cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantification in Telugu

After presenting some basic genetic, historical, and typological information about Telugu, this chapter outlines its quantification patterns. It illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers: generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite, and partitive, which are all defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in Chapter 1. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial-type quantifiers and Nominal- (or Determiner-) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers, it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. In summary, the chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Telugu, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.
Deterministic control of uncertain systems via a constructive use of Lyapunov stability theory

We present a controller design methodology for uncertain systems which is based on the constructive use of Lyapunov stability theory. The uncertainties, which are deterministic, are characterized by certain structural conditions and known as well as unknown bounds. As a consequence of the Lyapunov approach, the methodology is not restricted to linear or time-invariant systems. The robustness of these controllers in the presence of singular perturbations is considered. The situation in which the full state of the system is not available for measurement is also considered as are other generalizations. Applications of the proposed controller are noted.
Fast image-domain target-oriented least-squares reverse time migration

ABSTRACTWe have developed a fast image-domain target-oriented least-squares reverse time migration (LSRTM) method based on applying the inverse or pseudoinverse of a target-oriented Hessian matrix ...
Prediction of Schizophrenia Diagnosis by Integration of Genetically Correlated Conditions and Traits

Schizophrenia is genetically heterogeneous and comorbid with many conditions. In this study, we explored polygenic scores (PGSs) from genetically related conditions and traits to predict schizophrenia diagnosis using both logistic regression and deep neural network (DNN) models. We used the combined Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia and Swedish Schizophrenia Case Control Study (MGS + SSCCS) data for training and testing the models, and used the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials for Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) data as independent validation. We screened 28 conditions and traits comorbid with schizophrenia to identify traits as potential predictors and used LASSO regression to select predictors for model construction. We investigated how PGS calculation influenced model performance. We found that the inclusion of comorbid traits improved model performance and PGSs calculated from two traits were more generalizable in independent validation. With a DNN model using 19 PGS predictors, we accomplished a prediction accuracy of 0.813 and an AUC of 0.905 in the MGS + SSCCS data. When this model was validated with the CATIE data, it achieved an accuracy of 0.721 and AUC of 0.747. Our results indicate that PGSs alone may not be sufficient to predict schizophrenia accurately and the inclusion of behavioral and clinical data may be necessary for more accurate prediction model.
Substrate-Dependent Allosteric Regulation in Cytochrome P450cam (CYP101A1).

Various biophysical methods have provided evidence of a second substrate binding site in the well-studied cytochrome P450cam, although the location and biological relevance of this site has remained elusive. A related question is how substrate and product binding and egress occurs. While many active site access channels have been hypothesized, only one, channel 1, has been experimentally validated. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations reveal an allosteric site related to substrate binding and product egress. The remote allosteric site opens channel 1 and primes the formation of a new channel that is roughly perpendicular to channel 1. Substrate entry to the active site via channel 1 as well as substrate/product egress via channel 2 is observed after binding of a second molecule of substrate to the allosteric site, indicating cooperativity between these two sites. These results are consistent with and bring together many early and recent experimental results to reveal a dynamic interplay between a...
The State’s Accomplices? Organizations and The Penal State

People returning from imprisonment in the United States frequently have contact with staff and volunteers at non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that address topics ranging from job skills to mental health. The NGO sector has become increasingly attractive to policy-makers, who task them with responsibility for managing criminalized people while allocating limited funds for privatized services. This chapter examines NGOs’ relationships with penal state agencies in order to assess claims in the critical penological literature that depict NGOs as extensions of the penal state that implement its goals because of their dependency upon it. I introduce four types of NGOs based on the degree to which they are positioned as the subordinates of penal state agencies (hierarchy) and the degree to which they view the state as a target of advocacy or as a voluntary interlocutor (closeness). The analysis relies on interview, observational, and documentary data reflecting the work of 18 NGOs working with formerly incarcerated people that I collected in Wisconsin between 2009 and 2013. The results highlight organizations that resist the pull of the penal state in ways not fully appreciated in this literature, especially those that challenge the state politically and deliberately avoid contact with governmental agencies.
Predictors of past avian translocation outcomes inform feasibility of future efforts under climate change

Abstract Conservation translocations – the intentional movement of individuals from one area to another for conservation purposes – provide a potential response to climate change, but can be costly and risky. To help improve translocation outcomes and assess their feasibility as a climate adaptation tool, we analyzed past conservation translocations (176 bird species at 680 sites globally) as a proxy for future efforts. To determine predictors of annual survival of released birds, we used generalized linear mixed models. Species with larger bodies and relative brain size had higher survival. Survival was also higher in protected areas, with subsequent releases at a site, for more recent years, and where the initial cause of decline was removed (n = 435 releases). Of particular relevance to climate-motivated translocations, longer distance translocations decreased survival; there was no evidence that greater climate differences between source and release sites (n = 117 releases), or releases beyond the indigenous range (“managed relocation”, n = 435 releases), reduced survival. We also assessed how reproduction varied with release rates (birds/year) and species' generation lengths. Species with long generation lengths released at high rates had similar reproductive success to species with short generation lengths released at low rates. These findings can improve conservation translocation decisions by informing expected outcomes for target species, and identifying site features and management practices that maximize the likelihood of success. We also provide an empirical assessment of potential challenges of using conservation translocations in response to climate change, including evidence that longer distance translocations may be less feasible than shorter distance translocations.
Whose Lives Matter? Race, Space, and the Devaluation of Homicide Victims in Minority Communities:

