cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of mitotic activity in Wolffian lens regeneration

The total numbers of mitotic cells in the iris epithelium, ciliary epithelium, and ora serrata were counted at various time intervals after lentectomy of adult newts, Notophthalmus (Triturus) viridescens, in bleached serial sections. In some cases colchicine was injected for the purpose of accumulating mitotic figures. In the iris epithelium, which normally shows no mitotic cells, a wave of mitoses is induced by lentectomy. The wave starts on day 4 and has its peak period during days 7 to 15, when a portion of the iris epithelial cells depigment and form the lens vesicle. In the iris epithelium the wave subsides after formation of the regenerated lens and is gone by day 30. On the other hand, in the regenerated lens the mitotic activity is retained in the lens epithelium. The colchicine treatment has revealed an extremely small number of iris epithelial cells going into mitoses within one day after lentectomy. However, the same treatment failed to demonstrate any mitotic cells on days 0, 2, and 3. Mitotic activity is also induced in the ciliary epithelium, which does not take part in formation of the lens regenerate. This induction is much lower in intensity than that in the iris epithelium. The ora serrata area has a low level of mitotic activity in the normal condition, which is elevated to a high level after day 20. Significance of these observations for the mechanism of lens regeneration is discussed. Estimation of the total cell number of iris and ciliary epithelia during the first 15 days after lentectomy indicated an increase in the iris epithelium, which can be accounted for by the number of mitoses counted during the corresponding period in the same tissue. Some data on mitosis in the normal and regenerated lenses are also presented.
Electron tunneling through sensitizer wires bound to proteins.

We report a quantitative theoretical analysis of long-range electron transfer through sensitizer wires bound in the active-site channel of cytochrome P450cam. Each sensitizer wire consists of a substrate group with high binding affinity for the enzyme active site connected to a ruthenium-diimine through a bridging aliphatic or aromatic chain. Experiments have revealed a dramatic dependence of electron transfer rates on the chemical composition of both the bridging group and the substrate. Using combined molecular dynamics simulations and electronic coupling calculations, we show that electron tunneling through perfluorinated aromatic bridges is promoted by enhanced superexchange coupling through virtual reduced states. In contrast, electron flow through aliphatic bridges occurs by hole-mediated superexchange. We have found that a small number of wire conformations with strong donor–acceptor couplings can account for the observed electron tunneling rates for sensitizer wires terminated with either ethylbenzene or adamantane. In these instances, the rate is dependent not only on electronic coupling of the donor and acceptor but also on the nuclear motion of the sensitizer wire, necessitating the calculation of average rates over the course of a molecular dynamics simulation. These calculations along with related recent findings have made it possible to analyze the results of many other sensitizer-wire experiments that in turn point to new directions in our attempts to observe reactive intermediates in the catalytic cycles of P450 and other heme enzymes.
Learning Local Transductions Is Hard

Local deterministic string-to-string transductions arise in natural language processing (NLP) tasks such as letter-to-sound translation or pronunciation modeling. This class of transductions is a simple generalization of morphisms of free monoids; learning local transductions is essentially the same as inference of certain monoid morphisms. However, learning even a highly restricted class of morphisms, the so-called fine morphisms, leads to intractable problems: deciding whether a hypothesized fine morphism is consistent with observations is an NP-complete problem; and maximizing classification accuracy of the even smaller class of alphabetic substitution morphisms is APX-hard. These theoretical results provide some justification for using the kinds of heuristics that are commonly used for this learning task.
Substitution by fatty acids for phosphatidylserine in a reconstitution of phorbol ester binding to protein kinase C

Abstract 1. 1. Fatty acids can be substituted for phosphatidylserine in a reconstitution of phorbol ester binding to protein kinase C. 2. 2. Phorbol ester, however, does not seem to be effectively utilized for the activation of the enzyme. 3. 3. It is suggested that fatty acids play a role on the activation of protein kinase C in the abnormal conditions such as ischemia, while the phospholipid-dependent activation has a physiological significance in normal conditions.
Hyperlipidemia and fatty acid composition in patients treated for type IA glycogen storage disease.

