cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dielectric Nanocomposite Layering Configurations for Thermal Conductivity Reduction

Thermal transport in crystals is governed by dynamic phenomena that take place at the atomic scale, namely phonon dispersion and scattering. A growing understanding of these mechanisms, coupled with increasingly capable nanofabrication and characterization technologies, provide a not-too-distant opportunity for designing a new class of materials with tailored thermal characteristics such as thermal conductivity, among other physical characteristics. Focusing on layered nanocomposites, also known as superlattices, modeled using the Lennard-Jones potential as a starting platform, we examine the effects of layering topology on the bulk property of thermal conductivity. We use molecular dynamics simulations to examine the link between structure and property; and employ ideas from phononic crystal design to investigate the potential of realizing dielectric crystals with exceedingly low thermal conductivities. This work potentially targets a range of applications such as thermal insulators for space applications and thermoelectrics for energy harvesting.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Influence of Cholesterol on the Interaction of α-Crystallin with Phospholipids ☆

Abstract The influence of cholesterol on the binding of α-crystallin to pure phospholipid membranes was studied. The rationale of this investigation stems from two unique aspects of human lens cells: an unusually high level of cholesterol in the membranes and the specific binding of α-crystallin to membranes. In the absence of cholesterol, binding of α-crystallin liposomes composed of either sphingomyelin, disteroylphosphatidylcholine or egg-phosphatidylcholine caused a decrease in the fluorescence intensity and anisotropy of the fluorophore NBD-PE. Since this fluorescence probe resides in the polar headgroup region of the membrane, the observed changes indicated that the binding of α-crystallin affected the structure of these membrane regions. The ability of α-crystallin to modulate membrane structure suggests yet another potential role for this lens protein. Addition of cholesterol markedly decreased the binding of α-crystallin to liposomes composed of either sphingomyelin or disteroylphosphatidylcholine and antagonized the capacity of bound α-crystallin to decrease membrane surface order. This antagonism could be explained by the ability of cholesterol to directly decrease the anisotropy of the fluorophore in sphingomyelin membranes unexposed to α-crystallin. Thus, with cholesterol present, a further decrease in membrane order upon subsequent binding of α-crystallin was less likely. The results obtained with the sphingomyelin liposomes are considered most meaningful, since sphingomyelins are the principal phospholipids in the human lens nuclear membrane and cholesterol preferentially interacts with sphingomyelin. We conclude that cholesterol in lipid membranes can antagonize the binding of α-crystallin and thus interfere with the capacity of bound α-crystallin to alter membrane order. We suggest that such actions of cholesterol might serve to preserve lens membrane structure in the physiological state where the concentration of soluble α-crystallin is great.
What’s the Matter with Political and Social Science?

Although distinct in its treatment, the themes of Barbara S. Romzek's chapter overlap Terry's. John Cadigan's chapter on "Competition for Human Capital" is an astute essay about privatization, American military agencies, and recruitment of the best and the brightest. It starts and ends with Waldo's contribution, but the reader might feel that Cadigan departs from Waldo's thinking in the substantive part of the chapter.
Modeling aerodynamic responses to aircraft maneuvers - A numerical validation

The regime of validity of an aerodynamic mathematical model, applicable to describe the nonlinear aerodynamic reactions to a delta wing maneuvering at high angles of attack, is investigated. An unsteady vortexlattice method is used to compute the unsteady flowfields, and thus to evaluate the aerodynamic data required by the model, in terms of specified characteristic motions. Time-histories of the aerodynamic responses to complex motions are generated by means of the model and the evaluated aerodynamic data and are compared with baseline aerodynamic responses obtained from direct vortex-lattice computations. The validity of the mathematical modeling approach for the maneuvering delta wing is demonstrated by agreement of the force and moment responses obtained from the two approaches.
Developmental downregulation of Xenopus cyclin E is phosphorylation and nuclear import dependent and is mediated by ubiquitination

Cyclins are regulatory subunits that bind to and activate catalytic Cdks. Cyclin E associates with Cdk2 to mediate the G1/S transition of the cell cycle. Cyclin E is overexpressed in breast, lung, skin, gastrointestinal, cervical, and ovarian cancers. Its overexpression correlates with poor patient prognosis and is involved in the etiology of breast cancer. We have been studying how cyclin E is normally downregulated during development in order to determine if disruption of similar mechanisms could either contribute to its overexpression in cancer, or be exploited to decrease its expression. In Xenopus laevis embryos, cyclin E protein level is high and constant until its abrupt destabilization by an undefined mechanism after the 12th cell cycle, which corresponds to the midblastula transition (MBT) and remodeling of the embryonic to the adult cell cycle. Since degradation of mammalian cyclin E is regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome system and is phosphorylation dependent, we examined the role of phosphorylation in Xenopus cyclin E turnover. We show that similarly to human cyclin E, phosphorylation of serine 398 and threonine 394 plays a role in cyclin E turnover at the MBT. Immunofluorescence analysis shows that cyclin E relocalizes from the cytoplasm to the nucleus preceding its degradation. When nuclear import is inhibited, cyclin E stability is markedly increased after the MBT. To investigate whether degradation of Xenopus cyclin E is mediated by the proteasomal pathway, we used proteasome inhibitors and observed a progressive accumulation of cyclin E in the cytoplasm after the MBT. Ubiquitination of cyclin E precedes its proteasomal degradation at the MBT. These results show that cyclin E destruction at the MBT requires both phosphorylation and nuclear import, as well as proteasomal activity.
Effect of two new analgesic agents on the oxygen consumption of brain in vitro.

