cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A diagnostic test generation procedure for combinational circuits based on test elimination

We propose a procedure for generating test patterns for diagnosis of combinational (or fully-scanned sequential) circuits based on stuck-at faults. The test generation procedure avoids the conventional fault-oriented test generation by observing that a test pattern to distinguish two faults can be obtained from a test pattern that detects both of the faults by changing the test pattern so as to "undetect" one of the faults, or change the primary outputs on which the faults are detected. The proposed procedure is applied starting from a fault detection test set (a test set that detects every detectable stuck-at fault). For every pair of faults left undistinguished by the test set, the procedure attempts to modify a test pattern that detects both faults such that the resulting, modified pattern would distinguish the faults. We present experimental results to demonstrate the numbers of fault pairs that can be distinguished by the proposed procedure assuming diagnosis based on full responses and diagnosis based on pass/fail information.
Heave compensation and formation strength evaluation from downhole acceleration measurements while coring

In order to evaluate the efficiency of heave compensation in the Ocean Drilling Program, we developed a device measuring the acceleration of the core barrels. First results show that heave compensation limits bit motion to 10% of the surface heave. We also use the acceleration data to characterize the formation. On rotary corers, acceleration amplitudes decrease with increasing hardness of the formation. Comparison with geophysical logs shows that this relationship can resolve cm-scale features. On piston corers, the maximum acceleration is characteristic of the sediment shear strength. Easy and fast to deploy, this tool allows to characterize formations before any sample analysis.
An antenna beam steering technique comprised of constant-phase array elements

Beam steering is normally achieved by the use of phase shifters at each element of an array. The phase taper thereby produced causes a shift of the far-field pattern in sin θ space. An alternate approach to beam steering is presented in which a pair of interleaved arrays are employed. One array of the pair is fed entirely by currents of zero phase, while the other array is fed entirely by currents of quadrature phase. Beam steering is done by control of amplitude at each element. An example of this technique is presented and discussed.
Research for the front lines

It is a truism in the sociology of science that scientific knowledge bears the imprint of particular perspectives, interests, and values. In social science, it is especially common to find that research serves the needs of managers and policymakers better than it serves the needs of front-line workers. This paper analyzes the traces of that tendency in police research. By examining three features of front-line police work (the need to improve programs rather than assess them, the need to attend to an enormous number of situational details, and the need to cope with ambiguous and contradictory goals), I argue that common approaches to police research address managerial and policy concerns better than line officer concerns. To help rectify this imbalance, I discuss three variations on an alternative research strategy that deserves more emphasis in policy-oriented police research—one grounded in concrete case study description and analysis that often eschews causal generalizations.
The Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscopehigh Resolution at Low Beam Energies

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is the most widely used, as well as the most versatile, of electron-optical instruments. In all of the imaging modes of the instrument it is now possible to achieve a spatial resolution on the nanometer scale from a bulk specimen, provided that the electron-optical performance of the instrument is of the necessary quality. In practice this means that a field emission gun (FEG) as well as a highly excited probe forming lens must be used. With state-of-the-art instrumentation, image resolutions as good as 4 - 5 nm at lkeV, and lnm at 20keV, are now achievable. This paper outlines the design criteria for a high resolution FEG SEM and discusses the type of image information available. The performance achieved is compared to that of other types of microscope that offer similar capabilities.
ARIES-RRH: restricted repeating of history in the ARIES transaction recovery method

A method called ARIES-RRH (algorithm for recovery and isolation exploiting semantics with restricted repeating of history) is presented which is a modified version of the ARIES transaction recovery and concurrency control method implemented to varying degrees in Starburst, QuickSilver, the OS/2 Extended Edition Database Manager, DB2 V2, Workstation Data Save Facility/VM and the Gamma database machine. The repeating history paradigm of ARIES is analyzed to propose a more efficient handling of redos, especially when the smallest granularity of locking is not less than a page, by combining the paradigm of selective redo from DB2 V1. Even with fine-granularity locking, it is not always the case that all the unapplied but logged changes needed to be redone. ARIES-RRH, which incorporates these changes, still retains all the good properties of ARIES-avoiding undo of undos, single-pass media recovery, nested top actions, etc. The fundamentals behind why DB2 V1's selective redo works, in spite of failures during restart recovery, are also explained. >
Total daily activity declines more rapidly with increasing age in older adults.

