cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using State-Equity Reform to Improve Latinx Student Transfer

This article focuses on Latinx transfer inequity and the role of state policy in addressing barriers faced trying to move from community college to four-year institutions. A recently passed initiative in California, known as the Student Equity Policy, offers community colleges the opportunity to address transfer barriers for racial/ethnic students through institutional planning. One of the largest challenges facing California Community Colleges are the persistent inequitable rates of transfer for Latinx students, the largest ethnic group in the system. Using critical policy analysis, I examined a subset of 33 Hispanic-serving community colleges to understand how they leveraged the policy to address the transfer barriers facing Latinx students. By examining equity plans, this study finds that although Latinx students are identified as facing disproportionate levels of inequity; the policy, planning process, and funding resources were left as unexploited opportunities to address Latinx students’ specific equity gaps.
Thin-Piezo on Single-Crystal Silicon Reactive Etched RF MEMS Resonators

This paper demonstrates how a single crystal silicon wafer can be used to fabricate thin-film piezoelectric-on-silicon (TPoS) resonators by utilizing a modified version of Single Crystal Silicon Reactive Etch and Metallization (SCREAM) process. The developed process enables the fabrication of MEMS resonators with varied device layer thicknesses ranging from sub-micrometer to tens of micrometers (one thickness per die) from a single bulk silicon wafer, while avoiding the need of costly silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates. The thin-film piezoelectric on single-crystal silicon reactive etched technique allows batch fabrication of TPoS resonators, while also retaining the same number of photolithography steps. To maintain a good resonator body sidewall roughness, a conformal Al2O3 thin film was deposited by atomic layer deposition to act as the sidewall protection layer. Through the developed process, resonators with varied silicon layer ranging from $0.1~\mu \text{m}$ to $47~\mu \text{m}$ have been successfully implemented. The measured results under different ZnO-to-Si thickness ratios have been studied, in terms of motional impedance ( $R_{\mathrm {m}}$ ), quality factor ( $Q$ ), and resonance frequency. It is noted that TPoS MEMS resonators operating in fundamental and higher lateral extensional modes exhibit their best performance under an optimal ZnO-to-Si thickness ratio. Resonators fabricated by the modified TPoS process with a Si device layer thickness of 4- $20~\mu \text{m}$ exhibits optimal performance. The highest $Q$ of 1,567 for a disk resonator and the lowest motional impedance of 791 $\Omega $ for a square plate resonator were achieved with Si layer thicknesses of $20~\mu \text{m}$ and $4~\mu \text{m}$ , respectively.
Millimeter Wave Data Networking for Autonomous Vehicle Systems

Vehicles that travel on a multi-lane highway issue data packets that are to be disseminated over a targeted geographical span. A roadside infrastructure consists of Roadside Units (RSU) that are connected by point to point links. We develop RSU aided and V2V based millimeter wave (mmWave) packet dissemination algorithms. We develop FDMA/TDMA based spatial reuse scheduling schemes for sharing communications links in the system. System parameters include inter-RSU and inter-vehicular distance ranges, transmit power levels, antenna beamwidth values, and spatial reuse factors. We study the delay throughput performance behavior of the system. We characterize the magnitude of attainable performance enhancement as the density of the RSU infrastructure is increased. Also, we show that under a RSU density that is higher than a demonstrated level, and under strict message delay requirements, critical messages will experience much lower delays under the RSU aided scheme. When lower priority non-critical data flows are involved, we note the two algorithms to yield similar throughput capacity levels.
Outcomes of Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.

Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) is increasingly used in cardiac arrest. Currently, public registries report the outcomes of cardiac arrest regardless of the setting (out-of-hospital versus in-hospital). Meanwhile, in-hospital cardiac arrest represents a more favorable setting for ECMO-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation than out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Survival to discharge varies, but looks promising overall, ranging from 18.9 to 65%, with the bulk of the studies reporting survival to discharge between 30% and 50%, with about one-third to half of the patients discharged with no or minimal neurologic deficit. Based on the reported outcomes, in-hospital cardiac arrests can become a next focus for studies on successful implementation of VA ECMO.
Pharmacists Are Not Mid-Level Providers.

Written by members of the 2021 AACP Professional Affairs Committee, this commentary describes the perspective on why pharmacists should not be classified as "mid-level" providers. Beyond the connotation that this classification implies that there are different levels or a hierarchy of providers, it is important to recognize that all healthcare providers bring unique and essential knowledge and contributions to the healthcare team and to patients. Timely issues germane to pharmacists, including dependent and independent practice, provider status, and professional identity also contribute to the rationale that pharmacists, just like all other healthcare providers, should be classified by their professional identity. While use of the term "mid-level" provider to identify various practitioners may not seem consequential in today's healthcare environment, it is important to recognize that words do matter in attributing value, and the contributions of all healthcare providers should be recognized as equally important to the patient care team.
Comparison of Autogenous Cortical Graft and Demineralized Allogenic Bone Matrix (DABM) in the Fixation of Segmental Prosthesis

