cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parametric evaluation of active neutron interrogation for the detection of shielded highly-enriched uranium in the field

Parametric studies using numerical simulations are being performed to assess the performance capabilities and limits of active neutron interrogation for detecting shielded highly enriched uranium (HEU). Varying the shield material, HEU mass, HEU depth inside the shield, and interrogating neutron source energy, the simulations account for both neutron and photon emission signatures from the HEU with resolution in both energy and time. The results are processed to represent different irradiation timing schemes and several different classes of radiation detectors, and evaluated using a statistical approach considering signal intensity over background. This paper describes the details of the modeling campaign and some preliminary results, weighing the strengths of alternative measurement approaches for the different irradiation scenarios.
The endogenous cofactors, thioctic acid and dihydrolipoic acid, are neuroprotective against NMDA and malonic acid lesions of striatum.

Abstract Thioctic acid (α-lipoic acid) and dihydrolipoic acid are endogenous, interconvertible cofactors of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes. These compounds help to maintain glutathione and α-tocopherol in their reduced states, and they possess intrinsic free radical scavenging properties. We examined whether systemic treatment with thioctic acid or dihydrolipoic acid is protective against direct- and indirect-acting excitotoxins. Adult rats were treated for 10 days with intraperitoneal injections of vehicle, thioctic acid or dihydrolipoic acid, and on day 7 of treatment animals received unilateral stereotaxic injections of NMDA or malonic acid into the striatum. Histological assessment 3 days after the stereotaxic injections revealed a marked reduction in lesion volume in animals treated with thioctic acid or dihydrolipoic acid. We conclude that thioctic acid and dihydrolipoic acid are neuroprotective against direct and indirect excitotoxic insults.
Intramolecular palladium(II)-mediated alkoxy carbonylation as a route to functionalized tetrahydropyrans. Synthesis of the C9-C32 segment of phorboxazole A.

Hydroxy alkene 12, synthesized stereoselectively from 2-methyloxazole-4-carboxaldehyde, underwent intramolecular methoxy carbonylation in the presence of palladium(II) acetate to give 13 in which all five stereogenic centers around the tetrahydropyran correspond to those in ring C of phorboxazole A. Aldehyde 15, derived from 13, was linked to hydroxy alkene 23 via a Wittig coupling, and the composite 25 was subjected to a second palladium(II) acetate mediated methoxy carbonylation to yield 26, accompanied by acetoxy ester 27.
Kinetics of short-range and long-range B2 ordering in FeCo

Short-range and long-range-order parameters were measured by Mossbauer spectrometry and x-ray diffractometry during the disorder →B2 order transformation in equiatomic FeCo. The change from a homogeneous mode of ordering at high temperatures to a heterogeneous mode of ordering at low temperatures was confirmed. By comparing parametric plots of the 57Fe hyperfine magnetic field versus long-range-order parameter for ordering in these two modes, an early independent relaxation of the short-range order was found in the kinetic path for homogeneous ordering. This relaxation was in reasonable agreement with estimates based on statistical kinetic theory.
Cyclisation of α,ω-dienes promoted by bis(indenyl)zirconium sandwich and ansa-titanocene dinitrogen complexes

Metallation of a variety of α,ω-dienes has been explored with an η9,η5-bis(indenyl)zirconium sandwich compound and an ansa-titanocene dinitrogen complex. The η9,η5-bis(indenyl)zirconium sandwich compound, (η9-C9H5-1,3-Pr2)(η5-C9H5-1,3-iPr2)Zr, served as an isolable source of Negishi's reagent and readily formed a kinetic mixture of cis and trans diastereomers of the corresponding zirconacyclopentanes upon diene metallation. For pure hydrocarbon substrates such as 1,6-heptadiene and 1,7-octadiene, an equimolar amount of cis and trans diastereomers were the kinetic products; isomerization to the thermodynamically favoured trans isomers was observed over time at ambient temperature or upon heating to 105 °C, respectively. By contrast, substitution of the methylene or ethylene spacer in the α, ω-diene with a fluorenyl group (e.g. 9,9-diallylfluorene) resulted in exclusive kinetic formation of the trans diastereomer. Amino-substituted dienes were also readily cyclised and one example was characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Similar studies were also conducted with the ansa-titanocene dinitrogen complex, [Me2Si(η5-C5Me4)(η5-C5H3-3-tBu)Ti]2(μ2,η1,η1-N2), and both kinetic and thermodynamic selectivities evaluated. The use of a C1 symmetric ansa-metallocene increases the number of isomeric possibilities. For diallyl tert-butyl amine, diene metallation was more selective than for the bis(indenyl)zirconium sandwich compound and isomerization was also more rapid. Preliminary functionalisation reactivity for both the zircona- and titanocycles was also explored.
Caryocyst-like host cell formation by Caryospora duszynskii (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in human fetal lung cell cultures.

