cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gastrointestinal malignancies evaluated with 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography

18 F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography has demonstrated high accuracy in the staging and evaluation of colorectal and esophageal carcinomas. FDG PET is demonstrating increasing utility in a number of other gastrointestinal tumours and clinical scenarios. The established clinical indications for its use, the diagnostic accuracy, and limitations will be reviewed. Data on the emerging indications and limitations for pancreatic, hepatocellular, and gastric carcinomas, as well as gastrointestinal stromal tumours, cholangiocarcinoma, and carcinoma of unknown primary will also be briefly discussed. The use of combined PET-CT is demonstrating further improvements in diagnostic accuracy.
Serum polysaccharide changes in the rat following hypophysectomy and the administration of pituitary growth hormone.

AN ELEVATION of protein bound polysaccharides occurs in the serum of patients with cancer, various of the collagen diseases, tuberculosis, and sarcoidosis (Seibert, Seibert, Atno and Campbell, 1947 and Shetlar et al., 1950). An elevation of serum polysaccharide is also found in late pregnancy (Shetlar et al., 1950). Fever and processes incidental to tissue destruction (Seibert et al., 1947) or to tissue proliferation (Shetlar et al., 1949) have been postulated to be associated with these findings. Injuries to experimental animals including bacterial infection, turpentine abscesses, intraperitoneal talc insufflation, surgical procedures (Shetlar et al., 1949) epidermal thermal injury (Knobloch et al., 1952) and pyrogen induced fever (Shetlar et al., 1953) produce a rise of serum polysaccharide. The mechanisms by which these changes are produced present intriguing avenues of investigation as such elevations may reflect chemical aspects fundamentally related to these conditions.
Development and testing of a robotic surgical training curriculum for novice surgeons

A robotics practice curriculum was developed utilizing dry lab skills and testing parameters based upon the objective structured assessment of surgical tasks (OSATS) to determine its effectiveness in training novice surgeons. We recruited 20 medical students who were oriented to the DaVinci S console and instrumentation. They were pre-tested with four dry lab skills including manipulation, transection, suturing and knot tying. A control group was instructed to practice once weekly to attain proficiency and the intervention group was provided specific instructions regarding practice goals. Each subject was post-tested after a 6-week time. There were 17 students who completed the post-testing. All participants showed significant improvement in pre-test and post-test scores for manipulation (6.6-11.2, p < 0.0005), transection (3.5-6.9, p < 0.0005), knot tying (0.4-1.7, p = 0.003), and suturing (2.0-3.5, p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in pre-test and post-test scores between the control and intervention groups in manipulation, transection, knot tying, and suturing (p = 0.700, 0.782, 0.682, 0.605, respectively). Our study shows that novice surgeons such as medical students can improve dry lab robotics skills with instruction and practice.
Development of an Inventory for Dizziness and Related Factors

Dizziness is an extremely common complaint of patients, yet often goes unexplained after medical evaluation, which can lead to inappropriate treatment. There is a lack of psychometrically sound self-report instruments that measure dizziness and related factors. This study describes the application of factor analytic procedures with 184 dizzy patients' responses to develop the Dizzy Factor Inventory (DFI), a 44-item inventory divided into three sections and modeled after the Multidimensional Pain Inventory. The first section consists of symptom factors, the second concerns responses of significant others to the dizzy patient, and the third section assesses activity level. This inventory groups symptoms into empirically distinct factors that could be related in clinical and research applications to physiological and psychological processes, and could be useful for treatment planning and measuring treatment progress. Factors derived with dizzy patients are compared to factors found with chronic pain patients.
Use of different carbon sources for the biofloc system adopted during the nursery and grow-out culture of Litopenaeus vannamei

The carbon sources such as molasses cane sugar, dextrose and rice bran were tested in growing Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, using the Biofloc Technology System, and the reduction in the concentration of total ammonia nitrogen in the experimental nursery and grow-out phases were assessed in tanks with a volume of 800 L at 35 and 70 days, respectively. In the nursery experiment, postlarvae with an average weight of 0.024 ± 0.01 g were stocked at 1200 m−2 and shrimp with an average weight of 4.09 ± 0.51 g and stocking density of 300 m−2 was used in the grow-out. The carbon sources used in the nursery were molasses (M) and rice bran (R) and in the grow-out were dextrose (D) and rice bran (R). In the nursery experiment, using molasses, the ammonia concentration was significantly lower (p < 0.05). In the grow-out experiment with dextrose, the ammonia concentration was significantly lower (p < 0.05), but performance data were significantly better (p < 0.05) in the rice bran treatment. The faster degradation of dextrose and molasses sources may have provided higher levels of carbon as a substrate for heterotrophic bacteria to use in metabolizing ammonia, thereby improving the water quality.
Variation with Fermi level of the hole cyclotron masses in silicon and germanium

