cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consciousness and qualia

This is a philosophical study of qualitative consciousness, characteristic examples of which are pains, experienced colors, sounds, etc. Consciousness is analyzed as the having of qualia . Phenomenal properties or qualia are problematical because they lack appropriate bearers. The relation of having is problematical because none of the typical candidates for this relation — introspection, inner monitoring, higher level thoughts — is capable of explaining what it looks like to have a quale . The qualia problem is solved by introducing a bundle theory of phenomenal objects. Phenomenal objects are bundles of qualia. Thus there is no need for independent qualia bearers. The having problem is solved by introducing a bundle theory of the self. To have a quale is for it to be in the bundle one is. Thus no further relations are needed to explain how qualia are had. This study strives for phenomenological adequacy. Thus the first-person point of view dominates throughout. (Series A)
RANDOM ASSIGNMENT TO TREATMENT GROUPS

A persistent problem in evaluation research relates to the difficulty of using true experimental designs. In particular, random assignment of subjects to treatment groups is both very important to insure the internal validity of the design and very difficult to implement due to logistical and ethical aspects of field research. This paper reports on a strategy for randomization which was adapted to judicial research: specifically to the evaluation of o program for adjudicating minor traffic offenders. It is demonstrated that through careful planning and coordination, designs involving random assignment can be instituted without involving significant difficulties.
Fine structure of tobacco mosaic virus.

ALTHOUGH tobacco mosaic was one of the first viruses to be examined in the electron microscope, electron microscopy has failed to reveal any fine structure, even though it has been repeatedly looked for1,2, especially since the introduction3 of metal shadow casting in 1945.
Relationship between Body Types and Static Posture of Young Adult Women

Abstract This investigation was designed to determine the relationship between body type and body alignment and center of balance. Data were collected from 58 women students at Washington State University. Each subject was classified into body type components of endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy. The methods used for measurement were Sheldon's technique for somatotyping, a modified technique of Howland's alignometer for body alignment, and the Lovett-Reynolds technique for determining the center of balance. Statistically, somatotype was not significantly related with body alignment or with the center of balance. However, significant correlations were found to exist between height and trunk length measures and between a ratio of trunk measures and body alignment (P<0.01).
Electrical conductivity and thermal diffusivity of thin Y2O3-stabilized zirconia film

Abstract To fabricate thin, gas-tight yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte films for high-temperature water vapour electrolysis, we developed a modified doctor blading process. Both tetragonal and cubic phases are stabilized in the sintered film of 3 m/o YSZ and 5 m/o YSZ. Thermal diffusivity and electrical conductivity data were obtained on YSZ thin film.
Fully developed turbulent flow and heat transfer at fiber-flocked surfaces

Abstract High-conductivity carbon fibers can be “flocked”, or perpendicularly attached onto surfaces, thus enabling heat transfer enhancement for such fiber-flocked surfaces. An analysis is performed for fully developed turbulent flow and heat transfer in ducts with high-conductivity fibers covering the walls. The fiber volumetric packing density is sparse such that single-cylinder correlations are used for the fiber drag and Nusselt number; this gives rise to body-type terms in the momentum and energy equations for the region near the wall covered with fibers. An eddy-diffusivity type turbulence model is employed, including Laufer core-flow distribution and Van Driest damping, but with a shifted origin. The resulting core- and fiber-region equations are solved by the singular perturbation theory, and matched at the fiber-tip interface, yielding a friction factor function that is fitted to available experimental data with a 32% fiber-length coordinate shift. The results show the variation of the duct Nusselt number with Reynolds number to be similar to that for smooth surfaces, but with an enhancement factor of four for gases. A very strong variation with Prandtl number is predicted for the fiber-flocked surfaces; for liquid metals and gases a moderate enhancement is predicted, whereas for water and viscous liquids an order-of-magnitude enhancement appears possible.
Thermodynamics of hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions in cyclodextrin complexes

Values of K, delta G(o), delta H(o), delta S(o) and delta C(po) for the binding reaction of small organic ligands forming 1:1 complexes with either alpha- or beta-cyclodextrin were obtained by titration calorimetry from 15 degrees C to 45 degrees C. A hydrogen bond or hydrophobic interaction was introduced by adding a single functional group to the ligand. The thermodynamics of binding with and without the added group are compared to estimate the contribution of the hydrogen bond or hydrophobic interaction. A change in the environment of a functional group is required to influence the binding thermodynamics, but molecular size-dependent solute-solvent interactions have no effect. For phenolic O-H-O hydrogen bond formation, delta H(o) varies from -2 to -1.4 kcal mol(-1) from 15 degrees C to 45 degrees C, and delta C(p) is increased by 18 cal K(-1) mol(-1). The hydrophobic interaction has an opposite effect: in alpha-cyclodextrin, delta C(po) = -13.3 cal K(-1) mol(-1) per ligand -CH(2)-, identical to values found for the transfer of a -CH(2)-group from water to a nonpolar environment. At room temperature, the hydrogen bond and the -CH(2)-interaction each contribute about -600 cal mol(-1) to the stability (delta G(o)) of the complex. With increased temperature, the hydrogen bond stability decreases (i.e., hydrogen bonds "melt"), but the stability of the hydrophobic interaction remains essentially constant.
Gaining global perspective: educational language policy and planning