Because glycogen storage disease type IA (GSD-IA) is characterized by recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia that promote a marked elevation in blood triglyceride levels, we evaluated plasma lipid levels in 12 patients with GSD-IA on a regular basis. Six of the 12 patients had plasma fatty acid composition measured; because of possible essential fatty acid deficiency, urinary prostaglandin excretion was also measured. All patients had triglyceride levels between 1440 and 6120 mg/dl (16.25 to 69.09 mmol/L) before treatment. After treatment to promote blood glucose levels of 75 to 85 mg/dl (4.2 to 4.7 mmol/L), triglyceride levels in each of 11 patients were between 189±31 (2.13±0.35 mmol/L) and 510±60 mg/dl (5.76±0.68 mmol/L). The lipoprotein fatty acid composition in six patients showed a substantial elevation in C16:0, C16:1ω 7 , and C18:1ω 9 , but no increase in C20:3ω 9 (the fatty acid that characteristically increases in essential fatty acid deficiency). In addition, each of the six patients had normal 24-hour urinary excretion of prostaglandin. One patient, whose triglyceride levels remained elevated despite dietary treatment, was given either clofibrate, lovastatin, niacin, or fish oil. With the exception of lovastatin, these agents produced a decrease in triglyceride values for 1 to 2 months; however, by 3 months triglycerides reached pretreatment levels. Combined treatment with clofibrate and niacin resulted in a sustained decrease in plasma triglyceride levels for 4 months. The findings indicate that dietary management of GSD-IA is usually associated with improvements in triglyceride levels; however, patients maintain triglyceride values between 300 and 500 mg/dl (3.38 to 5.65 mmol/L). No patient had blochemical evidence of essential fatty acid deficiency.
Parents, Peers, and Sexual Values Influence Sexual Behavior During the Transition to College

Several decades of research have identified the contributions of psychosocial influences on adolescent and young adult sexual behavior; however, few studies have examined parental and peer influence and sexual values during the transition from high school to college. The current study tested the influence of sexual values and perceived awareness and caring (PAC), or beliefs about how much parents and peers know and care about students’ behavior, on sexual behavior during this transitional period. Using data from a longitudinal study, generalized estimating equations and the generalized linear model were used to examine the associations among sexual values, parental and peer PAC, and sexual behavior, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Participants (N = 1,847; 61% female) completed web-based surveys the summer before college matriculation and at the end of the first semester in college. Results indicated that individuals with high levels of both parental and peer PAC engaged in less frequent sexual behaviors and that PAC moderated the effect of sexual values on sexual behaviors. Furthermore, both PAC variables decreased during the transition from high school to college, and high school sexual values, parental PAC, and their interaction predicted the number of sexual partners during the first semester of college. Only sexual values and high school unsafe sexual behaviors predicted unsafe sexual behavior in college. Findings suggest that complex associations exist among perceived awareness and caring, sexual values, and sexual behaviors, and that the transition from high school to college may be an ideal time for safer-sex interventions.
Quantitative proteomic analysis by accurate mass retention time pairs.

Current methodologies for protein quantitation include 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis techniques, metabolic labeling, and stable isotope labeling methods to name only a few. The current literature illustrates both pros and cons for each of the previously mentioned methodologies. Keeping with the teachings of William of Ockham, “with all things being equal the simplest solution tends to be correct”, a simple LC/MS based methodology is presented that allows relative changes in abundance of proteins in highly complex mixtures to be determined. Utilizing a reproducible chromatographic separations system along with the high mass resolution and mass accuracy of an orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometer, the quantitative comparison of tens of thousands of ions emanating from identically prepared control and experimental samples can be made. Using this configuration, we can determine the change in relative abundance of a small number of ions between the two conditions solely by accurate mass and retention...
S1 analysis of long PCR heteroduplexes: detection of chloroplast indel polymorphisms in Fragaria

S1 analysis of long PCR heteroduplexes was found to be an effective method for detecting phylogenetically informative indel (insertion/deletion) polymorphisms in the highly conserved strawberry chloroplast genome. In this broadly applicable method, long-range PCR products containing heteroduplex DNA molecules generated from mixed-template amplifications are subjected to S1 nuclease digestion followed by separation and visualization on an agarose gel. The presence of fragments resulting from S1 digestion of mismatch loops in heteroduplex molecules is indicative of indel polymorphism between the template sources. Upon analysis of 13-kb heteroduplex-containing PCR products spanning the petA-psbB chloroplast genome region in Fragaria vesca and Fragaria moschata, two indels distinguishing these species were detected, and subsequently localized to the psbJ-psbL and rpl20-rps18 intergenic regions. Comparative sequencing of these regions revealed that F. moschata resembled Fragaria viridis, but differed from F. vesca, Fragaria nubicola, and a closely related outgroup representative, Duchesnea indica, by a 10-bp deletion in the psbJ-psbL region and a 10-bp insertion in the rpl20-rps18 region. Thus, of the three diploids (2n = 2x = 14) examined, F. viridis is favored over F. vesca and F. nubicola as the most likely chloroplast genome donor to hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42) F. moschata.
Strategies for improving treatment of bipolar disorder: integration of measurement and management.

