cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creativity as Information: Measuring Aesthetic Attractions

The linear and binary assumptions of information theory are compared to assumptions of nonlinear approaches to understanding human information transfer. A model of information in open systems that rely on qualitative and aesthetic assessments is proposed that includes elements of entropy dissipation. A mathematical definition of creativity is derived from the model. Reanalysis of an existing data set is used to show the effectiveness of the creativity algorithm.
Navigating the spaces between human rights and justice: cultivating Indigenous representation in global environmental governance

How and in what ways do ‘marginalized' actors influence global environmental governance? Through a collaborative event ethnography of the Paris Climate Summit (COP21), we examine power as it emerge...
An Arduino-based Low-Cost Hardware for Temperature Control

This paper describes a simple digital temperature control system where the popular LM35DZ sensor is used to sense the temperature of a resistive heating element and to provide a feedback to an Arduino microcontroller board. By subtracting the measured temperature from the desired temperature, a value of error is then processed by a conventional PID controller which provides an adjustment signal and drives a bipolar junction transistor in order to minimize or remove that error by a simple ON/OFF switching of the power to the heating element. The control is also done using logic controllers such as ON/OFF and hysteresis controllers. The evaluation of each controller performance is based on rise time, overshoot, steady state error and the most common performance criterion which is the integral of the absolute value of the error. Besides that, the arduino integrated development environment (IDE) software is used to write the program code. Moreover, other languages are used to program the Arduino such as Matlab support package for Arduino hardware, Flowcode IDE and mBlock.
Diabetes mellitus: Impact on common hand disorders

Abstract Diabetic patients are prone to a variety of hand disorders, many of which cause limited motion, pain, and loss of function. In many cases, severity of symptoms and progression of disease are thought to be linked to poor glycemic control. While some of these conditions have straightforward, low-risk solutions—both non-surgical and surgical—others, such as cheiroarthropathy, remain difficult to treat and do not have satisfactory solutions available.
Use of real-time PCR as an alternative to conventional genotyping methods for the laboratory detection of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV).

ABSTRACT Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) can be differentiated from non-LGV chlamydial infection using Sanger sequencing or molecular assays, including those that are commercially-available internationally. Here, we describe the performance of a rapid real-time PCR (RT-PCR)-based strategy in differentiating Chlamydia trachomatis infections associated with LGV or non-LGV serovars. One hundred three rectal swabs, previously genotyped using Sanger sequencing of the ompA gene as a reference method, were tested in the RT-PCR assays. All non-LGV specimens were correctly identified, but the RT-PCR failed to detect 1 LGV specimen, resulting in a sensitivity of 87.5% for the non-LGV/LGV RT-PCR assay. Additional performance characteristics (e.g., specificity, accuracy, and reproducibility) were all between 93% and 100% with a limit of detection ≤100 copies/reaction. Thus, this rapid RT-PCR method for LGV detection in clinical specimens is comparable to the reference method.
Review of Federal Income Taxation of Estates and Beneficiaries

Review of Federal Income Taxation of Estates and Beneficiaries by M. Carr Ferguson, James L. Freeland, and Richard B. Stephens. This comprehensive volume should help fill a void which tax practitioners have long endured. As the authors properly point out, though many volumes have been written on estate taxation and estate planning, relatively little attention has been given to the income tax consequences resulting from death. The present volume is a welcome and needed addition to the sparse body of literature on this subject.
The growth of valuations on rational function fields in two variables

Given a valuation on the function field k(x,y), we examine the set of images of nonzero elements of the underlying polynomial ring k[x, y] under this valuation. For an arbitrary field k, a Noetherian power series is a map z: Q → k that has Noetherian (i.e., reverse well-ordered) support. Each Noetherian power series induces a natural valuation on k(x,y). Although the value groups corresponding to such valuations are well-understood, the restrictions of the valuations to underlying polynomial rings have yet to be characterized. Let A n denote the images under the valuation v of all nonzero polynomials f ∈ k[x, y] of at most degree n in the variable y. We construct a bound for the growth of A n with respect to n for arbitrary valuations, and then specialize to valuations that arise from Noetherian power series. We provide a sufficient condition for this bound to be tight.
Secure signaling games for Gaussian multiple access wiretap channels

A Gaussian multiple access wire-tap channel with confidential messages is studied, where multiple users attempt to transmit private messages to a legitimate receiver in the presence of an eavesdropper. While prior work focused on the case where the users were cooperative, we assume that each user is selfish and and so are modeled as playing a non-cooperative game. We assume all users send a superposition of two Gaussian codebooks: one for their confidential messages and one for “filling” the evesdropper's channel. For such a scheme, we give a characterization of the achievable rate region defined by Tekin and Yener using polymatroid properties. We then use this to find the Nash equilibrium region for this non-cooperative game. Furthermore, we give algorithms for finding the best and worst Nash equilibria for a given channel.
Interference effects on integrated dipole antennas by a metal cover for an integrated circuit package

