cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research and implementation needs to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture in the USA

Abstract An urgent need exists to understand which agricultural land uses and land resource types have the greatest potential to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions contributing to global change. Global change is a natural resource issue increasingly contributed to by human activities that now joins other important issues facing agricultural scientists, such as depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC), soil degradation and contamination, and pollution of natural waters by soil sediments and nutrients. Increasing demand for food by the growing global population is resulting in increased GHG emissions, soil disturbance, fossil fuel consumption to produce agricultural products, and biomass burning. To address these issues and the threat of accelerated GHG emissions, this paper addresses: (1) current scientific facts about the attributes of soil and natural resources, (2) strategies for sustainable use of our finite, non-renewable, and fragile land resources, and (3) advances made by agricultural sciences and their potential role in forming policy. Site-specific adaptation of appropriate conservation technologies will be needed for sequestering SOC and reducing nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emission. Adoption of improved conservation technologies to mitigate GHG emission should consider: (i) the rate of C sequestration or GHG mitigation, (ii) the price offered for adopting various practices, (iii) the ease with which producers and land managers can alter land use and management activities, (iv) the potential impacts of targeting regions or practices, (v) the ancillary benefits to soil, water and air quality upon adoption of practices to sequester SOC or mitigate GHG emission, and (vi) the effectiveness and efficiency of various policies. Development of improved conservation technologies to reduce GHG emissions could become part of more comprehensive conservation programs aimed at environmental protection, food security, and agricultural sustainability. An overarching research need is to determine the multiple benefits and trade-offs of improved conservation technologies so that land managers can systematically meet production and environmental goals and so that the most effective policies can be devised.
Molecular Cloning and Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of Complementary Deoxyribonucleic Acid for the β-Subunit of Rat Follicle Stimulating Hormone

To provide a hybridization probe for analysis of the regulation of rat gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels, an effort was made to isolate a cloned cDNA for the β-subunit of rat FSH (FSHβ). Using a cloned bovine FSHβ cDNA as a hybridization probe, a rat pituitary λgt10 cDNA library was screened and a single, strongly hybridizing clone identified. The 874 base pair cDNA insert from this clone contains the complete sequence of rat FSHβ including an aminoterminal precursor segment. Hybridization of this cloned cDNA to rat pituitary RNA demonstrated the presence of an approximately 2.0 kilobase RNA species containing FSHβ sequences. Cloned rat cDNA was also used to demonstrate that estrogen treatment of ovariectomized female rats results in decreases in mRNA concentrations for FSHβ and the β-subunit of LH with somewhat smaller decreases in α-subunit mRNA concentrations. Little or no change was detected in the mRNA for the β-subunit of TSH.
Improved recovery of morphine from biological tissues using siliconized glassware

The adsorption of morphine onto glassware during analysis in aqueous solutions and biological tissues is a common problem, resulting in lower recoveries than expected. The problem can be remedied by siliconization of all glassware involved. The same glassware cannot be used repeatedly without incurring a significant loss of morphine.
A Bayesian network framework for reject inference

Most learning methods assume that the training set is drawn randomly from the population to which the learned model is to be applied. However in many applications this assumption is invalid. For example, lending institutions create models of who is likely to repay a loan from training sets consisting of people in their records to whom loans were given in the past; however, the institution approved loan applications previously based on who was thought unlikely to default. Learning from only approved loans yields an incorrect model because the training set is a biased sample of the general population of applicants. The issue of including rejected samples in the learning process, or alternatively using rejected samples to adjust a model learned from accepted samples only, is called reject inference.The main contribution of this paper is a systematic analysis of different cases that arise in reject inference, with explanations of which cases arise in various real-world situations. We use Bayesian networks to formalize each case as a set of conditional independence relationships and identify eight cases, including the familiar missing completely at random (MCAR), missing at random (MAR), and missing not at random (MNAR) cases. For each case we present an overview of available learning algorithms. These algorithms have been published in separate fields of research, including epidemiology, econometrics, clinical trial evaluation, sociology, and credit scoring; our second major contribution is to describe these algorithms in a common framework.
Personality and background predictors of a young wife's desired family size

A questionnaire that included 19 personality, socioeconomic, and general background variables was administered to 160 childless Caucasian, Protestant wives of college students to discover variables that offered promise as predictors of desired family size. Of the samples, 66% wanted two children, and 14% wanted three children. Four variables--feelings of alienation, father's social class level, level of overt anxiety, and childhood family size--had a combined multiple correlation of .39 with desired family size in a stepwise regression analysis and accounted for almost 15% of the desired family size variance. Results suggest that although desired family size remains difficult to predict, personality factors may be as significant as socioeconomic factors in its prediction.
Collagenous spherulosis in an oral mucous cyst

