cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional and Organoleptic Evaluation of Low Cholesterol Egg Blends

Abstract The advice of the A.M.A. and many doctors, in order to decrease the chances of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis, is to reduce intake of dietary cholesterol. Inasmuch as egg yolk is one of the primary sources, much research has been done to reduce cholesterol levels in egg yolk by alterations in the diet of the laying hen or by breeding, and to eliminate it by reformulating the egg yolk. It would seem that a much simpler approach to reduction of cholesterol in an egg product would be to use less than natural proportions of egg yolk to egg white. This study is an evaluation of some functional properties and organoleptic characteristics of blends of eggs containing down to the equivalent of one tenth the normal amount of egg yolk. Results show that blends of eggs containing as low as one fourth the normal amount of egg yolk, with protein and lipid raised to the content of normal egg by the addition of dried egg albumen and corn oil, respectively, made scrambled eggs, custards and cakes made from a cake mix that were as acceptable as those made from whole egg. Lower proportions of egg yolk in the blends produced less acceptable products. Whole egg sponge cakes were unsuccessful, showing drastic decreases in volume (as measured by rapeseed displacement) as the proportion of egg yolk was decreased.
Effects of temperature on hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) immunity and QPX (Quahog Parasite Unknown) disease development: II. Defense parameters

Quahog Parasite Unknown (QPX) is a protistan parasite affecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria along the Northeastern coast of the United States. The geographic distribution and occurrence of disease epizootics suggests a primary role of temperature in disease development. This study was designed to investigate the effect of temperature on constitutive and QPX-induced defense factors in M. mercenaria. Control and QPX-challenged (both experimentally and naturally) clams were maintained at 13, 21 and 27 C for 4 months. Control and experimentally-infected clams originated from a southern broodstock (Florida, no prior reports of disease outbreak) while naturally-infected clams originated from a northern broodstock (Massachusetts, enzootic area). Standard and QPX-specific cellular and humoral defense parameters were assessed after 2 and 4 months. Measured parameters included total and differential hemocyte counts, reactive oxygen species production, phagocytic activity of hemocytes, lysozyme concentration in plasma, anti-QPX activity in plasma and resistance of hemocytes to cytotoxic QPX extracellular products. Results demonstrated a strong influence of temperature on constitutive clam defense factors with significant modulation of cellular and humoral parameters of control clams maintained at 13 C compared to 21 and 27 C. Similarly, clam response to QPX challenge was also affected by temperature. Challenged clams exhibited no difference from controls at 27 C whereas different responses were observed at 21 C and 13 C compared to controls. Despite differences in infection mode (experimentally or naturally infected) and clam origin (northern and southern broodstocks), similarities were observed at 13 C and 21 C between QPX infected clams from Florida and Massachusetts. Clam response to temperature and to QPX exhibited interesting relationship with QPX disease development highlighting major influence of temperature on disease development.
Smoothness and duality in Lp(E, μ)

Let (T, Σ, μ) be a measure space, E a Banach space, and Lp(E, μ) the Lebesque-Bochner function spaces for 1 < p < ∞. It is shown that Lp(E, μ) is smooth if and only if E is smooth. From this result a Radon-Nikodym theorem for conjugates of smooth Banach spaces is established, and thus a general geometric condition on E sufficient to ensure that Lp(E, μ)∗ ≅ Lq(E∗, μ) for all p, 1 < p < ∞. Alternate proofs of certain known results concerning the duals of Lp(E, μ) spaces are provided.
Study of a Conformal UWB Elliptical Monopole Antenna on Flexible Organic Substrate Mounted on Cylindrical Surfaces

This paper presents a conformal, compact, omnidirectional, elliptical monopole antenna on liquid crystal polymer (LCP) which is studied mounted on a cylindrical surface and is proven to operate equally well compared to its planar rival. The presented return loss, gain and radiation pattern measurements demonstrate that the characteristics of the antenna are not compromised when the antenna is mounted on cylindrical surfaces of various radii when the direction of curvature is in the transverse direction. The presented study shows that the proposed antenna can be optimized and tested in planar shape and still be trusted to operate equally well under conditions like in wearable electronics, where their planar condition cannot be guaranteed.
The Organization Scientist: Myth Or Reality

Does the “Organization Scientist,” as postulated by William H. Whyte, dominate industrial research and development? This article explores available evidence, and from the mixed picture proposes a n...
On Efficient Heuristic Ranking of Hypotheses

This paper considers the problem of learning the ranking of a set of alternatives based upon incomplete information (e.g., a limited number of observations). We describe two algorithms for hypothesis ranking and their application for probably approximately correct (PAC) and expected loss (EL) learning criteria. Empirical results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of these ranking procedures on both synthetic datasets and real-world data from a spacecraft design optimization problem.
Naturalistic observation of children with autism: Evidence for intersubjectivity

