cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A UV fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope to probe endogenous cellular fluorescence

Summary form only given. Fluorescence lifetimes are sensitive to local physical conditions and insensitive to artifacts affecting intensity based measurements, providing a complementary source of contrast for fluorescence microscopy. While lifetime microscopy is well-developed at visible wavelengths (e.g. fluorescence resonance energy transfer between exogenous fluorophores), FLIM of endogenous fluorophores is less developed with many potential uses (e.g. biomedical diagnostics). Near UV wavelengths may become important in clinical applications because structural proteins and metabolic co-factors have excitation maxima in this wavelength region. This paper presents the construction of a FLIM system with the sensitivity to detect cellular autofluorescence.
Pelvic pain and female identity: a survey of emotional factors in 40 patients.

Abstract Forty women with pelvic pain were investigated by means of psychiatric interviews and psychological tests. A group of 25 pregnant women served as controls. Psychiatric disturbances were more frequent and more severe in the study group than in the control group. This was shown in their over-all adjustment as well as in the number of their neurotic, psychotic, and psychosomatic symptoms. Although all patients with pelvic pain (with 2 exceptions) were married, they were highly ambivalent toward their husbands as well as toward homemaking per se and were in active conflict over their role in life, while patients in the control group were more accepting or, in some instances, more resigned. This issue was underscored when the sexual, menstrual, and gestational performances of the two groups were compared. In all of these activities the incidence of disturbances was significantly higher for the group with pelvic pain. We were only rarely successful in tracing the development of pain in a patient's life history to its origins. If painful early memories were more frequent among the patients with pelvic pain than among the controls, the difference is not statistically significant. It was postulated that patients with pelvic pain were unable to establish and preserve that (unconscious) sense of feminine identity which permits the unhampered exccution of feminine functions (homemaking, relating affectionately to a husband, performing sexually, menstrually, and gestationally). It was inferred that early severe anxieties about female functions had been subjected to massive repression, denial, and projection and that both phobic avoidance and countermagical maneuvers were employed in relation to men. This made it possible to enter marriage and to satisfy unconscious dependency and Oedipal needs. When in the course of marriage a steady demand upon the exercising of female functions was made, customary defenses failed, and pelvic pain, with or without chronic pelvic congestion, developed. The tentative conclusion was drawn that pain experiences which had played an important part in the early life of our patients were regressively revived and were woven into the conflicts surrounding adult femininity. Figure Drawings, Thematic Apperception Tests, and Rorschach Tests were administered to the majority of the patients in the study. In those tests, the patients with pelvic pain gave further evidence of an unusual degree of anxiety concerning feminine functions. Repression, denial, and projection were used so pathologically that the image of the sexes was often quite distorted, especially the image of the male. The psychological tests helped to document some of the clinical findings and impressions and were instrumental in the formulation of the feminine identity problems displayed by our patients. XII. Anatomical responses Group with pelvic pain Prenatal group Sexual 18 7 Nonsexual 12 7 Total 30 14
Corporate Finance, Ethical Issues in

The article surveys the broad nature of ethics in finance and the conflicting ethical demands that are often present. It comments on how the development of the financial system since the late eighteenth century has complicated financial ethics. Keywords: financial ethics; socialization of risk; financial institutions and ethics; ethical conflicts; codes of ethics
Water and power resources of West Pakistan : a study in sector planning

The focal points of this study are the Indus River, which runs the length of West Pakistan, several of its tributaries, and a huge natural underground reservoir. In developing a realistic investment program for water and power, the Bank's study group had to consider a host of interrelated factors: the objective of maximizing economic returns, the competition for scarce resources, all aspects of agricultural production, alternative sources of water for irrigation, the country's projected electricity requirements, and the coordination of decisions regarding power generation and agriculture. Volume 1 of this report is a condensed, integrated version of the analysis and results of the entire study, including an evaluation of the huge Tarbela project, the problems of agricultural development, the interaction of agriculture with other sectors of the economy, the demand for power and means of meeting the demand, and areas of critical concern, such as the need for electrical interconnection within West Pakistan. Volume II gives a detailed discussion of irrigation and agriculture, including the use of improved seeds, fertilizers, new cropping patterns, and modern techniques of husbandry, in addition to the development of water resources. Volume III contains papers on the background and methodology of the study, particularly the macroeconomic framework, a linear program of irrigated agriculture in the Indus Basin, and a computer simulation of the power system.
Isolation of Arabidopsis Mutants With Enhanced Disease Susceptibility by Direct Screening

