cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ecohydrological modeling for large-scale environmental impact assessment

Ecohydrological models are frequently used to assess the biological integrity of unsampled streams. These models vary in complexity and scale, and their utility depends on their final application. Tradeoffs are usually made in model scale, where large-scale models are useful for determining broad impacts of human activities on biological conditions, and regional-scale (e.g. watershed or ecoregion) models provide stakeholders greater detail at the individual stream reach level. Given these tradeoffs, the objective of this study was to develop large-scale stream health models with reach level accuracy similar to regional-scale models thereby allowing for impacts assessments and improved decision-making capabilities. To accomplish this, four measures of biological integrity (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa (EPT), Family Index of Biotic Integrity (FIBI), Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI), and fish Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI)) were modeled based on four thermal classes (cold, cold-transitional, cool, and warm) of streams that broadly dictate the distribution of aquatic biota in Michigan. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate streamflow and water quality in seven watersheds and the Hydrologic Index Tool was used to calculate 171 ecologically relevant flow regime variables. Unique variables were selected for each thermal class using a Bayesian variable selection method. The variables were then used in development of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) models of EPT, FIBI, HBI, and IBI. ANFIS model accuracy improved when accounting for stream thermal class rather than developing a global model.
Responses of Astragalus tennesseensis to drought

In order to better understand the adaptations of Astragalus tennesseensis Gray (Leguminosae) to its summer-dry cedar glade habitat, comparisons were made of the free amino acids and amides in leaves of drought- and nondrought-treated plants. No qualitative differences were detected; 13 free amino acids and 2 amides were identified. However, water stressed plants showed a 115% increase in the total amount of amino acids and amides over nondrought stressed plants. Proline accounted for 30.1% of the increase and aspartic acid 37.1%. Water stress caused an increase in the 2 amides and in 11 of the 13 amino acids; alamine and serine decreased. Upon rewatering, the total amount of amino acids and amides quickly decreased. The ability to accumulate proline and aspartic acid may be of adaptive value to A. tennesseensis during short periods of drought.
General Graph Data De-Anonymization: From Mobility Traces to Social Networks

When people utilize social applications and services, their privacy suffers a potential serious threat. In this article, we present a novel, robust, and effective de-anonymization attack to mobility trace data and social data. First, we design a Unified Similarity (US) measurement, which takes account of local and global structural characteristics of data, information obtained from auxiliary data, and knowledge inherited from ongoing de-anonymization results. By analyzing the measurement on real datasets, we find that some data can potentially be de-anonymized accurately and the other can be de-anonymized in a coarse granularity. Utilizing this property, we present a US-based De-Anonymization (DA) framework, which iteratively de-anonymizes data with accuracy guarantee. Then, to de-anonymize large-scale data without knowledge of the overlap size between the anonymized data and the auxiliary data, we generalize DA to an Adaptive De-Anonymization (ADA) framework. By smartly working on two core matching subgraphs, ADA achieves high de-anonymization accuracy and reduces computational overhead. Finally, we examine the presented de-anonymization attack on three well-known mobility traces: St Andrews, Infocom06, and Smallblue, and three social datasets: ArnetMiner, Google+, and Facebook. The experimental results demonstrate that the presented de-anonymization framework is very effective and robust to noise. The source code and employed datasets are now publicly available at SecGraph [2015].
To Be or Not to Be…Greek: A Study of Theory of Mind, Moral Reasoning, and Moral Development in Affiliated and Non-Affiliated Students

Understanding factors that affect theory of mind and morality (such as participation in Greek organizations) are particularly important during college, a time of emotional and moral development. While past studies have investigated theory of mind and moral development in Greek and nonaffiliated college students, the research is limited. Thus, in this study, we explored theory of mind (ToM), moral development (MD), and moral reasoning (MR) in Greek members (n = 54) and their non-affiliated peers (n = 50) across their college years. Results indicated that Greek and non-affiliated students differed in theory of mind and moral reasoning, but not in moral development. Greek men and women demonstrated equivalent theory of mind abilities across class years, whereas non-affiliated students’ theory of mind abilities differed depending on their gender and class year. Specifically, nonaffiliated men showed a pattern of decreased theory of mind across their college years, whereas non-affiliated women’s theory of mind improved across the same period. Additionally, non-affiliated students tended to consider the feelings of others more than themselves when reaching moral decisions, whereas Greek students’ moral reasoning focused more on following rules and social norms. Taken together, these results suggest that involvement in Greek life during college may impact both theory of mind and moral reasoning without directly affecting the levels of moral development reached by students. Theory of mind, the acknowledgement that others’ viewpoints and feelings differ from one’s own (Winner, Brownell, Happe, Blum & Pincus, 1998; Gaudreau, et al., 2013), plays a critical role in interpersonal interactions. Previous research suggests a link between the awareness of our own emotions and the recognition of emotions in others (Brabec, Gfeller & Ross,
New Uses for Exchange Transfusion

