cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Humanized chondroitinase ABC sensitizes glioblastoma cells to temozolomide.

BACKGROUND Malignant gliomas (glioblastomas; GBMs) are extremely aggressive and have a median survival of approximately 15 months. Current treatment modalities, which include surgical resection, radiation and chemotherapy, have done little to prolong the lives of GBM patients. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) are critical for cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions and are implicated in glioma growth and invasion. Chondroitinase (Chase) ABC is a bacterial enzyme that cleaves chondroitin sulfate disaccharide chains from CSPGs in the tumor ECM. Wild-type Chase ABC has limited stability and/or activity in mammalian cells; therefore, we created a mutant humanized version (Chase M) with enhanced function in mammalian cells. METHODS We hypothesized that disruption of cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions by ChaseM and temozolomide (TMZ) will enhance the chemotherapeutic availability and sensitivity of glioma cells. RESULTS Utilizing primary patient-derived neurospheres, we found that ChaseM decreases glioma neurosphere aggregation in vitro. Furthermore, an oncolytic HSV-1 virus expressing secreted ChaseM (OV-ChaseM) enhanced viral spread and glioma cell killing compared to OV-Control, in vitro. OV-ChaseM plus TMZ combinatorial treatment resulted in a significant synergistic enhancement of glioma cell killing accompanied by an increase in apoptotic cell death. Intracellular flow cytometric analysis revealed a significant reduction in the phosphorylation of the pro-survival AKT protein following OV-ChaseM plus TMZ treatment. Lastly, in nude mice bearing intracranial GBM30 glioma xenografts, intratumoral OV-ChaseM plus TMZ (10 mg/kg by oral gavage) combination therapy resulted in a significant (p < 0.02) enhancement of survival compared to each individual treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal that OV-ChaseM enhances glioma cell viral susceptibility and sensitivity to TMZ.
Haloorganics and pesticides

Halo-organic compounds have many uses, such as pharmaceutical agents, fibers, building materials, agricultural chemicals, solvents, and cleaning agents. This chapter reviews the chemistry, reactivity, and environmental problems due to several types of halo-organics. Because many chloroorganics are pesticides, a discussion of general pesticides and other methods of pest control, is also included. The chapter explains many environmental processes such as oxidation, photolysis, or hydrolysis that may cause the degradation of haloorganics and other organic compounds, and subsequently may result in their being converted to nontoxic or in some instances more toxic compounds. Biodegradation is the key to destruction of organic compounds in the environment, and is usually carried out by a cooperating group of microorganisms through various pathways, such as reductive degradation and oxidative degradation. The toxicity associated with some haloorganics is of chronic type and have many deleterious health effects other than causing cancer; low levels can cause endocrine, immune, and neurological effects. Most of the chlorofluorocarbons and perhalogenated organics, so-called halons, are nontoxic, stable, colorless, and nonflammable; ideal substances for a variety of industrial applications. However, these compounds impose two major environmental problems, global warming and destruction of ozone layer. The chapter entails some biochemical methods that are increasingly used as an alternative to, or in conjunction with the application of synthetic pesticides.
Hybrid thematic analysis reveals themes for assessing student understanding of biotechnology

AbstractDespite efforts to increase teaching of biotechnology worldwide, there are concerns that public literacy of genetic technologies remains insufficient. Improved education strategies are expected to empower individuals to make informed decisions about biotechnology. To evaluate the teaching and learning of this complex topic, qualitative assessment tools are needed. In this case study, we performed a hybrid thematic analysis to identify a set of overarching themes that can be used to evaluate individuals’ understanding of genetic technologies. We analysed the written justifications students gave for their attitudes on a range of genetic technologies, before and after peer-led discussion of each topic. We identified seven themes commonly detected in student responses, five of which have been previously described in studies of mass media communication of biotechnology. Our preliminary analysis suggests that peer-led discourse can promote changes in student understanding of biotechnology. We conclude t...
Impacts of Encouraging Dog Walking on Returns of Newly Adopted Dogs to a Shelter

ABSTRACTThis study involved examining the ability of a postadoption intervention to reduce returns of newly adopted dogs to shelters by encouraging physical activity between adopters and their dogs. Guardians in the intervention group received emails with dog behavior and human activity advice as well as invitations to join weekly dog walks. Both the intervention and control groups completed surveys regarding outdoor activity with their dogs, their dog-walking habits, and perceptions of their dogs’ behaviors. Adopter–dog pairs in the intervention group were not significantly more active than those in the control group, nor did they show a reduced incidence of returning their dogs. Guardians in both groups who reported higher obligation and self-efficacy in their dog walking were more active regardless of experimental condition; however, obligation, dog-walking self-efficacy, and perceptions about their dogs’ on-leash behaviors did not predict rates of return to the shelter. These findings add to the under...
Piezoelectric thin films on polyimide substrates for flexible piezoelectric devices