. Sporozoites of the coccidium, Caryospora duszynskii, penetrated human fetal lung cell cultures but did not undergo asexual or sexual multiplication during a 29-day observation period. Beginning three days postinoculation (PI), infected host cells lost their normal elongated fibroblast-like shape and became ellipsoidal in appearance and resembled caryocysts. These caryocyst-like infected cells were observed from 3 through 29 days PI. Sporozoites remained viable throughout the study as evidenced by motility of extracellular sporozoites in infected human fetal lung cell cultures. Results of this in vitro study suggest that some species of Caryospora may form caryocysts in secondary hosts without undergoing asexual or sexual multiplication in these hosts.
Contingencies influencing the effectiveness of acquisition‐based corporate growth and development strategies: the case of ITT, 1920‐1997

Contingency models have enabled researchers to develop system‐based decision‐making approaches to organizational studies. Two contingency decision‐making models ‐ rational and political choice ‐ have been applied to identify those organizational characteristics and strategic leadership qualities associated with acquisitive growth through “absorption” and “diversification”. A study of the International Telephone and Telegraph Company (ITT) organizational growth strategies from 1920 to 1997 reveals that senior managers adopt the rational decision‐making model when organizational growth through acquisition involves absorption, and the political model when organizational growth calls for diversification. A contingency historical study of ITT demonstrates two important periods in ITT’s organizational life cycles ‐ one of growth (1920‐early 1970s) and one of consolidation/stability (from mid‐1970 to the present time). Contingency models indicate that differences in organizational growth strategies arise due to differences in environmental factors characterizing each period as organizations pass through several stages of growth in their life cycles.
Unequal crossing over in the ribosomal DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Unequal sister chromatid exchanges occur at the ribosomal DNA locus of yeast during mitotic growth. The frequency of unequal crossing over, as measured by the deletion or duplication of an inserted genetic marker (LEU2), is sufficient to maintain the sequence homogeneity of the rDNA repeat units.
Endophthalmitis Associated with Microbial Keratitis

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate possible risk factors, organisms cultured, and visual acuity outcomes of endophthalmitis associated with microbial keratitis. Methods: Records were reviewed of all patients with both positive corneal and positive intraocular cultures at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute between January 1, 1990, and March 31, 1995. Results: Thirteen (92.9%) of 14 patients identified had documented keratitis before the diagnosis of endophthalmitis was made. Thirteen (92.9%) patients recently had used 1% prednisolone acetate eye drops, 2 (14.3%) received oral prednisone, and 5 (35.7%) were being treated for systemic conditions associated with relative immune dysfunction. Eight (57.1%) patients had a history of ocular surgery, and seven (50.0%) had wound abnormalities. Eight (57.1%) patients lacked an intact posterior capsule, four (28.6%) had a corneal perforation, and three (21.4%) had a history of dry eye. Gram-negative organisms (7), Staphylococcus aureus (3), streptococcal species (2), and fungi (4) were the most frequently isolated organisms. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were not isolated. Six (42.9%) patients achieved a post-treatment visual acuity of 20/200 or better. Three (21.4%) patients underwent enucleation or evisceration. Although not statistically significant, there was an association between appropriate initial antibiotic therapy and improved visual outcomes. Conclusion: Patients in whom endophthalmitis associated with microbial keratitis develops have a frequent history of corticosteroid use, systemic conditions associated with relative immune dysfunction, lack of an intact posterior capsule, dry eye, wound abnormalities, and/or corneal perforation. In general, agents cultured consisted of organisms less frequently reported to be the causative agents in series of postoperative and post-traumatic endophthalmitis. Post-treatment visual outcomes generally were poor.
Monetary transmission---federal funds rate and CD rates

This paper investigates two different interpretations of the same empirical finding that long-term market rates Granger cause policy-controlled rates. Pollin (1991) interprets the finding in the usual manner (the structural position). Moore (1991) interprets the causality relationship in reverse (the accommodative position). This paper derives the term structure of CD rates. Then, using CD rates, it provides empirical evidence that appears consistent with Moore's interpretation. In addition, the causality relationship between long-term bond yields and the federal funds rate is examined. The results are consistent with the accommodative position under the assumption of the expectations theory of the term structure.
Best practice for pre-launch characterization and calibration of instruments for remote sensing

The pre-launch characterization and calibration of remote sensing instruments should be planned and carried out in conjunction with their design and development to meet the mission requirements. In the case of infrared instruments, the onboard calibrators such as blackbodies and the sensors such as spectral radiometers should be characterized and calibrated using SI traceable standards. In the case of earth remote sensing, this allows intercomparison and intercalibration of different sensors in space to create global time series of climate records of high accuracy where some inevitable data gaps can be easily bridged. In the case of ballistic missile defense, this provides sensor quality assurance based on SI traceable measurements. The recommended best practice for this pre-launch effort is presented based on experience gained at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) working with National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Department of Defense (DoD) programs in the past two decades. Examples of infrared standards and calibration facilities at NIST for serving the remote sensing community will be discussed.
Generation of Double-stranded Breaks in Hypernegatively Supercoiled DNA by Drosophila Topoisomerase IIIβ, a Type IA Enzyme

