cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparative approach to vocal learning: intraspecific variation in the learning process

Abstract Vocal learning in birds often results in geographically distinct ‘dialects’. To examine whether genetic variation underlies intraspecific differences in vocal development, young male white-crowned sparrows from sedentary ( Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli ) and migratory ( Z. l. oriantha ) populations were reared in standardized conditions in the laboratory, and tutored throughout the first year of life with a changing roster of tutor songs. Male nuttalli acquired their tutor imitations at a later age, and over a broader range of ages, than did oriantha males. All males eventually crystallized a single song type, but male oriantha sang imitations of more tutor songs in plastic song, and persisted in plastic song twice as long as nuttalli males. Nuttalli imitations of tutor songs were fragmentary, but their imitations of specific syllables were more accurate than those of oriantha . These genetically based differences in vocal learning may be different strategies to achieve song matching with territory neighbours in migratory and sedentary populations. Young migratory oriantha face a shorter singing season during the early sensitive phase for song acquisition and greater uncertainty over where they will breed as yearlings relative to nuttalli males, who may occupy territories relatively closer to their birthplace, and may settle as early as their first autumn. Male oriantha acquire several song dialects when young, and then, through a process of selective attrition, retain the song that matches the local dialect where they settle to breed. In contrast, nuttalli may retain the ability to acquire an accurate song copy from a neighbour when they establish a territory.
The dielectric relaxation spectra of water, ice, and aqueous solutions, and their interpretation. I. Critical survey of the status-quo for water

A summarizing critical analysis is given of the present understanding of the dielectric relaxation spectrum of pure water. The author starts with a classical description of this spectrum and proceeds through the various molecular interpretations by electrostatic models (Debye, Onsager, Kirkwood, Lennard-Jones, and Pople) and by dynamic-statistical models, including their relations to infrared spectroscopy. It is concluded that there is at present no valid theory for the static permittivity or for the relaxation time. >
Stimulated nitric oxide production and arginine deficiency in children with cystic fibrosis with nutritional failure.

Objective To determine whether upregulated whole body de novo arginine synthesis and protein breakdown are present as a compensatory mechanism to meet the increased demand for arginine and nitric oxide (NO) production in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and nutritional failure. Study design In 16 children with CF, studied at the end of antibiotic treatment for a pulmonary exacerbation, and 17 healthy controls, whole body arginine, citrulline (Cit), and protein turnover were assessed by stable isotope methodology and de novo arginine synthesis, arginine clearance, NO synthesis, protein synthesis and breakdown, and net protein balance were calculated. The plasma isotopic enrichments and amino acid concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Results Increased arginine clearance was found in patients with CF ( P P P P P P P Conclusions Nutritional failure in CF is associated with increased NO production. However, up-regulation of de novo arginine synthesis and Cit production was not sufficient to meet the increased arginine needs leading to arginine deficiency.
Structure and mechanism of the tRNA-dependent lantibiotic dehydratase NisB

Structural and biochemical studies show that the biosynthesis of the food preservative nisin involves the tRNA-dependent glutamylation of serine and threonine. Nisin, a member of the lantibiotic family of thioether-bridge containing antibiotics, has been used widely in the food industry for more than 40 years without substantial development of resistance. This property has become of particular interest in light of the emergence of resistance to many clinically used antibiotics. Wilfred van der Donk and colleagues present the X-ray structure of the lantibiotic dehydratase NisB, an enzyme involved in nisin biosynthesis, and use biochemical data to show that NisB utilizes glutamyl-tRNAGlu in the critical activation of Ser/Thr residues. These findings provide a basis for the functional characterization of the many lantibiotic-like dehydratases involved in the biosynthesis of other classes of natural products. Lantibiotics are a class of peptide antibiotics that contain one or more thioether bonds. The lantibiotic nisin is an antimicrobial peptide that is widely used as a food preservative to combat food-borne pathogens1. Nisin contains dehydroalanine and dehydrobutyrine residues that are formed by the dehydration of Ser/Thr by the lantibiotic dehydratase NisB (ref. 2). Recent biochemical studies revealed that NisB glutamylates Ser/Thr side chains as part of the dehydration process3. However, the molecular mechanism by which NisB uses glutamate to catalyse dehydration remains unresolved. Here we show that this process involves glutamyl-tRNAGlu to activate Ser/Thr residues. In addition, the 2.9-A crystal structure of NisB in complex with its substrate peptide NisA reveals the presence of two separate domains that catalyse the Ser/Thr glutamylation and glutamate elimination steps. The co-crystal structure also provides insights into substrate recognition by lantibiotic dehydratases. Our findings demonstrate an unexpected role for aminoacyl-tRNA in the formation of dehydroamino acids in lantibiotics, and serve as a basis for the functional characterization of the many lantibiotic-like dehydratases involved in the biosynthesis of other classes of natural products.
Regulation of the interrenal of fishes: non-classical control mechanisms.

