cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular dynamics simulations of carbon nanotube dispersions in water: Effects of nanotube length, diameter, chirality and surfactant structures

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations are used to compute the potential of mean force (PMF) governing the interactions between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in water/surfactant systems. The effects of CNT length, diameter, chirality (armchair and zigzag) and surfactant structures on CNT interaction and dispersion in water/surfactant systems are investigated for (5, 5), (5, 0), and (10, 10) single walled CNTs with two commonly used surfactants [viz., sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS)] at room conditions. An adaptive biasing force method was used to speed up the calculations. Simulations revealed that CNT length and diameter as well as optimum amount of surfactant addition and its structures can significantly affect CNT interactions (i.e., PMFs vary significantly). Surfactant molecules were found to adsorb at the CNT surface and reduced interaction strength between CNTs. SDBS surfactant contributed weaker interactions between CNTs as compared with that of SDS surfactant by a factor of about 10 indicating that SDBS is better than SDS for dispersing CNTs in an aqueous suspension. This phenomenon agrees qualitatively with the experimental results reported in the literature. The understanding of detailed atomic arrangements and atomic interactions between CNTs and surrounding molecules reported in this study is significantly helpful to computationally screening different surfactants and improving the CNT dispersion in aqueous solution. The method will also facilitate the reduction of time and cost required to produce CNT reinforced nanocomposite materials as well as homogeneous CNT dispersed solutions for many biological applications.
A termination codon is created by RNA editing in the petunia mitochondrial atp9 gene transcript

Analysis of the cDNA of the atp9-1 gene transcript from petunia mitochondria has revealed that ten C residues of the gene sequence are edited into U in the mRNA. Seven of these edits result in amino acid changes and one introduces a stop codon before the end of the open reading frame predicted from the gene sequence. The resulting protein is better conserved when compared to the same protein in other organism. Comparison of the edited petunia sequence with other plant mitochondrial atp9 gene sequences indicates variation in the number and positions of edits required to obtain the same amino acids in ATP9 polypeptides of higher plants.
Biodegradation Rates for Fuel Hydrocarbons and Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater

Numerous studies presented in the general literature have shown that the key mechanism affecting the rate and extent of migration of a contaminant plume is biodegradation since it removes contaminant mass and reduces average plume concentrations. This paper attempts to address the importance of biodegradation for fuel and chlorinated solvent plumes and to present a comprehensive review of rates of biodegradation obtained from field and laboratory studies. Data from approximately 280 studies are statistically analyzed to determine ranges of biodegradation rates for various contaminants under different redox conditions. A review of 133 studies for fuel hydrocarbons has yielded first-order biodegradation coefficients up to 0.445 day−1 under aerobic conditions and up to 0.522−1 under anaerobic conditions in 90% of the cases. A median rate constant for benzene of 0.3% day−1 was estimated from all studies, while those for toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes were estimated to be 4, 0.3, and 0.4% day−1, respective...
A new approach to peer-to-peer wireless LANs based on ultra wide band technology

The advent of Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology offers a unique opportunity to consider a new type of peer-to-peer wireless Local Area Network (LAN) that requires neither access at a peak data rate commensurate with the full bandwidth of the medium nor a conventional medium access protocol. Rather, due to the extraordinarily high bandwidth afforded by UWB, which is typically much greater than the peak bandwidth required by any ad-hoc radio node, one might imagine a network for which pairs of nodes are interconnected by one or more dedicated (non-shared) radio channels created by time, frequency, or code division multiplexing. In this paper, we consider a network containing N ad-hoc nodes and 2N independent radio channels. Starting with (1) an N × N power matrix, where element pi,j represents the power needed for a successful transmission from node i to node j including the effects of path loss and shadow fading, and (2) a second N × N traffic matrix where element ti,j represents the exogenous traffic originating from node i and destined for node j, we seek to assign radio channels and multi-hop route the traffic between source-destination pairs such that the resulting connectivity pattern and traffic flow minimize the average transmit energy needed to deliver a packet between an arbitrarily chosen pair of nodes. With no medium access protocol needed, collisions cannot occur and retransmissions become unnecessary. Moreover, the available capacity grows with the number of channels created (or, alternatively, as some common set of channels are re-used on a non-interfering basis via sufficient spatial separation). In this fashion, such a UWB ad-hoc network takes on the characteristics of a multi-hop Wavelength-Division Multiplexed (WDM) network well known from the multihop lightwave network art, although the constraints and dynamics are certainly different. Since the optimum connectivity and flow problem is shown to be NP hard, several heuristics are considered and compared. These heuristics seek, first, to establish a "good" connectivity graph, and then to flow the traffic in an optimum fashion. Our results suggest that application of these techniques may provide a distinct wireless LAN advantage achievable only via UWB radio technology, and several opportunities for future work based on this novel approach to ad-hoc local area radio networks are identified and discussed.
High Density Static RAM for In-Situ Bulk Data Storage

Static CMOS Random Access Memory (RAM) can be packaged to achieve a density of 1 MByte per running inch of 6" I.D. pressure case, using 64 kbit memory devices. A bulk data storage subsystem using this technique, including 1 MByte/sec CPU interface, backup power system, and memory array of up to 16 MBytes, was constructed and tested in an operational microstructure profiler. Results are discussed, and the general advantages and disadvantages of this data storage method are considered.
Synthesis and biological activity of a novel series of 6-substituted thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolate inhibitors of purine biosynthesis with selectivity for high affinity folate receptors over the reduced folate carrier and proton-coupled folate transporter for cellular entry.

