cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Improvement to Stevenson's Derivation of Integral Equations for Waveguide Slot Analysis

Abstract Stevenson [1] used the scalar Green’s theorem to derive integral equations for the magnetic field everywhere in the guide. These integral equations involve convolutions of Green's functions with the tangential electric fields in the slot.In the derivation of these equations it was assumed that the fields were continuous and had continuous derivatives everywhere inside the guide including the slot. However, once the equations were written purely in terms of the tangential electric fields only, these continuity requirements were dropped. The change in assumptions during the analysis causes the final integral equation to be incompatible with the previously derived equations. This paper presents an analysis which does not use these continuity assumptions and so is self consistent. Another assumption that Stevenson made and which is not necessary is the requirement that the fields decay to zero at ±∞.
Bacterial biosensors for evaluating potential impacts of estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds in multiple species.

To study the effects and possible mechanisms of suspected endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), a wide variety of assays have been developed. In this work, we generated engineered Escherichia coli biosensor strains that incorporate the ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of the β-subtype estrogen receptors (ERβ) from Solea solea (sole), and Sus scrofa (pig). These strains indicate the presence of ligands for these receptors by changes in growth phenotype, and can differentiate agonist from antagonist and give a rough indication of binding affinity via dose-response curves. The resulting strains were compared with our previously reported Homo sapiens ERβ biosensor strain. In initial tests, all three of the strains correctly identified estrogenic test compounds with a high degree of certainly (Z′ typically greater than 0.5), including the weakly binding test compound bisphenol A (BPA) (Z′ ≈ 0.1–0.3). The modular design of the sensing element in this strain allows quick development of new species-based biosensors by simple LBD swapping, suggesting its use in initial comparative analysis of EDC impacts across multiple species. Interestingly, the growth phenotypes of the biosensor strains indicate similar binding for highly estrogenic control compounds, but suggest differences in ligand binding for more weakly binding EDCs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2013.
Masturbatory extinction of deviant sexual arousal: A case study

This report describes the treatment of a 27-year-old male heterosexual who exhibited strong sexual arousal to pedophilic and hebephilic, as well as adult female sexual stimuli. Treatment involved repeated presentation of examples of deviant sexual stimuli (via pictorial slides and audiotapes) in the absence of high-level sexual excitation and orgasm. Significant sexual excitation and orgasm in the presence of the deviant stimuli were avoided by having the patient masturbate to orgasm to normative stimuli, then immediately again to little or no nontactile sexual stimuli, immediately prior to 1 hour of exposures to the deviant classes of stimuli during which he engaged in physical self-stimulation of his genitalia. Across the following forty such treatment sessions, sexual arousal, assessed by strain-gauge monitoring of penile tumescence, diminished markedly in response to both pedophilic and hebephilic sexual stimuli, while arousal to adult female stimuli remained generally high. The interdependency of pedophilic and hebephilic arousal patterns was found higher than anticipated and rendered the planned multiple-baseline design into an AB design. This methodological error compromised unequivocal attribution of results. The proposed procedure is discussed within the context of classical conditioning and extinction.
Effects of caffeine use and ingestion on a protracted visual vigilance task.

College students (12 female, 12 male) were assigned to either higher caffeine user (HCU) or lower caffeine user (LCU) groups based on a caffeine usage survey. Prior to testing, subjects ingested either placebo or 195 or 325 mg caffeine. They then performed a visual vigilance task measuring response blocks, discrete response (hits and false alarms), reaction times, and a Mood Check List using a double-blind design. HCU made significantly fewer hits, more false alarms, and also responded faster than LCU. No significant main effects of caffeine administration were found. In the mood analyses, male subjects were more anxious at the end of the experiment. Overall, the user factor (HCU versus LCU) was the most potent experimental variable.
Rating Disabilities of Older Patients by Nurses and Social Workers on Geriatric Health Care Teams: A Research Note with Implications for Further Study

This article reports the results of an analysis of interprofessional agreements between nurses and social workers when rating older patients on their physical self-maintenance abilities, mental statuses, and dispositions to social interaction with other residents of a home for the aged. The findings showed statistically significant intercorrelations of ratings of physical self-maintenance abilities and mental statuses, but no agreement on disposition to interaction. These findings are interpreted for their implications for research and practices of nurses and social-workers on geriatric health care teams.
Structure of the set of stationary solutions of phase-lock equations in superconductivity

Abstract In previous article [M. Zhan, Phase-lock equations and its connections to Ginzburg–Landau equations of superconductivity, J. Nonlinear Anal. 42 (2000) 1063–1075], we introduced a system of equations (phase-lock equations) to model the superconductivity phenomena. We investigated its connection to Ginzburg–Landau equations and proved the existence and uniqueness of both weak and strong solutions. In this article, we study the steady-state problem associated with the phase-lock equations. We prove that the steady-state problem has multiple solutions and show that the solution set enjoys some structural properties as proved by Foias and Teman for the Navier–Stokes equations in [C. Foias, R. Teman, Structure of the set of stationary solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations, Commun. Pure Appl. Math. XXX (1977) 149–164].
Behavioral Effects of γ-Hydroxybutyrate, Its Precursor γ-Butyrolactone, and GABAB Receptor Agonists: Time Course and Differential Antagonism by the GABAB Receptor Antagonist 3-Aminopropyl(diethoxymethyl)phosphinic Acid (CGP35348)

