cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal variability of Δ14C, δ13C, and C/N in sinking particulate organic matter at a deep time series station in the northeast Pacific Ocean

A 6-year time series of Δ14C, δ13C, and C/N measurements in deep sinking particulate organic matter (POM) is presented for an abyssal site, Station M in the northeast Pacific Ocean. The Δ14C values revealed that sinking POM at 3450 m depth (650 m above bottom) contained old carbon despite its presumed short transit time in the water column. The isotopic and chemical properties of the sinking POM varied with time and appear to be controlled by more than one major process. In 1993, 1994, and late 1996, isotopic signatures and C/N molar ratios indicate negligible or vertically homogeneous influence of resuspended particles from the bottom or particles laterally transported from the margin to the study site. However, during early 1995 and 1998, Δ14C values were lower than those during other periods and C/N values at three deep depths were not equal, indicating that the study site was influenced by resuspended sediments more severely than during other periods. During mid-1995 to mid-1996, δ13C values decreased abruptly while Δ14C values increased slightly, and C/N values were extremely high (up to ∼80) at 50 and 600 m above bottom; these results suggest input of degraded, modern, terrestrial organic matter. The periods of anomalous isotopic signatures, as well as vertically heterogeneous C/N values [ Smith et al., 2001], were correlated with high discharge periods of California rivers with a time lag of 2 to 4 months. The correlation suggests that regional meteorological events are important in controlling the biogeochemical properties of particles at Station M by varying the intensity of resuspension and transport of organic matter from the continental margin.
Mozart’s movements and behaviour: a case of Tourette’s syndrome?

In this review, we intend to explore the often asked question: "Did Mozart have Tourette's syndrome?" Although there are numerous reports attributing Mozart's peculiar personality and behaviour to a spectrum of neurobehavioural disorders such as Tourette's syndrome, autistic disorder, Asperger's syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection, the evidence for any of these disorders is lacking. Whether Mozart's behaviour was nothing more than a reflection of his unique personality or a more complex neurological disorder, aggravated later in life by enormous demands by his father and society, his behaviour has been the subject of many biographies. It will also remain unknown to what extent his accomplishments and failures were shaped by his childhood experiences, pressured lifestyle, and his innate genius and extraordinary talent. Lessons from his life may have important implications for other gifted individuals and savants whose special attributes may lead them to succeed or, on the other hand, suppress their emotional growth and make them more vulnerable to stress and failure.
Computing the arrow-debreu competitive market equilibrium and its extensions

We consider the Arrow-Debreu competitive market equilibrium problem which was first formulated by Leon Walras in 1874 [12]. In this problem every one in a population of n players has an initial endowment of a divisible good and a utility function for consuming all goods—own and others. Every player sells the entire initial endowment and then uses the revenue to buy a bundle of goods such that his or her utility function is maximized. Walras asked whether prices could be set for everyone's good such that this is possible. An answer was given by Arrow and Debreu in 1954 [1] who showed that such equilibrium would exist if the utility functions were concave. Their proof was non-constructive and did not offer any algorithm to find such equilibrium prices.
miR-206 Mediates YAP-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Survival

Rationale: In Drosophila , the Hippo signaling pathway negatively regulates organ size by suppressing cell proliferation and survival through the inhibition of Yorkie, a transcriptional co-factor. Yes-associated protein (YAP), the mammalian homolog of Yorkie, promotes cardiomyocyte growth and survival in postnatal hearts. However, the underlying mechanism responsible for the beneficial effect of YAP in cardiomyocytes remains unclear. Objective: We investigated whether miR-206, a microRNA known to promote hypertrophy in skeletal muscle, mediates the effect of YAP upon promotion of survival and hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes. Methods and Results: Microarray analysis indicated that YAP increased miR-206 expression in cardiomyocytes. Increased miR-206 expression induced cardiac hypertrophy and inhibited cell death in cultured cardiomyocytes, similar to that of YAP. Down regulation of endogenous miR-206 in cardiomyocytes attenuated YAP-induced cardiac hypertrophy and survival, suggesting that miR-206 plays a critical role in mediating YAP function. Cardiac-specific overexpression of miR-206 in mice induced hypertrophy and protected the heart from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, whereas suppression of miR-206 exacerbated I/R injury and prevented pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. miR-206 negatively regulates FoxP1 expression in cardiomyocytes and overexpression of FoxP1 attenuated miR-206-induced cardiac hypertrophy and survival, suggesting that FoxP1 is a functional target of miR-206. Conclusions: YAP increases the abundance of miR-206, which in turn plays an essential role in mediating hypertrophy and survival by silencing FoxP1 in cardiomyocytes.
Quantitative absorption cytometry for measuring red blood cell hemoglobin mass and volume

