cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Involvement of proton transfer in the reductive repair of DNA guanyl radicals by aniline derivatives.

The most easily oxidized sites in DNA are the guanine bases, and major intermediates produced by the direct effect of ionizing radiation (ionization of the DNA itself) are electron deficient guanine species. By means of a radiation chemical method (γ-irradiation of aqueous thiocyanate), we are able to produce these guanyl radicals in dilute aqueous solutions of plasmid DNA where the direct effect would otherwise be negligible. Stable modified guanine products are formed from these radicals. They can be detected in the plasmid conversion to strand breaks after a post-irradiation incubation with a DNA base excision endonuclease enzyme. If aniline compounds are also present, the yield of modified guanines is strongly attenuated. The mechanism responsible for this effect is electron donation from the aniline compound to the guanyl radical, and it is possible to derive rate constants for this reaction. Aniline compounds bearing electron withdrawing groups (e.g., 4-CF3) were found to be less reactive than those bearing electron donating groups (e.g., 4-CH3). At physiological pH values, the reduction of a guanyl radical involves the transfer of a proton as well as of an electron. The mild dependence of the rate constant on the driving force suggests that the electron is not transferred before the proton. Although the source of the proton is unclear, our observations emphasize the importance of an accompanying proton transfer in the reductive repair of oxidative damage to guanine bases which are located in a biologically active double stranded plasmid DNA substrate.
Maspin is physically associated with β1 integrin regulating cell adhesion in mammary epithelial cells

Maspin is a tumor-suppressor serpin (serine protease inhibitor), which inhibits cell invasion and migration. Here, we analyzed maspin function in cell adhesion in nontransformed mammary epithelial cells and investigated the underlying mechanism involved in this process. We report that maspin acts in the early steps in the cell adhesion process. Addition of recombinant maspin rapidly increased MCF-10A cell adhesion to the endogenously deposited matrix, and conversely both an antimaspin antibody (Ab) and maspin knockdown by RNA interference resulted in decreased cell adhesion. Mutation analyses revealed that a region of 86 amino acids located between aa 139 and aa 225 was responsible for maspin effect on adhesion. In addition, we show that maspin is associated with detergent-insoluble cortical cytoskeleton elements. Collectively, these results suggest that maspin is part of the supramolecular structure of the adhesion plaque and it modulates cell adhesion via a beta1 integrin-dependent mechanism.
Mechanisms of imposex induction in the mud snail, Ilyanassa obsoleta: TBT as a neurotoxin and aromatase inhibitor.

Abstract The occurrence of imposex, imposition of male sex characteristics on female snails, has been extensively documented throughout the world. Tributyltin (TBT) and other organotins have been causally linked to imposex induction at levels as low as 2 ng/l. There are several proposed mechanisms of action. First, TBT has been shown to be neurotoxic and to accumulate in snail ganglia. Peptide hormones control sexual differentiation in gastropods, and one hypothesis is that TBT acts as a neurotoxin to abnormally release the peptide hormone Penis Morphogenic Factor (PMF). However, PMF has not been characterized to date. The neuropeptide APGWamide significantly induces imposex in the mud snail, Ilyanassa obsoleta, at 10−16 moles sub-cutaneous (SQ) injection over 2 weeks, and could be the PMF in this species. A second hypothesis is that TBT inhibits aromatase activity leading to increased testosterone levels and decreased estradiol. In vitro studies with snail digestive gland microsomes showed that TBT-dosed snails not exhibiting imposex had a 52% reduction in aromatase activity. Although the role of vertebrate sex steroids is not known in gastropods, it is possible that the combination of changes in peptide and steroid hormones may lead to imposex induction at extremely low doses of TBT.
Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin.

Purpose. Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin is reviewed. Summary. Several studies have evaluated the effectiveness of clopidogrel, aspirin, or the combination of these agents in a variety of patient populations. The results of these studies have helped determine the role of clopidogrel and aspirin in evidence-based medicine. Investigators in the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management and Avoidance trial concluded that patients with multiple atherothrombotic risk factors who have stable cardiovascular disease (CVD) or no history of CVD or documented vascular disease should not receive combination clopidogrel and aspirin due to an increase in death. Patients with established vascular disease being treated with clopidogrel and aspirin may benefit from the combination through a reduction in the rate of myocardial infarction, stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes. The combination should not be used longer than one year since the benefits past one year have not been established by clinical trials, though consideration for longer treatment may be warranted in patients with stent implantation. One of the inherent risks associated with using clopidogrel and aspirin is the risk for increased bleeding. If a patient is started on combination therapy, it is imperative to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Conclusion. Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin should be used in certain patients, such as those with any type of acute coronary syndrome or stent implantation, if there are no contraindications to combined therapy. The risk of bleeding should be considered in patients receiving the combination.
Navigating the good ol’ boys club: women, marginality, and communities of practice in a military non-profit organization

