cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic and dielectric properties of composites consisting of oriented, iron flake filler within a thermoplastic host part i. material fabrication and electromagnetic characterization

Materials that contain both electric permittivity and magnetic permeability greater than unity (magneto-dielectrics) are currently being investigated for microwave applications. An experimental procedure for fabricating magneto-dielectric composite materials based upon flake-like iron inclusions was developed. Samples consisting of iron flakes oriented within a low loss thermoplastic host were produced by extrusion film forming, to minimize loss and maximize permeability. The electrical and magnetic properties of the magneto-dielectric samples were measured as a function of the filler’s aspect ratio, surface characteristics and volume fraction. It was found that forming iron powder into flakes increases the permeability by reducing the demagnetization factor of the shape of the particle. The change to higher aspect ratio filler also increased the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss due to greater instances of inter-particle conduction. Insulating the flakes with a low dielectric greatly significan...
Kenya Quaker Secondary School Peace Curriculum Pilot Project: Examining the Role of the Principal in the Successes and Challenges of the Implementation.

This qualitative study examined the implementation of a peace curriculum for Kenyan Quaker secondary schools. Fourteen schools were selected for this study 1 year after school leaders attended specific training sessions. On site visits were made to 12 of the 14 schools selected for this study, and interviews conducted with the remaining principals. Schools were ranked on their level of implementation at low, medium, or high. Results indicated that 12 of the 14 schools implemented the curriculum at a medium or high level. Additional findings note the leadership of the principal was key in the overall peace curriculum implementation and addresses successes and challenges of implementing a new initiative in these schools.
Aortic Valve Replacement Improves Survival in Severe Aortic Stenosis Associated With Severe Pulmonary Hypertension

Background. Severe pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) carries a poor prognosis. There are limited data on the effect of aortic valve replacement (AVR) in these patients. Methods. Our echocardiographic database between 1993 and 2003 was searched for patients with severe AS defined as a Doppler estimated aortic valve area of 0.8 cm 2 or less and severe pulmonary hypertension defined as a pulmonary arterial systolic pressure 60 mm Hg or greater. Of the 740 patients with severe AS, 119 (16%) had severe pulmonary hypertension forming the study cohort. The AVR was performed in 36 (30%) of these patients. Survival of patients with and without AVR were compared and adjusted for comorbidities and group differences using the Cox regression model. Results. Characteristics of patients with severe pulmonary hypertension; age 75 13 years, 39% women, left ventricular ejection fraction 41 20%. Patients who underwent AVR had a significantly higher five-year survival of 65% compared with 20% for those treated medically (p < 0.0001). The relative mortality risk associated with AVR was 0.28 (95% confidence interval 0.22 to 0.36) and was independent of age, gender, ejection fraction, diabetes, coronary disease, serum creatinine level, and concomitant medical therapy such as beta blockers, angiotensin converting inhibitors, and statins. The benefit of AVR was further supported by sensitivity and propensity score analyses. Patients on conservative therapy had a 30-day mortality of 30% and a one-year mortality of 70%. Conclusions. Aortic valve replacement in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension secondary to severe AS is associated with a huge survival benefit. Medical therapy alone carries a dismal prognosis and AVR should be considered urgently in severe AS patients with severe pulmonary hypertension. (Ann Thorac Surg 2007;84:80‐6) © 2007 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons P ulmonary hypertension in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) is associated with the presence of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, mitral regurgitation, and higher LV filling pressures [1‐4]. In small observational series it has been shown to be associated with high mortality in the absence of aortic valve replacement (AVR). In a series of 47 patients with severe pulmonary hypertension associated with severe AS, 37 patients undergoing AVR had a survival five-year rate of 52% compared with 20% for the 10 patients treated medically [5]. Smaller observational series have reported a potential symptomatic and hemodynamic benefit with AVR in such patients [4, 6, 7]. In view of the paucity of data on outcomes in these patients, we analyzed the effect of AVR in a larger cohort of patients with severe AS and severe pulmonary hypertension from our institution. We constructed a comprehensive database including all clinical comorbidities and pharmacologic therapy, along with echocardiographic and surgical details.
Autism and epilepsy: cause, consequence, comorbidity, or coincidence?

Autism is associated with epilepsy in early childhood, with evidence suggesting that individuals with both autism and more severe cognitive impairment are at higher risk. However, the incidence of an abnormal electroencephalogram and/or epilepsy in the full range of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) is not well defined. This naturalistic study addresses the incidence of epilepsy and electroencephalographic abnormalities in children with PDDs. The clinical history and electroencephalograms of 56 children diagnosed with PDD—not otherwise specified, autism, or Asperger syndrome were retrospectively reviewed. Forty percent of children with autism were diagnosed with epilepsy. Abnormal electroencephalograms and epilepsy occurred at significantly higher rates in children in the more impaired range of the autism spectrum (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the use of neurological investigative techniques such as electroencephalography should be a consequence of careful clinical evaluation and should be considered routinely during evaluation of more impaired individuals. 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Identification of vowels in quiet, noise, and reverberation: relationships with age and hearing loss.

