cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating the relative abundance of emperor penguins at inaccessible colonies using satellite imagery

Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) populations are useful environmental indicators due to the bird’s extreme reliance on sea ice. We used remote sensing technology to estimate relative adult bird abundance at two inaccessible emperor penguin colonies in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. We performed supervised classification of 12 panchromatic satellite images of the seven known Ross Sea colonies. We used regression to predict adult bird counts at the inaccessible colonies by relating the number of pixels classified as “penguin” in the satellite images of the accessible colonies to corresponding known adult bird counts from aerial photographs or ground counts. While our analysis was hampered by excessive guano and shadows, we used satellite imagery to differentiate between relatively small ( 5,000 adult birds). Remote sensing technology is logistically less intense and less costly than aerial or ground censuses when the objective is to document penguin presence and/or large emperor penguin population changes (e.g., catastrophic changes). Improvements expected soon in the resolution of the satellite images should allow for more accurate abundance estimates.
Home blood glucose prediction: clinical feasibility and validation in islet cell transplantation candidates

Aims/hypothesis Diabetic subjects do home monitoring to substantiate their success (or failure) in meeting blood glucose targets set by their providers. To succeed, patients require decision support, which, until now, has not included knowledge of future blood glucose levels or of hypoglycaemia. To remedy this, we devised a glucose prediction engine. This study validates its predictions.
New Secrets of Spider Silk: Exceptionally High Thermal Conductivity and Its Abnormal Change under Stretching

Two new significant discoveries are reported: i) the dragline silk of N. clavipes spider has an exceptionally high thermal conductivity: up to 416 W/m·K that beats most materials; ii) contrary to normal materials, its thermal conductivity increases with strain (19% increase under ∼20% strain). These new findings will revolutionize the design of polymer fibers to increase their thermal conductivity by orders of magnitude.
Reaction of atomic hydrogen with Si(111) surfaces: formation of monohydride and trihydride phases

By using a realistic tight-binding or LCAO (linear combination of atomic orbitals) model, detailed calculations of surface states, local densities of states, and theoretically simulated photoemission spectra have been carried out for two qualitatively distinct structural models for chemisorption of atomic hydrogen on Si(111)1×1 surfaces. In the low-coverage model, called the monohydride phase or Si(111): H, it is assumed that a single hydrogen atom sits on top of each surface Si atom, thus saturating all dangling bonds. In the high-coverage model, designated as the trihydride phase or Si(111):SiH3, SiH3 radicals are bonded to the surface Si atoms. Due to the radically different atomic structures, the theoretical spectra of the two phases show striking differences. A comparison of the theoretical spectra with the ultraviolet photoemission spectra taken during hydrogen chemisorption on the quenched Si(111)1×1 surface clearly shows that at low coverages the monohydride is formed, while at high coverages the trihydride phase is formed. Formation of the monohydride phase is expected on simple chemical and structural considerations, and it has been observed on other Si surfaces. However, formation of the trihydride phase is unique to Si(111)1×1 and as such, it has important implications regarding the structure and stability of clean Si(111)1×1.
Colour difference formulaes; accurate enough for objective colour quality control of textiles?

The best formulas for predicting mean perceived small colour differences of industrially produced coloured goods have an average accuracy of about 65%. This should be considered unsatisfactory. Factors that influence accuracy are discussed in this paper and a proposal is made for determining if the accuracy can be significantly improved as a preliminary step toward developing more reliable data and a formula to predict it.
Too Close for Comfort: Exploring Gender Differences in Inmate Attitudes Toward Homosexuality in Prison

Since the inception of the Prison Rape Elimination Act in 2003, there has been increased interest in not only sexual victimization among incarcerated populations, but all aspects of prison sexuality. Correctional policies have focused on the homosexual population in attempts to protect these individuals from victimization and in attempts to decrease sexual relationships between inmates. While recent research has focused on the prevalence of homosexual behavior and the prevalence of sexual victimization among incarcerated populations, there has been little research on inmate attitudes toward homosexuality and same-sex sexual encounters in prison. The present study adds to the literature base by examining gender differences in attitudes toward inmate homosexuality among a sample of male and female inmates in a large Southern prison system. Findings revealed that male inmates, older inmates, and heterosexual inmates had significantly more negative attitudes toward homosexual inmates. Implications based on these findings are discussed.
A framework for iterative analysis of non-classically damped dynamical systems

Abstract In this paper, we propose a general iterative framework to solve the dynamic problem for linear systems with non-classical viscous damping. A systematic approach is used to derive families of stationary iterative schemes that, as an instance of particular interest, decouple the equations of motion for numerical study of the system response. For such schemes, we present a detailed convergence analysis and propose several solution strategies suitable for a broad class of systems. These techniques are based on spectral analysis of particular iteration matrices arising in the derivation and aim at optimizing the convergence performance of the method. We demonstrate that the proposed systematic framework, based on a novel application of the homotopy analysis method, generalizes iterative schemes previously reported in the literature and, importantly, provides a unified perspective for the study of iterative solutions of dynamic problems. Further, we establish a connection between our results and the theory of iterative schemes for algebraic linear systems, thus providing insights on convergence results and applicability of the method. Numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of the approach and indicate future research directions.
A Study of the Abundance Distributions Along the Minor Axis of the Galactic Bulge

