cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hard, Wear Resistant Metal Surfaces for Industrial Applications through Laser Powder Deposition

Most materials produced today are monolithic structures that are heat treated to perform a particular function. Laser Powder Deposition (LPD) is a technology capable of modifying a metallic structure by adding the appropriate material to perform a desired function (e.g., wear and corrosion resistance). LPD offers a unique fabrication technique that allows the use of soft (tough) materials as base structures. Through LPD a hard material can be applied to the base material with little thermal input (minimal dilution and heat-affected-zone {HAZ}), thus providing the function of a heat treatment or other surface modifications (e.g., carburizing, nitriding, thermal spray and electroplating). Several materials (e.g., Stellite 6 &21, 316 SS, 420 SS, M4, Rex 20, Rex 121, 10V, AeroMet 100, CCW+, IN 625 and IN 718) have been deposited on to carbon steel (4140, 4340, 1566, 1018) substrates to provide various functions for a number of industrial applications. These surface modifications have been evaluated through standard wear testing (ASTM G-65), surface hardness (Rc), micro-hardness (vickers), and optical microscopy. The results from these evaluations will be presented along with several industrial application case studies.
Better World Books

Appropriate for entrepreneurship and managing a small business courses. The case follows the evolution of a small business and its founders as they face the challenges of growth. They bring in an experienced CEO from outside to scale the business and deal with the issues of scaling the business model, production, and distribution while retaining the company's core as a for-profit company with a social mission.
Why Higher Education: Lessons Learned in a Learner‐Centered College

Based on a decade of consistently improving student outcomes at Valencia College, first winner of the Aspen Prize for Excellence in Community Colleges, five lessons for connecting student and institutional purpose are described. These include: a focus on what students really experience, understanding the college as a bridge and not a destination, building into the whole college six essential experiences every student requires to be successful beginning with a New Student Experience, and keeping the question of Who ahead of What in our designs for students seeking purpose.
Effect of channelling in a porous medium on radionuclide migration

A mathematical model has been developed to study the effect of channelling in a porous medium surrounding a repository on the migration of radionuclides. The porous medium is treated as an infinite medium containing parallel, unconnected channels; each channel is surrounded by a rock matrix. The migration in the channel is controlled by convection and diffusion processes in the direction of the flow, whereas in the rock matrix it is dominated by anisotropic diffusion in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Unsteady state convective-diffusion equations for this system have been solved. At the channel-rock matrix interface the concentration and flux were watched to obtain concentration profiles and discharge rates at downstream locations. By means of a parametric study the effects of channel thickness, diffusion coefficients, and flow velocity on the migration rate are elucidated.
Differentiate Early, Differentiate Often!

In first-year calculus, constrained-optimization and related-rates word problems are two of the biggest stumbling blocks. In this note, I contrast the methods suggested in calculus textbooks for the solution of these two types of problems, and conclude that a different approach to constrained-optimization problems, similar to that widely used for related-rates problems, would be advantageous. Let us first consider related-rates problems. Traditional textbooks (see, for instance, Adams [1, p. 235]; Edwards and Penney [3, p. 193]; Finney, Weir, and Giordano [5, p. 209]; Johnston and Mathews [6, p. 316]; Stewart [8, p. 258], and Strauss et al. [9, p. 158]) introduce these shortly after implicit differentiation. These texts all suggest that implicit differentiation of the equation relating the rates should be an early step in the solution of such a problem. Nonetheless, many students, faced with a relatedrates problem, persistently avoid implicit differentiation by eliminating a variable. For instance:
OrigamiBot-II: An Amphibious Robot With Reconfigurable Origami Wheels for Locomotion in Dynamic Environments

This paper presents a mobile robot with reconfigurable origami wheels, called OrigamiBot-II. The origami wheels, based on the twisted tower design, can contract and extend the width and therefore suitable for amphibious locomotion in an unknown, possibly dynamic, environment. The mechanical design focused on achieving locomotion on various types of ground and water surfaces. To establish wireless communication between the robot and a remote base or another robot, radio frequency (RF) based techniques were investigated and tested for both ground and water environments. The locomotion performance of Origamibot-II was evaluated in two ways: simulations using Gazebo integrated with Robot Operating System (ROS) and physical experiments on various types of surfaces. The simulations showed that the robot moves faster with contracted wheels on a smooth surface than with extend wheels, while expanded wheels provides more traction on a rugged terrain, such as asphalt, than contracted wheels. Physical experiments supported the simulation results and further demonstrated the robot’s amphibious locomotion capability by successfully maneuvering on a variety of ground environments and water surfaces.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Experiment on pulse detonation rocket engines

The experimental investigations on PDRE key issues of two-phase detonation initiation,reliable and controllable operation,deflagration to detonation transition mechanism,detonable range,thrust measurements and augmentation with nozzles were presented in detail on PDRE test models using kerosene as fuel and oxygen as oxidizer.The results show that this PDRE prototype can reliably and controllably be operated with high frequency and its performance is good.All 3 chosen nozzles can augment PDRE performance and maximal augmentation of 18% was attained by the convergent nozzle.
The Analyze of the Natural Ventilation Tunnel Safety with Vertical Shafts

