cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A two-dimensional magic-angle decoupling and magic-angle turning solid-state NMR method: An application to study chemical shift tensors from peptides that are nonselectively labeled with 15N isotope

A two-dimensional solid-state NMR technique is presented that can be used to determine the 15N chemical shift and 1H−15N dipolar coupling tensors in powder samples of polypeptides containing 15N isotopes at multiple sites. By combining the magic-angle rf decoupling in one time period and the magic-angle turning pulse sequence in another time period of a 2D experiment, we obtain 2D spectra in which the convoluted chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) and dipolar coupling line shapes appear along one axis and the normal MAS spectrum appears along the other axis. The magnitudes of the principal elements of the 15N CSA tensors and their orientations in the molecular frame for n-acetyl-15N-l-Val-15N-l-Leu (NAVL) and n-acetyl-15N-d,l-Val (NAV) powder samples are determined using this method. The magnitudes of the 15N CSA tensors are 60.2 ± 1, 87.1 ± 1, and 230.1 ± 1 ppm for the Val residue in NAVL; 58.7 ± 1, 93.7 ± 1, and 232.8 ± 1 ppm for the Leu residue in NAVL; 59.6 ± 1, 80.5 ± 1, and 235.3 ± 1 ppm for site I in N...
The Equivalence of Extremals in Different Representations of Unbounded Control Problems

Control problems defined by ordinary differential equations with right-hand sides that are unbounded functions of the control variables are considered. These problems can be reformulated in terms of bounded (relaxed or unrelaxed) differential inclusions by introducing a new independent variable (which is a function of the old state and control functions). These differential inclusions can have different "compact control" representations depending on both the choice of the new independent variable and on the different parametrizations of the set-valued right-hand sides. The extremals of different (relaxed or unrelaxed) "compact control" representations of such unbounded problems are compared. It is proved that, for a representation that is Lipschitzian in the state variables, the extremals corresponding to different choices of the independent variable are in a one-to-one correspondence, with the corresponding state functions having the same images. If different representations that correspond to different choices of the independent variable and parametrization are compared, then the one-to-one correspondence applies to the sets of "Lojasiewicz extremals" (that is, state functions that remain extremal for every control that generates them) provided the representations are, except for a scalar factor, continuously differentiable in the state variables and satisfy certain "nondegeneracy" conditions. The latter results rely heavily on a theorem of S. Lojasiewicz, Jr., on the equivalence of extremals, which we generalize in certain respects.
Regional Gravity Survey of the Hurricane Fault Area and Iron Springs District, Utah

During 1963 and early 1964 a regional gravity survey consisting of 660 stations was made along the Hurricane fault area and in the Iron Springs district, Utah, over an area of about 1900 square miles. The complete Bouguer gravity anomaly map (2-mgal contour interval) shows gravity values ranging from about –156 mgal at low elevations near Washington in the south to about –212 mgal at intermediate elevations near Cedar City in the north. The gravity patterns confirm that: (1) the Basin and Range type Hurricane and Washington faults both intersected the north-eastward trending Virgin-Kanarra fold of Laramide age) and (2) the Virgin anticline and the Kanarra fold constituted a single continuous fold prior to transection and dislocation by the Hurricane fault. The gravity anomalies in the Cedar Valley and Escalante Desert areas indicate several other major Basin and Range faults or fault zones that bound grabens and horsts, including the Cedar Valley, Avon, and Lund grabens and the Table Butte horst. An extensive gravity high over the Iron Springs district indicates that the quartz monzonite porphyry forming the three aligned outcropping intrusions (The Three Peaks, Granite Mountain, and Iron Mountain) and the Stoddard Mountain intrusion is probably continuous at relatively shallow depth throughout the district and extends west-southwest from the Stoddard Mountain area. Another gravity high of approximately the same magnitude corresponds with the Antelope Range and may be caused either by an extension at depth of the same quartz monzonite porphyry mass or by a structural block that may exist throughout the Iron Springs district.
Role of Inclination Dependent Anisotropy on Boundary Populations during Two-Dimensional Grain Growth

A Monte Carlo model is presented, in which the interface anisotropy is primarily inclination dependent. A dual grid method is used to determine boundary inclination in discretized digital microstructures. Evolution of the grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) in polycrystalline systems, from an initially random distribution, is inversely correlated with the anisotropy in interfacial energy, as expected.
Fabrication of nano-/micro-patterns on iron phosphate glass surfaces by focused energetic beams

Both focused electron and ion beams (FEB and FIB) were used for fabricating patterned nano-/micro-structures on the surfaces of an iron phosphate glass (FePO). Periodically arranged, nano-sized holes/tubes/rings with their walls being made of Fe nanoparticles were fabricated by FEB direct writing. The diameters of the holes/tubes can be controlled by the beam size and dwell time, as well as by subsequent electron irradiation. Micro- and nano-sized patterns, also with Fe-nanoparticles sitting on the surfaces, were fabricated by FIB sputtering. These result in the possible exploitation of new applications of the glass, particularly in biomaterials, optical circuits, high-density data storage, and controlling the growth of some nanowires/tubes.
Surface-Pressure Fluctuations from Separated Flow over an Axisymmetric Bump