Collagenous spherulosis is a histological pattern that has been described in both benign and malignant salivary gland tumors, proliferative lesions of breast ductal epithelium, chondroid syringomas and schwannomas. Histologic structures of similar appearance have also been reported in oral extravasation mucoceles as questionable myxoglobulosis or myxoglobulosis-like change. We report collagenous spherulosis within a mucocele removed from the lower lip of a 17-year-old female. Based upon histologic appearance, immunophenotypic data and review of the literature, we hypothesize that collagenous spherulosis and myxoglobulosis are morphologically related reaction patterns.
Characterizations of transductions defined by abstract families of transducers

Two characterizations of transductions defined by abstract families of transducers are presented. The first characterization is in terms of languages defined by acceptors derived from the transducers when the output structure is removed. The second characterization is in terms of sets of pairs of words satisfying certain closure operations.
Unique features of antiviral immune system of the vaginal mucosa

A vast majority of human vaccines rely on neutralizing antibodies for protection. With the exception of vaccines against human papillomavirus, despite a great amount of dedicated effort by the scientific community, development of vaccines against sexually transmitted viruses has generally been unsuccessful. Understanding the immunobiology of the genital tract is key to designing vaccines that prevent spreading of these viruses. Recent studies demonstrate that adaptive immunity in the vaginal mucosa is uniquely regulated compared to other mucosal organs. In particular, development of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is critically important for antiviral defense in vagina. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of a wide spectrum of immune responses in vagina--from innate viral sensing to memory development.
The role of electrical stimulation, bone morphogenic protein, and future directions in osteonecrosis of the femoral head

Treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head presents the clinician with a difficult decision-making process. The treatment methods have been met with varying degrees of success and no single method has been found to be superior. The treatment strategies are either bone conserving or sacrificing. For the bone conserving treatment options, intervention in the earlier phases of disease and before subchondral collapse appears to have more frequent success. Core decompression has been the mainstay of the bone conservative treatment options. The results, however, have been inconsistent and consensus regarding the surgical indications remains unclear. Electrical stimulation has been used in conjunction with core decompression and bone grafting as an adjunct to the surgical treatment. While this modality does not appear to have any ill effects, it has not demonstrated consistently better clinical results compared with core decompression with grafting alone. The use of biologics such as bone morphogenic protein as a treatment adjunct is in its infancy, but holds great promise for the treatment of osteonecrosis. The few data that exist in this arena have been encouraging, thus there is a growing desire in the orthopaedic community to explore these bone inductive modalities. There is a desire among orthopaedic surgeons to delay bone-sacrificing procedures such as arthroplasty. Unfortunately, the adjunctive treatment modalities explored to date have not led to sound or predictable outcomes. There remains a need to seek out newer, nonsurgical adjunctive treatments.
Coleman Advocates for Children and Youth: A Pioneering Child Advocacy Organization (1974–2008)

Coleman Advocates for Youth and Children is a pioneering 30-year-old child advocacy organization founded by several affluent community members and children's service professionals to stop housing abused and neglected children in juvenile hall. Today, low-income youth and parents in families of color are now assuming leadership in developing a unique hybrid approach that integrates community organizing with more traditional child advocacy strategies and focuses on increasing affordable housing and improving the city's educational system. The strategies employed by Coleman have also evolved, shifting from insider advocacy with administrative officials to public campaigns targeting the city budget process, to local initiative campaigns, and most recently to electoral politics. This organizational history features the issues mission and structure, leadership, managing issues, advocacy strategies and community relations, and funding.
1299 FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL DYSTROPHY WITH COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS AND TORTUOSITY OP RETINAL VESSELS. PLELOTROPISH CR HETERCGENEITY

1299 FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL DYSTROPHY WITH COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS AND TORTUOSITY OP RETINAL VESSELS. PLELOTROPISH CR HETERCGENEITY?
Cigarette smoking, low birth weight, and preterm births in low-income African American women.

OBJECTIVE: To examine effects of light and heavy cigarette smoking on the incidence of low birth weight (LBW) and preterm births in African American women. DESIGN: A total of 1146 low-income African American women participated in a randomized trial to test the effectiveness of nursing intervention in the reduction of preterm and LBW births. This secondary analysis focused on the effects of cigarette smoking on LBW (<2500 gm) and preterm (<37 weeks’ gestation) births. RESULTS: Cigarette smoking had a significant effect on both LBW and preterm births. When light smokers were compared with nonsmokers, odds ratios were 1.89 (confidence interval (CI) 1.15, 3.13; p = 0.0127) for LBW births and 1.74 (CI 1.00, 3.02; p = 0.0499) for preterm births. When heavy smokers were compared with nonsmokers, odds ratios were 3.03 (CI 1.90, 4.86; p = 0.001) for LBW births and 2.60 (CI 1.55, 4.35; p = 0.0003) for preterm births. CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking was associated with significantly higher rates of both LBW and preterm births in this sample of African American women.
Biochemical and morphological differences between fibroblasts and myoblasts from embryonic chicken skeletal muscle

