cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auxetic crystals under stress: Peering into their mechanics using x-rays

The discovery of auxetic behavior (negative Poisson's ratio) within elements and alloys had focused attention on their elastic anisotropy in an effort to understand the range of crystal orientations that manifest this property. A comparison of elastic constant data to atomistic models based on pair-wise, central force models provides key insights into deformation behavior of cubic crystals over a wide range of anisotropy, including, for the first time, those with Zener anisotropy ratios less than 1. A simple criterion is derived which dictates all cases in which a crystal whose atomic ordering obeys cubic symmetry will display auxetic deformation, where the extrema in Poisson's ratio involves (110) orientations. In the field of stress determination through x-ray diffraction, these findings also shed light on strain anisotropy in polycrystalline materials, where the elastic incompatibility between adjacent grains alters their overall deformation. By applying these same atomistic models, we can predict the Voigt/Reuss weighting fractions associated with Kroner limit x-ray elastic constants for cubic materials, a necessary component in quantifying stress using diffraction data. We also establish that greater elastic anisotropy in a constituent crystal leads to a more rigid mechanical response in the corresponding polycrystalline aggregate, with implications for auxetic crystal ensembles.
Characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene MGP1, a novel member of the ras gene superfamily that functions in the mitochondrial biogenesis

Mutations in tlie Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene MSG1 cause pleiotropic respiratory deficiencies, as shown by complete loss of spectral absorption of cytochrome b and 3/83 from mitochondrial membranes. Pleiotropic effects of msg1 mutations were evident in mitochondrial biogenesis, such that one mitochondrial gene product, apocytochrome b was synthesized but did not assemble into holoenzyme, whereas other mitochondrial gene products, subunits 1, 2, and 3 of cytochrome oxidase, accumulated at significantly reduced levels. These data suggest msg7 mutations block assembly of mitochondrial respiratory enzyme complexes. The nuclear gene MGP1 was identified based on its ability to restore respiratory competence to strains with msg1 mutations. The MGP1 sequence codes for a protein, Mgp1p, of 526 residues in which the amino terminal sequence is typical of mitochondrial targeting peptides. A190 residue region of Mgp1p shares approximately 30% identity with any member of the large family of p21''as.related proteins. MGP1 did not cause respiratory deficiency, and MGP1 is not genetically linl<ed to MSG1. Therefore, MGP1 is an extragenic suppressor oimsgl mutations when present in multiple copies. The mutations mgp1A281-289 and mgplSer523 thought to affect nucleotide binding and post-translationai modification, respectively, inactivate the suppressor function oiMGPI assayed in vivo. These data suggest MGP1 functions in mitochondrial biogenesis using a biochemical mechanism similar to that of p21''as and related proteins.
TRUONG, Daniel: California/USA

Dr. Daniel Truong graduated from the medical school at Ludwig Albert University in Freiburg, Germany, followed by fellowships in Movement Disorders at Columbia University in New York and the prestigious National Hospital for Nervous Disease at Queen Square, London, UK, studying under two of the founders of the field, Professor Stanley Fahn and the late Prof. David Marsdens. He was the first neurologist to arrive in Southern California with formal fellowship training in Parkinson’s disease and Movement Disorders. He was previously the medical director of the American Parkinson Disease Association Information and Referral Center in Orange County and Long Beach.
Engineered materials for organoid systems

Organoids are 3D cell culture systems that mimic some of the structural and functional characteristics of an organ. Organoid cultures provide the opportunity to study organ-level biology in models that mimic human physiology more closely than 2D cell culture systems or non-primate animal models. Many organoid cultures rely on decellularized extracellular matrices as scaffolds, which are often poorly chemically defined and allow only limited tunability and reproducibility. By contrast, the biochemical and biophysical properties of engineered matrices can be tuned and optimized to support the development and maturation of organoid cultures. In this Review, we highlight how key cell-matrix interactions guiding stem-cell decisions can inform the design of biomaterials for the reproducible generation and control of organoid cultures. We survey natural, synthetic and protein-engineered hydrogels for their applicability to different organoid systems and discuss biochemical and mechanical material properties relevant for organoid formation. Finally, dynamic and cell-responsive material systems are investigated for their future use in organoid research.
Labeled binary trees, subarrangements of the Catalan arrangements, and Schur positivity

Abstract In 1995, the first author introduced a multivariate generating function G that tracks the distribution of ascents and descents in labeled binary trees. In addition to proving that G is symmetric, he conjectured that G is Schur positive. We prove this conjecture by expanding G positively in terms of ribbon Schur functions. We obtain this expansion using a weight-preserving bijection whose inverse is inspired by the Push-Glide algorithm of Preville-Ratelle and Viennot. In fact, this weight-preserving bijection allows us to establish a stronger version of the first author's conjecture showing that the generating function restricted to labeled binary trees with a fixed canopy is still Schur positive. We also discuss applications in the setting of hyperplane arrangements. We show that a certain specialization of G equals the Frobenius characteristic of the natural S n -action on regions of the semiorder arrangement, which we then expand in terms of the Frobenius characteristics of Foulkes characters. We also construct an S n -action on regions of the Linial arrangement using a set of trees studied by Bernardi, and subsequently compute the character of this action by employing Lagrange inversion. The resulting expression generalizes Postnikov's formula for the number of regions in the Linial arrangement. As a final application, we prove γ-nonnegativity for the distribution of the number of right edges over local binary search trees.
Protective Effect of Baicalin on Focal Cerebral Ischemic Damage in Rats

