cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiological adaptation of the left ventricle during the second and third trimesters of a healthy pregnancy: a speckle tracking echocardiography study

Background: During a healthy pregnancy women experience cardiovascular and hemodynamic changes and normal ranges of left ventricular (LV) function on two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) are not well defined. The aim of this study was to describe the cardiovascular changes that occur during the second and third trimesters of a healthy pregnancy using STE. Methods: Pregnant subjects were enrolled retrospectively if they underwent a transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) between 2011-2014. Subjects with abnormal TTE findings, hypertension, diabetes, preeclampsia, prior cardiac surgery, poor imaging quality or in the 1st trimester were excluded. A total of 74 pregnant subjects were categorized into the 2nd or 3rd trimesters. Twenty-one healthy age-matched females were selected as a control group. Results: The heart undergoes extensive remodeling during pregnancy with increased LV septal thickness, posterior wall thickness, cavity size and mass (p=0.045, p=0.002, p<0.001, p=0.018, respectively). However, myocardial mechanical function measured by: global longitudinal strain, radial strain, circumferential strain, systolic and diastolic global longitudinal strain rate (GLSR), global radial strain rate (GRSR) and global circumferential strain rate, remains preserved. Only time to peak strain rate corrected for heart rate for diastolic GRSR and diastolic GLSR were significantly increased in the third trimester (p=0.016 for both). Conclusion: Despite extensive heart remodeling, many STE derived parameters of LV function in healthy pregnant women remain unchanged and valid for women in the 2nd and 3rd trimester. Future studies investigating early detection of pregnancy related heart disease can refer to these parameters as reference ranges.
Radio frequency produced high-pressure air constituent plasmas

Summary form only given, as follows. A high-density large volume plasma of air constituent (N/sub 2/, O/sub 2/, Air and Argon mixtures) is created using a high power (1-25 kW) pulsed radio frequency source at high gas pressures. Such high-Pressure air plasmas are finding increasing application in plasma processing industry, as plasma reactors, as light source and as biological decontaminants. One of the major issues particular to such plasma is the high power required to initiate and sustain the discharge. The power requirement to create and sustain the discharge can be reduced by mixing noble gas with air constituents. Initial experiments reveal that noble gas mix of nitrogen, argon and oxygen improves the antenna loading and is beneficial for the break down of air constituents. It also leads to a lower recombination rate. A tangentially injected high-speed swirl gas flow improves the plasma confinement. It also keeps the plasma off the inside walls of the Pyrex chamber and reduces the excessive heating of the plasma chamber. Radio frequency power is coupled through a five turn helical antenna using a capacitive matching network.. A large volume plasma in argon at 20 Torr at moderate radio frequency power 1.5 kW has been produced. Recent results with high power pulsed unit in high-pressure range (100-200 Torr of argon, nitrogen, oxygen and their mixture) will be presented.
Macroeconomic News Announcements and Corporate Bond Credit Spreads

We investigate the impact of scheduled macroeconomic news announcements on the corporate bond market using daily credit spreads from January 1997 through June 2003. We find that macroeconomic announcements mainly affect high-yield bonds. In particular, the announcement surprises in leading economic indicators and employment reports have significant impact on credit spreads of high-yield bonds. We also find that the conditional volatility of credit spreads on high-yield bonds increases on announcement days for the advance monthly retail sales. Finally, we find that the VIX volatility index, not macroeconomic announcements, has significant impact on jumps in daily credit spreads.
Nanowires in Nanoelectronics

Connecting circuit layers with nanowires and nanotransistors may bring about a paradigm shift in microchip design.
Age and sex differences in mitotic activity within the zebra finch telencephalon.

Brain regions associated with song learning in zebra finches are larger and contain more neurons in males than females. Differences in cell proliferation, migration, survival, and specification may all contribute to the divergent development of the song-control system in developing birds. This study quantified levels of cell proliferation within the telencephalic ventricular zone (VZ) of juvenile and adult birds to look for both age and sex differences in mitotic activity that might contribute to the construction of song-control circuits. A single pulse of [ 3 H]thymidine was administered to juveniles and adults of both sexes, and animals were killed 2 hr later. Analysis of thymidine labeling within the telencephalic VZ at the levels of area X, the anterior commissure, and high vocal center (HVC) revealed two major findings: (1) levels of mitotic activity decreased as a function of age in both males and females because of a reduction in the number of dividing cells within the VZ, and (2) sex differences in thymidine labeling occurred in restricted, localized segments of the VZ at the levels of area X and the anterior commissure in juveniles but not adults. Thus, overall proliferative activity decreases as birds mature, and the incidence of cell division in all regions of the VZ becomes equivalent in both sexes, such that no regions of sexually dimorphic proliferation are evident by adulthood. These data suggest that regions of sexually dimorphic proliferation within the VZ may contain precursor cells that give rise to song-control neurons, such that higher rates of mitotic activity in juvenile males could contribute to the growth of song-control nuclei such as HVC and area X.
Methods in Quaternary Ecology #7. Freshwater Ostracodes