We present an optical system, called the quantitative absorption cytometer (QAC), to measure the volume and hemoglobin mass of red blood cells flowing through a microfluidic channel. In contrast to clinical hematology analyzers, where cells are sphered in order for both volume and hemoglobin to be measured accurately, the QAC measures cells in their normal physiological shape. Human red blood cells are suspended in a refractive index-matching absorbing buffer, driven through a microfluidic channel, and imaged using a transmission light microscope onto a color camera. A red and a blue LED illuminate cells and images at each color are used to independently retrieve cell volume and hemoglobin mass. This system shows good agreement with red blood cell indices retrieved by a clinical hematology analyzer and in fact measures a smaller coefficient of variation of hemoglobin concentration. In addition to cell indices, the QAC returns height and mass maps of each measured cell. These quantitative images are valuable for analyzing the detailed morphology of individual cells as well as statistical outliers found in the data. We also measured red blood cells in hypertonic and hypotonic buffers to quantify the correlation between volume and hemoglobin mass under osmotic stress. Because this method is invariant to cell shape, even extremely nonspherical cells in hypertonic buffers can be measured accurately.
Perceived danger among the nation’s confined youth

This article investigates perceived danger among the nation’s confined youth. Although a number of studies have examined etiology of danger in prison, few have examined juvenile residents or focused on decomposing facility-level from individual-level effects. Addressing these limitations, this study draws on survey data at 48 juvenile institutions across the US and compares perceived danger between pooled and fixed-effects model specifications. The data showed juveniles who were younger and had prior maltreatment histories perceived more danger than others (within the same facilities). The data also showed that several variables ostensibly impacting perceptions were operating through contextual bias – including geographic background, criminal history, and race. For example, minorities perceived more danger than White adolescents overall (pooled models) but not within the same facilities (fixed effects). This may suggest minority adolescents serve time in ‘harsher’ facilities – an understudied form of disp...
DYNAMICALLY EQUIVALENT OUTPUTS AND THEIR USE IN NONLINEAR CONTROLLER SYNTHESIS

Abstract A new notion, dynamically equivalent outputs, is developed to aid in controller synthesis for nonlinear systems. A dynamically equivalent output simplifies the controller design problem and, when controlled to its set point, guarantees that the system's primary output is also controlled to its set point. The use of this notion is demonstrated for three classes of systems. For systems with linear state equations but a nonlinear state/output map, conditions are derived for the existence of a linear dynamically equivalent output. Analogous conditions are derived for nonlinear systems for which the state equations can be made linear by means of a coordinate transformation and state feedback. Design of a controller in terms of the new output is straightforward, leading to a response which is nonlinear in the primary output. Simulations for a chemical reactor system using a coordinate transformation, state feedback, and a dynamically equivalent linear output are given. Finally, for general nonlinear systems, the use of input/output linearizing feedback in terms of a dynamically equivalent output is explored. Another chemical reactor system is simulated to demonstrate this approach.
The impact of parkinsonism on costs of care in patients with AD and dementia with Lewy bodies

Objective: To compare the annual direct costs for patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and no parkinsonism (AD), patients with AD and parkinsonism (AD/P), and patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). For the entire sample, the authors examined the incremental costs associated with increasing parkinsonism. Methods: Cross-sectional comparisons of 1 year of direct costs were done. Fifteen patients met criteria for DLB, and 133 met criteria for probable AD, of whom 39 had signs of parkinsonism and 94 did not. Patients’ caregivers reported on the patient’s use of health care services, receipt of unpaid care, and comorbid medical conditions. Severity of cognitive impairment and parkinsonism were determined during patient examinations. Costs were estimated by multiplying utilization data by a unit cost for each type of care. Costs were compared after adjustment for covariates using multiple regression equations. Results: After adjusting for important covariates, patients with AD/P or DLB had significantly higher annual direct costs than patients with AD. The average adjusted increases in costs above the AD baseline costs were $7,119 (AD/P) and $13,754 (DLB) for formal direct costs and $7,394 (AD/P) and $19,564 (DLB) for total direct costs. Models for the entire sample estimated that a 1-point increase in a parkinsonism scale would result in an annual increase of $784 in formal costs and $827 in total costs of care. Conclusions: Patients with Alzheimer’s disease and parkinsonism or dementia with Lewy bodies have significantly higher formal and total direct costs of care than patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Signs of parkinsonism in patients with degenerative dementias are significant independent predictors of costs of care.
Socialization Values and Practices of Indian Immigrant Parents: Correlates of Modernity and Acculturation