The rational potential role and early experience with exchange transfusion in the treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation and severe hyaline membrane disease are reviewed.
The Anand parameters for SAC solders after extreme aging

The mechanical behavior of lead free solder materials is often represented using the Anand viscoplastic constitutive model. This nine parameter model is built into popular commercial finite element codes, and is widely used in the electronic packaging industry. Reliability prediction results are often highly sensitive to the specified Anand parameters, and there are great variations in the available literature values for common solder alloys. In this work, we have explored the range of Anand parameters possible for four common SAC (Sn-Ag-Cu) alloys by testing samples with a wide range of microstructures. The lead free solder materials tested include 98.5Sn1.0Ag0.5Cu (SAC105), 97.5Sn2.0Ag0.5Cu (SAC205), 96.5Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu (SAC305), 95.5Sn4.0Ag0.5Cu (SAC405). These SACN05 solders have various Ag contents from N = 1.0 to 4.0%, and all contain 0.5% Cu.
Minimal Inclusive Sets in Special Classes of Games

A companion paper, Sanchirico (1996), provides a probabilistic theory of learning in games with the convergence property that, almost surely, play will remain almost always (i.e., forever after some point) within one of the stage game's "minimal inclusive sets." This paper investigates the size of minimal inclusive sets in several classes of games, notably, those for which other learning processes have been shown to converge (in various manners weaker than convergence of actual play). These include certain supermodular games, congestion games, potential games, games with identical interests, and games with bandwagon effects. It is shown that in all these classes, if all of a game?s pure equilibria are strict (a fortiori, if its payoffs are generic), then all of its minimal inclusive sets will be singletons consisting of Nash equilibria.
Equivalent parameterized beam model for nailed connections in low-rise residential buildings

Abstract Increased frequency and intensity of coastal storms has renewed interest in the structural performance of coastal low-rise residential homes. Post hazard surveys indicate connections that form the load path from sheathing to framing to foundation play a pivotal role in the failure modes of these non-engineered structures. Nonlinear spring elements are a common means of modeling nailed connections for structural analysis based on experimentally observed behavior. Due to complex connection behavior, three independent springs are usually defined to consider 3D translational displacements. This common approach may introduce error in large displacement analyses due to independently defined directional spring properties. After a brief discussion of issues encountered with nonlinear spring element connection modeling schemes, an equivalent parameterized beam connection model is proposed to characterize softening-type connection behavior. Comparison analyses between the equivalent parameterized beam connector (EPBC) and equivalent nonlinear spring connector (ENSC) are carried out using 1D and 2D single element examples as well as 3D panel models. This new connection modeling scheme could greatly reduce meshing efforts in large models and provide more accurate solutions in critical areas of the structure such as corners and edges by coupling the axial and transverse connection responses.
A game theoretic approach to analyze false data injection and detection in LQG system

The interplay between an intrusion detection mechanism and a false data injection mechanism is investigated in this work in the context of an infinite horizon Linear Quadratic Gaussian Control System (LQG). A game theoretic framework is proposed between the attacker, who wishes to impair the operation of the control system while remaining stealthy, and the detector, who wishes to detect the presence of an attacker using the control system observations. In an LQG control system, the control input stream is compromised by an attacker who modifies the control signals with the objective of increasing the quadratic cost, and the controller is equipped with the intrusion detection mechanism that monitors the sequence of system states. The problem is formulated as a two player zero-sum game with the false alarm probability as the payoff, wherein the attacker aims to achieve a target increase in controller's cost while keep stealth, and a detector who wishes to minimize the payoff while remaining consistent. It is shown that in such a game an e-equilibrium exists. The equilibrium attacker strategy is the one that minimize the KL-divergence between legitimate and falsified state dynamics, and the equilibrium detector strategy is the corresponding likelihood test. Numerical simulations are presented that showcase the equilibrium strategy pair and the comparison of the equilibrium and naive strategy pairs.
Additional Clinical Aspects of Developmental Physiology and Clinical Care

