cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emission spectra and quantum efficiency of single-photon sources in the cavity-QED strong-coupling regime

We derive analytical formulas for the forward emission and side emission spectra of cavity-modified single-photon sources, as well as the corresponding normal-mode oscillations in the cavity quantum electrodynamics strong-coupling regime. We investigate the effects of pure dephasing, treated in the phase-diffusion model based on a Wiener-Levy process, on the emission spectra and normal-mode oscillations. We also extend our previous calculation of quantum efficiency to include the pure dephasing process. All results are obtained in the Weisskopf-Wigner approximation for an impulse-excited emitter. We find that the spectra are broadened, the depths of the normal-mode oscillations are reduced and the quantum efficiency is decreased in the presence of pure dephasing.
Cloning of a Novel Retinoid-inducible Serine Carboxypeptidase from Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Abstract Retinoids block smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and attenuate neointimal formation after vascular injury, presumably through retinoid receptor-mediated changes in gene expression. To identify target genes in SMC whose encoded proteins could contribute to such favorable biological effects, we performed a subtractive screen for retinoid-inducible genes in cultured SMC. Here, we report on the cloning and initial characterization of a novelretinoid-inducible serinecarboxypeptidase (RISC). Expression of RISC is low in cultured SMC but progressively increases over a 5-day time-course treatment with all-trans-retinoic acid. A near full-length rat RISC cDNA was cloned and found to have a 452-amino acid open reading frame containing an amino-terminal signal sequence, followed by several conserved domains comprising the catalytic triad common to members of the serine carboxypeptidase family. In vitrotranscription and translation experiments showed that the rat RISC cDNA generates a ∼51-kDa protein. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy of COS-7 cells transiently transfected with a RISC-His tag plasmid revealed cytosolic localization of the fusion protein. Western blotting studies using conditioned medium from transfected COS-7 cells suggest that RISC is a secreted protein. Tissue Northern blotting studies demonstrated robust expression of RISC in rat aorta, bladder, and kidney with much lower levels in all other tissues analyzed; high level RISC expression was also observed in human kidney.In situ hybridization verified the localization of RISC to medial SMC of the adult rat aorta. Interestingly, expression in kidney was restricted to proximal convoluted tubules; little or no expression was observed in glomerular cells, distal convoluted and collecting tubules, or medullary cells. Radiation hybrid mapping studies placed the rat RISC locus on chromosome 10q. These studies reveal a novel retinoid-inducible protease whose activity may be involved in vascular wall and kidney homeostasis.
Using activity theory to develop a design framework for rural development

Many attempts to bridge the digital divide between lesser-developed countries (LDC) through Information & Communication Technology (ICT) projects have had little success. With the concurrent rise in number of ICT projects in rural areas, the current situation calls for better design. However, it is our claim that the nature of villages.being devoid of digital artifacts.requires much of HCI theory and methodologies to be re-examined. HCI theory has evolved in urban environments over the past 30 years and may not be suitable for the village environment. However, Activity Theory lends itself well to these environments as its primary focus is on pre-existing activities and goals rather than digital artifacts themselves. Using this theory as basis, we examine past failures and successes of ICT interventions. From this examination we intend to derive a practical framework for guiding future HCI-design (HCID) in the developing world.
Bahraini women at the crossroads: Muslim women and Islamic resurgence: religion, education and identity politics in Bahrain

The protest movements sweeping North Africa and the Middle East have captured the world's attention and reignited the ongoing debate about gender and politics in the region. At the forefront of the...
U.S. Navy Refinement of Electronic Fuel Controls and Air Assist Fuel Nozzles to Meet Upgraded Power Requirements for the 501-K34 Marine Gas Turbines

The U.S. Navy operates Rolls Royce 501-K34 powered Gas Turbine Generators (GTGs) on DDG 51 Class destroyers. The design of these GTGs has evolved significantly over the course of the shipbuilding program. One significant change is that GTGs on DDG 51 to 90 are rated to provide 2,500 KW while those on DDG 91 and follow are rated at 3,000 KW. The 3,000 KW rating has been accepted by the Navy and demonstrated on several new GTGs during qualification testing. However, test results indicate that one area where very little performance margin exists is full load transient response. This paper discusses extensive transient testing performed on a DDG 51 Class GTG at the U.S. Navy’s Land Based Engineering Site (LBES) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It details control system modifications that optimize performance and explores changes to GTG transient response that result from operation with a new type of 501-K34 fuel nozzle.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Geometry Optimization of Kringle 1 of Plasminogen Using the PM3 Semiempirical Method

