cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of Scholarly Collaboration in Engineering Education: A Big‐Data Bibliometric Analysis

1 Background Engineering education has become a large community with an increasing number of scholars and publications. As the number of publications has grown, it has become increasingly difficult to understand the epistemic nature and diffusion characteristics of knowledge generated by this community. Techniques to study community topology require nontrivial computational workflows. 2 Purpose/Hypothesis The present study characterizes the topology of scholarly collaboration and important factors affecting this topology in engineering education research. 3 Design/Methods A bibliometric analysis was conducted of 24,172 papers in engineering education research journals and conference proceedings for the years 2000–2011. A total of 29,116 unique authors are present. Social network analyses were used to characterize the network topology of overall scientific collaboration. Analyses based on grouping scholars by disciplinary backgrounds, research areas, and geographical locations were performed. 4 Results The results show that the engineering education research community is in its early stage of forming a small-world network that relies primarily on 5% of scholars to build capacity. Typical small-world networks provide some very clear characterizations about the state, stability, and growth of the community. Deviations from this ideal model suggest the need for rethinking collaboration in engineering education. Scholars with interdisciplinary backgrounds play a critical role in bridging isolated research teams. 5 Conclusions Compared with other disciplines and the ideal small-world network model, the topology of collaboration in engineering education shows significant barriers to the fast diffusion of innovations. This study demonstrates the value of big-data bibliometrics in understanding scholarly collaboration within a research community.
A Student-Led Methodology for Evaluating Curricular Redundancy

Background: Curricular redundancy can be a significant problem for any educational curriculum. Redundancy can be both desirable and undesirable, but differentiating the two can be quite challenging. Further, pinpointing undesirable redundancy and quantifying it so as to produce an estimate of inefficiency is even more difficult. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to describe a student-led strategy for evaluating redundancy in a highly integrated medical school curriculum. It is our hope that the methodology presented here will serve as a useful evaluation model for persons attempting similar work in various educational arenas. Setting: A highly-integrated medical school at a large public university. Intervention: This research did not require an intervention. Research Design: We identified two advanced medical students and asked them to identify redundant material across the first two years of the medical school curriculum. The students had to operationalize ‘redundancy’, develop an evaluation plan/framework, and evaluate the extent to which undesirable redundancy was prevalent in the current curriculum. Data Collection and Analysis: Students reviewed course syllabi, notes, and materials and documented the amount of redundant material they found in the curriculum. Findings: A total of approximately 167 hours, or 8.35 weeks, could be eliminated from the curriculum; the vast majority of the redundancy occurred as a result of small group activities.
Sleep interruption associated with house staff work schedules alters circadian gene expression.

Background Epidemiological studies indicate that disruption of circadian rhythm by shift work increases the risk of breast and prostate cancer. Our studies demonstrated that carcinogens disrupt the circadian expression of circadian genes (CGs) and circadian-controlled genes (CCGs) during the early stages of rat mammary carcinogenesis. A chemopreventive regimen of methylselenocysteine (MSC) restored the circadian expression of CGs and CCGs, including PERIOD 2 (PER2) and estrogen receptor β (ERS2), to normal. The present study evaluated whether changes in CG and CCG expression in whole blood can serve as indicators of circadian disruption in shift workers.
Glutamine Directly Downregulates Glutamine Synthetase Protein Levels in Mouse C2C12 Skeletal Muscle Myotubes

This study examined the regulation of glutamine synthetase protein levels, in response to changes in external glutamine concentration, in mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Glutamine, at concentrations as low as 0.25 mmol/L, downregulated endogenous and exogenous (plasmid encoded) glutamine synthetase with maximal effect at 2 mmol/L. Glutamine appears to act by changing the stability of the glutamine synthetase protein, and the effect was partially blocked by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. The addition of the glutamine structural analog and glutaminase inhibitor, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, in the presence or absence of glutamine, also resulted in low glutamine synthetase protein levels. Otherwise, the effect was specific for glutamine, and the only compounds able to mimic the effect of glutamine were amino acids, glutamate, alanine, and ornithine, which can be converted to glutamine. Other amino acids, analogs, and products of glutamine metabolism were without effect. Methionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, stabilized the protein and prevented the glutamine effect. Thus, in mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, glutamine synthetase protein expression is regulated by glutamine through changes in the rate of degradation of the protein. The effect is specific to glutamine, which acts directly without requiring prior metabolism.
Detected and overlooked cervical spine injury among comatose trauma patients: from the Pennsylvania trauma outcomes study

