cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can I Get Some Service Here? Information Technology, Service Industries, and the Future of Cities

Service industries now dominate the economies of large cities. But recent advances in information technology have made electronic delivery of some services possible, reducing the importance for these industries of face-to-face interaction. The future location of service industries, and therefore the future of cities, depends on whether services are attracted to cities even if the cost of delivering service output declines. This paper finds that the need to be near suppliers and customers accounts for much of the relationship between business service employment and county density. Industry-level information technology usage is associated with a reduction in the tendency of services to locate near suppliers and customers, but an increase in the tendency to locate near types of workers that the industry demands. On balance, information technology usage is associated with faster service employment growth in cities, especially medium-size and large cities with population up to 2.5 million.
The Nature and Properties of Gaseous Ions Encountered in Atmospheric Studies

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on discussing the nature of small ions encountered in the atmosphere, differentiating between the terms, center of force, solid elastic interaction, and composite interaction. It is followed by a discussion of the small atom, and complex, cluster, intermediate, and Langevin ions. Next it discusses the consideration of the initially ionized molecules or atoms and their charge exchange, aggregation, and evolution to final forms likely to be encountered. Laboratory studies covering a larger range of variables including field strength to pressure ratios, temperatures, densities, gas types, and conditions of generation are important for prediction. Atmospheric ions that are observed here depend largely on the composition of the atmosphere, including some minority species. This chapter shows that in time, positive charges reside on species of lowest ionization potential, and negative ions reside on species of greatest stability. Both form different complex ions and hydrate with H 2 O down to 10 -4 Torr. They are stable in field strength to pressure ratios used in most atmospheric measurements, E/p o ≤ 5. The faster ions may show discrete mobilities. As aggregates of H 2 O, or chemically nucleated H 2 O, and other aerosols pick up ions, continuous or band spectra are the rule. Upper atmosphere ions may exhibit discrete mobilities.
Assessing service deployment readiness using enterprise crowdsourcing

Service delivery centers are shared hosting environments where a variety of types of IT systems and applications for multiple customers are managed. Multiple aspects affect the deployment in shared environments, including applications supported, network topology, security requirements, etc., knowledge of which is distributed across multiple delivery experts. An accurate snapshot of the delivery environment is a key factor for successful deployment of new service offerings. Enterprise crowdsourcing is a process where a group of network-connected experts solve problems. We employ enterprise crowdsourcing to engage 250 service delivery experts to facilitate early discovery of key information about 1300 customers' environments, as part of the deployment of a novel identity access management service. We propose a model for deployment complexities, and use the discovered knowledge to expose the service deployment complexities. We discuss how our approach efficiently deals with requirements and infrastructure detection and how it quantifies readiness of service deployment.
Land-use impacts on the quantity and configuration of ecosystem service provisioning in Massachusetts, USA

Summary 1. Meeting fundamental human needs while also maintaining ecosystem function and services is the central challenge of sustainability science. In the densely populated state of Massachusetts, USA, abundant forests and other natural land cover convey a range of ecosystem services. However, after more than a century of reforestation following an agrarian past, Massachusetts is again losing forests, this time to housing and commercial development. 2. We used land-cover maps, ecosystem process models and land-use data bases to map changes (2001, 2006, 2011) in eight ecosystem service variables and to identify ‘hotspots’, or areas that produce a high value of five or more services, at three policy-relevant spatial scales. 3. Water-related services (clean water provisioning and flood regulation) experienced local declines in response to shifting land uses, but changed little when measured at the state level. General habitat quality for terrestrial species declined statewide during the study period as a consequence of forest loss. In contrast, climate regulation (carbon storage) and cultural services (outdoor recreation) increased, driven by continued forest biomass accrual and land protection, respectively. Timber harvest volume had high interannual variability, but no temporal trend. 4. The scale at which hotspots are delineated greatly affects their quantity and spatial configuration, with a higher density in eastern Massachusetts and 10–12% more hotspots overall when they are identified at a town scale as compared to a watershed or state scale. 5. Synthesis and applications. Ecosystem service hotspots cover a small percentage of land area in Massachusetts (25–35% of the state), but are becoming more abundant as urbanization concentrates ecosystem service provisioning onto a diminished natural land base. This suggests that while ecosystem service hotspots are valuable targets for conservation, more are not necessarily better since hotspot proliferation can reflect the bifurcation of the landscape into service and non-service provisioning areas and subsequent loss of diversity across the landscape.
The high-temperature resistivities of dysprosium, holmium, and erbium

Abstract The electrical resistivities of dysprosium, holmium and erbium were investigated as a function of temperature over the range from room temperature to near the melting points of the metals. Dysprosium exhibits a discontinous change in the resistivity at a transformation temperature of 1375°C, but holmium and erbium show only a change of slope and a small amount of hysteresis in their respective resistivity curves at high temperatures.
Parotid gland sparing in patients undergoing bilateral head and neck irradiation: Techniques and early results.

