cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Actin, Actin-Related Proteins and Actin-Binding Proteins in Transcriptional Control

Actin is one of the major proteins of the cytoskeleton where, among other functions, it is important for cell movement, defining cell shape, intracellular transport, and muscle contraction. Even though it has been known for many years that conventional actin and actin-related proteins (Arps) are also present in the nucleus, their nuclear functions remained mostly unknown. In recent years, however, it has become clear that actin and Arps are involved in a variety of nuclear processes, especially in transcriptional regulation. It is now apparent that the roles of actin and Arps during transcription are multifaceted and complex ranging from chromatin remodeling to the basic transcription process by RNA polymerases. Furthermore, a number of actin-binding proteins (ABPs) have been identified as transcriptional regulators or co-activators, emphasizing the fundamental role of actin in the nucleus. This chapter specifically addresses the present understanding of actin and Arp function in chromatin remodeling, the role of actin and the actin-binding protein nuclear myosin I in basic transcription, and the role of several other actin-binding proteins as transcriptional co-activators.
Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus: Stem Cells and Mammary Cancer

The paradigm of mammary cancer induction by the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is used to illustrate the body of evidence that supports the hypothesis that mammary epithelial stem/progenitor cells represent targets for oncogenic transformation. It is argued that this is not a special case applicable only to MMTV-induced mammary cancer, because MMTV acts as an environmental mutagen producing random interruptions in the somatic DNA of infected cells by insertion of proviral DNA copies. In addition to disrupting the host genome, the proviral DNA also influences gene expression through its associated enhancer sequences over significant intergenomic distances. Genes commonly affected by MMTV insertion in multiple individual tumors include, the Wnt genes, the FGF gene family, and the Notch gene family. All of these gene families are known to play essential roles in stem cell maintenance and behavior in a variety of organs. The MMTV-induced mutations accumulate in cells that are long lived and possess the properties of stem cells, namely, self-renewal and the capacity to produce divergent epithelial progeny through asymmetric division. The evidence shows that epithelial cells with these properties are present in normal mammary glands, may be infected with MMTV, and become transformed to produce epithelial hyperplasia through MMTV-induced mutagenesis and progress to frank mammary malignancy. Retroviral marking via MMTV proviral insertion demonstrates that this process progresses from a single mammary epithelial cell that possesses all of the features ascribed to tissue-specific stem cells.
Virus removal by treatment processes

The most common form of pollution control consists of a system of sewers and waste treatment plants. The sewers collect the wastewater from homes, businesses and industries and deliver it to the plants for treatment to make it fit for discharge into streams, estuaries, or for reuse. During dry weather, when the sewers are handling only the normal amount of wastewater, all of it should be carried to the waste treatment plant. During a storm, when the amount of water in the sewer system is much greater, it may be necessary to allow part of the water—including varying amounts of raw sewage—to bypass directly into the receiving streams. The rest of the wastes are sent to the treatment plant. If part of the increased load of storm water was not diverted, the waste treatment plant would be overloaded and the purifying process would not function properly.
Stress Fractures of the Elbow in the Throwing Athlete: A Systematic Review.

Background:Stress fractures of the elbow are rare in throwing athletes and present a challenge from both a management and rehabilitation perspective. Although the incidence of stress fractures of t...
Physiological Changes from Violence-Induced Stress and Trauma Enhance HIV Susceptibility Among Women.

This theoretical review identifies physiological mechanisms by which violence against women (VAW) may increase women’s susceptibility to HIV through trauma, stress, and immune dysfunction. Research documents systemic and local immune responses are related to stress and trauma from abuse across the life course (i.e., childhood, IPV, adulthood re-victimization). Findings are interpreted within a theoretical framework grounded in the Social Stress Theory and the concept of toxic stress, and highlight the current state of the science connecting: (1) VAW to the physiological stress response and immune dysfunction, and (2) the physiological stress response and inflammation to HIV susceptibility and infection in the female reproductive tract. Despite a dearth of research in human subjects, evidence suggests that VAW plays a significant role in creating a physiological environment conducive to HIV infection. We conclude with a discussion of promising future steps for this line of research.
Establishing the green neighbourhood: approaches to neighbourhood-scale sustainability certification in Portland, Oregon

While local governance is widely acknowledged as an important element in the pursuit of sustainability, local action alone is insufficient to produce lasting change. One recent solution to this qua...
Anarchive as technique in the Media Archaeology Lab | building a one Laptop Per Child mesh network

The Media Archaeology Lab (MAL) at the University of Colorado at Boulder (U.S.A.) acts as both an archive and a site for what the authors describe as ‘anarchival’ practice-based research and research creation. ‘Anarchival’ indicates research and creative activity enacted as a complement to an existing, stable archive. In researching the One Laptop Per Child Initiative, by way of a donation of XO laptops, the MAL has devised a modular process which could be used by other research groups to investigate the gap between the intended use and the affordances of any given piece of technology.
A rare presentation of spontaneous atheroembolic renal disease: A case report.

