radiological diagnoses.
Abstract A11: Identification of the premalignant cell of origin in human glioblastoma multiforme

One of the major difficulties in identifying the cell of origin for glioblastoma is the complex cellular composition of this disease. It is now hypothesized that the different subtypes of high-grade glioma may have different cell of origin and in mouse models it has been shown that the cell of origin resides within the progenitor populations. To identify the human cell of origin we delineated the stages of CNS stem cell differentiation in fetal and adult human brain. After a functional high throughput screen, we identified a panel of four antibodies (i.e CD15, Notch1, EGFR, and CD90) that in various combinations can separate long-term self-renewing multi-potent neural stem cells (NSCs) from multi-potent progenitors with limited self-renewal capacity (NPC) from non-neoplastic human fetal and adult Brain (sub-ventricular zone). FACS sorted cells were analyzed for single cell lineage multi-potentiality, lineage bias and self-renewal to trace and characterize their lineage relationships. In surgical human glioblastoma samples, however we observed in-vivo tumor initiating and in-vitro tumorsphere-forming frequency was predominant in the progenitor cells and not in the neural stem cells. Interestingly we did observe a small frequency of NSC cells forming distinct lesions in the brain, which on further analysis showed the presence of both the NSC and NPC, whereas the tumor initiating enriched population did not show the presence of the NSC but only tumor initiating NPCs. Taken together our data suggests the presence of “normal” or pre-malignant stem cells in glioblastoma, RNAseq and targeted sequencing of known mutations identified the genomic events which can distinguish these pre-malignant neural stem cells from the tumor initiating cancer stem cells. These pre-malignant cells could comprise a cellular reservoir that may need to be targeted to prevent tumor relapse. Citation Format: Siddhartha S. Mitra, Sharareh Gholamin, Rahul Sinha, Rachel M. Morganti, Irving Weissman, Samuel H. Cheshier. Identification of the premalignant cell of origin in human glioblastoma multiforme. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Brain Cancer Research; May 27-30, 2015; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(23 Suppl):Abstract nr A11.
The presentation and outcomes of mucosal melanoma in 695 patients

Background Most data on sinonasal mucosal melanoma come from small institutional studies, and therefore optimal treatment methods are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between treatment and survival in sinonasal mucosal melanoma. Methods Six hundred ninety–five patients diagnosed with sinonasal mucosal melanoma between 2004 and 2010 were identified from the National Cancer Data Base. Treatment modalities and overall survival rates were determined. Results The 5–year overall survival was 21.7%, with a mean survival of 38.4 ± 1.7 months. The majority of patients were treated with surgery alone (31.5%) or surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy (41.4%). There was no statistical difference between survival with surgery alone and surgery with adjuvant radiation therapy (25.1% vs 25.1%, p = 0.93). Between the surgery and surgery–with–adjuvant–therapy groups, there was no difference in the number of patients with positive margins (p = 0.54), regional lymph node metastases at diagnosis (p = 0.55), morbidity scores (p = 0.58), insurance status (p = 0.13), age > 60 years (p = 0.24), or treatment at academic centers (p = 0.12). Conclusions Based on this large review of patients with sinonasal mucosal melanoma, adjuvant radiation therapy may not provide a survival benefit as patients tended to do poorly regardless of adjuvant radiation status.
Thermal conductivity of the cryoprotective cocktail DP6 in cryogenic temperatures, in the presence and absence of synthetic ice modulators.

The thermal conductivity of the cryoprotective agent (CPA) cocktail DP6 in combination with synthetic ice modulators (SIMs) is measured in this study, using a transient hot-wire method. DP6 is a mixture of 3 M dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 3 M propylene glycol, which received significant attention in the cryobiology community in recent years. Tested SIMs include 6% 1,3Cyclohexanediol, 6% 2,3Butanediol, and 12% PEG400 (percentage by volume). This study integrates the scanning cryomacroscope for visual verification of crystallization and vitrification events. It is demonstrated that the thermal conductivity of the vitrifying CPA cocktail decreases monotonically with the decreasing temperature down to -180 °C. By contrast, the thermal conductivity of the crystalline material increases with decreasing temperature in the same temperature range. Results of this study demonstrate that the thermal conductivity may vary by three fold between the amorphous and crystalline phases of DP6 below the glass transition temperature of DP6 (Tg = -119 °C). The selected SIMs demonstrate the ability to inhibit crystallization in DP6, even at subcritical cooling rates. An additional ice suppression capability is observed by the Euro-Collins as a vehicle solution, disproportionate to its volume ratio in the cocktail. The implication of the observed thermal conductivity differences between the amorphous and crystalline phases of the same cocktail on cryopreservation simulations is significant in some cases and must be taken into account in thermal analyses of cryopreservation protocols.
Chaos as a Signature of Quark-Hadron Phase Transition

