cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glucoregulation during rest and exercise in depancreatized dogs: role of the acute presence of insulin

To determine the effects of the presence of insulin in poorly controlled diabetes, depancreatized (PX) dogs (n = 5) were studied during rest and 150 min of exercise in paired experiments in which saline alone was infused (IDEF) and in which insulin was replaced intraportally (200 microU.kg-1.min-1) with glucose clamped at the levels in IDEF (IR+G). PX dogs (n = 4) were also studied with insulin, but glucose was allowed to fall (IR). Insulin was not detectable, 6 +/- 1 and 6 +/- 2 microU/ml in IDEF, IR+G, and IR. Plasma glucose was 470 +/- 47, 480 +/- 48, and 372 +/- 35 mg/dl at rest in IDEF, IR+G, and IR, respectively. Levels were unchanged with exercise in IDEF and IR+G, but fell by 139 +/- 13 mg/dl in IR. Basal glucose rate of appearance (Ra) was 7.0 +/- 0.9, 1.3 +/- 1.1, and 6.0 +/- 0.7 mg.kg-1.min-1 in IDEF, IR+G, and IR, respectively. Exercise elicited a rise in Ra in only IDEF. The rises in Rd and metabolic clearance rate in IDEF were reduced (delta 2.6 +/- 0.7 and delta 0.8 +/- 0.3 ml.kg-1.min-1 at 150 min) compared with IR+G (delta 5.3 +/- 1.9 and delta 1.7 +/- 0.2 ml.kg-1.min-1 at 150 min) and IR (delta 3.7 +/- 1.2 and delta 2.4 +/- 0.8 ml.kg-1.min-1). The insulin sensitivity of glucose utilization (Rd) was elevated by approximately 75% at 150 min. Basal glycerol was similar in IDEF and IR but was reduced by approximately 70% in IR+G. Glycerol rose similarly with exercise in IDEF and IR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Patterns in the Management of Acute Limb Ischemia: A VESS Survey

Background Treatment strategies for acute limb ischemia (ALI) are abundant with few established guidelines. We sought to determine nationwide ALI treatment patterns in the modern era. Methods Anonymous electronic surveys examining the management of ALI involving native vessel and bypass occlusion were sent to all members of the Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Society ( n = 738). Treatment options included catheter-directed lysis (CDL) or pharmacomechanical (PMT) thrombolysis and open surgery. CDL management strategies were evaluated for lytic and heparin dosing, fibrinogen monitoring, and treatment duration. Influence of Rutherford category (RC), time from training, practice type, hospital size, region, and protocol use was assessed. Data were analyzed by univariate contingency tables and multinomial regression analysis. Results A total of 117 (response rate of 16%) surveys were completed. The most common management strategy RC 2a ischemia in all conduit occlusions was endovascular (prosthetic graft, 96 [82%] respondents; vein graft 96 [82%] respondents; native artery occlusion 79 [68%] respondents), while those with RC 3 ischemia were more commonly treated with open techniques (prosthetic graft, 96 [83%]; vein graft 94 [81%]; native artery occlusion 94 [80%]). Of those respondents using endovascular therapy, CDL was most commonly used in RC 2a patients, while PMT was most commonly used in RC 3 patients. Multivariate analysis identified prosthetic and vein graft occlusion were more likely to be treated via endovascular approach (odds ratio, 2.45 and 2.78, respectively; P P P P = 0.017) were more likely to be treated by open approach. Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) dosing during catheter directed therapy was usually 1 mg/hr (77%) with variable concentrations and duration of the initial treatment of 8–24 hr (78%). Most respondents indicated having developed their own protocols and patterns of treatment varied but were influenced by training and practice environment variables. Conclusions Management strategies vary widely in ALI. Some effects of provider training and individual protocol development were observed, and TPA protocols were influenced by increased institutional responsibility for thrombolysis. Further efforts are needed to develop consensus guidelines for ALI management.
Salomon’s House in the Hague

For a few years after his last youthful English journey in 1624, Constantijn Huygens wrote almost nothing about his scientific pursuits. Around 1627 when he married, he began his long poem, ‘Daghwerck’ or ‘The Day’s Work,’ part of which described his scientific ideas and the experiments he performed in the Hague. At about the same time Huygens began his prose autobiography, in which he left the details of his early contacts with Bacon and Drebbel, whose influence upon him came to flower in ‘Daghwerck.’ 1
Evolution of brain network dynamics in neurodevelopment

Cognitive function evolves significantly over development, enabling flexible control of human behavior. Yet, how these functions are instantiated in spatially distributed and dynamically interactin...
Low Dose Alemtuzumab (Campath 1H) Prior to Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation Is Associated with Low Incidence of Acute and Chronic GVHD but Protracted Immune Recovery.

