cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DIFFERENTIATING DISORDERS OF ECF VOLUME/NA CONTENT REGULATION VERSUS DISORDERS OF TOTAL BODY FLUID OSMOLARITY/WATER REGULATION

W hen one is teaching students who are new to concepts of body fluid and electrolyte regulation, a major challenge is to convey the separate but interactive nature of the two systems that respectively regulate extracellular fluid (ECF) volume/Na content and total body fluid osmolarity/water. We have developed a series of strategies/tools designed to both optimize conceptual understanding and translate concepts to clinical practice. These include 1) clear delineation of the distinct differences between the two homeostatic systems, reinforced in instructional objectives, lectures, and small group sessions; 2) anticipation and direct confrontation of the common ‘‘Na content 5 Na concentration’’ error, soliciting student participation in ousting this misconception; 3) modification of terminology to clarify body fluid reality; 4) facilitation of active problem-based learning in small group sessions focused on clinical cases of increasing complexity (50% of course hours); 5) use of whole body/single-eyeful graphics to convey essential details within a clinically meaningful context; 6) standardization of diagnostic algorithms and pathophysiological graphs across lecturers and course components; and 7) provision of hands-on instruction/practice in physical examination of ECF volume in parallel with conceptual learning, thus emphasizing the importance of the bedside exam in detecting disorders of ECF volume/Na content. These approaches require an enthusiastic and well-prepared faculty committed to a high level of consistency and are designed for second-year students with a solid basic science background.
pH-Dependent Equilibrium between 5-Guanidinohydantoin and Iminoallantoin Affects Nucleotide Insertion Opposite the DNA Lesion

Four-electron oxidation of 2′-deoxyguanosine (dG) yields 5-guanidinohydantoin (dGh) as a product. Previously, we hypothesized that dGh could isomerize to iminoallantoin (dIa) via a mechanism similar to the isomerization of allantoin. The isomerization reaction was monitored by HPLC and found to be pH dependent with a transition pH = 10.1 in which dGh was favored at low pH and dIa was favored at high pH. The structures for these isomers were confirmed by UV–vis, MS, and 1H and 13C NMR. Additionally, the UV–vis and NMR experimental results are supported by density functional theory calculations. A mechanism is proposed to support the pH dependency of the isomerization reaction. Next, we noted the hydantoin ring of dGh mimics thymine, while the iminohydantoin ring of dIa mimics cytosine; consequently, a dGh/dIa site was synthesized in a DNA template strand, and standing start primer extension studies were conducted with Klenow fragment exo–. The dATP/dGTP insertion ratio opposite the dGh/dIa site as a functi...
U.S. Ebola Treatment Center Clinical Laboratory Support

Fifty-five hospitals in the United States have been designated Ebola treatment centers (ETCs) by their state and local health authorities. Designated ETCs must have appropriate plans to manage a patient with confirmed Ebola virus disease (EVD) for the full duration of illness and must have these plans assessed through a CDC site visit conducted by an interdisciplinary team of subject matter experts. This study determined the clinical laboratory capabilities of these ETCs. ETCs were electronically surveyed on clinical laboratory characteristics. Survey responses were returned from 47 ETCs (85%). Forty-one (87%) of the ETCs planned to provide some laboratory support (e.g., point-of-care [POC] testing) within the room of the isolated patient. Forty-four (94%) ETCs indicated that their hospital would also provide clinical laboratory support for patient care. Twenty-two (50%) of these ETC clinical laboratories had biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) containment. Of all respondents, 34 (72%) were supported by their jurisdictional public health laboratory (PHL), all of which had available BSL-3 laboratories. Overall, 40 of 44 (91%) ETCs reported BSL-3 laboratory support via their clinical laboratory and/or PHL. This survey provided a snapshot of the laboratory support for designated U.S. ETCs. ETCs have approached high-level isolation critical care with laboratory support in close proximity to the patient room and by distributing laboratory support among laboratory resources. Experts might review safety considerations for these laboratory testing/diagnostic activities that are novel in the context of biocontainment care.
Further identities and congruences for the coefficients of modular forms

If n is a non-negative integer, define p r(n) by otherwise define p r(n) as 0. (Here and in what follows all sums will be extended from 0 to ∞ and all products from 1 to ∞ unless otherwise stated.) p r(n) is thus generated by the powers of ,
Adverse Effects of Electronic Cigarette Use: A Concept Mapping Approach.

INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarette (ECIG) use has grown rapidly in popularity within a short period of time. As ECIG products continue to evolve and more individuals begin using ECIGs, it is important to understand the potential adverse effects that are associated with ECIG use. The purpose of this study was to examine and describe the acute adverse effects associated with ECIG use. METHODS This study used an integrated, mixed-method participatory approach called concept mapping (CM). Experienced ECIG users (n = 85) provided statements that answered the focus prompt "A specific negative or unpleasant effect (ie, physical or psychological) that I have experienced either during or immediately after using an electronic cigarette device is…" in an online program. Participants sorted these statements into piles of common themes and rated each statement. Using multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis, a concept map of the adverse effects statements was created. RESULTS Participants generated 79 statements that completed the focus prompt and were retained by researchers. Analysis generated a map containing five clusters that characterized perceived adverse effects of ECIG use: Stigma, Worry/Guilt, Addiction Signs, Physical Effects, and Device/Vapor Problems. CONCLUSIONS ECIG use is associated with adverse effects that should be monitored as ECIGs continue to grow in popularity. If ECIGs are to be regulated, policies should be created that minimize the likelihood of user identified adverse effects. IMPLICATIONS This article provides a list of adverse effects reported by experienced ECIG users. This article organizes these effects into a conceptual model that may be useful for better understanding the adverse outcomes associated with ECIG use. These identified adverse effects may be useful for health professionals and policy makers. Health professionals should be aware of potential negative health effects that may be associated with ECIG use and policy makers could design ECIG regulations that minimize the risk of the adverse effects reported by ECIG users in this study.
Stratification of a Foam Film Formed from a Nonionic Micellar Solution: Experiments and Modeling

Thin liquid films containing surfactant micelles or other nanocolloidal particles are considered to be the key structural elements of foams containing gas and liquid. We report here the experimental results and theoretical modeling for the phenomenon of the stratification (stepwise thinning) of a foam film formed from a nonionic micellar solution. The film stratification phenomenon was experimentally observed by reflected light microinterferometry. We observed that the stepwise layer-by-layer decrease of the film thickness is due to the appearance and growth of a dark spot of one layer less than the film thickness in the film. The dark spot expansion is driven by the diffusion of the dislocation (or vacancy) in the micellar lattice. The vacancies from the meniscus diffuse and condense into the dark spot, leading to its expansion inside the film. We experimentally observed the expansion of the dark spot at various film thicknesses (i.e., the number of micellar layers) and at different film sizes. We also m...
Speaker recognition via fusion of subglottal features and MFCCs.

Motivated by the speaker-specificity and stationarity of subglottal acoustics, this paper investigates the utility of subglottal cepstral coefficients (SGCCs) for speaker identification (SID) and verification (SV). SGCCs can be computed using accelerometer recordings of subglottal acoustics, but such an approach is infeasible in real-world scenarios. To estimate SGCCs from speech signals, we adopt the Bayesian minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimator proposed in the speech-to-articulatory inversion literature. The joint distribution of SGCCs and speech MFCCs is modeled using the WashU-UCLA corpus (containing simultaneous recordings of speech and subglottal acoustics), and the resulting model is used to obtain an MMSE estimate of SGCCs from unseen (test) MFCCs. Cross-validation experiments on the WashU-UCLA corpus show that the estimation efficacy, on average, is speaker dependent. A score-level fusion of MFCC and SGCC systems outperforms the MFCC-only baseline in both SID and SV tasks. On the TIMIT database (SID), the relative reduction in identification error is 16, 40 and 51% for G.712-filtered (300–3400 Hz), narrowband (0–4000 Hz) and wideband (0–8000 Hz) speech, respectively. On the NIST 2008 database (SV), the relative reduction in equal error rate is 4 and 11% for 10 and 5 second utterances, respectively.
Enhancement of the $\Lambda_b$ decay rate

The enhancement $\Delta \Gamma (\Lambda_b)$ of the $\Lambda_b$ decay rate due to four-fermion processes of weak scattering and Pauli interference is calculated within the quark model. An estimate of the relative $bu$ wave function at zero separation, $|\Psi(0)|^2_{bu}$, is obtained in terms of the $\Sigma_b^* - \Sigma_b$ hyperfine splitting, the $B^* - B$ hyperfine splitting, and the $B$ meson decay constant $f_B$. For $M(\Sigma_b^*) - M(\Sigma_b) = 56 \pm 16$ MeV, $M(B^*) - M(B) = 46$ MeV, and $f_B = 190 \pm 40$ MeV, we find $\Delta \Gamma(\Lambda_b) = (0.025 \pm 0.013)$ ps$^{-1}$, to be compared with the observed enhancement $\Gamma(\Lambda_b) - \Gamma(B^0) = 0.20 \pm 0.05$ ps$^{-1}$. Even such a meager enhancement entails a value of $|\Psi(0)|^2_{bu}$ considerably larger than the corresponding value of $|\Psi(0)|^2_{cd}$ in the $\Lambda_c$ baryon.
Health informatics and analytics — building a program to integrate business analytics across clinical and administrative disciplines

