cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health information kiosk use in health organisations: the views of the health professionals

A series of in‐depth one to one and group interviews were undertaken with health professionals and surgery practice managers in medical locations where a touch screen information kiosk was available for use by patients. The purpose of these interviews was to provide context and understanding for the kiosk log data that was being gathered that provided data on number and length of use sessions, pages viewed and age and gender of users. The interviews were also concerned with issues beyond those raised by the logs ‐ principally the benefits and problems inherent in providing health information ‘online’ and the impact of electronic information for patients on the work of the medical practitioner. The reasons why kiosks were purchased and the extent to which expectations were met were also areas of interest. Results showed that disproportionately high use of the kiosk by children, identified by the log data, could be explained in a number of ways. Medical practitioners spoke of helping children both use the system for school projects and access pages on behalf of parents and grandparents. Inappropriate use, however, was also reported by practice managers. A number of factors cited by professionals, such as poor IT skills and cultural barriers, help explain low use by the 55‐74 age group. A resurgence of interest amongst the over 74s, however, remains a mystery awaiting the next stage of the fieldwork, when patients are interviewed directly. Extensive encouragement by staff to encourage patient use may account for some of the condition specific pages accessed, by all age groups. Nurses tended to be far more pro‐active than doctors, and saw many health‐related benefits in referring patients to the kiosk. By contrast, doctors saw the system in very practical ways ‐ praising its space saving potential, for example, not enthusing about its possible value to patients in health terms. Practice managers and others with responsibility for the maintenance of the system were unhappy with the extra work they were required to undertake, and complained about children ‘playing’ and about printer and other problems.
High-temperature, salt-tolerant xanthanase

A new high-temperature, salt-tolerant xanthanase suitable as an enzymic viscosity breaker for xanthanbased hydraulic fracture fluids was obtained by soil enrichment growth on xanthan gum incubated at 45°C in the presence of 3% NaCl. The mixed culture produces exoenzymes functional up to 65°C in the presence of salts. Degradation products include the pyruvic acetal of mannose and branched oligosaccharides derived from cleavage of main-chain β-(1→4)-d-glucosyl linkages. Release of the terminal pyruvic acetal ofd-mannose leads to oligosaccharide products that evidently contain the ene-4,5-unsaturated glucuronic acid residue.
Inhibition of spontaneous or angiotensin II-stimulated water intake by atrial natriuretic factor

A family of peptides, known as atrial natriuretic factors (ANF), have been isolated from atrial muscle tissue and reported to have profound effects on water and salt metabolism. ANF have also been reported to be present in the brain. The primary actions of these peptides lead to a reduction in plasma and extracellular fluid volume by eliciting natriuresis and diuresis, and by opposing the action of other peptidergic systems such as the vasopressin and angiotensin systems that promote water retention and enhance drinking behavior. This study was designed to determine if, in addition to its peripheral actions, ANF would also affect water ingestion, a mechanism that would be consistent with its general actions as a factor regulating extracellular fluid volume. Intraventricular (IVT) administration of an ANF, atriopeptin III (APIII), to intact male rats resulted in a significant inhibition of water intake in animals which were conditioned to drink during a one hour period. The inhibitory effects of APIII were immediate and most effective during the first 15 minute period, when maximal drinking occurred. Most remarkably, APIII given IVT also inhibited the potent dipsogenic action of angiotensin II (AII) on both water and a 2% NaCl solution intake. The results strongly suggest that ANF may have a significant role in central regulation of fluid intake and that its antidipsogenic effects may be mediated, at least in part, by an inhibitory effect on the central action of AII.
Combining structural performance and designer preferences in evolutionary design space exploration

Abstract This paper addresses the need to consider both quantitative performance goals and qualitative requirements in conceptual design. A new computational approach for design space exploration is proposed that extends existing interactive evolutionary algorithms for increased inclusion of designer preferences, overcoming the weaknesses of traditional optimization that have limited its use in practice. This approach allows designers to set the evolutionary parameters of mutation rate and generation size, in addition to parent selection, in order to steer design space exploration. This paper demonstrates the potential of this approach through a numerical parametric study, a software implementation, and series of case studies.
Family Communication Patterns and Communication Competence as Predictors of Online Communication Attitude: Evaluating a Dual Pathway Model

This manuscript reports an empirical study investigating the extent to which family communication patterns predict attitudes toward online communication within interpersonal relationships. Grounded in both Koerner and Fitzpatrick's (2002a) generalized family communication theory and Bandura's (1977) social cognitive theory, structural equation modeling tests a model whereby family communication patterns act as both direct and indirect (i.e., via communication competence) predictors. Results find support for both theoretical perspectives, albeit more strongly for Koerner and Fitzpatrick's approach. Practical application of these results suggests that high conversation and moderate conformity orientations most likely produce healthy attitudes toward online communication in young adult children.
Intrapancreatic accessory spleen: A case report and review of literature