Numerous options are available today to reconstruct large bony defects after tumor resection, failed total joint arthroplasty, or trauma. Custom-designed segmental bone and joint implants [2] are being used widely, but the conventional prosthetic fixation method may lead to stem loosening or fracture after prolonged in vivo utilization. Since these late complications are mainly attributed to failure of the bone cement [3], biological fixation. using porous implants has been advocated. Porous coating applied to the stems to achieve biological fixation of segmental prostheses has several disadvantages which may predispose the implants to stem fracture or cause bone resorption. A new concept of prosthetic fixation through extracortical bone bridging and growth over the porous-coated segmental portion of the implant has been introduced [4–6]. Morselized corticocancellous autogenous bone grafts are applied over the porous-coated segment and adjacent to cortex to induce bone formation. The stems of these implants are solid and are cemented to achieve initial implant stability.
MR Safety Another Look

Summary: MR is probably the most complex, diagnostically incisive and potentially dangerous implement in a hospital or outpatient center. Safety and safeguard surveillance must always be paramount and continually engaged for the protection of patients, the reputation and careers of the radiologists involved and for the protection of the machine itself.
Psychosurgery and the Kaimowitz Case

Though it was argued in the preceding chapter that the Tarasoff case may, in the long run, generally enhance therapy, some current critics of the controversial decision believe Tarasoff will curtail effective treatment and thus lead to increased violence. Some critics believe, too, that the case will motivate mental health professionals, anxious to protect themselves from Tarasoff-type liability, to outdo their previous efforts in overpredicting violence and in triggering the commitment of patients who utter violent threats.
Quantum Dot Structures for Multi-band Infrared and Terahertz Radiation Detection

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the multiband infrared (IR) and terahertz radiation detection. In the field of IR detector technology, quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) have attracted the attention of researchers aiming to develop IR optoelectronic devices with improved performance. Compared to quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs), QDIPs have additional degrees of confinement, leading to three major advantages: QDIPs are sensitive to normal-incidence IR radiation, which is forbidden in n-type QWIPs due to polarization selection rules, QDIPs exhibit comparatively long effective carrier lifetimes, about hundreds of picoseconds, which is confirmed by both theory and experiment, and QDIPs exhibit low dark current. Ideally, QDIPs should show improved performance characteristics such as high responsivity, high detectivity, and high operating temperatures. The chapter explains that the multi-band IR detection has become an important tool in the field of IR technology due to a number of applications. Detecting an object's IR emission at multiple wavelengths can be used to eliminate background effects and reconstruct the object's absolute temperature. This also plays an important role in differentiating the object from its background.
Income, Cash, and Lost Profits Damages Awards in Patent Infringement Cases

The paper illustrates the excessive damages awards that can result in patent infringement cases by failing to take income taxes into account and by basing such awards on lost accrual income rather than lost cash flows. Examples are provided of lost profits damages calculations employing (1) the 'standard' method in which lost profits damages awards are determined based on lost pretax accrual income, (2) a calculation based on lost accrual income in which income taxes are taken into account, and (3) the determination of lost after tax cash flows. The latter calculation places the patentee in the financial position he or she would have enjoyed had there been no infringement, which is the result prescribed by the Supreme Court in Aro v. Convertible Top, 377 U.S. 476 (1964). The other two calculations result in larger amounts and thus are excessive by the standard prescribed by the Supreme Court in Aro.
A Parametric Study of Resistance Spot Welding of a Dual‐Phase Steel Using Finite Element Analysis

This research uses Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to simulate the influence of processing parameters on Resistance Spot Welding of a dual-phase steel. The simulations and boundary conditions were run using the FEA software SYSWELD. The model utilized accounts for several interactions between electro-kinetics, heat transfer, phase transformations, and mechanical behavior. The parameters varied in this study included, the electrical current intensity, the welding time, the sheet thickness, the electrode face radius, and the squeeze force. The design of experiments (DOE) method was used to analyze the main effects and interactions of the various parameters over a realistic range of values. The simulation results supplied weld properties, which were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique to quantify the parameters’ effects and their significance. The current intensity was found to be the most influential factor with an expanding effect on the size of molten zone and the heat affected zone. The sheet thickness and welding time also showed significant contributions. The effect of the other parameters was less significant. The importance of this study is to find the process window for welding parameters that can result in the desired weld properties.
To Enter the Work

Abstract The ambient character of installation art results from the use of architectural strategies and techniques that effectively structure and organize perception. These include the territoriali...
Effect of oral contraceptives and doxycycline on endometrial MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity.