Purpose : To minimize xerostomia in patients receiving bilateral head and neck irradiation (RT) by using conformal RT planning to spare a significant volume of one parotid gland from radiation. Methods and Materials : The study involved 15 patients with head and neck tumors in whom bilateral neck radiation was indicated. The major salivary glands and the targets (tumor, surgical bed, metastases to lymph nodes, and the locations of lymph nodes at risk for metastases) were outlined on axial computed tomography images. Beam's-eye view (BEV) displays were used to construct conformal beams that delivered the prescribed doses to the targets while sparing from direct radiation most of one parotid gland. The gland that was planned to be spared resided in the neck side that was judged in each patient to be at a lesser risk of metastatic disease. Major salivary gland flow rates and the responses to a subjective xerostomia questionnaire were assessed before, during, and after radiation. Results : Radiation planning for patients with central oropharyngeal tumors required the generation of multiple axial nonopposed beams. The resulting isodoses encompassed the targets, including the retropharyngeal nodes and the jugular nodes up to the base of skull bilaterally, while limiting the dose to the oral cavity, spinal cord, and one parotid gland. For patients with lateralized tumors, the ipsilateral neck side was treated up to the base of the skull ; in the contralateral neck side, the treatment included the subdigastric nodes but excluded the jugular nodes at the base of the skull and most of the parotid gland. This was accomplished by a moderate gantry angle that was chosen using the BEV displays. Three months following the completion of radiation, the spared parotid glands retained on average 50% of their unstimulated and stimulated flows. In contrast, no saliva flow was measured from the unspared glands in any of the patients. Subjective xerostomia was absent, mild, or not different from that reported before radiation in 10 of 15 patients (67%). Conclusion : Partial parotid gland sparing is feasible by using three-dimensional planning in patients undergoing bilateral head and neck radiation. Approximately 50% of the saliva flow from the spared glands may be retained, and most patients thus treated have no or mild xerostomia in the early period after the completion of radiation. Whether tumor control and late complications are comparable to standard radiation will be assessed as more experience is gained.
Institutional thinking in fisheries governance: broadening perspectives

Institutional thinking has long been central to fisheries governance. Defined in its most generic form as structural constraints that provide regularities, reduce uncertainties and shape people's interactions, institutions create an enabling or controlling environment for specific governing actions and decisions to take place. Over the years, fisheries governance has relied heavily on the creation and evolution of institutions, especially those related to property rights and access rules. A growing body of literature is calling, however, for a broader notion of institutions that can deal with the social, cultural and historical aspects of fisheries, including meanings and values, trust, and norms. This review highlights recent changes and emerging trends, relevant to addressing current challenges in fisheries governance and promoting sustainability.
Surgical treatment of clitoral phimosis caused by lichen sclerosus.

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine surgical outcomes for the correction of clitoral phimosis caused by lichen sclerosus. Study design Eight women with lichen sclerosus underwent surgical repair of clitoral phimosis. They were assessed 12-36 months postoperatively by an independent research assistant. A questionnaire was used to assess the patients' perception of surgical success. Results Patients reported that they were either very satisfied (88%) or satisfied (12%) with the results of their surgery. All 4 women who had decreased clitoral sensation before surgery regained clitoral sensation and their ability to achieve orgasm. Conclusion This study demonstrates that surgery for clitoral phimosis caused by lichen sclerosus can be performed to restore clitoral sensation and vulvar anatomy. There were few complications and a high degree of patient satisfaction with the procedure.
Duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion in humans: a brief review.

The human proximal duodenum serves as the crucible for the neutralization of gastric acid. Methods have been developed and validated that permit isolation of 4-cm segments of either the proximal or distal duodenum. These isolated segments were free of contamination from gastric, pancreatic, and biliary secretions. At rest the healthy human proximal duodenum produced approximately 175 umol/cm-h: or. assuming that the duodenal bulb is approximately 4 cm in length. 700 umol/h. The distal duodenum (the third part) produced significantly less bicarbonate, approximately 25 umol/cm-h. HCI produced a prompt and sustained increase in bicarbonate output from both duodenal segments. Bicarbonate output was less in the distal duodenum, indicating a proximal-to-distal gradient. Synthetic prostaglandin E, caused a dose-related increase in output. Substitution of the NaCI perfusate with Na:S04 produced a brief decrease, suggesting a chloride'bicarbonate exchange mechanism. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide significantly ...
037. IMMUNE-LIKE MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH OVULATION

