cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noncalcemic actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and clinical applications

Vitamin D is synonymous with bone health and calcium metabolism. It is the biologically active vitamin D metabolite, 1, 25-dihydrovitamin D [1, 25(OH)2D; D without a subscript represents either D2 or D3] that is responsible for maintaining serum calcium levels in the normal range by increasing the efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption. When dietary calcium absorption is inadequate to satisfy the body’s requirement, then 1, 25(OH)2D mobilizes stem cells and induces them to become mature osteoclasts, which in turn mobilize calcium stores from bone to maintain serum calcium in a physiologically acceptable range (1–3).
Use of regulated secretion in protein production from animal cells: an evaluation with the AtT-20 model cell line.

Regulated secretion, i.e., the ability of certain specialized animal cells to store secretory proteins intracellularly and release them upon stimulation, may be used to realize production schemes that facilitate downstream processing of protein products. Mouse AtT-20 cells expressing recombinant human insulin and human growth hormone (hGH) were found to secrete the proteins at relatively low and constant rates when exposed to media with no secretion agonists: basal rates were 1.0-1.6 microU insulin-related peptides and 0.38 ng hGH/10(5) cells-h. When induced with 8 brorno-cyclic AMP (BrcAMP), the cells secreted recombinant proteins at initial rates 3.5-9-fold higher. A cycling secretion experiment was conducted with the insulin-producing cells in which the cells were exposed alternately to complete growth medium and to secretion medium with BrcAMP. During the first three cycles, the cells secreted immunoreactive insulin at the foregoing high induced rates when they were exposed to BrcAMP. The cells then started to detach from the culture surface, leading to a reduction of BrcAMP-induced secretion. Operational modifications that may result in improved system performance are discussed.
Boolean Embeddings of Orthomodular Sets and Quantum Logic

By a “quantum logic” we mean a pair F, P where P is a set and F is a set of functions from P to the closed real unit interval satisfying three postulates which we describe in intuitive terms here. Cf. [2], [4], [7]. P may be interpreted as the set of events and F the set of states of a “physical system”, and f(x) then becomes the probability of occurrence of the event x in the state f. Since the outcome of an experiment is an estimate for some f(x), or a collection of such estimates, it is natural to identify events which cannot be distinguished by experiment.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in intellectual disability

There is considerable evidence linking developmental pathology with serotonergic abnormalities. Individuals with mental retardation may be particularly susceptible to dysfunction in the serotonin system. The development of more selective drugs that modify serotonergic function appears to have provided an important treatment option for a number of target behaviors, especially those associated with anxiety and depression, in persons with intellectual disability. Clinicians treating this population need to be familiar with the pharmacology of these agents, known collectively as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. This article reviews the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these compounds, as well as their potential effects on the developing brain. MRDD Research Reviews 1999;5:264–269. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
U-Pb zircon dates from the central Appalachian Piedmont: A possible case of inherited radiogenic lead

Zircon dates from metavolcanic and metaplutonic rocks of the central Appalachian Piedmont in Maryland and Virginia are important for interpreting the age of the Glenarm Series. Compilation and evaluation of available data from this area suggest that Piedmont zircons may have inherited a component of older radiogenic lead in seed crystals, which were derived from the Pre-cambrian basement complex. The zircons were also affected by lead and uranium loss during subsequent Paleozoic metamorphism recorded in the Piedmont terrain and (or) recent dilation of the rock at surface conditions. Thus, the apparent dates might not represent precise rock ages, but may still give valuable information about the evolution and history of the rocks.
Spirituality in the cancer trajectory

ABSTRACT Spirituality is an essential element of person-centered care and a critical factor in the way patients with cancer cope with their illness from diagnosis through treatment, survival, recurrence and dying. Studies have indicated a significant relationship between spirituality and quality of life. Spirituality, in its broadest sense speaks to the meaning patients find in their lives especially during times of stress, illness and dying. Illness can trigger deep existential issues that could trigger profound suffering and distress. A model is presented that describes the role of each member of the healthcare team in addressing patients' spirituality. Spiritual distress, as a diagnosis, requires attention and treatment just as any other clinical symptom. Spiritual resources of strength need to be identifies and recognized as positive factors in patients' coping. Finally a treatment plan needs to include the spiritual as well as the physical and psychosocial issues of patients. Chaplains and other spiritual care professionals need to be recognized as the experts in spiritual care and should be integral members of the healthcare team. Integrating spirituality as an essential domain of care will result in better health outcomes, particularly quality of life for patients across the trajectory of cancer care.
Composing geoinformatics workflows with user preferences

With the advent of the data grid came a novel distributed scientific computing paradigm known as service-oriented science. Among the plethora of systems included under this framework are scientific workflow management systems, which enable large-scale process scheduling and execution. To ensure quality of service, these systems typically seek to minimize workflow execution time as well as costs for slices of data grid access. The geospatial domain, among other sciences, involves yet another optimization factor, the accuracy of results. The relationship between execution time and workflow accuracy can often be exploited to offer more flexibility in handling user preferences. We present a system which meets user constraints through a dynamic adjustment of the accuracy of workflow results.
Hemolymph ecdysteroids do not affect vitellogenesis in the lubber grasshopper.

