cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biochemistry of milky disease: Radiorespirometry of pyruvate, acetate, succinate, and glutamate oxidation by healthy and diseased Japanese beetle larvae

Abstract Oxidation of pyruvate, acetate, succinate, and glutamate was compared in healthy third-instar Japanese beetle ( Popillia japonica ) larvae and in those infected with the milky disease bacterium, Bacillus popilliae . Both healthy and infected larvae oxidize these compounds via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, oxidation of all compounds, except succinate, is higher in healthy than in infected larvae. The oxidation rate of all four compounds varies throughout the infectious process. As the disease progresses, oxidation of pyruvate and glutamate is greatest in phase I when there are few observable bacterial cells within the larval hemolymph. Oxidation of acetate and succinate increases in phase II, characterized by rapid vegetative growth of the bacteria. The oxidation rate of acetate and succinate decreases upon further disease development (phases III and IV), when there is a greater demand for energy compounds and for biosynthetic intermediates by the bacterial cells in transition from vegetative growth to sporulation.
Atraumatic osteolysis of the distal clavicle: MR findings.

Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the MRI appearance in atraumatic osteolysis of the distal clavicle (AODC). Materials and methods We retrospectively evaluated MRI, medical records, ancillary diagnostic imaging studies and clinical course in five men and two women (mean age, 39 years) in whom the final clinical diagnosis of AODC was established. None of the patients had significant shoulder injury, but all participated in activities involving repetitive strain of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint. In three of these patients, we performed follow-up MRI (ranging from 5 1/2 to 15 months after the initial MRI). Results In all seven patients, signal intensity changes within the intramedullary portion of the distal clavicle on MRI were consistent with diffuse bone marrow edema. Marrow edema was most conspicuous on STIR imaging and occasionally could be misinterpreted as normal marrow signal patterns on spin-echo imaging. Cortical thinning or irregularity of the distal clavicle was seen in six cases and tiny subchondral cysts were seen in three, corresponding to subtle cystic changes on shoulder radiography. Limited bone scans obtained in two patients showed markedly increased uptake of radiotracer at the distal clavicle and AC joint. Histologic examination in one case showed disruption of articular cartilage, subchondral cysts, and metaplastic bone formation with increased osteoclastic activity. Follow-up MRI in three patients who were asymptomatic following conservative therapy showed normalization of marrow signal intensity. Conclusion Atraumatic osteolysis of the distal clavicle is a relatively uncommon but important cause of shoulder pain. Particularly when the clinical history is suggestive of repetitive AC joint stress, MRI of the distal clavicle should be examined closely for marrow edema, cortical irregularity, and cystic changes. Such abnormalities may be especially conspicuous when STIR imaging techniques are used.
Adolescent chemical use and dependence: current issues in epidemiology, treatment and prevention.

– This review provides a pragmatic and clinical orientation to current issues in adolescent chemical dependence in addition to exploring legitimate and relevant unanswered questions about chemical dependence. The lack of research on adolescent chemical dependence is addressed in light of the updated epidemiology. Patterns of use, abuse and dependence among adolescents are reviewed. The article examines treatment issues as well as prevention strategies among children and adolescents. Future clinically oriented research directions are suggested to promote further investigation into these areas.
It happens when the stage sets collapse1

Sally Gadow's tenure as professor of nursing at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center during my doctoral studies radically changed my view on science, nursing, relationships, and most importantly, the world. In this paper, I use ideas stimulated by Gadow's classes to argue that recognizing ambiguity through an attitude of metaphysical revolt can free nurses to form relationships with patients who are complex subjects rather than objects to be treated. I will first discuss Camus' ideas of absurdity from the Myth of Sisyphus, comparing the awake passions of Don Juan and the maniacal (and fatal) love of Romeo and Juliet (1955). Merleau-Ponty's (1962) work on the dialectic of human sexuality sheds light on the intrinsic bodily ambiguity of human existence as seen through sexual attraction. de Beauvoir (1948) further lends insight into ideas of ambiguity, relationship, and freedom. Finally, I will argue that recognition of the intrinsic ambiguity of existence coupled with an attitude of metaphysical revolt may free nurses and patients from external frameworks that limit experience, impose meaning, and in the process, sever human relationship.
Effect of spacer layer thickness on tunneling characteristics in asymmetric AlAs/GaAs/AlAs double barrier structures

Abstract We present a first-time study of the effects of variable thickness undoped spacer layers of asymmetric AlAs/GaAs/AlAs double barrier structures on resonant tunneling current-voltage ( I - V ) characteristics. Although tunneling characteristics are only observed in the negative voltage sweep of the I - V curve, these structures do exhibit increased current density ( j p ) with increased spacer layer thickness ( L sp ) until a threshold thickness of L sp > 10 nm is reached. Above L sp = 10 nm, current density decreases. A modified asymmetric double barrier structure with reduced overall emitter-collector layer thickness was also examined. The latter provided insight into sample optimization as more prominent resonant tunneling characteristics were observed in comparison to the original structures.
Protein synthesis by ribosomes from fertilized and unfertilized eggs of houseflies, Musca domestica

