cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COLIFORM CONTENT OF FROZEN BLANCHED VEGETABLES PACKED IN THE UNITED STATES

A total of 575 packages of frozen blanched vegetables representing 17 products packed in 24 factories located in 12 states were examined for numbers and kinds of coliforms. The organisms were recovered from over 90% of the samples with the average counts of total coliforms being over 100 per g. Thirty-seven percent were positive for fecal coliforms (FC) using a 44.5°C incubation, with all products except broccoli yielding an average count of less than 50 per g. Escherichia coli was recovered from only 29% of the FC-positive samples. Other species which were responsible for a positive fecal coliform test were Klebsiella pneum oniae, Enterobacter cloacae, E. agglomerans, E. aerogenes, and Citrobacter freundii. Incubation at 45.5°C eliminated only C. freundii. Fecal coliforms in vegetables negative for E. coli may be the result of raw vegetable transmission to processing equipment followed by culture development and transfer to foods being processed.
Cobalt acceptor state in silicon: Temperature dependence of the energy level and capture cross section

We correlate results of optical-absorption, photoconductivity, resistivity, and Hall-effect measurements to show that the cobalt acceptor level is essentially fixed in energy 0.535 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.013 eV below the conduction-band edge as the energy gap of silicon changes with temperature. Comparison of this result with measurements of the electron thermal emission rate leads to the first estimate of the temperature dependence of the cross section for capture of electrons by neutral cobalt acceptors, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{n}^{0}\ensuremath{\sim}{T}^{m}$, with $m=\ensuremath{-}0.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7$.
Effect of progesterone and other steroids on PMS-induced ovulation in the immature rat.

Advancement of the time of PMSinduced ovulation in immature Purdue Wistar rats was produced by treatment with 0.2–2 mg progesterone (P). Medroxyprogesterone and norethindrone were effective but other steroids, including some with progestational activity, were not. The induction of ovulation by P does not seem to be due to altered ovarian sensitivity to LH. In rats hypophysectomized 22-24 hr after PMS treatment, an 80 μg dose of LH appeared to be equally effective when given to Ptreated and control rats 30 hr after a PMS injection. P can advance ovulation if given 19-32 hr after PMS, but not at 34 hr. Administration of P at 19 hr after PMS treatment seemed to alter the duration of the period during which pentobarbital (PBTL) treatment can prevent ovulation. In such rats the colony period for LH release appeared to begin 5 hr sooner than in rats given P 24 hr after PMS, although it terminated at the same time. This suggested that the onset of the colony period for LH release shifted to an earlier time, and ...
U.S. Federal Water Quality Web Service Collaboration

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) have developed collaborative capabilities for the retrieval of water quality data using the World Wide Web [Young, 2008]. Since September 2008, these new capabilities have facilitated searches of millions of analytical measurements from water quality samples collected during the past 100 years. The new system improves, in several ways, on the previous approach to obtaining data from these agencies, and it establishes a framework for future enhancements. As a result of creating these capabilities, an investigator will be able to explore the entire USGS and USEPA water quality data holdings without needing to know which agency manages the desired data.
Caring for children at the poverty line

Abstract Child care services will be critical to successful efforts to “end welfare as we know it.” Rather than focusing attention on the nonworking poor, this paper argues that attention should be focused upon the needs of working-poor and working-class families, who may be former welfare families. The paper presents data from the National Child Care Survey 1990 and A Profile of Child Care Settings that describe the child care needs and arrangements of working and nonworking-poor and working-class families relative to middle-class families; constraints on their use of care, including the availability, cost, and quality of programs; and preferences. Finally, it discusses the implications for public policy.
An unusual case of pediatric shortness of breath--answers.

1. The differential diagnosis of post-operative shortness of breath includes pulmonary embolism, pleural effusion, hemothorax, atelectasis, chemical pneumonitis, large airway obstruction, pulmonary edema, heart failure and abdominal compartment syndrome. 2. In this case, the most common diagnosis included pleural effusion and atelectasis. Given the chest X-rays and fluid studies, pleural effusion secondary to urinothorax is the most likely diagnosis. 3. There is no definitive diagnostic test for urinothorax as pleural fluid studies can be exudative or transudative. Early studies classically have a pleural fluid creatinine/ serum creatinine >1 with an elevated pleural fluid lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level. However, the biochemical composition of urinothorax pleural fluid is time-dependent, and study results may vary depending on when fluid is collected. A high index of suspicion for urinothorax should be held for patients with bilateral renal disease and rapid onset pleural effusions.
Cross-phase modulation-induced spectral and temporal effects on co-propagating femtosecond pulses in silicon photonic wires

By performing time-resolved experiments and power-dependent measurements using femtosecond pulses inside submicron cross-section Si photonic-wire waveguides, we demonstrate strong cross-phase modulation (XPM) effects. We find that XPM in Si wires can be significant even for low peak pump powers, i.e., ∼15 mW for π phase shift. Our experimental data closely match numerical simulations using a rigorous coupled-wave theoretical treatment. Our results suggest that XPM is a potentially useful approach for all-optical control of photonic devices in Si wires.
Seeking and sharing health information online: comparing search engines and social media

