cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
G-protein-coupled receptor-associated A-kinase anchoring proteins AKAP5 and AKAP12: Differential trafficking and distribution

A-kinase Anchoring Proteins (AKAPs) define an expanding group of scaffold proteins that display a signature binding site for the RI/RII subunit of protein kinase A. AKAP5 and AKAP12 are multivalent (with respect to protein kinases and phosphatases) and display the ability to associate with the prototypic member of G protein-coupled receptors, the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor. We probed the relative abundance, subcellular distribution and localization of AKAP5 and AKAP12 in human embryonic kidney HEK293 and epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. HEK293 cells are relatively rich in AKAP5 (found mostly in association with the cell membrane); whereas A431 cells are rich in AKAP12 (found distributed both in the cytoplasm and in association with the cell membrane). In biochemical analysis of subcellular fractions and in whole-cell imaging, the membrane localization of AKAP5 was decreased in response to treating cells with the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, whereas membrane association of AKAP12 was increased initially in response to agonist treatment. These data demonstrate quantitatively a clearly different pattern of AKAP-receptor association for AKAP5 versus AKAP12. AKAP5 remains associated with its G-protein-coupled receptor, at the cell membrane, docked with the receptor during agonist-induced internalization and later receptor recycling after agonist wash-out. AKAP12-receptor docking, in contrast, is dynamic, driven by agonist stimulation (accounting for movement of AKAP12 from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane). AKAP12 then is internalized with the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor, but segregates away from the G-protein-coupled receptor upon recycling of the internalized receptor to the cell membrane. Thus these homologous, AKAPs that dock G-protein-coupled receptors have markedly different patterns of trafficking, docking, and re-distribution.
ROCS: a Reproducibility Index and Confidence Score for Interaction Proteomics Studies

Affinity-Purification Mass-Spectrometry (AP-MS) provides a powerful means of identifying protein complexes and interactions. Several important challenges exist in interpreting the results of AP-MS experiments. First, the reproducibility of AP-MS experimental replicates can be low, due both to technical variability and the dynamic nature of protein interactions in the cell. Second, the identification of true protein-protein interactions in AP-MS experiments is subject to inaccuracy due to high false negative and false positive rates. Several experimental approaches can be used to mitigate these drawbacks, including the use of replicated and control experiments and relative quantification to sensitively distinguish true interacting proteins from false ones. To address the issues of reproducibility and accuracy of protein-protein interactions, we introduce a two-step method, called ROCS, which makes use of Indicator Prey Proteins to select reproducible AP-MS experiments, and of Confidence Scores to select specific protein-protein interactions. The Indicator Prey Proteins account for measures of protein identifiability as well as protein reproducibility, effectively allowing removal of outlier experiments that contribute noise and affect downstream inferences. The filtered set of experiments is then used in the Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) scoring step. Prey protein scoring is done by computing a Confidence Score, which accounts for the probability of occurrence of prey proteins in the bait experiments relative to the control experiment, where the significance cutoff parameter is estimated by simultaneously controlling false positives and false negatives against metrics of false discovery rate and biological coherence respectively. In summary, the ROCS method relies on automatic objective criterions for parameter estimation and error-controlled procedures. We illustrate the performance of our method by applying it to five previously published AP-MS experiments, each containing well characterized protein interactions, allowing for systematic benchmarking of ROCS. We show that our method may be used on its own to make accurate identification of specific, biologically relevant protein-protein interactions, or in combination with other AP-MS scoring methods to significantly improve inferences. Our method addresses important issues encountered in AP-MS datasets, making ROCS a very promising tool for this purpose, either on its own or in conjunction with other methods. We anticipate that our methodology may be used more generally in proteomics studies and databases, where experimental reproducibility issues arise. The method is implemented in the R language, and is available as an R package called “ROCS”, freely available from the CRAN repository http://cran.r-project.org/ .
Weighing the Evidence

Sociologist Michael Bader reviews two books, Fat Chance and What’s Wrong with Fat?, that hope to reshape the debate about obesity in America.
The Debonded Interface Anticrack

The debonded interface anticrack is treated analytically and the singularity at the tip is found to vary between 1/2 and I, with the dependence on the material constants combination explicitly obtained. While the case of uniform tension and shear loading at infinity has been solved, the method of solution, which consists of distributing dislocation and line load densities, readily lends itself to solution for other point loadings, such as concentrated forces or dislocations.
Electron beam experiments at high altitudes

Experiments with the electron gun on the SCATHA satellite produced evidence of beam-plasma interactions, and heating of the low energy electrons around the satellite. These experiments were conducted near geosynchronous orbit, in the dusk bulge, and plasma sheet, with one short operation in the lobe regions, providing a range of ambient plasma densities. The electron gun was operated at 50 eV, with beam currents of 1, 10, and 100 micro-A. Data from electrostatic analyzers and the dc electric field experiment show that the satellite charged to near the beam energy in sunlight, if the beam current was sufficient. Higher ambient densities required higher beam currents. The electrostatic analyzers showed distribution functions which had peaks, or plateaus, at energies greater than the satellite potential. These measurements indicate heating of the ambient plasma at several Debye lengths from the satellite, with the heated plasma then accelerated into the satellite. It is likely that the ambient plasma is in fact the photoelectron sheath generated by the satellite.
Three-dimensional simulations of ferromagnetic implant hyperthermia.