Ostracodes that have lived in lakes, ponds, and streams are recovered as fossil shells from lacustrine and some fluvial sediments. Knowing some details of the physical and chemical habitat in which ostracode species live (autecology) allows one to decipher past habitats from fossil bearing sediments. Based on changes in ostracode faunal associations, changes in the physical and chemical habitats, can be interpreted. Climate, the driving force behind most changes in lakes and ponds, can also be delineated. The history of ostracode paleo environmental research as it pertains to Canada and to some extent North America is the subject of this review paper.
CASE REPORTS: Report of Two Cases of Bladder Perforation Caused by Reservoir of Inflatable Penile Prosthesis

ABSTRACT Introduction Rupture of penile prosthesis reservoir into the bladder is an unusual and unexpected occurrence after prosthesis component replacement for malfunction. Scant literature exists describing a pathophysiology, diagnosis, and repair with device salvage. Aim Our goal is to describe an uncommon event in prosthetic surgery, and discuss the pathophysiology and ways to treat and perhaps avoid this occurrence. Methods Two patients presented with gross hematuria in the recovery room following repair of a cylinder to pump tubing break of their inflatable penile prostheses (IPPs). In each operation, the existing reservoir had been left in situ and refilled once placed in circuit with new cylinders and pump. Results The reservoirs had immediately ruptured into the bladder upon refilling, and were identified intravesically on cystoscopy and computed tomography scan. A one-step approach can be done to salvage the device, remove the eroded reservoir with bladder repair, and new reservoir placed directly into appropriate space. Interpretation During IPP revision, even when a reservoir is not manipulated simple tubing repair performed, gross hematuria in the recovery room likely signals bladder perforation. We include recommendations for reservoir management with implant revision, as well as surgical management and prevention of this complication. Conclusions Bladder perforation can be caused by penile implant revision even when the old reservoir is not manipulated. If this complication occurs, it can be surgically managed immediately. This can also potentially be avoided. Kramer AC, Chason J, and Kusakabe A. Report of two cases of bladder perforation caused by reservoir of inflatable penile prosthesis. J Sex Med 2009;6:2064–2067.
SMEs, IT, and the third space: Colonization and creativity in the theatre industry

We examine how small and medium-sized, professional, nonprofit performing arts theatres in the US can improve the strategic use of information technology (IT), as well as other aspects of theatre management for large, commercial theatre productions in the West End of London and on Broadway in New York City. In this article we use the epistemology of the third space developed by Bhabha (1994) and extended by Frenkel (2008). Although both authors were discussing knowledge transfer, we use their conceptualizations to characterize and explore more deeply the transfer process of culture (and thereby useful practices and worthwhile lessons) from small and medium-sized professional, nonprofit theaters to large-scale commercial theatres. We include a discussion of Nonaka’s (1991) concept of ba, and how it relates to the third space. We specifically employ the metaphor of the third space developed by Bhabha (1994) to critique and understand the verbal and nonverbal cultural transmissions between small and large theatres. One of our contributions is to use the conceptualization and metaphor of the third space to understand the complex exchanges and relationships between small to medium-sized nonprofit professional theatres and large commercial theatres, and to identify what large commercial productions can learn from nonprofit theatres from these exchanges.
Dopamine – CNS Pathways and Neurophysiology

The dopamine (DA) systems of the brain are an important neuromodulator system that have drawn the attention of investigators due to their known role in a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Unlike other monoamine neurotransmitters, these extensively collateralized systems exhibit discreet projections, enabling them to independently coordinate cognitive, affective, and motor aspects of behavior. The DA neurons themselves are subject to extensive and complex regulation. In this article, we review the principal electrophysiological characteristics of DA neurons, as well as the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of their activity and firing patterns.
Blood–brain barrier and brain fatty acid uptake: Role of arachidonic acid and PGE2

How do fatty acids enter the brain and what role, if any, do membrane and cytosolic fatty acid binding proteins have on facilitating this process? This is a fundamental question that many lipid neurochemists will freely admit they cannot answer in any kind of definitive manner. A study by Dalvi and colleagues in this issue of the Journal of Neurochemistry now adds to our knowledge in this field. Among other important observations, their experiments demonstrate that a physiological level of arachidonic acid (ARA), that could be associated with many different physiological and pathophysiological states, increases permeability in a model of the human blood brain barrier (BBB) in the absence of cytokines. This last point is very important as it suggests increases in BBB permeability may occur in situations other than those associated with increases in tumor necrosis factor a (TNFα) and interleukin1b (IL1β), giving additional options for developing drugs impacting BBB permeability.
Chloroquine as intercalator: a hypothesis revived

