cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preventing Hospitalizations in Children With Medical Complexity: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Children with medical complexity (CMC) account for disproportionately high hospital use, and it is unknown if hospitalizations may be prevented. Our objective was to summarize evidence from (1) studies characterizing potentially preventable hospitalizations in CMC and (2) interventions aiming to reduce such hospitalizations. METHODS: Our data sources include Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases from their originations, and hand search of article bibliographies. Observational studies (n = 13) characterized potentially preventable hospitalizations, and experimental studies (n = 4) evaluated the efficacy of interventions to reduce them. Data were extracted on patient and family characteristics, medical complexity and preventable hospitalization indicators, hospitalization rates, costs, and days. Results of interventions were summarized by their effect on changes in hospital use. RESULTS: Preventable hospitalizations were measured in 3 ways: ambulatory care sensitive conditions, readmissions, or investigator-defined criteria. Postsurgical patients, those with neurologic disorders, and those with medical devices had higher preventable hospitalization rates, as did those with public insurance and nonwhite race/ethnicity. Passive smoke exposure, nonadherence to medications, and lack of follow-up after discharge were additional risks. Hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions were less common in more complex patients. Patients receiving home visits, care coordination, chronic care-management, and continuity across settings had fewer preventable hospitalizations. Conclusions: There were a limited number of published studies. Measures for CMC and preventable hospitalizations were heterogeneous. Risk of bias was moderate due primarily to limited controlled experimental designs. Reductions in hospital use among CMC might be possible. Strategies should target primary drivers of preventable hospitalizations.
Synoptic key to Aspergillus nidulans group species and related Emericella species

A synoptic key for identification of 30 taxa in the Aspergillus nidulans-Emericella assemblage is presented. The key uses definitive and readily observable features : conidiophore length, width of conidial columns, hulle cell distribution and colour in mass, ascospore morphology, location of cleistothecia in relation to hulle cells, and, for certain taxa, colony appearance with specified growth conditions. Brief descriptions are included as an aid to comparison and to guide the reader to detailed technical descriptions.
Sleep in late pregnancy predicts length of labor and type of delivery

Objective The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that fatigue and sleep disturbance in late pregnancy are associated with labor duration and delivery type. Study design In a prospective observational study of 131 women in their ninth month of pregnancy, objective (48-hour wrist actigraphy) and subjective (sleep logs and questionnaires) measures were used to predict labor outcomes using analysis of variance and logistic regression. Results Controlling for infant birth weight, women who slept less than 6 hours at night had longer labors and were 4.5 times more likely to have cesarean deliveries. Women with severely disrupted sleep had longer labors and were 5.2 times more likely to have cesarean deliveries. Fatigue was unrelated to labor outcomes. Conclusion Health care providers should prescribe 8 hours of bed time during pregnancy to assure adequate sleep and should include sleep quantity and quality in prenatal assessments as potential predictors of labor duration and delivery type.
Why do we need improved mobility technology

The National Science Foundation (NSF) in collaboration with the World Technology Evaluation Center (WTEC) decided to make inclusion of scientists with disabilities a priority when selecting the investigators for a trip investigating research conducted in Europe on mobility technology for people with disabilities. The trip was rigorous with groups visiting multiple labs and multiple countries often in a single day. A typical day began with a 7 or 8 am checkout, a cab ride to the first location, followed by cabs to two or three more locations, all the while toting luggage. After the daily tours were complete, yet another cab ride to the airport or train station, travel to a new city, cab to the hotel, check in, hunt down dinner, and with any luck, in bed by 11 pm. This was the pattern for five days, a taxing schedule for any individual, disabled or not. The rigorous travel and obstacles encountered further emphasized the need for this study. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the obstacles our group faced during our travels as concrete example of how mobility limitations can impede participation. Imagine Imagine you want to take a vacation to Europe, you will visit great cities and eat wonderful food. Not hard to picture. The image is fun, unencumbered by worries of transportation, accessibility, and discrimination. Okay maybe there are some worries, but you have done this before. Now imagine you have a disability that requires you to use a wheelchair.
Two models of impulsivity: relationship to personality traits and psychopathology.