This chapter provides a brief review of the current state of knowledge about the nature and limits of intersubjectivity in children with autism, and it presents new data from an observational study of verbal autistic children.
The need to be eaten: Balanites wilsoniana with and without elephant seed-dispersal

This study demonstrates that elephant seed-dispersal is vital for Balanites wilsoniana (Zygophyllaceae), a forest canopy tree with no other effective dispersers. Non-dispersed seeds suffered high mortality (84%) and low germination (3%). Elephants were reliable at visiting fruiting trees (46%), ingesting available seeds (55%) and dispersing the fruit crop (26%). Compared with unpassed seeds, seeds passed through an elephant's gut had improved germination (54.9% vs. 2.9%) and reduced time to germination (82 vs. 132 d). Given predation rates under parent trees, elephant gut passage is expected to improve absolute germination by 66%. When this change in germination is divided by germination of unpassed seeds, elephant gut passage is expect to improve relative germination by as much as 4000%. Although post-dispersal predation occurred in dung containing B. wilsoniana seeds, dispersed seedlings were abundant. Compared with seedlings under parent trees, dispersed seedlings had greater survival and height. Dispersed seedlings survived in a diversity of environments, thrived under high-light conditions, and were negligibly affected by post-dispersal density. Although elephants are not essential for B. wilsoniana germination, their actions greatly increase seedling establishment and move a large proportion of seeds. This high degree of effectiveness, together with very low non-dispersed seed survival, provides strong evidence that B. wilsoniana is dependent on elephants for its long-term persistence.
Intronic motif pairs cooperate across exons to promote pre-mRNA splicing

A very early step in splice site recognition is exon definition, a process that is as yet poorly understood. Communication between the two ends of an exon is thought to be required for this step. We report genome-wide evidence for exons being defined through the combinatorial activity of motifs located in flanking intronic regions. Strongly co-occurring motifs were found to specifically reside in four intronic regions surrounding a large number of human exons. These paired motifs occur around constitutive and alternative exons but not pseudo exons. Most co-occurring motifs are limited to intronic regions within 100 nucleotides of the exon. They are preferentially associated with weaker exons. Their pairing is conserved in evolution and they exhibit a lower frequency of single nucleotide polymorphism when paired. Paired motifs display specificity with respect to distance from the exon borders and in constitutive versus alternative splicing. Many resemble binding sites for heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins. Specific pairs are associated with tissue-specific genes, the higher expression of which coincides with that of the pertinent RNA binding proteins. Tested pairs acted synergistically to enhance exon inclusion, and this enhancement was found to be exon-specific. The exon-flanking sequence pairs identified here by genomic analysis promote exon inclusion and may play a role in the exon definition step in pre-mRNA splicing. We propose a model in which multiple concerted interactions are required between exonic sequences and flanking intronic sequences to effect exon definition.
MULTIMETHOD EXAMINATION OF FIELD-DEPENDENCE AND IMPULSIVITY

Summary.-This study examined in 94 college students the relationship between field-dependence and impulsivity with two measures of each construct. lmpulsivicy was assessed both as a cognitive style and as a personal lifestyle with the Matching Familiar Figures Test and the Impulsivity Scale of the Personality Research Form. Field-dependence was assessed with the Embedded Figures Test and the Articulation-of-Body-Cqncept Scale for Human Figure Drawings. Partial correlation coefficients were computed between the measures conuolling for the effects of general intellectual ability on some measures. Results indicated that (1) the two measures of field-dependence were significantly related to each other, (2) the two measures of impulsivity were not significantly related to each other, and (3) the measures of field-dependence were, for the most part, unrelated to measures of impulsiviy.
Wireless software-defined networks (W-SDNs) and network function virtualization (NFV) for 5G cellular systems

Cellular network technologies have evolved to support the ever-increasing wireless data traffic, which results from the rapidly-evolving Internet and widely-adopted cloud applications over wireless networks. However, hardware-based designs, which rely on closed and inflexible architectures of current cellular systems, make a typical 10-year cycle for a new generation of wireless networks to be standardized and deployed. To overcome this limitation, the concept of software-defined networking (SDN) has been proposed to efficiently create centralized network abstraction with the provisioning of programmability over the entire network. Moreover, the complementary concept of network function virtualization (NFV) has been further proposed to effectively separate the abstraction of functionalities from the hardware by decoupling the data forwarding plane from the control plane. These two concepts provide cellular networks with the needed flexibility to evolve and adapt according to the ever-changing network context and introduce wireless software-defined networks (W-SDNs) for 5G cellular systems. Thus, there is an urgent need to study the fundamental architectural principles underlying a new generation of software-defined cellular network as well as the enabling technologies that supports and manages such emerging architecture. In this paper, first, the state-of-the-art W-SDNs solutions along with their associated NFV techniques are surveyed. Then, the key differences among these W-SDN solutions as well as their limitations are highlighted. To counter those limitations, SoftAir, a new SDN architecture for 5G cellular systems, is introduced.
Visualization of immediate immune responses to pioneer metastatic cells in the lung

