cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased ROP of Jet Drilling From Improvement of the Bottomhole Flow Field

With the wide application of jet drilling, continuous research has been carried out to utilize fully the bit hydraulic power at the hole bottom. This paper describes an experimental study of fluid-flow direction in the flow field and discusses its application. The undesirable flow patterns of vortex, backflow, and stagnation were found to be the main factors affecting bottomhole scavenging efficiency. Improving the bottomhole flow field of a jet bit will increase the rate of penetration (ROP) and reduce the cost of jet drilling.
Who Goes, Who Stays, and Who Studies? Gender, Migration, and Educational Decisions among Rural Youth in China

Abstract Little is known about what affects the decision to migrate in China, despite the estimated 145 million rural migrants that reside in urban areas as of 2009. Drawing on a survey of youth from 100 villages in Gansu Province, we analyze migration and education decisions, with a focus on disparities associated with gender, sibship structure, and academic performance. Results show modest gender differences favoring boys in educational migration, but no gender differences in the overall likelihood of labor migration. Youth with older sisters are less likely to migrate, while youth with younger brothers are more likely to migrate. For girls, having older sisters is also negatively related to being a local or a migrant student, and better early academic performance is related to educational migration. For boys, labor migration may serve as a backup plan in the event of failing the high school entrance examination. Overall, results shed more light on the factors shaping educational migration than labor migration.
Biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of Paleocene terrestrial deposits, San Juan Basin, New Mexico

Biostratigraphy in combination with magnetostratigraphy yields a stratigraphic-chronologic foundation in which biological and environmental changes can be correlated with an independent time frame. This combination promises greater resolution of chronostratigraphic units than those based on faunal change and superposition. The occurrences of early and middle Paleocene land mammals in the San Juan Basin are bracketed relative to the magnetic polarity time scale: mammals of Puercan (early Paleocene) age occur in rocks deposited during magnetic anomaly 28, and mammals of Torrejonian (middle Paleocene) age occur in rocks deposited during magnetic anomaly 26 and during the reversed polarity interval preceding anomaly 26.
Radar imaging of the ocean surface

Radar sensors are being used to provide two-dimensional imagery of the ocean surface. The radar image has a brightness variation which is proportional to the local backscatter cross-section of the surface at the wavelength of observation. The backscatter cross-section is, in turn, a function of the local surface topography and, in the case of a coherent radar system, of the surface dynamics. The synthetic-aperture radar imaging technique produces very high resolution images essentially independent of the distance to the surface being imaged. This technique is discussed in some detail. The emphasis is on recent observations of a large variety of ocean surface patterns. Deep ocean waves have been observed under a variety of weather conditions, including hurricanes. Breaking waves are observed because of the increase in roughness and the presence of foam. Discrete wave-like patterns, which resemble internal wave trains, have been observed in numerous locations; and eddy-shaped, linear, curvilinear and periodic slicks have also been seen. The different models for wave image formations are briefly reviewed. Specifically, the roughness modulation, tilt modulation, and orbital velocity models are discussed. Finally, it is shown that surface randomness does not destroy the coherence of the signal needed to generate the synthetic-aperture image because of the short-term coherence of the small Bragg waves.
Flow Cytometry Assay for Counting Micronucleated Erythrocytes: Development Process

Development of any new assay proceeds in several phases. When an assay is intended for regular use to support regulatory decision-making, there are significant additional stages in the development process beyond the initial description of the method. In this paper we discuss some of the studies related to the development of a flow cytometric method for counting micronuclei in rodent erythrocytes. Studies related to fixation methods and conditions, standardization of DNA staining, and antibody staining are discussed. These studies, while not part of the formal description of the method, are needed as part of the preparation for the formal validation of the method. In addition, the lessons learned in transferring the method to other laboratories are briefly discussed in relation to defining the final protocol.
Bacterial diversity in a subseafloor habitat following a deep-sea volcanic eruption

Abstract The bacterial diversity in a diffuse flow hydrothermal vent habitat at Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge was examined shortly after an eruptive event in 1998 and again in 1999 and 2000 using PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. While considerable overlap with deep-sea background seawater was found within the alpha- and gamma-proteobacteria, unique subseafloor phylotypes were distinguishable. These included diverse members of the epsilon-proteobacteria, high temperature groups such as Desulfurobacterium, Gram-positive bacteria, and members of novel candidate divisions WS6 and ABY1. Phylotype richness was highest in the particle-attached populations from all three sampling periods, and diversity appeared to increase over that time, particularly among the epsilon-proteobacteria. A preliminary model of the subseafloor is presented that relates microbial diversity to temperature, chemical characteristics of diffuse flow fluids and the degree of mixing with seawater.
Carbon Nanotube/Polythiophene Chemiresistive Sensors for Chemical Warfare Agents

We report a chemiresistor that has been fabricated via simple spin-casting technique from stable CNT dispersion in hexafluoroisopropanol functionalized polythiophene. The sensor has shown high sensitivity and selectivity for a nerve reagent stimulant DMMP. A series of sensing studies, including field effect investigation, electrode passivation, and fluorescent measurement, indicate a combinative mechanism of charge transfer, introduction of scattering sites, and a configurational change of the polymer.
Mean-field theory for the t-J model.

