cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vasomotion of basilar arteries in vivo

Vasomotion is a rhythmic change in vascular caliber that has been described in vivo mainly in peripheral arterioles. In this study, we have characterized vasomotion in a large artery of the brain in vivo. In anesthetized rats, spontaneous vasomotion was observed in 38 of 47 basilar arteries visualized through a cranial window. Base-line arterial diameter was 259 +/- 9 (means +/- SE) microns. Under control conditions, the frequency of vasomotion was 4.8 +/- 0.2 cycles/min, and the amplitude was 19 +/- 2% of the mean diameter. Vasomotion usually occurred simultaneously along the entire length of the vessel, but in some arteries it propagated in either direction. Moderate hypertension (phenylephrine) or vasoconstriction induced by topical application of serotonin, vasopressin, or the thromboxane analogue U 46619 increased the frequency of vasomotion. Moderate hypotension or vasodilation induced by nitroglycerin, adenosine, or acetylcholine decreased the frequency. Marked hypertension, hypotension, or vasodilatation abolished vasomotion. Thus vasomotion of the basilar artery in vivo 1) is common and of relatively large amplitude, 2) does not seem to be driven by a single pacemaker, and 3) is dependent on vessel diameter or vasomotor tone.
Emerging Concepts in Critical Care Nutrition and the Provision of Enteral Nutrition Support

Nutrition support has remained a cornerstone in the management of the critically ill patient despite under-emphasis and widespread variation in clinical practice. Although exact definitions vary, pre-existing malnutrition and patients determined to be at high nutrition risk are subjected to increased morbidity and mortality in critical illness. These characteristics remain powerful prognostic indicators in nearly every outcome prediction model. As a result, the provision of nutrition support in the critically ill patient has become accepted practice, but questions remain surrounding the specifics of administration and delivery. There has been a virtual explosion in the publication of large randomized controlled trials addressing areas of nutrition support in critically ill patients over the last 5 years. Many of the results gleaned from recent publications appear to be in direct conflict with the smaller trials and meta-analyses conducted over the preceding 25 years. Controversies now exist pertaining to many of the fundamental tenants of nutrition support including the appropriate timing of initiation of nutrition, dosage (caloric and protein requirements) and which nutrients or additional supplementation, if any, should be provided. Despite a growing body of literature supporting the provision of nutrition support in some capacity, a significant portion of critically ill patients still do not receive nutrition in any form. In this review, we investigate emerging and evolving concepts and existing controversies in the provision of nutrition in the critically ill surgical patient; exploring when, how, and what type of enteral nutrition should be provided.
Multi-payload measurement of transverse velocity shears in the topside ionosphere

[1] Using a multi-payload sounding rocket mission, we present the first direct measurement of velocity shear in the topside auroral ionosphere. In regions of large, ∼200 mV/m, transient electric fields we directly measure differences in the plasma drift velocity. From these differences, shear frequencies reaching ±6Hz are measured. These directly measured shears are compared with the shear inferred from single payload measurements. It is shown this traditional measurement of shear overestimates the shear frequency by a factor of two for this event, highlighting the importance of the temporal component of near-DC electric field structures. Coincident with these strong fields and shears are enhanced emissions of broadband, extremely low frequency (BB-ELF) plasma waves, and a narrowband wave emission near the H+-O+bi-ion resonant frequency.
Determination of Serum Calcium by Means of Sodium Alizarinsulfonate

A direct method is described for the determination of serum calcium, in which reaction with sodium alizarin sulfonate takes place under optimal conditions to produce a colored complex of calcium, the absorbance of which is read at 550 mµ. One variation in procedure, in which prior isolation of the calcium as the insoluble oxalate is made, is also described.
Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis in a patient with CREST syndrome

Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis is a rare entity. Although it has been reported in diffuse systemic sclerosis, it has not been reported in calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia (CREST) syndrome. We report a patient with cryoglobulinemic vasculitis with CREST syndrome who did not have typical clinical features of vasculitis. This 58-year-old woman presented with mild generalized weakness and a diagnosis of CREST syndrome, which included Raynaud's syndrome, dysphagia and telangiectasias. She was positive for serum cryoglobulins, which led to a sural nerve biopsy. The biopsy results were consistent with cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis has not been previously reported in CREST syndrome to our knowledge. Additionally, the patient also had limited clinical symptoms. Our patient displays the importance of checking for cryoglobulins and obtaining a nerve biopsy when the serum is positive. Both of these diagnostic tests were integral for directing appropriate treatment for this patient.
Renal, volume, and hormonal changes during therapeutic administration of recombinant interleukin-2 in man