The recurring, horrific deaths of minority residents at the hands of police officers and vigilantes have led social movements and international protests to amplify the charge that whereas the loss ...
Positive emotional intensity and substance use: the underlying role of positive emotional avoidance in a community sample of military veterans.

Background: Military veterans are at greater risk for substance misuse. Positive emotional intensity is one well-established antecedent of substance misuse in this population. Positive emotional av...
Exploring real-world concordance of tissue mutation burden (TMB) from blood and tissue in patients with solid tumors

PurposeTumor mutational burden (TMB) is an approved biomarker for immunotherapy in metastatic cancer patients. While initially measured from tissue (tTMB), TMB derived from circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) - also known as blood TMB (bTMB) - is increasingly being used in the clinic. Currently, real-world concordance between tTMB and bTMB is not well understood. Patients and methodsFrom October 2020 to March 2021, cancer patients who had both tTMB and bTMB results were selected. Patients were classified according to clinical variables and tumor burden, and correlation analyses or tests of independence were performed to explore any associations. ResultsFrom a total of 38 patients included in our study, 20 patients (52.6%) had non-small cell lung carcinoma and 18 (47.4%) had other cancers. Median bTMB of 9.6 mut/MB was higher than median tTMB of 4.0 mut/Mb, and the distributions of bTMB and tTMB differed significantly (n=38, p < 0.001). bTMB was positively correlated with tTMB in the total study population (Spearman {rho}=0.57, p < 0.001) and a tTMB of 10 mut/Mb correlated with a bTMB of 21.1 mut/Mb. Dividing patients by cancer type or site of tumor biopsy resulted in significantly differing strength and degree of correlation, but dividing patients by concordant and discordant bTMB:tTMB ratio did not reveal any significantly different distributions of clinical variables or tumor burden. ConclusionbTMB was positively correlated with tTMB, and median bTMB was higher than median tTMB. Cancer type and site of tissue biopsy may influence concordance between tTMB and bTMB. Future studies with more patients may help define the optimal bTMB threshold for receiving immunotherapy, which may be different from the tTMB threshold.
Accelerating the Yinyang K-Means Algorithm Using the GPU

The k-means clustering algorithm is widely employed for unsupervised learning. The algorithm takes as input a multidimensional dataset of points and number of clusters/centroids, k, where each point is assigned to one of the clusters. For exact k-means clustering, the algorithm must compute the same result as Lloyd’s algorithm, which is well-known to be computationally expensive due to the large number of distance comparisons between each point and the k centroids. Several algorithms have been proposed for k-means clustering that avoid distance calculations but produce an exact result. However, these algorithms have all been designed for execution using the CPU, and no published works have examined using the GPU to accelerate k-means while simultaneously avoiding distance calculations. This paper examines the state-of-the-art Yinyang algorithm that avoids distance calculations as executed on the GPU. Since Lloyd’s algorithm is well-suited to a GPU execution, it is not clear whether the Yinyang algorithm will obtain significant performance gains on GPU hardware. In this context, this paper: (i) proposes the first GPU-accelerated Yinyang algorithm in the literature; (ii) advances several optimizations to GPU kernels; (iii) contrasts and evaluates different degrees of distance calculation pruning; and, (iv) compares the performance of our GPU-accelerated Yinyang algorithm to four reference implementations. Our GPU algorithm achieves a speedup over the multi-core CPU Yinyang algorithm of up to 8× on real-world datasets.
Intrusion Detection Through Gradient in Digraphs

Unmanned autonomous vehicles (UAVs) driven by information obtained through sensor networks are believed to have a pivotal part in every area of life in the near future. In order to fulfil their objectives, the UAV will move through the data obtained by the associated network of sensors and of UAVs. The data includes heading to reach a destination, heading to hit a goal, the volume of the goal, and the min path to reach a destination. The accomplishment of such a task will be highly dependent upon the precision and legitimacy of any such data obtained on the ground. The significance of the data invites the adversary to interrupt the data collection network. The most shocking way to interrupt a data collection network is to insert malicious node(s) in the networks to contaminate the data and render it worthless. This sort of attacks upon networks are serious and quiet. Moreover, such attacks are straightforward to unveil as they need nominal resources from the adversary’s part. Gradient, level surfaces, and scalar fields are known concepts in thermodynamics and physics. This chapter extends these concepts to the networks. By using the extended concepts of gradients, level surfaces, and scalar point functions, this chapter provides a novel linear time algorithm to find the min path to a malicious node within a network.
Recent Progress in Structure Determination by Leed

