cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A pioneer in optimism: the legacy of Donald Munro, MD.

Since 1983, American Paraplegia Society has invited noted experts in spinal cord medicine and research to present the Donald Munro Memorial Lecture (1). These invited lecturers enrich our knowledge while honoring the pioneer in spinal cord medicine known as the ‘father of paraplegia’ (2-5). Munro was born in Boston in 1889 to a prominent family. His father was a well known surgeon and his mother was the daughter of Dr. E.R. Squibb, founder of the pharmaceutical company. Of Scottish descent, Munro claimed an ancestor who was captured by Cromwell at the Battle of Worcester in 1652 and deported to America. In 1695, the Munroes established a tavern in Lexington, Massachusetts, which remains standing as historical landmark of the American Revolution. Munroe Tavern was used by Lord Hugh Percy as the British headquarters and infirmary during the Battle of Lexington in 1775 (6,7). A graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Medical School, Munro studied medicine and surgery in Boston, Chicago and Philadelphia, and served as a surgeon in the Army Medical Corps in France during World War I. After the war, he joined the surgical staff of Boston City Hospital where he specialized in neurosurgery in a career that would span 36 years at the hospital. When the neurosurgery service began caring for individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI), which at the time carried a mortality rate of 80%, Munro developed a special interest in their comprehensive care. His 10-bed unit, established in 1936, showed that with thoughtful and attentive care, patients lived longer and better lives (2,3). Munro achieved noteworthy outcomes by incorporating physical rehabilitation including bowel and bladder management and physical and occupational therapy, and by addressing patients' complex socioeconomic needs (2,3,8). His small unit became the model for SCI care in the United States. Munro's work influenced the Veterans Administration to establish SCI Centers around the US to care for wounded soldiers. His practices formed the basis for multidisciplinary, holistic care for people with SCI and inspired other dedicated pioneers such as Ernest Bors, Estin Comarr, John Young and Erich Krueger (9-11). His many published articles and books broke new ground in every aspect of the management of people living with the consequences of SCI (5). It has been said that Munro is “best remembered as a pioneer in optimism” for people with a condition long considered hopeless (11). Over the past 16 years, the Donald Munro Memorial Lectureship has traced the advancements in our field from basic care of SCI complications to research applications involving neuroscience and the latest technologies—evidence that Munro's legacy of optimism continues to offer hope to individuals with SCI and inspire professionals in spinal cord medicine.​medicine. Donald Munro, MD, 1889–1973.
How to Engage Communities in Research

Interest in community engagement has grown enormously over the past several decades. Although community-engaged scholarly work does not get the priority it deserves, it is increasingly being embraced by academic and funding institutions. Community engagement, however, remains a challenge for many academics, especially those who work in cross-cultural settings or with marginalized populations. This chapter examines the concept of community engagement and its complexities and describes some frameworks of community engagement and how academics can engage communities in research. It concludes with a brief overview of key ingredients and ethical considerations in the community engagement process.
Peptide binding to HLA-DR1: a peptide with most residues substituted to alanine retains MHC binding.

Abstract Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoproteins play an important role in the development of an effective immune response. An important MHC function is the ability to bind and present 'processed antigens' (peptides) to T cells. We show here that the purified human class II MHC molecule, HLA-DR1, binds peptides that have been shown to be immunogenic in vivo. Detergent-solubilized HLA-DR1 and a papain-cleaved form of the protein lacking the transmembrane and intracellular regions have similar peptide binding properties. A total of 39 single substitutions were made throughout an HLA-DR1 restricted hemagglutinin epitope and the results determine one amino acid in this peptide which is crucial to binding. Based on this analysis, a synthetic peptide was designed containing two residues from the original hemagglutinin epitope embedded in a chain of polyalanine. This peptide binds to HLA-DR1, indicating that the majority of peptide side chains are not required for high affinity peptide binding.
Authoritarian constitutionalism in liberal democracies

This chapter treats the form of authoritarian constitutionalism prevalent in Europe and the Western Hemisphere as an ideology, in the weak sense, an amalgam of tropes and rhetorics that allude to or evoke in an incoherent way two authoritarian traditions: a reactionary Catholic one and a fascist one. The ideology is one of the factors guiding legal interventions in liberal democratic constitutional orders that are also internally incoherent. Incoherence, along with the existence of conservative and progressive factions within the liberal democratic camp, creates multiple occasions for a hermeneutic of suspicion with respect to contemporary constitutional argument. In this situation, decision among legal alternatives requires a politics. As an example, even “court packing,” which is usually treated as a priori authoritarian, may in some circumstances be legally and politically justified in a liberal democratic framework. This approach contrasts with one that treats authoritarianism either as a coherent ideology or as signifying merely violation of liberal democratic norms.
The Riddle of Metaphors by Sylvia Plath

“Metaphors” by Sylvia Plath is sometimes characterized as a kind of safe space in an otherwise tumultuous and often dark expanse of words and works. Helen Vendler writing in The New York Times desc...
Language Ability and the Familiar Talker Advantage: Generalizing to Unfamiliar Talkers Is What Matters

