cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear frequency response of a moving grating with an applied field in bismuth silicon oxide.

A fully nonlinear frequency response of a moving grating in bismuth silicon oxide, including the effects of an applied electric field, is modeled by solution of the time-dependent Kukhtarev equations for photorefractive materials. The numerical results are used to define fully the nonlinear response function Fm=a-11-exp-am, where m is the modulation index in the intensity pattern, to yield the unknown quantity a over a broad range of detuning frequencies f. For low f, the response is superlinear with a 0. In the midrange we predict, for the first time to our knowledge, a characteristic frequency fl at which a=0 and the response is linear, that is, Fm?m, despite the presence of nonlinearly generated higher harmonics of the fundamental grating wave number. In view of this linear behavior, writing a hologram at the linear-response frequency fl might permit a more faithful reproduction of an object than that which is possible by writing at the frequency of maximum response at the resonance.
THE PROTEIN COATS OR "GHOSTS" OF COLIPHAGE T2 I. PREPARATION, ASSAY, AND SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

With the discovery (1) that the protein coat or "ghost" of coli bacteriophage T2 carried some of the biological functions of the parent virus, it was possible to examine more carefully than heretofore the relationship of biological function to morphological structure and chemical constitution. In the series of papers to follow data will be given to support the statements in the original report (1) and to demonstrate that many properties usually associated with the intact virus are found in the protein component, suggesting a high degree of specialization and organization in this relatively small biological unit. In this, the first, paper will be described the preparation, fractionation, method of assay, and some physicochemical properties of the ghosts of T2 phage. The biological properties of the ghosts will be described in the second paper while studies of the metabolic changes induced in the host cell by ghosts (2, 3) will appear in the third and fourth papers. The inhibitory effect of divalent cations (4) on the action of ghosts will be presented in the fifth paper of this series. In the interim since the first report a number of papers (5-14) have dealt to a varying degree with some of the properties of ghosts. These will be discussed in the text of this and succeeding papers.
Group B Streptococcal Infections in Neonates

β-Hemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group B have been causally linked to neonatal disease since 1938, but only in the last decade has the group B Streptococcus become the leading etiologic agent for bacteremia and/or meningitis occurring during the first two months of life. Neither the reasons for the emergence of this organism nor the shifts over the past 40 years in the prevalence of various bacteria responsible for neonatal infection has been adequately explained. However, the importance of the group B Streptococcus as a frequent cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity demands a thorough understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and management of these infections by physicians caring for newborn infants. INCIDENCE The common occurrence of neonatal group B streptococcal septicemia and meningitis in several geographically distant centers since 1970 has allowed the relatively precise determination of attack rates for early onset type (≤5 days) infection. Reported attack rates have been surprisingly uniform, varying from 1.3/1,000 to 4.0/1,000 live births (Table 1). Because the attack rates for serious neonatal infections associated with Escherichia coli and other maternally acquired coliform organisms have been constant since 1960, the appearance of the group B Streptococcus resulted in an absolute increase in the incidence of neonatal bacterial disease during the past decade in many hospitals in this country.
Relative Fitness of Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Resistant and Susceptible to the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3A Toxin

Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare relative fitness of strains of Colorado potato beetle resistant and susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis Cry3A toxin. Net replacement rates and intrinsic rates of population increase were calculated for resistant and susceptible populations. During the experiment, susceptible males on average copulated 13.3 6 1.5 times, whereas resistant males copulated only 8.0 6 1.0 times. Susceptible females produced an average of 824.2 6 68.1 eggs and 590.9 6 58.5 larvae, which was significantly .484.6 6 48.0 eggs and 334.9 6 39.7 larvae produced by an average resistant female. As a result, both net replacement rate and intrinsic rate of increase were reduced for the resistant population. Furthermore, twice as many susceptible beetles as resistant beetles survived overwintering diapause. Our results clearly indicate that relative fitness of resistant individuals is reduced in the absence of B. thuringiensis in the environment. Therefore, relaxation of selection pressure through refugia and insecticide rotation will favor decrease in the frequency of resistant alleles in beetle populations.
Measuring refractive index and thickness of thin films: a new technique

Properties of a leaky quasi-waveguide formed by a thin film of refractive index smaller than the substrate are described. By exciting these leaky waves through the substrate, we have demonstrated a convenient and accurate method of measuring both the refractive index and thickness of thin films. Experimental results are given for polystyrene, with a demonstrated accuracy comparable with both that of prism coupling into a waveguiding film and with ellipsometry.
THE ORIGIN OF COELOMOCYTES 5 AND 6 AND THEIR INTERACTION WITH A SEAM NURSE CELL IN THE FREE-LIVING STAGES OF NIPPOSTRONGYLUS BRASILIENSIS

