cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corrigendum to “Reduction of PAH and soot in premixed ethylene–air flames by addition of ethanol” [Combust. Flame 144 (2006) 675–687]

DOI of original article: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2005. 08.036. * Corresponding author. Fax: +1 (814) 865 4021. E-mail address: tal2@psu.edu (T. Litzinger). part, including deciding to publish the work in two papers, submitting those papers to different journals, and failing to cross-reference the papers. The purpose of this corrigendum is to rectify, to the extent possible, these mistakes. The paper on the effects of dimethyl ether (DME) on PAH and soot, which was published in the May 2006 issue of Combustion Science and Technology [1], should have referenced the paper that was pub-
Dynamic analysis of an elastic plate on a thin, elastic foundation

A review, correction, and extension of Vlasov and Leont'ev's (1966) analysis of beams, plates, and shells on elastic foundations is presented, and an improved theory for the motion of an elastic foundation is developed. The interaction of two or more plates resting on a common foundation is included. A simplified model is derived which appears useful for some applications.
Inhibition of ATPase activity in human red cell membranes by tetracaine.

Abstract This study describes the inhibition by tetracaine of two transport-related enzymes in human red cell membranes: NaK-ATPase and Ca-ATPase. Tetracaine (2.5 mM) inhibited both enzymes between pH 7.0 and 7.8; the degree of inhibition increased as the pH increased. Inhibition of NaK-ATPase increased sharply between pH 7.4 and 7.8, whereas inhibition of Ca-ATPase increased gradually. Concentration-effect studies were conducted at tetracaine concentrations between 0.25 and 2.5 mM at pH 7.8. NaK-ATPase was significantly inhibited by 1.0 mM tetracaine and inhibition increased sharply with tetracaine concentration. Ca-ATPase was significantly inhibited by 0.5 mM tetracaine. but inhibition was essentially linear with tetracaine concentration. In the presence of 2.5 mM tetracaine the K 0.5 for activation of NaK-ATPase by Na + and K + was increased 3- and 5-fold respectively. The V max was also decreased. In the case of Ca-ATPase, tetracaine did not alter the k 0.5 for activation by Ca 2+ but decreased V max . These results demonstrate that NaK-ATPase is more sensitive than Ca-ATPase to inhibition by tetracaine and suggest that the non-ionized form of the local anesthetic is primarily responsible for the inhibition of both enzymes.
Self‐Serving Attributions for Performance in Naturalistic Settings: A Meta‐Analytic Review1

The study of self-serving attributions in sports settings is fertile ground for testing the validity of self-serving attributional phenomena. This paper reports the results of a meta-analytic review of research examining self-serving attributions in the context of sports events. A total of 91 distinct hypothesis tests were located, comprising five dimensions of attribution: ability (N= 21), effort (N= 21), task difficulty (N= 21), luck (N= 21), and a general internal-external dimension (N= 7). The meta-analytic combination of significance levels indicated that the combined results were unlikely to occur if the null hypothesis of no effect were true (for each of the five dimensions of attribution). The internal-external dimension and the ability dimension produced effects of moderate magnitude, whereas effort, difficulty and luck produced effects of small magnitude. Meta-anaiytic focused comparisons revealed that self-serving attributions (ended to be more extreme in the context of larger team sizes, and for attribution measures focused upon the team rather than the individual. Discussion considers the implications of these findings and develops and explanation for the finding that ability is the specific attribution dimension exhibiting the greatest self-serving attribution effects.
Optical and Thermal Properties of Spinel with Revised (Increased) Absorption at 4 to 5 μM Wavelengths and Comparison with Sapphire

Infrared absorption of high-quality, commercial, polycrystalline MgAl2O4 spinel is ∼40% greater in the range of 3.8 to 5.0 μm than the value predicted by the computer code OPTIMATR®, which has been used for window and dome design for more than 20 years. As a result, spinel and a-plane sapphire windows designed to support the same exter- nal pressure with the same probability of survival have approximately the same infrared absorptance in the range 3.8 to 5.0 μm. c-Plane sapphire has greater absorptance than spinel in the range 3.8 to 5.0 μm. Spinel has two weak absorption bands near 1.8 and 3.0 μm. At 1.064 μm, the laser calorimetric absorption coefficient of spinel is 10 to 50 times greater than that of sapphire. New measurements of specific heat capacity, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, elastic constants, and refractive index (including dn∕dT) of spinel are reported. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI. (DOI: 10.1117/1.OE.52.8.087113)
Reply to Professor Rachels

Professor James Rachels has written a provocative article' in the tradition of a priori or ontological disproof2 of God's existence; at the heart of all such putative ontological disproof, of course, is the claim that 'God exists' must be necessarily false rather than simply contingently false in so far as the sort of being that God must be cannot exist. Consequently, this is to say that there could not (logically) exist a being to whom we can legitimately assign the title 'God'.3 Specifically, Rachels' putative disproof rests upon the notion of God as a fitting object of worship:
Transverse collective motion in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions.