Flexible 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm PZT thin films on polyimide substrate were successfully obtained through a release and transfer process developed in this work. The released films not only functioned, but had superior properties compared to films grown on silicon wafers. This approach to flexible piezoelectric devices provides opportunities for sensors, transducers, and energy harvesters.
The structural basis of ryanodine receptor ion channel function

Large-conductance Ca2+ release channels known as ryanodine receptors (RyRs) mediate the release of Ca2+ from an intracellular membrane compartment, the endo/sarcoplasmic reticulum. There are three mammalian RyR isoforms: RyR1 is present in skeletal muscle; RyR2 is in heart muscle; and RyR3 is expressed at low levels in many tissues including brain, smooth muscle, and slow-twitch skeletal muscle. RyRs form large protein complexes comprising four 560-kD RyR subunits, four ∼12-kD FK506-binding proteins, and various accessory proteins including calmodulin, protein kinases, and protein phosphatases. RyRs share ∼70% sequence identity, with the greatest sequence similarity in the C-terminal region that forms the transmembrane, ion-conducting domain comprising ∼500 amino acids. The remaining ∼4,500 amino acids form the large regulatory cytoplasmic "foot" structure. Experimental evidence for Ca2+, ATP, phosphorylation, and redox-sensitive sites in the cytoplasmic structure have been described. Exogenous effectors include the two Ca2+ releasing agents caffeine and ryanodine. Recent work describing the near atomic structures of mammalian skeletal and cardiac muscle RyRs provides a structural basis for the regulation of the RyRs by their multiple effectors.
Minimum Entropy Control

In this chapter we provide results for the minimum entropy optimal control problem for linear discrete-time time-varying systems. Our approach breaks down to the analysis of a series of simpler control problems, along the line of [31] from which the general result follows. In fact, we exhibit the same separation principle in the entropy as was seen in [53].
MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION

Publisher Summary A frame of reference is a set of observers fixed in position relative to each other. Each observer in a reference frame measures the same displacement vector and time interval for a pair of events. The frames of reference are often represented by coordinate systems and individual observers by their coordinates. Position and time are the bases for the two fundamental quantities of motion—displacement and time interval. From those two quantities, one derives two variables: velocity and acceleration. This chapter explains the concept of average velocity to avoid calculus in giving definitions and developing equations of motion. Average velocity is a natural stepping-stone to instantaneous velocity and from there to acceleration. The chapter defines general vector but the problems and examples are limited to linear motion. It explains the uniformly accelerated motion and presents some key concepts of calculus. The chapter discusses the slope of a curve at a point, the area under a curve, and limits as they relate to the description of motion.
Treasure Your Exceptions: An Interview with 2017 George Beadle Award Recipient Susan A. Gerbi.

THE Genetics Society of America’s (GSA) George W. Beadle Award honors individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the community of genetics researchers and who exemplify the qualities of its namesake. The 2017 recipient is Susan A. Gerbi, who has been a prominent leader and advocate for the scientific community. In the course of her research on DNA replication, Gerbi helped develop the method of Replication Initiation Point (RIP) mapping to map replication origins at the nucleotide level, improving resolution by two orders of magnitude. RIP mapping also provides the basis for the now popular use of λ-exonuclease to enrich nascent DNA to map replication origins genome-wide. Gerbi’s second area of research on ribosomal RNA revealed a conserved core secondary structure, as well as conserved nucleotide elements (CNEs). Some CNEs are universally conserved, while other CNEs are conserved in all eukaryotes but not in archaea or bacteria, suggesting a eukaryotic function. Intriguingly, the majority of the eukaryotic-specific CNEs line the tunnel of the large ribosomal subunit through which the nascent polypeptide exits. Gerbi has promoted the fly Sciara coprophila as a model organism ever since she used its enormous polytene chromosomes to help develop the method of in situ hybridization during her Ph.D. research in Joe Gall’s laboratory. The Gerbi laboratory maintains the Sciara International Stock Center and manages its future, actively spreading Sciara stocks to other laboratories. Gerbi has also served in many leadership roles, working on issues of science policy, women in science, scientific training, and career preparation. This is an abridged version of the interview. The full interview is available on the Genes to Genomes blog, at genestogenomes.org/gerbi.
Mitochondrial Retrograde Signaling in Mammals Is Mediated by the Transcriptional Cofactor GPS2 via Direct Mitochondria-to-Nucleus Translocation

Summary As most of the mitochondrial proteome is encoded in the nucleus, mitochondrial functions critically depend on nuclear gene expression and bidirectional mito-nuclear communication. However, mitochondria-to-nucleus communication pathways in mammals are incompletely understood. Here, we identify G-Protein Pathway Suppressor 2 (GPS2) as a mediator of mitochondrial retrograde signaling and a transcriptional activator of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes. GPS2-regulated translocation from mitochondria to nucleus is essential for the transcriptional activation of a nuclear stress response to mitochondrial depolarization and for supporting basal mitochondrial biogenesis in differentiating adipocytes and brown adipose tissue (BAT) from mice. In the nucleus, GPS2 recruitment to target gene promoters regulates histone H3K9 demethylation and RNA POL2 activation through inhibition of Ubc13-mediated ubiquitination. These findings, together, reveal an additional layer of regulation of mitochondrial gene transcription, uncover a direct mitochondria-nuclear communication pathway, and indicate that GPS2 retrograde signaling is a key component of the mitochondrial stress response in mammals.
A radiolabeled antiglobulin assay to identify human cervical mucus immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG antisperm antibodies

