cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dynamics of inequality in James Martin's 21st century

James Martin has predicted growing impoverishment of the poorest 4th world alongside eco-affluence in other regions, including the emergence of trans-human life forms. The present paper places Martin's analysis in the context of other perspectives, frameworks and studies. Together, these suggest a solid consensus about the problems that humans will collectively face in the 21st century. It is then suggested that the predicted growth of poverty and inequality involves several self-reinforcing processes that are likely to accelerate that growth unless remedial action is taken.
Staged Radical Pulmonary and Chest Wall Resection for Metastatic Osteosarcoma

Abstract A long-term survivor of staged radical pulmonary and chest wall resections for metastatic osteosarcoma of the humerus is reported. In properly selected patients the results of resection of isolated or even multiple pulmonary metastases can be favorable.
Distributions of failure times associated with non-homogeneous compound Poisson damage processes

Failure time distributions are derived for non-homogeneous compound Poisson cumulative damage processes. We focus attention on Weibull type processes with exponential damage size. The hazard functions are illustrated and their asymptotic behavior investigated. Moment equations and maximum likelihood estimates are studied for the homogeneous case.
Farmers vs. Wage Earners: Organized Labor in Kansas, 1860–1960

Review of: "Farmers vs. Wage Earners: Organized Labor in Kansas, 1860–1960," by R. Alton Lee.
Stability of Sodium Sulfate Dicarbonate (∼2Na2CO3·Na2SO4) Crystals Obtained from Evaporation of Aqueous Solutions of Na2CO3 and Na2SO4

Crystallization of sodium sulfate dicarbonate (∼2Na2CO3·Na2SO4) is known to be a primary contributor to the fouling of heat-transfer equipment in spent-liquor concentrators used in the pulp and paper industry. Therefore, understanding the conditions leading to the formation and in-process stability of this double salt and the related burkeite salt is crucial to the elimination or reduction of industrial problems. In this work, double salts were generated in a batch crystallizer at close-to-industrial process conditions. X-ray diffraction, calorimetry, and microscopic observation were used to investigate the stability of the salts to in-process aging, isolation and storage, and exposure to high temperature. The results verify that sodium sulfate dicarbonate exists as a unique phase in this system and that it remains stable at process conditions.
A new metric for determining the importance of transient storage

AbstractA review of various metrics used to characterize transient storage indicates that none of the existing measures successfully integrate the interaction between advective velocity and the transient storage parameters (storage zone area, storage zone exchange coefficient). Further, 2 existing metrics are related to mean travel time, a quantity that is independent of the storage zone exchange coefficient, α. This interaction and the effect of α on travel time are important considerations when determining the mass of solute entering the storage zone within a given reach. A new metric based on median reach travel time is therefore proposed. Median reach travel time due to advection–dispersion and transient storage, and median reach travel time due solely to advection–dispersion are computed based on numerical simulations. These 2 travel times are used to determine Fmed, the fraction of median travel time due to transient storage. Application of the new metric to 53 existing parameter sets indicates that...
Mapping functional domains of chloride intracellular channel (CLIC) proteins in vivo.

Abstract Chloride intracellular channel (CLIC) proteins are small proteins distantly related to the omega family of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). CLIC proteins are expressed in a wide variety of tissues in multicellular organisms and are targeted to specific cellular membranes. Members of this family are capable in vitro of changing conformation from a globular, soluble state to a membrane-inserted state in which they provide chloride conductance. The structural basis for in vivo CLIC protein function, however, is not well understood. We have mapped the functional domains of CLIC family members using an in vivo assay for membrane localization and function of CLIC proteins in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. A p utative t rans m embrane helix contained within it, directs distinct C. elegans CLIC homologs to distinct subcellular membranes. We find that within the PTM region, the cysteine residues required for GST-type activity are unnecessary for invertebrate CLIC function, but that specific residues within the proposed transmembrane helix are necessary for correct targeting and protein function. We find that among all tested invertebrate CLIC proteins, function appears to be completely conserved despite striking differences in the charged residues contained within the amphipathic helix. This indicates that these residues do not contribute to anion selectivity as previously suggested. We find that outside the PTM region, the remaining three-quarters of CLIC protein sequence is functionally equivalent not only among vertebrate and invertebrate CLIC proteins, but also among the more distantly related GST-omega and GST-sigma proteins. The PTM region thus provides both targeting information and CLIC functional specificity, possibly adapting GST-type proteins to function as ion channels.
Variability in Practice: Facilitation in Retention and Transfer Through Schema Formation or Context Effects?