Beginning with the passage of No Child Left Behind (NCLB), language-based educational policy in the United States has shifted toward an emphasis on English language acquisition and away from an emphasis on native language assistance. The English Language Acquisition, Language Enhancement, and Academic Achievement Act clearly mandates English language acquisition as the commanding objective of instructional programming for Limited English Proficiency (LEP) students. This paper addresses a critical question that emerges in light of this shift: Is it possible to develop educational language policies that effectively achieve global competition objectives and civil rights objectives concurrently? Using an ecological systems theory framework for examining education and language, this paper examines the current educational language policies of three globally competitive nations to delineate how each addresses language based social justice and language based civil rights. The policy analysis focuses on relevant l...
Mormon pilgrimage and tourism

Abstract This paper examines pilgrimage-related tourism among members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (commonly called the Mormon church) by tracing the development of the church and associated pilgrimage destinations. While pilgrimage is not an official doctrine of the Mormon church, Mormons engage in travel patterns emphasizing visits to Mormon sites, creating pilgrimage tourism that includes visits to temples, Biblical sites, sites associated with the Book of Mormon, and historic places of the church. The most important pilgrimage destination is Salt Lake City, with the Temple Square receiving the greatest number of pilgrim tourists.
Probing the reaction mechanism of the D-ala-D-ala dipeptidase, VanX, by using stopped-flow kinetic and rapid-freeze quench EPR studies on the Co(II)-substituted enzyme.

In an effort to probe the reaction mechanism of VanX, the d-ala-d-ala dipeptidase required for high-level vancomycin resistance in bacteria, stopped-flow kinetic and rapid-freeze quench EPR studies were conducted on the Co(II)-substituted enzyme when reacted with d-ala-d-ala. The intensity of the Co(II) ligand field band at 550 nm decreased (e550 = 140 to 18 M-1 cm-1) when VanX was reacted with substrate, suggesting that the coordination number of the metal increases from 5 to 6 upon substrate binding. The stopped-flow trace was fitted to a kinetic mechanism that suggests the presence of an intermediate whose breakdown is rate-limiting. Rapid-freeze quench EPR studies verified the presence of a reaction intermediate that exhibits an unusually low hyperfine constant (33 G), which suggests a bidentate coordination of the intermediate to the metal center. The EPR studies also identified a distinct enzyme product complex. The results were used to offer a detailed reaction mechanism for VanX that can be used t...
Ultrastructural changes during early development of retinal ganglion cells in Xenopus

All cells in the optic vesicle of Xenopus embryos from stages 27 to 31 have the same ultrastructure. They are elongated and appear to extend from the internal to the external surfaces of the optic vesicle. They are bound together by terminal bars at the internal (lumen) margin, have microvilli and a cilium on the internal margin, and are covered with a basement membrane on the external margin. Their cytoplasm contains abundant free ribosomes, polysomes, mitochondria, yolk and lipid inclusions, and sparse endoplasmic reticulum.
Tree Species Effects on Soil Properties in Experimental Plantations in Tropical Moist Forest

We resampled one of the earliest replicated experimental sites used to investigate the impacts of native tropical tree species on soil properties, to examine longer term effects to 1-m depth. The mono-dominant stands, established in abandoned pasture in 1988 at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, contained six species, including one exotic, Pinus patula ssp. tecunumanii (Eguiluz & J.P. Perry) Styles, and five native species: Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Ktze (N 2 -fixing); Hyeronima alchorneoides Allemao; Virola koschnyi Warb.; Vochysia ferruginea Mart.; and Vochysia guatemalensis J.D. Smith. Soil organic carbon (SOC) differed significantly among species in the surface (0-15-cm) layer, ranging from 44.5 to 55.1 g kg -1 , compared with 46.6 and 50.3 g kg -1 in abandoned pasture and mature forest, respectively. The change in surface SOC over 15 yr ranged from -0.03 to 0.66 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 . The species differed in the quantity and chemical composition of their detrital production. Soil organic C was significantly correlated with fine-root growth, but not with aboveground detrital inputs. Soil organic C increased with potential C mineralization on a grams of C basis, indicating that species influenced both the quality and quantity of SOC. Contrary to expectations, SOC declined with increasing fine-root lignin concentrations, indicating that lignin-derived C did not dominate refractory SOC pools. We hypothesize that differences among species in the capacity to increase SOC stocks involved fine-root traits that promoted soil microbial turnover and, thus, greater production of recalcitrant, microbial-derived C fractions.
Defoliation effects on arbuscular mycorrhizae and plant growth of two native bunchgrasses and an invasive forb

