cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Policy, politics, and water management in the Guadalquivir River Basin, Spain

[1] Among countries with river basin organizations to manage their water resources, Spain's experience is one of the longest. One of the first basin agencies established in Spain was for the Guadalquivir River in the south. A case study of that river basin and its management indicates how basin management is shaped by political economy factors such as the historical path of the agency's evolution, the basin agency's relationships with central government and with regional or local governments, the patterns of water user representation within the agency, and developments in water law and policy external to the basin agency. The case raises questions about whether and how integrated water resources management at the river basin scale is implemented, even in locations where basin agencies already exist. It also suggests that the politics of management at the river basin level will affect the implementation of national water policies intended to promote integrated management.
Abstract 19037: Exercise Reduces 24-hr Blood Pressure and Albuminuria in Patients with Moderate Diabetic Kidney Disease

Introduction: Observational studies have shown an inverse association between physical function and CVD mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) through unknown mechanisms. We have previously reported a significant exercise-induced reduction in resting blood pressure (BP) in 85 patients with stage 2-4 type 2 diabetes related CKD (DKD). The efficacy of exercise to reduce 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) is unclear. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that 12wks of exercise would reduce 24-hr ABP and ACR in patients with stage 3-4 DKD and hypertension, compared to the control group. Methods: We randomly assigned 28 participants (21 male, age 62.9 yrs, BMI 34.8 kg/m2) with stage 3-4 DKD and hypertension (141(17)/75 (10) mmHg) to either 12-wks of moderate-intensity exercise training, 4x/wk for 45 minutes (n=15) or a usual medical care control group (n=13). The primary endpoint was change in 24-hr ABP at 12-wks. Results: There were no si...
Glaciological Investigations Using the Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging System

Numerous examples of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery of ice sheets are shown and prominent features of glaciological importance which appear in the images are discussed. Features which can be identified include surface undulations, ice-flow lines, crevasses, icebergs, lakes, and streams (even lakes and streams which are inactive or covered by snow), and possibly, the extent of the ablation and wet snow zones. SAR images presented here include both L-band data from the Seasat satellite and X-band data from an airborne radar. These two data sets overlap at a part of eastern Greenland where a direct comparison can be made between two images. Comparison is also made between SAR and Landsat images in western Greenland. It is concluded that SAR and Landsat are highly complementary instruments; Landsat images contain minimal distortion while SAR’s all-weather, day/night capability plus its ability to penetrate snow provide glaciologists with an additional and very powerful tool for research.
Synaptic plasticity in visual cortex: comparison of theory with experiment.

1. The aim of this work was to assess whether a form of synaptic modification based on the theory of Bienenstock, Cooper, and Munro (BCM) can, with a fixed set of parameters, reproduce both the kin...
Social maturation. Work group proceedings.

Social development of adolescents with disabilities is contingent on a wide range of sociologic, psychologic, and social factors. Seven of these factors were selected by the work group on social development. These issues were selected because of their primacy in the inhibition of adolescent social development. The discussion and recommendations emanating from these areas must be understood in the context of several fundamental suppositions about youth, families, and the environment, as articulated by the work group:
Percutaneous renal biopsy in eclampsia

Abstract The results of generally available laboratory procedures on 15 patients with a diagnosis of convulsive toxemia are presented. Successful renal biopsies on 10 patients at the time of the episode of eclampsia have been evaluated and categorized on a qualitative basis. The findings of renal biopsy obtained 6 months post partum have been similarly recorded. The results of renal clearances on 12 patients performed 6 months post partum are presented. An attempt has been made to correlate clinical and laboratory data with renal biopsy findings.
Protein adsorption by suspended sediments: Effects of pH, temperature, and concentration

Abstract This study was a preliminary investigation into the role played by suspended sediment in the self-purification process in natural waters. The results of protein adsorption experiments with sediments from Alaskan waters and with standard reference clay minerals are described. An empirical relationship was discovered between the equilibrium protein concentration and the initial protein: sediment ratio. Variations in pH between 2 and 10 had marked effects on the extent of adsorption, whereas variations in temperature between 5 and 25°C had none. The amount of protein adsorbed at the pH of the natural water systems was so little as to lead to the conclusion that its adsorption on to suspended sediments would have a negligible effect on the rate at which the protein would be decomposed in the aqueous environment.
Epistemological Externalism and the Project of Traditional Epistemology

Traditional epistemological reflection on our beliefs about the world attempts to proceed without presupposing or ineliminably depending upon any claims about the world. It has been argued that epistemological externalism fails to engage in the right way with the motivations for this project. I argue, however, that epistemological externalism satisfyingly undermines this project. If we accept the thesis that certain conditions other than the truth of one's belief must obtain in the world outside of one's mind in order for one to have knowledge (or justified belief) about the world, then there is no good intellectual motivation for taking up the traditional project. This results stands even if we accept the traditional theses that knowledge requires justified belief and that justified belief requires the ability to provide good reasons for one's belief.
Casino gaming in the United States: 1994 status and implications