Abstract Changes in blood pressure, renal function, and fluid balance were studied in 12 patients receiving intravenous recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) (100,000 units/kg every eight hours) over five days for treatment of metastatic melanoma and renal and colorectal cancers. The IL-2 regimen produced progressive hypotension, azotemia, and sodium avidity (fractional excretion of sodium=0.20 ± 0.07 percent) despite massive fluid administration (mean: 18.4 liter per five days) and weight gain (mean: 4.0 kg). Plasma renin activity rose. Hypoalbuminemia developed rapidly (3.6 ± 0.1 g/dl to 2.2 ± 0.1 g/dl, p
Separated flow over a body of revolution

A method is developed to determine the flowfield of a body of revolution in separated flow. The technique employed is the use of the computer to integrate various solutions and solution properties of the sub-flowfields which make up the entire flowfield without resorting to a finite difference solution to the complete Navier-Stokes equations. The technique entails the use of the unsteady cross flow analogy and a new solution to the required two-dimensional unsteady separated flow problem based upon an unsteady discrete-vorticity wake. Data for the forces and moments on bodies of revolution at high angle of attack (outside the range of linear inviscid theories) such that the flow is substantially separated are produced which compare well with experimental data at low speeds. In addition, three-dimensional steady separation regions and wake vortex patterns are determined.
Preparation and partial characterization of amino acid transporting brush border membrane vesicles from the larval midgut of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar)

Brush border membrane vesicles were prepared from both fresh and frozen midguts of Lymantria dispar larvae by Mg/EGTA precipitation and differential centrifugation. The vesicles were enriched 10 to 13-fold, relative to the homogenate, in aminopeptidase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activity. No significant difference was found in enzyme enrichment of vesicles prepared from fresh and frozen midguts. Inwardly directed potassium salt gradients resulted in transient accumulation of leucine and lysine but not glutamic acid by the vesicles.
Response of mice to standard infecting doses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis.

Summary1. Over a 5-year period, 1950 through 1954, one to 6 groups per month of 10 to 30 mice each were infected intravenously with a 1 mg inoculum of the H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis. 2. The median survival times of 177 (98.3%) of the 180 groups infected during this period fell between the 10th and 16th day inclusive. Statistical analyses revealed that there was no significant difference between the yearly means of the median survival times nor was there significant difference between the monthly means of the median survival times.
Students leading the way in partnerships with education and health

Wigan and Leigh College and the 5 Boroughs Partnership NHS Trust have had an effective working partnership for more than seven years. This partnership has enabled Wigan's mental health service to offer inclusive and holistic care packages for service users.The college has just been awarded the prestigious Beacon Award in recognition of the work it has done for student support. For some years, the college has had a strong and college‐wide commitment to inclusive learning that has been developed and promoted by the college's inclusive learning team. The team ensures that the college provides ‐ and students receive ‐ an individual service based on a good match between their requirements and the college provision.
Informating, not automating, the medical record

The author suggests that reference should be made in the future to the need to informate and not to automate the medical record. The reason for this recommended semantic change is first to avoid the mistaken notion that the computerization of medical records will reduce the number of personnel processing medical information. Instead, personnel will shift their attention from rote clerical activities to analytic activities made possible by the creation of new data bases by computers. These new data bases, a byproduct of informating the medical record, describe work processes and lend themselves to analytic activities which will enhance quality and efficiency in hospitals. The recent availability of report generators on commercial Laboratory Information Systems (LISs) mark their transition from automating to informating systems. One example of an ad hoc report used to enhance quality and efficiency in the clinical laboratories is the throughput report.
The engulfment of foreign particles by a freezing interface

The interactions of second-phase particles, liquid droplets or gas bubbles with a solidification front form the basis of various materials synthesis and purification processes and the design of microstructures in cast metal-matrix composites, as well as frost heaving and biological cell interactions. The physical mechanisms of this interaction phenomenon are based upon surface thermodynamic factors, solidification parameters, and fluid dynamic effects such as fluid drag and buoyancy. An overview is presented of the role of various factors which determine the nature as well as the kinetics of foreign particle-solidification front interactions, and the current status and limitations of the various theoretical models of the phenomenon.
Citizen Participation in the Coproduction of Urban Services

Citizen coproduction is the productive involvement urban residents can supply to the provision of city services. This article introduces the symposium on citizen coproduction of urban services by tracing the concepts and arguments in the coproduction literature. Definitions of coproduction are reviewed, along with propositions that relate citizen coproduction to outcomes such as effectiveness, efficiency, and responsiveness. Also considered are impediments to the implementation of coproduction programs related to urban service delivery. This article also introduces the other articles in this symposium.
Matters of the Heart and Matters of the Mind: Exploring the History, Theories, Research, and Practice of Multicultural Counseling. A Review of the Handbook of Multicultural Counseling

Handbook of Multicultural Counseling, second edition, by Joseph G. Ponterotto, J. Manuel Casas, Lisa A. Suzuki, and Charlene M. Alexander (Eds.), 2001.
Helical and rotational symmetries of nanoscale graphitic tubules.

