cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HIMU geochemical signature originating from the transition zone

Abstract Plume volcanism may sample mantle sources deeper than mid-ocean ridge and arc volcanism. Ocean island basalts (OIBs) are commonly related to plume volcanism, and their diverse isotopic and elemental compositions can be described using a limited number of mantle endmembers. However, the origins and depths of these mantle endmembers are highly debated. Here we show that the HIMU (high μ, μ = 238 U/204Pb) endmember may reside in the transition zone. Specifically, we report the geochemical signature of a high-pressure multiphase diamond inclusion, entrapped at 420–440 km depth and 1450 ± 50 K, which matches exactly the geochemical patterns of the HIMU-rich OIBs. Since the HIMU component is variably sampled by almost all OIBs, our finding implies that the transition zone causes a major overprint of the geochemical features of mantle plumes. Some mantle plumes, like those feeding Bermuda, St Helena, Tubuai and Mangaia, appear to be dominated by this source. Furthermore, our finding highlights the importance of the transition zone in highly incompatible element budget of the mantle.
China’s “Fake News” Problem: Exploring the Spread of Online Rumors in the Government-Controlled News Media

This study examines the “fake news” problem in China where the media environment is tightly controlled. Focusing on online rumors that are not politically sensitive, this article seeks to shed ligh...
Secretion of Recombinant Interleukin-22 by Engineered Lactobacillus reuteri Reduces Fatty Liver Disease in a Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Obesity.

ABSTRACT The incidence of metabolic syndrome continues to rise globally. In mice, intravenous administration of interleukin-22 (IL-22) ameliorates various disease phenotypes associated with diet-induced metabolic syndrome. In patients, oral treatment is favored over intravenous treatment, but methodologies to deliver IL-22 via the oral route are nonexistent. The goal of this study was to assess to what extent engineered Lactobacillus reuteri secreting IL-22 could ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We used a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and assessed various markers of metabolic syndrome following treatment with L. reuteri and a recombinant derivative. Mice that received an 8-week treatment of wild-type probiotic gained less weight and had a smaller fat pad than the control group, but these phenotypes were not further enhanced by recombinant L. reuteri. However, L. reuteri secreting IL-22 significantly reduced liver weight and triglycerides at levels that exceeded those of the probiotic wild-type treatment group. Our findings are interesting in light of the observed phenotypes associated with reduced nonalcoholic liver disease, in humans the most prevalent chronic liver disease, following treatment of a next-generation probiotic that is administered orally. Once biological and environmental containment strategies are in place, therapeutic applications of recombinant Lactobacillus reuteri are on the horizon. IMPORTANCE In humans, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent liver disease due to the increased prevalence of obesity. While treatment of NAFLD is often geared toward lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, the use of dietary supplements such as probiotics is underinvestigated. Here, we report that probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri reduces fatty liver in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. This phenotype was further enhanced upon delivery of recombinant interleukin-22 by engineered Lactobacillus reuteri. These observations pave the road to a better understanding of probiotic mechanisms driving the reduction of diet-induced steatosis and to development of next-generation probiotics for use in the clinic. Ultimately, these studies may lead to rational selection of (engineered) probiotics to ameliorate fatty liver disease.
Preventing Industry Abuse of Cannabis Equity Programs

Enforcement disparities have pervaded the history of U.S. drug control laws, particularly regarding cannabis. These disparities have systemically disadvantaged persons of color and other communities. Responding to these inequities, some state cannabis legalization campaigns have emphasized social justice goals, and states and localities have adopted cannabis social equity programs directed toward communities disproportionately impacted by the War on Drugs. These programs encourage and assist individuals from target communities in entering the legal cannabis industry by offering access to grants, loans, and technical assistance and providing priority or preference in licensure, a significant advantage in a competitive industry. Equity programs serve laudable goals but must be structured to mitigate the risk of corporate abuses that threaten public health. The history of tobacco control in particular offers cautionary examples of how for-profit industries can infiltrate communities by leveraging targeted marketing, building political relationships, and operating disproportionately in underprivileged areas. Equity programs’ focus on disadvantaged communities may inadvertently allow this damaging history to repeat in the cannabis industry to the detriment of the communities equity programs seek to help. This Article explores pathways that could lead to industry abuse, surveys possible restrictions within a for-profit market, and assesses options for alternative market structures, including government monopoly, mandatory nonprofit status, and mandatory public benefit company status. Among these options, compulsory public benefit status offers the best combination of current legal feasibility and advancement of social equity goals.
A scoping review of paediatric latent tuberculosis infection care cascades: initial steps are lacking.