To study the impact of the metal cover of IC packages on integrated antennas for wireless clock distribution, an on-wafer measurement set-up consisting of a probe station, a network analyzer, and a plate with adjustable height has been developed. For a typical spacing between the metal cover and IC of 1 to 2 mm, the impact on the antenna input impedance is negligible. A plate 1 mm above antennas on 20-/spl Omega/.cm substrates separated by 1 cm changes the phase of transmission gain by /spl sim/100 degrees. This is too large and should be accounted for in the design of a clock distribution system. The plate 1 mm above antennas also degrades gain by /spl sim/10 dB, which is a serious concern. If the plate height is higher than /spl sim/4.0 mm, the impact of the plate can be made negligible.
Partially projected gradient algorithms for computing nonparametric maximum likelihood estimates of mixing distributions

There exist primarily three different types of algorithms for computing nonparametric maximum likelihood estimates (NPMLEs) of mixing distributions in the literature, which are the EM-type algorithms, the vertex direction algorithms such as VDM and VEM, and the algorithms based on general constrained optimization techniques such as the projected gradient method. It is known that the projected gradient algorithm may run into stagnation during iterations. When a stagnation occurs, VDM steps need to be added. We argue that the abrupt switch to VDM steps can significantly reduce the efficiency of the projected gradient algorithm, and is usually unnecessary. In this paper, we define a group of partially projected directions, which can be regarded as hybrids of ordinary projected gradient directions and VDM directions. Based on these directions, four new algorithms are proposed for computing NPMLEs of mixing distributions. The properties of the algorithms are discussed and their convergence is proved. Extensive numerical simulations show that the new algorithms outperform the existing methods, especially when a NPMLE has a large number of support points or when high accuracy is required.
Straighten up and fly right—microtubule dynamics and organization of non-centrosomal arrays in higher plants

Live cell imaging and genetic studies are demonstrating that cortical microtubule arrays in plant cells are dynamic structures in which microtubule (MT) bundles play a key role in creating array organization and function. Steps important for creating and organizing these arrays include recruitment of nucleation complexes to the cell cortex and to the lattices of previously established MTs, association of newly created MTs to the cell cortex, release of MTs from sites of nucleation, transport of released MTs by polymer treadmilling, and subsequent interactions between treadmilling MTs. The results of MT interactions include induced catastrophe, severing, and the capture and reorientation of growing polymer ends by bundling interactions. Together, these properties predict a capacity for self-ordering that is likely to play an important role in establishing the parallel organization of the arrays.
Strategies for Instructors on How to Improve Online Groupwork

Online groupwork is becoming an increasingly popular instructional strategy. Although researchers have questioned the benefits of groupwork in online learning environments, little empirical researc...
The extent of successful colonoscopy: Its implication for the radiologist

Records of 230 colonoscopies were reviewed to determine the success in viewing the entire colon and the extent of the colon viewed when colonoscopy was incomplete. It was found that colonoscopy was complete to the cecum or ileum in 57% of studies, and that an average 63.8% of the colon was viewed during incomplete studies. Overall, 84.4% of the combined length of all colons examined was successfully viewed. The significant numbers of incomplete colonoscopies suggest that colonoscopy and the barium enema examination must remain complementary for maximum detection of colon lesions.
Slip transmission across fcc/bcc interfaces with varying interface shear strengths

Abstract Interfaces with relatively low shear strengths can be strong barriers to slip transmission because of core spreading of the dislocation within the interface. Using atomistic modeling and elasticity-based calculations we have studied the influence of interface shear strength on the slip transmission of a single dislocation across fcc/bcc interfaces. “Tunable” interatomic potentials were employed to vary the interface shear strength for the same interface crystallography. The results show that the slip transmission barrier increases with decreasing shear strength of the interface. The results reveal a mechanism for the variations in ultra-high strengths observed in nanoscale fcc/bcc multilayers.
The basis for TCR-mediated regulation of the IL-2 receptor α chain gene: role of widely separated regulatory elements

The interleukin-2 receptor alpha (IL-2Ralpha) chain is a component of high-affinity IL-2 receptors and thus is a key regulator of lymphocyte proliferation. Lineage-restricted and activation-dependent IL-2Ralpha transcription is controlled by four upstream positive regulatory regions (PRRs) and one downstream PRR. We now demonstrate that T-cell receptor (TCR) responsiveness requires both upstream sequences and an intronic region, PRRIV, previously identified as an IL-2 response element. Whereas IL-2 responsiveness requires Stat5 and HMG-I(Y) binding, TCR responsiveness of PRRIV requires two AP-1- and two NFAT-binding sites that bind Jun, Fos and NFAT family members in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, IL-2Ralpha induction is impaired in T lymphocytes from transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative c-jun construct, or following treatment with cyclosporin A. Thus, our data indicate an important role for both AP-1 and NFAT proteins for TCR-induced IL-2Ralpha expression and establish that both upstream and intronic sequences mediate TCR responsiveness of the IL-2Ralpha gene. Moreover, our data reveal a previously unappreciated link between the TCR-mediated up-regulation of the IL-2 and IL-2Ralpha genes.
Interactions of serotonin with neuromuscular blocking agents

