cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Qualitative Analysis of Fahrenheit 451° : Mapping the Linguistic Make-Up of Literary Texts

This paper presents a qualitative analysis of a literary text, Ray Bradbury’s (1953, 1964) Fahrenheit 451°, by considering the role of word systems in conveying its message. The word system is a matrix of words within a spoken or written text with a common denominator that may be semantic, phonological, etymological, conceptual, or associative. The analysis is based on a semiotic theoretical and methodological approach and focuses on the non-arbitrary choice of lexical/phonological/syntactic/semantic forms by the author as a means of achieving textual cohesion. Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451° is a lyrical anti-utopia portraying the massive attack of ‘consumer civilization’ standards on the traditional cultural values of society. The message is conveyed via an array of word systems: the phonological system based on the alliteration of [s] creating the impression of burning paper, the conceptual-associative field ‘dark-cold-empty’, the metaphoric-metonymic systems ‘hands and body parts’ and ‘show-carnival’, the use of internal dialogue and monologue, and such syntactic strategies as elliptical sentences, tag-questions, and more. The findings of this study obtained through a qualitative analysis show how the effect of Bradbury’s work is created by the author’s sophisticated use of multiple word systems at all levels of language structure.
Hotels Hurting Horrifically but Hopeful: A Case Study of the Indianapolis Hotel Industry

Purpose: The authors delve into the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the hotel industry in Indianapolis in comparison to its competition. The impact of the virus on the hotel industry was analyzed for Indianapolis and its major competitors (Chicago, Nashville, St. Louis, San Antonio and Kansas City) to learn about how severe the impact is and attain insight into how these destinations can rebound. Methods: This paper uses data from Smith Travel Research (STR), a service that produces daily hotel metrics often cited in mainstream media and academic journals. This secondary data source gathers data from participating hotels to obtain a sample of data on occupancy, average daily rate (ADR), and revenue per available room (RevPAR). The trends in the data are compared over time and between cities in the analysis. Results: The findings illustrate that the hotel industry in Indianapolis was able to replace some transient visitors with contracts and group bookings, suggesting that proactive and assertive policies have assisted in the management of the crisis. Implications: The findings from the analysis illustrate that leveraging innovative policies and looking at new markets may assist in the rebounding of convention tourism in Indianapolis and its competitors.
Synergistics of Fe3C and Fe on Mesoporous Fe-N-C Sulfur Host for Nearly Complete and Fast Lithium Polysulfide Conversion.

The practical deployment of advanced Li-S batteries is severely constrained by the uncontrollable lithium polysulfide conversion under realistic conditions. Although a plethora of advanced sulfur hosts and electrocatalysts have been examined, the fundamental mechanisms are still elusive and predictive design approaches have not yet been established. Here, we examined a series of well-defined Fe-N-C sulfur hosts with systematically varied and strongly coupled Fe3C and Fe electrocatalysts, prepared by one-step pyrolysis of a novel Fex[Fe(CN)6]y/polypyrrole composite at different temperatures. We revealed the key roles of Fe3C and metallic Fe on modulating polysulfide conversion, in that the polar Fe3C strongly adsorbs polysulfide whereas the Fe particles catalyze fast polysulfide conversion. We then highlight the superior performance of the rational host with strongly coupled Fe3C and Fe on mesoporous Fe-N-C host on promoting nearly complete polysulfide conversion, especially for the challenging short-chain Li2S4 conversion to Li2S. The electrodeposited Li2S on this host was extremely reactive and can be readily charged back to S with minimal activation overpotential. Overall, Li-S batteries equipped with the novel sulfur host delivered a high specific capacity of 1350 mAh g-1 at 0.1C with a capacity retention of 96% after 200 cycles. This work provides new insights on the functional mechanism of advanced sulfur hosts, which could eventually translate into new design principles for practical Li-S batteries.
Twin-boundary-mediated flexoelectricity in LaAlO 3

Flexoelectricity has garnered much attention owing to its ability to bring electromechanical functionality to nonpiezoelectric materials and its nanoscale significance. In order to move towards a more complete understanding of this phenomenon and improve the efficacy of flexoelectric-based devices, it is necessary to quantify microstructural contributions to flexoelectricity. Here we directly measure the flexoelectric response of bulk centrosymmetric ${\mathrm{LaAlO}}_{3}$ crystals with different twin-boundary microstructures. We show that twin-boundary flexoelectric contributions are comparable to intrinsic contributions at room temperature and enhance the flexoelectric response by $\ensuremath{\sim}4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ at elevated temperatures. Additionally, we observe time-dependent and nonlinear flexoelectric responses associated with strain-gradient-induced twin-boundary polarization. These results are explained by considering the interplay between twin-boundary orientation, beam-bending strain fields, and pinning site interactions, and directly demonstrate that macroscopic flexoelectric responses are very sensitive to structural defects.
Design of Hierarchical Architected Lattices for Enhanced Energy Absorption

