cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transduction by coliphage λ of the galactose marker

Abstract Phages obtained by induction of strain C600 Gal + made lysogenic for λ ++ when infecting strain 112 Gal − sensitive transduce Gal + with low frequency. The strain C600 Gal + is stable; it does not segregate Gal − . The transformed strains are “heterogenotes.” These heterogenotes have the following properties: 1. 1. They are Gal + and lysogenic. 2. 2. They segregate Gal − lysogenic. 3. 3. They do not segregate defective lysogenic or sensitives. 4. 4. They produce primary HFT (high frequency transducing) lysates after induction. These primary HFT lysates have the following properties: 1. 1. The burst size is about 100 phages per bacterium. 2. 2. They produce lytic or lysogenic responses in sensitive cells in the same proportion as normal lysates. 3. 3. Among the lysogenized cells there are a large number which have been transformed to Gal + . 4. 4. All the Gal + are lysogenic. 5. 5. The “Gal + titer” of the lysate is much higher than the titer of the induced bacteria which produced the lysate. 6. 6. When the primary HFT lysate is passed through one cycle of growth on C600 Gal + sensitive, on 112 Gal + sensitive, or on Gal − sensitives, the phage titer and the Gal + titer go up nearly in parallel; the efficiency of multiplication of HFT in the Gal − cells seems smaller than in the Gal + cells. 7. 7. The HFT lysate transduces Gal + into 112 Gal − lẏsogenic cells with a much lower efficiency than they transduce it into sensitive cells. 8. 8. All these transformed lysogenic cells are heterogenotes and the vast majority of them, upon induction, liberate HFT lysates whose phages do not have the genetic markers of the phages used to transform them, but have the genetic markers of the prophage that was carried by these cells.
TCDD, dietary iron and hepatic iron distribution in female rats.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a prototype for a large group of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, and is the most potent of these compounds. It is an unwanted by-product in the manufacture of some groups of herbicides as 2,4,5trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and occurs during the incineration of some types of municipal wastes. TCDD is an environmental pollutant with exceptional toxicity for certain mammalian and avian species. The liver is one of the principal target organs affected by TCDD in the rat and other laboratory species (Poland et al., 1985). TCDD induces many functional, biochemical and pathological changes, including altered lipid metabolism in the liver. Chronic oral administration of TCDD to rats and mice results in hepatic porphyria (Goldstein et al., 1973). Depletion of body iron stores is effective therapy for porphyria, and iron deficiency protects mice against porphyria caused by TCDD (Rowley and Sweeney, 1984). Non-heme iron in the liver supports the hepatotoxic effects of dioxins (Jones et al., 1981). However, the mechanisms involved are unknown. Ferrous iron plays an important role in the initiation of lipid peroxidation (Morehouse et al., 1984). Ironois sequestered in healthy cells in ferritin as ferric iron (Fe ~+) to protect against iron toxicity (Munro and Linder, 1978). A proposed mechanism for the production of liver injury in chronic iron overload is that organelle damage leading to cell death occurs as a result of membrane lipid peroxidation initiated and promoted by intracellular iron (Bacon et al., 1985). The presence of iron in subcellular fractions in vitro may catalyze lipid peroxidation and produce membrane damage (Hultcrantz et al., 1982). Stohs et a]. (1983) have provided evidence for the occurrence of hepatic lipid peroxidation after TCDD administration. The purpose of this study was to determine if TCDD induced lipid peroxidation was associated with an increase in the iron content of liver and its subcellular fractions. The effect of TCDD administration on the iron content of whole homogenate, mierosomes, mitochondria, and cytosol of livers of female rats fed defined diets containing deficient, normal and excessive levels of iron for 17, 24 and 31 days was investigated.
Clinical comparison of borreliacidal-antibody test with indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for diagnosis of Lyme disease.

Objective To compare the clinical results with the borreliacidal-antibody test (BAT) and two standard screening serologic tests for Lyme disease (LD)—the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Design The medical records of patients from an endemic LD area, who had been serologically tested during the summer of 1992, were retrospectively categorized by clinical diagnoses without results of serologic tests. Serologic testing, which included control serum samples from patients from a nonendemic LD area, was performed in a blinded fashion, and the results were compared with the clinical categories. Material and Methods Medical records of 307 patients who had been serologically tested for LD were reviewed. We found untreated, active LD in 43 patients (early-localized LD, 21; early-disseminated LD, 14; and late-disseminated LD, 8) and treated LD in 33. Non-LD cases were categorized into acute or chronic conditions of unknown or known cause. Results Overall, the BAT had a sensitivity of 11% in active LD and did not correlate with results of other conventional surface antibody assays. The IF A and ELISA were more sensitive (67 to 93%), but false-positive results frequently were noted (20 to 40%) in acute and chronic non-LD inflammatory conditions. The specificity of the BAT, IFA, and ELISA in the control group was 96%, 93%, and 97%, respectively. Conclusion Until the sensitivity, as measured by prospective clinical studies, is improved without loss of specificity, the BAT should not be used clinically for the diagnosis of LD. Suspected cases of LD with atypical clinical manifestations should have positive ELISA and IFA results confirmed with a standardized immunoblot assay.
Pick's Disease: A Modern Approach