Drosophila topoisomerase (topo) IIIβ is a member of the type IA family of DNA topoisomerases, which generates a single-stranded break to form a covalent complex with the 5′-end of DNA. We show here that a purified preparation of topo IIIβ is able to convert a hypernegatively supercoiled substrate into primarily nicked, but also linear, DNA at enzyme/DNA molar ratios of 5:1 or greater. Although the optimal temperature for the relaxation activity is between 37 and 45 °C, maximal cleavage occurs between 23 and 30 °C, a temperature range that is more physiologically relevant for fruit flies. The cleavage products require protease treatment to enter the gel, they are stable over time, they are reversible, and they are not observed with a Y332F active site mutant, which further supports the idea that topo IIIβ possesses an endonucleolytic cleavage activity. This cleavage activity appears to be specific for highly unwound, or single strand-containing substrates. Southern blot analysis of the cleavage products demonstrates that the topo IIIβ cleavage activity is concentrated primarily in highly A/T-rich regions. These results suggest that topo IIIβ may function as a reversible endonuclease in vivo by recognizing and cleaving/rejoining DNA structures with single-stranded character.
The Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale

We report on the development, reliability, and validity of the Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale (ASRM). The ASRM was completed during medication washout and after treatment by 22 schizophrenic, 13 schizoaffective, 36 depressed, and 34 manic patients. The ClinicianAdministered Rating Scale for Mania (CARS-M) and Mania Rating Scale (MRS) were completed at the same time to measure concurrent validity. Test—retest reliability was assessed separately on 20 depressed and 10 manic patients who completed the ASRM twice during washout. Principal components analysis of ASRM items revealed three factors: mania, psychotic symptoms, and irritability. Baseline mania subscale scores were significantly higher for manic patients compared to all other diagnostic groups. Manic patients had significantly decreased posttreatment scores for all three subscales. ASRM mania subscale scores were significantly correlated with MRS total scores (r = .718) and CARS-M mania subscale scores (r = .766). Test-retest reliability for the ASRM was significant for all three subscales. Significant differences in severity levels were found for some symptoms between patient ratings on the ASRM and clinician ratings on the CARS-M. Mania subscale scores of greater than 5 on the ASRM resulted in values of 85.5% for sensitivity and 87.3% for specificity. Advantages of the ASRM over other self-rating mania scales are discussed.
The Effect of Flurbiprofen, a Potent Inhibitor of Prostaglandin Synthesis, on Insulin and Glucagon Release from Isolated Rat Pancreas

The influence of different levels of inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis on the release of insulin and glucagon was investigated in the basal state (5.6 mM glucose) and in response to 30-min perfusion of 16.7 mM glucose using the isolated perfused rat pancreas model. Flurbiprofen (FLR), a potent and selective inhibitor of PG synthesis, was present in the perfusate during the entire experimental period at a concentration of 10(-8), 5 X 10(-8), or 10(-6) M; control experiments were performed without the drug. Levels of immunoreactive PGE2, PGF2 alpha, insulin, and glucagon were measured in the portal venous effluent. FLR inhibited PG synthesis in a dose-related manner; PGE2 was inhibited more than PGF2 alpha. Basal and glucose-induced secretion of insulin was augmented by FLR at 5 X 10(-8) M, but was inhibited at 10(-6) M. At 10(-6) M FLR, basal glucagon secretion was inhibited; glucose-induced suppression still occurred without any potentiation. We conclude that 1) endogenous PGs modulate the secretion of insulin and glucagon; 2) divergence of the effects of low and high levels of inhibition of PG biosynthesis on insulin release may be due to altered tissue proportions of various PGs and related autacoids; and 3) the predominant effect of endogenous PGs on glucagon release is tonic stimulation.
Failure analysis of carbon nanotube wires

Abstract A failure analysis of four carbon nanotube (CNT) wires comprised of 1-, 30-, 60-, and 100-yarns was conducted when subjected to constant tension and cyclic tension–tension loading conditions. Each wire had different controlling mechanisms of failure. Tensile and cyclic load-induced failures were related to the movement within yarns and/or among yarns in the CNT wires. The 1-yarn CNT wire exhibited a ductile fracture when constant tensile load was applied; recoverable deformation bands were observed on bending and straightening. The 30-yarn CNT wire showed a variant/independent fibrillar failure under constant tensile loading condition, while it failed by biaxial rotation, bend and twist under cyclic loading condition. The 60-yarn CNT wire resulted in a stake and socket fibre fracture when loaded to failure in constant tension; however, in the cyclic loading condition, the wire failed by kink band process. The 100-yarn wire failure mechanism was controlled by the surface wear in both constant tension and fatigue loading conditions. This failure analysis study presents detailed fracture surface features that can be used to diagnose the cause of failure, develop failure mechanisms, and improve the properties of CNT wires when used in real-life applications.
Differential Regulation of Trichome Formation on the Adaxial and Abaxial Leaf Surfaces by Gibberellins and Photoperiod in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh

