cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards low cost, deep water AUV optical mapping

The high cost associated with autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) capable of operating beyond the mesopelagic ocean zone has prevented the extensive study of the deep ocean. Consequently, little is known about these regions deeper than 1000 m. However, science drivers like climate change, commercial applications like deep sea fisheries and underwater mining are pushing the need to know more about such areas. In this paper we present the development and design of an open source, low cost, autonomous underwater vehicle for optical mapping of the deep sea. With a length of under 1 m and a weight of approximately 20 kg it can operate in depths of up to 6000 m. The AUV has been designed making use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) parts and it is intended to be easily assembled without the need of complex tools. The vehicle has a total materials cost of under $$30; 000$ and we are distributing open source design files. We believe such a platform has the ability to increase deep ocean access to a broader community of researchers and engineers by lessing cost constraints.
Whither Non-Alignment? Indian Ocean Zone of Peace and New Delhi’s Selective Alignment with Great Powers during the Cold War, 1964–1979

First proposed in 1964 by the Sri Lankan prime minister, the Indian Ocean Zone of Peace [IOZP] entailed eradication of foreign military bases from the Indian Ocean region as well its denuclearisati...
Early evidence for chickens at Iron Age Kirikongo (c. AD 100―1450), Burkina Faso

An excavated sequence from Burkina Faso shows that the Asian jungle fowl Gallus gallus, also known as the chicken, had made its way into West Africa by the mid first millennium AD. Using high precision recovery from a well-stratified site, the author shows how the increasing use of chickens could be chronicled and distinguished from indigenous fowl by both bones and eggshell. Their arrival was highly significant, bringing much more than an additional source of food: it put a sacrificial creature, essential for numerous social and economic transactions, in reach of everyone.
Pilot Test of an Online ASA24 Training With EFNEP Educators

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acceptability and usability of an online training to prepare Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) educators to collect 24-hr dietary r...
Can multidisciplinary team meetings reduce burnout

Burnout is an epidemic affecting between a third and two-thirds of health care providers in the US. The prevalence and impact of burnout in the health care workforce is increasing, and most interventions thus far have shown limited efficacy. In an ongoing mixed-methods study of establishing a specialty medical home, providers reported gaining interprofessional learning and collegiate support through a patient-centered weekly team meeting that they believed was protective of burnout. Further research is needed into whether medical home models can improve not only patient, but also provider wellbeing.
Cities Through the Ages: One Thing or Many?

The variability among cities, from the ancient world to the present, can be organized usefully in two ways. First, a focus on the dominant urban activities and processes leads to the recognition of two basic urban types: economic cities and political cities. Most cities today are economic cities in which growth proceeds through agglomeration processes. By contrast, most cities in the ancient world (and some today) are political cities, in which power and administration play a major role in structuring cities and generating change. Second, an alternative focus on processes of social interaction within the urban built environment leads to the recognition that there is only one kind of settlement that includes all cities—economic and political; past and present. Cities in this sense are settings for “energized crowding.” Processes of interaction generate both economic and political growth, and they produce and influence the built forms and social characteristics of all cities. Our model helps scholars distinguish the unique from the universal traits of cities today and in the past.
Adsorptive Nature of Surface Barriers in MFI Nanocrystals

Zeolite nanocrystals with characteristic diffusion lengths of nanometers are widely used in molecular applications to overcome diffusion limitations. However, with a large fraction of external surf...
Poisoning exposure cases involving e-cigarettes and e-liquid in the United States, 2010-2018.

Introduction: Poisoning exposure cases involving e-cigarettes have increased since 2010, coinciding with increasing rates of e-cigarette use in the United States (US). Given the increasing prevalen...
Covalent organic framework-supported platinum nanoparticles as efficient electrocatalysts for water reduction

The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is one of the most effective and sustainable ways to produce hydrogen gas as an alternative clean fuel. The rate of this electrocatalytic reaction is highly dependent on the properties (dispersity and stability) of electrocatalysts. Herein, we developed well-dispersed and highly stable platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) supported on a covalent organic framework (COF-bpyTPP), which exhibit excellent catalytic activities toward HER as well as the hydride reduction reaction. The nanoparticles have an average size of 2.95 nm and show superior catalytic performance compared to the commercially available Pt/C under the same alkaline conditions, producing 13 times more hydrogen with a far more positive onset potential (−0.13 V vs. −0.63 V) and ca. 100% faradaic efficiency. The reaction rate of the hydride reduction of 4-nitrophenol was also 10 times faster in the case of PtNPs@COF compared to the commercial Pt/C under the same loading and conditions. More importantly, the PtNPs@COF are highly stable under the aqueous reactions conditions and can be reused without showing noticeable aggregation and activity degradation.
Health tourism in a developed country with a dominant tourism market: the case of the United States’ travellers to Canada