Centaurea maculosa, an invasive forb in western North American grasslands, dominates more than 4 million ha of rangeland in the Rocky Mountain region. Our research examined the effects of herbivory and arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) on the growth of C. maculosa, and two native grasses, Festuca idahoensis and Pseudoroegneria spicata. Plants were grown for 11 weeks, with or without AM, prior to simulated herbivory. We removed 75% of aboveground biomass from half of the plants, and harvested all plants 4 weeks later. All species increased their growth rate after clipping, but clipped plants were smaller than unclipped plants. The difference in biomass between clipped and unclipped plants was smaller for C. maculosa (clipped:unclipped = 0.62) than for the native grasses (0.42 and 0.52). Plants with AM were smaller than non-AM plants across all species, with the greatest reduction in F. idahoensis (77% versus 18% in C. maculosa and P. spicata). Levels of AM colonization were minimal in F. idahoensis (<1% of root length colonized), intermediate in P. spicata (13% colonization) and highest in C. maculosa (20%). Extra radical hyphae (ERH) lengths were highest for C. maculosa, and equal between the two grasses. Because of the lower biomass, plant tissue N concentrations were higher in AM plants, but P concentrations increased in AM plants for only C. maculosa and P. spicata. The superior competitive ability of C. maculosa may be the result of greater compensatory growth after herbivory and higher amounts of ERH, both of which result in greater resource capture.
The deconfinement transition in SU(2) gauge theory: A finite-size analysis

Abstract The finite-temperature deconfinement transition in pure SU(2) gauge theory is studied using finite-size analysis. The theory is formulated on a symmetric lattice with asymmetric couplings so the physical size of the spatial box can be changed continuously at a given physical temperature. Finite-size analysis based on the three-dimensional Ising model then permits the infinite-volume limit to be taken. The resulting critical temperature T c scales according to asymptotic freedom and T c / Λ L = 44.0 ± 2.0.
Animal Model of Conjunctival Primary Acquired Melanosis

Abstract A condition clinically identical to human conjunctival primary acquired melanosis (PAM) was induced in 16 of 20 Dutch (pigmented) rabbits after weekly topical 60-μl applications of a 1% solution of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in acetone. Pigment stippling appeared in the conjunctiva as early as 5 weeks after the initial carcinogen application. Confluent patches of flat pigmentation appeared over the palpebral conjunctiva 18 weeks after the onset of treatment and showed progressive lateral enlargement and darkening. Histologically, a spectrum of changes from increased melanin production and melanocytic hyperplasia without atypia (resembling the human condition of PAM without atypia) through atypical melanocytic hyperplasia (resembling human PAM with atypia) was identified. The development of this model permits further investigations to explore and explain the clinically observed phenomenon of waxing and waning of PAM and its promotion to conjunctival malignant melanoma.
MULTIVARIATE COMPARISON OF FOSSIL AND RECENT GINKGO WOOD

Multivariate statistical analysis of the anatomical structure of the wood of Recent Ginkgo biloba L. and of fossil Ginkgo beckii Scott, Barghoorn, & Prakash revealed significant differences not apparent through general microscopic observation. On the basis of a multiple discriminant analysis by computer of 10 anatomical characters, the living and fossil Ginkgo woods were separated into two distinct groups. All Recent wood specimens were classified into a single disjoint group by the computer, and all fossil wood specimens were classified into another without misclassifications when all 10 characteristics were included in the analysis. Three characters—number of pits per millimeter of tracheid length on radial wall, ray height, and tangential diameter of late wood tracheids—accounted for most of the discrimination between the two groups.
4547 A novel endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration technique for the diagnosis of malignant cystic lesions of the pancreas.

Background: Preliminary studies using EUS-guided FNA of pancreatic cyst fluid suggest a potential role for this modality in diagnosing premalignant/malignant lesions. However, the precise technique of EUS-guided FNA, for cystic lesions with a solid component has not been described. Methods: 42 pancreatic cystic lesions underwent EUS-guided FNA using the Olympus GF-UM30P or Pentax FG-32UA/36UX linear array echoendoscope and a 22-gauge needle (Mediglobe, Olympus or Wilson- Cook). The needle was advanced under EUS guidance into the cyst in the direction of the solid component and aspirated completely. Then without withdrawal, the needle was advanced directly into the solid component. Fluid/solid cytology were analyzed separately. All patients received antibiotics. Results: 12 of the 42 cysts were found to have a solid component (See Table). 9 patients had benign fluid/solid cytology. 1 patient had malignant fluid/solid cytology. 3 patients had benign fluid but malignant (c/w cystadenocarcinoma) solid cytology. Conclusions: EUS-guided FNA of the solid component of pancreatic cysts may increase the cytologic diagnosis of malignant lesions.
Spinal cord lesions and clinical status in multiple sclerosis: A 1.5 T and 3 T MRI study.