The study of chaotic behaviors in quark and gluon jets has led to a measure of the fluctuations of spatial patterns. It is called the entropy index, and is useful for the characterization of the fluctuations of the final states of any hadronic and nuclear collisions. Applying that measure to the Ising model in 2D, it is found that the entropy index exhibits a sharp peak at the critical temperature. The use of the entropy index as a signature of quark-hadron phase transition is discussed for the first time in this lecture.
Mantle Cell Lymphoma Presenting as a Subcutaneous Soft Tissue Mass With an Unusual Appearance.

CLINICAL HISTORYThe patient is a 61-year-old man with a medical history of hypertension who originally presented for an ultrasound of a right lower-back mass, which had been growing for 2 weeks. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was initially recommended based on the ultrasound appearance. However,
Barriers to palliative care in outpatient oncology practice.

45 Background: In 2009 ASCO released a policy statement recommending integration of palliative care as part of comprehensive cancer care. The various needs of cancer patients and the complex organi...
Multiparametric quantitative functional MRI for assessing early changes in volumetric functional tumor burden in hepatocellular carcinoma treated by intra-arterial therapies.

4114 Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant disease of the liver. Intra-arterial therapy (IAT) has been shown to improve survival and is commonly used in unresectable HCC. Assessing response to IAT as early as possible using objective criteria is paramount for clinical care. The purpose of this study was to evaluate volumetric diffusion weighted (DWI) and contrast Enhanced MR imaging (CE-MRI) changes for assessing early treatment response to IAT in hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods: This study included 177 lesions of HCC in 107 patients (85 Male, mean age 64 years) with BCLC A (19) B (44) C (36) D (8) treated by IAT. All patients had pre-IAT and 3-4 weeks follow up MRI with DWI and CE-MR. Tumors were segmented using semi automated software to provide volumetric functional analysis of DWI and CE- MRI as well as percent tumor burden. Statistical analyses include paired t-test, Kaplan-Meier curves, log rank test and multivariate analysis with cox model. Results: There...
Practicing Safe Language Socialization in Private and Public Spaces

This chapter centers on both private and public spaces to uncover the ways language capital is generated by older adult learners. In their private, domestic life they may experience a reversal of typical age-based language socialization roles. For older second language learners, their immigrant children and grandchildren are often positioned as linguistic “caretakers” for their parents and elders. This role reversal of language caretakers within a household may lead to poor socio-pragmatic and linguistic input for older language learners if children withdraw from socializing with them in English or offer narrow linguistic input. Older adults may also find themselves in similar role reversals in public settings where they do not have language authority, such as at work. We explore the ways resources tied to conventional family and societal roles are shored up and redeployed with the aid of ESL language resocialization. The ESL classroom offers a range of symbolic and material resources to support older immigrants to regain capital lost due to the rearrangement of familial and public social roles.
A flexible anti-clogging graphite film for scalable solar desalination by heat localization

Solar–thermal energy conversion is an economically promising route for power generation, desalination, and distillation. With the recent introduction of the heat localization concept, highly efficient solar harvesting has garnered more attention with accelerated research efforts. In this concept, the material structure localizes solar energy at the desired interface minimizing the heat loss by the bulk phase occurring in conventional solar bulk heating approaches. However, the development of materials for long-term solar desalination through heat localization remains an open challenge due to clogging of the structure after a short period of time. Herein, we report a new efficient and flexible material structure for solar desalination with anti-clogging characteristics. The material structure has a porous polymer skeleton with embedded graphite flakes and carbon fibers. The geometry of pores in this structure and anti-clogging coating prevent any salt accumulation in the material structure. We have demonstrated five orders of desalination of highly salty brine (1.52 × 105 mg L−1) in a long-term performance with no change in its efficiency. The performance of this structure in the laboratory and outside environment is assessed. This cost-effective and durable material along with its easy fabrication procedure provides a path towards large-scale efficient solar desalination.