Search engines and social media are two of the most com-monly used online services; in this paper, we examine how users appropriate these platforms for online health activi-ties via both large-scale log analysis and a survey of 210 people. While users often turn to search engines to learn about serious or highly stigmatic conditions, a surprising amount of sensitive health information is also sought and shared via social media, in our case the public social plat-form Twitter. We contrast what health content people seek via search engines vs. share on social media, as well as why they choose a particular platform for online health activi-ties. We reflect on the implications of our results for design-ing search engines, social media, and social search tools that better support people's health information seeking and sharing needs.
Interspecies comparison of renal cortical receptors for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone‐related protein

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related proteins (PTHrP) interact with a common receptor in rat bone cells and in canine renal membranes with similar affinity, but PTHrP are substantially less potent than PTH in stimulating adenylate cyclase in canine renal membranes; in contrast, PTH and PTHrP are equipotent in stimulating adenylate cyclase in rat bone cells. This discrepancy has been largely viewed as reflecting differences in the relative efficiency of signal transduction of PTHrP between bone and kidney assay systems. To test the alternative (but not mutually exclusive) hypothesis that these differences could reflect interspecies differences in PTH receptors, we have characterized the bioactivity of amino-terminal PTHrP and PTH in rat and human renal cortical membranes (RCM) and compared them to results we previously reported in canine RCM. The stability of PTH and PTHrP peptides under binding and adenylate cyclase assay conditions was greater than 80% for each species. Competitive inhibition of [125I](Tyr36)hPTHrP-(1-36)NH2 binding to rat RCM by bPTH-(1-34) and (Tyr36)hPTHrP-(1-36)NH2 yielded nearly identical binding dissociation constants (3.7 and 3.6 nM, respectively), and binding to human RCM demonstrated slightly greater potency for PTHrP (0.5 nM) than for PTH (0.9 nM). Similarly, adenylate cyclase stimulating activity was equivalent for the two peptides in rat RCM, but PTHrP was twofold more potent than PTH in human RCM. Covalent photoaffinity labeling of protease-protected rat RCM yielded an apparent 80 kD receptor protein, and cross-linking of human RCM labeled an 85 kD receptor, indistinguishable in size from the canine renal PTH receptor. We conclude that rat, canine, and human renal cortical PTH receptors exhibit species specificity. The previously observed differences between rat bone cells and canine renal membranes in the efficiency of signal transduction by PTHrP may be explained, at least in part, by these species differences.
Error estimates, error bounds, and adaptive refinement in finite-element quantum theory.

We derive a rigorous {ital a} {ital posteriori} bound on the error in energy eigenvalues obtained using {ital C}{sup 1} finite elements, as well as several {ital a} {ital posteriori} error estimates, and test them numerically with potentials of analytically-known eigenspectrum. We also obtain numerical solutions, with error bounds and estimates, for the octic oscillator potential, illustrating the ability of the finite-element method to resolve-nearly degenerate states with extremely narrow splitting. The incorporation of adaptive refinement is shown to reduce the number of degrees of freedom needed to achieve a given level of accuracy.
Correlation of ZN super twist fields on the sphere

Abstract The correlation function of the ZN super twist fields is calculated on the sphere. Also, the degeneration behavior of the higher genus partition function is used to derive the spectrum of dimensions for the non-abelian super twist fields.
Regulatory T cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. II. T cells functionally antagonistic to encephalitogenic MBP-specific T cells show persistent expression of fasL.

Naive LEW rats and animals that have recovered from active or adoptive EAE contain a subset of T cells that inhibit EAE in secondary recipients and are lytic for MBP-reactive T cell lines in culture. Here we explore various features of these regulatory T cell populations (RTC) with respect to (1) their frequency in animals following immunization with syngeneic MBP-reactive cell lines, (2) their ability to inhibit proliferative responses by MBP-reactive cell lines in culture, (3) their ability to lyse MBP-specific target cells, and especially (4) their prolonged expression of high levels of FasL following activation in culture correlating with their lytic effects on A20, a FasL-sensitive mouse lymphoma cell line. Inhibition studies indicate that mAbs specific for MHC class I and MHC class II molecules inhibit lysis of syngeneic MBP-reactive target T cells, soluble Fas protein shows some inhibition, but none of these agents inhibits the lytic effects of activated RTC on the A20 cell line.
Sales trainer roles, competencies, skills, and behaviors: A case study ☆