Objective Assess the relationship between spinal cord T2 hyperintense lesions and clinical status in multiple sclerosis (MS) with 1.5 and 3T MRI.
Time Domain Integral Equation solver for composite scatterers using a separable expansion for convolution with the retarded potential

Time Domain Integral Equations (TDIEs) have been plagued by instabilities since their inception. The computational community has invested significant time and effort in attempts to remedy the issue to varying success. Recent work on exact integration methods has shed further light on the importance of accurate matrix evaluation to TDIE stability, but their extension to higher order geometries is highly nontrivial. This was largely the inspiration for a method which relied on a separable approximation in space and time of the convolution with the retarded potential. This method was shown to produce late time stable results on a variety of perfectly electrically conducting objects. This work presents the extension of this method to composite scatterers.
Area-averaged and internal pressure coefficients measured in the field

Abstract Area-averaged pressure coefficients for a purlin and internal pressure coefficients for a building with no interior partitions are investigated using full scale data collected at the Texas Tech University Wind Engineering Research Field Laboratory (WERFL). Two methods are used to quantify the area-averaged pressure coefficients for the purlin. The first procedure is numerical averaging of pressure coefficients collected in the purlin effective area. The second procedure uses measured wind-induced purlin displacements in conjunction with a uniform pressure-purlin displacement curve to obtain area-averaged pressure coefficients. Internal pressure coefficients are investigated using data collected in the interior of the building. Results are presented for both area-averaged pressure coefficients and interior pressure coefficients before and after application of a 2 s moving average filter. Both the unfiltered and the filtered results are compared to the values given in ANSI/ASCE7-88.
The numerical range of derivations

Abstract Let p , q , n be integers satisfying 1 ⩽ p ⩽ q ⩽ n . The ( p , q )-numerical range of an n × n complex matrix A is defined by W p,q ( A ) = { E p (( UAU ∗ )[ q ]): U unitary}, where for an n × n complex matrix X , X [ q ] denotes its q × q leading principal submatrix and E p ( X [ q ]) denotes the p th elementary symmetric function of the eigenvalues of X [ q ]. When 1 = p = q , the set reduces to the classical numerical range of A , which is well known to be convex. Many authors have used the concept of classical numerical range to study different classes of matrices. In this note we extend the results to the generalized cases. Besides obtaining new results, we collect existing ones and give alternative proofs for some of them. We also study the ( p , q )-numerical radius of A defined by r p,q ( A ) = max{|μ|:μ ∈ W p,q ( A )}.
Rapid Pitting Corrosion on Gas Scrubber

Abstract Rapid pitting attack on stainless steel gas scrubber is described. Attack was evident in only three weeks of operation from salt accumulation on areas not washed down by water showers. Describes internal equipment and flow process of gas through scrubber. Discusses investigation for cause of corrosion and exposure tests of materials to determine suitable construction materials to solve corrosion problem. Lists materials tested. Also describes corrosive attack on internal braces. Conclusion gives five design factors that should be realized for scrubber fabrication. 3.2.2
Entry into the homotriquinacene ring system via a silyl directed, acid catalyzed rearrangement of a 11-trimethylsilyl-tetracyclo[8.1.0.03,7.04,11]undeca-5,8-diene ring system

Abstract A novel, acid catalyzed rearrangement of the 11-trimethylsilyl-tetracyclo[8.1.0.0 3,7 .0 4,11 ]undeca-5,8-diene ring system was observed. The trimethylsilyl substitution on the cyclopropane moiety was found to be crucial for rapid, high yielding formation of the unusual homotriquinacene ring system. The transformation is presumed to proceed via a series of carbenium ion intermediates that can be trapped with suitable nucleophiles.
Crossed Interferometric Dispersive Spectroscopy

A novel design is described which combines dispersive and interferometric spectrometric instrumentation for ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, offering significant advantages in comparison to conventional spectroscopic configurations. The optical system incorporates the triangular common-path interferometer with an additional cross-dispersive element, allowing spectra to be obtained in a format compatible with rectangular CTD array detectors. The use of a cross-dispersive optical element reduces the distributive multiplex effects of interferometry in a rugged, compact, optically simple system.
Learning to promote occupational development through co‐occupation

Mothering occupations and co‐occupations have begun to be addressed in the occupational science and therapy literature as well as in childhood development journals. This article reviews literature that details important aspects of co‐occupation and how it develops between parents and their children. Narrative analysis of empirical data of how co‐occupation was facilitated between a young child, Andrew, and his mother, Roxanna, illustrates how co‐occupations strengthened the parent‐child relationship and led to structured opportunities for occupational, social, and emotional development in both. The analysis considers transactionalism as a theoretical lens to illuminate several factors that enabled Roxanna to acquire competence and confidence to manage Andrew's ongoing special needs in ways that would optimize his potential to participate in occupations alongside his typical peers. As Roxanna became more confident and successful with Andrew, she was better able to identify and advocate for his needs in the...
Temperature dependence of the relaxation time of the superconducting order parameter

