cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization Using Distributed Genetic Algorithms

A distributed genetic algorithm is tested on several difficult optimization problems using a variety of different subpopulation sizes. Contrary to our previous results, the more comprehensive tests presented in this paper show the distributed genetic algorithm is often, but not always superior to genetic algorithms using a single large population when the total number of evaluations is held constant. Data collected concerning execution times show that the GENITOR genetic algorithm using multiple subpopulations may execute much faster than the single population version when the cost of the evaluation function is low; thus, total number of evaluations is not always a good metric for making performance comparisons. Finally, our results suggest that "adaptive mutation" may be an important factor in obtaining superior results using a distributed version of GENITOR.
Growing older female: heterosexual and homosexual.

An analysis of the age-related content of “Personals” ads placed by heterosexual and homosexual women was undertaken to test hypotheses derived form theoretical notions about differences and similarities between lesbian and nonlesbian aging. Not support was found for a hypothesized overrepresentation of older advertisers of either sexual young partner. However, age differences between groups did indicate support for “accelerated aging” among heterosexual women. Possible advantages of lesbian over nonlesbian women in their experience of again are presented.
Ultrasonic measurement of the femur length as an index of fetal gestational age

Fetal femur length was measured with a linear-array, real-time ultrasound scanner in 145 uncomplicated gravid patients from 16 to 42 weeks' gestation. The data were analyzed by means of the method of least-squares linear regression. The results of this analysis generated the following equation: Y = -0.6809 + 0.2127 X (Y = femur length; X = gestational age.) With the use of these data, the error in estimation of gestational age given femur length in the interval 25 to 35 weeks' gestation is less than 5 days. Outside these intervals, there is less precision in this measurement, with a range from 8 days at 15 weeks to 6 days at 40 weeks. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient of gestational age versus fetal femur length is statistically greater than that of the gestational age versus fetal biparietal diameter. These results suggest that the measurement of the fetal femur length is a more precise index of gestational age than is the biparietal diameter. We propose that the ultrasonic measurement of the fetal femur length is a sensitive and precise variable for estimation of fetal growth and development.
Analysis of a pulsed corona circuit

A fast risetime pulsed corona reactor has been developed to investigate the treatment of polluted gaseous effluents. The pulsed high-voltage circuit used to drive the coaxial reactor tube consists of a controllable constant current power supply, a storage capacitance, a self-breaking spark gap, and fast current/voltage diagnostics. The circuit design is coaxial from the storage capacitor (a length of 50 /spl Omega/ cable) to the reactor tube (a coaxial wire-tube geometry) to minimize the circuit inductance. Using a high-pressure hydrogen spark gap, the apparatus achieved a risetime of approximately 2 ns. The length of the applied pulse was altered by using different lengths of storage capacitor cable. A minimum pulse width was achieved by using a matching 50 /spl Omega/ load placed before the reactor tube, which produced a square pulse with a width of 10 ns at the input to the reactor tube. The driving circuit and corona load were simulated using a simple time-varying resistance to represent the corona discharge. The resulting waveforms are compared with those obtained experimentally. The simulation results were also used to verify the integrity of the fast-pulse measurements. Finally, experimentally obtained results are presented on the effect of the corona pulse width on the efficiency of NO decomposition in nitrogen.
Experiments on Spray from a Rolling Tire

A novel laboratory apparatus has been built to understand the key mechanisms behind spray emerging from a rolling tire. Water leaving the tire from a single circumferential groove is analyzed using high-speed imaging. Visualizations reveal the formation of thin sheets of water connecting the roadway and the tire that eventually break into a droplet field. It is proposed that sheet breakup is the result of hydrodynamic instability. There is a preferred wavelength for disturbances on the sheet. After breakup, this preferred wavelength is preserved in slender ribs (or ligaments) that continue downstream until they disintegrate into droplets. Weber numbers based on the water density, tire circumferential speed and groove width vary in the range 1,900 – 60,300. The transition from sheet to spray is accelerated with increasing Weber number. Farther downstream, it is shown that droplet size and velocity distributions can be quantified as a function of Weber number.
Weissman v. National Association of Securities Dealers: A Dangerously Narrow Interpretation of Absolute Immunity for Self-Regulatory Organizations

In Weissman v. National Association of Securities Dealers, the Eleventh Circuit narrowed the doctrine of absolute immunity for Self-regulatory organizations in a way that may make it possible for private investors to recover from the stock exchanges themselves for investments gone awry.
Health care utilisation in the first year of life among infants of mothers with perinatal depression or anxiety.

