cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three phantom budget cuts and how to avoid them

Purpose – This paper explains how library budgets can be cut in ways that are quick and unexpected. The purpose of this paper is to provide reasoning for these cuts with strategies for mediation and avoidance.Design/methodology/approach – By understanding the intricacies of three unique types of phantom cuts, library managers can keep their budgets secure and even win additional monies moving forward.Findings – Budgets can be cut through sound library fiscal management, large‐scale restructuring, or swift reaction to unexpected losses in revenue. Keeping the philosophy of the library as the best centerpiece for the potential for learning is the proper method to retain funding.Originality/value – This paper shows sound fiscal management as a potential danger to managerial rewards for sound judgement, and introduces the reader to various aspects of zero‐based budgeting and strategic moves for handling complex fiscal change.
Trust negotiation: authorization for virtual organizations

Trust negotiation is an authorization approach for open distributed systems, such as dynamic coalitions and other types of virtual organizations. Under the trust negotiation approach to authorization, every resource that might be shared within the coalition is protected by an access policy that describes the attributes of those qualified to access it (e.g., employer, job title, role, age). Each party collects digital credentials, such as X.509 attribute certificates or SAML assertions, from credential issuers who can attest to that party's attributes. At run time, a resource owner and potential client exchange information on their access policies and attributes, to determine whether the client possesses the attributes necessary to gain access, and vice versa. Trust negotiation has a firm theoretical foundation and a number of freely available implementations.In this paper, we argue that trust negotiation is ready for a trial deployment in a real-world application. We describe the software available for a deployment, including the flexible TrustBuilder2 framework for experimenting with trust negotiation runtime systems, and the CLOUSEAU compliance checker, which can quickly determine whether a set of credentials complies with a particular policy. We also describe the Traust approach for letting legacy applications take advantage of trust negotiation.
Chloride conductive and cotransport mechanisms in cultures of canine tracheal epithelial cells measured by an entrapped fluorescent indicator

To study C1 conductive and cotransport mechanisms, primary cultures of canine tracheal cells were grown to confluency on thin glass cover slips and on porous filters. Transepithelial resistance was greater than 100 omega.cm2, and short circuit current (Isc = 2-20 microA/cm2), representing active secretion of Cl, increased greater than threefold with addition of 10 microM isoproterenol to the serosal solution. Cells made transiently permeable in hypotonic solution were loaded with the C1-sensitive fluorophore 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl) quinolinium (SPQ) (5 mM, 4 min, 150 mOsm). The electrical properties of the cell monolayers were not altered by the loading procedure. Intracellular SPQ fluorescence was monitored continuously by epifluorescence microscopy (excitation 360 +/- 5 nm, emission greater than 410 nm). SPQ leakage from the cells was less than 10% in 60 min at 37 degrees C. Intracellular calibration of SPQ fluorescence vs. [C1] (0-90 nM) was carried out using high-K buffers containing the ionophores nigericin (5 microM) and tributyltin (10 microM); SPQ fluorescence was quenched with a Stern-Volmer constant of 13 M-1. Intracellular Cl activity was 43 +/- 4 mM. Cl flux was measured in response to addition and removal of 114 mM Cl from the bathing solution. Addition of 10 microM isoproterenol increased Cl efflux from 0.10 to 0.27 mM/sec. The increase was inhibited by the Cl-channel blocker diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (1 mM). In the absence of isoproterenol, removal of external Na or addition of 0.5 mM furosemide, reduced Cl influx by greater than fourfold. In ouabain-treated monolayers, removal of external K in the presence of 5 mM barium diminished Cl influx by greater than twofold, suggesting that Cl entry is in part K dependent. These results establish an accurate optical method for the real-time measurement of intracellular Cl activity in tracheal cells that does not require an electrically tight cell monolayer. The data demonstrate the presence of an isoproterenol-regulated Cl channel and a furosemide-sensitive cation-coupled transport mechanism.
Vibrating reed internal friction apparatus for films and foils

An apparatus is described which permits for the first time the resolution of anelastic relaxation effects in evaporated metallic thin films and ion-implanted surface layers of silicon. The composite samples consist of the film or layer of interest on a carrier substrate having the form of a thin cantilevered reed. Low external losses and an exceptionally good span of operating frequencies are obtained by integrally bonding the substrate to a supporting pedestal and by using electrostatic drive and detection for the transverse modes of vibration. The internal friction can be measured with relatively simply instrumentation, at pressures below 10-5 (1.33 × 10-3 Pa) and over the temperature range -190°C to 550°C. The apparatus has considerable versatility for work in a number of areas, including the investigation of metallic foils prepared by splat-cooling.
Evaluating Technology Projections and Weight Prediction Method Uncertainty of Future Launch Vehicles

A process was developed for determining the impact of technology performance assumptions and weight predictionmethod uncertainty.Weight and performance uncertainties were defined for components from historical weight-estimating relationships that are typically used during the concept definition phase. A systems analysis model was developed that sizes vehicle geometry, propellant, and component weights to meet mission requirements. The uncertainties and system analysismodelwere integratedwith aMonteCarlo simulation to determine the uncertainty probability on system weight. These uncertainties were integrated into the analyses of single-stage and two-stage reusable launch concepts to demonstrate the technology uncertainty influence on concepts having different gross weight sensitivities to component weight changes. Finally, this process was extended as a model for measuring the progress of technology development programs.
Howe v. MGH and Hudson v. Texas Children's Hospital: two approaches to resolving family-physician disputes in end-of-life care.