A progenitor blast cell in the posterior of the newly hatched larva of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis yielded a large population of coelomic cells among which were 2 previously undiscovered coelomocytes, C5 and C6. The coelomocytes lay subdorsal and posterior to the genital primordium, C5 on the right and C6 on the left. Also, in the first-stage larva, 7 single seam cells appeared in the hypodermis on both the right and left sides arrayed in tandem along its length. Each seam cell (1–5, 7) went through 2 divisions with spaces maintained between the formed quartets. However, seam cell 6 underwent an unusual series of divisions resulting in the formation of a huge amoeboid nurse cell that enclosed a quartet of small cells in a vacuole; the quartet also was derived from seam cell 6. Ultimately, all the seam cells, including the nurse cells on each side of the larva, regressed and disappeared, except for the quartet cells, now released from their vacuole. These latter cells then remained dormant during the life...
Detecting small environmental differences: risk-response curves for predator-induced behavior and morphology

Most organisms possess traits that are sensitive to changes in the environment (i.e., plastic traits) which results in the expression of environmentally induced polymorphisms. While most phenotypically plastic traits have traditionally been treated as threshold switches between induced and uninduced states, there is growing evidence that many traits can respond in a continuous fashion. In this experiment we exposed larval anurans (wood frog tadpoles, Rana sylvatica) to an increasing gradient of predation risk to determine how organisms respond to small environmental changes. We manipulated predation risk in two ways: by altering the amount of prey consumed by a constant number of predators (Dytiscus sp.) and by altering the number of predators that consume a constant amount of prey. We then quantified the expression of predator-induced behavior, morphology, and mass to determine the level of risk that induced each trait, the level of risk that induced the maximal phenotypic response for each trait, whether the different traits exhibited a plateauing response, and whether increasing risk via increasing predator number or via increasing prey consumption induced similar phenotypic changes. We found that all of the traits exhibited fine-tuned, graded responses and most of them exhibited a plateauing response with increased predation risk, suggesting either a limit to plasticity or the reflection of high costs of the defensive phenotype. For many traits, a large proportion of the maximum induction occurred at low levels of risk, suggesting that the chemical cues of predation are effective at extremely low concentrations. In contrast to earlier work, we found that behavioral and morphological responses to increased predator number were simply a response to increased total prey consumption. These results have important implications for models of plasticity evolution, models of optimal phenotypic design, expectations for how organisms respond to fine-grained changes (i.e., within generation) in their environment, and impacts on ecological communities via trait-mediated indirect effects.
Models of treatment seeking for alcoholism : The role of genes and environment

We investigated the relative influence of genes and environment on the decision to seek treatment for alcoholism under three models of health care utilization. Lifetime alcohol dependence and two measures of treatment seeking for alcohol problems were determined from a 1992 telephone administration of the Diagnostic interview Schedule. Data were analyzed from 1,864 monozygotic and 1,492 dizygotic male twin respondents from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Genetic and environmental contributions to the decision to seek treatment for alcoholism were assessed under competing models for the relationship between genetic influences on alcoholism risk and genetic influences on treatment seeking among those who became alcoholics. Under the best-fitting model, genetic influence accounted for 41% of the variance in treatment seeking and 55% of the liability for alcoholism. Shared environment explained none of the variance in liability for alcoholism, but 40% of the variance in treatment seeking. The severity of alcoholism alone is an inadequate model of treatment seeking, because decisions to seek alcohol treatment are also influenced by substantial genetic and or shared environmental factors unrelated to the determinants of alcoholism.
Gender, Relationship Status, and Stereotyping about Sexual Risk

In this research, the authors integrated research on stereotyping and health to document relationship-status stereotyping about sexual risk. Drawing on research on relational schemas and implicit personality theories, the authors hypothesized that targets who were described as being in relationships would be perceived as having a lesser likelihood of risk for sexually transmitted diseases than would targets who were described as single. Gender of the targets and gender of the participants also were examined as potential moderating variables. In five vignette studies, people rated single targets as having more risky personality traits and higher probabilistic risk for STDs than partnered targets. They also reported a greater desire to be involved with someone similar to the partnered target. In general, male and female targets were perceived similarly; however, female targets were rated as having a lower probabilistic risk.
Scents of self: The expression component of self/non- self recognition systems

The ability to distinguish self from non-self is one of the fundamental organizing principles of life on Earth. Such recognition systems permit the unification of distinct elements into cohesive social groups, from multicellular organisms to colonial "superorganisms". Although the phenomenon of self/non-self recognition has been studied extensively, recent advances have provided fascinating glimpses into the inner workings of recognition systems, and have illuminated some of the extreme forms of selection that drive the evolution of label polymorphism. This polymorphism permits different classes of individuals to be distinguished with high precision, thus creating barriers to outsiders who seek entry into the social group. Here I review the structure and evolution of self/non-self recognition systems across a variety of taxa, with particular attention to the selective forces that maintain label polymorphism. I highlight recent findings that have opened up new avenues of research, and suggest future directions that may provide additional novel insights.
Effect of signal word and source attribution on judgments of warning credibility and compliance likelihood

