cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Aerodynamic Generalities

This chapter focuses on the lift and moment characteristics of an airplane. A study of wings always starts with a two-dimensional, or infinite aspect ratio, case where all sections are identical. The lift on a wing is usually described by the distribution over its surface of the aerodynamic loading. The loading, or load per unit area, is the difference between upper and lower surface pressures at a point in the plan view. For stability and control estimates, two features are of interest: (1) the total load and (2) its distribution, which determines the moment. In the range of high aspect ratio, the Prandtl lifting-line theory suffices pretty well to calculate the distribution of lift along the span. The effects of camber and twist are felt as changes in the angle of attack for zero lift, and in the aerodynamic center pitching moment as a result of the basic lift distribution. The normal force, or lift, acting on slender, axially symmetric bodies at an angle of attack are, according to the so-called slender-body theory, distributed along the body in accordance. The slender wing theory is an extension of the slender body theory, wherein the leading edge of the wing defines the diameter variation of an equivalent circular body.
Tradable Discharge Permits: Restrictions on Least-Cost Solutions

Conceptually, tradable discharge permit systems have the potential to yield the least-cost solution to achieve ambient standards. Empirical evidence indicates that command-and-control solutions are substantially less cost-effective. Despite this, few emissions trades have been made in the USA or Europe. This paper attempts to explain this phenomenon by measuring the substantial reductions in potential cost savings due to restrictions on local environmental degradation, the generation of externalities, and the nature of real-world trading of permits. We model the effects of zonal trading, emissions trading rules, and limits to acid deposition, as well as the bilateral and sequential nature of actual emissions trades. We also examine compromise systems that recoup some of these losses. Schemes to optimally sequence trades capture only some of the potential cost savings of an ambient permit system. However, an ambient permit system based on the single worst receptor preserves most of the potential cost savings of a full ambient permit system. For any of these systems, permits will most likely need to be grandfathered to satisfy equity concerns.
The Feel-Bad Film

While much has been written about cinema and visual pleasure, little attention has been paid to films that offer viewers displeasure. Nijolaj Lubecker seeks to redress this in his book The Feel-Bad...
The (Next) Big Short: Prediction, Narrative, and Law in the Climate Crisis

The Subprime Mortgage Crisis was a predictive failure that involved the misallocation of risk and blindness to uncertainty. Climate change, and the coming Climate Crisis, parallels the Subprime Mortgage Crisis in important ways that render our current approaches irrational and irresponsible. I examine the predictive failures of the Subprime Mortgage Crisis by focusing on what makes probabilities more likely to be accurate, and the circumstances in which predictions blind us to the uncertainty of large scale negative consequences. Using the theory of the Black Swan and other critiques from Nassim Nicolas Taleb, I explore the application of probability theory in the context of the Climate Crisis. At the same time, data and statistics are insufficient to motivate both individual actors and political entities to act proactively. Therefore, I posit that beyond the probabilistic conception of uncertainty and risk associated with global climate change, the Climate Crisis demands a narrative that resonates with individuals at a local, personal, and emotional level. I use narrative theory and the doctrine of legal storytelling to explain the difficulty experienced in implementing legal mitigation solutions for the Climate Crisis at the current time. The variety of legal solutions offered, all of which may accomplish the goal of reducing carbon emissions via a carbon tax or otherwise, are irrelevant if none of them are deployed. The difficulty in enacting legislative and regulatory reforms is best viewed as a failure of narrative rather than statistics, facts, or science.
sUAS for deployment and recovery of an environmental sensor probe

Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) are already revolutionizing agricultural and environmental monitoring through the acquisition of high-resolution multi-spectral imagery on-demand. However, in order to accurately understand various complex environmental and agricultural processes, it is often necessary to collect physical samples of pests, pathogens, and insects from the field for ex-situ analysis. In this paper, we describe a sUAS for autonomous deployment and recovery of a novel environmental sensor probe. We present the UAS software and hardware stack, and a probe design that can be adapted to collect a variety of environmental samples and can be transported autonomously for off-site analysis. Our team participated in an NSF-sponsored student unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) challenge, where we used our sUAS to deploy and recover a scale-model mosquito trap outdoors. Results from indoor and field trials are presented, and the challenges experienced in detecting and docking with the probe in outdoor conditions are discussed.
Some lessons learned from FTC v. Staples

In this article, the author briefly reviews four substantive issues in the analysis of the effects of the proposed merger of office superstores Staples and Office Depot. One apparent issue in FTC v. Staples was the availability of relevant information to support the claims of the merging firms and the appropriate methods of analyzing the information. To manage prices effectively requires the collection, analysis, and dissemination to decision makers of relevant information. The author provides a prescription for the minimum information that firms should collect and place in a pricing information system as simply good managerial practice.
Carbon aerogel evolution: Allotrope, graphene-inspired, and 3D-printed aerogels