A general three-dimensional planning program has been developed for hyperthermia treatments for cancer.1 In this study, the program is used to analyze the three-dimensional temperature distributions generated by interstitial ferromagnetic implants. An empirical power absorption formula developed by Haider2 for thermally self-regulating nickel-silicon ferromagnetic seeds has been used to calculate the seed power absorption as a function of seed temperature. By properly choosing the seed type (Curie point of seeds), and by using appropriate seed spacing, this heating modality can generate desirable three-dimensional temperature distributions for many different situations over a fairly large range of blood perfusion values. Detailed information regarding the choice of the Curie points of the seeds and the seed spacing for certain blood perfusions is also given as a quantitative guide for treatment planning.
Preoperative detection of peripherally circulating cancer cells and its prognostic significance in ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective Studies in several solid tumors have shown that the presence of occult metastasis in the bone marrow or peripheral blood is highly predictive of decreased disease-free and overall survival. Our objective was to determine the incidence of circulating ovarian or primary peritoneal cancer cells in the peripheral blood at the time of disease diagnosis, or recurrence, and to determine the prognostic significance of these occult metastasis. Methods Peripheral blood was drawn preoperatively from 91 women thought to have newly diagnosed or recurrent epithelial ovarian or primary peritoneal carcinoma. All samples underwent a tumor-enriched immunocytochemical assay. Results Sixty-four women were found to have epithelial ovarian or primary peritoneal cancer. Of the 64 women with cancer, 12 had evidence of circulating cancer cells in their peripheral blood (18.7%). Characteristics were compared between those with circulating cancer cells and those without, using Fisher's exact test or the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test, as appropriate. Women with circulating cancer cells had statistically more grade 3 tumors than women without. At a mean follow-up of 18.7 months (SD 6.7 months), analysis using Kaplan–Meier estimation and the log-rank test indicated that survival curves did not differ between patients with and without circulating cancer cells. Conclusion Ovarian and primary peritoneal cancer, which historically has been thought to spread primarily by direct cell seeding throughout the abdominal cavity, can have circulating cancer cells in the peripheral blood. The clinical utility of identifying circulating cancer cells is yet to be defined.
Fermions, gauge theories, and the Sinc function representation for Feynman diagrams

We extend our new approach for numeric evaluation of Feynman diagrams to integrals that include fermionic and vector propagators. In this initial discussion we begin by deriving the Sinc function representation for the propagators of spin-1/2 and spin-1 fields and exploring their properties. We show that the attributes of the spin-0 propagator which allowed us to derive the Sinc function representation for scalar field Feynman integrals are shared by fields with nonzero spin. We then investigate the application of the Sinc function representation to simple QED diagrams, including first order corrections to the propagators and the vertex.
Numbers of Salmonella recovered by sponge or low volume whole carcass rinse sampling of inoculated commercial turkey carcasses.

ABSTRACT Processed turkey carcasses are sampled forSalmonella via sponge sampling, whereas broilers are sampled via whole carcass rinses. Because different sampling methods have been reported to produce different results, sponge sampling and whole carcass rinsing (WCR) were performed on turkey hen carcasses inoculated with a known amount of nalidixic acid-resistantSalmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Five turkey hen carcasses were collected from the shackle line in a commercial processing plant in each of 4 replicate trials. Carcasses were placed in a cooler with a small amount of ice and transported to the laboratory for approximately 1.5 h.Salmonella inoculum was applied by spreading 0.5 mL on the back and 0.5 mL on the thigh. After 10 min, the carcasses were sampled via a premoistened 4 × 8-cm sponge, swiping 10 times vertically and 10 horizontally on the back, and then repeating the same sequence on the thigh using a 10 × 5-cm template. After sponge sampling carcasses were placed in a clean plastic bag, 200 mL of buffered peptone was added, and bags were manually shaken for 60 s for a low volume whole carcass rinse (WCR). Liquid from stomached sponges and from WCR rinsate was serially diluted in 0.85% saline and plated onto Brilliant Green agar with sulfapyridine containing 200 ppm of nalidixic acid. Plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h and colonies indicative ofSalmonella were counted and transformed from cfu/mL to log cfu/cm2. The low volume WCR recovered significantly moreSalmonella than sponge sampling in trial 3 (log 3.1 vs. 2.3, respectively) and trial 4 (log 3.1 vs. 2.2, respectively). No differences were observed in trials 1 and 2 due to sample method. Low volume WCR is equal to or more effective than sponge sampling for recovering inoculatedSalmonella from turkey carcasses.
Economic influences on presidential popularity among key political and socioeconomic groups: A review of the evidence and some new findings