Light charged fragments from the reactions $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$${+}^{51}$V at 35 MeV/nucleon and $^{12}\mathrm{C}$${+}^{12}$C at 50 MeV/nucleon have been measured with a 4\ensuremath{\pi} array. Transverse collective motion is observed for all fragment types and increases in strength for the heavier fragments. The transverse momentum is qualitatively similar for the different impact parameters selected by the midrapidity charge. The global transverse momentum analysis includes corrections for correlations due to momentum conservation. The results are compared to those at higher energies to investigate whether the same or a new reaction phenomenon produces the collective motion. We outline some implications for the extraction of thermodynamic information from the kinetic energy of emitted fragments.
Electromyographic Tension Levels in Stutterers and Normal Speakers

Electromyographic (EMG) recordings of masseter muscle tension during conversational speech by six adult stutterers were compared to EMG levels of 6 normal speakers. Stutterers' and normal speakers' tension levels were significantly different; however, there was no correlation found between level of tension and severity of stuttering.
Effects of calcium antagonists on the evoked release of dynorphin A(1-8) and availability of intraterminal calcium in rat hippocampal mossy fiber synaptosomes.

Abstract The pharmacological properties of presynaptic calcium (Ca) channels on rat hippocampal mossy fiber synaptosomes were characterized by determining the inhibitory potencies for various classes of Ca antagonists on depolarization-induced Ca mobilization and the release of dynorphin A(1–8)-like immunoreactivity (Dyn-LI). Flunarizine and cinnarizine were the most potent inhibitors of both parameters (IC 50 values −5 M). Gadolinium and ω-conotoxin (ω-CgTx) were also effective inhibitors of Dyn-LI release (IC 50 values −5 M), but ω-CgTx only partially reduced the level of cytosolic free Ca. The release of Dyn-LI was relatively insensitive to both the L-type (dihydropyridines, verapamil and diltiazem) and T-type (amiloride and phenytoin) channel blockers. It appears that presynaptic N-type Ca channels make the most substantial contribution to the Ca influx required for the exocytosis of Dyn-LI from hippocampal mossy fiber nerve endings.
An asymptotic expansion for Stokes waves with viscosity

We use a formal asymptotic analysis to study the effects of weak viscosity on interfacial Stokes waves, which are nonlinear, periodic and steady progressive motions between two incompressible fluids. Our results provide a natural representation of viscous contribution to the motion of Stokes waves.
Flexible PVDF comb transducers for excitation of axisymmetric guided waves in pipe

Flexible PVDF pipe comb transducers are easy to install by wrapping around any size pipe. It is possible to mechanically couple these transducers to the pipe thereby eliminating the need to bond electrodes to the film and adhesively couple the transducer to the pipe. The simple fabrication process, installation, and affordability of these transducers makes them realistic candidates for condition-based monitoring of some critical pipeline applications. These transducers are capable of exciting lower order axisymmetric modes with minimal radial displacement and maximum axial displacement as well as modes with both surface displacement components. This versatility is extremely important since under certain loading conditions, modes with significant radial displacement are almost completely attenuated.
Environmental controls on uranium in reef corals

A survey of corals from a variety of tropical settings reveals previously unseen seasonal variations in skeletal UCa. Based upon two corals from the Galapagos Islands, a comparison of UCa with δ180 suggests a possible temperature dependence of +3–4% per degree centigrade cooling. An overall range in UCa of 1.03–1.37 μmol U/mol Ca (2.45–3.25 ppm) between corals from warm and cool water settings supports this interpretation. An alternative control, however, cannot be ruled out. Changes in the carbonate ion content of surface waters are sufficient to drive comparable variations, provided uranium is incorporated as UO22+ or a carbonate complex thereof. In addition to these possible controls, we identify a probable salinity influence on coral UCa which suggests that uranium uptake depends upon [U]seawater and not [UCa]seawater. Within individual corals, artifacts associated with “vital” influences appear minimal. Extension/calcification rate effects as assessed via comparisons of contemporaneous growth trajectories in individual colonies appear small relative to typical seasonal UCa variations of 10–20%. Excluding corals from the Galapagos cool regime, five species from warmer tropical settings exhibit remarkably little variability in mean UCa (1.03–1.09 μmol U/mol Ca). Our findings suggest that the range of UCa in modern corals defined by published data reflects a combination of interspecific variability and environmental control. The possibility that coral UCa is associated with temperature, alkalinity, and salinity suggests many uses for this new paleotracer. Rapid and precise measurement of uranium by isotope dilution ICP-MS will expedite future development and application. Key among the next steps must be studies to isolate the influences of the above mentioned environmental parameters. Additionally, potential microsampling artifacts (e.g., caused by drilling) and an apparent 6% “leachable” uranium fraction in a single test coral should be investigated through further pretreatment studies.
Effect of Oxygen Absorbers in Rubber

