cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro cytotoxicity against fresh human tumors and P388 leukemia predicts the differential in vivo activity of a series of anthracene anticancer drugs.

To date, random anticancer drug screening has proven to be relatively inefficient and non-specific with respect to selecting active compounds for most tumor types (except for leukemia/lymphoma). Although large numbers of compounds from diverse sources were evaluated for many years in the P388 mouse leukemia model, only a few clinically useful drugs have been identified by this in vivo screening method. Thus, there is intense interest in the development of more effective in vitro screening models for new anticancer drugs. In the present paper we have compared the discriminating power for fresh human tumors from patients, human tumor cell lines developed from 11 patients and murine P388 leukemia in tumor colony forming assays as indicators of cytotoxicity for a series of anthracene antitumor agents. Two of a series of 21 novel bisantrene analogs, R6 (N,N1-bis[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-9,10-anthracene-bis(methylamine)) and R26 (N,N1-bis(1-ethyl-3-piperidinyl)-9,10-anthracene-bis(methylamine] produced significant cytotoxicity against the 11 human tumor cell lines and were therefore selected for additional in vitro and in vivo studies. R26 was specifically selected for further testing since it had similar in vitro potency as mitoxantrone, but showed no cross-resistance against mitoxantrone-resistant WiDr colon or doxorubicin-resistant 8226 myeloma cell lines. In contrast to the cell line data, only of the 22 fresh human tumors showed significant in vitro sensitivity (i.e. less than 50% survival of tumor colony forming units) to either R6 or R26 tested at high concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chemical Regulation on Fire: Rapid Policy Advances on Flame Retardants

Chemicals that are widely used in consumer products offer challenges to product manufacturers, risk managers, environmental regulators, environmental scientists, and the interested public. However,...
Evaluating selected factors affecting the depth of undercutting in rocks subject to differential weathering

Abstract One of the most important considerations in designing cut slopes in sub-horizontal, inter-layered, sedimentary rocks subject to differential weathering is predicting the total depth of undercutting. Undercutting-induced rockfalls are a major problem for many roadways in Ohio. The total depth of undercutting was measured for 59 profiles from 18 cut slope sites in Ohio with references to cut faces of hard rock units containing pre-split blast-hole traces. The presence of blast hole traces ensured that the rock face represented the slope surface that was cut during construction. Additionally, initial design plans were used for reference. Step-wise regression was used to determine the geological, geotechnical, and geometrical factors that have the highest influence on the total depth of undercutting. Selected independent factors used in the regression analysis included the vertical distance of the undercut unit from the slope crest, the relative position of the undercut unit from the slope crest, the total thickness of the undercut unit, the spacing of orthogonal joints within the undercut unit, the slake durability index value of the undercutting unit, the initial slope angle, and the age of the road cut. Factors that showed the most significant correlation with the total depth of undercutting were found to be the vertical distance of the undercut unit from the slope crest, the relative position of the undercut unit from the slope crest, the total thickness of the undercut unit, joint spacing within the undercut unit, and the slake durability index of the undercutting unit. The regression analysis resulted in an R 2 value of 0.61, with the depth of undercutting correlating most strongly with a closer relative position of the undercut unit to the slope crest above it and to a closer spacing of orthogonal joints within the undercut unit. These results can be attributed to the fact that more porous and fractured rock units closer to the slope crest intercept and transport greater amounts of infiltrating groundwater, producing greater depths of undercutting. Also, closely jointed rock units are more permeable, allowing more groundwater seepage, which also leads to greater undercutting.
The efficacy of the correlation dimension technique in detecting determinism in small samples

This paper presents the results of a simulation study investigating the efficacy of the correlation dimension technique in detecting the presence of deterministic structure in small data sets. The results show that for some very simple structures a mere 100 data points suffice; but for some slightly more complicated structures, which arguably are still simple relative to real-world structures, even 2500 data points are inadequate. These results suggest that substantial caution be used in interpreting negative results on empirical data.
1291 LIMB BLOOD FLOW FOLLOWING UMBILICAL ARTERY CATHETERIZATION (UAC)