Hierarchical lattices are structures composed of self-similar or dissimilar architected metamaterials that span multiple length scales. Hierarchical lattices have superior and tunable properties when compared to conventional lattices, and thus, open the door for a wide range of material property manipulation and optimization. Using finite element analysis, we investigate the energy absorption capabilities of 3D hierarchical lattices for various unit cells under low strain rates and loads. In this study, we use fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing to fabricate a dog bone specimen and extract the mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) 85A with a hundred percent infill printed along the direction of tensile loading. With the numerical results, we observed that the energy absorption performance of the octet lattice can be enhanced four to five times by introducing a hierarchy in the structure. Conventional energy absorption structures such as foams and lattices have demonstrated their effectiveness and strengths; this research aims at expanding the design domain of energy absorption structures by exploiting 3D hierarchical lattices. The result of introducing a hierarchy to a lattice on the energy absorption performance is investigated by varying the hierarchical order from a first-order octet to a second-order octet. In addition, the effect of relative density on the energy absorption is isolated by creating a comparison between a first-order octet lattice with an equivalent relative density as a second-order octet lattice. The compression behaviors for the second order octet, dodecahedron, and truncated octahedron are studied. The effect of changing the cross-sectional geometry of the lattice members with respect to the energy absorption performance is investigated. Changing the orientation of the second-order cells from 0 to 45 degrees has a considerable impact on the force–displacement curve, providing a 20% increase in energy absorption for the second-order octet. Analytical solutions of the effective elasticity modulus for the first- and second-order octet lattices are compared to validate the simulations. The findings of this paper and the provided understanding will aid future works in lattice design optimization for energy absorption.
Multilevel Secure Database on Security Enhanced Linux for System High Distributed Systems

There has been increasing interest for numerous organizations to access, integrate and process data securely while protecting individual privacy. The confidentiality as well as privacy of the organizations will be ensured if the concepts of multilevel secure system are applied. A multilevel secure (MLS) system is defined as a system with a mode of operation that allows two or more sensitivity levels of information to be processed simultaneously within the same system when not all users have a clearance or formal access approval for all data. In MLS there is no super-user since administrators also should be under the control of fine-grained MAC policy. Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux) operating system, promises to change the way Linux users practice computer security from a reactive posture based upon applying independent patches to close published vulnerabilities, to a proactive posture that seeks to prevent even unpublished vulnerabilities from compromising systems. In this paper, SELinux policy that enforces an active MLS on file system and DBMS- SELinux PostgreSQL is tested and demonstrated to develop a practical prototype of distributed heterogeneous multilevel secure database systems.
A CD8α− subpopulation of macaque circulatory natural killer cells can mediate both antibody‐dependent and antibody‐independent cytotoxic activities

Natural killer (NK) cells are important components of the innate immune system that mediate effector and regulatory functions. As effector cells, NK cells help control virus-infected cells through cell-mediated antibody-dependent mechanisms such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Although macaques are an important and reliable animal model for the study of retrovirus-induced human diseases, and despite the crucial role played by NK cells in innate and adaptive immune responses against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), only a few studies have attempted to characterize different macaque NK cell subpopulations. In the present study, we identified a subpopulation of circulatory CD8α(-) macaque NK cells that express NK lineage markers and exhibit cytotoxic potential. CD8α(-) NK cells were phenotypically characterized as CD3(-) CD14(-) CD20(-) CD8α(-) cells that express NK cell markers including CD16, CD56, granzyme B, perforin, NKG2D and KIR2D. Based on their CD56/CD16 expression patterns, cells within the CD8α(-) gate can be divided into four subpopulations: CD56(dim) CD16(bright) , CD56(dim) CD16(-) , CD56(bright) CD16(-) , and CD56(-) CD16(-) cells. In contrast, CD8α(+) NK cells are 95% CD56(dim) CD16(bright) , which correlates with their high cytotoxic potential. Upon interleukin-15 activation, CD8α(-) cells up-regulated CD69 expression and produced low levels of interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α. Sorted CD8α(-) NK cells were capable of killing MHC-I-devoid target cells and mediated ADCC responses against SIV gp120-coated target cells in the presence of macaque anti-gp120 antibodies. Taking into account CD8α(-) myeloid dendritic cells, we show that about 35% of macaque CD8α(-) cells represent a novel, functional population of circulatory NK cells that possesses cytotoxic potential and is capable of mediating anti-viral immune responses.
An adaptation of methacrylate embedding for routine histopathologic use.