The main purpose of the study was to examine whether the effects of variability in practice within a class of movements, that is, enhanced retention and transfer performance relative to constant pr...
Mass transfer in liquid-lithium systems

The behavior of type-304 stainless steel in a forced-convection closed-loop lithium system was investigated over a wide range of temperatures and velocities. Fundamental information concerning the mechanism for mass transport has been obtained by examining solution and deposition effects along flat plates. The rate-determining process for solution is transport from the solid to the interface, whereas deposition rates are liquid-phase controlled. Liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients were correlated with a maximum deviation of approximately 15% by the use of von Karman's analysis of the turbulent boundary layer along a flat plate, combined with the Chilton-Colburn empirical modification of the Schmidt group. In contrast no adequate model is available for the prediction of solution rate constants which must be determined experimentally. Mean values of the solution rate constants ranged from 0.154 to 0.750 × 10−5 cm./sec. at temperatures from 510° to 612°C. These values are on the order of 103 smaller than corresponding liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients.
Variables Affecting Readiness to Benefit from Career interventions

This article identifies and briefly describes the broad range of variables that may influence clients' readiness to beneflt from career interventions. The article also discusses consequences of low readiness for effective use of career interventions and addresses implications for practice as well as for future research. Variables contributing to low readiness for effective use of career interventions include personal characteristics and circumstances; knowledge of self, opuons, and decision making; and prior experience with career interventions. Consequences of low readiness for using career interventions include premature disengagement, negative perception of skills and interests, selective acquisition of incomplete information, premature choice foreclosure, protracted exploration, dependent decision-making style, and poor evaluation of options.
Morphological stability of two particle diffusion in three dimensions

Abstract The morphological stability of a spherical particle undergoing diffusion controlled growth in an initially uniformly supersaturated matrix with one other particle present is considered. The particles are assumed to exchange solute or heat with one another and the far field via a potential which satisfies Laplace's equation. The particle whose stability is investigated is slightly deformed from being a sphere, the deformation being an expansion in spherical harmonics. The mean radius of the particle is allowed to grow; we are only concerned with the growth of the non-spherical terms. The growth or decay of the spherical harmonic modes is determined in two cases: when the far field is prescribed and when it is determined self-consistently (by virtue of a zero net flux condition). Our analysis results in an infinite set of coupled, linear, ordinary differential equations that describe the stability. If the inter-particle separation is infinite then both cases are shown to be stable, when certain conditions are met. In the former case the far field potential must be within certain limits, while in the latter case the particles must be comparably sized. In both cases, the minimum inter-particle separation distance that will maintain stability is also determined.
CHARACTERISTICS AND CULTURE OF OSTEOBLASTS DERIVED FROM AVIAN LONG BONE

A method is presented for isolating primary osteoblasts from the periosteal surface of chick tibia. The culture system identified supports both cell proliferation and phenotype retention. Cell numbers increased 8-fold in Week 1 and 20-fold over a total of 12 days. Well-established osteoblast markers, alkaline phosphatase staining,γ-carboxyglutamic acid, osteocalcin, type I collagen, and parathyroid hormone binding were detected. Osteocalcin,γ-carboxyglutamic acid, and type I collagen were present on culture Day 4, and were increased in amount by Day 8, but were similar to the earlier level on Day 12, suggesting that the phenotype may revert to a less differentiated state by 12 days in culture. Alkaline phosphatase staining was intense at all three assay times, however. During the last 4 days of the 12-day culture period, proliferation rates were higher than in the previous 8 days.
History of Chromatography

Abstract In an attempt to prepare a “History of Liquid Chromatography,” it was evident, as is apparent to workers in the field, that one ends up with the generalized term “chromatography.” None of the modes of chromatography covered here is without its liquid phase or mobile phase. Therefore, the title of this history is that of “Chromatography.”
Phenomenological models for reciprocating internal combustion engines

Abstract In the past 10–15 years there has been a substantial increase in mathematical modeling activity as it relates to improving the design and operation of reciprocating, internal combustion engines. Most of the previous work and a large part of today's efforts center about models which are “phenomenological” in nature. These models attempt to describe complex engine behavior in terms of separate, physically-based submodels of important identifiable phenomena. Typically, they have been built around the First Law of Thermodynamics and involve no explicit spatial dependence. This approach is to be contrasted to the more recent, “detailed” or large scale approach in which the governing conservation equations are solved numerically in either one, two or three dimensions. In the latter approach, the important phenomena should emerge from the rigorous, detailed solution. Given the growing interest in modeling and in the detailed, large scale approach in particular, we have conducted a state-of-the-art review of phenomenological modeling capability to serve as a baseline for future work, be it of a phenomenological or detailed type. For conventional SI engines, stratified charge engines and diesel powerplants we have attempted to indicate those areas in which the phenomenological approach has been or could be successful and those areas in which detailed computations would be of greatest benefit. It is our general conclusion that detailed computations can be most helpful for guiding the development of more sophisticated phenomenological models which can then be used for extensive parametric investigations.
Borohydride reactivity of cellulose reducing ends