Abstract In this discussion of flex-cracking, its causes, and a means of controlling it, the theory that oxidation of the rubber is the main factor involved has been used as a foundation. No attempt has been made to prove chemically that oxidation of the rubber actually takes place. This would be difficult, since flex-cracked rubber does not necessarily show the ordinary signs of deterioration, but the work of Neal and Northam (4) has indicated that oxygen plays a part. The facts that oxygen absorbers definitely retard flex-cracking and also that the more strongly they are able to absorb oxygen, the greater is their retarding effect, would be difficult to explain on any other basis. The mechanism of the reaction, however, is obscure and is further complicated by the fact that the oxygen absorbers develop their full effect only in the presence of a catalytic antioxidant. As a working hypothesis it may be assumed that the oxygen absorber removes dissolved or absorbed oxygen within the rubber before and duri...
Validation of a patient-centered culturally sensitive health care office staff inventory.

Aim/background Research suggests that patient-perceived culturally sensitive health care encompasses multiple components of the health care delivery system including the cultural sensitivity of front desk office staff. Despite this, research on culturally sensitive health care focuses almost exclusively on provider behaviors, attitudes, and knowledge. This is due in part to the paucity of instruments available to assess the cultural sensitivity of front desk office staff. Thus, the objective of the present study is to determine the psychometric properties of the pilot Tucker-Culturally Sensitive Health Care Office Staff Inventory-Patient Form (T-CSHCOSI-PF), which is an instrument designed to enable patients to evaluate the patient-defined cultural sensitivity of their front desk office staff. Methods A sample of 1648 adult patients was recruited by staff at 67 health care sites across the United States. These patients anonymously completed the T-CSHCOSI-PF, a demographic data questionnaire, and a patient satisfaction questionnaire. Findings Confirmatory factor analyses of the TCSHCOSI-PF revealed that this inventory has two factors with high internal consistency reliability and validity (Cronbach's αs=0.97 and 0.95). Conclusions It is concluded that the T-CSHCOSI-PF is a psychometrically strong and useful inventory for assessing the cultural sensitivity of front desk office staff. This inventory can be used to support culturally sensitive health care research, evaluate the job performance of front desk office staff, and aid in the development of trainings designed to improve the cultural sensitivity of these office staff.
Women's Adaptation to the IT Culture

This research study investigated the possible cultural conflicts faced by women during the socialization process to the IT occupational culture. In particular, the differences of perceptions by gender were examined. This study presents a sequential mixed methodology approach composed of two linked phases: the initial qualitative phase included 27 interviews conducted with students in the IT field in order to obtain their impressions of the IT occupational culture. Verbatim quotes from interviews suggested that only the initial work experiences had given these students a realistic preview of IT occupational culture. In the subsequent quantitative phase, students' impressions from the interviews were transformed into a survey instrument that included evaluative dimensions relevant to the characteristics of IT occupational culture derived from the interviews, and another set of survey items from previously validated instruments. The survey instrument was developed and then administered to N = 215 participant...
Time-resolved studies of the reactions of CN radical complexes with alkanes, alcohols, and chloroalkanes.

Ultrafast transient absorption experiments monitor the reaction of CN radicals with 16 different alkane, alcohol, and chloroalkane solutes in CH2Cl2 and with a smaller number of representative solutes in CHCl3 and CH3CCl3. In these experiments, 267-nm photolysis generates CN radicals, and transient electronic absorption at 400 nm probes their time evolution. A crucial feature of the reactions of CN radicals is their rapid formation of two different types of complexes with the solvent that have different stabilities and reactivities. The signature of the formation of these complexes is the CN transient absorption disappearing more slowly than the infrared transient absorption of the HCN product appears. Studying both the growth of HCN and the decay of the CN−solvent complexes in the reaction of CN with pentane in CH2Cl2 and CHCl3 solutions provides the information needed to build a kinetic model that accounts for the reaction of both complexes. This model permits analysis of the reaction of each of the 16 ...
Copper(II) Complexes of 2-Dialkylaminopyridine N-Oxides

Abstract Complexes of the general formula [Cu(DP)X2] (X=NO3, Cl, Br and DP=2-dipropylaminopyridine N-oxide) have been isolated and characterized by their i.r., uv-vis., and e.s.r. spectra. We were unable to isolate complexes with more than one N-oxide ligand per metal ion or analytically pure complexes with either 2-diisopropyl-aminopyridine N-oxide cr 2-dibutylaminopyridine N-oxide. However, in attempting to prepare a new sample of [Cu(DM)(NO3)2] (DM=2-dimethylaminopyridine N-oxide), we isolated the blue [Cu(DM)2(NO3)2], and its spectroscopic properties are included.
A practical guide for applying the hierarchy of controls to electrical hazards

