cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coordinated sensing and autonomous repair of pressure vessels and structures

Self-repairing structural systems can potentially improve performance ranges and lifetimes compared to those of conventional systems without self-healing capability. Self-healing materials have been used in automotive and aeronautical applications for over a century. The bulk of these systems operate by using the damage to directly initiate the repair response without any supervisory coordination. Integrating sensing and supervisory control technologies with self-healing may improve the safety and reliability of critical components and structures. This project used laboratory scale test beds to illustrate the benefit of an integrated sensing, control and self-healing system. A thermal healing polymer embedded with resistive heating wires acted as the sensing-healing material. Sensing duties were performed using an impedance, capacitance, and resistance testing device and a PC acted as the controller. As damage occurs to the polymer it is detected, located, and characterized. Based on the sensor signal, a decision is made as to whether to execute a repair and then to subsequently monitor the repair process to ensure completeness. The second demonstration was a self-sealing pressure vessel with integrated sensing and healing capability. These proof-of-concept prototypes can likely be expanded and improved with alternative sensor options, sensing-healing materials, and system architecture.
Bistable solitons of highly-nonlinear Schrödinger equations in nonlinear optics

The generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation with certain nonlinearities allows for existence of multi-stable single solitons (i.e., singular solitons with the same carried power but different profiles and propagation parameters). Some of these new solitons are absolutely unstable, whereas the rest of them exhibit either ''weak'' stability (i.e. stability against small perturbation) or absolute stability (the so called ''robust'' solitons that are stable against arbitrary perturbation, in particularly in the form of collision with another large soliton). The criteria for both weak stability and robustness are suggested and tested in computer simulations for various models of nonlinearity. In non-linear optics, these solitons may exist either in the form of short bistable pulses, or bistable self-trapping (both two- and three-dimensional).
Interaction between classical and quantum systems and the measurement of quantum observables

Quantum mechanics presumes classical measuring instruments with which they interact. The problem of measurement interaction between classical and quantum systems is posed and solved. The restriction to compatible measurements comes about naturally as the condition for the integrity of the classical system. A technical device is the perspective on classical mechanics as quantum mechanics with essentially hidden dynamical variables.
Substrate-independent sulfur-activated dielectric and barrier-layer surfaces to promote the chemisorption of highly polarizable metallorganics

A novel plasma-based process has been invented in which sulfur is used to enhance the chemisorption of highly polarizable metallorganics to dielectric or barrier-layer surfaces. Three fundamentally different substrates were investigated: metal oxides (air-exposed Ta and SiO2), a hybrid dielectric (Trikon) and a polymeric material (SiLK). All the surfaces could be modified with relative ease, resulting in a substrate-independent process. Further, palladium (II) hexafluoroacetyl- acetonate was dosed on the substrates under study at sublimation and substrate temperatures of 34.8 °C and 175 °C. Results show that increased rf power and decreased system pressure during sulfur deposition result in a larger relative percent reduced sulfur, at for example, the SiO2 surface. In turn, this results in more palladium chemisorbed to the surface from a larger Pd 3d/Si 2p ratio. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry was used to estimate a sulfur areal density of approximately 1×1015 atoms/cm2 on air-exposed Ta, when sulfur was deposited via H2S and He in the range of 300 W to 700 W rf power at 60 mTorr. It was shown that the sulfur-activated surfaces are stable under ambient conditions. Also, after the sulfur-activated SiO2 surface was dosed with PdII(hfac)2, the S 2p X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum shifts from 163.7 eV (before dosing) to 162.8 eV (after dosing), which gives evidence of Pd-S interfacial bonding.
Tectonic implications for the gravity structure of Caloris Basin, Mercury

Abstract Studies of tectonic landforms associated with Caloris Basin on Mercury suggest that isostatic adjustment has occurred in response to basin excavation, and that the smooth plains inside Caloris were emplaced significantly before isostatic equilibrium was attained. Combined with dynamical considerations, this leads us to propose that the Caloris region is characterized by a circular negative or zero free air gravity anomaly centered inside Caloris, and an annular positive anomaly which coincides with extensive tracts of young smooth plains outside the basin. This proposed gravity pattern differs markedly from that associated with mare-filled basins on the Moon.
Modeling and experimental investigation of shear flow of a filled polymer