We derive the heavy element abundances for hundreds of K-giants in seven windows of low extinction, along or near the minor axis of the Galactic bulge. By using the recently-calibrated Washington photometric filter system, the distribution function in [Fe/H] is determined for each field. Within 8° of the Galactic center (∼ 1 kpc) our data are consistent with no gradient in the distribution of [Fe/H], which may hint to a dissipationless collapse, and/or sufficient mixing during the star-forming epoch when Fe was produced in the bulge. The mean abundance over this region is between two and five times solar. The form of these distributions is well-fitted by the simple (closed box) model of chemical. evolution where the bulge is self-enriched by processing its original. gas content to completion. Beyond 8° from the Galactic center, our data show that the mean of the abundance distributions drops precipitously. This is consistent with the notion that the inner bulge is chemically distinct from the halo.
RFV: interactive geographical visualization for citation network exploration

Research Field Visualizer (RFV) is a system designed to visualize citation chains for publications within specific disciplines. RFV overlays publication information on geographical displays to aid in locating dense areas of research based on different search criteria, thus exposing a network of interconnected ideas across the world. Within this geographical context, RFV provides an interactive visualization of citation networks, allowing the user to explore chains of publication Our intention is to help people that want to learn about a field, such as prospective graduate students, understand current research directions, track research history, and ultimately find the places where authors are conducting relevant and interesting research.
Pathological gambling associated with dopamine agonist therapy in Parkinson’s disease

Risk factors associated with pathologic gambling include male sex, age (25 to 29 years), comorbid psychiatric disorders, suicide, and lower socioeconomic status.1 In addition, some authors report significant increases in both casino gambling and single-day money losses within a year after the introduction of readily available casinos.2 The prevalence of this condition is unknown in patients with Parkinson disease (PD).3 Some authors suggest that these symptoms may be related to high dose dopaminergic therapy, especially in subjects prone to poorly regulated, self-medicating behaviors.4-7⇓⇓⇓ We report nine patients with pathologic gambling associated with chronic high dose dopamine agonist (DA) therapy. A retrospective database review of all patients with PD seen at the Muhammad Ali Parkinson Research Center (MAPRC) from May 1, 1999, to April 30, 2000, was performed for pathologic gambling. Specific data collected included subject age, sex, race, duration of disease, Hoehn and Yahr stage (H&Y), Unified …
Plasmodium falciparum:Kinetic Interactions of WR99210 with Pyrimethamine-Sensitive and Pyrimethamine-Resistant Dihydrofolate Reductase

With emerging drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum, novel antifolates effective against pyrimethamine-resistant and cycloguanil-resistant dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) are in demand. Based on structural similarity to cycloguanil, it has been proposed that WR99210, and its metabolic precursor PS-15, exerts selective antimalarial activity by binding tightly to both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant DHFR. In the present study, Linweaver-Burk plots and Ackermann-Potter plots reveal that both forms of malarial DHFR bind WR99210 at subnanomolar concentrations. It is not necessary to invoke an alternate target for WR99210 in P. falciparum. The present studies confirm that malarial DHFRs offer potential binding interactions in the folate-binding pocket distinct from those exploited by pyrimethamine and cycloguanil. These kinetic studies also provide a useful framework for the design and interpretation of future structural studies on drug-resistant DHFR from P. falciparum.
Intermediate processing protocol for processing within IP-routed networks

Abstract The task of an Internet router is to scan the IP headers for the destination address and make a routing decision based on the information. If the processing capability of a router is enhanced to support computation on a datagram, some of the host computation may be delegated to the intermediate routers. The instructions about how to do the processing may be provided by the end hosts. We propose a reliable transport layer protocol, Intermediate Processing Protocol (IPP) for processing within the Internet. The protocol design makes provisions for connection set up handshake, router reservation, intermediate processing, data acknowledgement, buffering and retransmission, flow and congestion control, ordered delivery and security issues.
Temperature-dependent isotope effects in soybean lipoxygenase-1: correlating hydrogen tunneling with protein dynamics.