Antisperm immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG antibodies in human cervical mucus (CM) were identified by a radiolabeled antiglobulin assay. Cervical mucus samples from fertile and infertile women were exposed to a 1:3,200 dilution of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), and 5 µ g of the solubilized CM protein were assayed for the presence of IgA and IgG antisperm and anti-Candida activity by the radiolabeled antiglobulin assay. Purified human secretory IgA and IgG exposed to 2-ME retained the molecular integrity and functional activity of the untreated antibody molecules. CM aliquots collected after high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation were assessed for antisperm antibody activity; antisperm antibody activity was retained in the appropriate IgA or IgG CM fractions. The incidence of CM antisperm antibodies was minimally affected when the radiolabeled antiglobulin assay was performed with a motile sperm population. Approximately 70% of the CM IgA antisperm antibodies were of the IgA 1 subclass; CM IgG was primarily of the IgG 4 subclass. When Candida antigen was substituted for sperm in the radiolabeled antiglobulin assay, the CM antisperm antibodies were found to be exclusively sperm-specific. These data indicate that the radiolabeled antiglobulin assay using 2-ME to extract CM antibodies is a specific method for the assay of antisperm antibodies in CM.
Cricodon metabolus (cynodontia: Gomphodontia) from the Triassic Ntawere Formation of Northeastern Zambia: Patterns of Tooth replacement and a Systematic Review of the Trirachodontidae

The partial skull and postcranial skeleton of a subadult Cricodon metabolus is described as the first record of a trirachodontid cynodont from the upper Ntawere Formation of northeastern Zambia. On...
Verbal and Nonverbal Cognitive Processes

A body of knowledge has developed regarding both learning disability and autistic children; however, in making comparisons we cannot conclude that because some autistic children have learning disabilities and some learning-disabled children have autistic symptoms that these conditions should be viewed as comprising a single diagnostic category. Because some children have more than one disability does not mean that their limitations derive from a single cause.
Different Endings: Lethal Injection, Animal Euthanasia, Humane Slaughter, and Unregulated Slaugter

This Article compares the laws and regulations that govern the termination of life in several contexts: lethal injection of condemned inmates; the euthanasia of companion animals; the slaughter of farmed animals covered by the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act; and the slaughter of farmed and other animals not covered by the Act.
Photochemical activation of Rana pipiens tyrosinase

Abstract Purified tyrosinase from Rana pipiens is activated by light. An action spectrum for the process indicates that there are two absorption bands responsible for the activation (290nm and 334nm). The kinetics of the photochemical process show an initial activation followed by inhibition. Molecular oxygen is required. The ability of the protein to be photoactivated and the absorbancy of the protein at 334nm can be extracted with 50% acetone/water.
Exploiting Crowd Synthesis for Multi-camera Human Tracking

There are many challenges to achieve a robust performance for tracking in a video network. In this chapter, we propose a method that integrates both detection and crowd synthesis approaches to achieve robust tracking performance. The experiments are conducted on PETS 2009 data set, and the performance is evaluated by multiple object tracking precision and accuracy criteria based on the position of each pedestrian on the ground plane. It is demonstrated that the information from crowd synthesis can provide significant advantage for tracking multiple pedestrians through multiple cameras.
Unilateral conductive hearing loss secondary to a high jugular bulb in a pediatric patient

A high jugular bulb is not an uncommon otologic anomaly. It may be noted as an incidental finding on physical exam, middle ear surgery, or computed tomography of the temporal bones. Frequently the patient is asymptomatic, but a high jugular bulb can occasionally cause tinnitus or conductive hearing loss. The case of a seven-year-old black male with unilateral conductive hearing loss secondary to a high jugular bulb is presented. The diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management of a conductive hearing loss associated with a high jugular bulb are discussed.
From Revenge to Restorative Justice in Louise Erdrich’s The Plague of Doves , The Round House , and LaRose