To discover which components of plant defense responses make significant contributions to limiting pathogen attack, we screened a mutagenized population of Arabidopsis thaliana for individuals that exhibit increased susceptibility to the moderately virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 (Psm ES4326). The 12 enhanced disease susceptibility (eds) mutants isolated included alleles of two genes involved in phytoalexin biosynthesis (pad2, which had been identified previously, and pad4, which had not been identified previously), two alleles of the previously identified npr1 gene, which affects expression of other defense genes, and alleles of seven previously unidentified genes of unknown function. The npr1 mutations caused greatly reduced expression of the PR1 gene in response to PsmES4326 infection, but had little effect on expression of two other defense genes, BGL2 and PR5, suggesting that PR1 expression may be important for limiting growth of PsmES4326. While direct screens for mutants with quantitative pathogen-susceptibility phenotypes have not been reported previously, our finding that mutants isolated in this way include those affected in known defense responses supports the notion that this type of screening strategy allows genetic dissection of the roles of various plant defense responses in disease resistance.
Working with C

The most significant impact of C++ is its ability to support many different programming paradigms. C++ easily adapts to structured programming, modularity, data abstraction, and most importantly object-oriented design. Object oriented programming with C++ can improve productivity and software quality by offering features such as classes, objects, data hiding, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and templates. The paper focuses on the support of these features in C++.
Multifocal adult rhabdomyoma: a case report and literature review

Adult extracardiac rhabdomyoma is an uncommon primary tumor of striated muscle origin that almost exclusively presents in the head and neck region. The occurrence of multifocality is a rare manifestation of this unusual lesion. In this study, we report a rare case of multifocal adult extracardiac rhabdomyoma in a patient presenting with an asymptomatic neck mass and provide a brief review of the literature on this entity.
Evaluation of p27 in preinvasive and invasive malignancies of the cervix.

Abstract Objective. p27 is a cell cycle inhibitor whose loss is commonly found in epithelial tumors. Low levels have been associated with poor prognosis. Our goal was to determine if p27 expression could be used to screen for dysplasia and if it is a prognostic factor for cervical malignancies. Methods. Ten normal cervices, 51 consecutive cone biopsies for preinvasive disease, and 128 consecutive hysterectomies for invasive cervical cancer (1994–1999) were stained for p27 using standard immunocytochemical techniques. All of the cervical cancer patients were managed with radical hysterectomy and lymph node dissection, except for 14 women who underwent adjuvant hysterectomy and lymph node sampling after chemoradiation. Results. There was no significant difference in p27 staining between normal cervices (all stained 4+) and preinvasive lesions (46/51 stained 4+ and 5/51 stained 3+). For the invasive lesions, 47 women had no residual disease in the hysterectomy specimen, due to prior cone biopsy (41) or radiation (6). All had 4+ p27 staining in the residual cervix. None of these women recurred. Eighty-one women had residual disease in the hysterectomy specimen; 25/81 (31%) had p27 staining of 50% (32 vs 27%), size >4 cm (20 vs 13%), or use of postoperative radiation (36 vs 20%). Loss of p27 was associated with lymphvascular space invasion (LVSI) (44 vs 20%, P = 0.04). Only 4 women had nodal metastasis; all 4 had p27 staining less than 50%; 6/81 (7%) women with residual disease developed recurrences and died. Of the women who died, 3/6 had p27 staining less than 50%. Conclusion. p27 is not lost in preinvasive cervical lesions and, therefore, cannot be used to screen for dysplasia. In cervical cancers p27 staining was
Usefulness of banding of the pulmonary trunk with single ventricle physiology at risk for subaortic obstruction.

Abstract This study addresses the effects of early banding of the pulmonary trunk and subsequent management of sub-aortic obstruction on the attainment of acceptable pre Fontan hemodynamics in patients with a single left ventricle and aorta arising from an outflow chamber. We report our experience with 26 patients seen at our institution between January 1984 and December 1994 with a diagnosis of double-inlet left ventricle or tricuspid atresia and transposed great arteries, who were initially managed with pulmonary artery banding in the first 6 months of life. Pulmonary artery band placement was performed at an age of 2.1 ± 1.8 months (mean ± SD). Associated aortic arch abnormalities were present in 8 patients (31%). There were 19 patients (73%) who underwent treatment with a Damus-Kaye-Stansel procedure or ventricular septal defect (VSD) enlargement for a significant subaortic gradient or morphologically small VSD, alone or in conjunction with a Glenn or Fontan procedure. Eighteen of 26 patients (69%) underwent cardiac catheterization to assess their candidacy for the Fontan operation. Of this group, 16 were classified as low to moderate risk and 2 as high-risk Fontan candidates, based on hemodynamic criteria. The cumulative mortality for the entire cohort was 19%. Our results suggest that this high-risk group of patients can undergo effective pulmonary artery banding as an initial palliative step, with subsequent intervention for subaortic obstruction when it is documented or highly suspected, and that acceptable pre-Fontan hemodynamic parameters can be achieved.
ARRHYTHMIAS IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

