cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships in Adolescence

▪ Abstract In this chapter I review recent research on the nature, meaning, and impact of extrafamilial relationships during adolescence. I use findings of quantitative and qualitative studies to develop the idea that close friendships, wider networks of peers, and romantic relationships have distinct meanings and significance for the developing adolescent. Sociologists' work inevitably focuses attention on the ways in which the adolescent's social addresses and locations (gender, race, social class) influence many aspects of these early relationships. The review also highlights some limitations of the dominant perspective on adolescent relationships, attachment theory, and provides suggestions for future research (particularly in the area of romantic relationships, where the literature is growing but still relatively undeveloped).
African American Women and HIV/AIDS

This chapter examines the challenges faced by African American women living with HIV/AIDS and how they learn to live with this chronic illness.
Paternally transmitted IDDM2 influences diabetes susceptibility despite biallelic expression of the insulin gene in human pancreas.

Abstract Whereas it is well known that the insulin gene (INS) region at 11p15.5 (IDDM2) confers susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), it is still controversial whether the parental origin ofIDDM2influences IDDM susceptibility. We have analysed thePst I+1127 polymorphism in 123 USA multiplex families and detected linkage only in male meioses using the affected sibpair analysis (P=0.009). Application of the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) found significantly increased transmission of the IDDM-associatedINSallele from fathers heterozygous forINSto their diabetic offspring (P=0.00002), but the transmission from heterozygous mothers was not significantly different from random expectation. In non-diabetic families, the transmission from parents heterozygous forINSwas not significantly different from random expectation in either paternal or maternal meioses. Maternal imprinting of theINSgene in pancreatic islets was originally considered the most favorable explanation for the observed gender-related difference. However, our study has demonstrated biallelic expression ofINSin pancreatic tissues from human fetuses and thus suggests thatINSis probably not imprinted in the pancreatic islets.
There's Elly, It Must Be Tuesday: Discontinuity in Child Care Programs and Its Impact on the Development of Peer Relationships in Young Children.

This study traces patterns of attendance, times of arrival and departure, and policies and practices surrounding enrollment and moving children from classroom to classroom in a child care center. It appears that children’s efforts to acquire competence in developing friendships with their peers not only depends on their own capacities, but is also affected by above-mentioned patterns and policies and practices, over which children have no control. For a period of 6 months, we follow the trajectory of Elly, a young 3-year old girl, who is enrolled mid-year, part-time, in Sunshine Child Development Center. She is placed in a classroom with two-and-a-half to three and-a-half year old children, several of whom also attend part-time. It takes Elly 6 months to develop a meaningful relationship with some of her peers, an important yet tenuous milestone because, according to center policy groups will be reconfigured over the summer. Thus, Elly and her new friends may be placed in different groups in the fall. This study also documents the important role of social pretend play in helping children to initiate and develop friendships, especially in the company of more competent peers. Importantly, the child care center’s policies and practices for transitioning children in and out of classrooms seem to be at odds with current research on attachment, continuity, and the development of peer relationships. Recommendations are made for creating environments where continuity of care and education for young children are a priority.
The Joint Effect of Leadtime Variance and Lot Size in a Parallel Processing Environment

We study a basic r, q system, in which the demand is a Poisson process and the leadtimes are independent, identically-distributed random variables. The key issue is the joint effect of the leadtime variance and the lot size q on performance. We know that, under a simple base-stock policy with q = 1, the leadtime variance has no effect at all. We find here that, for larger q, the leadtime variance can have a significant adverse impact on performance. To explore this effect, we test two simple approximations. The simplest ignores the leadtime variance. The second approach is only a bit more complex; it captures the variance effect through a hybrid of two limiting approximations. Both methods provide useful information, but the second is more robust.
Low-Yield Earth-Penetrating Nuclear Weapons

Some senior members of the U.S. government and leaders of America's nuclear weapons labs have recently advocated that the U.S.A. develop a new generation of low-yield earth-penetrating nuclear weapons (EPWs) capable of destroying hardened and deeply buried targets. Because they are intended to detonate below ground and have substantially lower yields than typical weapons in the U.S. nuclear stockpile, it is often assumed that EPWs would produce "minimal collateral damage" and could even be used near densely populated areas. We show here that EPWs cannot penetrate deeply enough to contain the nuclear explosion and will necessarily produce an especially intense and deadly radioactive fallout. A missile made of the hardest steels cannot survive the severe ground impact stresses at velocities greater than about v max ∼ 1 km/s without destroying itself. This limits the maximum possible penetration depth into reinforced concrete to about four times the missile length--approximately 12 meters for a missile three...
Characteristics Associated With Hallux Valgus in a Population‐Based Foot Study of Older Adults

Objective Hallux valgus (HV) is common in older adults, but limited studies of risk factors have reported conflicting results. This cross-sectional analysis examined the association of HV with foot pain and other characteristics in older adults.
Highlights from the PHENIX experiment – Part 2

Recent results from the PHENIX experiment at RHIC are presented. In this second part of the overview we discuss new results on direct photon production at low p T in Au+Au collisions and a systematic study of J/ ψ production in various systems. Finally we summarize new results on the modification of jets in the medium.
Biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides. I. Preparation of lipid-linked oligosaccharide substrates.