Abstract Standard band theory leads to variations with Fermi level of the cyclotron masses of the heavy and light holes in silicon and germanium which are unexpectedly large. This effect may explain the observed behavior of cyclotron-mass variation in field-induced MOS transistors. Results of our calculations for both semiconductors are presented in tabular form.
A computer program for approximating a linear operator equation using a generalized Fourier series

Abstract Many important engineering problems fall into the category of being linear operators, with supporting conditions. In this paper, an inner-product and norm is used which enables the numerical modeler to approximate such by developing a generalized Fourier series. The resulting approximation is the ‘best’ approximation in that a least-squares ( L 2 ) error is minimized simultaneously for fitting both the problem's boundary conditions and satisfying the linear operator relationship (the governing equations) over the problem's domain (both space and time). Because the numerical technique involves a well-defined inner-product, error evaluation is readily available using Bessel's inequality. Minimization of the approximation error is subsequently achieved with respect to a weighting of the inner product components, and the addition of basis functions used in the approximation. A computer program source code is provided (see Appendix A) to implement the procedures.
Evaluation of markov program models in virtual memory systems

A first order Markov model of program behaviour is developed from FORTRAN program instruction data. The program model is evaluated by using it to generate page references for input into a simple virtual memory operating system (VMOS) simulation model. The actual trace data are also used to drive the VMOS model. In both cases the fault probability is obtained for different replacement rules, memory sizes and page sizes. A comparison of fault probabilities is used to determine the effectiveness of the Markov program model.
Survey and behavioral measurements of interpersonal trust

Although many studies treat trust as a situational construct, individual differences can be used to study and predict trusting behavior. We report two studies, the first showing the psychometric properties of a new trust inventory (the Propensity to Trust Survey or PTS), the second study validating this inventory using the standard economic task, the Investment Game. The first study utilized online survey data (N > 8000) to show that the PTS scales were reliable and measured broad constructs related to Big Five personality domains. Trust was related to extraversion and negative neuroticism, and trustworthiness was related to agreeableness and conscientiousness. The second study (N = 90) validated the PTS trust scale as a predictor of behavior in the Investment Game. These findings are evidence that trust and trustworthiness are compound personality traits, and that PTS scales are preferable to general Big Five measures for predicting trusting behavior.
Microemulsion Performance Fluids

Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable mixtures of two immiscible fluids, such as oil and water, and one or more surfactants or cosurfactants. These systems have a rich micro-structure and phase behavior which can take the form of a variety of multi-phase and single phase oil- or watercontinuous or bicontinuous fluids with unique and useful properties. The thermodynamic stability, ultra-low interfacial tension, clarity, high solubilization capacity and high interfacial area suggest uses “performance fluids.” The relationship between surfactant ussetsru cfotur reth eansde the phase behavior and properties of microemulsions is the key to their design. Through the proper selection of surfactants, microemulsion phase continuity can be tailored for a variety of applications. Two such applications, coal freeze conditioning and oil spill dispersion, are described in this paper.
Effect of impurity content on superplastic flow in the Zn-22% Al alloy

Abstract A detailed investigation was conducted on the superplastic Zn-22% Al alloy to study the effect of impurity content on the creep behavior in region II (intermediate-stress region) and region I (low-stress region) of the sigmoidal plot between stress and strain rate which was previously reported for the alloy. In conducting the investigation, three grades of Zn-22% Al, containing different levels of impurities, were used. The experimental results show that at intermediate stresses, where region II exists, the creep rates of the three grades are similar and that the stress exponent, n, and the activation energy, Q, are insensitive to impurity level; for all three grades, n = 2.5 and Q ∼ Qgb, where Qgb is the activation energy for grain boundary diffusion. By contrast, the experimental results reveal that there are significant differences in the creep behavior of the three grades at low stresses and that the emergence of region I at low stresses, along with its stress exponent and activation energy, is affected by the purity level of Zn-22% Al. Analysis of the experimental data for the three grades of the alloy suggests that the creep behavior in region I is a consequence of the presence of a threshold stress which decreases strongly with increasing temperature and which depends on impurity content. These two characteristics of the threshold stress appear to be compatible with those of a threshold stress for sliding whose origin is related to strong segregation of impurity atoms at boundaries.
The E.N.A.C.T. Model: Enhancing Teacher Candidates' Ability to Manage Student Behavior:

This program description presents a model of critical reflection that has helped teacher candidates appropriately apply behavior management theory to resolve behavioral problems. The authors developed the ENACT (Examine, Name, Analyze, Critically evaluate, and Treat) model to help teacher candidates analyze the cause of inappropriate behaviors to resolve behavioral dilemmas in the classroom setting. A questionnaire supported that the model had an impact on teacher candidates' ability to manage chronic and troubling student behavior.
Patient-days: a better measure of incidence of occupational bloodborne exposures.