Purpose Previous studies with children and adults have demonstrated a familiar talker advantage—better word recognition for familiar talkers. The goal of the current study was to test whether this ...
Hantavirus entry: Perspectives and recent advances

Hantaviruses are important zoonotic pathogens of public health importance that are found on all continents except Antarctica and are associated with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Old World and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the New World. Despite the significant disease burden they cause, no FDA-approved specific therapeutics or vaccines exist against these lethal viruses. The lack of available interventions is largely due to an incomplete understanding of hantavirus pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of virus replication, including cellular entry. Hantavirus Gn/Gc glycoproteins are the only viral proteins exposed on the surface of virions and are necessary and sufficient to orchestrate virus attachment and entry. In vitro studies have implicated integrins (β1-3), DAF/CD55, and gC1qR as candidate receptors that mediate viral attachment for both Old World and New World hantaviruses. Recently, protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) was demonstrated as a requirement for cellular attachment and entry of New World hantaviruses in vitro and lethal HPS in vivo, making it the first clade-specific host factor to be identified. Attachment of hantavirus particles to cellular receptors induces their internalization by clathrin-mediated, dynamin-independent, or macropinocytosis-like mechanisms, followed by particle trafficking to an endosomal compartment where the fusion of viral and endosomal membranes can occur. Following membrane fusion, which requires cholesterol and acid pH, viral nucleocapsids escape into the cytoplasm and launch genome replication. In this review, we discuss the current mechanistic understanding of hantavirus entry, highlight gaps in our existing knowledge, and suggest areas for future inquiry.
Added Sugar Intake is Associated with Blood Pressure in Older Females

Hypertension or high blood pressure (BP) is highly prevalent in the aging population. Notably, diet and lifestyle have a strong influence on BP. We investigated the association between dietary factors and BP in older adults. This cross-sectional study included 128 participants, aged 65–80 years. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to examine the associations between diet, including meats, vegetables, grains, fruits, dairy, fats, and added sugar, and BP. There was a significant association between intake of added sugar and systolic BP and diastolic BP in females after controlling for age, income, body mass index, physical activity levels, daily calorie intake, and BP medication use. The model predicted that a decrease of 2.3 teaspoons (0.5 standard deviation) of added sugar would result in a 8.4 mmHg drop in systolic BP and a 3.7 mmHg drop in diastolic BP. Whole fruit was associated with a reduction in diastolic BP in both males and females, and the model predicted that, for every 0.71 cup increase in whole fruit consumption, there would be a decrease in diastolic BP of 2.8 mmHg. Our findings support the dietary guidelines of limiting daily intake of added sugar and increasing fruit consumption to promote overall cardiovascular health in older adults.
Virtual Reality: Classroom Tool or Classroom Fool?

In March of 2019 Macalester College’s Center for Scholarship and Teaching purchased a computer and headset for a Virtual Reality Cart. The purpose of the cart is to provide the instructional support staff a resource for learning more about VR as well as eventually facilitating projects in classroom spaces for faculty without the resources to purchase their own VR systems. Using an HTC Vive Pro and an Alienware Aurora Desktop computer, the cart was assembled and the aforementioned staff had the summer to learn and prepare for designing systems that took advantage of the hardware.
Drop-And-Spin Virtual Neighborhood Auditing: Assessing Built Environment for Linkage to Health Studies.

Introduction Various built environment factors might influence certain health behaviors and outcomes. Reliable, resource-efficient methods that are feasible for assessing built environment characteristics across large geographies are needed for larger, more robust studies. This paper reports the item response prevalence, reliability, and rating time of a new virtual neighborhood audit protocol, drop-and-spin auditing, developed for assessment of walkability and physical disorder characteristics across large geographic areas. Methods Drop-and-spin auditing, a method where a Google Street View scene was rated by spinning 360° around a point location, was developed using a modified version of the virtual audit tool Computer Assisted Neighborhood Visual Assessment System. Approximately 8,000 locations within Essex County, New Jersey were assessed by 11 trained auditors. Using a standardized protocol, 32 built environment items per a location within Google Street View were audited. Test–retest and inter-rater κ statistics were from a 5% subsample of locations. Data were collected in 2017–2018 and analyzed in 2018. Results Roughly 70% of Google Street View scenes had sidewalks. Among those, two thirds were in good condition. At least 5 obvious items of garbage or litter were present in 41% of Google Street View scenes. Maximum test–retest reliability indicated substantial agreement (κ ≥0.61) for all items. Inter-rater reliability of each item, generally, was lower than test–retest reliability. The median time to rate each item was 7.3 seconds. Conclusions Compared with segment-based protocols, drop-and-spin virtual neighborhood auditing is quicker and similarly reliable for assessing built environment characteristics. Assessment of large geographies may be more feasible using drop-and-spin virtual auditing.
QuEST for malware type-classification