Ovulation is the unique biological process by which a mature oocyte and surrounding somatic cells, the cumulus cell-oocyte complex (COC), are released from the surface of the ovary into the oviduct for transport and fertilization. Ovulation is similar to an inflammatory response: the follicles become hyperemic, produce prostaglandins and synthesize a hyaluronan-rich extracellular matrix. However, this view of ovulation may be too restrictive and need to be broadened to encompass the innate immune cell surveillance response system. This hypothesis is being proposed because ovarian granulosa cells and cumulus cells express and respond to innate immune cell related surveillance proteins (Toll-like receptors 2 and 4) and cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL6) during ovulation. In addition, recent studies indicate that the ovulation process that is set in motion by the surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) is mediated, in large part, by the EGF-like factors (Amphiregulin, epiregulin and betacellulin) and their critical activation of RAS, most probably KRAS that is expressed at high levels in granulosa cells, and the mitogen activated protein kinases, MAP3/1 (ERK1/2). Mice in which granulosa cells are depleted of ERK1/2 fail to ovulate, oocyte meiosis does not resume, COC expansion is impaired and luteinization is blocked. Thus the global molecular reprogramming of granulosa cell gene expression patterns is completely derailed. Supported, in part by NIH-HD-16229, -16272 and -07495 (SCCPIR).
Occupation and housing adjustment of migrants to Surabaya, Indonesia: the case of a second city.

The adjustment of migrants to Surabaya Indonesia was examined with respect to occupation and housing characteristics. The data are based on information obtained in interviews from a multistage random sample of 600 residents of Surabaya between the ages of 20-44. Both females and males were interviewed and information on occupation was also collected for the spouses of respondents. In the analysis 3 comparison groups were used: migrants to the city within the 5 years previous to the survey; migrants who moved in 1969 or before; and lifetime residents of Surabaya who were either born there or moved before the age of 15. The analysis used 2 methods to determine the extent and nature of adjustment. In the first migrants of short and long durations of residence were compared to determine if change on the aggregate level has taken place and to indicate the direction of change. A control group of lifetime residents was used to determine whether the migrants are coming to resemble the characteristics of the native urban population. The 2nd and equally serious problem involves outmigration in which migrants selective of certain characteristics leave the city either to return to the rural area or to move to another city. Initial comparisons between recent migrants longterm migrants and lifetime residents revealed no significant differences for either employment status or occupational skill. By occupational skill approximately 35% had unskilled occupations 27% semiskilled occupations and 37% skilled occupations with no significant difference by migrant status group. Overall the distributions showed this sample to have significant concentrations in traditional labor intensive employment with a large percentage self employed. Controlling occupational skill for education showed somewhat different results. Those with primary school or less did not show a significant difference by migrant status while among those with more education there was a significant difference. The longterm migrants wree overwhelmingly employed in skilled occupations. Initial analysis showed no significant difference in housing quality for each of the 3 migrant status groups. Recent migrants to the city were having no more difficulty in finding housing than changing migrants and lifetime natives. Housing conditions appeared to improve with duration of residence in the city either through residential mobility or through improvements to the dwelling. That housing showed improvement with time while occupation did not may be because of the nature of each of the markets.
Biphasic effect of sigma receptor ligands on the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the striatum of the rat

The extracellular concentration of dopamine in the striatum of the rat was determined following the intrastriatal infusion of sigma ligands. The administration of (+)-pentazocine (0.3 and 1.0 mM) through a microdialysis probe for 120 min resulted in a biphasic effect on the extracellular concentration of dopamine: a brief increase of approximately 70% followed by a prolonged decrease of approximately 65%. A similar effect on dopamine release was elicited by the (−)-isomer of pentazocine, as well as by di-o-tolylguanidine. In addition, the infusion of the NMDA antagonist 3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) (100 μM) through the dialysis probe significantly attenuated the initial increase but not the subsequent decrease in dopamine release produced by the intrastriatal infusion of (+)-pentazocine. These data are suggestive that dopamine release in the striatum may be modulated by multiple sigma receptor subtypes and that NMDA receptors may mediate the stimulatory effect of sigma ligands on dopamine release in the striatum.
Agentless Cloud-Wide Streaming of Guest File System Updates

We propose a non-intrusive approach for monitoring virtual machines (VMs) in the cloud. At the core of this approach is a mechanism for selective real-time monitoring of guest file updates within VM instances. This mechanism is agentless, requiring no guest VM support. It has low virtual I/O overhead, low latency for emitting file updates, and a scalable design. Its central design principle is distributed streaming of file updates inferred from introspected disk sector writes. The mechanism, called DS-VMI, enables many system administration tasks that involve monitoring files to be performed outside VMs.
The fine structure of blastema cells and differentiating cartilage cells in regenerating limbs of Amblystoma larvae.