We present a new mean-field theory for the t-J model using a representation in which singly occupied sites or spins are represented by bosons and empty sites or holes by fermions. We obtain a phase diagram which includes ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, spiral (with the pitch inversely proportional to the density of holes), and disordered spin-liquid phases, with a clear separation of charge and spin excitations. We comment on the conditions for obtaining superconductivity in the model.
A chemical bath process for depositing Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 photovoltaic absorbers

Thin films of Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) were fabricated through a combination of chemical bath deposition, ion exchange and sulfurization heat treatment. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of the thin films, Auger electron spectroscopy for compositional analysis, X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering for structural characterization, and diffuse reflectance UV-Vis measurements for optical properties. With the method described, compositionally uniform microcrystalline CZTS with kesterite structure and a bandgap of 1.45 eV have been produced, and a preliminary solar cell device was fabricated to demonstrate that this material is applicable in earth-abundant, non-toxic thin film photovoltaics.
Cooperative education: making it work

Students, employers and colleges participate in cooperative education to gain specific benefits. Success is achieved only if all the participants meet their individual objectives. The day-to-day activities and decisions of the cooperative education faculty must make this possible.
JSC Mars-1 Martian Regolith Simulant particle-charging experiments in the presence of AC and DC corona fields

Abstract The National Aeronautics and Space Administration maintains an ongoing interest in Martian dust particle charging as it impacts future Mars missions. Particle charging can be used in experiments to help gather information about Martian saltation, tribo-electric charging, and discharge. Particle charging and adhesion can also become a nuisance in future Mars missions. In order to collect more information about the extent of dust particle charging at Martian atmospheric pressures, experiments were performed in a 7 Torr environment testing the contact and frictional charging of the Johnson Space Center Mars-1 Martian Regolith Simulant. An apparatus was devised that dropped the simulant down a deflection board whose surfaces were coated with sheets of either polycarbonate (Lexan), flouroplastics (Rulon and Teflon), glass and carbon fiber laminate (G-10), acrylic, or acetate. The particles, under the force of gravity, bounced, rolled, slid, and were deflected until falling into a Faraday cup for charge measurement. Additionally, the particles were allowed to fall through either an AC, +DC, or −DC corona field. The corona fields are intended to test the effects of inundating the simulant with positive and/or negative ions to test the enhancement or suppression of tribo-charging.
A 3D wavelet fusion approach for the reconstruction of isotropic-resolution MR images from orthogonal anisotropic-resolution scans

Hardware constraints, scanning time limitations, patient movement, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) considerations, restrict the slice-selection and the in-plane resolutions of MRI differently, generally resulting in anisotropic voxels. This nonuniform sampling can be problematic, especially in image segmentation and clinical examination. To alleviate this, the acquisition is divided into (two or) three separate scans, with higher in-plane resolutions and thick slices, yet orthogonal slice-selection directions. In this work, a noniterative wavelet-based approach for combining the three orthogonal scans is adopted, and its advantages compared with other existing methods, such as Fourier techniques, are discussed, including the consideration of the actual pulse response of the MRI scanner, and its lower computational complexity. Experimental results are shown on simulated and real 7 T MRI data.
Prediction of solar particle event proton doses using early dose rate measurements

A methodology for predicting solar particle event doses using Bayesian inference is being developed. As part of this development, we have tested criteria for categorization of new solar particle events (SPE) using calculated asymptotic doses and dose rates for the 22 SPEs that occurred in 2001. In 9 out of 22 events, our criteria for categorization would have over-predicted the range of asymptotic doses in which the tested events would have fallen. In two cases, our methodology under-predicted the dose range in which the event would have fallen. In order to better predict a new event's group category and thus, to better restrict the Bayesian inference predictive model parameter space, we have reexamined our dose rate criteria for categorization of new events. We report the updating of the grouping criteria using data from the 22 SPEs of 2001, as well as five additional SPEs. Using the revised grouping criteria, we present an analysis of group categorization prediction results for the first ten SPEs of 2002.
Male red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) assess the RHP of neighbors by watching contests

Motivation to fight and willingness to risk the use of dangerous weapons, two factors which can be decisive in predicting the winners of asymmetric animal contests, are readily bluffed in display. When contests are decided by motivation to fight or “daring”, more reliable information about contest asymmetries may be gained by watching actual fights than by watching displays. By presenting mounts to territorial red-winged blackbirds and scoring how aggressively a territory holder attacks the mount, then recording any subsequent intrusions over established boundaries, I showed that neighbors are likely to intrude upon focal males that fail to attack the mount vigorously. This result suggests that red-winged blackbirds watch contests to assess the RHP of neighbors.
Microcontact printing of Alzheimer’s β-amyloid monomers and fibrils