Abstract Gaming in the United States is a $394 billion industry, with casino gaming accounting for about $297 billion. Casino gaming is a legal, legitimate and highly regulated industry, experiencing tremendous growth. Communities, states and Native American Indian tribes across the country are trying to capitalize on the success of Las Vegas and Atlantic City in attracting tourists and new money through gaming. The current wave of public pro-gaming sentiment is due to increasing fiscal constraints at the state and local level, coupled with an increasing demand on government to provide services. The potential for windfall profits that increase jobs, tax revenues, real estate investments and general economic and community enhancement makes gaming attractive. Concerns continue to center around morality and religious issues, compulsive gambling and the impact of gaming on community life in general and the culture of the Native American Indian in particular.
Stiffness after neglected elbow trauma in children: a report of 57 cases

Neglected trauma of the elbow in the child is not rare, especially in countries where traditional treatment is still practiced. The authors report a study of 57 neglected elbow trauma in children and the complication of stiffness managed in the pediatric orthopedics department in Rabat, Morocco, between 1996 and 2002. Average patient age was 11 years, location predominated at the right elbow, and the average delay of consultation was 7 months after the trauma. Clinical examination found 36% of stiffness in bending, 29% in extension, and 35% mixed. Of these, 43% were judged very serious, 20% serious, and 37% moderate. Radiological finding showed 35 neglected elbow dislocations (61%), ten supracondylar humeral fractures (17%), and 12 posterior lesions difficult to determine. Abstention from surgery was recommended for 12 patients; 45 were operated on. The end result was 53% with minimal and moderate stiffness. The authors analyzed clinical and therapeutic aspects of all lesions, insisting on abstention from surgery according to the variable and unforeseen character of surgery results.
Considerations in the Management of Aneurysms of the Superior Mesenteric Artery

Aneurysms of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) are rare, accounting for 5.5% of all splanchnic aneurysms and < 0.5% of all intraabdominal aneurysms. Previous reports have characterized these aneurysms among splanchnic artery aneurysms. However, these aneurysms are quite different in terms of etiology, presentation, and treatment, and their independent consideration is warranted. We report a patient with a traumatic SMA aneurysms who was successfully treated with surgical resection and distal revascularization. We also present an alternative technique of retrograde aorto-SMA bypass using autologous vein that prevents kinking. Also included is a review of the recent literature as it pertains specifically to SMA aneurysms.
Factors controlling the time evolution of the corrosion potential of aluminum in alkaline solutions

Abstract The mechanism of corrosion of 99.99% purity aluminum in alkaline solutions was investigated, through detailed examination of open-circuit potential transients. These transients displayed a characteristic time dependence, in which the potential first decreased over a few seconds to a minimum of −1.7 to −1.9 V vs. Ag/AgCl, and then slowly increased over a period of hours. The value of the minimum potential of electropolished foils, along with its dependence on pH and aluminate ( Al ( OH ) 4 - ) ion concentration, indicated that it was determined by the Nernst potential for the oxidation of surface aluminum hydride (AlH 3 ). This finding supports the direct role of hydride in the dissolution process. The increase of anodic polarization after the minimum potential occurred in two stages, the first correlated with the buildup of surface hydride, and the second with surface enrichment of Cu and Fe impurities.
The co-occurrence of smoking and drinking among young adults in college: national survey results from the United States.

Background In US colleges, alcohol and tobacco pose substantial health risks but little is known about their co-occurrence, limiting development and use of appropriately targeted prevention efforts. Methods Data from the 2001 HSPH College Alcohol Study (student n = 10,924; college n = 120) were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Co-occurring smoking/drinking risks were examined in aggregate, by gender, and by age of onset of regular drinking and smoking across 10 measures of drinking style, three categories of transitional drinking behavior, and by treatment behavior. Results Over 98% of current smokers drink; a fraction (<1%) of lifetime and 7% of past year alcohol abstainers smoke. Across drinking pattern measures, 44–59% of drinkers smoke. Co-occurrence risks are greatest among youth reporting high total alcohol consumption (adjusted OR 4.21, p < 0.0001), drinking problems (adjusted OR 3.31, p < 0.0001) or symptoms of diagnosable alcohol abuse (adjusted OR 3.02, p < 0.0001). Risks are sharply elevated among students who self-medicate for drinking problems and do not seek/receive help (adjusted OR 1.87, p < 0.0001), and those reporting symptoms of diagnosable alcohol abuse who may or may not seek/receive help (adjusted OR 2.67, p < 0.01 and 2.96, p < 0.01, respectively). Females and students reporting early adolescent onset of regular smoking are at greatest risk. Conclusions Virtually all college smokers drink, and smoking and drinking are powerfully interrelated across drinking measures. Efficiency argues for jointly targeting both behaviors and developing interventions tailored to the special vulnerabilities of young women, students experiencing difficulties adjusting to college, and students reporting early onset of regular smoking.
Degradation of components and structures by fatigue