This paper analyzes presidential popularity among important political and socioeconomic groups in the United States from 1965 to 1980, making use of the Gallup Poll indicators of support for the incumbent president among the main socioeconomic, regional, generational, sexual, and racial groups, and among Democratic, Republican, and independent voters. The analysis allows fully for both economic and noneconomic influences on incumbent popularity and includes in an integrated rational model underlying partisan orientations. The conclusions suggest the strong importance of partisanship, with the public's political response to the economy depending largely on the political affiliation of the incumbent president. Beyond this, we find economic predictors generally are more important than any of the systematic political or cyclical predictors tested here, with unemployment the single most important influence on presidential popularity. For all presidents, macroeconomic conditions have greater political significance than do the government's redistributive policies designed to influence economic well-being. And with minor exceptions, the economy's political importance is equally strong for all economic classes in American society.
Contingent payment procedures for smoking reduction and cessation.

Abstract We assessed the ability of a combined contingent reinforcement and intensive monitoring procedure to promote and sustain temporary smoking cessation among 34 hired research volunteers, and the ability of a smoking reduction test to predict the subsequent initiation of abstinence. During the 5-day cutdown test, subjects were paid from $0 to $6 per day depending on the extent of reduction from baseline CO levels. During the abstinence test, breath samples were obtained three times daily and subjects were paid $4 for each CO reading less than or equal to 11 ppm. Sixty-eight percent of subjects initiated abstinence. Of the breath samples collected during the abstinence test (91% of scheduled samples), 96.5% were less than or equal to 11 ppm and 80.5% were less than or equal to 8 ppm. Subjects who earned more money during the cutdown test were more likely to abstain (r = -0.51, p less than .001). Contingent reinforcement and intensive monitoring procedures appear to have usefulness for analog studies of smoking reduction and cessation.
Sol-gel materials for the solid phase extraction of metals from aqueous solution

Abstract Silica that was prepared by sol-gel chemistry to have pore widths in the microporous and in the mesoporous domains was evaluated as the host for performing solid phase extraction (SPE). Selective SPE of Ni II was accomplished with dimethylglyoxime (DMG)-doped silica, but the pore width was demonstrated to influence the chemistry of the material. With microporous silica as the host, the stoichiometry of the Ni II -DMG complex was 1:1 rather than 1:2, which is the value observed in aqueous solution. A green shift in the visible absorption spectrum was the primary evidence for the difference in stoichiometry; the alternative explanation of a rigidochromic effect on the spectrum was eliminated. The capacity of the DMG-doped mesoporous silica was only 9 μmol Ni g −1 because of leaching of the complexing agent. The microporous material showed no loss of DMG, but low permeability lowered the capacity. An alternative, albeit not selective, approach was to employ a mesoporous host to which a complexing agent, diethylenetriamine (DTA), was covalently bound. In this case, a capacity of 0.156 mmol Cu g −1 , was achieved.
Fluorescence characterization of the transcription bubble in elongation complexes of T7 RNA polymerase.

The various kinetic and thermodynamic models for transcription elongation all require an understanding of the nature of the melted bubble which moves with the RNA polymerase active site. Is the general nature of the bubble system-dependent or are there common energetic requirements which constrain a bubble in any RNA polymerases? T7 RNA polymerase is one of the simplest RNA polymerases and is the system for which we have the highest-resolution structural information. However, there is no high-resolution information available for a stable elongation complex. In order to directly map melted regions of the DNA in a functionally paused elongation complex, we have introduced fluorescent probes site-specifically into the DNA. Like 2-aminopurine, which substitutes for adenine bases, the fluorescence intensity of the new probe, pyrrolo-dC, which substitutes for cytosine bases, is sensitive to its environment. Specifically, the fluorescence is quenched in duplex DNA relative to its fluorescence in single-stranded DNA, such that the probe provides direct information on local melting of the DNA. Placement of this new probe at specific positions in the non-template strand shows clearly that the elongation bubble extends about eight bases upstream of the pause site, while 2-aminopurine probes show that the elongation bubble extends only about one nucleotide downstream of the last base incorporated. The positioning of the active site very close to the downstream edge of the bubble is consistent with previous studies and with similar studies of the promoter-bound, pre-initiation complex. The results show clearly that the RNA:DNA hybrid can be no more than eight nucleotides in length, and characterization of different paused species suggests preliminarily that these dimensions are not sequence or position dependent. Finally, the results confirm that the ternary complex is not stable with short lengths of transcript, but persists for a substantial time when paused in the middle or at the (runoff) end of duplex DNA.
Viscous-Magnetic Boundary Layers

