cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Template–dependent variation in the relative fidelity of DNA polymerase I of Escherichia coli in the presence of Mg2+ versus Mn2+

The fidelity of E. coli DNA polymerase I in the presence of Mg2+ vs Mn2+ was examined at many positions along natural DNA templates, by use of an electrophoretic assay of misincorporation. Although there was an overall greater tendency for misincorporation to occur in Mn2+-activated chain elongation, some specific sites on the template were more prone to misincorporation with Mg2+ and others with Mn2+. This sequence-dependent effect was seen in spite of the finding that the relative rate of incorporation of the correct nucleotide at different positions on the template was essentially the same with Mg2+ and Mn2+. In agreement with previous studies, the fidelity of E. coli pol I was higher at activating, than at inhibiting, concentrations of Mg2+. The results reveal new complexities regarding the role of divalent cation in the control of fidelity in DNA synthesis and attest to the dynamic nature of interactions between DNA polymerase, its substrates and divalent metal activator during the course of polymerization on natural templates.
Enhancement of linear growth and weight gain by cyproheptadine in children with hypopituitarism receiving growth hormone therapy.

Cyproheptadine (Cp), an antihistamine serotonin antagonist drug with appetite-stimulating activity, was given to children with growth hormone (GH) deficiency to test the hypothesis that increased weight gain would enhance the effect of GH on linear growth. Six patients with idiopathic GH deficiency received GH 0.08 U/kg three times per week plus Cp 0.25 to 0.4 mg/kg/day for 4-month periods, alternating with 4-month periods of GH plus placebo, on average for 16 months. Overall, height velocity (HV) increased from 9.1±2.4 with GH alone to 12.1±2.1 cm/yr with GH-Cp (P=0.01) and weight velocity (WV) increased substantially from 1.3±1.3 to 7.8±3.6 kg/yr (P=0.01). For 10 of 11 8-month treatment intervals completed, HV was greater during GH-Cp treatment than during GH alone, and there was a good correlation between HV and WV for each 4-month observation period (r=0.64, P
Statutory Division of Public Assets following Local Government Reconfiguration: An Economic Analysis

In this paper a problem is addressed that arises when the boundaries of local governments change: how to distribute the assets of the reconfigured local government. Many state statutes apportion assets according to relative property value. Such statutes, however, raise important economic and legal issues in local public finance. Specifically, fundamental issues arise concerning what assets should be apportioned, how assets should be valued, and whether division formulas prescribed by state statutes achieve their stated objective of dividing according to past contribution. In this paper these issues are addressed by means of simple present-value formulas, and it is demonstrated that most state statutes only rarely achieve their stated goals. The paper concludes with suggestions for a more equitable division process.
Elastoplastic constitutive relations for fiber-reinforced solids

Abstract In this paper, we make use of a procedure for estimating the effective properties of nonlinear composite materials, proposed recently by Ponte Castaneda (1991, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 39 , 45–71), to study the effective constitutive behavior of ductile, fiber-reinforced composites. Both estimates and rigorous bounds are obtained for the effective energy functions of multiple-phase, fiber composites with general ductile behaviors (in the context of deformation theory of plasticity) for the isotropic constituent phases. The resulting expressions for the energy functions may be differentiated in a straightforward manner to obtain corresponding estimates for the anisotropic effective stress-strain relations. Explicit calculations are carried out for the case of an aluminum-matrix composite reinforced with boron fibers. The results reveal some interesting features distinguishing the constitutive behavior of ductile-matrix, fiber-reinforced composites from that of linear-elastic, fiber-reinforced composites. One such feature is the strong coupling between the dilatational and distortional modes for the ductile fiber composites. Finally, comparisons are made with available experimental data.
Hyperlipidemia in HIV-Positive Patients Receiving Antiretrovirals

OBJECTIVE:To assess the frequency of lipid abnormalities and treatment outcomes for hyperlipidemia in HIV-positive patients receiving antiretroviral (ARV) therapy as outpatients at a Veterans Affairs HIV clinic.METHODS:All patients monitored for at least 3 months were reviewed. Data collected included age, most recent CD4+ cell count and viral load, ARV history, and all fasting cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) values. The ARV therapy at the time of lipid readings was classified as including protease inhibitors (PI+) or not including them (PI-). Lipid values were compared with goals per national guidelines and risk factors.RESULTS:Male patients (n = 101) providing 210 lipid profiles were evaluated (median 2 per patient). Median age was 51 years. Fourteen patients were diabetic, 31 were hypertensive, and 6 patients had documented coronary disease. Mean cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL values were significantly higher in PI+ (n = 50) compared wit...
Hysterosonography: a key to what is inside the uterus