Thrombosis of major blood vessels following UAC is a known complication, sometimes resulting in fatal outcome. We used Doppler ultrasound technique to detect blood flow & to measure blood pressure (BP) in limbs. Pressure index (PI); the ratio of ankle BP to brachial BP was calculated. A value of >1.0 was considered normal. We studied 10 normal s UAC and 20 sick newborns c UAC. In normal newborns, x B.Wt. was 2.8±0.15 kg & x GA was 37±0.9 wks. PI in Rt leg was 1.06±0.006 and Lt leg was 1.05±0.006. In newborns c UAC, x B.Wt. was 2.6±0.19 kg & x GA was 36.8±0.9 wks. In 15/20 newborns s thrombosis PI was 0.88±0.04 in Rt leg, 0.92±0.06 in Lt leg. In 5/20 sick newborns were detected to have art. thrombosis and were serially followed. PI in these was 0.094±0.08 in Rt leg and 0.56±0.2 in Lt leg. This was significantly (p<0.001) lower than both normal newborns s UAC and in newborns c UAC but no thrombosis. These data show that PI c and s UAC is not different. However once thrombosis sets in, PI drops significantly. 2/5 newborns c thrombosis were surgically treated, 1 was treated c urokinase followed by heparin, l c only heparin and l recovered spontaneously. All survived. Followup studies showed return of blood flow and PI to normal in 4/5 newborns by 10-28 days. In l that did not have thrombectomy or thrombolytic therapy, PI returned to normal after 8 wks. This study indicates that serial followup by Doppler ultrasound provides a noninvasive method of dection of thrombosis of major arteries following UAC. Early intervention by medical or surgical therapy leads to better prognosis.
Experimental ecological genetics in Plantago. III. Genetic variation and demography in relation to survival of Plantago cordata, a rare species

Abstract Plantago cordata , the heart-leaved plantain, is a species of woodland streams that was formerly widespread in the eastern United States, but is now restricted to a few widely scattered localities. Visits to previously sampled sites confirmed that the species is on the decline. Detailed studies were made of populations on one stream system in North Carolina. Demographic studies of an originally vigorous population on a gravel bar showed that the population declined in numbers, average plant size, and reproductive output. The overall population along the whole stream system showed much less change, suggesting frequent localised shifts in population number. Morphological measurements on plants grown from seed under standard conditions showed genetic differentiation between populations within the stream system, as well as extensive genetic variation within populations. Measurements of reproductive effort on field-collected and herbarium specimens showed that P. cordata had the fewest seeds per unit leaf area of any Plantago species studied. A high rate of habitat destruction, subsequent high adult mortality but low reproductive output, low dormancy and low dispersal capacity between stream systems appeared to be the major reasons for the decline of the species. The requirement of the species for large leaves to intercept light, and extensive roots for anchorage, places limits on evolutionary shifts towards greater reproductive effort. Changes in the dispersal mechanism would entail a major evolutionary reorganisation of the present specialised water dispersal mechanism based on two seeds joined by a spongy placenta. It is emphasised that there is no a priori reason why evolutionary shifts should be more rapid in declining than in stable or increasing populations. Unlike the many weedy species in the genus, P. cordata appears to have been adapted to long-standing, stable stream environments of climax hardwood forests, and in spite of considerable physiological flexibility, has a life cycle that is not preadapted to shifting, highly unstable, man-made environments.
The role of blame in the Psychosocial Adjustment of Couples Coping with Lung Cancer

Background Lung cancer patients and their spouses may engage in blame attributions regarding the cancer cause, which may adversely affect their psychological adjustment.
Current and Emerging Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy for Ventricular Tachycardia

Ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular fibrillation (VF) and sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT), are the principal causes of sudden cardiac death in patients with structural heart disease. While coronary artery disease is the predominant substrate associated with the development of VT, these arrhythmias are known to occur in a variety of disorders, including dilated cardiomyopathy, valvular and congenital heart disease, and cardiac ion channelopathies such as the long QT syndrome. In a minority of patients, VT occurs in the absence of structural heart disease. Despite the established mortality benefit of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in patients at risk of lethal arrhythmias, recurrent VT/VF events continue to be a source of morbidity and impaired quality of life in such patients. Antiarrhythmic therapy is indicated in select patients to treat symptomatic VT episodes, to reduce the incidence of ICD shocks, and potentially to improve quality of life and reduce hospitalizations related to cardiac arrhythmia. The primary adverse effects of antiarrhythmic medications are related to both cardiac and extracardiac toxicity, including the risk of proarrhythmia. Current drug therapy for ventricular arrhythmia has been limited by suboptimal efficacy in many patients, resulting in recurrent VT/VF events, and by drug toxicity or intolerance leading to discontinuation in a large percentage of patients. Amiodarone and sotalol are the principal agents used in the chronic treatment of VT. In addition, dronedarone and dofetilide, agents approved for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, and ranolazine, an antianginal agent, have been demonstrated to be protective against ventricular arrhythmia in small clinical studies. Finally, advances in basic electrophysiology have uncovered new molecular targets for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmia, and pharmacologic agents directed at these targets may emerge as promising VT treatments in the future. The roles of these current and emerging therapies for the treatment of VT in humans will be summarized in this review.
BMP type I receptor complexes have distinct activities mediating cell fate and axon guidance decisions

