cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of Trauma-Informed Care Among Graduate Students in School Psychology

Current research highlights the need for trauma-informed care within schools, yet the literature suggests that many practicing school psychologists feel underprepared to engage in such practices. Very few studies have examined the preparedness of school psychology graduate students to engage in trauma-informed care practices. This is unfortunate, as school psychologists are uniquely prepared to play a central role in trauma-informed school-based practices. In the current study, graduate students in school psychology programs in the Northeastern United States completed an online survey examining their knowledge, beliefs, competencies, and anticipated preparedness and willingness to engage in trauma-informed practices within the schools. Most participants felt minimal to adequate preparedness to engage in trauma-informed care practices. Implications for graduate training and field-based work are discussed.
Thrombocytopenia in severe iron deficiency anaemia: A report of two cases:

Iron deficiency, the commonest cause of anaemia in children, is a global public health problem. Worldwide, almost 50% of children <5 years of age are anaemic. Platelet count in iron deficiency anae...
Policing as a Public Good: Reflecting on the Term 'To Protect and Serve' As Dialogues of Abolition

This Essay is based on a lecture that was to be delivered in person in March 2020 but was cancelled as a result of the initial ravages of the COVID-19 pandemic. That a discussion of policing in the United States was cancelled because of what may well turn out to be the most significant public health crisis of this decade, if not this century, is important as these two subjects are intimately related. Sociologists and others have long noted that crime and especially violent crime, is concentrated in places. Research is also clear that the state’s primary response to concentrated violence in communities has been to send police and other apparatus of the criminal legal system to respond to crime rather than to provide state supports and other resources better aimed at preventing the circumstances that render certain neighborhoods susceptible to violence. The goal of research described here is to investigate how ordinary people discuss a reconceptualization of policing in ways that respond to the current moment. The data from the Portals Poling Project (https://www.portalspolicingproject.com/) comprise a set of over 850 conversations recorded and transcribed between 2016 and 2018, and that took place between dyads of people located across fourteen neighborhoods among six cities: Baltimore, Chicago, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Mexico City, and Newark. Much social science literature predicts that people will disengage from the state as a result of negative police treatment. For example, legal scholars argue that excessive police force can lead to distrust in the law and police as legal actors. This Essay focuses on a key phrase participants discussed with one another, “Protect and Serve” (and its variants), and argues that even when people are unrelentingly negative in their characterization of police and policing, they are more likely to argue for an aspirational vision of policing rather than state disengagement and self-policing. The argument here is that this analysis is very relevant to the current discussion regarding police abolition where a key question is how people who regularly experience the strong hand of the state think about what role the state should play in their lives. This Article concludes by suggesting that when listening to the public safety recommendations race-class subjugated communities offer, these ideations should be understood as part of a reconstructive process—imagining new state formations—as opposed to an erasure of the state in its entirety
Do humour and threat work well together?: The moderating effect of need for cognition in humorous threat persuasion advertisements

Using humour to communicate threatening information in advertising has often been observed in practice, but seldom been tested in research. Integrating the humour and threat persuasion literature, the current research tested the effects of humorous threat persuasion and need for cognition (NFC) as a measure of one's processing motivation and capacity. A significant three-way interaction between humour, threat level and NFC emerged where low-NFC participants responded more positively to the no-humour condition than the humour condition with low threat, and more positively to the humour condition than the no-humour condition in the high-threat advertisement. The opposite was observed for high-NFC participants. Implications for both theory and practice are provided.
Influence of emotions on digital learning

Emotions have been theoretically and empirically linked to engagement and learning outcomes in many domains and settings. A recent quasi-experimental study measured medical students’ emotions after completing four diagnostic tasks in a computer based learning environment (Jarrell et al., Educ Technol Res Dev 65:1263–1284, 2017). Cluster Analysis showed three distinct groups and students in the positive emotion cluster performed well on their diagnostic tasks and negative emotions were linked to poor performance. Three perspectives about the results are presented in this Special Issue: K-12 teacher and administrator, student, and practical and policy. All perspectives focus on the need for additional research in the area of emotions and digital learning. Recommendations for future research are presented with a need for causal studies that meet the What Works Clearinghouse Guidelines.
Apathy, Cognitive Impairment, and Social Support Contribute to Participation in Cognitively Demanding Activities Poststroke.