Abstract In order to purify the glycosyltransferases involved in the assembly of lipid-linked oligosaccharides and to be able to study the acceptor substrate specificity of these enzymes, methods were developed to prepare and purify a variety of lipid-linked oligosaccharides, differing in the structure of the oligosaccharide moiety. Thus, Man 9 (GlcNAc) 2 -pyrophosphoryl-dolichol was prepared by isolation and enzymatic synthesis using procine pancreatic microsomes, while Glc 3 Man 9 (GlcNAc) 2 -PP-dolichol was isolated from Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Treatment of these oligosaccharide lipids with a series of selected glycosidases led to the preparation of Manα1,2Manα1,2Manα1,3[Manα1,6(Manα1,3)Manα1,6]Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,4GlcNAc-PP-dolichol; Manα1,2Manα1,2Manα1,3[Manα1,6]Manβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,4GlcNac-PP-dolich; and Manα1,6(Manα1,3)Manα1,6[Manα1,3]Manβ1,4GlcNAc-β1,4GlcNAc-PP-dolichol. The preparation, isolation, and characterization of each of these lipid-linked oligosaccharide substrates are described.
Staff Management in Emergency Evacuation Preparedness and Response

In this paper, the crucial role of resource management during an emergency situation in a hospital environment is addressed and analyzed. We propose a methodology to help the incident managers allocate their available medical and non-medical staff members to the areas of the hospital undergoing emergency evacuation. We first show that the assumptions of unlimited resource capacity and lack of interaction between these resources may lead to invalid results and plans. We then present an analytical approach to model the dispatching of these limited human resources to the impacted floors. We also formulate a procedure to estimate the evacuation time. Within a reasonable degree of accuracy this estimation methodology can be used instead of a complex simulation model which often takes time to develop and test. The basis for this study is a recent project on simulation and modeling of emergency evacuation in a local hospital.
Volunteer tourism: on-the-ground observations from Rwanda.

Abstract Volunteer tourism is the combination of leisure travel and voluntary work. Although it is increasing in popularity, one area that remains underexplored in the literature is the centrality of project facilitators in the on-the-ground experiences of volunteer tourists. This study, therefore, interrogates the relationship between facilitation and implementation of volunteer tourism experiences and the volunteer tourists’ lived experiences. By placing in conversation on-the-ground volunteer tourism experiences in Nyakinama, Rwanda with current literature in volunteer tourism, this study finds that volunteer tourism is a gratifying experience, especially as it relates to self-development, bonding with local people and experiencing of local lifestyle. The study, however, suggests that certain managerial actions and transparency measures must be introduced so as to maximize the social role of volunteer tourism.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A=174⊙

Abstract Level schemes from radioactive decay and reaction studies are presented for all nuclei with mass number A=174. The experimental data have been evaluated and adopted levels, and other nuclear properties are given.
The Radius of Trust: Religion, Social Embeddedness and Trust in Strangers

Data from the 2002 Religion and Public Activism Survey were used to examine relationships among measures of religious orientation, embeddedness in social networks and the level of trust individuals direct toward others. Results from ordered logistic regression analysis demonstrate that Catholics and members of other denominations show significantly less trust in strangers than mainline Protestants, while older persons and those who are more trusting of acquaintances show greater trust. Although measures of personal religiosity and activity within a congregation show no statistically significant relationship to trust once important controls are taken into account, measures of embeddedness within secular social networks do.
Vascular Repair and Regeneration by Endothelial Progenitor Cells

Pulmonary arterial endothelial cells perform a plethora of functions including forming an antithrombotic surface and regulating blood flow by the release of paracrine factors that can constrict or dilate the vasculature to allow a matching between ventilation and perfusion. Moreover, inflammatory processes in the lung depend on leukocytes migrating through the endothelial monolayer. Disruption of the endothelial barrier function leads to edema formation in acute lung injury (ALI), and persistent endothelial dysfunction also plays an important role in the onset of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).
Exploring the power of GPU's for training Polyglot language models

