cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trade and the Role of Cities: What Does Institutionalism Have to Offer Us?

There is a rough temporal concordance in the first writing on political economy, the evolution of the organization of production and distribution into the capitalist mode, and the rise of mercantilism. The state was the primary decision-maker in the Western economy of the seventeenth century and mercantilist writings stressed the role of the nation in organizing economic affairs. During the centuries that followed, economists kept their eyes focused on the nation. Adam Smith [1937] wrote of the wealth of nations, Friedrich List [1965] of the national system of political economy, and, most recently, Michael Porter [1990] of the competitive advantage of nations. Indeed the classic texts of the current century, those by such writers as Gottfried Haberler [1936], Jacob Viner [1937], Carl Iversen [1935], and James Meade [1951], all proclaim in their titles a focus on international trade or international capital movements.
Tumour diameter and decreased preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate are independently correlated in patients with renal cell carcinoma.

Study Type – Diagnosis (exploratory cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? For over 30 years it has been recognized that there is an association between end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and the development of malignancy, particularly renal cortical tumour. Observational studies have consistently shown that patients with severely decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) develop cancer more frequently than their age- and exposure-matched controls. This study is the first of its kind to look directly at the relationship between GFR and tumour size, in an effort to begin to examine the relationship between kidney function and oncogenesis. OBJECTIVE • To examine the relationship between tumour diameter and estimated GFR (eGFR) in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS • In total, 1009 patients undergoing partial or radical nephrectomy for unilateral RCC were identified in the Columbia Urologic Database. • eGFR was calculated using the modification of diet in renal disease equation using demographic data and preoperative serum creatinine values. • Data on patient demographics, tumour characteristics, and comorbidities were analyzed using univariate and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS • Mean (sd, range) tumour diameter was 5.29 (3.8, 0.3–29) cm. Mean (sd, range) eGFR was 75 (23.4, 3–173) mL/min per 1.73 m2. • In multivariate regression analysis, tumour diameter independently predicted decreased preoperative eGFR (coefficient, −0.513; P= 0.008) when controlling for hypertension and race. • Consistent with this, decreased preoperative eGFR independently predicted increased tumour diameter (coefficient, −0.013; P= 0.007) when controlling for race, histology and smoking status. CONCLUSION • Tumour diameter and decreased preoperative eGFR are independently correlated in patients with RCC.
Real-Time Distributed Computer Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter describes real-time distributed computer systems in regard to their design and implementation. It discusses the motivation for distributed computer systems in terms of possible system characteristics attained by distributing the computational resources. The chapter also characterizes the real-time control application environment. Further, the chapter reviews the options and issues related to hardware and software designs for distributed systems, and examines the details of the design and implementation of the Honeywell Experimental Distributed Computing System (HXDP). Distributed computer systems essentially contain several computers and provide increased system availability and reliability. Their design is complex, involving the design of communications mechanisms in hardware and software, and the selection of policies and mechanisms for distributed system control. However, the complex design issues can have simple solutions in a well-understood application environment. Distributed systems are considered attractive as they provide efficiency, modularity, robustness to failure, and extensibility. Moreover, for real-time environments, these systems allow physical distribution of functionality, placing computing power at places where required.
Apoptosis in the airways: Another balancing act in the epithelial program

The airway epithelium is a critical site of action for host defense and for the development of inflammatory disease, and the past 20 years of research have provided mounting evidence that the epithelial cells themselves may help to orchestrate immunity and inflammation. The current paradigms for host defense (especially against respiratory viral infection) and inflammatory disease (especially asthma) provide particular examples of how this innate control system can work, because endogenous epithelial networks can be critical for host integrity and homeostasis but can also be capable of driving inflammatory disease when abnormally adjusted (1). In this context, one of the critical issues for normal immune function becomes the maintenance of the epithelial shield in an appropriate state of readiness. In the past, this process was often couched in terms of epithelial damage and repair through pathways that regulated cell growth and differentiation (2). However, proper preservation of the epithelium may also depend on the pathways that control programmed cell death (i.e., apoptosis). Here again, the epithelial network for host defense provides a useful paradigm, because the targeted response to microbial attack (especially by viruses) is apoptosis of the infected host cell (3). It is natural to next ask whether epithelial cell apoptosis is also relevant to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma. The current issue of the AJRCMB contains an article by Pelaia and coworkers (4) that argues for this possibility and so provides a useful focus for this Perspective. Of course, this subject has a long history. In fact, the view that epithelial damage and desquamation is part of inflammation and inflammatory disease dates back to the initial descriptions of mucositis in general and the corresponding pathology of asthma in particular. In that regard, collections of sloughed epithelial cells have been observed
Modulation of Drosophila heartbeat by neurotransmitters