This paper bases on the smoke distribution on fire,proposes the best escape and rescue route,summarizes the worst fire condition of natural ventilation city tunnel with vertical shafts,and analyzes the safety of Nanjing city-east artery road-tunnel in the worst fire condition.
Low-mass materials and vertex detector systems

Physics requirements set the material budget and the precision and sta bility necessary in low - mass vertex detector sy s tems . Operational considerations, along with physics requirements , set the operating environment to be provided and determine the heat to be removed. Representative materials for fulfilling those requirements are described and properties of the materials are tabulated. A figure of merit is proposed to aid in material selection. Multi - layer structures are examined as a method to allow material to be used effectively, thereby reducing material contributions. Fin ally, comments are made on future directions to be considered in using present materials effectively and in developing new materials.
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN MEMORY AND THE ACQUISITION OF LANGUAGE

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights developmental changes in memory and the acquisition of language. It highlights the relationship between short-term or immediate memory and language acquisition, in addition to issues involving longer-term memory. The term immediate or short-term memory has had several uses. For some, it has had a purely temporal definition, referring to any remembering that occurs within some specific short temporal interval of the original experience. It represents the first stage of processing between perception and subsequent higher order processing, and is largely oriented toward preserving transient features of the environment long enough so that relatively slow mental processes have a chance to operate upon environmental input. Much attention has been given to the potential role of developmental changes in immediate-memory span for language acquisition. There are obvious ways in which the ability to produce or to understand sentences depends upon the ability to remember temporarily certain constituents while processing others. The other obvious parameter that involves immediate memory is structural complexity. The differences in strategies for language acquisition may be related to characteristics of both short- and long-term memory organizations.
Toward a Womanist Ethic of Incarnation: Black Bodies, the Black Church and the Council of Chalcedon

Eboni Marshall Turman’s book, Toward a Womanist Ethic of Incarnation: Black Bodies, the Black Church and the Council of Chalcedon, represents the next generation of womanist theological ethics. Dra...
Peer Review — An Insult to the Reader and to Society: Milton's View

Peer review is, with near universality, now insisted upon as required pre-certification before a work can be published — allegedly, and questioningly, serving as a stamp of approval that assures the reader of its quality, validity, and accuracy. Today’s peer review is different in substance, but not in form, from the pre-publication censorship that so enraged Milton and led him to write his _Areopagitica_. The position he took nearly four hundred years ago reminds us that pre-publication restraint is the expres-sion of the interlinked fears of nonconformity, of the vulnerability of professional territorial turf, of disturbance of the status quo, and fear of independence of thought and resulting innovation. We are reminded that the principal target of intellectual suppression is the creative mind.
Effects of Discriminative Stimulus Removal on Observing Behavior

Two pigeons were trained on an observing response procedure where pecks at the observing key produced either a stimulus correlated with fixed interval or fixed ratio. If the schedule present at the time was FI, observing responses produced a red light; if it was FR, observing responses produced a blue light. The duration of a stimulus produced by an observing response was 5 sec. Following this training one of the stimuli was made unavailable. When the red (FI) stimulus was removed observing response output remained high. When the blue (FR) stimulus was removed, observing response output showed a considerable decline. It is concluded that the hypothesis that observing responses are maintained by conditioned reinforcement best handles the data.
Aberrant expression of miR-196b and miR-708 is characteristic for but not reflecting the differentiation status of MLL-rearranged and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children.

2992 MicroRNAs (miRNAs), an abundant class of ~22-nt endogenous regulatory RNAs that control gene expression at the posttranscriptional levels, have been implicated to play roles in normal hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. Here we quantified the expression levels of 19 miRNAs (by miR stem-loop real-time quantitative PCR) in leukemic cells (>90% purity) of children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) including known immunological and genetic subtypes as well as normal CD34-positive bone marrow cells. Eighteen out of 19 miRNAs were differentially expressed in MLL -rearranged ALL cases compared to normal CD34-positive cells (P≤0.02) and eight out of these were also differentially expressed between MLL -rearranged and other precursor B-ALL cases (P TEL-AML1 (n=10), BCR-ABL (n=10), E2A-PBX1 (n=8), hyperdiploid (>50 chromosomes; n=10) and B-other cases (negative for the above-mentioned genetic abnormalities; n=19) have a 250- up to 6500- fold higher expression of miR-708 compared to 20 MLL -rearranged ALL (0.0001 MLL -rearranged cases compared to different genetic subtypes of precursor B-ALL (n=57; P TEL-AML1 (480-fold; P=0.002), BCR-ABL (500-fold, P=0.001 ) , E2A-PBX1 (340-fold, P=0.002), hyperdiploid (500-fold, P=0.001) and B-other cases (570-fold; P MLL precursor B-ALL cases. Remarkably, however, 5 out of 15 T-ALL cases showed high level expression of miR196b similar to MLL -rearranged cases. MLL -rearranged ALL reflects an earlier stage of B-lineage development compared to other precursor B-ALL subtypes. However, analysis of discriminant CD-marker expression (flow cytometry) and type of immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptor (TCR) rearrangements (genomic PCR and Southern blotting) revealed that the expression levels of miR-196b and miR-708 are not indicative for the maturation status of MLL -rearranged and T-ALL cases. In conclusion, our data show that MLL -rearranged and a subset of T-ALL cases are characterized by a high expression of miR-196b whereas non- MLL precursor B-ALL is characterized by high expression of miR-708. The aberrant expression of miR-196b and miR-708 cannot be explained by the differentiation status of these subtypes. Current functional studies are addressing the role of these miRNAs in the pathogenesis of childhood ALL.
Viral quasispecies reconstruction via tensor factorization

