cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Migration of mineral particles in ice with a temperature gradient

Abstract Migration of mineral particles in ice subjected to a temperature gradient was attributed to osmotic phenomena in an unfrozen liquid film surrounding these particles. Two models were formulated to simulate the observations with spherical glass beads, one based on electric double-layer effects and viscous flow of water, the other based on a brine pocket enclosing the particle and diffusion phenomena. Diffusion appeared to be the prevalent migratory mechanism. Computed film thicknesses close to the 0°C isotherm for the fast moving particles were of the order of magnitude of several hundred angstroms.
Prognosis after a first Q-wave myocardial infarction in ethnic Chinese people: a prospective study

The prognosis after a first Q-wave myocardial infarction was investigated in 206 Chinese patients of 65 years or younger who had a predischarge cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography. Three patients studied were lost to follow-up. In the remaining 203 patients with ages of between 28 and 65 years, 101 (49.8%) had 0- or 1-vessel disease, 56 (27.6%) had 2-, and 38 (18.7%) had 3-vessel disease. Significant left main coronary artery stenosis was noted in 8 (3.9%). During a mean follow-up of 33 months, 33 (16.3%) patients had 36 episodes of cardiac events, and 16 (7.9%) died of cardiac causes. Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that the left ventricular ejection fraction and left main coronary artery disease were predictors of cardiac mortality, while age and the extent of coronary artery disease were predictors of total cardiac events. There was no variable that could predict recurrence of myocardial infarction.
Effects of a Weighted Vest on Problem Behaviors during Functional Analyses in Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders.

Abstract Weighted vests are a specific form of Sensory Integration Therapy (SIT) ( Honaker, 2005a ) that are intended to help individuals resolve sensory related issues thereby decreasing the symptoms (e.g., hyperness, lack of attention, etc.) of the sensory issue and are also often recommended as an intervention for problem behaviors exhibited by children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD). The effects of 5% and 10% total body weight vests on problem behaviors in children with PDD were investigated during functional analysis conditions ( Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, & Richman, 1982/1994 ). Though results indicated there was no functional relationship between the SIT of 5% or 10% weighted vests and participants’ problem behaviors, a further analysis indicated there was a functional relationship between the problem behavior and the operant-based intervention of functional communication training. Thus, though the problem behaviors appeared to be unresponsive to SIT (i.e., weighted vests) these same problem behaviors could be altered with interventions that have been grounded in rigorous, empirical scientific research findings.
A survey of laser initiated gaseous discharge studies for pulsed power

Laser triggered switching has been studied and used since the early 1960's. [1, 2] Despite the long development history of laser triggered switching, electrical triggering remains far more common in compact pulsed power systems. Laser triggered switching offers performance and operational advantages over electrical triggering provided its limitations can be overcome or mitigated. This paper reviews laser triggered switch technology development. Early work focused on the demonstration of the concept of laser triggering. [1] By the 1980's, diagnostic and modeling tools had matured sufficiently to support detailed analysis of the evolution of current carrying channels from a seed electron population. [3] Laser triggering also began to be implemented on systems requiring low jitter. [4] More recently, studies have explored the possibility of using laser triggered switching with compact pulsed power systems. [5] Advances in laser technologies have also opened up new options for the implementation of laser triggering systems. The paper discusses some of the progress made based on laser technology.
A mechanism based protein crosslinker for acyl carrier protein dehydratases

Abstract Recent advances in the structural study of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) biosynthetic enzymes have illuminated our understanding of modular enzymes of the acetate pathway. However, one significant and persistent challenge in such analyses is resolution of the acyl carrier protein (ACP), a small (∼9 kDa) protein to which biosynthetic intermediates are tethered throughout the biosynthetic cycle. Here we report a chemoenzymatic crosslinking strategy in which the installation of a historical suicide substrate scaffold upon the 4′-phosphopantetheine (PPant) arm of the ACP is used to capture the active site of acyl carrier protein dehydratase (DH) domains in FAS. Through the synthesis of a small panel of related probes we identify structural features essential for ACP–DH crosslinking, and apply gel-based assays to demonstrate the stability as well as purification strategies for isolation of the chemoenzymatically modified ACP. Applying these carrier protein crosslinking techniques to the structural analysis of FAS and PKS complexes has the potential to provide snapshots of these biosynthetic assembly lines at work.
Elastic-constant systematics in f.c.c. metals, including lanthanides-actinides

