cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutritional and treatment-related characteristics of pediatric oncology patients referred or not referred for nutritional support.

Nutritional problems often result from malignancies and aggressive multimodal treatment. Early identification of reliable risk factors associated with malnutrition and need for nutritional support is necessary for development of preventative approaches. Nutritional and treatment-related characteristics were examined for 173 pediatric oncology patients referred for nutritional support and a comparison sample of 43 patients matched on treatment protocol and/or diagnosis who had never been referred for nutritional support. Abnormally low serum albumin levels, poor oral intake, mucositis, prior radiation therapy, and increased gastrointestinal toxicity were significantly more frequent among referred than non-referred patients. A discriminant function analysis indicated that poor oral intake was the single best predictor of need for nutritional support. Patients with solid tumors were more nutritionally depleted at the time of referral; all bone marrow transplant patients received nutritional support. Patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumors required nutritional support for longer time periods. We conclude that routine documentation of poor oral intake (i.e., observation of change in a child's eating patterns) is the most reliable indicator of children who eventually require nutritional support and who may benefit from interventions that could delay or prevent nutritional problems. Prophylactic interventions should be tailored to meet the specific needs of individual diagnostic groups.
A Comparative Study of the Relative Stability of Representative Chiral and Achiral Boronic Esters Employing Transesterification

A comparative study of the transesterification of five representative chiral and achiral boronic esters with various structurally modified diols was undertaken to qualitatively understand the factors influencing the relative stability of these boronic esters. Several factors such as chelation, conformation, steric bulk of the substituents, size of the heterocycle, and entropy influence the relative rate of transesterification as well as the stability of the boronic esters. Amongst these boronic esters, pinanediol phenylboronic ester was found to be the most stable boronic ester whereas DIPT boronic ester appeared to be thermodynamically the least stable one. The transesterification with sterically hindered diols was observed to be relatively slow, but afforded thermodynamically more stable boronic esters. Boronic esters derived from cis-cyclopentanediols and the bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-exo,exo-2,3-diols are relatively more stable. This study not only presents the qualitative picture of relative stability of various boronic esters, but also provides helpful hints regarding the possible recovery of chiral auxiliaries. Many C 2-symmetric chiral auxiliaries, such as 2,3-butanediol, 2,4-pentanediol, DIPT, and cis-cyclohexane-1,2-diol, can be retrieved by simple transesterification of the corresponding boronic esters with commercial inexpensive diols, such as pinacol, 1,3-propanediol, and neopentyl glycol.
Psychological Distress, Perceived Family Conflict, and Career Development Issues in College Students of Color

We tested a hypothesized path model that examined the relationships among psychological distress, perceived family conflict, and various career-related constructs in a sample of 329 African American, Asian American, and Latino/Latina American college students. Across each subsample of participants, we found that greater levels of psychological distress predicted higher levels of career indecision, which in turn was associated with lower career certainty and greater perceived family conflict. Lower levels of perceived family conflict predicted high career aspiration for all three subgroups. Higher career certainty predicted greater career aspiration for Asian American students, but this relationship was not significant for African American and Latino/Latina American students. Implications of the findings for career counseling practice and research are discussed.
Executive Function as an Interaction-Dominant Process

Traditional theories of psychology define the cognitive system as composed of insular, encapsulated components, controlled by a central executive. An alternative hypothesis suggests that cognitive control arises from the complex interaction among temporal scales of activity within the system. We examined the hand motions of preschool-age participants gathered during an executive-function task, card sorting, for evidence of multiplicative interactions across temporal scales. The time series of hand motions were submitted to iterated amplitude adjusted Fourier transformation (IAAFT), a surrogate data analysis technique that removes nonlinear, multiscale dependencies while preserving the linear structure of the time series. We found that removing multiscale effects via IAAFT led to a significant change in the width of the multifractal spectrum, an indicator of multiplicative interactions. The results suggest that cognitive control may arise from the interactions among temporal scales of activity within the s...
Characterization of antigen presenting cells and T-cells in progressing scabietic skin lesions

Abstract Experimentally infested dogs expressed successful adaptive immunity and self-cured of scabies after previously having scabies that required treatment to cure. A biphasic increase and decrease of CD1a + Langerhans cells (LCs) in the epidermis of hosts infested the first time (sensitized) and infested a second time (challenged) suggested that these cells were actively in the hosts' early immune response to scabies. In contrast, in the dermis CD1a + cell densities during both infestations increased to a single peak that followed the first peak of these cells in the epidermis. In addition, there was an influx of T-lymphocytes (CD ϵ + cells) and CD11c + cells into the dermis following the first peak of LCs in the epidermis. The influx of T-lymphocytes in the dermis coincided with the peak density of CD1a + cells in the dermis and epidermis during the second infestation. In both the epidermis and dermis, MHC Class II + cell density profiles were similar to that of CD1a during the first infestation and then exhibited single peaks during the second infestation. The increases in CD1a + , CD3 ϵ + (T-lymphocytes), CD11c + , and MHC Class II + cell responses in the dermis occurred earlier and were more intense in the challenge infestation compared with the first infestation. These data indicate that T-lymphocytes (CD3 ϵ + ), CD11c + , MHC Class II + , and CD1a + cells in the dermis played a major role in the successful immune response to scabies mites.
Eye movements following autokinesis