Abstract Background: Impulsivity is prominent in psychiatric disorders. Two dominant models of impulsivity are the reward-discounting model, where impulsivity is defined as inability to wait for a larger reward, and the rapid-response model, where impulsivity is defined as responding without adequate assessment of context. We have compared the role of these models of impulsivity in human psychopathology, based on the hypothesis that rapid-response impulsivity would be more strongly related to other aspects of psychopathology and to impulsivity as described by questionnaires. Methods: We investigated relationships between personality and laboratory measures of impulsivity, and between these measures and clinical characteristics, in parents of adolescent subjects with disruptive behavioral disorders (DBDs) and matched control subjects. Diagnoses were rendered using the Structured Interview for DSM-IV. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) was used as a trait measure of impulsivity. Rapid-response impulsivity was assessed using a form of the Continuous Performance Test, the Immediate Memory-Delayed Memory Task (IMT/DMT). Reward-delay impulsivity was measured using two tasks where subjects could choose between smaller immediate or larger delayed rewards. Results: Rapid-response, but not reward-delay impulsivity, was significantly higher in subjects with lifetime Axis I or Axis II diagnoses. Scores on the BIS were elevated in subjects with Axis I diagnoses and correlated significantly with both rapid-response and reward-delay tests, but more strongly with the former. Multiple regression showed that rapid-response, but not reward-delay performance or intelligence quotient, contributed significantly to BIS scores. Correlations were similar in parents of control subjects and of DBD subjects. Conclusions: These data suggest that measures of rapid-response impulsivity and of reward-delay impulsivity are both related to impulsivity as a personality characteristic. The relationship appears stronger, however, for rapid-response impulsivity, as measured by the IMT/DMT. Laboratory and personality measures of impulsivity appear to be related to risk of psychopathology.
Biochemical outcome for hormone-naive patients with Gleason score 3+4 versus 4+3 prostate cancer undergoing permanent prostate brachytherapy.

Abstract Objectives. To determine the effect of the dominant pattern in Gleason score 7 histologic findings on biochemical no evidence of disease survival for hormone-naive patients undergoing permanent prostate brachytherapy. Methods. A total of 114 hormone-naive patients with Gleason score 7 histologic findings underwent transperineal ultrasound-guided permanent prostate brachytherapy for clinical T1c-T3a NxM0 adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland from April 1995 to October 1999. No patient was lost to follow-up. No patient underwent seminal vesicle biopsy or pathologic lymph node staging. Sixty-four patients were diagnosed with Gleason score 3+4 and 50 with Gleason score 4+3 prostate cancer. Twenty-one patients were implanted with either palladium 103 or iodine 125 monotherapy, and 93 patients received supplemental external beam radiotherapy with a brachytherapy boost. The median patient age was 69 years (range 49 to 79). The median follow-up was 46.4 months (range 20 to 80). The American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology consensus definition was used to determine the biochemical disease-free survival. Results. The actuarial 5-year biochemical disease-free survival rate was 90.3%. No statistically significant difference in outcome was found when stratified by the dominant pattern in Gleason score 7 histologic features (89.4% versus 91.5% for 3+4 and 4+3, respectively, P = 0.700). The biochemical no evidence of disease survival analysis in terms of the Gleason cohorts revealed no difference in terms of the choice of isotope, use of supplemental external beam radiotherapy, or preimplant prostate-specific antigen level. The median and mean postimplant prostate-specific antigen level was less than 0.1 ng/mL and 0.12 ± 0.20 ng/mL, respectively, without a significant difference between Gleason score 3+4 and 4+3. Conclusions. Our results indicate that the 5-year biochemical outcome with a hormone-naive prostate brachytherapy approach that uses multiple periprostatic seeds is not dependent on Gleason score 3+4 versus 4+3 histologic features.
Menopause Characteristics and Subjective Symptoms in Women With and Without Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Kalpakjian CZ, Quint EH, Bushnik T, Rodriguez GM, Terrill MS. Menopause characteristics and subjective symptoms in women with and without spinal cord injury. Objective To examine menopause transition characteristics and symptom bother in women with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Prospective cohort (4 data collection periods across 4 years). Setting Community. Participants Women (n=62) with SCI (injury levels C6–T12, nonambulatory, >36mo postinjury; 86.1% retention) and women without SCI (n=66; 92.9% retention) with intact ovaries, not using hormone therapy, and between the ages of 45 and 60 years volunteered. A total of 505 observations were collected and analyzed. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Age at final menstrual period (FMP), transitions through menopause status classifications, and menopause symptom bother (vasomotor, somatic, psychologic symptoms). Results The number of women transitioning through a menopause status classification over the course of the study did not significantly vary by group ( P =.263), nor did age at FMP ( P =.643). Women with SCI experienced greater bother of somatic symptoms (a subscale, P P P =.012). Women without SCI had significantly greater bother of vasomotor symptoms ( P =.020). There were no significant group by menopause status interactions; main effects for menopause status were significant only for vasomotor symptoms and vaginal dryness. Conclusions Results suggested that women with SCI experience greater symptom bother in certain areas, but that patterns of symptom bother across menopause, transition through menopause, and age at FMP are similar to those of their peers. Larger studies are needed to examine menopause outcomes with respect to level of injury and completeness of injury. These findings provide a framework that women with SCI and their health care providers can use to address the menopause transition and highlight the importance of multidisciplinary involvement to maximize health and well being during this transition.
Semantic Nets are in the Eye of the Beholder