Background and objectives Identifying and treating children with latent tuberculosis infection (TB infection) is critical to prevent progression to TB disease and to eliminate TB globally. Diagnosis and treatment of TB infection requires completion of a sequence of steps, collectively termed the TB infection care cascade. There has been no systematic attempt to comprehensively summarise literature on the paediatric TB infection care cascade. Methods We performed a scoping review of the paediatric TB infection care cascade. We systematically searched PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane and Embase databases. We reviewed articles and meeting abstracts that included children and adolescents ≤21 years old who were screened for or diagnosed with TB infection, and which described completion of at least one step of the cascade. We synthesised studies to identify facilitators and barriers to retention, interventions to mitigate attrition and knowledge gaps. Results We identified 146 studies examining steps in the paediatric TB infection care cascade; 31 included children living in low-income and middle-income countries. Most literature described the final cascade step (treatment initiation to completion). Studies identified an array of patient and caregiver-related factors associated with completion of cascade steps. Few health systems factors were evaluated as potential predictors of completion, and few interventions to improve retention were specifically tested. Conclusions We identified strengths and gaps in the literature describing the paediatric TB infection care cascade. Future research should examine cascade steps upstream of treatment initiation and focus on identification and testing of at-risk paediatric patients. Additionally, future studies should focus on modifiable health systems factors associated with attrition and may benefit from use of behavioural theory and implementation science methods to improve retention.
A Framework for Mobile Malware Forensics

Mobile malware is a serious threat to mobile devices. Effective forensic investigations are needed to identify malware authors and thwart this growing threat. This paper investigates existing conventional digital forensics tools against mobile malware. In addition, the paper proposes a mobile malware forensics framework that combines readiness, live, and reactive forensic measures that provide detection, acquisition, and the steps taken to analyze acquired data in labs. The paper focuses on the investigations involving Android mobile devices but the results can be tested against other mobile operating systems. The result obtained in the collection and analysis of Android malware using conventional tools suggest that such tools are less effective at investigating mobile malware. The proposed framework highlighted in this paper can significantly assist digital forensics investigators in the process of mobile malware forensics investigations.
White and red-dyed kaolin particle films reduce Asian citrus psyllid populations, delay huanglongbing infection, and increase citrus growth

Abstract Florida citrus production has declined severely due to huanglongbing (HLB; “citrus greening disease”) caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), a phloem-limited bacterium transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP; Diaphorina citri Kuwayama). Kaolin particle films are a tool used to repel insect pests and improve growth. The film covers the natural color of the leaves, which attracts ACP. Kaolin, naturally white in color, has been found to reduce ACP in citrus plantings. Previous research suggests adding a red dye might lead to further ACP reductions by reducing ultraviolet and blue light that attract ACP. We implemented a field experiment to test the effects of white and red-dyed particle films on ACP pressure, CLas infection, and citrus growth over the course of a two-year field study. In this study, white and red-dyed kaolin particle films were applied in young, non-bearing ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange (Citrus x sinensis) trees. The white and red-dyed kaolin treatments reduced ACP pressure and delayed HLB infection, and the red-dyed kaolin particle film was more effective in reducing ACP and in delaying CLas infection. Trees in both the white and red kaolin treatments had greater relative growth rate of trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) than controls. This effect was observed regardless of CLas infection. Both particle film treatments resulted in greater final TCSA. Our results suggest particle films are an effective alternative to insecticide-based management of ACP and have the added benefit of increasing citrus tree growth under HLB pressure.
David Hilbert: The Nullstellensatz

The name in German means “Theorem on Locations of Zeroes”, and Hilbert’s theorem remains the gold standard in determining when equations are solvable over the complex numbers. The chapter also gives an example of how effective versions of the Nullstellensatz help in finding equations to begin with.
Measuring Monopoly Power, Revisited

The accuracy of monopoly power measures derived from case studyeconometric models has been questioned recently by Hyde andPerloff (1995) and Boyer (1996). Using the standard industry-formof that model, Hyde and Perloff show that the parameter estimatesassociated with monopoly power are highly sensitive to mis-specificationsof the demand and supply functional forms. Boyer'scriticism is made in principle: he reproves the model for generallyfailing to.“... capture the diversity and complexity of oligopoly ... ”in respect to entry, product differentiation, fixity of capital, capitaladjustment costs, dynamic demand linkages, and variations inmonopoly power over time and in the cross-section of firms. Whilethese several criticisms might appear to point at inherent weaknessesin the case study econometric approach, it is here arguedthat the problem lies in the usual empirical practice.
Cermets for High Level Waste Containment

Cermet materials are currently under investigation as an alternate for the primary containment of high level wastes. The cermet in this study is an iron-nickel base metal matrix containing uniformily dispersed, micron-size fission product oxide compound particles. Cermets possess high thermal conductivity, and typical waste loading of 70 wt. % with volume reduction factors of 2 to 200 and low processing volatility losses have been realized. Characterization of the cermet waste forms and refinement of processing techniques are currently underway in this development effort.
Principles of Electrical Methods for Studying Membrane Movements of Ions

The aim of this chapter is to collect and introduce the concepts and principles underlying the methods commonly employed in studies in which the electrical and ionic properties of biological membranes are being investigated. The survey presented is not comprehensive. Nevertheless, it is intended to provide a sufficient background to enable the nonexpert to follow the original literature and advanced reviews in this field with a degree of familiarity.
Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated-Dependent Apoptosis after Genotoxic Stress in the Developing Nervous System Is Determined by Cellular Differentiation Status