A B S T R A C T Longitudinal studies of objectively measured physical activity are lacking in older adults. We tested whether objective measures of total daily activity decline more rapidly in older adults. This prospective, observational cohort study included 519 community-dwelling older persons from across metropolitan Chicago participating in the Rush Memory and Aging Project. Repeated total daily activity measures (leisure and non-leisure physical activity) were derived from actigraphic recordings for up to 10 days. Generalized estimating equation models which controlled for demographics measures were employed. At baseline, age was inversely related with the level of total daily activity (estimate, 0.014, S.E. 0.002, p < 0.001). During up to 6 years of follow-up, total daily activity declined by about 0.070 10 5 activity counts/day/yr (estimate 0.065, S.E. 0.005, p < 0.001). Total daily activity declined 3% more rapidly for each additional year of age at baseline (estimate 0.002, S.E. 0.001, p = 0.027). Thus, total daily activity declined almost twice as fast in an individual 91 years old at baseline versus an individual 71 years old. A higher level of education was associated with a slower rate of decline (estimate 0.004, S.E. 0.002, p < 0.018). The associations of age and education with the rate of declining total daily activity were unchanged when controlling for baseline level of motor and cognitive function, other late-life activities and chronic health conditions. These data suggest that total daily activity in very old adults declines more rapidly with increasing age. Thus, physical inactivity is likely to become a larger problem in our aging population.
Multiple-Host Sharing, Long-Term Persistence, and Virulence of Escherichia coli Clones from Human and Animal Household Members

During a 3-year surveillance, six household members (five humans and the family dog) yielded 14 Escherichia coli clones. Virulence genes, group B2, and having caused cystitis (in the mother or dog) corresponded to colonization endpoints (number of samples, colonies, hosts, and dates). The dog's cystitis clone was the most extensively recovered clone.
Evaluation of the reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of γ-hydroxybutyrate in rhesus monkeys

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a metabolite of GABA that is present in the CNS and fulfils at least some of the criteria for a neurotransmitter. Its effects are generally similar to those of CNS depressants and include ataxia, sleep and anesthesia. It has also been suggested that GHB is a drug of abuse. The present experiment was designed to evaluate GHB in procedures predictive of abuse and dependence potential in rhesus monkeys. Three monkeys were surgically prepared with indwelling silicone venous catheters and allowed to self-administer methohexital or saline in twice-daily experimental sessions. Other groups of monkeys were trained in drug discrimination paradigms to discriminate D-amphetamine (AMPH; n = 4), pentobarbital (PB; n = 3) or triazolam (n = 3) from saline. Another group was maintained on diazepam daily and trained to discriminate flumazenil from saline (n = 2). GHB (0.01-10 mg/kg per injection) maintained self-administration marginally above saline levels at one dose (3.2 or 10 mg/kg) in two of the three monkeys tested. GHB (1.0-178 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.) or intragastrically (i.g.)) did not reliably substitute as a discriminative stimulus for any of the training conditions. Taken together with previous results, the present experiment suggests that GHB has, at most, low potential for abuse.
Trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans using Department of Veterans Affairs health care, 2002-2008

Objectives. We sought to investigate longitudinal trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans.Methods. We determined the prevalence and predictors of mental health diagnoses among 289 328 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans entering Veterans Affairs (VA) health care from 2002 to 2008 using national VA data.Results. Of 289 328 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans, 106 726 (36.9%) received mental health diagnoses; 62 929 (21.8%) were diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 50 432 (17.4%) with depression. Adjusted 2-year prevalence rates of PTSD increased 4 to 7 times after the invasion of Iraq. Active duty veterans younger than 25 years had higher rates of PTSD and alcohol and drug use disorder diagnoses compared with active duty veterans older than 40 years (adjusted relative risk = 2.0 and 4.9, respectively). Women were at higher risk for depression than were men, but men had over twice the risk for drug use disorders. Greater combat exposure was associated w...
Retinoic acid‐induced embryopathy of the mouse inner ear

Retinoic acid (RA) is an active metabolite of vitamin A that is teratogenic when present in excess during mammalian embryogenesis. We have investigated the effect of embryonic exposure to nonphysiological levels of all-trans RA on the development of the mouse inner ear. Dysmorphogenesis of both vestibular and auditory portions of the inner ear, and abnormal formation of the surrounding capsule are produced by exposure to teratogenic levels of RA at an embryonic age of 9 days (E9). There was no observable teratogenic effect of RA when administered at earlier (i.e., E7 or E8) or later (i.e., E10) stages of otic morphogenesis. We hypothesize that exposure to high levels of RA during a critical period of early otic morphogenesis interferes with the inductive tissue interactions required for inner ear development.
Studying Chinese culture and conflict: a research agenda

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a research agenda for studying Chinese culture and conflict.Design/methodology/approach – Publications on Chinese culture and conflict are searched and reviewed to identify conceptualizations of Chinese culture and key findings on conflict.Findings – A review of the scholarly literature on Chinese culture and conflict suggests that Chinese culture has been mainly conceptualized as Confucianism and collectivism. Inadequacies of such conceptualizations and their negative effects on empirical research on Chinese culture and management and organization in China have been addressed.Research limitations/implications – Limitations were not being able to get an exhaustive list of research publications on Chinese culture and conflict.Practical implications – The paper helps to reduce stereotypes about Chinese conflict management stemmed from previous researchOriginality/value – On the basis of recognizing the importance of past research, new directions for research...
Is amount of effort a better predictor of search success than use of specific search tactics