A comparative study of the kinetics of sodium borohydride reduction of reducing ends on model celluloses and soluble cellooligosaccharides (COS) was conducted to better understand the nature of reducing ends encountered by reducing end-specific exo-acting cellobiohydrolases. Apparent second-order rate constants for the reduction of glucose, COS (degree of polymerization from two to five) and typical microcrystalline and amorphous cellulose substrates were determined. In general, rate constants for the reduction of the cellulose-associated borohydride-accessible reducing ends were similar to those describing the reduction of the COS. Thus, no significant differences were observed between the amorphous celluloses and COS. The reactivity of the microcrystalline cellulose preparation was found to be significantly (p=0.0018) lower (∼20%) than that of the reference COS. All of the celluloses and COS had significantly lower rates of reaction than glucose (p<0.0001). The results indicate that the reagent-accessible reducing ends on typically employed amorphous cellulose substrates behave similar to those of cellooligosaccharides free in solution.
Anatomy of North Pacific Decadal Variability

Abstract A systematic analysis of North Pacific decadal variability in a full-physics coupled ocean–atmosphere model is executed. The model is an updated and improved version of the coupled model studied by Latif and Barnett. Evidence is sought for determining the details of the mechanism responsible for the enhanced variance of some variables at 20–30-yr timescales. The possible mechanisms include a midlatitude gyre ocean–atmosphere feedback loop, stochastic forcing, remote forcing, or sampling error. Decadal variability in the model is expressed most prominently in anomalies of upper-ocean streamfunction, sea surface temperature (SST), and latent surface heat flux in the Kuroshio–Oyashio extension (KOE) region off Japan. The decadal signal off Japan is initiated by changes in strength and position of the Aleutian low. The atmospheric perturbations excite SST anomalies in the central and eastern North Pacific (with opposing signs and canonical structure). The atmospheric perturbations also change the Ekm...
10-Gbps 1.3 and 1.55-&#956;m InP-based VCSELs: 85&#176;C 10-km Error-free Transmission and Room Temperature 40-km Transmission at 1.55-&#956;m with EDC

10-Gbps Error-free transmission through 10-km single-mode fiber by both 1.3 and 1.55-μm AlGaInAs/InP VCSELs have been demonstrated at 85°C. Also, 1.55-μm VCSELs with EDC shows 4-times distance expansion (40-km) for 10.7-Gbps FEC format over standard single-mode fiber.
Viscous heating in nanoscale shear driven liquid flows

Three-dimensional Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of heat and momentum transport in liquid Argon filled shear-driven nano-channels are performed using 6–12 Lennard–Jones potential interactions. Work done by the viscous stresses heats the fluid, which is dissipated through the channel walls, maintained at isothermal conditions through a recently developed interactive thermal wall model. Shear driven nano-flows for weak wetting surfaces (e wf /e ≤ 0.6) are investigated. Spatial variations in the fluid density, kinematic viscosity, shear- and energy dissipation rates are presented. Temperature profiles in the nano-channel are obtained as a function of the surface wettability, shear rate and the intermolecular stiffness of wall molecules. The energy dissipation rate is almost a constant for e wf /e ≤ 0.6, which results in parabolic temperature profiles in the domain with temperature jumps due to the well known Kapitza resistance at the liquid/solid interfaces. Using the energy dissipation rates predicted by MD simulations and the continuum energy equation subjected to the temperature jump boundary conditions developed in [Kim et al. Journal of Chemical Physics, 129, 174701, 2008b], we obtain analytical solutions for the temperature profiles, which agree well with the MD results.
Effect of adenosine infusion on isoflurane MAC in dogs.

Adenosine is a potent analgesic in people and reduces the MAC of halothane in dogs. The purpose of this study was to determine whether adenosine reduces the MAC of isoflurane in dogs. Seven beagles (four males and three females) were anesthetized and randomly assigned to receive adenosine (0.3 mg kg–1 minute–1; 6 mL kg–1 hour–1, IV) or saline (0.9%, 6 mL kg–1 hour–1IV). After an interval of ≥7 days, each dog was reanesthetized and treated with the alternate infusion. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Dogs were intubated and instrumented for measurement of mean systemic arterial blood pressure and airway concentration of isoflurane and end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The MAC for isoflurane was determined using the tail-clamp technique. Baseline MAC values were 1.25 (1.15, 1.35)% [median (minimum, maximum)] and 1.25 (1.05, 1.45)% before the saline and adenosine treatments, respectively. After 2 hours of infusion with saline or adenosine, MAC values were not different (p = 0.156) and were 1.25 (0.95, 1.35)% and 1.05 (1.00, 1.25)%, respectively. Two hours following the end of each infusion, the MAC values for saline and adenosine treatment groups differed significantly (p = 0.015), but by no more than the normal variation inherent in this study, and were 1.15 (1.15, 1.35)% and 1.05 (1.05, 1.25)%, respectively. Mean arterial blood pressure was 93 (74, 123) mm Hg for saline treated dogs and 67 (52, 72) mm Hg (p = 0.008) during adenosine infusion. End-tidal carbon dioxide was not different between the two treatment groups. We conclude that adenosine administered at 0.3 mg kg–1 minute–1had no effect on isoflurane MAC in dogs, but decreased mean arterial blood pressure.
The chemotherapeutics of the chaulmoogric acid series and other fatty acids in leprosy and tuberculosisI. Bactericidal action; active principle; specificity