Background Atheroembolic renal disease (AERD) is caused by occlusion of the small renal arteries from embolized cholesterol crystals arising from ulcerated atherosclerotic plaques. This usually manifests as isolated renal disease or involvement from systemic atheroembolic disease. Here we report a case of AERD that responded well to steroid therapy. Case summary A 62-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and stage IIIa chronic kidney disease was referred for rapidly worsening renal function over a 4-mo period. She complained of swollen legs, dyspnea on exertion, and two episodes of epistaxis about a month prior to admission. She reported no history of invasive vascular procedures, use of radio contrast agents, or treatment with anticoagulants or thrombolytic agents. Urinalysis showed a few red blood cells and granular casts. Serology was positive for cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA). Non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis showed diffuse atherosclerotic changes in the aortic arch. Thus, c-ANCA-associated vasculitis was suspected, and the patient was started on pulse intravenous methylprednisolone. Her renal biopsy showed evidence of AERD. She was discharged with oral prednisone, and her renal function continued to improve during the initial follow-up. Conclusion In cases of non-vasculitis-associated ANCA, a high degree of clinical suspicion is required to pursue the diagnosis of spontaneous AERD in patients with clinical or radiological evidence of atherosclerotic burden. Although no specific treatment is available, the potential role of statins and steroids requires exploration.
Conditions under which selection for mean productivity, tolerance to environmental stress, or stability should be used to improve yield across a range of contrasting environments

Computer simulations were conducted to determine whether conclusions obtained for the special case of a single stress and a single non-stress environment apply to the more general situation where a population of testing environments includes a range of stress and non-stress environments. Mean productivity, tolerance to environmental stress, and a regression coefficient stability parameter of genotypes across environments were compared to determine conditions under which these selection criteria should be used to improve yield across a range of contrasting environments. The results obtained from a worked example based on the single crosses from a 7 × 7 diallel cross in maize and the simulation experiment showed that the conclusions of Rosielle & Hamblin (1981) cannot be directly applied to a population of stress and non-stress environments. Selection for mean productivity should increase yield in both stress and non-stress environments unless the genetic variance in stress environments is more than double that in non-stress environments, and the genetic correlation between yields in contrasting environments is highly negative. Mean productivity and tolerance were shown to be positively correlated even if the genetic variance in stress environments is half that in non-stress environments. Genotypes with a high tolerance to stress were found to have low regression coefficient stability parameters, even when a range of stress and non-stress environments was used.
Working for Oneself: Small Business Ventures

This chapter describes the experiences of women in Yaroslavl who entered into business for themselves in the 1990s. Some women embarked very deliberately on the creation of a business; others ended up as entrepreneurs unexpectedly and out of necessity, since they had few other opportunities to earn an income. All of the entrepreneurs with whom I spoke took pride in their initiative and in their accomplishments. In contrast, several women who chose not to pursue this path expressed regret that they had not made the effort. Although one of the central tenets of Soviet socialism was that all means of production were to be owned by the state, there remained some scope for private enterprise. As discussed in Chapter 5, it was legal for Soviet citizens to sell homemade or homegrown products at the collective farm market and to provide for pay such personal services as tutoring, tailoring and housework.
Trends in Rates of Infections Requiring Hospitalization Among Adults With Versus Without Diabetes in the U.S., 2000-2015.

OBJECTIVE Vascular complications of diabetes have declined substantially over the past 20 years. However, the impact of modern medical treatments on infectious diseases in people with diabetes remains unknown. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We estimated rates of infections requiring hospitalizations in adults (≥18 years) with versus without diabetes, using the 2000–2015 National Inpatient Sample and the National Health Interview Surveys. Annual age-standardized and age-specific hospitalization rates in groups with and without diabetes were stratified by infection type. Trends were assessed using Joinpoint regression with the annual percentage change (Δ%/year) reported. RESULTS In 2015, hospitalization rates remained almost four times as high in adults with versus without diabetes (rate ratio 3.8 [95% CI 3.8–3.8]) and as much as 15.7 times as high, depending on infection type. Overall, between 2000 and 2015, rates of hospitalizations increased from 63.1 to 68.7 per 1,000 persons in adults with diabetes and from 15.5 to 16.3 in adults without diabetes. However, from 2008, rates declined 7.9% in adults without diabetes (from 17.7 to 16.3 per 1,000 persons; Δ%/year −1.5, P CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study highlight the need for greater infectious risk mitigation in adults with diabetes, especially young adults with diabetes.
Chapter 2 – Contracts

Contracts are important to agricultural development in sub-Saharan Africa. Lawyers and economists need to understand basic contract principles to assist stakeholders in the agriculture and agribusiness value chains, including input (seed, fertilizer, equipment) and credit markets, forward contracting and proper contract specification so that resources move to their most-valued uses. Basic elements of contract formation include a meeting of the minds by the parties, competent parties, proper subject matter, offer, acceptance, and consideration. The Coase theorem and the significance of transaction costs in contract formation are discussed. Excuses for nonperformance of a contract, and remedies such as the determination of specific and general damages are also discussed. The use of the principle of “balance of probabilities” in resolving contract disputes, and the importance of reducing parties’ agreement to writing under the statute of frauds are also discussed.
Predicting in situ dry matter disappearance of chopped and processed corn kernels using image-analysis techniques