Importance. Individuals with chronic stroke experience decreased participation in activities with cognitive demands across all areas of occupation. Objective. To understand the extent to which apathy, cognition, and social support predict participation in activities with cognitive demands. Design. Prospective, quantitative correlational, cross-sectional study. Setting. Outpatient treatment centers and community stroke support groups located in St. Louis, MO, and Boston, MA. Participants. 81 community-dwelling - month poststroke with and without aphasia. Measures. Participants completed the Activity Card Sort (ACS), Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES), Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS), and Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS) Design Fluency and Trail-Making subtests. Results. Cognitive deficits limit participation in activities with high cognitive demands. Apathy and positive social interaction influence participation, regardless of high or low cognitive demands. Poststroke aphasia did not impact return to participation in activities with high and low cognitive demands. Conclusions and Relevance. Cognitive deficits seen poststroke contribute to participation only for activities with high cognitive demands. Apathy has a significant and negative influence on participation overall. Social support is a modifiable contextual factor that can facilitate participation. Poststroke apathy can be detrimental to participation but is not well recognized. The availability of companionship from others to enjoy time with can facilitate participation.
A RADIOLUCENCY IN THE RAMUS OF THE MANDIBLE: WHAT IS THIS?

BACKGROUND A small radiolucent lesion is challenging for radiologists to make an accurate diagnosis, especially if it is asymptomatic and an incidental finding. It could go under the umbrella of the odontogenic or nonodontogenic cyst or tumor. We present a well-defined, corticated, expansile, unilocular radiolucency in the ramus of the mandible at the mandibular foramen level that proved to be a simple bone cyst. CASE REPORT An 18-year-old female patient presented to our clinic following referral by her orthodontist for an incidental finding of a radiolucency in the left mandibular ramus. A panoramic radiograph and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) were taken. No changes in size were noted on panoramic radiographs 3 months apart. On CBCT, the lesion was well-defined, corticated, ellipsoidal, mildly expansile, unilocular, and uniformly radiolucent. It was located in the left ramus, below the sigmoid notch, buccal and superior to the inferior alveolar canal and displacing the canal and the mandibular foramen with dissipation of the canal wall. The medial and lateral cortices of the ramus were thinned and expanded. The findings were consistent with less aggressive, slowly growing lesions including odontogenic keratocyst, ameloblastoma, and neurovascular lesions. On surgical exploration, the lesion was devoid of any epithelial lining and was completely empty. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS Simple bone cysts are nonneoplastic “pseudocysts” that are found in the mandible. Only 2% are found in the maxilla and a very small number have been reported in the condyle toward the ramus, and no radiographic images located solitary in the ramus. This is the first report showing a simple bone cyst in the middle of the ramus of the mandible.
Melting Curves of He 3 , He 4 , H 2 , D 2 , Ne, N 2 , and O 2 up to 3500 kg/cm 2

New and more accurate measurements were made on the melting pressure-temperature relationship of seven substances below 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and up to 3500 kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. New regions were covered for ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. The blocked-capillary method was used. The data were fitted to the Simon-type equation, $P=a+b{T}^{c}$, with more success than to a quadratic, $P=A+BT+C{T}^{2}$. Rather straightforward shifts were obtained in the melting curves of the isotope pairs, ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$-${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$-${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$. Superpressuring in the ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ measurements was unusually great.
IMPROC: An Interactive Image Processing Software Package

IMPROC is a general-purpose interactive image processing software package. The system includes a collection of library routines and a menu-driven environment in which to invoke all supported image operators. A wide range of image operations are available, including point, neighborhood, arithmetic, logic, and geometric processes. In addition, there are utilities for image transforms, compositing, colorization, look-up tables, and graphic display of images. Key features of IMPROC include its emphasis on simplicity, generality, and device independence. Flexibilty and software utility is augmented by the simple, and general, canonical representation of internal images. Unlike most systems that place strict restrictions on the pixel data type, IMPROC accomodates images having pixels of variable precision and arbitrary dimensions. A consequence of this feature is that all supported image operations are equally useful for general-format data. This uniform treatment of data that vary in size and type is critical to advanced processing techniques. Finally, device independence protects IMPROC from the inevitable obsolesence of the supporting hardware. This paper is a complete guide to IMPROC. It includes a user's guide, programmer's manual, numerous examples, and an extensive bibligraphy. In addition, a discussion of the design philosophy is given to supply insight that maximizes user productivity and promotes uniform practices for code integration.
A hierarchical task analysis of cricothyroidotomy procedure for a virtual airway skills trainer simulator.

Abstract Background Despite the critical importance of cricothyroidotomy (CCT) for patient in extremis, clinical experience with CCT is infrequent, and current training tools are inadequate. The long-term goal is to develop a virtual airway skills trainer that requires a thorough task analysis to determine the critical procedural steps, learning metrics, and parameters for assessment. Methods Hierarchical task analysis is performed to describe major tasks and subtasks for CCT. A rubric for performance scoring for each task was derived, and possible operative errors were identified. Results Time series analyses for 7 CCT videos were performed with 3 different observers. According to Pearson's correlation tests, 3 of the 7 major tasks had a strong correlation between their task times and performance scores. Conclusions The task analysis forms the core of a proposed virtual CCT simulator, and highlights links between performance time and accuracy when teaching individual surgical steps of the procedure.
Checkpoint Proteins Control Survival of the Postmitotic Cells in Caenorhabditis elegans