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a neurodegenerative syndrome resulting from dysfunction of ATM ( ataxia telangiectasia mutated ). The molecular details of ATM function in the nervous system are unclear, although the neurological lesions in A-T are probably developmental because they appear during childhood. The nervous systems of Atm-null mice show a pronounced defect in apoptosis that is induced by DNA damage, suggesting that ATM may function to eliminate DNA-damaged neurons. Here we show that Atm-dependent apoptosis occurs at discrete stages of neurogenesis. Analysis of γ-irradiated mouse embryos showed that Atm-dependent apoptosis occurred only in the postmitotic populations that were present in the neuroepithelial subventricular zone of the developing nervous system. Notably, Atm deficiency did not prevent radiation-induced apoptosis in multipotent precursor cells residing in the proliferating ventricular zone. Atm-dependent apoptosis required p53 and coincided with the specific phosphorylation of p53 and caspase-3 activation. Thus, these data show that Atm functions early in neurogenesis and underscore the selective requirement for Atm in eliminating damaged postmitotic neural cells. Furthermore, these data demonstrate that the differentiation status of neural cells is a critical determinant in the activation of certain apoptotic pathways.
Growth of Rhizobium japonicum Strains at Temperatures Above 27°C

A study was conducted to examine the growth responses of different Rhizobium japonicum strains to increasing temperatures, determine the degree of variability among strains in those responses, and identify temperature-related growth characteristics that could be used to select temperature-tolerant strains. Each of 42 strains was grown in liquid culture for 96 h at 19 incubation temperatures ranging from 27.4 to 54.1°C in a temperature gradient apparatus. Growth was estimated by measuring the change in optical density over time. Strains differed in their responses to increasing temperatures. Three characteristic temperatures were determined for each strain: the temperature giving the maximum optical density at 96 h (optimum temperature), the maximum temperature allowing a continuous increase in optical density during the 96-h period (maximum permissive temperature), and the maximum temperature allowing growth of the cultures after they were transferred to a uniform incubation temperature of 28°C (maximum survival temperature). The three characteristic temperatures varied among strains and had the following ranges: optimum temperature, from 27.4 to 35.2°C; maximum permissive temperature, from 29.8 to 38.0°C; and maximum survival temperature, from 33.7 to 48.7°C. Significant positive correlations were found between maximum permissive temperature and optimum temperature and between maximum permissive temperature and maximum survival temperature. Eight strains which had the highest maximum permissive temperature, optimum temperature, and maximum survival temperature were considered tolerant of high temperatures and were able to grow at temperatures higher than those previously reported for the most tolerant R. japonicum strains. The strains were of diverse geographical origin, but the response to high temperatures was not related to their origin. Evaluation of the temperature responses in pure culture may be useful in the search for R. japonicum strains better suited to environments in which high soil temperature is a limiting factor.
Chern characters associated with almost commuting algebras

A trace formula related to p-almost commuting subalgebras X and Y is established. By means of this formula, homomorphisms from K0(X) to Hodd λ (Y ) and from K1(X) to H even λ (Y ) are established. An index map from K0(X)×K1(Y ) to Z is also given.
Postirradiative Effects on Chromosomal Aberrations in Tradescantia Microspores

The CO effect in relation to chromosomal aberration production in oxygen is operative on the recovery mechanism since immediate postirradiative treatment with CO yielded the same number of aberrations as irradiative treatment. As determined by the CO effect, all rejoining, as far as two-hit aberrations are concerned, was completed within ten minutes after irradiation. All experiments in which irradiation was done in air followed by am immediate postirraditive treatment in helium, showed a posttreatment effect by an aberration yield higher than was obtained with posttreatment in air. In all the experiments where helium was used followed by air a decrease in aberration yield was found. These data are interpreted as supportive evidence that the availability of energy for chromosome rejoining directly influences the two-hit aberration yield in such a way that postirradiative aerobic conditions favor restitution over exchanges while postirradiative anoxic conditions favor exchanges over restitution. The results from fractionation experiments indicate that some of the breaks produced in air or in helium when postirradiatively treated in air remain open and available for use in the production of two-hit aberrations for approximately 30 minutes, and that breaks postirradiatively treated in helium remain open for a longer period. (auth)
Analysis of hydroxyzine hydrochloride, meperidine hydrochloride and atropine sulfate in glass and plastic syringes

