cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OXIDATIVE BIOACTIVATION OF HALOFORMS INTO HEPATOTOXINS

This chapter discusses the oxidative bioactivation of haloforms into hepatotoxins. The hepatotoxin chloroform (CHCl 3 ) is converted to phosgene (COCl 2 ) by rat liver microsomes and in living rats. The reaction is oxygen dependent and appears to be catalyzed by cytochrome P-450. The breakage of the C–H bond of CHCl 3 is the rate-determining step in this biotransformation because a primary deuterium isotope effect of approximately two has been observed for this reaction by rat liver microsomes and in living rats. The same rate-determining step appears to be involved in the process leading to the hepatotoxicity produced by CHCl 3 because CDCl 3 is less hepatotoxic than CHCl 3 . These results are consistent with the oxidative metabolism of CHCl 3 to COCl 2 being responsible for the hepatotoxicity produced by CHCl 3 . In the present study, the oxidative activation of CHCl 3 to a hepatoxin has been characterized by investigating the effect of pretreatment with various inducers of cytochrome P-450 on the formation of COCl 2 and hepatotoxicity of CHCl 3 . The chapter also discusses the effect of different halogen substituents on the pathway of metabolic activation of haloforms.
Cartilage Surgery in Revision ACL Reconstruction

Articular cartilage lesions are commonly associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears and are often encountered at the time of ACL revision surgery. Concomitant cartilage lesions can affect outcome after ACL revision and should be addressed at the same time. We discuss different repair strategies for cartilage injury and their implementation in the context of revision ACL reconstruction.
Limits to Moral Knowledge

The previous two chapters examined Moore’s reasons for embracing this “supreme rule” of ethics; they reviewed his criticisms of some rival normative theories; and they explicated his consequentialist understanding of the basic structure of right and wrong, duty and virtue. From matters of fundamental principle, we now begin turning to questions that have a more immediate bearing on conduct. Although Moore enjoyed a long philosophical career, Chapter 5 of Principia Ethica, “Ethics in Relation to Conduct,” provides his only detailed statement of what his ethical perspective implies for our efforts to act rightly and live morally defensible lives. Chapter 5 is therefore our main guide as we attempt to spell out, in this chapter and the two that follow, the implications of Moore’s normative system for everyday moral conduct. The present chapter explores what Moore saw as the limits of our moral knowledge. Against this backdrop, the following chapter examines Moore’s effort to justify certain basic moral rules, while the final chapter probes how, in light of those rules, Moore thought individuals ought to comport themselves.
The inevitability of change.

Abstract Change is an absolute so long as time does not stand still. We should expect it, embrace it, and try to predict its direction. Dermatology, as a specialty practice, has been changing rapidly over the past 30 years concurrent with the changes in medicine. What are these changes, how did they come about, and what may be the consequences? The goal of this review is to follow the march of time, as we move from one era to the other in step with what is happening in the world as a whole and the United States in particular. The growth of our specialty, Dermatology, is divided into 3 eras which are quite different in generational cultures. The first era spanning the 1980s and 1990s is dubbed as “old school.” The second era begins with the new century, 2000 until today. This era will forever be remembered as the business era, the rise of elite cultures, and the losses and threats to academia. The third era begins now; it is that of technology which is fast progressing into the future. One can theoretically project what may occur during this technologic revolution and the directions in medicine as a whole. Dermatology can be at the forefront of this era or it could be lost as a whole if we do nothing to keep up. These eras are based on my personal experience as a dermatologist in a large academic institution in the United States and may not apply to other communities or societies elsewhere. The United States serves as a good example of a western technologically oriented society that is often emulated by others.
CDS in a Learning Health Care System: Identifying Physicians' Reasons for Rejection of Best-Practice Recommendations in Pneumonia through Computerized Clinical Decision Support

Background Local implementation of guidelines for pneumonia care is strongly recommended, but the context of care that affects implementation is poorly understood. In a learning health care system, computerized clinical decision support (CDS) provides an opportunity to both improve and track practice, providing insights into the implementation process. Objectives This article examines physician interactions with a CDS to identify reasons for rejection of guideline recommendations. Methods We implemented a multicenter bedside CDS for the emergency department management of pneumonia that integrated patient data with guideline-based recommendations. We examined the frequency of adoption versus rejection of recommendations for site-of-care and antibiotic selection. We analyzed free-text responses provided by physicians explaining their clinical reasoning for rejection, using concept mapping and thematic analysis. Results Among 1,722 patient episodes, physicians rejected recommendations to send a patient home in 24%, leaving text in 53%; reasons for rejection of the recommendations included additional or alternative diagnoses beyond pneumonia, and comorbidities or signs of physiologic derangement contributing to risk of outpatient failure that were not processed by the CDS. Physicians rejected broad-spectrum antibiotic recommendations in 10%, leaving text in 76%; differences in pathogen risk assessment, additional patient information, concern about antibiotic properties, and admitting physician preferences were given as reasons for rejection. Conclusion While adoption of CDS recommendations for pneumonia was high, physicians rejecting recommendations frequently provided feedback, reporting alternative diagnoses, additional individual patient characteristics, and provider preferences as major reasons for rejection. CDS that collects user feedback is feasible and can contribute to a learning health system.
Molecular Manufacturing for Clean, Low Cost Textile Production