Checkpoints are evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanisms that arrest cell division and alter cellular stress resistance in response to DNA damage or stalled replication forks. To study the consequences of loss of checkpoint functions in whole animals, checkpoint genes were inactivated in the nematode C. elegans. We show that checkpoint proteins are not only essential for normal development but also determine adult somatic maintenance. Checkpoint proteins play a role in the survival of postmitotic adult cells.
Menstrual Disorders in Athletes

The various menstrual disorders in athletes may reflect different degrees of exposure to a disrupting factor or differences in the susceptibility of various women to disruption. The incidences of these disorders are not well documented, but they appear to be highest in aesthetic, endurance and weight-class sports, and at younger ages, higher training volumes and lower bodyweights. The morbid effects of these disorders include infertility, low bone mass, impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation, and impaired skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism. The high incidences of menstrual disorders in athletes may derive in part from the self-selection of extraneously affected women into athletics, but many women acquire their menstrual disorders in athletics by failing to adequately increase dietary energy intake in compensation for exercise energy expenditure. Applied research is needed to develop effective dietary interventions that are acceptable to athletes.
Nonaxisymmetric compressible swirling flow in turbomachine annuli

Etude du comportement de perturbations non axisymetriques a l'aide d'une analyse basee sur la transformation de Clebsch des equations de mouvement
Interaction of the zone of falling scavengers with the polluted atmosphere

A simple numerical model is outlined for the description of particulate transport in the “wake” of falling scavengers toward the ground. The results show that for a homogeneous atmosphere the induced air downdraft can surpass ten percent of the scavenger terminal velocity, if sufficient time is available for developing the air circulation.
NUTRIENT TRANSPORT BY THE CRUSTACEAN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: RECENT ADVANCES WITH VESICLE TECHNIQUES

Summary 1. Techniques are described for producing purified brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) of crustacean hepatopancreas which can be used to examine the characteristics of solute transport at the apical pole of hepatopancreatic epithelial cells. 2. Hepatopancreatic BBMV illustrated Na-dependent, carrier-mediated sugar transport which was electrogenic and sensitive to pH. Increased proton concentration lowered the Michaelis-Menten constant for glucose transport and increased the apparent diffusional permeability of the membrane to sugar. 3. Transports of L-alanine and L-lysine by hepatopancreatic BBMV were Na-independent, carrier-mediated, and strongly sensitive to transmembrane electrical potential after protonation at acidic pH. L-alanine and L-lysine were competitive inhibitors of each other for influx into BBMV and also illustrated trans-stimulation, suggesting that both amino acids use the same transfer mechanism. L-Leucine was a non-competitive inhibitor of L-lysine influx and may employ a distinct Na-independent transport process. 4. L-glutamate transport after protonation at acidic pH was Na-dependent, suggesting that a different transport mechanism was responsible for its movement across hepatopancreatic BBMV than that facilitating the transfer of alanine or lysine. 5. Preliminary experiments indicate the presence of Na/H antiport in hepatopancreatic BBMV, providing, for the first time, a possible mechanism for gastrointestinal luminal acidification in crustaceans. 6. A proposed model for nutrient transport by crustacean hepatopancreatic BBMV is presented which suggests that transapical transfers of both sugars and amino acids are strongly influenced by in vivo luminal acidification. Luminal protons have at least two major effects on nutrient transport in these animals: (a) titration of sugar transport proteins with subsequent stimulatory effects on influx kinetic constants; (b) protonation of luminal amino-acid-charged moieties and conversion into appropriate substrates for transport by either Na-dependent or Na-independent, membrane-potential-sensitive carrier proteins.
Active involvement of expectant fathers in pregnancy: some further considerations.

In this followup to her previous JOGN article, the author presents a review of the recent literature on the man's experience of pregnancy and an expanded concept of active involvement of expectant fathers in pregnancy. Active involvement of the expectant father in pregnancy, namely, the acceptance of the emotional impact of pregnancy and the construction of a mental picture of himself as a participant in the caretaking and nurturing of the infant, may enhance the father's later role in parenting. Recent research suggests that for a man to have the opportunity to participate in the early parenting experience, he must negotiate that future role with his partner during pregnancy and prepare consciously for that style of fatherhood. Much additional research is needed concerning a man's experience of pregnancy and childbearing; the concept of “active involvement” may be a springboard for such research. Better understanding of the process of paternal role development is important in the face of expanding women's roles and the increased interest among men in assuming greater childrearing responsibilities.
Undamming rivers: a review of the ecological impacts of dam removal.

