cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How the brain decides what we see.

Until recently it was thought that vision shows us what is actually 'out there' at any moment. It was supposed that all the images printed on the retina are coded and transmitted to the cortex; thus every detail of our visual experience would mirror faithfully the ongoing events in the stimulus field. The first clues that things are not that simple came from clinical investigations by Ramachandran and others.1 These showed that visual scotomata are not experienced as blank areas in the visual field but that the brain fills them in with (hallucinatory) sensations that the brain computes would most probably have been in this locus if there had been no scotoma. Clearly the brain mechanisms responsible for this 'filling in' were not evolved merely to fill in scotomata. They must have some wider function. Next, experiments in visual psychology have revealed that the brain will often construct sensations that override the visual input if the brain judges that the latter is too improbable. A notable example is reported by Kovacs et al.2 These workers took two photographs, one of a monkey's face and the second of a leafy tropical jungle. They converted these into two pastiches each composed of portions of each photo so that in the location where one photo showed part of the monkey's face the other showed leafy jungle. Then each pastiche was shown separately to each retina so that retinal rivalry occurred. Under these circumstances, the subject did not see what was actually there—i.e., the two pastiches alternating—but rather a complete monkey face alternating with a complete leafy jungle. Clearly the brain had suppressed the improbable mixed pastiche in favour of what it was familiar with (and thus computed what was more probable).
New Approaches to Research on the Long-Term Consequences of Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol

As the summary presentation of a symposium on prenatal alcohol-induced brain damage and long-term postnatal consequences, this paper proposes the establishment of two main research priorities--to begin to correlate long-term behavioral effects with alterations in underlying neural substrates, and to explore the mechanisms of neuroteratogenicity. To reach these goals, three objectives are described. First, animal and human research must become more interrelated. Second, experimental observations should be integrated into formal models that incorporate both neural structure and function. Third, researchers should choose well-defined dependent measures that are derived from models of brain function based on modern concepts of cognitive neuroscience. Examples of neuropsychological tests that may serve as the bases for structure/function relationships are presented. Incorporating these objectives into future research will facilitate understanding of the fundamental issues concerning prenatal alcohol exposure and will begin to provide the bases for rational intervention or treatment.
Using GPS to Study the Terrestrial Water Cycle

Researchers are using GPS—usually thought of as a way to measure position—to measure water cycle properties, including surface soil moisture, snow depth, and vegetation growth, which are important for climate studies and satellite validation. Water managers need these data to predict, and possibly mitigate, hazards such as floods and droughts. While there are strong international efforts to use ground networks to measure and archive data for these quantities, the GPS-based water cycle data have the advantage that existing instrumentation can be used, significantly reducing the cost of operating this new terrestrial water cycle network.
Surgery for anomalous aortic origin of the coronary artery

Background Anomalous aortic origin of the coronary artery (AAOCA) has been associated with coronary ischemia, myocardial infarction, and sudden death. Advances in echocardiography and computed tomography have identified at-risk patients. Treatment options include unroofing strategies in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. We review our experience for efficacy and safety. Methods Between 1998 and 2008, we performed coronary unroofing in 22 patients with AAOCA without aortic commissural detachment. Of 7 patients with "left from right" AAOCA, 4 had chest pain only, 1 had syncope, 1 had myocardial infarction, and 1 was asymptomatic. Of 15 patients with "right from left" AAOCA, 11 had chest pain only, 4 had syncope, and none were without symptoms. Median age was 15 years (range, 5 to 54). Eight patients had concomitant procedures, most commonly patent foramen ovale closure. Results There were no deaths or complications. Mean cross-clamp time was 53 minutes. Mean length of stay was 4 days. Postoperative evaluation included echocardiography, computed tomography angiogram, stress thallium, stress echocardiography, and exercise stress test. In all patients, the repaired coronary was patent, with demonstrated flow. Mean follow-up was 17 months (range, 1 to 63). Conclusions Anomalous aortic origin of the coronary artery is emerging as an identifiable disease entity associated with symptoms or sudden death. We conclude that coronary unroofing is a safe and effective therapy for symptomatic patients. Surgery for asymptomatic patients has been more controversial, with growing advocacy for patients with "left from right" as opposed to "right from left" origins. Prospective studies will be required to answer these questions.
ENDOGENOUS ETHANOL PRODUCTION IN A CHILD WITH SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME

Although ethanol occurs naturally as a product of fermentation, there are few reports of significant production in humans. We report a child with ethanol intoxication, apparently caused by alcoholic fermentation within his gastrointestinal tract. A 3 8/12-year-old male with short bowel syndrome on continuous nasogastric (CNG) 3/4-strength Vivonex was admitted for dehydration from gastroenteritis. Otitis media was diagnosed, and the patient was placed on ampicillin. While on nasogastric ampicillin and CNG feedings, the patient developed symptoms of acute ethanol intoxication. Ampicillin was discontinued. Over the following 10 days, blood ethanol rose to 452 mg% before feedings were discontinued. Gastric ethanol (max. 185%) was repeatedly elevated, although less than blood ethanol. Stool ethanol (max. 575 mg%) was greater than blood and gastric ethanol. An extensive search for exogenous ethanol sources was unsuccessful. Stool cultures grew Klebsiella pneumoniae and had a predominance of the yeasts Saccaromyces cerevisiae and Torulopsis glabrata. In vitro studies confirmed the ability of the three organisms to ferment the patient's formula into ethanol. Subsequent feeding did not result in elevations in blood ethanol when stools no longer had yeast overgrowth. Abnormalities of gut anatomy and motility are known to predispose humans to colonization by atypical flora. Fermentation by unusual gut flora can produce near-lethal blood ethanol levels in patients with short bowel syndrome being fed conventional formula.
Ultraviolet random lasing from asymmetrically contacted MgZnO metal-semiconductor-metal device

Nitrogen-doped Mg0.12Zn0.88O nanocrystalline thin film was grown on c-plane sapphire substrate. Asymmetric Ni/Au and Ti/Au Schottky contacts and symmetric Ni/Au contacts were deposited on the thin film to form metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) laser devices. Current-voltage, photocurrent, and electroluminescence characterizations were performed. Evident random lasing with a threshold current of ∼36 mA is demonstrated only from the asymmetric MSM device. Random lasing peaks are mostly distributed between 340 and 360 nm and an output power of 15 nW is measured at 43 mA injection current. The electron affinity difference between the contact metal and Mg0.12Zn0.88O:N layer plays an important role for electron and hole injection and subsequent stimulated random lasing.
Habitual flavonoid intake and endothelial function in healthy humans.

Objective: Endothelial function, as measured by noninvasive techniques, is known to vary widely within populations. Our study was designed to test the hypothesis that this variation is determined in large part by a person's habitual dietary intake of flavonoids.Methods: This was an analytical study examining the relationship between endothelial function and dietary flavonoids in 19 healthy older adults (mean age 72 years). The study took place in the inpatient Clinical Research Center of the Brigham and Women's Hospital. Habitual flavonoid intake was assessed via a focused food frequency questionnaire. Endothelial function, measured as the reactive hyperemia response to 1 dose of flavonoid-rich cocoa, was recorded with a plethysmographic device via peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT).Results: Background flavonoid intake and the reactive hyperemia PAT (RH-PAT) response were significantly correlated (r = 0.7, p = 0.001); subjects with higher habitual flavonoid intake showed a significantly greater RH-PAT re...
Identification of expression changes of prognostic and therapeutic value in metastasizing medulloblastoma

Identification of expression changes of prognostic and therapeutic value in metastasizing medulloblastoma
The effect of temperament and neuropsychological functioning on behavior problems in children with new-onset seizures

The present study is part of a larger project that seeks to identify factors that predict children’s behavioral, social, and cognitive adaptation to epilepsy. Children with seizures are more likely to have internalizing and externalizing behavior problems than either healthy children or children with other chronic illnesses. The present research examines risk factors for behavior problems. Early temperament and neuropsychological functioning, specifically executive function and language abilities, are evaluated as unique and moderating predictors of adverse behavioral outcomes in 229 children with a first recognized seizure. Parents assessed temperament, children were administered neuropsychological tests, and teachers evaluated behavior 36 months after seizure onset. Results revealed that early temperament and neuropsychological functioning, specifically executive function, predicted behavioral outcomes 3 years after seizure onset.
Effects of Soy Hull Flour on Soy Proteins Emulsions

Soy hull flour (SHF) was added to a soy protein solution (100 mg/.50 mL D.W.) to determine the effects of the SHF on the characteristics of the soy protein emulsion. A greater amount of oil was emulsified in the presence of SHF at pHs above 4.5. The amount of oil emulsified increased sharply with addition of up to 5g SHF. Emulsion capacity of total protein in the system decreased with addition of SHF. Viscosity increased drastically at alkaline pH at constant level of SHF. Stability increased slowly up to 5g addition then decreased rapidly. Stability was improved with the inclusion of SHF at pHs above 4.5.
Three-element infrared optically compensated two-position zooms for commercial FLIRs

Infrared zooms, continuous and two positions, are becoming more prevalent. Two position zooms are generally longer than other equivalent two fields of view systems, but have smaller total volumes since the switching group in the second field of view requires storage space when not in use. The optically compensated compact zoom with a negative zooming group requires at least three groups, a positive objective group, a negative zooming group and a positive focusing group. Generally these groups are made up of one or two elements. With the uses of single point diamond turned aspheres and diffractives, the three groups can be made of a single element each. The three element optically compensated two position zoom can be used in the longwave 8 - 12 micrometer region or the midwave 3 - 5 micrometer region. It can be employed as a simple imager or as an objective in an afocal telescope or in a reimager. The three element zoom can have magnifications from 3x to 5.5x with optical invariant as large as 1.61 mm. The short focal length of a zoom can be as small as 17 mm in one design, while the long focal length of another zoom can be as great as 275 mm.
Perspectives on … Librarians as Writing Instructors: Using Paraphrasing Exercises to Teach Beginning Information Literacy Students