Health tourism is a booming billion-dollar business, which has attracted the attention of academia and industry. Most of the research conducted on health tourism has been conceptual or has mainly f...
The Role of Social Media in U.S. County Governments: The Strategic Value of Operational Aimlessness

This study investigates the influence of citizens' socio-economic characteristics on the presence of social media in county-level government. E-government is ostensibly citizen-driven and therefore variation in an area's demographics would likely impact a government's utilization of emerging technology, such as social media. Despite its transformative potential and widespread adoption, e-government development beyond basic stages has been sluggish. Social media is transforming the nature of interaction among individuals and organizations and has the potential to overcome some of the restrictive challenges of e-government. Understanding if, how, and to what end governments are harnessing social media will help make e-government a citizen-driven, democratic, transparent, and trustworthy platform. County governments are challenged by their size, resource scarcity, heterogeneous service area (urban and rural), and varying population density; thereby preventing them from gaining a critical mass of online users. By exploring social media's role in e-government as related to citizen demographic factors, this study reveals an important paradoxical role of social media in government: operational ineffectiveness as a necessary precursor for exception events. Additional results reveal the presence of digital divide - counties with higher median household income and educational qualification tend to have social media presence in their e-government sites, which is also not related to population growth of the counties.
Efficacy of corrosion control and pipe replacement in reducing citywide lead exposure during the Flint, MI water system recovery

Flint biosolids monitoring data demonstrate a sustained decline in total lead release to potable water from plumbing since the 2014–2015 Flint Water Crisis (FWC), due to enhanced corrosion control treatment (3 mg L−1 orthophosphate as PO4) and removing of ∼80% of lead and galvanized iron service lines through early 2020. The official 90th percentile water lead levels, which have now met the federal Lead and Copper Rule threshold of 15 μg L−1 for the last four years, are in agreement with those predicted by a previously established biosolids regression model. There is also no longer a correlation between the percentage of children under 6 years of age with blood lead ≥ 5 μg dL−1 and biosolids lead mass in the 44 months post-FWC (Nov 2015–Jun 2019), nor are there continued correlations between plumbing-related metals in the biosolids, with the exception of Cu:Zn found in brass alloys that remain installed in homes. After Flint achieves 100% replacement of lead and galvanized service line pipes, a biosolids data analysis predicts that the remaining sources of waterborne lead including leaded brass, lead solder and legacy lead in pipe scale, will still release about 16–28% of the pre-FWC lead mass to potable water. The efficacy of enhanced corrosion control and replacement of service lines that contain lead is, therefore, on the order of 72–84% effective at reducing citywide lead exposure, yet some significant water lead sources will still remain even after pipe replacement is complete.
Changes in Cerebral Volume and White Matter Integrity in Adults on Hemodialysis and Relationship to Cognitive Function.

Introduction: Patients on hemodialysis (HD) have a significant burden of cognitive impairment. Characterizing the cerebral structural changes in HD patients compared to healthy controls and evaluating the relationship of cerebral structural integrity with cognitive performance in HD patients can help clarify the pathophysiology of the cognitive impairment in HD patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, in-center HD patients ≥50 years of age underwent brain structural and diffusion MRIs and cognitive assessment using the NIH Toolbox cognition battery. The cerebral imaging measures of the HD participants were compared to imaging from age-matched controls. Gray matter volume, white matter volume, and white matter integrity determined by diffusion tensor imaging parameters (including fractional anisotropy [FA]) were measured in both cohorts to determine differences in the cerebral structure between HD participants and healthy controls. The association between cognitive performance on the NIH Toolbox cognition battery and cerebral structural integrity was evaluated using multiple linear regression models. Results: We compared imaging measures form 23 HD participants and 15 age-matched controls. The HD participants had decreased gray matter volumes (526.8 vs. 589.5 cm3, p < 0.01) and worsened white matter integrity overall (FA values of 0.2864 vs. 0.3441, p < 0.01) within major white matter tracts compared to healthy controls. Decreases in white matter integrity in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus was associated with lower executive function scores ( r 2 = 0.24, p = 0.02) and inferior longitudinal fasciculus with lower memory scores ( r = 0.25 and p = 0.03 for left and r 2 = 0.21 and p = 0.03 for right). Conclusions: HD patients have a pattern of decreased white matter integrity and gray matter atrophy compared to controls. Decreases in white matter integrity were associated with decreased cognitive performance in the HD population.
Forcing Oscillation by Temperature Variation with High Flow Nasal Cannula

Background/Purpose: We have previously demonstrated the use of high-speed, high flow nasal cannula in the generation of a milieu that supports the potential production of high-frequency ventilation. The use of high-frequency ventilation in Pediatric and Neonatal applications supplied by way of non-invasive devices has gained in popularity. These devices vary and may transmit high-frequency ventilation more or less well depending on the ability of the high-frequency waveform to pass successfully through the interface. Specific devices may have an effect of retarding or extinguishing the bulk waveform. Turbulent flow has both …
Tissue oxygenation measurements in diabetic foot ulcers using a smartphone based near infrared imaging device

