cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Changes in the Amount of Informal Care Among Publicly Paid Home Care Recipients

Purpose This study examined how the amount of informal care received by disabled elders changes when they are receiving publicly paid home care, and whether formal service use, disability, caregiving arrangements, and demographic characteristics of older adults predict changes in the amount of informal care. Design and methods Hierarchical linear models were estimated, using 3-year data (12 repeated observations) collected from elderly participants (N = 888) in Michigan's Home- and Community-Based Medicaid Waiver Program. Results The amount of informal care declined in the beginning period when publicly paid home care was received, and then it stabilized. Changes in activities and instrumental activities of daily living and caregiver residence predicted changes in the amount. The living arrangement and age of elders predicted different patterns of change over time. Neither formal service amount nor its change significantly predicted the amount of informal care. Implications Informal caregivers do not relinquish caregiving when publicly paid home care is available. Expanding community-based long-term care is a means of fostering partnerships between formal and informal caregivers.
A graduate seminar on learning to teach

For over three decades, the author has been working with graduate teaching assistants (GTAs) in a variety of courses, levels, and contexts. At the Frontiers In Education (FIE) conference 2000, the author reported the results of a longitudinal study of GTA teaching effectiveness in a freshmen Engineering Concepts course. In 2001, the Chair of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at UVa proposed a new course for academically inclined graduate students on How to Teach. This paper describes the design of such a course, its goals, content and structure, resources, and teaching strategies.
Blood pressure in blacks and whites and its relationship to dietary sodium and potassium intake

The 24-hour dietary intake and blood pressure of 1928 black and 9739 white adults derived from the data sets of the first US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) of 1971-1974 were analyzed. Contrary to expectation, the absolute and relative intakes of sodium and potassium in blacks were less than those of whites. However, because the difference in potassium was greater than the difference in sodium, blacks did have a significantly higher sodium/potassium ratio than whites. Blacks had significantly higher blood pressure than whites even when adjusted for differences in sodium/potassium ratio. It is concluded that the higher blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension in blacks does not appear to be a function of an absolutely greater dietary sodium intake, but related to a relatively low intake of potassium. It is possible that blacks have a greater sensitivity than whites to the hypertensinogenic effects of sodium which, coupled with the relatively low dietary intake of potassium, accounts for their increased blood pressure.
Adaptive control with saturating inputs

An extension of the results from Goodwin, Ramadge and Caines [1] to the case where the input of the linear system saturates is presented. A necessary condition for closed loop stability of such a system is shown to be that the system must remain in a region from which y(t) = 0 is reachable with saturating inputs. With a slight modification of the original algorithm, the closed loop system is shown to be stable whenever the plant is exponentially stable.
Dynamic Process Visualization

An increasingly important use of computer graphics is to monitor such real-world processes as manufacturing plants, power plants, and refineries. As in many uses of computer graphics, the development of this application area has been programmer-intensive. As a consequence, system are being developed more slowly than is desired and they cost more than necessary. This article discusses some of the key issues and requirements involved in designing productivity tools for use in constructing monitoring systems. We have developed a prototype Process Visualization System (PVS) that allows nonprogrammers to construct graphics displays, and to establish relationships between these displays and changes in the data describing the process being monitored. With this system, customized, dynamically updated scenes can be created. The PVS allows users to construct symbols, to place them on the screen, and to connect them to data items from the monitored processes' database. Using this system frees the end-user from reliance on programmers, and allows the user to quickly display the data items of interest.
Über die Beeinflussung oxydischer Katalysatoren durch Zuschläge. IV. Die Wirksamkeit von CdO, Fe2O3 und ihren Mischungen als Katalysatoren der CO‐Oxydation unter Berücksichtigung der Halbleitereigenschaften

Es wurde die katalytische Kohlenoxydoxydation an den Halbleiteroxyden CdO, Fe2O3 und ihren Mischungen gemessen. Besonders wurde die Anderung der katalytischen Eigenschaften in den beiden Gebieten geringer Zumischung der anderen Komponente beachtet. An den gleichen Oxyden wurden Messungen des elektrischen Widerstandes, Bestimmungen der Oberflachengrose und rontgenographische Strukturuntersuchungen durchgefuhrt. CdO ist ein n-Leiter, Fe2O3 wird als Eigenhalbleiter betrachtet. Die Widerstandsmessungen an Fe2O3 mit geringen Zusatzen von CdO entsprechen dieser Anschauung; bei CdO mit Zusatzen von Fe2O3 liegt eine Anomalie infolge der hohen Eigenleitfahigkeit des CdO vor. Die Reaktiongeschwindigkeiten und die Aktivierungsenergien der Reaktion weisen besonders in den beiden Gebieten geringer Zumischung der anderen Komponente starke Unterschiede auf. Die Aktivierungsenergie der Reaktion am reinen CdO wird durch Zumischung von 0,64 Mol-% Fe2O3 von 13,2 auf 20 kcal erhoht; die des Fe2O3 (15,4 kcal) auf 6,5 kcal bei Zumischung von 0,4% CdO erniedrigt. Diese starken Unterschiede in der Aktivierungsenergie lassen sich nicht auf Oberflachen- oder Gitterveranderungen zuruckfuhren; sie werden in Anwendung der Halbleitertheorie durch den Typ der Fehlordnung und die Art der Beeinflussung der elektronischen Verhaltnisse durch den Zuschlag erklart.
Boundary Layers in Developing Open Channel Flow