Abstract The rheological model proposed by Leonov for a filled system was compared with experimental data. The experimental data included the steady-state shear stress over a wide range of shear rates, the transient stress in a start-up shear flow, stress relaxation after cessation of a steady-state shear flow, the step shear and the oscillatory shear flow at various amplitudes. In this model, total stresses are the sum of viscoelastic stresses arising from the micro-flow of polymer matrix around flocs of particles (matrix mode), and the stresses from particle–particle interactions (particle mode). The stresses in a matrix mode were modeled by a non-linear viscoelastic model [A.I. Leonov, Rheol. Acta 15 (1976) 85–98; A.I. Leonov, Rheol. Acta 15 (1976) 411–426]. The particle mode stresses were modeled by introducing a kinetic equation in the non-linear viscoelastic model which describes the processes of rupture and restoration of flocs of particles [A.I. Leonov, Rheol. Acta 34 (1990) 1039–1068]. Two different versions of this model are considered. The first model is based on the kinetic equation proposed by Leonov [A.I. Leonov, Rheol. Acta 34 (1990) 1039–1068] which is unable to fit experimental data over a wide range of shear rates. The second model is based on the kinetic equation proposed by Coussot et al. [P. Coussot, A.I. Leonov, J.M. Piau, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 46 (1993) 179–217]. This model is capable of fitting the steady-state shear viscosity data over a wide range of shear rates, and it is able to qualitatively describe the transient, and small amplitude oscillatory shear flow experimental data.
Invited Review: Nutrition Support in Critical Illness

Sepsis, shock, multiple trauma, and burns are often associated with altered metabolism characterized by severe catabolism, wasting of the lean body mass, immune dysfunction, and compromised wound healing. Nutrition support is one of the mainstays in the management of these critically ill patients and is aimed at minimizing these complications. The purpose of this article is to compare stress hypermetabolism and starvation metabolism, to review current recommendations for the provision of energy and substrate to the critically ill patient, and to review pertinent literature regarding enteral vs parenteral nutrition. Finally, this article will provide a brief overview of new and future therapies with emphasis on specific substrates and growth factors and the potential for their use in the critically ill patient.
Evaluation of the PaT Stat™ kinetic UV Test Set for the determination of phenylalanine and tyrosine in serum or plasma

We have evaluated the PaT Stat Kinetic UV Test Kit for the simultaneous determination of phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr) in plasma or serum. The Phe and Tyr concentrations measured with the kit show a coefficient of variation of about 15% for both within- and between-day determinations. The assays for both Phe and Tyr are linear to concentrations of at least 18 mg/dL without predilution of the specimen. Concentration differences of as little as 0.5 mg/dL are distinguishable. No significant interference was found from either phenylpyruvate or phenyllactate at levels up to 0.5 mM, nor from bilirubin, haemoglobin, or triglycerides at levels well above those generally found in clinical specimens. A comparative study of 70 clinical specimens, using the kit method and an amino acid analyzer (AAA) showed a linear relationship. Least-squares analysis of the data yielded the following parameters (AAA as reference): slope = 0.93 to 1.00, intercept = 0.04 to 0.21, correlation coefficient = 0.97 to 0.98. We conclude that the kit is suitable for the determination of Phe and Tyr in plasma or serum and can enable any laboratory equipped with a recording UV-spectrophotometer to assay these two amino acids for the dietary management of PKU.
Encouraging mathematics participation through improved self-efficacy: a school counseling outcomes study

This article presents findings from a study investigating the effects of a middle school counseling intervention, using a specially designed curriculum, on participating students' attitudes, self-efficacy, and performance in mathematics. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to test for main effects between condition and sex and condition x sex interaction effects on all outcome measures across 3 time points: pre-intervention, post-intervention, and follow-up. At pre-intervention, boys were significantly higher than girls on all variables except for performance in math. Models for growth indicated that students in the experimental group improved at a significant rate compared to girls in the control group on motivation, value, enjoyment, and confidence in mathematics. Implications of the findings are therefore particularly relevant for girls, who may benefit from interventions designed to increase their attitudes and self-efficacy for mathematics.
Material requirements for membrane separators in a water-splitting photoelectrochemical cell

A fully integrated model of a photoelectrochemical cell for water electrolysis is applied to the case of light-absorbing particles embedded in a membrane separator. Composition of the product gases is shown to be one critical measure of device performance. Not only must the composition be kept outside the explosive window for mixtures of H2 and O2, but also product purity is a concern. For the absorber-in-membrane geometry and the model assumptions used here, results show purely water-saturated H2 on the cathode side and water-saturated O2 on the anode side. Since it is possible to design devices that violate these assumptions, it should not be assumed that a polymer separator or an absorber-in-membrane geometry will be effective in preventing explosive mixtures in all cases. Net H2 collected, iH2,net, is the second essential performance metric, and it is shown to differ significantly from the more commonly reported total H2 produced and operating current density. Schemes which co-evolve H2 and O2 violate the first metric and do not provide the second. A composite of triple-junction silicon absorbers in a Nafion membrane is shown to have an optimum thickness of 30 μm, dependent on the properties of the light absorber. Varying membrane properties reveals a tradeoff between conductivity, κm, and gas permeabilities, ψH2 and ψO2, that can potentially be exploited differently than in a fuel cell. Modulating the relative humidity (RH) is insufficient. The maximum iH2,net is calculated to be 6.97 mA cm−2 at RH = 30% relative to a value of 6.92 mA cm−2 at RH = 100%. The model identifies target material properties for new polymers. If ψ is dropped one order of magnitude below that of Nafion (ψ/ψNafion = 0.1), the optimum value for iH2,net increases by 63.5%. For ψ/ψNafion = 0.01, the optimum iH2,net increases by 73.5%, which compares favorably to the 74.5% improvement that would result if Nafion were made impermeable (ψ/ψNafion = 0). Meanwhile, κm can drop to a value of 1.2 × 10−3 S cm−1 (two orders of magnitude below liquid-equilibrated Nafion) with less than a 5% decline in iH2,net.
Microbial transformation of aspidospermine