For f.c.c. metals, using Blackman's diagram of dimensionless elastic-constant ratios, we consider the systematics of physical properties and interatomic bonding. We focus especially on the lanthanides–actinides La, Ce, Yb, Th, U, Pu, those for which we know some monocrystal elastic constants. Their behavior differs from the other f.c.c. metals, and all except La show a negative Cauchy pressure, contrary to most f.c.c. metals, which show a positive Cauchy pressure. Among the lanthanides–actinides, δ-Pu stands apart, consistent with its many odd physical properties. Based on elastic-constant correlations, we suggest that δ-Pu possesses a strong s-electron interatomic-bonding component together with a covalent component. Elastically, δ-Pu shows properties similar to Yb. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Embryonic radial glia bridge spinal cord lesions and promote functional recovery following spinal cord injury

Radial glial cells are neural stem cells (NSC) that are transiently found in the developing CNS. To study radial glia, we isolated clones following immortalization of E13.5 GFP rat neurospheres with v-myc. Clone RG3.6 exhibits polarized morphology and expresses the radial glial markers nestin and brain lipid binding protein. Both NSC and RG3.6 cells migrated extensively in the adult spinal cord. However, RG3.6 cells differentiated into astroglia slower than NSC, suggesting that immortalization can delay differentiation of radial glia. Following spinal cord contusion, implanted RG3.6 cells migrated widely in the contusion site and into spared white matter where they exhibited a highly polarized morphology. When injected immediately after injury, RG3.6 cells formed cellular bridges surrounding spinal cord lesion sites and extending into spared white matter regions in contrast to GFP fibroblasts that remained in the lesion site. Behavioral analysis indicated higher BBB scores in rats injected with RG3.6 cells than rats injected with fibroblasts or medium as early as 1 week after injury. Spinal cords transplanted with RG3.6 cells or dermal fibroblasts exhibited little accumulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) including NG2 proteoglycans that are known to inhibit axonal growth. Reduced levels of CSPG were accompanied by little accumulation in the injury site of activated macrophages, which are a major source of CSPG. However, increased staining and organization of neurofilaments were found in injured rats transplanted with RG3.6 cells suggesting neuroprotection or regrowth. The combined results indicate that acutely transplanted radial glia can migrate to form bridges across spinal cord lesions in vivo and promote functional recovery following spinal cord injury by protecting against macrophages and secondary damage.
The Value of Certain Supplements in Practical Chick Rations Containing Adequate Riboflavin

Abstract SEVERAL factors are responsible for the radical changes being made in the composition of poultry rations. Wartime shortages of various feedstuffs have, of course, made certain changes essential. However, even before the war, the trend was toward the use of larger quantities of vegetable proteins and less of those of animal origin. Also at times the alfalfa products commonly included in poultry rations have been difficult to obtain and of poor quality. Synthetic riboflavin and other materials rich in this factor are becoming cheap and readily available and are often suggested as a replacement for dried milk. The following experiments were conducted to determine whether or not satisfactory results would be obtained if the alfalfa leaf meal and dried milk are replaced with vitamin A from fish oils and synthetic riboflavin in rations containing a limited quantity of animal protein. EXPERIMENTAL For sake of brevity only three experiments will be . . .
SITES – A Novel Approach for Controlling Combined Sewer Overflows

Abstract A cascading network of decentralized detention-based green/gray infrastructure (DBGI) is demonstrated as a viable alternative to mitigate combined sewer overflows (CSO). DBGIs are strategically placed throughout a sewershed to intercept, temporarily detain, and release rainfall-runoff during and after a storm event. The captured stormwater is released into the existing collection system. The proposed operating plan is “ s ynchronized i nhale t hen e xhale s trategy” (SITES) where all DBGI fill and empty in unison. A unique desktop framework is developed to demonstrate the concept. Simulation runs show that the DBGI operated with SITES brings the sewershed into compliance with the USEPA CSO control policy.
CT scan cerebral hemispheric asymmetries: Predictors of recovery from aphasia

Individual variations in anatomic cerebral asymmetries have been linked with specific neurodevelopmental processes, with patterns of cognitive ability, and with recovery from focal brain damage. The present study investigated relationships between cerebral asymmetries and recovery from aphasia. Aphasic patients (N = 25) were assessed for language recovery for 1 year poststroke, and linear measurements of cerebral asymmetries were performed on CT scans. Increasing left occipital width asymmetry was associated with faster rate of language recovery and with higher final language scores during the first year poststroke. There was, moreover, a tendency for increasing left occipital width asymmetry to be associated with less initial impairment. It is hypothesized that those aspects of neural organization conferring better premorbid language skills are the same factors conferring greater recovery of language skills and that occipital width asymmetry serves as a marker for such individual differences in neural organization.
RENORMALIZATION OF A SCALAR FIELD THEORY IN STRONG COUPLING.