Chaulmoogra oil has an empiric reputation in the treatment of leprosy that extends back into antiquity. This reputation is supported by the experience of modern leperologists. The old and less effective method of oral administration of chaulmoogra oil has been replaced, first by subcutaneous and intramuscular injection of oil mixtures, and more recently by intravenous injection of salts of the chaulmoogric acids; and investigators almost unanimously agree that arrest of the disease, improvement, and frequently cure follows adequate treatment with chaulmoogra oil and its derivatives. The importance of the fatty acid therapy of diseases due to the acid-fast group of bacteria has been greatly increased by the report of Rogers1 on the intravenous use of "sodium morrhuate," the sodium salts of the fatty acids of codliver oil, in the treatment of tuberculosis. Rogers maintains that there is nothing absolutely specific in the products of chaulmoogra oil for leprosy, but that the unsaturated fatty acids of both chaulmoogra and cod-liver oils, and by implication the unsaturated fatty acids of any oil, are equally efficacious in either leprosy or tuberculosis. He believes that the unsaturated fatty acids act in some way on the fatty coating of acid-fast bacilli, presumably by injuring the capsule of the bacillus and exposing it to the destructive action of the tissues. These therapeutic claims for the chaulmoogrates and morrhuates, if substantiated, would be of the greatest importance to medical science and human welfare. Further investigation is necessary, however, not only to confirm these claims, but also to discover the method of action of chaulmoogra and cod-liver oils, to identify and isolate the therapeutically active principle, if such exists, to determine its distribution in
Spectroscopy of DNS update traffic

We study attempts to dynamically update DNS records for private (RFC1918) addresses, by analyzing the frequency spectrum of updates observed at an authoritative nameserver for these addresses. Using a discrete autocorrelation algorithm we found that updates series have periods of 60 or 75 minutes, which we identified as default settings of out-of-the-box Microsoft Windows 2000 and XP DNS software.
Robot-assisted insertion of craniofacial implants—clinical experience

Abstract A medically approved robot system was clinically used to insert craniofacial implants into the skull for anchoring a silicone ear prosthesis. Additionally, a new process was developed for the preoperative manufacturing of the prosthesis using the computed tomography image data and a rapid prototyping technique. The navigated robot showed the surgeon intraoperatively the planned implant positions and guided the insertion procedure. The robot worked not automatically but interactively with the surgeon. In 13 patients, 30 implants were inserted with no intraoperative injuries. An absolute implant position accuracy of about ±1 mm and a relative accuracy between the implants of about ±0.2 mm were reached. This accuracy made it possible to apply the preoperatively manufactured ear prosthesis directly after surgery. The rehabilitation time for the patient was shortened. These clinical results were reached only by careful optimisation of each step of the intervention, the image acquisition, patient fixation and the intraoperative execution. The experience is good cause to use the robot system and the new manufacturing concept for anaplastology in other areas of the head as well.
Nematodes from vernal pools in the Santa Rosa Plateau Ecological Reserve, California I. Hirschmanniella santarosae sp. n. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae), a cryptic sibling species of H. pomponiensis Abdel-Rahman & Maggenti, 1987

Hirschmanniella santarosae sp. n. is described from the largest vernal pool in the Santa Rosa Plateau Ecological Reserve, Murrieta, California, USA. The cryptic new species is morphologically very close to H. pomponiensis and H. gracilis as it can be distinguished from the former only by a more anterior excretory pore position and by more flattened as well as laterally expanded stylet knobs, whilst it differs from the latter in the greater distance from phasmid to tail tip and in the bursal alae ending near the phasmids rather than near the tail tip. Analysis of the rDNA small subunit (SSU) and D2D3 expansion segments of the large subunit (LSU) shows that H. santarosae sp. n. is genetically distinct, having respective sequence homology of 98.89% and 95.9% with H. pomponiensis for these loci. Congruence in SSU and D2D3 gene trees as well as unambiguous character autapomorphies further support the new species status of H. santarosae sp. n. and sibling relationship with H. pomponiensis. Although many more isolates and species will need to be studied before informative biogeographic analyses can be performed, the presently available sequence data suggest that some Hirschmanniella lineages have diversified independently on either side of the Atlantic.
Duration of Breastfeeding, Daycare, and Physician Visits among Infants 6 Months and Younger

PURPOSE: To describe the association between duration of breastfeeding and an illness requiring a visit to a health care provider within the past 30 days (IRHP) among infants ≤ 6 months. METHODS: Participants were breastfeeding women who delivered at a birthing center in suburban Detroit, Michigan and women employed by a company in Omaha, Nebraska. Subjects were interviewed by telephone at 3,6,9, and 12 weeks postpartum and by mailed questionnaire at 6 months postpartum. RESULTS: Of the 674 breastfeeding women, 233 (34.5%) reported an IRHP. An IRHP was more likely among infants attending daycare (RR = 1.60; 95% CI 1.30, 1.96). There was an interaction between duration of breastfeeding, the number of children in the household, and IRHP (p < 0.0001). For firstborn children, each additional week of breastfeeding decreased the likelihood of an IRHP by 4%. An increased duration of breastfeeding was not significantly protective against an IRHP for infants living with additional children in the household. CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding offers protection against an IRHP among firstborn children. Having additional children in the household or attending daycare outside of the home may diminish these benefits.
Comparing daytime, equatorial E◊B drift velocities and TOPEX/TEC observations associated with the 4-cell, non-migrating tidal structure