While it is true that many factors can influence information seeking success, the amount of effort exerted by the user in completing a task can be a key factor. This study examined the log files of high performing and low performing users of an experimental system to find differences in their behaviors performing retrieval tasks. The study examined aspects of elaboration, redundancy, depth, and effort to determine which might be used to predict user success in a retrieval task. Results did not show significant differences between the groups with regard to elaboration, redundancy, and depth, but did reveal significant differences when comparing the following effort measures: number of documents opened, number of piles used, and number of documents placed into piles. Results indicate that the amount of effort is a good indicator of success in information seeking tasks and that high performers are more likely to use tools to help them organize and monitor their search results.
Clinical Approaches to Infertility in the Bitch

When presented with the apparently infertile bitch, the practitioner must sort through a myriad of facts, historical events, and diagnostic tests to uncover the etiology of the problem. Many bitches that present for infertility are reproductively normal and are able to conceive with appropriate intervention and breeding management. An algorithmic approach is helpful in cases of infertility, where simple questions lead to the next appropriate step. Most bitches can be categorized as either cyclic or acyclic, and then further classified based on historical data and diagnostic testing. Each female has a unique set of circumstances that can affect her reproductive potential. By utilizing all available information and a logical approach, the clinician can narrow the list of differentials and reach a diagnosis more quickly.
Terpyridine-substituted, fluorescent polymers and their chelation with zinc ion: The ligand-to-metal ratio and optical properties

Soluble, fluorescent, terpyridine-substituted, conjugated polymers were prepared and characterized. The polymer chains included a defined oligo(phenylenevinylene) fragment, on which the terpyridine-functional group was attached. The polymers were blue-fluorescent with emission peaks at 400–427 nm in tetrahydrofuran solutions. Upon chelation with the Zn(II) cation, the emission maxima were shifted to a longer wavelength by as much as 113 to 506–526 nm. A model compound was also prepared to aid the structural characterization. The ratio of terpyridine to Zn2+ in the polymer complex was found to be 1:1 on the basis of spectroscopic evidence, which included mass spectrometry, 1H NMR, and Job titration. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2338–2345, 2006
Fluidic Assisted Heterogeneous Integration of Photonic Thin-Film Devices

In this letter, we are demonstrating that the fluidic assisted heterogeneous integration is an efficient integration method of various photonic devices with standard silicon electronic devices to realize advanced photonic integrated systems. By using a thin-film device format, which is optimized in its host substrate, its integration on silicon substrate does not interfere with a post layer-by-layer process and provides the best performance of both thin-film devices and silicon-based electronics. A combination of self-assembly and thin-film device technology will lead the way for wafer-scale heterogeneous thin-film integration. The results showed that an array of thin-film devices can be efficiently self-aligned and integrated onto assigned integration. This is also a promising integration method for integrated photonic systems, which combines various photonic devices with silicon-based electronic devices.
Dental findings in the Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia

Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that affects primarily bone, T lymphocytes, kidneys, and skin. The patients have a triangular face, broad nasal bridge, bulbous nose tip, small palpebral fissures, short neck, long upper lip, and low hairline. Dental abnormalities of affected patients have not been discussed in detail. The patient described in this clinical report presented with clinical and radiographic abnormalities that may constitute a diagnostic characteristic in this condition.
ERP evidence that surface-based attention biases interocular competition during rivalry.

J. F. Mitchell, G. R. Stoner, and J. H. Reynolds (2004) observed that exogenously cuing one of two superimposedtransparent surfaces resulted in an enhanced perceptual bias for the cued surface during binocular rivalry. We investigatedthe neural bases of this effect by recording event-related potentials (ERPs). Subjects viewed two superimposed rotatingtransparent surfaces and compared the directions of two successive translations, either both of the same surface or one ofeach surface. Following the ﬁrst translation, which cued attention to the translating surface, two surface images wereremovedVone from each eye (dichoptic viewing) or both from one eye (monocular viewing). Subjects were impaired atcomparing the ﬁrst and second translations when they occurred on different surfaces, and the impairment was greaterduring dichoptic viewing (rivalry). The P1 component (110–160 ms) of the ERP elicited by the second translation of thesame surface was larger than for the different surface during dichoptic but not monocular viewing. Larger cueing effectswere also observed for the subsequent posterior N1 (160–220 ms) and P2 (250–300 ms) components during rivalry thanduring monocular viewing. These results are in line with a hybrid model of rivalry whereby cuing one surface initiates anearlier interocular selection process when the competing surfaces are presented to separate eyes.Keywords: object-based attention, binocular rivalry, ERPs, visual cortexCitation: Khoe, W., Mitchell, J. F., Reynolds, J. H., & Hillyard, S. A. (2008). ERP evidence that surface-based attentionbiases interocular competition during rivalry. Journal of Vision, 8(3):18, 1–11, http://journalofvision.org/8/3/18/,doi:10.1167/8.3.18.
Rational management of patients with ‘exotic’ infectious diseases