The mode of action of chloroquine is still controversial. Proposed mechanisms of action include (1) DNA intercalation, (2) lysosome accumulation and (3) binding to ferriprotoporphyrin IX. Recent data suggest that intercalation into parasite DNA can occur at physiological concentrations of the drug. Furthermore, structure-activity relationship studies are most consistent with the intercalation mechanism. Regardless of which mechanism is correct, the selective toxicity of chloroquine for malaria parasites is probably due to permease-mediated uptake.
Premorbid Personality and the Risk of Parkinson’s Disease

Background: Previous studies support the hypothesis that premorbid personality characteristics may be associated with the risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, most of these relied upon subjective reports of premorbid personality earlier in life, which may be subject to recall bias. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the association of PD with risk-taking, routinization, smoking and alcohol consumption in early-adult life as indicators of premorbid personality. Methods: In-person interviews were conducted with 89 PD patients and 99 controls from a university-based medical center. Associations between indicators of early-adult personality and risk of PD were examined using logistic regression. Results: Adjusting for age, sex and education, taking or wanting to take more activity risks as a young adult was inversely associated with the risk of PD in the entire sample (odds ratio (OR) = 0.78 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63 - 0.97)). Among women, higher levels of routinization as a young adult were associated with an increased risk of PD (OR = 1.63 (95% CI 1.05 - 2.53)). Conclusions: Parkinson patients were more likely to take or want to take fewer risks in early-adult life and to prefer a more routine lifestyle than controls, suggesting that individuals with PD may have distinctive premorbid personality characteristics.
Depression in the elderly after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review

Primary objective: To systematically review recent research published in peer-reviewed journals that focus on depression in the elderly with TBI. To better understand the prevalence of depression in the elderly after TBI and to note any differences or similarities between the elderly and their younger counterparts. Explore depression in the general elderly population and depression in the overall TBI population to better understand depression in the elderly after TBI.Methods and procedures: MEDLINE and PsychINFO searches garnered one peer-reviewed English language article that met the following inclusion criteria: elderly participants with TBI, depression directly assessed and use of self-report measures and/or structured clinical interview.Main outcomes and results: Prevalence of depression in the elderly range from 1.8–8.9% in community-residing elders to 25% in nursing homes and long-term care settings. Prevalence of depression in the overall TBI population ranges from 15.3–42%. Little research has bee...
Practical considerations in cluster design for Co-ordinated Multipoint (CoMP) systems

Even though wireless standards are promising ever-higher data rates with the advancement from 3G to Wimax, LTE and LTE-A, the practical data rates hit a limit because of inter-cell interference. Many techniques have been proposed for inter-cell interference mitigation, and they offer different tradeoffs in complexity, performance and channel estimation and inter-BS communication overheads. We focus on the class of joint precoding schemes which need Channel State Information (CSI) at the transmitter. For such schemes, we study how the choice of the size and shape of the co-operating cluster affects the performance of the system.
Recent developments and applications of the real-space multigrid method

The salient features of the real-space multigrid method and its recent applications are described. This method is suitable for very large scale, massively parallel calculations of atomic and electronic structure, as well as quantum molecular dynamics. Its nearly O(N) implementation provides a compact, variationally optimized basis that is also very useful for fully O(N) calculations of quantum transport. Recently, we also developed a hybrid method for simulating biomolecules in solution, in which most of the solvent is inexpensively treated using an approximate density-functional method, while the biomolecule and its first solvation shells are described at the full Kohn–Sham level. Our calculations show excellent parallel efficiency and scaling on massively parallel supercomputers.
Preventing Nuclear War: Beliefs and Attitudes as Predictors of Disarmist and Deterrentist Behavior1

A survey of peace activists, defense industry workers and psychology students (n= 283) was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of Protection Motivation Theory (Maddux & Rogers, 1983; Rogers, 1975) for predicting the extent and direction (Disarmist vs. Deterrentist) of respondents' efforts to prevent nuclear war. Regression analyses showed that the Protection Motivation model did account for a significant proportion of the variance in disarmist behavior, and that extending the model to include a measure of belief in the inevitability of war improved the model's predictive power. The model did not predict deterrentist advocacy, an outcome that suggests that activism in support of nuclear deterrence may be a response to a perceived threat from an “enemy” rather than a response to the threats represented by nuclear weapons and preparations for war.
Abstract 2400: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma leads to downregulation of adaptive immunity via COX-2 pathway