ABSTRACT Objective Corn silage processing score (CSPS) is a well-known and often-used indicator of starch availability in whole-plant corn silage. However, obtaining results from a laboratory can take days or more. The objective of this work was to test an image-analysis method as a tool for quantitative assessment of corn kernel particle size and feed quality during harvest. Materials and Methods Kernel processor gap settings of 1, 2, 3, and 4 mm were assessed using the standard sieving method and with an image-analysis method. In situ slowly disappearing DM in ruminally cannulated lactating dairy cows was also assessed at the various kernel processor gap settings and compared with the 2 CSPS estimation methods: image analysis and sieving. Results and Discussion The image-analysis method was able to statistically separate mean estimated CSPS (P = 0.014) across the different crop processor gap settings for fresh samples. Image analysis CSPS estimation of fresh samples was highly correlated with in situ DM disappearance results [r(10) = 0.77] using a 12-h incubation time. These results indicate that image processing is a viable tool for estimating CSPS and feed quality. Implications and Applications A smartphone application, SilageSnap, was developed that uses the image-processing algorithm to estimate CSPS. This novel tool provides in-field estimation of CSPS that translates into actionable information regarding feed quality to inform machine adjustment decisions, which farmers, dairy nutritionists, and custom harvesters have not had in the past.
Maximal operators of T means with respect to the Vilenkin system

In this paper, we prove and discuss some new $\left( H_{p},weak-L_{p}\right) $ type inequalities of maximal operators of $T$ means with respect to Vilenkin systems with monotone coefficients. We also apply these results to prove a.e. convergence of \ such $T$ means. It is also proved that these results are the best possible in a special sense. As applications, both some well-known and new results are pointed out.
Who gets access to fast broadband? Evidence from Los Angeles County

Abstract Regulatory and market changes in residential (fixed) broadband have raised concerns about Internet Service Providers (ISPs) prioritizing investments in the most profitable areas, thus relegating low-income and minority communities to fewer broadband options and legacy networks. This study examines these concerns for Los Angeles (LA) County during the 2014–18 period. The analysis uses rollout data collected by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) in combination with demographic information from the American Community Survey (ACS). Because the spatial distribution of broadband investments cannot be directly observed, competition and the availability of FTTH services are used as proxies. The findings indicate that competition and fiber-based services are less likely in low-income areas and minority communities, with the most severe deficits observed in census block groups that combine poverty and a large share of Black residents. We outline alternative policy tools to address intracity inequalities in broadband investments in the conclusion.
Beyond performance metrics: modeling outcomes and cost for clinical machine learning.

Advances in medical machine learning are expected to help personalize care, improve outcomes, and reduce wasteful spending. In quantifying potential benefits, it is important to account for constraints arising from clinical workflows. Practice variation is known to influence the accuracy and generalizability of predictive models, but its effects on cost-effectiveness and utilization are less well-described. A simulation-based approach by Misic and colleagues goes beyond simple performance metrics to evaluate how process variables may influence the impact and financial feasibility of clinical prediction algorithms.
Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance of Polycrystalline Si0.8Ge0.2 Alloys through the Addition of Nanoscale Porosity

Engineering materials to include nanoscale porosity or other nanoscale structures has become a well-established strategy for enhancing the thermoelectric performance of dielectrics. However, the approach is only considered beneficial for materials where the intrinsic phonon mean-free path is much longer than that of the charge carriers. As such, the approach would not be expected to provide significant performance gains in polycrystalline semiconducting alloys, such as SixGe1-x, where mass disorder and grains provide strong phonon scattering. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that the addition of nanoscale porosity to even ultrafine-grained Si0.8Ge0.2 may be worthwhile. The semiclassical Boltzmann transport equation was used to model electrical and phonon transport in polycrystalline Si0.8Ge0.2 containing prismatic pores perpendicular to the transport current. The models are free of tuning parameters and were validated against experimental data. The models reveal that a combination of pores and grain boundaries suppresses phonon conductivity to a magnitude comparable with the electronic thermal conductivity. In this regime, ZT can be further enhanced by reducing carrier concentration to the electrical and electronic thermal conductivity and simultaneously increasing thermopower. Although increases in ZT are modest, the optimal carrier concentration is significantly lowered, meaning semiconductors need not be so strongly supersaturated with dopants.
Godmanhood, Freedom and Philosophy of History

We saw in Chapter I that the principle of philosophy of history, for Berdyaev, is Christ, Godmanhood. We observed, too, that the free will of man figures importantly. By studying Berdyaev’s doctrine of Godmanhood and his voluntarism we will be able to understand his philosophy of history. The present chapter studies the metaphysical subject-matter of philosophy of history especially as it is divine or religious.
Development of emulation-based projects for teaching wireless sensor networks