The finding that morphogens, signalling molecules that specify cell identity, also act as axon guidance molecules has raised the possibility that the mechanisms that establish neural cell fate are also used to assemble neuronal circuits. It remains unresolved, however, how cells differentially transduce the cell fate specification and guidance activities of morphogens. To address this question, we have examined the mechanism by which the Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) guide commissural axons in the developing spinal cord. In contrast to studies that have suggested that morphogens direct axon guidance decisions using non-canonical signal transduction factors, our results indicate that canonical components of the BMP signalling pathway, the type I BMP receptors (BMPRs), are both necessary and sufficient to specify the fate of commissural neurons and guide their axonal projections. However, whereas the induction of cell fate is a shared property of both type I BMPRs, axon guidance is chiefly mediated by only one of the type I BMPRs, BMPRIB. Taken together, these results indicate that the diverse activities of BMP morphogens can be accounted for by the differential use of distinct components of the canonical BMPR complex.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Heat Transfer and Phase Change During Laser Material Interaction

Heat transfer and phase change of an argon crystal irradiated by a picosecond pulsed laser are investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The result reveals no clear interface when phase change occurs, but a transition region where the crystal structure and the liquid structure co-exist. Superheating is observed during the melting and vaporizing processes. The solid-liquid interface is found to move with a velocity of hundreds of meters per second, and the vapor is ejected from the surface with a vapor front velocity of hundreds of meters per second
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the skeletally immature patient

Purpose: Our purpose was to evaluate the results of transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with medial hamstring autograft in skeletally immature patients. Methods: We reviewed the records of all skeletally immature patients who underwent transphyseal ACL reconstruction with medial hamstring autograft between 1988 and 2002 at our institution. Inclusion criteria were age less than 15 years for male patients, age less than 14 years for female patients, and radiographic evidence of wide open physes. We identified 16 patients (11 male and 5 female). All underwent preoperative and postoperative clinical evaluation (physical examination and modified Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee scores), and knee radiographs. Each patient was followed up until skeletal maturity was confirmed, with a mean clinical follow-up of 41.1 months (range, 24 to 112 months). Results: The mean time from ACL injury to reconstruction was 5.6 months (range, 0.7 to 26.9 months). During the preoperative time period, 4 patients (25%) developed meniscal tears that were not visualized on the index magnetic resonance imaging scans. At last follow-up, the mean leg length discrepancy measured 0.62 cm (range, 0.2 to 1.5 cm), and clinical or radiographic evidence of malalignment was not present in any of the patients. In 1 patient a symptomatic 1.5-cm limb overgrowth developed, which was treated with an internal shoe lift. At follow up, the mean modified Lysholm score was 98.8 (range, 94 to 100), and the mean International Knee Documentation Committee score was 89.9 (range, 73.6 to 94.3). Of the patients, 7 (43.8%) underwent a reoperation, and 2 suffered traumatic graft disruption. Conclusions: ACL reconstruction with a medial hamstring autograft via a transphyseal technique yields satisfactory clinical results in skeletally immature patients. No new meniscal tears were identified after ACL reconstruction, and most patients (87.5%) returned to their previous level of activity. The rate of reoperation was high (43.8%). Physeal growth arrest did not occur. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Applications of Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectrometry to Analytical Chemistry

Since Dehmelt [H. Dehmelt and H. Kruger, Naturwiss. 37, 11 (1950)] observed the first pure quadrupole resonance signal in 1949, this technique has been developed to a high degree of sophistication for the investigation of bonding and structural features in compounds. Most of the early data were obtained on organic halides. More recently, NQR has been used to research inorganic bonding characteristics such as π and σ bonding in nitrogen compounds and transition metal complexes. The technique has also been extensively developed for mineralogical research, including recent applications for quantitative analysis of specific minerals in natural ore deposits. The major developments in instrumentation which were made in an effort to solve these problems are discussed.
High Spatial Resolution 1D Pure Rotational CARS Imaging over a Large Field

A counter-propagating beam geometry is employed for high spatial resolution 1D picosecond rotational CARS measurements, allowing for a factor of 10 higher spatial resolution and 102 signal increase over a standard small-angle BOXCARS geometry.
Evaluation of anemia in the elective surgical patient

SUMMARY A national audit demonstrated that 35% of patients scheduled for orthopedic joint replacement surgery have a hemoglobin concentration < 13 g/dL on preadmission testing. Current practice consists of preadmission testing within 72 hours before an elective operative procedure, which precludes the opportunity effectively to evaluate and manage a patient with unexpected anemia. A standardized approach for the detection, evaluation and management of anemia in the preoperative surgical setting was identified as an unmet medical need. A panel of physicians developed a clinical care pathway for anemia management in this setting. Recommendations were that patients undergoing elective surgery should receive a hemoglobin determination up to 30 days before the scheduled surgical procedure. The identification and evaluation of anemia in this setting will assist in expedited diagnosis and treatment of underlying comorbidities, and will improve patient outcomes.
Model-based software design tools for the cell processor