Eye movements in the dark interval following extinction of an autokinetic target are systematically related to the direction of the target’s autokinetic movement.
Paraprox: pattern-based approximation for data parallel applications

Approximate computing is an approach where reduced accuracy of results is traded off for increased speed, throughput, or both. Loss of accuracy is not permissible in all computing domains, but there are a growing number of data-intensive domains where the output of programs need not be perfectly correct to provide useful results or even noticeable differences to the end user. These soft domains include multimedia processing, machine learning, and data mining/analysis. An important challenge with approximate computing is transparency to insulate both software and hardware developers from the time, cost, and difficulty of using approximation. This paper proposes a software-only system, Paraprox, for realizing transparent approximation of data-parallel programs that operates on commodity hardware systems. Paraprox starts with a data-parallel kernel implemented using OpenCL or CUDA and creates a parameterized approximate kernel that is tuned at runtime to maximize performance subject to a target output quality (TOQ) that is supplied by the user. Approximate kernels are created by recognizing common computation idioms found in data-parallel programs (e.g., Map, Scatter/Gather, Reduction, Scan, Stencil, and Partition) and substituting approximate implementations in their place. Across a set of 13 soft data-parallel applications with at most 10% quality degradation, Paraprox yields an average performance gain of 2.7x on a NVIDIA GTX 560 GPU and 2.5x on an Intel Core i7 quad-core processor compared to accurate execution on each platform.
Algorithm to compute corrections to the Sudakov form factor

A general method is explained for computing high-energy processes in gauge theories when "Sudakov double logarithms" are present. An expansion for the electron form factor in quantum electrodynamics is constructed; it gives the leading-logarithmic result of Sudakov, together with corrections to it to arbitrary logarithmic accuracy. The method can be applied to other processes, such as low-transverse-momentum parton phenomena, and form factors and elastic scattering of composite particles.
Preparation of 4‐bromo‐1‐hydroxypyrazole 2‐oxides by nitrosation of α‐bromo‐α,β‐unsaturated ketoximes

Nitrosation of the oximes of 3-bromo-3-penten-2-one, 3-bromo-4-phenyl- 3-buten-2-one, and 2-bromo-1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one using sodium ni- trite in acetic acid gave low yields of 4-pyrazolone 1,2-dioxides. Nit- rosation using butyl nitrite in the presence of copper(II) sulfate and pyridine in aqueous ethanol produced insoluble copper complexes from which 3,5-dimethyl-, 3-methyl-5-phenyl-, and 3,5-diphenyl-4-bromo-1-hy- droxypyrazole 2-oxides could be liberated by treatment with dilute po- tassium hydroxide, filtration, and acidification of the filtrate. High yields were obtained with the first two oximes, but, presumably due to unfavorable stereochemistry of the oxime, the diphenyl derivative gave a lower yield of the complex, accompanied by 4-bromo- and 4-nitro-3,5- diphenylisoxazole and 4-oximino-3,5-diphenyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazole
The influence of business records on business performance

The necessity of recording all the transactions and systematically cannot be overemphasized. Goods may be sold on credit to several persons. The latter will pay the price of the goods to the vender latter. However, strong one's memory may be, one cannot hope to remember all the details regarding all these transactions. Besides, according to several authorities, accounting records are useful in several ways. Despite this importance of accounting records, most small enterprises do not maintain proper accounting records moreover the influence of accounting records on business performance has not been well documented. This study was therefore conducted with a view to establishing the role played by accounting records on business performance. Data was collected among eighty entrepreneurs in the garments industry in Nairobi. Results indicated that there exists a positive relationship between accounting records and business performance. The analysis showed that education, nature of business ownership, training and size of business are the main factors influencing accounting record. Keeping and information for planning making are also extracted from these records. It is recommended that entrepreneurs should be trained in record keeping to enhance the performance of their business. Key words: business records, business performance, influence.
Metals, acid-volatile sulfides, organics, and particle distributions of contaminated sediments

An overview of key physical/chemical parameters for contaminated sediments is presented. While sediment cores from remote lakes show little or no enrichment with heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd, Zn, Cu) and PAHs in top layers, the contamination near industrial areas is more significant. Cd in more bioavailable geochemical phases can occur in response to Cu inputs to sediments, and aeration during dredging operations of anaerobic sediments can reduce the pH causing release of heavy metals. The toxicity of anaerobic sediments to benthos can be effectively predicted based on interstitial water concentrations and the molar ratio between simultaneously extracted metals and acid-volatile sulfides (SEM/AVS). The toxicity of PAHs and other organics can be predicted based on equilibrium partitioning. Principal component analysis indicates that PAHs are associated with organic carbon and silt, and PCBs with inorganic clay. Finally, formulated reference sediments appear to be useful in toxicity testing by creating uniform parameters matching field conditions, and by isolating the effects of specific contaminants.
Observations of unsteady flow arising after vortex breakdown

