cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new approach to promoting sluggish Diels-Alder reactions: dihapto-coordination of the diene.

The cycloaddition between 1,3-cyclohexadiene and various enones and enals (methyl vinyl ketone, ethyl vinyl ketone, methacrolien) is accomplished at room temperature in yields ranging from 51 to 68% without the use of Lewis acids, high pressures, or microwave reactors. This normally sluggish cyclization is accomplished by precoordination of the diene to a π-basic molybdenum complex. The η2-bound metal is thought to promote a Michael reaction between the uncoordinated portion of the diene and the enone, and the resulting enolate then closes to form the cycloalkene product. The organic cycloadduct is removed by oxidation with air or with silver triflate in nearly quantitative yield. For more sterically hindered enones (e.g., mesityl oxide) and for methyl acrylate, the desired outcome requires the use of BF3·OEt2, and yields are significantly lower (15−35%)
Slider-Pinning Rigidity: a Maxwell–Laman-Type Theorem

We define and study slider-pinning rigidity, giving a complete combinatorial characterization. This is done via direction-slider networks, which are a generalization of Whiteley’s direction networks.
Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of potassium alkenyltrifluoroborates with 2-chloroacetates and 2-chloroacetamides.

A protocol for the stereocontrolled synthesis of (E)- and (Z)-β,γ-unsaturated esters and amides is reported. 2-Chloroacetates as well as secondary and tertiary 2-chloroacetamides were successfully employed as electrophiles in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction with potassium (E)- and (Z)-alkenyltrifluoroborates, affording the corresponding products in high yield.
Progress in the growth, characterization and device performance for nonpolar and semipolar GaN-based materials

Devices grown on c-plane GaN suffer from large internal electric fields due to discontinuities in spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization effects which cause charge separation between holes and electrons in quantum wells and limits the radiative recombination efficiency. Nonpolar GaN devices, such as in the m-plane (1 1 00), are free from polarization related electric fields since the polar c-axis is parallel to any heterointerfaces. Semipolar GaN-based devices have reduced electric fields and in some cases, such as (1122), show a high propensity for Indium update for InGaN quantum wells.
Hybrid Pediatric Cardiac Surgery

Minimally invasive strategies can be expanded by combining standard surgical and interventional techniques. We performed a longitudinal prospective study of all pediatric patients who have undergone hybrid cardiac surgery at the University of Chicago Children's Hospital. Hybrid cardiac surgery was defined as combined catheter-based and surgical interventions in either one setting or in a planned sequential fashion within 24 hours. Between June 2000 and June 2003, 25 patients were treated with hybrid approaches. Seventeen patients with muscular ventricular septal defects (mVSDs) (mean age, 4 months; range, 2 weeks-4 years) underwent either sequential Amplatzer device closure in the catheterization laboratory followed by surgical completion (group 1A, n = 9) or one-stage intraoperative off-pump device closure (group IB, n = 8) with subsequent repair of any concomitant heart lesions. Eight patients with branch pulmonary artery (PA) stenoses (group 2) underwent intraoperative PA stenting or stent balloon dilatation along with concomitant surgical procedures. All patients survived hospitalization. Complications from the hybrid approach were mostly confined to groups 1A and 2. At a mean follow-up of 18 months, 2 group 1A patients died suddenly several months after discharge. All other patients are doing well. Hybrid pediatric cardiac surgery performed in tandem by surgeons and cardiologists is safe and effective in reducing or eliminating cardiopulmonary bypass. Patients with mVSDs who are small, have poor vascular access, or have concomitant cardiac lesions are currently treated in one setting with the perventricular approach.
PARAMETRIC INSTABILITY OF A LEIPHOLZ COLUMN UNDER PERIODIC EXCITATION

In this paper, the parametric instability of a Leipholz column under four boundary conditions is examined. The study of this prototypical model is intended to provide a basic understanding of the disc brake pad instability. The distributed, follower-type axial load is assumed to be uniform and periodic. Instability regions are obtained and the existence of combination resonances of the sum and difference types is discussed for each set of boundary conditions. It is found that the combination resonance of the sum type exists in all the cases of boundary conditions considered, but the difference type exists only in the cases of clamped-simply supported and clamped-free boundary conditions. The combination resonance is shown to be as important as the simple parametric resonance. Results, when compared to a column under a periodic end load, show that the instability characteristics of these two columns are considerably different. The effect of a constant axial load is to shift the instability regions along the frequency axis.
On Fluctuations of Matrix Entries of Regular Functions of Wigner Matrices with Non-identically Distributed Entries

In this note, we extend the results about the fluctuations of the matrix entries of regular functions of Wigner random matrices obtained in Pizzo et al. (arXiv:1103.1170) to Wigner matrices with non-i.i.d. entries provided certain Lindeberg type conditions for the fourth moments are satisfied. In addition, we relax our conditions on the test functions and require that for some s>3 $$\int_{\mathbb{R}} \bigl(1+ 2|k|\bigr)^{2s} \bigl|\hat{f}(k)\bigr|^2 \,dk <\infty.$$
Material Balance Modification in One-Dimensional Modeling of Porous Electrodes

