cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Hardwood Smoke Exposure on Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice

Hardwood smoke (HWS) from wood burning stoves and fireplaces can be a significant contributor to the composition of ambient air pollution. We hypothesize that the inhalation of HWS by ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice with preexisting lung inflammation leads to the exacerbation of allergic airway responses. Two different models were employed to characterize the effects of inhaled wood smoke on allergic airway inflammation. In both models, male BALB/c mice were sensitized by injection with OVA and alum. In one model, mice were challenged by inhalation with OVA 1 day prior to exposure to HWS (30, 100, 300, or 1000 μg particulate matter [PM]/m3) for 6 h/day on 3 consecutive days. In the other model, mice were exposed by inhalation to OVA, rested for 11 days, were exposed to HWS for 3 consecutive days, and then were exposed to OVA immediately after the final HWS exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and blood collection were performed ∼ 18 h after the last HWS or OVA exposure. HWS exposure after the final all...
Amperometric ATP Biosensors Based on Coimmobilizations of p -Hydroxybenzoate Hydroxylase, Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase, and Hexokinase on Clark-Type and Screen-Printed Electrodes

Two types of amperometric trienzyme ATP biosensors were developed based on new combinations of enzymes and electrodes by using the coimmobilizations of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase (HBH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), and hexokinase (HEX) on a Clark-type oxygen electrode and on a screen-printed electrode. The principles of the determinations are as follows: HEX transfers the phosphate group from ATP to glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate. G6PDH catalyzes the specific dehydrogenation of glucose-6-phosphate by consuming NADP+. The product, NADPH initiates the irreversible hydroxylation of p-hydroxybenzoate by HBH to consume dissolved oxygen which results in a detectable signal on a Clark-type electrode and generate 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoate which results in a detectable signal on a screen-printed electrode. Both sensors show high-performance characteristics with broad detection ranges, short measuring times and good specificities.
Monitoring network QoS in a dynamic real-time system

This paper presents our design and tests of a realtime network monitoring program for DeSiDeRaTa, an existing resource management system. This monitor will assist DeSiDeRaTa in maintaining an acceptable Quality of Service (QoS) for groups of real-time applications by reporting the communication delays caused by inadequate network bandwidth. The network monitoring application we developed uses SNMP and network topology information gleaned from the DeSiDeRaTa application specification files. Network bandwidth utilization of each real-time communication path is computed, and experiments have been run to demonstrate the accuracy of these measurements.
The Year in Cardiovascular Surgery

This paper highlights information from cardiovascular surgical articles published in 2006 that are likely to have a broad impact on the practice of cardiovascular specialists in years ahead. Preference was given to articles that are innovative in purpose, thoughtful in design, and definitive in conclusions.
Regional fluid flow as a factor in the thermal history of the Illinois basin: Constraints from fluid inclusions and the maturity of Pennsylvanian coals

Vitrinite reflectance measurements on Pennsylvanian coals in the Illinois basin indicate significantly higher thermal maturity than can be explained by present-day burial depths. An interval of additional sedimentary section, now removed by erosion, has been suggested to account for the discrepancy. Although burial could indeed account for the observed maturity levels of organic matter, fluid-inclusion temperatures provide a stringent additional constraint. In this article, we combine measurements of coal maturity with fluid-inclusion temperatures from three sites to constrain the basin's thermal and burial history: the Fluorspar district at the Illinois basin's southern margin, the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc district at the basin's northern margin, and a north-central location. Two-dimensional numerical modeling of a north-south cross section through the basin tests scenarios both with and without regional fluid flow. Vitrinite reflectance values can be matched assuming burial by 1.8-2.8 km of southward-thickening additional, post-Pennsylvanian sedimentary section. In the central and northern Illinois basin, however, these burial depths and temperatures are not sufficient to account for the fluid-inclusion data. To account for both parameters with burial alone does not appear feasible. In contrast, our best hypothesis assumes a wedge of post-Pennsylvanian sediment-thickening southward to about 1.2 km and a brief period of magmatism in the Fluorspar district. Significant advective heat redistribution by northward regional fluid flow accounts for fluid-inclusion temperatures and coal maturities throughout the basin. The modeling results demonstrate the potential contribution of advective heat transport to the thermal history of the Illinois basin. (Begin page 258)
Neuroanatomical substrates of social cognition dysfunction in autism

In this review article, we summarize recent progress toward understanding the neural structures and circuitry underlying dysfunctional social cognition in autism. We review selected studies from the growing literature that has used the functional neuroimaging techniques of cognitive neuroscience to map out the neuroanatomical substrates of social cognition in autism. We also draw upon functional neuroimaging studies with neurologically normal individuals and individuals with brain lesions to highlight the insights these studies offer that may help elucidate the search for the neural basis of social cognition deficits in autism. We organize this review around key brain structures that have been implicated in the social cognition deficits in autism: (1) the amygdala, (2) the superior temporal sulcus region, and (3) the fusiform gyrus. We review some of what is known about the contribution of each structure to social cognition and then review autism studies that implicate that particular structure. We conclude with a discussion of several potential future directions in the cognitive neuroscience of social deficits in autism.
Cataracts and personal communication radiation