Die Losung des allgemeinen Problems der viskomagnetischen Grenzschicht wird mit Hilfe asymptotischer Entwicklungen des zugehorigen singularen Storungsproblems behandelt. Dabei werden diejenigen Situationen betrachtet, bei denen sich das Vorhandensein zweier Grenzschichtbereiche erkennen last. Die Durchfuhrbarkeit der Methode, die auf Reihenentwicklungen nach Potenzen geeigneter Parameter in jedem Bereich beruht, wird gezeigt. Im einzelnen wird das magnetofluiddynamische Feld einer ebenen dielektrischen Platte fur Grosenordnungen der charakteristischen Zahlen behandelt, die dem Fall entsprechen, das eine viskomagnetische Grenzschicht uber der Platte liegt, wahrend sich zwischen der viskomagnetischen Region und der auseren freien Stromung eine rein magnetische Grenzschicht erstreckt. Die zugehorigen Gleichungen werden gelost und die Ergebnisse in analytischer Gestalt oder numerisch angegeben. The solution of the general problem of the viscous magnetic boundary layer equations is dealt with by means of the asymptotic expansions of the related singular perturbation problem. Those situations are considered when the existence of two boundary layer regions is in general recognized. As a consequence, the feasibility of a solution method based on series expansions of powers of the suitable characteristic parameters of each region is demonstrated. The magnetofluiddynamic field on a dielectric flat plate in a uniform, parallel magnetic field is considered when the orders of magnitude of the characteristic numbers are such that a viscous magnetic boundary layer lies over the plate, and a purely magnetic boundary layer extends itself between the viscous magnetic region and the external free stream. The solution of the pertinent equations is then carried out and the results are given either in analytical or in numerical form.
Prenatal and Postnatal Attachment: A Modest Correlation

Objective To determine whether a correlation exists between prenatal and postnatal attachment. Design Prospective, correlational study with data collected during the second half of pregnancy and again 1–2 months after delivery. Setting/Participants Two hundred twenty‐eight women were recruited from childbirth education classes. The women were generally young, white, well educated, married, and employed. Main outcome measures The Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI) was used to measure attachment before birth. The Maternal Attachment Inventory (MAI), the How I Feel About my Baby Now Scale, and the Maternal Separation Anxiety Scale were used to measure attachment after birth. Results One hundred ninety‐six women completed all the measures. A correlation was found between PAI and MAI scores (r = 0.41, p Conclusions A correlation between prenatal and postnatal attachment was found. However, the modest size of the correlation indicated that other factors also influenced postnatal scores. Thus, caution should be exercised when promoting increased prenatal attachment in hopes of improving postnatal attachment.
Fabrication and Characterization of a Functionally Gradient Mo-MoSi2] Composite

For the application of immersed combustion-radiant tubes in glass melters, a Mo-MoSi2 functionally gradient composite was developed. A gradient profile mixture with varying amounts of powders of these two compounds was hot pressed at 1650°C and 17.4 MPa. Mo5Si3, and Mo3Si reaction products were detected by XRD in the hot pressed composite. Limited cracking was apparent in regions where pure Mo regions applied tensile stresses to regions rich in Mo3Si product. Cyclic heat treatments in a reducing atmosphere showed no signs of further CTE mismatch induced cracking, but did indicate a propensity to creep under load at ~ 1400°C. A functionally gradient material with MoSi2 on all exterior surfaces showed excellent oxidation protection to the Mo center.
Ovine fetal adaptations to chronically reduced urine flow: preservation of amniotic fluid volume

Mann, Stephanie E., Mark J. M. Nijland, and Michael G. Ross.Ovine fetal adaptations to chronically reduced urine flow: preservation of amniotic fluid volume. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(6): 2588–2594, 199...
Intervento sulla crisi con sopravvissuti a incidenti

Il bisogno di interventi sulla crisi a seguito di incidenti/tragedie e spesso sottovalutato. Il numero di persone vittime di incidenti d’auto ogni anno e scoraggiante: 42.682 nel 2006. I dati dell’Amministrazione per la Salute, i Trasporti e la Sicurezza Nazionale (NHTSA) indicano pero che il numero delle vittime di incidenti d’auto negli Stati Uniti — nel periodo 2005–2006 — e diminuito di un incoraggiante 2%: 1,42 vittime per 1 milione di miglia percorse, il numero piu basso nella storia Americana (National Health Transportation and Safety Administration, 2006). Ad ogni modo, il numero di persone ferite in altri tipi di incidenti e cresciuto: secondo il Centro per il Controllo delle Malattie (CDC), ci sono stati circa 108 milioni di visite di pronto soccorso negli Stati Uniti tra il 2004 e il 2005; molte erano il risultato di incidenti, tra cui quelli per cadute sul posto di lavoro, traffico, crimini e reazioni accidentali a droghe/farmaci (American College of Emergency Physicians, ACEP, 2008).
Electromagnetic rail launcher force analysis