Surface-pressure fluctuations are measured for the separated flow over a smoothly contoured axisymmetric bump or hill with an approaching two-dimensional turbulent boundary-layer thickness that is half of the bump height and momentum thickness Reynolds number Re θ = 7, 300. Two piezoresistive pressure transducers were used to measure the pressure fluctuations and to remove the noise by the subtraction method. The flow over this bump shows highly unsteady saddle-focus separations on the leeside curved surface. The magnitude of surface-pressure fluctuations is higher on the leeside than the windward side. The power spectral levels of pressure fluctuations are high in the low-frequency region, and they contribute dominantly to the resulting surface-pressure fluctuation on the leeside. In the separated region, large-scaled eddy structures associated with the streamwise vortices emanated from three-dimensional separations are major sources for the pressure fluctuation generation, and the rapid spectral decay is observed. From the approximate analysis, the asymmetric negative skewed histogram of surface-pressure fluctuations appears in the separated region.
A Report on a Four-Year Longitudinal Study of Intellectual Development of Engineering Undergraduates

As part of an investigation into the effects of curricular reforms in the undergraduate program in the College of Engineering, a series of Perry-style interviews were conducted over a 4-year period. The study was undertaken in an attempt to assess the impact of collaborative design-based engineering courses that were being implemented. Students who completed the collaborative design course in their first year were higher on the Perry scale than their peers who did not. However, this effect was not sustained through the rest of the curriculum, as more traditional courses dominated. No statistically significant change in Perry position was observed for students in their 1st and 3rd years; however, a growth of approximately one Perry position was observed between the 3rd and 4th years. The relationship of current curricula to this pattern of intellectual development is discussed, and arguments for altering the curriculum to support intellectual development are made.
Neural Networks in Radiologic Diagnosis; I. Introduction and Illustration

Artificial neural networks (NNs) process information in a manner similar to the way the human brain is thought to process information. Neural networks have potential application in radiology as an artificial intelligence technique that can provide computer-aided diagnostic assistance for the practicing radiologist. The basic characteristics of NNs and the manner in which information propagates through an NN are discussed in nontechnical language, to assist the diagnostic radiologist in understanding the basic principles of neurocomputing. Computer-aided diagnosis selection in pediatric chest radiography using NNs is discussed in a companion article.
Effect of Bacterial Inoculant on Alfalfa Haylage: Ensiling Characteristics and Milk Production Response when Fed to Dairy Cows in Early Lactation

Abstract Third-cutting alfalfa hay harvested at bud stage and wilted to approximately 45% DM was treated with live bacterial inoculant at the rate of 200,000 cfu/g of alfalfa haylage. Hay was chopped and packed in polyethylene bonded bags. Samples were taken at ensiling and 14, 35, and 56 d postensiling. Samples were analyzed for pH, CP, ADF, acid detergent-insoluble nitrogen, and mold count. Treatment affected pH (5.29 and 5.11 for control and treated haylage, respectively). The ADF content of alfalfa haylage, regardless of treatment, was lower at ensiling (30.19, 33.32, 34.40, and 34.66% ADF for d 1, 14, 35, and 56, respectively). In vitro DM disappearance and ammonia N were not affected by treatment. During in vitro fermentation, molar percentages of acetate, isobutyrate, butyrate, and isovalerate differed using treated versus control alfalfa haylage as the substrate. The DM intake of dairy cows in early lactation fed treated haylage did not differ from that of cows fed untreated haylage.
Radicalism in the States: The Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party and the American Political Economy

Concentrated in states outside the Northeast and the South, state-level third-party radical politics has been more widespread than many realize. In the 1920s and 1930s, American political organizations strong enough to mount state-wide campaigns, and often capable of electing governors and members of Congress, emerged not only in Minnesota but in Wisconsin and Washington, in Oklahoma and Idaho, and in several other states. Richard M. Valelly treats in detail the political economy of the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party (1918-1944), the most successful radical, state-level party in American history. With the aid of numerous interviews of surviving organizers and participants in the party's existence, Valelly recreates the party's rise to power and subsequent decline, seeking answers to some broad, developmental questions. Why did this type of politics arise, and why did it collapse when it did? What does the party's history tell us about national political change? The answers lie, Valelly argues, in America's transition from the political economy of the 1920s to the New Deal. Combining case study and comparative state politics, he reexamines America's political economy prior to the New Deal and the scope and ironies of the New Deal's reorganization of American politics. The results compellingly support his argument that the federal government's increasing intervention in the economy profoundly transformed state politics. The interplay between national economy policy-making and federalism eventually reshaped the dynamics of interest-group politics and closed off the future of "state-level radicalism." The strength of this argument is highlighted by Valelly's cross-national comparison with Canadian politics. In vivid contrast to the fate of American movements, "province level radicalism" thrived in the Canadian political environment. In the course of analyzing one of the "supressed alternatives" of American politics, Valelly illuminates the influence of the national political economy on American political development. Radicalism in the States will interest students of economic protest, of national policy-making, of interest-group politics and party politics.
Developmental prosopagnosia: A study of three patients