The renormalization problem is solved, qualitatively, for the ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{6}$ interaction of a scalar field $\ensuremath{\varphi}(x)$ in two space and one time dimensions. The theory is found to be finite after mass renormalization, although perturbation theory predicts there should be ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ and ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{6}$ counter-terms also. The renormalized theory is an interacting theory; it is scale-invariant at short distances. The field $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ has canonical dimension $\frac{1}{2}$ in mass units (but this dimension may change in a more quantitative analysis) while the renormalized form of ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}$ has a noncanonical dimension, about 1.36. The cutoff dependence of the theory is computed by evaluating the Feynman path integral qualitatively. The analysis reduces the problem to a recursion formula for a function of one variable which acts as a representation of the renormalization group. The method of analysis is applicable to any scalar field theory.
Systemic and coronary hemodynamics of labetalol in normotensive patients with ischemic heart disease.

The systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects of combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade produced by labetalol were assessed in 24 normotensive patients with angina pectoris and an ischemic electrocardiographic response to exercise stress. Both the intravenous (0.5 mg/kg) and oral (200 mg) formulations of labetalol were evaluated. At rest, labetalol produced systemic vasodilation (systemic vascular resistance-16% after intravenous and-8% after oral labetalol, both p<0.05) without change in heart rate. Aortic pressure usually was lower and cardiac output preserved or increased. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was unchanged. Coronary sinus flow was usually unchanged after either route of administration. Exercise duration was prolonged in 14 of the 20 patients with severe coronary artery disease. During exercise, tachycardia was blunted (-12% after intravenous,-7% after oral labetalol, both p<0.05) as was the increase in mean aortic pressure (-12% and-13% intravenous and oral labetalol respectively, both p<0.05), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure [-7% and-1%, respectively, both p=not significant (NS)] was unchanged. Coronary sinus flow (-16% and-25%, respectively, both p<0.05) was decreased as heart rate and aortic pressure were lower. Cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and coronary vascular resistance were similar to control exercise. The hemodynamic effects of intravenous and oral labetalol are, in general, similar. Hemodynamic responses differ from those produced by other beta-blockers and by calcium antagonists.
A multiscale model of plasticity

Abstract A framework for investigating size-dependent small-scale plasticity phenomena and related material instabilities at various length scales ranging from the nano-microscale to the mesoscale is presented. The model is based on fundamental physical laws that govern dislocation motion and their interaction with various defects and interfaces. Particularly, the multi-scale framework merges two scales, the nano-microscale where plasticity is determined by explicit three-dimensional dislocation dynamics analysis providing the material length-scale, and the continuum scale where energy transport is based on basic continuum mechanics laws. The result is a hybrid elasto-viscoplastic simulation model coupling discrete dislocation dynamics with finite element analyses. With this hybrid approach, one can address complex size-dependent problems including, dislocation boundaries, dislocations in heterogeneous structures, dislocation interaction with interfaces and associated shape changes and lattice rotations, as well as deformation in nano-structured materials, localized deformation and shear bands.
Scalable data summarization on big data

Across different scientific domains, engineering disciplines, and application scenarios, increasingly, users have to deal with large-scale, diverse, feature-rich, and highresolution data sets that allow for data-intensive decision-making. The so-called big data challenge is making a profound transformation in computing. Big data not only refers to data sets that are large in size, but also covers data sets that are complex in structures, high dimensional, distributed, and heterogeneous. An effective frameworkwhen working with big data is through data summaries, such as different sampling methods, histograms, sketches and synopses, low-rank subspace approximation, dimensionality reduction techniques, etc. Instead of operating on complex and large raw data directly, these tools enable the execution of various data analytics tasks through appropriate and carefully constructed summaries, which improve their efficiency and scalability. Though some of these topics have been well studied in the past, the big data phenomena opens doors for interesting new research. These challenges include, but are not limited to, how to quantify the accuracy and efficiency trade-offwhen summarizing big data in massively parallel and distributed environments, how to summarize features in complex heterogeneous data, how to address IO and system issues in a summarization process, how to reduce communication cost when building a summary for a large data set stored in a cluster of commodity machines (such as a key-value store), how to dynamically maintain a summary in an incremental fashion under arbitrary arrivals of new data. As a result, answering the big data challenge through scalable data summarization is becoming of paramount importance.
Formation of gold clusters on TiO2 from adsorbed Au(CH3)2(C5H7O2) characterization by X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Gold nanoclusters on TiO2 powder were prepared from adsorbed AuIII(CH3)2(C5H7O2) (dimethyl acetylacetonate gold(III)) and characterized by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopies. The samples were tested as catalysts for CO oxidation at 298 K and atmospheric pressure and characterized by EXAFS and XANES with the catalysts in the working state. The XANES results identify Au(III) in the initially prepared sample, and the EXAFS data indicate mononuclear gold complexes as the predominant surface gold species in this sample, consistent with the lack of Au–Au contributions in the EXAFS spectrum. The mononuclear gold complex is bonded to two oxygen atoms of the TiO2 surface at an Au–O distance of 2.16 A. Treatment of this complex in He or in H2 at increasing temperatures led to formation of metallic gold clusters of increasing size, ultimately those with an average diameter of about 15 A. The data demonstrate the presence of metallic gold clusters in the working catalysts and also show these clusters alone are not responsible for the catalytic activity.
Distribution of Plasminogen and Plasmin in Fractions of Bovine Milk

