cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Platelet-derived growth factor-BB inhibits rat alpha1D-adrenergic receptor gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells by inducing AP-2-like protein binding to alpha1D proximal promoter region

We have previously found that, in addition to mediating contraction of vascular smooth muscle, activation of alpha1D-adrenergic receptors (AR) induces smooth muscle cell (SMC) hypertrophy. Despite their importance, little is known about how alpha1D-AR expression is regulated. Recently, we demonstrated that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-beta receptor stimulation, but not various other growth factors, inhibits transcription of alpha1D-, but not alpha1A- or alpha1B-ARs, resulting in reduced norepinephrine-mediated SMC growth. To investigate this inhibitory mechanism, herein we cloned and characterized 1.6 kb of the 5'-flanking region of the rat alpha1D-AR gene. Reporter gene transfection assays in rat aorta and vena cava SMCs showed that this 5'-flanking region, which lacks a TATA-box, possesses strong promoter activity. Two transcription initiation sites and their flanking promotor regions were identified, wherein the proximal promotor mediated PDGF-BB inhibition of transcription. Gel mobility shift assays suggested that Sp1 binds constitutively at two consensus sites within the -399 base pair (bp)/-349-bp region of the proximal promotor. This constitutive binding was unaffected by PDGF-BB. In contrast, a flanking motif (-384 bp/-349 bp), possessing putative Sp1/activator protein-2 (AP-2) overlapping binding sites and located upstream of the proximal transcription initiation site, was required for PDGF-BB inhibition of alpha1D transcription. PDGF-BB increased AP-2 binding to the distal AP-2 site in this region in the context of SMCs. Furthermore, overexpression of AP-2 protein, by transgene transfection, dose-dependently inhibited alpha1D-AR activity driven by this motif. Thus, PDGF-BB may increase AP-2 binding within the proximal promoter to cause down-regulation of alpha1D-AR expression in SMCs when PDGF is elevated, such as in the postnatal growing vascular wall and in vascular hypertrophic diseases.
INFLUENCE OF AGEING WITHOUT STRESS UPON STRUCTURAL PROPERTY FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE BOLTS MADE FROM 12% Cr STEEL

The material mainly used for high-temperature bolts on large-capacity thermal power units is 12% Cr steel,but it has been discovered in application that the said steel had problems,such as the hardness value decreasing rapidly,the impact value being lower,and the impact index of C-422 bolts of 12% Cr steel hasn't standard can be based on,etc.,having serious phenomenon of demobilization in a short period.For these,though a series of ageing test without stress,the relationship among property of mechanics,structural state,ageing time,and ageing temperature of the bolts has been determined,and the varying regularity of structural property for 12% Cr martensitic heat-resistant stainless steel bolts under condition of ageing without stress being preliminarily given,and recommendations being put forward for supervision of high-temperature bolts made from 12% Cr martensitic heat-resistant stainless steel after operation.
Chemistry, manufacturing and exposure assessments to support generally recognized as safe (GRAS) determinations

Identity, stability, purity, intended use levels in what foods and technical effects, and probable intake are among the key components in an assessment to support GRAS determinations. The specifications of identity of a food substance are an important component of the safety assessment as changes in the physical and chemical properties of a food substance can influence its technical effect in food and can influence its nutritional or toxicological properties of the food substance. Estimating exposure is a key determining step in the safety evaluation of a food substance. Intake assessment in GRAS determination is necessarily comprehensive based on cumulative exposure, i.e. proposed new uses plus background dietary exposure. Intake estimates for safety assurance in a GRAS determination also represent conservative overestimate of chronic exposure as they are based on 2-day average daily intake and the upper percentile (90th) intake among consumers. In contrast, in a nutrient assessment where realistic intake estimates are of interest, usual intake estimates are relied upon. It should also be noted that intake estimates for GRAS determinations are also more conservative than estimate of dietary exposure by EPA (FIFRA), where mean per capita are used to assess chronic exposure. Overall, for safety assurance, intake assessments in GRAS determinations are comprehensively cumulative and typically conservative overestimate of exposures.
Computational Molecular Design of Water Compatible Dentin Adhesive System

Abstract The objective of this work is to develop a framework to a design dentin adhesive system for water compatibility and efficient photo-polymerization applying computer aided molecular design. A dentin adhesive system consists of monomers and photo-initiators which trigger a photo-polymerization reaction when exposed to visible light. In this study a water compatible visible light photosensitizer was designed for dental applications. Quantitative structure property relationships (QSPRs) were developed for relevant properties (octanol/water partition coefficient and molar extinction coefficient) using molecular descriptors. The QSPRs are combined with structural constraints to form a MINLP, which is then solved to near optimality using Tabu search to generate novel candidate photosensitizer molecules with desired properties. Tabu search, a heuristic optimization method, does not yield globally optimal solutions for MINLPs, but it is an efficient and practical method for solving general combinatorial optimization problems. This framework will provide insight regarding possible functional groups for developing water-compatible visible light photosensitizers for dentin adhesive systems.
CE-32 The epidemiology of individuals not fully meeting classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): the georgia lupus registry

