cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Title: A PI3K-mediated negative feedback regulates Drosophila motor neuron excitability

Negative feedback can act as a homeostatic mechanism to maintain neuronal activity at a particular specified value. At the Drosophila neuromuscular junction, a mutation in the type II metabotropic glutamate receptor gene (mGluRA) increased motor neuron excitability by disrupting an autocrine, glutamate-mediated negative feedback. We show that mGluRA mutations increase neuronal excitability by preventing PI3 kinase (PI3K) activation and consequently hyperactivating the transcription factor Foxo. Furthermore, glutamate application increases levels of phospho-Akt, a product of PI3K signaling, within motor nerve terminals in an mGluRA-dependent manner. In humans, PI3K and type II mGluRs are implicated in epilepsy, neurofibromatosis, autism, schizophrenia and other neurological disorders; however, neither the link between type II mGluRs and PI3K, nor the role of Foxo in the control of neuronal excitability, had been previously reported. Our work suggests that some of the deficits in these neurological disorders might result from disruption of glutamate-mediated homeostasis of neuronal excitability.
G334(P) A rare differential for non-accidental injury

Fractures due to non-accidental injury should always be considered, however differentials such as osteogenesis imperfecta and rare neuropathies are additional possibilities. This case study presents a 2 year-old boy admitted via AE no neurological abnormalities were identified on examination. Parents noted he did not appear to feel pain, this was confirmed by healthcare professionals during vaccinations. Though family were considered vulnerable no concerns had been raised by primary care and outpatient appointments (maxillofacial, dental, paediatric) had been attended. Standard investigations (Table 1) undertaken on each admission detected a raised alkaline phosphatase and displaced transverse fractures through the right mid-diaphysis of both tibia and fibula with anterior soft tissue swelling (Figure 1) only. He had normal nerve conduction studies however molecular investigations for Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy (HSANs) showed homozygous mutation of the NTRK1 gene confirming HSAN IV or Congenital Insensitivity to Pain Syndrome (CIPA), one of five recognised HSAN subtypes. This extremely rare autosomal recessive condition is characterised by the absence of pain and temperature sensation, anhidrosis and mental retardation. Patients also suffer from oral mutilation, fractures, bruises and lacerations of extremities secondary to pain insensitivity due to abnormalities in peripheral nerves. This case illustrates the difficulty in differentiating non-accidental injury from CIPA. Whilst child abuse should always be considered practitioners should be mindful of rarer disorders such as CIPA. It should also be acknowledged that children with CIPA can also be victims of child abuse.
Prenatal diagnosis of hereditary disorders.

Dramatic biomedical achievements over the past two decades now provide accurate and relatively safe methods for the intrauterine assessment of a variety of specific fetal parameters in early pregnancy. Aspects discussed include amniocentesis, indications for prenatal diagnosis, and direct methods of fetal visualization.
WE-DE-207B-06: Artifact Reduction in Digital Breast Tomosynthesis with the Denoised Ordered-Subset Statistically Penalized Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (DOS-SPART) Algorithm

Purpose: Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is an emerging breast imaging modality. It uses x-ray absorption projection images acquired over a narrow angular span to provide high spatial resolution pseudo-three dimensional images for breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Unfortunately, the narrow range used to acquire data (typically <30 degrees) results in significant out of plane artifacts for high contrast objects when conventional reconstruction techniques are used. In this work, the denoised ordered-subset statistically penalized algebraic reconstruction technique (DOS-SPART) algorithm was adapted to breast tomosynthesis imaging to reduce out-of-plane blurring artifacts. Methods: The DOS-SPART algorithm was implemented for use with DBT datasets. The ACR mammography accreditation phantom was imaged for quantitative measurement and subjective image analysis. The artifact spread function (ASF) was measured for images generated by the commercial reconstruction method as well as DOS-SPART with different total number of iterations (5, 10, 15, and 20). The FWHM of the ASF was used to quantify out-of-plane blurring. A cluster of calcifications in the ACR phantom was also inspected subjectively, and images above and below the feature were examined for artifacts. Results: The DOS-SPART algorithm was able to efficiently reconstruct sharp image at the in-focus plane, while significantly reducing out-of-plane blurring artifacts (total reconstruction time <90 seconds for a 1996×2457×70 voxel volume with 5 iterations). The FWHM of the ASF was reduced by as much as 35% using the algorithm. Subjectively, the out-of-plane artifacts from the high contrast calcification are still clearly visible in the commercial reconstruction at 1 cm above or below the in-focus plane, whereas no artifacts from the calcification are detectable in the out-of-plane images generated with DOS-SPART. Conclusion: The application of DOS-SPART to DBT can help limit out-of-plane artifacts in DBT imaging, potentially improving localization of microcalcifications and image contrast for adjacent structures. Funding support: This work was support in part by NIH R01 EB020521. Disclosures: J Garrett: None. Y. Li: None. K. Li: None. GH Chen: Research funded, GE Healthcare and Siemens AX
Introductory Remarks—Inferential Uncertainty