Abstract We studied perception in three patients with prosopagnosia of childhood onset. All had trouble with other ‘within-category’ judgments. All were deficient on face matching tests and severely impaired on tests of perception of the spatial relations of facial features and abstract designs, indicating a deficit in the encoding of coordinate relationships, similar to adult-onset prosopagnosia with lesions of the fusiform face area. Two had difficulty perceiving feature colour, which correlated with reduced luminance sensitivity. In contrast to adult-onset patients, saturation discrimination was spared in two and spatial resolution impaired in two. Curvature discrimination was relatively spared. Contrast sensitivity showed variable reductions at different spatial frequencies. We conclude that developmental prosopagnosia is similar to the adult-onset form in encoding deficits for the spatial arrangement of facial elements. Deficits in luminance perception and spatial resolution are more associated with defective encoding for basic object-level recognition, as shown on tests of object and spatial perception.
In vivo induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in liver and marrow cells by drugs requiring metabolic activation

Abstract A highly sensitive method for the detection of in vivo induction of sisterchromatid exchange (SCE) has been developed in mice subjected to partial hepatectomy. SCE induction by either acetylaminofluorene (AAF) or cyclophosphamide, drugs requiring metabolic activation, is significantly greater in both regenerating liver and bone-marrow cells of partial hepatectomized animals than in marrow cells of unhepatectomized mice. These experiments have confirmed the ability of AAF, a well known mutagen—carcinogen, to induce SCE formation, even though the cytogenic effects of this drug on non-hepatectomized mice is very small. The in vivo system described has demonstratred the influence of the liver on drug-induced damage to extra-hepatic tissues. The procedures developed should facilitate the detection of drug-induced cytogenic damage and permit the comparison of inter-tissue differences in SCE induction with tissue-specific differences in drug-activation pathways.
Optical coherence elastography of developing biological tissues

Biomechanical elastic properties are among the many variables used to characterize in vivo and in vitro tissues. Since these properties depend highly on the micro- and macro- scopic structural organization of tissue, it is useful to understand the mechanical properties and the alterations that occur when tissues are given biomechanical stimuli by applying external forces under different circumstances. Recent advances in tissue engineering have explored and utilized the significant role that externally-applied forces play during the development of engineered tissues. However, current methods for investigating the microscopic biomechanical changes in complex three-dimensional engineered tissues have been limited. Using Optical Coherence Elastography (OCE), we map the spatially-distributed mechanical displacements and strains in a representative model of a developing engineered tissue as cells begin to proliferate and attach within a three-dimensional collagen matrix. OCE is also preformed in the complex developing tissue of the Xenopus laevis (African frog) tadpole. Displacements were quantified by a cross-correlation algorithm on pre- and post- compression images, which were acquired using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). The differences in strain were observed over a certain period of time in various regions. OCE was able to differentiate changes in strain over time, which correspond with cell proliferation and matrix deposition as confirmed with histological observations. By anatomically mapping the regional variation of stiffness with micron resolution, it may be possible to provide new insight into the complex process by which engineered and natural tissues develop complex structures.
Anomalous penetrant transport in glassy polymers: 4. Stresses in partially swollen polymers

Abstract The equilibrium swelling process and stress evolution of glassy polymer systems undergoing Case-II penetrant transport were examined using a rubber elasticity theory. Consideration of coupling between stresses and penetrant concentration permitted calculation of equilibrium stress and concentration profiles for a variety of molecular and geometric factors.
WHAT ECONOMISTS DO

This is the Commencement Address delivered at the University of Chicago on December 9, 1988.
Chlorine atoms as a potential tropospheric oxidant in the marine boundary layer

In the troposphere, the hydroxyl radical (OH) has been assumed to be the major oxidant for organics and CO. However, a variety of evidence from both laboratory and field studies over the last decade strongly suggests that atomic chlorine may play a key role in marine areas. Potential reactions of sea salt particles, formed in marine areas by wave action, which could generate photolytic precursors to atomic chlorine are reviewed. The results of laboratory studies of NaCl reactions as well as the recent detection of Cl2 in the marine troposphere indicate that oxidation of organics in marine areas by atomic chlorine may rival or even exceed that of OH under some conditions. Data from recent field studies which are suggestive of chlorine atom chemistry in air masses which have travelled over the Pacific Ocean are discussed. Finally, some future studies are suggested which would help to clarify and evaluate the importance of chlorine atoms in the chemistry of the marine boundary layer.
Software for non‐linear mixed effects modelling: a review of several packages

This paper gives some background information on what non-linear mixed effects models are, why they can be useful in analysing repeated measures and what makes analysing such data challenging. Various software packages and routines are available to perform this kind of analysis, and this paper will compare and contrast these. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculations of the relative energies of the low-lying electronic states of 2-methylenedihydrophenalene-1,3-diyl: effects of a 1,8-naphtho bridging group on trimethylenemethane and of a vinylidene bridging group on 1,8-naphthoquinodimethane.

