cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Process model for terrace formation and shoreline evolution

Shorelines change on seasonal and decadal time scales in response to variations in littoral sediment supply and wave climate. Over millennial time scales, variations in sea level add to the mix of factors inducing coastal change. A model is presented that solves for shelf and shore response to variable sea level, sediment supply, and wave climate over long periods of time. The model domain is set by the natural boundaries of a littoral cell. The model treats the cell as a two-phase medium containing (1) a mobile sediment cover having equilibrium and disequilibrium beach profiles governed by the laws of thermodynamics and continuity, and (2) a bedrock layer that may be periodically and/or episodically exposed by loss of sediment cover, thereby becoming available to cutting by wave abrasion. The beach profiles of the sediment cover are computed by a set of modules grouped above the red line in the model architecture. These upper modules are collectively referred to as the Littoral Cell Model (LCM). Once the LCM computes exposure of the bedrock, the model shifts to a set of calculations for bedrock abrasion and notching treated by the modules labeled Bedrock Cutting Model (BCM). The model presently uses continuous 20-year long wave records and 45-year long river sediment flux records to resolve decadal variability of sediment supply and wave climate. The wave record was taken from a multi-decadal wet climate period in the Oceanside Littoral Cell that was frequented by clusters of strong El Nino storms. The cutting of the bedrock computed from this wave forcing proceeded as step-wise incremental retreats in the position of the bedrock interface with mean sea level. Most of the bedrock recession forced by the 20-year wave record was produced by a handful of the most powerful storms that had sufficient energy to both remove the sediment cover and abrade and notch the bedrock. The multi-decadal forcing records are looped 50 to several hundred times over millennial time scales. This looping process results in about 80 m of bedrock cutting in 1000 years of constant sea level for bedrock material having an erosivity comparable to sandstone. When these bedrock cutting dynamics are applied to millennial scale changes in sea level, the model computes a wave-cut terrace.
Synthesis and properties of two series of heavy metal hexacyanoferrates

Abstract Two series of metallic hexacyanoferrate salts have been prepared and their i.r., visible and u.v. spectra investigated in the solid state using potassium bromide as the carrier medium. The i.r. spectra also were investigated using the mull technique. The spectral data are discussed and transition assignments for the observed absorption bands are suggested. X-ray diffraction data are reported for the compounds.
Mutants in the ptlA-H genes of Bordetella pertussis are deficient for pertussis toxin secretion.

The nine ptl genes (A–I) are required for efficient secretion of pertussis toxin past the outer membrane. Mutations were made in ptlA–H by filling in unique restriction sites, generating in-frame deletions, or inserting a FLAG epitope tag. The mutations were cloned into a suicide shuttle plasmid containing the ptxptl operon and introduced into the adenylate cyclase locus of the chromosome of a Bordetella pertussis strain deleted for ptx. The wild-type ptxptl operon restored pertussis toxin expression and secretion. The ptl mutant constructs also restored expression of periplasmic pertussis toxin to the ptx deletion strain but the mutants had a statistically significant decrease in secretion of pertussis toxin of between 5- to 35-fold, suggesting all of the ptl genes must be intact for efficient pertussis toxin secretion. The mutations were also introduced into the adenylate cyclase locus of a wild-type ptxptl strain, resulting in a ptl diploid strain. The PtlC, PtlD, PtlE, PtlF, PtlG and PtlH mutants exerted dominance over the wild-type allele.
De novo immunosuppression with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors and posttransplantation malignancy in focus.

THIS ARTICLE provides an overview of the main points arising from a panel discussion following 4 discussion workshops on two themes. The first theme examined the indications for de novo immunosuppression with mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors. The second explored the management of the risks of posttransplantation malignancy.
Ethical Analysis in the Cloud

People have been studying and practicing applied ethics for thousands of years. It seems sensible to exploit that work, particularly ideas that have gained importance over time. Here, I present three important ideas from applied ethics both to illustrate the use of applied ethics methods and to provoke some thinking among IT professionals about the ethical implications of cloud computing.
Crystal Structure of Adenosine 5‘-Phosphosulfate Kinase from Penicillium chrysogenum†,‡

Adenosine 5‘-phosphosulfate (APS) kinase catalyzes the second reaction in the two-step conversion of inorganic sulfate to 3‘-phosphoadenosine 5‘-phosphosulfate (PAPS). This report presents the 2.0 A resolution crystal structure of ligand-free APS kinase from the filamentous fungus, Penicillium chrysogenum. The enzyme crystallized as a homodimer with each subunit folded into a classic kinase motif consisting of a twisted, parallel β-sheet sandwiched between two α-helical bundles. The Walker A motif, 32GLSASGKS39, formed the predicted P-loop structure. Superposition of the APS kinase active site region onto several other P-loop-containing proteins revealed that the conserved aspartate residue that usually interacts with the Mg2+ coordination sphere of MgATP is absent in APS kinase. However, upon MgATP binding, a different aspartate, Asp 61, could shift and bind to the Mg2+. The sequence 156KAREGVIKEFT166, which has been suggested to be a (P)APS motif, is located in a highly protease-susceptible loop that is...
Acute inhibition of oxidative drug metabolism by propoxyphene (Darvon)

