cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specific reduction of development of the Mauthner neuron lateral dendrite after otic capsule ablation in Brachydanio rerio

Abstract During development, afferent fibers may stimulate development of postsynaptic target neurons. By surgically ablating an otic vesicle in zebrafish embryos 30 hr after fertilization we deprived the developing Mauthner (M) neuron of vestibular axonal input to its lateral dendrite. After 8 days, 14 M cells were examined by light microscopy, and in each case the size and branching of the lateral dendrite was reduced. No consistent changes were observed in shape and size of other regions of the deprived cells or in the contralateral control cells. Synapses onto five of these pairs of cells were examined by electron microscopy. Except for missing vestibular terminals on the deprived dendrites, the synaptic input to the dendrites and to other regions of the M cell was normal in distribution and pattern. These data suggest that growth-promoting or trophic effects of vestibular axons upon the M cell are localized to its lateral dendrite.
Binding energy of the 2p0-like level of a hydrogenic donor in GaAs-Ga1-xAlxAs quantum-well structures.

Recently we reported a calculation of the binding energy of the 2${p}_{0}$-like level of a hydrogenic donor associated with the first conduction subband in a GaAs-${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$As quantum-well structure. It was found that the value of the binding energy of this level decreased as the well width was reduced, and became zero for a well width of about 650 A\r{}. In this Brief Report we present results which demonstrate that this peculiar behavior of the 2${p}_{0}$ state is due to the fact that it is closely associated with the second electron subband, and remains bound with respect to it (with increasing binding energy) as the well width is reduced.
Finding Jobs: Work and Welfare Reform . Edited by David E. Card and Rebecca M. Blank. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2000. Pp. viii, 549. $55.00.

This book is ahead of its time. While the title suggests that Finding Jobs might be a study of the labor market impacts of the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), the editors and authors make clear that it is simply too early to study these effects directly. Rather, their purpose is to examine the characteristics of low-wage, low-skill labor markets, along with the effects of policies directed at these labor markets, relying on data from the pre-PRWORA era. Their hope is that this analysis will clarify the questions that we will need to ask as the effects of welfare reform become more pronounced. While the chapters are of varying quality, the book as a whole accomplishes this goal.
CANTONISTS: JEWISH CHILDREN AS SOLDIERS IN TSAR NICHOLAS'S ARMY

In 1827 Tsar Nicholas I legislated an annual conscription quota on Jewish males, ages twelve through twenty five, requiring them to serve in the Russian army for twenty-five years (ten recruits for every thousand inhabitants). Since the formal age for enlistment in the Russian Army was eighteen, boys younger than eighteen (many even younger than twelve), still "eligible" for the draft, were placed in special training and education establishments called Cantonist Battalions. Once they reached the standard draft age of eighteen, they were formally enlisted in the regular military, and only then would they begin their required twenty-five years of service. According to various records approximately 50,000 children, many of them as young as eight, nine, and ten years old, were conscripted between the years 1827 and 1854.' Nicholas, zealous in achieving his goals, set out to baptize the cantonists and make them into "good Russians" before they reached the formal age of enlistment. His actions have rightly been described as the first modern exercise in social engineering-the treatment of human beings as so much raw material.2 Under the "cantonist decrees," money was no longer accepted as a replacement for a draftee, though some exceptions were granted. This is not to say that the draft was now driven by egalitarian principles. Merchants who belonged to the first guild or tlhose who had the money to pay for guild membership were exempted, as were rabbis and their families.3 For the most part recruits were children of poor families. Wealthy families and those with status in the community were virtually always spared, even if they had many sons. The responsibility for filling the quotas of the draft was laid upon the leaders of each community, the kahal. The draft was actually carried out by khappers, Jewish child-recruit abductors, appointed by the leaders of the community to do the dirty work. Typically, the khappers were indigenous members of the community. Skilled in deception, they lured children with lies, and even on occasion snatched
Codon Randomization for Rapid Exploration of Chemical Space in Thiopeptide Antibiotic Variants

Summary Thiopeptide antibiotics exhibit a profound level of chemical diversity that is installed through cascades of posttranslational modifications on ribosomal peptides. Here, we present a technique to rapidly explore the chemical space of the thiopeptide GE37468 through codon randomization, yielding insights into thiopeptide maturation as well as structure and activity relationships. In this incarnation of the methodology, we randomized seven residues of the prepeptide-coding region, enabling the generation of 133 potential thiopeptide variants. Variant libraries were subsequently queried in two ways. First, high-throughput MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was applied to colony-level expressions to sample mutants that permitted full maturation of the antibiotic. Second, the activity of producing mutants was detected in an antibiotic overlay assay. In total, 29 of the 133 variants produced mature compound, 12 of which retained antibiotic activity and 1 that had improved activity.
Ultrastructural evidence of stromal/epithelial interactions in the human endometrial cycle

