cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semantic Representation of English Phrasal Verbs

Multi-word expressions present a number of problems for natural language processing, most notably due to the non-compositional nature of their meaning. The pervasiveness of phrasal verbs in texts makes their acquisition a necessary task, and successful approaches to phrasal verb acquisition display exemplary potential to solve many issues related to multi-word expressions in NLP. We describe an ontological semantic approach to the manual lexical acquisition of phrasal verbs for a natural language database. This paper demonstrates the practical issues and tradeoffs associated with phrasal verb acquisition.
What’s In It For Me? Personal Benefits Obtained by CEOs Whose Firms Are Acquired

We study benefits received by target company CEOs in completed mergers and acquisitions. These executives obtain wealth increases with a median of $4 to $5 million and a mean of $8 to $11 million, roughly in line with the permanent income streams that they sacrifice. CEOs receive lower financial gains from those transactions in which they become executives of the buyer, suggesting that tradeoffs exist between the financial and career-related benefits they extract. Regression estimates suggest that target shareholders receive lower acquisition premia in transactions that involve extraordinary personal treatment of the CEO.
Graphs and links

In this chapter (Chapter V) we present several results which demonstrate a close connection and useful exchange of ideas between graph theory and knot theory. These disciplines were shown to be related from the time of Tait (if not Listing) but the great flow of ideas started only after Jones discoveries. The first deep relation in this new trend was demonstrated by Morwen Thistlethwaite and we describe several results by him in this Chapter. We also presentresults from two (unpublished) preprints [P-P-0,P-18].In particular, in Section 2, we sketch two generalizations of the Tutte polynomial of graphs or, more precisely, the deletion-contraction method which Tutte polynomial utilize. The first generalization considers, instead of graphs, general objects called setoids or group systems. The second one deals with completion of the expansion of a graph with respect to subgraphs. We are motivated here by finite type invariants of links developed by Vassiliev and Gusarov along the line presented in [P-9] (compare Chapter IX). The dichromatic Hopf algebra, described in Section 2, have its origin in Vassiliev-Gusarov theory mixed with work of G. Carlo-Rota and W. Schmitt. In Section 3 we describe Tait conjecture on alternating link diagrams and apply developed methods to study adequate diagrams. In Section 4 we apply 2-variable Kauffman polynomial to alternating links and prove, in particular, the second Tait conjecture. In Section 5 we analyze the Kauffman polynomial of adequate diagrams. In Section 6 we show how coefficients of Homflypt polynomial can be used to obtain new information on classical knot invariants (e.g. Morton-Franks-Williams inequality). In the last section of Chapter V we discuss almost positive links and our method uses K. Taniyama idea of ordering of knots.
SERUM SICKNESS AND PLASMACYTOSIS. A CLINICAL, IMMUNOLOGIC AND HEMATOLOGIC ANALYSIS.

Abstract A mild case of serum sickness following an injection of equine tetanus antitoxin is reported. During the illness there was a plasmacytosis amounting to 30 per cent of the white cells in the peripheral blood. Three months after the illness, a skin test with equine serum produced an intense local reaction and the reappearance of plasmacytosis. Precipitating antibody was demonstrated against three types of equine globulins, two of which are known to carry antibodies. The patient's precipitins were γ 2 -globulins, while her hemagglutinins were both γ 2 - and γ 1 -globulins. Skin sensitizing antibody was also found and it sedimented with the 7S globulins. In four cases of serum sickness with 1 to 3 per cent plasmacytosis and in four cases without plasmacytosis, antibodies were found to have developed to the same horse serum antigens, and no distinction could be made between the two groups in respect to the classes of antibodies developed. All patients had 7S antibody, whereas 19S antibody was found only in two. No single immunologic factor could be correlated closely with plasmacytosis.
Some Comments on the Repeatable Behavior of Kinematically Redundant Manipulators

There is significant interest in the periodic behavior, generally referred to as repeatability, exhibited by a kinematically redundant manipulator while performing a cyclic end effector motion. Much of the early work in this area has been restricted to planar manipulators whose configuration was described in terms of absolute joint angles in order to simplify the problem. Unfortunately, this has resulted in the observation of certain phenomena that are unique to this special case and do not describe the behavior of more complicated manipulators. The goal of this work is to clarify some possible misconceptions concerning the limiting behavior of a redundant manipulator under nonconservative control strategies, with a particular emphasis on pseudoinverse control.
Copyright in the Digital Age

