cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Particle-in-cell methods in predicting materials behavior during high power deposition

Large energy fluxes and energy deposition are often found during off normal events in fusion reactors both magnetic and inertial confinement. Great temperature excursions can be found in the plasma facing components materials resulting in melting, evaporation, and expansion of the target material vapor cloud and successive plasma interaction. A general methodology for the computational solution of this very complex problem is proposed in this paper using a novel approach of the Particle-in-Cell method. This novel approach preserves many of the original Particle-in-Cell methodology proposed by Harlow's but introduces several changes to the method, which makes it particularly suitable in plasma dynamics applications as Tokamaks devices. Benchmarking is done using results from the very well-known and benchmarked HEIGHTS computer package and using available results from the MK200 plasma gun experiments. The general scheme is explained in detail and results and discussion related to the main computational aspects are presented. In particular, the critical importance of the starting computational mesh versus the aimed accuracy is studied and explained. The methodology is different from any other presented in literature because the dynamics of the physical problem dictates that as enough energy is being dumped on the target plate, melting and evaporation of the material takes place. As time progresses, new sample particles are introduced in the system making this boundary a dynamic one along time. Computer time is discussed in relation to the initial sample particle loading, aimed accuracy and importance of the time used for solving the radiation transport at each time step.
Numerical Simulation of Secondary Flows in Channels Driven by Applied Lorentz Forces

The effect of applied magnetohydrodynamic (Lorentz) forces on the flowfields in saltwater plane channel flow has been investigated by performing large-scale computer simulations. Direct numerical simulations of three-dimensional, time-dependent secondary flow of an electroconducting fluid driven by Lorentz forces caused by applied electromagnetic fields have been performed. The computational model consists of a two-dimensional doubly periodic configuration of magnet and electrode microtiles flush-mounted on the lower surface of the channel. The resulting flowfields for low Reynolds number simulations reveal that the applied downward Lorentz force formed over the area between the magnet/electrode pairs causes the velocity perturbations to be confined to a very thin layer in the wall-normal direction. Thus, the design objective of localizing the Lorentz force close to the wall is achieved. Lateral components of the Lorentz force also contribute significantly to the formation of the secondary vortical flowfield. Simulations were also carried out with a pulsatile Lorentz force.
Ultrastructure and permeability characteristics of the membranes of mucous granules of the hagfish

Mucous granules secreted by the slime glands of the hagfish. Eptatretus stouti, were studied after ultrarapid cryofixation and freeze substitution in diverse media (osmium tetroxide in acetone; several aqueous glutaraldehyde-based media with or without osmium). Only freeze substitution with osmium tetroxide-acetone preserved the granules intact, allowing visualization of its single unit membrane. Tests of the rupture or stability of freshly secreted mucous granules in sea water and other aqueous media showed the membranes of the granules are permeable to all inorganic cations tested, ranging in relative mass from ammonium to barium. They are permeable to the univalent anions chloride, nitrate, and bicarbonate, but not to the di- or trivalent anions sulfate, phosphate, and citrate. Moreover, in solutions where nonpenetrant anions were present, rupture occurred if the osmotic pressure was below a critical level (about 800 mOsmol/l). The structural and permeability characteristics of the granules account for the explosive speed with which they rupture, releasing their mucous contents, on contact with sea water.
Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House

This book provides an incisive new look at the inner workings of the House of Representatives in the post-World War II era. Reevaluating the role of parties and committees, Gary Cox and Mathew McCubbins view parties in the House - especially majority parties - as a species of 'legislative cartel.' These cartels usurp the power, theoretically resident in the House, to make rules governing the structure and process of legislation. Possession of this rule-making power leads to two main consequences. First, the legislative process in general, and the committee system in particular, is stacked in favor of majority party interests. Second, because the majority party has all the structural advantages, the key players in most legislative deals are members of that party and the majority party's central agreements are facilitated by cartel rules and policed by the cartel's leadership. Debunking prevailing arguments about the weakening of congressional parties, Cox and McCubbins powerfully illuminate the ways in which parties exercise considerable discretion in organizing the House to carry out its work. This work will have an important impact on the study of American politics, and will greatly interest students of Congress, the presidency, and the political party system.
Lifestyle and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes in Women: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence:

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among both women and men in the United States, accounting for nearly half of all deaths and considerable morbidity. Type 2 diabetes is a major r...
Firearm injuries and death: the cost of shooting in the dark.

In 1983, I joined the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, to help start a program to use scientific research to understand gun violence as a public health problem. In the 1990s, the National Rifle Association (NRA) killed that program. Since the massacre in Newtown, Connecticut, the national statistics on gun violence have been widely reported. Firearm-related deaths number more than 30 000 each year, and two-thirds of these deaths are suicides. Tens of thousands more people are seriously injured by guns. Those injuries impose significant burdens for care and rehabilitation on families, communities, and the health care system. Language: en
Further studies on the screening technique for determining salmonella-negative samples of pasteurized dried egg.