We found ultrastructural evidence of interactions between glandular epithelium and superficial stromal cells of the human endometrium during phases of the menstrual cycle. Four significant changes were observed in the transition from early proliferative (days 5 to 9) to early secretory (days 15 to 19) phases. These changes included: (1) an increase in the number and size of lamina densa disruptions, (2) an increase in the number and size of gap junctions, (3) an increase in the number and complexity of epithelial cell projections that extended through the lamina densa, and (4) an increase in close contacts between stromal and epithelial cells. The complex epithelial cell projections that extended through the lamina densa were in close proximity to stromal cells. These interactions were seen primarily in the early secretory phase. After that time (days 20 to 28) the interactions were less frequent. These morphologic results reveal complex physical interactions between epithelial and stromal cells of the adult endometrium. The interactions reach maximal development during the preimplantation phase of the endometrial cycle.
neurogenins, a novel family of atonal-related bHLH transcription factors, are putative mammalian neuronal determination genes that reveal progenitor cell heterogeneity in the developing CNS and PNS

We recently identified neurogenin (ngn), a neuroD-related bHLH gene, whose Xenopus homolog functions as a neuronal determination factor and upstream activator of XneuroD (Maet al. Cell 87:43–52, 1996). Here we identify two additional ngn's, ngn2 and ngn3, which together define a novel subfamily of atonal-related mouse genes. Comparative analysis of ngn expression indicates that these three genes define distinct progenitor populations in the developing CNS and PNS, exhibiting nonoverlapping expression in some areas and partial overlap in others. The expression of thengn's spatially overlaps and often temporally precedes that of neuroD, suggesting that (as in Xenopus) the ngn's and neuroD function in a cascade. Thus, as in myogenesis, different bHLH determination factors may activate a common bHLH differentiation factor in different sublineages. The ngn's therefore represent both a family of putative mammalian neuronal determination genes and useful markers of the origins of neuronal diversity.
Characterization of dry milled powders of LAST (lead-antimony-silver- tellurium) thermoelectric material

Although thermoelectric (TE) materials are often fabricated as cast ingots, there has been recent interest in the powder processing of these materials. Cast TE materials typically have grain sizes as large as several hundred microns, but powder processing (grinding, milling and then sintering) can produce dense specimens with a reduced grain size, an improved mechanical integrity and enhanced TE properties. In the TE literature when powder processing is employed, little or no description is provided of the powder processing techniques and the powder processing parameters are either not characterized or only a mean particle size is given. In this study, powders milled from solid cast ingots of the TE compound LAST (lead–antimony–silver–tellurium) were characterized via Coulter Counter, to measure the mean powder particle size and the size distribution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to examine the powder particle morphology, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), to detect possible phase changes or amorphizatio...
Health Care Utilization and Unhealthy Behaviors Among Victims of Sexual Assault in Connecticut: Results from a Population-Based Sample

BACKGROUND In the United States, 1 in 6 women report a lifetime prevalence of sexual assault. Few population-based studies have examined the association between sexual assault victimization on health care utilization and unhealthy behaviors.
Embracing Ambiguity in the Historiography of Children's Dress

This article examines the historiography of children's dress, arguing that it has been limited by an unreflexive, uncritical conceptualisation of children and childhood. Drawing on insights afforded by the emergent field of childhood studies, by socially inflected perspectives on fashion and dress and by theories of consumption and consumer culture, the discussion turns toward ways of reconfiguring the historical study of children. It is suggested that future work may do well by embracing the ambiguities of children's identities, rather than trying to attenuate them.
Prescription drug laws: justified hard paternalism.

Prescription drug laws are justified as examples of permissible hard paternalism and not as soft paternalism, which is morally legitimated by the defective cognitive or affective state of the individual on whose behalf the action is performed. Other examples of hard paternalism are considered, along with two strategies for determining the limits of paternalism. It is concluded that instances of permissible hard paternalism exist and that the only acceptable strategy is to balance harm and benefit on a case-by-case basis. Language: en
Green Retrofitting Skyscrapers: A Review

This paper investigates innovative trends, practices and goals of tall building retrofits while illustrating green design techniques and implementation strategies. The existing building stock is substantially large and represents one of the biggest opportunities to reduce energy waste and curb air pollution and global warming. In terms of tall buildings, many will benefit from retrofits. There are long lists of inefficient all-glass curtain walls, initially promoted by the modernist movement, that are due to retrofit. The all-glass curtain wall buildings rely on artificial ventilation, cooling and heating, and suffer from poor insulation, which collectively make them energy hogs. Recent practices indicate that green retrofit has helped older buildings to increase energy efficiency, optimize building performance, increase tenants’ satisfaction and boost economic return while reducing greenhouse gas emission. As such, renovating older buildings could be “greener” than destroying them and rebuilding new ones. While some demolition and replacement may remain a necessity to meet contemporary needs, there are significant opportunities to reduce carbon emission and improve existing buildings’ performance by retrofitting them rather than constructing new ones. Practical insight indicates that the confluence of economic and environmental goals is increasingly at the heart of sustainable planning and design.
THE LASER-DOPPLER VELOCIMETER AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE

The paper examines the spatial and temporal resolution of the laser-Doppler velocimeter. Criteria for meaningful measurements are established. The effect of the random phase fluctuations introduced by the Doppler ambiguity on attempts to measure statistical quantities in turbulent flow is examined. An operational laser-Doppler velocimeter is described and measurements in both laminar and turbulent flow are presented.
Influence of seeds moisture on in situ alkaline transesterification of canola seeds for Biodiesel production

In situ alkaline transesterification is reported to be an efficient method of biodiesel (methyl ester) production from several oilseed crops. Seed moisture content has a significant influence on methyl ester yields from biodiesel made in situ. Biodiesel quality properties are closely associated with the parent feed stock, and methyl esters derived from conventional transesterified canola oil have improved cold flow properties when compared to other oilseed crops. This study evaluated canola in situ alkaline transesterification and examined the impact of seed moisture content on methyl ester yield. Biodiesel quality parameters including oxidative stability, moisture content, kinematic viscosity, free fatty acids and total glycerin were evaluated between biodiesel derived from conventional and in situ methods.
Uncertainty quantification: Making predictions of complex reaction systems reliable

Abstract There is increasing need to make chemical reaction models and modeling more predictive. We examine the modeling methodology from the perspective of propagation of uncertainties, those in assumed model parameters along with those in experimental observations. Accepting the length of the uncertainty interval in the predicted property as a measure of model predictiveness, we examine methodological factors affecting it. Employing the recently introduced technique of Data Collaboration, we show that even ‘harmless’ assumptions, invoked explicitly or implicitly to alleviate a burden of numerical procedures, could lead to substantial differences in model predictiveness. We also demonstrate that the direct, one-step methodology, such as Data Collaboration, necessarily makes modeling more predictive and thus more reliable than a two-step approach typical of most current methods.
Application of a new thermochemical measurement method for nuclear materials at temperatures beyond 3000 K

In processing and end-use environments, and particularly nuclear fission reactor excursions, inorganic materials can be subjected to temperatures where liquids and vapors are significant components of the materials system. Classical characterization and thermochemical methods fail at temperatures beyond about 3000 K, due to the reactivity of container materials. Use of a pulsed laser beam as a localized heat source avoids this limitation. Coupling laser heating with molecular beam sampling and mass- and optical-spectroscopy allows us to characterize the thermochemistry of liquid-vapor systems at temperatures of 3000-5000 K, pressures of 0.01-20 bar (1 bar = 10 5 Nm 2 ). and on a nanosecond order-of-magnitude time scale. Materials considered here include C, ZrO 2 , Y 2 O 3 and HfO 2 . New approaches for temperature measurement and for pressure determination, using electron impact mass spectral data coupled with deposition rate measurements, are described.
Decreased total and active urinary kallikrein in normotensive Dahl salt susceptible rats

Abnormalities in the kallikrein-kinin system have been found in human and animal models of essential hypertension. The purpose of this study is to assess the kallikrein-kinin system in normotensive Dahl salt sensitive (S) and salt resistant (R) rats on a zero sodium diet. Urinary kallikrein was measured at 7 and 12 wk of age by different techniques. When kallikrein activity was assessed, by a kininogenase assay, S rats excreted 66% (P less than 0.001) and 75% (P less than 0.01) as much kallikrein as R rats at 7 and 12 wk of age. Using an artificial substrate method (Kabi S-2266), S rats excreted 30% (P less than 0.001) and 56% (P less than 0.05) as much kallikrein as R rats at 7 and 12 weeks, respectively. Using a technique to measure total kallikrein, S rats excreted 53% (P less than 0.001) and 65% (P less than 0.05) as much kallikrein as R rats at 7 and 12 wk of age. Normotensive S rats failed to increase maximally kallikrein activity or total kallikrein when the diet was switched from a .4% to a .0064% sodium chloride diet. There was no difference in inhibitors, as measured by the recovery of purified kallikrein added to S and R urine (56 +/- 21% vs. 53 +/- 13%). Km values for S and R urinary kallikrein were similar (3.1 +/- .5 X 10(-5) vs. 2.6 +/- .5 X 10(-5) M/liter). Trypsin-activatable kallikrein was equivalent in the S and R rats on the .0064% and .4% sodium chloride diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Deconfounding Serial Recall