Lung metastasis is the lethal determinant in many cancers and a number of lines of evidence point to monocytes and macrophages having key roles in its development. Yet little is known about the immediate fate of incoming tumour cells as they colonize this tissue, and even less known about how they make first contact with the immune system. Primary tumours liberate circulating tumour cells (CTCs) into the blood and we have developed a stable intravital two-photon lung imaging model in mice for direct observation of the arrival of CTCs and subsequent host interaction. Here we show dynamic generation of tumour microparticles in shear flow in the capillaries within minutes of CTC entry. Rather than dispersing under flow, many of these microparticles remain attached to the lung vasculature or independently migrate along the inner walls of vessels. Using fluorescent lineage reporters and flow cytometry, we observed 'waves' of distinct myeloid cell subsets that load differentially and sequentially with this CTC-derived material. Many of these tumour-ingesting myeloid cells collectively accumulated in the lung interstitium along with the successful metastatic cells and, as previously understood, promote the development of successful metastases from surviving tumour cells. Although the numbers of these cells rise globally in the lung with metastatic exposure and ingesting myeloid cells undergo phenotypic changes associated with microparticle ingestion, a consistently sparse population of resident conventional dendritic cells, among the last cells to interact with CTCs, confer anti-metastatic protection. This work reveals that CTC fragmentation generates immune-interacting intermediates, and defines a competitive relationship between phagocyte populations for tumour loading during metastatic cell seeding.
Concomitant coiling reduces metalloproteinase levels in flow diverter-treated aneurysms but anti-inflammatory treatment has no effect.

Background and purpose Flow diverters (FD) can cause rare but devastating delayed aneurysm ruptures in which matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been potentially implicated. Concomitant coiling or anti-inflammatory medications have been proposed to prevent the risk of delayed ruptures. The aim of this study was to evaluate concomitant coiling and ciclosporin in regulating the expression of MMPs in FD-treated aneurysms. Materials and methods Elastase-induced aneurysms were created in 20 rabbits. Aneurysms were treated with (1) FD alone; (2) FD with concomitant coiling; (3) FD+ ciclosporin; or (4) left untreated as controls. At sacrifice, MMP levels were analyzed by zymography. Kruskal–Wallis one-way non-parametric ANOVA was performed for each enzyme. If significant results were observed for the Kruskal–Wallis test, pairwise group comparisons were performed using Dunn9s test with Bonferroni multiple-testing correction. Results Significant differences were observed among groups for pro-MMP9 (p=0.0337). Pairwise comparison demonstrated higher levels of pro-MMP9 with concomitant coiling compared with untreated aneurysms (p=0.012), with higher though not significantly different levels of pro-MMP9 in FD with concomitant coiling versus FD alone. While not statistically significant, trends were noted regarding differences in active-MMP9 across groups, with a lower level of active-MMP9 with concomitant coiling compared with the other FD groups. No significant differences were observed for pro- or active-MMP2 across groups, or for FD + ciclosporin compared with FD alone. Conclusions FD implantation increases the level of pro-MMP9 expression in aneurysms. Provocative trends regarding modulation of active-MMP9 expression with concomitant coiling suggest the need for larger confirmatory preclinical studies. Anti-inflammatory treatment with ciclosporin appears to have a minimal biological effect. Trial registration number R01NS076491
Axl receptor tyrosine kinase expression in breast cancer

Aims Triple-negative breast cancer comprises a clinically aggressive group of invasive carcinomas. We examined a published gene expression screen of a panel of breast cancer cell lines to identify a potential triple-negative breast cancer-specific gene signature, and attempted to verify our findings by performing immunohistochemical analysis on tissue microarrays containing a large cohort of invasive breast carcinomas. Methods The microarray dataset for a panel of human breast cancer cell lines was interrogated for triple-negative breast cancer-specific genes. Membranous immunohistochemical expression of the protein product of the AXL gene was assessed semiquantitatively in 569 invasive breast carcinomas grouped according to molecular subgroup by immunohistochemistry. Results AXL was significantly upregulated in triple-negative/basal B cell lines compared with luminal or basal A cell lines. No significant difference was observed in the level of immunohistochemical expression of Axl protein between triple-negative breast cancers and other molecular subgroups (p=0.257). Axl expression was significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in all subgroups combined (p=0.033), and within the luminal A (p=0.002) and triple-negative breast cancer subgroups (p=0.026). Conclusions Despite preferential upregulation of AXL in triple-negative/basal B cell lines, analysis of Axl protein expression in a large series of patients’ breast tumours revealed no association between Axl expression and triple-negative breast cancer or other subtype. The association of Axl expression with LVI supports previous work that implicates Axl as a promoter of invasiveness in breast cancer cell lines. Further studies are necessary to explore whether Axl expression of individual breast cancer tumours can be clinically useful.
Comparison of the Thermal and Reductive Decarbonylation of a Rhodium Trifluoroacetyl Diphosphine Complex