The application of the hierarchy of risk control measures is fundamental to safety management systems but is not incorporated directly in OSHA regulations for occupational electrical safety or in NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace . The application of a hierarchy of risk controls is a methodology used in safety management to minimize or eliminate exposure to hazards and to eliminate or reduce risk of injury to as low as reasonably practicable. It is a widely accepted methodology with applications ranging from highly hazardous processes with potential for catastrophic consequences to life, property, and the environment to preventing injuries when using portable hand tools. This paper provides guidance on the practical application of the risk control measures in both the design of workplace facilities and in task planning for construction, operation, maintenance, and demolition work activities.
Organophosphorus compounds—V a new synthesis of tertiary phosphines and arsines, phosphonic and thiophosphonic as well as phosphinic and thiophosphinic halides

Abstract The alkylation of dialkylhalophosphines and arsines with organic lead compounds produces in excellent yields tertiary phosphines and arsines. Since the alkylation can be done stepwise, this represents a simple method for the preparation of tertiary phosphines and arsines containing three different organic groups. Furthermore, phosphoryl and thiophosphoryl halides can also be alkylated and arylated with organic lead and tin compounds to give phosphonic, phosphinic, thiophosphonic, and thiophosphinic halides, respectively. Aminophosphines, phosphite and phosphate esters do not react with organic lead compounds even upon extensive heating at high temperatures.
Research Fundamentals and the Interrelation of Emotions, Grades, and Evaluations.

(1986). Research Fundamentals and the Interrelation of Emotions, Grades, and Evaluations. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 30-31.
Language and praxis

The "linguistic turn"?long an accomplished fact in twentieth-century philosophy?is increasingly being felt in the social sciences, and in social and po? litical thought. Owing to its relatively late arrival, the reorientation tends to as? sume condensed and complex forms: while, among philosophers, the turn to lan? guage involved a process of slow accretion in diverse settings, social scientists venturing in the same direction face the combined impact of a battery of profiled perspectives and formulations. Language and political understanding is splendid evidence of the scope and theoretical fecundity of such a venture; instead of suc? cumbing to the array of competing views, the study not only pinpoints but corre? lates and even reconciles leading Anglo-Saxon and Continental approaches to lan? guage, in addition to showing their relevance to political inquiry. In the past, the author was known mainly for his competent work in empirical political analysis, particularly in the field of domestic and international "decision-making." As he points out, however (pp. 1-2), in the course of his empirical investigations, he discovered steadily "that I had to make more decisions than could be compre? hended and justified within the philosophical framework?contemporary empiricism?in which I had been instructed." As a result, he began to explore alternatives to logical positivism and especially to "reassess the familiar notions of the relationships among those who use the language of inquiry and the persons and things constituted in that language." The central thesis articulated and de? fended throughout the study is ' 'that language is not about objects and experience, it is constitutive of objects and experience," or "that the world of 'things' has no meaningful structure except in connection with the standards we employ to as? cribe qualities to it" (p. 20). The kind of "understanding" accruing from this fo? cus is said to be a practical understanding or a comprehension of human conduct, "since speaking is a form of acting." "Our utterances constitute our meaningful world. To inquire into our language is thus to inquire into the meaning of our con? duct" (p. 25). The relationship between language and politics is explored in a number of con? texts and problem areas, ranging from the theory of meaning over ethics and "ac
An application of the Adomian decomposition method to the transient behavior of a model biochemical reaction

Abstract An approximate analytical solution for the transient phase of the Michaelis-Menten reaction is derived using the Adomian decomposition method. The analytical solution, which is given in the form of a power series, is found to be highly accurate in predicting the behavior of the reaction in the very early stages. To accelerate the convergence of the power series solution and extend its region of applicability throughout the entire transient phase, we have used (a) the method of Pade approximants and (b) the iterated Shanks transformation. Both the Pade approximant and the Shanks transformation are shown to converge rapidly throughout and beyond the transient period and yield very accurate results. A comparison of the various analytical approximations and a direct numerical solution of the nonlinear initial value problem is also presented.
Preclinical Models for Neuroblastoma: Establishing a Baseline for Treatment

Background Preclinical models of pediatric cancers are essential for testing new chemotherapeutic combinations for clinical trials. The most widely used genetic model for preclinical testing of neuroblastoma is the TH-MYCN mouse. This neuroblastoma-prone mouse recapitulates many of the features of human neuroblastoma. Limitations of this model include the low frequency of bone marrow metastasis, the lack of information on whether the gene expression patterns in this system parallels human neuroblastomas, the relatively slow rate of tumor formation and variability in tumor penetrance on different genetic backgrounds. As an alternative, preclinical studies are frequently performed using human cell lines xenografted into immunocompromised mice, either as flank implant or orthtotopically. Drawbacks of this system include the use of cell lines that have been in culture for years, the inappropriate microenvironment of the flank or difficult, time consuming surgery for orthotopic transplants and the absence of an intact immune system. Principal Findings Here we characterize and optimize both systems to increase their utility for preclinical studies. We show that TH-MYCN mice develop tumors in the paraspinal ganglia, but not in the adrenal, with cellular and gene expression patterns similar to human NB. In addition, we present a new ultrasound guided, minimally invasive orthotopic xenograft method. This injection technique is rapid, provides accurate targeting of the injected cells and leads to efficient engraftment. We also demonstrate that tumors can be detected, monitored and quantified prior to visualization using ultrasound, MRI and bioluminescence. Finally we develop and test a “standard of care” chemotherapy regimen. This protocol, which is based on current treatments for neuroblastoma, provides a baseline for comparison of new therapeutic agents. Significance The studies suggest that use of both the TH-NMYC model of neuroblastoma and the orthotopic xenograft model provide the optimal combination for testing new chemotherapies for this devastating childhood cancer.
Three-dimensional object feature extraction and classification with computational holographic imaging