In wild-type (WT) Columbia and Landsberg erecta ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., trichomes are present on the adaxial surfaces of all rosette leaves but are absent from the abaxial surfaces of the first-formed leaves. We have determined that both long-day (LD) photoperiod and gibberellin (GA) stimulate trichome formation. WT plants grown in LD conditions produce the first abaxial trichome on earlier leaves than plants grown in short-day (SD) conditions. Photoperiod sensitivity of abaxial trichome formation on WT plants develops gradually over time, reaching the maximum sensitivity about 24 d after germination. Application of gibberellic acid to WT plants growing in SD conditions accelerates the onset of abaxial trichomes. Conversely, application of 20 to 80 mg L-1 paclobutrazol, a GA biosynthesis inhibitor, to wild-type plants suppresses trichome initiation on the abaxial epidermis. The GA-deficient mutants ga1-5 and ga4-1 and the GA-insensitive mutant gai-1 exhibit delayed onset of abaxial trichomes when grown in LD conditions. The null mutant ga1-3 produces completely glabrous leaves when grown in SD conditions. Application of gibberellic acid to glabrous ga1-3 plants consistently induces earlier formation of trichomes on the adaxial epidermis than on the abaxial epidermis, demonstrating a difference between the adaxial and abaxial surfaces in their response to GA with regard to trichome formation.
Immunologic effects of acute hyperglycemia in nondiabetic rats

Background: This study was designed to determine the consequences of acute hyperglycemia on the immune function of peripheral neutrophils, peritoneal macrophages, and alveolar macrophages in nondiabetic rats. Methods: The animals were randomly divided into nonsurgical (normal) and surgical groups. The postoperative rats were further divided into normoglycemic (control) and hyperglycemic (glucose) groups. The hyperglycemic condition was maintained by constant infusion of glucose to raise plasma glucose concentration to 300 mg/ dL for 3 hours. The immune cells were then harvested to determine their phagocytic and oxidative capacities via flow cytometry. Results: The results showed that hyperglycemia significantly decreased the respiratory burst of alveolar macrophages (p <.05). In contrast, hyperglycemia enhanced phagocytosis in these cells (p <.002). There was a significant activation of the respiratory burst in peripheral neutrophils by surgery (p <.002), but no effect of hyperglycemia. Conclusions: We conclude that hyperglycemia itself can influence immune function in some phagocytic cells, which may be an important factor in postsurgical infection.
A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE HEALTH STATUS OF EXTREMELY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT CHILDREN (< 1000G UW) AND CONTROLS AT 8 YEARS OF AGE

A Multi-attribute health status (MAHS) classification system developed in our institution was applied to clinical and psychometric data collected prospectively at age 8 years on 150/179 ELBW and 145 matched term controls (C) born between 1977 and 1932. The MAHS system describes both the type and severity of functional limitations according to 7 attributes - sensation, mobility, emotion, cognition, self-care, pain and fertility (not applicable here), with 4 or 5 levels of function within each attribute. Each unique combination of levels represents a different health state. Using this approach, 14% of ELBW subjects had no functional limitations, 50% had reduced function for 1 or 2 attributes, and 28% had ≥ 3 attributes affected. The corresponding figures for controls were 50%, 40% and 2% (p<.0001, =.08, <.0001). Notably, the limitations in the ELBW group were in cognition 58%, sensation 48%, mobility 21% and self-care 17%, compared with 28%, 11%, 1%, and 0% for controls (all p<.0001). In general, the limitations were more severe and complex in ELBW children. These results provide a comprehensive description of the health status of ELBW children along several dimensions. The MAHS classification approach is useful to compare the health status of different populations and within groups across time and space. In addition, a utility-function can be applied to the MAHS system to quantify health-related quality of life.
Optimal trajectory generation for next generation flight management systems

Next generation flight management systems require the compliance of temporal and spatial constraints on navigation performance. The problem of generating fuel-efficient trajectories for aircrafts that comply with the required navigation performance is approached from an optimal control framework. By deriving the necessary conditions for optimality, nominal optimal control signals can be generated in a computationally efficient manner. These control signals can be used to generate nominal trajectories for an aircraft model. Using the nominal control and nominal trajectory, a feedforward-feedback control scheme can be implemented to robustify the system's response in the presence of uncertainty and disturbances to still achieve the required navigation performance. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated through simulation and Monte Carlo runs.
Evidence-based surgical management of substernal goiter