Molecular manufacturing is an emerging technology that is being developed to build large objects to atomic precision, quickly and cheaply, with virtually no defects. When it matures, it promises to be an energy efficient and environmentally benign way to make textiles and textile products. Current efforts to apply nanotechnology to textiles promise exciting innovations such as: ● Lightweight nanotube fibers stronger than steel ● Fabrics able to sense temperature and control their breathability ● Clothing able to sense injury and provided immediate delivery of medication to a wounded soldier However, molecular manufacturing will provide atomic control over the structure of a fabric, promising revolutionary changes far beyond current advances: ● A garment could programmably increase or decrease its own size as needed ● A fabric could change its own color and patterns on demand ● The breathability of a textile could be variable and self-regulating ● By integrating molecular robotic components into the material, a fabric could be made to be self-cleaning and self-repairing ● A fabric could be programmed to move on its own accord, creating effects such as a flag flapping even without a breeze ● Molecular fasteners could create new clothing design options for truly seamless garments. This paper summarizes recent advances in molecular manufacturing that are enabling the development of this radical new vision for the future of textile design and manufacture.
Subwavelength replication methods for nanophotonics

A variety of subwavelength optical elements (passive and active), their unique properties for integrating optical elements on a chip, and their fabrication in wafer-scale by nanoimprint lithography will be presented.
Evaluation of the Cryptocurrency Adoption Decision Using Hierarchical Decision Modeling (HDM)

In the recent years, there has been a massive attention toward cryptocurrency. The development of the blockchain technology has enabled the cryptocurrency to invade the financial industry by providing, to some extent, an alternative banking system with extra benefits such as lower cost of transaction, faster transaction processing, and higher level of privacy. Bitcoin is the first completely decentralized digital currency to exist in the cryptocurrency market. People have adopted cryptocurrency for several reasons. This adoption is a purchasing decision where the users make the adoption decision based on set of factors that matter to them. This paper aims at evaluating the factors impacting the cryptocurrency adoption decision. To do so, we have identified the factors that the users consider when making the purchasing decision based on a comprehensive review of recent literature and expert's inputs. The objectives of the paper are to: (1) identify the factors impacting the adoption decision, (2) and determine the ranking of these factors based on the quantification of users' judgments. This paper proposes a Hierarchical Decision Model (HDM) to understand the users' decision to adopt cryptocurrency. The model suggests four main perspectives that influence the adoption decision namely: economic, technical, social, and personal. Every perspective consists of set of related criteria. We then used the pairwise comparison method to assess the importance of the perspectives and criteria to the overall objective of the model. The findings of this study suggest that users evaluate and make their decision mostly from economic and social perspectives. The top criteria found to influence the cryptocurrency adoption decision are the investment opportunity, subjective norms, businesses acceptance, privacy, and global attention. This paper provides insights into the factors impacting the adoption decision and their importance level. It also helps the cryptocurrency developers to understand the consumers' adoption criteria to encourage cryptocurrency adoption.
Desire for Parenthood in Context of Other Life Aspirations Among Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Young Adults

Research has established that sexual minority young adults generally report fewer desires and fewer expectations for parenthood than do their heterosexual peers. Little is known, however, about other desires and expectations. Is parenthood the only domain in which lesbian and gay individuals report fewer desires and expectations than their heterosexual peers? Or do lower aspirations among lesbian and gay adults about parenthood also occur in other domains, such as marriage and work? In this study, we explored a variety of desires and expectations for the future among lesbian, gay, and heterosexual young adults. Participants for this internet survey were recruited via social media, and included 368 childless cisgender young adults (211 lesbian or gay and 157 heterosexual) living in the United States. There were three main findings. First, while lesbian/gay individuals were less likely than heterosexual participants to express desire for parenthood, desires in the other future domains did not vary across sexual orientation. Lesbian/gay participants were as likely as heterosexual individuals to desire marriage, friendships, and community connections, as well as career and economic success. Results for expectations were, however, very different. Lesbian/gay participants were less likely than heterosexual individuals to expect that they would marry, become parents, feel connected to a community, achieve meaningful careers, live in their ideal housing, or that they would attain financial stability. Thus, although desires were largely unrelated to sexual orientation, many expectations were strongly linked to it. Lesbian and gay individuals were also far more likely than their heterosexual peers to desire future goals that they did not expect to achieve. Overall, for lesbian/gay young adults, low parenthood aspirations were part of a general pattern of low expectations (though not reduced desires) across a number of life domains.
Harvard College and Seventeenth Century Chemistry

