cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do direct leptons with large transverse momentum originate from ψ production

Abstract We show that the energy as well as the transverse momentum dependence of the yield of direct leptons in pp collisions can be obtained from the production and subsequent decay of vector mesons (ϱ, ω, φ and ψ). This firstly requires that the total ψ yield σ(pp→ ψ) be 0.02 μb at 70 GeV, ≈ 2 μb at 300 GeV, 3–10 μb at 1500 GeV and secondly that the transverse momentum distribution be broader than that of other hadrons, with 〈p T 2 〉 ≳ 0.5 (GeV/c) 2 .
Three-dimensional vortex dynamics in superfluid He 4 : Homogeneous superfluid turbulence

The behavior of a tangle of quantized vortex lines subject to uniform superfluid and normal-fluid driving velocities is investigated. The dynamical equation of the quantized vortices in the local approximation is supplemented by the assumption that when two such singularities cross, they undergo a reconnection. The properties of the dynamical equation, when combined with the assumption of homogeneity, imply numerous scaling relations, which are in fact observed experimentally. The primitive dynamical rules are utilized to perform extensive numerical simulations of the vortex tangle, using not only periodic, but also smooth-wall and rough-wall boundary conditions. All lead to the same homogeneous vortex-tangle state, although the case of periodic boundary conditions requires an additional trick to eliminate artificial features. The quantitative results obtained from these simulations are found to be in excellent absolute agreement with a large variety of experiments, including recent studies of the vortex-tangle anisotropy.
Amblyopia in unilateral congenital ptosis: early detection by sweep visual evoked potential.

•Background: Fixation preference assessment is a clinical tool widely used to determine amblyopia in young infants and children. It is our clinical experience that this tool underestimates amblyopia. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of sweep visual evoked potentials to fixation preference assessment in cases of unilateral ptosis. • Methods: Sweep visual evoked potentials were performed in 17 children with unilateral ptosis thought to have equal acuity by fixation preference asessment. Binocular and monocular sweep visual evoked potentials were recorded to square-wave gratings of 80% contrast counterphase modulated at 6 Hz. A range of spatial frequencies from 1 to 30 cycles per degree were presented over a 10-s period. Resolution acuity was determined as the zero-microvolt intercept of linear regression analysis on the visual evoked potential amplitude versus spatial frequency. • Results: Nine of the 17 children had interocular resolution acuity differences ranging from 0.8 to 2 octaves by sweep visual evoked potential testing. This correlates to a Snellen equivalent interocular difference of 2 to 7 lines and clinical amblyopia. • Conclusion: This study confirms our clinical impression that children who are unable to preform recognition acuity tasks and are thought to have equal vision by fixation preference assessment often have 2 or more lines of Snellen acuity difference (amblyopia) when they are finally old enough to be tested by Snellen methods. It also implies that amblyopia precedes refractive errors and strabismus in unilateral ptosis cases. Clinical methods to determine amblyopia other than fixation preference assessment need to be explored with a view to earlier detection, better definition and treatment of amblyopia.
Wildlife toxicity studies with oxamyl

The acute oral LD50 of oxamyl in bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), mallards (Anas platyrhnchos) and Japanese quail (Coturnix c. japonica) is 9.4, 2.6 and 4.3 mg/kg BW, respectively. The eight-day dietary LC50 in bobwhite and mallards is 54 and 369 ppm, respectively. When Japanese quail consumed up to 33 mg oxamyl/kg BW/day over a 30-day intermittent feeding period, no effects were evident. When bobwhite and rabbits were oversprayed with oxamyl under field conditions (three times at 3 pounds per acre), no clinical or gross pathological effects were produced.
Isomers of neplanocin A and 2′-deoxyneplanocin A possessing a C-1′/C-6′ double bond

Abstract Missing among the unsaturated carbocyclic nucleosides is the 1′,6′-double bond isomer of neplanocin A. A practical synthesis of this compound and its 2′-deoxy derivative is reported from readily accessible cyclopentenols.
A mathematical framework for understanding four-dimensional heterogeneous differentiation of CD4+ T cells

At least four distinct lineages of \(\hbox {CD4}^{+}\) T cells play diverse roles in the immune system. Both in vivo and in vitro, naive \(\hbox {CD4}^{+}\) T cells often differentiate into a variety of cellular phenotypes. Previously, we developed a mathematical framework to study heterogeneous differentiation of two lineages governed by a mutual-inhibition motif. To understand heterogeneous differentiation of \(\hbox {CD4}^{+}\) T cells involving more than two lineages, we present here a mathematical framework for the analysis of multiple stable steady states in dynamical systems with multiple state variables interacting through multiple mutual-inhibition loops. A mathematical model for \(\hbox {CD4}^{+}\) T cells based on this framework can reproduce known properties of heterogeneous differentiation involving multiple lineages of this cell differentiation system, such as heterogeneous differentiation of \(\hbox {T}_\mathrm{H}1\)–\(\hbox {T}_\mathrm{H}2, \hbox {T}_\mathrm{H}1\)–\(\hbox {T}_\mathrm{H}17\) and \(\hbox {iT}_\mathrm{Reg}\)–\(\hbox {T}_\mathrm{H}17\) under single or mixed types of differentiation stimuli. The model shows that high concentrations of differentiation stimuli favor the formation of phenotypes with co-expression of lineage-specific master regulators.
Power Assertive Discipline, Maternal Emotional Involvement, and Child Adjustment