The apparent stability of combinations of hydroxyzine hydrochloride and meperidine hydrochloride (50 mg/2 ml each) and of these two drugs (50 mg/2.5 ml each) and atropine sulfate (0.4 mg/2.5 ml) in prefilled glass and plastic syringes was studied. Syringes (3 ml) containing the combinations were stored at 25 C and 3 C for 10 days and analyzed at specific time intervals. Absorption spectra, chromatographic characteristics and pH were determined in addition to visual inspection. Results of these qualitative tests indicated that the mixtures apparently were stable for 10 days at room temperature or when refrigerated. No differences were found between solutions stored in glass and those stored in plastic syringes. Degradation of the syringe contents or appearance of additional constituents was not detected in any of the admixtures, and they were considered to be chemically compatible within the limitations of the study. The study suggests that storage of these combinations in syringes is feasible but the results cannot be extrapolated to drug solutions or syringes other than those studied.
The effect of multiple, microsecond electrical pulses on bacteria

Pulsed electric fields are widely used for bacterial decontamination of water and liquid food. We have explored the effect of microsecond pulses of 13 kV/cm and 15 kV/cm electric field amplitude on the viability of Escherichia coli. Varied was the pulse duration from 4 /spl mu/s to 32 /spl mu/s, and the number of 4 /spl mu/s pulses from one to eight, and finally the effect of the separation between pulses was studied. The pulse generator utilizes IGBTs as closing and opening switches. The maximum voltage was 1.5 kV, at a maximum current of 160 A. The load was a cuvette with plane 1 cm/sup 2/ aluminum electrodes, 1 mm apart and filled with a solution (LB Broth), which contained E. coli bacteria at a concentration of approximately 3/spl times/10/sup 5/ cells/ml. The viability of the E. coli after electric field application was measured by using manual counting for E. coli colonies in cultured agars. The bacterial decontamination rate was found to increase with pulse duration up to 8 /spl mu/s and then to decrease again. This maximum in decontamination rate is assumed to be due to dipole formation in the rod shaped bacteria. It causes a reorientation of the E. coli into the direction of the electric field and consequently a higher possibility for irreversible damage. The experimental results with varying temporal separation between two subsequent pulses show that independent of field amplitude (in the relatively narrow range of 13 kV/cm to 15 kV/cm) the decontamination rate decreases logarithmically with increasing separation. The decay time constant was found to be approximately 10 ms. This effect is assumed to be due to the randomization of the axes-directions of the rod-shaped bacteria in the broth after exposed to an electric pulse.
Investigation of possible mechanisms of hepatic swelling and necrosis caused by acetaminophen in mice

Vascular congestion and liver swelling have long been recognized as features of the hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen (AAP) in mice and rats and have been proposed as contributing factors to the eventual extent of necrosis produced. Neutrophil accumulation in the hepatic microcirculation has been proposed as being responsible for the blockage of hepatic blood flow and thereby the expansion of the region of damage. We therefore determined in mice the effects of hepatotoxic doses of AAP on the messenger RNA for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which is a critical determinant of neutrophil adhesion, activation and ultimately of neutrophil-mediated tissue injury. Hepatotoxic doses of AAP did not upregulate ICAM-1 messenger RNA. However, doses of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) did cause a rapid and dramatic increase in ICAM-1 message, which was accompanied by a much greater hepatic accumulation of neutrophils, but which led to only scattered single cell necrosis. In addition, we investigated the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on AAP-induced vascular congestion and on hepatic necrosis as evaluated histologically and by measurement of plasma transaminase activities. Although PTX has been shown to increase blood cell deformability and improve vascular perfusion in a number of animal models of restricted blood flow, and is used in humans for the treatment of intermittent claudication, we found no decrease in AAP-induced hepatic swelling or in AAP-induced necrosis in response to PTX. With some dosing regimens, PTX-treated animals proved to be slightly more susceptible to AAP, which may be related to the reported potentiation of the cytotoxicities of a number of alkylating anti-cancer drugs by PTX and other methylxanthines. We conclude from these studies that upregulation of ICAM-1 and subsequent adhesion and vascular plugging by neutrophils are not significant determinants of AAP-induced liver swelling and necrosis and that whatever hemorheological advantages PTX might offer in AAP-induced hepatic damage appear to be overshadowed by effects that potentiate the toxic responses.
CHANGES IN PLASMA AMINO ACIDS DURING DEVELOPMENT OF X-IRRADIATED CHICK EMBRYOS

Summary1. Studies were made of the plasma amino acids of chick embryos from days 5–19 of development after x-irradiation with 600 r on the fourth day of incubation.2. The levels of amino acids in the 6–8 day embryos decreased: this was a general effect and was not specific for any single amino acid.3. The levels of amino acids in the 5 day and in the 9–19 day embryos increased: this, again, was a general effect and was not specific for any single amino acid. For days 9–12 the increase in free amino acids was statistically significant. No abnormally occurring amino acids were present.4. It is believed that the responses of the embryos between 5 and 8 days may be peculiar to developing embryonate tissue, while the responses between 9 and 19 days indicate a basic metabolic disturbance and not one that is peculiar to embryonate tissue.5. Possible relationships between this increase in free plasma amino acids following x-irradiation and the enhancement of the growth of rickettsial organisms by administration o...
Primary Lymphoma of the Aorta Presenting as a Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