The role of hemolymph ecdysteroids in the reproduction of non-dipteran insects is unclear. We examine the role(s) of hemolymph ecdysteroids during egg production in the lubber grasshopper, Romalea microptera. In all individuals, hemolymph ecdysteroids rose to a sharp peak with similar maxima and then fell to undetectable levels. The time from the adult molt to the maximum ecdysteroid titer (Emax titer) varied in response to food availability, whereas the time from Emax titer to oviposition was unrelated to food availability. Because both the timing of egg production and the timing of Emax responded similarly to environmental changes, ecdysteroids may be involved in egg production. We hypothesized that this role is the stimulation of vitellogenesis. Ovariectomized females had vitellogenin but no ecdysteroids, so ecdysteroids are not necessary for vitellogenin production. In addition, treatment of females with ecdysteroids altered neither Vg titers nor ovarian growth. Ovarian ecdysteriods increased at the same age in development as hemolymph ecdysteroids. In contrast to hemolymph ecdysteroids, ovarian ecdysteroids persisted until oviposition. Despite this, [ 3 H]ecdysone injected into the hemolymph was detected later only at very low levels in the ovary, suggesting that hemolymph ecdysteroids are not sequestered by the ovary. In summary, our studies indicate that hemolymph ecdysteroids in adult females of the lubber grasshopper are associated with the timing of egg production, but they neither regulate vitellogenesis nor act as a source of ecdysteroids for the ovary. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 52:45–57, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hyperkalaemia: a complication of warm heart surgery

A case is presented of hyperkalaemia (13.6 mEq · L−1) occurring during cardiopulmonary bypass using warm blood cardioplegia (K+ 40–60 mEq · L−1). Treatment with epinephrine, calcium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and furosemide reduced K+ to 6.5 mEq · L−1 within 30 min and myocardial performance was enhanced with amrinone and cardiac rhythm was controlled with A-V segmental pacing. It is believed that the hyperkalaemia resulted from a combination of the surgical procedure (mitral valve replacement) and the use of warm cardioplegia. The purpose of this report is to increase the awareness of the possibility of hyperkalaemia with warm cardioplegia and to describe a successful therapeutic regimen.
Forget the Recipes: Let's Talk Data

We appreciate Dr. O'Connor's interest in our sardonic commentary on the off-label use of Actiq and the opportunity to respond to his critique. Of course our reference to recipes in that piece referred to the media's formulaic approach to misrepresenting issues on the pain/addiction interface. We did not mean to imply that all opioids, and in particular rapid-onset opioids, were right for any/all patients with cancer or noncancer pain. As psychologists and clinicians who work with both cancer and noncancer pain patients, we agree that there are important differences between these groups, as reflected in our previous works [1–3]. Thus, our piece was meant to comment on the ramifications of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) singling out of a particular product or products for this type of labeling. Dr. O'Connor raises several points wherein he disagrees with our views, but in so doing, he often confounds the general issue of Actiq or rapid-onset opioids in noncancer pain, which obscures, at times, the discussion of labeling. Nevertheless, he raises issues that require a data-driven response. Let us first dispute Dr. O'Connor's contention that the population of people with cancer pain and those with noncancer pain are so different as to make such labeling distinctions legitimate. With 12 million people presently living post-cancer in the United States, many of whom have chronic pain syndromes, and some having “morphed” into chronic opioid therapy patients, the differences are not nearly as dramatic as they once were between these two populations. Indeed, we presently have a Mayday Fund grant to study pain in survivors and its treatment. The decision to write this grant was driven by our experience in Kentucky running a palliative care clinic that was nearly evenly split between people with advanced cancer and those with chronic pain syndromes in long-term …
Increasing New Teachers' Specific Praise Using a within-School Consultation Intervention.

Specific praise is an empirically supported classroom management strategy associated with desired academic and behavioral student outcomes when implemented appropriately in classrooms. Unfortunatel...
Making Sense of Methods and Measurement: Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient

• This short column provides an overview of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.
The human eccrine sweat gland: Structure, function and disorders

The ability to thermoregulate is a key component in allowing humans to live and work in a variety of torrid environments. A key thermoregulatory component is the role the skin plays in dissipating heat, through vasodilation of skin blood vessels and its critical role in the secretion of sweat. The role of sweating has for a long time been regarded primarily as the main function of the human eccrine sweat gland, although it has been known for a considerable length of time that sweat, produced in response to heat and exercise, was more than just a salt solution and contained a variety of other substances in addition to electrolytes. Recent studies have shown that there is more to the human eccrine gland, such as manufacturing and releasing compounds that contribute to the defensive barrier of the skin, as well as stem cells present in the gland, having a role to play re-epithelialization of the skin in response to wound healing. Disorders of sweat glands and the resultant conditions, most often relate to de...
Sub-computable Bounded Pseudorandomness