Abstract Background: The administration of alemtuzumab (Campath 1H) as part of the conditioning regimen prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation has been associated with a low incidence of acute and chronic GVHD. Initial studies employing doses of 100 mg have reported a high incidence of viral infections. Lower alemtuzumab doses combined with standard GVHD prophylaxis regimens (calcineurin inhibitor + MTX) have also resulted in a low incidence of acute GVHD in patients with CD52-positive malignancies. We investigated the effect of low-dose (40 mg) alemtuzumab on engraftment (VNTR chimerism studies), the incidence of acute and chronic GVHD, CMV reactivation, survival, and immune reconstitution (examined by TREC content at various time points after transplant). Patient and Transplant characteristics: Twenty-seven patients underwent a matched (n=24) or 1-antigen mismatched (n=3) related (n=13) or unrelated (n=14) allogeneic stem cell transplantation for various hematologic malignancies. Median age was 41 years (19–59). Disease stage at transplant was early for 48%, intermediate for 11% and late for 41%. Three patients received bone marrow and 24 received PBSC grafts. Conditioning regimen consisted of TBI 10 Gy with partial lung shielding, Thiotepa 500 mg/m2, and Alemtuzumab 20 mg IV on day -4 and day -1. GVHD prophylaxis was with cyclosporine (n=13) or tacrolimus (n=14) and full-dose MTX. High-dose viral prophylaxis with valacyclovir 2000 mg QID was given to all recipients from a CMV seropositive recipient/donor pair starting at patient #9, due to a high incidence of CMV reactivation amongst the first 8 patients. Three patients received DLI for disease relapse. Median follow-up for survivors is 13 months (6–26). Results: Of eighteen evaluable patients (3 relapsed, 5 expired, 1 not done) at day 100, 15 had ≥ 95% donor chimerism, and 3 had 90–94% donor chimerism. The cumulative incidence of acute GVHD grade II-IV at day 100 was 4% (95% CI 1–16%), and the cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD at 1 year was 31% (12–52%). Cumulative incidence of non-relapse mortality at day 100 was 18% (7–35%), and at 1 year 31% (14–49%). Cumulative incidence of relapse at 1 year was 28%, resulting in a projected 1-year disease-free survival of 41% (22–60%), and overall survival of 54% (33–71%). Amongst the first eight patients, all (5/5) at-risk recipients developed CMV reactivation. After initiation of prophylaxis with high-dose valacyclovir, 4/11 at-risk recipients developed CMV reactivation. No patient died from CMV disease. TREC analysis in a limited number of patients showed rapid increase in TREC between day 0 and day 180, but no further increment between day 180 and day 365. Conclusions: The use of low-dose alemtuzumab results in low incidences of acute and chronic GVHD. CMV reactivation is common, and can be partially prevented by use of high-dose valacyclovir. Immune reconstitution data on a small subset of patients show limited output of thymic emigrant T cells after 6 months.
Alkaline Phosphatase: A Biomarker of Cardiac Function in Pediatric Patients

Myocardial dysfunction and heart failure are common in pediatric patients with congenital and acquired heart disease. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) has been suggested as a biomarker for myocardial dysfunction after Fontan operation. We hypothesized that pediatric patients with myocardial dysfunction requiring orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) have diminished AP compared to normal. A retrospective review was performed in all patients who underwent OHT at Arkansas Children’s Hospital between January 2007 and October 2012. Anatomic diagnoses, therapeutic interventions, and ventricular ejection fraction (EF) were recorded. Z scores for AP levels in the study group were determined by comparing the observed AP levels to age- and gender-matched normative values. T tests were performed to compare the mean AP Z score prior to and after OHT. p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. During the study period, 124 OHTs were performed. Complete study data were available and analyzed from 71/124 patients (mean age at OHT 3.9 years; 51% female). The mean AP Z score was significantly lower in the study group prior to OHT compared to normal (p < 0.0001). The initiation of ACE inhibitor therapy prior to OHT was associated with a significant increase in AP and the ventricular EF (p < 0.001 for both). Treatment with milrinone was associated with an increase in EF. AP is significantly lower in pediatric patients with myocardial dysfunction prior to OHT compared to normal. AP increases significantly after the initiation of therapies to improve myocardial function. Diminished AP is an indicator of myocardial dysfunction in pediatric patients.
Nación, sexualidad y poder en Clemencia de Ignacio Manuel Altamirano

El presente estudio ofrece una serie de reflexiones en torno al papel de la obra de Ignacio Manuel Altamirano en el ambito de la cultura mexicana de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Como es sabido, la intervencion de Altamirano, durante la deca­da de 1860, fue decisiva para el montaje de un nuevo proyecto educativo y la construccion de una narrativa nacional. Las pagi­nas de Clemencia ofrecen una gran riqueza interpretativa en este sentido.
Copycat snacks: can students differentiate between school and store snacks?