Non-myogenic cells were isolated from the breast muscle of 10-day-old chicken embryos employing Percoll density centrifugation. In culture, these cells exhibited the spread out, stellate morphology of fibroblast-like cells. They also exhibited receptor-mediated binding of plateletderived growth factor (PDGF). Such binding was not detected in cultures of predominantly myogenic cells isolated by the Percoll density centrifugation from the same muscle. Percoll-isolated myogenic and fibrogenic cell populations were also analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis immediately after removal from the muscle. This analysis revealed at least six polypeptides specific to the fibroblasts but not detected in the myogenic cell population. In addition, at least eight polypeptides found in the myogenic population were barely detectable, or lacking altogether from the fibroblast-like cells. Ultrastructural analysis of the freshly isolated cells demonstrated that the fibroblasts were larger than the myoblasts and that their cytoplasm contained many vesicles. We conclude that the fibrogenic and myogenic cells isolated by Percoll from embryonic muscle express cell type-specific characteristics. Moreover, based on the PDGF binding studies, the fibrogenic cells can be categorized as “true” fibroblasts.
Age- and region-dependent concanavalin A reactivity of chick wing-bud mesoderm cells

MORPHOGENETIC potential of embryonic chick limb mesoderm cells declines with time beginning at approximately stage 24 of development1. This decline occurs in a proximo-distal direction2. Accompanying the loss of morphogenetic potential there is an age-dependent decline in the ability of limb and axial mesoderm to sort from one another in a randomised mixture of cells1,3,4. Due to the age-dependent decline in both morphogenetic potential and the sorting ability of the limb mesoderm cells, it has been suggested that the decline in morphogenetic potential may be related to changes occurring at the cell surface5. Cell surface carbohydrate moieties have been postulated to play an integral part in cellular interactions6. Because of their high degree of carbohydrate-binding specificity7, plant lectins, such as concanavalin A (con A), Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), have been used to monitor cell surface changes which occur during development7–13. These changes manifest themselves as differences in lectin-induced agglutinability of cells, and changes in number and distribution of lectin binding sites on the cell surface. This study was designed to determine if there were cell surface changes accompanying the decline in morphogenetic potential of the limb mesoderm cells, which could be detected by the use of plant lectin probes. We report here that there is a slight increase in RCA-induced agglutination of chick wing-bud mesoderm cells with increasing developmental age. There is also a significant age-dependent, proximo-distal decline in the susceptibility of chick wing-bud mesoderm cells to con A-induced agglutination between stages 19 and 26 of development. As such, there is a spatial as well as a temporal correlation between the decline of con A agglutinability and the decline of the morphogenetic potential of the chick limb-bud mesoderm cells.
Modeling and optimization of electro-optic phase modulator

We introduce a novel method of modeling PLZT phase modulators. Traditionally, modeling has been based upon fitting the constant quadratic electro-optic coefficient to empirical data. Our characterization has shown that the electro-optic coefficient is not a constant and that the electro-optic effect saturates at electric field strengths that exist in standard surface electrode device configurations. We have also found that the additional effects of light scattering and depolarization, which depend on the strength of the applied electric field, are significant factors for modeling device design and optimization.
Misfolding and Aggregation of Amyloid Beta Peptide: Single Molecule AFM Force Spectroscopy

Misfolding and aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide result in development of Alzheimer's disease, and Aβ dimers are considered as the smallest neurotoxic species. The aggregates formed by Aβ-peptides have been characterized by various techniques, but our knowledge on the molecular mechanism underlying the processes of misfolding and the early stages of aggregation of the peptides is limited. We have shown earlier that AFM force spectroscopy is capable of detecting protein misfolded states and characterizing the initial stages of the protein aggregation. Importantly, we showed that α-synuclein dimers are stable transient states playing role of triggers in the process of the protein self-assembly in nanopartiles and fibrils. Here we applied the sample methodology to probing and characterizing of misfolding of Aβ40 peptide. The protein was immobilized on the AFM tip and the surface and the interaction between the proteins was measured in multiple approach-retraction cycles. Using this approach was able to analyze interprotein interactions at single molecule level. The force spectroscopy analysis provided us with the following important information. First, using Dynamic Force Spectroscopy (DFS) approach we characterized pathways of Aβ40 misfolding. The lifetimes of transient Aβ40 dimers can be as long as several seconds suggesting that formation of the states with such a lifetimes can trigger the aggregation. Second, the pathways for the misfolding and aggregation depend on pH leading to a rather complex energy landscape reconstructed from the DFS data. Third, the analysis of the contour lengths supported the conclusions on various aggregation pathways and led to the models for such conformations of Aβ40.This work is supported by DE-FG02-08ER64579 grant from DOE.
Kinetics of Leaching Vanadium with Sulfuric Acid from Carbonaceous Shale Containing Vanadium