This paper defines a new notion of bounded pseudorandomness for certain classes of sub-computable functions where one does not have access to a universal machine for that class within the class. In particular, we define such a version of randomness for the class of primitive recursive functions and a certain subclass of PSPACE functions. Our new notion of primitive recursive bounded pseudorandomness is robust in that there are equivalent formulations in terms of (1) Martin-Lof tests, (2) Kolmogorov complexity, and (3) martingales.
BEMOSS: An agent platform to facilitate grid-interactive building operation with IoT devices

The objective of this paper is to present a multiagent system (MAS) that can enable integration of a number of IoT devices to allow grid-interactive and intelligent building operation. The proposed platform called BEMOSS — Building Energy Management Open Source Software is developed toallow sensing and control of HVAC, lighting and plug load controllers in small- and medium-sized commercial buildings. The main objectives are toimprove energy efficiency, reduce energy consumption, and foster demand response (DR) implementation in buildings with OpenADR protocol. Functionalities of BEMOSS software platformand its integration with IoT devices are demonstrated in a laboratory test bed located at Virginia Tech Advanced Research Institute. Future research directions are also discussed.
A scaling analysis of thermoacoustic convection in a zero-gravity environment

This paper presents a scaling analysis of a one-dimensional thermoacoustic convection heat transfer process in a zero-gravity environment. The relative importance of the terms in the governing equations is discussed for different time scales without attempting to solve the equations. The scaling analysis suggests certain generalizations that can be made in this class of heat transfer problems.
A tale of two regicides

This paper examines two attempted 18th century cases of regicide: those of Robert Francois Damiens against Louis XV and Margaret Nicholson against George III, which have similar circumstances yet, on the face of it, strikingly different outcomes. For both assailants were seemingly unremarkable individuals, employed for much of their working lives as domestic servants, the attacks were relatively minor and both were diagnosed as ‘mad’. However, Margaret Nicholson was to be confined for life in Bethlem Royal Hospital for the insane, whereas Robert Francois Damiens was tortured and torn apart by horses at the Place de Greve. The name of Damiens resonates today amongst scholars of criminology through the utilization of his execution by Michel Foucault in the opening to his seminal work Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison (1975); Margaret Nicholson is less widely known. By analyzing the considerable amount of media and literary coverage devoted to these attempted regicides at the time this paper con...
Microbial Ecology: Searching for Principles

Modern microbial ecology spans approximately 50 years. Although Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky both thought about ecological niches in the early part of the 20th century, they approached the challenge by trying to cultivate microbes under simulated natural conditions. Hence, I consider Robert Hungate the first truly modern microbial ecologist. Focusing on rumen microbes, he and his colleagues dealt directly with the ecosystem of these microorganisms. Instead of limiting their efforts to isolating and identifying microorganisms of the rumen, Hungate and his collaborators also measured their activities in situ. In 1966, Hungate published The Rumen and its Microbes, synthesizing years of research to better understand that ecosystem.
Standards for Digital Pathology and Whole Slide Imaging

In this chapter, the goal is to discuss various types of standards which are relevant to digital pathology images, especially whole slide imaging (WSI), discussing the role they play as well as their current status. We will consider standards primarily in relation to their use in the clinical practice of pathology. In the last ten years much work has been done to extend the DICOM medical imaging standard to include additional metadata relevant to pathology images and specimens as well as to accommodate the special requirements of whole slide microscopic images. This work, along with efforts underway in other organizations, such as HL7 and Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise are laying the foundations for standards based interoperability in pathology that should allow for integration of digital imaging into the clinical workflow of pathologists.
Theory of Molecular X-Ray Emission Satellites Produced by Two-Center Vacancy Initial States

To date the production of molecular x-ray emission satellites has been rationalized in terms of one-center core vacancy initial states.1 In view of the low frequency satellites reported by Agren et al.2 and because of the nature of the satellites recently observed in our laboratory3, it behooves to consider the possibility of satellites created by two center vacancy (TCV) initial states.
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors and nanowire-based superconducting on-chip electronics

We developed waveguide integrated nanowire detectors, a distributed readout nanowire imager, and three-terminal electrical devices. The combination of these technologies promises a significant advance in the state of the art of nanowire superconducting detectors.
Surface nanopattern formation due to current-induced homoepitaxial nanowire edge instability