Developing flow in open channels may be analyzed using the Bernoulli and continuity equations, and by taking boundary layer growth into account. However, the most general and useful analysis does not seem to appear in the literature. Absence of a general analysis has led some investigators to apply boundary layer calculations in greater detail than is supported by physical reality, and to make unwarranted assumptions in transferring data from physical model to prototype.
Find distance function, hide model inference

Faced with a large, high-dimensional dataset, many turn to data analysis approaches that they understand less well than the domain of their data. An expert's knowledge can be leveraged into many types of analysis via a domain-specific distance function, but creating such a function is not intuitive to do by hand. We have created a system that shows an initial visualization, adapts to user feedback, and produces a distance function as a result. Specifically, we present a multidimensional scaling (MDS) visualization and an iterative feedback mechanism for a user to affect the distance function that informs the visualization without having to adjust the parameters of the visualization directly. An encouraging experimental result suggests that using this tool, data attributes with useless data are given low importance in the distance function.
Prophylactic treatment with a novel bioadhesive gel formulation containing aciclovir and tenofovir protects from HSV-2 infection

OBJECTIVES Over-the-counter access to an inexpensive, effective topical microbicide could reduce the transmission of HIV and would increase women's control over their health and eliminate the need to obtain their partners' consent for prophylaxis. Chronic infection with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), also known as human herpes virus 2, has been shown to facilitate HIV infection and speed the progression to immunodeficiency disease. Our objective is to develop a drug formulation that protects against both HSV-2 and HIV infection and adheres to the vaginal surface with extended residence time. METHODS We developed a formulation using two approved antiviral active pharmaceutical ingredients, aciclovir and tenofovir, in a novel bioadhesive vaginal delivery platform (designated SR-2P) composed of two polymers, poloxamer 407 NF (Pluronic(®) F-127) and polycarbophil USP (Noveon(®) AA-1). The efficacy of the formulation to protect from HSV-2 infection was tested in vitro and in vivo. In addition to its efficacy, it is essential for a successful microbicide to be non-irritating to the vaginal mucosa. We therefore tested our SR-2P platform gel in the FDA gold-standard microbicide safety model in rabbits and also in a rat vaginal irritation model. RESULTS Our studies indicated that SR-2P containing 1% aciclovir and 5% tenofovir protects (i) Vero cells from HSV-2 infection in vitro and (ii) mice from HSV-2 infection in vivo. Our results further demonstrated that SR-2P was not irritating in either vaginal irritation model. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that SR-2P containing aciclovir and tenofovir may be a suitable candidate microbicide to protect humans from vaginal HSV-2 infection.
Limitations of the Rank Transform Procedure: A Study of Repeated Measures Designs, Part I

Abstract The applicability of the rank transform procedure to two-way repeated measures designs with equicorrelated errors is examined. All of the common testing problems with these models are examined. It is demonstrated that, with the exception of one testing problem, the rank transform procedure is not generally applicable. This complements the findings in Akritas (1990) for models with independent errors. The one valid rank transform statistic presented here does have the interesting feature that it allows the covariance of the equicorrelated errors to depend on the column treatment. This is due to the robustness of the corresponding F statistic to this kind of departure from the assumption of a common covariance matrix. It is shown, however, that the efficacy of this rank transform procedure has the undesirable property of depending on the model parameters.
Considering Lesbian Identity from a Social–Psychological Perspective: Two Different Models of “Being a Lesbian”

One long-standing project within lesbian studies has been to develop a satisfactory working definition of "lesbian." This article proposes two new models of a definition using principles of social psychology. Each model (a) utilizes the premise that gender lacks a categorical essence and (b) separates behavioral adherence to cultural stereotypes of femininity and masculinity from one's gender self-categorization. From these premises, I generate and critique two internally coherent models of lesbian identity that are inclusive (to different degrees) of various gender identities. For each model, the potential inclusion of trans men, trans women, genderqueers, and lesbian-identified cisgender men is evaluated. The explanatory power of these models is twofold. One, the models can serve as theoretical perspectives for scholars who study the intersection of gender and sexual identity. Two, the models can also characterize the everyday experience of people who have tacit working definitions of lesbian identity.
Construction of Monomer-free, Highly Crosslinked, Water-compatible Polymers