Mathematical models are useful in understanding battery operation, in facilitating battery design, and in conjunction with experimental data to aid in accelerated testing. The models, however, are only useful if the assumptions made during the model development are valid for the system under consideration. An assumption that holds for one battery system may not hold for another system with different physical properties. One assumption usually implicit when formulating the material balance for a one-dimensional model of a porous electrode is that the volume is conserved during reaction (see, for example, Ref. 1-3). However, if the volume of the reactants is not equal to that of the products, then a volume change results due to the reaction. The material balance produces erroneous results if this volume change is not accounted for correctly. To understand how the assumption of volume conservation is often inadvertently incorporated into models, consider a macroscopic model of a porous electrode. 4,5 In a one-dimensional model, the following differential volume element is used
Rh(I)-catalyzed Pauson-Khand-type Cycloaddition Reaction of Ene-vinylidenecyclopropanes with Carbon Monoxide (CO)

An intramolecular Pauson-Khand type cycloaddition reaction of ene-vinylidenecyclopropanes with carbon monoxide has been established by using [Rh(COD)Cl](2) as the catalyst. The reaction was found to be highly efficient in solvents of 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane to give excellent yields of 90-99%. The reaction provides easy access to a series of fused 6,5-ring structures containing spiro-cyclopropane units that are useful for drug design and development. A mechanism of this cycloaddition process has been proposed accounting for structures of resulting products that were unambiguously assigned by X-ray diffractional analysis.
AN LDA STUDY OF THE BACKWARD-FACING STEP FLOW, INCLUDING THE EFFECTS OF VELOCITY BIAS

The subsonic, backward-facing step flow was studied experimentally to provide structural information and test data for modellers. A single-component laser-Doppler anemometer was the primary measurement instrument. The effects of velocity bias on the LDA results were examined in detail. It was concluded that velocity bias was small (less than 4%) in the uncorrected measurements and nonexistent when a periodic sampling strategy was employed. The measurements show that the pressure gradient at reattachment is lower in the present experiment than in most previous work, due to the thick boundary layer at separation. Turbulence levels in the separated shear layer are also reduced by the thick upstream boundary layer. Scaling of the streamwise coordinate on the reattachment length produced the best agreement with previous data. Agreement of turbulence quantities was particularly good downstream of reattachment.
HOW ECONOMISTS GOT IT WRONG: A NUANCED ACCOUNT

Abstract In the wake of the financial crisis of 2008, many economists have blamed economics for having failed to warn us. Paul Krugman, for example, in a well-known New York Times Magazine article, suggests that Classical economists were blinded by the beauty of mathematics, and that Keynesian economics is the path of the future. This paper argues that the evolution of economic thinking is much more nuanced than Krugman portrays it, and that instead of embracing what has become known as Keynesian economics, macroeconomists should rather re-embrace the broader Classical economic tradition, of which Keynes was an important part.
Stellar Halo Parameters from 4588 Subdwarfs

Using a reduced proper-motion discriminator, I obtain a sample of 4588 subdwarfs from the revised New Luytens Two-Tenths (NLTT) Catalog of Salim & Gould. The ample statistics and low contamination permit much more precise determinations of halo parameters than has previously been possible. The stellar halo is not moving with respect to the local standard of rest (LSR) in either the vertical or radial direction, up to uncertainties of 2 km s-1. This indicates that either the LSR is on a circular orbit or the Sun happens to lie very close to an extremum of the LSR's elliptical orbit. Similarly, tentative detections of vertical proper motion of Sgr A* relative to the LSR are either incorrect or they reflect real physical motion of the central black hole relative to the Galactic potential. The correlation coefficients of the halo velocity ellipsoid, which would reflect any possible misalignment between its principal axes and the cardinal directions of the Galaxy, vanish to within 2%. The halo subdwarf luminosity function peaks at MV ~ 10.5 with an FWHM of about 2.5 mag.
Extracting places from traces of locations

Location-aware systems are proliferating on a variety of platforms from laptops to cell phones. Though these systems offer two principal representations in which to work with location (coordinates and landmarks) they do not offer a means for working with the user-level notion of "place". A place is a locale that is important to a user and which carries a particular semantic meaning such as "my place of work", "the place we live", or "My favorite lunch spot". Mobile devices can make more intelligent decisions about how to behave when they are equipped with this higher-level information. For example, a cell phone can switch to a silent mode when its owner enters a place where a ringer is inappropriate (e.g., a movie theater, a lecture hall, a place for personal reflection.) In this paper, we describe an algorithm for extracting significant places from a trace of coordinates. Furthermore, we experimentally evaluate the algorithm with real, long-term data collected from three participants using a Place Lab client [15], a software client that computes location coordinates by listening for RF-emissions from known radio beacons in the environment (e.g. 802.11 access points, GSM cell towers).
Paired Accelerated Frames