Current cyber-related security and safety risks are unprecedented, due in no small part to information overload and skilled cyber-analyst shortages. Advances in decision support and Situation Awareness (SA) tools are required to support analysts in risk mitigation. Inspired by human intelligence, research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Computational Intelligence (CI) have provided successful engineering solutions in complex domains including cyber. Current AI approaches aggregate large volumes of data to infer the general from the particular, i.e. inductive reasoning (pattern-matching) and generally cannot infer answers not previously programmed. Whereas humans, rarely able to reason over large volumes of data, have successfully reached the top of the food chain by inferring situations from partial or even partially incorrect information, i.e. abductive reasoning (pattern-completion); generating a hypothetical explanation of observations. In order to achieve an engineering advantage in computational decision support and SA we leverage recent research in human consciousness, the role consciousness plays in decision making, modeling the units of subjective experience which generate consciousness, qualia. This paper introduces a novel computational implementation of a Cognitive Modeling Architecture (CMA) which incorporates concepts of consciousness. We apply our model to the malware type-classification task. The underlying methodology and theories are generalizable to many domains.
Pain and activity measurements

Musculoskeletal pain contributes significantly to chronic pain experienced by adults and to health care use. This chapter details several methods to evaluate pain and physical activity in mice that can be applied to preclinical orthopedic models. These methods include the von Frey filament assay that measures mechanical allodynia, open-field activity assays for evaluation of ambulation, and incapacitance measurements to determine static weight bearing.
Modeling the damage evolution and recompression behavior during laser shock loading of aluminum microstructures at the mesoscales

Damage evolution in metals during laser-shock loading (spallation) is a complex phenomenon accompanied by extremely high temperatures, pressures, and strain rates that affect the void nucleation/growth mechanisms. The current modeling efforts at the atomic scales to investigate the evolution of microstructure undergoing the spall failure at the atomic scales are limited to a hybrid atomistic–continuum method that combines the two-temperature model (TTM) with the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. This manuscript demonstrates this capability by investigating the mechanisms of nucleation/evolution of voids for a nanocrystalline Al system experiencing an ultrafast laser pulse. This capability, however, is unable to model the laser shock response of experimental systems (with grain sizes greater than 100 nm and thicknesses in the microns) as well as the post-spall behavior (damage growth or recompression behavior). This work combines the TTM with the quasi-coarse-grained dynamics (QCGD) method to extend MD-TTM simulations to the mesoscales. The hybrid QCGD-TTM approach retains the laser energy absorption, heat generation/transfer, and microstructure evolution (melting, defects, and damage) behavior predicted by MD-TTM simulations. The QCGD-TTM simulations allow the investigation of the wave propagation behavior, the evolution of microstructure (defects and damage), temperature, and pressure at the time and length scales of laser-shock experiments. The QCGD-TTM simulations reported here investigate the nucleation and post-spall damage evolution behavior during spall failure of sc-Al and 0.5 µm grain-sized pc-Al films with a thickness of up to 2 µm. The QCGD-TTM-predicted damage evolution behavior captures the post-spall behavior observed experimentally and retains the atomistic characteristics of void nucleation and void collapse.
An Examination of the Discursive Functions of the Body in Being Autistic

In this chapter, I discuss how discursive psychology (DP) can be used to study how bodies/minds ascribed as disabled and disordered are made visible in institutional interactions and, in some cases, reframed as communicative and interactionally productive. I argue that DP is a useful approach for reframing how non-normative bodies are theorized and studied. To illustrate the key points, I share interactional data from a two-year ethnographic study that took place at a pediatric clinic. I focus exclusively on interactions that involved and/or were about autistic children who relied upon bodily movements and/or bodily sounds, described by their therapists and parents as “seemingly non-sensible,” to participate in their environment. I consider how the body is positioned as particularly pertinent in defining what counts as being autistic.
Targeting β-Arrestins in the Treatment of Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders

Therapies for psychiatric and neurological disorders have been in the development and refinement process for the past 5 decades. Yet, most of these therapies lack optimal therapeutic efficacy and have multiple debilitating side effects. Recent advances in understanding the pathophysiological processes of psychiatric and neurological disorders have revealed an important role for β-arrestins, which are important regulators of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) function, including desensitization and intracellular signaling. These findings have pushed β-arrestins to the forefront as potential therapeutic targets. Here, we highlight current knowledge on β-arrestin functions in certain psychiatric and neurological disorders (schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and substance abuse disorders), and how this has been leveraged to develop new therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, we discuss the obstacles impacting the field of β-arrestin-based therapeutic development and future approaches that might help advance strategies to develop optimal β-arrestin-based therapies.
Inflammatory targets of therapy in sickle cell disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a monogenic globin disorder characterized by the production of a structurally abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) variant Hb S, which causes severe hemolytic anemia, episodic painful vaso-occlusion, and ultimately end-organ damage. The primary disease pathophysiology is intracellular Hb S polymerization and consequent sickling of erythrocytes. It has become evident for more than several decades that a more complex disease process contributes to the myriad of clinical complications seen in patients with SCD with inflammation playing a central role. Drugs targeting specific inflammatory pathways therefore offer an attractive therapeutic strategy to ameliorate many of the clinical events in SCD. In addition, they are useful tools to dissect the molecular and cellular mechanisms that promote individual clinical events and for developing improved therapeutics to address more challenging clinical dilemmas such as refractoriness to opioids or hyperalgesia. Here, we discuss the prospect of targeting multiple inflammatory pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of SCD with a focus on new therapeutics, striving to link the actions of the anti-inflammatory agents to a defined pathobiology, and specific clinical manifestations of SCD. We also review the anti-inflammatory attributes and the cognate inflammatory targets of hydroxyurea, the only Food and Drug Administration–approved drug for SCD.
Daily testosterone and gonadotropin levels are similar in azoospermic and nonazoospermic normal men administered weekly testosterone: implications for male contraceptive development.