The regulation of the interrenal of teleostean fishes is reviewed from the perspective of non-classical control mechanisms and new evidence is presented suggesting gonadotropic control of the interrenal. Cortisol secretion by the interrenal, in addition to regulation by ACTH, appears to be mediated by other hormones. Physiologically relevant, direct control of interrenal function by hydromineral factors is unclear.In vitro experiments with interrenals of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) indicate that salmon gonadotropin is extremely corticotropic and both ACTH and gonadotropin stimulate the secretion of large quantities of androstenedione from the interrenal.
Sufficiency, classification, and the class-specific feature theorem

A new proof of the class-specific feature theorem is given. The proof makes use of the observed data as opposed to the set of sufficient statistics as in the original formulation. We prove the theorem for the classical case, in which the parameter vector is deterministic and known, as well as for the Bayesian case, in which the parameter vector is modeled as a random vector with known prior probability density function. The essence of the theorem is that with a suitable normalization the probability density function of the sufficient statistic for each probability density function family can be used for optimal classification. One need not have knowledge of the probability density functions of the data under each hypothesis.
Mary McLeod bethune and the education of black girls

Traditional definitions of feminism do not hold for some black women like Mary McLeod Bethune who had to overcome the dual burdens of race and sex in order to build a school for black girls in the racially tense South during the early part of the 20th century. Ever a pragmatist, Bethune seized the opportunity offered by the rhetoric of domesticity and certain stereotypical views of blacks in order to advance the “higher cause” of uplift and self-sufficiency for black women through education.
Differential scanning calorimetric analysis of Tenebrio molitor antifreeze protein activity

Abstract Recently a new method for analysis of antifreeze proteins by differential scanning calorimetry has been developed (T. N. Hansen and J. G. Baust, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 957 , 217–221). However, the parameters used were not examined for possible maximal activity. To test the parameters, pooled hemolymph samples of the common mealworm larva, Tenebrio molitor (25 °C, 16 hr:8 hr L:D), were collected and analyzed for activity. The samples were held at −40 °C and at various annealing temperatures for different lengths of time (0 to 360 min). No difference in activity was observed in the freeze intervals, while significant differences were observed in annealing times of less than 3 min. Hemolymph samples were also tested for antifreeze activity at various scan rates (0.1 to 10 °C · min −1 ). Significant differences in activity were observed for each rate. Both the short annealing times and the cooling rates were found to be due to methodology and not sample. The best parameters were found to consist of a 5-min freeze at −40 °C, a 5-min annealing interval, and a 1 °C · min −1 cooling rate. To test the optimized parameters, pooled samples of T. molitor hemolymph were monitored for changes in activity over time (up to 60 days) at various storage temperatures (−17, −80, −196 °C). No changes in activity were observed. These results suggest that care must be given to the reporting of the specific conditions used in the analysis of antifreeze activity.
Management of Inappropriate Sexual Behaviors in Dementia (ISBD) Using Multidisciplinary Teams in the Continuum of Care

Abstract Behavioral disturbances are seen in over 80% of individuals with dementia. Although inappropriate sexual behaviors in dementia (ISBD) are not as common as some of the other behavioral symptoms in dementia, these behaviors can cause immense distress to all those affected by them. Currently, there are no randomized trials evaluating the effectiveness of management strategies for these behaviors, but the available data suggest efficacy for some commonly used treatment modalities. In this symposium, we will discuss the epidemiology, neurobiology and the differential diagnosis for ISBD. We will then provide an overview of the evidence-based assessment and management of these behaviors. We will end by describing the role of multidisciplinary teams in the continuum of care for the optimum management of ISBD.
Intervention effects on NPIs and feature movement: towards a unified account of intervention

In this paper, I explore the possibility of understanding locality restrictions on the distribution of Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) as a consequence of covert movement. The present proposal restates Linebarger’s Immediate Scope Constraint in terms of morphology-driven checking requirements. These requirements cannot be met if a blocking element intervenes between the NPI feature and its morphosemantic licenser at Logical Form (LF). The empirical generalization is that the class of NPI ‘blocking expressions’ (a.k.a. ‘interveners’) overlaps to a large extent with interveners identified in wh-questions. Therefore, the same grammatical checking mechanisms operating in that domain, rather than the presence of an implicature, are here shown to be responsible both for apparent violations to Linebarger’s constraint (contra Linebarger) and for intervention effects (contra Krifka, 1995, and Chierchia, 2004). This approach is argued to be superior on empirical grounds as it predicts facts that are left unaccounted for in a theory like Linebarger’s, where pragmatics rescues otherwise ill-formed structures. In addition, the proposal allows us to view the locality constraints operating in the domain of NPI-licensing as an instance of more general (though yet to be fully understood) principles of the grammar whose effects are attested in other domains, such as wh-questions in German, Discourselinked (D-linked) wh-questions in English, and Negative Concord (NC) configurations (e.g. in Italian and French).
Low-cost digital-signal-processor-based optical position sensor and its application to vibration control