Despite long-standing research, the relations between power assertive discipline and child adjustment continue to be debated. Disentangling disciplinary practices from the parent-child emotional climate may aid understanding of how such parenting practices impact child adjustment. This study explored longitudinal relations between maternal emotional involvement, power assertive discipline, and child adjustment in a sample of 35 mothers of infant, toddler, and preschool-age children. Results indicate that power assertive discipline may differentially impact child adjustment, depending on levels of maternal emotional involvement.
Evaluation and Management of Patients After Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Shock

ContextThere has been a tremendous increase in the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) after several large clinical trials demonstrated their ability to effectively reduce mortality in selected populations of patients with cardiac disease. Thus, the nonelectrophysiologist will often encounter patients who have received an ICD shock.ObjectiveTo assess options for the evaluation and management of patients who have received an ICD shock.Evidence AcquisitionLiterature search using the PubMed and MEDLINE databases to identify articles published from January 1990 to September 2006, using the Medical Subject Headings defibrillators, implantable; defibrillators, implantable/adverse effects; anti-arrhythmic agents; electric countershock; quality of life; tachycardia therapy; algorithm; ventricular tachycardia/diagnosis; and supraventricular tachycardia/diagnosis. Case reports were excluded and articles were limited to those published in English. Scientific statements and guidelines from the American College of Cardiology, the American Heart Association, and the Heart Rhythm Society were also reviewed, as were the reference lists of retrieved articles, to identify any additional articles for inclusion.Evidence SynthesisThere are multiple causes of both appropriate and inappropriate ICD shocks. Irrespective of appropriateness, receiving ICD shocks substantially impairs a patient's quality of life. A variety of techniques are available using ICD programming to reliably limit the occurrence of appropriate or inappropriate ICD shocks. Antiarrhythmic medications can also effectively reduce the occurrence of shocks.ConclusionsThrough the use of effective ICD programming and antiarrhythmic medications, the occurrence of ICD shocks can be reduced while maintaining the lifesaving ability of the ICD. A basic understanding of the range of available options is fundamental for evaluation and management of the patient who has received an ICD shock.
Improving Education for the Management of Contrast Reactions: An Online Didactic Model

Purpose Radiologists could improve their knowledge of contrast reaction management. The aim of this study was to evaluate to what degree the implementation of a didactic module resulted in improved technologist, nurse, and physician knowledge and comfort levels regarding the appropriate management of adverse reactions to contrast media. Methods After institutional review board approval was obtained, nurses, technologists, and physicians involved in contrast administration were required to complete the educational module. Premodule and postmodule assessments were designed online. Each assessment included knowledge-based questions regarding the appropriate management of different types of contrast reactions, as well as questions regarding each respondent's comfort level with the treatment of various types of adverse contrast reactions. Comfort level was measured using a 6-point, Likert-type scale. Premodule and postmodule assessment scores were compared using McNemar's test. Results After module completion, physicians demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in knowledge regarding the proper administration route, concentration, and dose of intramuscular epinephrine. Physicians demonstrated significantly increased comfort with the administration of intramuscular epinephrine to adult and pediatric patients after module completion ( P Conclusions Didactic instruction in contrast reaction management results in improved knowledge and comfort levels for physicians, nurses, and technologists. However, a significant percentage of personnel still reported feeling uncomfortable treating an adverse contrast reaction after module completion, suggesting that didactic instruction alone may be inadequate.
Laccase-mediated michael addition of 15N-sulfapyridine to a model humic constituent.

Chemical incorporation of sulfonamide antimicrobials into natural organic matter may represent an important process influencing the fate of these synthetic, primarily agents in soil and sediment environments. We previously demonstrated that a fungal peroxidase mediates covalent coupling of sulfonamide antimicrobials to model humic constituents; reactions with the 2,6-dimethoxyphenol syringic acid produced Schiff bases (Bialk et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 4436−4473). Here, we show that fungal laccase-mediated reaction of sulfapyridine with the ortho-dihydroxyphenol protocatechuic acid yields a Michael adduct. We synthesized 15N-enriched sulfapyridine to facilitate determination of the covalent linkage(s) formed between sulfapyridine and protocatechuic acid by NMR spectroscopy. 1H-15N heteronuclear multiple bond correlation experiments and tandem mass spectrometry demonstrated that the sulfapyridine anilinic nitrogen engaged in a Michael addition reaction to oxidized protocatechuic acid to form an...
ON THE MECHANISM OF THE OXO REACTION