Weekly intramuscular administration of testosterone esters such as testosterone enanthate (TE) suppresses gonadotro- pins and spermatogenesis and has been studied as a male contra- ceptive. For unknown reasons, however, some men fail to achieve azoospermia with such regimens. We hypothesized that either 1) daily circulating serum fluoroimmunoreactive gonadotropins were higher or testosterone levels were lower during the weekly injection interval, or 2) monthly circulating bioactive gonadotropin levels were higher in nonazoospermic men. We therefore analyzed daily testos- terone and fluoroimmunoreactive gonadotropin levels as well as pooled monthly bioactive and fluoroimmunoreactive gonadotropin levels in normal men receiving chronic TE injections and correlated these levels with sperm production. After a 3-month control period, 51 normal men were randomly assigned to receive intramuscular TE at 25 mg (n 10), 50 mg (n 9), 100 mg (n 10), 300 mg (n 10), or placebo (n 12) weekly for 6 months. After 5 months of testosterone administration, morning testosterone and fluoroimmu- noreactive follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hor- mone (LH) levels were measured daily for a 1-week period between TE injections. In addition, fluoroimmunoreactive and bioactive FSH and LH levels were measured in pooled monthly blood samples drawn just before the next TE injection. In the 100-mg and 300-mg TE groups, mean monthly fluoroimmunoreactive FSH and LH levels were suppressed by 86%-97%, bioactive FSH and LH levels by 62%-80%, and roughly half the subjects became azoospermic. In the 1-week period of month 6, daily testosterone levels between TE injections were within the normal range in men receiving placebo, or 25 or 50 mg of weekly TE, but were significantly elevated in men receiving 100 or 300 mg of weekly TE. At no point during treatment, however, were there significant differences in daily testosterone or fluoroimmunoreactive gonadotropin levels, or monthly bioactive go- nadotropin levels between men achieving azoospermia and those with persistent spermatogenesis. This study, therefore, demon- strates that neither monthly nor daily differences in serum testoster- one, or fluoroimmunoreactive or bioactive gonadotropins explain why some men fail to completely suppress their sperm counts to zero with weekly TE administration. Innate differences in the testi- cle's ability to maintain spermatogenesis in a low-gonadotropin en- vironment may explain persistent spermatogenesis in some men treated with androgen-based contraceptive regimens.
Cutting edge: CD8+ T cell clones possess the potential to differentiate into both high- and low-avidity effector cells.

The property of functional avidity is recognized to be of critical importance in determining pathogen clearance. An unresolved question with regard to this property is whether distinct naive subsets exist that display inherent differences in their peptide sensitivity requirements for activation, i.e., functional avidity, or whether differences in peptide sensitivity are induced following peptide encounter. In this study, we demonstrate that naive populations that can give rise to both high- and low-avidity cells do not contain subsets that exhibit differences in the amount of peptide required for activation. Furthermore, we show that an individual T cell clone can generate both high- and low-avidity effectors. The work presented here provides the first formal demonstration that an individual cell can give rise to both high- and low-avidity progeny, suggesting that avidity modulation at the level of an individual cell may play an important role in the CD8+ T cell response generated in vivo.
Introduction to Semiconductor Devices: Transistors for high frequency, high power amplifiers for wireless systems

Solid state devices and their associated circuits used in wireless systems operate from the ultra-high frequency (UHF) to millimeter-wave frequencies. Each system requires various RF functionalities such as switching, amplification, mixing, filtering, sampling, dividing, and combining. Some of these functions are produced using a mixture of active and passive components. The active components are typically transistors, primarily FETs and BJTs. The power amplifier is the critical portion of the RF front end in a wireless telecommunications system. The two most prevalent applications of power amplifiers in wireless systems are in cellular telephones and base stations. Power amplifier performance depends to some extent on some or all of the following: power, gain, efficiency, linearity, reliability, and thermal management issues. Any one of these specifications can be traded off against any other one. Additionally, none of these issues is solely dependent upon the device itself. For example, reliability and thermal management depend upon packaging and bonding in addition to their dependence on the circuit elements. The performance attributes are also coupled. The higher the device output power the more important thermal management becomes. Thus optimization for one parameter often impacts another device parameter that in turn may require different optimization. In the first part of this chapter we will discuss some of the performance metrics and examine how they vary with device type and design when used in power amplifiers. In addition to providing high power, the frequency of operation of a power transistor used in wireless systems must be high. Therefore, transistors must be optimized to deliver high output power at high frequency.
Whose Rules Rule? Federal Circuit Review of Divergent USPTO and District Court Decisions