Carbon aerogels (CAs) are a unique class of high surface area materials derived by sol–gel chemistry. Their high mass-specific surface area and electrical conductivity, environmental compatibility, and chemical inertness make them very promising materials for many applications, such as energy storage, catalysis, sorbents, and desalination. Since the first CAs were made via pyrolysis of resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF)-based organic aerogels in the late 1980s, the field has really grown. Recently, in addition to RF-derived amorphous CAs, several other carbon allotropes have been realized in aerogel form: carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, graphite, and diamond. Furthermore, the popularity of graphene aerogels has inspired research into aerogels made of a host of graphene analog materials (e.g., boron nitride, transition metal dichalcogenides, etc.), with potential for an even wider array of applications. Finally, the development of three-dimensional-printed aerogels provides the potential for CAs to have an even broader impact on energy-related technologies. Here, we will present recent work covering the novel synthesis of RF-derived, CNT, graphene, graphite, diamond, and graphene analog aerogels.
A.R. Rahman and the aesthetic transformation of Indian film scores

Orchestral scores in Hindi cinema have been virtually ignored both by fans and scholars: they have received little attention from Indian music and film critics and are only infrequently a subject f...
Nutrient- and Climate-Induced Shifts in the Phenology of Linked Biogeochemical Cycles in a Temperate Estuary

The response of estuarine ecosystems to long-term changes in external forcing is strongly mediated by interactions between the biogeochemical cycling of carbon, oxygen, and inorganic nutrients. Although long-term changes in estuaries are often assessed at the annual scale, phytoplankton biomass, dissolved oxygen concentrations, and biogeochemical rate processes have strong seasonal cycles at temperate latitudes. Thus, changes in the seasonal timing, or phenology, of these key processes can reveal important features of long-term change and help clarify the nature of coupling between carbon, oxygen, and nutrient cycles. Changes in the phenology of estuarine processes may be difficult to assess, however, because many organisms are mobile and migratory, key primary and secondary producers have relatively rapid physiological turnover rates, sampling in time and space is often limited, and physical processes may dominate variability. To overcome these challenges, we have analyzed a 32-year record (1985-2016) of relatively frequent and consistent measurements of chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, and physical drivers to understand long-term change in Chesapeake Bay. Using a suite of metrics that directly test for altered phenology, we quantified changes in the seasonal timing of key biogeochemical events, which allowed us to illustrate spatially- and seasonally-dependent shifts in the magnitude of linked biogeochemical parameters. Specifically, we found that a modest reduction in nitrate input was linked to a suppression of spring phytoplankton biomass in seaward Bay regions. This was, in turn, associated with an earlier breakup in hypoxia and decline in late-summer NH4+ accumulation in seaward waters. In contrast, we observed an increase in winter phytoplankton biomass in landward regions, which was associated with elevated early summer hypoxic volumes and NH4+ accumulation. Seasonal shifts in oxygen depletion and NH4+ accumulation are consistent with reduced nitrogen inputs, spatial patterns of chlorophyll-a, and increases in temperature. In addition, these increases have likely elevated rates of organic matter degradation, thus “speeding-up” the typical seasonal cycle. The causes for the recent landward shift in phytoplankton biomass and NH4+ accumulation are less clear; however, these altered patterns are analyzed here and discussed in terms of numerous physical, climatic, and biological changes in the estuary.
The Development of the International Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC) Research Program and Its Links to NASA’s Land-Cover and Land-Use Change (LCLUC) Initiative

The study of land-use and land-cover change has a long history dating to ancient times. (Glacken 1967) Early concern focused on how human activities transformed and degraded landscapes, a theme that has resurfaced at various times (Marsh 1864; Thomas 1956; Moran 2000) and currently is embedded within the larger concept of global environmental change and earth system science, especially that part addressing land-use and land-cover change (Meyer and Turner, 1994; Turner, Steffen et al., 2002). It is unquestionable that human populations have affected the structure and function of the earth system since their evolution as a distinct modern species (Thomas 1956; Redman 1999), but this impact increased in pace, magnitude, and kind with the advent of the industrial revolution (Turner et al., 1990; Meyer 1996; Steffen et al., 2003).
Repercusión de la apnea del sueño en neurología

Introduccion. Mientras el individuo duerme, los centros nerviosos pneumotaxicos, diferentes a los que intervienen durante la vigilia, asumen el control de la funcion respiratoria. El trastorno respiratorio del sueno, comunmente denominado apnea del sueno, se refiere a las alteraciones del patron respiratorio del sueno, que cuando va asociado a la somnolencia diurna se conoce como sindrome de la apnea del sueno. Desarrollo. El trastorno respiratorio mas comun del sueno es la obstruccion transitoria de las vias respiratorias altas, que da lugar a episodios de apnea obstructiva, asociados a la roncopatia, y afecta a un 4% de la poblacion general. Las complicaciones que se presentan son neuropatia faringea, hipertension arterial, somnolencia diurna, trastorno cognitivo y disminucion de la calidad de vida. En pacientes con postinfarto cerebral la prevalencia de la apnea del sueno es muy alta y disminuye el potencial de rehabilitacion. El tratamiento de la apnea obstructiva con aparatos de aire a presion positiva se agradece y alivia las complicaciones. Conclusiones. La apnea obstructiva del sueno es una enfermedad muy generalizada que produce complicaciones vasculares. El tratamiento es agradecido, por lo que la enfermedad se tiene que identificar y tratar debidamente
Coming of Age in Kelton

