cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PLASTICITY IN QUEEN NUMBER AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE INVASIVE ARGENTINE ANT (LINEPITHEMA HUMILE)

In many polygynous social insect societies, ecological factors such as habitat saturation promote high queen numbers by increasing the cost of solitary breeding. If polygyny is associated with constrained environments, queen number in colonies of invasive social insects should increase as saturation of their new habitat increases. Here I describe the variation in queen number, nestmate relatedness, and nest size along a gradient of time since colonization in an invading population of Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) in Haleakala, Hawaii. Nest densities in this population increase with distance from the leading edge of the invasion, reaching a stable density plateau approximately 80 m from the edge (> 2 years after colonization). Although the number of queens per nest in Haleakala is generally lower than previously reported for Argentine ants, there is significant variation in queen number across this population. Both the observed and effective queen numbers increase across the density gradient, and nests in the center of the population contain queen numbers three to nine times higher than those on the edge of the invasion. The number of workers per nest is correlated with queen number, and nests in the center are six times larger than nests at the edge. Microsatellite analysis of relatedness among nestmates reveals that all nests in the Haleakala population are characterized by low relatedness and have evidence of multiple reproducing queens. Relatedness values are significantly lower in nests in the center of the population, indicating that the number of reproducing queens is greater in areas of high nest density. The variation in queen number and nestmate relatedness in this study is consistent with expectations based on changes in ecological constraints during the invasion of a new habitat, suggesting that the social structure of Argentine ant populations is strongly influenced by ecological factors. Flexibility in social structure may facilitate persistence in variable environments and may also confer significant advantages to a species when introduced into new areas.
Laboratory studies of the electrical conductivity of silicate perovskites at high pressures and temperatures

The electrical conductivities of two silicate perovskites and a perovskite-magnesiowuestite assemblage, all having an atomic ratio of Mg to Fe equal to 0.88/0.12, have been measured with alternating current and direct current (dc) techniques at simultaneously high pressures and temperatures. Measurements up to pressures of 80 GPa and temperatures of 3500 K, using a laser-heated diamond anvil cell, demonstrate that the electrical conductivity of these materials remains below 10-3 S/m at lower mantle conditions. The activation energies for electrical conduction are between 0.1 and 0.4 eV from the data, and the conduction in these perovskites is ascribed to an extrinsic electronic process. The new measurements are in agreement with a bound that was previously obtained from dc measurements for the high-PT conductivity of perovskite-dominated assemblages. The results show that the electrical conductivity of (Mg/0.88/Fe/0.12)SiO3 perovskite differs significantly from that of the earth's deep mantle, as inferred from geophysical observations.
Proton decay catalyzed by superconducting cosmic strings

Abstract Topological defects which form in a grand unification phase transition can catalyze proton decay. For monopoles the catalysis cross section is amplified to a value many orders of magnitude larger than the geometrical cross section. For non-superconducting cosmic strings there is no amplification of the cross section section since there are no long range forces. Here we establish that - despite the presence of long range electromagnetic fields - the cross section for uncharged superconducting cosmic strings is the geometrical cross section. Hence, in contrast to the case of monopoles, there are no important new consequences for or constraints from cosmology.
Regions as Social Organisms: The Lamarckian Characteristics of Vidal de la Blache's Regional Geography

Abstract Geographers currently are refocusing attention on the study of localities and regions. The new regional emphasis is based on the perceived need to establish a theoretically sophisticated approach to the study of regions. This paper argues that the concern for theoretical sophistication is worthy, but by no means new in regional geography. At the turn of the century, Vidal de la Blache similarly sought to establish a more scientific, theoretically cogent, regional approach in lieu of the then growing number of descriptive accounts of specific areas that geographers were putting forth. On the basis of what he called the “biological method,” Vidal similarly sought to determine the relationship between necessary and contingent processes in the formation of regions. I seek to demonstrate such similarities by examining the organicistic characteristics of Vidal's largely neglected “general geography,” which he considered to be the very basis for his regional approach. Particular emphasis is put on the d...
An algebraic solution for the communalities

Factorial analysis begins with ann ×n correlation matrixR, whose principal diagonal entries are unknown. If the common test space of the battery is under investigation, the communality of each test is entered in the appropriate diagonal cell. This value is the portion of the test's variance shared with others in the battery. The communalities must be so estimated thatR will maintain the rank determined by its side entries, after the former have been inserted. Previous methods of estimating the communalities have involved a certain arbitrariness, since they depended on selecting test subgroups or parts of the data inR. A theory is presented showing that this difficulty can be avoided in principle. In its present form, the theory is not offered as a practical computing procedure. The basis of the new method lies in the Cayley-Hamilton theorem: Any square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
Characterization of Neurophysin-Vasopressin Prohormones in Human Posterior Pituitary Tissue*