Recognition that several potentially transmissible infectious diseases with prolonged incubation periods, uncertain aetiology, and undefined therapy may be present in hospitalized patients has created a high level of concern for many health care workers. CreutzfeldtJakob (C-J) disease and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are two examples of such disease entities that provoke near panic in individuals required to have direct contact with the patient. It is essential that infection control practitioners take the lead in assessing available facilities in their particular institution for management of these patients and in developing the most realistic protocols for personnel to follow which will in no way (compromise the level of patient care. It is helpful to assign relative risk values to each of the many procedures which involve patient contact and produce exposure to potentially infectious material. Such risk values would vary greatly, from low for routine nursing to very high for the neurosurgeon or pathologist who has direct contact with brain tissue of a patient with C-J disease. Protective measures can then be defined for each risk value taking into consideration both needs of the patient and the welfare of the personnel. Thus by keeping protective measures as simple as possible, the best of patient care can be provided in the most effective manner.
RECOGNITION OF MATCHING TASKS AND STIMULUS NOVELTY AS A FUNCTION OF UNILATERAL BRAIN DAMAGE

A 96-trial tachistoscope recognition task was given to 15 left-hemisphere-damaged, 12 right-hemisphere-damaged, and 30 non-brain-damaged subjects. Procedure called for a first stimulus presented for 250 msec, a 1-sec. pause, and a second stimulus for 250 msec. The stimuli were 12 animal drawings used in repeated series according to a random schedule. Six animals were familiar and six were novel. For half of the trials, the two pictures were of different animals. Size and position of the animal picture were controlled. Both reaction time and accuracy were independently scored. Judgments of same and different appear to function as if they are governed by different processes. For the control group, measures of same and different judgments do not correlate highly despite high internal consistency of subtests. Recognition of same becomes impaired with brain damage, but more so if the damage is rightsided. Recognition of different judgments shows considerably less sensitivity to the effects of unilateral brain damage.
Flash-cooling and annealing of protein crystals

Flash-cooling and annealing of macromolecular crystals have been investigated using in situ X-ray imaging, diffraction-peak lineshape measurements and conventional crystallographic diffraction. The dominant mechanisms by which flash-cooling creates disorder are suggested and a fixed-temperature annealing protocol for reducing this disorder is demonstrated that should be more reliable and flexible than existing protocols. Flash-cooling tetragonal lysozyme crystals degrades diffraction resolution and broadens the distributions of lattice orientations (mosaicity) and lattice spacings. The diffraction resolution strongly correlates with the width of the lattice-spacing distribution. Annealing at fixed temperatures of 253 and 233 K consistently reduces the lattice-spacing spread and improves the resolution for annealing times up to ∼30 s. X-ray images show that this improvement arises from the formation of well ordered domains with characteristic sizes >10 µm and narrower mosaicities than the crystal as a whole. Flash-cooled triclinic crystals of lysozyme, which have a smaller water content than the tetragonal form, diffract to higher resolution with smaller mosaicities and exhibit pronounced ordered domain structure even before annealing. It is suggested that differential thermal expansion of the protein lattice and solvent may be the primary cause of flash-cooling-induced disorder. Mechanisms by which annealing at T << 273 K reduce this disorder are discussed.
Genetic polymorphism in Gymnodinium galatheanum chloroplast DNA sequences and development of a molecular detection assay.

Nuclear and chloroplast-encoded small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences were obtained from several strains of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium galatheanum . Phylogenetic analyses and comparison of sequences indicate that the chloroplast sequences show a higher degree of sequence divergence than the nuclear homologue. The chloroplast sequences were chosen as targets for the development of a 5 ′ ‐3 ′ exonuclease assay for detection of the organism. The assay has a very high degree of specificity and has been used to screen environmental water samples from a fish farm where the presence of this dinoflagellate species has previously been associated with fish kills. Various hypotheses for the derived nature of the chloroplast sequences are discussed, as well as what is known about the toxicity of the species.
Standardize to Excellence: Improving the Quality and Safety of Care with Clinical Pathways

Providing practitioners with locally developed, consensus-driven, evidence-based clinical pathways can improve the quality of care by (1) incorporating national guidelines and recommendations into routine care practices, increasing the use of validated practice; 2) reducing unnecessary variation in care by a single physician or group of physicians, improving efficiency and timeliness and reducing disparities; and (3) standardizing care processes, improving safety. Pathways make it easier to identify opportunities for future improvements in care processes while simultaneously making those improvements easier to enact. Pediatric hospitalists have a vital role in creating, implementing, evaluating, and improving clinical pathways. Involving house staff enriches the scholarly components of pathway development while actively engaging them in the science and practice of quality improvement.
Expression of MRP4 Confers Resistance to Ganciclovir and Compromises Bystander Cell Killing