Vowel identification in quiet, noise, and reverberation was tested with 40 subjects who varied in age and hearing level. Stimuli were 15 English vowels spoken in a /b–t/ context in a carrier sentence, which were degraded by reverberation or noise (a babble of 12 voices). Vowel identification scores were correlated with various measures of hearing loss and with age. The mean of four hearing levels at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz, termed HTL4, produced the highest correlation coefficients in all three listening conditions. The correlation with age was smaller than with HTL4 and significant only for the degraded vowels. Further analyses were performed for subjects assigned to four groups on the basis of the amount of hearing loss. In noise, performance of all four groups was significantly different, whereas, in both quiet and reverberation, only the group with the greatest hearing loss performed differently from the other groups. The relationship among hearing loss, age, and number and type of errors is discussed in light of acoustic cues available for vowel identification.
Reading-Writing Relationships in First and Second Language†

The study reported in this article examined the first language and second language reading and writing abilities of adult ESL learners to determine the relationships across languages (L1 and L2) and across modalities (reading and writing) in the acquisition of L2 literacy skills. Specifically, we investigated relationships (a) between literacy skills in a first language and literacy development in a second language (i.e., between reading in L1 and L2, and between writing in L1 and L2), and (b) between reading and writing in L1 and L2 (i.e., between reading and writing in L1, and between reading and writing in L2). The subjects, Japanese and Chinese ESL students in academic settings, were asked to write an essay and to complete a cloze passage in both their first and second languages. The results indicate that literacy skills can transfer across languages, but that the pattern of this transfer varies for the two language groups. It also appears that reading ability transfers more easily from L1 to L2 than does writing ability, and that the relationship between reading and writing skills varies for the two language groups. These data suggest that L2 literacy development is a complex phenomenon for already literate adult second language learners involving variables such as L2 language proficiency, L1 and L2 educational experience, and cultural literacy practices that may be related to different patterns of L2 literacy acquisition.
DEPRESSION IN WOMEN AS RELATED TO ANGER AND MUTUALITY IN RELATIONSHIPS

Self-in-relation theory (Jordan, Kaplan, Miller, Stiver, & Surrey, 1991) proposes that a lack of mutuality in women's relationships predisposes them to depression and inhibits their ability to acknowledge and address effectively emotions such as anger. Research linking anger to depression has not examined women's emotional expressivity within the context of their partner relationships. Women's depression as a function of both their level of anger suppression or inappropriate anger expression and the level of perceived relationship mutuality was studied in a sample of 223 college women, aged 18 to 54. Lower levels of mutuality and higher levels of suppressed or inappropriately expressed anger were associated with depression. Moreover, mutuality made contributions to predicting depression beyond that explained by anger. Lower mutuality was also related to higher anger suppression, but unrelated to inappropriately expressed anger.
Sedimentation of Charged Fibers From a Two-Dimensional Channel Flow

An analysis is presented to describe the motion of a charge-carrying fiber under gravity in a laminar flow, between two horizontal conducting parallel plates. Using the method of limiting trajectories, the precipitation efficiency of a uniform aerosol that enters the channel is determined for both insulating and conducting fibers.
Enzymes of the gamma-glutamyl cycle in the choroid plexus and brain.

—The presence of enzymes of the γ-glutamyl cycle in the bovine and rabbit brain and choroid plexus is described. The activities of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase and γ-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase in the choroid plexus were found to be higher than in the brain. The activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in the choroid plexus was many times higher than the activity of the other enzymes. Brain and choroid plexus γ-glutamyl transpeptidase were activated by Na+ and K+. Both brain and choroid plexus showed only a very limited capacity to metabolize [14C]5-oxoproline to 14CO2.
The Role of Mobile Operators in Expanding Access to Finance

Mobile phones may have a huge role to play in expanding access to finance. But does the company that operates the mobile network need to actually provide financial services? Or should others offer financial services, with the mobile operator merely providing the underlying wireless connectivity? The fact that mobile phones can be used as transactional devices doesn’t necessarily mean that the mobile operator needs to "own" the financial service.
Effectiveness of rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis of prosthetic heart valves in a porcine heterotopic valve model