We show how all extended graphitic tubules constructed by rolling up a single graphite sheet can be defined in terms of their helical and rotational symmetries. Specification of these symmetries is practically mandatory in all but the simplest calculations of tubule properties as a function of radius and structure. We also report results of a tight-binding study implemented by using these symmetries. This study shows that independent of their helicity the larger-diameter, moderate-band-gap semiconducting tubules all have band gaps given approximately by ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{g}}$=\ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathit{V}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\Vert}(${\mathit{d}}_{0}$/${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{T}}$), where ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{T}}$ is the tubule radius and ${\mathit{V}}_{0}$ is the hopping matrix element between nearest-neighboring 2p orbitals oriented normal to the tubule surface and centered on carbon atoms separated by a distance ${\mathit{d}}_{0}$ along this surface. In addition, we show that all tubules constructed by rolling up the graphite sheet can be labeled in a fashion familiar in the description of helical chain polymers with translational symmetry.
Creating choosers: information, the digital divide, and the propensity to change schools

In this article, the authors examine the extent to which electronic information about schools is an effective means of facilitating informed school choice. Using data gathered from a web site providing information to parents in Washington, D.C., the authors find that the digital divide is a potent barrier against widespread use of this information, despite its importance and potential to bridge the "content gap." Among those parents who do use the site, however, the authors find that the amount of information that the parents view increases the probability of attempting to change their child's school.
Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Tofieldieae.

The Tofieldieae consist of Narlhecium, Nietneria, Pleea, and Tofieldia. Although the three carpels of the pistil are generally coherent, their bases are separate for a short distance in some species of Tofieldia and in Pleea, where a septal nectary seems to be differentiated. These two genera are also alike in the extension of the chalaza as a filiform hook. The sutures are open at flowering only in some species of Tofieldia. Nietneria is distinguished by its inferior ovary and the alternate structure of the pistil. No raphide idioblasts were found in the carpels of any species.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY STRATEGIES FOR FREIGHT TRUCKING: POTENTIAL IMPACT ON FUEL USE AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

Trucking is the dominant mode of domestic freight and offers a substantial opportunity to improve transportation energy efficiency and reduce the emission of criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs). In response, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing the voluntary Ground Freight Transportation Initiative, which will work with all industry sectors associated with freight movement as well as local governments to improve efficiency and reduce emissions through a range of voluntary actions. These actions may include best management practices, operational improvements, and advanced technologies. Strategies that EPA and partners will investigate as potential measures that could improve the environmental performance and energy efficiency of one subsector of ground freight, the trucking sector, are explored. Eight trucking strategies are assessed, including technological innovations and humanfactor (operations) strategies. All are commercially available (or, for operations, feasible) today...
Automated Analysis of Ultra High-Speed Laryngeal Films

This paper discusses the design and implementation of a digital image processing system which automatically processes ultra high-speed laryngeal films. The 100 ft films are exposed at a rate of nearly 5000 frames/s. The objective of this ultra high-speed cinematography is to obtain a permanent record of vocal cord motion during phonation, e. g., a sustained vowel. These films are then analyzed frame-by-frame for data relevant to the theory of vocal cord motion and to the detection of laryngeal pathologies. Because of the massive amount of data, several automated systems have been developed to extract such parameters as glottal area, length, width, etc. The system described here encompasses image digitization and display, artifact removal, contour tracing, image coding, and storage. Our system can process the films at a rate of 1 frame/min. We compare our results to previous systems developed in our laboratories and others.
Management of failed angioplasty with laser balloon angioplasty

Laser balloon angioplasty (LBA) is a technique for improving the post angioplasty result by the radial diffusion of continuous wave Neodymium:YAG laser energy to the arterial wall during the final inflation of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Potential mechanisms of luminal improvement include sealing of dissections, reduction of arterial recoil, desiccation of thrombus, and reduction of thrombogenicity of tissues at the luminal surface. These effects are helpful in the management of failed PTCA as defined by the presence of a greater than 50% stenosis after conventional PTCA. Preliminary data suggest that LBA may be safe and effective for the treatment of abrupt closure, with a majority of patients successfully avoiding emergency coronary artery bypass surgery. Similarly, a cohort in which the residual post-PTCA luminal diameter was less than 50% of reference diameter (n=13) was subsequently treated with LBA and demonstrated uniform success in improving luminal diameter, with a mean increment of 0.9mm. Data on the long-term clinical outcome of this cohort is encouraging.
Non-normal angle of incidence rain impact testing with whirling arm apparatus

Quantitative measurements of high speed rain drop impact damage to FLIR grade ZnS are reported for oblique angles of incidence. Specimens of ZnS and PMMA calibration witness pieces were tested at normal incidence and a 10 degree(s), 20 degree(s), 30 degree(s), and 45 degree(s) angle of incidence (AOI) as measured from the normal. The number of drop impacts on the PMMA increase slightly at the small angles over the value observed at 0 degrees. The density of impact events observed on the ZnS specimens increases more dramatically with small angles of incidence before dropping markedly at 30 degree(s) and 45 degree(s). Geometric considerations suggest a cos (theta) dependence. However, differences in air flow around the specimens may be responsible for the anomalous observations. The enhanced effects observed for the damage to the ZnS are not unique and support earlier observations by Gorham and Fields (Wear 41 (1977) 213 - 222). Measurements of the fracture stress also correlate with the angle of incidence. There is a reduction in strength at 10 degree(s) over normal incidence but thereafter the failure stress increases dramatically with increasing angle, which is indicative of a reduction in the magnitude of raindrop induced flaws. Specimens were tested at two velocities, 168 m/s and 210 m/s.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
In vitro sensitization of human lymphocytes to a myeloma cell-related antigen.