The results of a geometry optimization on the 1226 atom Kringle 1 of plasminogen are presented. The energy and gradients were calculated using a linear- scaling PM3 semiempirical method with a conjugate gradient density matrix search replacing the diagonalization step. The geometry was optimized with the rational function optimization technique combined with a modified version of the direct inversion in the iterative subspace procedure. The optimization required 362 geometry update steps to reach a local minimum. An analysis is given of the optimization and timing results using a single processor on the SGI Origin2000. Q 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J
Spinal Cord Hypothermia by Localized Perfusion Cooling

A NEW technique has been developed which will rapidly and selectively cool the mammalian spinal cord while the temperature of the body core remains near normothermic levels. This becomes specially relevant in the light of the utilization of profound hypothermic levels1 and isolated cerebral perfusion techniques in neurovascular surgery2,3. With this method both acute and chronic preparations can be used to investigate the neurophysiological and cardiovascular events associated with spinal cord cooling as well as to evaluate the efficacy of hypothermia in clinical situations associated with spinal cord trauma and disease.
The history of statistics in 1933

I wish to place before you this evening an unusual proposition, namely, that Mathematical Statistics began in 1933. There are two reasons I describe this as an "unusual" proposition: first, it is unusual because of its precision in specifying a single yearclaims in intellectual history are seldom so specific; and second, I expect you will be surprised by the lateness of the year I give, 1933. Indeed, some of you with a knowledge of the history of statistics may think this proposition is absurd, that it cannot be true. You might argue, after all, that many of the most important intellectual landmarks of our subject, such as the Gauss-Markov theorem and the central, limit theorem-or even the Cauchy distribution (which raises havoc with both of these)-date back to more than a century before 1933 (Stigler, 1986). And I admit that if my proposition is stated so baldly, it is an absurd claim, so let me qualify it somewhat. First, in placing the birth of Mathematical Statistics in 1933, I mean this only as a "point estimate"-to be more accurate, I should place a confidence interval around that date, or a credibility interval, depending upon your statistical persuasion. But the interval would not be a large one, so I shall speak of 1933 without emphasizing its imprecision. And second, and more important, I do not refer to the birth of all the concepts that make up modern Mathematical Statistics as we now know it. I could not mean that-some of these go back centuries, and we are still in a stage of exhilarating development. In that sense Mathematical Statistics is not even fully born yet! I refer instead to the birth of Mathematical Statistics as a separate field of study, as a set of goals and standards, of problems and techniques that were no longer simply a subset of those of the communities of mathematicians or statisticians generally. In short, the birth of Mathematical Statistics as a discipline. Now, even with this qualification-that I am speaking of Mathematical Statistics as a distinct field, as a set of shared pursuits of a group of
Stochastic robustness synthesis applied to a benchmark control problem

Stochastic robustness synthesis is used to find compensators that solve a benchmark problem. The synthesis minimizes a robustness cost function that is the weighted quadratic sum of stochastic robustness metrics. These metrics — probability of instability, probability of actuator saturation, and probability of settling time violation — are estimated using Monte Carlo analysis. A simple search method minimizes the robustness cost by selecting values for the design parameters of a linear quadratic Gaussian regulator. The resulting compensators are robust, require low actuator authority, and compare well with previous designs.
Two populations of aliphatic hydrocarbons of teratoma and habituated tissue cultures of tobacco

Internal short chain alkane populations of paraffinic hydrocarbons in tobacco teratoma and habituated tissue cultures
Relationships between dominant plant species, fractional cover and Land Surface Temperature in a Mediterranean ecosystem

Abstract The Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) is a proposed satellite mission that combines a 60 m spatial resolution Visible-Shortwave Infrared (VSWIR) imaging spectrometer and a 60 m multispectral thermal infrared (TIR) scanner. HyspIRI would combine the established capability of a VSWIR sensor to discriminate plant species and estimate accurate cover fractions with improved Land Surface Temperatures (LST) retrieved from the TIR sensor. We evaluate potential synergies between Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) maps of dominant plant species and mixed species assemblages, fractional cover, and MODIS/ASTER Airborne Simulator (MASTER) LST utilizing multiple flight lines acquired in July 2011 in the Santa Barbara, California area. Species composition and green vegetation (GV), non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV), impervious, and soil cover fractions were mapped using Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis with a spectral library derived from 7.5 m imagery. Temperature-Emissivity Separation (TES) was accomplished using the MASTER TES algorithm. Pixel-based accuracy exceeded 50% for 23 species and land cover classes and approached 75% based on pixel majority in reference polygons. An inverse relationship was observed between GV fractions and LST. This relationship varied by dominant plant species/vegetation class, generating unique LST–GV clusters. We hypothesize clustering is a product of environmental controls on species distributions, such as slope, aspect, and elevation as well as species-level differences in canopy structure, rooting depth, water use efficiency, and available soil moisture, suggesting that relationships between LST and plant species will vary seasonally. The potential of HyspIRI as a means of providing these seasonal relationships is discussed.
A simple means to increase absorbance detection sensitivity in capillary zone electrophoresis