Publisher Summary Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is in use for analyzing surface structures for a long time now. Surface crystallography with LEED is shown to be developing fast toward solving more complex and diverse kinds of surfaces. Present theoretical and experimental techniques in LEED now make it possible to determine structures of increasing complexity and variety. New techniques are being developed to extend surface crystallography to disordered surfaces and stepped surfaces, including defects, impurities, and adsorbates near such irregularities. This progress is exemplified in this chapter with solved structures in three very diverse categories: metal surface reconstructions with multi-layer relaxations, coadsorption of different molecules on metal surfaces, and incommensurate overlayers of graphite on Pt(111). First, a few clean metal surface reconstructions are discussed, focusing on the missing-row reconstructions of the lr, Pt, and Au(110)-(1×2) surfaces. In this chapter, many structural parameters need to be determined down to several atomic layers below the surface. Then, coadsorption of different molecules on a metal substrate is discussed. This illustrates complex overlayers with large unit cells and many atoms per unit cell. Finally, an incommensurate structure is reported that of graphite formed on Pt(111).
Human Gliomas with Wild-Type p53 Express bcl-2

Human astrocytomas frequently overexpress wild-type p53, which suggests that gliomas have evolved a mechanism to subvert p53-mediated apoptosis. bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis mediated by p53, and it is expressed in several human cancers. We therefore examined a series of human gliomas to determine whether bcl-2 is expressed and whether this expression is associated with tumors which have wild-type p53. Twenty-eight paraffin-embedded gliomas (3 WHO grade II, 13 grade III, 12 grade IV) were immunohistochemically stained for bcl-2 and p53. p53 mutations were identified with single strand conformation polymorphism and DNA sequencing. Sixteen of 28 (57%) tumors expressed bcl-2, and bcl-2 expression was associated with wild-type p53 (P < 0.01). Among gliomas which overexpressed p53, bcl-2 was positive in 7 of 7 tumors with wild-type p53 but in only 1 of 7 with mutant p53 (P < 0.01). We conclude that bcl-2 is frequently expressed in human gliomas and that expression is more common in tumors with wild-type p53.
Genome mapping overview

Genome mapping has had a central and fundamental influence on both genomic sequencing and positional cloning over the past 20 years. The technologies underlying this field fall into three broad categories: (1) true physical maps based upon ordered genomic clones or the cytogenetic map; (2) inferred physical maps based upon a statistical analysis of map order, for example, radiation hybrid (RH) maps; (3) genetic maps that deliver a relative order of polymorphic markers based upon statistical analysis of meiotic recombination crossovers. All three types of reference mapping resources have caveats and limitations. The first is the assumption that the reference map truly reflects the underlying genome. Genomic duplications, inversions, and other complex rearrangements (which may vary between individuals) can complicate the interpretation of these maps. Sex-specific differences can complicate genetic maps. Any type of statistically based map (whether RH or genetic linkage) should be carefully scrutinized for the likely odds of marker order. There are also gaps in many of the available maps and these can also present problems. Here we present a brief overview of the various genome mapping methods. Keywords: genome; genetic mapping; physical mapping
Sliding modes in hybrid systems-a semigroup approach

The purpose of the paper is to study the sliding mode phenomenon in the wide class of systems with both continuous and discrete type of memory and provide the more refined description of the sliding including the chattering. It is shown that such systems can be represented as groups, or monoids. >
A Role for TLRs in the Regulation of Immune Cell Migration by First Trimester Trophoblast Cells

Normal pregnancy is characterized by the presence of innate immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface. Originally, it was postulated that the presence of these leukocytes was due to an immune response toward paternal Ags expressed by the invading trophoblasts. Instead, we and others postulate that these innate immune cells are necessary for successful implantation and pregnancy. However, elevated leukocyte infiltration may be an underlying cause of pregnancy complications, such as preterm labor or preeclampsia. Furthermore, such conditions have been attributed to an intrauterine infection. Therefore, we hypothesize that first trimester trophoblast cells, upon recognition of microbes through TLRs, may coordinate an immune response by recruiting cells of the innate immune system to the maternal-fetal interface. In this study, we have demonstrated that human first trimester trophoblast cells constitutively secrete the chemokines growth-related oncogene, growth-related oncogene α, IL-8, and MCP-1 and are able to recruit monocytes and NK cells, and to a lesser degree, neutrophils. Following the ligation of TLR-3 by the viral ligand, poly(I:C), or TLR-4 by bacterial LPS, trophoblast secretion of chemokines is significantly increased and this in turn results in elevated monocyte and neutrophil chemotaxis. In addition, TLR-3 stimulation also induces trophoblast cells to secrete RANTES. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which first trimester trophoblast cells may differentially modulate the maternal immune system during normal pregnancy and in the presence of an intrauterine infection. Such altered trophoblast cell responses might contribute to the pathogenesis of certain pregnancy complications.
Passing the baton [Message From The Editor-In-Chief]