The multidrug resistance protein MRP4, a member of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily, confers resistance to purine-based antiretroviral agents. However, the antiviral agent ganciclovir (GCV) has not been shown to be a substrate of MRP4. GCV is important not only in antiviral therapy, but also in the selective killing of tumor cells modified to express herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK). We therefore tested the effect of MRP4 on the cytotoxicity of GCV, on the ability of GCV to kill cells genetically modified to express HSV-TK, and on the bystander effect in which unmodified target cells are killed by GCV. Cells overexpressing MRP4 had markedly increased resistance to the cytotoxicity of GCV. Although, expression of recombinant HSV-TK increased the intracellular concentration of GCV nucleotide, cells were rescued by the cytoprotective effect of MRP4. In cells that overexpressed MRP4, intracellular accumulation of GCV metabolites was reduced, efflux of these metabolites was increased, and resistance to bystander killing was increased. Therefore, MRP4 can strongly reduce the susceptibility of HSV-TK-expressing cells to GCV, and its overexpression in adjacent cells protects them from bystander cell death. These findings indicate that a nucleotide transporter, such as MRP4, modulates the cellular response to GCV and thus may influence not only the efficacy of antiviral therapy, but also prodrug-based gene therapy, which is critically dependent upon bystander cell killing.
Thermal-Aware Performance Optimization in Power Constrained Heterogenous Data Centers

The power consumption of data centers has been increasing at a rapid rate over the past few years. Many of these data centers experience physical limitations on the power needed to run the data center. This paper attempts to maximize the performance of a data center that is subject to total power consumption and thermal constraints. We consider a power model for a data center that includes power consumed in both Computer Room Air Conditioning (CRAC) units and compute nodes. Our approach quantifies the performance of the data center as the total reward collected from completing tasks in a workload by their individual deadlines. We develop novel optimization techniques for assigning the performance states of compute cores at the data center level to increase the performance of the data center. The assignment problem in this paper is thermal aware as it considers the temperature evolution effects of performance state assignments, which in turn affects the power consumed by the CRAC units. Our simulation studies show that in some cases the assignment technique used in this paper achieves about 10% average improvement in the performance of a data center over an assignment problem that only considers putting a compute core in the performance state with the highest performance or turning the core off.
A kinetic analysis of biosynthesis and localization of a lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein.

Abstract The biosynthesis and subcellular distribution of a major lysosomal membrane glycoprotein of mouse embryo 3T3 cells, LAMP-1, have been examined by [35S]methionine pulse-labeling, sucrose density gradient fractionation, and oligosaccharide analysis. Mature LAMP-1, immunoprecipitated after labeling for 4 h, had a molecular mass of about 110,000 Da. It comigrated during sucrose density fractionation with lysosomal markers, consistent with previous electron microscopic evidence for its localization in lysosomal membranes. Precursor molecules, pulse-labeled for 5 min and extracted during the first 15 min of post-translational processing, were concentrated in the rough endoplasmic reticulum fraction as a species of 92,000 Da. Within 30 min after synthesis, LAMP-1 was found in fractions enriched in Golgi and lysosomal marker enzyme activities as the mature 110,000-Da glycoprotein. Oligosaccharide processing was complete by 1 h after synthesis, and the mature glycoprotein remained in a fraction bearing lysosomal markers. Treatment of the 92,000-Da precursor with endo-β-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase H produced a core polypeptide of 43,000 Da. Pulse-labeling in the presence of tunicamycin yielded a 42,000-Da form of LAMP-1, which was converted within 30 min to a 43,000-Da molecule. Bio-Gel column chromatography and hexosamine/hexosaminitol analyses indicated that the mature 110,000-Da molecule contained both complex-type and highmannose N-linked oligosaccharides.
The Politics of Custody and the Transformation of American Custody Decision Making

In the age of no-fault, readily accessible divorce systems throughout the United States, children have received considerable attention as innocent victims in need of protection. Such a perspective, in tandem with the now widely accepted equality model in family law, has led to changes in the custody decision making process including the appointment of a legal child advocate at many divorces. This Article critically analyzes the development of child advocacy, which has been built on the problematic assumptions that the child should be considered as separate from the parent and that it is possible to independently define children’s interests when such interests are conceptually separated from their parents’. Rather than benefit children, the presence of a child advocate representing the amorphous best interest of the child in the divorce process inappropriately empowers certain professionals in the custody decision and greatly increases the power of fathers. The Article argues that the role of legal advocate for children in custody proceedings must be reformed, and it envisions an attorney who focuses on the reintroduction of legal values into the custody decision and lobbies for the replacement of the best interest of the child test with a more determinative substantive rule.
A Deadly Cure: The Supreme Court's Dangerous Medicine in Ferguson v. City of Charleston