In 2014, the national Smart Snacks in School nutrition standards placed regulations on all snack foods sold in schools. Many food companies reformulated common snack food products for sale in schools, called “copycat snacks”, which look similar to nutritionally different foods sold in stores. It is possible that these snacks create consumer confusion among students. The purpose of this study was to determine if middle school students could differentiate, in taste and appearance, between school (copycat) and store versions of common snacks. Seventy-six middle school students evaluated three different food products offered in schools: Froot Loops, Rice Krispy Treats, and Doritos. Students tasted snacks in a series of triangle tests for difference, one for each snack food, including school and store versions. Students were also presented with packages, school and store versions of the same products, and asked to determine the expected taste, purchase intentions, and perceived healthfulness. Students could determine taste differences between school and store Rice Krispy Treats yet could not differentiate between Froot Loop and Dorito varieties. Students rated store versions of all three snacks with greater expected taste, higher intention to purchase, and as less healthy. While it seems product confusion concerning copycat snacks may not be severe in this sample, snack food brands are still a prominent feature in schools. It is possible that these copycat snacks can confuse students’ perceptions of healthy foods. Alternative packaging for school foods or reformation of store versions of snack foods may be viable solutions to this problem.
Calculating the unsaturated direct and quadrature axes magnetizing inductances of synchronous reluctance machines based on Maxwell's equations and magnetic equivalent circuit

This paper presents an analytical method to calculate the unsaturated direct (d) and quadrature (q) axis magnetizing inductance of synchronous reluctance machines (SynRMs). The d-axis magnetizing inductance is calculated by conformal mapping and solving partial differential equations of magnetic potentials, while the q-axis magnetizing inductance is solved from a magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) model. With the d and q-axes magnetizing inductance calculated, it will be straightforward to obtain the electromagnetic torque of a SynRM. The analytical method solves much faster than finite element analysis (FEA), and yields a result that matches the FEA simulation.
A38 Session 11: Cardiovascular Disease Intervention: Cryoballoon ablation of atrial fibrillation

Aim To retrospectively evaluate clinical predictors of successful ablation of atrial fibrillation following pulmonary vein isolation using the Medtronic Arctic Front Cryoballoon catheter. Background Cryoablation is an effective technique for the treatment of AF. Long-term data measuring the rates of recurrence and symptom reduction is lacking. Methods 73 patients undergoing cryoablation for symptomatic paroxysmal or persistent AF using the Arctic Front Cardiac CryoAblation balloon catheter (Medtronic, Inc.) were retrospectively examined. One patient had a repeat procedure for a total of 74. Patient characteristics, AF type, recurrence of AF, symptomatic reduction, and the presence of structural heart disease was recorded. Recurrence of AF was measured at 6 and 12 months. Methods of monitoring included EKG, mobile cardiac telemetry (MCT), holter monitor, and implantable devices such as internal loop recorders, pacemakers, and implantable cardioverter–defibrillators. The presence of structural heart disease was defined as a left atrial diameter >4.0 cm and/or ejection fraction (EF).
Detecting Good Surface for Improvisatory Visual Projection

A projector is usually coupled with a dedicated projection surface to properly display visual information. This prevents the application of projection in places where a dedicated projection surface is not readily available. This paper presents a method for automatically detecting a good surface in a daily living and working space to support improvisatory projection without a pre-installed projection surface. Our method uses a projector-camera system that scans an environment and evaluates the quality of the environment surface for visual projection in two steps. Our method first excludes non-planar or highly-textured surface through epipolar geometry analysis and texture analysis. For a surface that passes the first test, our method further evaluates its quality for visual projection by quickly projecting the sampled projection content onto the surface and measuring the quality of the projected visual content. Our experiment shows that our method can reliably identify a good surface in a daily environment for high-quality visual projection.
Splitting Localization and Prediction Numbers

In this paper the work done by Newelski and Roslanowski is revisited to solve a question done by Blass about one of the possible evasion and prediction numbers. This led to define a variation of the $k$-localization property (the $(k+1)^{\omega}$-localization property) and the use of a forcing notion with accelerating trees.
DO NOT FORGET YOUR FLU SHOT: AN INTERESTING CASE OF FLU MYOCARDITIS

Of the many cardiac complications of influenza infection, myocarditis remains among the most lethal. Influenza myocarditis appears to disproportionately affect women. We present a 52 year-old lady with no known heart disease who presented to clinic with sore throat, cough, and diffuse myalgias and
Sendmail without the superuser

As an exercise in the application of the concept of least privilege, we have modified the pieces of an ordinary UNIX mail system, sendmail in particular, to require little or no privilege in their operation. No mail code runs with root or system IDs. In fact, the simplest configuration (local-only mail, with or without mandatory access controls) can run with no privilege or special access rights whatsoever, while even the most complex (multilevel network mail) can be done with minimal privilege requirements. While such modifications cannot guarantee the absence of security holes in mail, they should greatly limit their possible scope.
Design for Hardware Trust: Dummy Scan Flip-Flop Insertion

Hardware Trojan detection is an extremely challenging problem, and traditional structural and functional tests cannot effectively address it. Trojan inputs are supplied by nets with low-transition probabilities to reduce their impact on circuit side-channel signals such as power and delay. Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) methods used in manufacturing tests for detecting defects do so by operating on Trojan-free netlists. Therefore, existing ATPG algorithms cannot directly target Trojans [7].
Distributing regionally, distinguishing locally: examining the underlying effects of local land use on airborne bacterial biodiversity