CASSCF and CASPT2/6-31G(d) calculations have been performed on the low-lying electronic states of three, non-Kekule, hydrocarbon diradicals: 2-methylenedihydrophenalene-1,3-diyl (2), trimethylenemethane (3), and 1,8-naphthoquinodimethane (4). The computational results reveal how addition of ferromagnetic coupling groups (1,8-naphtho to 3 and vinylidene to 4) modulates the energy differences between the three lowest electronic states of 2−4. The most dramatic effect is the 30.4 kcal/mol change in the relative energies of the 1A1 and 1B2 states on addition of a vinylidene bridging group to 4 to form 2. The relative energies of the electronic states of 2−4 are discussed in terms of the topologies of the pair of nonbonding MOs for each state of each diradical, and a strategy for making 1A1 the ground state of a nitrogen analogue of 4 is proposed.
Current Approaches to the Assessment and Management of Anger and Aggression in Youth: A Review

BACKGROUND: Anger and its expression represent a major public health problem for children and adolescents today. Prevalence reports show that anger-related problems such as oppositional behavior, verbal and physical aggression, and violence are some of the more common reasons children are referred for mental health services. METHODS: An extensive review of the literature was conducted using the following online search engines: Cochrane, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and PubMed. Published and unpublished articles that met the following criteria were included in the review: (a) experimental or quasi-experimental research designs; (b) nonpharmacologic, therapy-based interventions; and (c) study participants between 5 and 17 years of age. RESULTS: Cognitive-behavioral and skills-based approaches are the most widely studied and empirically validated treatments for anger and aggression in youth. Commonly used therapeutic techniques include affective education, relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, problem-solving skills, social skills training, and conflict resolution. These techniques, tailored to the individual child's and/or family's needs, can foster the development of more adaptive and prosocial behavior. Language: en
Structural origins of the properties of rare earth nickelate superlattices

NiO6 octahedral tilts in the LaNiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices are quantified using position averaged convergent beam electron diffraction in scanning transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that maintaining oxygen octahedra connectivity across the interface controls the octahedral tilts in the LaNiO3 layers, their lattice parameters, and their transport properties. Unlike films and layers that are connected on one side to the substrate, subsequent LaNiO3 layers in the superlattice exhibit a relaxation of octahedral tilts towards bulk values. This relaxation is facilitated by tilts in the SrTiO3 layers and is correlated with the conductivity enhancement of the LaNiO3 layers in the superlattices relative to individual films.
A New Technique for Measurement of Pharyngeal pH: Normal Values and Discriminating pH Threshold

Identifying gastroesophageal reflux disease as the cause of respiratory and laryngeal complaints is difficult and depends largely on the measurements of increased acid exposure in the upper esophagus or ideally the pharynx. The current method of measuring pharyngeal pH environment is inaccurate and problematic due to artifacts. A newly designed pharyngeal pH probe to avoid these artifacts has been introduced. The aim of this study was to use this probe to measure the pharyngeal pH environment in normal subjects and establish pH thresholds to identify abnormality. Asymptomatic volunteers were studied to define the normal pharyngeal pH environment. All subjects underwent esophagram, esophageal manometry, upper and lower esophageal pH monitoring with a dual-channel pH catheter and pharyngeal pH monitoring with the new probe. Analyses were performed at 0.5 pH intervals between pH 4 and 6.5 to identify the best discriminating pH threshold and calculate a composite pH score to identify an abnormal pH environment. The study population consisted of 55 normal subjects. The pattern of pharyngeal pH environment was significantly different in the upright and supine periods and required different thresholds. The calculated discriminatory pH threshold was 5.5 for upright and 5.0 for supine periods. The 95th percentile values for the composite score were 9.4 for upright and 6.8 for supine. A new pharyngeal pH probe which detects aerosolized and liquid acid overcomes the artifacts that occur in measuring pharyngeal pH with existing catheters. Discriminating pH thresholds were selected and normal values defined to identify patients with an abnormal pharyngeal pH environment.
Invasive giant cell astrocytoma of the retina in a patient with tuberous sclerosis.