Abstract Numerous studies have examined different issues related to evaluating the effectiveness of sales training programs. Limited needs assessment, lack of training objectives, no alignment between training objectives and corporate goals, and sales training content, are all potential factors that can influence the effectiveness of training programs. Yet, little attention has been paid to the role of a central actor in the training process — the sales trainer. The evaluation of sales training programs is incomplete without taking into consideration the qualifications of the trainer. Through a case study, this paper suggests there are 8 roles that are associated with the sales trainer position. To effectively execute these roles, this exploratory investigation identified 18 related skills that are grouped into 5 competencies. Recommendations are offered regarding the relevance of this research for practitioners and suggestions are provided for future research in this area.
Tooth mobility changes in response to occlusal interferences

Abstract A modified version of the O'Leary-Rudd periodontometer was used to study horizontal tooth mobility in 10 human subjects. A gross deflective occlusal interference was placed on the maxillary first bicuspid, and changes in patterns of mobility were noted for the maxillary and mandibular cuspids and bicuspids on the same side. After a base-line level of tooth mobility was established for each tooth, an interference was placed, and measurements were made at least two weeks later. It was found that it was possible to cause an increase in horizontal tooth mobility with an occlusal interference, but the type and location of the interference were very important. It was also found that this occlusal interference was tolerated without pain or sensitivity and that all increases in mobility were reversible.
Replisome dynamics and use of DNA trombone loops to bypass replication blocks.

Replisomes are dynamic multiprotein machines capable of simultaneously replicating both strands of the DNA duplex. This review focuses on the structure and function of the E. colireplisome, many features of which generalize to other bacteria and eukaryotic cells. For example, the bacterial replisome utilizes clamps and clamp loaders to coordinate the actions required of the trombone model of lagging strand synthesis made famous by Bruce Alberts. All cells contain clamps and clamp loaders and this review summarizes their structure and function. Clamp loaders are pentameric spirals that bind DNA in a structure specific fashion and thread it through the ring shaped clamp. The recent structure of the E. coli β clamp in complex with primed DNA has implications for how multiple polymerases function on sliding clamps and how the primed DNA template is exchanged between them. Recent studies reveal a remarkable fluidity in replisome function that enables it to bypass template lesions on either DNA strand. During these processes the polymerases within the replisome functionally uncouple from one another. Mechanistic processes that underlie these actions may involve DNA looping, similar to the trombone loops that mediate the lagging strand Okazaki fragment synthesis cycle.
Impact of Stoichiometry on the Hydrogen Storage Properties of LiNH2−LiBH4−MgH2 Ternary Composites

We recently reported (Yang, J.; et al. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 882) a novel hydrogen storage composite involving a 2:1:1 LiNH2:LiBH4:MgH2 ratio. On the basis of in-depth experimental and c...
Mutant frequency of lacI in transgenic mice following benzo[a]pyrene treatment and partial hepatectomy

Abstract The Big Blue ® transgenic mouse provides an in vivo mutation system that permits the study of pharmacodynamic parameters on mutant frequency (MF) following xenobiotic exposure. We have studied the effects of cellular proliferation on the frequency of mutations in the lacI transgene by evaluating the MF in the liver of male C57Bl/6 Big Blue ® mice following treatment with benzo[ a ]pyrene (B[a]P) and a partial hepatectomy. Mice received either 40 mg/kg of B[a]P in corn oil or corn oil alone by i.p. injection on three consecutive days, followed by a partial hepatectomy on the fourth day. Three days later (i.e., 7 days following the initial B[a]P injection), the animals were sacrificed and the MF in the liver was compared to the MF observed in the liver of the same mouse at the time of hepatectomy. Induction of cytochrome P -450 1A (CYP1A) following B[a]P treatment was evident by Western blot analysis. The MF in untreated control animals was not significantly different at hepatectomy (4.7±0.8×10 −5 ) and 3 days later, at sacrifice (3.0±0.4×10 −5 ). Neither was the MF observed in the B[a]P-treated mice at the time of sacrifice (12.0±2.1×10 −5 ) significantly different from the MF observed at the time of hepatectomy (10.6±5.3×10 −5 ). However, B[a]P-treatment resulted in a 4.0-fold increase in MF at sacrifice which was significantly different ( p p −5 ) and sacrifice (7.3±2.4×10 −5 ) as compared to the respective frequency in the control mice at hepatectomy (1.9±0.7×10 −5 ) and sacrifice (1.4±0.2×10 −5 ). One explanation for this data is the persistence of the B[a]P adducts in the mouse genomic DNA that was packaged into the λ phage, and ultimately fixed as mutations in Escherichia coli .
Nasotracheal jet ventilation for rigid endoscopy

Providing adequate ventilation and unencumbered access for manipulation of the airway or esophagus during rigid endoscopic procedures can be problematic. We describe a method of nasotracheal high-frequency jet ventilation that is ideally suited for many patients requiring rigid upper endoscopy.
Nonlinear dynamics of Josephson vortices in a film screen under dc and ac magnetic fields

Abstract We present detailed numerical simulations of Josephson vortices in a long Josephson junction perpendicular to a thin film screen under strong dc and ac magnetic fields. By solving the sine-Gordon equation, we calculated the threshold magnetic field for penetration of fluxons as a function of frequency, and the power dissipated by oscillating fluxons as functions of the ac field amplitude and frequency. We considered the effects of superimposed ac and dc fields, and a bi-harmonic magnetic field resulting in a vortex ratchet dynamics. The results were used to evaluate the contribution of weak-linked grain boundaries to the nonlinear surface resistance of polycrystalline superconductors under strong electromagnetic fields, particularly thin film screens and resonator cavities.
Similar histologic features and immunohistochemical staining in microcystic and macrocystic lymphatic malformations.