Intrapancreatic accessory spleen is not an uncommon entity and usually located in the tail of the pancreas. Most of them are asymptomatic and incidental findings on radiologic study or at autopsy. On imaging study, it appears to be a well-defined, solitary, and hypervascular lesion; therefore, it may be confused with pancreatic neoplasms, such as neuroendocrine neoplasm, well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, solid pseudopapillary tumor, or metastatic tumor to the pancreas. As such, the diagnostic fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the lesion may be performed. Several case reports describing cytological features of the lesion have been published in recent years. Among them, the most commonly identified cytological findings are sheets of a heterogeneous population of lymphocytes and prominent traversing blood vessels. Herein, we report an unusual EUS-FNA case of intrapancreatic accessory spleen. In addition to above previously well-described cytological features, our case revealed many cells with fine granular chromatin and areas with pseudo rosette-like architecture, mimicking and engendering the differential diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Although cytological findings of our case are rare, they may extend our current knowledge and provide additional differential diagnostic information for this entity.
Dissolved heavy‐metal removal by Insoluble Starch Xanthate (ISX)

Le xanthate d'amidon insoluble echange les ions sodium et magnesium avec les cations de metaux lourds. Etude de 4 cas d'epuration d'eaux usees industrielles
Synergistic interactions of endogenous opioids and cannabinoid systems

Cannabinoids and opioids are distinct drug classes historically used in combination to treat pain. Delta(9)-THC, an active constituent in marijuana, releases endogenous dynorphin A and leucine enkephalin in the production of analgesia. The endocannabinoid, anandamide (AEA), fails to release dynorphin A. The synthetic cannabinoid, CP55,940, releases dynorphin B. Neither AEA nor CP55,940 enhances morphine analgesia. The CB1 antagonist, SR141716A, differentially blocks Delta(9)-THC versus AEA. Tolerance to Delta(9)-THC, but not AEA, involves a decrease in the release of dynorphin A. Our preclinical studies indicate that Delta(9)-THC and morphine can be useful in low dose combination as an analgesic. Such is not observed with AEA or CP55,940. We hypothesize the existence of a new CB receptor differentially linked to endogenous opioid systems based upon data showing the stereoselectivity of endogenous opioid release. Such a receptor, due to the release of endogenous opioids, may have significant impact upon the clinical development of cannabinoid/opioid combinations for the treatment of a variety of types of pain in humans.
Role of Electron Microscopy in the Diagnosis of Metabolic Storage Diseases Affecting the Nervous System of Children

Metabolic storage diseases are among the most challenging diagnostic problems faced by clinicians and pathologists. There is considerable variation in the diagnostic approach to these diseases between different institutions and between different diagnosticians. Much of this variation arises from differences in the availability of and physician confidence in the diagnostic modalities employed to characterize these disorders. Recent advances in the biochemistry and molecular genetics of these diseases have produced some skepticism about the continued relevance of traditional morphologic techniques, including electron microscopy, in their diagnosis. It is the opinion of the authors that this concern is premature and that electron microscopy continues to play a vital role, particularly in the diagnosis of those entities that challenge the classic definitions of lysosomal storage diseases. The authors present a series of cases illustrating different situations where electron microscopy can provide timely, cost-effective, and accurate information in the workup of such diseases.
Deterministic approach to a class of nonparametric system identification problems

In this paper a class of system identification problems of nonparametric type is considered. Specifically, given an unknown deterministic system, some basic structural aspects related to the problem of estimating its weighting function are discussed. The model adopted for the system input-output relation is general enough to cover a number of situations ranging from problems of identification of linear time-invariant systems to those where the system is nonlinear and time varying. The emphasis is on establishing what, in principle, can be recovered of the system weighting function through a noiseless identification process and the ultimate limitations imposed by the presence of observation or measurement noise.
Atomic Inner-Shell Transitions---Theory and the Need for Experiments

The physics of the innermost shells of atoms is qualitatively different in several respect from that of outer electrons. For single deep holes, correlation effects are slight, while the effects of relativity are pronounced and quantum-electrodynamic shifts can be substantial. These relativistic and QED effects can be explored with high precision because many-body aspects are limited and selfconsistent-field approaches can be relied upon. Problems of particular current interest concern the screening of the self energy and the effect of the Breit interaction on multiplet splitting and on x-ray hypersatellite shifts. Experimental studies as well as calculations of the properties of few-hole and few-electron atomic systems can lead to significant tests of current theory.
How long do things last

Just what is the “self”, the core identity of an organization whose longevity we might want to study? What is it that persists, that has the longevity we are trying to explain? This essay is a reflection on the answers to these questions.
The scientific objectives of the ATLAS‐1 shuttle mission