The pursuit of endometrial histology is often prompted by postmenopausal or dysfunctional endometrial bleeding, a pathologically-thickened central endometrial complex on ultrasound, infertility, or routine screening caused by risk factors for underlying pathology. If a focal endoluminal process is responsible, it can remain undiagnosed when a blind method of biopsy is used. Transvaginal ultrasound coupled with hysterosonography can provide the necessary information to triage these patients to the most appropriate tissue sampling technique and avoid the common problem of a false-negative biopsy result. In many circumstances, a focal process can be more specifically characterized and localized during hysterosonography, information which could also help direct subsequent hysteroscopic biopsy if needed.
Cloning and expression of a pectate lyase from the oral spirochete Treponema pectinovorum ATCC 33768

The pelA gene, encoding a pectate lyase, from Treponema pectinovorum ATCC 33768 was isolated by heterologous expression of a cosmid library in Escherichia coli. In vitro transposon mutagenesis identified an open reading frame of 1293 bp capable of encoding a protein of 430 amino acids with a predicted amino-terminal signal sequence of 21 amino acids. Analysis of the amino acid sequence suggested that it is a member of the polysaccharide lyase family 10 of which all characterized members show pectate lyase activity. An amino-terminal His-tagged recombinant form of PelA was expressed and purified from E. coli. The recombinant enzyme has characteristics common to other bacterial pectate lyases such as an alkaline pH optimum, dependence on calcium ions for activity, and inhibition by zinc ions.
Problems in Sampling Wild and Domestic Stocks of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

Abstract In the spring of 1959 two wild stocks and a domesticated stock of brook trout were planted as fingerlings in Bear Pond in the northern Adirondack Mountains of New York. A resident population of brook trout of domesticated parentage was also present. Differences in behavior between the four groups affected the catch by angling and trap-netting. During the summer of 1960, when all four groups were approximately the same length, over 30 percent of the domesticated stocks were taken by fly fishing, while during the same period only 12 percent of the two wild stocks were recovered. The stocked domestic group was found to be much more vulnerable to trap-netting than the other groups. During the first 24 hours of netting, 46 percent of the trout estimated at large from this stock were recovered. At the end of three weeks of trap-netting, 84 percent of the stocked domestic, 64 percent of the resident domestic, 66 percent of the Long Pond Stream wild, and 44 percent of the Honnedaga Lake wild brook trout ...
CAPABILITIES, TECHNOLOGICAL DIVERSIFICATION AND DIVISIONALIZATION

This paper develops and tests the hypothesis that greater R&D diversification is associated with less divisionalization in multidivisional firms. It argues, from transaction cost theory, that the extent of divisionalization of a large firm is indicative of its emphasis on interdivisional coordination, since fewer divisional boundaries reduce interdivisional bargaining costs. Also, greater interdivisional coordination is required to pursue strategies which exploit R&D undertaken in diverse but complementary fields, that is, strategies aimed at broadening technological capabilities. Conversely, less interdivisional coordination is required for more specialized R&D, that is, for strategies aimed at deepening existing capabilities. The hypothesis finds support in patent and organizational data.
Worker reentry into pesticide-treated crops. I. Procedure for the determination of dislodgable pesticide residues on foliage.

for the Determination of Dislodgable Pesticide Residues on Foliage' Y. Iwata Department of Entomology University of California Riverside, Calif. 92521 R. C. Spear School of Public Health University of Cafifornia Berkeley, Calif. 94720 J. B. Knaak California Department of Food and Agriculture Sacramento, Calif. 95814 R. J. Foster Department of Agricultural Chemistry Washington State University Pullman, Wash. 99163
Diffusion in a Canyon Within Rough Mountainous Terrain.

Abstract An accelerated field measurements program was conducted to quantify atmospheric diffusion within a deep, steep-walled canyon in rough, mountainous terrain. Two principle objectives were pursued: impaction of plumes upon elevated terrain, and diffusion of gases within the canyon versus diffusion over flat, open terrain. Oil fog flow visualizations provided qualitative information; quantitative diffusion measurements were obtained using sulfur hexafluoride gas with analysis by highly sensitive gas phase coulometric techniques. Eleven 45 to 60 min gaseous tracer releases were conducted. Stability-category-related differences in canyon diffusion versus flat terrain diffusion were found. Daytime lapse conditions showed little difference. Neutral stability tests showed five times greater dilution for canyon axial concentrations; strong inversion tests resulted in canyon plume centerline dilutions fifteen times greater than calculations using parameters derived for flat terrain. Plume effluents frequent...
Action of heat on the serological affinity of T-1 bacteriophage.