Regenerating forelimbs of larval salamanders, Amblystoma punctatum, were fixed in OsO4 at various intervals after amputation and were sectioned for study with the electron microscope. The dedifferentiated cells comprising the early blastema were found to have a fine structure similar to that of other undifferentiated cells and to have lost all of the identifying morphological features of their tissues of origin. The cytoplasm of such cells is characterized by numerous free ribonucleoprotein granules and a discontinuous vesicular endoplasmic reticulum. The cells have more abundant cytoplasm and are in closer contact with each other than was previously realized. The layer of condensed ground substance investing most differentiated cell types is lacking. After a period of rapid cell division, the morphology of the blastema cell changes. Cytoplasm is now sparse and contains a high concentration of free ribonucleoprotein granules, but little endoplasmic reticulum. The differentiating cartilage cell, however, develops an extensive, highly organized endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus also appears to become more highly differentiated and more extensive at this time. Small vesicles appear throughout the cytoplasm at the time the new cisternae originate and may contribute to their formation. These and other changes in the cytoplasmic organelles are discussed.
Engraftment of DLA-nonidentical unrelated canine marrow after high-dose fractionated total body irradiation

Marrow transplants were carried out between unrelated DLA-nonidentical dogs. Recipients were conditioned for transplantation by total body irradiation (TBI) given eigher as a single dose of 9 Gy (900 rad) or fractionated in three increments of 6 Gy (600 rad) each at intervals of 48 hr. All recipients received marrow, less than or equal to 4 x 10(8) cells/kg, and no buffy coat cells. No immunosuppression was given after grafting. All 10 dogs given single dose total body irradiation failed to show engraftment and died with marrow aplasia and infectious complications (median survival 12 days). In contrast, all 10 dogs given fractionated TBI had sustained engraftment and died with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and infectious complications (median survival 12.5 days). None of the dogs died from radiation-induced gastroenteritis. In conclusion, resistance to DLA-nonidentical unrelated marrow grafts can be abrogated by high-dose TBI. This technique may allow hemopoietic engraftment even after i vitro manipulation of the marrow such as lymphocyte depletion by cell separation or treatment with anti-T cell antisera.
Effect of Zircon and Zirconia on Thermal Expansion of Lead Borosilicate Glazes

The effect of mill additions of zircon and zirconia on the linear thermal expansion and general fired properties of a series of ten lead borosilicate glazes was determined by the interferometer and by visual inspection. Appreciable reductions in thermal expansion were observed for the glazes containing zircon
Respiratory-Related Quality of Life: Relation to Pulmonary Function, Functional Exercise Capacity, and Sputum Biophysical Properties

One of the difficulties in assessing mucoactive therapy is selecting clinical outcome variables that reflect the impact of clearing airway secretions on quality of life (QOL). Petty and colleagues developed a questionnaire designed to evaluate the clinical impact of mucoactive therapy in patients with chronic bronchitis (CB). We evaluated this questionnaire in a multicenter study of a mucolytic medication used in patients with CB and hypothesized that spirometry, exercise capacity, and sputum clearability changes would correlate with QOL changes. This was a multicenter trial in 159 patients with stable CB (111 completed the 16-week study). Spirometry, plethysmography, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and Petty score as a measure of QOL were assessed at each visit. Sputum was collected at each visit. Cough transportability was measured in a cough machine, and mucociliary transportability was measured on the frog palate. Cohesivity was measured in a filancemeter, interfacial tension by de Nouy ring, and wettability by contact angle analysis. Within the entire data set of 694 evaluations, there was no correlation between pulmonary function and QOL. There was an inverse correlation with distance covered in a 6MWT (R(2) = 0.041, p < 0.0001). Sputum CTR was directly correlated with QOL (R(2) = 0.027, p < 0.0001). Change from baseline (mean of first three visits) was computed and compared the change in the mean of values at the 8- and 12-week visits (n = 108 sets of data pairs). This was analyzed as a percentage of change for continuous measurements, and as QOL is normative, we calculated the absolute change in QOL. There was no relation between QOL and 6MWT changes. There was an inverse relation between change in forced expiratory volume in 1 second and QOL (R(2) = 0.092, p = 0.0021) as well as between forced vital capacity and QOL (R(2) = 0.05, p = 0.024). There was a direct relation between CTR and QOL (R(2) = 0.039, p = 0.048). The relation between QOL and 6-minute walk distance was expected but weak. The consistent relation between CTR and QOL (suggesting that improved CTR of sputum is associated with decreased QOL) is difficult to explain. A change in forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced vital capacity did correlate with a change in QOL. There is a need for a good QOL tool to evaluate mucus clearance devices or medications. The Petty questionnaire was designed specifically for this task, but the effect on sputum properties by current mucoactive agents may be too small to elicit a significant change in the Petty score.
Perioperative complications of surgery for genital prolapse: does concomitant anti-incontinence surgery increase complications?