Mothers and fathers from 100 first-generation, Gujarati, Indian immigrant families were interviewed about their socialization values and practices. Adolescents provided data about their parents' behavior as well. 3 predictors of parental attitudes and behavior were examined: modernity, acculturation, and time in the United States. The effects of the predictors varied as a function of parent and child gender. Whereas modernity and acculturation predicted socialization values for fathers of girls, only time in the United States predicted the socialization values of mothers. Parental modernity, acculturation, and time in the United States predicted the use of induction and psychological control, but differently as a function of parent and child gender. Implications for understanding the selective nature of acculturation are considered.
Host Galaxies of Obscured Quasars: Infant Starbursts Caught in Action

Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the centers of massive galaxies are thought to predominantly grow in brief Eddington-rate quasar phases accompanied by starbursts, but on-going starbursts in luminous quasars are difficult to observe. Buried under the natural coronagraph, obscured quasars offer a unique window for direct, robust host-galaxy spectroscopy otherwise virtually inaccessible for luminous quasars. Our pilot study at z ~ 0.5 (Liu et al . 2009) revealed a substantial contribution from very young stellar populations with ages less than ~ 100 Myr in all of the observed host galaxy spectra. More dramatically, in three out of the nine SDSS quasars observed, we have witnessed strong infant starbursts with ages of ~ 5 Myr, clocked by the telltale Wolf–Rayet emission features.
Get real: Using engagement with practice to advance theory transfer and production

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to illustrate that strengthening links with practice through authentic and collaborative instruction, research and professional service, significantly reduces these two gap-enhancing problems and represents an ideal opportunity to apply, test and, perhaps most importantly, generate theory. Authenticity, or connectivity with practice, through the use of practical content as well as interaction, provides a valuable mechanism for enhancing, if not accelerating, knowledge production and transfer. The sport management literature widely supports the merits of experiential learning, as an authentic method of advancing knowledge acquisition. Moreover, while sport academia and sport business may comprise distinct cultures, there is a common purpose for research: an understanding of unique, emerging phenomena. As such, authentic research and learning environments have the potential to yield multiple benefits that include (a) enriching student learning outcomes, (b) fostering healthy relationships with industry, (c) establishing a mechanism for external funding, (d) serving as a platform for scholarship, and (e) challenging faculty to upgrade instructional methods and content; ultimately enhancing professional competency and connectivity of faculty and students alike, and thus, advancing the discipline.
A CHEMILUMINESCENT IMMUNOASSAY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL SINGLE-CHAIN ANTIBODIES

Random mutagenesis of a template single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody generates a mutant library with members of varying ligand affinities; however, only a small population of these mutants exhibit strong (Kd approximately 1 nM) or improved affinities. We have therefore designed a chemiluminescent sandwich assay which can identify strong ligand-binding mutants expressed by Escherichia coli. A model system involving scFv 43C9 and selected mutants with varying hapten affinities was used to demonstrate the application of this methodology. Both the plaque and colony lifts of these scFvs were screened for hapten-binding activities with the chemiluminescent assay, and only strong binders were detected.
The lifetime earnings premia of different majors: Correcting for selection based on cognitive, noncognitive, and unobserved factors

Abstract This paper constructs a simulation approach to estimate the lifetime returns to various college majors. I use data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and American Community Survey to estimate the parameters which form the backbone of the simulation. I address selection into both higher education and specific major categories using measures of cognitive and noncognitive ability. Additionally, I present the lifetime premia under various assumptions regarding the magnitude of unobservable sorting. I find substantial heterogeneity in the returns to each educational outcome, ranging from $700,000 for Arts/Humanities majors to $1.5 million for Science Technology Engineering or Math (STEM) graduates (each premium is relative to high school graduates with no college experience). The differentials are larger when search behavior (allowing for differential unemployment probabilities across majors) is taken into account. Finally, I estimate the major premia separately across three birth cohorts to account for the changing nature of selection into both college and majors over time.
The gene encoding mouse Muc19: cDNA, genomic organization and relationship to Smgc.

We previously demonstrated expression of full-length transcripts for sublingual mucin apoprotein, Muc19, of ∼24 kb (Fallon MA, Latchney LR, Hand AR, Johar A, Denny PA, Georgel PT, Denny PC, and Cul...
News from NIH: using basic behavioral science to develop better behavioral interventions