【Objective】To observe the protective effect of baicalin on focal cerebral ischemia in rats and to explore its possible therapeutic mechanism.【Methods】Forty-five SD rats were randomized into groups A(pseudo-operation),B(model)and C(treated with baicalin).Focal cerebral ischemia rats models were established by middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO).Group C received intraperitoneal injection of one dose of baicalin(100?mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))before and after the modeling and 8h after the modeling.Twenty-four hours after the modeling,scoring of nerve function in rats was performed,and superoxide dismustase(SOD),malondialdehyde(MDA),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)and catalase(CAT)contents in homogenate of ischemic brain tissue by spectrophotography.【Results】Baicalin reduced the scores of injured nerve function,increased SOD,GSH-Px and CAT contents and decreased MDA content in ischemic brain tissue,the difference being significant as compared with those in the model group (P0.05 or P0.01).【Conclusion】Baicalin has protective effect on focal cerebral ischemic damage,and its mechanism may be related to the reduction of oxidation damage.
Benchmarking blood sugar control in the small rural intensive care unit.

Objective: We sought to determine a benchmark for our blood glucose monitoring and compare our data to published data.Methods: Natividad Medical Center is a 172-bed rural hospital located in Salina...
Tensor Decomposition for Sub-typing of Complex Diseases based on Clinical and Genomic Data

It has long been understood that stratification of patients into fine-grained cohorts is a foundation of accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of complex diseases, such as cancer. Nevertheless, cancer therapies still fail or cause unnecessary suffering to many patients, which suggests that our current understanding of cancer sub-types needs to be refined. In this paper, we propose CLIGEN, a novel computational pipeline for high-throughput data-driven stratification of patients with a complex disease into cohorts corresponding to multi-modal disease sub-types based on clinical and genomic data. We applied CLIGEN to discover breast cancer sub-types based on the clinical and genomic data of 503 patients with breast ductal carcinoma in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the breast cancer sub-types discovered by CLIGEN indicate that they are biologically meaningful and correlate with clinical outcomes, such as patient survival time.
Estimating Family Income from Administrative Banking Data: A Machine Learning Approach

The JPMorgan Chase Institute uses administrative banking data for research. In order to address representativeness in our data, we seek a reliable estimate of gross family income for population segmenting and reweighting purposes. JPMC Institute Income Estimate (JPMC IIE) version 1.0 uses gradient boosting machines (GBM) to estimate gross family income based on a truth set drawn from credit card and mortgage application data. The estimation relies on administrative banking data in combination with zip code-level characteristics available through public datasets. The final model yielded a significantly more accurate prediction of income than checking account inflows alone.
Does the Provision of Non-Audit Services Affect Investor Perceptions of Auditor Independence?

A number of recent studies examine whether the joint provision of audit and non-audit services (NAS) impairs auditor independence, and yield mixed results. We examine whether investors perceive auditor independence as being impaired when auditors supply non-audit services, by investigating the association between fee-based measures of non-audit service purchases and the earnings response coefficient (ERC). We find that the non-audit fee-ratio and the level of non-audit fees were negatively associated with ERCs in 2001. When we use unexpected fees (a measure of over- or under-payment of nonaudit fees), we find a negative association between NAS purchases and ERC, but this occurs mainly in the second and third quarters following the release of the proxy. Further investigation reveals that the quarterly differences may be driven by the increasing flow of information (i.e., the first-time disclosures of fees and media analyses of these disclosures) that became available to investors during our sample period. We speculate that, during the course of the year 2001, the increase in information allowed investors to engage in better comparative analyses of the fee disclosures. We interpret our results as indicating that investors did perceive NAS as impairing auditor independence.
Understanding Congress’s Role in Terminating Unpopular Wars: A Comparison of the Vietnam and Iraq Wars

I examine how Congress reacts when the president refuses to terminate involvement in an unpopular war. To address this, I devise a set of hypotheses based on David Mayhew’s work Congress and the Electoral Connection and seek to predict the conditions under which Congress will employ three strategies to end a war: enacting legislation, framing exit strategies, and privately lobbying the president. I test these hypotheses in two cases, the Vietnam and Iraq wars, and conclude that the hypotheses provide a compelling explanation for Congressional behavior during the two wars.
Price Impact Reversal and the Illiquidity Premium

We find that a small subset of stocks with poor returns drives the illiquidity premium, consistent with it representing a return reversal. Stock transactions show that institutional investors sell illiquid losers, and that these stocks are subject to large transaction costs. The positive abnormal return associated with illiquid stocks stems directly from the reversal of the group of stocks with poor recent returns and downward price pressure. Our results suggest that these abnormal returns do not represent a broad premium that compensates investors for holding illiquid stocks. In fact, the mirror image group of illiquid winners shows an illiquidity discount.
Implementation and evaluation of a virtual learning advanced pharmacy practice experience.

