cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-vivo reflectance confocal microscopy of Meissner's corpuscles in diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy

Abstract Objective To evaluate in-vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) of Meissner's corpuscles (MC) in diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP). Methods Forty-three adults with diabetes and 21 control subjects underwent RCM of MC density at the fingertip of digit V, thenar eminence (TE), and arch of the foot, ankle skin biopsy for epidermal nerve fiber density (ENFD), electrophysiological studies, monofilament threshold testing, and timed vibration at the toe. Subjects with diabetes were subdivided into groups with and without clinical DSP using the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) case definition and neuropathy outcomes were compared across groups. Results Both diabetic groups (with and without AAN clinical DSP criteria) had objective evidence of peripheral sensory involvement using conventional sensory measures, although those with clinical DSP criteria had greater abnormalities. MC densities were lower in the entire diabetic group at the TE and digit V relative to controls. MC densities at all imaging sites were associated with corresponding conventional sensory measures. MC densities were reduced in subjects without AAN clinical DSP criteria at the TE and digit V compared to controls whereas conventional upper limb sensory measures did not differ between these groups. Conclusions In-vivo RCM of MC density at digit V is a non-invasive, painless, objective marker in diabetes that offers a window into early large fiber sensory nerve terminal loss. Further studies are needed to determine whether RCM of MCs can identify quantitative changes in DSP associated with disease progression or treatment.
Education, Training and Career Choices: Training Basic, Clinical, and Translational Investigators

Advances in biomedical science today provide an unprecedented opportunity to impact on human health. The translation of scientific and technological advances into better health requires the training of physician-scientists and non-physician-scientists in clinical and translational investigation. We present here a model for such training that incorporates (1) participation in a core didactic curriculum, (2) concentration in a scientific field through a mentored research apprenticeship, and (3) participation in career and leadership development activities. We detail the content of each component in the context of broad needs and needs specific to the patient-oriented researcher or “T-1” translational researcher and the epidemiologist, health outcomes researcher, population-based researcher or “T-2 through T-4” translational researcher.
Transcriptome assembly strategies for precision medicine

Precision medicine approach holds great promise to tailored diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Individuals can be vastly different in their genomic information and genetic mechanisms hence having unique transcriptomic signatures. The development of precision medicine has demanded moving beyond DNA sequencing (DNA-Seq) to much more pointed RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) [Cell, 2017, 168: 584‒599]. Here we conduct a brief survey on the recent methodology development of transcriptome assembly approach using RNA-Seq. Since transcriptomes in human disease are highly complex, dynamic and diverse, transcriptome assembly is playing an increasingly important role in precision medicine research to dissect the molecular mechanisms of the human diseases.
Developing Digital Scholarship: Emerging Practices in Academic Libraries. Edited by Alison Mackenzie and Lindsey Martin. Chicago, IL: ALA Neal-Shuman, 2016, 192 pp., ISBN: 978-0-8389-1555-4, $70.00

In Developing Digital Scholarship, simultaneously published in the United Kingdom and in the United States in 2016, editors Alison Mackenzie and Lindsey Martin present a collection of perspectives ...
Objective Knowledge and the Logic

As was mentioned earlier, Hegel’s position in the Logic, and hence the system, presupposes the overcoming of what he calls the “opposition of consciousness” (SL 49, 51, 45/WdL I 30, 32, 24f.; cf. E § 3), or the epistemological hiatus between subject and object. It is generally assumed that the Phenomenology of Spirit is supposed to shoulder this burden by presenting us with the genealogy of the emergence of spirit in and for consciousness. Thus the Phenomenology is supposed to serve not only as a “ladder” to the standpoint of the Logic but, more importantly, as its justification. But as we have already seen, the 1807 Phenomenology has strictly speaking left this opposition behind before it even begins. Instead, the opposition emerges within it as one of the shapes of consciousness called “Perception.” Nevertheless, Hegel seems to have held on to the justificatory function of the Phenomenology at least up to the point at which he had revised Book One of the Science of Logic, i.e. until shortly before his death in 1831. On the other hand, he himself had denied the Phenomenology a justificatory role as early as 1817. This conflicting evidence is reason enough to examine once again Hegel’s view(s) on the role of the 1807 Phenomenology vis-a-vis the system.
Neural Representations of Intended Movement

Areas of the frontal and parietal lobes in primates have been shown to be involved in the formation of intentions, that is, early plans for movement that involve higher cognitive functions such as spatial perception, action planning, and decision making. Such areas also encode information about the body’s state, that is, the position and configuration of the eyes, limbs, and other body parts. The manner in which intention- and state-related information interacts in limb movement-related areas of the frontal and parietal lobes appears to allow for maximum flexibility in the planning of eye and arm movements under constantly changing environmental conditions.
Field-Induced Instabilities in Nematic Liquid Crystals