Maternal depression and anxiety may have implications for infant care. Mothers with depression may show lower activity levels and more disengagement with their infants than non-depressed mothers.1 In general, psychological disorders, including depression, are associated with missing scheduled appointments.2,3 Conversely, adults with various anxiety disorders may experience anxiety about their health,4 with resultant increases in health care utilisation for those with severe health anxiety.5 Several US studies have examined the association between maternal depressive symptoms6–10 or diagnosis11 and infant health care utilisation, although results are mixed. The majority of studies found an association between maternal depression and increased number of infant acute and emergency visits,8,9,11 and no associations with infant hospitalisation7,9,11 and well child visits.6,8,10,11 Two prospective cohort studies examining infant immunisations reported mixed results.9,10 Only one of the studies, a prospective, community-based study, examined both prenatal and postpartum depression, but did so among a largely low-income, uninsured group of women.6 The authors found increased risk of hospitalisation among infants of mothers with persistent prenatal and postpartum depression, but no association between maternal depression and attendance at well child visits. Only one US study, of 31 mothers, prospectively examined associations between maternal prenatal anxiety symptoms and infant health care utilisation and found more acute care visits among infants of mothers with prenatal anxiety.12 In the general adult population, depression and anxiety are highly correlated13 and the presence of both may indicate a greater severity of the conditions.14 In postpartum women, a third of women with major depressive episode have a co-morbid anxiety disorder15 and 10–50% of women with anxiety symptoms experience co-morbid depressive symptoms.16 However, we found no studies to date that have examined independent and combined effects of maternal depression and anxiety on infant health care utilisation. Therefore, we examined whether maternal depression and/or anxiety diagnosed during pregnancy or postpartum are associated with well baby visits, immunisations, number of sick/emergency visits and infant hospitalisation.
MEDICAL ILLNESS, RELIGION, HEALTH CONTROL AND DEPRESSION OF INSTITUTIONALIZED MEDICALLY ILL VETERANS IN LONG-TERM CARE

SUMMARY Utilizing multivariable multivariate regression procedures, we examine the relationships among medical illness, religion, health control beliefs and depression in 97 mostly elderly, institutionalized medically ill veterans in long term-care. Controlling for other domains of indicators, conditional canonical correlations showed that (1) religious motivation alone predicts religious coping, (2) religious coping alone predicts health control beliefs, and (3) both severity of illness/length of stay and health control beliefs predict depression. Result (1) is incompatible with the prediction by the multivariate belief-motivation theory of religiousness (MBMTR) (Schaefer and Gorsuch, 1991) that both religious belief and religious motivation determine religious coping. Results (2) and (3) are consistent with our hypothesis that control beliefs mediate the relationship between religious coping and depression. It is argued that a different operationalization of religious belief may still support the MBMTR. The role of religion in coping with health problems is discussed. KEY woms-control beliefs; depression; elderly; medically ill; nursing home; religion
40. The association between childhood abuse and pain sensitivity in fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia, the second most common widespread pain disorder in America, is commonly associated with a history of abuse. Discerning the relationship between fibromyalgia pain and abuse may inform investigations of its pathology and diagnostics. We aimed to test the hypothesis that childhood, but not adult abuse, would be related to fibromyalgia pain. Women with fibromyalgia ( n = 119, age 47. ± 11) were assessed by history and physical, Pain Catastrophization Scale (PCS), Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), and dolorimetric evaluation. Those with a history of childhood abuse (26.0%) had lower pain pressure threshold (PPT) ( t (112) = −2.15, p = 0.03) and more tender points below a 4 kg threshold ( t (79.7) = 2.06, p = 0.04). Childhood physical, but not emotional, abuse was associated with lower PPT ( p t (111) = −2.39, p = .02). Abuse in adulthood only (17.6%) was not associated with objective measures, but was associated with greater self-reported pain relief with anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) than other medications alone ( p = 0.02) on BPI. No difference in age, pain severity (BPI) or self-reported NSAID use (BPI) was seen by abuse profile. In conclusion, we show evidence that childhood abuse may be associated with increased pain sensitivity in adult women with fibromyalgia. Though differences between groups were small and may not directly impact clinical practice, this provides a foundation for understanding pain behavior and response, and differentiating potential epigenetic, inflammatory and biological underpinnings of child and adult abuse.
Monitoring the stratosphere with satellites and the network for detection of stratospheric change

Abstract The emphasis in the series of papers in this issue is the use of operational satellite information. Within this paper, however, we will examine a slightly different aspects of the problem. We will discuss how the satellite and ground-based observations, from the viewpoint of monitoring the stratosphere are synergetic in that each provides a key part of the total information necessary. Finally, we will look toward the future of the ground-based data program and present information on the ground-baseddata program and present information on the Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change.
Density dependence and spatial structure in the dynamics of insect pathogens.