Abstract The term “semantic nets,” in its broadest sense, has become virtually meaningless. It is applied to systems which, as a class, lack distinctive representational and computational properties vis a vis other knowledge representation (KR) schemes. This terminological problem is not due to lack of substance or coherence of work done under the semantic net banner. Rather, it is due to convergence of the major KR schemes: the representational and computational strategies employed in semantic net systems are abstractly equivalent to those employed in virtually all state-of-the-art systems incorporating a substantial propositional knowledge base, whether they are described as logic-based, frame-based, rule-based, or something else. In particular, I will argue that using a graph-theoretic propositional representation does not automatically distinguish it from others: even sets of predicate calculus (PC) formulas, abstractly viewed, are graphs. Nor is “proximity-based” inference (using graph-theoretic distance) automatically distinctive, since even resolution strategies (with reasonable indexing schemes) are proximity based in the abstract; nor is hierarchic property inheritance any longer distinctive, given its availability in state-of-the-art logic-based, frame-based, and rule-based systems. So I urge some more restrictive, and hence more meaningful use of the term “semantic nets” than is the current practice.
Comparison of Arginine Hydrochloride and Acetazolamide for the Correction of Metabolic Alkalosis in Pediatric Patients.

Metabolic alkalosis is a common acid-base disturbance occurring in critically ill pediatric patients. Acetazolamide and arginine hydrochloride are pharmacologic agents used at our institution for patients refractory to first-line therapy or those unable to tolerate fluid replacement. The objective of this retrospective review was to determine if a course of arginine hydrochloride or acetazolamide was more effective at correcting metabolic alkalosis within a 24-hour period. Patients included received a course of acetazolamide or arginine hydrochloride for metabolic alkalosis with a repeat metabolic panel 18-30 hours after treatment initiation. Exclusion criteria consisted of previous treatment with either drug within 24 hours or a documented metabolic disorder. Efficacy was determined by proportion of patients achieving resolution of metabolic alkalosis (treatment success: serum CO2 96 mmol/L). Additionally, mean change in serum bicarbonate and chloride concentrations was assessed. Thirty-four patients met inclusion criteria, 19 patients received acetazolamide and 15 patients received arginine hydrochloride. Treatment success was similar in patients receiving acetazolamide and arginine hydrochloride (37% vs. 7%, P = 0.053). Correction of serum bicarbonate was observed in more patients treated with acetazolamide (42% vs. 7%, P = 0.047). Both groups had a similar increase in mean serum chloride concentration (5.7 ± 5.3 vs. 4.4 ± 4.4 mmol/L, P = 0.458). Mean decrease in serum bicarbonate concentration was equivalent between groups (5.6 ± 5.2 vs. 2.8 ± 4.7, mmol/L, P = 0.110). Acetazolamide and arginine hydrochloride appear to be equally effective in correcting metabolic alkalosis in critically ill pediatric patients.
The Economic Aftermath of Resource Booms: Evidence from Boomtowns in the American West

The current US oil and gas boom is injecting labour, capital and revenue into communities near reserves. Will these communities be cursed with lower long-run incomes in the wake of the boom? We study the oil boom-and-bust cycle of the 1970s and 1980s to gain insights. Using annual data on drilling to identify western boom-and-bust counties, we find substantial positive local employment and income effects during the boom. In the aftermath of the bust, however, we find that incomes per capita decreased and unemployment compensation payments increased relative to what they would have been if the boom had not occurred
Carotenoid-based ornamentation and status signaling in the house finch

The status signaling hypothesis (SSH) was devised primarily to explain the adaptive significance of avian ornamental coloration during the nonbreeding season. It proposes that conspicuous male plumage serves as an honest signal of social status within a population of birds. However, to date this hypothesis has been well tested and supported for only one type of plumage coloration, melanin-based coloration. Carotenoid-based pigmentation is known to positively reveal male health and condition during molt in a variety of species, but it is poorly understood whether this ornament type can also function as a status signal during the winter. We tested the SSH in male house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) by manipulating the carotenoid-based plumage brightness of first-year males and then pairing unfamiliar birds of differing coloration in a series of dominance trials in captivity. Manipulated plumage color was unrelated to win/loss outcome in these trials. Similarly, the natural pigmentation of males was a poor predictor of winter dominance; as in other studies with this species, we found only a weak tendency for naturally drab males to dominate naturally bright males. These results suggest that carotenoid-based coloration is not a reliable indicator of social status in male house finches during the nonbreeding season. In fact, carotenoid-based coloration may function only in mate choice in this species, and it may be retained throughout the year either because time constraints preclude a second plumage molt or because it aids in pair formation that begins in late winter.
The effect of styrene-methyl methacrylate monomeric arrangement on the ultrasonic degradation of copolymers