We describe a case of primary lymphoma of the thoracic aorta that presented as an aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta. The aortic tumor was successfully resected with 2-year disease-free survival.
The pgdA Gene Encodes for a PeptidoglycanN-Acetylglucosamine Deacetylase in Streptococcus pneumoniae

Abstract Analytical work on the fractionation of the glycan strands of Streptococcus pneumoniae cell wall has led to the observation that an unusually high proportion of hexosamine units (over 80% of the glucosamine and 10% of the muramic acid residues) was not N-acetylated, explaining the resistance of the peptidoglycan to the hydrolytic action of lysozyme, a muramidase that cleaves in the glycan backbone. A gene, pgdA, was identified as encoding for the peptidoglycanN-acetylglucosamine deacetylaseA with amino acid sequence similarity to fungal chitin deacetylases and rhizobial NodB chitooligosaccharide deacetylases. Pneumococci in which pgdA was inactivated by insertion duplication mutagenesis produced fully N-acetylated glycan and became hypersensitive to exogenous lysozyme in the stationary phase of growth. The pgdA gene may contribute to pneumococcal virulence by providing protection against host lysozyme, which is known to accumulate in high concentrations at infection sites.
On periodicity of sequential machines

It was shown by Gill and Flexer [3] that the necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of nontrivial periodic decomposition of a sequential machine corresponds to the existence of a nontrivial cyclic partition. We have, in this paper, characterized the existence or nonexistence of cyclic partitions of machines under various connectedness conditions. Also, their theory is generalized here utilizing the concept of cyclic covers. As a consequence of this generalization, the open problem posed by Gill and Flexer [3] is solved. Upper bounds of periodicity of sequential machines are obtained using Sperner's theorem [4].
Solving inverse initial-value, boundary-value problems via genetic algorithm

Abstract There is a growing interest in inverse initial-value, boundary-value (inverse IVBV) problems, and in the development of robust, computationally efficient methods suitable for their solution. Inverse problems are prominent in science and engineering where often an effect is measured and the cause is not known; scientists and engineers observe the response of a system and desire to know the particulars of the system that elicited such a response. IVBV problems result when the equations that govern the behavior of a system are partial differential equations (wave phenomena, diffusion, potential of all kinds, etc.). Thus, inverse IVBV problems stem from systems governed by partial differential equations in which a response has been measured and a characteristic of the system must be computed. In this paper, an approach to solving inverse IVBV problems is presented in which the stated problem is transformed into a nonlinear optimization problem which is then solved using a genetic algorithm. Results are presented demonstrating the effectiveness of this approach for solving inverse problems that result from systems governed by three specific partial differential (1) the heat equation, (2) the wave equation, and (3) Poisson’s equation.
Folding of the Amino-terminal Domain of Apolipoprotein B Initiates Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein-dependent Lipid Transfer to Nascent Very Low Density Lipoprotein

The initial assembly of apolipoprotein B100 (apoB) into lipoprotein particles occurs cotranslationally. To examine steps required to initiate this process, the intracellular folding and assembly of the amino-terminal 28% of apoB (apoB28) was examined using several criteria including nonreducing gel electrophoresis, sensitivity to dithiothreitol (DTT)-mediated reduction, and buoyant density gradient centrifugation. In hepatoma cells, after a 1-min pulse with radiolabeled amino acids, labeled apoB28 migrated during gel electrophoresis in the folded position and was resistant to reduction in vivo with 2 mM DTT. A similar rate and extent of folding was observed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP)-negative cell line that can neither lipidate nor efficiently secrete apoB28. Amino-terminal folding of apoB28 was essential for its subsequent intracellular lipidation as apoB28 synthesized in hepatoma cells under reducing conditions remained lipid poor (d > 1.25 g/ml) and was retained intracellularly. Upon DTT removal, reduced apoB28 underwent a process of rapid (t1/2 approximately 2 min) post-translational folding followed by a slower process of MTP-dependent lipidation. As with the cotranslational assembly pathway, post-translational lipidation of apoB28 displayed a strict dependence upon amino-terminal folding. We conclude that: 1) folding of the amino-terminal disulfide bonded domain of apoB is achieved prior to the completion of translation and is independent of MTP and events associated with buoyant lipoprotein formation and 2) domain-specific folding of apoBs amino-terminal region is required to initiate MTP-dependent lipid transfer to nascent apoB in the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum.
The Impact of Agent Activation on Population Behavior in an Agent-based Model of Civil Revolt

Abstract In creating agent-based models of complex adaptive systems, the model designer must specify, as part of the design, the conditions and sequence with which agents activate – sensing their environment and updating their state. Activation can be synchronous (all agents execute simultaneously) or asynchronous, and the latter can be uniform (turn-based and shuffled), random, or Poisson (heterogeneous activation rate dependent on state). In a replication of a well-documented model of civil unrest, a statistically significant difference in emergent population behavior is demonstrated as a consequence of different activation patterns.
Production and physiological responses of dairy cows to varying dietary potassium during heat stress.