The potential utility of reexamination in the context of patent litigation has caught the attention of litigants, commentators, and the courts. However, concurrent litigation and reexamination proceedings proceed independently. Thus, in any given situation involving such proceedings, there is the possibility that the Federal Circuit will encounter issues in appeals from determinations of the district court and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office relating to the scope or validity of the same patent claims, which issues have traveled to the court on separate tracks. And, because the courts and the USPTO approach claim construction and validity determinations differently, they can reach different conclusions even on the same evidence.Accordingly, there is the possibility of divergent outcomes in the district court and USPTO. So what happens when the Federal Circuit is faced with (arguably) conflicting USPTO and district court determinations? In recent years, we’ve begun to receive relevant guidance, as the Federal Circuit has been asked to weigh in and decide “whose rules rule” in a variety of circumstances. This paper summarizes what we’ve learned in the process, and identifies some questions that remain for decision.
EM-based iterative receiver for space-time coded modulation with noise variance estimation

We consider the design of a space-time coded modulation transmit-receive system employing symbol interleaving. An iterative receiver is derived based on the expectation-maximization algorithm with soft output symbol decoding and estimation of noise variance. The proposed system demonstrates very good performance over fast fading unknown channels in the presence of unknown additive white Gaussian noise.
The Lipoxygenase Isozymes in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Leaves (Changes during Leaf Development, after Wounding, and following Reproductive Sink Removal)

The levels of individual lipoxygenase isozymes in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] leaves were assessed during leaf development, after mechanical wounding, and in response to reproductive sink removal. Native isoelectric focusing followed by immunoblotting was employed to examine individual lipoxygenase isozymes. In leaves of all ages, two distinct classes of lipoxygenase isozymes were detected. One class of lipoxygenase isozymes had nearly neutral isoelectric points (pls) ranging from pH 6.8 to 7.2. The other class of lipoxygenase isozymes had acidic pls ranging from pH 4.7 to 5.6. During leaf development, all of the neutral lipoxygenase isozymes and most of the acidic isozymes were present in greatest abundance in the youngest leaves examined and declined in amount as leaf age increased. However, four acidic lipoxygenase isozymes (pl = 4.70, 4.80, 4.90, 4.95) were more abundant in intermediateage leaves than in either the youngest or oldest leaves examined. Following mechanical wounding of leaves, these same four acidic isozymes also increased in abundance both locally and systemically in leaves from wounded plants. Unlike the specific effects of wounding on the lipoxygenase isozymes in leaves, reproductive sink removal stimulated a general increase in most of the acidic lipoxygenase isozymes in leaves.
Talking about race: overcoming fear in the process of change

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. May 2013. Major: Educational Policy and Administration. Advisor: Professor Karen R. Seashore. 1 computer file (PDF); vi, 327 pages, appendices A-F.
The American Environmental Movement: Surviving Through Diversity

This Note examines the transformation of the American environmental movement into a social movement. First, it provides a history of the American environmental movement. The environmental movement is traced from its origins as an upperclass movement with a wilderness-centered ideology, to its transformation into a richer more diverse membership and an ideology inclusive of the urban environment. Next, the theoretical underpinnings of the environmental movement in social movement theory are highlighted. Finally, the question of whether grassroots environmental groups should protest or litigate, and how the legal system can be strategically used by grassroots environmental groups, is examined.
Tables of the Theodorsen Circulation Function for Generalized Motion

Important in all stability, aeroelastic, and flutter problems is the Theodorsen C(k) function. Tables of this function are well known if the motion is harmonic. Heretofore, tables of the Theodorsen function for generalized motion have not been available. In this report, the latter tables are given for a range that should be sufficient to meet the needs of aerodynamicists. W. P. Jones has given a discussion of the generalized Theodorsen function, but his results appear incorrect, for, in his analysis, the Theodorsen function as derived by approaching harmonic motion from the side of stability and from the side of instability is distinct. If the Jones analysis were true, the nonuniqueness of the Theodorsen function would imply that the Bessel functions are not continuous, which is indeed false. The difficulty is clarified in this paper.
Cultivating the Philosophical Imagination: Experiencing the Limits of Language with Wittgenstein, Foucault, and Habermas