As noted, a major public health issue is that of preterm birth, which occurs in 10–12% of pregnancies in the USA, an incidence which appears to resist improvement despite advances in the practice of maternal-fetal medicine. Importantly, this complication of pregnancy accounts for about 75% of perinatal mortality and often is associated with several serious long-term developmental and health issues for the infant who survives. As noted earlier, preterm birth is defined as that <37 weeks gestation, while very preterm birth is that <33 weeks gestation and extremely <28 weeks gestation (Reece and Hobbins 2007). Appropriate for gestational age, preterm infants must be distinguished from small for gestational age infants, defined as ≤10 percentile (Zhang et al. 2010), although it is recognized that small infants are not necessarily growth restricted, and those with growth restriction are not necessarily small (Bhide 2011; Zhang et al. 2010). In part, a consequence of maternal and/or fetal infection (Abramowicz and Kass 1966; Romero et al. 1988), preterm birth has many causes, and a more clear understanding of the mechanisms of this scourge is essential to its amelioration. Also as noted earlier, several aspects of the basis for antenatal steroid therapy for pulmonary development have been established (Ballard and Ballard 1995; Ballard et al. 1980). Nonetheless, a considerable body of evidence supports the value of this modality in lessening infant morbidity and mortality (Bonnano and Wapner 2009), and a number of considerations remain to be resolved such as the ideal drug, dosage regimen, indications for retreatment, and so forth.
A broad investigation of the HBV-mediated changes to primary hepatocyte physiology reveals HBV significantly alters metabolic pathways.

Abstract Objective As the leading risk factor for the development of liver cancer, chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) represents a significant global health concern. Although an effective HBV vaccine exists, at least 240 million people are chronically infected with HBV worldwide. Therapeutic options for the treatment of chronic HBV remain limited, and none achieve an absolute cure. To develop novel therapeutic targets, a better understanding of the complex network of virus-host interactions is needed. Because of the central metabolic role of the liver, we assessed the metabolic impact of HBV infection as a means to identify viral dependency factors and metabolic pathways that could serve as novel points of therapeutic intervention. Methods Primary rat hepatocytes were infected with a control adenovirus, an adenovirus expressing a greater-than-unit-length copy of the HBV genome, or an adenovirus expressing the HBV X protein (HBx). A panel of 369 metabolites was analyzed for HBV- or HBx-induced changes 24 and 48 h post infection. Pathway analysis was used to identify key metabolic pathways altered in the presence of HBV or HBx expression, and these findings were further supported through integration of publically available gene expression data. Results We observed distinct changes to multiple metabolites in the context of HBV replication or HBx expression. Interestingly, a panel of 7 metabolites (maltotriose, maltose, myristate [14:0], arachidate [20:0], 3-hydroxybutyrate [BHBA], myo-inositol, and 2-palmitoylglycerol [16,0]) were altered by both HBV and HBx at both time points. In addition, incorporation of data from a transcriptome-based dataset allowed us to identify metabolic pathways, including long chain fatty acid metabolism, glycolysis, and glycogen metabolism, that were significantly altered by HBV and HBx. Conclusions Because the liver is a central regulator of metabolic processes, it is important to understand how HBV replication and HBV protein expression affects the metabolic function of hepatocytes. Through analysis of a broad panel of metabolites we investigated this metabolic impact. The results of these studies have defined metabolic consequences of an HBV infection of hepatocytes and will help to lay the groundwork for novel research directions and, potentially, development of novel anti-HBV therapeutics.
Defective Steroid Receptors in a Glucocorticoid Resistant Clone of a Human Leukemic Cell Line

The ability of steroid hormones to elicit changes in cell physiology, metabolism and differentiation, and their role in both developmental and homeostatic regulation has prompted extensive study of the mechanism of action of these hormones. These studies have defined a general pathway for the action of steroid hormones whose first step is the binding of the steroid to a specific receptor localized in the cell cytoplasm. This steroid receptor complex then undergoes a conformational alteration (“activation”) and enters the nucleus where either through direct interaction with chromatin, or through an acceptor mediated interaction with chromatin, specific changes in gene transcription are produced. The specific transcripts of these genes when, expressed as proteins produce the ultimate observed cellular responses.
Minimum Winning Coalition, in Politics

The central debate in coalition theory is between those who hypothesize that politicians seek to maximize vote share and those who hypothesize that politicians seek to gain just enough support to win and no more. This debate is central to the investigation of legislative coalitions and coalition governments, especially in parliamentary systems. Minimal winning coalitions, that is, alignments of parties or politicians just large enough to defeat rivals and no larger, ensure that politicians make as few legislative concessions as possible while still controlling sufficient support to maintain governmental authority and pass legislation. Larger than minimal winning coalitions reduce the vulnerability of leaders to defections by individual legislators or small, highly issue focused parties, but at the expense of greater legislative concessions. By reviewing the coalition literature it is possible to understand when minimal winning coalitions make most sense theoretically and when they arise in reality.
Fiberoptic rhinolaryngoscopy in primary care. A new direction for expanding in-office diagnostics.