γ-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is used therapeutically and recreationally. The mechanism by which GHB produces its therapeutic and recreational effects is not entirely clear, although GABAB receptors seem to play an important role. This role could be complex, because there are indications that different GABAB receptor mechanisms mediate the effects of GHB and the prototypical GABAB receptor agonist baclofen. To further explore possible differences in underlying GABAB receptor mechanisms, the present study examined the effects of GHB and baclofen on operant responding and their antagonism by the GABAB receptor antagonist 3-aminopropyl(diethoxymethyl)phosphinic acid (CGP35348). Pigeons were trained to peck a key for access to food during response periods that started at different times after the beginning of the session. In these pigeons, GHB, its precursor γ-butyrolactone (GBL), and the GABAB receptor agonists baclofen and 3-aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid hydrochloride (SKF97541) decreased the rate of responding in a dose- and time-dependent manner. CGP35348 shifted the dose-response curve of each agonist to the right, but the magnitude of the shift differed among the agonists. Schild analysis yielded a pA2 value of CGP35348 to antagonize GHB and GBL [i.e., 3.9 (3.7–4.2)] that was different (P = 0.0011) from the pA2 value to antagonize baclofen and SKF97541 [i.e., 4.5 (4.4–4.7)]. This finding is further evidence that the GABAB receptor mechanisms mediating the effects of GHB and prototypical GABAB receptor agonists are not identical. A better understanding of the similarities and differences between these mechanisms, and their involvement in the therapeutic effects of GHB and baclofen, could lead to more effective medications with fewer adverse effects.
Pharmacological studies of prepulse inhibition models of sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia: a decade in review.

Rationale: Patients with schizophrenia exhibit deficits in an operational measure of sensorimotor gating: prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle. Similar deficits in PPI are produced in rats by pharmacological or developmental manipulations. These experimentally induced PPI deficits in rats are clearly not animal models of schizophrenia per se, but appear to provide models of sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia patients that have face, predictive, and construct validity. In rodents, disruptions in PPI of startle are produced by: stimulation of D2 dopamine (DA) receptors, produced by amphetamine or apomorphine; activation of serotonergic systems, produced by serotonin (5-HT) releasers or direct agonists at multiple serotonin receptors; and blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, produced by drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP). Accordingly, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic models of disrupted PPI have evolved and have been applied to the identification of potential antipsychotic treatments. In addition, some developmental manipulations, such as isolation rearing, have provided non-pharmacological animal models of the PPI deficits seen in schizophrenia. Objective: This review summarizes and evaluates studies assessing the effects of systemic drug administrations on PPI in rats. Methods: Studies examining systemic drug effects on PPI in rats prior to January 15, 2001 were compiled and organized into six annotated appendices. Based on this catalog of studies, the specific advantages and disadvantages of each of the four main PPI models used in the study of antipsychotic drugs were critically evaluated. Results: Despite some notable inconsistencies, the literature provides strong support for significant disruptions in PPI in rats produced by DA agonists, 5-HT2 agonists, NMDA antagonists, and isolation rearing. Each of these models exhibits sensitivity to at least some antipsychotic medications. While the PPI model based on the effects of direct DA agonists is the most well-validated for the identification of known antipsychotics, the isolation rearing model also appears to be sensitive to both typical and atypical antipsychotics. The 5-HT PPI model is less generally sensitive to antipsychotic medications, but can provide insight into the contribution of serotonergic systems to the actions of newer antipsychotics that act upon multiple receptors. The deficits in PPI produced by NMDA antagonists appear to be more sensitive to clozapine-like atypical antipsychotics than to typical antipsychotics. Hence, despite some exceptions to this generalization, the NMDA PPI model might aid in the identification of novel or atypical antipsychotic medications. Conclusions: Studies of drug effects on PPI in rats have generated four distinctive models that have utility in the identification of antipsychotic medications. Because each of these models has specific advantages and disadvantages, the choice of model to be used depends upon the question being addressed. This review should help to guide such decisions.
Low frequency conductance and capacitance measurements on MOS capacitors in weak inversion

The analysis of capacitance and conductance measurements as a function of frequency on MOS capacitors biased in depletion is well understood. However, little information is available on such measurements for capacitors biased in weak inversion. In this work it is shown that approximations to the theory of surface state response lead to a very simple technique for obtaining the density of fast surface states as a function of energy in the weak inversion region. Low frequency conductance and capacitance measurements have been made on a number of MOS samples and analysis of the data yields Nss as a function of energy in excellent agreement with results obtained by other techniques. As expected, experimental results show that Nss in weak inversion depends strongly on the annealing treatment given the MOS samples. However, annealing is found to have a much greater effect in reducing Nss in weak inversion than at midgap. It is also shown that the depletion layer generation current in the majority of samples measured is due to surface state generation rather than bulk generation.
A mass spectrometric investigation of the plasma polymerization of methyltrimethoxysilane in an r.f. discharge