Societies and communities most often turn to ritual mechanisms and performances when enmeshed in conflicts that defy resolution. Both Victor Turner (1968) and Max Gluckman (1965) have argued, for example, that in stateless societies rituals remove conflict to a mystical plane, embracing the widest norms of unity and loyalty, in order to overcome crises that may not allow for resolution. Rituals might be understood as forms or mechanisms of redress particularly appropriate to either the types of conflict within groups that may grow out of contradictions in social organization, or types of groups that deny conflict in their ideologies (Moore and Myerhoff 1975).
Tomboys in the Work of Carson McCullers

This chapter uses the tomboy characters from Carson McCullers’ novels The Heart is a Lonely Hunter and The Member of the Wedding to help gain a more complete conceptualization of what it means to be a tomboy. The primary focus of these conceptualizations is based around issues of age and the idea of tomboyism as a phase, norm enforcement, physical appearance and gendered body comportment, as well as the thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and desires of these tomboy characters. It also examines the unique insight that McCullers gives as to how her tomboy characters are perceived by those around them. McCullers’ portrayals of her tomboy characters demonstrate well how the tomboy figure is complex and ever-changing as it continuously adapts to its time, place, and role in society.
Pathology of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Esophagus

Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor in the esophagus, comprising about 90% of all malignant tumors in this organ. Its sequence of development and progression from the normal epithelium is shown in Fig. 1.
Philosophy and the Sciences

The great tradition in philosophy, from Aristotle to Kant, was that philosophy legislated the methodology and foundations of science. It can be claimed that, in spite of the many centuries separating Aristotle and Kant, it is still true that the three most important foundational works on science were Aristotle’s Posterior Analytics, with many points amplified in the Physics and the Metaphysics, Descartes’ Principles of Philosophy, and at the other end of the period the very specific working out of the foundations of physics in Kant’s Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, with the more general lines of argument being given in the Critique of Pure Reason. It is not difficult to trace the enormous impact of Kant on physics in the nineteenth century, especially German physics, and also psychology, even though Kant was skeptical of providing the kind of foundations for psychology he gave for physics.
Perceptual categorization and bilingual language modes: Assessing the double phonemic boundary in early and late bilinguals

Abstract In the present study, Spanish-English bilinguals’ perceptual boundaries between voiced and voiceless stops (a /b/-/p/ continuum including pre-voiced, voiceless unaspirated, and voiceless aspirated tokens) are shown to be modulated by whether participants are “led to believe” they are classifying Spanish or English sounds. In Experiment 1, simultaneous Spanish-English bilinguals and beginner second-language learners of Spanish labeled the same acoustic continuum in two experimental sessions (Spanish mode, English mode), and both groups were found to display language-specific perceptual boundaries (or session effects). In Experiment 2, early bilinguals and late second-language learners of various levels of proficiency participated in a single session in which, in random order, they labeled nonwords that were designed to prime either Spanish or English language modes. Early bilinguals and relatively proficient second-language learners, but not less proficient learners, displayed mode-specific perceptual normalization criteria even in conditions of rapid, random mode switching. Along with similar ones, the experiments reported here demonstrate that bilinguals are able to exploit language-specific perceptual processes (or norms) when processing speech sounds, which entails some degree of separation between their sound systems.
The Linda Crane Lecture Professionalism & Core Values in Physical Therapy: Lessons Learned From Linda Crane

The professional behaviors demonstrated by Linda Crane were exemplary as documented in the above personal accounts and objective measures of professionalism using the APTA Professionalism in PT Core Values Self-Assessment. Our professional development should likely include many facets of those so keenly portrayed by Linda Crane. It is likely that Linda's professionalism was strongly facilitated by becoming a member of the APTA and the Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Section. She found a professional association and section in which she could comfortably and easily share her ideas. She found a section in which she could contribute by serving in a variety of manners (ie, development of entry-level competencies, specialization, research, and education). Linda strongly believed that the professional development of each and every PT is critical to the profession of PT. Following the above examples of Linda Crane, optimizing one's “chance encounters,” and choosing an environment in which to grow (and relax) will likely facilitate one's professional development in PT. The APTA Professionalism in PT Core Values Self Assessment provides us with a tool to measure our own level of professionalism. Please examine your level of professionalism using this tool and contribute to the profession of PT by becoming a professional in whom Linda Crane would be proud.
Persistent Cytopenias after Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Immunotherapy for CD19+ Aggressive Lymphoma: A Single Institution Experience

