cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of antilymphocyte sera by cross immunization of chimpanzees and baboons.

SummaryTwo chimpanzees and 4 baboons were cross immunized biweekly with peripheral blood lymphocyte preparations, with and without Freund's adjuvant and their humoral immune responses followed by hemagglutination (HA), leukoagglutination (LA), and lymphocytotoxicity (LC). Chimpanzees and baboons responded poorly or not at all to immunization with lymphocytes from one another at dosages of less than about 106 lymphocytes/kg when adjuvant was not admixed. When Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) was added to preparations containing a similar amount of antigen, baboons developed LC titers of 4096 to 8192, and LC titers of chimpanzees (4–8), rose to 256. HA antibody levels increased similarly after the incorporation of adjuvant, while LA levels increased, but remained low.When the antigen-FIA dose was increased from 107 to 3×107 cells/kg of body weight (42×107 and 124×107 total cells, respectively), peak titers of 512–1024 appeared in the sera of chimpanzees 2 weeks later. Administration of approximately 1.7×1...
Flow Past Flat Plate at Angle of Attack: Numerical Studies Using S-A, LES and IDDES

One of the main issues in using large-eddy simulation (LES) for high Reynolds number flows in bounded domain is the requirement of very fine grid resolution near the wall. The hybrid RANS/LES methodology aims to reduce the high computational effort of wallresolved LES. In the present study we carry out numerical computations by the means of detached-eddy simulation (DES), delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES) and improved DDES (IDDES). The computations are carried out for flow past flat plate at angle of attack
Testicular Tumor Presenting with Torsion of the Testicle

A case of intrascrotal torsion of a malignant testicular tumor is reported. A review of the literature revealed only 4 other such cases.
Observing S-Phase Dynamics of Histone Modifications With Fluorescently Labeled Antibodies

Histone modifications are central to epigenetic regulation and must be reestablished with each round of DNA replication. Here we describe methods to localize these modifications within mammalian nuclei and to relate them to specific spatiotemporal patterns of DNA replication.
Criminal Law: The Supreme Court and Title III: Rewriting the Law of ElectronicSurveillance PART 1 of 2

... The question of electronic surveillance has long posed a classic confrontation between privacy interests and the need for effective law enforcement. ... In contrast to the four decades preceding Title III, electronic surveillance, as a broad proposition, engendered almost no debate in the 1970's insofar as criminal law enforcement was concerned. ... Professor Carr's treatise on electronic surveillance expresses the basis for this criticism most succinctly: ... Ironically, Hayden's emphasis on the privacy considerations underlying the fourth amendment thereby reduced protections for search victims, a development that would be of particular import in the context of electronic surveillance. ... These same purposes are served in an electronic search; if the surveilling officer understands the precise conversation which is the subject of his search, he will know to terminate interception (and commence spot monitoring) when nonpertinent conversations occur. ... Thus, electronic surveillance properly may serve a strategic intelligence purpose within the framework of Title III's overall prohibition against indiscriminate eavesdropping. ... From a prosecutor's tactical perspective, the proposed analysis is undesirable because it virtually guarantees grand jury witnesses a means of determining whether electronic surveillance has taken place, thereby allowing them to tailor their testimony accordingly. ...
Playing with Mathematics: How Play Supports Learning and the Common Core State Standards

International rankings show children in the United States perform well below average in mathematics. There are also large mathematics achievement gaps between children of lower- and higher-socioeconomic status. As today’s teachers face these challenges, they are also faced with the pressures of sweeping educational reforms that arrived with the adoption of No Child Left Behind and continue into the Common Core State Standards era. These strict standards and the implications of low-performance can easily push teachers and parents towards the belief that direct instruction is the only way to help children learn effectively. In this article, we review evidence from the literature about playful learning as an alternative and powerful pedagogical approach. We apply the principles of playful learning to specific state standards for mathematics and illustrate promising ways to improve mathematics learning in the classroom.
Illness representations in medical anthropology: a reading of the field

In their extended essay on the perceived breakdown of coherent conceptual paradigms in anthropology today, Marcus and Fischer argue that our post-colonial self-awareness and a broad loss of faith in totalizing theoretical visions has provoked a “crisis in representation,” which has in turn served as “the intellectual stimulus for the contemporary vitality of experimental writing in anthropology” (1986: 8). Little wonder there should be such a crisis. Despite our attachment to those with whom we have carried out research and our dedication to represent their interests and point of view in our writings, we find ourselves part of a discipline whose history is strewn with cultural representations which now seem profoundly ethnocentric, often clearly aligned with colonial regimes and those in power, explicitly gendered, and at times racist. Our embarrassment with this history is compounded by the fact that many of our informants and articulate intellectuals in the societies we study now read not only our own books and articles, but those of our predecessors as well. Their criticism of anthropology's legacy and of our own work gives the lie to our claims to speak for others, to represent them as they would represent themselves. Anthropological discussions of the past decade have thus become increasingly concerned with the nature of ethnographic representation, with our objectification and portrayal of “the Other,” with the place of the author and those represented in the ethnographic text, and with the “authorization” of our portrayals and our claims to ethnographic knowledge.
A Model of Instability in Asset Markets