The hydrogen-atom transfer in soybean lipoxygenase-1 (SLO) exhibits a large kinetic isotope effect on kcat (KIE = 81) near room temperature and a very weak temperature dependence (Eact = 2.1 kcal/mol). These properties are consistent with H· transfer that occurs entirely by a tunneling event. Mutants of SLO were prepared, and the temperature dependence of the KIE was measured, to test for alterations in the tunneling behavior. All mutants studied exhibit KIEs of similar, large magnitude at 30 °C, despite an up to 3 orders of magnitude change in kcat. Eact for two of the mutants (Leu754 → Ala, Leu546 → Ala) is larger than for wild-type (WT), and the KIE becomes slightly more temperature dependent. In contrast, Ile553 → Ala exhibits kcat and Eact parameters similar to wild-type soybean lipoxygenase-1 (WT-SLO) for protiated substrate; however, the KIE is markedly temperature dependent. The behavior of the former two mutants could reflect increased reorganization energies (λ), but the behavior of the latter m...
Factor V Leiden Thrombophilia

Factor V Leiden is a genetic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated Protein C and an increased risk for venous thromboembolism. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are the most common manifestations, but thrombosis in unusual locations also occurs. The current evidence suggests that the mutation has at most a modest effect on recurrence risk after initial treatment of a first venous thromboembolism. Factor V Leiden is also associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased relative risk for pregnancy loss and possibly other obstetric complications, although the probability of a successful pregnancy outcome is high. The clinical expression of Factor V Leiden is influenced by the number of Factor V Leiden alleles, coexisting genetic and acquired thrombophilic disorders, and circumstantial risk factors. Diagnosis requires the activated Protein C resistance assay (a coagulation screening test) or DNA analysis of the F5 gene, which encodes the Factor V protein. The first acute thrombosis is treated according to standard guidelines. Decisions regarding the optimal duration of anticoagulation are based on an individualized assessment of the risks for venous thromboembolism recurrence and anticoagulant-related bleeding. In the absence of a history of thrombosis, long-term anticoagulation is not routinely recommended for asymptomatic Factor V Leiden heterozygotes, although prophylactic anticoagulation may be considered in high-risk clinical settings. In the absence of evidence that early diagnosis reduces morbidity or mortality, decisions regarding testing at-risk family members should be made on an individual basis.
Calpain Mediates Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4G Degradation during Global Brain Ischemia

Global brain ischemia and reperfusion result in the degradation of the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4G, which plays a critical role in the attachment of the mRNA to the ribosome. Because eIF-4G is a substrate of calpain, these studies were undertaken to examine whether calpain I activation during global brain ischemia contributes to the degradation of eIF-4G in vivo. Immunoblots with antibodies against calpain I and eIF-4G were prepared from rat brain postmitochondrial supernatant incubated at 37°C with and without the addition of calcium and the calpain inhibitors calpastatin or MDL-28,170. Addition of calcium alone resulted in calpain I activation (as measured by autolysis of the 80-kDa subunit) and degradation of eIF-4G; this effect was blocked by either 1 μmol/L calpastatin or 10 μmol/L MDL-28,170. In rabbits subjected to 20 minutes of cardiac arrest, immunoblots of brain postmitochondrial supernatants showed that the percentage of autolyzed calpain I increased from 1.9% ± 1.1% to 15.8% ± 5.0% a...
J. F. Ade Ajayi and the New Historiography in West Africa

Even the casual reader of African history is struck by the fact that significant shifts in focus and approach have occurred during the past decade. As is presently the common trend in African historiography, contemporary writers focus more upon the role of Africans-their institutions, their attitudes, and their internal forces--than upon the activities of Europeans in Africa. This has become possible because the African past has been more adequately researched and because well-trained African scholars are now writing. The new men of African historiography are devoted to the task of unveiling the past of their own people and are equipped by training and by cultural continuity with their ancestors to use the special tools necessary to reconstruct the past. One important group of African historians who have emerged as prominent writers and lecturers clusters around the new universities. At Ibadan University Dr. Kenneth Onwuka Dike, formerly Vice Chancellor of the University; Dr. Joseph C. Anene; and Dr. E. A. Ayendele have all made important contributions to Nigeria's histpry. Dr. Jacob Festus Ade Ajayi, professor of history at Ibadan University, is a figure in this group whose work deserves special attention for a variety of reasons. Not least among such reasons is that he has followed his passion for historical inquiry with energy and thoroughness. By both his vigorous leadership among historians of his university and within the Historical Society of Nigeria and by his publication of the results of his historical research, he has made substantial contributions to the remarkable growth of our knowledge of Nigeria's past.
Day's integration of scatter dose with an analytical expression.