A series of seven 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines with bridge length variations (from 2 to 8 carbon atoms) were synthesized as selective folate receptor (FR) α and β substrates and as antitumor agents. The syntheses were accomplished from appropriate allylalcohols and 4-iodobenzoate to afford the aldehydes, which were converted to the appropriate 2-amino-4-carbethoxy-5-substituted thiophenes 23−29. Cyclization with chloroformamidine afforded the thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines 30−36, which were hydrolyzed and coupled with diethyl-l-glutamate, followed by saponification, to give the target compounds 2−8. Compounds 3−6 were potent growth inhibitors (IC50 4.7−334 nM) of human tumor cells (KB and IGROV1) that express FRs. In addition, compounds 3−6 inhibited the growth of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that expressed FRs but not the reduced folate carrier (RFC) or proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT). However, the compounds were inactive toward CHO cells that lacked FRs but contained eith...
Effects of flooding on the forest community in a greentree reservoir 18 years after flood cessation

Greentree reservoir (GTR) management is a common waterfowl habitat management technique used in both the northeastern and southeastern United States. However, this management technique is controversial because greentree reservoir management can cause changes in forest composition and structure. We studied the effects of GTR management at the Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge in central New York by comparing vegetation in permanent plots in two GTRs and a natural forest wetland over 30-year period (preflood and 2 years and 18 years after flood cessation). We detected long-term effects of GTR management on vegetation composition and structure. Red maple and green ash remained the dominant overstory species, but density of green ash saplings was higher (P=0.026) in a natural forested wetland (300 trees/ha) compared to the two GTRs (30–90 trees/ha). Age determinations of several green ash saplings suggest these changes were likely caused by reduced regeneration in the GTRs. Mortality of green ash seedlings in 1996 was greatest in a GTR flooded for 1 year (60%) versus an unflooded GTR (12%) and a natural forested wetland (27%). Overall, shrub density was similar 18 years post-flooding and preflooding, but several species had lower densities (P=0.001–0.031) than a natural forested wetland. Shannon-Weiner diversity index (1.8–2.0) and richness (29–31) of herbaceous species were similar among all sites 18 years after flood cessation. However, two species of fern remained at lower densities (P=0.0001–0.026), while three herbaceous species remained at higher densities (P=0.0001–0.015) 18 years after flood cessation as compared to preflood densities and densities in a natural forested wetland. It is unknown after which year of flooding these changes occurred, but 12 years of GTR management did cause long-term effects on the forest community.
Bound States from Instantons

The pseudoparticle solutions of non-Abelian gauge theories can generate a mass for fermions coupled to the gauge fields. The SU(N) x SU(N) chiral symmetry of a model with N species of massless fermions is spontaneously broken by this effect, and N/sup 2/-1 Goldstone bosons are consequently formed as bound states of fermion-antifermion pairs. We demonstrate these facts explicitly in models with one or two species of fermions. The mechanism by which the fermions acquire a mass is such that the symmetries P and T are conserved even in the presence of pseudoparticles.
Role of multiple inelastic transitions in atom transfer with the scanning tunneling microscope.

The high current density obtainable with the scanning tunneling microscope can be used to promote multiple vibrational excitations of an adsorbate via inelastic electron tunneling. Calculations indicate that this effect plays an important role in the transfer of Xe atoms between a sample and tip by the application of current pulses. Directionality of atom transfer and applications to other systems are discussed.
Court Space and Public Space in Early Modern Europe