Thirty actinomycetes were isolated from soil samples and screened for their ability to modify the structure of aspidospermine. One actinomycete culture converted aspidospermine into O-demethylaspidospermine but failed to modify N-deacetylaspidospermine, N-ethyl-N-deacetylaspidospermine, 7-methoxyindole, and 7-methoxytryptophan.
Miniaturized 300Mb/s optical transmitter/receiver modules using 1.31µm LED and PIN-photodiode

Employing a well-designed 1.3µm source-detector pair of InGaAsP surface emitting LED and InGaAs PIN-photodiode, we have developed a miniaturized optical data link for 300Mb/s transmission. The transmitter and receiver were packaged compactly by the use of hybrid IC technology and newly developed Si integrated circuits. In order to make the most of fiber bandwidth, the peak emission wavelength of LED was designed to be around 1310nm, and 300Mb/s transmission experiment was achieved over 5km with a margin of 6dB.
Colitis and colon cancer in WASP-deficient mice require helicobacter species.

Background Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-deficient patients and mice are immunodeficient and can develop inflammatory bowel disease. The intestinal microbiome is critical to the development of colitis in most animal models, in which Helicobacter spp. have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. We sought to determine the role of Helicobacter spp. in colitis development in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-deficient (WKO) mice. Methods Feces from WKO mice raised under specific pathogen-free conditions were evaluated for the presence of Helicobacter spp., after which a subset of mice were rederived in Helicobacter spp.-free conditions. Helicobacter spp.-free WKO animals were subsequently infected with Helicobacter bilis. Results Helicobacter spp. were detected in feces from WKO mice. After rederivation in Helicobacter spp.-free conditions, WKO mice did not develop spontaneous colitis but were susceptible to radiation-induced colitis. Moreover, a T-cell transfer model of colitis dependent on Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-deficient innate immune cells also required Helicobacter spp. colonization. Helicobacter bilis infection of rederived WKO mice led to typhlitis and colitis. Most notably, several H. bilis-infected animals developed dysplasia with 10% demonstrating colon carcinoma, which was not observed in uninfected controls. Conclusions Spontaneous and T-cell transfer, but not radiation-induced, colitis in WKO mice is dependent on the presence of Helicobacter spp. Furthermore, H. bilis infection is sufficient to induce typhlocolitis and colon cancer in Helicobacter spp.-free WKO mice. This animal model of a human immunodeficiency with chronic colitis and increased risk of colon cancer parallels what is seen in human colitis and implicates specific microbial constituents in promoting immune dysregulation in the intestinal mucosa.
There's more than one way to skin a chimaerin.

In two manuscripts published in Neuron (Beg et al. and Wegmeyer et al.) and one published in Cell (Iwasato et al.), investigators have found that a particular GAP, α-chimaerin, is required in vivo for ephrinB3/EphA4-dependent motor circuit formation.
Antipsychotic drug effects on the behavior of squirrel monkeys differentially controlled by noxious stimuli.

The effects of several antipsychotic compounds were examined on two types of behavioral performances of squirrel monkeys. Both behaviors occurred simultaneously and were maintained separately by different schedules using noxious stimuli. Steady rates of responding were maintained when a chain pulling response postponed electric shock delivery (avoidance schedule). Concurrently, positively accelerated rates of responding were maintained on a lever where the first response after 3 min produced electric shock (fixed-interval 3-min schedule). The effects of the different drugs depended both upon whether the behavior postponed or presented shock and on the particular drug. Chlorpromazine (0.001–0.03 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.001–0.01 mg/kg), molindone (0.001–0.03 mg/kg) and thiothixene (0.001–0.03 mg/kg) increased slightly or had no effect on responding under the shock-postponement schedule at doses that decreased responding maintained by shock presentation. The effects of clozapine, a clinically effective antipsychotic compound, differed markedly from the other antipsychotic drugs. Clozapine (0.01–1.0 mg/kg) increased responding maintained by the presentation of shock at doses that decreased responding under the shock-postponement schedule. Higher doses of these drugs decreased responding under both schedules and, with the exception of clozapine, resulted in increased frequency of shocks under the postponement schedule.
Protein Kinase C Activates the Plasma Membrane Ca2+ Pump Isoform 4b by Phosphorylation of an Inhibitory Region Downstream of the Calmodulin-binding Domain

