cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in Late Adolescents and Young Adults’ Attachment, Separation, and Mental Health During Wilderness Therapy

The study explored changes in young adults’ mental health, attachment, and separation from parents during a seven-week wilderness therapy program. Utilizing a longitudinal one-group design, the study examined outcomes of 157 young adults in one wilderness therapy program. From pre to post treatment, participants reported significant improvement in mental health symptoms and interpersonal relationships, as well as increases in the belief that others can be depended upon. Participants reported less resentment and anger towards mothers from pre to post treatment, but an increase in their needs for approval from fathers. The study details a link between young adults’ attachment, independence from parents, and improvement in mental health, suggesting that treatment which targets these links may provide more effective intervention.
Performance characteristics of an antibody-based multiplex kit for determining recent HIV-1 infection

The availability of reliable laboratory methods for determining recent HIV infection is vital for accurate estimation of population-based incidence. The mean duration of recent infection (MDRI) and false recent rate (FRR) are critical parameters for HIV incidence assays, as they impact HIV incidence estimates and provide a measure of assay performance. The HIV-1 Multiplex assay is an in-house developed, magnetic bead-based assay that measures virus-specific antibody levels and avidity to multiple analytes. To ensure quality control and to facilitate transfer of the assay to external laboratories or testing facilities, the in-house assay has been adapted and produced in kit form. Here, we describe the performance characteristics of the multiplex kit and demonstrate the stability of the kit components over a one-year period. Two statistical methods were employed to estimate the MDRI of the individual analytes and five different algorithms, combining multiple analyte values. The MDRI estimates for the individual analytes and five algorithms were all between 200 and 300 days post-seroconversion, with no notable difference between the two statistical approaches. All five algorithms exhibited a 0% FRR with specimens from long-term, subtype B HIV-1-infected individuals. The assay parameters described in this study provide the necessary tools to implement the HIV-1 multiplex assay and improves the utility of the assay for field use.
Improving halide-containing magnesium-ion electrolyte performance via sterically hindered alkoxide ligands

Abstract While homoleptic magnesium dialkoxides (MgR2, R = alkoxide) have shown promise as precursors for magnesium-ion electrolytes, the effect of ligand steric bulk on the performance of electrolytes based on these compounds is not fully understood. Increasing steric hindrance, studied via R groups with additional phenyl moieties, produces electrolytes with sequentially lower deposition overpotentials (less than −90 mV), higher purity Mg deposits (ca. 100% Mg), and lower overall cell impedances. The two largest alkoxide ligands show consistent cycling behavior and low stripping and plating overpotentials over 200 constant-current plating/stripping cycles. A deep-red visual change and the presence of large solubilized magnesium particulates above 450 nm in size is observed in an electrolyte containing magnesium bis(triphenylmethoxide) and aluminum chloride in contact with an abraded magnesium anode. Further morphological and impedance characterization show that this electrolyte system rapidly activates the magnesium metal anode surface to produce low overpotentials and, as such, is a candidate for further investigation.
Muddy Waters: Cross Currents in Fundraising and Its Control – 1907–1954

During the first half of the 20th century, many of the techniques of modern fundraising were developed. During these decades, fundraising demonstrated its potential for supporting important community goals, financing efforts to combat dread diseases, and initiating change in public policies. In this same span of years, community leaders, journalists, and policy makers became increasingly concerned with growing opportunities for inefficient or even downright dishonest fundraising. Local governments, federated fundraising organizers, and nonprofit charity ratings agencies attempted to forestall abuses of the public’s generosity. Further, during the Second World War, the federal government imposed significant controls on fundraising for war-related activities. The year 1954 saw the passage of new laws in two states that anticipated the most common form of charitable solicitations regulation in the second half of the century, a form that is widespread today. This paper traces developments from the end of the 19th century to show how the ground was prepared for post-war efforts by state governments to regulate charitable fundraising.
In Tribute and Memory of Dr. Aleksander Pilarski

A dear friend and colleague to many of us in the Nondestructive Testing Community, Dr. Aleksander Pilarski, passed away on January 6, 1994. “Olek” as he was known to us, has made many contributions to QNDE in the past decade. A brief review and highlights of his life and professional career are outlined in this brief tribute.
From 'A Frontier Land' to 'A Piece of North Africa in Italy': The Changing Politics of 'Tunisianness' in Mazara del Vallo, Sicily.