Objective: Bipolar disorder is a common and complex condition associated with high rates of disability and high health care costs. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Method: The Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) was conceived in response to an NIMH request for proposals to study the effectiveness of treatments for Bipolar Disorder. Aspects of this program have been adapted and enriched for presentation in this paper. Result: Designed for implementation in routine practice across a variety of settings, STEP-BD offers a disease management program in which standardized assessments are linked to critical decision points in clinical management pathways. Conclusion: This paper describes strategies used in STEP-BD to improve the treatment of Bipolar disorder: a simple conceptual model, which integrates assessments and management, and several specialized elements, used in the STEP-BD assessment package.
Divergence of finite element formulations for inverse problems treated as optimization problems

Many inverse problems are formulated and solved as optimization problems. In this approach, the data mismatch between a predicted field and a measured field is minimized, subject to a constraint. The constraint represents the "forward" model of the system under consideration. In this paper, the model considered is plane stress incompressible elasticity. This pde is discretized using several standard Galerkin finite element methods. These are known to yield stable and convergent discrete solutions that converge with mesh refinement to the exact solution of the forward problem. It is usually taken for granted that if the constraint equation is discretized by a stable, convergent numerical method, then the inverse problem will also converge to the exact solution with mesh refinement. We show examples in this paper, however, where this is not the case. These are based on inverse problems with interior data, which have provably unique solutions. Even so, the use of classical discretization techniques for the forward constraint within the optimization formulation leads to ill-posed discrete problems. We analyze the discrete systems of equations and show the source of the instability. We discuss variational properties of the continuous inverse optimization problem, and describe a novel B-spline FEM to solve it. We present computational evidence that suggests the B-spline FEM inverse problem solution converges to the exact inverse problem solution with mesh refinement.
Discrete-time second-order distributed consensus time synchronization algorithm for wireless sensor networks

This paper proposes a novel discrete-time second-order distributed consensus time synchronization (SO-DCTS) algorithm for wireless sensor networks. The consensus properties and convergence rates of the SO-DCTS algorithm are analyzed for both directed and undirected networks. Additionally, the convergence region and optimal convergence rate of the SO-DCTS algorithm are determined for undirected networks and this convergence rate is shown to be superior to that of the first-order DCTS (FODCTS) algorithm under careful algorithm design. Furthermore, the asymptotic expectation and mean square synchronization error are investigated for the SO-DCTS algorithm when there is Gaussian delay between network nodes. Finally, simulation results are provided to verify these analytical results.
Things are clicking in computer science courses

This paper presents and discusses a modified approach to teaching an algorithms and data structures course (CS4). The approach relies on frequent evaluation of student understanding of course content and enables the instructor to experiment with various exercises to facilitate peer-instruction and cooperative learning. It uses a web application called MessageGrid which enables instructor and students, each of whom has a laptop computer with wireless access to the web, to interact in a variety of ways both in and out of class.
A Reference Bayesian Test for Nested Hypotheses and its Relationship to the Schwarz Criterion

Abstract To compute a Bayes factor for testing H 0: ψ = ψ0 in the presence of a nuisance parameter β, priors under the null and alternative hypotheses must be chosen. As in Bayesian estimation, an important problem has been to define automatic, or “reference,” methods for determining priors based only on the structure of the model. In this article we apply the heuristic device of taking the amount of information in the prior on ψ equal to the amount of information in a single observation. Then, after transforming β to be “null orthogonal” to ψ, we take the marginal priors on β to be equal under the null and alternative hypotheses. Doing so, and taking the prior on ψ to be Normal, we find that the log of the Bayes factor may be approximated by the Schwarz criterion with an error of order O p (n −½), rather than the usual error of order O p (1). This result suggests the Schwarz criterion should provide sensible approximate solutions to Bayesian testing problems, at least when the hypotheses are nested. When...
Using Entropy to Explain International System Disorder

The paper introduces an interpretation of international anarchy as a continuous variable describing the degree of change of the international system disorder. It addresses the differences in the levels of international system’s uncertainty, which is generated by the use of aggressive versus peaceful policies, as being a proxy for entropy. Low entropy systems seem to display a higher level of international order, while an increasing level of entropy is a sign of emerging international disorder. Internal entropy of countries has also an effect on the level of uncertainty in foreign affairs. It appears the entropy mechanism could explain the degree of order decay in international system. A formal model of international system entropy would be necessary for more accurate results.
A three-stage procurement optimization problem under uncertainty

This article examines a problem faced by a firm procuring a material input or good from a set of suppliers. The cost to procure the material from any given supplier is concave in the amount ordered from the supplier, up to a supplier-specific capacity limit. This NP-hard problem is further complicated by the observation that capacities are often uncertain in practice, due for instance to production shortages at the suppliers, or competition from other firms. We accommodate this uncertainty in a worst-case (robust) fashion by modeling an adversarial entity (which we call the “follower”) with a limited procurement budget. The follower reduces supplier capacity to maximize the minimum cost required for our firm to procure its required goods. To guard against uncertainty, the firm can “protect” any supplier at a cost (e.g., by signing a contract with the supplier that guarantees supply availability, or investing in machine upgrades that guarantee the supplier's ability to produce goods at a desired level), ensuring that the anticipated capacity of that supplier will indeed be available. The problem we consider is thus a three-stage game in which the firm first chooses which suppliers' capacities to protect, the follower acts next to reduce capacity from unprotected suppliers, and the firm then satisfies its demand using the remaining capacity. We formulate a three-stage mixed-integer program that is well-suited to decomposition techniques and develop an effective cutting-plane algorithm for its solution. The corresponding algorithmic approach solves a sequence of scaled and relaxed problem instances, which enables solving problems having much larger data values when compared to standard techniques. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2013
Interspecific fusion of sea urchin eggs: Surface events and cytoplasmic mixing