Pick's disease is a rare dementing disorder that is sometimes familial. The cardinal features are circumscribed cortical atrophy most often affecting the frontal and temporal poles and argyrophilic, round intraneuronal inclusions (Pick bodies). Clinical manifestations reflect the distribution of cortical degeneration, and personality deterioration and memory deficits are often more severe than visuospatial and apraxic disorders that are common in Alzheimer's disease, but clinical overlap with other non-Alzheimer degenerative disorders is increasingly recognized. Neuronal loss and degeneration are usually maximal in the limbic system, including hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and amygdala. Numerous Pick bodies are often present in the dentate fascia of the hippocampus. Less specific features include leukoencephalopathy and ballooned cortical neurons (Pick cells). Glial reaction is often pronounced in affected cerebral gray and white matter. Tau-immunoreactive glial inclusions are a recently recognized finding in Pick's disease, and neuritic changes have also recently been described. Variable involvement of the deep gray matter and the brainstem is typical, with a predilection for the monoaminergic nuclei and nuclei of the pontine base. Neurochemical studies demonstrate deficits in intrinsic cortical neurotransmitter systems (e.g., somatostatin), but inconsistent loss of transmitters in systems projecting to the cortex (e.g., cholinergic neurons of the basal nucleus). Biochemical and immunocytochemical studies have demonstrated that abnormal tau proteins are the major structural components of Pick bodies. A specific tau protein immunoblotting pattern different from that seen in Alzheimer's disease and certain other disorders has been suggested in some studies. A specific molecular marker and a genetic locus for familial cases are not known.
Differential transcription of histone genes in asexual and sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum.

Abstract Molecular mechanisms of cell-cycle control in Plasmodium falciparum remain poorly understood. We have traced transcription of histones H2A, H2B and H3 as the parasite progresses through different developmental stages—rings, trophozoites, schizonts and gametocytes. Our results show that the ring stage parasites do not appear to synthesise any of the three histones. We also found a markedly elevated level of H3 transcript in the schizont stage parasite, while H2A and H2B were made in approximately equivalent amounts (in trophozoites, schizonts and garnetocytes). Further study might lead to a better understanding of the control elements involved in the regulation of histone levels in Plasmodium as it develops in the erythrocyte.
A Feminist Approach to Treating Alcohol and Drug-Addicted African-American Women

Abstract African-American women remain a population that is both unlikely to receive adequate treatment and more likely to be punished for behavior associated with alcohol and drug use. These societal responses originate, in part, in the failure of traditional addiction models to take into account the environmental context of addiction. Guided by the medical model in particular, the treatment community continues to identify addiction as a unitary experience and to deny the realities of sexism and racism in the recovery efforts of African-American women. Recommendations for the practice of feminist therapy with these women are explored.
Recent results from osse on the COMPTON Observatory

The Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE) on the COMPTON Observatory was designed to undertake a broad range of high energy astronomical observations. Many of these have been realized during the first three years of the mission. In this paper we present several of the recent results from OSSE. We highlight recent OSSE results on the galactic center region and on transient galactic X-ray sources. In addition, we present OSSE results on the average spectrum of Seyfert galaxies, the search for Ti-44 emission from Cas A, and hard X-ray emission from SN1993j.
Breast-feeding and population growth

Abandonment of breast-feeding in parts of the world where contraception is not in common use may mean both higher birthrates and, especially among the poor, higher infant death rates. In this article estimates of the magnitude of these effects are made.
Effects Of Image Correlation Type And Degree On Matched Filter Image Detection

The performance of classical two-dimensional matched filter image detectors is analyzed in terms of both scene and system parameters. Crucial scene parameters include both the bandwidth of the scene and the type of correlation in the scene data (whether exponential, Whittle, or Gaussian correlated, or in between). System parameters include field-of-view, number of pixels, scale and rotation errors, fractional pixel misregistration, etc. Analysis treats both analog and digital correlation detectors. The influence of signal-to-noise is treated for Whittle correlation only.
Simple analysis of the frequency modes for microstrip ring resonators of any general shape and correction of an error in the literature

Unlike the conventional magnetic-wall model, a simple transmission-line model unaffected by boundary conditions is used to calculate the frequency modes of ring resonators of any general shape such as annular, square, or meander. Moreover, it corrects an error in the literature concerning the frequency modes of the one-port ring resonator. Also, it can be used to describe the dual-mode behavior of the ring resonator, which the magnetic-wall model cannot address well, especially for a ring resonator with complicated boundary conditions. Experiments show good agreement with theory. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 38: 209–213, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11017
Interference mitigation with partially coherent demodulation in a slow frequency-hopping spread-spectrum system