Abstract. We investigate the seasonal and longitude dependence of the daytime, vertical E×B drift velocities, on a day-to-day basis, using a recently-developed technique for inferring realistic E×B drifts from ground-based magnetometer observations. We have chosen only quiet days, Ap
Body Composition of Children with Myelomeningocele, Determined by 40K, Urinary Creatinine and Anthropometric Measures

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a method to prevent obesity in myelomeningocele (MM) children by determining the effects of growth, calories and physical activity on body composition and to apply this data to clinical practice, specifically, to correlate lean body mass (LBM) with calorie needs and to correlate body fatness with anthropometry measures.Methods: The body compositions of 14 children (four males and ten females) with MM were estimated from potassium content (40K), urinary creatinine and anthropometry measurements at the beginning and end of a six-month period. Three subjects who did not have MM were also evaluated as controls. Dietary and physical activity and dietary-goals estimates were taken from records kept by the patients after initial discussion of physical activity and dietary goals with the families.Results: The study showed potassium content (40K), or LBM, in children with MM to be approximately 50% of the potassium content (40K) of children without MM. The percen...
Speech training as a mental hygiene method

(1934). Speech training as a mental hygiene method. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 37-47.
Pseudomonas Corneal Ulcers Associated with Soft Contact-Lens Wear

Seven Pseudomonas corneal ulcers in six patients were associated with soft contact-lens wear and use of saline solutions prepared from distilled water and sodium chloride tablets. The same species of Pseudomonas isolated from the corneal ulcers were also isolated from the home-prepared saline and in one instance from the water used to prepare the saline solution. In three of the six patients, the pseudomonad isolated from the corneal ulcer was of the same serotype and biochemically identical to the pseudomonad from the patients' saline solution. Commercially available distilled water, even brands recommended for use with soft contact lenses, was found to be contaminated with gram-negative bacteria before use. Clinical histories disclosed that all patients inappropriately used the home-prepared saline as a wetting agent, or eyedrop, or bath, after thermal disinfection of the contact lens. Self-inoculation of the eye with contaminated saline is a hazard for soft contact-lens wearers who use home-prepared saline solution.
Sapphire Whispering Gallery Thermometer

An innovative sapphire whispering gallery thermometer (SWGT) is being explored at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a potential replacement for a standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT) for industrial applications that require measurement uncertainties of ≤ 10 mK. The NIST SWGT uses a synthetic sapphire monocrystalline disk configured as a uniaxial, dielectric resonator with whispering gallery modes between 14 GHz and 20 GHz and with Q-factors as large as 90,000. The prototype SWGT stability at the ice melting point (0°C) is ≤ 1 mK with a frequency resolution equivalent to 0.05 mK. The prototype SWGT measurement uncertainty (k= 1) is 10 mK from 0°C to 100°C for all five resonance modes studied. These results for the SWGT approach the capabilities of industrial resistance thermometers. The SWGT promises greatly increased resistance to mechanical shock relative to SPRTs, over the range from −196°C to 500°C while retaining the low uncertainties needed by secondary calibration laboratories. The temperature sensitivity of the SWGT depends upon a well-defined property (the refractive index at microwave frequencies) and the thermal expansion of a pure material. Therefore, it is expected that SWGTs can be calibrated over a wide temperature range using a reference function, along with deviations measured at a few fixed points. This article reports the prototype SWGT stability, resolution, repeatability, and the temperature dependence of five whispering gallery resonance frequencies in the range from 0°C to 100°C.
Social integration and mental health in a biracial community

The study investigated the relationship between social integration and mental health, with a particular interest in social integration in a minority group context. The study involved a home interview with 33 white and 30 black women who resided in a residentially integrated working-class community in Austin, Texas. Although blacks reported significantly more psychological symptoms than whites, the race effect was explained by an underlying interaction between race and social integration. Blacks low in social integration showed more symptoms than either white respondents or blacks with a high level of integration. The Race X Social integration interaction is considered in the light of societally based prejudice and the potential social stress associated with minority group status.
Relationships of cognitions associated with coping reactions to depression in spousal caregivers of Alzheimer's disease patients.