Abstract Propoxyphene is a potent inhibitor of the hepatic, microsomal mixed-function oxidases, acting in a manner similar to the prototype inhibitor of drug metabolism, SKF 525-A (β-diethylaminoethyl-2, 2-diphenylvalerate), which it resembles chemically. Propoxyphene ( K i = 4.6 ± 0.9 × 10 −5 M) and SKF 525-A ( K i = 4.0 ± 1.1 × 10 −6 M) inhibited competitively the activity of aminopyrine N -demethylase in washed microsomes from mouse liver. Both drugs were considerably weaker, noncompetitive inhibitors of the hydroxylation of aniline by microsomes. They manifested typical type I binding spectra to cytochrome P-450, propoxyphene binding approximately 15 per cent as avidly as SKF 525-A ( K s = 6.9 ± 0.5 × 10 −5 M for propoxyphene; 9.1 ± 1.8 × 10 −6 M for SKF 525-A). When propoxyphene and SKF 525-A were injected i.p. in equimolar (0.26 m-mole/kg) doses, both depressed the N -demethylation of aminopyrine and the hydroxylation of aniline by the 10, 000 g supernatant fraction of mouse liver removed 0.5 hr post-administration. Propoxyphene was 30–40 per cent as potent as SKF 525-A as an inhibitor of these activities. When potassium ferricyanide (50 μM) was added to suspensions of hepatic microsomes from animals pretreated with propoxyphene or SKF 525-A, the complexes formed between the drugs and cytochrome P-450 were destroyed. This same equimolar dose of propoxyphene and SKF 525-A prolonged hexobarbital sleeping time and zoxazolamine paralysis time, propoxyphene again being 30–40 per cent as potent as SKF 525-A in these tests. Chronically, propoxyphene increased the rate of its own metabolism as well as that of aminopyrine and aniline, and levels of cytochrome P-450 and microsomal protein. Propoxyphene thus seems to act in a manner very similar to that of SKF 525-A, acting as a potent inhibitor of microsomal drug metabolism when given acutely and as an inducer when given chronically.
Unmitigated Agency, Social Support, and Psychological Adjustment in Men With Cancer

Unmitigated agency (UA), a gender-linked characteristic, has been associated with poorer cancer adjustment. Support from one's social network typically predicts adjustment but may be poorly matched to UA. The influence of UA on the utility of social support on adjustment over time is examined. Men with cancer (N=55) were assessed initially and 6 months later on three indicators of adjustment. Multilevel modeling analyses varied by adjustment indicator. UA was associated with increased cancer-related psychosocial symptoms but not depressive symptoms or cancer-related thought intrusion. Social support predicted fewer depressive symptoms and less cancer-related thought intrusion. However, a cross-level interaction revealed that the utility of social support on cancer-related thought intrusion was weaker for men with greater levels of UA. Men with cancer likely respond differently to changes in social support depending on their endorsement of UA.
Low- and High-Frequency Solutions of the Telegrapher Equations for Nonuniform Multiconductor Transmission Lines

This paper considers the product integral representing the solution of the propagation on a nonuniform multiconductor transmission line (NMTL). In two parts, we first have the low-frequency power-series solution. Second we have the high-frequency asymptotic solution.
PLUTUS: Leveraging Location-Based Social Networks to Recommend Potential Customers to Venues

In a business setting, the customer value is crucial as it determines how much it is worth spending to acquire a particular customer. Viral marketing techniques leverages social ties among users to help advertising a particular product. Recently, as mobile devices (e.g., smart phones, GPS devices) became ubiquitous, location-based social networking websites (e.g., Gowalla, BrightKite, Foursquare) are getting more and more popular. Along with location-based social networking services being prominent, new kind of data came into play besides the traditional social networking data: (1) Spatial data: represents the users geo-locations, venues geo-locations and information about users visiting different venues. (2) Users Opinions data: represents how much a user likes the venues she visits (e.g., Alice visited restaurant A and gave it a rating of five over five). In this paper, we present PLUTUS; a framework that assists venues (e.g., restaurant, gym, shopping mall) owners in growing their business. To recommend the best set of customers, PLUTUS takes three main aspects into consideration: (1) Social aspect, (2) Spatial aspect, and (3) Users opinions aspect. To this end, PLUTUS proposes two main algorithms: (1) Profit Calculation: It is responsible of calculating the total profit that a user u may add to a venue v taking into account the social, spatial, and user opinions aspects. (2) Profit Maximization: This algorithm is used to maximize the total profit of a given venue. We evaluated PLUTUS using real data set extracted from an existing Location-based Social Networking website, Foursquare. The results show that Plutus achieves higher estimated profit and more efficient profit calculation than naive marketing algorithms.
Parity and institutional delivery in rural Tanzania: a multilevel analysis and policy implications