Abstract Quadrupole mass spectrometry was used to determine the chemical species present during r.f. discharges in methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS) and in MTMOS-Ar and MTMOS-O 2 mixtures. Hydrogen, low molecular weight (C 1 -C 3 ) hydrocarbons, aldehydes and alcohols and silicon-containing fragments arising from MTMOS decomposition were observed in discharges in MTMOS and in MTMOS-Ar mixtures. The major components of discharges in MTMOS-O 2 mixtures were found to be H 2 , OH, H 2 O, CO, CO 2 and residual oxygen. Discharges in MTMOS or in MTMOS-Ar mixtures deposited polyalkoxysiloxane films. Similar discharges in MTMOS-O 2 mixtures deposited oxygen-deficient vitreous silica films. All of these films had large internal stresses resulting from the plasma polymerization process. The use of argon as a carrier gas for MTMOS in the production of polyalkoxysiloxane coatings reduced this stress significantly.
River Notes: A Natural and Human History of the Colorado

Review of River Notes: A Natural and Human History of the Colorado . Wade Davis. 2012. Island Press. Pp. 176 $23.63 (Hardcover). ISBN 978‐1610913614.
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor-1 Receptor Activation Mediates Nicotine Withdrawal-Induced Deficit in Brain Reward Function and Stress-Induced Relapse

Background Tobacco addiction is a chronic brain disorder that is characterized by a negative affective state upon smoking cessation and relapse after periods of abstinence. Previous research has shown that blockade of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors with a nonspecific CRF 1 /CRF 2 receptor antagonist prevents the deficit in brain reward function associated with nicotine withdrawal and stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished nicotine-seeking in rats. The aim of these studies was to investigate the role of CRF 1 and CRF 2 receptors in the deficit in brain reward function associated with precipitated nicotine withdrawal and stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking. Methods The intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure was used to assess the negative affective state of nicotine withdrawal. Elevations in brain reward thresholds are indicative of a deficit in brain reward function. Stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking was investigated in animals in which responding for intravenously infused nicotine was extinguished by substituting saline for nicotine. Results In the ICSS experiments, the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine elevated the brain reward thresholds of the nicotine-dependent rats but not those of the control rats. The CRF 1 receptor antagonist R278995/CRA0450 but not the CRF 2 receptor antagonist astressin-2B prevented the elevations in brain reward thresholds associated with precipitated nicotine withdrawal. Furthermore, R278995/CRA0450 but not astressin-2B prevented stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished nicotine-seeking. Neither R278995/CRA0450 nor astressin-2B affected operant responding for chocolate-flavored food pellets. Conclusions These studies indicate that CRF 1 receptors but not CRF 2 receptors play an important role in the anhedonic-state associated with acute nicotine withdrawal and stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking.
Reduction of drinking-associated feeding by C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin

Water- but not food-deprived Wistar rats receiving 30-min access to water daily were presented with a novel almond extract solution 15 min following intraperitoneal injection of either 40 Units/kilogram of C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, vehicle, or 1.8 mEq/kg of LiCl. Drinking-associated feeding, but not fluid intake, was significantly reduced in the LiCl-octapeptide-injected group, and both fluid and food intakes were depressed in the LiCl-injected group. There was evidence of a conditioned taste aversion to the novel solution in a subsequent two-bottle test only in the LiCl-injected group. The results extend the generality of the feeding suppression effect of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin injection to a form of food intake by the rat other than deprivation-induced feeding. The absence of a detectable conditioned taste aversion to a novel flavor paired with octapeptide injection is attributed to a relatively low aversiveness of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin injection compared to other aversive agents such as LiCl.
Individualized Instruction: An Historical Perspective

AN IMPORTANT feature of the pedagogical section of the Twenty-Eighth Annual Kentucky Foreign Language Conference, April 2426, 1975, at the University of Kentucky was a Symposium on Individualized Instruction, held the second two days of the Conference. Organized by Professor Theodore Mueller of the University of Kentucky, the Symposium was chaired by Mr. Edmund Moomaw of the Southern Regional Education Board. The Symposium represented a major effort by the foreign language teaching profession to take a hard, second look at individualized instruction, both from theoretical and practical viewpoints. Not all possible views on the subject can, of course, be represented by only six individuals. The articles which follow are, however, quite broadly representative of the best current thinking on individualized instruction in foreign languages.
Liposome-Templated Supramolecular Assembly of Responsive Alginate Nanogels

Nanosized gel particles (nanogels) are of interest for a variety of applications, including drug delivery and single-molecule encapsulation. Here, we employ the cores of nanoscale liposomes as reaction vessels to template the assembly of calcium alginate nanogels. For our experiments, a liposome formulation with a high bilayer melting temperature (Tm) is selected, and sodium alginate is encapsulated in the liposomal core. The liposomes are then placed in an aqueous buffer containing calcium chloride, and the temperature is raised up to Tm. This allows permeation of Ca2+ ions through the bilayer and into the core, whereupon these ions gel the encapsulated alginate. Subsequently, the lipid bilayer covering the gelled core is removed by the addition of a detergent. The resulting alginate nanogels have a size distribution consistent with that of the template liposomes (ca. 120-200 nm), as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and light scattering. Nanogels of different average sizes can be synthesized by varying the template dimensions, and the gel size can be further tuned after synthesis by the addition of monovalent salt to the solution.
Probing the electronic structure of peptide bonds using methyl groups.