ConclusionOur experiments indicate that significant inhibitions of the oxygen consumption of brain slices may be obtained using the new analgetic agents Nu-1196 and Nu-1779 when this tissue respires on glucose, lactate, pyruvate, α- and β-glycerophosphate (52% α), citrate, and possibly succinate. It must be pointed out, however, that inhibitions due to drug with citrate as a substrate are to be considered quite dubious since the normal increase in O2 consumption by this substrate alone is so small. Doubtful inhibitions were produced when brain slices respired on glutamate and oxalacetate. Nu-1196 and Nu-1779 showed insignificant effects at concentrations less than 0.01M.As in the case of demerol, methadon, and morphine reported by Elliott et al.4 the concentrations of the new agents Nu-1196 and Nu-1779 required to produce significant inhibitions were vastly larger than that required in the production of in vivo effects.
Carcinoid Heart Disease

The patient, C.P., is a 59-year-old woman who was diagnosed with metastatic carcinoid of the terminal ileum in May 2003. In June 2003, she underwent an extensive resection including hemicolectomy, cholecystectomy, distal pancreatectomy, and splenectomy with metastatic disease in her pancreas, mesentery, and liver. She had been treated with octreotide, everolimus, oxaliplatin, and multiple hepatic artery embolizations in the past eight years and, most recently, capecitabine and bevacizumab with monthly octreotide. She has had intermittent pleural effusions not requiring intervention and a trace pericardial effusion. Her tumor is functional, meaning it demonstrates hormonal hypersecretion which causes flushing, diarrhea, bronchospasm, and abdominal pain.
Physiochemical characterization of human histamine-induced suppressor factor

Abstract A product of histamine-stimulated human lymphocytes, histamine-induced suppressor factor or HSF, was characterized by enzyme treatment, sensitivity to reduction and alkylation, by molecular sieve chromatography, and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. HSF was found to have a wide pH stability (pH 3–10), sensitivity to temperatures greater than 80 °C, and to have the properties of a glycoprotein by virtue of its sensitivity to chymotrypsin, trypsin, sodium periodate, and neuraminidase. HSF did not appear to have a serine group(s) in its “active” site since its biologic activity remained intact following treatment with an irreversible serine esterase inhibitor (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride). Further, HSF did not appear to have inter- or intramolecular disulfide linkages because treatment with denaturing and/or reducing agents, followed by alkylation, did not significantly alter its activity. Molecular sieve chromatography employing Sephadex G-100 revealed an apparent molecular weight for HSF of 25–40,000. Electrophoresis of HSF in polyacrylamide gels at pH 8.7 under nonreducing conditions revealed two regions of activity, one region migrating with albumin and the other region anodal to albumin. In addition to suppressing lymphocyte proliferation, the 25–40,000 M r , Sephadex G-100 fractions also inhibited the production of leukocyte inhibitory factor. Of particular interest, gel filtration of supernatants generated by stimulating mononuclear cells with either histamine, dimaprit (but not 2-pyridylethylamine), concanavalin A, or Candida albicans resulted in similar elution profiles with regard to inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. That is, 25–40,000 M r fractions of supernatants generated by each stimulant suppressed lymphocyte proliferation to a similar degree. The latter findings provide indirect evidence that T lymphocytes, triggered in response to antigenspecific and nonspecific stimuli, elaborate suppressor molecules capable of modulating T-cell function that share certain similarities.
Applications of chemostratigraphy in Cretaceous sediments encountered in the North Central Rub’ al-Khali Basin, Saudi Arabia