Dam removal continues to garner attention as a potential river restoration tool. The increasing possibility of dam removal through the FERC relicensing process, as well as through federal and state agency actions, makes a critical examination of the ecological benefits and costs essential. This paper reviews the possible ecological impacts of dam removal using various case studies. Restoration of an unregulated flow regime has resulted in increased biotic diversity through the enhancement of preferred spawning grounds or other habitat. By returning riverine conditions and sediment transport to formerly impounded areas, riffle/pool sequences, gravel, and cobble have reappeared, along with increases in biotic diversity. Fish passage has been another benefit of dam removal. However, the disappearance of the reservoir may also affect certain publicly desirable fisheries. Short-term ecological impacts of dam removal include an increased sediment load that may cause suffocation and abrasion to various biota and habitats. However, several recorded dam removals have suggested that the increased sediment load caused by removal should be a short-term effect. Preremoval studies for contaminated sediment may be effective at controlling toxic release problems. Although monitoring and dam removal studies are limited, a continued examination of the possible ecological impacts is important for quantifying the resistance and resilience of aquatic ecosystems. Dam removal, although controversial, is an important alternative for river restoration.
Semi-classical treatment of surface states

Abstract The electron states in a finite one-dimensional crystal are solved in the WKB approximation. No conditions are imposed on the number of atomic levels involved or on the shape of the potential wells and their matrix elements. Explicit conditions for the occurence of surface states as well as bulk states are obtained. The results are more general than, although consistent with, those from the usual tight-binding approximation. It is also shown that no Shockley surface states can arise in this semi-classical approximation. The difference with some recent work in the tight-binding model is discussed.
Vasopressin maintenance of ethanol tolerance requires intact brain noradrenergic systems

We have demonstrated that the mammalian antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP), will maintain functional tolerance to the hypnotic effect of ethanol in mice, beyond the time in which such tolerance normally dissipates. However, when mice are made tolerant to ethanol and then injected intraventricularly with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), AVP is no longer effective in maintaining tolerance. The action of AVP was attenuated by a dose of 6-OHDA which significantly lowered brain norepinephrine, but not dopamine levels, suggesting that the maintenance of ethanol tolerance by AVP may require the presence of intact noradrenergic pathways in brain.
A Confidence Paradigm for Classification Systems

Abstract : There is no universally accepted methodology to determine how much confidence one should have in a classifier output. This research proposes a framework to determine the level of confidence in an indication from a classifier system where the output is or can be transformed into a posterior probability estimate. This is a theoretical framework that attempts to unite the viewpoints of the classification system developer (or engineer) and the classification system user (or war-fighter). The paradigm is based on the assumptions that the system confidence acts like, or can be modeled as a value and that indication confidence can be modeled as a function of the posterior probability estimates. The introduction of the non-declaration possibility induces the production of a higher-level value model that weighs the contribution of engineering confidence and associated non-declaration rate. Now, the task becomes to choose the appropriate threshold to maximize this overarching value function. This paradigm is developed in a setting considering only in-library problems, but it is applied to out-of-library problems as well. Introduction of out-of-library problems requires expansion of the overarching value model. This confidence measure is a direct link between traditional decision analysis techniques and traditional pattern recognition techniques. This methodology is applied to multiple data sets, and experimental results show the behavior that would be expected from a rational confidence paradigm.
Microencapsulation of Cheese Ripening Systems: Stability of Microcapsules

Abstract Microcapsules composed of an aqueous phase encapsulated in milk fat were tested for stability at 32°C. Stability was affected by type, proportion, and concentrations of emulsifiers added to the milk fat capsule coat and the volume of and solute concentration in the encapsulated phase. Maximum stability was attained when milk fat contained 3 to 4% of a 1:1 to 1:3 ratio of emulsifiers Span 60 and Glycomul TS. Extent of reduction of stability was affected by interaction of emulsifier concentration in milk fat with volume of encapsulated phase.
Interfacial reactions between gold thin films and GaAs substrates

Abstract Interfacial reactions between polycrystalline thin films of gold, either 30 or 60 nm in thickness, and monocrystalline substrates of GaAs have been investigated as a function of deposition temperature and subsequent annealing conditions by transmission electron microscopy, incorporating a special cross-sectioning technique. For depositions of gold onto GaAs{100} substrates at ambient temperature, interfacial reactions proceed in four separate stages during isothermal annealing at temperatures ranging between room temperature and 350 °C: (1) elongated pyramidal pits, bounded by GaAs{111} planes and the original AuGaAs{100} interface, form during annealing for 30 min at 100 °C; (2) precipitates of Au2Ga form in GaAs near the AuGaAs interface during annealing for 30 min at 200 °C or during annealing for about 6 months at room temperature; (3) these precipitates redissolve during annealing for 30 min at 320 °C; (4) the remaining (unalloyed) gold agglomerates in monocrystalline form at the pyramidal pits by solid state surface diffusion during annealing for 30 min at 330 °C. The orientation relationships between the monocrystalline gold and GaAs are {111}Au// {111}GaAs and 〈211〉Au // 〈110〉GaAs. For depositions of gold onto {100} substrates of GaAs at 280 °C and subsequent annealing at 330 °C, pyramidal pits bounded by GaAs{111} planes and agglomerated monocrystalline gold form, containing a reaction product of a monocrystalline hexagonal AuGa phase. The orientation relationships between the monocrystalline gold, hexagonal AuGa phase and GaAs are {111} Au // {01 1 0} AuGa // {111} GaAs and 〈110〉Au // 〈0001〉AuGa // 〈110〉GaAs. The formation (and dissolution) of these phases, the resultant morphology and the corresponding orientation relationships are interpreted in terms of both thermodynamic and crystallographic concepts.
Pediatric Cataract Surgery Risk Score: An Easy Tool for a Better Analysis of Surgical Outcomes