Abstract Serotonin has been shown to reverse blockade induced by the nondepolarizing agents and hemicholinium and to potentiate blockade produced by the depolarizers. It is more effective at low frequencies of stimulation. The drug augments the twitch potentiations produced by small doses of decamethonium and neostigmine. It has no effect on exogenously applied acetylcholine. The agent increases the vascular resistance but this is not a prerequisite to its myoneural actions. Rubidium efflux from vascular strips, which is a measure of potassium permeability, is not affected by the chemical. At a dose of 10 μg/ml there is no anticurare action in vitro. All of the neuromuscular actions of serotonin can be prevented by administration of methysergide. It is postulated that the agent might act presynaptically to release acetylcholine by the interaction with serotonin D-receptors.
The Variety of e-Book Platforms for Textbooks on Mobile Devices

There have been interesting technological advancements with viewing and using e-books, especially textbooks. The e-book does not just have to be the electronic version of a textbook; now users can share notes with each other, see electronically highlighted passages made by the instructor, and even take self-assessment exams at the end of a chapter. Now that the technology for integrated learning is becoming available for mobile devices, librarians should be aware of the different platforms and the features that are offered with utilizing the e-book on mobile devices. This column provides an overview of electronic textbooks, describes different types of platforms ranging from basic to integrated learning, and lastly offers some resources to stay current with emerging technologies with electronic publishing and mobile devices.
Subcutaneous and gonadal adipose tissue transcriptome differences in lean and obese female dogs.

Summary Canine obesity leads to shortened life span and increased disease incidence. Adipose tissue depots are known to have unique metabolic and gene expression profiles in rodents and humans, but few comparisons of depot gene expression have been performed in the dog. Using microarray technology, our objective was to identify differentially expressed genes and enriched functional pathways between subcutaneous and gonadal adipose of lean and obese dogs to better understand the pathogenesis of obesity in the dog. Because no depot × body weight status interactions were identified in the microarray data, depot differences were the primary focus. A total of 946 and 703 transcripts were differentially expressed (FDR P < 0.05) between gonadal and subcutaneous adipose tissue in obese and lean dogs respectively. Of the adipose depot-specific differences in gene expression, 162 were present in both lean and obese dogs, with the majority (85%) expressed in the same direction. Both lean and obese dog gene lists had enrichment of the complement and coagulation cascade and systemic lupus erythematosus pathways. Obese dogs had enrichment of lysosome, extracellular matrix–receptor interaction, renin–angiotensin system and hematopoietic cell lineage pathways. Lean dogs had enrichment of glutathione metabolism and synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies. We have identified a core set of genes differentially expressed between subcutaneous and gonadal adipose tissue in dogs regardless of body weight. These genes contribute to depot-specific differences in immune function, extracellular matrix remodeling and lysosomal function and may contribute to the physiological differences noted between depots.
Water preference as a function of water deprivation.

16 rats were given 30-min. 2-choice preference tests with water and Hawaiian Punch (HP) after 1, 8, 24, or 32 hr. water deprivation. Intake of HP was constant at about 13 ml under all conditions, b...
Organic antigen-induced interstitial lung disease: diagnosis and management

Background Traditionally, chronic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis (IIP/F) had included usual interstitial pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). More recent classifications have included bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia (BOOP), respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease, and acute interstitial pneumonia. Some chronic eosinophilic pneumonias (CEP)/pulmonary infiltrate with eosinophilia (PIE) have obvious causes, but many lack an identifiable etiology. We felt that hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) was being underdiagnosed and was hidden within this large heterogeneous group of interstitial lung disorders of unrecognized cause. Objective We sought to prove that detailed environmental histories and investigations would reveal causative contaminations in the home or workplace of some patients with idiopathic interstitial lung disease and remediation of the contamination would stabilize the disorder. Methods Consecutive cases of IIP/F were investigated. Patients were identified by compatible signs and symptoms, roentgenographic studies, pulmonary function tests, and lung biopsies. They were further evaluated with detailed environmental histories, serologic tests, and investigation into the suspected causative environment. Environmental and specific antigen challenges were done in some cases. Remediation of contaminations or moving into another environment were the methods used as therapy. Results Eighty-six consecutive patients with IIP/F were evaluated. Twelve patients were subsequently diagnosed with specific causes for interstitial lung disease. Fifty-seven of 74 patients were identified by clinical evaluation and lung biopsy with HP, CEP/PIE, NSIP, BOOP, UIP, and nonclassifiable morphologic patterns. Seventeen patients were not biopsied or had an inadequate transbronchial biopsy but had consistent findings radiographically and clinically of idiopathic interstitial lung disease. Contamination of the home was causative in 69 of 74 and the workplace in 3 of 74 cases. There were 9 positive and 33 negative environmental challenges with 4 positive and 1 negative specific challenges. Fifty of 74 (67%) patients are receiving no treatment and are free of active disease after remediation of the environmental contamination, with a mean survival of 8.2 years. Conclusions Our data show that UIP, BOOP, NSIP, CEP/PIE, and nonclassifiable morphologic patterns represent a spectrum of interstitial lung disease that may be caused by inhalation of organic dusts in the home or workplace as described with HP. Remediation of, or moving from the contamination, can lead to arrest of the active inflammatory process and stability of the lung disorder.
Cloning, sequencing, and tissue expression of CYP3A27, a new member of the CYP3A subfamily from embryonic and adult rainbow trout livers.