Economic analysis relies predominantly on general equilibrium solutions of flows of production and consumption. Few economists have addressed the problems of financial instability in terms of stocks of assets. Hicks (1946, 62–7), in the original tour de force of modern general equilibrium analysis, did address the possibility of instability in markets for goods which were concurrently produced and consumed, that is, for a flow market. This is his famous “snake diagram,” which forms the basis of Figure 4.1. In this figure, excess supply increases (excess demand decreases) as the price of the good falls over a range of values but the instability is bounded by a stable equilibrium at both higher and lower prices. Because instability in markets for financial assets is crucial to an informed understanding of the dangers of dollar exhaustion for the likelihood of a “hard landing” for the US (and the global) economies, it is necessary to have a comparable model for instability in asset (stock) markets. This chapter provides such a model.
The logic of comprehensive or deep emotional change

The article proposes an analogue of conceptual change in the context of comprehensive or deep emotional change and growth, and explores some aspects of its logic in that context. This is not to reduce emotions to concepts, but to say that concepts express the sense that is already inherent in experience and reality. When emotional states change so thoroughly that their applicable concepts become completely different, they shift from one logical structure to another. At the moment or phase when one conceptual structure transforms into another, two logically incompatible descriptions both apply to the same state at the same time. As a result, the correct description of this moment and its development involves conceptual confusion, non sequitur, and logical contradiction. In these contexts, the sense itself of the emotional experience and process is partly characterized by what are otherwise violations of sense. Failure of sense is part of how these experiences make sense. The article explores some of the consequences of this paradox of sense for the nature and experience of deep emotional change and for the meaning of change itself in this context.
Cerebrospinal Fluid: Formation, Absorption, Markers, and Relationship to Blood–Brain Barrier

Abstract The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluids (ISF) are critical for preserving normal brain cell function. Choroid plexus epithelial cells and cerebral capillaries secrete the CSF/ISF, which acts as the lymph fluid of the brain. Normally about 500 mL of CSF is produced daily and an equal amount is absorbed across the arachnoid granulations. Failure to remove the CSF/ISF results in hydrocephalus if the ventricles are obstructed or increased intracranial pressure. Sampling the CSF by lumbar puncture is an essential clinical procedure in the diagnosis of brain infections and immunological diseases. Damage to the blood–brain barrier results in life-threatening brain edema.
Absolute displacement interferometry of ultrafast laser-produced plasma expansion

Microscopic interferometric measurement of plasma expansion and surface motion during the laser-heating period of a metal target using a single ultrafast pump pulse is reported. A spatial resolution of approximately a few nanometers is achieved.
116 Reducing unintentional child injuries: pilot test of a home-based behavioural training program

Background Unintentional injury is the leading killer of children in the United States, and nonfatal injuries result in significant physical and emotional injury. Few interventions to reduce child injuries have been effective, potentially due to their primarily didactic nature. Behaviorally focused interventions are needed. SafeCare is a behavioural intervention that is effective for treating child abuse and neglect. It contains a home hazard reduction module that is likely to be effective in reducing child injuries; however, its effect on injuries has not been examined. Objectives This pilot study used an RCT design to examine whether the home safety module of SafeCare reduced home hazards and unintentional injuries among at-risk children ages 1–3. Methods SafeCare was compared to Services as Usual among 20 families receiving home visiting services from a consortium. Self-reports of minor injuries and observations of home hazards were conducted at pre-test, post-test, and 4 week follow-up. Preliminary Results Preliminary results among this low-income sample have found high numbers of hazards at pre-test (average of 55.3 hazards per family). Pre-test rates of minor unintentional injuries have been moderate (average of 2.14 per 2 week period). ANCOVA analyses will compare post-test and follow-up frequencies of hazards and child injuries for the control versus treatment group. Conclusions Study results will indicate whether a home-based behavioural skills parent training can reduce unintentional injuries among low-income and at-risk children.
1038-LBP: Incomplete reactions of mismatched donor HLA allele(s) in relapsed AML patient