Today’s law librarian faces an excess of copyright-related questions dealing with every facet of library services: digital archives, virtual reference, inter-library loan, access to law, e-reserves, licensing, etc. Many librarians do not have the formal instruction necessary to answer all of these questions, but many find themselves becoming de facto library copyright experts by reading, writing, collaborating, attending conferences, and working with informed colleagues. In this digital, on-demand environment in which law libraries exist, it is almost a requirement that librarians have a basic understanding of copyright to successfully assist students, faculty, and staff competently. The goal of this chapter is to provide the fundamental instruction for some of the most popular topics facing law libraries in the digital age. Whether it is scanning chapters for e-reserves or accessing databases online, knowledge of copyright law can help mitigate risk, and enhance our patron’s services. As librarians, we want to provide whatever our patron’s desire. But, we also must balance the law versus the patrons needs. Fortunately, copyright law does not always restrict a patron’s uses. In many cases a solid understanding of copyright can help ease a patron’s fears, or provide legal alternatives to a patron’s request, or help educate the community at large.
Environmental Law in Global Perspective: Five Do's and Five Don'ts from Our Experience

Lessons learned from U.S. environmental law. Five best and five worst things in U.S. environmental law. "Third-mover advantage" by which legal systems may be do better by adopting legal devices after studying experience elsewhere. "Virtual regulation" by which incentives from regulatory system are intended to affect behavior outside.
A Guide to Disability Statistics from the National Health Interview Survey

The purpose of this paper is to examine the information on the population with disabilities in a nationally representative survey conducted by the National Center on Health Statistics called the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The paper provides a description of the disability information available in the NHIS and how the data may be used to assess the employment, economic well being and health of the population. Descriptive statistics from the 2002 NHIS public use files are used to illustrate the type of analysis that will be useful to researchers and policymakers.
Observations of storm time midlatitude ion‐neutral coupling using SuperDARN radars and NATION Fabry‐Perot interferometers

Ion drag is known to play an important role in driving neutral thermosphere circulation at auroral latitudes, especially during the main phase of geomagnetic storms. During the recovery phase, the neutrals are known to drive the ions and generate ionospheric electric fields and currents via the disturbance dynamo mechanism. At mid-latitudes, the precise interplay between ions and neutrals is less understood largely because of the paucity of measurements that have been available. In this work, weinvestigate ion-neutral coupling at middle latitudes using co-located ion drift velocity measurements obtained from SuperDARN radars and neutral wind velocity and temperature measurements obtained from the NATION Fabry-Perot interferometers. We examine one recent storm period on October 2-3, 2013 during both the main phase and late recovery phase. By using ion-neutral momentum exchange theory and a time-lagged correlation analysis, we analyze the coupling timescales and dominant driving mechanisms. We observe that during the main phase the neutrals respond to the ion convection on a timescale of ∼ 84 minutes which is significantly faster than what would be expected from local ion-drag momentum forcing alone. This suggests other storm time influences are important for driving the neutrals during the main phase, such as Joule heating. During the late recovery phase, the neutrals are observed to drive the ion convection without any significant time delay, consistent with the so-called “neutral fly wheel effect" or disturbance dynamo persisting well into the late recovery phase.
The Hundred Years War, Volume III: Divided Houses – By Jonathan Sumption

It is difficult to know where to begin a short review of such a big book; big not only in length but also in range and scope of coverage. As he did in two earlier magisterial volumes, Jonathan Sump...
Altered glycan-dependent signaling induces insulin resistance and hyperleptinemia

Insulin resistance and β cell toxicity are key features of type 2 diabetes. One leading hypothesis suggests that these abnormalities result from excessive flux of nutrients through the UDP–hexosamine biosynthetic pathway leading to “glucose toxicity.” How the products of the hexosamine pathway mediate these effects is not known. Here, we show that transgenic overexpression of an enzyme using UDP-GlcNAc to modify proteins with O-GlcNAc produces the type 2 diabetic phenotype. Even modest overexpression of an isoform of O-GlcNAc transferase, in muscle and fat, leads to insulin resistance and hyperleptinemia. These data support the proposal that O-linked GlcNAc transferase participates in a hexosamine-dependent signaling pathway that is linked to insulin resistance and leptin production.
Expanding the Definition of the Classical Bipartite Nuclear Localization Signal

Nuclear localization signals (NLSs) are amino acid sequences that target cargo proteins into the nucleus. Rigorous characterization of NLS motifs is essential to understanding and predicting pathways for nuclear import. The best-characterized NLS is the classical NLS (cNLS), which is recognized by the cNLS receptor, importin-α. cNLSs are conventionally defined as having one (monopartite) or two clusters of basic amino acids separated by a 9-12 aa linker (bipartite). Motivated by the finding that Ty1 integrase, which contains an unconventional putative bipartite cNLS with a 29 aa linker, exploits the classical nuclear import machinery, we assessed the functional boundaries for linker length within a bipartite cNLS. We confirmed that the integrase cNLS is a bona fide bipartite cNLS, then carried out a systematic analysis of linker length in an obligate bipartite cNLS cargo, which revealed that some linkers longer than conventionally defined can function in nuclear import. Linker function is dependent on the sequence and likely the inherent flexibility of the linker. Subsequently, we interrogated the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteome to identify cellular proteins containing putative long bipartite cNLSs. We experimentally confirmed that Rrp4 contains a bipartite cNLS with a 25 aa linker. Our studies show that the traditional definition of bipartite cNLSs is too restrictive and linker length can vary depending on amino acid composition.
Scorecard for academic administration performance on the campus