A force prediction method, along with a dynamic simulation procedure, is presented for a specific launcher configuration. An equivalent circuit is developed to simulate railgun performance, and the electrical equations are given. The model used for mechanical performance is also presented. The simulation has been implemented in a Fortran computer code that has been debugged and verified on many examples. The force calculation algorithm used is known to produce accurate results. Force prediction algorithm modifications to account for effective length changes on the rails have been verified. This force prediction technique is currently being used to analyze multiple systems operating at high current levels. >
CloudPolice: taking access control out of the network

Cloud computing environments impose new challenges on access control techniques due to multi-tenancy, the growing scale and dynamicity of hosts within the cloud infrastructure, and the increasing diversity of cloud network architectures. The majority of existing access control techniques were originally designed for enterprise environments that do not share these challenges and, as such, are poorly suited for cloud environments. In this paper, we argue that it is both sufficient and advantageous to implement access control only within the hypervisors at the end-hosts. We thus propose Cloud-Police, a system that implements a hypervisor-based access control mechanism. We argue that, not only can CloudPolice support more sophisticated access control policies, it can do so in a manner that is simpler, more scalable and more robust than existing network-based techniques.
Study of critical phenomena of polystyrene—poly(vinyl methyl ether) blends by solid state NMR

Thermally induced phase separation in PS/PVME blends was studied by solid state NMR. The proton spin—lattice relaxation in both the laboratory and the rotating frame were measured for the entire range of blend composition. Under conditions in which the blends are said to be compatible by other techniques T results obtained at −5°C showed microheterogeneity at a 10−°A scale. T1pH values at room temperature are closer to the longer relaxation time of PS than that expected from simple weighted average of the relaxation times of the constituent homopolymers. This indicates incomplete averaging by spin diffusion and a restraining effect of PS on segmental motions of PVME. The blends were heated to cause phase separation and quenched. From the biphasic decay of 13C magnetization, the compositions of the separated phases were estimated to give a lower critical solution temperature phase diagram. NMR relaxation in PVME blends with PS molecular weights of 9, 100, and 900 K were compared.
Potential interactions between invasive woody shrubs and the gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar ), an invasive insect herbivore

As the range of the invasive and highly polyphagous gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) expands, it increasingly overlaps with forest areas that have been subject to invasion by non-native shrubs. We explored the potential for interactions between these co-occurring invasions through a gypsy moth feeding trial using the following three highly invasive, exotic shrubs: honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii), privet (Ligustrum sinense) and burning bush (Euonymus alatus). We compared these with two native shrubs: spicebush (Lindera benzoin) and pawpaw (Asimina triloba). We fed gypsy moth caterpillars foliage exclusively from one of the five shrubs and measured their relative consumptive rate (RCR), relative growth rate (RGR), and development time (DT). The RCR of gypsy moth was strongly influenced by the species of foliage (F = 31.9; P < 0.0001) with little or no consumption of honeysuckle and privet. Caterpillar RGR was influenced by the shrub species (F = 66.2; P < 0.0001), and those caterpillars fed spicebush, honeysuckle or privet lost weight over the course of the assay. Caterpillar DT was also significantly (F = 11.79, P < 0.0001) influenced by the shrub species and those fed honeysuckle, privet and spicebush died prior to molting. Overall, our data suggest that honeysuckle, privet, and spicebush could benefit (indirectly) from the invasion of gypsy moth, while burning bush and pawpaw could be negatively impacted due to direct effects (herbivory). Similarly, invading gypsy moth populations could be sustained on a shrub layer of burning bush and pawpaw in the event of canopy defoliation. Further field and laboratory analysis is needed to clarify herbivore resistance of invasive shrubs, and to investigate the potential interactions among co-occurring insect and plant invasions.
Residue management, conservation tillage and soil restoration for mitigating greenhouse effect by CO2-enrichment

This manuscript reviews the potential impact of residue management, conservation tillage and soil restoration on carbon sequestration in world soils. The greenhouse effect is among four principal ecological issues of global concern that include: (i) adequacy of land resources to meet needs of present and future generations; (ii) role of world soils and agricultural practices in the ‘greenhouse’ effect; (iii) potential of crop residue management, restoration of degraded soils, and conservation tillage in carbon sequestration in soil; and (iv) minimizing risks of soil degradation by enhancing soil resilience and soil quality. Annual increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is 3.2 × 1015 g, and there exists a potential to mitigate this effect through C sequestration in soils. Just as world soils are an important active pool of organic carbon and play a major role in the global carbon cycle, crop residue is a major renewable resource which also has an important impact on the global carbon cycle. I have estimated the annual production of crop residue to be about 3.4 billion Mg in the world. If 15% of C contained in the residue can be converted to passive soil organic carbon (SOC) fraction, it may lead to C sequestration at the rate of 0.2 × 1015 g/yr. Similarly restoring presently degraded soils, estimated at about 2.0 billion ha, and increasing SOC content by 0.01% /yr may lead C sequestration at the rate of 3.0 Pg C/yr. Conservation tillage is an important tool for crop residue management, restoration of degraded soil, and for enhancing C sequestration in soil. Conservation tillage, any tillage system that maintains at least 30% of the soil surface covered by residue, was practised in 1995 on about 40 × 106 ha or 35.5% of planted area in USA. It is projected that by the year 2020, conservation tillage may be adopted on 75% of cropland in USA (140 × 106 ha), 50% in other developed countries (225 × 106 ha), and 25% in developing countries (172 × 106 ha). The projected conversion of conventional to conservation tillage may lead to a global C sequestration by 2020 at a low estimate of 1.5 × 1015 g, and at a high estimate of 3.9 × 1015 g of C. These potentials of C sequestration can be realized through adoption of regional, national and global soil policy that stipulate appropriate use of world soil resources.
Peace and Power Significant Notions in Nursing and Healthcare