The induction of cataracts or formation of lens opacity in the human eye has often been incriminated as a possible hazard of human exposure to personal communication radiation and microwave radiation in general. In the case of cell phones, some concerns have been expressed when the user holds the cell-phone handset, or the microwave radiating device, directly in front of the face, exposing the eye to a straight-on incidence of the cell-phone radiation.
Reduced seizure control due to spoiled phenytoin capsules

Subtherapeutic phenytoin serum levels and loss of seizure control occurred in a 31-year-old man due to decreased bioavailability of oral drug. During storage at extreme temperatures, physical changes of the phenytion capsule resulted in altered dissolution characteristics so that only 50% dissolution occurred at 180 minutes compared with 95% in 120 minutes for control capsules. Similar changes were produced in fresh capsules within seven days at high temperature and humidity. The affected patient has metabolic responses to phenytoin that produce marked fluctuations in serum levels with changes in dose. Altered phenytoin serum concentrations may occur with minor dose changes in such patients despite good compliance.
Cognitive complexity and group performance.

Abstract : A study was conducted to determine if leaders with high cognitive complexity scores had better performance and manifest different behavior than leaders with low complexity scores. The results indicated how the performance of groups with high complexity leaders was significantly better than groups with low complexity leaders and how high complexity leaders seemed to show more variance in their behavior over four task settings.
When can scientific studies promote consensus among conflicting stakeholders

While scientific studies may help conflicting stakeholders come to agreement on a best management option or policy, often they do not. We review the factors affecting trust in the efficacy and objectivity of scientific studies in an analytical-deliberative process where conflict is present, and show how they may be incorporated in an extension to the traditional Bayesian decision model. The extended framework considers stakeholders who differ in their prior beliefs regarding the probability of possible outcomes (in particular, whether a proposed technology is hazardous), differ in their valuations of these outcomes, and differ in their assessment of the ability of a proposed study to resolve the uncertainty in the outcomes and their hazards--as measured by their perceived false positive and false negative rates for the study. The Bayesian model predicts stakeholder-specific preposterior probabilities of consensus, as well as pathways for increasing these probabilities, providing important insights into the value of scientific information in an analytic-deliberative decision process where agreement is sought. It also helps to identify the interactions among perceived risk and benefit allocations, scientific beliefs, and trust in proposed scientific studies when determining whether a consensus can be achieved. The article provides examples to illustrate the method, including an adaptation of a recent decision analysis for managing the health risks of electromagnetic fields from high voltage transmission lines.
Donepezil May Reduce Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) Levels in Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVE Determine if donepezil will raise the insulin-like growth factor-1 levels of patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. DESIGN In an outpatient setting, recruit amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease patients who were to start treatment with donepezil. Measure total serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels before and after 3-6 months of treatment. RESULTS Twenty-four patients were recruited. After a mean duration of 129 ± 37 days, 14 patients returned taking 5 mg (n=4) or 10 mg (n=10) donepezil per day. Twelve patients experienced decreases in their insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, one had no change, and one experienced an increase. Their mean insulin-like growth factor-1 level dropped by 13%, from 113 ± 31 ng/ml to 98 ± 28 ng/ml (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Contrary to the expected increase in insulin-like growth factor-1 levels in response to donepezil that has been reported for normal elderly adults, our patients experienced decreases. This finding suggests that the somatotropic axis is altered in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease relative to normal older adults.
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the fmr1-/y Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome

Abstract Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by transcriptional silencing of the fmr1 gene resulting in the loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression. FXS patients display several behavioral phenotypes associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction. Voltage-gated ion channels, some of which are regulated by FMRP, heavily influence PFC neuron function. Although there is evidence for brain region-specific alterations to the function a single type of ion channel in FXS, it is unclear whether subtypes of principal neurons within a brain region are affected uniformly. We tested for alterations to ion channels critical in regulating neural excitability in two subtypes of prefrontal L5 pyramidal neurons. Using somatic and dendritic patch-clamp recordings, we provide evidence that the functional expression of h-channels ( I h ) is down-regulated, whereas A-type K + channel function is up-regulated in pyramidal tract-projecting (PT) neurons in the fmr1-/y mouse PFC. This is the opposite pattern of results from published findings from hippocampus where I h is up-regulated and A-type K + channel function is down-regulated. Additionally, we find that somatic Kv1-mediated current is down-regulated, resulting in increased excitability of fmr1-/y PT neurons. Importantly, these h- and K + channel differences do not extend to neighboring intratelencephalic-projecting neurons. Thus, the absence of FMRP has divergent effects on the function of individual types of ion channels not only between brain regions, but also variable effects across cell types within the same brain region. Given the importance of ion channels in regulating neural circuits, these results suggest cell-type-specific phenotypes for the disease.
Producing Results: An Analysis of the New Production Activities Deduction