In Louise Erdrich’s “Rape on the Reservation,” a February 26, 2013, op-ed piece for The New York Times, she brings readers’ attention to the complex history of the Violence Against Women Act and the struggle to persuade Congress to reauthorize the act with provisions that allowed for an expansion of Tribal authority in the prosecution of non-Native offenders. The article evidences her interest in bearing witness to this issue, which has plagued tribal communities for generations. How can a community find redress, and its attendant peace, without any means of official justice? On the reservation, then, the search for justice and accountability often looks like violent retribution or revenge. Violence against Native American women, with perpetrators acting with impunity, is the central theme in her National Book Award-winning novel, The Round House (2012). In fact, the theme of justice has been central to a trio of Erdrich’s most recent novels, which I refer to as the “Justice” trilogy: The Plague of Doves (2008), The Round House (2012), and LaRose (2016). Each novel takes up the situational complexities of vigilante justice and the enduring, even generational, consequences of such actions on Native American individuals, families, and communities. None of Erdrich’s novels is as focused on the theme of revenge as the “Justice” trilogy. The three works revolve around different moments of violence introduced in the opening chapters: The Plague of Doves investigates the murder of a local farmer and his family and the subsequent killing of three innocent Ojibwe men and one child from a neighboring reservation by a white lynch mob from the farming community; The Round House narrates the violent rape and attempted murder of an Ojibwe woman; and LaRose begins with the accidental shooting of an Ojibwe boy by his Ojibwe neighbor. Each novel then asks the reader to consider one central question: What are a person’s or a family’s or a community’s options for avenging an act of violence when no legal framework exists to mete out justice or accountability? This chapter explores Erdrich’s answer to that question through an analysis of the three novels.
Symptom-based interventions to promote quality survivorship

Survival alone is no longer an adequate outcome for persons with brain tumors; the quality of the survivorship experience should be viewed with equal importance. Symptom management is a significant component of quality survivorship care. Regardless of their histology, brain tumors and therapies used to treat them produce symptoms that affect an individual's ability to function in everyday life. Common symptoms include fatigue, cognitive impairment, distress, and sleep disturbance. Symptom-based interventions for persons with brain tumors focus on prevention, self-management, and prescriptive interventions targeted to these problems. Unfortunately, little evidence exists to support many interventions, making it challenging for clinicians to provide concrete recommendations. Research is needed to provide evidence in support of symptom-based interventions while novel approaches to these challenging problems are developed.
Foreign Language Education in the US: ‘But French isn’t a real class!’

In this chapter, it is suggested that foreign language education in the US can provide us with valuable insights about the way in which the ideology of linguistic legitimacy operates. There are three broad issues explored in the chapter: the large-scale failure of foreign language education programs to produce individuals with reasonable levels of competence in languages other than English, the extremely small number of foreign languages that are available for study by the vast majority of US students, and finally, the case that can be made for why US students should study of foreign languages.
National data on sorafenib therapy adherence for veterans with hepatocellular carcinoma.

9593 Background: Medication adherence can help improve disease progression and survival. One way to improve adherence is to facilitate ease of administration, i.e., oral vs. intravenous. Our study ...
Family Caregiving for Cancer Patients: the State of the Literature and a Direction for Research to Link the Informal and Formal Care Systems to Improve Quality and Outcomes.

Abstract Objectives Based on recent shifts in reimbursement for cancer treatment from fee-for-service to bundled and value-based payment, this concluding article summarizes data from these papers and the large body of literature on caregiving to suggest how caregiving research might be redirected to link the formal with the informal systems to achieve higher-quality and lower-cost care. Caregiver dyads, the tasks of care, and strategies for training are presented. Data Sources Articles in this issue of Seminars in Oncology Nursing, the larger body of caregiving literature, and the Oncology Care Model driving bundled payments and value-based care. Conclusion Research on informal caregiving for cancer patients should begin to reframe the rich body of evidence available toward a focus on caregivers reactions to the tasks of care, the training necessary for caregivers to perform them, and how each contributes to quality care at lower costs and appropriate outcomes given patients’ stage of disease and goals of treatment. Implications for Nursing Practice Oncology systems must take a more active role in including patients and their families as partners to manage treatments and side effects to achieve the best possible patient outcomes. They must be able to evaluate the patient and the caregiver to determine what tasks they will be able to perform, and then make sure they have the training and resources to carry out those tasks. Training could be done by social media and through communication using patient portals that could be expanded through the electronic medical records to include caregiver portals, enabling caregiver questions and reports of patients’ conditions.
Anticoagulation in the Hospitalized Patient with Decompensated Cirrhosis: Management of a Delicate Balance

Hemostasis is rebalanced in patients with cirrhosis due to decreased hepatic synthesis of both pro- and anticoagulant factors. Recently, an increased risk of both venous and arterial thromboses has been recognized in this population. Anticoagulation may be warranted in patients with thrombotic events. Treatment and prophylaxis of thrombosis are challenging in patients with cirrhosis, as this cohort is at relatively high risk of bleeding in the setting of portal hypertension. Additionally, there is a lack of clinically available laboratory testing to monitor treatment effect. Data evaluating the safety and efficacy of anticoagulation in patients with cirrhosis are largely observational, and there is minimal literature available assessing the use of modern direct-acting oral anticoagulants. In this chapter, we will discuss commonly encountered clinical scenarios in hospitalized decompensated patients with cirrhosis. We will review available literature regarding the epidemiology of thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis and discuss the role of anticoagulation in this group.
Tunable physical properties in BiAl1−xMnxO3 thin films with novel layered supercell structures