The carboxyl-terminal region of the plasma membrane Ca2+ pump isoform 4b contains two autoinhibitory regions which keep the pump inactive in the absence of activators such as calmodulin. One of these regions is approximately coterminous with the calmodulin-binding domain, while the second region is downstream (Verma, A. K., Enyedi, A., Filoteo, A. G., and Penniston, J. T. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 1687-1691). The carboxyl-terminal region has also been identified as the site for phosphorylation of this isoform by protein kinase C (Wang, K. K. W., Wright, L. C., Machan, C. L., Allen, B. G., Conigrave, A. D., and Roufogalis, B. D. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 9078-9085). Using constructs lacking various numbers of residues at the carboxyl terminus, we studied the degree of phosphorylation by protein kinase C and the resultant activation of Ca2+ transport. The results showed that the most specific and easy phosphorylation occurred in a region of about 20 residues which is downstream of the calmodulin-binding domain, and that the downstream inhibitory domain had also about the same size and location. Phosphorylation partially activated the pump by removing only the inhibition due to this region. Binding of calmodulin to the calmodulin-binding domain activated the pump more fully by removing the inhibition due to both regions, regardless of the state of phosphorylation at the downstream inhibitory region.
Modelling of martensite slip and twinning in NiTiHf shape memory alloys

High-temperature shape memory alloy NiTiHf holds considerable promise for structural applications. An important consideration for these advanced alloys is the determination of the magnitude of the twinning stress. Theoretical stresses for twinning and dislocation slip in NiTiHf martensites are determined. The slip and twinning planes are (0 0 1) and (0 1 1) for monoclinic and orthorhombic crystals, respectively. The determination of the slip and twinning stress is achieved with a proposed Peierls–Nabarro-based formulation informed with atomistic simulations. In the case of the twin, multiple dislocations comprising the twin nucleus are considered. The overall energy expression is minimized to obtain the twinning and slip stresses. The magnitude of the predicted twinning stresses is lower than slip stresses which explains why the NiTiHf alloys can undergo reversibility without plastic deformation. In fact, the predicted critical resolved shear stress levels of 433 MPa for slip and 236 MPa for twinning in t...
Putting the First Audience First: Conducting Useful Evaluation for a Risk‐Related Government Agency

The risk communication practitioner in a government agency has two essential, interdependent tasks. One is to help develop and monitor effective communication programs with various external public audiences. The other task is to do the same thing for the senior government managers whose support is a prerequisite to addressing the first audience. Hence, the second audience--the manager--is really the first. This paper addresses ways in which communication practitioners can satisfy this crucial audience. A profile of these managers suggests that they would find it highly beneficial to have more control over the public problems they encounter, especially in view of the growing pressures to do more with less and demonstrate "customer satisfaction." They would rather avoid crises than manage them. And they would rather have their bosses praise their successes than challenge their budgets or punish their perceived difficulties or failures. Communication practitioners who can help them attain such benefits will find their efforts in great demand. They would be helpful team members who provide timely insights that can make and show agency success. We offer ten ways for communication practitioners to be more useful which focus their current strengths on satisfying senior managers' needs by becoming more valuable members of the program team. By becoming more useful to the senior manager they serve both the agency and its publics. Language: en
Little Red Riding Hood: Werewolf and Prostitute

(1995). Little Red Riding Hood: Werewolf and Prostitute. The Historian: Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 769-776.
Correction to "Electrophotography - A review"

In the above-named paper [ibid., vol. 60, pp. 348-369. Apr. 1972] a sentence was omitted. The sentence to be added is: "We have assumed, also, that the number (per square centimeter) of optically excited mobile charges drifting in the field at any instant is small compared to the number (per square centimeter) of charges on the surface." This should be added as the last sentence in the paragraph which begins on page 351 and ends on page 352.
Etiology of syndromic and nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss

The past 10 years have seen an explosive gain in our understanding of molecular mechanisms of hearing and deafness. This has already resulted in improved diagnosis for the population with hereditary hearing loss. For syndromic hearing loss, we will see a shift from the historical terminology to a more precise genetic definition based on specific genetic abnormality. Functional studies of nonsyndromic deafness genes will elucidate the complex functional and hemostatic mechanisms in the inner ear. Ultimately, availability of gene therapy for the affected patients will bring to closure the circle of detection, identification, and correction of the disease.
Fabrication of Integrated Magneto-Optic Isolator

In optical applications, especially in optical communications, protecting light sources from harmful reflected energy is very important. With magneto-optic isolators, these light sources can be protected to extend their lifetimes and performance by blocking back-reflected light. The active element in these optical isolators is a magneto-optical garnet. However, garnet is difficult to integrate with semiconductors due to the high thermal budget usually required to obtain the garnet crystal structure. For example, current isolator garnets cannot be integrated monolithically into a photonic integrated circuit due to the growth process, liquid phase epitaxy, which requires growth temperatures of >900 °C and also garnet substrates. In this work, magneto-optical garnets were grown monolithically by low-temperature reactive RF sputtering, followed by an ultra-short (<15 sec) anneal. The refractive indices of the resulting garnets were measured using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Various rib waveguides were fabricated by both wet etching and reactive ion etching (RIE). The width of the waveguides varied from 2 to 12 μm and the heights were varied from 0.5 to 1.0 μm. Sm-Co thin films were used for integrated biasing magnets. They were deposited on top of claddings of both magnesium oxide and yttrium oxide, all using the same sputtering system that was used to deposit the garnet films. These magnetic films had high enough remanent fields to saturate the garnet waveguides, and they had coercivities of 700 Oe. The Faraday rotations and waveguide losses of the subsequent isolators were measured to be 10 degrees and 0.1 dB/μm at 632 nm, respectively. Although this prototype is promising, optimization of the device designs is ongoing. In summary, this work succeeded in providing the first comprehensive report on etching YIG by RIE, in developing all of the steps required for integrating isolators on non-garnet substrates, and in proving the feasibility of these isolators.
School Selection as a Process: The Multiple Dimensions of Race in Framing Educational Choice