The geometrical and quantum-mechanical basis for Davies’ and Unruh’s acceleration temperature is traced to a type of quantum-mechanical (“achronal”) spin. Its existence and definition are based on pairs of causally disjoint accelerated frames. For bosons the expected spin vector of monochromatic particles is given by the “Planckian power” and the “r.m.s. thermal fluctuation” spectra. Under space–time translation the spin direction precesses around that “Planckian” vector. By exhibiting the conserved achronal spin four-current, we extend the identification of achronal spin from single quanta to multiparticle systems. Total achronal spin conservation is also shown to hold, even in the presence of quadratic interactions. In addition, the Lorentz invariance of the acceleration temperature is made explicit by the introduction of pairs of “spherical” Rindler frames.
The Maxwell-Bloch theory in quantum optics and the Kondo model

Abstract In this Letter, the problem of radiation in a fiber geometry interacting with a two-level atom is mapped onto the anisotropic Kondo model. Thermodynamical and dynamical properties are then computed exploiting the integrability of this latter system. We compute some correlation functions, decay rates and Lamb shifts. In turn this leads to an analysis of the classical limit of the anisotropic Kondo model.
The Harvard-Circle

This brief note reflects on the times when Joseph A. Schumpeter was engaged at Harvard University in Boston/Mass, 1932-1950. A description of Schumpeter’s interaction with friends and collaborators as well as opponents, of the intellectual struggles he was engaged in as well as the ideological dimensions of his life and approaches sheds an interesting light on a scholar whose oeuvre received full admiration only some decades after he passed away in 1950.
Distance Dependence in the Solar Neighborhood Age-Metallicity Relation

The age-metallicity relation for F and G dwarf stars in the solar neighborhood, based on the stellar metallicity data of Edvardsson et al., shows an apparent scatter that is larger than expected considering the uncertainties in metallicities and ages. A number of theoretical models have been put forward to explain the large scatter. However, we present evidence, based on the Edvardsson et al. data, along with Hipparcos parallaxes and new age estimates, that the scatter in the age-metallicity relation depends on the distance to the stars in the sample, such that stars within 30 pc of the Sun show significantly less scatter in [Fe/H]. Stars of intermediate age from the Edvardsson et al. sample at distances 30-80 pc from the Sun are systematically more metal poor than those more nearby. We also find that the slope of the apparent age-metallicity relation is different for stars within 30 pc than for those stars more distant. These results are most likely an artifact of selection biases in the Edvardsson et al. star sample. We conclude that the intrinsic dispersion in metallicity at fixed age is less than 0.15 dex for field stars in the solar neighborhood, consistent with the less than 0.1 dex for Galactic open star clusters and the interstellar medium.
Stochastic stability of a satellite influenced by aerodynamic and gravity gradient torques

Quantitative as well as qualitative results dealing with stochastic stability of a satellite influenced by aerodynamic and gravity gradient torques are presented. In particular, parameter regions denoting that the solution process is "stable with probability one" are found, along with estimates of the probability of convergence to equilibrium positions. The atmospheric density uncertainty introduces the randomness into the system. Stochastic Liapunov functions are used to obtain the stability results, and probability estimates of convergence to equilibrium positions are found by applying supermartingale inequalities. As a prelude of the satellite application, a heuristic explanation of the theory of stochastic Liapunov functions and the techniques of applying this theory to design problems are presented. A complete treatment of the satellite application with its impact on design considerations is provided.
Implications of Quasar Black Hole Masses at High Redshifts

We investigated a sample of 15 luminous high-redshift quasars (3.3 z 5.1) to measure the mass of their supermassive black holes (SMBH) and compare, for the first time, results based on C IV, Mg II, and H? emission lines at high redshifts. Assuming gravitationally bound orbits as dominant broad-line region gas motion, we determine black hole masses in the range of Mbh 2 ? 108 up to Mbh 4 ? 1010 M?. While the black hole mass estimates based on C IV and H? agree well, Mg II typically indicates a factor of ~5 times lower SMBH masses. A flatter slope of the H? radius-luminosity relation, a possibly steeper slope of the Mg II radius-luminosity relation, and a slightly larger radius of the Mg II broad-line region than for H? could relax the discrepancy. In spite of these uncertainties, the C IV, Mg II, and H? emission lines consistently indicate supermassive black hole masses of several times 109 M? at redshifts up to z = 5.1. Assuming logarithmic growth by spherical accretion with a mass-to-energy conversion efficiency of = 0.1 and an Eddington ratio Lbol/Ledd calculated for each quasar individually, we estimate black hole growth times of the order of several ~100 Myr which are smaller than the age of the universe at the corresponding redshift. Assuming high-mass seed black holes (M = 103-105 M?) the SMBHs in the z 3.5 quasars began to grow at redshifts z 4, while for the quasars with z 4.5 they started at z 6 to 10. These estimated timescales for forming SMBHs at high redshifts, together with previous studies indicating high quasar metallicities, suggest that the main SMBH growth phase occurs roughly contemporaneously with a period of violent and extensive star formation in protogalactic nuclei.
Group learning and opinion diffusion in a broadcast network