A number of reports have been published concerning the surgical treatment of substernal goiters; however, there is yet to be a comprehensive review of this body of literature using evidence-based methodology. This article is a systematic review of the literature using evidence-based criteria and a review of unpublished data from our institution. Issue 1. Limited level III/IV data suggest that the incidence of cancer in substernal goiters is not higher than the incidence of cancer in cervical goiters. Risk factors for malignancy in substernal goiters may include a family history of thyroid pathology, a history of cervical radiation therapy, recurrent goiter, and the presence of cervical adenopathy (grade C recommendation). Issue 2. Prospective level V data suggest that, for most patients, expert endocrine surgeons utilize an extracervical approach approximately 2% of the time to remove a substernal goiter safely; a sternotomy or thoracotomy appears more likely in cases of a primary substernal goiter or a mass larger than the thoracic inlet (no recommendation). Issue 3. There may be a higher rate of permanent hypoparathyroidism and unintentional permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injury when total thyroidectomy is performed for removal of a substernal goiter than for removal of a cervical goiter alone (grade C recommendation). Injury of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve was not specifically addressed and is almost certainly underreported. Issue 4. The presence of a substernal goiter, especially being present more than 5 years and causing significant tracheal compression, is likely a risk factor for tracheomalacia and tracheostomy (grade C recommendation). Tracheomalacia with substernal goiter is an infrequent occurrence, and many cases of tracheomalacia can be managed without tracheostomy (no recommendation). Issue 5. Prospective level V data suggest that about 5% to 10% of operations for substernal goiters are performed because of recurrent or persistent disease, although retrospective level V data report an even higher rate, up to 37%. The most common initial operations with recurrence or persistence appear to be subtotal or hemithyroidectomy (no recommendation). Evidence-based recommendations provide reliable information regarding the pathologic findings and operative management of substernal goiters in expert hands.
Wireless cooperative relaying using game theory

Wireless systems have various applications in aerospace technologies including aircraft navigation system, and monitoring and control module. In wireless networks, specially for the range-limited transceivers, relaying systems are widely used to extend the reach of communication networks, increase throughput, and save on power. In most of relay networks, the source and relay nodes share the same radio channel to send data, so there is a competition among nodes to access the channel. In this article, a novel stochastic game theoretical model for cooperative packet forwarding is proposed to provide an efficient cooperation solution for nodes to achieve better power and throughput performance. The proposed method is based on the Markovian stationary game theoretical model with two players. Both cooperative and non cooperative solutions are provided.
The International Year of Chemistry 2011—This Is Your Year!

The International Year of Chemistry 2011, a UN-designated, yearlong event, presents chemists, chemical engineers, and chemistry enthusiasts with a unique opportunity to communicate and celebrate the transforming power of chemistry. Under the leadership of IUPAC and UNESCO, chemical societies, organizations, and institutions of learning worldwide are planning and implementing a variety of activities to recognize and highlight chemistry and its contributions. The American Chemical Society will coordinate IYC-related programming that includes opportunities to engage the general public and K−12 students in experiences that will capture their interest in chemistry and provide pathways to further learning.
Participatory Web Users' Information Activities and Credibility Assessment *

Assessment of information credibility is a ubiquitous human activity given that people constantly make decisions and selections based on the value of information in a variety of information seeking and use contexts. Today, people are increasingly engaging in diverse online activities beyond searching for and reading information, including activities such as creating, tagging and rating content, shopping, and listening to and watching multimedia content. The Web 2.0 environment presents new challenges for people because the burden of information evaluation is shifted from professional gatekeepers to individual information consumers. At the same time, however, it also provides unprecedented opportunities for people to use tools and features that help them to make informed credibility judgments by relying on other people's ratings and recommendations. This paper introduces fundamental notions and dimensions of credibility, and contends that credibility assessment can be best understood with respect to human information behavior because it encompasses both the level of effort people exert as well as the heuristics they employ to evaluate information. The paper reports on a survey study investigating people's credibility judgments with respect to online information, focusing on the constructs, heuristics, and interactions involved in people's credibility assessment processes within the context of their everyday life information activities. Using an online activity diary method, empirical data about people's online activities and their associated credibility assessments were collected at multiple points throughout the day for three days. The results indicate that distinct credibility assessment heuristics are emerging as people engage in diverse online activities involving more user-generated and multimedia content. A heuristic approach suggests that people apply mental shortcuts or rules of thumb in order to minimize the amount of cognitive effort and time required to make credibility judgments. The paper discusses why a heuristic approach is key to reaching a more comprehensive understanding of people's credibility assessments within the information-abundant online environment.
Anterior Femoral Curvature: Its Probable Basis and Utility As a Criterion of Racial Assessment