This note examines briefly fatigue as a degradation mechanism and how engineers compensate for the fatigue phenomenon. Design is generally based on the stress-lifetime concept, but this concept is not very useful for lifetime assessment of operating components; thus, fatigue crack initiation and the growth of fatigue cracks become important. The numerous factors related to fatigue crack initiation and growth are briefly mentioned, and the importance of including the growth of small fatigue cracks is emphasized through the use of an illustration.
Photo-Ionization of Krypton Between 300 and 1500 eV. Relative Subshell Cross Sections and Angular Distributions of Photoelectrons

Energy spectra of electrons ejected from $M$ and $N$ subshells of krypton by characteristic x rays of 300 to 1500 eV energy have been measured with an electrostatic analyzer. Krypton was irradiated in the gas phase and electrons were detected perpendicular to the x-ray beam. From these spectra, relative subshell contributions to the photo-ionization cross section were obtained for single-electron emission and for double-electron emission, the latter involving simultaneous transitions of $M$ and $N$ electrons. Angular distributions of photoelectrons from $3s$, $3p$ and $3d$ shells of krypton and $1s$ shell of neon also have been determined at excitation energies from about 200 to 1100 eV above the respective ionization thresholds. Data on relative cross sections for single photo-ionization corroborate a theoretical model which uses a Herman-Skillman central potential (Cooper and Manson in the following article). Angular distributions agree satisfactorily with calculations by the same model; this means theory makes dependable predictions regarding the asymmetry parameter and the effect of retardation. Data on double photo-ionization disagree with results of the electron shakeoff theory which accounts for only about half the observed intensities. This suggests that electron-electron correlation plays an important role.
Dynamics of Forced Nonlinear Systems Using Shooting/Arc-Length Continuation Method—Application to Rotor Systems

The analysis of systems subjected to periodic excitations can be highly complex in the presence of strong nonlinearities. Nonlinear systems exhibit a variety of dynamic behavior that includes periodic, almost-periodic (quasi-periodic), and chaotic motions. This paper describes a computational algorithm based on the shooting method that calculates the periodic responses of a nonlinear system under periodic excitation. The current algorithm calculates also the stability of periodic solutions and locates system parameter ranges where aperiodic and chaotic responses bifurcate from the periodic response. Once the system response for a parameter is known, the solution for near range of the parameter is calculated efficiently using a pseudo-arc length continuation procedure. Practical procedures for continuation, numerical difficulties and some strategies for overcoming them are also given. The numerical scheme is used to study the imbalance response of a rigid rotor supported on squeeze-film dampers and journal bearings, which have nonlinear stiffness and damping characteristics. Rotor spinning speed is used as the bifurcation parameter, and speed ranges of sub-harmonic, quasi-periodic and chaotic motions are calculated for a set of system parameters of practical interest. The mechanisms of these bifurcations also are explained through Floquet theory, and bifurcation diagrams.
The Transcription Factor NF-κB/p50 Interacts with the blkGene during B Cell Activation

Abstract The B cell-specific transcription factor Pax-5 has been shown previously to interact with the promoter of theblk gene in vitro. blk encodes a tyrosine kinase associated with the B cell receptor, which is expressed during the early but not the final stages of B cell development. To investigate whether Pax-5 regulates expression of the blkgene in vivo during B cell development and/or activation,Pax-5a was overexpressed in B cell lines. Increases inblk promoter activity using a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene system suggested a role for Pax-5a as a transcriptional activator. Subsequent site-specific mutagenesis studies showed that mutations of the Pax-5 binding site on blksignificantly alter promoter activity, although results suggested that other factors could bind to this region as well. Using mobility shift assays, we detected an inducible transcription factor that interacts strongly with a sequence overlapping the Pax-5 site on theblk promoter and identified this as a homodimer of NF-κB/p50, a member of the NF-κB/Rel family of transcription factors. This factor was present at high levels in lipopolysaccharide-activated normal B cells and in plasma cell lines but either at low levels or undetectable levels in resting normal B cells or pre-B or mature B cell lines. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide induction of a pre-B cell line (703/Z) induced a complex that contained both NF-κB/p50 and p65. These studies suggest that different NF-κB complexes are able to interact with a sequence overlapping the Pax-5 site on the blk promoter and that the relative levels of “bound” factor influence levels of blk expression. Since p50 homodimers and p50/p65 heterodimers of the NF-κB complex should have opposing effects on blk transcription, this could provide a mechanism to differentially regulate blkexpression during B cell development and activation.
Thermal control of low-pressure fractionation processes