Abstract Adsorption of the 40-residue Alzheimer’s β-amyloid peptide (Aβ40) on a hydrophobic surface leads to formation of potentially disease-relevant aggregates. Existing techniques are limited in characterizing the adsorbed Aβ40 and producing potentially useful Aβ40 microstructures such as microarrays and microparticles. In this paper, a novel approach based on microcontact printing (μCP) to studying and utilizing adsorption of Aβ40 monomers and fibril fragments on hydrophobic surface of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps has been developed. By transferring the adsorbed layer from the stamp to a glass substrate, this approach allows easy measurement of thickness of the adsorbed layer. It also enables characterization of the face of the adsorbed layer in contact with the stamp surface. This face exhibits significant higher thioflavin T fluorescence than the face exposed to water, suggesting β-sheet formation induced by the PDMS surface. The intrinsic stability of the adsorbed layer is evaluated by printing the layer on a water-soluble substrate and exposing it to water vapor or water. Stable particulate microstructures in water are obtained by chemically crosslinking the adsorbed peptides. Moreover, co-micropatterning of the different states of Aβ40 (monomers and fibril fragments) is demonstrated. This μCP-based approach is simple, versatile, and holds potential for various applications.
Pictet−Spengler Based Synthesis of a Bisarylmaleimide Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibitor

A practical synthesis of the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) inhibitor bisarylmaleimide 1 has been accomplished employing Pictet−Spengler methodology to access the indole 7-position in preparing ...
Cyclin-dependent Kinases Are Inactivated by a Combination of p21 and Thr-14/Tyr-15 Phosphorylation after UV-induced DNA Damage

The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 is induced by the tumor suppressor gene product p53 and is thought to be important for the arrest of the cell cycle following DNA damage. Here we have investigated the contribution of p21 in inhibiting different cyclin-CDK complexes that drive different cell cycle transitions following UV irradiation-induced DNA damage in normal human fibroblasts and immortalized rodent fibroblasts. When cells were exposed to a low dose of UV irradiation, both p53 and p21 were induced; the protein kinase activities associated with Cdc2, Cdk2, and Cdk4 were inhibited; and there was a good correlation between their inhibition and binding to p21. p21 alone is likely to be sufficient for the inhibition of Cdk2 because all the cyclin-complexed forms of Cdk2 were associated with p21 after irradiation. In contrast, only a small proportion of Cdk4 and Cdc2 was complexed with p21, although the level of Cdk4 associated with either p21 or p27 was increased after irradiation. Furthermore, recombinant p21 added to an unirradiated cell lysate at the same level as that induced by irradiation damage inhibited only the kinase activity associated with Cdk2. Cdc2 is likely to be inhibited by Thr-14/Tyr-15 phosphorylation after irradiation because Cdc2 was tyrosine-phosphorylated, and recombinant Cdc25 was able to increase its kinase activity significantly. Taken together, these results suggest that different CDKs are inhibited by different mechanisms following UV-induced DNA damage: Cdk2 is inhibited by the elevated level of p21; Cdk4 is inhibited by cooperation of p21 with other CDK inhibitors, like p27, and possibly by phosphorylation; and Cdc2 is inhibited by Thr-14/Tyr-15 phosphorylation. It is likely that these underlying mechanisms that inactivate CDKs are similar for other kinds of DNA damage.
Critical Infrastructure Management for Telecommunication Networks

Telecommunication network infrastructures both stationary and ad hoc, play an important role in maintaining the stability of society worldwide. The protection of these critical infrastructures and their supporting structures become highly challenged due to its complexity. The understanding of interdependency of these infrastructures is the essential step to protect these infrastructures from destruction and attacks. This paper presents a critical infrastructure detection model to discover the interdependency based on the theories from social networks and new telecommunication pathways while this study transforms social theory into computational constructions. The procedure and solution of protecting critical infrastructures are discussed and computational results from the proposed model are presented.
Abstract 2807: The relationship between age and efficiency of cervical cancer screening using population-based surveillance