When women work in male-dominated organizations, do they form collaborative networks with other women or do they take on the practices of the male-dominated community they are a part of? In this paper, we explore how female staff and volunteer members participate within a male-dominated non-profit organization. We use communities of practice as a lens to explore the extent to which women do, or do not, form support networks with other women. Our findings suggest that gender issues may not be the driving factor in the creation of communities of practice in such organizations; indeed, multiple communities of practice can exist within a single organization despite facing a common set of challenges.
Optimization of operational and design parameters of plane reflector-tilted flat plate solar collector systems

Due to the increased interest in the utilization of solar energy, it is essential to enhance the energy collection of solar energy devices. In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the instantaneous, daily, and yearly enhancement in solar energy collection of a tilted flat-plate solar collector augmented by a plane reflector is developed. The shadow effect due to the reflector on the collector is considered in the analysis. A FORTRAN computer program has been constructed based on the analysis in order to study the effect of different operational and design parameters of plane reflector-tilted flat-plate solar collector system on the collector solar energy collection. These parameters include collector-reflector system orientation and tilt angles, collector elongation ratio, and reflector overhang ratio.
Visual hallucinations in patients with retinal disease

Abstract PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence and phenomenologic nature of visual hallucinations among patients with retinal disease and to investigate whether presence of hallucinations is a significant predictor of functional status, quality of life, and/or emotional distress after adjusting for visual acuity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Eighty-six consecutive patients at the Wilmer Ophthalmologic Institute Retinal Vascular Center were interviewed using the Sickness Impact Profile, Community Disability Scale, General Health Questionnaire, Visual Phenomena Interview, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. RESULTS: The prevalence of visual hallucinations was 15.1%. Most were formed hallucinations in clear consciousness that lasted for seconds to minutes. The majority of patients had been experiencing visual hallucinations for less than 1 year (61.5%) or for 1 to 2 years (23.1%). Only two of the 13 patients with hallucinations had informed a physician of their hallucinations. Univariate analyses revealed that variables significantly associated with experiencing hallucinations were female sex, worse visual acuity, bilateral visual impairment, emotional distress, decreased functional status, and decreased quality of life. Regression analysis demonstrated that among patients with relatively good vision, those who experienced hallucinations were more emotionally distressed and had a lower quality of life than patients without hallucinations. CONCLUSIONS: Visual hallucinations among patients with retinal disease are common, underdiagnosed, and not associated with cognitive deficits, abnormal personality traits, or a family or personal history of psychiatric morbidity. Among patients with relatively good vision, hallucinations are associated with increased emotional distress and decreased quality of life.
Magnetic domain wall pumping by spin transfer torque

We show that spin transfer torque from a direct spin-polarized current applied parallel to a magnetic domain wall (DW) induces DW motion in a direction independent of the current polarity. This unidirectional response of the DW to spin torque enables DW pumping--long-range DW displacement driven by an alternating current. Our numerical simulations reveal that DW pumping can be resonantly amplified through excitation of internal degrees of freedom of the DW by the current.
Molecular reaction dynamics across the phases: similarities and differences

This introduction to the 157th Faraday Discussion describes features of bimolecular reaction and photodissociation in gases and liquids and at interfaces. Two unifying ideas are the concepts of a transition state on a single potential energy surface and of a conical intersection between two surfaces, the former being important in bimolecular reactions and the latter often being important in photodissociation. State-resolved studies of the reactions of methane and its isotopologues with F, Cl, and Br illustrate many aspects of bimolecular reactions including the ability of excitation in vibrational modes to enhance or inhibit a reaction and to control the cleavage of selected bonds. There are clear parallels between those gas-phase reactions and the dissociative chemisorption of methane and its isotopologues on metal surfaces. Similarly, features such as relative reaction rates and energy disposal patterns observed in gas-phase reactions largely carry over into reactions in solution. New experiments comparing photolysis in the gas phase and in solution show that there are again many similarities in the processes in the two environments. Although the influence of the surroundings in those cases is subtle, there are situations in which the surroundings can produce a much larger effect on the photolysis by hindering the dissociation and initiating isomerization.
Interpreting p-p polarization at high energies.