Abstract Social-communication models frequently include message source as an important factor in persuasion. However, research on the contribution of source characteristics to warning effectiveness is virtually non-existent. The present research involved two experiments. Experiment 1 examined the effects of the presence (vs. absence) of the signal word WARNING, supplementing it with the source-related term GOVERNMENT to the signal word, and the addition of more specific terms (i.e., US and FEDERAL) on ratings of credibility and compliance likelihood for alcohol, cigarette, and iron supplement warnings. Higher ratings were produced with the signal word's presence than its absence and adding more specificity (and length) to the source. The highest ratings accompanied the longest, most specific prefix: US FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WARNING. Experiment 2 investigated three types of sources on credibility and compliance likelihood: (1) specific regulatory governmental agencies (e.g., US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION), (2) specific scientific professional groups (e.g., AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION), and (3) general statements in which an explicit source is not mentioned (e.g., Important Health Warning). The inclusion of specific sources produced higher ratings compared to a signal word (WARNING) alone. Implications for warning design and further research are discussed. Relevance to industry Warning messages are used to communicate information about potential hazards and how to avoid injury and property damage. This research shows that the presence of a signal word and adding specific source information (telling who is giving the message) was found to increase credibility judgments and compliance intentions. Implications for enhancing warning effectiveness are discussed.
Ultra-fine cellulose nanofibers: new nano-scale materials for water purification

The major challenges in membrane technology for water filtration are the development of new materials (e.g. high durability, low cost and low environmental concerns) and new structures (e.g. directed water channels) that can produce high permeation flux (thus low energy input) while maintaining a high selectivity or rejection rate. This highlight discusses the utilization of ultra-fine cellulose nanofibers (UCN, diameter 5–10 nm), made by TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO oxidation of natural cellulose (e.g. wood pulp), in different nanofibrous composite formats that can meet this challenge for microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) applications. The unique features of ultra-fine cellulose nanofibers include small diameter, high surface-to-volume ratio, easy surface functionality, good mechanical properties and good chemical resistance. The electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds with fine pore size defined by the fiber diameter could be used to remove waterborne bacteria at two to three times higher flux when compared to that of commercial MF membranes (e.g., Millipore GS9035). When UCN were used as a functionalized adsorbent infused in the asymmetric two-layered non-woven fibrous format, the membranes exhibited a high ability to remove bacteria (by size exclusion) and viruses (by adsorption) simultaneously. When UCN were used as the barrier layer in an asymmetric three-layered non-woven fibrous format containing fibers of different diameters (from 5 nm to 20 µm), the membranes exhibited a two- to ten-fold increase in permeation flux over commercial membranes for ultrafiltration of oil and water emulsions (e.g., for purification of bilge water in ships or industrially produced water).
TOWARDS PERFECTLY ABSORBING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR EULER EQUATIONS

In this paper, we examine the effectiveness of absorbing layers as non-reflecting computational boundaries for the Euler equations. The absorbing-layer equations are simply obtained by splitting the governing equations in the coordinate directions and introducing absorption coefficients in each split equation. This methodology is similar to that used by Berenger for the numerical solutions of Maxwell''s equations. Specifically, we apply this methodology to three physical problems -- shock-vortex interactions, a plane free shear flow and an axisymmetric jet -- with emphasis on acoustic wave propagation. Our numerical results indicate that the use of absorbing layers effectively minimizes numerical reflection in all three problems considered.
Optimum Maintenance Policy with Inspection by Semi-Markov Decision Processes

A method which incorporates modeling of equipment deterioration, inspection, and minor & major maintenance for optimal maintenance decision is proposed in this paper. Optimal inspection and maintenance policy to maximize equipment availability and minimize the cost is evaluated by semi-Markov processes and semi-Markov decision processes. An example illustrates the implementation of proposed method for maintenance evaluation of circuit breakers. Also the results of how inspection and maintenance rate impact equipment availability and benefit are discussed. This study is valuable for utilities to determine optimal maintenance policy of equipment.
Degradation of some mechanical current meter measurements by high-frequency mooring or wave motion

