cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Texture Profile Analysis, Expressed Serum, and Microstructure of Heat‐Formed Egg Yolk Gels

Egg yolk gels were formed by heating previously stirred egg yolk, having various pHs, protein concentrations, and NaCl levels, at various times and temperatures. Texture profiles were obtained by an Instron double-compression test, and serum was expressed from frozen-thawed gels. Microstructures of selected gels were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Gel hardness generally increased with increasing pH, protein or salt concentration, temperature, and length of heating time. The amount of serum expressed from gels decreased as gel hardness increased. Cohesiveness and springiness of gels increased with time and temperature. Gel microstructure consisted of spheres (4–50 μm) and granules (0.3–1.0 μm) dispersed in a continuous matrix. Spheres were physically disrupted by dilution and by addition of salt.
Phase Stability and Transformations in the Zr2NixCu1−x Amorphous System

Since Ni and Cu differ by only one valence electron, yet have nearly identical atomic sizes (1.27 vs 1.28 A for Cu and Ni, respectively), the amorphous Zr2Ni x Cu1−x system is ideal for isolating the effects of electronic structure on short- and medium-range order and the concomitant influence of both the structure and order on devitrification pathways. Thermal analysis, time-resolved high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to follow metastable and stable crystalline phase formation during devitrification. Using HEXRD, we observed that the first devitrification product in the Zr2Ni system is the C16 structure, if oxygen is kept sufficiently low, while the Zr2Cu system forms the C11b structure. For x = 0.25, the initial devitrification involves forming coexisting C11b and C16 phases. When Ni is increased to x ≥ 0.50, the initial devitrification only involves the C16 structure. These results are in complete accord with electronic structure calculations showing that the enthalpy of formation for the C11b phase is favored for x = 0, while enthalpies for C11b and C16 are nearly identical for x = 0.25; the C16 phase has the most negative enthalpy for all compositions in which x > 0.25.
Root Nonstructural Carbohydrates and Their Relationship with Autotrophic Respiration of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.)

Separating soil respiration (Rs) into heterotrophic (RH) and autotrophic (RA) components often relies on root-severing techniques with the presumption that RA will approach zero as root nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) supply diminishes. To test this assumption, we evaluated changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) flux rates and NSC concentrations after severing Pinus taeda L. roots using laboratory and field approaches. After an 86-day laboratory incubation, soluble, insoluble, and total NSCs decreased by 60, 29, and 43 percent, respectively. RS and RA declined asymptotically, reduced by 86 and 95 percent, respectively. Correlation coefficients between RA and soluble, insoluble, and total NSCs were 0.90, 0.69, and 0.93, respectively. In a field study, respiration stabilized after 40 days with mean rates in root-severed areas 21. ± 0.5 percent less than in undisturbed areas. This relationship between total NSCs and RS, and the steady decline in RS and RA over time, validates the use of field-installed root-severi...
Systematic top-down approach to clinical chemistry

This paper introduces a systematic approach to organizing the discipline of clinical chemistry. The approach is called a top-down systems approach because it starts at the top with the most general concepts and works down through less general concepts to the most specific details and techniques. The hypothesis is that the discipline can be organized into hierarchical levels of functional processes and operational approaches to those processes. The functional processes represent what clinical scientists do; the operational approaches represent how they do it. Because functional processes change little, if at all, with time, they are used to develop a stable infrastructure or framework for the discipline. That infrastructure is then used to organize and understand operational approaches that tend to change rapidly with time in response to technological advances. This paper begins with the most general functional processes and then uses selected examples of the more general functions to illustrate lower hierarchical levels of functional processes and operational approaches.
A method of DNA quantitation for localization of DNA in metrizamide gradients

Abstract A quantitative assay for DNA is described that involves the binding of the cytologicalstain, methyl green, to DNA. At pH 7.9, solutions containing free methyl green undergo complete fading whereas solutions containing DNA-bound methyl green retain color in proportion to the amount of DNA present. The procedure allows for the quantitation of DNA in the presence of urea, sucrose, EDTA, protein, dithiothreitol, metrizamide, and low-concentration salts. This method is also applicable to the quantitation of DNA in chromatin.
Practicable identification of nonstationary nonlinear systems

A method is presented that makes practicable the identification of nonstationary Wiener systems. The method employs a single-record estimator for the evaluation of the time-variant system kernels, thus relaxing the strict requirement of the ergodic hypothesis that has so far limited applications of the Wiener theory to stationary systems. The estimator is unbiased and consistent under fairly weak conditions for the system function, thus opening a host of new possibilities in the analysis of nonstationary phenomena.
Quasi-static high-resolution magnetic-field detection based on dielectric optical resonators