Abstract The following study was undertaken on inorganic geochemical data acquired for 832 core and cuttings samples taken from Cretaceous sediments encountered in 11 wells in the North Central Rub’ al-Khali Basin, Saudi Arabia. The study sections extend from Khafji Member at the base of the Wasia Formation to the basal part of the Aruma Formation. The principal objective of the study was to produce a chemostratigraphic scheme for these wells, though a comparison was also made with a previous lithostratigraphic scheme. Although ICP–OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry) and ICP–MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry) were used to acquire data for 50 elements, the chemostratigraphic scheme is based on changes in the following ‘key’ elements and ratios: Ca, Al, Zr, P/Y, Zr/P, Zr/Y, Zr/Nb, Mo and Zr. The scheme comprises a hierarchical order of five zones, 18 subzones and four divisions, with the zones labelled C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5 in ascending stratigraphic order. The definition of these zones are mainly based on changes in Ca and Al reflecting variations in bulk lithology as a response to changes in base level. Zone C1 is dominated by elevated Al and low Ca concentrations and represents calcareous mudrocks deposited in a lagoonal–prodelta environment. An increase in base level led to the formation of highly calcareous rudistic limestones deposited in a shallow marine environment, with a further increase in base level resulting in the deposition of calcareous mudrocks with high Al values in zone C3. Zone C4 comprises rudistic limestones (with elevated Ca and low Al) deposited in shallow marine conditions, while C5 is dominated by calcareous mudrocks and argillaceous limestones deposited in a prodeltaic paleoenvironment. Although the definition of zones mainly relates to changes in base level/bulk lithology, more subtle changes in provenance are modelled using the P/Y, Zr/P, Zr/Y and Zr/Nb ratios which are used to define most subzones and divisions. Variations in this ratio are almost entirely dependent on changes in source/provenance. Although all of the zones and most of the subzones are correlative between the study wells it is noted that different criteria are used to define the zone C2 and C4 subzones in the eastern and western wells of the study area. This suggests that separate sediment sources were responsible for the delivery of clastic material to these carbonate ‘reefs’ during the deposition of these subzones. One important conclusion from this study is that there are close links between the chemostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic correlations but the former offers a much higher level of resolution.
Price competition, pollution, and environmental policy in an open economy

We study three issues about environmental policy in a two country world in which national governments and polluting firms act strategically. First, we examine the conditions under which the pursuit of unilateral environmental policy by a country in a setting in which polluting firms play a price leadership game, will make that country worse off. Second, we study the results of environmental regulation by means of alternate price control instruments when national governments care about international pollution, but polluting firms that play a price leadership game, do not. Third, we compare our findings with the corresponding results when polluting firms play a quantity leadership (Stackelberg) game. We find that there are plausible theoretical and hypothetical numerical circumstances in which the pursuit of unilateral environmental policy is welfare reducing. We show that the use of a trade policy instrument to control pollution is generally dominated by the other price instruments that we analyze. Finally, if the two national governments are able to compel the polluting firms to choose between prices and quantities, then, generally speaking, they should require the two firms to choose quantities rather than prices.
Fetal and Neonatal Thermal Physiology

Abstract Humans have the ability to regulate their body temperature in a narrow range. Infants have decreased ability to regulate their body temperature, producing heat through non-shivering thermogenesis. This review describes the physiology of non-shivering thermogenesis in the term infant and the deficiencies inherent in premature birth related to heat production. Heat loss occurs due to radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation. These factors influence neonates after birth and contribute to periods of heat loss.
Estimation of solute transport and storage parameters in a stream with anthropogenically produced unsteady flow and industrial bromide input

[1] We used an anthropogenic tracer signal to evaluate downstream solute transport and storage in Valley Creek, a 60 km2 watershed stream near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that is subject to urbanization and anthropogenically induced unsteady flow. Bromide-bearing groundwater from an abandoned mineral processing plant enters the upstream reach of Valley Creek through a series of well-defined seeps and springs, producing a steady and significant concentration of bromide in Valley Creek. In addition, at the time of the study, a quarry located near the center of the watershed discharged accumulated groundwater seepage to the stream on a cyclical basis. The quarry discharge reduced the bromide concentration in the main stream and produced a periodicity in the in-stream bromide concentration downstream of the quarry. We used these variations in the ambient bromide concentration to assess solute mixing and transport in Valley Creek. We applied the USGS code OTIS to analyze solute advection, dispersion, transient storage, and groundwater inflow over a 7.5 km stream reach. To apply OTIS for unsteady flow conditions, we independently modeled the variation of stream conditions during a flow cycle and then simulated solute transport using temporal and reach average values of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient (D), transient storage exchange rate (α), and transient storage area (As/A). Calibrated values of D ranged from 0.5 m2 s−1 to 1.4 m2 s−1, As/A ranged from 0.03 to 1.3, and α ranged from 8.7 × 10−6 s−1 to 1.0 × 10−2 s−1. Observed temporal variability in the in-stream bromide concentration was simulated well. The observed transient storage parameters reflect differences in the structure of the three test reaches. Solute storage in the middle reach was dominated by in-stream storage produced by relict hydraulic structures, while solute transport in the other two reaches reflected differences in bed sediment characteristics between upstream and downstream reaches. However, overparameterization of the model and high sensitivity to the dispersion coefficient made it difficult to assess the magnitude of transient storage or hyporheic exchange.
An empirical analysis of the economic value of ocean space associated with commercial fishing

