cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Radiation on Sucrose Detection Thresholds of Mice

Radiotherapy is one of the most common treatments for head and neck cancers, with an almost obligate side effect of altered taste (Conger AD. 1973. Loss and recovery of taste acuity in patients irradiated to the oral cavity. Radiat Res. 53:338-347.). In mice, targeted irradiation of the head and neck causes transient repression of proliferation of basal epithelial cells responsible for taste cell replacement, leading to a temporary depletion of taste sensory cells within taste buds, including Type II taste cells involved in detection of sweet stimuli (Nguyen HM, Reyland ME, Barlow LA. 2012. Mechanisms of taste bud cell loss after head and neck irradiation. J Neurosci. 32:3474-3484.). These findings suggest that irradiation may elevate sucrose detection thresholds, peaking at 7 days postirradiation when loss of Type II cells is greatest. To test this hypothesis, sucrose detection thresholds (concentration detected in 50% of presentations) were measured in mice for 15 days after treatment of: 1) irradiation while anesthetized, 2) anesthetic alone, or 3) saline. Mice were trained to distinguish water from several concentrations of sucrose. Mice were irradiated with one 8 Gy dose (RADSOURCE-2000 X-ray Irradiator) to the nose and mouth while under 2,2,2-tribromethanol anesthesia (Avertin). Unexpectedly, mice given anesthesia showed a small elevation in sucrose thresholds compared to saline-injected mice, but irradiated mice show significantly elevated sucrose thresholds compared to either control group, an effect that peaked at 6-8 days postirradiation. The timing of loss and recovery of sucrose sensitivity generally coincides with the reported maximal reduction and recovery of Type II taste cells (Nguyen HM, Reyland ME, Barlow LA. 2012. Mechanisms of taste bud cell loss after head and neck irradiation. J Neurosci. 32:3474-3484.). Thus, even a single dose of irradiation can significantly alter detection of carbohydrates, an important consideration for patients undergoing radiotherapy.
The Dangerous Doctrine: National Security and U.S. Foreign Policy.

(1989). The Dangerous Doctrine: National Security and U.S. Foreign Policy. Argumentation and Advocacy: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 40-42.
Inflammatory immune cells may impair the preBCR checkpoint, reduce new B cell production, and alter the antibody repertoire in old age

Abstract Aging impairs development of new B cells and diminishes the expression of protective antibodies. Reduced numbers of B cell precursors generally occur in old (~2 yrs.) mice. At the pro-B to pre-B cell transition, the pre-B cell receptor (preBCR) checkpoint directs pre-B cell expansion and selection of the pre-B cell immunoglobulin (Ig) μ heavy chain variable region repertoire. The preBCR is comprised of Ig μ heavy chain + surrogate light chains (SLC; λ5/VpreB). In old B cell precursors, SLC is decreased and fewer pre-B cells form the preBCR. In pro-B cells, SLC is complexed with cadherin 17 to form a “pro-B cell receptor” whose signaling is postulated to increase apoptotic sensitivity. We propose that inflammation in old mice, in part mediated by the age-associated B cells (ABC), promotes apoptosis among pro-B cells, particularly those relatively high in SLC. The remaining pro-B cells, with lower SLC, now generate pre-B cells with limited capacity to form the preBCR. Ig μ heavy chains vary in their capacity to associate with SLC and form the preBCR. We speculate that limited SLC restricts formation of the preBCR to a subset of Ig μ heavy chains. This likely impacts the composition of the antibody repertoire among B cells.
Captive-reared juvenile box turtles innately prefer naturalistic habitat: Implications for translocation

Abstract Habitat choice has broad repercussions for animals, but mechanisms influencing such choices are generally not understood. When conducting conservation translocations using captive-reared animals, elucidating mechanisms influencing habitat preference pre-release could inform rearing methods and post-release behavior. We raised 32 captive-born eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina) for eight months—16 in naturalistic enriched enclosures and 16 in unenriched enclosures. We then let each turtle choose between environments simulating both rearing conditions in a novel enclosure to evaluate the hypothesis that rearing environment influences habitat selection. Preference for the enriched environment was exhibited by enriched (selection probability = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.54–0.96) and unenriched (selection probability = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.62–0.98) turtles. Those that chose the enriched habitat (n = 27) did so in less than half the time ( x ¯ = 504.8 s, 95% CI: 266.49–743.04) than those that selected the unenriched one (n = 5, x ¯ = 1339.0 s, 95% CI: 783.84–1894.07, P = 0.009). Selection latency did not differ between rearing treatments (P = 0.871). We conducted a second experiment to clarify if preferences were based on familiarity or novelty by using the same enclosure, but we gave individuals a choice between the habitat representing their rearing condition and a novel object (empty tissue box). Preference for respective rearing environment was exhibited by enriched (selection probability = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.59–0.98) and unenriched (selection probability = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.54–0.96) individuals. Selection latency did not differ based on side chosen (P = 0.439) or rearing treatment (P = 0.764). Selection latency was repeatable by individuals (R = 0.47, 90% CI = 0.24–0.71, P = 0.003), and this personality trait may be heritable since it was also repeatable by clutch mates (R = 0.36, 90% CI = 0.03–0.62, P = 0.001). Preference for a naturalistic environment by captive-born eastern box turtles appears to be driven by an innate mechanism rather than based on prior experience. Housing this species in enriched enclosures should increase welfare. Moreover, our collective findings highlight the importance of evaluating how intrinsic effects could affect translocation outcomes.
Adaptive Comparative Judgment as a Tool for Assessing Open-ended Design Problems and Model Eliciting Activities