The heart of Drosophila melanogaster is a simple muscular tube with a posterior pulsatile portion and a thoracic-cranial vessel. The pacemaker, located caudally, is myogenic. Its rate of firing is modulated by neurotransmitters. Serotonin, octopamine, norepineph-rine, dopamine, and acetylcholine accelerate the heart, in that order of potency. Dihydroxyphenylalanine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and glycine have no effect. Generally, the regularity of the heartbeat is not adversely affected by treatment with any of these neurotransmitters. We show here that amnesiac, a neurological mutation, and Dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase temperature sensitive, a mutation that interferes with synthesis of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, result in slower heart rate and reduced regularity across a normal range of temperatures for these flies. Dopamine-N-acetyltransferase, which is on the catabolic route to dopamine, serotonin, and octopamine, has no effect. hypoactiveC reduces the rate of the heart, but its mechanism of action is unknown.
Tax Incidence and Net Benefits in the Market for Employment-Related Health Insurance: Sensitivity of Estimates to the Incidence of Employer Costs

The market for employment-related coverage contains public transfers through the tax system and private transfers across workers with predictably different risks. We examine both transfers across a wide range of employee characteristics, including age, race, ethnicity, family size, poverty level, and health risk. To resolve longstanding questions regarding the incidence of employer contributions, we simulate a range of alternative incidence scenarios in which (i) all employees offered coverage in a firm share equally in the employer's costs, (ii) burdens are narrowly targeted according to employee-specific health risks, and (iii) intermediate cases with burdens targeted by job characteristics, age, sex, race, ethnicity, and family size. Our results provide evidence regarding the distribution of tax subsidies and net benefits under a range of scenarios that we believe bound the true incidence of employer premium contributions.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MICROENVIRONMENTS IN AOT REVERSE MICELLES USING MULTIDIMENSIONAL SPECTRAL ANALYSIS

We have used the fluorescence probe Prodan to characterize the structure of reverse micelles formed in the ternary system of surfactant Aerosol OT, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT)/heptane/water. Our results demonstrate that Prodan is a novel and powerful probe of the features of reverse micellar systems as a consequence of its solubility and measurable fluorescence intensity in a wide range of solvents of varying polarity. These characteristics govern the distribution of the probe into the microregions of the reverse micelle and yield fluorescence properties simultaneously indicative of multiple locations. We observe four principal microenvironments for Prodan, including an inner “free” water pool, a bound water region, the AOT interface, and the surrounding hydrocarbon solvent phase. As the parameters of surfactant concentration and the molar ratio of water to surfactant are varied, we attribute the observed emission characteristics of Prodan to specific micellar structural features includi...
Barrios Norteños: St. Paul and Midwestern Mexican Communities in the Twentieth Century

Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1: Mexican Inequality and the Midwest Modeling Chicano Inequality Mexicans and Midwestern Geography Chapter 2: Reckoning with Winter Last of the Immigrants Urban Farmworkers Organizing and the Community Chapter 3: Memory of Hunger The Drive to Repatriate The Internal Colonia Agents of Americanization Chapter 4: Good Solid Workers An Urban Proletariat Dilemmas of Americanism Dismantling the Barrio Chapter 5: El Movimiento: Becoming a Little More Militant Reconstructing a Barrio El Movimiento and the Community Agency and Agencies The Struggle for Knowledge: Chicano Studies Chapter 6: Completing a Circle Migration and Settlement Chasing the Dream Mexican Menace Contradictions of Culture Retrospective Notes Bibliography Index
Effect of opiate and β-adrenergic blockers on the gut transit response to mild exercise

Acute mild exercise accelerates transit of material through the gastrointestinal tract via mechanisms that remain entirely unknown. Because exercise increases peripheral sympathetic drive, and can increase circulating opioids, in this study we examined the role that naloxone and propranolol-dependent pathways play in accelerating orocecal transit in exercise. Transit was determined in 11 subjects by H2 detection after ingestion of 0.36 g/kg lactulose in a 240 kcal, 250 ml liquid meal; the exercise was mild walking at 5.6 km/hr. Under naloxone treatment (0.4 mg intravenous bolus followed by infusion at 40 micrograms/kg/hr) transit acceleration in mild exercise was apparent: transit time (mean +/- SE) was 87 +/- 7 min at rest, 63 +/- 5 min in exercise (p < 0.05), a result identical to that seen in previous studies not involving drugs. In contrast, propranolol treatment (160 mg/day) accelerated the resting transit rate to equal the rate during exercise (65 +/- 6 vs. 60 +/- 4 min; p = NS). Under both conditions, exercise elevated oxygen consumption and heart rate, although propranolol predictably produced relative bradycardia at rest and exercise. These results suggest that mild exercise accelerates upper gut transit via an opiate-independent effect that, for gut propulsive motility, yields results similar to beta-adrenergic blockade.
On a heuristic point of view concerning the expression of numerous genes during the cell cycle