Aim Major ABO incompatible bone marrow transplantation can cause Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA), which can evolve into AML. We will present here incomplete reactions of missmatched donor allele(s) in relapsed AML patient with a history of ABO incompatible, haplo-identical HSCT. Methods High and low resolution HLA typing was performed by SBT and rSSO, respectively. Post-transplant engraftment analyses were conducted with STR. Results Patient is a 35 y/o, “O” blood group female with AML, who had HSCT from her “A” blood group sibling in Oct 2009. Patient’s initial HLA class I and II typing was homozygous. Her sibling was haplo-identical with 6/12 mismatch in host vs graft direction. Engraftment testing performed in Jan 2010 revealed more than 98% donor allele composition in un-fractioned whole blood, as well as in CD3+ and CD15+ populations, which was then decreased in Feb 2010 and recovered again after receiving donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) in Aug 2010. BM biopsy of Feb 2010 revealed that 30–40% cellularity with M:E ratio greater than 10:1. Sustained erythroid hypoplasia with intact myelopoiesis and megakaryopoiesis raised a possibility of acquired PRCA. HLA typing in Jan 2010 showed full engraftment. However, following low resolution HLA verification typing performed by rSSO in Apr 2010 using buccal sample could not call mismatched alleles in HLA-A, B and DQB1 loci. In HLA-A and HLA-B loci, multiple beads presented weaker reactions than positive cut off value. To be heterozygous in DQA1 and DQB1 loci, 2 beads should be positive, however, they were too weak to be adjusted as positive. When HLA typing was tested by SBT in parallel, one DQB1 mismatched allele was still missing. Despite of DLI and other treatments, patient expired in a year after HSCT. Conclusions Summary: Both low and high resolution HLA typing methodologies revealed incomplete reactions of donor alleles (s) in relapsed AML patient, which supports other clinical findings of disease relapse.
SPIN TRAPPING STUDIES OF THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL ON LIPID PEROXIDATION

The discovery by Fridovitch and coworkers (33) in the late 1960s of an enzyme (superoxide dismutase) specific for the catalytic removal of the superoxide (O2 -) radical has led to an intense research on the effects of naturally occurring free radicals in biological systems. Since that time, many endogenous enzymatic reactions have been found for the potentially damaging intermediate oxidation states produced in the metabolism of oxygen [superoxide (O2 -), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl (∙OH) free radicals]. These “active” oxygen molecules have been implicated in a variety of human disease states including cancer and aging (17,20,22).
Metabolic Bone Disease I

The amount of bone present in the skeleton at any age is the result of the dynamic balance maintained between the rates of bone formation and bone removal. With growth and aging, this balance progresses through a wide range that at any time can become perturbed, frequently in a predictable manner, resulting most commonly in significant reductions in bone mass sufficient to produce signs of disease. This article presents various conditions of reduced bone mass – types of osteoporosis – that manifest as fracture and associated deformity and morbidity. In addition to maintenance of mass – an indicator of quantity – the skeleton maintains a second dynamic balance between the rate of matrix production and matrix mineralization in order to maintain appropriate quality of the bone that is produced. Perturbations in this balance usually result in a slowing of the rate of mineralization that results in the accumulation of bone matrix – osteoid – that is not adequately mineralized. These conditions are varieties of a disease class known as osteomalacia and rickets. Although different in etiology and morphology from the various types of osteoporosis, the various osteomalacic conditions also manifest as fracture and associated deformity and morbidity. Understanding how perturbations in these two dynamic balances cause skeletal disease is important in the effort to prevent and manage them because their frequency and consequences in the population incur remarkable cost to human dignity, quality of life, and medical expense.
A validated risk model for prediction of early readmission in patients with hepatic encephalopathy.

Abstract Introduction and aim Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common complication in cirrhotics and is associated with an increased healthcare burden. Our aim was to study independent predictors of 30-day readmission and develop a readmission risk model in patients with HE. Secondary aims included studying readmission rates, cost, and the impact of readmission on mortality. Materials and methods We utilized the 2013 Nationwide Readmission Database (NRD) for hospitalized patients with HE. A risk assessment model based on index hospitalization variables for predicting 30-day readmission was developed using multivariate logistic regression and validated with the 2014 NRD. Patients were stratified into Low Risk and High Risk groups. Cox regression models were fit to identify predictors of calendar-year mortality. Results Of 24,473 cirrhosis patients hospitalized with HE, 32.4% were readmitted within 30 days. Predictors of readmission included presence of ascites (OR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.06–1.33), receiving paracentesis (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.26–1.62) and acute kidney injury (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.00–1.22). Our validated model stratified patients into Low Risk and High Risk of 30-day readmissions (29% and 40%, respectively). The cost of the first readmission was higher than index admission in the 30-day readmission cohort ($14,198 vs. $10,386; p-value Conclusions Nearly one-third of patients with HE were readmitted within 30 days, and early readmission adversely impacted healthcare utilization and calendar-year mortality. With our proposed simple risk assessment model, patients at high risk for early readmissions can be identified to potentially avert poor outcomes.
High-sensitivity and broadband terahertz detection through nanocavity-coupled plasmonic nanoantenna arrays (Conference Presentation)