Analytical formulae have been developed to describe the scatter dose on the central axis of rectangular fields as a function of depth and field size for 60Co γ radiation and 4 and 8 MV x rays. The basic relationship expresses the scatter–to–primary dose ratio as a function of the area–to–perimeter ratio A/P, with depth and energy dependent parameters for which analytical expressions are given. The accuracy of the total dose on and off the central axis, calculated with these formulae, is compared to that resulting from the use of Day’s method with tabulated values. The differences are generally less than 1% of the total dose on the central axis.
Promotion of Sleep by Suvorexant—A Novel Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist

Orexins/hypocretins are key neuropeptides responsible for regulating central arousal and reward circuits. Two receptors respond to orexin signaling, orexin 1 receptor (OX(1)R) and orexin 2 receptor (OX(2)R) with partially overlapping nervous system distributions. Genetic studies suggest orexin receptor antagonists could be therapeutic for insomnia and other disorders with disruptions of sleep and wake. Suvorexant (MK-4305) is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable antagonist of OX(1)R and OX(2)R currently under clinical investigation as a novel therapy for insomnia. Examination of Suvorexant in radioligand binding assays using tissue from transgenic rats expressing the human OX(2)R found nearly full receptor occupancy (>90%) at plasma exposures of 1.1 μM. Dosed orally Suvorexant significantly and dose-dependently reduced locomotor activity and promoted sleep in rats (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg), dogs (1 and 3 mg/kg), and rhesus monkeys (10 mg/kg). Consistent cross-species sleep/wake architecture changes produced by Suvorexant highlight a unique opportunity to develop dual orexin antagonists as a novel therapy for insomnia.
What is an adequate length of baseline in research and clinical practice with chronic headache

We examined the representativeness of baseline headache diary recording periods of 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks for three kinds of headache disorder — tension, migraine, and combined migraine and tension. For research purposes at pretreatment, 2 weeks of diary recording are preferable for tension headache, while at least 3 weeks are preferred for migraine and combined headache. At follow-up, 1 week of diary recording appears adequate for all three headache types. Recommendations are also made for clinical practice.
Koninklijk Zoölogisch-Botanisch Genootschap, the Zoological Garden in The Hague, 1863-1943, a Retrospect after Seventy Years from the Point of View of a Zoologist

Abstract The zoological garden in The Hague, the de facto capital of the Netherlands, founded in 1863, was forced to close during the Second World War in 1943 by order of the German occupation forces. An attempt to reconstruct its history from the point of view of a zoologist shows that in eighty years about 180 species of mammals were kept; the garden acquired a certain fame because of its primate collection, e.g., having early success with Sumatran Orang-utan ( Pongo abelii ), and the discovery of the Black Mangabey ( Cercocebus aterrimus ) in 1890. Many unusual, nowadays rare, species [e.g., Ursine Tree Kangaroo ( Dendrolagus ursinus ), Sumatran Bamboo Rat ( Rhizomys sumatranus ), Marbled Cat ( Pardofelis marmorata ), Malay Tapir ( Tapirus indicus )] were present at times, occasionally also on deposit from animal dealers. The majority of the animals originated from the Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia) and were donated by colonial residents, such as Sumatran Elephant ( Elephas maximus sumatranus ) and Orang-utan. The colony of Surinam in South America was another supplier of zoo animals and until the 1880s animals were also derived from a few Dutch trading posts in West Africa. The bird collections were always rich and varied, initially specializing in local species. Later this collection became more comprehensive; attention is drawn to early success with birds of paradise and the presence of now extinct species such as the Carolina Parakeet ( Conuropsis carolinensis ) and the Passenger Pigeon ( Ectopistes migratorius ). Series of lower vertebrates [among them the Japanese Giant Salamander ( Andrias japonicus )] and invertebrates were always on display in a modest aquarium. At the turn of the century the Netherlands only harboured three zoological gardens (Amsterdam – 1838; Rotterdam – 1857; The Hague – 1863). The one in The Hague, although subject to an almost permanent financial crisis, nevertheless succeeded in playing a modest role in this field of zoological science.
In situ electrolyte interactions in a disk-compressed configuration system for up-curving and constant drug delivery.

Abstract A new approach in drug delivery system design for meeting the needs that are associated with certain circadian variations is presented. The system is comprised of a pure compressed drug disk, which is encased by a polymeric coat using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or polyethylene oxide. Within the polymeric coat, a physiologically acceptable binary electrolyte combination such as sodium deoxycholate and adipic acid is disposed. Through this process and upon exposure to dissolution media, ionic interactions occur and a texturally variable matrix is manifested in the form of ‘peripheral stiffening’ with self-correcting boundaries as demonstrated by texture analysis studies. The peripheral boundaries erode and progressively shift toward the disk-core, thus constantly reducing the diffusional pathlength with the resultant up-curving kinetics. Utilizing these mechanisms, a lag time is induced and drug is delivered over a 24-h period in one of two ways namely, in an up-curving or constant manner for drug models theophylline and diltiazem hydrochloride with water solubilities of 0.85% and >50% at 25°C, respectively. It appears that for both sparingly and highly soluble drugs, sum of the dissolution/diffusion rates, dynamics of diffusional pathlength and system erosion rate control the release process. The heterogeneous nature of changes in coat thickness, stiffening dynamics and erosion rate in relation to disk geometry is discussed. The developed technology has potential to provide release patterns, compatible with specific chronophysiological conditions, and overcome the absorption-limited capacity of the distal gastrointestinal tract.
Prognostic significance of human papillomavirus DNA in vulvar carcinoma