The current model of the eukaryotic cell cycle proposes that numerous genes are expressed at different times during the cell cycle. The existence of myriad control points for gene expression leads to theoretical and logical problems for cell cycle control. Each expressed gene requires a control element to appear in a cell-cycle specific manner; this control element requires another control element and so on, ad infinitum. There are also experimental problems with the current model based on ineffective synchronization methods and problems with microarray measurements of mRNA. Equally important, the efficacy of mRNA variation in affecting changes in protein content is negligible. An alternative view of the cell cycle proposes cycle-independent, invariant accumulation of mRNA during the cell cycle with decreases of specific proteins occurring only during the mitotic period of the cell cycle.
Decrease in fat oxidation following a meal in weight-reduced individuals : a possible mechanism for weight recidivism

This study examined the effect that dietary-induced weight loss has on body composition, energy metabolism, and substrate oxidation at rest and during the 5-hour period following a meal. Twenty older (age:mean +/- SE, 61 +/- 1 years; range, 56 to 70 y) obese (body mass index > 32 kg/m2) subjects (12 women, eight men) completed an 11-week dietary restriction program in which they lost 9 +/- l kg. Fat and fat-free mass were reduced (P < .05) by 15% and 5%, respectively. Resting metabolic rate decreased by 15% (P < .05). Overall, weight loss did not alter the percentage of energy derived from fat sources (approximately 47% of energy) under resting conditions. In contrast, the percentage of calories derived from fat during the 5-hour postmeal period decreased from baseline to post-weight loss from 38% +/- 3% to 26% +/- 4% (P < .05) of total calories expended. The reduction in fat oxidation subsequent to a meal may facilitate fat storage, and may be one mechanism by which one regains weight following weight loss.
Dispersed fluorescence and computational study of the 2 × 193 nm photodissociation of CHBr3 and CBr4

The 2 x 193 nm photodissociations of CHBr 3 and CBr 4 have been examined using dispersed fluorescence. It was found that the initial photodissociation of CHBr 3 forms large amounts of CH(A 2 Δ) while the photodissociation of CBr 4 forms lesser but still significant amounts of CBr(A 2 Δ). Fluorescence rise time measurements show that photoproducts quickly react to form C 2 (d 3 Π g ). In addition, the atomic and molecular bromine photoproduct channels were investigated using ab initio calculations. Intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations were performed at the MP2 level of theory using the LANL2DZ basis set to characterize the dissociation pathways for CBr 4 and CHBr 3 . The results of the calculations show the presence of three transition states and an ion-pair isomer intermediate for both molecules. The broken symmetry structure of the transition states for the formation of molecular bromine is in agreement with the first step of the addition mechanism proposed by Cain and co-workers for CX 2 + Y 2 reactions.
Random Demand Satisfaction in Unreliable Production-Inventory-Customer Systems ∗

A method for calculating the probability of customer demand satisfaction in production- inventory-customer systems with Markovian machines, finite finished goods buffers, and random demand is developed. Using this method, the degradation of this probability as a function of demand variability is quantified. In addition, it is shown by examples that the probability of customer demand satisfaction depends primarily on the coefficient of variation, rather than on the complete distribution, of the demand.
Link between the double-Intertropical Convergence Zone problem and cloud biases over the Southern Ocean

The double-Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) problem, in which excessive precipitation is produced in the Southern Hemisphere tropics, which resembles a Southern Hemisphere counterpart to the strong Northern Hemisphere ITCZ, is perhaps the most significant and most persistent bias of global climate models. In this study, we look to the extratropics for possible causes of the double-ITCZ problem by performing a global energetic analysis with historical simulations from a suite of global climate models and comparing with satellite observations of the Earth’s energy budget. Our results show that models with more energy flux into the Southern Hemisphere atmosphere (at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface) tend to have a stronger double-ITCZ bias, consistent with recent theoretical studies that suggest that the ITCZ is drawn toward heating even outside the tropics. In particular, we find that cloud biases over the Southern Ocean explain most of the model-to-model differences in the amount of excessive precipitation in Southern Hemisphere tropics, and are suggested to be responsible for this aspect of the double-ITCZ problem in most global climate models.
Stationary and mobile hydrogen defects in potassium feldspar