We derive formulas for critical field strengths from variational criteria for field-induced instabilities for nematic liquid crystals. We use these criteria to obtain analytical and numerical results for the Preedericks transition which shows that the spatially homogeneous solution is unstable to three-dimensional modes for magnetic field strengths smaller than that previously predicted by one-dimensional analyses.
Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method of the Importance Ratings of Customers’ Requirements

This paper deals with customers’ requirements information based on fuzzy set theory, constructs fuzzy judgment matrix between customers’ requirements and technical performance of products, and determines product technical performance weighting through fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. At the same time, it constructs the market competitiveness evaluation matrix, uses entropy method to analysis the market competitiveness weighting, and determines the indexes weighting of market competitiveness. Directing at the risk of product innovation, this paper constructs the risk evaluation model and calculates the weighting of product innovation risk. Finally, combining with the weightings of product technical performance, market competitiveness, product innovation risk and customers’ requirements of subjective decision, the final importance ratings of customers’ requirements will be determined by the evaluation model with multiple weighting vector structure. And a case of comprehensive evaluation method of the importance ratings of customers’ requirements about the innovative design of numerical control machine is provided to verify the accuracy and feasibility of this evaluation method.
Effects of Zirconia Phase on the Synthesis of Methanol over Zirconia-Supported Copper

A study has been conducted to identify the influence of zirconia phase and copper to zirconia surface area on the activity of Cu/ZrO2 catalysts for the synthesis of methanol from either CO/H2 or CO2/H2. To determine the effects of zirconia phase, a pair of Cu/ZrO2 catalysts was prepared on tetragonal (t-) and monoclinic (m-) zirconia. The zirconia surface area and the Cu dispersion were essentially identical for these two catalysts. At 548 K, 0.65 MPa, and H2/COx= 3 (x = 1, 2), the catalyst prepared on m-ZrO2 was 4.5 times more active for methanol synthesis from CO2/H2 than that prepared on t-ZrO2, and 7.5 times more active when CO/H2 was used as the feed. Increasing the surface area of m-ZrO2 and the ratio of Cu to ZrO2 surface areas further increased the methanol synthesis activity. In situ infrared spectroscopy and transient-response experiments indicate that the higher rate of methanol synthesis from CO2/H2 over Cu/m-ZrO2 is due solely to the higher concentration of active intermediates. By contrast, the higher rate of methanol synthesis from CO/H2 is due to both a higher concentration of surface intermediates and the more rapid dynamics of their transformation over Cu/ZrO2.
FOLATE METABOLISM IN BRAIN

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the folate metabolism in brain. The role of folate in the nervous system has intrigued many investigators since folic acid was first purified. Folic acid deficiency was recognized as a cause of hematologic effects identical to those of vitamin B 12 deficiency, but the striking clinical difference was that the neurological effects of vitamin B 12 deficiency were not seen in folate deficiency. In an earlier study, subcellular localization of mouse brain folate revealed equal distribution between the soluble and the post-nuclear particulate fractions; a small amount of folate in the latter was mitochondrial 5-methyl-THF-polyglutamate, while the majority was non-methyl folate in synaptosomes. A number of other inborn errors of metabolism associated with neurological disorders may secondarily affect folate metabolism. The effects of folate deficiency on brain during gestation and early childhood are correspondingly different from those in adults. The convulsant effects of folic acid, 5-formyl-THF, aminopterin and methotrexate were first demonstrated by an injection of large doses of these substances into the cerebral ventricles of dogs and rats. The concentration of folate varies greatly throughout the brain, and this variation may be increased in subjects with pathological lesions.
Bio-LSTM: A Biomechanically Inspired Recurrent Neural Network for 3-D Pedestrian Pose and Gait Prediction

In applications, such as autonomous driving, it is important to understand, infer, and anticipate the intention and future behavior of pedestrians. This ability allows vehicles to avoid collisions and improve ride safety and quality. This letter proposes a biomechanically inspired recurrent neural network that can predict the location and three-dimensional (3-D) articulated body pose of pedestrians in a global coordinate frame, given 3-D poses and locations estimated in prior frames with inaccuracy. The proposed network is able to predict poses and global locations for multiple pedestrians simultaneously, for pedestrians up to 45 m from the cameras (urban intersection scale). The outputs of the proposed network are full-body 3-D meshes represented in skinned multi-person linear model parameters. The proposed approach relies on a novel objective function that incorporates the periodicity of human walking (gait), the mirror symmetry of the human body, and the change of ground reaction forces in a human gait cycle. This letter presents prediction results on the PedX dataset, a large-scale, in-the-wild data set collected at real urban intersections with heavy pedestrian traffic. Results show that the proposed network can successfully learn the characteristics of pedestrian gait and produce accurate and consistent 3-D pose predictions.
Nutritional resilience in Nepal following the earthquake of 2015