Abstract The “oxo” o r hydroformylation reaction is a remarkable reaction on many accounts. Total annual world production of alcohols via the 0x0 reaction is now in excess of five billion pounds; thus there continues to be much interest in the technology of the reaction. The single alcohol produced in largest amount via the 0x0 process is 2-ethylhexanol, a product of the condensation of butyraldehyde, which in turn results from the hydroformylation of propylene. Although the commercial OxO reaction has been practised for more than 25 years, there has been thus far little technological change in the manufacturing process. (Only recently have modifications been introduced on a laboratory scale that have resulted in some fundamental technological changes. These developments are reviewed elsewhere in this issue.)
Assistente te aantrekkelijk

Mensen met een mooi uiterlijk hebben in het algemeen een voordeel op de arbeidsmarkt. Hoe komt het dan dat een tandartsassistente in de VS onlangs ontslagen werd omdat zij ‘te aantrekkelijk’ was?
Tocqueville: The Ancien Régime and the French Revolution

This translation of an undisputed classic aims to be both accurate and readable. Tocqueville's subtlety of style and profundity of thought offer a challenge to readers as well as to translators. As both a Tocqueville scholar and an award-winning translator, Arthur Goldhammer is uniquely qualified for the task. In his Introduction, Jon Elster draws on his recent work to lay out the structure of Tocqueville' argument. Readers will appreciate The Ancien Regime and the French Revolution for its sense of irony as well as tragedy, for its deep insights into political psychology and for its impassioned defense of liberty.
Purification, folding, and characterization of Rec12 (Spo11) meiotic recombinase of fission yeast.

Meiotic recombination is initiated by controlled dsDNA breaks (DSBs). Rec12 (Spo11) protein of fission yeast is essential for the formation of meiotic DSBs in vivo, for meiotic recombination, and for segregation of chromosomes during meiosis I. Rec12 is orthologous to Top6A topoisomerase of Archaea and is likely the catalytic subunit of a meiotic recombinase that introduces recombinogenic DSBs. However, despite intensive effort, it has not been possible to produce Rec12 protein in a soluble form required to permit biochemical analyses of function. To obtain purified Rec12 protein for in vitro studies, a rec12+ cDNA was generated, cloned into vector pET15b(+), and expressed in Escherichia coli. Rec12 protein was produced at moderate levels and it partitioned into insoluble fractions of whole-cell extracts. The protein was enriched based upon its differential solubility in two different denaturants and was further purified by column chromatography. A combinatorial, fractional, factorial approach was used to identify conditions under which Rec12 protein could be refolded. Four parameters were most important and, following optimization, soluble Rec12 protein was obtained. Gel filtration demonstrated that refolded Rec12 protein exists as a monomer in solution, suggesting that additional proteins may be required to assemble biologically-active Rec12 dimers, as inferred previously from genetic data [Cell Chromosome 1 (2002) 1]. The production of refolded Rec12 in a soluble form will allow for characterization in vitro of this key meiotic recombination enzyme.
Folding of a 16-residue helical peptide using molecular dynamics simulation with Tsallis effective potential

We have demonstrated that a molecular dynamics simulation method in conjunction with a Tsallis effective potential enables a 16-residue model peptide to fold into a complete α-helix in a reasonably short time. The current study also indicates that one can practically observe reversible foldings of the peptide with the method, mainly due to its superior capability of overcoming potential energy barriers. Therefore it is anticipated that the new method may provide a quite efficient conformational searching tool for systems with many degrees of freedom such as proteins and DNAs.
Versal embeddings of compact 3-pseudoconcave CR submanifolds

We prove that for an induced CR structure on a compact, generic, regular 3-pseudoconcave CR submanifold Open image in new window of a complex manifold G, satisfying condition dim H1(M,T′(G)|M)=0 all the close CR structures are induced by close embeddings.
Microscale oral delivery devices incorporating nanoparticles

Many promising new drug candidates ensuing from genomic and proteomic revolutions can now target diseases at the molecular level. However, many of these therapeutic entities, often peptide and nucleic acid in nature, require an effective intracellular delivery system to exert their effect. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery represents a logical solution. If such drug-loaded nanoparticles can be effectively administered orally to reach their intended intracellular targets, the appeal of this future generation of peptideand DNA-based therapeutics would be even more widespread. Bioavailability of oral drugs remains low due to the harsh GI-tract environment; the bioavailability of nanoparticles delivered orally can be expected to be even lower due to higher transport resistance through the gut epithelium. Many materialand device-based strategies have been proposed to achieve effective oral drug delivery. Environmentally responsive materials are commonly used to achieve some level of spatial and temporal control over drug release in the GI tract. These materials can still be applied in nanoparticle-loaded macrodelivery devices [1]. They include mucoadhesive polymers such as carbopol to delay intestinal clearance; pH-responsive, fast-melting polymers, such as Eudragit, to release the payload in the intestine; enzyme-responsive polymers such as guar gum to be degraded by colonic enzymes secreted by gut flora; and pressure-sensitive polymers, such as PEG-ethylcellulose, to burst the capsule in the colon when subjected to increased peristaltic pressure. These materials are frequently incorporated into a device to improve oral delivery.
An alternative approach to cross-cultural function assessment.