In this paper we present a high resolution magnetic field sensor that is based on the perturbation of the optical modes (whispering gallery mode, WGM) of a spherical dielectric resonator. The optical resonator is side coupled to a tapered single mode optical fiber. One side of the optical fiber is coupled to a distribute feedback diode laser, while the other end is connected to a photodiode. The optical modes of the dielectric cavity are perturbed using a metglas sheet that is in contact with the resonator. When the metglas sheet is exposed to an external magnetic field it elongates perturbing the optical modes of the dielectric cavity. This in turn leads to a shift in the optical resonances. By measuring the induced WGM shift the magnetic field can be measured. Preliminary results show sensor resolution of a few nanoteslas.
Neutralization of TNFα alters inflammation in guinea pig tuberculous pleuritis

Abstract Previously, treatment with anti-gpTNFα antibody enhanced TNFα mRNA expression in pulmonary granulomas microdissected from non-vaccinated guinea pigs, and modified splenic granuloma architecture. In this study, pleural fluid, cells, and granulomatous tissues were collected 3, 5, and 8 days post-pleurisy induction in guinea pigs treated with anti-gpTNFα or normal serum control. Neutralizing TNFα reduced the percentage of macrophages in the pleural exudate while increasing the proportions of neutrophils and lymphocytes. Cell-associated mycobacterial loads were increased in guinea pigs treated with anti-gpTNFα antibody. Cells from the pleural exudate in both treatment groups at day 3 expressed predominantly TNFα and IFNγ mRNA. By day 5, treatment with anti-gpTNFα antibody significantly reduced TNFα mRNA and increased TGFβ and iNOS mRNA expression, a transition which did not occur in the control group until day 8. TNFα mRNA overwhelmed the cytokine milieu of microdissected pleural granulomas in the control group at day 3 whereas TNFα, IFNγ, and TGFβ mRNA dominated the anti-gpTNFα-treated group. At day 8, granulomas from the control group began shifting towards an anti-inflammatory profile with increased levels of TGFβ mRNA. Neutralization of TNFα hastened the transition to an anti-inflammatory cytokine response in guinea pig pleural granulomas and exudate cells.
Extraction of pesticides from soil leachate using sorbent disks.

The purpose of this study was to test the sorbent disks effectiveness as an extraction and cleanup method with soil leachate containing representative classes of pesticides
Pruritus in Pediatric Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

A two-year-old girl presented with a 3-month history of generalized pruritus. One week before hospitalization she developed a superior vena cava syndrome and obstruction of the upper airways. Clinical and laboratory findings included generalized lymphadenopathy, a mediastinal mass compressing the tracheal lumen to the point of near closure, hepatomegaly and moderate eosinophilia. The diagnosis of an anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) was made by the histologic examination of a mediastinal lymph node. The history of generalized pruritus without diagnostic skin lesions was as uncommon as age at presentation. In conclusion, this case illustrates that generalized pruritus in a toddler can be an early sign of ALCL.
Optic nerve hypoplasia. Clinical significance of associated central nervous system abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated coexistent central nervous system abnormalities in 30 of 40 patients with optic nerve hypoplasia. Based on their associated neuroradiological findings, these patients were placed into one of five categories: group 1, isolated optic nerve hypoplasia; group 2, absence of the septum pellucidum; group 3, posterior pituitary ectopia; group 4, hemispheric migration anomalies; and group 5, intrauterine/perinatal hemispheric injury. Posterior pituitary ectopia (group 3) and cerebral hemispheric abnormalities (groups 4 and 5) were found to be highly predictive of pituitary hormone deficiency and neurodevelopmental deficits, respectively. Isolated absence of the septum pellucidum (group 2) was associated with normal neurodevelopmental and endocrinologic function. Thinning or agenesis of the corpus callosum was predictive of neurodevelopmental problems only by virtue of its frequent association with cerebral hemispheric abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging can now be used to provide specific prognostic information regarding the likelihood of neurodevelopmental deficits and pituitary hormone deficiency in infants with optic nerve hypoplasia. The prevailing notion of septo-optic dysplasia as a distinct nosologic entity should be reconsidered.
Regulation and differential expression of tau mRNA isoforms as oligodendrocytes mature in vivo: implications for myelination.

Oligodendrocytes and neurons derive from the same cell type but develop distinct morphologic and functional properties as they mature in vivo. Both cells express tau protein, a developmentally regulated protein in the central nervous system. The regulation of tau has been investigated extensively in neurons but not in oligodendrocytes, so we studied regulation of tau in oligodendrocytes in vivo. The amino-derived tau isoforms consist of isoforms with zero (A0), one (A1), or two (A2) inserts. We examined the developmental regulation of tau mRNA isoforms at the amino domain by comparing tau expression in oligodendrocytes (OLGs) isolated from 1- and 20-day-old rat brain and in age-matched cortex, which abounds in neurons. In the rat brain, myelination peaks at 20 days. By using semiquantitative RT-PCR, we found that OLGs and cortex from 1-day-old rat brain largely had amino-derived tau isoforms with no insert, whereas OLGs from 20-day-old rat brain had similar levels of amino-derived tau isoforms with no insert or with one insert. We also found that 20-day-old OLGs had twofold more tau mRNA levels than younger OLGs. In contrast to OLGs from 20-day-old rat brain, age-matched cortex had comparable levels of A0, A1, and A2 tau amino-derived isoforms. Further, younger and older OLGs had a reciprocal pattern of expression of both carboxy-derived tau mRNA isoforms with either three (3R) or four (4R) repeats. In contrast, younger and older cortex expressed either 3R or 4R tau. This study showed an upregulation of tau mRNA and cell-specific tau mRNA isoform expression in OLGs forming myelin.
Rationality of exponential functions at integer arguments