Health care organizations must develop integrated health information systems to respond to the numerous government mandates driving the movement toward reimbursement models emphasizing value-based and accountable care. Success in this transition requires integrated data analytics, supported by the combination of health informatics, interoperability, business process design, and advanced decision support tools. This case study presents the development of a master's level cross- and multidisciplinary informatics program offered through a business school. The program provides students from diverse backgrounds with the knowledge, leadership, and practical application skills of health informatics, information systems, and data analytics that bridge the interests of clinical and nonclinical professionals. This case presents the actions taken and challenges encountered in navigating intra-university politics, specifying curriculum, recruiting the requisite interdisciplinary faculty, innovating the educational format, managing students with diverse educational and professional backgrounds, and balancing multiple accreditation agencies.
A study of the trace sulfide mineral assemblages in the Stillwater Complex, Montana, USA

The sulfide assemblages of the Stillwater Complex away from the well-studied ore zones are composed mainly of variable proportions of pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, pentlandite, and ±pyrite. Excluding vein assemblages and those affected by greenschist and lower temperature alteration, the majority can be classified into two broad assemblages, defined here as pristine (multiphase, often globular in shape) or volatile-bearing (multiphase, high-temperature, volatile-rich minerals such as biotite, hornblende, or an unmixed calcite-dolomite assemblage). The volatile-bearing assemblages are mainly found within and below the J-M reef, where native copper and sphalerite are also locally present. Pristine sulfides are found throughout the stratigraphy. Both groups can be affected by apparent S loss in the form of pyrite being converted to magnetite and chalcopyrite to a Cu-Fe-oxide (delafossite), with little to no silicate alteration. An upward trend from pentlandite-rich to pyrrhotite-rich to pyrite-rich assemblages is observed in the footwall rocks in upper GN-I, and the same trend repeats from just below the reef and continues into the overlying N-II and GN-II. Modeling suggests that the sulfide Ni in the Peridotite Zone is largely controlled by silicate Ni. When taken together, observations are most readily explained by the remobilization of selected elements by a high-temperature fluid with the apparent loss of S > Cu > Ni. This could concentrate ore metals by vapor refining, eventually producing a platinum group element-enriched sulfide ore zone, such as the J-M reef.
The evolution of municipal structure

In most US states, urban expansions are governed by ‘popular determination’, under which residents make annexation decisions through referendum. Yet little research analyzes how urban spatial structure evolves under this system. We develop a model to examine how urban residents’ collective decisions on annexations and property taxes and their interactions with agricultural landowners affect municipal structure under popular determination. We find that the evolution process of an urban area can be divided into four stages similar to human life stages (infancy, juvenile, adulthood and maturity), characterized by the pace of development. The key parameters that determine urban spatial structure include agricultural rents, construction costs, interest rate, and the rate and uncertainty of income growth. Cities tend to be more spread-out and consist of a large number of smaller municipalities, in regions with lower agricultural land rents, lower construction costs, and lower rate and uncertainty of income growth.
Novel Metabolic Abnormalities in the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in Peripheral Cells From Huntington's Disease Patients

Metabolic dysfunction is well-documented in Huntington’s disease (HD). However, the link between the mutant huntingtin (mHTT) gene and the pathology is unknown. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is the main metabolic pathway for the production of NADH for conversion to ATP via the electron transport chain (ETC). The objective of this study was to test for differences in enzyme activities, mRNAs and protein levels related to the TCA cycle between lymphoblasts from healthy subjects and from patients with HD. The experiments utilize the advantages of lymphoblasts to reveal new insights about HD. The large quantity of homogeneous cell populations permits multiple dynamic measures to be made on exactly comparable tissues. The activities of nine enzymes related to the TCA cycle and the expression of twenty-nine mRNAs encoding for these enzymes and enzyme complexes were measured. Cells were studied under baseline conditions and during metabolic stress. The results support our recent findings that the activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) are elevated in HD. The data also show a large unexpected depression in MDH activities. Furthermore, message levels for isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) were markedly increased in in HD lymphoblasts and were responsive to treatments. The use of lymphoblasts allowed us to clarify that the reported decrease in aconitase activity in HD autopsy brains is likely due to secondary hypoxic effects. These results demonstrate the mRNA and enzymes of the TCA cycle are critical therapeutic targets that have been understudied in HD.
Measurement and comparison of the light output of Ni-doped 6 LiF/ZnS for use in neutron multiplicity counting

Alternatives to 3He for neutron detection have recently become attractive for safeguards applications. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is developing a neutron multiplicity counter that is based on 6LiF/ZnS. Some of the properties of this material, such as the scintillation light decay time, can be tuned by doping the material with a small amount of nickel. This doping affects other properties of the material, in particular the time dependence of the scintillation light output. To determine whether the nickel-doped or undoped 6LiF/ZnS material would better suit the neutron multiplicity counter system, a series of experiments compared the use of undoped 6LiF/ZnS and a Ni-doped variant using both small samples and full-scale detectors made using the two materials. Both materials were manufactured by Eljen Technology of Sweetwater, Texas. The Ni-doped variant produced less light than the undoped material and had a shorter decay time. For all choices of detection threshold above the electronic noise, the decrease in light output did not affect the detection efficiency of the system.
The GABA System in Brain Development