Background Identifying individuals as early as possible in the development of an autoimmune disease may lead to important opportunities. This study utilises an established population-based registry to evaluate the burden of individuals who do not meet criteria for SLE but may be at higher risk of being diagnosed later. Materials and methods The Georgia Lupus Registry (GLR) is designed to more accurately estimate the incidence and prevalence of SLE in Atlanta, Georgia. The state allowed investigators and trained abstractors to access protected health information without patient consent. Sources of potential cases included hospitals (20), rheumatologists (35), nephrology groups (10), dermatology groups (20), commercial labs, and population databases. Databases were queried for the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, (ICD-9) code 710.0 (SLE), as well as 695.4 (discoid lupus), 710.8 (other specified connective tissue disease), and 710.9 (unspecified connective tissue disease), as well as serologies and pathology results suggestive of SLE. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome was searched for if a consistent code was used at a particular facility. Those with less than 4 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for SLE and without a final physician diagnosis of a specific connective tissue disease were analysed. Rates were determined for incidence (2002–2004) and prevalence (2002) and age adjusted using the 2000 US population. Age adjusted estimates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by the direct method using R (routine ageadjust.direct). Results 220 individuals were prevalent in 2004 with an overall age-adjusted rate of 14.2 per 100,000 person-years. 99 individuals were incident in 2002–04 with a rate of 2.1. Similar to SLE, the highest rates were in women and blacks. The rate ratio of prevalent women to men was 4.9 and was 2.2 in blacks to whites, lower than seen in SLE. (Table 1) The most frequent ACR criteria manifestations were ANA (56.4% and 57.6% in prevalent and incident individuals, respectively), hematologic disorder (39.1%, 35.4%), and arthritis (30%, 32.3%). There were no statistically significant differences between blacks and whites. Conclusions This is the first population-based evaluation of those not fully meeting ACR criteria for SLE in the US. The prevalence and incidence rates were 15% and 30%, respectively, of that which were seen in those validated as having SLE from the same general population. This suggests a significant population at higher risk of being diagnosed with SLE in the future can be identified. Studies are ongoing to determine the outcomes of these patients.
Black spot infection in juvenile steelhead trout increases with stream temperature in northern California

Climate change will increase water temperature in rivers and streams that provide critical habitat for imperiled species. Warmer water temperatures will influence the intensity and nature of biotic interactions, including parasitism. To better understand the factors influencing a neascus-type parasitic infection known as black spot disease, we examined the relationship between infection rate in juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), abundance of another intermediate host (ramshorn snail, Planorbella trivolvis), and water temperature. We quantified infection patterns of trout at seven sites within the South Fork Eel River in northern California, visiting each site on three different occasions across the summer, and recording water temperature at each site. We also quantified infection patterns in trout captured from two tributaries to the South Fork Eel River. Overall, trout infection rates were highest in sites with the warmest temperatures. The abundance of ramshorn snails was positively related to both water temperature and black spot infection rates in juvenile trout. Both snail abundance and infection rates increased rapidly above a 23 °C daily maximum, suggesting a threshold effect at this temperature. We suggest that warmer temperatures are associated with environmental and biotic conditions that increase black spot disease prevalence in threatened steelhead trout. A comparison of our results with similar data collected from a more northern latitude suggests that salmonids in California may be warm-adapted in terms of their parasite susceptibility.
Design Strategies for Anode of Mg-Air Batteries and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions on Mg-RE Alloys

Commercial purity Mg, Mg-RE alloys ZE10A (UNS M11600), and EV31A (UNS M12310) were evaluated in the as-received condition for potential application as anode for Mg-air battery. Anodic and cathodic polarization studies were performed in 0.6 M NaCl, 0.5 M NaNO3 and 0.1 M Na2SO4 electrolytes. Hydrogen evolved during anodic polarization was measured at different potentials. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was carried out at open circuit conditions. The results showed that commercial purity magnesium had higher corrosion resistance than the Mg-RE alloy specimens in all the electrolytes tested. All the specimens showed negative difference effect (NDE) where the rate of hydrogen evolution increased with increased anodic polarization. The NDE was more pronounced on ZE10A than on other materials. The rate of hydrogen evolution was about three times higher in NaCl solution than in other two solutions. The results suggest that ZE10A could be a potential anode material for Mg-air battery due to its high anodic activity in spite of the observed NDE.
The Effect of Monomolecular Films on the Surface Temperature of Water