This paper introduces the larger features of the Cell Processor that allow this specialized hardware architecture to provide a significant amount of increased performance. Specialized configurations call for specialized programming in order to harness the available performance increase. Such high computation configurations are prime targets for signal processing applications. There exists a tool set for modeling the dataflow of a signal processing application. A major goal exists to allow for generation of code to be used on the Cell. The first step involves learning the required techniques for programming by way of porting an example application to the Cell. This paper shows the first steps of utilizing the multi-core architecture which yields a significant increase in performance with room for further improvement in the future.
Quantification of Chemiluminescent DNA Probes Using Liquid Scintillation Counting

Abstract A novel method for quantifying chemiluminescent DNA probes is described. The method uses liquid scintillation counting to measure light emission from the alkaline phosphatase-catalyzed breakdown of the substrate PPD (3-(4-methoxyspiro[1,2-dioxetane-3,2′-tri-cyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan]-4-yl)phenyl phosphate) on dot blot preparations. Serial dilutions of either pUC18 DNA or λ DNA were hybridized with digoxigenin-labeled probes and detected using the method described. Light flux (luminescence) was linearly related to DNA concentration, typically with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.9 or better. Due to the stability of alkaline phosphatase and the long-lived luminescence of PPD in the Lumi-phos formulation, repetitive analyses of a given sample can be made for up to 20 h. The method can reliably detect 17 amol of DNA (30 pg pUC18 DNA) with a coefficient of variation on replicate samples of 14%. Optimization experiments showed that 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate in the prehybridization and hybridization buffers resulted in the lowest background; the best combination of signal-to-noise ratio and reproducibility was obtained using Bio-Rad Zeta-Probe GT nylon membranes. Direct immersion of samples into a solution of substrate was found to give the most precise results and ensured that substrate limitation at high concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (i.e., higher DNA amounts) did not occur.
UK legal update

This update covers developments in relation to UK charity law, particularly in relation to fundraising and other marketing strategies. Future issues will consider legal updates in the United States and Europe. If readers have any particular questions on charity law, please write to Philip Norton at the publishers' offices, so that he can answer questions of general interest to readers.
Substance Abuse in Parents and Their Adolescent Offspring: The Role of Sexual Maturation and Sensation Seeking

SUMMARY A test of theory positing a role of sexual maturation and behavioral self-regulation in the development of early onset substance use disorders (Tarter et al., 1999) was conducted. The rate of maturation in adolescent males across three timepoints, measured using Tanner staging, was found to be associated with parental substance use disorder (SUD). Parental, especially maternal, SUD was related to the sons' SUD. The results of a structural equation model analysis are consistent with partial mediation of this relationship by sexual maturation, influencing sensation seeking, which is associated with the risk for subsequent early onset SUD.
Behavioral and Relational Contexts of Adolescent Desire, Wanting, and Pleasure: Undergraduate Women's Retrospective Accounts

Studies of adolescent female sexuality often focus on coitus to the exclusion of noncoital behaviors, the relational context of sexual interactions, and adolescent women's subjective perceptions of their experiences. In this study, 38 undergraduate women's retrospective accounts of their adolescent heterosexual experiences were examined. Generalized estimating equation models were used to test the relation of diverse heterosexual behaviors and relationship types to participants' subjective perceptions of desire, wanting, and pleasure. Of the sexual behaviors, coitus was the strongest predictor of participants' subjective perceptions. Compared to coitus, erotic touching, manual stimulation, and fellatio were significantly less predictive; there were no differences between coitus and cunnilingus or coitus and kissing. Of the relationships (serious, dating, “friends with benefits” [FWBs], and “hookups”), FWBs was the strongest predictor of participants' desire, wanting, and pleasure; in comparison, hookups w...
First homology group of mapping class groups of nonorientable surfaces

Recall that the first homology group H1(G) of a group G is the derived quotient G/[G, G]. The first homology groups of the mapping class groups of closed orientable surfaces are well known. Let F be a closed orientable surface of genus g. Recall that the extended mapping class group [Mscr ]*F of the surface F is the group of the isotopy classes of self-homeomorphisms of F. The mapping class group [Mscr ]F of F is the subgroup of [Mscr ]*F consisting of the isotopy classes of orientation-preserving self-homeomorphisms of F. It is well known that [Mscr ]F is trivial if F is a sphere. Hence the first homology group of the mapping class group of a sphere is trivial. If the genus of F is at least three, then H1([Mscr ]F) is again trivial. This result is due to Powell [P]. The group H1([Mscr ]F) is Z10 if the genus of F is two, proved by Mumford [Mu], and Z12 if F is a torus. When a problem about orientable surfaces is solved, it is natural to ask the corresponding problem for nonorientable surfaces. This is our motivation for the present paper.
DIARRHEA AND MALABSORPTION IN THE ELDERLY