SUMMARY Five hundred admissions for acute myocardial infarction were studied for the incidence of arrhythmias. (The incidence of death in the entire series was 24 per cent). Three hundred and eighty-one patients representing 400 admissions demonstrated an arrhythmia of some type (80 per cent). In those with any arrhythmia, death occurred in 27 per cent; in those without arrhythmia, death occurred in 12 per cent. Serious arrhythmias, however, were accompanied by a death incidence of 47 per cent. The incidence of serious arrhythmias remained relatively constant among all age groups, while the incidence of lesser arrhythmias increased with age. With increasing age, there was a greater incidence of death in those with serious arrhythmias, despite the fact that the incidence of serious arrhythmias remained relatively constant at various ages. Among men with serious arrhythmias there was a 10 per cent higher incidence of death than among women of the same age. The incidence of death in patients having minor arrhythmias or normal rhythm was lower than that for the entire series but increased from 8 to 22 per cent with advancing age. Sex did not alter the incidence of death in this group. Ventricular tachycardia was associated with the highest incidence of death (61 per cent). Sinus bradycardia was associated with a lower incidence of death (11 per cent) than was encountered in the overall series (24 per cent). In sinus tachycardia, the incidence of death (50 per cent) was twice that for the entire series. Among the various anatomic types of infarction, lateral and multiple infarcts were associated with a higher than average incidence of death (68 per cent). Although there was no increased incidence of serious arrhythmias, the incidence of death was greater when serious arrhythmias occurred in these types of infarcts. As compared to the same arrhythmias in association with other anatomic types of infarction this may have resulted from the older age of patients having these infarcts or from the frequent association of these infarcts with altered blood flow to the S-A or A-V node. Hypertension, marked left axis deviation, diabetes mellitus, shocks, and certain other factors did not seem to influence the incidence of death in patients with the various arrhythmias. The treatment of each arrhythmia is briefly discussed, as are the indications and contraindications for the commonly used "cardiac" drugs.
Carboniferous Glacial Rocks From the Werrie Basin, New South Wales, Australia

Glacial and probably fluvioglacial rocks are present in the Currabubula Formation, an 8500-foot unit of Carboniferous age (Westphalian) exposed in the Werrie Basin of the New England geosyncline, New South Wales, Australia. Approximately 70 per cent of the formation is conglomerate and coarse conglomeratic sandstone, approximately 10 per cent is mudstone and fine sandstone, and approximately 20 per cent is tuff. The Rosedale Member, about 60 feet thick at the type locality, occurs in the middle of the Currabubula Formation and consists largely of varved mudstone with abundant ice-rafted pebbles. The best evidence for Carboniferous glaciation in eastern Australia is from the Rosedale Member and similar units exposed in other areas of northeastern New South Wales. The most common rock types in the Currabubula Formation are poorly sorted pebble conglomerates and lithic wackes composed largely of mineral grains and lithic fragments from flows and tuffs. Nearly all such rocks are stratified to some degree, and were probably deposited by streams, perhaps as glacial outwash. Rhyolitic and andesitic tuffs were deposited subaerially, in shallow lakes, and as ignimbrites. The Currabubula Formation was probably deposited near a mountain range undergoing glaciation. Much of the clastic material is volcanic, and includes pyroclastic fragments similar in composition to the contemporaneously deposited tuffs. This suggests that the clastic sediments were locally derived, and supports the idea that glaciation was restricted to the alpine variety. It is not necessary to infer either widespread Carboniferous climatic cooling or a relationship with the more widely occurring Permian glacial rocks in other parts of Australia.
Type of lipid lowering therapy impacts atherosclerosis progression in peripheral arterial disease as assessed by CMR

Methods Thirty eight patients with mild-to-moderate symptomatic PAD (mean age 64 ± 10 years, ankle brachial index 0.70 ± 0.13) were followed for two years on lipid lowering therapy. Statin-naive patients were randomized to simvastatin 40 mg or simvastatin 40 mg plus ezetimibe 10 mg (R group, n = 20). Those already on a statin were given openlabel ezetimibe 10 mg (Z group, n = 18). Patients had the first 15-20 cm of the SFA in their most symptomatic leg imaged with black blood multi-slice turbo spin echo CMR annually (Figure 1). Plaque volume (PV) defined as total vessel volume (TVV) minus lumen volume was measured. Changes in parameters within the R and Z groups over the two years were analyzed with one way ANOVA and between group changes were compared with an unpaired t-test. Results R group designation remains blinded until 2-year followup is finished. LDL at baseline in R was 119 ± 43 mg/dl and fell significantly at one year (81 ± 38, p < 0.001) and remained decreased at two years (83 ± 45). The LDL in Z at baseline was 98 ± 27 mg/dl, decreased significantly at one year (74 ± 35, p = 0.005), and was similar at year 2 (76 ± 27). Total cholesterol changes were similar in both groups. The baseline LDL and total cholesterol in R were greater than Z (p = 0.04 and p = 0.05 respectively), however the year 1 and 2 values were similar between groups. See Table 1 for absolute changes in plaque volume and TVV over time. When expressed as % change over 2 years from 13th Annual SCMR Scientific Sessions Phoenix, AZ, USA. 21-24 January 2010
Brain states and hypnosis research