Background: There is currently no accepted standard denominator to calculate and to report the incidence of occupational exposures to bloodborne pathogens (OEBBPs) in health care. Methods: We performed a multicenter study of OEBBP injuries reported from 31 community hospitals in the southeastern United States from January 2003 to December 2006. A qualitative design was used to assess 4 commonly used denominators to calculate the incidence of OEBBP: patient-days; staffed beds; occupied beds and full-time employee equivalents (FTEs). Six criteria were used to assess the quality and suitability of each denominator as a standard method to calculate incidence of OEBBP. We also analyzed the correlation of hospital rankings produced by these 4 denominators. Results: During 4 years of study, a total of 3375 occupational exposures were reported. Patient-days outperformed others as a denominator to calculate rates of OEBBP when judged by 6 predefined criteria. Data for staffed beds, occupied beds, and FTE were manually collected, infrequently reported, and often subject to missing data. Furthermore, FTE and staffed beds data also captured unoccupied beds and non-clinical employee data that were not associated with risk of OEBBP. Conclusion: Patient-days may be the most suitable and readily available denominator for standard reporting and benchmarking of incidence of OEBBP. Patient-days may be used as a standard method for comparing rates of OEBBP.
Free energy of solvation of a small Lennard-Jones particle

In molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) free energy calculations, the choices of the thermodynamic paths from state a to state b affect the accuracy of the result and the efficiency of the programs. Most of the problems occur at the initial stages of growing in a new particle into a solvent. Based on statistical mechanical perturbation theory, an accurate and efficient direct calculation of inserting a small Lennard–Jones particle into solvent is derived. This eliminates the need for calculation of the initial stages of growing in a new particle by MD or MC simulation. Examples are given to show the utility of direct calculation. The recommended procedure is to use direct calculation for a small Lennard–Jones particle and then use MD or MC simulations to calculate the ΔG of changing the small Lennard–Jones particle into the target molecule. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Plasma prolactin in the periparturient sow

Abstract A homologous radioimmunoassay was used for measurement of porcine prolactin in blood plasma collected from sows during the periparturient period. The assay was able to detect prolactin over a range of 0.5 to 7.0 ng/assay tube. There was no significant cross reaction with growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, or follicle stimulating hormone at amounts up to 10 5 ng/assay tube while porcine ACTH gave 30% binding at 10 4 ng. Prolactin was not detected in plamsa from a hypophysectomized pig or 2 ergocryptine-treated sows when 100 μ l plasma were assayed. Prolactin concentration in plasma was then measured in 14 periparturient sows within a period extending from 7 days before farrowing to 7 days after farrowing. Samples were collected at 15 min intervals between 1330 and 1630 h each day. However, prolactin assays were done only on the even-numbered samples (30 min interval). Plasma prolactin concentrations (ng/ml, X ± SEM ) were 23.7 ± 2.0 on days −7 to −5 prepartum, began to rise by day −3 prepartum (42.5 ± 5.9), and peaked at 127.5 ± 17.6 on day 1 prepartum. By day 3 postpartum, prolactin concentrations in plasma had decreased to 80.5 ± 12.6 and further declined to 51.6 ± 4.6 on day 7 postpartum. The mean prolactin concentration in plasma for all pigs on days −1 to +2 was 116.8 ± 13.8. This mean concentration for days −1 to +2 was different (P
Congenital lip pits and Hirschsprung's disease

A newborn infant with aganglionosis of the entire colon and terminal ileum also had congenital lip pits and a submucous cleft palate. These anomalies may be added to the growing list of conditions associated with Hirschsprung's disease.
Photochemical Control of DNA Decoy Function Enables Precise Regulation of Nuclear Factor κB Activity

DNA decoys have been developed for the inhibition of transcriptional regulation of gene expression. However, the present methodology lacks the spatial and temporal control of gene expression that is commonly found in nature. Here, we report the application of photoremovable protecting groups on nucleobases of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) DNA decoys to regulate NF-κB-driven transcription of secreted alkaline phosphatase using light as an external control element. The NF-κB family of proteins is comprised of important eukaryotic transcription factors that regulate a wide range of cellular processes and are involved in immune response, development, cellular growth, and cell death. Several diseases, including cancer, arthritis, chronic inflammation, asthma, neurodegenerative diseases, and heart disease, have been linked to constitutively active NF-κB. Through the direct incorporation of caging groups into an NF-κB decoy, we were able to disrupt DNA:DNA hybridization and inhibit the binding of the transcription factor to the DNA decoy until UV irradiation removed the caging groups and restored the activity of the oligonucleotide. Excellent light-switching behavior of transcriptional regulation was observed. This is the first example of a caged DNA decoy for the photochemical regulation of gene expression in mammalian cells and represents an important addition to the toolbox of light-controlled gene regulatory agents.
Mathematical modeling in cancer drug discovery