Abstract Background and purpose The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 restricted student involvement in direct patient care. Virtual learning is an effective education strategy in pharmacy curriculums. This study aimed to evaluate student perceptions of virtual learning advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPE) utilizing an electronic 12-question survey. Educational activity and setting Virtual learning was developed and implemented, and students were surveyed at the end of the APPE. The survey was comprised of one open-ended and 11 Likert scale questions. It assessed implementation and use of virtual learning in place of a standard on-site APPE. Findings Responses were attained from 19 students. Questions regarding resources provided and virtual learning enabling autonomous, independent learning had the highest percent of strong agreement. No responses indicated strong disagreement. Three questions solicited >10% response rate of somewhat disagree, 16% associated with virtual learning helping the student become a better member of the healthcare team after graduation. Open-ended responses acknowledged appreciation of the virtual APPE and presented material. One in six students commented on the ability to apply the learned information to direct patient care. Feedback was delivered on consideration for increased utility of patient care-orientated applications to facilitate simulation of real-life patient cases. Summary Students who completed the virtual APPE were satisfied overall. Virtual teaching modalities may be incorporated into APPEs, particularly when direct patient care access is limited, but should not be used to completely replace the experience gained during direct patient care.
Coupling lipid synthesis with nuclear envelope remodeling.

The nuclear envelope (NE) is a protective barrier to the genome, yet its membranes undergo highly dynamic remodeling processes that are necessary for cell growth and maintenance. While mechanisms by which proteins promote NE remodeling are emerging, the types of bilayer lipids and the lipid‐protein interactions that define and sculpt nuclear membranes remain elusive. The NE is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and recent evidence suggests that lipids produced in the ER are harnessed to remodel nuclear membranes. In this review, we examine new roles for lipid species made proximally within the ER and locally at the NE to control NE dynamics. We further explore how the biosynthesis of lipids coordinates NE remodeling to ensure genome protection.
Protein dynamics implications of the low- and high-temperature denaturation of myoglobin.

We reinvestigate a simple model used in the literature concerning the thermodynamic analysis of protein cold denaturation. We derive an exact thermodynamic expression for cold denaturation and give a better approximation than exists in the literature for predicting cold denaturation temperatures in the two-state model. We discuss the ``dark-side'' implications of this work for previous temperature-dependent protein dynamics experiments and discuss microfluidic experimental technologies, which could explore the thermal stability range of proteins below the bulk freezing point of water.
A newly recognized eusocial bee

International Union for the Study of Social Insects (IUSSI) 2015 The bee family, Halictidae, gives us a fascinating diversity of social behavior, presenting species across the spectrum of sociality. Halictids can strictly be solitary, communal or eusocial, but some species have the ability to adjust their level of sociality in an adaptive manner. The halictids show at least three independent origins of eusociality, as well as many reversions from eusocial to solitary behavior. With over 4000 species worldwide, these small bees, which range in color from green to black and in tone from dull to metallic, may be our best window into the evolution of behavior at the beginning stages of eusociality. Excavations of soil nesting species followed by lab rearing have given great insight into social evolution. However, the social biology of less than 1 % of halictid species is known, and studies of additional species are of great value for our understanding of social evolution. In this issue, Dalmazzo and Roig-Alsina (2015) report eusocial behavior in Augochlora phoemonoe. The halictid tribe Augochlorini is rich in flashy metallic green species and most species is rich in the new world tropics. The social behavior of augochlorines is understudied relative to the more temperately distributed Halictini. Brady et al. (2006) show that eusociality evolved independently in the Augochlorini, distinct from two separate derivations in the Halictini.
Viking Orbiter stereophotogrammetry

Orbit characteristics of the two Viking Orbiter spacecraft made possible the acquisition of high-resolution imagery of the Martian surface, resulting in many excellent convergent stereopairs. Evaluation of these stereopairs presented a few unconventional problems because the routine relative orientation was not feasible, mainly due to a lack of good passpoints and to the technical peculiarities of TV vidicon imaging techniques. One of the ways to circumvent these problems is to use the orbital and navigational parameters of the spacecraft for an external 'forced' relative orientation. This approach requires a number of rotations and counter-rotations between various coordinate systems, which may make the involved mathematics look rather complicated, but its computational applications become very simple, fast, accurate, and inexpensive.
Coaching patients in the use of decision and communication aids: RE-AIM evaluation of a patient support program