Dear readers, I have been serving as the Editor-in-Chief of IEEE Wireless Communications for almost three and a half years, and it is time for me to step down to take a break after days and nights of working hard for this magazine. My term as the Editor-in-Chief will officially end at the end of June 2015, and then the baton will be passed to Dr. Hamid Gharavi, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), United States, who will be the next Editor-in- Chief of IEEE Wireless Communications. Therefore, I have invited Dr. Hamid Gharavi to write a message in this Editor’s Note to mark this handover. In fact, Dr. Gharavi has been serving as Associate Editor-in-Chief for this magazine since June 2014. Therefore, the handover will definitely be a “soft handover,” ensuring that the editorial work of this magazine will continue seamlessly. Dr. Gharavi is a longtime IEEE volunteer, and I am fully confident that he has all the experience needed to bring this magazine to a new high level under his strong leadership.
Tris(3‐hydroxypropyltriazolylmethyl)amine (THPTA)

[760952-88-3] C18H30N10O3 (MW 434.5) InChI = 1S/C18H30N10O3/c29-7-1-4-26-13-16(19-22-26)10-25(11-17-14-27(23-20-17)5-2-8-30)12-18-15-28(24-21-18)6-3-9-31/h13-15,29-31H,1-12H2 InChIKey = VAKXPQHQQNOUEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as an accelerating ligand in Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions) Alternate Name: THPTA. Physical Data: mp 138–139 °C.1 Solubility: sol H2O, most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: not commercially available.
Engineered nanoparticles mimicking cell membranes for toxin neutralization

Protein toxins secreted from pathogenic bacteria and venomous animals rely on multiple mechanisms to overcome the cell membrane barrier to inflict their virulence effect. A promising therapeutic concept toward developing a broadly applicable anti-toxin platform is to administer cell membrane mimics as decoys to sequester these virulence factors. As such, lipid membrane-based nanoparticulates are an ideal candidate given their structural similarity to cellular membranes. This article reviews the virulence mechanisms employed by toxins at the cell membrane interface and highlights the application of cell-membrane mimicking nanoparticles as toxin decoys for systemic detoxification. In addition, the implication of particle/toxin nanocomplexes in the development of toxoid vaccines is discussed.
Effects of lubrication on the retention of tapered and parallel cast post and cores

Abstract The effects of lubrication on the retention of parallel-sided and tapered cast post and cores cemented with zinc phosphate-cement (ZnPO 4 ) and glass ionomer cements were investigated. Seventy-two maxillary canine teeth of similar size were selected for direct, parallel-sided post and core castings. The canines were sectioned at the cementoenamel junction and mounted in resin blocks. A post space was prepared to 1.5 mm (d) × 10 mm (I) with a handpiece mounted in a surveyor. The teeth were divided into four groups: ZnPO 4 without lubricant, ZnPO 4 with lubricant rinsed with water, ZnPO 4 with lubricant removed by solvent, and ZnPO 4 with solvent alone. The same four groups were made by using glass ionomer cement. Retention was tested with a 4200 series Instron machine by pulling the castings out of the teeth. There were no significant differences in retention among the eight groups of parallel posts at α = 0.05. The testing procedure was repeated by using an 11 mm post with 6 degrees of taper. With tapered posts, a statistically significant reduction in retention was found in the lubricated samples when compared to the nonlubricated samples.
SOME INFLUENCES DETERMINING COORDINATION NUMBER OF CATIONS

ABSTRACT It is now clear that simple ligands may have characteristic effects on the coordination configuration assumed by the central atom. The most obvious examples are furnished by the halide ligands. THUS, the common red-coloured Co(II) forms are six-coordinate, and in the presence of halide there are formed the blue tetrahedral coordination species. Not only with the first-row transition metals but with many other elements, halide facilitates formation of a lower coordination number structure than the normal. Conversely, the “normal” (higher coordination) number forms are found favoured by ligands such as water, nitrate ion, perchlorate ion, sulphate ion. Specific influences have also been identified for ligands with phosphoryl groups (0=P=R1,2,3a). These reduce the coordination of cations with potential f-electron contribution to the hybridization from higher numbers (e.g. eight) to six.
Body politics, modernity and national salvation: The modern girl and the new life movement

In an article entitled ‘Where is the Modern Woman?’ [shidai nuzi] published in Libailiu [The Chinese Saturday Post] in February 1934, Lin – the author's penname – expressed unhappiness with the Chi...
The ‘Gödel’ effect