Wireless technologies have achieved dramatic growth in recent years. Wireless sensor networks (WSN), in particular, have captured the interest of various sectors. The increasing popularity of WSN has motivated universities to include the subject in their curricula. Effective learning and teaching of WSN, however, require the students to gain hands-on experiences in developing WSN projects, which help the students to understand the strength and limitations of this new technology. In this paper we report our experience of teaching WSN by requiring students to develop emulation-based labs following pre-designed template projects. The projects make it easier for the instructor adopt WSN labs in the teaching, and help to smooth the student's learning curve.
Two cholesterol ester hydrolases. Distribution in rat tissues and in cultured human fibroblasts and monkey arterial smooth muscle cells.

Abstract Hydrolytic activity against acetone-dispersed [4- 14 C] cholesterol oleate has been assayed as a function of pH in seven parenchymal tissues, blood cells, and plasma of the rat, as well as in cultured human fibroblasts and monkey ( Macaca, nemestrina ) arterial smooth muscle cells. Both acid and neutral hydrolytic activities were present in all of these except rat plasma. The pH optima were in all cases close to pH 4.5 and pH 6.8. Acid activity was quite constant from tissue to tissue, while neutral activity varied greatly, being greatest in adrenal, testis, and adipose tissue. Subcellular fractionation of human fibroblasts allowed demonstration that activities at pH 4.5 and pH 6.8 were concentrated in different fractions, apparently lysosomal and polysomal, respectively. It appears most cell types, including fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, contain two separate enzymes capable of hydrolyzing cholesterol esters. The neutral pH polysomal enzyme, which is especially prominent in certain tissues, may have a function related to the specialized roles of these tissues.
Donor Lymphocyte Infusions

Donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs) have emerged as an effective strategy to treat patients who have relapsed after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (a11oSCT). The success of DLI in the induction of long-lasting remissions in some patients has provided the first direct evidence of the graft-vs-leukemia (GVL) effect. In the decade since the first reports of the use of DLI by Kolb and Slavin, the diseases that respond to DLI have been identified and efforts to further enhance the GVL response have been explored (1,2). The principle toxicity of DLI, graft-vs-host disease (GVHD), is now well recognized and strategies aimed at limiting this toxicity have been investigated. Finally, the demonstration that a profound antitumor effect can be mediated by the donor graft has led to the development of nonmyeloablative transplants, or minitransplants, that depend on the GVL response for success.
On reductive group actions and fixed points

Among analytic actions of reductive groups on projective varieties, we characterize the algebraic ones by the existence of fixed points for oneparameter subgroups. This applies to the problem of lifting the action of a compact Lie group on a projective manifold to a line bundle. Let G be a connected reductive algebraic group over C, let X be a non-singular complex projective variety, and let m: G x X -* X be an analytic map giving a group action of G on X. If m is algebraic, then every one-parameter subgroup of G will obviously have a fixed point on X (by the valuative criterion of properness, for example). The purpose of this note is to give a simple proof of the following converse, which seems not to have been pointed out in the literature: Theorem. Suppose every one-parameter subgroup of G has a fixed point on X. Then m is algebraic. It is obvious that the hypothesis of the theorem holds if: G itself has a fixed point; a Borel subgroup has a fixed point; or a maximal torus has a fixed point. One can easily formulate a corollary of the following sort, whose proof is immediate: Corollary 1. If, for some x E X and a maximal torus T c G, the orbit map T -* X, t }-> t x is algebraic, then the G-action is algebraic. Corollary 2. Let a compact connected Lie group K act on the projective manifold X as a group of analytic transformations, and let L be an analytic (and therefore algebraic) line bundle on X. If each S1 c K has a fixed point, then some power of L is linearizable; that is, there is a K-action on some L?on which covers the action on X. Results of this sort abound in the literature on geometric quantization [6]. The existence of a fixed point for the S1-action is equivalent to the existence of a moment map, which we actually use in the proof. However, in geometric quantization, the lifting is constructed in an elaborate manner using a connection whose curvature is equal to the Kaehler form. This therefore restricts the lifting only to specific line bundles. Also, the assumptions in the usual construction include the existence of a moment map for the whole group. Of course, the primary interest in that case being that of quantization, one is motivated to just consider such line bundles and to use the connection to construct certain Lie algebra homomorphisms. Received by the editors August 21, 1992 and, in revised form, February 5, 1997. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 22E10. (@)1998 American Mathematical Society
Flux measurements of explosive degassing using a yearlong hydroacoustic record at an erupting submarine volcano

at NW Rota-1 are primarily H2O, SO2, and CO2. Instantaneous fluxes varied by a factor of � 100 over the deployment. Using melt inclusion information to estimate the concentration of CO2 in the explosive gases as 6.9 � 0.7 wt %, we calculate an annual CO2 eruption flux of 0.4 � 0.1 Tg a � 1 . This result is within the range of measured CO2 fluxes at continuously erupting subaerial volcanoes, and represents � 0.2–0.6% of the annual estimated output of CO2 from all subaerial arc volcanoes, and � 0.4–0.6% of the mid-ocean ridge flux. The multiyear eruptive history of NW Rota-1 demonstrates that submarine volcanoes can be significant and sustained sources of CO2 to the shallow ocean.
El Principio de Legalidad y de Retroactividad (The Legality and Retroactivity Principles), y el Derecho a Indemnización (The Right to Compensation)

