cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiologic aspects of intrasplenic autotransplantation of pancreatic fragments in the dog after 24 hours of cold storage.

Abstract This report confirms the efficacy of using partially digested pancreatic fragments for endocrine replacement in the pancreatectomized dog and intrasplenic autotransplantation model. In addition, the feasibility of short-term cold storage preservation is demonstrated. Dogs transplanted with either freshly prepared or 24-hr cold storage preserved (4°C) islet grafts maintained nearly normal fasting glucose levels. In contrast, 48-hr preservation was unsuccessful in that recipients of these grafts became diabetic and had survival rates similar to pancreatectomized, nontransplanted controls. The successfully transplanted dogs have remained normoglycemic during a 5-month follow-up period and have had satisfactory glucose responses in IVGTTs. However, α- and β-cell reactivity as measured by insulin and glucagon determinations remains abnormal.
Effect of Ca and P Content, Residual Lactose, and Salt-to-Moisture Ratio on the Model Parameters of Process Cheese Linear Viscoelastic Properties

The main aim of this study was to investigate the influence of two different levels (high and low) of Ca and P (calcium and phosphorous) content, residual lactose, and salt-to-moisture (S/M) ratio on viscoelastic properties of eight different process cheeses. Frequency sweep was performed at 750 Pa on all experimental process cheese samples to determine the power-law model parameters. Process cheeses with high Ca and P content and high S/M ratio were significantly harder (P 0.05) for power-law parameters between high/low residual lactose content process cheese samples. Six-element Kelvin-Voigt model was used to predict the creep compliances for eight different process cheeses. This model described the affect of above treatment's retardation spectra (compliances, viscosities, and retardation times) obtaine...
Oil extraction from microalga Nannochloropsis sp. with isopropyl alcohol

An efficient process for fractioning microalgae oil and non-lipid biomass was developed. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) was used to extract oil from Nannochloropsis sp. at 80 °C, leaving the majority of non-lipid biomass in the solid fraction. The effectiveness of extraction with or without a dewatering pretreatment (DW) was compared. Effects of dewatering time and solvent ratio, IPA concentration, IPA refluxing time, and sonication pretreatment on the oil and biomass yields were studied. The dewatering conditions with a high water-to-alcohol ratio (W/A = 2:1) and mild mixing (1 min gentle shaking) had 14 % less oil loss in the DW fraction than that with a low water-to-alcohol ratio (W/A = 1:1) and vigorous mixing (30 min and 300 rpm mixing). Sonication resulted in 14–26 % more oil loss in the DW fraction when compared to intact cell treatment. Without dewatering, 85 % of the total oil from intact cells was extracted by a single extraction using 70 % (wt) IPA aqueous solution. The 88 and 95 % IPA treatments extracted similar percentages of oil to that of the 70 % IPA, but used two- and fivefold more solvent. The amount of oil extracted from broken cells increased with increasing IPA concentrations. An effective extraction can be completed in 30 min. On a 100-g (wet matter) scale, the 70 % IPA achieved 92 % oil yield and 93 % non-lipid biomass yield.
Waves in a Plasma in a Magnetic Field

The small oscillations of a fully ionized plasma, in which collisions are negligible, in a constant external magnetic field, is treated by the Laplace transform method. The full set of Maxwell equations is employed and the ion dynamics are included. Various limiting cases are considered. It is shown that self-excitation of waves around thermal equilibrium is impossible. It is also demonstrated that for longitudinal electron oscillations propagating perpendicular to the constant magnetic field, there are gaps in the spectrum of allowed frequencies at multiples of the electron gyration frequency, but zero Landau damping. These particular waves are also associated with a nonuniformity of convergence in the limit of vanishing magnetic field which phenomenon, however, is of no physical consequence. When the ion dynamics are included, two classes of low frequency oscillations are found, the existence of both of which has been predicted by the simple hydrodynamic theory, namely longitudinal ion waves, and transverse hydromagnetic waves. The well known results for the propagation of electromagnetic waves in an ionized atmosphere are also recovered, as well as the effects on such waves in various limiting cases of the magnetic field and particle motion. These calculations indicate that in many cases the transport equations are capable of yielding correct results, apart from such things as Landau damping, for a wide class of waves in a collision-free plasma.
More than a camera holder: teaching surgical skills to medical students.

