cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absent congenital cervical pedicle nearly misdiagnosed as a facet dislocation: A case report

Abstract Background Cervical spinal injury encompasses up to 1.5% of all pediatric injuries. Children, and more specifically infants, are a difficult subset of patients to obtain neurological exam in the setting of trauma, thus necessitating the use of cervical X-rays, CT scans, and MRI imaging. Case description A healthy, 15-month-old boy had an unwitnessed fall down a flight of stairs and received a CT scan of the head and cervical spine in the emergency department due to cephalohematoma and mechanism of injury. The patient was initially diagnosed with a unilateral facet dislocation but after additional imaging and rigorous interdisciplinary discussions, the patient was correctly diagnosed with a congenitally absent left C5 pedicle. Surgical intervention was not pursued and the patient was discharged home with close follow up. Conclusion In the acute trauma setting, congenital absent cervical pedicle can be difficult to differentiate from unilateral facet dislocation and may require the use of advanced imaging and close communication between the neurosurgery and radiology departments. Given the high morbidity and mortality involved in the repair of facet dislocation in a child, it is crucial to maintain high degree of clinical suspicion for absent spinal pedicle. In this case, the patient nearly underwent surgical intervention, but was ultimately able to be discharged home with no symptoms or deficits after correct diagnosis.
Improving RNA Secondary Structure Prediction with Structure Mapping Data

Methods to probe RNA secondary structure, such as small molecule modifying agents, secondary structure-specific nucleases, inline probing, and SHAPE chemistry, are widely used to study the structure of functional RNA. Computational secondary structure prediction programs can incorporate probing data to predict structure with high accuracy. In this chapter, an overview of current methods for probing RNA secondary structure is provided, including modern high-throughput methods. Methods for guiding secondary structure prediction algorithms using these data are explained, and best practices for using these data are provided. This chapter concludes by listing a number of open questions about how to best use probing data, and what these data can provide.
Complete versus culprit-only revascularisation for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

To the Editor, We read with great interest the recent meta-analysis by Kowalewski et al. 1 The authors should be congratulated for their work. However, we would like to make a few comments about some issues with the meta-analysis. First, complete revascularisations (CRs) done as staged procedures (SPs) were analysed with the incomplete revascularisation group, but endpoints were measured at a median follow-up of 12 months. Because the majority of SPs were performed within days to weeks of …
Femtosecond Dynamics of Quantum Dissipative Systems: Localization of Electrons at Interfaces

Using a recently developed electron transfer theory based on a path integral approach, we can model the femtosecond dynamics of electron self-trapping processes at interfaces.
Outcomes of Older Patients with Myeloid Leukemias Treated with Myeloablative Intravenous Busulfan-Based Conditioning Regimens and Allogeneic Blood or Marrow Transplantation.

Abstract Older age (e.g. > 55–60 yrs) is a commonly cited indication for reduced-intensity conditioning regimens (RIC) in the treatment of myeloid leukemias. These diseases, however, may benefit from the highest possible dose intensity that can be safely delivered. Here we analyze our experience treating patients (pts) older than 55 yrs. with intravenous (IV) busulfan (Bu)-based preparative regimens. Methods: Fifty-six pts older than age 55 yrs. with MDS (n=13), AML (n=33), or CML/myeloproliferative disorder (n=10) were transplanted from 6/1997 to 12/2004 on two consecutive protocols. Conditioning were IV fludarabine (Flu) 40 mg/m2 and IV Bu 130 mg/m2 over 3 hr (days -6 till -3) given once daily (BuFlu; n=36), and IV Bu 0.8 mg/kg over 2 hr every 6 hr for 16 doses (days -7 till -4), followed by Cyclophosphamide (Cy) 60 mg/kg on days -3 and -2 (IV BuCy2; n=20). Pts with an unrelated (UD) or mismatched donor received ATG. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis was based on tacrolimus and mini-methotrexate. Results: Median age was 58.4 yrs (55–66.8); 14 pts were older than 60 yrs. Most pts were not in complete remission (CR) at BMT (n=38, 68%, with similar distribution in pts older and younger than age 60). Donors were HLA-compatible siblings (SIBS) in 59% (n=33) and UD in 41% (n=23). UD were used in 5 pts >59 yrs (36%) and in 18 59 yrs): 38% vs 64% and 45% vs 54%, respectively. 100-day treatment-related mortality (TRM) was 11% (due to graft rejection (n=1), toxicity (n=2); pulmonary hemorrhage with fungal pneumonia (n=1) and aGVHD (n=2). All early 100-day TRM pts were 59 yrs are alive, while the others died of cGVHD (n=5) and disease relapse (n=7). Conclusion: In this older population of predominantly relapsed pts with myeloid leukemias, major cause of treatment failure was not the preparative regimen employed, but GVHD and disease relapse. An association between intensity of the regimen, age and GVHD cannot be ruled out in this analysis. These results would suggest that age per se should not be used as the main reason for selecting a reduced intensity regimen in patients up to at least age 60 with myeloid leukemias. Download : Download high-res image (67KB) Download : Download full-size image
Evaporation of planetary atmospheres due to XUV illumination by quasars