Abstract Objective To report an unusual case of giant cell astrocytoma of the retina. Design Case report. Intervention A 10-month-old girl with tuberous sclerosis was found to have bilateral astrocytic hamartomas, the right eye being prominently involved by elevated and pedunculated lesions. At 7 years of age, she had posterior subcapsular cataract, retinal detachment, and subretinal exudation develop in the right eye. At 12 years of age, her blind, painful right eye had to be enucleated because of neovascular glaucoma and a spontaneous scleral perforation. Results Histopathologic examination showed that the entire vitreous cavity was filled with a mixture of tumor, granulation tissue, and necrotic debris. Part of the tumor was composed of spindle-shaped glial cells. The remainder was composed of large gemistocytic cells that contained large atypical nuclei and copious amounts of cytoplasm, which was intensely eosinophilic in some areas. The tumor contained foci of necrosis and rare mitotic figures. It had infiltrated the parenchyma of the retrolaminar nerve and extended to the surgical margin. Areas of unequivocal choroidal invasion were also identified. The tumor cells were intensely immunoreactive for neuron-specific enolase and S-100 protein. In contrast, glial fibrillary acidic protein was only minimally positive. Conclusions The histologic and immunohistochemical features of this retinal tumor resemble those of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, a characteristic lesion in tuberous sclerosis. Although this unusual giant cell astrocytoma of the retina had atypical histopathologic features and local aggressive behavior, the systemic prognosis was excellent.
First of the Month Effect: Does it apply across food retail channels?

Abstract In this study we use detailed daily scanner data on household food purchases to examine monthly food expenditure patterns across food retail channels. We compare food expenditure patterns in high and low-income households comparing those where Supplementary Nutrition Assistance (SNAP) is received in the first 10 days of the month versus households which receive SNAP over the first 15 days of the month. We find that food expenditure patterns vary systematically across the month within different retail channels by income and SNAP payment schedules. Low-income households in early SNAP distribution areas decrease their grocery and mass/club/superstore expenditures at the end of the calendar month and supplement this decrease with increased food expenditures in convenience stores and food away from home. Households in staggered SNAP payment areas show far fewer systematic patterns given the more distributed payment system.
X(2) dispersion and waveguiding measurements in acentric chromophoric self-assembled NLO materials

An attractive and challenging approach to the construction of robust, thin film materials with large second-order optical nonlinearities is the covalent self-assembly of aligned arrays of high-(beta) molecular chromophores into multilayer superlattices. In this paper, we describe the dispersion of the large second harmonic generation (SHG) response in a self-assembled film containing stilbazolium chromophore building blocks. We also describe a new approach to fabricating SHG waveguides with such materials as well as preliminary confirmatory experimental results.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Neural network approximations in a simulated annealing based optimal structural design

The present paper examines the feasibility of using neural network based function approximations in conjunction with a simulated annealing (SA) strategy for optimization of structural systems. Such a stochastic search method is more “tolerant” of errors in objective and constraint function information than the more traditional mathematical programming techniques. The improved counterpropagation (CP) neural network is used to generate these approximations, and includes features such as dynamic adjustment of the network size, optimization based training of outstar weights, andfuzzification of output. The CP network is easy to train, and preliminary numerical results indicate that the modifications to the network significantly improve the quality of function approximations. The SA based search for optimal designs is illustrated by the sizing of planar and spatial truss structures for minimum weight and constraints on allowable stress levels.
Fracture of a Liquefied Crack and the Physics of Rayleigh Waves

The standard free-surface boundary conditions for in-plane crack dynamics are shown to be identical to the conditions for crack dynamics on a liquefied crack. The surfaces of both the free and liquefied cracks do not separate during faulting and hence the static normal stress is not relaxed by the faulting. A crack with either free or liquid boundary conditions deforms in the transverse direction during slip. It follows that both the free and liquefied cracks may represent solutions to the heat-flow paradox. As an application of the proof, we derive a physical understanding of the properties of harmonic Rayleigh waves on a uniform elastic half-space without solving a cubic equation.
Morphology-based wavelet features and multiple mother wavelet strategy for spike classification in EEG signals

New wavelet-derived features and strategies that can improve autonomous EEG classifier performance are presented. Various feature sets based on the morphological structure of wavelet subband coefficients are derived and evaluated. The performance of these new feature sets is superior to Guler's classic features in both sensitivity and specificity. In addition, the use of (scalp electrode) spatial information is also shown to improve EEG classification. Finally, a new strategy based upon concurrent use of several mother wavelets is shown to result in increased sensitivity and specificity. Various attempts at reducing feature vector dimension are shown. A non-parametric method, k-NNR, is implemented for classification and 10-fold cross-validation is used for assessment.
Rotational-Level Dependence of OH A2Σ+ Quenching at 242 and 196 K

The rotational-level dependence of quenching of A2Σ+ OH has been studied below room temperature for the colliders O2, N2, H2, Kr, and Xe. State-specific quenching cross sections are reported at 242 and 196 K. OH is formed over a large range of rotational levels by the photolysis of HNO3, and the time dependence of laser-induced fluorescence decays measures the quenching. Levels as high as N‘ = 13 were studied. The quenching cross sections always decrease with increases in both N‘ and temperature. However, the results are ambiguous regarding a question posed earlier: Does temperature play a role in defining the rotational state dependence of OH A2Σ+ quenching?
Discrepancies between adequacy goals in peritoneal dialysis: role of gender.