Abstract Up to a threefold gain in sensitivity without loss of separation efficiency can be achieved by the simple expedient of connecting a larger diameter capillary at the measurement point. This is unique to electroosmotically pumped systems. Theoretical considerations are outlined and experimental verification is presented. With measurement performed by presently available commercial absorbance detectors designed for on-column detection, the gain in detectabilities can be very substantial when capillaries smaller than 75 μ m in bore are used for separation.
Systolic and diastolic function of both ventricles after prolonged cardioplegic arrest

Abstract The current technique of donor heart preservation for transplantation is known to cause myocardial dysfunction. We have investigated the effect of 2, 4, and 8 hours of glotal ischemia at 4 °C with a single infusion of St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution on the recovery of right and left ventricular function in the bloodperfused, isolated pig heart. Two hours of ischemia caused significant deterioration in both left ( p p ) ventricular diastolic function as assessed by ventricular compliance and stiffness (reduction in left and right ventricular compliances, 19.3% ± 14.8% and 13.3% ± 3.5%, respectively) but had no significant effect on systolic function as evaluated by the slope value of the systolic pressure-volume relationship (peak elastance). Four hours of ischemia resulted in further reduction in ventricular compliance (left ventricle, p p p p p p
Terminology of chemical releasing stimuli in intraspecific and interspecific interactions

The terminology of chemical releasing stimuli is examined in an attempt to reduce some apparent confusion. Two new classes of interspecific chemical signals, synomone and apneumone, are proposed.
Orthodontic attitudes toward national health insurance

Abstract Data were obtained by surveying North Carolina orthodontists by means of a mailed questionnaire. Their responses were coded to make possible analysis by computer and were compared to responses from a national sample of dentists in the 1975 Survey of Dentists . Both North Carolina orthodontists and dentists nationwide agreed that some form of dental care should be provided if a national health insurance system were established. Compared to the dentists surveyed nationwide, the orthodontists favored a wider range of coverages but advocated providing a narrower scope of dental services. They indicated more strongly their general belief that a government health program would lead to regulation outside the private sector. The orthodontists disagreed more strongly with the claim that government health programs could provide more people with high-quality dental care. Both groups anticipated that comprehensive dental care in a national health insurance system would result in fixed fees set by the government. Only 62 percent of the orthodontists polled were familiar with HMOs. Of this group, nearly 90 percent chose not to contract with these organizations.
Patients With Celiac Disease Are Not Followed Up Adequately

Background & Aims Adherence to a gluten-free diet is the only effective treatment for celiac disease. It has been recommended that patients be followed up, make regular visits to the clinic, and undergo serologic analysis for markers of celiac disease, although a follow-up procedure has not been standardized. We determined how many patients with celiac disease are actually followed up. Methods We collected data on 122 patients with biopsy-proven celiac disease, diagnosed between 1996 and 2006 in Olmsted County, Minnesota (70% women; median age, 42 y), for whom complete medical records and verification of residency were available. We determined the frequency at which patients received follow-up examinations, from 6 months to 5 years after diagnosis. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate event rates at 1 and 5 years. Patients were classified according to categories of follow-up procedures recommended by the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA). Results We estimated that by 1 and 5 years after diagnosis with celiac disease, 41.0% and 88.7% of the patients had follow-up visits, 33.6% and 79.8% were assessed for compliance with a gluten-free diet, 3.3% and 15.8% met with a registered dietitian, 2.5% and 18.1% had an additional intestinal biopsy, and 22.1% and 65.6% received serologic testing for markers of celiac disease, respectively. Among 113 patients (93%) who were followed up for more than 4 years, only 35% received follow-up analyses that were consistent with AGA recommendations. Conclusions Patients with celiac disease are not followed up consistently. Follow-up examinations often are inadequate and do not follow AGA recommendations. Improving follow-up strategies for patients with celiac disease could improve management of this disease.
Effectiveness of a responsible conduct of research course: A preliminary study

Training in the responsible conduct of research (RCR) is required for many research trainees nationwide, but little is known about its effectiveness. For a preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of a short-term course in RCR, medical students participating in an NIH-funded summer research program at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) were surveyed using an instrument developed through focus group discussions. In the summer of 2003, surveys were administered before and after a short-term RCR course, as well as to alumni of the courses given in the summers of 2002 and 2001. Survey responses were analyzed in the areas of knowledge, ethical decision-making skills, attitudes about responsible conduct of research, and frequency of discussions about RCR outside of class. The only statistically significant improvement associated with the course was an increase in knowledge, while there was a non-significant tendency toward improvements in ethical decision-making skills and attitudes about the importance of RCR training. The nominal impact of a short-term training course should not be surprising, but it does raise the possibility that other options for delivering information only, such as an Internet-based tutorial, might be considered as comparable alternatives when longer courses are not possible.
Developing effective tools for conservation behaviorists: reply to Greggor et al.