ηA kinetic study of the leaching of stone coal ore with sulfuric acid has been investigated. The effects of the stirring speed, particle sizes of stone coal, acid concentration, leaching temperature and acid-ore ratio on the leaching rate of vanadium were examined. It was found that the leaching rate of vanadium was significantly influenced by leaching temperature. The shrinking core model was applied to the leaching process and the results showed that the process was based on chemical reaction control. And the rate of reaction was expressed as 1-(1-η)1⁄3=4.98×106·e-55488⁄RT·t. The apparent activation energy for the leaching of vanadium⁄ was calculated to be ¾5⁄5.49 kJ/mol using Arrhenius expression.
Developmental Times and Age-Specific Life Tables for Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae), Reared at Multiple Constant Temperatures

Developmental times and survivorship of tarnished plant bug nymphs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), and longevity and reproduction of adult tarnished plant bug adults reared on green beans were studied at multiple constant temperatures. The developmental time for each life stage and the total time from egg to adult decreased with increasing temperature. Eggs required the longest time to develop followed by fifth instars and then first-instars. Total developmental time from egg to adult was shortest at 32°C, requiring 18.0 ± 0.3 d and 416.7 ± 31.3 DD above 7.9°C, the estimated minimum temperature for development from egg to adult. Sex did not affect total developmental times and did not affect median survival time. Adults lived significantly fewer days at high temperatures (30-32°C: 17-19 d) compared with temperatures below 30°C (range: 24.5-39.4 d) and the number of eggs laid per day increased from ≈ 4 at 18°C to a maximum of 9.5 eggs per day at 30°C. Total egg production over the lifetime of female tarnished plant bugs increased with temperature reaching a maximum of 175 eggs on average at 27°C, total egg production declined at temperatures above 27°C (30°C: 110.8, 32°C: 77.3 eggs per female). The highest net reproductive rate 74.5 (R(0)) was obtained from insects maintained at 27°C. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r(m)) increased linearly with temperature to a maximum value of 0.1852 at 30°C, and then decreased at 32°C. Generation and doubling times of the population were shortest at 30°C, 21.0 and 3.7 d, respectively.
Laboratory spawning of topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, with notes on culture and growth of larvae

Topsmelt (Atherinops affinis) were spawned repeatedly in the laboratory from May to July 1989. A periodic “temperature spike” from the holding temperature of approximately 18 up to approximately 20.5°C, introduced at 7- to 9-d intervals, resulted in maximum production of viable embryos on the fourth morning after the spike. Examination of embryonic stages and comparison to known developmental rates for Atherinops affinis embryos revealed that spawning was generally nocturnal, occurring between 1900 and 0500 h. Survival of embryonic and larval Atherinops affinis cultured at 21 ± 1°C and 20 ± 2‰ salinity was excellent (>80%). A larval growth curve was developed for the first 24 d post-hatch.
Beyond the golden hour: Avoiding the pitfalls from resuscitation to critical care

The transition from resuscitation bay to intensive care unit is wrought with potential problems that can significantly affect patient outcome. Among these are hypothermia, injudicious fluid management, hypocarbia, incorrect drug dosing, and incomplete evaluation. Based on a comprehension of the ongoing pathophysiology associated with injury, steps can be taken to ensure that this process positions the patient on the beginning of the path to recovery and not further into the spiral of worsening organ system dysfunction.
Risk Factors for Conversion to Hand Assisted Laparoscopy or Open Surgery During Laparoscopic Renal Surgery

Purpose: Risk factors for conversion to hand assisted laparoscopic or open surgery during laparoscopic renal surgery are incompletely defined.Materials and Methods: We reviewed our institutional database of 759 standard laparoscopic and 833 hand assisted laparoscopic radical, simple, donor and partial nephrectomies, pyeloplasties and nephroureterectomies from June 1996 to February 2009, representing a total of 1,592 cases. We identified the incidence of and indications for conversion to hand assisted laparoscopic and open surgery, and determined risk factors for conversion.Results: Of all 1,592 procedures 20 (1.3%) required conversion to open surgery. Of 759 standard laparoscopic procedures 21 (2.8%) were converted to hand assisted laparoscopic surgery and 1.7% were converted to open surgery for an overall standard laparoscopy conversion rate of 4.6%. Only 0.7% of hand assisted laparoscopic procedures were converted to open surgery. The rate of conversion to open surgery ranged from 0.3% for laparoscopic ...
Localization of enzymes of glycolate metabolism in the alga Chlorogonium elongatum.