Ultrasonic degradation is a convenient means of studying the degradation of macromolecules in transient elongational flows. Cavitation results in non-random, near-midchain scission of linear polymers, which reach a limiting molar mass Mlim beyond which degradation is no longer possible. Also, the flow fields produced as a result of ultrasonic bubble collapse are kinetically and fluid-mechanically equivalent to those produced during more experimentally intractable manifestations of transient elongational flow. Here, we describe results from the ultrasonic degradation of dilute solutions of block, random, and alternating copolymers of styrene and methyl methacrylate, along with the degradation of their respective homopolymers. Results from the degradation experiments were monitored using sizeexclusion chromatography with on-line triple detection including multi-angle static light scattering, differential viscometry, and differential refractometry. The influence of monomeric arrangement on solution structure was found to have concomitant influence on copolymer degradation, both mechanistically and kinetically. Noteworthy was the correspondence between persistence length and both Mlim and degradation rate k when comparing the alternating to both the block and random copolymers, in qualitative agreement with the previously-postulated modified path theory of polymer degradation in transient elongational flows. Most differences in Mlim and k could be explained by a combination of effects due to molar mass, monomer ratio, monomer arrangement, and resultant chain stiffness in solution, except for differences in Mlim between the random and block copolymers studied, which proved too subtle to measure. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Lipid cell culture supplements

Essential lipid mixtures can substitute for vertebrate serum in the culture of invertebrate — and some vertebrate — cells, tissues, parasites and pathogens. The resulting membrane lipid modifications promote hormonal signalling.
Strengthening the transatlantic link: key to Europe’s global role

The transatlantic relationship is currently undergoing some major strategic changes. Unless Europe is able to accept a larger responsibility for global security, the transatlantic relationship will face a turbulent time in the coming decade. In response, author presents steps that Europe should seek to: (a) assume more responsibility for its own neighborhood, (b) invest more and smarter in defense, (c) take comprehensive view of complex crises across global “hotspots,” and (d) pursue a transatlantic free trade and investment partnership.
Evaluation of milk antibiotic residue screening tests in cattle with naturally occurring clinical mastitis.

Abstract Milk from 172 commercial cows with mild to moderate clinical mastitis was tested with five antibiotic residue detection assay systems. One hundred cows were treated with one of two intramammary s-lactam antibiotics, and the remaining 72 cows were treated with intramuscular oxytocin. Milk samples were collected pretreatment, twice after therapy, and again 21 d following the initiation of treatment. Presumptive false-positive assay results were tabulated from all pretreatment and 21-d milk samples and from samples collected following oxytocin therapy. The percentage of false-positive results was 43.6, 37.7, 81.7, 2.6, and 18.8% for the CITE® probe (s-lactam), Delvotest-P®, Charm Farm®, LacTek® (s-lactam), and Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis disk assay, respectively. In four of the assay systems, average SCC were significantly higher in samples yielding false-positive results than in those with negative results. Specificity and sensitivity were estimated for each assay system, and, based on these estimates, positive and negative predictive value curves were graphed as the prevalence of milk samples containing detectable concentrations of exogenous antibiotic residues in the sample population was varied from 0 to 100%.
A necessary and sufficient condition for Riemann's singularity theorem to hold on a Prym theta divisor

Let $(P,\Xi)$ be the naturally polarized model of the Prym variety associated to the etale double cover $\pi : \tilde C\rightarrow C$ of smooth connected curves defined over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic $\ne 2$ , where genus( C ) = $g \ge 3$ , Pic $^{(2g-2)}(\tilde C) \supset P = \{\mathcal L \in {\rm Pic}^{(2g-2)}(\tilde C) : {\rm Nm}(\mathcal L) = \omega_C$ and $h^0(\tilde C,\mathcal L)$ is even\} is the Prym variety, and $P \supset \Xi = \{\mathcal L \in P: h^0(\tilde C,\mathcal L) >0 \}$ is the Prym theta divisor with its reduced scheme structure. If $\mathcal L$ is any point on $\Xi$ , we prove that ‘Riemann's singularity theorem holds at $\mathcal L$ ’, i.e. mult $_{\mathcal L}(\Xi) = (1/2)h^0(\tilde C,\mathcal L)$ , if and only if $\mathcal L$ cannot be expressed as $\pi^*(\mathcal M)(B)$ where $B \ge 0$ is an effective divisor on $\tilde C$ , and $\mathcal M$ is a line bundle on C with $h^0(C,\mathcal M) >(1/2)h^0(\tilde C,\mathcal L)$ . This completely characterizes points of $\Xi$ where the tangent cone is the set theoretic restriction of the tangent cone of $\tilde {\Theta}$ , hence also those points on $\Xi$ where Mumford's Pfaffian equation defines the tangent cone to $\Xi$ .
Surgery Can Reduce the Nonoperative Care Associated with an Equinovarus Foot Deformity