Many conservation and management problems can benefit from mechanistic insights into how animals respond to stimuli and learn about biologically important events [1]. The growing attention toward using cognition to solve real world conservation/management issues is exciting and promising. We applaud the thoughtful review of Greggor et al. of the relevant cognitive mechanisms that could be applied to current conservation and management issues. While the authors effectively communicate ‘why’ it is useful to integrate the two fields, we feel that they fall short of providing concrete ideas on ‘how’ cognitive mechanisms can be applied in the real world.
Persistence and Bifurcation of Degenerate Solutions

Abstract We consider a nonlinear equation F ( e , λ , u )=0, where F is a differentiable mapping from R × R × X to Y and X , Y are Banach spaces. When e varies from a fixed e = e 0 , bifurcation occurs to the solution curve ( λ ( s ), u ( s )). We study the degenerate solutions of the equation, and we obtain several bifurcation theorems on the degenerate solutions, which can be applied in many nonlinear problems to obtain precise global bifurcation diagrams.
Mass distribution in 14·8 MeV neutron-induced fission of 232Th

Abstract In the 14·8 MeV neutron-induced fission of 232Th, the distribution of mass in the rare-earth region is studied by isolating radiochemically several fission products belonging to 13 mass chains. The absolute activities for these nuclides are determined by β− and γ-counting and the cumulative fission yields were determined relative to Mo99. Using these experimental data, the right side slope in the heavy peak of the mass yield curve for this fission process is clearly defined. Its significance with reference to the 14 MeV fission of 237Np and 238U is qualitatively discussed.
Probability Tables for Cluster Analysis Based on a Theory of Random Graphs

Abstract Statistics based on a theory of random graphs have been proposed as an analytic aid to assess the randomness of a clustered structure. Probability tables for two such statistics are tabulated. Exact values of Pn,v , the cumulative probabilities of the minimum number of edges needed to connect a random graph, are tabulated for n = 10(1)30(5)80-(10)100. Exact and approximate values of En,v, the expected number of components in a random graph with n vertices and v edges, are tabulated for n = 10(1)30(5)100.
Brand origin recognition accuracy: its antecedents and consumers’ cognitive limitations

An ever-growing literature has reported consumer bias toward national origins of products, and has explored factors that moderate such bias. Researchers have assumed, if only tacitly, that consumers are knowledgeable of brand origins, and that this knowledge is a significant influence that drives judgments of product quality, brand attitudes, and choice behavior in the marketplace. Using categorization theory and attribute diagnosticity as the theoretical foundation, our research reveals that consumers actually have only modest knowledge of the national origins of brands, and that American consumers’ proficiency at recognizing foreign brand origins is predicted by variables such as socioeconomic status, past international travel, foreign language skills, and gender. In the second of two studies, we determined that brand origin recognition is based largely on consumers’ associations of brand names with languages that suggest country origins. These studies ultimately lead us to conclude that past research has inflated the influence that country of origin information has on consumers’ product judgments and behavior and its importance in managerial and public policy decisions.
Automated systems and reliability

The computer is probably the single greatest innovation of the twentieth century. However, with all their awe‐inspiring capabilities, computers create a new set of problems. Seeks to explore the problems of the automation and computer age. Begins by highlighting numerous corporate woes and failures. Analyses the reasons for the problems and failures and finally suggests possible solutions.
A comparison of the recovery of health status after percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass

Abstract Background Selection of the optimum mode of coronary revascularization should not only be directed by technical outcomes, but should also consider patients' postprocedural health status, including symptoms, functionality, and quality of life. Methods Health status was analyzed and compared after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ). The SAQ was administered to 475 patients (252 PCI and 223 CABG) preprocedure and then monthly for 6 months and again at 1 year. Differences in baseline characteristics were controlled by multivariable risk adjustment, and outcomes over time were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results In-hospital, 6-and 12-month clinical outcomes were not different; however, 25% of PCI patients required at least one reintervention during the study period, compared with only 1% of CABG patients ( p p p = 0.008). Relief of angina was greater for CABG than PCI when analyzed over time ( p p p = 0.004). Conclusions Over 12 months of follow-up, health status was improved to a greater extent for CABG patients than for PCI patients, primarily due to the adverse influence of restenosis after PCI.
Mitochondria, reactive oxygen species, and chronological aging: A message from yeast