Organelles in homogenates from autotrophic cells of Chlorogonium elongatum were separated on linear sucrose gradients. The distribution of enzymes typical of leaf peroxisomes was determined.Whereas more than 60% of the catalase activity was particulate and recovered in microbodies at a mean density of 1.225 g/cm(3) within the gradient, in most experiments only 5 to 10% (as a maximum 30%) of the NAD-dependent hydroxypyruvate reductase was particulate, and this was recovered principally at density 1.19 g/cm(3). This distribution coincides with that of cytochrome oxidase, malate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase, the mitochondrial markers. Glyoxylate-glutamate aminotransferase and glycolate dehydrogenase showed a similar distribution pattern to that of NAD-dependent hydroxypyruvate reductase. Thus in Chlorogonium the enzymes of the glycolate pathway are not associated with the microbodies that are recovered at density 1.225 g/cm(3).The single large chloroplasts of the Chlorogonium cells are broken during grinding, and this probably accounts for the finding that NADP-glyoxylate reductase was recovered only in the soluble fractions of the gradient.
Plant Growth Regulator and Mowing Height Effects on Seasonal Root Growth of Penncross Creeping Bentgrass

Summer decline of creeping bentgrass [Agrostis palustris Huds. (=Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.] root growth is an annual concern in many regions of the USA. A 2-yr field study was conducted to investigate the effects of mowing height and plant growth regulator (PGR) treatments on root biomass (RB) patterns in Penncross' creeping bentgrass, grown on a Wakulla sand (sandy, siliceous, Thermic Psammentic Hapludults) with 94% sand, 4% silt, 2% clay, 24 mg g -1 organic matter, and a pH of 6.1. Plots were maintained at 3.2, 4.0, or 4.8 mm throughout the experiment. Plant growth regulator treatments were trinexapac-ethyl, [4-(cyclopropyl-α-hydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxo-cyclohexane carboxylic acid ethyl ester] applied at 0.05 kg a.i. ha -1 and paclobutrazol, {(±)-(R * ,R * )-β-[(4-chloro-phenyl) methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol} applied at 0.14, 0.28, or 0.56 kg a.i. ha -1 . Plant growth regulator treatments initially were applied in April 1997 and were reapplied monthly for 24 mo. Annual variation in air and soil temperature accounted for variable RB across years. Root biomass declined 76% from a May maximum to a minimum in September; however, RB increased between September and January. Turf mowed to a height of 3.2 mm consistently had lower RB than turf maintained at 4.0 or 4.8 mm, and had slower early autumn RB recovery. When averaged across mowing heights, only paclobutrazol (0.56 kg a.i. ha -1 ) reduced RB and no PGR increased rooting when compared with nontreated turf. From September to January of each year, a PGR by mowing height interaction showed that paclobutrazol applied at 0.56 kg a.i. ha -1 delayed RB recovery in turf mowed to a height of 4.8 mm, while no PGR delayed RB recovery in turf maintained at the 3.2 mm mowing height. Slower RB recovery in turf mowed to 3.2 mm following the September minimum RB was attributed to reductions in turf quality and density, rather than the effects of PGRs. Paclobutrazol only reduced Penncross RB when applied at twice the labeled rate and with greater application frequency than is typical for most PGR use patterns. These results showed that labeled rates of paclobutrazol and trinexapac-ethyl did not adversely affect root growth under putting green conditions.
Regulatory Issues in Euthanasia, Palliative Care and Assisted Suicide

SUMMARYThis paper addresses regulatory concepts which affect how regulators may approach euthanasia and assisted suicide in the context of professional discipline. To frame this discussion, brief background information on the history of licensing and the basic framework of discipline is presented.While each state will determine its own approach to such cases, the discussion will help provide practitioners with some idea of how licensing boards are likely to handle euthanasia and assisted suicide.
Clique graphs of time graphs

Abstract A simple, finite graph G is called a time graph (equivalently, an indifference graph ) if there is an injective real function f on the vertices v ( G ) such that v i v j ∈ e ( G ) for v i ≠ v j if and only if | f ( v i ) − f ( v j )| ≤ 1. A clique of a graph G is a maximal complete subgraph of G . The clique graph K(G) of a graph G is the intersection graph of the cliques of G . It will be shown that the clique graph of a time graph is a time graph, and that every time graph is the clique graph of some time graph. Denote the clique graph of a clique graph of G by K 2 ( G ), and inductively, denote K ( K m −1 ( G )) by K m ( G ). Define the index indx( G ) of a connected time graph G as the smallest integer n such that K n ( G ) is the trivial graph. It will be shown that the index of a time graph is equal to its diameter. Finally, bounds on the diameter of a time graph will be derived.
Design of storage hierarchy in multithreaded architectures

Multithreaded execution models attempt to combine some aspects of dataflow-like execution with von Neumann model execution. Their main objective is to mask the latency of inter-processor communications and remote memory accesses in large scale multiprocessors. An important issue in the analysis and evaluation of multithreaded execution is the design and performance of the storage hierarchy. Because of the sequential execution of threads, the locality of access within an executing thread can be exploited using registers and cache. At the inter-thread level, however, the locality of accesses to memory and its effect on the cache is not yet well understood. A storage model which can exploit this locality is developed and evaluated. The results indicate there is a large amount of inter-thread locality that can be exploited and that we can get an efficient storage system by exploiting the characteristics of nonblocking threads.
Structure-function correlations in the small ribosomal subunit from Escherichia coli.