Abstract The ribosomes from unfertilized and fertilized housefly eggs have been isolated and their ability to initiate protein synthesis in a cell-free system has been investigated. There is a greater proportion of polymeric forms in the ribosomes from fertilized eggs, and these have a greater capacity to initiate protein synthesis.
Cytotoxicity But No Mutagenicity In Bacteria With Externally Generated Singlet Oxygen

Singlet oxygen is believed to be an important intermediate responsible for the cytotoxicity of HpD phototherapy. It has been recognized as a possible intermediate in photosensitization for more than 20 years. However, it has been difficult to obtain conclusive evidence of its biological characteristics in the past because most of the methods available for its generation that are compatible with biological systems also generate other reactive intermediates whose effects are difficult to distinguish from singlet oxygen. We have used a recently devised separated-surface-sensi-tizer (S-S-S) system for singlet oxygen generation' to measure the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of singlet oxygen in bacteria. The S-S-S system employs rose bengal as a sensitizer immobilized on one surface of a glass plate. The glass plate is placed sensitizer-side down a small distance (< 1.5 mm) above a microscopically flat membrane (MilliporeTM or NucleoporeTM) that carries a monocellular layer of bacteria. The sensi-tizer-coated plate is illuminated from above to generate singlet oxygen at the surface of the sensitizer. The singlet oxygen thus generated can diffuse the short dis-tance to the surface of the membrane to react with the bacteria. Because of the short lifetime of singlet oxygen in air, increasing the distance between the sensitizer and the membrane causes a decline in the amount of singlet oxygen reaching the membrane according to a function derived from the Einstein-Smoluchowski equation for net displacement by diffusion. Plotting the log of the effect measured (e.g., cytotoxicity) vs. the square of the distance gives a straight line. The slope of this line can be used to calculate the gas phase half life of the intermediate responsible for the observed effects. We have found that bacteria are rapidly killed in the illuminated S-S-S system and that the gas phase half life of the agent responsible for cell killing is the same as that of singlet oxygen. This observation and other simple chemical tests have conclusively estab-lished that singlet oxygen is responsible for the cytotoxicity observed with bacteria. Dosimetry measurements allow us to estimate that singlet oxygen is at least 104 times more potent as a cytotoxin for Salmonella bacteria than hydrogen peroxide, on a molar basis. We have not observed mutagenicity in these bacteria exposed to sufficient singlet oxygen to kill 60-90% using a variety of bacterial strains and assays.
Prostate cancer: Lessons from PIVOT lost in media hype.

The screening and treating of prostate cancer is a complex and controversial issue, which seems to have inspired much media coverage. We must be careful to ensure the less-newsworthy facts and limitations of high-profile trials, such as PIVOT, are not lost in media hype.
Thermal stability of RE5(SixGe1−x)3 plates in RE5(SixGe1−x)4 alloys, where RE = Gd and Ho

Abstract The stability of RE5(SixGe1−x)3 plates was studied through electron microscopy examination of as-cast and annealed Gd5Ge4 single crystal samples. Thermal annealing of samples at 1200 °C showed instability of the plates and a sluggish dissolution into the matrix. Scanning electron microscopy of Ho5(Si0.8Ge0.2)4 samples that had undergone laser surface melting indicated that the resulting rapid solidification of the melt pool suppressed precipitation of the characteristic 5:3 thin plates.
Genetics of Childhood Disorders: IX. Triplet Repeat Disorders

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry - Vol. 38 - N° 12 - p. 1598-1600
A Temporal Model of Vertical Relationships

Purpose: The authors developed a model framework for buyer–supplier relationships and used it to extend theory in 4 areas: (a) maintenance of long-term relationships; (b) conversion of relationships from adversarial to cooperative; (c) changes in relationships over their lives; and (d) levels of commitment and trust between partners. Methodology/approach: The authors analyzed existing research on buyer–seller relationships and theoretical concepts in various disciplines to develop a 3-stage temporal relationship model consisting of pre-deal (t–1), deal enactment (t), and deal continuation (t+1) stages. From the model and existing research, the authors drew propositions for relationships in the areas of buyer and seller power, several forms of commitment and trust, intellectual capital, and financial performance. Findings: Briefly, the authors proposed that (a) at the pre-deal stage, increased buyer power may instigate supplier input commitment or vice versa; (b) at deal enactment, both parties may commit ...
Algebraic dichotomies with an application to the stability of Riemann solutions of conservation laws

Abstract Recently, there has been some interest on the stability of waves where the functions involved grow or decay at an algebraic rate | x | m . In this paper we define the so-called algebraic dichotomy that may aid in treating such problems. We discuss the basic properties of the algebraic dichotomy, methods of detecting it, and calculating the power of the weight function. We present several examples: (1) The Bessel equation. (2) The n-degree Fisher type equation. (3) Hyperbolic conservation laws in similarity coordinates. (4) A system of conservation laws with a Dafermos type viscous regularization. We show that the linearized system generates an analytic semigroup in the space of algebraic decay functions. This example motivates our work on algebraic dichotomies.
Extraordinary Hall effect and giant magnetoresistance in the granular Co-Ag system.