Spanish Abstract: Estos dos capitulos respectivamente examinan: 1) el Principio de Legalidad y de Retroactividad del articulo 9 de la Convencion Americana sobre Derechos Humanos; y 2) el Derecho a Indemnizacion del articulo 10 de la misma Convencion. Los capitulos buscan recopilar, analizar y criticar la jurisprudencia interamericana sobre estos principios. Ademas, brevemente comparan dichos principios y derechos con la jurisprudencia correspondiente del Tribunal Europeo y de las Naciones Unidas.English Abstract: These two book chapters (in Spanish) respectively examine: 1) the legality and retroactivity principles established in Article 9 of the American Convention on Human Rights; and 2) the right to compensation of Article 10 of the American Convention. The chapters compile, analyze, and critique Inter-American jurisprudence interpreting these principles. In addition, they briefly compare and contrast the relevant European and United Nations approaches.
Recovery of Aroma Compounds from Dilute Model Blueberry Solution by Pervaporation

ABSTRACT Pervaporation (PV) is a membrane-separation process showing unique capability of separating target compound(s) from dilute systems. Experiments were performed on a bench-scale flat sheet PV unit with a model solution to evaluate separation factor of 6 constituent aroma compounds (1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, trans-2-hexenal, ethyl acetate, linalool, and d-limonene), representing some of typical flavoring ingredients from blueberry juice. The results showed that separation factor was in the range of 70 to 430, depending on molecule size and polarity property of the compounds. Except for 1-heptanol, all compounds showed no significant coupling effect in the mixture system. The effect of temperature was also examined for a given feed-flow rate. Keywords: pervaporation, membrane, aroma compounds, blueberry, multicomponent diffusion
The genealogy of operations management

Abstract We investigate, through a mail survey, the rejuvenation of the field of operations management since the late 1950s. We use two primary measures in our study: the trends in dissertation topics and the productivity of doctoral advisors and their students. Scheduling, process design and inventory control have been the most popular dissertation topics. Aggregate planning, forecasting, location and layout, maintenance, interdisciplinary and project management have remained relatively constant in popularity over the decades. Strategy, distribution and process design are growing in popularity, while OR/MS is decreasing. Work measurement, finance/economics, and marketing appear to have virtually ended. The most dominant current research interest (as distinct from dissertation topics) is process design, with significant growth in interest in the categories of strategy, quality and service operations. Analysis of the productivity of doctoral advisors indicates that the field is growing at a slow but steady rate. In general, the field has been increasing its yearly production of graduates at the rate of a little less than one graduate per year since 1960. Looking at individual advisors, productivity grows relatively steadily until about the time of the second sabbatical, whereupon it takes a drastic drop. Thereafter, it resurges, but to a lower rate and then slowly tapers off. Fifty-eight percent of the respondents have had no direct doctoral students, for a variety of reasons. Of the rest, most have had just one student, but one advisor (Gene Groff) has had as many as 21. In terms of total descendants, the range is none up to 47 (Jack Muth). Ten advisors account for almost half of all the doctorates in the field, while another ten (with a large overlap) have had from two to four levels of descendants. These chains of descendants are illustrated in the paper. Overall, it appears that a dozen or so individuals have largely shaped the field in terms of doctoral production, one measure of contribution to the evolution of the field. Based on the careers of these individuals, it seems that major productivity changes tend to occur around sabbatical years. Also, about one-fourth of an advisor's students go on to produce students themselves. However, in spite of the large variability in individual advisor productivity, as well as falloffs and resurgences in productivity over the course of individuals' careers, the cumulative growth of the field has almost perfectly followed a quadratic curve.
Verbal and Visual Memory Improve After Choline Supplementation in Long‐Term Total Parenteral Nutrition: A Pilot Study

Background: Previous investigations have demonstrated that choline deficiency, manifested in low plasma-free choline concentration and hepatic injury, may develop in patients who require long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Preliminary studies have suggested lecithin or choline supplementation might lead to improved visual memory in the elderly and reverse abnormal neuropsychological development in children. We sought to determine if choline-supplemented TPN would lead to improvement in neuropsychological test scores in a group of adult, choline-deficient outpatients receiving TPN. Methods: Eleven subjects (8 males, 3 females) who received nightly TPN for more than 80% of their nutritional needs for at least 12 weeks before entry in the study were enrolled. Exclusion criteria included active drug abuse, mental retardation, cerebral vascular accident, head trauma, hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, (prothrombin time [PT] >2× control), or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Patients were ra...
State restrictions on the Ahmadiyya sect in Indonesia and Pakistan: Islam or political survival?