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Data for in situ cervical carcinomas are not routinely collected by U.S. tumor registries. Some experts suggest that comparing preinvasive and invasive cervical cancers (ICC) rates may represent our best population-based appraisal of screening strategies. From 1991-1997, a total of 5,921 women diagnosed with in situ or ICC were reported to the Markey Cancer Registry in Lexington, Kentucky, a population-based registry. Maximum-likelihood Poisson regression analyses were used to estimate the incidence rate of in situ and ICC (per 100,000), summarized over age-and race-specific groups for each of seven years, 1991 to 1997. U.S. Census age and race data for 1990 were used to estimate denominators for two race groups: African American (AA) and all others (white). Incidence rates and rate ratios are reported. A total of 4,290 and 1,631 were diagnosed with in situ and ICC in the study period. While more than 80% of cases among women 65 years, only 42% (+4%) of tumors were diagnosed as in situ lesions. Specifically, among 20-39 year olds, AA were less likely than white women to be diagnosed with in situ carcinoma (p 55 were less likely to be diagnosed with in situ disease than ICC. While year of diagnosis was significant in the analyses, relationships between age and diagnostic stage persisted across each of 7 years examined. These data suggest that Pap test most efficiently identifies treatable, high-grade precancerous lesions among women younger than 50 years. HPV infection prevalence varies by age, but not race, while ICC disproportionately affects women of color, especially as they age. Several factors may explain these findings. Screening may be performed less often overall or more inconsistently among older women and among AA. Also, if screening in the population decreases with advancing age, symptomatic older women with higher likelihood of malignancy will be over-represented in the data. Directly tailoring screening programs to recruit and retain non- and under-screened women and women with medical record evidence of poorly triaged Pap test abnormalities may improve detection of cervical cancers at a preinvasive stage, where there is a very high likelihood of survival. We believe that these findings are consistent with those of others, and together they suggest our best public health strategy may be to actively recruit middle-age and older women into cervical cancer screening programs who have undergone Pap test screening fewer than three times in a ten year period. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2807.
Centromeres in Human Meiotic Chromosomes

Two heterochromnatic spots were observed in most bivalents of human spermnatocytes at the late diplotene stage from six individuals. It is our belief that these dark staining bodies are the centromeres of the meiotic chromosomes.
VACUOLELESS1 Is an Essential Gene Required for Vacuole Formation and Morphogenesis in Arabidopsis

Most plant cells are characterized by the presence of a large central vacuole that in differentiated cells accounts for more than 90% of the total volume. We have undertaken a genetic screen to look for mutants that are affected in the formation of vacuoles in plants. In this study, we report that inactivation of the Arabidopsis gene VACUOLELESS1 (VCL1) blocks vacuole formation and alters the pattern of cell division orientation and cell elongation in the embryo. Consistent with a role in vacuole biogenesis, we show that VCL1 encodes the Arabidopsis ortholog of yeast Vps16p. In contrast to yeast mutants that lack a vacuolar compartment but are viable and morphologically normal, loss of the plant vacuole leads to aberrant morphogenesis and embryonic lethality.
Role of β-arrestins and arrestin domain-containing proteins in G protein-coupled receptor trafficking

The arrestin clan can now be broadly divided into three structurally similar subgroups: the originally identified arrestins (visual and β-arrestins), the α-arrestins and a group of Vps26-related proteins. The visual and β-arrestins selectively bind to agonist-occupied phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and inhibit GPCR coupling to heterotrimeric G proteins while the β-arrestins also function as adaptor proteins to regulate GPCR trafficking and G protein-independent signaling. The α-arrestins have also recently been implicated in regulating GPCR trafficking while Vps26 regulates retrograde trafficking. In this review, we provide an overview of the α-arrestins and β-arrestins with a focus on our current understanding of how these adaptor proteins regulate GPCR trafficking.
Geothermometry and water-rock interaction in selected thermal systems in the Cascade Range and Modoc plateau, Western United States

The sulfate-water isotope geothermometer indicates higher equilibrium temperature than the silica or cation ratio geothermometer for the Na-Cl and Na-Ca-Cl thermal waters of the Cascade Range, Oregon and the Na-SO[sub 4] thermal waters of the Modoc Plateau, northeastern California. Sulfate concentrations in the Na-Ca-Cl waters decrease as [delta][sup 18]O values of the dissolved sulfate become more depleted; conversely, sulfate concentrations in the Na-SO[sub 4] waters increase as [delta][sup 18]O values of the sulfate become more depleted. Calculations show that the thermal waters are theoretically saturated with respect to anhydrite (CaSO[sub 4]) at temperature very close to those calculated from the sulfate-water isotope geothermometer.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MATHEMATICAL BIOPHYSICS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

The reflection of pressure waves in a fluid enclosed within a tube with an elastic wall is studied for the case of a localized change in diameter of the tube. The concept of impedance is introduced. The relation of the reflection characteristics of the parts of the tube at either side of the change is derived on the basis of the continuity of pressure and mass flow at the site of the change. This relations is used to derive the expression for the ratio of the pressure oscillations measured in front of, and behind, the constriction in terms of the constants of the system. As a result, a method is indicated to locate the coarctation from measurements of the pressures in front of, and behind it.
Virology and cancer

Abstract Viruses remain powerful tools for probing the mechanisms and etiology of cancer. They clearly are a cause of naturally occurring cancers in many animal species. Of the human viruses studied to date, the strongest associations are represented by (a) Epstein-Barr virus and Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma; (b) hepatitis B virus and liver cell carcinoma; and (c) herpes simplex virus type 2 and cervical carcinoma. In all cases, virus nucleic acids and proteins are associated with the tumor cells and putative exposure to the virus prior to onset of the neoplastic disease has been documented. It appears probable that cocarcinogenic events, represented by early exposure, lifestyle, genotype of the host, or environmental factors, also play a role in initiation or promotion of the cancer. In the absence of definitive etiology for many other types of neoplasms (i.e., leukemia), it does not appear to be prudent to rule out a role for human counterpart viruses of animal retroviruses at this time.
Reading without Words: Using the Arrival to Teach Visual Literacy with English Language Learners.