Most of the claims we make, nowhere more so than in the empirical sciences, outrun the information enlisted to support them. Such claims are never more than probable/likely. Intuitively, even obviously, some claims are more probable/likely than others. Everyone agrees that scientific claims in particular are probable/likely to the extent that they are confirmed by experimental evidence. But there is very little agreement about what “confirmation by empirical evidence” involves or how it is to be measured. A central thesis of this monograph is that a source of this disagreement is the near-universal tendency to conflate the two different concepts—“confirmation” and “evidence”—used to formulate the essence of the methodology. There is no doubt that the words signifying them are used interchangeably. But as we will go on to argue, failure to make the distinction leads to muddled thinking in philosophy, statistics, and the empirical sciences themselves. Two examples, one having to do with the testing of traditional psychotherapeutic hypotheses, the other with determining the empirical superiority of the wave or particle theories of light, make it clear how data can confirm a hypothesis or theory, yet fail, in context, to provide evidence for it.
From AIDS to Opioids — How to Combat an Epidemic

Rates of drug-overdose deaths in the United States outpace mortality from motor vehicle accidents, and our substance-abuse treatment system is ill prepared to address the opioid epidemic. But the response to the AIDS epidemic may help inform an effective approach.
Low Pressure Tolerance by Methanogens in an Aqueous Environment: Implications for Subsurface Life on Mars

The low pressure at the surface of Mars (average: 6 mbar) is one potentially biocidal factor that any extant life on the planet would need to endure. Near subsurface life, while shielded from ultraviolet radiation, would also be exposed to this low pressure environment, as the atmospheric gas-phase pressure increases very gradually with depth. Few studies have focused on low pressure as inhibitory to the growth or survival of organisms. However, recent work has uncovered a potential constraint to bacterial growth below 25 mbar. The study reported here tested the survivability of four methanogen species (Methanothermobacter wolfeii, Methanosarcina barkeri, Methanobacterium formicicum, Methanococcus maripaludis) under low pressure conditions approaching average martian surface pressure (6 mbar – 143 mbar) in an aqueous environment. Each of the four species survived exposure of varying length (3 days – 21 days) at pressures down to 6 mbar. This research is an important stepping-stone to determining if methanogens can actively metabolize/grow under these low pressures. Additionally, the recently discovered recurring slope lineae suggest that liquid water columns may connect the surface to deeper levels in the subsurface. If that is the case, any organism being transported in the water column would encounter the changing pressures during the transport.
Novel copolymers of styrene. 5. Alkyl and alkoxy ring-disubstituted propyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoates

ABSTRACTNovel trisubstituted ethylenes, alkyl and alkoxy ring-disubstituted propyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoates, RPhCH˭C(CN)CO2C3H7 (where R is 2,3-dimethyl, 2,5-dimethyl, 2,6-dimethyl, 3,4-dimethyl, 2,3-dimethoxy, 2,4-dimethoxy, 2,5-dimethoxy, 2,6-dimethoxy 3,4-dimethoxy, 3,5-dimethoxy) were prepared and copolymerized with styrene. The monomers were synthesized by the piperidine catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of ring-substituted benzaldehydes and propyl cyanoacetate and characterized by CHN elemental analysis, IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR. All the ethylenes were copolymerized with styrene (M1) in solution with radical initiation (ABCN) at 70°C. The composition of the copolymers was calculated from nitrogen analysis, and the structures were analyzed by IR, 1H and 13C-NMR, GPC, DSC, and TGA. Decomposition of the copolymers in nitrogen occurred in two steps, first in the 200–500°C range with residue (0.6–5.0% wt.), which then decomposed in the 500–800°C range.
Biophysics of Cadherin Adhesion

Since the identification of cadherins and the publication of the first crystal structures, the mechanism of cadherin adhesion, and the underlying structural basis have been studied with a number of different experimental techniques, different classical cadherin subtypes, and cadherin fragments. Earlier studies based on biophysical measurements and structure determinations resulted in seemingly contradictory findings regarding cadherin adhesion. However, recent experimental data increasingly reveal parallels between structures, solution binding data, and adhesion-based biophysical measurements that are beginning to both reconcile apparent differences and generate a more comprehensive model of cadherin-mediated cell adhesion. This chapter summarizes the functional, structural, and biophysical findings relevant to cadherin junction assembly and adhesion. We emphasize emerging parallels between findings obtained with different experimental approaches. Although none of the current models accounts for all of the available experimental and structural data, this chapter discusses possible origins of apparent discrepancies, highlights remaining gaps in current knowledge, and proposes challenges for further study.
Using biomarkers to guide heart failure therapy