Equinovarus is the most common lower extremity deformity seen after a stroke. Despite its frequency, there are no specific guidelines in determining when surgery should be considered and for which patients it is appropriate. We evaluated the charges of nonsurgical and surgical treatments for equinovarus foot in 29 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for a unilateral equinovarus deformity after stroke. Twenty-six patients (seven males, 19 females) were available for followup. Mean patient age at the time of stroke was 48.2 years (range, 3–66 years). The average age at surgery was 54.7 years (range, 23–72 years), with a mean duration of nonsurgical treatment of 74.7 months. The minimum followup was 6 months following surgery (mean, 18.2 months; range, 6–48 months). Physical therapy accounted for 88% of nonoperative charges, with chemodenervation and orthotics accounting for 10% and 2%, respectively. Postoperatively, 19 patients were able to discontinue physical therapy compared with none preoperatively, and 17 discontinued orthotic use. Surgical correction of the equinovarus foot, in the appropriate patient, can decrease the use of nonoperative care for a patient who has had a stroke. We recommend surgery be considered earlier when an equinovarus deformity persists after the period of spontaneous neurologic recovery. Level of Evidence: Level III, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Nanoindentation of nanocrystalline ZnO

A number of nanocrystalline ceramics have been fabricated by the gas phase condensation technique. The mechanical properties of one of the first ceramics produced by this method, nanophase TiO{sub 2},have been discussed in an earlier study. This paper reports a similar study undertaken to examine the properties of nanocrystalline ZnO. Nanoindenter techniques are used to determine hardness, Young's modulus, and strain rate sensitivity in ultra-fine grained ZnO. Significant properties variations are experienced within a given sample, indicating a large degree of microstructural inhomogeneity. Nevertheless, a distinct evolution in properties can be observed as a function of sintering temperature. Young's modulus and hardness values increase almost linearly with increasing sintering temperature, and, in addition, there also appears to be a linear correlation between the development of the two materials properties. In contrast, strain rate sensitivity is shown to have an inverse dependence on sintering temperature. This dependence appears to be linked to the strong influence of grain size on strain rate sensitivity, so that the lower sintering temperatures, which provide the finer grain sizes, tend to promote strain rate sensitivity. The results of this study are strikingly similar to those obtained earlier for nanophase TiO{sub 2}, and they indicate that themore » earlier results could probably be generalized to a much broader range of nanocrystalline ceramics.« less
Stress Relaxation of Tufted Carpets and Carpet Components: Analysis of the Tufted Carpet Structure:

Dimensional stability of tufted carpets has been a continuing problem in the carpet industry for years. When a tufted carpet is installed by the stretch-in method, it experiences stress relaxation over time which can cause the carpet to buckle, wrinkle and become loose with the only option being a costly re-stretching of the carpet. Analysis of the various components of the tufted carpet composite structure was performed to identify the role each component plays in the phenomenon of stress relaxation. A biaxial loading system was used to test various samples of the primary backing alone, primary backing after tufting (with tufts), secondary backing alone, and the finished carpet after attaching the backings with various binder weights per area. The four variables under consideration included primary and secondary backing constructions, tufting density, and latex weight. A rheological model that includes representations of each component in the carpet structure was developed and will be presented in a foll...
Origin of Petroleum on Earth

Although I had a long and sometimes fruitful association with NASA, and several people on my staff worked under NASA contracts, it became clear to me that this alliance had to come to an end. I decided to return to my longtime occupation of tackling outstanding problems in various fields of science. Among those, earth sciences were the most interesting to me at that time, and I became fascinated by the origin of petroleum, which is an important subject for many branches of science, such as geology and geochemistry, but also for technology and economics. I thought that it would have received the intense interest of scientists concerned with these fields. But in the developed countries, there is hardly any debate in this field; the majority opinion has declared it as solved. Biological debris buried in the sediments is supposed to decay into oil in the long course of time, and this oil is then supposed to become concentrated in the pore spaces of sedimentary rocks. The search for oil is conducted with this biogenic origin theory in mind, so that the presence or absence of biological material in the sediments was regarded as a key item. When I entered this field, very few boreholes were drilled into the basement rocks that had frozen from a melt, since there could be no biological sediments in those, and it was thought that they could not contain any oil. This belief then resulted, inevitably, in almost all oil being produced from sediments.
Linking social actors by linking social theories: toward improved GHG mitigation strategies