ABSTRACTWe investigated the use of adaptive comparative judgment to evaluate the middle school student learning, engagement, and experience with the design process in an open-ended problem assigned in a technology and engineering education course. Our results indicate that the adaptive comparative judgment tool effectively facilitated the grading of the students’ products and improved the judges’ understanding of the processes the students used to arrive at their solutions. We found the reliability and validity of the tool to be acceptable and the outcomes of our study suggest that there is justification for the use of the adaptive comparative judgment method to assess student learning outcomes at multiple levels of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) education.
Escaping the event loop: an alternative control structure for multi-threaded GUIs

The event-driven, or reactive, programming style of the contemporary GUI is a major reason they are difficult to program. This is compounded in a distributed application. The reactive style, however, reflects the mismatch between multithreaded interfaces and a single threaded process, and is actually the equivalent of continuation passing style, a source code transformation used by some compilers. Using continuations for callbacks eliminates much of the difficulty of the reactive style. We describe a toolkit for managing the multiple threads of control which can be combined with existing GUI toolkits and which supports distributed applications.
Guidelines and Classifications

This autoimmune disease is the result of genetic environmental triggers. These patients demonstrate CD8 cell infiltration of the islet cells that are likely involved with subsequent beta cell destruction. A long prodrome is usually present from genetic pre-disposition to onset of disease. These patients may demonstrate various antibodies to islet antigens including insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and tyrosine phosphatase 1A-2. Hence, a combination of markers rather than a single test should be used for predictive and diagnostic testing to enhance sensitivity without losing specificity.
Rediscovery of Cambarus diogenes (Devil Crayfish) in Pennsylvania

North American crayfish biodiversity is in need of conservation attention, which requires monitoring to assess the status of potentially imperiled species. Pennsylvania has a long history of crayfish studies, dating back to the early 1900s and continuing today. We sampled 37 new and historical sites in southeastern Pennsylvania in an effort to locate remnant populations of Cambarus diogenes (Devil Crayfish), an ecologically important burrowing crayfish. While we did not find Devil Crayfish at any historical sites, we discovered a single population in Neshaminy State Park, indicating a decline in this species' range in Pennsylvania since the last survey, circa 1905. We attribute the statewide decline of Devil Crayfish to an inherently limited amount of suitable habitat, urbanization, and biological invasions, and recommend that steps be taken to protect this species.
Planar deposition flow modeling of fiber filled composites in large area additive manufacturing

Abstract The rapid transition of the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) Additive Manufacturing (AM) process from small scale prototype models to large scale polymer deposition has been driven, in part, by the addition of short carbon fibers to the polymer feedstock. The addition of short carbon fibers improves both the mechanical and thermal properties of the printed beads. The improvements to the anisotropic mechanical and thermal properties of the polymer feedstock are dependent on the spatially varying orientation of short carbon fibers which is itself a function of the velocity gradients in the flow field throughout the nozzle and in the extrudate during deposition flow. This paper presents a computational approach for simulating the deposition flow that occurs in the Large Area Additive Manufacturing (LAAM) process and the effects on the final short fiber orientation state in the deposited polymer bead and the resulting bead mechanical and thermal properties. The finite element method is used to evaluate Stokes flow for a two-dimensional planar flow field within a Strangpresse Model 19 LAAM polymer deposition nozzle. A shape optimization method is employed to compute the shape of the polymer melt flow free surface below the nozzle exit as the bead is deposited on a moving print platform. Three nozzle configurations are considered in this study. Fiber orientation tensors are calculated throughout the fluid domain using the Folgar-Tucker fiber interaction model. The effective bulk mechanical properties, specifically the longitudinal and transverse moduli, and the coefficient of thermal expansion, are also calculated for the deposited bead based on the spatially varying fiber orientation tensors. Fiber orientation is found to be highly aligned along the deposition direction of the resulting bead and the computed properties through the thickness of the bead are found to be affected by nozzle height during deposition.
Teacher Evaluation in Indiana: Principals’ Use and Perception of Field-Based Practices:

Teacher evaluation is an important component of the education reform agenda. This study gathered and examined information regarding teacher evaluation practice in Indiana, which was needed before w...
Aerobic biodegradation of 2,3- and 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene.