It is widely recognized that increasing the availability and use of proven medical and behavioral therapies is essential to improving the public health. While Translation II research, aimed at promoting the adoption of evidence-based treatments within practice or public health settings, is gaining recognition as an important avenue for preventing and treating disease, Translation I research—the development of new treatments for disease based on basic science discoveries—is also a priority. NIH director Francis Collins highlighted the importance of translating basic research findings into new treatments by including it as one of NIH's five priority areas for future research [1], and NIH's preeminent role in promoting the “translation of biomedical research into safe and effective clinical applications” has recently been affirmed with the creation of a National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences [2]. Given NIH's emphasis on “bench to bedside” or Translation I research, is there a “place at the table” for behavioral scientists interested in developing new and potentially more effective behavioral interventions to improve health outcomes? How can NIH facilitate Translation I behavioral science—the translation of basic behavioral science discoveries into new ways to prevent and treat disease? In this column I highlight several NIH activities and initiatives intended to promote the development of the field of Translation I behavioral science.
Nasal vaccination, Escherichia coli enterotoxin, and Bell's palsy

In 1997, a Swiss Company (Berna Biotech) received approval to market an inactivated influenza vaccine for parenteral administration that consists of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface anti...
A Simple Analytical Model of Coupled Single Flow Channel over Porous Electrode in Vanadium Redox Flow Battery with Serpentine Flow Channel

Abstract A simple analytical model of a layered system comprised of a single passage of a serpentine flow channel and a parallel underlying porous electrode (or porous layer) is proposed. This analytical model is derived from Navier–Stokes motion in the flow channel and Darcy–Brinkman model in the porous layer. The continuities of flow velocity and normal stress are applied at the interface between the flow channel and the porous layer. The effects of the inlet volumetric flow rate, thickness of the flow channel and thickness of a typical carbon fiber paper porous layer on the volumetric flow rate within this porous layer are studied. The maximum current density based on the electrolyte volumetric flow rate is predicted, and found to be consistent with reported numerical simulation. It is found that, for a mean inlet flow velocity of 33.3 cm s−1, the analytical maximum current density is estimated to be 377 mA cm−2, which compares favorably with experimental result reported by others of ∼400 mA cm−2.
An exploratory study of the relationship between construction workforce physical strain and task level productivity

The monitoring of construction workforce physical strain can be a valuable management strategy in improving workforce productivity, safety, health, and quality of work. Nevertheless, clear relationships between workforce performance and physical strain have yet to be established. An exploratory investigation of the relationship between task level productivity and physical strain was conducted. Nine participants individually performed a four-hour simulated construction task while a wearable physiological status monitor continuously assessed their physiological condition. Heart rate, relative heart rate, and breathing rate were utilized as predictors of physical strain, and task level–single factor productivity was used as an index of productivity. Numerous regression models were generated using the collected data. This investigation initially unsuccessfully attempted to establish a relationship between physiological condition and productivity at the individual worker level. However, an analysis of the regr...
Erbium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser stapedotomy--a safe technique

ObjectiveTo standardize the technical parameters of the erbium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser stapedotomy.Study DesignRetrospective study of all patients with otosclerosis who underwent stapedotomy from January 2002 to January 2006.Subjects and MethodsThe charts of 152 consecutive patients who underwent stapedotomy were reviewed. The patients were stratified into two groups, according to the instrument used. Stapedotomies were performed in group A, with the OPMI®TwinEr: YAG laser; and in group B with manual microperforators.ResultsNo statistically significant differences were found over all measured frequencies, between pre- and postoperative bone conduction thresholds, in each group. At the last postoperative follow-up, vertigo and nystagmus were not detected; two patients in group A and one patient in group B showed persistent tinnitus.ConclusionEr:YAG laser stapedotomy is a safe and effective procedure, with no damage of the inner ear when strict adherence to the safety parameters is observed....
Two centuries of cystoscopy: the development of imaging, instrumentation and synergistic technologies

The cystoscope used today is the product of centuries of development. The desire to view the cavities of the body was first described several centuries ago. The earliest true prototype was Bozinni's 1805 urethral viewing tube, on which many others were based. These primitive instruments were challenging to use for the operator, uncomfortable for the patient, and dangerous for both. Patient positioning was based on the method of bladder distension and the goal of the operation, rather than comfort. Images visualized by early models were inverted and backwards, and required the operator to be skilled in correcting this image. Reflected candlelight was used for illumination, and objects appeared small and distant. With the advent of lenses, prisms and the incandescent light, cystoscopy advanced to Nitze's prototype, a forerunner of the current cystoscope. Once the image quality was improved, instrumentation through the cystoscope was introduced, broadening the scope of urology, from the management of venereal disease to a premier surgical speciality. Finally, the invention of fibre optics and digital imaging provided the cystoscope used by urologists worldwide, giving unparalleled image quality, allowing for educational opportunities and a quality of patient care unimaginable to the early pioneers. An understanding of this past brings not only an appreciation of the technology currently available, but also a glimpse into what the cystoscope has the potential to become. From this past, it is clear that today's cystoscope is merely a forerunner of that which the future will bring.
Simulation and shape synthesis of kinematic pairs via small-scale interference detection