A low cost, Digital Signal Processor (DSP) based optical position sensor and control system was developed on this work for the vibration control of flexible structures and assembly workcells. This system is based on Texas Instruments' TL220/230 programmable light-to-frequency converters which are interfaces to a TI TMS320C25 DSP. The sensor is a standard 8-pin dip powered by a single DC supply so that it may be mounted on robots or other industrial machines without causing any loading or perturbations. Effects of additive noise are also minimized as the sensor output is pulse position modulated TTL signals.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Importance of Macroligand Molecular Weight and Solvent Polarity in Modulating Metal Core Reactivity in Heteroleptic Polymeric Ruthenium Tris(bipyridine) Complex Synthesis

By using metal ions as templates for polymer synthesis, functional materials with a wide range of molecular architectures may be readily generated. Polystyrene macroligands, bpyPS and bpyPS2, with bipyridine (bpy) donors at the end and center of the chain, respectively, were generated by copper-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Heteroleptic polymeric Ru(II) tris(α-diimine) complexes were prepared by combining nonpolymeric ligands and polymeric bpyPSn ligands of different molecular weights. The reaction of bpyPS2 with Ru(DMSO)4Cl2 in CHCl3 solution to form a putative [Ru(bpyPS2)(DMSO)mCl2]2+ intermediate, followed by dehalogenation with AgPF6 in the presence of excess 2,2‘-bipyridine, led to linear polymeric complexes, [Ru(bpyPS2)(bpy)2]2+. More versatile were sequences involving chelation of 2 equiv of a bpyPSn, followed by association of another polymeric or nonpolymeric ligand with the Ru(II) center. Ruthenium-centered linear polymers, [Ru(bpyPS)2(L)]2+ (L = bpy or 4,4‘-bis(hydroxym...
Alveolar macrophages modulate stromal derived factor-1 α expression in a murine acute lung injury model

Abstract This study evaluated the pulmonary expression of stromal derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α) in a murine lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of acute lung injury. Methods. C57BL/6J mice ( n = 6/time point) underwent intratracheal injection of 100 mcg LPS and were sacrificed 0, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h postinjection. SDF-1 levels were measured by ELISA on whole lung lysate and compared as pg SDF-1/ng total protein ± SEM using Student’s t -test. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to characterize the cells responsible for differential expression of SDF-1 in LPS lung injury. Results. SDF-1 levels are increased an order of magnitude at 48 h postinjury as compared with earlier time points. Immunohistochemistry for SDF-1 and the macrophage-specific marker antigen F4/80 demonstrates co-localization of signal for both antibodies within the same cell. There is no co-localization of signal for SDF-1 and thyroid transcription factor-1, a specific marker for type II pneumocytes within the murine lung. Conclusions. LPS injury in the murine lung increases alveolar macrophage specific expression of SDF-1, reaching a peak by our measurements at 48 h postinjection. This is the first report of alveolar macrophage expression of SDF-1, in addition to the first report of SDF-1 modulation in the acute inflammatory cascade. TABLE—ABSTRACT P23 . Time point (h) SDF-1 (pg/ng total protein) Time point (h) SDF-1 (pg/ng total protein) 0 0.01 ± 0.00 24 0.05 ± 0.04 4 0.04 ± 0.02 48 ∗ 0.38 ± 0.05 6 0.03 ± 0.02 72 0.12 ± 0.12 12 0.02 ± 0.02 ∗ P versus 0, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 74 hours.
Structure of Monocercomonas sp. as revealed by electron microscopy.

SYNOPSIS. Monocercomonas shares many fine-structural features with all other trichomonads. These include the basic arrangement of the kinetosomes as well as of the recurrent and 3 anterior flagella. The pelta-axostyle complex and the parabasal apparatus, i.e. the Golgi complex and the periodic filaments, also conform to the trichomonad pattern. Of interest with regard to the crucial evolutionary position of Monocercomonas, considered to represent the most primitive trichomonad type, is the fact that it has some structures in common with other Monocercomonadidae and Trichomonadinae and others in common with Devescovinidae and Tritrichomonadinae. Among the former organelles are the marginal lamella and the costal base, and among the latter, the comb-like organelle situated between the infrakinetosomal body and parabasal filament 2 as well as the infrakinetosomal body. No traces of either costa or undulating membrane have been noted, but a complex structure homologous to the marginal lamella of Hypotrichomonas and Trichomonadinae is found underlying the short anteriormost portion of the recurrent flagellum that is attached to the body surface. Observations of sections of selected division stages indicate the potential of parental kinetosomes #1 and #3 to become daughter kinetosome #2.
Masculinity lost: a systematic review of qualitative research on men with spinal cord injury.