Objective: To determine the histopathologic, epidemiologic, and prognostic significance of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in primary invasive vulvar cancer. Methods: From December 1981 through October 1992, primary tumor tissue from 55 newly diagnosed vulvar cancers was evaluated for the presence of HPV DNA. The DNA was extracted from tumor tissue and subjected to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using highly conserved consensus Ll primers that detect 25 different HPV genotypes and primers specific for HPV type 6/E6, type 16/E7, and type 18/E6 gene sequences. All PCR products were hybridized to type-specific radiolabeled probes. The association between the presence of HPV DNA and histologic, epidemiologic, and clinical characteristics was analyzed. Results: Thirty-three (60%) tumors contained HPV DNA. Patients younger than 70 years of age or who smoked were more likely to have HPV-positive vulvar cancers. Twenty-one (95%) of 22 tumors classified as basaloid, warty, or verrucous contained HPV DNA, whereas 12 (39%) of 31 typical squamous tumors contained HPV (P Conclusion: Human papillomavirus DNA is more common in vulvar cancers of young women who smoke than in older nonsmokers. Patients with HPV-negative tumors are at an increased risk of recurrence and death from vulvar cancer.
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry: Efficient Isolation and Effective Fragmentation of Peptide Ions

Effective analysis of the sequence of peptides using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) tandem ion trap mass spectrometry requires efficient mass isolation and the ability to induce extensive sequence-specific fragmentation. The present paper describes a new excitation scheme, which we term red-shifted off-resonance large-amplitude excitation (RSORLAE), that can deposit higher amounts of internal energy in ions than is feasible with conventional resonant excitation. The new method provides an effective means for inducing fragmentation of MALDI-produced peptide ions with m/z values up to 3500. Prior to excitation, it is necessary to isolate ions of interest with high efficiency. We demonstrate that isolation efficiencies of >95% can be achieved by careful design of the rf scan functions used during ion isolation. In particular, sudden transitions in the amplitude of the rf field (from low to high amplitudes) must be avoided. The combined improvements in the efficiency for ion isolation and...
Separating the good and evil of cardiac growth by CIB1 and calcineurin.

Ca2+-calcineurin-NFAT signaling plays a major role in promoting pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Heineke et al. (2010) show that CIB1 strongly enhances calcineurin activation and cardiac hypertrophy upon pathological stress, likely by functioning as a scaffold protein that exposes calcineurin to the L-Type Ca2+ channel and the sarcolemma.
Culture difference and science education

The author reviews conceptions of culture and language to provide a conceptual framework for understanding the ways in which cultural differences between students and science teachers can influence learning of that subject. The paper is both theoretical and practical.
Meteorological Satellite Coverage of Florida Everglades Fires

Abstract Several bog fires in the Florida. Everglades in the spring of 1974 created a great deal of acrid smoke which was advected northward and reduced visibilities at many locations, including Patrick AFB. A subsidence inversion and low-level southwesterly flow combined on 1 May to send a plume of smoke into central Florida which reduced visibilities to 2 mi or less in areas south of Cape Canaveral. The 1430 GMT NOAA 3 satellite photo revealed the existence of the plume to the Cape Canaveral Forecast Facility (CCFF) forecasters. Later, satellite imagery taken between 1340 and 2110 GMT was received which showed movement of the plume offshore. These photographs gave evidence that timely use of meteorological satellite data can greatly aid in the forecasting of reduced visibilities due to smoke. In addition, high-resolution infrared and visual imagery from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program and NOAA satellites gave strong evidence that these data can be used to pinpoint and monitor brush and forest f...
On the Scattering of a Particle by a Static Potential

The behavior of the solutions of scattering integral equations is studied as a function of the potential strength $\ensuremath{\lambda}$. From an analysis of the second Born approximation for a Yukawa potential it seems indicated that the Born expansion for a nuclear potential has no useful domain of applicability. The convergence of the Born expansion is discussed. It is shown that the Fredholm theory of integral equations enables one to express the solutions as a quotient of infinite power series in $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ which still converge when the Born expansion breaks down. Only in exceptional cases can this method be used for obtaining rapid numerical estimates.
Polymer Composite Mechanics Review 1965 to 2006

The research and development in composite mechanics are reviewed from 1965 to 2006. The review covers micromechanics, macromechanics failure theories, impact resistance, structural analysis, plate and panel buckling, shell buckling, progressive fracture, containment, and probabilistic composite simulation. A few remarks are included about aerodynamic loads and a new all composite engine concept. Most of the sample cases are from the author's own research since this research covers all aspects of composites and since this avoids the permissions required by other authors when their results are included. References are cited as appropriate so that the reader can further look in any specific area.
Black Faculty Members At Multiracial Campuses: Some Problems of Modeling Roles