We present a shape representation and algorithms for the simulation and shape synthesis of kinematic higher pairs. The shape of a kinematic member is represented as an arrangement of small contiguous nondirected circles, which we call “molecules”. Given the shapes of the two members, a valid initial configuration, and the motion of one of the members (known as the driver), the motion of the other member (known as the driven) is determined. This simulation is based upon finding the points of contact between the member shapes. Contact is defined by interference of the molecules. As output, the simulation produces the functional relationship between the members and a record of the molecules of each member shape that came into contact during the process. Two procedures for shape synthesis are described. Given the shape of one member and the functional kinematic relationship between the member pair, the first procedure generates the shape of the second member from a blank of material. The second procedure modifies the shapes of two interacting members in order to change their contact characteristics during a kinematic interaction. Several examples from an implementation are provided.
A short conserved sequence is involved in the light-inducibility of a gene encoding ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit of pea

Light induction of chloroplast maturation in plant seedlings (‘greening’) is associated with the induction in expression of the enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. To define the regions of a gene encoding the small subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase involved in light inducibility of pea plants, we have introduced derivatives of the gene into petunia cells using a tumour-inducing plasmid vector. A conserved 33-base pair sequence close to the ‘TATA’ box of the gene is sufficient to confer light inducibility of the small subunit gene.
In-line LOCOS active width characterization using surface SEM

A simple and nondestructive low energy electron beam surface SEM is used in-line to measure the active width with LOCOS isolation. The method resulted in photos with excellent contrast between the silicon and oxide. Also a good correlation between the surface SEM data and electrical measurements is obtained in the submicron region where the active width reduction is a strong function of the LOCOS nitride width. The method can be used to significantly reduce the technology development time by accurately measuring the active width in-line.
Macroscopic theory of pulsed-laser annealing. II. Dopant diffusion and segregation

The radiation from $Q$ -switched ruby and Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) lasers can anneal the lattice damage produced by ion implantation of semiconductors. In the first paper of this series, we described the models and methods we have been using for heat-transport calculations during pulsed-laser annealing and gave numerous illustrations of the type of results which are obtained. In this paper, we discuss dopant-diffusion calculations in detail, with particular emphasis on the incorporation of segregation effects into the modeling. From the forms of the experimental dopant profiles, it is established that pulsed-laser annealing is a nonequilibrium process, but in this paper the interface segregation coefficient is treated as an adjustable parameter and no attempt is made to justify the values obtained. Approximate analytical and finite-difference solutions to the diffusion equation are discussed and compared. It is argued here that the excellent fit between theory and experiment which is obtained is a strong indication of the basic validity of the melting model of pulsed-laser annealing.
Geriatric best practices in nursing care.

Elderly persons have been the fastest growing segment of the population for years. The number of persons in the United States older than 100 years is projected to be 1.2 million by the year 2050. Although gerontologic nursing does not seem very glamorous, it is a reality for the vascular nurse, with the majority of patients with vascular disorders being older than 65 years. It is easy to focus on the vascular disorder alone in this high-risk population, losing sight of the many age-related system changes that exert a direct influence on clinical outcomes. Empiric data support the fact that many older patients never regain the functional status they possessed before a significant illness or acute care admission. However, researchers report that clinical outcomes may be improved when we ensure this high-risk population the best care possible by addressing their unique needs.1 Normal aging produces inevitable and irreversible changes that frequently affect functional capacity, in addition to the toll of vascular disease alone. Some of the prevalent problems experienced by older adults include sleep disorders, nutritional problems, incontinence, cognitive deficits, falls, and skin integrity issues. Nurses do a good job of identifying these problems; however, it has been my experience that opportunities to identify persons who are not an obvious risk are frequently missed. Despite a multitude of available clinical guidelines, finding and implementing the best patient care practice for older adults continues to be a challenge. The Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing is a wonderful resource, a sort of informational clearinghouse. Information at their Internet site (http://www.hartfordign.org) includes research-based assessment tools directed Geriatric best practices in nursing care
Calcinosis universalis complicating dermatomyositis-its treatment with Na2EDTA. Report of two cases in children

The treatment of calcinosis by chelation in two children with dermatomyositis is described. The amount of calcium in skin, muscle and fascia was chemically determined before and after chelation in one child. The amount in fascia was strikingly less after chelation than before chelation, though still elevated. Neither child showed clinical improvement. Treatment of calcinosis with chelating agents might be more effective if the drug were given over more prolonged periods. Es describite le tractamento de calcinosis per chelation in duo casos de dermatomyositis in juveniles. In un del patientes, le quantitate de calcium in pelle, musculo, e fascia esseva determinate chimicamente ante e post le chelation. Le quantitate de fascia post le chelation esseva frappantemente minus que ante le chelation, sed illo esseva ancora elevate in supra del norma. Nulle del duo juveniles monstrava melioration clinic. Il es possible que le tractamento de calcinosis con agentes de chelation esserea plus effi cace si le pharmaco esseva administrate plus perdurativemente.
Modeling Multispecies Reactive Transport in Ground Water

