cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delay Compensation in Integrated Communication and Control Systems: Part I -- Conceptual Development and Analysis

Large-scale dynamical systems, such as advanced aircraft, spacecraft, and autonomous manufacturing plants, require high-speed and reliable communications between the individual components and subsystems for decision-making and control. This can be accomplished by Integrated Communication and Control Systems (ICCS) which use asynchronous time-division-multiplexed networks. However, these networks introduce randomly varying delays. The two-part paper presents the concept, analysis, implementation, and verification of a method for compensating delays that are distributed between the sensor(s), controller, and actuator(s) within a control loop. In this paper, which is the first of two parts, the delay compensation algorithm is formulated and analyzed. The above algorithm is implemented in the second part, and it is verified by experimentation at an IEEE 802.4 network testbed as well as by simulation of the flight control system of an advanced aircraft.
Sensor modeling and simulation: can it pass the Turing test?

The VIMS workshop encompasses both virtual instruments and "virtual sensors", but historically the latter are hardly represented in the program. This paper is not so much a research report as a friendly challenge to the VIMS community to begin thinking actively and creatively about this complementary aspect of our theme. In particular, it raises the question of what and how much we need to build into a virtual sensor agent for it to pass something analogous to the Turing test, i.e., for a virtual sensor, as a "black-box", to be indistinguishable from a real sensor.
A novel surface protein of Trichomonas vaginalis is regulated independently by low iron and contact with vaginal epithelial cells.

Background Trichomonosis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis is the number one, non-viral sexually transmitted disease (STD) that affects more than 250 million people worldwide. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) has been implicated in resistance to mucosal infections by pathogens. No reports are available of IgA-reactive proteins and the role, if any, of this class of antibody in the control of this STD. The availability of an IgA monoclonal antibody (mAb) immunoreactive to trichomonads by whole cell (WC)-ELISA prompted us to characterize the IgA-reactive protein of T. vaginalis.
A Model for LNG Tank Rollover

Rollover has occurred in several liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tanks. In all rollover cases described in the literature [1–3] an unusually large amount of methane vapor evolved very rapidly. In one of the most dramatic cases, the La Spezia rollover of 1971 [1], the consequent overpressure exceeded the nominal tank design pressure, but was relieved promptly by the opening of safety valves. Whereas the threat of rollover to the integrity of properly operated LNG storage facilities is very remote, the loss of valuable methane gas through large-scale venting during a rollover and the potential environmental impact may be undesirable.
Destruction and Creative Integration of Linguistic Theory

The Said and the Unsaid: Mind, Meaning, and Culture. Stephen A. Tyler. Language, Thought, and Culture: Advances in the Study of Cognition.
A Measure of Safety Effectiveness

Managerial decisions concerning safety programs are often made using accident rates as a criterion of safety effectiveness. This paper describes a concept based on the Poisson process that may provide a better criterion of safety effectiveness than presently used accident rates. Results indicate this conceptual model may be more sensitive than accident rates in determining overall safety effectiveness and hazard reduction.
Family Medicine Research: Status at the End of the First Decade

In a national survey of family medicine university units and residencies, 549 MD and 135 PhD faculty pursuing family medicine research were identified. Resources available for research were assessed, as were practice data system characteristics. The practice base nationally of programs pursuing research included 2.6 million patients from 1 million families, making 5.1 million visits per year. Common major impediments to research reported by programs included lack of faculty time (78%), lack of funding for faculty (61%) or staff, equipment and supplies (48%), and lack of research skill (45%) and role models (43%). The annual amount of all research grants received for calendar year 1979 was $3.4 million, of which $2.6 million was from federal government sources. This represented 0.06% of the federal health research effort. Continued development of family medicine research will require increased funding support both for research and research training. ( JAMA 1983;249:63-68)
Aeroelastic Loads and Sensitivity Analysis for Structural Loads Optimization