Abstract Background: Lymphatic malformations are benign but potentially life-threatening lesions mostly found in the head and neck. They can be classified into two types: microcystic and macrocystic. Microcystic lesions are more difficult to treat. In this study, we describe the histologic features and expression of lymphatic endothelial markers in microcystic and macrocystic lymphatic malformations and correlate clinical data with histologic and immunohistochemical data. Methods and Results: This is a retrospective study of clinical data and tissue specimens which were collected from 18 children who underwent surgical excision of lymphatic malformations. The clinical data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Microcystic and macrocystic lesion specimens were examined with Movat pentachromic stain and immunohistochemistry for lymphatic endothelial markers. Patients with microcystic lesions were more likely to have mucosal involvement, recurrence, and higher stages of disease, compared with those with...
Lateral hypothalamic-induced antinociception may be mediated by a substance P connection with the rostral ventromedial medulla.

Abstract Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) produces antinociception modified by intrathecal serotonergic receptor antagonists. Spinally-projecting serotonergic neurons in the LH have not been identified, suggesting that the LH innervates brainstem serotonergic neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), known to modify nociception in the spinal cord dorsal horn. To determine whether substance P (SP) plays a role in LH-induced antinociception mediated by the RVM, we conducted an anatomical experiment using retrograde tract tracing combined with double label immunocytochemistry and found that neuron profiles immunoreactive for SP in the LH project to the RVM. To further identify a functional connection between SP neurons in the LH and the RVM, the cholinergic agonist carbachol (125 nmol) was microinjected into the LH of female Sprague–Dawley rats (250–350 g) and antinociception was obtained on the tail flick or foot withdrawal tests. Cobalt chloride (100nM) was then microinjected in the RVM to block synaptic activation of spinally-projecting RVM neurons. Within 5 min of the cobalt chloride injection, the antinociceptive effect of carbachol stimulation was blocked. In another set of experiments, the specific NK1 receptor antagonist L-703,606 (5 µg) was microinjected in the RVM following LH stimulation with carbachol and abolished LH-induced antinociception as well. Microinjection of cobalt chloride or L-703,606 in the absence of LH stimulation had no effect. These anatomical and behavioral experiments provide converging evidence to support the hypothesis that antinociception produced by activating neurons in the LH is mediated in part by the subsequent activation of spinally-projecting neurons in the RVM.
The HCI educator's open house: exchanging resources, delivery formats, learning strategies and future concerns

In previous CHI pre-conference workshops, HCI educators and industrial professionals have met to address pertinent HCI education issues. Workshop themes have ranged from HCI knowledge and skills needed for effective HCI professsional practice (CHI '92), to designs for teaching HCI (CHI '94), and to increasing collaboration between academia and industry (CHI '95 and CHI '96).
The Development of Spatial Thinking in Everyday Activity

Abstract This paper discusses the development of spatial thinking from a practical, everyday perspective in which social and cultural information is used to facilitate problem solving. It focuses on problem solving that draws directly on spatial knowledge, such as wayfinding, giving directions, and spatial memory, as well as problem solving that relies indirectly on spatial knowledge, such as planning and executing a sequence of actions or a search in large-scale space. The paper integrates what is currently known about the acquisition and use of spatial knowledge with research on contextual influences on the development of thinking and problem solving. It argues that the nature of an activity organizes the type and extent of spatial knowledge that develops. In particular, it discusses the influence of the goal of an activity and the sociocultural context of performance, including conventions of communication, social and material tools, and cultural practices, on the development and use of spatial knowledge.
Benchmarking large-scale Fine-Grained Categorization

This paper presents a systematic evaluation of recent methods in the fine-grained categorization domain, which have shown significant promise. More specifically, we investigate an automatic segmentation algorithm, a region pooling algorithm which is akin to pose-normalized pooling [31] [28], and a multi-class optimization method. We considered the largest and most popular datasets for fine-grained categorization available in the field: the Caltech-UCSD 200 Birds dataset [27], the Oxford 102 Flowers dataset [19], the Stanford 120 Dogs dataset [16], and the Oxford 37 Cats and Dogs dataset [21]. We view this work from a practitioner's perspective, answering the question: what are the methods that can create the best possible fine-grained recognition system which can be applied in practice? Our experiments provide insights of the relative merit of these methods. More importantly, after combining the methods, we achieve the top results in the field, outperforming the state-of-the-art methods by 4.8% and 10.3% for birds and dogs datasets, respectively. Additionally, our method achieves a mAP of 37.92 on the of 2012 Imagenet Fine-Grained Categorization Challenge [1], which outperforms the winner of this challenge by 5.7 points.
Appearance of a Weak Ferromagnetism in Fine Particles of Antiferromagnetic Materials