Abstract Dichloronitrobenzenes (DCNB) are intermediates in the production of dichloroanilines, which are key feedstocks for synthesis of diuron and other herbicides. Although DCNB is a major contaminant at certain chemical manufacturing sites, aerobic DCNB biodegradation is poorly understood and such sites have not been candidates for bioremediation. When a bench-scale aerobic fluidized- bed bioreactor was inoculated with samples from a DCNB contaminated site in Brazil 2,3-DCNB, 3,4-DCNB, 1,2-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB), and chlorobenzene (CB) were biodegraded simultaneously. Biodegradation of the mixture was complete even when the reactor was operated at high flow rates (1.6 h hydraulic residence time), and bacteria able to degrade the individual contaminants were isolated from the reactor by selective enrichment. The enrichments yielded 2 strains of bacteria able to degrade 3,4-DCNB and one able to degrade 2,3-DCNB. The isolates released nitrite during growth on the respective DCNB isomers under aerobic conditions. The draft genome sequence of Diaphorobacter sp. JS3050, which grew on 3,4-DCNB, revealed the presence of putative nitroarene dioxygenase genes, which is consistent with initial attack by a dioxygenase analogous to the initial steps in degradation of nitrobenzene and dinitrotoluenes. The results indicate clearly that the DCNB isomers are biodegradable under aerobic conditions and thus are candidates for natural attenuation/bioremediation.
Comparing the Impact of Online and Paper-and-Pencil Administration of the Self-Determination Inventory: Student Report.

The Self-Determination Inventory: Student Report (SDI: SR) was developed to measure the self-determination of adolescents and was recently validated for students aged 13–22 with and without disabil...
Liquid Ammonia Chemical Lithiation: An Approach for High-Energy and High-Voltage Si–Graphite|Li1+xNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Li-Ion Batteries

Chemical lithiation using lithium metal dissolved in liquid ammonia is introduced for the first time as a viable, potentially scalable method to overlithiate cathode materials, in this case, the 5 ...
Extracellular ATP Signaling in Animals and Plants: Comparison and Contrast

Although the key role of extracellular nucleotides as signaling agents in animals and plants is not often discussed in text books, it is a major topic in the primary literature, with typically over 400 papers published on this topic every year for the past two decades. For research in animal cells, this literature became quite extensive following the discovery, over three decades ago, of multiple purinergic receptors for extracellular nucleotides such as extracellular ATP (eATP) in mammals and other vertebrates. On the other hand, research on eATP signaling in plant cells is relatively more recent and limited, but it has begun to expand significantly after the discovery of an eATP receptor in Arabidopsis in 2014. Although the structural characteristics of the purinergic receptors in animals and plants differ significantly, the signaling steps that follow the activation of these receptors are similar in plants and animals, both having an increase in [Ca2+]cyt within seconds as one of the earliest steps, and both leading to increased levels of reactive oxygen species within minutes as a critical intermediate in the signaling pathway. New downstream molecular and physiological responses to receptor activation by extracellular nucleotides are being discovered every year, and this chapter will discuss underlying similarities and distinct differences in these responses in plants and animals. In both animals and plants, the main enzyme limiting the [eATP] is a nucleoside triphosphate-diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase), more often referred to in the plant literature as apyrase. These enzymes have features that have been conserved throughout evolution, from primitive algae through to humans. This fact, plus the observation that physiologically significant levels of ATP can be found in the open ocean, suggest that eATP signaling is an ancient method of regulating cellular responses.
Addressing External Factors

The rapidly changing health care environment has profoundly affected clinician wellbeing, and the percentage of surgeons with one or more manifestations of burnout has been increasing along with an equivalent decrease in the proportion who report high job satisfaction. This chapter will focus on addressing the external factors that impact physician wellbeing.
Review: The Lions’ Den: Zionism and the Left from Hannah Arendt to Noam Chomsky, by Susie Linfield

The Lions’ Den: Zionism and the Left from Hannah Arendt to Noam Chomsky , by Susie Linfield. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019. 400 pages. $32.50 cloth, $20.00 paper. The Lions’ Den: Zionism and the Left from Hannah Arendt to Noam Chomsky bears a subtitle that is a grave misnomer. Of the “Left” intellectuals treated in this book, all but one—former New Left Review editorial board member Fred Halliday—are Jewish. Not that there is anything wrong with Susie Linfield’s focus on Jewish intellectuals in itself. At a time when critics of Israel are being wantonly targeted as anti-Semites, a book that offers a broad spectrum of Jewish responses to Zionism valuably reminds us of the long and venerable tradition of Jewish anti-Zionism. It is no accident that this selection sells the Left short. It is one thing that the anti-Zionist Left is rarely invoked except as an anonymous block (“Many if not most leftists rejected the very existence of a state for the Jewish people” [p. 209]); it is another thing that this “Left,” despite being supposedly in thrall to third-world nationalisms, is almost entirely Euro-American. How is it possible to write a book that pretends to be an account of Zionism and the Left without including—except in perfunctorily negative asides—Edward Said, whose “Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Victims” remains a classic and remarkably generous Left engagement with that ideology and its consequences.* …
A curtailed selection procedure for comparing Bernoulli outcomes with a control

A sequential selection procedure is proposed for comparing k(>1) experimental Bernoulli populations with a controlled Bernoulli population. The comparison is made according to the success probabili...
Explaining Sustainable Consumption: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis: An Abstract