This article analyzes the conditions leading to the 'ethnic packaging' of the Casbah neighborhood in Mazara del Vallo, Sicily, and the economic and political struggles that ensued. By studying the changing relationship between the neighborhood's built environment, the racialization of Tunisian migrants and the town's transitioning economy, it analyzes transformations of the Casbah from a working-class Sicilian neighborhood, to an 'insanitary' Tunisian ghetto, to a showcase of the town's Mediterranean multiculturalism. Through this analysis, the article makes three arguments. Firstly, by showing that 'ethnic packaging' does not always lead to gentrification but may engender other types of conflict, it argues that the 'marketization' of urban diversity has a variety of consequences tied to cities' positions in broader geographies of uneven development. Secondly, by showing that the changing racialization of Tunisian migrants was produced both through changes to Mazara's built environment and through shifting territorial relations within Italy and across the Mediterranean, it develops a multi-scalar analysis of racialization. Thirdly, by showing that Sicilian depictions of Tunisian migrants changed according to shifting understandings of Sicilian modernity vis-a-vis the north of Italy, it argues that Italian immigration discourses develop in relation to internal forms of 'othering' of southern Italians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Overcoming the Scientistic Imaginary

Lowney uses Taylor’s Sources of the Self and A Secular Age to chart the development of two key ideas, the “buffered self” and an “immanent frame,” that contribute to the “scientistic imaginary” and shape how moderns understand themselves and the world. Following Taylor, Lowney sees that Modern epistemology and its correlative cosmic imaginary put a “closed spin” on a shared immanent frame. This spin closes off moral sources of meaning in contemporary thought. Lowney shows how Polanyi’s epistemology of tacit knowing in science provides a new framework for both scientific and moral thought. He discusses the structure of tacit knowing, which integrates consciousness with experience and overcomes the buffered self; and emergent being, which provides a new way of understanding the relation between transcendent levels and their “immanent” subsidiary conditions. Lowney shows how Polanyi’s ontological and epistemic structure mobilize against dualisms and the analytic reductivism of scientism. The substance dualism of Descartes turns out to be a misunderstanding of the subsidiary-emergent relation and an illusion generated by the from-to structure of consciousness.
DoF region of the MIMO interference channel with partial CSIT

For the 2-user MIMO interference channel with arbitrary antenna configurations, the degrees of freedom (DoF) region is characterized under arbitrary levels of partial CSIT for each of the channels. This bridges the gap between the two previous known results, i.e., DoF region with perfect CSIT and with no CSIT.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Mimicking a Discrete Brain Mass: A Case Report and Literature Review

The differential diagnosis for a focal brain lesion in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is broad and includes infection, malignancy, and vascular and inflammatory etiologies. One rarely considered vascular pathology is cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), which is often associated with a delay in diagnosis because of variable presentation and rare incidence. We present the case of a young woman with a new discrete brain lesion that appeared in the context of highly active SLE and was ultimately diagnosed with a CVT. We provide a literature review for diagnosis and management of cerebral venous thrombosis, a potentially serious complication of untreated systemic lupus erythematosus.
Migrating Tactics: An Interview with Ewa Majewska and Katarzyna Rakowska

This interview considers Polish feminists’ participation in both the Black Monday protests of October 3, 2016, and the International Women’s Strike held on March 8, 2017. Majewska and Rakowska attest to the long process of organizing and the ongoing histories that these strikes continued. These are histories of workers’ struggle as much as of feminist activism, and both Majewska and Rakowska speak to the inseparability of feminist efforts—including work for reproductive justice—from broader anti-capitalist projects in Poland and beyond. The interviewees thus repeatedly link the women’s strikes to movements opposing austerity, environmental despoliation, precarization, and nationalism.
Family Planning Methods Among Mayan Women in Guatemala and the Challenges Facing the Indigenous Population

High rates of maternal mortality continue to be an important public health and sociological problem in developing countries. It is estimated that 303,000 women die as a result of preventable childbirth complications each year. In Central America, Guatemala exhibits the highest rate of maternal mortality, where 1 of every 170 pregnant Guatemalan women will die giving birth annually. It has been estimated that the maternal mortality rate for the indigenous Mayan population of Guatemala is three times greater than the national average. Within the indigenous Mayan community many women choose to give birth at home with the aid of an unskilled traditional birth attendant (TBA). Studies have shown that the promotion of family planning methods, birth-spacing, and reproductive health knowledge could help decrease maternal mortality rates worldwide. Although a great deal of public health efforts have focused on family planning promotion, there still exists a disparity in contraceptive use among the Spanish-speaking Ladino population and the indigenous Mayans, with Mayan women being less likely to use family planning methods. A closer look at this phenomenon reveals social, cultural, and economic barriers that limit Mayan use and adherence to family planning methods. Ultimately, these findings call for the greater implementation of culturally sensitive reproductive health care and gender-transformative interventions that allow both men and women in Mayan communities to be active participants in their reproductive health.
Early Endotyping: A Chance for Intervention in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a syndrome that comprises several lung pathologies, but subphenotyping the various disease subtypes has been difficult. One reason may be that curren...
Merging DoDAF architectures to develop and analyze the DoD network of systems