Abstract Objectives To establish whether the short-term risks of prolapse surgery are increased by a concomitant anti-incontinence procedure. Methods Using data from the past 4 years of the National Hospital Discharge Survey, we identified women admitted for surgery for pelvic organ prolapse (specifically, suspension of the vagina or obliteration of the cul-de-sac, with or without concomitant hysterectomy or vaginal repairs). We identified women diagnosed with complications (including infections, bleeding complications, surgical injuries, pulmonary complications, and cardiovascular complications). We used multiple logistic regression analysis to compare women with and without complications with respect to concurrent continence procedures, controlling for demographic characteristics, concurrent procedures, and medical comorbidity (using the Charlson index). Results Of the 1931 women who underwent prolapse surgery, concomitant anti-incontinence procedures were performed in 514 (26.6%). Complications were reported in 288 patients (14.9%) and were associated with medical comorbidity (odds ratio 11.2) and concomitant hysterectomy (odds ratio 1.5). Concomitant surgery for incontinence was not associated with an increased risk of complications. Conclusions These data suggest that medical comorbidity is strongly associated with complications after surgery for pelvic organ prolapse. A concomitant anti-incontinence procedure did not significantly increase the immediate morbidity of prolapse surgery.
A Review of the Integration of Science and Mathematics: Implications for Further Research

Building on the earlier analysis by Berlin (1991), this paper reviews various studies on integrating mathematics and science in the 1990s and provides some implications for further research. The areas identified for further exploration include comparison of the nature of mathematics and science, epistemological debates in mathematics and in science education, the bases used to emphasize science over mathematics or vice versa, empirical evidence of effectiveness of integration, connections between teacher education programs for integration and teachers' subsequent classroom teaching practices, perceptions of integration on the part of teacher educators, contextual difficulties in implementing integrated approaches and possible solutions, and rationales of integrating mathematics and science through technology. In order to help all students become scientifically literate, which most reform documents call for, more focused attention on integration of curriculum and instruction is necessary.
Empirical evidence for unique hues

Red, green, blue, yellow, and white have been distinguished from other hues as unique. We present results from two experiments that undermine existing behavioral evidence to separate the unique hues from other colors. In Experiment 1 we used hue scaling, which has often been used to support the existence of unique hues, but has never been attempted with a set of non-unique primaries. Subjects were assigned to one of two experimental conditions. In the "unique" condition, they rated the proportions of red, yellow, blue, and green that they perceived in each of a series of test stimuli. In the "intermediate" condition, they rated the proportions of teal, purple, orange, and lime. We found, surprisingly, that results from the two conditions were largely equivalent. In Experiment 2, we investigated the effect of instruction on subjects' settings of unique hues. We found that altering the color terms given in the instructions to include intermediate hues led to significant shifts in the hue that subjects identified as unique. The results of both experiments question subjects' abilities to identify certain hues as unique.
An Engineering Model for Laser-Induced Sintering of Polymer Powders

Laser-induced sintering of powders has become prevalent in a number of Solid Freeform Fabrication technologies such as Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), which is used to produce nearly solid parts from initially-porous powder via laser irradiation. In this paper, a model is presented which can be used to predict the shape and general features of consolidated heat affected zones produced by laser-induced, non-isothermal sintering of polymer powder. Comparisons between experimental results and predictions are made, and the model is used to investigate the influence of various thermal processing parameters on the sintering operation. The model is then extended to simulate the manufacture of a simple multiple layer part which is produced in a manner similar to SLS.
Process development and scale-up of AG035029

A practical process for the synthesis of PPARγ agonist AG035029 was developed which involved six steps along the longest linear path. The process development utilized automated technology and compu...
Discrete Calderón-type Reproducing Formula

In this paper we use the Calderon-Zygmund operator theory to provide a discrete Calderon-type reproducing formula. Since translation, dilation and, in particular, the Fourier transform are never used in the proofs, all results still hold on spaces of homogenous type introduced by Coifman and Weiss. As a consequence, we obtain a class of frames with the minimum regularity properties.
Adsorption compression: An important new aspect of adsorption behavior and capillarity

A previously unstudied aspect of adsorption, compression in confined phases, is discussed. For the equilibrium of a gas on a solid surface, the strong attraction to the surface causes adsorbate mol...
Water Saturation Measurements by Gas Tracers in Unsaturated Porous Media—Effect of Mass Transfer Limitations

Water saturation is a key parameter in studies of pollutant transport in the vadose zone and an important factor controlling the rate of waste degradation in municipal solid waste landfills. The partitioning interwell tracer test (PITT) has been suggested as a useful tool for measuring water saturation over large measurement volumes in both systems. However, heterogeneous water distributions may result in mass transfer limitations, which can affect the accuracy of the measurements. In this study, we examined the influence of water saturation, Henry's Law constant, injected tracer mass, tracer quantification limit, and local rates of mass transfer between air and water on PITT measurements. A single-region model was used to describe transport of gas-phase tracers in a one-dimensional system and to investigate the effect of these factors on measurement error. To verify the conclusions drawn from this modeling exercise, laboratory-scale partitioning tracer tests were conducted in four different sand packings. Finally, the results from the mathematical modeling and laboratory experiments were used to suggest guidelines for minimizing measurement error in field-scale PITTs for water saturation measurement.
The Development and Validation of the Multicultural Dispositions Index