Being able to target specific therapies to specific disease entities is the goal of all precision medical initiatives. Such approaches have been implemented in malignancies with individual examples of great responses. Such successes have fueled enthusiasm to apply this approach to other forms of chronic disease. Ideal implementation would include a companion diagnostic (a blood test), which would specifically signal when initiation, reduction, or intensification of a therapy is indicated. Testing could then be used serially to titrate therapy. This ideal state has not yet fully developed for cardiovascular diseases but has been pursued in some areas of heart disease management such as using cardiac troponin to determine therapy with antiplatelet drugs, inflammatory biomarkers to define the need for lipid lowering agents, and cardiovascular stress biomarkers to guide heart failure (HF)3 management (1). Most data in chronic HF have focused on patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Such patients are treated with a variety of defined treatment strategies predicated on guideline-supported therapies that reduce mortality (2). Although these therapies have been proven in randomized controlled trials, inadequacies in their application exist in nontrial settings. This may be because it is difficult for physicians to evaluate changes in functional status during patient visits and thus decide when to increase or decrease therapies. Furthermore, the polypharmacy in HFrEF is titrated to target doses, rather than physiological goals. Accordingly, understanding the timing and appropriateness of titration may be challenging for less experienced clinicians especially if patients insist they feel fine. For these reasons, multiple biomarkers have been suggested to assist objectively in the titration of therapy. The ones most utilized have been the natriuretic peptides (NPs). Increases in NP concentrations provide an objective signal concerning the compensation of HF patients. Application or intensification of these therapies has been shown to reduce …
Structuring Cooperative Nuclear Risk Reduction Initiatives with China

Weapons and weapon systems/Nuclear and radiological weapons; Terrorism and threats/Nuclear and radiological terrorism; Technology/Weapons detection technology
Accessory pancreatic lobe in association with a gastric duplication cyst.

Abstract Gastric duplication cysts are an extremely rare anomaly with few reported cases in association with accessory pancreatic tissue. Diagnosis can be challenging given a presentation of recurrent pancreatitis and resemblance to pancreatic pseudocysts. We report the case of a 6-year old boy with multiple episodes of pancreatitis who was discovered to have an accessory pancreatic lobe connected to a gastric duplication cyst, successfully treated with surgical excision.
Perceiving foreign-accented speech with decreased spectral resolution in single- and multiple-talker conditions

To determine the effect of reduced spectral resolution on the intelligibility of foreign-accented speech, vocoder-processed sentences from native and Mandarin-accented English talkers were presented to listeners in single- and multiple-talker conditions. Reduced spectral resolution had little effect on native speech but lowered performance for foreign-accented speech, with a further decrease in multiple-talker conditions. Following the initial exposure, foreign-accented speech with reduced spectral resolution was less intelligible than unprocessed speech in both single- and multiple-talker conditions. Intelligibility improved with extended exposure, but only for single-talker conditions. Results indicate a perceptual impairment when perceiving foreign-accented speech with reduced spectral resolution.
CMOS fluorescence lifetime to frequency converter with background calibration

This paper presents a novel CMOS image sensor for fluorescence lifetime measurement with direct pulse frequency modulated digital output. A parasitic insensitive multi-cycle charge modulation scheme is applied to accumulate photon-generated charges in discrete programmable time windows over multiple exposures. A built-in latched comparator generates an auto reset pulse by comparing the multicycle charge integrated output with a reference. The detected fluorescence's lifetime can be extracted by monitoring the pulse frequency variation of this auto-reset pulse signal. To compensate for the background photocurrent generated by ambient light and built-in offset, a charge pump based calibration circuitry is also proposed. Driven by a 10 KHz clock signal with 20 μs pulse width as the integration time window, the proposed circuitry can achieve 93 Hz/μW/cm2) responsivity and 19 nW/cm2 resolution at 575 nm. Applying the proposed sensor chip for lifetime measurement of a Ru(dpp)3(PF 6 )2 fluorescent sample, we estimate its lifetime to be 4.2 μs with 8 ns resolution.
Effect of norepinephrine and angiotensin II on intrarenal oxygen availability.