Major challenges in diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) treatment include compliance and routine clinical visits to facilitate healing. Virtual Medicine (VM) can greatly impact DFU wound care management with tools for remote patient monitoring (RPM). Herein, a novel low-cost smartphone-based imaging device was developed to provide physiological (in terms of tissue oxygenation) and visual measurements of DFUs. Quantitative changes in tissue oxygenation between the wound and peri-wound in DFUs are obtained using SPOT device in an IRB approved pilot study. On a long-term, SPOT has potential to offer a low-cost alternative for VM and RPM in DFU wound care management.
Multilevel governance and the external strategies of subnational governments in Latin America

This article examines the external dimensions of domestic conflicts over subnational prerogatives in Latin America – a place where subnational governments cannot leverage their presence in powerful...
Random forest regression for predicting an anomalous condition on a UR10 cobot end-effector from purposeful failure data

Abstract Unexpected downtime from equipment failure has increased due to a production line’s mechanization to meet production throughput requirements. Manufacturing equipment requires accurate prediction models for determining future failure probability in maintenance scheduling. This paper explores using generated failure data under contrived failure scenarios in training a model for a robot with different combinations of data features. Failure data are generated by inducing an anomalous state in the robot arm. The anomalous state is created by attaching weights at the robot end-effector. A random forest regression model diagnoses the anomalous state and determines the anomalous state progression after gathering data. Three different regression models were trained to test accuracy based on different feature selections. The random forest regression predicted 92% of the robot joint operations through five-fold cross-validation, an anomaly in a robot joint 99% of the time, and the correct anomaly state-based on the confusion matrix, 85% of the time. In future research, the anomalous state will represent more targeted component failures on the system through purposeful permanent damage of the robots’ components. Future datasets generated will train other machine health algorithms for estimating component and system damage.
Medical therapies causing iatrogenic male infertility.

Primum non nocere. As physicians, our goal is to treat illnesses and alleviate suffering; however, in doing so, we can generate new problems in a game of medical whack-a-mole. For some patients, certain consequences or side effects are tolerable, while others may believe they have no alternative. For a male patient with infertility, a thorough history is imperative to elucidate whether the patient has been or is currently being exposed to medications that will harm libido, spermatogenesis, ejaculation, or the hypothalamic–pituitary–testosterone axis. This article will review the most common medications causing iatrogenic male infertility as well as options to minimize or even reverse their impact.
Best Practices for Government Procurement of Data-Driven Technologies

Though governments have been consumers of technology products for decades, new data- driven technologies (e.g. data analytics, surveillance technologies, database management systems) present new challenges and legal concerns that were not contemplated when most relevant procurement laws or policies were developed. This guidance offers high- level considerations and recommendations that can improve transparency, accountability, oversight and public trust in government technology procurement without legislative or regulatory reform (though modernization of procurement laws and policies is highly encouraged). The guidance focuses on best practices government officials can employ prior to a technology being used or formally implemented, and it includes an appendix that summarizes additional procurement resources and reports. This guidance can also be useful to advocates seeking to understand and engage in government technology procurement.
Multiple Bilateral Circumscribed Masses (MBCM) at Screening Breast Ultrasound (US): Outcomes of New or Enlarging Masses at Follow-up.

Please see the Editorial Comment by Priscilla J. Slanetz discussing this article. Background: Screening US has limited specificity but is increasingly performed given widening state and federal bre...
A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF THE FREQUENCY OF PART-TIME ENROLLMENT AND THE PERSISTENCE OF STUDENTS WHO ENROLL PART TIME

Longitudinal data from the 1990/94 Beginning Post-Secondary Survey is used to evaluate the frequency of part-time enrollment and the persistence of students who ever enroll part time. We find that part-time enrollment is twice as common as cross-sectional estimates indicate, with between 40% 50% of the student population attending part time during at least one nonsummer term within 5 years of their initial enrollment. In total, between 52% 62% of the sample either stops out for a term or enrolls part time. The persistence of this nonstereotypical population is surprisingly high, with between 40% 60% still enrolled or graduated within a 5-year period. By comparison, 60% of those who always attend full time and never stop-out persist. These figures suggest that policymakers should direct more attention to those enrolled part time.
The Promise of Composite Likelihood Methods for Addressing Computationally Intensive Challenges