Many forest-defoliating Lepidoptera exhibit long-term cyclic fluctuations in density that span several orders of magnitude. One hypothesis to explain these fluctuations is that they are driven by pathogens with long-lived infectious stages capable of surviving outside the host. The basis of the argument is that, for realistic parameter values, a mathematical disease model incorporating such an infectious stage is likely to show cycles with the same period as is observed in nature. The mathematical model used to make this argument, however, is so simple that it may not be biologically meaningful. In this article, I extend the original model by including two realistic complications: density-dependent host reproduction and host movement behavior. Including density-dependent host reproduction greatly increases the likelihood of cycles; additional realism thus strengthens the original conclusion. Including host movement behavior makes the model more versatile, as it allows comparison of the model output with l...
Introductory remarks about air showers

Air showers are discussed from the standpoints of (1) lateral distributions, (2) characteristics of nucleonnucleon interactions, and (3) primary energy spectrum. Measurements on lateral distribution of ionizing particles around the core of the shower have been carried out with G-M counters. Recently the MIT group made similar experiments near sea level with scintillators. There was a remarkable agreement between experimental and calculated distribution curves. lt appears that in the lower atmosphere the behavior of air showers is dictated by the nucleonic component still present in the core of the showers and not by the electromagnetic cascade started in the upper atmosphere. (A.C.)
Land use planning and the community

Abstract For more effective land use to become a reality, the authors argue, citizens must become actively involved in the decision-making process. There must be educational programmes to make people more aware of the alternatives and principles of land use planning. There must also be incentives provided to stimulate citizen input into land use decisions.
Resolution of branching with prediction

Abstract A scheme for the resolution of branch instruction outcome is described. The branch instructions considered perform an increment operation whose result is saved, and then a comparison is made between the increment result and a comparison operand. The result of the comparison reflects the outcome of the branch. The resolution of the branch outcome is made by prediction directly from the three operands presented by the instruction. No increment or comparison need be performed explicitly to determine the branch outcome. The outcome of the branching is determined in the same amount of time as it takes to perform the increment, which in essence, is performed with a two-to-one adder, and is required as a data result of the branch instructions.
Effects of titanium liners prepared by ionized physical vapor deposition on source/drain series resistance

Abstract The source/drain series resistance of Ti liners of varying thickness deposited using ionized physical vapor deposition (IPVD) was investigated in the W plug process of high-density semiconductor devices. The contact resistance was measured using specially designed test structures, containing 1000 contacts in a chain, which were placed in the silicon streets between the dice on the wafer. The resistivity of 100-nm-thick Ti films was ∼60 μΩ cm and the stress was tensile irrespective of the alternating current plasma power. With increasing alternating current power, the stress of the films decreased slightly to ∼−2×10 9 dyn/cm 2 . The step coverage was ∼50% for IPVD and better for collimated PVD Ti. The contact resistance of 30-nm-thick Ti films deposited by IPVD on both P+ and N+ silicon was better than that of 20-nm-thick IPVD Ti films and 60-nm-thick collimated PVD Ti films.
Volatile Components in Juice from Mandarin and Mandarin Hybrid Fruit

ABSTRACT Twenty-one volatile components of mandarin and mandarin hybrid fruit have been quantified and the amounts were compared to those reported earlier in mandarin and orange fruit.
Three-dimensional folding of an embedded viscous layer in pure shear

Abstract A thick-plate analysis is carried out to first-order in interface slope for three-dimensional folding of a single linear viscous layer of thickness H and viscosity η embedded in a uniform viscous medium with viscosity η1, Layer and medium are subject to a basic state of homogeneous pure shear with principal directions of strain-rate x and y lying in the plane of the layer. The solution is explicitly carried out for a fold perturbation in interface shape that is symmetric with respect to the principal strain-rate axes, f cos (lx) cos (my), but it is shown to apply to an arbitrary perturbation in the x,y plane. The growth rate of the perturbation is found to be are the principal strain-rates of the basic state. The wavenumber of the most rapidly growing perturbation, λd, is the same as that obtained for a cylindrical perturbation (m = 0) in a basic state of plane strain ϵ yy = 0) . For maximum rate of shortening parallel to x, the cylindrical fold form with axis normal to x, m/l = 0, grows most rapidly for any ratio of ϵ yy / ϵ xx ϵ yy = ϵ xx all fold forms grow at the same rate and in particular, an ‘egg-carton’ fold form is not preterentially amplified. The velocity field for the perturbing flow consists of a poloidal field, which solely determines the growth of the fold form, and a toroidal field, with non-zero component of vorticity about the axis normal to the layer. The latter is required to satisfy both of the two independent shear traction continuity conditions at interfaces. There is no coupling between the two fields. Three-dimensional fold forms in the Appalachian Plateau province in western Pennsylvania are described.
Origin of the divergence of the timescales for volume and enthalpy recovery

Abstract Although the relationship between the relaxation timescales of thermodynamic, mechanical, viscoelastic, and dielectric properties in amorphous materials has been studied extensively, no general consensus has been reached. In this work, we examine the relationship between the timescales of volume and enthalpy relaxation for polystyrene using the cooling rate dependence of the glass transition temperature ( T g ) obtained from capillary dilatometry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Our analysis suggests that both volume and enthalpy exhibit similar relaxation timescales at temperatures above and below T g . The divergence of the times required to reach equilibrium noted in the literature at temperatures several degrees below the nominal T g is attributed to the effects of nonlinearity. The relationship between nonlinearity and dynamic heterogeneity is discussed.
Multidimensional biomedical image representation using a linear hypertree