Oxygen availability (O2a) in the cortex, outer medulla, inner medulla, and papilla of the left kidney was measured in 12 unanesthetized rabbits implanted with O2 sensitive electrodes. Each was injected with a single i.v. bolus of either norepinephrine (NE) or angiotensin II (AII) in equipressor doses, and intrarenal O2a was continuously recorded. The NE response consisted of parallel and proportional intrarenal O2a decreases and overshoots in all zones; AII response consisted of progressively smaller O2a decreases from outer to inner zones during maximum response and smaller increases during maximum overshoot. These response differences may be important under various physiologic or pathologic conditions.
Some Problems in Finite Queues

In this paper computationally convenient analytic methods are developed for the analysis of two classes of finite queueing systems with (1) arrivals with Poisson properties, general state dependent service time distribution and a single server and (2) general state dependent inter-arrival times, exponential service times and s(≥ 1) servers.
Energy production from waste: Evaluation of anaerobic digestion and bioelectrochemical systems based on energy efficiency and economic factors

Abstract Anaerobic digesters (AD) and bioelectrochemical systems (BES) are becoming increasingly popular technologies for the generation of renewable energy from wastes. Synergies between these technologies exist, however, configurations to couple them have been insufficiently investigated. This study compares the theoretical energy efficiencies of converting waste directly into electricity, using AD and BES alone and in various combinations. This study reviews the experimentally demonstrated energy efficiencies reported in the literature with comparisons to the maximum theoretical efficiencies, considering thermodynamic limits. Acetate is used as an ideal substrate for theoretical calculations, whereas complex wastes are used for extended analyses of practical efficiencies. In addition, to evaluate the economic potential of this technology, a brief case study was conducted using the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) water resource recovery facility (WRRF). Sensitivity analysis was performed on several parameters in the economic model. The results of this study indicate the combined Anaerobic Digester/Microbial Electrolysis Cell (ADMEC) process may be the best path forward due to the high energy efficiency, combined with potential economic benefits, but is not at commercial readiness. We estimate energy efficiencies of 52.9% and 45.6% for the ADMEC process, using current state-of-the-technology, for converting food waste and sewage sludge to a CH4/H2 mix, respectively. This study concludes with a discussion of new strategies to improve the energy efficiency of AD and BES processes. Significance The analysis performed in this study supports the implementation of anaerobic digestion with bioelectrochemical systems for the production of energy from complex wastes. The energy efficiency analysis alludes to research areas that should be pursued to maximize the performance of these technologies in large-scale installation, based on the performance gaps between theoretical and practical energy efficiencies determined in previous studies.
Model neuron response statistics to natural images

To model the responses of neurons in the early visual system, at least three basic components are required: a receptive field, a normalization term, and a specification of encoding noise. Here, we examine how the receptive field, the normalization factor, and the encoding noise impact the model neuron responses to natural images and the signal-to-noise ratio for natural image discrimination. We show that when these components are modeled appropriately, the model neuron responses to natural stimuli are Gaussian distributed, scale-invariant, and very nearly maximize the signal-to-noise ratio for stimulus discrimination. We discuss the statistical models of natural stimuli that can account for these response statistics, and we show how some commonly used modeling practices may distort these results. Finally, we show that normalization can equalize important properties of neural response across different stimulus types. Specifically, narrowband (stimulus- and feature-specific) normalization causes model neurons to yield Gaussian-distributed responses to natural stimuli, 1/f noise stimuli, and white noise stimuli. The current work makes recommendations for best practices and it lays a foundation, grounded in the response statistics to natural stimuli, upon which principled models of more complex visual tasks can be built.
Effective Advocacy for Patients and Communities.

Family physicians play diverse roles in society, often bridging individual and community perspectives. Family physicians' ethics require providing care to all persons regardless of their geographic, economic, political, racial, religious, or sexual orientation status.
The Significance of Piaget's Formal Operations Stage in Education:

Despite a relative lack of attention on the part of both developmental and educational researchers, there are some grounds for believing that Piaget's stage of formal operations is the single stage...
Utilizing Group-Based Contingencies to Increase Hand Washing in a Large Human Service Setting

Hand washing is the most important preventative measure for the reduction of contagious disease. Although hand washing is easy to perform, non-adherence is a ubiquitous problem. Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of multi-component intervention packages to improve hand washing among employees; however, interventions are limited to acute settings, are often implemented for a short period of time, and rarely, if ever, include information on long-term effectiveness. The purpose of the current study was to utilize a behavior analytic approach to determine the stimulus conditions under which hand washing should occur, and to assess and then implement a long-term monitoring system among direct care workers in a large, non-acute inpatient unit. A single-case repeated measures reversal design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of two interventions aimed at improving hand washing adherence. A lottery was found to be effective in increasing hand hygiene for 2-years with 170 staff.
The study of factors which influence ratings of adequacy of the teacher preparation program at Iowa State University

s of RISE sponsored projects. The hypothetical model used in this study, has not been tested in any of the previous studies. Survey research was used to collect data from students and graduates of the teacher education program at various stages in their careers. This study used data collected from surveys at two data collection points (graduation from the teacher preparation program and one year following graduation), as well as information about the graduate collected from university records. In conducting each of the surveys, RISE followed the procedures for conducting a mail survey recommended by Dillman (1978). At each data collection point, those surveyed were mailed a copy of the questionnaire with a cover letter explaining the purpose of the survey and requesting their participation (see Appendix B). Two weeks later, a reminder postcard, was mailed to those who did not respond to the initial mailing. Following an additional two weeks, another copy of the questionnaire as well as another cover letter requesting their participation were mailed to those who did not respond to the previous two mailings. All surveys in the project received approval from the Iowa State University Committee on the Use of Human Subjects in Research.
Studies on the biosynthesis of phomoidride B (CP-263,114): evidence for a decarboxylative homodimerization pathway.