Airborne bacteria are abundant and can vary with land use. Urban expansion is increasing rapidly at a global scale, altering natural sources of airborne bacterial biodiversity, as soils and native plants are replaced by pavement and managed yards. Urbanization homogenizes the biodiversity of larger organisms, but its effects are understudied with respect to microbes. This study uses categorical and gradient approaches to examine airborne bacterial communities in southwest Michigan (USA). Airborne communities carried a gut-microbial signature and were equally homogenous above urban and rural sites, despite greater homogeneity of soil communities at urban sites. Ruminococcaceae were abundant, the source of which is likely wildlife. Beyond the gut-microbial signature, there were underlying effects of land use, which were evident in the shared airborne taxa across urban and rural sites. Bacillales, Burkholderiales, Alteromonadales and Pseudomonadales were shared more across urban sites, while Xanthomonadales, which contains crop-plant pathogens, were shared across rural agricultural sites. These results suggest that taxa which may distribute globally, coupled with localized sources, contribute to urban communities, while regional rural activities drive rural composition. We determined that soils were unlikely to contribute to broad distribution of some plant-associated taxa, but may be a source for distribution of others.
Radiofrequency wire ‘power wire’ recanalization of calcified chronically occluded inferior vena cava

Radiofrequency (RF) wire recanalization of short segments of central venous obstruction has been considered safe; however its use for recanalization of long segments of inferior vena cava (IVC) has not been reported. A 55-year-old female with recurrent massive hematemesis was found to have systemic venous upper esophageal varices on endoscopy and an extensive chronic IVC occlusion on CT. Using both a percutaneous transhepatic and transfemoral approach IVC recanalization was performed. A snare was advanced to the cavo-atrial junction via transhepatic venous access. From the groin utilizing RF wire steerable guide sheaths, endovascular reconstruction of the IVC was performed. Post recanalization venography demonstrated patent stented IVC and marked decrease in the intraabdominal-pelvic collaterals. No recurrence of hematemesis was noted. After 6 months, patient remained asymptomatic and had functioning right femoral arteriovenous hemodialysis graft. Using appropriate techniques, Power wire recanalization of long occlusive segments of IVC can be safe and effective.
Pinpricks: Needling, numbness, and temporalities of pain

Acupuncture analgesia appeared relatively straightforward. A patient laid awake as the practitioner needled selected sites on the body to induce numbness for surgery. Numerous reports emerging from China in the 1970s featured men and women resting on operating tables, smiling into the camera, surrounded by doctors who attended to the excised region-the esophagus, brain, gut, heart, or lungs. In the course of a decade, hundreds of news articles proclaimed acupuncture analgesia as embodying the spirit of Communist politics. While "acupuncture analgesia" was a heterogeneous practice that addressed a variety of disorders, it cohered visually in photographs of patients indifferent to their vivisected bodies, and it cohered discursively as a means for eliminating sensitivity to pain. Across these domains of representation, I argue that reports of obliterating pain with a single needle across clinical encounters collapsed the multiple temporalities of pain. Drawing on sources from an imagined community of researchers and physicians in parts of China, Singapore, Macau, Hong Kong, Britain, and the United States, this chapter explores the epistemic and ontological implications of numbness-a distinct sensation defined by the lack of sensation-in the absence of the brain.
A first principles study on spin resolved electronic properties of X@C70 (X = N, B) endohedral fullerene based molecular devices

Abstract A first principles study, through Density Functional Theory combined with Non-Equilibrium Green's Function Formalism, is addressed on the spin dependent electronic properties of X@C 70 (X = N, B) fullerene molecules attached to Au electrodes (Au-X@C 70 -Au). These endohedral fullerenes across a molecular junction are examined by spin resolved transmission, density of states, molecular orbitals , differential conductance and current-voltage ( I-V) characteristics. Au-X@C70-Au molecular devices exhibit spin-asymmetric behavior, emerging from the guest atom (N, B) encapsulated in the C70 fullerene cage. While the Au-N@C70-Au molecular junction reveals an almost linear I-V variation (implying a metallic property), the Au-B@C70 -Au device exhibits a nonlinear change within the bias range from −1 V to 1 V for both spin orientations. The essential role of each guest atom, induced magnetic moment , spin polarization and other relevant quantities associated with the spin resolved electronic transport are elucidated.
The Classification of Depression: Embracing Phenotypic Heterogeneity in the Era of the RDoC

Abstract The development of new, effective treatments for depression has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of its neurobiology. Research efforts such as the NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) have advocated for the delineation of specific unidimensional constructs that can be studied translationally across genes, cells, circuits, and behavioral measures using a dimensional—rather than a categorical—approach. This chapter details a number of methods that can be used to parse the heterogeneity of depression. The chapter first describes methods that use clinical symptomatology to define subgroups of depressed individuals, then delineates the methods that use biological markers to define biotypes of depression. The chapter also discusses an experimental therapeutics approach using rapid-acting interventions in which clinical trials are used to define potential bio-signatures of antidepressant response as well as biotypes of patients most likely to respond to treatment.
Black and proud: The role of ethnic-racial identity in the development of future expectations among at-risk adolescents.