Background: This paper describes our work to create and validate a new method for cross-cultural and sex-specific function assessment that avoids the major problems with existing methods. Methods: We used free listing to learn about tasks important to local people. Community-specific function questionnaires based on these tasks were then created and used in community-based surveys. The survey results were used to assess the questionnaires' internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha), combined test-retest and across-interviewer reliability using repeat interviews, and (in Uganda) criterion validity by comparing assessment by self to assessments by cohabiting adults. Results: Field trials of this approach were conducted in rural Rwanda and Uganda. Differences between tasks identified by free listing were greater between sexes than sites. Cronbach's alphas for male and female questionnaires were respectively 0.815 and 0.822 in Rwanda and 0.886 and 0.881 in Uganda. Pearson correlations for combined test-retest and across-interviewer reliability were respectively 0.469 and 0.640 for Rwandan men and women and 0.797 and 0.871 in Uganda. Correlation between self-assessment and cohabiting adults was 0.904. Conclusions: We have developed an alternative to the existing approach of adapting western function instruments to other cultures and situations. The field trials have demonstrated that this approach is rapid, feasible and can yield valid and reliable instruments. Developing instruments locally avoids the problems of limited local relevance and appropriateness associated with adapting western instruments. Although each instrument created in this way is culturally bound, they are ‘cross-cultural’ in the sense that each refers to the tasks most important to local people. This approach should prove useful for both researchers and aid agencies working in non-western countries.
Comparative xenology of two angrites

Results are presented on Xe analysis during stepwise heating of the angrite meteorite Lewis Cliff 86010 and the Angra dos Reis angrite. It is shown that both the Lewis Cliff and the Angra dos Reis angrites are poor in trapped Xe and are rich in fission Xe from Pu-244 and in spallation Xe produced by cosmic ray irradiation of Ba and the light REE, and that neither meteorite has an excess of Xe-129 derived from I-129. Both meteorites show significant variations in the composition of the spallation Xe attributable to the separation of the Ba and REE components. The Ba-related spallation in Lewis Cliff differs from that in Angra dos Reis primarily in a lower relative yield of the neutron-sensitive Xe-131 isotope, suggesting a lower neutron flux during cosmic ray exposure for the Lewis Cliff meteorite.
Effects of alloying additions on the γ ⇋ α transformation of cerium—Part I. Pure cerium

Abstract A high-purity cerium specimen (99·53 a/o pure) was examined by dilatometric means in the temperature range 20°–475°K and under pressures of 0–10,000 atm, and by X-ray techniques at room temperature following a variety of heat treatments. In these studies, the lattice constants of α-Ce (f.c.c. a = 5·1601 A ), β-Ce (hex., a = 3·673 A , c = 11·802 A ) and a new phase designated as “α-γ intermediate”-Ce (also f.c.c., a = 5·1233 A ) were determined. From the dilatometric and X-ray data, the pseudo-equilibrium pressure-temperature diagram of cerium involving the α, β and γ allotropes was calculated.
Leveraging the potential of geospatial annotations for collaboration: a communication theory perspective

This paper addresses a key problem in the development of visual-analytical collaborative tools, how to design map-based displays to enable productive group work. We introduce a group communication theory, the Collective Information Sharing (CIS) bias, and discuss how it relates to communicative goals that need to be considered when designing collaborative, visually enabled, spatial-decision-support tools. The CIS bias framework suggests that key goals for developing such tools should be: (a) the harnessing of a group's collective knowledge emerging from collaborative discussions and (b) reducing the repeat of information that has already been shared within the group. We propose that web-accessible, map annotation tools are ideally suited to advancing these goals and outline how the CIS bias framework informs how geospatial annotation tools can maximize the potential of collaborative efforts. We offer design recommendations for annotation tools that function to: (a) facilitate access to and recall of geographically referenced discussion contributions, (b) document ideas for private as well as public discussion spaces, and (c) elicit all group members to contribute information in a given collaborative effort.
Studies in Nonlinear Stochastic Processes. I. Approximate Solutions of Nonlinear Stochastic Differential Equations by the Method of Statistical Linearization

A method based on a variational procedure is presented which provides simple and useful approximate solutions to a wide variety of nonlinear stochastic differential equations. This method of “statistical linearization” is most successful when the stochasticity of the differential equation is due to excitations which are normally distributed or harmonic with random phase. Effects due to deviations from normality can be corrected for in a systematic fashion. Comments regarding existence and uniqueness are given and some error bounds arising from the use of statistical linearization are computed.
Imbalance in multiple sclerosis: A result of slowed spinal somatosensory conduction

Balance problems and falls are common in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) but their cause and nature are not well understood. It is known that MS affects many areas of the central nervous system that can impact postural responses to maintain balance, including the cerebellum and the spinal cord. Cerebellar balance disorders are associated with normal latencies but reduced scaling of postural responses. We therefore examined the latency and scaling of automatic postural responses, and their relationship to somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), in ten people with MS and imbalance and ten age-, sex-matched, healthy controls. The latency and scaling of postural responses to backward surface translations of five different velocities and amplitudes, and the latency of spinal and supraspinal somatosensory conduction, were examined. Subjects with MS had large, but very delayed automatic postural response latencies compared to controls (161 ± 31 ms vs. 102 ± 21 ms, p < 0.01) and these postural response laten...
Fiber architecture of the dentate gyrus following ablation of the entorhinal cortex in rats of different ages: evidence for two forms of axon sprouting in the immature brain.