Abstract A METHOD was described by Banwart et al. (1966, 1968) to detect Salmonella- negative samples of pasteurized dried egg products. The procedure included preparing tubes of mannitol purple agar and SIM agar and introducing them inverted into a lactose broth-egg mixture. During incubation, the mannitol was fermented or hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) was produced in the SIM agar if salmonellae were present. The determination of mannitol fermentation or H2 S production could be accomplished in tubes of media external to the lactose broth-egg system and would simplify the screening technique of Banwart et al. (1968). In the tests previously reported, lactose broth was the pre-enrichment medium. Nutrient broth was suggested as a replacement for lactose broth to pre-enrich food samples (Taylor et al., 1964). This research was conducted to determine if the mannitol-SIM inverted-tube system could be utilized in broths other than lactose and if tubes of mannitol and SIM inoculated external to…
Headaches caused by decreased intracranial pressure: diagnosis and management.

Purpose of review More patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension are now being diagnosed, and it is realized that most cases result from spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks. A broader clinical and imaging spectrum of the disorder is recognized. This paper reviews new insights into the variability of clinical manifestations, imaging features, etiological factors, anatomy of leaks, and implications of these in patient management. Recent findings Spontaneous intracranial hypotension should not be equated with post-lumbar puncture headaches. In a substantial minority of patients, headaches are not orthostatic and may mimic other types of headache. Additional diverse neurological manifestations may dominate the clinical picture and patients may occasionally have no headache at all. Reports on unusual presentations of the disorder continue to appear in the literature. Furthermore, additional imaging features of cerebrospinal fluid leaks are recognized. High-flow and slow-flow leaks may present diagnostic challenges, and require modification of diagnostic studies aimed at locating the site of the leak. Stigmata of connective tissue abnormality, especially abnormalities of fibrillin and elastin, are seen in a notable minority of patients, pointing to weakness of the dural sac as one of the etiological factors. After treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension, surgically or by epidural blood patch, a rebound and self-limiting intracranial hypertension may sometimes develop. Summary In the past decade, interest in spontaneous intracranial hypotension has been rekindled, with a substantial growth of knowledge on various aspects of the disorder. We are in the learning phase, and new information will probably appear in the future, with notable diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
Socio-economic factors influencing the health status of black americans.

Although the health status of Americans has improved particularly decreases in incidence and prevalence rates of disease these improvements are not consistent and equally distributed within all population groups--particularly black Americans. To describe the relative differences an analytical procedure of calculating the differential deficit ratio (DDR) was developed. It is observed that for males the death rate from all causes increased in 1950 from a .426 to a .473 DDR or 47.3% in 1982 with black males dying at a much higher rate than white males. For females there was a closing of the gap. In 1950 the rate was .703 higher in black females than white females but in 1982 the ratio was .431. These trends were also observed for deaths due to heart disease cerebrovascular malignant neoplasms diabetes mellitus pneumonia and influenza and chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. An epidemic in homicide exists among black males. The rate among black Americans is more than 5 times higher than among white. Infant mortality DDR in 1950 was .638 and in 1982 it was .949 the highest in more than 32 years. Also the infant mortality rate was higher among blacks than in any other ethnic group. Indices show that there is a direct correlation between level of poverty income level education and infant mortality. Future directions indicate a need for overall change in the health care system re-education for the consuming public rebasing health care in the community and correlating health care with other social problems which impact on health. (authors)
Turbulent eddy deposition of particles on smooth and rough surfaces

Abstract An analytical model for turbulent eddy impaction of particles is presented which is uniformly valid for smooth and rough surfaces. Turbulent Schmidt number expressions for particle diffusion in the limits of residence times much smaller than and of the same order as particle relaxation and turbulent energy time scales are adapted for determining the particle approach velocity and diffusion in the buffer layer. The model correctly predicts the experimentally observed fall-off in the deposition velocity for non-dimensional particle relaxation time τ p + , greater than about 25. The model predictions also compare favorably with limited deposition data for rough surfaces.
Geometry Guided Segmentation

Our overall goal is to develop an image understanding system for automatically interpreting dental radiographs. This paper describes the module that integrates the intrinsic image data to form the region adjacency graph that represents the image. The specific problem is to develop a robust method for segmenting the image into small regions that do not overlap anatomical boundaries. Classical algorithms for finding homogeneous regions (i.e., 2 class segmentation or connected components) will not always yield correct results since blurred edges can cause adjacent anatomical regions to be labeled as one region. This defect is a problem in this and other applications where an object count is necessary. Our solution to the problem is to guide the segmentation by intrinsic properties of the constituent objects. The module takes a set of intrinsic images as arguments. A connected components-like algorithm is performed, but the connectivity relation is not 4- or 8-neighbor connectivity in binary images; the connectivity is defined in terms of the intrinsic image data. We shall describe both the classical method and the modified segmentation procedures, and present experiments using both algorithms. Our experiments show that for the dental radiographs a segmentation using gray level data in conjunction with edges of the surfaces of teeth give a robust and reliable segmentation.
Improving Physical Activity in Hispanics with Diabetes and their Families.