Iterative signal processing has gained in popularity over the last decade as a way of reducing the effects of interference in a communication system. In previous work, the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm was used to estimate the parameters and data of colliding transmissions in a slow frequency-hopping spread-spectrum (FHSS) system using binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK). As in many FHSS systems, noncoherent demodulation was used. In this paper, we propose a refinement to the EM algorithm to allow the phase estimator in each iteration to be characterized as a Tikhonov random variable. We then use partially coherent detection for the desired user's signal. The parameters of the Tikhonov distribution are refined at each iteration, which results in the demodulator transitioning from fully noncoherent operation in the first iteration to nearly coherent detection in later iterations for many dwell intervals. We show that this approach significantly improves the multiple-access capability of the system.
Paleomagnetic estimate of the emplacement temperature of the long-runout Nevado de Colima volcanic debris avalanche deposit, Mexico

Stoopes and Sheridan have mapped a volcanic debris avalanche of Nevado de Colima which has an exceptionally long runout (120 km) and low fall-height to length ratio (H/L = 0.04). We present paleomagnetic results from this volcanic debris avalanche deposit which provide evidence that this avalanche was emplaced at elevated temperatures. The majority of samples, collected from lithic clasts in the volcanic debris avalanche deposit, exhibit two-component remanent magnetizations with a low-temperature component (25–350°C) which is well grouped about the geomagnetic field direction at Colima and a high-temperature component (350–580°C) which is randomly oriented. Although the temperature of the deposit most likely varied with distance from the volcanic source and the thickness of the deposit, our results suggest an emplacement temperature of approximately 350°C at intermediate distances (18–26 km) from the source. In order for the rock clasts (20–40 cm diameter) to be heated to these temperatures, the avalanche was most likely the results of a magmatic, Bezymianny-type eruption. The mixing of hot, juvenile gases with the clasts provides an explanation for the high degree of fluidization of this material, as evidenced by the long runout of this avalanche deposit.
Information systems integration in radiology.

Advances in information systems and technology in conjunction with outside forces requiring improved reporting are driving sweeping changes in the practice of radiology. In most academic radiology departments, there can be at least five separate information systems in daily use, a clinical picture archiving and communication system (PACS), a hospital information system (HIS), a radiology information system (RIS), a voice-recognition dictation system, and an electronic teaching/research file system. A PACS will have incomplete, incorrect, and inconsistent data if manual data entry is used. Correct routing of studies for diagnostic reporting and clinical review requires accurate information about the study type and the referring physician or service, often not easily entered manually. An HIS is a hospital-wide information system used to access patient information, reports from various services, and billing information. The RIS is typically a system specifically designed to place radiology orders, to receive interpretations, and to prepare bills for patients. Voice-recognition systems automatically transcribe the radiologist’s dictation, eliminating transcription delays. Another system that is needed in a teaching hospital holds images and data for research and education. Integration of diverse systems must be performed to provide the functionality required by an electronic radiology department and the services it supports. Health Level 7 (HL7) and Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) have enabled sharing of data among systems and can be used as the building blocks for truly integrated systems, but the user community and manufacturers need to specify the types of functionality needed to build clinically useful systems. Although technology development has produced the tools for interoperability for clinical and research/educational use, more work needs to be done to define the types of interaction that needs to be performed to realize the potential of these systems.
Blastomycosis with cardiac involvement and peripheral embolization

Abstract A case of blastomycosis involving the left side of the heart with the production of peripheral embolic phenomena has been presented with a discussion of its pathogenesis. Brief mention was made of the role of other fungi in producing cardiac lesions and the possible harmful effects of antibiotics on such conditions.
Professional literacy: labs for advanced programming courses

Our contention is that there now exists a considerable body of lab exercises that may be used in conjunction with introductory courses. There are fewer models available for instructors of more advanced programming courses, especially those courses which attempt to introduce students to current practices in software engineering. In this paper, we report on our experiences in building a second-year programming course that includes a significant lab and project component. These labs and projects are the vehicle we use to introduce students to the world of professional practice in software development.
Angiomatous lymphoid hamartoma: Inhibitory effects on erythropoiesis, growth, and primary hemostasis

An 11-year-old boy was noted to have microcytic anemia, growth retardation, polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, and abnormal platelet function. An angiomatous lymphoid hamartoma was removed from the retroperitoneal space. Postoperatively the child exhibited a dramatic growth spurt and complete resolution of the abnormal laboratory measurements. Studies were performed before and after tumor removal to investigate the nature of the associated anemia, growth retardation, and altered hemostasis. There was no evidence of iron deficiency, thalassemia, or an antierythropoietin factor. Prolonged bleeding time and impaired ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation normalized following tumor resection. Serum obtained before surgery inhibited lymphocyte proliferation in mixed lymphocyte culture as well as fibroblast growth in vitro. Detailed study of growth regulatory hormones failed to reveal significant alterations except for significantly reduced somatomedin which normalized after surgery. The factor(s) which inhibit in vitro cellular growth and lower in vivo plasma somatomedin concentration remain unknown.
Quantum dots and single molecule detection enable highly sensitive analysis of genetic biomarkers