Abstract Whereas exponential equations have been widely studied, we will deal with integer arguments x where an exponential function E( x )=E 1 (x 1 )+⋯+E n (x n ) assumes rational values.
Specific immunotherapy in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a systematic review using the GRADE system.

Abstract Background Controversy exists regarding the potential role of specific immunotherapy (SIT) as a therapeutic intervention for patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and aeroallergen sensitivity. Objective To critically appraise the evidence supporting the use of SIT for patients with AD and aeroallergen sensitivity. Methods A literature search was performed using the terms immunotherapy plus atopic dermatitis and immunotherapy plus eczema . The same terms were used to search PubMed, Ovid, and Scopus. The limits were humans , English , and randomized controlled trial. Articles that were not in English or were observational in nature were excluded. These double-blinded randomized controlled trials were analyzed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results Seven articles fulfilled the inclusion characteristics; 1 involved sublingual SIT. All studies reported improvement in clinical symptoms of AD; however, studies differed in which type of patient (ie, with mild vs severe AD) benefited most from immunotherapy. Serious methodologic shortcomings were noted, including, but not limited to, many enrolled patients not completing participation; small study; and incomplete descriptions of randomization, blinding, allocation concealment, and/or data analysis not by intention to treat. Conclusion In a systematic review using the GRADE system, the strength of recommendation is weak for use of SIT in patients with AD. High-quality evidence from methodologically sound double-blinded randomized controlled trials is needed to support administration of SIT for patients with AD.
Jackknifing and bootstrapping quasi–likelihood estimators

The properties of several jackknife–based estimators and a bootstrap estimator are investigated in the context of the quasi–likelihood functions. It is shown that often confidence regions based on the usual quasi-likelihood procedures are severely anticonservative, and cannot be trusted. In contrast, a linear and modified linear jackknife have good confidence region properties, being reasonably robust to small sample size, high dispersion, outliers and leverage points.
High-Resolution Stratigraphy of a Mississippi Subdelta-Lobe Progradation in the Barataria Bight, North-Central Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The coastal zone of southeastern Louisiana is the product of numerous cycles of progradation, abandonment, and marine transgression of the Mississippi River delta. Currently, the shoreline in the Barataria Bight is undergoing significant erosion and retreat, and understanding its evolution is crucial in stabilization efforts. This study uses an extensive collection of geophysical and sediment core data from Barataria Bay and offshore to develop a geologic model of the shallow (
Are binge drinkers more at risk of developing brain damage

Abstract Alcoholism is often associated with brain damage and cognitive deficits. Because drinking patterns can include periods of alcohol consumption followed by abstinence, binge drinking may enhance the possibility of brain damage. Chronic administration of ethanol leads to upregulation of N- methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) and calcium receptors and increased release of glucocorticoids. NMDA-mediated mechanisms and glucocorticoid actions on the hippocampus are associated with brain damage. Thus, ethanol withdrawal may make the brain more vulnerable to damage from these mechanisms, especially with binge drinking. Therapeutic adjuncts for treating ethanol withdrawal, including NMDA, calcium, and glucocorticoid antagonists, may eventually prove useful in preventing further brain damage in alcoholism.
Tracking changes in user interests with a few relevance judgments

Keeping track of changes in user interests from a document stream with a few relevance judgments is not an easy task. To tackle this problem, we propose a novel method that integrates (1) pseudo-relevance feedback mechanism, (2) assumption about the persistence of user interests and (3) incremental method for data clustering. This approach has been empirically evaluated using Reuters-21578 corpus in a setting for information filtering. The experiment results reveal that it significantly improves the performances of existing user-interest-tracking systems without requiring additional, actual relevance judgments.
A prospective study of pancreatic cancer in the elderly

Risk factors for pancreatic cancer were examined in a cohort study of 13,979 residents of a retirement community. After 9 years of follow-up, 65 incident cases of pancreatic cancer were identified. An increased risk of pancreatic cancer was associated with a history of diabetes and cholecystectomy. Higher intake of vegetables, fruits, dietary beta-carotene, and vitamin C were each associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer, although none of these associations was statistically significant. Risk of pancreatic cancer decreased with increasing tea consumption but was unrelated to coffee consumption. No strong or consistent association was seen between either smoking or alcohol consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer, but a consistent and significant increase in risk followed cholecystectomy.
Metabolic Changes in the Rodent Brain after Acute Administration of Salvinorin A