OBJECTIVES We assess the extent to which the use of healthcare facilities for childbirth varies by parity, conditional on socio-economic, psychological and health characteristics. We also assess differences in the determinants of institutionalized delivery for first-time mothers and multiparous, and explore village-level variations in observed relationships. METHODS Survey data from a three-stage cross-sectional cluster sample of 1205 women from a rural district of Tanzania were analysed using random-intercept multilevel models. RESULTS Use of health facilities for delivery was low (39%), with odds of institutionalized delivery three times higher among nulliparous women (0 children prior to current delivery) compared with women with one to four children; and 30% lower among women with five or more children compared with those with one to four children. In parity group analyses, women with at least some education and women with more than three antenatal care visits had higher odds of institutionalized delivery among nulliparous. Belief in the importance of institutionalized delivery increased the odds of delivering in a facility among multiparous women; so did health insurance for women with five or more children. We found a significant variation in institutionalized delivery among multiparous women based on their village of residence (one to four and five or more children), but these variations were not observed among nulliparous women. CONCLUSION Parity is a pivotal determinant of the use of health facilities for delivery, and its significance varies by village of residence; hence, interventions targeting women according to parity may increase the use of facilities for delivery in rural Tanzania. Future research should focus on the village-level characteristics that influence institutionalized delivery in multiparous.
Quantitative liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Over the last decade, time-of-flight (TOF) instruments have increasingly been used as quantitation tools. In addition, because of their high resolving power, they can be used for verification of empirical formulas. Historically, TOF instruments have had limited quantitation capabilities because of their narrow dynamic range. However, recent advances have improved these limitations. This review covers the rationale for using TOF for LC detection, and describes the many methods currently in the literature for the quantitation of pharmaceuticals, environmental pollutants, explosives and many phytochemicals.
Posthospital heart-healthy behaviors in adults with comorbid diabetes.

The purpose of these secondary analyses was to examine relationships between patient factors and patient-provider decision-making style (PDM) on heart-healthy behavior changes in 142 adults with di...
GINS motion reveals replication fork progression is remarkably uniform throughout the yeast genome

Previous studies have led to a picture wherein the replication of DNA progresses at variable rates over different parts of the budding yeast genome. These prior experiments, focused on production of nascent DNA, have been interpreted to imply that the dynamics of replication fork progression are strongly affected by local chromatin structure/architecture, and by interaction with machineries controlling transcription, repair and epigenetic maintenance. Here, we adopted a complementary approach for assaying replication dynamics using whole genome time-resolved chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with microarray analysis of the GINS complex, an integral member of the replication fork. Surprisingly, our data show that this complex progresses at highly uniform rates regardless of genomic location, revealing that replication fork dynamics in yeast is simpler and more uniform than previously envisaged. In addition, we show how the synergistic use of experiment and modeling leads to novel biological insights. In particular, a parsimonious model allowed us to accurately simulate fork movement throughout the genome and also revealed a subtle phenomenon, which we interpret as arising from low-frequency fork arrest.
Phase 2 trial of imatinib mesylate in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia.

In a phase 2 study, 23 patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia were treated with imatinib mesylate at a constant dose of 400 mg/d. Treatment was held in 16 patients (70%), after 1 to 12 weeks, because of side effects (neutropenia, 6 patients; musculoskeletal pain, 5 patients; thrombocytosis, 4 patients; edema, 3 patients; diarrhea and hyperbilirubinemia, 1 patient). Including patients in whom retreatment at a reduced dose was possible, 11 patients (48%) were able to continue treatment beyond 3 months. None of the patients experienced a response in anemia, and only 2 had partial responses in splenomegaly. A greater than 50% increase in platelet count was documented in 11 (48%) patients, but not in those with baseline platelet counts of less than 100 × 109/L. In vitro, imatinib mesylate caused variable degrees of growth suppression of myeloid and erythroid progenitors that unfortunately did not translate into clinical benefit.
Subjective Reactivity to Smoking Cues as a Predictor of Quitting Success

Introduction: Acutely increased urge to smoke, or craving, in response to smoking cues (i.e., “cue reactivity”) is often believed to identify those less able to later quit smoking. Although absolute craving level can predict smoking behavior, smoking cue reactivity per se may not predict cessation outcome.
A Prospective Cohort Study of Medication Reconciliation Using Pharmacy Technicians in the Emergency Department to Reduce Medication Errors among Admitted Patients