Comparison of current measurements from moored (paddle-wheel rotor) Aanderaa current meters and acoustic Doppler current profilers in a strong tidal flow on Georges Bank indicates rate under-reading by the Aanderaa meters at some vertical positions. The under-reading may arise from mooring-line vibrations induced by vortex shedding from spherical buoyancy packages, and shielding of the paddle-wheel rotors due to the meters' inability to remain aligned with the fluctuating relative water velocity. Field tests and a simple model are used to investigate this explanation. The authors briefly review the Georges Bank observations that instigated this investigation. An explanation for the degradation of the Aanderaa measurements is proposed, observational information from field tests is discussed, and the model and its implications are presented. The model results support the hypothesis that high-frequency mooring-line vibration causes the degradation of the Aanderaa measurements. >
Effect of Peak Inert-Mode Temperature on Elemental Carbon Measured Using Thermal-Optical Analysis

Thermal-optical analysis is a conventional method for classifying carbonaceous aerosols as organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC). This article examines the effects of three different temperature protocols on the measured EC. For analyses of parallel punches from the same ambient sample, the protocol with the highest peak helium-mode temperature (870°C) gives the smallest amount of EC, while the protocol with the lowest peak helium-mode temperature (550°C) gives the largest amount of EC. These differences are observed when either sample transmission or reflectance is used to define the OC/EC split. An important issue is the effect of the peak helium-mode temperature on the relative rate at which different types of carbon with different optical properties evolve from the filter. Analyses of solvent-extracted samples are used to demonstrate that high temperatures (870°C) lead to premature EC evolution in the helium-mode. For samples collected in Pittsburgh, this causes the measured EC to be biased lo...
An inexpensive immunomarking technique for studying movement patterns of naturally occurring insect populations

Abstract An immunomarking system useful for determining insect movement patterns was developed that allows the marking of naturally occurring populations of insects within large areas with inexpensive and readily available proteins that can be applied using standard spray equipment. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) protocols were developed to detect chicken egg albumin (as egg whites), bovine casein (as cows’ milk), and soy protein (as soy milk) at levels ≤30 ppb. Field applications showed that all of the proteins were stable and detectable at high levels on apple leaves at least 19 d after application. When adult pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster, Homoptera: Psyllidae) walked across apple leaves with field-aged residues of the marker proteins plus either Sylgard 309, EDTA, or both, they acquired the mark over the 19-d test period an average of 78.9, 19.4, and 2.1% of the time for egg whites, milk, and soy milk, respectively. Two field applications of the three markers were applied to an ...
Tropes of Progress in F. T. Marinetti’s Early Futurist Texts

This chapter describes F. T. Marinetti’s glorification of early twentieth-century technologies such as the wireless. Marinetti wanted his audiences to embrace the values of progress as represented through speed, efficiency, evolution, and ahistoricity. Marinetti’s art makes use of parole in liberta—words in freedom—to accentuate the aesthetic goals of minimalism and telegraphic prose. He advocates an aesthetic based on reducing expressions to the fewest number of words. Marinetti’s art reconstructs the cultural values of industrialization by promoting textual efficiency. Even in Marinetti’s art there is something technical about his desire for words to capture efficiently the essence of the technology, idea, or, most importantly, action. Also, Marinetti glorifies technologies for their speed and war potential. Unlike other high modernist authors, Marinetti values the destructive nature of new modern technologies. His manifestos exaggerate tropes of progress, advocating a love of mechanization.
Injection therapy for enthesopathies causing axial spine pain and the "failed back syndrome": a single blinded, randomized and cross-over study.

BACKGROUND Enthesopathies are a common cause of axial pain that is amenable to "minimally invasive" therapy. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of injection therapy for enthesopathies. DESIGN Single blinded, randomized, and cross-over study. METHODS Thirty-five patients diagnosed as having painful enthesopathies as a major pain generator were studied. Of the patients studied, 86% of patients had undergone prior lumbar spine surgery and all were referred for neurosurgical evaluation for possible surgery. Patients were injected either with anesthetics alone or with anesthetics combined with phenol-glycerol proliferant prolotherapy. Outcomes were analyzed both clinically at the time of regular follow-ups, and by a series of multipart questionnaires. RESULTS Patients received a total of 86 injections, 39 with local anesthetics, and 47 with prolotherapy. By clinical assessment patients obtained excellent to good relief of pain and tenderness after 80% of prolotherapy injections, but only 47% after anesthetics alone. By questionnaire, 66% reported excellent to good relief after prolotherapy vs. 34% after anesthetics alone. Patients reported improvement in work capacity and social functioning following both types of injections, but a greater reduction in focal pain intensity following prolotherapy injections. The mean and median durations of persistent relief were 2.4 and 1.75 months with prolotherapy vs. 1.8 and 0.75 months with anesthetics alone. Roughly 10% obtained greater than six months of relief from either injection. In the crossover portion of the study, patients reported that prolotherapy injections following initial anesthetic-only injections provided much better relief than that achieved after their anesthetic-only injections, and that anesthetic-only injections following initial prolotherapy injections failed to provide relief as good as that achieved after their prolotherapy. Subsequent to this study, only four of 35 patients required additional spine surgery, but 29 of the 35 patients requested additional injections. CONCLUSIONS Injection therapy of painful enthesopathies can provide significant relief of axial pain and tenderness combined with functional improvement, even in "failed back syndrome" patients. Phenol-glycerol prolotherapy provides better and longer lasting relief than injection with anesthetics alone. Prolotherapy provides over six months of relief for some patients but generally provides relief for only a few months. However, most patients described good to excellent relief, felt that the injections had been beneficial, and requested additional injections for recurrent or residual focal pain.
Pharmacodynamic assessment of vedolizumab for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Vedolizumab is an anti-integrin approved for the treatment of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. By binding the α4β7-integrin heterodimer, vedolizumab blocks leukocyte translocation into gastrointestinal tissue.Areas covered: This review discusses the chemistry, pharmacologic properties, clinical efficacy, and safety of vedolizumab in ulcerative colitis. Other medications available for the treatment of ulcerative colitis are also discussed.Expert opinion: Vedolizumab is a promising new agent for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Its mechanism of action differs from TNF-α inhibitors and immune suppressants, allowing it to be used in cases of TNF-α inhibitor failure or non-response, or as a first-line biologic drug. Available safety data suggests that vedolizumab is not associated with an increased risk of infection or malignancy; however, additional post-marketing data are required to confirm these initial reports. Vedolizumab is likely to be used in growing numbers of patient...
Self-Engagement Of An NKT Cell Inhibitory Receptor During Development Alters Receptor Expression and Cellular Function

Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells have been shown to be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory in many pathologic conditions including infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases and allergy. Additionally, early expansion of iNKT cells correlates with successful engraftment and low incidence of graft-versus host disease suggesting a role for iNKT cells in tolerance to allogeneic transplantation. iNKT cells recognize glycolipids bound to CD1d via their T cell receptor (TCR), but also express the inhibitory receptors for MHC class I ligands (MHC I.) Little is known regarding the importance of iNKT cell self-recognition of MHC I during development and the occurrence of autoimmunity, allergy or tolerance to in utero hematopoietic cellular transplantation (IUHCT). Given the importance of NK cell self-recognition during development, we hypothesized that, like NK cells, self-engagement of MHC I inhibitory receptors during development alters the phenotype and function of self-responsive iNKT cells. Prenatal allogeneic chimeras were established by in utero transplantation of Balb/c fetal liver light density cells at E14 into age-matched C57BL/6 fetal recipients. A kinetic evaluation of iNKT cell receptor expression and function was performed after birth. iNKT cells were evaluated for expression of activating (Ly49D) and inhibitory (Ly49A, F, G) receptors specific for the donor MHC I (H-2d.) The functional response of iNKT cell subsets was measured following in vivo activation with KRN7000, the ligand for iNKT cells. Intracellular cytokine production (IFN-gamma and IL-4) production was assessed in the alloresponsive Ly49A+ iNKT cell subset and compared to naive controls and B10.D2 ( H2 d ) mice. We found that a negligible fraction of iNKT cells expressed the activating Ly49D receptor in either chimera or controls (<1%.) In chimeric mice, the frequency of iNKT cells expressing Ly49A, F, or G did not change significantly. However, the levels of Ly49A expression were significantly reduced on iNKT cells from all organs tested suggesting developmental recognition of donor class I ligands had occurred. These reduced receptor levels did not appear to be due to sequestration as acid stripping did not alter the phenotype. Lastly, Ly49A+ but not Ly49A- iNKT cells in chimeric mice exhibited significantly increased production of IL-4 in response to TCR stimulation suggesting a shift toward a regulatory phenotype. Consistent with this finding, IFN-gamma levels in chimeras were minimally changed compared to controls. These findings indicate that inhibitory receptor self-engagement during development leads to: 1) alterations in receptor expression; 2) shift toward a tolerogenic phenotype in self-responsive iNKT cell phenotypes; and 3) no change in the receptor expression or function of non-responsive iNKT cell phenotypes. Further studies will directly evaluate the impact of self-recognition of iNKT cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and allergy or tolerance following IUHCT. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Enforcement: Indo-China 1945–1946

British liberation activities in French Indo-China were not solely orientated around the political resurrection of French colonial control. Britain’s obligations under international law were far more complex. The Hague Convention of 1907, to which Britain was a signatory, decreed that The authority of the power of the state having passed de facto into the hands of the occupant, the latter shall do all in his power to restore, and to ensure as far as possible, public order and safety.
Burdensharing v . Responsibility Sharing: 1960–1990