Abstract This article promotes the use of paraphrasing exercises as add-ons to information literacy instruction in order for students to gain proficiency in thinking critically about a source and expressing their own voice with the convention of parenthetical citation. Examples are provided for development and assessment of a paraphrasing exercise to promote the effective utilization of information.
Approximate controllability for delayed control systems with boundary controls

In this paper we consider the approximate controllability for a class of semilinear delayed control systems described by a semigroup formulation with boundary control and nonlinear perturbations appearing in boundary conditions. Sufficient conditions for approximate controllability are established provided the approximate controllability of corresponding linear systems.
Epidemic spreading on preferred degree adaptive networks.

We study the standard SIS model of epidemic spreading on networks where individuals have a fluctuating number of connections around a preferred degree . Using very simple rules for forming such preferred degree networks, we find some unusual statistical properties not found in familiar Erdos-Renyi or scale free networks. By letting depend on the fraction of infected individuals, we model the behavioral changes in response to how the extent of the epidemic is perceived. In our models, the behavioral adaptations can be either ‘blind’ or ‘selective’ – depending on whether a node adapts by cutting or adding links to randomly chosen partners or selectively, based on the state of the partner. For a frozen preferred network, we find that the infection threshold follows the heterogeneous mean field result and the phase diagram matches the predictions of the annealed adjacency matrix (AAM) approach. With ‘blind’ adaptations, although the epidemic threshold remains unchanged, the infection level is substantially affected, depending on the details of the adaptation. The ‘selective’ adaptive SIS models are most interesting. Both the threshold and the level of infection changes, controlled not only by how the adaptations are implemented but also how often the nodes cut/add links (compared to the time scales of the epidemic spreading). A simple mean field theory is presented for the selective adaptations which capture the qualitative and some of the quantitative features of the infection phase diagram.
Adverse impact of vascular stent "mass effect" on airways.

Objectives: To report our experience with bronchial compression secondary to vascular stent implantation within the mediastinum of patients with congenital heart disease. Background: Stents are routinely used to correct native and postsurgical vessel stenoses. However, the “mass effect” of stents on adjacent structures within the chest has not been consistently appreciated nor evaluated. Methods: A retrospective review of patients who had stent implantation and subsequent computerized tomographic angiography (CTA) at Rady Children's Hospital was performed. Results: From August 2005 to November 2007, 147 stents were implanted to correct vessel stenoses within the chests of 120 patients. Among these 120 patients, 21 had CT angiograms performed after stent implantation. Clinical indications for poststent CT imaging included inability to wean from ventilator support, significant coughing episodes, continued hypoxia, and follow-up study after complex repairs. Six of the twenty one patients (29%) had adverse mass effects from stents causing compression of adjacent bronchial structures. Two of the six patients expired. One patient required a tracheostomy, two patients were slow to wean from the ventilator, while one was clinically asymptomatic. Five of the six patients had had an aortic arch anomaly with subsequent arch reconstruction or hybrid intervention. Conclusions: Stent implantation in vascular structures within the chest may have adverse mass effects on adjacent bronchial structures. Clinical sequelae may range from silent to catastrophic. Pre-and/or poststent implantation imaging of vascular structures and airways should be considered in selected patients. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Isolation and purification of the toxic fractions of Mojave rattlesnake venom.

Fractions of Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus venom were separated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography, and monitored at 280 nM on a spectrophotometer. Peak tubes were pooled, concentrated and the protein concentrations determined. Homogeneity was demonstrated by bipolar strip electrophoresis or by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Further purification, when necessary, was carried out in a Buchler Fractophorator. On Sephadex G-100, five lethal fractions were obtained. Peak B having an approximate molecular weight of 30,000, ld50-0·04 mg per kg, and Peak C, having a molecular weight of 9000, highly basic, ld50-0·05 mg per kg, were the most toxic. The ld50 of the crude venom was 0·14 mg per kg. When peak B was chromatographed on DEAE-Sephadex, three lethal fractions were obtained. The ld50 for the peaks were 2·3, 1·7 and 0·03 mg per kg, respectively.
Kinetic study of bitumen release from heated shale