In their widely discussed paper, “Semantics, Cross-Cultural Style”, Machery et al. argue that Kripke’s Godel–Schmidt case, generally thought to undermine the description theory of names, rests on culturally variable intuitions: while Western subjects’ intuitions conflict with the description theory of names, those of East Asian subjects do not. Machery et al. attempt to explain this discrepancy by appealing to differences between Western and East Asian modes of categorization, as identified in an influential study by Nisbett et al. I claim that these differences fail to explain the conflicting intuitions. Moreover, Machery et al.’s initial conjecture—that the relevant cultural differences would manifest themselves in differing semantic intuitions—is legitimate only if we assume that the Godel–Schmidt case is used both to undermine descriptivism and establish the causal theory. But, as I argue, this is not Kripke’s intention. This misunderstanding persists in the recent clarification of their views in “If Folk Intuitions Vary, Then What?” (Machery et al., Philos Phenomenol Res, 2012).
Experimental measurements for a seismic landmine detection system

Experimental and numerical models have been utilized at Georgia Tech in the research and development of a seismic landmine detection technique which generates seismic waves in the soil using a surface-coupled electrodynamic transducer and detects normal surface displacements with a non-contact radar sensor. As the numerical models have shown a strong dependence upon material properties of the soil as a function of depth, experiments have been conducted at six field sites and in the experimental model to quantify the effect of different soil conditions upon the operation of the seismic landmine detection system and to measure depth-dependent material properties. Measurements have been made with and without buried anti-personnel and anti-tank mines to determine the effects that landmines have upon the propagation of seismic waves. Surface waves have been measured using the non-contact radar sensor as well as triaxial accelerometers and geophones. Post-processing has included the examination of particle motion in three dimensions, the identification of individual wave types through polarity tracking and dispersion curves, and the extraction of individual propagating waves. The field sites include wet and dry sand at a beach, a roadbed at a U. S. Government facility in a temperate climate, frozen ground, clayey soil with and without rocks, and a silt-sand mixture in a coastal region.
Two-Dimensional Nanostructure- Reinforced Biodegradable Polymeric Nanocomposites for Bone Tissue Engineering

This study investigates the efficacy of two-dimensional (2D) carbon and inorganic nanostructures as reinforcing agents for cross-linked composites of the biodegradable and biocompatible polymer polypropylene fumarate (PPF) as a function of nanostructure concentration. PPF composites were reinforced using various 2D nanostructures: single- and multiwalled graphene oxide nanoribbons (SWGONRs, MWGONRs), graphene oxide nanoplatelets (GONPs), and molybdenum disulfide nanoplatelets (MSNPs) at 0.01–0.2 weight% concentrations. Cross-linked PPF was used as the baseline control, and PPF composites reinforced with single- or multiwalled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs, MWCNTs) were used as positive controls. Compression and flexural testing show a significant enhancement (i.e., compressive modulus = 35–108%, compressive yield strength = 26–93%, flexural modulus = 15–53%, and flexural yield strength = 101–262% greater than the baseline control) in the mechanical properties of the 2D-reinforced PPF nanocomposites. MSNP nanoc...
A general streaming algorithm for pattern discovery

Discovering frequent patterns over event sequences is an important data mining problem. Existing methods typically require multiple passes over the data, rendering them unsuitable for streaming contexts. We present the first streaming algorithm for mining frequent patterns over a window of recent events in the stream. We derive approximation guarantees for our algorithm in terms of: (i) the separation of frequent patterns from the infrequent ones, and (ii) the rate of change of stream characteristics. Our parameterization of the problem provides a new sweet spot in the tradeoff between making distributional assumptions over the stream and algorithmic efficiencies of mining. We illustrate how this yields significant benefits when mining practical streams from neuroscience and telecommunications logs.
Microdamage repair and remodeling requires mechanical loading.

Bone remodeling is necessary to avoid microdamage accumulation, which could lead to whole-bone failure. Previous studies have shown that this bone-repair mechanism is triggered by osteocyte apoptosis. Through the use of a rodent hindlimb suspension model and tibial four-point bending model, the effects of disuse on microdamage remodeling was examined. At day 0, male rats were assigned to one of three groups: weight bearing (WB), hindlimb suspension (HS), or hindlimb suspension with daily intermittent weight bearing following damage-inducing loading (HW). Within each group, the rats were further divided into subgroups corresponding to three sacrifice time points [day 14 (WB and HS only), day 18, or day 35]. At day 14, animals were anesthetized, and their left tibiae underwent cyclic four-point bending to produce fatigue-induced microdamage. At sacrifice, the tibiae were examined using 3D micro-computed tomography (µCT), flow cytometry, and histologic and immunohistochemical stains. The results indicate that only the WB and HW groups had a significant increase in intracortical TRAP-positive resorption pits following damage induction, which was paralleled by a significant decrease in microdamage over time in combination with a shift in the osteoclast lineage owing to a decrease in monocytes. These results demonstrate that osteocyte apoptosis may be insufficient for repair of microdamage without the stimulation provided through physiologic loading. In addition, this potentially could have clinical implications for the current therapeutic paradigm for treating stress fractures, where extended non-weight bearing is employed. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Measuring Dietary Fiber in Human Foods