Planetary atmospheres are subject to mass loss through a variety of mechanisms including irradiation by XUV photons from their host star. Here we explore the consequences of XUV irradiation by supermassive black holes as they grow by the accretion of gas in galactic nuclei. Based on the mass distribution of stars in galactic bulges and disks and the luminosity history of individual black holes, we estimate the probability distribution function of XUV fluences as a function of galaxy halo mass, redshift, and stellar component. We find that about 50% of all planets in the universe may lose the equivalent of a Martian atmosphere, 10% may lose an Earth's atmosphere, and 0.2% may lose the mass of Earth's oceans. The fractions are appreciably higher in the spheroidal components of galaxies, and depend strongly on galaxy mass, but only weakly on redshift.
Improving preparedness for marine mammal oil spill response and assessment in the United States

Several recent oil spills in the United States have had the potential to impact large numbers and multiple populations of cetaceans (whales and dolphins) and pinnipeds (seals and sea lions), namely...
A highly linear OTA-free VCO-based 1-1 MASH ΔΣ ADC

In this paper a new VCO-based MASH delta-sigma ADC structure is presented. The proposed architecture does not require any OTA-based analog integrators or integrating capacitors. Second-order noise shaping is achieved by using a VCO as an integrator in the feedback loop of the first stage and an open loop VCO quantizer in the second stage. Simple digital circuitry extracts the phase quantization error of the first stage as a pulse signal that is applied to the second stage. Based on the architecture, the input of the first VCO is a very small signal and the input of the second VCO is a two-level PWM signal. Therefore, the VCO non-linearity does not limit the overall ADC performance, mitigating the need for power hungry linearization methods. Behavioral-model simulations show a 70 dB SNDR improvement from a standalone open loop VCO-based ADC in the presence of nonlinearity.
Volumetric Feature-Based Classification and Visibility Analysis for Transfer Function Design

Transfer function (TF) design is a central topic in direct volume rendering. The TF fundamentally translates data values into optical properties to reveal relevant features present in the volumetric data. We propose a semi-automatic TF design scheme which consists of two steps: First, we present a clustering process within 1D/2D TF domain based on the proximities of the respective volumetric features in the spatial domain. The presented approach provides an interactive tool that aids users in exploring clusters and identifying features of interest (FOI). Second, our method automatically generates a TF by iteratively refining the optical properties for the selected features using a novel feature visibility measurement. The proposed visibility measurement leverages the similarities of features to enhance their visibilities in DVR images. Compared to the conventional visibility measurement, the proposed feature visibility is able to efficiently sense opacity changes and precisely evaluate the impact of selected features on resulting visualizations. Our experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach by demonstrating the advantages of integrating feature similarity into the visibility computations. We examine a number of datasets to establish the utility of our approach for semi-automatic TF design.
Aortic valve replacement in patients with amyloidosis

Abstract Background Outcome data on aortic valve replacement in patients with amyloidosis are limited. To address this issue, we reviewed our experience of patients with amyloidosis who underwent aortic valve replacement. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 16 patients with amyloidosis who underwent aortic valve replacement between May 2000 and February 2017. Results The cohort comprised 11 males (69%) and 5 females (31%). The median patient age was 76 years (interquartile range [IQR], 71-82 years), and Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted rate of mortality was 5.0% (IQR, 2.4%-8.7%). Amyloidosis type was immunoglobulin light chain in 6 patients (38%), age-related in 6 (38%), and localized in 4 (25%). The operation was surgical aortic valve replacement in 11 patients (69%) and balloon-expandable transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve insertion in the other 5. There was no procedure-related stroke, need for new-onset dialysis or pacemaker, or death within 30 days of surgery. The median length of hospital stay was 1 day (IQR, 1-2 days) in the transcatheter valve insertion group and 6 days (IQR, 6-8 days) in the surgical group ( P = .002). Follow-up was available for all patients at a median of 1.9 years (IQR, 1.2-4.8 years). During the follow-up period, there were 4 deaths, all occurring >1 year after surgery. Conclusions Aortic valve replacement can be performed with low risk of operative morbidity and mortality in patients with amyloidosis. Transcatheter valve insertion has the advantage of reduced hospital length of stay. The 1-year survival is excellent.
Management of Complex Intracranial Aneurysms: Principles of Microsurgical Deconstruction and Cerebrovascular Bypass