Morphological control in oxide nanocomposites presents enormous opportunities for tailoring the physical properties. Here, we demonstrate the strong tunability of the magnetic and optical properties of Bi-based layered supercell (LSC) multiferroic structures, i.e., BiAl1−xMnxO3, by varying the Al : Mn molar ratio. The microstructure of the LSC structure evolves from a supercell structure to Al-rich pillars in the supercell structure as the Al molar ratio increases. The LSC structures present excellent multiferroic properties with preferred in-plane magnetic anisotropy, a tunable band gap and anisotropic dielectric permittivity, all attributed to the microstructure evolution and their anisotropic microstructure. Three different strain relaxation mechanisms are identified that are active during thin film growth. This study provides opportunities for microstructure and physical property tuning which can also be explored in other Bi-based LSC materials with tailorable multiferroic and optical properties.
CHAPTER 11 – FISH

Publisher Summary This chapter classifies fish into two groups, namely, finfish and shellfish. Finfish include fish with a backbone and fins; they may be from fresh water or salt water. Shellfish include fish without fins and a back­bone. The subgroups of shellfish include mollusks with two enclosing shells and crustaceans with a soft undershell and a hard upper shell. Fish also may be divided into two groups on the basis of their fat content. The classification of fish into these groups helps to determine appropriate preparation and storage methods. The composition of fish varies with season and that influences the quality of the flesh. As the majority of the fish supply is harvested from the ocean, the preservation of the product offers unique challenges. As fish farming would increase, some of these problems may be reduced. Preservation must start on the vessel after the fish are caught. The major concern is the reduction of microbial activity until the product is consumed in the fresh state or is processed by canning, drying, or freezing. Most fish is processed in some manner before sale to the consumer, although the sale of fresh fish and shellfish is increasing.
Regional and net economic impacts of high-rise mass timber construction in Oregon

Abstract Pacific Northwest policy makers are excited about the emergence of mass timber into U.S. construction markets as the product potentially creates local manufacturing jobs while utilizing Douglas fir growing sustainably in the region. This study assessed regional economic impacts generated by mass timber high-rise construction in Oregon. Economic impact estimates were derived using a regionally specific input-output model combined with analysis-by-parts methodology. Financial data from Portland’s 12-story Framework building, estimated using RSMeans software, provided purchasing information. The study’s economic model made use of regionally specific socioeconomic data from the American Community Survey to determine how economic impacts translated into increased earnings for study area residents. Because building with mass timber represented product substitution over traditional construction practices, this study assessed regional impacts of mass timber construction alongside the opportunity costs associated with a concrete frame alternative. Net impact assessment results indicated that construction of the 12-story building using a mass timber design generated larger economic impacts than traditional concrete frame construction and generated additional earnings for households of all income levels. Panels must be produced locally to realize the full economic benefits of mass timber construction as importing panels from outside the state creates economic leakage that reduces economic benefits.
Evolution of the microstructure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg during room temperature holds and low temperature aging

Abstract Conventional thermal processing may not always be well-suited for modifying the unique, as-built microstructure of Additively Manufactured (AM) AlSi10Mg. Conventional post-build processing of AM AlSi10Mg components involves a Solution Heat Treatment (SHT) at elevated temperatures (∼500 °C) followed by low-temperature aging (170 °C). Here we characterize low-temperature aging (170 °C) of AM AlSi10Mg components both with and without a conventional solution heat treatment. The samples without a solution heat treatment are first held at room temperature for several months, during which we monitored the reduction of Si in the Al matrix, from 4.74 to 3.98 at% with limited changes in hardness. We also correlate the as-built microstructure back to the processing conditions. During the room temperature hold, and when these samples are subsequently aged at 170 °C without a solution heat treatment, they retain a eutectic ribbon microstructure but lose the supersaturation of Si within the Al matrix with aging. These samples reach a peak hardness after 2 h at 170 °C that is approximately 50 % higher than the peak hardness of SHT samples after 5 h at 170 °C. We contrast the microstructure and density changes resulting from both heat treatment paths and explain how this modified heat treatment complements AM AlSi10Mg’s unique, as-built microstructure.
Prevalence of Extraplacental Anastomoses in Monochorionic Twin Pregnancies.

Objectives To evaluate the prevalence of extraplacental anastomoses (EPA) and the factors associated. Methods A retrospective study including 144 placentas from monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twins delivering at one institution was performed. EPA were defined as any intertwin anastomosis located outside the chorionic plate on macroscopic inspection. The association with perinatal factors and with umbilical cord insertion site was analyzed. Results The prevalence of EPA was 4.9% (7/144). Velamentous cord insertion of both twins was significantly associated with the presence of EPA in the multivariate logistic regression model (p = 0.045). Discussion EPA was found in ≈5% of MCDA twin pregnancies.
Green Light Exposure Improves Pain and Quality of Life in Fibromyalgia Patients: A Preliminary One-Way Crossover Clinical Trial.