In rotating flow moving axially through a straight tube, a helical vortex will be generated if the angular momentum flux is sufficiently large relative to the flux of linear momentum. This paper describes an experimental study of the occurrence, frequency and peak-to-peak amplitude of the wall pressure generated by this vortex. The experimental results are displayed in dimensionless form in terms of a Reynolds number, a momentum parameter and tube geometry.
EFFECTS OF GRAZER COMMUNITY STRUCTURE ON PHYTOPLANKTON RESPONSE TO NUTRIENT PULSES

Sensitivity, the magnitude of change following perturbation, and return rate, the rate of recovery, are two key components of ecological stability. We quantified these properties for phytoplankton in lakes using pulsed nutrient loading as the perturbation. Theory predicts that grazer community structure should influence how phytoplankton respond to pulsed nutrient loading. In particular, phytoplankton in lakes with large, effective grazers such as Daphnia are expected to be less sensitive to, but recover more slowly from, nutrient perturbations than phytoplankton in lakes with smaller grazers. We tested these predictions by adding standardized small and large pulses of nutrients (∼10 and ∼100 μg P/L of epilimnion; with N at an N:P ratio of ∼25:1 by mass) to two natural ponds with contrasting grazer communities that resulted from the deliberate addition of planktivorous fishes to one pond. Site-specific responses were examined by conducting the experiment in the same ponds over two consecutive summers (199...
Thermodynamic Modeling of the SRS Evaporators: Part V. Validation

A thermodynamic model has been proposed to predict solids formation in the SRS evaporators from measured feed compositions using a commercially available software package, the Geochemist's Workbench (GWB). In support of this work, researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) have performed experiments to evaluate solids formation under evaporator-like conditions in the laboratory. The purpose of this report is to compare these experimental results to the calculated results from GWB. Researchers at PNNL conducted experiments to evaluate the thermodynamic boundary between the precipitation of the deleterious sodium aluminosilicate gel (NASgel) and the field of benign potential precipitation of aluminum hydroxide formation. Several solutions were prepared and held at several temperatures to evaluate solids formation over various periods of time. Observed solids compared well to GWB calculations. Researchers at ORNL prepared several mixtures of simulated SRS Tank 43 (high aluminum) and DWPF recycle (high silicon) solutions. These solutions were then evaporated, and precipitated solids were examined by XRD. Again, there was good agreement between observations and GWB calculations. No NASgel was identified, and none was predicted to form. Researchers at ORNL also prepared several high caustic solutions, additional mixtures of simulated SRS Tank 43 and DWPF solutions, and simulated 3H evaporator feed. Solids deposition on stainless steel coupons with and without evaporation was examined. Because these solids were not rigorously characterized, direct comparison to GWB calculations is not appropriate. However, it should be noted that NASgel was not predicted by GWB to form, and no NASgel was identified in these experiments. Overall, the experimental observations validate the GWB calculational results, showing that GWB is an appropriate tool for use in SRS evaporator modeling and control.
An equation suitable for describing the viscosity of dilute to moderately concentrated polymer solutions

Abstract It is shown that an equation first derived for describing the Newtonian viscosity of suspensions of rigid spheres is also applicable for describing the Newtonian viscosity of dilute to moderately concentrated polymer solutions. The equation is applicable for relative viscosities from 1 to about 100. In addition, it is possible to rearrange the equation so that the intrinsic viscosity is expressible as an explicit function of the other variables. This leads to a very convenient method of calculating the intrinsic viscosity from a determination of the relative viscosity at a single polymer concentration.
Designing a debugging interaction language for cognitive modelers: an initial case study in natural programming plus

In this paper, we investigate how a debugging environment should support a population doing work at the core of HCI research: cognitive modelers. In conducting this investigation, we extended the Natural Programming methodology (a user-centered design method for HCI researchers of programming environments), to add an explicit method for mapping the outcomes of NP's empirical investigations to a language design. This provided us with a concrete way to make the design leap from empirical assessment of users' needs to a language. The contributions of our work are therefore: (1) empirical evidence about the content and sequence of cognitive modelers' information needs when debugging, (2) a new, empirically derived, design specification for a debugging interaction language for cognitive modelers, and (3) an initial case study of our "Natural Programming Plus" methodology.
Inelastic Scattering of 20-kev Electrons in Metal Vapors