Abstract High‐dimensional genetic data, due to its complex correlation structure, poses an enormous challenge to standard likelihood–based methods for making statistical inference. As an approximation, composite likelihood has proved to be a successful strategy for some genetic applications. It has the potential to see even wider application and much research is needed. We first give a brief description of composite likelihood. The advantage of this method and potential challenges in inference are noted. Next, its applications in genetic studies are reviewed, specifically in estimating population genetics parameters such as recombination rate, and in multi‐locus linkage disequilibrium mapping of disease genes with some discussion about future research directions.
Labeling of cell membranes and compartments for live cell fluorescence microscopy.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes methods for fluorescently labeling the surface and organellar membranes, as well as the spaces they enclose. The fluorescence imaging of cytoskeletal elements is also discussed. The extracellular space of cells is easily labeled by fluorescent dextrans or calcein markers. The plasma membrane is the easiest cell membrane to label because it is very accessible. Fluorescent dyes and most commonly used dyes FM 1-43 family are used for labeling the plasma membrane. The cytosol is the intracellular space excluding the nucleus and the organelles. The cytosol is easy to label because aqueous fluorescence markers injected into eggs diffuse throughout the cytosol. In many cell types, mitochondria are easily labeled by water-soluble, lipophilic, positively charged fluorescent molecules, which cross the plasma membrane and become concentrated in mitochondria due to the large negative membrane potential of the mitochondria. Short-chain dicarbocyanine dyes—such as DiOC 6 (3)—are effective for staining endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in cultured fibroblasts. ER in echinoderm eggs are successfully stained by two other methods: (1) injecting an oil drop saturated with a long-chain dicarbocyanine dye, or (2) expressing a GFP chimera. Bodipy ceramide is a fluorescent marker used for labelling the Golgi apparatus. The most effective way to label the Golgi apparatus has been with GFP chimeras. The nuclear envelope is easily visible by transmitted light microscopy; however, its components (nuclear pores, lamina) are labeled by GFP chimeras to investigate how the nuclear envelope breaks down during meiosis or mitosis. The way in which the egg or embryo is kept on the microscope stage is critical for the success of a live cell experiment.
Polymer/compound semiconductor hybrid micro resonators with very wide free spectral range

In order to keep the Q factor of the micro resonator high, the radius should be many times the operating wavelength. This makes the resonator multi moded and many closely spaced resonances are supported. As a result the free spectral range of the filter is narrow. Although this could be. desirable for some specific applications, in general it is undesirable since it is not possible to filter a specific wavelength over a band of wavelengths. We resolve this difficulty using a hybrid integration technology. For this purpose we use the coupling between a GaAs epilayer removed from its substrate and a polymer channel waveguide as shown . In our previous work we demonstrated the coupling between a GaAs epilayer and a polymer channel waveguide. The structure formed this way is an asymmetric directional coupler, and works as a narrow band filter. In other words coupling in this structure is very wavelength selective.
Foucault’s Critique of the Science of Sexuality: The Function of Science within Bio-power

Foucault’s critique of the science of sexuality takes aim at both Freud and science. Foucault does not, as is common, seek to undermine psychoanalysis by claiming that it does not meet the rigors of science. Instead, he shows that scientific and psychoanalytic theories intersect because they are mechanisms of modern politics—biopolitics. Foucault suggests that politics determines the value of life and these sciences help to disseminate and promote knowledge about the privileged lives and lifestyles. Psychoanalytic, biological, and anatomical readings of sexuality are given credence because they dovetail with the dominant political discourse about life.
Vitamin D metabolism and action in the prostate: Implications for health and disease

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. Epidemiological, molecular, and cellular studies have implicated vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for the development and/or progression of PCa. Studies using cell culture systems and animal models suggest that vitamin D acts to reduce the growth of PCa through regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation. However, although preclinical studies provide a strong indication for anti-cancer activity, proof of therapeutic benefits in men is still lacking. The anti-proliferative and pro-differentiating properties of vitamin D have been attributed to calcitriol [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)], the hormonally active form of vitamin D, acting through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Metabolism of vitamin D in target tissues is mediated by two key enzymes: 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), which catalyzes the synthesis of calcitriol from 25(OH)D and 24-hydroxylase (CYP24), which catalyzes the initial step in the conversion of calcitriol to less active metabolites. Many factors affect the balance of calcitriol synthesis and catabolism and several maneuvers, like combination therapy of calcitriol with other drugs, have been explored to treat PCa and reduce its risk. The current paper is an overview addressing some of the key factors that influence the biological actions of vitamin D and its metabolites in the treatment and/or prevention of PCa.
High pressure structural and transport measurements of InTe, GaTe, and InGaTe2