Salvinorin A (SA) is a potent and highly selective kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist with rapid kinetics and commensurate behavioral effects; however, brain regions associated with these effects have not been determined. Freely moving adult male rats were given SA intraperitoneally during uptake and trapping of the brain metabolic radiotracer, 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG), followed by image acquisition in a dedicated animal positron emission tomography (PET) system. Age-matched control animals received vehicle treatment. Animal behavior during FDG uptake was recorded digitally and later analyzed for locomotion. Group differences in regional FDG uptake normalized to whole brain were determined using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) and verified by region of interest (ROI) analysis. SA-treated animals demonstrated significant increases in FDG uptake compared to controls in several brain regions associated with the distribution of KOR such as the periaqueductal grey, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the cerebellar vermis, as well as in the hypothalamus. Significant bilateral activations were also observed in the auditory, sensory, and frontal cortices. Regional decreases in metabolic demand were observed bilaterally in the dorsolateral striatum and hippocampus. Locomotor activity did not differ between SA and vehicle during FDG uptake. We have provided the first extensive maps of cerebral metabolic activation due to the potent κ-opioid agonist, salvinorin A. A major finding from our small animal PET studies using FDG was that neural circuits affected by SA may not be limited to direct activation or inhibition of kappa-receptor-expressing cells. Instead, salvinorin A may trigger brain circuits that mediate the effects of the drug on cognition, mood, fear and anxiety, and motor output.
Collision detection enabled weighted path planning: a wrist and base force/torque sensors approach

This paper presents a collision-detection enabled weighted path planning approach for a robot sharing the same workspace with humans. Using base and wrist force/torque sensors, a model based method is proposed to detect the collision forces and disturbance torques on the joints of the manipulator; then a weighted path planning approach is developed to control the interaction. The experimental results illustrate the validity of the developed collision detection and planning scheme
Setting up and Managing an Experimental Farm for Crop Studies: the First 20 Years' Experience at Broom's Barn

The objectives and management policy of an experimental farm for studies on the sugar beet crop are described. Farm yields of sugar beet and cereals are discussed in relation to yields in experiments and on a national scale. Some aspects of experimental accuracy and design are considered.
Irrational fraction approximations to Mills' ratio

ciated R(x) was devised in terms of 0(I /x), 0 (2/x), ... for x > 0, which is much superior to the classical expansion (1.1) from the point of view of accuracy. In a still more recent paper (Ruben,t 1963), a further new expansion for R(x), which is not only asymptotic but also convergent when x > 0, was devised in terms of rational fractions. The aim of the present paper is to devise a new expansion for R(x) in terms of irrational fractions. The latter expansion, like the preceding expansion, is asymptotic and convergent for all x > 0. It should be noted that a different class of irrational fraction approximations, based on the convergents of Laplace's continued fraction representation of R(x) (x > 0), has been given by Shenton (1954). For high or moderate positive values of x, the current expansion converges very rapidly to R(x), and numerical examination appears to suggest that the convergence is then a good deal more rapid than the Shenton sequence of approximations. Moreover, the former expansion has the advantages that the individual terms are easily determined explicitly in algebraic form and upper bounds for the truncation errors are readily established. These bounds are, however, conservative. We may refer here also to the paper by Ray & Pitman (1963) in which the authors approximate Mills' ratio over the two separate ranges [0, 1], [1, oo] of the argument. Some interesting new asymptotic expansions (not in terms of rational or irrational fractions) are also obtained for the ratio.
The Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Regulates Endothelial Bioenergetics and Angiogenesis

Rationale: The mitochondrial permeability transition pore is a well-known initiator of cell death that is increasingly recognized as a physiological modulator of cellular metabolism. Objective: We sought to identify how the genetic deletion of a key regulatory subunit of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, cyclophilin D (CypD), influenced endothelial metabolism and intracellular signaling. Methods and Results: In cultured primary human endothelial cells, genetic targeting of CypD using siRNA or shRNA resulted in a constitutive increase in mitochondrial matrix Ca 2+ and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Elevated matrix NADH, in turn, diminished the cytosolic NAD + /NADH ratio and triggered a subsequent downregulation of the NAD + -dependent deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Downstream of SIRT1, CypD-deficient endothelial cells exhibited reduced phosphatase and tensin homolog expression and a constitutive rise in the phosphorylation of angiogenic Akt. Similar changes in SIRT1, phosphatase and tensin homolog, and Akt were also noted in the aorta and lungs of CypD knockout mice. Functionally, CypD-deficient endothelial cells and aortic tissue from CypD knockout mice exhibited a dramatic increase in angiogenesis at baseline and when exposed to vascular endothelial growth factor. The NAD + precursor nicotinamide mononucleotide restored the cellular NAD + /NADH ratio and normalized the CypD-deficient phenotype. CypD knockout mice also presented accelerated wound healing and increased neovascularization on tissue injury as monitored by optical microangiography. Conclusions: Our study reveals the importance of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in the regulation of endothelial mitochondrial metabolism and vascular function. The mitochondrial regulation of SIRT1 has broad implications in the epigenetic regulation of endothelial phenotype.
Biclustering Protein Complex Interactions with a Biclique Finding Algorithm