Abstract Background The collection of a complete, verified medication history is essential to patient safety. The involvement of clinical pharmacists has been shown to improve the completeness and accuracy of medication histories; however, to our knowledge, involvement of pharmacy technicians has not been studied. Objective Our aim was to determine whether verification of medication histories by pharmacy technicians in the emergency department (ED) would result in fewer errors in inpatient medication regimens compared to verification by the admitting physician team. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study of adult ED patients admitted for continuing care. In the intervention group, medication reconciliation was performed by pharmacy technicians in the ED before the creation of physician admitting orders. In the control group, pharmacy technicians conducted their history taking later, after admission. Initial admitting orders were then compared to the pharmacy technicians' medication reconciliation taken before admission (intervention group) or after admission (control group). Medication discrepancies were classified and determined to be justified or unjustified. Unjustified discrepancies were rated for harm potential. Results In our cohort of 113 intervention and 75 control subjects, the mean age was 55 years (standard deviation [SD] 16 years); 96 patients (51%) were male. In the intervention group, 566 changes to home medications were observed on admission; 352 (62%) were unjustified. Among controls, 406 changes to home medications were observed; 228 (56%) were unjustified. This difference was not statistically significant ( p = 0.0586). The rate of unjustified medication changes per patient was likewise not significantly different (3.14 [SD 2.98] in interventions vs. 3.17 [SD 2.81] in controls; p = 0.9570). The rate of medical errors did not differ between study groups, nor did severity ratings of unjustified changes. Conclusions Medication reconciliation by pharmacy technicians in the ED did not lead to a significant reduction in unjustified medication discrepancies.
How much do radiologists and radiation oncologists specialize

Purpose To present detailed information about the actual, current extent of the subspecialization of radiologists and radiation oncologists. Methods and Materials The authors used data from the ACR's 2003 Survey of Radiologists and 2003 Survey of Radiation Oncologists. Multiple measures were used to ascertain the overall extent of the subspecialization of radiologists and radiation oncologists. Also, the percentages of radiologists and radiation oncologists in each subspecialty are reported. Multiple regression analysis identified the probable effects on specialization of characteristics of radiologists and radiation oncologists and the practices they work in. Results Overall, 69% of posttraining, professionally active radiologists specialized at least to a small extent. Thirty-one percent of radiologists spent at least 70% of their work time in a single subspecialty. After controlling for other factors considered in the regression analysis, younger radiologists, those having taken fellowships, and those working in academic practices were more likely to be specialized; solo and locum tenens radiologists were less likely to be specialized. Forty-eight percent of radiation oncologists specialized at least to a small extent, whereas only 11% spent at least 70% of their work time in subspecialties. Controlling for other factors, radiation oncologists between 45 and 54 years of age had a low likelihood of being specialized, and the effects of practice type were the same as for radiologists. Conclusions Depending on the measure used, between one third and two thirds of radiologists were specialized in 2003. Radiation oncologists were less specialized, but approximately half of them specialized at least to a small extent.
Bilingual Education Policy and Practice in the Andes: Ideological Paradox and Intercultural Possibility.

Recent developments in language policy and education reform in Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia, paralleling similar developments in the United States and elsewhere, have opened up new possibilities for indigenous languages and their speakers through bilingual intercultural education. Examining the use and meanings of the term interculturality in policy documents and short practitioner narratives, this article explores the ideological paradox inherent in transforming a standardizing education into a diversifying one and in constructing a national identity that is also multilingual and multicultural. It concludes with implications for educational practice in linguistically and culturally diverse classrooms.
Genomic Editing of Stem Cells for Modeling and Therapy of Genetic Diseases

The application of advanced genome editing technologies, when combined with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), presents a unique opportunity to develop unprecedented patient-specific in vitro m...
A method for calculating vibrational transition probabilities

Relative vibrational transition probabilities for diatomic molecules can be calculated by methods utilizing band intensity observations or by methods not requiring such data. To date the latter class has been represented solely by the linear dipole moment function approximation. In this paper a second such method is developed. It makes use of the wave function expansion technique of Trischka and Salwen. Its critical assumption is the approximate equivalence of the Morse and simple harmonic potentials in the region about the potential minimum. This assumption is sufficient to remove all ambiguity in the relative signs of the matrix elements of the dipole moment. Further, it provides a relation through which the relative magnitudes of the matrix elements can be calculated. It is shown that this method is equivalent to using Morse eigenfunctions with a dipole moment function which departs from linearity in a manner that is qualitatively correct, at least in the region of the equilibrium configuration. The method is compared extensively with the linear approximation and with experiment. Insofar as the limited intensity data now available can show, it is generally superior to the linear approximation. The method can be of use in deriving Taylor coefficients for the expansion of the dipole moment function and in obtaining vibration-rotation interaction parameters. It also provides a new method for obtaining absolute values of transition probabilities. The experimental data required for this are values of the permanent dipole moment in two different vibrational levels. The procedure is illustrated by the calculation of the fundamental band strength of lithium hydride. The linear approximation and the present method are compared briefly with two methods which require intensity data. These are the quadratic and cubic approximations to the dipole moment function. It is suggested that the extent and the accuracy of the intensity data presently available is not sufficient for these methods to be of general use. Relative transition probabilities calculated by the present method are tabulated for all bands with v′ ≦ 9 for OH, HCl, and CO. The computational procedure used is outlined. It is not suitable for hand calculation but can be programmed for a high-speed computing machine with relative ease. On a large machine about one minute is required to compute the entire contents of each table.
Impact of a truncated invariant chain on in vitro assembly of class II MHC molecules depends on the affinity of invariant chain for a given αβ dimer