Abstract Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal human donors were cocultivated with cells from two established human multiple myeloma cell lines, RPMI 8226 and K-737, and with lymphoblastoid cells from a third B cell line, RAMM. After a comparison of three methods of lymphocyte sensitization, a 6-day incubation protocol with equal numbers of normal lymphocytes and mitomycin C-treated tumor cells was selected. Cells from the RPMI 8226 myeloma line stimulated the differentiation of lymphocytes into cytotoxic effector cells as measured by 51Cr release from labeled target cells. The RPMI 8226-sensitized lymphocytes were cytotoxic for myeloma cells (RPMI 8226 and K-737) and for lymphoblastoid cells (RAMM) but not for cells from human lung tumor lines (A549, A427, MB9812), a breast carcinoma line (ALAB), a normal diploid fibroblast line (HSBP), or normal lymphocytes.
A syntactic geometric approach to recognition of dimensions in engineering machine drawings

Abstract An algorithm for recognizing dimensions in engineering machine drawings that employs a syntactic/geometric approach along with a specific deterministic finite automation (DFA) is presented and demonstrated. First, the problem of distinguishing object from interpretation lines is addressed. Then, dimension-sets, their components, kinds, and types are defined and illustrated. A DFA called the dimension-set profiler is used to determine the profile of a given dimension-set. The resulting profile is used to obtain a sketch which is parsed by the dimensioning grammar to yield a conceptual web. This web, in turn, is converted into a geometric web by substituting components labeling nodes by their line description. These line descriptions are compared to the lines in the actual dimension-set. A certain degree of redundancy is introduced to ascertain valid recognition.
Biochemical Impact of the Host Adaptation-associated PB2 E627K Mutation on the Temperature-dependent RNA Synthesis Kinetics of Influenza A Virus Polymerase Complex

Most avian influenza A viruses, which preferentially replicate at the high temperatures found in the digestive tract of birds, have a glutamic acid at residue 627 of the viral RNA polymerase PB2 subunit (Glu-627), whereas the human viruses, which optimally replicate at the low temperatures observed in the human respiratory tract, have a lysine (Lys-627). The mechanism of action for this mutation is still not understood, although interaction with host factors has been proposed to play a major role. In this study, we explored an alternative, yet related, hypothesis that this PB2 mutation may alter the temperature-dependent enzymatic polymerase activity of the viral polymerase. First, the avian polymerase protein, which was purified from baculovirus expression system, indeed remained significantly active at higher temperatures (i.e. 37 and 42 °C), whereas the human E627K mutant drastically lost activity at these high temperatures. Second, our steady-state kinetics data revealed that the human E627K mutant polymerase is catalytically more active than the avian Glu-627 polymerase at 34 °C. Importantly, the E627K mutation elevates apparent Kcat at low temperatures with little effect on Km, suggesting that the E627K mutation alters the biochemical steps involved in enzyme catalysis rather than the interaction with the incoming NTP. Third, this temperature-dependent kinetic impact of the human E627K mutation was also observed with different RNA templates, with different primers and also in the presence of nucleoprotein. In conclusion, our study suggests that the amino acid sequence variations at residue 627 of PB2 subunit can directly alter the enzyme kinetics of influenza polymerase.
NEONATAL EFFECTS OF 1,25 (OH) 2 VITAMIN D 3 ON IONIZED Ca (iCa), Ca ABSORPTION AND PARATHYROID HORMONE(PTH)