Objective This study examined changes in physical activity among Hispanics with diabetes and their families who received an 8-week diabetes self-management intervention. Design A quasi-experimental design was used to conduct a secondary analysis of physical activity data from two intervention studies that used the same protocols and measures. Sample A total of 65 patients and 66 family members participated in the studies. Measures Physical activity was measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and pedometers. Self-report of physical activity was collected pre- and postintervention, and pedometer data for the 8 weeks of the intervention period. Intervention The interventions consisted of 8 weeks of educational sessions. Results IPAQ walking Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET)-minutes per week significantly increased for patients (p < .001) and family members (p < .001) from pre- to postintervention as did moderate activity MET-minutes/week for family members (p = .004). Based on pedometer steps, the percentage of sedentary patients declined from 38% to 17% over the intervention record; differences in pedometer steps over time were not significant for patients (p = .803) or family members (p = .144). Conclusions Pedometers are a cost effective and user-friendly method of measuring physical activity. Pedometers can also serve as a motivator to help increase physical activity among Hispanics with diabetes and their family members.
A model for the coadsorption of ions

Abstract The Anderson—Newns model for adsorption is extended to the case of electrosorption of two kinds of ions with opposite charges. A set of self-consistent equations for the adatom charges is derived. The magnitude of the long-range Coulomb interaction of the adsorbates is estimated. Model calculations are performed for typical system parameters. The charges on the adsorbates and the adsorption energies are shown to be strongly affected by adatom—adatom interactions.
Digging for Diamonds: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Reclaimed Textile Products

Recycling textiles is a process that affects many entities. It avoids the punitive costs of landfill, provides employment, helps charity, and moves clothing to areas of the world where it is needed. This study uses systems theory as a theoretical framework. The purpose of this study is to present a conceptual model and a schematic of the textile recycling process for postconsumer apparel and textile waste. The conceptual model presents the categories of sort classifications and suggests that an inverse relationship exists between the volume of goods and the value of goods. The schematic presents the wide variety of textile recycling markets that are available for the sorted goods. This research is based on nearly 5 years of qualitative data collection.
Intestinal cytokines in children with pervasive developmental disorders

Abstract Objective A relationship between autism and gastrointestinal (GI) immune dysregulation has been postulated based on incidence of GI complaints as well as macroscopically observed lymphonodular hyperplasia and microscopically determined enterocolitis in pediatric patients with autism. To evaluate GI immunity, we quantitatively assessed levels of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-1β, produced by intestinal biopsies of children with pervasive developmental disorders. Methods Fifteen patients, six with pervasive developmental disorders and nine age-matched controls, presenting for diagnostic colonoscopy were enrolled. Endoscopic biopsies were organ cultured, supernatants were harvested, and IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β levels were quantified by ELISA. Tissue histology was evaluated by blinded pathologists. Results Concentrations of IL-6 from intestinal organ culture supernatants of patients with pervasive developmental disorders (median 318.5 pg/ml, interquartile range 282.0–393.0 pg/ml) when compared with controls (median 436.9 pg/ml, interquartile range 312.6–602.5 pg/ml) were not significantly different ( p = 0.0987). Concentrations of IL-8 (median 84,000 pg/ml, interquartile range 16,000–143,000 pg/ml) when compared with controls (median 177,000 pg/ml, interquartile range 114,000–244,000 pg/ml) were not significantly different ( p = 0.0707). Concentrations of IL-1β (median 0.0 pg/ml, interquartile range 0.0–94.7 pg/ml) when compared with controls (median 0.0 pg/ml, interquartile range 0.0–60.2 pg/ml) were not significantly different ( p = 0.8826). Tissue histology was nonpathological for all patients. Conclusions We have demonstrated no significant difference in production of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β between patients with pervasive developmental disorders and age-matched controls. In general, intestinal levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were lower in patients with pervasive developmental disorders than in age-matched controls. These data fail to support an association between autism and GI inflammation.
Von Hippel-Lindau disease-associated solid microcystic serous adenomas masquerading as pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Background Patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) commonly develop pancreatic cysts and neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNENs or PNETs). Solid microcystic serous adenoma (SMSA), a rare neoplasm described in VHL patients, can be mistaken for PNEN on imaging. Methods Clinical, pathologic, and radiologic data were reviewed on VHL patients who underwent surgery for a preoperative diagnosis of PNEN since 1994 at 1 institution. Blinded to the pathologic diagnoses, radiologists reassessed available imaging. Results For 55 patients, 79 pancreatectomies were performed for presumed PNENs. Ten (18%) patients underwent 12 (15%) resections for neoplasms diagnosed as SMSA on final pathology. The average size of a SMSA leading to operation was 3.6 ± 0.4 cm. Four out of 11 SMSAs were still mistaken for PNENs when imaging was reassessed. The mean FDG-positron emission tomography (PET) standardized uptake value was greater for 17 PNENs (12.1 ± 1.2) compared with 6 SMSAs (4.2 ± 0.5; P = .002). The mean doubling time of SMSAs and PNENs was similar. Seven (15%) patients with pathologically proven PNENs had malignant disease. Conclusion SMSAs can mimic PNENs on nonfunctional imaging; FDG-PET may help to differentiate them. A high index of suspicion is needed to minimize operations performed for SMSA and to counsel VHL patients of their risks of undergoing operation for a lesion with no known malignant potential.
Baseline element concentrations in soils and plants, Bull Island, Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina, U.S.A.