Purpose – To provide a framework for an objective “scorecard” for performance of academic administrators.Design/methodology/approach – Literature reviews show that business organizations, as well as academic institutions, are fundamentally rethinking their strategies and operations because of changing environment and calls for more accountability to government and the public. The balanced scorecard is described as a novel approach to face these challenges.Findings – The balanced scorecard has been shown as an effective tool to evaluate an organization, and its performance. Performance is identified as the linkage between outcomes and the multiple factors affecting those strategic outcomes.Research limitation/implications – While the study provides a general framework for a balanced scorecard to academic institutions, it does not provide an exhaustive list of academic goals and associated measures for evaluation.Practical implications – A very useful guidance to academic administrators in their search for ...
Familial risk of melanoma and links with other cancers

The genetic risk factors for melanoma are complex and involve both familial and environmental components. Of the thousands of melanomas diagnosed each year, only a fraction are due to familial causes. These melanomas typically present in younger individuals, and may be associated with genetic factors that put these individuals at risk for other tumors. CDKN2A and CDK4 are the most well-characterized mutations, as they have been identified in up to 40% of familial melanomas. Individuals with CDKN2A are also at risk for pancreatic cancer. The BRCA2 mutation has also been implicated in familial melanomas, breast and ovarian cancer. The BAP1, TERC and POT1 mutations are associated with melanomas and several other familial tumors.
Interactive microcomputer-aided design of shop-welded and field-bolted beam-column connections

Abstract A microcomputer-aided design (MicroCAD) system has been developed for interactive design of connections in steel buildings made of standard rolled l-sections, called Steelcon. Design of different connections is based on the American Institute of Steel Construction specification. Connecting elements may be plates, angles, or T-sections. Connectors may be bolts or welds. The MicroCAD system can display/plot any isometric view of the connection plus the orthographic views, i.e. front, side, and top views. The application of the MicroCAD system to the design of simple (type 2) shop-welded and field-bolted beam-column angle and plate connections is discussed. Microcomputer graphics for displaying the isometric and orthographic views including the dimensions and designation are presented. This MicroCAD system can be used effectively for practical design of connections in steel buildings.
Structures of the dienoic lactones of horse sebum.

Abstract 1. 1. The C 34 , C 36 , and C 38 dienoic ω-lactones were isolated from sebum of the horse ( Equus caballus ) and the double bond positions were determined by stepwise chemical dissection and analysis of the fragments. 2. 2. The structures found could be formed by Δ9-desaturation at the C 18 -stage of fatty acid biosynthesis followed by a second Δ9-desaturation when the chains reached C 24 , C 26 , C 28 , C 30 , or C 32 and then addition of one to seven 2-carbon units. 3. 3. These findings provide insight into the dimensions and organization of the endoplasmic reticulum in cells of the sebaceous glands.
Galaxy Metallicities, Masses and Outflows at Redshifts 1 ≲ Z ≲ 3: An Observational Perspective

I review the most widely used methods of determining chemical abundances in galaxies at 1≲ z ≲ 3, including emission and absorption line techniques (including a brief discussion of Damped Lyman Alpha systems). Most star-forming galaxies at these redshifts show significant enrichment, with ~1/3 solar to ~solar metallicities. They are overluminous for their metallicities compared to local galaxies, and the mass-metallicity relation at z ~ 2 is offset to lower metallicities compared to the local relation. Metals are also seen in the IGM at these redshifts, most likely from galactic-scale outflows in the galaxies themselves.
The face of negative affect: Trial-by-trial corrugator responses to negative pictures are positively associated with amygdala and negatively associated with ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity

The ability to simultaneously acquire objective physiological measures of emotion concurrent with fMRI holds the promise to enhance our understanding of the biological bases of affect and thus improve our knowledge of the neural circuitry underlying psychiatric disorders. However, the vast majority of neuroimaging studies to date examining emotion have not anchored the examination of emotion-responding circuitry to objective measures of emotional processing. To that end, we acquired EMG activity of a valence-sensitive facial muscle involved in the frowning response (corrugator muscle) concurrent with fMRI while twenty-six human participants viewed negative and neutral images. Trial-by-trial increases in corrugator EMG activity to negative pictures were associated with greater amygdala activity and a concurrent decrease in ventromedial PFC activity. Thus, this study highlights the reciprocal relation between amygdalar and ventromedial PFC in the encoding of emotional valence as reflected by facial expression.
Investigation of polarization effects for nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Abstract The spectral and temporal polarization dependencies of nanosecond laser-induced plasmas are explored for analysis of gaseous and solid samples using various experimental configurations. Plasma emission measurements were resolved into vertical and horizontal polarization components, and the ratio of the two polarization-resolved measurements was calculated for each sample and configuration. For the solid target, measurements were recorded with the sample oriented both normal to the incident laser beam as well as at oblique angles of incidence. The results for the breakdown of a pure, nitrogen gaseous sample revealed no degree of polarization in either the continuum or atomic emission, with the ratios of the horizontally-to-vertically resolved plasma emission showing values equal to unity when resolved both temporally and spectrally. The analysis of both copper and steel solid samples also showed no polarization dependency in the spectral and temporal data when the laser was incidentally normal to the sample surface. For oblique angles of incidence, some polarization (
Navigating Gender Expectations for Girls in Coeducational Physical Education

