cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The systemic failure of economic methodologists

This paper argues that economic methodologists failed to point out to the profession or to policy makers that the method macroeconomists (and applied economists generally) were using was problematic, and therefore bear a portion of the blame for macroeconomics' failure to prepare for the recent financial crisis. The reason they did not was systemic; they did not see doing so as their job. The paper argues that the systemic failure of the economics profession in the financial crisis and the systemic failure of economic methodologists reflect the same cause. Both groups see their primary role as detached scholars or as scientists providing abstract understanding, not as engineers whose primary role is to provide insight and analysis for individuals attempting to achieve better real-world outcomes. Rather, they see themselves as detached scholars. This paper argues that the roles should be reversed – the economics profession's primary goal should be achieving better real-world outcomes, and its secondary goa...
In Vitro Effects of ACTH on Interrenal Corticosteroidogenesis during Early Larval Development in Rainbow Trout

Interrenal tissue from embryonic and larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was cultured in vitro and exposed to various doses of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) to document the ontogeny of interrenal responsiveness to tropic stimulation. Resting and acute stress-induced changes in whole-body cortisol levels in vivo were also measured to determine if the corticosteroid stress response first develops with the onset of interrenal responsiveness to ACTH. No evidence was found that the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis of rainbow trout is transiently activated prior to hatching. In vivo, a corticosteroid stress response was first observed 2 weeks after hatching, and stress-induced cortisol levels (at 1 hr poststress) were significantly higher 3 weeks after hatching than they were at 2 or 4 weeks after hatching. In contrast, cultured interrenal tissue produced significant levels of cortisol in response to ACTH at the time of hatching, and in vitro cortisol production by the interrenal increased significantly between 3 and 4 weeks after hatching. Interrenal sensitivity to ACTH did not change appreciably with development. We conclude that (1) the final maturation of the corticosteroid stress response in rainbow trout occurs at the level of the brain and/or sensory inputs and not at the level of the interrenal cell; (2) negative feedback mechanisms within the HPI axis develop 3 to 4 weeks after hatching; and (3) the period between 3 and 4 weeks after hatching may be homologous to the stress hyporesponsive period after birth in mammals and thus could be a stage when environmental influences can permanently alter the development of the corticosteroid stress response in rainbow trout.
Oxalate Production by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Deregulates Guard Cells during Infection

Oxalic acid is a virulence factor of several phytopathogenic fungi, including Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, but the detailed mechanisms by which oxalic acid affects host cells and tissues are not understood. We tested the hypothesis that oxalate induces foliar wilting during fungal infection by manipulating guard cells. Unlike uninfected leaves, stomatal pores of Vicia faba leaves infected with S. sclerotiorum are open at night. This cellular response appears to be dependent on oxalic acid because stomatal pores are partially closed when leaves are infected with an oxalate-deficient mutant of S. sclerotiorum. In contrast to oxalate-deficient S. sclerotiorum, wild-type fungus causes an increase in stomatal conductance and transpiration as well as a decrease in plant biomass. Green fluorescent protein-tagged S. sclerotiorum emerges through open stomata from the uninfected abaxial leaf surface for secondary colonization. Exogenous application of oxalic acid to the detached abaxial epidermis of V. faba leaves induces stomatal opening. Guard cells treated with oxalic acid accumulate potassium and break down starch, both of which are known to contribute to stomatal opening. Oxalate interferes with abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) L. Heynh. mutants abi1, abi3, abi4, and aba2 are more susceptible to oxalate-deficient S. sclerotiorum than wild-type plants, suggesting that Sclerotinia resistance is dependent on ABA. We conclude that oxalate acts via (1) accumulation of osmotically active molecules to induce stomatal opening and (2) inhibition of ABA-induced stomatal closure.
Linear N-decompositions and tri-diagonal matrices

This work considers generalized multiple decompositions allowing two-way interconnections. An abstract network of N interconnected concurrently operating automata is called a N -automaton. If a N -automaton ℳ realizes a given automaton M , then ℳ is a N -decomposition of M . The properties of such a N -decomposition can be represented by a N × N matrix of relations. This type of matrix is then used to study linear N -decompositions—those having linear physical configurations. In the context of decomposition matrices, linear decompositions give rise to tridiagonal matrices. Conditions are obtained for constructing linear N -decompositions by decomposing the last component of a given linear ( N − 1)-decomposition. It is then shown that this construction indeed yields all linear decompositions.
Phase Shift Analysis of High-Energy Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering Experiments

The high-energy proton-proton scattering data are analyzed in terms of $s$-wave and $p$-wave anomalies. Different phase shifts are used for the three $p$ waves with total angular momentum $j=0, 1, 2$. It is found that the data can be fitted without violating charge independence of nuclear forces. These high energy fits vary smoothly with energy and are not in contradiction to the requirements of the intermediate energy (10-100 Mev) data. Inversion of nuclear levels suggested by the shell theory of nuclear forces can also be accounted for.
Early ordovician microbial reef mounds of the tribes Hill formation, Mohawk Valley, New York