Abstract A method of expressing the serological activity of inactivated T-1 phage in terms of equivalent normal phage is described. Using this method the thermal inactivation of T-1 bacteriophage, both wet and dry, has been studied. To a first approximation, unimolecular reaction kinetics are followed, and if the Eyring formulation is used the heat of activation wet is 165,000 cal./mole and the entropy of activation 372 cal./mole/deg. In the dry state the respective figures are 56,500 and 57. In both states these values exceed those previously measured for infectivity, thus showing the essential difference (for this virus) between serology and infectivity. Use of this difference to prepare effective antisera against T-1 phage inactivated wet and dry at relatively low temperatures has been demonstrated.
Control of Friction-Induced Instability in Simultaneous Time-Frequency Domain

A flexible cantilever beam pressed against a rigid rotating disk is explored for studying self-excited friction-induced vibrations that are inherently unstable due to alternating friction conditions and decreasing dynamic friction characteristics. Because no linearization or approximation scheme is followed, the genuine characteristics of the system including stick-slip and inherent discontinuities are fully disclosed without any distortion. It is shown that the system dynamics is stable only within certain ranges of the relative velocity. With increasing relative velocity, the response loses its stability with diverging amplitude and broadening spectrum. A novel time-frequency controller is subsequently applied to negate the chaotic vibrations at high relative velocity by adjusting the applied normal force. The controller design requires no closed-form solution or transfer function, hence allowing the underlying features of the discontinuous system to be fully established and properly controlled. The inception of chaotic response at high relative velocity is effectively denied to result in a restoration of the system back to a relatively stable state of limit-cycle.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Identification of an RNA-binding domain in human SRP72

The signal recognition particle (SRP) is a ribonucleoprotein complex that plays a crucial role during the delivery of secretory proteins from the ribosome to the cell membrane. Among the six proteins of the eukaryotic SRP, the 72 kDa protein (SRP72) is the largest and least characterized. Polypeptides corresponding to various regions of the entire human SRP72 sequence were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and partially proteolyzed. Human SRP RNA bound with high affinity to a 63 amino acid residue region near the C terminus of SRP72. Mild treatment of the fragment with chymotrypsin abolished its RNA-binding activity. A conserved sequence with the consensus PDPXRWLPXXER was identified within a 56 amino acid residue RNA-binding domain. Sucrose gradient centrifugation and filter-binding analysis using mutant SRP RNAs showed that SRP72 bound to the moderately conserved portion of SRP RNA helix 5. Nine tetratricopeptide-like repeats (TPRs) poised to interact with other SRP or ribosomal proteins were predicted in the NH2-terminal region. These identifications assign two important functions to a large portion of SRP72 and demonstrate the RNA-binding capacity of the protein.
Isoproterenol modulates the calcium channels through two different mechanisms in smooth-muscle cells from rabbit portal vein.

Previous data from our laboratory indicated that the slow Ca2+ channel of vascular smooth muscle cells was regulated by cyclic nucleotides. In the present study, the effects of isoproterenol (ISO) on L-type calcium current (I Ca(L)) were investigated in freshly-isolated single smooth-muscle cells from the rabbit portal vein using the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique. With high-Cs+ solution in the pipette and physiolocial salt solution (containing 2.0 mM Ca2+) in the bath, (I Ca(L)) was recorded. At a holding potential of −80 mV, low concentrations of ISO (⩽ 100 nM) increased I Ca, whereas higher concentrations (1–100 μM) transiently increased I Ca but then inhibited it persistently. At 10 μM ISO, I Ca was initially increased by 44±9%, and was subsequently decreased by 24±3%. Pretreatment of cells with 30 μM H-7 [1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride] caused the first phase to persist and the second inhibitory phase to disappear. Intracellular application of 1 mM GDP[βS] (guanosine 5′-O-2-thiodiphosphate) abolished both phases of ISO action. In contrast, intracellular application of 100 μM GTP caused the initial stimulatory phase of ISO action to be significantly potentiated; the later inhibitory phase was slightly diminished. In addition, the activated G protein α subunit (Gsα ) mimicked the stimulatory effect of ISO. Pertussis toxin had no effect on either phase of the ISO action. These results suggest that ISO modulates the Ca2+ channel through mechanisms that involve the pertussis-toxin-insensitive G protein(s). That H-7, a nonspecific inhibitor of protein kinases, blocked the second phase but not the first phase indicates that the actions of ISO are mediated via two different pathways. One pathway (for inhibition) is more indirect, and may be mediated by the adenylate cyclase/cAMP/protein-kinase-A cascade. The other pathway (for stimulation) is more direct, and may reflect a type of G protein gating of the Ca2+ channel.
Effects of core motion on the nucleon electric form factors

When the nucleon is described as the self-consistent nontopological soliton ground state of a translation-invariant model Hamiltonian for a nonstatic baglike core interacting with a pion field, the motion of the core is shown to have a significant effect on the proton and neutron electric form factors, as compared to previous cloudy-bag-model (CBM) calculations that neglect the core motion and treat the baglike core as a static source of pion field. In the translation-invariant model, the charge density of the nucleon has contributions from the core and from the pion cloud, as in the usual static CBM; in addition, and in contrast to the usual static CBM, there are effects due to the spreading of the core charge density as a result of the self-consistent motion of the core within the pion field that it generates. The spreading of the core density tends to weaken the core-pion interaction for a fixed bag radius so that the binding of the core-pion system is less than in the static cloudy bag. Hence, the motion of the core softens the electric form factors as compared to static CBM calculations.
Multicompartment Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles with Branched Shapes: An Epitaxial Growth Mechanism