Biomedical structures such as the beating heart are inherently multi-dimensional in nature. In addition to the three spatial directions which represent the object location and orientation, higher order dimensions can be assigned to represent various object parameters such as time and tissue density. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical data structure which can be mapped into a computer architecture that will efficiently store, manipulate, and display time varying images of multi-dimensional biomedical structures. This n-D object representation scheme which is called a linear hypertree is a generalization of the linear quadtree and octree from their respective 2-D and 3-D spaces to n-D environment. It is a hierarchical data structure which represents multi-dimensional volumetric information in a 2'-way branching tree. The basic properties of a linear hypertree are briefly presented along with the procedure for encoding the node rectangular coordinates into a hierarchical locational code. Two decoding techniques that transform the node locational code into its rectangular coordinate format are introduced. Some adjacency concepts in a multi-dimensional environment are defined. A neighbor finding algorithm which identifies the locational code of the adjacent hypertree node in a given direction is also presented. This algorithm does not convert the locational code to its rectangular coordinate form; instead, it operates directly on the node locational code in order to determine the neighbor's identification. Finally, Procedures for computing the locational codes of larger and smaller size neighbors are also included.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
History, benefits and limitations of Pyrex glass particle opacity references

Abstract The Pyrex glass particle reference was prepared in the U.S.A. in 1946 to meet the need for uniformity, between laboratories, in the challenge dose for mice immunized with pertussis vaccine. Extension of use to pertussis vaccine significantly reduced the marked variability in density of vaccines claimed to have equal numbers of bacteria. In 1953, the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (1954) designated an International Opacity Reference Preparation (IORP) for visual characterization of bacterial suspensions and assigned to it an opacity of 10 units per ml. Subsequently, problems developed in reproducibility of the preparation, in differences in evaluations of different types of bacterial suspensions and especially between visual and photoelectric measurements. Due to a slow decrease in optical density, the third IORP was about 20% less turbid than the first IORP. Nevertheless, the opacity references have been very valuable in obtaining consistency in challenge doses and reduction in numbers of bacteria in pertussis vaccine. Illustrative data were presented. The opacity preparations continue to be valuable basic frames of reference for correlations with other parameters, such as mass bacterial weight, colony forming units and nitrogen content, that can be related to potency and safety (toxicity) which are the final criteria for a vaccine. Suggestions for improvement in measurement of the bacterial mass in vaccines were given.
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ZINC SITE IN PROTEIN FARNESYLTRANSFERASE

X-ray absorption spectroscopy has been used to determine the structure of the Zn site in protein farnesyltransferase. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data are consistent with a Zn site that is ligated to three low-Z (oxygen or nitrogen) ligands and one cysteine sulfur, as predicted from the crystal structures that are available for farnesyltransferase. However, in contrast with the crystallographic results the EXAFS data do not show evidence for significant distortions in the Zn−ligand distances. The average Zn−(N/O) and Zn−S distances are 2.04 and 2.31 A, respectively. Addition of a farnesyl diphosphate analogue causes no detectable change in the structure of the Zn site. However, addition of peptide substrate causes a change in ligation from ZnS(N/O)3 to ZnS2(N/O)2, consistent with ligation of the C-terminal cysteine to the Zn. There is no significant change in Zn−ligand distances when a substrate binds, demonstrating that the Zn remains four-coordinate. Addition of both peptide and far...
Lessons Learned From Research on Early Intervention: What Teachers Can Do to Prevent Children's Behavior Problems

There is mounting evidence that the majority of severe and chronic problem behaviors demonstrated by school-aged children and adolescents stem from behavior patterns that are established during early childhood. Without early identification and proactive prevention/intervention among young children at risk, problem behavior is likely to continue to develop and lead to long-term, chronic, and disabling conditions. Today, early detection and intervention seems to be the most powerful course of action for ameliorating life-long problems associated with children at risk for emotional/behavioral disorders (EBD). Notwithstanding mounting support for early intervention, it is not easy to identify the components of a quality program of early intervention. The purpose of the following discussion is threefold: (a) to discuss some of the major factors associated with children's behavior problems, (b) to summarize the current research on early intervention for the prevention of behavior problems for children at risk, ...
Application of infrared spectroscopy to order-disorder problems in simple ionic solids

Abstract Infrared powder transmission spectra have been obtained on selected pairs of structures related by distortional and order-disorder phase transformations. It is shown that lowering of space group symmetry causes resolvable and interpretable detail to appear in the spectrum only when distortions are extreme. Ordering tends to cause dramatic changes in the spectra. In both cases a factor group analysis is necessary to interpret the results.
On classes of copositive matrices