Abstract Background Students often experience passive learning in their surgical rotations as they are delegated to holding the camera during laparoscopic cases. We introduced a laparoscopic skills course to medical students to provide hands-on experience. We hypothesized that the course will improve basic laparoscopic skills and increase interest in a surgical career. Materials and methods All students on the core surgery rotation attended two sessions in the surgical simulation laboratory lead by Department of Surgery faculty members. Surveys were used before and after the course to assess video game (VG) use and interest in a surgical career. Course effectiveness was assessed with a laparoscopic peg transfer exercise. Results One hundred one students participated with 82 students documenting preinstruction and postinstruction peg transfer times. There was an overall improvement in median transfer times after instruction (before 63 s [interquartile range {IQR} 46–84.5] versus after 50.5 s [IQR 39–65.2], P n = 40) had faster median preintervention peg transfer times than women ( n = 61; 65 s [IQR 51–88]) versus 81 s [IQR 65–98] ( P = 0.030). However, both genders had equivalent postinstruction transfer times (men 48 s [IQR 36–61] versus women 51.3 s [IQR 43.2–68.3], P = 0.478). A similar trend was observed between students with and without prior VG use. Of the 50 students who completed both surveys, there was no significant increase (pre-24% versus post-34%, P = 0.29) or decrease (pre-32% versus post-22%, P = 0.13) in interest in a surgical career after the course. Conclusions A laparoscopic course for medical students is effective in improving laparoscopic skills. Although male gender and VG use may be associated with better intrinsic skills, instruction and practice allow female students and non-VG users to “catch up.” A longer follow-up study is warranted to determine true interest in a surgical career.
The effects of behavior modification vs lithium therapy on frontal lobe syndrome.

An A-B-BC-C single-subject design was used to evaluate the effects of behavior modification (i.e. a token economy program) and lithium therapy on the behavioral symptoms associated with frontal lobe damage in a 21-year-old woman. The design consisted of a baseline, token economy, token economy plus lithium, lithium alone and a 4 month follow-up. There was a significant decrease in inappropriate behaviors after treatment with the token economy program, but no additional change was noted in subsequent phases involving lithium therapy. There was evidence of generalization and maintenance in the home environment, even after lithium therapy was discontinued. The results do not support the use of a combined treatment approach.
Robust integration schemes for generalized viscoplasticity with internal-state variables

Abstract This paper is concerned with the development of a general framework for the implicit time-stepping integrators for the flow and evolution equations in complex viscoplastic models. The primary goal is to present a complete theoretical formulation, and to address in detail the algorithmic and numerical analysis aspects involved in its finite element implementation, as well as to critically assess the numerical performance of the developed schemes in a comprehensive set of test cases. On the theoretical side, we use the unconditionally stable, backward Euler difference scheme. Its mathematical structure is of sufficient generality to allow a unified treatment of different classes of viscoplastic models with internal variables. Two specific models of this type, which are representatives of the present state-of-the-art in metal viscoplasticity, are considered in the applications reported here; i.e., generalized viscoplasticity with complete potential structure fully associative (GVIPS) and non-associative (NAV) models. The matrix forms developed for both these models are directly applicable for both initially isotropic and anisotropic materials, in three-dimensions as well as subspace applications (i.e., plane stress/strain, axisymmetric, generalized plane stress in shells). On the computational side, issues related to efficiency and robustness are emphasized in developing the (local) iterative algorithm. In particular, closed-form expressions for residual vectors and (consistent) material tangent stiffness arrays are given explicitly for the GVIPS model, with the maximum matrix sizes ‘optimized’ to depend only on the number of independent stress components (but independent of the number of viscoplastic internal state parameters). Significant robustness of the local iterative solution is provided by complementing the basic Newton–Raphson scheme with a local line search strategy for convergence.
Cavitation induced by explosion in an ideal fluid model.

We discuss the problem of an explosion in the cubic-quintic superfluid model, in relation to some experimental observations. We show numerically that an explosion in such a model might induce a cavitation bubble for large enough energy. This gives a consistent view for rebound bubbles in superfluid and we indentify the loss of energy between the successive rebounds as radiated waves. We compute self-similar solution of the explosion for the early stage, when no bubbles have been nucleated. The solution also gives the wave number of the excitations emitted through the shock wave. @S1063-651X~99!11905-6# Cavitation is a physical process involving such aspects as erosion, bubble formation, sonoluminescence @1#, and first order phase transitions. The motivation for this work comes from experiments on superfluid helium @2,3# and we will generally speak in this context, although the model might be applied to others fluids, and to nonlinear optics @4#. The experiments of Refs. @2,3# study the cavitation process in superfluid helium ( 4 He). There, a semispherical convergent sound wave is produced in the liquid. At the center of the set-up, the superfluid alternates between being compressed and being under tension ~i.e., at negative pressure!. During the tensile strength period, a bubble can be nucleated by thermal activation. This bubble acquires a kinetic energy through the negative pressure region so that it grows inside the liquid bulk until it reaches a maximal radius ~a few hundred mm can be obtained! determined by its kinetic energy and the mean liquid pressure. Then, the bubble collapses under this positive pressure. After its collapse, a secondary bubble, called the rebound bubble is observed. The collapse of bubbles is a catastrophic process that has been widely studied, particularly because of its ramification in industrials application ~for a review, see Ref. @5#!. Sonoluminescence arises also during the collapse of the bubble @6#. The collapse is generally followed by a shock wave that is often a cause of important damage. The goal of this paper is to show that in the particular case of superfluid, the rebound bubble can actually be nucleated by this shock wave. It has been noticed already that detonations in water can nucleate a cavitation bubble through the tension shock wave that follow an explosion ~see Ref. @7#!. We will first introduce a model recently used for phase transition in systems such as superfluids @9,10#. Then we will numerically study the problem of explosion in this model as the collapse of the bubble might indeed be interpreted as an explosion. The bubble that will form beside the shock wave might be understood as the rebound bubble found in the experiments. We show also that the explosion process exhibits two distinct regimes: for small time, it follows a pure explosion behavior whereas an interaction between sound wave propagation and interface dynamics dictates the larger times. We finally examine the large energy limit, where we can expand the explosion in terms of a self-similar solution for small time.
2.1.3 Engineering Enterprises Using Complex-System Engineering