Mesoporous nanomaterials have attracted widespread interest because of their structural versatility for applications including catalysis, separation, and nanomedicine. We report a one-pot synthesis method for a class of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) containing both cubic and hexagonally structured compartments within one particle. These multicompartment MSNs (mc-MSNs) consist of a core with cage-like cubic mesoporous morphology and up to four branches with hexagonally packed cylindrical mesopores epitaxially growing out of the cubic core vertices. The extent of cylindrical mesostructure growth can be controlled via a single additive in the synthesis. Results suggest a path toward high levels of architectural complexity in locally amorphous, mesostructured nanoparticles, which could enable tuning of different pore environments of the same particle for specific chemistries in catalysis or drug delivery.
Simulation of advanced semiconductor devices using supercomputers

Abstract The current generation of advanced semiconductor devices often exhibit nonlinear effects which require numerical approaches to their simulation. In addition to nonlinearities, the accurate description of the behavior of ever increasingly small devices, as well as those which contain heterostructures or superlattices, demands extraordinarily complex techniques which typically overwhelm most computational environments. Under these conditions, the supercomputer provides the only reasonable means by which the behavior of advanced semiconductor devices can be examined in detail. In this paper, we present a discussion of computational techniques and their application to modeling avalanching semiconductor devices within a supercomputer environment. Specifically, issues such as velocity and current estimators, bipolar simulation, temporal response, and subensemble simulation will be addressed. Calculated results are presented for representative systems to illustrate the use of these estimators.
Effect of ventilation on mechanical properties and pressure-flow relationships of immature airways.

Effect of Ventilation on Mechanical Properties and Pressure-Flow Relationships of Immature Airways
Simulations of overstable inertial-acoustic modes in black hole accretion discs

ABSTRACT We present two-dimensional inviscid hydrodynamic simulations of overstable inertial-acoustic oscillation modes (p-modes) in black-hole accretion discs. These global spiralwaves are trapped in the inner-most region of the disc, and are driven overstable bywave absorption at the corotation resonance (r c ) when the gradient of the backgrounddisc vortensity (vorticity divided by surface density) at r c is positive and the discinner boundary is suﬃciently reﬂective. Previous linear calculations have shown thatthe growth rates of these modes can be as high as 10% of the rotation frequency atthe disc inner edge. We conﬁrm these linear growth rates and the primary disc oscil-lation frequencies in our simulations when the mode amplitude undergoes exponentialgrowth. We show that the mode growth saturates when the radial velocity perturba-tion becomes comparable to the disc sound speed. During the saturation stage, theprimary disc oscillation frequency diﬀers only slightly (by less than a few percent) fromthe linear mode frequency. Sharp features in the ﬂuid velocity proﬁles at this stagesuggest that the saturation results from nonlinear wave steepening and mode-modeinteractions.Key words: accretion, accretion discs – hydrodynamics – waves – instabilities –X-ray: binaries.
Estimating the empirical Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient in the presence of error with nested data

The Lorenz curve is a graphical tool that is widely used to characterize the concentration of a measure in a population, such as wealth. It is frequently the case that the measure of interest used to rank experimental units when estimating the empirical Lorenz curve, and the corresponding Gini coefficient, is subject to random error. This error can result in an incorrect ranking of experimental units which inevitably leads to a curve that exaggerates the degree of concentration (variation) in the population. We consider a specific data configuration with a hierarchical structure where multiple observations are aggregated within experimental units to form the outcome whose distribution is of interest. Within this context, we explore this bias and discuss several widely available statistical methods that have the potential to reduce or remove the bias in the empirical Lorenz curve. The properties of these methods are examined and compared in a simulation study. This work is motivated by a health outcomes application that seeks to assess the concentration of black patient visits among primary care physicians. The methods are illustrated on data from this study.
Extraction of ethanol with higher alcohol solvents and their toxicity to yeast

Abstract In a solvent extraction screening study, several β-branched alcohols in the 14–20 carbons range show improved extractive performance to recover ethanol from aqueous solutions compared to commonly studied solvents such as oleyl alcohol and 1-dodecanol. These β-branched alcohols were selected for screening based on extrapolation of results in earlier work with lower molecular weight aliphatic alcohol solvents, that indicated higher separation factors should be realized when hydroxyl position is mid-chain, and there is branching. Solvent toxicity to a commercial yeast commonly used in fuel ethanol production also was evaluated for these as well as several lower molecular weight alcohols. For the alcohols studied, those containing 12 or fewer carbons were toxic or inhibitory to the yeast; those containing 14 or more carbons were non-toxic and non-inhibitory.
Variation in body mass dynamics among sites in Black Brant Branta bernicla nigricans supports adaptivity of mass loss during moult