Abstract Objectives To describe the effect of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) on matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity and compare MMP activity in women taking a COC with or without doxycycline. Study design Subjects ( n =20) underwent endometrial biopsies (1) in the late luteal phase of a baseline cycle prior to initiating COCs, (2) on days 19–21 while taking COCs in a standard 28-day cycle (7-day hormone-free interval) and (3) on days 26–28 while taking active COCs continuously for a 28-day cycle. During the continuous COC cycle, they were randomized to receive daily subantimicrobial dose doxycycline 40mg or placebo. Results Compared to baseline, COC treatment increased MMP-2 (p Conclusions Unscheduled bleeding with COCs may be the result of increased endometrial MMPs. Sample size limitations prevent us from determining how doxycycline affects MMP activity in COC users.
Cytoprotective Systems Within the Kidneys

Three classes of cytoprotective mechanisms in renal proximal tubular cells are reviewed: (1) thiol-disulfide redox protectants, including the glutathione and thioredoxin systems, metallothionein, N -acetyl- l -cysteine, and other low-molecular-weight thiols; (2) modulation of signaling pathways, involving epidermal growth factor, several protein kinases, heat shock proteins, p53 and p21, peroxisome proliferator activator receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), BH3-family proteins, and the Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways; and (3) agents or procedures that modulate renal physiological function. This demonstrates the diversity of protective systems that balance the susceptibility of the kidneys and restore cellular and/or tissue function in disease states or after toxic insults.
An autonomous earth observing sensorWeb

We describe a network of sensors linked by software and the Internet to an autonomous satellite observation response capability. This sensor network is designed with a flexible, modular, architecture to facilitate expansion in sensors, customization of trigger conditions, and customization of responses. This system has been used to implement a global surveillance program of multiple science phenomena including: volcanoes, flooding, cryosphere events, and atmospheric phenomena. In this paper we describe the importance of the Earth observing sensorWeb application as well as overall architecture for the network.
Enhanced CDMA cellular system using interpolated uniform linear arrays

A spatial interpolation algorithm for the upsampling, beyond spatial aliasing, of uniform linear arrays (ULAs) is presented. Its usage, at the base station, to enhance the performance of a code division multiple access (CDMA) cellular antenna system is considered. The objective is to increase the user-capacity and array resolution and reduce the fading and coupling effects with a minimal receiver hardware and processing cost. The proposed base station antenna is formed by placing the real array elements farther apart than /spl lambda//2, where /spl lambda/ is the free space wavelength. This increase in aperture enhances the resolution, minimizes coupling, and provides a form of space diversity to combat fading. To increase the user-capacity and at the same time eliminate any spatial ambiguities, the ULA is interpolated to within the spatial Nyquist rate. This is done by placing a virtual antenna element half way in between every two real adjacent antenna elements. Numerical simulations that validate these claims are also presented.
Stochastic Flow Diagrams Add Topology to the Econometric Toolkit

Just as Geometry could not help Euler solve the “Seven Bridges of Konigsberg” problem, Econometric analysis or Linear Algebra alone are not able to answer many key questions about how financial markets coordinate. Statistical tables are detailed in terms of reporting estimated values, however that level of detail also obfuscates the logical and hierarchical relationships between variables.Stochastic Flow Diagrams (SFDs) are more insightful than the standard collection of statistical tables because SFDs shift the focus from the algebraic solution of the system to its logical structure. SFDs open the possibility to apply Topology and Graph Theory results to the study of Economic and Financial systems.
Purification of recombinant Helicobacter pylori urease apoenzyme encoded by ureA and ureB

Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative, microaerophilic, spiral-shaped bacterium, is an etiologic agent of human gastritis and peptic ulceration and is highly restricted to the gastric mucosa of humans. Urease, synthesized at up to 6% of the soluble cell protein, hydrolyzes urea, thereby releasing ammonia, which may neutralize acid, allowing survival of the bacterium and initial colonization of the gastric mucosa. The urease protein is encoded by two subunit genes, ureA and ureB; however, accessory genes are necessary for enzyme activity. H. pylori urease genes were isolated from a cosmid gene bank and subcloned on a 5.8-kb Sau3A partial fragment carrying ureCDAB, corresponding to four open reading frames described by A. Labigne, V. Cussac, and P. Courcoux (J. Bacteriol. 173:1920-1931, 1991). Clones were confirmed as ureas gene sequences by polymerase chain reaction amplification. The recombinant enzyme was purified from the soluble protein of French press lysates of Escherichia coli DH5 alpha(pHP402) by chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose, Phenyl-Sepharose, Mono-Q, and Superose 6 resins. Fractions containing a catalytically inactive apoenzyme were identified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) by using antisera to native UreA (29.5 kDa) and UreB (66 kDa). Purified recombinant urease was indistinguishable from native enzyme on a Superose 6 column and on Coomassie blue-stained sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The protein reacted specifically on Western blots (immunoblots) with anti-UreA and anti-UreB antibodies and was recognized with an intensity equal to that of the native enzyme in an ELISA using human sera. Clones containing only ureA and ureB also produced an assembled but inactive enzyme. Enzyme activity was not restored by in trans complementation with cloned urease accessory gene sequences from Proteus mirabilis or Morganella morganii. H. pylori urease genes (ureCDAB) subcloned into pACYC184 were also not complemented with any of 1,000 cosmid clones containing H. pylori chromosomal sequences. However, larger clones containing 4.5 kb of DNA downstream of ureB synthesized catalytically active urease when grown in minimal medium. These data indicate that the ureA and ureB genes encoding H. pylori urease are transcribed and translated in E. coli and that these genes alone are sufficient for the synthesis and assembly of the native size enzyme. Genes downstream of ureB, however, are necessary for production of a catalytically active urease. Images
Time-dependent electrical properties of carbon nanotube yarns