The observed V3 torsional barriers measured by microwave spectroscopy for nine methyl groups attached α to peptide bond linkages in five gas-phase biomimetics have been found to differ considerably from one molecule to the next and even depend on the position of substitution, being sensitive to structural changes at the other end of the peptide bond. In the search for an explanation for these results, ab initio calculations have been performed at the HF/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory and interpreted in terms of the natural bond orbitals and resonance structures of the peptide bond. These calculations reveal that resonance delocalization in peptide bonds is influenced by methyl conformation through the coupling of vicinal σ to σ* orbital interactions with the n to π*. Thus, CN double-bond character increases (and CO double-bond character decreases) as the methyl group is rotated from the syn to the anti position. A quasilinear correlation exists between the barriers to internal rotation of attached methyl g...
Pharmacological Correction of Gating Defects in the Voltage-Gated Cav2.1 Ca2+ Channel due to a Familial Hemiplegic Migraine Mutation

Voltage-gated ion channels exhibit complex properties, which can be targeted in pharmacological therapies for disease. Here, we report that the pro-oxidant, tert-butyl dihydroquinone (BHQ), modulates Ca(v)2.1 Ca²⁺ channels in ways that oppose defects in channel gating and synaptic transmission resulting from a familial hemiplegic migraine mutation (S218L). BHQ slows deactivation, inhibits voltage-dependent activation, and potentiates Ca²⁺-dependent facilitation of Ca(v)2.1 channels in transfected HEK293T cells. These actions of BHQ help offset the gain of function and reduced Ca²⁺-dependent facilitation of Ca(v)2.1 channels with the S218L mutation. Transgenic expression of the mutant channels at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction causes abnormally elevated evoked postsynaptic potentials and impaired synaptic plasticity, which are largely restored to the wild-type phenotypes by BHQ. Our results reveal a mechanism by which a Ca(v)2.1 gating modifier can ameliorate defects associated with a disease-causing mutation in Ca(v)2.1.
Observation of Topside Ionospheric MF/HF Radio Emission from Space

We present observations of MF/HF ionospheric radio emission observed between 4-7 R e in the terrestrial magnetosphere by the Wind spacecraft. During a perigee pass, and AKR episode, two distinct radio signatures are observed: an intense, sporadic emission near f ≃ 1.8 MHz, and a more steady and weaker emission near f ≃ 4.4 MHz. These emissions show characteristics similar to ground observations of ionospheric 'auroral roar', although to propagate to the spacecraft they must have been generated above the ionospheric F-layer peak. We suggest that the emissions are generated on the topside ionosphere where the condition f uh ≃ nf ce is met. These observations represent a new component of the natural terrestrial radio spectrum as viewed from space.
Amino acid changes provoked by streptomycin in a polypeptide synthesized in vitro.

The misincorporation of isoleucine provoked by streptomycin in a polyuridylate-directed incorporating system from Escherichia coli has been examined by a double-labeling technique with phenylalanine-3H and isoleucine-14C. The polypeptides synthesized are associated with 70S ribosomes and contain only phenylalanine in the absence of streptomycin, and both phenylalanine and isoleucine in the presence of the antibiotic. Results of acid hydrolysis and subsequent chymotryptic digestion of the polypeptides indicate that the misincorporated amino acid is inserted by peptide bonding with phenylalanine and is randomly distributed along the chain.
Modeling High Energy Density Electrical Inductors Operating at THz Frequencies Based on Coiled Carbon Nanotubes

We propose the use of coiled carbon nanotubes (CCNTs) as nanoscale electrical inductor elements, inspired by the paradigm of function follows form. We show through computations that a range of inductance values (in the pH to μH) operational at terahertz frequencies could be obtained through a variation of CCNT geometric parameters, which can be accomplished through rational synthesis. A comparison of the proposed inductor material to conventional inductor material e.g., copper, in terms of both component footprint and material volume, indicate a greater quality factor (Q=ωL/R) through the use of the CCNTs.
Narration Abilities of Children With Language-Learning Disabilities in Response to Oral and Written Stimuli

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine story retelling and inference abilities in children with language-learning disabilities (LLD). There were 10 children in the LLD group and 20...
Tracking customer progress: A follow-up study of customers of the Georgia Manufacturing Extension Alliance