Thermal models detailing the solidification paths for shallow basaltic magma chambers (both open and closed systems) were calculated using finite-difference techniques. The total solidification time for closed chambers are comparable to previously published calculations; however, the temperature-time paths are not. These paths are dependent on the phase relations and the crystallinity of the system, because both affect the manner in which the latent heat of crystallization is distributed. In open systems, where a chamber would be periodically replenished with additional parental liquid, calculations indicate that the possibility is strong that a steady-state temperature interval is achieved near a major phase boundary. In these cases it is straightforward to analyze fractionation models of the basaltic liquid evolution and their corresponding cumulate sequences. This steady thermal fractionating state can be invoked to explain large amounts of erupted basalts of similar composition over long time periods from the same volcanic center and some rhythmically layered basic cumulate sequences.
A theoretical investigation of isotropic raman polarizability correlation functions in dense molecular fluids

This paper is concerned with the derivation of a kinetic equation for the description of the relaxation of the isotropic (rotational invariant) part of the Raman polarizability correlation function, with a goal to aid interpretations of experimental results. The isotropic polarizability correlation function is closely associated with the Raman spectral line-shape of a totally symmetric mode of an ensemble of molecules in a liquid. The kinetic equation was derived for an interaction potential consisting of two parts: one associated with a hard-core potential which is assumed to be unaffected by the intramolecular vibrations, and another associated with a potential which is modulated by molecular vibrations. The interaction potential chosen for this work is applicable to the intermolecular dipole-dipole interaction, hydrogen bonding interaction and other types of interactions. While we have included in the derivation the mechanism of the vibrational energy dissipation to nonvibrational degrees of freedom an...
DIRECT DYNAMICS SIMULATION OF THE LIFETIME OF TRIMETHYLENE

A direct trajectory method was employed to investigate the intramolecular dynamics and unimolecular decay of the trimethylene biradical over a range of energies. This method proved to be computationally viable when the internuclear forces were determined by semiempirical molecular orbital theory. The trimethylene decay is double exponential at low energies, but becomes single exponential with a statistical rate constant as the energy is increased. The non-statistical behavior at low energies arises from incomplete intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR). The simulated results are in good agreement with the available experimental data.
Wide-angle SAR matched filter image formation for enhanced detection performance

In this paper, a simple angle matched image formation algorithm is implemented in which an amplitude weighting corresponding roughly to the dominant feature of a man-made target is used to match its angular response. As such, it represents the first step to a complete frequency-angle matched filter image formation method now under development. Using a common set of measured data, comparisons with practical implementations of two conventional imaging/detection techniques studied previously and a single-pixel detection baseline indicate that only the current approach offers significant performance improvement over baseline.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ca2+ channel blocker, diltiazem, prevents physical dependence and the enhancement of protein kinase C activity by opioid infusion in rats

Abstract The influence of an L-type Ca 2+ channel blocker, diltiazem {(2 S - cis )-3-(acetyloxy)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)-ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5 H )-one} on the behavioral signs of naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist)-precipitated withdrawal syndrome and the enhancement of protein kinase C activity in the pons/medulla regions of rats rendered dependent on morphine (μ-opioid receptor agonist) or butorphanol (μ/δ/κ mixed opioid receptor agonist) was investigated. The expression of physical dependence produced by continuous intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of morphine (26 nmol/μl per h) or butorphanol (26 nmol/μl per h) for 3 days, as evaluated by naloxone (5 mg/kg, i.p.)-precipitated withdrawal signs, was dose dependently attenuated by concomitant infusion of diltiazem (10 and 100 nmol/μl per h). Furthermore, diltiazem (100 nmol/μl per h) completely inhibited the enhancement of cytosolic protein kinase C activity in the pons/medulla regions in rats rendered dependent by continuous infusion with morphine or butorphanol. These results suggest that the augmentation of intracellular Ca 2+ concentration mediated through L-type Ca 2+ channels during continuous opioid infusion leads to the enhancement of cytosolic protein kinase C activity in the pons/medulla region which is intimately involved in the development and/or expression of physical dependence on opioids.
Migrant Settlement and Spatial Distribution in Metropolitan Shanghai

Given the persistence of China's migration trends since the early 1980s, migrants have begun to assert their influence on cities' spatial structure. This article attempts to understand the geography of migrant residence and how it relates to the overall spatial development in metropolitan Shanghai. It explores the key geographical factors underlying migrant spatial distribution. Results are based on spatial analyses and a regression model at the subdistrict level, with data drawn primarily from the 2000 Population Census, 1996 Basic Establishment Census, and a migrant housing survey completed in 1999. The article also shows how intra-urban migrant settlement and mobility patterns in China might be distinctive from those in other developing countries, given China's unique context and institutional factors. In general, migrant distribution in metropolitan Shanghai displayed a strong degree of centrality until the late 1990s when the inner suburb became the main receptor for new arrivals. The geography of mi...
The radiation chemistry of hexafluoroacetone in the gas phase