A plastic tissue embedding technic which is rapid and simple enough for routine clinical and research usage has been described. Tissues were routinely processed at 2 µ and 4 µ in a hospital laboratory within 16 hours. The quality of the sections was superior to those obtained with paraffin so that cell types are clearly recognizable. Advantages of this process over paraffin embedding include ease of storage and superior preservation of cytological detail.
Direct observation of ultrafast dynamics of electron thermalization in gold using surface SHG

Summary form only given. We describe a pump-probe optical measurement that reveals the details of hot electron thermalization dynamics by monitoring the time evolution of both the fundamental (1.55 eV) and second harmonic generation (SHG, 3.1 eV) signals from a gold (Au) surface. The 110-fs laser pulse from an amplified Ti:sapphire laser system is split into an intense pump beam and a weak probe beam with crossed polarization (p-polarization for probe). Both fundamental and surface SHG signals are generated by the probe beam and monitored simultaneously.
Effect of Bacteria and Amoebae on Rhizosphere Phosphatase Activity

The contributions of various components of soil microflora and microfauna to rhizosphere phosphatase activity were determined with hydroponic cultures. Three treatments were employed: (i) plants alone (Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. ex Steud.) (ii) plants plus bacteria (Pseudomonas sp.), and (iii) plants plus bacteria plus amoebae (Acanthamoeba sp.). No alkaline phosphatase was detected, but an appreciable amount of acid phosphatase activity (120 to 500 nmol of p-nitrophenylphosphate hydrolyzed per h per plant) was found in the root culture solutions. The presence of bacteria or bacteria and amoebae increased the amount of acid phosphatase in solution, and properties of additional activity were identical to properties of plant acid phosphatase. The presence of bacteria or bacteria and amoebae increased both solution and root phosphatase activities at most initial phosphate concentrations.
The liver fatty acid binding protein--comparison of cavity properties of intracellular lipid-binding proteins.

The crystal and solution structures of all of the intracellular lipid binding proteins (iLBPs) reveal a common β-barrel framework with only small local perturbations. All existing evidence points to the binding cavity and a poorly delimited ‘portal’ region as defining the function of each family member. The importance of local structure within the cavity appears to be its influence on binding affinity and specificity for the lipid. The portal region appears to be involved in the regulation of ligand exchange. Within the iLBP family, liver fatty acid binding protein or LFABP, has the unique property of binding two fatty acids within its internalized binding cavity rather than the commonly observed stoichiometry of one. Furthermore, LFABP will bind hydrophobic molecules larger than the ligands which will associate with other iLBPs. The crystal structure of LFABP contains two bound oleate molecules and provides the explanation for its unusual stoichiometry. One of the bound fatty acids is completely internalized and has its carboxylate interacting with an arginine and two serines. The second oleate represents an entirely new binding mode with the carboxylate on the surface of LFABP. The two oleates also interact with each other. Because of this interaction and its inner location, it appears the first oleate must be present before the second more external molecule is bound.
Guidelines: An Exploration and Discussion

The goal of this article was to explore the structure and evaluation of guidelines and to discuss those features applicable to the librarian serving clinicians, thereby meeting the suggestions for guidelines that the Institute of Medicine (IOM) initially suggested in 1990. A literature search of major biomedical databases was undertaken. In addition, organizations and textbooks were consulted. The search discovered components of guidelines in general, evaluation tools for those components, and a few evaluation tools for the guidelines themselves. A further exploration revealed attributes of guideline formation and development that serve to clarify both their value and limitations. It was determined that GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) most nearly meets the IOM’s recommendations. Its widespread acceptance, incorporation of patient values and/or preferences, and its inclusion of studies other than randomized controlled trials make it uniquely suitable to clinical p...
The Meanings of Macho: Being a Man in Mexico City

The Meanings of Macho: Being. Man in Mexico City. Matthew C. Gutmann. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. 330 pp.
Extreme Weather Events and Rural-Urban Migration

In numerous regions around the globe, climate change can be expected to change the pattern of severe weather events. The nature of future changes in these patterns can be difficult to predict, but it is instructive to consider some of the potential consequences of extreme weather on household migration decisions based on past events. We examine county-to-county migration decisions in the U.S., treating various types of extreme weather events as random exogenous shocks to the affected communities and their economies. We are particularly interested in whether rural-to-urban migration flows are altered systematically in the wake of extreme weather events. We explore a variety of specifications for a panel of roughly half a million significant annual U.S. county-to-county flows. Our models demonstrate that the effects of a number of different types of extreme weather events (i.e. flooding, heat waves, and wildfires) in the origin county on county-to-county migration flows is statistically significantly greater when the destination county is relatively more urbanized. The effect of the number of fatalities from flooding and heat waves in the origin county on migration flows is also amplified when the destination county is more urbanized. Thus it appears that even in a developed country like the U.S., extreme weather events continue to exacerbate rural-to-urban migration flows. JEL Classifications: Q54, R11, R23, O15,
A diagnostic for the applicability of the CIS and CIS(D) excitation energy methods