Screening of lambdagt11 and lambdagt22A cDNA libraries of livers from adult females and embryos of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), respectively, using rabbit anti-rainbow trout cytochrome P450 LMC5 polyclonal antibodies showed that there were identical cDNAs of 1802-bp nucleotides with open reading frames coding for proteins containing 518 amino acids (59,206 Da, pI = 6.39). The cDNA was assigned CYP3A27 by the P450 Nomenclature Committee to represent the first CYP3A subfamily member reported for aquatic species. The deduced N-terminal sequence of CYP3A27 was in agreement with 8 of the first 12 confirmed amino acid residues from Edman degradation of LMC5, a P450 previously isolated from juvenile trout liver. In similarity comparisons between species by positional alignment, the deduced amino acid sequence of rainbow trout CYP3A27 was 56.4% identical with dog CYP3A12, 56.0% with monkey CYP3A8, 54.9% with human CYP3A4, 54.7% with rat CYP3A9, and 54.2% with sheep CYP3A24. Marked differences in sex, age, and tissue expression of CYP3A27 in rainbow trout were observed at the mRNA level as shown by Northern blots. The major extrahepatic expression site for CYP3A27 was upper small intestine. Females expressed considerably more CYP3A27 mRNA than male in the fish examined. Southern blot analysis of restriction enzyme-digested rainbow trout genomic DNA demonstrated that multiple CYP3A27-related genes exist in rainbow trout.
Stereospecific vinyl substitutions occurring by free radical addition-elimination

Abstract The free radical chain reaction between cyclohexyl-HgCl and ( E ) or ( Z ) MeO 2 CCH=CHSnBu 3 , MeO 2 CCH=CHI, or ClCH=CHHgCl forms MeO 2 CCH=CHC 6 H 11 or ClCH=CHC 6 H 11 in a stereospecific manner with retention of stereochemistry.
On chip preconcentration and fluorescence labeling of model proteins by use of monolithic columns: device fabrication, optimization, and automation

Microfluidic systems with monolithic columns have been developed for preconcentration and on-chip labeling of model proteins. Monoliths were prepared in microchannels by photopolymerization, and their properties were optimized by varying the composition and concentration of the monomers to improve flow and extraction. On-chip labeling of proteins was achieved by driving solutions through the monolith by use of voltage then incubating fluorescent dye with protein retained on the monolith. Subsequently, the labeled proteins were eluted, by applying voltages to reservoirs on the microdevice, and then detected, by monitoring laser-induced fluorescence. Monoliths prepared from octyl methacrylate combine the best protein retention with the possibility of separate elution of unattached fluorescent label with 50 % acetonitrile. Finally, automated on-chip extraction and fluorescence labeling of a model protein were successfully demonstrated. This method involves facile sample pretreatment, and therefore has potential for production of integrated bioanalysis microchips.
Ultrafast Photon-Electron Interactions in Dielectrics by a Single Laser Pulse

This study develops a quantum mechanical model to investigate energy absorption in ultrafast laser of dielectrics. The model investigates the optical property variations, electron temperature, and density changes at femtosecond scales. The ionizations and electron heating are two major factors considered for pulse absorption occurring within the pulse duration. The flux-doubling model is employed to calculate the free electron generation mainly through impact ionization and photoionization. The quantum mechanical treatments are used to account for the specific heat and the relaxation time for free electrons. The time and space dependent optical properties of the dense plasma generated by the ultrafast laser pulse are calculated. The predictions of ablation threshold and ablation depth of fused silica and barium aluminum borosilicate (BBS) are in good agreements with published experimental data. The model greatly improves the accuracy in predicting the ablation depth and can predict the crater shape.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Treatment of vascular rejection with rituximab in cardiac transplantation

Background Vascular rejection is the B-cell–mediated production of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody against the transplanted heart. The currently available treatments for vascular rejection have had limited success, and chronic manifestations of vascular rejection require re-transplantation. Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 receptor of B-lymphocytes, which is approved for treatment of lymphoma. Methods Vascular rejection was defined as positive immunofluorescent endomyocardial biopsy staining for IgG and complement, 25% reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) from baseline, and absence of cellular rejection. Over the last 3 years, 8 patients with vascular rejection were treated with intravenous rituximab at a dose of 375 mg/m 2 per week for 4 weeks. Results All patients had normal LVEF post-transplant (average 58%), but developed left ventricular dysfunction (average decrease of 43%) associated with endomyocardial biopsy evidence of vascular rejection. Post-treatment, LVEF returned to baseline (average 53%) with complete resolution of immunofluorescent staining by endomyocardial biopsy. No patient suffered significant infection or drug-related complications. Conclusions Rituximab is beneficial for treatment of vascular rejection. Further study is indicated to verify the safety, efficacy and mechanism of action of rituximab therapy for vascular rejection.
Retirement from orthodontics: financial and psychosocial preparation and adaptation.