This paper summarizes a complex-system engineering (cSE) regimen for the deliberate and accelerated management of the natural processes that shape the development of complex-systems and proposes an approach for applying this regimen to enterprises. It also introduces a fundamental process of cSE, multiscale analysis—a departure from the traditional, uniscale, reductionist analysis that underpins traditional system engineering (TSE).
On the homology of finite Abelian coverings

Abstract We calculate the first Betti number of an Abelian covering of a CW-complex X as the number of points with cyclotomic coordinates (of orders determined by the Galois group) which belong to a certain subvariety of a torus constructed from the fundamental group of X . This generalizes the classical formulas for the cyclic coverings due to Zariski and Fox. We also describe certain properties of these subvarieties of tori in the case when X is a complement to an algebraic curve in CP 2 which are analogs of Traldi–Torres relations from the link theory and the divisibility theorem for Alexander polynomials of plane algebraic curves [8].
Theoretical models incorporating electron correlation

Some methods of describing electron correlation are compared from the point of view of requirements for theoretical chemical models. The perturbation approach originally introduced by Moller and Plesset, terminated at finite order, is found to satisfy most of these requirements. It is size consistent, that is, applicable to an ensemble of isolated systems in an additive manner. On the other hand, it does not provide an upper bound for the electronic energy. The independent electron-pair approximation is accurate to second order in a Moller-Plesset expansion, but inaccurate in third order. A series of variational methods is discussed which gives upper bounds for the energy, but which lacks size consistency. Finally, calculations on some small molecules using a moderately large Gaussian basis are presented to illustrate these points. Equilibrium geometries, dissociation energies, and energy separations between electronic states of different spin multiplicities are describe substantially better by Moller--Plesset theory to second or third order than by Hartree--Fock theory.
Perianal Crohn's Disease—A Surgical Perspective

Perianal complications associated with Crohn's disease are often the most challenging and difficult to treat of all the manifestations of this condition. Up to 75% of Crohn's disease patients can have perianal involvement. Although perianal symptoms can present at any time, it is not uncommon for this to be the first expression of the disease. The diagnostic workup depends on whether the diagnosis of Crohn's disease is already established. The most useful studies are endoscopy, endoanal ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and an examination under anesthesia. Crohn's disease in the perianal area can manifest as skin tags, anal fissures, anorectal strictures/stenosis, abscesses, and fistulae. Despite the appearance of these lesions, up to 25% are asymptomatic. Because of the significant morbidity associated with surgical therapy in Crohn's disease, asymptomatic lesions are best left untreated because chronic nonhealing wounds and incontinence can result. Unfortunately, the success of surgical therapy for perianal Crohn's disease is limited. Surgery is most successful when the overall disease state is quiescent and when there is minimal inflammation in the perianal region and anal canal.
Ultrastructural characterization of the accessory lobes of Lachi (Hofmann's nuclei) in the nerve cord of the chick. II. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy with observations on the glycogen body†

The ultrastructure of the accessory lobes of Lachi (Hofmann's nuclei) and that of the glycogen body were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy in 1-day-old chicks. Glycogen cells of the accessory lobes appeared like those of the glycogen body with nuclei of similar form which were flanked by organelles and by glycogen. The predominant cell type in each structure possessed glycogen-filled processes which were in contact with those of neighboring cells and with blood vessels throughout the tissue. The primary difference between the tissues is that the glycogen cells of the accessory lobes are associated with an extensive meshwork of nerve cells of the marginal nerve nuclei. Glycogen processes of accessory lobe cells appeared to intertwine with each other in such fashion as to completely envelop the multipolar nerve cells that are embedded in those structures. Axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses, as well as lamellar whorls were also noted in the vicinity of the perikarya of these nerve cells. The glycogen body and accessory lobes contained extensive extracellular spaces which when viewed by scanning electron microscopy appeared as sinusoid-like networks of channels between the glycogen cells and their processes. The close proximity of these glycogen-rich structures in the lumbosacral nerve cord and the morphological similarities shared by their cell types suggest that they have some specialized functional relationship within the avian nervous system.
‘No-load’ dividend reinvestment plans