It is shown that the recent measurements of the analyzing power A in high-energy p-p elastic scattering can be most conveniently interpreted in the optimal transversity frame. The deviations from A = 0 predicted by QCD are parametrized and a step-by-step experimental program is outlined for the further pinpointing of the causes of the deviations.
D-modules on Smooth Toric Varieties

Abstract Let X be a smooth toric variety. Cox introduced the homogeneous coordinate ring S of X and its irrelevant ideal b . Let A denote the ring of differential operators on Spec(S). We show that the category of D -modules on X is equivalent to a subcategory of graded A-modules modulo b -torsion. Additionally, we prove that the characteristic variety of a D -module is a geometric quotient of an open subset of the characteristic variety of the associated A-module and that holonomic D -modules correspond to holonomic A-modules.
Characterization of the C-terminal DNA-binding/DNA endonuclease region of a group II intron-encoded protein.

Group II intron retrohoming occurs by a mechanism in which the intron RNA reverse splices directly into one strand of a double-stranded DNA target site, while the intron-encoded reverse transcriptase uses a C-terminal DNA endonuclease activity to cleave the opposite strand and then uses the cleaved 3' end as a primer for reverse transcription of the inserted intron RNA. Here, we characterized the C-terminal DNA-binding/DNA endonuclease region of the LtrA protein encoded by the Lactococcus lactis Ll.LtrB intron. This C-terminal region consists of an upstream segment that contributes to DNA binding, followed by a DNA endonuclease domain that contains conserved sequence motifs characteristic of H-N-H DNA endonucleases, interspersed with two pairs of conserved cysteine residues. Atomic emission spectroscopy of wild-type and mutant LtrA proteins showed that the DNA endonuclease domain contains a single tightly bound Mg(2+) ion at the H-N-H active site. Although the conserved cysteine residue pairs could potentially bind Zn(2+), the purified LtrA protein is active despite the presence of only sub-stoichiometric amounts of Zn(2+), and the addition of exogenous Zn(2+) inhibits the DNA endonuclease activity. Multiple sequence alignments identified features of the DNA-binding region and DNA endonuclease domain that are conserved in LtrA and related group II intron proteins, and their functional importance was demonstrated by unigenic evolution analysis and biochemical assays of mutant LtrA protein with alterations in key amino acid residues. Notably, deletion of the DNA endonuclease domain or mutations in its conserved sequence motifs strongly inhibit reverse transcriptase activity, as well as bottom-strand cleavage, while retaining other activities of the LtrA protein. A UV-cross-linking assay showed that these DNA endonuclease domain mutations do not block DNA primer binding and thus likely inhibit reverse transcriptase activity either by affecting the positioning of the primer or the conformation of the reverse transcriptase domain.
Challenges in Managing a Tuberculosis Exposure in a High Risk Unit

ISSUE: In spite of ongoing heightened awareness, tuberculosis continues to be a challenging infection control problem. This paper summarizes a recent experience on the exposure and control of tuberculosis in a high risk unit. In September 2005, a patient was admitted through the ER to a negative pressure medical ICU. Chest X-ray showed a cavitary lesion and sputum was AFB positive, subsequently confirmed as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. One month earlier, this patient was admitted to a semi-private room on the oncology unit for 10 days due to subclavian thrombosis. During the August admission, a chest X-ray report of a “suspicious cavitary lesion” was not communicated by the referring care center. PROJECT: Patients within the area of the index patient, hospital staff who cared for the index patient during the August admission and everyone in adjacent units during this time period were identified. A total of 133 inpatients and 252 hospital staff were offered tuberculin skin testing (TST) at baseline and 8-14 weeks post exposure, and chest X-ray. Baseline chest X-rays taken during the August admission were compared to follow-up studies. At baseline, employee TST was repeated if last performed more than three months prior to the exposure and at three months post exposure. RESULTS: Two patients were TST screen positive, chest X-ray negative and asymptomatic. These patients were on the cardiology floor below oncology, with shared air circulation and considered to be in a “lower risk” area. Isoniazid was offered to these patients but was declined by their primary care physicians. One hospital staff member converted to positive at TST screen from the last annual test and was placed on Isoniazid. All three TST reactors had risk factors inclusive and exclusive of this exposure. Sixty patients completed screening. However, 73 patients did not complete screening due to death/palliative care (24), declined (31) or were lost to follow-up (18). The Infection Control team and administration met with the admitting physician to discuss further preventive strategies. LESSONS LEARNED: Effective preventive strategies are needed including ongoing education of the hospital staff in high risk areas for admission assessment of possible TB. Ongoing communication in the continuum of care among health care personnel working in high risk areas, primary care physicians, Infection Control and Employee Health Services is critical to preventing accidental exposure to TB.
Performance evaluation of reduced bandwidth multistage interconnection networks