Baseline element concentrations are given for Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), and associated soils. Baseline and variability data for ash, Al, Ba, C, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sc, Sr, Th, Ti, V, Y, and Zn are reported; however, not all variables are reported for all media because, in some media, certain elements were below the analytical detection limit. Spatial variation in element concentration among and within 0.5 km grid cells are given for each of the media. In general, only a few elements in Spanish moss showed statistically significant landscape patterns, whereas several elements in loblolly pine and in soils exhibited differences among sampling grids. Significant differences in the concentration of three elements in Spanish moss and eight elements (including total S) in loblolly pine were observed between two sampling dates (November and June); however, the absolute amount of these differences was small. Except for perhaps Ni and Pb concentrations in Spanish moss, element levels in all sample media exhibited ranges that indicate natural rather than anthropogenic additions of trace elements.
Optimal flows in nonlinear gain networks

Computation of globally optimal flows in nonlinear gain networks is generally quite difficult. This paper identifies classes of these networks for which optimal solutions are easily obtained.
Why we do not see fermion parity doublets

Abstract Renormalization group arguments are applied to a Reggeon field theory which couples fermion and pomeron trajectories. The bare (input) fermion propagator has both positive and negative parity poles on the physical angular momentum plane for all values of u. However, after interacting with the Pomeron, the negative parity pole of the renormalized (output) fermion propagator migrates onto an unphysical angular momentum sheet for positive u, and so only the positive parity state appears as a physical particle. This provides a dynamical explanation for the disappearance of the negative parity partner, and is a property which is expected to be possessed by most reasonable Reggeon field theories.
Managing Chinese Bureaucrats: An Institutional Economics Perspective:

Conventional analysis of government typically focuses on ‘politics’, that is, interests, conflicts or personalities. But governing a country is not only a task of successfully governing its people but also an administrative task of managing subordinate officials. This is a very relevant issue in a country such as China, with a massive bureaucracy. The top ‘managers’ of the country – some 30 national leaders – make policies but also manage a large number of bureaucratic personnel. As in business organizations, control problems occur when subordinates have different interests from those of the organization and when the behavior of subordinates is imperfectly monitored. Control mechanisms are designed to minimize such problems by either aligning interests or improving information. This article uses this framework to explain a wide variety of administrative phenomena in Chinese government organizations.
Synthesis and Characterization of Iridium CHLORIDE Complexes. II. Use of Phenothiazines Without N-Alkyl Side Chain as Ligands

Abstract Iridium complexes of some phenothiazine derivatives have been prepared in MeOH or EtOH medium. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, molecular weight, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity, and spectral data. The molecular formulas of the new complexes are [lr2(pz)5Cl4(MeOH)]CI (where pz = phenothiazine), [Ir2(cpz)4]Cl ˙MeOH (where cpz = 2-chlorophenothiazine), [lr2(apz)5Cl5]Cl ˙3MeOH (where apz = 2-acetylphenothiazine), [lr3(dopz)2Cl5(EtOH)][lr2Cl4(EtOH)2] ˙4EtOH (where dopz = 3,7-dinitro-5-oxophenothiazine) and [lr(tmpz)5Cl]Cl ˙EtOH (where tmpz = trifluoromethyl-phenothiazine).
A Skills Approach To Career Development

Students preparing themselves for careers in the future must be able to develop a wide range of skills that are applicable across those careers. Academic advisors must attempt to sure that these students acquire such ski. Thin article presents an approach for doing book.
Onchocerca armillata contamination of a bovine pericardial xenograft in a human patient with repaired tetralogy of Fallot