Research in cognitive neuroscience now considers the state of the brain prior to the task an important aspect of performance. Hypnosis seems to alter the brain state in a way which allows external input to dominate over internal goals. We examine how normal development may illuminate the hypnotic state.
Synthesis and applications of nonracemic β-amino aldehydes to the asymmetric synthesis of piperdines: (+)-dihydropinidine

Abstract New methodology for the enantioselective synthesis of stable N-protected β-amino aldehydes 5 and 6 , and their application to the asymmetric synthesis of (+)-2-phenylpiperdine ( 11 ) and (+)-dihydropinidine ( 14 ) is described.
Epithelial Coating Mechanisms by Semi-Solid Materials: Application to Microbicide Gels

Many epithelial surfaces have natural coating by polymeric materials, e.g. mucus. Foreign materials may be introduced for coating, e.g. for lubrication or drug delivery: examples are vaginal gels delivering mucosal antigens or topical microbicides. We present here a next generation biophysical vaginal coating model, which supersedes our previous work. The model characterizes the vagina as an elastic tube with a flattened lumen. The walls have porous surfaces through which natural vaginal fluid transudates, contacting and diffusing into a gel coating layer within the lumen. Spreading of the gel layer is driven by gravity and other trans-luminal pressure gradients, and wall elasticity. Gel rheology is characterized by the Carreau constitutive equation, including the presence of a yield stress. The model determines the local dilution of gel as water is transported into it, which is linked to local dilution and time-dependent rheological properties. This association is obtained experimentally. Gel coating flow is computed, accounting for variable properties at each spatial location and time step. A set of current and prototype microbicide gels is being evaluated. Results show the predominance of yield stress at later times during flow; the flow ceases when remaining vaginal wall distension is insufficient to develop shear stresses that exceed the yield stress. Dilution is most important near the vaginal walls and the leading edge of the spreading bolus. It is there that dilution proceeds most quickly, where the local viscosity of the gel drops most, and where spreading accelerates most. For the test gels, there are trade-offs amongst the dilution-dependent yield stress, limiting low shear viscosity, and rate of shear thinning, in rates of epithelial coating. Practically, these provide flexibility in optimizing gel compositions for target rates of epithelial coating. [Supported by NIH AI48103, CHRP ID07-B-135]
FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS OF BOVINE BETA -1,4 GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASE

A number of N- and C-terminal deletion and point mutants of bovine β-1,4 galactosyltransferase (β-1,4GT) were expressed inE. coli to determine the binding regions of the enzyme that interact withN-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and UDP-galactose. The N-terminal truncated forms of the enzyme between residues 1–129, do not show any significant difference in the apparentK ms toward NAG or linear oligosaccharide acceptors e.g. for chitobiose and chitotriose, or for the nucleotide donor UDP-galactose. Deletion or mutation of Cys 134 results in the loss of enzymatic activity, but does not affect the binding properties of the protein either to NAG- or UDP-agarose. From these columns the protein can be eluted with 15mm NAG and 50mm EDTA, like the enzymatically active protein, TL-GT129, that contains residues 130–402 of bovine β-1,4GT. Also the N-terminus fragment, TL-GT129NAG, that contains residues 130–257 of the β-1,4GT, binds to, and elutes with 15mm NAG and 50mm EDTA from the NAG-agarose column as efficiently as the enzymatically active TL-GT129. Unlike TL-GT129, the TL-GT129NAG binds to UDP-columns less efficiently and can be eluted from the column with only 15mm NAG. The C-terminus fragment GT-257UDP, containing residues 258–402 of β-1,4GT, binds tightly to both NAG- and UDP-agarose columns. A small fraction, 5–10% of the bound protein, can be eluted from the UDP-agarose column with 50mm EDTA alone. The results show that the binding behaviour of N- and C-terminal fragments of β-1,4GT towards the NAG- and UDP-agarose columns differ, the former binds preferentially to NAG-columns, while the latter binds to UDP-agarose columns via Mn2+.
The large-N phase transition in the U(N) lattice gauge theory

Abstract We present an outline for a proof (the precise details of which will be presented in a follow-up paper) of a large-N phase transition in dimensions greater than two. The critical couplings are calculated in d=3 and d=4 and are found to be β=0.44 and β=0.40, respectively.
Variability of the ring current source population

The relationship between the strength of the storm-time ring current and the available density in the presumed source region, the plasma sheet, is examined for 23 storms with Dst * (minimum Dst corrected for magnetopause currents) ranging from -50 to -164 nT. A good correlation is found between the plasma-sheet density at geosynchronous orbit and the minimum Dst * , The minimum Dst * is also well correlated with the eastward interplanetary electric field measured upstream by the Wind spacecraft, in agreement with previous studies, but the dependence of Dst * on plasma-sheet density is unrelated to its dependence on the electric field. The best correlation is between the minimum Dst * and the product of the plasma-sheet density and the eastward interplanetary electric field. These results are consistent with a scenario in which the intensity of the storm-time ring current is determined by a combination of source strength (plasma-sheet density) and injection strength (interplanetary electric field).
An implantable subdural drain for treatment of chronic subdural hematoma