Abstract Background: The National Kidney Foundation-Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiative (NKF-DOQI) recommends a weekly creatinine clearance (CrCl) of 60 L/wk/1.73 m 2 or greater and a Kt/V of 2.0 or greater as peritoneal dialysis (PD) adequacy standards. It has been described that approximately one quarter of patients may have discrepancies between these goals. The purpose of this study is to identify associated factors in patients reaching both criteria, none, or only weekly Kt/V, where K is clearance, t is time, and V is volume. Methods: We studied 64 patients and their adequacy results in a cross-sectional analysis. Patients were divided in three groups. Group 1 reached both weekly Kt/V and CrCl criteria. Group 2 did not reach either criteria. Group 3 reached only the weekly Kt/V criterion. A new weekly Kt/V also was calculated, assigning to all patients a male V. One patient who met only the CrCl criterion was excluded. Results: Groups 2 and 3 had significantly less residual renal function (RRF) than group 1 (residual CrCl, 5.50 and 1.33 versus 37.3 L/wk/1.73 m 2 , respectively; P P Conclusion: Conservation of RRF was the main factor in reaching both PD adequacy criteria. Discrepancies were frequent, accounting for 19% of our population. Female gender explained why patients reached weekly Kt/V only. This difference disappeared when we calculated Kt/V using a male V. Am J Kidney Dis 40:1301-1305. © 2002 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
TH‐SAMS‐AUD B‐03: Requirements for Addressing Respiratory Motion in Cooperative Group Clinical Trials (SAM Session)

In mid‐2006, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) published updated guidelines for the use of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) on clinical trials, specifically when the target volume included the thoracic region or other areas in which respiratory motion could have a significant effect. In addition to requiring heterogeneity corrections, the NCI now requires that the clinical protocol address the localization and immobilization of both the patient and the tumor.Imaging must be performed in a manner that provides a representation of the target volume without motion artifact. Procedures must be defined to document reproducible daily position of the patient and target. Some form of credentialing is required. The Radiological Physics Center (RPC) has been enlisted to participate in the credentialing process for institutions participating in certain cooperative group trials in which respiratory motion is an issue. To accomplish this, the RPC has constructed several phantoms that mimic the thoracic and abdominal region, and which can be placed on a moving platform to simulate respiratory motion. The combination of phantom and moving platform have been used to evaluate compensation techniques for respiratory motion at several institutions. The techniques employed and the results of these measurements will be described as well as those reported in the literature. Educational Objectives: 1. Review the structure supporting cooperative group clinical trials in the US. 2. Become familiar with the NCI guidelines for the use of IMRT in clinical trials. 3. Learn about the effects of respiratory motion during thoracic treatments. 4. Understand the information derived from the RPC's moving anthropomorphic phantoms. This research is supported by grants CA 10953 and 81647 awarded by NCI, DHHS.
Microinjection of the L-type calcium channel antagonist diltiazem into the ventral nucleus accumbens shell facilitates cocaine-induced conditioned place preferences

Background Calcium (Ca 2+ ) influx within the nucleus accumbens shell (NASh) can influence brain reward processes. We found previously that rats self-administer NMDA receptor antagonists (which block Ca 2+ influx through NMDA receptors) into the NASh. We also found that manipulations which increase expression of Ca 2+ -permeable AMPA receptors within this region make cocaine aversive. Here we examined if Ca 2+ influx via L-type Ca 2+ channels within the NASh would influence cocaine reward. Methods Rats received bilateral microinjections of the L-type Ca 2+ channel antagonist diltiazem into the ventral NASh prior to place conditioning with systemic cocaine. Results Microinjections of diltiazem (10 nmol/hemisphere) into the ventral NASh facilitated the ability of a sub-threshold dose of cocaine (5.0 mg/kg) to establish place preferences, but did not affect place conditioning on their own (5.0–40 nmol/hemisphere). Microinjections into more dorsal regions had no effects. Conclusions Blockade of Ca 2+ influx through L-type channels Ca 2+ within the ventral NASh increases cocaine reward.
Depth‐varying rupture properties of subduction zone megathrust faults