We address three-dimensional (3D) object classification with computational holographic imaging. A 3D object can be reconstructed at different planes by use of a single hologram. We apply principal component and Fisher linear discriminant analyses based on Gabor-wavelet feature vectors to classify 3D objects measured by digital interferometry. Experimental and simulation results are presented for regional filtering concentrated at specific positions and for overall grid filtering. The proposed technique substantially reduces the dimensionality of the 3D classification problem. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of the proposed technique for 3D object classification.
Majority and location based fusers for systems of PAC concept learners

A system of probably and approximately correct learners of Valiant type that infer concepts from a sample is considered. Each learner had been trained by a sample using the methods of minimizing the empirical error, and no examples are available to the fuser. A majority fuser is known to make the composite system better than the best of the learners in terms of normalized confidence (that corresponds to the same precision value). An analysis of general majority fusers is carried out to obtain bounds on actual and expected errors. Conditions under which the r of N fuser performs better, in terms of normalized confidence or precision, than best of the individual learners are obtained. For a special class of statistically independent learners, slightly weaker conditions are obtained. Two fusers that use the location information of a test point are proposed, and are shown to be better than a learner with least empirical error. >
STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS : VII. SKIN SENSITIZATION BY INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTIONS.

A method has been described by which sensitization to a simple chemical, picryl chloride (2:4:6 trinitrochlorobenzene), can be satisfactorily attained by means of intraperitoneal injection of the compound when killed tubercle bacilli suspended in paraffin oil were used as adjuvant. Sensitivity of the contact dermatitis type results therefrom. It follows that although skin sensitization of this type is most easily obtained by dermal application this route of administration is no necessary condition for such sensitivity.
ADAMTS13 Deficiency and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Associated with Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a hematological disease characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. Although the link between ADAMTS13 deficiency and idiopathic TTP has been well-established, the role of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in the pathogenesis of TTP is not yet well elucidated. To the best of our knowledge, there have been only two previous reports linking this medication with the development of TTP. We present the case of a healthy woman, age 26 years, who developed TTP during TMP-SMX therapy for urinary tract infection. She was found to have ADAMTS13 deficiency with anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies. Her condition responded to discontinuation of the TMP-SMX, plasmapheresis, and rituximab therapy. We speculate that the acquired ADAMTS13 deficiency might have been triggered by the TMP-SMX therapy.
Unsupervised integration of multiple protein disorder predictors

Studies of intrinsically disordered proteins that lack a stable tertiary structure but still have important biological functions critically rely on computational methods that predict this property based on sequence information. Although a number of fairly successful models for prediction of protein disorder were developed over the last decade, the quality of their predictions is limited by available cases of confirmed disorders. To more reliably estimate protein disorder from protein sequences, an iterative algorithm is proposed that integrates predictions of multiple disorder models without relying on any protein sequences with confirmed disorder annotation. The iterative method alternately provides the maximum a posterior (MAP) estimation of disorder prediction and the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation of quality of multiple disorder predictors. Experiments on data used at the Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP7 and CASP8) have shown the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Application-aware aggregation and traffic engineering in a converged packet-circuit network

We demonstrate a converged OpenFlow enabled packet-circuit network, where circuit flow properties (guarantee d bandwidth, low latency, low jitter, bandwidth-on-demand, fast recovery) provide differential treatment to dynamically aggregated packet flows for voice, video and web traffic.
Contrasts in the Quaternary of mid-North America and mid-Eurasia: notes on Quaternary landscapes of western Siberia†