In today's society, it is almost impossible to turn on the television, open a magazine, or surf the Internet without being exposed to cultural representations of femininity. Young women are constan...
An in situ and ex situ ellipsometry comparison of the interfaces of Si and GaAs resulting from thermal and plasma oxidation

A combination of in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and real time ellipsometry (RTE) along with ex situ spectroscopic immersion ellipsometry (SIE) measurements were performed in order to compare the Si and GaAs-oxide interfaces produced by thermal and electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma oxidation processes. Our studies indicate that the two oxidation methods yield different kinetics for Si and GaAs. RTE reveals that ECR plasma oxidation shows an initial stage of fast growth independent of substrate bias, up to a few nanometers; then the oxidation slows down and becomes bias-dependent. Substrate bias has a similar effect on Si and GaAs, even though more pronounced for GaAs. For GaAs, we also observed a strong effect of the doping on the kinetics of ECR plasma oxidation. For thermal oxidation of GaAs, a substrate orientation effect was found, in contrast to ECR plasma oxidation of semi-insulating substrates which shows no strong substrate orientation effect. Similarly, the strong orientation dependence of the initial Si oxidation kinetics for thermal oxidation disappears for ECR plasma oxidation of Si. Our SE results show that the GaAs oxides obtained from the two oxidation processes are different, and these findings were correlated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). SIE studies were performed to compare the interfacial region of oxides obtained with different processes.
On Kähler manifolds with positive orthogonal bisectional curvature

Abstract For any irreducible Kahler manifold which admits positive orthogonal bisectional curvature and C 1 > 0 , if this positivity condition is preserved under the flow, then the underlying manifold is biholomorphic to C P n .
Neutron activation analysis for osmium and ruthenium in platinum

A sensitive procedure for the simultaneous determination of trace levels of osmium and ruthenium in platinum, by thermal neutron activation analysis utilizing γ-ray spectrometry, was developed. The radiochemical separation method utilized perchloric acid for a selective oxidation of osmium and ruthenium to the volatile tetroxides. The distillation of the tetroxides greatly reduced the radiation hazard presented by the bulk of the activities in the matrix. Activities of 15-day191Os and 40-day104Ru were measured by accumulation of pulses from a 3″ diameter NaI(Tl) crystal detector. Analyses of γ-ray spectra were achieved using digital computer techniques. The procedure provided analyses for a high purity platinum stock of 0.032±0.007 ppm Os and 0.044±0.005 ppm Ru.
Computer-assisted Visualization of Arteriovenous Malformations on the Home Personal Computer

OBJECTIVE: Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are difficult lesions to treat, partly because it is difficult to formulate a three-dimensional mental image of the nidus and its supplying arteries, draining veins, and arteries of passage. Our purpose is to develop personal computer software that allows better visualization of complex, three-dimensional, connected vascular anatomy for surgical planning. METHODS: Vessels are defined from magnetic resonance angiograms and are symbolically linked to form vascular trees. The nidus of the AVM is also defined by magnetic resonance angiography. These representations of the nidus and vasculature can be viewed together in a software program that allows the user to color-code groups of vessels or to selectively turn connected groups of vessels off to avoid obscuring the part of the image that the user wants to observe. Structures can be viewed from any angle. The vessels can also be shown intersecting any magnetic resonance angiogram slice or superimposed upon digital subtraction angiograms obtained from the same patient. RESULTS: We report results from two patients with AVMs in which our representations were compared with the findings during surgery. Our three-dimensional vascular trees correctly depicted the relationship of the nidus to feeding vessels in three dimensions. We show findings in an additional, unoperated patient for whom vessel trees were created from three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography data and compared with a volume rendering of the original data set. CONCLUSION: Computer-assisted, three-dimensional visualizations of complex vascular anatomy can be helpful in planning the surgical excision of AVMs. Software programs that produce these images can provide important information that is difficult to obtain by traditional techniques. This imaging method is also applicable to guidance of endovascular procedures and removal of complex tumors.
Changes in leaf water status associated with salinity in mature, field grown Prunus salicina