Viral quasispecies are heterogenous mixtures of viral strains generated as RNA viruses mutate and adapt to environmental changes. High-throughput DNA sequencing enables reconstruction of viral quasispecies and estimation of their abundances, thus providing information that assists in the development of effective antiviral drugs and vaccines. In this paper, sequencing data is represented by means of a binary tensor and the viral strains discovery is formulated as the tensor factorization problem. Performance of the proposed scheme is discussed. Results demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Therapie von Substanzmissbrauch

Der Substanzmissbrauch Jugendlicher stellt eine haufige komorbide Storung bei Jugendlichen mit schwerwiegenden Verhaltensauffalligkeiten dar. In einer Untersuchung von fast 2000 Jugendlichen im Alter zwischen 10 und 18 Jahren in einer stadtischen Jugendstrafanstalt fanden Teplin und Kollegen (Teplin, Abram, McClelland, Dulcan & Mericle, 2002) heraus, dass etwa die Halfte von ihnen die diagnostischen Kriterien fur eine Storung durch Substanzmissbrauch im Zeitraum der letzten sechs Monate erfullte. Ebenso weisen die Eltern von delinquenten Jugendlichen mit einem Substanzmissbrauch ein erhohtes Risiko fur Storungen durch Substanzmissbrauch auf (Fleming, Brewer, Gainey, Haggerty & Catalano, 1997; Jennison & Johnson, 1998). Daher mussen sich die MST-Therapeuten haufig des Themas Substanzmissbrauch entweder direkt bei dem zu behandelnden Jugendlichen oder bei den Eltern dieses Jugendlichen annehmen, wo die Symptome haufig Hindernisse fur den Aufbau von Erziehungsfertigkeiten darstellen (McGue, 1999).
Impact of QuickFISH in addition to antimicrobial stewardship on vancomycin use and resource utilization in cancer patients with coagulase-negative staphylococcal blood cultures

Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact of rapidly identifying coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) from positive blood cultures combined with an established antimicrobial stewardship (AS) programme at a tertiary cancer centre. Methods We compared cancer patients ≥18 years old who between 01/1/13 and 12/31/13 had one or more positive CoNS blood culture(s) identified by Staphylococcus Quick FISH® (a peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization assay) with cancer patients ≥18 years old who had CoNS identified by standard microbiological techniques between 01/01/11 and 12/31/11 (baseline). Positive blood culture results were reported to the clinician by microbiology staff; restricted antibiotics (e.g., vancomycin) required approval by the AS team. Results There were 196 baseline and 103 Quick FISH patients. Faster median time to organism identification (33 (IQR 27–46) versus 49 (IQR 39–63) hours, p Quick FISH group. Quick FISH implementation was predictive of a lower likelihood of antibiotic therapy prescription (OR 0.35, 95%CI 0.20–0.62, p Conclusions Quick FISH implementation plus AS support leads to greater avoidance of vancomycin therapy and improved resource utilization in cancer patients with CoNS blood cultures.
Magnetic resonance imaging of bone marrow in sickle cell disease: clinical, hematologic, and pathologic correlations

A longitudinal, prospective, controlled evaluation of magnetic resonance images (MRI) of long bones in sickle cell patients was undertaken simultaneously with assessment of clinical status and hematologic parameters, including dense erythrocytes. MRI of bone marrow in sickle cell patients during steady states appeared patchy and were markedly different from those in matched controls (P approximately 0). Patients with severe patchiness were older than those with mild or moderate patchiness (P less than .03). Sixty-nine MRI were performed during 28 painful episodes occurring in 14 subjects with sickle cell disease (SCD). Increased signals on intermediate and T2-weighted images were detected in 35.7% of painful episodes. These abnormalities were distinct and not observed to occur spontaneously during the steady- state examinations (P approximately 0). Bone marrow infarcts were confirmed by biopsy in two instances and autopsy in one instance. Dense red cells decreased by 40.81% of baseline during pain crises (P = .00005), more remarkably in those who had pain in the lower extremities (P = .0145). Patients with change in MRI during pain crises had a greater percentage change in the dense cells than those without the change in MRI (69.7% v 31.3%, P = .0120).
Developing Websites for Biomedical Research and Training