The assembly of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II α and β chains occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with the involvement of MHC class II-associated invariant chain (Ii). The present study investigated the impact of Ii on the assembly of both I-A haplotype-matched and -mismatched α and β chains using an in vitro translation system. The α and β chains of I-Ab, I-Ad and I-Ak were cotranslated in vim in different combinations with or without cotranslation of a truncated murine Ii (mIi 1–131). The translated products were sequentially immunoprecipitated, first with conformation-dependent monoclonal antibodies, then with conformation-independent antibodies. The results show: (1), Ii did not associate with free Aα and free Aβ chains; (2), mIi 1–131 significantly augmented the amount of properly assembled AabAβb, AαbAβd, AαbAβk and AαkAβb dimers, but had little affect on the assembly of AαdAβd, AαkAβk, AαdAβb, AαkAβd and AαdAβk; (3), All AαAβ dimers whose assembly could be significantly facili...
Perspectives in Chicken Genetics and Genomics

Poultry science has entered a new era with the completion of a century of investigative studies in chicken genetics, sequencing of the chicken genome, application of genomic tools into systems biology studies, and rapid advances in the development of the statistical theory for application of molecular genetic information in commercial breeding programs. This perspectives paper sets the context for the accompanying series of reviews on chicken genetics and genomics, introduces important issues in the field of poultry molecular genetics, and briefly describes the topics of each of the reviews.
An analytic approach to performing a maintainability demonstration

A method for demonstrating maintainability at both the equipment and system levels is developed. Empirical data are used as a basis for analytic extrapolation. Both manual and automatic fault localization are used. Concepts are defined and then explained by examples. Two major benefits from this method are (1) a better statistical estimate of the mean time to repair for equipment or a system, and (2) savings in time and money by analytically estimating repair actions rather than physically demonstrating them. The stratification of faults is explained. >
An application of complexity measures in addressing modes for CISC- and RISC-architectures

The aim of this article is to introduce a new approach for evaluation of specific substructures in computer-based systems. The evaluation scheme utilizes an existing evaluation procedure of already implemented measures. These measures have been applied to determine the complexity measures of algorithmic devices. Two major aspects of address and data have been involved in the evaluation procedure. These two aspects are compared in their specifications with respect to different architectures CISC and RISC.
Similarity of obesity indices in clinical studies of obese adults: a factor analytic study.

The similarity of measurements obtained with six commonly used obesity indices was assessed with correlational and factor analyses performed on data for 95 1 obese adults participating in a weight reduction study. lntercorrelations among the indices were found to be very high, with a mean of0.96. A factor analysis ofthe six indices resulted in a single factor which accounts for 97% of the aggregate variance in the six indices. A factor analysis of the six indices plus height and weight resulted in two factors. The six indices loaded nearly perfectly on one factor and not at all on the second. Height loaded perfectly on the second factor. The results of these analyses constitute strong empirical evidence that the obesity indices are measuring the same thing and that factor is independent of height. Although anthropological or other special studies may necessitate the use of a particular index, these results suggest that it should make little difference which of the six indices is used in a clinical study of obesity with obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1983:38:640-647.
National carbon emissions from the industry process: Production of glass, soda ash, ammonia, calcium carbide and alumina

China has become the world’s largest carbon emitter. Its total carbon emission output from fossil fuel combustion and cement production was approximately 10 Gt CO_2 in 2013. However, less is known about carbon emissions from the production of industrial materials, such as mineral products (e.g., lime, soda ash, asphalt roofing), chemical products (e.g., ammonia, nitric acid) and metal products (e.g., iron, steel and aluminum). Carbon emissions from the production processes of these industrial products (in addition to cement production) are also less frequently reported by current international carbon emission datasets. Here we estimated the carbon emissions resulting from the manufacturing of 5 major industrial products in China, given China’s dominant position in industrial production in the world. Based on an investigation of China’s specific production processes, we devised a methodology for calculating emission factors. The results indicate that China’s total carbon emission from the production of alumina, plate glass, soda ash, ammonia and calcium carbide was 233 million tons in 2013, equivalent to the total CO_2 emissions of Spain in 2013. The cumulative emissions from the manufacturing of these 5 products during the period 1990–2013 was approximately 2.5 Gt CO_2, more than the annual total CO_2 emissions of India. Thus, quantifying the emissions from industrial processes is critical for understanding the global carbon budget and developing a suitable climate policy.
Obstetrics, Neonatal Care, and Congenital Conditions