Seasonal and diurnal measurements of leaf water potential (ψ1), relative water content (RWC) and stomatal conductance (gs) were made in the field on 19-year old Prunus salicina (L.) cv. Santa Rosa, a deciduous fruit tree species, irrigated with 3 different concentrations of saline water over a 3 year period (1985-1987). With the exception of stage III of fruit growth, little or no treatment difference in Φ1, leaf turgor potential (Φp), or RWC was noted during the day. Seasonal averages of morning (0700-0900) and afternoon (1500-1700) Φp did not decline with increasing salinity, indicating long-term osmotic adjustment in this species. Maintenance of leaf water status under saline conditions was in part a consequence of increased stomatal closure, with a subsequent reduction in leaf transpiration rate. However, during stage III of fruit growth, an increase in mean afternoon (1200-1700) stomatal conductance of 26-117%, independent of salinity treatment, was observed in 1985 and again in 1987. Higher conductance values during this period may be associated with rapid fruit expansion and greater assimilate demand. The observed increase in conductance resulted in greater leaf water loss and larger measured differences in midday ψ1 between salinity treatments. This research indicates that for Prunus salicina in the field, salinity stress resulted in leaf water deficits only during the final period of fruit expansion and ripening.
A Hard‐line Reply to the Multiple‐Case Manipulation Argument

Michael McKenna's impressively developed hard-line reply to the multiple-case manipulation argument is a challenging compatibilist strategy for responding to arguments of this sort. His central idea is that whatever attitude it is rational initially to have about Plum's responsibility in the ordinary deterministic examples (my Case 4, his Case 6) transfers to the manipulation cases, since, after all, the incompatibilist has set up the cases so that there are no responsibility-relevant differences among them. Because it is at the outset rational for us to have an agnostic attitude about the claim that Plum is morally responsible in the ordinary deterministic examples, the absence of relevant differences allows this rational agnosticism to transfer unimpeded to the manipulation cases, thereby depriving them of counting in favor of incompatibilism. I will argue that if we are precise about the attitude it is rational to have about Plum in these examples, we will see that the force of this hard-line compatibilist response is compromised.
Estimating the probability of an extinction or major outbreak for an environmentally transmitted infectious disease.

Indirect transmission through the environment, pathogen shedding by infectious hosts, replication of free-living pathogens within the environment, and environmental decontamination are suspected to play important roles in the spread and control of environmentally transmitted infectious diseases. To account for these factors, the classic Susceptible–Infectious–Recovered–Susceptible epidemic model is modified to include a compartment representing the amount of free-living pathogen within the environment. The model accounts for host demography, direct and indirect transmission, replication of free-living pathogens in the environment, and removal of free-living pathogens by natural death or environmental decontamination. Based on the assumptions of the deterministic model, a continuous-time Markov chain model is developed. An estimate for the probability of disease extinction or a major outbreak is obtained by approximating the Markov chain with a multitype branching process. Numerical simulations illustrate ...
Effect of membrane mechanics on charge transfer by the membrane protein prestin

Prestin was found in the membrane of outer hair cells (OHCs) located in the cochlea of the mammalian inner ear. These cells convert changes in the membrane potential into dimensional changes and (if constrained) to an active electromechanical force. The OHCs provide the ear with the mechanism of amplification and frequency selectivity that is effective up to tens of kHz. Prestin is a crucial part of the motor complex driving OHCs. Other cells transfected with prestin acquire electromechanical properties similar to those in the native cell. While the mechanism of prestin has yet to be fully understood, the charge transfer is its critical component. Here we investigate the effect of the mechanics of the surrounding membrane on electric charge transfer by prestin. We simulate changes in the membrane mechanics via the corresponding changes in the free energy of the prestin system. The free energy gradient enters a Fokker-Planck equation that describes charge transfer in our model. We analyze the effects of changes in the membrane tension and membrane elastic moduli. In the case of OHC, we simulate changes in the longitudinal and/or circumferential stiffness of the cell’s orthotropic composite membrane. In the case of cells transfected with prestin, we vary the membrane areal modulus. As a result, we show the effects of the membrane mechanics on the probabilistic characteristics of prestin-associated charge transfer for both stationary and high-frequency conditions. We compare our computational results with the available experimental data and find good agreement with the experiment.
Filial Therapy: A Process for Developing Strong Parent-Child Relationships:

According to the most recent U.S. Surgeon General's report on mental health, it is crucial for family counselors to use parents and families as partners in delivery of mental health services for children. Filial therapy, a unique, evidenced-based approach, may be useful for fulfilling the aforementioned mandate because filial therapy teaches parents to be the primary therapeutic agent of change in the lives of their children. This article overviews the basic principles and procedures of filial therapy training and provides a case study illustrating this strategy for building strong parent-child relationships.
Optimization of couch translational corrections to compensate for rotational and deformable target deviations in image guided radiotherapy