Background Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is FDA-approved for the treatment of refractory or multiple-relapsed CD19+ B-NHL. Despite its ability to induce rapid and durable responses, it carries the risk of significant toxicities including cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and reversible encephalopathy. There have been reports of bone marrow failure after engineered-T cell receptor cellular immunotherapy, however, no such reports exist for CAR-T cells. Here, we report persistent cytopenias after T cell therapy (PCTT) following axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) infusion. Methods A retrospective analysis of all patients who were treated with commercial axi-cel at the University of Miami/Sylvester Cancer Center was conducted through 10/12/18. PCTT was defined as patients who were alive at 30 days after axi-cel infusion and did not have ANC>500cells/mL without growth factor support. Results Fifteen patients with CD19+ relapse or refractory B-NHL were identified who received commercial axi-cel, but of those 15 patients, 13 were evaluable (one died from cerebral edema on day +7 and the other has not reached the day +30 benchmark yet). Six of the 13 evaluable patients (46%) fulfilled the criterion for PCTT. None of the 6 patients recovered ANC by day +42. Platelets of 50,000/mL or less on the first day of lymphodepleting chemotherapy was found to be a significant predictor for PCTT (p=0.01) in 5 of 6 PCTT patients. We did not find any other predictive associations with factors such as bulky disease, CRP, ferritin, LDH, ANC, or hemoglobin. It was observed that 4 of 6 (66.7%) patients with PCTT developed CRS of at least grade 2 the day after CAR-T infusion requiring tocilizumab infusion as opposed to only 1 of 7 (14.3%) who did not develop PCTT. Conclusions Low platelet count at the first day of lymphodepleting chemotherapy may be an indicator of low stem cell reserve and a predictor for PCTT after axi-cel. In addition, early onset of at least grade 2 CRS may contribute to PCTT after axi-cel. Notably, 5 of 6 patients who went on to develop PCTT would have been excluded from participation in the ZUMA-1 registration trial.
Elevated glycine detected on in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a breast cancer patient: case report and literature review.

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a promising non-invasive diagnostic method that can detect and quantify endogenous tissue metabolites. High glycine levels obtained from ex vivo breast MRS ...
Extended-Range Probabilistic Fire-Weather Forecasting Based on Ensemble Model Output Statistics and Ensemble Copula Coupling

AbstractProbabilistic fire-weather forecasts provide pertinent information to assess fire behavior and danger of current or potential fires. Operational fire-weather guidance is provided for lead t...
Retention time prediction of hydrocarbons in cryogenically modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: A method development and translation application

Abstract Thermodynamic modeling of GC × GC separations provides a tool for rapid method evaluation and optimization. Separations of 95 hydrocarbons on two cryogenically modulated GC × GC systems (atmospheric outlet and vacuum outlet) are modeled, displaying average second dimension retention time modeling absolute errors of 0.17 s and 0.12 s respectively, and generating modeled chromatograms which sufficiently represent experimental data. A web-based GC × GC modeling routine is presented which allows users to model separations, currently focused on hydrocarbons, with full control over all system parameters. The method translation capabilities of the application are further demonstrated by replicating Piotrowski et al.’s GC × GC-HRT temporal distribution plots of hydraulic fracturing flowback fluid hydrocarbons [28].
Private Stochastic Non-Convex Optimization: Adaptive Algorithms and Tighter Generalization Bounds.

We study differentially private (DP) algorithms for stochastic non-convex optimization. In this problem, the goal is to minimize the population loss over a $p$-dimensional space given $n$ i.i.d. samples drawn from a distribution. We improve upon the population gradient bound of ${\sqrt{p}}/{\sqrt{n}}$ from prior work and obtain a sharper rate of $\sqrt[4]{p}/\sqrt{n}$. We obtain this rate by providing the first analyses on a collection of private gradient-based methods, including adaptive algorithms DP RMSProp and DP Adam. Our proof technique leverages the connection between differential privacy and adaptive data analysis to bound gradient estimation error at every iterate, which circumvents the worse generalization bound from the standard uniform convergence argument. Finally, we evaluate the proposed algorithms on two popular deep learning tasks and demonstrate the empirical advantages of DP adaptive gradient methods over standard DP SGD.
Examining Agency in Children’s Nonfiction Picture Books

Given increased attention toward nonfiction and informational texts due to recent educational reforms in the nation, it is critical to examine how various cultural identities are depicted in nonfiction children’s picture books. Focusing on the Orbis Pictus honor and awarded texts (n = 60) from 1990 to 2019, this article reports the findings of a critical multicultural analysis of the depictions of age, sex, socio-economic status, ethnicities, and geographic regions of these awarded texts. Using a secondary analysis of opportunities for agency, we examine how focal subjects (Crisp in Lang Arts 92(4):241–255, 2015) exert their agency in their respective contexts. Our aim in doing so is to problematize the notion of agency in these texts, specifically understanding who exerts agency, how, and for what purposes. Findings suggest that the authors of these awarded texts rely on highlighting White, European males where agency is typically depicted as an act that occurs in adulthood. As a result, discussion focuses on how such texts, although well-meaning, perhaps perpetuate the traditional notion and passivity of young children in relation to their agency and calls to question the lack of multiple perspectives and voices in the awarded texts.
Role of Plasma Proteins in Corrosion of 316L Stainless Steel in vitro