Abstract In this paper, the effect of pressure on the transport and structural properties of GaTe, InTe, and InGaTe 2 is reported. All materials were found to exhibit pressure-induced structural transitions. For GaTe, the ambient structure transforms to a mixed state at 8 GPa, which transforms at 15 GPa to an ordered state. InTe, which crystallizes in a tetragonal structure, shows transformations at 6 and 14 GPa. InGaTe 2 , also initially tetragonal, undergoes two transitions at 9.25 GPa and 13 GPa. These transitions have shown noticeable effects on the transport properties. In particular, the Seebeck coefficient for the solid solution changes sign at the first phase transition. From these results, the thermoelectric figure of merit has been evaluated for each material. For some of these materials (InTe and InGaTe 2 ) this yields a lower efficiency than ambient conditions. However, for GaTe, this has been shown to increase the figure of merit by 14 times to 8 GPa.
Effects of marihuana extract on the operant behavior of chimpanzees

Six chimpanzees were trained to panel push under a food reinforcement baseline in which three operant schedules, each associated with a different stimulus, were presented successively. The fixed ratio (FR) reinforcement schedule required the emission of 40 responses for reinforcement. Reinforcement under the differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) schedule was delivered only when successive responses were spaced by at least 10 sec. During the extinction or time out from positive reinforcement schedule (TO), no responses were reinforced. In Experiment 1, amounts of marihuana extract containing from 0.2 to 4.0 mg/kg (−)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) were orally administered 1 h prior to experimentation. In Experiment 2, 1.0 mg/kg Δ9-THC was orally administered between 1 and 23 h prior to experimental sessions. No disruption of stimulus control or drug effects during TO were observed. Both DRL and FR response suppression occurred at the highest drug dose. Lower Δ9-THC doses produced facilitation of DRL responding up to 12 h following drug administration. Although FR responding was less sensitive, Δ9-THC stimulated FR behavior from 2 to 5 h following drug administration. It was concluded that marihuana has a biphasic effect on food reinforcement schedule controlled operant behavior.
Irradiation of cereal grains and cereal grain products

The application of ionizing radiation as a food processing method has been shown to be effective in controlling food losses due to insects and microorganisms. Low doses of radiation are effective in controlling insects in all stages of development. Radiation, however, can affect the chemical composition and nutritional quality if applied in dosages above those needed for disinfestation of stored grains. A breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins due to irradiation has been shown and has to be considered in the application of this method for control of food losses. The milling properties of grains, and the rheological characteristics of doughs and batters and the quality of flours to be used for breads, cakes, and pasta products have been shown to be affected by the application of ionizing radiation. The odor, flavor, and taste of cereal grains and cereal grain products become objectionable at high dosages of radiation. After long and exhaustive studies of feeding colonies of animals on i...
Optical emission-line properties of evolved galactic supernova remnants

New optical spectrophotometric data are presented for the supernova remnants CTB 1, OA 184, VRO 42.05.01, S147, the Monoceros Loop, G206.9 + 2.3, and G65.3 + 5.7. These data are combined with published spectral data to study some of the general properties of evolved galactic supernova remnants. It is found that (1) O I and O II forbidden line strengths, when used in conjunction with the usual H-alpha S II forbidden line ratio test, provide an excellent additional diagnostic for discriminating remnants from H II regions; (2) the line ratios H-alpha forbidden line N II, H-alpha forbidden line S II, and forbidden line S II 6717/6731 A generally do not vary substantially among the filaments of an individual remnant; and (3) the observed correlation of forbidden line N II/H-alpha with S II forbidden line 6717/6731 A in remnants is the result of observational selection rather than of evolutionary effects. A galactic nitrogen abundance gradient of d log (N/H)/dR = -0.088 dex/kpc, which is in agreement with that derived from H II regions. However, no abundance gradients for oxygen or sulfur are indicated from the remnant data.
U.S. Nonprofit Law Reform The Role of Private Organizations

This article compares three recently completed or ongoing U.S. nonprofit law reform projects drafted by three different models of nonprofit institutions: the American Law Institute, the American Ba...
Lifetime mood spectrum symptoms among bipolar patients and healthy controls: a cross sectional study with the Mood Spectrum Self-Report questionnaire.

Abstract Background The “spectrum” model has advantages for the conceptualization of mental disorders, representing a complementary approach to the currently available categorical systems. We carried out a study in order to assess lifetime mood symptoms among patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and healthy controls from a dimensional perspective. Methods The Mood Spectrum Self-Report instrument (MOODS-SR) was administered to 101 bipolar patients (52 BD I, 32 BD II, and 17 BD NOS, 36 males/65 females, mean age+SD=36.10±13.34 years) and 38 healthy controls (16 males/22females, mean age+SD=35.18±13.70 years). The scores of the different MOOD-SR scales and subscales among patients and controls were compared using non-parametric tests (Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis). Results Bipolar patients scored significantly higher than healthy controls on the total MOOD-SR scores (BD: mean±SD=98.65±22.17; HC: mean±SD=12.92±10.72; p p p =0.03) and two subdomains: mood mania and energy mania. Conclusions These results, although preliminary, suggest that even though the MOODS-SR seems effective in distinguishing BD patients from HC, it is not as good in discriminating different subtypes of BD, especially in respect to lifetime depressive symptoms. Limitations Our sample size was small, and comprised by outpatients. The MOOD-SR measures only lifetime symptoms and does not take into account the progression of mood symptoms or the current mood state of patients.
Computer-simulation studies of kinetic gelation