Tribes Hill domal thrombolites, termed here microbial reef mounds, occupied the basal part of meter-scale shallowing-upward cycles. They are part of a high-energy facies that a sharp, transgressive surface, separates from an underlying low-energy peritidal setting. This erosional surface served as the surface on which one of the reef mounds established itself during initial transgression before further deepening. The others overlie a floor of skeletal grainstone reflecting a high-stand sea-level facies tract. Skeletal grainstone composes the fill between the mounds. One channel and several aggrading hummocks occupy inter-reef mound areas resulting from storm events in a subtidal setting.
The role of antidepressants in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Abstract The results of a literature review, and a double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment study of GAD will be presented in an attempt to establish whether or not antidepressants have a role in the drug therapy of GAD.
A General Gamma-Ray Source Catalog

The past several years have seen unprecedented growth in the field of gamma-ray astronomy. Highly successful missions such as the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO) have led to both a great increase in the number of detected gamma-ray sources and a more fundamental understanding of the basic physical processes involved for those sources. New ground-based observatories, the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE), and the SIGMA instrument aboard the GRANAT spacecraft have all contributed to this explosion. Detailed observations of active galaxies, pulsars, accreting binaries, and diffuse emission have had a tremendous impact on our view of the universe. Given that new experiments that will provide a similar increase in source numbers are several years away, it is a good time to take inventory of the state of gamma-ray astronomy. To this end, we have developed a general gamma-ray point-source catalog containing 309 objects that summarize the field. Gamma-ray astronomy, as we define it, includes photon energies from 50 keV to about 1 TeV. While many catalogs concentrate on a single type of astronomical object and/or a very restricted energy range, the nature of this catalog is somewhat different. The large variety of objects and the many orders of magnitude in energy space covered by gamma-ray astronomy presents an organizational challenge. We focus on two main types of information: a general listing of the basic characteristics of each source, and detailed tables of a representative sample of high-energy observations. We also summarize the gamma-ray instruments whose observations are included in the catalog.
Lithium Aminoborohydrides 16. Synthesis and Reactions of Monomeric and Dimeric Aminoboranes

Aminoboranes are synthesized in situ from the reaction of the corresponding lithium aminoborohydrides (LABs) with methyl iodide, trimethylsilylchloride (TMS-Cl), or benzyl chloride under ambient conditions. In hexanes, the reaction using methyl iodide produces aminoborane and methane, whereas in tetrahydro-furan (THF) this reaction produces amine−boranes (R1R2HN:BH3) as the major product. The reaction of iPr-LAB with TMS-Cl or benzyl chloride yields exclusively diisopropylaminoborane [BH2-N(iPr)2] in THF as well as in hexanes at 25 °C. Diisopropylaminoborane and dicyclohexylaminoborane exist as monomers due to the steric requirement of the alkyl group. All other aminoboranes studied are not sterically hindered enough to be monomers in solution, but instead exist as a mixture of monomers and dimers. The dimers are four-membered rings formed through boron−nitrogen coordination. In general aminoboranes are not hydroborating reagents. However, monomeric aminoboranes, such as BH2-N(iPr)2, can reduce nitriles i...
The “sword of a woman”: Gossip and female aggression

Abstract An interest in the affairs of same-sex others is especially strong among females, and women are more likely than men to use gossip in an aggressive, competitive manner. The goal of such gossip is to exclude competitors from a social group and damage the competitor's ability to maintain a reliable social network of her own. Timeworn assumptions about an affinity between females and negative gossip appear to be more than just a stereotype. Understanding the dynamics of competitive gossip may also give us insight into related social phenomena such as how people use social media such as Facebook.
Effect of Insoluble Surfactants in Condensation on a Moving Drop: Solutions for Intermediate Reynolds Numbers

An examination of the hydrodynamics and heat transfer associated with condensation on a moving drop in the intermediate Reynolds number regime (Re = 0(100)) has been carried out. The droplet is taken to be initially contaminated with an insoluble monolayer surfactant material. The drop environment is taken to consist of its own vapor and air. The ambient pressure is taken to be one atmosphere. The formulation entails a simultaneous solution of the quasi-steady elliptic partial differential equations that describe the flow field and transport in the gaseous phase, and the motion inside the liquid drop. The heat transport in the gaseous phase, and the motion inside the liquid drop. The heat transport inside the drop is treated as a transient process. A numerical procedure based on the hybrid difference scheme has been employed. The surface tension gradient force induced by the surfactant and the shear stress from the relative motion between the droplet and its outside velocity field are evaluated. Results have been provided for the interface velocity, drag, surface vorticity, external and internal flow structure, surfactant concentration along the droplet surface, and the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers.
Enhancing Leadership Skill Development By Creating Practice/Feedback Opportunities in the Classroom:

Efforts to enhance students' management action and leadership skills are generally based on behavior modeling and experiential learning models. The classroom practicum approach to developing leadership skills described in this article enhances student learning by integrating a greater emphasis on the transfer phase of the learning process than is typical with either approach. By engaging students in opportunities for extended practice and informed feedback, this approach seeks to better achieve the conditions known to result in improved learning. Just as important, the classroom practicum approach seeks to achieve these conditions through a course design that is practicable even in classes with larger enrollments.
Automated Measurement of Total Suction Characteristics in High-Suction Range: Application to Assessment of Swelling Potential

An automated experimental system to characterize moisture-content-total-suction relationships for unsaturated clayey soils is described. Unlike traditional techniques requiring independent measurement of total suction and moisture content (e.g., thermocouple psychrometry and filter paper), suction is directly controlled and corresponding moisture contents are continuously monitored. The system is applicable for total-suction values ranging between approximately 620 000 and 14 000 kPa. Total suction is controlled during testing by computer-automated rationing of "dry" and "wet" nitrogen gas in a closed environmental chamber. To develop characteristic curves, the equilibrium moisture content of soils placed in the chamber is measured with an integrated electronic balance as water vapor is absorbed or desorbed. The system requires no user intervention and is capable of generating characteristic curves, including wetting and drying loops, in a time span on the order of one to two weeks. Concurrent measurement...
Small-Angle-Scattering Evidence of Voids in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon

The observation of extensive small-angle x-ray scattering from hydrogenated $a$-Si indicates that the void distribution in this material is very similar to that for evaporated $a$-Si. Thus the improved electrical properties of the hydrogenated material are not due to this material having a homogeneous structure.
Tests for Contingency Tables and Marltov Chains

A number of useful tests for contingency tables and finite stationary Markov chains are presented in this paper based on the use of the notions of information theory. A consistent and simple approach is used in developing the various test procedures and the results are given in the form of analysis-of-information tables. Beginning with tests of hypotheses for a one-way table, tests of hypotheses of specified probabilities, independence, conditional independence, homogeneity of classifications, and symmetry are developed for contingency tables of two, three, four, and higher order classihcations. For the Markov chains, the tests include the hypotheses of a specified matrix of transition probabilities, Markovity, and homogeneity of several realizations of Markov chains. Worked examples are given throughout the paper.
Theory and Application of Reversed Phase Thin Layer Chromatography

Abstract Reversed phase thin layer chromatography (RPTLC) is reviewed for the period 1970 to present. Both physically coated plate and chemically bonded stationary phase techniques are examined. Background information on RPTLC is presented as well as an exhaustive review of the literature for analytical applications. Coated plate techniques are tabulated by stationary phase and solute, and sources for currently available bonded phase plates are listed.
Fractionation of soil gases by diffusion of water vapor, gravitational settling, and thermal diffusion

Abstract Air sampled from the moist unsaturated zone in a sand dune exhibits depletion in the heavy isotopes of N2 and O2. We propose that the depletion is caused by a diffusive flux of water vapor out of the dune, which sweeps out the other gases, forcing them to diffuse back into the dune. The heavy isotopes of N2 and O2 diffuse back more slowly, resulting in a steady-state depletion of the heavy isotopes in the dune interior. We predict the effect's magnitude with molecular diffusion theory and reproduce it in a laboratory simulation, finding good agreement between field, theory, and lab. The magnitude of the effect is governed by the ratio of the binary diffusivities against water vapor of a pair of gases, and increases ~linearly with the difference between the water vapor mole fraction of the site and the advectively mixed reservoir with which it is in diffusive contact (in most cases the atmosphere). The steady-state effect is given by δ i = [ i / j i o / j o − 1 ] 10 3 ‰ ≅ [ ( 1 − x H 2 O 1 − x H 2 O 0 ) ( D j − H 2 O / D i − H 2 O ) − 1 − 1 ] 10 3 ‰ , where δi is the fractional deviation in permil of the gas i/gas j ratio from the advectively mixed reservoir, xH2O and xH2O0 are respectively the mole fractions of water vapor at the site and in the advectively mixed reservoir, and Di−H2O is the binary diffusion coefficient of gas i with water vapor. The effect is independent of scale at steady state, but approaches steady state with the time constant of diffusion set by the length scale. Exploiting the mechanism, we make an experimental estimate of the relative diffusivities of O2 and N2 against water vapor, finding that O2 diffuses 3.6 ± 0.3% faster than N2 despite its greater mass. We also confirm in the study dune the presence of two additional known processes: gravitational fractionation, heretofore seen only in the unconsolidated firn of polar ice sheets, and thermal diffusion, well described in laboratory studies but not seen previously in nature. We predict that soil gases in general will exhibit the three effects described here, the water vapor flux fractionation effect, gravitational fractionation, and thermal diffusion. However, our analysis neglects Knudsen diffusion and thus may be inapplicable to fine-grained soils.
Reaction time variability and related brain activity in methamphetamine psychosis.