Polymeric dental adhesives require the formation of densely crosslinked network structures to best ensure mechanical strength and durability in clinical service. Monomeric precursors to these materials typically consist of mixtures of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components that potentially undergo phase separation in the presence of low concentrations of water, which is detrimental to material performance and has motivated significant investigation into formulations that reduce this effect. We have investigated an approach to network formation based on nanogels that are dispersed in inert solvent and directly polymerized into crosslinked polymers. Monomers of various hydrophilic or hydrophobic characteristics were copolymerized into particulate nanogels bearing internal and external polymerizable functionality. Nanogel dispersions were stable at high concentrations in acetone or, with some exceptions, in water and produced networks with a wide range of mechanical properties. Networks formed rapidly upon light activation and reached high conversion with extremely low volumetric shrinkage. Prepolymerizing monomers into reactive nanostructures significantly changes how hydrophobic materials respond to water compared with networks obtained from polymerizations involving free monomer. The modulus of fully hydrated networks formed solely from nanogels was shown to equal or exceed the modulus in the dry state for networks based on nanogels containing a hydrophobic dimethacrylate and hydrophilic monomethacrylate, a result that was not observed in a hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) homopolymer or in networks formed from nanogels copolymerized with HEMA. These results highlight the unique approach to network development from nanoscale precursors and properties that have direct implications in functional dental materials.
Two-way coupled stochastic model for dispersion of inertial particles in turbulence

Turbulent two-phase flows are characterized by the presence of multiple time and length scales. Of particular interest in flows with non-negligible interphase momentum coupling are the time scales associated with interphase turbulent kinetic energy transfer (TKE) and inertial particle dispersion. Point-particle direct numerical simulations (DNS) of homogeneous turbulent flows laden with sub-Kolmogorov size particles report that the time scale associated with the interphase TKE transfer behaves differently with Stokes number than the time scale associated with particle dispersion. Here, the Stokes number is defined as the ratio of the particle momentum response time scale to the Kolmogorov time scale of turbulence. In this study, we propose a two-way coupled stochastic model (CSM), which is a system of two coupled Langevin equations for the fluctuating velocities in each phase. The basis for the model is the Eulerian–Eulerian probability density function formalism for two-phase flows that was established in Pai & Subramaniam (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 628, 2009, pp. 181–228). This new model possesses the unique capability of simultaneously capturing the disparate dependence of the time scales associated with interphase TKE transfer and particle dispersion on Stokes number. This is ascertained by comparing predicted trends of statistics of turbulent kinetic energy and particle dispersion in both phases from CSM, for varying Stokes number and mass loading, with point-particle DNS datasets of homogeneous particle-laden flows.
Bone-Anchored Implantation for Single-Sided Deafness in Patients with Less Than Profound Hearing Loss

ObjectiveThe benefit of bone-anchored implantation (BAI) for the treatment of single-sided deafness (SSD) is well established. In this study, the authors sought to evaluate objective hearing outcomes and subjective benefits in patients undergoing BAI for SSD with residual hearing in the implanted ear.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingAcademic tertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsAll adult, English-speaking patients undergoing BAI for SSD from 2004 to 2010 were included. Patients were divided into 2 groups: (1) residual hearing in the affected ear (≤90 db hearing level [HL] pure-tone average [PTA]) and (2) profound hearing loss in the affected ear (>90 dB HL PTA). Patients underwent pre- and postoperative objective hearing outcomes testing including speech-in-noise and monosyllabic word tests. Subjective outcomes were measured pre- and postoperatively using the Glasgow Hearing Aid Benefit Profile (GHABP).ResultsPatients in both groups showed significant improvement in all objective h...
Accounting for Misclassification Bias in Binary Outcome Measures of Illness: The Case of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Male Veterans:

The theoretical consequences of measurement error in outcome variables that are continuous are widely known by practitioners, at least for the classical model: purely random errors will lead to a loss of efficiency but not to bias in regression coefficients. When the outcome variable is binary, however, regression coefficients, both linear and nonlinear, will contain bias, even if the measurement error (in this setting more commonly referred to as classification error) is purely random. This paper illustrates a method of correcting for misclassification bias that relies solely on the primary survey data. It is particularly suited to analyses of surveys where external validation of survey responses is unavailable but where there is strong reason to suspect contaminated data.This situation is common in observational studies of the health of populations. The technique is applied to a model of the antecedents of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using data from a large-scale cross-sectional survey of Viet...
Clinical and Immunological Recovery of Children with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Admitted to “Total Therapy” Studies

“Total Therapy” studies of childhood leukemia were initiated in 1962 at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tenn., USA, with the immediate goals of increasing remission rate, prolonging duration of complete remission, and achieving a significant rate of permanent cure.
Neuromodulation and time-dependent plasticity in a model of foraging behavior