An aeroelastic integrated loads subsystem (AILS) is being developed and verified for the calculation of aeroelastic loads for analysis and design. AILS will fit within the aeroelastic design optimization program. The purpose of AILS is to integrate the maneuver and gust loads calculation process with structural analysis and optimization. AILS' active control capabilities and analytical sensitivity analysis will allow a simultaneous optimization of loads, structures, and active load alleviation system with flutter and other aeroelastic constraints. This first version of AILS includes a linear analysis for steady maneuver and unsteady aeroserv oelastic gust loads and their sensitivities to structural design variables and control parameters. AILS static aeroelastic analysis offers 1) full aircraft aeroelastic trim using aircraft angles of attack and sideslip, control-surface deflections, and/or motion rates and accelerations; 2) balanced distributed aeroelastic loads; 3) stress-based critical loads selection; 4) wing jig shape calculations for a specified nominal cruise wing shape and loading; 5) static aeroelastic stability and control derivatives and control effectiveness; and 6) static aeroelastic load sensitivities to structural design variables with constrained or variable nominal cruise shape to be used in optimization. The aeroservoelastic gust load capabilities in AILS include 1) random frequency response analysis for displacement, velocity, acceleration, element force, and stress; 2) flight control and active load alleviation system; 3) calculation of rms and zero-crossing frequency; and 4) analytical derivative of random gust response to control gains. These analyses are compared with MSC/NASTRAN and a proprietary dynamic analysis program (C4EZ). The results of comparisons for the static aeroelastic and gust response analyses of AILS are shown for two commercial transport aircraft: one is a wide-body subsonic transport and the other is a high-speed civil transport configuration at subsonic conditions. The static loads and stability derivatives for two models are compared with MSC/NASTRAN for both aircraft, and gust loads are compared with a production gust-load analysis for the subsonic transport case. In all cases excellent agreement is obtained. Validation of AILS' load sensitivity calculations was done through comparison with the finite difference approach. Excellent agreement was obtained between analytical and numerical derivatives.
Livestock, land cover, and environmental history: The Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, 1820-1920

Abstract For southeastern Australia, arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 raises similar issues in environmental history as the 1492 landing of Columbus in the Americas. But Anglo-Australian settlement is younger and better documented, both in terms of scientific proxy data and historical sources, which include data on stocking rates that generally were light. Environmental concerns were voiced early, and a lively debate continues both among professionals and the lay public, with Australian geographers playing a major academic and applied role. This article addresses environmental degradation often attributed to early pastoralism (and implicit clearance) in the Tablelands of New South Wales. Methods include: (1) comparison of well-reported travel itineraries of 1817–1833 with modern land cover and stream channels; (2) critical reviews of high-resolution pollen profiles and the issues of Aboriginal vs. Anglo-Australian fire ecology; and (3) identification of soil erosion and gullying both before and after An...
Sensitivity-Enhanced MQ–HCN–CCH–TOCSY and MQ–HCN–CCH–COSY Pulse Schemes for 13C/15N Labeled RNA Oligonucleotides

Abstract Sensitivity enhanced multiple-quantum 3D HCN–CCH–TOCSY and HCN–CCH–COSY experiments are presented for the ribose resonance assignment of 13 C/ 15 N-labeled RNA sample. The experiments make use of the chemical shift dispersion of N1/N9 of pyrimidine/purine to distinguish the ribose spin systems. They provide a complementary approach for the assignment of ribose resonance to the currently used HCCH–COSY and HCCH–TOCSY type experiments in which either 13 C or 1 H is utilized to separate the different ribose spin systems. The pulse schemes have been demonstrated on a 23-mer 13 C/ 15 N-labeled RNA aptamer complexed with neomycin and tested on a 32-mer RNA complexed with a 23-residue peptide.
In the Heart or in the Head: Relationship and Cognitive Influences on Sexual Risk Among Young Couples

Few studies examine how relationship factors influence sexual risk. We investigated gender differences of the influence of relationship functioning on sexual risk behavior and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among 296 young pregnant couples. Compared to women, men were twice as likely to have a concurrent partner, were less likely to intend to be monogamous in the future, had less HIV/STI knowledge and more perceived risk for HIV/STI, negative attitudes and efficacy toward condom use (all P < 0.05). For men, poor relationship functioning related to less intentions to be monogamous, more partner concurrency, worse sexual communication, and more condom use. For women, poor relationship functioning related to worse sexual communication and less condom use. In addition, women who had good relationship functioning and women who had partners with poor relationship functioning were more likely to have an STI. These results demonstrate the need to include heterosexual men and relationship factors in HIV prevention.
Evisceration of mouse vitreous and retina for proteomic analyses.

While the mouse retina has emerged as an important genetic model for inherited retinal disease, the mouse vitreous remains to be explored. The vitreous is a highly aqueous extracellular matrix overlying the retina where intraocular as well as extraocular proteins accumulate during disease.1-3 Abnormal interactions between vitreous and retina underlie several diseases such as retinal detachment, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy.1,4 The relative mouse vitreous volume is significantly smaller than the human vitreous (Figure 1), since the mouse lens occupies nearly 75% of its eye.5 This has made biochemical studies of mouse vitreous challenging. In this video article, we present a technique to dissect and isolate the mouse vitreous from the retina, which will allow use of transgenic mouse models to more clearly define the role of this extracellular matrix in the development of vitreoretinal diseases.
Data and Safety Monitoring Boards: Some Enduring Questions