Six remote sensing atmospheric instruments aboard the 9-day Atlas-1 Space Shuttle mission covered an unprecedented spectrum of regions in the 15-300 km altitude range, yielding a unique data base for the temperature, pressure, and compositions found therein. In addition, experiments were conducted in space plasma physics, which included aurora-induction for photometric imaging camera observations. Measurements were also made of the precipitation of energetic neutrals from the ring current.
Service Performance of Bridge Approach Slabs and Replacement Alternatives

Approach slabs are commonly used to provide a smooth transition between the roadway and the highway bridge. Conventional construction of approach slabs uses cast-in-place reinforced concrete slabs that are anchored to the abutment. Maintenance of bridges, however, often requires repair or replacement of approach slabs due to damage from traffic, washout of fill materials, and settlement of the approach embankment etc. This paper describes recent tests of full-size approach slabs with conventional steel reinforcement as well as pultruded fiber-reinforced polymer grating and glass fiber- reinforced polymer rebars.
Differential expression of gangliosides on the surfaces of myelinated nerve fibers.

The binding of cholera and tetanus toxins to receptors on the surfaces of teased nerve fibers was used to localize GM1 and G1b-series gangliosides, respectively, by immunocytochemical methods. Native fibers and fibers treated with various hydrolytic enzymes to degrade specific surface components were studied. With native fibers, both toxins bound abundantly to nodes of Ranvier and poorly to the most external, internodal Schwann cell surfaces. Treatment of the fibers with proteases, hyaluronidase, and chondroitin ABC lyase neither eliminated receptors at the nodes nor unmasked receptors over the internodes. The axolemma underlying the paranodal or internodal myelin, exposed by extensive treatment with protease, bound both toxins in large amounts. Neuraminidase action induced cholera toxin receptors on the Schwann cell surface; these receptors were insensitive to protease. The results indicate that GM1 and G1b-series gangliosides are predominantly localized to axonal and glial structures of the node of Ranvier and to paranodal/internodal axolemma, and that polysialogangliosides not of the G1b-series are present on the internodal Schwann cell surface.
Dual innervation of the mammalian urinary bladder. A histochemical study of the distribution of cholinergic and adrenergic nerves.

The pattern of autonomic innervation of the urinary bladder was studied in the cat, dog, rabbit and rat, using specific histochemical technics for acetylcholinesterase and norepinephrine. Cholinergic and adrenergic ganglion cells exist in all layers throughout the bladder wall. Large cholinergic and adrenergic nerve trunks coursing in the adventitial coat and deep lamina propria branch into the muscularis. The terminal cholinergic ramifications form a neuroterminal plexus which surrounds every smooth muscle cell in the bladder wall. The terminal adrenergic fibers are less abundant, do not form a plexus, and show regional variations in number at different levels and depths of the muscularis. These variations suggest that two regions of the bladder, namely the base and body, may be distinguished on the basis of differences in muscular innervation. In the lamina propria cholinergic and adrenergic nerves are grouped as deep and superficial subepithelial nerves. The latter form networks of variable complexity and supply fibers to the epithelium. Throughout the bladder wall, the blood vessels have a dual cholinergic and adrenergic perivascular plexus from which fibers extend into the media. Although the basic pattern of innervation is similar in the species studied, certain variations exist in the relative abundance and arrangement of epithelial and subepithelial nerves. The muscularis has a uniform cholinergic and a variable adrenergic innervation in different species.
Interaction of fluid dynamics phenomena and generator efficiency in two-phase liquid-metal gas magnetohydrodynamic power generators

Abstract The two-phase-flow (liquid-metal and gas) magnetohydrodynamic (LMMHD) generator and its associated thermodynamic cycle offer a promising alternative to conventional means of electrical power generation. Several advantages can be gained from its application. The LMMHD cycle can be applied to a very wide range of operating temperatures (heat sources) either alone or as a topping or bottoming part of a binary cycle. The potential is high for extreme design simplicity and reliability, because the need for high-speed rotating machinery, as used in turbine power plants, is eliminated. The electrical conductivities, proportional to the power densities, are higher by three or four orders of magnitude than in plasma MHD generators; thus, generator efficiency is potentially higher. Also, because of the intimate contact between liquid-metal and gas in the generator, the expansion process is nearly isothermal (an ‘infinite reheat’ turbine). Therefore, with proper heat regeneration, the cycle is a quasi-Ericsson cycle. The choice of working fluids may be either an ideal gas (e.g. helium, argon) or a condensible fluid (e.g. steam, CO 2 ). This paper relates the potential loss mechanisms in the LMMHD generator to various fluid dynamic phenomena that are discussed. Among these are effects resulting from velocity slip, vorticity generation and suppression by the magnetic field, wall friction, and shunt currents in liquid boundary layers. Experimental data relating to the internal flow phenomena and to overall generator performance are shown. The relative importance of these effects is discussed in relation to experimental evidence and known theory. It is concluded that the slip loss, resulting from a churn-turbulent flow pattern, is the major source of loss. A proposed means of creating a stable, homogeneous foam flow with virtually no slip, using the surface active properties of liquid metals, is discussed. Means are also suggested for reduction of wall shunt and frictional losses. The effects of end losses in two-phase flows are also described.
Predicting the heliospheric magnetic field using the current sheet-source surface model