PreviewThe current medical care environment encourages primary care physicians to perform selected specialized procedures. Fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy and laryngoscopy are particularly appropriate examinations for nonspecialists. The nasopharyngeal lumen and larynx are easily accessible, today's flexible endoscopes are easy to use, procedures are well accepted by patients, and diagnostic yields make these examinations worthwhile. Trained primary care physicians can use these procedures very cost-effectively to evaluate symptoms and maintain health.
Long-Term Treatment of Concussion

Prolonged postconcussion symptoms occur in a small percentage of individuals following concussion. Management of postconcussion symptoms can be challenging, since there is no broad consensus on specific treatment options at this time. Knowledge of risk factors associated with prolonged recovery may help identify patients to follow closely. Treatment approaches focus on identifying symptoms in each individual case and treating accordingly. This chapter outlines management options to consider when working with this challenging group of individuals.
The Urban Wildlife We Don’t Want: Coyote Management Planning and Regulatory Control Measures

Coyotes have been viewed as pests and a threat to livestock since American settlers first encountered them. But despite decades of hunting, poisoning, and trapping programs, coyotes have proliferated and expanded their range, both geographically and ecologically. While once confined primarily to the plains and prairies of the West and Southwest, coyotes now inhabit urban, suburban and rural habitats throughout Alaska and the lower 48 states, as well as much of Canada and Mexico. In rural areas where larger predators such as wolves have been more successfully eradicated, coyotes have taken their place as apex predators, and in developed areas their intelligence and adaptability has allowed them to create new ecological niches in the urban and suburban landscape. Urban coyotes are secretive and mostly escape human notice. They play an important predator role in developed areas, culling populations of other nuisance animals like geese and rodents, and many people are happy to coexist with them. But they can also prey on house pets, and while coyote attacks on people are still far less common than dog bites, problems with aggressive coyotes are becoming more frequent in many areas. Public concern about coyotes has grown as well, fueled by unfamiliarity and negative media accounts, leading to increased calls for local governments to address the issue.Designing effective coyote control programs requires local governments to understand and influence both coyote and human behavior, and it often involves cooperation with state and federal wildlife agencies, neighboring municipalities, and community stakeholders. Coyote management may be a daunting task for lawmakers that have no experience with predator control issues, but appropriate coyote policies will only become more important as their populations increase. This working paper provides a review of existing wildlife laws affecting coyotes as well as the types of regulations and strategies now being used to manage coyotes in urban and suburban settings.
Sovereign Immunity and Intellectual Property

Should states have constitutional sovereign immunity in copyright and patent lawsuits? In Florida Prepaid, the Court said the answer is "yes," but many have argued that this is (even setting aside the various textual, originalist, or precedential arguments) just plain silly. A simple analogy, critics suggest, proves this: Why should government-run UCLA be treated differently from privately-run USC? This short (8-page) article points to two alternative analogies that suggest sovereign immunity in such cases may not be so odd or unjust after all. First, why should state-run UCLA be treated differently from the federally-run Department of Defense? The federal government has long asserted its sovereign immunity in copyright and patent cases, subject only to a Takings-Clause-based lawsuit for just compensation in the Court of Federal Claims. This, as it happens, is pretty close to what is left after Florida Prepaid for state infringements. Second, why should state infringements of intellectual property be treated differently from state infringements of real or personal property? Governments routinely interfere with private property rights, subject only to a Takings-Clause-based lawsuit for just compensation; and intellectual property hawks often argue that intellectual property rights should be entitled to the same respect as other property rights are. And Florida Prepaid leaves intellectual property owners in pretty much the same situation as other property owners. The article concludes that state sovereign immunity might or might not be constitutionally mandated or wise -- but that simple analogies between state government infringements and private infringements can't go far to resolve this matter.
Psychological and Autonomic Correlates of Emotion Dysregulation among Women in Substance Use Disorder Treatment.

AbstractBackground: Emotion regulation is increasingly recognized as important for the prevention and treatment of substance use disorder (SUD). However, there is an identified lack of physiological indexes of emotion dysregulation in SUD treatment studies, critically needed to better understand the link between emotion regulation capacity (measured physiologically) and self-report health outcomes among individuals in SUD treatment. Objective: To examine the association between respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and self-report health outcomes among women in SUD treatment. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study based on baseline data from 217 women enrolled in a randomized control trial to study a mind-body intervention as an adjunct to SUD treatment. All participants were enrolled in community-based outpatient treatment. Participants were administered questionnaires to examine sample characteristics, mental health symptoms, and interoceptive awareness and mindfulness skills. RSA data was gathered as an...
Setting the Stage: Pre-Trip Preparation for Short-Term Immersion Programs.

The authors examine components of pre-trip preparation that influence student trip experiences and learning related to short-term immersion programs. With the use of a transformative learning frame...
Are Brønsted Acids the True Promoter of Metal-Triflate-Catalyzed Glycosylations? A Mechanistic Probe into 1,2-cis-Aminoglycoside Formation by Nickel Triflate.