There has been an increasing interest in using confocal single-molecule detection (SMD) for genomic detection. The driving force comes from its ultrahigh sensitivity for detection of low-abundance nucleic acids without the need for amplification. On the other hand, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have attracted a great deal of attention for biomedical applications. The unique photophysical properties of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) such as high quantum yield and photostability make them ideal for use as spectral labels and luminescent probes. We have developed highly sensitive and quantitative technologies for clinically relevant analysis of DNA markers based on the convergence of SMD, microfluidic manipulation, and QDs.
Spatial and temporal interferences between four-wave mixing and six-wave mixing channels

Spatial and temporal interferences between four-wave mixing and six-wave mixing signals are observed by using phase-control between these nonlinear optical processes in a four-level atomic system. Atomic coherence is the key to observe such phenomenon.
Glucose tolerance, free fatty acid, and serum insulin responses in patients with cirrhosis

The blood glucose, free fatty acids, and serum insulin responses to a 75-g oral glucose load were studied in 25 cirrhotic patients and the results compared with those obtained in 25 normal control subjects. Twenty-two of the patients with cirrhosis had impaired glucose tolerance. This was associated with elevated free fatty acid levels in 17 instances. Two additional patients had increased free fatty acids with normal glucose tolerance. Hyperinsulinemia was demonstrated in each patient with liver disease, including the 3 with normal glucose tolerance. Although the exact mechanism for the increased insulin response to glucose is not clear, the concurrence of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia is best explained by insulin resistance. The elevated free fatty acids present in most of these patients may contribute to this insulin insensitivity.
A fixed point theorem including the last theorem of Poincaré

Poincare's last theorem is the most famous among those theorems which are not subsumed by the Lefschetz fixed point theorem. A fixed point theorem is proved directly and constructively which in a special case reduces to the last theorem of Poincare.
Monolayer graphite on TaC(111): electronic band structure

The electronic band structure of the monolayer graphite/TaC(111) system was examined using XPS, AES, and ARUPS and the results were compared with predictions of the rigid-band model to determine its validity. The measured graphite σ1 band energy relative to the Fermi energy is −23.0 eV at \gG and the π1 band energy is −10.3 eV at \gG and −3.4 eV at K K. By comparing these values to the results of a linearized augmented-plane-wave calculation of the electronic structure of an isolated graphite monolayer, the qualitative picture of charge transfer from the substrate into the graphite overlayer is confirmed, but the rigidband model is not sufficient to explain the observed binding energy differences between experiment and theory. The degree of hybridization between the electronic bands of TaC and the graphite monolayer is therefore not negligible and should be included in descriptions of the electronic band structures of such systems.
Factors affecting preemergence bioactivity of diclofop: rainfall, straw retention, and plant growth stage

(...) Movement of diclofop downward by simulated rainfall was affected by soil type and time of rainfall event. Oat root growth of seed planted 25 mm deep was reduced by > 80% in the sand when 25 mm of rain was applied, but less than 30% in the sandy clay loam (...)
VLF radiation from subsequent return strokes in multiple stroke lightning

Abstract Two papers have been published presenting experimental results on comparison of frequency-amplitude spectrum of first and subsequent return stroke fields in multiple stroke lightning. One result supports the predicted frequency shift to low frequencies for subsequent return strokes, but the other result contradicts this predicted shift. A corrected theory here shows that the low frequency shift is a function of the values of decay constant of current pulse and height of ionized current column and in particular does not exist for some values.
Evidence for the Hexose Monophosphate Pathway for Glucose Metabolism in Human Pancreatic β-Cells

THE level of glucose in the blood perfusing the islets of Langerhans is thought to regulate the secretion of insulin by the β-cells1. At present nothing is known about the mechanism of this regulation or even about the way in which the β-cells metabolize glucose. Studies designed to provide information about these problems are hampered by the fact that the pancreatic islets are rather diffusely scattered throughout the entire exocrine portion of the gland and comprise only about 2 per cent of the total pancreatic tissue2. Even if one were successful in obtaining islet tissue free of exocrine pancreas, the β-cells represent only 60–90 per cent of the total cell population3. However, in humans there are insulin-producing tumours of the pancreas which are usually composed of only β-cells and such tissue does afford an opportunity to study β-cell metabolism. A ratio greater than unity for the amount of carbon dioxide labelled with carbon-14 derived from glucose-1-14C as compared to that from glucose-6-14C has been taken as evidence for the existence of the hexose monophosphate pathway in the tissue under study4. The present report concerns studies using a β-cell tumour and indicates that there is an active hexose monophosphate pathway in these cells (this patient was studied through the kindness of the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.). It is realized that the metabolism in these benign tumours may not be completely analogous to that of β-cells in normal islets.
Proline uptake by disrupted membrane preparations from Escherichia coli.