On a few occasions recently the author found the topic of the presence of Black faculty on predominantly White college campuses the center of rather intense concern among Black students at those campuses. In one situation, a party given by some undergraduates, a need was expressed for guidance from Black faculty members in study skills and for examinations scheduled early in the term so that sfudents could pace themselves. While the students disapproved of "easy grades" and were contemptuous of courses where there was no challenge, they also tended to feel more at ease with younger Black faculty members. However, where a younger Black teacher was "too hard" on Black students she was resented. She had announced to some Black students, "I've got mine, now you've got to get yours." At a reception for a faculty member at Harvard University, a Black dental student commented, "There are times when you want to ask a professor about something, but they make
Human carbonyl reductase catalyzes reduction of 4-oxonon-2-enal.

4-Oxonon-2-enal (4ONE) was demonstrated to be a product of lipid peroxidation, and previous studies found that it was highly reactive toward DNA and protein. The present study sought to determine whether carbonyl reductase (CR) catalyzes reduction of 4ONE, representing a potential pathway for metabolism of the lipid peroxidation product. Recombinant CR was cloned from a human liver cDNA library, expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified by metal chelate chromatography. Both 4ONE and its glutathione conjugate were found to be substrates for CR, and kinetic parameters were calculated. TLC analysis of reaction products revealed the presence of three compounds, two of which were identified as 4-hydroxynon-2-enal (4HNE) and 1-hydroxynon-2-en-4-one (1HNO). GC/MS analysis confirmed 4HNE and 1HNO and identified the unknown reaction product as 4-oxononanal (4ONA). Analysis of oxime derivatives of the reaction products via LC/MS confirmed the unknown as 4ONA. The time course for CR-mediated, NADPH-dependent 4ONE ...
An exact solution in a nonlinear theory of rods

A three dimensional nonlinear equilibrium theory of elastic rods, applicable to large displacements and small strains, and accounting for extensibility and shear deformation is developed. Integrals of the governing equations are determined for the case of specified end force and moment. A class of solutions is obtained for an initially straight, untwisted rod and compared to the classical solution. The effects of extensibility and shear deformation are discussed.
Pairwise reactive SOR algorithms for quadratic programming of net import spatial equilibrium models

An iterative method based on the successive overrelaxation (SOR) is proposed to solve quadratic programming of net important spatial equilibrium models. The algorithm solves the problem by updating the variables pairwise at each iteration. The principal feature of the algorithm is that the lagrange multipliers corresponding to the constraints do not have to be calculated at each iteration as is the case in SOR based algorithms. Yet the Lagrange multipliers can easily be extracted from the solution values.
A Corrected and Generalized Successive Random Additions Algorithm for Simulating Fractional Levy Motions

Simulation of subsurface heterogeneity is important for modeling subsurface flow and transport processes. Previous studies have indicated that subsurface property variations can often be characterized by fractional Brownian motion (fBm) or (truncated) fractional Levy motion (fLm). Because Levy-stable distributions have many novel and often unfamiliar properties, studies on generating fLm distributions are rare in the literature. In this study, we generalize a relatively simple and computationally efficient successive random additions (SRA) algorithm, originally developed for generating Gaussian fractals, to simulate fLm distributions. We also propose an additional important step in response to continued observations that the traditional SRA algorithm often generates fractal distributions having poor scaling and correlation properties. Finally, the generalized and modified SRA algorithm is validated through numerical tests.
Lanosterol and Cholesterol-Induced Variations in Bilayer Elasticity Probed by 2H NMR Relaxation

The influences of lanosterol on lipid bilayers have been compared to those of cholesterol by combining deuterium (2H) NMR spin relaxation studies with segmental order parameter measurements. For bilayers of 1,2-diperdeuteriomyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC-d54), the results are consistent with a square-law dependence of the 2H Zeeman relaxation rates (R1Z) on the corresponding order parameters (SCD). This behavior is indicative of relatively slow order fluctuations, for example, due to quasi-elastic bilayer disturbances. Significant differences are found in the influences of lanosterol versus cholesterol on the microscopic NMR observables; although lanosterol produces smaller order parameters than cholesterol, it leads to larger relaxation rates. By correlating the NMR relaxation behavior with the order parameters, the results are explained by a progressive reduction of the bilayer elasticity, which parallels the biosynthetic pathway from lanosterol to cholesterol.
Use and Applications of Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

Abstract During the past decade, photoacoustic spectroscopy has become a widely used spectroscopic tool. It has proved to be valuable in the investigation of the thermal and optical properties of a wide variety of samples, and in probing nonradiative deexcitations that follow a variety of excitations in matter.
Wavelet matrices: algorithms and applications