Object. A rule for identifying patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who are at exceptionally low risk of cervical spine injury might be clinically useful. The goal in this study was to research case records to determine whether such a rule would be practicable. Methods. The Pennsylvania Trauma Outcomes Study database was used to find patients with TBI in whom Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores at admission were 8 or less. Cases of cervical spine injury were identified from diagnostic codes. Associations between these injuries and a variety of clinical variables were tested using chi-square analysis. The probability of a cervical spine injury in these patients was modeled by logistic regression. Decision tree models were constructed and statistical determinants of overlooked cervical spine injury were examined. The prevalence of cervical spine injury among 41,142 cases of TBI was 8%. The mechanism of injury, presence of thoracolumbosacral (TLS) spinal, limb and/or facial fracture, patient age, GCS score at admission, and the presence of hypotension were all factors associated with cervical spine injury. These were incorporated into the following logistic regression model: probability of cervical spine injury = 1/(1 1 exp[4.030 2 0.417*mechanism 2 0.264*age 2 0.678*TLS 2 0.299*limb 1 0.218*GCS score 2 0.231*hypotension 2 0.157*facial]). This model yielded a rule for clearance of 28% of cases, with a negative predictive value (NPV) of 97%. Decision tree analysis yielded an easily stated rule for clearance of 24% of cases, with an NPV of 98.2%. The prevalence of overlooked cervical spine injury among all patients with severe TBI was 0.3%; the prevalence of overlooked cervical spine injury among patients in whom it was later diagnosed was 3.9%. Overlooked cervical spine injury was less common among patients with associated TLS fractures (odds ratio 0.453, 95% confidence interval 0.245‐0.837). Conclusions. No acceptable rule for relaxation of vigilance in the search for cervical spine injury among patients with severe TBI has been identified. Levels of provider vigilance and consequent rates of overlooked cervical spine injury can be affected by environmental cues and presumably by other behavioral and organizational factors.
Dimensions of professional labor support for intrapartum practice.

Purpose: To define and describe the dimensions of Professional Labor Support (PLS). Design and Methods: A factor-analytic study was conducted with a random sample of 146 intrapartum nurses in Texas. Nurses' responses to the Labor Support Questionnaire (LSQ) were subjected to principal components analysis and descriptive analysis. Findings: A six-factor solution indicated the dimensions of PLS: Tangible Support, Advocacy, Emotional Support-Reassurance, Emotional Support-Creating Control, Security and Comfort, Emotional Support-Nurse Caring Behavior, and Informational Support. Conclusions: Although the presence of four dimensions was theorized, six dimensions were found. The emotional support dimension was identified by nurses as being an important component of labor support as indicated by the identification of three separate emotional support dimensions.
Mercury in litterfall and upper soil horizons in forested ecosystems in Vermont, USA.

Mercury (Hg) is an atmospheric pollutant that, in forest ecosystems, accumulates in foliage and upper soil horizons. The authors measured soil and litterfall Hg at 15 forest sites (northern hardwood to mixed hardwood/conifer) throughout Vermont, USA, to examine variation among tree species, forest type, and soils. Differences were found among the 12 tree species sampled from at least two sites, with Acer pensylvanicum having significantly greater litterfall total Hg concentration. Senescent leaves had greater Hg concentrations if they originated lower in the canopy or had higher surface:weight ratios. Annual litterfall Hg flux had a wide range, 12.6 to 28.5 µg/m2 (mean, 17.9 µg/m2), not related to forest type. Soil and Hg pools in the Oi horizon (litter layer) were not related to the measured Hg deposition flux in litterfall or to total modeled Hg deposition. Despite having lower Hg concentrations, upper mineral soil (A horizons) had greater Hg pools than organic soil horizons (forest floor) due to greater bulk density. Significant differences were found in Hg concentration and Hg/C ratio among soil horizons but not among forest types. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of site history and the benefits of collecting litterfall and soils simultaneously. Observed differences in forest floor Hg pools were strongly correlated with carbon pools, which appeared to be a function of historic land-use patterns. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1720–1729. © 2012 SETAC
Micromixing visualization and quantification in a microscale multi-inlet vortex nanoprecipitation reactor using confocal-based reactive micro laser-induced fluorescence