Abstract Isolated membrane preparations from E. coli W6, a proline auxotroph, continue to catalyze energy-dependent proline uptake after disruption by sonication or passage through a French pressure cell. Membranes from E. coli W157, a mutant deficient in proline uptake and exchange capacity, do not catalyze proline uptake before or after disruption. The proline uptake by the sonicated W6 preparations is not due to undisrupted membranes and the proline taken up is loosely associated with a particulate, sedimentable fraction. This uptake system is inhibited by the same metabolic inhibitors that inhibit proline uptake by intact membranes, has the same temperature optimum as intact membranes, and displays similar responses to osmolarity changes as intact membranes. Furthermore, in electron micrographs, sonicated membranes appear to be identical to intact membranes. With the exception of size, both preparations consist of grossly intact vesicles. Finally, it is demonstrated by light scattering techniques that sonicated membrane vesicles respond to changes in the concentrations of either sucrose or potassium phosphate in the same manner as undisrupted membranes.
Crystalline hybrid polyphenylene macromolecules from octaalkynylsilsesquioxanes, crystal structures, and a potential route to 3-D graphenes

We report here the Diels−Alder reaction of octa(diphenylacetylene)silsesquioxane [DPA8OS] with tetraphenylcyclopentadienone or tetra(p-tolyl)cyclopentadienone to form octa(hexaphenylbenzene)octasilsesquioxane, (Ph6C6)8OS, or octa(tetratolyldiphenylbenzene)octasilsesquioxane, (p-Tolyl4Ph2C6)8OS. Likewise, tetra(p-tolyl)cyclopentadienone reacts with octa(p-tolylethynylphenyl)OS to form octa(pentatolylphenylbenzene)octasilsesquioxane (p-Tolyl5PhC6)8OS. These compounds, with molecular weights of 4685−5245 Da, were isolated and characterized using a variety of analytical methods. The crystal structure of DPA8OS offers a 3 nm3 unit cell with Z = 1. The crystal structure of (Ph6C6)8OS was determined to have a triclinic unit cell of 11 nm3 with Z = 1. The latter structure is believed to be the largest discrete molecular structure reported with 330 carbons. Efforts to dehydrogenatively cyclize (Scholl reaction) the hexaarylbenzene groups to form 3-D octgraphene compounds are described.
Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system

To understand the pathophysiology of thyroid heart disease, it is necessary to recognize that thyroid hormone has effects on both the peripheral circulation and the myocardium. One of the earliest responses to thyroid hormone administration is a decline in systemic vascular resistance and an increase in cardiac output and cardiac contractility. In many ways, this response is similar to the cardiovascular response to exercise and is associated with increased left ventricular work. The majority of cardiac adaptations to changes in thyroid function are physiologic; however, certain patients do demonstrate clinical evidence of cardiac disease. Atrial arrhythmias, limitations in exercise tolerance, and congestive heart failure are reported to occur as a result of hyperthyroidism and are more common in older patients. Thyroid hormone also plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. Diastolic hypertension is a common accompaniment of hypothyroidism. By understanding the mechanisms by which thyroid hormone affects both the peripheral circulation as well as the myocardium, it is possible to predict the clinical response to the treatment of various thyroid disease states.
Central nervous system atrophy and clinical status in multiple sclerosis.

In this review, the authors focus on clinical aspects of central nervous system (CNS) atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS), including the relationship between atrophy and disability, disease course, disease duration, quality of life, and fatigue. Crosssectional studies have demonstrated a moderate but significant correlation between brain or spinal cord atrophy and physical disability in patients with MS. Longitudinal studies ([.greaterequal] 5 years) have shown that CNS atrophy is a significant predictor of subsequent long-term neurologic deterioration. The clinical relevance of CNS atrophy is reinforced by studies showing that atrophy accounts for more variance than conventional lesion measures in predicting disability. Impaired quality of life and both urodynamic and sexual dysfunction, but not fatigue, are associated with brain atrophy. It is likely that once the level of CNS atrophy reaches a critical threshold, patients begin to suffer clinical impairment and disease progression. Longitudinal studies suggest that CNS atrophy may occur in patients with clinically isolated demyelinating syndromes who are at high risk for developing clinically definite MS. Longitudinal natural history studies in relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, and primary progressive MS have suggested that patients develop CNS atrophy at a faster rate in the first few years of disease than later in the disease course. Similarly, long-term follow-up studies have shown a poor relationship between disease duration and the rate of brain atrophy. The authors conclude that measurement of atrophy of the CNS is emerging as a clinically relevant biomarker of the MS disease process.
Q: is anticoagulation appropriate for all patients with portal vein thrombosis?