To better characterize putative neurophysin-vasopressin prohormones in human posterior pituitary tissue, we extracted human posterior pituitary glands in 0.1 M HC1 and isolated the higher molecular weight neurophysin-immunoreactive proteins. Sephadex G-75 gel filtration in 0.1 M formic acid with 6 M urea showed four distinct peaks of neurophysin immunoreactivity. Analysis of isolated lyophilized fractions of these peaks by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed neurophysin-immunoreactive proteins at molecular weights of 10,000 daltons (79–87% of the total neurophysins), 19,000–20,000 daltons (10–16%), 26,000-30,000 daltons (1–2%), and a broad range of 30,000- to 100,000-dalton immunoreactivity from the void volume (Vo) peak (2–3%). The 19,000- to 20,000-dalton and 26,000- to 30,000-dalton proteins were stable after both heating and treatment with reducing agents, but could be converted by chymotrypsin proteolysis to 10,000-dalton neurophysins and 3,000- to 5,000-dalton AVP-immu...
Slip-assisted twin growth in hexagonal close-packed metals

We study two possible twin growth mechanisms in hexagonal close-packed (hcp) metals: a slip-assisted one, based on dislocation reactions at twin interfaces, and a slip-independent one, based on the direct activation of twin dislocations. A twin thickening rate law is developed to estimate the contribution of slip dislocations to twin growth in hcp crystals. Application of the model to Mg single crystals, and comparison with experimental data, suggests that { 1 0 1 ¯ 2 } twin thickening proceeds independently of slip.
A STUDY OF RHEUMATOID FACTOR TITERS IN PATIENTS RECEIVING PLASMA AND GAMMA GLOBULIN.

Rheumatoid factor activity in four patients was not inhibited by infusions of large volumes of plasma and gamma globulin as measured by the Hyland latex, SHC, and SSC tests. There were also no demonstrable changes in the erythrocyte sedimentation rates, total serum proteins, electrophoretic patterns, and ultracentrifuge patterns. In vitro estimations showed that very large amounts of gamma globulin would be needed to achieve in vivo inhibition of rheumatoid factor activity. In quatro subjectos le activitate de factor rheumatoide non esseva inhibite per infusiones de grande quantitates de plasma e de globulina gamma, a judicar per le resultatos de tests a latex de Hyland, de sensibilisate cellulas human, e de sensibilisate cellulas ovin. In plus, nulle demonstrabile alterationes esseva trovate in le velocitate del sedimentation de erythrocytos, le totales de proteina seral, le configuration electrophoretic, e le configuration de ultracentrifugage. Estimationes in vitro monstrava que grandissime quantitates de globulina gamma esserea requirite pro effectuar un inhibition in vivo del activitate de factor rheumatoide.
Isolated Scaphotrapeziotrapezoid Osteoarthritis: a Possible Radiographic Marker of Chronic Scapholunate Ligament Disruption

This study was undertaken to describe 'isolated' osteoarthritis of the scaphotrapeziotrapezoid articulation in six patients with chronic scapholunate ligament disruption. Each patient included for study had scapholunate ligament disruption with secondary dorsal intercalated segmental instability. Secondary volar tilt of the scaphoid appeared to be limited in each case by impaction and development of osteoarthritis at the scaphotrapeziotrapezoid articulation. Isolated osteoarthritis at the scaphotrapeziotrapezoid articulation may accompany chronic scapholunate ligament disruption, its identification should trigger a search for associated scapholunate ligament disruption in the absence of a known systemic arthropathy.
AIDS risk among black male adolescents: implications for nursing interventions.

Abstract Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a devastating disease the incidence of which is increasing in the black heterosexual community. Only 12% of the nation's population is black, yet 28% of the people with AIDS are black. AIDS currently threatens black adolescents because of their high risk sexual behavior. No cure exists for AIDS nor is a vaccine available. However, AIDS is preventable. Presently, teaching people how to avoid becoming infected with the human immunodefiency virus is the only strategy for reducing the spread of AIDS. Nurses can be an important link in the chain of AIDS prevention in this country. Minimal information is available to assist nurses in learning how to effectively intervene with adolescents, especially black male adolescents, regarding AIDS prevention. This article reviews research on AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and high risk sexual behavior among black male adolescents, suggests strategies for using the nursing process as an AIDS education model in working with black male adolescents, and provides guidelines for nurses to use when working with black male adolescents concerning the issue of sexuality education and AIDS prevention.
A generalization of Sierpiński's paradoxical decompositions: Coloring semialgebraic grids

A structure ${\mathcal A} = (A;E_0,E_1, \dots, E_{n-1})$ is an $n$-grid if each $E_i$ is an equivalence relation on $A$ and whenever $X$ and $Y$ are equivalence classes of, respectively, distinct $E_i$ and $E_j$, then $X \cap Y$ is finite. A coloring $\chi \colon A \longrightarrow n$ is {\it acceptable} if whenever $X$ is an equivalence class of $E_i$, then $\{x \in X \colon \chi(x) = i\}$ is finite. If $B$ is any set, then the $n$-cube $B^n = (B^n;E_0,E_1, \dots, E_{n-1})$ is considered as an $n$-grid, where the equivalence classes of $E_i$ are the lines parallel to the $i$-th coordinate axis. Kuratowski [9], generalizing the $n=3$ case proved by Sierpinski [17], proved that $\mathbb{R}^n$ has an acceptable coloring iff $2^{\aleph_0} \leq \aleph_{n-2}$. The main result is: if ${\mathcal A}$ is a semialgebraic (i.e., first-order definable in the field of reals) $n$-grid, then the following are equivalent: (1) if ${\mathcal A}$ embeds all finite $n$-cubes, then $2^{\aleph_0} \leq \aleph_{n-2}$; (2) if ${\mathcal A}$ embeds $\mathbb{R}^n$, then $2^{\aleph_0} \leq \aleph_{n-2}$; (3) ${\mathcal A}$ has an acceptable coloring.
Objections to suicide among depressed patients with alcohol use disorders