This paper examines how families make choices within the context of a school choice program. School choice proponents suggest that increasing choices for disadvantaged children will have many benefits, including decreasing racial segregation in urban areas. This argument has not been supported with empirical data. In this paper, we use quantitative and interview data from an entire population of eighth graders in a large northeastern school district to examine the influence of race on the schools families select. We find compelling evidence that race is a very powerful force in guiding family choices. Specifically, white families assiduously avoid schools with higher percentages of African American students. After eliminating “black” schools from consideration, white families choose “white” schools, many of which have inferior safety records, test scores, and higher rates of poverty. In contrast, African American families do not show a similar sensitivity to race; instead they tend to select schools with lower poverty rates. These findings have a number of implications for theory and policy. In terms of policy, choice advocates argue that voucher programs will give poor, African American children the same alternatives currently available to more affluent, white families. This should make choice programs compatible with the goal of racial integration. However, our evidence suggests that the marked preference of white families to avoid “black” schools could exacerbate, rather than reduce, racial segregation. These findings also have conceptual implications. Decision-making is a socially charged activity; choices are not made merely on the basis of individual taste. Rather, preferences are shaped by social factors, including one's racial background. White and African American families make distinctly different school choices. Indeed, white families eliminate from consideration schools in which 90 percent or more of the children are African American. The further theoretical implication is that choices unfold in a multi-staged process in which some alternatives are eliminated from serious consideration based upon socially salient characteristics. This has the power to inform the choice process in the social settings of housing, hiring practices, and similar areas of social life.
Memory enhancement for emotional words: Are emotional words more vividly remembered than neutral words?

Individuals are more likely to remember negative information than neutral information. In the experiments reported here, we examined whether individuals were also more likely to remember details of the presentation of negative words, as compared with neutral words. In Experiment 1, the remember-know procedure was used to examine the effect of emotion on the vividness of an individual’s memory, showing thatremember responses were more frequently assigned to negative words than neutral words. In Experiment 2, a source memory paradigm was used, and again, evidence that individuals’ memories were more detailed for negative than for neutral words was found. In Experiments 3–6, we examined the relative contribution of valence and arousal, finding that both dimensions increased the vividness of remembered information (i.e., items with valence only and those that elicited arousal were better remembered than neutral information) but that the effect was greater for words that evoked arousal than for those with valence only. The results support a qualitative, as well as a quantitative, memory benefit for emotional, as compared with neutral, words.
The elucidation of adrenal-cortical status by measuring two-hour urinary-free cortisol levels.

Urinary-free cortisol (UFC) measured in 24-h samples has provided unambiguous data regarding adrenal-cortical status, but collection is cumbersome and compliance is a problem. We reasoned that measuring UFC in 2-h samples collected at strategic times would distinguish patients with adrenal-cortical disorders from normal subjects. Patients with Cushing's syndrome demonstrated late P.M. (samples collected between 2000 and 2400 h) 2-h UFC levels that were greater than or equal to 12.0 micrograms/2 h (reference interval for this time period is 0.1-3.2 micrograms/2 h, n = 35). Several patients with various symptoms of Cushing's syndrome displayed late P.M. levels within the reference interval. Those with adrenal insufficiency had morning (collected between 0500 and 0900 h) levels less than or equal to 0.2 microgram/2 h (reference interval 1.7-21.2 micrograms/2 h, n = 37). These data indicate that adrenal-cortical status is reflected by measuring UFC levels in 2-h samples.
No Strength or Gait Benefit of Two-incision THA: A Brief Followup at 1 Year

Background Using comprehensive gait analysis and strength testing, we previously investigated the early (2-month) functional outcome after THA using two-incision and mini-posterior surgical approaches and found an advantage for the mini-posterior approach. Benefits included improved muscle strength, a less antalgic gait, and better hip function as reflected by changes in hip moments during level walking and stair climbing. We questioned how these differences in function would fare with longer followup.
Asymptotic behavior of heat transport for a class of exact solutions in rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection

The non-hydrostatic, quasigeostrophic approximation for rapidly rotating Rayleigh–Benard convection admits a class of exact “single mode” solutions. These solutions correspond to steady laminar convection with a separable structure consisting of a horizontal planform characterized by a single wavenumber multiplied by a vertical amplitude profile, with the latter given as the solution of a nonlinear boundary value problem. The heat transport associated with these solutions is studied in the regime of strong thermal forcing (large reduced Rayleigh number Ra~). It is shown that the Nusselt number Nu, a nondimensional measure of the efficiency of heat transport by convection, for this class of solutions is bounded below by Nu≳Ra~3/2, independent of the Prandtl number, in the limit of large reduced Rayleigh number. Matching upper bounds include only logarithmic corrections, showing the accuracy of the estimate. Numerical solutions of the nonlinear boundary value problem for the vertical structure are consisten...
Appropriate Levels of Restoration and Development at Copán Archaeological Park: Setting Attributes Affecting the Visitor Experience

We looked at how differing levels of restoration and development within, and intensifying development next to Copan Archeological Park would affect the visitor experience at this World Heritage Site in Honduras. Surveys and interviews with visitors and expert observation revealed that Latin Americans, North Americans and Europeans all show a preference for a mixture of restored ruins and those being reclaimed by nature. Visitors describe how this juxtaposition adds to their experience. A majority of these visitors also indicated a strong preference for maintaining agricultural or forested lands between the Park and the town of Copan Ruins and described how the intensification of development would affect their experience. Implications for Park management and cross-boundary involvement in land use decisions at this and similar site are discussed and recommendations given.
Modulation of metabolism of cytosine arabinoside in L cells by antibody and complement

Abstract Complement modulated the metabolic conversion of cytosine arabinoside into its nucleotide and nucleic acid derivatives in L cells by augmenting the biphasic effect (inhibitory/stimulatory) of anti-L cell antibody. Antibody in the absence of complement affected both the total cellular pool of cytosine arabinoside (containing the nucleotide and nucleic (DNA) acid derivatives) and the acid-insoluble pool (containing the DNA derivative). Addition of complement in high concentrations inhibited and, in low concentrations, stimulated the incorporation of cytosine arabinoside into DNA of antibody stimulated L cells. At the point of maximum stimulation of cytosine arabinoside incorporation into DNA, there was a pronounced decrease in the size of the total cellular pool with the result that 75% of the total pool of cytosine arabinoside was due to its incorporation into DNA. Simultaneous measurements upon cytosine arabinoside and thymidine or deoxycytidine metabolism were made; the effects of antibody and complement appeared to be quite similar with all three nucleosides, with the exception that all thymidine and deoxycytidine taken up into the cells was incorporated into DNA. Addition of exogenous thymidine (up to 100 μM produced the same enhanced incorporation of [3H]Ara-C and [14H]dCyd into control cells that was observed in antibody and complement stimulated cells. Measurement of deoxycytidine kinase activity in cell-free extracts of cell cultures stimulated by antibody, however, did not reveal enhanced enzymatic activity due to stimulated enzyme synthesis, but, rather indicated that antibody and complement altered the intracellular concentrations of nucleotides which affected the interaction of cytosine arabinoside with deoxycytidine kinase in intact cells. Indeed, significantly more mono (23 pmol/106 cells) and triphosphorylated (0.7 pmol/106 cells) nucleotide derivatives of cytosine arabinoside were produced in intact cells stimulated by antibody.
Determinations of nuclear level halflives in 85Rb and 237Np and their use as timing standards

Abstract The application of nuclear lifetimes in the nonosecond range to the calibration of nuclear timing systems is discussed. More precise measurements of the lifetimes of the 517 keV level in 85 Rb and the 60 keV level in 237 Np are presented.
Differentiation of hypothalamic feeding and killing

Bipolar electrodes were chronically implanted in the posterior lateral hypothalamic-medial forebrain bundle area of male Long-Evans rats. Animals which displayed either stimulus-bound feeding or stimulus-bound killing were trained to self-stimulate and tested while given the opportunity to eat or kill during self-stimulation. Average duration of barpressing was greater in the presence of the goal object appropriate to the stimulus-bound behavior, suggesting a differentiation of hypothalamic mechanisms of feeding and killing.
DATA STRUCTURES FOR GEOMETRIC AND TOPOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FINITE ELEMENT ALGORITHMS

This paper uses simplicial complexes and simplicial (co)homology theory to expose a foundation for data structures for tetrahedral finite element meshes. Identifying tetrahedral meshes with simplicial complexes leads, by means of Whitney forms, to the connection between simplicial cochains and fields in the region modeled by the mesh. Furthermore, lumped field parameters are tied to matrices associated with simplicial (co)homology groups. The data structures described here are sparse, and the computational complexity of constructing them is O(n) where n is the number of vertices in the finite element mesh. Non-tetrahedral meshes can be handled by an equivalent theory. These considerations lead to a discrete form of Poincare duality which is a powerful tool for developing algorithms for topological computations on finite element meshes. This duality emerges naturally in the data structures. We indicate some practical applications of both data structures and underlying theory.
Vertical electron transistors with In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As channel and N-polar In 0.1 Ga 0.9 N/GaN drain achieved by direct wafer-bonding