Abstract This article examines firms' motivations for offering investors the opportunity to purchase initial shares of stock directly from the company by joining the firm's dividend reinvestment plan (DRP). The results of both a telephone survey of Investor Relations Departments and analysis of plan prospectuses indicate that firms offer such no-load DRPs with the objective of broadening their shareholder base. Moreover, additional analysis shows that firms which implement no-load DRPs subsequently experience a significant decrease in the number of shares held per shareholder. Thus, no-load DRPs do appear to be successful in broadening a firm's shareholder base.
Speaker verification using text-constrained Gaussian Mixture Models

In this paper we present an approach to close the gap between text-dependent and text-independent speaker verification performance. Text-constrained GMM-UBM systems are created using word segmentations produced by a LVCSR system on conversational speech allowing the system to focus on speaker differences over a constrained set of acoustic units. Results on the 2001 NIST extended data task show this approach can be used to produce an equal error rate of &#60; 1 %.
Analyses of Yttrium Spectra

A near automatic method has been developed for data handling and analysis in atomic spectroscopy. Plate factors are determined by a least-squares solution of 100 standard lines by using a polynomial up to the fifth degree. Catalogs of predicted lines are made from known energy level schemes, and classifications of new lines are suggested. The method has been applied to the visible spectrum of yttrium as produced by electrodeless discharge tubes. A total of 977 new lines has been measured with an accuracy of 0.005 A in the wavelength range 4600 to 6400 A, which is usually masked by oxide bands; 162 of these lines have been classified in terms of the known energy level system.
Successive sensory discriminative behavior maintained by intracranial self-stimulation reinforcement

Abstract Eight albino rats were trained on a CRF schedule to press a lever for intracranial stimulation of the caudal lateral hypothalamus. Four learned a successive discrimination in which the S D (a white noise and a light together) lasted for 1 min, and four learned a successive discrimination in which the S D lasted for a fixed number of reinforced responses that was reduced from 40 to 1 over the course of training. The interval between S D presentations was varied, from 7.5 sec to 30 min. Preceding S Δ duration had no effect on response measures (latency of the first response and rate) taken during each S D presentation. The latency of the first response to the S D remained quite small well into extinction for a majority of the animals. The significance of these results for drive induction theories of intracranial self-stimulation is considered.
Calcium and pyridine nucleotide interaction in mitochondrial membranes

Abstract The interaction of NADH with divalent cations was studied in model systems and in isolated rat liver mitochondria. The addition of Ca 2+ to solutions of NADH in methanol, but not in water, produces a large increase in fluorescence intensity and a shift in the emission spectrum to a shorter wavelength. The ratio of fluorescence intensity in the presence of Ca 2+ with respect to that in the absence of Ca 2+ is 1 in aqueous and 2.4 in methanol solutions. Other di- or trivalent cations produce a similar enhancement of NADH fluorescence in nonpolar solutions, except for Mn 2+ which quenches the fluorescence of NADH. The energy-dependent accumulation of Ca 2+ in mitochondria increases the NADH fluorescence in the presence of rotenone. This effect was absent when Mn 2+ was previously accumulated by mitochondria. With the NADH-linked substrates, but not with succinate and rotenone, the accumulation of large amounts of Ca 2+ in mitochondria causes a depression of respiration and a release of the accumulated Ca 2+ . The inhibition of the respiration is accompanied by an increased permeability and a depletion of the endogenous pyridine nucleotides. Both effects were not directly related to the concomitant mitochondrial swelling. On the basis of this data, the formation of a complex between calcium and NADH in the nonpolar region of the mitochondrial membrane is proposed. The physiological implications of this complex are discussed.
Commentary on: Pain control following breast augmentation: a qualitative systematic review.

A hallmark that distinguishes science from other intellectual endeavors is that it builds upon past accomplishments rather than beginning afresh. In their review article, Dr Stanley and her coauthors focused on the treatment of significant pain following breast augmentation after a decade-long era in which avoidance of such pain has become de rigueur for many surgeons and their patients. Preemption of pain is not simply the preferred method of our time; it is an ethical imperative. Recent evidence has also shown an increase in long-term opioid use, even in patients who …
Planetary waves on the Sun

Some recent observations of the Sun suggest a class of wave-like motions moving both eastward and westward at a uniform velocity with respect to the mean solar angular velocity. It is suggested that these may be hydromagnetic planetary waves. An estimate of the mean toroidal magnetic field is made, based on a theoretical treatment of such waves already in the literature, and a slight correction to the mean rate of rotation of the Sun is inferred.
Stratigraphy of the Ashford Area, Southern Cascades, Washington

Upper Eocene to Oligocene(?) rocks of the Ashford area, southern Cascades, Washington, include terrestrial sedimentary types derived from plutonic and metamorphic sources and dominantly andesitic volcanic flows and volcaniclastics. The sedimentary rocks crop out along the Nisqually River near Mount Rainier National Park and intertongue with andesitic volcanic rocks. At least 10,000 feet of andesite, basalt, and dacite, chiefly in the form of volcanic breccia, conglomerate, sandstone, and shale, with some thick flow units, overlies the sedimentary rocks of the Nisqually River. This series is lithologically divisible into lower, middle, and upper parts. The sedimentary rocks are lithologically similar to those in the Puget group, and the volcanic rocks to those in the Keechelus andesitic series, but correlations are uncertain. New formational names are not warranted without more detailed studies
Preconcentration of trace environmental plutonium from iron oxide matrix using DIPEX ® extractant