OBJECTIVES: Warfarin is used to reduce the risk of stroke and thromboembolic complications in patients with mechanical heart valves. Yet, despite frequent blood testing, its poor pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles often result in variable therapeutic levels. Rivaroxaban is a direct competitive factor Xa inhibitor that is taken orally. It inhibits the active site of factor Xa without the need for the cofactor antithrombin, and thus, its mechanism of action is differentiated from that of the fractionated heparins and indirect factor Xa inhibitors. No in vivo data exist regarding the effectiveness of rivaroxaban in preventing thromboembolic complications of mechanical heart valves. We tested the hypothesis that rivaroxaban is as effective as enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis of mechanical valves that use a previously described heterotopic aortic valve porcine model. METHODS: A modified bileaflet mechanical valved conduit that bypassed the native, ligated descending thoracic aorta was implanted into 30 swine. Postoperatively, the animals were randomly assigned to groups receiving no anticoagulation (n= 10), enoxaparin at 2 mg/kg subcutaneously twice daily (n= 10) or rivaroxaban at 2 mg/kg orally twice daily (n= 10). The amount of valve thrombus was measured on post-implantation day 30 as the primary end point. Quantitative evaluation of radiolabelled platelet deposition on the valve prostheses was done and embolic and haemorrhagic events were measured as secondary end points. RESULTS: Animals with no anticoagulation had a thrombus mean of 759.9 mg compared with 716.8 mg with enoxaparin treatment and 209.6 mg with rivaroxaban treatment (P= 0.05 for enoxaparin vs rivaroxaban). Similarly, the mean number of platelets deposited on the valve prosthesis was lower in the rivaroxaban group (6.13 × 10 9 ) than in the enoxaparin group (3.03 × 10 10 )( P= 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, rivaroxaban was more effective than enoxaparin for short-term thromboprophylaxis of mechanical valve prosthetics in the heterotopic aortic position. It reduced valve thrombus and platelet deposition on day 30 following implantation without increased adverse events. Future studies would provide additional support for clinical trials evaluating rivaroxaban as an alternative to warfarin for appropriately selected patients with prosthetic aortic valves.
Artificial immune system based intrusion detection in a distributed hierarchical network architecture of smart grid

The advent of the smart grid promises to usher in an era that will bring intelligence, efficiency, and optimality to the power grid. Most of these changes will occur as an Internet-like communications network is superimposed on top of the current power grid using wireless technologies including 802.15.4, 802.11, and the Zigbee protocol. Each of these will expose the power grid to cyber security threats. In order to address this issue, this work proposes a Distributed Intrusion Detection System for Smart Grids (SGDIDS) by developing and deploying an intelligent module, the Analyzing Module (AM) in the multiple layers of smart grids. Multiple AMs will be embedded at each level of the smart grid — the home area network (HAN), neighborhood area network (NAN), and the Wide Area Network (WAN) — where they will use Artificial Immune System (AIS) to detect and classify malicious data and possible cyber attacks. AMs at each level will be trained using data that is relevant to their level and will also be able to communicate in order to improve detection. Simulation results demonstrate that this is a promising methodology for identifying malicious network traffic and improving system security.
Invisibility of Black women: Drawing attention to individuality:

We examine nonprototypicality as an antecedent to invisibility (lack of individuation) of Black women. Study 1 varied numerical representation of Black women within the group “women” to be low/equal to White women, and Study 2 varied the trait overlap of Black women to be low/high relative to White women and/or Black men. Invisibility was measured by a face recognition task. Rather than invisibility being reduced under conditions of equal numerical representation and high trait overlap, low numerical representation and low trait overlap increased recognition for Black female faces. In Studies 3–4 participants primed to focus on differences showed better recognition for Black women’s faces than those primed to focus on similarities. We suggest a difference focus reduces reliance on categorical information, increasing individuation and visibility. But nonprototypicality matters: Study 5 perceivers who saw less overlap between “women” and “Black women” on gender stereotypes showed worse recognition of Black ...
Mutations in the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Type III Secretion System Needle Protein, YscF, That Specifically Abrogate Effector Translocation into Host Cells

The trafficking of effectors, termed Yops, from Yersinia spp. into host cells is a multistep process that requires the type III secretion system (TTSS). The TTSS has three main structural parts: a base, a needle, and a translocon, which work together to ensure the polarized movement of Yops directly from the bacterial cytosol into the host cell cytosol. To understand the interactions that take place at the interface between the tip of the TTSS needle and the translocon, we developed a screen to identify mutations in the needle protein YscF that separated its function in secretion from its role in translocation. We identified 25 translocation-defective (TD) yscF mutants, which fall into five phenotypic classes. Some classes exhibit aberrant needle structure and/or reduced levels of Yop secretion, consistent with known functions for YscF. Strikingly, two yscF TD classes formed needles and secreted Yops normally but displayed distinct translocation defects. Class I yscF TD mutants showed diminished pore formation, suggesting incomplete pore insertion and/or assembly. Class II yscF TD mutants formed pores but showed nonpolar translocation, suggesting unstable needle-translocon interactions. These results indicate that YscF functions in Yop secretion and translocation can be genetically separated. Furthermore, the identification of YscF residues that are required for the assembly of the translocon and/or productive interactions with the translocon has allowed us to initiate the mapping of the needle-translocon interface.
Participation by Representation: Workers on Boards of Directors in the United States and Abroad