INADVANCE OF THE RENAISSANCE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN'S ANNUAL ME ETIN G in Miami, Florida on 22-24 March 2007, the Society for Court Studies in North America joined forces with two other RSA affiliates the Southern California Renaissance Conference and the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at California State University Long Beach to issue a call for papers on the subject of 'Court Space and Public Space in Early Modern Europe'. The unexpectedly strong response allowed the Society to assemble a total of five panels, of which two were given a Court Studies designation in the RSA programme, while the other three were assigned to our partners. The first of the Court Studies panels was entitled 'Material Culture and the Ritual Construction of Courtly Space I: Princes and Cities in Burgundy and Italy'. It began with a paper by George Gorse of Pomona College, 'Court Space and Common Space in Renaissance Genoa: A Villa Changes a City'. In 1528 Admiral Andrea Doria threw out the French and founded a new Genoese state that was officially a republic. But the Republic's life came to centre round the Villa Doria, the palatial residence the Admiral constructed along the harbour front. This became both a focal point for ceremonial life and a residence and garden complex where sculptural and painted decorations proclaimed the Dorias' pretensions to the status of imperial heroes. Jennifer de Silva. of the University of Toronto followed with a paper on the ceremonial visits paid by newly elevated cardinals to the palaces of their more senior colleagues in sixteenth-century Rome. These visits were intended as a means of reinforcing the supremacy of the papal court over the city through splendid processions that traversed the many different neighbourhoods in which cardinals resided. In theory they were supposed to take place in a strict order determined by seniority within the College of Cardinals, but in practice itineraries varied in ways that reflected the internal political dynamics of the papal court, as well as the geography of the city. Michelle Packer of the University of California Santa Barbara rounded out the panel with an analysis of the use of tapestries by the itinerant courts of fourteenth-and fifteenth -century dukes of Burgundy. Lacking a central palace in which to display their grandeur, the dukes opted instead to commission tapestries of monumental size that could accompany the court as it moved from place to place. Courtiers and cities visited by the dukes commissioned their own smaller tapestries, which added to the splendour of formal court occasions. In this way
Got on My Traveling Shoes: Migration, Exile, and Home in Toni Morrison’s A Mercy:

“Got on My Traveling Shoes” examines Toni Morrison’s (2008) A Mercy in terms of its engagement with tropes of migration, exile, and home. This article builds upon the scholarship of critics such as Paul Gilroy, Homi Bhabha, Carol Boyce Davies, bell hooks, and Morrison herself in arguing that the author’s latest novel refigures the essentialist model of double-consciousness reified in W.E.B. DuBois’s The Souls of Black Folk and gestures toward a liminal home existing outside fixed cultural bounds. The article’s unique contribution to the transnational studies conversation centers on the analysis of Morrison’s re-inscription of the moment of race consciousness. Through an inventive use of language, Morrison not only disrupts the fixed historiography underlying figurations of the American Empire, she also creates a new, hybrid personal whose complex subjectivity defies reductive attempts at racial categorization. A Mercy therefore mediates against simplistic genealogical notions embedded in “DuBoisian” ways ...
Do robotic prostatectomy positive surgical margins occur in the same location as extraprostatic extension

Positive surgical margins (PSMs) may reflect incomplete surgical resection, while extraprostatic extension (EPE) could suggest that complete tumor resection is more difficult. This study evaluated cases with both EPE and PSMs in robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) specimens to determine the respective locations of each. A single institutional retrospective review of RARP performed between 2007 and 2009 was conducted to identify cases with both EPE and PSM. Prostates were entirely submitted and processed in whole mount format. All locations of EPE and PSM were recorded as was the size of the largest focus of EPE and PSM. About 8.5 % (112/1,315) of RARP had both EPE and PSM. Analysis of cases with concurrent EPE and PSM revealed that EPE occurred most commonly in the mid-gland, particularly in the posterolateral mid-prostate. In contrast, PSM was most frequent at the base (bladder neck), specifically the anterior base. 51.8 % of the cases had EPE and PSM in discordant locations, 19.6 % had EPE and PSM in the same location, and 28.6 % had areas of EPE and PSM both in the same location as well as in different locations. Cases with both concordant and discordant locations of EPE and PSM had significantly more high-risk features including higher tumor volume, more frequent positive nodes, and more frequent Gleason score ≥ 8 compared to concordant or discordant subgroups. PSMs frequently did not occur in the same location as EPE. A better understanding of where EPE and PSMs occur may help guide surgical technique to decrease residual tumor.
Functional polyesters prepared by polymerization of α‐allyl(valerolactone) and its copolymerization with ε‐caprolactone and δ‐valerolactone

We report the ring-opening homopolymerization of α-allyl(valerolactone), compound 2, and its copolymerization with e-caprolactone and δ-valerolactone using stannous(II) catalysis. Although the polymerization of substituted δ-valerolactones has received little attention for the preparation of functional polyesters, we found that compound 2 may be incorporated in controllable amounts into copolymers with other lactones, or simply homopolymerized to give a highly functionalized, novel poly(valerolactone). The presence of the pendant allyl substituent had a substantial impact on the thermal properties of these materials relative to conventional polyesters prepared from lactones, and most of the polymers presented here are liquids at room temperature. Dihydroxylation of the pendant allyl groups gave polyesters with increased hydrophilicity that degraded more or less rapidly depending on their extent of functionality. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1983–1990, 2002
Group communications in mobile ad hoc networks

Efficient support of group communications is critical for most ad hoc network applications. However, manet group communications issues differ from those in wired environments because the wireless communications medium has variable and unpredictable characteristics, and the signal strength and propagation fluctuate with respect to time and environment. We provide an overview of group communications issues such as protocol design, state maintenance, and performance. We also discuss representative protocols and examine related issues such as reliability, power conservation, quality of service, security, and areas requiring additional research.
MIRE: a multidimensional information retrieval engine for structured data and text