Abstract Stewart ('62) and Walensky ('65) indicated that while the metrical expression of anterior femoral curvature alone will not always differentiate between Whites, American Negroes, and North American Indians, it was very useful as a racial criterion in combination with observed traits such as torsion, pilastry, and cross-sectional shape. Seven additional North American Indian groups reported here, representing both pre-Columbian and post-contact times, upheld the observation that anterior femoral curvature is a useful feature of racial assessment for Negroes, Whites and North American Indians. However, two South American groups studied (Ecuador and Peru) were only slightly more curved than American Negroes, and were less curved than Whites and North American Indians. The metrical expression of anterior femoral curvature therefore is not a useful feature of racial assessment for separating these two South American Indian groups from Whites and American Negroes. Femora of American Negro and White individuals with low ponderal indices were found to be less bowed than the norms for their race; individuals with high ponderal indices were more bowed than the norm for their race. The assumed genetic basis for expression of anterior femoral curvature suggested by Stewart ('62) and Walensky ('65) seems to be a feature of human plastic response to body weight rather than to temporal, clinal, postural or equestrian influences.
Transition moment variation in the first and second positive band systems of N2

Abstract The variation of the electronic transition moment with the internuclear separation for the first and second positive band systems of the N 2 molecule has been investigated by the new method developed by Jain and Sahnl (6) . The results have been compared with those obtained by the r -centroid method (5) .
Bioanalytic applications of mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry has suddenly expanded out of research and assay laboratories into biology, medicine and therapeutics. Electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization yield increased mass-range and sensitivity, leading to novel applications and sparking new analyzer designs, software, and robotics.
Community Attributes Influencing Local Food Processing Growth in the U.S. Corn Belt

This paper examines local and regional attributes associated with growth in the food processing industry. The paper uses industrial location studies to develop a model of food processing plants’growth. Ordinary least squares (OLS) models are estimated to analyze which local, regional and state attributes are associated with county level growth, measured by a change in the number of establishments. The results suggest that food processing growth is associated with factors similar to those influencing the location of footloose manufacturing plants. However, growth in food processing sectors is associated with different local attributes depending on a firm's industry type (demand-oriented, supply-oriented, footloose). Les auteurs examinent les caracteres locaux et regionaux associes a la croissance dans le secteur agroalimentaire. S'appuyant sur des etudes sur les emplacements industriels, ils ont elabore un modele de croissance pour les usines de transformation des aliments. Les modeles de regression OLS sont calcules pour determiner quelles variables aux paliers local, regional ou fiscal (niveau de l'Etat) sont reliees a la croissance au niveau du comte, mesurees d'apres le changement dans le nombre d'usines. D'apres les resultats, on peut conclure que les facteurs influant sur la croissance dans le secteur agro-alimentaire sont les memes que ceux qui determinent le choix de l'emplacement des entreprises manufacturieres generales. Toutefois, la croissance dans le secteur agro-alimentaire est liee a des caracteres locaux differents, selon que l'entreprise est dependante de la distribution ou de l'approvisionnement ou qu'elle est sans contrainte domainante a cet egard. Toutefois, au palier local, les facteurs determinants different
Successful management of severe neuroinvasive eastern equine encephalitis.

Background Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) virus is an arbovirus that mostly causes asymptomatic infection in humans; however, some people can develop a neuroinvasive infection associated with a high mortality. Methods We present a case of a patient with severe neuroinvasive EEE. Results A 21-year-old man initially presented with headache, fever, and vomiting and was found to have a neutrophilic pleocytosis in his cerebrospinal fluid. He eventually was diagnosed with EEE, treated with high-dose methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulin. His course in the NeuroIntensive Care Unit was complicated by cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension, requiring osmotherapy, pentobarbital and placement of an external ventricular device, and subclinical seizures, necessitating multiple anti-epileptic drugs Conclusions A multifaceted approach including aggressive management of cerebral edema and ICP as well as treatment with immunomodulating agents and cessation of seizures may prevent brain herniation, secondary neurologic injury and death in patients with EEE. Effective management and treatment in our patient contributed to a dramatic recovery and ultimate good outcome.
Bigger sociological imaginations: framing big social data theory and methods

Making effective use of big social data requires us to frame that work in useful ways, ways that draw connections between new methods and a long history of social methods and theories. In particular, the key questions of big social data – those of relating observations of features at scale to practical outcomes for individuals and groups – are core sociological questions. We need to develop a new, bigger sociological imagination that allows us to incorporate big social data rather than reinventing the wheel. That requires careful mining of our methodological and theoretical history, along with a reexamination of the ways in which we collect and use our data.
Selective Insulin Sensitizers