Abstract This article highlights the use of Shaun Tan's The Arrival to teach literacy to English Language Learners in social studies classrooms. The featured text is a book that displays the complexity of migration within a text that does not feature a single written word. The author describes a variety of mini-lessons geared towards supporting ELLs at all stages of language development, reinforcing geography and history content, and promoting literacy skills outlined in the Common Core State Standards.
Segmentwise diffusion in molten polystyrene

Mecanisme propose pour l'autodiffusion du solvant; nouvelles donnees de diffusivite et solubilite de la diffusion de n-alcanes dans le polystyrene amorphe
Winning strategies for robotic wars: defense applications of linguistic geometry

This paper reports new results of research, which started in 1972 in Moscow, USSR. For 16 years Boris Stilman was involved in the advanced research project PIONEER led by a formed World Chess champion, Professor Mikhail Botvinnik. The goal of the project was, at first, to discover and mathematically formalize methodologies utilized by the most advanced chess experts (including Botvinnik himself) in solving chess problems almost without search. The next step was to apply this new theory to complex search problems from various problem domains. In the 1980s, in Moscow, Stilman developed the foundations of the new approach. In 1991, while at McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Stilman coined the term “Linguistic Geometry” (LG) as a name for the new theory for solving Abstract Board Games. After 1991, this research continued at the University of Colorado at Denver, USA. In 1995, V. Yakhnis joined the LG effort. In the 1990s, it was shown that LG is applicable to a wide class of higher-dimensional, multi-agent games with concurrently moving agents, which are ideally suited for combat planning and control. Also, it was proved that for several classes of games LG generates optimal strategies in polynomial time. This groundbreaking results also suggests that for much wider classes of games LG strategies are also optimal or close to optimal. Over a hundred papers on LG have been published. Stilman wrote the first scholarly book on LG,Linguistic Geometry: From Search to Construction, published in February 2000. Over the last two years, defense applications of LG have attracted so much attention at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Rockwell, and Boeing that the number of LG-based projects has skyrocketed. In 1999, recognizing the maturity and power of this technology, a group of scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs founded a company, STILMAN Advanced Strategies, to facilitate development of government and commercial applications of LG.
PKU as a factor in the development of self-esteem

Self-esteem of ten children with phenylketonuria was compared with that of seven unaffected siblings of children with PKU in a total of 11 families. Ages of the nine girls and eight boys ranged from 8 to 15 years. The study examined several variables that might affect self-esteem. From this study, it appears that PKU status and lowered IQ together contribute to lowered self-concept and that PKU status alone (i.e., with the effects of IQ removed) has a strong tendency to influence self-esteem.
Rod/Zw10 complex is required for PIASy-dependent centromeric SUMOylation

SUMO conjugation of cellular proteins is essential for proper progression of mitosis. PIASy, a SUMO E3 ligase, is required for mitotic SUMOylation of chromosomal proteins, yet the regulatory mechanism behind the PIASy-dependent SUMOylation during mitosis has not been determined. Using a series of truncated PIASy proteins, we have found that the N terminus of PIASy is not required for SUMO modification in vitro but is essential for mitotic SUMOylation in Xenopus egg extracts. We demonstrate that swapping the N terminus of PIASy protein with the corresponding region of other PIAS family members abolishes chromosomal binding and mitotic SUMOylation. We further show that the N-terminal domain of PIASy is sufficient for centromeric localization. We identified that the N-terminal domain of PIASy interacts with the Rod/Zw10 complex, and immunofluorescence further reveals that PIASy colocalizes with Rod/Zw10 in the centromeric region. We show that the Rod/Zw10 complex interacts with the first 47 residues of PIASy which were particularly important for mitotic SUMOylation. Finally, we show that depletion of Rod compromises the centromeric localization of PIASy and SUMO2/3 in mitosis. Together, we demonstrate a fundamental mechanism of PIASy to localize in the centromeric region of chromosome to execute centromeric SUMOylation during mitosis.
Surfactant effect on the formation of CuInSe2 nanowires in solution phase synthesis