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effect of monomolecular films on the surface temperature of water. It presents a method for using a thermistor to estimate the temperature of a surface layer of water during studies of the effect of insoluble monolayers on evaporation. The surface temperature was shown to be sensitive to changes in the rate of evaporation and easily adopted to use with a Langmuir–Adam film balance. The temperature of a clean water surface in contact with an atmosphere of low relative humidity was found to be at least 7°C cooler than the thermostatted room temperature and to rise almost to room temperature when an insoluble monolayer of high specific resistance to evaporation was adsorbed thereon. The equilibrium surface temperature was a reversible function of the film pressure under the experimental conditions studied. The maximum surface temperature of water attained with a compressed monomolecular film was shown to be a sensitive function of molecular structure. Any variation in molecular structure that prevented close-packing of the hydrocarbon chains such as the presence of unsaturation, ionized polar groups, or the replacement of an aliphatic hydrogen atom by a larger substituent greatly reduced its effectiveness as a barrier to evaporation. Evaporation resistance was found to be more related to those factors determining intermolecular cohesion such as the length of the hydrocarbon chain than to the nature of the polar hydrophilic group.
Peer Tutoring and Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders: A Review of the Literature

This article presents an updated research synthesis on the use of students with emotional or behavioral disorders as tutors and/or tutees. Thirty-eight studies from 1972 to 2002 were identified in ...
Impact of omentoplasty on anastomotic leak and septic complications after low pelvic anastomosis: a study from the NSQIP database.

The role of omentoplasty in the prevention of anastomotic leak (AL) in colorectal surgery is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of omentoplasty on AL and septic complications after low pelvic anastomosis using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database. The ACS-NSQIP database was queried for patients who underwent segmental colectomy with low pelvic anastomosis by using 2012 targeted colectomy participant use data file. Patients were divided into two groups according to omentoplasty versus no-omentoplasty formation. AL and surgical site infections (SSIs) within postoperative 30 days were compared between the groups. A total of 2891 patients (1447 [50.1%] males) with a mean age of 60.2 ± 13.0 years met the inclusion criteria. There were 86 (2.9%) and 2805 (97.1%) patients in the omentoplasty and no-omentoplasty group, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, omentoplasty neither reduced AL (p = 0.83; OR = 0.88, 95% CI, 0.21–2.44) nor organ/space SSIs (p = 0.08; OR = 2.14, 95% CI, 0.91–4.41). Also, this technique did not play any role in reducing AL and organ/space SSI rates regardless of diversion with the exception of its association with higher organ/space SSIs in patients without diverting stoma (9.2% vs 3.8%, p = 0.04). No differences were detected between the groups with respect to the management strategies for AL (p = 0.22). Omentoplasty did not decrease AL and septic complications after low pelvic anastomosis and had no impact on the postoperative management of AL.
Design of a Submillimeter Crack-Detection Tool for Si Photovoltaic Wafers Using Vicinal Illumination and Dark-Field Scattering

Microcracks in silicon solar cells reduce the mechanical strength of the wafer and cause breakage during manufacturing, transportation, and field operation. Therefore, there is a need to trace where microcracks initiate in the manufacturing line. As wafers become thinner, the critical crack length required for fracture significantly decreases for the same loading conditions. Currently, very few industry-standard tools can reliably detect submillimeter cracks, which will become more critical for thinner wafers. In this work, we demonstrate a technique to detect submillimeter cracks located at the edges of various multicrystalline silicon wafers and solar cells. The proposed technique, which is based on near-infrared dark-field imaging with vicinal laser illumination from the wafer edge, has several advantages over state-of-the-art optical transmission imaging and dark-field scattering techniques. Moreover, we adapt this technique to achieve the high-throughput requirement of inline metrology; hence, it can be used to detect submillimeter cracks in a manufacturing line. With a high-frame-rate line-scan camera, this proposed crack technique is designed to theoretically achieve a scanning throughput of less than 1 s per wafer.
This review identified high-quality studies on teaching conditional use of requesting and rejecting skills, but points to the need for more research and for analyses of study outcomes1

Q (1) What are the effects of interventions targeting conditional requesting or rejecting skills for people with moderate to severe developmental disabilities? (2) How many and what type of partici...
A MSK Radiologist's Early Experience as a Department Chair: Climbing the Horizontal Ladder.

A radiologist's training is designed to produce a professional with excellent interpretation skills. However, in today's health care environment, a successful radiologist may not be a successful leader or the opposite may be true. Leadership requires a different set of skills with knowledge of common concepts across all levels of health care delivery. When asked to take on administrative responsibilities, you anticipate constant work with occasional glory, but you may not realize the ladder of success is actually horizontal and the spotlight quite bright. In this personal narrative, I have illustrated my pathway to the chair position in the context of climbing the career ladder and entering the stage of leadership. I discuss common concerns facing radiology today and how we can all use our experience and leadership skills to overcome these challenges with effective solutions.
Adeno-associated virus vector as a platform for gene therapy delivery