Hydrogen defects in adularia from Kristallina, Switzerland (Or90.2 Ab8.7 An0.0 Cs1.1) have been investigated by examining their vibrational modes in the infrared and near-infrared, and by measuring rates of hydrogen loss and hydrogen gain at elevated temperatures. Principal absorption bands exhibited by adularia at wavenumbers of 362 and 345.5 mm^(−1) (corresponding to O-H stretching modes) are strongly dichroic, with maximum and minimum absorptivities measured for vibrations α (E at 5° to a) and β (E at 5° to c^∗), respectively, whereas bands at 328 and 309 mm^(−1) are more nearly isotropic. Similarly, near-infrared bands at 525 and 513 mm^(−1) (associated with combination H-OH bend, O-H stretch modes) exhibit maximum peak heights for α while a lesser band at 475 mm^(−1) appears to be nearly isotropic. Comparison of fundamental and combination band intensities reveal that molecular water is the predominant hydrogen-bearing species, consistent with previous results for microcline and orthoclase crystals in which H_2O substitutes for K. However, differences in magnitude of fundamental and combination band polarizations suggest multiple defect sites or potentially a secondary population of hydroxyl defects. Rates at which these defects can be eliminated from samples annealed in air at temperatures T from 500° to 900°C are much faster than those predicted by oxygen mobilities, yielding diffusivities of D[/_s]=6.2x10^(-4)exp ( -l72 ± 15[^(kJ)/mol))/RT indistinguishable from those reported for proton interstitials in quartz. Dissociation of stationary molecular water defects to mobile proton interstitials which leave crystal interiors requires that oxygen defects are left behind. Hydrogen defects can be added to adularia crystals annealed at elevated water pressures (corresponding to H_2O fugacities of 412 and 1710 MPa and H_2 fugacities up to 174 MPa), again at rates that exceed oxygen mobilities. In addition, significant redistribution amongst sites is suggested by changes in band character and polarization. Neither Fe nor other multivalent impurities are sufficiently abundant to accommodate local charge balance upon the loss or gain of protons and other mechanisms of internal adjustment are required.
Nursing management and organizational ethics in the intensive care unit

This article describes organizational ethics issues involved in nursing management of an intensive care unit. The intensive care team and medical center management have the dual responsibility to create an ethical environment in which to provide optimum patient care. Addressing organizational ethics is key to creating that ethical environment in the intensive care unit. During the past 15-20 yrs, increasing costs in health care, competitive markets, the effect of high technology, and global business changes have set the stage for business and healthcare organizational conflicts that affect the ethical environment. Studies show that critical care nurses experience moral distress and are affected by the ethical climate of both the intensive care unit and the larger organization. Thus, nursing moral distress may result in problems related to recruitment and retention of staff. Other issues with organizational ethics ramifications that may occur in the intensive care unit include patient safety issues (including those related to disruptive behavior), intensive care unit leadership style, research ethics, allocation of resources, triage, and other economic issues. Current organizational ethics conflicts are discussed, a professional practice model is described, and multidisciplinary recommendations are put forth.
Synthesis of the 2β,3α- and 2β,3β-isomers of 3-(p-substituted phenyl)tropane-2-carboxylic acid methyl esters

Abstract The synthesis of 3-( p -substituted phenyl)trop-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester 8 and its reduction with samarium iodide provide a new synthesis of 3β-(4′-substituted phenyl)tropane-2β-carboxylic acid methyl ester ( 2 ) and, in addition, give the first synthesis of the 2β,3α-diastereoisomer 4 .
Ring modes in ion lasers

The electromagnetic modes of ion lasers are often markedly different from the modes observed in other types of lasers. The previous experimental observations are reviewed, and the significance of the corresponding gain and refraction profiles is investigated. The high gains and high electron densities commonly occurring in ion lasers cause the field distributions to depart significantly from the usual spherical mirror Fabry-Perot fields.
A comparison of the proteins of yolk platelets and intramitochondrial crystals in the oocytes of the bullfrog

Abstract A step gradient of Ficoll has been used to obtain from the oocytes of Rana catesbeiana a fraction rich in the intramitochondrial crystals generally believed to be a form of yolk. SDS-polyacrylamide gels of the crystal fraction and the yolk platelet fraction have revealed that the intramitochondrial crystals contain neither the lipovitellins nor the phosvitin characteristic of the yolk platelets. It is suggested that use of the term “yolk” in referring to these crystals be discontinued until their role in oogenesis and embryogenesis is clarified.
A phase II trial of echinomycin in metastatic cervix carcinoma.

We conclude echinomycin is not active in metastatic cervix cancer in the dose and schedule studied
Intrinsic Bias in Averaging Paleomagnetic Data.

The transformation of isotropically distributed geomagnetic poles to local site directions introduces slight apparent inclination shallowing if the directional average is compared to the geocentric axial dipole direction. This effect depends on site latitude and pole dispersions. For typical dispersions of poles, 063 between 10° and 20°, the average inclination will appear too shallow by about 1° to 2° for site latitudes of 10° to 60° North or South. On the other hand, when some of the scatter might be due to isotropic scatter in directions, averaging all the data in polar space, will introduce a steepening effect. For most paleomagnetic studies this intrinsic inclination bias will be small in comparison with other uncertainties, typically of the order of 5° to 10°. However, for integrated high resolution studies of specific aspects of the geomagnetic field this methodological ambiguity might bias the results, and we caution against averaging paleomagnetic data only in directional space.
Understanding the Formation, Functions, and Challenges of Grassroots Leadership Teams

This study examined the nature, characteristics, and challenges of grassroots leadership teams and the role of these factors in promoting cognitive complexity in order to provide insight into collective forms of bottom-up change. The study is framed by the literature on leadership teams. Using interviews from a case study conducted at five higher education campuses, we explored two types of leadership teams (sense-making and problem-solving) across different initiatives. The results from this study extend the literature on bottom-up change, leadership, and grassroots teams.
Washington University and the Creation of the Teaching Hospital