RIBOSOME ASSEMBLY ......... .. ... ....... 352 BINDING SITES.. .... 353 Messenger RNA ......... ... ...... .. ...... ......... 354 Transfer RNA ........ ......... ..... ......... 355 Protein Factors.... .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . .... . ........ . . . . . .... . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .... . .. . . . . . . 358 Antibiotics ... ....... ... .... ... ... .. ....... ..... ... ...... ......... 361 IS THE RIBOSOME ALLOSTERIC?.. ...... ...... ... ..... 363 CONCLUDING COMMENTS ....... ........ ......... .. 364
Numerical ages of Cenozoic biostratigraphic datum levels: Results of South Atlantic Leg 73 drilling: Discussion and reply

No Abstract Available. The article discussed appeared in the Bulletin , v. 95, p. 863–876.
Bromocriptine for the Treatment of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a pregnancy-associated idiopathic cardiomyopathy presenting during pregnancy or within few months after delivery1,2 with signs and symptoms of heart failure caused by marked depression of left ventricular (LV) systolic function. Although the disease is uncommon, it is increasing in frequency3 and represents an important cause of pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality.1,2,4 The incidence of PPCM has recently been estimated to be 1 in 2000 to 4000 deliveries,1,3,5 thus affecting ≈1000 to 2000 women per year in the United States alone. Data from South Africa and Haiti suggest a significantly higher incidence of PPCM in these countries, affecting 1 in 1000 (Africa) and 1 in 300 (Haiti) pregnant women.1 Article see p 1465 Although early recovery of LV function frequently occurs, failure to recover has been reported in one third to two thirds of the patients in the United States2,4,6,7 and in an even larger number of patients in other populations.8,9 A strong relationship has been demonstrated between the severity and persistence of LV dysfunction and the incidence of morbidity and mortality.4,8 Although the use of evidence-based therapies, proven effective in patients with heart failure with other origins, makes good clinical sense, there is no clear evidence for the effect of these therapies on the recovery of cardiac function in patients with PPCM, and the rate of recovery reported in early studies, before the current therapeutic era,10 seems comparable to that published more recently. Because the cause of PPCM is still unknown, no specific …
Update: Pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular function, pathophysiology and pharmacological management

p ulmonary hypertension (PH) is a hemodynamic problem that can result in grave morbidity and mortality including right-sided heart failure and sudden death. The diagnosis of PH is commonly intuited largely because of the lack of sensitivity and specificity of the symptoms and signs at initial examination of the patient. Severe acute PH, when first diagnosed, is often irreversible and associated with a high mortality.a Treatment of this condition is most successful when it is diagnosed early before irreversible damage has occurred to the pulmonary vasculature. The incidence of acute PH is difficult to estimate; however, pulmqnary thromboembolism is the most common cause of acute PH in hospitalized patients. It has been estimated that as many as 15% of all persons admitted to hospitals may have complications of pulmonary embolism. The characteristics of pulmonary circulation and right ventricular (RV) function are intrinsically related to each other and interdependent. Normally, the pulmonary vascular bed offers remarkably little resistance to flow. PH results from reductions in the caliber of the pulmonary vessels and/or increases in pulmonary blood flow. These two conditions can be caused by a series of structural and functional abnormalities in the pulmonary vasculature, the pulmonary parenchyma, or the myocardium. Alteration in factors affecting RV performance directly impact pulmonary blood flow, and vice versa. Recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of PH are providing clues to possible new treatments. However, despite our expanding knowledge, the periopera-
Bronchoscopic procedures for central airway obstruction.

DURING THE PAST 2 decades, several relatively noninvasive bronchoscopic interventions have replaced surgical excision, resection, and reconstruction for the treatment of symptomatic central airway (trachea, carina, and main bronchi) obstruction.1-4 Anesthetic management of these procedures can be challenging because the obstructed airway must be shared between the anesthesiologist and an endoscopist. This article reviews anesthetic considerations for bronchoscopic relief of central airway obstruction.
The vascular lesions of a cow and bison with sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever contain ovine herpesvirus 2-infected CD8(+) T lymphocytes.

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a herpesvirus disease syndrome of ruminants. The microscopic pathology of MCF is characterized by lymphoid proliferation and infiltration, necrotizing vasculitis and epithelial necrosis. Because previous attempts to detect viral antigen or nucleic acids in lesions have been unsuccessful, the pathogenesis of the lesions in acute MCF has been speculated to involve mechanisms of autoimmunity and lymphocyte dysregulation. In this study, the vascular lesions in the brains of a cow and a bison with acute MCF were evaluated by in situ PCR and immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated that the predominant infiltrating cell type in these lesions was CD8+ T lymphocytes and that large numbers of these cells were infected with ovine herpesvirus 2. The lesions also contained macrophages, but no detectable CD4+ or B lymphocytes.
Young Children's Video/Computer Game Use: Relations with School Performance and Behavior