Abstract With rising temperature shales evolve hydrocarbons discontinuously. At low temperatures, bitumens are thermally distilled (Peak 1) while at higher temperatures kerogen is pyrolyzed to lower molecular weight products (Peak 2). Hydrocarbon release occurring between these two peaks is less well understood. We have studied the kinetics of thermal bitumen release (Peak 1) from samples of the Excello and Woodford Shales and find that they are second order with activation energies of 19,000 cals/mole and 17,048 cals/ mole, respectively. The thermal release of nC26 adsorbed on a siliceous support also followed second order kinetics. Activation energies, along with the determined Arrhenius A factor, permits the calculation of Peak 1 shape so that its contribution can be subtracted from the total hydrocarbon release. The residual curve shows two smaller peaks between the bitumen and kerogen peaks. These are tentatively assigned to adsorption on the mineral matrix and adsorption on kerogen. An important consequence of second order kinetics is that the temperature for the Peak 1 maximum varies with the amount of bitumen in the rock.
Symmetry Mismatching as a Tool in the Synthesis of Complex Supramolecular Solids with Multiple Cavities

Rotational symmetry of different parity of node and linker molecules has been used as a strategy in the synthesis of two architectural isomers with very different frameworks but identical cavities, both based on 1,3,5-tri(4-pyridyl)-2,4,6-triazine and C-methylcalix[4]resorcinarene. One of the two cavities in each of the solids has an unusual pentagonal shape.
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in a Navajo indian family

The purpose of this report is to describe a unique Navajo Indian kindred that manifests a tumor pattern consonant with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). So far as we can determine this is the first report of HNPCC among American Indians.
Cognitive and Interpersonal Moderators of Daily Co-occurrence of Anxious and Depressed Moods in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety and depression co-occur, both at the disorder and symptom levels, and within anxiety disorders, fluctuations in daily anxious mood correspond temporally to fluctuations in depressed mood. However, little is known about the factors or conditions under which anxiety and depressive symptoms are most likely to co-occur. The current study investigated the role of cognitive factors (daily rumination and cognitive attributions about anxiety symptoms) and interpersonal functioning (daily perceived rejection, support, criticism, and interpersonal problems) as moderators of the daily association between anxious and depressed moods. Fifty-five individuals with generalized anxiety disorder completed a 21-day diary assessing daily mood and cognitive and interpersonal functioning. Ratings of anxious and depressed mood were more closely associated on days when participants ruminated about their anxiety or viewed anxiety symptoms more negatively. Furthermore, anxious mood predicted later depressed mood on days when participants reported greater interpersonal problems and more perceived rejection. Results suggest that cognitive and interpersonal factors may elevate the likelihood of anxiety-depression co-occurrence.
6‐mercaptopurine‐induced alterations in mineral metabolism and teratogenesis in the rat

The relationship between 6-mercaptopurine-induced alterations in mineral metabolism and the teratogenic effects of the drug were investigated. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 4.5, 100, or 1,000 micrograms Zn per 1 g diet. On day 11 of gestation, dams were given intraperitoneal injections of 6-mercaptopurine (27.5 mg/kg). At term, dams fed the 1,000-micrograms Zn per 1 g diet showed fewer drug-induced deleterious effects on reproduction and embryogenesis than did those fed lower levels of zinc. Mineral analysis of maternal and fetal tissues revealed pronounced effects of 6-mercaptopurine on metabolism of zinc, copper, iron, calcium, and magnesium. The results of this study indicate that 6-mercaptopurine teratogenesis may be due in part to drug-induced changes in mineral metabolism.
A parametric variation of delayed reinforcement in infants.

Abstract This study is an exploration of the parameters of delayed reinforcement with 6 infants (2 to 6 months old) in two experiments using single-subject repeated-reversal designs. In Experiment 1, unsignaled 3-s delayed reinforcement was used to increase infant vocalization rate when compared to a differential-reinforcement-of-other-than-vocalization condition and a yoked, no-contingency comparison condition. In Experiment 2, unsignaled 5-s delayed reinforcement was used to increase infant vocalization rate when compared to an alternating-treatments comparison condition. The alternating-treatments comparison consisted of 3-min components of differential reinforcement of other behavior and 3-min components of a nontreatment baseline. Successful conditioning was obtained in both experiments. These results contrast with those of previous infancy researchers who did not obtained conditioning with delays of 3 s and who attributed their findings to the limitations of the infant's memory capacity. We present an alternative conceptual framework and methodology for the analysis of delayed reinforcement in infants.
Mechanism of antithyroid effects of a sulfonylurea in the rat.