A technique for visualizing and quantifying reactive mixing for laminar and turbulent flow in a microscale chemical reactor using confocal-based microscopic laser induced fluorescence (confocal μ-LIF) was demonstrated in a microscale multi-inlet vortex nanoprecipitation reactor. Unlike passive scalar μ-LIF, the reactive μ-LIF technique is able to visualize and quantify micromixing effects. The confocal imaging results indicated that the flow in the reactor was laminar and steady for inlet Reynolds numbers of 10, 53, and 93. Mixing and reaction were incomplete at each of these Reynolds numbers. The results also suggested that although mixing by diffusion was enhanced near the midplane of the reactor at Rej = 53 and 93 due to very thin bands of acidic and basic fluid forming as the fluid spiraled towards the center of the reactor, near the top, and bottom walls of the reactor, the lower velocities due to fluid friction with the walls hindered the formation of these thin bands, and, thus, resulted in large regions of unmixed and unreacted fluid. At Rej = 240, the flow was turbulent and unsteady. The mixing and reaction processes were still found to be incomplete even at this highest Reynolds number. At the reactor midplane, the flow images at Rej = 240 showed unmixed base fluid near the center of the reactor, suggesting that just as in the Rej = 53 and 93 cases, lower velocities near the top and bottom walls of the reactor hinder the mixing and rection of the acidic and basic streams. Ensemble averages of line-scan profiles for the Rej = 240 were then calculated to provide statistical quantification of the microscale mixing in the reactor. These results further demonstrate that even at this highest Reynolds number investigated, mixing and reaction are incomplete. Visualization and quantification of micromixing using this reactive μ-LIF technique can prove useful in the validation of computational fluid dynamics models of micromixing within microscale chemical reactors.
Analysis of Live, Oral Poliovirus Vaccine Monopools for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

Although there is no evidence for transmission of mammalian retroviruses to humans via vaccine immunization, the allegations of contamination of oral poliovirus vaccines with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 or a hypothetical progenitor virus from monkeys has created controversy and dispute regarding the origin of AIDS in humans. Twelve monovalent lots of live, attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine types 1, 2, and 3, which were released for use by a North American manufacturer between 1976-1989, were tested for the presence of HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). HIV/SIV were not detected in these monovalent poliovirus vaccine lots with the reverse transcriptase assay, a general detection assay, and highly sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction assays.
Perspectives on hydrogen peroxide and drug-induced hemolytic anemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.

Abstract G-6-Pd-deficiency is a genetic disorder of erythrocytes in which the inability of affected cells to maintain NAD(P)H levels sufficient for the reduction of oxidized glutathione results in inadequate detoxification of hydrogen peroxide through glutathione peroxidase. Although a variety of free-radical species may be produced during the interaction of xenobiotic agents with erythctrocytes and hemoglobin, the inability to destroy peroxides seems to be the hallmark of the disease. Colloid osmotic hemolysis is seldom observed in this disorder and it is possible that hydroxyl radicals derived from peroxide damage both lipid and protein constituents of the plasma membrane so that its intrinsic mechanical properties are altered. Erythrocytes with damaged membranes become less deformable and may be subjected to mechanical entrapment in the microcircultion. Ultimate recognition of damaged cell and sequestration by phagocytes leads to anemia.
Closed subsets which are not retracts in the Bohr topology

Abstract For an infinite abelian group G , let G # denote the Bohr topology on G . We show that G # contains a countable closed subset which is not a retract. This is a generalization of a result due to Gladdines for boolean groups.
Group Politics Redux: Race and Gender in the 2008 Democratic Presidential Primaries

The earliest political behavior researchers documented the powerful effects of group attachments and other socioeconomic factors on vote choice and partisan identification in the 1940s and 1950s (Berelson, Lazarsfeld, and McPhee 1954; Campbell et al. 1960). Yet, research interest in the group-based origins of political behavior has waxed and waned in the intervening decades (Huddy 2003). The existence of both an African-American and female frontrunner for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2008 provides an opportunity to consider the contemporary electoral consequences of in-group loyalties and out-group antipathies. We take advantage of select survey and poll data collected during the 2008 Democratic primaries to evaluate the power of gender and race as both positive and negative influences on voter calculus in an election in which the two major candidates were differentiated less by their issue positions and beliefs than by their skin color and gender.
Marrow stromal cell transplantation in stroke and traumatic brain injury.

There is a paucity of therapies for most central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) are a mixed cell population, including stem and progenitor cells, and are currently a strong candidate for cell-based therapy in “brain attack”, including stroke, and traumatic brain injury (TBI), since they are easily isolated and can be expanded in culture from patients without ethical and technical problems. Although it has been suggested that trans-differentiation of MSCs into cells of neural lineage may occur in vitro, no one has yet observed that MSCs give rise to fully differentiated and functional neurons in vivo. The overwhelming body of data indicate that bioactive factors secreted by MSCs in response to the local environment underlie the tissue restorative effects of MSCs. The MSCs that are employed in this therapy are not necessarily stem cells, but progenitor and differentiated cells that escape immune system surveillance and survive in the CNS even for transplantation of allogeneic or xenogeneic MSCs. The injured CNS is stimulated by the MSCs to amplify its intrinsic restorative processes. Treatment of damaged brain with MSCs promotes functional recovery, and facilitates CNS endogenous plasticity and remodeling. The current mini-review is mainly based on our data and focuses on possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of interaction of MSCs with glia, neurons and vessels after brain attack. The transplantation of MSCs opens up new avenues of cell therapy and may provide an effective treatment for various CNS diseases.
Recent developments in polyphosphazene materials science

The expanding scope of polyphosphazenes in materials science is described. This expansion involves new methods of synthesis that provide access to novel polymer architectures, and materials with useful combinations of properties that include superhydrophobic surfaces, biomedical materials, responsive membranes, photonic materials, battery electrolytes, fuel cell membranes, fire-resistant polymers, and new systems that generate micelles, stars, and dendrimers.
The neural basis of the central executive system of working memory.