Systematic, thematic, narrative review of qualitative literature. To systematically review qualitative research that explores the impact of spinal cord injury (SCI) on the gendered experience of men with SCI. A systematic search of databases and hand search of relevant journals to provide a thematic narrative review of articles, providing sufficient depth of information, relevant participant quotes and phenomenological insight into the gendered experience of men with SCI. Identified studies are summarised and common themes extracted and discussed in relation to relevant literature on masculinity, disability and health. Eight papers, representing four separate studies met the review criteria for relevance and rigour. Three broad, overlapping themes describing the gendered experience of men with SCI were identified: ‘lost masculinity’, outlining the impact of SCI on traditional masculine identity, ‘fighting back’, describing the battle to regain and reclaim masculinity and integrate disability into a revised identity and ‘beyond hegemony’, referring to possibilities beyond adherence to traditional masculine scripts. This review demonstrates a lack of explicit focus on men as gendered beings within the available qualitative literature. The findings are consistent with the limited quantitative data, which indicates that grappling with altered gendered identity is a central feature of life for men with SCI. Masculine identity emerges in this review as vulnerable to the impact of SCI, and given the strong links identified between masculinity, rehabilitation and health, as an aspect of experience that warrants more attention than it has received.
Posttraumatic stress disorder in rural primary care: improving care for mental health following bioterrorism.

CONTEXT: Recent bioterrorism attacks have highlighted the critical need for health care organizations to prepare for future threats. Yet, relatively little attention has been paid to the mental health needs of rural communities in the wake of such events. A critical aspect of bioterrorism is emphasis on generating fear and uncertainty, thereby contributing to increased needs for mental health care, particularly for posttraumatic stress disorder, which has been estimated to occur in 28% of terrorism survivors. PURPOSE: Prior experience with natural disasters suggests that first responders typically focus on immediate medical trauma or injury, leaving rural communities to struggle with the burden of unmet mental health needs both in the immediate aftermath and over the longer term. The purpose of the present article is to draw attention to the greater need to educate rural primary care providers who will be the frontline providers of mental health services following bioterrorism, given the limited availability of tertiary mental health care in rural communities. METHODS: We reviewed the literature related to bioterrorism events and mental health with an emphasis on rural communities. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: Public health agencies should work with rural primary care providers and mental health professionals to develop educational interventions focused on posttraumatic stress disorder and other mental disorders, as well as algorithms for assessment, referral, and treatment of post-event psychological disorders and somatic complaints to ensure the availability, continuity, and delivery of quality mental health care for rural residents following bioterrorism and other public health emergencies. Language: en
Incomplete protection, but suppression of virus burden, elicited by subunit simian immunodeficiency virus vaccines.

We compared the efficacy of immunization with either simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Env glycoprotein (Env), Env plus Gag proteins (Gag-Env), or whole inactivated virus (WIV), with or without recombinant live vaccinia vector (VV) priming, in protecting 23 rhesus macaques (six vaccine and two control groups) from challenge with SIVmac251 clone BK28. Vaccination elicited high titers of syncytium-inhibiting and anti-Env (gp120/gp160) antibodies in all vaccinated macaques and anti-Gag (p27) antibodies in groups immunized with WIV or Gag-Env. Only WIV-immunized macaques developed anticell (HuT78) antibodies. After homologous low-dose intravenous virus challenge, we used frequency of virus isolation, provirus burden, and change in antibody titers to define four levels of resistance to SIV infection as follows. (i) No infection ("sterilizing" immunity) was induced only in WIV-immunized animals. (ii) Abortive infection (strong immunity) was defined when virus or provirus were detected early in the postchallenge period but not thereafter and no evidence of virus or provirus was detected in terminal tissues. This response was observed in two animals (one VV-Env and one Gag-Env). (iii) Suppression of infection (incomplete or partial immunity) described a gradient of virus suppression manifested by termination of viremia, declining postchallenge antibody titers, and low levels (composite mean = 9.1 copies per 10(6) cells) of provirus detectable in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or lymphoid tissues at termination (40 weeks postchallenge). This response occurred in the majority (8 of 12) of subunit-vaccinated animals. (iv) Active infection (no immunity) was characterized by persistent virus isolation from blood mononuclear cells, increasing viral antibody titers postchallenge, and high levels (composite mean = 198 copies per 10(6) cells) of provirus in terminal tissues and blood. Active infection developed in all controls and two of three VV-Gag-Env-immunized animals. The results of this study restate the protective effect of inactivated whole virus vaccines produced in heterologous cells but more importantly demonstrate that a gradient of suppression of challenge virus growth, reflecting partial resistance to SIV infection, is induced by subunit vaccination. The latter finding may be pertinent to studies with human immunodeficiency virus vaccines, in which it is plausible that vaccination may elicit significant suppression of virus infection and pathogenicity rather than sterilizing immunity. Images
c-myc-dependent hepatoma cell apoptosis results from oxidative stress and not a deficiency of growth factors