Abstract Retired members of the Pacific Coast Society of Orthodontists (n = 231) were surveyed with respect to their financial and psychosocial preparation for, and adaptation to, retirement. Statistical and subjective evaluation of the survey results established that the respondents used a variety of strategies in divesting themselves of their practices and other aspects of professional life. The respondents reported a relatively high level of accumulated wealth and general satisfaction with retirement as a result of a sense of financial security as well as continued active participation in diverse recreational, social, avocational, business, family, and community activities. Early anticipation of and planning for all aspects of the retirement experience enhanced the likelihood of a satisfactory outcome. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1999;115:283-7)
UNRAVELING THE MYSTERY OF NATURAL RUBBER BIOSYNTHESIS. PART I: INVESTIGATION OF THE COMPOSITION AND GROWTH OF IN VITRO NATURAL RUBBER USING HIGH RESOLUTION SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY

Abstract Monitoring the growth of in vitro natural rubber was accomplished by high resolution size exclusion chromatography, SEC. Washed rubber particles isolated from H. brasiliensis latex, containing the rubber transferase enzyme, were used to catalyze the polymerization of synthetic isopentenyl pyrophosphate monomer in the presence of farnesyl pyrophosphate initiator. The high-resolution SEC was able to detect the formation of new rubber. Changes in the low molecular weight fraction were also detected. Gravimetric analysis revealed ∼30% mass gain after the in vitro synthesis. The overall gel content was found to be reduced, which further supported the formation of new rubber. This is the first report that utilizes high-resolution SEC to monitor the in vitro NR growth without the use of radiolabeling.
Contributions of family environment and parenting processes to sexual risk and substance use of rural African American males: a 4-year longitudinal analysis

This study sought to identify factors that forecast sexual risk and alcohol or other substance use patterns among 411 rural African American males as they transitioned from middle childhood to late adolescence. In addition, an exploration was undertaken to examine the contribution of both risk and protective factors in distinguishing rural African American males at highest risk for engaging in risky sexual behavior and elevated substance use from those with relatively low risk of engaging in these behaviors. Findings revealed that exposure to negative life events during middle childhood has prognostic significance for rural African American males' susceptibility to engaging in HIV-related risk behaviors as they transition into adolescence and young adulthood. High-risk engaging males had significantly higher means on susceptibility to risk and marginally significantly higher means on substance-using peer affiliation. High-risk rural African American males also reported lower means on involved-vigilant parent than the normative group (low-risk group). However, economic hardship, family stress, parental psychological functioning, and harsh and inconsistent parenting did not emerge as significant predictors of high- or low-risk group membership. The implication for future research and preventive interventions is discussed. Language: en
Isotopic composition of common leads and continuous differentiation of the crust of the earth from the mantle

Abstract U 233 /Pb 204 and Th 232 /U 238 ratios have been calculated from nonanomalous common leads. These values that would be present today in the reservoirs which produced the ores vary systematically with the “model” lead-lead age introduced by Houtermans and his co-workers. The secular trend of the first ratio appears to be due to the addition of lead, primeval in isotopic composition, from the mantle to the crust of the earth. On the basis of a linear rate of addition of lead, relative to uranium, the following conclusions are reached: 1. 1.The rate of addition of lead is 0.09 atom Pb/atom U 233 /B yr. 2. 2.The U 233 /Pb 204 ratio in the crust today is 9.3 ± 0.2. 3. 3.Lead ores would contain more radiogenic component if there were no addition of primeval lead. The isotopic ratios corrected for this effect are more consistent with their evolution through the decay of uranium and thorium in chemically-closed systems. 4. 4.The Th 232 /U 233 ratios which would be present today in the lead-ore reservoirs increase linearly with geologic age. Apparently, uranium is being differentiated in respect to thorium at the low rate of 0.01 atom U 232 /atom Th 232 /B yr. 5. 5.The Th 232 /U 233 ratio in the crust today is 4.1 ± 0.1.
Detoxification of alloxan by borate.

ConclusionBorate greatly accelerates the conversion of alloxan to alloxanic acid. This observation provides an explanation for its protective effect against alloxan diabetes.
Relating locus of control to Machiavellianism and managerial achievement.

