cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Irrigação e adubação potássica via fertirrigação em bananeira 'willians': produção e qualidade de frutos

The application of nutrients through irrigation water increases their efficiency of utilization by plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of potassium fertilization and irrigation on the yield and fruit quality of banana cv. Willians, in the Medio Paranapanema Region, Sao Paulo. Four water regimes were evaluated: rainfed, 0.7 of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo), 1.4 ETo and 2.1 ETo, combined with four doses of potassium: 0, 300, 600 and 900 kg ha year-1 K2O, applied weekly by fertigation. Under rainfed, potassium fertilization was applied during the rainy season, split into four times. Potassium fertigation affects positively both the production and the quality of the fruits of banana cv. Willians. In addition, the fertigation increased nutrient use efficiency when compared to fertilization under rainfed conditions.
Progress in horizontal and slant-path imaging using speckle imaging

The difficulty in terrestrial imaging over long horizontal or slant paths is that atmospheric aberrations and distortions reduce the resolution and contrast in images recorded at high resolution. This paper will describe the problem of horizontal-path imaging, briefly cover various methods for imaging over horizontal paths and then describe the speckle imaging method actively being pursued at LLNL. We will review some closer range (1-3 km range) imagery of people we have already published, as well as show new results of vehicles we have obtained over longer slant-range paths greater than 20 km.
Automatic Processing of Current Affairs Queries

Abstract The SMART system is used for the analysis, search and retrieval of news stories appearing in Time magazine. A comparison is made between the automatic text processing methods incorporated into the SMART system and a manual search using the classified index to Time . The results indicate that equivalent retrieval results are obtainable when both the manual and the automatic searches are carried out in a feedback mode.
Toward matched filter optimization for subgraph detection in dynamic networks

This paper outlines techniques for optimization of filter coefficients in a spectral framework for anomalous subgraph detection. Restricting the scope to the detection of a known signal in i.i.d. noise, the optimal coefficients for maximizing the signal's power are shown to be found via a rank-1 tensor approximation of the subgraph's dynamic topology. While this technique optimizes our power metric, a filter based on average degree is shown in simulation to work nearly as well in terms of power maximization and detection performance, and better separates the signal from the noise in the eigenspace.
Heats of hydrogenation and formation of some 5-membered ring compounds by molecular mechanics calculations and direct measurements

Abstract Molecular mechanics calculations (MM2) have been carried out on twenty hydrocarbons, all of which are either cyclopentenes or alkylidenecyclopentanes. The heats of hydrogenation of eight of these compounds were measured in hexane solution at room temperature. These calculated and experimental results are compared with available heats of formation, determined primarily from combustion data. The agreement between the hydrogeneration values and the molecular mechanics values is in general quite good, the agreement with the combustion data somewhat less so.
Flows of capital and forms of industry in Europe, 1500–1900

An unwary traveler in Paris or London often straightens out the river in his imagination, and then makes terrible deductions about the shortest path from one place to another within the city. If he follows up those deductions without consulting a well-drawn map, he finds himself wandering, worn, and confused. Neither the Seine nor the Thames comes close to describing a straight line. Similarly, a straight-line model of industrialization is not merely inaccurate in itself; it leads to faulty, costly deductions about the likely consequences and correlates of the whole process. The Industrial Revolution model of industrialization follows a straight line from agriculture to handicraft to full-scale industry, with handicraft a weak anticipation of full-scale industry. That model not only exaggerates the role of technology and foreshortens the history of industrial production, but also - at least for the European experience - misstates the relationships between urban and rural capital and labor. The classic Marxist model, with its intermediate stage of Manufacture drawing heavily on rural labor, improves our understanding of the historical terrain by putting an appropriate bend in the river of industrialization. It also improves on the Industrial Revolution model by drawing attention to the accumulation and redeployment of capital. Yet the classic Marxist model, too, exaggerates the importance of technological change, and underestimates the interdependence of changes in city and country, of alterations in the organization of industry and agriculture.
Porous NiTi by creep expansion of argon-filled pores

Abstract NiTi powders are densified in the presence of argon gas, whose initial pressure is varied between 1 and 33 atm, to create NiTi billets containing isolated Ar-filled pores. Upon vacuum annealing, the pressurized pores expand by creep of the surrounding NiTi matrix at rates which are in agreement with a simple analytical model up to 16% porosity. Beyond this porosity, foaming becomes very slow, as pores connect with each other and with the specimen surface where the gas escapes. This is due to failure of previous NiTi powder boundaries weakened by oxides insoluble in NiTi; this mechanism does not occur in Ti foams which dissolve their oxides at high temperature, allowing higher levels of pore expansion and foam porosity. NiTi with 10–16% porosity exhibits Young's moduli of 48–57 GPa, and may be useful for high-strength, low stiffness biomedical implants with superelastic or shape-memory properties.
A Comparison of Radiographic and Anatomical Evidence of Tooth Development in Infant Apes