Abstract We have measured the temperature dependences of the relaxation time of the superconducting order parameter and of the equilibrium energy gap close to the transition temperature in very clean films of aluminum. The results are only consistent with the temperature and energy gap dependence predicted by Schmid and Schon. We also show that the magnitude and mean free path dependence of the electron inelastic collision time is in good agreement with calculations.
Developing a new narrative: the woman therapist and the male patient

Le scenario-type de la cure psychanalytique (ou de la therapie analytique) a, de toujours, mis en scene l'homme analyste et sa patiente. Aujourd'hui le schema est souvent inverse et la femme therapeut se trouve sur le terrain mouvant de sa propre autorite, et des problemes poses au patient par la situation d'intimite avec une femme. Les problemes du transfert maternel et de sa compensation par les pulsions agressives ou sexuelles sont evoques
Performance characteristics of a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of tumor-specific fusion transcripts from archival tissue.

Pediatric small round cell tumors still pose tremendous diagnostic problems. In difficult cases, the ability to detect tumor-specific gene fusion transcripts for several of these neoplasms, includi...
Comparison of the validity of four fall-related psychological measures in a community-based falls risk screening.

Abstract We examined the measurement properties of fall-related psychological instruments with a sample of 133 older adults (M age = 74.4 years, SD = 9.4). Measures included the Comprehensive Falls Risk Screening Instrument, Falls-efficacy Scale-International (FES-I), Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC), modified Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly (mSAFFE), Consequences of Falling (CoF), Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE), and 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). The FES-I, ABC, mSAFFE, and CoF were significantly correlated with each other, with SF-36, and with mobility. The ABC and mSAFFE were significantly correlated with PASE. The ABC differentiated between fallers and nonfallers and predicted total falls risk. Findings can assist with the selection of psychological instruments in a falls risk screening context.
MULTIRESOLUTION REPRESENTATION OF OPERATORS WITH BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON SIMPLE DOMAINS

Abstract We develop a multiresolution representation of a class of integral operators satisfying boundary conditions on simple domains in order to construct fast algorithms for their application. We also elucidate some delicate theoretical issues related to the construction of periodic Greenʼs functions for Poissonʼs equation. By applying the method of images to the non-standard form of the free space operator, we obtain lattice sums that converge absolutely on all scales, except possibly on the coarsest scale. On the coarsest scale the lattice sums may be only conditionally convergent and, thus, allow for some freedom in their definition. We use the limit of square partial sums as a definition of the limit and obtain a systematic, simple approach to the construction (in any dimension) of periodized operators with sparse non-standard forms. We illustrate the results on several examples in dimensions one and three: the Hilbert transform, the projector on divergence free functions, the non-oscillatory Helmholtz Greenʼs function and the Poisson operator. Remarkably, the limit of square partial sums yields a periodic Poisson Greenʼs function which is not a convolution. Using a short sum of decaying Gaussians to approximate periodic Greenʼs functions, we arrive at fast algorithms for their application. We further show that the results obtained for operators with periodic boundary conditions extend to operators with Dirichlet, Neumann, or mixed boundary conditions.
The role of evaluative metadata in an online teacher resource exchange

A large-scale online teacher resource exchange is studied to examine the ways in which metadata influence teachers’ selection of resources. A hierarchical linear modeling approach was used to tease apart the simultaneous effects of resource features and author features. From a decision heuristics theoretical perspective, teachers appear to rely on complex heuristics that integrate many dimensions when determining whether to download a resource. Most surprisingly, numbers of ratings more strongly predict downloads than do mean rating levels, such that multiple negative ratings appear to attract more downloads than do few positive ratings. Implications for system design are discussed.
From embryonic stem cells to mature photoreceptors.

Photoreceptor precursors generated from embryonic stem cells integrate and mature after transplantation into the diseased mouse retina.
Experimental Measurement of Water Evaporation Rates Into Air and Superheated Steam

The rates of evaporation of water from a horizontal water surface into a turbulent stream of hot air or superheated steam at different free-stream mass fluxes and modulated temperatures were experimentally measured. The pressure of the free stream was atmospheric. For steam, the experimental results are mostly within 10 percent of the available analytical results. Two previous experimental results are about 50 percent and 300 percent higher than the analytical results. For air, the measured evaporation rates are consistently higher than the analytical results. An estimate of the conduction heat transfer from the walls of the test section to water was made for several air tests. If the conduction heat transfer were subtracted from the total heat transfer, the measured evaporation rates are actually quite close to the analytical results. The present experiment also confirms the existence of a temperature, called the inversion temperature, below which the water evaporation rate is higher in air than in steam, but above which the opposite is true. The inversion temperature is in good agreement with the analytical prediction. The results for both air and superheated steam show that a certain scaled expression for the evaporation rate is independent of the free-steam mass flux, also in agreement with the analytical prediction.
Evidence for a 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3Receptor/Binding Protein in a Membrane Fraction Isolated from a Chick Tibial Fracture-Healing Callus