Data Safety and Monitoring Boards (DSMBs) have been referred to as a “growth industry,” and this trend continues to be fueled by recent FDA guidance and the NIH's requirement that DSMBs be employed in virtually all phase III clinical trials. The widening role of DSMBs has been sporadically questioned on ethical grounds, but growth has continued, despite the fact that many of the questions endure, unanswered, save for repeated references to safeguarding the scientific integrity of trials. This may be about to change. The recently appointed director of the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP), Jerry Menikoff, is on record as regarding current practices — where consent forms often promise what the DSMB has been assembled to specifically not provide — as constituting fraudulent behavior. That is, a subject may inherently rely on, to their detriment, information that has been misrepresented in the consent document. In this paper, we assemble some of the enduring questions and top them off with Menikoff's tour de force to present what we hope will be a compelling argument to require that consent forms fairly represent what the DSMB will do — and not do — with trial data as they accumulate. We argue that DSMBs should be used only in rare circumstances, and question the practice of precluding principal investigators from DSMB membership, but our main thrust is to ensure that DSMBs, when used at all, are properly described in trial consent forms.
Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis—lessons learned: a regulator's perspective

Abstract Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is a powerful, rational and attractive tool for decision-making. It is capable of absorbing and integrating a wide range of information and judgement and their associated uncertainties into a flexible framework that permits the application of societal goals and priorities. Unfortunately, its highly integrative nature can obscure those elements which drive the results, its highly quantitative nature can lead to false impressions of accuracy, and its open embrace of uncertainty can make decision-making difficult. Addressing these problems can only help to increase its use and make it more palatable to those who need to assess seismic hazard and utilize the results.
Generalized Ewens–Pitman model for Bayesian clustering

We propose a Bayesian method for clustering from discrete data structures that commonly arise in genetics and other applications. This method is equivariant with respect to relabelling units; unsampled units do not interfere with sampled data; and missing data do not hinder inference. Cluster inference using the posterior mode performs well on simulated and real datasets, and the posterior predictive distribution enables supervised learning based on a partial clustering of the sample.
The kinetics of cone visual pigments in man

Abstract Rushton's general kinetic equation for human cone pigments is tested by estimating the photolysis rate at equilibrium from the initial photolysis rate and comparing it to the equilibrium rate of regeneration measured immediately after the bleaching light is turned off. Thirty-seven experiments carried out at a variety of intermediate bleaches confirm the validity of this equation. The hypothesis that the regeneration rate depends upon the store of 11- cis retinal leads to the expectation that recovery from a prolonged weak bleach will proceed with a shorter time constant than recovery from a long intense bleach, and this is not found. This could happen if even the prolonged weak bleach depleted the 11- cis store but this possibility is excluded by an experiment in which recovery is measured following 5 sec full bleaching which follows straight on a prolonged weak one. Why recovery from short full bleaches proceed twice as fast as recovery from long full ones remains unexplained.
Thermosensitive conductivity of CdS thin film

In this paper, deposition of CdS thin films by thermal evaporation was made using high purity CdS powders as the source material. It is found that the electrical conductivity of thermal evaporated CdS thin films is very sensitive to heat. The change of surface temperature of this material leads to the significant increase in its electrical conductivity as shown by the relationship of temperature and electrical resistance. It is concluded that such a temperature-sensitive conductive behavior comes from the thermally-activated electron ejection in CdS.
Synthesis of macromolecules in synchronously dividing bacteria

Abstract 1. I. A population of synchronously dividing Eschericha coli B was obtained by a filtration method which does not appear to alter the metabolism of the bacteria. 2. 2. In such a synchronous bacterial population it was found that the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, protein, and induced β-galactosidase proceeded exponentially and continuously throughout the entire division cycle.
Improvements in an articulator clutch design and registration.

The TMJ articulator (TMJ Instrument Co., Santa Ana, Calif.) is representative of the class of fully adjustable or stereographic instruments. It strives to simplify precision articulator use by substituting customized fossa reproduction for the relatively laborious and sometimes error-prone record transfer and programming of digitally set, fully adjustable articulators. Recording and registration of mandibular movements both occur intraorally on the mandibular clutch. The maxillary and mandibular clutches, with their broad functional surfaces and central bearing point space, present a formidable volume for practical placement and use in the mouth. Although useful information can be obtained reasonably from individuals with large orifices and oral cavities, the same cannot be said for others, and perhaps most patients. In addition, the poly(methy1 methacrylate) stereographic
The Institution of Tipping as a Source of Employee Agency: The Case of Restaurant Servers

Authors have called for concerted scholarship on how service workers strategically express agency in their work. This article furthers our knowledge of service workers' experiences by analyzing qualitative data derived from in-depth interviews in which restaurant servers discussed how they experience the labor process of serving. We delineate the various ways servers exercise control in an otherwise constraining and emotionally demanding field. We find that servers experience considerable “interactive control” in their dealing with customers by employing techniques strategically to manipulate patrons' dining experiences. Much of servers' behavior is an adaptation to their dependency on patrons' tips. Thus, we advance Rosenthal's (2004) conception of management control as an employee resource rather than a constraint by locating servers' opportunity to express agency within the context of the institution of tipping.
Rayleigh–Bénard instability in a vertical cylinder with a rotating magnetic field