The Internet and web technologies are changing rapidly, bringing a steady stream of exciting new applications and abilities to both the developer and the end user. Web-based applications have unique attributes to provide new and updated teaching materials in an interactive format. Websites designed for biomedical research and training provide rich contents with multiple hyperlinks and multimedia objects. Web-based tools for information exchange include forums, bulletin boards and discussion lists, chat rooms, videoconferencing, and webcasts using streaming technology. Regardless of the delivery format, the design of websites for biomedical research or training raises many issues such as selection of hardware and software authoring tools, collaborative design efforts, pedagogy, copyright or intellectual property issues, and concerns regarding security, privacy, and confidentiality. This chapter briefly reviews the client-server technology, and describes commercial tools for developing an academic website from personal experience. The challenges and motivators for creating websites for biomedical education and research are discussed.
Regeneration of activated carbon used for recovery of gold

The process of treating granular activated carbon for return to service in the recovery of gold in carbon-in-pulp and carbon-in-leach circuits has been investigated. Carbons from two US mines, one Canadian mine, and a South African pilot plant operation were characterized before and after regeneration. Thermal regeneration of the carbon was investigated using factorial analysis to determine the effect of interaction of furnace temperature, retention time, and use of supplemental steam. The operation of acid washing the service carbon was investigated, including a comparison of the use of nitric and hydrochloric acids. The effect of quenching regenerated carbon was also briefly studied. From the data obtained, guidelines are given for effective regeneration operation.
Clostridium difficile Enteritis after Total Abdominal Colectomy for Ulcerative Colitis

Introduction. Isolated Clostridium difficile small bowel enteritis is a rare condition with significant morbidity and mortality. Presentation of Case. An 83-year-old female with refractory ulcerative colitis underwent a total proctocolectomy and end ileostomy. Her postoperative course was complicated with return to the operating room for repair of an incarcerated port site hernia. Subsequently, she developed septic shock and multiorgan failure requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, and high dose vasopressors. Diagnostic workup revealed diffuse small bowel wall thickening on computed tomography scan as well as positive nucleic acid amplification test for C. difficile toxin B gene. Despite treatment with antibiotics and maximum attempts at resuscitation, the patient expired. Discussion. C. difficile infection most commonly affects the colon but rarely can involve the small bowel. The pathogenesis of C. difficile enteritis is unclear but is believed to mirror that of colitis. Surgical patients are susceptible for C. difficile infection, as they tend to be relatively immunosuppressed in the postoperative period. Radiologic findings of enteritis may mimic those of colitis and this includes small bowel dilation and thickening. Treatment for this condition has not been well established but it is approached similar to colitis. Conclusion. Despite an increase in the number of case reports of C. difficile enteritis, it continues to be a rare but potentially fatal infection. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion especially in patients with inflammatory bowel disease who undergo colon resections.
Normobaric Hypoxia with a Simple Saccade Task Reveals Latent Performance Deficits in Service Members Affected by Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries (mTBI)

82.3% of the traumatic brain injuries that U.S. Service Members and civilians sustain are concussions, also termed mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI). Although the effects of concussion are relat...
Stitching Together East and West: A Tale of Two Professors

There is a saying, “There is nothing new under the sun.” While that may be true, what is also true is that there is a newness in combining approaches that already exist into something dynamic and extraordinary. Our work with lectio divina evidences this dynamism. We take the monastic contemplative practice of lectio divina from the West and stitch it together with the Eastern emphasis on learning as a process of character development and transformation that originates in Eastern traditions. Both lectio divina and the Eastern practices that originated in India in the yogic schools emphasize the formation of the whole person (body, mind, heart and soul). Just as yoga is the union of body and mind, lectio divina is a part of contemplative practices and pedagogy that knits together mind, body, heart in the learning process and out of this combination, something new is born into the spaces of teaching and learning. This article chronicles the conscious effort to create community between two like-minded professors who were dharmically brought together. In community with each other, they began to realize the value of stitching together Eastern and Western approaches for deepened learning and self-discovery for teachers and students alike.
Convex Relaxation of Grid-Connected Energy Storage System Models With Complementarity Constraints in DC OPF

Including complementarity constraints in energy storage system (ESS) models in optimization problems ensure an optimal solution will not produce a physically unrealizable control strategy where there is simultaneous charging and discharging. However, the current approaches to impose complementarity constraints require the use of non-convex optimization methods. In this paper, we propose a convex relaxation for a common ESS model that has terms for both charging and discharging based on a penalty reformulation for use in a model predictive control (MPC) based optimal power flow (DC OPF) problem. In this approach, the complementarity constraints are omitted and a penalty term is added to the optimization objective function. For the DC OPF problem, we provide analysis for the conditions under which the convex relaxation of the complementarity constraint ensures that a solution with simultaneous ESS charging and discharging operation is suboptimal. Simulation results demonstrating ESS behavior with and without the penalty reformulation are provided for an MPC-based DC OPF problem on multiple IEEE test systems.
Mass Harvesting, Ichthyofaunal Assemblages, and Ancestral Paiute Fishing in the North American Great Basin