IT IS common knowledge that during the 20th century the Washington University School of Medicine has exemplified the ideals of the Flexnerian revolution—the marriage of basic science with clinical medicine. 1 Less well known, however, is the fact that in the reorganization of the school in 1910, Washington University left an enduring imprint on the nation's developing system of medical education. The remarkable feature of the reorganization was not that the school acquired a scientifically eminent full-time faculty and built an impressive new physical plant, important as those achievements were. Rather, the singular contribution of the school lay in the success of its leadership in persuading Barnes Hospital, St Louis, Mo, and St Louis (Mo) Children's Hospital to become true teaching hospitals. Before the reorganization, The Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Md, was the only large, modern hospital that genuinely encouraged teaching and research within its walls; the lack of
Monolayer properties of a fuzzy rod polymer: Poly(γ‐stearyl α, L‐glutamate)

Static and dynamic properties, and surface morphologies of monolayers at the air-water interface of a fuzzy rod polymer, poly(γ-stearyl α, L-glutamate), PSLG, have been examined by the Wilhelmy plate method for surface pressure, electrically induced capillary wave diffraction (ECWD), epi-fluorescence microscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The monolayers were first formed by spreading polymer solutions at the air-water interface and allowing the solvent to evaporate to obtain polymer films, i.e., spread monolayers. The surface mass density was varied by either successive additions of more solutions on a given surface area or step-wise compression of the surface barrier on a Langmuir trough. Surface pressure isotherms at 23-60°C were confirmed to be reversible and reproducible, and an abrupt change at approximately 60°C was observed, which is reported as the melting point of crystalline stearyl side chains. By AFM, the monolayer director n by surface alignment was confirmed as perpendicular to the compression direction and certain islands of departure from the monolayer state were visualized upon transferring the monolayers horizontally to silicon wafers. Macroscopic anisotropy in the surface alignment was probed by the electrocapillary waves propagated perpendicular (⊥) and parallel (∥) to the director n ; the surface tension anisotropy amount to about 7% difference, σ⊥/σ∥ < 0.07, where σ is the surface tension deduced from the wave propagation characteristics. Multidomain morphologies of the monolayers were imaged by epi-fluorescence microscopy and they were found to differ according to the method of monolayer mass density variation, i.e., the successive addition and step-wise compression.
Race, Ethnicity, and Law Enforcement Profiling: Implications for Public Policy

The proposed Traffic Stops Statistics Study Act of 2001—Title II of Senate Bill 19 of the 107th Congress—was the third consecutive legislative proposal aimed at addressing the perceived problems of racial profiling and police abuse in the detention of minority motorists for allegedly unjustifiable reasons. The measure followed Senate Bill 821 from the 106th Congress and House Bill 118 from the 105th Congress. This study looks at the purpose of these bills, explores the reasons supporters believe that federal policy mandating law enforcement agencies to collect racial data on motorists stopped and detained is needed, and examines a number of public policy questions that a Traffic Stops Statistics Study Act might raise.
Quality and biochemical effects of a IBL/IRS wheat-rye translocation in wheat.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeders world-wide have used rye (Secale cereale L.) as a source of genes for agronomic improvement. The 1BL/1RS wheat-rye chromosomal translocation derived from the Russian cultivars ‘Kavkaz’ and ‘Aurora’ has been among the most common means of accessing useful rye genes. Unfortunately, deleterious wheat quality effects are often associated with the presence of 1RS. The identification of genetic backgrounds capable of alleviating the deleterious effects of 1RS is crucial for its continued exploitation. End-use quality parameters and flour protein composition, as measured by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) of 373 wheat lines, derived from seven 1BL/1RS breeding populations, were analyzed. In all populations, significant quality defects were detected in 1BL/1RS lines compared to non-1RS sister lines. The detrimental quality effects resulted from alteration of the ratio of flour protein composition, especially, decreased glutenin concentrations, and increased salt-water soluble protein concentrations. The end-use quality of 1BL/1RS lines, however, was highly dependent on genetic backgrounds. The potential exists for improvement in quality through crosses between 1RS lines with high glutenin, or low salt-water soluble protein concentrations, and non-1RS lines with strong dough properties.
A Low-Barrier Hydrogen Bond in the Catalytic Triad of Serine Proteases? Theory Versus Experiment

Cleland and Kreevoy recently advanced the idea that a special type of hydrogen bond (H-bond), termed a low-barrier hydrogen bond (LBHB), may account for the “missing” transition state stabilization underlying the catalytic power of many enzymes, and Frey et al. have proposed that the H-bond between aspartic acid 102 and histidine 57 in the catalytic triad of serine proteases is an example of a catalytically important LBHB. Experimental facts are here considered regarding the aspartic acid–histidine andcis–urocanic H-bonds that are inconsistent with fundamental tenets of the LBHB hypothesis. The inconsistencies between theory and experiment in these paradigm systems cast doubt on the existence of LBHBs, as currently defined, within enzyme active sites.
Professional liability payments in obstetrics and gynecology.

OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the percentage of subspecialists in obstetrics and gynecology who made payments on professional liability claims was less than the percentage of general obstetrician–gynecologists who made payments.METHODS:Professional liability pay
Relationship Between Time Spent in Treatment and Client Outcomes From Therapeutic Communities

Research found that therapeutic communities and other types of residential programs are effective in reducing drug use, unemployment, and criminal behavior and that length of time spent in treatment is an important predictor of client outcomes from programs. Studies vary considerably, however, in terms of the amount of time they found clients need to stay in treatment to produce those outcomes. Data collected for the Treatment Outcome Prospective Study (TOPS) were analyzed to explore the relationship between time spent in treatment and client outcomes from therapeutic communities and other types of residential drug treatment programs. The analysis took into account client characteristics and whether clients received drug treatment during the follow-up year. The results indicate there is a stronger relationship between time spent in treatment and client outcomes from therapeutic communities than was suggested in earlier analysis of TOPS data.
Sharp recanalization of a short esophageal occluding stricture in a patient with epidermolysis bullosa.

Background Although esophageal strictures caused by epidermolysis bullosa are often treated with balloon dilations, complete obstruction has few effective therapies except esophagectomy with colonic replacement. Objective Resolution of esophageal obstructive lesion without surgical intervention. Design Case study. Setting Interventional radiology. Patient Epidermolysis bullosa with esophageal stricture. Intervention Endoscopic- and guidewire-guided sharp recanalization. Main Outcome Measurement Radiologic evidence of stricture resolution. Results Successful recanalization. Limitations Experience of operators (anesthesiologist, endoscopist, interventional radiologist). Conclusions Sharp recanalization of a complete stricture in patients with epidermolysis bullosa is feasible in a controlled setting.
Dental information on the World Wide Web

Abstract The amount of dental information is growing and so is the use of the Internet as a document delivery system. The combination of the two has resulted in what might be described as a high tech version of dunking for apples: managing to bite into something worthwhile is often elusive and frustrating. This article focuses on ways of identifying and evaluating sites containing high quality dental information, as well as a list of useful sites.
Dynamic charge susceptibility for the infinite-U Anderson model

The dynamic charge susceptibility for the single-impurity N-fold degenerate Anderson model is calculated within the noncrossing approximation. The calculations were done in all regimes: empty orbital, mixed valent, and Kondo. At large N in the Kondo regime the results can be connected at low temperatures with the predictions of large-N mean-field theory, suggesting a range of temperature where the validity of the two theories overlaps. Our smaller N results are presented in the context of electronic friction and energy transfer of an atom or molecule moving outside a metallic surface. It is suggested that some of the dramatic temperature and frequency dependences obtained should be relevant for this surface problem.
Tilletia walkeri, a new species on Lolium multiflorum and L. perenne

Tilletia walkeri (Ustilaginales: Tilletiaceae) is described as a new species of partial bunt infecting Lolium multiflorum, annual ryegrass, and L. perenne, perennial ryegrass in the United States and Australia, respectively. The new species is characterized by large, tuberculate teliospores with the exospore or- namentation comprised of incompletely cerebriform ridges in surface view. Teliospores of T. walkeri are compared with those of T. indica and other similar species of Tilletia, and the issue of Neovossia versus
Distribution and occurrence of localized-bursts in two-phase flow through porous media

Abstract This study examines the dynamics of two-phase drainage with experiments of air invasion into a translucent water-saturated porous medium, at low injection speeds. Air displaces the water by irregular bursts of motion, suddenly invading small portions of the medium. These periods of activity, followed by dormancy, are similar to descriptions of systems at a self-organized critical point, where a slight disturbance may induce an avalanche of activity. The fractal characteristics of the invading air structure at breakthrough are examined through static (box-counting) calculations of the air mass and through an evaluation of the time-dependent motion of the invading mass; results are compared with prior low-velocity two-phase studies in porous media. Dynamic, power-law scaling for invasion percolation is shown to be well suited to describing the structure of the invading fluid. To examine the applicability of self-organized criticality predictions to the invading fluid movement, a new image analysis procedure was developed to identify the location of individual bursting events during the drainage experiments. The predictions of self-organized criticality, namely the scaling of the occurrence of bursts to the mass of the bursts and a spatio-temporal randomness of different sized bursts, are also examined. Bursts of a wide range of sizes are shown to occur throughout the porous medium, over both time and space. The mass distribution of burst sizes is shown to be well described by self-organized criticality predictions, with an experimentally determined scaling exponent of 1.53.
Geometry effects and high speed tensile behavior in styrene polyblend systems