Utilizing short-carrier-lifetime semiconductors as the photo-absorbing substrate of photoconductive terahertz detectors has been considered a necessity to enable ultrafast operation and to recombine the slow photo-generated carriers that increase the detector noise and reduce the detector responsivity. However, most of the techniques used for growing short-carrier-lifetime semiconductors introduce a high density of defects in the semiconductor lattice, degrading the carrier mobility and drift velocity and, thus, the detector responsivity. To eliminate the need for a short-carrier-lifetime semiconductor, we present a novel photoconductive terahertz detector based on a nanocavity-coupled plasmonic nanoantenna array. The presented photoconductive terahertz detector uses an undoped GaAs layer embedded inside a nanocavity as the photoconductive active region. The nanocavity is specifically designed to confine the optical pump photons very tightly inside the undoped GaAs layer so that all the photo-generated carriers concentrate around an array of plasmonic nanoantennas, which are also designed to operate as broadband terahertz antennas. Therefore, the presented nanocavity-coupled plasmonic nanoantenna array maximizes the photo-generated carrier concentration and the induced terahertz electric field in response to an incident terahertz radiation near the plasmonic nanoantenna contact electrodes. This significantly increases the detector responsivity and offers photo-generated carrier transport times comparable to photoconductive terahertz detectors based on short-carrier-lifetime semiconductors. By using the presented detector in a time-domain terahertz spectroscopy system, we demonstrate resolving terahertz spectra with a large dynamic range over the 0.1-5 THz frequency range.
Mechanism and Regulation of Gasdermin-Mediated Cell Death

The innate immune system senses and responds to pathogens and endogenous damage through supramolecular protein complexes known as inflammasomes. Cytosolic inflammasome sensor proteins trigger inflammasome assembly on detection of infection and danger. Assembled inflammasomes activate a cascade of inflammatory caspases, which process procytokines and gasdermin D (GSDMD). Cleaved GSDMD forms membrane pores that lead to cytokine release and/or programmed lytic cell death, called pyroptosis. In this review, we provide a primer on pyroptosis and focus on its executioner, the GSDM protein family. In addition to inflammasome-mediated GSDMD pore formation, we describe recently discovered GSDMD activation by caspase-8 and elastase in Yersinia-infected macrophages and aging neutrophils, respectively, and GSDME activation by apoptotic caspases. Finally, we discuss strategies that host cells and pathogens use to restrict GSDMD pore formation, in addition to therapeutics targeting the GSDM family.
Chapter 12 – Multiple Regression: Predicting One Variable From Several Others

In this chapter, you will learn how to interpret the results of a multiple regression analysis. The prediction equation (also called the regression equation) is estimated from your data, and the resulting regression coefficients tell you the effect of each X variable on Y while holding the other X variables fixed (we call this “adjusting for” and “controlling for” the other X variables, and this adjustment happens automatically whenever you run a multiple regression). Just as we did in the previous chapter, we measure the quality of the regression using both the standard error of estimate (indicating the approximate size of prediction errors or residuals) and the coefficient of determination (indicating the percentage of the variability of Y that is explained by all of the X variables taken together). Statistical inference in multiple regression is based on the linear model, and will begin with the F test (an overall test of whether the X variables together have a significant effect on Y) which produces a p-value and may be interpreted as a test of whether or not the R-squared (percent variance explained) is large enough to be considered statistically significant. If the F test is significant, then you may proceed to the t tests, one for each of the X variables (testing the effect of that X variable on Y while controlling for all of the other X variables). These t tests may be performed using any of the methods we have covered: the p-value, the confidence interval (for the regression coefficient), or the t statistic.
Flank pain and hematuria is not always a kidney stone

Abstract Background Patients with flank pain and hematuria are common emergency department presentations of nephrolithiasis. We may anchor on this etiology and potentially miss other less common differentials. We present a case of a patient with hematuria and flank pain typical of nephrolithiasis who was diagnosed with a Page kidney causing secondary hypertension. A 50 year-old male with no significant past medical history presented to the Emergency Department with severe left-sided flank pain, vomiting, and blood-tinged urine. We pursued a diagnosis of nephrolithiasis and found a left renal subcapsular hematoma on non-contrast CT. A CTA was done with no active hemorrhage found. The patient had no history of recent trauma and was found to be hypertensive on evaluation. Urology was consulted and management for the patient's hypertension was initiated. He was diagnosed with Page Kidney and admitted to medicine for observation and hypertension management with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Page Kidney is a diagnosis that describes compression of the renal parenchyma by a hematoma or mass causing secondary hypertension through the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Causes may include traumatic subcapsular hematoma, renal cyst rupture, tumor, hemorrhage, arteriovenous malformation, among others. Treatment may involve conservative measures including hypertension management, or more invasive measures like evacuation or nephrectomy. We describe the case of a patient presumed to have nephrolithiasis presenting with typical left-sided flank pain, diagnosed with Page kidney, and treated conservatively.
What will make my child’s school safer? Parent perceptions of active shooter preparedness