Metal triflates have been utilized to catalytically facilitate numerous glycosylation reactions under mild conditions. In some methods, the metal triflate system provides stereocontrol during the glycosylation, rather than the nature of protecting groups on the substrate. Despite these advances, the true activating nature of metal triflates remains unclear. Our findings indicated that the in situ generation of trace amounts of triflic acid from metal triflates can be the active catalyst species in the glycosylation. This fact has been mentioned previously in metal-triflate-catalyzed glycosylation reactions; however, a thorough study on the subject and its implications on stereoselectivity has yet to be performed. Experimental evidence from control reactions and 19F NMR spectroscopy have been obtained to confirm and quantify the triflic acid released from nickel triflate, for which it is of paramount importance in achieving a stereoselective 1,2-cis-2-amino glycosidic bond formation via a transient anomeri...
A Comparison of Anatrophic Nephrolithotomy and Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy with and without Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy for Management of Patients with Staghorn Calculi

A retrospective study was conducted comparing anatrophic nephrolithotomy (10 cases), percutaneous nephrolithotomy alone (4 cases) or percutaneous nephrolithotomy combined with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (23 cases) for the treatment of large staghorn calculi. A comparison based on collecting system anatomy demonstrated that anatrophic nephrolithotomy resulted in a greater stone-free rate, shorter hospitalization and lower costs while complication rates were similar. Anatrophic nephrolithotomy should still be considered a viable treatment option, especially for patients with large branched calculi in complex collecting systems.
Buffer tree synthesis with consideration of temporal locality, sink polarity requirements, solution cost and blockages

We give an overview of a buffer tree synthesis package which pays particular attention to the following issues: routing and buffer blockages, minimization of interconnect and buffer costs, exploitation of temporal locality among the sinks and addressing sink polarity requirements. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the tool in comparison with previously proposed techniques.
Quantifying the uncertainty in nitrogen application and groundwater nitrate leaching in manure based cropping systems

Abstract Uncertainty in application rates of nitrogen (N) limits the effectiveness of nutrient management plans that aim to realize yield goals while minimizing environmental N losses. Measuring N application rates accurately is especially difficult in manure dependent cropping systems. California dairies use both solid manure and process wastewater (PWW) to fertilize forage crop fields. California dairy farmers measure the ratio of N applied to N removed from each crop field, the N Ratio, based on many uncertain measurements of the quantity and concentration of applied N sources. In this study, a Monte Carlo based model was used to propagate the uncertainty of each application measurement to the overall N application rate. Then the Monte Carlo model was used to stochastically vary the N application rate around farmer measured values for two forage fields (A: silty clay soil, B: sandy loam soil) over a 5 year period. The N Ratios and groundwater nitrate concentrations were simulated for 1000 stochastic N application scenarios using the HYDRUS-1D water and solute transport model and the results were compared to monitoring well measurements. Results showed that uncertainty in measurements of N applied in PWW were the dominant source of uncertainty in total N application rates, contributing 64 to 94% of overall uncertainty. N Ratio uncertainty varied widely between harvests. The average upper and lower limits of the 95% confidence interval deviated from the median simulated N Ratio by 0.25 (range: 0.13 to 0.48) and 0.27 (range: 0.12 to 0.55), respectively, among all harvested crops. Simulated groundwater nitrate concentrations were lower than monitoring well measurements by an average of 20 and 2 mg L−1 for Fields A and B, respectively. All simulated and observed nitrate concentrations in groundwater recharge from both fields were three to eight times the federal maximum contaminant level for nitrate as N of 10 mg L−1. Determining and reducing uncertainty in measurements of N applied in PWW is likely the most impactful way to improve accuracy of overall N application rates. Within current measurement and management systems, measurements of N application in manure dependent cropping systems are not accurate enough to identify application rates that will both support yield goals and reduce environmental N losses.
Gamma-Gamma Angular Correlation in Pd 106

The angular correlation of the 624- and 513-kev $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays and that of the 1045- and 513-kev $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays of ${\mathrm{Pd}}^{106}$ have been measured with a coincidence scintillation spectrometer using NaI detectors. For a dilute ruthenium chloride aqueous solution source, the correlation function of the 624-513-kev cascade is $W(\ensuremath{\theta})=1+(0.3456\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0079){P}_{2}(cos\ensuremath{\theta})+(1.109\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012){P}_{4}(cos\ensuremath{\theta})$; that of the 1045-513-kev cascade is $W(\ensuremath{\theta})=1+(0.0921\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0027){P}_{2}(cos\ensuremath{\theta})+(0.0350\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0092){P}_{4}(cos\ensuremath{\theta})$. In each of the above functions, the finite angular resolution of the equipment has been taken into account. The measurement on the 1045-513-kev cascade establishes the spin of the 1550-kev level as two and gives the intensity of the electric quadrupole radiation as 4.24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.14 percent relative to the intensity of the magnetic dipole radiation in the 1045-kev transition.
Getting called out: Effects of feedback to social media corporate social responsibility statements