Critical specimen geometry parameters are varied to determine their effect on tensile behavior as a function of rate of testing. Their influence on elongation and energy absorption is pronounced, particularly at low values of specimen cross sectional area and thickness. These effects are attributed to surface imperfections resulting from specimen preparation, and to changes occurring in the combined stress pattern in the specimen. High speed photography and microscope analysis techniques have been developed to determine strain, strain distribution, and strain rate in the specimen gage section during deformation. Elongation measured outside the gage section can be a significant portion of overall specimen deformation; actual strain rate is a fraction of that obtained by assuming all deformation takes place in the gage section. Experimentation is statistically designed and the data statistically analyzed by sequential factorial analysis. Tensile stress response surfaces are accurately predicted by this technique.
A generalized logical format for inter-calibrated brightness temperatures for the global precipitation measurement mission

An important aspect of the GPM mission is the merging of precipitation data from multiple radiometers on different satellites. This requires that each radiometer be consistently calibrated and that each be intercalibrated with a mission reference standard. For GPM the reference standard is to be the core satellite carrying a dual frequency precipitation radar and a well calibrated conically scanning radiometer. This paper describes a common format for representing these intercalibrated brightness temperatures which will be used for all radiometer products from GPM partner satellites. The use of common formats ensures that users obtain all the required information and also facilitates the rain retrieval algorithm code preparation as it can always except to have the data that it needs for the retrieval.
Assessment of Cheating Behavior in Young School-Age Children: Distinguishing Normative Behaviors From Risk Markers of Externalizing Psychopathology

The central goal of this longitudinal study was to develop a laboratory-based index of children's covert cheating behavior that distinguished normative rule violations from those that signal risk for antisocial behavior. Participants (N = 215 children) were drawn from a community population and oversampled for externalizing behavior problems (EXT). Cheating behavior was measured using two resistance-to-temptation tasks and coded for extent of cheating, latency to cheat, and inappropriate positive affect. Mothers rated internalized conduct and three forms of self-regulation: inhibitory control, impulsivity, and affective distress. Mothers and teachers reported EXT concurrently (T1) and 4 years later, when children averaged 10 years of age (T2). Children categorized as severe cheaters manifested lower inhibitory control, greater impulsivity, and lower levels of internalized conduct at T1. Children in this group also manifested higher levels of EXT in home and school settings at T1 and more EXT in the school setting at T2, even after accounting for T1 ratings.
Cimetidine-Induced Augmentation of Allergic Contact Hypersensitivity Reactions in Mice

BALB/c mice were treated with cimetidine (100 mg/kg) or saline, intraperitoneally, twice daily, from days 0-2 or days 7-9 after sensitization with 0.1%, 2,4,6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene (TNCB) on day 0. On day 7, the mice were challenged with 1% TNCB to one ear. Ear swelling responses (as an index of sensitization), serum histamine levels, and biopsy specimens of challenged ears were evaluated in groups of cimetidine- or saline-treated mice at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after challenge. Additional controls included mice injected with saline or cimetidine and challenged with, but not sensitized to, TNCB (irritant controls). Treatment with cimetidine during the induction but not the elicitation of allergic contact hypersensitivity (ACH) produced a significant enhancement of the response throughout the first 48 h. There was no effect of cimetidine on antigen-presenting cells within the epidermis which might account for this enhancement. Similarly, no difference in mast cell morphology or serum histamine levels between cimetidine- and saline-treated groups was observed. Histologically, the cimetidine-treated animals showed a more intense cellular infiltrate, which was most noticeable at 24 to 48 h, at which time numerous subcorneal and perifollicular neutrophilic abscesses were observed. To further investigate the mechanism of action of cimetidine, mice were injected with cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg) 2 d prior to sensitization. Mice treated with cyclophosphamide alone or in combination with cimetidine showed no additive or synergistic effect upon the ear swelling response. We conclude that enhancement of ACH by cimetidine is independent of any effect on mast cells or antigen-presenting cells, but may relate to a cimetidine-induced inhibition of the induction of T-suppressor cells at the time of sensitization.
Quantum Monte Carlo and exact diagonalization study of a dynamic Hubbard model

A one-dimensional model of electrons locally coupled to spin-1/2 degrees of freedom is studied by numerical techniques. The model is one in the class of dynamic Hubbard models that describe the relaxation of an atomic orbital upon double-electron occupancy due to electron-electron interactions. We study the parameter regime where pairing occurs in this model by exact diagonalization of small clusters. World-line quantum Monte Carlo simulations support the results of exact diagonalization for larger systems and show that the kinetic energy is lowered when pairing occurs. The qualitative physics of this model and others in its class, obtained through approximate analytic calculations, is that superconductivity occurs through hole undressing even in parameter regimes where the effective on-site interaction is strongly repulsive. Our numerical results confirm the expected qualitative behavior and show that pairing will occur in a substantially larger parameter regime than predicted by the approximate low-energy effective Hamiltonian.
A simple form for the inverse moments of non-central χ2 andF random variables and certain confluent hypergeometric functions

Abstract Theorems are given for the evaluation of the inverse moments of non-central chi-square andF random variables. Simple expressions are given for confluent hypergeometric functions 1F1(j/2;m/2,c) wherej andm are non-negative integers andc is real. Examples of their use in the evaluation of a variety of estimators are provided.
SU-EE-A3-06: Uncertainty in GTV and ITV Delineation with 4DCT Imaging