Background This study investigated the dynamics of cognitive control instability in methamphetamine (MA) abuse, as well its relationship to substance-induced psychiatric symptoms and drug use patterns. Methods We used an ex-Gaussian reaction time (RT) distribution to examine intraindividual variability (IIV) and excessively long RTs (tau) in an individual's RT on a Stroop task in 30 currently drug-abstinent (3 months to 2 years) MA abusers compared with 27 nonsubstance-abusing control subjects. All subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing the Stroop task, which allowed us to measure the relationship between IIV and tau to functional brain activity. Results Elevated IIV in the MA compared with the control group did not reach significance; however, when the MA group was divided into those subjects who had experienced MA-induced psychosis (MAP+) (n = 19) and those who had not (n = 11), the MAP+ group had higher average IIV compared with the other groups (p Conclusions These results suggest increased cognitive instability in those MA-dependent subjects who had experienced MA-induced psychosis.
A pathohistological and biochemical study of arteriosclerosis in the internal thoracic artery, a vessel commonly used as a graft in coronary artery bypass surgery

Pathohistological and biochemical studies were conducted on the severity of arteriosclerosis in the internal thoracic artery (ITA), an artery commonly used for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). For the pathohistological examination, 26 bilateral ITAs and 13 left anterior descending coronary arteries (LADs) obtained in full length from 13 autopsy cases, none of which had died of arteriosclerotic heart disease, were used. The ratio of the thickness of the intima to that of the media (R) was used as the index for arteriosclerosis. ITAs and LADs were classified as grades I to IV according to the value of R. The R of the ITAs was approximately 1/10 that of the LADs (P < 0.01). Most ITAs showed a low arteriosclerotic grade, with no variation in arteriosclerosis along their length and a low R in all segments. No difference was found between right and left ITAs. Biochemical examination was conducted on 12 ITAs and 11 LADs, obtained from 12 different and unselected autopsy cases. The lipid content in the vascular wall was determined to evaluate the severity of arteriosclerosis, with the following results: Total cholesterol, 5.5 +/- 1.8 and 17.8 +/- 13.6 micrograms/mg wet weight (P < 0.05); triglyceride, 90.4 +/- 90.3 and 114.4 +/- 117.2 micrograms/mg wet weight (n.s.); and phospholipid, 7.4 +/- 3.9 and 11.2 +/- 3.9 micrograms/mg wet weight (P < 0.05), respectively, for the ITAs and LADs. These findings thus demonstrate that arteriosclerosis of the ITA in Japanese people is very mild, compared to that of the LAD in the same individuals.
Comparison of fabrication approaches for selectively oxidized VCSEL arrays

The impressive performance improvements of laterally oxidized VCSELs come at the expense of increased fabrication complexity for 2-dimensional arrays. Since the epitaxial layers to be wet-thermally oxidized must be exposed, non-planarity can be an issue. This is particularly important in that electrical contact to both the anode and cathode of the diode must be brought out to a package. They have investigated four fabrication sequences suitable for the fabrication of 2-dimensional VCSEL arrays. These techniques include: mesa etched polymer planarized, mesa etched bridge contacted, mesa etched oxide isolated (where the electrical trace is isolated from the substrate during the oxidation) and oxide/implant isolation (oxidation through small via holes) all of which result in VCSELs with outstanding performance. The suitability of these processes for manufacturing are assessed relative to oxidation uniformity, device capacitance, and structural ruggedness for packaging.
Cysteamine-induced depletion of somatostatin produces differential cognitive deficits in rats.

Abstract The effects of a variety of doses of systemically administered cysteamine (a somatostatin depletor) were studied on step-through passive avoidance retention, as well as acquisition and performance of a delayed spatial alteration task and a signaled extinction discrimination task in rats. Retention of single trial passive avoidance was significantly reduced by a pretraining (60-min) dose of cysteamine at 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg s.c. This effect was shown to be sensitive to behavioral manipulation; in a second experiment, a retention deficit was found only at the two highest doses tested (150 and 200 mg/kg s.c.) after a second exposure to the footshock. In the operant conditioning studies, biweekly injections (Monday and Wednesday) of cysteamine administered one hour before testing produced no statistically significant changes in acquisition or performance of either the delayed spatial alternation or the signaled discrimination task. The results of these series of experiments suggest that active somatostatin release or chronic somatostatin depletion may selectively affect performance maintained by different behavioral procedures.
The Fourier-Kelvin Stellar Interferometer (FKSI): a review, progress report, and update