The design space of conventional semiconductor devices - from the materials point of view - is currently set by heteroepitaxy, whose capability is strongly limited by lattice parameters and structures of materials of interest. Heterostructures of substantially different semiconductors may offer significant advantages in device design, but many of them are likely heteroepitaxy-incompatible. In such cases, direct wafer-bonding can be exploited, in which materials of interest are separately grown and then their heterostructures formed by thermo-compression. InGaAs, with its superior electron mobility and injection velocity, is considered as the best candidate material for achieving electronic devices in THz applications, whereas III-N has proven its promise in high-power applications. Thus, transistors consisting of InGaAs channel and III-N drain may potentially attain both the high-speed and high-power performances. The first bonded aperture vertical electron transistor (BAVET) with In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As channel and Ga-polar InGaN/GaN drain was demonstrated in 2009 [1], and further improvements on it have also been reported [2], [3]. Here, we demonstrate the first BAVET consisting of In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As channel and N-polar In 0.1 Ga 0.9 N/GaN drain, which has an inherent advantage over Ga-polar InGaN/GaN drain, as discussed below.
The effect and analysis on Cr3+ gel improving profile control in alkalescent alkaline/surfactant/polymer flooding

The emulsification of produced fluid and the scaling along production system have always been one of the most difficult problems in NaOH/surfactant/polymer flooding. To decrease those influences on production, the pilot test of Na2CO3/surfactant/polymer flooding was developed in Daqing Oilfield. The results show fluid emulsification and scaling of production system were prevented effectively, but scaling along the injection system appeared and reservoir heterogeneity was aggravated. This is becoming a new technical problem. By analyzing scaling mechanism and the property of profile control agent, the author presents a technical solution that using Cr3+ polymer gel is improving fluid entry profile of injection well in Na2CO3/surfactant/polymer flooding. Optimization of formula and evaluation of its property and its compatibility with Na2CO3/surfactant/polymer flooding system were investigated and a pilot test was conducted in well B2-1-P56 of Daqing Oilfield. The results shows polymer gel has dual function, i.e., removing scale and plugging off high permeability zone. The scale in the instrument of injection, pipes and wellside of wellbore is thoroughly cleared up. The fluid entry into high permeability layer is decreased from 100 to 64.9%, and fluid entry in low and intermediate permeability layer is increased from 0 to 35.1%. The profile control of injection well is effectively improved. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
VALENCY RULE AND ALLEGED HOFMEISTER SERIES IN THE COLLOIDAL BEHAVIOR OF PROTEINS I. THE ACTION OF ACIDS.

1. The action of a number of acids on four properties of gelatin (membrane potentials, osmotic pressure, swelling, and viscosity) was studied. The acids used can be divided into three groups; first, monobasic acids (HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, acetic, propionic, and lactic acids); second, strong dibasic acids (H2SO4 and sulfosalicylic acid) which dissociate as dibasic acids in the range of pH between 4.7 and 2.5; and third, weak dibasic and tribasic acids (succinic, tartaric, citric) which dissociate as monobasic acids at pH 3.0 or below and dissociate increasingly as dibasic acids, according to their strength, with pH increasing above 3.0. 2. If the influence of these acids on the four above mentioned properties of gelatin is plotted as ordinates over the pH of the gelatin solution or gelatin gel as abscissae, it is found that all the acids have the same effect where the anion is monovalent; this is true for the seven monobasic acids at all pH and for the weak dibasic and tribasic acids at pH below 3.0. The two strong dibasic acids (the anion of which is divalent in the whole range of pH of these experiments) have a much smaller effect than the acids with monovalent anion. The weak dibasic and tribasic acids act, at pH above 3.0, like acids the anion of which is chiefly monovalent but which contain also divalent anions increasing with pH and with the strength of the acid. 3. These experiments prove that only the valency but not the other properties of the anion of an acid influences the four properties of gelatin mentioned, thus absolutely contradicting the Hofmeister anion series in this case which were due to the failure of the earlier experimenters to measure properly the pH of their protein solutions or gels and to compare the effects of acids at the same pH of the protein solution or protein gel after equilibrium was established. 4. It is shown that the validity of the valency rule and the non-validity of the Hofmeister anion series for the four properties of proteins mentioned are consequences of the fact that the influence of acids on the membrane potentials, osmotic pressure, swelling, and viscosity of gelatin is due to the Donnan equilibrium between protein solutions or gels and the surrounding aqueous solution. This equilibrium depends only on the valency but not on any other property of the anion of an acid. 5. That the valency rule is determined by the Donnan equilibrium is strikingly illustrated by the ratio of the membrane potentials for divalent and monovalent anions of acids. Loeb has shown that the Donnan equilibrium demands that this ratio should be 0.66 and the actual measurements agree with this postulate of the theory within the limits of accuracy of the measurements. 6. The valency rule can be expected to hold for only such properties of proteins as depend upon the Donnan equilibrium. Properties of proteins not depending on the Donnan equilibrium may be affected not only by the valency but also by the chemical nature of the anion of an acid.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Oligo-2-Pyrimidinone-2′-Deoxyribonucleotides and Oligo-2-Pyrimidinone-2′-Deoxyriboside Methylphosphonates