Abstract The radiation chemistry of hexafluoroacetone has been investigated in the gas phase at room temperature, at a pressure of 400 torr (53.3 kPa) and a total dose of ⪯ 1.4 × 10 21 eV g -1 . Products include CO ( G = 2.20), C 2 F 6 ( G = 1.31), CF 4 ( G = 0.3), C 3 F 8 ( G = 0.34), C 4 F 10 ( G = 0.11), C 5 F 12 O ( G = 0.13), and C 6 F 12 O 2 ( G = 0.13) as well as C 5 F 12 , C 6 F 14 , C 4 F 10 O, C 6 F 14 O, C 9 F 20 O 2 , C 7 F 14 O 2 , C 8 F 16 O 2 , and C 9 F 18 O 3 , all of which have G values less than 0.1. Structures of the oxygen-containing compounds are interpreted as perflouro ethers and keto-ethers on the basis of mass spectral cracking patterns as well as mechanistic evidence from a parallel study of ion-molecule condensation reactions in this system. Added I 2 depresses or eliminates yields of all products except CO, with concomitant formation of CF 3 I ( G = 6.0).
Optimizing stored video delivery for mobile networks: The value of knowing the future

This paper considers the design of cross-layer opportunistic transport for stored video over wireless networks with a slow varying (average) capacity. We focus on two key ideas: (1) scheduling data transmissions when capacity is high; and (2), exploiting knowledge of future capacity variations. The latter is possible when users' mobility is known or predictable, e.g., users riding on public transportation or using navigation systems. We consider the design of cross-layer transmission schedules which minimize system utilization (and thus possibly transmit/receive energy) while avoiding, if at all possible, rebuffering/delays, in several scenarios. For the single-user anticipative case where all future capacity variations are known beforehand; we establish the optimal transmission schedule is a Generalized Piecewise Constant Thresholding (GPCT) scheme. For the single-user partially anticipative case where only a finite window of future capacity variations is known, we propose an online Greedy Fixed Horizon Control (GFHC). An upper bound on the competitive ratio of GFHC and GPCT is established showing how performance loss depends on the window size, receiver playback buffer, and capacity variability. Finally we consider the multiuser case where we can exploit both future temporal and multiuser diversity. Our simulations and evaluation based on a measured wireless capacity trace exhibit robust potential gains for our proposed transmission schemes.
The impact of perceived character similarity and identification on moral disengagement

Enjoyment of entertainment media has often been conceptualised as a function of viewers' dispositions towards characters and the gratification sought from witnessing the justification of character actions. Motivated by disposition theory and third-person effect's social distance corollary, this study examines how character similarity and identification predict the degree to which viewers morally disengage, or accept antisocial behaviours of characters as morally acceptable. Findings suggest that perceived similarity between the viewer and character mediates the relationship between identification and moral disengagement, which in turn leads to greater affective enjoyment of a narrative. Implications for the nature of the moral disengagement process and its effects are discussed.
The influence of price on the relationship between involvement and consideration set size

This study examined the relationship between involvement and consideration set size for a product category featuring wide variability in the price and quality of choice alternatives. The use of a heterogeneous choice domain is considered important because it gives consumers the opportunity to make price and quality tradeoffs in the selection of their consideration sets. The results indicate that in such a choice context, the total effect of involvement on consideration set size is positive. A path analysis of the data indicates the reason for this positive relationship was that high-involvement subjects set wider latitudes of acceptance for price and thus were more likely to consider the more expensive models in the choice domain.
Effects of gravity-gradient torque on the rotational motion of a triaxial satellite in a precessing elliptic orbit.

A method of general perturbations, based on the use of Lie series to generate approximate canonical transformations, is applied to study the effects of gravity-gradient torque on the rotational motion of a triaxial, rigid satellite. The center of mass of the satellite is constrained to move in an elliptic orbit about an attracting point mass. The orbit, which has a constant inclination, is free to precess and spin. The method of general perturbations is used to obtain the Hamiltonian for the nonresonant secular and long-period rotational motion of the satellite to second order inn/ω0, wheren is the orbital mean motion of the center of mass andω0 is a reference value of the magnitude of the satellite's rotational angular velocity. The differential equations derivable from the transformed Hamiltonian are integrable and the solution for the long-term motion may be expressed in terms of Jacobian elliptic functions and elliptic integrals. Geometrical aspects of the long-term rotational motion are discussed and a comparison of theoretical results with observations is made.
Study of variational inequality and equality formulations for elastostatic frictional contact problems