WORKING memory refers to a system for temporary storage and manipulation of information in the brain, a function critical for a wide range of cognitive operations. It has been proposed that working memory includes a central executive system (CES) to control attention and information flow to and from verbal and spatial short-term memory buffers1. Although the prefrontal cortex is activated during both verbal and spatial passive working memory tasks2–8, the brain regions involved in the CES component of working memory have not been identified. We have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain activation during the concurrent performance of two tasks, which is expected to engage the CES. Activation of the prefrontal cortex was observed when both tasks are performed together, but not when they are performed separately. These results support the view that the prefrontal cortex is involved in human working memory.
A probabilistic model of integration

We propose a probabilistic model of integration where decisions about integration are made based on the perceived ensuing benefit. Integration proceeds in a pairwise manner. This model provides a way to think formally about the integration processes in networks. The model considers information decay over time, and relates decisions to integrate to the value of the information the nodes possess. A sensor network designed to detect intruders is used as an illustrative example. Other applications of the model are suggested: information systems integration, as well as the merger of corporations.
Intrinsic unresponsiveness of Mertk−/− B cells to chronic graft-versus-host disease is associated with unmodulated CD1d expression

Activation and migration of marginal zone B (MZB) cells into follicular (FO) regions of the spleen has been proposed as one of the mechanisms that regulate the development of autoreactive B cells. The mer receptor tyrosine kinase (Mertk) mediates apoptotic cell clearance and regulates activation and cytokine secretion. In the well-studied class II chronic GVH model of bm12 cells into B6 hosts, we observed that Mertk deficient B6 mice did not generate autoantibodies in response to this allogeneic stimulus. We posited that Mertk is important in MHC-II-mediated B cell signaling. In the present study, we show that B cells from Mertk(-/-) mice but not WT B6 mice exhibited decreased calcium mobilization and tyrosine phosphorylation when stimulated by MHC-II cross-linking. The finding that Mertk was important for class II signaling in B cells was further supported by the preponderance of a-allotype autoantibodies in cGVH in RAG-KO mice reconstituted with a mixture of bone marrow from Mertk(-/-) mice (b-allotype) and C20 mice (a-allotype). MZB cells from Mertk(-/-) mice were unable to down regulate surface CD1d expression and subsequent inclusion in the MZ, associated with significantly lower germinal center responses compared to MZB cells from WT. Moreover, Mertk(-/-) mice treated with an anti-CD1d down regulating antibody responded significantly to bm12 cells, while no response was observed in Mertk(-/-) mice treated with control antibodies. Taken together, these findings extend the role of Mertk to include CD1d down regulation on MZB cells, a potential mechanism limiting B cell activation in cGVH.
A visio-haptic wearable system for assisting individuals who are blind

Computer vision algorithms for visio-haptic information analysis, i.e., the conversion of visual data into haptic (tangible) features, can be utilized in wearable assistive devices for individuals who are blind. Touch is an important modality for individuals who are blind, but it is limited to the extent of one's reach. By estimating how an object feels from its visual image, we are able to overcome this limitation. This paper proposes a wearable assistive device to estimate haptic features from visual data to enable users to feel objects from a distance.
The effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on offspring outcomes

Abstract Objective To evaluate the possible association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring outcomes of birth weight, pre-term birth, remediation, low scholastic achievement, regular smoking, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct problems while controlling for similar behaviors in parents. Methods Using telephone interviews, data were collected, in 2001 and 2004, as a part of two United States offspring-of-twins projects. Fathers, who were twins participating in the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, their female spouse and their offspring were interviewed — information on 1,342 unique pregnancies in mothers with a history of regular smoking was utilized for these analyses. The association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and birth weight, pre-term birth, remediation, low scholastic achievement, regular smoking, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder while controlling for similar behaviors in parents, was examined using regression. Results Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with decreased birth weight, low scholastic achievement, regular smoking and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was explained by maternal attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was also associated with earlier age of offspring initiation of smoking and onset of regular smoking. Conclusions Maternal smoking during pregnancy may influence certain offspring outcomes via mechanisms that are independent from genetic risk attributable to comorbid conditions. Assisting expecting mothers with their smoking cessation efforts will likely provide widespread health benefits to both mother and offspring.
Synthesis and gas permeation properties of highly b-oriented MFI silicalite-1 thin membranes with controlled microstructure