Abstract Here we describe a new method of fusing fertilized and unfertilized sea urchin eggs. After removal of materials peripheral to the plasma membranes, the plycation polyarginine is used to induce the eggs to adhere to one another. The subsequent incubation of the eggs in an artificial sea water with a slightly lower osmolarity and a higher calcium content than normal sea water results in successful fusion. We demonstrate with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that our artificial sea water serves to smooth the plasma membranes—a characteristic which we find to be a requirement in order for fusion to occur. We also demonstrate that our fusion procedure can be used to identify and follow the development of hybrids composed of eggs of different histories. Using species whose cytoplasms are distinguishable by light microscopy, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Lytechlnus pictus, we consider the mixing of cytoplasms using yolk granules as markers. We find that if two unfertilized eggs are fused, the species-specific yolk particles are free to mix. In contrast, we observe no mixing of the yolk particles in either fertilized-unfertilized or fertilized-fertilized interspecies hybrids until the time of mitosis. At that time, the yolk particles are free to move around the region containing the mitotic figure(s). However, mixing of the cytoplasmic yolk granules is never completed during this brief period. Even after cytokinesis takes place, one can see the segregation of the yolk granules in the cytoplasms of the two species.
An exponomial extrapolator

Abstract A linear combination of m exponential functions (exponomial) is fitted to a time series, such as daily observations. The fitting is carried out over all past time by weighted least squares with an exponential weight factor. The resulting minimizing function could be continued into the future. In particular tomorrow's predicted value is defined by this continuation. To obtain an explicit solution of the problem a formula is constructed which gives the predicted value as a linear combination of the last m observed values and the last m predicted values. The 2 m coefficients of this formula are expressed as explicit rational functions of the m exponential bases. The extrapolating functions available with this method include polynomials, trigonometric polynomials, damped waves, etc. The particular class of extrapolating functions to be used for a given problem depends on the genesis of the data.
Ethics in teaching: Putting it together

The daily lives of faculty are fraught with demands to make choices among options that often call for “deep value” decision making. Because of the unique relatedness of students and teachers, faculty ethical decision making can be both a private act and a public act of far-reaching consequence.
Primary squamous cell carcinoma of Stensen's duct in a patient with HIV: the role of magnetic resonance imaging and fine-needle aspiration.

Background. Primary malignant tumors involving Stensen's duct are rare neoplasms, with less than 30 cases reported. We report a case of primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) involving Stensen's duct in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and describe the role of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and MRI in the diagnosis of this rare entity. Methods. A 47-year-old man with HIV presented with intermittent parotid swelling and pain unresponsive to conservative treatment. He subsequently developed a mass emanating from Stensen's duct, and an MRI and ultrasound-guided FNA revealed carcinoma of Stensen's duct. Total parotidectomy with postoperative external beam radiation therapy was performed. Results. The patient remains disease free 31 months after treatment. Conclusions. Primary SCC of Stensen's duct is a rare entity that may mimic benign obstructive parotid disease. FNA and MRI are useful in the diagnosis and assessment of disease extent. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
"Sideways": results of repair of biliary injuries using a policy of side-to-side hepatico-jejunostomy.

Background:The Hepp-Couinaud technique describes side-to-side HJ to the main left hepatic duct but a side-to-side approach is not consistently used when repairing other ducts. Compared with end-to-side repairs, side-to-side anastomoses require less dissection, theoretically preserving blood supply t
Should echocardiography be used to screen dizzy patients

The value of echocardiography in the evaluation of dizziness was studied in 151 consecutive patients. Twenty-two patients, on further review, were found to have related complaints, seizures and syncope mainly, but not dizziness. Twenty-four patients had vertigo, 67 had nonvertiginous dizziness, and in 38 patients, there was insufficient information to categorize the dizziness as being vertigo or nonvertiginous dizziness. When the 22 nondizzy patients were compared with the 129 dizzy patients, the only statistically significant differences were that there were more blacks in the nondizzy group and that the aortic root dimension was, on average, 0.4 cm larger in the nondizzy group. These findings, although statistically significant, appeared to be clinically insignificant. There was, however, a high prevalence of valvular heart disease in both the nondizzy and two of the three dizzy subgroups. In most cases, the valvular abnormality had not been suspected clinically. But in no case was significant information added by echocardiography that helped in patient management. Thus, in the dizzy patient, echocardiography should be reserved for specific cardiac indications and not used as a routine screening test.
Tails in harnesses