One of the major research trends currently is the evolution of heterogeneous parallel computing. GP-GPU computing is being widely used and several applications have been designed to exploit the massive parallelism that GP-GPU's have to offer. While GPU's have always been widely used in areas of computer vision for image processing, little has been done to investigate whether the massive parallelism provided by GP-GPU's can be utilized effectively for Natural Language Processing(NLP) tasks. In this work, we investigate and explore the power of GP-GPU's in the task of learning language models. More specifically, we investigate the performance of training Polyglot language models using deep belief neural networks. We evaluate the performance of training the model on the GPU and present optimizations that boost the performance on the GPU.One of the key optimizations, we propose increases the performance of a function involved in calculating and updating the gradient by approximately 50 times on the GPU for sufficiently large batch sizes. We show that with the above optimizations, the GP-GPU's performance on the task increases by factor of approximately 3-4. The optimizations we made are generic Theano optimizations and hence potentially boost the performance of other models which rely on these operations.We also show that these optimizations result in the GPU's performance at this task being now comparable to that on the CPU. We conclude by presenting a thorough evaluation of the applicability of GP-GPU's for this task and highlight the factors limiting the performance of training a Polyglot model on the GPU.
iDiscover: Inspiring youth to pursue STEM

• Lakeland Middle: Located in inner-city Baltimore. 54% Female, 46% Male. • Very motivated set of students and staff. • Technology was archaic but still present • Students were most interested in financial aid and scholarships, intrigued by the summer programs. Very excited when distributing the resources we gathered for them. • Students and staff had difficulty grasping the concept of Information Science. Became more interested when I spoke to some students individually about the interdisciplinary nature of IS. • Held a discussion with the students where they suggested how information on social sites could be organized. • School administration stressed that the students needed tutoring resources in Math. This guided our construction of the handouts. Conclusions
Fitting the generalized lambda distribution to pre-binned data

Density estimation for pre-binned data is challenging due to the loss of exact position information of the original observations. Traditional kernel density estimation methods cannot be applied when data are pre-binned in unequally spaced bins or when one or more bins are semi-infinite intervals. We propose a novel density estimation approach using the generalized lambda distribution (GLD) for data that have been pre-binned over a sequence of consecutive bins. This method enjoys the high power of the parametric model and the great shape flexibility of the GLD. The performances of the proposed estimators are benchmarked via simulation studies. Both simulation results and a real data application show that the proposed density estimators work well for data of moderate or large sizes.
A View of Conflict and Displacement in Eastern Congo Through a Genealogy of Rape

In 1906 clergy and laymen called for an international coalition to end abuses such as the employment of sentries from hostile tribes who murder, pillage and rape the people in the Congo Free State. After independence from Belgium in 1960, when Katanga declared its secession from the new Republic of Congo, the new Premier Patrice Lumumba accused the UN policy of systematic looting of the country, corrupting the Congolese way of life, inciting conspiracies and accusing the Congolese of rape. In 1962 President Moise Tshombe of Katanga charged that central Congolese troops massacred thousands of civilians and raped hundreds of women in Kivu and Kasai. Throughout the 1970s Mobutu’s absolutist state which maintained a state of emergency in Kivu practiced ratissage (control and extraction) where troops and gendarmes moved systematically from house to house looting and raping the local population. Examining testimony and documentation of rape from the 1880s onwards in the building of the Congolese army, conflicts over land, control over opposition groups, extraction of mineral resources and state administration, this paper seeks to provide an understanding of conflict and displacement in eastern Congo and the Great Lakes region more generally through the lens of a genealogy of rape.
Photothermal response enhancement in heterogeneous plasmon-resonant nanoparticle trimers

The optical response of heterogeneous plasmonic trimer structures composed of a silver nanoparticle dimer and a central gold nanoparticle is investigated analytically and numerically. The plasmon resonance of the silver dimer is controlled through near-field coupling, resulting in plasmon resonance frequency matching of the silver dimer and gold monomer. This coupling condition makes it possible to increase the energy dissipation per unit volume in the gold particle by over two orders of magnitude compared to a single-particle system. It is predicted that pulsed illumination of a trimer consisting of two 80-nm-diameter silver particles and a 10-nm-diameter central gold particle can raise the gold particle temperature by 100 K using a pump fluence as low as $20\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nJ}/\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ at a wavelength of 530 nm. This finding may have practical applications in photothermal therapy, fast thermal nonlinear optical modulation, and could enable new fundamental thermal studies at picosecond time scales.
Effect of Very Low Birth Weight and Subnormal Head Size on Cognitive Abilities at School Age

Abstract Background. We tested the hypothesis that very-low-birth-weight (<1.5 kg) infants with perinatal growth failure whose head size is not normal by eight months of age (corrected for prematurity) have significantly poorer growth and neurocognitive abilities at school age than very-low-birth-weight children with a normal head size at eight months. We also hypothesized that these differences would persist even after control for major neurologic impairment and perinatal and sociodemographic risk factors. Methods. We have followed a cohort of very-low-birth-weight children since their birth during the period 1977 to 1979. At eight to nine years of age 249 children were evaluated with a neurologic examination and tests of intelligence; receptive and expressive language skills; speech, reading, mathematics, and spelling aptitude; visual and fine motor abilities; and behavior. Ages were corrected for premature birth. Results. Among these 249 very-low-birth-weight chil dren, head size was subnormal (less th...
Persistent Photoconductivity in n-Type GaN

Persistent photoconductivity has been observed in n-type Si-doped GaN grown on sapphire substrates by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. The effect has been seen both in films which are of electrically high quality, based on low temperature photoluminescence (PL) and Hall analysis, and in films which either appear to be compensated or which exhibit strong donor-acceptor pair recombination. The photoconductivity has been observed to persist for several days at room temperature (300K). Modeling of the resistance recovery by a stretched exponential treatment may suggest a distribution of deep level defect centers in the Si-doped GaN films.
Homochiral helical metal-organic frameworks of group 1 metals.