The relative amounts of immunoreactive plasminogen and active plasmin in different fractions of bovine milk were examined. Raw milk was centrifuged to separate skim, cream, and a somatic cell pellet. Skim milk was centrifuged to separate milk serum and casein micelles. Milk fat globule membranes were isolated from the cream fraction of bovine milk. Proteins from somatic cells were isolated following sonication of the cells. Western blot analysis showed the presence of several forms of plasminogen in bovine milk. The predominant forms of plasminogen identified following electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions were proteins with approximate molecular weights of 88,000, 152,000, and 160,000. The predominant forms of plasminogen identified after electrophoresis under reducing conditions were two proteins with approximate molecular weights of 88,000 and 50,000. The highest amount (82% of the total plasminogen), as determined by an ELISA, was associated with the casein fraction. Lower plasminogen concentrations were associated with the serum, cream fractions, and milk fat globule membranes. The SDS-PAGE of the cream and milk fat globule membranes indicated that some casein was present in both fractions. Thus, the low plasminogen concentrations in these fractions may be associated with the caseins there. No immunoreactive plasminogen was present in the somatic cells. Active plasmin was present in the same milk fractions in which plasminogen was detected: casein, serum, and cream.
Reappraisal of the endorectal pull-through operation for Hirschsprung's disease.

Abstract With proper operative technique the endorectal pull through is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of Hirschsprung's disease which can be utilized in both infants and older children with a minimum of complications. The use of a colostomy at the time of the pullthrough procedure may endanger rather than protect the pulled-through colonic segment. Postoperative drainage of the rectal cuff is indicated for 2–4 days to prevent the occurrence of cuff abscesses.
Serotonin denervation enhances responsiveness of presynaptic dopamine efflux to acute clozapine in nucleus accumbens but not in caudate-putamen.

Abstract Clozapine alters mesolimbic dopamine (DA) function but spares nigrostriatal DA function in laboratory animals, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. In the present study, acute intraperitoneal injection of clozapine (5–40 mg/kg) increased extracellular DA levels in nucleus accumbens (Acb) and caudate-putamen (CPu) of awake, freely moving rats as measured by in vivo brain microdialysis, without anatomic selectivity. However, in serotonin (5HT)-denervated rats acute clozapine preferentially enhanced DA levels in Acb as compared to CPu. Since (i) up-regulation of 5HT receptors on DA neurons may result from 5HT denervation, (ii) clozapine has potent anti-5HT action, and (iii) 5HT receptors are more dense in Acb than CPu, these data appear to add additional weight to previous suggestions that a serotonergic mechanism may partly underlie clozapine's mesolimbic selectivity.
Selective neointimal gene transfer in an avian model of vascular injury.

Abstract Avian models of atherosclerosis helped pioneer the study of vascular biology, and offer economic and technical advantages over mammalian models. As an initial step towards investigating important molecular pathways involved in avian atherogenesis and restenosis, we developed a recombinant adenovirus (Ad) which expresses the reporter gene β-galactosidase (β-gal), and applied it to cultured chicken vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and a rooster model of acute vascular injury. In cultured chicken SMCs, recombinant gene expression increased as a function of multiplicity of infection (MOI) and incubation time. Maximal expression occurred at an MOI of 10 4 plaque-forming units (pfu)/cell with approximately 50% of quiescent and non-quiescent chicken SMCs expressing β-gal. Human aorta SMCs had two- to four-fold increased β-gal expression compared with chicken SMCs at all MOI and incubation times. In vivo instillation of recombinant Ad into uninjured rooster femoral artery segments revealed low efficiency endothelial cell expression of the reporter gene. In contrast, recombinant Ad infection of rooster femoral artery segments 3–21 days after balloon injury revealed up to 60% of luminal surface β-gal expression, confined predominantly to the neointimal layer. Peak reporter gene expression efficiencies occurred in arterial segments infected 3 days after balloon injury. Uninfected and control Ad infected arteries had no detectable β-gal expression. Rooster neointimal cells targeted by the recombinant Ad were identified as α-smooth muscle actin containing cells by immunohistochemistry. We conclude that Ad-mediated gene transfer is efficient and selective for the neointima in the rooster acute vascular injury model, and offers the potential to efficiently introduce exogenous genes that may impact on the injury response. This model of acute vascular injury may also be manipulated into more established avian models of atherosclerosis, permitting the investigation of acute injury progression to chronic injury.
Accelerated frequency domain analysis by susceptance-element based model order reduction of 3D full-wave equations