This study assesses dental development in a sample of 8 known-age infant orangutans and chimpanzees in order to examine discrepancies between radiographic analyses of tooth development and the actual
Acute Stroke Care

Ken Uchino, Jennifer Pary, James Grotta: Acute Stroke Care. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2011, 234 pp., ISBN-13: 978-0521184847
Acetylcholinesterase inhibition increases in vivo N-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-4-piperidyl benzilate binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

Top of pageAbstract Although the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase remains the primary treatment of Alzheimer's disease, little is known of the results of increased acetylcholine levels on muscarinic receptor occupancy or function. Using N-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-4-piperidyl benzilate ([18F]FEPB), a moderate affinity (Ki = 1.7 nmol/L) nonsubtype-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist, the authors examined the sensitivity of equilibrium in vivo radioligand binding in rat brain with changes in endogenous acetylcholine levels produced by treatments with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Phenserine administration 30 minutes before resulted in a dose-dependent increase in N-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-4-piperidyl benzilate binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors, reaching a maximum increase of 90% in the striatum at a dose of 5 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Constant infusion of physostigmine at a dosage of 250 g/kg/min produced an identical increase in radioligand binding. This agonist-induced increase of in vivo mAChR radioligand binding offers a new method for monitoring of the efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or other drugs to enhance acetylcholine actions at the muscarinic receptors. Keywords: Fluorine-18, Acetylcholine, Piperidyl benzilate, Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, Phenserine Abbreviations: ACh, acetylcholine; AChE, acetylcholinesterase; AD, Alzheimer's disease; DVR, distribution volume ratio; [11C]PMP, N-[11C]methylpiperidinyl propionate; 4-[18F]FEPB, N-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-4-piperidyl benzilate; mAChR, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor; PET, positron emission tomography; SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography
Site Characterization For Groundwater Using Controlled-Source Electromagnetics

Controlled source electromagnetic data were acquired at two sites in Southern California in order to characterize the subsurface and identify structures that would influence water flow and distribution. The electromagnetic data were inverted to ascertain the subsurface electrical conductivity structure of the sites. Due to higher data quality and validity of layered Earth assumption, 1D inversion was sufficient for characterizing the Anza, California field site. The Joshua Tree, California site presented a greater challenge due to more subsurface heterogeneities and variable electrode coupling conditions. 1D inversion was attempted for these data, but fitting the data with the 1D inversion proved to be nearly impossible. These data were inverted in 3D at lower frequencies in order to characterize the deep structure of the site. The 3D inversion results are relatively consistent with what is known about the subsurface geology for the site.
Narcissism, Low Self-Control, and Violence Among a Nationally Representative Sample

A growing body of evidence has highlighted the relationship between narcissism and violence. Importantly, however, the predominance of this evidence comes from experimental tests or small-scale samples that most often overlook the contribution of low self-control to explicating the relationship. The present study refers to the National Epidemiological Study of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) to assess narcissism, low self-control, and violence among a nationally representative sample. Using Latent Class Analyses (LCA), four classes of individuals are identified, and multinomial regression models indicate that narcissism and low self-control are associated with a range of violent acts among these groups. Most importantly, results show that the class of individuals that is high in narcissism and deficient in self-control is far and away the most prone to violence. Together, these findings lend important nationally representative support to recent experimental and meta-analytical conclusions suggesting that the co-occurrence of narcissism and low self-control has significant implications for our understanding of violence. Limitations of this study and avenues for future research are discussed. Keywords: Juvenile justice Language: en
A Kikuchi map for 6H α-SiC

A Kikuchimap for the 6H polytype of α-SiC has been constructed for the standard triangle [0001]-[2110]-[1100] Selected, indexed diffraction spot patterns have also been produced and are included as companion information for the map.
Suppression of calbindin D28K in estrogen-induced hamster renal tumors.

Abstract It has been hypothesized that generation of reactive estrogen–quinone species and oxidative stress, both of which result from the metabolic activation of estrogens, plays an important role in estrogen-induced carcinogenesis. In the present investigation, we used an estrogen-induced hamster renal tumor model to identify gene(s) associated with oxidative stress that may be differentially expressed in estrogen-induced tumors compared with untreated controls. Hamsters were implanted with 17β-estradiol (E2) for 7 months. This treatment resulted in the development of target organ specific kidney tumors. Delta differential PCR technique on RNA isolated from estrogen-induced hamster renal tumors and untreated control kidneys identified a number of cDNA fragments that were differentially expressed in tumor RNA compared with untreated controls. We report the cloning of one of the differentially expressed cDNA fragments, the hamster calbindin-D28k (Cb28k) cDNA, and present a finding that both Cb28k mRNA and protein are suppressed in estrogen-induced hamster renal tumors compared with untreated controls. Cb28k is a Vitamin D3-dependent calcium binding protein that acts as a buffer to maintain intracellular calcium homeostasis, although its exact role is still not clear. Since Cb28k gene has been shown to be associated with providing cells resistance against oxidative stress, Cb28k may be an important biomarker in estrogen-mediated carcinogenesis and oxidative stress.
Creating Collective Attention in the Public Domain: Human Interest Narratives and the Rescue of Floyd Collins