Documenting variability in the archaeological record is critical to our understanding human fishing adaptations in the North American Great Basin over time. Unfortunately, in the absence of robust middle range techniques for interpreting fishbone assemblages, many studies have been limited in their capacity to engage in theoretical discussions of the role of fishing in forager subsistence regimes. The Northern Paiute in Oregon and Nevada exploited seasonally aggregated tui chub (Siphateles bicolor) through mass-harvesting techniques using nets and baskets. This article integrates experimental studies with ethnographic and archaeological data to infer the types of fishing gear that were used from the reconstructed sizes of tui chub remains. The mean size of fish assemblages is compared to the coefficient of variation to identify fishing techniques based on the size parameters of gear types, and a technology investment model is used to assess regional variations in commitments to fishing in open lake and marshland settings. Results are compared to tui chub assemblages from two protohistoric archaeological sites in eastern Oregon, revealing two distinctive fishing strategies with general implications for the organization of labor by hunter-gatherer fisherfolk.
Optimized Control of Phase Change Material-Based Storage Integrated in Building Air-Distribution Systems

This paper describes a model predictive control (MPC) strategy to optimize the operation of a building HVAC system with phase change material-based energy storage integrated in supply air ducts. The control problem is nonlinear due to the piece-wise linearity of the PCM dynamics and dependence of the convective heat transfer coefficient on variable airflow. To eliminate the nonlinearity, a set of discrete airflow rates are used and the airflow mode switches are optimally scheduled through a MPC implementation. A mixed-integer linear program (MILP) is formulated for the MPC problem by using the classic big M method and is solved with mature MILP solvers. The developed MPC method was tested and compared to a baseline control strategy via simulation tests. The results showed that the developed strategy could lower the demand and energy charges by 30% and 8.1%, respectively.
Feasibility of Delivering an Avatar-Facilitated Life Review Intervention for Patients with Cancer.

Background: Life review, a narrative-based intervention, helps individuals organize memories into a meaningful whole, providing a balanced view of the past, present, and future. Examining how the content of memories contributes to life's meaning improves some clinical outcomes for oncology patients. Combining life review with other modalities may enhance therapeutic efficacy. We hypothesized a life review intervention might be enhanced when combined with a kinetic, digital representation (avatar) chosen by the patient. Our goal was to determine the feasibility of an avatar-based intervention for facilitating life review in patients with advanced cancer. Methods: We conducted an observational, feasibility trial in a supportive care clinic. Motion capture technology was used to synchronize voice and movements of the patient onto an avatar in a virtual environment. Semistructured life review questions were adapted to the stages of child, teenager, adult, and elder. Outcome measures included adherence, recruitment, comfort of study procedure, patients' perceived benefits, and ability to complete questionnaires, including the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being Scale (FACIT-Sp). Results: Seventeen patients were approached, with 11/12 completing the intervention. The total visit time of a single intervention averaged 67 minutes. The post-intervention survey found all patients agreed or strongly agreed (Likert Scale 1-5) they would participate again, would recommend it to others, and found the experience beneficial. After one month, ESAS scores were either unchanged or improved in 80% of patients. Conclusion: An avatar-facilitated life review was feasible with a high rate of adherence, completion, and acceptability by patients. The findings support the need for a clinical trial to test the efficacy of this novel intervention. Clinical Trial Number NCT03996642.
Development of Diagnostic Tests for Detection of SARS-CoV-2

One of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is to develop accurate and rapid diagnostic tests. There are a number of molecular, serological, and imaging methods that are used to diagnose this infection in hospitals and clinical settings. The purpose of this review paper is to present the available approaches for detecting SARS-CoV-2 and address the advantages and limitations of each detection method. This work includes studies from recent literature publications along with information from the manufacturer's manuals of commercially available SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic products. Furthermore, supplementary information from the Food & Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and World Health Organization (WHO) is cited. The viral components targeted for virus detection, the principles of each diagnostic technique, and the detection efficiency of each approach are discussed. The potential of using diagnostic tests that were originally developed for previous epidemic viruses is also presented.
Michael Hunter Schwartz, Gerald F. Hess, and Sophie M. Sparrow, What the Best Law Teachers Do (Book Review)

Do you remember the best professor you had in law school? What made her the best? Was it his passion for, or knowledge about, the subject matter? Was it the way she treated students, both in and out of the classroom? Was it his confidence, or her humility? In What the Best Law Teachers Do, Michael Hunter Schwartz, Gerald F. Hess, and Sophie M. Sparrow sought to identify what attributes and practices contribute to excellent law school teaching. Focusing on the attributes of selected faculty, as well as their expectations for students, the authors' results are both revealing and inspiring, and suggest ways a variety of individuals-not just law professors, but also supervisors, mentors, and career coaches-can make a difference in beginning lawyers' lives.
Factors Associated with Perceived Susceptibility to COVID-19 Among Urban and Rural Adults in Alabama.