Abstract Background Understanding how alcohol misuse interacts with beliefs that protect individuals against suicide can help to enhance suicide prevention strategies. One measure of suicide non-acceptability is the Moral Objections to Suicide (MOS) subscale of the Reasons for Living Inventory (RFLI). Method: 521 mood disordered patients with and without alcohol use disorders (AUD) were administered a battery of clinical measures including the Scale for Suicidal Ideation and the Reasons for Living Inventory. A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was conducted, examining the effects of alcohol use history on the five RFLI subscales and suicidal ideation, while controlling for differences in age, education, marital status and sex. Results RFL scores were no different between groups, except in one respect: patients with AUD had fewer moral objections to suicide. Higher suicidal ideation was associated with lower MOS scores. Prior suicidal behavior was associated with lower MOS, and higher current suicidal ideation. However, AUD history was not associated with suicidal ideation. Conclusion Patients with AUDs had fewer objections to suicide, even though their level of current suicidal ideation was similar to those without AUD, suggesting that attitudes about the acceptability of suicide may be conceptually distinguished from suicidal ideation, and may be differentially associated with risk for suicidal behavior. These findings suggest that alcohol use and suicidal behavior predict current attitudes toward suicide, however causal mechanisms are not clearly understood.
Report of Conference on Outstanding Questions in Solar System Plasma Physics: Theory and Instrumentation

On February 2–5, 1988, 90 space physicists met at Yosemite National Park to discuss theoretical and instrumentation aspects of solar system plasma physics. The participants were divided nearly equally between those involved in the plasma physics of planetary, Earth, and cometary magnetospheres and those involved in the field of solar physics. This dichotomy led to a significant amount of cross fertilization of ideas between the two groups. In retrospect the exchange would have been facilitated by introductory tutorial lectures on the outstanding problems extant in the two subjects. Nonetheless, as the conference progressed, with plenty of time for informal discussion, the two groups found that not only are the Sun and the various planetary magnetospheres inextricably linked, as expected, via the solar wind, but also that they are characterized by a number of the same physical phenomena. For example, one phenomenon, the cyclotron maser resonance, was suggested to be responsible for Type III solar radio bursts. The same phenomenon is generally accepted to cause auroral kilometric radiation in the Earth's magnetosphere. Lively discussions were also held on collisionless shocks, which are important phenomena in the solar atmosphere, the solar wind, and in the interaction of the solar wind with planetary magnetospheres. The analogy of solar flares and magnetospheric substorms and the role of magnetic reconnection in solar and magnetospheric physics were also topics of mutual interest which spawned vigorous discussion as a result of the different perspectives of the two communities.
Equilibrium partition ratios of C, Mn, and Si in a high carbon steel

Abstract As part of a program to study solid-liquid equilibria in continuously cast steels, the equilibrium partition ratios of C, Mn and Si between solid (austenite) and liquid Fe have been experimentally determined as a function of the solidification path in Fe-C-Mn-Si alloy (AISI 91125). The experimental results show that the partition ratios of Si and Mn depend on the solidification path. The partition ratio of Si decreases with temperature and increases as composition of carbon in the liquid increases. Specifically, as the concentration of carbon in the liquid changes from 1.37 to 2.72 wt.% C, the partition ratio of Si increases from 0.83 to 1.08. On the other hand, the partition of Mn increases with temperature but decreases with the carbon content in the liquid. The equilibrium partition ratio for C, however, showed little variation with temperature and composition of the liquid.
Physics of adhesion

Adhesion physics was relegated to the lowest echelons of academic pursuit until the advent of three seemingly disconnected events. The first, atomic force microscopy (AFM), eventually allowed fine-scale measurement of adhesive point contacts. The second, large-scale computational materials science, now permits both hierarchical studies of a few thousand atoms from first principles or of billions of atoms with less precise interatomic potentials. The third is a microelectronics industry push towards the nanoscale which has provided the driving force for requiring a better understanding of adhesion physics. In the present contribution, an attempt is made at conjoining these separate events into an updating of how theoretical and experimental approaches are providing new understanding of adhesion physics. While all material couples are briefly considered, the emphasis is on metal/semiconductor and metal/ceramic interfaces. Here, adhesion energies typically range from 1 to 100 J m −2 where the larger value is considered a practical work of adhesion. Experimental emphasis is on thin-film de-adhesion for 10 to 1000 nm thick films. For comparison, theoretical approaches from first principles quantum mechanics to embedded atom methods used in multi-scale modelling are utilized.
Moments applied in the rotation of massive objects in Shuttle extravehicular activity