We have studied the magnetotransport properties of a new metallic granular Co-Ag system. The spin-dependent electron scattering is revealed in the forms of a giant magnetoresistance and an extraordinary Hall effect, both of which are found to be strongly dependent on the Co particle size and the electron mean free path. The experimental correlation ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{x}\mathit{y}}$\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{x}\mathit{x}}^{3.7}$ uncovered is unexpected from existing theories. Interfacial scatterings of intermediate range are required in order to account for the anomalous magnetotransport in this magnetic granular system.
The limits of pragmatism and the limits of realism

. I argue here for a limited version of pragmatism—called conceptual pragmatism—that recognizes that conceptual systems are to be evaluated according to their usefulness for helping us get around in the world. Once a conceptual system is in place, however, the truth of sentences is a matter of both empirical tit and coherence with the rest of our knowledge. The error of critical realists is to fail to take into account the limited conceptual relativity that is to be expected on the basis of conceptual pragmatism. The conceptual realist thesis applies equally in science and theology.
Relativization of questions about log space computability

A notion of log space Turing reducibility is introduced. It is used to define relative notions of log space,ℒ A , and nondeterministic log space, . These classes are compared with the classes and which were originally defined by Baker, Gill, and Solovay [BGS]. It is shown that there exists a computable setA such that . Furthermore, there exists a computable setA such that and . Also a notion of log space truth table reducibility is defined and shown to be equivalent to the notion of log space Turing reducibility.
Schistosoma haematobium: Population Genetics of S. haematobium by Direct Measurement of Parasite Diversity Using RAPD–PCR

Shiff, C., Brouwer, K. C., and Clow, L. 2000. Schistosoma haematobium: Population genetics of S. haematobium by direct measurement of parasite diversity using RAPD–PCR. Experimental Parasitology96, 47–51.
A prospective randomized comparison of laparoscopic appendectomy with open appendectomy: Clinical and economic analyses.

Background. Previous randomized studies of laparoscopic appendectomy produced conflicting recommendations, and the adequacy of sample sizes is generally unknown. We compared clinical and economic outcomes after laparoscopic and open appendectomy in a sample of predetermined statistical power. Methods. A pre-study power analysis suggested that 200 randomized patients would yield 80% power to show a mean decrease of 1.3 days' hospitalization. One hundred ninety-eight patients with a preoperative diagnosis of acute appendicitis were randomized prospectively to laparoscopic or open appendectomy. Economic analysis included billed charges, total costs, direct costs, and indirect costs associated with treatment. Results. Laparoscopic appendectomy took longer to perform than open appendectomy (median, 107 vs 91 minutes; P < .01) and was associated with fewer days to return to a general diet (mean, 1.6 versus 2.3 days; P < .01), a shorter duration of parenteral analgesia (mean, 1.6 versus 2.2 days; P < .01), fewer morphine-equivalent milligrams of parenteral narcotic (median, 14 mg versus 34 mg; P = .001), a shorter postoperative hospital stay (mean, 2.6 versus 3.4 days; P <.01), and earlier return to full activity (median, 14 versus 21 days; P < .02). However, operative morbidity and time to return to work were comparable. Billed charges and direct costs were not significantly different in the 2 groups ($7711 versus $7146 and $5357 versus $4945, respectively), but total costs (including indirect costs) of laparoscopic appendectomy were, on average, nearly $2400 less, given the shorter length of stay and abbreviated recuperative period ($11,577 versus $13,965). Subgroup analyses suggested the benefit of a laparoscopic approach for uncomplicated appendicitis and for patients with active lifestyles. Conclusions. While laparoscopic appendectomy is associated with statistically significant but clinically questionable advantages over open appendectomy, a laparoscopic approach is relatively less expensive. The estimated difference in total costs of treatment (direct and indirect costs) was at least $2000 in more than 60% of the bootstrapped iterations. The economic significance and implications favoring a laparoscopic approach cannot be ignored. (Surgery 2001;129:390-400.)
PROPERTIES OF A FERMENTED, SEMIDRY TURKEY SAUSAGE DURING PRODUCTION WITH LYOPHILIZED AND FROZEN CONCENTRATES OF Pediococcus cerevisiae