Abstract Understanding the economic value of ocean space is critical for implementing marine spatial planning (MSP). Empirical data from 1999 to 2008 are compiled on the economic values arising from commercial fishing in the Gulf of Maine and adjacent areas. The data are analyzed to characterize factors affecting the spatial and temporal distribution of measures of economic productivity and fishing effort. The analysis consisted of four components: (1) estimation of net revenue at the 10-min square level by season and gear; (2) assessment of variability for catch revenue and catch per unit effort; (3) mapping net revenue and variability in the study area; and (4) estimation of interactions among catch, effort, season, and gear type. The results indicated that, at each location, average fishing efforts exhibited a positive response to increases in expected revenues and a negative response to variability in revenues. Most of the variability in catch revenue can be explained by changes in fishing effort, implying that the spatial patterns of fishery resources are relatively stable at the 10-min square level. An important conclusion is that a spatial scale of at least the 10-min square is appropriate for undertaking MSP involving allocations of commercial fisheries.
Electrochemical conversion of 2,3-butanediol to 2-butanone in undivided flow cells: a paired synthesis

A procedure has been developed for converting 2,3-butanediol inca. 10% aqueous solution to 2-butanone by passing it through a porous anode at which it is selectively oxidized to acetoin by electrogenerated NaBrO and then pumping to a porous cathode at which it is reduced to 2-butanone. The not fully optimized yields and current efficiencies are 75% and 60%, respectively. The procedure employs: Pb/Hg or Zn/Hg cathodes, graphite anodes, pHca. 7, ambient temperature, current density of 2 mA cm−2, five minute residence time outside the cell, packed bed electrodes, and parallel electrolyte and current flow.
Optimizing the performance of dynamic composite web service using caching

Web services allows interaction of versatile applications irrespective of their platform, language and locations by utilizing generic and reliable services that can used as application building block. Business workflows can be implemented using composite web services. As more and more web services are evolving now, choosing the appropriate web service based of the Quality of Service (QoS) metrics is a tedious task now. Among all QoS metrics, reliability plays a vital role. Non-functional metrics of reliability are categorized as availability, performance and interoperability. In this paper, a framework model is proposed to optimize the performance in dynamic composite web service using caching technique.
Structure‐property relationships for styrene‐diene thermoplastic elastomers

A study has been carried out on block polymers of the A-B-A type, the thermoplastic elastomers, where A represents polystyrene and B polybutadiene or polyisoprene. The objective was to relate the mechanical properties of these elastomers to their molecular architecture. For this purpose a series of styrene-butadiene and styrene-isoprene block polymers were synthesized by means of organolithium initiators, in which the block lengths of the polystyrene and polydiene were varied. It was found that the stress-strain properties of styrene-butadiene polymers are mainly dependent on the polystyrene content, regardless of the block sizes, and that the center, elastic block does not appear to behave as the “molecular weight between crosslinks” of these networks. However, the monodispersity of the chain length of these elastic blocks does appear to contribute substantially to higher tensile strengths. The polystyrene appears to be aggregated in small domains, of the order of several hundred angstrom units, and these undergo an irreversible deformation under stress, which is, however, completely recoverable above the Tg of the polystyrene. At high polystyrene contents (∼40%) these elastomers exhibit an irreversible yield point at very low elongations, and this is ascribed to the presence of a continuous phase of connected polystyrene domains, which can be re-formed by raising the temperature above the Tg of the polystyrene. Although the stress-strain curves are not affected by the thermal history of the sample, the tensile strength, especially at high styrene contents, is strongly dependent on “annealing” of any frozen stresses in the polystyrene phase. The useful range of block molecular weights is about 10,000–20,000 for polystyrene and 40,000–80,000, respectively, for polybutadiene. The lower limit is probably governed by the minimum polystyrene chain length required to insure the formation of a heterogeneous phase; while the upper limit is set by the high viscosity of both blocks, which might seriously hamper domain formation.
Comparing the Kalman filter with a Monte Carlo-based artificial neural network in the INS/GPS vector gravimetric system

Rigorous physical and mathematical analysis has been intensively developed to obtain the gravity disturbance vector from the inertial navigation system and the global positioning system. However, the combination of the observation noise and the systematic INS errors make it very challenging to accurately and efficiently describe the dynamics of the system with rigorous equations. Thus, the accuracy of the gravity disturbance estimates, especially in the horizontal components, is limited by the insufficient error models. To overcome the difficulty of directly modeling the systematic errors with exact mathematical equations, a Monte Carlo based artificial neural network is successfully applied in the moving base gravimetric system. The computation results show significant improvement in the precision of all components of the gravity disturbance estimates.
Goldstone Bosons as Bound States in the Quark-Gluon Model