No. The decision is complex and depends on whether the thrombosis is acute or chronic and on other factors.
Attainable sets and one-parameter semigroups of sets

The methods of Lie theory have found widespread application in the study of the Lie algebras of vector fields on manifolds that arise naturally in geometric control theory (for some such applications, see [1]). Control systems on Lie groups themselves also have received considerable attention (see, for example, [9]). After reviewing basic facts about control systems on Lie groups, we derive the close relationship between attainable sets and Radstrom's theory [12] of one-parameter semigroups of sets (Section 2). These ideas are then linked to the recently emerging Lie theory of semigroups [5]. The authors are indebted to the referee for pointing out some of the pertinent literature and analogous results from the area of geometric control.
TAUTOLOGIES, MODELS AND THEORIES: CAN WE FIND “LAWS” OF MANUFACTURING?

Are there “laws” of manufacturing? If so, what do they look like? If not, what other forms of knowledge might comprise intellectual foundations for a discipline of manufacturing? We differentiate among mathematical tautologies, laws, models, and theories, giving examples of each. Laws closely analogous to those of nineteenth century physics appear to be unlikely but empirical models offer the prospect of building new understanding of manufacturing, even if they may lack the precision of their classical counterparts. Descriptive models serving scientific goals tend to differ from prescriptive models for problem-solving. The latter must be complete enough to solve the practical problem at hand and yet be selective in their detail so as not to paralyze problem-solving with irrelevant complication. A growing collection of parsimonious models and theories can form a basis for the design, analysis and control of complex manufacturing systems.
What Does the Conservation of Energy Have to Do with Physicalism

The conservation of energy law, a law of physics that states that the total energy of any closed system is always conserved, is a bedrock principle that has achieved both broad theoretical and experimental support. Yet if interactive dualism is correct, it is thought that the mind can affect physical objects in violation of the conservation of energy. Thus, some claim, the conservation of energy grounds an argument for physicalism. Although critics of the argument focus on the implausibility of causation requiring the transference of energy, I argue that even if causation requires the transference of energy, once we accept the other required premises of the argument that lie behind any supposed argument from the conservation of energy the law of the conservation of energy is revealed as irrelevant to the question of whether the mental is physical.
Effectiveness of graphic-aided portable changeable message signs in reducing vehicle speeds in highway work zones

Portable changeable message signs (PCMSs) have been employed in highway work zones as a temporary traffic control device for decades in the United States. Results of previous research showed that the traditional text-based PCMS had several limitations, such as having a short range of legibility and being difficult to read by elderly and non-English-speaking drivers. A few simulation studies indicated that using graphic-aided PCMSs could likely overcome these limitations. This paper presents the results of field experiments that were conducted to determine the effectiveness of graphic-aided PCMS in reducing vehicle speeds in the upstream of highway work zones. In field experiment Phase I, a full-matrix PCMS was programmed to display a work zone graphic and a flagger graphic, which were similar to the W21-1 sign and W20-7 sign, respectively, specified by the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. In field experiment Phase II, the PCMS was programmed to display two alternative work zone graphics along with the original work zone graphic. 1115 and 1600 valid vehicle speed data were collected during field experiments Phase I and Phase II, respectively. The results of data analysis suggested that graphic-aided PCMSs reduced mean vehicle speeds between 13% and 17% in the upstream of a work zone. This study provided valuable knowledge to government agencies and the transportation industry on how to regulate and implement graphic-aided PCMS in highway work zones.
Infantile periarteritis nodosa with coronary and brachial aneurysms: A case diagnosed during life

Summary Angiographic demonstration of bilateral brachial and coronary artery aneurysms associated with rhinitis, conjunctivitis, erythematous macular skin rash, fever, anemia, leukocytosis, and congestive heart failure supported the clinical diagnosis of periarteritis in an infant. The patient has survived for 9 months on corticosteroid therapy, but ultimate prognosis is guarded.
Subcellular fractionation, partial purification and characterization of neutral triacylglycerol lipase from pig liver.

Abstract The subcellular distributions of acidic (pH 4.5) and neutral (pH 7.5) longchain triacylglycerol lipases (glycerol ester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) of pig liver have been determined. The distribution of the acidic lipase closely paralleled that of the lysosomal marker enzyme, cathepsin D. Approx. 60% of the neutral lipolytic activity resided in the soluble fraction; the distribution of this activity failed to parallel that of marker enzymes for mitochondria, lysosomes, microsomes, or plasma membranes. A method has been developed for purification of the neutral lipase from the soluble fraction by ultracentrifugation. An approximate 90-fold purification was achieved, with recovery of 16% of the initial activity. The partially purified neutral lipase exhibited a pH optimum between 7.25 and 7.5. It required 30 mM emulsified triolein for optimal activity and ceased to liberate fatty acids after 30 min of incubation. The enzymatic activity was destroyed by heating at 60°C. Neutral lipase was inhibited by sodium deoxycholate, Triton X-100 and iodoacetamide. The activity was not inhibited by sodium taurocholate, EDTA, heparin and diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Neutral lipase failed to exhibit activity in assay systems specific for lipoprotein lipase, monoolein hydrolase, tributyrinase, and methyl butyrate esterase and showed little or no capacity to hydrolyze chyle chylomicrons or plasma very low density lipoproteins. It is suggested that the function of neutral lipase may be to supply the liver with fatty acids liberated from endogenously synthesized or stored triacylglycerols.
Balancing Privacy and Safety: Protecting Driver Identity in Naturalistic Driving Video Data