Abstract Corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts via social media are increasingly common and are often key to achieving organizational CSR objectives. Concerns exist about potential damage caused by negative user comments and effects of user feedback to CSR efforts are mostly unknown. Exploring the effects of positive and negative comments to social media CSR statements and subsequent organizational response, this work reports the results of an online experiment (N = 257) that manipulated both user-generated feedback to organizational CSR statements and subsequent organizational responses. Results demonstrate that negative user comments are less of a concern than commonly thought, and call into question the value of organizational response to user feedback.
Effects of a Visual Technology on Mock Juror Decision Making

Summary Two studies explored the effects of lawyers' use of PowerPoint on liability judgments in a case involving statistical evidence. Participants (Study 1, N = 192; Study 2A, N = 180; Study 2B, N = 189) watched videotaped opening statements for plaintiffs and defendant. In general, defendant's responsibility was judged to be greater when plaintiffs used PowerPoint slides than when they did not and less when defendant used PowerPoint slides than when it did not. Furthermore, PowerPoint's impact was greatest when its use was unequal. PowerPoint enhanced persuasion partly through central and partly through peripheral processing. In general, each party's use of PowerPoint increased participants' recall of that party's evidence, which in turn increased defendant's judged responsibility (when plaintiffs used PowerPoint) or reduced it (when defendants used PowerPoint), indicative of central processing. PowerPoint also functioned as a peripheral cue, influencing participants' judgments of defendant's responsibility by affecting their perceptions of the respective attorneys. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integration of Diverse Transcriptomics Datasets using Random Forest to Predict Universal Functional Pathways in Tfr Cells

MotivationT follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are a specialized cell subset that controls humoral immunity. Despite a number of individual transcriptomic studies on these cells, core functional pathways have been difficult to uncover due to the substantial transcriptional overlap of these cells with other effector cell types, as well as transcriptional changes occurring due to disease settings. Developing a core transcriptional module for Tfr cells that integrates multiple cell type comparisons as well as diverse disease settings will allow a more accurate prediction of functional pathways. Researchers studying allergic reactions, immune responses to vaccines, autoimmunity and cancer could use this gene set to better understand the roles of Tfr cells in controlling disease progression. Additional cell types beyond Tfr cells that have similar features of transcriptomic complexity within diverse disease settings may also be studied using similar approaches. High-throughput sequencing technologies allow the generation of large datasets that require specific tools to best interpret the data. The development of a core transcriptional module for Tfr cells will allow investigators to determine if Tfr cells may have functional roles within their biological systems with little knowledge of Tfr biology. With this work, we have addressed the need of core gene modules to define specific subsets of immune cells. ResultsWe introduce an integrated "core Tfr cell gene module" that can be incorporated into GSEA analysis using various input sizes. The integrated core Tfr gene module was built using transcriptomic studies in Tfr cells from several different tissues, disease settings, and cell type comparisons. Random forest was used to integrate the transcriptomic studies to generate the core gene module. A GSEA gene set was formulated from the integrated core Tfr gene module for incorporation into end-user friendly GSEA. The gene sets are presented along with random genes taken from the GTEX data set and are presented as GMT files. The user can upload the gene set to the GSEA website or any gene set tool which takes GMT files. We also present the full results of the model including p-values calculated by random forest. This allows the user to choose a p-value cutoff that is most appropriate for the experimental setting. AvailabilityThe core Tfr gene sets are freely available at: https://github.com/alosdiallo/TFR_Model. We have also included all of the code and data used in developing these gene sets. The code and results are released under an MIT license. Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Linking Obesity and Malnutrition

The global obesity epidemic has recently spread to low- and middle-income countries increasing comorbid disease burdens across the economic spectrum. International obesity scholarship tends to postulate obesity through economic development, which increases caloric access. Yet obesity is increasingly associated with poor nutrition in developed and developing countries. In this study, using panel data from 1980 to 2007, I examine the effects of obesogenic calories, urban poverty, and malnutrition on two obesity-related dependent variables—obesity prevalence and average body mass index—in low-income countries. Findings suggest that obesity is more clearly associated with chronic malnutrition than with unhealthy calories afforded by economic development. Approaches to global obesity can be productively seen as a factor of food access inequality in conjunction with food insecurity.
Mapping sensory diversity using microfluidic-driven high-throughput neural imaging in C. elegans