Experimentally derived applied moments are presented for Space Shuttle crew EVA mission rotations of objects more massive than the human body. These levels appear to be small fractions of physiological limits; horizontal and vertical shoulder strength limits greater than 50 Nm have been established for foot-restrained, pressure-suited subjects in simulated weightlessness. The reduced level in operational EVA may be due to unfamiliarity with manual control in true weightlessness.
Shared Equity Homeownership: A Welcomed Tenure Alternative Among Lower Income Households

Shared equity homeownership (SEH) is a form of resale-restricted, owner-occupied housing for lower income households that remains affordable in perpetuity. This study explores the evaluations of and reception to SEH relative to existing tenure options by potential beneficiaries of a SEH program in Nashville, TN. Fourteen focus groups with 93 participants were conducted among lower income renters, prospective homebuyers, and delinquent homeowners. Findings revealed that 73 per cent of participants expressed interest in SEH. Participants perceived that SEH was more likely to deliver individual, community, and economic benefits than rental or homeownership options in the market. However, participants also maintained concerns about program design, development, and location of shared equity homes. Findings suggest that SEH development may be viable in localities with relatively affordable housing markets, and a large proportion of targeted beneficiaries comprehend and perceive a need for this tenure alternative.
Applications of the 'captain of the ship' doctrine.

“Under the “captain of the ship” doctrine the surgeon is likened to the captain of a ship, and it is his or her duty to control everything that is going on in the operating room. Liability is imposed by virtue of the surgeon's status, and it can be imposed without actually showing that the surgeon is in control (Thomas vs Raleigh general Hospital 358 SE 2d 222 [WVa 1987]).
Single-particle model of capture to continuum states

Abstract A formalism is developed for treating the single-particle description of continuum to continuum electromagnetic transitions. Convenient formulae are given for the measured observables and for the single-particle matrix elements of the transition operators. Target recoil is taken explicitly into account. The long-wavelength approximation is not made. Convergence is demonstrated both for the radial integrals and with respect to partial waves and transition multipoles. The model is compared with available experimental data. Many of the observed features are reproduced.
Gravity Survey and Geological Interpretation, Northern New York

About 2000 gravity stations were established 3-5 miles apart in the Adirondack Mountains and surrounding area. The data show an excellent correlation with geology: the anorthosite bodies are conspicuously outlined by gravity lows; the Northwest Adirondacks, a belt of Grenville rocks along the St. Lawrence River, is associated with a gravity high; and centered over Tug Hill is a small gravity low. A few of the 23 residual anomalies in the area have no apparent correlation with geology. The residual anomaly limits the possible three dimensional shapes of the anorthosite massif; it cannot be a batholith or a large tilted lens. It is essentially a slab having two roots that extend downward about 10 km. Because the residual anomaly is a gravity low, the anorthosite is less dense than the surrounding rocks. The density of the anorthosite is 2.72 gm/cm 3 , and the density contrast is −0.10, implying that the average density of the surrounding Precambrian rocks is 2.82. Variations in the regional anomaly are attributable to small warps of the M discontinuity. A north-trending ridge with 2 degree dip 36 km beneath the mountains satisfies the gravity data and conforms with previous seismic work. The regional isostatic anomaly, near zero in the immediate vicinity of the mountains, suggests that the region is near isostatic balance.
The presence of the μ3 opiate receptor in invertebrate neural tissues

Abstract A previous report demonstrated the presence of the newly discovered opiate alkaloid selective and opioid peptide insensitive μ3 receptor in ganglia of several invertebrate- and one vertebrate species as well as in microglial cells that had egressed from these ganglia after their maintenance in culture medium for several days. In the present study carried out in two representatives of invertebrates, the binding densities of this receptor determined in intact ganglia were compared with those in ganglia depleted of microglial cells. The aim was to ascertain whether the differences in binding capacity recorded in those two groups of ganglia might give an indication of the possible presence of this opiate receptor in nonmicroglial components of the nervous tissue, i.e., neurons. Within a period of 72 h of incubation, the gradual reduction in binding density had reached a plateau, in accordance with the termination of the egress of microglia. The fact that at least two thirds of the binding capacity of μ3 receptors were retained by the ganglia strongly suggests that part of this capacity may be attributed to neurons. This view is supported by additional data, in particular the demonstration of endogenous morphine in nervous tissue and its localization within distinct neurons.
pH-zone refining counter-current chromatography of polar catecholamines using di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid as a ligand

The use of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DEHPA) as a ligand in the stationary phase effectively increased the partition coefficient of polar catecholamines. pH-Zone refining counter-current chromatography of six components, i.e. five catecholamines and one amino acid (DOPA), was successfully performed using a two-phase solvent system composed of methyl tert.-butyl ether and water by adding DEHPA (20%) and ammonium acetate (200 mM) to the organic phase and HCl (50 mM) to the aqueous mobile phase. DOPA was eluted first as a normal peak followed by the five catecholamines which formed a succession of highly concentrated rectangular peaks associated with sharp impurity peaks at their borders (UV tracing at 280 nm). Both pH and standard partition coefficient of collected fractions indicated minimum overlap between the main peaks. Each component was identified by NMR analysis.
WSTB appoints New Members