This paper summarizes a new method for preconcentration of rusty metal samples using DIPEX® Actinide Resin from Eichrom Technologies prior to analysis for trace environmental actinides. This method allows for preconcentration of actinides for which the existing lanthanum coprecipitation method is ill-suited. The new and existing methods were shown to provide comparable results for plutonium analysis. Performance was compared for both lab-prepared controls and environmental samples. Using actinide resin, a mean 238Pu activity of 46 ± 13 % mBq (2σ) was measured, while 238Pu activity of 40 ± 6 % mBq (2σ) was measured using lanthanum coprecipitation. Small quantities of 239+240Pu, likely attributable to fallout, were also detected.
Evaluating the Usability of Robot Programming Toolsets

The days of specifying missions for mobile robots using traditional programming languages such as C++ and LISP are coming to an end. The need to support operators lacking programming skills coupled with the increasing diversity of robot run-time operating systems is moving the field toward high-level robot programming toolsets that allow graphical mission specification. This paper ex plores the issues of evaluating such toolsets as to their usability. We first examine how usability criteria are established and perfor mance target values are chosen. The methods by which suitable experiments are created to gather data relevant to the usability criteria are then presented. Finally, methods to analyze the data gathered to establish values for the usability criteria are discussed. The MissionLab toolset is used as a concrete example throughout the article to ground the discussions, but the methods and techniques are generalizable to many such systems.
Single-arm double-mode double-order planar waveguide interferometric sensor.

We have met the goals stated in section one for the project. We have demonstrated the feasibility of a single-arm double-mode double-order waveguide interferometer as a cost efficient alternative to an optical chemical sensor. Experimental prototype was built as a dye-doped polymer waveguide with propagating modes of orders > and > of the same TM polarization. The prototype demonstrated sensitivity to ammonia of the order of 200 ppm per one full oscillation of the signal. Sensor based on polyimide doped with BCP can operate at elevated temperature up to 150 C. Upon the future funding, we are planning to optimize the light source, material and the design in order to achieve sensitivity of the order of 1 ppm per full oscillations.
Right Ventricular Responses to Massive and Submassive Pulmonary Embolism

It is critically important to quickly recognize and treat acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Submassive and massive PEs are associated with right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and may culminate in RV failure, cardiac arrest, and death. A rapid and coordinated diagnostic and management approach can maximize success and save lives.
Religiousness and Infidelity: Attendance, but not Faith and Prayer, Predict Marital Fidelity

High religiousness has been consistently linked with a decreased likelihood of past infidelity but has been solely defined by religious service attendance, a limited assessment of a complex facet of life. The current study developed nine religiousness subscales using items from the 1998 General Social Survey to more fully explore the association between religiousness and infidelity. Interestingly, logistic regressions using currently married participants (N= 1,439) demonstrated that attendance, but not faith, nearness to God, prayer, and other religious attributes, was related to infidelity. Exploratory analyses also found that individuals with high religious importance but low attendance were more likely to have had an affair and weak evidence that marital happiness moderated the association between religiousness and infidelity.
Experimental side-wall aneurysms: a natural history study

We studied the natural history of canine side-wall experimental aneurysms to determine the incidence of spontaneous aneurysm thrombosis, to serve as control data for future studies focusing on development of aneurysm occlusion devices. Bilateral common carotid artery vein patch aneurysms were surgically created in eight mongrel dogs (20–25 kg). Duplex Doppler sonography was performed at 14 days and angiography between 30 and 210 days following aneurysm creation. Sonography demonstrated patency of 13 (81 %) of 16 aneurysms. Patent aneurysms ranged in size from 8 × 10 mm to 14 × 16 mm. Conventional angiography was performed in four dogs approximately 30 days following aneurysm creation; in these four, all of 7 initially patent on sonography remained fully patent. One dog underwent conventional angiography at approximately 60 days following aneurysm creation; both aneurysms in this case remained widely patent. Three dogs underwent conventional angiography at approximately 200 days following aneurysm creation; all 4 aneurysms initially patent on sonography remained fully patent. None of the three aneurysms found to be occluded on sonographs demonstrated spontaneous recanalization. The canine side-wall aneurysm model is a valid tool for testing some aneurysm-occlusion devices, because control aneurysms remain patent indefinitely.
Clinical and cellular studies of sarcosinemia

A child with sarcosinemia was studied in vivo by oral loading tests and in vitro by skin fibroblast cultures and short-term leukocyte incubations. The loading studies indicated a decreased capacity to convert sarcosine to glycine, suggesting a deficiency of sarcosine dehydrogenase activity. Analysis of the fibroblast culture medium gave no evidence that a mechanism exists for either the formation or utilization of sarcosine by cultured fibroblasts; sarcosine oxidation by leukocytes was minimal and comparable to control values. Activity of sarcosine dehydrogenase by enzyme assay was undetectable in cultured fibroblasts or leukocyte preparations from normal individuals. It was concluded that peripheral tissue does not contain significant sarcosine dehydrogenase activity and cannot be used to confirm the enzymatic abnormality in sarcosinemia. Final confirmation of the enzyme deficiency will have to await assay of liver tissue from an affected patient.
Discontinuous lagging strand DNA synthesis at replicating growing points.