Neither diarrhea nor malabsorption readily springs to mind as a major clinical problem when considering gastrointestinal disorders of the elderly. However, such disorders commonly occur in older age groups, although more covertly than in the young, and can result in disability. For this reason, it is important for the clinician to recognize these symptoms and disorders as significant and specifically to seek a history of diarrhea or evidence of malabsorption.
Use of a self-generating percoll gradient and single cell cytotoxicity assay to identify tumor-lytic properties of inflammatory neutrophils

Within a murine model of regional immunotherapy, the cytolytic potential of peritoneal neutrophils could not be confirmed or quantified using routine techniques of cell separation and chromium release assays. We, therefore, developed procedures for the enrichment of neutrophils and estimation of the frequency of killer cells. Peritoneal exudate cells from mice injected with Corynebacterium parvum were fractionated on a self-generating Percoll gradient to enrich for neutrophils and deplete macrophages. A significant enrichment of neutrophils (greater than 90%) was obtained in a band corresponding to a density of 1.088 with a recovery of 35-50% of input. Neutrophil-enriched cell populations were then mixed with tumor cells to examine neutrophil-target interactions at the single cell level. Conjugates of neutrophils and tumor targets were obtained and the majority were lytic. With the aid of trypan blue staining and safranin counterstaining, it was possible to distinguish effector cells from targets and neutrophils from other host cells. The frequency of conjugates was dependent upon the effector to target cell ratio and was not affected by changes in temperature (range 4-30 degrees C). The post-binding lytic events were initiated rapidly after conjugation and tumor lysis was completed within 30 min. The lytic events occurred optimally between 25 degrees and 37 degrees C. The present studies support the role of neutrophils in tumor lysis following administration of an immunoadjuvant. The techniques described are important to further study the role of neutrophils in disease states as well as the underlying mechanisms of neutrophil-mediated tumor cytotoxicity.
Advances In Distributed FODAR (Fiber Optic Detection And Ranging)

This paper gives an overview on distributed fiber-optic sensors systems (DFOSS), and describes recent advances in the technology. Distributed fiber-optic sensors can use optical radar techniques to access many sensors located along the fiber. Such sensors can be said to employ Fiber Optic Detection and Ranging (FODAR) techniques, similar to those employed in free-space radio frequency and optical radar systems.
Social Networks and American Politics Introduction to the Special Issue

This article overviews the special issue on “Social Networks and American Politics.” The authors explain that social network analysis is a multimethod set of approaches to examining the pattern of connections that are created among individuals and institutions when they engage in their daily activities. It is especially valuable when research problems are about (a) the flow of information; (b) coordination, cooperation, or trust; (c) informal organization; or (d) multiple levels of organization. In addressing these problems, network analysis has expanded during the last decade within the study of American politics, contributing to knowledge about political institutions, behavior, and network theory. Promising directions for future research include the study of power, preference aggregation, information flow and transaction costs, and network dynamics.
Using video prompting via iPads to teach price comparison to adolescents with autism

Abstract Price comparison is a functional mathematics skill commonly taught to secondary students with autism and intellectual disability to increase independence; yet, a lack of evidence-based practice in teaching price comparison exists. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of video prompting to teach price comparison using an adapted number line. A single-subject, multiprobe, multiple baseline design study was employed across three secondary students with autism. The results showed two out of three students benefited from video prompting presented on an iPad to complete price comparison tasks during the in-class simulation and the grocery store settings. Of the three students, one student completed price comparison tasks solely from video prompting and the other two students required video prompting in conjunction with the system of most-to-least prompts.
Reduction of matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry by flow injection with an unshielded torch.

Solution samples with matrix concentrations above ∼0.1% generally present difficulties for analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) because of cone clogging and matrix effects. Flow injection (FI) is coupled to ICP-MS to reduce deposition from samples such as 1% sodium salts (as NaCl) and seawater (∼3% dissolved salts). Surprisingly, matrix effects are also less severe during flow injection, at least for some matrix elements on the particular instrument used. Sodium chloride at 1% Na and undiluted seawater cause only 2 to 29% losses of signal for typical analyte elements. A heavy matrix element (Bi) at 0.1% also induces only ∼14% loss of analyte signal. However, barium causes a much worse matrix effect, that is, ∼90% signal loss at 5000 ppm Na. Also, matrix effects during FI are much more severe when a grounded metal shield is inserted between the load coil and the torch, which is the most common mode of operation for the particular ICP-MS device used.
An additional hidden unit test for neglected nonlinearity in multilayer feedforward networks

The author presents a statistical test of the hypothesis that a given multilayer feedforward network exactly represents some unknown mapping subject to inherent noise against the alternative that the network neglects some nonlinear structure in the mapping, leading to potentially avoidable approximation errors. The tests are based on methods that statistically determine whether or not there is some advantage to be gained by adding hidden units to the network. >
The effect of acute carbaryl administration on various neurochemical and blood chemical parameters in the Japanese quail.