We examine the implications of a Nambu-Goldstone realization of chiral symmetry in the quark-gluon model. The context of this examination is that of a renormalizable, finite theory, so eigenvalue conditions are assumed to be satisfied. We discuss the solutions to the Schwinger-Dyson gap equation for the fermion self-energy $\ensuremath{\Sigma}({p}^{2})$ that exhibit spontaneous breaking of the vacuum symmetry. In the leading-order Bethe-Salpeter approximation the boundary conditions to the homogeneous, linear integral equations stipulate the vacuum symmetry. It is shown how the Goldstone bosons emerge as bound states, as suggested by Nambu and Jona-Lasinio. We also examine the Goldstone alternative in the Bethe-Salpeter equation for fermion-fermion scattering. Explicit symmetry breaking is introduced by additional Abelian vector gluons coupling to hypercharge and isospin besides baryon number. The eigenvalue condition for the fine-structure constant is consequently model-dependent but takes a simple form. We also consider the influence of explicit symmetry breaking on the ground-state mesons and indicate how the solutions to the eigenvalue problem regulate the structure of symmetry breaking.
Reflective thin-film device for generating spatial binary patterns of orthogonal circular polarization states

Abstract A novel device is described that generates, by reflection, polarized optical wavefronts of juxtaposed fields of alternating orthogonal circular polarization states. It consists of a dielectric substrate coated by a transparent thin film of certain refractive index and of thickness that alternates between two discrete values over adjacent areas of the substrate, in a pattern that corresponds to the desired binary polarization pattern of the reflected wave. Devices that use Ge and Si substrates at wavelengths of 10.6 and 0.6328 μm, respectively, are presented as examples.
The surgery of benign and malignant neoplasms adjacent to or involving the skull base

A group of patients who have undergone resection of benign and malignant neoplasms, either adjacent to or through the skull base, were evaluated to determine whether the long-term results justify the risks of such surgery. A total of 37 patients underwent 55 operations in a 6.5-year period from December 1979 to July 1986 at The Ohio State University. An analysis of the operative, perioperative, and long-term complications demonstrates that surgery is well-tolerated. The disease-free interval and survival rates for both benign and malignant neoplasms are encouraging and demonstrate curative potential even for those patients presenting with recurrent malignancies extending through the base of the skull. The interdisciplinary approach evaluated in this study is an effective modality in the treatment of skull base tumors, conferring a favorable risk-benefit ratio.
Individual Time Period Analyses over the GATE Ship Array

Abstract Diagnostic moisture and dry static energy budgets for the GATE A/B-scale area are performed for individual time periods using rawinsonde and satellite data. The data are sufficiently accurate to permit quantitative analysis of that area with 3–6 h time resolution. Each budget is used to estimate the net condensation rate for every time period. The budget condensation rates slightly exceed radar rainfall estimates for the GATE master array and the radar values lag the budget condensation by 4–6 h during major rainfall episodes. Storage of liquid water and unsampled vapor in clouds can account for a large portion of the observed lag. The present results indicate that observed 3–6 h lags between, low-level mass convergence and echo growth during GATE result primarily from the lag between condensation and precipitation during convective system evolution. The release of latent heat in a tropical convective system appears to be closely related to the instantaneous mass convergence below 700 mb. Budget-...
Children's cognitive function and cell-phone electromagnetic fields

Several companies have made major strides in marketing cellular telephones to children within the past 12 months; more and more children are using cell phones as part of their daily routines. Some fear any disturbance to brain activity in children could lead to impaired learning ability or behavioral problems. Moreover, any lasting biochemical effects could have important consequences, especially in the young, who still have years of development ahead of them. Recently, two studies of the mental process of young users of standard 902 MHz Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) cellular mobile telephones were published: one paper reported a slight trend toward speeding up of simple reaction time, whereas the other study did not detect any change in cognitive functions
Japanese Exports and Foreign Direct Investment: Imperfect Competition in International Markets

This book addresses the question of how competition takes place in international manufacturing industries. It examines patterns of rivalry among firms from different countries across national boundaries and their influences on international trade and investment. By using various data on Japanese firms in manufacturing industries from the late 1950s through the early 2000s, the first part of this book presents a series of empirical analyses that examines effects of market structure on export pricing, linkages of domestic and foreign market structures on trade performance, and patterns of oligopolistic interactions among firms from different countries in exporting. The second part of this book deals with the impact of strategic interactions on foreign direct investment. In particular, the book examines 'bunching' in foreign direct investment, strategic interactions in intra-industry cross-market foreign direct investment, and their effects on entry patterns and post-entry performance.
Assessment and classroom learning: A deductive approach

(1998). Assessment and Classroom Learning: a deductive approach. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 111-122.
The Generalized Lamé Problem—Part II: Applications in Poromechanics