Chinn’s Peace and Power: Creative Leadership for Building Community has been published in its seventh edition. It is a book used by many nurse leaders as a guide for building community through group processes that honors others. This seventh edition includes information and ideas for the virtual group online. In this column, Peace and Power is reviewed by two nursing faculty members: one of which has used this book in her course work and the other who has worked as a nurse executive in the healthcare service arena.
Towards an application-specific thermal energy model of current processors

Recent developments of high-end processors recognize temperature monitoring and tuning as one of the main challenges towards achieving higher performance given the growing power and temperature constraints. To address this challenge, one needs both suitable thermal energy abstraction and corresponding instrumentation. Our model is based on application-specific parameters such as power consumption, execution time, and asymptotic temperature as well as hardware-specific parameters such as half time for thermal rise or fall. As observed with our out-of-band instrumentation and monitoring infrastructure, the temperature changes follow a relatively slow capacitor-style charge-discharge process. Therefore, we use the lumped thermal model that initiates an exponential process whenever there is a change in processor's power consumption. Initial experiments with two codes -- Firestarter and Nekbone -- validate our thermal energy model and demonstrate its use for analyzing and potentially improving the application-specific balance between temperature, power, and performance.
New devices for computing

Leading semiconductor companies are increasing their research investment in new devices and circuit architectures with the potential to take information technology beyond the inherent limits of the field effect transistor (FET). Some of the devices explored to date, such as tunneling FETs (TFETs) based on III-V semiconductors, promise to open a new low-power design space which is inaccessible to conventional FETs. Nanomagnetic devices may allow memory and logic functions to be combined in novel ways. And newer, more promising device concepts continue to emerge. Despite the growing research investment, the landscape of promising research opportunities outside the “FET box” appears to be vast and still largely unexplored.
Read-Aloud Accommodations, Expository Text, and Adolescents With Learning Disabilities

Adolescents with learning disabilities in reading have difficulties with reading and understanding difficult gradelevel curricular material. One frequently used method of support is using read-aloud accommodations, which can be live read-alouds or text-to-speech (TTS) read-alouds. A single case alternating treatment design was used to examine the effectiveness of live and TTS read-aloud accommodations on reading comprehension and task completion time for four secondary students with learning disabilities in reading. Compared to reading independently during baseline, neither live nor TTS read-aloud accommodations increased comprehension to sufficient levels of proficiency, suggesting read-alouds alone are not sufficient to support adolescents with learning disabilities. The lack of effect of one read-aloud intervention over the other also suggested teachers need to determine whether read-alouds are appropriate for students with learning disabilities on an individual basis, based on personal preferences, needs, and strengths. Subscribe to LDMJ
Facing the Trust Gap - Measuring and Managing Stakeholder Trust

'Business as usual' has come under heavy scrutiny. Current business organizations are facing a predicament that Jackson and Nelson compare to a 'perfect storm.' They argue that 'despite the ongoing pressures of relentless competition, and the need to deliver short-term financial performance, no major company can ignore and fail to respond to the following threats to long-term corporate success and viability: the crisis of trust, the crisis of inequality, and the crisis of sustainability.' In this article I am laying out a framework that can help managers to face the current trust crisis and systematically measure and build trust with their stakeholders. Doing well by doing good seems a promising strategy with regard to managing stakeholder trust sustainably.
Rolled-up nanoporous membranes by nanoimprint lithography and strain engineering