Defects in neonatal vit D (D) metabolism theoretically might be related to neonatal hypocalcemia. 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 (1,25 (OH)2D3), the final D metabolite, has been used to overcome D metabolic blocks. Thirty-two prematures (≤ 37wks) were divided equally into 4 groups. Each group of 8 was pair-matched for gestation and birth asphyxia, and given daily oral lug 1,25 (OH)2 D3, 0.05ug/kg 1,25 (OH)2D3, 400 IU D2, or placebo (Pb) from 12 to 72 hrs of age. Pre-study serum PTH, (radioimmunoassay, N-terminal) was not different among the 4 groups. By 48 hrs, the lug/d 1,25 (OH)2D3 serum PTH was lower vs pretreatment, 59±9ul-Eq/ml (mean±SEM) vs 137±58ul-Eq/ml (Wilcoxon Rank t, p < .01) but was not different from the 3 other groups. At age 12 hrs, all infants had iCa < 3.5mg% (Orion SS-20, normal 3.6 to 4.5). By 48 hrs, lug/day 1,25 (OH)2D3group had significantly higher iCa, 3.6±0.1mg% vs 3.2±0.1 at 12 hrs (paired t, p<.05). Incremental iCa for lug 1,25 (OH)2D3 was greater than other 3 groups (p<.05). At 72 hrs of age, all infants had oral Ca tolerance (OCaT) 50mg/kg. Prior to OCaT, there were no differences in serum Ca among the 4 groups; the lug/day 1,25 (OH)2D3 infants had a significant rise in serum Ca at 2 and 3 hrs post-ingestion (p<.05). Peak serum Ca at 2 hrs averaged 1.2mg% vs <0.5mg% in the other 3 groups (no significant increase during OCaT). 1,25 (OH)2D3 increases intestinal Ca absorption in prematures and may be useful for the prophylaxis of neonatal hypocalcemia.
Effects of Steel and Aluminum Shoes on Forelimb Kinematics in Stock Horses

Horseshoes of various materials have been adopted to satisfy the need of performance horses. Steel shoes are commonly used for their affordability and longevity; however, the use of aluminum horseshoes is being appropriated to the various requirements of equestrian activities, such as accentuating foreleg action for ameliorated movements in disciplines requiring a lesser degree of knee action. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to assess the effect of steel and aluminum shoes on forelimb kinematics of trotted horses using two-dimensional kinematics. The objective is to determine which shoeing type allows for improved quality of gaits in order to increase performance in its various aspects. By performing two repeated measures crossover study on nine healthy stock-type horses, the effects of these two horseshoe types on forelimb kinematics were analyzed at the trot. Horses were trotted in hand for three repetitions over a distance of 50 meters every other week for two shoeing cycles. Video footage was then analyzed using gait analysis software (OnTrack Equine TM ) for each repetition. A preliminary six-week study showed a trend towards increasing carpal angle in horses wearing aluminum shoes versus steel shoes. A secondary study was conducted with more controlled marker placement and extended shoeing cycles by two weeks to allow for additional recording and data. The results obtained were analogous to the preliminary study in that there was a significant treatment effect with horses wearing aluminum shoes having a larger carpal angle than horses in steel shoes (p<0.05). An approximate 8-degree difference in carpal angle was noted between treatments. Therefore, the use of aluminum shoes to achieve a lesser degree of knee action may be desirable. Horses competing in subjectively judged events where the desired movement is one of sweeping shoulder movement with little action of the carpus could benefit from the use of aluminum shoes instead of steel. However, performance events where the action of the knee is not critical or needs to be accentuated, benefits of aluminum shoes may be negligible. This finding is of particular importance to performance horse disciplines for which ameliorated knee action is
Sea Turtle Navigation and the Detection of Geomagnetic Field Features

The lives of sea turtles consist of a continuous series of migrations. As hatchlings, the turtles swim from their natal beaches into the open sea, often taking refuge in circular current systems (gyres) that serve as moving, open-ocean nursery grounds. The juveniles of many populations subsequently take up residence in coastal feeding areas that are located hundreds or thousands of kilometres from the beaches on which the turtles hatched; some juveniles also migrate between summer and winter habitats. As adults, turtles periodically leave their feeding grounds and migrate to breeding and nesting regions, after which many return to their own specific feeding sites. The itinerant lifestyle characteristic of most sea turtle species is thus inextricably linked to an ability to orient and navigate accurately across large expanses of seemingly featureless ocean.In some sea turtle populations, migratory performance reaches extremes. The total distances certain green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and loggerheads (Caretta caretta) traverse over the span of their lifetimes exceed tens of thousands of kilometres, several times the diameter of the turtle's home ocean basin. Adult migrations between feeding and nesting habitats can require continuous swimming for periods of several weeks. In addition, the paths of migrating turtles often lead almost straight across the open ocean and directly to the destination, leaving little doubt that turtles can navigate to distant target sites with remarkable efficiency.
Parallel continuous system simulation using the Transputer

Parallel processing methods can be used to decrease the solu tion time of simulation models. Techniques are shown for the parallel solution of a continuous system simulation using digital hardware. Using a new VLSI single chip computer, the TRANS puter, a simple parallel digital computer system is constructed and its performance is evaluated on two example problems.
Computational Studies of Metal-Ligand Bond Enthalpies across the Transition Metal Series

Relative to the p-block of the periodic table, data for transition metal−ligand bond dissociation enthalpies are less comprehensive. Recent developments in computational methods make systematic ass...
A policy capturing analysis of federal district and appellate court sexual harassment cases