International communities are in general agreement that fulfilling environmental goals for a sustainable future is only possible with the reduction of consumptions’ detrimental effects. This, however, requires a deep understanding of the factors affecting environmentally significant consumer behaviors, such as buying ecologically friendly products, recycling, using household energy vigilantly, or driving less frequently. In recent years, we see an increasing number of studies in behavioral research looking at environmental attitudes, values, and behavior that try to understand relationships with different variables from different theoretical perspectives. These studies, however, largely lack an overarching perspective that considers variety of theories and behaviors with a comparative approach. As such, this study tries to fill this gap by exploring the functioning of consumer behavior in the environmental domain with a comparative approach, which is needed to uncover every aspect of the forces behind environmentally significant behaviors of consumers. Mainly, this study examines the explanatory power of the three theories, Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Value-Belief-Norm (VBN), and Theory on Affect (TA), which focus on gain motives, moral concerns, and hedonic motives, respectively, and compares with each other for three different stages of consumption, namely, purchase, usage, and post-use behaviors.
Complementary Maps for Location and Environmental Structure in CA1 and Subiculum

The dorsal subiculum lies among a network of interconnected brain regions that collectively map multiple spatial and orientational relationships between an organism and the boundaries and pathways composing its environment. A unique role of the subiculum in spatial information processing has yet to be defined despite reports of small neuron subpopulations that encode relationships to specific boundaries, axes of travel, or locations. We examined the activity patterns among populations of subiculum neurons during performance of a spatial working memory task performed within a complex network of interconnected pathways. Compared to neurons in hippocampal sub-region CA1, a major source of its afferents, subiculum neurons were far more likely to exhibit multiple firing fields at locations that were analogous with respect to path structure and function. Subiculum neuron populations were also found to exhibit a greater dynamic range in scale of spatial representation and for persistent patterns of spiking activity to be aligned to transitions between maze segments. Together, the findings indicate that the subiculum plays a unique role in spatial mapping, one that complements the location-specific firing of CA1 neurons with the encoding of emergent and recurring structural features of a complex path network.
Sexual Harassment at University of California Libraries: Understanding the Experiences of Library Staff Members

In the first study measuring sexual harassment experiences of academic library employees at a single institution, we conducted a census of 1,610 nonstudent employees at the 10-campus University of California Libraries system. This anonymous online survey measured how sexual harassment was experienced and observed in terms of behaviors, exhibitors, reporting and disclosure, institutional support and betrayal, and recommendations for future actions. Out of 579 respondents, 54% experienced and/or observed sexual harassment at work. Respondents recommended training, workplace culture change, support from leadership, and clear reporting processes in order to address sexual harassment at University of California Libraries.
Measuring Asymmetric Timeliness using Industry Output Volume Changes as the Proxy for News

We obtain industry output volume changes from the Census Bureau for 338 six-digit NAICS code manufacturing industries and from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services for skilled nursing facilities as an example of a service industry. Industry output volume changes have distinct and largely desirable features as a news proxy to measure the asymmetric timeliness of (the accrual components of) earnings to good and bad news documented by Basu (1997) and the ensuing literature. Industry output volume changes (1) are exogenous to individual firms’ economic and accounting choices, as well as minimally correlated with firm characteristics that prior research shows are associated with statistical biases in measures of asymmetric timeliness; (2) reflect both the public and the private firms in the industry; and (3) have relatively short-run implications for firm performance, so that accounting rules typically require firms to recognize these implications in operating accruals. We exploit these features to reassess the previously identified drivers of asymmetric timeliness. We find that the use of industry output volume changes as the news proxy (1) enables researchers to demonstrate conditional conservatism through the asymmetric timeliness of operating accruals but not of write-downs of long-lived assets; (2) helps distinguish the effects of curtailment and cost stickiness on asymmetric timeliness; and (3) largely eliminates statistical biases in estimates of asymmetric timeliness.
Drug resistance mechanisms create targetable proteostatic vulnerabilities in Her2+ breast cancers

Abstract Oncogenic kinase inhibitors show short-lived responses in the clinic due to high rate of acquired resistance. We previously showed that pharmacologically exploiting oncogene-induced proteotoxic stress can be a viable alternative to oncogene-targeted therapy. Here, we performed extensive analyses of the transcriptomic, metabolomic and proteostatic perturbations during the course of treatment of Her2+ breast cancer cells with a Her2 inhibitor covering the drug response, resistance, relapse and drug withdrawal phases. We found that acute Her2 inhibition, in addition to blocking mitogenic signaling, leads to significant decline in the glucose uptake, and shutdown of glycolysis and of global protein synthesis. During prolonged therapy, compensatory overexpression of Her3 allows for the reactivation of mitogenic signaling pathways, but fails to re-engage the glucose uptake and glycolysis, resulting in proteotoxic ER stress, which maintains the protein synthesis block and growth inhibition. Her3-mediated cell proliferation under ER stress during prolonged Her2 inhibition is enabled due to the overexpression of the eIF2 phosphatase GADD34, which uncouples protein synthesis block from the ER stress response to allow for active cell growth. We show that this imbalance in the mitogenic and proteostatic signaling created during the acquired resistance to anti-Her2 therapy imposes a specific vulnerability to the inhibition of the endoplasmic reticulum quality control machinery. The latter is more pronounced in the drug withdrawal phase, where the de-inhibition of Her2 creates an acute surge in the downstream signaling pathways and exacerbates the proteostatic imbalance. Therefore, the acquired resistance mechanisms to oncogenic kinase inhibitors may create secondary vulnerabilities that could be exploited in the clinic.
National War Heritage at the Australian War Memorial and Hiroshima Peace Park