Gary Hecimovich, partner; Michael Danilack, Thomas Mahoney, and Jan Skelton, principals; and Mark Garay, director, all of the Washington National Tax office of Deloitte Tax LLP, are the primary authors of this report. The American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-357) established new IRC section 199, which permits taxpayers to claim a deduction from taxable income attributable to domestic production activities. This special report provides an overview of section 199, which is effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2004, and recent Treasury guidance on the same issue. It provides observations that: (1) put in context the meaning of many of the new law's complex and often novel tax concepts; (2) identify common issues and opportunities that business taxpayers may encounter; and (3) suggest actions taxpayers should take to improve their ability to take full and appropriate advantage of the new deduction. This article does not constitute tax, legal, or other advice from Deloitte Tax LLP, which assumes no responsibility with respect to assessing or advising the reader as to tax, legal, or other consequences arising from the reader's particular situation.
Abstract TP435: Junctional Adhesion Molecule-a Deficiency Attenuate Leukocytes Trafficking And Inflammation In Brain Ischemic /reperfusion Injury

Background: Brain ischemic reperfusion (I/R) injury elicits an intense inflammatory response that causes secondary brain damage. Proinflammatory mediators trigger intensive inflammatory remodeling of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that includes extensive changes of the brain endothelial cell surface and alteration of junctional complex in order to “receive and support” leukocyte migration into the brain parenchyma. Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) is component of the brain endothelial junctional complex with dual role: the occlusion of the paracellular route and regulation of leukocyte docking and migration. In this study we have examined contribution of JAM-A in developing the postischemic inflammatory response. Method: Brain I/R injury was induced by transient occlusion of middle cerebral artery (tMCAO) for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 0-7 days. JAM-A role in brain I/R injury was investigated in condition of presence JAM-A on brain endothelial cells, JAM-A absence (JAM-A knockout -KO- mice) or in condition of inhibition via administration of JAM-A antagonist peptide (JAM-Ap, 1mg/ml), 6 hrs after tMCAO and for 6 consecutive days. Leukocytes infiltration was estimated by FACS analysis. The inflammatory mediators expression was evaluated by protein array, RT-PCR and ELISA. Result: I/R-induced neutrophils transmigration was attenuated in both JAM-A-KO mice as well as in mice treated with JAM-Ap whereas transmigration of monocytes and T cells was JAM-A independent. Consequently with that, expression of inflammatory mediators was reduced in area of penumbra. JAM-A-KO and mice treated with JAM-Ap showed the reduction of infarct size and significantly improved neurological score. BBB permeability was reduced by the treatment with JAM-Ap. Conclusion: JAM-A has a prominent role in regulation of neutrophils infiltration after brain I/R injury and could be a new target in limiting the postischemic inflammation.
Cocaine psychoses: a continuum model

The author describes an orderly progression of clinical syndromes (euphoria, dysphoria, paranoid psychosis) with cocaine use that is related to dosage, chronicity, and genetic and experiential predispositions. That affective alternations are caused by a drug which also produces a schizophreniform psychosis suggests a continuum with implications for understanding the endogenous psychoses. The author emphasizes that alternations in the same neurotransmitter substances may be involved in these multiple psychiatric syndromes, which contrasts with previous "one illness, one transmitter" models. Language: en
The effect of expandable polyvinyl acetate packing for preventing stenosis of the frontal sinus ostium.

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of repeated expandable polyvinyl acetate (EPA) packing for preventing stenosis of the frontal sinus ostium after patients undergo function...
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BASIC PROTEIN ASSOCIATED WITH DNA IN MAMMALIAN SPERMATOZOA.

SummaryNone of the fractions obtained from porcine spermatozoa resembled the classical histones or protamines in amino acid content when two different isolation procedures were utilized. A physical attack on the keratin by glass beads appeared to give inadequate penetration to release the other proteins of this cell. A chemical attack with per formic acid appeared quite adequate. Much of the protein in this cell is a basic keratin. The properties of such a protein would allow it to protect the DNA during its journey to the ovum.
The Logistic Growth of Political Areas