This paper presents a linear stability analysis for the Rayleigh-Benard convection in a finite-length, vertical cylinder with a rotating magnetic field. The vertical wall of the cylinder is adiabatic, and planar top and bottom walls are isothermal with a higher temperature at the bottom. The stabilizing effects of the rotating magnetic field are studied for four values of the Prandtl number. Results for one Prandtl number are compared to previously published experimental results.
A Broken Fantasy of Public–Private Partnerships

One of the first collections of empirical studies on the international experience with public private partnerships (PPPs), The Challenge of Public?Private Partnerships: Learning from Interna tional Experience raises several crucial issues that chal lenge the effectiveness of PPPs. It does a good job of organizing scattered research on a complicated topic, examining partnerships in historical, political, and economic contexts, and pointing out major defects in previous studies. The editors have assembled an all-star cast of contributors to accomplish three major goals relating to PPPs: to reexamine the huge range of definitions, to review the international experience and learn from the outcomes, and to call for more careful and balanced assessment.
A problem of Cayley from 1857 and how he could have solved it

Abstract In a paper of 1857 Cayley suggests the problem of determining all the symmetric functions of the common solutions of a linear/cubic homogeneous system of ternary equations, as functions of the coefficients of the equations. We show how Cayley could have solved the problem himself if he had taken another look at it. All the facts necessary for the solution were known to Cayley, including a crucial formula known as Cayley’s Identity. We study the problem by mixing techniques from vector symmetric function theory with techniques from the study of determinants and permanents. We develop some new formulas for determinants of matrices which arise by the Hadamard or pointwise product from other matrices.
The Changing Spatial Concentration of America's Rural Poor Population*

This paper documents changing patterns of concentrated poverty in nonmetro areas. Data from the Decennial U.S. Census Summary Files show that poverty rates--both overall and for children--declined more rapidly in nonmetro than metro counties in the 1990s. The 1990s also brought large reductions in the number of high-poverty nonmetro counties and declines in the share of rural people, including rural poor people, who were living in them. This suggests that America's rural pockets of poverty may be "drying up" and that spatial inequality in nonmetro America declined over the 1990s, at least at the county level. On a less optimistic note, concentrated poverty among rural minorities remains exceptionally high. Roughly one-half of all rural blacks and one-third of rural Hispanics live in poor counties. Poor minorities are even more highly concentrated in poor areas. Rural children--especially rural minority children--have poverty rates well above national and nonmetro rates, the concentration of rural minority children is often extreme (i.e., over 80% lived in high-poverty counties), and the number of nonmetro counties with high levels of persistent child poverty remains high (over 600 counties). Rural poor children may be more disadvantaged than ever, especially if measured by their lack of access to opportunities and divergence with children living elsewhere. Patterns of poverty among rural children--who often grow up to be poor adults-- suggest that recent declines in concentrated rural poverty may be short-lived. Language: en
Dynamic Paternity Allocation as a Function of Male Plumage Color in Barn Swallows

Paternity in male animals can be influenced by their phenotypic signals of quality. Accordingly, the behavior underlying patterns of paternity should be flexible as signals of quality change. To evaluate the dynamics of paternity allocation, we analyzed paternity before and after manipulating plumage coloration, a known signal of quality, in male barn swallows Hirundo rustica. We found that, in successive breeding bouts, only males whose plumage color was experimentally enhanced received greater paternity from their social mates, demonstrating evidence for flexible and dynamic paternity allocation and the importance for males of maintaining signals of quality well after pair bond formation.
High dynamic range integrated 10 Gb/s receiver

We report performance characteristics for High Dynamic Range Integrated (HDRI) 10 Gb/s receiver. The receiver is based on hybrid integration of a MEMS actuator and 10 Gb/s photodetector in a differential output coplanar package. A free space micro-optics approach provides a compact coupling scheme with minimal insertion loss and packaging complexity. The presented integration concept is compatible with both P-I-N and avalanche photodiodes (APD). When packaged with an APD, the HDRI 10 Gb/s receiver demonstrates a dynamic range in excess of 40 dB with typical back-to-back sensitivity of -25 dBm with a 2 31 -1 PRBS 10 Gb/s data stream using NRZ format. The HDRI receiver provides a cost-effective alternative to a discretely packaged variable optical attenuator (VOA) and 10 Gb/s receiver combination, resulting in substantial reduction in size, fiber management, and total insertion loss. The HDRI receiver may be used in both long haul and dynamic metro networks.
COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY INCLUDING INTRAOPERATIVE ELECTRON IRRADIATION FOR LOCALLY RECURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER

Purpose To evaluate survival, relapse patterns, and prognostic factors in patients with colorectal cancer relapse treated with curative-intent therapy, including intraoperative electron radiation therapy (IOERT). Methods and Materials From April 1981 through January 2008, 607 patients with recurrent colorectal cancer received IOERT as a component of treatment. IOERT was preceded or followed by external radiation (median dose, 45.5 Gy) in 583 patients (96%). Resection was classified as R0 in 227 (37%), R1 in 224 (37%), and R2 in 156 (26%). The median IOERT dose was 15 Gy (range, 7.5–30 Gy). Results Median overall survival was 36 months. Five- and 10-year survival rates were 30% and 16%, respectively. Survival estimates at 5 years were 46%, 27%, and 16% for R0, R1, and R2 resection, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that R0 resection, no prior chemotherapy, and more recent treatment (in the second half of the series) were associated with improved survival. The 3-year cumulative incidence of central, local, and distant relapse was 12%, 23%, and 49%, respectively. Central and local relapse were more common in previously irradiated patients and in those with subtotal resection. Toxicity Grade 3 or higher partially attributable to IOERT was observed in 66 patients (11%). Neuropathy was observed in 94 patients (15%) and was more common with IOERT doses exceeding 12.5 Gy. Conclusions Long-term survival and disease control was achievable in patients with locally recurrent colorectal cancer. Continued evaluation of curative-intent, combined-modality therapy that includes IOERT is warranted in this high-risk population.
The effects of bicarbonate and hydroxyl ions on chloride transport by toad bladders

Abstract The association between Cl−, HCO3− and H+ transport by toad bladders was investigated. Net mucosal to serosal Cl− transport by Colombian toad bladders was stimulated by incubation in HCO3−-free solutions. In addition, when Colombian or Dominican toad bladders were exposed to low HCO3− concentrations on the mucosal side and 25 mM HCO3− on the serosal side, net mucosal → serosal Cl− transport was induced. Neither acetazolamide nor cyanide significantly inhibited Cl− transport under these conditions. The presence of a pH gradient, more acid on the mucosal side, also induced net mucosal → serosal Cl− transport. The results suggest that Cl− transport by toad bladders may occur by exchange with HCO3− or OH−; this process may not require carbonic anhydrase or oxidative metabolism. The Cl− transport by toad bladders is qualitatively different from the electrogenic Cl− transport of the thick limb of Henle's loop, but may be similar to a process which occurs in other portions of the nephron.
From a thick to a thin supergravity domain wall

Within D=4, N=1 supergravity theory we obtain an effective theory of the thin wall limit for a flat domain wall configuration, interpolating between isolated supersymmetric extrema of the matter potential. We focus on the Z{sub 2} symmetric flat wall and derive the supersymmetric effective action both in the bulk and on the wall; in the thin wall limit the scalar field, forming the wall, is frozen, and provides the delta function domain wall source, while its fermionic partner decouples due to its large mass. In addition, the interaction between the gravitational supermultiplet and the interaction of the matter multiplet decouples on the wall. While the results are explicitly demonstrated within N=1, D=4 supergravity, we also provide a generalization of the result to D dimensions.
Defect suppression and enhancement of minority carrier lifetimes in bulk GaAs

Abstract Hole diffusion lengths ( L p ) of 2.6 μm have been obtained in bulk ( 1 × 10 17 cm −3 doped) GaAs specimens by using a simple process involving annealing at 950 °C in evacuated quartz ampoules. Increases in L p of factors of 2 – 3 have been observed in both tellurium-doped liquid encapsulated Czochralski and silicon-doped horizontal Bridgman material subjected to such treatment. These increases in L p have been found to result in substantial increases in current collection in electrochemical test cell structures (26% increase for white light illumination, 65% increase for sub-bandgap illumination). Studies of the changes in defect structure which result from the anneals have shown that two defects, HCX ( E v + 0.29 eV ) and HCZ ( E v + 0.57 eV ), are effective recombination centers in n-type GaAs.
A constructive neural network algorithm for function approximation using locally fit sigmoids

A study of the function approximation capabilities of single hidden layer neural networks strongly motivates the investigation of constructive learning techniques as a means of realizing established error bounds. Learning characteristics employed by constructive algorithms provide ideas for development of new algorithms applicable to the function approximation problem. In addition, constructive techniques offer efficient methods for network construction and weight determination. The development of a novel neural network algorithm, the Constructive Locally Fit Sigmoids (CLFS) function approximation algorithm, is presented in detail. Basis functions of global extent (piecewise linear sigmoidal functions) are locally fit to the target function, resulting in a pool of candidate hidden layer nodes from which a function approximation is obtained. This algorithm provides a methodology of selecting nodes in a meaningful way from the infinite set of possibilities and synthesizes an n node single hidden layer network with empirical and analytical results that strongly indicate an O(1/n) mean squared training error bound under certain assumptions. The algorithm operates in polynomial time in the number of network nodes and the input dimension. Empirical results demonstrate its effectiveness on several multidimensional function approximate problems relative to contemporary constructive and nonconstructive algorithms.
Automated merging of conflicting knowledge bases, using a consistent, majority-rule approach with knowledge-form maintenance