The utilization of image-guidedradiotherapy(IGRT) technologies helps correct temporal and spatial deviations of the target volume relative to planned radiation beams. With the aid of these IGRT technologies, it becomes possible to better identify the target volume before and even during radiation treatment. However, since components of the detected deviations may be translational, rotational, and deformable, the question remains whether simple treatment-couch translational movement can be optimized to compensate for these complicated deviations. Deviation of the target volume and changes in patient body shape from that acquired for treatment planning may further add to the variations from planned dose distribution. In this study, an optimization strategy is developed to investigate these issues. The optimization process involved the use of the hill climbing algorithm, the detected target volume and patient body shape, and the dose distribution based on acquired images at treatment. During the process, the planned dose distribution was iteratively adjusted to reflect the changes of depth and distance as the translational treatment couch movement was being optimized. The optimal treatment couch movement was considered achieved when the highest fraction of the detected target volume was covered by prescription dose. This optimization strategy was evaluated on clinical prostate cancer cases. For each of the cases, cone beam computed tomography(CBCT)images were acquired right after fiducial marker-based kilovolt orthogonal imaging verification and setup adjustment. Based on the CBCTimages, the clinical target volume at the treatment was delineated and the translational treatment-couch movements were optimized with the developed strategy. The resultant dose coverage was compared to that without the optimization. The results showed that with the present strategy, rotational and deformable target deviations can be further compensated with translational couch correction.
Irrational amusements, theatre law, and moral reformers in nineteenth-century America: implications for later popular music study.

This paper considers several case studies of conflicts between moral reformers active in US cities and venues catering to working-class audiences from the 1860s to 1880s. For moral reformers, theatrical entertainments, particularly forms with no educational or moral purpose, were deeply corrupting and threatened not only the well-being of the individual, but also that of the nation. These case studies show that tensions emerged when popular styles sought to expand their audience beyond their traditional patrons or to move into respectable areas of the city – in other words, when they did not stay in their traditional place. This is also true of the many hybrid musical forms that combined European-based folk or religious styles with African-American music. Forms such as jazz and rock ‘n’ roll did not elicit significant protest until they began to find an audience in northern cities among middle- and lower-middle-class youth. Exploring how laws were changed in response to earlier conflicts adds a crucial hi...
OBSERVATIONS OF STARBURST GALAXIES WITH FAR-ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROGRAPHIC EXPLORER: GALACTIC FEEDBACK IN THE LOCAL UNIVERSE

We have analyzed FUSE (905-1187 A) spectra of a sample of 16 local starburst galaxies. These galaxies cover almost three orders of magnitude in star-formation rates and over two orders of magnitude in stellar mass. Absorption features from the stars and interstellar medium are observed in all the spectra. The strongest interstellar absorption features are generally blue-shifted by ~ 50-300 km s–1, implying the almost ubiquitous presence of starburst-driven galactic winds in this sample. The outflow velocites increase with both the star-formation rate and the star-formation rate per unit stellar mass, consistent with a galactic wind, driven by the population of massive stars. We find outflowing coronal-phase gas (T ~105.5 K) detected via the O VI absorption line in nearly every galaxy. The O VI absorption-line profile is optically thin, is generally weak near the galaxy-systemic velocity, and has a higher mean outflow velocity than seen in the lower ionization lines. The relationship between the line width and column density for the O VI absorbing gas is in good agreement with expectations for radiatively cooling and outflowing gas. Such gas will be created in the interaction of the hot out-rushing wind seen in X-ray emission and cool dense ambient material. O VI emission is not generally detected in our sample, suggesting that radiative cooling by the coronal gas is not dynamically significant in draining energy from galactic winds. We find that the measured outflow velocities in the H I and H II phases of the interstellar gas in a given galaxy increase with the strength (equivalent width) of the absorption feature and not with the ionization potential of the species. The strong lines often have profiles consisting of a broad and optically-thick component centered near the galaxy-systemic velocity and weaker but highly blue-shifted absorption. This suggests that the outflowing gas with high velocity has a lower column density than the more quiescent gas, and can only be readily detected in the strongest absorption lines. From direct observations below the Lyman edge in the galaxy rest frame, we find no evidence of Lyman continuum radiation escaping from any of the galaxies in the sample. Moreover, the small escape fraction of light in the center of the strong C II absorption feature confirms the high opacity below the Lyman limit in the neutral ISM. The absolute fraction of escaping Lyman continuum photons is typically <1%. This sample provides a unique window on the global properties of local star-forming galaxies as observed in the far-UV and also provides a useful comparison sample for understanding spectra of high-redshift star-forming galaxies.
Are Nonclassical Light Sources Lasers

The spontaneous emission contribution to laser noise is explained and the reason for circumventing the resulting fundamental limit is discussed. A question arises concerning the classification of nonclassical light sources that result from combining cavity quantum electrodynamics and semiconductor-laser technology to control randomness in spontaneous emission.
Simulation of intermediate order in polymeric glasses