Background The 2015 earthquake in Nepal caused massive damages and triggered relief activities to minimize human suffering. The post-earthquake nutrition and food security situation in the hardest hit areas remains uncertain. Methods Two national cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2014 and 2016 among households (HH) with pre-school aged children or newly married women. Of the 21 village development committees (VDCs) included in this sample, 7 fell within “earthquake-affected” areas. This paper presents data from 982 HH, 1015 women, and 883 children from 2014 and 1056 HH, 1083 women, and 998 children from 2016 living in these areas, with longitudinal overlap of about 55%. Prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated, and logistic regression was used to calculate p-values, both using robust estimates of standard errors to account for clustering. Results From 2014 to 2016, child wasting (weight-for-height z score <-2) fell from 4.5% (95% CI 3.3%– 6.1%) to 2.1% (1.4%– 3.1%) and food insecurity (assessed using the household food insecurity access scale) dropped from 17.6% (11.7%– 25.6%) to 12.4% (6.9%– 21.2%). Child stunting prevalence remained similar at both time-points. Improvements were also evident in dietary diversity and breastfeeding indicators. Conclusions Nutrition and food security conditions remained comparable or improved one year after the earthquake despite evidence of structural and other damage. Livelihood resilience to shocks and/or effective nutrition, food or health interventions may have helped buffer the impact on nutrition, although this hypothesis requires further exploration.
When More Than Exercise Is Needed to Increase Chances of Aging in Place: Qualitative Analysis of a Telehealth Physical Activity Program to Improve Mobility in Low-Income Older Adults

Background: A telehealth-delivered physical activity program was implemented within two low-income older adult housing properties utilizing the Otago exercise program, a physical therapy program endorsed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to improve balance and strengthening in community dwelling older adults and by the National Council on Aging as the highest level of evidence for fall prevention programs. Participants were also given Fitbit activity monitors to help track their activity. Objective: The goal of this project was to increase older adults’ daily physical activity in hopes of decreasing chronic disease morbidity, disability, and falls, and decrease social isolation. Methods: The Otago exercise program was conducted via telehealth twice weekly for 12 weeks. Participants also wore Fitbit activity trackers to encourage physical activity outside of the group classes. Postintervention qualitative interviews were conducted, recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using discourse analysis. Results: Twenty-one older adult participants from two low-income properties in Charleston, SC, participated in the 12-week telehealth physical therapy program. Postintervention qualitative interviews revealed that the two sites were very different in their participation in the program and their main concerns surrounding aging in place. One site had a community-oriented outlook and enjoyed participating in physical activity together; whereas, the other site had very few participants and referenced depression and social isolation as main concerns. Conclusions: A telehealth physical therapy-led intervention to increase physical activity in low-income older adults aging in place was successfully implemented and attended; however, it became clear in postintervention qualitative interviews that social isolation and depression were prevalent and mental health needs to be addressed along with physical health to encourage successful aging in place.
Low-cost, Arduino-based, portable device for measurement of methane composition in biogas

Abstract An inexpensive, portable device to measure methane content of biogas samples was constructed. The central component of the device was an MQ-4 methane sensor. This sensor, along with humidity, temperature and pressure sensors, was enclosed in an airtight glass jar and interfaced with a programmable Arduino Uno clone for data logging and operation. The sensor was able to detect methane within the jar to as low as 400 ppm, but responded linearly to concentrations ranging from about 4000 to 110,000 ppm. Measurements made by the sensor were compared to analysis by a gas chromatograph equipped with a thermal conductivity detector. Analysis of biogas samples from an anaerobic digester using the device produced an average absolute error of 0.69 ± 0.55% when compared to GC measurements. Using 10 ml biogas sample size, methane content as low as 18% by volume could be reliably measured by the device. By increasing sample to 90 ml, methane content as low as 2.4% could be analyzed. This device was assembled for a cost of US$37. A field version that includes an LED display and power pack could be assembled for under US$50.
MCP Optimization Solutions Based on Dual Sensing Voltage Regulator Implementation

Nowadays, a wide market of server computer segments, have open doors for more competitive products. Such competitive environment is requiring of challenging computer server designs, as occurs in cloud computing and data-telecommunication services. Either by selecting a high end performance computing segment with high power consumption, or choosing an entry computing server, there are enough arguments to look into lowering power consumption. Hence, in this paper, we describe an optimized performance solution, based on platform's cost reduction perspective. The optimization is achieved by merging two similar power domains, aided by the implementation of a constrained optimization algorithm, taking as reference the development of a specific surrogate based power delivery model achieving desired power and voltage performance outputs.
Fast and slow advances toward a deeper integration of theory and empiricism

In this article, we present a modern commentary on Ludwig, Jones, and Holling’s classic paper, “Qualitative analysis of insect outbreak systems: the spruce budworm and forest,” published in the Journal of Animal Ecology in 1978. In contrast to papers that become classics for advancing one big idea, Ludwig et al.’s contribution is striking for its breadth of impact. It has become a foundational reference in areas as disparate as insect ecology and management, alternative stable states, the effects of natural enemies, and the separation of time scales between fast- and slow-changing variables. Interestingly, the paper is not generally remembered as an attempt to bridge the divide between theoretical and empirical ecologists, as we will show, even though this is how the authors motivated their work. In this commentary, we examine the expected and unexpected ways Ludwig et al. (J Anim Ecol 47:315–332, 1978) have found a place in modern ecological thought.
Assessment of Risk Factors for Suicide Among US Health Care Professionals.