The Fourier-Kelvin Stellar Interferometer (FKSI) mission is a two-telescope infrared space interferometer with a 12.5 meter baseline on a boom, operating from 3-8 (or 10) microns, and passively cooled to about 60 K. The main goals for the mission are the measurement an characterization of the exozodiacal light around nearby stars, debris disks, and characterization of the atmospheres of known exoplanets. We discuss progress on this mission in the context of the recent call from NASA for mission concepts for the upcoming National Academy of Sciences Decadal Survey, where it is considered a medium class mission ($600-800 million) in terms of the overall budget.
People, Prose, and Processors: The Haworth College of Business Electronic Portfolio Project

This article describes the origin, design, and implementation of the Haworth College of Business Electronic Portfolio Project, a curricular innovation that is one of the key components of the college’s newly revised and reaccredited undergraduate business program. Included in the article is a description of the portfolio process, its creation, and initial implementation, including implementation challenges and issues. Throughout the discussion, goals and the challenge of meeting them are examined, and suggestions for continuous improvement are explored. The article offers key issues to consider before adopting a portfolio process on a large scale.
Investigation of the electron spin resonance spectra of vanadyl ions in single crystals of tris(octamethyl-pyrophosphoramide)magnesium perchlorate

Abstract ESR studies have been made on the single crystals of tri(octamethylpyrophosphoramide)-magnesium perchlorate doped with the paramagnetic vanadyl ion at 295 and 77 K. The spectra are characterized by a parallel and perpendicular set of hyperfine lines usually seen for the vanadyl ion. The lowering of the g value and increasing of the A value has been attributed to the extremely ionic metal—ligand bonding.
Great balls of fire

Ball Lightning and Bead Lightning: Extreme Forms of Atmospheric Electricity. By James Dale Barry. Pp.298. (Plenum: 1980.) $29.50, £18.59.
Potassium fertilization of doublecropped wheat and soybeans under two tillage systems.

(.)a study was conducted between 1986 and 1988 on a Bojac loamy sand (coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludult) to investigate the effects of tillage, K rate and K application timing on soil and plant K and crop yields.(.)Tillage treatments were conventional tillage and no-till(.)
Educational Expectations: How They Differ Around the World--Implications for Teaching ESL College Students.

Expectations regarding teacher-student relationships, classroom interactions, testing and evaluation, and academic integrity vary widely around the world. Understanding these differences can be critical to enhancing the academic success of ESL(English as a Second Language) college students. Faculty working with ESL students often ask: “Why won't my students participate more in class?” “Why do my students only repeat back what I've said?” “Why won't they tell me what they think?” “Why don't they ever know what courses they want to take when they come to registration or advisement?” Students often ask: “Why does my professor keep asking me to talk about my personal experiences? We never had to do that in my country. Why is it such a big deal to do that here?” There are a lot of “why's” floating around the campus. This article addresses some of these questions.
Altering the Conjugation Pathway for Improved Performance of Benzobisoxazole-Based Polymer Guest Emitters in Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes

Benzobisoxazoles (BBOs) are known to increase the electron affinities and improve the electron transporting properties of materials containing them. However, BBO copolymers generally do not perform well as emissive guests in guest–host PLEDs due to inefficient Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between host and guest. The incomplete FRET results in a large amount of host emission and limits the potential efficiencies of the devices. In all previously reported BBO copolymers, the conjugation pathway was through the oxazole rings. Herein we report six new BBO copolymers with backbone connectivity directly on the central benzene ring, resulting in a conjugation pathway for the polymers that is perpendicular to the previously reported pathway. Guest–host PLEDs made using these polymers show that the new conjugation pathway improves FRET between the poly(N-vinylcarbazole) host and the BBO-containing polymer guest. Because of highly efficient FRET, no host emission is observed even at lower guest concentr...
Brevetoxin abundance and composition during ECOHAB-Florida field monitoring cruises in the Gulf of Mexico

This project was undertaken to provide information about the composition and fate of brevetoxins in concert with the multidisciplinary study, ECOHAB-FL, of Karenia brevis blooms in the Gulf of Mexico. Brevetoxin composition was provided for water samples collected during and in the absence of K. brevis blooms from November 1998, through September 2002. The identity and concentration of the most abundant brevetoxins were determined using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The analytical methods changed in 2002 to the use of a mass spectrometer for brevetoxin identification and quantitation. The most abundant brevetoxins observed during blooms were PbTx-1, -2 and -3. PbTx-2 was the most abundant toxin observed in viable bloom situations with an abundance of K. brevis cells. Starting with the 2000 cruises, a distinction was made between intra-cellular toxins (inside viable K. brevis cells) and extra-cellular brevetoxins (dissolved brevetoxins outside of the cell). An important observation was the change in composition of the major brevetoxins from intra-cellular to extra-cellular toxins. The most abundant intra-cellular toxin was PbTx-2, whereas the most abundant brevetoxin recovered from the extra-cellular (dissolved) fraction in the water was PbTx-3. The abundance of PbTx-3 relative to PbTx-2 generally increased as a bloom aged, indicating the conversion of PbTx-2 to -3 as cells lysed, and the persistence of PbTx-3 in the water after cell death.
Gazing Toward Ghana: African American Agency in the Eisenhower Administration’s Relations with Africa