This paper presents and evaluates a class of buffered interconnection networks which provide performance and cost levels intermediate to a bus and a delta network. These networks, referred to as hybrid networks, are formed by beginning with a delta network and substituting buses for the final stages of the network. The choice of the number of stages replaced determines the bandwidth of the network. The reduction of network bandwidth is accompanied by a corresponding reduction in network cost. Hybrid networks provide the system architect with a cost-effective solution to design problems in which the required interconnection bandwidth is greater than that of a bus but less than that of a full delta network.The performance of hybrid networks is investigated by developing a numerical model and by using simulation. Two features of the model, buffers of arbitrary length at network switches and resource service times greater than interstage transfer delays, have not been included in previous analytical models of delta networks. Results show that in some cases, the expense of a multistage network is not required in order to maintain the maximum level of system performance.
Tuning Many-Body Interactions in Graphene: The Effects of Doping on Excitons and Carrier Lifetimes

The optical properties of graphene are strongly affected by electron-electron ($e\text{\ensuremath{-}}e$) and electron-hole ($e\text{\ensuremath{-}}h$) interactions. Here we tune these many-body interactions through varying the density of free charge carriers. Measurements from the infrared to the ultraviolet reveal significant changes in the optical conductivity of graphene for both electron and hole doping. The shift, broadening, and modification in shape of the saddle-point exciton resonance reflect strong screening of the many-body interactions by the carriers, as well as changes in quasiparticle lifetimes. Ab initio calculations by the $GW$ Bethe-Salpeter equation method, which take into account the modification of both the repulsive $e\text{\ensuremath{-}}e$ and the attractive $e\text{\ensuremath{-}}h$ interactions, provide excellent agreement with experiment. Understanding the optical properties and high-energy carrier dynamics of graphene over a wide range of doping is crucial for both fundamental graphene physics and for emerging applications of graphene in photonics.
Phase dependence of intense-field ionization

Two-color radiation has been used to investigate the physical mechanism of intense-field ionization. One color was the second harmonic of the other, and there was a well-defined phase between them which was calibrated absolutely. We measured the photoelectron yield from above-threshold ionization of krypton and xenon as this phase was varied. We show that the phase-dependent signature of tunnel ionization is present even though the electron spectra are clearly multiphoton in character. We also use the two-color phase as a probe to show evidence for core scattering during the ionization process. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION IN THE CARROT, DAUCUS CAROTA. II. FERMENTATION AND THE PASTEUR EFFECT

IN THE preceding paper Marsh and Goddard (1939) presented results obtained with respiratory enzyme poisons showing that in carrot roots and in young carrot leaves a large fraction of the respiration is catalyzed by an oxidase similar to or identical with the cytochrome oxidase; in mature leaves a shift occurs in the oxidase to a system insensitive to cyanide, azide or carbon monoxide. The present paper is a study of the relation between respiration and fermentation in carrot root tissue. It will be shown that inhibition of respiration by lowered oxygen pressure, by cyanide, azide, or carbon monoxide results in Increased fermentation. It has long been known that many higher plants liberate CO2 when placed in pure N2 or other inert gas. Alcohol is also produced in many cases (Kostychev, 1931; Stiles and Leach, 1932). The ratio alcohol/CO2 produced has been investigated for manv plants; considerable variation in this ratio from one plant to another has been found, the values ranging from 0 to 0.99 (Kostychev, 1931). Although there has been much speculation as to probable importance of anaerobic CO2 production in higher plants, very little research has been conducted in the field since the later years of the nineteenth century. It is well known that in yeast (Meyerhof, 1926), animal tissues (Warburg, 1930), and in higher plants (Kostychev, 1931; Blackman, 1928) either no fermentation occurs in air or it occurs at a lower rate than under anaerobic conditions. If lactic acid production (in animal tissues) in N2 and in air, and oxygen consumption in air, be converted into terms of sugar decomposition according to the equations (1) C6H1206 -> 2CH3CHOHCOOH and (2) C6H1206 + 602 > 6CO2 + 6H20, it is found in many cases that more sugar is decomposed per unit time in N2 than in air. This phenomenon of an increased rate of sugar decomposition in transferring tissues from air to N2 is known as the Pasteur effect. The literature of the Pasteur effect has been well reviewed by Dixon (1937), Turner (1937), and Burk (1937). Although the transfer of a tissue from nitrogen into air allows oxidative sugar decomposition to occur (equation 2), at the same time there is such a large decrease in the rate of sugar decomposed by glycolysis (equation 1) that the result is an overall decrease in the rate of sugar decomposition. The ratio mols lactic acid in N2mols lactic acid in air/mols 02 in respiration, is known as the Meyerhof quotient (1926). Values of this quotient lie between 1 and 2 for many animal tissues (Burk, 1937) and for yeast (Meyerhof, 1926). (In the quotient for yeast, the term "mols CO2 of fermentation" is substituted for "mols lactic acid." The expressions
Physicochemical Space for Optimum Oral Bioavailability: Contribution of Human Intestinal Absorption and First-Pass Elimination

Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh). In this study, using a database comprised of Fa, Fg, Fh, and F values for 309 drugs in humans, an analysis of the interrelation of physicochemical properties and the individual parameters was carried out in order to define the physicochemical space for optimum human oral bioavailability. Trend analysis clearly indicated molecular weight (MW), ionization state, lipophilicity, polar descriptors, and free rotatable bonds (RB) influence bioavailability. These trends were due to a combination of effects of the properties on Fa and first-pass elimination (Fg and Fh). Higher MW significantly impacted Fa, while Fg and Fh decreased with increasing lipophilicity. Parabolic trends were observed for bioavailability with polar descriptors. Interestingly, RB has a negative effect on all three parameters, leading to its pronounced effect on bioavailability. In conclusion, physicochemical properties influence bioavailability with typically opposing effects on Fa and first-pass elimination. This analysis may provide a rational judgment on the physicochemical space to optimize oral bioavailability.
Shim stack deflection analysis in hydraulic dampers using energy methods

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the deflection of the shim stacks used in hydraulic dampers. In hydraulic dampers, a stack of circular disks (shims) is mounted on each side of the main piston to create a pressure drop as the hydraulic oil is passed through the piston from one side to the other. A stiff shim stack creates a high pressure drop across the piston, resulting in high damping. A softer shim stack creates less pressure drop and smaller damping. In practice, shims can be added or removed from the shim stack assembly to tune the damper and generate the desired damping force characteristics as a function of velocity. Tuning a damper requires taking the damper apart, making the changes to the shim stack assembly, and putting the damper back together. This takes a considerable amount of time and effort. Therefore, mathematical modeling of the shim stack assembly becomes a crucial part of the analysis of hydraulic dampers. The goal of the study presented here is to provide a model of the shim stack assembly in order to accurately predict the level of damping for different configurations of the shim stack. The shims that are stacked on each other will deflect under the pressure created by the hydraulic oil, and at the same time, slide against each other. This important characteristic of the shim stack needs to be accounted for in the mathematical model and makes the analysis complicated. For the sake of simplicity, in past studies the shim stack is approximated by the deflection of a single disk and formulas for a single disk are used. This, however, introduces a significant amount of error in the damper hydraulic model. In this paper, the deflection of shim stacks is analyzed and compared with the single disk approximation. It is found that this approximation fails to agree with the more accurate model of representing the shims individually. Therefore, a more detailed and accurate model is necessary for better simulating the damping characteristics of hydraulic dampers as a function of relative velocity across the damper.
Plane strain slip line theory for anisotropic rigid/plastic materials

A slip line theory governing states of incipient plane flow at the yield point load is developed for anisotropic rigid/plastic materials which exhibit a reduced yield criterion, governing states of plane flow, that depends only on the deviatoric parts of the in-plane stress tensor. It is shown that every homogeneous, incompressible material which complies with the principle of maximum plastic work, but which is of otherwise arbitrary anisotropy, is of this class. The stress equilibrium requirements are seen to take a remarkably simple form expressing the constancy of the quantities mean in-plane normal stress plus or minus arc length around the governing yield contour in a Mohr stress plane along members of the two slip line families. Further, this generalization of the Hencky equations is valid for every material of the considered class. Some special features of yield contours containing corners and flat segments are discussed, and velocity equations are given for materials complying with the maximum work inequality. The theory is applied to obtain the solution for indentation of an arbitrarily anisotropic half-space with a flat-ended, rigid, frictionless punch. A simple, universal formula, involving only geometrical dimensions of the governing yield contour, is derived for the yield point indentation pressure.
CODEPENDENCE: CONTEXTUAL VARIABLES IN THE LANGUAGE OF SOCIAL PATHOLOGY