Obstetrical care of the llama is very similar to other food animal and equine obstetrics. Understanding the few unique llama characteristics such as birthing from a standing position, no licking of the neonate by the mother, and the epidermal membrane covering the newborn, help give confidence when treating llamas. Dystocia is rare in the llama but when veterinary assistance is required, understanding the shape of the female pelvis aids in manipulations. Llama neonatal care is minimal for the healthy cria, but intensive care of a compromised cria is extremely demanding, and not always rewarding. The suggestions presented in this article are the result of 4 years' experience in providing care to many ill neonatal llamas. Several methods have been adapted from equine neonatal medicine used at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of California. Basic physiological information concerning llama neonates, healthy and ill, is still being investigated. It is judicious to identify and discuss congenital problems in neonates prior to intensive support.
Regulation of amino acid metabolism by epinephrine.

The effect of epinephrine on amino acid (AA) metabolism was examined in 33 healthy volunteers who participated in four studies. Nine subjects participated in study I, which consisted of four parts:...
A general framework for image feature matching without geometric constraints

We propose a general framework of 4 algorithms for image feature matching.We prove that the traditional Ratio-Match is the worst performer.We confirm the theoretical results experimentally on over 3000 image pairs.20 percentage-point higher precision without increased computation time. Computer vision applications that involve the matching of local image features frequently use Ratio-Match as introduced by Lowe and others, but is this really the optimal approach? We formalize the theoretical foundation of Ratio-Match and propose a general framework encompassing Ratio-Match and three other matching methods. Using this framework, we establish a theoretical performance ranking in terms of precision and recall, proving that all three methods consistently outperform or equal Ratio-Match. We confirm the theoretical results experimentally on over 3000 image pairs and show that matching precision can be increased by up to 20 percentage-points without further assumptions about the images we are using. These gains are achieved by making only a few key changes of the Ratio-Match algorithm that do not affect computation times.
Wind accident analysis of transmission line in China Southern Power Grid's Coastal Regions

There are some transmission lines in China Southern Power Grid suffered from frequently typhoon in recent years. That is, typhoon will threaten power system's safe and steady operation for long. It's necessary to analyze statistically wind accidents in China Southern Power Grid's Coastal Region, including Coastal Region in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan province. In this paper, the wind accidents of transmission line are systematically generalized and summarized according to different voltage classes, including trips, collapsed tower, broken line, damaged fitting, etc. The reasons are further and concretely analyzed from design, construction and operation. Then, The impact of two powerful typhoons "Ute" and "Usagi" to transmission lines are analyzed in detail. The results above will provide reasonable basis on reinforcing transmission lines against typhoon.
The Foot Function Index for Measuring Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain: Evaluating Side-to-Side Reliability

The Foot Function Index is a validated and reliable instrument for measuring foot pain, disability, and activity restriction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. For the purposes of orthopaedic studies in which one foot serves as an internal control, we assessed the side-to-side reliability of the seven-question Foot Function Index pain subscale. Thirty patients with rheumatoid arthritis completed visual analog scale pain questionnaires for both feet on two occasions 8 days apart. Internal reliability of the scale was high, with Cronbach's alphas ranging from 0.94 to 0.98, suggesting good left versus right discriminatory abilities. Principal component factor analysis segregated the questions into two large clusters containing predominately either left or right foot items. Intraclass correlation coefficients were examined for test-retest reliability (separated by side) and for side-to-side reliability (separated by the day of test). The resultant intraclass correlation coefficients were nearly equivalent...
The Versatility of the Posterior Lumbotomy Approach in Infants

The versatility of the posterior lumbotomy approach to the upper urinary tract in infants is reviewed. A total of 32 procedures in 25 patients was performed. Nine different types of operations were performed ranging from upper pole heminephrectomy to ureterolysis. Surgical techniques and outcome are reviewed.
Historical Study on the Word "lǜ"

Pursuing the origin and early application of the word "lǜ" has a significant meaning for study of legal history.However we cannot find more studies on "lǜ"in the past one hundred years and most of these studies were pilot studies following the before old linguistics studies.But the things have changed and systematic and in-depth researches have emerged in the latest ten years,attributing to the diligent and creative working of scholars including professor Zhu and professor Wu.This paper makes a review about the past studies on the word "lǜ" and about the academic debate on changing fǎ to lǜ by ShangYang.
Analysis on epidemiological characteristics of public health emergencies of infectious diseases in Shenzhen city, 2006-2011