African Americans viewed Ghana as a symbol of black success, capability, and modernity during the 1950s and pressured the administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower to attribute more importance to the decolonizing nation and its leader, Kwame Nkrumah. Black American leaders thus played a role in shifting American policy in Africa toward a more ‘middle ground' approach balancing European and African desires and also helped cause Vice President Richard Nixon's 1957 trip to Ghana and Nkrumah's 1958 visit to the United States. Such actions reveal domestic influence on international relations, black American agency and a positive outcome of racially based worldviews during the Cold War.
Lower level encoding: Holistic or nonselective?

Abstract Two experimental procedures, discriminative learning and classification, reveal a monotonic increase between early childhood and young adulthood in the disposition to encode visual input selectively. This paper compares the capacity of two theories to explain this ontogeny. One theory cites perceptual differentiation as a major mechanism; the other cites transfer of control from a lower, analytic, nonselective encoding level to a higher, selective level. This essay supports the levels theory by showing how a model that assumes young children are disposed to encode analytically and nonselectively can (1) explain data heretofore considered as supporting the perceptual differentiation theory and (2) predict the outcome of two new critical experiments.
Exploring Student, Family, and School Predictors of Self-Determination Using NLTS2 Data

This study conducted secondary analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2) to examine the degree to which student, family, and school constructs predicted self-determ...
Perceptual deficits and the activity of the color-opponent and broad-band pathways at isoluminance

The deficits in texture, motion, and depth perception incurred in monkeys at isoluminance were compared with the responses of neurons of the color-opponent and broad-band systems in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Texture perception, assumed to be carried by the color-opponent system, and motion and depth perception, ascribed to the broad-band pathway, were all found to be compromised but not abolished at isoluminance. Correspondingly, both the color-opponent and the broad-band systems were affected at isoluminance, but the activity of the neurons in neither system was abolished. These results suggest that impairment of visual capacities at isoluminance cannot be uniquely attributed to either of these systems and that isoluminant stimuli are inappropriate for the psychophysical isolation of these pathways.
A conceptual framework for man-machine everything

This paper is not about everything between man and machine, but about man-machine everything, that is, the desirable future condition where most of our information and tasks are attractively and comprehensibly united through man-mechanisms. The breadth of possibilities is mind-boggling, but it does not seem to be clear to people yet that they are possibilities for the choosing, rather than eventualities to be engineered. The myth of technical determinism seems to hold captive both the public and the computer priesthood. Indeed, the myth is believed both by people who love, and by people who hate, computers. This myth, never questioned because never stated, holds that whatever is to come in the computer field is somehow preordained by technical necessity or some form of scientific correctness. This is cybercrud.
Characterization of precipitative self-healing materials by mechanokinetic modeling approach

Abstract A non-deterministic multiple scale approach based on numerical solution of the Monte-Carlo master equation on atomic lattices solved together with a standard finite-element formulation of solid mechanics is discussed. The approach is illustrated in application to long-term evolutionary processes of volume diffusion, precipitation and creep cavity self-healing in nanocrystalline austenite (Fe fcc) samples. A two-way mechanokinetic coupling is achieved through implementation of strain-dependent diffusion rates and dynamic update of the finite element model based on atomic structure evolution. Effect of macroscopic static loading and cavity geometry on the total healing time is investigated. The approach is widely applicable to the modeling and characterization of advanced functional materials with evolutionary internal structure, and emerging behavior in material systems.
Science knowledge and biblical literalism

Biblical literalists are often described as scientific illiterates, but little if any empirical research has tested this claim. Analysis of a sixteen-item battery from the 2008 US General Social Survey revealed that literalists possess less science knowledge than those with other views of Scripture, but that much of this deficit can be attributed to demographic factors and unequal educational attainment. The marginal direct effect of biblical belief suggests that literalism is not incompatible with knowledge of science and, therefore, the best avenue for increasing science knowledge among literalists may be to foster interest in science and design science courses to attenuate any perceived conflict between science and religion.
The Feasibility and Perioperative Complications of Outpatient Knee Arthroplasty