We examined factors associated with and reasons for perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 among urban and rural adults in Alabama. We surveyed 575 eligible participants' engagement in preventive behaviors, concern about COVID-19 in their communities, perceived susceptibility to the virus, and reasons for susceptibility across three response options (Yes, No, and Don't Know/Not Sure). Bivariate analyses compared characteristics by level of perceived susceptibility to COVID-19. A multinomial logistic regression model evaluated the association of demographics, health insurance coverage, and chronic illness status with perceived susceptibility. Participants' race, gender, and educational attainment were significantly associated with perceived susceptibility to COVID-19. African Americans and males had higher odds of responding 'No', compared to 'Yes' and 'Don't Know/Not Sure' than Whites and females. Participants with a high school education and lower had higher odds of responding 'Don't Know/Not Sure' versus 'Yes' compared to those with college or higher education. Those unconcerned about COVID-19 in their community had higher odds of responding 'No' (OR = 2.51, CI 1.35-4.68) and 'Don't Know/Not Sure' (OR = 2.51, CI 1.26-4.99) versus 'Yes', as compared to those who were concerned. Possibility of exposure at work was the most frequent reasons for perceiving themselves susceptible to COVID-19, engagement in recommended preventive measures was the most frequent reason among respondents who indicated 'No', and uncertainty/perception that everyone is at risk was the most frequent reason among the ones who indicated 'Don't Know/Not Sure'. Results indicate that tailored efforts to heighten perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 among specific demographics are needed.
Scalable and Programmable Neural Network Inference Accelerator Based on In-Memory Computing

This work demonstrates a programmable in-memory-computing (IMC) inference accelerator for scalable execution of neural network (NN) models, leveraging a high-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) capacitor-based analog technology. IMC accelerates computations and reduces memory accessing for matrix-vector multiplies (MVMs), which dominate in NNs. The accelerator architecture focuses on scalable execution, addressing the overheads of state swapping and the challenges of maintaining high utilization across highly dense and parallel hardware. The architecture is based on a configurable on-chip network (OCN) and scalable array of cores, which integrate mixed-signal IMC with programmable near-memory single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) digital computing, configurable buffering, and programmable control. The cores enable flexible NN execution mappings that exploit data- and pipeline-parallelism to address utilization and efficiency across models. A prototype is presented, incorporating a 4 x 4 array of cores demonstrated in 16 nm CMOS, achieving peak multiply-accumulate (MAC)-level throughput of 3 TOPS and peak MAC-level energy efficiency of 30 TOPS/W, both for 8-b operations. The measured results shows high accuracy of the analog computations, matching bit-true simulations. This enables the abstractions required for robust and scalable architectural and software integration. Developed software libraries and NN-mapping tools are used to demonstrate CIFAR-10 and ImageNet classification, with an 11-layer CNN and ResNet-50, respectively, achieving accuracy, throughput, and energy efficiency of 91.51% and 73.33%, 7815 and 581 image/s, 51.5 k and 3.0 k image/s/W, with 4-b weights and activations.
Unfolding Tragedy in Ukraine

In bold contrast with most other countries in the Eurasian region, Ukraine legalized opioid substitution therapy (OST) for injection drug users in 2004. OST provides addicts with drugs that safely substitute for heroin and ease dependence, all under the supervision of trained support staff. With HIV prevalence estimated around 20% among the country’s 250,000 active opiate users, and needle sharing and other unsafe injection practices unquestionably the leading mode of HIV transmission in the region, this policy shift was rightly seen as a crucial step forward in Ukraine’s fight against HIV/AIDS. Although coverage remains spotty and inadequate, the number of Ukrainians on substitution therapy increased to around 2500 in early 2009 and then to over 8,300 receiving treatment in 140 facilities by early 2014. Russia is quite another story. Despite continued persuasive efforts from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and other agencies, Russia remains staunchly opposed to the legalization of methadone and buprenorphine. Its arguments – all of which run counter to internationally recognized research and experience – center around the likelihood of development of a black market for opioid substitutes, and the unacceptability in principle of “replacing one addiction with another”. The Russian government also refuses to fund needle exchange programs, and local police regularly harass harm reduction buses run by non-governmental organizations. Russia’s drug users are therefore forced to rely primarily on the only officially sanctioned treatment: cold-turkey withdrawal.
Helium insufflation with sevoflurane general anesthesia and spontaneous ventilation during airway surgery