Previous biological studies have implicated two vitamin D metabolites, 1α,25(OH)2-vitamin D3[1α,25(OH)2D3] and 24R,25(OH)2-vitamin D3[24R,25(OH)2D3] in the process of skeletal fracture-healing. While a nuclear receptor for 1α,25(OH)2D3is known to be present in osteoblast and absent in osteoclast cell lines, no systematic study has been carried out on the callus tissue which is formed during fracture-healing. The present report shows that a binding protein/receptor for 1α,25(OH)2D3resides both in a postnuclear membrane fraction and in a high speed cytosol fraction of the callus tissue obtained 10 days after imposition of a tibial fracture. The dissociation constant, KD, for 1α,25(OH)2D3was 0.83 ± 0.34 M and 0.66 ± 0.38 nM respectively, for the membrane and cytosol fractions. Results from a panel of steroid competition assays indicate that both receptor/binding proteins greatly prefer 1α-hydroxylated ligands as compared to 1α-deoxy or 24-hydroxylated ligands. The presence of 1α,25(OH)2D3receptors in the fracture-healing callus is consistent with the known biological effects of the metabolite on the fracture-healing process.
Stereochemical substructure codes for 13C spectral analysis

Computer programs for encoding canonical representations of stereochemical substructural environments are presented. Applications of these substructure codes in the study of relationships between molecular structure and chemical shifts observed in 13C NMR spectra are described, using natural products as examples. The utility of the codes for the detection of erroneous spectral assignment is illustrated.
Mechanisms of vasoactive intestinal peptide-elicited coronary vasodilation in the isolated perfused rat heart.

Abstract The present study investigated the potential role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors, VPAC1 and VPAC2, in VIP-elicited coronary vasodilation of the isolated perfused rat heart. Additional studies determined the role of ATP-sensitive (K ATP ) and voltage-gated K + (K V ) channels in the VIP-elicited coronary vasodilation. Both the selective VPAC1 agonist, K15,R16,L27VIPl-7GRF8-27, and the selective VPAC2 agonist, RO25-1553, decreased coronary vascular resistance (CVR) in a dose-dependent manner, with EC 50 values of 1.67×10 −9 M and 7.11×10 −9 M, respectively (VPAC1 vs VPAC2 agonist, P −8 and 3×10 −8 M, respectively. VIP at 1×10 −10 M decreased CVR by −14±2% in the absence (vehicle), by −11±3% in the presence of the nonselective VIP receptor antagonist VIP10-28 (1×10 −7 M; P >0.05 vs. vehicle) and by only −4±2% in the presence of the selective VPAC2 receptor antagonist PACAP6-38 (1×10 −7 M; P −10 M decreased CVR by −22±1% in the absence (control) and by only −10±2% in the presence of the nonselective K + channel blocker tetrabutylammonium (3×10 −4 M; P ATP channel blocker glibenclamide (3×10 −6 M; P V channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (3×10 −4 M; P >0.05 vs control). Thus, selective VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptor activation in the coronary circulation produces vasodilation and the VIP-elicited coronary vasodilation involves activation of VPAC2 receptors and K ATP but not K V channels. In addition, VIP10-28 does not effectively block coronary vascular VIP receptors.
Evaluating spectral norms for constant depth circuits with symmetric gates

The Fourier spectrum and its norms are given as explicit arithmetic expressions and evaluated, for Boolean functions computed by classes of constant depth, read-once circuits consisting of an arbitrary set of symmetric gates. Previous results of this nature estimate the spectralL 1 norm of functions computed by certain types of decision trees [20], [7], and in some cases, give randomizedprocedures that evaluate the spectrum by clever rounding [20]. One corollary of our results provides a large class ofAC 0 functions whose spectralL 1 norm is exponential, thus generalizing the single example of such a function given in [9]. This shows that almost every read-onceAC 0 function does not belong in the classPL 1 of functions with polynomially bounded spectral norms. Implications of our results and technique are discussed, for estimating the spectral norms ofany function in a constant depth circuit class, using the coding theoretic concept of weight distributions. Evaluating the spectral norms for any such function reduces to estimating certain non-trivial weight distributions of simple, linear codes.
Thermally actuated MEMS optical devices

Micromirrors with linear deflection behaviors have been found useful for systems requiring 1D and 2D optical scanning patterns and are solutions for low-cost vector or video raster image generators. The advantages of thermal buckle-beam and bimorph actuators are high resulting force, low MEMS area and low voltage requirements. The mirror devices presented in this paper can achieve modest deflection angles at relatively high frequencies. Non-resonant, near-linear 2D mirror deflection response has been achieved with a maximum deflection of 12 optical degrees at a frequency of a few KHz. Employing a high Q resonant structure, a frequency of 14 KHz has been attained with a 1D mirror scanner at a maximum optical deflection of around 40 degrees. 1D and 2D scanning mirror devices have been built and improved and will be reviewed in this paper. A tunable Bragg defraction grating will also be discussed
Tilt boundary motion in zinc produced by static and dynamic shear stress