The concept of codependence is examined. The history of the term is reviewed, and definitions from the current literature are given. Characteristics of codependence are listed, including denial, control, difficulty in trusting, low self-esteem, weak boundaries, and overresponsibility. Theories concerning the genesis of this condition are described. Problems with the concept are detailed, and questions for further study are generated. The conclusions support the need for caution in labeling and for recognizing the potential for misusing concepts that are in the early stage of development.
Surface characterization of aspirin crystal planes using molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations have been implemented to study the effect of polar and non-polar solvents on the different faces of the aspirin crystal and the possible mechanisms of surface growth. We focus on the role of the H-bond in stabilizing the crystal faces and do a systematic study on the effect of the solvents at intermediate stages of the process of growth. Our results show that for both polar and non-polar solvents, the (0 1 0) surface of aspirin maintains its robustness and lattice order after equilibration, which allows for the fast deposition of additional aspirin molecules onto the existing surface. We find that the growth on this face can be mostly accomplished in a molecule-by-molecule manner, which is favored both thermodynamically and kinetically. The (0 0 1) surface shows that the molecules lose their lattice structure completely if they are not paired with other aspirin molecules before they are in contact with any solvent. For this reason, growth in this direction can only be in a layer-by-layer manner if there is any at all. Our results also show that as the unpaired (1 0 0) surface of aspirin is populated with–OH groups, their hydrophilic nature favors the interaction with a polar solvent and thus growth along this face is enhanced when contacting with ethanol. The methyl and carboxyl groups covering the unpaired (0 0 1) plane cause unfavorable interaction with the polar solvent. On the (0 1 0) plane, the interlaced arrangement of hydrophilic hydroxyl groups and hydrophobic phenyl groups stabilizes the surface structure in both polar and non-polar solvents.
The impact of computer use on cognitive development in young children: A theoretical analysis

Abstract Technological innovations of the past have extended our muscles and our senses and have also increased the number and variety of our social interactions. These increased social interactions tend to produce changes in social institutions which in turn affect child rearing and mental development. When young children experience increased social interactions this can have a negative effect upon mental development. Computer technology is unique in that it decreases as well as increases the number and frequency of social interactions. Moreover, only computers increase the number of self-self interactions. If these computer related trends continue, and if technology makes it possible for children to engage in self-self interactions, mental development will be enhanced.
Effect of pulmonary volume loss on the size and appearance of experimentally produced scintigraphic perfusion defects

Abstract Rationale and Objectives Atelectasis is a frequent concomitant of pulmonary embolism (PE) and other conditions that mimic PE. Accordingly, we developed an animal model to study the effect of regional loss of pulmonary volume on the size and configuration of experimentally induced perfusion defects that simulated PE. Methods After baseline anteroposterior and lateral chest radiographs were taken, 11 pulmonary vascular occlusions were created in 10 anesthetized, intubated mongrel dogs. Three were created by balloon occlusions of segmental pulmonary arteries, and eight were created by release of autologous PE. The size and shape of the affected lung zones were determined by perfusion scintigraphy (technetium-99m-macroaggregrated albumin [ 99m Tc-MAA]) and the results recorded. A balloon-tip Fogarty catheter then was passed through the trachea and inflated at preselected endobronchial sites to produce bronchial occlusion and volume loss, which were documented radiographically. Because one animal had two such occlusions sequentially, a total of 12 volume reduction experiments were performed. After inducing volume loss, perfusion imaging was repeated without reinjection of 99m Tc-MAA to allow any changes in the perfusion defects to be recorded, measured, and compared with the degree of volume loss visualized radiographically. Results Volume loss did not alter the shape of ipsilateral scintigraphic perfusion defects, but it did result in the expansion of eight of the 12 perfusion defects (range = 18–137% increase in area, Mdn = 33%) and a 28% decrease in the size of one defect located within a lobe that lost volume. Despite these quantitative changes, only three of the perfusion defects appeared substantially larger. When independently interpreted radiographs demonstrated large volume losses, quantitative changes in perfusion defects were no greater on average than when radiographic volume loss was modest. Conclusion Loss of pulmonary volume is occasionally associated with considerable ipsilateral alterations in the size of scintigraphic perfusion defects. it is probably advisable to consider the effects of anatomic distortions such as volume loss when interpreting the significance of scintigraphic perfusion defects in patients suspected of having PE.
Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants.