In studies designed to elucidate the mechanism of antithyroid effects of carbutamide an hypoglycemic sulfonylurea, rats were fed a synthetic low iodine diet with carbutamide, sulfaguanidine, propylthiouracil and iodide added in various concentrations. Carbutamide (0.125 to 1.0%) reduced I131 uptake, increased thyroid weight and depleted glandular iodine. It was found to be 13 times as potent as sulfaguanidineand 1/200th of propylthiouracil. In contrast to sulfaguanidine and like propylthiouracil the goiters produced by carbutamide were inhibited by excess iodide. In rats fed carbutamide, I131 accumulated inthe thyroid but was promptly discharged by thiocyanate. Except for a delay of 3 days in maximum activity the antithyroid effects of carbutamide were indistinguishable from propylthiouracil.
Urologic complications of nonurologic medications

A physician must be aware of common drug side effects and interactions before prescribing a certain agent. In addition to the drugs that we, as urologists, prescribe, we must also be aware of the urologic side effects of drugs that are commonly prescribed by nonurologists. The mechanisms of the pharmacologic causes for voiding dysfunction, erectile and sexual dysfunction, infertility, and urolithiasis are often mutifactorial and incompletely understood. The recognition and association of a particular drug's potential side effects may save valuable time and money involved in the workup of a patient with a new urologic complaint. It is incumbent on the practicing urologist to be able to recognize the common, and sometimes subtle, urologic complications of medications that are used for nonurologic conditions.
Interaction of mucopolysaccharides with chymotrypsin

Abstract Chondroitin sulphates A, B and C form complexes with chymotrypsin which enhance the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme towards glutaryl- l -phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide as much as 270%, as in the case of chondroitin sulphate A. Hyaluronic acid, a non-sulphated mucopolysaccharide, at a weight ratio of 6.67:1 to the enzyme, does not influence the rate of cleavage of the substrate by chymotrypsin. Proflavin difference spectra and ultra-violet spectra suggest that a complex is formed between chymotrypsin and hyaluronic acid, as well as chondroitin sulphates A, B and C. The proflavin molecule is not displaced from the active site of the enzyme upon association with the mucopolysaccharides. When the mucopolysaccharide—chymotrypsin complexes are electrophoresed on analytical polyacrylamide disc gels at pH 8.9, the complexes are visualized by toluidine blue (for mucopolysaccharide), coomassie brilliant blue (for protein) and by the zymogram technique (with glutaryl- l -phenylalanine-β-naphthylamide), at a position between that for chymotrypsin alone and that for the mucopolysaccharide alone.
Designing a portable high-definition stereoscopic camera system for capturing cultural content

Part of the Cleveland Museum of Art's expansion includes initiatives to explore virtual reality projects designed to present art, historical, and cultural content as well as multi-site live experiences. One of the challenges is the creation of high quality virtual reality cultural content.
Current induced intermediate state in thin film superconductors

Abstract High-resolution magneto-optical studies of the current-induced intermediate state in superconducting lead films indicate a magnetic structure consisting of chains of flux tubes rapidly moving along channels from both edges to the center of the strip. At increasing levels of the transport current new flux tube channels are created abruptly, resulting in relatively large resistive voltage steps.
The Heart Work of Wikipedia: Gendered, Emotional Labor in the World's Largest Online Encyclopedia

This note explores the issue of women's participation in Wikipedia through the lens of emotional labor. Using a grounded theory approach, we detail the kinds of tasks women Wikipedians choose to do and explore why they choose the work they do. We also explore the emotional costs of their labor and their strategies for coping. Our analysis of 20 interviews leads us to posit that the gendered and emotional labor required of many women to participate in Wikipedia's production renders it, problematically, a space of conflicting public and private spheres, motivated by antithetical open and closed values. In addition to other contributions, we believe this insight sheds light on some of the complex dynamics behind Wikipedia's observed gender gap.
Guide for the Design and Construction of Concrete Reinforced with FRP Bars (ACI 440.1R-03)

This paper reports on the key features of the “Guide for the Design and Construction of Concrete Reinforced with FRP Bars” issued by the American Concrete Institute (ACI). For new construction, FRP bars have been used as the internal reinforcement in concrete members to replace conventional steel rebars for a host of reasons. The principles for design and construction were first established and proposed to industry in 2001. The third revision of the guide is now under preparation.
Noah Webster: The Life and Times of an American Patriot

Patriot. Schoolmaster. Author. Yankee Peddler. Essayist. Public Servant. Editor. Philosopher. Lexicographer. Elder Statesman. Epilogue. Notes. Selected Bibliography of Principal Sources. Index.
Carpal tunnel syndrome secondary to an osteophyte of the trapezium.