Abstract Origins of discontinuous lagging strand synthesis were mapped by electron microscopy using replicating intermediates of phage 186 DNA. The average spacing of initiation points was 2.2 ± 1.6 kilobases but the actual initiation points appeared to be distributed at random or at a large number of discrete sites on the genome.
High-Resolution X-Ray Collimator with Broad Field of View for Astronomical Use

Collimator with wide fields of view detectors designed for extraterrestrial X-ray source measurements
Semiclassical mechanics of the quadratic Zeeman effect.

A comprehensive approach to semiclassical quantization of the quadratic Zeeman effect in the hydrogen atom (QZE) is presented which utilizes the connection between the Kepler system and the four-dimensional harmonic oscillator. Past attempts to quantize the QZE have encountered problems associated with singularities arising because of a classical separatrix. Here, a uniform semiclassical quantization scheme that passes smoothly through the separatrix is developed using classical perturbation theory. This method accounts for the topologically distinct kinds of dynamics that arise in the QZE, and provides good estimates of tunneling splittings. Extension to the quantization of arbitrarily-high-order classical perturbation expansions is straightforward.
Classifying sets of attributed scattering centers using a hash coded database

We present a fast, scalable method to simultaneously register and classify vehicles in circular synthetic aperture radar imagery. The method is robust to clutter, occlusions, and partial matches. Images are represented as a set of attributed scattering centers that are mapped to local sets, which are invariant to rigid transformations. Similarity between local sets is measured using a method called pyramid match hashing, which applies a pyramid match kernel to compare sets and a Hamming distance to compare hash codes generated from those sets. By preprocessing a database into a Hamming space, we are able to quickly find the nearest neighbor of a query among a large number of records. To demonstrate the algorithm, we simulated X-band scattering from ten civilian vehicles placed throughout a large scene, varying elevation angles in the 35 to 59 degree range. We achieved better than 98 percent classification performance. We also classified seven vehicles in a 2006 public release data collection with 100% success.
Therapeutic approaches to uterine papillary serous carcinoma: a preliminary report.

Abstract Uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) is a recently identified and characterized unique histopathologic subtype of endometrial cancer. Unlike the more common types of endometrial cancer, UPSC has a high likelihood of transperitoneal seeding and upper abdominal recurrence. Since our initial report of 26 patients with UPSC, an additional 10 patients with FIGO stage I disease have been diagnosed, operatively staged, and managed by an individualized approach. Operative staging revealed 5 of the 10 patients to have more advanced disease than had been determined clinically. Adjuvant postoperative abdominopelvic radiation was administered to 6 patients, 4 of whom remain free of disease within the treated area. Two patients received adjunctive hormonal and chemotherapy: neither has recurred. Two patients received no adjunctive therapy. One of these failed initially in the vagina with subsequent recurrence in the lungs and supraclavicular nodes. The value of operative staging and selection of appropriate adjunctive therapy awaits additional patient accrual and follow-up.
Review: several techniques optimise oxygenation during suctioning of patients.

(2001) Can Respir J 8, 163. Brooks D, Anderson CM, Carter MA . , et al. . Clinical practice guidelines for suctioning the airway of the intubated and nonintubated patient. . May; . : . –81 . [OpenUrl][1][PubMed][2] QUESTION: Which methods or techniques optimise benefits and reduce complications when suctioning the airways of intubated, non-intubated, or tracheotomised patients? Published, English language studies were identified by searching Medline (1966–98), EMBASE/Excerpta Medica (1974–96), and CINAHL (1982–97) using the search terms trachea, pharynx, tracheostomy, suction, artificial airway, inflation, and endotracheal, and by searching the Cochrane Library . Bibliographies of retrieved studies were reviewed. Studies were included if they were randomised controlled trials (RCTs), randomised or non-randomised crossover studies, cohort studies, case series, or animal studies (only used to identify adverse effects of suctioning; not used in … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCanadian%2Brespiratory%2Bjournal%2B%253A%2B%2Bjournal%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCanadian%2BThoracic%2BSociety%26rft.stitle%253DCan%2BRespir%2BJ%26rft.aulast%253DBrooks%26rft.auinit1%253DD.%26rft.volume%253D8%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D163%26rft.epage%253D181%26rft.atitle%253DClinical%2Bpractice%2Bguidelines%2Bfor%2Bsuctioning%2Bthe%2Bairway%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bintubated%2Band%2Bnonintubated%2Bpatient.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11420592%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=11420592&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F5%2F2%2F51.atom
Macular pigmentation and the spectral sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells of macaques.