The cylinder is the geometry most widely used in laboratory testing procedures for rocks and other geomaterials. This paper applies a unified and universal Lame solution to all the three recognised right-cylindrical problems in poromechanics As such, the solution of the hollow-cylinder features itself converging asymptotically to the exact values predicted by the solutions of the two other essential problem setups in geomechanics; namely, the finite solid cylinder case and the borehole core in an infinite medium. The time-dependent response derivations were scripted within the frameworks of the Biot's theory of linear poroelasticity and facilitated by the governing generalized plane-strain (GPS) principle.
Feedback-Based Mitigation of Torque Harmonics in Switched Reluctance Motor Drives

An issue that often arises in switched reluctance machine (SRM) drives is excessive vibration/noise created by harmonics of electromagnetic torque (torque ripple). In this research, a closed-loop control technique is developed to eliminate torque harmonics produced by a SRM. A piezoelectric washer has been designed and incorporated into a SRM drive system to sense harmonics of torque-ripple-induced vibrations. Simulation and laboratory experiments are presented to validate that the sensor output is correlated to torque ripple. To mitigate the undesirable torque harmonics, a gradient algorithm is used to minimize the measured vibration harmonics by adjusting current magnitude components. The control is discussed in detail and simulation and hardware results are presented.
Successful Maternal and Fetal Outcome in a Pregnancy Complicated by Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in the First Trimester

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is an uncommon but severe hematologic condition affecting women in their reproductive years. Of approximately 70 cases diagnosed during pregnancy documented in the literature, only 20% had a successful maternal-fetal outcome. In our case study, a woman developed thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura on her sixth week of gestation. She responded to a combination of glucocorticosteroids, plasma infusion and exchange. Relapses at 17 and 20 weeks were managed with glucocorticosteroids, plasma exchange and intravenous dextran. She delivered a term infant and had an uneventful postpartum course. Modern medical management of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura can lead to a successful maternal-fetal outcome even when initially diagnosed in the early first trimester.
An embedded DRAM for CMOS ASICs

The growing gap between on-chip gates and off-chip I/O bandwidth argues for ever larger amounts of on-chip memory. Emerging portable consumer technology, such as digital cameras, will also require more memory than can be supported easily on logic-oriented ASIC processes. Most ASIC memory systems are P-load SRAM, but this circuit technology is neither dense nor power efficient. This paper describes development of a DRAM, compatible with a standard CMOS ASIC process, that provides a memory density at least 4/spl times/ improved over P-load SRAM in the same layout roles. It runs at speeds comparable to logic in the same process and uses circuitry that is reasonably simple and portable. The design employs Vdd-precharge bit lines, half-capacitance full-voltage dummy cells, and a simple complementary sense amplifier. DRAM is organized as a number of small pages, allowing simple circuit design and low-power operation at modest expense in area overhead. The paper also described a power-conserving low-voltage-swing bus design that interfaces multiple pages to full-voltage-swing circuitry. Circuit and layout details are provided, along with experimental results for a 100 MHz 786K-bit embedded DRAM in a 0.5 /spl mu/m process.
Volatile Compounds and Storage Stability of Potato Chips Fried in Mid-Oleic Sunflower Oil

Potato chips fried in mid-oleic sunflower oil were stored in closed containers at ambient temperature (∼22°C) either in dark or under fluorescent light for 6 weeks. Lightness and yellowness of chips decreased with storage time. Peroxide values were influenced by storage conditions and time. Sixteen flavor volatiles were positively identified and concentrations of hexanal and 2-furaldehyde increased with storage time. However, t,t,-2,4-decadienal was not affected by storage time. The results indicated that potato chips fried in mid-oleic sunflower oil might retain the desirable fried flavor during 6 weeks of storage in a sealed container in the dark.
Atlantic Dreams and European Realities: British Foreign Policy After Iraq

Abstract To what extent has the outcome of the Iraq invasion undermined the assumptions underpinning post‐war British foreign policy? This article seeks to address this question in light of historical precedence and domestic political constraints. It argues that while political elites remain attached to the interconnected roles of loyal US ally and transatlantic interlocutor, their ability to pursue them has been impeded by public hostility to US global leadership. In consequence, they have prioritized issues of ‘soft security’ where the British preferences are closer to those of other EU member states than to the USA. Almost by default, therefore, British governments may find themselves utilizing the EU’s common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and European security and defence policy (ESDP) as primary forums for pursuing British interests.
PROCESSES OF OPINION CHANGE

A persistent concern in the analysis of public opinion data is the "meaning" that one can ascribe to the observed distributions and trends—and to the positions taken by particular individuals and segments of the population. In a certain sense, the need for more detailed information about opinions be met by improvements and refinements in the methodology of opinion assessment. But, no matter how refined the techniques, they do not provide direct information about the meaning of the opinions and do not permit automatic predictions to subsequent behavior: the investigator still has to make inferences from the data. Social influence has been a central area of concern for experimental social psychology almost since its beginnings. It can also be observed, for example, in the context of socialization of children, where the taking over of parental attitudes and actions is a normal, and probably essential, part of personality development.
An Improved Approximation Factor For The Unit Disk Covering Problem