This paper presents an original information-retrieval engine, called MIRE, for integrating structured data and text. Among other things, MIRE is designed to work in a natural and efficient way with the inherent hierarchies of structured data. While multidimensional access methods have originally been developed for spatial applications, they can be successfully used to index hierarchical structured data and add to an existing information retrieval engine the capability of navigating hierarchical dimensions. To support this capability, MIRE enhances the processing algorithms of an existing multidimensional access method to avoid overflow and support for hierarchical dimensions. Compared to a search engine with multiple indexes for a different type of search, the multidimensional approach shows a significant reduction in the number of page accesses over a large document collection.
Rayleigh match ranges of red/green color-deficient observers: Psychophysical and molecular studies

Large-field Rayleigh match ranges were measured in 27 red/green color-deficient male observers, using bright, temporally alternating, 3-9 deg annular test fields. The observers' X-linked opsin gene arrays were characterized by molecular genetic techniques, and used to infer the absorption maxima of each observer's L and/or M cone photopigment(s). Measured match ranges decreased rapidly as the inferred separation in pigment absorption maxima increased from 0 to 2-3 nm, and varied irregularly thereafter. Following He & Shevell [(1995) Vision Research, 35, 2579-2588] predicted match ranges were calculated for various pigment separations and assumed values of pigment optical density. The predicted variations in match range encompassed the measured match ranges of most (but not all) of the color-deficient observers. The calculations also showed that differences in pigment optical density, in two cone types containing the same pigment, are sufficient to allow a moderate degree of chromatic discrimination. Such models thus provide a possible account of the fact that some color-deficient observers, with only a single X-linked opsin gene, can make red/green chromatic discriminations.
Distributed detection of a signal in generalized Gaussian noise

The problem of distributed detection of a signal in incompletely specified noise is conducted. The noise assumed belongs to the generalized Gaussian family, and the sensors in the distributed network use the Wilcoxon test. The sensors pass the test statistics to a fusion center, where a hypothesis testing results in a decision regarding the presence or the absence of a signal. Three monotone and admissible fusion center tests are formulated. Restricted numerical evaluation over a certain parameter range of the noise distribution and the range of signal-level indicates that these tests yield performances at comparable levels. >
The determination of dielectric constant and conductivity profiles at microwave frequencies

A novel method for determining the relative dielectric constant or the conductivity profile for nonhomogeneous media at microwave frequencies is presented. The profiles are assumed to be changing along the direction of propagation of electromagnetic energy inside a rectangular waveguide. The waveguide cross section is completely filled with the nonhomogeneous medium, which has a finite thickness, and the sample should be placed inside the waveguide in a plane perpendicular to the waveguide axis. The waveguide will be terminated by a variable short-circuit line, so that the load on the waveguide output port will be a variable reactance depending on the length of the variable short-circuit termination. The magnitude and/or the phase of the input reflection coefficient is measured at the input reference plane for different values of the load termination at a fixed frequency. Its shown that the formation of the objective function to be used in the optimization process as well as the prior information about the behavior of the dielectric constant or the conductivity profiles is very important in determining the correct coefficients of the polynomial. >
Influence of histidine administration on zinc metabolism in the rat

The influence of intravenous and oral histidine administration on zinc metabolism in the rat has been investigated. Acute studies: histidine (250 mg/hr) was given by constant intravenous infusion to rats with paired control animals receiving diluent alone. During the hour preceding histidine the urinary zinc excretion averaged 0.435 +/- 0.37 (SE) microng/hr. During the hours of histidine infusion the urinary zinc excretion averaged 7.58 +/- 0.97, 20.21 +/- 2.07, and 16.78 +/- 1.90 microng/hr. These values were all higher than the prehistidine infusion value and higher than in the rats receiving diluent alone. Plasma zinc at the end of the infusion was 76 +/- 5 microng/100 ml compared to control levels of 110 +/- 9 microng/100 ml, P less than 0.001. Chronic studies: histidine (500 mg/day) was given by gavage for 43 days to rats. Urinary zinc excretion in histidine treated rats was 3 to 6 times that of controls throughout the study. Despite this there was no difference in the plasma, testicular, or kidney zinc content. No histological lesions of zinc deficiency were noted in the esophagus. In conclusion, histidine increased urinary excretion in the rats whether administered orally or parenterally. Evidence for zinc deficiency, however, was not apparent after 43 days of histidine administration.
Soft Information Relaying for Distributed Turbo Product Codes (SIR-DTPC)