Abstract Intracranial aneurysms may exhibit features that make them unsuitable for standard microsurgical and endovascular reconstructive strategies. For such lesions, deconstruction of the aneurysm and parent artery is often required, typically in association with a flow-replacement by pass procedure. The addition of a bypass helps minimize the risk of cerebral ischemia and infarction, particularly in the setting of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In this chapter, we present our management strategies for complex intracranial aneurysms and some of the technical nuances of microsurgical trapping and cerebral revascularization.
THE MECHANISM OF EMIOCYTIC INSULIN RELEASE

SUMMARY The basic mechanism of secretion of β-granules appears to occur by emiocytosis. Studies on other possible mechanisms of secretion were accomplished. Electron microscopic autoradiographic studies indicate that β-granule formation involves the endoplasmic reticulum, then the Golgi complex and finally the appearance of distinct granules enclosed in smooth membranous sacs. Since the formation of the granules involves different compartments within the β-cell, it is unlikely that insulin secretion occurs prior to the granule stage. The subcellular localization of proinsulin has not been determined. In vitro studies on isolated secretory granules of the islets failed to reveal evidence of a direct physico-chemical interaction of the stimulating agent with the granule with resultant disintegration of the granule. These findings support the concept that emiocytosis is the major and probably only mechanism of secretion of insulin. A working hypothesis of the intracellular transport of β-granules involving the microtubular system is discussed.
Picture of the month--quiz case. Parsonage-Turner Syndrome.

A PREVIOUSLY HEALTHY 4-YEAR-OLD BOY presented with left arm weakness and pain that had lasted 1 day. He had no history of trauma, headache, tick bites, or numbness or tingling in his extremities. The child had had coryza 1 week earlier, which self-resolved. On physical examination, the child appeared well and had normal vital signs. Neurologic examination demonstrated 3 out of 5 strength of the left shoulder girdle muscles and 4 out of 5 strength of the left lower arm, with normal sensation. He had decreased strength with abduction and external rotation of the left shoulder. The patient could not elevate the left arm past 80° (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The results of the remainder of his physical examination were normal. Author Affiliations: Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Advances in technologies and study design.

The initial draft sequence of the human genome was the proving ground for significant technological advancements, and its completion has ushered in increasingly sophisticated tools and ever-increasing amounts of data. Often, this combination has multiplicative effects such as stimulating research groups to consider subsequent experiments of at least equal if not greater complexity or employ advanced technologies. As applied to the fields of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics, these advances in technology and experimental design allow researchers to probe the biological, biochemical, and physiological mechanisms underpinning the response to micro- and macronutrients, along with downstream health effects. It is becoming ever more apparent that effects on gene expression as a consequence of genetic variation and perturbations to cellular and physiological systems are an important cornerstone of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics research. A critical, near-term objective, however, must be to determine where and how nutrients and their metabolites augment or disrupt the genetic variation–gene expression axis. Downstream effects on protein and metabolite measures are also seen with growing regularity as vital components to this research. Thus, this chapter reviews the scope of recent progress and innovation in genomics and associated technologies as well as study designs as applied to nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics research and provides concrete examples of the application of those advancements in genomics-oriented nutrition research.
Reactions to re-reading Juliet Mitchell’s psychoanalysis and feminism

This reaction/response paper searched through many directions before examining the “internal” issues at work, the question of the family in terms of the transmission of sexual difference, where Mitchell’s careful reading receives praise and some scrutiny. The paper turns as well to her assessment of two revolutionary ideologies, those of Wilhelm Reich and Ronald D. Laing. Their continued influence is briefly addressed.
A Median-Based Machine-Learning Approach for Predicting Random Sampling Bernoulli Distribution Parameter

In real-life applications, we often do not have population data but we can collect several samples from a large sample size of data. In this paper, we propose a median-based machine-learning approa...
High plasma concentrations of organic pollutants negatively impact survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Objective To determine whether persistent organic pollutants (POP) affect amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) survival. Methods ALS participants seen at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI, USA) provided plasma samples for measurement of POPs. ALS disease and clinical features were collected prospectively from the medical records. Survival models used a composite summary measure of exposure due to multiple POPs (environmental risk score or ERS). Results 167 participants (40.7% female, n=68) with ALS were recruited, of which 119 died during the study period. Median diagnostic age was 60.9 years (IQR 52.7–68.2), median time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 1.01 years (IQR 0.67–1.67), bulbar onset 28.7%, cervical onset 33.5% and lumbar onset 37.7%. Participants in the highest quartile of ERS (representing highest composite exposure), adjusting for age at diagnosis, sex and other covariates had a 2.07 times greater hazards rate of mortality (p=0.018, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.80) compared with those in the lowest quartile. Pollutants with the largest contribution to the ERS were polybrominated diphenyl ethers 154 (HR 1.53, 95% CI 0.90 to 2.61), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) 118 (HR 1.50, 95% CI 0.95 to 2.39), PCB 138 (HR 1.69, 95% CI 0.99 to 2.90), PCB 151 (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.10), PCB 175 (HR 1.53, 95% CI 0.98 to 2.40) and p,p′-DDE (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.81). Conclusions Higher concentrations of POPs in plasma are associated with reduced ALS survival, independent of age, gender, segment of onset and other covariates. This study helps characterise and quantify the combined effects of POPs on ALS and supports the concept that environmental exposures play a role in disease pathogenesis.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children With Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