between the type of situation described qualitatively and the type of needed leader. As yet, our qualitative tools to accomplish this have not been sufficiently refined. One step to accomplish this has been taken by the school of thought following Kurt Lewin's analysis of topological constructs. One disciple, Brown, has discussed leadership and the characteristics of the leader in terms of the field theory. For Brown, the leader is merely a region of high potential in the social field and carries with him the characteristics of the other elements in the field. It is for this reason that Brown discards talk of general leadership qualities. Only by analysis of each individual leadership situation expressed in terms of the existing field situation can any characteristics be thought of. This viewpoint would lead to another conclusion; namely, that the characteristics of leadership undergo changes as the field structure undergoes a change. This may have some bearing on explanation of the changes in leadership and the different characteristics of succeeding leaderships. Ultimately, the leader and his characteristics represent the group itself and are not at variance with its characteristics. These ideas, together with the line of attack developed by Munson and Nafe, rather than the work done on specific traits, as exemplified by Hanawalt and Richardson, seem at the present the most suitable, working hypothesis of the characteristics of the leader.
Partial and complete agenesis or malformation of the sacrum with associated anomalies; etiologic and clinical study with special reference to heredity; a preliminary report.

1. Fifty cases of complete or partial agenesis or malformation of the sacrum with associated anomalies have been reported. These include members of the Mexican, Negro, and white population.2. In thirty-two cases reported there is complete absence of the saerum and coccyx, and in eighteen there is pa
Slow weight gain and low milk supply in the breastfeeding dyad.

Maternal perception of insufficient milk is a widespread phenomenon in modern breastfeeding. This article addresses underlying physiology, feeding patterns, growth patterns, and medical complications as they impact milk supply and infant growth. The complexity of mother-infant factors leads to a broad differential diagnosis. Problem-oriented management is discussed with the goal of preventing low milk supply, intervening promptly for feeding problems, promoting infant growth, and preserving the breastfeeding relationship.
Loss of Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Limiting Encephalitogenic CD4 T-Cell Expansion.

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of human multiple sclerosis (MS), is mediated by myelin-specific autoreactive T cells that cause inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS), with significant contributions from activated microglia and macrophages. The molecular bases for expansion and activation of these cells, plus trafficking to the CNS for peripheral cells, are not fully understood. Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (Aif-1) (also known as ionized Ca2+ binding adapter-1 [Iba-1]) is induced in leukocytes in MS and EAE; here we provide the first assessment of Aif-1 function in this setting. After myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35–55) immunization, Aif-1–deficient mice were less likely than controls to develop EAE and had less CNS leukocyte infiltration and demyelination; their spinal cords contained fewer CD4 T cells and microglia and more CD8 T cells. These mice also showed significantly less splenic CD4 T-cell expansion and activation, plus decreased proinflammatory cytokine expression. These findings identify Aif-1 as a potent molecule that promotes expansion and activation of CD4 T cells, plus elaboration of a proinflammatory cytokine milieu, in MOG35–55-induced EAE and as a potential therapeutic target in MS.
Work Engagement Toward a General Theoretical Enriching Model

This article proposes a theoretical model linking the relatively new concept of work engagement to three major domains of employees’ lives—work, personal life, and community—and demonstrates the ad...
Modulation of Inflammatory Response and Induction of Bone Formation Based on Combinatorial Effects of Resveratrol

The success of bone tissue engineering strategies critically depends on the rapid formation of a mature vascular network in the scaffolds after implantation. Conventional methods to accelerate the infiltration of host vasculature into the scaffolds need to consider the role of host response in regulation of bone tissue ingrowth and extent of vascularization. The long term goal of this study was to harness the potential of inflammatory response to enhance angiogenesis and bone formation in three dimensional (3D) scaffolds. Towards this goal, we explored the use of resveratrol, a natural compound commonly used in complementary medicine, to enable the concurrently (i) Mediate M1 to M2 macrophage plasticity, (ii) Impart natural release of angiogenic factors by macrophages and (iii) Enhance osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). We mapped the time-dependent response of macrophage gene expression as well as hMSC osteogenic differentiation to varying doses of resveratrol. The utility of this approach was evaluated in 3D Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) sintered microsphere scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Our results altogether delineate the potential to synergistically accelerate angiogenic factor release and upregulate osteogenic signaling pathways by “dialing” the appropriate degree of resveratrol release.
Piezoelectric Films for MEMS Applications

Piezoelectric thin films are attractive for applications in MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) due to the combination of high energy density and low power requirements relative to other on-chip actuation mechanisms. As such, they can be utilized for applications as diverse as the pumping systems in miniature analytical instrumentation, high sensitivity accelerometers and hydrophones, miniature motors, and high frequency biomedical ultrasound, for example. Critical in all of these applications is the magnitude of the electromechanical response that can be generated. This paper will focus on the factors which affect the measured piezoelectric response of ferroelectric thin films. Particular emphasis will be placed on the effects of substrate clamping, clamping of the extrinsic contributions to the properties, and the role of preferred polarization directions in increasing the long-term reliability of ferroelectric films for piezoelectric applications.
HYDRODYNAMICS AND DISPERSION NEAR BOUNDING SURFACES OF POROUS MEDIA