Objective Fibromyalgia is a functional pain disorder in which patients suffer from widespread pain and poor quality of life. Fibromyalgia pain and its impact on quality of life are not effectively managed with current therapeutics. Previously, in a preclinical rat study, we demonstrated that exposure to green light-emitting diodes (GLED) for 8 hours/day for 5 days resulted in antinociception and reversal of thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity associated with models of injury-related pain. Given the safety of GLED and the ease of its use, our objective is to administer GLED as a potential therapy to patients with fibromyalgia. Design One-way crossover clinical trial. Setting United States. Method We enrolled 21 adult patients with fibromyalgia recruited from the University of Arizona chronic pain clinic who were initially exposed to white light-emitting diodes and then were crossed over to GLED for 1 to 2 hours daily for 10 weeks. Data were collected by using paper surveys. Results When patients were exposed to GLED, but not white light-emitting diodes, they reported a significant reduction in average pain intensity on the 10-point numeric pain scale. Secondary outcomes were assessed by using the EQ-5D-5L survey, Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire, and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire and were also significantly improved in patients exposed to GLED. GLED therapy was not associated with any measured side effects in these patients. Conclusion Although the mechanism by which GLED elicits pain reduction is currently being studied, these results supporting its efficacy and safety merit a larger clinical trial.
"New Trach Mom Here…": A qualitative study of internet-based resources by caregivers of children with tracheostomy.

Objective Decision-making around tracheostomy placement and chronic respiratory support in children is complicated. Families often seek support and advice from outside the medical care team, including from social media. We undertook this study to characterize the content and nature of online resources created and managed primarily by caregivers of children living with tracheostomy and chronic mechanical ventilation. Design/setting We used a "grey literature" search methodology to identify internet resources created by caregivers of children with tracheostomy. We included only publicly available, nonindustry associated, English language, North American websites updated at least once in 2019. We then applied inductive content analysis to establish central themes, patterns and associations. Measurements/main results We identified six blogs/forums that met our search criteria. We identified four main themes: (1) Uncertainty, (2) Lived experience-wants, needs, and emotions, (3) Seeking context and meaning, and (4) Advice/information sharing/support. Two patterns of coping were identified on the basis of the relationships between codes. The "Acceptance pathway" is associated with a sense of self-actualization, mastery, satisfaction, return to normalcy, and ultimately acceptance. The "Resignation pathway" is associated with a sense of lack of control, frustration, burnout and stress, persistent lack of normalcy, and resignation to the tracheostomy as a negative but necessary outcome. Conclusion Caregivers often come to see themselves as experts in the care of children with tracheostomy, though many still express ambivalence about their knowledge and skills. Those early in the experience express a desire for community and can potentially benefit from online resources.
Appraising the Economic Potential of Panama: Policy Recommendations for Sustainable and Inclusive Growth

This report aims to summarize the main findings of the project as gathered by the three baseline documents, and frame them within a coherent set of policy recommendations that can help Panama to maintain their growth momentum in time and make it more inclusive. Three elements stand out as cornerstones of our proposal: attracting and retaining qualified human capital; maximizing the diffusion of know-how and knowledge spillovers, and leveraging on public-private dialog to tackle coordination problems that are hindering economic activity outside the Panama-Colon axis.
Three-dimensional moisture diffusion simulation with time dependent saturated concentration in ANSYS through native thermal and spring elements

Abstract This study presents a new modeling approach for moisture concentration in the presence of time dependent saturated moisture concentration and diffusivity by considering only native ANSYS elements. It removes the shortcomings of the ANSYS “diffusion” and “coupled field” elements by employing thermal (LINK33, PLANE55 and SOLID70) and spring (COMBIN14) elements. The accuracy of this modeling approach is established by demonstrating desorption and absorption process in a bar made of two different materials with equal and unequal values of solubility activation energy in the presence of time dependent saturated moisture concentration under uniform and nonuniform temperature conditions. Also, it is applied to a representative three-dimensional electronic package configuration to demonstrate the effect of time dependent saturated moisture concentration on moisture diffusion and weight gain.
On the Size Distribution of Christian Denominations

The numbers of churches within Christian denominations are fitted to an exponential distribution. Provides evidence for Rodney Stark’s social-network explanation for the rise of Christianity, and thereby demonstrates a possible model for the spread of belief in societies.
Misreading Provincializing Europe

Dipesh Chakrabarty’s proposition to provincialize Europe harbors ambiguities and contradictions that open it to misreadings. Some misreadings stem from a shallow grasp of Chakrabarty’s argument or a cavalier invocation of the title, but others follow from deeper issues in the book concerning the place of Europe in social theory, the universality of concepts from European thought, and the difficulty of escaping the frame of national history. Some problems arising from these issues might be avoided by taking a transnational perspective on the questions Chakrabarty raises, although a transnational approach does not necessarily guarantee success. However one views them, such seeming limitations of Provincializing Europe reflect the risks Chakrabarty took in proposing a project that is simultaneously methodological, institutional, and political. Moreover, they are the source of its wide impact.
Longitudinal waves in a perpendicular collisionless plasma shock. III.