Much material heritage is marked by national memorials to war and its heroes. This article considers two examples that commemorate aspects of defeat, loss, and military disaster in war – the Austra...
Gödel's Interbellum

In our previous paper "Godel’s Loophole," we retold the story of Kurt Godel’s discovery in late 1947 of a deep logical contradiction in the United States Constitution. At the time, however, and for many years thereafter, this purported discovery was discounted as nonsense or as highly improbable. Yet this assessment ignores Godel’s Central European background and the dramatic constitutional histories of many Central European states during the interbellum period. Specifically, during his years at the University Vienna (1924-1940) -- first as a student and then as a lecturer -- Godel would have noticed that every constitutional democracy in Central Europe ended in dictatorship. In this paper, then, we survey the series of "anti-constitutional moments" unfolding in interbellum Europe in order to shed some light on Godel’s later discovery of a logical contradiction in the U.S. Constitution. Simply stated, Godel’s main concern was the theoretical possibility of a "constitutional dictatorship." But how likely was this possibility as a practical matter? It turns out, very likely, if the constitutional history of interbellum Europe is any guide.
Relationships among e-learning systems and e-learning outcomes: A path analysis model

In this study, path analysis modeling is applied to examine the relationships among e-learning systems, self-efficacy, and students' perceived learning outcomes in the context of university online courses. Independent variables included in the study are e-learning system quality, information quality, computer self-efficacy, system-use, self-regulated learning behavior, and user satisfaction as potential determinants of online learning outcomes. A total of 674 valid unduplicated responses from students who have completed at least one online course at a university in the Midwest were used to fit the path analysis model. The results indicated that system quality, information quality, and computer self-efficacy all affected system use, user satisfaction, and self-managed learning behavior. The findings from the current study have significant implications for the distance educators, students, and administrators. First, university administrators must continuously invest to upgrade the systems so that e-learning systems exhibit faster response time, better systems accessibility, higher system reliability and flexibility, and ease of learning. Second, the instructor in e-learning courses should facilitate, stimulate, guide, and challenge his/her students via empowering them with freedom and responsibility. Third, In order for the e-learning system to be successful, it should provide e-learners with the information and knowledge they need.
Introduction to instructed second language acquisition, by Shawn Loewen

As a sub-domain of second language acquisition (SLA), instructed second language acquisition (ISLA) explores how instruction can best promote second language (L2) learning. In this book, Loewen con...
Production of zebrafish germline chimeras by using cultured embryonic stem (ES) cells.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the production of zebrafish germline chimeras by using cultured embryonic stem (ES) cells. The development of an embryonic stem (ES)-cell-mediated approach to gene targeting in zebrafish require that methods be available for the production of germline chimeras. To generate a knockout, ES cells carrying the targeted mutation are selected in vitro and introduced into recipient embryos to produce germline chimeras, which are then bred to establish the mutant line. The capacity of ES cells to contribute to the germ cell lineage of a host embryo is maintained when the ES cells are cultured on a feeder layer of growth-arrested rainbow trout spleen cells. In addition to the germline, ES cells contribute to multiple tissues of the chimeric host. Although the frequency of germline chimera production is low (approximately 2–4%), the ability to conveniently inject a large number of embryos with ES cells makes it feasible to produce a sufficient number of germline chimeras to establish a transgenic or knockout line of fish. To facilitate the identification of germline chimeras, a zebrafish ES cell line is established from transgenic embryos that constitutively express the green fluorescent protein. Several strategies are currently being pursued to improve the efficiency of germline chimera production from zebrafish ES cell cultures.
The NS-1 polypeptide of minute virus of mice is covalently attached to the 5' termini of duplex replicative-form DNA and progeny single strands.