Building on Helen MacGill Hughes's News and the Human Interest Story, we examine how human interest stories create collective attention, essential for the establishment of a public or demos, and the limitations of that process. Although human interest stories are not unique in this regard, such stories encourage shared identification, important for social cohesion and the maintenance of a public sphere. However, since the embedded story is presented as one that is not perceived as having lasting societal impact, it directs attention away from political action. We present four processes through which human interest stories operate: (1) media placement — how media structure and occupational interests produce stories that capture reader loyalty, (2) identification potential — the creation of scenes and personae that audiences feel they "know" and with which they can identify, (3) narrative arc — the process by which a story maintains reader interest, exposing conflicts and changes in likely outcomes, and (4) discursive space — the role of moral issues, provoking discussion and the possibility of active involvement of audiences. To explore these processes we analyze the case of Floyd Collins, the Kentucky caver trapped for seventeen days in 1925, and detail the associated media frenzy.
Exploring Spin Transfer Torque Devices for Unconventional Computing

This paper reviews the potential of spin-transfer torque devices as an alternative to complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor for non-von Neumann and non-Boolean computing. Recent experiments on spin-transfer torque devices have demonstrated high-speed magnetization switching of nanoscale magnets with small current densities. Coupled with other properties, such as nonvolatility, zero leakage current, high integration density, we discuss that the spin-transfer torque devices can be inherently suitable for some unconventional computing models for information processing. We review several spintronic devices in which magnetization can be manipulated by current induced spin transfer torque and explore their applications in neuromorphic computing and reconfigurable memory-based computing.
Polymer mesocomposites: Ultrafiltration membrane materials with enhanced permeability, selectivity and fouling resistance

Abstract Polymeric mesocomposite membranes were prepared via wet phase inversion processes by incorporating surfactant-templated mesoporous silica particles, denoted MSP-1, into polysulfone matrices formed with and without PEG as a molecular porogen. Transmission electron microscopy and N 2 adsorption–desorption measurements showed higher surface area (354 m 2 /g), smaller average pore size (53 nm), and larger pore volume (2.92 cm 3 /g) with a narrower pore size distribution (26 nm width at half-maximum) for surfactant-templated mesoporous silica particles compared to those of precipitated commercially available mesoporous silica, HiSil. The distinct morphological changes induced by PEG and by MSP-1 were redundant from the membrane performance point of view as they translated into similar performance gains that were not additive, pointing to the potential use of mesoporous additive as an alternative porogen. The higher hydrophilicity and unique structural features of MSP-1 resulted in enhanced performance of the prepared membranes compared to MSP-free controls and HiSil-based mesocomposites. Mechanical properties of mesocomposites and neat polysulfone membranes were comparable. Electron microscopy coupled with flux and rejection measurements were used to investigate the influence of polymer content, MSP loading, and the presence of porogen on the structure and separation properties of mesocomposite membranes. Mesocomposite membranes showed increased water flux and dextran rejection. For ultrafiltration membranes the figure of merit, operationally-defined as the product of water flux and rejection of 12 kDa dextran, increased by the factor of 2.8 (for membranes cast with a porogen) and 6.3 (in the absence of porogen) upon incorporation of the mesoporous additive at the loading of 10 wt%. Enhancement factors were 3.7 and 11.2 for less permeable membranes cast from mixtures with higher (20 wt%) polymer content. Fouling tests with humic acid solutions demonstrated that mesocomposite membranes experienced lower flux decline and showed higher rejections.
Transport and Diffusion in a Random Medium

We consider particle transport in a spatially random medium, the transport governed by the traditional, linear, time- and space-dependent transport equation for “host and guest.” The scattering is elastic and isotropic; there is no absorption. If the host medium has uniform density we know that an initial burst will, in time, approach the solution to the time-dependent diffusion equation. In the case of random medium we find that for a large class of such media the asymptotic behavior is unchanged by the stochasticity; there is neither renormalization of the equation nor the diffusion co-efficient.The nature of the correlation between fluctuations of density at large separation plays an important role in the analysis.
The MoAb reloaded? Is alemtuzumab the one?