It is extremely challenging to enable nanoscale patterning in three dimensional (3D) curved geometries using conventional nanolithographic approaches. In this paper, we describe a highly parallel approach that combines nanoimprint lithography (NIL) and thin film bilayer strain engineering to spontaneously roll-up nanopatterned membranes into curved geometries. Specifically, we first patterned a silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) / silicon (Si) bilayer using nanoimprint lithography followed by plasma etching to create well defined pores. The diameter of the pores was further reduced by physical vapor deposition of platinum to sizes as small as 50 nm. After patterning, the bilayers were released from the substrate by etching an underlying SiO 2 sacrificial layer. Based on the high deposition stress values for low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) deposited Si 3 N 4 and Si, we varied the thickness of the bilayer to realize rolled-up tubes with different radii of curvature; these curvature values were in good agreement with a finite element analysis model (FEM). The assembled nanoporous tubes had well defined pores along their curved interface and can be applied for drug delivery, separations and ion-sensing devices. We highlight biocompatibility of the devices by encapsulating β-TC-6 islet cells of relevance to cell encapsulation therapy for diabetes. More broadly, we believe that this approach of combining NIL with strain engineering processes could be utilized to create a range of precisely nanopatterned curved structures in a highly parallel manner.
Freedom and International Conflict: Another Look

Rummel (1983) asserts a strong relationship between nonfreedom and international conflict, using a data set he has constructed and scaled. The present article explores the relationship of nonfreedom to conflict when the Azar data set is substituted for the Rummel data set. The results indicate virtually no relationship between nonfreedom and conflict in the Azar set and suggets there may be methodological problems in Rummel's analysis.
Critical theory of religion vs. critical religion

Last year’s editorial, ‘‘How can mainstream approaches become more critical?’’ (Goldstein, Boer, King and Boyarin, 2015) provoked some strong responses. Initially, these occurred in social media—a place which one might think unlikely for intellectual discussion but in some ways has become its vanguard. There a debate ensued (mostly between Russell McCutcheon, Craig Martin, and CRR Editor Warren S. Goldstein), which was published subsequently in Religion Bulletin under the title ‘‘On the Nature and Ends of Critique in the Study of Religion.’’ After that, we received two submissions, one by Craig Martin and the other by Timothy Fitzgerald, which were largely responses to the editorial. Both were published in the December 2015 issue of CRR (see Fitzgerald, 2015 and Martin, 2015). They focused on a line of inquiry we had neglected in our editorial, centering on the problems with the category of religion, which Fitzgerald has coined ‘‘critical religion.’’ Here, we want to engage critical religion as articulated by McCutcheon, Fitzgerald, and Martin, recognizing that they do not stand as a cohesive unit and that there may be as much disagreement between them as there is agreement. While we appreciate the many insights that critical religion has contributed to our understanding of religion as a category, we also find limitations in the debate over the category and the ensuing assumptions concerning the methods of scholarly analysis of religion. In juxtaposition to critical religion, we shall offer a critical theory of religion more narrowly defined (a position with which we closely identify). In the Facebook exchange, McCutcheon’s and Martin’s objections centered on our value laden approach—which is an aspect that we share with religious traditions. We argued that in order to engage in critique, one must select values as a ground for evaluation. McCutcheon pointed out that values are socially located, and we agree. Nevertheless, we see his attempt to gain a historical, institutional understanding as similarly value laden
Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) owing to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is a monogenic disorder of adrenal steroidogenesis. To prevent genital ambiguity, in girls, prenatal dexamethasone treatment is administered early in the first trimester. Prenatal genetic diagnosis of CAH and fetal sex determination identify affected female fetuses at risk for genital virilization. Advancements in prenatal diagnosis are owing to improved understanding of the genetic basis of CAH and improved technology. Cloning of the CYP21A2 gene ushered in molecular genetic analysis as the current standard of care. Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis allows for targeted treatment and avoids unnecessary treatment of males and unaffected females.
Warriors and Maidens: Colonialism, Ethnography and the Making of 'Traditional' Kikuyu Sexualities

As Africanist scholars, we seldom work to think  the colonial encounter as a process of epistemological entanglement: as the gradual merging, re-mapping and reconstruction of both indigenous and Western ways of knowing and being in the world. When we remain cognizant of the hegemonic status of European epistemologies during the colonial period, thinking the colonial encounter in this way challenges us to ask important questions about how we know what we know and how knowledge about "sexuality, the sexual body and the various interests and powers (secular and temporal) that shape the institutionalization of sex and sexual morality in Africa" prior to and during the colonial period was produced and how it was/is understood then and now. Focusing on one particular historical context and ethnic group, the Gikuyu of Central Kenya, my paper seeks to think critically about how we know what we know and how knowledge about Gikuyu sexuality was produced from the pre-colonial to the early colonial period (c. late 1800s-1940s). More specifically, I wish to interrogate some of the foundational assumptions  (to borrow Oyeronke Oyewumi words) concerning women and men status  or position within pre-colonial Gikuyu society through an examination of some of the early twentieth century ethnographic work produced by Western (and/or Western trained) anthropologists. These early anthropologists, it is well known, were frequently unconscious of the various ways in which their own Eurocentric preconceptions regarding the natural  organization of society influenced their ethnographic analyses of Gikuyu culture and society. While the field of anthropology has done a great deal to critique the production of ethnographic knowledge before and during the colonial period, other disciplines have done little to fully apprehend and theorize the consequences of this critique for our own understanding of and use of ethnographic evidence. Thus, my central objective in this paper will be to think critically about how a Eurocentric gaze informs and (likely) distorts what we know  about Gikuyu sexuality from the pre-colonial to the mid-colonial period.
Case 2: Diffuse Papulopustular Rash in an 11-week-old Boy