Indonesia and Pakistan have both adopted state policy that restricts the religious freedom of a minority heterodox sect, the Ahmadiyya, which is viewed by mainstream Muslims as a non-Muslim minority. This outcome is somewhat puzzling as there is a great discrepancy between the institutionalisation and formal privileging of the dominant religion – Islam – in the two Muslim majority states. I find that the similar outcome is attributable not to the institutionalisation of Islam in the state, but rather to the political survival needs of the regime, motivating it to adopt the policy demands of Islamist actors to repress the Ahmadiyya sect.印度尼西亚和巴基斯坦都施行了限制少数异端艾哈马蒂亚教派宗教自由的国家政策。艾哈马蒂亚被主流穆斯林视为非穆斯林少数派。这个结果有些令人费解，因为在两个穆斯林占多数的国家，在主导性宗教即伊斯兰教的体制化与特权化之间存在差异。笔者发现，类似的的结果根源不在伊斯兰的体制化，倒是在于政权的政治生存需要，即响应伊斯兰主义主体压制艾哈马蒂亚教派的政策需要。
Classical Epitaphs for Heroes of Faith: Mid-Tudor Neo-Latin Memorial Volumes and Their Protestant Humanist Context

The emergence of a pattern of English Protestant Humanism should be recognized as characteristic of mid-Tudor intellectual culture. The pattern is strikingly illustrated in two volumes of memorial prose and verse in Latin and Greek,printed in 1551 on the deaths of Martin Bucer and of Henry and Charles Brandon. The volumes reflect classical and Neo-Latin influences. They commemorate the dead both as Protestant protagonists endowed with saving faith and as exemplars of Humanistic learning. They deprecate excessive grief as showing want of faith, but as even the saved may experience a degree of human sorrow at death, consolatory texts in the Humanistic tradition are included. The volumes thus embody the Protestant Humanists' sense of the continuing value of classical learning in the conduct of life under divine grace. An appendix to the article contanns eight representative poems from the volumes.
Chronopotentiometric investigation of the reduction of the chloride complexes of gold

Abstract The electrolytic reductions of AuCl4- and AuCl2- hydrochloric acid were studied at a gold electrode by chronopotentiometry. At concentrations of IO−3 and IO−3 M, AuCl4-is reduced in a single three-electron wave. Two chronopotentiometric waves are observed with mixtures of AuCl4- and AuCl2- in which the concentration of the latter exceeds the equilibrium concentration. The first, more oxidizing wave is due to the reduction of AuCI2- and the second wave is due to the reduction of AuCl4-.
The Information Animal and the Super-brain

Analogous to a super-organism, a super-brain is defined as a group of interacting brains that collectively exhibit at least some of the characteristics of an individual brain. Among eusocial animals, a super-brain evolved in the context of the super-organism (i.e., product of kin selection), but humans apparently evolved a means of brain integration through reciprocity, permitting formation of co-operative networks among non-relatives. It is suggested here that reciprocal alliances emerged primarily as a consequence of an “information-center” foraging strategy among early humans, analogous to that of the honeybee colony. Later increases in human brain size probably reflect significant expansion of gathered and stored information. With syntactic language, modern humans developed a more fully integrated super-brain that mirrors the flow of information within an individual brain and exhibits the property of generativity.
Altered growth patterns of a mountain Ok population of Papua New Guinea over 25 years of change.

Context The Mountain Ok (Mt Ok) people of Telefomin, who live at the interior of Papua New Guinea (PNG), were documented over 25 years ago to be one of the shortest populations on record, with average adult height below the fifth percentile (US). Serum Growth Hormone was detectable, Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and serum indicators of protein nutritional status fell within the normal range, suggesting that these were not primary factors for their relative short stature. Objective Since the Telefolmin people have experienced recent socioeconomic changes, they were re-evaluated in 2008, to examine height, weight, and body mass index (BMI), for insight into relative contributions of environment and other factors that modulate stature in children and adults. Study Design and Setting Cross-sectional anthropometric data were collected from 474 individuals at Telefomin in 2008, and compared with anthropometric data from 342 individuals measured in 1983. Results The height of Telefolmin subjects, below the fifth percentile in 1983, remained below the fifth percentile in 2008. Weight and BMI of peripubertal and adult age groups increased from 1983 to 2008. Male and female heights at peripubertal ages were significantly greater in 2008. Nevertheless, final adult height did not change significantly over the 25 years. Conclusions Recent socioeconomic changes appear to contribute to increased weight, BMI, and stature at younger ages in the Mt Ok at Telefomin. In contrast, unchanging adult stature may reflect a delay in the impact of socioeconomic changes, or genetic influences that modulate responsiveness to other growth regulators. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interval Finite Elements as a Basis for Generalized Models of Uncertainty in Engineering Mechanics