Acyl complexes of rhodium(III) with chelating diphosphine ligands are well known for their stability toward decarbonylation. However, we have found that the corresponding perfluoro complexes do decarbonylate under mild conditions. In this report we address specifically Rh(dppp)(COCF3)I2 (dppp = 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane). Another difference between this compound and rhodium acyl complexes containing monodentate phosphines is that it does not undergo reductive elimination of alkyl halide after decarbonylation. Instead, slow CO dissociation from Rh(dppp)(CO)(CF3)I2 occurs to yield Rh(dppp)(CF3)I2 as the final product. Reduction of the trifluoroacetyl complex is a net two-electron process that also involves decarbonylation, but through a quite different mechanism. The products consist of Rh(dppp)(CO)I, CF3− anion, and iodide. X-ray crystal structures of both Rh(dppp)(COCF3)I2 and Rh(dppp)(CF3)I2 have been obtained and show the expected square-pyramidal geometry with the acyl/alkyl group in the apical...
Analysis on Characteristic Data Stability and Fault Mechanism of Circuit Breaker Mechanical Characteristics

In order to study the reliability of the characteristic data and the change features of the fault characteristic data in diagnosis and assessment of high voltage circuit breakers, a data acquisition platform is constructed for such three signals as the circuit breaker contact trip signal, the operating mechanism current signal and the mechanical vibration signal, and an acquisition method is also proposed to obtain the eigenvalue of above 3 signals. Under the condition of different time and same state of circuit breaker, the stability of the characteristics data of each signal has been investigated. A study is made on the change features of the characteristic data of above three signals under three different operating states as resistance increases of operating mechanism control loop, single taking off of the opening spring and jam fault of the operating and transmission mechanism. The reliability of the data acquisition system and the feasibility of the data feature extraction method have been tested in this study, and the change features of the characteristic data of each single are obtained under different states of circuit breaker mechanical characteristics, which can provide an data support for diagnosis and assessment of high voltage circuit breakers.
Correction on Catalyst Activity of SCR Denitrification System in Large Power Plant Boilers

A new correction method was proposed for catalyst activity of SCR denitrification system in large power plant boilers.The specific way is to correct the measured data of catalyst activity obtained in laboratory with field test results,which can reflect the real denitrification capability of the SCR reactor.Results show that the method proposed may serve as a new technical means in evaluation of catalyst renewal schemes,since it has a high accuracy in performance calculation of both the catalyst and the SCR reactor,and it is able to reflect the real activity of the catalyst used.
Breakthroughs in understanding addiction and close relationships

Substance use is one aspect of life that can serve to bring couples together or tear them apart. Evidence has accumulated for both substance use affecting relationship distress (e.g., partners of substance users report poorer individual and relational outcomes) as well as relationship conflict affecting subsequent substance use (e.g., individuals use substances as a way to cope with interpersonal conflict and distress). We discuss several determinants of each association, including individual difference and relationship-specific constructs. We conclude by considering how conceptualizing addiction as an interdependent-rather than independent-process is critical for future theory refinement and intervention development.
Stokes’ Expansion, Resonance & Polycnoidal Waves

Undergraduate physics and engineering students usually understand waves through the idealization of the sine wave: steady except for phase propagation, infinitely long, and infinitesimally small in amplitude. Graduate students are initiated into the next level of illumination through the counter-idealization of the soliton: also steady but for phase propagation, but spatially localized instead of infinitely delocalized, intrinsically nonlinear instead of negligibly nonlinear.
Social Capital and the Emergence of Social Structure

This chapter focuses on the problem of how rational actions lead to social structure. So far in this monograph, the social capital theory has been developed and research undertaken to understand the meaningfulness of actions within the context of social structure. That is, the theory has addressed the issue of actions while acknowledging and recognizing the a priori existence and effect of social structure. What I propose to explore in this chapter is the plausibility that actions may lead to social structure. That is, I seek to develop some theoretical arguments to answer the question of whether rationality based on resource maintenance or defense, as well as resource expansion and gain, allows us to better understand the rules of interaction and the formation of primary social groups (e.g., the primordial group). And further, whether consideration of social capital's relative utility to personal capital offers the theoretical plausibility that rational actions may indeed lead to the emergence of social structure beyond the primordial group. This chapter sketches a theory proposing how actions may lead to the emergence of social structure. I choose to theorize this process because it should theoretically (logically) precede processes dealing with interdependence and mutual causation between structure and action. Once the issue of action leading to the emergence of structure is explicated, interdependence and interaction between the two should follow (action affects structure and structure affects action).
Conduit reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract. Lessons learned in a twelve-year experience.