Abstract When A9 cells are infected with minute virus of mice, a small proportion of the virally coded NS-1 polypeptide becomes covalently attached to newly synthesized viral DNA. Antisera directed against NS-1 will specifically precipitate two forms of monomer duplex replicative-form DNA, multimeric duplex intermediates and progeny single strands, and restriction analysis of the duplex forms in these precipitates reveals that NS-1 is exclusively associated with extended-form conformers of the genomic termini. Pulse-labeled viral DNA, harvested at various times in a highly synchronized infection, can be almost quantitatively precipitated with any one of a series of antisera directed against different protein domains distributed throughout the NS-1 molecule but not with antibodies directed against other viral proteins. In each case the interaction with NS-1 can be shown to involve both termini of duplex DNA and single-strand forms, suggesting that in each case a full-length (83-kilodalton) copy of NS-1 is present. Precipitation of the replicating viral DNA with an antibody directed against a synthetic 16-amino-acid peptide containing the sequence at the extreme carboxy terminus of NS-1 can be quantitatively and specifically inhibited with the immunizing peptide in its unconjugated form, showing that the antibodies responsible for precipitating viral DNA are directed against the NS-1 sequence itself and not against a trace contaminant. Exonuclease digestion studies show that the association effectively blocks the 5' ends of the DNA molecules. Very little (less than 0.1%) of the newly synthesized [35S]methionine-labeled NS-1 made in highly synchronized cells during a 15-min pulse early in infection (6.25 to 6.5 h into the S phase) becomes associated with viral DNA immediately. However, pulse-chase experiments show that later in infection (10 to 13 h into the S phase), when viral DNA replication is reaching its peak, a few percent of the molecules in these preexisting pools of NS-1 do become covalently attached to the newly replicated DNA. Isolated viral DNA-protein complexes labeled with [35S]methionine in this way can be obtained by fractionation of the immunoprecipitated complexes on Sepharose CL4B in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Digestion of the purified complexes with nuclease releases an 83-kilodalton molecule which exactly comigrates with authentic NS-1 in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels.
Design Challenges for Entity Linking

Recent research on entity linking (EL) has introduced a plethora of promising techniques, ranging from deep neural networks to joint inference. But despite numerous papers there is surprisingly little understanding of the state of the art in EL. We attack this confusion by analyzing differences between several versions of the EL problem and presenting a simple yet effective, modular, unsupervised system, called Vinculum, for entity linking. We conduct an extensive evaluation on nine data sets, comparing Vinculum with two state-of-the-art systems, and elucidate key aspects of the system that include mention extraction, candidate generation, entity type prediction, entity coreference, and coherence.
Recruitment and Retention in an Alcohol Prevention Program at Two Inner-City Middle Schools.

This study examined recruitment within an alcohol prevention program at two diverse inner-city schools and retention of these students through follow-up at one month and one year. Subjects in Cohort 1 included 211 sixth grade students from one innercity, neighborhood school. Subjects in Cohort 2 included 650 sixth grade students from one neighborhood school (n = 388) and one magnet (bused) school (n = 262). Recruitment rates differed between the two Cohort 2 urban schools. However, when eligibility criteria were considered, recruitment rates were nearly identical. At one-month posttest, dropouts were more at risk for alcohol use initiation than nondropouts. At one-year follow-up, dropouts were more likely to initiate alcohol and smokeless tobacco, and had greater total risk factors for alcohol use. These findings indicate the need to establish eligibility requirements, conduct aggressive recruitment and follow-up to minimize subject attrition, and establish programming that targets students not recruited or retained when using standard protocols.
The greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects on Titan.

The parallels between the atmospheric thermal structure of the Saturnian satellite Titan and the hypothesized terrestrial greenhouse effect can serve as bases for the evaluation of competing greenhouse theories. Attention is presently drawn to the similarity between the roles of H2 and CH4 on Titan and CO2 and H2O on earth. Titan also has an antigreenhouse effect due to a high-altitude haze layer which absorbs at solar wavelengths, while remaining transparent in the thermal IR; if this haze layer were removed, the antigreenhouse effect would be greatly reduced, exacerbating the greenhouse effect and raising surface temperature by over 20 K.
Inheritance of Russian Wheat Aphid Resistance in Spring Barley

The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), is a devastating pest of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). An excellent source of RWA resistance (STARS-9301B) was recently released to the barley industry. This greenhouse study was conducted to determine the genetic control of RWA resistance in STARS-9301B. Crosses were made between Morex, a susceptible malting barley cultivar and STARS-9301B during 1992 and 1993. Genetic analysis was performed on the parents, F 1 , reciprocal F 1 , F 2 , and backcross (BC) populations, as well as 231 F 2 -derived F 3 families. Segregation in the F 2 and BC populations indicated multiple gene control. Fourteen F 3 families were found to be homozygous resistant and 16 were homozygous intermediate, indicating that two genes control RWA resistance in STARS-9301B. Analysis of data from the F 2 and BCs to both parents suggested recessive epistasis of a dominant gene (Dnb2) on an incompletely dominant gene (Dnb1). This type of genetic control will necessitate screening for RWA resistance after each cycle of selection in a breeding program.
Radiation dose perturbation in the presence of permanent vascular-access injection ports.

Abstract Injection ports are commonly used to maintain permanent vascular access in patients with malignant disease. The injection ports allow blood sampling as well as infusion or injection of chemotherapeutic agents directly into the circulation. The access catheters are usually placed in the subclavian vein with the injection port being implanted in the intraclavicular area. These injection ports are entirely self-contained underneath the skin and may have been placed in an area which subsequently requires radiation treatment. A comprehensive study of the perturbation effects of the injection ports when placed in the path of the beam was carried out. All dose measurements were performed using stainless steel and titanium injection ports. ‡ The radiation beams were 6 MV and 10 MV X rays and 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 MeV electrons. The data indicate that the presence of injection ports significantly alters the radiation dose and dose uniformity. For example, the dose underlying a stainless steel port is reduced by 47% when I8 MeV electrons are used. This paper presents the dosimetric data, discusses the clinical significance of the results, and provides recommendations for design modifications of the ports.
Designing against low-cycle fatigue at elevated temperature