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are the leading platform for gene delivery for the treatment of a variety of human diseases. Recent advances in developing clinically desirable AAV capsids, optimizing genome designs and harnessing revolutionary biotechnologies have contributed substantially to the growth of the gene therapy field. Preclinical and clinical successes in AAV-mediated gene replacement, gene silencing and gene editing have helped AAV gain popularity as the ideal therapeutic vector, with two AAV-based therapeutics gaining regulatory approval in Europe or the United States. Continued study of AAV biology and increased understanding of the associated therapeutic challenges and limitations will build the foundation for future clinical success.
Modeling interacting dynamic networks: III. Extraordinary properties in a population of extreme introverts and extroverts

Recently, we introduced dynamic networks with preferred degrees, showing that interesting properties are present in a single, homogeneous system as well as one with two interacting networks. While simulations are readily performed, analytic studies are challenging, due mainly to the lack of detailed balance in the dynamics. Here, we consider the two-community case in a special limit: a system of extreme introverts and extroverts - the XIE model. Surprising phenomena appear, even in this minimal model, where the only control parameters are the numbers of each subgroup: $N_{I,E}$. Specifically, an extraordinary transition emerges when $N_I$ crosses $N_E$. For example, the fraction of total number of I-E links jumps from $\thicksim 0$ to $\thicksim 1$. In a $N_I=N_E$ system, this fraction performs a pure random walk so that its distribution displays a flat plateau across most of $[0,1]$, with the edges vanishing as $(N_{I,E})^{-0.38}$ for large systems. Thus, we believe the XIE model exhibits an extreme Thouless effect. For this limiting model, we show that detailed balance is restored and explicitly find the microscopic steady-state distribution. We then use a mean-field approach to find analytic expressions for the degree distributions that are in reasonably good agreement with simulations, provided $N_I$ is not too close to $N_{E}$.
Deployable tessellated acoustic array with a curved Miura-ori pattern for ultrasound focusing in multilayered media

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been successfully applied to treat cancers in clinical settings. In such treatment, the ultrasonic transducer projects focused ultrasound to the diseased tissues for thermal ablation. Nevertheless, the absorption, diffusion, and reflection that occur on the propagation path of ultrasound may reduce the effectiveness of HIFU. In order to overcome this challenge, a concept of origami-inspired deployable tessellated acoustic arrays may be leveraged. Fueled by large portability, the array may be compacted for insertion to the body and guidance to the point of care where the deployed array is then used for treatment. Such a vision requires understanding how wave propagation behaviors from reconfigurable tessellated transducer arrays are tailored in a multilayer environment. Here, the curved Miura-ori tessellation is used to approximate the arc shape for focusing. An analytical modeling framework is extended to investigate the new wave propagation behaviors encountered in biological-like media. Using the analytical tool, the tessellated acoustic array is compared with the ideal arc transducer, and the results indicate that the proposed concept may be comparable with an ideal case in focusing. In addition, the deployability of the tessellated acoustic array is confirmed through experimental efforts in a controlled multilayer environment.High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been successfully applied to treat cancers in clinical settings. In such treatment, the ultrasonic transducer projects focused ultrasound to the diseased tissues for thermal ablation. Nevertheless, the absorption, diffusion, and reflection that occur on the propagation path of ultrasound may reduce the effectiveness of HIFU. In order to overcome this challenge, a concept of origami-inspired deployable tessellated acoustic arrays may be leveraged. Fueled by large portability, the array may be compacted for insertion to the body and guidance to the point of care where the deployed array is then used for treatment. Such a vision requires understanding how wave propagation behaviors from reconfigurable tessellated transducer arrays are tailored in a multilayer environment. Here, the curved Miura-ori tessellation is used to approximate the arc shape for focusing. An analytical modeling framework is extended to investigate the new wave propagation behaviors encounter...
Waves and Convection in Stellar Astrophysics

This chapter begins with the principles determining a star’s structure: hydrostatic and thermal balance, and energy generation and transport. These imply that some stars have stably stratified cores and convective envelopes, whereas other stars have convective cores and stably stratified envelopes. The convection in stars is predominantly low Mach number, but the density at the top of a convection zone can be orders of magnitude smaller than the density at the bottom. We derive the anelastic equations which can model efficient, low Mach number convection. The properties of stars can be inferred by studying the waves at their surface. Here we describe sound and internal gravity waves, both of which have been observed in the Sun or other stars. The second half of this chapter discusses two phenomena at the interface between the convective and stably stratified layers of stars. First we consider convective overshoot, the convective motions which can extend into an adjacent stably stratified fluid. This can lead to substantial mixing in the stably stratified part of stars. Then, we discuss internal gravity wave generation by convection, which can lead to wave-induced energy or momentum transport. These illustrate some important fluid dynamical problems in stellar astrophysics.
On the interpretation of seasonal Southern Africa precipitation prediction skill estimates during Austral summer