Feeding experiments using a deuterium labeled C16 maleic anhydride and whole cell culture of ATCC 74256 led to the isolation of phomoidride B with deuterium incorporation at C(7) and C(19) as determined by 2H NMR and electrospray mass spectrometry. This result is in accord with a decarboxylative homodimerization of the C16 maleic anhydride as a key biosynthetic step leading to phomoidride B.
Management of mental health conditions in refugee youth: An overview for the psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner.

TOPIC In 2017, there were a total of 70 million forcibly displaced individuals or refugees, worldwide. Unfortunately, over 50% of refugees are under the age of 18 years. Refugee youth are at-risk for a variety of mental health conditions. PURPOSE The purpose of this report is to provide psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners (PMHNPs) with an understanding of unique cultural implications in refugee youth, risk factors towards the development of psychiatric illness, and means to identify those at-risk for sequelae or those meeting diagnostic criteria. Also presented are foundational treatment and management implications to ensure the provision of culturally sensitive and efficacious care to this unique population. SOURCES USED Utilizing PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO, a literature review was conducted to identify relevant publications pertaining to mental health issues in refugee youth spanning from 2013 to present. Reference lists of identified articles were also searched. CONCLUSIONS A variety of risk and protective factors are discussed, spanning from premigration, during flight, and postsettling periods. PMHNPs must be proficient in screening and diagnosis of mental health conditions in refugee youth and implementation of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions. PMHNPs must also be well versed in community-based resources that can be utilized to promote optimal outcomes.
A Darwinian Pilgrim’s Early Progress

Part one of three in an autobiographical series which retraces the most significant events, collaborations, and research results of Michael Ruse’s 55-year-long career in the history and philosophy of science. In this article, Ruse’s Quaker roots, his subsequent loss of faith, and the first engagement with the study of natural science are recalled before delving deeper into his academic career. The main topics summarized in this walkthrough are considered chronologically as they developed: the epistemological demonstration that the Darwinian theory was not a narrative, or inferior, kind of science but a full-fledged, consilient research programme founded on genetics (early 1970s); the history of teleology in biological thought (mid-1970s); the sociobiology controversy (late 1970s); the so-called debunking argument and the is-ought fallacy (early 1980s).
Muscle-Specific Sensitivity to Voluntary Physical Activity and Detraining

Aerobic physical activity triggers adaptations in skeletal muscle including a fast-to-slow shift in myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms, an enhanced capillary network, and mitochondrial biogenesis to meet increased demands placed upon this tissue. Although the magnitude of these responses appears to be dependent on muscle phenotype as well as training volume and/or intensity, the whole-muscle response to detraining remains mostly unexplored. Here, we hypothesized that the shifts toward slower MHC phentotype and the increased capillarity and mitochondrial oxidative markers induced with training would return toward sedentary (SED) control levels sooner in the fast plantaris than in the slow soleus muscle as a result of detraining. Soleus and plantaris muscles from 8-week (TR 8wk) voluntarily running adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were compared to muscles from SED and detrained rats (DETR) (4 weeks voluntary running followed by 4 weeks of reduced activity), which were subdivided into low- (DETR Lo) and high-running-distance (DETR Hi) groups. We show that maintaining the fast-to-slow MHC isoform shift required consistent aerobic training in the soleus and plantaris muscles: detraining clearly abolished any fast-to-slow gains in the plantaris, whereas the training volume in DETR Hi rats appeared to influence the MHC return to basal levels in the soleus. Total capillary number (per mm2) in the plantaris increased in all groups compared to SED levels, but, in the soleus, this enhancement was observed only in the TR 8wk rats. Generally, increased mitochondrial markers for aerobicitiy were observed in TR 8wk plantaris, but not soleus, muscles. In a second experiment, we show that the muscle-specific adaptations were similar after 4 weeks of voluntary exercise (TR 4wk) as in 4 weeks (TR 8wk). Taken together, our findings suggest that the plantaris muscle is more sensitive to voluntary physical activity and detraining than the soleus muscle; these results also demonstrate that the soleus muscle requires a greater aerobic challenge (i.e., intensity, duration) to trigger phenotypic, angiogenic, or aerobic enzyme adaptations. Our findings generally suggest that muscular aerobic fitness to voluntary running, or its loss during detraining, manifests as changes occurring primarily within fast, rather than slow, muscle phenotypes.
Characteristics of rib fractures in young abused children