The duration of hospitalization and subsequent length of recovery after elective knee arthroplasty have decreased. We hypothesized same-day discharge following either a unicompartmental (UKA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in an unselected group of patients would not result in a higher perioperative complication rate than standard-length hospitalization when following a comprehensive perioperative clinical pathway, including preoperative teaching, regional anesthesia, preemptive oral analgesia, preemptive antiemetics, and a rapid rehabilitation protocol. We prospectively followed 111 of all 121 patients who had primary knee arthroplasty completed by noon and who agreed to be followed prospectively; 25 had UKA and 86 TKA. Of the 111 patients, 104 (94%, 24 with UKA and 80 with TKA) met discharge criteria and were discharged directly to home the day of surgery. Nausea requiring additional treatment before discharge was the most common reason for a delay in discharge. There were four (3.6%) readmissions (all with TKA) and one emergency room visit without readmission (in a patient with a TKA) within the first week after surgery, while there were four subsequent readmissions (3.6%) and one additional emergency room visit without readmission within three months of surgery, all among patients undergoing TKA. There were no deaths, cardiac events, or pulmonary complications during this study. Outpatient knee arthroplasty surgery is feasible in a large percentage of patients yet early readmissions may be decreased with a prolonged hospitalization.
Development of on-demand critically evaluated thermophysical properties data in process simulation

Accurate thermophysical properties are essential to the development of high-qual- ity process simulation models of chemical processes. Therefore, process-modeling software (simulator) must provide accurate, reliable, and easily accessible property data and models to enable efficient and robust process design. Property data and parameters for components of interest are generally available in the databases of the simulator. For components that are not in the databases, their property data must be supplied by the user. The number of components available in a typical simulator is about 1700. The number and types of components available in the simulator limit the scope and accuracy of process models that can be developed. In this paper, we review past practice in obtaining the necessary property data required in developing a process model and describe a new methodology that can be used to overcome the shortcomings of the current method. The new method is based on the dynamic data eval- uation concept that combines the experimental data obtained from a comprehensive elec- tronic database with structure-based property estimation system and data analysis and regres- sion programs to generate critically evaluated property data. The concept and necessary software have been implemented in a process simulator, resulting in a new workflow that enables high-fidelity process models to be developed more easily and efficiently.
Membrane localization of myocardial type II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity.

Crude cardiac membrane vesicles were separated into subfractions of sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum. The subfractions were used to determine the origin and type of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity present in myocardial membranes. A cyclic AMP-binding protein of molecular weight 55 000 was covalently labeled with the photoaffinity probe 8-azido adenosine 3′,5′-mono[32P]phosphate, and found to copurify with the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity of sarcolemma, and away from the (Ca2+ + K+)-ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Endogenous cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity also copurified with sarcolemma. Protein substrates phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity had apparent molecular weights of 21 000 and 8000 and were present in both sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum. However, while addition of cyclic AMP alone resulted in phosphorylation of sarcolemma proteins, both cyclic AMP and exogenous, soluble cyclic AMP-dependent kinase were required for phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins. Addition of the calcium-binding protein, calmodulin, to either sarcolemma or sarcoplasmic reticulum resulted in phosphorylation of the 21 000 and 8000-dalton proteins, as well. The results suggest that cardiac sarcolemma contains an intrinsic type II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity that is not present in sarcoplasmic reticulum. On the other hand, Ca2+- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity is present in both sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum.
DrugMap Central: an on-line query and visualization tool to facilitate drug repositioning studies.

Summary: Systematic studies of drug repositioning require the integration of multi-level drug data, including basic chemical information (such as SMILES), drug targets, target-related signaling pathways, clinical trial information and Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approval information, to predict new potential indications of existing drugs. Currently available databases, however, lack query support for multi-level drug information and thus are not designed to support drug repositioning studies. DrugMap Central (DMC), an online tool, is developed to help fill the gap. DMC enables the users to integrate, query, visualize, interrogate, and download multi-level data of known drugs or compounds quickly for drug repositioning studies all within one system. Availability: DMC is accessible at http://r2d2drug.org/DMC.aspx. Contact: gro.shmt@gnoWTS
Efficient Multiscale Methods for Optimal In Situ Bioremediation Design

This paper presents a multiscale derivative method for solving a successive approximation linear quadratic regulator model for optimal in situ bioremediation design. An efficient one-sided forward divided difference numerical derivatives calculation was implemented as the first stage of the method, which only required assembling the right-hand-side vector of the linear systems of equations of the simulation model and performing backward substitution. The derivative calculation was reduced from O( N 3 ) to nearly O(N 2 ), where N is the number of non-Dirichlet state variables. A V-cycle multiscale derivatives approximation was implemented as the second stage, which used coarser mesh derivatives to interpolate finer mesh derivatives. Implementing the numerical derivatives method in a case study with over 1,600 state variables caused a reduction of more than two-thirds in computing time over the previous analytical derivatives method without loss of accuracy. Using the V-cycle multiscale derivatives approximation further reduced computing time by 29%, resulting in an overall 77% reduction compared to the previous analytical derivatives method. The reduction will be even greater for applications with more state variables, enabling the solution of much larger-scale problems than was previously possible.
Alcohol as a Human Carcinogen