Abstract We describe a drain that is implanted at operation for a chronic subdural hematoma. The drain provides access to the subdural space and can therefore be used for percutaneous aspiration of reaccumulation of subdural effusions.
Some new approaches for designing cellular manufacturing systems

Several techniques for designing cellular manufacturing systems can be found in the literature on group technology. Some of these techniques are based on mathematical programming and the others are heuristic methods. Most methods based on mathematical programming use a single objective. Also, the part routings are fixed. In this paper approaches with multiple objectives and alternative routings are discussed. Example problems are solved.
All the Way to CUDA [Book review]

Here, Thomas Vogel provides an overview and review of Shane Cook's book, CUDA Programming: A Developer's Guide to Parallel Computing with GPUs.
Standard electromotive force of the H2-AgCl;Ag cell in 30, 40, and 50 mass% glycerol/water from −20 to 25 °C: pK2 and pH values for a standard “Mops” buffer in 50 mass% glycerol/water

Data are presented regarding the establishment of the pH (designated pH*) of a standard buffer solution suitable as a pH reference in 50 mass% glycerol/water mixtures at temperatures ranging from -20 to 25 degrees C. The buffer material selected was the ampholyte Mops [(3-N-morpholino)-propane sulfonic acid], and the reference standard consists of equal molal amounts of Mops and its sodium salt. The assignment of pH* values is based on measurements of the electromotive force (emf) of cells without liquid junction of the type: Pt;H2(g, 1 atm) / Mops, Na Mopsate, NaCl / AgCl;Ag and the pH* was derived from a determination of K2, the equilibrium constant for the dissociation process (Mops) +/- in equilibrium with (Mopsate)- + H+. The standard emf of the silver-silver chloride electrode in 30, 40, and 50 mass% glycerol/water mixtures was determined from emf measurements of the cell at subzero temperatures with HCl solutions replacing the buffer-chloride mixtures.
Brain stem penetration by horseradish peroxidase from the cerebrospinal fluid spaces in the cat.

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as an extracellular marker to determine the nature and time course of molecular penetration from the CSF into the brain stem parenchyma. Anesthetized cats were injected with HRP (1 or 2%) intracerebroventricularly or intracisternally. The brain was fixed in situ by vascular or ventriculocisternal perfusion with formaldehyde after 5 min to 24 h of exposure to HRP in the cerebrospinal fluid. After intraventricular injection, the widest band of penetration by HRP occurred in 5 min beneath the pial surface with radial spurs extending farther inward along perivascular and perineural sheaths. Permeation of the ependymal surface was more limited and uniform in depth even after 0.5 h. Clearing of the parenchyma was well advanced by 4 h and was essentially complete by 24 h with the exception of HRP contained in macrophages primarily along blood vessels. After intracisternal injection, distant labeling by HRP was found in the vascular endothelium of the upper brain stem parenchyma. We conclude that rapid and deep molecular penetration of the brain stem occurs from the subarachoid fluid space. Hence, effects of drugs in the cerebrospinal fluid attributed to activation of hypothetical chemoreceptors on the pial surface may actually result from actions upon structures deep in the parenchyma.
Phenotypic instability between the near isogenic substrains BALB/cJ and BALB/cByJ

Closely related substrains of inbred mice often show phenotypic differences that are presumed to be caused by recent mutations. The substrains BALB/cJ and BALB/cByJ, which were separated in 1935, have been reported to show numerous highly significant behavioral and morphological differences. In an effort to identify some of the causal mutations, we phenotyped BALB/cJ and BALB/cByJ mice as well as their F1, F2, and N2 progeny for behavioral and morphological phenotypes. We also generated whole-genome sequence data for both inbred strains (~3.5× coverage) with the intention of identifying polymorphic markers to be used for linkage analysis. We observed significant differences in body weight, the weight of the heart, liver, spleen and brain, and corpus callosum length between the two substrains. We also observed that BALB/cJ animals showed greater anxiety-like behavior in the open field test, less depression-like behavior in the tail suspension test, and reduced aggression compared to BALB/cByJ mice. Some but not all of these physiological and behavioral results were inconsistent with prior publications. These inconsistencies led us to suspect that the differences were due to, or modified by, non-genetic factors. Thus, we did not perform linkage analysis. We provide a comprehensive summary of the prior literature about phenotypic differences between these substrains as well as our current findings. We conclude that many differences between these strains are unstable and therefore ill-suited to linkage analysis; the source of this instability is unclear. We discuss the broader implications of these observations for the design of future studies.
Global and regional anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions

Abstract We present a new inventory of global sulfur dioxide emissions from anthropogenic activities for the years 1980–2000. Emissions were estimated in 11 world regions using country-level emissions inventories and regional fossil fuel sulfur content information. Estimated global emissions in 1990 are 72 TgS with an estimated uncertainty of ±8% due to random errors with additional systematic errors that suggest that true emissions may be higher than this central value. We estimate that 56% of 1990 world emissions are from coal, 24% from oil, 15% from industrial processes and 3% from biomass burning. When our results are compared with other studies, they are similar at the global-mean level, but show marked differences at the regional level. Globally, emissions have been roughly constant from 1980 to the present. However, a significant shift has occurred in the spatial distribution of emissions. While 60% of global emissions in 1980 were from around the North Atlantic basin, this region contributed less than 40% of the global total by 1995 and will contribute even less in the future. Currently, based on our estimates, the centrally planned Asia (CPA) region, dominated by China, is the largest contributor to global sulfur dioxide emissions. A gridded data set for 1990 emissions is also produced, including a consistent seasonal cycle and a stratification of emissions into low and elevated releases. Implications for climate modeling and detection studies are discussed.
In situ sampling using Meta-Stable Helium

A Meta-Stable Helium (MSHe) extraction method has been developed for In Situ chemical analysis of rocks and soils. MSHe provides soft-ionization and desorption of organics from soil and rocks without the use of solvents or high temperatures. This enables rapid, simple and effective extraction of analytes for very sensitive chemical analysis. The work presented extends the MSHe sampling from mass spectroscopy to other analytical methods including Surface Enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Applications include in situ analysis of planetary samples as well as current research on ancient sedimentary rocks that potentially contain microbial remains on Earth. The new sampling technology provides a powerful and widely applicable sampling tool for planetary and astrobiology science requiring in situ organic analysis.
Conditional hyporecombination mutants of three REC genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We have isolated and characterized three conditional hyporecombination mutants, rec1-1, rec3-1 and rec4-1, that define three REC genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for spontaneous general mitotic interchromosomal recombination. Each MATa/MATα rec/rec diploid is deficient in mitotic single site gene conversion, intragenic recombination, intergenic recombination and sporulation at the restrictive temperature (36°C). The rec1-1 mutation also confers conditional enhanced sensitivity to the killing effects of X-rays. The rec1-1 and rec3-1 mutations have been mapped to chromosome VII. The rec1-1, rec3-1 and rec4-1 mutations exhibit complementation at 36°C for both mitotic recombination and sporulation.
Transmembrane electron transfer in an enzyme-phospholipid complex.

Purified malate-vitamin K reductase (MKR) from Mycobacterium phlei, which requires phospholipid and FAD for the enzymatic reduction of dye electron acceptors, was used as an electron transfer system in combination with synthetic phospholipid vesicles. Ferricyanide entrapped inside the sonically prepared vesicles was enzymatically reduced by MKR. The rate of reduction of ferricyanide by MKR was dependent upon a lipid soluble mediator. The rate of enzymatic reduction of ferricyanide by malate-vitamin K reductase was increased by the addition of phenazine methosulfate (PMS) or benzoquinone.
Naïve Theories About the Effects of Mood in Groups: A Preliminary Investigation:

We examined the content and consequences of people's naive theories about the effects of group mood. These theories are a potential input in Kelly and Spoor's (2006) Input-Process-Outcome model of group moods and performance. In Study 1, participants generated potential positive and negative consequences of group moods, which were coded using an adapted form of Bales' Interaction Process Analysis (Bales, 1970). Participants believed that positive and negative moods have implications for both task and relationship processes, and these consequences varied according to group type (creativity, friendship, decision making, and sport team). In Study 2, participants watched an ostensible group interaction among friends or strangers who had just had positive or negative experiences. Perceptions of the interaction varied in a manner consistent with naive theories about group moods and their effects. Implications for future research on group moods are discussed.
The Brazilian electronic theses and dissertations digital library: providing open access for scholarly information

Este artigo descreve o projeto liderado pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Informacao em Ciencia e Tecnologia (Ibict), instituicao governamental, para construcao de uma biblioteca digital nacional de teses e dissertacoes eletronicas – Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertacoes (BDTD). O projeto e um esforco colaborativo entre o Ibict, universidades e outros centros de pesquisa no Brasil. No planejamento do sistema foi adotada arquitetura de sistema baseada na Open Archives Iniciative (OAI), na qual universidades e centros de pesquisas atuam como provedores de dados e, o Ibict, como provedor de servico. O Ibict desenvolveu para a biblioteca digital um padrao brasileiro de metadados para teses e dissertacoes eletronicas e um conjunto de ferramentas, incluindo pacote de arquivos abertos, a ser distribuido entre potenciais provedores de dados. A BDTD esta integrada a iniciativa internacional Networked Digital Library of Thesis and Dissertation (NDLTD). As discussoes deste artigo estao direcionadas a concepcao do projeto, ao seu desenvolvimento e gestao, bem como ao papel desempenhado pelo Ibict. As conclusoes destacam algumas importantes licoes atuais e mudancas futuras, visando a expansao do projeto da BDTD.
Observations from the CDC: Increasing Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening among Women with Disabilities