Birds employ varying strategies to accommodate the energetic demands of moult, one important example being changes in body mass. To understand better their physiological and ecological significance, we tested three hypotheses concerning body mass dynamics during moult. We studied Black Brant in 2006 and 2007 moulting at three sites in Alaska which varied in food availability, breeding status and whether geese undertook a moult migration. First we predicted that if mass loss during moult were simply the result of inadequate food resources then mass loss would be highest where food was least available. Secondly, we predicted that if mass loss during moult were adaptive, allowing birds to reduce activity during moult, then birds would gain mass prior to moult where feeding conditions allowed and mass loss would be positively related to mass at moult initiation. Thirdly, we predicted that if mass loss during moult were adaptive, allowing birds to regain flight sooner, then across sites and groups, mass at the end of the flightless period would converge on a theoretical optimum, i.e. the mass that permits the earliest possible return to flight. Mass loss was greatest where food was most available and thus our results did not support the prediction that mass loss resulted from inadequate food availability. Mass at moult initiation was positively related to both food availability and mass loss. In addition, among sites and years, variation in mass was high at moult initiation but greatly reduced at the end of the flightless period, appearing to converge. Thus, our results supported multiple predictions that mass loss during moult was adaptive and that the optimal moulting strategy was to gain mass prior to the flightless period, then through behavioural modifications use these body reserves to reduce activity and in so doing also reduce wing loading. Geese that undertook a moult migration initiated moult at the highest mass, indicating that they were more than able to compensate for the energetic cost of the migration. Because Brant frequently change moult sites between years in relation to breeding success, the site-specific variation in body mass dynamics we observed suggests individual plasticity in moult body mass dynamics.
Temperature increases caused by shear banding in as-cast and relaxed Zr-based bulk metallic glasses under compression

Using an infrared camera, the temperature evolution of as-cast and relaxed bulk metallic glasses during compression was measured. Substantial variations in the temperatures of both glasses during plastic deformation were observed, which are conjectured to result at least partially from shear-banding phenomena. The relaxed glass has a larger temperature rise than the as-cast glass, which can be attributed to a reduction in the free volume. The larger temperature increase in the relaxed glass may be responsible for the observed work softening. The relaxed glass also has a higher maximum temperature than the as-cast, which can be attributed to a stronger strain-rate dependence of the temperature rise rate, and a shorter dissipation time scale for the heat due to conduction. The experimental data follow the well-known model behavior, and suggest the possibility of a statistical correlation between the fluctuations of strain rates and the rates of the temperature variation.
The structure of metallic complexes of polyacetylene with alkali metals

The crystal structures of sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium doped polyacetylene have been determined using crystal packing and x‐ray diffraction analyses. Each of these metallic complexes is tetragonal, with the polyacetylene chains forming a host lattice in which the alkali metal ions are present in channels. Lithium appears to be too small to stabilize the channel structure and an amorphous structure is observed. Predicted unit cell parameters and x‐ray diffraction intensities are in agreement with observed values. Similarities with the alkali metal doped graphite suggest that hybridization between carbon pz orbitals and metal s orbitals occurs. Such hybridization is expected to result in a high conductivity component normal to the chain direction. On the other hand, direct overlap between polymer chains appears small, since alkali metal columns separate polymer chains. Compositions calculated for the channel structures (from meridional diffraction spacings, the intensity of equatorial diffraction lines, measured volume expansion, and distances in model complexes) all range from y=0.12 to 0.18 for (CHMy)x, where M is sodium, potassium, rubidium, or cesium.
Deubiquitination of Lys63-linkage by a CYLD UBP.

In the recent issue of Molecular Cell, Komander et al. (2008) report structural and biochemical characterization of the catalytic core domain of CYLD, a member of the UBP family of deubiquitinating enzymes.
A non-transmissible cytopathogenic effect of influenza virus in tissue culture accompanied by formation of non-infectious hemagglutinins.

Various strains of influenza virus produce a cytopathogenic effect in cultures of HeLa cells. The virus could not be passed in series. Virus partially or even completely inactivated with respect to infectivity by exposure to 37°C. or ultraviolet light retained some of its cytopathogenic effect. No evidence has been obtained of an increase in infectious virus in HeLa cultures, but an increase in hemagglutinins and in both viral and soluble complement-fixing antigens became detectable during incubation. These virus materials apparently were not released from these cells prior to their destruction. These results suggested that HeLa cells are capable of supporting an incomplete reproductive cycle of influenza virus. The fact that radioactive phosphorus was readily incorporated into the hemagglutinin supplies strong evidence for this interpretation.
Using Staged Compression to Increase the System Efficiency of a Coal Based Gas Turbine Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Generation System With Carbon Capture

This paper examines two coal-based hybrid configurations that employ separated anode and cathode streams for the capture and compression of CO2 . One system uses a single compressor to compress and partially preheat the cathode air flow. The second system replaces the single compressor with a two stage compression process with an intercooler to extract heat between the stages, and to reduce the work that is required to compress the air flow in the cathode stream. Calculations are presented for both systems with and without heat recuperation. For the single compressor system with heat recuperation the hybrid system assumes the form of a recuperated Brayton cycle; when the recuperator is not present the hybrid system assumes the form of a standard Brayton cycle. The calculation results show that an increase of 2.2% in system efficiency was obtained by staging the compression for these cycles.
Mobi Social (Mobile and Social) Data Management: A Tutorial