This study examined the amount and content of children's video game playing in relation with behavioral and academic outcomes. Relationships among playing context, child gender, and parental monitoring were explored. Data were obtained through parent report of child's game play, behavior, and school performance. Results revealed that time spent playing games was related positively to aggression and negatively to school competence. Violent content was correlated positively and educational content negatively with attention problems. Educational games were related to good academic achievement. Results suggest violent games, and a large amount of game play, are related to troublesome behavioral and academic outcomes, but educational games may be related to positive outcomes. Neither gender nor parental monitoring emerged as significant moderators of these effects.
Co-extruded multilayer shape memory materials: Comparing layered and blend architectures

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a class of materials that exhibit the ability to form multiple temporary shapes, with shape change most often occurring upon exposure to heat. Applications of SMPs can be found in many areas such as sensors, packaging, smart fabrics, and most commonly medicine. Often, thermoplastic SMPs are based on block copolymer or blend morphologies that create two distinct phases, which are on the nano- or micro-scale respectively, to facilitate shape fixing and shape recovery. Forced assembly multilayer co-extrusion of commercially available polyurethane (PU) and polycaprolactone (PCL) polymers was used to create a continuous periodic alternating layer architecture that exhibits shape memory behavior. Similar shape memory properties were observed between PU/PCL layers and blends at 50/50 volume composition; however, offset compositions showed significantly different behavior. The layered structure was maintained across all compositions, as compared with blends that exhibit a composition dependent morphology. The difference in morphology was directly attributed to the difference in shape memory behavior observed between layered and blend films with domain sizes on the micro-scale.
A novel route for the preparation of discrete nanostructured carbons from block copolymers with polystyrene segments

Well-defined nanostructured carbon was prepared by pyrolysis of core cross-linked micelles formed from block copolymers containing polystyrene segments. These micelles were obtained by self-assembly of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polystyrene (PEO 113 -b-PS 52 ) diblock copolymer or brush macromolecules containing polymethacrylate backbone and side chains with PS and poly(acrylic acid) block segments (PBPEM 330 -g-PS40-b-PAA 111 ) in selective solvents. UV irradiation was used to induce cross-linking of the PS core in the micelles. After pyrolysis, the cross-linked PS cores were converted to a partially graphitic carbon, while the shells were sacrificed, resulting in the formation of discrete carbon nanoobjects. The formation of carbon material was confirmed by Raman scattering spectroscopy while the morphology of the precursor and the resulting pyrolyzed product was studied by atomic force microscope (AFM).
Effective performance measurement and analysis of multithreaded applications

Understanding why the performance of a multithreaded program does not improve linearly with the number of cores in a shared-memory node populated with one or more multicore processors is a problem of growing practical importance. This paper makes three contributions to performance analysis of multithreaded programs. First, we describe how to measure and attribute parallel idleness, namely, where threads are stalled and unable to work. This technique applies broadly to programming models ranging from explicit threading (e.g., Pthreads) to higher-level models such as Cilk and OpenMP. Second, we describe how to measure and attribute parallel overhead -- when a thread is performing miscellaneous work other than executing the user's computation. By employing a combination of compiler support and post-mortem analysis, we incur no measurement cost beyond normal profiling to glean this information. Using idleness and overhead metrics enables one to pinpoint areas of an application where concurrency should be increased (to reduce idleness), decreased (to reduce overhead), or where the present parallelization is hopeless (where idleness and overhead are both high). Third, we describe how to measure and attribute arbitrary performance metrics for high-level multithreaded programming models, such as Cilk. This requires bridging the gap between the expression of logical concurrency in programs and its realization at run-time as it is adaptively partitioned and scheduled onto a pool of threads. We have prototyped these ideas in the context of Rice University's HPCToolkit performance tools. We describe our approach, implementation, and experiences applying this approach to measure and attribute work, idleness, and overhead in executions of Cilk programs.
Diplopia and Fluoroquinolones

Purpose To report a possible association between fluoroquinolones and diplopia. Design Database study. Participants A total of 171 subjects were studied. Methods Spontaneous reports from the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects, World Health Organization, and Food and Drug Administration were collected on fluoroquinolones and diplopia. Main Outcome Measures Data garnered from the spontaneous reports include the type of fluoroquinolone, age, gender, adverse drug reaction (ADR), dosage, duration of therapy until onset of ADR, concomitant drugs, other systemic disease, and dechallenge and rechallenge data. Results A total of 171 case reports of diplopia associated with fluoroquinolones were reported, including 76 men, 91 women, and 4 case reports in which the gender was not specified. The median age was 51.6 years. Dosage varied between the different fluoroquinolone drugs, with the median dosage within the range recommended in the package insert for each different fluoroquinolone. Median time from beginning of therapy to appearance of the ADR was 9.6 days (range 1 day to 5 months). Seventeen subjects also had concomitant tendinitis, 49 patients were 60 years or older, 1 patient had renal cysts, and 4 patients were taking systemic anti-inflammatory steroids. There were 53 positive dechallenge and 5 positive rechallenge case reports. Conclusions According to World Health Organization criteria, the relationship between fluoroquinolone therapy and diplopia is "possible." This causality assessment is based on the time relationship of drug administration and ADR development, the multiple positive dechallenge and rechallenge reports, and the plausible mechanism by which diplopia could occur: possible tendinitis of the extraocular muscles. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
A Climatological Study of Thermally Driven Wind Systems of the U.S. Intermountain West.