In this paper, the details of RT3D, a general purpose, multispecies, reactive transport code, are presented. The code uses MODFLOW to simulate flow and several MT3D sub-programs to simulate advection and dispersion. A set of reaction modules were developed and incorporated into RT3D to simulate various types of multispecies reactive transport. This new computer model can be used for analyzing different types of subsurface contaminant reactions, microbial metabolisms, and microbial transport kinetics. Details of the model and numerical solution procedure are presented. The numerical formulation of the code is general enough to allow description of any type of reaction with any number of mobile/immobile species. Several example problems are presented to test the performance of the code, and to illustrate its features. The presented numerical model is shown to be a useful tool for analyzing different types of subsurface bioremediation systems. Prediction based on this model can be used for screening remediation alternatives including natural attenuation and/or for forecasting contaminant exposure levels and environmental risks at sensitive, downgradient receptors.
Effects of crystallographic orientation on electrooptic spatial light modulator amplitude and phase responses

Abstract The effects of crystallographic orientation on output amplitude and signal-dependent phase distortions in electrooptic spatial light modulators such as the PROM and PRIZ are described.
Detonation front structure and the competition for radicals

We examine the role of competition for radical species in determining detonation front structure for hydrogen and selected hydrocarbon fuels in air and oxygen. Numerical simulations and detailed reaction mechanisms are used to characterize the reaction zone length, shape, and sensitivity to temperature variation. We find that the effect of the competition for radicals on the energy release rate characteristics varies significantly for the chosen mixtures. Hydrogen exhibits a strong effect while in methane and ethane mixtures the effect is absent. Other hydrocarbons including acetylene, ethylene, and propane fall between these extreme cases. This competition is manifested by a peak in effective activation energy associated with a shift in the dominant reaction pathway in the initial portion of the reaction zone. The peak of the effective activation energy is centered on the extended second explosion limit. A five-step, four species reaction model of this competition process has been developed and calibrated against numerical simulations with detailed chemistry for hydrogen. The model includes a notional radical species and reactive intermediate in addition to reactants and products. The radical species undergoes chain-branching and there is a competing pathway through the reactive intermediate that is mediated by a three-body reaction followed by decomposition of the intermediate back to the radical species. We have used this model in two-dimensional unsteady simulations of detonation propagation to examine the qualitative differences in the cellular instability of detonation fronts corresponding to various degrees of competition between the chain-branching and reactive intermediate production. As the post-shock state approaches the region of competition between the radical and reactive intermediate, the detonation front becomes irregular and pockets of the reactive intermediate appear behind the front, but the detonation continues to propagate.
Capillary-tube units for individual block preparation in light and electron microscopy.

SUMMARY Short lengths of 4-mm capillary tubing are fitted with teflon caps for processing individual blocks in preparation for light- and electron-microscopic observation. The processing units hold a nickel mesh grid to prevent tissue loss. Advantages include: (1) the ability to process very small blocks otherwise lost during processing; (2) separation of tissue from specifically mapped areas; (3) conservation of processing fluids and time. For routine tissue dehydration and infiltration, it is generally possible to process many tissue blocks collectively. However, instances frequently occur in which it is necessary to treat individual blocks separately. Examples include processing of single muscle fibres, and individual sensory regions where it is desirable to separate various segments of the sensory organ. This paper describes specially prepared capped capillary tubes for the purpose of individual block preparation. These containers are advantageous in conservation of fluids, ease of specimen transfer, and most importantly strict isolation of the individual blocks of tissue.
A molecular typing approach for evaluating bioaerosol exposure in wastewater treatment plant workers.

Abstract Bioaerosols associated with wastewater treatment process may represent a health risk for occupationally exposed personnel. To evaluate microbial contamination in plant workers, we compared oral cavity isolates against isolates collected from aerosol surrounding the aeration basin. Typing was performed by metabolic profile and arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction. The latter is more sensitive and rapid than conventional tests. After comparison, isolates from the air samples were not related to those obtained from the exposed workers. This molecular approach can support bioaerosol risk evaluation.
Organizational changes in phospholipid multibilayers induced by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation: A spin label study