The immune system targets pre-malignant and malignant cells and can attenuate or eliminate carcinogenesis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is known to promote tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is, however, unknown whether EMT promotes HCC by dysregulating the immune system. A clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying immune evasion in HCC may reveal targets that can be exploited for immunotherapy. In this study, we have used the murine HCC cell line 1MEA that we have successfully used to establish a syngeneic mouse model of aggressive HCC. The cells were exposed to TGFβ-1 (2ng/ml) and EGF (50ng/ml), two well-established inducers of EMT in HCC. Induction of EMT was confirmed by analysis of the gene expression profiles of E-cadherin, albumin, fibronectin and collagen I. Effects on clonogenicity were analyzed using colony formation assays. Effects on adaptive immunity were examined by analyzing gene and protein expression of major histocompatibility complexes I and II (MHC I and MHC II). The role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was determined by examining the effect of the selective COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib (1μM). Exposure to TGFβ-1 and EGF led to downregulation of E-cadherin and albumin and upregulation of fibronectin and collagen I. TGFβ-1 and EGF both promoted increased clonogenicity. Interestingly, exposure to TGFβ-1 and EGF both resulted in significant downregulation of both gene and protein expression of MHC I and MHC II. However, pre-treatment of cells with celecoxib significantly reversed these effects. Consequently, we conclude that EMT induction in HCC is associated with downregulation of adaptive immunity in a manner dependent on the COX-2 pathway. Immunotherapeutic targeting of COX-2 may, therefore, be a useful strategy for HCC management. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2400. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2400
New Probe for Unoccupied Bands at Surfaces

Electrons accelerated by the potential inside a surface emit photons with a probability related by time reversal to excitation of an electron in photoemission. Conservation of energy and momentum in the transition gives information about unfilled bands, of the same kind that angle-resolved photoemission gives for the filled bands. Particularly interesting is the possibility of using the new spin-polarized electron sources to study magnetism with the inverse photoemission technique.
A Preliminary Investigation of the Relationships Between Dispositional Mindfulness and Impulsivity

Two studies examined the correlational relationships between self-reported mindfulness and impulsivity in samples of 347 and 227 university students. Using multidimensional measures of both mindfulness and impulsivity, results from both studies indicate that several aspects of mindfulness are negatively correlated with elements of impulsivity, even after controlling for trait-level negative affect in Study 1 and current general distress in Study 2. However, the relationships between different facets of mindfulness and types of impulsivity varied in strength and significance level. These results suggest that mindfulness skills may be related to the ability to refrain from maladaptive impulsive behavior in the presence of negative affect or distress and that specific mindfulness skills may be most helpful in addressing different types of impulsive behaviors.
Case reports of evaluation and desensitization for anti-thymocyte globulin hypersensitivity.

Background Biologic products of heterologous sera have been used to treat a variety of conditions. One example is anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), which is approved for use in the management of renal transplantation and for aplastic anemia. As ATG is a product of heterologous sera it has the potential for adverse reactions, including anaphylaxis. Patients can be skin tested prior to ATG administration to aid in determining hypersensitivity status to ATG. Objective To provide case reports to illustrate evaluation for ATG hypersensitivity. Also, to discuss desensitization procedures for patients who are found to have ATG hypersensitivity, and yet are to receive the medication as it is judged to be essential. Case Reports We report four patients who were to receive ATG. The results of skin testing and each patient's response to ATG are reviewed to illustrate problems that can occur in evaluating the hypersensitivity status of these patients. Further, some patients also underwent ATG desensitization, but none completed the entire protocol successfully. Their outcomes are reviewed to illustrate problems that can occur with the desensitization procedure. Conclusion Anti-thymocyte globulin is a product of heterologous sera and has the potential to produce anaphylaxis. It is recommended that patients be skin tested prior to administration to aid in determining hypersensitivity status. Those patients who demonstrate hypersensitivity to ATG should not receive ATG unless it is deemed essential and benefits are judged to outweigh risks. In these circumstances, patients are candidates for ATG desensitization. Complications with desensitization occurred in the cases attempted, and highlights that desensitization to ATG, a xenogeneic protein, carries risk and can be difficult. Physicians involved in such cases should be familiar with interpretation of skin tests and problems that can occur with desensitization.
Grouping feedback components by common fate benefits motor-respiratory coordination.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to see how motor-respiratory coordination could improve with augmented visual feedback. Participants performed inphase and antiphase patterns between movement and breathing. When the target pattern was performed properly, balls in a feedback display either moved up and down together (inphase feedback) or opposite each other (antiphase feedback). Relative phase performance was less variable in the augmented feedback conditions than in a no display control condition. Within the augmented feedback conditions, variability was lower with inphase feedback than antiphase feedback. Cross-recurrence analysis was used to determine whether other changes occurred on shorter time scales. On cross-recurrence measures, performance was more variable with inphase feedback than in the control condition and with antiphase feedback. Those results suggest that, with inphase feedback, participants were able to achieve more stable overall relative phase patterns using small within-cycle tra...
Wasting Disease Induced with Cortisol Acetate: Studies in Germ-Free Mice

A marked difference in mortality was observed between germ-free mice and conventionally reared mice, both given a single injection of cortisol acetate. The incidence of death in germ-free mice was significantly lower than in conventionally reared mice. Mortality in germ-free mice treated with cortisol acetate was in creased by monocontamination with Escherichia coli.
Metal ion effects on the acid hydrolysis of pyrophosphate