Indirect worker participation in corporate policy decisions is occurring through worker and union representation on boards of directors and supervisory boards in Europe, Australia, and the United S...
Can Issue Linkage Improve Treaty Credibility?Buffer State Alliances as a "Hard Case"

Can issue linkage, the combining of multiple issues into a single agreement, enhance the credibility of an agreement? I use the alliance relations of buffer states (states located between two recently or currently warring rivals) to test the claim that issue linkage enhances compliance with treaty obligations. The alliance rela- tions of buffer states create a ''hard case'' for treaty compliance because, by being prone to invasion and occupation, buffer states have difficulties inducing states to remain committed to an alliance agreement. Hence, if linkage provisions can enhance the credibility of alliance commitments for buffer states, then linkage provisions should improve treaty compliance in nearly any context. I find that buffer states in alliances with trade provisions experience fewer opportunistic violations of the alliance terms, avoid occupation and invasion at a higher rate, and experience fewer third-party attacks than buffer states in other alliance arrangements.
Joint attention by mothers and children while using plans

This paper reports on the role of joint attentional processes in the development of children's skill at using pictorial plans to construct objects. Efforts to establish joint attentional focus between mother and child were identified, and the nature and extent of maternal assistance and child involvement during planning were examined. Sixteen 4 to 5-year-old and sixteen 6 to 7-year-old children and their mothers participated in three problem-solving sessions (i.e., child-only pre-test and post-test, and mother-child interaction) that involved constructing a toy from multiple pieces using a pictorial, step-by-step plan. Older children were more planful than younger children during all the planning sessions. Mothers planning with younger children assumed greater responsibility for establishing joint attentional episodes than mothers planning with older children. Results indicate that mothers tailor their guidance on joint planning tasks in relation to developmental needs, and that an important aspect of the...
Integration of bioanalytical measurements using PK–PD modeling and simulation: implications for antibody–drug conjugate development

Recent technological advances have enabled precise quantitation of various bioanalytical measurements pertaining to antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs). However, availability of bioanalytical data alone cannot guarantee the provision of correct go/no-go decisions at different stages of ADC development. Integration and comprehension of all the available data at each stage of ADC development is necessary to make a well informed and objective decision about moving the ADC forward to the clinic. In this manuscript, we have reviewed the application of PK–PD modeling and simulation for quantitative integration of diverse bioanalytical data available from different stages of ADC development. We have also elaborated on how similar bioanalytical data can be characterized using different models to gain distinct insights into ADC development.
Effect of surfactant conjugation on structure and properties of poly(3-hexylthiophene) colloids and field effect transistors

Abstract In this work, aqueous suspensions of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) colloids were fabricated using three different surfactants with varied degrees of conjugation. The morphology, crystalline structure and optical properties of these colloids were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, wide angle X-ray diffractometry and UV–vis spectrometry, respectively. Results indicated that the morphology and crystalline were similar for all the colloids, while the optical properties and aggregation could be tuned by surfactant conjugation. Increasing conjugation in surfactant corresponded to increased chain order, conjugation length, and red-shifted absorbance spectrum in P3HT colloids. Field effect transistors (FETs) made from these colloids showed a hole mobility on the order of 10 −3 cm 2 /Vs, also tunable by surfactant conjugation and comparable to FETs made from P3HT solution.
Self-report of health problems and health care use among maltreated and comparison adolescents

The study aims were to compare maltreated and comparison adolescents' health problems and to identify how individual, family and home characteristics and maltreatment status affect adolescents' self-report of health status and health care use. The sample was 224 maltreated adolescents (mean age = 18.3 years) and 128 comparison adolescents (mean age = 18.15 years). Comparison adolescents reported more cold and pain symptoms during the previous 30 days but no differences in other physical health problems, self-assessment of their physical and mental health or health care use compared to maltreated adolescents. Girls were more likely to have had a dental checkup, to have seen a psychological counselor, and to self-identify their physical health as poor compared to boys. Older adolescents were less likely to have had a medical checkup or seen a psychological counselor than younger adolescents. A history of maltreatment was not related to health or health care disparities for adolescents growing up in the same low-income environment as adolescents without a maltreatment report. The environmental context and geographical location in which these adolescents grew up may be the primary driver in their health behaviors and health problems and not the experience of maltreatment.
Mathematical Psychology, History of