The reactions of (S)-2-(1,8-naphthalimido)propanoic acid (HLala) and (S)-2-(1,8-naphthalimido)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid (HLser), protonated forms of ligands that contain a carboxylate donor group, an enantiopure chiral center, and a 1,8-naphthalimide π···π stacking supramolecular tecton and in the case of HLser an alcohol functional group, with the appropriate alkali metal hydroxide followed by a variety of crystallization methods leads to the formation of crystalline K(Lala)(MeOH) (1), K(Lala)(H2O) (2), Na(Lala)(H2O) (3), KLser (4), CsLser (5), and CsLala (6). Each of these new complexes has a solid state structure based on six-coordinate metals linked into homochiral helical rod secondary building unit (SBU) central cores. In addition to the bonding of the carboxylate and solvent (in the case of Lser the ligand alcohol) to the metals, both oxygens on the 1,8-naphthalimide act as donor groups. One naphthalimide oxygen bonds to the same helical rod SBU as the carboxylate group of that ligand forming a chel...
Solid solubility and diffusivity in an alumina/zirconia system

Polycrystalline zirconia-coated single crystal sapphire fiber displays reconstruction of the sapphire surface in regions of contact with zirconia grains. This is a concern where ZrO2 -coated sapphire fiber is desired for reinforcement of ceramic matrices. Previous work has demonstrated pitting is partially attributed to impurity-induced transient liquid phase formation with local dissolution of alumina; however, the extent of reconstruction witnessed via microscopy suggests that other mechanisms are active. The present study has addressed the issue of solid solubility and interdiffusivity to more thoroughly understand the solid state mechanisms contributing to pitting. Single crystal sapphire and zirconia were ion implanted with zirconium and yttrium, and aluminum, respectively, and then subjected to diffusion anneals at 1200° - 1600°C to study redistribution of implanted cations. Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) was used to profile the redistribution of implanted ions for measurement of diffusion coefficients and solubility limits after heat treatments. The results will offer a significant set of data on interface stability in the alumina/zirconia system.
Demonstration of 1 million Q -factor on microglassblown wineglass resonators with out-of-plane electrostatic transduction

In this paper, we report Q-factor over 1 million on both n = 2 wineglass modes, and high-frequency symmetry (Af/f ) of 132 ppm on wafer-level microglassblown 3-D fused silica wineglass resonators at a compact size of 7-mm diameter and center frequency of 105 kHz. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time, out-of-plane capacitive transduction on microelectromechanical systems wineglass resonators. High Q-factor is enabled by a high aspect ratio, self-aligned glassblown stem structure, careful surface treatment of the perimeter area, and low internal loss fused silica material. Electrostatic transduction is enabled by detecting the spatial deformation of the 3-D wineglass structure using a new out-of-plane electrode architecture. Out-of-plane electrode architecture enables the use of sacrificial layers to define the capacitive gaps and 10 μm capacitive gaps have been demonstrated on a 7-mm shell, resulting in over 9 pF of active capacitance within the device. Microglassblowing may enable batch-fabrication of high-performance fused silica wineglass gyroscopes at a significantly lower cost than their precision-machined macroscale counterparts.
Local-Monomer Calculations of the Intramolecular IR Spectra of the Cage and Prism Isomers of HOD(D2O)5 and HOD and D2O Ice Ih

Dilute mixtures of HOD in pure H2O and D2O ices and liquid have been used by experimentalists to focus on the spectrum and vibrational dynamics of the local OH and OD stretches and bend of HOD in these complex and highly heterogeneous environments. The hexamer version of the mixture is HOD(D2O)5. The cage isomer of this cluster was recently studied and analyzed theoretically using local-mode calculations of the IR spectrum by Skinner and co-workers. This and the further possibility of experimental investigation of this cluster have stimulated us to study HOD(D2O)5 using the three-mode, local-monomer model, with the ab initio WHBB dipole moment and potential energy surfaces. Both the cage and prism isomers of this cluster are considered. In addition to providing additional insight into the HOD portion of the spectrum, the spectral signatures of each D2O are also presented in the range of 1000–4000 cm–1. The OH stretch bands of both the prism and cage isotopomers exhibit rich structures in the range of 3100...
Unmet needs in treating laryngo-pharyngeal reflux disease: where do we go from here?