Contrary to a later period in the history of Harvard University, the seventeenth century produced many practicing physicians. They also served as Puritan ministers. This chapter tells their story. The three Presidents of Harvard University, Henry Dunster, Charles Chauncy and Leonard Hoar, were all physicians. They mentored budding iatrochemists during both their undergraduate and graduate studies. In addition, the students apprenticed with practicing physicians in the Boston area such as Richard Palgrave. This chapter presents brief vignettes of Cotton Mather, Michael Wiggleseworth, Edward Taylor, Samue Lee and Thomas Palmer.
Taxonomic contribution to the genus Zodarion Walckenaer, 1826 in Turkey with description of a new species (Araneae: Zodariidae).

A new species of the genus Zodarion Walckenaer, 1826, Zodarion imroz spec. nov. is described based on a male from Gokceada Island, Turkey. A new synonymy is established: Zodarion tireboluensis Danisman Rubio, 2017 n. syn. = Zodarion abantense Wunderlich, 1980. New taxonomic images of the type specimens (male and female) of Z. abantense are given. Its distribution is summarized and discussed.
There is no evidence of a universal genetic boundary among microbial species

Abstract A fundamental question in studying microbial diversity is whether there is a species boundary and if the boundary can be delineated by a universal genetic discontinuity. To address this question, Jain et al. computed the pairwise average nucleotide identity (ANI) of 91,761 microbial (bacterial and archaeal) genomes (the 90K genome dataset) and found that the ANI values from the 8 billion comparisons follow a strong bimodal distribution1. The authors concluded that a clear genetic discontinuum and species boundary were evident from the unprecedented large-scale ANI analysis. As a result, the researchers advocated that an ANI of 95% can be used to accurately demarcate all currently named microbial species. While the FastANI program described in the paper is useful, we argue that the paper’s conclusion of a universal genetic boundary is questionable and resulted from the substantial biased sampling in genome sequencing. We also caution against being overly confident in using 95% ANI for microbial species delineation as the high benchmarks reported in the paper were inflated by using highly redundant genomes.
E-014 Endovascular endothelial biopsy of intracranial aneurysms for personalized risk stratification using single cell RNAseq

Introduction Early detection and treatment of intracranial aneurysms can prevent hemorrhagic stroke. However, treatment requires an invasive surgical procedure, which is potentially risky and costly. Risk quantification systems based on aneurysm size are imperfect since the majority of ruptured aneurysms are small, and no robust method exists for predicting an individual aneurysm’s likelihood of rupture. Endothelial cell (EC) genetics have been proposed to play a critical role in aneurysm risk. However, with the advent of endovascular treatment of aneurysms, there is a decline in the availability of biological tissue for research. Method We used a minimally-invasive endovascular EC collection technique to obtain aneurysmal ECs from aneurysm coils and access sheaths during endovascular treatment. Cells were collected from unruptured and ruptured aneurysms with low- and high-risk PHASES scores, as well as control arteries. After fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS), cytoplasmic mRNA from individual cells were extracted with SmartSeq Single CellTM and cDNA libraries were constructed for single cell RNA-Seq. Results Non-deployed endovascular coils and access sheaths from 15 patients (8 unruptured and 7 ruptured aneurysms) with a median PHASES score of 7, ranging from 3 – 11, were safely collected during endovascular treatment without adverse event. Cells were dissociated from the hardware and viable endothelial cells were identified by FACS with CD31 antibodies in 8 patients (5 unruptured and 3 ruptured aneurysms. Extracted RNA from single cells produced >500 pg of cDNA which was used for cDNA library construction and submitted for RNA sequencing. Conclusion Endovascular sampling of unruptured and ruptured aneurysm is safe and feasible. Despite the dissociation and FACS processes, endothelial cells were viable and produced sufficient cDNA at a single cell level for the construction of cDNA library for RNA sequencing. We envisage that this technique will greatly enhance the availability of cellular material for genetic study of cerebrovascular diseases. Disclosures C. Young: 1; C; AANS/CNS CV Section Robert J Dempsey Award 2019/2020, Bee Foundation Aneurysm Research Grant. S. Levy: None. A. Patel: None. D. Cooke: None. Y. Zheng: None. C. Mandrycky: None. C. Kelly: None. L. Kim: None. M. Levitt: None.
Trauma Exposure, Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms, and Indices of Parenting.

Previous studies have reported that trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) may increase the risk for parenting difficulties, yet it is not clear whether trauma exposure and PTSS ...
An overview of artificial intelligence: basics and state-of-the-art algorithms

Abstract Recently, deep convolutional neural networks have been successfully applied to medical image tasks by taking advantage of a large amount of training data with gold standard annotations. The first part of this chapter introduces several basic, yet critical, concepts regarding machine learning and deep learning, which provide a foundation for understanding of both the development of these algorithms as well as appreciating their current cardiovascular applications. Thereafter, this chapter provides an overview of state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms including Bayesian, Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine, and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN).
Diversity begets diversity: Factors contributing to emergency medicine residency gender diversity.