OBJECTIVES Research examining factors that foster future expectations has been limited, especially among at-risk ethnic minority adolescents. The present study prospectively examined the protective role of ethnic-racial identity (ERI) in the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and future family, educational, and occupational expectations among at-risk Black and White adolescents. METHODS Data were collected from 558 adolescents (73% Black, 27% White) who were at-risk for family violence and participated in the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN). Information about ACEs was collected prospectively (CPS records and caregiver reports) between birth and age 12. Adolescents reported their ERI, feelings of affirmation and belonging, to their ethnic-racial groups at age 12 and their future expectations at age 14. RESULTS Structural equation models revealed that in general, ACEs were associated with more negative educational expectations, b = -.04, p < .001, and stronger ERI was associated with decreased expectations for occupational difficulties, b = -.36, p < .001. Tests of moderation revealed that for Black, but not White adolescents, stronger ERI was significantly associated with more positive educational expectations, b = .36, p < .001, and that the negative association between ACEs and educational and occupational expectations was mitigated by stronger ERI, b = .15, p < .001. CONCLUSIONS Findings underscore the importance of cultivating strong ERI among at-risk Black adolescents as a positive coping strategy to increase their educational and occupational expectations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
(243) Immune-Related Effects of the Standard American Diet in Rodents

Obesity is a pro-inflammatory state that can contribute to chronic pain. Additionally, a poor-quality diet, high in carbohydrates can activate the immune system, further leading to inflammation. We have shown that our Standard American Diet (SAD) can increase peripheral markers of inflammation and prolong recovery from injury presumably through increased activation of immune cells in the spinal cord. Here, we demonstrate that long-term consumption of the SAD can enhance immune cell activation in the spinal cord, increase immune cell infiltration into the cord and that immune cells are required for enhanced SAD-related negative effects on recovery. First, spinal cords were imaged for Iba1, a marker of microglia/macrophage activation after chronic consumption of the SAD before and following inflammatory injury. As expected, SAD consumption increased activation at all time points (except for day 1 post-injury), perhaps explaining the protracted recovery observed. Second, long-term consumption of the SAD increased T cell infiltration into the spinal cord before and following injury and this effect was prevented by dietary intervention with our Anti-Inflammatory Diet. Similar findings were observed in the brains. Finally, genetically-modified mice lacking the ability to activate microglia to the M1 phenotype showed no protracted recovery from inflammatory injury following long-term consumption of the SAD. Together, these data support the notion that poor-quality diet activates both the innate and adaptive immune systems and that this activation is required for the diet-induced negative behavioral effects following injury. Future studies will examine the impact of the SAD on markers of oxidative stress as a potential mechanism underlying the development of insulin sensitivity and diabetes mellitus.
Quantitation of TLR4 Internalization in Response to LPS in Thioglycollate Elicited Peritoneal Mouse Macrophages by Flow Cytometry

Internalization of cell surface Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) is a convenient read-out to measure LPS dependent activation of the TRIF adaptor pathway. We here provide a protocol to quantify the LPS dependent internalization of TLR4 using thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages by flow cytometry.
A Disorder-to-Order Transition Mediates RNA Binding of the Caenorhabditis elegans Protein MEX-5.

Abstract CCCH-type tandem zinc finger (TZF) domains are found in many RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that regulate the essential processes of post-transcriptional gene expression and splicing through direct protein-RNA interactions. In Caenorhabditis elegans, RBPs control the translation, stability, or localization of maternal messenger RNAs required for patterning decisions before zygotic gene activation. MEX-5 (Muscle EXcess) is a C. elegans protein that leads a cascade of RBP localization events that is essential for axis polarization and germline differentiation after fertilization. Here, we report that at room temperature, the CCCH-type TZF domain of MEX-5 contains an unstructured zinc finger that folds upon binding of its RNA target. We have characterized the structure and dynamics of the TZF domain of MEX-5 and designed a variant MEX-5 in which both fingers are fully folded in the absence of RNA. Within the thermal range experienced by C. elegans, the population of the unfolded state of the TZF domain of MEX-5 varies. We observe that the TZF domain becomes less disordered at lower temperatures and more disordered at higher temperatures. However, in the temperature range in which C. elegans is fertile, when MEX-5 needs to be functional, only one of the two zinc fingers is folded.
Chapter 4 – Validation methodologies

This chapter provides an overview of techniques applied for validating drug sensitivity prediction models. We first discuss the fitness measures such as normalized root mean square error, correlation coefficient, and Akaike Information Criterion, followed by a description of sample selection techniques for model accuracy estimation. The penultimate section deals with small sample issues along with a study of NCI-DREAM drug sensitivity data and Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia data to explore the bias and variance of various error estimation techniques. The final section of this chapter discusses various in vitro and in vivo experimental models used for validating drug sensitivity predictions.
Nanoscale Three-Independent-Gate Transistors: Geometric TCAD Simulations at the 10 nm-Node