Study Objectives:Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a rare pediatric overgrowth disorder that includes a spectrum of clinical findings including macroglossia, especially in those with loss of met...
CT evaluation of normal bone thickness overlying the superior semicircular canal

Abstract Superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) is a rare inner ear disorder with variable amounts of auditory and vestibular dysfunction. In addition to the absence of bone overlying the superior semicircular canal, thinning of bone in this area can also initiate the vestibulocochlear symptoms of SSCD. We evaluated normal bone thickness overlying the course of the semicircular canal using computed tomography (CT) scans and assessed correlations between bone thickness and age, gender, and location of the thinnest bone. A single-institution retrospective chart review was conducted on 133 high-resolution CT scans from 76 healthy, asymptomatic patients between ages 9 and 96 years. These CT scans of the temporal bone were obtained between January 2012 and August 2017. The superior semicircular canal dome thickness at the apex was reported with a mean of 1.25 mm for all 76 patients; the 10th percentile was 0.60 mm, and the 90th percentile was 2.08 mm. The thinnest area of bone at any location yielded a mean of 0.86 mm. The normal bone thickness overlying the superior semicircular canal does not depend on gender or age. The thinnest location was evenly distributed across the superior semicircular canal. A bone thickness of 0.40 mm or greater was present in 90% of normal patients based on CT scan measurements at the thinnest location.
A Hybrid Cellular Model for Predicting Organizational Recruitment in a k-Dimensional Space

Ecological models are useful in modeling organizations and their competition over resources. However, the traditional approaches, particularly Blau space models, are restrictive in their dependence on a continuous space. In addition, these models are susceptible to indicating competition in sparsely populated areas of an ecology. To deal with these problems we propose a reconceptualization of Blau space that utilizes a cellular structure to model a wider number of variable types, and simple probabilistic urn models to evaluate competition between organizations. We briefly review the basic concepts of Blau Space, demonstrate the issues with traditional Blau space modeling, and present a new model referred to as the Hybrid model.
Developing Surgical Teams: Application

The preceding chapter discussed the theoretical underpinnings of human factors (HF) concepts and their role in promoting high reliability organizations (HROs) as well as highly reliable team function. In addition, it demonstrated that current teamwork in the clinical surgical environment is less than ideal, leading to dysfunction and the development of a silo mentality. This chapter will continue the discussion of developing surgical teams by discussing practical applications of HF concepts to develop highly reliable surgical teams and reviewing the development of simulation-based team training in surgery at LSU Health New Orleans Health Sciences Center.
Using a design-based research framework to refine a desirable difficulties activity for sterile compounding in a skills-based laboratory course

Abstract Background and purpose Design-based research (DBR) processes aim to connect educational research with instructional techniques by focusing on the development and evaluation of multiple iterations of learning activities for systematic improvement within learning environments. Desirable difficulties (DD) are purposeful challenges introduced to facilitate deeper learning of material. The purpose of this work was to evaluate a second iteration of a sterile compounding DD study in the context of DBR in order to allow for the identification and refinement of the educational methods. Educational activity and setting In this second iteration, doctor of pharmacy students in their second professional year were exposed to both a mechanical and mathematical difficulty in sterile compounding training. Afterwards, students completed a questionnaire to rate their change in confidence and reflect on the activity. Findings An increase in confidence in sterile compounding skills was seen by the majority (97.9%) of students. Students' reflections highlighted gains in strategic knowledge, split between internal and external strategies. Summary Course instructors saw value in the refinement of a DD sterile compounding activity and plan to continue incorporating DBR processes in order to allow for the further improvement of this educational method. Faculty at other institutions could apply these processes to further refine a variety of educational activities.
Can increased accessibility from emerging mobility services create a car-lite future? Evidence from Singapore using LUTI microsimulation

Emerging mobility services are being increasingly regulated, with several cities testing car-lite policy interventions in pilot study areas before a metro-wide implementation. This study uses an ag...
The Civil Jurisdictional Landscape in Eastern Oklahoma Post McGirt v. Oklahoma