>The low-energy losses of 20-kev electrons passing through the vapors of Zn, Cd, Hg, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sb, Pb, and KCl, have been measured by using an electrostatic analyzer previously used for measuring electron energy losses in thin metal films. The atomic transitions corresponding to the measured energy losses are in many cases fairly easily established. However, there remain some which are questionable due to the fact that there is more than one feasible transition with energy differences of the order of the given energy loss. It is established that the principal interaction results in the excitation from the ground state of the neutral atom to the first excited level--the resonance excitation. It is also found that dipole excitations predominate. (auth)
Laser pyrolysis of single coal particles in an electrodynamic balance

A novel method has been developed to study the rapid devolatilization behavior of single coal particles. The objective was to establish a general understanding of the controlling mechanisms for coal devolatilization and to determin some characteristic times for volatile evolution at energy fluxes representative of heat engine combustors. Single coal particles were suspended electrodynamically and irradiated from two sides with well characterized energy pulses. Heavy volatiles (condensible) evolution during the heating process was clearly time resolved using high-speed cinematography. Experiments were performed on two particle size fractions (30 and 60 μm nominal radius) of a HVA bituminous coal. Heating times were on the order of 10 ms with heating flux intensities ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 kW/cm2. The equivalent heating fluxes (corrected for geometric and heat loss considerations) ranged from 0.2 to 0.8 kW/cm2 which translated to heating rates on the order of 5 × 104 to 2 × 105 K/s. Several characteristic times were defined to describe different phases of the devolatilization process. Important conclusions were that pyrolysis times (through completion of the heavy volatile evolution) scaled with the incident heating flux and were particle size dependent. The devolatilization process was divided into three phases. Phase I represented the time required to heat the particle to the temperature at which light volatile (noncondensible) evolution commenced. This phase was particle size and heat flux dependent with the most important consideration being the particle surface temperature. Phase II involved softening of the particle surface layer. This phase was particle size independent but was strongly dependent on the incident heating flux. Phase III was the time over which heavy volatiles (condensible tars) release occurred. This phase was obviously dominated by bubble growth and internal transport mechanisms. The heavy volatile release was not continuous but occurred in bursts, as tar vapors bubbled through the plastic coal shell. Phase III was strongly particle size dependent and was only weakly coupled to the heating intensity. These results suggest a sequential model to describe coal devolatilization which considers heat transfer, chemical kinetics, and mass transfer mechanisms whose relative importance varies depending on which phase of devolatilization is considered.
Towards consistent visual-inertial navigation

United States. Office of Naval Research (N00014-12-1- 0093, N00014-10-1-0936, N00014-11-1-0688, and N00014-13-1-0588)
A theoretical study of the cytosine excimer state

Abstract A study of the lowest excited singlet state of the stacked dimer (cis-syn form) for the DNA base cytosine was performed with fully optimized geometry using a slightly modified version of MOPAC6 (AM1 Hamiltonian) and four singly excited configurations. A binding energy of 7–8 kcal/mol for the excimer state is demonstrated, and the excimer fluorescence is predicted to be shifted 160–180 nm to longer wavelengths relative to that of the monomer fluorescence. The excimer geometry has the planes non-parallel and distorted, with the C 5 C 6 bonds showing quite close contact (2.4 A), suggesting that the excimer is a precursor to photodimerization.
Kinetics of particle growth—IV: NH4NO3 from the NH3-O3 reaction revisited

Abstract The reaction of NH3 with O3 in 1 atm of N2 was restudied at 25°C to obtain more extensive information on the growth of particulate NH4NO3. In the vapor phase, NH4NO3 monomer is mainly dissociated into NH3 and HNO3, the HNO3 being continually produced in the reaction and lost by diffusion to the wall with a rate coefficient of ∼ 0·4 min −1 . Initially, there is an induction period until the product of [NH3] and [HNO3] reaches 5·8 × 1027 molecules2/cc2. At this point, particle production occurs for a short period of time according to the reaction. r NH 3 + r HNO 3 → C r where C represents NH4NO3, r = 8·0 and κ6 = 6·2 × 10−224 cc15/min. Particle production ceases quickly as the HNO3 is removed by the particles already present HNO 3 + C n → C n . HNO 3 followed by NH 3 + C n . HNO 3 → C n+1 . Reaction 5a is rate controlling with a rate coefficient of 1·24 × 10−6cc/min when [HNO3] reaches its maximum value. This rate coefficient corresponds to gas kinetic collision frequency for particles of 84 A dia. Diffusional loss of particles is negligible, but the particle density drops as the run progresses because of coagulation which proceeds with a rate coefficient of 1·3 × 10−7 cc/min. This rate coefficient is within a factor of two of the theoretical collision rate coefficient for a monodisperse system.
Work Values of Youthful Maine Workers, Ages 18—25, by Occupational Level

The purposes of the study were to investigate whether there were differences between work values of youthful female workers on different social positions and of the youthful workers and high school girls used to norm the Super's Work Values Inventory. There were no significant differences between the means of the scales when compared by work level, but differences between the groups youthful workers and normative sample on a number of the scales. The sample from Maine tended to be more concerned about extrinsic than intrinsic variables in their careers.
The Essential Tension Between Particularism and Generalization