Paul Busch (Malcolm Pirnie), Leo Eisel (Wright Water Engineers), and Mary P. Anderson (University of Wisconsin—Madison) have been appointed to 3-year terms as members of the Water Science and Technology Board (WSTB) of the National Research Council (NRC), and David W. Miller (Geraghty & Miller, Inc.) has been appointed to a second term. The WSTB was established in 1982 to oversee the National Research Council's activities related to water resources.
Two protein-binding sites in chromatin implicated in the activation of heat-shock genes.

The resistance to exonuclease digestion of two regions of chromatin at the 5′ end of heat-shock genes in Drosophila implies they have protein bound to them. The pattern of resistance before and after induction of gene expression suggests that heat-shock genes are activated by the sequential binding of at least two protein factors.
Incidence of Complications in Radiofrequency Treatment of the Upper Airway

Objectives: To investigate the incidence of complications after temperature-controlled radiofrequency (TCRF) treatment of the inferior turbinates, palate, and tongue. To compare these complication rates with those reported in the literature. Study Design: Prospective, observational study. Methods: All patients treated with TCRF to the inferior turbinates, palate, and tongues during a 12-month period were included. Data were collected for parameters of energy delivery and the development of complications. Results: One hundred thirty-six patients were treated with a total of 470 TCRF lesions. The overall incidence of minor complications was 1.2% (6/470 lesions); there were no complications of moderate or major severity. Conclusion: The incidence of minor complications after TCRF in this series was low, and there were no complications of greater severity. These findings are in stark contrast with some previously published papers with higher complication rates. These significantly higher rates may be caused by a marked learning curve, problems in patient selection and the technique of application, excessive energy delivery, and perioperative management.
Steroidogenic Enzyme and Key Decidualization Marker Dysregulation in Endometrial Stromal Cells from Women with Versus Without Endometriosis

Identification of mechanisms underlying endometriosis pathogenesis will facilitate understanding and treatment of infertility and pain associated with this disorder. Herein, we investigated the expression of steroidogenic pathway enzymes and key decidualization biomarkers in endometrial tissue and in eutopic endometrial stromal fibroblasts (hESFs) from women with vs. those without endometriosis, and subsequently treated in vitro with 8-bromo-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP) or progesterone (P4). Real-time quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and radiometric aromatase activity assay were used. The results demonstrate significantly increased (14.5-fold; P = 0.037) expression of aromatase in eutopic endometrium of women with disease. In 8-Br-cAMP-treated hESF from eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis, the balance in estradiol (E2) and P4 biosynthetic and metabolizing enzymes is disturbed (decreased HSD3B1 and HSD17B2, and increased HSD17B1 and aromatase), with the equilibrium being shifted towards an E2-enriched milieu. However, hESF from the same group of women treated with P4 did not demonstrate such responsiveness. Lower expression of IGFBP1 and prolactin mRNA and protein was observed in hESF from women with vs. those without endometriosis in response to 8-Br-cAMP, but not P4, suggesting a blunted response of these decidual biomarkers to activation of the PKA pathway in eutopic endometrium in women with disease. The dichotomy of 8-Br-cAMP regulation of select steroidogenic enzymes leading to an enriched E2 milieu within the endometrium and a blunted response of decidual biomarkers to this decidualizing agent of hESF from women with endometriosis suggests resistance to full decidualization of the stromal fibroblasts and mechanisms underlying implantation failure and the pathophysiology of this disorder.
Experimental evidence that the ecosystem effects of aquatic herbivory by moose and beaver may be contingent on water body type

Summary Mammalian herbivores that consume both aquatic and terrestrial vegetation may have important but little understood effects on freshwater ecosystems. We assessed the effects of North American moose (Alces americanus) and/or beaver (Castor canadensis) on aquatic vegetation and abiotic conditions of three types of waterbodies. We established year-round aquatic exclosures and reference plots in glacial lakes, dammed lakes and riverine ponds (n = 3 in each case). Within plots, we monitored parameters including dissolved oxygen, light, plant diversity and species-specific plant biomass. The effects of herbivory by beaver and moose appear to be contingent upon abiotic and plant community characteristics. Exposure to herbivory decreased biomass in riverine ponds and dammed lakes but not in glacial lakes and decreased species richness in riverine ponds and glacial lakes but not in dammed lakes. Changes in macrophyte species diversity correlated with exposure to herbivory only in glacial lakes. Disaggregating the effects of herbivory according to abiotic conditions and plant community characteristics revealed outcomes that are not detectable when results are aggregated. In some catchments, the response of the aquatic plant community to beaver and moose herbivory may substantially differ from the response of the surrounding terrestrial plant community. Five of the six waterbodies created by beavers (dammed lakes and riverine ponds) maintained >80% macrophyte cover, despite seasonal reduction in biomass by both moose and beaver. Herbivores appear to cause a short-term reduction in plant biomass in dammed lakes, resulting in greater light availability, without depleting biomass over a number of years.
Temporal changes in prevalence of scrub typhus rickettsia (Orientia tsutsugamushi) infecting the eggs of Leptotrombidium imphalum (Acari: Trombiculidae).