This study aims to examine parent perceptions of school active shooter preparedness and prevention efforts, as well as parent perceptions of the risk of an active shooter event.,Data were obtained in 2019 through an online survey of 182 Pennsylvania residents who were the parents or step-parents of children enrolled in pre-Kindergarten, Kindergarten-12th or college/ university. Respondents were a subset of a state-representative sample of 668 individuals.,Actions taken by schools were largely unrelated to parent perceptions. Parents who reported that their child’s school had provided information about active shooters to students had better attitudes toward preventive efforts overall. Parents who reported that their child’s school had changed firearms policy perceived a higher level of risk. Parents were also asked to share what they felt their child’s school could do that would help them feel more prepared for an active shooter event. The most common response was for schools to install metal detectors or perform random metal detector checks.,While there is extensive research on the views of students about school safety and security and, to a lesser degree, the views of school administrators and teachers, parents have largely been neglected in school safety research.
Project SASI: A Community Engagement Project to Increase Precruitment and Retention of Professionals Working with Students with Sensory Impairments in Rural and Remote Schools

Project SASI (Students with Autism and Sensory Impairments) tested whether community engagement strategies can be used to increase recruitment of professionals working with students with sensory impairments in rural and remote communities to address the personnel shortages in these areas. The Project was theoretically based on the intersection of high-impact strategies for recruitment of teachers in rural regions and a model of engaged scholarship for creating reciprocal learning relationships between faculty and communities. The project incorporated community engagement strategies prior to the beginning of coursework and during coursework, as well as a sustainability plan for after the conclusion of the funding period. Results suggest overall satisfaction with the Project and that professionals prepared with these connections to the community intended to remain in the region for many years. Further research is necessary to understand how individual components of engagement contribute to continued recruitment and retention of professionals working with students with sensory impairments, as well as how long-standing relationships between communities and faculty members contribute to teacher recruitment and retention.
Use of Intravenous Infusion Study Design to Simultaneously Determine Brain Penetration and Systemic Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Rats.

In drug discovery, the extent of brain penetration as measured by free brain/plasma concentration ratio (Kp,uu) is normally determined from one experiment following constant intravenous (IV) infusion, and PK parameters including clearance (CL), volume of distribution at steady-state (VSS), and effective half-life (t1/2,eff) are determined from another experiment after a single IV-bolus injection. The objective of the present study was to develop and verify a method to simultaneously determine Kp,uu and PK parameters from a single intravenous infusion experiment. In this study, 9 compounds (atenolol, loperamide, minoxidil, NFPS, sulpiride, and 4 proprietary compounds) were intravenously infused for 4 h at 1 mg/kg or 24 h at 1 or 6 mg/kg or bolus injection at 1 mg/kg. Plasma samples were serially collected and brain and CSF samples were collected at the end of infusion. The PK parameters were obtained using non-compartmental (NCA) and compartmental analyses. The Kp,uu ,brain values of those compounds increased up to 2.86-fold from 4 h to 24 h. The CL calculated from infusion rate vs. steady-state concentration from the 24 h infusion studies was more consistent with the CL from the IV bolus studies than that from 4 h infusion studies (CL average fold-of-difference 1.19~1.44 vs. 2.10). The compartmental analysis using 1- and 2-compartment models demonstrated better performance than NCA regardless of study design. In addition, Vss and t1/2,eff could be accurately obtained by 1-compartment analysis within 2-fold difference. In conclusion, both Kp,uu,brain and PK parameters can be successfully estimated from a 24 h IV-infusion study design. Significance Statement We demonstrated that the extent of brain penetration and pharmacokinetic parameters (such as CL, Vss and t1/2,effect) can be determined from a single constant IV infusion study in rats.
Modal identification of building structures using vision-based measurements from multiple interior surveillance cameras

Abstract Surveillance cameras are ubiquitous within modern building systems, providing a wealth of data that, to date, has not been utilized for structural health monitoring and condition assessment. In this paper, a vision-based vibration-monitoring technique is introduced, which leverages existing cameras within building structures to extract modal information and assess for damage. Cameras already installed within buildings, such as interior surveillance cameras, are used to measure structural responses (inter-story drifts and rotations) by tracking the cameras’ motion relative to the floor below. By synchronizing vision-based inter-story measurements captured at multiple stories, a complete three-dimensional representation of the building’s motion is recovered. Output-only system identification (frequency domain decomposition) is applied to these vision-based measurements to extract modal information—frequencies and mode shapes. An experimental parametric study on a lab-scale three-story structure is conducted to assess the efficacy of the vision-based monitoring technique for structural modal identification. The primary set of structure/camera geometries considered is representative of actual surveillance camera installations. Broadband white noise is used to excite the structure uni- and bidirectionally, and the resulting ambient and transient responses are measured. The accuracy of the modal information extracted by means of the proposed vision-based technique is assessed through comparison with modal data from accelerometer-based measurements, quantified by the modal assurance criteria. Moreover, the precision, robustness, and repeatability of the method as well as its shortcomings are established and are described in this paper.
Sport event ecotourism: sustainability of trail racing events in US National Parks

The growth in sport event tourism to beautiful environments has led to some desirable benefits in many rural destinations, however it can also contribute to over-tourism, which is disadvantageous. ...
Embolia Cutis Medicamentosa (Nicolau Syndrome) Secondary to Intramuscular Fulvestrant Injection: A Case Report.