The Department of Defense (DoD) manages capabilities through the Joint Interoperability and Capability Development System (JCIDS) process. As part of this process, sponsors develop a series of DoD Architecture Framework (DoDAF) products to assist analysts understand the proposed capability and how it fits into the broader network of DoD legacy systems and systems under development. However, the Joint Staff, responsible for executing the JCIDS process, often analyzes these architectures in isolation without considering the broader network of systems. DoD leadership, the Government Accountability Organization, and others have noted the lack of the DoD's ability to manage the broader portfolio of capabilities in various reports and papers. Several efforts have proposed merging DoDAF architecture into a larger meta-architecture based on individual system architectures. This paper specifically targets the Systems View 3 (SV-3), System-to-system matrix, as an opportunity to merge multiple DoDAF architecture views into a network of system and understand the potential benefits associated with analyzing a broader perspective. The goal of merging multiple SV-3s is to better understand the interoperability of a system within the network of DoD systems as network metrics may provide insights into the relative interoperability of a DoD system. Currently, the DoD's definition of interoperability focuses on the system or capability's ability to enter and operate within the DoD Information Network (DoDIN); however, this view limits the definition of interoperability as it focuses solely on information flows and not resource flows or physical connections that should be present in a SV-3. The paper demonstrates the importance of including all forms of connections between systems in a network by comparing network metrics associated with the different types of connections. Without a complete set of DoDAF architectures for each system within the DoD and based on the potential classification of these products, the paper collates data that should be included in an SV-3 from open source, unclassified references to build the overall network of DoD systems. From these sources, a network of over 300 systems with almost 1000 connections emerges based on the documented information, resource, and physical connections between these legacy and planned DoD systems. With this network, the paper explores the quantification of individual system's interoperability through the application of nodal and network metrics from social network analysis (SNA). A SNA perspective on a network of systems provides additional insights beyond traditional network analysis because of the emphasis on the importance of nodes, systems, in the network as well as the relationship, connections, between the nodes. Finally, the paper proposes future work to explore the quantification of additional attributes of systems as well as a method for further validating the findings.
Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide by rare earth compound catalysts

Methanation of carbon dioxide was studied by using rare earth metal alloys such as LaNi5 and LaNi4 X (X = transition metal) at 200˜400°C under l˜50kg/cm2. The order of the activity was LaNi5>LaNi4Cr>Ni>LaNi4Cu>LaNi4Al. When LaNi5 was used, the yield of methane was 93% at 300°C under 50atm. The rate of methanation was very rapid, and STY of methane was as high as 890 mol/l.h. for LaNi5. The pattern of metallic Ni increased in XRD analysis for nickel and lanthanum oxide catalyst during in site activation of LaNi5. The XRD pattern was similar to that of coprecipitated Ni/La2O3 and catalytic activity was a little superior to coprecipitated Ni/La2O3 at low temperature.
Strength and Deformability of Highly Fractured Rock

This paper reviews procedures used to determine properties of the greywacke sandstone forming the foundation of a concrete dam. Multistage triaxial testing of carefully reassembled core specimens provided a series of shear-strength versus normal-stress curves for fractured rock; the lowest of these was adopted as representative of the strength of the rock mass. Deformability was measured during the triaxial tests and in the field using a borehole jack in 3-in. (76-mm) drill holes. The latter yielded a value for the normal stiffness of the fractures in the rock. Introducing this stiffness value together with any given fracture spacing then determined the rock-mass modulus of elasticity corresponding to the assigned fracture spacing. Longitudinal and shear-wave velocity measurements in cross-hole configuration determined modulus of elasticity values considerably higher than those measured with the borehole jack, as expected in fractured rock.
Implementation of screen-capture video recordings of resident conferences in an academic radiology department: pilot experience.

Rationale and Objectives Didactic lectures are an integral component of resident education, but many are missed because of postcall or away rotation status. The authors describe their pilot experience implementing an audiovisual recording program for didactic lectures and report residents' and faculty members' perceptions of this experience. Materials and Methods From July to October 2008, resident conference didactic lectures were recorded on a voluntary faculty basis and posted to a secure Web site using affordable ($500) commercially available equipment. After the trial period, surveys were administered to residents and faculty members. Questions addressed residents' use of the system and its perceived usefulness, as well as its impact on conference attendance, lecture quality, and preparation time. Results The survey was completed by 32 of 37 residents (86%) and by 24 of 68 (35%) faculty. Median rankings of perceived usefulness of the system (1 = not useful, 5 = extremely useful) were 5 for residents and 3 for faculty members (P Conclusions On the basis of its affordability, perceived usefulness by residents, and minimal impact on faculty members' preparation time, a recording system for didactic lectures has the potential to enhance residents' learning at only minimal costs to radiology departments.
Can Liposomal Bupivacaine Be Safely Utilized in Elective Spine Surgery

Study Design:Single-blinded prospective randomized control trial.Objectives:To compare the incidence of adverse events (AEs) and hospital length of stay between patients who received liposomal bupi...
Tammy Bütow on Chaos Engineering