Abstract Characterizations are given of copositive, strictly copositive, and copositive plus matrices, and their quadratic forms, together with relationships of these with positive semidefinite matrices.
The Enabling Role of Social Position in Diverging from the Institutional Status Quo: Evidence from the UK National Health Service

This study examines the relationship between social position, both within the field and within the organization, and the likelihood of individual actors initiating organizational changes that diverge from the institutional status quo. I explore this relationship using data from 93 change projects conducted by clinical managers at the National Health Service in the United Kingdom. The results show social position, both within the field and within the organization, influences actors' likelihood to initiate two types of organizational change that diverge from the institutional status quo, namely, (1) changes that diverge from the institutionalized template of role division among organizations and (2) changes that diverge from the institutionalized template of role division among professional groups in a field. The findings indicate that these two types of divergent organizational change are likely to be undertaken by individual actors with different profiles in terms of social position within the field and the organization.
Growth, energetics and food conversion efficiency during the last larval stadium of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta)

Abstract 1. 1. The biochemical composition and energy content of last instar Manduca sexta larvae were determined daily during the feeding phase. Lipid content was significantly lower on day 1 (11.8%) than on days 2 (19.0%), 3 (18.8%) or 4 (21.3%), 2. 2. Energy content was lower on day 1 (18.89 kJ/g dry wt) than on days 2 (20.25 kJ/g dry wt), 3 (20.46 kJ/g dry wt) or 4 (21.13 kJ/g dry wt). 3. 3. Based on the amount of food eaten, feces produced, and weight gained, food digestion and conversion indices were calculated daily. Approximate digestibility decreased from 70% for the interval between days 1 and 2, to 62% for day 2–3, and finally to 56% for day 3–4. 4. 4. The efficiency of conversion of digested food increased from 60 (day 1–2) to 66% (day 2–3), and remained at that level for day 3–4. 5. 5. The efficiency of conversion of ingested food was 41% for days 1–2 and 2–3, then decreased to 37% for day 3–4.
Effects of Subgrid-Scale Mixing Parameterizations on Simulated Distributions of Natural 14C, Temperature, and Salinity in a Three-Dimensional Ocean General Circulation Model

Abstract The effects of parameterizations of subgrid-scale mixing on simulated distributions of natural 14C, temperature, and salinity in a three-dimensional ocean general circulation model are examined. The parameterizations studied are 1) the Gent–McWilliams parameterization of lateral transport of tracers by isopycnal eddies; 2) horizontal mixing; 3) a parameterization of vertical mixing in which the amount of mixing depends on the local vertical density gradient; and 4) prescribed vertical mixing. The authors perform and analyze four ocean GCM simulations that use different combinations of these parameterizations. It is confirmed that the Gent–McWilliams parameterization largely eliminates the tendency of GFDL-based models to overestimate temperatures in the thermocline. However, in the authors’ simulations with the Gent–McWilliams parameterization the deep ocean is too cold, in places by more than 3 degrees. Our results are the first known to assess the effects of the Gent–McWilliams parameterization...
NXG03-2: Any Source Implicit Multicast (ASIMcast)

This paper proposes the ASIMcast (any-source implicit multicast) protocol which builds a bidirectional tree for routing of multicast traffic. ASIMcast includes features addressing issues which have been slowing down the deployment of multicast until now. ASIMcast does not use class D IP addresses to forward multicast data but normal unicast addresses instead. This prevents the collision of different multicast sessions, but mainly, it eases the deployment of multicast by having non-multicast routers (or domains) process multicast traffic as if it were unicast. For the same reason, multicast interdomain routing stops being an issue. ASIMcast also reduces routers memory usage by having routing states stored only at branching routers; non-branching routers are only involved when the tree is being optimized. Finally, ASIMcast is an efficient approach to provide several channels per multicast session with the possibility for the end-user to specify which channel it wants to receive. Simulation and implementation have proved the feasibility and the scalability of ASIMcast.
Clinical Encounters and Citizenship Projects in South India

Dedicated to a South Indian goddess, devadasis are priests in a healing cult, whose nonconjugal sexuality has been designated 'prostitution' and subjected to eradication by the state. Drawing on ethnographic research, I consider two ways in which they cross the threshold of the clinic, as 'vectors of disease' and as sex worker peer educators, in order to think about the bio-politics of citizenship in postcolonial India. If biopolitical citizenship describes the way the state takes hold of their bodies, dedication describes how their bodies are claimed by the Devi Yellamma. I juxtapose these different ways of embodying power as a means to mark the limits of secular social scientific terms of recognition.
Some variations in symptomatology and transmission of leafroll in potato