Decision aids educate patients about treatment options and outcomes. Communication aids include question lists, consultation summaries, and audio-recordings. In efficacy studies, decision aids increased patient knowledge, while communication aids increased patient question-asking and information recall. Starting in 2004, we trained successive cohorts of post-baccalaureate, pre-medical interns to coach patients in the use of decision and communication aids at our university-based breast cancer clinic. From July 2005 through June 2012, we used the RE-AIM framework to measure Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance of our interventions. We have sustained a clinic-wide implementation of decision and communication aids through a novel staffing model that uses paid and unpaid student interns as coaches.
Optical lattice clock with ultracold strontium atoms

We report recent progress on an optical atomic clock based on the ultranarrow 1S 0 -3P 0 transition in fermionic neutral strontium atoms confined in an optical lattice. A detailed systematic study of the clock transition frequency is presented along with the recent improvement in the measured line quality factor which is expected to lead to an accuracy of 10−15 or better in the near future.
Approximation algorithms for speeding up dynamic programming and denoising aCGH data

The development of cancer is largely driven by the gain or loss of subsets of the genome, promoting uncontrolled growth or disabling defenses against it. Denoising array-based Comparative Genome Hybridization (aCGH) data is an important computational problem central to understanding cancer evolution. In this article, we propose a new formulation of the denoising problem that we solve with a “vanilla” dynamic programming algorithm, which runs in O(n2) units of time. Then, we propose two approximation techniques. Our first algorithm reduces the problem into a well-studied geometric problem, namely halfspace emptiness queries, and provides an ϵ additive approximation to the optimal objective value in O(n4/3;+Δ log (U/ϵ)) time, where Δ is an arbitrarily small positive constant and U = max{#8730;C,(|Pi|) i=1,…,n} (P=(P1, P2, …, Pn), Pi ∈ ℝ, is the vector of the noisy aCGH measurements, C a normalization constant). The second algorithm provides a (1 ± ϵ) approximation (multiplicative error) and runs in O(n log n/ϵ) time. The algorithm decomposes the initial problem into a small (logarithmic) number of Monge optimization subproblems that we can solve in linear time using existing techniques.Finally, we validate our model on synthetic and real cancer datasets. Our method consistently achieves superior precision and recall to leading competitors on the data with ground truth. In addition, it finds several novel markers not recorded in the benchmarks but supported in the oncology literature.
Adhesive specificity of developing cerebellar cells on lectin substrata.

Abstract Ten lectins, each with a different carbohydrate-binding specificity, have been coupled to tissue culture substrata with carbodiimide [1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)-carbodiimide-metho-p-toluene sulfonate] and assayed for their efficacy as substrates for the carbohydrate-specific adhesion of cells dissociated from mouse cerebellum at embryonic Day 13 and postnatal Days 0 and 7. On surfaces treated with concanavalin A, succinyl-concanavalin A, Lens culinaris agglutinin, and wheat germ agglutinin, both embryonic and early postnatal cerebellar cells formed a monolayer. On surfaces coupled with Ricinus communisI agglutinin (120,000 daltons) both embryonic and postnatal cells formed cellular aggregates with extensive fiber outgrowth. On surfaces treated with peanut agglutinin, Dolichos bifloris agglutinin, Wistaria floribunda agglutinin, soybean agglutinin, or Ulex europaeusI agglutinin, embryonic cerebellar cells formed cellular aggregates with a cell viability of 25–35% and little or no fiber outgrowth. Postnatal cerebellar cells, in contrast, formed cellular aggregates with a cell viability of 60–70% and extensive fiber outgrowth. On surfaces treated with Ulex europaeusI agglutinin, cells from postnatal Day 7 formed limited areas of monolayer in addition to cellular aggregates. After 12 hr in vitro the specific attachment of cerebellar cells to lectin-derivatized substrata was inhibited 60–80% by the inclusion of free hapten carbohydrate (50–100 mM) in the growth medium. The addition of soluble concanavalin A or Ricinus communisI agglutinin (100 μg/ml) was toxic. These studies suggest the presence of glycoconjugate-binding sites for concanavalin A, Lens culinaris agglutinin, and wheat germ agglutinin which promote cerebellar cellular adhesion.
Resonance issues and active damping in HVAC grid-connected offshore wind farm

This paper investigates the resonance issues occurring in an HVAC grid-connected offshore wind farm and then presents an active damping control strategy accordingly. The offshore wind farm composed of wind turbine generators, voltage source converters, step-up transformers and HVAC submarine cables is considered in this study. The entire system is modeled by per unit values and emulated by a scaled-down 120Vac singlephase system. A lumped LC network is adopted to model the high-frequency characteristics of the HVAC undersea cable. A systematic analysis based on the frequency-domain approach is carried out. According to the study, the key parameters of system passive components that affect high-frequency resonances are identified. A notch filter based active damping control strategy is then proposed to stabilize the closed-loop system. A prototype composed of a single-phase inverter with filter and a lumped LC network is built in the laboratory and connected to the 120Vac grid. Experimental tests are carried out to validate the theoretical analysis as well as the proposed active damping method.
Race as social science hegemony: a note on Southeast Asian populations