Abstract Background Bovine pericardial patches are used for many purposes, including facilitating right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction in patients with congenital heart disease . Here we present a case of parasitic contamination of a bovine pericardium used as a transannular patch during repair of tetralogy of Fallot 28 years prior at a hospital in China. Methods The patient presented to the University of Washington Medical Center for congestive heart failure and pulmonic regurgitation, and heart tissues including the xenograft pericardial patch were submitted to the Pathology Department and subsequently to the Comparative Pathology Program. Results The pericardial parasitic nodules with intralesional adult nematodes and microfilaria in the bovine tissues were preserved at harvest by (presumed) glutaraldehyde fixation. Conclusion Onchocerca armillata parasitic pericardiopathy was diagnosed in the xenograft tissue based on the characteristic nematode morphology and the presumed geographic location of the donor bovine. This resulted in O. armillata contamination of the pericardial xenograft in a human patient with repaired tetralogy of Fallot.
Providers’ Experiences Treating Chronic Pain Among Opioid-Dependent Drug Users

To the Editor:—Dr. Berg and colleagues provide interesting insights into the dilemma of treating pain among patients with co-morbid addiction.1 They found a dichotomy and tension between a decision-making framework that focused on abuse (framework 1) and another that focused on treating pain (framework 2), and report that most providers adhered to one or the other. I have also observed this dichotomy, but I suspect that the decision-making framework of providers is not always static. Over time, I find myself moving from framework 2 (focused on treating pain) toward framework 1 (concerned about abuse). I realize that the number of providers in this study was fairly small, but I wonder if the authors found a similar trend among their providers, i.e., were the providers who were more concerned about abuse (framework 1) older or more experienced than the others?
GAUGE-INVARIANT FORMULATION OF THE SELF-DUAL SECTOR

The field-strength formulation of non-Abelian gauge theories opens the gate to a description in terms of local gauge-invariant variables. As a first step in this direction, I work out a gauge-invariant formulation of the self-dual sector. A simple extension, using the ideas of Corrigan, Fairlie, and Yates, provides a gauge-invariant characterization of broader regions within the saddle point.
Preparation of high-capacity, weak anion-exchange membranes for protein separations using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization

Abstract This contribution describes a method to prepare high-capacity anion-exchange membranes for chromatographic bioseparations. Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization was used to graft poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (poly(DMAEMA)) nanolayers from the pore surfaces of commercially available regenerated cellulose membranes. Initial measurements were made to determine the thickness evolution of the poly(DMAEMA) nanolayers, using a model flat substrate designed to mimic the three-dimensional nature of initiator incorporation into the membrane. Thereafter, polymerization time was used as the independent variable to control the mass of polymer grafted from the membrane surfaces and, thus, the protein binding capacity. ATR-FTIR, AFM, and SEM were used to characterize changes in the chemical functionality, surface topography, and pore morphology of membranes as a result of modification. Bovine serum albumin was used to evaluate the static protein binding capacity of poly(DMAEMA)-modified membranes. Maximum static binding capacities increased with increasing polymerization time in a linear fashion for short polymerization times (
Defensive stoning by baboons

REPORTS of the use of tools in offence or defence by wild animals is limited to accounts of chimpanzees throwing branches at conspecifics, potential predators and at human observers1. Anecdotal accounts of stone throwing by baboons2 have been dismissed on the basis of the unreliability of correspondents and the improbability of oriented throwing by a quadruped anatomically incapable of overhand throwing3. In spite of several years of field study elsewhere in Africa, often in rocky terrain, there are no reports by professional field observers of deliberate stone throwing by baboons4–7.
Resistance to wheat curl mite, Aceria tulipae Keifer, in rye and wheat-rye addition lines.

The wheat curl mite, Aceria tulipae Keifer, is the vector of wheat streak mosaic virus, which caused an estimated loss of 30 million bushels of the 1974 Kansas wheat crop. Rye cultivars are more resistant than wheat cultivars to mites, but individual rye plants varied from highly resistant to susceptible. Lines of wheat carrying different rye chromosomes in a disomic condition were tested to determine which chromosome(s) in rye carries the gene(s) for mite resistance. Addition lines with chromosome lR from “King II” and “Dakold” rye were essentially as resistant as the rye donors. Gene(s) on rye chromosome lR may serve as a valuable source of mite resistance when translocated into wheat.
Dosimetric Quantifiers for Low Dose Rate Prostate Brachytherapy: V100 Is Superior to D90