Abstract The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween® 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol® MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl 2 yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid–liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (> 30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR = 1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization ( − 5 . These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.
Critical moisture content for microbial growth in dried food‐processing residues

BACKGROUND: Food-processing residues are good feedstocks for biofuel and biochemical production because they have high energy content and are abundant. Year-round biofuel and biochemical production requires proper storage to prevent microbial decomposition and thermal runaway. In this study, microbial activity of tomato pomace (TP), grape pomace (GP), fermented grape pomace (FGP) and sugar beet pulp (SBP) was monitored at nine different moisture contents. RESULTS: Maximum and cumulative respirations for each feedstock with respect to moisture content followed a sigmoidal relationship. The critical moisture content below which no microbial activity was detected for SBP, TP, FGP and GP was 24–31, 16–21, 23–33 and 43–46% (dry basis) respectively. A logarithmic relationship was observed (R2 = 0.94) between critical moisture content and initial water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of the processing residues. CONCLUSION: The critical moisture content below which no microbial activity was detected and the relationship between critical moisture content and initial WSC content were determined in this study for four food-processing residues. Both parameters permit evaluation of the potential for deterioration of food-processing residues during storage based on moisture content and WSC content. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Ileoscopy via stoma after diverting ileostomy: a safe and effective tool to evaluate for Crohn's recurrence of neoterminal ileum.

Background Recurrence of Crohn’s disease (CD) most commonly occurs in the neoterminal ileum near the stoma after fecal diverting ileostomy. Methods used to assess CD recurrence include small bowel series, ileostomy injection, computed tomography (CT) enterography, and capsule endoscopy. Retrograde ileoscopy via stoma is also a valuable tool for recognition of CD recurrence; however, this technique has not been formally studied.
The Effects of Formal Undergraduate Research Experiences on Student Aspirations for Graduate Study in Computer Science (Abstract Only): Explaining the Relative Influence of Racial Identity Status

This poster explores the differential effects of formal undergraduate research experiences on the graduate degree intentions of underrepresented racial-ethnic minority and racial majority computing majors. Across two studies, it was found that formal undergraduate research experiences in computing have a greater and more positive effect on the educational aspirations of underrepresented racial-ethnic minorities as compared to racial majorities. For underrepresented racial-ethnic minorities, this effect is manifested in the gains in academic and career self-efficacy and gains in knowledge about the graduate admission process they develop as a result of their formal research experience. Together, these findings suggest that psychosocial skills that are strengthened during formal undergraduate research experiences play an important role in influencing the educational intentions of underrepresented racial-ethnic minorities in the field of computer science.
Use of a chemically modified clay as a replacement for silica in matte coated ink-jet papers

New techniques for modifying the surface of ink-jet papers are continuously being developed. The affordability of ink-jet printers has placed them in the forefront of home-use for digital printing technology. Thus, there is a demand on the paper substrate, whether coated or not, to respond to a variety of ink-jet operating conditions, while continuing to yield a product with high print quality.
The Effectiveness of Constructed-Response and Multiple-Choice Study Tasks in Computer Aided Learning.

This study compares the effectiveness of multiple-choice (MC) and constructed-response (CR) study tasks both with feedback. Graduate students (n = 46) completed a computer-delivered vocabulary less...
CCR 20th anniversary commentary: BMS-247550—microtubule stabilization as successful targeted therapy.

In a landmark article published in the May 1, 2001, issue of Clinical Cancer Research , Lee and colleagues reported the original preclinical studies demonstrating anticancer activity of BMS-247550 (ixabepilone) against taxane-sensitive and taxane-resistant cancers. Subsequent clinical trials established the clinical efficacy of ixabepilone, leading to its regulatory approval for the treatment of drug-resistant metastatic or locally advanced breast cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 21(6); 1237–9. ©2015 AACR . See related article by Lee et al., Clin Cancer Res 2001;7(5) May 2001;1429–37
Patient characteristics associated with vasectomy reversal.

AbstractPurpose: More than 30 million couples throughout the world are using vasectomy as a method of birth control. It is estimated that up to 6% of men who undergo voluntary sterilization will eventually request reversal, despite the high cost and relatively low success rate of the procedure. We identified characteristics that predict which vasectomy patients may request reversal. We also examined the cost and effectiveness of pre-vasectomy sperm cryopreservation followed by intrauterine insemination as an alternative method of achieving pregnancy.Materials and Methods: We reviewed medical charts of 365 patients who underwent vasectomy and 290 who underwent vasectomy reversal between 1990 and 1997. Data were collected on patient age at the time of vasectomy, religion, occupation, wife employment status, number of marriages, number of children, reason for reversal, and number of years between vasectomy and reversal. Based on previously reported values, pregnancy rates and cost per successful pregnancy we...
Evaluating inter-continental transport of fine aerosols: (1) Methodology, global aerosol distribution and optical depth