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are projected as a desirable option to transmit electrical power where specific conductivity is an important consideration. A CNT-yarn was therefore characterized for its ability to transmit power as a function of time. A current–voltage (I–V) relationship was established that showed three distinct regions: linear, non-linear and finally its degradation. The linear region shows a low and constant resistance. The output current did not change with time when the applied constant voltage was in the linear region of the I–V relationship. However, when the applied constant voltage was in the non-linear region the current decreased exponentially and leveled off with time. Under constant current tests, voltage increased only when current level was in the non-linear region. These time-dependent electrical conducting properties can be accounted for by short circuits occurring from the development of a localized red-hot spots in the CNT-yarn in the non-linear region, leading to thermal degradation, as revealed by thermal imaging of the yarn, thermal gravimetric analysis of the CNTs, and SEM images and EDAX of the thermally degraded CNT-yarn. [New Carbon Materials 2015, 30(3): 207–213]
Effect of Surface Area on the Oxidation of Methane over SolidOxide Solution Catalyst La0.8Sr0.2MnO3

Solid oxide solutions of the type La0.8Sr0.2MnO3with BETsurface areas of 28, 20, 12, and 8 m2/g were prepared bysintering at 700, 800, 900, and 1000°C, respectively. Thecatalysts were tested for methane total oxidation in a fixed bedreactor with feed containing 0.28% CH4, 12% O2,and the balance helium. The activity of methane at 550°C was found to decreasefrom 0.7 μmol/s·gto 0.2 μmol/s·g with the decrease inthe surface area (28 and 8 m2/g, respectively) ofLa0.8Sr0.2MnO3. Temperatureprogrammed desorption studies indicate that the amount of oxygen desorbed on theseLa0.8Sr0.2MnO3oxidesdecreased from 15 to 0.8 μmol/gwith the decrease in the surface area. X-ray photoelectronspectroscopy studies revealed a decrease in the Mn surface concentration forthe samples sintered at 700 to 1000°C. The oxidation of methaneon La0.8Sr0.2MnO3was found to correlate with the surfacearea, i.e., facile, the surface concentration of Mn, and the oxygen propertiesof the oxides.
Co-occurring Depression and Pain in Multiple Sclerosis

Depression and pain are highly prevalent among individuals with multiple sclerosis, and they often co-occur. The purpose of this article is to summarize the literature and theory related to the comorbidity of pain and depression and describe how their presence can impact individuals with multiple sclerosis. Additionally, the article discusses how existing treatments of pain and depression could be adapted to address shared mechanisms and overcome barriers to treatment utilization.
Contribution of reverse-mode sodium–calcium exchange to contractions in failing human left ventricular myocytes

Objective: To examine the contribution of reverse mode sodium–calcium (Na–Ca) exchange to contractions in isolated left-ventricular myocytes from failing human heart. Methods: Low resistance patch pipettes were used to dialyze cells with Na-free or high-Na pipette solution ([Na]pipette=0 and 20 mmol/L, respectively) to reduce or enhance Na–Ca exchange. Whole-cell membrane-potential, membrane-current and cell-shortening data were simultaneously acquired during whole-cell voltage clamp protocols. Thapsigargin (100 nmol/L) and nifedipine (1 μ mol/L) were also used to inhibit sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca-ATPase and L-type Ca channels, respectively. Results: Two types of contractions were observed. Rapid phasic contractions were seen in both Na-free and high-Na cells. Slow tonic contractions were seen only in high-Na cells. Phasic contractions demonstrated bell-shaped voltage dependence over the voltage range that corresponds to the activity of the L-type Ca channel. Although the voltage dependence of phasic contractions were similar Na-free and high-Na cells, phasic contractions in high-Na cells were larger than phasic contractions in Na-free cells. Phasic contractions were sensitive to inhibition of SR Ca-ATPase and L-type Ca channels. Tonic contractions were not inhibited by either thapsigargin or nifedipine. In thapsigargin-treated high-Na cells, tonic contraction magnitude increased exponentially with test-potential. Conclusions: The increases in phasic contraction magnitude observed in high-Na cells compared to Na-free cells were most likely due to increased SR Ca loading resulting from increased reverse-mode Na–Ca exchange. Our results also suggest that tonic contractions in high-Na cells were mediated by Ca entry via reverse-mode Na–Ca exchange and were not the result of either SR Ca release or L-type Ca channel activity.
Dynamics of probe diffusion in rod solutions.