A circuit-equivalent frequency-domain three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation for package structures is proposed. A robust and passive susceptance-element based model order reduction is applied to the governing equation for accelerated simulation and proof-of-concept is shown with the examples of power-ground structure simulations.
Erratum to “Relation of salinity and selenium in shallow groundwater to hydrologic and geochemical processes, Western San Joaquin Valley, California” [J. Hydrol., 109 (1989) 125 149]

The data used for a 1989 evaluation of the spatial variability of selenium in groundwater of the western San Joaquin Valley were found to have errors introduced by data processing. Although the temporal and spatial extent of data on selenium concentrations for the area improved since the subject study, making it obsolete for presentday concentration assessment, the analysis was redone to correct the historical record and to verify the process interpretation. The corrected data were analyzed using geostatistical methods as described in the original article. The new isotropic, theoretical, semivariogram was estimated using a spherical model. The new and original model parameters are shown in revised Table 1. The semivariogram was verified by estimating the corrected original data. Each of the observations was removed sequentially and was kriged using the remaining observations. The mean estimation error for
Sources of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus for embryonic softshell turtles (Trionyx spiniferus)

Eggs of softshell turtles (Trionyx spiniferus) were incubated on wet (water potential = −150 kPa) and dry (water potential = −1,500 kPa) substrates at 29°C. The rigid, heavily calcified eggshells restricted exchanges of water between eggs and their environment, but eggs exposed to wet substrates nonetheless contained more water at the end of incubation than eggs in the drier environment. However, differences in the amount of water contained by eggs had no demonstrable effect on patterns of metabolism and growth by embryos. The embryos in both treatments obtained about 75% of their calcium from the eggshell, but acquired all of their magnesium and phosphorus from the yolk. Residual yolk removed from hatchlings contained minimal quantities of all three elements. Thus, all the calcium mobilized during development was deposited in the carcass, and yolk was depleted of almost its entire store of this element. This pattern of mobilization and deposition of calcium is similar to that observed in embryos of other chelonians and in those of oviparous lepidosaurinas. In contrast, embryonic crocodilians and birds store some of the calcium mobilized from the eggshell in the yolk, and residual yolk consequently contains a substantial reserve of calcium. Our results indicate that the pattern of mobilization and deposition of calcium documented for birds and crocodilians probably is an attribute of the archosaurian lineage and not a simple result of embryos developing in rigid, heavily calcified eggshells.
The Downfall of Haman: Postwar Yiddish Theater between Secular and Sacred

In 1940, just before the Germans entered Paris, Haim Sloves, an Eastern European Jewish intellectual, finished writing a play in Yiddish, Homens mapole, or The Downfall of Haman. It was an act of resistance, as Haman, the great enemy of the Jews, was a transparent reference to Hitler, but within and beyond that, it continued a project that had absorbed many Eastern European Jews since the second half of the nineteenth century. Rabbinic tradition, they felt, was dying. It was urgent to discover a new source of inspiration for the Jewish people. In 1944–45, when Sloves and other Jewish survivors returned to Paris, where they had immigrated years before the war, the task of rebuilding seemed more urgent still. To continue to search for a new, secular mode of expression was intimately tied to the very revival of the Jewish people. Between 1945 and 1949, Homens mapole, considerably shortened and somewhat modified, played to resounding acclaim not only in Paris but also in several cities across three continents.
Formulation of Constitutive Equations

The theme for this chapter is contained in a quote from Truesdell and Noll’s volume on the Non-Linear Field Theories of Mechanics: “The general physical laws in themselves do not suffice to determine the deformation or motion of. an object. subject to given loading. Before a determinate problem can be formulated, it is usually necessary to specify the material of which the…object…is made. In the program of continuum mechanics, such specification is stated by constitutive equations, which relate the stress tensor and the heat-flux vector to the motion. For example, the classical theory of elasticity rests upon the assumption that the stress tensor at a point depends linearly on the changes of length and mutual angle suffered by elements at that point, reckoned from their configurations in a state where the external and internal forces vanish, while the classical theory of viscosity is based on the assumption that the stress tensor depends linearly on the instantaneous rates of change of length and mutual angle. These statements cannot be universal laws of nature, since they contradict one another. Rather, they are definitions of ideal materials. The former expresses in words the constitutive equation that defines a linearly and infinitesimally elastic material; the latter, a linearly viscous fluid. Each is consistent, at least to within certain restrictions, with the general principles of continuum mechanics, but in no way a consequence of them. There is no reason a priori why either should ever be physically valid, but it is an empirical fact, established by more than a century of test and comparison, that each does indeed represent much of the mechanical behavior of many natural substances of the most various origin, distribution, touch, color, sound, taste, smell, and molecular constitution. Neither represents all the attributes, or suffices even to predict all the mechanical behavior, of any one natural material. No natural. object. is perfectly elastic, or perfectly fluid, any more than any is perfectly rigid or perfectly incompressible. These trite observations do not lessen the worth of the two particular constitutive equations just mentioned. That worth is twofold: First, each represents in ideal form an aspect, and a different one, of the mechanical behavior of nearly all natural materials, and, second, each does predict with considerable though sometimes not sufficient accuracy the observed response of many different natural materials in certain restricted situations.”
Whose Food Revolution? Perspectives from a Food Service Training Academy