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Multicultural Dispositions Index (MDI), which measures diversity awareness levels of educators. Evidence of the instrument's face validity was gained through a three-year pilot study of 477 teacher and counselor candidates at a Midwestern metropolitan university, followed up by a five-year principal study of 1,092 students from the same institution. The result is a 22-item, 4-subscale assessment tool that passed statistical tests for construct validity and inter-rater reliability. Respondent ratings of the MDI (M = 7.52, SD = 1.73) (t(1060) = 64.62, p <.0005, d = 1.47) and the practice of adopting dispositional self-assessment as a program completion requirement (M = 7.22, SD = 1.36) (t(1038) = 47.42, p <.0005, d = 1.98) were significantly greater than the median score of 5. The MDI can be used to assess changes in multicultural perceptions over the span of a semester or across a program of professional preparation to help candidates determine if t...
Comparison of factor structures for the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception.

The purpose was comparison of the factor structure of the Frostig DTVP based on current research reporting intercorrelations of scores on the 5 Frostig subtests. Ss in the 11 studies examined were children from preschool through the second grade. The intercorrelation matrices from the studies were analyzed using a principal components analysis with orthogonal rotation as a common factor analytic procedure. Results indicated a single-factor structure described the 5 Frostig subtests in 9 of the 11 studies examined with that single factor accounting for 50 to 60% of the total variation. It is possible that one or more additional specific factors may exist but the analyses in this study did not identify more than the single factor.
The Effect of Substituent Location on the Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of Ethynyl-Substituted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Abstract We have examined the ultraviolet absorption spectra of 11 ethynyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons—1-ethynylnaphthalene, 2-ethynylnaphthalene, 1-ethynylacenaphthylene, 5-ethynyl-acenaphthylene, 1-ethynylanthracene, 2-ethynylanthracene, 2-ethynyl-phenanthrene, 3-ethynylphenanthrene, 9-ethynylphenanthrene, 1-ethynylpyrene, and 4-ethynylpyrene—in order to determine the effect of substituent location on spectral features. We have found that, as predicted by theory, substitution on the long axis of the molecule produces a bathochromic shift of the lower-wavelength β-band; substitution on the short axis of the molecule produces a bathochromic shift in the higher-wavelength p-band. The features of the spectra of the unsubstituted compound are preserved, with the following exceptions: substitution on the long axis also produces a split in the β-band peak; and the p-band always increases with respect to the β-band, regardless of substituent location. The effects of substituent location are suf...
Subjective Probability under Additive Aggregation of Conditional Preferences

Abstract This paper provides an axiomatic basis for a representation of personal preferences in which the utility of an act can be expressed as an expected value of conditional utilities of the act given any set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive scenarios, under a unique subjective probability. The representation is general enough to incorporate state-dependent utilities and/or utilities with dependencies across states, as, for example, in the case of disappointment aversion. More generally, this is a model incorporating subjective probability and subjective consequences, since neither probabilities nor consequences are included among its primitives. The model reduces to subjective expected utility under the additional assumptions of separability and state-independence with respect to an objective state-contingent structure of acts.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: D81, D84.
A low-cost automated apparatus for investigating the effects of social defeat in Syrian hamsters.

We describe an automated apparatus that can be used to investigate the effects of defeat in hamsters. It consists of a covered alleyway that leads to a box, or arena, where hamsters can be kept separate or allowed to fight. The alleyway is divided into seven equal-sized chambers. Low-power lasers and laser detectors are used to keep track of a hamster’s position in the alleyway. A CFL flood lamp placed over the chamber farthest from the arena generates a light gradient in the alleyway that engenders in the subjects a preference for the darker chambers near the arena. A computer automatically records the interruption of the laser beams and yields three measures: average position, the frequency of visits to each chamber, and the frequency of changes in direction of travel in each chamber. The results of a pilot study indicated that when a dominant hamster was placed behind a screened gate in the arena and a subordinate hamster was placed in the alleyway, the subordinate maintained a significantly greater distance from the dominant than did a nondefeated hamster. The subordinate hamster also changed its direction of travel more frequently than did the nondefeated hamster. The results suggest that conditioned fear was elicited in the defeated hamster by proximity to the dominant hamster, an effect that is consistent with published results in which the data were recorded manually or by using commercially available event-tracking software.
Susceptibility of different life stages of Tribolium confusum to pyrethrin aerosol: effects of a flour food source on insecticidal efficacy