Better Analysis of Surgical Outcomes Dany M. Najjar MD; Temple University, Philadelphia, PA Introduction: The research on the success rates of pediatric cataract surgery is ongoing, especially with the increased interest in intraocular lens implantation in newborns. However, most studies overlook inherent factors that increase the risk of surgical complications. High-risk cases should be analyzed separately as they might negatively affect surgical outcomes. Methods: To present a simple method to assess the risk of each pediatric cataract surgery. Results: A number is attributed to each of the individual variables that increase the risk of surgery, such as, age at surgery, cataract type (eg, posterior polar, traumatic), microphthalmia, posterior fetal vasculature, glaucoma, corneal opacities, previous intraocular surgery, associated systemic anomalies (eg, rubella), and history of uveitis or infection. These numbers are then added to obtain the surgical risk score. Discussion: The score can vary from 1 to 15, with values between 1 and 4 considered low risk for complications, between 5 and 9 moderate risk, and above 10 high risk. Success rates for cataract surgery can then be determined for each category. The scale can also be modified to include additional risk factors, or the weight of each factor adjusted according to the surgeon’s experience. Conclusions: This method allows a better analysis of the outcomes of pediatric cataract surgery in research studies. It is also helpful for teaching residents and fellows, and in the preoperative evaluation and family counseling. References: 1. Najjar DM, Awwad ST. Cataract surgery risk score for residents and beginning surgeons. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003;29(10):2036-7. 2. Chen TC, Bhatia LS, Walton DS. Complications of pediatric lensectomy in 193 eyes. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36(1):6-13.
Community Approaches to Improve Resuscitation After Out-of-Hospital Sudden Cardiac Arrest

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a major cause of mortality in North America and other westernized societies, accounting for ≈10% of all deaths and up to 50% of heart disease–related death.1,2 The condition is characterized by an unexpected cardiovascular collapse due to an underlying cardiac cause.3 This definition, although useful as an intellectual foundation, is challenged by operational translation. The challenge of deriving a working case definition for SCA is important because different approaches for ascertainment and classification can influence efforts aimed at estimating incidence, improving prevention strategies, or directing resuscitation care. For example, various strategies may be used to determine incidence. Death certificates, emergency medical services (EMS) records, witness interviews, medical records, and medical examiner reports can be used singly or in combination to ascertain and classify SCA. Each approach has strengths and limitations. Death certificate ascertainment and classification, for example, are efficient and can be defined by specific objective coding criteria but often overestimate incidence because the approach includes people who do not die suddenly or do not truly die from cardiac causes.4 Conversely, death certificates exclude people who were successfully resuscitated. Thus, the “best” strategy for SCA ascertainment and classification depends in large part on the intent of the effort and available resources. The present clinical summary discusses approaches to improve resuscitation of out-of-hospital SCA and therefore focuses on SCA treated by EMS. From an epidemiological perspective, EMS-treated, out-of-hospital SCA constitutes a subset of all heart disease death events. As such, it excludes in-hospital events and out-of-hospital events that either do not have an emergency response or receive a response but no EMS treatment. The latter circumstance arises typically when there are signs of prolonged, irreversible death or when there is a “do not resuscitate” request and documentation.5 Although community-specific heterogeneity exists with …
Identification of water frost on Callisto

A description is presented of broadband (J, K, and L) and narrowband (3.0-3.8 micrometers) observations of Ganymede and Callisto which were made on the nights of November 7 and November 29, 1976 with a 28-inch infrared telescope. Based on the previous identification of water frost on the surface of Ganymede from shorter wavelength data, it is concluded that there is also water frost on the surface of Callisto, taking into account the presence of similar bands for both satellites in the spectral range from 3 to 4 micrometers.
Balancing the kinetochore ledger