Attributions (globality and stability) related to the reformulated learned helplessness (RLH) model of depression, and attributes, self-evaluations, and expectancies concerning coping reactions (degree of upset, success, satisfaction, control in future, future coping success) postulated by Wortman and Dintzer (1978) were examined for their respective relations to severity and prevalence of diagnosable depression in a highly stressed sample (N =68) of spouse caregivers of Alzheimer's disease patients. Subjects' attribution-related cognitions concerning two situational contexts were obtained: (1) an unpredictable upsetting behavior by the Alzheimer patient, and (2) significant life change experienced by the caregiver as a result of his/her spouse's Alzheimer's disease. The results indicated that only globality was related to depression for the Alzheimer patient's unpredictable behavior; however, both globality and stability were related to depression for the subject's life change situation. The pattern of the other depressogenic coping cognitions was also different for the two contexts: While ratings of upset and lack of current and future control were related to depression for the Alzheimer patient's behavior, ratings of poor current and future coping, lack of coping success, and coping dissatisfaction were related to depression for the subject's life change context. The discussion of the contextual specificity of coping cognitive patterns focused on the possible significance of the intrapersonal versus the interpersonal nature of the situational context.
Medical Phenomenology and Stroke Rehabilitation: An Introduction

This issue of Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation explores the theme of medical phenomenology and stroke rehabilitation through open peer commentary format. The theme is introduced by a brief summary a...
Radiation-induced segregation behavior in random and ordered face-centered cubic materials

Abstract Radiation-induced segregation has been studied in random solid solution alloys Ni-10%Al and Ni-6%Si, and in the ordered (L12 structure) intermetallics Ni3Si and Ni3Al. These materials were irradiated with 2 MeV He+ ions at a temperature between 0.45 and 0.557Tm and at an ion dose rate of approximately 1 × 10−4 dpa per second. Subsequent Auger Electron Spectroscopy analysis showed that silicon segregated to the surface in the Ni-6% Si and Ni3Si alloys, and aluminum segregated away from the near surface region in the Ni-10% Al alloy. The Ni3Al samples exhibited no detectable segregation with respect to depth from the sample surface. The mechanisms that may give rise to this resistance to radiation induced segregation will be examined in terms of the mobility of the alloying constituents, ordering energies and atomic sizes.
On stability of parametrically excited linear stochastic systems

The dynamic stability of a coupled two-degrees-of-freedom system subjected to parametric excitation by a harmonic action superimposed by an ergodic stochastic process is investigated. For the stability analysis, the method of moment functions is used. Explicit expressions for the stability of the second moments are obtained when the frequency of the harmonic excitation lies in the vicinity of the combination sum of the natural frequencies. Good agreement between the analytical and numerical results is obtained. As an application, the example of the flexural-torsional instability of a thin elastic beam under dynamic loading is considered
NSF peer review revisited

Much recent attention has been focused on the peer review system, the process by which research grants are awarded by the various divisions within the National Science Foundation (NSF). A recent study by Cole, Cole, and Simon found that grant approval to proposals submitted to NSF depends about as much on the selection of reviewers as it does on the scientific merit of the proposal (Eos, December 15, 1981, pp. 1181-1182). One critic of the study, geologist John Hower, points out that Cole et al. failed to evaluate the most valuable part of the peer review system. Hower, director of the NSF geochemistry program from 1976–1978, refers to a second panel review, such as that carried out by the Division of Earth Sciences.
Tracing the evolution of bubbles in helium-injected aluminum by means of positron annihilation☆

Abstract Pure aluminum was injected with 0.6 appm of helium. Positron lifetime measurements were performed following isochronal annealing between 25 and 600° C. Transmission electron micrographs were taken after several of these anneals. The results are consistent with a model in which the injected helium quickly becomes substitutional. This substitutional helium is a trapping site for positrons. By monitoring the concentration and size of this trapping site through the measurement of the positron lifetimes it is concluded that migration of the helium begins at ~ 100°C and that helium continually agglomerates up to ~250°C. Above this temperature the increasing size of the trapping site indicates bubble growth. Bubble growth proceeds up to 600° C, but whether by continued arrival of helium at nucleation sites or by bubble migration and coalescence (or both) being indeterminable. The major stage of bubble growth is between 300 and 600° C. The electron microscopy verified the presence of bubbles both in grain boundaries and matrix after annealing to 625°C, but only cavities in grain boundaries were observed in annealing to 500° C. Positron-lifetime measurements are a useful complement to electron microscopy in the study of bubbles in metals, especially in the early stages of the nucleation and growth of small cavities.
Effects of spiroconjugation on the calculated singlet-triplet energy gap in 2,2-dialkoxycyclopentane-1,3-diyls and on the experimental electronic absorption spectra of singlet 1,3-diphenyl derivatives. Assignment of the lowest-energy electronic transition of singlet cyclopentane-1,3-diyls.

The effect of a 2,2-ethylene-ketal functionality on the singlet−triplet energy gap (ΔEST) and on the first electronic transition in singlet cyclopentane-1,3-diyls (1) has been investigated. UDFT calculations predict a significant increase in the preference for a singlet ground state in the diradical with the cyclic ketal at C2 (1g; ΔEST = −6.6 kcal/mol in C2 symmetry and −7.6 kcal/mol in C2v symmetry), compared to the 2,2-dihydroxy- and 2,2-dimethoxy-disubstituted diradicals (1d, ΔEST = −3.6 kcal/mol in C2 symmetry, and 1e, ΔEST = −3.4 kcal/mol in C2 symmetry). Spiroconjugation is shown to be responsible for the larger calculated value of |ΔEST| in 1g, relative to 1d and 1e. A strong correlation between the calculated values of ΔEST and the computed electronic excitation energies of the singlet diradicals is found for diradicals 1d, 1e, and 1g and for 2,2-difluorocyclopentane-1,3-diyl (1c). A similar correlation between ΔEST and λcalcd is predicted for the corresponding 1,3-diphenylcyclopentane-1,3-diyls ...
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and bilateral fungal balls terminating in disseminated aspergillosis