All normal or adaptive activity is a result of coordination of excitation and inhibition in the nervous system within and between neuronal subsystems in a particular organism. The underlying principle of information-processing is a coordinated interplay of excitatory and inhibitory influences. Most communication that takes place between receptor and neuron, neuron and neuron, and neuron and effector probably occurs via the presynaptic liberation of substances that have either excitatory or inhibitory influences on postsynaptic membranes (see ref. 1 for review and some pertinent general references). Several known naturally-occurring substances have been implicated as potential excitatory or inhibitory transmitters. Acetylcholine and glutamic and aspartic acids may be excitatory transmitters. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, the catecholamines, histamine, and serotonin may be inhibitory transmitters. Knowledge of the properties and distributions of the enzymes which form some of these substances and degrade them and of the neural circuits in which they exist is only now becoming available.
Characterization by Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy

Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a powerful method for studying the chirality of biologically active natural products and also for clarifying the mechanisms of their biological activities. In this chapter, the principle and applications of electronic CD (ECD) spectroscopy to natural products are reviewed. The concepts of optical rotation (OR), CD, and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy are explained together with definition of parameters, measurement procedures, and some significant equations for calculating optical activity. ECD Cotton effects are classified into several groups depending on the chromophores and mechanisms for which some empirical and nonempirical CD methods have been proposed. Among them the CD exciton chirality method is the most useful for determining the absolute configurations (ACs) of natural products in a nonempirical manner. The principles of the exciton chirality method are explained together with selected chromophores suitable for exciton coupling, para-substituted benzoates, cinnamate, β-naththoate, tetraphenyl-porphyrin-carboxylate, 2,3-naphthalenedicarboximido chromophores, red-shifted chromophores, porphyrin tweezers, etc. Another useful method for determining ACs of natural products is the ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculation of ECD and OR. Applications of these CD methods to various natural products and their intermolecular interactions are discussed in this chapter.
Geometry and Gesture-Based Features from Saccadic Eye-Movement as a Biometric in Radiology

In this study, we present a novel application of sketch gesture recognition on eye-movement for biometric identification and estimating task expertise. The study was performed for the task of mammographic screening with simultaneous viewing of four coordinated breast views as typically done in clinical practice. Eye-tracking data and diagnostic decisions collected for 100 mammographic cases (25 normal, 25 benign, 50 malignant) and 10 readers (three board certified radiologists and seven radiology residents), formed the corpus for this study. Sketch gesture recognition techniques were employed to extract geometric and gesture-based features from saccadic eye-movements. Our results show that saccadic eye-movement, characterized using sketch-based features, result in more accurate models for predicting individual identity and level of expertise than more traditional eye-tracking features.
Data-Driven Intelligent Efficient Synaptic Storage for Deep Learning

With the availability of big data and advanced hardware technologies, deep learning has been applied in different applications, such as self-driving cars and face recognition. While considering various sources of uncertainty and balancing multiple objectives of a system, the hardware implementation of deep learning needs continuous model updating and intensive synaptic weight storage, and SRAM is critical for the overall performance and energy efficiency. In this brief, we introduce offline data mining to the hardware design process, and the discovered data knowledge combined with a data-driven hardware design technique enables a more intelligent memory with better trade-off between energy efficiency, cost, and classification accuracy, thereby helping relieve the huge burden of data storage in deep learning systems. A 45 nm 64 kbits (256 words $\boldsymbol {\times } \,\, 256$ bits) synaptic SRAM is presented that enables 45.6% active power saving and 83.2% leakage power saving, with low implementation cost (3.17%) and less than 1% degradation in classification accuracy.
Structural, functional, and symptomatic differences between women with rectocele versus cystocele and normal support

Background Prolapse of the anterior and posterior vaginal walls has been generally associated with apical descent and levator ani muscle defects. However, the relative contributions of these factors to the pathophysiology of descent in the different vaginal compartments is not well understood. Furthermore, symptoms uniquely associated with prolapse in these compartments have not been well characterized. Objectives The objectives of the study were to compare the associations between the following: (1) apical support, (2) levator ani muscles, and (3) pelvic floor symptoms in women with posterior-predominant prolapse, anterior-predominant prolapse, and normal support. Study Design This is a cross-sectional study with 2 case arms: 60 women with posterior prolapse, 90 with anterior prolapse, and a referent control arm with 103 asymptomatic subjects with normal support, determined from pelvic organ prolapse quantification examinations. Levator muscle defects were graded from magnetic resonance imaging. Vaginal closure forces above resting were measured with an instrumented speculum during maximal contraction. Pelvic floor symptoms were measured via the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory–Short Form. Results Mean point C location in controls was –6.9 cm [1.5] (mean [standard deviation]); and was higher in posterior prolapse (–4.7 cm [2.7], 2.2 cm below controls) than the anterior prolapse group (–1.2 cm [4.1]; 5.6 cm below controls, P Conclusion Posterior-predominant prolapse involves an almost 3-fold less apical descent below normal than anterior-predominant vaginal prolapse. Levator ani defects and muscle impairment also have a lower impact. Pelvic floor symptoms reflect the presence and size of prolapse more than the predominant lax vaginal compartment.
Nonoperative Treatment of a Completely Displaced Pediatric Type-I Open Fracture of the Proximal Part of the Humerus: A Case Report.