Differences between two types of prediction skill estimates over Southern Africa are illustrated to better inform the users of seasonal precipitation forecasts over the region who desire assessments of forecast accuracy. Both seasonal precipitation prediction skill estimates for the African continent south of 15°S during the December–March rainy season are derived from the perfect-model method. The perfect-model method is based on a 40-member ensemble of Community Atmosphere Model version 5 simulations forced by observed time-evolving boundary conditions during 1920–2016. The first skill estimate is based on the verification of an ensemble mean forecast spanning many seasons and therefore unconditional on a single boundary forcing. The second skill estimate is based on the verification of an ensemble mean forecast for a single season and is therefore conditional on that year’s boundary forcing. Unconditional prediction skill calculated in 30-year increments for each of the 40 possible forecasts reveals: (1) large spread in skill among the individual forecasts for any given year and (2) temporal variations in skill for each forecast. The magnitude of conditional prediction skill varies greatly from 1 year to the next, revealing that the boundary conditions offer little prediction skill during some years and comparably large skill during others. The simultaneous behaviors of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation and the subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole are related to the largest conditional precipitation prediction skill years. Unconditional skill estimates may therefore mislead users of forecasts who desire assessments of forecast accuracy. Unconditional skill may be temporally unstable, and unlike conditional skill, is not representative of the skill for a given season.
Paired Stated Preference Methods for Valuing Management of White Pine Blister Rust: Order Effects and Outcome Uncertainty

Paired Stated Preference Methods for Valuing Management of White Pine Blister Rust: Order Effects and Outcome Uncertainty
Chapter 22 – Electrical Analogs for Water Movement through the Soil–Plant–Atmosphere Continuum

This chapter gives the history of the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum (SPAC) and tells of early researchers who pioneered the concept. The analogy for water movement through the SPAC and the flow of electricity is then presented. Ohm's law governs the movement of electricity through a circuit, and it is detailed. Electrical analogs depend upon a knowledge of the law of resistance, which is illustrated. A Wheatstone bridge is used to measure the resistance in electrical analogs, and its principle of operation is described. The unit used for electrical resistance, the ohm, and the unit used for electrical conductance, the Siemen, are presented and their relation shown. The catenary equation used for the movement of water through the SPAC, which links water movement from the soil to the plant and from the plant to the atmosphere, is presented and its proof is derived. Appendices give biographies of Ohm, Wheatstone, and members of the Siemens family.
Advanced techniques for pancreaticobiliary stone extraction.

Background and Aims Pancreaticobiliary stone extraction during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography can be challenging when working space is limited or the duct is irregular and strictured. We aimed to demonstrate several difficult anatomic scenarios in which stone extraction was accomplished by ductoscopic grasping and retrieval using miniature devices. Methods In 2 cases, a miniature retrieval basket and snare are used during cholangioscopy to grasp refractory stones in the intrahepatic and cystic ducts, respectively. In cases 3 and 4, a miniature basket and snare are used during pancreatoscopy to facilitate stone extraction from stenotic and tortuous pancreatic ducts. In case 5, a miniature forceps is used to extract a stone from within a dilated pancreatic side branch. Results Stone extraction was successful in all cases without adverse events. Conclusions Miniature grasping accessories that fit through the working channel of the cholangioscope/pancreatoscope may allow stone retrieval in difficult anatomic scenarios and thus represent a meaningful addition to our therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of this condition.
Income Responses to the Affordable Care Act: Evidence from a Premium Tax Credit Notch.

Abstract We examine responses to the ACA subsidy for Marketplace health insurance in the first year of subsidy availability. Drawing on federal tax data and focusing on a notch in the schedule where eligibility is lost, we document that taxpayers lowered their income to remain eligible for the subsidy. The observed bunching is modest relative to the size of the notch, which, consistent with larger responses we detect in additional analyses among certain subgroups, is likely explained by significant optimization frictions. Finally, we find suggestive evidence that increased deductions drive some of the response, while reduced labor supply also plays a role.
Role of CT Coronary Calcium Scanning and Angiography in Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risk

Coronary artery calcium identified by means of computed tomography is a highly reliable method for identification of coronary atherosclerosis.
Chrono modulated multiple unit particulate systems (MUPS) via a continuous hot melt double extrusion technique: Investigation of the formulation and process suitability.