In foraging behavior, where an animal searches for food caches, it is imperative for the animal to remember the locations and routes to these caches. An important consideration is the means by which the organism takes the appropriate actions to lead it to a goal that satisfies a particular need. We introduce a time-dependent plasticity rule that biases movement in a particular direction by developing asymmetric neuronal receptive fields through experience. The model contains hippocampal areas that respond differentially to locations in space, frontal cortex areas that respond to different salient cues from the environment, and neuromodulators that respond to rewards and costs. This model suggests a means by which neuromodulated time-dependent plasticity in the frontal cortex can facilitate action selection. It also suggests how these neuronal responses may lead to successful performance in a foraging task.
Analyzing dynamics of arthropod walking

The application of dynamic analysis and design system (DADS) software to dynamics of arthropod walking is discussed. Darkling beetles were used as subjects, a dead beetle for description of leg kinematics and a live beetle to describe motion during walking. Joint torques were determined by using DADS inverse dynamic analysis. The beetle body was assumed to be immobile with its legs not contacting the substrate. Advantages of DADS include speed of processing data and ease of changing motion descriptions for different gaits. DADS cannot easily model changes in connectivity of the mechanism, e.g. lifting a foot from the substrate. Either state, foot on or foot off the substrate, can be analyzed using DADS; only transitions cause difficulty. >
Materials considerations for highly irradiated normal-conducting magnets in fusion reactor applications

A detailed study has been performed to identify deleterious material radiation effects in unshielded highly-irradiated normal-conducting magnets. Application of the study to the design evolution of the normal-conducting hybrid coils in the MARS tandem mirror reactor resulted in the identification of several potential radiation-induced failure mechanisms and enabled coil lifetimes to be reasonably predicted. In the present optimized coil design, lifetime under a peak neutron wall loading of 4.5 MW m−2 is limited by swelling of the Spinel ceramic insulation to ∼ 1.5 full power years, The effect of radiation damage on high strength copper alloy conductors at these fluences (〉 10 ncm−2) remains an area of urgent data need.
Industry Collaboration and Primary Guest Authorship of High-Impact Clinical Trials.

T he Authors’ Reply— We thank Drs. Marchington and Hamilton and Mr. Gertel for their letter in response to our paper. They note that our study may not be fully comparable to previous studies on guest authorship because we did not include Brevising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content^ as part of our definition of guest authorship. We agree that our study is not entirely comparable with other studies in the literature. However, the aim of our study was different than that of previous studies. We set out not just to determine the overall prevalence of guest authorship (which includes all authors) as was performed in previous studies, but to determine whether primary guest authorship (only first and last authors) was more common in trials with industry collaboration in the design, analysis, or reporting of results than among other trials. We chose to study only primary authors given the prominent role that primary (first and last) authors have in clinical trials—generally as principal investigators—and past evidence of guest authorship primarily among first authors . Given that no previous study, guidance, journal or publisher, to our knowledge, has defined specific authorship criteria for primary authors, we developed a definition based on International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria that best represents the role of the primary authors in a clinical trial, which we believe includes Bdrafting of the manuscript.^ It is certainly reasonable for Marchington and colleagues to disagree with this definition, but it is important to note that our definition was chosen a priori and was applied equally to all three groups studied: trials with industry funding with collaboration, trials with only industry funding and trials with neither industry funding nor collaboration. Our main conclusion was that primary guest authorship was generally uncommon, but significantly more prevalent among trials with industry funding with collaboration. We believe these results are novel and important for the medical and publishing community, although they may not be directly comparable to previous guest authorship studies.
MEMS Scale PVDF-TrFE-Based Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters

This paper presents the design, the fabrication, and the performance characterization of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scale cantilever-type piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) that utilize the piezoelectric polymer polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE). Ranges are determined for device dimensions according to the calculations based on mathematical models. Designed devices were fabricated using standard MEMS fabrication techniques. Electrodes were formed with sputtered Al and Ti/Al thin films, and a 1.3- $\mu \text{m}$ -thick PVDF-TrFE film was deposited using spin coating. Cantilevers were suspended using a two-step process: backside DRIE to perform the bulk etch, followed by XeF2 gaseous etch for the final release. Remnant polarization and coercive field of the fabricated devices were measured as $6.1~\mu \text{C}/\text{cm}^2$ and 74.9 V/ $\mu \text{m}$ , respectively. Piezoelectric performances were evaluated by a press-and-release type of measurement. For these measurements, custom-made probe tips attached to micropositioners were used. Based on the experimental results, maximum power output was calculated as 35.1 pW for a peak tip displacement of $500~\mu \text{m}$ from a $1200~\mu \text {m} \times 300 ~\mu \text{m}$ cantilever, which corresponds to a power output density of 97.5 pW/mm2. The proposed method has the potential to create the PEHs that are monolithically integrated with complementary metal-oxide–semiconductor circuits and lead to self-sustained low power electronics. [2015-0117]
Characteristics Of Diligent Audit Committees