Expression of c-myc regulates apoptotic cell death in the human hepatoma cell line HuH-7 during culture in serum-free medium (SFM) plus zinc. To understand the mechanism of this c-myc effect, the ability of various serum-contained factors to prevent apoptosis was determined. Apoptosis was not inhibited by growth factors and was even accelerated by supplementation with insulin-like growth factor I or insulin. Cell death was prevented by SFM supplementation with the amino acid glutamine but not serine or asparagine. Improved cell survival with glutamine was associated with increased levels of glutathione (GSH). In HuH-7 cells cultured in SFM plus zinc, c-myc expression led to decreased levels of GSH, and elevated intracellular levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Cell death induced by c-myc expression was inhibited by the addition of catalase or dimethyl sulfoxide, a hydroxyl radical scavenger, or by increased intracellular expression of catalase. In contrast to findings in fibroblasts, c-myc-dependent apoptosis during serum deprivation in HuH-7 hepatoma cells was unrelated to a loss of growth factors. Apoptosis resulted from H2O2-mediated oxidative stress with associated glutamine dependent intracellular GSH depletion.
Novel low capacitance VDMOS device for switching and RF power amplification

In this paper the development of a novel low voltage PLANAR gate VDMOS device and process is presented. The device architecture was developed to reduce output capacitance while maintaining low on-state resistance for use in power switching applications and RF power amplification. The 80V device employs charge-balance techniques to minimize on-resistance and also considers how to reduce output capacitance to reduce switching loss.
A Case of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis Endocarditis with Mycotic Aneurysm in an Immunocompetent Host

Scopulariopsis is a genus of mold that is usually associated with onychomycosis and rarely causes complicated infection in immunocompetent persons. We describe a case of an immunocompetent 65-year-old male with a history of mitral valve repair with prosthetic ring placement who developed acute left posterior knee pain. Imaging showed a left popliteal artery aneurysm and thrombus, and further evaluation with transesophageal echocardiogram demonstrated two large, mobile mitral valve vegetations. He underwent debridement and replacement of the mitral valve, followed by debridement of the left popliteal artery with peroneal artery bypass. The intraoperative cultures grew Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. Due to the resistant nature of the organism, he was initially treated with combination antifungals including liposomal amphotericin B, caspofungin, and voriconazole and was continued on chronic suppression with posaconazole with no evidence of recurrence. Scopulariopsis is a rare cause of fungal endocarditis. Treatment of Scopulariopsis endocarditis is challenging and is not well understood due to its rarity.
The formation of translucent cold‐drawn polypropylene

The behavior of quenched samples of polypropylene subjected to stress relax–reload cycles during cold drawing has been investigated as a function of quench severity and strain rate. Results obtained by cooling the propagating neck of a drawing sample are also discussed. A translucent cold-drawn form of the polymer, characterized by a small microvoid content, is observed when the propagating neck boundary is cooled or when stress relax–reload cycles are carried out at sufficiently high strain rates. A small mobility of the chains relative to the local strain rate is postulated as necessary for the formation of the translucent material.
Combination Therapy With Thalidomide Plus Dexamethasone for Newly Diagnosed Myeloma

PURPOSE: Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of plasma cells and is characterized by increased marrow angiogenesis. Thalidomide, an agent with antiangiogenic properties, is effective in relapsed myeloma. We report the results of a study combining thalidomide and dexamethasone as initial therapy for myeloma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty patients with newly diagnosed myeloma were studied. Thalidomide was given at a dose of 200 mg/d orally. Dexamethasone was given at a dose of 40 mg/d orally on days 1 to 4, 9 to 12, and 17 to 20 (odd cycles) and 40 mg/d on days 1 to 4 (even cycles), repeated monthly. RESULTS: Of all 50 patients, a confirmed response was seen in 32 patients yielding a response rate of 64% (95% confidence interval, 49% to 77%). Thirty-one patients (62%) proceeded to stem-cell collection after four cycles of therapy including 26 who underwent stem-cell transplantation and five who chose stem-cell cryopreservation. Major grade 3 or 4 toxicities were observed in 16 patients (32%), and the most freque...
PREDATOR DIVERSITY AND TROPHIC INTERACTIONS

The recognition that predators play important roles in ecosystems has prompted research to resolve how combinations of predator species influence ecosystem functions. Interactions among predator species and their prey can lead to a host of linear and nonlinear effects. Understanding the conditions causing these effects is critical for assigning predator species to functional groups in ways that lead to predictive theory of predator diversity effects on trophic interactions. To this end, I provide a synthesis of experiments examining multiple-predator-species effects on mortality of single shared prey. I show how experimental design and experimental venue can determine the conclusion about the importance of predator diversity on trophic interactions. In addition, I link natural history insights on predator species habitat and hunting behavior with linear and nonlinear multiple-predator effects to derive a new concept of predator diversity effects on trophic interactions. This concept holds that the nature of predator diversity effects is contingent upon predator species hunting mode plus predator and prey species habitat domain (defined as the spatial extent to which a microhabitat is used by a species). This concept allows the classification of multiple-predator effects into four broad functional categories: substitutable, nonlinear due to predator species interference, nonlinear due to intraguild predation, and nonlinear due to predator species synergism. Experimental evidence so far provides ample and comparatively equal support for substitutable, interference, and intraguild effects, and equivocal support for nonlinear synergisms. The paper closes by discussing ways to further a research program aimed at using the building blocks presented here to understand predator functional diversity and trophic interactions in complex ecological systems.
How) Can a Man Do Feminist Ethnography of Education