Howe v. MGH and Hudson v. Texas Children's Hospital : two approaches to resolving family–physician disputes in end-of-life care
The ozonation of cholesterol: separation and identification of 2,4-dinitrophenulhydrazine derivatization products of 3β-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al

The ozonation products of cholesterol, which are of interest as possible biomarkers of O3 exposure, were studied by derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). The DNPH derivatization of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al (2) produces the expected trans (3b) and cis (3c) derivatives of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al, and the unexpected DNPH derivative of 3,5-dihydroxy-B-norcholestane-6-carboxaldehyde (3a). The structures of 3a, 3b, and 3c were identified with 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY, and H-C correlation two-dimensional NMR techniques, and by comparison with the spectra of known compounds. A possible mechanism involving an enamine functionality is proposed for the formation of 3a. The ratio of 3a/(3b + 3c) depends on the concentration of acid used and the reaction time.
The white bear suppression inventory: revisiting its factor structure

Abstract The white bear suppression inventory [Wegner, D. M., & Zanakos, S. (1994). Chronic thought suppression. Journal of Personality, 62, 615–640] was designed as a self-report measure of people’s chronic tendency to suppress thoughts. In the present study, maximum likelihood factor analyses (n=456 and 459) revealed three correlated factors: unwanted intrusive thoughts, thought suppression, and self-distraction (to avoid thoughts). Gender differences were found for the second and third factors, with women more likely to endorse these cognitive avoidance strategies. The implications of these three factors for interpretation of the full scale are considered.
The experience, expression, and control of anger in perceived social support.

Abstract The present study extended Palfai and Hart’s (1997) work on anger expression and perceived social support. One hundred and eighty-nine college student volunteers completed measures of trait anger, anger expression/control, social desirability, and perceived social support. Findings were consistent with previous studies (e.g., Johnson & Greene, 1991; Palfai & Hart, 1997) in that anger suppression, but not aggressive anger expression, was associated with reduced social support. Moreover, hierarchical multiple regressions demonstrated that anger-in predicted perceived social support, independent of social desirability and trait anger. In addition, the ability to manage one’s anger through the use of internal controls (e.g., relaxation, calming down, etc.) was associated with increased perceptions of support. Thus, regardless of one’s propensity to experience angry feelings or tendency to respond in a socially desirable manner, anger suppression and the tendency to cope with anger through effective internal controls predicted perceived social support.
FROM CHOICE OF PROCUREMENT STRATEGY TO SUPPLY NETWORK CONFIGURATION: AN EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH

This study examines the complex and evolutionary nature of supply network configuration. Taking a bottom-up approach, we examine how supply network configuration at the macro-level evolves as a res...
Observations on the metabolic and antiarthritic effects of ACTH and cortisone in diabetics.

IN THE absence of knowledge of the mechanism by which cortisone or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) influences rheumatoid arthritis (1), it seemed worthwhile to examine the relation of this antiarthritic action to the other known effects of the adrenal cortex. For example, desoxycorticosterone is about 50 times as effective as cortisone in sodium retention (2), yet desoxycorticosterone is ineffective in arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is not commonly present in Addison's disease and no demonstrable disturbance of electrolyte regulation occurs in arthritis. The relatively small changes in electrolyte excretion at certain periods of successful treatment with cortisone (3) may be added to these observations, all of which suggest that the antiarthritic action of the adrenal cortex is distinct from its function as a regulator of electrolytes. In like manner, the failure of sex hormones to influence arthritis, in our experience, and the-favorable response of arthritis to cortisone with or without an increased...
XRF microCT study of space objects at SSRL

Study of the composition and 3D chemical distribution of the particles that come from space are of great interest since they can provide information about the early stages and evolution of the solar system. The size of these samples varies with the smallest ones in the micron and even sub-micron range. X-ray fluorescence microCT (computed tomography) with focused X-ray beam can be successfully used to study these kinds of samples. This is especially important when sectioning is not feasible, or it is undesirable either due to the risk of contamination, as is the case with comet particles recently collected by the NASA Stardust mission, or the requirement for further analysis by different characterization techniques. X-ray fluorescence microCT measurements on several space samples were performed at the beamline 6-2 using the existing microprobe setup. Two mirror optical system is used for beam focusing with an additional set of KB mirrors located in the hutch near the sample to focus the beam further down to 2x4 microns. Incident X-ray energy is selected with a monochromator in the range of 5 to 20 keV. Fluorescence data was collected with Si(Li) fluorescence detector and PIN diode was used to collect attenuation data that provides additional information for fluorescence tomography reconstruction. The results of the measurements of two micrometeorites with sizes of approximately 100 microns, are presented.
Traffic Grammar and Algorithmic Complexity in Urban Freeway Flow Patterns