The mounting attention given to audit committees following a series of corporate financial reporting failures has resulted in numerous provisions within Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX hereafter) of 2002. The SOX addresses aspects of the audit committee, including its authority and composition characteristics, but the requirement for minimum meeting frequency for the audit committee member was absent from the final SOX provision despite the recommendations of regulators. Since audit committee activity, or degree of audit committee diligence, is determined by the audit committee itself, we investigate various firm-level and governance attributes that likely influence audit committees’ choice to meet more often than anticipated. After analyzing a sample of 2,715 firm-year observations spanning fiscal years 1998-2003, we find that audit committee diligence is positively associated with audit committee attributes such as financial expertise, but negatively association with audit committee tenure, suggesting that efficiency gains are enjoyed by audit committees as they become more familiar with firm-specific reporting issues. We also document positive associations between audit committee diligence and both governance and agency cost variables. Finally, we document a significant increase in audit committee diligence in the years following the implementation of the SOX 2002 provisions.
Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeography of Ribes (Grossulariaceae), with an Emphasis on Gooseberries (subg. Grossularia)

Abstract Gooseberries are often distinguished from currants as a distinct genus (Grossularia) or subgenus (Ribes subg. Grossularia), but recent molecular phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast and nuclear data disagree as to the monophyly of this group. We report new sequence data from the 18–26S nuclear rDNA ITS and ETS regions and from the chloroplast psbA-trnH intergenic spacer that, in combination with previously reported data, suggest subg. Grossularia is monophyletic and nested within Ribes. Two main lineages are evident within subg. Grossularia, corresponding to the true gooseberries (subg. Grossularia sect. Grossularia) and a clade of glabrous-styled western North American gooseberries (subg. Grossularia sect. Robsonia, subg. Hesperia, Lobbia). Biogeographic analyses based on DIVA optimizations suggest a western North American origin for subg. Grossularia, with subsequent dispersal to east Asia giving rise to a well-supported clade of Asian gooseberry species in sect. Grossularia. This example contr...
How does accessibility to post-disaster relief compare between the aging and the general population? A spatial network optimization analysis of hurricane relief facility locations

When maximizing the effectiveness and equity in hurricane disaster relief provision, most research has explored the needs of various socioeconomic groups. Besides income, the age of the population can also be an important metric of equity, as evidenced by the disproportionate death toll in New Orleans' aging population caused by Hurricane Katrina. Yet emergency management and transportation research has not given sufficient consideration to the impacts of age-based demand on the provision of disaster relief. This paper looks at relief distribution to non-evacuating populations in a post-disaster disaster setting to compare the accessibility to relief of the aging vs. other populations. A p-median based modeling framework linked to a geographic information system (GIS) is employed to explore the influence of the age of potential hurricane non-evacuees on the decision of where to site relief distribution facilities in Leon County, Florida. It was found that the average travel time between neighborhoods and sited nearest facilities varies as a function of demand specifications with the Population age 65 and over tending to bear a relatively higher burden of the travel time, which may limit their accessibility to post-disaster relief in comparison with the Total Population as well as those aged under 65. Changing how relief demand is represented (in terms of age) results in changes to the sited relief facilities' spatial layouts. Our results suggest the need for emergency planners to consider aging populations and their disaster-related needs into future planning efforts to ensure a more equitable disaster relief distribution system.
Older adult patients with both psychiatric and substance abuse disorders: prevalence and health service use.

The prevalence and service use among older adults with concurrent psychiatric and substance abuse disorders (the “dually diagnosed”) was examined in a cross-sectional survey of a representative national sample of Department of Veterans Affairs mental health program patients (N = 91,752). Rates of dual diagnosis declined significantly (P = 0.001) as the age of the respondents increased (26.7% of patients < 65 years; 6.9% of patients ≥ 65 years). Dually diagnosed older adult patients had longer inpatient stays for substance abuse and more outpatient substance abuse visits than did non-dually diagnosed elderly patients, and more outpatient general psychiatric visits than all the contrast groups. Dual diagnosis appears less common among older compared to younger patients, although their heavy use of certain (particularly, outpatient psychiatric) services suggests that should more dually diagnosed patients survive to old age their consumption of some forms of mental health care is likely to be high.
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Parallel Reactant Flow and Transverse Mixing with Mineral Precipitation in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Porous Media