Importance Burnout among health care professionals has been increasingly associated with suicide risk. An examination of possible risk factors may help in the prevention of suicide among health care professionals. Objective To assess suicide risk factors for 3 categories of health care professionals (surgeons, nonsurgeon physicians, and dentists) compared with non–health care professionals. Design, Setting, and Participants Data from the National Violent Death Reporting System were reviewed to identify all individuals who died by suicide in the United States between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2016. Individuals were divided into health care professionals and non–health care professionals (general population), with the health care professionals further categorized into surgeons, nonsurgeon physicians, and dentists. The covariates of suicide decedents included demographic characteristics (age, sex, race, and marital status), medical history (mental illness, substance use, and physical health), and documented factors associated with the suicide death (job, intimate partner, financial, legal, and other problems). Data were analyzed from October 2 to December 17, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures In this analysis, the outcome variable was occupation, with health care professionals overall and by category compared with the general population. Multiple logistic regression analyses with backward stepwise selection were performed. Results A total of 170 030 individuals who died by suicide between 2003 and 2016 were identified. Of those, 767 individuals (0.5%) were health care professionals (mean [SD] age, 59.6 [15.6] years; 675 men [88.0%]; 688 white [89.7%]), with the remainder of the sample (95.5%) comprising the general population (mean [SD] age, 46.8 [31.5] years; 77.7% men; 87.8% white). A total of 485 health care professionals (63.2%) were nonsurgeon physicians, 179 professionals (23.3%) were dentists, and 103 professionals (13.4%) were surgeons. Compared with the general population, risk factors for suicide among health care professionals included having Asian or Pacific Islander ancestry (odds ratio [OR], 2.80; 95% CI, 1.96-3.99;P Conclusions and Relevance This study highlights risk factors for suicide among health care professionals, with additional analyses of surgeon-specific risk factors. The results may be useful in improving the detection of burnout and the development of suicide prevention interventions among health care professionals.
Carvacrol attenuates Campylobacter jejuni colonization factors and proteome critical for persistence in the chicken gut.

Abstract Campylobacter jejuni is a major foodborne pathogen that causes gastroenteritis in humans. Chickens act as the reservoir host for C. jejuni, wherein the pathogen asymptomatically colonizes the ceca leading to contamination of carcasses during slaughter. The major colonization factors in C. jejuni include motility, intestinal epithelial attachment, acid/bile tolerance, and quorum sensing. Reducing the expression of the aforementioned factors could potentially reduce C. jejuni colonization in chickens. This study investigated the efficacy of subinhibitory concentration (SIC; compound concentration not inhibiting bacterial growth) of carvacrol in reducing the expression of C. jejuni colonization factors in vitro. Moreover, the effect of carvacrol on the expression of C. jejuni proteome was investigated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The motility assay was conducted at 42°C, and the motility zone was measured after 24 h of incubation. For the adhesion assay, monolayers of primary chicken enterocytes (∼105 cells/well) were inoculated with C. jejuni (6 log cfu/well) either in the presence or absence of carvacrol, and the adhered C. jejuni were enumerated after 90 min of incubation at 42°C. The effect of carvacrol on C. jejuni quorum sensing and susceptibility to acid/bile stress was investigated using a bioluminescence assay and an acid–bile survival assay, respectively. The SIC (0.002%) of carvacrol reduced the motility of C. jejuni strains S-8 and NCTC 81-176 by ∼50 and 35%, respectively (P
Delineation of the Germline and Somatic Mutation Interaction Landscape in Triple-Negative and Non-Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Background Breast cancer development and progression involve both germline and somatic mutations. High-throughput genotyping and next-generation sequencing technologies have enabled discovery of genetic risk variants and acquired somatic mutations driving the disease. However, the possible oncogenic interactions between germline genetic risk variants and somatic mutations in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and non-triple-negative breast cancer (non-TNBC) have not been characterized. Here, we delineated the possible oncogenic interactions between genes containing germline and somatic mutations in TNBC and non-TNBC and investigated whether there are differences in gene expression and mutation burden between the two types of breast cancer. Methods We addressed this problem by integrating germline mutation information from genome-wide association studies with somatic mutation information from next-generation sequencing using gene expression data as the intermediated phenotype. We performed network and pathway analyses to discover molecular networks and signalling pathways enriched for germline and somatic mutations. Results The investigation revealed signatures of differentially expressed and differentially somatic mutated genes between TNBC and non-TNBC. Network and pathway analyses revealed functionally related genes interacting in gene regulatory networks and multiple signalling pathways enriched for germline and somatic mutations for each type of breast cancer. Among the signalling pathways discovered included the DNA repair and Androgen and ATM signalling pathways for TNBC and the DNA damage response, molecular mechanisms of cancer, and ATM and GP6 signalling pathways for non-TNBC. Conclusions The results show that integrative genomics is a powerful approach for delineating oncogenic interactions between genes containing germline and genes containing somatic mutations in TNBC and non-TNBC and establishes putative functional bridges between genetic and somatic alterations and the pathways they control in the two types of breast cancer.
Abstract 2318: The association between somatic mutational profiles and germline polygenic risk scores in TCGA