Software Engineering Radio host Edaena Salinas talks with Tammy Butow of Gremlin on chaos engineering. The excerpt here covers Tammy’s background in failure testing, the nature of failure injection, what we can learn from chaos experiments, how to work through failure scenarios to harden your infrastructure, and their value in training operations staff. To hear the full interview, visit http://www.se-radio.net or access our archives via RSS at http://feeds.feedburner.com/se-radio.
Enhancing GABAergic transmission improves locomotion in a caenorhabditis elegans model of spinal muscular atrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease characterized by degeneration of spinal motor neurons resulting in variable degrees of muscular wasting and weakness. It is caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the survival motor neuron (SMN1) gene. Caenorhabditis elegans mutants lacking SMN recapitulate several aspects of the disease including impaired movement and shorted life span. We examined whether genes previously implicated in life span extension conferred benefits to C. elegans lacking SMN. We find that reducing daf-2/insulin receptor signaling activity promotes survival and improves locomotor behavior in this C. elegans model of SMA. The locomotor dysfunction in C. elegans lacking SMN correlated with structural and functional abnormalities in GABAergic neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Moreover, we demonstrated that reduction in daf-2 signaling reversed these abnormalities. Remarkably, enhancing GABAergic neurotransmission alone was able to correct the locomotor dysfunction. Our work indicated that an imbalance of excitatory/inhibitory activity within motor circuits and underlies motor system dysfunction in this SMA model. Interventions aimed at restoring the balance of excitatory/inhibitory activity in motor circuits could be of benefit to individuals with SMA.
An unintended consequence of place-based policies: A fall in informality

Abstract We show that place-based policies can lead to a decline in the number of firms in the targeted areas. While the number of formal firms rises, the number of informal firms falls leading to an overall decline in the number of firms.
Food PreservationOpen image in new window

This chapter is in the newly named Aspects of Food Processing section of the text. The chapters covering food additives and food packaging components of the food processing section appear in Chaps. 17 and 18, respectively.
On-treatment changes of plasma protein biomarkers in CALGB/SWOG 80405 (Alliance).

588Background: CALGB/SWOG 80405 found no difference in overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS) in 1137 patients with KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated with...
Twenty Years of Reflections in Mutation Research

Abstract Reflections is a component of Mutation Research Reviews devoted to historical and philosophical themes pertaining to the subject of mutation. Reflections was initiated in 1999 and has included a broad array of topics centered on mutation research, but overlapping other scientific fields and touching upon history, sociology, politics, philosophy and ethics. This commentary offers an editor's reflections on the 44 papers in the Reflections series, including the people who contributed to the series and the topics that they discussed.
A Variogram Analysis of Build Height Effects in an Additively Manufactured AlSi10Mg Part

Abstract Variations in local processing parameters and conditions in additively manufactured materials make mechanical properties difficult to characterize. Microtensile testing is providing a wealth of information on these local property variations. Here we utilize spatial autocorrelation techniques to show autocorrelation of grain sizes and mechanical properties with build height in a specially-designed, additively manufactured AlSi10Mg part. This result suggests that, at least in some cases, an interplay between local part geometry and the fabrication process occurs that affects local mechanical properties.
Familial Ties, Location of Occupation, and Congregational Exit in Geographically-Based Congregations: A Case Study of the Amish

While many studies have examined the relationship between social ties and joining social movements and religious groups, few studies have investigated the relationship between social ties and the likelihood of exiting such groups. Additionally, research has not considered how geography affects the membership dynamics of geographically-based congregations, specifically whether factors associated with residential mobility may also affect congregational exit in geographically-based congregations. The purpose of this study is to examine how familial ties and place of employment affect congregational exit in geographically-based congregations. Drawing on social network and residential mobility research, this study hypothesizes that having parents and/or adult children in the same congregation and having minor children decreases the likelihood of congregational exit and working farther away from the congregation increases it. This study draws on longitudinal archival data from one Amish congregation in the Holmes County Ohio Settlement. It tests the hypotheses using logistic regression models. The results show that having one’s parents/adult children in the congregation and working close to the congregation are associated with a reduced likelihood of congregational exit. Having minor children in one’s household is not associated with congregational exit. This is one of the first studies to consider how geographical requirements for congregational membership has implications for congregational exit. Given the results, congregations may be able to increase member retention by creating multigenerational ministries that support extended families and by advertising in local places of employment. As occupations increasingly shift to being primarily outside the home, Amish congregations in particular may experience more member turnover and membership instability.
Ultrasound-guided Intralesional Injection of Talimogene laherparepvec (Imlygic) for Advanced Melanoma: Technical Note on a Preliminary Experience.