Background Although the number of women entering medical school and emergency medicine (EM) residencies has increased, female physicians are still proportionally underrepresented in EM. The goal of this study was to determine if there was a relationship between resident gender and program leadership gender. Methods A survey of residency leadership and residents was completed, and multivariate factor analysis was performed. Results It was found that 31% of program directors (PDs) were women, along with 42% of associate PDs, 48% of assistant PDs, 36% of residents, and 48% of chief residents. The strongest correlation between female residents and program leadership was between female residents and female assistant PDs (0.25). Female residents were also strongly correlated with female chief residents (0.40). Conclusions Although we cannot determine the direction of causation, moving forward, programs looking to increase their female resident cohort should consider focusing efforts around increasing representation at the program leadership and chief resident level.
Preliminary Assumptions and Principles

The Community Mental Health Empowerment Model is based on a framework of assumptions and principles supported by a significant body of literature. Research outlined in this chapter touches upon issues of social class, ethnicity, and mental health; underserved and inadequately served population groups; community support systems; competency and power; and community and professional roles. While it is not intended to be a review of all pertinent literature in these areas, the summary here demonstrates that the assumptions underlying the authors’ model are logically based on previous work.
The Older Surgical Patient

Upon completion of the chapter, the student will be able to: 1. Identify risk factors for perioperative complications in elderly surgical patients and recommend strategies to decrease this risk. 2. Understand the considerations specific to elderly patients regarding the use of anesthetic agents. 3. Identify the indications for perioperative noninvasive and invasive monitoring. 4. Understand the impact of the presence of common comorbid conditions on the management of the elderly surgical patient. 5. Assess nutritional status in the elderly surgical patient and recommend strategies to improve nutritional reserve. 6. Understand the risk for postoperative delirium and identify strategies to reduce its severity.
Neurotrophin survival signaling mechanisms.

Neurotrophins are a unique family of polypeptide growth factors that influence the proliferation, differentiation, survival and death of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), NT-3, and NT-4 also mediate additional higher order activities, such as learning, memory and behavior, in addition to their established functions for cell survival. The effects of neurotrophins depend upon their levels of availability, their affinity of binding to transmembrane receptors and the downstream signaling cascades that are stimulated after receptor activation. Alterations in neurotrophin levels have been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease and Huntington’s disease, and as well as psychiatric disorders such as depression and substance abuse. Difficulties in administering trophic factors have led to the consideration of using small molecules, such as G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands, which can participate in transactivation events.
Space-time upscaling of plot-based research information: frost tillage

Most agronomic-environmental research information is based on plot-scale studies conducted for a limited time period, typically two to five years. Generalization is required for larger spatial domains, typically a farm, watershed, or region, and more representative climate periods, at least thirty years. Frost tillage research was conducted at the plot scale at one primary and two ancillary sites. Results indicated that this tillage method is viable and the processes leading to frost-tillable soil conditions are minimally affected by variation of soil properties. The estimation of seasonal probabilities for frost-tillage conditions was determined to be an assessment need for the adoption of the practice. A soil freezing model using basic climate information on minimum and maximum air temperature and snow depth from a dense network was developed and calibrated for sod and bare soil surfaces based on measured soil temperature data from 8 weather station-years. It was independently validated based on data from frost depth tubes. Observed and predicted frost-tillable days for cropped fields were compared and showed good agreement when averaged for bare and sod surface conditions. Soil freezing was simulated for 275 observation sites in the Northeastern USA based on 40-year climate data. Frost tillable days were determined and mapped as the annual number of days in which it can be performed at various recurrence periods. Upscaling methodology used in this study is discussed, especially as it relates to the identification of relevant processes and their stochastic nature.
Finding an ideal model for our capstone experience

The Computer Information Sciences (CIS) department at our University is in the process of charting the future direction of its required capstone experience. This process involves evaluating the experience the department has had with a one semester project oriented class and looking at capstone experiences at other universities. The purpose of this study is to identify an ideal model or models for our capstone experience that would be most beneficial for our students while fitting into the mission of the University. Our research is leading us toward a two-option experience, one for those students destined for graduate school and another for those who will seek employment immediately after graduation. Proposed for the former is a research class and for the latter the establishment of a faculty directed but student staffed consulting group with the mission of supporting non-profit social service organizations. Anticipated issues and challenges of both options are detailed.
Legendre-tau approximation for functional differential equations part III: Eigenvalue approximations and uniform stability