From September 1979 to July 1991, a total of 163 patients have undergone valved conduit reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract when a right ventricle–pulmonary artery connection was absent or right ventricular outflow tract enlargement was required. From September 1979 through October 1984, 24 porcine valved conduits were implanted with an operative mortality of 38% (9/24). There were no early failures, but by 9 years after the operation 9 of 15 survivors (60%) had severe conduit obstruction, which resulted in death in 2 patients and reoperation in 6. From May 1985 to June 1991, 24 patients received cryopreserved aortic allografts to correct congenital anomalies. Operative mortality was 25% (6/24) and, again, early conduit function was good. There were 4 (22%) late deaths that were not related to the aortic allograft. At a mean follow-up of 3.4 years, 11 of the 13 survivors (85%) had allograft calcification and 8 of the 13 (62%) had mild to moderate conduit stenosis or regurgitation, or both; two of them required conduit replacement. Distal anastomotic problems that might have been avoided with bifurcated pulmonary allografts were apparent in 4 (36%) patients. Cryopreserved pulmonary allografts were placed in 115 patients between April 1985 and January 1991, with 18 (16%) operative deaths. Late deaths that were not allograft related occurred in 7 of 97 surviving patients (7%). Six patients (6%) underwent reoperation, 2 because of primary pulmonary allograft failure. The 84 remaining patients are free of symptoms with little or no allograft calcification or echocardiographic evidence of significant conduit stenosis or regurgitation. Experience with porcine valved conduits and aortic and pulmonary allografts suggests that pulmonary allografts are the conduit of choice for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction.
The spectral similarity scale and its application to the classification of hyperspectral remote sensing data

Hyperspectral images have considerable information content and are becoming common. Analysis tools must keep up with the changing demands and opportunities posed by the new datasets. Many spectral image analysis algorithms depend on a scalar measure of spectral similarity or 'spectral distance' to provide an estimate of how closely two spectra resemble each other. Unfortunately, traditional spectral similarity measures are ambiguous in their distinction of similarity. Traditional metrics can define a pair of spectra to be nearly identical mathematically yet visual inspection shows them to be spectroscopically dissimilar. These algorithms do not separately quantify both magnitude and direction differences. Three common algorithms used to measure the distance between remotely sensed reflectance spectra are Euclidean distance, correlation coefficient, and spectral angle. Euclidean distance primarily measures overall brightness differences but does not respond to the correlation (or lack thereof) between two spectra. The correlation coefficient is very responsive to differences in direction (i.e. spectral shape) but does not respond to brightness differences due to band-independent gain or offset factors. Spectral angle is closely related mathematically to the correlation coefficient and is primarily responsive to differences in spectral shape. However, spectral angle does respond to brightness differences due to a uniform offset, which confounds the interpretation of the spectral angle value. This paper proposes the spectral similarity scale (SSS) as an algorithm that objectively quantifies differences between reflectance spectra in both magnitude and direction dimensions (i.e. brightness and spectral shape). Therefore, the SSS is a fundamental improvement in the description of distance or similarity between two reflectance spectra. In addition, it demonstrates the use of the SSS by discussing an unsupervised classification algorithm based on the SSS named ClaSSS.
Exploring Correlates of Business Undergraduates’ Closed Versus Open Grading Assessment Learning Perceptions

Motivated by a lack of scales for measuring business undergraduates’ grading assessment learning perceptions (GALP), this research created two three-item GALP scales, closed and open. Two separate samples of senior business undergraduates (fall, 2015, n = 220 and spring, 2016, n = 690) were used. Closed GALP and open GALP were identified via exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Subsequent stepwise regression analyses consistently showed that satisfaction/reputation had a positive impact and accounted for the most variance in these two GALP scales across both samples. Research limitations and future research issues are discussed.
Mahler and Strauss: In Dialogue by Charles Youmans: (2016). Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 283 pp., $42.00. ISBN 978-0-253-02159-5 (cloth: alkaline paper). ISBN 978-0-253-02166-3 (e-book).