Several experiments have been carried out on NiO which may be interpreted as confirmation of the suggestion of Neel that antiferromagnetic material in fine particle form should exhibit a weak ferromagnetism and superparamagnetism. The initial susceptibility of the nickel oxide between 22 A and >1000 A increases with decreasing particle size. The susceptibility decreases with decrease in temperature below room temperature for all but the smallest size sample. This sample had a very large susceptibility and an “S”-shaped magnetization curve, characteristic of superparamagnetic material. In the intermediate size range, cooling through the Neel temperature in a field introduces an additional magnetization which is field independent.
Review of Current Methods, Applications, and Data Management for the Bioinformatics Analysis of Whole Exome Sequencing

The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies has greatly promoted advances in the study of human diseases at the genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenetic levels. Exome sequencing, where the coding region of the genome is captured and sequenced at a deep level, has proven to be a cost-effective method to detect disease-causing variants and discover gene targets. In this review, we outline the general framework of whole exome sequence data analysis. We focus on established bioinformatics tools and applications that support five analytical steps: raw data quality assessment, pre-processing, alignment, post-processing, and variant analysis (detection, annotation, and prioritization). We evaluate the performance of open-source alignment programs and variant calling tools using simulated and benchmark datasets, and highlight the challenges posed by the lack of concordance among variant detection tools. Based on these results, we recommend adopting multiple tools and resources to reduce false positives and increase the sensitivity of variant calling. In addition, we briefly discuss the current status and solutions for big data management, analysis, and summarization in the field of bioinformatics.
Compassionate Conservatism Confronts Global Poverty

Although the proposed expansion of U.S. assistance to combat global poverty in nations committed to reform is promising, there is a risk that it could follow the fruitless path of most U.S. aid during the Cold War unless many critical remaining decisions are made, and soon.
LEDGF/p75 interferes with the formation of synaptic nucleoprotein complexes that catalyze full-site HIV-1 DNA integration in vitro: Implications for the mechanism of viral cDNA integration

An integrase dimer can process and integrate a single HIV-1 DNA end in vitro, whereas a tetramer is required to integrate two ends. LEDGF/p75 can potently stimulate integrase activity, but its effects on half- versus full-site integration have not been investigated. Stimulation of half-site but inhibition of full-site integration is revealed here. LEDGF/p75 seems to interfere with integrase oligomerization, but does not inhibit the catalytic activity of pre-assembled complexes. We therefore speculate that LEDGF/p75 function is restricted to a point in the viral lifecycle that occurs after the formation of the preintegration synaptic complex, for example, as a chromatin-associated tethering factor.
Historical perspective on the dust bowl drought in the central United States

Three new 159-year long reconstructions of spring, summer, and growing season precipitation totals were developed for northeastern Kansas and northwestern Missouri from five station clusters (Lawrence, Leavenworth, and Manhattan, Kansas; Miami and Oregon, Missouri). Nonstandard observation practices are inherent in the early meteorological data, which can induce an undercount in precipitation measurements, particularly during the cool season. Threshold analyses of these five station clusters indicated undercount can be lessened for daily precipitation totals of 0.50 in. and greater during the warm season (“half-inch threshold”). Therefore, “adjusted reconstructions” of total precipitation for the spring (AMJ), summer (JA), and growing season (AMJJA) were derived using the “half-inch threshold” totals and an estimate of the missing amount between 0.00 and 0.50 in. based on an average of the modern observations at each station (or the nearest available station). The new precipitation reconstructions suggest that the most severe spring drought may have occurred during the mid-19th century, although the potential for undercount is likely highest during the spring season. The most severe summer precipitation deficit is estimated during the 1930s Dust Bowl drought, followed by the summer drought of the 1910s. When precipitation is totaled for the entire growing season, the mid-19th century and Dust Bowl droughts were of approximately equal magnitude and duration in this reconstruction. However, the integration of precipitation and temperature into seasonal measures of effective moisture, using a new 19th century temperature reconstruction for northeastern Kansas, indicates that the 1930s growing season moisture deficit was the most severe and sustained since 1855, highlighting the extraordinarily high temperatures recorded during the 1930s Dust Bowl drought.
Exploring Spatial Associations between On-Sale Alcohol Availability, Neighborhood Population Characteristics, and Violent Crime in a Geographically Isolated City