As a major intracellular source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondria are involved in aging and lifespan regulation. Using the yeast chronological aging model, researchers have identified conserved signaling pathways that affect lifespan by modulating mitochondrial functions. Caloric restriction and a genetic mimetic with reduced target of rapamycin signaling globally upregulate the mitochondrial proteome and respiratory functions. Recent discoveries support the notion that an altered mitochondrial proteome induces mitohormesis. Mitohormesis involves a variety of ROS during several growth stages and extends lifespan in yeast and other organisms. Here we recap recent advances in understanding of ROS as signals that decelerate chronological aging in yeast. We also discuss parallels between yeast and worm hypoxic signaling. In sum, this mini-review covers mitochondrial regulation by nutrient-sensing pathways and the complex underlying interactions of ROS, metabolic pathways, and chronological aging.
Measuring cervical cancer risk: development and validation of the CARE Risky Sexual Behavior Index.

Objectives To develop and validate a risky sexual behavior index specific to cervical cancer research.
Pierre Dionis and Joseph-Guichard Duverney: Teaching Anatomy at the Jardin du roi, 1673-1730

(2004). Pierre Dionis and Joseph-Guichard Duverney: Teaching Anatomy at the Jardin du roi, 1673-1730. Seventeenth-Century French Studies: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 153-169.
Report on the 2010 SO BE FREE Foray in Southern New Mexico, With Eight New Moss Records for the State

Abstract. Seventy-seven mosses and two liverworts were found and identified during the field trips for the 2010 SO BE FREE foray in the Sacramento Mountains of southern New Mexico, at which 38 bryologists attended. A complete species list is presented, as well as locality data for eight records for the state of New Mexico.
Two steroid 21-hydroxylase genes are located in the murine S region

A common inherited disorder of steroidogenesis in man, 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) deficiency, is linked to the HLA major histocompatibility complex (MHC)1, and is associated in particular with certain allotypes of the HLA-linked complement proteins2,3. Recently, this disorder was demonstrated to result from a defective structural gene for the 21-OH enzyme, also termed cytochrome P-450C21 (ref. 4). The human (HLA) and murine (H–2) MHCs are homologous in overall organization and in the structures of their component genes5. To determine whether 21-OH genes are located in the H–2 complex, we have now used a bovine adrenal complementary DNA clone encoding part of 21-OH6 to examine a cluster of overlapping cosmid clones derived from the S region of the BALB/c mouse7. We found that there are two 21-OH genes in this region, located immediately 3′ to the C4 and Slp genes.
UV Spectrophotometric Analysis of Aminobenzoic Acid Tablets

An accurate UV spectrophotometric procedure was developed for the assay of aminobenzoic acid tablets. The crushed tablet was treated with 95% ethanol, and this alcoholic solution was diluted with distilled water. The resulting solution was assayed by absorption spectroscopy. The reproducibility and short-time requirement of the assay suggest that such a UV spectrophotometric method should be considered as the official assay method for p-aminobenzoic acid samples.
Analytical representation of impedance using the Boltzmann equation for nonlinear two-terminal device behavior.

A nonlinear time-domain equation is derived which describes the electromagnetic field and electron transport behavior in an ${n}^{+}$-n-${n}^{+}$ structure. From this governing equation, closed-form representations for impedance are obtained. One form provides an impedance evaluatable continuously in a complex-frequency domain. The other form provides an impedance at fundamental and harmonic frequencies. The second representation is dependent upon a sampling time interval. Electron transport in the approach obeys the Boltzmann transport equation, reexpressed in velocity-moment equations.
Effects of RNase and RNA on in vitro aster assembly

RNase alters the in vitro assembly of spindle asters in homogenates of meiotically dividing surf clam (Spisula solidissima) oocytes. Some effects of RNase, such as reduced astral fiber length, appear nonenzymatic and probably result from RNase binding to tubulin. However, RNase-induced changes in the microtubule organizing center are also observed. Since other polycations can mimic RNase effects, the existence of an RNA component of the spindle organizing center remains uncertain. Effects of RNase and other polycations on astral fiber length can be prevented and reversed by the RNase inhibitor, polyguanylic acid. Polyguanylic acid can also augment astral fiber length in the absence of added RNase or other polycations. Augmentation by polyguanylic acid is favored by high ionic strength, and can be duplicated by polyuridylic acid and, with less efficiency, by polyadenylic acid. Polycytidylic acid and unfractionated yeast RNA, however, are unable to augment aster assembly. Polyguanylic acid can also augment the length of astral fibers on complete spindles isolated under polymerizing conditions. These results demonstrate that specific polyribonucleotides can alter spindle assembly in vitro. The presence of an inhibitor of microtubule assembly in Spisula oocytes, which can be inactivated by specific RNAs, is suggested.
The effects of Cs promotion on Rh/Al2O3 catalysts