Abstract The rate of the acid hydrolysis of pyrophosphate has been determined at 75° in solutions containing added salts of magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, manganese, aluminum and chromium(III). In all the cases studied the absence of significant increases in the rate was established showing that these cations cannot compete with the proton as a catalyst under such conditions. For chromium(III) the results indicate that co-ordination with this cation actually stops the acid hydrolysis completely. The bearing of these results on the usual manner in which coordination has been invoked in metal catalysed reactions of pyro- and polyphosphates is discussed.
A CELLULAR MODEL FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF FUCHS’ ENDOTHELIAL CORNEAL DYSTROPHY

Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy is the most common corneal endotheliopathy, and a leading indication for corneal transplantation in the US. Relatively little is known about its underlying pathology. We created a cellular model of the disease focusing on collagen VIII alpha 2 (COL8A2), a collagen which is normally present in the cornea, but which is found in abnormal amounts and distribution in both early and late-onset forms of the disease. We performed cellular transfections using COL8A2 cDNAs including both wild-type and mutant alleles which are known to result in early-onset FECD. We used this cell model to explore the cellular production of wild-type and mutant monomeric and trimeric collagen VIII and measured production levels and patterns using Western blotting and immunofluorescence. We studied the thermal stability of the mutated collagen VIII helices using computer modeling, and further investigated these differences using collagen mimetic peptides. The Western blots demonstrated that similar amounts of wild-type and mutant collagen VIII monomers were produced in the cells. However, the levels of trimeric collagen peptide in the mutant-transfected cells were elevated. Intracellular accumulation of trimeric collagen VIII was confirmed on immunofluorescence studies. Both the computer model and the collagen mimetic peptides demonstrated that the L450W mutant was less thermally stable than either the Q455K or wild-type collagen VIII. Thus, although both mutant collagen VIII peptides were retained intracellularly, the biochemical reasons for the retention varied between genotypes. Collagen VIII mutations, which clinically result in Fuchs' dystrophy, are associated with abnormal cellular accumulation of collagen VIII. Different collagen VIII mutations may act via distinct biochemical mechanisms to produce the FECD phenotype.
Empirical evidence on the operational efficiency of National Oil Companies

On the basis of application of both data envelopment analysis and stochastic frontier estimation applied to a panel of 78 firms, we present empirical evidence on the revenue efficiency of National Oil Companies (NOCs) and private international oil companies (IOCs). We find that with few exceptions, NOCs are less efficient than IOCs. In addition, much of the inefficiency can be explained by differences in the structural and institutional features of the firms, which may arise due to different firms’ objectives.
Algorithm visualization: a report on the state of the field

We present our findings on the state of the field of algorithm visualization, based on extensive search and analysis of links to hundreds of visualizations. We seek to answer questions such as how content is distributed among topics, who created algorithm visualizations and when, the overall quality of available visualizations, and how visualizations are disseminated. We have built a wiki that currently catalogs over 350 algorithm visualizations, contains the beginnings of an annotated bibliography on algorithm visualization literature, and provides information about researchers and projects. Unfortunately, we found that most existing algorithm visualizations are of low quality, and the content coverage is skewed heavily toward easier topics. There are no effective repositories or organized collections of algorithm visualizations currently available. Thus, the field appears in need of improvement in dissemination of materials, informing potential developers about what is needed, and propagating known best practices for creating new visualizations.
Multicore fiber sensor for high-temperature applications up to 1000°C

A novel high temperature sensor based on customized multicore fiber (MCF) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The sensor consists of a short, few-centimeter-long segment of MCF spliced between two standard single-mode fibers. Due to interference effects, the transmission spectrum through this fiber chain features sharp and deep notches. Exposing the MCF segment to increasing temperatures of up to 1000°C results in a shift of the transmission notches toward longer wavelengths with a slope of approximately 29 pm/°C at lower temperatures and 52 pm/°C at higher temperatures, enabling temperature measurements with high sensitivity and accuracy. Due to its compact size and mechanical rigidity, the MCF sensor can be subjected to harsh environments. The fabrication of the MCF sensor is straightforward and reproducible, making it an inexpensive fiber device.
SU‐E‐T‐568: A Comparison of Apparent Tumor Volume on Treatment Planning Scans and Daily Volumetric Imaging Scans for Lung SBRT