We analyze the following group learning problem in the context of opinion diffusion: Consider a network with M users, each facing N options. In a discrete time setting, at each time step, each user chooses K out of the N options, and receive randomly generated rewards, whose statistics depend on the options chosen as well as the user itself, and are unknown to the users. Each user aims to maximize their expected total rewards over a certain time horizon through an online learning process, i.e., a sequence of exploration (sampling the return of each option) and exploitation (selecting empirically good options) steps. Different from a typical regret learning problem setting (also known as the class of multi-armed bandit problems), the group of users share information regarding their decisions and experiences in a broadcast network. The challenge is that while it may be helpful to observe others' actions in one's own learning (i.e., second-hand learning), what is considered desirable option for one user may be undesirable for another (think of restaurant choices), and this difference in preference is in general unknown a priori. Even when two users happen to have the same preference (e.g., they agree one option is better than the other), they may differ in their absolute valuation of each individual option. Within this context we consider two group learning scenarios, (1) users with uniform preferences and (2) users with diverse preferences, and examine how a user should construct its learning process to best extract information from others' decisions and experiences so as to maximize its own reward. Performance is measured in weak regret, the difference between the user's total reward and the reward from a user-specific best single-action policy (i.e., always selecting the set of options generating the highest mean rewards for this user). Within each scenario we also consider two cases: (i) when users exchange full information, meaning they share the actual rewards they obtained from their choices, and (ii) when users exchange limited information, e.g., only their choices but not rewards obtained from these choices. We show the gains from group learning compared to individual learning from one's own choices and experiences.
Culture as a means to contextualize policy

Community-engaged decision-making and management mark a change in philosophy and practice of shared-resource governance. Moving from national to local scales of agency coordination and public engagement requires equivalent change in the scale of useful social science data. Upon recognizing landowners and resource users as allies in policy implementation, success relies on how well diverse groups can understand one another and work together. Unfortunately, managers often have a fragmented understanding of the interests, voices, and lives of the public they serve. We outline an early scoping means for engaging and organizing local voices to prepare decision-making teams. To provide a foundation for decentralized water resource planning, we used a cultural studies lens to conduct and analyze 313 in-depth stakeholder interviews on the Yellowstone River. This essay chronicles this approach and reflects benefits and challenges, and why it may appeal to other decentralized planning efforts.
A SYSTEMATIC SEARCH FOR X-RAY CAVITIES IN THE HOT GAS OF GALAXY GROUPS

We have performed a systematic search for X-ray cavities in the hot gas of 51 galaxy groups with Chandra archival data. The cavities are identified based on two methods: subtracting an elliptical β-model fitted to the X-ray surface brightness, and performing unsharp masking. Thirteen groups in the sample (~25%) are identified as clearly containing cavities, with another 13 systems showing tentative evidence for such structures. We find tight correlations between the radial and tangential radii of the cavities, and between their size and projected distance from the group center, in quantitative agreement with the case for more massive clusters. This suggests that similar physical processes are responsible for cavity evolution and disruption in systems covering a large range in total mass. We see no clear association between the detection of cavities and the current 1.4 GHz radio luminosity of the central brightest group galaxy, but there is a clear tendency for systems with a cool core to be more likely to harbor detectable cavities. To test the efficiency of the adopted cavity detection procedures, we employ a set of mock images designed to mimic typical Chandra data of our sample, and find that the model-fitting approach is generally more reliable than unsharp masking for recovering cavity properties. Finally, we find that the detectability of cavities is strongly influenced by a few factors, particularly the signal-to-noise ratio of the data, and that the real fraction of X-ray groups with prominent cavities could be substantially larger than the 25%-50% suggested by our analysis.
Gene therapy Hopes, hypes, and hurdles

The problem is vast, first, because there is hardly any form of major restriction on research. After all, as far as science is concerned, new knowledge is always a good thing and there is hardly anyone who doubts that its applications are, all in all, more beneficial than harmful. Because of the unlimited possibilities of application, any restriction must be agreed internationally: no country will voluntarily create competitive disadvantages by dispensing with basic research. Further, applications can be harmful if their basis comes from another country. The decisions on each application must naturally be made by each country individually. Then, the question arises on each occasion: who can guarantee that the decisions are good decisions? Or, put another way: can we reach a situation where knowing is better than not knowing?
Phosphate complexation of gadolinium(III) in aqueous solution