We report a 42-year-old man with a rare carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) secondary to an osteophyte of the trapezium. The patient presented with a 3-year history of CTS, consisting of progressive pain and paresthesias in his right hand, positive Tinel and Phalen signs, and an electrodiagnostic study demonstrating median nerve compression at the wrist. The procedure was an open carpal tunnel release. Intraoperatively, a bony protuberance was found beneath the transverse carpal ligament (TCL), resulting in compression of the median nerve. The median nerve was decompressed and the patient’s symptoms resolved postoperatively. Surgical pathology revealed bony fragments, and a postoperative CT scan was supportive of an osteophytic remnant protruding from the trapezium. Carpal bone osteophytes are rarely reported causes of CTS.
Effect of asymmetric radiant heating on monodisperse acetone/ethanol and acetone/2-propanol bi-component droplets

Fuel droplet vaporization is an integral element ofmany combustion systems and extensive research has been carried out in the field to explore and model the droplet heating and vaporization process. Many numerical and most experimental droplet studies have considered isolated droplets or a stream of droplets exposed to uniform and symmetric vaporization conditions. However, few numerical and even fewer experimental studies have addressed the influence of radiant heating on droplet vaporization. In particular, there are likely to exist combustion environments where radiant heating is both non-negligible as well as asymmetric. Asymmetric radiant heating of droplets may exist in counter-flow, liquid-fuelled diffusion flames, conventional spray flames, and in liquid-fuelled microcombustors. Ammigan et al. (in press) provides a review of droplet vaporization literature with a focus on radiant heating. Recent works by the authors have considered single component (acetone) (Ammigan and Clack, 2009) and bi-component (acetone and hydrocarbons octane and hexane) (Ammigan et al., in press) droplets vaporizing under asymmetric thermal radiation. PLIF images consistently revealed that acetone vapor mole fraction distributions on the irradiated side were punctuated by local concentration maxima, whose extent varied with droplet composition, diameter, and incident radiant flux. Such behavior is the result of localized radiant heating of the droplet and the influence of droplet thermophysical properties and the phase equilibria of the droplet
Theory of Tribotronics

As a potential next generation mechanical-to-electricity power generator, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has drawn considerable attention in recent years. Its mechanical-to-electrical signal control properties also gave rise to the original idea of “tribotronics”, which utilize triboelectric output to drive/control electronic devices. Using a TENG as input for gate voltage for a field effect transistor, a tribotronic device has potential application in mainly two areas (i) mechanically controlled electronics and (ii) motion/displacement sensing. An experimental study has already been recently reported and therefore a theoretical study is strongly desired as the theoretical basis and optimization strategy for designing such circuits. Here, both analytical calculations and numerical simulations are used to study the tribotronic device, both on the logic operation and on mechanical sensing. The static charge and inherent capacitance of TENG are determined by the structure design of the TENG and have strong coupling with the field effect transistor. Such coupling effect is taken into consideration, thus developing a methodology to effectively optimize the tribotronic device design according to such a coupling effect.
Simulation : a panacea for interprofessional learning?

It has been fascinating to observe the rapidly rising popularity of simulated learning activities over the past decade. Emerging mainly in medical education, but quickly adopted by the other health...
A novel approach for distributed maneuver detection

Quickest and accurate maneuver detection is critical to modern tracking systems. In this paper, the target maneuver detection problem when using multiple sensors is investigated. The target dynamic model and measurement model may exhibit complex nonlinearity and non-Gaussianity. Therefore, particle filters are implemented at the local sensors to predict the target state. At each time step, local sensors transmit binary data to the fusion center, where decision fusion is performed to detect the potential occurrence of target maneuver. Since the sensors observe the same dynamic process, their measurements, and thus the local decisions, are correlated, which has to be taken into account at the fusion center. By considering correlation and using the Bahadur-Lazarsfeld expansion in the fusion rule, we can achieve better system design (local decision rules and fusion rule) than that achieved by assuming independence between sensors. Experimental results show that the distributed maneuver detection system achieves much better performance than using only a single sensor; the correlated design outperforms the independent design, and is very close to the optimal performance, especially for high correlation scenarios.
A least‐squares technique for extracting neutron spectra from Bonner sphere data

The accurate assessment of neutron flux and dose‐rate levels in a medical environment is a topic of much current interest. In this paper, a least‐squares data‐analysis technique has been used for extracting neutron spectra and related information from Bonner sphere data. This technique, incorporated in the FORTRAN IV code NFLS is worthy of consideration as an alternative to the count‐rate ratios and iterative‐unfolding techniques used in the past. The analysis provides calculated total neutron flux density, dose‐equivalent rate, and average and median‐neutron‐energy information as well as a plot of integral neutron‐flux‐density spectra. The method allows the calculation of the statistical uncertainty of each of the above quantities, which has not always been possible with other analytical methods. Results of calibration and experimental data analysis are presented and compared to results of the iterative‐unfolding technique.
A Microcosm of Change: The Impact of the Videogame Industry on Social Networking and the Consumer Media Experience