Multiple myeloma remains an incurable B-cell malignancy whose victims survive a median of about 4 years. Over the past decade new therapies and supportive measures have provided incremental gains. No effective monoclonal antibody therapy exists for myeloma, but that is not for want of trying.
Hypoglycemia in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth syndrome associated with macrosomia, macroglossia, abdominal wall defects, hypoglycemia in the neonatal period and embryonal cancers of infancy and early childhood. The frequency of hypoglycemia in this population is between 30% and 50%. The majority of infants with hypoglycemia will be asymptomatic and have resolution of the hypoglycemia within the first 3 days of life. Less than 5% will have hypoglycemia beyond the neonatal period requiring either continuous feeding or a partial pancreatectomy. The cause of hypoglycemia is unclear, but direct and indirect evidence supports a hyperinsulinemia as the major factor. Recent identification of the majority of genes associated with BWS in the 11p15 region and the genotype of persistent hyperinsulinemia hypoglycemia of childhood also in the 11p15 region may provide a molecular basis for hypoglycemia in BWS, particularly for the occasional patients with hypoglycemia requiring a partial pancreatectomy. Detailed genotype phenotype evaluations are needed and should provide an insight as to why patients with BWS have hypoglycemia.
A comparison of optic nerve head morphology viewed by spectral domain optical coherence tomography and by serial histology.

The application of optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology in clinical glaucoma practice has largely centered on imaging the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer. This approach has shown promise in assisting the clinician in both diagnosing glaucoma and detecting disease progression.1–6 There is mounting evidence to suggest that the primary site of injury to the retinal ganglion cell axon is at the level of the lamina cribrosa.7–12 An ability to image the lamina cribrosa and other structures deep within the optic nerve head (ONH) would therefore constitute a major advance. Indeed, recent work using postmortem three-dimensional (3-D) histomorphometric ONH reconstructions has identified several cardinal morphologic changes at the earliest stage of experimental glaucoma.13–16 These changes include a thickening of the prelaminar tissue (as distinct from the thinning one would expect to observe at the later stages of the neuropathy), posterior deformation and thickening of the lamina cribrosa, and expansion of the scleral canal. We propose that the identification of these changes in vivo would help to identify those eyes with the earliest signs of distress in response to an IOP-mediated insult and, as such, at high risk of future functional damage. The ability of OCT to image retinal morphology has been validated by several seminal studies in which investigators have sought to compare OCT tomograms to conventional serial histology in humans,17,18 nonhuman primates,19–21 tree shrews,22 rodents,23 and pigs.24 Although not the principal goal, several of these studies also included brief comments pertaining to ONH and peripapillary retinal morphology.21,22,24 Besides these commentaries, there have not been, to date, any formal, rigorous comparisons of ONH morphology as imaged by OCT and by light microscopy. An obvious reason for this is the insufficiency of the axial (depth) resolution of conventional time domain OCT (∼10 μm) for resolving structures deep under the surface of the optic disc cup. With the commercial introduction of spectral domain (SD)-OCT, which has both an improved axial resolution (approaching 5 μm) and vastly increased acquisition speed, the 3-D detection of deep ONH targets has become tangible. Several recent reports suggest that SD-OCT imaging of the human ONH can capture the lamina cribrosa.25,26 Although these reports are encouraging, it is essential that the SD-OCT's ability to capture deep ONH targets be validated by comparison with conventional serial histology. The purpose of this study was to compare interpolated SD-OCT B-scans generated from a volumetric SD-OCT reconstruction acquired in vivo from a normal monkey ONH with serial histologic sections obtained postmortem from the same ONH. This study required the development of a novel method of generating tailor-made interpolated B-scans at any orientation from the 3-D SD-OCT volume. This method is fully described.
From playing to thinking: how the kindergarten provides a foundation for scientific understanding

This paper draws upon Rudolf Steiner's understanding of child development to show how the Waldorf kindergarten (for children up to age 6) creates a space in which, through play and natural day-to-d...
A stellar audit: the computation of encounter rates for 47 Tucanae and ω Centauri

Using King-Mitchie Models, we compute encounter rates between the various stellar species in the globular clusters ω Cen, and 47 Tuc. We also compute event rates for encounters between single stars and a population of primordial binaries. Using these rates, and what we have learnt from hydrodynamical simulations of encounters performed earlier, we compute the production rates of objects such as low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs), smothered neutron stars and blue stragglers (massive main-sequence stars). If 10 per cent of the stars are contained in primordial binaries, the production rate of interesting objects from encounters involving these binaries is as large as that from encounters between single stars. For example, encounters involving binaries produce a significant number of blue stragglers in both globular cluster models. The number of smothered neutron stars may exceed the number of LMXBs by a factor of 5–20, which may help explain why millisecond pulsars are observed to outnumber LMXBs in globular clusters.
Eclecticism and integration in counselling and psychotherapy: Major themes and obstacle