Case: Most pediatric closed fractures of the proximal part of the humerus are treated nonoperatively. However, with open fractures of the proximal part of the humerus, nonoperative treatment typically is not indicated, and no such cases previously have been reported in the literature. We describe a 10-year-old boy with a completely displaced type-I open fracture of the proximal part of the humerus who was treated definitively in the emergency department with local irrigation and debridement, antibiotics, and the application of a hanging arm cast. One year later, he had complete radiographic union, no infectious sequelae, and no functional impairment of the shoulder. Conclusion: Nonoperative treatment of a pediatric type-I open fracture of the proximal part of the humerus can be successful.
Machine learning enabled flexible and low-cost plasmonic sensors for point-of-care sensing (Conference Presentation)

Methods of detection for key biomarkers in bodily fluids that are specific, low-cost, and non-invasive are in high demand for various biomedical applications. Specifically, field-portable and cost-effective devices which can enable these measurements to be made at home or in the field are crucial for practical and widespread use of these technologies. Plasmonic sensors form an emerging bio-sensor platform that responds to the specific adsorption of bio-molecules via a spectral change in transmission or reflection mode of operation. However, to read and quantify their spectral response, expensive and bulky optics such as broad-band light sources and high resolution spectrometers are typically employed, severely limiting their potential applications in resource-limited settings. In an effort to build low-cost and compact plasmonic readers, we have developed a computational sensing framework that uses machine learning to statistically differentiate the sensor’s spectral response from fabrication related variability and other noise factors, and select the optimal illumination bands for the lowest-possible read-out error. To validate this framework we constructed a low-cost and field-portable plasmonic reader around the optimal illumination bands selected for different plasmonic nano-hole array designs. We then validated the superior performance of our computational reader by measuring a large number of independently fabricated flexible plasmonic sensors made using scalable, nano-imprint lithography methods without the use of a clean room. Additionally, these structures can subsequently be transfer-printed onto disposable, wearable platforms where they can be chemically modified to specifically and sensitively capture target biomarkers in bio-fluids e.g., tear or sweat, enabling new applications in point-of-care diagnostics.
The Treatment of Immune Thrombocytopenia

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) results in variable bleeding symptoms and thrombocytopenia. In the last decade, advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disorder have led to the publication of new guidelines for the treatment of ITP, as well as standards for terminology. Although frontline management recommendations remain relatively unchanged, current evidence supports alternatives to splenectomy for second-line management of patients with persistently low platelet counts and bleeding. Long-term follow-up data suggest both efficacy and safety for the thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs). Follow-up of patients who have undergone splenectomy for ITP reveals significant potential risks that should be discussed with patients and may influence clinician and patient choice of treatment. Novel therapeutics are in development to address ongoing treatment gaps.
Environmental Stress, Hypoventilatory Breathing and Blood Pressure Regulation

Research in our laboratory is based on the hypothesis that chronic breathing suppression associated with stressful environments can contribute to high blood pressure via its effects on pCO2, acid-base balance, and renal regulation of sodium. This hypothesis first emerged in the context of studies that investigated the role of behavioral stress in the development of experimental hypertension in laboratory animals. Those studies showed that regular exposure of animals to familar avoidance tasks evoked an anticipatory hypoventilatory breathing pattern associated with sustained increases in pCO2. Repeated evocation of this breathing pattern potentiated the development of experimental hypertension when combined with high sodium intake. Subsequent studies of ambulatory monitoring of human breathing showed that people also engage in episodes of breathing inhibition in the natural environment. Experimental studies found that when hydrated humans voluntarily decreased breathing frequency and thereby increased pCO2, they retained sodium and increased plasma volume. It was hypothesized that humans with high resting pCO2 might show the same blood pressure sensitivity to high sodium intake as observed in the animal studies in which pCO2 was increased via behavioral stress. This hypothesis was confirmed in two experimental studies, suggesting that high resting pCO2 might be a useful clinical marker for sodium sensitivity. Recent studies have also found that older women with high resting end tidal CO2 tend to have higher resting systolic blood pressure than other women with lower resting end tidal CO2. Additional studies are needed to further clarify the role of breathing habits in pCO2 regulation and its role in blood pressure adaptations to high sodium diet.
Adrift in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act: The Sequel