In this letter, we propose a distributed turbo product code (DTPC) with soft information relaying over cooperative network using block extended Bose Chaudhuri Hochquenghem (EBCH) codes as component codes. The source broadcasts extended EBCH coded frames to the destination and to a preassigned relay. After soft-decoding, the received sequences and obtaining the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) values, the relay constructs a product code by arranging the decoded bit sequences in rows and re-encoding them along the columns using a novel soft block encoding technique to obtain soft parity bits with different reliabilities that can be used as soft incremental redundancy (IR) that is forwarded to the destination. We compared the simulation results in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with our previous work for decode-and-forward (DF) DTPC and with noncooperative case. The proposed system shows better bit error rate (BER) performance and less sensitivity to the relay's position.
Private information, trading volume, and stock-return variances

New evidence is provided on the determinants of stock-return variances. First, when the Tokyo Stock Exchange is open on Saturday, the weekend variance increases; weekly variance is unaffected, however, despite an increase in weekly volume. Second, the listing of U.S. stocks in Tokyo substantially increases the number of trading hours, but Tokyo volume is negligible for these U.S. stocks and their 24-hour variance is unaffected. The overall results are consistent with the predictions of private-information-based rational trading models, but inconsistent with both the irrational trading noise and public-information hypotheses.
Risk Factors for Violence Against Children Comparing Homes With and Without Wife Abuse

This secondary analysis of the 1985 National Family Violence Survey sought to improve understanding of child abuse in the context of wife abuse by comparing risk factors for physical child abuse, verbal abuse, and physical punishment in homes with and without wife abuse. Interaction effects between wife abuse and various parent, child, and family risk factors were examined. For physical and verbal child abuse, several differences in risk factors were found, and interaction effects were significant. No interaction effects were found for the physical punishment model. In homes with wife abuse, adolescents were at particular risk of physical abuse, and alcohol abuse was an especially strong predictor of verbal child abuse. The intergenerational transmission of violence was more important in explaining physical child abuse in homes without wife abuse. This research points to global risk factors for physical punishment and specific risk factors for physical abuse and verbal abuse.
Historical and projected interactions between climate change and insect voltinism in a multivoltine species

Climate change can cause major changes to the dynamics of individual species and to those communities in which they interact. One effect of increasing temperatures is on insect voltinism, with the logical assumption that increases in surface temperatures would permit multivoltine species to increase the number of generations per year. Though insect development is primarily driven by temperature, most multivoltine insect species rely on photoperiodic cues, which do not change from year-to-year or in response to climate warming, to initiate diapause. Thus, the relationship between climate change and voltinism could be complex. We use a phenology model for grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana (Clemens), which incorporates temperature-dependent development and diapause termination, and photoperiod-dependent diapause induction, to explore historical patterns in year-to-year voltinism fluctuations. We then extend this model to predict voltinism under varying scenarios of climate change to show the importance of both the quality and quantity of accumulated heat units. We also illustrate that increases in mean surface temperatures 421C can have dramatic effects on insect voltinism by causing a shift in the ovipositional period that currently is subject to diapause-inducing photoperiods.
Divisions of Opinion Among Justices of the U. S. Supreme Court, 1939–1941.

“We are under a Constitution,” said Charles Evans Hughes when he was governor of New York, “but the Constitution is what the judges say it is …” Several theories of jurisprudence have arisen which attempt to take into account this personal element in the judicial interpretation and making of law. The so-called “realistic” school has argued that law is simply the behavior of the judge, that law is secreted by judges as pearls are secreted by oysters. A less extreme position was taken by the late Justice Holmes, who said: “What I mean by law is nothing more or less than the prediction of what a court will do.” While these views go rather far in eliminating any idea of law as a “normative, conceptual system of rules,” no one doubts that many judicial determinations are made on some basis other than the application of settled rules to the facts, or that justices of the United States Supreme Court, in deciding controversial cases involving important issues of public policy, are influenced by biases and philosophies of government, by “inarticulate major premises,” which to a large degree predetermine the position they will take on a given question. Private attitudes, in other words, become public law.
7E-4 Enhanced Power Handling and Quality Factor in Thin-Film Piezoelectric-on-Substrate Resonators

In this paper, we report on the superior quality factor and power handling of thin-film piezoelectric-on-substrate (TPoS) resonators. A maximum Q of 17000 in vacuum is measured for an AIN-on-Silicon resonator at ~35MHz, and a maximum f.Q product of ~2.9x1012 is measured in air for a device resonating at 500MHz. AIN-on-Silicon resonators are fabricated on a 10 mum thick SOI substrate where the A1N film is 1 mum thick. The quality factor and the power handling are measured and compared before and after removing the structural silicon layer from the backside of a resonator. The measured results verify the advantages of including a silicon substrate in the resonant structure for oscillator applications.
Workplace Democracy and Possessive Individualism

This article provides a critical analysis of how theories of workplace democracy propose to develop democratic practices in the workplace. It assesses both the practical problems to be resolved within workplaces and also the sorts of hurdles that a predominantly liberal, pluralist political system poses for the theories. Many advocates of workplace democracy believe that possessive individualism is contrary to the aims of participatory theory. But democratic work-places serve as constituent organizations for their members, whose interests are shaped largely by possessive individualist values. Contrary to the views of others, it is here argued that possessive individualist values, and the associated constraints of a pluralist society, can be incorporated and used advantageously to attain the objectives of workplace democracy.
Modeling heat and moisture flow in soils