Plasma proteins have been recognized as playing a role in the corrosion of metals used as medical implants. In this study, we examined the early events of anodic corrosion of 316L stainless steel in saline/plasma mixtures. Polished, annealed, cleaned and passivated 316L electrodes with a surface area/body fluid volume (SA/BFV) ratio of 23X were driven anodically in a 100 ml acid cleaned cell at 950 and 1150 mV (vs. SCE). Electrolyte solutions of isotonic saline (pH = 7.4) containing 0, 5, 10 and 25 volume percent human plasma were used. Aliquots of solution were taken at intervals and analyzed for Cr, Ni and Fe by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Corrosion continued until a total charge of 1.0 to 1.5 C was passed. Plots of solution metal concentration versus electrolyte solution composition, calculated at an isocoulombic point (Q = 0.5 C) and adjusted for initial concentration, were prepared to test for effects of the presence of plasma proteins. Increases in elemental release rates of up to 3x (p 0.05) were found, with peak effects in 5 and 10 volume percent plasma solutions. The effects depend upon anodic potential, metal species, plasma protein concentration and possibly plasma composition.
Abstract P583: Comparison of FAST-S to BEFAST-S for Pediatric Stroke: A Comprehensive Stroke Center Retrospective Analysis

Objective: To assess the demographic characteristics and presenting symptoms in a cohort of pediatric patients with ischemic stroke and develop a tool to improve recognition of ischemic stroke at t...
Thiocysteine lyases as polyketide synthase domains installing hydropersulfide into natural products and a hydropersulfide methyltransferase.

Nature forms S-S bonds by oxidizing two sulfhydryl groups, and no enzyme installing an intact hydropersulfide (-SSH) group into a natural product has been identified to date. The leinamycin (LNM) family of natural products features intact S-S bonds, and previously we reported an SH domain (LnmJ-SH) within the LNM hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-polyketide synthase (PKS) assembly line as a cysteine lyase that plays a role in sulfur incorporation. Here we report the characterization of an S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)-dependent hydropersulfide methyltransferase (GnmP) for guangnanmycin (GNM) biosynthesis, discovery of hydropersulfides as the nascent products of the GNM and LNM hybrid NRPS-PKS assembly lines, and revelation of three SH domains (GnmT-SH, LnmJ-SH, and WsmR-SH) within the GNM, LNM, and weishanmycin (WSM) hybrid NRPS-PKS assembly lines as thiocysteine lyases. Based on these findings, we propose a biosynthetic model for the LNM family of natural products, featuring thiocysteine lyases as PKS domains that directly install a -SSH group into the GNM, LNM, or WSM polyketide scaffold. Genome mining reveals that SH domains are widespread in Nature, extending beyond the LNM family of natural products. The SH domains could also be leveraged as biocatalysts to install an -SSH group into other biologically relevant scaffolds. Enzymes installing an intact hydropersulfide (-SSH) group into natural products have so far not been identified. Here, the authors report the characterization of an S-adenosyl methionine-dependent hydropersulfide methyltransferase (GnmP) for guangnanmycin biosynthesis, and identification of three SH domains within several NRPS-PKS assembly lines as thiocysteine lyases.
Myeloid lineage contributes to pathological choroidal neovascularization formation via SOCS3.

Background Pathological neovascularization in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly. Increasing evidence shows that cells of myeloid lineage play important roles in controlling pathological endothelium formation. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) pathway has been linked to neovascularization.
Seed-based authentication

Although web user authentication via username/password is widely used, this approach has many drawbacks. For example, users have to memorize textual passwords and to change the passwords frequently. Most importantly many users save their passwords in plain text that can potentially be exploited later. In this paper we proposed a new method for web applications to enhance user authentication that is less dependent on end users' memory. This new method incorporates Pseudo Random Numbers that are generated by a seed stemmed from a root file, such as an image file, managed by the user and shared with the authentication server. The Pseudo Random Numbers, generated upon user login, are then served as one-time passwords for server authentication. We described our design, implementation and experiments that tested the randomness of these one-time passwords in a real world scenario. We also discussed how the proposed scheme can withstand common attacks such as replay attacks, dictionary attacks, and the denial-of-service attacks.
Fluidized Bed Reactors for Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment

A review of the theoretical basis for the design and operation of fluidized bed reactors for anaerobic treatment of wastewaters is presented. After the description of the characteristics of three-phase fluidized bed and theoretical aspects which could affect the operation of an anaerobic reactor, the design considerations and recommendations based upon characteristics of the wastewater to be treated are presented. A step by step design strategy, including media selection, operative conditions of the reactor, equipment sizing and long-term run effects, as well as mechanical design hints on distribution system, reactor body, piping of recycle lines and gas collection are included.
Targeting of mTOR catalytic site inhibits multiple steps of the HIV-1 lifecycle and suppresses HIV-1 viremia in humanized mice

HIV necessitates host factors for successful completion of its life cycle. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a conserved serine/threonine kinase that forms two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Rapamycin is an allosteric inhibitor of mTOR that selectively inhibits mTORC1. Rapamycin interferes with viral entry of CCR5 (R5)-tropic HIV and with basal transcription of the HIV LTR, potently inhibiting replication of R5 HIV but not CXCR4 (X4)-tropic HIV in primary cells. The recently developed ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitors (TOR-KIs) inhibit both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Using INK128 as a prototype TOR-KI, we demonstrate potent inhibition of both R5 and X4 HIV in primary lymphocytes (EC50 2 log10 units and partially restored CD4/CD8 cell ratios. Targeting of cellular mTOR with INK128 (and perhaps others TOR-KIs) provides a potential strategy to inhibit HIV, especially in patients with drug resistant HIV strains.
Semiconductor developments for automotive systems

The paper defines how complex automotive electronics has become and how advanced semiconductor technology is being developed to simplify the development of these systems. In order to handle the increasing processing bandwidth required, and to interface effectively with the many sensors and actuators on the modern motor vehicle, significant advances are being made in semiconductor technology. The types of systems which are becoming more complex are defined along with the reasons for becoming so. "System chips" are now being developed which can integrate together different types of semiconductor technology in order to reduce chipcount, size and increase performance and reliability. Analog, digital, power and even sensor technology is being merged in order to address the advanced automotive requirements. Examples are given of system chips and their impact on advanced automotive applications. Smart sensors are being developed which will make integrating many sensors simpler than ever before. The smart sensors will allow easier sharing of information between related systems such as chassis control systems (braking, steering, collision avoidance, etc.). The concept and application of such smart sensors is discussed. Several other advances in semiconductors for automotive applications are discussed such as Flash NV memory, power consumption issues and vehicular electronic communication protocols. The impact of these technologies on simplifying development of complex systems is made clear.
Day-to-day Relationships Between Self-awareness, Daily Events, and Anxiety

Every day for 3 weeks, 41 participants provided measures of their state private and public self-consciousness (self-awareness, SA), and anxiety, and they described the events that occurred each day. Multilevel random coefficient modeling analyses found that daily private and public SA were positively related to the importance and frequency of daily negative social events and to daily anxiety. Public SA was also positively related to the importance and frequency of daily positive social events. Neither public nor private SA was related to the importance and frequency of daily achievement events. The strength of the relationship between public SA and positive social events was stronger for people who were less anxious, less depressed, and for those with greater self-esteem. Analyses of lagged relationships suggested that increased private SA led to increased negativity of social events, whereas increased public SA led to increased positivity of social events, and increased anxiety led to increased private SA.
Rethinking the Public through the Lens of Sovereignty

The interrelationships of the various, seemingly contradictory, uses of the public as a concept are best understood by relating the concept to sovereignty. The concept of the public thus gained particular structural meaning in colonial India through the state's efforts to legitimise its authority as the embodiment of a discourse of reason in the nineteenth century, with the courts serving as a critical model for the public. With the emergence of the concept of the sovereignty of the people in the twentieth century, the nature of the public was significantly transformed, and gained increasing significance as an arena for the open performance of the autonomous self.
Designing a multimedia center for everyone: the Freedman center

The Freedman Center is Case Western Reserve University's new multimedia lab built for Faculty, Staff, and students. Providing them with the tools and experiences needed to create dynamic multimedia presentations. But, designing a center for an audience with such a wide variety of needs, interests, and skills can be a challenge. In addition to creating a friendly and useful environment the Center also has to focus on maximizing its limited resources.To that end the Center has taken a middle of the road approach to hardware and software. Everything (for the most part) in the Freedman Center is affordable so that not only is the equipment friendly (not scary) but for those that want to purchase their own it is also very accessible.
Institutional quality, knowledge spillovers and entrepreneurship

We examine the impact of institutional quality on early stage and formal entrepreneurial activity and on knowledge spillovers. We use four institutional variables – the protection of property rights, business freedom, financial depth, and corruption as proxies for institutional quality. Results suggest that financial institutions matter for formal and early-stage entrepreneurship. Corruption deters formal entrepreneurship, but the presence of corrupt institutions positively influences the conversion of early-stage entrepreneurial entities into formal business ventures. The presence of scientific knowledge in the public domain encourages the knowledge spillover process to early stage entrepreneurs but is retarded by a strong legal and regulatory environment.
Spectra of functionalized operators arising from hypersurfaces