Abstract Eggs from seven colony lines of the chigger mite Leptotrombidium imphalum (Vercammen-Grandjean & Langston) were examined for infection with Orientia tsutsugamushi (Hyashi), the etiologic agent of scrub typhus. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers OtP 56.809 and OtM 56.1221, which amplify a 291 bp region of the P56 gene of O. tsutsugamushi, was used to detect scrub typhus within single eggs. All seven chigger mite lines produced infected eggs with varying rates of infection (Li1 = 8.1%, n = 124; Li2 = 45.6%, n = 90; Li3 = 30.1%, n = 144; Li4 = 31.7%, n = 145; Li5 = 21.3%, n = 136; Li6 = 41.6% n = 77; Li7 = 22.5%, n = 110). The 3 wk with the highest infection rates for each line using Fourier analysis were as follows: Li1 = 2, 7, 14; Li2 = 4, 6, 12; Li 3 = 3, 6, 12; Li4 = 4, 6, 12; Li5 = 5, 7, 14; Li7 = 4, 6, 12. Li6 only had nine measurements over time; therefore, Li6 was excluded from individual analysis. Infection rates of scrub typhus in eggs occurred in a 2-wk 2-d cycle, using Fou...
Linear trend and climate response of five-needle pines in the western United States related to treeline proximity.

Five-needle pines provide some of the world’s longest chronologies of paleoclimate interest. We examined 66 five-needle pine growth chronologies from 1896 to their end years using linear trend, correlation, and cluster analyses. Chronologies were categorized based on the sites’ proximity to upper treeline. A significant positive trend in ring width over the post-1896 interval was most common in upper treeline chronologies, but positive linear trend was found in all elevational proximity classes and all species. Cluster analysis of climate response patterns identified four groups exhibiting strong associations with (i) positive response to previous autumn, winter, and spring precipitation, (ii) positive response to spring and (or) summer precipitation coupled with an inverse relationship with summer temperature, (iii) positive response to winter and (or) spring precipitation coupled with an inverse relationship with spring temperature, and (iv) positive associations with temperature in all seasons except s...
Assessment of the Enhanced Geothermal System Resource Base of the United States

This paper describes an assessment of the enhanced geothermal system (EGS) resource base of the conterminous United States, using constructed temperature at depth maps. The temperature at depth maps were computed from 3 to 10 km, for every km. The methodology is described. Factors included are sediment thickness, thermal conductivity variations, distribution of the radioactive heat generation and surface temperature based on several geologic models of the upper 10 km of the crust. EGS systems are extended in this paper to include coproduced geothermal energy, and geopressured resources. A table is provided that summarizes the resource base estimates for all components of the EGS geothermal resource. By far, the conduction-dominated components of EGS represent the largest component of the U.S. resource. Nonetheless, the coproduced resources and geopressured resources are large and significant targets for short and intermediate term development. There is a huge resource base between the depths of 3 and 8 km, where the temperature reaches 150‐250 ◦ C. Even if only 2% of the conventional EGS resource is developed, the energy recovered would be equivalent to roughly 2,500 times the annual consumption of primary energy in the U.S. in 2006. Temperatures above 150 ◦ C at those depths are more common in the active tectonic regions of the western conterminous U.S., but are not confined to those areas. In the central and eastern U.S. there are identified areas of moderate size that are of reasonable grade and probably small areas of much higher grade than predicted by this analyses. However because of the regional (the grid size is 5 � × 5 � ) scale of this study such potentially promising sites remain to be identified. Several possible scenarios for EGS development are discussed. The most promising and least costly may to be developments in abandoned or shut-in oil and gas fields, where the temperatures are high enough. Because thousands of wells are already drilled in those locations, the cost of producing energy from such fields could be significantly lowered. In addition many hydrocarbon fields are producing large amounts of co-produced water, which is necessary for geothermal development. Although sustainability is not addressed in this study, the resource is so large that in at least some scenarios of development the geothermal resource is sustainable for long periods of time.
The Use of Tritium Rich Capsules with 25-35% Deuterium to Achieve Ignition at the National Ignition Facility

Diagnostics such as neutron yield, ion temperature, image size and shape, and bang time in capsules with >~25 % deuterium fuel show changes due to burn product heating. The comparison of performance between a THD(2%) and THD(35%) can help predict ignition in a TD(50%) capsule. Surrogacy of THD capsules to TD(50%) is incomplete due to variations in fuel molecular vapour pressures. TD(25–35%) capsules might be preferred to study hot spot heating, but at the risk of increased fuel/ablator mixing.
Matson Evaluation of Drug Side-effects (MEDS) Profiles in Adults with Intellectual Disability, Tardive Dyskinesia, and Akathisia