This paper uses techniques from formal language theory to describe the linear spatial patterns in urban freeway traffic flows in order to understand and analyze “hidden order” in such high volume systems. A method for measuring randomness based on algorithmic entropy is introduced and developed. These concepts are operationalized using Pincus’ approximate entropy formulation in an appropriate illustration. These measures, which may be viewed as counterintuitive, are believed to offer robust and rigorous guidance to enhance the overall understanding of efficiency in urban freeway traffic systems. Utilization of such measures should be facilitated by information generated by real time intelligent transportation systems (ITS) technologies and may prove helpful in real time traffic flow management.
Glucagon, satiety from feeding and liver/pancreatic interactions

Abstract In an attempt to assess pancreatic glucagon's efficacy at repeatedly reducing food ingestion during differing circadian periods, three groups of 8 rats each were randomly assigned to 4-hr food deprivations beginning at 0800, 1200 or 1600 with light off at 2000. Subjects were then refed following injections of pancreatic glucagon (400 μg/kg b.wt. dissolved in DMSO) or vehicle alone every third day (no injection on intervening day). Food intake was measured at 1 and 20 hr following each injection. Following 3 cycles of the above procedure, each animal was again food deprived at the appropriate time, stunned and sacrificed by decapitation. The liver was sampled and glycogen determinations were made. Glucagon suppressed food intake when injected at 1200 (49.6%) and at 1600 (43.1%) but not when given at 2000 (−2.2%). Glycogen content measured after similar deprivation ending at these times was 5.6, 3.9 and 2.0%, respectively. With repeated glucagon injections, the hormone lost its ability to reduce food intake. In a second study, designed to evaluate the role of insulin in glucagon's action, three groups of 6 rats each were given atropine plus glucagon or glucagon or atropine injections alone; food ingestion was then measured one hr later. Atropine alone somewhat decreased eating, however, in combination with glucagon (given 10 min following atropine), no significant decrements in ingestion were achieved. Glucagon injected after saline produced a significant reduction in food intake (62.5%). Since glucagon stimulates insulin release and hyperglycemia; perhaps insulin release is necessary for glucagon's satiety effect.
Behavioral reduction of overt hallucinatory behavior in a chronic schizophrenic

A 60-year-old chronically schizophrenic man who displayed verbally aggressive hallucinatory outbursts in a nursing home was placed on a contingent exercise program to decrease the hallucinations. Baseline demonstrated a daily average of 4.66 episodes per day. A 20-week intervention decreased these episodes to 0.34 per day. This 92% decrease was accomplished by contingently walking the subject in a hallway until he was quiet. Psychotropic medication increased during baseline had no effect on the target behavior. This mildly aversive program indicates that overt hallucinatory behavior seems to have at least a partial environmental base.
Variation in insect herbivory across a salt marsh tidal gradient influences plant survival and distribution

Herbivore damage and impact on plants often varies spatially across environmental gradients. Although such variation has been hypothesized to influence plant distribution, few quantitative evaluations exist. In this study I evaluated patterns of insect herbivory on an annual forb, Atriplex patula var. hastata, across a salt marsh tidal gradient, and performed experiments to examine potential causes and consequences of variation in herbivory. Damage to plants was generally twice as great at mid-tidal elevations, which are more frequently inundated, than at higher, less stressful, elevations at five of six surveyed sites. Field herbivore assays and herbivore preference experiments eliminated the hypothesis that plant damage was mediated by herbivore response to differences in host plants across the gradient. Alternately, greater herbivore densities in the mid-marsh, where densities of an alternate host plant (Salicornia europaea) were high, were associated with greater levels of herbivory on Atriplex, suggesting spillover effects. The effect of insect herbivores on host plant performance varied between the two sites studied more intensively. Where overall herbivore damage to plants was low, herbivory had no detectable effect on plant survival or seed production, and plant performance did not significantly differ between zones. However, where herbivore damage was high, herbivores dramatically reduced both plant survival (>50%) and fruit production (40-70%), and their effects were stronger in the harsher mid-marsh than the high marsh. Thus herbivores likely play a role in maintaining lower Atriplex densities in mid-marsh. Overall, these results suggest that variation in herbivore pressure can be an important determinant of patterns of plant abundance across environmental gradients.
Electron-microscopic observations of the Coccidioides immitis parasitic cycle in vivo