Subduction zone plate boundary megathrust faults accommodate relative plate motions with spatially varying sliding behavior. The 2004 Sumatra-Andaman (M_w 9.2), 2010 Chile (Mw 8.8), and 2011 Tohoku (M_w 9.0) great earthquakes had similar depth variations in seismic wave radiation across their wide rupture zones – coherent teleseismic short-period radiation preferentially emanated from the deeper portion of the megathrusts whereas the largest fault displacements occurred at shallower depths but produced relatively little coherent short-period radiation. We represent these and other depth-varying seismic characteristics with four distinct failure domains extending along the megathrust from the trench to the downdip edge of the seismogenic zone. We designate the portion of the megathrust less than 15 km below the ocean surface as domain A, the region of tsunami earthquakes. From 15 to ∼35 km deep, large earthquake displacements occur over large-scale regions with only modest coherent short-period radiation, in what we designate as domain B. Rupture of smaller isolated megathrust patches dominate in domain C, which extends from ∼35 to 55 km deep. These isolated patches produce bursts of coherent short-period energy both in great ruptures and in smaller, sometimes repeating, moderate-size events. For the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, the sites of coherent teleseismic short-period radiation are close to areas where local strong ground motions originated. Domain D, found at depths of 30–45 km in subduction zones where relatively young oceanic lithosphere is being underthrust with shallow plate dip, is represented by the occurrence of low-frequency earthquakes, seismic tremor, and slow slip events in a transition zone to stable sliding or ductile flow below the seismogenic zone.
Effect of bisphosphonates on bone mineral density in liver transplant patients: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Summary Bone mineral density (BMD) loss after liver transplantation (LT) results in considerable morbidity with the increased risk of fractures. Data on the efficacy of bisphosphonate use in post LT patients is scarce. This meta-analysis aims to summarize the results from published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the topic of interest. Electronic databases were searched to identify relevant publications. A total of 157 articles were identified and reviewed. Individual authors were contacted from relevant RCTs to obtain individual patient data where necessary to uniformly quantify BMD values post LT pre- and post LT. A total of six RCTs were used for final data extraction. (i) Lumbar Spine: In 364 patients (six studies, 182 in intervention and control groups each), bisphosphonate therapy improved BMD by 0.03 g/cm2 (95% C.I. 0.01–0.05 g/cm2; P = 0.02) at 12 months post LT. (ii) Femoral neck: In 268 patients (four studies, 130 bisphosphonate, 138 control), bisphosphonate use did not result in a statistically significant change in BMD at the end of 1 year. None of the studies noted serious adverse effects related to bisphosphonate administration. Data on incident fractures could not be pooled because of heterogeneity. Bisphosphonate therapy during the first year in LT recipients appears to reduce accelerated bone loss and improve bone mineral density at the lumbar spine.
Stability and convergence behaviour of second-order LMS Volterra filter

The stability and convergence characteristics of a second-order LMS Volterra filter subjected to stationary random inputs are reported. Conditions are obtained for convergence in the mean and in the mean square. It is also shown that the stability depends on the eigenvalues associated with input signal moments to order four, and that the second-order Volterra undergoes nonuniform convergence even with white inputs. These results contrast sharply with the usual LMS, and with previously published results for second-order systems.
COMPENSATORY DRIVING STRATEGY OF OLDER PEOPLE MAY INCREASE DRIVING RISK

The researchers observed and timed older drivers as they executed a left turn at an intersection. Seventy drivers were timed over two 1-hour samples, once on a Saturday and once, a week later, on a Sunday. Because the researchers wanted natural behavior, they could not ask a driver's age nor could they stop the driver after the turn. Thus, the two raters estimated the driver's age, and when a disagreement occurred, a mutual consensus was reached. Three groups of drivers were arrived at: Young (under 25), Mature (35 to 55), and Older (over 65). Drivers estimated to be ages 26 to 34 and 56 to 64 were excluded from data analysis. This study confirms the simulation data indicating that older drivers have longer exposure to the high-risk situation of crossing three lanes of traffic when making a left hand turn compared with younger age groups.
Physicochemical characterization of actinomycetes isolated from decayed cedar wood: contact angle measurement

Physicochemical characterization of microorganism is very important in a wide range of scientific and technological fields. In this study, we reported the isolation and the molecular identification of actinomycetes recovered from cedar wood decay. The isolates named H5 and H8 were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing and were shown to belong to the genus Nocardia and Streptomyces, respectively. Furthermore, physicochemical proprieties including hydrophobicity, electron donor/acceptor, and the Lifshitz–van der Waals (γLW) of these strains were evaluated using contact angle measurements. The results showed that Nocardia sp. (H5) had a hydrophobic (ΔGiwi = −78.56 mJ/m2) and a weak electron donor/acceptor character. In contrast, results from contact angle measurements showed that the surface free energy of Streptomyces strains (H2, H3, and H8) were ΔGiwi = 20.71 mJ/m2, ΔGiwi = 30.63 mJ/m2, and ΔGiwi = 15.35 mJ/m2, respectively, classifying these microorganisms as hydrophilic bacterium. Moreover, the three strain...
Assessing the effect of introducing a permitted phase through the use of flashing yellow arrow signal for left-turning vehicles

This paper evaluates the direct and indirect effects of introducing a permitted phase, through the use of flashing yellow arrow (FYA) signal for left-turning vehicles, in reducing crashes at intersections. Data for 18 study intersections in the city of Charlotte, NC, USA were used to conduct a before–after comparison study through the use of Empirical Bayes (EB) method and examine the effects. The estimated number of left-turn crashes, had the FYA signal not been installed, was compared to the actual number of left-turn crashes to assess the direct effect, while the estimated total number of crashes, had the FYA signal not been installed, was compared to the actual total number of crashes to assess the indirect effect. Only left-turn crashes along a selected FYA leg were used to examine the direct effect as the number of legs (approaches) with the FYA signal varied between the selected study intersections. The results obtained indicate that the FYA signal helps reduce the left-turn crashes (direct effect)...
Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, and Racism? Risks and Benefits to Teaching Children About Intergroup Biases