We present a polynomial time algorithm for the unit disk covering problem with an approximation factor 72, and show that this is the best possible approximation factor based on the method used. This is an improvement on the best known approximation factor of 108.
Mother–Child Appraised Involvement in Coping with Diabetes Stressors and Emotional Adjustment

Objective To examine how children’s and mother’s appraisals of each other’s involvement in coping with diabetes events are associated with emotional adjustment. Methods One hundred and twenty-seven children (ages 10–15 years) with type 1 diabetes and their mothers reported on their own emotional adjustment and how each other was involved in coping strategies surrounding diabetes stressful events. Results Appraisals that mothers and children were uninvolved with each other’s stressors were associated with greater depressive symptoms and less positive mood; children’s appraisals of mother’s supportive involvement with children’s less depressive symptoms, and appraisals of collaborative involvement with less depressive symptoms and more positive mood for both mothers and children. Appraised control was most detrimental for children for older females and for mothers of younger children. Conclusions Collaborative involvement in coping efforts may be an important resource for addressing negative emotions that both children and mothers experience surrounding type 1 diabetes, especially across adolescence.
Alternative models for carcinogenicity testing: weight of evidence evaluations across models.

Twenty-one chemicals were evaluated by standardized protocols in 6 mouse models that have been sugggested as alternatives to the 2-year mouse bioassay. Included were genotoxic and nongenotoxic chemicals, carcinogens and noncarcinogens, immunosuppressive and estrogenic agents, peroxisome proliferators, and chemicals producing cancer in rodents by other mechanisms. Mice were sacrie ced at the end of 6 to 12 months, depending on the model. Standardized histopathology, biostatistical analyses, and criteria for overall evaluation of the results were employed. The TgAC transgenic (dermal and oral administration ), the Tg-rasH2 transgenic, the heterozygous p53 gene knockout, the homozygous XPA and homozygous XPA ‐heterozygous p53 gene knockout, and the neonatal mouse models were evaluated. The chemicals were also evaluated in the in vitro SHE assay. Comparison of the results between the various in vivo models suggest that they might have usefulness as screening bioassays for hazard identie cation for potential human carcinogens. They have the benee ts of being quicker, less expensive, and involve fewer animals than the traditional 2-year mouse bioassay. They do not appear to be overly sensitive. However, they do not dee nitively distinguish between genotoxic and nongenotoxic carcinogens, and they do not have 100% specie city for identifying human carcinogens. Like the 2-year bioassay, the results from these models need to be evaluated in conjunction with other information on a chemical in an overall weight-of-evidence, integrated analytical approach to assess risk for human exposures.
Donald J. Reis, MD: research mentor extraordinaire.

Donald J. Reis, M.D., the late internationally reknowned neuroscientist, had a special talent for mentoring researchers early in their academic careers. His "hands-on" approach to laboratory investigation, his extraoridinary patience with novice researchers, his commitment to the scientific method, and his enthusiastic approach to the art of neuroscience all combined to make him the ideal mentor for many budding academics over the past four decades. The beauty of his scientific legacy is that he loved to each research. The following tribute is personal from one whose career was changed by a great mentor.
Field Galaxies and Cluster Galaxies: Abundances of Morphological Types and Corresponding Luminosity Functions

With reference to theory published earlier, formulas are given for the estimation of (i) abundances of morphological types among field galaxies, (ii) of selection probabilities, and (iii) of ‘space luminosity functions’. Strictly, the theory applies to ‘homogeneous classes’ of galaxies. This term designates a category of galaxies, say C, so finely defined that the probability, say Φ(m | C), that a galaxy of category C will be included in the catalogue depends on its photographic apparent magnitude m and on nothing else. The practical use of the theory is illustrated on data in the HMS Catalogue. It appears that certain combinations of the Hubble morphological types satisfy the definition of a homogeneous class. Such, for example, is the case for combinations of ellipticals E0–E3 and, separately, of spirals Sc, Sep, SBc. However, the combination of these two categories is not a homogeneous class.
Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) Decreases Treatment-Related Morbidity and Potentially Enhances Tumor Control

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), a new form of three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT), optimizes the concept of computer-controlled radiation deposition in tumor (target) while sparing adjacent normal structures. A retrospective review was done on the initial 185 patients with tumors in different sites including prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, pediatric tumors, adult brain tumors, and previously irradiated recurrent tumors treated with IMRT. Preliminary findings indicate that IMRT is a new clinically feasible tool in radiation oncology. Treatment-related morbidity profile was favorable. Tumor response, local control, and the ability to palliate previously irradiated patients are encouraging. Intensity modulated radiation therapy will allow dose escalation, leading to better tumor control.
A Mechanistic Model for Copper Electropolishing in Phosphoric Acid