Abstract The Holmes stain for axons was used to study the fiber architecture of the dentate gyrus of adult rats which had received lesions of the entorhinal cortex at 7 days postnatal, 14 days postnatal, or as adults. Lesions in 7-day old rats resulted in the formation of numerous long collateral branches from the dentate's commissural-associational afferents as well as from the fibers travelling in the regiosuperior ; these axons joined in the middle of the dentate gyrus molecular layer to form a well-defined fiber plexus. Comparable damage in 14-day old rats produced a two-part sprouting response: (1) the generation of a few, long collateral ‘sprouts’ from the commissural and associational afferents of the dentate gyrus (2) an expansion of the homogeneous inner molecular layer plexus (composed of these same two projections) for a short distance into the deafferented zone. Only the second of these two forms of sprouting was found after lesions in the adult. These results suggest that two forms of sprouting occur in the deafferented rat hippocampus, the first being a rapid outgrowth of long collateral branches and the second consisting of a delayed production of short processes, which fail to penetrate the full extent of the denervated territory. Capacity for the first form of adjustment declines rapidly after the first week postpartum. The second more limited response is present at 14 days postnatal and then persists into adulthood.
Buying Life Experiences for the “Right” Reasons: A Validation of the Motivations for Experiential Buying Scale

Although numerous studies have demonstrated the hedonic benefits of spending money on life experiences instead of material possessions, there has been no attempt to determine how different motivations for experiential consumption relate to psychological need satisfaction and well-being. Across five studies (N = 931), guided by self-determination theory, we developed a reliable and valid measure of motivation for experiential consumption—the Motivation for Experiential Buying Scale—to test these relations. Those who spend money on life experience for autonomous reasons (e.g., “because they are an integral part of my life”) report more autonomy, competence, relatedness, flourishing, and vitality; however, those who spend money on life experiences for controlled (e.g., “for the recognition I’ll get from others”) or amotivated reasons (e.g., “I don’t really know”) reported less autonomy, competence, and relatedness. These results demonstrated that the benefits of experiential consumption depend on why one buys life experiences.
Temperature dependence of even-odd electron-number effects in the single-electron transistor with a superconducting island.

A simple quasiequilibrium model is presented that accounts in some detail for the observed temperature dependence of the crossover from 2e to e periodicity (vs gate charge) in the current through a single-electron tunneling transistor with a mesoscopic superconducting island.
Surface Crack Growth Behavior of Structural Metals in High Temperature Water Environments

This paper reports on a study of surface crack growth of two nuclear structural steels. SA333 GR6 carbon steel used for piping SA533 grade B pressure vessel steel, both tested under cyclic loads in 288/sup 0/C (550/sup 0/F), 0.2 ppm oxygen water at 10.34 mpa (1500 psi). Results are compared with tests on compact type (CT) specimen geometries tested in similar environments. It was found that, for the frequencies employed, the crack growth rates for the two specimen geometries were not widely different, despite the high net means stresses employed in the surface crack geometries. However, substantial differences were noted in the crack velocity response under static loading for the two geometries, suggesting that such differences can be expected in low frequency loading more typical of service conditions, raising questions about the applicability of CT geometry results for the materials, temperatures and environments used in this study. Temperature effects, air environments and R-value effects for surface crack geometries are also reported.
Role of ribosome recycling in uptake of dihydrostreptomycin by sensitive and resistant Escherichia coli.

Abstract Exposure of streptomycin-resistant cells to puromycin results in uptake of dihydrostreptomycin comparable to that found with streptomycin-sensitive cells. This finding indicates that the enhanced phase of uptake, previously reported only in sensitive cells, may result from an increase in internal binding sites, presumably run-off ribosomes. The increased uptake of dihydrostreptomycin resulting from exposure to puromycin is greatest in both sensitive and resistant cells at concentrations below 100 μg/ml. At 100 μg/ml, exposure to puromycin in vivo results in significant, but not complete, polysome degradation and inhibition of protein synthesis. At 500 μg/ml, where polysome degradation is complete in less than 2 min and where growth and protein synthesis are inhibited more than 90%, uptake of dihydrostreptomycin by both sensitive and resistant cells is inhibited. Puromycin has no effect on binding of dihydrostreptomycin to 70-S monosomes, as measured by equilibrium dialysis. The increased uptake of dihydrostreptomycin by resistant cells resulting from exposure to puromycin has no effect on viability. Addition of N- ethylmaleimide immediately and completely inhibits the puromycin-induced uptake of dihydrostreptomycin even when added after substantial polysome degradation has occurred.
Death threat, parental loss, and interpersonal style: A personal construct investigation