Abstract We have developed a current sheet-source surface (CSSS) model for quantitatively predicting the coronal and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) from measurements of the photospheric magnetic field /1/. In-ecliptic OMNI data from Solar Cycle 21 were used to infer a set of model parameters that reproduce the observed IMF radial component (Bx) better than earlier models. Here we extend the model calculation to Cycle 22 and compare the results with both ecliptic and high latitude observations. Comparison with the in-ecliptic data shows that the same set of model parameters can be used in Solar Cycle 22. Furthermore, the predicted maximum latitude of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) is consistent with Ulysses' observation of the disappearance of the IMF sector pattern near 30°S between April and June, 1993. The computed Bx along Ulysses' trajectory shows a similar trend to the observed total field amplitude at lower latitude. A more detailed comparison between the model prediction and Ulysses observations should allow a determination of an optimal model parameter set. The computed heliomagnetic latitude variation of Bx suggests a dipole-like configuration of the large-scale coronal and heliospheric magnetic field. This may be used to understand the the 3-D structure of the solar wind speed in the declining phase of the solar cycle.
Recovery of ethanol from fermentation broths using selective sorption–desorption

Industrialized nations face a critical problem in replacing the sources of liquid fuels that traditionally have been supplied by petroleum. One solution that has gained increasing support in this country is the use of ethanol produced by fermentation of renewable biomass as an extender in, or supplement to, gasoline for transportation fuel. Distillation, the present method of separating ethanol from the fermentation broth, is an energy-intensive one and frequently uses more energy than is available from the ethanol recovered. There are many investigations under way to find alternative, less energy-intensive techniques for the ethanol-water separation. The separations method described in this article involves the use of solid materials to preferentially remove ethanol from fermentation broths. Subsequent stripping of the ethanol from the sorbent with a dry gas reduces dramatically the energy required for the separation. Three solid sorbents have been investigated experimentally. Their sorption/desorption characteristics are described, and their incorporation in an ethanol recovery process is evaluated. Three sorbents were investigated: two commercially available divinylbenzene crosslinked polystyrene resins in bead form (one with a nominal surface area of 300 m(2)/g, the other with 750 m(2)/g) and an experimental proprietary molecular sieve with hydrophobic properties. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms for two of the sorbents were obtained at ambient temperature (21 degrees C) for ethanol-water solutions containing up to 12 wt. % ethanol. In addition, 40 degrees C isotherms were obtained for the polystyrene sorbents. Although different, the equilibrium isotherms for the sorbents indicated that ethanol could be preferentially sorbed from a dilute solution. Column breakthrough curves indicated very favorable kinetics. Desorption of the ethanol was readily effected with warm (60-80 degrees C), dry nitrogen.
Stern's Selections: A Customized Newsletter Encouraging Lifelong Learning

Librarians working in clinical settings are challenged by clinicians’ lack of time for nonessential reading. At Pennsylvania Hospital, partnership between the clinical librarian and a senior physician resulted in an e-newsletter. After initially distributing via e-mail only, Dreamweaver was used to create an archive of past issues, and all subsequent issues were produced as HTML versions for instant archiving. The newsletter aims to provide medicine residents, faculty, medical school students, and other members of the Penn Medicine community with hand-selected educational reading material from both popular and scholarly sources. The ultimate goal is to encourage good reading habits for lifelong and professional learning.
Effect of GA4+7 on growth and cellular change in uniconazole-treated hibiscus

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ‘Jane Cowl’ in 1.5–1 pots were given a soil drench of 0.2 mg uniconazole, pruned 2 weeks later, and treated with a foliar application of GA4+7 at 0, 25 (once or four times every 2 weeks), 50 (once or twice every 4 weeks), or 100 mg L-1. One application of GA4+7 at 100 mg L-1, two applications at 50 mg L-1, and four applications at 25 mg L-1 were more active in partially restoring stem elongation and caused nearly normal leaf production than other GA treatments, but promoted the abscission of the lower leaves. The size of the individual leaves, but not stem diameter, increased following GA4+7 application. Multiple applications of GA4+7 stimulated flowering of the retarded plants. Uniconazole resulted in short pedicels bearing short cells with increased diameter, as well as larger pith, vascular, and cortical tissues than the untreated control. Four applications of 25 mg L-1 GA4+7 to uniconazole-treated plants resulted in long pedicels, having long cells similar to the control. Results of the histological study suggest that uniconazole either slowed cell division or caused cell division to cease early.
Effect of Questions on Visualized Instruction

(1971). Effect of Questions on Visualized Instruction. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 181-183.
Onset of entrainment between immiscible liquid layers due to rising gas bubbles