Perceptional variability among individuals and relatives is not well-understood and difficult to study at the molecular level in humans. The nematode C. elegans is an ideal model organism to study variability at the subcellular level due to its genetic tractability, short 3 to 5 day lifespan, and methods available to measure neural activity. In this study, we used a microfluidic device to automatically deliver a uniform pulse of butyl acetate (10 µM) to multiple young adult C. elegans for hours, and measured their AWA chemosensory neuron response via high-throughput calcium imaging. We observed that their responses varied in strength (strong or weak) and timing (adapting, periodic, or sporadic). Cloned progeny of strong and weak responding animals also exhibited a variety of responses. This result suggests that responses are actively regulated between neurons. We are currently testing mutants effecting circuit level communication, intracellular signaling, and epigenetic pathways. Taken together, we can begin to answer questions regarding variability among individuals and their relatives in an elegant model system.
Evaluation of an Infrared/Radiofrequency Equipment-Tracking System in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Optimal management of assets in large hospitals is important to both cost control and patient care. A prospective controlled evaluation was conducted to determine whether an asset-tracking system using combined radiofrequency and infrared signals could increase equipment utilization, increase appropriate charge capture, and decrease personnel time spent looking for equipment. Two wards at Duke University Medical Center were randomly assigned as intervention and control. Beds, sequential compression devices (SCDs), and infusion pumps were monitored during a 6-week intervention period, preceded and followed by 6-week control periods. The system's accuracy for detecting equipment, relative to a trained surveyor, was greater than 80%. Accuracy for locating equipment to a specific room was 60–80%. With the system available, we observed increased utilization of infusion pumps but not of beds or SCDs. Nursing staff and system users had positive impressions of the system and its potential. Tracking systems can successfully locate hospital equipment and may improve utilization.
Oxidative stress is decreased with short-term Protandim use when piperine is substituted for ashwagandha (LB399)

Ashwagandha is an active ingredient of Protandim, a commercially available, plant-based nutraceutical that activates nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). In some countries ashwagandh...
Lassa Fever Virus

Lassa fever is a virus disease of man characterized by generalized organ involvement resulting in manifestations of myositis, myocarditis, pneumonitis, encephalopathy, and signs of kidney involvement and hemorrhagic diathesis.
Water Application Rates for a Sprinkler and Fan Dairy Cooling System in Hot, Humid Climates

Three water application rates were compared for a sprinkler and fan dairy cooling system in an open-sided feed barn in a hot, humid climate. The effects of cooling were monitored on 36 mid-lactation, Holstein dairy cows for water application rates of 313.4, 492.9, and 704.1 L/h per nozzle at 69 kPa (1.4, 2.2, and 3.1 gpm at 10 psi) per nozzle. No statistically significant differences were detected between water application rates for daily milk yield, daily 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, dry matter intake, fat yield, protein yield, percent protein, respiration rate, and rectal temperature. The percentage of milk fat was significantly affected by water application rate. These results indicate that sprinkler and fan cooling systems can provide effective heat stress relief at the lowest water application rate tested, thus, reducing the amount of water consumed and the amount of waste water that must be handled.
A freely falling probe for small‐scale temperature gradients1

Physical Oceanography Section of the National Science Foundation under grants GA-23336 and DES74-17968.
From qualitative differences to a continuum of development: commentary on Leslie Smith's epistemological principles for developmental psychology

Abstract In his article Epistemological principles for developmental psychology Leslie Smith helps to re-open some of the key issues Piaget explored through his genetic epistemology. Smith shows the important parallels between logician Gottlieb Frege's understanding of rational thought, and the way in which Piaget developed such notions in his own theory. But while Frege's theory helps set the parameters for whether thought can be judged as rational, or if it even should be judged as rational, it also shows the logicians' disdain for exploring anything resembling development of rationality. Thus Frege might have an important, but necessarily mediated impact on the field of human development. Piaget's carefully crafted theory of epistemological development potentially serves as such a mediating device. It can be argued that Piaget crafted together arguments of logicians such as Frege, and epistemologists such as Levy-Bruhl, to develop his extraordinary achievement of a genetic epistemology that leads to an understanding of the human condition. One of Piaget's accomplishments was to develop a continuum out of the logicians' dichotomy between non-logical and logical in which the non-rational flows into the rational.
Acolytes of Nature: Defining Natural Science in Germany, 1770–1850. By Denise Phillips. (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2012. Pp. viii, 356. $45.00.)

Historians of science are commmonly confronted with the problem that the semantic boundaries around their ostensible object of study have not been stable chronologically or geographically. Denise P...
Recent applications of PIXE spectrometry in archaeology part I Observations on the early development of copper metallurgy in the Old World

Abstract The early development of copper metallurgy can be characterized by three steps of innovation: i) exploitation of native copper resources for simple tool-making as early as the 7th millennium B.C. in the Near East; ii) the recovery of copper metal from minerals such as malachite, by smelting, during the 5th millennium B.C., both in the Near East and in eastern Europe; and iii) the deliberate alloying of copper and tin, to make bronze, circa 2800 B.C. in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). This paper reviews the technological aspects associated the first two of these steps, comparing compositional patterns (as determined by PIXE spectrometry) for the copper metallurgy of various regions including the Middle Danube basin, the Tigris basin and the Iranian Plateau.
Diagnostic yield of electroencephalography in the medical and surgical intensive care unit.