IN 1999, AN ESTIMATED 175,000 NEW CASES of breast cancer and 12,800 new cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed in American women, and an estimated 48,500 women will lose their lives to these diseases.1 A disproportionate number of these deaths will occur among women of minority and low-income groups.2 Mortality due to breast and cervical cancer could be significantly reduced by making early detection and treatment services available to all women at risk.2,3 There are 26 million women living with disabilities in the United States.4 Women with disabilities are among the most disadvantaged groups in our society and are just as likely to be at risk for breast and cervical cancer as women in general,5 yet little information is available about the prevention of breast and cervical cancer among this underserved population of women.
Managing the Ocean Resources of the United States: The Role of the Federal Marine Sanctuaries Program

In 1969, the Straton Commission report provided a plan for the systematic development of a national policy on marine affairs. In subsequent years no such systematic approach to a coherent marine policy was undertaken. The de facto policy approach of the 1970s was a plethora of individual legislative acts which provided specific de jure rules, but which left administrators the complex problems of working out the administration of areas of overlapping authority, with conflicting or inconsistent goals and jurisdiction. The major acts of the 1970s, the Fishery Conservation a n d Management Act of 1976; Mammals and Non-Migratory Birds—The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972; Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972; Endangered Species Act of 1973; Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972; and others, are clear indications of a national commitment to regulation of the markets for the output from the ocean sector. But while the need for intervention in markets was clear to legislators, the failure to employ a systematic approach and provide guidelines adequate to permit the rationalization of complex problems doomed the piecemeal approach to ocean policy to ever increasing administrative problems and ultimately to ineffective government programs.
Polycaprolactone/glass bioabsorbable implant in a rabbit humerus fracture model.

Research in improved materials and methods for internal fixation has centered on internal fixators made of bioabsorbable materials such as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, and polyparadioxanone. These materials have two problems: the first is a postoperative complication related to a delayed inflammatory response; and the second is low strength characteristics. An alternative material developed to alleviate these problems is a composite of phosphate glass fibers embedded in the polymer polycaprolactone, referred to as PCL. In this study, intramedullary pins made of PCL were compared to stainless steel pins in a rabbit humerus osteotomy model. Specimens were harvested at 0, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively, radiographs and mechanical testing to failure were performed at each time interval, and tissue was examined microscopically at 6 and 12 weeks. Histologic results showed PCL pins to be well tolerated with minimal inflammation around the pin. Mechanical testing revealed the PCL fixation to be weaker initially than the stainless steel fixation. There was significant stress shielding of stainless-steel-healed rabbit humeri when compared to the PCL/bone humeri. All osteotomies immobilized with PCL healed with abundant periosteal callus production. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 36, 536–541, 1997.
Indentation of a free-falling lance penetrometer into a poroelastic seabed

A solution is developed for the buildup, steady, and postarrest dissipative pore fluid pressure fields that develop around a conical penetrometer that self-embeds from free-fall into the seabed. Arrest from free-fall considers deceleration under undrained condi- tions in a purely cohesive soil, with constant shear strength with depth. The resulting decelerating velocity field is controlled by soil strength, bearing capacity factors, and inertial components. At low impact velocities the embedment process is controlled by soil strength, and at high velocities by inertia. With the deceleration defined, the solution for a point normal dislocation migrating in a poroelastic medium is extended to incorporate the influence of a tapered tip. Dynamic steady pressures, PD , develop relative to the penetrating tip geometry with their distribution conditioned by the nondimensional penetration rate, UD , incorporating impacting penetration rate, consolidation coefficient, and penetrometer radius, and the nondimensional strength, ND , additionally incorporating undrained shear strength of the sediment. Pore pressures may develop to a steady peak magnitude at the penetrometer tip, and drop as PD51/x D with distance x D behind the tip and along the shaft. Induced pore pressures are singular in the zone of tip taper for the assumed zero radius of the penetrometer, negating the direct evaluation of permeability magnitudes from pressures recorded on the cone face. However, peak induced pressure magnitudes may be correlated with sediment permeabilities, postarrest dissipation rates may be correlated with consoli- dation coefficients, and depths of penetration may be correlated with shear strengths. The magnitudes of fluid pressures evaluated on the shaft may be correlated with sharp penetrometer data ~reported by Urgeles et al. in 2000! to independently evaluate magnitudes of strength and transport parameters.
Effects of subsurface aeration and trinexapac-ethyl application on soil microbial communities in a creeping bentgrass putting green

The sensitivity of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) to the extreme heat found in the southeastern United States has led to the development of new greens-management methods. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of subsurface aeration and growth regulator applications on soil microbial communities and mycorrhizal colonization rates in a creeping bentgrass putting green. Two cultivars (Crenshaw and Penncross), a growth regulator (trinexapac-ethyl), and subsurface aeration were evaluated in cool and warm seasons. Total bacterial counts were higher in whole (unsieved) soils than in sieved soils, indicating a richer rhizosphere soil environment. Mycorrhizal infection rates were higher in trinexapac-ethyl (TE) treated plants. High levels of hyphal colonization and relatively low arbuscule and vesicle occurrence were observed. Principal components analysis of whole-soil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles indicated that warm-season microbial populations in whole and sieved soils had similar constituents, but the populations differed in the cool season. FAME profiles did not indicate that subsurface aeration and TE application affected soil microbial community structure. This is the first reported study investigating the influences of subsurface aeration and TE application on soil microorganisms in a turfgrass putting green soil.
Redefined element factor for simplified i.d.t. design

It is shown that the response of interdigital transducers with uniform periodicity and duty factor can be written as the product of a redefined element factor and an array factor even if the magnitude and phase of the electrode voltages are completely arbitrary.
Disassembly of hot classical charged drops.