Biclustering has many applications in text mining, web clickstream mining, and bioinformatics. When data entries are binary, the tightest biclusters become bicliques. We propose a flexible and highly efficient algorithm to compute bicliques. We first generalize the Motzkin-Straus formalism for computing the maximal clique from L_1 constraint to L_p constraint, which enables us to provide a generalized Motzkin-Straus formalism for computing maximal-edge bicliques. By adjusting parameters, the algorithm can favor biclusters with more rows less columns, or vice verse, thus increasing the flexibility of the targeted biclusters. We then propose an algorithmto solve the generalized Motzkin- Straus optimization problem. The algorithm is provably convergent and has a computational complexity of O(|E|) where |E| is the number of edges. Using this algorithm, we bicluster the yeast protein complex interaction network. We find that biclustering protein complexes at the protein level does not clearly reflect the functional linkage among protein complexes in many cases, while biclustering at protein domain level can reveal many underlying linkages. We show several new biologically significant results.
Role of protein phosphorylation in neuronal signal transduction.

Protein phosphorylation is involved in the regulation of a wide variety of physiological processes in the nervous system. Studies in which purified protein kinases or kinase inhibitors have been microinjected into defined cells while a specific response is monitored have demonstrated that protein phosphorylation is both necessary and sufficient to mediate responses of excitable cells to extracellular signals. The precise molecular mechanisms involved in neuronal signal transduction processes can be further elucidated by identification and characterization of the substrate proteins for the various protein kinases. The roles of three such substrate proteins in signal transduction are described in this article: 1) synapsin I, whose phosphorylation increases neurotransmitter release and thereby modulates synaptic transmission presynaptically; 2) the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, whose phosphorylation increases its rate of desensitization and thereby modulates synaptic transmission postsynaptically; and 3)...
INFLUENCES OF MONEY SUPPLY AND OIL PRICE ON U.S. STOCK MARKET

This paper studies the long-run and short-run dynamic effects of broad money supply (M2) and oil price on U.S. stock market (S&P500). Monthly data are employed from January, 1974 through April, 2006. Each variable is nonstationary in level with I(1) behavior. The above three variables depict a cointegrating relationship. The vector error-correction models do not reveal any converging long-run causal flows, although short-run interactive feedback relationships exist. The current volatility of U.S. stock market is fueled by its past volatilities. Negative monetary and oil shocks initially depress the U.S. stock market.
Direct reduction of SO2 to elemental sulfur by methane over ceria-based catalysts

Abstract The catalytic reduction of SO2 to elemental sulfur by methane was studied over ceria-based catalysts. Both La-doped and undoped ceria were found to catalyze the SO2 reduction by CH4 in the temperature range of 550–750°C at atmospheric pressure and with feed gases containing a molar ratio of CH4/SO2 = 0.5–3. At temperatures below ∼550°C, the catalyst surface is capped by SO2. The reaction light-off coincides with the threshold temperature for sulfate decomposition. Various SO2/CH4/H2O gas mixtures were used to study the catalyst activity and selectivity to elemental sulfur. The incorporation of nickel and copper improves the wet activity of Ce(La)Ox catalysts. Also, the addition of a low amount (5 at.%) of copper or nickel into La-doped ceria, Ce(La)Ox, had a markedly different effect on the catalyst selectivity under fuel-rich conditions. The Cu–Ce(La)Ox catalyst has higher selectivity to elemental sulfur and complete oxidation products (H2O, CO2), while Ni–Ce(La)Ox favors the formation of H2S and partial oxidation products (CO). The catalyst activity/selectivity studies were complemented by SO2 uptake experiments and by reduction of the as-prepared and pre-sulfated catalysts in methane, both isothermally and in the TPR mode. The initial rate of reduction of pre-sulfated catalysts with methane is similar for Ce(La)Ox, Cu–Ce(La)Ox and Ni–Ce(La)Ox in the temperature range of 500-700°C. Activation of methane on these surfaces requires partial sulfate decomposition.
Numerical Simulation of an Electroosmotic Micromixer

We present a micromixer fabricated using MEMS technology which takes advantage of electroosmosis to mix fluids. A time dependent electric field is applied and the resulting electroosmosis perturbs the low Reynolds number flow. It is shown that the electric field can be deemed quasi-steady and the electroosmotic slip boundary condition can be applied when the incompressible Navier Stokes equation is solved. Both the electric field and the electroosmotic flow are simulated numerically. Study of the particle traces shows folding and stretching of material lines, and a positive Lyapunov exponent is found which indicates chaotic-like mixing.
Measurement of The Activation Energy in Phosphorous Doped Polycrystalline Diamond Thin Films Grown on Silicon Substrates by Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition

Although many researchers have studied boron-doped diamond thin films in the past several years, there have been few reports on the effects of doping CVD-grown diamond films with phosphorous. For this work, polycrystalline diamond thin films were grown by hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) on p-type silicon substrates. Phosphorous was introduced into the reaction chamber as an in situ dopant during the growth. The quality and orientation of the diamond thin films were monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Current-voltage (I-V) data as a function of temperature for gold-diamond film-silicon-aluminum structures were measured. The activation energy of the phosphorous dopants was calculated to be approximately 0.29 eV.
Spatial distribution and size evolution of particles in Asian outflow: Significance of primary and secondary aerosols during ACE-Asia and TRACE-P

areas as high as 1200 mm 2 cm � 3 . Concentrations of sulfuric acid generally appeared insufficient for binary nucleation, but observations, models, and theory are consistent with a ternary nucleation mechanism involving H2SO4-H2O-NH3. Growth rates of � 2n m h � 1 can be explained by the condensation of sulfuric acid at a rate of 2 ± 1 � 10 6 molecules cm � 3 s � 1 . Aerosol volatility suggested increasing neutralization of the aerosol during growth. Size distribution measurements suggest that weak (mean condensation nuclei (CN) 3–13 nm � 500 cm � 3 ) new particle production was a common occurrence in the region. However, new particle production was enhanced by � 1 order of magnitude (mean CN 3–13 nm � 5000 cm � 3 ) in postfrontal air masses associated with offshore flow during cloud-free conditions. Fog and clouds appear to be regionally important in modulating nucleation events through scavenging of secondary aerosol and through depletion of gas-phase precursors through enhanced heterogeneous chemistry. Our results indicate that only 10–30% of the total aerosol population consists of aged secondary aerosols after � 2 days of transport from source regions. In spite of their high production during nucleation events, secondary aerosols advected out over the Pacific Ocean will have a small impact upon indirect forcing and a negligible impact upon direct forcing compared to primary aerosol emissions and the species that condense upon them. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 4801 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Aerosols (0305); 0345 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollution—urban and regional (0305); 0368 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—constituent transport and chemistry; 9320 Information Related to Geographic Region: Asia;
A Model of Children's Postdivorce Behavioral Adjustment in Maternal- and Dual-Residence Arrangements:

This article investigates the effects of parenting arrangements on children's behavioral adjustment in postdivorce situations as influenced by interparental aggression, mother-child relationships, children's self-reports of their emotional experiences, and emotional regulation strategies. The findings indicate intriguing pathways through which postdivorce parenting arrangements predict children's behavioral adjustment. Specifically, the positive impact of a dual-residence arrangement on children's adjustment is suppressed by the presence of interparental aggression, children's reported emotion of sadness, and their use of active intervention to regulate their emotions. Implications of the study are discussed.
An Analytical Study of Ozone Feedbacks on Kelvin and Rossby–Gravity Waves: Effects on the QBO

An equatorial beta-plane model of the middle atmosphere is used to analytically examine the effects of radiative cooling and ozone heating on the spatial and temporal evolution of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). Under the assumption that the diabatic heating is weak and the background fields of wind, temperature, and ozone are slowly varying, a perturbation analysis yields expressions describing the vertical spatial modulation of Kelvin and Rossby‐gravity waves in the presence of ozone. These expressions show that wave-induced changes in the diabatic heating arising from the advection of basic-state ozone reduce the local radiative damping rate by up to 15% below 35 km. In a one-dimensional model of the QBO, eddy ozone heating increases the amplitude of the zonal wind QBO by 1‐2 m s21 and increases the oscillation period by about two months. The significance of these results to the observed QBO is discussed.
Using Psychographics to Segment B2B Technology Markets: An Exploratory Study

How do technology marketers employ psychographics? In spite of increasing attention in the B2B literature, psychographics is infrequently used. Psychographic thinking without formal analysis was common. A behavioral mindset (psychographics) improves segmentation analyses. Demographics did not impact the use of organizational psychographics. Motivation, relationship and risk were key psychographic inputs.
Polyamine depletion alters the relationship of F-actin, G-actin, and thymosin β4 in migrating IEC-6 cells

The cause of reduced migration ability in polyamine-deficient cells is not known, but their actin cytoskeleton is clearly abnormal. We depleted polyamines with α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) in m...
Evaluating the Initiation of Novel Oral Anticoagulants in Medicare Beneficiaries.