The West Siberian Plain was formed by marine deposits that extended from the Mediterranean basin to the arctic. Tectonic action later produced a striking series of long straight NE–SW grabens in the southern part of the plain. Pleistocene advance of the Kara ice sheet onto the continent resulted in blockage of the Ob and Yenisey rivers to form huge proglacial lakes that drained through these grabens south via the Turgay Pass and the Aral, Caspian, Black and Mediterranean seas to the North Atlantic Ocean, but during the Last Glacial Maximum (late Weichselian, isotope stage 2), the Kara ice sheet did not advance onto the continent in northwestern Siberia. The Altai Mountains, which bound the West Siberian Plain on the south, contained large deep intermontane ice-dammed lakes, which drained catastrophically when the ice dams broke, forming giant ripples on the basin floors. Pollen studies of glacial lakes indicate that the Lateglacial steppe vegetation and dry climatic conditions continued into the early Holocene as summer insolation maintained high levels. Permafrost development on a drained lake floor in the western Altai Mountains resulted in the formation of groups of small pingos. In North America the growth and wastage of the huge Laurentide ice sheet had an indirect role in the climatic history of western Siberia during the Glacial and Lateglacial periods, after which the climate was more affected directly by insolation changes, whereas in North America in the early Holocene the insolation factor was coupled with the climatic effects of the slow wastage of the ice sheet, and the time of maximum dryness was postponed until the mid-Holocene. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of coliforms, Salmonella, Listeria, and Campylobacter associated with eggs and the environment of conventional cage and free-range egg production

There is a desire by US consumers for eggs produced by hens in alternative production systems. As the retail shell-egg market offers these products to accommodate consumer demands, additional information is needed to ensure processing methodologies result in safe eggs from all egg sources. A study was conducted to determine if there were differences in the prevalence of coliforms, Salmonella, Listeria, and Campylobacter on and within eggs and in the environment of a sister flock of conventional cage and free-range laying hens. Microbial sampling occurred approximately every 6 wk between 20 and 79 wk of age. A random sampling of typical coliform colonies produced 371 viable isolates for biochemical identification. Twenty-nine genera or species of bacteria were identified. There was a significantly greater (P < 0.0001) prevalence of Campylobacter in the free-range nest box swabs compared with that in the free-range grass and conventional cage swab samples (number of positives: 8 nest box, 1 grass, 0 cage). Seven isolates of Listeria innocua were detected with no significant difference in prevalence between the treatments. Isolates were associated with eggshells (2 free-range floor, 1 cage) and the free-range environment (2 nest box, 2 grass). There were 21 Salmonella isolates detected between all sample locations, with no significant difference in the prevalence of Salmonella detection between the treatments. Additional studies are needed to fully understand the effect of alternative production methods on the prevalence of pathogens and coliforms associated with nest-run eggs and the production environment.
The Effects of Perceived Discrimination on Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Affective Responses to Interpersonal Stress Modeled Over 24 Hours.

Objective: This research examined the impact of perceived discrimination on ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) and daily level affect during social interaction. Design: For 24 hrs, adult Black and White participants wore an ABP monitor and completed palm pilot diary entries about their social interactions. Main Outcome Measures: Mean level and time-trend trajectories of blood pressure and heart rate were examined as well as mean level measures of positive and negative affect after stressful and nonstressful social interactions. Results: Analyses showed that, after controlling for important covariates, perceived discrimination predicted the slopes of both wake and nocturnal ABP responses, with those who reported more discrimination having steeper daytime trajectories for systolic and diastolic blood pressure and less nighttime dipping in heart rate over time as compared to those who had reported relatively infrequent discrimination. High levels of perceived discrimination were also related to positive and negative affective responses after stressful encounters. Conclusions: These results suggest that, regardless of race, perceived discrimination is related to cardiovascular and affective responses that may increase vulnerability to pathogenic processes.
Explaining Foreign Policy: U.S. Decision-Making and the Persian Gulf War

Explaining Foreign Policy: U.S. Decision-Making and the Persian Gulf War. By Steven A. Yetiv. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. 296p. $49.95 cloth, $19.95 paper. Steven A. Yetiv faces a daunting task in this case study of the 1990–91 Persian Gulf War: applying and reconciling multiple approaches to foreign policy analysis in a single volume. He also hopes to clarify the historical record regarding President George H. W. Bush's performance in the diplomatic and military clash. While this ambitious study advances our understanding in both respects, it demonstrates how much further the field of foreign policy analysis must still progress to see clearly within the “black box” of state decision making.
Quantitative analysis of mRNA translation in mammalian spermatogenic cells with sucrose and Nycodenz gradients

Developmental and global regulation of mRNA translation plays a major role in regulating gene expression in mammalian spermatogenic cells. Sucrose gradients are widely used to analyze mRNA translation. Unfortunately, the information from sucrose gradient experiments is often compromised by the absence of quantification and absorbance tracings, and confusion about the basic properties of sucrose gradients. The Additional Materials contain detailed protocols for the preparation and analysis of sucrose and Nycodenz gradients, obtaining absorbance tracings of sucrose gradients, aligning tracings and fractions, and extraction of equal proportions of RNA from all fractions. The techniques described here have produced consistent measurements despite changes in personnel and minor variations in RNA extraction, gradient analysis, and mRNA quantification, and describes for the first time potential problems in using gradients to analyze mRNA translation in purified spermatogenic cells. Accurate quantification of the proportion of polysomal mRNA is useful in comparing translational activity at different developmental stages, different mRNAs, different techniques and different laboratories. The techniques described here are sufficiently accurate to elucidate the contributions of multiple regulatory elements of variable strength in regulating translation of the sperm mitochondria associated cysteine-rich protein (Smcp) mRNA in transgenic mice.
THE QUESTION OF UNIQUENESS FOR G. D. BIRKHOFF INTERPOLATION PROBLEMS.