Writing separately about two giants of twentieth-century music—Mahler and Strauss—is a monumental task on its own; comparing them within the same book is an even more challenging and complex advent...
Synchrony during aggression in adult male Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis)

Synchrony among Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) is crucial for successfully overcoming bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) during interspecies aggression (Cusick and Herzing 2014). The present study examined synchrony in adult Atlantic spotted dolphins during aggressive encounters with bottlenose dolphins. Across group size, aggressive behaviors increased preceding synchrony, peaked during synchrony, and decreased dramatically after synchrony. Although smaller groups ( 10 dolphins), larger groups remained synchronous longer; however, smaller groups exhibited greater aggressive behaviors during synchrony, suggesting that additional aggressive behaviors may be necessary to compensate for the smaller group size, whereas larger groups may be able to rely on synchrony with less aggression. Disorganized squawk bouts synchronized as physical synchrony began, but only if coupled with escalating aggression.
Variation in thermal niche of a declining river‐breeding frog: From counter‐gradient responses to population distribution patterns

When dams or climate change alter the thermal regimes of rivers, conditions can shift outside optimal ranges for aquatic poikilothermic vertebrates. Plasticity in thermal performance and preference, however, may allow temperature-vulnerable fauna to persist under challenging conditions. To determine the effects of thermal regime on Rana boylii (Ranidae), a threatened frog species endemic to rivers of California and Oregon, we quantified tadpole thermal preferences and performance in relation to thermal conditions. We monitored temperature and censused populations across a coastal to inland cline in six catchments where dams have altered thermal environments in close proximity to river reaches with natural conditions. We found geographic variation in population distribution and abundance based on river size combined with water temperature. The large inland rivers that supported breeding frogs, although cooler in spring due to snowmelt, became warmer during the summer than occupied coastal sites. Inland populations were constrained to reaches where the average temperature over the warmest 30 days ranged from 17.6 to 24.2°C, higher than coastal rainfall-driven systems where averages ranged from 15.7 to 22.0°C. Frogs in rivers with hypolimnetic-release dams bred in colder waters than they did in free-flowing rivers. Common-garden and field translocation experiments revealed local adaptations in larval growth and phenotypically plastic thermoregulatory behaviour. Tadpoles from all rivers had a positive linear growth response to temperature, but individuals from inland rivers displayed intrinsically higher growth rates. Consistent with a counter-gradient model of selection in which the response to temperature change is in the opposite direction of the change, individuals from cooler rivers selected warmer temperatures. When reared under common conditions, however, tadpoles showed similar temperature preferences regardless of source river. Our results suggest a role for local growth rate adaptation in structuring the distribution of Rana boylii. Plastic thermoregulatory behaviour by tadpoles may explain how small populations are able to persist where dams release cold water. Management of edgewater habitats to increase the availability of warm micro-sites may ameliorate this impact.
History of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines in Society: Introduction

Morbidity and mortality conferred by infectious diseases have had devastating effects on the lives of people and populations, influencing social and political history throughout recorded time. Through modern medicine and technology, we can now prevent more infectious disease through immunizations than ever before. Vaccines save direct and indirect costs such as medical expenses to society and work days missed, with projected savings in the trillions of dollars in addition to over 700,000 lives saved in the United States for children born between 1995 and 2013 (Whitney et al., Weekly 63:352–355, 2014). A historical review of infectious diseases in society, including the great pandemics and epidemics from 300 BCE through the early eighteenth century, helps highlight how infectious disease affects lives, civilizations, and culture. Smallpox was an undeniable influence on the Americas from its beginning as Europeans colonized the New World. Inoculation by variolation was instrumental in the eventual eradication of smallpox and served as the first form of vaccination. Vaccines, first attributed to Edward Jenner, with his trials and experiments using what we now call “evidence-based medicine” were developed by way of the scientific method. Vaccine development through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has resulted in the eradication of smallpox, is close to eradicating polio, and is responsible for the elimination of many diseases locally and regionally. In the United States, there has been a 99% decrease in incidence of the nine diseases for which vaccines have been recommended for decades accompanied by a similar decline in mortality and disease sequelae (Achievements in Public Health, 1900–1999 Impact of Vaccines Universally Recommended for Children – United States, 1990–1998 [Internet]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056803.htm). These diseases include smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, paralytic poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella (including congenital rubella syndrome), and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Today, there are 26 different diseases for which there exist vaccines to prevent them. These vaccines are available worldwide with many more vaccines in clinical trials with likely approval within the next few years to the next decade.
Sistema de monitoreo acelerográfico del Laboratorio de Ingeniería Sísmica

The Earthquake Engineering Laboratory at the University of Costa Rica has been operating an automatic earthquake processing system that started in 2010. That system processes information gathered from over 120 digital triaxial accelerometers which are connected to the Internet. They are part of the laboratory’s strong motion network. When an earthquake occurs, the system calculates the location and magnitude of the event as well as the peak ground acceleration and velocity, and the response and design spectra for each of the stations that are online at the moment. The system is written in modular programming, and the full report that is generated takes about ten minutes. However, whenever a module finishes processing the data, the information is immediately uploaded to the website at www.lis.ucr.ac.cr.
Institutional Determinants of Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility: Are Multinational Entities Taking Advantage of Weak Environmental Enforcement in Lower‐Income Nations?