BALB/c mice were inoculated by intranasal challenge with viable arthroconidia of C. immitis and in-vivo morphogenesis of the fungal pathogen was investigated by electronmicroscopic examination of pulmonary lavage and cryofractured lung specimens. Samples were prepared at intervals over an 11-day period. Stages of spherule and endospore development were easily identified by scanning and thin-section electron microscopy. Details of morphogenesis of the pathogen in vivo closely resemble developmental aspects reported from in-vitro studies.
Autolexical syntax: A proposal for the treatment of noun incorporation and similar phenomena

1. BACKGROUND According to the standard picture of the interface between syntax and morphology, the words of well-formed natural-language expressions are attached to the leaves of the syntactic phrase structure trees. Furthermore, each word may be represented by a structured tree whose leaves represent the constituent morphemes, and each morpheme is a (presumably structureless) list of segments. The representation of the structure of the expression is thus a smoothly branching tree with the highest syntactic category at the top, and individual segments at the bottom, as in diagram (1), where A-E represent syntactic categories with D a lexical category, a-d represent subword constituents where b, c and d are simple morphemes, and S1-Sm are phonological segments.
Metals and alloys nanostructured by severe plastic deformation: Commercialization pathways

Severe plastic deformation, which refines grain size and introduces nanoscale features in metals and alloys, offers the prospect of enhancing metal properties beyond the levels otherwise attainalble. It allows stable deformation to larger strains than most conventional metal-forming methods, there by increasing the degree of strengthening possible. Before aprocess can be commercialized. it must be established that there are significant market drivers. Once those drivers are established, an array of factors must be considered that can impede or augment commercialization. This work will introduce four of these: competition from other materials, appropriability, maturity of design paradigm, and distribution of complementary assets.
Is There a Best Fixed-Geometry Valve for Micropumps?

Two frequently used geometries for fixed-valve micropumps are the nozzle-diffuser and Tesla-type valve. However, little work has been done to investigate the relative merits of optimal shapes for each type of valve. In this study 2D steady-state computational fluid dynamics coupled with a formal optimization procedure and experimental evaluation were performed to address this problem. Non-dimensionalization of the problem allowed a comparison of the two valve types independent of physical size, i.e. shape alone was studied. Optimal shapes were found based on maximizing calculated diodicity as a function of Reynolds number in conjunction with a weighting function used to control forward pressure drop. The optimal shape for each valve was then compared numerically and experimentally to reference valves similar to those reported in the literature. The optimal shape for each valve type was found to be significantly different from the reference shape and exhibited significantly improved performance. Both valve types achieved a maximum diodicity of approximately two in the range of Reynolds number 0 ≤ Re ≤ 2000. The optimal Tesla-type valve was characterized by a large return loop and shallow return loop angle. The optimal nozzle-diffuser was characterized by a very long diffuser section that prevented flow separation in the forward flow direction along with increased wall shear stress in the reverse flow direction. The diodicity vs Reynolds number curve for the Tesla-type valve monotonically increased, while the nozzle-diffuser exhibited a local maximum in the mid-Reynolds number range. These characteristics may play an important role when valve size is determined to maximize resonant behavior of a micropump. Thus they influence numerous pump design criteria such as target flow rate-pressure characteristics and overall pump size.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Cooperativity in F-actin filaments on binding of myosin subfragments, demonstrated by fluorescence of 1, N6- ethenoadenosine diphosphate.

Abstract The fluorescence lifetime of 1, N 6 -ethenoadenosine diphosphate (ϵ-ADP) is 33 ns when bound to F-actin at 4 °C. When heavy meromyosin or myosin subfragment-1 binds to the F-actin filament, the lifetime of ϵ-ADP drops, reaching 29 ns when every actin monomer is bound to a myosin head. The change in lifetime is a consequence of cooperative conformational changes among the actin monomers. The results of these experiments support the contention that there are differences in the ways in which the two heads of the myosin molecule interact with the actin filament.
Studies on the resolution of cytochrome oxidase.

Cytochrome oxidase has been resolved in acetic acid and high salt/detergent media. In 0.5% acetic acid, the smaller subunits of the enzyme are selectively extracted with retention of an insoluble protein fraction containing subunits I–IV, VII. This fraction retains all the heme and copper of the original enzyme in a spectrally unaltered state, and possesses enzymic activity comparable to the unresolved enzyme. The further removal of subunit IV from this fraction results in migration of heme and copper and modification of their spectral characteristics. Resolution of the enzyme in a high salt/detergent medium extracts smaller subunits (V–VII) together with subunit IV and some heme and copper. The heme associated with this enzymically active extract has spectral characteristics that are partially suggestive of hemea 3. It is suggested that the fraction of subunits I–IV, VII, resolved in dilute acetic acid, may represent the limit of resolution of the cytochrome oxidase complex that remains actively and spectrally indistinguishable from the original enzyme.
Early sex-linked activities and interests related to spatial abilities