Drug side effect profiles of 161 intellectually disabled inpatient adults were assessed with the Matson Evaluation of Drug Side Effects (MEDS). Based on diagnoses made by a board certified psychiatrist and a neurologist specializing in movement disorders, participants were divided into three groups: controls (no movement disorder), tardive dyskinesia (TD), and a group with tardive dyskinesia/akathisia (TD Akathisia). Significant differences in side effects were noted between all three groups with the most severe side effects occurring in the TD Akathisia group. Group differences between the TD and TD Akathisia groups were most pronounced on CNS-Parkinsonism/Dyskinesia, CNS-Behavioral Akathisia, and CNS-Dystonia subscales, with the latter side effect group experiencing the greatest side effects. Implications of these data are discussed and future research is suggested.
Robust stability analysis of constrained l1‐norm model predictive control

Sufficient conditions for robust closed-loop stability of a class of dynamic matrix control (DMC) systems are presented. The l1-norm is used in the objective function of the on-line optimization, thus resulting in a linear programming problem. The ideas of this work, however, are expandable to other DMC-type controllers. The keys to the stability conditions are: to use an end-condition in the moving horizon on-line optimization; to have coefficients of the move suppression term in the objective function of the on-line optimization satisfy certain inequalities; and to express the uncertainty as deviations in the unit pulse response coefficients of the nominal plant. These deviations and disturbances must also satisfy certain inequalities. An off-line tuning procedure for robust stability and performance of a class of DMC controllers is also included, which determines an optimal moving horizon length and optimal values for coefficients of the move suppression term. The applicability of our approach is elucidated through numerical simulations.
Traffic model for clustering algorithms in vehicular ad-hoc networks

Inter-vehicle communication by means of wireless Ad Hoc networking has the potential to improve traffic safety and comfort tremendously. Therefore, the application of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) in the service of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) has been highly focused in recent years. Derived from the successful outcome of a cluster-based framework in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), we apply this network topology to VANETs. Unfortunately, previous studies lack realistic modeling of vehicle mobility and evaluation of clustering performance so they may not correlate well with performance in a real deployment. Hence, in this paper, we propose a realistic micro- simulation model with the hope of contributing to clustering research in VANETs, and demonstrate how clustering algorithms work on it.
The adaptive significance of mate guarding in the soapberry bug, Jadera haematoloma (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae)

Male soapberry bugs (Jadera haematoloma)face severe mating competition at the northern edge of their range due to male-biased adult sex ratios. Copulations lasting up to 11 days may serve a mate guarding function (encompassing four or more ovipositions), but copulation duration is highly variable, with some pairings lasting as little as 10 min. Data were gathered to describe factors that influence the reproductive costs and benefits of prolonged copulation. Estimated copulation durations (mean ± SD) were 20 ± 23 h in the lab and 50 ± 8 h in the field and were only weakly affected by sex ratio. Females mated for 5 min produced as many fertile eggs as those mated for 600 min laid; they became depleted of fertile sperm after about 25 days. In twicemated females, the first male's paternity was reduced by about 60%, and all females (N = 13) whose mates were removed experimentally mated again within an average of 6 min. The outcome of sperm competition on a perclutch basis was not highly predictable. The possibility of increased sperm displacement in longer copulations was not tested. Males often guarded females during oviposition and successfully defended them from intruding single males by recopulating. Such intrusions occurred in the majority of oviposition attempts observed in nature. Even though most females mated promiscuously, in a focal aggregation with a mean sex ratio of 2.2 ± 0.4 males/female, the interval between matings by males was commonly several days. Males appeared to respond facultatively to several aspects of the distribution and availability of females. The intensities of mating competition and sperm competition indicate that monogamous mate guarding should be favored over nonguarding in nature. Unpredicted brief. pairings may result from assessment by males of female reproductive value or of their own physical condition, or from female resistance.
Monitoring for Early Detection of Aeromonas salmonicida to Enhance Antibiotic Therapy and Control Furunculosis in Atlantic Salmon

Abstract Juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar at the White River National Fish Hatchery were monitored quarterly for Aeromonas salmonicida, the etiologic agent of furunculosis. Samples were obtained in August, November, January, and March, within an 8-month smolt production cycle during 1992–1993. Aeromonas salmonicida was isolated in August from external mucus and kidneys of fish within six production pools, each containing about 7,500 fish. Topical disinfection with a 60-min bath of Chloramine-T at 15 mg/L on three consecutive days did not control the prevalence of infection. Atlantic salmon were then fed 77.0 mg of oxytetracycline per kilogram of fish for 10 d. Mortality subsided in all tanks within 4 d after initiation of oral antibiotic therapy. Further examination failed to isolate the pathogen 21 d after cessation of treatment. In November, A. salmonicida was detected in the mucus of one fish from a single tank; treatment was not prescribed. Pathogens were not detected shortly after fish were marke...
Learning in behavior-based multi-robot systems: policies, models, and other agents