Mathematical models have the potential to help discover new therapeutic targets and treatment strategies. In this review, we discuss how the latest developments in mathematical modeling can provide useful context for the rational design, validation and prioritization of novel cancer drug targets and their combinations. We give special attention to two modeling approaches: network-based modeling and multiscale modeling, because they have begun to show promise in facilitating the process of effective cancer drug discovery. Both modeling approaches are integrated with a variety of experimental methods to ensure proper parameterization and to maximize their predictive value. We also discuss several challenges faced in modeling-based drug discovery.
Shame and Embarrassment as Deterrents to Noncompliance with the Law: The Case of an Antilittering Campaign

The present research draws from theories in criminology which suggest that threats of shame, a self-imposed punishment, and threats of embarrassment, a socially imposed punishment, function much li...
Preprocedural C-Reactive Protein for Risk Prediction Before Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI): A European Perspective

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation is a mainstay in the management of severe coronary artery atherosclerotic disease. Indeed, PCI currently outperforms coronary artery bypass grafting, and the use of interventional procedures is projected to increase even more with the adoption of new-generation drug-eluting stents (1). Even when performed by the best operators and with the most recent technologies, however, PCI may be fraught by significant short- and long-term risks of adverse events (1). Two major processes are involved in adverse events following PCI: (a) coronary restenosis, and (b) progression of disease on the same vessel or in another vessel (2). The latter is central to the understanding of ischemic heart disease and to its primary and secondary prevention, and has been addressed in numerous studies. On the other hand, the long-term outlook after PCI can be affected by neo-intimal proliferation at the site of PCI, leading to in-stent restenosis, recurrent angina, and ultimately, target-lesion revascularization (3). In this issue, Rittersma et al. (4) address specifically the issue of in-stent restenosis. Although restenosis is a decreasing problem with the use of drug-eluting stents, the cost of these devices is high, and in most European countries only a minority of stents are drug-eluting, making prediction of restenosis a still-hot clinical and biological problem. To accurately stratify patients according to their risk of future adverse events, a quest for risk predictors is ongoing worldwide, but only a few powerful and independent predictors of early and late major adverse cardiovascular events have been found. These include traditional risk factors, such as acute coronary instability, diabetes mellitus, reference vessel diameter, and lesion …
Stimulation of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle and field potentials in the locus coeruleus

Summary Field potentials were recorded from the locus coeruleus following electrical stimulation of the rat midbrain. Activation of a discrete area situated ventrolateral to the central gray evoked long-latency potentials in the locus coeruleus while stimulation of other midbrain sites did not. Damage to this discrete area resulted in a depletion of norepinephrine in the cerebral cortex suggesting that it is a segment of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle arising from the locus coeruleus.
Classical trajectory calculations of the energy distribution of ejected atoms from ion bombarded single crystals

Abstract The energy distribution of particles ejected from single crystal surfaces has been calculated using classical dynamics. The model utilizes a microcrystallite of 4 layers with ~60 atoms/layer which is bombarded by 600 eV Ar + at normal incidence. Calculations have been performed for the clean (100) face of copper as well as for copper with oxygen placed in various coverages and site geometries. The energy distributions for Cu, O, Cu 2 , CuO and Cu 3 are reported for this system. The distribution for clean Cu exhibits structure which is shown to arise from preferred ejection mechanisms in the crystal. For oxygen adsorbates, the effect of the oxygen binding energy on the peak in the energy distribution of the ejected oxygen atoms is examined by arbitrarily varying the well-depth of the Cu-O pair potential. In general, higher values of the binding energy produce a maximum in the curve at higher energies and also produce a broader energy distribution. The O 2 and Cu 2 dimer distributions are found to peak at approximately the same energy as the O and Cu curves when compared on a kinetic energy/particle basis, although their widths are considerably smaller. Finally, we predict that the CuO energy distribution should be wider than either the Cu 2 or O 2 distributions since it results from the convolution of the Cu and O distributions which are quite different.
Spectral x-ray diffraction using a 6 megapixel photon counting array detector

Pixel-array array detectors allow single-photon counting to be performed on a massively parallel scale, with several million counting circuits and detectors in the array. Because the number of photoelectrons produced at the detector surface depends on the photon energy, these detectors offer the possibility of spectral imaging. In this work, a statistical model of the instrument response is used to calibrate the detector on a per-pixel basis. In turn, the calibrated sensor was used to perform separation of dual-energy diffraction measurements into two monochromatic images. Targeting applications include multi-wavelength diffraction to aid in protein structure determination and X-ray diffraction imaging.
Thermoluminescence - An optical technique for in-situ measurement of cross-linking by-products during degassing of power cables