Purpose:A case of embolia cutis medicamentosa (Nicolau syndrome) in a patient receiving monthly intramuscular fulvestrant injections is presented.Summary:An 85-year-old woman receiving monthly fulv...
Political Regime Type and Agricultural Policy Outcomes

In this chapter, I model agricultural policy outcomes across countries. I do so using cross-national data on agricultural market distortions, regime typ,e and structures, which are indicators of the strength of rural and urban interests. I show that democracies support agriculture more than authoritarian regimes, on average. I look at the effects of urbanization, inequality, and unequal distributions of landholdings on agricultural support. I find that urbanization is associated with less support for agriculture under dictatorship, particularly in Asia. Inequality is associated with declining support for agriculture in democracies, particularly in Latin America and high-income countries, but not in Africa. Landholding inequality is correlated with greater support for agriculture under dictatorship, particularly in Latin America and Asia.
How and Why Consumer View ‘Little Cigars’ As Legally-Defined Cigarettes

Objective: In this study, we tested if consumers perceive filtered "little cigars" as legally-defined cigarettes and identify features they associate with cigarettes, but not little cigars and vice versa. Methods: Participants in our sample of 1030 adults (mean age 31.1 years, 34% male, 25% non-white) were randomized in a 2x2 between-subjects experiment to view images of filtered "little cigars" that varied by package labeling (cigars: yes/no) and the product displayed in front of the packaging (filtered "little cigar" or cigarette). Measures assessed participants' perceptions that the product shown can be used as a substitute for cigarettes and features perceived to be associated with cigarettes versus little cigars. Results: Participants perceived filtered "little cigars" as substitutes for cigarettes, perceived certain features to be more like little cigars (eg, no filter/tip, wrapped in tobacco leaf) and others to be more like cigarettes (eg, filtered, could be inhaled deeply). In analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) assessing experimental condition effects, participants viewing images of cigarettes had stronger perceptions that filtered "little cigars" could be used as cigarette substitutes and had cigarette characteristics, but the effect was small. Conclusions: This study provides new evidence that filtered "little cigars" are perceived by consumers as cigarettes under current laws and identifies features distinguishing little cigars from cigarettes.
Observational study of patient characteristics associated with a timely diagnosis of dementia and mild cognitive impairment without dementia.

Timely diagnosis of cognitive impairment is a key goal of the National Plan to Address Alzheimer’s Disease, but studies of factors associated with a timely diagnosis are limited. To identify patient characteristics associated with a timely diagnosis of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Retrospective observational study using survey data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) from 1995-2016 (interview waves 3-13). 4,760 respondents with incident dementia and 1,864 with incident MCI identified using longitudinal measures of cognitive functioning. Timely or delayed diagnosis based on the timing of a self or proxy report of a healthcare provider diagnosis in relation to respondents first dementia or MCI-qualifying cognitive score, sociodemographic characteristics, health status, health care utilization, insurance provider, and year of first qualifying score. Only 26.0% of the 4,760 respondents with incident dementia and 11.4% of the 1,864 respondents with incident MCI received a timely diagnosis. Non-Hispanic Black respondents and respondents with less than a college degree were significantly less likely to receive a timely diagnosis of either dementia or MCI than Non-Hispanic White respondents (dementia odds ratio (OR): 0.61, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.75; MCI OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.70) and those with a college degree (dementia OR for less than high school degree: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.38; MCI OR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.60). Respondents that lived alone were also less likely to receive a timely diagnosis of dementia (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.59, 0.81), though not MCI. Timely diagnosis of both conditions increased over time. Targeting resources for timely diagnosis of cognitive impairment to individuals from racial and ethnic minorities, lower educational attainment, and living alone may improve detection and reduce disparities around timely diagnosis of dementia and MCI.
Joint Reconstruction Strategy for Telecentric-based Digital Holographic Microscopes

We present a reconstruction algorithm for digital holographic microscopy (DHM) operating in the telecentric regimen. This strategy rests on the minimization of a cost function to estimate both the numerical reference wave and the quantitative phase information. This algorithm paves the way to a universal DHM reconstruction tool.
Informativeness Orders Over Ambiguous Experiments

We generalize Blackwell (1951)'s informativeness order to ambiguous experiments. The ambiguity in experiments is rooted in a lack of understanding about their probabilistic content. Formally, an ambiguous experiment is a mapping from an auxiliary state space to the set of unambiguous experiments. We show that one ambiguous experiment is preferred to another by every decision maker for every decision problem if and only if they are related by a condition called prior-by-prior dominance, which states that for any first-order belief the decision maker entertains on the auxiliary state space, the expected experiment resulting from this belief for the first experiment is Blackwell more informative than that of the second. This equivalence is robust across a wide range of ambiguity preferences. Comparisons of sets of experiments evaluated using the maximin criterion are studied as a special case and are shown to result in a weaker informativeness order.
The Influence of Feedback Types on the Use of Automation During Learning