Abstract A ‘theta diagnostic’ is introduced that measures the reliability of the single excitation configuration interaction (CIS) approach to excitation energies, and a second order perturbation correction, CIS(D). This diagnostic characterizes the extent of mixing between CIS excited states due to electron correlation effects through second order in a Moller-Plesset expansion. Its evaluation requires negligible additional computation in a CIS(D) calculation. Calculations on ethylene, formaldehyde, nitric acid, chlorine nitrate, styrene and benzaldehyde are presented to show its utility. Small diagnostic values indicate the CIS states are stable to near-degeneracy effects.
Use of Surveillance Data to Assess the Impact of Vaccination on Circulating Rotavirus Strains

Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Atlanta, GeorgiaCorresponding Author: Eyal Leshem, MD, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 5 Atlanta, Georgia. E-mail: wgp9@cdc.govReceived September 16, 2014; accepted November 3, 2014.
Static and Dynamic Assignment Models with Multiple Objectives, and Some Remarks on Organization Design

The assignment model of linear programming is here extended to allow for vector optimizations and dynamic interactions between assigned personnel and positions in each of which a variety of possible measures and approaches are explored. Formulations involving people-to-people as well as people-to-position matchings are also examined from the standpoint of organizations in which jobs may be fitted to people or vice versa as well as in weighted combinations. Possible uses of such models for dealing with the problems of placing disadvantsged or handicapped persons are noted, but the analysis stops short of the still further possibilities offered by new types of machine-technology and information systems designs.
1521 HYPERSPLENISM(HS) IN RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS(TR): THERAPY WITH PARTIAL SPLENIC EMBOLIZATION(PSE)

Top of pageAbstract HS complicates management of TR and limits immunosuppression, jeopardizing graft function. Splenectomy affords variable benefit but imposes risks of major surgery and potential infectious complications in immunosuppressed subjects. 3 TR and 1 patient awaiting transplantation developed severe leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly, not corrected by discontinuing possible offending drugs. 65-95% splenic infarction with Gelfoam particles were performed. In the TR improved hematologic parameters allowed increased immunosuppression and stable, or improved, graft function. Complications (fever, pain, ileus, hematoma) were not serious. PSE offers significant advantages to these patients, avoids major surgery, and has proven effective in treatment of HS.
Release of 2011 Part C Regulations for Early Intervention Programs

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) outlines how states and public agencies must provide early intervention, special education, and related services to approximately 6.5 million ...
Photoelectrochemical spectroscopy studies of titanium dioxide surfaces: theory and experiment

Abstract We describe experimental and theoretical studies of titanium dioxide. Photoelectrochemical data are presented for surfaces of known structure. The oxides were grown anodically on titanium metal. We report calculations of the electronic densities of states and optical conductivities of rutile TiO 2 in finite-size samples disordered by the addition of oxygen vacancies for comparison with experiments. We conclude that in less disordered surfaces the electronic structure exhibited by the photospectra is very close to that of bulk rutile TiO 2 . In contrast, very thin oxides showed evidence of an electronic structure dominated by localized states near the band edge. More disordered oxides gave photospectra in which transitions associated with direct band gap transitions in bulk TiO 2 seem to have been suppressed. Taking the structural information on the oxides into account, we argue that this suppression is probably a matrix element effect.
Structural equation modeling and its application to network analysis in functional brain imaging

The analysis of brain imaging data has recently focused on the examination of the covariances of activity among neural regions during different behaviors. We present some of the theoretical and technical issues surrounding one of these covariance-based methods: structural equation modeling. In structural equation modeling, connections between brain areas are based on known neuroanatomy, and the interregional covariances of activity are used to calculate path coefficients representing the magnitude of the influence of each directional path. The logic behind the use of structural equation modeling stems from the suggestion that brain function is the result of changes in the covariances of activity among neural elements. The technical foundations for neural structural equation models are presented, emphasizing the ability to make inferential comparisons to evaluate the experimental changes in path coefficients. Simulated data sets were used to test the effects of omitted regions and omitted connections. The results suggested that structural modeling algorithms can give hints as to possible external influences and missing paths, but that the final decision as to model modifications requires the guidance of the researcher. The utility of anatomically based models to distinguish between the direct effect of one region on another, and indirect effects of darkness or patterned light on the metabolic activity in the rat visual system. The anatomical framework for the structural equation models revealed that the total impact of ascending thalamocortical influences was modified by corticocortical interactions. Extensions of structural equation modeling to human brain imaging experiments are presented. We conclude by suggesting that neural covariances may be a more accurate way to examine the dynamic functional organization of the central nervous system. ©1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Code analysis of saftey-critical and real-time software using ASIS