As a researcher at the Cross-Cultural Cumulative Coding Center, I worked closely with Murdock in developing the codes and coding the data for the settlement patterns/community organization and theories of illness codes. While there I experienced the angst of accommodating my training in the particularistic tradition of British social anthropology to Murdock's emphasis on the cross- cultural method and generalization. In reconciling these seemingly disparate perspectives, I received not only an invaluable education in cultural patterns worldwide but also a theoretical and methodological perspective that encourages a meticulous interdisciplinary examination of the concepts, data, and conclusions used to support generalizations in social science.
The Use of a Societally Based Ethics/Advisory Committee to Aid in Decisions to Sterilize Mentally Handicapped Patients

Abstract An advisory committee designed to assist physicians and patients in decisions regarding sterilization of mentally handicapped individuals is described. Five patients with mental retardation who were brought for possible sterilization to the University of Michigan's Model Clinic for the Reproductive Health Concerns of Persons with Mental Retardation are presented.
Exact theory of parametric interactions and spin resonance with counter-rotating terms☆

Abstract It is shown that the counter rotating terms in a large class of theories such as parametric interactions and spin resonance can be exactly taken into account. For acoustic or electromagnetic parametric wave amplification, the exact t theory gives rigorous domains for frequency, coupling and damping parameters where amplification can occur and for frequency conversion and spin resonance it displays the expected higher order resonances.
Modeling piezoelectric actuators with Hysteretic Recurrent Neural Networks

Abstract This paper describes the application of Hysteretic Recurrent Neural Networks (HRNNs) to the modeling of polycrystalline piezoelectric actuators. Because piezoelectric materials exhibit voltage/strain relationships that are hysteretic and rate-dependent, the HRNN is composed of neurons with activation functions that incorporate these characteristics. Individual neurons are shown to agree with existing models of ideal single-crystal piezoelectric behavior. The combination of many such neurons into a network allows prediction of the heterogeneous behavior of polycrystalline materials. This model is shown to approximate the strain and polarization of an unloaded commercial stack actuator at multiple loading rates. A comparison is made to a recurrent Radial Basis Function Network model, and the HRNN is demonstrated to more accurately generalize across data sets. The model is further shown to execute on a PC platform at rates over 100 Hz, fast enough to support its application to real-time control.
Differential regulation of agonist-stimulated Ca2+ influx in acini of rat pancreas and submandibular gland

In order to characterize agonist-dependent Ca2+ influx pathways, changes in cystolic Ca2+ (Ca2+i) during stimulation with multiple Ca(2+)-mobilizing agents were measured in rat pancreatic and submandibular gland acini loaded with fura-2. In pancreatic acini, maximal levels of carbachol and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) produced virtually identical changes in Ca2+i when added alone or together: an immediate increase to 4-5 times resting Ca2+i followed by a decline to a steady-state level 2-3 times resting, which was unchanged by another stimulus. In submandibular gland acini, maximal carbachol stimulation increased Ca2+i 3-4-fold followed by a plateau at 2-3 times resting, which was further increased by epinephrine. Epinephrine alone increased steady-state Ca2+i to 53 +/- 18% (n = 21) of that observed with carbachol. Stimulation with both agents increased the steady-state plateau level of Ca2+i to 144 +/- 28% of that during exposure to carbachol alone (n = 11, p < 0.05). When changes in Ca2+i due solely to Ca2+ influx were measured, carbachol and epinephrine together increased Ca2+i during the steady-state phase to 149 +/- 31% of that measured with carbachol alone (n = 8, p < 0.05). Atropine blocked only responses to carbachol, prazosin blocked only responses to epinephrine and L 364,718 blocked only CCK-8-induced changes in Ca2+i. Thus, in pancreatic acini, a single agonist-sensitive Ca2+ influx pathway is linked independently to muscarinic cholinergic and peptidergic (CCK-8) receptors. In contrast, submandibular gland acini contain functionally separate agonist-sensitive Ca2+ influx pathways, which are independently linked to muscarinic and to alpha-1 adrenergic receptors.
A new computational approach for determining rate regions and optimal codes for coded networks

A new computational technique is presented for determining rate regions for coded networks. The technique directly manipulates the extreme ray representation of inner and outer bounds for the region of entropic vectors. We use new inner bounds on region of entropic vectors based on conic hull of ranks of representable matroids. In particular, the extreme-ray representations of these inner bounds are obtained via matroid enumeration and minor exclusion. This is followed by a novel use of iterations of the double description method to obtain the desired rate regions. Applications in multilevel diversity coding systems (MDCS) are discussed as an example. The special structure of the problem that makes this technique inherently fast along with being scalable is also discussed. Our results demonstrate that for each of the 31 2-level 3-encoder and the 69 3-level 3-encoder MDCS configurations, if scalar linear codes (over any field) suffice to achieve the rate region, then in fact binary scalar linear codes suffice. For the 31 2-level 3-encoder cases where scalar codes are insufficient we demonstrate that vector linear codes suffice and provide some explicit constructions of these codes.
Deficits in Feeding Behavior after Intraventricular Injection of 6-Hydroxydopamine in Rats

Intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine produced 95 percent depletion of telencephalic norepinephrine and 62 percent depletion of striatal dopamine in rats. Treated rats maintained body weight at subnormal levels and failed to increase food intake in response to a short-term decrease in glucose utilization. After treatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline, 6-hydroxydopamine produced no further norepinephrine depletion but increased the dopamnine depletion to 95 percent and produced complete aphagia. These effects are comparable to events that follow bilateral electrolytic lesions of the lateral hypothalanmus.
ANTICIPATED COMMUNICATION AND MASS MEDIA INFORMATION-SEEKING

T 18HIS INVESTIGATION focuses on the concept of communicatory utility, defined as the anticipated usefulness of information for future informal interaction with family, friends, co-workers and acquaintances. The present report describes findings from an experiment and two secondary analyses relating news media use to interpersonal discussion of news events. While researchers have not specifically tested the link between mass media exposure and expected conversational experiences, many have cited the role of social relationships in understanding why people attend to mass communications.1 The specific interpersonal motive of social prestige from displaying current events knowledge was suggested as an explanation of news seeking behavior by Merton,2 Berelson,3 Wright,4 and Waples, Berelson and Bradshaw.5 1 E.g., Eliot Friedson, "Communications Research and the Concept of the Mass," American Sociological Review, Vol. 18, 1953, pp. 313-317; Matilda Riley and Samuel Flowerman, "Group Relations as a Variable in Communications Research," American Sociological Review, Vol. i6, 1951, pp. 174-180. 2 Merton concluded: "The analysis of the functions of mass communications require prior analysis of the social roles which determine the uses to which these communications can and will be put. Had the social contexts of interpersonal influence not been explored, we could not have anticipated the selection of Time by one type of influential and its rejection by another." Robert Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, New York, The Free Press, 1949, pp. 406-409. 3 Berelson observed: "Another group of readers seem to use the newspaper because it enables them to appear informed in social gatherings. Thus the newspaper has conversational value. Readers not only can learn what has happened and then report it to their associates, but can also find opinions and interpretations for use in discussions of public affairs. It is obvious how this use of the newspaper serves to increase the reader's prestige among his fellows." Bernard Berelson, "What 'Missing the Newspaper' Means," in Paul Lazarsfeld and Frank Stanton, eds., Communications Research, 1948-1949, New York, Harper, 1949, p. 119. 4 Charles Wright, "Functional Analysis and Mass Communication," Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 24, 1960, pp. 605-62o. 6 Douglas Waples, Bernard Berelson, and Franklyn Bradshaw, What Reading Does to People, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1940.
Negative learning bias is associated with risk aversion in a genetic animal model of depression.

The lateral habenula (LHb) is activated by aversive stimuli and the omission of reward, inhibited by rewarding stimuli and is hyperactive in helpless rats—an animal model of depression. Here we test the hypothesis that congenital learned helpless (cLH) rats are more sensitive to decreases in reward size and/or less sensitive to increases in reward than wild-type (WT) control rats. Consistent with the hypothesis, we found that cLH rats were slower to switch preference between two responses after a small upshift in reward size on one of the responses but faster to switch their preference after a small downshift in reward size. cLH rats were also more risk-averse than WT rats—they chose a response delivering a constant amount of reward (“safe” response) more often than a response delivering a variable amount of reward (“risky” response) compared to WT rats. Interestingly, the level of bias toward negative events was associated with the rat's level of risk aversion when compared across individual rats. cLH rats also showed impaired appetitive Pavlovian conditioning but more accurate responding in a two-choice sensory discrimination task. These results are consistent with a negative learning bias and risk aversion in cLH rats, suggesting abnormal processing of rewarding and aversive events in the LHb of cLH rats.
Noneconomic Damage Caps and Medical Malpractice Claim Frequency: A Policy Endogeneity Approach

Medical malpractice has received much attention in the media with highly publicized jury awards and reported consequences of excessive litigation. Health care and medical malpractice remain a prominent issue, especially in the current political climate. Policy endogeneity, however, plagues most analyses of various federal, state, or local policies. In this article, I analyze the effect of noneconomic damage caps on the frequency of positive payment medical malpractice claims, recognizing that these laws are likely endogenous. I construct a unique instrument using past and current values of state political composition and other factors. In contrast to previous literature, I find no evidence that caps on noneconomic damages are associated with a reduction in medical malpractice positive payment claim frequency.
Talking about code: Integrating pedagogical code reviews into early computing courses