Abstract The current study is aimed at the development of chrono modulated multiple unit particulate systems (MUPS) of nifedipine (ND) by a continuous double extrusion process. ND, a poorly soluble drug was formulated into an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) to improve its solubility. Further, the ASD was converted into MUPS to control the drug release through a combination of pulsatile and sustained release portions. In the preparation of the ASD, the polymer HPMCAS LG was employed at different concentrations. MUPS were formulated by using Eudragit® FS100, Eudragit® RSPO, Klucel™ HF and lipids Precirol® ATO 5, Geleol™, Compritol® ATO5. The differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction studies of MUPS revealed the amorphous nature of ND. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies depicted the surface morphology of the ASD and the gradual change in the surface of the coated MUPS during in-vitro release studies. The in-vitro drug release profiles of ASD indicated significant improvement (p
Structure of Charged Particle Tracks in Condensed Media

This chapter describes the structure of charged particle tracks in liquids. A track is generated by correlated energy loss events along the direction of the momentum of the penetrating particle. The chapter graphically presents the formation of a track in the second-order perturbation theory. Charged particle tracks in liquids are formally similar to cloud chamber or bubble chamber tracks. There are great differences in track lifetime and observability. Tracks in the radiation chemistry of condensed media are extremely short-lived and are not amenable to direct observation. In the cloud or bubble chamber, the track is actually seen at a time that is many orders of magnitude longer than the formation time of the track. The manifestation occurs through processes extraneous to track formation—such as condensation, formation of bubbles, and so forth. Therefore, in a real sense, charged particle tracks in the radiation chemistry are metaphysical constructs.
The Effect of Perceived Technological Uncertainty on Japanese New Product Development

This article develops a theoretical model that examines the moderating effect of perceived technological uncertainty on new product development (NPD). We tested the theoretical model using 553 Japa...
Exploring College Students’ Emotional Responses to Instructor Swearing

The current study sought to expand the scant literature on instructor swearing by investigating how students felt personally and toward their instructor after experiencing swearing in the classroom. Inductive analytic techniques revealed that students reported the following personal feelings after recalling a specific swearing incident: absence of emotion, pleasurable and functional, displeasure, and aroused. Students reported the following feelings toward the instructor after a swearing incident: feelings unchanged, positive change in affect (respectful and accessible), and negative change in affect (inappropriate and unprofessional). Emotional Response Theory (ERT) frames results—in particular, students’ responses illustrate the emotions outlined in ERT, including pleasure/displeasure, dominance/submissiveness, and arousal/nonarousal (Mottet, Frymier, & Beebe, 2006). Additionally, other emotional responses not originally conceptualized within ERT were found. Implications for instructional communication ...
Lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress genes and dietary factors in breast cancer protection: a hypothesis

We have recently proposed that lipid peroxidation may be a common mechanistic pathway by which obesity and hypertension lead to increased renal cell cancer risk. During this exercise, we noted a risk factor swap between breast and kidney cancer (oophorectomy and increased parity, detrimental for kidney, beneficial for breast; high blood pressure, detrimental for kidney, beneficial for breast when it occurs during pregnancy; alcohol, beneficial for kidney, detrimental for breast, and so on). We have subsequently proposed the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation represents a protective mechanism in breast cancer, and reviewed the evidence of the role of lipid peroxidation on established hormonal and non-hormonal factors for breast cancer. Here, we review the evidence in support of lipid peroxidation playing a role in the relationships between dietary factors and breast cancer. Available evidence implicates increased lipid peroxidation products in the anti-carcinogenic effect of suspected protective factors for breast cancer, including soy, marine n-3 fatty acids, green tea, isothiocyanates, and vitamin D and calcium. We also review the epidemiological evidence supporting a modifying effect of oxidative stress genes in dietary factor-breast cancer relationships.
An identification of the subject areas and research techniques used in five hospitality-related journals

Abstract This article reports on an analysis of 653 articles in five leading hospitality-related journals for the period 1983–1989. Objectives of the study are to determine (a) the nature of hospitality writing and research to date (qualitative or quantitative), (b) the focus of hospitality publications to date (marketing, finance, administration, human resources, operations, research and development, economics) and (c) the type of statistical analysis used in hospitality research to date, i.e. the use of descriptive or inferential multivariate statistics. Findings suggest the field of hospitality administration is lacking in rigorous and sophisticated quantitative research. Recommendations are offered for the future development of research in the field of hospitality.
Strain differences in CNS and lethal effects of hyperbaric oxygen in mice.

SummaryFour strains of mice were tested for their response to the toxic effects of HBO. The order of strain sensitivity as measured by various parameters was: (i) incidence of clonic convulsions, C3H/anf > C57 BL/6 > HA/icr > CF-1; (ii) incidence of tonic convulsions, C3H/anf > HA/icr > C57BL/6 > CF-1; (iii) time to onset of clonic convulsions, C3H/anf ≅ HA/icr > C57BL/6 > CF-1; and (iv) survival time, C3H/anf ≅ HA/icr > C57BL/6 ≅ CF-1. The results of this study clearly demonstrate significant strain differences in the response of mice to HBO.
Participation of Sociologists at Two-Year and Four-Year Colleges in the American Sociological Association.