This paper presents a novel optical technique that has been developed to determine the concentration of by-products in chemically cross-linked polymeric materials. Underground power cables, especially of the high-voltage and extra high-voltage class, must be subjected to thermal treatment or conditioning called degassing in order to reduce the concentration of the cross-linking by-products to a negligible level. Degassing causes a reduction and redistribution of the by-products in the insulation of freshly cross-linked cables. It is advantageous to degas cross-linked power cables and reduce the by-products to a low level and stable level so that the electrical tests, performed prior to cable installation, would reveal the true condition of the insulation
Dynamic analysis of a bulkhead flat car underframe structure

Abstract A dynamic analysis of the underframe (U/F) structure of a 100-ton bulkhead flat car was performed. Center plate accelerations and side bearing forces were obtained from the dynamic analysis of the car system using random track irregularity inputs. In this analysis the carbody was treated as two rigid elements connected by springs. The objective of this study was: (a) to investigate the effect of bulkheads on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the U/F structure; (b) to evaluate the maximum dynamic stresses and stress ranges for a few selected critical members of the U/F structure; (c) to determine the influence of the bulkheads and structural damping, in both the original and new (statically optimized) U/F structure designs: (d) to compare the calculated dynamic stresses in a few selected members, with increased static stresses based on dynamic load factors for specified design loads; (e) to modify the design of the U/F structure according to the results of the dynamic analysis; and (f) to discuss the fatigue life of the U/F structure, based on the calculated stress ranges.
A domain flip as a result of a single amino-acid substitution.

Abstract Background: The self-assembly properties of β domains are important features of diverse classes of proteins that include cell-adhesion molecules, surface receptors and the immunoglobulin superfamily. Immunoglobulin light-chain variable domains are well suited to the study of structural factors that determine dimerization, including how residues at the interface influence the preferred dimer arrangement. Results: Single-site mutants of light-chain variable domain Len, designated LenQ38E and LenK30T, formed ‘flipped' dimers in which one domain was rotated by about 180° compared with the native protein. The dimer in the native protein is similar to that found between variable domains in Fab immunoglobulin fragments. When compared to the native dimer, more surface area is buried, and more hydrogen bonds and salt bridges are formed between the monomers in the flipped conformation. Conclusions: Immunoglobulin light-chain variable domains can form a minimum of two distinct quaternary structures. Single-site mutations resulting from changes of one base, such as the exchange of Gln38 to Glu or Lys30 to Thr, change the ‘conventional' dimer of protein Len to a flipped arrangement. Native Len is not found in the flipped-domain dimer conformation because it would have excess positive electrostatic potential at the dimer interface that is not compensated by other forces. Excess negative or positive electrostatic potential at the dimer interface can have a determining effect on the mode of dimerization.
Technology-based environmental health risks in developing nations

Abstract This paper addresses two questions: 1) To what extent are developing nations vulnerable to technology- related environmental health risks? 2) To what extent does the export of hazardous technologies and products contribute to overall levels of environmental health risk in developing nations? The paper focuses on three major types of environmental health risks: the failure of large-scale technological systems; the use or misuse of consumer goods, mechanical devices, and chemicals; and industrial emissions of toxic substances. In addition, three categories of hazardous exports are examined: hazardous products (e.g., pesticides), hazardous production processes (e.g., asbestos processing), and hazardous wastes (e.g., chemical and radioactive waste). The paper concludes that technology-based environmental health risks pose a significant public health problem in most developing nations, even when compared to much larger public health problems such as tropical and gastrointestinal diseases. Technology-based risks are growing in number and frequency. If developing and developed nations continue their current policies, these risks will grow at a significantly greater rate.
Faculty development program models to advance teaching and learning within health science programs

Within health science programs there has been a call for more faculty development, particularly for teaching and learning. The primary objectives of this review were to describe the current landscape for faculty development programs for teaching and learning and make recommendations for the implementation of new faculty development programs. A thorough search of the pertinent health science databases was conducted, including the Education Resource Information Center (ERIC), MEDLINE, and EMBASE, and faculty development books and relevant information found were reviewed in order to provide recommendations for best practices. Faculty development for teaching and learning comes in a variety of forms, from individuals charged to initiate activities to committees and centers. Faculty development has been effective in improving faculty perceptions on the value of teaching, increasing motivation and enthusiasm for teaching, increasing knowledge and behaviors, and disseminating skills. Several models exist that can be implemented to support faculty teaching development. Institutions need to make informed decisions about which plan could be most successfully implemented in their college or school.
Deep decompositions of modules