The determination and classification of chemicals as human carcinogens are formally carried out by national and international agencies.
Generalizing the importance of occupational and career views to job satisfaction attitudes

There is a preponderance of theory postulating that the level of job satisfaction is a direct function of the perceived discrepancy between what the employee desires from a job and what the employee actually receives from it. To date, the only job satisfaction research program that has systematically examined the relationship between job satisfaction and the degree to which perceptions of job rewards match the expressed desires of the individual is that conducted by the Minnesota Work Adjustment Project (MWAP). Although the MWAP has had success in predicting job satisfaction some of the time, it also encounters many unpredictable cases. Based on research with industrial R&D personnel, Scarpello and Campbell (1983a) suggested that one reason for the unpredictable cases is that people's views of their occupations and careers help explain their reactions to current job situations. This paper discusses the limitations of the MWAP for job satisfaction research and reports the results of a study with 806 manufacturing plant employees, that assessed the external validity and thus, generalizability of Scarpello and Campbell's (1983a) findings. Results supported the external validity and generalizability of the previous findings. Implications for future job satisfaction research are discussed.
An Analysis of the Dynamics of a Distance Course.

The recent developments in telecommunications have created low-cost facilities for remote communication and interaction. Academic institutions are investigating the potential of this technology for distance education to create virtual classrooms. In a virtual classroom, students are dispersed geographically and their interaction with the course professor and other students is facilitated via electronic screen monitors that facilitate two-way audio-video interaction. Although this technology is being promoted to reach students who cannot be residents on campus, the dynamics of this technology on education is not well understood. This article reports the results of a study that compares the dynamics of a traditional classroom with a virtual classroom facilitated by two-way audio-video technology. The results indicate the Video-Mediated (VM) students are not more inhibited to ask questions in class than are their Face-to-Face (FtF) counterparts. The VM students use e-mail to ask questions while the FtF stude...
Large-scale characterization of promoters from grapevine (Vitis spp.) using quantitative anthocyanin and GUS assay systems

Successful implementation of cisgenic/intragenic/ingenic technology for crop improvement necessitates a better understanding of the function of native promoters for driving desired gene expression in host plant. Although the genome of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) has been determined, efforts to explore promoter resources for the development of cisgenics are still lacking. Particularly, there is a shortage of constitutive promoters for marker and/or target gene expression in this species. In this work, we utilized an anthocyanin-based color histogram analysis method to evaluate quantitatively a large number of promoters for their ability to activate transgene expression. Promoter fragments corresponding to known genes were amplified from various genotypes and used to drive the VvMybA1 gene of 'Merlot' for anthocyanin production in non-pigmented somatic embryo (SE) explants to infer transcriptional activity. Results revealed that among 15 tested promoters belonging to seven ubiquitin genes, at least three promoters generated constitutive activities reaching up to 100% value of the d35S promoter. In particular, the high activity levels of VvUb6-1 and VvUb7-2 promoters were verified by transient GUS quantitative assay as well as stable anthocyanin expression in sepal and corolla of transgenic tobacco. Variations in promoter activity of different ubiquitin genes in grapevine did not correlate with the presence and sizes of 5' UTR intron, but seemed to be related positively and negatively to the number of positive cis-acting elements and root-specific elements respectively. In addition, several of the 13 promoters derived from a PR1 gene and a PAL gene produced a higher basal activity as compared to previously reported inducible promoters and might be useful for further identification of strong inducible promoters. Our study contributed invaluable information on transcriptional activity of many previously uncharacterized native promoters that could be used for genetic engineering of grapevine.
Practical out-of-band authentication for mobile applications

Mobile devices create new opportunities and challenges for authentication. On one hand, the readily-available sensors provide new opportunities for authentication credentials, such as biometrics and context of the device. On the other hand, mobile applications rely on network services to create rich functionality that often require protection of their sensitive data. The ability for the mobile application developer to adopt a wide range of authentication protocols and techniques is an intractable challenge for adopting new authentication technologies.In this paper, we propose a flexible framework that enables an out-of-band authentication channel for mobile applications. The framework allows applications to delegate authentication to an independent security service on the client that, in turn, supports an extensible range of authentication protocols. Importantly, the approach presented in this paper does not require any modification of the underlying system, thus not requiring support from the operating system or hardware vendor. Our server-driven approach supports administration and enablement of new authentication techniques and security policies with minimal to no client application modifications. We show the viability of our design by means of a framework prototype and integrating it with a representative authentication system built in-house. We also discuss security and non-security challenges of realizing this approach.