Rotter's Locus of Control Scale, Christie and Geis' Mach IV Scale, and Fineman's Work Preference Questionnaire were administered to a sample of 60 retail specialty store managers While there were no significant correlations between locus of control and managerial achievement, there were significant correlations between locus of control and Machiavellianism for the over-all sample and for men but not for women. In addition, men possessed higher mean internal-control orientation than women.
Metropolitan policies and colonial practices at the boys' reformatory in British Guiana.

In the early 1880s the Superintendent of the boys' reformatory in British Guiana, the Onderneeming School, visited the Redhill Industrial School in Britain. F.A. Gall noted differences in architecture - the school at Surrey had five houses, each with two dormitories, whereas that in British Guiana was but a single building with one dormitory - but concluded that both institutions were conducted in much the same fashion, 'having due regard to the class of boys and climate'.1 Gall's assessment was in part accurate: founded some 30 years before Onderneeming, Redhill, like the school in British Guiana, was established to house 'destitute and criminal juveniles'.2 The similarity doubtless owed much to Onderneeming' s provenance British legislation and policies influenced the form of nineteenth-ce ntury juvenile institutions in British Guiana. Yet the mitigating factors cited by Gall - the 'class of boys and [the] climate' - ensured that Onderneeming evolved differently from the British reformatories. Established in 1879 to reform criminal and vagrant boys, Onderneeming reflected the ideological and economic exigencies of colonial life. Training was geared towards recovering the largely Afro-Guianese inmates for the colonial economy - in the long-term, by constituting a pool of unskilled agricultural labourers and more immediately, by helping to maintain the reformatory and other colonial institutions and contributing to efforts to diversify British Guiana's sugar-dependent economy. It also served the implicitly racialist project of encouraging young Afro-Guianese males to return to the agricultural sector.
Practical electron microscopy of pediatric renal tumors.

Presented is a short practical review of the key features and principal applications of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of childhood and adult “pediatric” renal tumors.
Leiomyosarcoma of the skin: a case report

A middle-aged man presented with an ulcerated nodule of the right posterior thigh that was histologically evaluated as leiomyosarcoma of the skin. A wide excision of the tumor was followed by split-thickness skin grafting. Leiomyosarcomas of the skin and subcutaneous tissue are rare tumors, usually occurring in the proximal lower extremities. The treatment of choice is a wide local excision with a 3- to 5-cm margin including the subcutaneous tissue and fascia. The defect is covered by a split-thickness skin graft.
Complete vapor phase assignment for the fundamental vibrations of furan, pyrrole and thiophene

Abstract Vibrational spectroscopic studies, including IR vapor, Raman vapor and Raman liquid spectra, have been made to obtain the complete set of fundamental vibrational frequencies in the vapor and liquid states for furan, pyrrole and thiophene. For furan, vapor values have been determined for the two previously ambiguous fundamentals, ν 11 and ν 18 . Also determined is the vapor frequncy of two fundamentals of furan for which only the liquid value had been known. The fundamental vibrational frequencies of pyrrole have been completely determined in the gas and liquid states. The thiophene results confirm the assignment of Rico et al. [ Spectrochim. Acta 21 , 689 (1965)], although for several of the fundamental modes the vapor frequency is now measured. The Raman vapor spectra are conclusive concerning the refinements in vibrational assignment for furan and pyrrole, where virtually every binary combination band involving the out-of-plane fundamentals that yield an A 1 transition is observed. The Raman vapor results establish two significant Fermi resonances affecting fundamental vibration levels in pyrrole. Also, 13 C and 34 S isotopomers are identified in the Q -branches of the Raman vapor spectra at natural abundance. A comparison of the spectroscopic and calorimetric ideal-gas thermodynamic properties is made. The differences are negligible in the region where the calorimetric data are most reliable.
Neuropsychological and symptom predictors of aggression on the psychiatric inpatient service

Neuropsychological assessment of executive dysfunction may identify psychiatric patients who may be at high risk for aggressive behavior because impairment of the prefrontal cortex has been indicated as a possible anatomical correlate of aggression. No consensus, however, has been reached on the extent that executive dysfunction contributes to the formation of psychopathology and to aggressive behavior in psychiatric inpatients. We hypothesized a mediating model wherein patients' executive-functioning deficits contribute to the formation of psychopathological symptoms, which then underlies aggressive behavior. To test this model, we examined the relationship between executive functioning, psychiatric symptomatology, and aggressive behavior in 85 psychiatric inpatients presenting over an acute hospital admission using structure equation modeling techniques. The results revealed that psychiatric inpatients' executive function impairment significantly predicted the formation of psychiatric symptomatology, which in turn significantly contributed to the manifestation of aggressive behavior. Executive dysfunction also directly predicted inpatient aggressive behavior. Combining the indirect and direct effects, 59% of our inpatient aggression measure factor variance was accounted for by our measures of executive dysfunction and clinical symptom severity. These findings suggest that neurocognitive deficits underlie both psychiatric symptom formation and aggression. Patients with executive dysfunction may not possess the behavioral inhibition skills needed to cope with the presence of symptoms and other stressful events that accompany acute psychosis and hospitalization that may result, consequently, in increased manifestations of aggressive behavior.
The Value of Ureaplasma urealyticum Tracheal Culture and Treatment in Premature Infants Following an Acute Respiratory Deterioration