Solution-phase synthesis of CuInSe2 nanowires without using metal nanocrystal catalysts has been demonstrated. The morphology of chalcopyrite CuInSe2 nanoparticles could be varied from spheres to highly anisotropic nanowires by varying the relative amount of strong and weak binding surfactants passivating the surface. For CuInSe2 nanowires, weakly binding dioctylphosphine oxide (DOPO) was found to be the key surfactant that enables the anisotropic 1-dimensional growth. Detailed analysis of the structure of the nanowires indicates that they grow perpendicular to (112) planes, with twinning around the growth axis by ∼60° rotation. The nanowires of CuInSe2 synthesized in this study exhibit saw-tooth surface morphology resembling a stack of truncated tetrahedra which show a continuous growth mechanism.
Lower extremity fatigue increases complexity of postural control during a single-legged stance

Non-linear approaches to assessment of postural control can provide insight that compliment linear approaches. Control entropy (CE) is a recently developed statistical tool from non-linear dynamical systems used to assess the complexity of non-stationary signals. We have previously used CE of high resolution accelerometry in running to show decreased complexity with exhaustive exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine if complexity of postural control decreases following fatiguing exercise using CE. Ten subjects (5 M/5 F; 25 ± 3 yr; 169.4 ± 11.7 cm; 79.0 ± 16.9 kg) consented to participation approved by Western Oregon University IRB and completed two trials separated by 2-7 days. Trials consisted of two single-legged balance tests separated by two Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnT; PreFat/PostFat), or rest period (PreRest/PostRest). Balance tests consisted of a series of five single-legged stances, separated by 30 s rest, performed while standing on the dominant leg for 15-s with the participant crossing the arms over the chest and flexing the non-dominant knee to 90 degrees. High resolution accelerometers (HRA) were fixed superficial to L3/L4 at the approximate center of mass (COM). Triaxial signals from the HRA were streamed in real time at 625 Hz. COM accelerations were recorded in g's for vertical (VT), medial/lateral (ML), and anterior/posterior (AP) axes. A newly developed statistic (R-test) was applied to group response shapes generated by Karhunen Loeve (KL) transform modes resulting from Control Entropy (CE) analysis. R-tests showed a significant mean vector difference (p < .05) within conditions, between axes in all cases, except PostFat, indicating the shape of the complexity response was different in these cases. R-test between conditions, within axis, differences were only present in PostFat for AP vs. PreFat (p < .05). T-tests showed a significantly higher overall CE PostFat in VT and ML compared to PreFat and PostRest (p < .0001). PostFat CE was also higher than PostRest in AP (p < .0001). These data indicate that fatiguing exercise eliminates the differential complexity response between axes, but increases complexity in all axes compared to the non-fatigued condition. This has implications with regard to the effects of fatigue on strategies of the control system to maintain postural control.
Dispersal for distance? Acacia ligulata seeds and meat ants Iridomyrmex viridiaeneus

Ant seed dispersal distances are typically small, averaging less than 1 m in published studies. Here, a new record (180 m) for ant seed dispersal distance is reported, and preliminary observations are made on the interaction between meat ants Iridomyrmex viridiaeneus Viehmeyer (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and diaspores of the sandhill wattle, Acacia ligulata A. Cunn. ex Benth. (Fabaceae) in Kinchega National Park, New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Iridomyrmex viridiaeneus moved diaspores over distances of 7-180 m (mean 93.9 m) from the source trees to their nests, removed the arils underground and discarded the seeds over a 3000-m 2 area surrounding the nest. A germination trial determined that the viability of discarded seeds was 40%, with 80% of the viable seeds in a dormant condition. Although the cumulative effects of I. viridiaeneus on A. ligulata recruitment require further investigation, this study and others raise the possibility that myrmecochorous systems in the Australian arid zone may be characterized by longer dispersal distances than those in other parts of the world. Long-distance seed movement by ants lends credence to the hypothesis that distance dispersal (in contrast to directed dispersal) could be of benefit to myrmecochorous plants.
RICK: A DFT advisor for digital circuit design

Design for testability (DFT) requires digital circuit designers to address the issues of testability during the design phase. To simplify this task, a number of knowledge-based DFT expert systems have been suggested. A DFT advisor which can offer testability advice to the designer at all the stages of the design phase is described. It is implemented using the constraint programming language Galileo. >
Distribution Function of Classical Fluids of Hard Spheres. II

The pair‐ and triplet‐correlation functions g12[≡ g(r12)] and g123[≡ g(r12, r13, r23)] are used to make a superposition approximation g123g124g134g234 / (g12g13g14g23g24g34) to the quadruplet correlation function g1234. Introduction of this approximation into the second equation of the Born–Green–Yvon (BGY) hierarchy makes it possible to truncate the hierarchy. The resulting equations are a pair of simultaneous integro‐differential equations involving g12 and g123, which hereafter are referred to as the BGY2 equations. The BGY2 theory was further elucidated by the use of the hard‐sphere potential to solve the corresponding BGY2 equations at two selected values (10 and 15) of λ, which is used as the independent variable and is equal to 4πρg(σ) (ρ = density, σ = sphere diameter). The densities {ρ = λ / [4πg(σ)]} corresponding to these values of λ can be established from the BGY2 solutions of g(r) at contact distance of two spheres. They are found to be, respectively, 0.298ρ0 and 0.372ρ0 (ρ0 = the close‐pack...
Lower uterine segment involvement is associated with poor outcomes in early-stage endometrioid endometrial carcinoma