Formation of mineral precipitates in the mixing interface between two reactant solutions flowing in parallel in porous media is governed by reactant mixing by diffusion and dispersion and is coupled to changes in porosity/permeability due to precipitation. The spatial and temporal distribution of mixing-dependent precipitation of barium sulfate in porous media was investigated with side-by-side injection of barium chloride and sodium sulfate solutions in thin rectangular flow cells packed with quartz sand. The results for homogeneous sand beds were compared to beds with higher or lower permeability inclusions positioned in the path of the mixing zone. In the homogeneous and high permeability inclusion experiments, BaSO $$_{4}$$ precipitate (barite) formed in a narrow deposit along the length and in the center of the solution–solution mixing zone even though dispersion was enhanced within, and downstream of, the high permeability inclusion. In the low permeability inclusion experiment, the deflected BaSO $$_{4}$$ precipitation zone broadened around one side and downstream of the inclusion and was observed to migrate laterally toward the sulfate solution. A continuum-scale fully coupled reactive transport model that simultaneously solves the nonlinear governing equations for fluid flow, transport of reactants and geochemical reactions was used to simulate the experiments and provide insight into mechanisms underlying the experimental observations. Migration of the precipitation zone in the low permeability inclusion experiment could be explained by the coupling effects among fluid flow, reactant transport and localized mineral precipitation reaction.
Challenges in Designing Reusable Flight Software Modules

The terms “modular software design” and “reusable software” have come to be a joke in much of the aerospace industry and for the government officials managing aerospace programs. Every program touts its “modular software design” but this modularity is only realized with the realm of that individual project. Part of AFRL’s Space Plug-and-play Avionics (SPA) concept is the idea of modular, plug-and-play software that can be reused across multiple space programs developed by disparate teams of developers. Just as the idea of a parts depot for plug-and-play components has been advocated where you can take a part off the shelf and plugs it in and it “just works,” the idea of a software application store has also been put forward. The need for an overall software architecture involved in the design of reusable software for SPA is discussed.
Effect of adrenalectomy on mitotic proliferation of gastric epithelium.

SummaryCircadian periodicity in the mitotic activity of the surface and mucous neck cells of the gastric mucosa of rats persisted following adrenalectomy. Also, adrenalectomy caused a significant increase in the mitotic index of surface cells during both the day and night, while the mitotic index of mucous neck cells was increased only during the night. The most significant elevation in proliferative activity occurred during the afternoon, the least during the morning.
News About Persons

This section presents news briefs relative to persons and associations affiliated with the Academy of Management. The Western Division of the Academy of Management will be holding its Tenth Annual Meeting at the Edgewater Inn in Long Beach, California from March 27-29, 1969. The 1969 annual meeting of the American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) and the AACSB Assembly will take place at the Statler-Hilton Hotel in Detroit, Michigan from May 9-14, 1969.
Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in childhood

Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) is an inflammation of bone caused by bacteria that reach the bone via the hematogenous route. Neonatal osteomyelitis differs from the disease in older children. Staphylococcus aureus is the most predominant organism, accounting for infection in about 80 % of patients. The lower extremities are most commonly affected. Because of the intracapsular metaphysis of proximal femur and humerus, there is a higher risk of concomitant septic arthritis in these joints. AHO always means an emergency with high diagnostic and therapeutic demands. The successful outcome depends on early diagnosis and prompt, adequate therapy. Therefore good cooperation with the pediatricians and radiologists is essential. The principles of treatment are symptomatic measures, bedrest and operative intervention, if necessary, with drainage of pus and debridement of any necrotic material, together with antibiotic treatment in sufficient concentration and for sufficient duration. The goal of treatment is to prevent complications such as concomitant septic arthritis with its high risk of persistent joint damage, growth disturbance or chronic osteomyelitis.
Two-Year Magazine Subscription Rates

When a magazine incites you to subscribe to it, you are often given the choice of signing up for one year or two. The cost of the second year is usually less than that of the first. How do magazines decide on how much the discount for the second year should be? Is a mathematical model at work? A simple model could take into account the interest rate, i, that the magazine could earn on money paid in advance, the cost, c, of obtaining a subscription, and the probability, p, that a one-year subscriber will renew. If we let s denote the single-year subscription rate and t the two-year rate, then the present value of a two-year subscription is t c while the present value of two successive one-year subscriptions is
Clinical Analysis of Children Acute Otitis Media Caused by Mycoplasma Pneumonia

Objective To discuss the clinical characteristic and treatment of children acute otitis media caused by Mycoplasma Pneumonia.Methods All of the 35 patients were selected by clinical characteristic and the specimen of throat swab was sampled.Final diagnosis was according to positive Mycoplasma Pneumonia found by Multimedia Medical Micro Diagnose Instrument.All the patients were treated with Azithromycin sequential therapy.Results The age of patients was from 8 months to 14 years old.All patients were cured with Azithromycin sequential therapy.Conclusion Children acute otitis media caused by Mycoplasma Pneumonia is easily misdiagnosed.Early diagnosis is according to etiology examination.Treatment of β-actam antibiotics has poor effect with easy recurrent. Azithromycin sequential therapy shows satisfactory effect.
Analytical methods and FEM/BEM for computing the acoustic field radiated by a finite cylindrical shell in water