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are often accused of taking advantage of lax environmental regulations in developing countries. However, no quantitative analysis of the impact of doing business in nations of different income levels on environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR) has been done prior to this study. Incorporating institutional factors in our approach, we argue that endoisomorphic and exoisomorphic pressures relating to ECSR impact MNEs differently according to the MNEs' level of activity in low‐, lower‐middle‐, upper‐middle‐, and high‐income nations. We predict and, using data from 113 companies, find that selling in poorer nations is positively associated with increased levels of ECSR. Our research suggests that MNEs may not be participating in a "race to the bottom" but may instead be responding to global institutional pressure by exceeding local norms for environmental stewardship. Alternative interpretations of our findings are discussed.
Gene Therapy for Angiogenesis

Atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction are responsible for the pathophysiologic basis of the spectrum of cardiovascular disorders including ischemic heart disease (IHD), the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. There have been major advances including the use of pharmacotherapy, coronary and peripheral percutaneous transluminal interventions (PTI), coronary and peripheral bypass surgery, and primary/secondary prevention measures. There are, however, multiple unmet needs: IHD refractory to medical therapy and unsuitable for revascularization; critical limb ischemia (CLI) unsuitable for PTI or surgery; restenosis; ischemic/diabetic neuropathy; and heart failure. Cardiovascular gene therapy (GT) with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and other angiogenic factors such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF) has yielded improved perfusion and reduced ischemia in preclinical models of IHD. Several preclinical studies, phase I and II clinical trials, have shown the safety and therapeutic potential of GT in the treatment of IHD, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), restenosis, and ischemic and diabetic neuropathy, pointing to the need for carefully designed phase III clinical trials, which would have to address the advantages and disadvantages of the diverse delivery strategies, candidate genes, and methods of functional assessment of angiogenesis, while selecting relevant primary and secondary
COLLABORATION OR CLASH? MAPPING THE EFFECTS OF TOP MANAGEMENT TEAM CONFLICT ON FIRM ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY

Top management teams (TMTs) that work (not so) well together enhance (restrict) the ability of the firm to leverage capabilities, which affects outcomes such as innovation. Although internal team d...
Charged Species Concentration in Combusting Mixtures Using Equilibrium Chemistry

Ionization in flames is of interest in the design and development of modern combustion devices. The identity and concentration of various charged species in reacting mixtures can play an important role in the diagnostics and control of such devices. Simplified chemistry computations that provide good estimates of ionic species in complex flow-fields can be used to model turbulent reacting flows in various combustion devices, greatly reducing the required computational resources for design and development studies. A critical assessment of the use of the equilibrium chemistry method to compute charged species concentration in combusting mixtures under various temperatures, pressures, and thermal disequilibrium conditions is presented. The use of equilibrium chemistry to compute charged species concentrations in propane-air mixtures performed by Calcote and King has been extended. A more accurate computational methodology that includes the effect of negative ions, chemi-ions (H3O+ and CHO+), and thermal nonequilibrium was investigated to evaluate the suitability of equilibrium computations for estimating charged species concentrations in reacting mixtures. The results show that equilibrium computations which include the effects of H3O+ and elevated electron temperatures can indeed explain the levels of ion concentrations observed in laboratory flame experiments under lean and near-stoichiometric conditions. Furthermore, under engine-like conditions at higher temperatures and pressures, equilibrium computations can be used to obtain useful estimates of charged species concentrations in modern combustion devices.
Evaluation of a nanoporous lyotropic liquid crystal polymer membrane for the treatment of hydraulic fracturing produced water via cross-flow filtration

Abstract Current commercial nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes are limited in scope and performance due to their physicochemical properties. Desalination of hydraulic fracturing wastewater poses a particular challenge to membrane filtration given the high concentrations of both organic compounds and salts present in these waters. The recently-developed nanoporous, bicontinuous cubic, lyotropic liquid crystal, thin-film-composite polymer membrane (TFC QI membrane), having unique physicochemical properties, enables an alternative treatment of hydraulic fracturing wastewater. Specifically, the TFC QI membrane recovers the organic compounds from this high-salinity wastewater, enabling biodegradation to occur after desalination. However, other performance criteria must be demonstrated for a membrane to reach application. The work presented herein demonstrates the stable performance of the TFC QI membrane during 66 h of cross-flow filtration of hydraulic fracturing produced water. Compared to the commercial NF90 membrane, the TFC QI membrane recovered a larger portion of the organic compounds, had a higher thickness-normalized water flux, and fouled less. The combination of the TFC QI membrane’s selectivity with its reduced fouling propensity makes possible a treatment for hydraulic fracturing wastewater and other complex aqueous streams inaccessible by most commercial membranes, motivating the further study and development of the TFC QI membrane.
Conflicting influences of justice motivations on moral judgments

Humans are motivated by justice concerns, yet vary in their reactions to observing or experiencing injustice. At a proximate level, approach and avoidance represent core fundamental motivational sy...
Differential Diagnosis of Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