Compositions of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) residues and water insoluble fiber fractions extracted by the Southgate method from five foods were determined quantitatively and compared. Neutral saccharide compositions of the two fiber residues, measured by HPLC, were similar for four of the five foods. Uranic acids constituted 4 - 8% of fiber in all foods. When adjustments were made for protein, starch and moisture contents, mean recovery of the two fibers was 97.9 f 3.9%. Gravimetric quantitation of NDF or of a Southgate-derived insoluble fiber usually yielded a fiber content similar to the chemically determined value, although each of the Southgate residues had to be corrected for starch and/or crude protein content.
Older Americans' Attitudes toward the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988

Congress repealed the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988, which expanded Medicare benefits, after vigorous protests by groups of older people nationwide. Surveys show, however, that older Americans were deeply divided in their opinions. This study examines four explanations for divisions among the elderly on this issue: symbolic politics, socioeconomic status, distrust in government, and direct self-interest. The results of probit analysis indicate that high income, younger age (under 75), Republican partisanship, and distrust in government all contributed to older Americans' opposition to government catastrophic health care coverage. Direct self-interest--that is, perceived direct impact on one's own taxes and benefits--was not significantly related to attitudes toward the program. Implications of the findings for government revenue-raising in general are discussed.
Excitable gap in canine fibrillating ventricular myocardium: effect of subacute and chronic myocardial infarction.

Excitable Gap in Infarcted Canine Myocardium.Introduction: The existence of an excitable gap during ventricular fibrillation (VF) has been suggested in several prior studies. However, the effects of myocardial infarction on the presence and duration of an excitable gap during VF have not been evaluated. Methods and Results: Electrophysiologic study was performed in normal dogs and in dogs with subacute and chronic infarction. Experimental infarction was produced by left anterior descending coronary ligation. The excitable gap was determined indirectly using either evaluation of intrinsic wavefronts during VF or from the shortest activation interval at individual sites using recordings from a 112- electrode plaque sutured to the epicardial surface of the left ventricle. The excitable gap also was correlated to local electrophysiologic and anatomic properties. The excitable gap using the wavefront propagation method and shortest activation method was significantly longer in subacute infarction dogs (48 ± 17 msec and 37 ± 18 msec, respectively) and chronic infarction dogs (41 ± 14 msec and 35 ± 14 msec, respectively) than normal dogs (32 ± 13 msec and 30 ± 11 msec, respectively; P < 0.05 normal vs subacute and chronic infarction dogs in both methods). The excitable gap occupied approximately 30% and 27% of the VF cycle length in all three groups using the wavefront propagation and shortest activation method, respectively. The excitable gap correlated better with local ventricular refractoriness determined using the wavefront propagation method than with the shortest activation method, but not at all with refractoriness determined using extrastimulus testing. Tissue necrosis was noted in subacute infarction dogs and fibrosis in chronic infarction dogs, but the gap was not highly correlated with anatomic changes. Conclusion: During VF, an excitable gap exists in both normal and infarcted canine ventricular myocardium. It is significantly longer in the presence of infarction. These finding have implications for understanding the pathophysiology of VF and targeting antiarrhythmic therapies.
A Numerical Method for Coupling Nano-Scale Molecular Binding With Mesoscale Cellular Deformation

Cell adhesion plays a pivotal role in diverse biological processes, including inflammation and thrombosis. Changes in cell adhesion can be the defining event in a wide range of diseases, including cancer, osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, and arthritis. Cells are exposed constantly to hemodynamic/hydrodynamic forces and the balance between the dispersive hydrodynamic forces and the adhesive forces generated by the interactions of membrane-bound receptors and their ligands determines cell adhesion. The ultimate objective of our work is to develop software that can simulate the adhesion of cells colliding under hydrodynamic forces that can be used to investigate the complex interplay among the physical mechanisms and scales involved in the adhesion process. Here, we review the development of a multi-scale model combining Monte-Carlo models of molecular binding with the Immersed Boundary Method for cellular-hydrodynamic interactions. This model predicted for the first time that the rolling of more compliant cells is relatively smoother and slower compared to cells with stiffer membranes, due to increased cell-substrate contact area. At the molecular level, we show that the average number of bonds per cell as well as per single microvillus decreases with increasing membrane stiffness. The numerical model was modified to compare the effects of different kinetic models of molecular binding on cell rolling. Simulations predict that the catch-slip bond behavior and to a lesser extent bulk cell deformation are responsible for the shear threshold phenomenon. In bulk flow, shear rate has been shown to critically affect the kinetics and receptor specificity of cell-cell interactions. We are currently simulating the adhesion of two PMN cells in quiescent conditions and the exposing the cells to external pulling forces and shear flow in order to investigate the behavior of the nano-scale molecular bonds to forces applied at the cellular scale.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
OP03.04: Basic as well as detailed neurosonogram can be performed by an off-line analysis of 3D fetal brain volumes

Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility and the processing time using off-line analysis of 3D brain volumes to perform basic as well as detailed, targeted, fetal neurosonogram. Study design: Three dimensional fetal brain volumes were obtained in 20 consecutive healthy fetuses that underwent routine anatomical survey at 20 to 23 post menstrual weeks. Grey scale and power Doppler volumes of the fetal brain were acquired in the axial, coronal and the sagittal planes using trans-abdominal and transvaginal approaches, respectively. Off-line analysis of each volume was performed by two of the authors in a blinded fashion. Initially, a list containing the basic structures, as defined by ISUOG and AIUM guidelines, complete with intra-cranial biometrical measurements was attempted. Subsequently, we attempted to identify a list of CNS structures recommended by ISUOG guidelines for fetal neurosonogram. Additional structures that were selected by the authors were also sought (see * in table). The feasibility of obtaining diagnostic quality images was evaluated. The processing times of volume acquisition as well as the off-line analysis were recorded. Results: Volume acquisition time was 3–6 sec/volume and a mean processing time of 9.5 and 11 minutes to complete both the ‘basic’ and the ‘detailed’ neurosonogram was recorded by the two examiners, respectively. The feasibility of obtaining diagnostic quality images of the different structures is displayed in the table. Conclusions: Off-line analysis of fetal 3D brain volumes at 20–23 weeks of gestation can identify all the structures necessary to complete a detailed fetal neurosonogram. This approach may provide several potential advantages such as a short processing time, increased safety due to shorter dwell time, increased patient through-put, and the ability to obtain off-site expert consultation if necessary.
Organic electro-optic/silicon photonic materials and devices

Photonic technologies hold the promise of transformative advances in the telecommunications, aerospace, and computing industries. In particular, organic materials displaying electro-optic coefficients an order of magnitude larger than the current industry standard inorganic materials (r33 ≥ 300 pm/V) may hold the key to the development of cheap, high bandwidth, and highly integratable electro-optic devices. The pertinent linear and nonlinear optical properties of such organic second-order nonlinear optical materials are highly dependant on their dielectric properties as well as the extent of dipolar order that can be created. Here, theoretical approaches to the simulation of highly active organic electro-optic materials are described. Such simulations assist understanding and may be used to predict optical properties facilitating the rational design process. Improved ordering schemes, such as laser-assisted electric-field-poling may help in the translation of large chromophore hyperpolarizability values into large r33. Recent results also suggest that incorporation of these improved organic materials into new hybrid organic/silicon device designs may lead to dramatically reduced device operational voltages and create opportunities for the development of new device functionality.
Biogeographic provinces in the Atlantic deep sea determined from cumacean distribution patterns

Cumacean species abundance and presence-absence data were compiled from samples taken along the US northeast slope and rise, from around the Faroe Islands, and from deep-sea transects throughout the Atlantic Ocean. These data were analyzed using hierarchical cluster techniques, the results being used to help determine the boundaries of zoogeographic units in the deep sea. Comparing the results of these analyses with previous studies on protobranchs, tunicates, and sea stars, supports dividing the deep Atlantic Ocean into the following biogeographic units: (1) Norwegian Basin; (2) North Atlantic Upper Bathyal; (3) West European Basin Northern Bathyal; (4) Lusitanian Bathyal; (5) North American Basin Bathyal; (6) West European Basin Abyssal; (7) North American Basin Abyssal; and (8) Angola, Cape, Brazil, and Argentine Basins occupying the more or less isolated basins of the South Atlantic Ocean. These latter are not well-sampled for most groups but appear to be separated from each other.
Regiocontrol of Cyclometalation in a P4Ru(II) System. Unusual Base-Induced Metalation within a Chelate Ring versus Activation of a Methyl Group

The internally cyclometalated complex (MeSi(CH2PMe2)2CHPMe2)(PMe3)RuH has been prepared by the treatment of MeSi(CH2PMe2)3PMe3Ru(H)(Cl) with base, and an analogue has been structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. The externally cyclometalated isomer MeSi(CH2PMe2)3PMe2CH2RuH has been cleanly generated by the thermolysis of MeSi(CH2PMe2)3PMe3Ru(H)(Me), and the two isomers have been contrasted in terms of their spectroscopic features, calculated energies, and relative reactivities toward cresol and H2. The two isomers are surprisingly resistant to interconversion. A chloride derivative, (MeSi(CH2PMe2)2CHPMe2)(PMe3)RuCl, has also been prepared, and its reactivity has shown the internally cyclometalated framework to be surprisingly stable.
EFFECTS OF SPECIFIC INHIBITORS OF CELLULAR FUNCTIONS ON SULFUR MUSTARD-INDUCED CELL DEATH