This paper considers electrostatic waves in a Vlasov plasma of unmagnetized ions and magnetized electrons undergoing an E x B drift. The linear dispersion relation is solved numerically for an electron temperature approximately equal to the ion temperature. For a fixed ratio of drift velocity to electron thermal velocity, the growth rates of the E x B electron drift instability are smaller, and the waves are stabilized at much smaller values of k.B than in the case where electron temperature is much larger than the ion temperature.
Understanding Attempted Suicide in Adolescence

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to understand attempted suicide in adolescence. Its goal is to provide an up-to-date empirical review of adolescent suicide attempters and to use research data to inform clinical practice. Adolescent attempters are at risk for eventual completed suicide because the previous suicidal experience may sensitize a person to suicide related thoughts and behaviors. This chapter describes the epidemiology of completed suicide and suicide attempts, including the demographic risk factors associated with suicidal behavior in teens. Assessment of the mental state experienced by the adolescent during the acute suicidal crisis is critical in formulating an adequate treatment plan. The first goal of this evaluation is to determine the risk of an immediate reattempt and whether the adolescent requires a psychiatric admission. It also reviews the clinical formulation guidelines advocated by leading practitioners in the field and the conceptual models used to determine factors that precede a suicide attempt by an adolescent.
A new approach to model reduction which preserves stability and passivity: an overview

We summarize issues which arise in model (complexity) reduction of passive linear dynamical systems as exposed in Antoulas (2002). Two new methods are introduced and five methods are compared for passive model reduction.
Collective memory, candidacy, and victimisation: community epidemiologies of breast cancer risk.

Collectively shared ideas of community may be equally relevant for the study of health disparities as quantifying the relationship between community structures and health. Data from focus groups (N = 18) that explored understandings of breast cancer and breast cancer risk in African American neighbourhoods revealed three conceptual domains where shared ideas of community informed responses: collective memory, community candidacy, and community victimisation by external aggressors. Reading the focus group responses in terms of these domains identified perceptions of risk and of candidacy that may be overlooked by individualised or quantitative approaches to studying breast cancer risk perceptions and related behaviours. These include novel perceived risks, such as the ‘risk of knowing’, as well as community-level constructions of breast cancer candidacy. ‘Lay epidemiologies’ of breast cancer within this population might therefore be better understood as ‘community epidemiologies’, where community is central to the interpretation and operationalisation of breast cancer risk. Paying attention to such community epidemiologies of breast cancer provides theoretical insights for studying breast cancer disparities and risk perceptions as well as useful guidance for designing interventions.
Hybridization between Escherichia coli and Shigella.

Luria explored the question of bacterial hybridization only briefly, but established that these two types of intestinal bacteria could mate and produce hybrids possessing characteristics of each. This had implications for laboratory diagnosis, raising the possibility that a hybrid possessing Shigella's pathogenic qualities could test as an E. coli, or vice-versa.
Asymptotic Behavior of Zeros of Two Frequency Scale Systems

Zeros of two frequency scale systems are studied in terms of zeros of the slow and fast models. Results obtained from this study have then been used to approximate the frequency response of a two frequency scale system asymptotically in the frequency bands of interest by the frequency responses of the slow and fast models.
The 2000 Presidential Election Controversy

Previous scholarship on public opinion and the legitimacy of the United States Supreme Court has advanced competing claims about the impact of specific decisions on support for the Court. While some studies have found that specific decisions have strongly affect confidence in the Court, others, including Gibson, Caldeira and Spence, suggest that the empirical data confirms the expectations of Legitimacy theory, which posits that the Court has a relatively strong reservoir of goodwill that immunizes it from potentially legitimacy-threatening decisions. In this chapter, we analyze data from the 2000 and 2004 Annenberg National Election study to examine the impact of the Bush v. Gore on legitimacy in the Court, using new and different measures of diffuse support or institutional loyalty, and of specific support. While our findings appear to confirm Gibson and his colleagues hypotheses and findings generally, with respect to the long-term resilience of the Court, we find that in the short term, the decision did indeed affect the foundations of specific and diffuse support for the Court, as partisanship, race, and ideology both emerge after (but not before) the decision as significant predictors of specific and diffuse support in the Court
Consideration of Hot Mix Asphalt Thermal Properties During Compaction

A computer program was developed at the University of Minnesota to predict asphalt concrete cooling times for road construction during adverse weather conditions. Cooling models require extensive experimental data on the thermal properties of hot-mix paving materials. A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine which thermal properties affect pavement cooling times significantly. The results indicated that more information on asphalt thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity is required. Two suitable test methods for determining these properties at typical paving temperatures and densities were developed, and preliminary results for dense-graded and stone-matrix asphalt (SMA) mixes agreed well with values reported in the literature.
The Kinetic Study of Enzyme Action on Substrate Monolayers PANCREATIC LIPASE REACTIONS