BACKGROUND: As alternatives to warfarin, 2 novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs), dabigatran and rivaroxaban, were approved in 2010 and 2011 to prevent stroke and other thromboembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation. It is unclear how patient characteristics are associated with the initiation of anticoagulants. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how patient demographics, clinical characteristics, types of insurance, and patient out-of-pocket spending affect the initiation of warfarin and 2 NOACs—dabigatran and rivaroxaban. METHODS: We used pharmacy claims data from a 5% random sample of Medicare beneficiaries to identify patients who were newly diagnosed with atrial fibrillation between October 1, 2010, and October 31, 2012, and who were prescribed an oral anticoagulant within 60 days of diagnosis. We identified key predictors of initiation of NOACs using a multinomial logistic regression model with generalized logit link. RESULTS: Patients who were black and who had a history of acute myocardial infarction, ...
The Political and Economic Reasons the Graduate Record Examination Persists Despite Its Generally Low Predictive Validity

Most studies find the GRE (Graduate Record Examination) is, at best, a weak predictor of academic achievement. Still the test is widely used to make significant decisions concerning the distribution of educational resources, such as determining who gets into which graduate school programs and/or who receives financial assistance. The present study suggests GRE endures despite of its low predictive validity because it meets the political and economic needs of certain academic and business interests. The analysis concludes there is little incentive for universities to either drop or deemphasize the exam, despite its predictive shortcomings and therefore the GRE will remain integral to academic screening.
Prison labor and the paradox of paid nonmarket work

Purpose – To use insights from economic sociology to analyze how U.S. employment law understands and regulates the relationship between prison labor and conventional employment. Methodology – Legal analysis of all published court opinions deciding whether federal employment laws such as the minimum wage apply to prison labor. Findings – Courts decide whether prison labor is an “employment relationship” by deciding whether it is an “economic” relationship. Most interpret prison labor as noneconomic because they locate it in a nonmarket sphere of penal relationships. A minority of courts use a different conception of the economy, one which interprets prison labor as a form of nonmarket work. Implications – The economic character of prison labor may be articulated using the same theoretical perspectives and analytical techniques developed to analyze family labor as economically significant nonmarket work. Doing so, however, too readily accepts the market/nonmarket distinction. Given the thoroughly social character of market work, prison labor's highly structured, institutionally specific character does not preclude characterizing it as market work, and some of its features support interpreting it as such. In this legal context, identifying practices as economic or not, and as market or not, has concrete consequences for the actors themselves. Rather than using market/nonmarket distinctions as analytical tools, scholars might treat actors' designation of an economic practice as part of a market or not as a site of conflict, subject to institutionalization, and worthy of sociological study.
The Subfamilies of Sciomyzidae of the World (Diptera: Acalyptratae)

The classic division of the Sciomyzidae (sensu strictu, less Dryomyzidae, etc.) into Sciomyzinae and Tetanocerinae stood until 1923, when Hendel erected the Tetanurinae. Then in 1939 Enderlein, including Tetanura Fallen with the Sciomyzinae, erected the Salticellinae, and in the same year Sack divided the Sciomyzinae into Sciomyzinae and Ditaeniinae. This state of affairs remained until 1950, when Verbefte, stressing the modifications of segmentation occasioned by circumversion of the male postabdomen, divided the family into 4 subfamilies: Sciomyzinae, Renocerinae, Tetanocerinae, and Sepedoninae.
Vagal intimations for catatonia and electroconvulsive therapy.

Objectives Catatonia is currently viewed as a unique syndrome that consists of specific motor signs responding to benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Advances in catatonia may provide a new window into the mechanism of ECT. Findings on catatonia are updated and related to the mechanism of ECT. Methods Selective literature review. Results There are several putative models and mechanisms of catatonia concerning motor circuitry dysfunction, abnormal neurotransmitters, epilepsy, genetic risk factors, and endocrine and immune dysfunction. Fear and vagal nerve models are presented casting catatonia in an evolutionary-based autonomic neural substrate of social behaviors, engagement, and disengagement according to perceived level of danger. Benzodiazepines and ECT are thought to have autonomic and vagal effects. Conclusions Advances in catatonia provide a new window into the mechanism of ECT. Fear and vagal nerve models call for further anatomical, functional, and clinical studies on the vagal nerve and for further studies on the use of anticholinergic medications in catatonia, on vagal function in catatonia, and on the effects of benzodiazepines, ECT, and induced seizures on cholinergic and vagal function.
Paul oOn the Covenants and the Future of Israel

Critically asessing Charles Talbert's contention that Paul successively utilized models of the covenant derived from Abraham, Moses and Jeremiah, Getty examines Paul's break from and continuity with Judaism. She considers in turn E. P. Sanders' analysis of the relationship between Paul's thinking on the law with that of his Jewish contempories, J. D. G. Dunn's demonstration of Paul's affinity with other Jewish Christians on the opposition between justification by works or by faith, and J. Paul Sampley's caveat regarding too quickly "synthesizing" Pauline thought before more nuances in Paul are better understood. In the light of these, the author then re-views Romans 9-11 and integrates where appropriate the insights of each of the studies.
Molecular mechanisms of cytochrome P-450 induction by xenobiotics: An expanded role for nuclear hormone receptors.

Drug exposures can lead to an increased expression of specific cytochrome P-450 proteins (P-450s) as well as of phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes that can greatly augment the metabolism and clearance of therapeutic drugs. Animal models have been used to estimate the potential of drugs to induce P-
Distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance during lactic acid infusion in dogs.