We consider space- and time-uniformd-dimensional random processes with linear local interaction, which we call harnesses and which may be used as discrete mathematical models of random interfaces. Their components are rea random variablesast, wheres ∈ Zd andt=0, 1, 2.,... At every time step two events occur: first, every component turns into a linear combination of itsN neighbors, and second, a symmetric random i.i.d. “noise”v is added to every component. For any σ ∈Zd+ define Δσa′s as follows. If σ=(0,...,0), σ=(0,...,0), Δσast=ast. Then by induction,\(\Delta _{\sigma + e_1 } a_s^t = \Delta _\sigma a_{s + e_1 }^t - \Delta _\sigma a_s^t \) whereei is thed-dimensional vector, whoseith component is one and other components are zeros. Denote |σ| the sum of components of σ. Call a real random variable ϕ symmetric if it is distributed as −ϕ. For any symmetric random variable ϕpower decay or P-decay is defined as the supremum of thoser for which therth absolute moment of ϕ is finite. Convergence a.s., in probability and in law whent→∞ is examined in terms of P-decay(v): Ifd=1, σ=0 ord=2, σ=(0,0), Δσast diverges. In all the other cases: If P-decay(v) (d+2)/(d+|σ|), Δσast, converges and P-decay(ν) For any symmetric random variable ϕexponential decay or E-decay is defined as the supremum of thoser for which the expectation of exp(|x|r) is finite. Let E-decay(v)>0. Whenever Δσast converges (that is, ifd>2 or |σ|>0: Ifd>2, E-decay(limast)=min(E-decay(v),d+2/2); if |σ|=1, E-decay (lim Δσast)=min(E-decay(ν),d+2); if |σ| ⩾, E-decay (lim Δσast)=E-decay(ν).
Predictors of adherence to behavioral counseling and medication among female prisoners enrolled in a smoking cessation trial.

Smoking is highly prevalent among prison populations. Adherence to counseling and nicotine replacement therapy predicts successful cessation. The authors examined predictors of ≥ 80% adherence to c...
The role of CF3C(O)Ox radicals in atmospheric chemical processes

Abstract Photo-oxidation of CF3CX2H (where X  H, F or Cl) alternative halocarbons leads to CF3C(O)X species whose further degradation is also initiated either by reaction with OH radicals, as in the case of CF3C(O)H, or by photodissociation to extrude X atoms and form CF3C(O) radicals. The energetics of possible oxidation pathways involving CF3CO, CF3C(O)O and CF3C(O)O2 radicals are investigated using calculations at the UHF/6-31G* and UMP2/6-31G* levels of ab initio theory. In the absence of experimental thermochemical data, calculated heats of reaction are used in discussions of the possible involvement of the intermediates in reactions of atmospheric significance. Issues relating to the chemical stability of CF3C(O)Ox species are considered.
Hydrazine formation in the fission-fragment radiolysis of liquid ammonia.

Abstract The dependence of the yield of hydrazine on total dose in the fission-fragment irradiation of liquid ammonia has been investigated. Experiments were carried out in a nuclear reactor in which the fission fragments were produced by the bombardment of U235 with thermal neutrons. The most significant result of the investigation is the fact that large G-values can be obtained for hydrazine, but only at relatively small total dose of energy. A value of 1.5 mol. of hydrazine/100 eV was obtained at the lowest dose studied, but G(N2H4) decreases rapidly with increasing dose and approaches a value of approximately 0.1. This result is in agreement with the accepted mechanisms which are postulated to explain the destruction of hydrazine.
Changes in Bovine Myoglobin Due to Interaction with Methyl Linoleate in a Model System

Changes in myoglobin due to lipid oxidation were studied in a model system, consisting of a mixture of metmyoglobin and methyl linoleate (2:1), which was mechanically emulsified, freeze-dried and stored at 37°C. After storage, samples were reconstituted, centrifuged and lipid fractions were separated and tested for degree of oxidation. The protein was recovered in two fractions: “soluble fraction” (supernatant) and “aggregates” (precipitated proteins). Absorption spectroscopy confirmed protein insolubilization due to formation of aggregates. SDS-PAGE of metmyoglobin recovered from both fractions indicates gradual formation of covalently bound polymers upon storage. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) shows formation of new bands and zones with a drastic acidic shift of isoelectric points. Two-dimensional IEF/SDS-PAGE shows that the newly formed bands on IEF correspond to covalently bound myoglobin polymers.
Single channel and heat recirculation catalytic microburners: An experimental and computational fluid dynamics study

The stability of C3H8/air mixtures on Pt in single channel and heat recirculation catalytic microburners is compared experimentally using a microreactor capable of operating in both modes. The stability is further studied using computational fluid dynamics simulations, where the material properties of the burner can be systematically changed. It is shown through both experiments and simulation that catalytic heat recirculation burners have similar stability to single channel burners in the limit of highly conductive walls. In contrast, for low conductivity walls, heat recirculation proves to be effective at increasing combustion stability relative to single channel burners. Increasing the flow rate significantly extends the fuel lean extinction limit at low inlet velocities. Finally, optimal catalyst placement in heat recirculating burners is discussed.
Path Analysis and Residual Plotting as Methods of Environmental Scanning in Higher Education: An Illustration with Applications and Enrollments.