Plants of potato seedling X927-3 that had been exposed to natural infection with the leaf roll virus over a 12-year period before becoming diseased were found to be infected with it. Initial symptoms of leaf roll in plants of X927-3 were persistent and resembled initial infection of potato plants with some “yellows” viruses. The second-generation symptom types expressed by diseased plants were shown to be induced, in part, by the leaf roll virus. All virus isolations from diseased plants of seedling X927-3 induced a response inP. floridana similar to that caused by the mild strain 1. Evaluation of the stock source of the leaf roll virus maintained in Katahdin showed 3 virus strains to be present in the inoculum material. Comparative studies of the X927-3 isolate with the known strains indicated that the X927-3 isolate and the mild strain 1 caused similar reactions inP. floridana plants ; however, the X927-3 isolate was not as easily transmitted by aphids or by grafting, and it did not become systemic as rapidly in certain hosts as did the remaining 3 virus strains.
THE REANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICALIZED PREPOSITIONS IN MIDDLE ENGLISH

Pendant la periode du moyen anglais, un grand nombre de prepositions ont ete grammaticalisees. L'A. examine ici trois d'entre elles (for (to), to et on) et montre qu'elles ont ete associees a des traits verbaux ainsi qu'au futur, au temps et a l'aspect. Quand ceci s'est produit, elles ont change leurs positions structurales et ont ete reanalysees respectivement comme C (complementeur), I (flexion) et ASP (aspect). Ces categories sont considerees comme des reponses de l'utilisateur de la langue a l'affiliation des traits verbaux de for (to), to et on
Azithromycin Hydrates—Implications of Processing‐Induced Phase Transformations

According to label claims, in commercial solid dosage forms, azithromycin (AZI) exists either as a monohydrate (MH) or as a dihydrate (DH). Although these two forms are known to be relatively stable in the solid state, AZI sesquihydrate (SH) was observed in a drug product. This was believed to be a consequence of a processing-induced phase transformation. Our goal was to prepare and characterize AZI SH and map its solid-state transition pathways with other AZI phases. When dehydrated at temperatures <80°C, DH yielded an isomorphic dehydrate, whereas dehydration at ≥80°C yielded SH. Heating SH to 100°C or holding at 0% RH at room temperature, yielded an amorphous product through an intermediate isomorphic dehydrate, isostructural to SH. On the other hand, dehydration of MH (at ≥60°C) resulted in amorphization with no intermediate crystalline anhydrate. Diagnostic XRD peaks of AH, MH, SH, and DH enabled their unambiguous identification. However, the presence of crystalline excipients hindered active pharmaceutical ingredient characterization in drug product. Pattern subtraction method was used to selectively remove the contribution of the crystalline excipients to the overall diffraction pattern, thereby facilitating the physical characterization of AZI in the drug product.
Oil content and fatty acid composition of seed oil from guayule plants with different chromosome numbers

Guayule, a perennial desert plant, is being developed for domestic production of natural rubber, a strategic commodity for which the United States presently depends totally on foreign sources. At present, rubber alone is not sufficient to make guayule a commercial crop, and additional revenues are being sought from by-products. Because guayule flowers profusely during several years of growth before it is harvested for rubber, seed may also contribute to the economics of guayule production. Seed from 120 plants, including 20 genotypes with 36, 37, 54 and 72 chromosomes, were analyzed for oil content and fatty acid composition. Oil content ranged from 17.1 to 30.5%. On average, seed from diploid and aneuploid plants (with 36 and 37 chromosomes) contained 40.4% more oil than the seed from polyploid plants. The oil consisted of four fatty acids—palmitic (8.7–11.5%), stearic (3.7–6.2%), oleic (6.5–13.9%) and linoleic (69.1–80.2%)—at all ploidy levels. Guayule seed oil was similar to the seed oil from high-linoleic safflower varieties. The use of genetic variation to increase seed yield and seed oil will depend on the absence of negative correlation between oil and rubber production.
Input ripple current compensation using DSP control in reliable fuel cell power systems

Abstract Fuel cell power systems have increasingly become popular because of their inherent advantages over conventional energy systems. A fuel cell system typically requires some kind of power conditioning that usually includes a DC–DC converter and a DC-AC inverter. In a single phase system, the operation of a single phase inverter introduces a second harmonic (120 Hz) current ripple into the system. This ripple has been found to be detrimental to the performance, life and efficiency of the fuel cell if it is not adequately controlled. This paper proposes an active filtering method to cancel the second harmonic current ripple drawn from the fuel cell source in a single phase fuel cell system. This approach provides an alternate path for the 120 Hz current preventing it from flowing through the fuel cell. The conventional and the proposed systems have been simulated using PSpice and the results have been presented. Experimental results from a laboratory prototype are also included to validate the proposed approach. A major feature of this implementation is the use of a DSP TMS 320F2808 for the overall control and monitoring of the system.
Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from Panay, Philippines, with a new species and a new genus