In current usage, three principal aspects of mathematical psychology may be distinguished: (1) formulating and testing models of psychological phenomena; (2) studying and explicating mathematical methods applicable to psychological research problems; and (3) analyzing abstract formalisms with potential applicability to psychological data analysis and modeling. The first of these has characterized mathematical psychology from its origins in the late 1800s. The second began to appear in the early 1900s, mainly in the form of applications of mathematical statistics, and has continuously increased in importance and in specific relevance to psychological research. The third aspect first emerged on a significant scale in the mid 1900s and has since flourished in a number of major research areas, including visual space, stochastic processes in learning, graph theory in relation to social interaction and communication, psychological measurement theory, and a relatively new but already broad class of interactive network structures (‘neural networks’).
Theory of Vibronic Spectra

Prominent sidebands often appear in the absorption and fluorescence spectra of systems consisting of a small quantity of magnetic ions in an ionic host lattice. The sidebands are called vibronic, and result from a dynamic coupling of the magnetic ion to the motion of other lattice constituents. These sidebands may reflect a frequency distribution for the perfect or perturbed lattice modes. An interpretation of the vibronic structure for the perfect lattice case, as first presented by R. A. Satten, is discussed.
Control and Communication Protocols Based on Packetized Direct Load Control in Smart Building Microgrids

Recent communication, computation, and technology advances coupled with climate change concerns have transformed the near future prospects of electricity transmission, and, more notably, distribution systems and microgrids. Distributed resources (wind and solar generation, combined heat and power) and flexible loads (storage, computing, EV, HVAC) make it imperative to increase investment and improve operational efficiency. Commercial and residential buildings, being the largest energy consumption group among flexible loads in microgrids, have the largest potential and flexibility to provide demand-side management. Recent advances in networked systems and the anticipated breakthroughs of the Internet of Things will enable significant advances in demand-response capabilities of intelligent load networks of power-consuming devices such as HVAC components, water heaters, EV charging stations, and many more. In this paper, a new operating framework, called packetized direct load control (PDLC), is proposed based on the notion of quantization of energy demand. This control protocol is built on top of two communication protocols that carry either complete or binary information regarding the operation status of appliances. We discuss the optimal demand-side operation for both protocols and analytically derive the performance differences between the protocols. We propose an optimal reservation strategy for traditional and renewable energy for the PDLC in both day-ahead and real-time markets. At the end of the paper, we discuss the fundamental tradeoff between achieving controllability and endowing consumer choice and flexibility.
An Asperity-Based Fractional Coverage Model for Solid Lubricant Film Transfer on a 3D Surface

Topography data was obtained from an aluminum thin film deposited unto a substrate. Using this 20 μm × 20 μm specimen, an asperity-based fractional coverage model was used to predict (1) the friction coefficient at a pad/disk interface (2) the thickness of deposited lubricant film and (3) the wear factor for a compacted lubricant pellet in sliding contact. The fractional coverage varies with time and is a useful modeling parameter for quantifying the amount of third body film covering the disk asperities. The model was based on a previous 1-D control volume fractional coverage model which was used to glean tribological parameters including friction coefficient and wear factor. In this model, the wear rate of the pellet, pad friction coefficient, and lubricant thickness can be determined as a function of the pellet load, slider pad load, disk speed, and material properties. Steady-state results from the model adequately predict the self-repairing and self-replenishing nature of powder lubrication as a function of topography.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Effects of isonicotinic acid derivatives on tubercle bacilli.

Conclusions1. The oxygen consumption and catalase activity of both virulent and attenuated strains of tubercle bacilli was reduced significantly by isonicotinic acid hydrazide from 2 different laboratories while the activity of succinic dehydrogenase was unaffected. 2. 1-isonicotinyl-2-isopropylhydrazine slightly inhibited the oxygen consumption of both virulent and attenuated strains of tubercle bacilli, but did not modify the action of succinic dehydrogenase of these cultures. However, the catalase activity of the attenuated BCG strain was significantly reduced, while the catalase activity of the virulent strains was unaffected.
Influence of Dipole Orientation on Solution Properties of Polyzwitterions

We have studied the influence of segmental dipole orientation on the solution properties of polyzwitterions using dynamic and static light scattering of poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC), n-butyl-substituted choline phosphate polymers (PMBP), and their diblock (PMPC-b-PMBP) copolymers in solutions of different salt concentration. We find that these three structures exhibit dramatically different aggregation behaviors. For the conditions in our study, PMPC is a swollen excluded-volume chain without significant presence of dipolar correlations as evident from the lack of sensitivity to the ionic strength of the solution. In contrast, PMBP self-assembles into finite-sized structures in solution, which are stabilized by electrostatic dipole–dipole interactions. Evidence of these interactions is also present in the diblock polymer, PMPB-b-PMPC, which self-assembles into two distinct, stable aggregates in addition to unaggregated chains. These results contribute to the breadth of understandi...
Social Participation in Later Years: The Role of Driving Mobility.