Accumulated grain dust and flour residues in flour mills can potentially decrease the efficacy of contact surface treatments and aerosol insecticides used for control of adult and immature stages of stored product insects. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of flour residues on the efficacy of piperonyl butoxide-synergized pyrethrin aerosol against different life stages of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. Twenty individual adults, pupae, or larvae of T. confusum, confined in Petri dishes containing 0, 0.1, 1, 5, or 10 g of wheat flour, were exposed separately inside an empty shed to the label rate of the aerosol. The formulation contained 1 % active ingredient pyrethrin and the label application rate was 1.04 ml/m3. After 2 h of exposure, all dishes were removed from the shed and placed in an incubator set at 27 °C and 60 % RH. Mortality of T. confusum adults decreased with increasing amount of flour. Recovery of moribund adults 15 days after exposure was greater in the 5 and 10 g flour dishes (15 and 46 %) compared to the 0.1 or 1 g flour dishes (0.7 and 5 %). As the flour amounts increased, more larvae and pupae were able to emerge as adults. Results show accumulated flour residues during aerosol application can compromise aerosol efficacy, and also suggest the flour impaired penetration ability of the aerosol. These results also emphasize the importance of sanitation and cleaning to remove spillage and extraneous material prior to an aerosol application.
Histochemical demonstration of 3β-, 3α-, 11β-, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in the testis of Fundulus heteroclitus

Testes of Fundulus heteroclitus were studied histochemically to localize the activity of 3β-, 3α-, 11β-, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD) and to explore the pattern of utilization of various hydroxysteroids by the testes in different stages of the sexual cycle. An activity for the enzymes studies was found mainly in the interstitial cells of the testis. Changes in the activity of enzymes occurred in relation to the reproductive cycle. In a testis in any specific stage, the intensity of the reactions obtained with different hydroxysteroids differed considerably. The majority of the 3β-hydroxysteroids employed as substrates were utilized, though to different extents, by the interstitial cells in all periods studied. The most intense enzyme reaction was recorded with 3β-hydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one or 3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one (epiandrosterone) as substrate. 3α-HSD activity was not only present in the interstitial cells but also in the epithelial cells of the efferent ducts as shown with 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one; the enzyme activity in the interstitial cells was NAD-linked only, while the activity in the duct cells was both NAD- and NADP-linked. Among the 11β-hydroxy compounds used as substrates, 3α,11β-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one (11β-hydroxyandrosterone) was the only steroid with which a distinct reaction was found in the interstitial cells; it was both NAD- and NADP-dependent. 17β-HSD activity could be detected in the interstitial cells in most of the periods of the sexual cycle with 3,17β-dihydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien (17β-estradiol) or 17β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one (5α-dihydrotestosterone) as substrate. 17β-Hydroxysteroid utilization was found to be NAD-linked only.
Application of an automatic differentiation tool in the development of a compositional reservoir simulator

Automatic differentiation is an approach to numerically compute derivatives both accurately and efficiently. This can be quite valuable, for example, in the fully implicit solution of compositional reservoir equations. We describe the procedures necessary to apply the ADIFOR (Automatic Differentiation of Fortran) tool to the IPARS (Integrated Parallel Accurate Reservoir Simulator) compositional reservoir simulator and the approaches used to exploit the sparsity in the required Jacobian matrix. Values and execution times of the ADIFOR-generated derivatives are compared with a handwritten code that implements analytically derived expressions for the derivatives. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of body-side compression on forward-swept sidewall compression inlets

Forward-swept sidewall compression inlets have been tested at Mach 4 to study the effects of body-side compression surfaces on inlet performance. The measurements include mass flow capture and mean surface pressure distributions obtained during simulated combustion-induced pressure increases downstream of the inlet. Inlet performance is evaluated using starting and unstarting characteristics, mass capture, mean surface pressure distributions, and permissible back-pressure limits. The results indicate that inlet performance can be improved with selected body-side compression surfaces placed between the inlet side walls.
Age-dependent long-term structural and functional effects of early-life seizures: evidence for a hippocampal critical period influencing plasticity in adulthood.

Neural activity promotes circuit formation in developing systems and during critical periods permanently modifies circuit organization and functional properties. These observations suggest that excessive neural activity, as occurs during seizures, might influence developing neural circuitry with long-term outcomes that depend on age at the time of seizures. We systematically examined long-term structural and functional consequences of seizures induced in rats by kainic acid, pentylenetetrazol, and hyperthermia across postnatal ages from birth through postnatal day 90 in adulthood (P90). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and electrophysiological methods at ≥P95 following seizures induced from P1 to P90 demonstrated consistent patterns of gross atrophy, microstructural abnormalities in the corpus callosum and hippocampus, and functional alterations in hippocampal circuitry at ≥P95 that were independent of the method of seizure induction and varied systematically as a function of age at the time of seizures. Three distinct epochs were observed in which seizures resulted in distinct long-term structural and functional outcomes at ≥P95. Seizures prior to P20 resulted in DTI abnormalities in corpus callosum and hippocampus in the absence of gross cerebral atrophy, and increased paired pulse inhibition (PPI) in the dentate gyrus at ≥P95. Seizures after P30 induced a different pattern of DTI abnormalities in the fimbria and hippocampus accompanied by gross cerebral atrophy with increases in lateral ventricular volume, as well as increased PPI in the dentate gyrus at ≥P95. In contrast, seizures between P20-P30 did not result in cerebral atrophy or significant imaging abnormalities in the hippocampus or white matter, but irreversibly decreased PPI in the dentate gyrus compared to normal adult controls. These age-specific long-term structural and functional outcomes identify P20-P30 as a potential critical period in hippocampal development defined by distinctive long-term structural and functional properties in adult hippocampal circuitry, including loss of capacity for seizure-induced plasticity in adulthood that could influence epileptogenesis and other hippocampal – dependent behaviors and functional properties.
Requirement for an Activated G Protein α (Gα) Subunit for Gβγ Activation of a Purified Mammalian GIRk1 Channel Reconstituted in Planar Lipid Bilayers