Crystals grown from 99.999+ per cent zinc and zone refined zinc were subjected to static and dynamic shear loading. Tilt boundaries in crystals of zone refined zinc move at static stresses of approximately 3 lb/in^2, while stresses of approximately 30 lb/in^2 will not move boundaries in 99.999+ per cent purity zinc. The stress required to initiate boundary motion within a time interval of 17 × 10^(−6) sec in a dynamic test is about 100 times greater than the stress required in a static test. The boundary velocity increases linearly with increasing dynamic stress.
Low dose risk estimation via simultaneous statistical inferences

Summary. The paper develops and studies simultaneous confidence bounds that are useful for making low dose inferences in quantitative risk analysis. Application is intended for risk assessment studies where human, animal or ecological data are used to set safe low dose levels of a toxic agent, but where study information is limited to high dose levels of the agent. Methods are derived for estimating simultaneous, one-sided, upper confidence limits on risk for end points measured on a continuous scale. From the simultaneous confidence bounds, lower confidence limits on the dose that is associated with a particular risk (often referred to as a bench-mark dose) are calculated. An important feature of the simultaneous construction is that any inferences that are based on inverting the simultaneous confidence bounds apply automatically to inverse bounds on the bench-mark dose.
Induction of insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle cells by downregulation of glycogen synthase protein expression.

Glycogen synthase (GS) is the rate-limiting enzyme controlling nonoxidative glucose disposal in skeletal muscle. A reduction in GS activity and an impaired insulin responsiveness are characteristic features of skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes. These properties also exist in human skeletal muscle cell cultures from type 2 diabetic subjects. To determine the effect of an isolated reduction in GS on skeletal muscle insulin action, cultures from nondiabetic subjects were treated with antisense oligonucleotides (ODNs) to GS to interfere with expression of the gene. Treatment with antisense ODNs reduced GS protein expression by 70% compared with control (scrambled) ODNs (P < .01). GS activity measured at 0.01mmol/L glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) was reduced by antisense ODN treatment. The insulin responsiveness of GS was impaired. Insulin also failed to stimulate glucose incorporation into glycogen after antisense ODN treatment. The cellular glycogen content was lower in antisense ODN-treated cells compared with control ODN. The insulin responsiveness of glucose uptake was abolished by antisense ODN treatment. Thus, reductions in GS expression in human skeletal muscle cells lead to impairments in insulin responsiveness and may play an important role in insulin-resistant states.
DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF STRAINED ICE. II : EFFECT OF SAMPLE PREPARATION METHOD

Since most commonly used sample preparation methods for ice dielectric studies involve rather heavy mechanical straining, the effects of straining were studied and compared with more strain-free sample preparation methods.
JOSS: a designer's view of an experimental on-line computing system

The JOHNNIAC Open-Shop System (JOSS) is an experimental, on-line, time-shared computing system which has been in daily use by staff members of The RAND Corporation since January 1964. It was designed to give the individual scientist or engineer an easy, direct way of solving his small numerical problems without a large investment in learning to use an operating system, a compiler, and debugging tools, or in explaining his problems to a professional computer programmer and in checking the latter's results. The ease and directness of JOSS is attributable to an interpretive routine in the JOHNNIAC computer which responds quickly to instructions expressed in a simple language and transmitted over telephone lines from convenient remote electric-typewriter consoles. An evaluation of the system has shown that in spite of severe constraints on speed and size of program, and the use of an aging machine of the vacuumtube era, JOSS provides a valuable service for computational needs which cannot be satisfied by conventional, closed-shop practice.
Cone lamellae and red and green rod outer segment disks contain a large intrinsic membrane protein on their margins: An ultrastructural immunocytochemical study of frog retinas

In addition to rhodopsin, the disk membranes of rod outer segments (ROS) contain a large integral membrane protein (mol. wt 290,000). This protein was previously localized by immunocytochemistry to the margins and incisures of disks in frog red ROS by specific antibody applied to thin sections of bovine serum albumin embedded retinas (Papermaster et al., 1978b, J. Cell Biol. 78, 415-425). Upon further study of the reactions of this antibody with outer segments of other photoreceptor classes in frog retina, labeling of the short incisures and margins of green ROS and margins of cone outer segment lamellae is also observed. Thus the large protein participates in the structure of the edges of disks and lamellae of all photoreceptors in the frog. In addition, labeling of the inter-incisure surface of all photoreceptor classes was observed at high antibody concentration. In order to interpret this labeling, the effect of dilution on labeling density was determined and double reciprocal plots (Markham and Benton, 1931, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 53, 497) were employed to evaluate the relative affinity and heterogeneity. There was considerable deviation from linearity in the plots of labeling disk interiors compared to the relatively linear plots of disk incisure labeling which suggests that the interior sites contain a weakly cross-reacting antigen or that the serum contains a lower concentration of antibody weakly reactive with another antigen.
Thermal aggregation properties of whey protein glycated with various saccharides