OBJECTIVES: I investigate the role of driving mobility for older adults' formal and informal social participation. I expand the common driving status dichotomy using gradated driving frequency, driving change, and ride receipt to account for the complexity of driving behaviors in later years. METHOD: I estimate logistic regression models using the 2011 and 2013 waves of the National Health and Aging Trends Study on a nationally representative sample of 4,359 community-dwelling older adults. I adjust models for demographic, socioeconomic, health, and social activity factors. RESULTS: Frequent drivers are most likely to visit friends and family, go out for enjoyment, attend religious services, and participate in organized activities compared with occasional drivers, those who ceased driving, and those who never drove. Driving frequency decrease lowers social participation. Participation does not differ between those who ceased driving and those who never drove. Persons with consistent ride access participate more than those never receiving rides. Models using a measure of driving mobility fit data better than models using dichotomous driving status. DISCUSSION: Both driving frequency and ride receipt matter for older adults' formal and informal involvement. Facilitating ride-giving and developing flexible transportation options may enhance social participation among older adults who cease or begin ceasing to drive.© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. Language: en
Toxicity study of 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN), 6-MMPR, and PALA in mice.

2109 This study examined the effect of three compounds: 6-Aminonicotinamide (6-AN, NSC-21206), methylmercaptopurine riboside (6-MMPR), and L-aspartic acid-N-(phosphonoacetyl)-disodium salt (PALA) in CD2F1 mice. Single ip doses of 6-AN (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg) were administered in combination with single ip doses of 75 mg/kg 6-MMPR and 83 mg/kg PALA. PALA was administered 17 hours prior to ip doses of 6-AN and/or 6-MMPR. Treated mice were monitored for alterations in clinical observations, body weight, clinical pathology parameters, and histopathology. Lethality was noted in 7/20 male mice and 3/20 female mice (40 mg/kg 6-AN) and in 2/20 male mice and 1/20 female mice (20 mg/kg 6-AN) in the combination dose groups. Hunched posture, hypoactivity, prostration, and head tilt, ataxia, circling, cold-to-touch, eye discharge, splayed hindlimbs, and tremors were noted in mice given 6-AN (20 or 40 mg/kg) in combination with 6-MMPR and PALA. For mice that received doses of all 3 drugs, there appeared to be a reversible decrease in body weight gain proportional to the dose of 6-AN. Administration of 6-AN in combination with 6-MMPR and PALA was associated with decreases in group mean WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, reticulocyte, lymphocyte and neutrophil values and increases in MCV and platelet counts. Administration of 6-MMPR and PALA resulted in decreases in serum glucose concentrations and mild to moderate increases in AST and ALT activity that were also observed in mice in the combination group with 40 mg/kg 6-AN. Microscopic pathology examination revealed status spongiosis in the brains and spinal cords of mice treated with 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg 6-AN in combination with 6-MMPR and PALA. These lesions were noted in some of the animals that survived to Day 29. Additional lesions found in combination treatment groups included splenic, thymic, and bone marrow atrophy, hyperplasia of the non-glandular stomach, and liver necrosis, mineralization, and fibrous adhesions. Doses of 75 mg/kg 6-MMPR and 83 mg/kg PALA treatment appear to induce the hematopoeitic toxicity, while 20 or 40 mg/kg of 6-AN appears responsible for the neurotoxicity and lethality. The induction of neuropathic lesions by 6-AN is consistent with previously published studies. Toxicity appeared more pronounced in the male mice than in female mice. A NOAEL was not achieved in this study. Supported by NCI Contract No. N01-CM-87100.
Packaging Architecture for Fluidic Components in Microfluidic PCBs

We present a novel packaging architecture for fluidic surface mount components in microfluidic printed circuit boards (PCB)s. The package incorporates sacrificial layers to protect the fluid cavities and inlets/outlets to the component during mounting and integration on a microfluidic circuit board. In this paper we describe the general scheme to package and integrate microfluidic components such as valves, pumps, mixers, etc. in microfluidic PCBs. We also report the use of dry film photoresist as a possible protective sealant for fluidic openings on the package. As an example microfluidic packaged surface mount component, we introduce an optofluidic cell counter that can be soldered directly on a PCB and connected to a microfluidic system.
Understanding the evolution of mathematics performance in primary education and the implications for STEM learning

Model students' performance in mathematics over time as a stochastic process.Create longitudinal datasets linking student scores on end-of-grade math exams.Analyze longitudinal datasets based on a variety of demographic factors.Use Markov chains to probabilistically characterize movement of students' scores. National reports have documented deficiencies in the vertical alignment of mathematical learning in K-12 education. Many students fail to master requisite concepts before advancing to more complex ideas, leaving them ill-prepared to succeed in higher level Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) coursework. In this paper, we model elementary and middle school students' performance in mathematics over time as a stochastic process to forecast their proficiency by the eighth grade. We conduct an extensive examination of tens of thousands of student records and extract useful information. We use this data to present a longitudinal analysis of student performance on the North Carolina End-of-Grade mathematics exam and use Markov chain models to probabilistically characterize the movement of students' scores from one grade level to the next. This work is the first step in developing a framework to forecast individual students' development of mathematical knowledge over time.
Endoscopic submucosal dissection for Barrett's early neoplasia: a multicenter study in the United States.