This study investigated two feedback types to see if there was a relationship between level of elaborative feedback and participant’s ability to learn a task while also looking at their use of auto...
Abstract 133: FACET: Fractal Angiography for Continuous Revascularization Evaluation during Thrombectomy

Introduction: The technical success of endovascular therapies in stroke may be visually evaluated with the Thrombolysis in Cerebral Ischemia score (0,1, 2A, 2B, 3), ranging from absent to complete downstream reperfusion. Subtle but possibly relevant reperfusion differences may not be detected with the observer dependent TICI score. The development of a quantitative and continuous measure to assess revascularization would provide a powerful tool to evaluate efficacy of clot retrieval. We present FACET, a fractal-based computational framework that can infer a continuous measure of revascularization from DSA. Methods: The DSA dataset used in this study was established retrospectively from patients treated with endovascular therapy for acute stroke. An expert reader manually delineated the MCA territory on the AP view of the angiogram using a region of interest (ROI) and TICI scores were obtained by consensus between 3 readers. The computational framework then processed each ROI to first extract the vessels u...
Pneumovirus and Metapneumovirus: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus

1 Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus–the Type Species Pneumovirus 2 Avian pneumovirus (APV)–the Type Species Metapneumovirus 3 Classification 4 Pneumovirus Proteins 5 Metapneumovirus Proteins 6 Polymorphisms among Pneumovirus and Metapneumovirus 7 Virus Replication 8 Virus Assembly 9 Infection and Experimental Animal Models 10 Disease Pathogenesis 11 Diagnosis 12 Management and Treatment 13 Vaccine Development 14 Immunology and Host Factors 15 Immunopathology and the Response to RSV Proteins 16 Epidemiology 17 Perspective Keywords: pneumovirus and metapneumovirus-respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus; avian pneumovirus (APV); electron microscopy (EM); metapneumovirus proteins; virus replication; virus assembly; vaccine development; viral bronchiolitis-causes of infant and young children’s hospitalization
Fictitious Twins, Factitious Illness

Five patients who sought hospitalization with factitious illnesses also feigned or fantasied loss of a twin. This unusual presentation suggests the possibility that fantasied twin loss may have dynamic implications. The patients are described and discussed in relation to factitious illness, factitious bereavement, and twin fantasies. Their fictional twin bereavement appeared aimed, in part, at stabilizing a fragile sense of self and gaining sympathetic support from others. This presentation should alert one to investigate the story, inviting the person's participation in gaining corroborating information, and--should the story prove false--to support the individual in less victimizing adaptations.
Geostatistical Space–Time Models: A Review

Geostatistical space–time models are used increasingly for addressing environmental problems, such as monitoring acid deposition or global warming, and forecasting precipitation or stream flow. Each discipline approaches the problem of joint space–time modeling from its own perspective, a fact leading to a significant amount of overlapping models and, possibly, confusion. This paper attempts an annotated survey of models proposed in the literature, stating contributions and pinpointing shortcomings. Stochastic models that extend spatial statistics (geostatistics) to include the additional time dimension are presented with a common notation to facilitate comparison. Two conceptual viewpoints are distinguished: (1) approaches involving a single spatiotemporal random function model, and (2) approaches involving vectors of space random functions or vectors of time series. Links between these two viewpoints are then revealed; advantages and shortcomings are highlighted. Inference from space–time data is revisited, and assessment of joint space–time uncertainty via stochastic imaging is suggested.
Implications of Child Errors for the Syntax of Negation in Korean

Children around age 2 acquiring Korean as a first language are well known for producing an error in which VP-internal material intervenes between the negator an and the verb, an order which is strictly ungrammatical in adult Korean. Children at the same age acquiring other languages make errors with subject case and with tense or agreement inflections on the verb, which has been analyzed by Wexler (1998) as stemming from a constraint on child grammars that prevents the subject from moving to two functional projections. The proposal here is that the child Korean errors result from the same constraint. This leads to an analysis of negation in adult Korean under which the VP material is base generated between the negator an and the verb, moving leftward in adult Korean. The child errors are then a result of omitting object-related functional projections that would drive this movement, paralleling Wexler's analysis of Optional Infinitives in other languages. The analysis presented here not only offers an explanation of the child errors but also constrains the possible analyses for negation in adult Korean in ways that are not obvious from the adult data alone.
A note on the optimal replacement problem

We study the following model for a system the state of which is continuously observed. The set of possible states is a finite set {0,...,L}, where larger values represent increased states of deterioration from the "new condition" represented by state 0, to the "totally inoperative condition" of state L. Whenever the system changes state a decision has to be made as to whether it is renovated or it is left unattended. Whenever the system enters a state i 0.
Flux tube dynamics and solar/stellar redshift measurements

On the Sun and other late-type stars, UV observations show persistent red-shifted profiles in emission lines formed near 105 K in the transition region. These downflows could be the result either of the cooling and downfall of material in coronal loops or of the steady end-to-end flow of plasma in smaller loops. Time-dependent numerical simulations suggest that the steady flow explanation is the most likely.
Autonomic regulation of type 1 protein phosphatase in cardiac muscle.