The Supreme Court’s decision in McGirt v. Oklahoma has caused considerable unrest in Eastern Oklahoma as non-Indian individuals, businesses, and organizations try to determine how the decision might affect them. That unrest sets the stage for potential conflict and litigation over tribal and state authority in the region. But, while McGirt means that the rules governing civil jurisdiction on Indian reservations now apply to all lands within the Creek Reservation, it is cause for hope, not concern. First, as a practical matter, little is likely to change post-McGirt: tribal civil jurisdiction will mostly remain limited to “Indian lands” while the scope of state civil jurisdiction is also likely to remain largely static, although now subject to a somewhat more complicated and fact-specific inquiry. In addition, Congress has already resolved many potentially disputed jurisdictional issues and others have been avoided through successful intergovernmental cooperation between tribes and the State of Oklahoma. Ultimately, then, this overview of a post-McGirt world demonstrates that there is no reason “why pessimism should rule the day.” Rather than costly winner-take-all litigation or the uncertain outcomes of Congressional politics, the decision instead opens the door for a new era of innovative and effective tribal-state relations.
Health economic design for cost, cost-effectiveness and simulation analyses in the HEALing Communities Study

Abstract Background The HEALing Communities Study (HCS) is designed to implement and evaluate the Communities That HEAL (CTH) intervention, a conceptually driven framework to assist communities in selecting and adopting evidence-based practices to reduce opioid overdose deaths. The goal of the HCS is to produce generalizable information for policy makers and community stakeholders seeking to implement CTH or a similar community intervention. To support this objective, one aim of the HCS is a health economics study (HES), the results of which will inform decisions around fiscal feasibility and sustainability relevant to other community settings. Methods The HES is integrated into the HCS design: an unblinded, multisite, parallel arm, cluster randomized, wait list–controlled trial of the CTH intervention implemented in 67 communities in four U.S. states: Kentucky, Massachusetts, New York, and Ohio. The objectives of the HES are to estimate the economic costs to communities of implementing and sustaining CTH; estimate broader societal costs associated with CTH; estimate the cost-effectiveness of CTH for overdose deaths avoided; and use simulation modeling to evaluate the short- and long-term health and economic impact of CTH, including future overdose deaths avoided and quality-adjusted life years saved, and to develop a simulation policy tool for communities that seek to implement CTH or a similar community intervention. Discussion The HCS offers an unprecedented opportunity to conduct health economics research on solutions to the opioid crisis and to increase understanding of the impact and value of complex, community-level interventions.
The Role of Factors in Asset Allocation

For many decades, asset classes have been the main building blocks for constructing portfolios, and, appropriately, they still are. However, in recent years investors increasingly have considered factors as an alternative to asset classes. In some cases, the motivation to substitute factors for asset classes is misguided, but factors can serve a valuable role in portfolio composition. The author discusses how investors should consider factors when constructing portfolios and, in doing so, exposes their misuse as well as their proper role in asset allocation. TOPICS:Factor-based models, portfolio construction, performance measurement Key Findings ▪ Investors should allocate to asset classes instead of factors for strategic asset allocation. ▪ Investors should allocate to factors to improve performance. ▪ Investors can have it both ways by allocating to asset classes, but in a way that tilts toward preferred factor exposures.
Exploring Differences in Student Learning and Behavior Between Real-life and Virtual Reality Chemistry Laboratories.

Recent global events and educational trends have led schools to heavily rely on digital media to educate their students. Science classes, in particular, stand to lose substantial learning opportunities without the ability to provide physical laboratory experiences. Virtual reality (VR) technology has the potential to resolve this issue, but little is known if VR environments can produce similar results to real-life (RL) science learning environments. This 2 × 1, between-subjects study compares students’ learning results and safety behaviors in VR and RL chemistry laboratories. The study attempts to identify differences in learning experience (i.e., general chemistry content, experiment comprehension, laboratory safety knowledge) and laboratory safety behavior. Results indicate learning general content knowledge, laboratory skills, and procedure-related safety behaviors were comparable between RL and VR conditions, but clean-up behaviors were less frequent in VR. Also, the exploratory, risk-free nature of VR environments may have allowed the learners to elaborate and reflect more on general chemistry content and laboratory safety knowledge than in the RL environment.
Can Current Recession be Mitigated by Reform of Financial Markets

This brief article explores the latent causes of the current recession in the United States that do not seem to have been addressed by the policy agenda being vigorously pursued.
The doors they choose: Solutions to “The Lady or the Tiger”:

We consider the extent that elementary preservice teachers enrolled in a social studies methods course expressed empathy for story characters when solving the story’s emotionally ladened problem. W...
Visual True Type: A Graphical Method for Authoring Font Intelligence

TrueType fonts can be equipped with custom font intelligence for highest quality rendering down to the smallest type sizes at screen resolutions. However, to do so requires programming in an assembly language, which is outside the typical conceptual range of a typographer. In this paper we introduce a static representation of font intelligence in the form of a data structure we call the glyph structure. This glyph structure is visualized and authored graphically, and serialized automatically into the TrueType assembly language.
A review of the fly-by-light optical Aileron trim flight demonstration system

In January of 1998 Boeing conducted successful flight testing of a prototype fly-by-light/power-by-wire concept demonstration system performing a flight control function. This paper discusses the demonstration system and the concepts it was designed to illustrate. Additionally, the aircraft installation and flight test effort are overviewed.
Cortical neurons expressing calcium binding proteins are spared in dementia with Lewy bodies