The stability and convergence properties of the Legendre-tau approximation for hereditary differential systems are analyzed. A charactristic equation is derived for the eigenvalues of the resulting approximate system. As a result of this derivation the uniform exponential stability of the solution semigroup is preserved under approximation. It is the key to obtaining the convergence of approximate solutions of the algebraic Riccati equation in trace norm.
Removal of calcium from frog bone by peritoneal lavage, a study of parathyroid function in amphibians

Abstract The work covered in this paper deals with experimental studies on the amphibian, Rana catesbeiana , designed to compare parathyroid function in this class of vertebrates to that found in mammals. The experimental procedures utilized the techniques of peritoneal lavage currently used in this laboratory in the study of parathyroid function in rats. The use of the amphibian has the added advantage that the animal can be maintained at temperatures approaching 0°C, permitting the study of the effect of temperature on hormonal action. Our studies indicate that parathyroid function in respect to bone is essentially the same in amphibians as in mammals, in that parathyroidectomy reduced but did not abolish the ability of frog bone to continuously supply calcium to body fluids under the conditions of peritoneal lavage. Experimental conditions which altered endogenous parathyroid activity influenced markedly the numbers of osteoclasts which were found most frequently in bones such as the coracoid and sternum rather than in the long bones of the appendages. Peritoneal lavage of frogs maintained at 4°C indicated that some sort of basic physico-chemical process exists in the frog which permits the removal of calcium at this temperature in the absence of endogenous parathyroid stimulation or increased osteoclastic function.
Voltage-dependent gating at the KcsA selectivity filter.

The prokaryotic K+ channel KcsA, although lacking a 'standard' voltage-sensing domain, shows voltage-dependent gating that leads to an increase in steady-state open probability of almost two orders of magnitude between +150 and −150 mV. Here we show that voltage-dependent gating in KcsA is associated with the movement of ∼0.7 equivalent electronic charges. This charge movement produces an increase in the rate of entry into a long-lived inactivated state and seems to be independent of the proton-activation mechanism. Charge neutralization at position 71 renders the channel essentially voltage-independent by preventing entry into the inactivated state. A mechanism for voltage-dependent gating at the selectivity filter is proposed that is based on the reorientation of the carboxylic moiety of Glu71 and its influence in the conformational dynamics of the selectivity filter.
Humor in hospice care: Who, where, and how much?

Humor has been identified as an intrinsic social phenomenon occurring in all groups throughout human history. It is among the most prevalent forms of human social behavior yet one of the least understood or defined. Although researchers in a number of disciplines have studied the effects of humor on patients, limited work has focused on end-of-life care. The present study investigated social interactions involving humor in hospice settings using nonparticipant observation. Results revealed that humor was present in 85 percent of 132 observed nurse-based hospice visits. Of these, hospice patients initiated humor 70 percent of the time. These findings were consistent regardless of hospice setting. Humor was spontaneous and frequent, and instances of humorous interactions were a prevalent part of everyday hospice work.
Cross-modal interaction between vision and touch: the role of synesthetic correspondence.

At each moment, we experience a melange of information arriving at several senses, and often we focus on inputs from one modality and ‘reject’ inputs from another. Does input from a rejected sensory modality modulate one's ability to make decisions about information from a selected one? When the modalities are vision and hearing, the answer is “yes”, suggesting that vision and hearing interact. In the present study, we asked whether similar interactions characterize vision and touch. As with vision and hearing, results obtained in a selective attention task show cross-modal interactions between vision and touch that depend on the synesthetic relationship between the stimulus combinations. These results imply that similar mechanisms may govern cross-modal interactions across sensory modalities.
Occipital lobe meningioma in a patient with multiple chemical sensitivities

Background The concurrent diagnosis of meningioma with increased intracranial pressure has not been reported previously in a patient who meets diagnostic criteria for multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS). Methods A patient who had been evaluated in an occupational medicine practice, and by several other physicians for sensitivity to chemical odors was found to have papilledema and a visual field deficit. The patient met the clinical criteria set forth by Cullen in 1987 for MCS. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was performed. Results The MRI revealed a large occipital lobe meningioma, which was surgically resected. Removal of the meningioma had little effect on the patient's symptoms. She has been unable to return to her job as a custodian. Discussion The etiology of MCS has been disputed and is currently unresolved. Those who evaluate patients with MCS are reminded that meningiomas and other intracranial mass lesions can affect olfaction, and that patients with MCS can have treatable intracranial abnormalities. Am. J. Ind. Med. 37:443–446, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of repeated drought on soil microarthropod communities in the northern Chihuahuan Desert