Article is on the Food Service Academy of the Community Foodbank of NJ where she lectures.Article was written by Doris Friedensohn initially for RT panel at Left Forum.There are also 4 photos.
Permeability of frog skeletal muscle cells to choline.

Using choline-methyl-C14 as a tracer, it has been shown that choline+ penetrates into the cells of resting frog skeletal muscle at a rate similar to that of Na+, and that it escapes from these cells much more slowly than does Na+. Some implications of these findings are discussed.
Hurst parameter based detection of multiple super regenerative receivers using MVDR

Reflections, multipath propagation, and scattering creates phantom sources of signal. Additionally, in the presence of multiple, actual devices a reliable detection, identification, and localization of radio controlled (RC) devices is challenging. RC devices employing super regenerative receivers (SRR) emit unintended radiations in their ON state. Detection and identification of these devices under strong non-line of sight (NLOS) environment and presence of multiple devices has major security applications. This paper introduces a novel detection scheme that combines self-similarity and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) based detection with minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) method. It is capable of detection of multiple SRRs using 4-element array antenna. RSSI method detects multiple devices from received signal strength and Hurst parameter identifies self-similar SRR devices. MVDR improves detection of multiple devices by jamming unwanted signals and signals from known angle of arrival (AOA). Furthermore, regularization is implemented to reduce variation in detection due to environmental noise. Experimental results for detection have also been presented for multiple SRR receivers (door bells at 315 MHz).
Neuron selection and visual training for population vector based cortical control

We have developed a method for training animals to control artificial devices from cortical signals. In this report we describe a series of experiments designed to parameterize a cortical control algorithm without an animal having to move its arm. Instead, a highly motivated animal observes as the computer drives a cursor move towards a set of targets once each in a center-out task. From the neuronal activity recorded in this visual following task, we compute preferred directions for the neurons. We find that the quality of fit in this early set of trials is highly predictive of each neuron's contribution to the overall cortical control.
A technology program that rescues spacecraft

There has never been a long-duration deep space mission that did not have unexpected problems during operations. JPL's Interplanetary Network Directorate (IND) Technology Program was created to develop new and improved methods of communication, navigation, and operations. A side benefit of the program is that it maintains a cadre of human talent and experimental systems that can be brought to bear on unexpected problems that may occur during mission operations. Solutions fall into four categories: applying new technology during operations to enhance science performance, developing new operational strategies, providing domain experts to help find solutions, and providing special facilities to trouble-shoot problems. These are illustrated here using five specific examples of spacecraft anomalies that have been solved using, at least in part, expertise or facilities from the IND Technology Program: Mariner 10, Voyager, Galileo, SOHO, and Cassini/Huygens. In this era of careful cost management, and emphasis on returns-on-investment, it is important to recognize this crucial additional benefit from such technology program investments.
High‐frequency oscillations in phrenic activity during pontile and medullary respiratory rhythms in rats

High-frequency oscillations may be signatures of the basic mechanisms underlying the neurogenesis of various patterns of automatic ventilatory activity. These high-frequency oscillations in phrenic activity differ greatly in eupnoea and gasping, implying different mechanisms of neurogenesis. In a decerebrate, in situ preparation of the rat, the peak frequency of high-frequency oscillations fell in apneusis following removal of the rostral pons. Following removal of all pons, phrenic discharge had a mixed pattern of gasps and multiple bursts; some of the latter were incrementing, as in eupnoea. Regardless of pattern, peak frequencies were significantly below those which were found during eupnoea, apneusis or gasping of the decerebrate preparation. Results do not support the concept that ‘non-gasping’ rhythmic patterns that can be recorded following a removal of pons are generated by the same mechanisms as those generating eupnoea. Indeed, both pons and medulla appear essential for all aspects of eupnoea to be expressed.
Inferring Ground Truth from Subjective Labelling of Venus Images