Abstract Carbaryl, a carbamate insecticide which functions primarily as a cholinesterase inhibitor, has been shown to cause alterations in other general neurochemical parameters as well as blood chemical parameters. The present study examines more specifically the effects of a cholinesterase inhibitor on catecholaminergic components within the central and peripheral nervous systems and addresses the idea of a possible relationship between altered neuronal activity and the hormonal activity of the Japanese quail. The injection of carbaryl (30 mg/kg) caused a significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activities in the telencephalon and medulla oblongata at 2 hr postinjection but did not affect cerebellum and diencephalon acetylcholinesterase activities. Carbaryl had no effect on endogenous concentrations of regional brain norepinephrine or on its turnover. Endogenous telencephalon dopamine concentrations were significantly elevated at 24 hr postinjection but dopamine turnover was not altered. Carbaryl caused a significant elevation of cardiac norepinephrine concentrations at 48 hr post-injection as well as an increase in cardiac norepinephrine turnover. Endogenous adrenal catecholamine concentrations were not affected by carbaryl administration, yet adrenal catecholamine turnover was accelerated. Plasma glucose and cholesterol concentrations were not altered by the injection of carbaryl. The results indicate that carbaryl has a subtle effect on the neurochemical integrity of the central and peripheral nervous systems of the Japanese quail.
Overview of standardization activities related to digital television

With the advent of digital television transmission, measurements to insure quality of service have expanded to include models of the human vision system. This paper reviews international and North American broadcast-video standardization activities. A description of the scopes and related work in such organizations as the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the International Telecommunication Union provides prospective for the developing field of objective television picture quality measurement methods.
Control of surface chemistry, substrate stiffness, and cell function in a novel terpolymer methacrylate library.

A focused library of methacrylate terpolymers was synthesized to explore the effects of varying surface chemistry and adhesive peptide ligands on cell function. The chemical diversity of methacrylate monomers enabled construction of a library of polymers in which one can systematically vary the chemical composition to achieve a wide range of contact angle, Young’s modulus, and Tg values. Furthermore, the materials were designed to allow surface immobilization of bioactive peptides. We then examined the effects of these material compositions on protein adsorption and cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. We observed that chemical composition of the polymers was an important determinant for NIH 3T3 cell attachment and proliferation, as well as human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, and correlated directly with the ability of the polymers to adsorb proteins that mediate cell adhesion. Importantly, functionalization of the methacrylate terpolymer library with an adhesive GRGDS peptide nor...
The Marketing of Securities, 1930–1952

One of the major centrifugal forces in American economic history is the industrial revolution which has been taking place for the past 150 years. Corollary to it are the agricultural revolution and the transportation revolution. Most of the investment capital and working capital for the expanding enterprises involved in these revolutions came from plowing back profits, but a sizable amount had to be borrowed or obtained from outside investors. Mobilizing this capital was a major undertaking, especially in a new nation in which capital was relatively scarce. Its successful accomplishment involved a financial revolution.
Toxicity to Daphnia pulex and QSAR Predictions for Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Representative of Great Lakes Contaminants

aromatic hydrocarbons are largely from fossil fuels; whereas related polycyclic hydrocarbons, especially those with bridged structures characteristic of sesquiterpene s, may be from natural plant products and from pulp mills. Extracts of environmental samples containing these compounds have been shown to be associated with formation of neoplasms in fish (Fabacher et al 1991). Relatively little is known about the toxicity to fish and invertebrates of many of these compounds that are detected in Great Lakes samples. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the toxicity of several types of polycyclic hydrocarbons characteristic of Great Lakes samples to Daphnia pulex, a Great Lakes zooplankter, (2) to investigate the influence of different structural characteristics on toxicity, and (3) to determine the linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) parameters and model that describe these compounds. These results will be related to comparative toxicity of other Great Lakes environmental compounds and to their application in site specific risk assessment.
Zolpidem for insomnia

Introduction : The imidazopyridine derivative zolpidem, which acts as a benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor agonist, is the most widely prescribed hypnotic drug in the US. Areas covered : This review addresses the neuroreceptor properties of zolpidem; clinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug interactions; efficacy as a hypnotic; adverse effects; tolerance, dependence and withdrawal; relation to motor vehicle accidents and complex sleep behaviors; and new dosage forms. Expert opinion : Approved doses of zolpidem (10 mg for adults, 5 mg for the elderly) are consistently effective in reducing sleep latency and consequently increasing sleep duration in patients with insomnia. However, favorable effects on sleep maintenance are observed less consistently. Residual daytime effects are unlikely with recommended doses, and provided that at least 8 h elapse prior to arising. Hypnotic efficacy is maintained with repeated nightly use, and the risk of rebound insomnia is low. Dependence and abuse of zolpidem are...
SIMPLIFIED LEXICON TO DESCRIBE FLAVOR CHARACTERISTICS OF WESTERN EUROPEAN CHEESES