Filter bank and multiresolution analysis have been widely used for wavelets. However, for multi-dimensional signals, the convolution algorithm needed for filter bank and multiresolution analysis is too complicated. In this paper, we propose a basic wavelet matrix, which can have either perfect reconstruction or desired result according to the chosen filter properties. The basic wavelet matrix method can be applied to pyramid wavelet decomposition, visual-based wavelet decomposition, tensor product, wavelet packets and adaptive tree-structured decomposition. Edge effects, the choice of filters are also discussed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Controlling the Utah/MIT Dexterous Robotic Hand

This paper presents the hardware and software architecture developed to control the Utah-M1T dexterous hand. This work is part of a joint project between the Center for Engineering Design at the University of Utah, and the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
Identifying Implications of Tensions in a Series of Collaborative Self-Study Groups

Drawing on 14 years of collaborative self-study group work at their university, East and Fitzgerald reviewed the data, stories and findings from that collaborative work, seeking to go beyond those original stories to identify practical implications of the tensions that emerged and played out within the various groups. Findings were shared and reinterpreted by a colleague, distant both literally and figuratively, who named taken-for-granted aspects of the work and provided alternative perspectives to expand our understanding. This review of our self-study groups refined our understanding of the nature and process of collaborative self-study work in which we strive to support each other with the objective of helping each other change our practice. Our analysis can inform others who want to pursue collaborative group self-study. Additionally, in going beyond our stories, we found that the tensions in our work mirror the tensions in the larger self-study field as it considers its relationship to mainstream ed...
Collective effects, statistical effects and fluctuations in a model for complex collisions with many open channels

Abstract In this paper it is shown that the description of inclusive cross sections by means of a single amplitude, constructed as a mean over the physical channel amplitudes with excitation energy in a given interval, represents a correct analysis of the emergent flux only under very special dynamical conditions. If these are not fulfilled, a fluctuation term must be added to the cross section obtained by that procedure, in order to reproduce correct inclusive experimental cross sections. These ideas are analysed in a schematic soluble model, which describes qualitatively energy dissipation in complex collisions and which includes collective states as well as intrinsic states.
New transfusion strategies

Summary The “new transfusion strategies” are designed to minimize exposure to allogeneic transfusion while maximizing the use of autologous red cells. While not always possible in all clinical situations, this approach appears to be the current transfusion strategy paradigm. Physician and patient concerns about the risk of transfusion therapy are driving these strategies. When combined with management of the elements of cardiopulmonary physiology responsible for cardiac output and tissue perfusion, the autologous techniques of hemodilution, cell salvage, and predeposit are reasonable strategies for achieving the desired goals of allogeneic transfusion avoidance. Of the 11 policies and interventions proposed by the Blood Management Conference6 several need to be iterated as underpinnings for these strategies. They include: 1. assessing transfusion needs on a patient case basis; 2. transfusions are to be given and effect-benefit assessed before proceeding with additional transfusion; 3. limited exposure to allogeneic blood if possible; 4. minimize perioperative blood loss ranging from surgical technique to decreasing laboratory assessments; and 5. maximize oxygen delivery physiology as a first step in improving basic oxygen delivery.
Query expansion using lexical-semantic relations

Applications such as office automation, news filtering, help facilities in complex systems, and the like require the ability to retrieve documents from full-text databases where vocabulary problems can be particularly severe. Experiments performed on small collections with single-domain thesauri suggest that expanding query vectors with words that are lexically related to the original query words can ameliorate some of the problems of mismatched vocabularies. This paper examines the utility of lexical query expansion in the large, diverse TREC collection. Concepts are represented by WordNet synonym sets and are expanded by following the typed links included in WordNet. Experimental results show this query expansion technique makes little difference in retrieval effectiveness if the original queries are relatively complete descriptions of the information being sought even when the concepts to be expanded are selected by hand. Less well developed queries can be significantly improved by expansion of hand-chosen concepts. However, an automatic procedure that can approximate the set of hand picked synonym sets has yet to be devised, and expanding by the synonym sets that are automatically generated can degrade retrieval performance.
115 CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEAT (CRISPR)/Cas9-DIRECTED INACTIVATION OF PORCINE INTERLEUKIN-1B AS A MODEL TO STUDY ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY AND CONCEPTUS ATTACHMENT