Abstract Factors that are important in determining low-cycle fatigue damage at elevated temperature are discussed. The linear damage rule for computing creep-fatigue damage is shown to be unsatisfactory in many situations. The damage-rate equations developed at Argonne National Laboratory have been generalized to include multiaxial creep-fatigue under complicated loading histories. Available creep-fatigue data under combined axial-torsion loading can be explained in a consistent manner by the damage-rate approach.
Multi-resolution bitmap indexes for scientific data

The unique characteristics of scientific data and queries cause traditional indexing techniques to perform poorly on scientific workloads, occupy excessive space, or both. Refinements of bitmap indexes have been proposed previously as a solution to this problem. In this article, we describe the difficulties we encountered in deploying bitmap indexes with scientific data and queries from two real-world domains. In particular, previously proposed methods of binning, encoding, and compressing bitmap vectors either were quite slow for processing the large-range query conditions our scientists used, or required excessive storage space. Nor could the indexes easily be built or used on parallel platforms. In this article, we show how to solve these problems through the use of multi-resolution, parallelizable bitmap indexes, which support a fine-grained trade-off between storage requirements and query performance. Our experiments with large data sets from two scientific domains show that multi-resolution, parallelizable bitmap indexes occupy an acceptable amount of storage while improving range query performance by roughly a factor of 10, compared to a single-resolution bitmap index of reasonable size.
Simulation versus embodied agents: Does either induce better human adherence to physical therapy exercise?

This research investigates proper movement correlation as well as the overall perception of human subjects' interaction with a simulated agent and an embodied agent in a physical therapeutic scenario. Using computer vision techniques coupled with the Microsoft Kinect to quantify reaching kinematics, correlation was assessed by aliging movements with a Vicon Motion Capture System as well as determining how well the specific exercises were mimicked. The results indicate that this approach is a viable alternative to Motion Capturing Systems for assessing certain movements during therapy. The results also indicate that there is some dependence on the use of an embodied agent as opposed to a simulated agent when assessing adherence.
Gas chromatographic detection of selected organochlorine species using an alternating current plasma detector

Abstract The alternating current plasma detector for gas chromatography is shown to be a useful detector for selective organochlorine detection. The detector incorporates a simple design and a power source that produces a stable discharge which does not extinguish under high solvent concentration conditions. The plasma discharge produces diatomic emission of CCl species, with few atomic chlorine emission lines. Detection limits for various organochlorine compounds are approximately 1.0 ng/s. The detector exhibits a complex response dependent on molecular structure and environment. Detector selectivity towards CCl versus C 2 emission is presented, along with various selective chlorine detection applications in complex matrices.
Psychophysical frequency for a gripping task

Abstract A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the maximum acceptable frequency (MAF) for a simulated gripping task at different gripping forces and gripping durations using a psychophysical protocol. A modified Lafayette handgrip dynamometer was used to simulate the gripping task for twelve female subjects. Results show that MAF was significantly reduced as gripping force and gripping duration increased. Also, the various physiological responses, EMG analyses, and ratings of perceived exertion supported the MAF values obtained using the psychophysical approach. MAF values for gripping task can be applied in many industrial tasks for the reduction of risk factors for cumulative trauma disorders of the upper extremities.
Solid State Coordination Chemistry: One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Materials Constructed from Molybdophosphonate Subunits Linked through Binuclear Copper Tetra-2-pyridylpyrazine Groups