Latest scientific and engineering advances have started to recognize the need for defining multiple types of uncertainty. Probabilistic modeling cannot handle situations with incomplete or little information on which to evaluate a probability, or when that information is nonspecific, ambiguous, or conflicting [12], [47], [50]. Many interval-based uncertainty models have been developed to treat such situations.
INDUCTION OF RAT LIVER DNA ALTERATIONS BY CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF PEROXISOME PROLIFERATORS AS DETECTED BY 32P-POSTLABELING

Abstract The mechanisms of the hepatocarcinogenicity of non-mutagenic peroxisome proliferators, i.e. compounds used as hypolipidemic drugs and industrial plasticizers, are not sufficiently understood. To gain more information on the mechanism of their action, the chronic effects of two structurally diverse peroxisome proliferators on rat-liver DNA were investigated by the 32 P-postlabeling assay. Male F-344 rats (1.5 month old) were fed ciprofibrate (0.025%) in the diet for 2, 5, 8, and 16 months or Wy-14643 (0.1%) for 18 months. Liver DNA from individual treated animals (3–4 per group) and age-matched controls was analyzed by the nuclease P1/bisphosphate version of the 32 P-postlabeling assay. Three distinct types of exposure-related DNA alterations were observed: (i) A significant reduction of the age-dependent accumulation of I-compounds (putative indigenous DNA modifications) (type 1), (ii) adduct-like DNA derivatives induced by the treatments (type 2), and (iii) as yet structurally uncharacterized radiolabeled material occupying substantial areas of DNA adduct maps and accumulating in an exposure time-dependent manner (type 3). DNA from liver tumors generated by these agents displayed only traces of I-compounds, lacked all but one adduct-like derivatives, and had no type 3 alterations. Thus, in contrast to the non-mutagenicity of peroxisome proliferators in short-term assays, chronic administration of these compounds led to DNA alterations that were detectable by 32 P-postlabeling assay.
Cooling of cryogenic electron bilayers via the Coulomb interaction

Heat dissipation in current-carrying cryogenic nanostructures is problematic because the phonon density of states decreases strongly as energy decreases. We show that the Coulomb interaction can prove a valuable resource for carrier cooling via coupling to a nearby cold electron reservoir. Specifically, we consider the geometry of an electron bilayer in a silicon-based heterostructure and analyze the power transfer. We show that, across a range of temperatures, separations, and sheet densities, the electron-electron interaction dominates the phonon heat-dissipation modes as the main cooling mechanism. Coulomb cooling is most effective at low densities, when phonon cooling is least effective in silicon, making it especially relevant for experiments attempting to perform coherent manipulations of single spins.
On Corporate Divestiture

This paper investigates why firms choose to divest their units/segments, and how firms choose among the three divestiture mechanisms (equity carveout, spinoff, and asset selloff). A direct comparison is conducted on firm’s viable choices on a comprehensive sample of corporate divestiture transactions in the period of 1985-1998. Our multinomial logit analysis provides a complete picture on corporate divestitures. We find that, in support for the focusing hypothesis, highly diversified firms are more likely to divest units when suffering from low operating efficiency. Our results are also consistent with the proposition that firms are divesting to relax their credit constraint, as firms with higher leverage ratios and low cash income are more likely to engage in carveouts or selloffs. We find limited evidence of information asymmetry as the major determinant of divestitures. We provide new findings on firm’s choice among the three divestiture options. We report that, conditioned on the decision to divest, firms mainly use asset selloffs in divesting smaller units operating in the same industry. Firms with larger divested units are more likely to use spinoff or carveout transactions. Parent firms having high revenue growth, high book-to-market ratio, and divesting unit when market sentiment is high are less likely to use spinoffs. Firms having high dividend yield, less information asymmetry, and divesting units operating in different industries are more likely to use carveout as an exit mechanism. Alternative specification of an ordered logit analysis generates consistent findings.
School-Based Post-Flood Screening and Evaluation: Findings and Challenges in One Community

This study examined a school-based screening and evaluation project to identify children with adjustment problems following a natural disaster. Six hundred twelve children ranging in age from 5 to 19 were screened in the aftermath of a hurricane and extensive flooding. Two hundred forty-eight children and 86 parents participated in the evaluation phase of the project, although few completed all measures. Severity of exposure alone was a limited predictor of child adjustment. However, screening for depression increased prediction of adjustment, and screening for traumatic stress symptoms helped predict parent-reported child PTSD. Barriers to conducting a school-based screening are discussed.
Glomerular filtration of albumin: How small is the sieving coefficient?