A decomposition of an R-module into submodulesM = +M α, is called deep if for every submodule H of M, we have H = +(H ∩ M α). We characterize when deep decompositions exist. We then show that M ≃ +MP (over all maximal ideals P) if and only if R/(Ann m) is a finite direct sum of quasi-local rings for all 0 ≠ m ∈ M. We also show this decomposition is deep.
Enhanced light scattering in coatings templated with interfacially stabilized colloids

Controlling inter-pore distances enables tuning the color or whiteness of microvoid coatings. While pore spacings have been modified in limited area inverse opal films, little work has occurred studying the feasibility of controlling pore spacings and thus the appearance of scalable, spray-on, microvoid inorganic coatings. In this work we investigated using interfacially stabilized colloidal templates to increase pore spacing and thus enhance Mie scattering in porous silica films. Coatings were fabricated by forming monodisperse colloids with or without a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) interfacial stabilizing layer, dispersing them in a silica precursor solution, and spraying this suspension on a substrate. The films were cured and the colloids subsequently solution extracted at mild temperatures to create porous surfaces. Coatings made with PVP coated colloids had thicker pore walls and scattered light approximately 3× more efficiently than coatings made with bare colloids. Furthermore, a viewing angle dependent color shift was observed in the PVP colloid templated coatings. Side illumination of the samples with white light causes an orange appearance under angles of specular reflection, while a light blue appearance is observed out of these angles because of strong Mie scattering of short-wavelength radiation in both situations. Lastly, modeling based on Mie scattering confirms that it is the dominant optical effect in these coatings and explains the appearance of these coatings. The approach of using interfacially stabilized colloids to improve pore separation applies to many porous films and should be considered when increased light scattering is desired.
Metabolite regulation of the state of adenylylation of glutamine synthetase

Abstract When glutamine synthetase is incubated in a mixture containing adenylyltrans-ferase, the regulatory protein (P II ) and several effectors, including ATP, UTP, P i , α-ketoglutarate, glutamine, and Mg 2+ and/or Mn 2+ , it ultimately assumes a constant state of adenylylation. The final state of adenylylation (i.e., the number of adenylylated subunits per mole of enzyme) can vary from 0 to 12 and is specified by the concentrations and ratios of the various effectors and by the extent of uridylylation of P II (i.e., the P IIA :P IID ratio). Under otherwise identical conditions, increasing the concentrations of either UTP, P i , α-ketoglutarate, Mn 2+ , or P IID decreases the state of adenylylation finally reached, whereas increasing the concentrations of either glutamine, ATP, or Pua increases the final state of adenylylation. The final state of adenylylation is independent of the concentrations of glutamine synthetase, adenylyltransferase, and P II (but not of the P IIA :P IID ratio), and also of the initial average state of adenylylation of glutamine synthetase. Various lines of evidence show that the final state of adenylylation represents a dynamic steady state in which the rates of adenylylation and deadenylylation of glutamine synthetase are equal. It is concluded that the regulation of glutamine synthetase activity by the adenylylation mechanism utilizes a significant amount of ATP energy, but this amount is less than 0.1% that utilized directly by the glutamine synthetase in the synthesis of glutamine.
Topical Collagen-Based Biomaterials for Chronic Wounds: Rationale and Clinical Application

Significance: The extracellular matrix (ECM) is known to be deficient in chronic wounds. Collagen is the major protein in the ECM. Many claims are made while extolling the virtues of collagen-based biomaterials in promoting cell growth and modulating matrix metalloproteinases. This review will explore the rationale for using topical collagen or ECM as an interface for healing. Recent Advances: Rapid improvements in electrospinning and nanotechnology have resulted in the creation of third-generation biomaterials that mimic the native ECM, stimulate cellular and genetic responses in the target tissue, and provide a platform for controlled release of bioactive molecules and live cells. Although the major focus is currently on development of artificial tissues and organ regeneration, better understanding of the mechanisms that stimulate wound healing can be applied to specific deficits in the chronic wound. Critical Issues: When choosing between the various advanced wound-care products and dressings, the clin...
Detection of embedded ultra-subwavelength-thin dielectric features using elongated photonic nanojets

Photonic nanojets have been previously shown (both theoretically and experimentally) to be highly sensitive to the presence of an ultra-subwavelength nanoscale particle within the nanojet. In the present work, photonic nanojets elongated by almost an order of magnitude (relative to the latest previously published work) are found to possess another key characteristic: they are sensitive to the presence of ultra-subwavelength nanoscale thin features embedded within a dielectric object. This additional characteristic of photonic nanojets is demonstrated through comparisons between fundamentally different 3-D and corresponding 1-D full Maxwell’s equations finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) models.
Simulation of the effect of local adaption with nonlinear spatial filters