Physical nanopatterning based on a precise control of macroscopic forcing is an essential tool of nanoscale science and technology. Using an externally applied electric field as the macroscopic force, we report here a computational study on the formation of surface nanopatterns consisting of single-layer homoepitaxial islands as a result of a morphological instability that can occur under edge electromigration conditions on the straight edge of a single-layer nanowire grown epitaxially on a crystalline substrate. Direct dynamical simulations based on a model that has been validated experimentally for the Ag/Ag system show that the current-induced nanowire edge instability causes the breakup of the nanowire and leads to the formation of uniformly distributed islands, arranged in linear or V-shaped arrays, which are uniformly sized with nanoscale dimensions. The simulation results are supported by linear stability theory and demonstrate that the geometrical features of the island patterns and the island sizes can be controlled precisely by controlling the electric field direction with respect to the nanowire axis and the electric field strength. Our findings have important implications for developing physical nanopatterning approaches toward enabling future nanofabrication technologies.
Disinhibition of neurons of the nucleus of solitary tract that project to the superior salivatory nucleus causes choroidal vasodilation: Implications for mechanisms underlying choroidal baroregulation

Preganglionic neurons in the superior salivatory nucleus (SSN) that mediate parasympathetic vasodilation of choroidal blood vessels receive a major excitatory input from the baroresponsive part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). This input appears likely to mediate choroidal vasodilation during systemic hypotension, which prevents decreases in choroidal blood flow (ChBF) due to reduced perfusion pressure. It is uncertain, however, how low blood pressure signals to NTS from the aortic depressor nerve (ADN), which fires at a low rate during systemic hypotension, could yield increased firing in the NTS output to SSN. The simplest hypothesis is that SSN-projecting NTS neurons are under the inhibitory control of ADN-receptive GABAergic NTS neurons. As part of evaluating this hypothesis, we assessed if SSN-projecting NTS neurons, in fact, receive prominent inhibitory input and if blocking GABAergic modulation of them increases ChBF. We found that SSN-projecting NTS neuronal perikarya identified by retrograde labeling are densely coated with GABAergic terminals, but lightly coated with excitatory terminals. We also found that, infusion of the GABA-A receptor antagonist GABAzine into NTS increased ChBF. Our results are consistent with the possibility that low blood pressure signals from the ADN produce vasodilation in choroid by causing diminished activity in ADN-receptive NTS neurons that tonically suppress SSN-projecting NTS neurons.
Multi-view 3D human tracking in crowded scenes

This paper presents a robust multi-view method for tracking people in crowded 3D scene. Our method distinguishes itself from previous works in two aspects. Firstly, we define a set of binary spatial relationships for individual subjects or pairs of subjects that appear at the same time, e.g. being left or right, being closer or further to the camera, etc. These binary relationships directly reflect relative positions of subjects in 3D scene and thus should be persisted during inference. Secondly, we introduce an unified probabilistic framework to exploit binary spatial constraints for simultaneous 3D localization and cross-view human tracking. We develop a cluster Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to search the optimal solution. We evaluate our method on both public video benchmarks and newly built multi-view video dataset. Results with comparisons showed that our method could achieve state-of-the-art tracking results and meter-level 3D localization on challenging videos.
Comparisons of MN2S2vs. bipyridine as redox-active ligands to manganese and rhenium in (L–L)M′(CO)3Cl complexes

The bipyridine ligand is renowned as a photo- and redox-active ligand in catalysis; the latter has been particularly explored in the complex Re(bipy)(CO)3Cl for CO2 reduction. We ask whether a bidentate, redox-active MN2S2 metallodithiolate ligand in heterobimetallic complexes of Mn and Re might similarly serve as a receptor and conduit of electrons. In order to assess the electrochemical features of such designed bimetallics, a series of complexes featuring redox active MN2S2 metallodithiolates, with M = Ni2+, {Fe(NO)}2+, and {Co(NO)}2+, bound to M′(CO)3X, where M′ = Mn and Re, were synthesized and characterized using IR and EPR spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, and density functional theory (DFT) computations. Butterfly type structures resulted from binding of the convergent lone pairs of the cis-sulfur atoms to the M′(CO)3X unit. Bond distances and angles are similar across the M′ metal series regardless of the ligand attached. Electrochemical characterizations of [MN2S2·Re(CO)3Cl] showed the redox potential of the Re is significantly altered by the identity of the metal in the N2S2 pocket. DFT calculations proved useful to identify the roles played by the MN2S2 ligands, upon reduction of the bimetallics, in altering the lability of the Re–Cl bond and the ensuing effect on the reduction of ReI to Re0.
Si(004) measurements of wafer curvature due to the stress introduced by PECVD/HDP SiN films in wafer fabrication

Thin film deposition process invariably introduces compressive or tensile stress in the films. The stress in a film causes the wafer to warp whose curvature is estimated in a wafer fab using optical reflectance technique. Alternatively, the wafer curvature can also be measured using the high resolution XRD (HRXRD) Si(004) rocking curves. In this paper, the HRXRD technique was employed to evaluate the stress in PECVD and HDP SiN films deposited on blanket Si wafers (prime-grade material) which were subjected to different Xe ion-implant energy conditions. It will be shown that stress-matching in PECVD and HDP SiN can be achieved by tuning Xe implant energy. From the change in the width of Si(004) peak, a qualitative assessment regarding the quality of single crystal Si lattice will be presented which is not possible to measure with optical reflectance methods.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Immunological Disorder?

Patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit an increased state of inflammation. A variety of animal models for PTSD have shown some of the same immune imbalances as have been shown in human subjects with PTSD and some of these studies are discussed in this review. However, animal studies can only indirectly implicate immune involvement in PTSD in humans. This review of mainly studies with human subjects focusses on dissecting the immunological role in the pathogenesis of PTSD following initial trauma exposure. It addresses both the inflammatory state associated with PTSD and the immune imbalance between stimulatory and inhibitory immune mediators, as well as variables that can lead to discrepancies between analyses. The concept of immunological treatment approaches is proposed for PTSD, as new treatments are needed for this devastating disorder that is affecting unprecedented numbers of Veterans from the long-standing wars in the Middle East and which affects civilians following severe trauma.
Transepithelial Calcium Transport in Gut and Kidney

From the earliest times, cells had to struggle to keep calcium out in order to prevent the precipitation of phosphate as calcium phosphate. Utilization of phosphate bond energy and of phosphorylation reactions had been an early metabolic decision by the ur-cells from which life evolved (26). Three general strategies to minimize the rise in cytosolic calcium are to restrict entry, to develop ways to extrude the ion from the cell, and to store it by binding. Indeed all three of these strategies have been used--calcium channels restrict calcium entry, calcium pumps extrude calcium, and organelles bind and store calcium.
Immune Responses of Inbred Guinea Pigs and Mice to Helical Sequential Polymers of Amino Acids

The immune responses against the sequential polypeptides; (T-G-A-Gly), (T-A-G-Gly)n, (Phe-G-A-Gly)n and (Phe-A-G-Gly)n were studied in inbred guinea pigs and mice. Strain 13 guinea pigs responded to (Phe-G-A-Gly)n and (T-G-A-Gly)n whereas strain 2 guinea pigs responded to (T-A-G-Gly)n and (Phe-A-G-Gly)n. These responses which are linked to MHC, are only against the helical form of the polymers which have conformational determinants. Significant cross reactions at the humoral and T cell levels (PELS) are exhibited with the following reciprocal combinations: (Phe-G-A-Gly)n and (T-G-A-Gly)n; (T-A-G-Gly)n and (Phe-A-G-Gly)n.
Impact of the Comprehensive Unit-based Safety Program (CUSP) on safety culture in a surgical inpatient unit.

Article-at-a-Glance Background A culture of teamwork and learning from mistakes are universally acknowledged as essential factors to improve patient safety. Both are part of the Comprehensive Unit-based Safety Program (CUSP), which improved safety in intensive care units but had not been evaluated in other inpatient settings. Methods CUSP was implemented beginning in February 2008 on an 18-bed surgical floor at an academic medical center to improve patient safety, nurse/physician collaboration, and safety on the unit. This unit admits three to six patients per day from up to eight clinical services. Results Staff implemented several interventions to reduce safety hazards and improve culture. Surgical patients admitted to one clinical service were cohorted on this unit to increase physician presence. A team-based goals sheet was implemented to improve communication and coordination of daily goals of care. Nurses were included on rounds to form an interdisciplinary team. Five of six culture domain scores demonstrated significant improvements from 2006 and 2007 to 2008. There was a 27% nurse turnover rate in 2006 and a 0% turnover rate in 2007 and 2008. Conclusions Improvements were observed in safety climate, teamwork climate, and nurse turnover rates on a surgical inpatient unit after implementing a safety program. As part of the CUSP process, staff described safety hazards and then as a team designed and implemented several interventions. CUSP is sufficiently structured to provide a strategy for health care organizations to improve culture and learn from mistakes, yet is flexible enough for units to focus on risks that they perceive as most important, given their context. Broad use of this program throughout health systems could arguably produce substantial improvements in patient safety.
Stabilized Nucleophiles with Electron Deficient Alkenes and Alkynes

The addition of stabilized nucleophiles to activated π-systems is one of the oldest and most useful constructive methods in organic synthesis, dating back more than a hundred years. In 1887 Michael, after whom the most well-known example of this reaction was named, published the first of a series of papers on this reaction describing the addition of the sodium salt of both diethyl malonate (1) and ethyl acetoacetate (2) to ethyl cinnamate (3) to give the products (4) and (5), respectively (equation 1).1 This Michael reaction, in which a carbanion stabilized by one or usually two electron-withdrawing groups adds to the β-carbon of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl derivative, represents one of the earliest and most highly utilized methods for carbon–carbon bond formation. In that same 1887 paper,1a Michael also reported the synthesis of triethyl cyclopropane-1,1,2-tricarboxylate (9) from (1) and ethyl α-bromoacrylate (6) via the intermediates (7) and (8), a synthetic route to cyclopropanes used often today (Scheme 1). In 1894 he showed that an alkynic ester could also function as the electrophilic component in these reactions, e.g. (1) and (10a) or (10b) giving (11a) or (11b), respectively (equation 2).2 This reaction and its variants were in wide use around the turn of the century to prepare straight chain polycarboxylates, e.g. the reaction of (12) to give (13; equation 3) and cyclohexane-1,3-diones, e.g. (15; equation 4) (via Knoevenagel and Claisen condensations).3 The combination of Michael addition followed by intramolecular aldol condensation and decarboalkoxylation furnishes cyclohexenones, e.g. isophorone (17; equation 5), from enones such as mesityl oxide (16) and the salt of ethyl acetoacetate (2).4 This process of annulation was made much more general in the 1930s by Robinson and his coworkers,5 who showed that vinyl ketones and their derivatives, e.g. Mannich bases, could be used with simple ketone enolates to produce cyclohexenones of a wide variety, e.g. (20; equation 6), a process which has come to be known as the Robinson annulation.6
L 2 Estimates in Lipschitz Domains