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Many patients experience ear, nose and throat symptoms associated with their gastroesophageal reflux disease. These symptoms are purportedly caused by reflux of gastroduodenal contents into the larynx, which leads to laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). Various modalities are used to diagnose LPR, including ambulatory pH monitoring, laryngoscopy, and esophagogastroduodenoscopy, as well as a few new emerging diagnostic tests. However, there are still no established diagnostic criteria or gold standard methodologies that can reliably distinguish LPR from other conditions.Areas covered: In this review, we will evaluate currently available diagnostic tests and therapeutic options for patients with laryngeal signs and symptoms of reflux and briefly discuss the development and emergence of new treatments. Numerous studies have investigated the role of proton pump inhibitor therapy in this patient population, but have led to disparate and often inconsistent results.Expert commentary: While a sub...
Food Intake Regulation in Pigs. V. The Influence of Dietary Amino Acid Pattern on Free Choice Food Selection in Pigs

SUMMARY Two series of trials were conducted to determine the ability of the pigs to select a diet supplemented with the limiting amino acid over an unsupplemented diet at low and high protein levels. In one series dl -methionine was supplemented to a 9 per cent casein semi-purified diet, and it was found that growing gilts would select the supplemented casein diet over the unsupplemented. They also chose the supplemented and unsupplemented casein over a protein-free diet. However, the organoleptic properties of methionine were implicated when the pigs were unable to choose clearly between an unsupplemented casein diet and a protein-free diet to which methionine had been added. In the second series l -lysine was added to high (18 per cent) and low (9 per cent) protein commercial diets deficient in lysine. There was a tendency for the pigs to select the supplemented diet at both protein levels over short periods of time. Over longer periods of time when trough positions were altered the pigs were unable to make a clear selection. The results are discussed with respect to protein status of the animals and dietary protein concentration and how these may interact to affect the pigs’ preference for diets differing in amino acid balance or devoid of protein.
Variability of dietary assessment values among nutrition students

The effect of the interviewer’s recording and evaluation of responses and calculation of nutrient data on the variability of dietary assessment results was studied. Thirty-seven dietary history interviews were examined for significant differences between the results calculated by a University Affiliated Cincinnati Center for Developmental Disorders (UACCDD) staff nutritionist and by a group of student observers. A significant difference using a paired t-test (p The mean results for all graduate students on each variable were also compared with the undergraduate means using a group t-test. Significant differences were found in the calculation of calcium and vitamin D intake and in estimated daily caloric output. These findings agree in general with the reports of other investigators, i.e., that few significant differences of less than 10% are attributable to variability among interviewers when the mean results from large samples are examined. Since large variations between the individual results reported by different students observing the same interview were found, there is a need for extensive training and experience with interviewing, interpretation offood intakedata, and familiarity with the use of a variety of food composition tables and computer data bases.
The soluble carnitine palmitoyltransferase from bovine liver. A comparison with the enzymes from peroxisomes and from the mitochondrial inner membrane.

Abstract The properties of two carnitine acyltransferases (CPT) purified from bovine liver are compared to confirm that they are different proteins. The soluble CPT and the inner CPT from mitochondria differ in subunit Mr, native Mr, pI and reactivity with thiol reagents. All eight free thiol groups in soluble CPT react with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) in the absence of any unfolding reagent, and activity is gradually lost. The inner CPT activity is completely stable in the presence of 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate), and only one thiol group per molecule of subunit is modified in the native enzyme. Antisera to each enzyme inhibit that enzyme, but do not cross-react. CPT activity in subcellular fractions can now be identified by titration with these antibodies. The soluble CPT from bovine liver is probably peroxisomal in origin, but, although antigenically similar, it differs from the peroxisomal carnitine octanoyltransferase found in rat and mouse liver in its specificity for the longer-chain acyl-CoA substrates.
Religion and Politics

Although Voodoo may mean different things to different people, the mass media have apparently agreed to identify the republic of Haiti as the land of Voodoo par excellence in the western hemisphere. Several historically identifiable events and circumstances — not least the sensationalist international press reportage and various reports and books by foreign dignitaries in mission in Port-au-Prince — have bestowed that notorious reputation on the old republic. As one reads nineteenth-century accounts by foreigners, one encounters bizarre Voodoo practices, nonsensical beliefs and engrossing stories of zombification and cannibalism.1 These reports tended to exaggerate in order to make the stories more exciting, and their emphasis is on exotic rituals and concomitant, supposedly criminal, practices.
Epistasis for Grain Yield in Two F2 Populations of Maize