To evaluate the safety and feasibility of ultrasound-guided intralesional injection of Talimogene laherparepvec (Imlygic, T-VEC) in patients with advanced non-palpable melanoma. Fourteen consecutive patients (mean age, 67.9 years ± 13.0; range, 40–88; 12 males) with unresectable, locally advanced melanoma underwent ultrasound-guided intralesional injections of T-VEC (July 2016–March 2020) into subcutaneous lesions. Tumor response to the injection was evaluated at the last follow-up. Technical success and complication rates were recorded. The T-VEC injection was technically successful in all patients with all lesions successfully punctured (100%). The mean number of lesions, injection cycles, and injection volumes were 4.1 ± 2.6 (1–9), 6.5 ± 3.0 (3–12), and 2.6 mL ± 1.4 (1–4 mL), respectively. During the follow-up period (mean, 21.0 months ± 13.4; range 1–43.6 months), complete remission, partial remission, persistent disease, and disease progression were observed in 6 (42.9%), 3 (21.4%), 1 (7.1%), and 4 (28.6%) patients, respectively. Post-treatment symptoms observed in 9 patients (64.3%), including fever (n = 2), fatigue (n = 1), headache (n = 1), pain (n = 1), mouth sores (n = 1), and flu-like symptoms (n = 3). No injection-related complications occurred in all procedures. Intralesional injection of T-VEC for non-palpable metastases under ultrasound guidance is safe and feasible in patients with advanced melanoma.
Agile Software Processes for the 24-Hour Knowledge Factory Environment

The growing adoption of outsourcing and offshoring concepts is presenting new opportunities for distributed software development. Inspired by the paradigm of round-the-clock manufacturing, the concept of the 24-hour knowledge factory (24HrKF) attempts to make similar transformations in the arena of IS: specifically to transform the production of software and allied intangibles to benefit from the notion of continuous development by establishing multiple collaborating sites at strategically selected locations around the globe. As the sun sets on one site, it rises on another site with the dayâ€™s work being handed off from the closing site to the opening site. In order to enable such hand offs to occur in an effective manner, new agile and distributed software processes are needed, as delineated in this article.
Nanoparticle-based amplification for sensitive detection of β-galactosidase activity in fruits

Abstract Development of fast and sensitive assays for enzyme activity detection has received a great deal of attention because of the wide spread applications in measurements of numerous clinical, food and environmental processes. Herein, a novel amplification approach to enhance the sensitivity of colorimetric assays for detection of β-galactosidase (β-Gal) activity is proposed. β-Gal detection is important in biomedical applications and in food industry, where it is associated with the ripening process of fruits. The method is based on the use of multivalent cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) which catalyze the oxidation of 4-aminophenol (4-AP) produced in the hydrolysis process of the 4-aminophenyl-β- d -galactopyranoside substrate (4-APG) by β-Gal, thus enhancing detection sensitivity of β-Gal in the visible range. The developed assay is highly sensitive and easy to use. Using the optimized procedure, a limit of detection of 0.06 mU/mL was obtained with a linearity range up to 2.0 mU/mL. The feasibility of the method was demonstrated for detection of β-Gal activity in fruits and the results were compared with the conventional assay, providing over a 30-fold amplification as compared to a commercially available β-Gal protocol. The advantage of the presented assay is its biocatalytic event amplified by a secondary reaction, which enables much more sensitive detection of the enzymatic product. The sensing platform can be applied broadly to a variety of applications that rely on β-Gal activity measurements.
An Evolving Role for AXL in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.

High tumoral expression of AXL was associated with inferior response to anti-PD-1 therapy and increased tumoral PD-L1 expression in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, with particularly poor outcomes in those with high AXL and PD-L1. AXL expression has potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
Translation initiation from sequence variants of the bacteriophage T7 g10RBS in Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium fabrum.

Background The bacteriophage T7 gene 10 ribosome binding site (g10RBS) has long been used for robust expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. This RBS consists of a Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence augmented by an upstream translational "enhancer" (Enh) element, supporting protein production at many times the level seen with simple synthetic SD-containing sequences. The objective of this study was to dissect the g10RBS to identify simpler derivatives that exhibit much of the original translation efficiency. Methods and results Twenty derivatives of g10RBS were tested using multiple promoter/reporter gene contexts. We have identified one derivative (which we call "CON_G") that maintains 100% activity in E. coli and is 33% shorter. Further minimization of CON_G results in variants that lose only modest amounts of activity. Certain nucleotide substitutions in the spacer region between the SD sequence and initiation codon show strong decreases in translation. When testing these 20 derivatives in the alphaproteobacterium Agrobacterium fabrum, most supported strong reporter protein expression that was not dependent on the Enh. Conclusions The g10RBS derivatives tested in this study display a range of observed activity, including a minimized version (CON_G) that retains 100% activity in E. coli while being 33% shorter. This high activity is evident in two different promoter/reporter sequence contexts. The array of RBS sequences presented here may be useful to researchers in need of fine-tuned expression of recombinant proteins of interest.
Studies on the mechanism of action of 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-arabonate dehydratase. The participation of an enzyme-substrate Schiff base in a dehydration.