The consistent regional and laminar distribution of cortical Lewy bodies (LB) in brains of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) suggests that only a certain subpopulation of neurons develops these α-synuclein-immunoreactive cytoplasmic inclusions. This study examined whether four non-overlapping neuronal subpopulations, defined by the expression of non-phosphorylated neurofilaments (SMI-32) and several calcium binding proteins (parvalbumin, calretinin and calbindin D28k), are vulnerable to LB formation. We performed peroxidase immunostaining to examine the distribution and to quantitate each neuronal subpopulation within the superior temporal sulcus (STS) area, and double-label immunohistochemistry to test for colocalization of α-synuclein and each neuronal marker in the STS and the entorhinal cortex. There were no significant differences between DLB brains and controls in the proportional quantity or laminar distribution of each neuronal subpopulation. Parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons represented around 7%, calbindin D28k 8%, calretinin 10%, and SMI-32 about 20% of the total neuronal population in the STS cortex. Neurons expressing parvalbumin and SMI-32 showed a widespread distribution across layers II to VI. Neurons expressing calretinin were present in superficial layers (II to IV), and calbindin D28k-immunoreactive neurons were mostly distributed within granular layers II and IV. None of the LB observed in the STS or the entorhinal cortex were located in neurons expressing calcium binding proteins; 25% of the LB were contained in SMI-32 immunoreactive neurons. In conclusion, cortical neurons expressing calcium binding proteins are spared in DLB, while SMI-32-positive neurons are affected in proportion to their density in the cortex. However, the majority of cortical LB develop in neurons not identified by any of these markers.
Infection by echoviruses 1 and 8 depends on the alpha 2 subunit of human VLA-2.

Abstract Anti-VLA-2 antibodies protected HeLa cells from infection by echoviruses 1 and 8 but not from infection by other echovirus serotypes. Echoviruses 1 and 8 bound to and infected nonpermissive hamster cells transfected with the alpha 2 subunit of human VLA-2. These results indicate that the human alpha 2 subunit is critical for infection by echoviruses 1 and 8 but that other echovirus serotypes must bind receptors other than VLA-2.
The Algorithmic Resolution of Diophantine Equations

Preface 1. Introduction Part I. Basic Solution Techniques: 2. Local methods 3. Applications of local methods to diophantine equations 4. Ternary quadratic forms 5. Computational diophantine approximation 6. Applications of the LLL-algorithm Part II. Methods Using Linear Forms in Logarithms: 7. Thue equations 8. Thue-Mahler equations 9. S-Unit equations 10. Triangularly connected decomposable form equations 11. Discriminant form equations Part III. Integral and Rational Points on Curves: 12. Rational points on elliptic curves 13. Integral points on elliptic curves 14. Curves of genus greater than one Appendices References Index.
Developing and empirically evaluating robust explanation generators: the KNIGHT experiments

To explain complex phenomena, an explanation system must be able to select information from a formal representation of domain knowledge, organize the selected information into multisentential discourse plans, and realize the discourse plans in text. Although recent years have witnessed significant progress in the development of sophisticated computational mechanisms for explanation, empirical results have been limited. This paper reports on a seven-year effort to empirically study explanation generation from semantically rich, large-scale knowledge bases. In particular, it describes KNIGHT, a robust explanation system that constructs multisentential and multi-paragraph explanations from the Biology Knowledge Base, a large-scale knowledge base in the domain of botanical anatomy, physiology, and development. We introduce the Two-Panel evaluation methodology and describe how KNIGHT's performance was assessed with this methodology in the most extensive empirical evaluation conducted on an explanation system. In this evaluation, KNIGHT scored within "half a grade" of domain experts, and its performance exceeded that of one of the domain experts.
Development of diving capacity in emperor penguins

To compare the diving capacities of juvenile and adult emperor penguins Aptenodytes forsteri, and to determine the physiological variables underlying the diving ability of juveniles, we monitored diving activity in juvenile penguins fitted with satellite-linked time/depth recorders and examined developmental changes in body mass (Mb), hemoglobin concentration, myoglobin (Mb) content and muscle citrate synthase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. Diving depth, diving duration and time-at-depth histograms were obtained from two fledged juveniles during the first 2.5 months after their depature from the Cape Washingon colony in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. During this period, values of all three diving variables increased progressively. After 8-10 weeks at sea, 24-41 % of transmitted maximum diving depths were between 80 and 200 m. Although most dives lasted less than 2 min during the 2 month period, 8-25 % of transmitted dives in the last 2 weeks lasted 2-4 min. These values are lower than those previously recorded in adults during foraging trips. Of the physiological variables examined during chick and juvenile development, only Mb and Mb content did not approach adult values. In both near-fledge chicks and juveniles, Mb was 50-60 % of adult values and Mb content was 24-31 % of adult values. This suggests that the increase in diving capacity of juveniles at sea will be most dependent on changes in these factors.
Positioning Disaster Relief Teams Given Dynamic Service Demand: A Hybrid Agent-Based and Spatial Optimization Approach