Abstract : A complete characterization is given for polynomial interpolation problems of the type studied by G. D. Birkoff which always yield unique solutions. (Author)
Realization of extended ultrabroadband quantum-dash laser emission using postgrowth intermixing

We demonstrate a widened ultrabroad-stimulated emission in InAs/InAlGaAs quantum-dash laser using the postgrowth lattice-intermixing technique. The 100 nm wavelength blue-shifted device exhibits larger lasing bandwidth (~41 nm) than as-grown laser (~25 nm) with a spectral ripple of <1 dB.
Rate constant for the reaction CH3 + CH3 → C2H6 at T = 155 K and model calculation of the CH3 abundance in the atmospheres of Saturn and Neptune

The column abundances of CH3 observed by the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) satellite on Saturn and Neptune were lower than predicted by atmospheric photochemical models, especially for Saturn. It has been suggested that the models underestimated the loss of CH3 due to poor knowledge of the rate constant k of the CH3 + CH3 self-reaction at the low temperatures and pressures of these atmospheres. Motivated by this suggestion, we undertook a combined experimental and photochemical modeling study of the CH3 + CH3 reaction and its role in determining planetary CH3 abundances. In a discharge flow-mass spectrometer system, k was measured at T = 155 K and three pressures of He. The results in units of cu cm/molecule/s are k(0.6 Torr) = 6.82 x 10(exp -11), k(1.0 Torr) = 6.98 x 10(exp -11), and k(1.5 Torr) = 6.91 x 10(exp -11). Analytical expressions for k were derived that (1) are consistent with the present laboratory data at T = 155 K, our previous data at T = 202 K and 298 K, and those of other studies in He at T = 296-298 K and (2) have some theoretical basis to provide justification for extrapolation. The derived analytical expressions were then used in atmospheric photochemical models for both Saturn and Neptune. These model results reduced the disparity with observations of Saturn, but not with observations of Neptune. However, the disparity for Neptune is much smaller. The solution to the remaining excess CH3 prediction in the models relative to the ISO observations lies, to a large extent, elsewhere in the CH3 photochemistry or transport, not in the CH3 + CH3 rate.
Role for Streptococcal Collagen-Like Protein 1 in M1T1 Group A Streptococcus Resistance to Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

Streptococcal collagen-like protein 1 (Scl-1) is one of the most highly expressed proteins in the invasive M1T1 serotype group A Streptococcus (GAS), a globally disseminated clone associated with higher risk of severe invasive infections. Previous studies using recombinant Scl-1 protein suggested a role in cell attachment and binding and inhibition of serum proteins. Here, we studied the contribution of Scl-1 to the virulence of the M1T1 clone in the physiological context of the live bacterium by generating an isogenic strain lacking the scl-1 gene. Upon subcutaneous infection in mice, wild-type bacteria induced larger lesions than the Δscl mutant. However, loss of Scl-1 did not alter bacterial adherence to or invasion of skin keratinocytes. We found instead that Scl-1 plays a critical role in GAS resistance to human and murine phagocytic cells, allowing the bacteria to persist at the site of infection. Phenotypic analyses demonstrated that Scl-1 mediates bacterial survival in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and protects GAS from antimicrobial peptides found within the NETs. Additionally, Scl-1 interferes with myeloperoxidase (MPO) release, a prerequisite for NET production, thereby suppressing NET formation. We conclude that Scl-1 is a virulence determinant in the M1T1 GAS clone, allowing GAS to subvert innate immune functions that are critical in clearing bacterial infections.
Gender Equality in Dual-Sex System: The Case of Onitsha

In republishing the following essay to bring it to a wider audience, I have tried to preserve the original version of the essay. Most of the editorial changes I made are quite minor and are designed to clarify certain sentences and issues that seemed obtuse. However, since the publication of the essay in 1994, I have radically revised it in light of on going discussions in the field, and to accentuate certain issues that were treated with brevity. Consequently, the essay has expanded into two full-blown chapters: one chapter is devoted to the docu-drama, with an expanded range of issues under discussion, and the second chapter, more extensively examines the dynamics of a equality as comparable worth. In the process of making these changes, I have subjected the concept of equality to radical critique with the aim of transcending the notion of equality as something individuals possess. In my view, the shift to social responsibilities and obligations allows a different, more responsible way of thinking about equality.
Calcium and Vitamin D Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: The Multiethnic Cohort Study