Abstract The movement to integrate the psychotherapies has experienced dramatic and unprecedented growth in the past decade. This article overviews the integration movement, beginning with a confluence of mutually reinforcing factors which have fostered its development. The three main modes of the movement - technical eclecticism, theoretical integration, and common factors - are critically reviewed. Recurrent obstacles to psychotherapy integration are then considered, including territorial interests of ‘pure systems’ therapists, the paucity of empirical research, and absence of a common language. Finally, six emerging themes that characterise eclecticism and integration are presented: complementarity; convergence; systematic practice; prescriptive matching; an empirical base; and the long view.
Valuation and firm investment and financing policies with personal tax biases

Abstract In this paper we examine firm financial policies in the presence of personal tax biases (e.g., favoring capital gains relative to interest and dividends). A form of the value additivity principle (VAP) for the tax bias case is established and applied to the firm's merger, investment, financial structure, and dividend decisions. As with the neutral tax VAP, the revised VAP requires transaction costless capital markets but does not require capital market completeness or competitiveness. Share value maximization is found not to be the proper goal for a firm that seeks to maximize the shareholders' current expected utility; however, it is found that share value maximization is generally a good approximate objective. Firm investment policy with financial structure irrelevance (owing to offsetting personal and corporate taxes) is examined assuming that the revised VAP holds.
Feasibility of 55Fe Autoradiography as Performed on N2-Fixing Anabaena spp. Populations and Associated Bacteria

/sup 55/Fe emits low-energy X rays and Auger electrons by electron capture decay. Auger electrons are useful for autoradiographic examination of /sup 55/Fe incorporation among microbial communities. Attainable resolution, in terms of silver grain deposition, is excellent and comparable to /sup 3/H. Two known Fe-demanding processes, photosynthetic CO/sub 2/ fixation and N/sub 2/ fixation, were examined by autoradiography of Anabaena populations. During photosynthetically active (illuminated) N/sub 2/-fixing periods, biological incorporation of /sup 55/FeCl/sub 3/ by vegetative cells and heterocysts was evident. When N/sub 2/ fixation was suppressed by NH/sub 4//sup +/ additions, heterocysts revaled no incorporation of /sup 55/Fe. Conversely, when N/sub 2/-fixing Anabaena filaments were placed in darkness, /sup 55/Fe incorporation decreased in vegetative cells, whereas heterocysts showed sustained rates of /sup 55/Fe incorporation. Bacteria actively incorporated /sup 55/Fe under both light and dark conditions. The chelated (by Na/sub 2/-ethylenediaminetetraacetate) form of /sup 55/FeCl/sub 3/ was more readily incorporated than the nonchelated form. Furthermore, abiotic adsorption of /sup 55/Fe to filters and nonliving particles proved lower when chelated /sup 55/Fe was used in experiments. /sup 55/Fe autoradiography is useful for observing the fate and cellular distribution of various forms of Fe among aquatic microbial communities.
Origin and detection of microstructural clustering in fluids with spatial-range competitive interactions

Fluids with competing short-range attractions and long-range repulsions mimic dispersions of charge-stabilized colloids that can display equilibrium structures with intermediate-range order (IRO), including particle clusters. Using simulations and analytical theory, we demonstrate how to detect cluster formation in such systems from the static structure factor and elucidate links to macrophase separation in purely attractive reference fluids. We find that clusters emerge when the thermal correlation length encoded in the IRO peak of the structure factor exceeds the characteristic length scale of interparticle repulsions. We also identify qualitative differences between the dynamics of systems that form amorphous versus microcrystalline clusters.
Hydrogen sensing performance dependence on catalytic metal thickness of Pt/AlGaN/GaN Schottky diodes

The dependence of catalytic metal thickness in Pt/AlGaN/GaN heterostructure Schottky diodes for high temperature hydrogen sensing is investigated. The decrease of Pt catalytic film thickness at the diodes enhances both the hydrogen sensitivity and the detection limit. As Pt film thickness decreases from 40 nm to 2.5 nm, the H2 detection limit improves from 100 ppb to 60 ppb at 25 °C and the sensitivity increases two to three times over the range of temperature from 25 °C to 500 °C and H concentration from 10 ppb to 5000 ppm. The effect of Pt thickness on the device current modulation by H2 is dependent only on the Schottky barrier height change (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ecomigration and Violent Conflict: Case Studies and Public Policy Implications