Many researchers have developed useful lexicons to describe flavor characteristics of different cheeses. The objectives of this study were to determine if the terminology established in previous studies was adequate to evaluate a wide range of European cheeses, and to determine if a simplified “general” lexicon can be developed for the description of cheese. A descriptive panel evaluated the flavor of 65 western European cheeses that varied in region produced, milk source, maturation time and processing method. The panel reviewed previously published cheese attributes, definitions and references prior to beginning the testing. During testing, the panel detected and added new descriptors and eliminated terms which did not appear in any of the cheeses. Data inspection, in addition to factor analysis, suggests that 25 attributes are needed to explain the common flavor characteristics found in cheese. However, 19 additional attributes may be used occasionally to describe targeted specific flavor characteristics. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The flavor of cheese, an increasingly popular food, is critical to producers and consumers. A large number of sensory descriptors can be used to describe flavor characteristics of cheese. The research indicates a lexicon with a reduced number of terms that can be used to describe most general flavor characteristics. Other characteristics are needed occasionally to describe specific characteristics of some cheeses.
Detection of Patients with Influenza Syndrome Using Machine-Learning Models Learned from Emergency Department Reports

Information available in ED reports has the potential to improve detection of syndromic diseases. Our goal is to provide a machine-learning model characterized by improved predictive accuracy of influenza syndrome. Seven machine-learning algorithms (K2-BN, NB, EBMC, SVM, LR, ANN, RF) for the construction of models were used. Our dataset correspond to 40853 ED cases (67% training, 33% testing). The measurements used were AUROC, calibration and statistical significance testing. The results show high AUROCs with no significant difference between the algorithms and the expert model. EBMC is the most general algorithms.
Assessment of Defects and Amorphous Structure Produced in Raffinose Pentahydrate upon Dehydration

ABSTRACT The progressive conversion of crystalline raffinose pentahydrate to its amorphous form by dehydration at 60°C, well below its melting temperature, was monitored by X-ray powder diffraction over a period of 72 h. The presence of defects within the crystal structure and any amorphous structure created was determined computationally by a total diffraction method where both coherent long-range crystalline order and incoherent short-range disorder components were modeled as a single system. The data were analyzed using Rietveld, pair distribution function (PDF), and Debye total diffraction methods. Throughout the dehydration process, when crystalline material was observed, the average long-range crystal structure remained isostructural with the original pentahydrate material. Although the space group symmetry remained unchanged by dehydration, the c -axis of the crystal unit cell exhibited an abrupt discontinuity after approximately 2 h of drying (loss of one to two water molecules). Analysis of diffuse X-ray scattering revealed an initial rapid build up of defects during the first 0.5 h with no evidence of any amorphous material. From 1–2 h of drying out to 8 h where the crystalline structure is last observed, the diffuse scattering has both amorphous and defect contributions. After 24 h of drying, there was no evidence of any crystalline material remaining. It is concluded that the removal of the first two waters from raffinose pentahydrate created defects, likely in the form of vacancies, that provided the thermodynamic driving force and disorder for subsequent conversion to the completely amorphous state.
A uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for radiation by antennas on a smooth convex impedance surface

UTD solutions are developed for the canonical problems of the radiation by point sources on electrically large metallic cylinders and spheres with a thin uniform material coating. These solutions can be generalized to treat antennas on an arbitrary smooth convex coated surface. A hybrid scheme may then be employed to combine a numerical approach for local antenna modeling with this UTD solution which takes into account the effects on the antenna pattern due to the presence of the convex platform that is assumed to be electrically large.
Health promotion and podogeriatrics. A conceptual design for preventive services

Because the majority of practicing podiatrists' received their professional training when less emphasis was placed on geriatrics, future continuing education activities should be expanded to upgrade a practitioners' understanding of elderly patients and the diagnosis and treatment of their foot problems, particularly among the frail elderly living at home or in nursing homes or other institutional settings. Efforts should also include special emphasis on the current publications in the profession on the subject of aging, including patient care, health care delivery, and other related topics. The podiatric medical profession stands ready, as it has always done, to care for the elderly with dignity and quality. The elderly should not be allowed to waste away because of their inability to help themselves. As we strive to meet these objectives and needs, there is no doubt that they will be met, as long as there is a national recognition of the needs and appropriate changes take place in the total health care delivery system to provide the mechanism for action.
Parallel state-space search for a first solution with consistent linear speedups

Consider the problem of exploring a large state-space for a goal state where although many such states may exist in the state-space, finding any one state satisfying the requirements is sufficient. All the methods known until now for conducting such search in parallel using multiprocessors fail to provide consistent linear speedups over sequential execution. The speedups vary between sublinear to superlinear and from one execution to another. Further, adding more processors may sometimes lead to a slow-down rather than speedup, giving rise to speedup anomalies reported in literature. We present a prioritizing strategy which yields consistent speedups that are close toP withP processors, and that monotonically increase with the additon of processors. This is achieved by keeping the total number of nodes expanded during parallel search very close to that of a sequential search. In addition, the strategy requires substantially smaller memory relative to other methods. The performance of this strategy is demonstrated on a multiprocessor with several state-space search problems.
Health Perception Is a Unique Predictor of Anxiety Symptoms in Non‐Clinical Participants