Objectives. Despite the increasing evidence of the associations between alcohol availability and violence, there are still inconsistent findings on the effects of on- and off-sale alcohol outlets on violent crime. The aim of this study was to examine spatial associations between on-sale alcohol availability, neighborhood characteristics, and violent crime in a geographically isolated city in Texas. Methods. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) and global regression models were employed to analyze the nature of the spatial relationship between violent crime, neighborhood sociocultural characteristics, and on-sale alcohol environment. Results. We found strong effects of neighborhood characteristics combined with on-sale alcohol availability on violence outcomes. Several neighborhood variables combined with alcohol availability explained about 63% of the variability in violence. An additional 7% was explained by the GWR model, while spatially nonstationary associations between violence and some predictor variables were observed. Conclusions. This study provided more credible evidence of the influence of on-sale alcohol outlets on violence in a unique setting. These findings have important policy implications in addressing the question of public health consequences of alcohol-related violence in local contexts.
Design of repairable and fully testable folded PLAs

The yield of ICs is crucial to the commercial success of their manufacture. One practical solution to the low yield problem is the use of fault-tolerant design. A fault diagnosable and repairable PLA design has been proposed to detect, locate, and repair faults, and has led to a significant yield improvement. An alternated defect-tolerant design of PLAs with folding technique is presented to further improve chip yield. The proposed design achieves full diagnosability of stuck-at, bridging, and crosspoint faults during the manufacturing process, and provides full testability after the chip is packaged. >
The PNAS way back then

This essay is to describe my experience with the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences up until 1970. Mathematicians and other scientists who were National Academy of Science (NAS) members encouraged younger colleagues by communicating their research announcements to the Proceedings . For example, I can perhaps cite my own experiences. S. Eilenberg and I benefited as follows (communicated, I think, by M. H. Stone): “Natural isomorphisms in group theory” (1942) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 28, 537–543; and “Relations between homology and homotopy groups” (1943) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 29, 155–158. The second of these papers was the first introduction of a geometrical object topologists now call an “Eilenberg–Mac Lane Space.” This idea was immediately accepted by leading topologists, with later detailed presentation by the authors in specialized journals. The Proceedings presentation of this idea helped Eilenberg and me by its promptness. The first of these papers is a more striking case; it introduced the very abstract idea of a “category”—a subject then called “general abstract nonsense”! When Eilenberg and I submitted a full presentation in 1945 (to the Transactions of the American Mathematical Society ), we feared that the editor would turn it down as too “far out,” not really mathematics. So Eilenberg, who knew the editor well, persuaded him to choose as referee a young mathematician—one whom we could influence because he was then a junior member of the Applied Mathematics Group at Columbia University (war research), where Eilenberg and I were then also members, and I was Director. Happily the full paper was accepted, but the subject itself was well off beat and not generally recognized, and it was ignored till 1958, when a student of Eilenberg’s made an important breakthrough. So in this case publication in the Proceedings was …
On the Origin of Event-Related Potentials Indexing Covert Attentional Selection During Visual Search

Despite nearly a century of electrophysiological studies recording extracranially from humans and intracranially from monkeys, the neural generators of nearly all human event-related potentials (ERPs) have not been definitively localized. We recorded an attention-related ERP component, known as the N2pc, simultaneously with intracranial spikes and local field potentials (LFPs) in macaques to test the hypothesis that an attentional-control structure, the frontal eye field (FEF), contributed to the generation of the macaque homologue of the N2pc (m-N2pc). While macaques performed a difficult visual search task, the search target was selected earliest by spikes from single FEF neurons, later by FEF LFPs, and latest by the m-N2pc. This neurochronometric comparison provides an empirical bridge connecting macaque and human experiments and a step toward localizing the neural generator of this important attention-related ERP component.
Basic properties of KDP related to the frequency conversion of 1 &#181;m laser radiation

We present calculations of various basic properties of KDP related to the generation of the second, third, and fourth harmonics of 1 μm laser radiation. For five different conversion processes we tabulate the phase-matching angles, the sensitivities to angular mismatch, wavelength and temperature, and related quantities. All calculations are based on experimentally determined refractive indexes and refractive-index temperature derivatives. Calculations are compared with recent experimental results whenever possible, and are generally in good agreement.
Commutativity of D-dimensional decimation and expansion matrices, and application to rational decimation systems

Multidimensional (MD) multirate systems, which find applications in the coding and compression of image and video data, have attracted much attention. The basic building blocks in a MD multirate system are the decimation matrix M, the expansion matrix L, and MD digital filters. With D denoting the number of dimensions, M and L are D*D nonsingular integer matrices. When these matrices are diagonal, most of the one-dimensional multirate results can be extended automatically. However, for the nondiagonal case, these extensions are nontrivial. One example of this nature is the commutativity of MD decimation and expansion matrices. Using the concepts of coprimeness and least common right/left multiples of integer matrices, a set of necessary and sufficient conditions is derived for a decimation matrix and an expansion matrix to commute. This commutativity is also used to derive an efficient polyphase implementation of an MD decimation system with rational decimation matrix. >
Characterization of Interlaminar Shear Strength of Ceramic Matrix Composites