The clinicopathologic significance of lower uterine segment involvement (LUSI) in endometrial cancer patients remains unclear. Although LUSI has been reported to be a prognostic indicator, literature is limited. We studied 481 surgically staged endometrioid endometrial cancers with disease confined to the uterus (FIGO 1988 stage I or II). Primary outcomes were overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). The relationships between LUSI and OS and DFS were assessed using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazard models. The t test or Fisher exact test was used for evaluating relationships between variables of interest. LUSI was present in 223 cases (46.4%), and was associated with both decreased disease free survival (P = 0.02) and overall survival (P = 0.01) in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis confirmed the association between LUSI and increased risk for recurrence [hazard ratio (HR) 2.27; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.09–4.7; P = 0.03] and increased mortality (HR 1.76; 95% CI 1.12–2.78; P = 0.01). LUSI in patients with early-stage endometrioid endometrial cancer is associated with decreased survival.
Simulation Network News

This column focuses on a single topic within the field of computer simulation. All the material comes directly from the electronic news group (bulletin board) called Simulation Digest. The Digest can be obtained over INTERNET by accessing the news group 'comp.simulation' or by sending e-mail to: 'simulation-request@bikini.cis.ufl.edu'
Modified Ribose Receptor Response in Isolated Diatom Frustules

Diatoms are a distinctive group of microalgae with the unique ability to produce a highly-ordered biosilica matrix, known as the frustule. Diatoms hold significant potential in the biotechnology field as a silica scaffold for embedding proteins. In this study, we analyzed the funtionalization of biosilica with a receptor complex through genetic modification of the diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana. Through the use of Foerster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), the receptor was shown to remain active in transformed frustules after the inner cellular contents were removed. In addition to protein functionality, growth conditions for T. pseudonana were optimized. Untransformed cultures receiving aeration grew more rapidly than stagnant untransformed cultures. Surprisingly, transformed cultures grew more quickly than untransformed cultures. This study demonstrates isolated diatom frustules provide an effective scaffold for embedded receptor complexes. Through this research, we provide the groundwork for the development of new biosensors for use in diagnostics and environmental remediation.
Threshold Arcing Characteristics for Pulsed Exploding Films

Summary form only given. The exploding film phenomenon can exhibit a restrike, which is a high temperature, optically intense, transient plasma. Because of the characteristics of this plasma, it has a variety of applications including light sources, excitation of energetic materials, Z-pinches, and compositional analysis of materials. However, the proper conditions must exist in the initial stages of the phenomenon for this restrike to occur. A theory has been developed to predict the occurrence of restrike in aluminum coated films. By analyzing the relationship between the initial current density and the electric field associated with the event, threshold conditions necessary for the occurrence of restrike can be determined. With prediction capabilities comes greater efficiency in research and development of applications for exploding films.
AV nodal reentrant tachycardia in children: Current approaches to management

Abstract Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia is a common diagnosis in the pediatric and young adult population. This article describes discusses the history of this arrhythmia, its mechanism of action, and current approaches of medical and transcatheter management.
Mereological nihilism and the special arrangement question

Mereological nihilism is the thesis that composite objects—objects with proper parts—do not exist. Nihilists generally paraphrase talk of composite objects F into talk of there being “xs arranged F-wise” (for example, while nihilists deny that there are tables, they concede that there are “xs arranged table-wise”). Recently several philosophers have argued that nihilism is defective insofar as nihilists are either unable to say what they mean by such phrases as “there are xs arranged F-wise,” or that nihilists are unable to employ such phrases without incurring significant costs, perhaps even undermining one of the chief motivations for nihilism. In this paper I defend nihilism against these objections. A key theme of the paper is this: if nihilists need to employ such phrases as “there are xs arranged F-wise,” non-nihilists will need to do so as well. Accordingly, any costs incurred by the nihilist when she employs such phrases will be shared by everyone else. What’s more, such phrases are intelligible when employed by the nihilist, as well as when they are employed by the non-nihilist, insofar as analyses of such phrases will not essentially involve mereological concepts incompatible with nihilism.
Preliminary Design of a Tornado Probe