Abstract The phenomenon of the onset of liquid entrainment by gas bubbles rising vertically across the interface between two immiscible liquid layers is addressed both analytically and experimentally. An analytical model is developed which predicts the minimum gas bubble volume necessary to initiate the onset of entrainment. This model predicts that the phenomenon is characterized by a four-region flow regime. The criterion is based upon the bubble wake dynamics and the physical and transport properties of the two liquids. When compared with the experimental data for eight immiscible liquid pairs, the model and the data exhibit excellent agreement.
METHOD FOR DETERMINING TERRESTRIAL HEAT FLOW IN OIL FIELDS

A method of determining terrestrial heat flow in oil fields from bottom‐hole temperatures, electric logs, and thermal conductivity of core samples has been tried in six Reco⁁ncavo Basin oil fields in Brazil. The average heat‐flow value so determined for the Reco⁁ncavo Basin is 1.10±0.15microcalories/cm2sec. The technique can be used for calculating heat flow in continental areas elsewhere. A more significant outcome of our experiment is that it demonstrates an inexpensive method of obtaining terrestrial heat‐flow values in the sedimentary basins of the world.
Free convection heat transfer from isothermal spheres in water

Abstract An experimental investigation of free convection heat transfer from heated spheres to water is reported. The experimental data extend over a wide range of Rayleigh number, thus covering the laminar, transition, and beginning of the turbulent regimes. The temperature and velocity fields around a heated isothermal sphere have been measured, with the velocity profiles determined from the use of hot-film anemometry techniques. When possible, the comparison of the experimental results with the prediction of theory shows good agreement.
Preservice Teachers' Self-Judgments of Test Taking

The author examined potential differences between preservice teachers who held positive self-judgments of their test taking ability (positive self-judgers) and preservice teachers who held negative self-judgment of their test-taking ability (negative self-judgers). Preservice teachers (N = 87) enrolled in an introductory evaluation-for-decision-making course completed questions that measured views of testing. Significant differences in past experiences with testing, current views of testing, and future use of tests existed between positive and negative self-judgers. Positive self-judgers held significantly more favorable views regarding how accurately classroom and statewide assessments had measured their knowledge. On average, negative self-judgers attributed their poor test-taking performance to "bad tests," whereas positive self-judgers attributed their poor performance to a lack of preparation. Positive self-judgers were significantly more likely to agree that tests in general provide useful informati...
Seasonal correlations of specific leaf weight to net photosynthesis and dark respiration of apple leaves.

Specific leaf weight (SLW), net photosynthesis (Pn), and dark respiration (Rd) of apple leaves were monitored for an entire growing season. Leaves were sampled from the canopy interior and periphery to provide a range of SLW. Leaf Pnwas linearly correlated with SLW until mid-August, when Pnbegan to decline. During September the relationship between SLW and Pnwas a quadratic. Leaf Rdand SLW were linearly correlated throughout the season. Leaf Pnand Rdwere significantly correlated through most of the season, but the relationship was not always linear. Specific leaf weight appears to be a reliable index of the previous light environment of a leaf, but use to estimate Pnis probably limited to the first half of the season, because of increased variation after mid-August.
Restriction factors: a defense against retroviral infection

Susceptibility to retroviral infection is determined, in part, by host genes with antiviral activity. The Fv1 gene, which inhibits murine leukemia virus infection in mice, encodes one such resistance factor, and was long thought to be unique in that it restricts post-entry, pre-integration steps of retroviral replication. However, recent findings suggest the existence of similar restriction factors in primates, including humans. These factors, termed Lv1 and Ref1, can inhibit a range of retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and its relatives. Fv1, Lv1 and Ref1 target capsid determinants to block infection but can be saturated by incoming virions. Primate- and murine-retrovirus restriction factors have diverse and overlapping specificities, and some variants of Lv1, as well as Ref1, apparently recognize and inhibit infection by widely divergent retroviruses.
MARGINALS OF MULTIVARIATE FIRST-ORDER AUTOREGRESSIVE TIME SERIES MODELS

This paper is concerned with the marginal models associated with a given multivariate first-order autoregressive model. A general theory is developed to determine when reductions in the known orders of the marginal models will occur. When the auto-regressive coefficient matrix has repeated eigenvalues, there may be global reductions in the marginal models. Zeros in the eigenvectors and generalized eigenvectors of the auto-regressive coefficient matrix lead to local reductions in the marginal models. The case when the autoregressive parameter matrix has systematic zeros is also investigated.
Criminal defenses and pleas in mitigation based on amnesia

Criminal defendants often claim to suffer from amnesia in connection with the events that are the basis of the criminal charges made against them. These claims present difficult problems of proof. Moreover, there are various defenses and opportunities to make pleas in mitigation which present a number of contexts in which evidence of amnesia can be introduced into the criminal trial. This article will examine the significance of amnesia in relation to: (1) a defense based on lack of mens rea; (2) a defense based on diminished capacity; (3) the insanity defense; (4) lack of fitness to stand trial; and (5) sentencing and the death penalty. Language: en
Drosophila learning and memory: Recent progress and new approaches