The author attempts to work through the epistemological, methodological, and ethical questions involved when a man attempts to contribute to feminist theory and practice with ethnographic knowledge...
Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Risk Factors Among Argentine and American University Students

Purpose: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in adults in both the United States and Argentina. The scientific literature has consistently shown the effects of behaviors and risk factors on cardiovascular health; however, most studies of modifiable behaviors and CVD risk factors examine older adults and elderly, and few have investigated behaviors and CVD risk factors in early adulthood. We assessed the associations between main cardiovascular behaviors and cardiovascular risk factors among 1,000 young adults in a cross-cultural analysis between the United States and Argentina. Methods: A web-based survey assessed student development in the areas of demographic information, current medical information, personal health history, family health history, personal habits, and knowledge of cardiovascular health. We organized our survey and vital statistics measurements into eight variables: Body Mass Index (BMI), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), Resting Pulse, Country, Gender, Health History Score, Health Knowledge Score, Health Habit Score. We tested our data through principle component analysis, bivariate correlations, and independent sample T-tests. Results: Overall correlations showed that MAP is significantly negatively correlated with health history score and health knowledge score. In addition, MAP is significantly positively correlated with BMI. We also analyzed correlations by gender and country and found significant correlations there as well. By means of T-tests, we found significant differences between the means of MAP, health history score, health habit score, and knowledge score between both the female populations of Argentina and the US and the male populations of Argentina and the US. Conclusions: In conclusion, young adults with low prevalence of cardiovascular health behaviors have low prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors. After thorough analysis we saw that, cross culturally, correlations exist between CVD risk factors and CV behaviors that are consistent in both populations. Health habit, health knowledge, health history and BMI are all significantly correlated with mean arterial pressure. T-tests showed that population groups with higher CVD risk factor means also had lower behavior means, indicating that populations with poor CVD behavior correlate with an accumulation of CVD risk factors.
Realist Theory and the Problem of International Cooperation: Analysis with an Amended Prisoner's Dilemma Model

Realist political theory finds that states are positional in character. Thus, states prefer that relative achievements of jointly produced gains not advantage partners, and their concerns about relative gains may constrain their willingness to cooperate. Conventional presentations of the game of Prisoner's Dilemma do not depict Realism's specification of the relative gains element of the structure of state preferences or Realism's analysis of the capacity of state concerns about relative gains to impede cooperation. However, by distinguishing between game payoffs and state utility, an Amended Prisoner's Dilemma model can depict both the relative-gains element of state preferences and the relative-gains problem for cooperation. This Amended Prisoner's Dilemma facilitates analysis of an important systemic constraint on international cooperation identified by Realist political theory, contributes to our understanding of international institutions, and draws our attention to a number of potentially interestin...
Forensic Mental Health Assessments in Death Penalty Cases

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PREFACE 1. Overview of Forensic Mental Health Assessments in Death Penalty Cases 2. Death Penalty Litigation 3. Death Penalty Jurisprudence 4. Ethical Considerations in Death Penalty Asessments 5. Eligibility for the Death Penalty - Part 1: Atkins-Type Evaluations 6. Eligibilty for the Death Penalty - Part 2: Competance for Execution Evaluations 7. Evaluations Addressing Mitigation in Capital Sentencing 8. Evaluations of Violence Risk in Capital Sentencing 9. Orinciples of Forensic Mental Health Assessment 10. Sample Reports REFERENCES INDEX
Atmospheric lifetimes and ozone depletion potentials of methyl bromide (CH3Br) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2)

The rate coefficients for the reactions of OH radical with CH3Br and CH2Br2 were measured as functions of temperature using the laser photolysis - laser induced fluorescence method. This data was incorporated into a semi-empirical model [Solomon et al., 1992] and a 2-D model to calculate the steady - state Ozone Depletion Potentials (ODP) and atmospheric lifetimes, τ, with greatly improved accuracy as compared to earlier studies. The calculated ODPs and τ are 0.65 and 1.7 years and 0.17 and 0.41 years for CH3Br and CH2Br2, respectively, using the semi-empirical model. These lifetimes agree well with those calculated using a 2-D model. This study better quantifies the ODPs and τ of these species which are needed inputs for discussion of possible regulation of human emissions currently under international considerations.
Small Bowel Obstruction