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications are, with cardiovascular diseases, leading threats to public health in the 21st century. In the United States, type 2 diabetes care accounts for a third of federal health insurance (Medicare) expenditures—nearly half of it to treat associated macrovascular problems ( 1 ). The cornerstone of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance—a decreased sensitivity of tissues and organs, such as the liver, to the metabolic effects of the hormone insulin (the other major cause is failure of the pancreas to produce insulin). Yet, except for thiazolidinediones—whose checkered safety history, troublesome side effects, and regulatory setbacks stifled widespread adoption by clinicians—treatment options for insulin resistance have generally remained unchanged since the 1940s. Although insulin signaling pathways in cells have been largely deciphered ( 2 ), the key mediators of insulin signaling are poor drug targets because they either lack a suitable ligand-binding domain, or are shared with other cellular pathways that regulate cell growth and proliferation. This realization spawned research into “alternative pathways” that control insulin resistance. On page 1621 of this issue, Kir et al. ( 3 ) find that human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) can boost certain effects of insulin on the mammalian liver, raising interest and questions about possible therapies involving this molecule.
Recent Developments in Federal Radiological Emergency Response Planning and Preparedness Activities with States and Local Governments

This paper discusses recent developments in the existing Federal Interagency Radiological Emergency Response Planning and Preparedness Program with States and their local governments. The paper updates information on this program that was published in IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Volume NS-23, No. 1, February 1976. The program is designed to assist States and local governments in developing and improving their Radiological Emergency Response Plans and Preparedness Programs that are supportive of nuclear facility emergency plans required by regulations of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Evidence for the Direct Transfer of Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin from Plasma to Whey in the Guinea Pig

Two steroid-binding proteins, corticosteroidbinding globulin (CBG) and progesterone-binding globulin (PBG), are known to be present in the milk whey of lactating guinea pigs. After injection of radioiodinated CBG into the maternal circulation, labeled CBG was found in the milk whey. The labeled whey CBG was identical to its plasma counterpart on the basis of size (sucrose gradients, Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis), charge (DEAE-chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), and immunoprecipitability. In contrast, radioiodinated ovalbumin was not transferred to the milk. These results demonstrate that the CBG present in guinea pig whey results from the direct transfer of CBG from plasma to milk. (Endocrinology 117: 1404–1408, 1985)
Potential Impact of Interfacial Bonding Efficiency on Used Nuclear Fuel Vibration Integrity During Normal Transportation

Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to investigate the impacts of interfacial bonding efficiency at pellet pellet and pellet clad interfaces on surrogate of used nuclear fuel (UNF) vibration integrity. The FEA simulation results were also validated and benchmarked with reversible bending fatigue test results on surrogate rods consisting of stainless steel (SS) tubes with alumina-pellet inserts. Bending moments (M) are applied to the FEA models to evaluate the system responses of the surrogate rods. From the induced curvature, , the flexural rigidity EI can be estimated as EI=M/ . The impacts of interfacial bonding efficiency include the moment carrying capacity distribution between pellets and clad and cohesion influence on the flexural rigidity of the surrogate rod system. The result also indicates that the immediate consequences of interfacial de-bonding are a load carrying capacity shift from the fuel pellets to the clad and a reduction of the composite rod flexural rigidity. Therefore, the flexural rigidity of the surrogate rod and the bending moment bearing capacity between the clad and fuel pellets are strongly dependent on the efficiency of interfacial bonding at the pellet pellet and pellet clad interfaces. FEA models will be further used to study UNF vibration integrity.
Does the middle class have rights to the city? Contingent rights and the struggle to inhabit Stuyvesant Town, New York1

From the housing project's inception, New York's Stuyvesant Town has been an unlikely site for struggles over inhabitance and social justice. Robert Moses used a public–private partnership to displace residents of the Gashouse district for the initially whites-only affordable housing project. Assisted by local rent-stabilisation legislation, Stuyvesant Town persisted as an affordable housing option until the early 2000s, when the new owners began converting the properties to market-rate rentals. An unlikely coalition of residents mobilised to block the sale, and by the late 2000s rent controls were re-established. This case links significant themes regarding social justice and housing including rent stabilisation, community activism, and neoliberal marketisation. We evaluate the utility of the right to the city perspective for understanding middle-class struggles in the context of housing financialisation. We argue that Lefebvre's right to the city applies to the Stuyvesant Town context, although the move...
Significance of Large Life Testing Programs

This paper uses the large scale testing and component part evaluation work done at Corning during the years 1959-1962 to exemplify the nature and scope of similar work done in several component part fields by various manufacturers. This material is used to introduce a discussion of a very important question: that of methods for promoting the use and preservation of this vast industrial investment of time and money.
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Ulcerative Colitis in Cotton-Top Tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)