Abstract Examination of the distribution of high specific activity Gd 153 between tributyl phosphate and a 0.68 M aqueous phase at 25.0°C permits investigation of lanthanide phosphate complexation within rigorous solubility constraints. Our experiments provide the following formation constants with estimated standard errors: β′= [GdHPO 4 + ] [Gd 3+ −1 I[HPO 4 2− ] −1 = (8.05±0.7) x 10 3 ; β′ 2 = [Gd(HPO 4 ) 2 − ][Gd 3+ ] −1 [HPO 4 2− ] − = (8.1± 1.9) x 10 6 ; β′ H = [GdH 2 PO 4 2+ ][Gd 3+ ] −1 [H 2 PO 4 − ] −1 = 50.4 ± 6.8. Our results indicate that phosphate complexation of lanthanide ions and trivalent actinides is significant in natural systems, and that the use of phosphate salts as pH buffers in laboratory examinations of metal hydrolysis is generally inadvisable.
Turbulence structures associated with the bursting event

Turbulence structures in a wall‐bounded shear layer during the bursting event detected by a conditional sampling technique are investigated using data obtained from large‐eddy simulation of turbulent channel flow. Streamlines are constructed from the ensemble‐averaged velocity field to illustrate the flow patterns associated with the bursting event. They exhibit the ‘‘splatting’’ motions during the sweep event and the existence of a pair of counterrotating streamwise vortices during the ejection process.
The anatomy of a magnetar: XMM monitoring of the transient anomalous X-ray pulsar XTE J1810-197

We present the latest results from a multi-epoch timing and spectral study of the Transient Anomalous X-ray Pulsar XTE J1810–197. We have acquired seven observations of this pulsar with the Newton X-ray Multi-mirror Mission (XMM-Newton) over the course of two and a half years, to follow the spectral evolution as the source fades from outburst. The spectrum is arguably best characterized by a two-temperature blackbody whose luminosities are decreasing exponentially with τ1=870 d and τ2=280 d, respectively. The temperatures of these components are currently cooling at a rate of 22% per year from a nearly constant value recorded at earlier epochs of kT1=0.25 keV and kT2=0.67 keV, respectively. The new data show that the temperature T1 and luminosity of that component have nearly returned to their historic quiescent levels and that its pulsed fraction, which has steadily decreased with time, is now consistent with the previous lack of detected pulsations in quiescence. We also summarize the detections of radio emission from XTE J1810–197, the first confirmed for any AXP. We consider possible models for the emission geometry and mechanisms of XTE J1810–197.
Monetary rules and sectoral unemployment in open economies

Abstract A search-and-matching model of the labor market is incorporated into a small open economy model with nominal rigidities. This allows the behavior of tradable and nontradable sector unemployment rates to be studied under alternative monetary rules. An examination of dynamics in response to shocks to productivity, world prices and interest rates, and foreign demand suggests that monetary rules that respond to prices of domestic output rather than consumer prices may be better able to stabilize unemployment.
Delay-line readout of anode planes in proportional chambers

Abstract Simple delay lines have been developed for reading out active anode wire locations in multiwire proportional chambers. Anode wire positions are read out using commercial fast logic and time digitization apparatus with no special electronics required.
Distributed network scheduling

We investigate missions where communications resources are limited, requiring autonomous planning and execution. Unlike typical networks, spacecraft networks are also suited to automated planning and scheduling because many communications can be planned in advance. Because the network of spacecraft can represent multiple missions, missions will be reluctant to give up control of the spacecraft. Because communication among spacecraft is often intermittent (due to orbital and resource constraints), a spacecraft that can make scheduling decisions autonomously will be more responsive to unexpected events. Thus, a centralized planning system will not be sufficient to enable reactive communications, so we propose a distributed network scheduling system.
Rearranging pionless effective field theory

Abstract We point out a redundancy in the operator structure of the pionless effective field theory, EFT(π), which dramatically simplifies computations. This redundancy is best exploited by using dibaryon fields as fundamental degrees of freedom. In turn, this suggests a new power counting scheme which sums range corrections to all orders. We explore this method with a few simple observables: the deuteron charge form factor, np→d γ , and Compton scattering from the deuteron. Unlike EFT(π), the higher-dimension operators involving electroweak gauge fields are not renormalized by the s -wave strong interactions, and therefore do not scale with inverse powers of the renormalization scale. Thus, naive dimensional analysis of these operators is sufficient to estimate their contribution to a given process.
Progress in shock wave/boundary layer interactions