Background: Tumor somatic mutational profiles capture common and distinct mutagenic processes within and across tumor types. Mutational signatures may reflect the effects of exogenous exposures, so linking signatures of unknown origin to risk factors may provide insight into cancer etiology. Studies with comprehensive mutational profile data do not always have epidemiological exposure data. We used polygenic risk score (PRS) as proxies for exposures and examined the association between somatic mutational profiles and PRS in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Methods: TCGA tumor somatic mutational profiles were identified using methods based on nonnegative matrix factorization. We collected total somatic mutational count data from 15 cancer types with sample size ranges from 334 (Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, KIRC) to 930 (Breast invasive carcinoma, BRCA). The signature-specific mutational counts for 6 single base substitution (SBS) signatures (SBS1, SBS2, SBS3, SBS4, SBS5, and SBS13) were also retrieved. We calculated PRS for the 15 selected cancer types, cancer risk determinants (Cigarettes Per Day; Drink Per Week; Body Mass Index, BMI), hormone-related traits (Age at Menarche; Age at Menopause), and autoimmune diseases (Inflammatory bowel disease, IBD; Ulcerative Colitis; Crohn9s disease; Rheumatoid arthritis) using germline genetic data from TCGA subjects. We tested the association between somatic mutational count and PRS using zero-inflated negative binomial and negative binomial models, adjusting for gender, age at diagnosis, and the top 10 genetic principal components. Results: We found 17 statistically significant associations between tumor somatic mutational profiles and PRS after Bonferroni correction p Conclusions: Our analysis suggests that there are robust associations between tumor somatic mutational profiles and germline PRS. These may reflect mechanisms through hormone regulation and immunological processes that drive cancer etiology. However, we caution that the negative associations between cancer PRS and some somatic mutational counts may be due to collider bias. Future work includes increasing sample sizes and collecting epidemiological data on exposures. Citation Format: Yuxi Liu, Alexander Gusev, Yujing J. Heng, Ludmil B. Alexandrov, Peter Kraft. The association between somatic mutational profiles and germline polygenic risk scores in TCGA [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2318.
The success story of drug repurposing in breast cancer

Abstract Breast cancer is the most common type and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. As one of the deadliest cancers, treating breast cancer requires the development of efficacious drugs and improved therapeutic strategies. However, the development of new drugs is extremely time-consuming and costly. Thus, identifying new uses of existing nononcology or oncology drugs in treating breast cancer is becoming an important step toward developing better treatment strategies and improving overall outcomes. In this chapter, we discuss some of the successful cases of drugs that were repositioned and highlight the scope of new approaches and novel candidates that are being currently studied.
Centering Graduate Students’ Research Projects in Data Management Education: A Pilot Program

INTRODUCTION Data management education has been part of library service models for almost 2 decades. This paper describes a pilot graduate student education program whose framework shows interdependencies between data management practices, uses a flipped classroom model to allow maximum time for implementation, and whose primary activities are entirely student research based. lLITERATURE REVIEW Education in data management encompasses many different formats (in-person, online, synchronous, asynchronous). Within this instruction, Data Information Literacy competencies help define student-learning objectives for data management tasks. Currently data management education is a combination of theory and active learning, with students asking for more hands-on practice. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION This program is an 8-week, in-person, flipped classroom series that addresses all data life cycle stages and aligns with many Data Information Literacy competencies. It is entirely student research data focused in that activities require that they use their projects, with significant time allocated to implement these practices while in the classroom. NEXT STEPS With a 69% retention rate and student improvement in seven foundational data management concepts, this program is considered a success. Future work involves converting this program to a credit-bearing course.
The Roles of State and Federal Law in Energy Condemnations