Applications of probe diffusion in polymer matrices typically envision that for particles sizes ($R$) larger than the correlation length of the polymer solution ($\ensuremath{\xi}$), the probe (at long times) diffuses as in a continuum polymer solution. We present simulation results for probe diffusion in rod solutions which challenge this conventional wisdom and indicate a new mechanism of a probe diffusion operative for $Rg\ensuremath{\xi}$. Our simulation results are rationalized by scaling arguments invoking a novel mechanism of the constraint release motion of the rods, and suggest that the dynamical characteristics of the polymer matrix also proves important in developing a complete description of the probe motion.
Biological regeneration of powdered activated carbon added to activated sludge units

Powdered activated carbon equilibrium concentrations of 0, 50, 300 and 1000 mg l−1 were studies in plug-flow activated sludge units maintained at sludge ages of 3, 5, 10 and 15 days. It was noted that the percentage removal of the effluent organic matter with respect to that of a control unit increased with increasing carbon equilibrium concentration. At a given activated carbon equilibrium concentration the COD removal tended to be independent of sludge age. Freundlich isotherms showed that the apparent adsorptive capacity gradually increased with increasing solids retention time, possibly caused by partial biological regeneration of the carbon. The regeneration is determined by the ratio of biological solids to carbon solids. A preliminary model was formulated to describe the relation between the daily regenerated adsorptive capacity and influent organic matter concentration.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor regulates effector differentiation of invariant natural killer T cells during thymic ontogeny

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell-derived cytokines have important functions in inflammation, host defense, and immunoregulation. Yet, when and how iNKT cells undergo effector differentiation, which endows them with the capacity to rapidly secrete cytokines upon activation, remains unknown. We discovered that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (Csf-2)-deficient mice developed iNKT cells that failed to respond to the model antigen α-galactosylceramide because of an intrinsic defect in the fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane. Exogenous Csf-2 corrected the functional defect only when supplied during the development of thymic, but not mature, splenic Csf-2-deficient iNKT cells. Thus, we ascribe a unique function to Csf-2, which regulates iNKT cell effector differentiation during development by a mechanism that renders them competent for cytokine secretion.
The biosynthesis of labeled estriol-3-sulfate-16-glucosiduronate

Abstract Estriol-3-sulfate-16-glucosiduronate (E 3 SG) was prepared by incubating estriol-16-glucosiduronate in a 100,000 × g supernate of homogenized guinea pig liver in the presence of ATP and MgSO 4 . The E 3 SG was purified by countercurrent distribution. A high degree of purity was demonstrated by gradient elution chromatography on celite, high voltage paper electrophoresis, paper chromatography in 2 solvent systems and enzyme hydrolysis.
New insights into faster computation of uncertainties

Heavy computation power, lengthy simulations, and an exhaustive number of model runs—often these seem like the only statistical tools that scientists have at their disposal when computing uncertainties associated with predictions, particularly in cases of environmental processes such as groundwater movement. However, calculation of uncertainties need not be as lengthy, a new study shows. Comparing two approaches—the classical Bayesian “credible interval” and a less commonly used regression-based “confidence interval” method—Lu et al. show that for many practical purposes both methods provide similar estimates of uncertainties. The advantage of the regression method is that it demands 10–1000 model runs, whereas the classical Bayesian approach requires 10,000 to millions of model runs.
POSTMODERN STRATEGIES FOR WORKING WITH RESISTANCE: PROBLEM RESOLUTION OR SELF-REVOLUTION?

Theoretical conceptualizations of resistance to change and working strategies to address resistance are reviewed within six contemporary postmodern psychotherapies: relational psychoanalytic therapy, personal construct psychotherapy, process-experiential psychotherapy, depth-oriented brief therapy, narrative therapy, and motivational interviewing. These therapies are positioned along a continuum spanning self-revolution and problem resolution strategies for treating resistance. The article reviews empirical findings on treatments for resistance using these strategies. An in-depth understanding of resistance is offered, identifying commonalities that appear to unite postmodern approaches, and differences that might guide therapists’ selective utilization of these strategies. Suggestions for future constructivist research on resistance also are provided.
Measurement of convective heat transfer to solid cylinders inside ventilated shrouds

The influence of ventilated cylindrical shrouds on the convective heat transfer to circular cylinders has been studied experimentally. Geometries studied were similar to those used in commercially available platinum resistance thermometers. Experiments showed that thermal response (convection) was enhanced when the shroud ventilation factor was approximately 20 percent (80 percent solid), and that maximum enhancement occurred when the ventilation holes were located symmetrically on either side of the stagnation lines.
The Hilbert series of prime PI rings

We study the Hilbert series of finitely generated prime PI algebras. We show that given such an algebraA there exists some finite dimensional subspaceV ofA which contains 1 A and generatesA as an algebra such that the Hilbert series ofA with respect to the vector spaceV is a rational function.
Tumor immunology today. A brief overview.

It appears that some patients with cancer die with functioning, intact immune systems. We know little about the significance of these findings. Is cancer really a manifestation of an immune deficiency or are the immunologic perturbations secondary to the process-further evidence of the systemic nature of this disease? Certainly, the orchestrated activity of the immune system provides some natural defense against malignant disease. A better understanding of this should stimulate rapid advances in the treatment of patients with cancer in all specialties.
Expression of human complement regulatory protein CD46 restricts measles virus replication in mouse macrophages.