This article considers the recent United States Supreme Court case, Ferguson v. City of Charleston, in which the Court held that drug testing of expectant mothers without their consent violated the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This work reviews the Ferguson Court's latest interpretation of "special needs," a doctrine employed in cases where the government interest falls outside traditional law enforcement needs.
The Potential for Tumor Suppressor Gene Therapy in Head and Neck Cancer

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma remains a highly morbid and fatal disease. Importantly, genomic sequencing of head and neck cancers has identified frequent mutations in tumor suppressor genes. While targeted therapeutics increasingly are being investigated in head and neck cancer, the majority of these agents are against overactive/overexpressed oncogenes. Therapy to restore lost tumor suppressor gene function remains a key and under-addressed niche in trials for head and neck cancer. Recent advances in gene editing have captured the interest of both the scientific community and the public. As our technology for gene editing and gene expression modulation improves, addressing lost tumor suppressor gene function in head and neck cancers is becoming a reality. This review will summarize new techniques, challenges to implementation, future directions, and ethical ramifications of gene therapy in head and neck cancer.
Sex Differences in Reported Concussion Injury Rates and Time Loss From Participation: An Update of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program From 2004-2005 Through 2008-2009.

Context: Epidemiologic studies have identified differences in concussion incidence between the sexes. However, few authors to date have updated injury rates (IRs) and time loss between male and fem...
Use of Combined Scanning Electrochemical and Fluorescence Microscopy for Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species in Prostate Cancer Cells

Release of ROS from prostate cancer (PC3) cells was studied using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and fluorescence microscopy. One-directional lateral scan SECM was used as a rapid and reproducible tool for simultaneous mapping of cell topography and reactive oxygen species (ROS) release. Fluorescence microscopy was used in tandem to monitor the tip position, in addition to providing information on intracellular ROS content via the use of ROS-reactive fluorescent dyes. A unique tip current (iT) vs lateral distance profile was observed when the tip potential (ET) was set at −0.65 V. This profile reflects the combined effects of topographical change and ROS release at the PC3 cell surfaces. Differentiation between topographical-related and ROS-induced current change was achieved by comparing the scans collected at −0.65 and −0.85 V. The effects of other parameters such as tip to cell distance, solvent oxygen content, and scan direction on the profile of the scan were systematically evaluated. Cel...
Far Infrared Spectroscopy of RBa2Cu3Ox with Variations in R and x

We report far infrared reflectance measurements of RBa 2 Cu 3 O x , where R-Y, Er and Nd and 6 2 Cu 3 O x . Based on these measurements we assign the observed phonon features. In particular, one vibration is clearly identified as an R vibration, while the lowest energy mode (near 151 cm -1 ) is associated with the linear Cu-O chains.
Recent advances in the molecular design of synthetic vaccines

Vaccines have typically been prepared using whole organisms. These are normally either attenuated bacteria or viruses that are live but have been altered to reduce their virulence, or pathogens that have been inactivated and effectively killed through exposure to heat or formaldehyde. However, using whole organisms to elicit an immune response introduces the potential for infections arising from a reversion to a virulent form in live pathogens, unproductive reactions to vaccine components or batch-to-batch variability. Synthetic vaccines, in which a molecular antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein, offer the opportunity to circumvent these problems. This Perspective will highlight the progress that has been achieved in developing synthetic vaccines using a variety of molecular antigens. In particular, the different approaches used to develop conjugate vaccines using peptide/proteins, carbohydrates and other small molecule haptens as antigens are compared.
The ospA genes of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato detected in rodents in Zhejiang province

Objective To identify Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection of rodents in Pan'an county,Zhejiang province.Methods The ospA gene specific fragments from 128 mouse liver and spleen samples were detected using the PCR method and the positive samples were sequenced,followed by phylogenetic analysis.Results It was found that there were four ospA gene positive fragments out of the 128 samples,of which 3 fragments were obtained from Rattus losea and the other one was from Apodemus peninsulae.The 4 positive fragments shared high similarity with each other in terms of the sequences and shared high identities with B.valaisiana.Conclusion B.burgdorferi sensu lato can be detected from samples using the ospA gene.There exists B.burgdorferi sensu lato infection in rodents in some mountain areas of Zhejiang province,and B.valaisiana is found to be predominant.
Epidemiological Analysis on Injury-Related Deaths of Residents in Zigong City from 2001 to 2009