Purpose The therapeutic benefits and clinical applications of helium-oxygen gas mixtures were first reported over 70 years ago. Since then, helium has been used in the treatment of obstructive processes of both the upper and lower airways. We report a unique case regarding helium insufflation with sevoflurane anesthesia and spontaneous ventilation for airway surgery.
Multimodality image registration using an extensible information metric and high dimensional histogramming

We extend an information metric from intermodality (2-image) registration to multimodality (multiple-image) registration so that we can simultaneously register multiple images of different modalities. And we also provide the normalized version of the extensible in- formation metric, which has better performance in high noise situations. Compared to mutual information which can even become negative in the multiple image case, our metric can be easily and naturally extended to multiple images. After using a new technique to effciently compute high dimensional histograms, the extensible information metric can be effciently computed even for multiple images. To showcase the new measure, we compare the results of direct multimodality registration using high-dimensional histogramming with repeated intermodality registration. We find that registering 3 images simultaneously with the new metric is more accurate than pair-wise registration on 2D images obtained from synthetic magnetic resonance (MR) proton density (PD), MR T2 and MR T1 3D volumes from Brain Web. We perform the unbiased registration of 5 multimodality images of anatomy, CT, MR PD, T1 and T2 from Visible Human Male Data with the normalized metric and high-dimensional histogramming. Our results demonstrate the effcacy of the metrics and high-dimensional histogramming in affine, multimodality image registration.
Optimal Polarizations for Radar

This chapter contains sections titled: Antenna Selection Criteria Lagrange Multipliers Maximum Power Power Contrast: Backscattering Iterative Procedure for Maximizing Power Contrast The Backscattering Covariance Matrix The Bistatic Covariance Matrix Maximizing Power Contrast by Matrix Decomposition Optimization with the Graves Matrix References Problems ]]>
The Pure Rotational Spectrum of FeC (X3Δi)

The pure rotational spectrum of the FeC radical (X3Δi) has been measured in the laboratory for the first time using millimeter/submillimeter direct absorption techniques. FeC was created by the reaction of iron vapor, produced in a high-temperature Broida-type oven, and methane gas under DC discharge conditions. Six rotational transitions each were recorded for the two lower spin-orbit ladders of this molecule in the frequency range 240-484 GHz, as well as six transitions for the Ω = 3 ladder of the iron isotopomer 54FeC. The data were analyzed using a3Δ Hamiltonian, and rotational and certain spin-orbit parameters were determined. The observation of SiC in the circumstellar shell of IRC +10216 suggests that metal carbides such as FeC may be present as well.
Pleomorphic spindle cell dermal neoplasm with dot‐like keratin reactivity: keratin‐positive AFX or carcinoma?

Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is an uncommon cutaneous neoplasm of pleomorphic myofibroblast-like cells. Diagnosis requires exclusion of other undifferentiated spindle and pleomorphic cell neoplasms by immunohistochemistry. We report two patients with p63-non-reactive spindle cell neoplasms which resembled AFX but demonstrated anomalous dot-like immunolabeling with antibodies to high molecular weight keratin and keratin 5. One case recurred locally, suggesting such lesions may behave aggressively. Whether these lesions represent keratin-positive dermal sarcomas or poorly differentiated carcinomas is debatable. Regardless of exact classification, our experience suggests such cases should be managed as high-risk non-melanoma skin cancers.
Developmental defects of the lungs

Poor lung development was first noted on scintigraphy using 99mTc-phytate in 32 children. They had all been referred for a hepatosplenic scan but the initial circulatory phase of the radiopharmaceutical was also recorded as a routine procedure. In 3 patients it revealed aplasia of an entire lung; bilateral pulmonary hypoplasia was observed in 14 of 16 patients with diaphragmatic herniae. Six patients with congenital heart enlargement showed a poorly developed ipsilateral lung; 5 of 6 patients with dextrocardia without an intracardiac defect had a larger left lung compared with the right lung; both pulmonary beds appeared equal in a patient with mesocardia.
Energy storage systems for MPD thrusters

Because of its high thrust density, the magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster is a promising candidate for many advanced space missions. Its high power requirements lead to operation in a pulsed mode using an intermediate energy storage device. The characteristics of a system consisting of a solar array, energy storage capacitor, and MPD thruster are studied for array powers in the range 25-375 kw. Assuming simple analytic models for the circuit components, the circuit charge and discharge equations are solved numerically, resulting in the system efficiency and capacitance. The system efficiency is inversely proportional to array power and decreases with circuit resistance. Alternative methods of energy storage such as a pulse forming network and a homopolar generator, are presented, and an overall comparison between all of the methods is given.
Improving impact of self-adaptation and self-management research through evaluation methodology

Today, self-adaptation and self-management approaches to software engineering are viewed as specialized techniques and reach a somewhat limited community. In this paper, I overview the current state and expectation of self-adaptation and self-management impact in industry and in premier publication venues and identify what we, as a community, may do to improve such impact.In particular, I find that common evaluation methodologies make it relatively simple for self-adaptation and self-management research to be compared to other such research, but not to more-traditional software engineering research. I argue that extending the evaluation to include comparisons to traditional software engineering techniques may improve a reader's ability to judge the contribution of the research and increase its impact. Finally, I propose a set of evaluation guidelines that may ease the promotion of self-adaptation and self-management as mainstream software engineering techniques.
Resurgence of instrumental behavior after an abstinence contingency