An overview ofvariational inequality andvariational equality formulations for frictionless contact and frictional contact problems is provided. The aim is to discuss the state-of-the-art in these two formulations and clearly point out their advantages and disadvantages in terms of mathematical completeness and practicality. Various terms required to describe the contact configuration are defined.Unilateral contact law and classical Coulomb’s friction law are given.Elastostatic frictional contact boundary value problem is defined. General two-dimensional frictionless and frictional contact formulations for elastostatic problems are investigated. An example problem of a two bar truss-rigid wall frictionless contact system is formulated as an optimization problem based on the variational inequality approach. The problem is solved in a closed form using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions. The example problem is also formulated as a frictional contact system. It is solved in the closed form using a new two-phase analytical procedure. The procedure avoids use of the incremental/iterative techniques and user defined parameters required in a typical implementation based on the variational equality formulation. Numerical solutions for the frictionless and frictional contact problems are compared with the results obtained by using a general-purpose finite element program ANSYS (that uses variational equality formulation). ANSYS results match reasonably well with the solutions of KKT optimality conditions for the frictionless contact problem and the two-phase procedure for the frictional contact problem. The validity of the analytical formulation for frictional contact problems (with one contacting node) is verified. Thevariational equality formulation for frictionless and frictional, contact problems is also studied in detail. The incremental/iterative Newton-Raphson scheme incorporating the penalty approach is utilized. Studies are conducted to provide insights for the numerical solution techniques. Based on the present study it is concluded that alternate formulations and computational procedures need to be developed for analysis of frictional contact problems.
Developmental study of Müller cells in the rat retina using a new monoclonal antibody, RT10F7.

Abstract We produced the monoclonal antibody RT10F7, characterized its antigenic specificity and expression in the adult and developing retina, in cultured retinal cells and in other parts of the central nervous system. In metabolically-labelled retinal cultures RT10F7 immunoprecipitated a protein of approximately 36 000 mol. wt. In the adult, RT10F7 stained endfeet of Muller cells in the ganglion cell layer, four horizontal bands in the inner plexiform layer, and radial fibres in the outer plexiform layer which terminated at the outer limiting membrane. In the inner nuclear layer, most somata were underlined by Muller processes that wrapped around them, but some cell bodies were immunoreactive for RT10F7 in the cytoplasm. During development, postnatal day 21 was the first age at which the adult pattern of immunoreactivity was present, although a fourth band in the inner plexiform layer was less clear than for the adult. By 14 and eight days after birth, the pattern of RT10F7 immunoreactivity approximated that of the adult; however, only three bands and one band were present, respectively, in the inner plexiform layer. At earlier ages, postnatal days 4, 1 and embryonic ages 19 and 15, the monoclonal antibody stained Muller cell endfeet and radial fibres, from the inner plexiform layer through the neuroblastic layer to the outer limiting membrane. At these ages, the immunoreactivity was more prominent at the level of Muller cell endfeet. The monoclonal antibody stained glia in preparations of dissociated retinal cells maintained in culture but not astrocytes or oligodendrocytes from optic nerve cultures. In brain sections, tanycytes exhibited RT10F7 immunoreactivity. The monoclonal antibody RT10F7 recognized a specific cell type in the retina, the Muller cell. In the adult and developing retina, RT10F7 recognized an antigen that is present primarily in Muller cell processes. This feature allowed us to follow the maturation of the Muller cell and correlate it with developmental events in the retina. RT10F7 is a specific marker for Muller cells in vivo and in vitro and may be useful for studies of function of Muller cells after ablation or after injuries that are known to activate Muller cells.
Effects of triiodothyronine on resting membrane potential of primary cultured rat submandibular gland cells

The effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on the resting membrane potential was measured in primary cultured rat submandibular gland cells. The resting membrane potential was 29.5 ± 0.71 mV. The hormone T3, at concentrations of 10−9 M or greater, hyperpolarized the cells 5.8 mV (p < 0.05). Hyperpolarization was complete within 24 hours. Ouabain (1 mM) depolarized the cells 5.9 mV. Cells exposed to T3 and ouabain had the same membrane potential as cells treated with ouabain alone. These data suggest that the hyper-polarization observed can be, in part, attributed to triiodothyronine-induced synthesis of (Na-K)-adenosine triphosphatase.
Some cytologic characteristics of the hemocytes of Limulus during clotting

The hemolymph of the horseshoe crab, Limulus (Xiphosura) polyphemus, contains a single cell type. The hemocytes are ovoid and contain many refractile granules. One-half to one minute after the onset of clotting the hemocytes swell and a hyaline cytoplasmic ring, essentially devoid of granules, appears about their circumference. During this time the granules disperse and the nucleus becomes visible. Three to five minutes following the initiation of clotting, the cell extends long pseudopodial processes. Phase contrast time-lapse cinematography reveals that the cells are extremely motile during this phase. Concomitant with these changes, many of the granules lose their refractility and one by one disappear from the cytoplasm leaving what appears to be a vacuole. Electron micrographs of native (un-clotted) hemocytes and of clots fixed in glutaraldehyde and post-fixed in osmium reveal that the membrane-bounded granules of native cells are very dense and homogeneous with no evidence of an internal structure. One-half to one minute after clotting, however, they become less dense and 250 A microtubules spaced at ca. 500 A intervals appear parallel to the long axis of the granule. Further degradation of the granule ensues and involves (a) change to a spherical shape, and (b) further decrease in density and better resolution of the microtubules. The microtubular component subsequently disintegrates leaving a membrane-bounded granule containing particulate material. Finally, the membrane of the granule fuses with the plasma membrane and the components of the granule are dispersed in the plasma where they presumably contribute to the formation of the gelatinous clot.
Application Runtime Variability and Power Optimization for Exascale Computers