Abstract Sex differences on cross-sex gender identity measures and on three spatial tasks were examined in a college sample. Significant differences were found favoring males on the Identical Blocks Test (IBT) and the Water Level Test (WLT). Sex accounted for 10% of the variance on the IBT and yielded a d of 0.63 of a standard deviation. On the WLT sex accounted for 15% of the variance and produced a d of 0.78. Cross-sex gender identity correlated with poorer performance on the WLT for males and showed a tendency to be correlated with better performance on the IBT for females. The hypothesis that the male sex role is associated with better performance on spatial tasks is supported for both sexes.
Pseudogastroparesis as a presentation of adenocarcinoma of the proximal jejunum

Abstract Establishing the presence of adenocarcinoma of the small bowel is exceedingly difficult. Survival is contingent on prompt diagnosis. We describe a patient with an atypical presentation of jejunal adenocarcinoma visualized via small bowel enteroclysis. She was referred with “gastroparesis,” based on both a radionucleotide scan that revealed markedly delayed gastric emptying and a “normal” small bowel series. A markedly abnormal scintigraphic study and a negative small bowel series does not exclude disease of the small intestine and should provide the impetus to further pursue the possibility of an obstructing lesion. The enteroclysis is a relatively safe and effective study in the preoperative diagnosis of small bowel tumors.
What, When and How Should we Teach Poultry?

Abstract In approaching this subject we have done so from a different angle than we are in the habit of viewing it. The first thought that occurred to us was—what kind of a job will the poultry student try to do when he is through and how should we proceed to give him the necessary training. The instructional work of the poultry department separates itself into different groups, as follows : Graduate students ; Undergraduate students; Short courses (One year—Winter course—Community leaders and clubs) ; Summer school with special courses for teachers (College teachers—Vocational agricultural teachers—County Agents—Home Agents). The positions now held by poultry graduates divide themselves into at least four groups as follows : institutional, commercial production, commercial production organizations, and commercial supply organizations. These main lines again subdivide into highly specialized fields. The courses that have been taught in the Poultry Department of . . .
NEMO kinase contributes to core period determination by slowing the pace of the Drosophila circadian oscillator.

Summary The Drosophila circadian oscillator is comprised of transcriptional feedback loops that are activated by CLOCK (CLK) and CYCLE (CYC) and repressed by PERIOD (PER) and TIMELESS (TIM) [1]. The timing of CLK-CYC activation and PER-TIM repression is regulated posttranslationally, in part through rhythmic phosphorylation of CLK, PER, and TIM [2–4]. Although kinases that control PER and TIM levels and subcellular localization have been identified [5–10], additional kinases are predicted to target PER, TIM, and/or CLK to promote time-specific transcriptional repression. We screened for kinases that alter circadian behavior via clock cell-directed RNA interference (RNAi) and identified the proline-directed kinase nemo ( nmo ) as a novel component of the circadian oscillator. Both nmo RNAi knockdown and a nmo hypomorphic mutant shorten circadian period, whereas nmo overexpression lengthens circadian period. CLK levels increase when nmo expression is knocked down in clock cells, whereas CLK levels decrease and PER and TIM accumulation are delayed when nmo is overexpressed in clock cells. These data suggest that nmo slows the pace of the circadian oscillator by altering CLK, PER, and TIM expression, thereby contributing to the generation of an ∼24 hr circadian period.
Who Chokes Under Pressure? The Big Five Personality Traits and Decision-Making under Pressure.

The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the Big Five personality factors could predict who thrives or chokes under pressure during decision-making. The effects of the Big Five personality factors on decision-making ability and performance under social (Experiment 1) and combined social and time pressure (Experiment 2) were examined using the Big Five Personality Inventory and a dynamic decision-making task that required participants to learn an optimal strategy. In Experiment 1, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed an interaction between neuroticism and pressure condition. Neuroticism negatively predicted performance under social pressure, but did not affect decision-making under low pressure. Additionally, the negative effect of neuroticism under pressure was replicated using a combined social and time pressure manipulation in Experiment 2. These results support distraction theory whereby pressure taxes highly neurotic individuals’ cognitive resources, leading to sub-optimal performance. Agreeableness also negatively predicted performance in both experiments.
Developmental expression of ROMK mRNA in rabbit cortical collecting duct.