This chapter provides an overview of hydrodynamics and dispersion near bounding surfaces of a porous media. There are many problems in which fluid flow and heat transfer occur through the bounding surfaces of the porous media. These velocity and heat flux vectors may be parallel or perpendicular to the bounding surfaces or may be at an arbitrary angle. The chapter reviews the recent treatments of fluid and heat flow near the interface of a porous and a plain medium. The plain medium is occupied by a solid or a fluid. The chapter also discusses the Brinkman continuum treatment of the interface, the Beavers-Joseph slip treatment, and a direct simulation of the flow for a two-dimensional porous medium. The chapter also discusses the recent results for dispersion in the porous media, and reviews the anisotropy in the dispersion tensor and its nonuniformity near the solid-bounding surfaces. A general energy equation for porous media that includes the dispersion effects can be obtained by averaging the local energy equation over a representative elementary volume.. The chapter discusses a semi-empirical treatment based on the velocity slip, a theoretical treatment for interfacial hydrodynamics, another semi-empirical treatment based on an effective viscosity, and a general, two-dimensional direct simulation. Their experimental results showed that the slip velocity could be correlated with the square root of the permeability and with the velocity gradient in the fluid layer evaluated at the interface. The idea behind the construction of such a correlation was the notion of continuity in the shear stress across the interface. The nonuniformities in the phase distribution at and near the bounding surface, and its effects on the fluid flow and heat transfer were most significant if the primary heat transfer was through these surfaces.
Significant role for microRNA-21 affecting toll-like receptor pathway in primary graft dysfunction after human lung transplantation.

Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) were recently identified as modulators of immune responses after human lung transplantation (LTx). This study was undertaken to assess the contribution of miRNAs to the pathogenesis of primary graft dysfunction (PGD) after LTx. Methods Of the 39 recipients, 14 (35.9%) developed Grade 3 PGD (i.e., severe PGD) within the first 72 hours of LTx. The remaining 25 recipients (64.1%) had Grade 2 or less PGD, and served as the control group. miRNAs were isolated from cells purified by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Bioinformatic prediction and validation by luciferase reporter assays were performed to identify targets regulated by miR-21. Transfection of human monocytic cell line (THP-1) was conducted to determine miR-21's cellular function. Results Pilot miRNA profiling of donor BAL samples before implantation in PGD ( n = 6) revealed significant upregulation in 44 miRNAs and downregulation in 80 miRNAs compared with control ( n = 6). Validation using a separate cohort demonstrated significant underexpression of miR-21 in patients with severe PGD. Furthermore, underexpression of miR-21 levels was negatively correlated with clinical PGD grades (Grade 2 PGD vs Grade 0 PGD: p = 0.042; Grade 3 PGD vs Grade 0 PGD: p = 0.004). Molecular analysis demonstrated that miR-21 targeted key components in the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, including TLR4, IRAK3 and CXCL10. Further, incubation of THP-1 cells with cell-free BAL from severe PGD resulted in transactivation of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In contrast, increased expression of miR-21 resulted in marked suppression of IL-1-β and TNF-α production. Conclusions Underexpression of miR-21 may lead to the development of severe PGD by activating key components of the TLR pathway.
Electrical Guidance Efficiency of Downstream-Migrating Juvenile Sea Lampreys Decreases with Increasing Water Velocity

AbstractWe tested the efficacy of a vertically oriented field of pulsed direct current (VEPDC) created by an array of vertical electrodes for guiding downstream-moving juvenile Sea Lampreys Petromyzon marinus to a bypass channel in an artificial flume at water velocities of 10–50 cm/s. Sea Lampreys were more likely to be captured in the bypass channel than in other sections of the flume regardless of electric field status (on or off) or water velocity. Additionally, Sea Lampreys were more likely to be captured in the bypass channel when the VEPDC was active; however, an interaction between the effects of VEPDC and water velocity was observed, as the likelihood of capture decreased with increases in water velocity. The distribution of Sea Lampreys shifted from right to left across the width of the flume toward the bypass channel when the VEPDC was active at water velocities less than 25 cm/s. The VEPDC appeared to have no effect on Sea Lamprey distribution in the flume at water velocities greater than 25 c...
Continuous-Flow Magnetic Cell Sorting Using Soluble Immunomagnetic Label

Soluble immunomagnetic labels in application to cell sorting offer potential advantages of binding in proportion to cell surface receptor density, and thus high sensitivity. These advantages could be fully realized in magnetic cell sorting systems based on continuous, steady-state cell separation rather than by cell deposition on magnetic surfaces as it is practiced today. Two continuous-flow magnetic cell sorting systems based on the dipole and the quadrupole magnetic fields were designed, built and tested. The cell model system comprised human peripheral lymphocytes, mouse anti-human cytotoxic T cell monoclonal antibody-fluorescein, and rat anti-mouse immunomagnetic colloid. Changes in the fractional concentration of the cytotoxic T cells before and after magnetic fractionation were measured by flow cytometry. The preliminary results indicated sensitivity of the continuous-flow cell separation following magnetic immunocolloid labeling to population distribution of the cell label.
Improving Efficiency and Quality in a Computerized ICU