Abstract Aggregation of whey proteins during thermal processing is a challenge to maintain the dispersibility, particularly at pH near isoelectric point and increased ionic strength. We report glycation of whey protein isolate (WPI) with lactose and maltodextrin enabled transparent dispersions after heating at 88 °C for 2 min, when tested at 7%w/v protein, pH 3.0–7.0 and 0–150 mM NaCl or CaCl 2 . Transparent dispersions corresponded to particles smaller than 14 nm based on atomic force microscopy. In comparison, WPI glycated with glucose behaved similarly to WPI control, forming turbid dispersions or gels at many conditions. Based on analytical ultracentrifugation, reducing saccharide with a smaller molecular weight was glycated at a larger number on each protein molecule, agreeing with changes in amino acid composition. Glycation lowered the isoelectric point and increased denaturation temperatures of WPI. The results suggest that repulsive steric interactions are the dominant mechanism controlling whey protein aggregation and thus transparency of dispersions.
Strong and weak electron spin-orbit scattering near the metal-insulator transition.

A detailed comparison of two disordered alloys, ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}{\mathrm{Au}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ and ${\mathrm{B}}_{x}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$, is carried out near their metal-insulator transition. In zero magnetic field these two materials have approximately linear mobility edges and similar temperature-dependent dc conductivity behaviors. However, the magnetoresistance is dramatically different in high fields for these two materials in spite of similar electron inelastic scattering times. This difference is attributed to the different spin-orbit scattering in these two materials.
A solar wind driven model of geosynchronous plasma moments

Abstract We describe a tabular specification model of the density and temperature of ions and electrons at geosynchronous orbit as a function of magnetic local time and solar wind parameters. This model can be used to provide boundary conditions for numerical ring current models. Unlike previous specification models of geosynchronous plasma moments, this model is parameterized by upstream solar wind conditions. We find that solar wind parameters are a better predictor of geosynchronous ion density than magnetospheric indices, and as upstream parameters they are often more appropriate as model inputs since they causally precede the model outputs. Of the upstream parameters that were tested, the best predictors of geosynchronous conditions were the solar wind flow pressure and the magnitude and Z -component of the interplanetary magnetic field.
Challenges in the education of the general internist.

• The health care needs of most adults can best be met by a well-trained general internist. In the 1990s, general internists will find a surplus of specialists and subspecialists and an aging population. One of their major concerns will be controlling health care costs using a number of different strategies. Two of the major methods to control costs will be to place a greater emphasis on ambulatory care and to avoid hospitalization of patients whenever possible. To best prepare general internists, residency program directors will need to improve education in clinical practice by including more teaching in continuity of care in ambulatory settings, improved teaching of new content for practice, and increasing the number of program graduates entering practice as general internists. ( Arch Intern Med 1988;148:369-372)
Diffuse bronchiolar disease due to chronic occult aspiration

OBJECTIVE To describe clinical, radiological, and histopathologic features of diffuse bronchiolar disease due to chronic occult aspiration. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified 4 patients encountered from July 2001 to January 2004 who had persistent respiratory symptoms and lung infiltrates and who were eventually diagnosed by surgical lung biopsy as having diffuse bronchiolar disease due to chronic occult aspiration. Medical records, radiological studies, and histopathologic specimens were reviewed to assess their clinicoradiologic presentation and diagnostic features. RESULTS The mean age of these 4 patients was 50 years (age range, 41-59 years), and 2 were women. All presented with persistent dyspnea, cough, and lung infiltrates. Three had a history of gastroesophageal reflux, but only 1 had active symptoms. Chest radiography showed interstitial infiltrates, whereas the predominant finding on computed tomography was numerous centrilobular nodules in all patients. Bronchoscopic lung biopsies had been performed in all patients, and the results were nondiagnostic. Surgical lung biopsy specimens revealed diagnostic features that consisted of bronchiolocentric organizing pneumonia with giant cells that contained material consistent with food in all 4 patients. CONCLUSION Diffuse bronchiolar disease likely represents an underrecognized form of aspiration-related lung disease and may occur in relatively young individuals without symptoms suggestive of recurrent aspiration. Radiological features associated with this disorder are distinctively different from those seen in aspiration pneumonia.
Psychometric functions theory

Abstract This paper is devoted to an analysis of the concept of a psychometric function, from an axiomatic viewpoint. The purpose of our work is to provide a convenient language within which most specific models can be discussed. The basic notion is that of a family { p a } of continuous, strictly increasing psychometric functions x ↦ p a ( x ), where the index a , representing the background or the standard, takes values in a metric space, and the stimulus value x varies in an open real interval. Important general properties of such families (symmetry, parallelism, …) are investigated, and axiom systems for representations such as p a ( x ) = H [ x , μ ( a )], or more specifically p a ( x ) = F [ u ( x ) − g ( a )], are discussed in detail. This last equation generalizes the classical Fechnerian representation as well as the “univariance” model of visual psychophysics. Various particular models are given as illustrative examples of the general theory.