Abstract Twenty people who had experienced the death of a parent between the ages of 12 and 18 were compared to 22 people whose parents had not divorced, separated, or died using two measures of death threat, one based upon an Interpersonal Repertory Grid (IRG) and the second being the provided form of the Threat Index (TIp) as well as a measure of interpersonal style, the Fundamental Interpersonal Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B). The death-loss group had significantly higher scores on the Wanted-Inclusion scale of the FIRO-B as compared to the control. Thus, they tended to exhibit a strong interpersonal style marked by a desire to be included and noticed. For the Wanted-Affection scale of the FIRO-B, death-loss group males scored higher than control group males, but death-loss group females scored lower on the same scale than female control group members. Further, the death-loss group had lower death threat scores, as measured by the IRG, than the control group. Last, no evidence was found for the role of ...
Agreement coefficients as indices of dependability for domain-referenced tests

A large number of seemingly diverse coefficients have been proposed as indices of dependability, or reliability, for domain-referenced and/or mastery tests. In this paper it is shown that most of these indices are special cases of two generalized indices of agreement—one that is corrected for chance and one that is not. The special cases of these two in dices are determined by assumptions about the na ture of the agreement function or, equivalently, the nature of the loss function for the testing proce dure. For example, indices discussed by Huynh (1976), Subkoviak (1976), and Swaminathan,Hambleton, and Algina (1974) employ a threshold agreement, or loss, function; whereas, indices dis cussed by Brennan and Kane (1977a, 1977b) and Livingston (1972a) employ a squared-error loss function. Since all of these indices are discussed within a single general framework, the differences among them in their assumptions, properties, and uses can be exhibited clearly. For purposes of com parison, norm-referenced gener...
Special issue on magnetohydrodynamic flows

The science of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is concerned with the behavior of flows of electrically conducting fluids and magnetic fields in the course of their mutual interactions. The magnetic fields can be externally applied or generated by the flows. The interactions involve induction of electric currents caused by fluidmotion across the magnetic field lines and the Lorentz force affecting the flow. The result is not merely a modification of the principles of hydromechanics, but an entirely new set of physical phenomena that amounts to a separate and, in the opinion of the authors of this volume, appealing scientific discipline. The papers collected in this special issue of Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics represent several rapidly evolving areas of MHD:
CERAMIC VARIABILITY, SUBSISTENCE ECONOMIES, AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE JORNADA MOGOLLON

AbstractThis paper examines the contrast in subsistence and settlement adaptations in early pithouse villages between the highland and lowland regions of southern New Mexico and trans-Pecos Texas, notably more substantial pithouses and an earlier increase in agricultural dependence in the highlands than the lowlands, from the point of view of ceramic variability. Since subsistence and settlement patterns influence ceramic manufacture, we test for differences between highland and lowland utilitarian wares (brown wares) that parallel the region’s subsistencesettlement contrast. Evaluating ceramic mineralogy, we demonstrate that our highland sample brown wares were locally made and therefore distinct from adjacent lowland brown wares. We then compare the ceramic technology from the two elevation zones, hypothesizing that technological characteristics of highland pottery should foreshadow changes in lowland ceramics by several hundred years since agricultural dependence increased this much earlier in the high...
Current modulation in relativistic klystron amplifiers

A brief review is first provided of the assumptions and approximations involved in Uhm's recent theory (1993) of current modulation in klystron amplifiers. Next, this theory is employed to obtain a solution to a cubic equation that approximates the klystron drift distance to the point of maximum current modulation, and also to obtain the corresponding current modulation amplitude in terms of relevant klystron parameters.
Behavior of Hilbert networks under perturbations of their elements

We study the behavior of a Hilbert network (i.e., a finite or countably infinite network whose variables are in a Hilbert space and in which the associated total energy is finite) whose elements are affected by perturbations. More specifically, we will give estimates for a change of the current distribution caused by (a) perturbations of the elements of the nominal network when the voltage sources are fixed, and (b) a change of voltage sources in a network whose elements are perturbed. The conditions given in our theorems imply insensitivity and robust stability of the nominal network. The applications of the results are illustrated by an example of an infinite network.
The implications of energy and other input use for conservation tillage