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the present report is to describe the relationship between two dosimetric quantifiers (V100 and D90) and freedom from biochemical recurrence (FFBR) in a cohort of men treated with low-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy (LDRPB) alone. Methods and materials One hundred three men were treated with LDRPB alone between September 1997 and December 1999. All men had histologically confirmed clinically localized prostate cancer. Fifty-nine percent of the cohort had low-risk disease (defined as PSA Results The median followup for the entire cohort is 61 months. The median followup of patients at risk for biochemical failure is 66 months. The median D90 is 129 Gy (range 47–221 Gy), and the median V100 is 86% (range 51–99%). Thirteen men have developed evidence of biochemical relapse at a median of 25 months (range 6–42 months). The 5-year estimate of FFBR for the entire cohort is 87% (95% CI 80–94%). On univariate analysis, disease-specific variables found to be significantly associated with FFBR included pretreatment PSA and percent positive biopsies. When considered as a continuous variable, each of the dosimetric quantifiers was associated with FFBR (V100: p=0.007; D90: p=0.05). D'Amico risk group classification is highly predictive of FFBR after LDRPB (HR 5.68, p=0.003). Multivariate analysis indicated that each dosimetric quantifier was independently associated with FFBR, but due to the high degree of correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.94, p Conclusions Dosimetric quantifiers (V100 and D90) are independent predictors of FFBR after treatment with LDRPB alone. In our experience, V100 seems to be at least equivalent (and perhaps superior) to D90 for predicting FFBR.
Ascorbate uptake and antioxidant function in peritoneal macrophages

Since activated macrophages generate potentially deleterious reactive oxygen species, we studied whether ascorbic acid might function as an antioxidant in these cells. Thioglycollate-elicited murine peritoneal macrophages contained about 3 mM ascorbate that was halved by culture in ascorbate-free medium. However, the cells took up added ascorbate to concentrations of 6-8 mM by a high-affinity sodium-dependent transport mechanism. This likely reflected the activity of the SVCT2 ascorbate transporter, since its message and protein were present in the cells. Activation of the cells by phagocytosis of latex particles depleted intracellular ascorbate, although not below the basal levels present in the cells in culture. Glutathione (GSH) was unaffected by phagocytosis, suggesting that ascorbate was more sensitive to the oxidant stress of phagocytosis than GSH. Phagocytosis induced a modest increase in reactive oxygen species as well as a progressive loss of alpha-tocopherol, both of which were prevented in cells loaded with ascorbate. These results suggest that activated macrophages can use ascorbate to lessen self-generated oxidant stress and spare alpha-tocopherol, which may protect these long-lived cells from necrosis or apoptosis.
Magnetic attitude control system for dual-spin satellites

A closed-loop control law is developed for a dual-spin satellite control system which utilizes the interaction of the geomagnetic field with the satellite dipole parallel to the spin axis. The control law consists of the linear combination of the pitch axis component of the rate of change of the geomagnetic field and the product of the roll angle and roll axis component of the geomagnetic field. Application of the method of multiple time scales yields approximate solutions for the feedback gains in terms of the system parameters. Approximate solutions are also obtained for the response of the system to disturbance torques. A comparison of the approximate solutions and numerical solutions obtained by numerical integration of the exact equations of motion is then given.
Thermohydrodynamic Lubrication Analysis of Slider Bearings With Steps on Bearing Surface

This study focuses on the thermohydrodynamic lubrication analysis of fluid film bearings with step on the surface such as a Rayleigh step bearing. In general, the Reynolds equation does not satisfy the continuity of the fluid velocity components at steps. This discontinuity results in the difficulty to solve the energy equation for the lubricants, because the energy equation needs the velocity components explicitly. The author has solved this problem by introducing the equivalent clearance height and the equivalent gradient of clearance height at steps. These parameters remove the discontinuity of velocity components and the energy equation as well, so that one can solve these equations on all of the bearing surfaces including the step region by finite differential method (FDM). The numerical results of pressure and temperature distributions by the proposed method for a Rayleigh step bearing were compared with the results obtained by a commercial CFD package. These results showed good agreement with each other. This method is extended to 2D unequal grid problems.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Ficin E, a serine-centred protease from Ficus elastica

Abstract A protease of M , 50 000 was purified from the latex of Ficus elastica . The enzyme has a pI of 3.7 and pH optimum at 6.0. Its activity is dependent on serine and histidine residues. The amino acid composition is reported.
Schistosoma mansoni: a complement-dependent receptor on adult male parasites

The dorsal surface of adult male Schistosoma mansoni exhibits an affinity for Salmonella typhi when these bacteria are preincubated in normal serum from mice, guinea pigs, or humans. The complement (C) system was shown to be responsible for the bacterial binding. Bacteria not preincubated with normal serum or preincubated in normal serum which had been treated with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), or cobra venom factor (CoF), or heated at 56 C for 60 min did not bind to the parasite's surface. Further experiments utilizing ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) plus Mg2+, heat inactivation at 50 C for 30 min, and zymosan treatment of the serum indicated the C fixation and deposition on the bacteria occurs via the alternative C pathway. These observations indicate the presence of a complement-dependent receptor on the dorsal tegumental surface of the adult male parasite.
Effects of Increments and Decrements of Light on Neural Discharge Rate

Neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the monkey discharge impulses periodically under conditions of both dark and light adaptation. Brief intensity changes in one direction produce decreases in firing rate roughly proportional to the logarithm of the intensity; intensity changes in the other direction produce corresponding increases in firing in the same neuron.
Prevention of type 1A diabetes mellitus.