This paper describes how the use of behaviors as the underlying control representation provides a useful encoding that both lends robustness to control and allows abstraction for handling scaling in learning, focusing on multi-agent/robot systems. We first define situatedness and embodiment, two key concepts in behavior-based systems (BBS), and then define BBS in detail and contrast it with alternatives, namely reactive, deliberative, and hybrid control. The paper ten focuses on the role and power of behaviors as a representational substrate in learning policies and models, as well as learning from other agents (by demonstration and imitation). We overview a variety of methods we have demonstrated for learning in the multi-robot problem domain.
On the threshold - The outlook for supersonic and hypersonic aircraft

A development history and current development status evaluation is presented with a view to the prospective viability of supersonic, hypersonic, and transatmospheric vehicle RD Mach 5-6 military reconnaissance aircraft could be operational soon after. Transatmospheric, mixed airbreathing/rocket propulsion single-stage vehicles capable of orbital insertion will require several years of additional development beyond hypersonic ones to become operational.
Growing tips of embryonic cerebellar axons in vivo.

Few studies have focused on the transformation of growth cones to mature synaptic arbors. To study these events in developing axons in vivo, we have labeled growing cerebellar axons with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in postnatal stages [Mason and Gregory, 1984]. This report will provide the first data on embryonic cerebellar axons, and will ask whether growth cones differ in tracts and in target tissue and what features characterize axons that enter the cerebellum in fetal periods. During the earliest embryonic (E) periods examined (E16–19), axons in tracts have enlarged growth cones with lamellopodia and short filopodia that contain small and large vesicles. In contrast, axons within the cerebellar anlage from E16-postnatal day (P) 5 have fine calibers with a minimum of branching, and have small tapered growing tips. If synaptic contacts are made by such growing tips, there is little concomitant change in their shape. As target cells form layers and as their dendrites extend (P5–P7), growing tips and synaptic boutons differentiate according to the type of synaptic arrangement in which they engage. Enlarged, irregular expansions of growing tips correspond to synaptic contacts with multiple dendritic partners and are filled with large and small clear vesicles. Filopodia arising from such swellings, like the small undifferentiated growing tips of the type seen on embryonic axons, contain a mixture of vesicle types but make simple synapses with single profiles. Many axons make both kinds of synaptic structures, especially during the period when maturing axons give rise to long filopodia. Thus, growing tips have immature forms long after synaptogenesis begins, and use filopodial structures to elaborate synaptic arrangements. This analysis should elucidate the changes in growth cone form and cytology that reflect cell-cell interactions during synaptogenesis.
Grandmothers and Coresident Grandchildren

This article reports findings of a national study examining characteristics of coresident grandmothers and their grandchildren between 1967 and 1992 (n = 1099). Findings suggested that coresident grandmotherhood may be more prevalent than previously indicated, and of longer duration, over the life course. Among the study sample of ever coresident grandmothers (n = 753), age, income status (having an income less than 50% of the median family income), and race were found to be negatively correlated with coresidency in 1992, while number of children and years of coresident grandparenthood were found to be positively related to coresidency. Among the study sample of coresident families in 1992 (n = 285), age and income status were found to be negatively correlated with the likelihood of living in a three-generation household, while number of coresident grandchildren and marital status (being single) were found to be positively correlated with three-generation households. In addition, sizable minorities of bot...
A microeconometric analysis of technology transfer: The case of licensing agreements of Japanese firms

This paper examines investment in foreign technology by Japanese tirms, using previously unexplored data on technology transfer to Japan. The relationship between the acquisition of foreign technology and firm size, liquidity and affiliation with a corporate group, or keiretsu, is analyzed. Our results indicate that the number of licensing agreements a firm signs is positively and strongly related to its size, although the relationship is concave. We also find that liquidity is an important consideration in the firm’s decision to invest in foreign technology. Keiretsuaffiliated firms acquire relatively more foreign technology than independent firms, suggesting that corporate groups have played an important role in Japan’s technological progress.
Thread-safe dynamic binary translation using transactional memory

Dynamic binary translation (DBT) is a runtime instrumentation technique commonly used to support profiling, optimization, secure execution, and bug detection tools for application binaries. However, DBT frameworks may incorrectly handle multithreaded programs due to races involving updates to the application data and the corresponding metadata maintained by the DBT. Existing DBT frameworks handle this issue by serializing threads, disallowing multithreaded programs, or requiring explicit use of locks. This paper presents a practical solution for correct execution of multithreaded programs within DBT frameworks. To eliminate races involving metadata, we propose the use of transactional memory (TM). The DBT uses memory transactions to encapsulate the data and metadata accesses in a trace, within one atomic block. This approach guarantees correct execution of concurrent threads of the translated program, as TM mechanisms detect and correct races. To demonstrate this approach, we implemented a DBT-based tool for secure execution of x86 binaries using dynamic information flow tracking. This is the first such framework that correctly handles multithreaded binaries without serialization. We show that the use of software transactions in the DBT leads to a runtime overhead of 40%. We also show that software optimizations in the DBT and hardware support for transactions can reduce the runtime overhead to 6%.