The 1950s and most of the 1960s was the era of ‘massive retaliation’, a strategy resting upon the use of massive nuclear retaliation in response to an attack. Although the doctrine had its detractors on both sides of the Atlantic, it also had its advocates. In burdensharing terms it meant that the overt reliance upon nuclear weapons emphasized the US position within the Alliance but also allowed the allies to shelter under a US nuclear umbrella while keeping their own expenditure to a prudent minimum. Several factors were to severely disrupt US-European relations during this decade and they all had an impact upon the burdensharing debate: the growing questioning of US nuclear guarantees (particularly from France); the US involvement in Vietnam and the European allies’ refusal to become involved; the French bid for its own nuclear deterrent force; and a change in strategy at the end of the 1960s which emphasized conventional contributions at the time that the US was being compelled to withdraw forces to meet the needs of the Vietnam war. Disillusionment with the lackadasical European allies, alongside other pressures, mounted in Congress and culminated in the Mansfield Amendments, which marked the most serious attempt to formally reallocate defence burdens within NATO, and the beginnings of the offset negotiations with Germany.
Jacob Kasanin (1897–1946) and Schizoaffective Disorder

Jacob Kasanin was born in Slavgorod, USSR, in 1897. He migrated to the USA in 1915 and graduated from the University of Michigan with an M.D. in 1921 and an M.S. in Public Health in 1926. He served as Senior Research Associate at Boston Psychopathic Hospital and as the Director of the Department of Mental Hygiene of the Federated Jewish Charities in Boston. One of his research interests was the study of the functional psychoses in children. In 1931, he became the Clinical Director of the Rhode Island State Hospital where he was supported by a research grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study schizophrenia. He published his famous paper in the American Journal of Psychiatry in 1933 titled “The Acute Schizoaffective Psychoses,” after reading it at the 88th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association in Philadelphia, PA, in May/June of 1932. He later became the Director of the Depart­ment of Psychiatry at the Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago from 1936 to 1939. The importance of this new diagnosis was that it rejoined schizophrenia and bipolar disorder after almost a half century of separateness.
Preparation of lunar regolith based geopolymer cement under heat and vacuum

Ever since the beginning of the space program, lunar habitation has always been on peoples’ minds. Prior researchers have explored habitat building materials – some based on earth-based construction materials, some based on in-situ lunar resources. Geopolymer cement is a cementitious binder made of aluminosilicate materials such as lunar regolith. A cementitious binder made of lunar regolith as the main geopolymer precursor, instead of as an added aggregate, is a solution that has not been deeply explored in prior works. This research explores the curing process of lunar regolith based geopolymer cement in an environment that loosely approximates the lunar environment, using the lunar average daytime temperature and a vacuum. The results did not show much promise for the samples cured under both heat and vacuum as the longest-cured data point did not meet compressive strength standards, but another pathway to lunar habitation may be found in a separate set of samples that cured under heat and ambient atmospheric pressure.
Abstract W P317: Early CSF Volume Changes Predict Malignant Edema in Large Hemispheric Infarction

Background: Early clinical and radiographic measures (such as NIHSS or early CT hypodensity) incompletely predict which patients with hemispheric stroke will develop malignant cerebral edema. We evaluated whether quantitative changes in volume of CSF compartments on early follow-up (FU) CT predict peak radiographic edema and clinical worsening. Methods: We retrospectively identified patients with hemispheric infarcts, NIHSS≥8, baseline CT within 6 hours of stroke onset and FU CT within 48 hours (i.e. prior to development of maximal edema). Volumes of CSF in ipsilateral (IL) and contralateral (CL) sulci and lateral ventricles were manually outlined on both scans, as was infarct volume on FU CT. Midline shift (MLS) was measured on later CT at time of peak edema (if available). Reduction in CSF compartments from baseline and symmetry (IL:CL ratios) were correlated to peak MLS and edema-related clinical deterioration (need for hemicraniectomy, osmotic therapy, or GCS decline, with MLS>5mm). Results: Ten patients were analyzed (median NIHSS 13, FU CT at median of 30 hours, IQR 15-37). Sulcal asymmetry (ratio of IL:CL volume) on FU CT was greater in the 4 subjects who deteriorated from malignant edema (median 0.26 vs. 0.79, see Figure), as was % reduction in IL sulcal volume from baseline (76% vs. 35%, p=0.06), while volume of early infarct was not. Hemispheric CSF asymmetry and % reduction in IL ventricular volume at early FU CT were strongly correlated with peak MLS (r=-0.95 and -0.96, both p=0.01). Linear regression found that both early infarct volume and % reduction in IL ventricle volume were strongly associated with MLS, adjusting for baseline CSF volume (Betas 0.55 and -0.48, both p=0.001). Conclusions: In this preliminary study, early CSF asymmetry and reduction in IL CSF volumes appear to predict development of MLS and malignant edema. Further validation is needed to test whether CSF volumetrics have utility in selection of patients for early aggressive interventions. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Spatiotemporal Optoacoustic Mapping of Tumor Hemodynamics in a Clinically Relevant Orthotopic Rabbit Model of Head and Neck Cancer