Computer simulations are performed to study kinetic gelation on a simple cubic lattice. Two models are considered: (1) irreversible gelation in which the monomers and microgels attempt to react with their neighboring particles with a certain probability (${\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{b}}$) and (2) reversible gelation in which the bonds are broken with a certain probability (${\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{r}}$). The growth of the extent of reaction (i.e., the concentration of the bonds grown), volume fraction of the gel, weight average degree of polymerization, and the correlation length are studied as a function of ${\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{b}}$ and ${\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{r}}$. We observe that (i) the concentration of bonds grows nonlinearly with time. (ii) The critical gel time (${\mathrm{t}}_{\mathrm{c}}$) increases nonlinearly on increasing the degree of reversibility, ${\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{r}}$, while the critical concentration (${\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{c}}$) at the gel point is insensitive to ${\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{b}}$ and ${\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{r}}$. (iii) For large ${\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{r}}$, our data suggest that the sol-to-gel transition may be nonuniversal.
Determination of carbon in coal blooms

Abstract Carbon in weathered coal seams (coal “blooms") was completely recovered by the Walkley‐Black dichromate oxidation procedure employing only heat of dilution. This result conflicts with past findings that mild oxidations give low and variable recoveries of C from natural forms of carbonized‐C such as coal and charcoal. Weathering apparently changes the structure or composition of coal in such a way that C reactivity is increased even though blooms retain many of the chemical and morphological characteristics of carbonized‐C. As a result, C in blooms is measured as organic‐C by standard laboratory analysis. The relative ease of oxidation of C in blooms implies that rates of C transfer from coal blooms to other pools in local C‐cycles may be more rapid than from relatively inert pools such as charcoal and unweathered coal.
Bayesian estimation of depth information in three-dimensional integral imaging

In this paper, we propose a Bayesian framework to infer depths of object surfaces in a 3D integral imaging system. In a 3D integral imaging system, the depth of Lambertian surfaces can be estimated from the statistics of the spectral radiation pattern. However, the estimated depth may contain errors due to system uncertainties. To better infer the depth information, we utilize a Bayesian framework and a Markov Random Field (MRF) model with the knowledge of the statistical information of object intensities and the assumption that object surfaces are smooth. In the proposed method, we combine a Bayesian framework and the characteristics of 3D integral imaging systems to infer the depths. Simulated and experimental results illustrate the performance of the proposed method.
Thoracoscopy: a useful tool in the diagnosis of thoracic disease.

Abstract During a 12-month period, 11 patients underwent diagnostic thoracoscopy for previously undiagnosed thoracic disease. In all patients, the diagnosis had been unobtainable by the usual diagnostic modalities of bronchoscopy, scalene node biopsy, mediastinoscopy, thoracentesis, or closed pleural biopsy. Thoracoscopy was diagnostic in 10 of the 11 patients. There was no morbidity or mortality. In all patients the indication for thoracoscopy was suspected malignancy. The majority of patients had recurrent pleural effusions in which routine cytological studies and tissue biopsies had been nondiagnostic. Pathological findings were mesothelioma in 3 patients, primary carcinoma of the lung in 4, congestive heart failure with pleural effusion in 1, metastatic carcinoma in 2, and inflammatory disease in 1 patient. Indications, techniques, and results are discussed. Thoracoscopy is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of thoracic disease; with it, unnecessary thoracotomy can often be avoided.
A microwave hyperthermia treatment and thermometry system

Abstract Studies involving the clinical use of hyperthermia either alone or in conjunction with radiation have been implemented across the country at several institutions. Many of these protocols suggest the use of microwaves as a heating modality with a very specific temperature range. A microwave heating system and an associated thermometry system is described that will meet the needs of these protocols. This equipment was used in the treatments of 42 patients in the 1978 calendar year.
Off-resonant manipulation of spins in diamond via precessing magnetization of a proximal ferromagnet

Photoluminescence measurements show that the spin state of an $N\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}V$ center can be modified nonresonantly (i.e. at frequencies far from the $N\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}V$ Larmor frequencies) via coupling to the dynamic magnetization of a ferromagnet---an unexpected result that presents a new approach to transferring ferromagnetic spin information into a paramagnet.
Crossed-Beam Spectroscopy of Hydrogen: A New Value for the Rydberg Constant