This paper describes a new model of the simultaneous flow of heat and moisture in soils. The model is a user-oriented experimental tool specifically designed for use in research. Computer optimization techni ques, numerical methods, and soil physics were used in developing the model. The model has been used in simulating the two-dimensional transfer of heat and moisture. It includes the effects of the environment and of subsurface sources and sinks.
Microbial Responses to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: From Coastal Wetlands to the Deep Sea

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the northern Gulf of Mexico represents the largest marine accidental oil spill in history. It is distinguished from past spills in that it occurred at the greatest depth (1,500 m), the amount of hydrocarbon gas (mostly methane) lost was equivalent to the mass of crude oil released, and dispersants were used for the first time in the deep sea in an attempt to remediate the spill. The spill is also unique in that it has been characterized with an unprecedented level of resolution using next-generation sequencing technologies, especially for the ubiquitous hydrocarbon-degrading microbial communities that appeared largely to consume the gases and to degrade a significant fraction of the petroleum. Results have shown an unexpectedly rapid response of deep-sea Gammaproteobacteria to oil and gas and documented a distinct succession correlated with the control of the oil flow and well shut-in. Similar successional events, also involving Gammaproteobacteria, have been observed in nearshore systems as well.
Utility of cartographic history to historical studies of the earth sciences

Attention to the histories of geography and of cartography can enable the historian of earth sciences to frame fruitful historical research questions. This paper briefly analyzes various nineteenth-century representations of geological and geographical information on maps of North American interior regions, as well as several examples drawn from the twentieth century geological debate surrounding continental drift/plate tectonics ideas (during the pre- and post-seafloor mapping eras). The purpose of reviewing these examples is to demonstrate how one might utilize analytical approaches and concepts developed by historians of cartography to interpret and trace the broader consequences of maps in the history of the earth sciences.
Protein adsorption induced bridging flocculation: the dominant entropic pathway for nano-bio complexation

Lysozyme–silica interactions and the resulting complexation were investigated through adsorption isotherms, dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering, circular dichroism (CD), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). A thermodynamic analysis of ITC data revealed the existence of two binding modes during protein–nanoparticle complexation. Both binding modes are driven by the cooperation of a favorable enthalpy in the presence of a dominating entropy gain. The first binding mode has a higher binding affinity, a lower equilibrium stoichiometry and is driven by a higher entropic contribution compared to the second type. The observed favorable enthalpy gain in both modes is attributed to non-covalent complexation whereas the entropy gain is associated with the re-organization of the silica surface including not only the solvent and counter ion release, but also the protein's conformational changes. Possible mechanisms are proposed to explain non-covalent complexations for each binding mode by relating the changes in the zeta potential and hydrodynamic radius to the obtained adsorption isotherms and calorimetry profile. Based on all these findings, it is proposed that lysozyme adsorption on nano-silica is the result of protein–nanoparticle and protein–protein interactions that further leads to spontaneous, non-directional and random complexation of silica through bridging flocculation.
Conformational Studies and Atropisomerism Kinetics of the ALK Clinical Candidate Lorlatinib (PF-06463922) and Desmethyl Congeners.

Lorlatinib (PF-06463922) is an ALK/ROS1 inhibitor and is in clinical trials for the treatment of ALK positive or ROS1 positive NSCLC (i.e. specific subsets of NSCLC). One of the laboratory objectives for this molecule indicated that it would be desirable to advance a molecule which was CNS penetrant in order to treat brain metastases. From this perspective, a macrocyclic template was attractive for a number of reasons. In particular, this template reduces the number of rotatable bonds, provides the potential to shield polar surface area and reinforces binding through a restricted conformation. All of these features led to better permeability for the molecules of interest and thus increased the chance for better blood brain barrier penetration. With a CNS penetrant molecule, kinase selectivity is a key consideration particularly with regard to proteins such as TrkB, which are believed to influence cognitive function. Removal of the chiral benzylic methyl substituent from lorlatinib was perceived as not only a means to simplify synthetic complexity, but also as a strategy to further truncate the molecule of interest. Examination of the NMR of the desmethyl analogues revealed that the compound existed as a mixture of atropisomers, which proved separable by chiral SFC. The individual atropisomers were evaluated through a series of in vitro assays, and shown to have a favorable selectivity profile when compared to lorlatinib. The challenge to develop such a molecule lies in the rate at which the atropisomers interchange dictated by the energy barrier required to do this. Here, we describe the synthesis of the desmethyl macrocycles, conformational studies on the atropisomers, and the kinetics of the interconversion. In addition, the corresponding conformational studies on lorlatinib are reported providing a hypothesis for why a single diastereomer is observed when the chiral benzylic methyl group is introduced.
Photogrammetry and optical methods in structural dynamics – A review