Abstract Ongoing efforts have been made to improve the efficiency and quality of care available in ICU's at LDS Hospital. ICU's have been computerized, and patient data collection, storage and presentation have been improved. Nurse care plans and charting have been computerized, and effects of these changes have been evaluated. Work sampling studies showed a decrease in direct patient care (49.1% to 43.2%) and an increase in nurse charting (18.2% to 24.2%) after implementation of computerized nurse charting. These changes were accounted for by a decrease in patient severity of illness. Implementation of the computerized nurse charting system had no significant impact on daily ICU nursing activities. Time savings are not automatic, but could be realized through management practices designed to maximize benefits of the nurse charting system and to make best use of available nursing resources.
Life in Public Bureaucracy: The Case of the Blue Carpet

Intraorganizational decision making is a part of the complexity of life in public bureaucracy, yet neither theory nor practice always provide guidelines for how staff specialists should respond to fellow employees who are their clientele. This article suggests that characteristics of bureaucracy are both strengths and weaknesses. They can be a means of guiding intraorganizational decision making as well as a means of delivering public service.
Corporate Governance: The Jack Wright Series (12) How Directors Get into Trouble

This brief case provides for a summary discussion of the ways Mega Corporation's board found itself in trouble and the actions that might have been taken to prevent the troubles. Excerpt UVA-OM-1094 Rev. May 16, 2011 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: THE JACK WRIGHT SERIES (12) How Directors Get into Trouble What major troubles overtook the Mega board? How did these situations come about? . . .
Lymphangioma of the rectum

Very little can be said about the natural history of this curious rectal lesion. It appears to be a true neoplasm, probably arising from lymphatics normally present in the rectum. No histologically or clinically malignant variant (lymphangiosarcoma) has been reported. The length of time the tumor is present prior to removal and the rate of growth are unknown. In the present case it is not known whether or not the tumor was present at the time of the previous hemorrhoidectomy.
GLOBAL JUNK: WHO IS TO BLAME FOR THE OBESITY EPIDEMIC?

I visited southern Belize for the first time in 1976. As an archaeology graduate student, I was assigned the task of digging test trenches in a newly discovered ancient city, right at the beginning of the rainy season. As my excavations flooded, I spent time sitting in nearby houses chatting with Q’eqchi’ Mayan people in the adjacent village. They convinced me to switch my career to cultural anthropology. Three years later, I returned to carry out research for my dissertation; I spent a year living in three different villages, helping people clear and plant their cornfields, tagging along on hunting and fishing expeditions, and engaging in many hours of chatting and interviewing people in their homes, often over a meal.
Associations of sleep-disordered breathing and cerebral changes on MRI.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Population-based studies have demonstrated associations between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), hypertension, and cardiovascular disease; few large-scale studies have examined associations of SDB with objective measures of cerebrovascular disease. This study tested the significance of associations of SDB with evidence of brain injury or ischemia determined by cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. DESIGN Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses in a nested sample of Cardiovascular Health Study participants in the Sleep Heart Health Study. PARTICIPANTS The 843 individuals (mean age 77, SD 4.3 years, 58% women) who had MRI studies as part of the Cardiovascular Health Study before and after polysomnography obtained as part of the Sleep Heart Health Study. MEASUREMENTS A 12-channel polysomnogram was used to derive indexes of sleep-disordered breathing. Repeated MRI measurements provided indexes of infarct (presence and size) and white matter disease. Logistic regression analyses were used to model MRI changes of infarct-like lesions and white matter disease as a function of age, baseline white matter grade, and indexes of central and obstructive sleep-disordered breathing. RESULTS Individuals who showed progression in white matter disease compared to those who did not were significantly more likely to show a Cheyne-Stokes respiration pattern and to have an increased number of central but not obstructive apneas. CONCLUSIONS An association between change in white matter grade and measures of central sleep apnea was demonstrated that was consistent with a causal pathway in which central sleep apnea contributes to the progression of white matter disease; alternatively, central sleep apnea may be a marker of subclinical cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease.
Lipid Mediators in Metabolic Syndrome and Neurological Disorders