A policy capturing analysis of 206 federal district and appellate sexual harassment cases showed that federal judges were moderately consistent in their judgments, with 29% of the variance in case outcomes accounted for by the regression model. Judges used Victim's Reaction, Form of Harassment, and Coercion, to make their ruling, and these three cues accounted for 20% of the variance in judgments. Appellate judges were slightly less consistent than district judges, and there were differences in judgment policy between appellate and district level cases. These findings are consistent with key aspects of the EEOC's Guidelines on Sexual Harassment and suggest that federal judges use the Guidelines to make their judgments. The model could be used by potential plaintiffs or defendants in sexual harassment cases to generate a prediction of the likely outcome of their case, to decide whether to pursue the case in court or seek a settlement.
Fluorescence and IR Characterization of Cure in Polyurea, Polyurethane, and Polyurethane−Urea

Fluorescence and IR spectroscopic techniques have been used to characterize cure in polyurea (PUa), polyurethane (PU), and polyurethane−urea (PUU), based on the study of model compounds. Polyurea cured in a nonreactive diluent by reacting liquid MDI (4,4‘-methylenebisphenyl diisocyanate) with 3,5-diethyltoluene diamine (DETDA) showed fluorescence intensity decrease at 339 nm due to DETDA consumption and an emerging peak near 310 nm from the formation of the urea derivative of MDI. The reaction at room temperature was complete after 50 min with supporting IR evidence of urea carbonyl at 1642 cm-1. When nonfluorescent liquid MDI was reacted with ethylene oxide terminated PPO (EO−PPO) to form polyurethane, the fluorescence intensity at 310 nm increased slowly, taking approximately 1500 min to plateau with an intensity increase of at least 15 times. For PUU, which was cured by reacting MDI, EO−PPO, and DETDA, the fluorescence behavior was more complex: first, a peak at 303 nm showed up immediately following ...
Effect of Chemical Structure and Composition of the Resin Phase on Vinyl Conversion of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate-filled Composites

The objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of chemical structure and composition of the polymer matrix on the degree of vinyl conversion (DC) of copolymers (unfilled resins) and their amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) composites attained upon photo-polymerization. The DC can also be an indicator of the relative potential of these polymeric materials to leach out into the oral environment un-reacted monomers that could adversely affect their biocompatibility. The following resins were examined: 1) 2,2-bis[p-(2′-hydroxy-3′-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane (Bis-GMA)/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) (1:1 mass ratio; BT resin) combined with hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA; BTH resin) and with HEMA and zirconyl dimethacrylate (BTHZ resin), 2) urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA)/HEMA resins, and 3) pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate (PMGDMA)/TEGDMA (PT resin). To make composite specimens, resins were mixed with a mass fraction of 40 % zirconia-hybridized ACP. Copolymers and their composites were evaluated by near infra-red spectroscopy for DC after 1 d and 28 d post-cure at 23 °C. Inclusion of HEMA into the BT and UDMA resins yielded copolymers and composites with the highest DCs. The significantly lower DCs of PT copolymers and their composites are attributed to the rigid aromatic core structure, tetra-vinyl functionality and limited methacrylate side-chain flexibility of the surface-active PMGDMA monomer. There was, however, an increase in the 28 d DC for the PT materials as there was for the BTHZ system. Surprisingly, the usual decrease observed in DC in going from unfilled polymer to composite was reversed for the PT system.
Rapid measurement of oleoresin exudation pressure in Pinus ponderosa Laws

Improved techniques are described for cleaning gauges used in measuring the oleoresin exudation pressure (o.e.p.) of large numbers of ponderosa pines. These techniques are being used in a study of the relationship of o.e.p. and bark beetle attack in westside Sierra coniferous forests. Standard hydrostatic pressure gauges (Bourdon type) were modified by the addition of a threaded extension made of steel rod which permitted both insertion into a tree and newly-designed cleaning rack. A 9/32-in. hole in the steel rod reduced to a minimum the amount of oleoresin exudate necessary for an accurate reading. The cleaning racks, each accepting 30 gauges, were capped to confine the solvent (xylene) under pressure.
Estimating the Fine Soil Fraction of Desert Pavements Using Ground Penetrating Radar

A reconnaissance tool that can estimate the clay content and saturated hydraulic conductivity ( K s) of well-developed desert pavements has immediate applications for researchers and practitioners who work in arid environments. We examined the use of surface-based ground penetrating radar (GPR) to rapidly approximate these properties on six, 100-m-long transects for two different aged (∼100 000 vs. 4000 yr) desert pavement surfaces. We determined early-time amplitudes from GPR transects, ground electrical conductivity, hydraulic properties, clay content, water content, and soil salinity at regular intervals along each transect. Both surfaces were low in water content and salinity; however, the older pavement contained substantial amounts of silt and clay in the surficial soil horizon. Using multivariate linear regression, which included GPR amplitude and a nominal measure of soil structure ascertained by visual field inspection, we show significant correlations between measured and predicted values of both silt plus clay content ( r = 0.84, P < 0.0001) and K s ( r = 0.73, P < 0.0001) for the older surface. No significant correlations were found on the younger surface. This is probably due to the low concentrations of clays in the young soil. Including the metric of soil structure improved the predictive capabilities on the older surface. The GPR method provides higher spatial resolution than electromagnetic measurements. The results suggest that, at this location, the approach is not influenced by heterogeneities in lower soil horizons. The method can be used for reconnaissance surveys as a means of estimating the clay content, and in some cases K s, of surficial soils on certain well-developed desert pavements.
Asphaltene adsorption on clay