Abstract Emergence of Southeast Asian populations in Western societies corresponds to hegemony. As per hegemony, race is assumed the universal, governing category of human populations. It is on the basis of this hegemonic conceptual view that the construct of race is challenged by the emergence of alternative human population phenomena. For social scientists who will engage in research specific to Southeast Asian populations, race must be reduced in proportion to its significance in their lives. The utilization of non-racial constructs includes the need to acknowledge culture. The outcome will contribute to the evolution of social science despite the prevalence of race constructs as hegemony vis-a-vis Southeast Asian populations.
Identifying immune traits and biobehavioral correlates : Generalizability and reliability of immune responses in rhesus macaques

Variation in immune responses over time and in different contexts presents a methodological challenge for characterizing the typical immune status of an individual. Our analyses statistically evaluated sampling strategies for optimizing the determination of an "immune trait" in studies of individual differences with nonhuman primates. Lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activity were assessed on multiple occasions at 3-week intervals in male rhesus macaques for up to 1 year while they lived in undisturbed conditions. Generalizability and Monte Carlo analyses were utilized to explore the benefits of multiple evaluations and the effects of reliability on replication. There were substantial gains in reliability and stability by obtaining 4 or more immune assessments of the same individual, and the benefits continued to accrue to an optimal assessment level of 10 or more evaluations for each individual. The value of determining "immune traits" was then exemplified by demonstrating the degree to which the monkeys' handedness correlated with reliable indices of proliferative and cytolytic responses averaged over 1 year of assessment.
Untersuchungen über Steroide XXVIII. Synthese von 19‐nor‐10ξ.14β.17α‐Progesteron und 19‐nor‐11‐Desoxy‐10ξ.14β.17α‐Corticosteron aus Strophanthidin

Strophanthidin (Ia) wurde nach verbesserten Verfahren auf dem Wege uber 3β.5-Dihydroxy-21-nor-14β.17α-pregnan-disaure-19.20 (IX) einerseits in 3β-Acetoxy-19-nor-14β.17α-Δ5(10?)-atiensaure (XI), anderseits in 3-Oxo-19-nor-10ξ. 14β.17α-Δ4-atiensaure (XII) umgewandelt. – Das nunmehr kristallisierte XI wurde in das jetzt gleichfalls krist. erhaltliche 19-Nor-14β.17α-Δ5(10?)-pregnen-3β-ol-20-on (XVI) ubergefuhrt. Auch das fruher als amorph beschriebene 19-Nor-10ξ.14β.17α-progesteron (XVIII) kristallisiert. – XII wurde in das krist. Diazoketon XXI umgewandelt, welches in krist. XVIII und in krist. 19-Nor-11-desoxy-10ξ. 14β. 17α-corticosteron-acetat (XXII) ubergefuhrt werden konnte. Durch Verseifung von XXII wurde krist. 19-Nor-11-desoxy-10ξ.14β.17α-corticosteron (XXIII) erhalten. – Hinsichtlich der Ausbeuten ergaben sich wesentlich bessere Resultate auf dem Wege uber das Athylenglykol-ketal von XII, d. h. die amorphe Verbindung XXIV. Die auf XII bezogene Ausbeute an XXV betragt etwa 77% d. Th. XXV konnte in glatter Weise in reines krist. XVIII umgewandelt werden. Bei Beschreitung des letzteren, leicht reproduzierbaren Weges ist die auf Strophanthidin bezogene Mindestausbeute an krist. XVIII 2.6% d. Th. – Die mit amorphem 19-Nor-10ξ.14β.17α-progesteron (XVIII) demonstrierte ausergewohnlich starke gestagene Wirkung konnte mit der krist. Verbindung voll bestatigt werden. Sie ubertrifft diejenige des Progesterons um das 8fache. Eine solche Wirkung bei Vorliegen unnaturlicher Konfigurationen erscheint einzigartig.
Pathology of lymphoid organs with emphasis on immunosuppression

A review of the literature is presented to include recent diagnostic and research histopathology accessions from poultry produced on the Delmarva peninsula region of the U.S.A. Emphasis is placed on immunosuppression (IS) and pathology of primary lymphoid organs of the chicken. The evolutionary relationship of the avian and mammalian lymphoid systems is based on a common reptilian past with 160 million years of evolutionary dichotomy. Four methods used to assess IS anatomically include: (1) recognition of marked reduction of lymphocytes in both primary and secondary lymphoid organs; (2) recognition of diseases commonly associated with IS; (3) recognition of known immunosuppressive diseases; (4) germinal center enumeration. An experimental method of qualifying and quantifying IS related to single or multiple insults is explored through the use of germinal center enumeration. The effect of stress and inanition on avian lymphocytes must be considered in histological evaluations as chickens are a steroid sensitive species.
Using interactive computing to expand intelligence testing: A critique and prospectus