This study evaluated the role of perceived health in predicting anxiety symptoms, bodily vigilance and agoraphobic cognitions among 71 individuals (30 females; mean age 19.9 years, SD = 3.1) without a psychiatric history, including non‐clinical panic attacks. Results indicated that, relative to anxiety sensitivity, perceived health was a distinct construct that incrementally predicted bodily‐oriented catastrophic thinking (8% of unique variance) and heart‐focused anxiety (13% of unique variance). Moreover, perceived health significantly incrementally predicted anxious arousal symptoms (9% of unique variance). Results are discussed in relation to the role of perceived health as a cognitive vulnerability factor for anxiety‐related problems.
Kinetic Analysis of the Ku-DNA Binding Activity Reveals a Redox-dependent Alteration in Protein Structure That Stimulates Dissociation of the Ku-DNA Complex

Ku is a heterodimeric protein comprising 70- and 80-kDa subunits that participate in the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair pathway for rejoining DNA double strand breaks. We have analyzed the pre-steady state binding of Ku with various DNA duplex substrates and identified a redox-sensitive Ku-DNA interaction. Pre-steady state analysis of Ku DNA binding was monitored via intrinsic Ku quenching upon binding DNA and revealed that, under fully reduced conditions, binding occurred in a single-step process. Reactions performed under limited reduction revealed a two-step binding process, whereas under fully oxidized conditions, we were unable to detect quenching of Ku fluorescence upon binding DNA. The differential quenching observed under the different redox conditions could not be attributed to two Ku molecules binding to a single substrate or Ku sliding inward on the substrate. Although only modest differences in Ku DNA binding activity were observed in the stoichiometric anisotropy and electrophoretic mobility shift assay studies, as a function of redox conditions, a dramatic difference in the rate of Ku dissociation from DNA was observed. This effect was also induced by diamide treatment of Ku and could be abrogated by dithiothreitol treatment, demonstrating a reversible redox effect on the stability of the Ku-DNA complex. The redox-dependent alteration in Ku-DNA interactions is manifested by a redox-dependent alteration in Ku structure, which was confirmed by limited proteolysis and mass spectrometry analyses. The results support a model for the interaction of Ku with DNA that is regulated by redox status and is achieved by altering the dissociation of the Ku-DNA complex.
Nuclear phosphoinositide kinases and inositol phospholipids

The presence of inositol phospholipids in the nuclei of mammalian cells has by now been well established, as has the presence of the enzymes responsible for their metabolism. However, our understanding of the role of these nuclear phosphoinositides in regulating cellular events has lagged far behind that for its cytosolic counterpart. It is clear, though, that the nuclear phosphoinositide pool is independent of the cytosolic pool and is, therefore, likely to be regulating a unique set of cellular events. As with its cytosolic phosphoinositides, many nuclear phosphoinositides and their metabolic enzymes are located at distinct sub-cellular structures. This arrangement spatially limits the production and activity of inositol phospholipids and is believed to be a major mechanism for regulating their function. Here, we will introduce the components of nuclear inositol phospholipid signal transduction and discuss how their spatial arrangement may dictate which nuclear functions they are modulating.
Survival Following the Diagnosis of Noninvasive Bladder Cancer: WHO/International Society of Urological Pathology Versus WHO Classification Systems

Purpose: The WHO/International Society of Urological Pathology classification of bladder cancer, introduced in 1998, differs from the traditional 1973 WHO classification. Few studies have reported survival data based on the WHO/International Society of Urological Pathology classification and none has demonstrated clear superiority compared to the 1973 WHO system. In a large, nonselected population of patients with bladder cancer we rated all incident tumors using each system and compared long-term patient survival.Materials and Methods: New Hampshire residents with bladder cancer diagnosed between 1994 and 2000 were identified through the State Cancer Registry. Slides were retrieved from more than 90% of cases and reviewed by a single pathologist. Tumors were classified according to WHO and WHO/International Society of Urological Pathology criteria. Overall patient survival was determined for the cohort of 504 patients after an average of 7 years using a national mortality database.Results: For both gradi...
All free string theories are theories of forms

Abstract We generalize the gauge-invariant theory of the free bosonic open string to treat closed strings and superstrings. All of these theories can be written as theories of string differential forms defined on suitable spaces. All of the bosonic theories have exactly the same structure; the Ramond theory takes an analogous first-order form. We show, explicitly, using simple and general manipulations, how to gauge-fix each action to the light-cone gauge and to the Feynman-Siegel gauge.