The glass phase of most polymers is typically considered amorphous. However, many commercially important polymer glasses do contain a subtle level of structural order intermediate between the crystalline and truly amorphous phases. These include a number of commercially important polymers. This Intermediate Order is distributed homogeneously throughout the glass phase and is therefore quite different than the morphology of semi-crystalline materials. Typical computer simulation methods can fail to accurately reproduce the structure of polymers with intermediate order, because they are often based on the assumption that the polymer structure is truly amorphous. Given the subtle nature of this order, computer simulation is important in understanding this structural order and the unique material properties commonly associated with it. We outline the critical issues required for the successful simulation of polymer glasses with intermediate order, and discuss the results of some continuing research designed to improve the accuracy of such simulations.
Methyl derivatives of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-d-glucose (hyalobiouronic acid) from methylated hyaluronic acid

Abstract Methanolysis of methylated hyaluronic acid, followed by acetylation, gave, in 70% yield, crystalline methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4,6-di- O -methyl-3- O -(methyl 4- O -acetyl-2,3-di- O -methyl-β- d -glucopyranosyluronate)-α- d -glucopyranoside. Removal of the O -acetyl and methyl ester groups gave compounds that are useful in the investigation, by 1 H-n.m.r. spectroscopy, of interaction within chains of hyaluronic acid in solution.
Molecular pathways of protein synthesis inhibition during brain reperfusion: implications for neuronal survival or death.

Protein synthesis inhibition occurs in neurons immediately on reperfusion after ischemia and involves at least alterations in eukaryotic initiation factors 2 (eIF2) and 4 (eIF4). Phosphorylation of...
Mesonic X-Rays from Capture of Cosmic-Ray μ Mesons in a Chemical Compound

Measurements have been made of the x-rays emitted by mesonic carbon and oxygen atoms formed by the capture of negative cosmic ray $\ensuremath{\mu}$ mesons. A 4-liter tank of liquid scintillator, dioxane, ${\mathrm{C}}_{4}$${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{8}$ (plus 10 g/l of $p$-terphenyl) served as the absorber and as the detector for the stopping of cosmic-ray $\ensuremath{\mu}$ mesons. The mesons were identified by the method of delayed coincidences. The mesonic x-rays from the dioxane were detected by a scintillation spectrometer. Spectrometer pulses in coincidence with the stopping meson were lengthened and their pulse height recorded on a recording milliammeter. The time distribution of the delayed coincidences was recorded over the delay interval 0.5 to 8.0 \ensuremath{\mu}sec. The measured $2p\ensuremath{-}1s$ transition energies of 82 kev and 145 kev, for carbon and oxygen respectively, agree with the simple Bohr orbit calculations within the precision of the measurement. The observed ratio of captures by oxygen and carbon (0.33\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04) does not agree with the $Z$-dependence predicted by Fermi and Teller for mesonic atom formation by chemical compounds (0.67) nor with the simple stopping power calculation (0.50); however, in view of the thick absorber (14 cm depth of dioxane), the above experimental ratio is uncertain because of Compton degradation of the oxygen $2p\ensuremath{-}1s$ radiation which shifts some events from the oxygen to the carbon peak. The observed distribution of delays is consistent with the assignment of the observed radiation to $\ensuremath{\mu}$-meson capture.
Using chemical and microbiological indicators to track the impacts from the land application of treated municipal wastewater and other sources on groundwater quality in a karstic springs basin

Multiple chemical constituents (nutrients; N, O, H, C stable isotopes; 64 organic wastewater compounds, 16 pharmaceutical compounds) and microbiological indicators were used to assess the impact on groundwater quality from the land application of approximately 9.5 million liters per day of treated municipal sewage effluent to a sprayfield in the 960-km2 Ichetucknee Springs basin, northern Florida. Enriched stable isotope signatures (δ18O and δ2H) were found in water from the effluent reservoir and a sprayfield monitoring well (MW-7) due to evaporation; however, groundwater samples downgradient from the sprayfield have δ18O and δ2H concentrations that represented recharge of meteoric water. Boron and chloride concentrations also were elevated in water from the sprayfield effluent reservoir and MW-7, but concentrations in groundwater decreased substantially with distance downgradient to background levels in the springs (about 12 km) and indicated at least a tenfold dilution factor. Nitrate-nitrogen isotope (δ15N–NO3) values above 10 ‰ in most water samples were indicative of organic nitrogen sources except Blue Hole Spring (δ15N–NO3 = 4.6–4.9 ‰), which indicated an inorganic source of nitrogen (fertilizers). The detection of low concentrations the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-metatoluamide (DEET), and other organic compounds associated with domestic wastewater in Devil’s Eye Spring indicated that leakage from a nearby septic tank drainfield likely has occurred. Elevated levels of fecal coliforms and enterococci were found in Blue Hole Spring during higher flow conditions, which likely resulted from hydraulic connections to upgradient sinkholes and are consistent with previoius dye-trace studies. Enteroviruses were not detected in the sprayfield effluent reservoir, but were found in low concentrations in water samples from a downgradient well and Blue Hole Spring during high-flow conditions indicating a human wastewater source. The Upper Floridan aquifer in the Ichetucknee Springs basin is highly vulnerable to contamination from multiple anthropogenic sources throughout the springs basin.
Dependence on a Retinophilin/Myosin Complex for Stability of PKC and INAD and Termination of Phototransduction