In this study we propose using path analysis and residual plotting as methods supporting environmental scanning in strategic planning for higher education institutions. As an illustration, path models of three levels of independent variables, that is, socioeconomic background, current economic variables, and educational variables, are developed. The dependent variables measuring applications and enrollments at a research university, Virginia Tech, and enrollments at four-year institutions in Virginia are regressed on the independent variables. The residuals from the multiple regression models are plotted on the county maps of Virginia to identify the geographic regions in which the applications and enrollments at Virginia Tech and the enrollments in colleges and universities of Virginia are higher or lower than expected according to the models. The implications of the variables in the models and the geographic distributions of residuals for strategic planning decisions are discussed.
November 4, 1995 : Deleuze's death as an event

Deleuze’s suicide was first announced on French TV during the late evening news. Yitzahk Rabin’s assassination was announced shortly before. In spite of their great differences, both deaths appeared with an immediate and simultaneous power on two levels: as an event on the historical level as well as an incorporeal event in thought. After each historical event had occurred, everything was the same but everything had changed: two parallel events had also taken place in thought. As Deleuze demonstrated in Logique du sens, events are always double-sided, on each side of the constantly moving fissure separating states of affairs and propositions. At two different levels, of course, it becomes clear that through these two deaths, each one a bi-faceted event in H/history and in thought, what becomes victorious in spite of everything are positive forces of assertion: in one case, “peace” and, in the other, the thought of the multiple. In Deleuze’s case also, in line with his thought and, as this essay will try to demonstrate, death always comes from the outside. What returns, eternally, are the intensive forces and the becomings of what Rimbaud called “Life itself.”2 Considering the historical importance of Rabin’s death, little attention was paid to Deleuze’s death on French TV. Only the cultural Franco-German TV channel, Arte, had a special broadcasting a few days later of a selection of Deleuze’s interviews for the weekly artistic TV magazine Metropolis (Nov. 9, 11:00 p.m.). The broadcasting of these interviews had already started a few weeks before Deleuze’s suicide, even though he had originally asked
A new animal model of infantile spasms with unprovoked persistent seizures

Summary Purpose: Infantile spasms is one of the most severe epileptic syndromes of infancy and early childhood. Progress toward understanding the pathophysiology of this disorder and the development of effective therapies has been hindered by the lack of a relevant animal model. We report here the creation of such a model. Methods: The sodium channel blocker, tetrodotoxin (TTX), was chronically infused into the developing neocortex or hippocampus of infant rats by way of an osmotic minipump starting on postnatal day 10–12. Results: After a minimum of 10 days of infusion, approximately one-third of these rats began to display very brief (1–2 s) spasms, which consisted of symmetric or asymmetric flexion or extension of the trunk and sometimes involvement of one or both forelimbs. The typical ictal EEG pattern associated with the behavioral spasms consisted of an initial generalized, high amplitude, slow wave followed by an electrodecrement with superimposed fast activity. The interictal EEG revealed multifocal spikes and sharp waves, and in most animals that had spasms a hypsarrhythmic pattern was seen, at least intermittently, during NREM sleep. Like in humans, the spasms in the rat often occurred in clusters especially during sleep–wake transitions. Comparison of the ictal and interictal EEGs recorded in this model and those from humans with infantile spasms revealed that the patterns and the frequency components of both the ictal events and hypsarrhythmia were very similar. Discussion: The TTX model of infantile spasms should be of value in furthering an understanding of the pathophysiology of this seizure disorder.
Higher-order active networks with one active element

Higher-order active networks using the Horowitz decomposition and only one active element (amplifier, negative impedance converter) are considered. Such networks are particularly sensitive to the changes of theactive element and can eventually start oscillations. The stability of these networks is studied and it is shown that a special design can virtually eliminate the danger of oscillations for functions up to the sixth degree. A unique criterion is given for tests of the functions and for the stability margin.
Emilie du Châtelet on the Existence and Nature of God: An Examination of Her Arguments in Light of Their Sources