Abstract Microcomputers can serve as automated testing stations for use in psychometric assessment. There are economic advantages in conducting aptitude and intelligence testing with such stations. It is possible to improve the quality of cognitive assessment by extending the range of cognitive abilities to be assessed? Two types of extension are considered; modifying and expanding testing procedures for psychological functions that are components of conventional tests, and the extension oof testing to psychological functions not generally assessed by conventional intelligence or aptitude tests. Computerized presentations will make relatively little difference in our ways of testing verbal comprehension. Computer controlled testing could well extend the ways in which we evaluate spatial-visual reasoning and memory. The impact of testing on the evaluation of reasoning is unclear. Computer-controlled item presentation makes it possible to conceive of tests of learning and attention, neither of which are evaluated in most psychometric programs today. The psychological nature of the abilities being assessed raises problems in assessment that are not addressed by the fact oof computer-control. Some research questions are identified that ought to be explored before testing is extended into these fields. Computer-controlled evaluation could be extended to the assessment of criterion performance, either in the normal working situation or in a simulation of the workplace. While evaluation of this sort does raise social questions, it clearly presents an opportunity to obtain validation data for psychological assessment studies.
Interactions of allelochemicals with dietary constituents: effects on deterrency

. That variation in the water and nutrient content of plant tissues affects allelochemical toxicity to insects is well established. However, little is known about how these dietary constituents influence allelochemical deterrency. In vertebrates, deterrency of particular allelochemicals increases with dietary water, and decreases with an increase in dietary nutrients. We determined if these findings were relevant to phytophagous insects through an experimental design that allowed us to vary independently the content of water (70–90% fresh mass, fm, with nutrient level at 10% fm) and nutrients (10–30% fm with water level at 70% or 80% fm) in an artificial diet through use of alphacel, a non-nutritive cellulose fibre. We examined the effect of these dietary manipulations on allelochemical deterrency by comparing larval feeding responses of two noctuid species, the oligophagous Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner and the polyphagous Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), to a control diet and an allelochemical-treated diet in two consecutive, no-choice tests. These tests were restricted to 3 min to minimize post-ingestive influences. From an initial twelve compounds tested, all but two were excluded for the following reasons: (i) failure to elicit an intermediate level of deterrency at <1% fm (i.e. albizziin, amygdalin, hordenine, ouabain, pipecolic acid, salicin, sinigrin and umbelliferone); (ii) an apparently rapid toxic effect (nicotine hydrogen tartrate); and (iii) adsorption to alphacel (quinine hydrochloride), which may have reduced deterrency. The deterrency of caffeine and linamarin increased with dietary water but was unaffected by nutrient content for both species. The similar results for an alkaloid and a cyanogenic glycoside, with two species differing considerably in feeding habits, suggest that dietary water is likely to influence the defensive efficacy of a broader range of deterrent allelochemicals to a variety of plant-feeding insects.
Solid rocket motor internal flow during ignition

A numerical procedure is presented for the analysis of the internal flow in a solid rocket motor (SRM) during the ignition transient period of operation, along with the results obtained when this computer code was applied to several motors. The purpose of this code development effort was to achieve a detailed picture of the unsteady flowfield for a SRM of arbitrary design during this period of ignition delay, propellant ignition, flame spreading, and chamber filling/pressurization. The approach was to combine an unsteady, axisymmetric solution of the equations of inviscid fluid motion (Euler equations) with simple models for the convective and radiative heat transfer to the propellant surface during the run up to ignition. An unsteady, one-dimensional heat conduction solution for the propellant grain is coupled to this unsteady flow solution in order to calculate the propellant surface temperature. This solution, together with a surface temperature ignition criterion, determines the ignition delay and flame spreading. First, data were used from a Titan 5-1/2-segment solid rocket motor static firing to fix an unknown constant in the heat transfer model. Then, the computer code was applied to two solid rocket motors, Titan 7-segment and Space Shuttle, for which time-dependent chamber pressure measurements weremore » available from static firings. Good agreement with the data was obtained. 17 refs.« less
Nuclear reassembly excludes large macromolecules

Interphase nucleus and cytoplasm are distinct compartments, whose soluble macromolecular contents mix when the nuclear envelope disassembles at mitosis. To determine how their interphase identities are reestablished, fibroblasts were loaded with fluorescent dextrans and then allowed to divide. Large dextrans (molecular weight of 40,000 or more) were excluded from condensed mitotic chromosomes and from newly formed, postmitotic interphase nuclei. Therefore, postmitotic reassembly of the nucleus as a compartment distinct from cytoplasm occurs by exclusion not only of organelles but also of soluble macromolecules. This might occur by exclusion of macromolecules from condensed chromatin throughout mitosis and completion of nuclear envelope assembly before nuclear expansion.
Resonance light scattering from a liquid suspension of microspheres.