The interlaminar shear strengths of three ceramic matrix composites have been characterized using a double-notch shear (DNS) test. The material systems investigated are plain woven C/SiC, plain woven SiC/SiC, and cross-plied SiC/calcium aluminosilicate-II. The use of the double-notch shear test for measuring the interlaminar shear strength of ceramic matrix composites is evaluated first. Numerical stress analyses are performed to investigate the effect of DNS specimen length, notch distance, and specimen supporting jig on the stress distribution in the expected fracture plane and the interlaminar shear strength. The numerical findings are then compared with an analytical model proposed elsewhere and correlated with the experimental results. The validity of this test technique has been established.
The Versatile Imaging Capabilities of Aberration-Corrected STEM

The recent advancement in aberration-corrected electron microscopy, especially aberration-corrected STEM (AC-STEM), makes it possible to routinely extract atomic scale information of a variety of solid materials. With the availability of sub-angstrom size electron probes and the appropriate selection of detectors one can extract useful information on the atomic structure, chemical composition, oxidation state, and strain field of the sample of interest. The common choice of selecting high-angle scattered electrons for atomic number contrast (HAADF imaging mode) and the directly transmitted electrons for phase contrast (BF-STEM imaging mode) may pose challenges when non-ideal samples are encountered. Fortunately, many other imaging modes are available in STEM and can be utilized to provide unique, although selective, information. For example, the large-angle bright-field (LABF) imaging mode provides information complementary to those of the HAADF imaging mode, and configured detectors were proposed to manipulate the scattered signals for desired information [1-2]. The thin annular detector BF (TADBF), thin annular detector DF (TADDF), and the marginal DF-BF detector configurations all provide unique information of the sample by judiciously utilizing the variations in the electron scattering profiles of different materials [3-5]. For example, light-element materials supported on heavy-element materials, such as carbon on platinum, have been imaged [4-5]. The flexibility of incorporating different types of detectors in the STEM makes it a versatile tool.
SolutionFinder: Intelligent Knowledge Integration and Dissemination for Solution Retrieval in IT Support Services

Online support centers are emerging as a cost-effective and innovative solution designed to enable end-users to resolve technical problems more effectively without relying on live support from contact center agents. However, the capacity limitation of corporate knowledge bases prevents online support centers from effectively resolving user problems. In addition, traditional textual search techniques employed by most online support centers fall short from accurately interpreting user queries due to the ambiguity of user requests and the heterogeneity of technical problems. In this paper, we present SolutionFinder, an autonomous framework, which dynamically integrates online resources to enrich the knowledge base for IT support systems. SolutionFinder provides context-aware search support to remove the textual ambiguity embedded in user queries. Furthermore, SolutionFinder transforms solution documents into solution paths to analyze their similarity to provide high-quality solution recommendations. Evaluation results suggest by leveraging our proposed algorithms, a support service can accurately locate Web solution resources and provide high-quality services.
The Effectiveness of Automated Static Analysis Tools for Fault Detection and Refactoring Prediction

Many automated static analysis (ASA) tools have been developed in recent years for detecting software anomalies. The aim of these tools is to help developers to eliminate software defects at early stages and produce more reliable software at a lower cost. Determining the effectiveness of ASA tools requires empirical evaluation. This study evaluates coding concerns reported by three ASA tools on two open source software (OSS) projects with respect to two types of modifications performed in the studied software CVS repositories: corrections of faults that caused failures, and refactoring modifications. The results show that fewer than 3% of the detected faults correspond to the coding concerns reported by the ASA tools. ASA tools were more effective in identifying refactoring modifications and corresponded to about 71% of them. More than 96% of the coding concerns were false positives that do not relate to any fault or refactoring modification.
Multipotential mesoangioblast stem cell therapy in the mdx/utrn-/- mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Background: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a progressive, lethal muscle-wasting disease for which there is no treatment. Materials & methods: We have isolated wild-type mesoangioblasts from aorta and tested their effectiveness in alleviating severe muscle disease in the dystrophin/utrophin knockout (mdx/utrn-/-) mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Results: Mesoangioblast clones express Sca-1 and Flk-1 and differentiate into smooth and skeletal muscle, glial cells and adipocytes in vitro. Mesoangioblasts proliferate in vivo, incorporate into muscle fibers, form new fibers, and promote synthesis of dystrophin and utrophin. Muscle fibers that have incorporated mesoangioblasts, as well as surrounding fibers, are protected from damage, with approximately 50-fold less damage than fibers in muscle injected with saline. Some mesoangioblasts localize beneath the basal lamina and express c-met, whereas others differentiate into smooth muscle cells at the periphery of vessels and express α-smooth muscle act...
Tillage and cover effects on soil microbial properties and fluometuron degradation