Time lags often exist before the economic impacts of technology promotion programs fully materialize. For one manufacturing technology deployment program, the Georgia Manufacturing Extension Alliance, this study gathered expected impact data soon after the point of service. Customers were then surveyed one year later and asked about impacts actually realized. A comparison showed that for the average project, actual benefits reported at the one-year survey mark were generally lower than benefits expected immediately after project completion, while actual costs were generally higher than expected costs. For high performing projects, however, the study found that actual benefits after one year were substantially higher than the benefits initially expected soon after assistance was completed. This study explores the implications of these findings for technology program evaluation and methods of performance measurement.
Lindahl mechanisms and free riders

Several authors have proposed mechanisms whose Nash-equilibria yield Lindahl tax allocations; however, as is well known, so does the Lindahl procedure with an auctioneer. Moreover, the game forms of all these mechanisms, and of any as yet undiscovered such mechanism, all have the same normal form as does the Lindahl procedure without an auctioneer. The manipulative Nash equilibria are consequently the same for all these mechanisms, so that all have the traditional free-rider problem and all have the same outcome under strategic behavior.
Contribution of an In Vivo Oxidized LDL to LDL Oxidation and Its Association With Dense LDL Subpopulations

Abstract Oxidative modification of LDL is thought to be a radical-mediated process involving lipid peroxides. The small dense LDL subpopulations are particularly susceptible to oxidation, and individuals with high proportions of dense LDL are at a greater risk for atherosclerosis. An oxidatively modified plasma LDL, referred to as LDL−, is found largely among the dense LDL fractions. LDL− and dense LDL particles also contain much greater amounts of lipid peroxides compared with total LDL or the more buoyant LDL fractions. The content of LDL− in dense LDL particles appears to be related to copper- or heme-induced oxidative susceptibility, which may be attributable to peroxide levels. The rate of lipid peroxidation during the antioxidant-protected phase (lag period) and the length of the antioxidant-protected phase (lag time) are correlated with the LDL− content of total LDL. Once LDL oxidation enters the propagation phase, there is no relationship to the initial LDL− content or total LDL lipid peroxide or vitamin E levels. Beyond a threshold LDL− content of ≈2%, there is a significant increase in the oxidative susceptibility of nLDL particles (ie, purified LDL that is free of LDL−), and this susceptibility becomes more pronounced as the LDL− content increases. nLDL is resistant to copper- or heme-induced oxidation. The oxidative susceptibility is not influenced by vitamin E content in LDL but is strongly inhibited by ascorbic acid in the medium. Involvement of LDL−-associated peroxides during the stimulated oxidation of LDL is suggested by the inhibition of nLDL oxidation when LDL− is treated with ebselen prior to its addition to nLDL. Populations of LDL enriched with LDL− appear to contain peroxides at levels approaching the threshold required for progressive radical propagation reactions. We postulate that elevated LDL− may constitute a pro-oxidant state that facilitates oxidative reactions in vascular components.
Hypercytolipidemia-induced cellular lipoapoptosis: cytostructural and endometabolic basis of progressive organo-involution following expression of diabetes (db/db) and obese (ob/ob) mutation syndromes.

Abstract Onset expression of Type 2 (NIDDM) diabetes and obesity metabolic syndromes (DOS) are characterized by premature, progressive cytoatrophy and organo-involution induced by dysregulated cellular gluco- and lipo-metabolic cascades. The consequential systemic, interstitial and intracellular hyperlipidemia disrupts normal cytointegrity and metabolic responsivity to the established hypercaloric pericellular environments. The sequential cytostructural, metabolic and endocrine disturbances associated with the development of progressive DOS-associated hypercytolipidemia compromises cellular metabolic response cascades and promotes cytochemical disturbances which culminate with nuclear lipoapoptosis and cytoatrophy. The dramatic alterations in interstitial glucose and lipid (free fatty acids/triglycerides) concentrations are recognized to influence interstitial and cytoplasmic microchemical environments, which markedly alter cellular nutrient diffusion and active trans-membrane flux rates. The progressive exacerbation of interstitial and cytoplasmic lipid imbibition has been demonstrated to be associated with DNA fragmentation by lipo-infiltration into the chromatin matrix, inducing structural disruption and physical dissolution, indexed as nuclear lipoapoptosis. Therapeutic reduction of the severity of hypercytolipidemia-induced structural and cytochemical compromise promotes the restoration of homeostatic metabolic support for normalized cytostructural indices and supportive cellular gluco- and lipo-metabolic cascades. The re-establishment of a homeostatic interstitial microenvironment moderates the severity of cytolipidemic compromise within affected cell types, reduces nuclear lipo-infiltration and DNA lipo-dissolution, resulting in the preservation of cytostructural integrity. Through the therapeutic restoration of extra- and intra-cellular microchemical environments in genetically dysregulated metabolic syndrome models, the coincident cytochemical, endocrine and metabolic disturbances associated with progressive hypercytolipidemia, resulting from the expressed systemic hypercaloric environmental and hepato-pancreatic endometabolic disturbances which characterize Type 2 (NIDDM) diabetes–obesity and metabolic (X) syndromes, may be ameliorated.
In Situ Measurements and Observations of Cumulonimbus Mamma