The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of photoacoustic imaging (PAI) for spatiotemporal mapping of tumor hemodynamics in a rabbit model of head and neck carcinoma. Shope cottontail rabbit papilloma virus associated VX2 carcinomas were established in adult male New Zealand White rabbits (n = 9) by surgical transplantation of tumor tissue in the neck. Noninvasive PAI with co-registered ultrasound (US) was performed to longitudinally monitor tumor growth, oxygen saturation (%sO2), and hemoglobin concentration (HbT). PAI findings were validated with Doppler sonography measures of percent vascularity (PV). Differences in tumor volumes, %sO2, HbT, and PV values over time were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance with multiple comparisons. Two-tailed Spearman correlation analysis was performed to determine the correlation coefficient (r) for comparisons between %sO2, HbT, and tumor volume. US revealed a significant (P < .0001) increase in tumor volume over the 3-week period from 549 ± 260 mm3 on day 7 to 5055 ± 438 mm3 at 21 days postimplantation. Consistent with this aggressive tumor growth, PAI revealed a significant (P < .05) and progressive reduction in %sO2 from day 7 (37.6 ± 7.4%) to day 21 (9.5 ± 2.1%). Corresponding Doppler images also showed a decrease in PV over time. PAI revealed considerable intratumoral spatial heterogeneity with the tumor rim showing two- to three-fold higher %sO2 values compared to the core. Noninvasive PAI based on endogenous contrast provides a label-free method for longitudinal monitoring of temporal changes and spatial heterogeneity in thick head and neck tumors.
MULTIPLE SUBPOPULATIONS OF LYMPHOID CELLS REGULATING HUMAN B CELL FUNCTION

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the multiple subpopulations of lymphoid cells regulating human B cell function. Human B cell function has been shown to be regulated by a balance between positive and negative regulatory influences. Cells of virtually all normal individuals are capable upon being preactivated for 48 h with concanavalin A (Con A) of suppressing the PWM-induced PFC responses of fresh autologous or allogeneic lymphocytes. The Con-A-activated suppressor cell was located in multiple subpopulations of lymphoid cells. It was found to be a nonadherent cell contained in the T cell enriched (TCE) and the TCD fraction. Suppressor cell activity was removed from the TCD fraction by treatment with anti-T cell antiserum and complement, suggesting that the T cell in this TCD fraction is a low affinity E rosetting T cell that segregates with the TCD fraction following E rosetting. The Con-A-generated suppressor cell was found in the T cell fraction that was enriched for cells with a 7S Fc receptor and in the T cell fraction that was enriched for cells with a 19S Fc receptor.
Amendment Politics and Agenda Setting: A Theory with Evidence from the US House of Representatives

Much recent work on legislative policy making has focused on the implications of agenda power. Yet, a critical step of the legislative process—floor amendments—has been almost entirely ignored in the most prominent theories of legislative decision making. In this paper, we fill this gap by developing a theoretical treatment of agenda setting at the amendment stage. Specifically, our theoretical approach defines the relationship between agenda setting at the amendment stage and outcomes at final passage. We test several implications using data from the US House of Representatives, and show that amendments do mitigate some of the majority party’s agenda setting advantage by moderating initial proposals away from the majority party position. However, amendments do not systematically undermine the majority party’s negative agenda control, as we find that amendment rolls do not increase the incidence of final passage rolls for the majority party.
Statistical Dialog Manager Design Tool for Health Screening and Assessments

We focus on creating a programming tool which enables to create dialog managers for speech-enabled IVA applications in the standardized health screening and assessment domain. Our approach aims to bridge the gap between the intelligent virtual agents (IVA) and the spoken dialog systems (SDS) research communities for the delivery of standardized health interviews by embodied conversational agents (ECA).
Chemical cross-linking of a variety of green fluorescent proteins as Förster resonance energy transfer donors for Yukon orange fluorescent protein: A project-based undergraduate laboratory experience

Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is the basis for many techniques used in biomedical research. Due to its wide use in molecular sensing, FRET is commonly introduced in many biology, chemistry, and physics courses. While FRET is of great importance in the biophysical sciences, the complexity and difficulty of constructing FRET experiments has resulted in limited usage in undergraduate laboratory settings. Here, we present a practical undergraduate laboratory experiment for teaching FRET using a diverse set of green-emitting fluorescent proteins (FPs) as donors for a cross-linked Yukon orange FP. This laboratory experiment enables students to make the connection of basic lab procedures to real world applications and can be applied to molecular biology, biochemistry, physical chemistry, and biophysical laboratory courses. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA., 46(5):516-522, 2018.
Adaptation to a Changing Environment: Police / Military Convergence as Organizational Mimicry