Among the many concerns expressed about the potential negative impacts of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act on the copyright system was that access controls to digitally encoded works would hamper fair use. For that reason, a so-called "fail-safe" provision was added to the statute that would have permitted the Copyright Office to engage in selective waiver of the restrictions on circumventing technological protections where necessary to prevent a diminution in the availability of certain classes of works to users. As the first rulemaking has demonstrated, any hope that Congress had provided a workable remedy for any negative effects caused by the access controls is illusory. The article analyzes the statutory provision, the first attempts at rulemaking and suggests an alternative way to approach crafting an accommodation between the legitimate and conflicting needs of copyright owners and users.
An n log n Algorithm to Distribute n Records Optimally in a Sequential Access File

Imagine an operating system whose daily operation includes accessing various files of a library F, one at a time. Let us assume that the cost of accessing a file is a function only of the location of that file and the location of the file previously accessed. That is, associated with the set L of locations, we have a cost matrix C with cij representing the cost of accessing the file at location j immediately after visiting location i.
A Comparison of the s/z Ratio to Instrumental Aerodynamic Measures of Phonation.

Summary Objective The purpose of this study was to examine how the s/z ratio and instrumental measures of laryngeal valving and voicing efficiency. Study Design Prospective, cohort design. Methods Fifteen adult males (mean age 28.3 years) and 15 adult females (mean age 29.2 years) with normal voice quality were recruited and compared on productions of the s/z ratio and instrumental aerodynamic measures. The aerodynamic measures included vital capacity, maximum phonation time, airflow rate during sustained and sentence production, subglottal pressure, and laryngeal airway resistance. These measures were obtained on the Phonatory Aerodynamic System Model 6600. Statistical analyses included a univariate analysis of variance to examine for differences between sexes for all the variables, and between the s/z ratios for each of the three trials. Pearson's Product Moment Correlations were performed to identify the strength and nature of any significant relationships between the s/z ratio and instrumental aerodynamics. Results There were significant differences in the mean values between males and females only for the measures of vital capacity and maximum phonation time. There were no significant differences between the three trials for the s/z ratio. There was a significant moderate negative correlation between the s/z ratio and laryngeal airway resistance in females and between the s/z ratio and sentence airflow rate in males. Conclusions The s/z ratio demonstrated only a moderate correlation with limited instrumental measures of laryngeal valving. In the absence of clear evidence of its ability to accurately assess laryngeal valving, the s/z ratio should be used in combination with other instrumental measures of laryngeal aerodynamics for a better representation of aerodynamic functioning.
Post-Pharma Pedagogies: An Intertextual Feminist Approach to Teaching Depression in The Bell Jar

There are things we can ask Esther Greenwood. I want to ask her what depression is. My students, taking their cues very much from Sylvia Plath herself, want to ask her if she ever really recovers f...
Understanding choice, pressure and markets in kidneys

Here, I briefly respond to a recent paper by Julian Koplin, in which he criticises my earlier work in this journal. I show that Koplin has misunderstood the distinction I have made between pressure to vend and pressure with the option to vend. I also show that his pessimism about the market regulations I favour is unwarranted.
Primary Lung Adenocarcinoma Presenting as Cardiac Tamponade in a Pregnant Woman.

Abstract Pericardial effusions are common in pregnancy and often remain asymptomatic. We present a case of cardiac tamponade in a young pregnant female unmasking a diagnosis of primary metastatic l...
Efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy in the treatment of suicidal behavior

Abstract Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based treatment that conceptualizes suicidal behavior as a dysfunctional method of coping with life’s problems. The goal of this chapter is to first define several subcategories of suicidal behavior as part of targeting suicidality in DBT, including suicide crisis behaviors, suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury, suicidal ideation and communications, and suicide-related expectancies and beliefs. The approach to conceptualizing and treating each domain of suicidality is discussed drawing from the theoretical underpinnings and interventions in DBT. This chapter outlines the current efficacy of DBT for reducing suicide-specific outcomes and other self-directed violence. Although evidence remains limited with regard to the efficacy of DBT to reduce suicidal ideation, there is clear evidence that DBT is efficacious for reducing the frequency and severity of self-directed violence among patients with borderline personality disorder, as well as reducing the utilization of psychiatric crisis services.
DIN II: incorporation of multi-level interdependencies and uncertainties for infrastructure system recovery modeling