Three-Independent-Gate Field-Effect Transistors (TIGFETs) are Schottky-barrier-based devices which can be reconfigured to be either n- or p-type allowing for innovative compact logic gate implementations. In this paper, we present an aggressively scaled 10 nm gate-all-around silicon-nanowire TIGFET device evaluated with Synopsys Sentaurus at a 0.7 V nominal supply voltage as typically used at this technology node. When considering a pure silicon channel, the maximum TCAD simulated current drive is 90.20 μA/μm and 89.25 μA/μm for n- and p-type operation respectively, and these simulations are verified using device physics calculations. In order to achieve higher current drives, we also consider a germanium-nanowire device which results in current drives more than 14× higher compared to the silicon-nanowire devices, thus making TIGFET devices competitive with FinFET technology at the 10 nm node.
The lysine degradation pathway: Subcellular compartmentalization and enzyme deficiencies

Lysine degradation via formation of saccharopine is a pathway confined to the mitochondria. The second pathway for lysine degradation, the pipecolic acid pathway, is not yet fully elucidated and known enzymes are localized in the mitochondria, cytosol and peroxisome. The tissue-specific roles of these two pathways are still under investigation. The lysine degradation pathway is clinically relevant due to the occurrence of two severe neurometabolic disorders, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) and glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1). The existence of three other disorders affecting lysine degradation without apparent clinical consequences opens up the possibility to find alternative therapeutic strategies for PDE and GA1 through pathway modulation. A better understanding of the mechanisms, compartmentalization and interplay between the different enzymes and metabolites involved in lysine degradation is of utmost importance.
A systematic review of the literature on mechanisms of 5-nitroimidazole resistance in Trichomonas vaginalis

Background Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection. 5-Nitroimidazoles [metronidazole (MTZ) and tinidazole (TDZ)] are FDA-approved treatments. To better understand treatment failure, we conducted a systematic review on mechanisms of 5-nitroimidazole resistance. Methods PubMed, ScienceDirect and EMBASE databases were searched using keywords Trichomonas vaginalis, trichomoniasis, 5-nitroimidazole, metronidazole, tinidazole and drug resistance. Non-English language articles and articles on other treatments were excluded. Results The search yielded 606 articles, of which 550 were excluded, leaving 58 articles. Trichomonas vaginalis resistance varies and is higher with MTZ (2.2–9.6%) than TDZ (0–2%). Resistance can be aerobic or anaerobic and is relative rather than absolute. Differential expression of enzymes involved in trichomonad energy production and antioxidant defenses affects 5-nitroimidazole drug activation; reduced expression of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, ferredoxin, nitroreductase, hydrogenase, thioredoxin reductase and flavin reductase are implicated in drug resistance. Trichomonas vaginalis infection with Mycoplasma hominis or T. vaginalis virus has also been associated with resistance. Trichomonas vaginalis has two genotypes, with greater resistance seen in type 2 (vs type 1) populations. Discussion 5-Nitroimidazole resistance results from differential expression of enzymes involved in energy production or antioxidant defenses, along with genetic mutations in the T. vaginalis genome. Alternative treatments outside of the 5-nitroimidazole class are needed.
More Than Just the Table: Analog Games as Computational Platforms

Analog game platforms are more than just individual material objects as the platform studies methodology would argue. Platform studies affords a medium specific analysis connecting media to its cultural implications through close examinations of modular material components that influence the interactions and creation of media made on a specific hardware or software platform. This paper uses the examples of Dungeons & Dragons and Magic: the Gathering to conceptualize analog game platforms in a way that complicates the construction of platforms.
Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiovascular Surgery in Children

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent and serious complication after pediatric cardiovascular surgery, affecting up to 60 % of patients. Even minor degrees of AKI are associated with worse clinical outcomes, including prolonged mechanical ventilation, longer ICU stay, and increased mortality. Although the mechanism for AKI after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is not completely elucidated, it is known that infants are particularly vulnerable to AKI given the immaturity of their nephron system and the complexity of their cardiac repairs, often necessitating long durations of cardiopulmonary bypass. Current treatment strategies are focused on managing AKI-related fluid overload, which is an independent risk factor for mortality. The early use of renal replacement, often in the form of peritoneal dialysis, is becoming more frequent among this cohort in the absence of other established preventative or treatment options.
A Comparative Language Study: Characterizing Collaboration Models in the EN, FR, and ES Language Editions of Wikipedia

Is Wikipedia a standardized platform with a common model of collaboration or is it a set of 288 language editions with distinct collaborative models? In the last 20 years, researchers have analyzed group work that enables the creation of quality articles in the English Wikipedia but these intellectual assumptions are based on solely this anglo-centric perspective. In my work, I aim to understand how prior influential collaboration models from the English Wikipedia generalize across other language editions. At a broader perspective, the implications of this study help uncover the differences between language communities and how they can be supported.
Amplify Experiential Learning with Cloud Video

Experiential learning is an essential component of the 21st-century, higher-education curriculum. Professional preparation programs are particularly reliant on experiential learning to bridge the d...
Pediatric recurring pain in the community: the role of children's sleep and internalizing symptoms.