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of public health emergencies of infectious diseases in Shenzhen,preventing effectively the occurrence of public health emergencies events and enhancing the ability of responding to public health emergencies events. Method The public health emergencies of infectious diseases reported from 2006 to 2011 in Shenzhen were analyzed. Results From 2006 to 2011, a total of 199 infectious diseases emergencies events were reported in Shenzhen , accounting for 95.22% in all public health emergencies. And 6 460 cases were recorded including 20 dead cases with a fatality rate of 0.31% . Unclassified emergencies events were accounted for 66.83% (133/199), classes C infectious diseases were accounted for 51.76% (103/199). The peak months appeared in April, June, September and December, accounting for 56.06% of the total. The majority of public health emergencies were outbreaks that occurred mainly in schools and kindergartens. Conclusions The public health emergency of infectious diseases was the major events among all the public health emergencies in Shenzhen , which mainly occurred in schools and kindergartens. It is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of infectious diseases in in schools and kindergartens, especially of respiratory diseases and enteric diseases.
Treatment of early stage prostatic cancer by implantation of iodine-125 seeds.

It would appear that this form of radiation results in control of the disease for at least five years in the majority of patients, despite what appears to be an apparently high incidence of persistent tumor in the prostatic biopsies several years after treatment.
Nearest Neighbors with Learned Distances for Phonetic Frame Classification.

Nearest neighbor-based techniques provide an approach to acoustic modeling that avoids the often lengthy and heuristic process of training traditional Gaussian mixturebased models. Here we study the problem of choosing the distance metric for a k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) phonetic frame classifier. We compare the standard Euclidean distance to two learned Mahalanobis distances, based on large-margin nearest neighbors (LMNN) and locality preserving projections (LPP). We use locality sensitive hashing for approximate nearest neighbor search to reduce the test time of k-NN classification. We compare the error rates of these approaches, as well as of baseline Gaussian mixture-based and multilayer perceptron classifiers, on the task of phonetic frame classification of speech from the TIMIT database. The k-NN classifiers outperform Gaussian mixture models, but not multilayer perceptrons. We find that the best k-NN classification performance is obtained using LPP, while LMNN is close behind.
Self-Reflective Risk-Aware Artificial Cognitive Modeling for Robot Response to Human Behaviors.

In order for cooperative robots ("co-robots") to respond to human behaviors accurately and efficiently in human-robot collaboration, interpretation of human actions, awareness of new situations, and appropriate decision making are all crucial abilities for co-robots. For this purpose, the human behaviors should be interpreted by co-robots in the same manner as human peers. To address this issue, a novel interpretability indicator is introduced so that robot actions are appropriate to the current human behaviors. In addition, the complete consideration of all potential situations of a robot's environment is nearly impossible in real-world applications, making it difficult for the co-robot to act appropriately and safely in new scenarios. This is true even when the pretrained model is highly accurate in a known situation. For effective and safe teaming with humans, we introduce a new generalizability indicator that allows a co-robot to self-reflect and reason about when an observation falls outside the co-robot's learned model. Based on topic modeling and two novel indicators, we propose a new Self-reflective Risk-aware Artificial Cognitive (SRAC) model. The co-robots are able to consider action risks and identify new situations so that better decisions can be made. Experiments both using real-world datasets and on physical robots suggest that our SRAC model significantly outperforms the traditional methodology and enables better decision making in response to human activities.
Mixing Protest and Accommodation: The Response of Oklahoma's Black Town Newspaper Editors to Race Relations, 1891–1918

Abstract Oklahoma's African-American frontier editors combined vigorous editorial protest and aspects of accommodationist policies when responding to civil rights issues. The editors' mixture of the two philosophies was based on the unique circumstances of African-American life in rural Oklahoma during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The state held out initial promise—which was quickly denied—that the region would be a safe haven and model of tolerance and civil liberties. Instead, editors had to struggle to overcome their political and social marginalization by a white-dominated reactionary state legislature. The editors' vigorous protest and judicious use of accommodation says volumes about their struggles to achieve middle-class status and town stability, while tacitly acknowledging their overall racial vulnerability
Deregulation of Drug Development: If Effective, Can it be Safe?