The cortical collecting duct (CCD) is a major site of regulation of K+ homeostasis in the fully differentiated mammalian kidney. CCDs isolated from adult rabbits and microperfused in vitro secrete K+ into the tubular fluid at high rates. However, CCDs dissected from newborn animals show no significant net K+ secretion until the 3rd wk of life, at least in part because of a paucity of conducting apical secretory K+ (SK) channels. To determine whether the abundance of genes encoding the SK channel is developmentally regulated, we used reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Northern blot analysis to test for the presence of mRNA encoding rat outer medullary K+ channel (ROMK), considered to be a major subunit of the SK channel, in kidney and single CCDs isolated from maturing rabbits. Using rat ROMK-specific primers, RT-PCR of rabbit kidney yielded an amplification product of expected size and sequence. Northern blot analysis identified a single band at ~2.9 kb in kidney at all ages. Densitometric analysis revealed a progressive increase in steady state expression of ROMK message in kidney after birth. RT-PCR of individual CCDs yielded a single band of predicted size for ROMK in all segments isolated from animals ≥3 wk old. In contrast, transcripts were not detected in any CCD samples obtained from 1-wk-old animals and were identified in only 30% of CCD samples isolated from 2-wk-old rabbits. In all of the latter tubular samples, a specific PCR product of correct size for β-actin mRNA was detected. These results suggest that an increase in steady state expression of ROMK mRNA contributes to the developmental appearance of conducting secretory K+ channels in the CCD.
Looking to the New Millennium: Homage to Edmund D. Pellegrino

Evocation de l'histoire de la revue intitulee Journal of Medicine and Philosophy qui entre dans sa vingt-cinquieme et de Edmundo D. Pellegrino, un des fondateurs et principal collaborateur qui a contribue a donner au journal son attrait actuel en orientant les sujets developpes vers des themes majeurs correspondant aux mutations de la societe moderne
Intrinsic versus extrinsic crack tip blunting

Abstract A recent experiment of Handerhan and Garrison [ Acta metall. mater. 40 , 1337 (1992)] has produced data of the type needed to answer the question whether crack tip blunting primarily is of an intrinsic type or an extrinsic type. It is shown here that the HG data are consistent with either intrinsic or extrinsic blunting. The major uncertainly in distinguishing between the intrinsic and extrinsic blunting processes in high yield stress material used in the HG experiments is the lack of accuracy in the theoretical expressions for the magnitude of the predicted blunting (to a factor of about 2 or so). Because the predicted difference between the two types of blunting is much greater for low yield stress material, definitive experiments to answer the question whether blunting is intrinsic or extrinsic need to be made on material woth lower yield stresses. An analysis also is made in this paper of the magnitude of the change in the stress intensity factor that can be expected when wedges are used, as they are in the HG experiments, to force a crack to remain open after load removal. The correction factor in the stress intensity factor is of a logarithmic type.
Total sulfur aerosol concentration with an electrostatically pulsed flame photometric detector system

Abstract This paper describes a new system for continuous measurement of ambient aerosol sulfur concentrations. The system consists of a pulsed electrostatic precipitator followed by a total sulfur flame photometric detector (FDP). With this system the output signal of the FPD is composed of a DC signal related to the gas phase sulfur concentration and an AC signal related to aerosol sulfur concentration. The AC signal is separated from the DC signal by a phase and frequency selective lock-in amplifier. Using a standard Meloy SA-285 FPD and operating at a chopping frequency of 0.2 Hz the system has a sensitivity of about 0.2 μg m −3 (as sulfur) for ammonium sulfate at a signal to peak-to-peak noise ratio of one and has a system response time of about 1.5 min. Some interference from SO 2 exists but should be minimized by modification of the precipitator and of the linearizer electronics of the FPD. A thermal speciation system has been developed for use in conjunction with the system to yield information on the chemical composition of the aerosol sulfur measured. Preliminary field evaluations of the instrument were performed at the Los Angeles Roadway Study. The instrument performed well and aerosol total sulfur concentrations measured with it were in good agreement with measurements by other methods.
Investigating variability in catch rates of halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) in the Pribilof Islands : Is temperature important?

Abstract From 2002 to 2004, a study was conducted to test the hypothesis that commercial catch per unit effort (CPUE) of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) in the Pribilof Islands local fishery varies on intra-annual (weeks–months) and inter-annual (among fishing seasons) time scales due to (a) variation in seasonal migration timing, (b) temperature-dependent habitat preference, or (c) average local abundance governed by late spring hydrographic conditions. Changes in CPUE over the progression of three fishing seasons were examined for evidence of seasonal migration signals. Relationships between catch and water temperature were examined by deploying temperature recorders from local commercial vessels and correlating the observations with vessel-standardized CPUE intra- and inter-annually. Temperature data were obtained from 735-longline sets; simultaneous depth data were collected from a subset of 412 of those deployments. Annual temperature data clearly demonstrated seasonal warming trends, and temperature was negatively correlated with depth. Warmest conditions were observed in 2003: maximum temperatures of ∼6 °C were observed in early June and increased to ∼10 °C in early September. Conditions in 2002 and 2004 were similar to one another and on average about 1 °C cooler than in 2003, warming from ∼5 °C in June to ∼9.5 °C in September. No intra-annual trend in CPUE was apparent. A relationship was not detected between temperature and vessel-standardized CPUE within years, whether CPUE was compared to absolute temperature or the difference between observed temperature and daily-predicted maximum. These results suggest that halibut do not respond strongly to temperatures within the observed range, nor was there evidence that the fishery was influenced by seasonal movement patterns. These conclusions are supported by concurrent archival tagging that suggests the Pribilof fishery may be too short to capture seasonal migration periods; summer local abundance is likely established prior to commencement of the fishery. Temperatures observed by the fleet were also within the known thermal tolerances of Pacific halibut. Inter-annually, cumulative fleet-wide CPUE and total catch were associated with coolest annual mean temperature. A relationship might exist between annual CPUE and mean temperature, but the available time series is too short to draw conclusions in this regard. While there was no trend in CPUE from June through August or across temperatures ranging from 5 to 10 °C, the results may be valuable in refining hypotheses and focusing future effort. Additional research should seek to examine catch trends earlier and later in the year, as well as at higher and lower temperatures, perhaps at the edges of the species's geographic range or during years characterized by anomalous hydrographic conditions.
Effects of Post-natal Serotonin Levels on Craniofacial Complex