Abstract Recent advances in shock wave boundary layer interaction research are reviewed in four areas: (i) understanding low frequency unsteadiness, (ii) heat transfer prediction capability, (iii) phenomena in complex (multi-shock boundary layer) interactions and (iv) flow control techniques. Substantial success has been achieved in describing the phenomenology of low frequency unsteadiness, including correlations and coherent structures in the separation bubble, through complementary experimental and numerical studies on nominally 2-D interactions. These observations have been parlayed to propose underlying mechanisms based on oscillation, amplification and upstream boundary layer effects. For heat transfer prediction capability, systematic studies conducted under the auspices of AFOSR and RTO-AVT activities have shown that for axisymmetric laminar situations, heat transfer rates can be measured, and in many cases predicted, reasonably accurately even in the presence of high-temperature effects. Efforts have quantified uncertainty of Reynolds averaged turbulence models, and hybrid methods have been developed to at least partially address deficiencies. Progress in complex interactions encompass two of the major phenomena affected by SBLI in scramjet flowpaths: unstart and mode transition from ramjet (dual mode) to scramjet. Control studies have attempted to leverage the better understanding of the fundamental phenomena with passive and active techniques, the latter exploiting the superior properties of newer actuators. Objectives include reduction in size of the separation region, surface loads and modulation of spectral content. Finally, SBLI studies have benefited handsomely from successful ground and flight test campaigns associated with the HIFiRE-1 and HIFiRE-2 campaigns, results from which are woven into the discussion, as are limitations in current capability and understanding.
Scale without conformal invariance: theoretical foundations

We present the theoretical underpinnings of scale without conformal invariance in quantum field theory. In light of our results the gradient-flow interpretation of renormalization-group (RG) flow is challenged, due to deep connections between scaleinvariant theories and recurrent behaviors in the RG. We show that, on scale-invariant trajectories, there is a redefinition of the dilatation current that leads to generators of dilatations that generate dilatations. Finally, we develop a systematic algorithm for the search of scale-invariant trajectories in perturbation theory.
Ordering and broken symmetry in short-ranged spin glasses

In this topical review we discuss the nature of the low-temperature phase in both infinite-ranged and short-ranged spin glasses. We analyse the meaning of pure states in spin glasses, and distinguish between physical, or 'observable', states and (probably) unphysical, 'invisible' states. We review replica symmetry breaking (RSB), and describe what it would mean in short-ranged spin glasses. We introduce the notion of thermodynamic chaos, which leads to the metastate construct. We apply these tools to short-ranged spin glasses, and conclude that RSB, in any form, cannot describe the low-temperature spin glass phase in any finite dimension. We then discuss the remaining possible scenarios that could describe the low-temperature phase, and the differences they exhibit in some of their physical properties—in particular, the interfaces that separate them. We also present rigorous results on metastable states and discuss their connection to thermodynamic states. Finally, we discuss some of the differences between the statistical mechanics of homogeneous systems and those with quenched disorder and frustration.
Pressure Maintenance Needed Here

Detailed studies have been made of the merits of gas injection into reservoirs of different volatility. Pressure maintenance may consist of the reinjection of all or some fraction of the gas produced, and this may be initiated at any stage in the depletion of the reservoirs. Reservoir oils with high formation volume factors are responsive to gas injection and the recoveries may be increased very substantially depending upon the particular composition of the oil and rock properties. The initiation of full-scale return at some intermediate stage in the depletion may show greater recoveries than partial pressure maintenance initiated at higher pressure. Several studies are presented.
From open data to information justice

This paper argues for subsuming the question of open data within a larger question of information justice, with the immediate aim being to establish the need for rather than the principles of such a theory. I show that there are several problems of justice that emerge as a consequence of opening data to full public accessibility, and are generally a consequence of the failure of the open data movement to understand the constructed nature of data. I examine three such problems: the embedding of social privilege in datasets as the data is constructed, the differential capabilities of data users (especially differences between citizens and "enterprise" users), and the norms that data systems impose through their function as disciplinary systems. In each case I show that open data has the quite real potential to exacerbate rather than alleviate injustices. This necessitates a theory of information justice. I briefly suggest two complementary directions in which such a theory might be developed: one defining a set of moral inquiries that can be used to evaluate the justness of data practices, and another exploring the practices and structures that a social movement promoting information justice might pursue.
Recall in extensive form games

This paper considers characterizations of perfect recall in extensive form games. It is shown that perfect recall can be expressed in terms of choices without any reference to infomation sets. When information sets are taken into account, it is decomposable into an ordering of information sets and that players do not forget what they knew nor what they did. Thus, if information sets are partially ordered, then perfect recall is implied by the player's inability to refine her information from the memory.
Use of strontium titanate (SrTiO3) as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract Strontium titanate nanoparticles have been synthesized using a combination of sol-precipitation and hydrothermal techniques for subsequent testing as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The potentials associated with lithiation are 0.105 V and 0.070 V vs. Li/Li + and 0.095 V and 0.142 V vs. Li/Li + during de-lithiation. These potentials are significantly lower than the 1.0 V to 1.5 V vs. Li/Li + typically reported in the literature for titanates. In an attempt to improve the lithiation and de-lithiation kinetics, as well as capacity retention, SrTiO 3 nanoparticles were platinized using a photoinduced reduction of chloroplatinic acid. No significant changes in the morphology or crystal structure of the platinized nanoparticles were observed as a result of the reduction reaction. The voltage profile, charge and discharge kinetics, and cyclability of the platinized SrTiO 3 nanoparticles are compared to that of the non-platinized SrTiO 3 nanoparticles.
LiV2O4: evidence for two-stage screening