The rise of the Social Internet, in the past decade, stimulated the invention of human-centered technologies that study and serve humans as individuals and in groups. For instance, social networking services provide ways for individuals to connect and interact with their friends. Also, personalized recommender systems leverage the collaborative social intelligence of all users' opinions to recommend: books, news, movies, or products in general. These social technologies have been enhancing the quality of Internet services and enriching the end-user experience. Furthermore, the Mobile Internet allows hundreds of millions of users to frequently use their mobile devices to access their healthcare information and bank accounts, interact with friends, buy stuff online, search interesting places to visit on-the-go, ask for driving directions, and more. In consequence, everything we do on the Mob Social Internet leaves breadcrumbs of digital traces that, when managed and analyzed well, could definitely be leveraged to improve life. Services that leverage Mobile and/or Social data have become killer applications in the cloud. Nonetheless, a major challenge that Cloud Service providers face is how to manage (store, index, query) Mobi Social data hosted in the cloud. Unfortunately, classic data management systems are not well adapted to handle data-intensive Mobi Social applications. The tutorial surveys state-of-the-art Mobi Social data management systems and research prototypes from the following perspectives: (1) Geo-tagged Micro blog search, location-aware and mobile social news feed queries, and GeoSocial Graph search, (2) Mobile Recommendation Services, and (3) Geo-Crowd sourcing. We finally highlight the risks and threats (e.g., privacy) that result from combining mobility and social networking. We conclude the tutorial by summarizing and presenting open research directions.
Children's large‐scale spatial cognition: Is the measure the message?

Children's difficulties in drawing accurate sketch maps led earlier researchers to conclude that young children were spatially incompetent. More recently, investigators have devised new large-scale spatial tasks on which children perform well. How do our tasks affect our conclusions about children's spatial cognition?.
Semiotic Ideologies of Race: Racial Profiling and Retroduction

This paper analyses the semiotic features and errors of logic at work in racial profiling and racial reckoning. Anthropologists have long researched the concept of human “race”, including biological, linguistic, archaeological, and cultural approaches to this topic, and anthropologists now largely agree that “race” is principally a cultural concept, not a biological one. Yet practices of race involve inferences about physical attributes including human phenotype. While much attention has been given to understanding how race operates as a discursive form through which power is exercised, less analysis has been done on the “logic” of racial reckoning, and more generally, on the semiosis of race. What semiotic forms and ideologies are at work in racial practices? How do semiotic ideologies of race reproduce cultural distinctions and hierarchies? In short, how does race work semiotically and what can a semiotic analysis of race reveal? This paper examines a particular social practice – racial profiling – and the roles of iconicity and retroduction in it. I argue that iconicity is central to practices of race and that iconicity contributes to erroneous conditional probabilities and the retroductive reasoning that mistakenly serve to justify racial profiling.
Academic subject specialist positions in the United States: a content analysis of announcements from 1990 through 1998

Abstract This study analyzes position announcements to determine the requirements, characteristics, and qualifications for those positions. Findings include salary information and comparisons, primary responsibilities, and required and preferred education and skills. Results show that salaries are higher than average and increase above inflation. Technology-related skills are increasingly important.
Abnormal growth of the corticospinal axons into the lumbar spinal cord of the hyt/hyt mouse with congenital hypothyroidism

Thyroid hormone deficiency may cause severe neurological disorders resulting from developmental deficits of the central nervous system. The mutant hyt/hyt mouse, characterized by fetal-onset, life-long hypothyroidism resulting from a point mutation of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor of the thyroid gland, displays a variety of abnormalities in motor behavior that are likely associated with dysfunctions of specific brain regions and a defective corticospinal tract (CST). To test the hypothesis that fetal and neonatal hypothyroidism cause abnormal CST development, the growth of the CST was investigated in hypothyroid hyt/hyt mice and their euthyroid progenitors, the BALB/cByJ mice. Anterograde labeling with biotinylated dextran amine demonstrated a decrease in the number of CST axons in the hyt/hyt mouse at the first lumbar level at postnatal day (P) 10. After retrograde tracing with fast blue (FB), fewer FB-labeled neurons were found in the motor cortex, the red nucleus, and the lateral vestibular nucleus of the hyt/hyt mouse. At the fourth lumbar level, the hyt/hyt mouse also showed smaller CST cross-sectional areas and significantly lower numbers of unmyelinated axons, myelinated axons, and growth cones within the CST during postnatal development. At P10, the hyt/hyt mouse demonstrated significantly lower immunoreactivity of embryonic neural cell adhesion molecule in the CST at the seventh cervical level, whereas the expression of growth-associated protein 43 remained unchanged. Our study demonstrated an abnormal development of the CST in the hyt/hyt mouse, manifested by reduced axon quantity and retarded growth pattern at the lumbar spinal cord.
Experimental investigation of adhesive bond strength between metal and optical glass