Turkey sausage mixes utilizing breast, thigh and skin tissues were inoculated with either lyophilized or frozen concentrate starter cultures of Pediococcus cerevisiae. Main phases of production were examined to determine where and at what rate compositional, microbial and physical changes occur. Fermentation of the sausages was more rapid with the frozen concentrate (6–8 hr lag phase) than with the lyophilized culture (12–14 hr lag phase), as determined by the rates of pH reduction and lactic acid production. The sausage meat waterholding capacity during fermentation using either culture form showed a minimum at pH 5.0, the approximate isoelectric point of major muscle proteins. During heat processing to 71°C internally, counts of total viable bacteria and lactic acid bacteria were reduced by 5 log cycles. Changes in concentrations of chemical components (protein, fat, moisture, salt) and shear force values during the drying phase were highly correlated with the amount of shrinkage and moisture removed. A semidry product was attained in 10–12 days.
Anthropogenic tritium in South Atlantic bottom water

By observation of the invasion of man-made substances into the oceans, we learn about the nature and rates of mixing and flow. One of the more useful of these tracers is tritium (3H), which was produced by the atmospheric thermonuclear weapons tests of the 1950s and 1960s and which entered the oceans in a pulse-like fashion, totally dominating the natural background. The production and entry of this radioisotope (t1/2 ∼ 12.5 yr)1 into the ocean took place largely in the Northern Hemisphere, so that corresponding concentrations of tritium in the Southern Hemisphere are 5–10-fold smaller. Unfortunately, this means that the dynamic range (the ratio of maximum observable to minimum detectable concentrations) of tritium is limited for southern hemispheric work. If the minimum detectable quantity (that is, the detection limit) of tritium could be reduced, the evolution of this transient tracer would still provide valuable insight into mixing and advection. By increasing sample size and altering sample handling techniques, we have now extended the detection limit by more than an order of magnitude, and have detected what we believe to be man-made tritium in Antarctic bottom water at about 40° S in the western South Atlantic.
Cellulosic Biomass Feedstocks and Logistics for Ethanol Production

The economic competitiveness of cellulosic ethanol production is highly dependent on feedstock cost, which constitutes 35–50% of the total ethanol production cost, depending on various geographical factors and the types of systems used for harvesting, collecting, preprocessing, transporting, and handling the material. Consequently, as the deployment of cellulosic ethanol biorefineries approaches, feedstock cost and availability are the driving factors that influence pioneer biorefinery locations and will largely control the rate at which this industry grows. Initial scenarios were postulated to develop a pioneer dry feedstock supply system design case as a demonstration of the current state of technology. Based on this pioneer design, advanced scenarios were developed to determine key cost barriers, needed supply system improvements, and technology advancements to achieve government and private sector cost targets. Analysis of the pioneer supply system resulted in a delivered feedstock cost to the throat of the pretreatment reactor of $37.00 per dry tonne (2002 $). Pioneer supply systems will start by using current infrastructure and technologies and be individually designed for biorefineries using specific feedstock types and varieties based on local geographic conditions. As the industry develops and cost barriers are addressed, the supply systems will incorporate advanced technologies that will eliminate downstream diversity and provide a uniform, tailored feedstock for multiple biorefineries located in different regions. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discursive Negotiation of Family Identity: A Study of U.S. Families with Adopted Children from China

Research suggests that social interactions may challenge the identity of families with adopted children from China. Yet, both the extent of challenge experienced, and how families negotiate these interactions remains unknown. Thus, this project investigates the degree to which questions or comments from others either support or challenge family identity, as well as the degree to which response strategies used by parents either support or challenge family identity. A volunteer national sample of 245 parents with adopted children from China completed a survey with both closed- and open-ended questions. This study found that the majority of comments and questions were experienced as challenging. Simultaneously, language functioned as a resource for parents to respond in ways that validated the family as a construct and the relations between members as familial.
Gromov's alternative, Eliashberg's shape invariant, and C0-rigidity of contact diffeomorphisms

We prove that the group of contact diffeomorphisms is closed in the group of all diffeomorphisms with respect to the C0-topology. By Gromov's alternative, it suffices to exhibit a diffeomorphism that cannot be approximated uniformly by contact diffeomorphisms. Our construction uses Eliashberg's shape invariant.
Rheological characterization of neutral and anionic polysaccharides with reduced mucociliary transport rates