Background To determine the incidence of electrographic seizures during continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) in the medical and surgical ICU.
Toward a rational approach to psychedelics: The controversy over popular use from a clinical viewpoint

Abstract Although psychedelic drugs are not the most commonly abused substances in the contemporary drug scene, they have received considerable attention in the lay press as well as in medical circles. Controversy has arisen over their illicit use with proponents often among those youth involved in active social protest and with antagonists largely from alarmed segments of older generations. The origins of this controversy are discussed. The major purpose of this essay is to review the effects of LSD and other psychedelics on human behavior, including some of the medical complications of their use and some sociologic and psychologic aspects of their abuse. These issues are reviewed in light of the controversy. From a mental health point of veiw, the authors are in agreement with the position statement on LSD made by the American Psychiatric Association in 1966 which advocates confinement of the drug's use to “carefully controlled medical research settings”. Adverse reactions are more likely in a non-professional setting and there is always the possibility of additional side effects as these substances are further studied. The combined influence of individual emotional problems, the drug effect and the drug-using subculture represents for some a self-destructive temptation. Lastly, the lack of positive health benefit from illicit use is commented upon. Legal aspects of the drug situation are briefly discussed and the necessity for the extremely heavy penalties now levied is questioned. It is noted that the drug oriented focus of the controversy tends to distract us from the equally important question as to what extent the use of a psychedelic is a symptom of significant emotional conflict. We cannot answer this question, but clinicians are aware that it can represent a serious need for professional guidance. Some examples are outlined and the current obstacles to obtaining such help are briefly reviewed.
Food Safety—Who Is Responsible?

Though scientists believe that issues of risk can be handled without appeal to values in general or ethics in particular, this is demonstrably false. The very notion of risk is enmeshed in a complex of social ethics. This is clearly true with regard to food safety. With this in mind, it is plausible to affirm that responsibility for food safety at a given point in the chain from producer to consumer rests with the person or entity under whose control the management of that risk most plausibly lies. This principle is illustrated with various examples and with clear cases of industry shouldering and avoiding responsibility. An additional ethical concern relevant to food safety arises from genetically modified foods. Given that the situation here is uncertain and risk unknown, it is hard to see who is responsible for managing such risks. It is arguable that this situation militates in favor of labeling, since consumers are in effect research subjects. The reasonable moral approach to risk we have outlined is...
Quasiparticles in the 111 state and its compressible ancestors

We investigate the relationship of the spontaneously interlayer coherent ``111'' state of quantum Hall bilayers at total filling factor $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ to ``mutual'' composite fermions, in which vortices in one layer are bound to electrons in the other. Pairing of the mutual composite fermions leads to the low-energy properties of the 111 state, as we explicitly demonstrate using field-theoretic techniques. Interpreting this relationship as a mechanism for interlayer coherence leads naturally to two candidate states with nonquantized Hall conductance: the mutual composite Fermi liquid and an interlayer coherent charge e Wigner crystal. The experimental behavior of the interlayer tunneling conductance and resistivity tensors are discussed for these states.
Implicit information in literary translation: A relevance-theoretic perspective

As an instance of human communication, literary translation operates by certain laws and principles assumed to be built into our human make up. These 'natural laws' of communication give rise to implicit information and are responsible for its special characteristics, such as graded strength of communication and its correlates, including poetic effects. They furthermore determine the interdependence of text, context and successful communication, and limit communicability in incompatible contexts. One important contextual factor consists in what kind of interpretive resemblance the audience expects there to be between original and translation. The ultimate test for a translation is whether or not it achieves with the target audience what the translator intended it to achieve, rather than whether it conforms to some translation-theoretical notion of equivalence.
Physical and Sensory Properties of Sweetpotato Puree Texturized with Cellulose Derivatives

We evaluated the physical and sensory characteristics of restructured sweetpotato puree texturized with methylcellulose (MC) or methylhy-droxypropylcellulose (MHPC). Samples were studied by instrumental texture profile (TPA), dynamic rheometric and sensory analyses, and scanning electron microscopy. Gelation of the gum-puree mixtures gave maximal values of the storage modulus (G') at 60-70°C. The TPA curves measured at 60°C for the 0.50%MC or MHPC sample were similar to those of baked sweet potatoes (control). A texture profile panel rated the 60°C samples of the 0.25-0.50%MC or MHPC product as nearly equal to baked roots for several texture notes. An untrained acceptability panel scored the 0.25%MC and MHPC samples significantly higher in flavor and overall acceptability than baked roots.