Naturalistic driving dataset is at the heart of automotive user interface research, detecting/measuring driver distraction, and many other driver safety related studies. Recent advances in the collection of large scale naturalistic driving data include the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) consisting of more than 3000 subjects and the 100-Car study. Public access to such data, however, is made difficult due to personal identifiable information and protection of privacy. We propose de-identification filters for protecting the privacy of drivers while preserving sufficient details to infer driver behavior, such as the gaze direction, in naturalistic driving videos. Driver's gaze estimation is of particular interest because it is a good indicator of driver's visual attention and a good predictor of driver's intent. We implement and compare de-identification filters, which are made up of a combination of preserving eye regions, superimposing head pose encoded face mask and replacing background with black pixels, and show promising results.
Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal abscesses in a lower socioeconomic urban population.

Background To determine the prevalence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) nasal abscesses in a lower socioeconomic status urban population over a 5-year period. Methods A retrospective chart review of 29 consecutive patients with nasal abscess cultures performed in the otolaryngology clinic from 2007 to 2012. Results Twenty-nine cases of nasal abscesses were identified. All cultures grew S. aureus; 34.5% were MSSA and 65.5% were CA-MRSA. Comparing CA-MRSA and MSSA, there was no statistically significant increase in prevalence of CA-MRSA over 5 years; and there was no statistical difference comparing gender, year, or age. There was a high rate of erythromycin resistance (15/19) and a low rate of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (2/19) and clindamycin (1/19) resistance in the CA-MRSA cases. Conclusion In this population, the proportion of CA-MRSA nasal abscesses is nearly twice that of MSSA nasal abscesses. The overall prevalence of CA-MRSA appears to be stable over the past 5 years. This may represent a stabilization of CA-MRSA colonization in this community. An awareness of the high proportion of CA-MRSA will allow for the appropriate selection of antibiotic therapy.
IDENTIFYING NEGATIVE PRODUCTS: DO CUSTOMERS LIKE TO PURCHASE YOUR PRODUCTS?

Negative products/services are seen by customers as an unpleasant buying necessity to avoid or reduce some disutility. The negative concept as it relates to products/ services is based on the behavioral modification phenomena of negative reinforcement. Empirical data are presented in this article, which places fourteen product categories relative to the degree of negative perception associated with them. This procedure provides a model by which marketing executives can empirically determine whether their products/services are viewed as negative ones. This article is designed to: 1. Discuss the operant conditioning concepts of positive and negative reinforcement as they relate to purchasing and consumption behavior. 2. Suggest a pragmatic method for marketing practitioners to make distinctions between negative and positive products. 3. Aid marketers in examining the difference between the two to support the making of effective strategic and tactical decisions.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Didanosine Administered Orally Twice Daily to Patients with Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Hematologic Intolerance of Zidovudine

This phase 1 trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and tolerance of didanosine (ddI) in subjects with AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC) who previously had demonstrated hematologic intolerance of zidovudine. Thirty subjects, 21 with AIDS and nine with ARC, were enrolled. Initially, didanosine was administered orally twice daily for a total daily dose of either 750 mg or 1,500 mg. Subsequently, the dosage for those receiving 1,500 mg/d was reduced to a maximum of 750 mg/d (375 mg twice daily) when data from this and other phase 1 studies showed that the dosage of 1,500 mg/d (750 mg twice daily) was associated with an unacceptable risk of developing neuropathy. The subjects were studied for 46 weeks (mean time; range, 7-122 weeks). The dose-limiting toxic effect observed was peripheral neuropathy, which occurred in eight patients. Other significant toxic effects included pancreatitis in three patients and xerostomia in eleven. In general, didanosine was well tolerated from a hematologic standpoint by the majority of patients during prolonged administration.
Prehospital high-dose sublingual nitroglycerin rarely causes hypotension.