Given the increasing importance of soft skills in the computing profession, there is good reason to provide students with more opportunities to learn and practice those skills in undergraduate computing courses. Toward that end, we have developed an active learning approach for computing education called the Pedagogical Code Review (PCR). Inspired by the code inspection process used in the software industry, a PCR is a collaborative activity in which a small team of students, led by a trained moderator: (a) walk through segments of each other's programming solutions, (b) check the code against a list of best coding practices, and (c) discuss and log issues that arise. To evaluate the viability and effectiveness of this approach, we conducted a series of four mixed-method empirical studies of various implementations of PCRs in CS1 courses at Washington State University. The first study validated the viability of the PCR activity. Using a quasi-experimental design, the final three studies evaluated two alternative implementations of PCRs—face-to-face and online. Our results provide evidence that PCRs can promote positive attitudinal shifts, and hone skills in critical review, teamwork, and communication. Based on our findings, we present a set of best practices for implementing PCRs.
Greek Psychiatry's Transition from the Hospital to the Community

The psychiatric care system in Greece is currently undergoing a transformation of its service network, propelled to a great extent by recommendations and funding from the European Economic Community (EEC). Formerly, mental-health treatment was provided primarily by large state mental hospitals. The new direction is toward deinstitutionalization and a community-care approach. This article examines the development of the Greek mental health care system through historical and ethnographic data. The history of the system is described briefly; cultural, governmental, and Greek psychiatric contributions to its development are analyzed; and the present reorganization of psychiatric care and the EEC's role is discussed. The case of Greek mental health care illustrates the dynamic nature of a biomedical specialty.
Examination of Interchromosomal Interactions in Vegetatively Growing Diploid Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cells by Cre/loxP Site-Specific Recombination

The probability with which different regions of a genome come in contact with one another is a question of general interest. The current study addresses this subject for vegetatively growing diploid cells of fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe by application of the Cre/loxP site-specific recombination assay. High levels of allelic interactions imply a tendency for chromosomes to be colocalized along their lengths. Significant homology-dependent pairing at telomere proximal loci and robust nonspecific clustering of centromeres appear to be the primary determinants of this feature. Preference for direct homolog-directed interactions at interstitial chromosomal regions was ambiguous, perhaps as a consequence of chromosome flexibility and the constraints and dynamic nature of the nucleus. Additional features of the data provide evidence for chromosome territories and reveal an intriguing phenomenon in which interaction frequencies are favored for nonhomologous loci that are located at corresponding relative (rather than absolute) positions within their respective chromosome arms. The latter feature, and others, can be understood as manifestations of transient, variable, and/or occasional nonspecific telomeric associations. We discuss the factors whose interplay sets the probabilities of chromosomal interactions in this organism and implications of the inferred organization for ectopic recombination.
Requirements at the 3′ End of the Sindbis Virus Genome for Efficient Synthesis of Minus-Strand RNA

The 3'-untranslated region of the Sindbis virus genome is 0.3 kb in length with a 19-nucleotide conserved sequence element (3' CSE) immediately preceding the 3'-poly(A) tail. The 3' CSE and poly(A) tail have been assumed to constitute the core promoter for minus-strand RNA synthesis during genome replication; however, their involvement in this process has not been formally demonstrated. Utilizing both in vitro and in vivo analyses, we have examined the role of these elements in the initiation of minus-strand RNA synthesis. The major findings of this study with regard to efficient minus-strand RNA synthesis are the following: (i) the wild-type 3' CSE and the poly(A) tail are required, (ii) the poly(A) tail must be a minimum of 11 to 12 residues in length and immediately follow the 3' CSE, (iii) deletion or substitution of the 3' 13 nucleotides of the 3' CSE severely inhibits minus-strand RNA synthesis, (iv) templates possessing non-wild-type 3' sequences previously demonstrated to support virus replication do not program efficient RNA synthesis, and (v) insertion of uridylate residues between the poly(A) tail and a non-wild-type 3' sequence can restore promoter function to a limited extent. This study shows that the optimal structure of the 3' component of the minus-strand promoter is the wild-type 3' CSE followed a poly(A) tail of at least 11 residues. Our findings also show that insertion of nontemplated bases can restore function to an inactive promoter.
An efficient finite element method for treating singularities in Laplace's equation

We present a new finite element method for solving partial differential equations with singularities caused by abrupt changes in boundary conditions or sudden changes in boundary shape. Terms from the local solution supplement the ordinary basis functions in the finite element solution. All singular contributions reduce to boundary integrals after a double application of the divergence theorem to the Galerkin integrals, and the essential boundary conditions are weakly enforced using Lagrange multipliers. The proposed method eliminates the need for high-order integration, improves the overall accuracy, and yields very accurate estimates for the singular coefftcients. It also accelerates the convergence with regular mesh refinement and converges rapidly with the number of singular functions. Although here we solve the Laplace equation in two dimensions, the method is applicable to a more general class of problems.
Development and Use of Mobile Containment Units for the Evaluation and Treatment of Potential Ebola Virus Disease Patients in a United States Hospital