LiV 2 O 4 , a frustrated mixed valent metal (d 1 ↔ d 2 ), is argued to undergo two spin-screening processes. The first quenches the effective spin to produce the spin 1/2 behavior seen below room temperature [1], while the second produces the heavy Fermi liquid character seen at low temperatures [2]. We present a t-J model with strong Hund's coupling of the strongly correlated d-electrons. Valence fluctuations of the Hubbard operators (S = 1/2↔1) combined with the frustration of the underlying corner-shared tetrahedral vanadium lattice are the essential components of our model.
Microgrids And Distributed Generation

Abstract Application of individual distributed generators can cause as many problems as it may solve. A better way to realize the emerging potential of distributed generation is to take a system approach which views generation and associated loads as a subsystem or a “microgrid”. The sources can operate in parallel to the grid or can operate in island, providing UPS services. The system will disconnect from the utility during large events (i.e. faults, voltage collapses), but may also intentionally disconnect when the quality of power from the grid falls below certain standards. Utilization of waste heat from the sources will increase total efficiency, making the project more fmancially attractive. University of Wisconsin Laboratory verification of microgrid control concepts are included.
Packet-switching in a slotted satellite channel

Imagine that two users require the use of a communication channel. The classical approach to satisfying this requirement is to provide a channel for their use so long as that need continues (and to charge them for the full cost of this channel). It has long been recognized that such allocation of scarce communication resources is extremely wasteful as witnessed by their low utilization (see for example the measurements of Jackson & Stubbs). Rather than provide channels on a user-pair basis, we much prefer to provide a single high-speed channel to a large number of users which can be shared in some fashion; this then allows us to take advantage of the powerful "large number laws" which state that with very high probability, the demand at any instant will be approximately equal to the sum of the average demands of that population. In this way the required channel capacity to support the user traffic may be considerably less than in the unshared case of dedicated channels. This approach has been used to great effect for many years now in a number of different contexts: for example, the use of graded channels in the telephone industry, the introduction of asynchronous time division multiplexing, and the packet-switching concepts introduced by Baran et al., Davies, and finally implemented in the ARPA network. The essential observation is that the full-time allocation of a fraction of the channel to each user is highly inefficient compared to the part-time use of the full capacity of the channel (this is precisely the notion of timesharing) We gain this efficient sharing when the traffic consists of rapid, but short bursts of data. The classical schemes of synchronous time division multiplexing and frequency division multiplexing are examples of the inefficient partitioning of channels.
On Absorbing Boundary Conditions for Linearized Euler Equations by a Perfectly Matched Layer

Recently, Berenger introduced a perfectly matched layer (PML) technique for absorbing electromagnetic waves. In the present paper, a perfectly matched layer is proposed for absorbing out-going two-dimensional waves in a uniform mean flow, governed by linearized Euler equations. It is well known that the linearized Euler equations support acoustic waves, which travel with the speed of sound relative to the mean flow, and vorticity and entropy waves, which travel with the mean flow. The PML equations to be used at a region adjacent to the artificial boundary for absorbing these linear waves are defined. Plane wave solutions to the PML equations are developed and wave propagation and absorption properties are given. It is shown that the theoretical reflection coefficients at an interface between the Euler and PML domains are zero, independent of the angle of incidence and frequency of the waves. As such, the present study points out a possible alternative approach for absorbing out-going waves of the Euler equations with little or no reflection. In actual computations, nonetheless, numerical reflection will still occur due to discretization and mesh truncation, depending on the thickness of the PML domains and absorption coefficients used. Numerical examples that demonstrate the validity of the proposed PML equations are presented.
PSYCHOLOGY, MEDICINE AND THE HUMAN CONDITION KNOWN AS MENTAL HEALTH

This paper examines the relationship between psychology and medicine and what is currently described as “mental health”. It raises some questions as to the validity of the means used by both medicine and psychology in their involvement with the human condition known as mental health. Both psychology and medicine tend to operate on the assumption that the individual is a sick person who needs treatment, rather than a well person who needs help. Suggestions are offered as to how the emphasis may be redirected toward a more humanistic approach to use in the development of a helping relationship.
Three-Body Interactions Among Nucleons and Pions

Abstract A chiral invariant effective lagrangian may be used to calculate the three-body interactions among low-energy pions and nucleons in terms of known parameters. This method is illustrated by the calculation of the pion-nucleus scattering length.
Discrete symmetry and GUT breaking