Abstract This paper provides the first faunal checklist for Cicadidae (Hemiptera) from Panay, Philippines, comprising five species belonging to five genera. A new species, Platypleura lourensi sp. nov., and a new genus, Ggomapsalta gen. nov., are described. Dundubia vaginata (Fabricius, 1787) and Ggomapsalta vernalis (Distant, 1916) are newly recorded from Panay. Information on geographic distributions is provided.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Alkylphosphonates: A Facile Rearrangement of Cyanoethyl-Protected Nucleoside Phosphoramidites

Cyanoethyl-protected nucleoside phosphoramidites undergo a facile Michaelis−Arbuzov reaction upon addition of acrylonitrile to afford cyanoethyl phosphonates. This rearrangement is stereoselective at room temperature, but racemization is observed at high temperatures, indicating two different pathways. A plausible mechanism is proposed for this reaction.
Mean square convergence analysis for kernel least mean square algorithm

In this paper, we study the mean square convergence of the kernel least mean square (KLMS). The fundamental energy conservation relation has been established in feature space. Starting from the energy conservation relation, we carry out the mean square convergence analysis and obtain several important theoretical results, including an upper bound on step size that guarantees the mean square convergence, the theoretical steady-state excess mean square error (EMSE), an optimal step size for the fastest convergence, and an optimal kernel size for the fastest initial convergence. Monte Carlo simulation results agree with the theoretical analysis very well.
Vesicular polydiacetylene sensor for colorimetric signaling of bacterial pore-forming toxin.

A vesicle-based polydiacetylene biosensor for colorimetric detection of bacterial pore-forming toxin streptolysin O (SLO) is reported. The sensor was constructed with three lipid constituents: glycine-terminated diacetylene lipid Gly-PCDA, cell membrane-mimicking component PC-DIYNE, and cholesterol (CHO), which serves as the bait molecule. UV irradiation led to photopolymerization of the diacetylene lipids that gave the material a blue appearance. Incubation of the vesicles with SLO from Streptococcus pyrogenes turned the vesicle solution red, and the color change was found to be correlated to SLO concentration. The optimal sensing performance was found with vesicles consisting of 71% Gly-PCDA, 25% CHO, and 4% PC-DIYNE, and a correlation relationship was obtained for 20 HU to 500 HU/mL, or 100 pM to 6.3 nM of SLO toxin. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering was used for further characterization of the vesicular assemblies. Transmembrane pores (holes) with diameter around 30 nm wer...
Creating homogeneous and isotropic turbulence without a mean flow

A novel method of creating homogeneous and isotropic turbulence with small mean flow has been developed. Eight synthetic jet actuators on the corners of a cubic chamber can create energetic turbulence with root-mean-square (rms) velocities as large as 0.87 m/s, corresponding to a Taylor microscale Reynolds number, Re λ , of 218. Stationary turbulence results show that the turbulence was isotropic, with the rms velocity ratio equal to 1.03, and also homogeneous within the region of interest. Natural decaying turbulence measurements confirmed the power-law decay of the turbulent kinetic energy, with the decay exponent n equal to 1.86 for an initial Re λ of 224.
Overload management in sensor-actuator networks used for spatially-distributed control systems

Overload management policies avoid network congestion by actively dropping packets. This paper studies the effect that such data dropouts have on the performance of spatially distributed control systems. We formally relate the spatially-distributed system's performance (as measured by the average output signal power) to the data dropout rate. This relationship is used to pose an optimization problem whose solution is a Markov chain characterizing a dropout process that maximizes control system performance subject to a specified lower bound on the dropout rate. We then use this Markov chain to formulate an overload management policy that enables nodes to enforce the "optimal" dropout process identified in our optimization problem. Simulation experiments are used to verify the paper's claims.
The Effect of H2O and HCl on isobutylene polymerization coinitiated by BCl3

The effect of H2O and HCl initiators on the BCl3 coinitiated polymerization of isobutylene was investigated by comparative experiments carried out in CH2Cl2 solvent in the range range from −50 to −100°C under high vacuum (superdry conditions) and in the dry box (conventional condition). H2O is a much more efficient initiator than HCI and the reasons for this are discussed.
Components of an Appropriate Graduate‐level Corrections Curriculum

In this study we explore perceptions of and appropriate graduate‐level curriculum pursuant to the field of corrections. Specifically, we question whether Thornberry’s conclusion that the field of criminology has a core set of values and ideas can be extended to the sub‐area of correctional education at the graduate level. Researchers at a large Midwestern university and an advisory committee of practitioners from the state’s department of corrections used a modified Delphi technique to develop a list of 21 curricular topics most often addressed in introductory corrections texts to assist in the construction of a questionnaire to survey the educational needs of the department of corrections located in a Midwestern state. A sample of correctional personnel from that same state provide insights into perceived levels of the appropriateness of corrections education relevant to employment within corrections. Findings suggest substantial agreement exist between academicians and corrections professionals regardin...
Behaviour of Byssochlamys nivea ascospores in fruit syrups