Based upon the vibratory equation and sound radiation impedance of a cylindrical shell,the sound field distribution of a finite cylindrical shell simply-supported at two infinite rigid cylindrical shells were obtained with considering the structural loss.The sound directivity patterns of a finite cylindrical shell with two end plates were computed by using Finite Element Method and Boundary Element Method(FEM/BEM) and the results were compared with the analytical results.It has been shown that the sound radiation power of the cylindrical shell decreases and the radiation efficiency increases with increasing of structural damping loss factors.When the frequency of the driving force is low,the sound field shapes "∞"directivity pattern.When the frequency of the driving force grows higher the sound directivity pattern becomes complex due to superposition of axial modes and circumferential modes.Only when the radiation of the end plates is much weaker than the cylindrical shell the analytical results of the shell simply-supported at two infinite rigid cylindrical shells can be utilized to illustrate the sound radiation by a finite cylindrical shell with two end plates.Computation of sound radiation of a finite simply-supported cylindrical shell requires considering the structural loss.
Cross-sectional investigation on survived lepers in Xiuwen County of Guizhou

[Objective]To understand the current situation of lepriasis prevention and control in Xiuwen County of Guizhou,provide scientific basis for lepriasis prevention and control in this area.[Methods]The data about living conditions survey of survived lepers and epidemic situation in Xiuwen County were analyzed with descriptive epidemiological method.[Results]Among 121 lepers who were investigated,there were 72 survived cases and 24 death cases,23 cases were lost to follow up,and 2 cases transferred to other area. 44 cases had the disability,which included 9 cases of vision disability,18 cases of hand disability,and 17 cases of foot disability. 19 cases had the rural basic living allowances,1 had the urban basic living allowances,19 were supported by the family, and 38 cases were in other conditions.[Conclusion]The epidemic situation of lepriasis in Xiuwen County is low,but there still exists the sources of infection,while the rehabilitation and care should be strengthened. It is important to implement the principle of prevention first,improve the health education and disability rehabilitation,and eliminate the discrimination toward lepers,to prevent and control the lepriasis in Xiuwen County.
Study on Standard Management in Electric Power Enterprises

Under prerequisite of implementing management target proposed from State Power Grid Corporation,namely"operation in groups,development in intensification,management in eircumspectness,and establishment in standardization",and directing against status of the enterprise management,a study on and an approach to standard management in electric power enterprises have been carried out from aspects such as the effect and significance of standard management,the relationship among standard management and other management systems etc.
A point mutation in the coding region of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase associated with familial porphyria cutanea tarda.

Familial porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait caused by decreased activity of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (URO-D). In most families with PCT, URO-D mRNA levels are normal but both catalytic activity and immunologic reactivity of URO-D are half normal. We have cloned and sequenced 8 URO-D cDNA transcripts derived from a pedigree member with familial PCT. Three of the cDNAs had sequences encoding normal URO-D but five cDNA9s contained a point mutation resulting in a gly----val substitution at amino acid position 281. An oligonucleotide probe complementary to the mutant sequence hybridized to DNA from affected individuals within the pedigree, but not to DNA from normal individuals. Measurements of pulse labeled URO-D in Epstein-Barr virus transformed lymphocytes indicated that the mutant protein has a half-life in vivo of less than four hours. In vitro measurements utilizing labeled URO-Ds generated in a reticulocyte lysate system revealed a 12-hour half-life for the mutant protein compared with a 102-hour half-life for normal URO-D. This is the first URO-D mutation to be characterized in a pedigree with familial PCT. This mutation was not detected in affected individuals from seven other PCT pedigrees, suggesting that PCT can result from different mutations.
Monkey pit

Life in captivity can be quite mundane for the average zoo animal. When an opportunity for a little excitement comes along, no creature understands the importance of seizing the moment more than the baboon. When a spectator inadvertently drops a pair of sunglasses in the monkey pit, it sets off a chain of events that makes life difficult for one particular baboon.
An Overview of MIT-Olin’s Approach in the AUVSI RobotX Competition

The inaugural RobotX competition was held in Singapore in Oct. 2014. The purpose of the competition was to challenge teams to develop new strategies for tackling unique and important problems in marine robotics. The joint team from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Olin College was chosen as one of 15 competing teams from five nations (USA, South Korea, Japan, Singapore and Australia). The team received the surface vehicle platform, the WAM-V (Fig. 1) in Nov. 2013 and spent a year building the propulsion, electronic, sensing, and algorithmic capabilities required to complete the five tasks that included navigation, underwater pinger localization, docking, light sequence detection, and obstacle avoidance. Ultimately the MIT/Olin team narrowly won first place in a competitive field. This paper summarizes our approach to the tasks, as well as some lessons learned in the process. As a result of the competition, we have developed a new suite of open-source tools for feature detection and tracking, realtime shape detection from imagery, bearing-only target localization, and obstacle avoidance.
Towards an Agroecology of Knowledges: Recognition, Cognitive Justice and Farmers’ autonomy in France.