The adsorptive and reactive properties of a series of Rh/Al2O3 catalysts promoted with various levels of Cs were investigated by IR spectroscopy of CO adsorption, temperature-programmed desorption of H2, and CO hydrogenation reactions. The results indicate that a significant fraction of the added Cs interacts directly with the support rather than with the Rh crystallites. The degree of interaction between the alkali species and both metal and support sites on the catalyst depends strongly on the method of preparation of the catalyst, which may affect the chemical state of the alkali species. Trends for CO hydrogenation reaction activity and product selectivity were consistent with those reported for promoted Rh on other supports except that the level of promotion required to achieve similar results is much higher for Rh supported on Al2O3. These investigations demonstrate how a combination of experimental techniques may provide significantly more information about the effects of alkali promotion than would any of the methods used alone.
The effect of cooling on mammalian muscle spindles.

Abstract The effect of gradual cooling on discharge from sensory receptors in the gastrocnemius muscle of the cat has been studied. Either the entire muscle as it lay in an oil pool or the vicinity only of individual sensory organs was cooled 10 to 15° C below normal body temperature as monitored by a thermocouple inserted into the muscle. Slowing, in general, occurred in the discharge of deefferented annulospiral, flower-spray and tendon organ afferents, identified by conduction rates of individual units and characteristic patterns of response. The firing from spindles decreased at all tensions above that needed to sustain a steady discharge, with greater absolute decreases at higher tensions. Relative to control rates, annulospiral endings were probably affected more than flower-spray ones. The discharge from spindles having intact efferent innervation was also slowed. Alterations in central excitability may result from changes in afferent discharge produced by cooling of calf muscles. In decerebrate cats paralyzed with gallamine, monosynaptic reflexes elicited by submaximal stimulation of the severed lateral gastrocnemius nerve were reduced when the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the otherwise denervated leg was cooled. Decerebrate rigidity in the triceps surae muscle also decreased with cooling.
Journal deselection and costing

AbstractA model for use in deselecting journals is proposed. The model includes an effectiveness factor determined by actual authors and users of journals. Based on suggestions from several scientific fields, the paper also examines several deselection models suggested and applied in academic libraries in the US. This model applies the impact factor invented by Garfield. This impact factor is extended beyond the objective measures of Garfield’s impact factor by making use of opinions by local experts in a journal’s subject field. The value of this model is that it involves these expert users in the difficult task of journal subscription analysis. An ultimate value of this involvement is the potential for scholars to select the most effective journals for their publication media, and hence, apply a further factor to the pricing policies of journal publishers through competition for papers, as well as subscriptions.
A large-deformation strain-gradient theory for isotropic viscoplastic materials

This study develops a thermodynamically-consistent small-deformation theory of strain-gradient viscoplasticity for isotropic materials based on: (i) a scalar and a vector microstress consistent wit...
On the characterization and computation of Nash equilibria on parallel networks with horizontal queues

We study inefficiencies in parallel networks with horizontal queues due to the selfish behavior of players, by comparing social optima to Nash equilibria. The article expands studies on routing games which traditionally model congestion with latency functions that increase with the flow on a particular link. This type of latency function cannot capture congestion effects on horizontal queues. Latencies on horizontal queues increase as a function of density, and flow can decrease with increasing latencies. This class of latency functions arises in transportation networks. For static analysis of horizontal queues on parallel-link networks, we show that there may exist multiple Nash equilibria with different total costs, which contrasts with results for increasing latency functions. We present a novel algorithm, quadratic in the number of links, for computing the Nash equilibrium that minimizes total cost (best Nash equilibrium). The relative inefficiencies of best Nash equilibria are evaluated through analysis of the price of stability, and analytical results are presented for two-link networks. Price of stability is shown to be sensitive to changes in demand when links are near capacity, and congestion mitigation strategies are discussed, motivated by our results.
Solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations in phase space

Abstract In this paper we consider the problem of constructing solutions of several well known nonlinear partial differential equations (p.d.e.s) in phase space (i.e,. the Fourier transform domain). We seek solutions representing travelling focussed pulses. As such, based on a technique used to construct such solutions (so called Localized Wave solutions) of linear p.d.e.s, we look for phase space solutions constisting of a generalized funtion whose support is a particular line or surface, together with a suitable weighting function. The support of the phase space solutions must be such that it regenerates itself after the appropriate nonlinear operation. In one spatial dimension we construct the usual well known soliton solutions of several equations. For the case of higher spatial dimensions we construct a travelling “slab” pulse solution of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation. We also discuss some issues involved with the extra freedom one has for the phase space support, leading perhaps to more exotic spacetime domain solutions.
Gender-related differences in dyspepsia: a qualitative systematic review.