Resonance light scattering (RLS) spectra have been obtained from a liquid suspension of dielectric microspheres a narrow size distribution to find the mean diameter and standard deviation of the size spheres with Comparison with single-particle spectra shows that most peaks in the size-distributed spectra are due to several resonances in the an or bn Mie scattering coefficients. A good estimate of the mean diameter, obtained by matching experimental peak wavelengths with those calculated from Mie scattering formulas, agrees, well with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy results. However, the RLS-measured standard deviation of the size distribution is less than half of that from optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Several sources of experimental error which affect the RLS spectra, including scattering angle uncertainty and oversized acceptance aperture, are discussed.
Mechanisms of reoxygenation injury in myocardial infarction: Implications of a myoglobin redox cycle

The addition of ascorbate to ischemic rat hearts prevents the myocardial damage associated with reoxygenation. H2O2 oxidizes myoglobin (Mb+2) to higher oxidation states (Mb+4 and Mb+5) which are rapidly reduced by ascorbate. It is proposed that the operation of a myoglobin redox cycle, in which H2O2 causes the two-electron oxidation of myoglobin, is a critical determinant of reperfusion injury. Conversely, the reduction of myoglobin, in one-electron steps, may represent an essential protective mechanism against such injury in the heart.
THE IMPACT OF LEGISLATED EDUCATIONAL REFORMS ON THE ACADEMIC PREPARATION OF ENTERING COMMUNITY COLLEGE STUDENTS IN THE STATE OF FLORIDA

This article examines the impact of the statewide mandatory implementation of increased standards with the enactment of the Recognizing Achievement in Secondary Education (RAISE) Bill in the state of Florida as it related to improved performance on standardized entry‐level tests for community college students. The RAISE Bill, implemented in 1987, increased academic requirements and graduation requirements for all high school students in the state of Florida. Using the Florida Division of Community College's database, the records of entering community college freshmen from 1985‐1986 through 1988‐1989 were analyzed. The data from 1985‐1986 were used as the base year (reflecting the status of scores before the increase in standards) against which subsequent years were compared. The analysis suggests that the impact on academic preparation of entering community college students as measured by standardized entry‐level test scores is negligible. Additionally, there was only a minor variation in scores across ge...
Neuroimaging and the Timing of Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury

Current and advanced structural and functional neuroimaging techniques are presented along with guidelines for utilization and principles of imaging diagnosis in fetal and neonatal central nervous system abnormalities. Pattern of injury, timing issues, and differential diagnosis are addressed with emphasis on neurovascular disease. Ultrasonography and computed tomography provide relatively rapid and important screening information regarding gross macrostructural abnormalities. However, current and advanced MRI techniques often provide more definitive macrostructural, microstructural, and functional imaging information.
Orthogonal cutting of fiber-reinforced composites: A finite element analysis

Abstract Orthogonal cutting of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer composites was analyzed using the finite element method. A dual fracture process was used to simulate chip formation incorporating both the maximum stress and Tsai—Hill failure criteria. All aspects of the cutting tool geometry are considered in the model including the tool rake and clearance angles, nose radius and wear land, as well as friction between the tool and work material. Predictions for the cutting forces from numerical simulations are verified with experimental measurements for orthogonal trimming of unidirectional graphite/epoxy. The principal cutting force predictions agree very well with those obtained from experiments. The influence of fiber orientation and tool geometry on the fracture stress are highlighted and their effects on the material removal process in orthogonal trimming of reinforced polymers are discussed.
Cloning and expression of the gene encoding a novel proteinase from Tritirachium album limber.

We have isolated the cDNA and the genomic clones encoding a novel serine proteinase, named proteinase T, from the fungus Tritirachium album Limber. The coding region of the gene is interrupted by two introns. The amino acid sequence of proteinase T as deduced from the nucleotide sequence is about 56% identical to that of proteinase K. Four cysteines are present in the mature proteinase, probably in the form of disulfide bonds.
The Fear of New Technology: A Naturally Occurring Phenomenon

Historically, consideration of the ethical uses of new technologies has always trailed behind the development and applications of the technologies themselves. Nuclear fission and the resulting appl...
Compact Actuation Through Magnetorheological Flow Control and Rectification of Magnetostrictive Vibrations

There is currently a need for compact actuators capable of producing large deflections, large forces, and broad frequency bandwidth. In all existing transducer materials, large force and broadband responses are obtained at small displacements and methods for transmitting very short transducer element motion to large deformations need to be developed. This paper addresses the development of a hybrid actuator which provides virtually unlimited deflections and large forces through magnetorheological (MR) flow control and rectification of the resonant mechanical vibrations produced by a magnetostrictive Terfenol-D pump. The device is a compact, self-contained unit which produces large work output concurrently with stiffness and damping control and is self-locking when unpowered. To increase the output force, hydraulic advantage is created by implementing a driven piston diameter that is larger than the drive piston. Since the pump operates at high speeds in the low kHz range, a fast-acting MR fluid valve is required. The paper presents a four-port MR fluid valve in which the fluid controls its own flow while carrying the full transducer load. A multi-domain systems model for the coupled dynamics of the valve is presented. A four-port valve was constructed and tested for purposes of proof-of-the-concept validation, model verification and system parameter identification. The combined experimental and model results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed transducer concept.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
PRAGMATIC TESTING METHODS FOR EXPERT SYSTEMS