Abstract Measles virus (MV) can infect mouse macrophages to cause a prolonged non-cytopathic infection that produces low levels of infectious virus for days. We have generated RAW264.7 mouse macrophages expressing human CD46, a cell surface complement regulatory protein that serves as a receptor for laboratory-adapted strains of MV. Laboratory-adapted MV strains efficiently enter the CD46-positive mouse macrophages to cause a cytopathic infection with extensive multinucleated cells and pseudopodia-like extensions. However, MV infection of mouse macrophages through CD46 is self-limiting. Both viral protein synthesis and infectious virus production are abruptly terminated after the second day of infection. This novel virus–cell interaction is seen only in mouse macrophages but not in mouse or hamster fibroblasts expressing human CD46. The possible role of CD46 in macrophage antiviral response restricting MV replication is discussed.
Thoracoscopic resection of pulmonary metastases.

Objective To describe the use of thoracoscopic techniques to achieve parenchymal sparing wedge resection of peripheral lung lesions in patients with a history of malignancy, and to describe the morbidity, mortality, and hospital course associated with this approach. Design Case series. Setting University hospital. Participants Patients with a history of malignancy and lesions on computerized tomography in the outer one third of the lung parenchyma. Main outcome measurements Histologic analysis of resected lung lesions, operative findings, operative time, duration of chest tube drainage and hospital stay, operative morbidity, and mortality. Results Twenty-one thoracoscopic resections of pulmonary parenchymal lesions were performed on 15 patients. All peripheral lesions identified by computerized tomography were found at thoracoscopy and successfully resected with the Nd:YAG laser (n = 7), an endoscopic stapler (n = 10), or both (n = 4). The mean diameter of the lesions was 0.8 cm (range 0.2 to 1.5 cm). Histologic analysis revealed metastatic disease in 13 patients and benign disease in 2 patients. All resection margins were free of tumor. The mean duration of chest tube drainage and postoperative hospital stay were 1.8 ± 0.1 and 3.3 ± 0.1 days, respectively. Mean operative time was 111 min (range 45 to 155 min). One patient who underwent a right thoracoscopic resection developed a transient left vocal cord paresis. There were no other complications and no deaths. Conclusion Thoracoscopy was successful in identifying peripheral lung lesions and allowed for parenchymal sparing resection identical in extent to that performed with open approaches. For select patients with peripheral lung nodules felt to be metastases, thoracoscopic resection may result in reduced morbidity, cost, hospital stay and allow for more rapid institution of therapy for the primary disease.
Wound management with vacuum-assisted closure: experience in 51 pediatric patients

Abstract Background/Purpose Soft tissue loss from infectious, vascular, and traumatic disorders often results in poor healing, painful wound care, and the need for repeated operations. This retrospective study evaluates a single-institutional experience with negative pressure therapy (NPT), using the vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) device in a group of children with diverse soft tissue problems. Methods The medical records of 51 patients treated with NPT from January 2000 to July 2003 were reviewed for demographics, diagnosis, duration of VAC therapy, wound closure, recurrent disease, and complications. Results Patients were classified by diagnosis: group 1: pilonidal disease (n = 21, primary=6 and recurrent=15); group 2: sacral and extremity ulcers (n = 9); group 3: traumatic soft tissue wounds (n = 9); and group 4: extensive tissue loss (n = 12) from the abdominal wall (n = 7), perineum (n = 2), thigh (n = 2), and axilla (n = 1). Group 1 had an average age of 16 years (range, 10-20 years), 67% were obese, and had an average length of follow-up of 13 months (range, 8-36 months). VAC was placed in the operating room in 95% with subsequent outpatient care that included dressing change 3 times weekly. Healing occurred in all patients with primary disease at an average of 37 days. For patients with recurrent disease, 12 healed at an average of 48 days and 3 developed recurrent sinuses. Group 2 was treated with VAC as a bridge to skin grafting or flap closure. All children in group 3 achieved healing without skin grafting at an average of 10 days and with acceptable cosmesis. Negative pressure therapy in group 4 was the only wound treatment in 10 patients and adjunctive to operative closure in 2. Complications from VAC occurred in 5 patients: retained sponge in 2 and device malfunction in 3. Conclusions Negative pressure therapy offers a safe, cost-effective alternative to traditional complex wound care in children. Its advantages are less frequent dressing changes, outpatient management, resumption of daily activities including return to school, and a high degree of patient tolerance.
Anticipating library use by business students: the uses of a syllabus study

Abstract In an effort to know how much research and library use was expected of students by business faculty, the author undertook a syllabus study of courses in the business curriculum. Business syllabi were found to include a higher level of research than was expected and an analysis of courses aided in development of strategies for opening discussions with faculty and for assisting students. This method is recommended for librarians seeking familiarity with curricula.
Anticipated evaluation and audience presence in the enhancement of dominant responses

Abstract Recent studies have shown that the presence of an audience enhances the emission of dominant responses in individual performance. The present study tested the hypothesis that anticipated evaluation is essential to this enhancement of dominant responses. Audience presence (absent or present) and anticipated evaluation (absent or present) were varied in a 2 × 2 factorial design. In each condition 18 subjects performed a pseudorecognition task, using responses based on habits of varying strengths established in prior training. The hypothesis was supported in that anticipated evaluation of performance produced greater emission of dominant responses than no anticipation of evaluation. The presence or absence of an audience did not significantly affect the emission of dominant responses.
Ultraviolet radiation alters choline phospholipid metabolism in human keratinocytes.