Abstract Herein we report continuous crack-free b-oriented silicalite-1 thin membranes with controlled microstructure on porous α-Al2O3 supports by using our micro-tiles-and-mortar method. The critical parameters identified for successful fabrication include: (1) polymer intermediate layers to get highly b-oriented seed crystal layers with high packing density and uniform surface coverage, (2) metal passivation layers to prevent out-of-plane nucleation and growth of seed crystals while allowing in-plane nucleation and growth of crystals, and (3) filling the gaps between seed crystals with nano-sized seed crystals. The membranes have three different types of microstructures: one with non-activated grain boundaries, another with activated grain boundaries, and the third with activated grain boundaries that are overgrown. To the best of our knowledge, membranes with the first two types of microstructures have never been reported previously. The performance of these membranes has been evaluated based on the binary separation of xylene isomers in the temperature range of 25–175 °C showing different permeation properties. The maximum p-/o-xylene separation factor was about 4 possibly due to grain boundary defects resulting from Au/Pd nanoparticles deposited on the sidewalls of seed crystals as well as on the supports.
Recovery of iridium from scrap and residues

Abstract In conventional hydrochemical iridium refining the scrap is alloyed with nickel to form a 70Ni-30Ir alloy by melting and the iridium is recovered as an impure powder (70Ir-30Ni) by acid leaching of this alloy. The iridium powder is then subjected to several complex oxidation, dissolution and purification steps for further refining. The use of nickel has several disadvantages and contributes to iridium losses. To find a more suitable metal solvent for iridium, several metals and alloys were alloyed with scrap iridium by induction melting. The ingots were leached in acid and the resulting powder size and purity were studied. Both pure manganese and an Mn-Cu alloy were found to be superior solvents when compared with nickel. The Mn-20Cu-20Ir alloy was very ductile and after dissolution resulted in an iridium powder with about 95% purity after acid leaching. The Mn-(20–30)Ir alloys were somewhat harder and brittle but resulted in a very fine iridium powder with 98%–99% purity after acid leaching. Both the manganese and the Mn-Cu alloys form homogeneous solid solutions with iridium, have low melting points, dissolve readily in dilute HCl and are inexpensive compared with nickel. Leaching of these alloys in acid resulted in a relatively pure and very fine (100 mesh) iridium powder with nearly 100% recovery. The good quality of the resulting iridium powder simplifies its further processing and reduces the cost of hydrochemical refining. In comparison, the Ni-Ir alloy has a much higher melting point and a very slow leaching rate in acids and results in a coarse (40 mesh) and impure (70Ir-30Ni) powder.
UV-Light-Activated ZnO Fibers for Organic Gas Sensing at Room Temperature

The UV irradiation enhanced ZnO fiber sensors for organic gas detection at room temperature are reported in this paper. It has been well-known that the conductivity of ZnO fibers will increase when they are exposed to UV irradiation. However, it was found in this study that the trend of the conductivity increase under UV irradiation could be reversed if the organic gases adsorbed on the ZnO fiber surface. It was found that a linear relationship exists between the current response and the concentration of the organic gas. The results exhibited simple maneuverability for detecting parts per million concentration of organic gases at room temperature. The possible mechanism of photoconduction sensing for detecting an organic gas under UV light irradiation at room temperature is also discussed.
A resonant electron capture time-of-flight MS with trochoidal electron monochromator.

A prototype electron monochromator (EM) reflectron time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer has been constructed and demonstrated to record resonant electron capture (REC) mass spectra of electron-capturing compounds. The electron energy is ramped from −1.7 to +25 eV at a preset frequency, and the energy spread of the electron beam at 15 nA is 100 meV or better. Ions are orthogonally extracted into the analyzer at a frequency of up to 80 kHz while maintaining an upper m/z-limit of at least 300 and a mass resolving power of ∼1000. A complete REC mass spectrum, which includes an effective yield versus electron energy curve for each negative ion formed from the compound being analyzed, typically takes several days to produce with a quadrupole or magnetic sector mass spectrometer. With the EM TOF described in this work, three-dimensional negative ion electron capture spectra are recorded in an interval on the order of only 1 s and displayed in real time. This new analytical capability could make it possible to ...
An Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Investigation of the Retention Mechanisms of Mn and Cu in the Nanopore Channels of Three Zeolite Minerals