Behaviour of Byssochlamys nivea Westling ascospores in fruit products supplemented with sucrose was determined. Growth and ascospore production occurred at 30° in juice with water activity as low as 0.90. Sucrose protected ascospores against death in fruit products stored at 7° and −30° and in grape juice heated at 75°. Colony development was retarded or inhibited on grape juice agar to which more than 30 g sucrose per 100 ml had been added.
Multidimensional reaction rate theory with anisotropic diffusion

An analytical expression is derived for the rate constant that describes diffusive transitions between two deep wells of a multidimensional potential. The expression, in contrast to the Kramers-Langer formula for the rate constant, is valid even when the diffusion is highly anisotropic. Our approach is based on a variational principle for the reactive flux and uses a trial function for the splitting probability or commitor. The theoretical result is validated by Brownian dynamics simulations.
Development of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in Down syndrome is associated with sequential epigenetic changes

Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is more frequently observed in Down syndrome (DS) patients, in whom it is often preceded by a transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD). The development of DS-TMD and DS-AMKL requires not only the presence of the trisomy 21 but also that of GATA1 mutations. Despite extensive studies into the genetics of DS-AMKL, the importance of epigenetic deregulation in this disease has been unexplored. We performed DNA methylation profiling at different stages of development of DS-AMKL and analyzed the dynamics of the epigenetic program. Early genome-wide DNA methylation changes can be detected in trisomy 21 fetal liver mononuclear cells, prior to the acquisition of GATA1 mutations. These early changes are characterized by marked loss of DNA methylation at genes associated with developmental disorders, including those affecting the cardiovascular, neurological, and endocrine systems. This is followed by a second wave of changes detected in DS-TMD and DS-AMKL, characterized by gains of methylation. This new wave of hypermethylation targets a distinct set of genes involved in hematopoiesis and regulation of cell growth and proliferation. These findings indicate that the final epigenetic landscape of DS-AMKL is the result of sequential and opposing changes in DNA methylation occurring at specific times in the disease development.
Absolute absorption cross-section measurements of ozone in the wavelength region 238-335 nm and the temperature dependence

Abstract Laboratory measurements of the absolute absorption cross-section of ozone at the temperatures 195, 228 and 295 K have been made at several discrete wavelengths in the region 238–335 nm. Our results for ozone at 295 K are in excellent agreement with those of Hearn (1961, Proc. phys. Soc. Land. 78 , 932), who used a different technique. Our absolute cross-section measurements of ozone at 195 K have been used to put our recent relative cross-section measurements at that temperature (Freeman et al., 1984, Planet. Space Sci. 32 , 239) on a firm absolute basis throughout the region 240–335 nm; these recalibrated cross-sections are available as numerical compilations on magnetic tape from the National Space Science Data Center, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, U.S.A.
Silicon-On-Insulator Technology By Heteroepitaxial Growth Of Fluorides

Progress in the growth and fabrication of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures, based on heteroepitaxial growth of CaF 2 films on silicon, is reviewed. This approach has led to prototype SOI structures, such as MOSFETS, with promising performance. The combination of silicide and fluoride heteroepitaxy on silicon may lead eventually to multiple level SOI device structures.
Effect of slip rate on stress drop

Recent observations made by Kanamori and Allen about earthquake recurrence time and average stress drop revealed a very interesting relation: earthquakes with longer recurrence times have higher average stress drops. They attributed the difference in stress drop to the difference in long-term average slip rate. To interpret their result in terms of the healing effect, we simulated earthquake recurrence with a one-dimensional mass-spring model, incorporating a recently developed rate-and-state dependent friction law for different loading rates and heterogeneous strength distributions. We first calculated the stress drop and recurrence time as functions of loading rate for a homogenous fault model. We found that the stress drop increases up to 30% when the loading rate decreases from 10 cm/yr to 0.01 mm/yr. Thus, the observed great variability of stress drop, from a few bars to a few hundred bars, which is obtained by replotting the data of Kanamori and Allen in the form of stress drop versus long-term slip rate, may not be attributable to the healing effect alone. Our numerical simulation shows that the variability may be due primarily to the spatial heterogeneity of strength on the fault. Our simulation also suggests that of the two empirical laws that were inferred from the same laboratory friction data, called the power law and the logarithmic law by Shimamoto and Logan, the former can explain the observed relation between stress drop and slip rate better than can the latter, at least for strike-slip fault. The logarithmic law is an earlier and simpler version of the rate-state-dependent friction law.
Future warming for U.S. cities

In this study, a model is developed to predict future warming for metropolitan areas in the United Sates to the year 2035. According to model results, most U.S. cities of 200,000 population or more can expect significant local warming. The average predicted warming for 104 cities analyzed is .34 degrees Farenheit. The greatest warming can be expected in “sunbelt” cities experiencing rapid population growth. Such localized warming is in addition to any heating which might occur from an enhanced greenhouse effect. Most cities can expect changes in energy demand, human health, and water supply.