Understanding how to alter people’s behavior to mitigate GHG emissions in cities is a challenge for both researchers and practitioners. The problem encompasses comprehending variation in behavior among thousands to millions of people living in cities, as well as their contributions to the cities’ GHG footprint. To help simplify this challenge, this article seeks to define and justify the partitioning of people into three categories of actors for understanding and mitigating GHGs at the city-scale. The three actor categories are policy actors, designers and operators of infrastructure and individual infrastructure users. By linking theories from across the social sciences, this article provides specific illustrations of the three actor categories and intertwines them with the goal of developing better GHG mitigation strategies. This paper concludes with a discussion of the need for meta-theoretical approaches toward describing and explaining the interactions among the social actor categories and GHG mitiga...
Eutrophication of freshwater and marine ecosystems

Initial understanding of the links between nutrients and aquatic productivity originated in Europe in the early 1900s, and our knowledge base has expanded greatly during the past 40 yr. This explosion of eutrophication-related research has made it unequivocally clear that a comprehensive strategy to prevent excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus from entering our waterways is needed to protect our lakes, rivers, and coasts from water quality deterioration. However, despite these very significant advances, cultural eutrophication remains one of the foremost problems for protecting our valuable surface water resources. The papers in this special issue provide a valuable cross section and synthesis of our current understanding of both freshwater and marine eutrophication science. They also serve to identify gaps in our knowledge and will help to guide future research. Knowledge of the links between nutrients and aquatic productivity began with the pioneering work of Weber (1907) on German peat bogs and with Johnstone’s (1908) studies of the North Sea. A crystallization of freshwater eutrophication concepts took place soon thereafter in Northern Europe, where the first trophic classification systems for surface waters were developed. These early classification systems were based on the intensity of aquatic organic matter production, as well as nutrient supply conditions and ecosystemlevel consequences of increased production (e.g., hypolimnetic oxygen depletion; Rodhe 1969). There was a lot of uncertainty in the subsequent 50 yr about the physical, chemical, and ecological details of the eutrophication process, and hot debates raged about the relative roles of different mineral nutrients as constraints on, or regulators of, primary productivity, especially the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and carbon (C). Work on the eutrophication process accelerated in the 1960s and 1970s. Particularly important was the landmark 1971 American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO) eutrophication symposium that culminated in the publication of the first special issue of Limnology and Oceanography (L&O) on nutrients and eutrophication, edited by G. E. Likens (Likens 1972a). This special issue was similarly stimulated by a symposium that the three of us 1
Economic Security, Private Investment, and Growth in Developing Countries

This paper provides empirical support for the view that enhanced economic security fosters private investment and growth in developing countries. An analysis for 53 developing countries suggests that most aspects of economic security have improved since the mid-1980s; that private investment is mostly influenced by the risk of expropriation, the degree of civil liberty, and the degree of independence of the bureaucracy; and that economic growth is affected by the risk of expropriation and political terrorism in the short run, and by corruption and contract repudiation in the long run.
Palliative and end-of-life care for patients with severe COPD

We congratulate Curtis on his excellent review on the very important and under-recognised topic of palliation in end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We agree that the use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) as palliation may be impractical in the hospice environment, and that NIV should not be used first-line for the palliation of breathlessness in COPD. However, we do not think that there is sufficient recognition that in certain specific circumstances NIV may have a role in end-stage COPD.
Palygorskite and sepiolite alteration to smectite under alkaline conditions

The instability of palygorskite and sepiolite under soil conditions was investigated to determine if these fibrous minerals transform directly to smectite under laboratory conditions. The treatment of 100 mg (0.12 mmole) of palygorskite with 1 mmole of NaOH solution (17 ml) at 150~ for 24 hr yielded a smectite. Analcime and smectite were formed when -> 3 mmole of NaOH was used. The addition of - 8 mmole NaOH, sepiolite altered to an X-ray amorphous material. In the presence of A1 and Si, however, it transformed to smectite and analcime. Transmission electron microscopy, cation-exchange capacity, and X-ray powder diffraction studies of the products suggest that alteration was (1) via solution, or (2) by a structural reorganization wherein the basic 2:1 silicate structural units were unchanged. Key Wards--Alteration, Analcime, Cation-exchange capacity, Palygorskite, Sepiolite, Smectite, Sodium hydroxide.
A Statistical Semantic Parser that Integrates Syntax and Semantics

We introduce a learning semantic parser, Scissor, that maps natural-language sentences to a detailed, formal, meaning-representation language. It first uses an integrated statistical parser to produce a semantically augmented parse tree, in which each non-terminal node has both a syntactic and a semantic label. A compositional-semantics procedure is then used to map the augmented parse tree into a final meaning representation. We evaluate the system in two domains, a natural-language database interface and an interpreter for coaching instructions in robotic soccer. We present experimental results demonstrating that Scissor produces more accurate semantic representations than several previous approaches.
AC power electronic systems: Stability and power quality

This paper presents an overview of ac power electronic system modeling and analysis methods. Characteristics of such systems are first discussed, and their applications and significance in renewable energy and distributed generation (DG), transportation, and other mobile and autonomous power systems are highlighted. Typical stability and power quality problems encountered in these systems are demonstrated by measurements from several practical systems. Small-signal analysis methods, such as phasor-based analysis, transformation into dq reference frame, reduced-order modeling, and harmonic linearization that are applicable to ac power electronic systems, are then reviewed and compared in terms of their applicability and limitations. Small-signal impedance modeling of rectifiers and inverters by harmonic linearization is reviewed in some detail. Limitation of the existing impedance-based system criterion when applied to current-source systems is identified and an extension of the theory is presented for application to grid-parallel inverters.
Erythrocyte membrane-cloaked polymeric nanoparticles for controlled drug loading and release.