1. Alexander Hogan, MD* 2. Deirdre Fearon, MD† 3. Frances Turcotte Benedict, MD, MPH† 1. *Department of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, The Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY. 2. †Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI. An 11-week-old boy presents with a 3-week history of a diffuse papular rash. The rash initially appeared on his trunk, subsequently spreading to the scalp, face, and extremities, including the palms and soles. The infant had a normal spontaneous vaginal delivery following a benign prenatal course. He is exclusively breastfed and feeding and growing well. He was initially seen and evaluated by his pediatrician, who diagnosed neonatal acne. However, as the rash progressed, the pediatrician sent the patient to the emergency department for evaluation. There are no known sick contacts, and no one else living with the infant has a rash. Physical examination reveals a nondysmorphic, well-appearing infant with benign examination findings apart from mild hepatomegaly and a diffuse papular rash (Fig. 1). When unroofed, a small amount of a milky white liquid is expressed. Vital signs are within normal limits for age and the patient’s weight is at the 50th percentile for age. Figure 1. Diffuse papulopustular lesions on feet with no underlying erythema or excoriation. The patient’s initial laboratory results appeared grossly abnormal. The …
Antitumor efficacy of anti-GD2 IgG1 is enhanced by Fc glyco-engineering

The affinity of therapeutic antibodies for Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) strongly influences their antitumor potency. To generate antibodies with optimal binding and immunologic efficacy, we compared the affinities of different versions of an IgG1 Fc region that had an altered peptide backbone, altered glycans, or both. To produce IgG1 with glycans that lacked α1,6-fucose, we used CHO cells that were deficient in the enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine: α-3-d-mannoside-β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT1), encoded by the MGAT1 gene. Mature N-linked glycans require this enzyme, and without it, CHO cells synthesize antibodies carrying only Man5-GlcNAc2, which were more effective in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Our engineered IgG1, hu3F8-IgG1, is specific for GD2, a neuroendocrine tumor ganglioside. Its peptide mutant is IgG1-DEL (S239D/I332E/A330L), both produced in wild-type CHO cells. When produced in GnT1-deficient CHO cells, we refer to them as IgG1n and IgG1n-DEL, respectively. Affinities for human FcγRs were measured using Biacore T-100 (on CD16 and CD32 polymorphic alleles), their immunologic properties compared for ADCC and complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) in vitro, and pharmacokinetics and antitumor effects were compared in vivo in humanized mice. IgG1n and IgG1n-DEL contained only mannose and acetylglucosamine and had preferential affinity for activating CD16s, over inhibitory CD32B, receptors. In vivo, the antitumor effects of IgG1, IgG1-DEL, and IgG1n-DEL were similar but modest, whereas IgG1n was significantly more effective (P < 0.05). Thus, IgG1n antibodies produced in GnT1-deficient CHO cells may have potential as improved anticancer therapeutics. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(7); 631-8. ©2016 AACR.
Aging increases venous compliance in awake instrumented rats

To determine the effects of aging on total venous compliance, mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP) was determined at several different blood volumes in 10 young (10-mo-old) and 10 older (30-mo-old) awake instrumented male Fischer 344/Brown Norway hybrid rats. Baseline weight and mean arterial pressure were similar in the two groups; heart rate was higher in the young (426 +/- 9 beats/min) than in the older rats (376 +/- 8 beats/min). Although MCFP was similar in the two groups at baseline blood volume, MCFP rose less with transient volume expansion and fell less with transient volume depletion in the older rats. The calculated venous compliance (reciprocal of the slope of the MCFP-to-volume relation) for the older rats was 25% greater than in the younger rats (3.28 +/- 0.21 vs. 2.63 +/- 0.12 ml.kg-1.mmHg-1; P = 0.014). In this conscious instrumented rat model, baseline total venous compliance is increased in older rats.
Moral Clarity in Narratives Elicits Greater Cooperation than Moral Ambiguity

In disciplines such as moral psychology and media theory, investigations of moral clarity versus ambiguity in narratives are increasingly important. Untested mechanisms have been proposed for how moral clarity and ambiguity might affect audiences. Based on literature regarding joint action and coordinated experiences, we reason that morally clear narratives elicit coordinated responses across audience members, which should increase within-group cooperation. By contrast, we reason that morally ambiguous narratives elicit divergent, uncoordinated responses across audience members, and this experience decreases cooperation. We conducted three independent studies (one using short text narratives, one using feature-length films, and one using morally and emotionally neutral stimuli). Results indicate that moral clarity is indeed associated with subsequently higher levels of group cooperation than moral ambiguity, and the effect cannot be attributed to changes in affect or moral priming.