Abstract In the last few decades, there has been a surge of research in the area of non-contact measurement techniques. Photogrammetry has received considerable attention due to its ability to achieve full-field measurement and its robustness to work in testing environments and on testing articles in which using other measurement techniques may not be practical. More recently, researchers have used this technique to study transient phenomena and to perform measurements on vibrating structures. The current paper reviews the most current trends in the photogrammetry technique (point tracking, digital image correlation, and target-less approaches) and compares the applications of photogrammetry to other measurement techniques used in structural dynamics (e.g. laser Doppler vibrometry and interferometry techniques). The paper does not present the theoretical background of the optical techniques, but instead presents the general principles of each approach and highlights the novel structural dynamic measurement concepts and applications that are enhanced by utilizing optical techniques.
Securing the Great Crescent: Occupied Japan and the Origins of Containment in Southeast Asia

The links between policy toward Occupied Japan and the origins of containment in Southeast Asia are both intriguing and elusive. While a few historians suggest that these policies sprang from similar roots, most studies contrast the constructive American record in Japan to the military and ideological crusades pursued in China, Korea, and Indochina.' However, planners and policy makers in the late 1940s did not compartmentalize Japan and Southeast Asia, but saw them as linked sectors on a "great crescent" that stretched in an arc from the Kurile Islands to the borders of Iran and Afghanistan. Those most concerned with Japan in the State and Defense
Effects of Pin Detached Space on Heat Transfer and From Pin Fin Arrays

Heat transfer and pressure characteristics in a rectangular channel with pin-fin arrays of partial detachment from one of the endwalls have been experimentally studied. The overall channel geometry (W = 101.6 mm, E = 25.4 mm) simulates an internal cooling passage of wide aspect ratio (4:1) in a gas turbine airfoil. With a given pin diameter, D = 6.35 mm = 1/4 E, three different pin-fin height-to-diameter ratios, H/D = 4, 3, and 2, were examined. Each of these three cases corresponds to a specific pin array geometry of detachment spacing (C) between the pin-tip and one of the endwalls, i.e. C/D = 0, 1, 2, respectively. The Reynolds number, based on the hydraulic diameter of the un-obstructed cross-section and the mean bulk velocity, ranges from 10,000 to 25,000. The experiment employs a hybrid technique based on transient liquid crystal imaging to obtain distributions of the local heat transfer coefficient over all of the participating surfaces, including the endwalls and all the pin elements. Experimental results reveal that the presence of a detached space between the pin-tip and the endwall have a significant effect on the convective heat transfer and pressure loss in the channel. The presence of pin-to-endwall spacing promotes wall-flow interaction, generates additional separated shear layers, and augments turbulent transport. In general, an increase in detached spacing, or C/D leads to lower heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop. However, C/D = 1, i.e. H/D = 3, of a staggered array configuration exhibits the highest heat transfer enhancement, followed by the cases of C/D = 0 and C/D = 2, i.e. H/D = 4 or 2, respectively.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Molecular comparison of glycolytic and DNA synthesis pathways in human breast cancer before and after treatment with an aromatase inhibitor: Implications for FDG and FLT PET

1360 Objectives FDG is useful in assessing treatment response but flare responses have been described in hormonal therapies of breast cancer. FLT has also been applied in this setting. To better understand molecular mechanisms associated with aromatase inhibitor therapy, we used a gene array technique to compare the glycolytic and DNA synthesis pathway messages before and soon after treatment with the aromatase inhibitor, Letrozole, at the cellular level to help inform choice of radiotracers. Methods A public microarray database was used (Gene Expression Omnibus: GSE5462). We analyzed data from 52 breast cancer patients before and after taking Letrozle for 10 to 14 days (clinical reponse:36 and no response: 16). 14,500 well-characterized human genes were measured before and after 10-14 days of treatment. The raw data were normalized with RMA software. Changes in gene expression were analyzed by Spotfire software to evaluate messages related to the glycolytic pathway (FDG uptake) and DNA synthesis (FLT uptake). ROC analysis was performed using SPSS for change in message at 10-14 days vs. final pathological response post-completion of therapy (90 days). Results Thymidylate synthetase (TYMS), thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), and Ki67 mRNA levels decreased after Letrozole (p Conclusions Letrozole appears to have more substantial early effects on the DNA synthetic pathway than on glycolysis in this pre-clinical study. These molecular findings suggest FLT PET may have advantages over FDG to assess the early response to Letrozole , though clinical validation is essential.
16 Patient-reported efficacy 6 months after a 4-week rehabilitation intervention in individuals with chronic ankle instability