Purpose: To determine geometric uncertainties in GTV and ITV delineations using RPM sorted 4DCT images for radiotherapytreatment planning.Methods and Materials: Three targets have been embedded within a cork block (to simulate lungtissue) and attached to a programmable motion controller to simulate lung/tumor motion. We input several breathing patterns including ideal sine waves with varying amplitudes, and realistic patient breathing patterns. The cine slices were reconstructed using RPM signal. The three targets (of known dimensions) were contoured and their dimensions were measured in the direction of motion in the 4DCT images. We measured GTV dimensions reconstructed in the phase‐binned images (10 phases) and ITV dimensions reconstructed in the CT MIP and CT average images.Results: ITV measured in CT MIP images is superior to all other techniques used in our study, with errors < 2 mm in all cases except one, and on average 1.1 mm. The reconstruction is accurate even in cases of irregular breathing and varying amplitudes, with dimensions along the direction of motion within 9% of the expected values. For each set of phase‐binned CTimages, the GTV is not consistently greater or less than the actual target dimension. The errors for individual targets were maximized at large input amplitudes with the largest uncertainties at 15 mm. At phase 0 and 50 %, the measured errors were minimum. Conclusions: We have performed a comprehensive evaluation of the limitations of 4DCT image reconstruction and its use in treatment planning for target delineation. Specifically, we observed that a general trend of increased GTV delineation uncertainty is seen in phase‐binned CTimages with increasing breathing amplitude. However, CT MIP images allowed consistent ITV delineation with minimal uncertainties for all input amplitudes. This study may be useful in guiding clinical judgments in 4DCT and gating procedures.
Molécules polaires ultrafroides dans le régime quantique

L’obtention en laboratoire de gaz moleculaires a des temperatures proches du zero absolu permet d’etudier des reactions chimiques comme elles ne l’ont jamais ete auparavant.Dans cet article, nous presentons un apercu de certaines des techniques impliquees dans la creation, le controle et la comprehension des molecules ultrafroides; nous decrivons aussi la premiere serie d’experiences qui demontrent l’existence de collisions moleculaires et de reactions chimiques ultrafroides, dans un regime ou elles doivent etre decrites en termes de fonctions d’ondes quantiques.
Semiautomated Segmentation for Volumetric Analysis of Intratumoral Ethiodol Uptake and Subsequent Tumor Necrosis After Chemoembolization

OBJECTIVE. Linear measurements, such as those described by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria, may be limited for assessment of response after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). The purpose of this pilot study was to show intra- and interobserver reproducibility of volumetric measurements of Ethiodol (ethiodized oil) seen within tumor 24 hours after TACE and of necrotic and viable tumor 1 month after treatment. Volumetric measurements are compared with linear measurements and survival outcomes.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Between 2006 and 2009, 37 consecutive TACE procedures were performed in 27 patients with hepatic malignancies. CT images obtained 24 hours and 1 month after TACE were retrospectively analyzed. Three observers measured volumes twice. Intraoperator reproducibility was determined using Wilcoxon's signed rank test to assess whether the difference in each volumetric measurement approaches zero. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots ...
Family involvement in early intervention service planning: Links to parental satisfaction and self-efficacy:

The mediating role of parental satisfaction in the relation between family involvement in early intervention service planning and parental self-efficacy was explored. Participants included families of children with disability or delay involved in early intervention (n = 2586). Data were examined upon entry into early intervention (T1) and at conclusion of early intervention (T2). Structural equation modeling was used to predict parental satisfaction (overall satisfaction and satisfaction with providers) at T2 and parental selfefficacy at T2 from family involvement in service planning at T1. Results suggest that family involvement in service planning was significantly and positively associated with both measures of satisfaction. Satisfaction with service providers mediated the relation between family involvement and parental self-efficacy such that more family involvement led to increased satisfaction, which in turn was related to higher reports of selfefficacy. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of families’ initial involvement in service planning and satisfaction with parent–provider relationships.
A diode-laser optical frequency standard based on laser-cooled Ca atoms: Sub-kilohertz spectroscopy by optical shelving detection

We report an optical frequency standard at 657 nm based on laser-cooled/trapped Ca atoms. The system consists of a novel, compact magneto-optic trap which uses 50 mW of frequency-doubled diode laser light at 423 nm and can trap >107 Ca atoms in 20 ms. High resolution spectroscopy on this atomic sample using the narrow 657 nm intercombination line resolves linewidths (FWHM) as narrow as 400 Hz, the natural linewidth of the transition. The spectroscopic signal-to-noise ratio is enhanced by an order of magnitude with the implementation of a “shelving" detection scheme on the 423 nm transition. Our present apparatus achieves a fractional frequency instability of in 1 s with a potential atom shot-noise-limited performance of and excellent prospects for high accuracy.