In this essay we present three arts-based and game-like participatory simulations that are designed to promote inquiry, curiosity, and play as students embody and enact otherwise opaque philosophical concepts. These three simulations invite students to experientially participate in the philosophical insights of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Michel Foucault, and Jurgen Habermas regarding a deep but essential philosophical issue: the limits of language in expressing meaning, truth, and experience. Each thinker offers a unique perspective on the limitations of understanding through language, and thus each participatory simulation yields a unique experiential encounter of these perspectives for students. These experiences are supplemented by a curriculum of philosophical imagination in which students also deliberatively discuss their experiences and pragmatically design their own participatory simulations to convey relevant perspectives on the limits of language from other philosophers or from their own perspective. These participatory simulations are based on the premise that philosophical imagination works best with encounters that link concepts and experience. In other words, the cultivation of philosophical imagination is connecting the enactment of the concept while simultaneously learning it. To describe the concept of philosophical imagination, first we define participatory simulations and philosophically ground the concept in an experiential aesthetic attitude. This provides the groundwork to then briefly describe previous attempts to shift philosophy away from pure textual analysis to a more experience based style of production. Finally we reveal three participatory simulations that are designed to evoke and demonstrate the cultivation of philosophical imagination within the milieu of an aesthetically minded, experience-based performance of philosophy.
Improving the effectiveness of environmental assessment in the World Bank

Abstract Environmental assessment (EA) has been a standard procedure for the preparation and implementation of World Bank projects since 1989. The experience with using EA procedures was the subject of two internal reviews in 1995 and 1996. This article presents the main findings and recommendations of these reviews, emphasizing that whereas considerable progress has been made in integrating EA into Bank practice, much remains to be achieved both “upsteam” (through the development of sectoral and regional EAs) and “downstream” (through the preparation and more effective use of environmental management plans).
Elastic Instability and Curved Streamlines.

Hydrodynamic instabilities occur in the motion of non-Newtonian polymeric liquids at low flow rates that are entirely absent in the corresponding motions of Newtonian fluids. We develop a dimensionless criterion that characterizes the critical conditions for onset of elastic instabilities in two-dimensional, single-phase isothermal viscoelastic flows. The new dimensionless group is analogous to classical Taylor and G\"ortler numbers characterizing inertial instabilities of Newtonian fluids and quantifies both the curvature of the streamlines and the dynamics of the non-Newtonian fluid motion.
Abdichtungs‐ und Verschleißprobleme in Trockenlauf‐Kolbenverdichtern

Auf speziellen Versuchseinrichtungen wurde der Verschleis von Polytetrafluorathylen-Dichtringen unter Bedingungen untersucht, die denen im Verdichterbetrieb moglichst nahe kommen. Aus den Ergebnissen wurden Verschleisfaktoren berechnet, die vom Fullstoff Glasfaser, Kohle, Bronze, Graphit und Metalloxid, von der Gegenlaufflache, der Flachenpressung, der Temperatur, der Gasatmosphare und der Feuchte abhangig sind. Der Verschleis in Verdichtern wurde mit dem in den Verschleismaschinen verglichen.
A separation principle for partially observed control of singular stochastic processes

Abstract The analysis of partially observed stochastic control problems often replaces the unknown state process with its conditional distribution given the observations. This technique rewrites the dynamics in terms of knowable processes whose costs coincide with the original processes. This paper considers stochastic processes having singular behavior and presents an approach which separates the determination of the optimal control from the task of estimating the conditional distribution of the unknown process. It involves using a martingale problem characterization for the dynamics followed by a further characterization using occupation measures. This final characterization forms the basis for an equivalent linear programming formulation of the problem over the space of occupation measures.
Pricing for orphan drugs: will the market bear what society cannot?

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited condition that affects approximately 30 000 individuals in the United States.1 Rare genetic diseases such as CF are increasingly seen as unique niche markets for pharmaceutical companies. An unsustainable price structure for novel drugs developed by pharmaceutical companies for this rare condition and others is developing. In January 2012, the US Food and Drug Administration approved Vertex Pharmaceuticals� drug ivacaftor (Kalydeco) for use in a subpopulation of patients with CF who carry a specific genetic mutation, G551D. Ivacaftor is the first drug that treats the underlying molecular defect in CF, and its introduction illustrates an application of personalized medicine. The development program that led to the discovery of this drug was firmly grounded and incrementally built on the many contributions made during at least 3 decades by a highly supportive community built by and around patients and their families affected by this disease. The work of the CF community has been used as an example of how to advance discovery toward a cure for rare conditions in partnership with industry
Ribosome Production and Protein Synthesis in the Preimplantation Rabbit Embryo

Biochemical and radioautographic data show that protein synthesis is increased markedly at the morula stage of rabbit development (60 h embryo). In the late morula an increase in cytoplasmic ribosomes is observed, suggesting that ribosome availability may be rate-limiting for protein synthesis during cleavage. Incorporated 3H-amino acids become highly localized within the nucleoli of late morulae which have been pulse-labelled for 10 min. This localization suggests that ribosomal protein synthesis is increased at the same time as ribosomal RNA synthesis has been shown to increase. Changes in both the incorporation of 3H-amino acids and cytoplasmic ribosome density were found to occur ‘synchronously’ in all embryonic cells during the cleavage and early blastocyst period (84 h of development). Between 84 h and 108 h, considerable differences in the number of ribosomes per unit area of cytoplasm become apparent among the cells of the blastocyst.
Activation of c-myc gene mediates the mitogenic effects of oxalate in LLC-PK1 cells, a line of renal epithelial cells