Objectives were to study influences of heat stress and dietary potassium content on production and physiological responses of 8 Jersey and 10 Holstein cows blocked by breed and assigned randomly to no shade or shade environments. Each cow received a different dietary potassium treatment (.66, 1.08, and 1.64% of dry matter) in each of three 30-day periods. Rates of potassium loss from skin were almost five times greater for no shade as for shade cows during the hottest part of the day (1300 to 1500 h). Overall, cows with no shade ate 56% less during the daytime (0800 to 1600 h), 19% more during nighttime (1600 to 0800 h), and 13% less total feed than cows with shade. Interactions of environment and breed with dietary potassium treatment suggest differences in feed intake and milk yield responses to increasing dietary potassium content. Total daily feed intake and milk yield of cows with no shade responded in curvilinear fashion to increasing dietary potassium, whereas responses in shade were small. Largest responses in no shade were as dietary potassium increased from .66 to 1.08%. Milk yield of Holsteins increased with increasing dietary potassium, but yield of Jerseys did not. Combined effects of elevated potassium loss from skin and reduced potassium and dry matter intake during heat stress suggested that lactating dairy cows may benefit from supplemental potassium.
The Value of Acupuncture in Cancer Care

Clinical research on acupuncture in cancer care is a new and challenging field in oncology. The evidence currently available has suggested that acupuncture is a safe and effective therapy to manage cancer and treatment related symptoms, while giving patients the ability to actively participate in their own care plan. This article explains the potential benefits of acupuncture and describes the difficulties in studying its effectiveness.
Spinodal Decomposition in Ternary Systems with Significantly Different Component Diffusivities

A numerical method for simulating spinodal decomposition in ternary systems with order-of-magnitude differences in diffusion coefficients is presented. The method has been partially verified by molecular dynamic simulations and gives results equivalent to the standard technique when the diffusivities are equal. A two-dimensional simulation of an asymmetric polymer/ polymer/polymer system reproduces an experimentally observed bimodal distribution of dispersed-phase particle sizes. The ripening exponent for the larger particles is near the expected value of 0.33, but that for the smaller particles is only about 0.1. The method was also used for a polymer/polymer/solvent system.
Gamma-ray imaging with position-sensitive HPGe detectors

Abstract Due to advances in manufacturing large and highly segmented HPGe detectors along with the availability of fast and high-precision digital electronics, it is now possible to build efficient and high-resolution Compton cameras. Two-dimensionally segmented semi-conductor detectors along with pulse-shape analysis allow to obtain three-dimensional positions and energies of individual gamma-ray interactions. By employing gamma-ray tracking procedures it is possible to determine the scattering sequence in the detector and ultimately to deduce the incident direction of gamma rays without the use of a attenuating collimator. These advanced gamma-ray tracking-based Compton cameras are able not only to image gamma-ray sources with higher sensitivity than collimator-based systems but can increase the sensitivity in finding gamma-ray sources over non-imaging detectors, particularly in complex radiation fields. We have implemented a Compton camera built of a single double-sided strip HPGe detector with a strip pitch size of 2 mm . A three-dimensional position resolution of 0.5 mm at 122 keV by using simple pulse-shape analysis is achieved. We have implemented image reconstruction procedures for search scenarios, which are of interest for national security applications. In addition, we have developed reconstruction procedures to optimize image quality which potentially finds applications in other areas as well.
FORECASTING DYNAMIC VEHICULAR ACTIVITY ON FREEWAYS: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN TRAVEL DEMAND AND EMERGING EMISSIONS MODELS

New emissions models for predicting carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen require as input not only average speed but various measures of dynamic vehicular activity such as accelerations, decelerations, and idle events as well. Current travel demand modeling of transportation networks does not provide estimates of dynamic vehicular activity but, instead, forecasts traffic volumes and travel speeds. Simulation models could provide estimates of dynamic vehicular activity, but simulation models are not used or validated for the development of regional emissions inventories. Until simulation models are used for regional planning purposes, improvements to travel demand models (TDMs) must be forthcoming if the benefits of new emissions models are to be realized. There are at least two solutions for bridging the gap between TDM outputs and new, data-intensive emissions models. The first solution is the development of statistical models that forecast dynamic vehicular activity as a function of TDM...
Synthesizing and processing conducting polythiophene derivatives for charge dissipation in electron-beam lithography

Abstract In electron-beam lithography, charging on the photoresist usually causes image distortion and placement error. To dissipate the charge, a conductive polymeric layer can be introduced either over or under the photoresist coating. In this paper, we will discuss the approach of using toluene and xylene-soluble poly(alkylthiophene) in combination with a photoacid generator as a discharge underlayer or interlayer beneath the photoresist to dissipate the accumulated charge during electron-beam exposure. We will also discuss the use of water-soluble acid or ammonium salt forms of poly[3-(ethanesulfonate)thiophene] as the discharge top layer. During the resist image developing process, the top layer will be removed by aqueous base. Therefore, it is advantageous to use a discharge top layer owing to its simplicity. In this study, the salt and acid forms of poly[3-(ethanesulfonate)thiophene] were synthesized through chemical polymerization of the corresponding methanesulfonate ester. They exhibit the same properties as those of electrochemically synthesized polymer reported in the literature.
Mellitate-based coordination polymers with a recurring motif: controlling dimensionality with secondary ligands