The Value of Ureaplasma urealyticum Tracheal Culture and Treatment in Premature Infants Following an Acute Respiratory Deterioration
Reconciling Cyclical Movements in the Marginal Value of Time and the Marginal Product of Labor

Recessions appear to be times when the marginal rate of substitution between goods and workers’ time falls below the marginal product of labor. If so, the allocation of workers’ time is inefficient. I develop a model of households and production that reconciles cyclical movements in the marginal value of time and the marginal product. The model embodies the findings of research that the Frisch elasticity of labor supply is less than one. It treats unemployment in a search‐and‐matching setup. Recessions do not result in private inefficiency in the allocation of labor, but the unemployment rate may be socially inefficiently high.
Statistical analysis of temperature-dependent neuronal activity

Abstract A set of computer programs which collect and analyze data on the temperature dependence of neuronal activity is described. Data on the response to thermal stimultion of cultured neurons of the rat preoptic area were collected and displayed on-line and were stored on disk for off-line analysis. Statistical analysis of the data examined two alternate models of thermosensitivity: one that the relationship between neuronal activity and temperature was well fit by a linear relationship and the other, that it was well fit by semi-log regression. For each of the models, a neuron was considered to have temperature-dependent activity if two criteria were met: first, that the model was considered adequate by a lack-of-fit F -test and second, that the slope of the regression line differed from zero using a t -test. A statistical method was also used to test the hypothesis that the neuronal response to temperature displays a change point. This method did not identify any neurons whose thermal response relationship could be better fit by two intersecting regression lines than by one regression line.
In-Plant Chlorination in Poultry Dressing Plants

(1952). In-Plant Chlorination in Poultry Dressing Plants. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 169-173.
MO‐D‐BRC‐01: Introduction: Challenges of Post‐Treatment and Real‐Time Imaging of Dose Deposition in Proton Therapy

The finite range of protons is the primary physical advantage leading to the potentially greatly improved dose distributions in protonradiation therapy. The other side of the coin is that it takes extra care to make sure that the protons actually stop at the right location. Fortunately, proton therapy provides unique opportunities to visualize interactions of the therapeutic beam with the patient. These interactions are more or less closely related to the delivered dose distribution, and can therefore be used as a dose surrogate for treatment verification. In this symposium we will highlight three examples of such interaction mechanisms, as well as their potential to provide clinically useful information about the in‐vivo dose distribution either post‐treatment or even in real‐time. Some of the methods are applicable to photon therapy as well. In this short introduction we will discuss various reasons that lead to uncertainties in the proton range and will show estimates of the magnitude of the range uncertainties. We will then go over techniques to deal with range uncertainties in treatment planning, and will finally discuss what could be gained if we could reduce or eliminate range uncertainties. Learning Objectives: 1. Name three reasons for range uncertainties in proton therapy. 2. Quantify the magnitude of range uncertainties. 3. Name at least one method that reduces the impact of range uncertainties.
Structures of the cuprous-thiolate clusters of the Mac1 and Ace1 transcriptional activators.

X-ray absorption spectroscopy on the minimal copper-regulatory domains of the two copper-regulated transcription factors (Ace1 and Mac1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed the presence of a remarkably similar polycopper cluster in both proteins. The Cu-regulatory switch motif of Mac1 consisting of the C-terminal first Cys-rich motif, designated the C1 domain, binds four Cu(I) ions as does the Cu-regulatory domain of Ace1. The four Cu(I) ions are bound to each molecule in trigonal geometry. An extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) arising from outer-shell Cu···Cu interactions at 2.7 and 2.9 A was apparent in each Cu(I) complex indicative of a polycopper cluster. The intensity of the 2.9 A Cu···Cu backscatter peak, apparently diminished by partial cancellation, dominates the EXAFS. The results suggest that CuAce1 and CuMac1(C1) contain somewhat distorted forms of a known [Cu4−S6] cage in which a core of Cu atoms forming an approximate tetrahedron is bound by bridging thiolates above each of the...
An electronic circuit for studying hunting

Various methods have been devised for determining power-angle oscillations of synchronous motors during the period of hunting following a change in load. This article describes an electronic circuit for this purpose, in which a beam of light is reflected from a set of equally spaced mirrors clamped around the motor shaft or coupling to a photoelectric cell; the light Sashes reaching the photoelectric cell are amplified and impressed on the plates of a cathode-ray oscilloscope in such a way that the resulting beam pattern on the oscilloscope screen shows the power-angle oscillations directly.
Fat Metabolism in Higher Plants. III. Enzymatic Oxidation of Glycerol.