The disassembly of hot classical charged drops containing \ensuremath{\sim}230 and 130 particles is studied with the molecular dynamics method. The strength of the Coulomb repulsion is chosen so that these drops have a binding energy formula similar to that of nuclei. The phase diagram of neutral matter, obtained by switching off the Coulomb force, is also similar to that of nuclear matter. In addition to the total-vaporization, fragmentation, and evaporation modes of the disassembly of neutral drops, the charged drops also break by multiple and binary fission. The liquid-gas phase transition plays an important role in the multiple fission of expanding charged liquid drops. There also appears to be a window in the initial conditions in which binary fission followed by a density oscillation is the dominant mode of breakup. The multiple and binary fission breakups are due to the Coulomb forces, and they yield more massive clusters with relatively few small clusters with \ensuremath{\sim}10 particles. The higher energy fragmentation and total vaporization modes are not significantly influenced by the Coulomb forces. They are primarily due to the liquid-gas transition, and their yields decrease almost monotonically with the number of particles in the cluster.
Debt Management and Economic Stabilization

I. Introduction, 613. — II. Federal Reserve's control of member bank reserve positions, 613. — III. Treasury-Federal Reserve discord and "accord," 615. — IV. Recent monetary and debt management proposals, 619. — V. Further suggestions regarding economic stabilization and suitable debt management procedures, 621.
A mixed-integer optimization model for the economic and environmental analysis of biomass production

Biofuel production from second-generation feedstock has become critical due to environmental concerns and the need for sustainable energy supply. This paper provides a unique optimization approach of quantifying and formulating the economic and environmental benefits of switchgrass production at the farm level. In particular, we propose a multi-objective mixed-integer programming model, which maximizes the revenue from harvested switchgrass biomass and the economic value obtained from the positive environmental impacts of switchgrass yield during a ten-year planning horizon. Environmental impacts include soil erosion prevention, sustainability of bird populations, carbon sequestration, and carbon emissions, while economic impacts are analyzed under various budget, yield, and sustainability scenarios. The proposed model is then applied to a case study in the state of Kansas. Results show that given the current market prices, switchgrass cultivation on grassland and cropland is highly profitable. The model results also suggest that if utilized by the government, conservation reserve program (CRP) incentives could make marginal land more favorable over cropland. We perform sensitivity analysis to address the uncertainty in budget, yield, and utilization of cropland, and present insights into the economic and environmental impacts of switchgrass production. This model can also be extended to biomass production from any other types of energy crops to identify the most efficient production planning strategies under various management scenarios.
What we have learned from the family of multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trials.

Electrical device therapy began 50 years ago with the external defibrillator, and was followed subsequently with the introduction of implantable cardiac pacemakers, defibrillators, and resynchronization devices to prevent bradycardia, sudden arrhythmic death, and heart failure. During the past 20 years the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT) research group has carried out a series of trials, including the MADIT-I, MADIT-II, and MADIT-III (MADIT-CRT), that have focused on improving the outcomes for patients with ischemic and nonischemic cardiac disease. The most recent MADIT-CRT trial showed that a cardiac resynchronization therapy device with defibrillator (CRT-D) was effective in reducing the risk of heart failure or death, whichever came first, in cardiac patients who were asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic (New York Heart Association class I or II) with reduced ejection fraction or =130 ms when compared with an implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) device. The family of MADIT ICD and CRT-D trials have provided a firm foundation for improving the clinical management of at-risk cardiac patients as the second decade of the 21(st) century begins.
Effect of adh genotype and heat stress on alcohol tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster

The alcohol dehydrogenase locus (adh) is polymorphic in most natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster1–11. Eight alleles have been identified on the basis of allozyme elec-trophoretic mobility and thermostability; two of these, adhFm and adhSm, generally have combined frequencies of ⩾90%. In four widely separate locations these major alleles display a clinal change in frequency, that of adh Fm increasing with latitude and altitude3–6,11. Biochemical studies have shown that the Fm allozyme (ADHFm) is more active, but less heat-resistant, than ADHSm(refs 12–14). The fact that these differences are associated with the geographical distribution of the alleles suggests that environmental temperature may be a selective factor in maintaining this polymorphism. We have investigated the effect of high temperature on flies having ADH allozymes with a range of thermostabilities and report here that flies which have relatively labile enzymes show reduced survival on alcohol-supplemented food compared with flies possessing more heat-resistant allozymes.