Ultraviolet radiation B (UVB–290–320 nm) induces inflammation and hyperproliferation in human epidermis. This response is associated with the recovery from irradiated skin of inflammatory mediators derived from membrane phospholipids. We have previously reported that UVB stimulates the production of such mediators by human keratinocytes (HK) in culture. In these studies we examined the effect of UVB on the metabolism of choline containing phospholipids in HK prelabeled with [3H] choline. UVB (400–1600J/m2) stimulated a dose dependent release of [3H] choline from HK within minutes of irradiation. Examination of media extracts by paper chromatography revealed that the released [3H] choline was predominately in the form of glycerophosphorylcholine. Examination of label remaining in membranes of cells after irradiation by acid precipitation and HPLC revealed that the origin of the released [3H] choline was the membrane phosphatidylcholine/lysophosphatidylcholine. These data support a concept of UVB stimulation of both a phospholipase A (1 or 2) and a lysophospholipase. These UVB induced alterations of HK membrane phospholipid metabolism likely have profound effects on UVB-induced inflammation and control of cell growth in human skin.
Phospholipids of a Bone Matrix Calcification Nucleator

Phospholipids of a bone matrix calcification nucleator are identified as mono and diphosphoinositides and phosphatidyl serine. The nucleator, a protein-phospholipid complex, was dissociated by acidified-solvent porous-glass column chromatography. Analysis was by gas-liquid chromatography.
Expressed Sequence Tags With cDNA Termini: Previously Overlooked Resources for Gene Annotation and Transcriptome Exploration in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Many of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in GenBank dbEST and community EST assemblies were either over- or undertrimmed in terms of their cDNA termini, which are defined as the diagnostic sequence elements that delineate 3′/5′ ends of mRNA transcripts. Overtrimming represents a loss of directional, positional, and structural information of transcript ends whereas undertrimming causes unclean spurious sequences retained in ESTs that exert deleterious impacts on downstream EST-based applications. We examined 309,278 raw EST sequencing trace files of C. reinhardtii and found that only 57% had cDNA termini that matched the expected structures specified in their cDNA library constructions while satisfying our minimum length requirement for their final clean sequences. Using GMAP, 156,963 individual ESTs were mapped to the genome successfully, with their in silico-verified cDNA termini anchored to the genome. Our data analysis suggested strong macro- and microheterogeneity of 3′/5′ end positions of individual transcripts derived from the same genes in C. reinhardtii. This work annotating differential ends of individual transcripts in the draft genome presents the research community with a new stream of data that will facilitate accurate determination of gene structures, genome annotation, and exploration of the transcriptome and mRNA metabolism in C. reinhardtii.
Energy expenditure and activity of transfemoral amputees using mechanical and microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees.

Abstract Kaufman KR, Levine JA, Brey RH, McCrady SK, Padgett DJ, Joyner MJ. Energy expenditure and activity of transfemoral amputees using mechanical and microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees. Objective To quantify the energy efficiency of locomotion and free-living physical activity energy expenditure of transfemoral amputees using a mechanical and microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee. Design Repeated-measures design to evaluate comparative functional outcomes. Setting Exercise physiology laboratory and community free-living environment. Participants Subjects (N=15; 12 men, 3 women; age, 42±9y; range, 26–57y) with transfemoral amputation. Intervention Research participants were long-term users of a mechanical prosthesis (20±10y as an amputee; range, 3–36y). They were fitted with a microprocessor-controlled knee prosthesis and allowed to acclimate (mean time, 18±8wk) before being retested. Main Outcome Measures Objective measurements of energy efficiency and total daily energy expenditure were obtained. The Prosthetic Evaluation Questionnaire was used to gather subjective feedback from the participants. Results Subjects demonstrated significantly increased physical activity–related energy expenditure levels in the participant's free-living environment ( P =.04) after wearing the microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee joint. There was no significant difference in the energy efficiency of walking ( P =.34). When using the microprocessor-controlled knee, the subjects expressed increased satisfaction in their daily lives ( P =.02). Conclusions People ambulating with a microprocessor-controlled knee significantly increased their physical activity during daily life, outside the laboratory setting, and expressed an increased quality of life.
Longitudinal predictors of depressive symptoms among low income injection drug users.