Purpose: The effectiveness of stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT) depends on proper alignment of the patient and tumor. The objective of this study is to analyze the apparent tumor volume measured on daily volumetric imaging scans compared to the volume measured on various simulation and planning computed tomography(CT)images. Methods: Gross tumor volumes (GTVs) were contoured retrospectively in MIMVista for 10 lungcancer patients who underwent SBRT. Daily pretreatment megavoltage CT (MVCT) GTVs were compared to the treatment plan internal target volume (ITV), a contour derived solely from four‐dimensional CT (4DCT) cine in MIMVista, the maximum intensity projection (MIP) of the 4DCT data, and the average (phase‐binned) intensity projection (AIP). Results: On average, the ITV was 2.1 +/− 1.08 times larger than the MVCT GTV. Similarly, the MIP volume was 1.85 +/− 0.84 and the AIP volume was 1.07 +/− 0.37 times larger. Minimum and maximum values ranged from 0.95 to 6.93 times larger for the ITV and 0.92 to 5.73 for the MIP. Results for the AIP were more centrally distributed, ranging from 0.54 to 2.97 Conclusions: For lungcancer patients, daily MVCT scans show significantly smaller tumor volumes than treatment planningCT scans. For 9 out of 10 patients, all MVCTs showed smaller tumor volumes than the ITV and MIP. Because lungtumors are not stationary, this could cause uneven target dose and greater dose to healthy tissue. MVCT GTVs were closest in size to the AIP, but the minimum and maximum deviations were still significant. The largest tumor displayed relatively small deviations from the ITV and MIP volume, but there was no clear relationship between tumor volume and the magnitude of the deviations. This effect was less pronounced for the AIP. Further investigation will determine the effect this volume difference has on daily target registration.
Habituation versus sensory adaptation as the cause of reduced attraction following pulsed and constant sex pheromone pre-exposure in Trichoplusia ni

Abstract Trichoplusia ni males receiving a pulsed regime of sex pheromone pre-exposure later, in a wind tunnel, exhibited reduced upwind flight and close approach to a sex pheromone source compared to males receiving continuous pre-exposure. Electroantennogram (EAG) amplitudes from either pulsed or continuously pre-exposed males were significantly reduced from controls only during exposure. EAG amplitudes returned within one minute after exposure to levels not significantly different from controls, indicating that habituation, not sensory adaptation was probably the cause of reduced flights under the pulsed regime. Additionally, activity levels of males during each pulsed pre-exposure remained high compared to constant or no pre-exposure males, implying that pulsing was better at achieving central nervous system habituation because it avoided adapting the receptors.
Thermographic signal reconstruction for vibrothermography

Abstract Vibrothermography, also known as thermosonics or sonic infrared, is a method of nondestructive evaluation that finds cracks or delaminations from the heat given off in response to vibration. In vibrothermography, finding cracks requires identifying and localizing pulsed surface and subsurface heat sources from a time sequence of infrared images. Traditionally this identification involves manually stepping through and studying the images. Careful observation of the heating and subsequent cooling is needed to distinguish cracks from false indications. In this paper, we present an algorithm that reduces the entire time sequence to a single static plot. The plot uses only a few coefficients per pixel to reconstruct the original sequence; this is possible because the reduction is based on a physical model. As an added bonus, the algorithm reduces noise and improves sensitivity. A single false-color image summarizes all the information from the entire sequence, simplifying the task of identifying cracks.
The Silent Thief: Osteoporosis and Women's Health Care across the Life Span

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterized by loss of bone mass and density, which results in an increased risk of fractures. The disease is referred to as the "silent thief," because it is often not until a person falls and breaks a bone that patients and their physicians become aware of weakening bones. An estimated 1.5 million bone fractures occur each year in the United States and cost nearly dollar 17 billion in health care costs and lost productivity. The perception that osteoporosis is an older person's disease is an erroneous one. Osteoporosis does not discriminate by age; in fact, it is a geriatric disease with an adolescent onset. Social workers in health care and other practice settings working with female clients across the life span are in prime positions to influence patient outcomes and reduce health care costs by raising awareness of the risk factors and complex biopsychosocial aspects of this debilitating disease. This article presents social work interventions within the conceptual framework of primary, secondary, and tertiary disease prevention.
Fuel effects on a low-swirl injector for lean premixed gas turbines

Abstract Laboratory experiments have been conducted to investigate the fuel effects on the turbulent premixed flames produced by a gas turbine low-swirl injector (LSI). The lean-blow off limits and flame emissions for seven diluted and undiluted hydrocarbon and hydrogen fuels show that the LSI is capable of supporting stable flames that emit x (@ 15% O 2 ). Analysis of the velocity statistics shows that the non-reacting and reacting flowfields of the LSI exhibit similarity features. The turbulent flame speeds, S T , for the hydrocarbon fuels are consistent with those of methane/air flames and correlate linearly with turbulence intensity. The similarity feature and linear S T correlation provide further support of an analytical model that explains why the LSI flame position does not change with flow velocity. The results also show that the LSI does not need to undergo significant alteration to operate with the hydrocarbon fuels but needs further studies for adaptation to burn diluted H 2 fuels.
Rhodium amine complexes tethered on silica-supported gold–palladium bimetal catalysts. Arene hydrogenation