In this chapter we study L2 boundary value problems for \({\mathcal{L}}_{\varepsilon}({u}_{\varepsilon}) = 0\) in a bounded Lipschitz domain Ω.
Reliability Assessment of 3D-Printed Pot-Core Constant-Flux Inductors

Constant-flux inductors (CFIs) are designed to have more uniform flux distribution in the core for efficient use of magnetic material and higher inductance density. However, they require elaborate winding structures which pose challenges to fabrication by conventional fabrication techniques. Recently, we applied a paste-extrusion 3D printer to fabricate spiral windings with different turn-to-turn widths for a pot-core CFI. The printed windings were sintered at 850°C and then potted in a low-temperature curable magnetic composite to form inductors measured at $5 \text{mm x}\ 5 \text{mm x}\ 2\ \text{mm}$. In this work, reliability of the pot-core CFIs was evaluated by temperature cycling between −40°C and 125°C and storage testing at 125°C. After 1000 temperature cycles and 1000 hours at the storage temperature, the DC winding resistances of the pot-core CFIs had no significant change while the inductances dropped only 4.8% and 2%, respectively.
Effects of Cold Storage on Nondiapausing Eggs of the Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, became much easier to research with the development of a nondiapausing rootworm strain. In the event that the eggs cannot be used immediately researchers have been known to delay egg hatch by storing the eggs at low temperatures. It is not well known how this technique could affect egg hatch or larval development, which could alter the results of an experiment. To test for this nondiapausing eggs of the western corn rootworm were stored at low temperatures to test for potential negative effects on hatch and larval development. Eggs were stored in either soil or agar and placed in refrigerators set to 4 or 8.5°C. Nondiapausing eggs were exposed to the cold for 1, 2, or 4 wk and then placed in a chamber set to 25°C. Eggs were then tested for average hatch percentage in Petri dishes and average larval recovery from containers with seedling corn. Results showed a significant reduction in percent hatch for eggs stored at 4°C for 4 wk. Larval recovery was significantly reduced in eggs stored for 4 wk at both 4 and 8.5°C. Within the treatments tested, egg storage for less than 4 wk in soil at 8.5°C provided the best hatch and larval recovery. Researchers wishing to store eggs may use these results to improve their rearing or testing of western corn rootworm.
Extremity Compartment Syndrome

Extremity compartment syndrome is a clinical entity which develops from an increase in pressure within a confined compartment that can lead to muscle ischemia and necrosis. The fascia overlying the muscle is non-expansible, and increasing pressure in the muscle compartment results in restriction of blood flow. Extremity compartment syndrome is typically seen in the upper and lower extremity after long bone injury. Other causes are edema secondary to prolonged limb compression, injection drug abuse leading to tissue swelling and soft tissue injury, and reperfusion injury in a previously ischemic limb. It is imperative to make the diagnosis early due to the potential for limb loss. Diagnosis is based on clinical exam or measurement of compartment pressures >20 mmHg. Treatment is emergent fasciotomy, taking care that all affected compartments are released completely.
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 2017 Year in Review

An impressive number of clinically impactful studies and reviews were published in The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice in 2017. As a service to our readers, the editors provide this Year in Review article to highlight and contextualize the advances published over the past year. We include information from articles on asthma, allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, immunotherapy, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, food allergy, anaphylaxis, drug hypersensitivity, urticarial/angioedema, eosinophilic disorders, and immunodeficiency. Within each topic, epidemiologic findings are presented, relevant aspects of prevention are described, and diagnostic and therapeutic advances are enumerated. Treatments discussed include behavioral therapy, allergen avoidance therapy, positive and negative effects of pharmacologic therapy, and various forms of immunologic and desensitization management. We hope this review will help readers consolidate and use this extensive and practical knowledge for the benefit of patients.
Phase Change Material Compact Model: Validation and Sensitivity as Thermal Interface Material