Functionalized energies, such as the Functionalized Cahn-Hilliard, model phase separation in amphiphilic systems, in which interface production is limited by the competition for surfactant phase, which wets the interface. This is in contrast to classical phase-separating energies, such as the Cahn-Hilliard, in which interfacial area is energetically penalized. In binary amphiphilic mixtures, interfaces are characterized not by single layers, which separate domains of phase A from those of phase B via a heteroclinic connection, but by bilayers, which divide the domain of the dominant phase, A, via thin layers of phase B formed by homoclinic connections. Evaluating the second variation of the functionalized energy at a bilayer interface yields a functionalized operator. We characterize the center-unstable spectra of functionalized operators and obtain resolvent estimates to the operators associated with gradient flows of the functionalized energies. This is an essential step to a rigorous reduction to a sharp-interface limit.
Advice on West Coast Rockfish Harvest Rates from Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Stock−Recruit Relationships

Abstract Over the past two decades, populations of rockfish Sebastes spp. off the U.S. West Coast have declined sharply, leading to heightened concern about the sustainability of current harvest policies for these populations. In this paper, I develop a hierarchical Bayesian model to jointly estimate the stock−recruit relationships of rockfish stocks in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Stock−recruit curves for individual stocks are linked using a prior distribution for the “steepness” parameter of the Beverton–Holt stock−recruit curve, defined as the expected recruitment at 20% of unfished biomass relative to unfished recruitment. The choice of a spawning biomass per recruit (SPR) harvest rate is considered a problem in decision theory, in which different options are evaluated in the presence of uncertainty in the stock−recruit relationship. Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling is used to obtain the marginal distributions of variables of interest to management, such as the yield at a given SPR rate. A wide ra...
A method for reducing methacrylate sublimation from thin sections.

The loss of methacrylate by sublimation during electron bombardment causes minute artifacts in thin sections. A method is described of eliminating such loss by placing a methacrylate membrane over the sections before bombardment. The membrane thickness is such that it will be completely sublimed and lost during the time when the methacrylate in the section is being stabilized. Such a methacrylate membrane may also serve as the substrate; then the result is a section which is nearly substrate-free but has, nevertheless, been protected from sublimation. Optimum contrast, protection from sublimation, and high high resolution can thus be achieved.
N-nitrosocarbaryl-induced mutagenesis in Haemophilus influenzae strains deficient in repair and recombination ☆

Abstract Mutagenesis was studied in repair- and recombination-deficient strains of Haemophilus influenzae after treatment with N-nitrosocarbaryl (NC). Three different strains of H. influenzae carrying mutations affecting excision-repair of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers exhibited normal repair of premutational lesions (as detected by decreased mutation yield resulting from post-treatment DNA synthesis delay) and normal nonreplicative mutation fixation. This indicates that neither of these phenomena are caused by the same repair mechanism that removes UV-induced pyrimidine dimers from the DNA. The recombination-deficient mutant rec1 is apparently deficient in the replication-dependent mode of NC-induced mutation fixation. This conclusion is based on the following results: (1) NC-induced mutagenesis is lower in the rec1 strain than in rec+ cells. (2) Repair of premutational lesions (which depends on the existence of replication-dependent mutation fixation for its detection) was not detected in the rec1 strain. (3) When nonreplicative mutation fixation and final mutation frequency were measured in the same experiment, about 1 4 to 1 3 of the final mutation yield could be accounted for by nonreplicative mutation fixation in the rec+ strain, whereas all of the mutation could be accounted for in the rec1 strain by the nonreplicative mutation fixation. (4) When mutation fixation in strain dna9 rec1 was followed at the permissive (36°) and nonpermissive (41°) temperatures, it became apparent that in the rec1 strain replication-dependent mutation fixation occurs at early times, but these newly fixed mutations are unstable and disappear at later times, leaving only the mutations fixed by the nonreplicative process. The rec1 strain exhibits normal repair of NC-induced single-strand breaks or alkali-labile bonds in the DNA labeled before treatment, but is slow in joining discontinuities present in DNA synthesized after treatment. The results are consistent with the idea that in NC-treated H. influenzae cells the replication-dependent mode of mutation fixation occurs by error-prone joining of interruptions present in the DNA synthesized after treatment. The possibility still exists, however, that during DNA replication mispairing occurs opposite certain alkylation-induced lesions and that mutations arising during replication of strain rec1 later disappear as a result of degradation of newly synthesized DNA, which is excessive in this strain.
Brief exposures: Male sexual orientation is accurately perceived at 50 ms

Abstract People have proved adept at categorizing others into social categories, at least when the categorical distinction is perceptually obvious (e.g., age, race, or gender). There remain many social groups whose boundaries are less clear, however. The current work therefore tested judgments of an ambiguous social category (male sexual orientation) from faces shown for durations between 33 ms and 10,000 ms. The sexual orientation of faces presented for 50 ms, 100 ms, 6500 ms, 10,000 ms, and at a self-paced rate (averaging 1500 ms), was categorized at above-chance levels with no decrease in accuracy for briefer exposures. Previous work showing impression formation at similar speeds relied on consensus to determine the validity of judgments. The present results extend these findings by providing a criterion for judgmental accuracy—actual group membership.
Quasi-exactly solvable cases of an N-dimensional symmetric decatic anharmonic oscillator