In 2005, a hurricane named Katrina hit the states of Louisiana and Mississippi in the US, destroying properties and flooding areas. Many people left the region and still have not returned. While some of these people may eventually return, some may not, becoming “migrants.” Assuming this phenomenon will occur, is it unique? What is the role of the environment in migration? Can there be violent conflict between such migrants and residents in areas absorbing migrants? We evaluate these questions in the cases of Hurricane Katrina, the US Dust Bowl in the 1930s, and Bangladesh since the 1950s, demonstrating that environmental change can trigger large out-migration, which can cause violent conflict in areas receiving migrants. These findings have important policy implications. Climate change is expected to degrade the environment considerably in this century. Minimizing climate change-induced migration and violent conflict in receiving areas requires an engineered economic slowdown in the developed countries, and population stabilization and economic growth in the developing countries financed by the developed countries.
Materials Requirements for Advanced Propulsion Systems

NASA's mission to "reach the Moon and Mars" will be obtained only if research begins now to develop materials with expanded capabilities to reduce mass, cost and risk to the program. Current materials cannot function satisfactorily in the deep space environments and do not meet the requirements of long term space propulsion concepts for manned missions. Directed research is needed to better understand materials behavior for optimizing their processing. This research, generating a deeper understanding of material behavior, can lead to enhanced implementation of materials for future exploration vehicles. materials providing new approaches for manufacture and new options for In response to this need for more robust materials, NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) has established a strategic research initiative dedicated to materials development supporting NASA's space propulsion needs. The Advanced Materials for Exploration (AME) element directs basic and applied research to understand material behavior and develop improved materials allowing propulsion systems to operate beyond their current limitations. This paper will discuss the approach used to direct the path of strategic research for advanced materials to ensure that the research is indeed supportive of NASA's future missions to the moon, Mars, and beyond.
What’s in a name: The place of recognition in a hospitable classroom

In this brief article, I argue that recognition is the key virtue of a hospitable classroom. Whether we are discussing the relationship between the teacher and the student, the student and other students, the student and the subject of study, or the teacher and the subject of study, recognition is the building block to a classroom that welcomes diverse people and ideas—that welcomes “the stranger into the foreign land,” and eventually blurs the line between host and guest. Essentially, what does it mean to recognize students? How is recognition central to a pedagogy of hospitality? And, how does recognition inform pedagogical decisions?
Relational and item-specific influences on generate-recognize processes in recall

The generate–recognize model and the relational–item-specific distinction are two approaches to explaining recall. In this study, we consider the two approaches in concert. Following Jacoby and Hollingshead (Journal of Memory and Language 29:433–454, 1990), we implemented a production task and a recognition task following production (1) to evaluate whether generation and recognition components were evident in cued recall and (2) to gauge the effects of relational and item-specific processing on these components. An encoding task designed to augment item-specific processing (anagram-transposition) produced a benefit on the recognition component (Experiments 1–3) but no significant benefit on the generation component (Experiments 1–3), in the context of a significant benefit to cued recall. By contrast, an encoding task designed to augment relational processing (category-sorting) did produce a benefit on the generation component (Experiment 3). These results converge on the idea that in recall, item-specific processing impacts a recognition component, whereas relational processing impacts a generation component.
59.2: Engineering a Low-Cost Wearable Low Vision Aid based on Retinal Light Scanning

The Wearable Low Vision Aid (WLVA) is a portable system that uses machine vision to track potential walking hazards for the visually impaired. A scanning fiber display couples a laser diode to a vibrating optical fiber that projects a virtual image onto the retina to display warning icons that the visually impaired can recognize.
Dihedral corner reflector backscatter using higher order reflections and diffractions

The uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) plus an imposed edge diffraction extension is used to predict the backscatter cross sections of dihedral corner reflectors which have right, obtuse, and acute included angles. UTD allows individual backscattering mechanisms of the dihedral corner reflectors to be identified and provides good agreement with experimental cross section measurements in the azimuthal plane. Multiply reflected and diffracted fields of up to third order are included in the analysis for both horizontal and vertical polarizations. The coefficients of the uniform theory of diffraction revert to Keller's original geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) in far-field cross section analyses, but finite cross sections can be obtained everywhere by considering mutual cancellation of diffractions from parallel edges. Analytic calculations are performed using UTD coefficients; hence accuracy required in angular measurements is more critical as the distance increases. In particular, the common "far-field" approximation that all rays to the observation point are parallel is too gross of an approximation for the angular parameters in the UTD coefficients in the far field.
COMPARISON STUDIES OF WHOLE BLOOD STORED IN ACD AND CPD AND WITH ADENINE.