The presumed mechanism of rib fractures in abuse is violent grasping of the torso causing anterior–posterior chest compression. We hypothesized an asymmetrical distribution of rib fractures in abused infants given the greater incidence of right-hand dominance within the general population. The objective of this study was to characterize rib fractures in abused children, particularly sidedness; additionally, we evaluated the sidedness of other abusive skeletal fractures. We reviewed medical records from abused children (0–18 months old) with rib fractures. We also retrospectively reviewed their radiographs to determine characteristics of rib fractures (number, side, rib region, level, acuity) and other skeletal fractures (number, side, location), as well as differences in the distribution of rib and other skeletal fractures. A total of 360 rib fractures were identified on 273 individual ribs involving 78 abused children. Sixty-three children (81%) had multiple rib fractures. There was a significantly greater number of left-side rib fractures (67%) than right-side fractures (P<0.001). Fractures were most often identified in the posterior and lateral regions and mid level of the ribcage (Ribs 5 through 8). Fifty-four percent of subjects had other skeletal fractures; these non-rib fractures were also predominantly on the left side (P=0.006). In our study of abused children, there was a higher incidence of rib fractures in the posterior, lateral and mid-level locations. Additionally, we found a predominance of left-side rib and other skeletal fractures. Further research is needed to understand whether factors such as perpetrator handedness are associated with these unequal distributions of fractures in abused children.
Classics revisited, history of reptile placentology, part IV: Hanni Hrabowski's 1926 monograph on fetal membranes of lizards.

Abstract In 1926, the German biologist Johanna (Hanni) Hrabowski published a study of the morphology and development of the fetal placenta in lizards that has proven to be of historical importance. Her anatomical descriptions and interpretations identified developmental patterns that differ from other amniotes -- features now recognized as unique attributes of squamate (lizards and snakes) development. Her 1926 monograph presented the first histological comparison of fetal membranes in closely-related oviparous and viviparous reptiles, thereby establishing a comparative framework for understanding placental specializations for viviparity. Hrabowski reported that yolk sac development did not differ between oviparous and viviparous species. The novel, shared components of yolk sac development she identified are now recognized as the foundation for the unique yolk sac placenta of reptiles, the omphaloplacenta. In addition, Hrabowski's extensive ontogenetic sampling and the detail and accuracy of her anatomical descriptions set high standards for subsequent studies of comparative evolutionary embryology.
Prospective Experiment for Reinforcement Learning on Demand Response in a Social Game Framework

Improving demand response can help optimize renewable energy use and might be possible using current tools in machine learning. We propose an experiment to test the development of Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents to learn to vary a daily grid price signal to optimize behavioral energy shift in office workers. We describe our application of Batch Constrained Q Learning and Soft Actor Critic (SAC) as RL agents and Social Cognitive Theory, LSTM networks, and linear regression as planning models. We report limited success within simulation with SAC and linear regression. Finally, we propose an experiment timeline for consideration.
Taxonomic Change as a Reflection of Progress in a Scientific Discipline

The terminology that is used to index the world’s biomedical literature has its roots in an indexing system developed in the late nineteenth century. In the early 1960s that terminology, now known as the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), was updated and reframed for information retrieval purposes in the context of MEDLINE, the US National Library of Medicine’s bibliographic retrieval system. MeSH is a semantic system in its own right and responds, just as all such systems do, to both internal and external forces. We conducted a study of the evolution of MeSH over the last 45 years. We hypothesized, and our analyses confirmed, that some changes reflect internal considerations, such as developing a more principled ontological structure, and others reflect important external forces, most notably the development of biomedical knowledge itself. Our work has implications for research in ontology evolution and for research that is concerned with the conceptual modeling and evolution of a knowledge domain.
FDTD Method for Active and Passive Microwave Structures

The Finite-Difference Time-Domain algorithm is a powerful method for analyzing the electromagnetic wave behavior in a complicated microwave structure. This method, however, is a memory intensive and time consuming operation due to spatial and temporal discretization. Here the FDTD is augmented with Diakoptics and System Identification algorithms in order to reduce the computational cost. Furthermore, the FDTD algorithm is extended to include the analysis of nonlinear and active regions. Theoretical development and numerical examples are presented.
Presidential Control over Disputed Elections

An election that is “disputed” lacks two qualities after Election Day: a clear winner and a concession. These elections instead depend on legal processes — recounts, court proceedings, and more — for resolution. As a result, when a sitting President, running for reelection, becomes immersed in a disputed presidential election, he potentially enjoys an advantage over his opponent. He can attempt to exploit the powers of the presidency to push these legal proceedings in his favor. As a practical matter, this advantage can be formidable. A sitting president can resort to his extraordinary bully pulpit, for example, to influence public sentiment. This advantage shrinks, however, with respect to the President’s official powers — the legal authorities that the President can wield by virtue of his role in government. Here, a sitting President’s advantage over his opponent, at least after Election Day, is slight. As this Essay explains, the President’s powers over a disputed presidential election are not primarily legal in nature; they are political. And, accordingly, so are the means to push back. This essay was an invited contribution to the Ohio State Law Journal’s online Election Law Roundtable.
Spirit Eye Cave: Reestablishing provenience of trafficked prehistoric human remains using a composite collection-based ancient DNA approach