Exascale computing will be as much about solving problems with the least power/energy as about solving them quickly. In the future, systems are likely to be over-provisioned with processors and will rely on hardware-enforced power bounds to allow operation within power budget/thermal design limits.Variability in High Performance Computing (HPC) makes scheduling and application optimization difficult. For three HPC applications - ADCIRC, WRF and LQCD, we show the effects of heterogeneity on run-to-run execution consistency (with and without a power limit applied). A 4% hardware run-to-run variation is seen in case of a perfectly balanced compute-bound application, while up to 6% variation was observed for an application with minor load imbalances.A simple model based on Dynamic Duty Cycle Modulation (DDCM) is introduced. The model was implemented within the MPI profiling interface for collective operations and used in conjunction with the three applications without source code changes. Energy savings of over 10% are obtained for ADCIRC with only a 1--3% slowdown. With a power limit in place, the energy saving is partially translated to performance improvement. With a power limit of 50W, one version of the model executes 3% faster while saving 6% in energy, and a second version executes 1% faster while saving over 10% energy.
Respect for outsiders? respect for the law? the moral evaluation of high scale issues by US immigration officers

High-scale morality is the study of moral ideas and sentiments deployed in relations that encompass multiple, geographically or socially distant populaces. The envisioning of distant people, their attributed moral personhood, the evaluation of their perceived behaviour, and the rectification of wrongs through the use of powerful organizations are key topics in high-scale morality. High-scale morality differs from existing anthropological approaches that emphasize local ethnography or contrastive moral ideas; it addresses the moralization of issues like world hunger, the drug trade, or international migration. The officers of the US Immigration and Naturalization Service understand and evaluate legal and illegal immigrants, as well as directly enacting moral rectification for the US polity. As they resolve moral dilemmas on their job, they utilize pervasive models for moral thought and action in capitalist, individualist, stratified, and bureaucratized societies. The article finishes by considering directions in which anthropology can contribute to understanding the moral dimension of global issues. When anthropologists address moralities, their main concern is contrasting cultural differences between cases; I hold that an equally promising focus is moralities deployed in relations that encompass multiple populaces. Moral ideas shape people's understanding of social information and motivate, often strongly, their personal and collective responses to other people. Throughout history, social groupings have held morally loaded opinions of each other, a tendency reinforced in the capitalist world system, where segmentation, mobility, and reformulation make for new clusters of people in novel encounters, often poorly understood but highly moralized. Flows and institutions link personal fates across the globe. A characteristic example is the sentimental outpourings of charity in cases of famine and disaster after information is obtained through the mass media (Benthall 1993). Perhaps moral compasses are, with greater information and the spread of global ideologies, becoming more expansive. But even when long-range connections are ignored or misunderstood, morally motivated action on that which is perceived at a distance has important consequences because of the technical capacity of contemporary organizations, whether in dropping bombs or shipping seeds. For short, I term these topics 'high-scale morality'. They are high-scale not only in that they
Case Report Dissected popliteal cyst: an unusual presentation of acute gout

Abstract A forty-six year old man with acute gout and a dissected popliteal cyst presented with clinical features which mimicked rheumatoid arthritis and thrombophlebitis. The clinical and laboratory diagnosis of the case are presented and similar cases previously reported are briefly reviewed.
Singular value inequalities for matrix sums and minors

This paper gives new proofs for certain inequalities previously established by the author involving sums of singular values of matrices A, B, C = A + B, and also sums of singular values of A, B, and C when A, B are complementary submatrices of C. Some new facts concerning these inequalities are also included.
Thermoregulation during hibernation: application of Newton's law of cooling.

Abstract Thermoregulation in the hibernating and resting little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus, was analyzed by an approach based on Newton's Law of Cooling which yielded new information on the physiology of hibernation. Standard metabolic rates were measured as carbon dioxide production rates. Experiments were grouped by experimental air temperature. The data were plotted as a function of the simultaneous body-to-ambient temperature differential. Best-fit polynomial regression lines were calculated on a computer; the mean metabolic rate curves for each ambient temperature resembled convex parabolas. Since these curves closely resembled similar plots in homeotherms the same terminology describing components of the curves was adopted: i.e. “basal metabolic rate” (BMR), “zone of thermal neutrality”, and “thermal conductance”. Correlation of studies run at the same air temperatures confirmed that the mean BMR was logarithmically related to ambient temperature with a mean Q10 of 3·4 between 5° and 35°C. The theory is proposed that the logarithm of the mean thermal conductance of hibernating and resting bats is inversely related to ambient temperature. Supporting data is presented to show thermal conductance ranged from the characteristic value for homeotherms at a thermoneutral air temperature of 35°C to the calculated thermal conductance of the bat's fur alone at 5°C. It was concluded that the small hibernating bat uses thermoregulatory mechanisms similar to those of normothermic homeotherms. Newton's Law of Cooling appears to be a valid approach to analysis of heat production and heat loss mechanisms in animals at any steady-state body temperature.
Activity of the rat osteocalcin basal promoter in osteoblastic cells is dependent upon homeodomain and CP1 binding motifs