Abstract A cholestane spin probe was used to study the effect of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation (2,4-dinitrophenol, pentachlorophenol and dicumarol) on the degree of organization of phospholipids in hydrated multibilayers. Disruptive effects were observed—their magnitude depending on pH, time and the presence of cholesterol. A correlation between changes in probe organization and ion conductivity, with maximum effects at the pH corresponding to the p K of the uncoupler, could be demonstrated in the films containing cholesterol. Egg lecithin films containing no cholesterol were disordered maximally at pH 4.0 irrespective of the uncoupler used. The effect of uncouplers on the probe disorganization varied with time after exposure. These time effects indicated that relative movement of uncoupler, probe and lipid molecules occur to produce lipid organizations differing from those after initial exposure to uncoupler. The results show that even in a simple model system uncoupler effects may be complex, and suggest that changes in bilayer lipid organization parameters may play a role in uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation.
Comment on “A non-mass-dependent isotopic fractionation effect” by F. Robert, J. Halbout and J. Baudon

The fractionation model of Robert et al. (1988) treats the gas-phase isotopic exchange reaction between kinetically excited atoms aX and diatomic MbX yielding bX and MaX and finds an abundance-dependent fractionation superimposed on the usual mass dependent fractionation. This paper shows that the treatment of Robert et al. is in error and presents a more straightforward treatment of the same system. This model shows only mass-dependent fractionation.
Gender differences in antidepressant and activating drug effects on self-perceptions.

Abstract Gender differences in neuropharmacologic responsivity have received surprisingly little attention in clinical research. In view of well-known gender differences in the prevalence of depression, we wondered whether men and women would respond differently to antidepressants or to an activational drug known to predict antidepressant response. Using clorgyline and D -amphetamine in 2 small samples, we illustrated several methodological approaches for examining possible gender-linked differences in the effects of these drugs on self-perceptions. Gender-linked differences in cognitive-perceptual processes may, in turn, be linked to differences in encoding or consolidating information about our experiences into our self-image for later recall.
Structural characterization of chick embryonic skeletal muscle chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan.

Embryonic chick skeletal muscle has been shown to synthesize a distinct proteoglycan of large size with relatively large, highly 6-sulfated chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans. Further analysis of these proteoglycans indicates that tryptic digestion gives rise to fragments with an average of two chondroitin sulfate chains per peptide. The skeletal muscle chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan also contains oligosaccharides whose characteristics suggest the presence of both O-linked and N-linked oligosaccharides. These characteristics include the average hydrodynamic size of the oligosaccharides as well as their localization. Approximately 10% of the putative O-linked oligosaccharides reside on the same tryptic fragments which contain the chondroitin sulfate chains, while the presumptive N-linked oligosaccharides appear to be present at sites distant from the chondroitin sulfate. Further support for this identification comes from radioisotopic labeling with [3H]mannose, which is incorporated exclusively into ...
An Adaptive Difference in the Relationship between Foraging Mode and Responses to Prey Chemicals in two Congeneric Scincid Lizards

Sensory abilities must allow efficient detection of prey, but the senses used and their relative importance may vary with hunting methods. In lizards, ambush foragers locate prey visually and active foragers use a combination of vision and vomerolfaction, the chemical sense associated with the vomeronasal system. Active foragers, but not ambush foragers, discriminate between prey chemicals and other chemical stimuli sampled by tongue-flicking. In active foragers, features of the tongue that may improve chemical sampling, such as elongation and forking are more pronounced and density of vomeronasal chemoreceptors is greater, than in ambush foragers. Foraging mode is fixed in most lizard families, and correlated evolution has been demonstrated among foraging mode, discrimination of prey chemicals, and lingual-vomeronasal morphology by interfamilial comparisons. Here I present information on a rare case of an intrageneric difference in foraging mode in the genus Mabuya. Laboratory experiments on the discrimination of prey chemicals showed that the active forager M. striata sparsa exhibits prey chemical discrimination, but the ambush forager M. acutilabris does not. The active forager also has a slightly more elongated tongue with deeper notching at the tip than the ambush forager, which might be a response to a change in foraging behavior or a reflection of unrelated differences in head shape. These findings confirm predictions based on correlated evolution between the hunting method and use of the chemical sense to locate food. They further show that chemosensory behavior is adjusted to change in foraging mode more rapidly than was previously known and suggest that behavioral changes may occur more rapidly than associated modifications of chemosensory morphology.
Malthus's methodological and macroeconomic thought