By far, the most common causes of small bowel obstruction (SBO) are postoperative adhesions and hernias. Other less-common mechanical etiologies are bolus obstruction (e.g., bezoar), malignant or inflammatory (e.g., Crohn’s disease) causes, or intussusception. Hernias causing SBO are discussed in• Chap. 22; early postoperative small bowel obstruction (EPSBO) and paralytic ileus are discussed in • Chap. 48. SBO developing in the aftermath of bariatric abdominal surgery is discussed in • Chap. 31. Mention is made here of SBO in the virgin abdomen, intussusception, the cancer patient, radiation enteritis, and gallstone ileus. Peritoneal tuberculosis as a cause of SBO is mentioned in • Chap. 37.1. The bulk of this chapter is, however, devoted to adhesive SBO.
THE CROSS-SECTIONAL DETERMINANTS OF SECESSIONISM IN ADVANCED DEMOCRACIES

This article analyzes the “risk factors” of secessionism at the substate, regional level. It seeks to answer the question, What regions are more likely to support more successful secessionist parties? Using new data in cross-sectional regression analysis, the author finds that secessionism involves unique factors not common to other kinds of ethnic conflict. Specifically, in addition to “identity” variables such as regional language and history of independence, the following variables explain secessionist strength: lack of irredentist potential, relative affluence, geographical noncontiguity, population, and multiparty political system. These factors generally serve as activators of ethnic identity rather than a substitute for the same, although there are important cases of nonethnic secessionism.
Inhibition of Rho protein stimulates iNOS expression in rat vascular smooth muscle cells

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is upregulated in arterial injury and plays a role in regulating VSMC proliferation and restenosis. Inflammatory cytok...
The Longevity Legacy of World War II: The Intersection of GI Status and Mortality

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY We examine hypotheses involving the potential health advantages of selection into military service and the potential health disadvantages associated with the experience of military service by comparing later-life mortality rates for veterans and nonveterans as well as among veterans based on their cohort of reentry into civilian life. DESIGN AND METHODS We use data on 3,453 men, including 1,496 veterans from the older men cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys to estimate Cox proportional hazard mortality models. We distinguish between veterans and nonveterans and further classify veterans by age at exit while incorporating measures associated with military selection, health behaviors, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS Veterans who were discharged from the military at older ages have a mortality advantage relative to veterans discharged at younger ages. For the 1914-1921 birth cohorts, the mortality advantage for veterans who exited around age 30 is apparent for deaths before age 65, but rates equalize across all groups when deaths at older ages are included. These findings are robust to the inclusion of background characteristics, education, occupation, body mass index, smoking, marital status, and proxies for service deferments. IMPLICATIONS Rather than focusing on a general health effect of military service, per se, future research should distinguish among individual traits; the nature, timing, and duration of exposures relative to life course stage; and the sociohistorical context of military service to expand our understanding of the differential health consequences of military service.
Simple Derivation of Broken- S U 3 Predictions

A new method is proposed for deriving a complete set of relations among various transition amplitudes under the broken $S{U}_{3}$ symmetry. This method is applicable to any kind of reactions conserving both isospin and hypercharge, and makes numerical manipulation much simpler than the conventional method. For example, the new method enables us to write down immediately the mass formula for various cases. Also presented is its application to decay of the vector-meson octet and to meson-meson scattering.
Role of TrkB in the anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects of vagal nerve stimulation: Comparison with desipramine

A current hypothesis regarding the mechanism of antidepressant (AD) action suggests the involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Consistent with this hypothesis, the receptor for BDNF (and neurotrophin 4/5 (NT-4/5)), Tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), is activated in rodents by treatment with classical AD drugs. Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), a therapy for treatment resistant depression (TRD), also activates TrkB in rodents. However, the role of this receptor in the therapeutic effects of VNS is unclear. In the current study, the involvement of TrkB in the effects of VNS was investigated in rats using its inhibitor, K252a. Anxiolytic-like and AD-like effects were analyzed using the novelty suppressed feeding test (NSFT) and forced swim test (FST), respectively. K252a blocked the anxiolytic-like effect of chronic VNS treatment and the AD-like effect of acute VNS treatment. By contrast, blocking TrkB did not prevent either the anxiolytic-like or AD-like effect of chronic treatment with desipramine (DMI), a selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor; it did, however, block the acute effect of DMI in the FST. To examine whether the activation of TrkB caused by either VNS or DMI is ligand-dependent, use was made of TrkB-Fc, a molecular scavenger for ligands of TrkB. Intraventricular administration of TrkB-Fc blocked the acute activation of TrkB induced by either treatment, indicating that treatment-induced activation of this receptor is ligand-dependent. The behavioral results highlight differences in the involvement of TrkB in the chronic effects of an AD drug and a stimulation therapy as well as its role in acute versus chronic effects of DMI.
Do breast arterial calcifications on mammography predict elevated risk of coronary artery disease