An interdisciplinary design team at Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., is developing a system for probing tornadoes. The objective of the program is to obtain horizontal profiles of temperature, pressure, wind velocity, and magnetic field in and around a tornado vortex. The present plan for achieving these objectives includes an aircraft to search for tornadoes on "tornado days." Upon sighting a tornado the aircraft will fire a 2.75-inch rocket into the vortex. This 2.75-inch rocket will be outfitted both with instrumentation for measuring pressure, temperature, magnetic field, and wind velocity and with a telemetry system for relaying data back to the launch aircraft. The launch aircraft will contain equipment for recording the telemetry information, and photographic equipment will be used to make indirect measurements.
Disease-free survival after salvage therapy for recurrent oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Background Factors associated with disease-free survival (DFS) after salvage therapy for recurrent oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the context of human papillomavirus (HPV) are poorly understood. Methods A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted of patients with recurrent oropharyngeal SCC with known HPV tumor status who received salvage therapy. Results Eighty-six patients were eligible for analysis. Sixty-four patients (74%) were HPV-positive. In multivariable analysis, HPV-positive tumor status (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.13–0.71; p = .007), clinical response to any salvage therapy (HR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.11–0.77; p = .01), and surgical salvage (HR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.16–0.88; p = .02) were associated with improved overall survival (OS). Positive surgical margin was associated with worse DFS after salvage (HR = 8.43; 95% CI = 1.99–35.70; p = .004). Conclusion For recurrent oropharyngeal SCC, HPV-positive tumor status, surgical salvage, and clinical response to salvage therapy are independently associated with improved OS, but not DFS after salvage. Surgical margin is the only independent predictor of DFS. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2015
Understanding Social Support Burden Among Family Caregivers

Despite the abundance of research on social support, both as a variable in larger studies and as a central focus of examination, there is little consensus about the relationship between social support and health outcomes. Current social support measures typically account only for frequency and size of network, and a paucity of research exists that has explained social support burden, defined as the burden associated with accessing and receiving support from others. We analyzed audio-recorded discussions by hospice family caregivers about their caregiving problems and potential solutions to examine social relationships within networks and identify the processes that influence social support seeking and receiving. Using qualitative thematic analysis, we found that caregivers providing hospice care experience social support burden resulting from perceived relational barriers between friends and family, the inclination to remain in control, recognition of the loss of the patient as a source of social support and guidance in decision making, family dynamics, and decreased availability of emotional support. Social support researchers should consider how the quality of communication and relationships within social networks impacts the provision and subsequent outcomes of social support in varying contexts. Findings from this study suggest that hospice social support resources should be tailored to the caregiver's support needs and include assessment on the type of support to be offered.
Breakfast with glycomacropeptide compared with amino acids suppresses plasma ghrelin levels in individuals with phenylketonuria.

Abstract Phenylketonuria (PKU) requires a lifelong low-phenylalanine (phe) diet where protein needs are met by consumption of a phe-free amino acid (AA) formula; complaints of persistent hunger are common. Foods made with glycomacropeptide (GMP), an intact protein that contains minimal phe and may promote satiety, provide an alternative to AA formula. The objective was to assess the ability of a GMP breakfast to promote satiety and affect plasma concentrations of AAs, insulin, and the appetite stimulating hormone ghrelin in those with PKU, when compared to an AA-based breakfast. Eleven PKU subjects (8 adults and 3 boys ages 11–14) served as their own controls in an inpatient metabolic study with two 4-day treatments: an AA-based diet followed by a diet replacing all AA formula with GMP foods. Plasma concentrations of AAs, insulin and ghrelin were obtained before and/or 180 min after breakfast. Satiety was assessed using a visual analog scale before, immediately after and 150 min after breakfast. Postprandial ghrelin concentration was significantly lower ( p = 0.03) with GMP compared to an AA-based breakfast, with no difference in fasting ghrelin. Lower postprandial ghrelin concentrations were associated with greater feelings of fullness after breakfast suggesting greater satiety with GMP compared to AAs. Postprandial concentrations of insulin and total plasma AAs were higher after a GMP breakfast compared to an AA-based breakfast consistent with slower absorption and less degradation of AAs from GMP. These results show sustained ghrelin suppression, and suggest greater satiety with ingestion of a meal containing GMP compared with AAs.
Criteria for the evaluation of studies in transgenic models.

The generation, evaluation, and presentation of data from the ILSI Alternatives to Carcinogenicity Testing (ACT) program was standardized to ensure that the results of studies performed in multiple laboratories could be reliably compared. To this end, standardized experimental protocols, tissue collection procedures, histopathology nomenclature, diagnoses, and terminology were employed by study participants. In the experimental phase, this approach provided important cross-model consistency. To ensure comparability in the data evaluation phase of the project, interpretive criteria were dee ned to allow the characterization of study outcome as positive, negative, or equivocal in regards to carcinogenic response. These criteria helped to provide consistency across models because separate Assay Working Groups were established to evaluate the results of each model. To organize and compile the data from the ILSI ACT program, a database has been developed and data entered in standardized format to facilitate cross- and intramodel comparisons. In summary, the early development of standardized test protocols, evaluation procedures, and interpretive criteria has resulted in a data set in which users can have a high level of assurance that results in the database ree ect consistently applied experimental and interpretive guidelines.