The Phase Change Material (PCM) is explored as potential passive thermal solution in package thermal design due to the burst power requirements in the mobile applications. In this paper, a compact model based on the apparent heat capacity method is proposed and implemented in Icepak®. The model is validated with the experimental results, also the compact model results are verified with the detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using Fluent® solver. The compact model is used to perform the sensitivity study using different commercial PCMs as thermal interface material (TIM) in the bare die package under JEDEC boundary conditions. The effect of conductivity and capacitance is discussed with respect to different PCMs as TIM.
Synthesis of Tri- and Difluoromethoxylated Compounds by Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis

Trifluoromethoxy (OCF3 ) and difluoromethoxy (OCF2 H) groups are fluorinated structural motifs that exhibit unique physicochemical characteristics. Incorporation of these substituents into organic molecules is a highly desirable approach used in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery processes to alter the properties of a parent compound. Recently, tri- and difluoromethyl ethers have received increasing attention and several innovative strategies to access these valuable functional groups have been developed. The focus of this Minireview is the use of visible-light photoredox catalysis in the synthesis of tri- and difluoromethyl ethers. Recent photocatalytic strategies for the formation of O-CF3 , C-OCF3, O-CF2 H, and C-OCF2 H bonds as well as other transformations leading to the construction of ORF groups are discussed herein.
Herder's Naturalist Aesthetics

In this book, Rachel Zuckert provides the first overarching account of Johann Gottfried Herder's complex aesthetic theory. She guides the reader through Herder's texts, showing how they relate to eighteenth- and nineteenth-century European philosophy of art, and focusing on two main concepts: aesthetic naturalism, the view that art is natural to and naturally valuable for human beings as organic, embodied beings, and - unusually for Herder's time - aesthetic pluralism, the view that aesthetic value takes many diverse and culturally varying forms. Zuckert argues that Herder's theory plays a pivotal role in the history of philosophical aesthetics, marking the transition from the eighteenth-century focus on aesthetic value as grounded in human nature to the nineteenth-century focus on art as socially significant and historically variable. Her study illuminates Herder's significance as an innovative thinker in aesthetics, and will interest a range of readers in philosophy of art and European thought.
Biomimetic Injectable 3D Hydrogels with Aligned Topography for Neural Tissue Engineering

Spinal cord trauma leads to destruction of the highly organized cytoarchitecture that carries information along the axis of the spinal column. Currently, there are no clinically accepted strategies that can help regenerate severed axons after spinal cord injury. Experimental neuroregenerative efforts include the creation of optimal biomaterials with aligned topography to support enhanced neuronal regeneration. Hydrogels are soft biomaterials with high water content that are widely used as scaffolds to interface with the central nervous system (CNS). Current available methods to create topography within the 3D amorphous hydrogels are typically complex. Here we examine a simple and reproducible method that results in consistently aligned fibrils within 3D matrices using thermally gelling biomimetic polymers that are compatible with neuronal cells. A collagen type I (Col)-based thermally gelling hydrogel system was used in combination with two other native extracellular matrix proteins: laminin I (LN), and hyaluronic acid (HA). Gelling kinetics for all gel types (Col, Col LN, Col HA) were examined, and we found that all three combinations of polymer formed consistent gels at 37°C. Col solution was faster to form gels (17 min), while Col LN and Col HA took longer (~22 minutes). A method of aspiration and ejection was used to produce Col-based hydrogels containing aligned fibrils. Gels were then examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM images confirmed successful alignment in all gel types, and the size of fibers was consistent with reported values for collagen (~250 nm in diameter). We found that embryonic spinal cord neurons survive and produce processes aligned to collagen fibrils after 14 days in vitro. Next, we investigated the functionality of aligned and non-aligned Col hydrogels implanted acutely after a contusion type spinal cord injury to the thoracic spinal cord at T7/T8. Pan neuronal antibody-positive fibrils were found within all implants, aligned hydrogels supported neurite growth along the parallel direction of the implanted hydrogels. Our data indicate that thermally gelling biomimetic hydrogels can produce aligned matrices by a method of aspiration and ejection. The material composition and process of aligning hydrogels outlined here presents a novel platform for regenerative therapies for the CNS that is compatible with the survival and growth of neuronal cells in vitro and in vivo.
Remaking Women’s Human Rights in the Vernacular: The Resonance Dilemma

The question of how norms developed in one place are adopted or appropriated in another is often described in terms of diffusion or travel. However, the process is better understood in terms of the relationship between the social situations in which norms are produced and those into which they are absorbed. Norms do not remain fixed in this process, since they are embedded in social relationships, identities and subjectivities, and are transformed by the social context into which they move. This chapter reconsiders these ideas, which we have earlier referred to as vernacularisation, within the framework of a situated approach to norm engagement.
Predicting the two predominant flexural failure paths of longitudinally reinforced high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composite structural members