The purpose of this research was to compare the viscoelastic properties of several neutral and anionic polysaccharide polymers with their mucociliary transport rates (MTR) across explants of ciliated bovine tracheal tissue to identify rheologic parameters capable of predicting the extent of reduction in mucociliary transport. The viscoelastic properties of the polymer gels and gels mixed with mucus were quantified using controlled stress rheometry. In general, the anionic polysaccharides were more efficient at decreasing the mucociliary transport rate than were the neutral polymers, and a concentration threshold, where no further decreases in mucociliary transport occurred with increasing polymer concentration, was observed for several of the neutral polysaccharides. No single rheologic parameter (ν, G′, G″, tan δ, G*) was a good predictor of the extent of mucociliary transport reduction, but a combination of the apparent viscosity (ν), tangent to the phase angle (tan δ), and complex modulus (G*) was found to be useful in the identification of formulations capable of decreasing MTR. The relative values of each of the rheologic parameters were unique for each polymer, yet once the relationships between the rheologic parameters and mucociliary transport rate reduction were determined, formulations capable of resisting mucociliary clearance could be rapidly optimized.
Kinetic Effects in the Pedestal of a Tokamak

We consider the effects of finite E × B on the residual and neoclassical ion heat transport and ion flow in the pedestal. For a tokamak pedestal with a density scale of the poloidal ion gyroradius the finite E × B drift modfies the ion orbits, moving the trapped-passing boundary towards the tail of the ion distribution function (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Histologic evaluation of L1210 leukemia in treated and untreated mice

BDF1 mice bearing L1210 leukemia were treated with chemotherapy or in combination with neuraminidase-treated cells and BCG. Histological evaluation was done on these mice at various intervals after therapy in order to determine the rate and extent of metastatic involvement in various tissues and organs. Results were compared to tumor-bearing mice which were not treated. In all animals, tissues were classed as having minimal involvement, moderate involvement or maximal involvement based on a scale of 0 through 4. Results indicated that: (a) mice which were long term survivors did not completely reject their tumor for weeks after treatment with chemotherapy and immunotherapy; (b) complete tumor rejection did not indicate a restoration of normal tissue integrity; and (c) failure of chemotherapy-immunotherapy had no consistent pathology, but was probably due to tumor distribution rather then tumor burden per se.
Direct and inverse addition in convex analysis and applications

Abstract Inspired simultaneously from the theory of network synthesis and from the theory of means for positive operators, we introduce the notions of direct and inverse addition of order p for pairs of convex sets in a locally convex topological linear space. In this way a general formalism is introduced which allows us, on the one hand, to recover the operations of series and parallel addition derived from network connections as well as the notions of arithmetic and harmonic means for positive operators and, on the other hand, to recover the main binary operations on convex sets appearing in Convex Analysis.
Farming in former East Germany: Past policies and future prospects

Abstract This paper examines three eras of agricultural development in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR): (1) a period of socialism and collectivization of farming, 1945–1989, (2) the unification of Germany, EC integration and policy reform for the new federal states (ex-GDR), 1989–1995, and (3) the future of agriculture in a unified Germany beyond 1995. Politics, employment and social pressures are driving forces affecting the agricultural sector for each period. The former GDR state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, illustrates these changes and trends in the agricultural sector on a more local level. Mecklenburg-Vorpommem's agricultural sector contributes greatly to the economic stability of this former GDR state. Its primary development characteristic is rural, and any alterations in the agricultural sector ultimately impacts the rural villages economically, socially and politically.
Montgomery multiplication using CUDA

Modular multiplication is useful in many areas of number theory; the most well-known being cryptography. In order to encrypt or decrypt a document using either RSA or ECC encryption algorithms which perform long chains of multiplication modulo N. To factor large numbers many factoring algorithms have long multiplication chains modulo N, where N is a prime number. In our paper, we implement a highly optimized systolic Montgomery multiplication algorithm in order to provide high performance modular multiplications. We develop our algorithm using NVIDIAs general-purpose parallel programming model called CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) for NVIDIA GPUs (Graphics Processing Units). Our implementation can perform up to 338.15 million multiplications per second using a GTX 660 and 475.66 using a GTX 670 with 256 bit numbers. While using 1024-bit numbers the GTX 660 can perform 20.15 million multiplications per second and the GTX 670 can perform 27.89 million multiplications per second. When using 2048-bit numbers, the GTX 660 can perform 4.96 million multiplications per second and the GTX 670 can perform 6.78 million multiplications per second. We also show that our version is faster than previous implemented multiprecision Montgomery multiplication algorithms, while also providing an intuitive data representation.
Sense and non-sense

There exists a broad and going range of combinations of sensing technologies, targets, applications and possessors. Threats derived from such combinations are unbounded by the cultural processes and moral expectations of the US or of other companion societies. The need to sense various phenomena in the face of these realities is astoundingly broad and diverse. Fortunately, the potential combinations of sensing technologies, computational power and adaptability of national security officials can be tailored to meet these challenges. Threat possibilities will drive national security community members toward new paradigms.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Variability in Faunal Assemblages: The Influence of Hunting Skill, Sharing, Dogs, and Mode of Cooking on Faunal Remains at a Sedentary Kalahari Community