Reduction of polo-like kinase-1 (Plk1) at kinetochores as cells progress from prometaphase to metaphase is surprising given that the kinase is thought to stabilize kinetochore–microtubule (kt–MT) attachments. In this issue, Liu et al. (2012. J. Cell Biol. doi:10.1083/jcb.201205090) demonstrate that kinetochore-associated Plk1 is a potent suppressor of microtubule plus-end dynamics. The authors propose that Plk1 activity facilitates the establishment of kt–MT attachments in prometaphase by stabilizing microtubules and that reduction of the kinase in metaphase promotes force generation by dynamic microtubules.
Model Solutions for Studies of Salt-Free Polyelectrolytes

Dynamic light scattering is used to investigate the structure and dynamics of poly(N-methyl-2-vinylpyridinium chloride) in three non aqueous solvents. It is found that if the influences of poor backbone solvation are eliminated, multiple relaxation modes persist in the dynamic light scattering of salt-free polyelectrolyte solutions. Using multiple solvents to vary the dielectric constant by a factor of 5, we see no qualitative effect and little quantitative effect on the extraordinary regime scattering
Slow light without electromagnetically-induced transparency: the double-Fano resonance approach

A new approach to slowing light in plasmonic structures is proposed. We utilize the phenomenon of double-Fano resonance. Specific implementations of such structures based on plasmonic antennas are presented, various applications are outlined.
Energy storage in superluminal barrier tunneling: Origin of the “Hartman effect”

We show that the anomalously short delay times observed in barrier tunneling have their origin in energy storage and its subsequent release. The observed group delay is proportional to the energy stored. This delay is not a propagation delay and should not be linked to a velocity since evanescent waves do not propagate. The “Hartman effect”, in which the group delay becomes independent of thickness for opaque barriers, is shown to be a consequence of the saturation of stored energy with barrier length.
Neural network processing of fiber optic sensors and sensor arrays

For sophisticated smart structures where sensing and actuation is distributed over large areas or consists of dozens to thousands of discrete elements, the processing task is computationally intensive. Artificial neural networks offer an opportunity to implement a massively parallel architecture with near real time processing speed and the ability to learn the desired response. This overview of applied neural network processing projects at Florida Institute of Technology includes: processing polarimetric and N-mode strain sensor signals, damage assessment using embedded sensor arrays, and development of electrooptic neural networks
A procedure for regenerating Japonica and Indica varieties of rice from protoplasts

Fertile rice plants have been regenerated from protoplasts of two japonica rice varieties (Radon and Baldo) using a protocol initially developed for plant regeneration from protoplasts of an indica rice. Embryogenic calli were developed from immature embryos of Radon and Baldo rice on a callus induction medium, and then used to establish cell suspensions. Protoplasts were isolated from the cell suspensions, and cultured on a Millipore filter placed on a Kao/agarose medium that contained cell clusters from suspensions of IR52 or IR45. The protoplasts grew vigorously on Kao medium and developed into embryogenic calli within two to three weeks. Somatic embryo development occurred during a subsequent transfer of the calli to an LS medium for two to three weeks. The calli were then transferred to MS or N6 plant regeneration medium, and within one to three weeks, plants regenerated from 21 to 32% of the Radon calli, and 33 to 35% of the Baldo calli. Based upon these results and the previous success in regenerating an indica variety from protoplasts, this procedure has great promise for regenerating a range of rice varieties, and probably for regeneration of other monocotyledonous plants from protoplasts
Glenoid Exposure in Shoulder Arthroplasty

Glenoid exposure is a critical step in total shoulder arthro- plasty. Earlier surgery, contractures, and asymmetric wear are just a few of the things that need to be recognized and planned for preope- rative evaluation. Good exposure begins with meticulous positioning and hinges on carrying out adequate releases and bony cuts. The purpose of this review is to describe the various steps and techniques necessary to achieve good glenoid exposure during total shoulder arthroplasty.
Effect of Varying Levels of Wheat Bran on Age at Sexual Maturity

Abstract AN UNSATISFACTORY early growth of chicks obtained with the brooding and rearing ration, which had been used for several years on the poultry division flock, led to an attempt in 1934 to improve conditions by simple changes in the formula of the mash fed. This ration (mash No. 2, Table 1) was similar to an apparently successful ration which had been used previously, excepting that mill by-products had been removed from it, and ground whole grains substituted on the theory that the low digestibility of bran and middlings (Fraps, 1928) made the original ration of relatively poor nutritional value. Red wheat bran was chosen as a suitable, fairly uniform product with which to attempt a restoration of the growth-promoting properties in mash No. 2. Fifteen percent of wheat bran was thus substituted for 15 percent whole wheat in the mash and slight adjustments were made in fishmeal and yellow corn . . .
Artificial intelligence: A new future

Neuroscience and psychology are leading to new hardware and software designs, and the internet provides a vast store of data. Will AI evolve on its own?
Estimating true human and animal host source contribution in quantitative microbial source tracking using the Monte Carlo method.