Abstract The results from an instrumented aircraft penetration of two mamma elements associated with a severe hailstorm are presented. Maximum downdrafts in the clouds were near 2 m s−1. The main downdraft region was warmer than the air outside of the cloud. Aggregate ice particles of average diameter just over 1 mm predominated. The edge of the cloud was not descending. The cloud was smooth and contained only light turbulence. These results are discussed in the context of theories of mamma formation.
Swarm control of cell-based microrobots using a single global magnetic field

Tetrahymena pyriformis is a single cell eukaryote that can be modified to respond to magnetic fields, a response called magnetotaxis. In experiments, a rotating field is applied to cells using a two dimensional approximate Helmholtz system. Using rotating magnetic fields, we characterize discrete cells' swarm swimming which is affected by several factors. The behavior of the cells under these fields is explained in detail. After the field is removed, relatively straight swimming is observed. By exploiting this straight swimming behavior, we propose a method to control discrete cells utilizing a single global input. Successful implementation of this swarm control method would enable teams of microrobots to perform a variety of microscale tasks impossible for single microrobots, such as pushing objects or simultaneous micromanipulation of discrete entities.
Attack of the Killer Tomato Pathogens

Abstract The solution structure of the bacterial avirulence protein AvrPto sheds light on how this protein is translocated across the plant cell wall and how it binds to its host targets.
Spiral-scanning, side-viewing optical coherence tomography endoscope for three-dimensional fully sampled in vivo imaging of the mouse colon

ABSTRACT We have previously developed side-viewing endoscopic OCT systems to detect colorectal cancer in the murine model,which longitudinally scans the mouse colon at 8-16 discrete angular positions. This small number of angles is chosen tokeep imaging time and the amount of data to analyze reasonable, but this azimuthal undersampling of the tissue may resultinmissedorincorrectlycharacterizedadenomas. Aneedexistsforaspiral-scanningOCTendoscopecapableofgenerating3D, in vivo OCT data sets that satisfy the Nyquist criterion for adequate sampling of the tissue.Our new endoscopic system replaces the sample arm optics of a commercial OCT system with a spiral-scanning,gradient-index lens-based endoscope. The endoscope providesunit magnication at a working distance capable of produc-ing a focal depth of 280  m in tissue. The working distance accounts for a 41° rod prism that reects the beam through theendoscopic window into the tissue while minimizing back reection. A swept-source laser with a central wavelength of1040 nm and spectral bandwidth of 80 nm provides an axial resolution of 12  m in air and 9  m in water. The endoscopehas a theoretical diffraction-limited lateral resolution of 5.85  m. We present fully sampled, 3D, in vivo images of themouse colon.Keywords: Optical coherence tomography, endoscope, gradient-index lens, sampling, in vivo imaging, mouse model,colorectal cancer, three-dimensional imaging
Effects of certain hydroxamic acids on virus replication.

L'acide oxamyl-hydroxamique, l'acide salicylhydroxamique et l'acetoxyoxamide inhibent la reproduction du bacteriophage T4 dans l'Escherichia coli B. L'activite de chacun de ces composes etait plus grande que celle de l'hydroxyuree dans le meme systeme d'essai. De ce fait, une evaluation plus poussee de ces 3 agents ainsi que d'autres acides hydroxamiques dans une serie de systemes d'essai sur les virus parait clairement indiquee.
Study of retention processes in capillary supercritical fluid chromatography with binary fluid mobile phases

Abstract The ability to alter retention and selectivity through organic modifiers in capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has been studied. The role of methanol, acetonitrile, and 2-propanol solvent modifiers on retention with supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated for selected solutes. The retention of these probe molecules was seen to decrease with increasing mole fraction of the solvent modifier in the fluid phase. Selectivity of the column for polar analytes was shown to change while selectivity remained constant for non-polar probe molecules. Binary fluids in capillary SFC appear promising for extending the range of amenable separations, as with packed column SFC, but also retain advantages related to the ease of density programming.
A Perspective on Marine Reserves as a Fishery Management Tool

Abstract Marine protected areas (MPAs) are portions of the marine environment which are protected from some or all human activity. Where extraction of living resources is forbidden, these MPAs are best referred to as marine reserves. Often these are proposed as a safeguard against collapse of fish stocks, although reserves may have numerous other beneficial purposes. However, as a tool for fisheries management, where optimal and/or maximum sustainable yield is the objective, I submit that reserves are generally not as effective as traditional management measures, and are not appropriate for the vast majority of marine species. This is because most marine species are far too mobile to remain within a reserve and/or are not overfished. However, in the United States, of those marine fishes that are experiencing overfishing or are overfished, most have come under management within the last decade, employing more traditional fishery management measures, and are experiencing recovery. For those few species whic...
Changes in conception rate, calving performance, and calf health and survival from the use of crossbred jersey × Holstein sires as mates for holstein dams