Videogame technology today represents an amalgam of major advancement in wireless, data storage, and processing technologies. From the rise of massively online virtual worlds to the power of the next generation consoles capable of parallel processed multi- core computing with wireless interfaces allowing for seamless connectivity and an emphasis on HD experiences, videogames have the potential to change the way we establish community - actually placing consumer electronics at the nodal point of social change. A close examination of this industry gives us a powerful lens to track major changes in the use of digital technologies for working, learning and playing. The use of a virtual online world as a magnet for social networking brings with it a potential for new frameworks of fluid and dynamic learning - using videogames as a catalyst for advanced media-based simulations and the development of a new industry of serious games. New online virtual worlds have attracted millions of subscribers, creating true economic value within these "metaverses" that have rivaled the GNP of actual countries. It is the purpose of this paper to track the latest developments within the videogame industry and discuss the impact it is having on the consumer electronics field as a whole.
Reducing Identity Politics in the Workplace A Modest Proposal

Ever since passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, employers have complained that nondiscrimination laws constitute an additional regulatory burden on business, while civil rights advocates have argued that compliance requires nothing more than the sorts of sound personnel practices that successful businesses have long found to be effective management tools. While most Americans clearly agree that people ought not be subjected to invidious employment discrimination based on race, religion, or other criteria unrelated to job performance, current laws do not necessarily represent the best approach to that problem. We argue that the “group identity” approach to workplace equity embedded in traditional civil rights statutes has retarded, rather than promoted, the adoption of sound and valid personnel assessment tools, and that attempts by U.S. business to reconcile the mandates of current civil rights law with fair and effective corporate human resource practices represent a heroic but fundamentally flawed effort. In this paper, we outline an alternative model based upon worker productivity which we believe to be legally defensible and practically superior to current regulatory approaches to evaluating and attaining fairness in the workplace.
Performance evaluation of HIPPI interconnection system using a camp-on strategy

We present an efficient method for the performance evaluation of HIPPI interconnection system implementing a camp-on strategy. The camp-on feature has been defined in the HIPPI standards and implemented in switching designs but no performance analysis results have been published to the best of our knowledge. We model the system with only a fixed number of states. This reduction in the size of the state space has a direct impact on the computational time required. Our new models allow us to analyze the system not only with uniform traffic, but with many other different traffic patterns including uniform traffic, hot-spot traffic, general traffic pattern, locality of reference, etc. Moreover, we compare the performance of the camp-on and drop strategies and demonstrate that the camp-on outperforms the drop strategy. >
PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES: PASSIVE IMMUNITY TO REACTING FACTORS

It has proved possible to elicit passive immunity to B. typhosus reacting factors by means of normal and immune homologous neutralizing antibodies. The in vivo serum protection against these factors followed the law of multiple proportions. There was observed a considerable loss of antibodies from the blood stream. Passive immunity was best obtained when the immune serum was injected intravenously (1/2) hour before the intravenous injection of the reacting factors. It was possible to prevent the occurrence of the local skin reaction by an intravenous injection of serum after the intravenous injection of the reacting factors, provided the serum dose was very large and provided the serum injection was made immediately after the filtrate injection. A number of experiments clearly demonstrated the interesting fact that the greater the amount of antiserum injected intravenously, the more efficient was the in vivo neutralization, in a ratio distinctly greater than the quantitative increase of serum. It is suggested that there may be a practical value of the observation in relation to serum therapy. The results also demonstrated passive serum protection against the lethal effect of B. typhosus "agar washings" filtrates, in a ratio which seemed to suggest the law of multiple proportions.
Detection of photo resist residue on advanced gate layers using optical scattering and advanced analysis techniques

Detection of resist residue and organic contamination after photo resist strip and wafer clean early in the high K/metal gate (HK/MG) manufacturing process flow is critical as it has been known to significantly impact yield. This residue, when exposed to subsequent thermal process steps, transforms into solid hard spot(s), and can then be detected by a wafer inspection tool, but unfortunately it is too late to take corrective action. A unique process control solution to detect the presence of residues was developed using advanced analysis of an optical scattering inspection of a litho checkerboard pattern. The presence of residue was then validated with film thickness measurements.
The Eternal Polarity

Any discussion of the role of love in Thomas Mann’s works must of necessity include a review of the role of love in world literature before Mann, or, inasmuch as literature is basically only a reflection of the fundamental problems of man and his efforts to solve them, a review of the role of love in the history of thought. Such an undertaking would be totally impossible within the scope of this effort if it were not for the fact that during the past twenty years three books were written which analyze and discuss the role of love from its earliest literary manifestations to the present. In doing so, however, the authors were not so much concerned with the literary product as with the philosophical current which produced it. I am referring to the books by Nygren, de Rougemont, and d’Arcy.13
Recursive PLS algorithms for adaptive data modeling

Partial least squares (PLS) regression is effectively used in process modeling and monitoring to deal with a large number of variables with collinearity. In this paper, several recursive partial least squares (RPLS) algorithms are proposed for on-line process modeling to adapt process changes and off-line modeling to deal with a large number of data samples. A block-wise RPLS algorithm is proposed with a moving window and forgetting factor adaptation schemes. The block-wise RPLS algorithm is also used off-line to reduce computation time and computer memory usage in PLS regression and cross-validation. As a natural extension, the recursive algorithm is extended to dynamic modeling and nonlinear modeling. An application of the block recursive PLS algorithm to a catalytic reformer is presented to adapt the model based on new data.
Survey to determine why people drink raw milk.