Associations between poor sleep and pain may be amplified for children who also have depressive or anxious symptoms. This study examined associations between child sleep at eight years and recurrent pain at nine years along with the moderating role of internalizing symptoms. Families were from a community-based, ongoing longitudinal study (N = 632 children). At eight and nine years, twins (49.2% female, 56.7% non-Latinx European American, 28.8% Latinx) and caregivers participated in assessments focused on child sleep and pain, respectively. Approximately 53% of children had pain in at least one location at least monthly. Internalizing symptoms at age eight were positively associated with number of pain sites at age nine. Lower sleep efficiencies were associated with more pain sites for children with higher levels of internalizing symptoms. Later midpoint times were associated with more pain sites for children with lower levels of internalizing symptoms. Interventions focused on improving children’s pain outcomes may consider targeting sleep behaviors and mental health.
Quantification of two-phase refrigerant distribution in brazed plate heat exchangers using infrared thermography

Abstract This paper presents a method to quantify two-phase refrigerant flow distribution in brazed plate heat exchangers (BPHEs) from infrared images. In this method, the two-phase length of the refrigerant channels is first estimated from the IR images of the BPHE sidewall. Then, the refrigerant distribution is adjusted in a BPHE evaporator model, to have the predicted two-phase length of the channels match the identified results from the IR images. The overall performance of the BPHE is also predicted in the quantification process. The proposed quantification method is validated by the experimental data: heat exchanger capacities, pressure profiles, and surface temperature profiles of the sidewall. This non-intrusive method can effectively quantify two-phase refrigerant distribution in BPHEs with the premise that all liquid refrigerant has evaporated in the heat exchangers.
Self-reported reasons for colonoscopy among adults aged 45-49 versus 50 years and older from 2010-2018

Abstract Background In May of 2018, the American Cancer Society lowered the age of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening initiation from 50 to 45 years and in October 2020, United States Preventive Services Task Force published draft guidelines also lowering age of screening initiation to 45 years. Evaluating guideline adherence is needed; however, the majority of prior research on cancer screening do not distinguish whether colonoscopy was performed for true screening purposes or for post-symptomatic diagnosis. Methods Using data from the National Health Interview Survey between 2010 to mid-2018, we assessed response to the question “What was the MAIN reason you had [last] colonoscopy?” stratified by age (45−49 versus 50+ years). Multivariable logistic regression defined adjusted odds ratios of receiving last colonoscopy for screening controlling for relevant demographic characteristics. To estimate the cost burden of colonoscopy, the proportion of respondents reporting paying out of pocket for their last colonoscopy was assessed. Results Among 29,074 participants who had undergone a colonoscopy, 44.4 % of those aged 45–50 reported routine procedure as the reason for their most recent colonoscopy, as compared to 82.4 % in the 50+ age group (p Conclusions The majority of adults aged 45−49 self-report that last colonoscopy was not performed for screening, which is unsurprising given guidelines for screening for individuals under 50. As guidelines change, continued surveillance of colonoscopy patterns across age cohorts is needed, and studies should also incorporate reasons for testing.
National identity, cosmopolitanism, and attitudes toward immigrants:

This study examines the effects of national and cosmopolitan self-identity on xenophobic attitudes across 33 countries with a multilevel analysis of data from the National Identity Module III of th...
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms are Higher Among Same- and Both-Sex Attracted Individuals in a Large, International Sample

This study examines the severity of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms among sexual minorities in a large international sample and analyzes the relationship between GAD symptoms and two nation-level policies discriminating against sexual minorities: marriage inequality and criminalization of same-sex sex acts. Members of sexual minorities show higher rates of GAD. Structural stigma may contribute to poor mental health outcomes among sexual minorities. We collected GAD symptoms in a sample of 5,929 participants from countries with differing policies restricting the rights of sexual minorities between May 2018 and October 2018. We then used mixed effects regression to examine the effects of sexual orientation and structural stigma (marriage inequality and criminalization of same-sex sex acts) on GAD symptoms. Participants reporting same-sex and both-sex attraction showed more anxiety symptoms than participants reporting opposite-sex attraction. There was no significant interaction effect between marriage inequality or criminalization of same-sex sex acts and sexual orientation on GAD symptoms. The higher measured anxiety among sexual minority participants is consistent with previous research; however, the absence of an interaction effect between sexual orientation and discriminatory policies was contrary to our predictions. We hypothesize that this could be due to differential concealment of sexual orientation due to structural stigma or the effects of stigma and discrimination outside of policy. These findings suggest that changing discriminatory policies may not be sufficient to improve mental health outcomes among sexual minorities; instead, it may be necessary to address sources of stigma beyond direct legal policies.
Using Intentional Information to Coordinate Interoperating Workflows