Differences in conception rates in matings of Holstein sires or F1 Jersey x Holstein sires to Holstein dams in the University of Wisconsin-Madison experimental herd were evaluated, as were differences in birth weight, dystocia, serum protein, serum IgG, fecal consistency, respiratory disease, and perinatal and pre-weaning mortality among the resulting calves. When mated to randomly chosen, lactating Holstein cows, Holstein sires (n = 74) and crossbred sires (n = 7) did not differ in male fertility. Calves from Holstein sires and multiparous Holstein dams (n = 99) were 1.9 kg heavier than calves from crossbred sires and multiparous Holstein dams (n = 211), leading to greater likelihood (odds ratio of 1.24) of dystocia. Furthermore, calves from crossbred sires and multiparous Holstein dams had higher serum protein and serum IgG levels between 24 and 72 h of age, as well as lower rates of perinatal and preweaning morality than calves from Holstein sires and multiparous or primiparous Holstein dams. Mean fecal consistency scores from birth to 7 d of age and number of days with scours also tended to be lower among calves from crossbred sires, compared with calves from Holstein sires. No differences were observed in the incidence or severity of respiratory disease. Results of this study suggest that introduction of Jersey genes via crossbreeding may lead to a reduction in dystocia and improvements in calf health and survival in Holstein herds. Future studies should address other traits related to dairy farm profitability, including milk composition, female fertility, longevity, feed efficiency, and resistance to infectious and metabolic diseases.
A simple diagonals-parameter symmetry and quasi-symmetry model

Abstract Goodman (1979) proposed a class of diagonals-parameter symmetry models for square contingency tables with ordered categories, A simple version of that model is considered in which the log odds parameters have a linear pattern. The model is also a simple quasi-symmetry model. It fits well when there is an underlying bivariate normal distribution.
Spacetime and future quantum theory

The purpose of this article is to describe the arguments leading to the apparent conflict between EPR locality and predictions of quantum theory, and to discuss the impact of this result both upon future developments of quantum theory and upon some questions at issue in the foundations of quantum theory.
Recasting College Outreach Approaches to Engage African-American Alumni

Approaches to African-American alumni outreach efforts will be explored to reveal the impact on participation and giving rates. Also, this article provides an authentic case study that will reveal how one institution through its outreach efforts connected with African-American alumni. In conclusion, recommendations are offered for both academic and student affairs administrators who seek to create outreach initiatives that will engage African-American alumni and encourage them to remain lifelong contributors to the institution.
Improving the rigor of discrete‐event simulation in logistics and supply chain research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an eight‐step simulation model development process (SMDP) for the design, implementation, and evaluation of logistics and supply chain simulation models, and to identify rigor criteria for each step.Design/methodology/approach – An extensive review of literature is undertaken to identify logistics and supply chain studies that employ discrete‐event simulation modeling. From this pool, studies that report in detail on the steps taken during the simulation model development and model more than one echelon in logistics, supply chain, or distribution systems are included to illustrate rigor in developing such simulation models.Findings – Literature review reveals that there are no preset rigor criteria for publication of logistics and supply chain simulation research, which is reflected in the fact that studies published in leading journals do not satisfactorily address and/or report the efforts taken to maintain the rigor of simulation studies. Although there...
Gamma-Ray Excitation of Ta 181 Isomer

The 615-kev isomeric state in ${\mathrm{Ta}}^{181}$ was excited by 6-Mev bremsstrahlung gamma rays. The half-life and gamma ray spectra were measured with a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. The measured half-life is 18.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 \ensuremath{\mu}sec. The relative intensities of the 134-kev, 346-kev, and 482-kev gamma rays and the 56-kev x-ray from internal conversion are 57, 16, 100, and 32 and agree with the results obtained from the excitation of this state by beta decay of ${\mathrm{Hf}}^{181}$. An estimate of the yield is given.
A prospective randomized comparison of oral terbutaline and magnesium oxide for the maintenance of tocolysis.

Abstract We compared oral magnesium oxide with oral terbutaline sulfate in a prospective, randomized manner to determine efficacy and side effects. Preterm labor patients whose labor was arrested with parenteral tocolysis were randomized to oral tocolysis with either magnesium oxide, 200 mg every 3 to 4 hours ( n = 23), or terbutaline, 2.5 to 5 mg every 3 to 4 hours ( n = 27). The number of patients who were delivered of infants before 36 weeks' gestation was similar between groups (18.5% receiving terbutaline versus 17.4% receiving magnesium). At least one side effect occurred in 81.5% of patients in the terbutaline group and 47.8% in the magnesium group ( p
Optimal permutation routing for low-dimensional hypercubes

We consider the offline problem of routing a permutation of tokens on the nodes of a d-dimensional hypercube, under a queueless MIMD communication model (in which we have the constraints that each hypercube edge may only communicate one token per communication step, and each node may only be occupied by a single token between communication steps). For a d-dimensional hypercube, it is easy to see that d communication steps are necessary. We develop a theory of “separability” which enables an analytical proof that d steps suffice for the case d = 3, and facilitates an experimental verification that d steps suffice for d = 4. This result improves the upper bound for the number of communication steps required to route an arbitrary permutation on arbitrarily large d-dimensional hypercubes to 2d- 4. We also find an interesting side-result, that the number of possible communication steps in a d-dimensional hypercube is the same as the number of perfect matchings in a (d + 1)-dimensional hypercube, a combinatorial quantity for which there is no closed-form expression. Finally we present some experimental observations which may lead to a proof of a more general result for hypercubes with arbitrarily large dimension d. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2010
Influence of Slat Material on Hatching Egg Sanitation and Slat Disinfection