Many commentators have suggested that the metaphysical portions of Emilie du Châtelet's Institutions de physique are a mere retelling of Leibniz's views. I argue that a close reading of the text shows that du Châtelet's cosmological argument and discussion of God's nature contains both Lockean and Leibnizian elements. I discuss where she follows Locke in her arguments, what Leibnizian elements she brings in, and how this enables her to avoid some of the mistakes commonly attributed to Locke's formulation of the cosmological argument. I show that while du Châtelet accepts the causal principle ex nihilo nihil fit, she does not utilize Locke's stronger causal principle. I also discuss her use of the principle of sufficient reason in both improving the Lockean cosmological argument and in proving the attributes of God.
Thermal Stability of Acrylic/Methacrylic Sacrificial Copolymers Fabricated by Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition

The integration of air gaps in integrated circuits as low-k materials can be achieved by the incorporation of sacrificial materials. In this work, a detailed study of poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) [p(EGDA-co-EGDMA)] copolymer and poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate) [p(EGDA)] homopolymer as the potential sacrificial materials for air-gap fabrication was presented. p(EGDA-co-EGDMA) and p(EGDA) thin films were deposited using initiated chemical vapor deposition. Changing the ethylene glycol dimethacrylate flow rate resulted in copolymers of different methacrylic content as determined. Thermal decomposition studies of the copolymer films showed that the thermal stability increased with increasing acrylic content but decreased with increasing methacrylic content. The percentage of removal increased as the methacrylic content increased, and the amount of residue on the surface after decomposition was reduced by increasing the methacrylic content. For the polymer systems studied, the onset temperatures of decomposition were between 250 and 325 °C, and the removal percentages were in the range of 88-100% for a 400°C thermal anneal. Furthermore, the thermal stability studies of the p(EGDA) homopolymer films deposited at different initiator flow rates showed that the initiator radical concentrations did not affect the thermal decomposition pathways of the p(EGDA) films.
Marketing Ethics: Factors Influencing Perceptions of Ethical Problems and Alternatives

This article provides a partial test of the emerging descriptive theories in marketing ethics. The data were obtained from a mail survey of American Marketing Association members. The results tend ...
The first years of the Atomic Energy Commission New York Operations Office Health and Safety Laboratory

Abstract The Health and Safety Laboratory (HASL) of the Atomic Energy Commission has provided much of the data on exposure assessment in uranium contractor facilities and on fallout radionuclides in the environment. The research performed in the beryllium industry 1947–1949 led to establishment of the protection standards that exist to this day. This laboratory was formed in 1947, as part of the Medical Division of the New York Operations Office, directed by B.S. Wolf. HASL was directed initially by Merril Eisenbud and subsequently by S. Allen Lough and John Harley. The history of the Laboratory is traced from its beginning, and the projects described that led to HASL's reputation as a trouble-shooting arm of the Atomic Energy Commission.
Heart-focused and general illness fears in relation to parental medical history and separation experiences.

Abstract Disease fears, such as excessive heart-focused anxiety (HFA), are quite common, and yet their origin is only poorly understood. Explanatory models of HFA have emphasized observational learning, parental cardiac disease, and the effects of separation experiences as key ethological factors. The purpose of this study was: (a) to provide descriptive information on the prevalence of HFA in an unselect sample of younger adults; and (b) to investigate the relation of HFA and general illness fears to parental medical history and different types of separation experiences. 421 undergraduate students completed the Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire (CAQ), Illness Attitude Scales, Parental Medical History Questionnaire, and Separation Anxiety and Experiences Questionnaire. Approximately 2–3% of our sample reported excessive HFA, and both illness attitudes and parental cardiac disease predicted 23% of total CAQ variance. Subjects with high CAQ scores reported more parental cardiac and other medical problems than low HFA subjects. Although high and low HFA subjects did not differ in terms of number of personal intimate relationships that ended in separation, subjects with separated parents reported more HFA than persons with nonseparated parents. We discuss the relevance of these findings for our understanding of HFA.
Are Three-Hundred-Egg Hens Superior Breeders?

Abstract ALONG with many new developments in the science of genetics much attention has been directed to the problem of overdominance as it may apply to such a complex physiological process as egg production. The proposal has been made that many dominant genes may function best in heterozygous condition. This hypothesis rests on the premise that dissimilar genes at one locus may induce a stimulating effect that would not occur if the same gene occupied both loci. Hens that lay 300 eggs or more might be assumed to have attained this record because they carry a greater number of desirable dominant genes. If these genes occur mostly in a heterozygous state, such hens would not be prepotent breeders. If their full sisters lay fewer eggs, this may be because they lack some important genes that their 300-egg sisters possess. If overdominance operates to reduce egg production in daughters from very high . . .
Two-dimensional grain boundary percolation in alloy 304 stainless steel

Abstract An experimentally-obtained percolation threshold for high-angle random grain boundary networks in alloy 304 stainless steel is compared to thresholds predicted by percolation theory. A discrepancy occurs in the two values (0.46 experimental and 0.65 theoretical). Possible reasons for the discrepancy are explored. The grain boundary network appears to be composed of two distinct sub-networks, with the ‘outer’ network acting as the dominant contributor to the percolating paths.
Interdependence of Parenting of Mothers and Fathers of Infants