Abstract Variability in faunal assemblages from different sites and/or from different time periods is often attributed to economic or taphonomic factors. The role of sharing on faunal remain distributions is compared to other factors that have been suggested to influence these distributions, such as hunting skill. Faunal species and skeletal elements are compared among three hunter—gatherer camps that form a sharing network. These are contrasted with those of two other hunter—gatherer camps located at the same Kalahari community occupied by an unusual family that is a relative isolate in terms of sharing. The effect of sharing on equalizing variation in hunting success as reflected in the faunal remain inventory is explored from the five camps inventoried in 1990. Complicating factors which tend to affect faunal remain frequencies are also examined, such as cooking technique and dogs. All faunal remains visible on the surface of each camp were recorded according to species, element or fragment portion, age (mature or immature), and, when possible, side. At all but one camp, surface faunal remains were recorded both before and after ethnographic observations during the dry season of 1990. In addition to hunting success, all occurrences of sharing and consumption of meat were recorded during these observation periods and those conducted on and off between 1987 and 1992. Although participation in a sharing network obscures differences in hunting skill in the archaeological record, sharing impacts on faunal assemblages in interesting ways that are potentially archaeologically visible. Sharing in strongly egalitarian societies levels unequal hunting skill that could otherwise affect faunal remain frequencies, taxa richness, meat weight, and other indices measured here. In these societies, sharing reinforces social bonding between kin and friends in ways that help unit families from different camps. Zooarchaeologists have become accustomed to high levels of confidence in their inferences about the origins, functions, and responses to stress of animal remains. This confidence rests on the causal and functional links between attributes of these remains and the processes and contexts which generate them. Their investigations are presently moving toward wider inferences about the context and functions of bones in ancient hominids' behavioral systems… Zooarchaeologists now need a different set of inferential strategies than that which characterized their preceding phase of research. (Gifford 1991:215)
Modified bead‐spring theory of polymer solutions. IV. Extension to polymer melts

A constitutive equation which has proven quite successful in describing the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of dilute polymer solutions is extended to the case of molten polymers. The techniques utilized and similar to those discussed by Ferry in a similar adaptation of the Rouse–Zimm Theory. The resulting model is found to quantitatively portray the shear rate dependence of the non-Newtonian viscosity and primary normal stress functions and the frequency dependence of the storage and loss moduli. Extensional flow data reported by Spearot and Metzner for two polyethylenes are well described, using parameters calculated from steady shearing measurements. Of major significance is the ability of the model to account for influences of molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and temperature.
Molecular characterization of a novel cDNA from murine cerebellum, developmental expression, and distribution in brain.

Abstract Several novel cDNA clones were previously identified by immunoscreening a cerebellar cDNA expression library derived from heterozygous weaver (wv/ +) mice at postnatal day one (P1) with an antigranule cell antiserum. One cDNA, GCAP-8 (granule cell antiserum-positive clone 8) has been further characterized. The 1.1 kb insert is a partial cDNA containing a segment near the 3′ end of the full-length cDNA. The 5′ end of the GCAP-8 cDNA contains a 259 nucleotide open reading frame (ORF) coding for the last 85 amino acids of the carboxy terminus of the encoded protein. The encoded polypeptide contains two highly hydrophobic segments interrupted by a basic stretch. The carboxy terminus of this protein is cysteine-rich, with 10 cysteine residues among the 85 amino acids. The GCAP-8 cDNA probably represents a single-copy gene. The GCAP-8 gene, designated Gcap1, was mapped to the distal region of mouse chromosome 5 by the analyses of two multilocus crosses. The distribution of the GCAP-8 mRNA in mouse brain was studied by in situ hybridization histochemistry. In the adult mouse brain, strong hybridization was detected in cerebellum, hippocampus, substantia nigra (SN), and cerebral cortex. In mouse cerebellum, hybridization was detected in granule cells, Purkinje cells, and in cells of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN). In human cerebellum, hybridization was detected in the granule cell layer. In the mouse, GCAP-8 is expressed at least as early as embryonic day 14 (E14) in the central nervous system (CNS).
Localization of Lactic Dehydrogenase Isozymes in Lysosomal Fraction of the Neutrophil of Normal Human Blood

THE lysosomal fraction of the leucocyte is the principal source of peroxidase and hydrolases1, and our unpublished results show that it also contains lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) usually found in the soluble compartment of cells. Vesell and Bearn2 and Vesell and Osterland et al.3 have shown that whole homogenates and sonicates of the leucocyte contain four isozymes of lactic dehydrogenase. In this communication we shall show that the isozymes of lactic dehydrogenase of the human white cell are bound to the particulate of the lysosomal fraction, and that this accounts for all the isozymes of the white cell.
Use of Clinically Available PPAR Agonists for Heart Failure; Do the Risks Outweigh the Potential Benefits?