Immediate recall of nine-digit lists was examined with a method designed to disentangle three factors: input serial position, output position, and response set size (the number of items yet to be recalled). Recall began at Input Serial Position 1, 4, or 7 and included either three consecutive items (in partial recall) or all items from the cued point to the end of the list and then continuing from the beginning in a circular fashion (in whole recall). Lists were spoken or printed and were sometimes temporally grouped. Specially selected comparisons demonstrated that (1) the large primacy effect in serial recall occurs mostly because of output interference, without which larger recency effects are seen instead; (2) benefits of mnemonic grouping are dependent on stimulus grouping mainly for auditory stimuli; and (3) auditory superiority effects stem from a greater resistance of acoustic memory to output interference. We offer an integration of results from serial recall and other memory tasks and caution against modeling serial recall in isolation.
Error Estimates for Thin Plate Spline Approximation in the Disk

This paper is concerned with approximation properties of linear combinations of scattered translates of the thin-plate spline radial basis function |·|2log|·| where the translates are taken in the unit disk D in R2. We show that the Lp approximation order for this kind of approximation is 2 + 1/p (for sufficiently smooth functions), which matches Johnson's upper bound and, thus, gives the saturation order. We also show that when one increases the density of the centers at the boundary, approximation order 4 - the best possible order in the absence of a boundary - can be obtained.
Late hemodynamic sequelae of deep venous thrombosis

Abstract Twenty-nine limbs in 19 patients who had deep venous thrombosis documented by phlebography were studied by hemodynamic techniques 2 to 13 years later (mean, 7 years). Two limbs were found to be "normal." Nine limbs were hemodynamically obstructed; the remaining 18 limbs had developed reflux abnormality. All of the nine limbs with obstruction demonstrated symptoms of severe swelling or ulceration. In contrast, limbs with valve reflux were either asymptomatic or had only mild to moderately severe symptoms. Correspondingly, the reflux hemodynamic derangement was also mild, with reflux confined to a single level (commonly the popliteal valve). The implications of the differences in clinical presentation and hemodynamic profile between this group with post-thrombotic valve reflux and the typical patient with stasis caused by chronic venous insufficiency are explored. The natural history of stasis sequelae of deep venous thrombosis has apparently changed somewhat since the introduction of anticoagulation therapy. (J VASC SURG 1986;4:73-9.)
An alternate method of construction of a network function from its given odd part

A new method of developing a stable network function from a specified odd part is outlined. The proposed method is based on a modification of Miyata's method of constructing a network function from a specified even part.
Tumor promoter actions on rat embryonic development in culture.

The many embryonicand developmentalfeatures associated with tumor promotionhavepromptedus to investigatethe effects of a series of phorbol esters and related diterpene tumor pro moters on mammalianembryogenesis.A culture system which supports the normal developmentof 10.4 day organogenesisphase rat conceptuseswas utilized. In this system, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate(TPA),a potent Stage I and II pro moter, disrupted the morphologyand function of the embryonic visceral yolk sac (dose required to affect 50% of conceptuses, 18 nw). The effect was characterizedby an abnormal,progres sive separation of the two cellular layers of the yolk sac, but cellulardifferentiationappearedto be uninterrupted.Parallellog dose-responselines for this effect were produced by phorbol12,13-dibenzoate(dose requiredto affect 50% of conceptuses, 200 nw) and phorbol-12,13-diacetate(dose required to affect 50% of conceptuses,300 nw) which are consistent with struc ture-activity relationshipsfor other promotionalactions of these compounds.In addition,the weak Stage I promoter,4-0-methyl12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate,produced identical ef fects but was 1400 times less potent than was TPA, while mezerein, a potent Stage II promoter, was as potent as was TPA. Theseobservationssupport the hypothesisthat embryonic cells may be differentiallysensitiveto early- and late-stage pro moters. Ethylphenylpropiolate, a nonpromoting hyperplastic agent in mouse skin, had no effect on yolk sac morphologyor function at its maximumsolubility(1.85 mw).Yolk sac disruption by TPA was potentiated by heat inactivation (56Â°,30 min) or 0.45-/Â?m filtration of the culture medium.A more advancedstage of yolk sac developmentwas less sensitive to TPA disruption since 11.4 day conceptuses, which were cultured for 30 hr, developed identical lesions, but TPA was at least 5-fold less potent. Thus, the tumor promoter-inducedlesions of the rat yolk sac have some features consistent with late-stagetumor promotion and do not appearto be associatedwith generaltoxicity, hyperplasia,or alterations in cellulardifferentiation.We postulatethat rat conceptuses maintainedin vitro may provide an important model system for the study of the proposed mechanismsin volved in chemicaltumor promotion.
Obesity: a public health approach

Obesity is an epidemic that likely will worsen without substantive changes to the current environment. Although treatment of the individual has conventionally been the focus of the obesity field, prevention using a public health model will be essential for making progress on a population level. There are encouraging signs that communities across the country are acknowledging the complex causes of obesity and making impressive reforms to improve their health and that of their children. Public policy changes long have been used to combat infectious and chronic diseases and will be vital in the attempt to reduce the toll of poor diet, physical inactivity, and obesity.
A partitioned ATMS