The Ravenscar Profile is a restricted tasking profile that supports applications requiring separate threads of control yet would satisfy the certification requirements of high-integrity (safety-critical) real-time systems. If the Ravenscar Profile were to be used for systems having safety-critical and real-time requirements, it would be valuable to demonstrate that the application satisfies the restrictions. Code analysis is an important technique to support this demonstration. Ada Semantic Interface Specification (ASIS) based tools provide an excellent capability for the automatic identification of violations to that set of the Ravenscar Profile restrictions, which can be determined through static code analysis. All but one of these restrictions can be identified using static code analysis using ASIS. This paper provides an approach to building such an ASIS-based tool. This tool might promote the use of automatic tools for the analysis of the Ravenscar Profile and other tasking profiles to support safety-critical and real-time requirements. This paper should be viewed as work in progress.
The Effect of Self-Initiated and Other-Initiated Actions on Linguistic Performance.

Two studies were conducted to determine the effect locus of action had on children's conjunction use and clause ordering. Subjects in the first study were 45 normal children between the ages 3:0 an...
Semi-analytic methods for analysis of laminated piezoelectric cylinders

A semi-analytic method is presented for analyzing the behavior of layered, circular piezoelectric cylinders under axisymmetric mechanical and electric loads. Discretization occurs in the radial direction so that any number of layers with distinct material properties and thickness can be accommodated. Axial and circumferential behaviors are obtained analytically. Mechanical loads include axial force, torque, longitudinal and circumferential surface shears, and arbitrary pressure distributions. Electric loads include voltage and charge distributions along the axis of the cylinder that may be applied on any layer’s surface. In the present approach, all loads are represented by power series in the axial coordinate. There are several advantages provided by the semi-analytic method. First, as part of the solution is analytic, it is more accurate than any fully discrete (e.g., finite element) method. It is also computationally more efficient than discrete methods as the dimension of the problem is reduced, essentially, by one order. Second, the method is more accurate than technical (beam, plate, shell) theories as the deformation of the cross-section is not constrained by any simplifying kinematic hypothesis. Third, it provides solutions for complex geometry and material distributions for which there are no analytic solutions. The method may be extended to general, nonhomogeneous cross-sectional geometries. Veracity of our implementation is demonstrated by comparing the results for various problems with those obtained via three-dimensional finite element methods. We also provide the analysis of a bimodal actuator to demonstrate the utility of the present technique for evaluating designs of smart structures with layered, axisymmetric geometries.
Success and Failure in Institutional Development A Network Approach

This article employs a network approach to analyze two competing perspectives on success and failure patterns in organizational development: Michels's oligarchy thesis, which predicts that successful organizations are characterized by an elite that dominates marginal members, and Olson's free rider thesis, which posits that success depends on the extent to which marginal participants can benefit from public goods provided by a small group of highly active members. Using blockmodel analysis, we explore both perspectives in the context of interorganizational networks among private development organizations in Africa and examine underlying motivations of participation. In an effort to understand contextual effects, we add qualitative observations of both networks. Although overall our results support Michels's oligarchy thesis, we find that contextual factors and path dependencies can override interorganizational dynamics that would otherwise lead to either success or failure. Thus our results support key aspects of neoinstitutionalism in organizational studies.
Evaluating the Possibility of a Water Trading Scenario Coupled With Water Use Restriction in the Texas Southern High Plains

Producers in the Texas Southern High Plains face the depletion of the Ogallala aquifer as groundwater withdrawals for irrigation have far exceeded recharge. Policy makers and stakeholders have been analysing various options in order to maintain adequate groundwater stock in the aquifer for future use. This study evaluated the possibility of implementing a water trading scenario coupled with water use restriction in the Texas Southern High Plains. The objective of this study was to examine the water use behaviour of agricultural producers and estimate the limits for the permit price and penalty for violation (when water use exceeds the restriction limit) for a water trading scenario in conjunction with water use restriction. This was accomplished using a non-linear dynamic optimization model for a planning horizon of 50 years. The results suggested that the decision of producers to engage in water trading introduced under a restricted management plan will be impacted by initial water levels in the aquifer, as well as the viability of pumping water when moving further into the planning horizon. The highest change in consumer surplus, price of permit, as well as the penalty of violation was observed in the periods where water becomes limiting and the overall supply of available water declines. It is evident that while management policies such as restricting water use and permitting water trading will have a definitive impact on the regional agricultural economy, they could still serve as useful tools to promote long term conservation of groundwater resources in the region.
Sympathetic and vascular consequences from remifentanil in humans.