Lipid mediators are important endogenous regulators of metabolism derived from enzymic and nonenzymic degradation of phospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol by phospholipases, sphingomyelinases, and cytochrome P450 hydroxylases, respectively. Oxidation of arachidonic acid generates eicosanoids, whereas oxidation of DHA generates docosanoids. Eicosanoids stimulate NF-κB activity and promote the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, whereas docosanoids directly or indirectly inhibit the activity of NF-κB and suppress inflammation. Diet plays an important role in the development of MetS, and nutritional modulation may alter the development of MetS. Studies on fatty acid composition indicate that MetS patients have high levels of saturated and n-6 fatty acids and low levels of n-3 fatty acids. This is because diet enriched in saturated fatty acids produces insulin resistance, whereas diet enriched in n-3 fatty acids retards insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is also promoted by diacylglycerol and ceramide, which are generated by enzymic degradation of PtdIns 4,5-bisphosphate and sphingomyelin, respectively. Accumulation of these lipid mediators interferes with leptin/insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis in visceral tissues and facilitates neurodegeneration in neurological disorders.
The Education of the Eye and the Experience of Art in Renaissance Italy

For twentieth-century viewers looking backward across the artistic revolution effected by Cezanne, Matisse, and Picasso, Renaissance painting seems unproblematically naturalistic, a representation of figures and events in a legible approximation of the real, three — dimensional world. Indeed this notion that Renaissance art attempts — with progressively greater success—to faithfully transcribe the appearance of the natural world first finds expression in the Renaissance itself. We see this, for instance, in Leon Battista Alberti’s 1435 comparison of painting to the reflective surface of the pool of Narcissus, or Giorgio Vasari’s 1568 account of Giotto, the founder of “modern” painting, who is said to have learned his art from nature itself.1
Catalytic C-H Activation on Silicon Dioxide Overlayer and Epitaxial Platinum Thin Film Catalysts: A Comparison.

Abstract Silicon dioxide overlayers on transition metal thin films are active catalysts for carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bond activation. The activity and selectivity of these silica thin film catalysts in H/D exchange reactions of saturated hydrocarbons with D 2 are comparable to variously oriented epitaxial platinum films. As with the platinum catalysts, perdeuteriation maxima in the isotopic distributions are observed with the silica film catalysts. In addition, a d 5 and d 6 maximum in cyclopentane and cyclohexane, respectively, are present. On both the silica and platinum catalysts π-allyl intermediates are important in the perdeuteriation mechanism.
Endowments and risky choice

Abstract We report evidence of an endowment effect for risk, extending previous results to the popular paired-choice lottery setting. Specifically, we observe a distribution of revealed preferences consistent with risk aversion that diminishes in endowed variance, although the effect is considerably weaker for compound relative to simple lotteries. We also find that in the absence of an obvious endowment, subjects behave as if the comparatively lower-variance lottery is a cognitive reference point, revealing a distribution of preferences indistinguishable from subjects who are explicitly endowed with the low-variance lottery. Finally, we report no significant difference in elicited preferences between two popular mechanisms (the Multiple Price List and a variant on the Becker, DeGroot, and Marshak mechanism) when no endowment is induced, suggesting previously reported differences in behavior between the two mechanisms may be in part a consequence of relative responsiveness to endowment framing.
A multi-modal data resource for investigating topographic heterogeneity in patient-derived xenograft tumors

Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are an essential pre-clinical resource for investigating tumor biology. However, cellular heterogeneity within and across PDX tumors can strongly impact the interpretation of PDX studies. Here, we generated a multi-modal, large-scale dataset to investigate PDX heterogeneity in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) across tumor models, spatial scales and genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and imaging assay modalities. To showcase this dataset, we present analysis to assess sources of PDX variation, including anatomical orientation within the implanted tumor, mouse contribution, and differences between replicate PDX tumors. A unique aspect of our dataset is deep characterization of intra-tumor heterogeneity via immunofluorescence imaging, which enables investigation of variation across multiple spatial scales, from subcellular to whole tumor levels. Our study provides a benchmark data resource to investigate PDX models of metastatic CRC and serves as a template for future, quantitative investigations of spatial heterogeneity within and across PDX tumor models.
Nanoengineered Hypereutectoid Steel with Superior Hardness and Wear Resistance

Hypereutectoid SAE 52100 steel is extensively used in bearing applications. Microstructure modification in terms of dislocation martensite and carbide refinement was achieved for SAE 52100 steel through a simple duplex heat treatment. Refinement of prior austenite grains to less than 5 μm resulted in the conversion of conventional high-carbon twinned martensite to dislocation martensite. The concurrent refinement of austenite grains and carbide precipitates was accomplished by high-temperature austenitization followed by low-temperature tempering. This resulted in nanoscale nonstoichiometric e-carbides within a heavily twinned martensitic structure. These nanoscale carbides acted as grain boundary pinning agents after their transformation to θ-carbides during the final austenitization process. The resulting microstructure was characterized by a fine dispersion of θ-carbides within dislocation martensite and showed roughly 24% increase in tensile strength and 30% better wear resistance compared to conventional structure.
What Health Information Are Consumers Seeking? A Comparison Between Two Types of Online Q&A Sites