Describes an extension to deKleer's (1986) assumption-based truth maintenance system (ATMS) that shows promise in making large-scale problem solving more tractable. The approach assumes a problem can be decomposed into a hierarchically related set of subproblems, each of which is represented within its own ATMS partition. It is shown how this decomposition can be used to circumvent the exponential growth in the size of node labels which often occurs in attempting to apply the ATMS. The authors present some experimental results showing efficiency gains, and discuss the impact of partitioning on label consistency, soundness, minimality, and completeness. >
Serial analysis of mutation spectra (SAMS): a new approach for the determination of mutation spectra of site-specific DNA damage and their sequence dependence

Many mutations occur as a result of DNA synthesis past the site of DNA damage by DNA damage bypass polymerases. The frequency and types of mutations not only depend on the nature of the damage, but also on the sequence context, as revealed from analysis of mutation spectra of DNA exposed to mutagens. Herein we report a new method for the rapid determination of the effect of sequence context on mutagenesis called SAMS for serial analysis of mutation spectra. This technique makes use of the methodology that underlies serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) to analyze mutations that result from DNA synthesis past a DNA lesion site-specifically embedded in a library of DNA sequences. To illustrate our technique we determined the effect of sequence context on mutations generated by DNA synthesis past a tetrahydrofuran abasic site model by the DNA damage bypass polymerase yeast polymerase η.
Protective role of transient pore openings in calcium handling by cardiac mitochondria.

Long-lasting mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) openings damage mitochondria, but transient mPTP openings protect against chronic cardiac stress. To probe the mechanism, we subjected isolated cardiac mitochondria to gradual Ca2+ loading, which, in the absence of BSA, induced long-lasting mPTP opening, causing matrix depolarization. However, with BSA present to mimic cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding proteins, the mitochondrial population remained polarized and functional, even after matrix Ca2+ release caused an extramitochondrial free [Ca2+] increase to >10 μm, unless mPTP openings were inhibited. These findings could be explained by asynchronous transient mPTP openings allowing individual mitochondria to depolarize long enough to flush accumulated matrix Ca2+ and then to repolarize rapidly after pore closure. Because subsequent matrix Ca2+ reuptake via the Ca2+ uniporter is estimated to be >100-fold slower than matrix Ca2+ release via mPTP, only a tiny fraction of mitochondria (<1%) are depolarized at any given time. Our results show that transient mPTP openings allow cardiac mitochondria to defend themselves collectively against elevated cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels as long as respiratory chain activity is able to balance proton influx with proton pumping. We found that transient mPTP openings also stimulated reactive oxygen species production, which may engage reactive oxygen species-dependent cardioprotective signaling.
Root reinforcement with a resin-bonded preformed post

Abstract Purpose. This study evaluated the ability of resin-bonded posts to reinforce teeth that are structurally weak in the cervical area against fracture. Material and methods. Forty canine roots were endodontically treated and randomly distributed into four groups of 10. Parallel-sided preformed posts were cemented into the roots of these teeth after their crowns were removed. The cervical third of the canals were flared to simulate teeth weakened in this area as a result of caries or endodontic therapy. Three resin cements and a zinc-phosphate cement, which was used as the control, were used to secure the posts into the roots. Cemented posts were loaded in an Instron testing machine with a gradually increasing force at a 60-degree angle to the long axis of the root until the root fractured. Results. Roots in which the posts were cemented with Panavia were significantly more resistant to fracture than those where zinc phosphate was used ( p
Knowledge warehouse: an architectural integration of knowledge management, decision support, artificial intelligence and data warehousing

Decision support systems (DSS) are becoming increasingly more critical to the daily operation of organizations. Data warehousing, an integral part of this, provides an infrastructure that enables businesses to extract, cleanse, and store vast amounts of data. The basic purpose of a data warehouse is to empower the knowledge workers with information that allows them to make decisions based on a solid foundation of fact. However, only a fraction of the needed information exists on computers; the vast majority of a firm's intellectual assets exist as knowledge in the minds of its employees. What is needed is a new generation of knowledge-enabled systems that provides the infrastructure needed to capture, cleanse, store, organize, leverage, and disseminate not only data and information but also the knowledge of the firm. The purpose of this paper is to propose, as an extension to the data warehouse model, a knowledge warehouse (KW) architecture that will not only facilitate the capturing and coding of knowledge but also enhance the retrieval and sharing of knowledge across the organization. The knowledge warehouse proposed here suggests a different direction for DSS in the next decade. This new direction is based on an expanded purpose of DSS. That is, the purpose of DSS in knowledge improvement. This expanded purpose of DSS also suggests that the effectiveness of a DSS will, in the future, be measured based on how well it promotes and enhances knowledge, how well it improves the mental model(s) and understanding of the decision maker(s) and thereby how well it improves his/her decision making.
Mutations in a plastid-localized elongation factor G alter early stages of plastid development in Arabidopsis thaliana