Glycerol is an important component of naturally occurring lipids. It serves as the polyalcohol in neutral fats and as the backbone for a large group of phospholipids. In animal and bacterial tissues there is evidence that glycerol is first phosphorylated to a-glycerolphosphate which is then dehydrogenated to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). At this level, DHAP enters the glycolytic system and is converted to pyruvic acid, which may then enter the metabolic pool of the tissue (1-4). The present investigation, as a part of a continuing program in this laboratory concerning fat metabolism in higher plants (5-7), suggests that the metabolic pathway for glycerol in peanut cotyledons is similar to that found in animal tissue. In essence, it has been observed that a complete system for the oxidation of glycerol to C02 involves two enzymic components, namely, (1) a mitochondrial system which contains a glycerol kinase and a a-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase as well as the complete tricarboxylic acid cycle system, and (2) a non-particulate system of soluble proteins responsible for the conversion of tri?se phosphates to pyruvic acid.
Surgical prevention of posterior capsule opacification. Part 1: Progress in eliminating this complication of cataract surgery.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate over almost 2 decades the success of a component of cataract surgery that represents a critical step in reducing the incidence of posterior capsule opacification (PCO); namely, the efficacy of cortical cleanup. Setting Center for Research on Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices, Storm Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Methods Accessioned from the early 1980s to 1997, 3320 eyes obtained postmortem with posterior chamber intraocular lenses were analyzed with respect to formation of a postoperative Soemmering’s ring. This anatomic lesion, the precursor of clinical PCO, represents an important and measurable indication of the quality of cortical cleanup. Its formation was documented using Miyake–Apple posterior photographic analysis. Results The quality and thoroughness of cortical cleanup and overall effectiveness in eliminating retained and/or regenerating cortical cells, as measured by scoring of Soemmering’s rings, showed virtually no net change since the early 1980s. The intensity of Soemmering’s ring was higher in the most recent specimens than in those in the early 1980s. Conclusion The results indicate that renewed attention to cortical cleanup in cataract surgery is warranted for significant reduction in incidence or the elimination of PCO. More attention to the hydrodissection (cortical cleaving hydrodissection) step of the procedure is likely a practical, immediately implementable, and inexpensive remedy.
Impact of the initial doses of rocuronium and pancuronium on subsequent maintenance for neuromuscular block.

Purpose: To determine the impact of the neuromuscular blocking agent given for intubation on the duration of effect of multiple maintenance doses of pancuronium and rocuronium.
Second harmonic generation spectroscopy of chemically modified Si(1 1 1) surfaces

Abstract The spectrum of second harmonic radiation reflected from silicon surfaces with incident broad spectral bandwidth, femtosecond laser pulses has been measured for several chemical modifications of Si(1 1 1) surfaces. The modifications include surfaces with covalently attached –H and –C 10 H 21 (-decyl) monolayers, and a native oxide film. By normalizing the second harmonic spectrum with a quartz reference, the dispersion of the nonlinear susceptibility of the surfaces has been measured. The normalized spectra show well defined resonances associated with critical point structures in the linear susceptibility of silicon, in agreement with previous second harmonic generation (SHG) studies on oxidized silicon surfaces. It is shown that variations in peak position and normalized SHG intensity among the spectra are favorable for the application of SHG for monitoring the progress of surface chemical reactions. Preliminary results are presented that demonstrate such in situ monitoring for photoinduced reactions of H-terminated Si(1 1 1) surfaces in air and in liquid 1-decene. Estimates have been made of the absolute SHG efficiency of the chemically modified Si(1 1 1) surfaces. The significance of the spectroscopic results for the interpretation of the microscopic origin of the nonlinear response is considered.
Gastric evacuation in the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus

Sandbar sharks maintained in an enclosure in the natural environment were fed meals of soft blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, or menhaden, Brevoortia lyrannus, and were sacrificed at intervals after feeding to measure rates of gastric emptying. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the adequacy of various models in describing the decrease in stomach contents with time after feeding. A Gompertz growth curve provided the best fit to the data for both food types. This model suggests that gastric emptying is characterized by an initial lag phase during which evacuation rate increases, a period of maximal evacuation, and a decreasing evacuation rate during the later stages of digestion. Passage of food from the stomach was slow relative to other species of fish studied. The time required to evacuate 98% of a meal was 92–3 and 70–7 h for sharks fed menhaden and blue crab respectively. Evacuation rates did not differ between day and night periods.
Effects of x-ray beam equalization on mammographic imaging.

We employed an elastic reservoir filled with tissue‐equivalent fluid as an x‐ray beam filter for exposure equalization. The filter is designed to be placed between the upper compression plate and the breast. During compression, it will conform to the shape of the peripheral region of the breast and fill the space between the upper and lower compression plates, thereby reducing the variation in x‐ray penetration between the thick and thin regions of the breast and compressing the dynamic range of the breast image. Results of a phantom study showed that the visibility of low‐contrast features was improved in the peripheral region of the equalized breast phantom image. Experimental measurements indicated that the filter reduced scattered radiation in the peripheral region. This result was confirmed by a Monte Carlo simulation study. The radiation contrast, with the effect of beam hardening included, was also improved when equalization was employed.