Soil microarthropods were sampled in plots centered on creosotebushes (Larrea tridentata) and in plots centered on mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) coppice dunes. Nine plots in each area were covered by rain-out shelters with greenhouse plastic roofs which excluded natural rainfall and nine plots received natural rainfall. There were differences in the abundance of several mite taxa in soils from the mesquite coppice dune plots. Some taxa (Stigmaeidae, Nanorchestidae, and Entomobryidae) occurred in significantly lower numbers in the soils of the drought plots. Other taxa (Tarsonemidae and Cunaxidae) were more abundant in the drought plots in the mesquite coppice dunes. There were no significant differences in the abundance of any of the dominant taxa of soil microarthropods in the drought and control plots centered on creosotebush. In the creosotebush habitat, there were significantly fewer Prostigmata in the plots exposed to drought. In an area with both creosotebush and mesquite, there were no significant differences in microarthropod population responses to drought and in recovery from drought. The differences in responses of soil microarthropods to drought in creosotebush and mesquite habitats are attributed to the differences in soil stability, litter accumulations, and microclimate associated with the shrubs.
Morphological Rationalism and the Psychology of Moral Judgment

According to rationalism regarding the psychology of moral judgment, people’s moral judgments are generally the result of a process of reasoning that relies on moral principles or rules. By contrast, intuitionist models of moral judgment hold that people generally come to have moral judgments about particular cases on the basis of gut-level, emotion-driven intuition, and do so without reliance on reasoning and hence without reliance on moral principles. In recent years the intuitionist model has been forcefully defended by Jonathan Haidt. One important implication of Haidt’s model is that in giving reasons for their moral judgments people tend to confabulate – the reasons they give in attempting to explain their moral judgments are not really operative in producing those judgments. Moral reason-giving on Haidt’s view is generally a matter of post hoc confabulation. Against Haidt, we argue for a version of rationalism that we call ‘morphological rationalism.’ We label our version ‘morphological’ because according to it, the information contained in moral principles is embodied in the standing structure of a typical individual’s cognitive system, and this morphologically embodied information plays a causal role in the generation of particular moral judgments. The manner in which the principles play this role is via ‘proceduralization’ – such principles operate automatically. In contrast to Haidt’s intuitionism, then, our view does not imply that people’s moral reason-giving practices are matters of confabulation. In defense of our view, we appeal to what we call the ‘nonjarring’ character of the phenomenology of making moral judgments and of giving reasons for those judgments.
A comparison of mechanical lapping versus chemical-assisted mechanical polishing and planarization of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond

Abstract Polishing and planarization of CVD diamond substrates are essential steps in the processing of synthetic diamond for applications in the semiconductor industry. Using the methods of mechanical lapping and chemical-assisted mechanical polishing (CAMP), CVD diamond samples were polished against a cast-iron scaife and an alumina plate, respectively, using the same pressure on the samples. A diamond slurry was used in the mechanical lapping process, and a heated liquid chemical was used in a patented chemical-assisted mechanical polishing and planarization (CAMPP) process. The diamond samples were analyzed at several time intervals during the lapping and polishing processes, and during a combination of the two processes in which mechanical lapping preceded CAMPP. The polishing rate and surface characteristics of the diamond samples were the primary analytical measurements made, and the data were used to compare the relative lapping/polishing efficiencies of the two processes in an effort to develop an optimized process for producing highly polished CVD diamond substrates.
A technique for proving decidability of containment and equivalence of linear constraint queries

We develop a new technique based on counter machines to study the containment and equivalence of queries with linear constraints over integers Z, natural numbers N, rational numbers Q, and real numbers R. We show that the problems are dedicable in exponential space with an exponential time lower bound for conjunctive queries with linear constraints. For a subclass, called SQL-like conjunctive queries, the problems are shown to have a polynomial space upper bound. We also use the counter machine technique to show that for a syntactically restricted subclass of first-order queries with linear constraints over Z and N, the containment and equivalence problems are undecidable for finite databases but decidable for a subclass of finite databases.
Craving is an Affective State and Its Regulation Can Be Understood in Terms of the Extended Process Model of Emotion Regulation.

We argue that craving is an affective state per the definition offered in the target article, and as such the extended process model provides a strong theoretical framework to understand the self-r...
Long-term follow-up of dominant macular dystrophy with flecks (Stargardt).

We present a family with dominant macular dystrophy and flecks (Stargardt) which was followed for 20 years. Twenty-three subjects out of 48 members in 4 generations underwent fundoscopic examination.
Multiple-soliton solutions for the Lax seventh-order equation

Abstract In this work we study the Lax seventh-order equation. The tanh method is used for single-soliton solution of this equation. The Hirota’s bilinear formalism combined with the simplified Hereman form are applied to determine the N -soliton solutions for this equation. The work confirms the significant features of the employed methods.
Phagocytic cell dysfunction