ABSTRACT Objective To review prediction of type 1 diabetes mellitus in light of current trials for prevention and novel preclinical therapies. Methods The stages in the development of type 1A diabetes are reviewed and strategies for prevention are discussed. Results From islet autoantibody testing of random cadaveric donors, it is apparent that approximately one-half million persons in the United States express multiple islet autoantibodies and are in the process of developing type 1A (immune-mediated) diabetes. It is now possible to predict not only risk for type 1A diabetes but also the approximate age of diabetes onset in children followed up from birth. In animal models, diabetes can be prevented. Some of the immunologic therapies effective in animal models are able to delay loss of insulin secretion in humans. Conclusions None of the therapies studied to date in humans can completely arrest progressive loss of insulin secretion resulting from destruction of islet b cells. Nevertheless, current knowledge of pathogenesis (targeting trimolecular recognition complex: major histocompatibility complex, peptide, T-cell receptor) and natural history combined with newer diagnostic methods allows accurate diagnosis and has stimulated the search for novel safe and effective preventive therapies. (Endocr Pract. 2012;18:745-749)
Online Survey of Pilot Procedures Associated with Wake Vortex Avoidance - Survey Results and Implications for Potential ADS-B Based Procedures

This paper reports on the results from an online survey of 415 pilots regarding conditions that cause pilots to be concerned about wake, what methods, if any, pilots use to avoid wake, and their anecdotal experiences with wake encounters. The data is organized into concerns and methods for both single and parallel runway operations as well as how these vary depending on the type of aircraft the pilot is currently flying . The results suggest that pilots are concerned about wake encounters regardless of the type of aircraft they are currently flying and that most pilots have experienced wake encounters . The results also indicate that pilots are willing to and do make adjustments to avoid wake when they have separation responsibility as well as when Air Traffic Control (ATC) has separation responsibility . The findings are discussed in the context of developing a procedure for providing Visual-like Separation in Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) through the use o f a Cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) . The paper recommends next steps that should be taken in order to validate, revise, or refine the subjective findings reported in this paper.
Relevance to Practice and Auction Theory: A Memorial Essay for Michael Rothkopf

This essay assesses the state of auction theory in a particular dimension: its relevance to practice. Most auction models are more abstract than necessary. They depend on assumptions that are highly unlikely to occur in practical situations, which are often less formal and rigid. Nonetheless, we discuss several significant steps toward offering more practical advice.
A Performance Study of Deployment Factors in Wireless Mesh Networks

We present a measurement-parameterized performance study of deployment factors in wireless mesh networks using three performance metrics: client coverage area, backhaul tier connectivity, and fair mesh capacity. For each metric, we identify and study topology factors and architectural features which strongly influence mesh performance via an extensive set of Monte Carlo simulations capturing realistic physical layer behavior. Our findings include: (i) A random topology is unsuitable for a large-scale mesh deployment due to doubled node density requirements, yet a moderate level of perturbations from ideal grid placement has a minor impact on performance. (ii) Multiple backhaul radios per mesh node is a cost-effective deployment strategy as it leads to mesh deployments costing 50% less than with a single-radio architecture, (iii) Dividing access and backhaul connections onto two separate radios does not use the second radio efficiently as it only improves fair mesh capacity 40% to 80% for most users. This is in contrast to using the second radio to move half the user population to a new network operated on the second radio. This work adds to the understanding of mesh deployment factors and their general impact on performance, providing further insight into practical mesh deployments.
Cryptosporidium parvum infection of Caco-2 cell monolayers induces an apical monolayer defect, selectively increases transmonolayer permeability, and causes epithelial cell death.

Caco-2 cells were grown on permeable filters and infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Infection rates exceeded 50% of target cells with a sufficient inoculum dose of parasites. Infection induced a dose- and time-dependent fall in transmonolayer resistance, which was closely related to both the inoculum dose and the number of parasites detected by immunofluorescence. Caco-2a, MDBK, and MDBK subclone F5D2 evidenced similar declines in resistance when grown and infected under similar circumstances. Caco-2 monolayers became permeable to molecules of or = 1,881 Da. We found that infected monolayers released up to 50% of the total cellular lactase dehydrogenase into apical media, but not basal media, and that the vital dye propidium iodide avidly stained infected cells, and often parasites, when added to the apical reservoir. Cryptosporidium infection of Caco-2 monolayers increases transmonolayer permeability, induces an apical cellular and monolayer defect, and causes cell death.
The Revenue of Louis VII