The associations of intakes of calcium and vitamin D with colorectal cancer risk were examined in the Multiethnic Cohort Study (Hawaii and Los Angeles, California). In 1993–1996, 85,903 men and 105,108 women aged � 45 years completed a quantitative food frequency questionnaire. A total of 2,110 incident cases of colorectal cancer (1,138 in men and 972 in women) were identified through December 31, 2001. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate multivariate-adjusted relative risks and 95% confidence intervals. Total calcium intake (from foods and supplements) was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk in both men (highest quintile vs. lowest: relative risk (RR) ¼ 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52, 0.93; p for trend ¼ 0.006) and women (RR ¼ 0.64, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.83; p for trend ¼ 0.003). The inverse association was also seen for total vitamin D intake in men (RR ¼ 0.72, 95% CI: 0.51, 1.00; p for trend ¼ 0.03) but not in women. Intake of dairy products was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk, especially among nonusers of supplemental calcium (men: RR ¼ 0.77, 95% CI: 0.59, 1.01; women: RR ¼ 0.66, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.89). The findings support the hypothesis of protective roles for calcium, vitamin D, and dairy products in the risk of colorectal cancer. calcium; cohort studies; colorectal neoplasms; dairy products; dietary supplements; vitamin D
Rapid polarizing field cycling in magnetic resonance imaging

We describe the electronics for controlling the independently pulsed polarizing coil in a prepolarized magnetic resonance imaging (PMRI) system and demonstrate performance with free induction decay measurements and in vivo imaging experiments. A PMRI scanner retains all the benefits of acquiring MRI data at low field, but with the higher signal of the polarizing field. Rapidly and efficiently ramping the polarizing coil without disturbing the data acquisition is one of the major challenges of PMRI. With our modular hardware design, we successfully ramp the 0.4-T polarizing coil of a wrist-sized PMRI scanner at up to 100 T/s without causing image artifacts or otherwise degrading data acquisition.
THE ROLE OF INVAGINATIONS IN ARMED MESOPHYLL CELLS OF PINE NEEDLES

Summary The distribution of air in the intercellular spaces of pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws) leaves was studied by sectioning the needles under water to trap the air and examining the sections microscopically. Air was present in the intercellular spaces of the chlorenchyma, including the invaginations of armed parenchyma cells. The air could be removed by vacuum or by sectioning the needles under paraffin oil which infiltrated the spaces. The invaginations are extensions of the leaf air space system and would increase conductivity of CO2 to the chloroplasts which line the invaginations.
Neural and Behavioral Signatures of Core Numerical Abilities and Early Symbolic Number Development

Abstract Humans can think and reason about numbers even before learning to speak. Behavioral research over the last few decades has suggested that such competencies are based on at least two distinct nonverbal abilities: the ability to select, attend to, and track a limited number of individual items simultaneously and the ability to represent the approximate numerical magnitude of a set of items. Advances in cognitive neuroscience further suggest that these abilities are rooted in at least two distinct cognitive and brain systems, or core systems of number, which are active in early infancy and persist throughout the lifespan. Further, while it appears that both core systems contribute to symbolic number and mathematical development, the exact role of each remains to be clarified. Consequently, in this chapter we review emerging evidence concerning these matters and conclude that each core system may play an important and unique role in the capacity for and development of symbolic number and mathematics.
Success in recruitment to randomized clinic trials: keep it simple and close to home … or is there more to it?

Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are accepted as the best way to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments, but have been consistently plagued by difficulties in recruiting enough participants. Most RCTs take longer than expected to recruit the planned sample size, or miss their enrollment targets
Prediction of the Interface Response Functions for Amorphous and Crystalline Phases of Silicon and Germanium

Interface response functions that govern the solidification kinetics of amorphous and crystalline phases of Si and Ge have been determined for reparameterized versions of the Stillinger-Weber (SW) potential. The strength of the three-body term in the SW potential and the energy scaling parameter were modified to obtain agreement with the experimental melting temperatures of both the amorphous and crystalline phases. These modified models were used to produce predictions of the interface response function for both Si and Ge that adequately fit the few known experimental data.
Research by the Numbers

In their roles as litigators, counselors and negotiators, accurate numbers are important to lawyers as they attempt to conceptualize the facts of a case, understand economic predictions in deal making, and advocate for client interests in the legislative and political spheres. This article offers a brief survey of the best places to find accurate statistical data, including census data, federal budget and taxation numbers, and criminal justice statistics.
Genetics of Speciation in the Aedes (Stegomyia) Scutellaris Group (Diptera: Culicidae): 2. Crossing relationships of Aedes cooki with six sibling species

Aedes cooki was crossed with strains representing 6 sibling species in the Aedes (Stegomyia ) group: Aedes malayensis, Ae. alcasidi, Ae. katherinensis, Ae. pseudoscutellaris, Ae. kesseli , and Ae. polynesiensis . On the basis of insemination, embryonation, and hatch rates, results of interspecific crosses and backcrosses involving Ae. cooki males were consistent with expectations of species with an allopatric distribution. All interspecific crosses involving Ae. cooki females gave high insemination rates and low hatch rates. Treatment of rickettsia-infected strains with tetracycline failed to alter sterility appreciably in crosses with Ae. cooki females, with the exception of crosses with Ae. polynesiensis males.