Although the role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) in pre-natal craniofacial growth and development has been studied, no research has been done on the effects of serotonin on post-natal craniofacial growth and development. The following experimental question was tested: What effect does increasing in vivo serotonin levels adjacent to trigeminal motoneurons have on post-natal craniofacial structures in young, actively growing rats? Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 experimental groups (10% serotonin microspheres, 15% serotonin microspheres, blank microspheres, sham surgeries) and underwent stereotactic neurosurgery at post-natal day 35; 5 rats of each group were killed at 14 and 21 post-surgical days for data collection. Statistical analyses by mixed-model, 4 x 2 repeated-measures ANOVA, and post hoc Fisher LSD tests revealed significant (P ≤ 0.05, 0.01) differences between groups and sides for muscle weight, cranial dimension, and TMJ dimension data. Data described here indicate...
Physiological effect of partial spectrum lighting on the human

Light could be the most important environmental input, after food, in controlling bodily functions. The extent of this control on humans has become a recent topic of investigation. Investigation of the effects of various frequencies of illumination is a topic relatively unexplored through endocrinology or by examining physiological effects in humans. This research investigates the effect of partial spectrum lighting on the psychomotor performance of nine subjects. The physiological effects as represented through psychomotor performance was determined by measurements taken on grip strength, dexterity, and reaction time. From the results there was no basis on which to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, no significant psychomotor differences were found between the three light sources tested. Language: en
Dynamic Movement of Sub-Epiblastic ECM During Primitive Streak Formation

A well known “Polonaise” pattern of epiblast cell movements accompanies formation of the amniote primitive streak (PS), which is the organizing center for gastrulation. Although the movements observed in classical (text book) and modern studies appear similar, the biophysical mechanisms driving these movements are unknown. In comparison to studies of dynamic cellular movements during PS formation, and more generally, gastrulation, there is a relative paucity of data regarding movement of the extracellular matrix (ECM) lying adjacent to the ventral surface of the epiblast. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescence studies demonstrated decades ago the presence of a nascent basement membrane-like structure, which we refer to as the sub-epiblastic ECM (SE ECM), containing, at least, fibronectin [1] and collagen [1]. Using ultrastructural markers, Sanders [2] found that the SE ECM is transported medially to the PS with the epiblast cells. Almost two decades later, Bortier et al. [3] grafted radiolabeled quail cells into the epiblasts of chicken blastoderms, and concluded that whole groups of epiblast cells slide across (move relative to) the SE ECM — thus, contradicting Sanders’ earlier findings.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Development of computerized method for detection of vertebral fractures on lateral chest radiographs

Osteoporosis is one of the major public health concerns in the world. Several clinical trials indicated clearly that pharmacologic therapy for osteoporosis is effective for persons with vertebral fractures for preventing subsequent fractures. It is, therefore, important to diagnose vertebral fractures early. Although most vertebral fractures are asymptomatic, they can often be detected on lateral chest radiographs which may be obtained for other purposes. However, investigators have reported that vertebral fractures which were visible on lateral chest radiographs were underdiagnosed or underreported. Therefore, our purpose in this study was to develop a computerized method for detection of vertebral fractures on lateral chest radiographs and to assist radiologists' image interpretation. Our computerized scheme is based on the detection of upper and lower edges of vertebrae on lateral chest images. A curved rectangular area which included a number of visible vertebrae was identified. This area was then straightened such that the upper and lower edges of the vertebrae were oriented horizontally. For detection of vertebral edges, line components were enhanced, and a multiple thresholding technique followed by image feature analysis was applied to the line enhanced image. Finally, vertebral heights determined from the detected vertebral edges were used for characterizing the shape of the vertebrae and for distinguishing fractured from normal vertebrae. Our preliminary results indicated that all of the severely fractured vertebrae in a small database were detected correctly by our computerized method.
Pipeline to Preparation to Advancement: Graduates’ Experiences In, Through, and Beyond Leadership Preparation