Abstract When the enzymic conversion of 3-deoxy-2-oxo-l-arabonate to 2,5-dioxovalerate is carried out in HTO or D2O, isotopic hydrogen is incorporated at C-3 and C-4 of the product. In D2O, 1 deuterium atom is incorporated stereospecifically at each position. Treatment of the enzyme with NaBH4 in the presence of substrate leads to inactivation of the enzyme and to covalent binding of 1 mole of substrate to 1 mole of enzyme. It was therefore concluded that the substrate and enzyme interact to form a Schiff base. A mechanism for the over-all reaction is proposed in which the enzyme-substrate Schiff base participates and which accounts for the observed isotope incorporation.
Phonetic data analysis: An introduction to fieldwork and instrumental techniques

Peter Ladefoged, Phonetic data analysis: An introduction to fieldwork and instrumental techniques. Malden, MA, & Oxford: Blackwell, 2003. Pp. xi, 196. Pb. $34.95.This book teaches readers how to conduct phonetic fieldwork, from planning through data collection to analysis. Peter Ladefoged is eminently qualified to write this book, as probably the world's top phonetician, and as someone with an astounding quantity of phonetic fieldwork experience.
Cell-mediated hyperacute rejection: II. The early events

Abstract The “white graft” reaction, the most severe form of cell-mediated hyperacute rejection reactions, results in early graft death, demonstrable by failure of syngeneic retransplantation beginning about 24 hr after placement onto the sensitized recipients. This is preceded by ultrastructural necrotic changes of graft endothelial cells, beginning about 6 hr after graft placement. The likely rejection mechanisms and immune pathways are discussed.
Regulation of human muscle contraction at the cellular and molecular levels.

The rat is the most extensively characterized species with regard to regulation of muscle contraction and myofibrillar protein isoform expression, but there is reason to question whether results from small mammals, such as the rat, can be extrapolated directly to larger mammals, such as man. Studies of human muscle contraction have primarily used different in vivo muscle function measurements, i.e. measurements of force at different speeds of movement during electrical stimulation or voluntary activation. These measurements give important information on overall muscle function, but they are of limited value for our understanding of regulation of muscle contraction. In basic science, cellular- and molecular-physiological methods have been used for many years, but these techniques have so far only rarely been used in studies of human muscle contraction. Detailed studies of human muscle contraction can be performed in the short muscle fibre segments obtained by the percutaneous muscle biopsy technique both at the cellular and molecular level. The skinned fibre preparation in combination with a novel in vitro motility assay offers a unique possibility to investigate regulation of human muscle contraction at the cellular and molecular levels in the same muscle cell segment in both health and disease, i.e. in muscle cells characterized according to the type and amount of expressed myofibrillar protein isoforms.
Proceedings of the thirteenth ACM international symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing

On behalf of the organizing committee, it is my pleasure to welcome you to MobiHoc 2012, the Thirteenth ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing. MobiHoc continues its tradition of serving as the premier forum for bringing together researchers and practitioners on a broad spectrum of wireless networking and mobile computing topics that include mobile ad hoc networks, wireless sensor networks, wireless mesh networks, cognitive radio networks, and other emerging areas. MobiHoc 2012 is being held on the beautiful Hilton Head Island, SC, which we hope will provide an enjoyable environment for presenting the most recent research achievements and connecting with the research community in these areas. This year's MobiHoc includes seven exciting technical sessions that include 24 exceptional papers, four workshops, and a poster session. The technical program committee led by the chairs Yih-Chun Hu and Sanjay Shakkottai did an outstanding job in reviewing and selecting the MobiHoc papers, while maintaining the MobiHoc tradition of high selectivity and fairness. The Workshop chairs Ryuji Wakikawa and Wenye Wang did an excellent job in getting together the MobiHoc workshops: the Workshop on Sensor-Enhanced Safety and Privacy in Public Spaces; the Workshop on Airborne Networks and Communications; the Workshop on Name-Oriented Mobile Networking Design - Architecture, Algorithms, and Applications; and the Workshop on Pervasive Wireless Healthcare. These workshops are focused on areas of emerging interest and provide significant diversity to the MobiHoc program. The poster chair Karthik Sundaresan did substantial work to have poster papers reviewed and accepted in time for the proceedings. I am deeply thankful to all of these committee members. I am delighted to announce keynote presentations from two renowned contributors to MobiHoc (as well as their respective research areas): Dr. Edward Knightly from Rice University, who will be presenting on Urban-scale Wireless Networks in Unlicensed sub-GHz bands; and Dr. Nitin Vaidya from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, who will be presenting on Resilient Distributed Consensus.
A role for ultraspiracle, the Drosophila RXR, in morphogenetic furrow movement and photoreceptor cluster formation