This paper assesses the effects of Council’s 1988 commitment to increasing participation in ASA of faculty at two-year and four-year colleges. An extensive check of records from 1983 to 1994 shows that sociologists in two-year and four-year colleges: (1) now occupy about the same percentage of slots in the Annual Meeting as ten years ago, though the amount of participation by four-year college sociologists has increased significantly (due to the expanded size of the program); (2) are increasingly involved in ASA governance, though a large portion of the participation is confined to a small number of committees; and (3) are now more likely to serve on ASA Journal Editorial Boards, though much of the increased participation has occurred on only a couple of journals for sociologists in four-year colleges and on only one journal for those in two-year colleges. Whether increased participation is better understood in absolute or relative terms is discussed.
Biology of the Invasive Banded Elm Bark Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the Western United States

ABSTRACT The banded elm bark beetle, Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), native to Asia, was detected in the United States in 2003, and as of 2011 it is known to occur in 28 states and four Canadian provinces. S. schevyrewi infests the same elm (Ulmus spp.) hosts as the long-established invasive, the European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham). Information on the basic biology of S. schevyrewi in its native range is sparse; thus, we conducted laboratory studies and field studies in Colorado and Nevada. Comparisons of flight and behavioral responses were made with co-occurring S. multistriatus. When Siberian elm, Ulmus pumila L., cut logs (bolts) were allowed to be colonized by wild populations in the field, S. schevyrewi did not differ in emergence density from 10- versus 24-cm-diameter bolts. In the laboratory, S. schevyrewi readily colonized bolts of American elm, Ulmus americana L., but not Chinese elm, Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.; Siberian peashrub, Caragana arborescens Lam...
Increased rat myocardial type VI collagen in diabetes mellitus and hypertension.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy, a condition characterized by the accumulation of carbohydrate-containing material surrounding the myocardial small blood vessels, has been studied in alloxan-diabetic normotensive and hypertensive rats. Immunochemical techniques were used to monitor several extracellular matrix constituents present in extracts of cardiac tissue, namely types I, IV and VI collagen, laminin and fibronectin, as well as myosin. These studies have indicated that after induction of diabetes, type VI collagen but none of the other matrix components studied, was significantly increased (from 2.29±0.04 mg/g in normal to 2.85±0.18 mg/g in diabetic ventricles, p<0.01). Hypertension, whether induced by the clipping of one renal artery or genetically determined (spontaneously hypertensive rats), resulted in a similar elevation in type VI collagen (2.71±0.12 mg/g, p<0.005 compared to normal rats). In the presence of diabetes plus hypertension the effect was not additive, the type VI collagen level being 2.93±0.15 (p<0.001 compared to normal rats). Basement membrane collagen (type IV) in the myocardium appeared to be unaffected by diabetes or hypertension and the myosin contents of the hearts of the four experimental groups were similar. Quantitative determinations indicate that compared to type IV collagen, laminin or fibronectin, type VI collagen represents the major periodic acid-Schiff-reactive extracellular constituent of the rat ventricle. Its preferential increase in the heart in diabetes may provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of the diabetic microvascular disease.
Formin-dependent actin assembly is regulated by distinct modes of Rho signaling in yeast

Formins are actin filament nucleators regulated by Rho-GTPases. In budding yeast, the formins Bni1p and Bnr1p direct the assembly of actin cables, which guide polarized secretion and growth. From the six yeast Rho proteins (Cdc42p and Rho1–5p), we have determined that four participate in the regulation of formin activity. We show that the essential function of Rho3p and Rho4p is to activate the formins Bni1p and Bnr1p, and that activated alleles of either formin are able to bypass the requirement for these Rho proteins. Through a separate signaling pathway, Rho1p is necessary for formin activation at elevated temperatures, acting through protein kinase C (Pkc1p), the major effector for Rho1p signaling to the actin cytoskeleton. Although Pkc1p also activates a MAPK pathway, this pathway does not function in formin activation. Formin-dependent cable assembly does not require Cdc42p, but in the absence of Cdc42p function, cable assembly is not properly organized during initiation of bud growth. These results show that formin function is under the control of three distinct, essential Rho signaling pathways.
A pragmatic biological approach to the treatment of psychiatric disorders

Summary It is in the winds of change and progress that many of the crude modes of treatment used today will be displaced in the not too distant future by completely safe biochemical or physical agents having a specific action on specific psychiatric symptoms, and by new methods of human conditioning 21,22 to establish appropriate behavior patterns. Until this has been achieved, it is presently advantageous to both the patient and the psychiatrist that the latter avoid the imbalance exemplified by those who persist in the use of the “old,” psychodynamic psychotherapies in patients who fail to respond and who obviously are in need of either shock treatment, pharmacotherapy or other biological forms of treatment; those who tenaciously employ the “new” pharmacotherapies in the face of therapeutic stalemate or defeat when resort to shock therapy (electric or insulin) would provide the desired results; and those who assume a passive or defeatist attitude regarding the treatment of presumably “untreatable cases” such as depression in the very aged, hemiplegics with complicating hypertension and cardiovascular disorders, and psychoses in patients with abnormal electrocardiograms in whom shock treatment and biologically supportive measures judiciously applied can secure a favorable outcome. It is here that the “psychiatrist in balance” is a physician who does not lose sight of his primary objective of treating his patient as a total human being, an individual and a component part of a family and community aggregation. Representative case histories are cited to illustrate the types of patients in the above categories, and the methodology of an eclectic, pragmatic, biological approach in the treatment of psychiatric disorders is projected.
Equivalence of the antiferromagnetic Heisenberg ladder to a single S =1 chain