Abstract Foveal and extrafoveal macaque ganglion cells having spectrally-opponent responses have different spectral sensitivities in the 420–500 nm band. Foveal cells with responses mediated by signals from green-sensitive or blue-sensitive cones, respectively, have a sharper fall-off in sensitivity or a flatter spectral sensitivity at the short wavelengths than extrafoveal cells of the same variety. These differences can be detected in test and field action spectra obtained in the presence of chromatic adaptation and they are dependent on the orientation of the electrical vector of plane-polarized light, indicating that they are not due to neural interactions. The difference spectrum of these action spectra closely resembles the spectral absorbance of the human macular pigment and it is clearly different from the mean spectral sensitivity of rod and blue-sensitive cone signals.
The Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Activates the Lipid Kinase PI3K in Drosophila Motor Neurons Through the Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II and the Nonreceptor Tyrosine Protein Kinase DFak

Ligand activation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activates the lipid kinase PI3K in both the mammalian central nervous system and Drosophila motor nerve terminal. In several subregions of the mammalian brain, mGluR-mediated PI3K activation is essential for a form of synaptic plasticity termed long-term depression (LTD), which is implicated in neurological diseases such as fragile X and autism. In Drosophila larval motor neurons, ligand activation of DmGluRA, the sole Drosophila mGluR, similarly mediates a PI3K-dependent downregulation of neuronal activity. The mechanism by which mGluR activates PI3K remains incompletely understood in either mammals or Drosophila. Here we identify CaMKII and the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase DFak as critical intermediates in the DmGluRA-dependent activation of PI3K at Drosophila motor nerve terminals. We find that transgene-induced CaMKII inhibition or the DFakCG1 null mutation each block the ability of glutamate application to activate PI3K in larval motor nerve terminals, whereas transgene-induced CaMKII activation increases PI3K activity in motor nerve terminals in a DFak-dependent manner, even in the absence of glutamate application. We also find that CaMKII activation induces other PI3K-dependent effects, such as increased motor axon diameter and increased synapse number at the larval neuromuscular junction. CaMKII, but not PI3K, requires DFak activity for these increases. We conclude that the activation of PI3K by DmGluRA is mediated by CaMKII and DFak.
Management response to the demands of global fresh fruit markets: Rewarding harvesters with financial incentives

Abstract Competition in global fresh fruit markets is now much more intense than a decade ago. Producers and exporters face an increasing number of quality requirements and regulations that are costly and challenge established practices: paying harvesters by the amount they harvest and trying to control quality with sanctions. Based on a field study, this article discusses how lemon producers in northern Argentina are responding to these challenges; why some have responded only by introducing non-contractual innovations, while others by rewarding harvesters for careful performance to insure fruit quality. The findings elucidate arguments about the instrumentality of transaction costs on the choice of both managerial practices and forms of remunerating labourers. It also illustrates that added quality demands of foreign markets eased the task of harvesters, but had a varying effect on labourers' income.
Hydraulic determinism as a constraint on the evolution of organisms and ecosystems

The interaction between plant hydraulics and plant structure was documented by Leonardo da Vinci, and its importance as a regulator of vegetation and ecosystem function remains of vital contemporary interest. It is proposed that hydraulics deterministically influence plant structure and function. This vision paper explores some aspects of the role of hydraulics in plant function, with a focus on the regulation of plant stomata and xylem water potentials, the morphology of branching networks in vines and trees, and the spatial organization of vegetation at landscape scales. Outstanding challenges include mechanistic and boundary condition descriptions of specific processes, the need to accommodate multiple spatial and temporal scales that do not lend themselves to statistical treatment and the self-referential nature of Darwinian evolution itself.
History of land cover change and biogeochemical impacts in the Choptank River basin in the mid-Atlantic region of the US

The Choptank River basin lies on the Atlantic coastal plain of North America. A terrestrial basin (1756 km2) surrounds a tributary of Chesapeake Bay (280 km2) with degrading water quality. Land use is dominated by agriculture (65%) and forest (26%); urban areas are small (6%), and the human population density is low (59 km−2). Reconstruction of the land cover history showed deforestation and agriculturalization by colonizing Europeans during 1650–1850, with relatively stable patterns thereafter. In the twentieth century, slow urbanization and loss of agriculture occurred as human populations increased, accompanied by mechanization and application of commercial fertilizers. We modelled the effects of these changes using the hydrochemical model GWLF, which showed that, despite relatively stable land cover after 1850, nutrient export increased primarily due to application of fertilizers and human wastewater discharges. As a result of increased inputs to the estuary, algal biomass and turbidity have increased...
User Agency in the Middle Range: Rumors and the Reinvention of the Internet in Accra, Ghana

This article is an analysis of rumors about Internet scamming told by Internet cafe users in the West African capital city of Accra, Ghana. Rumors provided accounts of how the Internet can be effec...
Adaptive strategies of mothers with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: enfolding and unfolding occupations.