Many of the same genes needed for proper eye and limb development in vertebrates, such as hairy, hedgehog, patched and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A, are responsible for patterning Drosophila imaginal discs, the tissues that will give rise to the adult cuticle structures. This is well demonstrated in the control of morphogenetic furrow movement and differentiation in the eye imaginal disc. We report that ultraspiracle, the gene encoding the Drosophila cognate of the Retinoid X Receptor, is required for normal morphogenetic furrow movement and ommatidial cluster formation. Examination of the expression of genes involved in regulating the furrow suggests that ultraspiracle defines a novel regulatory pathway in eye differentiation.
Low bias voltage and high sensitivity CMOS condenser microphone using combined stress relaxation design

During the past decade, many companies have applied MEMS micromachining technique to the fabrication of miniature microphone such as Knowles SiSonicTM, Yamaha, Akustica, and Omron. In addition to the miniature volume, one major advantage that MEMS microphones is the capability of handling the heat produced during the reflow soldering processes on typical surface mount fabrication lines. However, most MEMS microphones are connected to ASIC chips through wire bonding that will induce undesired parasitical capacitance. The requirements of monolithic integration of sensors with electronic part comes form lowing the manufacturing cost, simplifying total process, solving interconnect bottleneck, miniaturizing total size, and reducing the parasitic capacitance. One example is the accelerometer made by Analog Device [1]. A piezoelectric microphone with on-chip CMOS amplifier [2] has been demonstrated. The square diaphragm with the size 2mm on a side was fabricated by combining a silicon-nitride diaphragm with ZnO thin film layers. The measured sensitivity is 80uV/Pa at 3 KHz and the frequency response range is form 800 Hz to 30 KHz. The capacitive sensing is more widely used to detected membrane vibration. Condenser microphone has benefits of high sensitivity, flat frequency response, and low noise level [3]. A FET condenser microphone with sensitivity up to 38mV/Pa had been reported [4]. Basically, the sensitivity of microphone can be boosted by increasing membrane size and bias voltage, reducing the air gap, and relieving the residual stress. To acquire enough bias voltage, the additional charge pump circuit is needed; thus, this additional charge pump circuit will increase the cost and the overall volume of microphone. To this consideration, a low bias voltage with high sensitivity CMOS microphone using combined stress relaxation is developed. The design concept, fabrication processes, and measurement result are proposed in this study.
IV: Some Functions of Communication in Crisis Behavior

We may conceive of crisis—for our purposes here—as a situation in which the actor faces the necessity of making an appropriate choice of action in order to avoid or minimize severe punishment. In this context, the function of communication is to enable the actor to make choices by providing him with information.1 He has received information when his perception of the number or the relative value of available choices is changed.
Measuring Driver Performance in Braking Maneuvers

A simple, reliable instrumentation package with an on-board computer for installation in a test vehicle or the test driver's own vehicle is described. This package was used in a research project recently completed, an empirical investigation of stopping sight distance. Selected data on perception-response time (PRT) and braking performance under artificial and simulated on-the-road emergency conditions are presented. PRTs were less than the AASHTO assumed constant of 2.5 sec even at the 95th percentile. Braking performance in terms of steady deceleration was greater than -0.32 g at the 95th percentile.
The infinite and infinitesimal quantities of du Bois-Reymond and their reception

The mixed fortunes of Paul du Bois-Reymond's infinitary calculus and ideal boundary between convergence and divergence are traced from 1870 to 1914. Cantor, Dedekind, Peano, Russell, Pringsheim and others objected. Stolz, Borel, Hardy and others accepted, at least in part, and built further. Hausdorff to some extent effected a compromise. The differing attitudes of the different participants toward infinitesimals and infinitely large quantities are described. In addition to shedding some light on the status of infinites, the whole story serves as a study of mathematical change, and shows that the “proof-refutation” process described by Lakatos is only one aspect of mathematical development. The story also sheds some light on the rise of 20th century functional analysis, algebra and topology.
Laser-assisted arthroscopic meniscal surgery of the knee

Abstract The advent of arthroscopy greatly facilitated meniscectomy, leading to decreased morbidity and improved clinical outcome. Advances in instrumentation led to the refinement of this precise, cost-effective surgical procedure and broadened the indications for arthroscopic meniscectomy. Concurrently, basic science research led to the evolution and refinement of both photothermal and photochemically active lasers. Early clinical experience identified and acknowledged problems with nascent laser technology and tissue interaction. Ease of use in a saline environment and the excellent absorption of joint target tissues has led to the emergence of the holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) wavelength as the arthroscopic laser medium of choice in knee surgery. As costs continue to decrease and technical refinements add further flexibility of use, laser-assisted arthroscopic surgery of the knee will become more widespread, not only for meniscectomy, but also for other soft tissue work.
A New Approach in Approximating Thermodynamics Properties in Compressed Liquid Region