A unique case of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis associated with bilateral apical aspergillomas terminating in disseminated aspergillosis is presented. Postulated mechanisms of this combination are discussed with respect to the patient's clinical findings. The contribution of systemic and aerosolized corticosteroids are considered major contributing factors to dissemination of disease.
“What's Math Got to Do With It?”: Numeracy and Social Studies Education

Numeracy is as essential to becoming an active and thoughtful citizen as literacy. Although the concept of numeracy is complex and robust, there are four areas in which teachers can fairly easily begin to incorporate it into social studies curriculum and instruction. The areas include the students' ability to understand raw numeric data in context, to understand percentages in context, to understand the meaning of average, and to interpret and question graphs and charts. The author shares ways to cultivate numeracy in the social studies education classroom related to each of these four basic aspects of numeracy.
CHRONIC ALLOGENEIC DISEASE : I. DEVELOPMENT OF GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

Glomerulonephritis, often accompanied by the nephrotic syndrome, developed in CAF1 mice following the administration of spleen cells from normal BALB/c mice. The renal lesion was membranous glomerulonephritis. When studied with fluorescein-conjugated antisera to either mouse gamma globulin or β1C-globulin, the glomeruli contained beaded and irregular deposits of these immunoproteins. The ultrastructure of the lesion was characterized by thickening of the glomerular basement membranes and the presence of electron-dense subepithelial deposits. Acid eluates of the diseased kidneys contained gamma globulin that failed to bind to sections of normal kidneys. These findings conform to the type of nephritis provoked by immune complexes. They indicate that this type of immune injury can be based on the reaction of intolerant immunocytes to normal antigens.
The achondroplasia gene is not linked to the locus for neurofibromatosis 1 on chromosome 17

We have investigated genetic linkage of von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1) and achondroplasia (ACH) using chromosome-17 markers that are known to be linked to NF1. Physical proximity of the two loci was suggested by the report of a patient with mental retardation and the de novo occurrence of both NF1 and ACH. Since the chance of de novo occurrence of these two disorders in one individual is 1 in 600 million, this suggested a chromosomal deletion as a single unifying molecular event and also that the ACH and NF1 loci might be physically close. To test this, we performed linkage analysis on a three-generation family with ACH. We used seven DNA probes that are tightly linked to the NF1 locus, including DNA sequences that are known to flank the NF1 locus on the centromeric and telomeric side. We detected two recombinants between the ACH trait and markers flanking the NF1 locus. In one recombinant, the flanking markers themselves were nonrecombinant. Multi-point linkage analysis excluded the ACH locus from a region surrounding the NF1 locus that spans more than 15cM (lod score < -2). Therefore, analysis of this ACH pedigree suggests that the ACH locus is not linked to the NF1 locus on chromosome 17.
Photochemistry of Zn+(CH4)

Abstract We report on the photodissociation spectroscopy of Zn+(CH4). Two overlapping continuum absorption bands are observed in the spectral range 227–263 nm. The bands are assigned to transitions correlating with Zn+-based (4p←4s) excitation and photoinduced charge transfer, respectively. The reactive product ZnCH3+ is the major dissociation product showing that the dominant quenching pathway involves C–H bond insertion. Additional dissociation products include CH3+,Zn+, and ZnH+ with a relative branching that depends on excitation energy. Results are compared to previous studies of the chemical quenching of light metal atoms and ions by CH4.
Hegemonic Discourse in an Oppositional Community: Lesbian Feminists and Bisexuality:

This paper analyzes hostility toward bisexual women within lesbian feminist discourse. Based on interviews with feminist lesbians, this study uses a deconstructive approach to explicate the resonan...
Angiotensin II vaccine: a novel approach in the treatment of hypertension

Background: Hypertension affects approximately 65 million Americans, resulting in 30 million office visits per year. Only about one third of patients have blood pressure below goal. Poor adherence to drug therapy is an important contributor to this statistic. An active immunization, which would induce antibodies against angiotensin, could simplify and improve treatment. An ideal regimen would be a few subcutaneous injections per year, which in turn could vastly improve adherence and subsequent outcomes. Objective: To discuss Cyt006-AngAb, a novel vaccine targeting angiotensin II, which is chemically linked to recombinant virus-like particles. Emphasis is placed on current progress of this vaccine's clinical trials. Methods: Relevant literature is discussed. Conclusion: Although advances in hypertension vaccines have faced challenges, the angiotensin II vaccine may provide a promising approach in the control of hypertension.
Transient mass transfer caused by local surface heating in close binaries