Objective To analyze the causes of injury-related deaths of permanent residents in Zigong city,so as to provide scientific references for the prevention and control of injury deaths and for putting forward to relevant health policies as well.Methods Based on the death surveillance data of Zigong from 2001 to 2009,following indicators were analyzed,such as cause specific mortality,age specific mortality and potential years of life lost(PYLL).Results An accumulative total of 10?957 people died of injury from 2001 to 2009,and the crude mortality was 38.13/100 thousands,while the standardized mortality was 36.07/100 thousands.The highest mortality was at the age of more than 65 years of age.The first six injury death causes were as follows: drowning,transport accidents except motor vehicle,suicide,motor vehicle accidents,accidental falling and accidental poisoning.The PYLL of injury death was 334 325.50 person year,APYLL was 34.67 year,and the PYLL rate was 11.63‰ which was higher in male than that of female.Conclusion The epidemiological analysis of injury-related deaths shows an ascending trend,which is the main reason resulting in the loss of residents' life.Injury has become one of the most serious problems of public health,and it should be prevented and controlled by formulating effective measures and strategies aiming at the injury death spectrum and the target population of Zigong city.
CSIG-12CLK2 IS A KEY REGULATOR OF THE CELL CYCLE THROUGH FOXO3a/p27 IN GLIOMA MODELS

CSIG-12. CLK2 IS A KEY REGULATOR OF THE CELL CYCLE THROUGH FOXO3a/p27 IN GLIOMA MODELS Soon Young Park, Yuji Piao, Craig R. Thomas, Fuller Greg, and John F. de Groot; UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA TheCdc2-likekinases (CLKs)phosphorylateSR(serineandarginine-rich)proteins, which regulate RNA splicing. Inhibitors of CLK protein kinases suppress cell growth and induce apoptosis. The Cdc2-like kinases 2 (CLK2) haspreviously been reported to regulate various physiological processes. Phosphorylation of CLK2 at serine 34 and threonine 127 by Akt controls cells survival after ionizing radiation. The function of CLK2 in glioblastoma has not been previously described. We investigated the regulation of CLK2 in glioma stem cells (GSCs) and the impact of CLK2 expression on tumor proliferation in vitro and in vivo. CLK2 expression in two GSCs was stably knocked down using infection with a specific shRNA-containing lentivirus. We compared RPPA (Reverse phase protein array) to identify CLK2-associated proteins. The results indicate that CLK2 knockdown influenced the expression of survival, proliferation and cell cycle related proteins. These results were validated using Western blot and FACS analysis. We found that knockdown of CLK2 induced G1/S-phase check point arrest in several GSCs. Depletion of CLK2 regulates dephosphorylation of Akt whereas phosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAPK were not changed in GSC7-2, GSC8-11 and GSC17 or increased in GSC272. Knock down of CLK2 decreased phosphorylation of FOXO3a, which translocated to the nucleus. FOXO3a in nucleus increased p27 expression and arrest G1 phase cell cycle. These results were confirmed in two orthotopic xenograft models of glioma. The survival of mice orthotopically implanted with GSC272 CLK2 knockdown cells was significantly prolonged compared to mice implanted with GSC272-shRNA control cells. In addition, tumor volumes were significantly decreased in the CLK2 knockdown groups compared to controls. Knockdown of CLK2 reduced the phosphorylation of FOXO3a and Ki67 in the two in vivo studies. Our findings suggest that CLK2 may play a role in the control of cell cycle and survival of glioblastoma through FOXO3a/p27. Neuro-Oncology 17:v66–v68, 2015. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nov210.12 Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Neuro-Oncology 2015.
Sodium-pump density of cells from dog tracheal mucosa

Uptake of tritiated ouabain by cells isolated from dog tracheal epithelium showed two components: a saturable component with a Km of 5.1 X 10(-8) M and a maximal uptake of 8.3 X 10(5) molecules/cell and a nonsaturating component of uptake that was linear with concentration. Several criteria indicated that the saturable uptake component represented binding to the Na+-K+-ATPase. To estimate the average surface area per cell, a known number of cells were pelleted and weighed, and the average surface area was calculated, assuming the cells to be perfectly spherical. The validity of this assumption was confirmed by comparing the calculated surface areas of cells in isotonic and hypotonic media. From the values for maximal saturable uptake and average surface area, a pump density of approximately 2,400 sites/micron2 was calculated. Given that the apical membrane lacks Na pumps and accounts for only approximately 5% of the total surface area, this value corresponds to the pump density of the basolateral cell membrane. The pump densities of ciliated, goblet, and basal cells were compared by autoradiography. The three cell types had approximately the same density of pump sites.
Estimating snow water storage in North America using CLM4, DART, and snow radiance data assimilation

AbstractThis paper addresses continental-scale snow estimates in North America using a recently developed snow radiance assimilation (RA) system. A series of RA experiments with the ensemble adjustment Kalman filter are conducted by assimilating the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) brightness temperature TB at 18.7- and 36.5-GHz vertical polarization channels. The overall RA performance in estimating snow depth for North America is improved by simultaneously updating the Community Land Model, version 4 (CLM4), snow/soil states and radiative transfer model (RTM) parameters involved in predicting TB based on their correlations with the prior TB (i.e., rule-based RA), although degradations are also observed. The RA system exhibits a more mixed performance for snow cover fraction estimates. Compared to the open-loop run (0.171 m RMSE), the overall snow depth estimates are improved by 1.6% (0.168 m RMSE) in the rule-based RA whereas the default RA (without a rule) resu...
Nutrient Disorders of ‘Evolution’ Mealy-cup Sage