Abstract The enzymatic reaction of porcine pancreatic lipase with insoluble monolayers of either trioctanoin or 1,2-dioctanoin can be followed quantitatively by monitoring the considerable change in surface pressure which occurs during the course of the reaction. The rate of each reaction is proportional to the surface concentration of the substrate. The calculated pseudo-first order rate constants are proportional to the enzyme concentration in the bulk solution. At pH 7.6, the value of the second order rate constant for the hydrolysis of the primary ester function in trioctanoin was found to be 8.46 x 105 m-1 s-1, and that for dioctanoin, 2.65 x 104 m-1 s-1. The pH dependency of the rate constant for dioctanoin hydrolysis reveals an ionizable basic group at the active site of the enzyme with pKa of 6.38. The results are consistent with fully hydrated enzyme molecules acting upon substrate molecules lying within the insoluble mono-layer.
The Antigen-Presenting Activity of Fresh, Adult Parenchymal Microglia and Perivascular Cells from Retina

Although several observations show local T cell recognition of retinal Ag, there has been no direct demonstration that the APC were retinal derived, rather than recruited. In this study, CD45+ cells isolated from immunologically quiescent murine retina were tested in vitro for functional evidence of Ag presentation to naive and Ag-experienced CD4 T cells specific for β-galactosidase. Because CD45+ cells from brain have been reported to be efficient APC, they were included for comparison. Measures of activation included changes in CD4, CD25, CD44, CD45RB, CD62L, CD69, caspase-3 activation, CFSE dilution, size, number of cells recovered, and cytokine production. Retinal CD45+ cells gave no evidence of Ag-dependent TCR ligation in naive T cells, unlike splenic APC and CD45+ cells from brain, which supported potent responses. Instead, addition of retinal CD45+ cells to cocultures of naive 3E9 T cells plus splenic APC reduced the yield of activated T cells and cytokine production by limiting T cell activation at early time points. Ag-experienced T cells responded weakly to Ag presented by retinal CD45+ cells. Activating the retinal cells with IFN-γ, anti-CD40, or LPS incrementally increased their APC activity. Addition of neutralizing Abs to TGF-β did not reveal suppressed retinal APC activity. Because retina lacks tissue equivalents of meninges and choroid plexus, rich sources of dendritic cells in brain, cells from retina may better represent the APC activity of fresh, adult CNS parenchymal and perivascular cells. The activity of the retinal CD45+ cells appears to be directed to limiting T cell responses.
Endohedral and Exohedral Complexes of T8-Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) with Transition Metal Atoms and Ions

The equilibrium geometries of the exohedral and endohedral complexes of the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) cage (HSiO3/2)8 containing the transition metal atoms or ions Sc0,+, Cr0,+, Fe0,+, Co0,+, Ni0,+, Cu0,+, Zn0,+, Mo0,+, W0,+, Ru0,+, Os0,+ have been investigated at the B3LYP/LanL2DZ levels. All these species form endohedral complexes with the T8-POSS cage except Sc0,+, Mo0, and W0,+. The Mo0 and W0,+ species as well as Cr0,+, Fe0,+, Co0,+, Ni0,+, Cu+, Zn+, Ru0,+, Os0 form stable exohedral complexes. Geometries, electronic properties and ionization potentials were computed. The Si−O and Si−H bond lengths in the cationic endohedral complexes are shorter than in the corresponding complexes of neutral transition metal atoms. The zero-point corrected inclusion energies of the endohedral species X@(SiHO3/2)8 (X = Fe+, Co+, Ni+, Cu+, Os+) are all negative, suggesting that these complexes are more stable than their isolated components. All exohedral complexes have energies that are lower than the...
Development of 100-m long Y-123 coated conductors processed by IBAD/PLD method

100-m class Y-123 coated conductors were demonstrated by using reel-to-reel vacuum apparatuses of ion-beam-assisted-deposition (IBAD) and pulsed-laser-deposition (PLD). The window for Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 deposition condition was quite wide and 100-m long IBAD-Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 template films were routinely obtained with ΔΦ of 10° on non-textured Ni-alloy tapes. 100-m long second buffer layers of Y 2 O 3 or CeO 2 were grown by PLD on the IBAD templates with ΔΦ of 7-8°, or 5-6°, respectively. Y-123 films with ΔΦ of 7° were formed on the substrate of Y 2 O 3 //IBAD-Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 // Hastelloy by PLD. End-to-end I c of 38 A and J c of 0.76 MA/cm 2 (77 K, self-field) were obtained in a 100-m long sample. On the other hand, ΔΦ of 3° was obtained on the substrate of CeO 2 //IBAD-Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 //Hastelloy. J c of 2.9 MA/cm 2 were obtained in a 0.1-m long Y-123 film, and J c was improved to 1.6 MA/cm 2 for an 80-m long Y-123 tape.
Phase-transparent optical data exchange of 40-Gbit/s DPSK signals using four-wave-mixing in a highly nonlinear fiber

We report the phase-transparent optical data exchange based on non-degenerate FWM in an HNLF via theoretical analysis and experimental verification. 40-Gbit/s NRZ-DPSK data exchange is demonstrated with a power penalty (at 10-9) ∼ 4.5 dB.