Background: Fragility fractures associated with osteoporosis extract a large financial and personal toll on society. Pharmaceutical or dietary calcium intake is needed to increase bone mineral density to prevent fragility fractures. Although dairy products are a good source of calcium, patients who are unable to digest lactose tend to avoid them and are put at a greater risk for fracture than the general population. Anecdotal reports suggest that lactose maldigesters, when consuming raw milk, have a dramatic reduction in symptoms relative to pasteurized milk. The mechanism of the reported reduction in symptoms, if true, is unknown. The purpose of the current study was to survey raw milk drinkers to ascertain their health-related motivations for consuming raw milk, especially as they relate to lactose maldigestion. Methods: An online survey regarding raw milk was completed by 153 of 1527 members of a raw milk–buying community. Results: The primary reason the respondents cited for drinking raw milk was that...
Fast exponentiation based on common-multiplicand-multiplication and minimal-signed-digit techniques

In this paper, an improved common-multiplicand-multiplication algorithm is proposed, utilizing the binary exponentiation method and minimal-signed-digit recoding technique for fast exponentiation. By adopting the recoding technique on the common signed-digit representations in the grouped exponent substrings, the proposed algorithm provides an efficient exponentiation method. The proposed algorithm achieves better performance in modern exponentiation methods by decreasing the overall computational complexity. In particular, the proposed method is very suitable for parallel processing systems to improve the efficiency of exponentiation operation.
Pathophysiologic Sequelae of Intracranial Disease

A variety of intracranial diseases affect dogs and cats. Clinical signs often result not only from mechanical destruction of normal brain but also from associated pathophysiologic alterations induced secondary to the primary disease process. Effective management of intracranial disease requires recognition and treatment of the primary as well as of many of these secondary pathophysiologic sequelae. This article discusses the evolution, ramifications, diagnosis, and treatment of these pathophysiologic sequelae.
6D-1 Equivalent Circuit Model and Parameter Extraction for HVPSAW

Characterized by phase velocities on the order of 1frac12 to 2 times those of conventional surface acoustic waves (SAWs), high velocity pseudo-SAWs (HVPSAWs) make proportionally higher operating frequencies achievable using present fabrication capabilities. This promise of comparatively higher operating frequencies, using identical fabrication technologies, has focused recent efforts on identifying new HVPSAW orientations of common SAW substrate materials including lithium tantalate (LTO). The authors have previously reported on the existence of low-attenuated, strongly-coupled HVPSAW along the (0deg, 120deg, Psi) orientations of LTO for periodic gratings of thick aluminum, gold (Au), and platinum electrodes. These new HVPSAW orientations were identified using hybrid finite and boundary element method (FEM/BEM) techniques. Rigorous FEM/BEM techniques are well suited to the investigation of HVPSAW mode characteristics but are computationally too intensive to perform rapid simulations needed during device design iterations. In contrast, the transmission line (TL) based equivalent circuit model (ECM) is ideally suited to device and circuit-level simulations. However, along HVPSAW orientations, significant bulk acoustic wave (BAW) leakage and/or scattering may occur, and the traditional ECM does not model these effects. In this paper, a new HVPSAW ECM is proposed that includes attenuation due to leakage and scattering of HVPSAW power into BAWs. Modeling parameters for HVPSAW along the (0deg, 120deg, 45deg) orientation of LTO have been extracted for propagation beneath 4-electrode-per-wavelength gratings comprised of Au electrodes ranging in thickness from 1% to 3.5% of the HVPSAW wavelength, lambda. Open- and short-circuit grating dispersion relationships calculated using extracted ECM parameters agree to within 1.1% of values predicted by FEM/BEM analysis for an infinitely long 4-electrode-per-wavelength grating comprised of Au electrodes of thickness h/lambda = 1.72%. For this orientation and electrode thickness combination, FEM/BEM calculated and experimentally measured IDT admittance responses show good agreement, with nearly identical admittance responses when variations of metallization ratio and thickness from nominal values are taken into account
Some Reflections on Student Participation and Representation

"The emergence of an undergraduate organization in the political science department is indicative of student recognition of and concern for problems in both the content of courses and in the processes whereby decisions in this department are made.... We do not feel that accepting advisory roles on existing committees is a satisfactory method for implementing such change. We must be the spokesmen for our own interests, and that means being our own representatives. Any legitimacy demands a share in decisions concerning our work and our education, and a share equal to that held by faculty. To deny such a share in decision-making is to deny us our legitimate place in the educational process. Decisions must be made in a public way, involving all people concerned..."