Modelling the performance of interdependent infrastructure systems paves the way for strategic infrastructure disaster risk management. The nature of different systems makes it hard to model every ...
Transconjunctival Extirpation of a Voluminous Orbital Cavernoma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Purely intraorbital cavernomas remain rare, but still are the most common benign orbital tumors.1 These expansive lesions are now rapidly detected and adequately treated. Surgical resection is the gold standard and a definitive solution. The choice of approach varies between different possibilities, including orbitotomies, trans-sinusal routes, and transconjunctival accesses.2-4 Because the last technique is less known to the neurosurgeon, we describe here a step-by-step guide to perform it. The technique is illustrated with the case of a 62-yr-old male with a voluminous right retroocular cavernoma. He presented a progressive right exophthalmia without visual acuity or campimetric deterioration. Because the cavernoma was purely medial from the optic nerve in the intraconal space, no osteotomy was deemed necessary to extirpate the lesion. The video shows the conjunctival dissection, followed by the medial rectus muscle being dissected, allowing us to attain the retrobulbar space in the orbit. The cavernoma is then dissected from the surroundings and reduced in volume by coagulation so its removal does not apply hyperpressure on the adjacent fragile structures. We then pursue with the closure by stitching the medial rectus muscle to the eyeball. Finally, the conjunctiva is sutured. Postoperatively, there was no complication. A transient mydriasis due to ciliary nerve manipulation spontaneously resolved. Extirpation of the lesion was total. The patient's exophthalmia normalized over the next months. No visual or campimetric deterioration was noted at follow-up. A slight horizontal diplopia was noted after surgery, which normalized at 1 yr. The patient's consent was obtained for the procedure.
Advances of wholesale and retail electricity market development in the context of distributed energy resources

Abstract The supply of variable wind and solar generation with zero marginal operating cost is increasing rapidly around the world. Emerging customer behavior and public policy is driving the growth of smaller scale, behind-the-meter (BTM) distributed energy resources (DERs) such as solar photovoltaic and battery storage in many systems. The increasing penetration of utility-scale renewables and BTM DERs is changing the way how power system is operated in both transmission and distribution grids. In the wholesale electricity markets, many profound questions have been raised about whether the current market design can provide both long-term and short-term price signals to support efficient investment and maintain reliable operations. For example, when most of the resources in the system have zero marginal costs, the resource owners will have to recover their cost for participating into the market either from the capacity market or by operational scarcity price. The short-term energy and ancillary service market, which was built upon middle 20th-century models of optimal pricing and investment, should be modified to consider the variability and uncertainty of intermittent generation at scale. From the retail side the current distribution grid operators are not designed to integrate and coordinate large volume of flexible customer, merchant DER, and microgrids capable of seamless islanding. There is an increasing need to develop retail electricity markets for DER products and services. The retail market operators are responsible for three major functions, including integrated system planning, distribution grid operation, and retail market operation. They balance the supply and demand variations at the distribution level and link the wholesale and retail market agents.
How to theorize globalization: a comment

Our current epoch is strongly marked by the growing capacity of mostly powerful actors to connect across the world. And yet, these are partial capabilities, in good part because vast populations of...
Nuclear Waste Disposal

Nuclear wastes are by-products of nuclear weapons production and nuclear power generation, plus residuals of radioactive materials used by industry, medicine, agriculture, and academia. Their distinctive nature and potential hazard make nuclear wastes not only the most dangerous waste ever created by mankind, but also one of the most controversial and regulated with respect to disposal. Nuclear waste issues, related to uncertainties in geologic disposal and long-term protection, combined with potential misuse by terrorist groups, have created uneasiness and fear in the general public and remain stumbling blocks for further development of a nuclear industry in a world that may soon be facing a global energy crisis.
A perspective on the theoretical and numerical aspects of Ion Mobility Spectrometry

Abstract Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) has become a ubiquitous analytical technique, in particular when used as an orthogonal technique to Mass Spectrometry (MS). As separations of ions in the gas phase become more precise, the need to provide a suitable theory that explains the observed differences is apparent. While the theory exists, much of it is obscured due to the difficulty of the equations and the approximations to the solution. This work explores some of the more useful theoretical approaches to IMS while making use of a full Monte Carlo simulations algorithm to provide some pedagogical examples that characterize the reasons behind the different theoretical approaches, and whether they need to be used for a particular calculation. To improve the existing theory, reliable empirical data is required. For such reason, an appropriate labeling system for mobility is proposed here requiring that at least the temperature, gas, electric field, and instrument employed are provided and which is an extension of the previous protocol.
Globalization: Culture and education in the new millennium

Preface Courtney Ross-Holst Acknowledgments Globalization: Culture and Education in the New Millennium Marcelo M. Suarez-Orozco and Desiree Baolian Qin-Hilliard Globalization, Growth, and Welfare in History John H. Coatsworth Globalization and Education: An Economic Perspective David E. Bloom Digital Skills, Globalization, and Education Antonio M. Battro The Fellowship of the Microchip: Global Technologies As Evocative Objects Sherry Turkle Pop Cosmopolitanism: Mapping Cultural Flows in an Age of Media Convergence Henry Jenkins Globalization in Asia: Anthropological Perspectives James L. Watson Formulating Identity in a Globalized World Carola Suarez-Orozco Imperial Feelings: Youth Culture, Citizenship, and Globalization Sunaina Maira How Education Changes: Considerations of History, Science, and Values Howard Gardner Notes on Contributors Index
Feeling Social Movements: Theoretical Contributions to Social Movement Research on Emotions