We study the supersymmetric GUT models in which the supersymmetry and GUT gauge symmetry can be broken by a discrete symmetry. First, with the ansatz that there exist discrete symmetries in the branes' neighborhoods, we discuss the general reflection \(Z_2\) symmetries and GUT breaking on \(M^4\times M^1\) and \(M^4\times M^1\times M^1\). In those models, the extra dimensions can be large and the KK states can be set arbitrarily heavy. Second, considering that the extra space manifold is the annulus \(A^2\) or the disc \(D^2\), we can define any \(Z_n\) symmetry and break any 6-dimensional N=2 supersymmetric SU(M) models down to the 4-dimensional N=1 supersymmetric \(SU(3)\times SU(2)\times U(1)^{M-4}\) models for the zero modes. In particular, there might exist the interesting scenario on \(M^4\times A^2\) where just a few KK states are light, while the others are relatively heavy. Third, we discuss the complete global discrete symmetries on \(M^4\times T^2\) and study the GUT breaking.
The Dimanganese(II) Site of Bacillus subtilis Class Ib Ribonucleotide Reductase

Class Ib ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) use a dimanganese-tyrosyl radical cofactor, Mn(III)(2)-Y(•), in their homodimeric NrdF (β2) subunit to initiate reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. The structure of the Mn(II)(2) form of NrdF is an important component in understanding O(2)-mediated formation of the active metallocofactor, a subject of much interest because a unique flavodoxin, NrdI, is required for cofactor assembly. Biochemical studies and sequence alignments suggest that NrdF and NrdI proteins diverge into three phylogenetically distinct groups. The only crystal structure to date of a NrdF with a fully ordered and occupied dimanganese site is that of Escherichia coli Mn(II)(2)-NrdF, prototypical of the enzymes from actinobacteria and proteobacteria. Here we report the 1.9 A resolution crystal structure of Bacillus subtilis Mn(II)(2)-NrdF, representative of the enzymes from a second group, from Bacillus and Staphylococcus. The structures of the metal clusters in the β2 dimer are distinct from those observed in E. coli Mn(II)(2)-NrdF. These differences illustrate the key role that solvent molecules and protein residues in the second coordination sphere of the Mn(II)(2) cluster play in determining conformations of carboxylate residues at the metal sites and demonstrate that diverse coordination geometries are capable of serving as starting points for Mn(III)(2)-Y(•) cofactor assembly in class Ib RNRs.
Cosimplicial models for spaces of links

We study the spaces of string links and homotopy string links in an arbitrary manifold using multivariable manifold calculus of functors. We construct multi-cosimplicial models for both spaces and deduce certain convergence properties of the associated Bousfield-Kan homotopy and cohomology spectral sequences when the ambient manifold is a Euclidean space of dimension four or more.
Large systems of diffusions interacting through their ranks

Abstract We study the limiting behavior of the empirical measure of a system of diffusions interacting through their ranks when the number of diffusions tends to infinity. We prove that under certain assumptions the limiting dynamics is given by a McKean–Vlasov evolution equation. Moreover, we show that the evolution of the cumulative distribution function under the limiting dynamics is governed by the generalized porous medium equation with convection. The implications of the results for rank-based models of capital distributions in financial markets are also explained.
Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of 2-mercaptopyrimidine by a tetraaza macrocyclic-silver(II) complex

Abstract In buffered solutions the kinetics of the oxidation of 2-mercaptopyrimidine (MP) by Ag(cyclam) 2+ follows a second-order rate law. At T = 25.0 °C, μ = 0.10 M, pH from 4.67 to 6.53, [Ag(cyclam) 2+ ] = 0.89 × 10 −4 M and [MP] from 1.25 × 10 −3 to 2.50 X 10 −3 M, the second-order rate constants for the oxidation of MP and its anion are 5 and 145 M −1 s −1 , respectively. Rate-pH profile observed in the reaction can be accounted for by the acid-base equilibrium reaction of MP and the higher reactivity of the anion with the oxidant.
Long strings, anomaly cancellation, phase transitions, T-duality and locality in the 2d heterotic string

We study the noncritical two-dimensional heterotic string. Long fundamental strings play a crucial role in the dynamics. They cancel anomalies and lead to phase transitions when the system is compactified on a Euclidean circle. A careful analysis of the gauge symmetries of the system uncovers new subtleties leading to modifications of the worldsheet results. The compactification on a Euclidean thermal circle is particularly interesting. It leads us to an incompatibility between T-duality (and its corresponding gauge symmetry) and locality.
Synthesis of 3-(2-benzothiazolylthio)propanenitrile and related products†

The reaction of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 2-mercaptobenzoxazole or 5-chloro-2-mercaptobenzothiazole with either acrylonitrile or acrylamide under basic conditions afforded the N-cyanoethylated products 1, 2 and 3 or the N-amidoethylated products 4, 5 and 6, respectively. The reaction of the sodium salts of the same thiazolethiols with 3-chloropropionitrile furnished a mixture containing the N-cyanoethylated products 1, 2 and 3 and the unknown S-cyanoethylated products 7, 8 and 9, respectively. Whereas, substituting 3-chloropropionamide for 3- chloropropionitrile in the same reaction gave only the S-substituted products 10, 11, and 12, respectively. The treatment of 10, 11 or 12 with phosphorus oxychloride or thionyl chloride in DMF afforded 7, 8 and 9 in excellent yields. Possible mechanisms and supporting nmr data are discussed.