A detailed analysis of the transcriptional machinery responsible for osteoblast-specific gene expression should provide tools useful for understanding osteoblast commitment and differentiation. We have defined three cis-elements important for basal activity of the rat osteocalcin (OC) promoter, located at about -200 to -180, -170 to -138, and -121 to -64 relative to the transcription initiation site. A motif (TCTGATTGTGT) present in the region between -200 and -170 that binds a multisubunit CP1/NFY/CBF-like CAAT factor complex contributes significantly to high level basal activity and presumably functions as the CAAT box for the rat OC promoter. We show that the region -121 to 32 is sufficient to confer osteoblastic cell type specificity in transient transfection assays of cultured cell lines using luciferase as a reporter. The basal promoter is active in rodent osteoblastic cell lines, but not in rodent fibroblastic or muscle cell lines. Although the rat OC box (-100 to -74) contains a CAAT motif, we could not detect CP1-like CAAT factor binding to this region. In fact, we demonstrate that a Msx-1 (Hox 7.1) homeodomain binding motif (ACTAATTG; bottom strand) in the 3'-end of the rat OC box is necessary for high level activity of the rat OC basal promoter in osteoblastic cells. A nuclear factor that recognizes this motif appears to be present in osteoblastic ROS 17/2.8 cells, which produce OC, but not in fibroblastic ROS 25/1 cells, which fail to express OC. This ROS 17/2.8 nuclear factor also recognizes the A/T-rich DNA cognates of the homeodomain-containing POU family of transcription factors. Taken together, these data suggest that a ubiquitous CP1-like CAAT factor and a cell type-restricted homeodomain containing (Msx or POU family) transcription factor interact with the proximal rat OC promoter to direct appropriate basal OC transcription in osteoblastic cells.
Diffuse esophageal spasm and detrusor spasm: Combined visceral neuromuscular disorders in a patient with William's Syndrome

William’s Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder associated with developmental delay, gregarious personality, characteristic facies, multiple medical complications and valvular heart disease. Urologic and gastrointestinal complications including motor abnormalities and diverticulosis of the bladder and colon are commonly present. We present a case of a 37 year old male with William’s Syndrome who originally demonstrated typical bladder and bowel dysfunction associated with the condition, but also later developed severe dysphagia and associated weight loss. An esophagram revealed the presence of three large distal (epiphrenic) esophageal diverticula. These are most often caused by the presence of an underlying esophageal motility disorder. High-resolution esophageal manometry was performed and showed multiple simultaneous contractions and non-propagated contractions with swallowing maneuvers, consistent with the diagnosis of diffuse esophageal spasm (DES). This is the first case of an esophageal motor disorder described in a patient with William’s Syndrome and supports the concept that there is a generalized visceral neuromuscular dysfunction present in these patients.
Psychosocial Concerns and Health‐Compromising Behaviors among Overweight and Nonoverweight Adolescents

Objective: To compare weight-specific and global psychosocial concerns and health-compromising behaviors among overweight and nonoverweight youth across gender and ethnicity. Methods: A cross-sectional school-based survey of 31,122 adolescents in grades 7 to 12. Based on self-reported heights and weights, respondents were categorized as nonoverweight (body mass index (BMI) 95th percentile). Results: Global psychosocial concerns, such as emotional well-being, suicidal ideation, future job concerns, and peer concerns, did not differ greatly between nonoverweight, moderately overweight, and severely overweight adolescents. Substance abuse behaviors were equally or less prevalent among the overweight group. Overweight girls were significantly less likely to consume alcohol, whereas overweight boys were at lower risk for marijuana use. In contrast, overweight youth were more likely to perceive their health as only fair or poor and were more likely to express weight-specific concerns and engage in behaviors such as chronic dieting and binge eating than nonoverweight youth. Overweight American Indian girls perceived their physical health more positively than nonoverweight American Indian girls. Strong associations were found between overweight status and chronic dieting among African American boys and girls. Conclusions: Nutritional counseling and educational programs need to address the weight-specific concerns and behaviors of overweight adolescents. However, assumptions regarding global psychosocial concerns and health-compromising behaviors among overweight adolescents of different genders and ethnicities should be avoided. These broad issues need to be explored in more depth at both the research and intervention levels.