We sought to determine the longitudinal distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in acute lactic acidosis utilizing pulmonary artery and vein balloon occlusion techniques (Holloway et al. J. Appl. Physiol. 54: 840-851, 1983). In anesthetized dogs, both a systemic vein (I-V) infusion and systemic artery (I-A) infusion of L-lactic acid were studied to control for potential effects of factors other than pH on PVR. During progressive I-A infusion (n = 9) to a pH of 6.94 +/- 0.06 there was no significant change in PVR or its distribution. In contrast, I-V infusion (n = 9) to a pH of 7.08 +/- 0.09 increased median PVR from 3.6 to 21.7 mmHg.1(-1).min (P less than 0.001), due to an increase in middle segment resistance (0.0-15.4 mmHg.1(-1).min, P less than 0.02). Examination by light and electron microscopy demonstrated pulmonary capillary obstruction with hemolyzed erythrocyte (RBC) membranes with I-V infusion, but representative I-A animals did not demonstrate these findings. Conceivably, the systemic vascular bed filtered the fragmented RBC membranes in the I-A model, but this microvascular obstruction with altered RBCs and RBC fragments caused the pulmonary hypertension observed in the I-V infusion. We conclude that lactic acidosis does not increase pulmonary vascular tone in dogs, a finding compatible with most previous studies in which observed increases in PVR may be attributed to other effects from I-V acid infusion on circulating blood elements.
Intruder Isolation on a General Road Network Under Partial Information

The intruder isolation problem (IIP) involves using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to isolate an intruder traveling along a road network. The UAV has no visibility of the intruder and can obtain the information only about the intruder’s location from unattended ground sensors (UGSs) preinstalled on the road network. An UGS detects a passing intruder and records the time of passage. It can also upload the time-stamped information to the UAV directly overhead. This paper focuses on finding the optimal sequence of UGSs for the UAV to visit and the corresponding waiting time around each UGS to achieve isolation for the two variants of the IIP. This task is challenging due to the continuous movement of the intruder along the road network and the partial information scenario. To address these challenges, we propose an unfolding strategy to transform the road network to a decision tree, which describes all possible routes that the intruder may select to follow. Based on the decision tree, the optimal solution to the isolation problem is computed via dynamic programming (DP). To alleviate the computational complexity of DP, an UGS ranking scheme is proposed. Numerical implementations based on a real road network are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution approach.
Intrapartum management of twin gestation.

Consistent antenatal diagnosis of twin gestation permits preparation for optimal intrapartum management. Reevaluation of maternal and fetal complications more common in this setting, or fetal complications unique to multiple gestation, is imperative. With careful evaluation of fetal well-being, including dual continuous fetal heart rate monitoring, the majority of twins can be delivered safely by the vaginal route.
Spike frequency adaptation studied in hypoglossal motoneurons of the rat.

1. We studied spike frequency adaptation of motoneuron discharge in the rat hypoglossal nucleus using a brain stem slice preparation. The characteristics of adaptation in response to long (60 s) injected current steps were qualitatively similar to those observed previously in cat hindlimb motoneurons. The discharge rate typically exhibited a rapid initial decline, characterized by a linear frequency-time relation, followed by a gradual exponential decline that continued for the duration of current injection. However, a more systematic, quantitative analysis of the data revealed that there were often three distinct phases of the adaptation rather than two. 2. The three phases of adaptation (initial, early, and late) were present in at least one 60-s trial of repetitive firing in all but a small number of motoneurons. Initial adaptation was limited to the first few spikes except in a few trials (7%) in which there was no initial adaptation. The time course of the subsequent decline in rate could be adequately described by a single-exponential function in about half of the trials (48%). In the remaining trials this subsequent decline in frequency was better described as the sum of two exponential functions: an early phase, lasting 2 s) phases of adaptation as previously reported by other investigators. In the absence of early adaptation, a steady state for the f-I slope was reached by 0.7-1 s, the time typically reported in studies of repetitive discharge. However, when early adaptation was present (50% of the trials), a steady-state value for the f-I slope was not reached until the cell had discharged for > 1 s. 5. To characterize the time course of firing rate recovery from the adaptive processes, the current was turned off for periods of < or = 10 s during the course of a 60-s trial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The Inner Workings of Life: Vignettes in Systems Biology

Living systems are dynamic and extremely complex and their behaviour is often hard to predict by studying their individual parts. Systems biology promises to reveal and analyse these highly connected, regulated and adaptable systems, using mathematical modelling and computational analysis. This new systems approach is already having a broad impact on biological research and has potentially far-reaching implications for our understanding of life. Written in an informal and non-technical style, this book provides an accessible introduction to systems biology. Self-contained vignettes each convey a key theme and are intended to enlighten, provoke and interest readers of different academic disciplines, but also to offer new insight to those working in the field. Using a minimum amount of jargon and no mathematics, Voit manages to convey complex ideas and give the reader a genuine sense of the excitement that systems biology brings with it, as well as the current challenges and opportunities.