This study examined the relations among parenting behaviors of 97 coresident mothers and fathers of infants during a dyadic free-play setting. The authors examined the extent to which observed sensitive and intrusive parenting behaviors in mother-child and father-child dyads were related and how perceived marital quality may be associated with the similarity between maternal and paternal parenting behaviors. The authors found support for interdependence of parenting by mothers and fathers. High perceived marital quality was associated with interdependence of sensitive parenting behaviors in mother-infant and father-infant interactions. Negative parenting behaviors by mothers and fathers were interrelated regardless of marital quality. The findings highlight the importance of studying parenting by mothers and fathers as embedded within particular family systems.
Entrepreneurial entry thresholds

Abstract Much of prior research recognizes that entry into entrepreneurship involves a comparison of expected economic returns in a venture to some threshold level of acceptable performance. Despite this recognition, theory commonly focuses on drivers of economic returns at the exclusion of threshold drivers. Moreover, typical empirical investigations of entry provide little insight into whether determinants influence expected returns, the required threshold, or both. Drawing from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics, we apply an empirical approach new to the entrepreneurial entry literature to investigate the drivers of both expected performance and the unobserved threshold, providing greater insight into the specific causal role of entry determinants.
Got milk : Bridging the town-gown divide with evaluation research in African-American communities

In 2000, I was asked by the American Cancer Society to evaluate We Care About Kids, a newly funded 18-month community-based pilot project to address cancer prevention needs in urban low-income minority populations. We Care About Kids (WCAK) peaked my interest for several reasons: First, as an applied medical anthropologist working in an academic setting, I seek opportunities to bridge the university's educational mission with service to the surrounding communities. Secondly, service in local community organizations provides opportunities for graduate students to understand how anthropology and anthropologists impact the lives of everyday citizens. Thirdly, this project would involve anthropology at its inception: thus I could incorporate an emic perspective into project activities from the beginning, increasing opportunities for community members' input in data collection, data analysis, and intervention development and implementation.
Developmental Associations Between Traits: Covariance and Beyond

Statistical associations between phenotypic traits often result from shared developmental processes and include both covariation between the trait values and more complex associations between higher moments of the joint distribution of traits. In this article, an analytical technique for calculating the covariance between traits is presented on the basis of (1). the distribution of underlying genetic and environmental variation that jointly influences the traits and (2). the mechanics of how these underlying factors influence the development of each trait. It is shown that epistasis can produce patterns of covariation between traits that are not seen in additive models. Applying this approach to a trait in parents and the same trait in their offspring allows us to study the consequences of epistasis for the evolution of additive genetic variance and heritability. This analysis is then extended to the study of more complicated associations between traits. It is shown that even traits that are not correlated may exhibit developmental associations that influence their joint evolution.
Incorporating the Social Dimension of Sustainability into Civil Engineering Education

Social sustainability is often overlooked in favor of environmental and economic considerations in civil engineering (CE) education. To help address this issue, this paper presents two instructional approaches to introduce students to social sustainability by using a conceptual model derived from four dimensions of social sustainability: community involvement, corporate social responsibility, safety through design, and social design. In the first instructional approach, the instructor is the primary facilitator; in the second approach, the students become the experts, sharing their knowledge with their peers. Methods to assess student understanding of these dimensions, such as concept mapping, are proposed. By providing the conceptual model and methods to teach it, this paper is for the purpose of assisting those teaching the social dimensions of sustainability to CE students, who will gain an understanding of how their technical decisions affect social sustainability.
Strong irradiance fluctuations in turbulent air, III. Diffraction cutoff*

The theory of irradiance fluctuations of plane and spherical waves propagating through turbulent air is developed further to account for a saturation of the variance in the case where the Fresnel radius (L/k)1/2 exceeds the microscale l0. The crucial step is an expression for ray bending (excluding small eddies that cause diffraction effects) in the iterative solution of a set of nonlinear equations. Previous work was based upon a geometrical-optics expression, thus limiting the results to the case (L/k)1/2 < l0. The log-amplitude variance is found to be proportional to (Cn2k7/6L11/6)-1/6 in the saturation regime. The approximation also yields a log-amplitude covariance that appears to behave qualitatively as observed.
[ReH(SH)2(PMe3)4]: A Catalyst for Fundamental Transformations Involving H2 and H2S

Not a poison! In contrast to the high reactivity of 1, the corresponding trihydride [ReH3 (PMe3 )4 ] is kinetically inert. Thus, the usual view that sulfur poisons catalysts is clearly inappropriate in this case. The catalytic properties of 1 result from its difunctional nature with both protic (SH) and hydridic (ReH) sites; these sites communicate by an intramolecular exchange process (see scheme; X=OMe, SH).