The importance of epistasis in breeding populations of maize (Zea mays L.) is not well understood. The objectives of the study were to: (i) test for epistatic effects of genes controlling grain yield, on the basis of testcross data, in the single crosses A679 × Wx6005 and A679 × FR902 and (ii) to investigate the relationship between identified epistasis and testcross yield of the F 3 , backcrosses of F 2 plants to the parental lines, and the cross between the parental lines. A modification of triple test-cross design was used. Each of 52 F 2 plants was selfed and simultaneously crossed to the parental lines and the F 1 of the cross between the lines. The four F 2 -derived generations were testcrossed to inbred lines LH85 and LH163. Yield trials of testcrosses were grown at two Minnesota locations for 2 yr in a randomized complete block design with two replications and a split plot restriction on randomizations. Based on testcross means of families derived from individual F 2 plants, there was evidence of epistasis for grain yield in both populations. Each tester revealed epistasis in a unique group of F 2 individuals and epistasis was nondirectional. Analyses of testcross genotypic variances revealed evidence of epistasis in both populations, but there was no evidence of epistasis based on overall testcross generation means. There was no association between epistasis and testcross yields of F 3 and the backcrosses. Our results suggest the presence of nonallelic interaction as well as linkage disequilibrium in both populations.
Functional Morphology of the Primate Hand: Recent Approaches Using Biomedical Imaging, Computer Modeling, and Engineering Methods

Understanding how primate hands have become adapted to meet a variety of locomotor and manipulative demands requires detailed knowledge of the functional consequences associated with evolutionary changes in the anatomy. Given the complex configuration of the bones and articulations that compose the hand and wrist, this is a challenging task. Such an endeavor must take into account data on hand use in living primates and how the mechanics of the bones and joints facilitate these activities. The application of biomedical imaging, computer modeling, and engineering techniques to study structure and function provides an important mechanical link between fine-scale morphological studies and necessarily courser in vivo observations on hand use. This chapter reviews recent attempts to incorporate such methods to better quantify aspects of bone shape, joint kinematics, and load transmission in the hand. Examples are provided of how such studies might illuminate key shifts in the function of the hominin hand as it evolved from its primitive condition as a primarily locomotor structure to a derived organ principally involved in manipulative tasks such as tool making and use.
Characterization of a Referred Population to a Northern-California Stone Clinic

This study was undertaken to characterize a cohort of patients from northern California referred to our clinic for recurrent renal-stone disease. Patient data were obtained by history, analysis of serum, a 24 h urine collection, and from a 4 h urine collection following a 1 g oral Ca-load test. A total of 95 patients (males: n=38, mean age, 43 years; females: n=57, mean age, 48 years) were investigated.
Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage

Hemorrhage is the leading cause of trauma-related deaths, partly because early diagnosis of the severity of blood loss is difficult. Assessment of hemorrhaging patients is difficult because current clinical tools provide measures of vital signs that remain stable during the early stages of bleeding due to compensatory mechanisms. Consequently, there is a need to understand and measure the total integration of mechanisms that compensate for reduced circulating blood volume and how they change during ongoing progressive hemorrhage. The body's reserve to compensate for reduced circulating blood volume is called the 'compensatory reserve'. The compensatory reserve can be accurately evaluated with real-time measurements of changes in the features of the arterial waveform measured with the use of a high-powered computer. Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) has been shown to simulate many of the physiological responses in humans associated with hemorrhage, and is used to study the compensatory response to hemorrhage. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how compensatory reserve is assessed during progressive reductions in central blood volume with LBNP as a simulation of hemorrhage.
Modeling the Early Stages of Aggregation in Disordered Elastin-Like Proteins

Elastin-like proteins (ELPs) are known to aggregate reversibly above a defined transition temperature. Because aggregation occurs reversibly, ELPs can be a useful system to study the early stages of this process in proteins. Previous studies suggested that, as temperature increases, ELPs experience an increased propensity for type II β-turns. However, how the ELPs behave during the aggregation itself is still elusive. Here, we investigate a hypothesis: aggregation is initiated at the β-turn positions. To test this hypothesis, we designed an ELP construct (ELP40, 16 kDa) suitable for NMR measurements. We observe that this construct does indeed exhibit increase β-turn propensity at higher temperature. Based on this observation, a series of structural ensembles were generated incorporating differing amounts of β-turn bias, from 1% to 50% throughout the chain. To mimic the early stages of aggregation, two monomers were paired, assuming preferential interaction at β-turn regions. This approach was justified by the observation that buried hydrophobic turns are frequently observed to interact in the PDB. Following dimerization, the ensemble-averaged hydrodynamic properties were calculated for each degree of β-turn bias, and results were compared with analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) experiments on ELPs in at various temperatures. We find that the temperature dependence of the sedimentation coefficient (s20,W) can be reproduced by increasing the β-turn content in the structural ensemble. This analysis allows us to estimate the secondary structure and weak associations under experimental conditions. Moreover, our models can be used to generate structural hypotheses for the early stages of IDP self-association. In addition, because disordered proteins frequently exhibit weak biases in secondary structure propensity, these structurally-biased ensemble calculations may be a promising method for modeling IDPs generally.
A Simple Fuzzy Neural Network.