Proper development of plastids in embryo and seedling tissues is critical for plant development. During germination, plastids develop to perform many critical functions that are necessary to establish the seedling for further growth. A growing body of work has demonstrated that components of the plastid transcription and translation machinery must be present and functional to establish the organelle upon germination. We have identified Arabidopsis thaliana mutants in a gene that encodes a plastid-targeted elongation factor G (SCO1) that is essential for plastid development during embryogenesis since two T-DNA insertion mutations in the coding sequence (sco1-2 and sco1-3) result in an embryo-lethal phenotype. In addition, a point mutation allele (sco1-1) and an allele with a T-DNA insertion in the promoter (sco1-4) of SCO1 display conditional seedling-lethal phenotypes. Seedlings of these alleles exhibit cotyledon and hypocotyl albinism due to improper chloroplast development, and normally die shortly after germination. However, when germinated on media supplemented with sucrose, the mutant plants can produce photosynthetically-active green leaves from the apical meristem. The developmental stage-specific phenotype of the conditional-lethal sco1 alleles reveals differences in chloroplast formation during seedling germination compared to chloroplast differentiation in cells derived from the shoot apical meristem. Our identification of embryo-lethal mutant alleles in the Arabidopsis elongation factor G indicates that SCO1 is essential for plant growth, consistent with its predicted role in chloroplast protein translation.
Operation of an opamp at liquid helium temperature.

Abstract The stray capacitance between long wires in a cryogenics systems will slow down measurement rate, and also introduce unnecessary noise pick up. It is necessary to install the preamplifier as close to the signal source as possible to diminish the capacitive coupling effects. The most commonly used semiconducting device for this purpose is the MOSFET, which can function at liquid helium temperatures. Under special operation procedures, an all MOSFET operational amplifier can also be operated at liquid helium temperature. The use of opamp will simplify the construction of more complicated circuitry for low temperature applications.
Helping Couples Work Toward the Forgiveness of Marital Infidelity: Therapists' Perspectives

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how therapists treat infidelity and work toward forgiveness with couples presenting with extramarital involvement. Ten licensed marital and family therapists were interviewed. Major categories, themes, and subthemes were generated from open, axial, and selective coding analyses. Participating therapists described treating marital infidelity and incorporating forgiveness sequentially. Infidelity treatment included assessing family of origin and relationship history, and discussing mutual acceptance of responsibility. When working toward forgiveness, therapists described: (a) assessing client understanding, (b) psychoeducation, (c) clarification, (d) client languaging, and (e) time. Implications for research and treatment are discussed.
Gulf of California Response to Hurricane Juliette

Abstract The HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) has been configured for the Gulf of California (GOC) at 1/12° and 1/25° horizontal grid resolution and has been nested inside a basin-scale 1/12° Pacific version of HYCOM. The nested GOC models are used to study the upper-ocean GOC response to Hurricane Juliette. The model results indicate that Juliette’s winds forced strong poleward coastal baroclinic currents (meridional velocity >60 cm/s) along the southwestern coast of the GOC. That reversed the well-observed mean equatorward currents along the southeastern coast of the Baja California Peninsula. These Juliette-induced currents forced a transport variation of >0.2 Sv along the entrance of the GOC. In addition, Juliette’s winds increased the mixed layer depth (from ∼5 m to ∼40 m) and induced strong upwelling (vertical velocity >30 m/day) along the southeastern coast of the Baja California Peninsula. The model simulated upwelling is corroborated by model independent analysis of SeaWiFS chlorophyll-a satellite measurements. During its early stage Juliette generated a coastally trapped wave (CTW) along mainland Mexico. After its generation the CTW propagated poleward along the coasts of the mainland and GOC, where it reached the shelf break between the 28°N and 29°N and it reversed the direction and propagated equatorward along the western coast of the GOC. Next, the CTW propagated to the southwestern coast of the GOC, where it partially modulated the intensity of the Juliette-generated coastal upwelling.
Dental Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Making the Invisible Visible