This paper examines evidence indicating a developing convergence between the police and the military – two institutions that American society has traditionally separated in order to safeguard civil liberties. The ensuing qualitative analysis results in three main conclusions. First, when viewed in a broader socio-political context, the current convergence is less singular than it at first appears, with such overlaps occurring and disappearing in the past. Second, organizational mimicry, involving both institutional and environmental mechanisms, offers a conceptual framework for understanding the current convergence. Third, while understandable, the convergence remains a troubling development, requiring further organizational and social assessment. The paper concludes with a consideration of some research implications; and a brief discussion of a potential alternative to the convergence.
Design of an Electric Machine for a 48-V Mild Hybrid Vehicle

Through a systematic optimization study using high-fidelity finite-element (FE) models, torque capability of three common synchronous machine technologies, namely a permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machine (PMSM) with V-shaped rare-earth (RE) rotor magnets, a PMSM with deep V-shaped ferrite rotor magnets, and a synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM) with four layers of conforming flux barriers are compared for an application in a 48-V mild hybrid electric car. The optimization of the deep V-shaped ferrite PMSM automatically resulted in a spoke-type PM layout for maximum torque production. Yet, an optimized SynRM with conforming flux barriers was achieved that could produce a higher torque than ferrite PMSM. One machine technology is selected and is subsequently subjected to a large-scale FE model-based drive-cycle design optimization. Various pole-slot combinations are methodically compared in terms of drive-cycle losses, active material cost, torque ripple, and PM demagnetization level. More than 20,000 designs were analyzed over ten energy-centric torque-speed points to identify an optimal design solution. The results of multi-physics analysis incorporating electromagnetics, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and structural analyses are provided, including a study on two different water jacket concepts. A final design is prototyped and initial experimental results are provided.
Lorsque le système immunitaire s’emballe

Une patiente de 36 ans avec sclerose en plaque recurrente-remittente connue s’est presentee au service des urgences en raison de fievre et de frissons depuis la veille, ainsi que d’un exantheme.
The Rebel Alliance: Analyzing Student Resistance in Digital Reflective Writing

Abstract In this study, we examine how students’ use of “loopholes,” in a weekly reflective writing assignment illustrates some strategies students use when navigating, and more specifically pushing back against, both implicit and explicit assignment expectations. In addition, this study expresses the import of opening the “blackbox,” or implicit expectations/procedures, of both the classroom and the instructor by comparing student resistance to how users modify and change existing systems, programs, or interfaces. Situated within current conversations concerned with how digital composition redefines literacy, such a comparison allows for us to examine the ways in which students assess the often implicit procedures and constraints we, as teachers, may unwittingly reinforce, as well as allows for an examination of how students exercise their own writing skills in response to written assignment prompts for low-stakes writing in new digital interfaces. By analyzing instances of resistance in their reflections, this study illustrates how students attempt to circumvent assignment criteria for their own purposes, especially in the case of personal and low-stakes writing, as well as how digital interfaces in particular allow for students to push against the boundaries of certain written assignments in unique ways.
Technology progress and rising healthcare expenditure in the U.S.

Technology is widely recognized as a core driver of healthcare expenditure (HCE) in the literature. Since technology is not an easily measurable variable, past studies have incorporated measures to...
The horrors of white male innocence in IT (2017)

ABSTRACTThis essay examines the 2017 horror film IT, exploring how it depicts notions of innocence in relationship to race and masculinity. Specifically, the adolescent white male members of the fi...
Approach to Improving the Quality of Open Data in the Universe of Small Molecules

We describe an approach to improving the quality and interoperability of open data related to small molecules, such as metabolites, drugs, natural products, food additives, and environmental contaminants. The approach involves computer implementation of an extended version of the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI) system that utilizes the three-dimensional structure of a compound to generate reproducible compound identifiers (standard InChI strings) and universally reproducible designators for all constituent atoms of each compound. These compound and atom identifiers enable reliable federation of information from a wide range of freely accessible databases. In addition, these designators provide a platform for the derivation and promulgation of information regarding the physical properties of these molecules. Examples of applications include, compound dereplication, derivation of force fields used in determination of three-dimensional structures and investigations of molecular interactions, and parameterization of NMR spin system matrices used in compound identification and quantification. We are developing a data definition language (DDL) and STAR-based data dictionary to support the storage and retrieval of these kinds of information in digital resources. The current database contains entries for more than 90 million unique compounds.
Towards defining the safer use of opioids in rheumatology.

Use of prescription opioids is prevalent in patients with rheumatic diseases. Studies in 2019 reported the trends and safety of opioids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. Treating underlying disease processes must be the rheumatologists’ priority. Without better long-term safety and effectiveness data, opioid use should be generally limited.