PPAR agonists represent a heterogeneous group of compounds that have been used in the treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases for over thirty years. While the primary indications for PPAR agonist therapy focus on hyperlipidemia and diabetes, there is a growing body of pre-clinical data that suggests they may be beneficial in the treatment of heart failure; a disease marked by abnormal myocardial metabolism, fibrosis and insulin insensitivity. PPAR agonist treatment in numerous animal models of systolic heart failure have demonstrated improvement in cardiac function with decreased fibrosis, improved contractility and endothelial function. However, considerable controversy exists on the cardiac safety profile of PPAR agonists, particularly concern for inducing lipotoxicty and precipitating or worsening heart failure. In addition during pre-clinical testing, many compounds have been associated with increased death and adverse cardiovascular outcomes casting a pall over their future use for treating disorders of myocardial function. This article will review cardiac pathways involved in PPAR activation and their potential regulation of maladaptive pathways involved in heart failure and highlight molecular mechanisms that may contribute to adverse events and raise safety concerns. Specific attention will be focused on PPAR alpha and gamma, subtypes for which commercially available PPAR agonists are currently available.
Three-dimensional surface reconstruction of tree canopy from lidar point clouds using a region-based level set method

In this article, a novel method is proposed for three-dimensional 3D canopy surface reconstruction of trees using a region-based level set method. Both individual tree crowns and clusters of trees are first marked for further exploration. Multiple horizontal slices corresponding to different heights are obtained. The 3D structure of tree canopy is built using raw data from lidar point clouds. Also, new applications are proposed based on the new method for 3D forest reconstruction. The biomass parameters of the forest, including tree intersection area, tree equivalent crown radius, and canopy volume, can be calculated from stacking 2D slices of trees. Tree types are also identified and classified. The results indicate that this approach is effective for 3D surface reconstruction of forests including individual trees and clusters of trees, and that critical forest parameters such as tree intersection area, tree position, and canopy volume can be derived for the evaluation and measurement of biophysical parameters of forests.
A 63-year-old woman with a 2-month history of dyspnea.

(CHEST 2000; 117:1505‐1507) A 63-year-old woman presented with a 2-month history of progressive dyspnea and a 5-kg weight loss. She had no cough, hemoptysis, or chest pain. There was no history of anorexia, diarrhea, or abdominal pain. She had a 20-pack-year history of smoking but had stopped 20 years prior to presentation. The patient’s medical history was otherwise unremarkable. On physical examination, mucous membranes, temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and BP were normal. The results of auscultation of the lung and heart were normal. There were no abdominal, rectal, or breast masses palpated, and there was no adenopathy. All laboratory tests, including WBC count, RBC count, and hemoglobin level, were normal. The chest radiograph showed a well-circumscribed soft-tissue mass overlying the left hilum (Fig 1). Contrast-enhanced chest CT revealed a solitary periaortic mass of heterogeneous attenuation in the posterior aspect of the left hemithorax. The mass displaced the left lower lobe bronchus and partially encased the descending aorta (Fig 2). There were no other parenchymal abnormalities, mediastinal or hilar adenopathies, or pleural effusions. The results of transbronchial and transthoracic needle aspiration biopsies of the mass were nondiagnostic. A videoassisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy was performed.
Effects of extracellular pH on tumour necrosis factor-α production by resident alveolar macrophages

Cellular acid-base status has been found to exert selective actions on the effector functions of activated macrophages (mphi). We examined the effects of extracellular pH (pH(o)) on the production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in resident alveolar mphi. Cells were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of rabbits, activated in vitro with LPS, and cultured at pH(o) 5.5, 6.5 or 7.4 for up to 18 h. The relative abundance of TNF-alpha mRNA peaked at approximately 2 h. The peak transcript abundance was increased at lower pH(o) values. This finding probably reflected pre-transcription/transcription effects of pH, in as much as the stability of TNF-alpha mRNA induced with phorbol ester was unaffected by the experimental pH(o) values. TNF-alpha secretion by LPS-treated mphi decreased at lower pH(o) values. The TNF-alpha content of mphi-conditioned media decreased progressively with decrements in pH(o). The reduced TNF-alpha secretion at pH(o) 5.5 was accompanied by an increase in the cytosolic TNF-alpha content (compared with that at pH(o) 7.4), indicating that pH(o) altered TNF-alpha secretion due, in part, to the intracellular retention of synthesized cytokine (i.e. a post-translation effect). The data show that pH(o) has multiple effects (pre-transcription/transcription and post-translation) on TNF-alpha production induced by LPS in resident alveolar mphi. These results suggest that the role of alveolar mphi in inflammatory responses is modulated by pH(o), which may be important in tumours/abscesses and sites of infection where the external milieu is acidic.
Opponent-colors approach to color rendering