Effective testing of expert systems is an important but difficult task. In this paper we discuss why testing of expert systems is hard. For testing expert systems, testing techniques from conventional software engineering are adapted as a solution to these problems. We discuss the feasibility and application of black-box, white-box, and life-cycle testing techniques to expert systems. Black-box techniques include random, input partition and output partition testing. White-box techniques include path based partition, cause-effect graph, dynamic-flow, data-flow, and ablation testing. The use of these methods is demonstrated by applying the techniques to an industrial expert system. The results obtained are 1) random testing is feasible for expert systems with a small input space, 2) effectiveness of partition testing depends on the partition criteria, however, partition testing points out failure-prone partitions, 3) cause-effect testing is suitable for large expert systems if it is well decomposed, 4) dynamic-flow testing depends on the number of paths in solution and design specifications, 5) data-flow testing is feasible only if define-use pairs are obtained automatically, 6) ablation testing helps in pointing out discrepancies between specification and implementation. The overall result is that the expert systems can be treated as any other software and all the conventional software engineering testing techniques can be used to test expert systems.
A study of the effect of sample size on the analysis of power mixtures

One of the greatest difficulties in the analysis of mixing operations for powders is that of specifying the degree of mixedness in a quantitative manner. This problem is studied for on idealized model. A precise index of the degree of mixing is found for this model, which holds promise of being useful for real mixtures. It is shown that samples of a single size provide all the necessary information. The effect of sample size is defined quantitatively, and a minimum sample size is recommended.
GABA Sets the Tempo for Activity-Dependent Adult Neurogenesis

GABA, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain, activates synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA A receptors, causing hyperpolarization of mature neurons. As in the embryonic nervous system, GABA depolarizes neural progenitors and immature neurons in the adult brain. Several recent studies have suggested that GABA has crucial roles in regulating different steps of adult neurogenesis, including proliferation of neural progenitors, migration and differentiation of neuroblasts, and synaptic integration of newborn neurons. Here, we review recent findings on how GABA regulates adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. We also discuss an emerging view that GABA serves as a key mediator of neuronal activity in setting the tempo of adult neurogenesis.
Long-range magnetic interactions (RKKY-type) in the UP-US solid solutions

UP, US, and the UP-US solid solutions have the NaCl-type structure and are good conductors of electricity. UP is antiferromagnetic of type I; US is ferromagnetic, Assuming U4+ cations, P3- and S2- anions, and RKKY interactionbse tween the uranium localized 5f-electrons via the conduction electrons (≅ 1 in UP and ≅2 in US), the observed magnetic structures are accounted for, although these structures are also predicted by molecular field theory. A neutron diffraction study of the UP-US solid solutions has revealed two new magnetic structures, the type IA (2+, 2-) antiferromagnetic structure and the antiphase (5+, 4-) ferrimagnetic structure, which are of long range (several lattice parameters) and are typical of long-range RKKY-type interactions, as assumed in the simple model for these compounds. Further experimental evidence is given for the long-range magnetic interactions in uranium monopnictides and monochalcogenides and their solid solutions. The situation in these uranium compounds is compared with the corresponding lanthanide compounds, and the role of covalency and superexchange in the case of heavier anions is discussed.
Commutant Lifting Theorem for the Bergman Space

The central question of this paper is the one of finding the right analogue of the Commutant Lifting Theorem for the Bergman space L 2 . We also analyze the analogous problem for weighted Bergman spaces L ,α 2 , − 1 < α < ∞.
K-space design of terahertz plasmonic filters

Wireless communication systems in the terahertz (THz) frequency range promise to dramatically increase available bandwidth in the electromagnetic spectrum. These wireless systems will require filtering techniques capable of operating in this relatively unused part of the spectrum. Here, we report a versatile technique for designing different classes of THz plasmonic filters based on a k-space methodology, in which the desired frequency response is mapped into two-dimensional (2D) k-space and then inverse Fourier transformed into the spatial domain. We use a recently developed inkjet printing technique to fabricate the spatial patterns allowing for grayscale conductivity variation. In general, any technique that allows for high-fidelity reproduction of the real-space grayscale variation in the fabricated plasmonic structure can be used. We demonstrate the flexibility of this approach by creating several classes of filters that allow for changes in the relative magnitudes in multiresonant filters; the polarization dependence, where the anisotropy can be carefully controlled; and the resonance bandwidth. We further demonstrate that, by cascading or adding filter functions together, even more complex filter designs can be achieved. We expect this approach to dramatically expand the design capabilities for filter technology for THz systems applications, such as THz wireless communications as well as applications in other spectral regions.
A simple locally-gauge-invariant Lagrangian model

Abstract A method is presented for the construction of a locally-gauge-invariant chiral SU(3) ⊗ SU(3) Lagrangian containing only pseudoscalar mesons and baryons. It is found that the gauge transformations must satisfy first-order differential equations involving the pseudoscalar-meson coupling matrix. The relation is then found between this model, the usual Yang-Mills approach, and the pseudo-scalar-meson vector and axial-vector currents appearing in some Lagrangian models for Sugawara's field theory of currents.