Recent studies on LLC-PK1 cells demonstrated that oxalate, a simple dicarboxylic acid, acts as a mitogen for these renal epithelial cells. Exposure to oxalate initiates DNA synthesis, induces the expression of one of the early growth response genes c-myc and stimulates proliferation of quiescent cultures of LLC-PK1 cells. The present studies examined the possibility that expression of the c-myc protooncogene is obligatory for this mitogenic response. Specifically we determined whether pretreatment with c-myc antisense oligonucleotides would block the proliferative effects of oxalate in LLC-PK1 cells. Quiescent cultures of LLC-PK1 cells were exposed to oxalate in the presence and absence of c-myc antisense and the effects of oxalate on c-myc protein expression (Myc), DNA synthesis and cell growth were assessed. Exposure of cells to oxalate alone increased the expression of Myc within two hours. Pretreatment with c-myc antisense abolished this response. Further, pretreatment of cells with c-myc antisense but not nonsense oligonucleotides blocked the oxalate-induced initiation of DNA synthesis. Increases in cell number in response to oxalate (measured after 72 hr exposure) were also blocked by exposure to c-myc antisense. These findings suggest that c-myc gene expression is critical for the mitogenic effects of oxalate in LLC-PK1 cells.
Dirhodium formamidinate compounds with bidentate nitrogen chelating ligands.

The reactions of [Rh2(DTolF)2(CH3CN)6][BF4]2 (1) (DTolF = N,N‘-di-p-tolylformamidinate) with 2,2‘-bipyridine (bpy) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) proceed with substitution of CH3CN molecules to give products with the N−N ligands chelating in an equatorial−equatorial (eq−eq) fashion. Compound 1 reacts with 1 equiv of bpy to yield a mixture of [Rh2(DTolF)2(bpy)(CH3CN)3][BF4]2·(CH3)2CO (2a) and [Rh2(DTolF)2(bpy)(CH3CN)4][BF4]2 (2b). Compound 2a crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 13.5856(2) A, b = 18.0402(2) A, c = 21.4791(3) A; α = 90°, β = 101.044(1)°, γ = 90°; V = 5167.27(12) A3, Z = 4, R = 0.0531, and Rw = 0.0948. Compound 2b crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 10.9339(2) A, b = 24.4858(1) A, c = 19.4874(3) A; α = 90°, β = 94.329(1)°, γ = 90°; V = 5202.38(13) A3, Z = 4, R = 0.0459, and Rw = 0.1140. The reaction of compound 1 with 2 equiv of bpy affords [Rh2(DTolF)2(bpy)2(CH3CN)][BF4]2 (3) which crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/a with a = 19.4534(4...
Age, gender, and body mass effects on quantitative trait loci for bone mineral density: the Framingham Study.

Abstract A genome-wide scan was performed in participants from the Framingham Osteoporosis Study (1557 members of 330 mostly Caucasian pedigrees), with 401 microsatellite markers spaced on average at 10 cM. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the femoral neck, trochanter, Ward’s area, and lumbar spine with DXA. Our recent study (J Bone Mines Res 17 (2002), 1718) reported a number of regions with suggestive linkage to possible quantitative trait loci (QTL). The current study estimates the heterogeneity of linkage in these regions in subsamples of our pedigrees, stratified on the known biological contributors to bone mass of sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). The pedigree sample was stratified into three sets of subgroups by sex [males (age range 35– 96 years), females (29–91 years)], by age [60 or younger (29–60 years) and older than 60 (61–96 years)], and by BMI [stratified into low or high BMI, by median cut-off 27.7 in males (BMI range 17–53) and 25.8 in females (14–54)]. Heritability estimates of BMD (adjusted for age, anthropometry, nutrition, physical activity, and, in females, estrogen use) in subsamples ranged from 0.47 to 0.69. Two-point and multipoint variance component linkage analyses of BMD (using SOLAR) in subsamples supported findings of previously reported suggestive linkage results in the total sample on 8q24.13 and 14q31 (LODs > 2.0). However, heterogeneity of linkage was observed on 6p21.2 and 21qter, where findings in the total sample were not supported by subsamples. On the other hand, subsample-specific maxima were found, on 4q34.1 (males), 9q22-9q31 (younger), 16p13.2 (high BMI), and 17p13.3 (older), which were not reflected by the total sample results. In conclusion, heterogeneity of QTL effects was revealed in pedigree members stratified by sex, age, and BMI; in some instances new loci were identified in subgroups. These findings may suggest that effects of genes on the determination of BMD differ between men and women, younger and older, and lean and obese adults. Evaluation of family members stratified in homogeneous groups may be warranted in genetic studies of bone mass.
Opacity of monodisperse sulfuric acid aerosols