Our objectives are to evaluate inter-continental source-receptor relationships for fine aerosols and to identify the regions whose emissions have dominant influence on receptor continents. We simulate sulfate, black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and mineral dust aerosols using a global coupled chemistry-aerosol model (MOZART-2) driven with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis meteorology for 1997–2003 and emissions approximately representing year 2000. The concentrations of simulated aerosol species in general agree within a factor of 2 with observations, except that the model tends to overestimate sulfate over Europe in summer, underestimate BC and OC over the western and southeastern (SE) U.S. and Europe, and underestimate dust over the SE U.S. By tagging emissions from ten continental regions, we quantify the contribution of each region’s emissions on surface aerosol concentrations (relevant for air quality) and aerosol optical depth (AOD, relevant for visibility and climate) globally. We find that domestic emissions contribute substantially to surface aerosol concentrations (57–95%) over all regions, but are responsible for a smaller fraction of AOD (26–76%). We define ‘‘background’’ aerosols as those aerosols over a region that result from inter-continental transport, DMS oxidation, and emissions from ships or volcanoes. Transport from other continental source regions accounts for a substantial portion of background aerosol concentrations: 36–97% for surface concentrations and 38–89% for AOD. We identify the Region of Primary Influence (RPI) as the source region with the largest contribution to the receptor’s background aerosol concentrations (or AOD). We find that for dust Africa is the RPI for both aerosol concentrations and AOD over all other receptor regions. For non-dust aerosols (particularly for sulfate and BC), the RPIs for aerosol concentrations and AOD are identical for most receptor regions. These findings indicate that the reduction of the emission of non-dust aerosols and their precursors from an RPI will simultaneously improve both air quality and visibility over a receptor region.
The rise of the cosmopolitan traditionalists: From the Arab Spring to a global countermovement?:

The revolutions of the Arab Spring, in contrast to the liberal third wave of the 1970s to 1990s, rest on a more popular and traditionalist base. Critics often depict these currents as insular and even xenophobic in outlook. This article engages the literature on democratisation, framing, and social movement globalisation, and challenges that assumption. It draws on in-depth interviews conducted with Islamists and other activists in Cairo during April and May 2012. It argues that the pressures of globalisation and the opportunities of democratic transition are forcing traditionalists on to more cosmopolitan terrain. These cosmopolitan traditionalist activists draw on inspiration from other parts of the world and express solidarity with revolutionary movements elsewhere. Unlike liberal cosmopolitans, however, they ground their mode of tolerance and cooperation on substantive traditional values. While the pressures of globalisation may limit the ability of post-revolutionary regimes to deliver on social aspi...
IC/microfluidic hybrid system for magnetic manipulation of biological cells

This paper introduces an integrated circuit (IC)/microfluidic hybrid system for magnetic manipulation of biological cells. The hybrid system consists of an IC and a microfluidic system fabricated on top. Biological cells attached to magnetic beads are suspended inside the microfluidic system that maintains biocompatibility. The IC contains a microcoil array circuit that produces spatially-patterned microscopic magnetic fields. Programmable, rapid reconfiguration of the field pattern made possible by the IC allows an efficient simultaneous manipulation of multiple individual bead-bound cells with precise position control. Two prototypes, SiGe/microfluidic and CMOS/microfluidic hybrid systems, validate the proposed approach.
All Things Reconsidered: The Life-Cycle Perspective and the Third Task of Economic History

I suggest that converting economic history from a topic to a discipline requires three steps: economic theory and quantitative methodology must be relevant and required for writing and teaching good economic history; economic history and historical statistics must be relevant and necessary for writing and teaching good economic theory; and economic history must be relevant and required for writing and teaching good history. Over the past 50 years the first task has been accomplished and the second nearly so. The third task remains, but incorporating the life-cycle perspective into economic history would hasten its successsful completion.
Predicting sporadic grid data transfers

The increasingly common practice of replicating datasets and using resources as distributed data stores in grid environments has led to the problem of determining which replica can be accessed most efficiently. Due diverse performance characteristics and load variations of several components in the end-to-end path linking these various locations, selecting a replica from among many requires accurate prediction information of the data transfer times between the sources and sinks. In this paper we present a prediction system that is based on combining end-to-end application throughput observations and network load variations, capturing the whole-system performance and variations in load patterns, respectively. We develop a set of regression models to derive predictions that characterize the effect of network load variations on file transfer times. We apply these techniques to the GridFTP data movement tool, part of the Globus Toolkit/spl trade/, and observe performance gains of up to 10% in prediction accuracy when compared with approaches based on past system behavior in isolation.