The cotton-top tamarin (CTT; Saguinus oedipus) is an endangered New World primate that develops a highly prevalent idiopathic colitis resembling human ulcerative colitis. This study found that enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) caused acute colitis in CTTs, which was associated with ulcerative colitis. EPEC clinical isolates revealed localized adherence patterns by HEp-2 assay and were devoid of Shiga-toxin production. Sequencing of the eae gene (GenBank accession no. AF319597) revealed 99.2% identity to sequences of human isolates (GenBank AF116899) and corresponded to the epsilon intimin gene subtype. Detection of intimin sequences by polymerase chain reaction on primary fecal cultures indicated widespread EPEC infection in the CTT colony. Prospective analysis revealed that animals with fecal cultures positive for intimin sequences had a higher frequency of active colitis (75.0% vs. 27.2%; P<.005, chi(2) test) and higher histological scores of colonic inflammation (0.875 vs. 0.455, respectively; P<.05, Mann-Whitney rank sum test).
A new method for routine isolation of oral treponemes using U-tubes and pectin medium.

Abstract Determination of the composition of the oral microflora has traditionally been based on cultivation. Treponemes are prevalent in many oral infections but, unfortunately, are not regularly cultured. In this study a new method was established for routine isolation of oral treponemes from clinical samples. Bacterial samples from 47 periodontal pockets and 4 endodontic infections were incubated anaerobically under nitrogen atmosphere at 37°C in U-tubes containing pectin medium. In the U-tube a 'bacterial sample side' and a 'sterile medium side' were established on separate sides of a membrane filter and an agar plug. Using this method we were able to isolate viable treponemes from all bacterial samples. This was in contrast to previously established methods such as the agar dilution technique, the technique involving the membrane filter placed on the surface of solid agar media and the well in agar plate technique. We believe that the 'U-tube method' is a valuable supplement to previously described techniques in routine isolation of treponemes from clinical samples.
Learning powerful kicks on the aibo ERS-7: the quest for a striker

Coordinating complex motion sequences remains a challenging task for robotics. Machine Learning has aided this process, successfully improving motion sequences such as walking and grasping. However, to the best of our knowledge, outside of simulation, learning has never been applied to the task of kicking the ball. We apply machine learning methods to optimize kick power entirely on a real robot. The resulting learned kick is significantly more powerful than the most powerful handcoded kick of one of the most successful RoboCup four-legged league teams, and is learned in a principled manner which requires very little engineering of the parameter space. Finally, model inversion is applied to the problem of creating a parameterized kick capable of kicking the ball a specified distance.
Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Actinic Keratosis: Focus on Newer Topical Agents

Actinic (solar) keratoses (AK) have the potential for malignant transformation and are the second most common diagnosis in dermatologic practices. No well-established clinical criteria are available to determine which AK are more likely to undergo malignant transformation; therefore, many dermatologists utilize field-directed approaches to treat all visible and subclinical AK on an affected skin surface. Current topical therapeutic agents require lengthy treatment regimens and are less well tolerated than many newer and investigational agents. We review and compare the efficacy and tolerability of well-established topical agents for the management of AK in the United States including 5-fluorouracil, imiquimod 5 % cream as well as the newer 2.5 and 3.75 % formulations, diclofenac 3 % gel, photodynamic therapy, and the recently approved ingenol mebutate gel and discuss the therapeutic potential of investigational agents. Cryotherapy and 5-fluorouracil are efficacious at treating AK but less tolerable than imiquimod cream, particularly at its lower concentrations. The newer agents, diclofenac gel and ingenol mebutate, appear to be more tolerable than cryotherapy and 5- fluorouracil; however, comparative studies regarding efficacy are not available.
Paleostress in Cratonic North America: Implications for Deformation of Continental Interiors

Compressive paleostresses, as recorded by twinned calcite in carbonate rocks that cover cratonic northwestern North America, are perpendicular to the orogenic front of the Late Cretaceous to Early Cenozoic Sevier fold-thrust belt. Inferred differential stresses decrease from ∼100 megapascals (MPa) at the orogenic front to ∼20 MPa up to 2000 kilometers inland. New analyses near the Late Paleozoic Appalachian front refine earlier results from the eastern Midcontinent. The Appalachian and Sevier stress data in North America9s continental interior are remarkably similar in spite of distinctly different tectonic properties. This suggests that continental interior stresses are largely insensitive to tectonic characteristics of compressive plate margins and that far-field stress transmission is filtered by deformation styles in mountain belts.
An evaluation of a slice fault aware tool chain

As FPGA sizes and densities grow, their manufacturing yields decrease. This work looks toward reclaiming some of this lost yield. Several previous works have suggested fault aware CAD tools for intelligently routing around faults. In this work we evaluate such an approach quantitatively with respect to some standard benchmarks. We also quantify the trade-offs between performance and fault tolerance in such a method. Leveraging existing CAD tools, we show up to 30% of slices being faulty can be tolerated. Such approaches could potentially allow manufacturers to sell larger chips with manufacturing faults as smaller chips using a nomenclature that appropriately captures the reduction in logic resources.