In resurgence, an extinguished instrumental behavior (R1) recovers when a behavior that has replaced it (R2) is also extinguished. The phenomenon may be relevant to understanding relapse that can occur after the termination of “contingency management” treatments, in which an unwanted behavior (e.g., substance abuse) is reduced by reinforcing an alternative behavior. When reinforcement is discontinued, the unwanted behavior might resurge. However, unlike most resurgence experiments, contingency management treatments also introduce a negative contingency, in which reinforcers are not delivered unless the client has abstained from the unwanted behavior. In two experiments with rats, we therefore examined the effects of adding a negative “abstinence” contingency to the resurgence design. During response elimination, R2 was not reinforced unless R1 had not been emitted for a minimum period of time (45, 90, or 135 s). In both experiments, adding such a contingency to simple R1 extinction reduced, but did not eliminate, resurgence. In Experiment 2, we found the same effect in a yoked group that could earn reinforcers for R2 at the same points in time as the negative-contingency group, but without the requirement to abstain from R1. Thus, the negative contingency per se did not contribute to the reduction in resurgence. These results suggest that the contingency reduced resurgence by making reinforcers more difficult to earn and more widely spaced in time. This could have allowed the animal to learn that R1 was extinguished in the “context” of infrequent reinforcement—a context more like that of resurgence testing. The results are thus consistent with a contextual (renewal) account of resurgence. The method might provide a better model of relapse after termination of a contingency management treatment.
Asserting beliefs in MLS relational models

Multilevel relations, based on the current multilevel secure (MLS) relational data models, can present a user with information that is difficult to interpret and may display an inconsistent outlook about the views of other users. Such ambiguity is due to the lack of a comprehensive method for asserting and interpreting beliefs about lower level information. In this paper we identify different beliefs that can be held by higher level users about lower level information, and we introduce the new concept of a mirage tuple. We present a mechanism for asserting beliefs about all accessible tuples, including lower level tuples. This mechanism provides every user of an MLS database with an unambiguous interpretation of all viewable information and presents a consistent account of the views at all levels below the user's level.
Two Metal−Monocarbollide Relatives of the {B20H18} Double-Cluster Boranes†

Reaction of nine-vertex [closo-1-CB8H9]− with sources of “{M(PEt3)2}+” (M = Rh or Pt) leads to double-cluster metallacarboranes of general formulation [M(PEt3)CB8H9]2, whose gross molecular structu...
Identifying the Ion Access Pathway to the Transmembrane Pore in P2X Receptors

P2X receptors are trimeric ion channels activated by extracellular ATP. Upon activation, P2X receptors promote inward current of cations to evoke action potentials or trigger calcium mediated signaling that are important for pain sensing, inflammation, and the synaptic transmission. However, the molecular mechanism of how extracellular ions access the transmembrane pore of P2X receptors is unknown. According to the zebrafish P2X4 crystal structure in the closed state, extracellular ions appear to be readily accessible to the pore through three identical fenestrations located right above the membrane leaflet (lateral pathway). In addition, ions may access the pore through a second possible pathway that runs through the central voids along the molecular three-fold axis of symmetry (central pathway). While this pathway is hypothetical, as the constrictions flanking the central voids are too narrow for hydrated ions to pass (∼2.3 A), agonist binding may expand these constrictions to enable ions to access the transmembrane pore. We have begun to explore the pathway ions use to move through the extracellular domain to enter the pore by inserting cysteine residues into rat P2X2 receptor channels and measuring reaction rates with a range of thiol-reactive reagents and ions. We found that MTSEA-Texas Red (MW=∼750) can access T336 in the transmembrane pore with an apparently fast modification rate when the channel is open. These results suggest a large access pathway exists between the extracellular solution and the transmembrane pore, consistent with the fenestrations observed in the crystal structure. We are currently testing whether reagents of various size may also move through the central pathway.
The combined use of bibliographic coupling and cocitation for document retrieval

A linkage similarity measure which takes into account both the bibliographic coupling of documents and their cocitations (both cited and citing papers) produced improved document retrieval over a measure based only on bibliographic coupling. The test collection consisted of 1712 papers whose relevance to specific queries had been judged by users. To evaluate the effect of using cocitation data, we calculated for each query two measures of similarity between each relevant paper and every other paper retrieved. Papers were then sorted by the similarity measures, producing two ordered lists. We then compared the resulting predictions of relevance, partial relevance, and non-relevance to the user's evaluations of the same papers. Over-all, the change from the bibliographic coupling measure to the linkage similarity measure, representing the introduction of cocitation data, resulted in better retrieval performance.