Copper electropolishing in phosphoric acid has been characterized using electroanalytical methods, primarily potential transient techniques. An uncommon voltage response, consisting of two distinct steps, was noted when the current was stepped to the limiting current. A slow (∼ 100-300 s, depending on agitation) and relatively small (∼50 mV) initial potential increase was followed by a fast (∼5 s) and large (∼1.5 V) potential rise. The latter always reached the oxygen evolution potential (∼ 1.6 V), irrespective of the process conditions. While the first, slow potential transient can be correlated in terms of a diffusion process, the second, rapid potential rise suggests the buildup of a highly resistive component, most likely a surface film. The nearly instantaneous potential relaxation upon current interruption further supports the resistive film model rather than a transport-related process. A two-stage mechanism is proposed and analytically modeled. Accordingly, the cupric ion concentration at the anode increases during the initial stage of the dissolution process due to transport limitations, until a saturation level is reached and a resistive surface film forms. During the second stage, the continuing imbalance between the rate of cupric ion formation and transport into the bulk leads to increasing film thickness and, consequently, to a rapid buildup in resistance. The model quantitatively correlates the experimentally measured transients and is consistent with all other observations relating to the copper electropolishing process.
Pharmacologic Means of Extending Lifespan.

Humanity has long dreamed of the possibility of extending lifespan, from the search for the mythical philosopher’s stone to Ponce de Leon’s quest for the Fountain of Youth. While no such fantastical solution exists, recent advances in aging research have brought us closer to finding treatments that may aid in slowing the aging process and attenuating age-related diseases. In this review, we will discuss small molecules that recent evidence suggests may be capable of improving health and extending lifespan in mammals, focusing particularly on resveratrol, rapamycin, and metformin.
Abstract 003: Cholinergic Expansion of an Inflammatory Macrophage Population in the Pre-Hypertensive Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

Our laboratory previously identified an abnormally elevated CD161a+ immune cell population in splenocytes of the pre-hypertensive Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) that was abnormally expanded following cholinergic activation with nicotine . In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the expanded CD161a+ cell population represents an activated monocyte/macrophage population and are present in the bone marrow (BM). We isolated cells from the spleen and BM of pre-hypertensive (4-5 week old) SHR (n=3) and age-matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY, n=3) rats. Isolated cells were stained with a fluorochrome conjugated anti-rat CD161a monoclonal antibody and analyzed by flow cytometry. CD161a+ cells were more prevalent in splenocytes and BM of the pre-hypertensive SHR, compared to WKY (8.7 ± 1.4% vs 1.2 ± 0.6% and 12.6 ± 1.8% vs 1.7 ± 0.8%, respectively, p 0.05). Nicotine had no effect on the CD161a+/CD68- cell population in either splenocytes or BM cells of the SHR or WKY. Thus, an activated monocyte/macrophage population (CD161a+/CD68+) is expanded by cholinergic activation in both the BM and spleen of SHR, but only in the BM and not spleen of the WKY. Since, the pro-inflammatory nicotinic response present in the BM of the WKY is abrogated in the peripheral spleen, we conclude that the retention of this response in the SHR may contribute to the development of hypertension.
Spinal activity of interleukin 6 mediates myelin basic protein-induced allodynia

Mechanosensory fibers are enveloped by myelin, a unique multilamellar membrane permitting saltatory neuronal conduction. Damage to myelin is thought to contribute to severe pain evoked by innocuous tactile stimulation (i.e., mechanical allodynia). Our earlier (Liu et al., 2012) and present data demonstrate that a single injection of a myelin basic protein-derived peptide (MBP84-104) into an intact sciatic nerve produces a robust and long-lasting (>30days) mechanical allodynia in female rats. The MBP84-104 peptide represents the immunodominant epitope and requires T cells to maintain allodynia. Surprisingly, only systemic gabapentin (a ligand of voltage-gated calcium channel α2δ1), but not ketorolac (COX inhibitor), lidocaine (sodium channel blocker) or MK801 (NMDA antagonist) reverse allodynia induced by the intrasciatic MBP84-104. The genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the sciatic nerve followed by the bioinformatics analyses of the expression changes identified interleukin (IL)-6 as the major cytokine induced by MBP84-104 in both the control and athymic T cell-deficient nude rats. The intrasciatic MBP84-104 injection resulted in both unilateral allodynia and unilateral IL-6 increase the segmental spinal cord (neurons and astrocytes). An intrathecal delivery of a function-blocking IL-6 antibody reduced the allodynia in part by the transcriptional effects in large-diameter primary afferents in DRG. Our data suggest that MBP regulates IL-6 expression in the nervous system and that the spinal IL-6 activity mediates nociceptive processing stimulated by the MBP epitopes released after damage or disease of the somatosensory nervous system.