Background and Aims The role of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in Barrett's early neoplasia is not well defined, with most studies originating from Asia and Europe. We aimed to assess the efficacy, safety, and results of ESD in Barrett's esophagus (BE) with high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and early adenocarcinoma (EAC) across centers in the United States. Methods Multicenter retrospective analysis on 46 patients with BE who underwent ESD for BE-HGD or EAC, or both, between January 2010 and April 2015. The primary endpoint was the rate of en bloc resection. Secondary aims included rate of R0 (complete) and curative resection, a comparison of pre- and post-ESD histology, procedure-related adverse events, and rate of remission at follow-up. Results Median age was 69 years (range, 42-82 years). The median resected specimen size was 45 mm (range, 13-125 mm). En bloc and curative resection rates were 96% (44/46) and 70% (32/46), respectively. Most lesions (11/20; 55%) diagnosed as BE-HGD on biopsy were upstaged to intramucosal or invasive EAC on post-ESD histopathology. There were 4 early ( Conclusions This is the largest multicenter series of ESD for early neoplastic BE from the United States. ESD appears to be safe and effective, with high en bloc and curative resection rates in the treatment of early BE neoplasia.
Study on neutron energy spectrum correction and pulse shape discrimination with a boron-loaded scintillator

In current practice of capture-gated technique, it is always assumed that capture only happens after the incoming neutron loses all of its kinetic energy. In this work, we show that this assumption may cause degradation of energy resolution that can be corrected with capture time using Geant4 simulation toolkit. We studied the relation between degradation of energy resolution and the capture time. In addition, pulse shape discrimination is discussed using simulation and experiments.
Are Optical Gas Imaging Technologies Effective For Methane Leak Detection

Concerns over mitigating methane leakage from the natural gas system have become ever more prominent in recent years. Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposed regulations requiring use of optical gas imaging (OGI) technologies to identify and repair leaks. In this work, we develop an open-source predictive model to accurately simulate the most common OGI technology, passive infrared (IR) imaging. The model accurately reproduces IR images of controlled methane release field experiments as well as reported minimum detection limits. We show that imaging distance is the most important parameter affecting IR detection effectiveness. In a simulated well-site, over 80% of emissions can be detected from an imaging distance of 10 m. Also, the presence of “superemitters” greatly enhance the effectiveness of IR leak detection. The minimum detectable limits of this technology can be used to selectively target “superemitters”, thereby providing a method for approximate leak-rate quantification. In a...
Discovery of the Vitamins

The vitamins were discovered in the span of only five decades commencing at the end of the 19th century. This was the result of observations by many people of relationships between diet and health in ways that were not explained by germ theory. Early studies of the physiological responses to and physical characteristics of bioactive component of foods became progressively refinements through the development of experimental animal models and increasing definition of diet composition. This produced a zigzag course of discovery that ultimately moved nutrition research to an activity reliant on hypothesis testing through experimentation. By the mid-20th century, 13 groups of vitamins had been recognized and compositional information was available for use in the formulation of healthful diets for humans and animals.
Zorn’s Lemma

An existence theorem asserts the existence of an object belonging to a certain set and possessing certain properties. Many existence theorems can be formulated (or, if need be, reformulated) so that the underlying set is a partially ordered set and the crucial property is maximality. Our next purpose is to state and prove the most important theorem of this kind.
Allen C. Guelzo, Redeeming the Great Emancipator

In the latest of his many books on Lincoln, Allen C. Guelzo argues that the “redeemer president” is himself in need of redemption—redemption from a contemporary mindset that refuses to acknowledge moral indebtedness. Challenging various falsifications of the past, from the neo-abolitionist claim of “self emancipation” to simplistic accounts of the postwar failure of emancipation, Guelzo offers a richly textured and fearless brief for Lincoln’s crucial role in emancipation.
A Plan for Controlled Access to Multiport Model Properties

Abstract The movement in industry to shared libraries of engineering component models for mechatronic system design is growing. One problem with robust use of such libraries is access to internal model details. Controlled access is a capability that permits a model owner to make available to a model user selected information of model details, according to user classification. Such a feature allows for varying levels of security for reading and modifying A model. This work describes a multiport modeling environment design based on a clear structuring of model information with the goal of supporting controlled access.
A scoping review of epidemiologic risk factors for pediatric obesity: Implications for future childhood obesity and dental caries prevention research.