The differential diagnosis of statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) is challenging in that it mimics a wide range of musculoskeletal disorders. SAMS must be distinguished from fibromyalgia, tendonitis, arthritis, and other causes of musculoskeletal pain syndromes. The diagnosis of SAM is particularly challenging due to the frequent absence of biomarkers in its most common manifestation, myalgia. Although statin-associated myalgia frequently involves muscles of the upper and lower extremities (especially quadriceps and gastrocnemius), atypical presentations may involve muscles of the neck and back as well as subcostal and intercostal muscles. The onset of symptoms is often insidious and patients may or may not associate their musculoskeletal symptoms with statin therapy. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion in any statin-treated patient who reports persistent and significant musculoskeletal symptoms. Observation for improvement, or resolution, of symptoms following temporary discontinuation of statin may be indicated.
The #PalliativeCare Conversation on Twitter: An Analysis of Trends, Content, and Caregiver Perspectives

Abstract Context Palliative care is known to improve patients’ quality of life, but oftentimes these conversations occur outside of the health-care setting. Objectives To characterize the #PalliativeCare Twitter network and evaluate the caregiver experience within palliative care. Methods In this cross-sectional study, a total of 182,661 #PalliativeCare tweets by 26,837 users from June 1, 2015 to June 1, 2019 were analyzed using Symplur Signals. Analysis included activity metrics, content analysis, user characteristics, engagement, and network analysis. Similar metrics were performed on tweets by self-identified caregivers (482), who wrote a total of 3952 tweets. Qualitative analysis was completed on a systematic sample of caregiver tweets. Results The number of #PalliativeCare tweets, users, and impressions has increased by an annual average of 18.7%, 16.4%, and 32.5%, respectively. Support, access, and patients were among the Trending Terms. About 39.4% of Trending Articles were scientifically valid, and information about palliative care and comorbidities had the greatest number of articles. The majority of users wrote five or less #PalliativeCare tweets. Network analysis revealed central hubs to be palliative care advocacy organizations and physicians. The five main themes from qualitative analysis of caregiver tweets were 1) advocacy and events, 2) care strategies, 3) resources, 4) public health issues, and 5) myths related to palliative care. Conclusion The use of Twitter as a platform for palliative care conversations is growing rapidly. Twitter serves as a platform to facilitate #PalliativeCare conversation among patients, caregivers, physicians, and other healthcare providers.
Emotion and Motivation Consequences of Attributional Training During a Novel Physical Task.

Purpose: Students’ positive emotional experiences are an essential physical education outcome because they promote achievement-oriented cognition and behavior. The manner in which students attribut...
Misunderstood and Mistreated: Students of Color in Special Education.

The disproportionate representation of students of color in special education is a serious concern that has lasted for forty years. Research suggests that students of color are too often not identified accurately for special education and that the programs they are placed in are frequently poor in quality. This trend contributes to a less-than-optimal learning environment that lowers their chances for future success. Some of the factors that may contribute to this problem include poverty and inaccurate teacher perceptions. To reduce this problem, teachers can be trained to be culturally responsive and the public-school system can be improved so that students from low-income households receive better services.
Roles dissemination and implementation scientists can play in supporting research teams.

The field of dissemination and implementation (D&I) science is rapidly growing, with many scientists seeking to apply D&I science to enhance and expand the impact of their work. As the D&I field grows and collaborations of implementation scientists with other fields flourish, a description for the roles for D&I scientists as they collaborate with researchers from other fields could be beneficial. This paper exemplifies how the D&I scientist/researcher collaborative process might work and important elements to consider in doing so, as well as provide an outline on how collaborations might progress for different project needs. This is discussed through example scenarios to consider an implementation scientists’ engagement in a research project and describe potential roles for implementation scientists in supporting research teams. We then discuss characteristics to consider when incorporating a D&I expert into a team and considerations in navigating the scenarios.
Machine Learning Embedded in Distribution Network Relays to Classify and Locate Faults

Distribution system relays equipped with machine learning (ML) algorithms can improve protection operations by performing an automated and self-learning monitoring and decision making analysis. This work evaluates the potential for a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier to be embedded inside each relay and provide decision making support based on the analysis of typical electrical performance measurements. The experiment, described here, used simulated data from the IEEE 123 bus feeder to understand the SVM algorithms abilities. The results showed that the algorithm deployed inside each relay could accurately classify three fault conditions that occur anywhere on the feeder, estimate the fault's region, and define a specific action for the relay switch. This initial assessment indicates that advanced, data-driven relay analysis could provide value in a typical feeder.
Schools of management thought: a text analysis of management books published in the first half of the twentieth century

The first half of the twentieth century saw the emergence of a variety of management ideas and various schools of thought that occurred during this time. While there are commonalities, these school...