This paper discusses an automated process of merging conflicting information from disparate sources into a combined knowledge base. The algorithm provided generates a mathematically consistent, majority-rule merging by assigning weights to the various sources. The sources may be either conflicting portions of a single knowledge base or multiple knowledge bases. Particular attention is paid to maintaining the original rule format of the knowledge, while ensuring logical equivalence. This preservation of rule format keeps the knowledge in a more intuitive implication form as opposed to a collection of clauses with many possible logical roots. It also facilitates tracking using the support for each deductive result so that final knowledge in rule form can be ascribed back to original experts. As the approach is fairly involved mathematically, an automated procedure is developed.
Nd:YAG laser transmission through enamel and dentin

Laser energy transmission through enamel and dentin may effect pulpal safety. In this research, energy transmission was measured by placing enamel and dentin samples directly on an optical detector (both specular and diffuse transmission). Recently-extracted non-carious third molars were cut at thicknesses of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 (+/- 0.25) mm. Laser exposure was effected using a pulsed contact-delivered infrared Nd:YAG laser with 320 micrometers fiberoptic probe, moved continuously across the surface for 30 seconds per measurement. Transmitted energy was measured following every 50 pulses; three replications were performed per treatment condition. Power was applied on enamel and dentin at 8 parameters: 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 W with frequency of 10 Hz and at 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 W with frequency of 20 Hz (total measurements n equals 864). Multifactor ANOVA confirmed that transmission through enamel was greater than through dentin. Energy transmission increased with both power and frequency. In enamel, transmission decreased as thickness increased. The most significant determinant of energy transmission was the incident surface energy per pulse. Means for samples 0.5 mm thick, at 1 W, 10 Hz: in enamel, 53% of the laser energy was transmitted through the sample, compared with 14% through dentin. For samples 2.0 mm thick: in enamel, 38% of the laser energy was transmitted compared with 17% in dentin.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Calculation of phase diagrams and simulation of segregation using Monte Carlo with lattice relaxation

Abstract In order to model solids with strong internal elastic deformations a combination of Monte Carlo (MC) and lattice relaxation was developed. Using this method the phase diagrams corresponding to EAM potentials for Fe–Ni and Fe–Cu were determined and segregation to an edge dislocation and a grain boundary were simulated. In the case of the dislocation the resulting critical shear stress was calculated.
Development and validation of the functional assessment of cancer therapy–antiangiogenesis subscale

The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT)–Antiangiogenesis (AntiA) Subscale was developed and validated to enhance treatment decision-making and side effect management for patients receiving anti-angiogenesis therapies. Side effects related to anti-angiogenesis therapies were identified from the literature, clinician input, and patient input. Fifty-nine possible patient expressions of side effects were generated. Patient and clinician ratings of the importance of these expressions led us to develop a 24-item questionnaire with clinical and research potential. To assess the scale's reliability and validity, 167 patients completed the AntiA Subscale, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-general (FACT-G), the FACT-Kidney Symptom Index (FKSI), the FACIT-Fatigue Subscale, the Global Rating of Change Scale (GRC), and the PROMIS Global Health Scale. Patient responses to the AntiA were analyzed for internal consistency, test–retest reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and responsiveness to change in clinical status. All tested scales were found to have good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.70–0.92). Test–retest reliability was also good (0.72–0.88) for total and subscale scores and lower for individual items. The total score, subscale scores, and all single items (except nosebleeds) significantly differentiated between groups defined by level of side effect bother. Evaluation of responsiveness to change in this study was not conclusive, suggesting an area for further research. The AntiA is a reliable and valid measure of side effects from anti-angiogenesis therapy.
Scheduling independent projects against a single resource

Abstract In this paper we consider a problem of scheduling two or more independent projects against a single resource, whose availability may vary over time, so as to minimize the total penalty for project tardiness. A simple heuristic is proposed and a bound on its worst case performance is determined.
What Does a “Normal” Human Genome Look Like?