Abstract Asphaltene adsorption measurements with a well crystallized kaolin, a poorly crystallized kaolin, and a montmorillonite under anhydrous conditions and in the presence of water showed that the adsorption varied depending on the properties of the clay and the amount of water. The presence of presorbed water on the clays reduced asphaltene adsorption. Adsorption experiments made at elevated temperatures did not substantially alter adsorption data.
Individual vulnerability and views of the in-group and out-groups among citizens of the European community

Abstract This article seeks to test the theoretical relationship, derived from Ernest Becker's work on individual vulnerability (or mortality salience), between vulnerability/insecurity and views of the in-group and out-group. Using samples of respondents from twelve nations in the European Community, we rank the respondents on degree of vulnerability and then compare vulnerable and non vulnerable respondents on their views of their own ethnic group and intermediate and distant out-groups. We find partial support for the Becker hypothesis—the more insecure and vulnerable respondents are significantly more hostile to intermediate and distant out-groups than are their less vulnerable co-respondents. However, we do not find support for a second aspect of the Becker hypothesis—the more vulnerable respondents were not significantly more positively oriented to their own ethnic group. the findings do suggest that insecurity, vulnerability, and mortality salience may be important elements in understanding some of the political aspects of inter-ethnic relations.
Relating Thomas-Whitehead Projective Connections by a Gauge Transformation

Thomas-Whitehead projective connections, or TW-connections, are torsionfree linear connections, satisfying certain properties, on a naturally defined principal R-bundle over a manifold. The name credits T. Y. Thomas and J. H. C. Whitehead, who originally studied these connections in the 1920's and 1930's. Three equivalence classes of TW-connections will be considered. This leads to a necessary and sufficient condition for TW-connections to be related by a gauge transformation; namely, they induce the same projective structure on the base manifold, have identical Ricci tensor, and induce the identity element in the one-dimensional de Rham cohomology vector space of the base manifold.
Adult Siblings' Use of Affectionate Communication as a Strategic and Routine Relational Maintenance Behavior

This study explored whether adult siblings engage in affectionate communication (i.e., verbal statements, nonverbal gestures, and social support behaviors) as one way to strategically and routinely maintain their relationships. Participants were 499 individuals who reported on a sibling relationship. It was found that adult siblings reported using verbal statements, nonverbal gestures, and social support behaviors as strategic relational maintenance behaviors more frequently than as routine relational maintenance behaviors. To garner a more comprehensive role that affectionate communication plays as a relational maintenance behavior among adult siblings, researchers should consider assessing both trait expressed and trait received affection in future research projects.
Enhancing mass transfer and ethanol production in syngas fermentation of Clostridium carboxidivorans P7 through a monolithic biofilm reactor.

Abstract Syngas fermentation is a promising process for producing fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. Currently syngas fermentation faces several engineering challenges, with gas-to-liquid mass transfer limitation representing the major bottleneck. The aim of this work is to evaluate the performance of a monolithic biofilm reactor (MBR) as a novel reactor configuration for syngas fermentation. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) of the MBR was evaluated in abiotic conditions within a wide range of gas flow rates (i.e., gas velocity in monolithic channels) and liquid flow rates (i.e., liquid velocity in the channels). The kLa values of the MBR were higher than those of a controlled bubble column reactor (BCR) in certain conditions, due to the slug flow pattern in the monolithic channels. A continuous syngas fermentation using Clostridium carboxidivorans P7 was conducted in the MBR system under varying operational conditions, with the variables including syngas flow rate, liquid recirculation between the monolithic column and reservoir, and dilution rate. It was found that the syngas fermentation performance – measured by such parameters as syngas utilization efficiency, ethanol concentration and productivity, and ratio of ethanol to acetic acid – depended not only on the mass transfer efficiency but also on the biofouling or abrading of the biofilm attached on the monolithic channel wall. At a condition of 300 mL/min of syngas flow rate, 500 mL/min of liquid flow rate, and 0.48 day−1 of dilution rate, the MBR produced much higher syngas (CO/H2) utilization efficiency and much greater metabolite (ethanol/acetic acid) productivity than what was obtained using a traditional bubble column reactor. The study demonstrates the great potential of MBR as a promising reactor configuration for syngas fermentation with high mass transfer efficiency, low energy consumption, and high metabolite productivity.
Reconciliation of atomic-level and continuum notions concerning the interaction of dislocations and obstacles