Hydrothermal reactions of benzenehexacarboxylic acid, also known as mellitic acid, and transition metal cations in the presence of N-donor ancillary ligands afford five novel coordination polymers with the general formula of [M2(H2mel)(L)(H2O)6]·nH2O, where M = Co, L = 2,2′-bpy (1); M = Co, L = 4,4′-bpy (2a); M = Ni, L = 4,4′-bpy (2b); M = Co, L = tpt (3a); M = Ni, L = tpt (3b). The structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and magnetic measurements were also carried out for some of the compounds. All three structures contain the same one-dimensional secondary building units (1D-SBUs), metal–mellitate double chains made of two types of octahedrally-coordinated metal atoms. The 1D-SBUs are stacked on top of each other and held together by very short hydrogen bonds to generate 2D-layers that are also identical in all three structures and can be viewed as two-dimensional tertiary building units (2D-TBUs). The three structures differ in dimensionality due to the different connectivities provided by the different nitrogen-based co-ligands. The chains in 1 are terminated by the chelating 2,2′-bpy and are thus isolated. They are interconnected by the 4,4′-bpy linker to form two 3D interpenetrating frameworks in 2. The same chains in 3 are interlinked by the bent tri-dentate tpt ligands to form two-dimensional structures. Since all compounds contain the same building unit, only the magnetic properties of one compound, 2a, were measured and analyzed.
TU-E-141-10: 3D Delivered Dose Assessment for SBRT Treatment Based On Estimated Volumetric Time-Varying Images From a Single Projection Image

Purpose: To develop a method of verifying delivered dose based on time‐varying 3D treatment images estimated from single kV projection images and a 4DCT‐based patient‐specific motion model. Methods: Delivered dose calculation is performed in two steps. In the first step 3D fluoroscopic (time‐varying) images are generated from single 2D kV projection images. In the second step a set of 3D fluoroscopic images are used to calculate the delivered dose. 3D fluoroscopic images are estimate by creating a patient‐specific lung motion model through deformable registration of 4DCT, and then iteratively optimization the parameters of the motion model. Using a modified digital XCAT phantom, the accuracy of the delivered dose calculated with our method was compared to the dose that would be calculated during routine 4DCT‐based treatment planning and to the actual delivered dose. The planning dose was calculated on an average intensity projection (AIP) image. The actual delivered dose is calculated based on the defined motion of the digital XCAT phantom. The same treatment plan was delivered to all three phantoms. The treatment plan was developed from the AIP and designed as a 3×18 Gy SBRT plan. Results: The dose calculated on 3D fluoroscopic images closely matches to the actual delivered dose. Both the calculated and delivered doses vary from AIP‐based planned dose. D95 tumor dose values of planned, delivered and calculated dose are 54.0, 59.0 and 58.4 Gy. Corresponding V20 lung values are 4.5%, 4.8% and 4.8% respectively. Conclusions: We introduced a novel method for delivered dose calculation. Our algorithm successfully generates a 3D fluoroscopic image from a single kV images and then uses these time‐varying 3D images to accurately calculate delivered dose. The project described was supported, in part, by an RSNA Research Scholar Grant and Award Number R21CA156068 from the National Cancer Institute. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the RSNA, National Cancer Institute or the National Institutes of Health.
Mitochondrial ultrastructure and volume during swelling.

The ultrastructure of hepatic mitochondria was studied during energy-linked swelling and compared with overall mitochondrial volume and optical density measurements. Total mitochondrial volume change during swelling was determined directly by resistive particle counting using a pulse height analyzer in conjunction with a Coulter counter Model ZB. The data presented provide direct evidence that the optical density decrease during swelling is separate and distinct from the actual increase in overall mitochondrial volume. Although 84% of the total swelling, as determined by optical density measurements, was complete within 3 min, overall mitochondrial volume, as determined with the Coulter counter, increased only 20%. The Coulter counter system provides the first direct evidence that, as suggested by earlier gravimetric and ultrastructural studies, optical density decrease during swelling does not reflect an increase in total mitochondrial volume but rather is associated with alterations to the inner membrane-matrix space. Only following sequential changes to the inner membrane-matrix space does mitochondrial size increase as reflected by the increase in overall volume measured by the Coulter counter.
Flavor and Aroma Influences on Acceptance of Polyvinyl Chloride Versus Vacuum Packaged Ground Beef