Online questioning and answering (Q&A) sites have emerged as an alternative source for serving individuals’ health information needs. Despite studies on analyzing user-generated content in online Q&A sites, there is an insufficient understanding of health consumers from the perspective of health-consumer types, information needs and number of questions. Additionally, empirical comparisons of different Q&A platforms are scarce. This research investigates types of health consumers, information seeking needs, and number of questions for asking questions across two types of online Q&A platforms. Empirical analyses of 624 heath questions collected from Yahoo! Answers and WebMD reveal several important differences. In comparison, there were more questions about adverse drug reactions on WebMD, and more questions about seeking similar experiences on Yahoo! Answers. The findings have design implications for online Q&A sites to better support health information seeking.
Flame Spray Synthesis of VOPO4 Polymorphs

VOPO4 is a polymorphic compound that exhibits excellent catalytic and electronic properties. Here, formation of different VOPO4 polymorphs two different organic components as precursors is investigated for the first-time using flame spray pyrolysis process as an alternative method to hydrothermal synthesis of VOPO4, the only method currently known for its synthesis. Ammonium based salts of Vanadium and Phosphorous dissolved in aqueous solution were used as precursor for the process. The products from the flame spray process were found to be hollow and amorphous particles in range of 2-10µm with shell thickness in in between 200-300nm. Upon calcination and oxidation, the size of spherical particles grew in diameter and crystallization proceeded. However, the surface of calcined particles showed it was composed of smaller grains in the size range of 0.5-1µm. Finally, the size dependence stability of different polymorph of VOPO4 is discussed as well as the effect of the different precursors used to stabilize Alpha-II and Beta VOPO4 polymorphs.
Low risk of clinically important central nervous system dysraphism in a cohort study of 69 patients with isolated aplasia cutis congenita of the head.

Background Aplasia cutis congenita of the head may be associated with underlying fusion defects in the skin, soft tissues, muscle, or bone. The risk of central nervous system dysraphism in patients with aplasia cutis congenita is not known; however, knowledge of underlying structural defects can inform management considerations. Methods This retrospective review investigated the risk of cranial central nervous system dysraphism in children presenting with aplasia cutis congenita of the head, who presented between 1/1/2000 and 6/15/2016. Inclusion criteria were subjects with aplasia cutis congenita of the head who received CT or MR imaging of the head. Results We identified a total of 69 subjects with aplasia cutis congenita affecting the head and who received imaging. The most common location of the aplasia cutis congenita lesion was the vertex scalp (49.3%). The hair collar sign was present in 27.5% of patients. Twelve of 69 patients (17.4%) demonstrated abnormalities of the bone, vasculature, or brain on head imaging. Only one patient had a diagnosis of encephalocele that required neurosurgical intervention. There was a statistical association between the hair collar sign and the presence of abnormal imaging findings (P = .029), with a negative predictive value of 89.4%. Conclusions The incidence of central nervous system dysraphism in patients with aplasia cutis congenita of the head appears to be low, and it may not be necessary to image the head of each child presenting with this skin lesion. The hair collar sign may be a marker of underlying defects.
Comparative Ethnic Territorially Based Autonomy in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, and Yakutia of Russia: An Analytical Framework

This article proposes an analytical framework to address why implemented autonomy outcomes may differ across ethnic republics in the Russian Federation. Composed of a long-range factor, inter-ethnic boundary making, and a short-term factor, titular elites’ representation in the ethno-regional state, the framework is applied to a synchronic comparison of three republics of Russia with differing autonomy outcomes for the 2010s, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, and Yakutia, reliant upon state-generated data and fieldwork. Titular elites’ representation in the ethnoregional state is used as a proxy for titular elites’ bargaining capacity with the central state. It is argued that an “integration–distinction balance,” or rather, higher inter-ethnic integration combined with robust consciousness of inter-ethnic distinction, can contribute to titular elites’ bargaining capacity with the center, which can lead to greater autonomy outcome for the ethnic republic.
Urban Revival in America

Abstract This paper documents and explains the striking rise in the college share near city centers since 2000. We show that this urban revival is driven by younger college graduates in larger cities. A residential choice model reveals that the rising tendency of young college graduates to reside near non-tradable services accounts for more of their movement toward city centers than other commonly-cited hypotheses. We document corresponding changes in restaurant and nightlife consumption. We then link these changes in both consumption and urbanization to secular trends of top income growth and delayed family formation amongst young college graduates.
The Basic Problem

Respiratory therapists are expert at the aerosol delivery of medication. We recognize the many advantages of aerosol delivery, including decreased cost, less systemic exposure, fewer systemic side effects, faster onset of action at the site of disease, faster delivery, and “user friendliness”