Abstract Purpose To determine whether breast arterial calcifications (BAC) seen on mammography correlates with coronary artery calcium score on coronary CT as it may serve as a potential marker for increased risk of developing symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD). Materials and methods Retrospective review of the imaging database at our institution identified 145 female patients who underwent coronary CT within a year of screening or diagnostic mammography. The coronary calcium score on CT was calculated by multiplying area of calcification by weighted value assigned to its highest Hounsfield unit and summed for all lesions and expressed as Agaston score. Calculated scores were risk stratified for developing CAD as follows: 0—no risk; 1–10—minimal; 11–100—mild; 101–400—moderate; >400—high risk. Percentile distribution of calcium score adjusted by age, gender and race was calculated based on results of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), which excluded patient with diabetes and chronic renal disease. The mammograms were reviewed by MQSA-certified breast radiologists who were blinded to patients’ coronary calcium scores. Mammograms were interpreted for presence or absence of BAC. The calcium scores and corresponding percentiles were correlated with BAC on mammography. Cardiac risk factors such as, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, family history of CAD and smoking, were recorded for each patient. Results BAC correlated with coronary calcium score of >11 (p = 0.0001), corresponding to mild or greater risk of developing CAD. Specifically, coronary calcium score of >11 was seen in 68% (25/37) of patients with BAC and 31% (34/108) of patients without BAC. Accounting for race, gender and age, presence of BAC showed statistically significant correlation with percentile scores of >25. Namely, 70.4% (19/27) of patients with BAC vs. 44.6% (41/92) of patient without BAC showed percentile score of >25 for developing CAD. Statistically significant association was observed of BAC with diabetes (p = 0.01) and chronic renal disease (p = 0.005). BAC showed no significant associated with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking and family history of CAD. Conclusion BAC does predict coronary artery calcium score of >11, which indicates mild or greater risk of developing CAD. In addition, statistically significant correlation exists between BAC and cardiac risk factors, namely diabetes and chronic renal disease. Our study suggests that BAC on mammography can be utilized as a potential marker for increased risk of developing CAD.
Natural Indicators of Estuarine Sediment Movement

Natural sediment indicators are used in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, to show that marine sands enter the bay and move six miles up the estuary. Sediment texture and composition indicate that marine sands from the adjacent ocean beaches and near-shore areas are transported into the estuary by strong tidal currents or by wind. The amount of material transported up the estuarine channel decreases according to the decreasing flood current velocities. Yaquina River sands are trapped within the bay, and suspended silts and clays are deposited on tidal flats or carried to sea on the ebb tide. The extent, magnitude, and rate of deposition within and adjacent to the estuary are influenced by four factors: direction of littoral drift, river runoff, type of estuarine system, and wind direction. These factors dictate that maximum transportation and deposition of sediments occur during the winter and spring; during summer and fall sediment transport and deposition are at a minimum.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Dermal Sinus.

Background Congenital dermal sinus (CDS) is an uncommon form of spinal dysraphism. Although postdelivery identification in the neonate is aided by several associated physical examination findings, establishing this diagnosis prenatally has proven to be elusive. Case Report We present a case of CDS where the prenatal findings at 20 weeks gestation led to the diagnosis, which was confirmed postnatally. The associated protrusion of fibrotic membranes through the sinus tract helped in the identification of this lesion prenatally, but created confusion with a more common type of lesion, an open neural tube defect. This is the first case report in the literature describing prenatal diagnosis of fetal CDS. Conclusion Prenatal diagnosis with postnatal confirmation of CDS leads to early intervention, better long-term outcomes, and lesser complications.
Evidence for a Possible Link between Bedtime and Change in Body Mass Index

OBJECTIVES The aim of the current study was to examine the longitudinal relationship between bedtimes and body mass index (BMI) from adolescence to adulthood in a nationally representative sample. DESIGN Three waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used to assess the bedtimes and BMI of 3,342 adolescents between 1994 and 2009. Hypotheses were tested with hierarchical linear models using a two-level, random intercept and slopes model. RESULTS Later average bedtime during the workweek, in hours, from adolescence to adulthood was associated with an increase in BMI over time (b = 0.035 kg/m(2) per min later bedtime per 6 years; standard error = 0.016; t = 2.12, degrees of freedom = 3,238, P < 0.05). These results remained significant after controlling for demographic characteristics and baseline BMI. Although sleep duration, screen time, and exercise frequency did not attenuate the relationship between workday bedtime and BMI over time, fast-food consumption was recognized as a significant partial mediator of the relationship between bedtimes and BMI longitudinally. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight bedtimes as a potential target for weight management during adolescence and during the transition to adulthood.
Disscussion on how Quality Management Department Exercise its Function

Quality management is important sectors of the centers for disease control. In combination with working practice,on the basis of clear quality control department,from the day-to-day management,internal audit and management review,quality control department how to give full play to the functions of quality management are summarized.
Monitoring of the burn patient.

Monitoring of the cardiovascular status of patients with burns is an important part of burn therapy and can be conducted with varying degrees of invasiveness. Although most patients require minimal use of invasive catheters, certain subgroups require intensive monitoring, including pulmonary artery catheterization. Appropriate choices are critical for optimal survival.