The visual system of vertebrates is capable of processing pattern signals over a wide range of intensity reaching from nearly absolute darkness to very bright sunlight. Typically the visual system of humans extracts fine contours of patterns of sufficiently high intensity or at high background intensity level, showing signal processing properties which can be explained by a bandpass system. Conversely, at very low intensity levels that system shows low-pass response: only coarse contours of patterns are recognized, however, the amplification of the signals has increased. The effect is called local adaption. A model is shown on the basis of a one-stage nonlinear spatial filter which, controlled by the local distribution of pattern intensity, can alter its frequency characteristic between low-pass response and bandpass response. Results are stated for computer-modelled filters. The investigation is restricted to one-dimensional filters, however, the results can be used to explain the function of two-dimensional filters qualitatively.
A laboratory energy balance for the larvae and juveniles of the American lobster Homarus americanus

A laboratory energy budget was constructed for the larvae and juveniles of the American lobster Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards fed brine shrimp, Artemia saline L. Measured energy flows included ingestion, egestion, excretion of ammonia, routine and fed metabolism, growth, and production of exuvia. Digestion and assimilation were calculated and minimum ration of protein necessary to sustain larval lobsters was estimated. No change associated with metamorphosis was observed in rates of excretion, fed metabolism, and production of exuvia. Routine metabolism is not significantly higher for larvae than for juveniles. Growth changes from exponential in larvae to a slower increase in post-larvae. Consumption reflects changes in other variables. Changes in energy partitioning and energetic efficiencies associated with metamorphosis are largely due to change in rate of growth.
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma in patients with intersex disorders: The role of pituitary gonadotropins in ovarian tumorigenesis

Abstract The common epithelial tumors of the human ovary have rarely been found in the gonads of intersex patients with gonadal dysgenesis or true hermaphroditism. This report describes a patient with ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma and mixed gonadal dysgenesis (45,X46,XY) and reviews other reported cases. Intersex patients require early evaluation with treatment based on the karyotypic risk of malignant gonadal transformation. Epithelial ovarian tumors arising in dysgenetic gonads, which lack ova and are incapable of ovulating, provide a unique model for understanding the role of pituitary gonadotropins in ovarian epithelial tumorigenesis.
Density waves in Saturn's rings

Certain radial brightness variations in the outer Cassini division of Saturn's rings may be spiral density waves driven by Saturn's large moon Iapetus, in which case a value of approximately 16 g/sq cm for the surface density is calculated in the region where the waves are seen. The kinematic viscosity in the same region is approximately 170 sq cm/s and the vertical scale height of the ring is estimated to be a maximum of approximately 40 m.
A distinct element approach to ball mill mechanics

A three-dimensional distinct element model (DEM) for analysing the mechanics of a ball mill is presented. Under the usual DEM assumption that the distinct elements, in this case the balls and the mill walls, are rigid with deformable contacts, a systematic mechanical power draft analysis for the ball mill is presented. The FORTRAN computer code 3DBALL generates the mill and constituent geometry from a few essential input parameters and performs simulations of mill motion. The code has been validated with readily available results from simple single ball mechanical experiments and by qualitative assessment of the motion of the mill charge. Power draft estimates by the model appear to be in agreement with comparable experimental results in the literature and known trends. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Comparison of Vietnam Era Veterans and their Combat Exposure with the Symptomatology of Dying

This study examines the degree of differences exposure to combat had on Vietnam era veterans in relationship to the dimensions within Kubler-Ross' stages of dying. As a component of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, the symptoms of dying are seen as contributing to an understanding of the effects of combat. The Veterans Diagnostic Scale was administered to 109 Vietnam era veterans. Correlational analysis and t-test were used to test significance. It was found that combat experience indicate that combat exposure relates to symptoms of dying as identified by the Veterans Diagnostic Scale. Combat and wounded Vietnam veterans scored significantly higher on those symptoms than non-combat and nonwounded Vietnam era veterans. Indicators do not support Kubler-Ross' sequential order of symptoms in the dying process.
A flowing reaction vessel

A device for measuring the oxygen consumption of lotic organisms was designed and constructed. The apparatus maintains a water current in the respiratory vessel. Results obtained with flowing water were compared with results obtained by standard manometric techniques with oscillating flasks. Respiratory rates were significantly higher with the new apparatus in measuring the respiration of two similar populations of the hellgrammite (Corydalus cornutus (L.)).
Ventilation Monitoring of Broiler Houses in California