The processes of learning and memory have traditionally been studied in large experimental organisms (Aplysia, mice, rats and humans), where well-characterized behaviors are easily tested. Although Drosophila is one of the most experimentally tractable organisms, it has only recently joined the others as a model organism for learning and memory. Drosophila behavior has been studied for over 20 years; however, most of the work in the learning and memory field has focused on initial learning, because establishing memory in Drosophila has not been as straightforward as in other organisms. A major recent advance in this field has been the development of a training protocol that induces long-term memory in files. This made possible experiments that implicated the Drosophila CREB gene as a critical component in the consolidation of long-term memory, and paves the way for future experiments utilizing the well developed tools in Drosophila. This review will briefly summarize what is known in the field of Drosophila learning and memory to date, and discuss why the unique aspects of this field make traditional approaches difficult and reward the use of alternative paths of experimentation.
Mixed time integration for the transient analysis of jointed media

A constitutive operator split method with implicit-explicit time integration is presented for the transient analysis of rigid block models of jointed media. The linear portion of the joint constitutive law is integrated by an implicit method and the non-linear, time dependent portion is integrated by an explicit method. The method features the stability of implicit procedures as well as the flexibility of explicit procedures for non-linear problems. The solutions obtained with this method are compared to the solutions obtained by the explicit central difference method; in all cases there is good to excellent agreement. For some problems, particularly for those with low frequency excitation, it is shown that the implicit-explicit method can result in a substantial savings over more conventional explicit methods.
REVIEW: DEHYDRATION CATALYSTS FOR THE METHANOL/DIMETHYL ETHER REACTION

Abstract Catalysts for the methanol/dimethyl ether reaction are reviewed with particular emphasis on the acid/base properties of the catalysts. The focus is on temperatues less than around 300°C and atmospheric pressure conditions, which correspond to potential automotive applications. Mechanisms including both dual site (acid/base) Langmiur-Hinshelwood and single site Rideal-Eley mechanisms have been postulated, with both Bronsted and Lewis acid sites involved in the dehydration reaction. Temperatures higher than about 300°C, as well as a strong surface acidity, tend to promote the further dehydration of DME to form C2-Q5 olefins and eventually hydrocarbon products in a series type reaction sequence. Methods exist, particularly in zeolites, to control the strength and type of surface acidity, and therefore the selectivity to DME.
The Impact of Semantic and Causal Relatedness and Reading Skill on Standards of Coherence.

Readers apply their own standards of coherence while reading text. Readers with a low standard of coherence are thought to find a sparse and incomplete representation more coherent than readers who employ a higher standard. This article reports 3 experiments that examined standards of coherence imposed by skilled and less-skilled readers by having them make a judgment of coherence (JOC) to sentence pairs that varied on semantic and causal relatedness. The JOC task required the participants to decide whether sentence pairs were coherent. The results indicated that both variables influenced JOC for both types of readers, but that semantic relatedness had a greater impact on less-skilled readers, whereas causal relatedness had a greater influence on the skilled readers. The results are discussed in the context of the construction–integration model of comprehension.
The flexibility window in zeolites

Today synthetic zeolites are the most important catalysts in petrochemical refineries because of their high internal surface areas and molecular-sieving properties1,2. There have been considerable efforts to synthesize new zeolites with specific pore geometries3,4, to add to the 167 available at present. Millions of hypothetical structures have been generated on the basis of energy minimization5, and there is an ongoing search for criteria capable of predicting new zeolite structures. Here we show, by geometric simulation6,7,8, that all realizable zeolite framework structures show a flexibility window over a range of densities. We conjecture that this flexibility window is a necessary structural feature that enables zeolite synthesis, and therefore provides a valuable selection criterion when evaluating hypothetical zeolite framework structures as potential synthetic targets. We show that it is a general feature that experimental densities of silica zeolites lie at the low-density edge of this window—as the pores are driven to their maximum volume by Coulomb inflation. This is in contrast to most solids, which have the highest density consistent with the local chemical and geometrical constraints.
Social dynamics of research collaboration: norms, practices, and ethical issues in determining co-authorship rights