In remote sensing applications "ground-truth" data is often used as the basis for training pattern recognition algorithms to generate thematic maps or to detect objects of interest. In practical situations, experts may visually examine the images and provide a subjective noisy estimate of the truth. Calibrating the reliability and bias of expert labellers is a non-trivial problem. In this paper we discuss some of our recent work on this topic in the context of detecting small volcanoes in Magellan SAR images of Venus. Empirical results (using the Expectation-Maximization procedure) suggest that accounting for subjective noise can be quite significant in terms of quantifying both human and algorithm detection performance.
The utilitarian argument for medical confidentiality: a pilot study of patients’ views

Objectives: To develop and pilot a questionnaire based assessment of the importance patients place on medical confidentiality, whether they support disclosure of confidential information to protect third parties, and whether they consider that this would impair full disclosure in medical consultations. Design: Questionnaire administered to 30 consecutive patients attending a GP surgery. Results: Overall patients valued confidentiality, felt that other patients might be deterred from seeking treatment if it were not guaranteed, but did not think that they would withhold information for this reason themselves. Conclusions: When presented with brief details of five clinical situations in which a breach of confidentiality might be considered, a clear majority of subjects believed that doctors should disclose information in two of the situations, but subjects were not confident that doctors would do so. In three situations, about half felt that disclosure was justified—these included the only scenario in which disclosure was clearly mandated by statute. There was little change in patients’ general attitude to confidentiality after considering the scenarios. However, the views expressed were often inconsistent with responses to the clinical scenarios, suggesting that complex opinions were not accurately reflected in the responses. The format of the questionnaire has been amended, and the study will be repeated with other groups of patients.
Role of Bone Marrow-Derived Lymphatic Endothelial Progenitor Cells for Lymphatic Neovascularization

The lymphatic vasculature plays a pivotal role in maintaining tissue fluid homeostasis, immune surveillance, and lipid uptake in the gastrointestinal organs. Therefore, impaired function of the lymphatic vessels caused by genetic defects, infection, trauma, or surgery leads to the abnormal accrual of lymph fluid in the tissue and culminates in the swelling of affected tissues, known as lymphedema. Lymphedema causes impaired wound healing, compromised immune defense, and, in rare case, lymphangiosarcoma. Although millions of people suffer from lymphedema worldwide, no effective therapy is currently available. In addition, recent advances in cancer biology have disclosed an indispensable function of the lymphatic vessel in tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, understanding the detailed mechanisms governing lymphatic vessel formation and function in pathophysiologic conditions is essential to prevent or treat these diseases. We review the developmental processes of the lymphatic vessels and postnatal lymphatic neovascularization, focusing on the role of recently identified bone marrow-derived podoplanin-expressing (podoplanin + ) cells as lymphatic endothelial progenitor cells.
Reduction of copper oxides via an atmospheric pressure plasma torch

An atmospheric pressure Radio Frequency (RF) plasma torch has been used in the reduction of surface oxides on bulk copper. A chemically active reducing environment was generated using a hydrogenic plasma. The reduction of copper oxide was investigated over a range of plasma powers and exposure times. Reduced samples were chemically analyzed using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The XPS spectra showed a shift in both the Cu 2p and O 1s peaks. These shifts indicate a reduction from copper oxide to metallic copper. Plasma characteristics were analyzed with Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) to determine atomic and molecular species present in the plasma. Additional trends on the reduction process from the varying plasma parameters will be discussed. This process gives an alternative contactless and dry method for the removal of copper oxides. It avoids the use of abrasives and harsh acids or chemicals making it suitable for surface treatment in electronics, connections, and welding applications.
Planar Branch Decompositions II: The Cycle Method

This is the second of two papers dealing with the relationship of branchwidth and planar graphs. Branchwidth and branch decompositions, introduced by Robertson and Seymour, have been shown to be beneficial for both proving theoretical results on graphs and solving NP-hard problems modeled on graphs. The first practical implementation of an algorithm of Seymour and Thomas for computing optimal branch decompositions of planar hypergraphs is presented. This algorithm encompasses another algorithm of Seymour and Thomas for computing the branchwidth of any planar hypergraph, whose implementation is discussed in the first paper. The implementation also includes the addition of a heuristic to decrease the run times of the algorithm. This method, called the cycle method, is an improvement on the algorithm by using a âdivide-and-conquerâ approach.
Improving integrative searching of systems chemical biology data using semantic annotation