Abstract Spirit Eye Cave, located on private land in west Texas near the US/Mexico border, contains as many as four human interments removed by pay-to-dig collectors in the 1950–60 s. The relocated remains provide initial DNA results from a region peripheral to both the Southwest and Plains, and the bone collagen 14C dates are coeval with a period of presumed multiethnic migration. The mitochondrial DNA results from two individuals indicate a maternal relationship between each interment. Considered together, these data indicate both a familiarity with the region and a stability of land use by foraging groups during a period of reputed instability. The identification of the B2a4a1 haplogroup in both individuals ties the region to indigenous groups in present-day Mexico, Texas, and the prehistoric site of Paquime, in Chihuahua, Mexico. These results demonstrate the utility of a collaborative collection based aDNA approach for looted and heavily collected sheltered sites. Significance statement Two rediscovered human remains from at Spirit Eye cave in west Texas situated on the US/Mexico border were radiocarbon dated and sampled for mitochondrial DNA. Both burials belong to the same B2a4a1 mitochondrial haplogroup and were dated to a period of dramatic cultural change in the region. Our results indicate a group of related foraging groups repeatedly used the cave as a mortuary site over several generations. This study also illustrates the utility of pursuing collection-based research from heavily impacted archaeological sites.
Reactive Oxygen Species and Serous Epithelial Ovarian Adenocarcinoma

Serous ovarian cancer (SOC) is usually diagnosed at late stage and stage-adjusted five year survival rate is low. Mortality is relatively heavy on African-Americans/Black (AA) affected with SOC compared to their Caucasian counterparts, though the cause for the disparity remains unclear. DNA damage induced by oxidative stress has been linked to ovarian cancer, but the role of oxidative stress in distinguishing differences in aggressive SOC tumors among patients is yet to be determined. This study aims to determine the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive carbonyl groups and antioxidants in primary SOC normal, precancerous (cystadenoma, borderline) and invasive (III/IV) tissue samples obtained from AA and Caucasian subgroups. Additionally, the study seeks to investigate significant changes in the level of ROS between AA and Caucasian SOC samples. A fluorogenic probe, dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH-DiOxyQ), was used to scavenge reactive oxygen species in SOC normal, precancerous and malignant stages III/IV tissue samples. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a lipid peroxidation marker, and reactive carbonyl groups were measured as indicators of oxidative injury. Moreover, antioxidant status was assessed by estimating glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) enzyme levels. Results indicate ROS concentration was approximately 96% higher in the malignant tissues in comparative to the normal non-diseased controls. In addition, ROS concentration among AA women was approximately 9% higher than Caucasian women. MDA levels increased exponentially from non-disease control and precancerous tissues relative to malignant tissues. Furthermore, malignant serous ovarian samples showed significantly higher reactive carbonyl content compared to the non-disease controls (p=0.009), while GPX3 levels decreased considerably in serous cystadenoma and malignant tissue samples, and non-diseased control compared to borderline disease. The results suggest accumulation of ROS and MDA levels may be a causative factor for SOC. Elevated levels of MDA and reactive carbonyl proteins could override the GPX3 enzyme capacity therefore, initiating serous ovarian neoplasm.
Telemedicine and Dementia Care: A Systematic Review of Barriers and Facilitators.