Aim: Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) cloaked by red blood cell membrane (RBCm) confer the combined advantage of both long circulation lifetime and controlled drug release. The authors carried out studies to gain a better understanding of the drug loading, drug-release kinetics and cell-based efficacy of RBCm-cloaked NPs. Materials & methods: Two strategies for loading doxorubicin into the RBCm-cloaked NPs were compared: physical encapsulation and chemical conjugation. In vitro efficacy was examined using the acute myeloid leukemia cell line, Kasumi-1. Results: It was found that the chemical conjugation strategy resulted in a more sustained drug release profile, and that the RBCm cloak provided a barrier, retarding the outward diffusion of encapsulated drug molecules. It was also demonstrated that RBCm-cloaked NPs exhibit higher toxicity in comparison with free doxorubicin. Conclusion: These results indicate that the RBCm-cloaked NPs hold great promise to become a valuable drug-delivery platform for the treatment of various diseases such as blood cancers.
Immunologic and genetic markers in patients with idiopathic ocular inflammation and a family history of inflammatory bowel disease.

© 2012 by Elsevier Masson, American Journal of Ophthalmology http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2012.01.016
Risk and Resilience in Pediatric Chronic Pain: Exploring the Protective Role of Optimism

OBJECTIVE: Fear of pain and pain catastrophizing are prominent risk factors for pediatric chronic pain-related maladjustment. Although resilience has largely been ignored in the pediatric pain literature, prior research suggests that optimism might benefit youth and can be learned. We applied an adult chronic pain risk-resilience model to examine the interplay of risk factors and optimism on functioning outcomes in youth with chronic pain. METHOD: Participants included 58 children and adolescents (8-17 years) attending a chronic pain clinic and their parents. Participants completed measures of fear of pain, pain catastrophizing, optimism, disability, and quality of life. RESULTS: Consistent with the literature, pain intensity, fear of pain, and catastrophizing predicted functioning. Optimism was a unique predictor of quality of life, and optimism contributed to better functioning by minimizing pain-related fear and catastrophizing. CONCLUSIONS: Optimism might be protective and offset the negative influence of fear of pain and catastrophizing on pain-related functioning. Language: en
Radiation and optical properties of Nannochloropsis oculata grown under different irradiances and spectra.

This paper reports accurate measurements of the radiation characteristics and optical properties of Nannochloropsis oculata in the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) region. These marine microalgae were grown in 2 cm thick culture bottles with vented caps exposed, on one side, to either white fluorescent light bulbs or red LEDs emitting at 630 nm. The illuminance varied from 2000 to 10,000 lux. The microalgae average equivalent diameter ranged from 2.52 to 2.63lm. Their radiation characteristics and optical properties were statistically identical over most of the PAR region. Other N. oculata grown with 2 vol.% CO2 injection in 1 cm thick flat bottles exposed to light from both sides reached a significantly larger mass concentration and featured lower pigment concentration and smaller absorption cross-sections. This was due to nutrient limited growth conditions. The refraction index was independent of illuminance, spectrum, and growth conditions and featured resonance at wavelengths corresponding to absorption peaks.
Was Dworkin an Originalist

In this essay I endorse the conclusion reached earlier by Jeffrey Goldsworthy that Ronald Dworkin was an originalist regarding the meaning of canonical legal texts. I briefly canvas the evidence for that claim. I then ask how the truth of that affects Dworkin’s fit-acceptability account of the nature of law. I first digress to give my own broad-brush view of the jurisprudential debate between legal positivists and natural lawyers, a view that sees their positions as complementary rather than antagonistic. I then explain why I believe the natural law view must fail and why legal positivists must make an unpalatable choice between a gunman model and a model based on deception. Finally, I situate Dworkin’s “third way” jurisprudence and point out its fatal flaws. I conclude the essay by circling back to Dworkin’s originalism and pointing out how devastating it is for Dworkin’s view that law consists of those principles that best justify the community’s past and present coercive political decisions.
Teen Courts: Children Participating in Justice