![Figure][1] CREDIT: WIKIMEDIA COMMONS During the past 10 years, we have had our first glimpse of why individuals differ so much from one another. This is not the right place to revisit the nature-nurture wars or to reflect on the extent to which our impression of high phenotypic variability in humans is a narcissistic illusion. For the moment, let us just acknowledge the obvious: In any small group of people, we see a lot of variation in traits we care about—and not just those that affect health. Geneticists shy away from studying these traits—and for good reason. They prefer not to revisit a subject whose premature investigation accounted for the worst moments of their young science. Nonetheless, questions about the genetic basis of variability among generally healthy humans will not go away. Public fascination alone will keep it alive, as will the realization that genetics is unlikely to revolutionize medicine until we develop a better understanding of normal phenotypic variation. So, what have our first glimpses of variation in the genomes of generally healthy people taught us? First, balancing selection, the evolutionary process that favors genetic diversification rather than the fixation of a single “best” variant, appears to play a minor role outside the immune system. Local adaptation, which accounts for variation in traits such as pigmentation, dietary specialization, and susceptibility to particular pathogens is also a second-tier player. What is on the top tier? Increasingly, the answer appears to be mutations that are “deleterious” by biochemical or standard evolutionary criteria. These mutations, as has long been appreciated, overwhelmingly make up the most abundant form of nonneutral variation in all genomes. A model for human genetic individuality is emerging in which there actually is a “wild-type” human genome—one in which most genes exist in an evolutionarily optimized form. There just are no “wild-type” humans: We each fall short of this Platonic ideal in our own distinctive ways. [1]: pending:yes
Earth's Second Wind

One of the great mysteries of Earth history is why, after 3 billion years of evolution, about 600 million years ago (Ma), organisms emerged from the microscopic world and shortly thereafter developed skeletons and shells ( 1 ). Two prevalent hypotheses include climate cooling ( 2 ) and an increase in the oxygen content of the ocean ( 3 ). To date, the best evidence in support of the oxygen theory has been the size of animals themselves: Larger animals have higher oxygen demands that can only be met by oxygen-rich waters. Now Dahl et al. ( 4 ) present independent proxy evidence for an increase of oceanic (and by inference, atmospheric) oxygen concentrations— from levels below the lower limit for large animals, to levels above—at about 550 Ma. This second rise of oxygen follows nearly 2 billion years after the well-documented first “Great Oxidation Event” (GOE) at about 2400 Ma.
Optimizing the common-randomness secret key rate in beamformed communication systems

Generating key bits with multiple antenna systems has the potential to dramatically increase the rate at which key bits can be generated. For beamforming systems, this work considers how to probe the channel to maximize the mutual information between channel estimates. For these systems, we provide an optimal probing strategy that uses the eigenvectors of the channel correlation matrix as probing vectors and then optimally allocates the transmission energy to each vector. Since this strategy cannot be implemented in practice, we also propose a practical channel estimation scheme that achieves near-optimal performance. Simulations demonstrate the performance advantage of the proposed strategy relative to that achieved using traditional channel estimation in which the total energy is equally allocated to all probing vectors.
Measurement of Shorting Currents from a Theta-Pinch Plasma

Shorting currents from a theta-pinch plasma were measured by observing the azimuthal magnetic field, ${B}_{\ensuremath{\theta}}$, outside the compression coil. The total current and the radial distribution of the current agree well with values predicted by a theoretical rigid-rotor model.
Effects of adrenergic nervous system and catecholamines on systemic and renal hemodynamics, sodium and water excretion and renin secretion

The influences of the adrenergic nervous system on various organ systems in the body are protean. No attempt will be made in this review to survey these many effects; but rather the focus will be on the specific influences that adrenergic tone and catecholamines exert on systemic and renal hemodynamics, the excretion of sodium and water excretion and the secretion of renin. Where possible, emphasis will be placed on the integration of these functions into a ideologically oriented system of control of systemic hemodynamics and of body fluid volume and composition, including the implications for the pathogenesis of disease states.
Hypoellipticity on the Heisenberg group

Abstract Let P be a left-invariant differential operator on the Heisenberg group H n , P homogeneous with respect to the dilations on H n . We show that a necessary and sufficient condition for the hypoellipticity of P is that π ( P ) be an injective operator for every irreducible unitary representation π of H n (except the trivial representation). Furthermore, hypoellipticity is preserved if the homogeneous operator P is perturbed by terms of lower order of homogeneity. (Homogeneity means homogeneity with respect to dilations of H n .) It is also shown that if P is homogeneous, left-invariant and hypoelliptic on H n , then its formal adjoint is hypoelliptic.
Bolton-Hunter reagent as a vital stain for developing systems