Co-authorship has become common practice in most science and engineering disciplines and, with the growth of co-authoring, has come a fragmentation of norms and practices, some of them discipline-based, some institution-based. It becomes increasingly important to understand these practices, in part to reduce the likelihood of misunderstanding in collaborations among authors from different disciplines and fields. Moreover, there is also evidence of widespread satisfaction with collaborative and co-authoring experiences. In some cases the dissatisfactions are more in the realm of bruised feelings and miscommunication but in others there is clear exploitation and even legal disputes about, for example, intellectual property. Our paper is part of a multiyear study funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and draws its data from a representative national survey of scientists working in 108 Carnegie Doctoral/Research Universities--Very High Research Activity (n = 641). The paper tests hypotheses about the determinants of collaboration effectiveness. Results indicate that having an explicit discussion about co-authorship reduces the odds of a bad collaboration on a recent scholarly article. Having co-authors from different universities also reduces the odds of a bad collaboration, while large numbers of co-authors have the reverse effect. The results shed some systematic, empirical light on research collaboration practices, including not only norms and business-as-usual, but also routinely bad collaborations.
Tooth size and skin thickness in mature sockeye salmon: evidence for habitat constraints and variable investment between the sexes

– Pacific salmon develop many sexually dimorphic features at maturity, and the extent of development varies among populations. In this study, we compared a suite of traits including body length, body depth, jaw length, tooth size and skin mass in male and female sockeye salmon breeding in beach and creek habitats. Both tooth size and skin mass varied positively with body length. Within each of the breeding habitats, males had longer teeth than females, and within each sex, beach spawners had longer teeth than creek spawners. Males also had heavier skin than females in each habitat but, unlike the case with tooth size, creek spawners showed a much stronger relationship between skin mass and body length than did beach spawners. Tooth length was positively related to jaw length and skin mass among individuals within a given sex and habitat. Taken together, these results suggested that variation in tooth size parallels variation in other sexually dimorphic traits. Males and beach spawners tend to exhibit large trait values relative to females and creek spawners, and ‘well-endowed’ individuals displayed high values of all traits rather than a trade-off as might occur if investment in one trait compromised investment in others. However, the finding that creek fish tended to have thicker skin for a given body length than did beach fish suggested that factors other than merely defense against conspecifics during battle, such as abrasion and desiccation resistance in small streams, may influence the evolution of skin mass in mature sockeye salmon.
The potential of SAR in hydrology

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) offers many possibilities for providing new data in process scale hydrology because of its response to variations in soil moisture and snow properties and its excellent spatial resolution. The achievable spatial resolution with SARs, on the order of a few tens of meters, is the same scale as the spatial distribution of soil moisture gradients caused by the variability in soil properties or terrain features found in the natural environment. It is also the same scale as the distribution of snow depth and water content, particularly in mountainous regions. To date the influence of other target features, specifically vegetation, roughness, and topography, has reduced the utility of applying SAR data successfully to hydrology. These problems are discussed with suggestions for minimizing these effects. >
Evidence for a boroxinate based Brønsted acid derivative of VAPOL as the active catalyst in the catalytic asymmetric aziridination reaction.

Studies are described that were designed to determine the structure of the active catalyst in the asymmetric catalytic aziridination of imines with ethyl diazoacetate (AZ reaction). Evidence suggests that the active catalyst contains a boroxine ring in which one of the three boron atoms is spiro-fused with the two phenol groups of the VAPOL ligand. 11B and 1H NMR evidence supports the boroxinate structure B in which the counterion to the boroxinate is the protonated form of the imine. The boroxinate structure is also supported by two solid state structures of a VAPOL boroxinate in which the gegen cation is tetramethyl ammonium and 4-dimethylaminopyridinium.
Impact of Nighttime Temperature on Physiology and Growth of Spring Wheat

Climate models predict greater increases in nighttime temperature in the future. The impacts of high nighttime temperature on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are not well understood. Objectives of this research were to quantify the impact of high nighttime temperatures during reproductive development on phenology, physiological, vegetative, and yield traits of wheat. Two spring wheat cultivars (Pavon-76 and Seri-82) were grown at optimum temperatures (day/night, 24/14°C; 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod) from sowing to booting. Thereafter, plants were exposed to four different nighttime temperatures (14, 17, 20, 23°C) until maturity. The daytime temperature was 24°C across all treatments. There were signifi cant infl uences of high nighttime temperatures on physiological, growth, and yield traits, but no cultivar or cultivar by temperature interactions were observed. High nighttime temperatures (>14°C) decreased photosynthesis after 14 d of stress. Grain yields linearly decreased with increasing nighttime temperatures, leading to lower harvest indices at 20 and 23°C. High nighttime temperature (≥20°C) decreased spikelet fertility, grains per spike, and grain size. Compared to the control (14°C), grain fi lling duration was decreased by 3 and 7 d at night temperatures of 20 and 23°C, respectively. High nighttime temperature increased the expression of chloroplast protein synthesis elongation factor in both cultivars suggesting possible involvement of this protein in plant response to stress.
Modelling the response of a public health department to infectious disease