The phagocytic system consists of mobile polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes and sessile macrophages. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes include granulocytes (also called neutrophils), eosinophils, and basophils. Since granulocytes are the most numerous phagocytic cells and are the most critical cells in host defense against microbial infections, this phagocytic cell type will be discussed in this review. Granulocytes are derived from pleuropotential stem cells and mature’in the bone marrow during a period of 6 to 14 days. Stages of development include promyelocytes that are rich in azurophil granules and mitochondria and myelocytes that have fewer azurophi1 granules and mitochondria. As granulocytes mature, their cytoplasm becomes filled with many specialized organelles termed specific granules. ’ After release from the bone marrow, granulocytes circulate in the blood for a few hours, randomly adhere to endothelial cells, and migrate into tissue spaces. Granulocytes are primarily scavenger cells that maintain sterility of tissue spaces. Granulocytes do not replicate and have a half-life of approximately 6 hours in the circulation and 24 hours in extravascular locations. Specialized properties of granulocytes that provide these cells with their capacity to protect the
Section 504 Policies and Procedures An Established Necessity

THIS STUDY FOCUSES ON THE COMPLEXITIES OF PROVIDING SERVICES TO STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES WITHIN THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF SECTION 504 OF THE REHABILITATION ACT OF 1973. A BRIEF SURVEY INSTRUMENT, SENT TO ALL STATE SPECIAL EDUCATION DIRECTORS, WAS USED TO DETERMINE STATE PRACTICES ADDRESSING THE EDUCATIONAL NEEDS OF STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES UNDER SECTION 504. ALL 50 STATES AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA PARTICIPATED IN THE STUDY. EXISTING STATE POLICIES/GUIDELINES WERE ALSO EXAMINED IN LIGHT OF SEVEN COMPONENTS OUTLINED IN SUBPART D OF SECTION 504. BASED ON THE DATA COLLECTED, AS WELL AS THE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, SUGGESTIONS ARE PROVIDED FOR DEVELOPING SECTION 504 POLICIES AND PROCEDURES.
Comment on "Transition from thermal to athermal friction under cryogenic conditions".

A Comment on the Letter by Xueying Zhao et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 186102 (2009). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
DIII-D research program

The DIII-D tokamak is uniquely positioned to contribute to the development of Magnetic Fusion Energy over the next decade. Recent stability and confinement improvements resulting from current profile control and the discovery of the VH-mode stress the importance of non-inductive current drive. The DIII-D program plan calls for the implementation of high rf systems for such profile control; localized heating and current drive for improved to tokamak performance and advancing divertor research under current drive conditions. Funding levels will determine the potential impact of this $400 M research facility by determining the pace for implementation of rf and divertor upgrades as well as determining the amount of experimental operating time. A strong DIII-D program can effectively address the R&D issues of next generation tokamaks and allow the large number of DIII-D collaborators to explore new ideas to advance the tokamak to a commercially attractive energy option.
A Pilot Study to Characterize Fine Particles in the Environment of an Automotive Machining Facility

The main goal of this study was to characterize fine particles (e.g., smaller than about 3 mu m) in an automotive machining environment. The Toledo Machining Plant of Chrysler Corporation was selected for this purpose. The effect of local mechanical processes as aerosol sources was a major part of this investigation. To determine the size-dependent mass concentration of particles in the plant, the Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI Model 100, MSP Corp., Minneapolis, Minnesota) was used. The MOUDI was placed at central locations in departments with sources inside the plant, so that the obtained information on the size distribution realistically represents the aerosol to which plant workers are exposed. Sampling was conducted over a 4-day period, and during three periods per day, each matching the work shifts. A special effort was made to place the MOUDI at a central location of a department with relatively homogeneous particle sources. The selected sampling sites included welding, grinding, stee...
Aromatic/heterocyclic amino acids and the simulated sunlight-ultraviolet inactivation of the Heliothis/Helicoverpa baculovirus

Tryptophan, of five aromatic/heterocyclic amino acids (tyrosine, phenylalanine, proline, histidine) provided significant protection of the Heliothis baculovirus (HzSNPV) from inactivation by simulated ultraviolet (SUV). Fifty percent of SUV protection of HzSNPV with tryptophan or tyrosine was obtained at 0.03 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. Rates as high as 100.0 mg/ml of phenylalanine, histidine, or proline provided <50% protection. The extent of tryptophan protection was correlated with its absorption in the sunlight UV-B spectra. 16 refs., 2 tabs.
Evaluation of fetal liver cell transplantation for immunoreconstitution of horses with severe combined immunodeficiency.