Abstract Most collective agroecological initiatives in Europe today are built around a plurality of knowledge systems. Going beyond the well-documented instrumental goals of this knowledge-plurality, this paper highlights another, perhaps less obvious objective: the pursuit of recognition and cognitive justice. The subordination of alternative farming practices, such as agroecology, to industrial high-input farming leads to the misrecognition of peasant communities. Challenging industrial agriculture hence requires both equality between different forms of doing farming and an active engagement with different ways of knowing farming. Cognitive justice, a concept originating in decolonial thought, encompasses not only the right of different practices to co-exist, but entails an active engagement across their knowledge-systems. Using an example of participatory maize breeding in France, the paper illustrates how peasant movements in Europe organize an ’agroecology of knowledges’, a counter-hegemonic engagement with modern agronomic science, through the recovery and co-production of situational, environment-specific knowledge, and the reskilling of farmers. It aims not only at improving agricultural science, but also at rebuilding collective identities and reclaiming autonomy.
Design and Implementation of Discrete-Time Filters For Efficient Rate-Conversion Systems

Oversampled A-to-D converters commonly rely on sharp-cutoff, discrete-time filters that operate at fast input sampling rates. Filter design techniques for such filters typically use the length of the impulse response as an indicator of computational cost, assuming that each filter tap requires a multiplier in Parks, T. W., et al, (1972). This paper describes methods for designing zero-phase filters with sparse impulse responses, i.e., with many zero-valued coefficients, and presents rate-conversion structures for efficiently implementing these designs. By combining polyphase methods and delay-line folding, the structures presented require only one multiplier for each unique value in the impulse response of the filter.
Abstract 2678: Targeting prostate cancer metastasis with novel small molecule agonists of EphA2

During tumor progression, EphA2 receptor can gain ligand-independent pro-oncogenic functions due to Akt activation and reduced ephrin-A ligand engagement. The effects can be reversed by ligand stimulation, which triggers the intrinsic tumor suppressive signaling pathways of EphA2 including inhibition of PI3/Akt and Ras/ERK pathways. These observations argue for development of small molecule agonists for EphA2 as potential tumor intervention agents. Through virtual screening and cell-based assays, we report here the identification and characterization of doxazosin as a novel small molecule agonist for EphA2 and EphA4, but not for other Eph receptors tested. NMR studies revealed extensive contacts of doxazosin with EphA2/A4, recapitulating both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions recently found in the EphA2/ephrin-A1 complex. Clinically used as an α1-adrenoreceptor antagonist (Cardura®) for treating hypertension and benign prostate hyperplasia, doxazosin activated EphA2 independent of α1-adrenoreceptor. Similar to ephrin-A1, doxazosin inhibited Akt and ERK kinase activities in an EphA2-dependent manner. Treatment with doxazosin triggered EphA2 receptor internalization, and suppressed haptotactic and chemotactic migration of prostate cancer, breast cancer, and glioma cells. Moreover, in an orthotopic xenograft model, doxazosin reduced distal metastasis of human prostate cancer cells and prolonged survival in recipient mice. More potent and selective derivatives of doxazosin have been developed with enhanced efficacy against prostate cancer and glioblastoma. To our knowledge, this is the first example of small molecule agonists of a receptor tyrosine kinase that is capable of inhibiting malignant behaviors in vitro and in vivo. Citation Format: Bingcheng Wang, Aaron Petty. Targeting prostate cancer metastasis with novel small molecule agonists of EphA2. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2678. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2678
Corrosion of stainless steels in the riser during co-processing of bio-oils in a fluid catalytic cracking pilot plant

Abstract Co-processing of bio-oils with conventional petroleum-based feedstocks is an attractive initial option to make use of renewable biomass as a fuel source while leveraging existing refinery infrastructures. However, bio-oils and their processing intermediates have high concentrations of organic oxygenates, which, among their other negative qualities, can result in increased corrosion issues. A range of stainless steel alloys (409, 410, 304L, 316L, 317L, and 201) was exposed at the base of the riser in a fluid catalytic cracking pilot plant while co-processing vacuum gas oil with pine-derived pyrolysis bio-oils that had been catalytically hydrodeoxygenated to ~ 2 to 28% oxygen. A catalyst temperature of 704 °C, a reaction exit temperature of 520 °C, and total co-processing run times of 57–75 h were studied. External oxide scaling 5–30 μm thick and internal attack 1–5 μm deep were observed in these short-duration exposures. The greatest extent of internal attack was observed for co-processing with the least stabilized bio-oil, and more so for types 409, 410, 304L, 316L, 317L stainless steel than for type 201. The internal attack involved porous Cr-rich oxide formation, associated with local Ni-metal enrichment and S-rich nanoparticles, primarily containing Cr or Mn. Implications for alloy selection and corrosion are discussed.