Within the general astronomical community as well as at the University of California Observatories, there has been a long history of using epoxy to mount optics within instruments such as spectrometers and telescopes. The Ken & Gloria Levy Spectrometer, part of the Automated Planet Finder (APF) telescope located at Mt. Hamilton's Lick Observatory, relies on epoxy-bonded joints to attach the instrument's large cross-dispersing prism and echelle grating to its Invar space-frame structure. Design constraints dictated that these large optics each be attached at only three points, and that the bond areas be as small as possible while maintaining an adequate strength factor of safety. Previous UCO instruments, such as the Keck Telescopes' primary mirror segments and the ESI Spectrometer, used Hysol's 9313 epoxy product for this purpose. Concerns over long-term reliability of such joints led us to re-examine this issue. We empirically investigated the roles played by epoxy selection and techniques such as surface preparation and the use of a primer, in creating a robust metal-to-glass bond. Bond strength data was generated, leading us to select a previously unused epoxy, and to implement particular techniques to ensure bond quality. Most notably, we found that bond strength data as typically reported on adhesive manufacturers' datasheets was not a reliable indicator of long-term bond reliability between metal and optical glass.
Prominent factors influencing environmental activities: Application of the Environmental Leadership Model (ELM)

Abstract The Environmental Leadership Model (ELM) is presented which specifies four prominent antecedents to the organization's environmental strategic formulation process. These factors include: (1) moral norms and values for environmental responsibility, (2) the environmental attitudes of the CEO and top management, (3) stakeholder influences, and (4) perceived behavioral control of the firm by technological, financial, and regulatory constraints. It is proposed that the environmental strategy of an organization directs its pro-environmental behaviors. Finally, the model is initially investigated in an organization in the hazardous waste management industry using the case methodology advocated by Eisenhardt (1989). Future research directions for model development are discussed.
Depression and suicide in children and adolescents.

1. Laura M. Prager, MD* 1. *Assistant Professor, Child Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Discuss the clinical presentation and diagnostic criteria of depression. 2. Describe clinical management strategies for depression. 3. Recognize risk factors for suicide and self-destructive behaviors. 4. Understand how to assess and treat the suicidal patient. Depressive disorders in children and adolescents are common and often disabling. They can interfere with normal growth and development, academic performance, and interpersonal relationships, and they are a significant risk factor for suicide. These disorders fall on a spectrum that ranges from mild symptoms of depressed mood, which might occur in response to an acute stressor, to pervasive sad or irritable mood accompanied by problems with sleep, appetite, social isolation, and sometimes, suicidal ideas, plans, and intent. Prevalence rates for depression range from 1% to 2% of prepubertal children to 3% to 8% of adolescents. Depression in prepubertal children and bipolar disorder in any age group are equally common in both sexes. However, unipolar depressive disorders in adolescents are more common in girls than in boys (ratio of 3:1), and early onset of puberty in girls increases the risk for depression. (1) Depressed children and adolescents manifest a variety of signs and symptoms. They can be sad, irritable, or angry and may present with school or behavioral problems. They can demonstrate somatic complaints (eg, headache, stomachache, muscle weakness), decreased or increased appetite, fatigue, insomnia, hypersomnia, or disturbed sleep-wake cycles. Some children and adolescents develop psychotic features consistent with their mood symptoms, such as paranoid delusions or auditory hallucinations with self-deprecatory content. Some develop self-injurious behaviors or suicidal ideation, plan, and intent. Anxiety symptoms may be present and may predate the development of depressive symptoms. Behavioral problems ranging from oppositional defiance to frank conduct disorder may occur in conjunction with an underlying mood disorder. Depressive disorders vary in degree …
Stem cell factor-mediated activation pathways promote murine eosinophil CCL6 production and survival

Eosinophil activation during allergic diseases has a detrimental role in the generation of pathophysiologic responses. Stem cell factor (SCF) has recently shown an inflammatory, gene-activating role on eosinophils and contributes to the generation of pathophysiologic changes in the airways during allergic responses. The data in the present study outline the signal transduction events that are induced by SCF in eosinophils and further demonstrate that MEK-mediated signaling pathways are crucial for SCF-induced CCL6 chemokine activation and eosinophil survival. SCF-mediated eosinophil activation was demonstrated to include PI-3K activation as well as MEK/MAPK phosphorylation pathways. Subsequent analysis of CCL6 gene activation and production induced by SCF in the presence or absence of rather specific inhibitors for certain pathways demonstrated that the MEK/MAPK pathway but not the PI-3K pathway was crucial for the SCF-induced CCL6 gene activation. These same signaling pathways were shown to initiate antiapoptotic events and promote eosinophil survival, including up-regulation of BCL2 and BCL3. Altogether, SCF appears to be a potent eosinophil activation and survival factor.
Trimetoquinol: bronchodilator effects in horses with heaves following aerosolised and oral administration.