Automated workflow management systems (WFMS) between cooperating but autonomous groups can fail because autonomous workgroups are free to change the activities that constitute their task, disrupting coordination between systems. We have spent several years constructing and validating a model of trigger-based (process state based) coordination that is more robust than current WFMS implementations under conditions of unilateral process change. We believe the research has implications for the design of inter-operating software systems outside the restricted domain of WFMS, specifically for the development of enterprise business object component systems. In this paper we briefly describe an intentional definition of workflow and the interpretation of that definition for maintaining coordination of a composite system in which components autonomously evolve.
Human transforming growth factor beta.alpha 2-macroglobulin complex is a latent form of transforming growth factor beta.

125I-Labeled human platelet-derived transforming growth factor beta (125I-TGF-beta) and human alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) formed a complex as demonstrated by 5% native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 125I-TGF-beta.alpha 2M complex migrated at a position identical to that of the fast migrating form of alpha 2M. Most of the 125I-TGF-beta.alpha 2M complex could be dissociated by acid or urea treatment. When 125I-TGF-beta was incubated with serum, the high molecular weight form of 125I-TGF-beta could be immunoprecipitated by anti-human alpha 2M anti-sera as demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. alpha 2M purified from platelet-rich plasma also showed the latent transforming growth factor activity and immunoreactivity of TGF-beta. These results suggest that TGF-beta.alpha 2M complex is a latent form of TGF-beta.
Highlights of the Hubble Space Telescope

In the three years since its deployment, the Hubble Space Telescope has been utilized for a broad range of astrophysical studies. Approximately 5000 targets have been observed, with the resulting data filling 500 Gbytes of the HST archives at the ST ScI, ST ECF, and CADC. Even with their much publicized spherical aberration, the HST optics have yielded optical and UV images of unsurpassed resolution. The ring about SN 1987A, the environs of NGC 1275, blue stragglers deep in the cores of globular clusters, and the remarkable structures in Eta Carina are some of the better known examples of bright astronomical sources in which the stability of the HST point spread function permits almost complete image restoration and the full HST resolution to be realized. By revealing new morphological information for faint and diffuse targets such the high redshift cluster of galaxies, CL 0939+4713, and the cores of radio galaxies, HST has essentially met its original promise of qualitatively changing our understanding of these objects. Similarly, the Faint Object Spectrograph and Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph have been utilized in every major discipline: solar system studies, the interstellar medium, hot and cool stars, and distant galaxies and active nuclei. The goals of the first shuttle servicing mission are to restore HST’s original optical performance and to repair and replace several spacecraft systems, such as gyros and the solar arrays. Several of the most challenging scientific HST programs, such as the determination of the Hubble constant and the imaging of clusters of galaxies at z = 1, await the success of the December 1993 servicing mission.
Torch Song Trilogy

Torch Song Trilogy chronicles the quest for love and acceptance in the life of Arnold Beckoff (Harvey Fierstein), a Jewish gay man born in Brooklyn, New York during a time when homosexuality was st...
Crop domestication creates a refuge from parasitism for a native moth

Summary 1 Insect herbivores are generally more abundant in agro-ecosystems than in natural ecosystems. One possible cause is that artificial selection of crop plants may have disrupted parasitoid–herbivore interactions. We studied a native tritrophic system to determine if crop domestication has created a refuge for the sunflower moth Homoeosoma electellum from its major parasitoid Dolichogenidea homoeosomae. 2 Parasitoid foraging behaviour on infested wild and agricultural sunflowers was studied using event-recording software. We used detailed observations on larval feeding location and parasitoid probing behaviour to determine if the lower parasitism on agricultural sunflowers was the result of a structural refuge or a change in parasitoid foraging behaviour. 3 Greater than 20 times more larvae fed on seeds of agricultural sunflowers than on seeds of wild sunflowers. Seed-feeding enabled larvae to escape parasitoids because their ovipositors were too weak to penetrate the seed. As a consequence, larvae were more likely to be parasitized on wild sunflowers than on agricultural sunflowers, and floret-feeding larvae were more likely to be parasitized than seed-feeding larvae. 4 Parasitoids were more stimulated to probe for larvae on wild sunflowers than on agricultural sunflowers. However, they responded to larval feeding location rather than plant genotype. Thus lower parasitism on agricultural sunflowers was due to a structural refuge for larvae rather than a change in parasitoid foraging behaviour. 5 Synthesis and applications. Crop domestication has created a structural refuge from parasitism. The presence of refuges on agricultural plants helps explain why some insects are difficult to regulate using biological control. Studying parasitoid activity on wild relatives of agricultural plants can identify how plant variation contributes to the creation of a refuge. Beneficial plant traits can then potentially be bred back into the crop germplasm in order to enhance the biological control of insect pests in agroecosystems.