The surge of mass from one component of a binary system resulting from local surface heating is analyzed. The impact of such surges on the companion can produce transient phenomena such as those seen in X-ray binaries, RS CVn objects, and cataclysmic variables. The heating may be caused by nonlinear g-mode oscillations or by X-ray heating by the companion in X-ray binaries, among other possible mechanisms. As an example, model calculations have been performed for a surge, triggered by a relatively moderate local heating, in a hypothetical X-ray binary; the results show that such a surge can account for X-ray turn-ons.
A volumetric neutron source for fusion nuclear technology testing and development

Abstract Research and development (R&D) needs to construct and operate fusion nuclear technology (FNT) components for DEMO have been investigated. Non-fusion facilities, i.e. non-neutron test stands, fission reactors and accelerator-based neutron sources, can and should play a role in FNT R&D because of their availability and low cost. However, none of the FNT critical issues will be resolved by testing in non-fusion facilities because of their serious limitations on simulating multiple integrated effects of the fusion environment and their lack of adequate test volume. Testing of FNT components, particularly blankets, in fusion facilities is necessary. The FNT requirements on fusion testing are a 1–2 MW m−2 neutron wall load, steady state plasma operation, a fluence of greater than 6 MW years m−2 and a test area greater than 10 m2. Requirements on reliability growth and component engineering development are the most demanding. Calculations of both expected and tolerable failure rates and reliability growth testing requirements for the blanket lead to a number of important conclusions: (1) achieving a fluence of about 6 MW years m−2 at the test modules with about six to 12 test modules per blanket concept is crucial to achieving a DEMO reactor availability in the 40–50% range with 90% confidence, (2) achieving a DEMO reactor availability of 60% may not be possible with 90% confidence for any practical blanket test program with present design concepts. The required mean time between failure for the blanket is much longer than that achieved in other existing and perhaps less complex technologies, (3) the mean down-time to replace (MTTR) or to recover from a random failure in the blanket must be kept on the order of 1 week or less in order to achieve the required blanket and reactor system availabilities and (4) the length of MTTR must be by itself one of the crucial objectives for testing in fusion facilities. Scenarios for fusion facilities to provide the data base for DEMO have been evaluated. A strategy based on the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) alone results in unacceptably high risk and long delays in DEMO operation. A plasma-based volumetric neutron source (VNS) facility is proposed for construction and operation parallel to ITER. VNS will serve as a dedicated facility to test and develop FNT components for DEMO. An attractive design envelope for a small-sized tokamak VNS exists with driven (Q ≈ 1–3) steady state plasma and normal conducting copper toroidal field coils. Operation of VNS in parallel to ITER reduces the risk to DEMO and results in net savings in the overall R&D cost to DEMO.
Features of Computer‐Mediated, Text‐Based Messages that Support Automatable, Linguistics‐Based Indicators for Deception Detection

ABSTRACT: Researchers are assessing the viability of automating deception detection in TAC (text‐based, asynchronous, computer‐mediated) messages. Viability is conditional on whether deceivers incorporate different features in their TAC messages than truth tellers do and on whether these differentiating features support deception indicators suitable for automation. We propose that deceivers incorporate different features in their messages to realize impression‐management goals. They avoid message features people associate with lying (defensive‐targeted features) and include message features people associate with truth telling (promotive‐targeted features). In a series of three studies, we assessed features that may be part of deceivers' impression‐management strategies and then assessed whether deceivers' messages contain different levels of these features than truth tellers' messages. The results show that deceivers construct different messages than truth tellers do and that the differences relate to pro...
Model Mouse Designed for Oral Biofilm Formation Studies

To study biofilm formation on artificial in vitro environments does not lead to understanding the natural mechanism of biofilm formation on the teeth surfaces because artificial surfaces differ physically and environmentally from teeth surfaces. Therefore, an animal model is required to study biofilm formation ; however, there has not been a good in vivo model previously reported. Recently, a high susceptibility model mouse : C57BL/6.E2f1-/- mice were found. In our studies using genetic recombination and target gene mutations, NOD.B10D2, NOD.E2f1-/- and NOD/SCID.E2f1-/- mice were constructed using a NOD background gene base and AQP deficient mice were also established. Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is an established model for human-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and Sjogren's syndrome (SS). All recombinant and mutant mice showed a decreased saliva phenotype in comparison to control mice. The volume of saliva produced was higher in NOD.B10D2 mice than in the other mutant mice. The lifespan of NOD.E2f1-/- mice was shorter than NOD/SCID.E2f1-/-, C57BL/6.E2f1-/- mice and AQP-/- mice because NOD.E2f1-/- showed a more progressive development to IDDM and SS than did NOD mice. Therefore, NOD.E2f1-/- mice were not suitable for long-term bacterial infection experiments. NOD/SCID.E2f1-/- ; did not show diabetes or insulitis ; and AQP-/- mice showed a decreased volume in saliva and showed an increased susceptibility to oral infections. Therefore, we consider NOD/SCID.E2f1-/-, C57BL/6.E2f1-/- mice and AQP-/- mice may be useful animal models for initial adhesion and biofilm formation to study oral streotococci infections and dental caries.