Our simple fuzzy neural network first thins the set of exemplar input feature vectors and then centers a Gaussian function on each remaining one and saves its associated output label (target). Next, any unknown feature vector to be classified is put through each Gaussian to get the fuzzy truth that it belongs to that center. The fuzzy truths for all Gaussian centers are then maximized and the label of the winner is the class of the input feature vector. We use the knowledge in the exemplar-label pairs directly with no training, no weights, no local minima, no epochs, no defuzzification, no overtraining, and no experience needed to use it. It sets up automatically and then classifies all input feature vectors from the same population as the exemplar feature vectors. We compare our results on well known data with those of several other fuzzy neural networks, which themselves compared favorably to other neural networks.
Stepwise Psychosocial Palliative Care: A New Approach to the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder at the End of Life

Although evidence-based therapies for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) exist for physically healthy populations, these often do not adequately address PTSD in dying patients. Particularly because these interventions require 8-16 weekly sessions, and the median stay in U.S. hospices is 17.5 days (National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization [NHPCO], 2015 ), there is a potentially serious timing mismatch. Moreover, these treatments may temporarily increase trauma symptoms (Nishith, Resick, & Griffin, 2002 ), resulting in some patients dying in greater distress than had they not received care. The Stepwise Psychosocial Palliative Care (SPPC) model presented in this article compensates for these difficulties by embracing a palliative care approach to PTSD. Although it utilizes techniques drawn from existing PTSD interventions, these are re-ordered and utilized in a time-responsive, patient-centered manner that takes into account prognosis, fatigue, and logistical concerns. The SPPC approach is further considered with respect to existing social work palliative care competencies (Gwyther et al., 2005 ) and a case study is used to demonstrate its application.
Semiconductor corner lot generation robust to process variation: Modeling and analysis

ABSTRACTProduct characterization is an important phase in developing new semiconductors. The goal is to determine if the new product will function when produced under the extreme edge of fabrication variation; if not, the product might be considered to have insufficient design margin, necessitating circuit redesign. Achieving this goal requires producing a so-called corner lot that consists of skew chips; i.e., chips whose key performance parameters that are expected to be around certain targeted extreme values. These skew chips are extensively tested to determine whether their functions still meet specifications. However, due to extensive variation in the fabrication process, few skewed chips can be guaranteed in a produced corner lot, and this is a long-standing frustration in the semiconductor industry. One approach to produce a satisfactory corner lot is through variation reduction of the fabrication process. Despite being a popular research area, variation reduction is a long-term effort that involve...
Most Teens Bounce Back: Using Diary Methods to Examine How Quickly Teens Recover from Episodic Online Risk Exposure

Cross-sectional research suggests that online risk exposure (e.g., cyberbullying, sexual solicitations, and explicit content) may negatively impact teens, increasing concerns over the risks teens are exposed to online. Yet, there has been little research as to how these experiences impact teens' mood over time, or how long these effects may last. To examine the effects of online risk exposure on mood, we asked 68 teens to report their weekly online risk experiences, emotions, and sense of well-being for two months. We found that teens experienced more negative emotions the week that they reported cyberbullying and exposure to explicit content, but these effects were gone one week later. In addition, teens reported a slight in crease in positive emotions and mental well-being during weeks they were exposed to other risks. Our results suggest that most of the risks teens in our study experienced online only pose brief negative effects, if any, and initiates a discussion on how our society may overly problematize the negative effects of online risk exposure on teens.
Institutionalization of Religion in Schools to Intercultural Education

Education is closely associated with religion. Education is the doctrine of morals and intelligence of the mind and religion is belief in God with the teachings of worship and obligations. Religion prepares a comprehensive norm that underlies life educational purposes. Educational institutions have played their significant part in the production and reproduction of European warfare. Nationalist curricula in history, national language and literature, social sciences and religion typify many school systems. Educational institutions are theoretically the opposition to those of religion: critical exegesis of all texts and the subjection of all theories to rigorous attempts at falsification are the commonplace expectations of educational institutions. All too often, however, religious organizations are actually in charge of schools and even universities. Of course state sponsored educational systems have other objectives, which take precedence over the pursuit of knowledge, in particular social control and nation building. It is in these two areas that the alliance between church and state in the control of the reproduction of knowledge is at its most symbiotic. Schools and universities, ostensibly the key intuitions of modernization and modernity, are in actuality one of the main sites for the production and reproduction of religion.
Spatio-temporally specific transcranial magnetic stimulation to test the locus of perceptual decision making in the human brain