The adsorption mechanisms of divalent cations in zeolite nanopore channels can vary as a function of their pore dimensions. The nanopore inner-sphere enhancement (NISE) theory predicts that ions may dehydrate inside small nanopore channels in order to adsorb more closely to the mineral surface if the nanopore channel is sufficiently small. The results of an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy study of Mn and Cu adsorption on the zeolite minerals zeolite Y (large nanopores), ZSM-5 (intermediate nanopores), and mordenite (small nanopores) are presented. The Cu and Mn cations both adsorbed via an outer-sphere mechanism on zeolite Y based on the similarity between the adsorbed spectra and the aqueous spectra. Conversely, Mn and Cu adsorbed via an inner-sphere mechanism on mordenite based on spectrum asymmetry and peak broadening of the adsorbed spectra. However, Mn adsorbed via an outer-sphere mechanism on ZSM-5, whereas Cu adsorbed on ZSM-5 shows a high degree of surface interaction that indicates that it is adsorbed closer to the mineral surface. Evidence of dehydration and immobility was more readily evident in the spectrum of mordenite than in that of ZSM-5, indicating that Cu was not as close to the surface on ZSM-5 as it was when adsorbed on mordenite. Divalent Mn cations are strongly hydrated and are held strongly only in zeolites with small nanopore channels. Divalent Cu cations are also strongly hydrated, but can dehydrate more easily, presumably due to the Jahn-Teller effect, and are held strongly in zeolites with medium-sized nanopore channels or smaller.
A Technique for Analyzing the Linear Relationships between Two Meteorological Fields

Abstract A method for analyzing the linear relationship field is presented. The empirical orthogonal function technique is utilized directly on the field of time cross-correlation coefficients between two meteorological fields, rather than on the time variation of a spatial meterological field itself, as in the usual approach. A set of eigenvectors and their corresponding amplitude coefficients is obtained for each eigenvalue. The eigenvector is dependent on the spatial characteristics of the first meteorological field and the amplitude coefficient on the spatial characteristics of the other meteorological field. Because the method maximizes areas of high linear relationship on each of the corresponding grids of the original fields' dominant modes, the areas of significant relationship can be isolated in terms of the explained mean-square correlation. The technique is illustrated on the zero-lag cross-correlation field between monthly mean Northern Hemisphere sea-level pressure and United States temperatu...
Differences in bereavement reactions within couples following death of a child

Differences in distress within couples who have experienced the sudden death of a child were examined. Results from two independent samples (N = 50 couples and N = 60 couples) were compared. The SCL-90-R and the BSI were used to measure global psychological distress and distress in nine symptom dimensions. Paired t tests revealed similar findings in the two samples: Within couples, women had significantly greater global distress than men and significantly greater distress than men in most symptom dimensions. Hostility scores within couples were similar and indicated a high level of hostility. The findings may explain relational problems observed within bereaved couples. Interventions designed to help couples cope with their differences and their hostility may decrease relational problems.
Nucleon form factors, Lorentz invariance, and nuclear photoabsorption

The role of the intrinsic nucleon size in a phenomenological treatment of photon absorption by a nucleus is discussed. It is suggested that the complete transition matrix element should be written as a product of the purely nuclear matrix element and the intrinsic nucleon form factor. The latter is written as a function, not of q/sup 2/ (the four-momentum transfer), but of q/sup 2/ + ..omega../sup 2/, where ..omega.. is the excitation energy of the nucleus. We note that for real photons where q/sup 2/ = 0 this is essentially equivalent to q/sup 2/, i.e., the three-momentum transfer.
Victims' Rights And The Son Of Sam Law: Implications For Free Speech And Research On Offenders

In 1978, New York passed legislation to prohibit criminals receiving money from selling their stories to publishers and movie producers. The legislation, called the "Son of Sam law," resulted from the publicity associated with the 1978 serial murders by David Berkowitz. Subsequently, more than 40 states and the federal government passed similar legislation. Proponents of this legislation hailed it as a step toward victims' rights, but opponents viewed it as a serious encroachment upon the First Amendment of the U. S. Constitution. In 1991, the U. S. Supreme Court unanimously held this law to be unconstitutional, which victims' rights advocates saw as a serious blow to their movement. However, the law was more complex than a simple conflict between victims' rights and criminals' rights. The law's reach extended to cover a very broad range of literature and even threatened research conducted by social scientists. This essay discusses the Son of Sam law and its ramifications.
Thermal precipitation at reduced gas pressures

Abstract A thermal precipitator of conventional design was employed to collect finely divided, airborne particles at pressures ranging from 1.0 to 0.0025 atmosphere. The particles varied in diameter between 2 microns and 30 Angstroms. Effective precipitation was found at all pressures below atmospheric. At the lowest pressure, aerosol particles were deposited upon passing less than 3 cm. across a thermal gradient of 2240°C./cm. at average velocities up to 20 m./sec.; at atmospheric pressure a comparable deposit distance with the same thermal gradient permits an average velocity of only about 0.7 m./sec.
Stereoselective synthesis of a fully protected C13–C23 fragment of tedanolide