I introduce two continuous transformations between the S=1 Heisenberg chain and the antiferromagnetic S=1/2 Heisenberg ladder. Both transformations couple diagonally situated next-nearest-neighbor S=1/2's to form each S=1. Using the density matrix renormalization group, I demonstrate that the two systems are in the same phase. Furthermore, I find that the hidden topological long-range order characterizing the S=1 system is even stronger in the isotropic two-chain system. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
The value of touch imprint cytology in EUS-guided Trucut biopsy.

Background EUS-guided Trucut biopsy (TCB) enables the acquisition of tissue cores for histologic assessment. Touch imprint cytology (TIC) can be performed at the time of a biopsy to assess the adequacy of the sample; however, limited information is available on the diagnostic value of TIC of these specimens. Objective To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of TIC compared with a TCB. Patients and Design Consecutive EUS-guided TCB and TIC (n = 109) were retrospectively and independently reviewed by a surgical pathologist (for the TCB) and a cytopathologist (for TIC) blinded to the final diagnoses. Setting University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa. Main Outcome Measurements Diagnostic accuracy of a TCB, TIC, and combined TCB + TIC. Results The diagnostic accuracy of a TCB was 92.7% (95% CI, 83.1%-97.3%), TIC was 82.6% (95% CI, 74.3%-88.6%), and TCB + TIC was 95.4% (95% CI, of 89.4%-98.3%). The diagnostic accuracy of a TCB alone was superior to TIC alone ( P = .038); a TCB was diagnostic in 14 cases that were nondiagnostic by TIC. The addition of TIC allowed for the identification of 3 malignancies (2.8%) that were not identified on TCB alone. In 22 cases, TIC was considered diagnostic, but a TCB provided additional specific diagnostic information. Limitations Retrospective study and relatively low numbers. Conclusions TIC is a valuable tool for use in a EUS-guided TCB; TIC is independently diagnostically accurate, which allows for confidence in a rapid preliminary diagnosis, and it provides additional diagnostic value when combined with TCB.
Children's Views of Mental Illness: A Review of the Literature

Abstract This paper reviews research since 1980 on children's knowledge of and attitudes toward mental illness. This research has involved many different methods, including use of vignettes, projective drawings, storytelling, and direct questioning. Findings suggest that younger children do have clear knowledge of what mental illness is and that their understanding becomes more sophisticated as they age. At the same time, however, even younger children have been found to view people with mental illnesses more negatively than they do other groups. A small literature on depiction of mental illnesses in children's media revealed negative portrayals that may contribute to children's attitudes. Numerous limitations of the research are described and further research is urged, with attention recommended to issues such as the impact of language in designating someone as having a mental health problem, possible differing reactions to peers and adults, and incorporation of the perspectives of children with mental d...
Changes in the nutritional quality of decaying leaf litter in a stream based on fatty acid content

We examined the nutritional quality of decaying leaf litter in a third-order forested stream, using measurements of fatty acid (FA) composition over time. We measured changes in concentrations of total, polyunsaturated, microalgal, and microbial marker FAs in mixed-species leaf packs in spring and autumn and effects of including/excluding macroinvertebrates. Initial concentrations of total FAs in litter were significantly less in spring (5.2 mg/g) than in autumn (6.9 mg/g; F = 6.3; P = 0.03), but total FA concentrations in litter placed in the stream declined significantly over 120 days in both spring (62%; F = 10.9; P < 0.001) and autumn (56%; F = 19.4; P = 0.0001). Quantities of most FAs declined at a greater rate than that of bulk leaf matter. The presence or absence of macroinvertebrates (5 mm vs. 250 μm mesh) had no effect on FA concentration or composition of decomposing litter. Omega-3 polyunsaturated FAs were either nearly absent (20:5ω3) or depleted preferentially over other FAs (18:3ω3). During decomposition the polyunsaturated FA linoleic acid (18:2ω6, common in fungi), declined in concentration more rapidly than other FAs in the spring, but in autumn declined at slower rates, perhaps suggesting greater fungal activity in autumn. Quantities of bacterial (e.g., 16:1ω7) and fungal (e.g., 18:1ω9) FA markers increased over time in autumn (and 16:1ω7 also in spring). Our data provide no evidence for increasing nutritional FA quality of litter during decay and microbial colonization, based on total and polyunsaturated FAs, despite measured increases in bacterial and fungal FA over time. Routine measurements of FA composition of litter could provide insights into the nutrition of allochthonous matter and the importance of fungi and bacteria during decomposition.