Normal termination of signaling is essential to reset signaling cascades, especially those such as phototransduction that are turned on and off with great rapidity. Genetic approaches in Drosophila led to the identification of several proteins required for termination, including protein kinase C (PKC), NINAC (neither inactivation nor afterpotential C) p174, which consists of fused protein kinase and myosin domains, and a PDZ (postsynaptic density-95/Discs Large/zona occludens-1) scaffold protein, INAD (inactivation no afterpotential D). Here, we describe a mutation affecting a poorly characterized but evolutionarily conserved protein, Retinophilin (Retin), which is expressed primarily in the phototransducing compartment of photoreceptor cells, the rhabdomeres. Retin and NINAC formed a complex and were mutually dependent on each other for expression. Loss of retin resulted in an age-dependent impairment in termination of phototransduction. Mutations that affect termination of the photoresponse typically lead to a reduction in levels of the major rhodopsin (Rh1) to attenuate signaling. Consistent with the slower termination in retin1 , the mutant photoreceptor cells exhibited increased endocytosis of Rh1 and a decline in Rh1 protein. The slower termination in retin1 was a consequence of a cascade of defects, which began with the reduction in NINAC p174 levels. The diminished p174 concentration caused a decrease in INAD. Because PKC requires interaction with INAD for protein stability, this leads to reduction in PKC levels. The decline in PKC was age dependent and paralleled the onset of the termination phenotype in retin1 mutant flies. We conclude that the slower termination of the photoresponse in retin1 resulted from a requirement for the Retin/NINAC complex for stability of INAD and PKC.
The interaction of methylglyoxal with methylamine and the triplet state

The interaction of methylglyoxal (MG) with methylamine (MA) to form a Schiff base (SB) is investigated theoretically using the INDO technique. The following findings are reported: (a) MG, SB, and the Schiff base of glyoxal (G) have much lower triplet state energies than G or dimethyl-glyoxal; (b) these molecules and the conjugated polymerizing ones butadiene, isoprene, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde have a similar πLEMO over the conjugating atoms; and (c) the formation of a hemiacetal intermediate prior to SB formation is very favored energetically, but hydration of MG can seriously compete against it. A possible polymerization of the Schiff bases formed by the interaction of MG with the –NH2 groups of protein molecules could stabilize the structured β state and contribute to the “brakelike” action of dicarbonyls on cell proliferation in Szent-Gyorgyi's theory of cancer.
Simulation of JIT production to determine number of Kanbans

A major portion of the work done in modelling Just-In-Time production systems has used queueing theory, mathematical programming or simulation. In all analytical models, little, if any, consideration has been given to the effect of machine breakdowns, set-up times, quality problems and variability in process times. A new methodology is proposed to implement the simulation of the “pull” system and based on that methodology a database oriented simulator, CADOK (Computer Aided Determination Of Kanbans) is developed. This system models breakdowns, reworks, set-up times, variable processing times as well as variable market demand. This JIT simulator has the additional capability of simulating systems which have both convergence as well as divergence in the manufacturing flow. The performance measure of interest is the number of kanbans between any two workstations. While implementing the system, a brief study was made on the effect of set-up times, breakdown frequency, repair times, demand and the variance in processing times. The results are provided in the form of plots and verball description.
Synchronous elasticization at a reduced cost: utilizing the ultra simple fork and controller merging

Latency insensitive (LI) designs can tolerate arbitrary computation and communication latencies. Synchronous elasticization converts an ordinary clocked design into LI. It uses communication protocols such as the Synchronous Elastic Flow (SELF). Comparing to its lazy implementations, eager SELF has no combinational cycles and can provide performance advantage. Yet, it uses eager forks (EForks) consuming more area and power. This paper demonstrates that EForks can be redundant. A novel ultra simple fork (USFork) implementation is introduced. The conditions under which an EFork will behave exactly the same as a USFork (from the protocol perspective) are formally derived. The paper also investigates the conditions under which multiple SELF controllers can be merged to further decrease the area and power overhead (as long as the physical placement allows). The flow has been integrated in a fully automated tool, HGEN. Hybrid GENerator (HGEN) selectively replaces redundant EForks with USForks and, optionally, merges equivalent controllers. HGEN uses 6thSense tool as an embedded verification engine. Comparing to the methodology used in published work on a MiniMIPS processor case study, HGEN shows up to 34.3% and 25.4% savings in area and power due to utilizing USForks. It also shows at least 32% saving in the number of EForks in s382 ISCAS benchmark. More reduction is possible if the physical placement allows for controller merging. Thanks to the advance in synchronous verification technology, HGEN runs within a few minutes (for all this paper examples). This makes the proposed approach suitable for tight time-to-market constraints.