Abstract Background: Relative to men, women are diagnosed more frequently with functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. With increased awareness of basic gender differences in perception and treatment of visceral pain, there has been new interest in research on gender disparity in the care of people with functional GI disorders. Past attention has focused on irritable bowel syndrome, whereas gender differences in other disorders are less well described. Objective: Our aim was to systematically review studies that have examined gender-related differences among patients with dyspepsia. Methods: MEDLINE, HealthSTAR, and PsycINFO databases were searched for English-language articles on dyspepsia published between 1966 and August 2001. Epidemiologic studies, clinical trials, review articles, and conceptual articles from peer-reviewed journals were included for review. Findings were summarized and discussed within a framework of biological and psychosocial factors. Statistical analysis of combined data was inappropriate because of the inconsistent definition of dyspepsia among different studies and wide variation in the types of articles reviewed. Results: Studies that examine gender-related differences in patients with dyspepsia have focused their investigations on the clinical epidemiology and pathophysiology of dyspepsia. In most epidemiologic studies, no gender analysis was performed beyond a description of sample demographics, and when statistical significance was tested, few consistent gender differences were found. Overall, it appears that men and women with dyspepsia possibly differ with respect to pattern of symptoms, pain perception or modulation, and antinociceptive mechanisms, but these observations have not been confirmed. No study evaluated the clinical implications of these possible differences. Conclusions: Future efforts should be directed to not only examine gender-related differences in the clinical epidemiology of dyspepsia, but also understand their clinical significance. Therefore, well-designed population-based studies using a consistent definition of dyspepsia are needed to investigate the prevalence of dyspepsia symptoms and patterns of dyspepsia management among men and women.
Highly Variable π-Bonding in the Interaction of Iron(II) Porphyrinates with Nitrite

The reaction of the four-coordinate picket fence iron(II) porphyrin complex [Fe(TpivPP)] with cryptand-solubilized KNO2 yields the five-coordinate porphyrin species [Fe(TpivPP)(NO2)]-. The six-coordinate complexes, [Fe(TpivPP)(NO2)(PMS)]- and [Fe(TpivPP)(NO2)(Py)]-, are obtained when pentamethylene sulfide or pyridine is added anaerobically to the preformed five-coordinate porphyrin species. These novel species are characterized by UV−vis, IR, and Mossbauer spectroscopies as well as single-crystal structure determinations. The Mossbauer investigation shows that the isomer shifts and quadrupole splittings for [Fe(TpivPP)(NO2)(PMS)]- and [Fe(TpivPP)(NO2)(Py)]- are typical for six-coordinate, low-spin (S = 0) iron(II) porphyrinate complexes. This is in distinct contrast to the unusually large quadrupole splitting of the five-coordinate species [Fe(TpivPP)(NO2)]-. The molecular structures of [Fe(TpivPP)(NO2)(PMS)]- and [Fe(TpivPP)(NO2)(Py)]- show that the nitro groups are inside the “pocket” of the porphyrin ...
Trapping and Transport of Silicon Nanowires Using Lateral-Field Optoelectronic Tweezers

We present a new optoelectronic tweezers device that produces electric fields parallel to the plane of the device. This device is capable of trapping and transporting p-type silicon nanowires at velocities of 20 mum/s.
Constitutive expression of growth-related oncogene and its receptor in oligodendrogliomas.

Objective Gliomas may result from transformation of glial precursor cells. In the developing rat central nervous system (CNS), a paracrine pathway involving the cytokines growth-related oncogene (GRO1) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A chain closely regulates oligodendrocyte precursor cell number. The purpose of the present study was to analyze whether abnormal expression and activity of the GRO1-PDGF pathway is present in human gliomas. Methods Tumor specimens were studied to compare the messenger ribonucleic acid with the protein expression of components of the GRO1-PDGF pathway. Neutralizing antibodies were used in vitro to analyze whether the pathway contributed to tumor cell proliferation. Results Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that all components of the GRO1-PDGF pathway (GRO1 protein, its receptor CXCR2, PDGF A chain, and its receptor PDGFalphaR) were expressed by tumor cells in 6 (86%) of 7 of oligodendrogliomas as well as by 0 of 4 diffuse astrocytomas (World Health Organization Grades II and III) and 2 (18%) of 11 glioblastomas. Analysis by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed CXCR2 messenger ribonucleic acid and GRO1 protein expression were present in oligodendrogliomas. Functional analyses with neutralizing antibodies limited bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in vitro by oligodendroglioma tumor cells, demonstrating a requirement for the GRO1-PDGF pathway in the proliferation of these cells. Conclusion The GRO1-PDGF pathway was primarily expressed and functional in oligodendrogliomas. The tightly controlled paracrine pathway that regulates oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation in the developing rodent CNS was constitutively active in most oligodendrogliomas in the present study. The presence of this aberrantly functioning oncogenic pathway in a subset of primary CNS tumors opens new avenues to glioma treatment that are based directly on the biology of the proliferative glial cell type, a novel strategy for primary CNS tumor therapy.
Predicted axial temperature gradient in a viscoplastic uniaxial bar due to thermomechanical coupling