Abstract High performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composite (HPFRCC) materials show higher tensile and compressive ductility than conventional concrete. When HPFRCC is used in place of traditional concrete for reinforced structural members (i.e., reinforced HPFRCC), the unique behavior of HPFRCC leads to different failure paths and modes than traditional reinforced concrete. As a result, the mechanics of failure of reinforced concrete members does not apply to the failure of reinforced HPFRCC flexural members. For structural design, it is necessary to understand the flexural failure paths and adopt appropriate prediction methods for reinforced HPFRCC members. In this study, two failure paths are identified through literature review and experimental demonstration: failure after crack localization and failure after gradual strain hardening. These two failure paths show distinct mechanical behavior and different ductility ranges. To mitigate the possibility of low ductility, a flexural failure path prediction method and a minimum reinforcing ratio equation are proposed for reinforced HPFRCC flexural members. A method to predict flexural strength based on a predicted failure path is developed and verified on 37 test results. Through a sensitivity analysis of the model parameters, the proposed method is shown to predict the strength of the collected test results with an error less than 13%.
Perceived and actual posttraumatic growth in religiousness and spirituality following disasters.

Objective Religious/spiritual (R/S) growth is a core domain of posttraumatic growth (PTG). However, research on R/S growth following disasters has over-relied on retrospective self-reports of growth. We therefore examined longitudinal change in religiousness/spirituality following two disasters. Method Religious survivors of Hurricanes Harvey (Study 1) and Irma (Study 2) completed measures of perceived R/S PTG, general religiousness/spirituality ("current standing"-R/S PTG), and subfacets of religiousness/spirituality (spiritual fortitude, religious motivations, and benevolent theodicies). In Study 1, 451 participants responded at 1-month and 2-month postdisaster. In Study 2, participants responded within 5-days predisaster and at 1-month (N = 1,144) and 6-months postdisaster (N = 684). Results In both studies, perceived R/S PTG was weakly related to longitudinal increases in general religiousness/spirituality and in most of its subfacets, but reliable growth in any R/S outcome was rare. Additionally, Study 2 revealed evidence that actual change in psychological well-being is associated with actual (but not perceived) R/S PTG, but disaster survivors tend to exhibit declines in their religiousness/spirituality, spiritual fortitude, and religious motivations. Conclusions Results suggest disaster survivors are only modestly accurate in perceiving how much positive R/S change they experience following a disaster. We discuss implications for clinical practice, scientific research, and empirical and conceptual work on PTG more broadly.
Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography Predicts Bone Marrow Involvement in the Staging of Follicular Lymphoma.

BACKGROUND Standard bone marrow biopsy (BMB) and bone involvement with follicular lymphoma (FL) on positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) both predict early clinical failure in FL. The key clinical question is whether PET/CT findings can obviate the need for BMB. The goal of this study was to determine the value of PET/CT in determining bone involvement in FL, using posterior iliac crest BMB as the gold standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 548 patients with newly diagnosed grade 1-3A FL were included. The presence, pattern, and location of bone involvement, spleen involvement, and standardized uptake values (SUVs) in the L3 vertebral body were recorded for all patients and compared with the BMB report. RESULTS Excluding patients with focal bone lesions on PET/CT, the sensitivity and specificity of PET/CT in detecting bone or marrow involvement, compared with BMB, were 53% and 88%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of spleen involvement on PET/CT in predicting a positive BMB were 55% and 86%, respectively. An L3 SUVmax of less than 2.0 resulted in a negative predictive value (NPV) of 96% for marrow involvement on BMB; an L3 SUVmean below 1.4 resulted in an NPV of 100%. CONCLUSION In newly diagnosed FL, PET/CT-detected bone and splenic involvement is highly specific for a positive BMB, and very low SUV values (<2.0 SUVmax and < 1.4 SUVmean ) in the lumbar spine have a high NPV for a negative BMB. Routine BMB may be obviated in these patients. BMB remains necessary to definitively exclude bone marrow involvement in a large majority of patients with a negative PET. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Predicting early clinical failure in follicular lymphoma (FL) is important but difficult. Bone marrow involvement by FL is associated with early clinical failure, and determining this involvement is a key component of the initial staging. This study highlights that in certain patients, positron emission tomography/computed tomography is sufficient in determining bone or marrow involvement, without the need for a confirmatory bone marrow biopsy (BMB). An algorithm is provided based on these findings to help clinicians determine which patients would benefit from BMB and when it can be avoided.
Time-series study of cardiovascular rates in India: A systematic analysis between 1990 and 2017

Cardiovascular disease represents a significant public health issue and places an immense burden on India's citizens, families, health systems, and the population. Predictive models provide structure and direction in anticipating future needs. This time-series study employed Box-Jenkins time series modeling to forecast 2030 prevalence and mortality rates of stroke, ischemic heart disease, and cardiovascular disease. The 2030 projected cardiovascular disease prevalence rate was predicted to increase to 5.26% (95% prediction interval, 5.19%-5.28%), with major contributors being stroke and ischemic heart disease. The authors propose increased investment across the continuum of care to efficaciously promote, prevent, and rehabilitate cardiovascular disease.