An important issue with regard to the overall effectiveness of conservation tillage practices in reducing the impact of agricultural production on the environment concerns what happens to energy, pesticide and fertilizer use as these practices are more extensively adopted. To gain some insight into this, the conservation tillage adoption decision is modelled. Starting with the assumption that the conservation tillage adoption decision is a two step procedure — the first is the decision whether or not to adopt a conservation tillage production system and the second is the decision on the extent to which conservation tillage should be used — appropriate models of the Cragg and Heckman (dominance) type are estimated. Based on farm-level data on corn production in the United States for 1987, the profile of a farm on which conservation tillage was adopted is that the cropland had above average slope and experienced above average rainfall, the farm was a cash grain enterprise, and had an above average expenditure on pesticides, a below average expenditure on energy and a below average expenditure on custom pesticide applications. Additionally, for a farm adopting a no-tillage production practice, an above average expenditure was made on fertilizer. © 1997 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 21, 429–446 (1997)
Liquefaction-induced ground failure: a study of the Chi-Chi earthquake cases

Abstract The 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake caused great destruction to buildings, bridges, and other facilities, and a death toll of more than 2400. Lessons should be learned from this event, which, albeit disastrous, represents a rare full-scale experimentation in geotechnical engineering and related fields. Of particular interest to geotechnical engineers is the phenomenon of soil liquefaction that caused significant damage to buildings, lifelines and harbor facilities. These liquefaction phenomena, in the forms of sand boils, lateral spreads, tilting and settlement of buildings, and ground settlement, were observed in the Chi-Chi event. Shortly after the earthquake, an extensive field investigation in the Yuanlin area, including in situ tests and laboratory tests, was conducted by Moh and Associates and other parties. These in situ and laboratory tests along with ground performance observations form the basis for the present study. In this paper, 24 cases of ground performance in the areas that suffered the most from liquefaction are studied. The ground performance in selected cases of the 24 cases is accounted for through a series of liquefaction analyses. The analysis of the potential of liquefaction and ground failure is performed using Cone Penetration Test (CPT) data. The results of the analyses show that the field observations of ground performance in the Yuanlin area in the Chi-Chi event can be accounted for satisfactorily using the evaluation procedure by Ishihara (Ishihara, K., 1985. Stability of natural deposits during earthquakes. Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, San Francisco, CA, vol. 1, pp. 321–376.).
Structural and functional effects of tryptophans inserted into the membrane-binding and substrate-binding sites of human group IIA phospholipase A2.

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes become activated by binding to biological membranes and hydrolyze phospholipids to free fatty acids and lyso-phospholipids, the precursors of inflammatory mediators....
Light Curves of 20-100 km Kuiper Belt Objects Using the Hubble Space Telescope*

We report high-precision photometry of three small and one larger Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) obtained with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on board the Hubble Space Telescope. The three small bodies are the smallest KBOs for which light-curve measurements are available. The object 2003 BF91 has a diameter of 20 km (assuming 10% albedo) and a 1.09 mag, 9.1 hr light curve that is feasibly explained by the rotation of an elongated, coherent body supported by material strength and best imagined as an icy outer solar system analog to asteroid (243) Ida. Two other small KBOs, 2003 BG91 and 2003 BH91 (diameters 31 and 18 km, with albedo 10%), exhibit an unremarkable light curve and no detectable photometric variation, respectively. For the larger KBO 2000 FV53 (116 km diameter, assuming 10% albedo) we strongly detect a nonsinusoidal periodic (7.5 hr) brightness variation with a very small amplitude (0.07 mag). This KBO may be nearly spherical, a result that might not be unusual in the Kuiper Belt but would be remarkable among outer solar system satellites of similar size. Light curves may be caused by variations in albedo or shape, and we carry out a study of possible physical states and bulk densities under the assumptions of both fluid equilibrium and finite, nonzero internal friction. Under most assumptions, the densities for these KBOs are likely in the range 1-2 g cm-3, and a plausible solution for 2000 FV53 is a rubble pile of this density that is held slightly out of the minimum-energy shape by internal friction among constituent blocks that are relatively small. Our interpretation of 2000 FV53 as a pulverized but essentially primordial object and 2003 BF91 as a collisional fragment is consistent with models of collisional timescales in the outer solar system. We compile all published KBO light-curve data to date and compare our results to the larger population.
Cermets: I, Fundamental Concepts Related to Micro‐structure and Physical Properties of Cermet Systems

The microstructure of tungsten carbide and titanium carbide base cermets has been evaluated on the basis of wettability of the carbide phase. Incomplete wetting was found to result in a coalescence of the carbide phase leading to an apparent increase in the carbide particle size. Improvement in the wettability of the nickel-titanium carbide systems by the addition of molybdenum was found to promote the dispersion of the carbide phase and to lead to improved hardness and impact resistance.
On the Multidimensional Signal Constellation Design for Few-Mode-Fiber-Based High-Speed Optical Transmission