Abstract The combination of a high-yielding dienyllithium addition and a highly diastereoselective 1,2-reduction allows the preparation of the completely protected C 13 –C 23 fragment 3 of the potent cytotoxic agent tedanolide 1 . A convergent approach was used, namely a late stage coupling of the dienyllithium 16 with the selectively protected aldehyde 5 followed by oxidation–reduction and final epoxidation to give 3 . The dienylstannane 4 was prepared from the dibromide 6 in five steps, the key step being the highly regio- and stereoselective stannylcupration of the alkyne 7 . The commercially available hydroxy ester 10 was converted in 11 steps to the aldehyde 5 . The compound 3 could potentially be a key intermediate for the synthesis of tedanolide 1 .
Generation of the Ares I-X Flight Test Vehicle Aerodynamic Data Book and Comparison To Flight

A 3.5-year effort to characterize the aerodynamic behavior of the Ares I-X Flight Test Vehicle (AIX FTV) is described in this paper. The AIX FTV was designed to be representative of the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle (CLV). While there are several differences in the outer mold line from the current revision of the CLV, the overall length, mass distribution, and flight systems of the two vehicles are very similar. This paper briefly touches on each of the aerodynamic databases developed in the program, describing the methodology employed, experimental and computational contributions to the generation of the databases, and how well the databases and underlying computations compare to actual flight test results.
Multivariate statistical analysis of the response of the cockroach giant interneuron system to wind puffs

The cockroach Periplaneta Americana responds to wind puffs by turning from the source of the wind. This turning movement is thought to be initiated by sensory responses to the wind puff occurring on filiform haircells on the cerci. The responses on the haircells initiate responses on 14 giant interneurons that rapidly transfer the information about the puff from the abdomen to the thorax and head. This response, in turn, is thought to initiate the escape response on the cockroach. In this paper a multivariate statistical analysis of the response of the 14 giant interneurons to wind puffs from a variety of angles is considered. A temporal-spatial integration model is proposed for the neural processing units acting as terminators for the giant interneurons and it is shown that using appropriate spatial integration, the cockroach can accurately estimate the direction of a wind puff on the basis of the response seen on the giant interneurons. It is also shown that with appropriate spatial integration, wind puffs from the left can be discriminated from wind puffs from the right. The right-left discrimination method is shown to be robust against the loss of any single giant interneuron. In some cases several giant interneurons can be lost without losing the right-left discrimination ability.
Ten years of sirolimus therapy for human renal transplantation: the University of Texas at Houston experience.

ON APRIL 13, 1993, a phase I trial was initiated to assess the safety and pharmacokinetic behavior of ascending doses of a new immunosuppressant discovered by Sehgal and applied in animal transplant models by Calne et al and Morris et al. Forty stable renal transplant patients who received either the oral liquid formulation of sirolimus (SRL) or placebo, displayed only modest adverse reactions. Drug development proceeded rapidly through a subsequent phase I/II study of de novo drug administration which confirmed the safety and documented the efficacy of a sirolimus-cyclosporine (CsA) combination to reduce the incidence of acute rejection episodes. The first multicenter phase II trial showed that reduced doses of CsA were efficacious in non–African Americans when administered in combination with sirolimus. The pivotal phase III trials performed in the United States (US) and across the world (Global) demonstrated the benefit of a sirolimus-CsAPrednisone (Pred) regimen for acute rejection prophylaxis, leading to approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This contribution reviews not only the milestones up to FDA approval, but also our present strategies, as utilized in 1008 renal transplant recipients, to deliver the maximal benefit of sirolimus with minimal CsA exposure, thereby reducing the hazards of chronic immunosuppression.
Microbial Flora of Raw and Pasteurized Egg Albumen

Summary Gram negative bacteria were the main spoilage organisms of raw albumen stored at 5, 10, 15 or 20° and were identified as strains of pigmented and nonpigmented Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Enterobacter liquefaciens. Only one unidentified Gram negative motile rod which failed to attack glucose was found to survive pasteurization in egg albumen (pH 9-1) at 57.2° for 3 min. Other Gram negative bacteria isolated from one batch of stored albumen were shown to be heat sensitive, so that recontamination had probably occurred after pasteurization. Most of the organisms which survived pasteurization were found to be faecal streptococci, strains resembling Aerococcus viridans, Microbacterium lacticum and two groups (B and C) of unidentified catalase negative rods, or coccobacilli which in many respects resembled the atypical lactobacilli of Thornley & Sharpe (1959). Of these strains only the faecal streptococci and groups B and C were isolated from stored albumen. The effect of the spoilage flora on the ‘catalase’ activity of albumen before and after pasteurization has been studied in relation to the possibility of a ‘catalase’ test being used to monitor the pasteurization process.
Where public school students in Illinois get cigarettes and alcohol: characteristics of minors who use different sources.