Abstract Objectives An increasing reliance on telemedicine for older adults with cognitive impairment requires a better understanding of the barriers and facilitators for this unique patient population. Design The study team queried PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov on May 1, 2020, for studies in English published from January 2010 to May 2020. Setting and Participants We conducted a systematic review of articles investigating the use of telemedicine among older adults with Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) that focused on the patient and care partner perspectives. Methods Telemedicine encounter purpose, technological requirements, and findings regarding sensory needs were extracted. The Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias Tool was applied for quality assessment. Results The search yielded 3551 abstracts, from which 90 articles were reviewed and 17 were included. The purpose of telemedicine encounters included routine care, cognitive assessment, and telerehabilitation. All studies reported successful implementation of telemedicine, supported by patient and care partner satisfaction, similar results on cognitive assessment and diagnosis compared to in-person visits, and improvement in outcome measures following rehabilitation. Sixteen studies relied on staff and care partners to navigate technologies. Six studies reported participants reporting difficulty hearing the provider during the telemedicine visits. Five studies excluded participants with visual or hearing impairment because of the potential difficulty of using telemedicine technology. No studies reported technological adaptations to account for sensory impairment. Conclusions and Implications Telemedicine is well received among patients and care partners, but successful delivery incorporates support staff and the care partners to navigate technologies. The exclusion of older adults with sensory impairment, especially given that it is highly prevalent, in developing telemedicine systems may further exacerbate access to care in this population. Adapting technologies for sensory needs is critical to the advancement of accessible dementia care through telemedicine.
Process model for multilayer slide coating of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Slide coating is a precision method suitable for depositing multiple liquid-film layers simultaneously. Originally developed in the photographic film industry, it has been deployed for manufacturing of other products that benefit from multilayer coatings. One emerging application is the manufacture of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), which are used to produce electricity through electrochemical reactions of hydrogen and oxygen gas. The membrane-electrode assembly (MEA), in which key electrochemical reactions occur, consists of three layers that are typically deposited separately in serial fashion and then laminated together to form the three-layer MEA, i.e., three sequential steps of coat and dry. Adapting the process to simultaneous, multilayer slide coating of all three layers will save equipment cost and space while minimizing possible exposure to contaminants during transition between the steps. We are developing a three-layer slide coating model to aid the manufacturing process design of PEMFC. The model accounts for rheology of each layer, which typically exhibit shear thinning behavior. Model predictions are used to investigate simultaneous coatability of catalyst inks and to determine the best layer-by-layer ink selection.
Multimodality Treatment of Stage IIIA/N2 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: When YES to Surgery

Stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is comprised of a heterogeneous cohort of patient presentations that are broadly considered as “locally advanced disease,” but stage IIIA/N2 further selects a subset of this category with a potentially improved prognosis. These individuals may have ipsilateral mediastinal and/or subcarinal lymph node involvement, varying tumor size (up to 7 cm), and possible invasion of surrounding mediastinal structures. Multimodality treatment is universally accepted as the standard-of-care for their management, and historically, definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has been the preferred paradigm. However, because it has been long recognized that long-term survival is feasible in a small but non-trivial and growing group of these patients, there has been considerable controversy about intensifying their local therapy by using surgical resection. In fact, there are some data that support improved locoregional control and hence progression-free and even overall survival with trimodality therapy potentially warranting the increase in morbidity. This chapter will focus on reviewing the published evidence supporting the incorporation of surgery into the multimodality treatment of stage IIIA/N2 NSCLC patients.
Next generation Fc scaffold for multispecific antibodies

Summary Bispecific antibodies (Bispecifics) demonstrate exceptional clinical potential to address some of the most complex diseases. However, Bispecific production in a single cell often requires the correct pairing of multiple polypeptide chains for desired assembly. This is a considerable hurdle that hinders the development of many immunoglobulin G (IgG)-like bispecific formats. Our approach focuses on the rational engineering of charged residues to facilitate the chain pairing of distinct heavy chains (HC). Here, we deploy structure-guided protein design to engineer charge pair mutations (CPMs) placed in the CH3-CH3′ interface of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of an antibody (Ab) to correctly steer heavy chain pairing. When used in combination with our stable effector functionless 2 (SEFL2.2) technology, we observed high pairing efficiency without significant losses in expression yields. Furthermore, we investigate the relationship between CPMs and the sequence diversity in the parental antibodies, proposing a rational strategy to deploy these engineering technologies.
Lithic Transport Patterns, Tool Curation Behavior, and Group Range Estimates: A Model-Based Exploration

The distances that prehistoric hunter-gatherers transported lithic artifacts are often used to estimate how far groups moved across the landscape. Changes in the scales of stone tool transport, likewise, are frequently attributed to changes in group mobility behaviors. It is unclear what effects, if any, technological changes related to the design, manufacture, use, and discard of stone tools would have had on the broad archaeological patterns of stone tool transport that we use to make inferences about group mobility. This paper uses an agent-based model to explore how these human-level behaviors affect the accuracy with which transport distances reflect the scale of group residential mobility. The world of the model represents a simple “tethered” system where patterns of seasonal group movement are centered on aggregation at a lithic source. It includes representations of group-level mobility as well as parameters controlling three basic components that affect the utility of a tool kit: use-life (how many times a tool can be used before it is exhausted), inventory size (how many tools are carried), and frequency of use (how often tools are used over a given period of time). It also includes parameterized representations of “gearing up” behaviors that affect the number of new tools produced at a lithic source. Systematic experimentation demonstrates that these behaviors in combination have significant, patterned, nonlinear effects on the maximum distances with which stone tools are transported from their locations of manufacture. In a large number of cases, the maximum distance which tools are transported prior to discard significantly underestimates the maximum scale of group mobility. Many different combinations of tool production, use, and discard behaviors produce similar outcomes with regard to the scale of tool transport, suggesting that equifinality problems should be addressed as part of any consideration of changes in stone tool transport patterns.