Abstract The plume opacity and droplet diameters of a monodisperse sulfuric acid aerosol were calculated as a function of the initial H 2 SO 4 concentration, initial H 2 O concentration and final gas temperature after cooling from an original stack gas temperature of 300°C. Calculation assumptions include heterogeneous heteromolecular condensation of H 2 SO 4 and H 2 O onto monodisperse nuclei of 0.05 μm dia., three aerosol particle nuclei concentrations of 10 6 , 10 7 and 10 8 cm −3 (at 300°C and 760 mm Hg); and a stack or plume diameter of 6 m. The calculated results show that for the conditions considered and with the stack temperatures in excess of 125°C, initial H 2 SO 4 stack gas concentrations of 10ppm or less will result in calculated opacities of less than 20 % for a plume diameter of 6 m. The results show that the calculated opacity is significantly affected by the initial H 2 SO 4 and initial H 2 O concentrations and the final gas temperature. The increases in the calculated opacities upon cooling of the stack gases are similar in general to the increases in the measured opacities between instack and outstack reported by Nader and Conner (1978) for an oil-fired boiler.
Frequency Stabilization Of A CW Dye Laser

In order to perform ultrahigh resolution spectroscopy, a tunable laser with a narrow spectral width is required. In this paper we describe a single-frequency jet stream cw dye laser that is carefully designed to minimize high frequency laser jitter. The residual low-frequency jitter is reduced to 200 kHz rms by locking the laser frequency to an external reference cavity. The stability of the laser has been verified by observing extremely narrow resonances (700 kHz FWHM) in an iodine molecular beam. The laser frequency can be linearly and smoothly tuned by varying the length of the external cavity. In certain precision spectroscopic applications long-term laser stabilization is needed for the generation of secondary wavelength standards throughout the visible region. By locking the dye laser to a hyperfine transition in a molecular beam of I2, we have demonstrated a long-term stabilization of 6 parts in 1013.
Mining lossless closed frequent patterns with weight constraints

Frequent pattern mining is one of main concerns in data mining tasks. In frequent pattern mining, closed frequent pattern mining and weighted frequent pattern mining are two main approaches to reduce the search space. Although many related studies have been suggested, no mining algorithm considers both paradigms. Even if closed frequent pattern mining represents exactly the same knowledge and weighted frequent pattern mining provides a way to discover more important patterns, the incorporation of closed frequent pattern mining and weight frequent pattern mining may loss information. Based on our analysis of joining orders, we propose closed weighted frequent pattern mining, and present how to discover succinct but lossless closed frequent pattern with weight constraints. To our knowledge, ours is the first work specifically to consider both constraints. An extensive performance study shows that our algorithm outperforms previous algorithms. In addition, it is efficient and scalable.
Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy Study of Polystyrene

Summary Two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy is a versatile technique suited for the study of polymers. The technique was originally developed for the examination of dynamic infrared linear dichroism spectra of polymer films. When a polymer film is subjected to a small-amplitude oscillatory strain, electric dipole transition moments associated with molecular vibrations of submolecular moieties undergo time-dependent reorientation processes, which can be monitored with a polarized IR probe. Dynamics of submolecular level reorientation turned out to be surprisingly complex even for a seemingly uniform amorphous polymer like polystyrene. Possible existence of highly localized molecular rearrangement, which cannot be explained by a simple polymer chain motion, is indicated. Such multiple and multi-staged reorientation processes can be effectively sorted out by applying the cross correlation analysis among time-dependent IR signals monitored at different wavenumbers to construct 2D IR correlation spectra.
Sequencing a generalized two-stage flowshop with finite intermediate storage

Abstract The scheduling of batch chemical facilities may be modeled as a generalized flowshop problem, for which the objective is to minimize the products' completion time. In particular, this paper examines the scheduling difficulties that arise if interstage storage is used within the production facility. A branch and bound solution procedure is presented which uses a simulation model to evaluate sequence compeltion times. An initial upper bound completion time is determined based on a heuristic scheduling rule.
Fewer reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself: The brief reasons for living inventory

The Linehan Reasons for Living Inventory is a 48-item scale on which respondents rate how important each item would be for living if suicide were contemplated. The inventory possesses good psychometric properties and can distinguish suicidal from nonsuicidal people among shoppers, psychiatric inpatients, college students, and adolescents. As its length limits its utility in many institutional and screening settings, the purpose of this study was (1) to develop a brief form of the Reasons for Living Inventory appropriate for clinical use and (2) to examine the predictive validity of this brief measure, named the Brief Reasons for Living Inventory (BRFL), to distinguish suicidal from nonsuicidal prison inmates. Results indicate that the brief form was as good as either the Beck Depression Inventory or the Beck Hopelessness Scale at predicting suicidality in this population. Further study is needed to validate the BRFL with different institutionalized and other populations as well as to assess its ability to discriminate suicide ideators from those engaging in overt suicidal behavior.