Abstract The spectral problem of an O ( N ) invariant decatic anharmonic oscillator in N dimensions is considered for quasi-exactly solvable cases. The sextic anharmonic oscillator is a special case. The eigenvalue problem is found to be equivalent to that of an energy-dependent non-linear sl 2 rotor. The N dependence, in the large N limit, of the ground state energies for anharmonic polynomial potentials of degree 2 n is also considered.
Accretion of Low Angular Momentum Material onto Black Holes: Two-dimensional Hydrodynamical Inviscid Case

We report on the first phase of our study of slightly rotating accretion flows onto black holes. We consider inviscid accretion flows with a spherically symmetric density distribution at the outer boundary, but with spherical symmetry broken by the introduction of a small, latitude-dependent angular momentum. We study accretion flows by means of numerical two-dimensional, axisymmetric, hydrodynamical simulations. Our main result is that the properties of the accretion flow do not depend as much on the outer boundary conditions (i.e., the amount as well as distribution of the angular momentum) as on the geometry of the nonaccreting matter. The material that has too much angular momentum to be accreted forms a thick torus near the equator. Consequently, the geometry of the polar region, where material is accreted (the funnel), and the mass accretion rate through it are constrained by the size and shape of the torus. Our results show one way in which the mass accretion rate of slightly rotating gas can be significantly reduced compared to the accretion of nonrotating gas (i.e., the Bondi rate) and set the stage for calculations that will take into account the transport of angular momentum and energy.
Supernumerary chromosomes in filamentous fungi

Within a fungal species, a subset of individuals may have more than the minimal complement of chromosomes. If the extra chromosomes are composed primarily of DNA not found in all representatives of the species, they are most appropriately referred to as supernumerary chromosomes. The patterns of repeated DNA sequences on certain supernumerary chromosomes suggest that they have a different evolutionary history from the essential chromosomes in the same genome. Supernumerary chromosomes can carry functional genes and, in at least two fungal species, genes on such chromosomes play important roles in host-pathogen interactions. Supernumerary chromosomes that confer an adaptive advantage in certain habitats, such as the ability to cause disease on a specific host, may be referred to as “conditionally dispensable” chromosomes in order to reflect their importance in some, but not all, growth conditions. In addition to describing the structural and functional characteristics of known supernumerary chromosomes in fungi, this review discusses the relative merits of the terms that have been used to describe them, and establishes experimental criteria for their identification.
Quality of life and cancer-related needs in patients with choroidal melanoma

Aims To assess quality of life (QoL) indices and their associations with treatment modality, sociodemographics and cancer-related needs in choroidal melanoma patients. Methods Patients (N=99) treated at the University of California, Los Angeles, for choroidal melanoma within the prior 5 years (M=2.05) completed questionnaires assessing demographics, cancer-related needs, vision-specific QoL, depressive symptoms and concern about recurrence. Visual acuity, comorbidities, treatment modality (radiotherapy, enucleation) and years since diagnosis were gathered from medical records. Primary analyses were multiple regressions. Results Although concern about cancer recurrence was elevated, QoL was better than in other oncology samples and comparable with healthy samples on some outcomes. Enucleation was associated with worse vision-specific QoL, and presence of comorbid diseases was associated with worse vision-specific QoL, depressive symptoms and concern about cancer recurring (all p values Conclusions For choroidal melanoma patients, an average of 2 years after treatment, the number of physical comorbidities and unmet cancer needs were the strongest correlates of poorer QoL.
Analysis of a Potential Myristoylation Site in Hepatitis A Virus Capsid Protein VP4

The VP4 capsid protein of several picornaviruses has been shown to be myristoylated at an N-terminal glycine residue. Myristoylation occurs after removal of an initial methionine residue or a leader peptide, resulting in the exposure of an N-terminal eight amino acid myristoylation signal including a consensus G-x-x-x-T/S motif. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) capsid protein reveals a potential myristoylation site beginning at position 5 of the VP4 sequence. To assess the significance of this apparent myristoylation signal, mutations were engineered (G to A; T to N) to alter the consensus sequence as well as the potential cleavage site that would be required to remove the short leader. An additional mutant was constructed in which the proposed leader was deleted. Expression of these HAV sequences in BS-C-1 cells showed that leader cleavage did not occur in the wild-type or mutant proteins, although the threonine to asparagine mutation resulted in reduced translation and processing efficiency. Transfection of BS-C-1 or FRhK-4 cells with transcripts derived from the wild-type or mutagenized cDNA clones gave rise to infectious virus, with no detectable incorporation of myristate. The results indicate that HAV does not require leader cleavage and myristoylation of VP4 for growth in cultured cells.