We present a discrete-event simulation model of the response of a local public health department (LHD) to pertussis cases. We take a comprehensive view of public health actions, beginning with detection of an individual patient, confirmation of the case by physician and lab tests, and contact tracing and isolation of contacts by LHD personnel. We explicitly model the information transfer between providers, laboratories and LHDs, and examine the effect of different alerting strategies on the number of confirmed cases encountered. The effect of limited resource availability for contact tracing is also examined. Given our results, we suggest that resource availability has significant impact on the progression of a disease outbreak, as do information delays at various stages of the process.
Effect of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine on the interaction with recombinant high density lipoprotein apolipoprotein A-I

The effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the structure of recombinant high density lipoprotein (rHDL) was investigated using homogeneous particles containing phosphatidylcholine (PC), [3H]cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). The PC component of the rHDL contained sn -1 16:0 and sn -2 18:1 (POPC), 18:2 (PLPC), 20:4 (PAPC), 20:5 n-3 (PEPC), or 22:6 n-3 (PDPC). The concentration of guanidine HCl (D1/2) required to denature one-half of the apoA-I on rHDL containing long chain PUFA was reduced (1.57-1.70 m) compared to those containing POPC (2.83 m). Intrinsic apoA-I tryptophan fluorescence emission intensity and lifetimes were decreased for rHDL containing long chain PUFA compared to POPC and PLPC rHDL. Monoclonal antibody binding studies demonstrated that apoA-I had decreased immunoreactivity with monoclonal antibodies spanning amino acid residues 115-147 in rHDL containing long chain PUFA. PC lipid fluidity, measured as diphenylhexatriene (DPH) fluorescence polarization, was increased in PUFA rHDL compared to POPC rHDL. There also was a strong correlation between the number of sn -2 double bonds in rHDL and DPH fluorescence lifetime (r 2 = 0. 89). LCAT reactivity of the homogeneous size rHDL was ordered POPC = PLPC>PAPC> PEPC>PDPC. We conclude that rHDL with long chain PUFA in the sn -2 position of PC contain apoA-I that is less stable and in a different conformation than that in POPC rHDL and have a fatty acyl region that is more fluid and hydrated. The weaker interaction of apoA-I with PC containing PUFA may lead to hypercatabolism of apoA-I in plasma explaining, in part, the decreased plasma HDL and apoA-I concentrations seen with PUFA diets.
Voltage‐dependent calcium currents and cytosolic calcium in equine airway myocytes.

1. The relationship between voltage-dependent calcium channel current (I(Ca)) and cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was studied in fura-2 AM-loaded equine tracheal myocytes at 35 degrees C and 1.8 mM Ca2+ using the nystatin patch clamp method. The average cytosolic calcium buffering constant was 77 +/- 3 (n = 14), and the endogenous calcium buffering constant component is likely to be between 15 and 50. 2. I(Ca) did not evoke significant calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) since (i)[Ca2+]i scaled with the integrated I(Ca) over the full voltage range of evoked calcium currents, (ii) increases in [Ca2+]i associated with I(Ca) were consistent with cytoplasmic buffering of calcium ions entering through voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) only, (iii) there was a fixed instantaneous relationship between transmembrane calcium flux (J(Ca)) and the change in cytosolic free calcium concentration (delta [Ca2+]i) during I(Ca), (iv) caffeine (8 mM) triggered 8-fold higher calcium transients than I(Ca), and (v) I(Ca) evoked following release of intracellular calcium by caffeine resulted in an equivalent delta[Ca2+]i-J(Ca) relationship. 3. The time constant (T) for the decay in [Ca2+]i was 8.6 +/- 1.5 s (n = 8) for single steps and 8.6 +/- 1.1 s (n = 13) following multiple steps that increased [Ca2+]i to much higher levels. Following application of caffeine (8 mM), however, [Ca2+]i decay was enhanced (T = 2.0 +/- 0.2 s, n = 3). The rate of [Ca2+]i decay was not voltage dependent, was not decreased in the absence of extracellular Na+ ions, and no pump current was detected. 4. We conclude that under near physiological conditions, neither CICR nor Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange play a substantial role in the regulation of I(Ca)-induced increases in [Ca2+]i, and that, even following release of intracellular calcium by caffeine, Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange does not play an appreciable role in the removal of calcium ions from the cytosol.
CO2 laser cut quality of 4130 steel

Samples of 4130 steel were cut on a CO2 laser cutting system and the combined effects of power and feed rate on kerf width, surface roughness, striation frequency and the size of heat affected zone (HAZ) have been studied. Regression analysis was used to develop models that describe the effect of the independent process parameters on laser cut quality. For the range of operation conditions tested, it was observed that power had a major effect on kerf width and size of HAZ, while feed rate affects were secondary. On the other hand, surface roughness and striation frequency were affected most by feed rate. At low power levels, the smallest kerf width and HAZ are obtained and the effect of feed rate is moderate. Low feed rates gave good surface roughness and low striation frequency. For optimum cut quality, kerf width, HAZ and surface roughness are kept at a minimum. However, operating conditions that satisfy these requirements while maintaining high productivity could not be identified.  2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.