Research Questions What are the non-modifiable (socioeconomic, genetic) and modifiable factors (physical activity, dietary behaviors) related to childhood (under age 12) obesity? How can this knowledge be applied to oral health professionals' efforts to prevent or manage dental caries in children? Objectives Studies have identified risk factors for childhood obesity. The purpose of this scoping review was to develop a conceptual model to identify non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors for childhood obesity and to illustrate how these findings are relevant in developing interventions aimed at preventing obesity and dental caries in children. Methods The authors searched PubMed and Embase and limited the study to English-language publications. A total of 2,572 studies were identified. After de-duplication, 2,479 studies remained and were downloaded into a citation-management tool. Two authors screened the titles and abstracts for relevance. Two hundred and sixty studies remained and were retrieved for a full-text review, and 80 studies were excluded, resulting in 180 studies included in the scoping review. An inductive content analytic methods was used to organize all statistically significant obesity risk factors into seven domains, which were classified as non-modifiable or modifiable; then a conceptual model of common risk factors associated with childhood obesity and dental caries was developed. Results Non-modifiable obesity risk factors include biological and developmental (e.g., genes, developmental conditions, puberty), sociodemographic and household (e.g., race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, parent education, unemployment), cultural (e.g., degree of acculturation), and community (e.g., neighborhood composition). Modifiable risk factors included behavioral (e.g., diet, physical activity, weight), psychosocial (e.g., maternal stress, family functioning, parenting practices, child temperament), and medical (e.g., parent smoking, maternal health, child health). Conclusions Identifying common risk factors has important implications for future oral health research aimed at preventing childhood obesity and dental caries. Epidemiologic knowledge gleaned from the literature can be used to develop rigorous interventions and programs aimed at preventing these highly prevalent diseases and improving health outcomes for children.
Laparoscopic Total Proctocolectomy with Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis with Diverting Loop Ileostomy

Laparoscopic total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis and diverting loop ileostomy is performed for ulcerative colitis refractory to medical management and patients with familial polyposis syndromes. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
Signal Transduction Pathways Regulating Chromatic Adaptation

Over 100 years ago, dramatic changes in the color phenotypes of certain fila- mentous cyanobacteria in response to changing ambient light conditions were first described. This acclimation process, known as complementary chromatic adaptation (CCA), leads to cell coloration that can range from brick red to blue-green. CCA is a photoreversible process with features that are similar to processes controlled by plant phytochrome photoreceptors. This review provides an overview of the physiology of CCA as well as a summary of recent findings concerning the nature and function of the signal transduction pathways used to regulate CCA in the filamentous cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon, which has been used as a model system to study this process for over four decades. For historical perspectives on CCA, the reader is referred to other reviews ([Bogorad 1975], [Tandeau de Marsac 2003]).
Structural and Chemical Features Giving Rise to Defect Tolerance of Binary Semiconductors

Defect tolerance, or the resilience of electronic transport properties of a crystalline material to the presence of defects, has emerged as a critical factor in the success of hybrid lead halide perovskites as photovoltaic absorbers. A key aspect of defect tolerance is the shallow character of dominant intrinsic defects. However, while qualitative heuristics to identify other defect-tolerant materials have been proposed, in particular, the presence of a partially oxidized ns2 cation such as Pb, no compelling comprehensive understanding of how these shallow defects arise has yet emerged. Using modern defect theory and defect calculations, we conduct a detailed investigation of the mechanisms and identify specific features related to the chemical composition and crystal structure that give rise to defect tolerance. We find that an ns2 cation is necessary but not sufficient to guarantee shallow cation vacancies in an s–p system, and that a compound’s crystal structure can ensure shallow anion vacancies in a ...
An Ensemble Approach to Retrieving Water Quality Parameters from Multispectral Satellite Imagery

This research proposes an approach based on the ensemble of multiple empirical algorithms to better estimate chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration as the proxy for algal blooms in inland waters from Sentinel-2A (S2A) multispectral imagery. Recent studies on Chl-a retrieval from newly launched S2A satellite imagery mainly use a single/individual empirical algorithm. So far, no research effort has been made to synthesize the information From different empirical models for improving the estimation accuracy. Using S2A image data and coincident extensive in situ water truth data, we compared a number of empirical algorithms, among which 2BDA, 3BDA, and NDCI yield the lowest RMSE of 4.50, 4.57, and 4.71μ/L respectively. An optimally weighted combination ensemble method by pseudoinverse technique reduces the RMSE to 4.071μ/L. Our proposed spectral space partition guided ensemble method that exploits advantages of each individual algorithm can further reduce the RMSE to 3.57μ/L, 20.6% improvement over the best individual algorithm.