Abstract : Using 70% post-transfusion survival as the criteria, ACD and CPD anticoagulant solutions with and without adenine were tested after storage for 28, 35 or 42 days. At 28 days, all solutions had average survivals of 70% or better. The ACD and CPD solutions were below this at 35 and 42 days. However, the solutions with adenine had values over 70% for 35 and 42 days. There was no statistical difference between the basic anticoagulant solutions with or without adenine. In comparing two units obtained from the same subject, survival percentages were significantly higher in almost every unit when adenine was present. Other chemical determinations did not show harmful changes and no toxic effects were observed in the recipients. Since all units containing adenine had survival values greater than 70% in the 28- and 35-day periods, these units would appear to have been effectively preserved and blood stored under these conditions could be used in routine transfusions, reserving units stored 42 days for emergency use. (Author)
The fracture strength and frictional strength of Weber Sandstone

Abstract The fracture strength and frictional strength of Weber Sandstone have been measured as a function of confining pressure and pore pressure. Both the fracture strength and the frictional strength obey the law of effective stress, that is, the strength is determined not by the confining pressure alone but by the difference between the confining pressure and the pore pressure. The fracture strength of the rock varies by as much as 20 per cent depending on the cement between the grains, but the frictional strength is independent of lithology. Over the range 0 n kb , the frictional strength follows the relationship τ=0·85 σ n where τ is the shear stress and σ n is the normal stress, and for σ n >2 kb , τ=0·5 + 0·6σ n . This relationship also holds for other rocks such as gabbro, dunite, serpentinite, granite and limestone.
Culture's impact on institutional investors' trading frequency

Abstract This paper examines how cross-cultural differences influence institutional investors' trading frequency within their own portfolio. We find evidence that as cultural distance between the investors and their stock holdings increases, institutions trade with lower frequency. Findings are consistent with our hypothesis that trading frequency and cultural distance are negatively related due to increasing difficulty of interpreting investment environments in culturally distant foreign markets. We also show that traders from different cultural backgrounds behave differently when faced with information asymmetry that cultural differences generate. Specifically, we show that ambiguity aversion and lower trust relate to lower trading frequencies at home and abroad.
Heavy metal contaminants in inorganic and organic fertilizers

Commercial phosphate (P) fertilizers contain small amounts of heavy-metal contaminants which were minor constituents in phosphate rock (PR). Animal manures and sewage sludges (biosolids) are the main organic fertilizers and the latter also may contain heavy-metal contaminants. Heavy metals in biosolids may be found in the inorganic form or may be organically complexed, which could affect their chemical reactions in soil. These heavy metals may accumulate in soil with repeated fertilizer applications. Cadmium (Cd) is the heavy metal of most concern because it may affect human health. Other heavy metals of possible significance are arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and vanadium (V). Some countries have set tolerance limits on heavy-metal additions to soil because their long-term effects are unknown. These limits usually are set for the tillage layer (surface 20–30 cm) of soil where most root activity occurs. Controls on heavy-metal concentrations in sewage biosolids and their maximum total and annual loading rates to soil have been imposed in some countries. Regulations also have been proposed for phased-in limits on maximum heavy metal concentrations permitted in P fertilizers, or they are already in effect. Most of the fertilizer regulations relate Cd limits to P concentrations, so P application rates dictate Cd inputs to soil. Regulations affecting sewage biosolids include a number of heavy metals, while those concerning P fertilizers only include limits on Cd at this time.
Frequency determination and non-dimensionalization for composite cantilever plates

Abstract A method for estimating the natural frequencies of composite cantilever plates and for non-dimensionalizing frequency data is developed and demonstrated. The scheme is based on a partial Ritz (Kantorovich) analysis, which reduces the problem to a set of uncoupled ordinary differential equations. The solution of these equations yields both the eigenvalues of free vibration and the proper forms of the non-dimensional frequency. Together these can be used to estimate the natural frequencies of laminated plates. In addition the non-dimensional frequency expressions can be used to reduce numerical or experimental vibration data. To demonstrate this the first five frequencies of a representative group of laminated plates are calculated by using a finite element model. The calculated frequencies are then non-dimensionalized by using the expressions derived from the Ritz analysis. The resulting non-dimensional frequencies not only show more consistency than the original data, but are shown to agree well with the eigenvalues of the Ritz analysis.
Isolating the scattering of longitudinal W+,s at the SSC using like-sign dileptons

Abstract We explore the l+l+ mass spectrum from W+W+ scattering at the SSC. We delineate the cut procedures required to suppress transverse polarization and t t -induced backgrounds below the level of the crucial signal due to strong scattering of longitudinally polarized W+,s.
Box invariance for biologically-inspired dynamical systems

In this paper, motivated in particular by models drawn from biology, we introduce the notion of box invariant dynamical systems. We argue that box invariance, that is, the existence of a box-shaped positively invariant region, is a characteristic of many biologically-inspired dynamical models. Box invariance is also useful for the verification of stability and safety properties of such systems. This paper presents effective characterization of this notion for some classes of systems, computational results on checking box invariance, the study of the dynamical properties it subsumes, and a comparison with related concepts in the literature. The concept is illustrated using models derived from different case studies in biology.
Noise over camouflaged polygamy, colonial morality taxation, and a woman-naming crisis in belgian africa