The ventilation and environmental control parameters of two broiler houses were measured and monitored in California at one site of the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study. This article presents the ventilation measurement results from 15 November 2007 to 13 September 2009, which covered 12 broiler production cycles. The duration of each cycle was about 45 d for raising new chicks to 2.7 kg market-size birds. The two broiler houses had identical structural designs and ventilation, feeding, and litter management practices. Each house contained about 21,000 broilers in each production cycle and was mechanically ventilated with eleven fans, including one 91 cm fan and ten 122 cm fans. All the fans, heaters, and evaporative cooling systems were automatically operated to control the house temperature from 32°C at the beginning to 18°C at the end of each production cycle. The environmental parameters that were monitored included temperature, relative humidity, and static pressure inside the houses, and ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, and solar radiation outside the houses. The operational status and rotational speed of all ventilation fans were continuously monitored. The ventilation rate of each house was estimated by calculating the airflow rate through all the fans based on the static pressure difference in the building, fan performance, and operation status. The production cycle average daily mean ventilation rate was correlated with the cycle average daily mean ambient temperature. The ventilation rate for any day within a cycle was influenced primarily by bird age and ambient temperature. The daily ventilation rate ranged from 0.14 to 11.5 m3 h-1 bird-1, and the average rate was 2.8 m3 h-1 bird-1. The minimum and maximum ventilation rates occurred in January and July-August, respectively. Average ventilation volume per broiler during a growth cycle was 2981 m3. Ventilation rate was successfully correlated with chicken age and ambient temperature. Fan usage averaged 21% and ranged from 13% to 61% of total time for this ventilation management scheme.
Theoretical study of the L2,3 edge energy in A1

Abstract An investigation of the energy of the L2,3 edge in metals is presented. We use Hartree-Fock-Slater methods for the core states and a pseudopotential description for the electron gas. Results are given for A1. The theoretical value of 5.30 Ry agrees well with the observed energy of 5.36 Ry.
A comparative study of small-scale rural energy service pathways for lighting, cooking and mechanical power

Abstract The strong international growth of biofuels in the last decade brought the interest in bioenergy back on the agenda. While many life cycle assessments for biofuels mainly focus on environmental impacts and costs, over the last decade especially the energy balance of biofuel production chains has been a major point of criticism. This study applies a specially adapted and LCA-based analytical framework for rural energy service pathways (RESPs) to compare the use of Jatropha plant oil and biogas with other small-scale RESPs for lighting, cooking and mechanical power. The aim is to analyse their technological feasibility and economical viability by comparing the energy and cost efficiency. Results show strong differences for the investigated plant oil production and processing pathways, while the comparison with a baseline and a competitive renewable energy scenario reveals a weak performance of plant oil and even biogas in the categories of lighting and cooking. The potential for mechanical power depends largely on the careful optimisation of the energy service pathway by balancing the capital, energy, labour, and transport intensity. For the present case, the village scale production of Jatropha plant oil and biogas and their simultaneous use in a dual fuel engine to locally provide power and electricity would be the service pathway with the highest potential in terms of energy and cost efficiency.
Graviton production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

We study the feasibility of producing the graviton of the novel Kaluza-Klein theory in which there are d large compact dimensions in addition to the $4$ dimensions of Minkowski spacetime. We calculate the cross section for producing such a graviton in nucleus-nucleus collisions via t-channel $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ fusion using the semiclassical Weizs\"acker-Williams method and show that it can exceed the cross section for graviton production in electron-positron scattering by several orders of magnitude.
Comprehensive Toxicology Screening: The Frequency of Finding Other Drugs in Addition to Ethanol

AbstractThe efficacy of performing a comprehensive toxicology screen whenever ethanol is found was evaluated in 289 consecutive emergency-room cases. Males predominated in both the “pure” (ethanol only) and the “mixed” (ethanol plus other drugs) groups. The mean ethanol concentration was significantly higher for pure cases than for mixed cases (P < 0.01). For half of the 289 cases comprehensive screening demonstrated at least one to four other drugs per case in addition to ethanol. Barbiturates, narcotic analgesics, and stimulants in that order were the most frequently found classes of drugs. The age range 21 to 40 years accounted for most of the mixed Ingestions, and ethanol concentrations less than 0.20% were more commonly associated with other drugs than were those above 0.20%. Whenever ethanol is found, comprehensive toxicology screening may yield important additional information.
Effect of processing method on surface and weathering characteristics of wood–flour/HDPE composites

Wood–plastic lumber is promoted as a low-maintenance high-durability product. When exposed to accelerated weathering, however, wood–plastic composites may experience a color change and/or loss in mechanical properties. Different methods of manufacturing wood–plastic composites lead to different surface characteristics, which can influence weathering. In this study, 50% wood–flour-filled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composite samples were injection molded, extruded, or extruded and then planed, to remove the manufacturing surface characteristics. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to chemically show the difference in surface components. The samples were weathered in a xenon-arc weathering apparatus for 1000, 2000, and 3000 h and analyzed for color fade and loss of flexural modulus of elasticity and strength. Final color (lightness) after weathering was not dependent on the manufacturing method. However, the manufacturing method was related to mechanical property loss caused by weathering. Composites with more wood component at the surface (i.e., planed samples) experienced a larger percentage of total loss in flexural modulus of elasticity and strength after weathering. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1021–1030, 2004