SUMMARY Whereaneggislaidhassignificantinfluenceonthedegreeofsurfacebacterialcontamination. Bacterial counts on shell surfaces from the eggs of broiler breeder hens housed in partial slat pens revealed that the eggs laid in litter material (1.75 × 10 9 cfu/mL) were significantly dirtier than eggs laid in the nest (6.96 × 10 4 cfu/mL) or on the slats (3.87 × 10 5 cfu/mL). The type of raised slat used in broiler breeder houses influenced the degree of bacterial contamination accumulating on the slats over the life of the flock. Wood and plastic slats harbored more bacteria than polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coated wire slats before and after the slats were washed and disinfected. But wood and plastic slat materials also had a greater surface area. There was no difference in effectiveness of bacterial reduction when a quaternary ammonium compound (4.37 × 10 7 cfu/mL) or a phenolic compound (6.43 × 10 6 cfu/mL) was used to disinfect the slats. Eggs laid on slats with square openings, regardless of surface area, were significantly cleaner than eggs laid on wooden slats.
Bugbead : an artificial microorganism model used as a harmless simulant for pathogenic microorganisms

Abstract Developing sensors for pathogens using real microorganisms for initial testing of the device can introduce additional variables and potential experimental hazards. The artificial microorganism “Bugbead” could be used as a simulant to evaluate the device and for methods development. Bugbead consists of a microsphere coated with proteins to represent the epitopes on a real microorganism. The advantages of the Bugbead include those of being non-pathogenic, similar in bead size to a real microorganism, and having a controllable epitope density. A well-characterized Bugbead eases the study of the device and can be prepared, stored and used safely. Bead-based sandwich immunoassay was done using, as a model system, biotinylated sheep–anti-mouse IgG as a primary antibody immobilized on streptavidin coated 2.8 μm magnetic beads. Neutravidin-dendrimer coated 0.39 μm nonmagnetic Bugbeads were labeled with biotinylated mouse and guinea pig IgGs. Alkaline phosphatase conjugated donkey–anti-guinea pig IgG was the secondary antibody. p -Aminophenyl phosphate was the phosphatase substrate and the p -aminophenol product was detected by rotating disk electrode-amperometry. The minimum detected amount was 360 Bugbeads. The capturing event between magnetic capture beads and Bugbeads was observed by optical microscopy. In simple tests of the concept, an extract containing serotype antigens of E. coli O157:H7 were coupled to Bugbeads and examined in two modified commercial test kits for this pathogen. In both cases positive results was obtained, indicating that the pathogen antigens had been successfully transferred to the microbead and were capable of simulating the assay response to the pathogen itself. These experimental results demonstrate that the Bugbead could be used in the initial steps of developing microbial sensors.
Selecting arthropod biological control agents against arthropod pests: Can the science be improved to decrease the risk of releasing ineffective agents?

With greater emphasis being placed on management of the risks attached to natural enemy releases for biocontrol programs and the need to justify research budgets, the efficient selection of effective natural enemies is increasingly important. Historically there has been little agreement regarding how or whether this can be accomplished. Recent studies have demonstrated that there is good correspondence between insect host-finding behavior and attack rates in well-designed laboratory studies and their performance of this behavior in the field. Success in measuring efficacy of candidate agents remains somewhat of an art due to the multitude of factors influencing efficacy, but will be improved by attention to: (1) characterization of natural enemy candidates using morphological taxonomy or genetic markers at the onset of a program, (2) climatic matching candidate agents when possible, and (3) evaluations in semi-field or field cage conditions following quarantine evaluations whenever possible before proceeding with widespread releases. The application of these principles is discussed in regard to US biocontrol programs for Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), Lygus spp., and Aphis glycines Matsumura. Proper project planning and interdisciplinary cooperation will enhance the chances for a successful project.
Using high-throughput genomics to study hepatitis C: what determines the outcome of infection?

Abstract High-throughput genomic methods are now being used to study a wide variety of viral diseases, in an effort to understand how host responses to infection can lead either to efficient elimination of the pathogen or the development of severe disease. This article reviews how gene expression studies are addressing important clinical issues related to hepatitis C virus infection, in which some 15–25% of infected individuals are able to clear the virus without treatment, while the remainder progress to chronic liver disease that can lead to cirrhosis and death. Similar methods are also being used in an effort to identify the mechanisms underlying the failure of some hepatitis C patients to respond to interferon-α/ribavirin therapy. By providing a detailed picture of virus–host interactions, high-throughput genomics could potentially lead to the identification of novel cellular targets for the treatment of hepatitis C.