OBJECTIVE To describe adaptive strategies of time use among mothers with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and, in particular, the adaptive strategies of unfolding occupations that were commonly used by these mothers. METHOD In-depth interviews were conducted with 17 families with children with ADHD. Parents were asked to describe their family's daily schedule, routines, and how occupations were performed. Data were analyzed using the grounded theory approach. FINDINGS Mothers used three adaptive strategies: enfolding occupations, temporal unfolding of occupations, and unfolding occupations by inclusion. Enfolding occupations means performing more than one occupation at a time. Unfolding occupations means taking chunks of activities or occupations out of previously established sequences of enfolded occupations to be performed at a different time (temporal unfolding) or by a different person (unfolding by inclusion). The child's special needs and the availability of financial and human resources influenced the selection of adaptive strategy. Using these adaptive strategies enabled the mothers to care for their children. However, using enfolding or temporal unfolding meant that mothers had less time for other occupations. CONCLUSION The benefits and limitations of the adaptive strategies of enfolding and unfolding occupations suggest a need to study time use in different contexts. Before suggesting use of these adaptive strategies by parents of children with special needs, therapists need to be aware of the family's financial and human resources.
Raindrop axis ratios and size distributions in Florida rainshafts: an assessment of multiparameter radar algorithms

Eleven penetrations of rainshafts by the University of Wyoming King Air (WKA) aircraft equipped with a two-dimensional (2D) optical array probe are studied in coordination with multiparameter radar measurements from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) CP-2 radar collected in a multicellular storm that occurred on August 8, 1991, of the Convective and Precipitation/Electrification (CaPE) experiment. A comparison is made between the mass-weighted mean diameter (D/sub m/) and rainrate (R) computed from the nine-size spectra and their estimates from multiparameter radar algorithms based on Z/sub dr/, and Z/sub h/. It was found that D/sub m/ could be estimated with a mean bias of 0.07 mm and a standard deviation of 0.35 mm. Rainrates (in the range of 10-60 mmh/sup -1/) could be estimated from Z/sub h/, and Z/sub dr/ with a mean bias of 1-4% and fractional standard error (FSE) of 30-40% depending on the estimator used. Raindrop axis ratios are analyzed as a function of volume equivalent spherical diameter (D/sub eq/) in the range 2-6 mm. The mean axis ratio versus the D/sub eq/ relationship was found to be consistent with previous data from the High Plains (from Colorado and Montana). A study of fluctuations of axis ratio (about their mean value) showed that most drops have axis ratios close to their mean values with oscillation amplitudes to be typically /spl plusmn/10% in axis ratio, again consistent with the earlier High Plains results.
Bowling alone together: academic writing as distributed cognition

The twentieth century saw the progressive collectivization of science-dramatic growth in teamwork in general and large-scale collaboration in particular. Cognitive partnering in the conduct of research and scholarship has become commonplace, and this trend is reflected in rates of co-authorship and sub-authorship collaboration. The effects of these developments on academic writing are discussed and theorized in terms of distributed cognition.
Targeted Drug Delivery to Intestinal Macrophages by Bioactive Nanovesicles Released from Grapefruit

The gut mucosal immune system is considered to play an important role in counteracting potential adverse effects of food-derived antigens including nanovesicles. Whether nanovesicles naturally released from edible fruit work in a coordinated manner with gut immune cells to maintain the gut in a noninflammatory status is not known. Here, as proof of concept, we demonstrate that grapefruit-derived nanovesicles (GDNs) are selectively taken up by intestinal macrophages and ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse colitis. These effects were mediated by upregulating the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and inhibiting the production of IL-1β and TNF-α in intestinal macrophages. The inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability, stability at wide ranges of pH values, and targeting of intestinal macrophages led us to further develop a novel GDN-based oral delivery system. Incorporating methotrexate (MTX), an anti-inflammatory drug, into GDNs and delivering the MTX-GDNs to mice significantly lowered the MTX toxicity when compared with free MTX, and remarkably increased its therapeutic effects in DSS-induced mouse colitis. These findings demonstrate that GDNs can serve as immune modulators in the intestine, maintain intestinal macrophage homeostasis, and can be developed for oral delivery of small molecule drugs to attenuate inflammatory responses in human disease.
A secure lightweight upload protocol for single-use RFID

We propose an upload protocol for single-use RFID for achieving wireless single-use applications such as notification of an opened envelope. The single-use RFID proposed here has the following features: an RFID to work actively, a limited number of data transfers, low-bit data transfer, and long-range radio-communication by VHF/UHF frequency. For single-use RFID applications, the upload protocol should be implementable on a small circuit and secure from remote attacks. Therefore, we propose pre-computation of transmitting/receiving frames and integration of message exchanges to reduce computation and communication without losing security. An evaluation showed that the amount of computation and communication of RFID was reduced by the proposed protocol.