The hydrothermal reactions of MoO(3), an appropriate Cu(II) source, tetra-2-pyridylpyrazine (tpypyz), and phosphoric acid and/or an organophosphonate yielded a series of organic-inorganic hybrid materials of the copper-molybdophosphonate family. A common feature of the structures is the entrainment within the extended architectures of chemically robust [Mo(5)O(15)(O(3)PR)(2)](4)(-) clusters as molecular building blocks. The cluster is a characteristic feature of the one-dimensional materials [[Cu(2)(tpypyz)(H(2)O)(3)]Mo(5)O(15)(HPO(4))(O(3)PCH(2)CO(2)H)].H(2)O (1.H(2)O) and [[Cu(2)(tpypyz)(H(2)O)]Mo(5)O(15)(O(3)PC(6)H(5))(2)].2H(2)O (2.2H(2)O), the two-dimensional network [[Cu(2)(tpypyz)(H(2)O)(3)]Mo(5)O(15)(HPO(4))(2)].2H(2)O (5.2H(2)O) and the three-dimensional frameworks [[Cu(2)(tpypyz)(H(2)O)(2)]Mo(5)O(15)[O(3)P(CH(2))(n)()PO(3)]].xH(2)O [n = 3, x = 2.25 (6.2.25H(2)O); n = 4, x = 0.33 (7.0.33H(2)O)]. In the case of methylenediphosphonate as the phosphorus component, the unique chelating nature of the ligand precludes formation of the pentamolybdate core, resulting in the chain structures [[Cu(2)(tpypyz)(H(2)O)]Mo(3)O(8) (HO(3)PCH(2)PO(3))(2)].8H(2)O (3.8H(2)O) and [[Cu(2)(tpypyz)(H(2)O)](2)(Mo(3)O(8))(2)(O(3)PCH(2)PO(3))(3)].16.9H(2)O (4.16.9H(2)O). For structures 1-7, the secondary metal-ligand building block is the binuclear [Cu(2)(tpypyz)(H(2)O)(x)](4+) cluster. There is considerable structural versatility as a result of the variability in the number of attachment sites at the phosphomolybdate clusters, the coordination geometry of the Cu(II), which may be four-, five-, or six-coordinate, the extent of aqua ligation, and the participation of phosphate oxygen atoms as well as molybdate oxo groups in bonding to the copper sites. Crystal data: 1.H(2)O, C(26)H(28)N(6)Cu(2)Mo(5)O(28)P(2), monoclinic C2/c, a = 42.497(2) A, b = 10.7421(4) A, c = 20.5617(8) A, beta = 117.178(1) degrees, V = 8350.1(5) A(3), Z = 8; 2.2H(2)O, C(36)H(32)N(6)Cu(2)Mo(5)O(24)P(2), monoclinic P2(1)/c, a = 11.2478(7) A, b = 19.513(1) A, c = 21.063(1) A, beta = 93.608(1) degrees, V = 4613.7(5) A(3), Z = 4; 3.8H(2)O, C(26)H(40)N(6)Cu(2)Mo(3)O(29)P(4), monoclinic C2/c, a = 32.580(2) A, b = 17.8676(9) A, c = 15.9612(8) A, beta = 104.430(1) degrees, V = 8993.3(8) A(3), Z = 8; 4.16.9H(2)O, C(51)H(71.75)Cu(4)Mo(6)N(12)O(51)P(6), monoclinic P2(1)/c, a = 27.929(3) A, b = 12.892(2) A, c = 22.763(3) A, beta = 90.367(2) degrees, V = 8195.7(2) A(3), Z = 4;( )()5.2H(2)O, C(24)H(28)N(6)Cu(2)Mo(5)O(28)P(2), monoclinic P2(1)/n, a = 11.3222(4) A, b = 18.7673(7) A, c = 19.4124(7) A, beta = 98.819(1) degrees, V = 4076.1(3) A(3), Z = 4; 6.2.25H(2)O, C(27)H(28.5)N(6)Cu(2)Mo(5)O(24.25)P(2), monoclinic C2/c, a = 12.8366(5) A, b = 18.4221(8) A, c = 34.326(1) A, beta = 100.546(1) degrees, V = 7980.1(6) A(3), Z = 8; 7.(1)/(3)H(2)O, C(28)H(28.7)N(6)Cu(2)Mo(5)O(23.3)P(2), monoclinic C2/c, a = 12.577(1) A, b = 18.336(1) A, c = 36.476(3) A, beta = 91.929(2) degrees, V = 8407.3 A(3), Z = 8.
Using multi-instance enrollment to improve performance of 3D face recognition

This paper explores the use of multi-instance enrollment as a means to improve the performance of 3D face recognition. Experiments are performed using the ND-2006 3D face data set which contains 13,450 scans of 888 subjects. This is the largest 3D face data set currently available and contains a substantial amount of varied facial expression. Results indicate that the multi-instance enrollment approach outperforms a state-of-the-art component-based recognition approach, in which the face to be recognized is considered as an independent set of regions.
Experimental Results of a Novel Integrated Energy System Formed by a Microturbine and an Exhaust Fired Single-Double Effect Absorption Chiller

Integrated Energy Systems (IES) combine a distributed power generation (DG) system such as a microturbine generator (MTG) or a fuel cell with thermally activated technologies (TAT) such as absorption cooling. This integration maximizes the efficiency of energy use by on-site utilization of most of the waste heat generated by the DG system, and thus reduces harmful emissions to the environment. This study shows experimental results of a real IES commercial unit that has been tested in the Advanced Power and Energy Program (APEP) DG testing facility at the University of California, Irvine. The system consists of an MTG with an internal recuperator that provides a maximum electrical power generation capacity of 28 kW, and a novel absorption cooling cycle. The absorption cycle is a single effect-double effect exhaust fired cycle, which increases the heat exchange from the MTG exhaust gases using two generators at two different temperature levels. With this combination, the maximum cooling capacity of the absorption machine is nominally 14 refrigeration tons (49.2 kW), which represents 25% more cooling capacity than a double effect absorption machine could provide with the same heat source. The results will show the electrical and thermal performance of this system, both at full load and partial load, for different cooling temperatures, and the relationship between the electrical load and the performance of the absorption unit.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Are there better ways to identify and share the best within and among federal education programs

Abstract After describing inadequacies of current ED funding strategies in identifying and sharing the best of the R&D-based solutions, this article outlines an alternative vision centered on using evaluation to guide replication. This vision builds on some, but is quite different from most, of the Department's approaches to development, demonstration, evaluation, and dissemination. It concludes with a discussion of how to overcome constraints involved in implementing this new vision for federal education leadership.