Background There is limited data available on maintenance of improvements seen after short-term rehabilitation interventions for chronic ankle instability (CAI). Objective To track the patient-reported efficacy of a 4-week intervention [wobble board (WB) or resistance tubing (RT)] in decreasing symptoms of CAI at 6 months post-intervention (6PI) as compared to immediately post-intervention (IPI). Design Randomised controlled trial. Setting Athletic training laboratory. Patients (or participants) Fourteen out of 21 participants (66.7%) responded to an electronic 6 month follow-up questionnaire (age = 19.6 ± 0.9 years, height = 1.63 ± 0.18 m, body mass = 70.5 ± 16.3 kg, 2 males, 12 females, 5 WB, 9 RT). All participants met criteria for chronic ankle instability at enrollment, including a history of ankle sprain, Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool ≤ 25, episodes of giving way ≥ 1 every 6 months). Interventions Participants completed either resistance tubing (RT) or wobble board (WB) protocols, both 12 sessions over 4 weeks of progressive exercise. WB sessions consisted of five 40 s sets of clockwise and counter-clockwise rotations. RT sessions consisted of 30 concentric contractions against resistance tubing in each of 4 ankle directions. Main outcome measurements Patient reported symptoms of “giving-way” pre-intervention and at 6PI, global rating of change (GRC) frequencies at IPI and 6PI, and re-sprains at 6PI are presented descriptively. Global rating of function (GRF) at IPI and 6PI was compared using a paired-samples t-test (α = 0.05). Results GRC indicated that 71.4% of participants rated their condition as improved IPI, whereas only 50% of participants were improved at 6PI. All participants reported “giving-way” pre-intervention; only 57.1% reported “giving-way” at 6PI. Re-sprains occurred in 21.4% of participants. GRF was not significantly different at IPI versus 6PI (p = 0.75; IPI = 91.7 ± 6.3, 6PI = 92.3 ± 10.0). Conclusions Simple 4-week interventions maintained some but not all improvements at 6PI. Importantly, at least 42.9% of participants would no longer meet the current study’s CAI inclusion criteria due to lack of “giving-way”.
Rubble Children and the Construction of Gender Roles

Soviet zone educators and policymakers were uncertain what role should be assigned to children in the rebuilding of the nation. While adults’ idealizations of childhood and youth promoted the children of post–World War II as an untainted generation, one that would reconstruct an antifascist, democratic Germany, other, competing notions conceptualized youth as a phase of emerging sexuality, and as the end of innocence. Adults used categories of “female” or “male” and “old” or “young” to describe their hopes and fears about Germany’s future. They ultimately burdened youth with the task of regenerating the diseased nation. At the same time, young people in the Soviet zone became objects of adults’ suspicion and, occasionally, their scorn.
Surgical Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma with Extensive Intracaval Involvement Using a Venous Bypass System Suitable for Rapid Conversion to Total Cardiopulmonary Bypass

AbstractRenal cell carcinoma involves the vena cava in approximately 4% of the patients. Presently surgical extirpation is the only form of therapy that can result in cure. Recently management of extensive vena caval involvement has involved the use of cardiopulmonary bypass with circulatory arrest and hypothermia. We describe a technique using a venous bypass pump system (femoral vein to right atrium) for resection of renal cell carcinoma with suprahepatic vena caval extension (type II, which avoids the risks and complications of cardiac arrest and hypothermia but allows for rapid conversion to total cardiopulmonary bypass should the intraoperative need arise.
Numerical Methods for Evaluating Regenerator Performance

In Chapter 3, we presented the closed-form solution for the ideal regenerator equations. These solutions demonstrated the intuition and insight analysts used to describe regenerator performance and their ingenuity in solving the ideal regenerator equations without the use of digital computers. In this chapter we will review the techniques used to obtain solutions in the open form. The analytical models in the open form are based on finite difference techniques, in which the differential equations are replaced with difference equations and solutions are obtained by a stepwise iterative process. Open-form models are divided into several levels of complexity distinguished by the assumption employed.
The Beatles and the Historians: An Analysis of Writings about the Fab Four

Gallons of publishing ink have been spilled on behalf of Elvis Presley, Bob Dylan, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, Madonna, and Bruce Springsteen. Celebrity adulation in print is common. But no pop...
Bacillus stearothermophilus disc assay: a review

The literature on the Bacillus stearothermophilus disc assay was reviewed and evaluated. The history of the assay development ; data on applicability, sensitivity, interferences, and cowside screening; potential for the future ; and limitations are presented and discussed.
Site-Selective and Stereoselective trans-Hydroboration of 1,3-Enynes Catalyzed by 1,4-Azaborine-Based Phosphine-Pd Complex.

A concise synthesis of monobenzofused 1,4-azaborine phosphine ligands (Senphos) is described. These Senphos ligands uniquely support Pd-catalyzed trans-selective hydroboration of terminal and internal 1,3-enynes to furnish corresponding dienylboronates in high efficiency and diastereoselectivity. X-ray structural analysis of the Senphos–Pd(0) complex reveals a κ2-P-η2-BC coordination mode, and this isolated complex has been shown to serve as a competent catalyst for the trans-hydroboration reaction. This work demonstrates that the expanded chemical space provided by the BN/CC isosterism approach translates into the functional space in the context of stereoselective catalytic transformations.