We explored the possible mechanisms of hypotension during the administration of sedation-analgesia doses of remifentanil in young (ASA physical status I) volunteers (n = 24). Cardiorespiratory and sympathetic variables were collected at baseline and at plasma concentrations of remifentanil (2 and 4
Simplified inverse Fourier transform technique to measure optical nonlinearity profiles using reference sample

A new Maker-fringe technique based on the use of a known reference sample to measure the second-order nonlinearity profile of thin films is described and demonstrated experimentally. Advantages over previous techniques include greater accuracy, simpler measurement, and much simpler and faster data processing.
The synthesis and characterization of hydrotris(1-pyrazolyl)borate complexes of technetium(III) and rhenium (V) and (III)

Abstract The new Re(V) oxo species, ReOCl 2 HB(pyz) 3 (where HB(pyz) −1 = hydrotris(1-pyrazolyl)borate) has been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, optical, IR, and 1 H NMR spectroscopy and conductivity measurements. The reactions of this complex and its Tc(V) analog with triphenylphosphine and the synthesis and characterization of the new Re(III) and Tc(III) complexes. MCl 2 LHb(pyz) 3 (M = Re, L = Ph 3 P; M = Tc, L = Ph 3 P, Ph 3 PO, and Py), are described.
Combination therapy with dutasteride and tamsulosin for the treatment of symptomatic enlarged prostate

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a frequent cause of lower urinary symptoms, with a prevalence of 50% by the sixth decade of life. Hyperplasia of stromal and epithelial prostatic elements that surround the urethra cause lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), urinary tract infection and acute urinary retention. Medical treatments of symptomatic BPH include; 1) the 5α-reductase inhibitors, 2) the α1-adrenergic antagonists, and 3) the combination of a 5α-reductase inhibitor and a α1-adrenergic antagonist. Selective α1-adrenergic antagonists relax the smooth muscle of the prostate and bladder neck without affecting the detrussor muscle of the bladder wall, thus decreasing the resistance to urine flow without compromising bladder contractility. Clinical trials have shown that α1-adrenergic antagonists decrease LUTS and increase urinary flow rates in men with symptomatic BPH, but do not reduce the long-term risk of urinary retention or need for surgical intervention. Inhibitors of 5α-reductase decrease production of dihydrotestosterone within the prostate resulting in decreased prostate volumes, increased peak urinary flow rates, improvement of symptoms, and decreased risk of acute urinary retention and need for surgical intervention. Interim results of the ongoing Combination of Avodart and Tamsulosin (CombAt) study have shown combination therapy with the 5α-reductase inhibitor dutasteride and the α1-adrenergic antagonist tamsulosin offer significant improvements from baseline compared with either drug alone.
Structure and mechanism of action and inhibition of steroid dehydrogenase enzymes involved in hypertension.

Members of the NADPH-dependent short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family control blood pressure, fertility, and natural and neoplastic growth. Despite the fact that only one amino acid residue is strictly conserved in the 100 known members of the family, all appear to have a dinucleotide-binding Rossmann fold and homologous catalytic residues including the conserved tyrosine. Variation in the binding pocket creates specificity for steroids, prostaglandins, sugars and alcohols. The critically important tyrosine appears to maintain a fixed position relative to the scaffolding of the Rossmann fold and the cofactor position, while the substrate-binding pocket alters in such a way that the dehydrogenation/reduction reaction site is brought into bonding distance of the tyrosine hydroxyl group. Licorice induces high blood pressure by inhibiting an SDR in the kidney. The crystal structure of the complex of 3α, 20s-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and carbenoxolone reveals the mechanism of enzyme inhibition by ...
Putative ancestral origins of chromosomal segments in individual African Americans: Implications for admixture mapping

Theoretically, markers that distinguish European from West African ancestry can be used to examine the origin of chromosomal segments in individual African Americans. In this study, putative ancestral origin was examined by using haplotypes estimated from genotyping 268 African Americans for 29 ancestry informative markers spaced over a 60-cM segment of chromosome 5. Analyses using a Bayesian algorithm (STRUCTURE) provided evidence that blocks of individual chromosomes derive from one or the other parental population. In addition, modeling studies were performed by using hidden real marker data to simulate patient and control populations under different genotypic risk ratios. Ancestry analysis showed significant results for a genotypic risk ratio of 2.5 in the African American population for modeled susceptibility genes derived from either putative parental population. These studies suggest that admixture mapping in the African American population can provide a powerful approach to defining genetic factors for some disease phenotypes.
Chaotic advection in a Rayleigh-Bénard flow