Starting with an opponent-colors formulation of color vision, two parameters, t^ and d^, may be defined that express an illuminant’s ability to realize red–green and blue–yellow contrasts of objects. For instance, calculation of t^ and d^ for daylight shows that on a gray day, color contrasts are actually reduced. By these measures, many common vapor-discharge illuminants systematically distort object colors. Because red–green contrasts contribute to border distinctness, and both types of color contrast contribute to brightness, such systematic distortions probably affect the overall clarity and brightness of what is perceived visually. Experimental data are consistent with this idea. In relation to color-constancy (retinex) experiments, it is approximately true that the visual system discounts the color of an illuminant but not its t^ and d^.
Office-based anesthesia: Anesthetic techniques, drug selection, and discharge criteria

Office-based anesthesia inherently possesses a number of unique challenges. Providing an effective anesthetic in this venue requires the use of fast-acting anesthetic agents with a high safety profile and minimal recovery time. Regardless of the anesthetic technique or specific agents selected, considerations for patient safety, rapid emergence, and prompt discharge are always of paramount importance. Additionally the anesthesiologist must consider issues such as postoperative pain and nausea and vomiting. In this article, anesthetic considerations and technical requirements to accomplish these objectives are discussed.
Lessons from "unexpected increased mortality after implementation of a commercially sold computerized physician order entry system"

We are writing in response to the article “Unexpected Increased Mortality After Implementation of a Commercially Sold Computerized Physician Order Entry System” by Han et al.1 The authors are to be congratulated for their courage in bringing their compelling account of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) implementation problems to the medical literature as they tried to interpret their results concerning mortality. Their article is as much a search for answers as it is a recitation of the shortfalls in their implementation process and computer systems. It is critically important to understand that the types of problems described by Han et al are not limited to their institution. In fact, setbacks and failures in the implementation of clinical information systems (CISs) and CPOE systems are all too common (eg, see refs 2–4). Although it is tempting to focus solely on the role of new technology in the problems highlighted by this example, there are also important lessons to be learned about related organizational and workflow factors that affect the potential for danger associated with CPOE implementation. There are many previous publications about troubled or failed implementations. The account by Han et al is unique in that an adverse change in mortality rate was associated in time with CIS and CPOE implementation. We may question the study's methodology and conclude that causality was not proven, yet the assignment of CPOE to a severity-adjusted odds ratio of 3.71 for patient death simply cannot be ignored. Regardless of what was or was not proven, if only one unnecessary death were caused by the implementation process or CIS and CPOE modules, that is one too many. The question that must be asked is how can intelligent and well-intentioned leaders at all levels of an institution make the kind of implementation … Address correspondence to Dean F. Sittig, PhD, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, 3800 N Interstate Ave, Portland, OR 97227. E-mail: dean.f.sittig{at}kp.org
Psychopathology correlates of binge eating and binge eating disorder

The present study examined the psychopathology associated with binge eating disorder (BED), a new diagnostic category proposed for DSM-IV to classify patients with significant binge eating problems in the absence of purging. Self-report measures of psychopathology (e.g., depression, anxiety) and body image disturbance were administered to 72 women who prospectively (1) met criteria for BED (DSM-IV criteria), (2) reported frequent bingeing but did not meet BED criteria, and (3) denied problems with eating. Subjects satisfying BED criteria reported higher levels of psychopathology than normals on all measures and subclinical binge eaters scored between these two groups, but they were closer to subjects without eating problems. The pattern of results was essentially unchanged when corrected for weight. BED subjects and subclinical binge eaters were less satisfied with their bodies than were normal controls. These findings suggest that BED is not only characterized by frequent bingeing, but more importantly is associated with elevated psychopathology. Overall, these results lend support to the diagnostic criteria proposed for BED.
THz absorption spectrum of explosive material 2,4-DNT obtained by THz differential time domain spectroscopy

Certain commonly used solid explosive materials have absorption resonances in THz frequency range. We measured absorption spectrum of 2,4-DNT by differential THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-DTDS) and conventional THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). Differential method enhances the sensitivity and reduces the influence of water vapor absorption.
Marketing classic theater in a competitive market of entertainments

Abstract Classic theater patrons’ preferences toward a variety of competing, live-entertainment events were investigated in this study. Classic theater patrons were asked to rank 12 non-hypothetical equivalently priced packages of tickets for both classical and contemporary entertainment events according to their preferences. The result of multidimensional scaling (MDS) suggested two dimensions of preference: cultural degree and durability. Cluster analysis of respondent points from MDS returned three clusters, each showing a uniquely strong preference for either sport, classics, or romance. Implications for innovative retailing services and for market-oriented strategy were drawn from the findings.