When an energy provider condemns fee interests or easements to permit construction of transmission lines, what roles do state and federal law play in determining the “just compensation” available to affected landowners? That question has arisen in a number of different factual contexts. Usually, condemnors seek to avoid state law rules that provide for compensation beyond what they believe represents the market value of the property they seek to acquire. For instance, condemnors may seek an offset for benefits the condemnation generates for neighboring land owned by the condemnee. Condemnors may also seek to avoid state rules that entitle condemnees to attorney’s fees associated with challenging the condemnor’s valuation of the property or the condemnation itself—or condemnors may seek application of federal evidentiary rules rather than the evidentiary rules the state would apply. Federal courts have struggled with these cases and have, for the most part, reached sensible results—but often for the wrong reasons. In particular, courts have lost sight of the role the Federal Constitution plays in these disputes and have cast the issue as a choice between state law and federal common law. Part I of this Paper explores existing law. Part II reconceptualizes the issue to highlight the federal constitutional issues.
Understanding Wikipedia Practices Through Hindi, Urdu, and English Takes on an Evolving Regional Conflict

Wikipedia is the product of thousands of editors working collaboratively to provide free and up-to-date encyclopedic information to the project's users. This article asks to what degree Wikipedia articles in three languages - Hindi, Urdu, and English - achieve Wikipedia's mission of making neutrally-presented, reliable information on a polarizing, controversial topic available to people around the globe. We chose the topic of the recent revocation of Article 370 of the Constitution of India, which, along with other recent events in and concerning the region of Jammu and Kashmir, has drawn attention to related articles on Wikipedia. This work focuses on the English Wikipedia, being the preeminent language edition of the project, as well as the Hindi and Urdu editions. Hindi and Urdu are the two standardized varieties of Hindustani, a lingua franca of Jammu and Kashmir. We analyzed page view and revision data for three Wikipedia articles to gauge popularity of the pages in our corpus, and responsiveness of editors to breaking news events and problematic edits. Additionally, we interviewed editors from all three language editions to learn about differences in editing processes and motivations, and we compared the text of the articles across languages as they appeared shortly after the revocation of Article 370. Across languages, we saw discrepancies in article tone, organization, and the information presented, as well as differences in how editors collaborate and communicate with one another. Nevertheless, in Hindi and Urdu, as well as English, editors predominantly try to adhere to the principle of neutral point of view (NPOV), and for the most part, the editors quash attempts by other editors to push political agendas.
Thermal and Mechanical Design of a High-Voltage Power Electronics Package

This paper presents the thermal and mechanical design aspects of a power electronics package with 5-kV GaN devices. Through finite element analyses, we investigated the impact of different cooling configurations and device locations on the thermal performance and reliability of the package. We found that placing the devices closer to the direct bond copper substrate as opposed to a centered approach in the proposed double-sided cooling configuration resulted in improved heat dissipation. This approach also reduced the total number of attachment layers, thereby likely improving the reliability of the package. Furthermore, simulations revealed that the device location had a negligible impact on the thermomechanical behavior of the attachment layers, as they are more prone to the local coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch.
Physicality and the Information Age: A Normative Perspective on the Patent Eligibility of Non-Physical Methods

There has been much conjecture of late as to whether the patentable subject matter standard contains a physicality requirement. The issue came to a head when the Federal Circuit introduced the machine-or-transformation test in In re Bilski and declared it to be the sole test for determining subject matter eligibility. Many commentators criticized the test, arguing that it is inconsistent with Supreme Court precedent and the need for the patent system to respond appropriately to all new and useful innovation in whatever form it arises. Those criticisms were vindicated when, on appeal, the Supreme Court in Bilski v. Kappos dispensed with any suggestion that the patentable subject matter test involves a physicality requirement. In this article, the issue is addressed from a normative perspective: it asks whether the patentable subject matter test should contain a physicality requirement. The conclusion reached is that it should not, because such a limitation is not an appropriate means of encouraging much of the valuable innovation we are likely to witness during the Information Age. It is contended that it is not only traditionally-recognized mechanical, chemical and industrial manufacturing processes that are patent eligible, but that patent eligibility extends to include non-machine implemented and non-physical methods that do not have any connection with a physical device and do not cause a physical transformation of matter. Concerns raised that there is a trend of overreaching commoditization or propertization, where the boundaries of patent law have been expanded too far, are unfounded since the strictures of novelty, nonobviousness and sufficiency of description will exclude undeserving subject matter from patentability. The argument made is that introducing a physicality requirement will have unintended adverse effects in various fields of technology, particularly those emerging technologies that are likely to have a profound social effect in the future. * BA LLB (Hons) (UQ) LLM (QUT) PhD (QUT), Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Barrister-at-Law. This article was presented as a paper as the 10th Annual Intellectual Property Scholars Conference 2010, which was hosted by the Berkeley Center for Law & Technology and the School of Law at the University of California, Berkeley. I thank Professor Brian Fitzgerald and Professor Anne Fitzgerald for the helpful feedback and comments they gave during the drafting of this paper. Copyright © 2011, Chicago-Kent Journal of Intellectual Property 10 Chi.-Kent J. Intell. Prop. 107 Table of
Intra-family stressors among adult siblings sharing caregiving for parents.