We consider the problem of transport of a passive tracer in the time-dependent flow corresponding to a Rayleigh number scrR slightly above the scrRt at the onset of the even oscillatory instability for Rayleigh-Benard convection rolls. By modeling the flow with a stream function, we show how to construct and identify invariant structures in the flow that act as a ‘‘template’’ for the motion of fluid particles, in the absence of molecular diffusivity. This approach and symmetry considerations allow us to write explicit formulas that describe the tracer transport for finite times. In the limit of small amplitude of the oscillation, i.e., when (scrR-scrRt)1/2 is small, we show that the amount of fluid transported across a roll boundary grows linearly with the amplitude, in agreement with the experimental and numerical findings of Solomon and Gollub [Phys. Rev. A 38, 6280 (1988)]. The presence of molecular diffusivity introduces a (long) time scale into the problem. We discuss the applicability of the theory in this situation, by introducing a simple rule for determining when the effects of diffusivity are negligible, and perform numerical simulations of the flow in this case to provide an example.
The maturation of 5-hydroxytryptophan decar☐ylase in regions of the mouse brain

Summary 5-Hydroxytryptophan decar☐ylase (5-HTPD) activity has been measured in 4 subdivisions of the mouse brain during various stages of postnatal maturation. Each region demonstrated a different pattern of maturation. During the first few days post-partum increases in enzyme activity are slower than increases in tissue weight for all regions studied. However, by the end of the first week all regions are undergoing rapid increases in enzyme activity. Maturation of the enzyme proceeds in a caudal rostral direction, with cerebellum and medulla-pons reaching adult-like status by 2 weeks, mesencephalon-diencephalon by 4 weeks and cerebral hemispheres sometime after 6 weeks. Comparisons of these enzyme data to previously reported data for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) maturation, measured upon a similar basis, indicate that the enzyme (5-HTPD) and its product (5-HT) mature differently in all regions.
Retinal responses to white-noise modulated current stimuli

Electric current was injected into a rabbit's eye with white-noise modulations of the current amplitude. A variable D.C. bias was added to the whitenoise stimulus to study the effects of stimulus bias. For each bias level, the ERG response to the electrical stimulus was cross-correlated with the random stimulus to estimate first-and second-order Wiener kernels. The kernels indicated both linear and nonlinear characteristics of the Electrical ERG. The results for the zero biased stimulus are particularly relevant for clinical testing because the root mean square (RMS) level of the stimulus was less than 0.2 mA.
Rapamycin prolongs survival and arrests pathophysiologic changes in murine systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective. To evaluate the effects of oral rapamycin (RAPA), a macrolide immunosuppressant that has been shown to interfere with T cell activation events, on the course of spontaneous disease progression in the MRL/MpJ/lpr/lpr (MRL/I) mouse model of lupus. Methods. RAPA treatment (6, 12, or 25 mg/kg 3 times per week) was evaluated by monitoring survival rates, autoantibody levels, and urinary albumin levels. Additionally, concanavalin A responsiveness, interleukin-2 (IL-2) production, lymphoid organ size, and histopathology were evaluated ex vivo. Results. RAPA prevented the typical rise in anti–double-stranded DNA antibody and urinary albumin levels and prolonged survival. Spleen and lymph node sizes were significantly decreased, inflammatory changes in the lung, liver, kidney, spleen, lymph node, and thymus were significantly reduced, and T cell mitogen–stimulated splenocyte proliferation and IL-2 production were restored. Conclusion. Data from 3 independent experiments demonstrated that RAPA significantly reduced or prevented many pathologic features of lupus normally seen in the MRL/1 mouse, and suggest that RAPA may be useful as a therapeutic agent in SLE in humans.
Social copresence in anonymous social interactions using a mobile video telephone

In this paper, we describe research exploring the effect of behavioral and visual realism of avatars on users' social copresence in emotionally engaged conversations conducted via a simulated mobile video telephone. We offer an elaborated definition of Social Copresence to better measure users' engagement with conversational partners in social interactions that do not involve specific tasks or concrete outcomes. We investigate ways to secure mobile telephone users' anonymity while preserving their most important nonverbal affective behaviors. Experimental results with 180 participants using different combinations of static and dynamic, high and low iconic (both video and graphically animated) avatars show increased Social Copresence with dynamic high-iconic (similar to the human communicator) avatars incorporating correct facial expressions, even when these are presented on the small screen of mobile telephones in such a way that individual identities are masked. The results point to an economical combination of behavioral and iconic realism of avatars that produces maximum emotional engagement in anonymous social interactions using mobile video telephones.
An intermediate matching technique for solving two point boundary value problems using the perturbation method