During extreme events, like hurricanes, it is essential to position relief services for non-evacuees throughout the affected region in optimal locations. While previous research has explored a variety of spatial optimization models to accomplish such a task, most work assumes that the population with demand is relatively static. However, this assumption neglects to account for potential feedbacks in the relief distribution system. For example, a population's behavior can both affect and be affected by the placement of relief services, resulting in a dynamic spatial distribution of demand. This article presents a hybrid modeling approach that utilizes GIS data with agent-based and spatial optimization models to position emergency relief teams in Bay County, Florida during a hurricane event. Non-evacuating household agents choose to remain at home or seek shelter, while relief team agents are periodically repositioned to account for changes in the spatial distribution of household agents. A total of 220 simulations are run to explore a variety of scenarios. Results show different repositioning timing strategies and the magnitude of the feedback effect drastically changes the level of access households have to relief teams. Ultimately, this work demonstrates the importance of accounting for behavioral and spatial dynamics in disaster relief distribution systems.
Programmable Image Processing Element

The algorithmic solution to many image-processing problems frequently uses sums of products where each multiplicand is an input sample (pixel) and each multiplier is a stored coefficient. This paper presents a large-scale integrated circuit (LSIC) implementation that provides accumulation of nine products and discusses its evolution from design through application 'A read-only memory (ROM) accumulate algorithm is used to perform the multiplications and is the key to one-chip implementation. The ROM function is actually implemented with erasable programmable ROM (EPROM) to allow reprogramming of the circuit to a variety of different functions. A real-time brassboard is being constructed to demonstrate four different image-processing operations on TV images.
The Effect of Nuclear Radiation on Fibrous Materials: Part I: Dacron Polyester Fiber' 1

Dacron polyester filaments of different draw ratios were prepared and were exposed to high-energy radiation from two sources. Exposure both in a reactor and to a Cobalt-60 source resulted in an increase in the moduli of elasticity of the filaments. This indicated that cross-linking reactions took place and predominated over chain scission, particularly during the early stages of irradiation. Draw ratio, i.e., the degree of orien tation of the filament, had an influence on the behavior. The materials of lower draw ratio tended to show more cross-linking than those of high draw ratio, the optimum being between 2.5:1 and 3.0:1. The degree of cross-linking in Dacron under the conditions of these experiments was, however, of a low order of magnitude. The solubility of the filaments was decreased only slightly, and the melting point remained unchanged. The degree of crystallinity of the filament did not influence the behavior of the filaments.Although the work has not yet been extended to many other polymers, i...
Photooxidation of Cholesterol in Butter

The effect of exposure to fluorescent light on the oxidative stability of cholesterol in unpackaged butter was investigated. Oxidation of cholesterol in butter occurred, although the oxidation products were detectable only after prolonged exposure to light. Cholesterol oxides were more concentrated at the surface than throughout the entire butter block and were detectable after 8 days of exposure to light. 5-Cholesten-313, 7α-diol and its 7β-epimer, products of free radical attack on cholesterol, were detected among the oxidation products, along with a compound suspected to be 6-cholesten-3β, 5α-diol. This latter compound is only known to form following singlet oxygen attack on cholesterol.
Software for the computation of Tobit model estimates

In this note I give an overview of the computational methods available for the estimation of the parameters of both the standard Tobit model and the various generalized versions of that model which have been developed in recent years. After summarizing the alternative methods, with emphasis on those that have been the most successful, I give a brief description of some of the software which has been developed specifically for these kinds of problems. It is difficult to separate the issue of which computational method to use on a given model from the choice of estimation method itself. On the one hand there are methods which yield maximum likelihood estimates under the assumption of normality of the disturbances and on the other hand there are a variety of methods which may yield consistent estimates in the case where there is heteroskedasticity or non-normality of the disturbances. This last class of methods has only been developed recently, so there is not much computational experience with them yet.’ For the case where the disturbances of the model are independently identically distributed as normal variates, there are several estimation methods possible; most of those listed below are described by Amemiya in his survey of Tobit models. I make a few additional comments on the computational aspects of these methods here.
Analysis of gravity and topography in the GLIMPSE study region: Isostatic compensation and uplift of the Sojourn and Hotu Matua Ridge systems