Abstract Arene hydrogenation activities of catalysts prepared by tethering Rh(COD)[H2NCH2CH2NHCH2CH2CH2Si(OCH3)3](X) on the silica support of the bimetal catalyst Au:Pd–SiO2 were studied under the mild conditions of 40°C and 1 atm H2 pressure. The most active catalyst PF6–Rh(N–N)/Au:Pd–SiO2, with the weakly coordinating PF6− anion, remains highly active for toluene hydrogenation through at least three catalytic cycles involving 2900 mol H2/mol Rh turnovers over a 19-h period. As compared with the activity of the Pd-supported catalyst PF6–Rh(N–N)/Pd–SiO2, the catalysts with added Au are less active only by a factor of two. But the activity depends strongly on the Pd and Rh complex loadings. Although the detailed functioning of these TCSM catalysts (tethered complex on a supported metal) is not known, a mechanism that is consistent with the results involves dissociative adsorption of H2 on the supported Pd. The hydrogen spills over onto the silica surface where the Rh complex uses it to hydrogenate the arene substrate.
Stereocontrol in Diels-Alder cycloaddition to unsaturated sugars: reactivities of acyclic seven-carbon trans dienophiles dervied from aldopentoles☆

Abstract Acyclic trans -2,3-unsaturated aldoheptonate derivatives ( 1–9 ) obtained from d -aldopentoses by Witting chain-extension served as dienophiles for a detailed comparative study of their asymmetric Diels-Alder cycloaddition with cyclopentadiene. Cycloaddition under uncatalyzed thermal conditions gave mixtures of the four possible stereoisomeric norbornene adducts. The endo:exo ratios and the diastereofacial selectivities in the formation of the adducts were determined by NMR spectroscopy and by chemical transformations. The quantitative distribution of adducts as a function of stereochemistry of the dienophile is discussed.
Effectiveness of teaching radiologic image interpretation in gross anatomy. A long-term follow-up.

Erkonen WE, Albanese MA, Smith WL, Pantazis NJ. Effectiveness of teaching radiologic image interpretation in gross anatomy: a long-term follow-up.This prospective study was designed to gauge the effectiveness of teaching radiologic interpretation during a gross anatomy course for first-year medical
Cumulative Effects of Small Reservoirs on Streamflow in Northern Coastal California Catchments

With small reservoirs increasingly employed to meet human water needs, tools that consider cumulative effects of multiple small reservoirs through space and time are essential for understanding impacts of these spatially distributed stresses on catchment hydrology and related ecological processes. We used a GIS-based hydrologic model to predict streamflow impairment caused by 438 small reservoirs in a 743 km2 study area in Sonoma County, California, USA. The GIS model was designed to consider the varying effects that these reservoirs have through the project area drainage network, as well as the varying effects they have over time (as reservoirs fill and no longer impair flow downstream). Results indicate that, at the onset of the water year (when reservoirs are assumed to be empty), more than 25 % of the drainage network below reservoirs is impaired by over 50 %. Nine weeks into a normal-type water year, approximately 25 % of the drainage network below reservoirs is impaired by at least 25 %; and at 15 weeks, five percent of the drainage below reservoirs is impaired at least 25 %. Impairment is more persistent in a dry-type year. Nine weeks into a dry year, almost 40 % of the drainage network below reservoirs is impaired by at least 25 %; and at 15 weeks, 25 % of the drainage is impaired by at least 25 %. Results illustrate that impairment caused by reservoirs varies appreciably over space, but as reservoirs fill over time, impairment is lower through most of the drainage network.
SALICYLATE INTOXICATION IN CHILDREN--EXPERIENCE WITH PERITONEAL DIALYSIS AND ALKALINIZATION OF THE URINE.

Thirteen children with salicylate intoxication were studied. Seven patients were treated with intravenous fluids and alkali alone and six were treated with a combination of intravenous fluid and alkali and with intermittent peritoneal dialysis by means of 5 per cent albumin in an isoosmotic buffer. With full cognizance of its potential dangers, liberal amounts of sodium bicarbonate were used and no complications were encountered. As has been shown by others, sodium bicarbonate promoted renal excretion of salicylate. However, the combination approach was significantly more effective in removing salicylate from the body. The additional use of peritoneal dialysis is recommended in the treatment of those patients in whom more rapid removal of salicylate is desirable.
Modeling dermal granulation tissue with the linear fibroblast-populated collagen matrix: A comparison with the round matrix model