In a crossed laser-atomic beam experiment the wavelengths of the $2s\ensuremath{-}3p$ transitions are measured in H and D to a precision of one part in ${10}^{9}$. Our value for the Rydberg constant is ${R}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}=109737.31521(11)$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The fine-structure splittings of the $3p$ states in H and D are 3249.8(8) and 3251.7(7) MHz, respectively; the isotope shifts for the $2s\ensuremath{-}3{p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $2s\ensuremath{-}3{p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ transitions are 124 260.7(7) and 124 262.6(7) MHz, respectively. Our results largely agree with previous, less precise experiments and with theory.
Brain Mechanisms for Social Perception

In this review, we summarize our research program, which has as its goal charting the typical and atypical development of the social brain in children, adolescents, and adults with and without autism. We highlight recent work using virtual reality stimuli, eye tracking, and functional magnetic resonance imaging that has implicated the superior temporal sulcus (STS) region as an important component of the network of brain regions that support various aspects of social cognition and social perception. Our work in typically developing adults has led to the conclusion that the STS region is involved in social perception via its role in the visual analysis of others' actions and intentions from biological-motion cues. Our work in high-functioning adolescents and adults with autism has implicated the STS region as a mechanism underlying social perception dysfunction in this neurodevelopmental disorder. We also report novel findings from a study of biological-motion perception in young children with and without autism.
Birefringence measurements of liquid crystals

A convenient and accurate technique for measuring the birefringence of liquid crystals at discrete wavelengths or as a continuous function of wavelength in the ultraviolet, visible, or infrared spectral regions is described. The method is based on determination of the phase differences which occur when monochromatic polarized light propagates through a medium with an anisotropic refractive index. Birefringence measurements at 0.6328 μm for two liquid crystal materials, BDH-E7 and ZLI-1132, and a continuous birefringence spectrum of ZLI-1132 from 2 to 16 μm are reported. Additionally, a liquid crystal based phase retardation plate which can be voltage tuned and calibrated to provide any degree of phase shift from 0 to 2π over a wide wavelength range (0.4–16 μm) is discussed.
Weighted dynamic time warping for time series classification

Dynamic time warping (DTW), which finds the minimum path by providing non-linear alignments between two time series, has been widely used as a distance measure for time series classification and clustering. However, DTW does not account for the relative importance regarding the phase difference between a reference point and a testing point. This may lead to misclassification especially in applications where the shape similarity between two sequences is a major consideration for an accurate recognition. Therefore, we propose a novel distance measure, called a weighted DTW (WDTW), which is a penalty-based DTW. Our approach penalizes points with higher phase difference between a reference point and a testing point in order to prevent minimum distance distortion caused by outliers. The rationale underlying the proposed distance measure is demonstrated with some illustrative examples. A new weight function, called the modified logistic weight function (MLWF), is also proposed to systematically assign weights as a function of the phase difference between a reference point and a testing point. By applying different weights to adjacent points, the proposed algorithm can enhance the detection of similarity between two time series. We show that some popular distance measures such as DTW and Euclidean distance are special cases of our proposed WDTW measure. We extend the proposed idea to other variants of DTW such as derivative dynamic time warping (DDTW) and propose the weighted version of DDTW. We have compared the performances of our proposed procedures with other popular approaches using public data sets available through the UCR Time Series Data Mining Archive for both time series classification and clustering problems. The experimental results indicate that the proposed approaches can achieve improved accuracy for time series classification and clustering problems.
Amplification of ionophore resistance in a field strain of Eimeria tenella by treating free sporozoites with monensin in vitro

Abstract Monensin resistance in a field strain of Eimeria tenella (FS139) was successfully amplified by an in vitro method. Sporozoites of parent FS139, designated as FS139(0), were treated with monensin at 5 μg ml−1 before inoculation into chickens. Oocysts developing from these drug-treated sporozoites were designated FS139(5). Sporozoites of FS139(5) were then treated with a higher level of monensin (25 μg ml−1), which produced another line called FS139(25). Sporozoites of FS139(25) received a monensin treatment of 100 μg ml−1 which yielded line FS139(100). After one passage in chickens, sporozoites of FS139(0), FS139(25) and FS139(100) were treated with either 0, 1, 25, or 100 μg ml−1 of monensin and inoculated into chicken primary kidney cell cultures to observe sporozoite invasion rates and development of first generation schizonts. Data on invasion rates and development of schizonts showed that FS139(100) was the most drug-resistant line while FS139(25) was the second most resistant line compared with the parent line FS139(0). These in vitro treatment techniques could be used to develop resistant coccidia for laboratory study of the physiological mechanisms of resistance.
Inhibition of human lymphoma cell‐line colony formation by lymphocytes from patients with lymphoma and cancer hospital employees