This paper investigates the diurnal evolution of thermally driven plain–mountain winds, up- and down-valley winds, up- and downslope winds, and land–lake breezes for summer fair weather conditions in four regions of the Intermountain West where dense wind networks have been operated. Because of the diverse topography in these regions, the results are expected to be broadly representative of thermally driven wind climates in the Intermountain West. The regions include the Wasatch Front Valleys of northern Utah, the Snake River Plain of Idaho, the southern Nevada basin and range province, and central Arizona. The analysis examines wind characteristics, including the regularity of the winds and interactions of the four types of thermally driven winds, using meteorological data from the University of Utah's MesoWest network. In general, on fair weather days, winds in all four regions exhibit a consistent direction from day to day at a given hour. A measure of this wind consistency is defined. The nighttime ho...
The effects of competition on allocators' preferences for contributive and retributive justice rules

A 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design was employed to test the effects of competition on justice rule preferences in contributive and retributive settings. The factors included task structure (cooperative versus competitive); allocation (contributive versus retributive); and input information (no information, ability only, effort only). The data showed that, in contribution conditions, competition alone was insufficient to produce changes in allocation preferences. However, in the contribution-ability condition, competition produced a shift toward more equitable allocations. In retribution situations, competition was sufficient to create stronger preferences for equity in all conditions except retribution-ability. In general, allocators in competitive conditions exhibited a stronger preference for equity. In particular, the combination of competition and retribution produced the strongest preference for equitable allocations.
Polarized light scattering studies of heavy fermion superconductors

Abstract Polarized light scattering measurements of some heavy fermion superconductors are presented and discussed. Light scattering affords a unique opportunity to study both the f electrons, which are thought to participate in the formation of the superconducting state, and the lattice excitations, which can demonstrate strong electron-phonon interactions and elastic anomalies in these compounds. These points are illustrated by presenting the results of light scattering experiments on single crystal samples of CeCu2Si2, UBe13, UPt3, and URu2Si2.
Heterogeneous genome divergence, differential introgression, and the origin and structure of hybrid zones

Hybrid zones have been promoted as windows on the evolutionary process and as laboratories for studying divergence and speciation. Patterns of divergence between hybridizing species can now be characterized on a genomewide scale, and recent genome scans have focused on the presence of ‘islands’ of divergence. Patterns of heterogeneous genomic divergence may reflect differential introgression following secondary contact and provide insights into which genome regions contribute to local adaptation, hybrid unfitness and positive assortative mating. However, heterogeneous genome divergence can also arise in the absence of any gene flow, as a result of variation in selection and recombination across the genome. We suggest that to understand hybrid zone origins and dynamics, it is essential to distinguish between genome regions that are divergent between pure parental populations and regions that show restricted introgression where these populations interact in hybrid zones. The latter, more so than the former, reveal the likely genetic architecture of reproductive isolation. Mosaic hybrid zones, because of their complex structure and multiple contacts, are particularly good subjects for distinguishing primary intergradation from secondary contact. Comparisons among independent hybrid zones or transects that involve the ‘same’ species pair can also help to distinguish between divergence with gene flow and secondary contact. However, data from replicate hybrid zones or replicate transects do not reveal consistent patterns; in a few cases, patterns of introgression are similar across independent transects, but for many taxa, there is distinct lack of concordance, presumably due to variation in environmental context and/or variation in the genetics of the interacting populations.
Agent-Based Simulation and Modeling for Service Allocation in Digital Manufacturing Market

Manufacturing supply chains are increasingly becoming agile to keep up with the rapid changes in the market. Ability to assess and select new suppliers quickly is a necessity for rapid formation of agile supply chains. The Digital Manufacturing Market DMM was proposed as a virtual market for trading manufacturing services. In the DMM, buyers and sellers are represented by intelligent software agents. The DMM enables autonomous deployment of service-oriented supply chains from a pool of suppliers that are distributed geographically. In this paper, a simulated model of the DMM is proposed and implemented. The objective is to evaluate the performance of the market under different scenarios. The metrics used for evaluating the performance of the market include average customer wait time, utilization rate of the suppliers in the system, the number of matched services in a given time period, and the overall score of the created supply chains. The results show that a combination of dynamic capacity adjustment and discount policy improves the performance of the market.
Perspectives on protection and security

Butler Lampson traces a long history of protection mechanisms in spite of which security remains a major problem. He considers isolation, access control, access policy, information flow control, cryptography, trust, and assurance. In the end, people dislike the inconvenience security causes.