Untrained panelists compared vacuum packaged (VP) ground beef to polyvinyl packaged (PVC) product to determine if cooked flavor differences existed and to determine cooked flavor and raw aroma preferences. Beef trim was ground and packaged 12 days (VP) and 3 days (PVC) prior to testing. Triangle testing indicated that the pan fried samples had different (P<0.01) beef flavor. Preference testing indicated that the PVC product was preferred over the VP product. Both products were liked. Seventy percent would cook the VP product based on its raw aroma, 49% would cook the PVC product. Based on flavor and aroma characteristics, the VP product should compete favorably with PVC packaged ground beef.
Total synthesis of tovophyllin B

The first total synthesis of tovophyllin B (2), an antimicrobial xanthone derived from mangosteen, has been accomplished through a convergent strategy from building blocks 6 and 7 involving lithium-mediated coupling, dehydrative cyclization, and 6π electrocyclization as key steps.
Spaces with an Oz Stone-Čech compactification

Abstract We prove that a Tychonoff space X is Oz if and only if every regular closed set is the intersection of a countable collection of regular closed neighborhoods. We use this result, together with the introduction of a weak normality condition to give necessary and sufficient conditions for βX to be Oz. These results extend work of Terada.
How Induction Programs Affect the Decision of Alternate Route Urban Teachers to Remain Teaching

This mixed-methods study analyzes the induction programs for alternate route beginning teachers in low socioeconomic, urban schools. The researcher surveyed 53 teachers at the end of their first year and conducted six in-depth follow-up interviews. The study found that half the teachers did not receive an induction program congruent with state guidelines. Further analysis showed that having an inconsistently implemented program had more negative effects than having no program at all for survey respondents and had no effect for those interviewed. The study found that teachers want mentors who respond quickly, care about their success, are flexible, and engender trust. Almost half of survey respondents and all of the interviewed teachers reported that their induction program had no effect on their decision to continue teaching. Finally, the data suggest that teachers may be staying in teaching even if they are unhappy with their jobs and the profession.
Effect of Troglitazone on B Cell Function, Insulin Sensitivity, and Glycemic Control in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

We studied the effects of troglitazone (200-800 mg daily) or placebo on carbohydrate metabolism in 18 subjects with type 2 diabetes (mean age, 66 yr; body mass index, 27.7 kg/m2) at baseline and after taking medication for 12 weeks. We measured fasting proinsulin (PI) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels in all subjects. Thirteen subjects underwent additional metabolic studies, including injection of arginine to determine the acute insulin response, and an i.v. glucose tolerance test to measure the insulin sensitivity index (SI) and glucose effectiveness at zero insulin using the minimal model, i.v. glucose tolerance, and acute insulin response to glucose. Troglitazone treatment resulted in a decrease in fasting plasma glucose from 11.2 +/- 0.7 to 9.6 +/- 0.9 mmol/L (P = 0.02). This was associated with a decrease in the fasting IRI concentration (111 +/- 20 to 82 +/- 13 pmol/L; P = 0.02) and a trend toward a decrease in the fasting PI concentration (43 +/- 11 to 25 +/- 4 pmol/L; P = 0.06). A significant decrease in PI/IRI was observed (38.3 +/- 3.6% to 32.6 +/- 3.2%; P = 0.04). Troglitazone therapy was also associated with a decrease in the acute insulin response to arginine (226 +/- 34 to 167 +/- 25 pmol/L; P = .01) and a near-significant percent increase in S(I) (75 +/- 35%; P = 0.06). Glucose effectiveness at zero insulin, i.v. glucose tolerance, and acute insulin response to glucose did not change. Thus, we found that the decrease in plasma glucose during troglitazone therapy is associated with a dose-related decrease in PI/IRI and an increase in S(I), suggesting that changes in both B cell function and insulin sensitivity contribute to the improvement in metabolic status.
A reconstruction of the Northeastern Pacific from the Hawaiian-Emperor hotspot trace

Abstract The evolutionary history of the Pacific Ocean is reconstructed back to 60 m.y. B.P. based on the Hawaiian Island chain and Emperor seamounts, which join at an elbow to form the Hawaiian hotspot trace on the Pacific plate. This trace can be interpreted as a series of two rotations of the Pacific plate about the Hawaiian hotspot, presently located beneath Hawaii. Utilizing a pair of rotation poles in accordance with previously proposed models, the evolution can be described by the following: 1. (1) a rotation of 0.8°/m.y. about the Emperor pole of 17°N and 107°W from 60 to 42 m.y. B.P., and 2. (2) a rotation of 0.89°/m.y. about the Hawaiian pole of 69°N and 68°W from 42 m.y. B.P. to present. This model fits several constraints: 1. (1) the hotspot trace must continually pass through the hotspot, 2. (2) the elbow must reach the hotspot at 42 m.y. B.P, 3. (3) transform faults must lie on observed fracture zones, 4. (4) the first contact between the North American and Pacific plates must occur at about 30 m.y. B.P., and 5. (5) the motion between the North American and Pacific plates has been right-lateral from 30 m.y. B.P. to present. The overall fit of the digitized data of the hotspot trace to this model shows that it is possible to use the given poles for finite rotations and that the Kula-Pacific ridge is just now subducting.