This paper highlights analytical and historical commonalities between Belgian African anti-polygamy measures and the unusual practice of taxing urban un-married women. Secondly, it interprets the 1950s rebellion against this tax in Bujumbura in light of how the colonial category of femme libre and a 1950 antipolygamy law converged in the Muslim African community of Buyenzi. Colonial categories and camouflage, name-giving and name-calling, noise and silence are central to the interpretation.Belgian African anti-polygamy attitudes and measures are first reviewed, including polygamous wife liberations in the Leopoldian period; the introduction of supplementary wife taxation in 1910; demographic anxieties from the 1920s; and post-World War II worries about ‘camouflaged polygamy’, leading to the passage of the anti-polygamy law in 1950. The published evidence of ‘camouflaged polygamy's’ noisiest critics, elite African ‘new men’ or evolues, suggests that polygamy was increasing in rural areas due to forced labour obligations, and becoming camouflaged in response to pro-natalist rewards for monogamy. A second section analyses the urban single women's tax in terms of the embarrassed silence surrounding this new form of moral taxation, which was introduced following legislation in the 1930s designed to better differentiate ‘customary’ space from urban sites of ‘evolution’. A third section draws on Buyenzi women's oral memories to reconstruct their noisy rebellion against the tax. The conclusion analyses these Muslim women's outrage in light of the contradictions of gaining municipal revenue through moral taxation, an urban surveillance process which necessitated naming the category of persons taxed. The etymology of the term femme libre demonstrates that polygamous wife and prostitute were associated categories in colonial thought from the Leopoldian period. Colonial authorities lost control over these categories in this atypical ‘extra-customary’ township super-imposed on a pre-colonial ‘customary’ community. The new African need for camouflaging plural wives, created by the strong urban expulsion powers of the 1950 anti-polygamy law, converged with the name-calling of the single women's tax, resulting in a local struggle to control the naming process. The category of women created by the tax coalesced around the sexual insult embedded in the tax's name, embarrassing colonial authorities into exemptions and inciting the men of their community into a tax rebellion.
Estimating evoked dipole responses in unknown spatially correlated noise with EEG/MEG arrays

We present maximum likelihood (ML) methods for estimating evoked dipole responses using electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) arrays, which allow for spatially correlated noise between sensors with unknown covariance. The electric source is modeled as a collection of current dipoles at fixed locations and the head as a spherical conductor. We permit the dipoles' moments to vary with time by modeling them as linear combinations of parametric or nonparametric basis functions. We estimate the dipoles' locations and moments and derive the Cramer-Rao bound for the unknown parameters. We also propose an ML based method for scanning the brain response data, which can be used to initialize the multidimensional search required to obtain the true dipole location estimates. Numerical simulations demonstrate the performance of the proposed methods.
Imatinib Resistance: Obstacles and Opportunities

Abstract Objective.—To review the current status of resistance to imatinib mesylate (IM) in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia, and the obstacles and opportunities presented by the development of this resistance. Data Sources and Study Selection.—Review of selected studies obtained from a MEDLINE search encompassing the years 1950 to 2004. Data Extraction and Data Synthesis.—Relevant information from the selected studies was abstracted and summarized. Conclusions.—The identification of the Philadelphia chromosome and the subsequent discovery that it represents a translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 9 and 22 producing an aberrant tyrosine kinase, known as BCR-ABL1, has catalyzed our understanding and treatment of this hematologic malignancy. An extensive search for molecules to block the aberrant BCR-ABL1 protein resulted in the development of IM as an orally bioavailable agent with remarkable efficacy in producing hematologic, cytogenetic, and molecular remissions. However, follow-up...
Decline of Diporeia in Lake Michigan: Was Disease Associated With Invasive Species the Primary Factor?

Populations of the freshwater amphipod Diporeia spp. have steadily declined in Lake Michigan since the late 1980’s. Prior studies have provided inconclusive data on possible reasons for their decline. However, some authors suggest that food competition and/or diseases associated with aquatic invasive species (AIS), such as zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), may have caused the collapse of Diporeia. In this project, the possibility of pathogens as the cause of the collapse of Diporeia has been examined. Linear regression modeling show a significant positive linear association between percent of Diporeia exhibiting a pathogenic infection and year (r=0.7202264, p<=0.0124). Chi-square testing for independence was also used to test if there was an association between year and percent infection (X2 = 50, df = 10, p<=0.0001), implying significant association between year and infection. Hence, the introduction of zebra mussels and the diseases they carry may have been the root cause for the decline of Diporeia. Future research is needed to examine other invasive species for similar pathogens, including live studies showing direct causality between zebra mussels and the decline in Diporeia.