The current study examined demographic, behavior, belief, and social influence characteristics of adolescents who use various means to get cigarettes and alcohol. Spring 1998 survey participants were 7,302 6th, 8th, and 10th grade public school students from throughout Illinois, who self-identified as tobacco smokers and/or alcohol drinkers. The sample was not random, but closely matched the demographic composition of the state. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the effect of each independent variable on each of the cigarette sources and each of the alcohol sources. For both cigarettes and alcohol, adolescents used commercial sources far less than they did social sources such as family and friends. Also, older adolescents and those who are heavier and more entrenched smokers or drinkers were more likely to use both commercial and social sources. Other factors related to use of various sources included beliefs, social influences, and environmental influences. These findings have many implications for intervention, especially by parents and policymakers, and suggest an increased emphasis on social sources adolescents use to obtain cigarettes and alcohol.
Bulk viscosity of stirred xenon near the critical point

We deduce the thermophysical properties of near-critical xenon from measurements of the frequencies and half-widths of the acoustic resonances of xenon maintained at its critical density in centimeter-sized cavities. In the reduced temperature range , we measured the resonance frequency and quality factor for each of six modes spanning a factor of 27 in frequency. As was approached, the frequencies decreased by a factor of 2.2 and the 's decreased by as much as a factor of 140. Remarkably, these results are predicted (within of the frequency and within a factor of 1.4 of ) by a model for the resonator and a model for the frequency-dependent bulk viscosity that uses no empirically determined parameters. The resonator model is based on a theory of acoustics in near-critical fluids developed by ]. In addition to describing the present low-frequency data (from ), the model for is consistent with ultrasonic velocity and attenuation data from the literature. However, the model predicts a peak in the temperature dependence of the dissipation in the boundary layer that we did not detect. This suggests that the model overestimates the effect of the bulk viscosity on the thermal boundary layer. In this work, the acoustic cavities were heated from below to stir the xenon, thereby reducing the density stratification resulting from Earth's gravity. The stirring reduced the apparent equilibration time from several hours to a few minutes, and it reduced the effective temperature resolution from to approximately , which corresponds to .
Survey of the educational backgrounds and specialty training of instructors of clinical neuropsychology in APA-Approved graduate training programs: A 10-year follow-up

Abstract This report is a replication of a survey conducted a decade ago that examined the graduate training and postdoctoral experiences of the instructors of clinical neuropsychology within American Psychological Association-accredited doctoral programs in clinical psychology. The orginal findings indicated that the formal background and clinical experiences of most of the instructors of clinical neuropsychology fell short of the minimum level of training guidelines proposed by the International Neuropsychology Society (INS) Task Force on Education, Accreditation, and Credentialing. In the present survey, data from 61 doctoral training programs revealed that instructors are more closely approximating the minimal educational standards than they were a decade earlier. Specifically, respondents to the current survey indicated more training in both the neurosciences and clinical neuropsychology and involvement in more research activities than did respondents to the past survey. Despite the significant improvements in the background training of current instructors, many still do not report educational and clinical experiences that are consistent with the INS minimal level training guidelines.
In‐situ measurements of nitric oxide in the high latitude upper stratosphere

A rocket-launched parachute-deployed chemiluminescence sensor measured the vertical profile of nitric oxide from Poker Flat, Alaska, latitude 65.13 degress North, in August 1984 and in January and February 1985. All data refer to daylight periods shortly after local noon and cover altitudes from a lower limit of 27-30 km up to 48-53 km. Between 35 and 45 km the results indicate a large seasonal variation, with wintertime mixing ratios being roughly a factor of two above summer values. The winter profiles contained sharp positive vertical gradients that persisted through the highest altitudes observed, and near 50 km the mixing ratio from the Feburary flight exceeded that seen in summer by a factor of four. Above the stratopause the mixing ratio observed in February increased dramatically and between 52 and 53 km reached 148.9 ppbv, an order of magnitude greater than typical mid-latitude values measured with this instrument. Such behavior is consistent with the absence of photodissociation in winter and a downward flux of odd nitrogen arising from a source located significantly higher than the stratopause, almost surely in the lower thermosphere. These results clearly support the existence of a vertical coupling between diverse regions of the atmosphere in the high latitude winter.
Comparing local and remote motion aftereffects.

A new method, using phase-reversing sinusoidal gratings to cancel perceived motion, was developed to measure the motion aftereffect (MAE). This technique was used to show the existence of a remote MAE, i.e. an MAE in areas that were not directly stimulated during adaptation. In several experiments, this remote MAE was compared to the local MAE. The remote effect was generally weaker and of shorter duration. It showed no directional tuning within the investigated range, as compared to a tuning of ± 60 deg of the local MAE. There was no adaptation effect to the component gratings of a plaid, indicating that the plaid was treated as a coherent pattern. The local MAE showed clear spatial frequency tuning, whereas the remote MAE varied little with spatial frequency difference, although there was a tendency towards frequencies lower than the adaptation frequency. The possibility is considered that both local and remote MAEs are generated in extrastriate areas.