This essay examines several aspects of Malthuss economic writing focusing primarily on his methodological and macroeconomic thinking. Malthuss views on economic method set forth in "Principles of Political Economy Considered with a View to Their Practical Application" are notable in several respects. Although Malthus embraced the principles of "laissez-faire" he was much more careful to qualify and limit their application than were some of his predecessors particularly Adam Smith. Malthus maintains that Smith and most economists including Malthus himself do not differ on the desirability of "freedom of trade" and "the leaving every person while he adheres to the rules of justice to pursue his own interests his own way." The same stress on this important limitation to an individualist model of society is not found in Smiths "The Wealth of Nations" not because Smith disagreed fundamentally with the position but most likely because he felt he had dealt adequately with the problem in "The Theory of Moral Sentiments." Some economists fail to accord sufficient recognition to this limitation nor is it recognized in many interdisciplinary discussions which view the "economic sphere" as somehow unconstrained by legal or institutional regulations or restrictions on the pursuit of self-interest. True freedom does not imply the absence of all restraints on individual action. Similarly "free" markets presuppose at the very minimum elementary guarantees which rely in part on a contingent willingness of all participants to play within the rules of the game. Malthus recognized this as did many of his contemporaries but he is distinctive among the 2nd generation of classical economists in stressing this explicitly. Whereas Malthus differed from Smith with regard to the extent that society could be viewed as consisting of purely self-interested individuals he differed from Ricardo on a related but more general methodological principle: the appropriate balance between "aprioristic" deductive methods and an empirical inductive approach. Malthus rejected Ricardos argument that freeing the grain trade would maintain the profit rate at a higher level than would otherwise have been the case. He claimed that if England had devoted her energies to working up materials for export to buy foreign grain the rate of profit would be lower. On the whole it is difficult to give much credence to Malthuss implication that England would have been better off had she stuck with a protectionist policy. Englands participation in the international division of labor was made possible by dramatic technological change in the transport sector but the triumph of free trade ideology a quarter century earlier was a necessary condition for this. Malthus was on the losing side of this argument but as Ely Keynes and many others noted the Ricardian analysis is not necessarily correct at all times for all regions.
On the fair division of a heterogeneous commodity

Abstract Consider a heterogeneous but divisible commodity, bundles of which are represented by the (measurable) subsets of the good. One such commodity might be land. The mathematics literature has considered agents with utilities that are nonatomic measures over the commodity (and hence are additive). The existence of ‘α-fair’ allocations, in which each agent receives a utility proportional to his utility of the endowment of the entire economy, was demonstrated there. Here we extend these existence results to α-fair efficient allocations, envy-free allocations, envy-free efficient allocations, group envy-free and nicely shaped allocations of these types. We examine utilities that are not additive and relate the mathematics literature to the economics literature. We find sufficient conditions for the existence of egalitarian-equivalent efficient allocations. Finally, we consider the problem of allocating a time interval (uses of a facility). Existence of an envy-free allocation had been demonstrated in earlier literature. We show that any envy-free allocation is efficient as well as group envy-free. We extend this last result to a more general setting.
NavP: Structured and Multithreaded Distributed Parallel Programming

We present Navigational Programming (NavP) - a distributed parallel programming methodology based on the principles of migrating computations and multithreading. The four major steps of NavP are: (1) Distribute the data using the data communication pattern in a given algorithm; (2) Insert navigational commands for the computation to migrate and follow large-sized distributed data; (3) Cut the sequential migrating thread and construct a mobile pipeline; and (4) Loop back for refinement. NavP is significantly different from the current prevailing Message Passing (MP) approach. The advantages of NavP include: (1) NavP is structured distributed programming and it does not change the code structure of an original algorithm. This is in sharp contrast to MP as MP implementations in general do not resemble the original sequential code; (2) NavP implementations are always competitive with the best MPI implementations in terms of performance. Approaches such as DSM or HPF have failed to deliver satisfying performance as of today in contrast, even if they are relatively easy to use compared to MP; (3) NavP provides incremental parallelization, which is beyond the reach of MP; and (4) NavP is a unifying approach that allows us to exploit both fine-(multithreading on shared memory) and coarse-(pipelined tasks on distributed memory) grained parallelism. This is in contrast to the currently popular hybrid use of MP+OpenMP, which is known to be complex to use. We present experimental results that demonstrate the effectiveness of NavP.
Amine-induced lossen rearrangements of 3-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrouracil and N-hydroxysuccinimide benzenesulfontes

The reaction of sodium succinohydroxamate with benzenesulfonyl chloride yielded 3-benzene-sulfonyloxy-5,6-dihydrouracil, 3. Treatment of 3 with ammonia, aniline, t-butylamine or piperidine yielded a mixture of the requisite 1,2-bis(ureido)ethane and 1-curboxamido-2-imidazolidone. Acylation of N-hydroxysuccinimide with benzenesulfonyl chloride furnished N-benzenesulfonyl-oxysuccinimide, 10. Aniline or t-butylamine were used as representative amines to demonstrate their capability of inducing a Lossen degradation on 10 to afford the corresponding β-ureido -propionamide.