We previously reported functional reconstitution of a GIRK1-chimera into a planar lipid bilayer (Leal-Pinto et al., 2010, JBC 285:39790). This GIRK1-chimera (GIRK1: K41-W82, F181-L371; KirBac1.3: F45-A127) produced a conductance of ∼23 pS that showed K+ currents with Mg2+-dependent inward rectification, an absolute requirement on the presence of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate for activation with a relatively high apparent affinity for diC8-PIP2 (EC50 ∼ 7.5 μM). GIRK1-chimera currents could be blocked by external Ba2+. Interestingly, Gβγ stimulation of activity required activated Galpha (i.e. Galpha-GTPgammaS) subunits.To compare the behavior of the GIRK1 chimera to that of its mammalian counterpart (GIRK1delta∗_K41-L371, including the previously missing N83-M180), we purified hGIRK1delta∗ in Pichia pastoris, and functionally reconstituted it in lipid bilayers. hGIRK1delta∗ showed at least a 4-fold lower affinity to diC8-PIP2 and a smaller single-channel conductance (∼15 pS) than the GIRK1 chimera, consistent with the full-length channel (GIRK1∗ M1-T501) characteristics expressed in cell systems. Both channels displayed similar Mg2+-dependent inward rectification and block by external Ba2+. Interestingly, hGIRK1delta∗ displayed a similar requirement for Gβγ-stimulated activity on activated Galpha (i.e. Galpha-GTPgammaS) subunits, as did the GIRK1 chimera. These results are in contrast to the response of purified GIRK2 in a fluorescence liposome flux assay, which did not require activated Galpha for Gβγ stimulation of activity (Whorton and MacKinnon, 2013, Nature 498:190-7). Our results suggest that the GIRK1 and GIRK2 channel subunits may possess distinct requirements for activation by G protein subunits.
New targeted therapies for chronic myelogenous leukemia: opportunities to overcome imatinib resistance.

The advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has ushered in a new era in the management of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Imatinib, the first TKI to be approved for the treatment of CML and the current standard first-line therapy, has significantly improved the prognosis of patients with CML. Nevertheless, a minority of patients in chronic-phase CML and even more patients with advanced-phase disease demonstrate resistance to imatinib or develop resistance during treatment. In 40% to 50% of cases, this is attributed to the development of mutations that impair the ability of imatinib to bind to and inhibit the constitutively active Bcr-Abl kinase. Consequently, researchers have developed novel, more potent TKIs that can overcome not only Bcr-Abl–dependent mechanisms of resistance, but also those that are Bcr-Abl–independent. These include: dasatinib, a potent dual Bcr-Abl and Src inhibitor; nilotinib, a selective, potent Bcr-Abl inhibitor; bosutinib (SKI-606) and INNO-406 (NS-187), which are both Src-Abl inhibitors; and others. Combination therapy is also being explored concurrently using agents that affect a variety of oncogenic pathways and immune modulation. Herein, we review some of these strategies, particularly those for which clinical data are currently available.
Synthesis and in vitro transdermal penetration enhancing activity of lactam N-acetic acid esters.

Abstract A homologous series of N -acetic acid esters of 2-pyrrolidinone and 2-piperidinone has been prepared and evaluated for its ability to enhance the skin content and flux of hydrocortisone 21-acetate in hairless mouse skin in vitro . Enhancement ratios (ER) were determined for flux ( J ), 24-hour diffusion cell receptor cell concentrations ( Q 24 ), and 24-h full-thickness mouse skin steroid content (SC) and compared to control values (no enhancer present). In addition, in an attempt to abrogate toxicity, these dermal penetration enhancers were designed to have the potential for biodegradation by dermal esterases. 2-Oxopyrrolidine-α-acetic acid dodecyl ester ( 5 ) showed the highest enhancement ratios for J (ER 67.33) and Q 24 (ER 180.66). 2-Oxopiperidine-α-acetic acid decyl ester ( 10 ) showed a high Q 24 (ER 162.07) but a lower J (ER 12.67). 2-Oxopyrrolidine-α-acetic acid decyl ester ( 3 ) showed the highest enhancement ratio for SC (ER 8.7). The ER Q 24 for 3 , 5 and 10 , as well as other lactam N -acetic acid esters in this work, were significantly higher than the ER found using Azone as enhancer. †