Systems chemical biology and chemogenomics are considered critical, integrative disciplines in modern biomedical research, but require data mining of large, integrated, heterogeneous datasets from chemistry and biology. We previously developed an RDF-based resource called Chem2Bio2RDF that enabled querying of such data using the SPARQL query language. Whilst this work has proved useful in its own right as one of the first major resources in these disciplines, its utility could be greatly improved by the application of an ontology for annotation of the nodes and edges in the RDF graph, enabling a much richer range of semantic queries to be issued. We developed a generalized chemogenomics and systems chemical biology OWL ontology called Chem2Bio2OWL that describes the semantics of chemical compounds, drugs, protein targets, pathways, genes, diseases and side-effects, and the relationships between them. The ontology also includes data provenance. We used it to annotate our Chem2Bio2RDF dataset, making it a rich semantic resource. Through a series of scientific case studies we demonstrate how this (i) simplifies the process of building SPARQL queries, (ii) enables useful new kinds of queries on the data and (iii) makes possible intelligent reasoning and semantic graph mining in chemogenomics and systems chemical biology. Chem2Bio2OWL is available at http://chem2bio2rdf.org/owl . The document is available at http://chem2bio2owl.wikispaces.com .
Dementia: a barrier to receiving percutaneous coronary intervention for elderly patients with ST-elevated myocardial infarction.

Objective Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the first line of treatment for ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI). This study evaluates the role of dementia in diagnostic cardiac catheterization (to receive PCI) in STEMI patients ≥65 years old admitted to high annual volume PCI hospitals. Methods Participants were registered in Florida's comprehensive inpatient surveillance system for the years 2006–2007 with principal diagnosis of STEMI. Dementia was defined using ICD-9 codes for presenile, senile, and Alzheimer's type dementia. Results Data from 8331 STEMI patients were used. Of these, 77.2% were catheterized, 67.2% received PCI, and 9.3% had coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). The mean age of the cohort was 76.3 years (SD 7.8 years.); with 43.3% female, 83.4% white, 4.6% black, and 12% Hispanic/other. Of the 248 (3%) patients with dementia, 42% were catheterized. After adjustment for age, gender, and race/ethnicity, patients with dementia were less likely to be catheterized (RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.30-0.50) than non-demented patients. However, among patients who were catheterized, there was no difference in the use of PCI or CABG for patients with versus without dementia (p = 0.56). Of those with dementia, being older and arriving to the hospital in the afternoon were associated with lower likelihood of being catheterized (RR 0.08, 95% CI 0.02-0.28, and RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.10-0.88, respectively). However, having hyperlipidemia increased the probability of catheterization (RR 3.60, 95% CI 1.86-6.98). Conclusion ST-elevated myocardial infarction patients with dementia were much less likely to receive diagnostic cardiac catheterization, thereby limiting the possibility for receiving optimal care including PCI or CABG. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Saturated-Interface-Volume Phase Change Model for Simulating Flow Boiling

Abstract High-fidelity simulation of flow boiling in microchannels remains a challenging problem, but the increasing interest in applications of microscale two-phase transport highlights its importance. In this paper, a volume of fluid (VOF)-based flow boiling model is proposed with features that enable cost-effective simulation of two-phase flow and heat transfer in realistic geometries. The vapor and liquid phases are distinguished using a color function which represents the local volume fraction of the tracked phase. Mass conservation is satisfied by solving the transport equations for both phases with a finite-volume approach. In order to predict phase change at the liquid–vapor interface, evaporative heat and mass source terms are calculated using a novel, saturated-interface-volume phase change model. This phase change model is formulated to anchor the interfacial temperature at saturation within each iteration, and thereby acts as a robust constant-temperature boundary condition. Unlike other available phase-change models, the source terms are coupled with the local temperature explicitly; therefore, numerical oscillations around the interface temperature are not observed during iterations within a time step, which reduces the numerical cost. In addition, the reference frame is set to move with the vapor slug to artificially increase the local velocity magnitude in the thin liquid film region in the relative frame. This reduces the influence of numerical errors resulting from calculation of the surface tension force, and thus suppresses the development of spurious currents. As a result, non-uniform meshes may be used which can efficiently resolve high-aspect-ratio geometries and flow features. The overall numerical expense is significantly reduced. The proposed saturated-interface-volume model is first validated against a one-dimensional Stefan problem, and then used to simulate the growth of a vapor bubble flowing in a heated, 2D axisymmetric microchannel. The bubble motion, bubble growth rate, liquid film thickness, and local heat transfer coefficient along the wall are compared against previous numerical studies. A three-dimensional flow boiling problem is studied to demonstrate the cost effectiveness of the present approach and to highlight the transport mechanisms it can reveal in more complex domains.
Cooperation and Competition

The four major theoretical orientations to cooperation and competition are cognitive development, behavioral learning, social cognitive, and social interdependence. Of the four, social interdependence theory has generated the most research and applications. The basic premise of social interdependence theory is that the type of interdependence structured in a situation determines how individuals interact with each other which, in turn, determines outcomes. The hundreds of studies that have been conducted indicate that cooperation, compared with competitive and individualistic efforts, tends to result in higher achievement and productivity, more positive interpersonal relationships, and greater psychological health.