Abstract The Bolton-Hunter reagent, N-succinimidyl 3-(4-hydroxy, 5-[125I]iodophenyl)propionate, was used as a vital stain for developing amphibian and tunicate embryos and for isolated cells (human erythrocytes and cultured chick limb mesenchymal cells). We found that the Bolton-Hunter reagent can be used on living cells at room temperature with techniques that are quite similar to the techniques routinely used to label isolated macromolecules in vitro. At concentrations of vital stain that were sufficient to label intracellular proteins in intact-cells, labeled cells underwent normal developmental sequences. Under these conditions, vital staining with the Bolton-Hunter reagent disproportionately labeled exterior proteins, and it seems likely that the Bolton-Hunter reagent is an especially good vital stain for cell surface and cell membrane proteins. The Bolton-Hunter stain is covalently bound, is not reutilizable, and appears not to disrupt natural physiological and developmental processes. Thus, we used the Bolton-Hunter reagent to follow the natural life spans of proteins in vivo and we were able to distinguish particularly long-lived proteins in Xenopus embryos.
Thermochemical Determinations by the Kinetic Method with Direct Entropy Correction

The kinetic method, which is based on the competitive dissociations of mass-selected cluster ions, has been increasingly applied in thermochemical determination mainly due to its simplicity and sensitivity. Its use, however, is limited by the requirement that the reference and unknown compounds be similar in structure. To address this limitation, entropic contributions are considered explicitly here. This allows the method to be applied in cases where neither the assumption of zero protonation entropy difference of the standard form nor the precondition of constant protonation entropy difference of the extended version of the method is satisfied. The validity of the proposed procedure for entropy correction is examined using urea as the test compound, and amides, ketones, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and polyols as the reference bases. Afters but not beforesappropriate entropy correction, the results show a linear correlation of the logarithm of the branching ratio versus proton affinity. Using data obtained as a function of collision energy, a second plot of the intercepts versus the slopes of the initial graph yields a value for the urea proton affinity (PA) of 868.4 ( 2.5 kJ/mol, a gas-phase basicity (GB) of 838.7 ( 3.0 kJ/mol, and a protonation entropy (¢Sp )o f 9.4( 0.5 J/mol‚K. Experiments using different functionalized reference bases give similar results. The reported procedure extends the capabilities of the kinetic method in making thermochemical measurements and can be applied to the measurement of reaction entropies, provided enthalpies are known.
Precipitability of small quantities of cell constituents and metabolites as insoluble radioactive compounds

Abstract The reported data show that many metabolites and cell constituents even in considerable dilution may be precipitated by soluble salts of thorium, lanthanum and uranium. Characterization of the resulting compounds is facilitated if the precipitants and possibly also the substances to be precipitated are radioactive.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a heart in need of an energy bar?

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has been recently recognized as the most common inherited cardiovascular disorder, affecting 1 in 500 adults worldwide. HCM is characterized by myocyte hypertrophy resulting in thickening of the ventricular wall, myocyte disarray, interstitial and/or replacement fibrosis, decreased ventricular cavity volume and diastolic dysfunction. HCM is also the most common cause of sudden death in the young. A large proportion of patients diagnosed with HCM have mutations in sarcomeric proteins. However, it is unclear how these mutations lead to the cardiac phenotype, which is variable even in patients carrying the same causal mutation. Abnormalities in calcium cycling, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and energetic deficiency have been described, constituting the basis of therapies in experimental models of HCM and HCM patients. This review focuses on evidence supporting the role of cellular metabolism and mitochondria in HCM.
SU-E-J-157: Simulation and Design of a Real-Time 6D Head Motion Compensation Platform Based on a Stewart Platform Approach.

Purpose: Real‐time sub‐millimeter head motion compensation during frameless SRS delivery has the potential to achieve the accuracy of frame‐based SRS while being significantly less invasive. Previously, we demonstrated real‐time 6D head motion monitoring using an optical camera, however, at the time we were limited to only 3D (x‐y‐z) of head motion correction due to mechanical restrictions of the head platform. In this work we investigate the feasibility of using a compact 6D robotic Stewart platform (hexapod) placed under the patient's head to perform both translational and rotational motion compensation in real‐time. Benefits of a hexapod approach over a conventional serial kinematics stage include less flex, compactness, high force to weight ratio, and fast response times. Methods: A hexapod is a parallel robotics device consisting of two platforms connected by six linear actuators oriented at particular angles. To provide accurate motion in 6D, the desired position of the top platform (head) was ascertained using inverse kinematics. MATLAB was used to simulate the six actuator positions for performing motion along x‐y‐z‐phi ‐theta‐psi. Prior recorded 6D human volunteer head motion data was used as an input for simulation of motion compensation. Six Firgelli L12‐P linearservo actuators, together with a PCI‐7344 motion controller and Labview software, were used for initial construction of a hexapod prototype. Results: The necessary actuator lengths over time were computed for this data, simulating the required 6D movement of the hexapod for motion correction. Simulations on previously collected volunteer data indicate a hexapod system is capable of responding to subject head motion with corrections of precise movements, and solutions to the linear system can be computed at near real‐time speeds. Conclusions: Based on simulated results, it was successfully demonstrated that a hexapod device can compensate for small patient head motions along all six degrees of freedom.