Abstract Cultivation- and library-independent, quantitative PCR-based methods have become the method of choice in microbial source tracking. However, these qPCR assays are not 100% specific and sensitive for the target sequence in their respective hosts’ genome. The factors that can lead to false positive and false negative information in qPCR results are well defined. It is highly desirable to have a way of removing such false information to estimate the true concentration of host-specific genetic markers and help guide the interpretation of environmental monitoring studies. Here we propose a statistical model based on the Law of Total Probability to predict the true concentration of these markers. The distributions of the probabilities of obtaining false information are estimated from representative fecal samples of known origin. Measurement error is derived from the sample precision error of replicated qPCR reactions. Then, the Monte Carlo method is applied to sample from these distributions of probabilities and measurement error. The set of equations given by the Law of Total Probability allows one to calculate the distribution of true concentrations, from which their expected value, confidence interval and other statistical characteristics can be easily evaluated. The output distributions of predicted true concentrations can then be used as input to watershed-wide total maximum daily load determinations, quantitative microbial risk assessment and other environmental models. This model was validated by both statistical simulations and real world samples. It was able to correct the intrinsic false information associated with qPCR assays and output the distribution of true concentrations of Bacteroidales for each animal host group. Model performance was strongly affected by the precision error. It could perform reliably and precisely when the standard deviation of the precision error was small (≤0.1). Further improvement on the precision of sample processing and qPCR reaction would greatly improve the performance of the model. This methodology, built upon Bacteroidales assays, is readily transferable to any other microbial source indicator where a universal assay for fecal sources of that indicator exists.
Effects of chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, chlorpromazine, andd-Amphetamine on sexual responses in male and female hamsters

The acute effects on sexual behavior of oxazepam (16–64 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxide (8–64 mg/kg), chlorpromazine (2–8 mg/kg), andd-amphetamine (0.8–3.2 mg/kg) were examined in intact male and female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Intraperitoneal injections were given 45 min before the first behavioral test. In 10-min tests lordosis was observed in estrous females both before and after copulation, and mounts, intromissions, and ejaculations were observed in males. Dose-response related decrements in male sexual behavior were observed following chlorpromazine and chlordiazepoxide. All dose levels of oxazepam depressed male sexual behavior. The highest dose of chlordiazepoxide and oxazepam attenuated the onset of female sexual behavior, and all dose levels reduced postcopulatory lordosis durations. Amphetamine did not interrupt either male or female sexual behavior, and chlorpromazine disrupted male but not female behavior.
Black Suburbanization and Housing Quality in Atlanta

During the 1970s, several researchers presented evidence that black suburbanization was increasing in many U.S. metropolitan areas. There was also evidence that blacks were not significantly improv...
A nonparametric test of weak separability and consumer preferences

Abstract Two stochastic nonparametric procedures are developed to evaluate the significance of violations of weak separability. When the data have measurement error, we show that the necessary and sufficient weak separability conditions of Varian [Varian, H., 1983. Nonparametric tests of consumer behavior. Review of Economic Studies 50, 99–110] must also satisfy the Afriat inequalities. The tests detect weak separability with high probability for weakly separable data. In addition, the procedures correctly reject weak separability for both nonseparable and random utility simulated data sets. The tests also fail to reject weak separability for a monetary and consumption data set which suggests that measurement error may be the source of the observed violations.
Electrorheological Fluid Based Force Feedback Device

Force feedback from remote or virtual operations is needed for numerous technologies including robotics, teleoperated surgery, games and others. To address this need, the authors are investigating the use of electrorheological fluids (ERF) for their property to change the viscosity under electrical stimulation. This property offers the capability to produce feedback haptic devices that can be controlled in response to remote or virtual stiffness conditions. Forces applied at a robot end-effector due to a compliant environment can be reflected to the user using such an ERF device where a change in the system viscosity in proportion to the force to be transmitted. This paper describes the analytical modeling and experiments that are currently underway to develop an ERF based force feedback element.
Turbulent HeatmTransfer Measurements on a Blunt Cone at Angle of Attack

Turbulent heat-transfer rates measured on the conical surface of a blunt 9° half-angle cone in a MO, = 10.6 nitrogen flow at various angles of attack are presented. The measurements were made at a nominal Rem/ft of 12(10)6 at angles of attack of a = 0°, 2.5°, 5°, 10°, 15°, and 20°. The boundary layer was tripped in order to attain turbulent flow over the model. Detailed distributions of the heat-transfer rate and surface pressure were obtained in the circumferential (A<£ = 22.5°) as well as the axial directions (S/RN < 10). Turbulent heat-transfer rates computed along inviscid surface streamlines, wherein the streamline pattern was determined utilizing the experimental pressure distributions, are compared to the data. Good agreement is obtained in the regions where the assumption of neglecting the effect of entropy swallowing utilized in the analysis is valid. The turbulent heat-transfer formulation proposed by Vaglio-Laurin as being applicable in three-dimensional flows is shown to be a good approximation for these test conditions. The influence of streamline spreading is demonstrated as well as the relative accuracy of equivalent cone techniques. The results of numerical calculations of the surface pressure are compared to the data and good agreement is achieved, except in regions where viscous-inviscid interactions become important.
On the benefits of dynamic bidding when participation is costly