To produce floriculture crops like mealy-cup sage (Salvia farinacea), growers must be equipped with cultural information including the ability to recognize and characterize nutrient disorders. ‘Evolution’ mealy-cup sage plants were grown in silica-sand culture to induce, describe, and photograph symptoms of nutritional disorders. Plants received a complete modified Hoagland’s all-nitrate solution of (macronutrient concentrations in millimoles) 15 nitrate-nitrogen (N), 1.0 phosphorus (P), 6.0 potassium (K), 5.0 calcium (Ca), 2.0 magnesium (Mg), and 2.0 sulfur (S) plus (micronutrient concentrations in micromoles) 72 iron (Fe), 18 manganese (Mn), 3 copper (Cu), 3 zinc (Zn), 45 boron (B), and 0.1 molybdenum (Mo). Nutrient-deficient treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula minus one of the nutrients. The B-toxicity treatment was induced by increasing the element 10-fold higher than the complete nutrient formula. Reagent-grade chemicals and deionized (DI) water of 18 million ohms per centimeter purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. We monitored plants daily to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders and corresponding tissue concentrations were determined. Out of 13 treatments, 12 exhibited symptomology; Mo was asymptomatic. Symptoms of N, P, S, Ca, and K deficiencies and B toxicity manifested early; therefore, these disorders may be more likely problems encountered by growers. Unique symptoms were observed on plants grown under N-, Cu-, and Zn-deficient conditions. Necrosis was a common symptom observed, but use of other diagnostic criteria about location on the plant and progression of the disorder can aid growers in diagnosing nutrient disorders of mealy-cup sage.
Cycle-cutset sampling for Bayesian networks

The paper presents a new sampling methodology for Bayesian networks called cutset sampling that samples only a subset of the variables and applies exact inference for the others. We show that this approach can be implemented efficiently when the sampled variables constitute a cycle-cutset for the Bayesian network and otherwise it is exponential in the induced-width of the network's graph, whose sampled variables are removed. Cutset sampling is an instance of the well known Rao-Blakwellisation technique for variance reduction investigated in [5, 2, 16]. Moreover, the proposed scheme extends standard sampling methods to non-ergodic networks with ergodic subspaces. Our empirical results confirm those expectations and show that cycle cutset sampling is superior to Gibbs sampling for a variety of benchmarks, yielding a simple, yet powerful sampling scheme.
Review of the EU small-scale driftnet fisheries

Abstract The aim of the present study is to analyse and review the information on small-scale driftnets (SSDs), including fishing capacity and composition of catches that has been published in the literature. The study also assesses also the possible interaction of SSDs on the ecosystem, including both protected and non-protected species. Altogether, 45 active SSDs operating in EU waters were identified in 9 Member States (Bulgaria, France, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, and UK), accounting for a total numer of about 3640 vessels in total. The 45 fisheries target over 20 different species including marine species and anadromous and catadromous species. The EU driftnet regime, as stipulated by the Regulation (EC) No 1239/98, would benefit from revision of the definition of ‘driftnet’ to improve clarity in the scope of the definition and to ensure that: a) inland driftnet fisheries are covered by the EU driftnet regime; b) the definition of driftnets applies to all drifting nets; and c) the one-net rule – no other gears allowed on board when fishing with driftnets – becomes the mainstay of a regime that can be enforced with a high degree of success. The main objectives of the EU driftnet regime with regard to current SSD fisheries should be to maintain the ban on large-scale driftnet fisheries because of their non-selective nature, and to support actions towards the monitoring and mitigation of the impacts of driftnet fisheries on protected species.
On Desolate Sands: Beached Shipwrecks in the Namibian Coastal Landscape

Stranded ships on beaches—vessels and timbers left to the effects of time and change—are the remnants of a long and varied history of maritime activities on coastlines worldwide. The archaeological remains of ships in the beach zone are part of a complex system, being periodically exposed and reburied, they vary between being both visible and frequently forgotten features of the coastal landscape. These limited and nonrenewable resources play an important informational role as tangible pieces of maritime heritage that also document dynamic coastal processes, but the characteristics that make them valuable also render them highly vulnerable to physical and cultural forces. Beached wrecks on the Namibian coast have become part of a dynamic environmental and social system. They serve as icons for a unique historical and environmental context against a backdrop of desolate, desert landscape. In this they provide interesting cases for archaeological and cultural heritage management on multiple levels, providing the opportunity to examine the line between preservation and access, sustainable archaeological tourism, and archaeological indicators for dynamic environmental change.