Effects of changes in physical health status and drug use, and prior social support on depressive symptoms were assessed in low income injection drug users. Data are from participants ( n = 503) enrolled at baseline (1994-1995) who remained at one-year follow-up (79%), of whom 37% were HIV-positive and 36% female. Physical health was measured by HIV symptoms, AIDS, CD4 count and functional limitation (IADLs). One-third scored high on depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16) at one-year follow-up, representing no statistically significant change from baseline (38%). In multiple logistic regression, after controlling for baseline depression scores (OR = 6.11, p < 0.001) and drug use (OR = 1.20, p = 0.192), baseline functional limitation (OR = 3.28, p < 0.001) and declining functioning (OR = 3.60, p < 0.001) were positively, and quitting drug use was negatively, associated with depressive symptoms at follow-up. Low social support at baseline (OR = 0.58, p < 0.10) was marginally predictive of depressive symptoms. Dep...
The Wetland Disturbance Index: Links with Soil and Water Nitrate Concentrations

Human activities have increased deleterious nitrogen inputs to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The lessening of nitrogen inputs to streams can be achieved through the protection and restoration of riparian zones, including headwater wetlands. However, although headwater streams and their associated habitats account for the majority of the drainage area of rivers in Pennsylvania (U.S.A.), it is unknown how nitrogen cycling rates vary in headwater wetlands that differ in anthropogenic disturbance level. Thirteen forested headwater wetland sites within the Upper Juniata watershed, a major drainage basin of the Susquehanna-Chesapeake watershed, were selected based on a previously described, rapid assessment/disturbance index. The objective of this study was to determine whether relative soil nitrogen availability was correlated with a disturbance gradient created from the rapid assessment/disturbance index. Soil nitrogen at each site was collected with free ion exchange resin bags and analyzed for ammonium and nitrate. Results indicated that the disturbance index was predictive of relative soil nitrate availability (R2 = 0.69, p < 0.05). We conclude that the disturbance index is an effective, rapid assessment tool that could be used by managers to locate headwater wetlands with potentially high soil nitrate availability.
Addition of carbanions to tris(trimethylphosphine)(cyclooctadiene)iridium(I) chloride: three different modes of reaction depending on the nature of the carbanion

Abstract Reaction between carbanions and the cationic cyclooctadiene iridium complex, [Ir(COD)(PMe 3 ) 3 ]Cl, gives rise to one of three different products depending on the nature of the carbanion. For resonance stabilized carbanions (indenyl, allyl, benzyl), the products are (2-substituted cyclooct-5-en-1-yl)tris(trimethylphosphine)iridium complexes derived from nucleophilic attack of the carbanion on one of the double bonds of the coordinated cyclooctadiene. One such complex, (2-benzylcyclooct-5-en-1-yl)tris(trimethylphosphine)iridium was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P 2 1 2 1 2 1 with a =9.179(2), b =15.210(3), c =19.474(4) A, V =2718.8 A 3 and Z =4. For non-stabilized anions such as methyl, ethyl and vinyl, the products are bis(trimethylphosphine)(cyclooctadiene)iridium alkyl (or vinyl) complexes derived from the displacement of PMe 3 from iridium by the carbanion. For non-stabilized secondary or tertiary carbanions, the product is an unsubstituted (cyclooct-5-en-1-yl)tris(methylphosphine)iridium complex derived from the addition of hydride to coordinated cyclooctadiene. Some information and discussion concerning the mechanisms of these reactions are provided.
A model for repetitive firing in neurons

This paper describes a model for the generation of repetitive firing patterns in single neurons to be used as a module in large-scale network simulation studies. The model is based on the combination of extended versions of Hill's model for accomodation and of Kernell's model for adaptation. Both digital computer and electronic circuit realizations of the model are presented. The model is shown to produce strength-duration curves for accomodation which are compatible with available data from real neurons. Both “high ceiling” and “low ceiling” cell types can be matched by adjusting parameters in the model. An equation relating steady-state firing rate to amplitude of applied steady current is presented which includes the accumulation of potassium conductance changes with repetitive firing. The occurence of phasic and tonic responses to step stimulation is mapped in the parameter space of the model. Several representative response patterns to irregular inputs are presented.
The regression intersection method of adjusting image data for band ratioing

Estimation of the combined path radiance and sensor offset terms is essential in adjusting multispectral image radiance measurements for band ratioing. Commonly applied techniques for making this estimate have required assumptions or ancillary information regarding the reflectance properties of surface materials. This paper presents a technique that is unique in that it provides absolute (not just relative) statistically-derived estimates without the use of ancillary information. It is termed the regression intersection method (RIM). RIM is based on contrasts between the spectral properties of various homogeneous areas in rugged terrain. These areas are selected by examination of the image data alone. Bispectral regression (first principal component) lines are determined for each area and are projected, in pairs, to intersection points. Ideally, the coordinates of these points must equal the measurements for zero ground radiance since that is the only condition under which spectrally different materials can have the same radiance values. The median result from several site-pair and band-pair comparisons is used in order to statistically mitigate noise and minor variations due to natural variability. Tests show that the method is successful in determining correction values for the image data that result in maximum removal of the topographic effect in ratio images.