Recent literature provides evidence that emotions are intrinsic to the constitution of social movements. The present review examines how scholars theorize emotions in their empirical studies and focuses on the following topics: emotion work, emotional framing, emotional cultures and emotional opportunity structures. The combination of several constructs in the analysis of emotions signals a shift toward integration of preexisting perspectives common in the field of social movements.
Utilization of adaptive PHIL interfaces for harmonic load cases

Power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) is an important tool for testing and verifying various aspects of systems level research. It provides a realistic assessment of how a device will interact under various conditions and environments, allowing the testing process to truly vet the apparatuses before full scale deployment. Crucial to the PHIL concept, is the hardware-in-the-loop interface. Interfaces must be accurate, stable and able to pass through dynamics so that the hardware under test sees the most realistic view of the remainder to the system and vice versa. The damping impedance method (DIM) provides the appropriate characteristics for dynamic load applications but its philosophy requires some modification when in a system that has considerable harmonic content in either voltage and/or current. This paper will provide a modified DEVI (MDEVI) method for PHIL applications to meet this criteria. Specifically, it will investigate a power-electronic-based system with a load containing harmonic content and will compare the accuracy of the results against a traditional DEVI interface method.
Protein synthesis in frog eggs: II. Amino acid activation and incorporation by isolated nucleoli

Abstract Structures morphologically and chemically identical to amphibian-egg nucleoli are capable of activating amino acids and incorporating labeled amino acids into protein. Nucleolar amino acid-activating enzymes function similarly to cytoplasmic and nuclear activating enzymes. Optimal activity depends upon amino acid concentration and the presence of Mg 2+ and ATP. Leucine-and methionine-activating enzymes are apparently concentrated in these structures although cysteine- arginine- and aspartic acid-activating enzymes appear to be present.
Clinical Supervision: A Competency-Based Approach

Clinical Supervision is a comprehensive, up-to-date scholarly resource for training and supervising mental health practitioners. It guides readers through a science-informed process of supervision that clearly delineates the competencies required for good practice. The authors have geared this integrative approach to mental health professionals who currently provide supervision in academic, training, and treatment settings as well as to students and practitioners who are studying the supervision research and theory for the first time.
The Behavior of Tutoring Systems

Tutoring systems are described as having two loops. The outer loop executes once for each task, where a task usually consists of solving a complex, multi-step problem. The inner loop executes once for each step taken by the student in the solution of a task. The inner loop can give feedback and hints on each step. The inner loop can also assess the student's evolving competence and update a student model, which is used by the outer loop to select a next task that is appropriate for the student. For those who know little about tutoring systems, this description is meant as a demystifying introduction. For tutoring system experts, this description illustrates that although tutoring systems differ widely in their task domains, user interfaces, software structures, knowledge bases, etc., their behaviors are in fact quite similar.
Community-Campus Partnerships and Student Learning: Using Lessons Learned to Chart a Path for the Future

Institutions of higher learning are being called upon more than ever to establish and nurture sustainable partnerships with local communities. In particular, the language of Jesuit mission and identity lends itself to community engagement work and developing the civic skills of our students. These efforts can provide transformative experiences for campus communities, fundamentally altering and perforating the boundaries between campus and community. Yet partnerships present significant challenges. Mission differences, variations in institutional capacity, and divergent cultures can all potentially stand in the way of long-lasting partnerships, particularly when many actors are involved. After trial and error, reviewing best practices in campus-community partnerships, and relying on the rich heritage of Jesuit educational pedagogy and practice, educators at Loyola University Maryland developed a set of take-away principles. These lessons learned now serve as a guide for conversations about entering into both transactional and transformational partnerships on campus. The principles act as a type of roadmap for future engagement with the local community in order to provide high-quality civic learning opportunities for students.
Leiomyoma of the Male Urethra

Abstract We describe the case of a 48-year-old quadriplegic black man with history of C4-C5 cervical spine and cord injury secondary to a fall, who presented to the University of Cincinnati Medical Center Urology Service with obstructive symptoms at urination. A bulbous urethral stricture was diagnosed and subsequently resected with primary urethral reanastomosis. On pathologic examination, the surgical specimen contained an epithelioid leiomyoma at the site of the urethral stricture. Although leiomyomas of the female urethra are relatively common, we identified only 2 previously reported cases of leiomyomas of the male urethra in the English-language medical literature. To the best of our knowledge, we describe the third case of leiomyoma of the male urethra, the first of the epithelioid type.