Abstract Consider a second-price auction with costly bidding in which bidders with i.i.d. private values have multiple opportunities to bid. If bids are observable, the resulting dynamic-bidding game generates greater expected total welfare than if bids were sealed, for any given reserve price. Making early bids observable allows high-value bidders to signal their strength and deter others from entering the auction. Nonetheless, as long as the seller can commit to a reserve price, expected revenue is higher when bids are observable than when they are sealed.
Towards information fluency: applying a different model to an information literacy credit course

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to examine information literacy, critical thinking, and computer literacy in higher education and discuss the application of the information fluency model, created by the Associated Colleges of the South, to the Purdue University Libraries one‐credit information literacy course, GS 175 Information Strategies.Design/methodology/approach – The case study has a two‐part focus. The first examines information literacy, critical thinking, and computer literacy in higher education through a review of the literature. The second part discusses the pilot GS 175 Information Strategies course, shows how the information fluency model was applied, and analyzes the overall success of the pilot.Findings – Today, employers and professors expect graduates and students to exhibit critical thinking, analysis, research, and technology skills at a fairly high level. Universities are responding with a more rapid integration and adoption of technology and creating a higher emphasis on inf...
Large increases in flood magnitude in response to modest changes in climate

RECENT examinations of the possible hydrological response to global warming have emphasized changes in average conditions, rather than individual flooding events1–5. Historical accounts suggest, however, that such events may have had a considerable regional impact6–9 even in the face of any relatively modest climate change8. Here I present a 7,000-year geological record of overbank floods for upper Mississippi river tributaries in mid-continent North America, which provides concrete evidence for a high sensitivity of flood occurrence to changing climate. During a warmer, drier period between about 3,300 and 5,000 years ago, the largest, extremely rare floods were relatively small—the size of floods that now occur about once every fifty years. After ~3,300 years ago, when the climate became cooler and wetter, an abrupt shift in flood behaviour occurred, with frequent floods of a size that now recurs only once every 500 years or more. Still larger floods occurred between about AD 1250 and 1450, during the transition from the medieval warm interval to the cooler Little Ice Age. All of these changes were apparently associated with changes in mean annual temperature of only about 1–2 °C and changes in mean annual precipitation of ⩽10–20%.
Multiple scabbing in materials

Abstract This paper discusses first, scabbing and multiple scabbing from a phenomenological point of view, then past experiments on scabbing with critical comments. It then suggests new types of experiments and the use of an inverse approach which could yield information on pulse shapes and some of the dynamic properties of the material. The relationships among these quantities have been determined graphically.
The role of distance, familiarity, and time of day in Carolina wrens responses to conspecific songs

We tested two predictions of the ranging hypothesis (Morton 1982) which suggests that: (1) For distance estimation of singing intruders from them, birds compare degraded songs they hear to undegraded songs in their memory. (2) The strength of response of birds to songs depends on how well they can range the songs as coming from inside or outside the territory.
The CCL2/CCR2 Axis in Primary Graft Dysfunction and Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome Following Lung Transplantation

Purpose Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) following lung transplantation is a risk factor for chronic allograft rejection in the form of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). Previous studies have implicated the C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2)/C-C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) biological axis in both acute and chronic lung allograft rejection. Plasma levels of CCL2 are also elevated during PGD. This study investigated the levels of CCL2 within the local milieu of the allograft immediately following transplantation, and assessed the association between this axis, the severity of PGD, and the subsequent development of BOS. Methods and Materials A retrospective study of 81 adult lung transplant recipients with available bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens collected 24 hours after transplantation was performed. PGD grade was determined at 72 hours according to standard criteria. Levels of CCL2 were measured in BAL fluid, and compared in subjects by PGD grade. Kaplan-Meier plots of freedom from BOS were created based on dichotomized levels of CCL2 and compared by log-rank testing. Immunohistochemistry was performed for CCL2 and CCR2 on biopsies obtained from multiple recipients with PGD. Results CCL2 was significantly elevated (p Conclusions CCL2 is elevated within the local allograft milieu during primary graft dysfunction and may serve as a biomarker predictive for the early development of BOS. Moreover, expression of the ligand and its receptor at sites of small airway ischemic injury and repair suggest a possible causal role for this axis in the subsequent development of BOS.