[1] The Gravity Lineations Intraplate Melting Petrologic and Seismic Expedition (GLIMPSE) Experiment investigated the formation of a series of non–hot spot, intraplate volcanic ridges in the South Pacific and their relationship to cross-grain gravity lineaments detected by satellite altimetry. Using shipboard gravity measurements and a simple model of surface loading of a thin elastic plate, we estimate effective elastic thicknesses ranging from ∼2 km beneath the Sojourn Ridge to a maximum of 10 km beneath the Southern Cross Seamount. These elastic thicknesses are lower than predicted for the 3–9 Ma seafloor on which the volcanoes lie, perhaps due to reheating and thinning of the plate during emplacement. Anomalously low apparent densities estimated for the Matua and Southern Cross seamounts of 2050 and 2250 kg m−3, respectively, probably are artifacts caused by the assumption of only surface loading, ignoring the presence of subsurface loading in the form of underplated crust and/or low-density mantle. Using satellite free-air gravity and shipboard bathymetry, we calculate the age-detrended, residual mantle Bouguer anomaly (rMBA). The rMBA corrects the free-air anomaly for the direct effects of topography, including the thickening of the crust beneath the seamounts and volcanic ridges due to surface loading of the volcanic edifices. There are broad, negative rMBA anomalies along the Sojourn and Brown ridges and the Hotu Matua seamount chain that extend nearly to the East Pacific Rise. These negative rMBA anomalies connect to negative free-air anomalies in the western part of the study area that have been recognized previously as the beginnings of the cross-grain gravity lineaments. Subtracting the topographic effects of surface loading by the ridges and seamounts from the observed topography reveals that the ridges are built on broad bands of anomalously elevated seafloor. This swell topography and the negative rMBA anomalies contradict the predictions of lithospheric cracking models for the origin of gravity lineaments and associated volcanic ridges, favoring models with a dynamic mantle component such as small-scale convection or channelized asthenospheric return flow.
Enzymic and immunochemical properties of lysozyme-XII. Delineation of the reactive site around the two central disulfides by immunochemical and conformational studies of derivatives of the two-disulfide peptide.

Abstract Previous work from this laboratory on the antigenic structure of lysozyme has shown that an antigenic reactive site resides within, but may not include all of, sequence 62–68 (Cys 64-Cys 80), 74–97 (Cys 76-Cys 94). This two-disulfide peptide accounted for about a third of the total antigenic reactivity of native lysozyme. We had also previously shown that one or both of tryptophans 62 and 63 as well as lysine 96 (and a lesser contribution from lysine 97) are essential parts of the antigenic site which requires also intact disulfides to bring these two parts of the site together. The present work investigates the role of arginine 68 and aspartic acids 66 and 87. Activation of carboxyl groups with carbodiimide followed by coupling with histidine methyl ester yielded a homogeneous derivative modified at all free carboxyl groups and possessed identical ORD parameters to those of the unmodified peptide. However, the derivative retained only less than half of the immunochemical reactivity of the peptide. Reaction with phenylglyoxal resulted in the modification of arginine 68 as well as the N-terminal residues tryptophan 62 and asparagine 74 and one e-amino group. The derivative showed no change in conformational parameters but suffered a loss of about half the immunochemical reactivity relative to the unmodified peptide. Reaction with 1,2-cyclohexanedione, also resulted in the modification of arginine 68 and, in addition, the two tryptophans, the two lysines and the N-terminal asparagine 74 were modified. The derivative showed no change in conformational parameters but lost almost its entire inhibitory activity. Reaction with phenylglyoxal after protection of the free amino groups by citraconylation followed by removal of the protecting group, yielded a homogeneous derivative which was specifically modified at arginine 68 only. This derivative suffered no change in conformation or in immunochemical behavior relative to the unmodified peptide. From these studies it was concluded that one (or both) of aspartic acids 66 and 87 is part of the antigenic site, whereas arginine 68 is not located in the antigenic site on the peptide. Coordination of these and our previous findings, yielded a definition of the complex boundaries of the antigenic site in this part of the molecule.
Remembering Japanese Militarism Through the Fusosha Textbook: The Collective Memory of the Asian-Pacific War in Japan

The Japanese Ministry of Education's approval of a junior high school history textbook justifying Japan's aggressive acts during the Pacific War has been criticized by the governments of several Asian countries, and became an important topic in anti-Japan protests in China and South Korea in April 2005. The textbook screening decisions made by the Japanese Ministry of Education have not only led to international protests, but they have also resulted in significant conflict within Japan, illustrated by a history of protests and lawsuits. This article examines the controversial textbook published by the Fusosha Publishing House and attempts to provide an understanding of the war memories promoted by the book. Furthermore, the article discusses the relationship between this appropriation of war memories and the rise of militarism in contemporary Japan.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 65*

Abstract Nuclear structure data available through July 1975 are compiled, and adopted level properties are given. The bulk of the data are presented pictorially for easy comparison. Experimental details, references, and additional comments, where required, are given in the text. All drawings, tables, and comments are reproduced from the computerized Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF). Any additions or corrections desired by the users should be addressed to the compilers for maintenance and updating of the computer file.