Aim The aim of this study was to describe a Neuman Systems Model–guided study of perceptions of family stressors experienced by adult siblings who share caregiving for their parents and the influence of these stressors on adult siblings’ relationships. Background The task of providing informal care for disabled parents is often shared by adult siblings. Family stressors experienced as part of caregiving may affect the sibling relationship. Design A mixed-method study design was used. Methods Data were collected during 2013–2014 from 84 adult sibling caregivers. Seventy-two caregivers provided quantitative data for the Lifespan Sibling Relationship Scale and the Zarit Burden Scale and 79 provided qualitative data for the open-ended question. Results Adult siblings experienced mild-to-moderate levels of burden from family stressors when they share parental caregiving. The amount of burden from intra-family stressors was negatively related to the adult sibling relationship. Beneficial and noxious stressors were evident in the participants’ responses to an open-ended question. Conclusion The health of the parents affected the lives of adult siblings in both negative and positive ways. Although the majority of the adult siblings expressed a willingness to care for their parent(s) in an attempt to reciprocate the care, they had received from them, challenges emerged from dealing with family stressors.
Abstract 1782: The ubiquitin protease UBP43 is a target for KRAS mutant lung cancers

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA KRAS is frequently mutated in human lung cancers. Lung cancers with mutant KRAS are often resistant to current therapies. There is therefore a need to develop new ways to target these tumors with KRAS mutations. We previously found that the protein modification pathway containing the ubiquitin-like interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) destabilizes cyclin D1 and represses growth and tumorigenicity of lung cancer cells. This study substantially extends that prior work by reporting that inhibition of the ubiquitin protease UBP43, which removes ISG15 from protein substrates, also destabilizes KRAS protein levels. In a screen of murine lung cancer cells with KRAS mutations, the lines with highest KRAS protein levels had the highest levels of UBP43 protein, implying a direct link between UBP43 and KRAS. Stable overexpression of UBP43 in murine lung cancer cells increased cancer cell growth and stability of KRAS protein. In contrast, knockdown of UBP43 in murine and human lung cancer cell lines had the opposite effects on growth and KRAS protein stability. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments established an interaction between ISG15 and both wild-type KRAS and mutant KRAS. UBP43 immunohistochemical staining of human lung cancer cases showed a marked increase in UBP43 expression in KRAS mutant versus KRAS wild-type lung cancers. Preliminary findings in newly engineered mouse models revealed an increase in lung cancers in KRAS mutant/UBP43 wild-type as compared to KRAS mutant/UBP43 null mice. This finding provides a genetic basis for targeting UBP43 in lung cancers. Taken together, these studies broaden the role of UBP43 as an antineoplastic target to include an unmet medical need. This is to combat lung cancers that harbor KRAS mutations. Citation Format: Lisa Maria Mustachio, Fadzai Chinyengetere, Yun Lu, Shanhu Hu, Masanori Kawakami, Laura J. Tafe, Alexey Danilov, David J. Sekula, Tian Ma, Sarah J. Freemantle, Ethan Dmitrovsky. The ubiquitin protease UBP43 is a target for KRAS mutant lung cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1782. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1782
Futures Market Liquidity During the Financial Crisis

This paper examines how liquidity in two actively traded futures markets was affected by the recent financial crisis. Changes to trading volumes, spreads, the level and shape of order books, and the price impact of a trade document a tremendous withdrawal of liquidity from Eurodollar futures markets, yet a far more muted response in the S&P 500 index futures contract. A deeper investigation into high-frequency trading strategies finds that prior to the crisis, liquidity additions and withdrawals rapidly restored symmetry to the electronic limit order book in both Eurodollar and S&P 500 futures markets. After the crisis began, these strategies changed in the two markets in opposite ways, with patterns consistent with aggressive liquidity traders more likely to wait on the sidelines in Eurodollar markets, yet maintain or enhance their activity in equity futures. Investigation of liquidity across 14 additional futures contracts suggests that the degree to which liquidity was affected by the crisis was related to the different clienteles that serve as the typical marginal provider of liquidity.
Primary metabolite or microbial protein from cellulose: conditions, kinetics, and modeling of the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation to citric acid

Un modele cinetique decrivant les taux de degradation de la cellulose, la formation des sucres, la croissance microbienne et la formation de produits a ete etabli. Le modele est utilise pour decrire la bioconversion simultanee de la cellulose et pour maximiser la production des proteines microbiennes ou de produits de fermentation (acide critique)
Multiple-regression hospitalization-cost model for pharmacy cost analysis.