By the time children start formal schooling, they endorse stereotypes and exhibit prejudice on the basis of many traits, including age, attractiveness, disability status, gender, and race. Despite the relevance of these phenomena to children's lives, as well as to understanding historical and contemporary human relations, little consensus exists about whether, when, or how to teach children about intergroup biases (i.e., stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination). In this article, we review the risks and benefits of learning about intergroup biases among elementary school children. We conclude that lessons about intergroup biases are valuable and call for additional research on how best to maximize their effectiveness for improving intergroup relations while minimizing associated risks.
Paternity and Genetic Heterogeneity in the Polygynous Bat, Phyllostomus hastatus

Wild colonies of greater spearnose bats were marked, censused regularly, and genotyped at three polymorphic allozyme loci. While adult composition of social units is very stable and strong polygyny results in marked changes in gene frequencies between generations, dispersal of offspring is sufficient to prevent significant genetic heterogeneities between social units. Kin selection cannot explain social cohesiveness in these highly social mammals.
Joint Economic Selection of Target Mean And Variance

This paper considers the problem of selecting the most economical target mean and variance for a continuous production process. In earlier studies, many authors considered the problem of finding an optimal target mean assuming that the variance is known. The problem with this assumption is the difficulty or impossibility of setting a target variance. Taguchi suggested a two-step procedure: first, set the target mean; then, find the smallest variance through redesign or experiment (resetting the level of factors). In this study, three new approaches are suggested for the economic selection of a target variance integrated with a target mean. In the first approach, an expected profit maximization criterion is used to obtain the target mean and variance simultaneously. The example used to illustrate this approach is a filling process where the quality characteristic is assumed to be normally distributed. The containers that are underfilled can be sold in a secondary market at a price of $PL per can, those within specification can be sold at a price of $P0 per can, and those over the upper specification limit can be sold at a price of $PU per can. In the second approach, a minimum cost criterion based on the Taguchi loss function is used: first, the processes optimized for the variance; then, an optimal process mean is obtained. In the third approach, an economic model for the selection of the target variance is developed, using both customer and producer costs to minimize societal loss independent of the product quality characteristic distribution.
Differentiation of odontoblasts in grafted recombinants of murine epithelial root sheath and dental mesenchyme

The epithelial root sheath (ERS) was isolated from first molars of 5-day-old post-natal CD-1 mice using trypsin. After isolation, ERS cells remained viable in vitro and immunohistochemical examination of cultures confirmed the epithelial phenotype and the absence of mesenchymal contamination. Recombinants of isolated ERS and dental papilla resulted in odontoblast differentiation within cells of the dental papilla, and the formation of root-like fragments of dentine after 2 weeks of intra-ocular grafting. These findings indicate the inductive influence of the ERS on dental papilla cells.
IX. The spectra of hydrogen, and reversed lines in the spectra of gases

(1903). IX. The spectra of hydrogen, and reversed lines in the spectra of gases. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 5, No. 25, pp. 153-155.
Performance and NOx Emissions of Spark Ignited Combustion Engines Using Alternative Fuels—Quasi One-Dimensional Modeling I. Hydrogen Fueled Engines

Abstract Hydrogen and methanol have been suggested as potential non-petroleum derived substitutes for current reciprocating engine fuels. The present paper reports the results of a computer simulation of the performance and NOx emissions of hydrogen fueled spark ignition engines. The engine combustion process is modeled by employing a semi-empirical turbulent flame speed expression. The NOx emissions are determined by integrating the chemical rate equations resulting from the extended Zeldovich mechanism over the boundary conditions determined by the cycle analysis. Hydrogen exhibits very rapid burning rates and the resulting high pressures and temperatures lead to fast NO formation and destruction rates. Maximum NO emissions are predicted for lean mixtures near φ = 0.8 in agreement with experimental observations. For richer mixtures rapid decomposition of NO during the expansion stroke lowers exhaust emissions. NOx control by exhaust gas recirculation is much more effective in lean mixtures than in stoic...
HELA CELLS: EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE LIFE CYCLE.

After a shift in temperature, the population kinetics of HeLa cells does not immediately reach a steady state characteristic of the new temperature. During the transition period the duration of each period of the life cycle (period before DNA synthesis, of DNA synthesis, after DNA synthesis, and the period of mitosis) increases toward its steady-state value. Of the four periods, the period before DNA synthesis reaches its steady-state value fastest. Exponential growth can be maintained only from 33°C through 40°C. The period of mitosis is the most temperature-sensitive period of the life cycle of the cell. At subnormal temperatures (26°C through 31°C) there is an accumulation of cells in mitosis, and mitotic indices as high as 0.44 can be obtained. The duration of mitosis is a function both of the temperature and of the time which the cell has spent at this temperature.