Abstract The interactions between dislocations and obstacles dictate the strengthening of materials in a number of different settings. From a general perspective, the theoretical treatment of such problems can be divided into two parts, one involving the interaction between a single dislocation and a single obstacle to its motion and the second involving the complex question of statistical superposition of a multitude of such interactions. The aim of the present work is to examine the nature of the interaction between dislocations and second phase particles from the perspectives of both atomic-level simulation and elasticity theory. The role of partial dislocations in governing the process whereby a dislocation passes an obstacle is also examined. Our key finding can be summarized by noting that as long as sufficient care is taken in constructing the elastic model (i.e. including an appropriate line tension, including the presence of partial dislocations, etc.), the results of atomic-level simulation and those emerging from elasticity theory yield the same picture of dislocation–obstacle interactions.
A Comparative Study of Bug Patterns in Java Cloned and Non-cloned Code

Code cloning via copy-and-paste is a common practice in software engineering. Traditionally, this practice has been considered harmful, and a symptom that some important design abstraction is being ignored. As such, many previous studies suggest approaches to facilitate the discovery, removal, and refactoring of clones. However, not many studies exist that empirically investigate the relationship of code clones with code quality. In this paper, we conduct an empirical study of 31 open source Java projects (1.7 MSLOC) to explore the relationship between code clones and a set of bug patterns reported by Find Bugs. We found that: (i) the defect density in cloned code is 3.7 times less than that of the rest of the code, (ii) 66% of the bug patterns associated with code clones are related to issues in coding style and practice, the two least problematic of the Find Bugs' categories, while that number is 49% for non-cloned code, and (iii) 75% of the bug patterns in cloned code are duplicated without any changes, while 25% are only present in one of the clones. These results show that, when using Find Bugs to detect bug patterns, there is a positive differentiation of cloned code with respect to the rest of the code: the cloned code has considerably less, and less problematic, bug patterns. While our study does not unveil any explanation for this, results from other, more qualitative studies indicate that developers use copy-and-paste intentionally and wisely, which may explain the quantitative observations of our study. Overall, these research results suggest that the practice of code cloning in Java, and possibly in all other object-oriented languages, needs to be given serious consideration on the part of tool designers.
Effects of ventral and dorsal CA1 subregional lesions on trace fear conditioning.

Abstract Recent lines of research have focused on dissociating function between the dorsal and ventral hippocampus along space and anxiety dimensions. In the dorsal hippocampus, the CA1 subregion has been implicated in the acquisition of contextual fear as well as in the trace interval in trace fear conditioning. The present study was designed to test the relative contributions of dorsal (dCA1) and ventral CA1 (vCA1) in trace fear conditioning. Long–Evans rats received ibotenate lesions of the ventral CA1 (n = 7), dorsal CA1 (n = 9), or vehicle control lesions (n = 8) prior to trace fear conditioning acquisition. Results suggest dCA1 and vCA1 groups show no significant deficits during acquisition when compared to control groups. dCA1 and vCA1 both show deficits in the retention of contextual fear when tested 24 h post-acquisition (P
Clinical diagnosis of congestive heart failure in patients with acute dyspnea.

The validity and utility of physical examination maneuvers were determined in diagnosing congestive heart failure (CHF) in patients with acute dyspnea. Fifty one patients presented to the emergency room with the chief complaint of shortness of breath. History and physical examination were obtained independently, and the physical examination included hepatojugular reflux and the Valsalva manuever. The diagnosis of CHF was made by predetermined criteria, and was compared with the diagnosis of the emergency room (ER) physician and with the response to bedside maneuvers. The hepatojugular reflux and Valsalva maneuvers were valid in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in acutely dyspneic patients. Although these maneuvers rarely added to the routine assessment of patients in this study, they may provide a useful, noninvasive adjunct to clinical diagnosis in problematic cases.
The role of SGK1 in hormone-regulated sodium transport.

Abstract Ion transport in epithelia is regulated by a variety of hormonal and nonhormonal factors, including mineralocorticoids, insulin, shear stress and osmotic pressure. In mammals, the mineralocorticoid aldosterone is the principal regulator of sodium homeostasis and hence is central to the control of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. Aldosterone acts through a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), to control the transcriptional activity of specific target genes. Recently, a serine/threonine kinase, SGK1 (serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase isoform 1) was identified as a candidate mediator of aldosterone action in the colon and distal nephron. The aldosterone-activated MR increases SGK1 gene transcription and SGK1, in turn, strongly stimulates the activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). Interestingly, other factors appear to regulate SGK1 gene expression and kinase activity. Insulin, for example, stimulates SGK1 activity (but not gene transcription) through its effects on phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and osmotic shock appears to stimulate both SGK1 activity and gene transcription. Hence, SGK1 might integrate the effects of multiple hormonal and nonhormonal regulators of Na + transport in tight epithelia and thereby play a key role in volume homeostasis. It is interesting to speculate that SGK1 might be implicated in medical conditions, such as the insulin resistance syndrome, hypertension and congestive heart failure.