Previous research modeling EEG, fMRI and behavioral data has identified three spatially distributed brain networks that activate in temporal sequence, and are thought to enable perceptual decision-making during face-versus-car categorization. These studies have linked late activation (>300ms post stimulus onset) in the lateral occipital cortex (LOC) to object discrimination processes. We applied paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS) to LOC at different temporal latencies with the specific prediction, based on these studies, that ppTMS beginning at 400ms after stimulus onset would slow reaction time (RT) performance. Thirteen healthy adults performed a two-alternative forced choice task selecting whether a car or face was present on each trial amidst visual noise pre-titrated to approximate 79% accuracy. ppTMS, with pulses separated by 50ms, was applied at one of five stimulus onset asynchronies: -200, 200, 400, 450, or 500ms, and a sixth no-stimulation condition. As predicted, TMS at 400ms resulted in significant slowing of RTs, providing causal evidence in support of LOC contribution to perceptual decision processing. In addition, TMS delivered at -200ms resulted in faster RTs, indicating early stimulation may result in performance enhancement. These findings build upon correlational EEG and fMRI observations and demonstrate the use of TMS in predictive validation of psychophysiological models.
Cancer Knowledge Among Mexican Immigrant Farmworkers in North Carolina.

Latino farmworkers are exposed to a number of carcinogens in the workplace. Cancer survival rates for Latinos are below average. This paper describes Mexican immigrant farmworkers’ knowledge of colorectal, breast, and testicular cancer, and compares farmworkers’ cancer knowledge to that of other Mexican immigrants. Survey interviews for this study were conducted with 100 farmworkers and 100 non-farmworkers in 2015 in North Carolina as part of an ongoing community-based participatory research project. We found low to moderate levels of knowledge about colorectal, breast, and testicular cancer among farmworkers. Compared to non-farmworkers, farmworkers had similar levels of knowledge about breast and testicular cancer, but slightly lower knowledge about colorectal cancer (p = 0.0087). Few studies have used quantitative methods to assess farmworkers’ knowledge of specific types of cancer. Our results demonstrate a need for increased dissemination of existing cancer education programs and further research to develop additional educational tools.
The Origin of the Caviomorph Rodents from a Source in Middle America

It has long been recognized that the mammalian fauna of South America consists of three distinct parts—an ancient fraction, that reached South America in an unknown manner and from an unknown source or sources, but at least as early as the Paleocene; a modern fraction, that arrived on the continent from North and Middle America at the end of the Pliocene or the beginning of the Pleistocene, when the Panama land bridge was formed; and a third group, of intermediate age, that arrived in South America by rafting some time between the Mustersan, of probable middle Eocene age, and the Deseadan of early Oligocene age (Simpson, 1950, pp. 368–376). This last fraction includes the caviomorph rodents and the platyrrhine primates, both restricted to South America and the Antilles until Middle and South America were connected at the end of the Tertiary. Both have been postulated as having come either from Africa or from Middle America.
Multidisciplinary Overview of Local-Regional Therapies for Liver Malignancies

This chapter reviews, from the surgeon’s perspective, the various local-regional treatments for hepatic malignancies and how the use of stereotactic radiosurgery fits into current general surgical practice. Understanding these modalities is important in surgical practice and enables a rational approach to both surgical and non-surgical therapies for hepatic malignancies. Some of these treatments are clearly in the surgical domain as these therapies may be best given via laparoscopic or open surgical approach. Additionally, these local-regional modalities are increasingly being used as neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy, particularly in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). Surgeons are faced with the challenge of adopting these alternative techniques into their practice. Familiarity with these therapies allows the surgeon, with their unique expertise and skill, to participate actively in the nonsurgical management of these lesions. Several of the more prominent nonsurgical local-regional therapies are reviewed here.
Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth and Transition Metal Phosphomolybdates

Recent measurements of the magnetic susceptibility and magnetic ordering of the rare earth phosphomolybdates, RPO4(MoO3)12·30H2O (or RPMO) are described. R denotes the trivalent ions Ce, Nd, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, or Yb. Some data on iron and chromium phosphomolybdate is also included. The paramagnetic susceptibility data from 300 K to 0.1 K of the RPMO salts, with space group Fd¯3 (T4h), is analyzed in terms of a crystal field Hamiltonian that assumes the magnetic ions have 23 (T) site symmetry, and estimates of the crystal field parameters are obtained. TbPMO and HoPMO have magnetic ground states due to mixing caused by the nuclear hyperfine interaction, and the data of HoPMO, in particular, can be fit rather well once the hyperfine interaction is included in the curves. Magnetic ordering was observed in FePMO, GdPMO, DyPMO, ErPMO and YbPMO. Exchange may be important in FePMO, but GdPMO, DyPMO, ErPMO and YbPMO are likely dipolar magnets. The susceptibilities of FePMO, DyPMO, ErPMO and YbPMO below Tc are smaller than that predicted for a classical dipolar ground state. A diamond structure spin wave calculation shows qualitative agreement with these susceptibilities but not the quantitative agreement reported earlier. The susceptibility of GdPMO is higher than that predicted for a classical dipolar antiferromagnet, possibly indicating ferromagnetism. History dependence is observed in the susceptibility below the ordering features of GdPMO, DyPMO, and ErPMO, possibly indicating magnetic frustration.