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to describe the nature of preparation among a nonpurposeful sample of 17 leadership preparation programs and to investigate the relationship of their participa...
Programmable Temperature Control System for Biological Materials

A system was constructed which allows programmable temperature?time control for a 5 cm3 sample volume of arbitrary biological material. The system also measures the parameters necessary for the determination of the sample volume specific heat and thermal conductivity as a function of temperature, and provides a detailed measurement of the temperature during phase change and a means of calculating the heat of the phase change.
Endoscopic-assisted repair of subcondylar fractures

Abstract Objective To evaluate outcomes of a series of mandibular subcondylar fractures repaired with endoscopic reduction and fixation. Study design Six consecutive subcondylar fractures were treated endoscopically. Intermaxillary fixation was used intraoperatively to aid in fracture reduction. A modified Risdon incision was used to gain access to the lateral ramus, and a modified retractor and endoscope were used for retraction and visualization. Fracture fixation was achieved with a 2-mm titanium plate and screws. Patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically for 6 months and functional, radiographic, and esthetic parameters were assessed at each time period (1, 2, 4, 12, and 24 weeks). Results All patients demonstrated a stable occlusion in the postoperative period and anatomic alignment of the condyle radiographically. By 1 month, maximum interincisal opening was 42.2 ± 5.7 mm. There was no joint noise or temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain postoperatively. Radiographs at each follow-up visit indicated the ramus height was maintained in most cases. There was minimal transient facial nerve paresis following surgery. Scar perception was considered acceptable by all patients. Operative times were acceptable as well. Conclusion Endoscopic-assisted repair of subcondylar fractures is an additional tool for management of subcondylar fractures, however there is a steep learning curve based on this study. The technique allows good visualization of the fracture site for reduction through an incision with an acceptable cosmetic result.
Microstructural evolution in modified 9Cr-1Mo ferritic/martensitic steel irradiated with mixed high-energy proton and neutron spectra at low temperatures

Modified 9Cr–1Mo ferritic/martensitic steel was exposed at 32–57 °C to a mixed proton/neutron particle flux and spectrum at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. The microstructure of unirradiated 9Cr–1Mo consists of laths, dislocations and carbides. Examination of electron diffraction patterns obtained from extraction replicas of unirradiated 9Cr–1Mo revealed that the precipitate microstructure was primarily dominated by M23C6 carbides. The post-irradiation microstructure contained black-spot damage in addition to precipitates and dislocations. Examination of electron diffraction patterns revealed diffuse rings from M23C6 carbides, indicating amorphization and/or nanocrystallinity. Crystalline MC carbides were also found. No cavity formation was found although a significant amount of helium and hydrogen generation had been generated. TEM–EDS examination of extraction replicas for carbides from unirradiated and irradiated samples did not show any detectable changes in composition of either M23C6 or MC carbides. There was also no evident change in carbide size. Lattice images of M23C6 carbides revealed an amorphous microstructure following irradiation, but MC carbides were still crystalline.
Perceptions of Factors Driving Success for Multinational Professional Services Firms in Korea

SUMMARY The purpose of this paper is to explore perceptions of the factors that both drive and inhibit success of multinational professional services firms in an Asian market, specifically in Korea. This study examines how multinational professional services firms in Korea are positioned with regard to service attributes. Through surveys and in-depth interviews, researchers explored MNC perceptions of critical dimensions of service success and failure in Korea. Results offer insights into the decision processes of non-Asian firms engaged in services marketing in Asia.
Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Surfactant Detection

We developed a novel two-dimensional (2-D) crystalline colloidal array photonic crystal sensing material for the visual detection of amphiphilic molecules in water. A close-packed polystyrene 2-D array monolayer was embedded in a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)-based hydrogel film. These 2-D photonic crystals placed on a mirror show intense diffraction that enables them to be used for visual determination of analytes. Binding of surfactant molecules attaches ions to the sensor that swells the PNIPAAm-based hydrogel. The resulting increase in particle spacing red shifts the 2-D diffracted light. Incorporation of more hydrophobic monomers increases the sensitivity to surfactants.
Comments on 'Boundary implications of stability and positivity properties of multidimensional systems' by S. Basu

In the above-mentioned work by S. Basu (see ibid., vol.78, p.614-626, 1990), one of the main focal points is the robustness of positive property for a k-variate interval rational function having complex coefficients (hereafter the property is referred to as the PC property). It is concluded that the PC property of the specific 16(2/sup k/)/sup 2/ extreme members of the set can imply the PC property of the set. In this comment, it is proven that the PC property of a k-variate complex interval rational function can be assured by the PC property of its certain 16(2/sup k/) extreme members, which are a proper subset of those 16(2/sup k/)/sup 2/ extreme members defined in the above-mentioned work. >