This research concerns the influence of no tillage (NT) or conventional tillage (CT) and a ryegrass (Lolium multiforum Lam.) cover crop in a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production system on soil and ryegrass microbial counts, enzyme activities, and fluometuron degradation. Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, aryl acylamidase, and colony-forming units (CFUs) of total bacteria and fungi, gram-negative bacteria, and fluorescent pseudomonads were determined in soil and ryegrass samples used in the degradation study. Fluometuron (14C-labelled herbicide) degradation was evaluated in the laboratory using soil and ryegrass. The CT and NT plots with a ryegrass cover crop maintained greater microbial populations in the upper 2 cm compared to their respective no-cover soils, and CT soils with ryegrass maintained greater bacterial and fungal CFUs in the 2–10 cm depth compared to the other soils The highest enzymatic activity was found in the 0–2 cm depth of soils with ryegrass compared to their respective soils without ryegrass. Ryegrass residues under NT maintained several hundred-fold greater CFUs than the respective underlying surface soils. Fluometuron degradation in soil and ryegrass residues proceeded through sequential demethylation and incorporation of residues into nonextractable components. The most rapid degradation was observed in surface (0 to 2 cm) soil from CT and NT–ryegrass plots. However, degradation occurred more rapidly in CT compared to NT soils in the 2 to 10 cm depth. Ryegrass cover crop systems, under NT or incorporated under CT, stimulated microbiological soil properties and promoted herbicide degradation in surface soils.
A simple row-replacement method

SUMMARY Updating a video screen involves row replacement, i.e. the task of updating an existing screen row to produce the desired row. In many environments, screen operations require transmitting characters to the terminal by a process that is painfully slow compared to computing speeds. Thus, it is worth while to compute a minimal set of row updating commands, as long as the time to do so does not outweigh the savings in character transmission time. This paper presents a simple and practical algorithm for optimal row replacement and describes experience with its use in a screen editor.
The two-dimensional flow of a stratified fluid over an obstacle

The two-dimensional stratified flow over an obstacle placed in a channel of finite height is examined to determine the extent to which Long's model provides an adequate description of real flows. A simple numerical method of solving Long's model for obstacles of arbitrary shape is used to calculate predicted streamline patterns which are compared with experimental observations of the flow over two bluff obstacles. If only a few lee-wave modes are excited there is qualitative agreement between theory and experiment, but, if the flow is subcritical with respect to several lee-wave modes, the effects of turbulence become dominant and the inviscid model is no longer useful. The theory predicts that the drag on an obstacle can increase with decreasing speed owing to the momentum transfer to lee-wave motion. Direct measurement of drag indicates that there are conditions under which the drag does increase with decreasing speed, but under these conditions the wake is dominated by turbulence and no lee waves can be detected.
Design and implementation of NX message passing using Shrimp virtual memory mapped communication

This paper describes the design, implementation and performance of the NX message-passing interface on the Shrimp multicomputer. Unlike traditional methods, our implementation, exploiting Shrimp's virtual memory-mapped communication facility, performs buffer management at user level without using a special message-passing processor, and requires no CPU intervention upon message arrival in the common cases. For a four-byte message, our implementation, achieves a user-to-user latency of 12 microseconds, about factor of four smaller than that on the Intel Paragon. For large messages, our implementation quickly approaches the bandwidth limit imposed by the Shrimp hardware.
The search for Bs0 oscillations at SLD

Abstract The SLD experiment at the SLAC Linear Collider has updated three searches for the time dependence of B s 0 oscillations. One search uses events with a reconstructed D s meson; a second search uses events with a lepton and a topologically identified charmed meson; and the third uses events in which both a secondary and tertiary vertex are distinguished. The combined analyses are sensitive to values of Δ m s , the oscillation frequency, up to 13.0 ps −1 . A preliminary maximum likelihood analysis excludes Δ m s ps −1 and 11.8 Δ m s ps −1 at 95% CL. Including this data, the combined world data now imply Δ m s >15.0 ps −1 at 95% CL, and are not incompatible with a signal near the expected value, Δ m s ∼15 ps −1 .
Role of Serum in the Intracellular Killing of Staphylococci in Rabbit Monocytes

Shayegani, Mehdi G. (U.S. Veterans Administration Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa.), and Stuart Mudd. Role of serum in the intracellular killing of staphylococci in rabbit monocytes. J. Bacteriol. 91: 1393–1398. 1966.—Although some intracellular killing occurs in rabbit monocytes with heated normal serum or even in monocytes washed three times with Hanks9 solution and with staphylococci not exposed to serum, efficient killing of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus cells in the mononuclear phagocytes of rabbits is shown to require heat-labile components of serum. The effect of serum in promoting phagocytosis and intracellular killing may be exhibited either by presensitization of the staphylococcal cells before contact with leukocytes or by the presence of serum in the phagocytic system. Under any conditions studied the rate of intracellular killing of S. aureus is very slow.