Introduction: Clinical dentistry is in need of noninvasive and accurate diagnostic methods to better evaluate dental pathosis. The purpose of this work was to assess the feasibility of a recently developed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique, called SWeep Imaging with Fourier Transform (SWIFT), to visualize dental tissues. Methods: Three in vitro teeth, representing a limited range of clinical conditions of interest, imaged using a 9.4T system with scanning times ranging from 100secondsto25minutes.Invivoimagingofasubject was performed using a 4T system with a 10-minute scanning time. SWIFT images were compared withtraditional two-dimensional radiographs, three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning, gradient-echo MRI technique, and histological sections. Results: A resolution of 100 mm was obtained from in vitro teeth. SWIFT also identified the presence and extent of dental caries and fine structures of the teeth, including cracks and accessory canals, which are not visible with existing clinical radiography techniques. Intraoral positioning of the radiofrequency coil produced initial images of multiple adjacent teeth at a resolution of 400 mm. Conclusions: SWIFT MRI offers simultaneous three-dimensional hard- and soft-tissue imaging of teeth without the use of ionizing radiation. Furthermore, it has the potential to image minute dental structures within clinically relevant scanning times. This technology has implications for endodontists because it offers a potential method to longitudinally evaluate teeth where pulp and root structures have been regenerated. (J Endod 2011;37:745‐752)
Kalapuya brunnea gen. & sp. nov. and its relationship to the other sequestrate genera in Morchellaceae

Kalapuya is described as a new, monotypic truffle genus in the Morchellaceae known only from the Pacific northwestern United States. Its relationship to other hypogeous genera within Morchellaceae is explored by phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal LSU and EF1a protein coding region. The type species, K. brunnea, occurs in Douglas-fir forests up to about 50 y old on the west slope of the Cascade Range in Oregon and in the Coastal Ranges of Oregon and northern California. It has a roughened, warty, reddish brown to brown peridium, a solid whitish gleba that develops grayish brown mottling as the spores mature, and produces a cheesy-garlicky odor at maturity. Its smooth, ellipsoid spores resemble those of Morchella spp. but are much larger. The four hypogeous genera known in the Morchellaceae, Kalapuya, Fischerula, Imaia and Leucangium, are distinct from the epigeous genera Morchella and Verpa, but it is uncertain whether they resulted from a single transition to a hypogeous fruiting habit or from multiple independent transitions. Kalapuya, locally known as the Oregon brown truffle, has been commercially harvested for culinary use.
Transurethral Prostatectomy Syndrome and Other Complications of Urologic Procedures

Elderly patients undergo numerous urologic procedures. This chapter presents some of the more common concerns and complications associated with these procedures.
Germanium Nanowires as Spectrally-selective Photodetectors in the Visible-to-Infrared

We experimentally demonstrate arrays of vertical Ge nanowires as spectrally-selective photodetectors at visible to infrared wavelengths. Measurements reveal that the external quantum efficiency spectra of fabricated devices vary with the radius of the constituent nanowires.
BUOYANCY-DRIVEN GRAVITATIONAL SPREADING

It frequently occurs in environmental fluid mechanics that a mass of less heavy fluid spreads horizontally on top of a heavier one or a more homogeneous parcel of fluid spreads within a stratified one. Examples of such phenomena include spreading of diluted sewage effluent either at the surface or in a submerged layer, the spreading of heated effluent discharged from power plants, and the spreading of oil on the surface of the sea. The general problem is rather complex, being influenced not only by the buoyancy but also by momentum, ambient turbulence and flow, surface tension, waves, wind and other complicating factors. This paper attempts to examine gravitational buoyancy-driven flow in a homogeneous otherwise motionless ambient by casting it in the form of an initial value problem. Several assumptions are made and two empirical coefficients are introduced which must be determined from experiments. Experimental data are also presented, compared with the results of the analysis and the empirical coefficients determined. Previous investigations on similar problems include Sharp (1969, 1971), Koh and Fan (1968, 1969, 1971), and Koh and Chang (1973).
Redetermination of despujolsite, Ca3Mn4+(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2O

The crystal structure of despujolsite [tricalcium manganese bis­(sulfate) hexahydroxide tri­hydrate], the Ca/Mn member of the fleischerite group, ideally Ca3Mn4+(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2O, was previously determined based on X-ray diffraction intensity data from photographs, without H-atom positions located [Gaudefroy et al. (1968). Bull. Soc. Fr. Mineral. Crystallogr. 91, 43–50]. The current study redetermines the structure of despujolsite from a natural specimen, with all H atoms located and with higher precision. The structure of despujolsite is characterized by layers of CaO8 polyhedra (m.. symmetry) inter­connected by Mn(OH)6 octa­hedra (32. symmetry) and SO4 tetra­hedra (3.. symmetry) along [001]. The average Ca—O, Mn—O and S—O bond lengths are 2.489, 1.915, and 1.472 A, respectively. There are two distinct hydrogen bonds that stabilize the structural set-up. This work represents the first description of hydrogen bonds in the fleischerite group of minerals.
THE POTENTIAL FOR COEVOLUTION IN A HOST-PARASITOID SYSTEM. II. GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN A POPULATION OF WASPS IN THE ABILITY TO PARASITIZE AN APHID HOST.