The thermomechanical response of a uniaxial bar with thermoviscoplastic constitution is predicted herein using the finite element method. After a brief review of the governing field equations, variational principles are constructed for the one-dimensional conservation of momentum and energy equations. These equations are coupled in that the temperature field affects the displacements and vice versa. Due to the differing physical nature of the temperature and displacements, first-order and second-order elements are utilized for these variables, respectively. The resulting semi-discretized equations are then discretized in time using finite differencing. This is accomplished by Euler's method, which is utilized due to the stiff nature of the constitutive equations. The model is utilized in conjunction with stress-strain relations developed by Bodner and Partom to predict the axial temperature field in a bar subjected to cyclic mechanical end displacements and temperature boundary conditions. It is found that spacial and time variation of the temperature field is significantly affected by the boundary conditions. The nomenclature used is given in an Appendix.
Observation of the transition state for pressure-induced BO3→ BO4 conversion in glass

A fundamental mechanistic understanding of the pressure- and/or temperature-induced facile transformation of the coordination environment of boron is important for changing the physical properties of glass. We have used in situ high-pressure (up to 2 gigapascals) boron-11 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with ab initio calculations to investigate the nature of the transition state for the pressure-induced BO3→ BO4 conversion in a borosilicate glass at ambient temperature. The results indicate an anisotropic elastic deformation of the BO3 planar triangle, under isotropic stress, into a trigonal pyramid that likely serves as a precursor for the subsequent formation of a BO4 tetrahedron.
Historical systems as complex systems

Abstract All social systems are simultaneously historical and systemic. They have rules that govern their operation which are reflected in cyclical rhythms; they have irreversible patterns of development which are reflected in their secular trends, and which account for their eventual demise as systems. There are two varieties of complex historical systems: world-empires and world-economies. The latter variety has come to dominate in the period since 1500, leading to the elimination of all other varieties and creating the new situation of a planet with only one existing historical system. The consequences are explored.
Nonnegativity and moment quantization for [ψ]2

Abstract We broaden the scope of the recent work of Fernandez et al. with respect to the hypervirial method for one-dimensional quantum problems. The modulus squared of the solutions to the Schrodinger equation uniquely satisfy a third-order linear differential equation. Because of the inherent nonnegativity of the physical solutions to this third-order system, one can use the moment methods of Handy and Bessis to generate rapidly converging lower and upper bounds to the individual physical discrete spectrum states. Crucial in this regard is the application of linear programming methods to solve the “missing moment problem”. We discuss these matters in the context of some one-dimensional examples cited in the literature.
Parametric study of metal droplet deposition and solidification process including contact resistance and undercooling effects

The effects of process parameters on metal droplet spreading and solidification are investigated numerically. The parameters include the impinging velocity, contact resistance between the droplet and substrate, and degree of undercooling associated with rapid phase change. A simplified model is adopted to describe the splat size evolution and energy equations for the liquid, solidified layer, and substrate are simultaneously solved to analyze heat transfer processes during solidification. The energy equations are coupled by boundary conditions such as contact resistance and undercooling in a regularized calculation domain formed by means of algebraic grid generation. The results reveal that impinging velocity and contact resistance have strong effects on both final splat size and solidification time. The effects of undercooling are not significant unless the nucleation temperature is low in relation to the initial liquid superheating.
Net production of oxygen in the subtropical ocean

The question of whether the plankton communities in low-nutrient regions of the ocean, comprising 80% of the global ocean surface area, are net producers or consumers of oxygen and fixed carbon is a key uncertainty in the global carbon cycle. Direct measurements in bottle experiments indicate net oxygen consumption in the sunlit zone, whereas geochemical evidence suggests that the upper ocean is a net source of oxygen. One possible resolution to this conflict is that primary production in the gyres is episodic and thus difficult to observe: in this model, oligotrophic regions would be net consumers of oxygen during most of the year, but strong, brief events with high primary production rates might produce enough fixed carbon and dissolved oxygen to yield net production as an average over the annual cycle. Here we examine the balance of oxygen production over three years at sites in the North and South Pacific subtropical gyres using the new technique of oxygen sensors deployed on profiling floats. We find that mixing events during early winter homogenize the upper water column and cause low oxygen concentrations. Oxygen then increases below the mixed layer at a nearly constant rate that is similar to independent measures of net community production. This continuous oxygen increase is consistent with an ecosystem that is a net producer of fixed carbon (net autotrophic) throughout the year, with episodic events not required to sustain positive oxygen production.