In this paper, we propose an algorithm to determine the -dimensional optimum signal constellation design (DD-OSCD), in minimum mean-square error sense, for channel capacity achieving source distribution. We then describe a -dimensional coded modulation scheme, employing orbital angular momentum modes, two polarization states, and two in-phase/quadrature coordinates, suitable for use in future few-mode fiber (FMF) applications. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that the proposed low-density parity-check (LDPC)-coded polarization-division-multiplexed (PDM) quadrature-multiplexed (QM) DD-OSCD significantly outperforms conventional PDM-QAM (by 4.32 dB for 64-ary 3-D constellation at a BER of ). In addition, the DD-OSCD outperforms sphere packing constellations (by 0.33 dB for 8-ary 3-D constellation at a BER of ).
Management of atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinically important arrhythmia in veterinary medicine. Electrical cardioversion of AF to sinus rhythm is feasible, but pharmacologic rate control is an effective and achievable treatment strategy for most veterinary patients. Recent human trials suggest that rate control and rhythm control are almost equally beneficial. Nevertheless, AF can be a challenging arrhythmia to manage, because most affected animal shave numerous other concurring problems associated with the underlying heart disease that dictate or influence the clinician's choice of treatment and monitoring strategy for each patient.
The career reasons of nascent entrepreneurs

Abstract This paper explores the reasons that nascent entrepreneurs offered for their work and career choices and compares those responses to the reasons given by a group of nonentrepreneurs. Six separate factors accounted for 68% of the variance: self-realization, financial success, roles, innovation, recognition, and independence. The factor scores of nascent entrepreneurs and nonentrepreneurs were not significantly different on self-realization, financial success, innovation, and independence. Nascent entrepreneurs rated reasons concerning roles and recognition significantly lower than nonentrepreneurs. Finally, gender differences in reasons also emerged; male nascent entrepreneurs and nonentrepreneurs rated financial success and innovation higher than did females, regardless of their group of origin.
A Theorem of Burnside on Matrix Rings

(1998). A Theorem of Burnside on Matrix Rings. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 105, No. 7, pp. 651-653.
Bayesian edge-preserving color image reconstruction from color filter array data

Digital still cameras typically use a single optical sensor overlaid with RGB color filters to acquire a scene. Only one of the three primary colors is observed at each pixel and the full color image must be reconstructed (demosaicked) from available data. We consider the problem of demosaicking for images sampled in the commonly used Bayer pattern. The full color image is obtained from the sampled data as a MAP estimate. To exploit the greater sampling rate in the green channel in defining the presence of edges in the blue and red channels, a Gaussian MRF model that considers the presence of edges in all three color channels is used to define a prior. Pixel values and edge estimates are computed iteratively using an algorithm based on Besag's iterated conditional modes (ICM) algorithm. The reconstruction algorithm iterates alternately to perform edge detection and spatial smoothing. The proposed algorithm is applied to a variety of test images and its performance is quantified by using the CIELAB delta E measure.
ON THE CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ACTIVITY OF THE ALIMINTARY CANAL AND PANCREAS.

Abstract The carbonic anhydrase activity of the gastrointestinal tract of the rat and dog was studied electrometrically. The mucosae of appendix and colon had an activity comparable to that of the gastric fundus which is the most active part of the gastrointestinal tract. Next in order below the colon and appendix is the pancreas. The level was in general higher in the rat tissues studied than in those of the dog but the pattern of enzyme distribution was similar in both of them. In new born puppies the adult level was already attained in the mucosa of the stomach and intestine, while the enzyme activity of the pancreas was lower than in the adult. No effect of secretin on CAH activity in the pancreas could be demonstrated whether the secretin was given in vivo or in vitro .
Neurite extension by peripheral and central nervous system neurons in response to substratum-bound fibronectin and laminin.

Dissociated neurons from embryonic chick dorsal root and sympathetic ganglia (peripheral neurons) and from spinal cord and retina (central nervous system neurons) were cultured on plastic substrata treated with purified fibronectin and laminin. Both central and peripheral neurons attached to and extended neurites on laminin. In contrast, only peripheral neurons initiated neurites on fibronectin; central neurons cultured under identical conditions aggregated into clusters and did not extend neurites. Neurite length, number of neurites initiated, and extent of neurite branching on fibronectin- and laminin-treated substrata were evaluated and compared with similar measurements of neuronal response to poly-l-lysine-treated plastic. Poly-l-lysine provides an adhesive surface for neurite elongation, but fibronectin and laminin appear to promote more rapid neurite elongation. Our observations suggest that neuronal interaction with these glycoproteins may involve neuron-specific cell surface components. These responses to laminin and fibronectin in vitro may be related to the presence or absence of these glycoproteins in specific extracellular environments during specific developmental stages.
Early Childhood Dental Caries: A Rising Dental Public Health Crisis.

The aim of this article is to examine the literature and review the risk factors and disparities contributing to early childhood caries (ECC), which is a major health problem among preschoolers in the United States of America. A search was conducted using MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library databases and the key terms ‘early childhood caries’, ‘baby bottle tooth decay’, ‘nursing caries’, ‘dental caries’, and ‘access to dental care and disparities’. ECC is a multifactorial disease with risk factors like biological, social, environmental, dietary and cultural determinants. Prevalence of ECC is highest among disadvantaged children living in poverty and in high-risk North American population groups such as, American Indians, Mexican Americans and in Hispanics. It is also found in families with less education and who have limited access to dental care services. This summarized review of early childhood caries will determine the need of future intervention programs focusing on the underser...