Ebola virus disease (EVD) has been the subject of recent attention due to the current outbreak in West Africa, as well as the appearance of a number of cases within the United States. The presence of EVD patients in the United States required health care systems to prepare for the identification and management of both patients under investigation and patients with confirmed EVD infection. This article discusses the development and use of a mobile containment unit in an extended treatment area as a novel approach to isolation and screening of potential EVD patients.
Administering a Steam-Navigation Company in China, 1862–1867

Having solved the initial problems of raising capital for its steamship venture on the Yangtze (Business History Review, June, 1954), the Boston trading firm of Russell & Co. then faced operational difficulties of a formidable nature. Fluctuating local trade, recurrent scarcity of working capital, and the presence of an outnumbering fleet of competing vessels provided a severe test of the resident-partner system of administration. Russell & Co.'s Far Eastern affiliate rode out the lean years, profited handsomely in the fat years that followed, and then liquidated its investment. This account of the Yangtze steamship venture further illuminates the methods and policies of American commission houses in the nineteenth-century China trade and has implications of interest to modern managers of foreign investments.
ACTIVE CONTROL OF COMPOSITE PLATES USING PIEZOELECTRIC STIFFENERS

Abstract The governing equations for geometrically nonlinear, arbitrarily laminated rectangular plates reinforced by stiffeners which include piezoelectric and composite layers are presented. General equations obtained in the paper are reduced to a single equation of motion for piezoelectrically reinforced, geometrically linear, specially orthotropic plates. A criterion for an effective control of forced vibrations of such plates using piezoelectric stiffeners and a static electric field is illustrated. Active control of dynamic stability using a dynamic electric field with a frequency equal to that of the in-plane load is also considered. In addition, an approach to the analysis of piezoelectrically stiffened nonlinear plates whose motion is represented by single-term functions of the coordinates is discussed. Numerous active control problems can be addressed using the theory outlined in the paper.
Does neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy before primary whole gland cryoablation of the prostate affect the outcome

Objective To evaluate the effect of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (NADT) on the outcomes for primary whole gland prostate cryoablation (CRYO). NADT before CRYO has sometimes been used for prostate volume reduction, with some theoretical benefit toward improving disease control. NADT has been shown to be beneficial for biochemical disease-free survival (bDFS) with radiotherapy but not in conjunction with radical prostatectomy. Methods We retrospectively compared risk-stratified cohorts according to whether they had received NADT. bDFS was defined using the Phoenix criteria, and postoperative morbidity and complications were compared. Results A total of 1761 men had undergone NADT before CRYO and 2727 had not. No differences were found in the incidence of postoperative incontinence, pad use, potency, or fistula formation. The rate of urinary retention at 12 months was slightly lower for those who had not undergone NADT (0.8% vs 1.2%, P = .015). No difference was found in bDFS between the NADT and non-NADT men (66.9% vs 66.5% at 5 years). When stratified by risk, however, a statistically significant difference was found between the NADT and non-NADT men only in the intermediate-risk cohort (71.3% vs 65.9%; P Conclusion bDFS was statistically similar between the NADT and non-NADT men, except in the intermediate-risk cohort, with slightly improved survival for those undergoing NADT. No significant difference was found in the complication rates. These data do not support the routine use of NADT for men undergoing primary whole gland cryoablation, although its use could be considered for men with larger prostates or men in the intermediate-risk category.
Modification of the Bile Solubility Test for Rapid Identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A modified bile solubility test is described which can be used to presumptively identify Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered in blood culture.
Observations of common microstructural issues associated with dynamic deformation phenomena: Twins, microbands, grain size effects, shear bands, and dynamic recrystallization

Plane-wave shock deformation has been shown to produce deformation twins or twin-faults in essentially all metal and alloys. In FCC metals and alloys twinning depends upon stacking-fault free energy (SFE) and a critical twinning pressure; which increases with increasing SFE. For impact cratering where the shock wave is spherical and a prominent deviatoric (shear) stress is involved, metals and alloys with high SFE form microbands coincident with {111} plane traces while low SFE metals and alloys either form mixtures of twins and microbands or microtwins. Oblique shock loading of copper also produces mixtures of twins and microbands. Both microtwins and microbands increase in volume fraction with increasing grain size. BCC iron is observed to twin in both shock loading and as a result of impact cratering. Impact craters, shaped charges, and other examples of extreme deformation and flow at high strain rates exhibit various regimes of shear bands and dynamic recrystallization as a mechanism for solid-state flow. Deformation twins and microbands are also often precursors to this process as well. Examples of these phenomena in FCC materials such as Al, Ni, Cu, stainless steel and brass, and BCC materials such as Fe, W, Mo, W-Ta, and Ta are presented; with emphasis on optical metallography and transmission electron microscopy.