THE assessment of the comparative wealth of Louis VII and his son Philip II has been a key, for both mediaeval and modern writers, to an evaluation of the power of the early Capetian monarchy. Contemporaries of Philip II looked back upon his father as a relatively poor monarch, simple and pious. On the other hand, Philip, the king who annexed Vermandois and conquered Normandy for the royal domain, was called Augustus by his biographer Rigord because he had "augmented" the realm, and chroniclers routinely remarked that Philip had increased or enriched the kingdom.' Modern historians have generally accepted this contrast. Before 1180 the Capetian kings were the lords of a relatively small domain in the Ile-de-France, which Louis VI was able to consolidate and Louis VII used as a base for influencing his great vassals. Philip II, conqueror and financial innovator, raised the actual (as opposed to theoretical) power of the monarchy above that of the neighboring territorial principalities and began a new period of expansion for the French monarchy. This is the traditional view, set forth in classic form by Achille Luchaire, writing of the power of the earliest Capetians, in Lavisse's influential Histoire de France: "Le domaine royal, soutien insuffisant de cette majeste theorique, n'est ni la plus vaste, ni la plus riche des seigneuries dont la reunion forme la France."2 To measure the increase in royal revenue inaugurated by Philip II, Luchaire found a numerical basis in the Notce of Conan, provost of the cathedral of Lausanne, which had been recently published by Waitz in the Monumenta Germania, historica. As Luchaire paraphrased the text, Conan noted that he was in Paris at the time of the death of Philip Augustus, and that he heard directly from royal officials that the predecessor of the dead king had scarcely (a peine) 19,000 livres to spend a month, while Philip's son had almost double that revenue. Luchaire's conclusion about doubling the revenue was based on the calculation that 19,000 pounds a month equals 228,000 a year, while the figure used for comparison was derived from Conan's statement that Philip left his son a revenue of 1,200 livres parisis a day (qualibet die).'
Comparing techniques for fabrication polysilicon contacted emitter bipolar transistors

Four methods for fabricating polysilicon-contacted BJTs have been investigated. In the first method polysilicon was deposited using low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) at 620 degrees C. In the remaining three methods a-Si was first deposited and then recrystallized to form polysilicon. In the second method a-Si was deposited using LPCVD at 580 degrees C. The third method used plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) to deposit a-Si-H. The fourth method involved a plasma etch with argon or hydrogen prior to deposition of a-Si:H using PECVD. The results indicated that using the PECVD method for depositing a-Si-H without any prior plasma-etch step and recrystallizing it to form polysilicon resulted in the highest current gain ( beta ) enhancement of 3.5 and also allowed the reduction of the polysilicon anneal temperature down to 800 degrees C or 900 degrees C from 1000 degrees C. The compactness in the spread of the peak beta values for the devices fabricated using this technique also reflects its ability to reproducible fabrication of polysilicon contacted shallow emitter BJTs. >
Revisiting the Relationship of Weight and Height in Early Childhood

Ponderal and linear growth of children has been widely studied; however, epidemiologic evidence of a relationship between the two is inconsistent. Child undernutrition in the form of low height for age and low weight for height continues to burden the developing world. A downward shift in the distribution of height for age in the first 2 y of life is commonly observed in many developing countries and is usually summarized as the percentage stunted (height for age Z-score <−2). Similar shifts are seen in weight for height; however, weight-for-height shifts are often less extreme, perhaps because weight for height is more tightly biologically controlled. Low height for age and low weight for height in childhood share some common factors, including food insecurity, infectious diseases, and inappropriate feeding practices. Reductions in weight for height, generally seen as a short-term response to inadequate dietary intake or utilization, are thought to precede decreases in height for age; however, given an adequate diet and no further insults, catch-up linear growth can occur. Serial instances of decreased weight for height, however, are thought to limit the degree of catch-up growth attained, contributing to linear growth retardation. Additional research is needed to identify the factors associated with recovery of linear growth after a child experiences decreased weight for height. Although the direct relationship between weight for height and height for age is likely limited, each of these measurements indicates important information about the general health of children and their risk of the development of illness or dying; therefore, eliminating the downward shift of height for age and weight for height in developing countries should be prioritized as a public policy.
Non–Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in Children: Historical Review, Patterns of Disease, and Future Trends

Non–Hodgkin’s lymphoma in children has a different clinical course and survival than its adult counterpart. Although metastatic sites and incidence of recurrence are the same, the length of time for the appearance of recurrence and metastases is much shorter. In patients in the pediatric age group (ages 0–16), a more rapid progression and a fatal outcome are the usual course of this disease (Jones et al., 1972; Levitt et al, 1972; Lemerle et al, 1973; Sullivan, 1973). This chapter discusses the distribution of non–Hodgkin’s lymphoma by age, sex, primary site, histology, and stage in a total of 104 patients analyzed from January 1964 to December 1973.
Oral immunization with a recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing HIV-1 Gag on the tip of the pilus induces strong mucosal immune responses

Background The induction of a potent humoral and cellular immune response both in the peripheral and mucosal tissues is important for the development of an effective HIV vaccine. The present study explores the ability of a Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis), a probiotic organism, based oral vaccine to elicit HIV-specific immune responses in the mucosal and systemic compartments of mice and rhesus monkeys.