Participating in justice is uncommon for children, even when the process is about their own actions. A new juvenile diversion program in the United States, however, not only relies on a child’s participation in his or her own justice but also creates a construct of shared decision making that presents a broader sense of active citizenship for children. Resting on a best interests approach to participation, and in the context of positive peer influence, the teen court process serves as an alternative disposition program for children as young as age 9 and as old as age 17 who have committed nonviolent minor offenses (National Association of Youth Courts 2013; Regent Study 2012).A child’s participation in the teen court process empowers him or her through offender rehabilitation and provides a meaningful and life-changing participation opportunity for the child, both during sentencing and afterward as a juror or other teen court actor. The teen court method offers an opportunity for a child offender to move away from a potential life of crime toward a healthy and thriving adulthood. It also offers rich participation opportunities for children in the judicial process of a peer offender.The central advantage of teen courts is that through participation in a teen court program, teens develop citizenship abilities and civic skills and generally enhance their decision-making processes by participating as jurors in the program (Hirschinger-Blank, Simons, Volz, Thompson, Finely, & Cleary, 2009). This active participation fosters a sense of being vested with rights, privileges, and duties among the juveniles who are involved and is reflected not only in their own procedures as offenders but later when they take part in peers’ trials. Through their participation, youth jurors, advocates, and prosecutors gain practical knowledge about and respect for the judicial system, which in turn validates sentencing and enforces the effectiveness of peer support in the context of the rule of law (Forgays, Kirby, DeMilio, & Schuster, 2004).This chapter discusses how teen courts advance child participation in justice. It also examines the research and methodology of this new program of teen courts to determine whether and how a teen court forum can enhance and develop a child’s decision-making process in the context of a reliable rule of law based on a jury of peers. The objective is to evaluate how teens can also develop their verbal and communication skills by serving as prosecutors or defense counsel, and how teen courts allow children to gain knowledge of decorum and protocol by serving as bailiffs, among other benefits.These wonderfully rich opportunities for child offenders and other child participants are unique to the teen court process of juvenile justice and may provide an alternative that can positively contribute to the administration of justice to juvenile offenders.
Husserl on First Philosophy

Husserl’s philosophical influence has gone through high and low periods for over a century, but since his initial engagement with Frege in the 1890s he has continuously been a player on the cultural scene. There were times when he was overshadowed by some other figure or movement – he was somewhat eclipsed by Heidegger in the late 1920s and the 1930s, and by postmodernism in the last part of the 20th century – but each of these periods was followed by a substantial resurgence, and even now interest in his work is showing up in places where it had not been visible in the past.
Conference Abstracts, Anecdotes, and Appreciation

Abstracts of invited talks at the forthcoming Ames conference honoring H. A. David, and anecdotes and words of appreciation by some of the contributors and other professional colleagues are collected here.
The materials innovation ecosystem: A key enabler for the Materials Genome Initiative

The US Materials Genome Initiative (MGI) has emphasized the need to accelerate the discovery and development of materials to maintain industry competitiveness in new and existing markets. While largely interpreted as an initiative arising from the materials community, it is important to address the coupling of materials with manufacturing and all other relevant aspects of product development in order to maximize its impact. The dual thrusts of Integrated Computational Materials Engineering and the MGI represent a long-term vision of industry, academic, and government stakeholders. The goal is to build a new kind of coupled experimental, computational, and data sciences infrastructure. The emphasis is on high-throughput methods to accelerate historical sequential processes of serendipitous materials discovery and largely empirical materials development by leveraging computation and modern data sciences and analytics. The notion of a materials innovation ecosystem is introduced as the framework in which to pursue acceleration of discovery and development of materials consisting of various elements of data sciences, design optimization, manufacturing scale-up and automation, multiscale modeling, and uncertainty quantification with verification and validation.
Values, Positivism, and the Functional Theory of Religion: The Growth of a Moral Dilemma

A MERICAN sociology, like other American social sciences, has its roots deep in the nineteenth century moral concern for the welfare of man. Many of its early methods of data gathering were simply an effort to be "scientific" in securing practical knowledge for solving "social problems." Many of its first practitioners were men of the gospel. Even those who were rationalistic critics of religion had no doubts that moral values were real and possessed their own validity. The builders of theoretical systems, Giddings, Ward, and even Sumner, included concepts of good and evil in their "scientific" theories. All sociologists looked on sociology as a means of discriminating among values. The first serious blow to the moral certainty of the new science came with the diffusion of German
Fluid-structure coupling - Extensions and improvements

The requirement to deal with arbitrarily complex fluid and structural models, geometries and discretization techniques, introduces a number of problems associated to the transfer of information between the coupled programs. We study the transfer of loads from the fluid to the solid, the transfer of deformations from the solid to the fluid and the synchronization of the solutions. For the time integration, explicit and implicit loose coupling schemes are considered. Although the discussions are centered on fluid-structure interaction problems, the techniques presented are of a general character. Therefore, they can also be applied in other multidisciplinary fields.