The perturbation method, a numerical method for solving two point boundary value problems (TPBVP), is modified to attempt to improve inherent instability and sensitivity problems associated with the method. The desired solution to the TPBVP is divided into two time intervals. The differential equations required to define a solution to the two point boundary value problem are integrated independently over these shorter segments rather than consecutively over the entire trajectory. The independent integration of the differential equations over approximately half of the trajectory instead of the entire trajectory substantially decreases sensitivity and stability properties associated with the numerical integration. The equations for both time segments can be integrated simultaneously. By this procedure, a system of twice the dimension of the original problem is integrated for a period of time equal to half of the time interval for the original problem. To show the effectiveness of the method, two impulse trajectories which minimize the total velocity increment required to transfer a spacecraft from an Earth orbit into a lunar orbit are calculated.
Characterization of an Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Silaffin Kinase from the Diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana

The formation of SiO2-based cell walls by diatoms (a large group of unicellular microalgae) is a well established model system for the study of molecular mechanisms of biological mineral morphogenesis (biomineralization). Diatom biomineralization involves highly phosphorylated proteins (silaffins and silacidins), analogous to other biomineralization systems, which also depend on diverse sets of phosphoproteins (e.g. mammalian teeth and bone, mollusk shells, and sponge silica). The phosphate moieties on biomineralization proteins play an essential role in mineral formation, yet the kinases catalyzing the phosphorylation of these proteins have remained poorly characterized. Recent functional genomics studies on the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana have revealed >100 proteins potentially involved in diatom silica formation. Here we have characterized the biochemical properties and biological function of one of these proteins, tpSTK1. Multiple tpSTK1-like proteins are encoded in diatom genomes, all of which exhibit low but significant sequence similarity to kinases from other organisms. We show that tpSTK1 has serine/threonine kinase activity capable of phosphorylating silaffins but not silacidins. Cell biological and biochemical analysis demonstrated that tpSTK1 is an abundant component of the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. The present study provides the first molecular structure of a kinase that appears to catalyze phosphorylation of biomineral forming proteins in vivo.
Suppression of H-2b-associated resistance to Friend erythroleukemia virus by a class I gene from the H-2d major histocompatibility complex haplotype.

Abstract Mice homozygous for the H-2d haplotype at the major histocompatibility complex are markedly more susceptible to erythroleukemia induction by the Friend isolate of murine leukemia retrovirus (FV) than are congenic mice homozygous for the H-2b haplotype. The resistance conferred by the H-2b haplotype is recessive in this cross, since heterozygous F1 mice are as susceptible as parental strain H-2d homozygotes. However, H-2b-associated resistance is not an intrinsically recessive trait, since H-2b/H-2dm1 heterozygotes resemble H-2b homozygotes in their relative resistance to FV; the mutant H-2dm1 haplotype lacks the entire D region of the parental haplotype except for a single class I gene formed by the fusion of its terminal D-region genes to produce a class I gene differing from both parental genes, and thus this finding indicates that one or more D-region genes of the H-2d haplotype can actively suppress H-2b-associated resistance. Unlike H-2dm1, the mutant H-2dm2 haplotype, which retains only the class IDd gene in the D region of the H-2d haplotype, strongly suppresses resistance in H-2b/H-2dm2 heterozygotes, and the presence of Dd as a transgene significantly reduces the resistance of H-2b homozygotes. Since H-2b-associated resistance to FV appears to be due mainly to the capacity of Lb (also called Db), the only class I molecule encoded in the D region of the H-2b haplotype, to present viral epitopes for recognition by FV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, suppression of resistance to FV by the Dd molecule implies that the presence of one class I molecule of the major histocompatibility complex can interfere with either the presentation of viral epitopes by another class I molecule or the generation of T cells that recognize viral epitopes so presented.
Performance of Holstein and Crossbred Dairy Cattle in Louisiana. 1. First Lactation Production

Abstract This study involved 64 Holstein-sired crossbreds, 64 Brown Swiss-sired cross-breds, and 20 daughters of crossbred sires. These were compared to contemporary Holsteins. The females were sired by 24 Holstein and 18 Brown Swiss bulls selected from AI studs, and four crossbred sires produced in the herd. The mean deviations of crossbreds from the age-adjusted five-month rolling herd average of contemporary Holsteins were: -86, -498, and -1,173kg of milk for Holstein-sired crosses, Brown Swiss-sired crosses, and daughters of crossbred sires, respectively. The purebred-sired crosses were significantly superior (P