Inhibition of human lymphoma cell-line colony formation (ICF) was induced by peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from patients with lymphoma and apparently healthy cancer hospital personnel. PBL from patients with non-lymphoma neoplasms and from normal blood bank donors did not elicit ICF. ICF was most marked when PBL were cocultivated for 24 hours in a ratio of 1000:I with target lymphoma cells that had been cultured for 24 hours before exposure. No significant ICF was observed when target cells consisted of human neurogenic sarcoma, melanoma, colon adenocarcinoma, or Chinese hamster cells. It is possible that ICF is elicited by PBL sensitized to a cross-reacting antigen present on the membrane of cultured lymphoma cells. This antigen may be synthesized by a transmissible etiologic factor.
Lifestyles and identity maintenance among gay Japanese-American males

An exploratory study of thirteen Japanese-American gay men residing in the Los Angeles area found that those men who had disclosed their sexual orientation to family members were more likely to express more positive attitudes concerning a variety of issues. Detailed personal accounts of these patterns are presented along with discussions of how Asian homosexuals maintain their “double-minority” identities as both Japanese and gay.
Angular distribution for the major photoelectron bands of nitrogen below 45 eV binding energy

Abstract Measurements on the angular-distribution parameter, β, for photoionization from the 3σ g , l π u and 2σ u orbitals of nitrogen have been extended to a photon energy of 70 eV. At the higher photon energies the agreement between theory and experiment is improved over that obtained at lower photon energies. The angular-distribution parameter for photoionization from the 2σ g orbital (≈ 38 eV) and the main satellite band at 29 eV are reported for the first time. The angular-distribution parameter, as measured over the 38 eV band, is consistent with two or more transitions to states which obtain their intensity from a (2σ g ) −1 hole configuration. Results for the 2σ g inner valence band at 38 eV are also consistent with one-electron continuum multiple-scattering Xα calculations. The major features of the inner valence region (20–45 eV) may be explainable using an excited-state molecular-orbital picture coupled to the outer most valence orbitals.
Collusion analysis of the Alabama liquid asphalt market

The Alabama liquid asphalt market in the USA is examined over the period 1961–1978 for evidence of activity consistent with collusion. Some 14 conditional collusion-facilitating factors that could influence a market's tendency towards collusion, not all equally important or necessarily in agreement with every other factor, were considered. While some of these factors are controversial and can help or harm a collusion, the net balance of factors and all of the important factors and evidence pointed towards being consistent with a conspiracy. While not examined as extensively, it was also found that the circumstantial evidence in the market was also consistent with collusion. This article suggests a procedural methodology for initiation and resolution of suspected collusion for determining appropriate damages. While the precise law and damages allowed will be country-specific, the general methodology should have wide application in many countries whose laws attempt to foster and preserve competition and pun...
Allergic paraben and benzyl alcohol hypersensitivity relationship of the “delayed” and “immediate” varieties

From a review of the literature, and the results of scratch, intracutaneous and subcutaneous injections of patients with parbens and benzyl alcohol sensitivity of the delayed type characterized by allergic contact dermatitis and strongly positive patch patch tests, it would appear that such sensitivity is not usually accompanied by the immediate urticarial type of allergic sensitivity. This communication concerns itself with results of testing patients with clinical sensitivity and positive patch test reactions to the parabens or benzyl alcohol with scratch, intracutaneous and subcutaneous injections of these preservatives in order to determine the relationship of the "delayed" type of allergic hypersensitivity to the parabens and benzyl alcohol with the "immediate" variety of hypersensitivity. The parabens and benzyl alcohol are widely employed as preservatives for many allergenic extracts used in scratch and intracutaneous testing. In addition, these preservatives are used in injectable corticosteroid medicaments and in local anesthetic solutions. In order to determine whether the presence of these preservatives in allergenic extracts would produce false positive scratch or intracutaneous tests or might produce an immediate, urticarial or anaphylactic reaction in patients with allergic contact dermatitis and positive patch test reactions to these preservatives, two patients with positive patch test reactions and allergic contact dermatitis to the parabens and two with similar benzyl alcohol sensitivity were tested in the manner detailed in the following case reports.
dna: An R package for differential network analysis.

UNLABELLED Differential network analysis provides a framework for examining if there is sufficient statistical evidence to conclude that the structure of a network differs under two experimental conditions or if the structures of two networks are different. The R package dna provides tools and procedures for differential network analysis of genomic data. The focus of this package is on gene-gene networks, but the methods are easily adaptable for more general biological processes. This package includes preprocessing tools for simultaneously preparing a pair of networks for analysis, procedures for computing connectivity scores between pairs of genes based on many available statistical techniques, and tools for handling modules of genes based on these scores. Also, procedures are provided for performing permutation tests based on these scores to determine if the connectivity of a gene differs between the two networks, to determine if the connectivity of a particular set of important genes differs between the two networks, and to determine if the overall module structure differs between the two networks. Several built-in options are available for the types of scores and distances used in the testing procedures, and additionally, the procedures provide flexible methods that allow the user to define custom scores and distances. AVAILABILITY dna is freely available at The Comprehensive R Archive Network, http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dna.