This study was conducted to determine whether inhibitors of normal cellular functions can reduce cytotoxicity induced by sulfur mustard (HD). The compounds examined include inhibitors ofpoly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PADPRP), inhibitors of mono(ADP-ribose) transferase (MADPRT), inhibitors of lipidperoxidation, and an inhibitor ofprotein synthesis. To determine the effects of these compounds on HD-induced cell death, human lymphocyte preparations were treated with known concentrations (0.1 μM to 1000 μM) of an inhibitor and exposed to an estimated 87% effect concentration (EC87) of HD (170 μM) for loss in cell viability. Cell viability was determined at 24–26hr post-exposure to HD using a dye (propidium iodide) exclusion assay and a flow cytometer. All of the selected PADPRP inhibitors were found to be effective at reducing the cytotoxic effects of HD. These inhibitors were rank-ordered based on the concentration that gives 50% (EC50) reduction ofHD-induced cell death.A signijicant correlation (r=0.94) was observed between the compounds' ability to inhibit PADPRP and the compounds' ability to reduce HD- induced cell death, suggesting that PADPRP plays a role in HD-induced cell death. Inhibitors of MADPRT, lipid peroxidation, and protein synthesis were not effective at reducing HD-induced cell death.
Coherent and incoherent components in near-nadir radar scattering: Applications to radar sounding of Mars

[1] We examine the relative importance of coherent and incoherent echo components in near-nadir radar scattering from self-affine surfaces. The coherent component, important only for observations at small incidence angles (nadir-looking sounders and altimeters), is a function of both surface roughness and scattering area. Models for the incoherent component require a minimum scattering area for validity; for smaller regions, the radar echo is overestimated. We propose a simple criterion for the horizontal scale that defines this shift in applicable scattering model and show the range of roughness parameters for which MARSIS, SHARAD, and possibly JIMO radar sounder measurements may be modeled using the two approaches.
The structure and dynamics of bubble-type vortex breakdown

A unique discrete form of the Navier-Stokes equations for unsteady, three-dimensional, incompressible flow has been used to study vortex breakdown numerically. A Burgers-type vortex was introduced along the central axis of the computational domain, and allowed to evolve in space and time. By varying the strength of the vortex and the free stream axial velocity distribution, using a previously developed Rossby number criterion as a guide, the location and size of the vortex breakdown region was controlled. While the boundaries of the vortex breakdown bubble appear to be nominally symmetric, the internal flow field is not. Consequently, the mechanisms for mixing and entrainment required to sustain the bubble region are different from those suggested by earlier axisymmetric models. Results presented in this study, for a Reynolds number of 200, are in good qualitative agreement with higher Reynolds number experimental observations, and a variety of plots have been presented to help illuminate the fluid physics.
External funding, efficiency and productivity growth in public research: the case of the Italian National Research Council

This article presents an application of the Directional Output Distance Function (DODF) model to measure the internal performances of the Italian National Research Council (CNR). Research institutes are seen as Decision Making Units (DMUs), which produce two different kinds of scientific outputs using inputs. We consider some outputs more important from a scientific point of view than others, which we refer to as bad. Financial constraints, recently imposed by the government, do not allow the institutes to freely dispose of their output portfolio, and bad outputs have to be produced in order to obtain external funds. Using the DODF framework it is possible to estimate the effect of fund cuts in terms of potential scientific products lost. By applying the Malmquist--Luenberger indexes we produce evidence on the trend of Total Factor Productivity (TFP) after the 2003 internal restructuring process. A comparison of results within the standard efficiency framework is provided and the big differences that emerge allow us to draw alternative conclusions on the recent evidence. Copyright The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Oxford University Press.
Fear of GI symptoms has an important impact on quality of life in patients with moderate-to-severe IBS.

Fear of GI Symptoms has an Important Impact on Quality of Life in Patients With Moderate-to-Severe IBS
High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in patients with prostate cancer: MR and MR spectroscopic imaging features--initial experience.

Purpose: To retrospectively determine the magnetic resonance (MR) and MR spectroscopic imaging features of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) in patients with prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: Approval of the committee on human research was obtained, with a waiver of consent for this HIPAA-compliant study. Endorectal MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging were performed in 48 men (mean age, 59 years; range, 47–75 years) prior to radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. T2-weighted signal intensity and metabolic ratios of peripheral zone HGPIN foci of 6 mm or greater in diameter were recorded by two readers with knowledge of step-section histopathologic findings using areas of confirmed normal and cancerous peripheral zone tissue for comparison. A random effects statistical model was used to compare metabolic ratios from normal, HGPIN, and cancer voxels. Results: A total of 123 peripheral zone HGPIN foci with a mean diameter of 3 mm (range, 1–28 mm) were identified in 37 (77%) ...
Use of a Low Energy Proton Accelerator for Calibrating a Large NaI(Tl) Array in a High Energy Physics Experiment

We report the use of a 500 keV Van de Graaff proton accelerator to produce ?-rays in the range 4 - 18 MeV via nuclear reactions for the purpose of calibrating a large NaI(Tl) crystal array. Data analysis indicates an energy calibration to ~ 1% over this range.
Tackling The Weight Of The World: What One African Woman Taught Us About Global Obesity

Working with an obese young woman in Gabon prompts US medical and public health fellows to seek solutions to obesity and its related health problems in the developing world.