Summary Reason for performing study: The bronchodilator effects of trimetoquinol (TMQ) have been studied when administered i.v. or intratracheally, but not in an aerosolised form. Objectives: To define the relationship between the therapeutic and adverse responses (therapeutic index) of TMQ when administered as an aerosol or by the oral route. Methods: Increasing doses of TMQ were administered to horses with heaves as an aerosol and by the oral route. Dose ranged 100–1000 μg/horse for aerosolised TMQ and from 6–60 μg/kg bwt for the oral route. Airway and cardiac effects were assessed by measurement of maximal change in pleural pressure (ΔPplmax) and heart rate (HR), respectively. Side effects of sweating, agitation and muscle trembling were scored subjectively. Duration of action of aerosolised (1000 μg/horse) and oral (6–60 μg/kg bwt) TMQ was evaluated over 6 h. Results: Aerosol administration of TMQ caused dose-dependent bronchodilation but did not change HR or cause other observable side effects. When 1000 μg/horse was administered via aerosol, TMQ produced a 2-phase bronchodilation; an immediate effect lasting up to 30 min and a second phase between 2 and 4 h. Oral TMQ was therapeutically ineffective. Conclusion: Aerosol administration of TMQ is a safe and effective method of producing bronchodilation in horses.
Distributions and characteristics of colored dissolved organic matter in the Western Arctic Ocean

Terrigenous dissolved organic matter (DOM) is continuously discharged by rivers into the ocean, yet its distribution and reactivity within ocean basins remain poorly defined. With high concentrations of terrestrial DOM in arctic rivers and a disproportionate share of global riverine discharge on a volume basis to the Arctic Ocean, the influence of terrigenous DOM on marine carbon budgets and the global carbon cycle can be significant. In this paper, we report the detection of terrestrial DOM using optical properties of surface waters in the Western Arctic Ocean. The distribution of absorption and fluorescence of colored dissolved organic matter (C-DOM) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were recorded. Mixing of C-DOM was conservative at low and mid-salinity (S425%), indicating a terrestrial origin for this material and the absence of strong in situ sources and sinks. However, at higher salinities (425%), C-DOM distribution was highly scattered due to the mixing of water masses of statistically different optical properties. Higher absorption coefficients and C-DOM and DOC concentrations reflect the higher contribution of terrigenous DOM. The region most influenced by land-derived DOM is the Mackenzie Shelf where the 3D excitation/emission matrix spectra show a strong signature of continental inputs. Furthermore, the absence of a typical marine DOM signal indicates that a terrigenous component dominated C-DOM composition throughout the entire Western Arctic Ocean. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Compatible observability don't cares revisited

CODCs stands for compatible observability don't cares. We first examine the definition of compatibility and when a set of CODCs is compatible. We then discuss Savoj's CODC computation for propagating CODCs from a node's output to its fanins, and show by example, that the results can depend on the current implementation of the node. Then we generalize the computation so that the result is independent of the implementation at the node. The CODCs propagated by this computation are proved to be maximal in some sense. Local don't cares (LDCs) are CODCs of a node, pre-imaged to the primary inputs and then imaged and projected to the local fanins of the node. LDCs combine CODCs with SDCs (satisfiability don't cares), but only the CODC part is propagated to the fanin network. Another form of local don't cares, propagates both the CODC and SDC parts to the fanin network. Both are shown to be compatible in some sense, but conservative. We give a method for updating both kinds of local don't cares incrementally when other nodes in the network are changed.
Use of computational modeling to predict responses to upper airway surgery in obstructive sleep apnea.

Objectives Despite the well-recognized consequences of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), its treatment remains unsatisfactory. Therapeutic strategies are complicated by often poor adherence in the case of continuous positive airway pressure or the highly variable efficacy in the case of many upper airway surgeries. Computational models of the upper airway using finite element analysis to simulate the effects of various anatomic and physiologic manipulations on pharyngeal mechanics could be helpful in predicting surgical success.
Method of calibrating response statistics for ML estimation of 3D interaction position in a thick-detector gamma camera

High-energy photon detectors are often made thick in order to improve their photon-detection efficiency. To avoid issues of parallax and increased signal variance that result from random interaction depth, we must determine the 3D interaction position in the imaging detector. With this goal in mind, we examine a method of calibrating response statistics of a thick-detector gamma camera to produce a maximum-likelihood estimate of 3D interaction position. We parameterize the mean detector response as a function of 3D position and estimate the parameters by maximizing their likelihood given prior knowledge of the pathlength distribution and a complete list of camera signals for an ensemble of gamma-ray interactions. Demonstrating this calibration method with simulated gamma-camera data, we show that the resulting calibration is accurate and can be used to produce unbiased estimates of 3D interaction position.