Currently it is a common practice to use saturated liquid properties to approximate thermodynamics properties of fluids in the compressed liquid region. In this practice it is assumed that specific volume, internal energy, and entropy of fluids in the compressed liquid region are functions of temperature only and pressure practically has very little or no effect on these properties. Therefore, these properties at a given temperature and pressure are approximated by the saturated liquid properties at the given temperature. In the current literature the approximation formula given for enthalpy in the compressed liquid region is expressed as h(T, p) = hf (T) + vf (T) [p – psat (T)], where the aim of the second term on the right hand side of the equation is to improve the accuracy of the approximation, when pressure is much greater than the saturation pressure. However, in a recent study of thermodynamic properties of water, Kostic has shown that the second term in the equation improves the accuracy of the approximation of the enthalpy only at temperatures below 100 °C. In fact, he has shown that the second term increases the error when the formula is used to approximate the enthalpy of water in the compressed liquid region at intermediate and high temperatures. Kostic’s investigation is expanded in this paper to include substances other than water. The study shows that in many situations pressure has a bigger influence on the internal energy than it does on enthalpy of fluids in the compressed liquids. This paper demonstrates that the current practice of approximating properties of fluids in the compressed liquid region is not accurate at all range of temperatures and pressures. It establishes the range of pressures and temperatures for which the current approximation method could be used with reasonable accuracies. It also proposes a new scheme for the approximation of thermodynamic properties in the compressed liquid region.© 2008 ASME
In defence of gullibility: the epistemology of testimony and the psychology of deception detection

Research in the psychology of deception detection implies that Fricker, in making her case for reductionism in the epistemology of testimony, overestimates both the epistemic demerits of the antireductionist policy of trusting speakers blindly and the epistemic merits of the reductionist policy of monitoring speakers for trustworthiness: folk psychological prejudices to the contrary notwithstanding, it turns out that monitoring is on a par (in terms both of the reliability of the process and of the sensitivity of the beliefs that it produces) with blind trust. The consequence is that while (a version of) Fricker’s argument for the necessity of a reduction succeeds, her argument for the availability of reductions fails. This does not, however, condemn us to endorse standard pessimistic reductionism, according to which there is no testimonial knowledge, for recent research concerning the methods used by subjects to discover deception in non-laboratory settings suggests that only a more moderate form of pessimism is in order.
THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRIES IN THE U.S.S.R.

DURING the period 1953-57 Soviet economists and other government personnel evaluated the broad features of the economy of their country in the light of expediencies and competitive costs and came up with some policy measures calculated to revamp certain sectors of the economy that were acting as bottlenecks to further development. These policies largely are embodied in the goals and procedures of the seven-year plan for 195965 and as such have been widely publicized in newspapers, magazines, and handbooks. Such publications, together with an unprecedented release of production statistics since 1956, afford a bench mark in time from which one can view the Soviet economy both backward and forward and discern significant trends now in progress that are destined to shape the character of the economy in years to come. It is quite possible now to identify some of the outstanding aspects that are planned for the future economic structure. One of the most significant changes now taking place, that could not have been discerned from maps and statistics published even as late as 1956, is the change in the types of fuel consumption in the country. Whereas in 1940 coal accounted for more than 70 percent of all mineral fuel consumption and oil and gas accounted for only 24 percent, in 1972 coal is to account for only about 30 percent and oil and gas are to account for more than 60 percent. That this is a true reversal in policy can be seen by the fact that in 1950 the share of coal had risen to 73 percent of the total and that of oil and gas had dropped to less than 20 percent. The ten-year plan for the development of the oil industry from 1951 to 1960 called for a gradual reduction in the consumption of fuel oil in metallurgical industries, at power plants, and by railroads until in 1960 such uses of fuel oil were to be completely eliminated. However, this plan was scrapped abruptly in 1957 and a new fifteenyear plan was launched with goals for 1972 as stated above.'
Down regulation of myelin-specific mRNAs in the mechanism of hypomyelination in the undernourished developing brain.

Abstract The expression of myelin-specific protein genes, i.e. myelin proteolipid (PLP), basic (BP), and myelin associated glycoproteins (MAG) was studied in normal and severely undernourished 20-day-old rats. The undernutrition paradigm resulted in reductions of approximately 50, 25 and 65% in body weight, brain weight and brain myelin yield, respectively. The amount of total brain RNA was not significantly altered, although the amount of cyclophilia (CYC) mRNA was increased. In contrast, the steady-state levels of myelin specific mRNAs were significantly decreased by approximately 40, 20 and 40% for PLP, BP and MAG, respectively. In addition, polyadenylation of the PLP transcript was altered, producing an abnormal ratio of the 1.6 kb to the 3.2 kb PLP mRNAs. The results indicate that down-regulatio of myelin-specific gene expression is involved in the mechanisms of hypomyelination in hunger disease, although the individual genes are differently altered. Furthermore, undernutrition may have additional effects on the posttranscriptional processing of the transcripts as indicated by the abnormal size distribution of PLP messages.