Abstract Muscarinic cholinergic agonists such as acetylcholine attenuate phosphorylation of phospholamban induced by agents that activate cAMP-dependent protein kinase. However, cAMP accumulation is variably affected or only slightly reduced; thus, the choline ester might produce effects in addition to inhibition of adenylate cyclase. We hypothesized that acetylcholine might regulate a phosphatase in mammalina myocardium. Exposure of Langendoff-perfused guinea pig ventricles to isoproterenol (10 nM) for 45 s increased phosphatase inhibitor-1 activity 2-fold. Co-administration of acetylcholine (100 nM) antagonized the effect of isoproterenol, and atropine (1 microM) blocked the effect of acetylcholine. Forskolin (1 microM) caused a 3-fold increase in inhibitor-1 activity, and acetylcholine markedly attenuated the effect of forskolin. However, acetylcholine did not lower cAMP levels in the same tissues. Both isoproterenol and forskolin reduced the type 1 phosphatase activity intrinsic to sarcoplasmic reticulum by 25-50%, using [32P]phosphorylase a or 32P-labeled membrane vesicles as a substrate for the phosphatase. Co-administration of acetylcholine markedly attenuated these effects of isoproterenol and forskolin. Acetylcholine alone caused a 50% increase in type 1 phosphatase activity. We concluded that inhibitor-1 and type 1 phosphatase can be regulated in intact cardiac muscle by agents that increase intracellular cAMP and by acetylcholine.
Retrograde ureteroscopy via a continent urinary diversion: surgical techniques and common pitfalls.

Abstract Purpose: We assessed our experience performing retrograde ureteroscopy (URS) in patients with a continent urinary diversion. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of patients with a continent urinary diversion necessitating URS for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes from 2002 to 2013. Results: We identified 11 male and 1 female patients with a continent urinary diversion with a mean age of 62.5 years (27–77) who underwent 13 procedures on 17 renal units. Indication for URS was diagnostic in 10 (77%), stone disease in 2 (15%), and stricture in 1 (8%). URS was attempted a median of 6.2 years (1.3–14.5) after diversion creation. Retrograde URS was attempted in 17 renal units with 10 (59%) accessed successfully. One procedure was staged with antegrade wire access obtained before retrograde URS. Inability to identify the afferent limb or ureteral orifice one (20%), tortuosity of afferent limb two (40%), angulation one (20%), and length of the afferent limb one (20%) were causes for unsuccessfu...
Quotient circuit with improved dynamic range

It is shown that utilizing the Nay-Budak circuit for the voltage-controlled resistor in the circuit proposed by D. Ghosh and D. Patranabis (see IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol.39, p.522-26, June 1990) increases the dynamic range by an order of magnitude while maintaining approximately the same accuracy as the original circuit throughout the improved range. The cost of this improvement is two op-amps and an increased potential for instability. However, a complete analysis shows that stability is easily obtained if a good-quality op-amp is employed for op-amp 2 in the circuit. >
Ari Folman’s Waltz With Bashir and the Limits of Abstract Tragedy

Abstract (E) : Drawing on scholarship on film cognition, the essay argues that Ari Folman's animated documentary Waltz with Bashir effectively recreates the process of recovering memories by capitalizing on the way our brains process films, and by thematizing memory. However, the film's limited contextualization of the 1982 Lebanon War and the lives of the soldiers involved and depicted limits Waltz 's ability to make an effective antiwar statement. While the film's impact is not limited to viewers with knowledge of the particular politico-military conflict the film represents, it is limited by the nature and extent of its involvement with its subjects' lives before and after the war. Abstract (F) : S’inspirant des recherches en cognition cinematographique, cet article demontre que le documentaire anime d’Ari Folman, Valse avec Bashir , recree vraiment le processus de la memoire retrouvee en exploitant la maniere dont notre cerveau traite les images filmiques, puis en thematisant la memoire. Toutefois, la contextualisation tres partielle de la guerre du Liban de 1982 et les vies des soldats impliques et representes dans le film limitent les possibilites de Valse avec Bashir de se transformer en une œuvre vraiment pacifiste. Certes, l’impact du film n’est pas limite aux spectateurs connaissant la situation politico-militaire decrite par le film. Ses limites sont tout autres et elles sont determinees par la nature et l’etendue de l’engagement avec les vies des personnages avant et apres la guerre.