A synthetic method was developed for the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides and oligodeoxyribonucleoside methylphosphonates comprised exclusively of the fluorescent 2-pyrimidinone base for the first time. The method utilized the solid-phase 2-cyanoethylphosphoramidite and methylphosphonamidite chemistry for internucleotide couplings and a baselabile oxalyl linkage to anchor the oligomers onto the CPG support. Cleavage of the oligomers from the support was effected by a short treatment of the support with 5% ammonium hydroxide in methanol at room temperature, without any degradation of the base-sensitive 2-pyrimidinone residues or the base-sensitive methylphosphonate backbone.
Universal Design in Elementary and Middle School: Designing Classrooms and Instructional Practices to Ensure Access to Learning for All Students

(2008). Universal Design in Elementary and Middle School: Designing Classrooms and Instructional Practices to Ensure Access to Learning for All Students. Childhood Education: Vol. 84, No. 4, pp. 224-229.
Encapsulation of spray dried β-carotene emulsion by fluidized bed coating technology

Abstract β-carotene is a promising natural colorant because its potential health benefits; however, its use is sometimes limited because of its susceptibility to oxidation and thermal degradation. An emulsion containing 0.06 g β-carotene/100 g emulsion was spray dried and fluidized bed coating was used to encapsulate the β-carotene by spraying a solution with 10 g hydroxypropyl cellulose/100 g of coating solution. Temperature and feed rate of coating solution were varied to evaluate β-carotene and color stability during storage at different temperatures. Coated powders were analyzed for particle size, moisture content, water activity, melting point and color. Coating temperature had an effect on β-carotene content and powder color, but there was no clear trend on the effect of coating solution feed rate. Decreasing β-carotene concentration was correlated with decreasing chroma and total difference color values in coated powders during storage. Coated powders showed color stability when applied to yogurt for up to 4 weeks of storage since low values of total difference color were observed.
Air content and size distribution of air voids in hardened cement pastes using the section-analysis method

Abstract The section-analysis method was used to determine the air-void parameters of hardened cement pastes. The results are compared to those obtained using the point-count method. Five series of air-entrained cement pastes with different water-to-cement ratios were prepared. The point-count method was conducted using a stereoscopic microscope at 50× and the section-analysis method was applied by taking photographs at 80× and reproducing the surface under study. The air content, specific surface, and spacing factor were determined using the point-count method. The air content and the air-void size distributions were obtained using the section-analysis method. For the size of surface area examined and for the air content tested in this study, the results show that the air contents determined using the section-analysis method are lower than the air contents determined using the point-count method by 1.4% to 34.3%. The air-void size distributions obtained using different calculation procedures compare well to each other for all series.
The stability of natural convection in narrow-gap spherical annuli to axisymmetric disturbances

Abstract The linear stability with respect to axisymmetric disturbances of natural convection in narrow-gap, spherical annuli is investigated. The basic motion is an eight-order perturbation solution in the small parameter e = 1-η, where η is the ratio of inner radius of the annulus to outer radius. The disturbance equations are reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations by means of a method of partial spectral expansions. These equations constitute an eigenvalue problem which is solved for the critical Rayleigh number as a function of η and Prandtl number, Pr. Cases considered are Pr = 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 for 0.900 ⩽ η ⩽ 0.995. A comparison with the experimental results found in the literature indicates that non-axisymmetric time periodic bifurcation will most likely take precedence over the case considered herein for Pr = 1,10. However, it appears that steady axisymmetric bifurcation is possible for Pr = 0.1.
A Systematic Review of Fetal Genes as Biomarkers of Cardiac Hypertrophy in Rodent Models of Diabetes

Pathological cardiac hypertrophy activates a suite of genes called the fetal gene program (FGP). Pathological hypertrophy occurs in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM); therefore, the FGP is widely used as a biomarker of DCM in animal studies. However, it is unknown whether the FGP is a consistent marker of hypertrophy in rodent models of diabetes. Therefore, we analyzed this relationship in 94 systematically selected studies. Results showed that diabetes induced with cytotoxic glucose analogs such as streptozotocin was associated with decreased cardiac weight, but genetic or diet-induced models of diabetes were significantly more likely to show cardiac hypertrophy (P<0.05). Animal strain, sex, age, and duration of diabetes did not moderate this effect. There were no correlations between the heart weight:body weight index and mRNA or protein levels of the fetal genes α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) or β-MHC, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), or brain natriuretic peptide. The only correlates of non-indexed heart weight were the protein levels of α-MHC (Spearman's ρ = 1, P<0.05) and ANP (ρ = −0.73, P<0.05). These results indicate that most commonly measured genes in the FGP are confounded by diabetogenic methods, and are not associated with cardiac hypertrophy in rodent models of diabetes.