Abstract Fourteen foals with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) were given single-cell suspensions prepared from livers of equine fetuses 45 to 201 days gestational age. None of the foals demonstrated functional engraftment in terms of identifiable donor lymphocytes, increased peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, development of phytolectin- or antigen-responsive lymphocytes, or the ability to synthesize immunoglobulin and specific antibodies. Three of 14 foals developed mild graft-versus-host reactions (GVHR) characterized by hepatocyte necrosis, bile duct proliferation, and lymphoblast infiltration of the liver, as well as lymphoblast infiltration of the esophagus. Compared to previous studies employing fetal liver and thymus cells in combination, it appears that fetal liver cells are not effective in reconstituting immunologic functions in foals with SCID, and are less likely to induce GVHR. The results further suggest an inability of the thymic remnant of SCID foals to initiate and complete the differentiation of T lymphocytes derived from fetal liver cell sources.
Hot deformation mechanisms in Ti–6Al–4V with transformed β starting microstructure: commercial v. extra low interstitial grade

AbstractThe hot deformation behaviour of commercial and extra low interstitial (ELI)grades of Ti–6Al–4V (Ti-6-4) alloy with a transformed β starting microstructure has been studied in the temperature range 750–1100°C and strain rate range 0.001–10 s-1. On the basis of the flow stress data as a function of temperature and strain rate, processing maps have been developed for these two grades and compared in order to bring out the differences, if any. While the stress–strain behaviour has not varied appreciably with the grade of Ti-6-4, significant differences have been observed in the processing maps as well as the tensile ductility variation with temperature. At lower strain rates in the α–β range (<0.01 s-1), both the grades exhibit globularisation of the lamellar structure, the optimum temperature being higher for the commercial grade than the ELI grade. The apparent activation energy for globularisation is higher in the commercial grade (455 kJ mol-1)than that of the ELI grade (370 kJ mol-1). At tempera...
How automorphism groups reveal Ulm invariants

Abstract For any group Γ and any integer k ⩾ 0 a characteristic subgroup Ψk(Γ) is defined having the following significance. If Γ is the automorphism group of a reduced abelian p-group, p ⩾ 5, whose kth Ulm invariant is fk then Ψk(Γ) ⩽ Ψk+1(Γ) and Ψ k+1 (Γ) Ψ k (Γ) is the full (either general or projective) linear group of degree fk over the prime field of characteristic p).
The nicotinic-induced release of endogenous dopamine from rat striatal slices from animals chronically exposed to dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP)

The effect of the nicotinic agonist, dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP), to release endogenous dopamine (DA) from striatal slices obtained from animals chronically treated with the nicotinic agonist for 7 or 14 days was determined. Endogenous DA was measured by high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection. There was no difference in the DMPP concentration-effect curve for DA release from slices obtained from untreated rats or rats treated with saline. Treatment with DMPP for 7 days did not change the DMPP concentration-effect curve when compared to saline treatment. In contrast, treatment of rats with DMPP for 14 days resulted in a significant attenuation of the DMPP-induced release of DA. These studies support the hypothesis that chronic treatment with nicotinic agonists results in a functional uncoupling of cholinergic nicotinic receptors facilitating DA release in the striatum.
RADIATIVE TRANSFER EFFECT ON ULTRAVIOLET PUMPING OF THE 21 cm LINE IN THE HIGH-REDSHIFT UNIVERSE

During the epoch of reionization the 21 cm signal is sensitive to the scattering rate of the ultraviolet photons, redshifting across the Lyα resonance. Here we calculate the photon scattering rate profile for a single ultraviolet source. After taking into account previously neglected natural broadening of the resonance line, we find that photons approach the resonance frequency and experience most scatterings at a significantly smaller distance from the source than naively expected r = (Δν/ν0)(c/H), where Δν = ν - ν0 is the initial frequency offset, and the discrepancy increases as the initial frequency offset decreases. As a consequence, the scattering rate Pα(r) drops much faster with increasing distance than the previously assumed 1/r2 profile. Near the source, (r 1 comoving Mpc), the scattering rate of photons that redshift into the Lyα resonance converges to Pα(r) ∝ r-7/3. The scattering rate of Lyα photons produced by splitting of photons that redshift into a higher resonance (Lyγ, Lyδ, etc.) is only weakly affected by the radiative transfer, while the sum of scattering rates of Lyα photons produced from all higher resonances also converges to Pα(r) ∝ r-7/3 near the source. At 15 < z < 35, on scales of ~0.01-20 h-1 Mpc (comoving), the total scattering rate of Lyα photons from all Lyman resonances is found to be higher by a factor of ~1 + 0.3[(1 + z)/20]2/3 than obtained without full radiative transfer. Consequently, during the early stage of reionization, the differential brightness of 21 cm signal against the cosmic microwave background is also boosted by a similar factor.
Mayo's Older African American Normative Studies: Norms for the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale

Normative data are presented for older African Americans on the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS). These data were collected as part of Mayo's Older African Americans Normative Studies (MOAANS) in an effort to develop age-appropriate norms for African Americans elders on commonly used measures in neuropsychological assessment. In this study, the DRS was administered to 307 MOAANS participants ranging in age from 56 to 94 years. Age-corrected subtest and total scores were derived based on percentile ranks from actual frequency distributions across seven age ranges. Also presented is a regression-based computational formula that may be applied to the age-corrected DRS total score to further correct for years of education. These norms should help improve interpretation of DRS performance in African Americans and allow for greater diagnostic accuracy in patients with early cognitive decline.