Summary Background Wound contraction typically is not symmetrical; for example, a square-shaped wound will not yield a square scar. Interestingly, the round fibroblast-populated collagen matrix has been used as a model of wound contraction, even though contraction in this model is mostly symmetrical. Objective We wanted to compare the round versus linear fibroblast-populated collagen matrix to see which would be a better model of dermal granulation tissue. Methods Gross and microscopic morphology, contraction kinetics, cytoskeletal architecture, and apoptotic and proliferative indices were compared between the round versus the linear fibroblast-populated collagen matrix. A rat excisional wound model was used as an in vivo standard of healing. Results The rate of contraction was similar between the two models, although the mode of contraction was grossly asymmetric in the linear while remaining symmetric in the round model. Cellular survival and proliferation were both dependent on matrix attachment in both models; this was analogous to the attachment-dependence of granulation tissue. In the attached (restrained) condition, the level of cellular organization was higher in the linear than in the round matrix; the tissue architecture of the linear matrix, moreover, mimicked that of the excisional wound model. Conclusion The round versus linear fibroblast-populated collagen matrix displayed a similar proliferative and survival response to matrix attachment. The latter model, however, demonstrated tissue organization with attachment and asymmetrical contraction after detachment analogous to that of the in vivo wound model. The linear fibroblast-populated collagen matrix appears to be the better model of dermal granulation tissue.
Depressive symptoms in Parkinson disease correlate with impaired global and specific cognitive performance.

Consecutive patients in a Movement Disorders Center with Parkinson disease (PD) were offered to undergo complete neuropsychological testing and to complete the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), regardless of their cognitive and behavioral status. A total of 82 patients were included in this cross-sectional study and had a mean age of 67.7 years, formal education of 14.8 years, PD duration of 101 months, Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale-Motor ''off'' score of 36.96, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of 27.8 (range 19-30), and BDI score of 10.23 (SD 8.65). Beck Depression Inventory scores did not correlate with disease duration or motor scores but inversely correlated with the MMSE scores (r = -0.40; P 14 on the BDI versus those who scored <14, only the mean score of the Boston Naming Test was different between the 2 groups. Our study shows that while depressive symptoms correlated with global cognitive performance, naming, verbal memory, and language are the most susceptible cognitive domains affected with depressive symptoms.
Volume holographic data storage at an areal density of 250 gigapixels/in.(2).

One thousand volume holographic data pages, each containing 1x10(6)pixels , are stored in a common volume of LiNbO(3) :Fe by use of the 90 degrees geometry. An effective transverse aperture of 1.6 mm x 1.6mm , realized by repetition of this experiment at each of the eight surrounding locations, results in a demonstrated areal density of 394pixels/mum (2) (254 Gpixels/in. (2)) . Short-focal-length Fourier optics provide a tightly confined object beam at the crystal; the reference beam is angle multiplexed. Data pages retrieved with a 1024 x 1024 CCD camera are processed to remap bad spatial light modulator pixels and to compensate for global and local pixel misregistration and are then decoded with a strong 8-bits-from-12-pixels modulation code. The worst-case raw bit-error rate (BER) before error correction was 1.1x10(-3) , sufficient to deliver a user BER of 10(-12) at an overall code rate of 0.61 user bits per detector pixel. This result corresponds to 1.08% of the well-known theoretical volumetric density limit of 1/lambda(3) .
Gender justice and reconciliation

Abstract Gender justice within the context of armed conflict and its aftermath refers to legal processes that are equitable, not privileged by and for men, and which acknowledge ways in which women uniquely experience harm. Typically, gender justice is neglected in preference for achieving reconciliation, which is driven by patriarchal interests favoring the powerful and disenfranchising the oppressed. This article's purpose is to explicate thematic concepts from writings about justice and reconciliation, to contrast religious and secular perspectives, and to expand current discourses about how gender justice can be created and maintained within post-conflict reconciliation processes. I emphasize the importance of truth-telling within the framework of gender justice and psychosocial healing as essential components of reconciliation processes. I argue that gender justice must occur if reconciliation processes are to succeed and that governments, communities, and individuals must accept responsibility for ensuring gender justice.
The effect of post-test relevant pre-tests and discussion-type feedback on learning and retention

The effect of posttest relevant pretest questions and discussion-type feedback on learning and retention was investigated. Ninety-six Ss were randomly assigned to one of three treatments. Experimental Group A got posttest relevant pretest questions and discussion-type feedback. Experimental Group B got the same posttest relevant pretest but not discussion-type feedback. Control Group C got a nonrelevant pretest and no discussion. The test of learning showed Groups A, By and C were all significantly different from each other. On the test of retention Group A maintained its superiority.
Acetylcholine synthesis and accumulation in the CNS of Drosophila larvae: analysis of shibirets, a mutant with a temperature-sensitive block in synaptic transmission.

: A radiochemical method is applied to the study of neurotransmitter metabolism in Drosophila. The larval CNS is a favorable system for analyzing acetylcholine (ACh) metabolism, since the pool of [3H]ACh rapidly reaches a steady state with a high ratio of intracellular [3H]ACh to [3H]choline. A temperature-sensitive paralytic mutant, shibirets, shows reduced [3H]ACh accumulation at the restrictive temperature. This reduction is not the result of decreased synthesis of [3H]ACh, but rather an abnormally rapid rate of release, which is not prevented by blocking tetrodotoxin-sensitive nerve activity.