Preliminary results from the update of our survey of new drug development in nearly all (38) U.S. — owned, research-based pharmaceutical firms showed that the decline in the number of new chemical entities (NCEs) under clinical investigation which occurred in the mid-1970s, was maintained through 1979. The mean number of NCEs first taken into man in 1977–1979 was 29 per year, about half the number investigated annually in the previous decade. This decline was reflected in a reduced number of Investigational New Drug Exemption (IND) filings. In addition, the proportion of INDs filed on drugs which are self- originated (i.e., not licensed or otherwise acquired) fell to 59 % in 1979 and averaged 68 % in 1976–1979, a decline from a mean of 82 % self-originated in the previous 13 years. The trend toward initial clinical testing of drugs outside the U.S.A. appears to have diminished. The percentage of self-originated NCEs first given to man abroad, which rose in the early 1970s to approach 40 % in 1976, declined to less than 20 % in 1977- 1979. The time involved in clinical investigation of new drugs remains at the mid-1970s level of eight years Self-originated NCEs approved for marketing in 1977–1979 spent six years in the IND filing phase and two years in the New Drug Application (NDA) review phase. The success rate in U.S. drug development was approximately the same in 1977–1979 as in the mid-1970s. Eleven percent of INDs filed on self-originated NCEs prior to 1972 had reached NDA approval by the end of 1979.
EROI and Industrial Economies

The concept of EROI was introduced in Chap. 6 and applied there to issues of biology and evolution. But the concept is pervasive, and certainly applies very much to modern industrial economies. The following three chapters introduce the concept, show how it is derived and applies it to the American and world economies.
Diversity in Design Teams: An Investigation of Learning Styles and their Impact on Team Performance and Innovation*

In this paper, we examine the role of diversity in design team performance, and discuss how diversity factors affect the dynamicsand success of a design team. In particular, we focus on diversity in learning styles, as defined by Kolb’s Experiential LearningTheory. We also consider other demographic factors, such as discipline and gender. We present data gathered over two semestersof a multidisciplinary, project-based graduate level design course offered at the University of California at Berkeley. The data werecaptured through a series of surveys administered during the semester, first to collect diversity information on learning styles andstandard demographics, and then to assess team performance as students reflected on their team interactions. We examine andcompare the overall learning style breakdown of students in the class, along with an analysis of the teams. The results of ouranalyses offer insights into how students with different learning styles appear to contribute to design team performance. Weprovide recommendations that will help inform design educators on how to enhance overall team performance and innovation,with an understanding of learning style differences.
Feasibility of Using an Augmented Immersive Virtual Reality Learning Environment to Enhance Music Conducting Skills

Acquiring nonverbal skills necessary to appropriately communicate and educate members of performing ensembles is essential for wind band conductors. Virtual reality learning environments (VRLEs) pr...
Affective Human–Robot Interaction

Affective HRI is an emerging field. This area of study is essential in the development and application of robots in social environments. In this chapter, we specifically cover three social environments: caring for the aging population, companionship, and education. Through this review, important affective themes are identified across these application areas, such as facial expression, user expectation, and user acceptance. However, future research is needed to better understand long-term adoption, individual differences, and varying user needs.
Return Migrants and Potential Challenges for Future Legal Migration: Guatemalan Cases

Mayan migration from Guatemala to the United States is a phenomenon that began in the later 1970s and early 1980s. It has been traced to the intense experience of violence, known as the “scorched earth” policy, adopted by the Guatemalan government during the 1980s as a means to defeat the guerrillas. Guatemala’s difficult conditions and the transnational social networks migrants created facilitated increased migration from the 1990s until today. The 1986 amnesty bill signed by President Ronald Reagan made 50,000 Guatemalans eligible to become permanent residents. At the same time, the 1986 law provided the first legal structures to criminalize undocumented U.S. workers and employers. In 1996, new legislation built upon this structure and detailed individual acts and convictions, e.g. as small as not wearing a seat belt, to affect whether a current or hopeful migrant could be denied an immigrant benefit in the United States. The evidence shows how public sentiment has led legislatures to expand enforcement policies that have harmed migrants, damaged American towns and cities, and created problems for migrant integration in sending countries. The presentation in this chapter builds upon the expansion of the liberal democratic paradox, giving evidence that immigration policy is damaging our commitment to enhance and promote family unification that was established by the 1965 migration legislation. Based on fieldwork in sending communities in the Guatemalan highlands, this chapter evaluates potential consequences of future immigration reform by looking at current consequences of immigration law for the Guatemalan respondents interviewed in the study.
Wool keratin film plasticized by citric acid for food packaging

Abstract Wool keratin (natural resource) and citric acid (effective preservative) were mixed in water to produce a transparent film for application in active packaging. This film showed excellent biocidal effect, high elongation value (600%) and little loss of keratin after immersion in water. The capability of citric acid to bind keratin macromolecules by hydrogen bonds is probably responsible for the improvement of film's extensibility. On the other hand, the study of FT-IR spectrum allows understanding that the presence of citric acid in aqueous solution enhances the content of alpha helix structure in the film, with a reduction in the amount of side chain and disordered conformations in the macromolecular structure. Carrot shelf-life was qualitatively improved with this film in comparison with a commercial film for preserving food. Consequently, this film can have possible application for food packaging as a substitute of synthetic polymers replacing them with a natural, environmental friendly and renewable resource.