Glomerular filtration of albumin: How small is the sieving coefficient? A model was developed to describe how the concentration of albumin in proximal tubule fluid will vary with axial position, including the effects of luminal flow and water and albumin reabsorption. The results show that the high albumin sieving coefficients proposed recently cannot be reconciled with micropuncture data in rats.
Quantitative observations on feeding behavior inSaguinus geoffroyi (callithricidae, primates)

Feeding behavior of a six-animal group of marmosets,Saguinus geoffroyi, was observed under field conditions in the Panama Canal Zone. The order of feeding was recorded as the marked animals fed from a limited access food source. A combined distribution of observed visitations to the food source was shown to be significantly non-random (p<.005). The juveniles of the group were seen to feed at the source before adults on the average.
Gendered identities in old age: Toward (de)gendering?

Abstract In postindustrial societies, like the United States, the loss of socioeconomic power and status among older people have created an arena where patriarchal rules and gender-based expectations have been altered, providing the context for new (de)gendered identities. In this article, we analyze assumptions regarding gender and age representations. By comparing different views of ageing—psychoanalytic, feminist, and that of older people themselves—we want to explore how they reflect underlying ideologies about the body, gender, and the self. These approaches to ageing are examined to assess the meaning of gender and age as social constructs. The article addresses the issue of (de)gendering by suggesting that in the third and fourth ages, gendered identities become altered in ways that diminish gender differences and clear-cut gender representations. We end the article by discussing some implications for doing research about the production and consumption of knowledge about ageing.
Pathology of BHA- and BHT-induced lesions

The pathology lesions from three studies, two with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and one with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), are reviewed. When BHA was fed at 0.5 and 2.0% of the diet to F344 rats for two years, there was an increase in epithelial hyperplasia of the forestomach at both treatment levels. Papilloma and squamous-cell carcinoma of the forestomach were increased at the 2.0% level. When BHA was fed to beagle dogs at 1.0 and 1.3% of the diet for 180 days, no lesions/tumours of the distal oesophagus or stomach could be identified either at gross necropsy or by light or electron microscopy. The BHT was fed to Wistar rats at 0, 25, 100 and 250 mg/kg body weight. At the highest dose there was an increase in the number of rats with hepatocellular adenoma and with hepatocellular carcinoma.
The Languages of Pyidawtha and the Burmese Approach to National Development

Burma's first well known welfare plan was entitled Pyidawtha or Happy Land, and it was launched in 1952. In vernacular terms, the literal meaning of Pyidawtha is ‘Prosperous Royal Country’. The gov...
Class I recall of defibrillator leads: a comparison of the Sprint Fidelis and Riata families.

Background In recent years, 2 popular implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) leads have undergone a class I recall by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA): the Sprint Fidelis and the Riata leads. Objective To examine the failure rates of these 2 leads with respect to their date of FDA recall. Methods All patients implanted with a Sprint Fidelis, Riata, or Sprint Quattro lead at our institution were included. Kaplan-Meier failure-free survival curves were constructed with and without censoring at the dates of announcement of the FDA recall for each lead. Results A total of 2270 patients (623 Sprint Fidelis, 627 Riata, and 1020 Sprint Quattro) were included. The failure-free survival of the Sprint Quattro lead was significantly better than that of the Riata lead (P Conclusions In this study, a comparative analysis of the failure-free survival of 2 recalled leads demonstrates discrepancies in the timing of the recall despite comparable failure-free survival patterns leading to the recall. The causes of these discrepancies are unclear and raise questions regarding the consistency of postmarketing surveillance and manufacturers' reporting of malfunctions of medical devices.
Effects of centrifugal force on functional and structural integrity of rat liver ribosomes.

Abstract 1. 1. The ability of rat liver ribosomes to support in vitro protein synthesis was not adversely affected, and generally tended to increase as the centrifugal force at which they were isolated increased. 2. 2. Polysomal material tended to decrease while 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits apparently increased at progressively higher centrifugal forces. 3. 3. Ribosomal “purity”, revealed by u.v. spectrophotometric analysis, deteriorated as centrifugal force increased. Contamination by material that absorbed at 230 nm was particularly evident.
The central projections in the retina in Necturus maculosus.

The projections of the retina in Necturus maculosus were studied by injecting radioactive proline into one eye. Labeling was seen in both the contralateral and ipsilateral diencephalon and tectum. The contralateral fibers are divided into three major tracts: the marginal, axial, and basal. The ipsilateral fibers separate into a marginal and an axial optic tract. The contralateral and ipsilateral axial optic tracts have a similar distribution. The contralateral and ipsilateral marginal optic tracts projecting to the diencephalon also have a similar distribution. However, in the tectum the ipsilateral marginal optic tract ends in the anterior third while the contralateral extends almost the entire length of the tectum. The retinotectal ipsilateral projection ends in clumps as has been described in other vertebrates. A direct ipsilateral retinotectal projection has not been described in any other amphibian.
Flowing afterglow studies of the reactions between negative ions and trimethylsilyl enol ethers. Regiospecific generation of gas phase enolate ions

Reactions of isomeric silyl enol ethers with fiuoride, amide or hydroxide ions in a flowing afterglow lead to the formation of relatively pure isomeric enolate anions. Isomeric enolates react specifically with neopentyl nitrite to give ionic products diagnostic of their structure.