A multiple-regression model that used hospital data for a single diagnosis-related group (DRG) was developed and tested as a tool for measuring the effect of pharmaceutical services on costs. Computer-generated data from one university teaching hospital for fiscal year 1983 were used to develop a model for identifying patient-specific and treatment-specific factors that correlated with total hospital costs and adjusted total costs (total costs minus room and board). Costs were analyzed for patients hospitalized for cardiothoracic procedures (DRG 108). Data for 100 patients were included. The demographic, severity, treatment-intensity, and drug-use factors included in the model accounted for 95.6% of the variation in adjusted total cost. Length of stay, number of secondary surgical procedures, quantity of supplies or drugs used in the operating room, and several drug therapies--tobramycin, i.v. electrolytes, and i.v. fluids--had significant effects on adjusted total cost. This regression model was useful for assessing the effects of the choice of drug therapy or specific services on the costs for one DRG; it should be tested for other DRGs in other institutions. The usefulness of the model for planning cost-effective services is limited by the need for better billing information, cost-estimation techniques, and records of clinical services provided.
Structure of a herpesvirus nuclear egress complex subunit reveals an interaction groove that is essential for viral replication.

Herpesviruses require a nuclear egress complex (NEC) for efficient transit of nucleocapsids from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The NEC orchestrates multiple steps during herpesvirus nuclear egress, including disruption of nuclear lamina and particle budding through the inner nuclear membrane. In the important human pathogen human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), this complex consists of nuclear membrane protein UL50, and nucleoplasmic protein UL53, which is recruited to the nuclear membrane through its interaction with UL50. Here, we present an NMR-determined solution-state structure of the murine CMV homolog of UL50 (M50; residues 1–168) with a strikingly intricate protein fold that is matched by no other known protein folds in its entirety. Using NMR methods, we mapped the interaction of M50 with a highly conserved UL53-derived peptide, corresponding to a segment that is required for heterodimerization. The UL53 peptide binding site mapped onto an M50 surface groove, which harbors a large cavity. Point mutations of UL50 residues corresponding to surface residues in the characterized M50 heterodimerization interface substantially decreased UL50–UL53 binding in vitro, eliminated UL50–UL53 colocalization, prevented disruption of nuclear lamina, and halted productive virus replication in HCMV-infected cells. Our results provide detailed structural information on a key protein–protein interaction involved in nuclear egress and suggest that NEC subunit interactions can be an attractive drug target.
Decoding LDPC codes via Noisy Gradient Descent Bit-Flipping with Re-Decoding.

In this paper, we consider the performance of the Noisy Gradient Descent Bit Flipping (NGDBF) algorithm under re-decoding of failed frames. NGDBF is a recent algorithm that uses a non-deterministic gradient descent search to decode low-density parity check (LDPC) codes. The proposed re-decode procedure obtains improved performance because the perturbations are independent at each re-decoding phase, therefore increasing the likelihood of successful decoding. We examine the benefits of re-decoding for an LDPC code from the IEEE 802.3an standard, and find that only a small fraction of re-decoded frames are needed to obtain significant performance benefits. When re-decoding is used, the NGDBF performance is very close to a benchmark offset min-sum decoder for the 802.3an code.
Simultaneous Competitive Protein Binding Assay for Cortisol, Cortisone, and Prednisolone in Plasma, and Its Clinical Application

Simultaneous measurement of cortisol, cortisone, and prednisolone is described. A dichloromethane extract of plasma is separated and purified by partition thin-layer chromatography and assayed by competitive protein binding. Using 0.2 ml of plasma, we could assay about 1 µg of these three steroids per 100 ml. We measured plasma corticosteroids in men on prednisone therapy, during ACTH stimulation, and in pregnant women at the time of delivery, and also in arterial and venous blood samples collected from the umbilical cord. Plasma concentrations of prednisolone (4.46 ± 1.07 µg/100 ml) were maximal 2 h after oral administration of prednisone (10 mg). Basal concentrations of cortisol and cortisone in these subjects were 10.50 ± 1.04 and 1.88 ± 0.69 (SD) µg/100 ml, respectively. The values decreased to less than 1 µg/100 ml 4 h after administration and returned to 12.82 ± 1.92 and 2.16 ± 0.49 µg/100 ml, respectively, by 24 h. After intramuscular injection of synthetic ACTH, values for cortisol and cortisone were maximal at 30 min, declining to pre-injection concentrations within 4 h. Plasma cortisol and cortisone values for maternal venous blood at delivery were 47.0 ± 8.5 and 7.1 ± 2.2, umbilical vein blood 4.9 ± 2.6 and 19.7 ± 2.8 and in blood from the umbilical arteries 7.3 ± 4.5 and 11.6 ± 4.9 µg/ 100 ml, respectively. Cortisol was higher ( P < 0.05) in the umbilical arteries, cortisone ( P < 0.01) in the umbilical vein.
Sea Urchin Embryo: Specification of Cell Fate

Specification of cell fate in sea urchin embryos involves initial asymmetric distribution of maternal molecules that establish vegetal and nonvegetal domains of transcription activity. Subsequently, fates of most blastomeres are regulated by cell–cell interactions involving signalling ligands and cell surface receptors. Keywords: maternal determinants; cell–cell interactions; fate specification; transcription factors; receptors