IntroductionHigh-dose intravenous nitroglycerin is a common in-hospital treatment for respiratory distress due to congestive heart failure (CHF) with hypertension. Intravenous (IV) nitroglycerin administration is impractical in the prehospital setting. In 2011, a new regional Emergency Medical Services (EMS) protocol was introduced allowing advanced providers to treat CHF with high-dose oral nitroglycerin. The protocol calls for patients to be treated with two sublingual tabs (0.8 mg) when systolic blood pressure (SBP) was >160 mm Hg, or three sublingual tabs (1.2 mg) when SBP was >200 mm Hg, every five minutes as needed.Hypothesis/ProblemTo assess the protocol's safety, the incidence of hypotension following prehospital administration of multiple simultaneous nitroglycerin (MSN) tabs by EMS providers was studied.MethodsThis study was a retrospective cohort study of patients from a single commercial EMS agency over a 6-month period. Records from patients with at least one administration of MSN were reviewed. For each administration, the first documented vital signs pre- and post-administration were compared. Administrations were excluded if pre- or post-administration vital signs were missing.ResultsOne hundred case-patients had at least one MSN administration by an advanced provider during the study period. Twenty-five case-patients were excluded due to incomplete vital signs. Seventy-five case-patients with 95 individual MSN administrations were included for analysis. There were 65 administrations of two tabs, 29 administrations of three tabs, and one administration of four tabs. The mean change in SBP following MSN was -14.7 mm Hg (SD = 30.7; range, +59 to -132). Three administrations had documented systolic hypotension in the post-administration vital signs (97/71, 78/50 and 66/47). All three patients were over 65 years old, were administered two tabs, had documented improved respiratory status, and had repeat SBP of at least 100. The incidence of hypotension following MSN administration was 3.2%.DiscussionHigh-dose oral nitroglycerin administration is a practical alternative to IV nitroglycerin in the prehospital setting when administered by advanced providers. The prehospital protocol for high dose oral nitroglycerin was demonstrated to be safe in the cohort of patients studied. Limitations of the study include the relatively small sample size and the inability to identify hypotension that may have occurred following the cessation of data collection in the field.ConclusionHypotension was rare and self-limited in prehospital patients receiving MSN.ClemencyB, ThompsonJ, TundoG, LindstromH. Prehospital High-dose Sublingual Nitroglycerin Rarely Causes Hypotension. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(5):1-4.
Screening for school readiness: The influence of birthdate and sex

School readiness has been measured in many ways; chronological age, sex, and developmental age all have been used, with varying success, to predict young children's readiness for school. One hundred and fifty-two children were classified by birthdate and sex, and compared on their performances on the Gesell Screening Test, the Gesell School Readiness Test (GSRT), and the Stanford Achievement Test. The Gesell measures were sensitive to the different birthdate groups; however, these differences diminished as the children aged. There were no significant differences between birthdate groups on the Stanford Achievement Test. Females scored higher than males on the GSRT at the end of kindergarten, but no interactions between birthdate and sex were found. Implications of the varying ways to determine school readiness are discussed.
Empirical Research and the Development and Assessment of Transitional Justice Mechanisms

Abstract1In this paper, we demonstrate different methods of empirical research available to transitional justice practitioners and scholars. Guidelines on how to conduct research in the field of transitional justice are outlined on the basis of the principles of monitoring and evaluation for decision making, program development and policy development. We argue that such methods offer policy makers a systematic way to consult a population and construct a comprehensive view of what this population has experienced (e.g., violations), what they know (e.g., knowledge of various transitional justice mechanisms), what they believe in (e.g., definition of justice) or what they need (e.g., accountability). Such knowledge is essential for developing effective evidence-based transitional justice programs.
Dynamic aspects for runtime fault determination and recovery

One of the most promising applications of Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP) is the area of fault tolerance and recovery. In traditional programming languages, error handling code must be closely interwoven with program logic. AOP allows the programmer to take a more modular approach - error handling code can be woven into the code by expressing it as an aspect.One major impediment to handling error code in this way is that while errors are a dynamic, runtime property, most research on AOP has focused on static properties. In this paper, we propose a method for handling a variety of run-time faults as dynamic aspects. First, we separate fault handling into two different notions: fault determination, or the discovery of faults within a program, and and fault recovery, or the logic used to recover from a fault.Our position is that fault determination should be expressed as dynamic aspects. We propose a system, called Rescue, that exposes underlying features of the virtual machine in order to express faults as variety of run-time constraints. We show how our methodology can be used to address several of the flaws in state of the art fault fault handling techniques. This includes their limitations in handling parallel and distributed faults, their obfuscated nature and their overly simplistic notion of what a "fault" actually may comprise.
Commentary: Rethinking Our Interventions in Pediatric Chronic Pain and Treatment Research

The dearth of empirical support for interventions in pediatric chronic and disease-related pain requires a shift in our treatments and treatment research. Treatments with a higher degree of treatment accommodation are needed to reduce the treatment demands on patients and their families. We need to focus more on changing our treatments to fit the lives of our patients instead of trying to change our patients' lives to fit our treatments. Likewise, treatment research will need higher levels of research acceptability to ensure adequate data demonstrating the true efficacy of treatments. A more creative approach is needed that incorporates technology as a tool to these ends.