Embryonic losses in livestock range from 20 to 40%, with two-thirds of these losses occurring in the peri-implantation period. An understanding of successful pregnancy establishment in pigs is important for translational research and commercial pig production. Failure of conceptus-maternal communication is a major contributor to this loss, yet the molecular control of this process remains unclear. Engineered nucleases such as the bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 system enable precise modification of the genome compared with traditional gene targeting. In the present study, we hypothesised that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be used to efficiently produce genetically modified embryo models in the pig that will answer key questions about the complex molecular dialogue between conceptus and maternal uterus. We focused on interleukin-1β (IL1B), a cytokine believed to contribute to rapid trophoblast elongation and pregnancy establishment in pigs. The pig is unique in having 2 forms of the IL1B gene: the systemic form (IL1B) and the conceptus form (IL1BL) that is expressed only at peri-implantation. The coding sequence of the 2 forms of IL1B share 92% similarity. Our objective was to develop 2 types of cloned swine embryos, each with a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene inactivation of either IL1B or ILB1L. To target unique regions of IL1B and IL1BL in our fetal fibroblast somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) donor cells, existing Sus scrofa genome data (10.2 annotation) was combined with donor cell Illumina high-throughput sequencing and Sanger sequencing of PCR products to produce consensus IL1B and IL1BL sequences used for targeted disruption. We developed a CRISPR/Cas9 pipeline to identify potential targets 20 nucleotides in length to disrupt the IL1BL and IL1B start codon, while at the same time screening for any potential off-target matches. The pipeline was able to select a group of 11 CRISPR single-chain guide RNAs (sgRNAs; 6 for IL1B and 5 for IL1BL) from an initial library of 413 sgRNAs. Porcine fibroblasts cultured in DMEM, 15% fetal bovine serum, and 10 mg mL–1 gentamicin were trypsinized and transferred to electroporation medium (75% cytosalts, 25% Opti-MEM), diluted to 1 million cells in 200 μL, and added to 2 mm gap electroporation cuvettes. Cells received 2 μg of pairs of sgRNAs bracketing the start codon and were electroporated with three 1-ms square wave pulses at 250 V. Transfected cells were resuspended in DMEM and plated at low density (~50 cells/plate). The Surveyor Nuclease assay was used to determine a minimum of 5 unique cleavage products in the target DNA in each gene form for heterogeneous cell populations. Clonal populations of targeted cells are currently being characterised for use in SCNT and embryo transfer to identify the effects of IL1B/IL1BL disruption on key molecular pathways during early development (Days 8, 12, and 18 of gestation).
Gram-Positive Bacteria Isolated from the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius L

Abstract The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., is an obligate blood-feeding ectoparasite that readily feeds on humans, resulting in rashes, dermatitis, and psychological distress. Bed bug populations have increased exponentially in the last twenty years due to increased pesticide resistance and international travel. Despite their blood-feeding and ubiquity in human habitations, bed bugs are not vectors of any known pathogen. Recent isolates of antibiotic resistant bacteria from bed bugs in a homeless shelter prompted us to identify bacteria from bed bugs in low-income housing in Maryland and Colorado and from a laboratory colony, commonly known as the Harlan strain. Using standard bacteriological techniques and amplification of the 16s ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene, four species of Gram-positive bacteria were identified from surface swabs and whole body homogenates of bed bugs. Staphylococcus arlettae and Staphylococcus epidermidis were identified from the Harlan strain; Micrococcus and Kocuria kristinae ...
Is the effect of forest structure on bird diversity modified by forest productivity

Currently, the most common strategy when managing forests for biodiversity at the landscape scale is to maintain structural complexity within stands and provide a variety of seral stages across landscapes. Advances in ecological theory reveal that biodiversity at continental scales is strongly influenced by available energy (i.e., climate factors relating to heat and light and primary productivity). This paper explores how available energy and forest structural complexity may interact to drive biodiversity at a regional scale. We hypothesized that bird species richness exhibits a hump-shaped relationship with energy at the regional scale of the northwestern United States. As a result, we hypothesized that the relationship between energy and richness within a landscape is positive in energy- limited landscapes and flat or decreasing in energy-rich landscapes. Additionally, we hypothesized that structural complexity explains less of the variation in species richness in energy-limited environments and more in energy-rich environments and that the slope of the relationship between structural complexity and richness is greatest in energy-rich environ- ments. We sampled bird communities and vegetation across seral stages and biophysical settings at each of five landscapes arrayed across a productivity gradient from the Pacific Coast to the Rocky Mountains within the five northwestern states of the contiguous United States. We analyzed the response of richness to structural complexity and energy covariates at each landscape. We found that (1) richness had a hump-shaped relationship with available energy across the northwestern United States, (2) the landscape-scale relationships between energy and richness were positive or hump shaped in energy-limited locations and were flat or negative in energy-rich locations, (3) forest structural complexity explained more of the variation in bird species richness in energy-rich landscapes, and (4) the slope of the relationship between forest structural complexity and richness was steepest in energy-limited locations. In energy-rich locations, forest managers will likely increase landscape-scale bird diversity by providing a range of forest structural complexity across all seral stages. In low- energy environments, bird diversity will likely be maximized by managing local high-energy hotspots judiciously and adjusting harvest intensities in other locations to compensate for slower regeneration rates.
Hematologic Manifestations of SLE

Hematologic problems are common and often clinically significant in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of potential hematologic complications of SLE, with a focus on the prognostic significance, pathophysiology, workup, and treatment options for lupus-associated anemia, thrombocytopenia, immunological defects, and coagulopathies.