Much of the study of coevolution has focused on the adaptations that have resulted from interactions between species. For reciprocal evolution to occur, there must be genetic variation in each species for traits that directly affect their interaction. Here I report evidence of significant additive genetic variance within a population of parasitic wasps in the ability to successfully parasitize an aphid host. These data, combined with companion work documenting clonal variation in a population of aphids from the same site, provide evidence that within the same population both a host and its parasitoid have the potential for specific and reciprocal genetic interactions.
A Survey to Assess Barriers to Urban Teaching Careers

The Urban Teaching Barriers survey was created to assess barriers to urban teaching careers. Pre-service teachers (N = 377) completed this instrument, along with questionnaires that assessed urban teaching intentions and urban teaching self-efficacy. Six barrier domains were identified that tapped concerns over (a) lack of resources, (b) insufficient urban teacher preparation training, (c) cultural competency, (d) safety, (e) personal concerns, and (f) lack of support. The barrier subscales were differentially related to urban teaching intentions and teaching self-efficacy. These results as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.
DENGUE VIRUS PLAQUE FORMATION IN RHESUS MONKEY KIDNEY CULTURES.

SummaryPlaques were produced by mouse-adapted strains of the 6 recognized Dengue serotypes using a modified overlay of cultures of rhesus monkey kidney cells. Overlay modifications included changes in the magnesium and calcium ion concentration and addition of Larginine and oxalacetic acid. Plaques 1-3 mm in diameter appeared 5-11 days after inoculation of cultures. Endpoints were generally higher in rhesus kidney cultures during parallel titrations of the virus in tissue culture and mice.
The First 100 Years of the MAA

Why was the MAA founded? What role has the Association played in American mathematics? What were its primary activities? We answer these questions in this overview of the MAA over its 100-year hist...
Procedural celestial rendering for 3D navigation

Finding the best suitable environment for 3D navigation that utilizes at least six degrees-of-freedom is still difficult. Furthermore, creating a system to procedurally generate a large virtual environment provides an opportunity for researchers to understand this problem further. Therefore, we present a novel technique to render a parametric celestial skybox with the ability to light environments similar to natural color corrected images from telescopes. We first pre-compute a spherical ray map that corresponds to the cubemap coordinates, then generate stars and dust through a combination of different noise generation shaders.
Factors Promoting Utilization of Acupuncture Among Radiation Therapy Patients

An IRB-approved retrospective chart review was performed analyzing 50 pts who utlilized acupuncture at Oregon Health and Science University between 05/2013 and 04/2014. A subset analysis included patients who underwent radiation therapy (RT) alone or in combination with other cancer treatment modalities. Variables investigated includes gender, age, cancer site, treatment modalities, chemotherapy agent, and type and number of symptoms prompting acupuncture referral. Breast Cancer patients Musculoskeletal complaints were predominant symptoms for breast cancer patients who received RT. Chemotherapy included taxanes (n=9; 75%) and alkylating agents (n=5; 42%). Discussion
Small-Scale Metal-Based Syntheses of Lanthanide Iodide, Amide, and Cyclopentadienyl Complexes as Analogues for Transuranic Reactions.

Small-scale reactions of the Pu analogues La, Ce, and Nd have been explored in order to optimize reaction conditions for milligram scale reactions of radioactive plutonium starting from the metal. Oxidation of these lanthanide metals with iodine in ether and pyridine has been studied, and LnI3(Et2O)x (1-Ln; x = 0.75–1.9) and LnI3(py)4 (2-Ln; py = pyridine, NC5H5) have been synthesized on scales ranging from 15 mg to 2 g. The THF adducts LnI3(THF)4 (3-Ln) were synthesized by dissolving 1-Ln in THF. The viability of these small-scale samples as starting materials for amide and cyclopentadienyl f-element complexes was tested by reacting KN(SiMe3)2, KCp′ (Cp′ = C5H4SiMe3), KCp′′ (Cp′′ = C5H3(SiMe3)2-1,3), and KC5Me4H with 1-Ln generated in situ. These reactions produced Ln[N(SiMe3)2]3 (4-Ln), Cp′3Ln (5-Ln), Cp″3Ln (6-Ln), and (C5Me4H)3Ln (7-Ln), respectively. Small-scale samples of Cp′3Ce (5-Ce) and Cp′3Nd (5-Nd) were reduced with potassium graphite (KC8) in the presence of 2.2.2-cryptand to check the viabili...
Civic Responsibility Through Mutual Transformation of Town and Gown: Service Learning at Andrews University

In what follows I explain the commitment of Andrews University to service, then describe a sustained experience that this commitment prompted and, finally, share some of the tentative assessments that we have made of our service-related work.
The Effect of Environmental Agents on Cells of the Mononuclear Phagocyte System

The term macrophage (“large eater”) was introduced by Metchnikoff (1901) to describe cells that he believed played an important role in resistance to bacterial infections through engulfment and digestion of microorganisms. Endocytic cells were further studied by Aschoff (1924) who used the ability to take up vital dyes to classify reticular cells of the spleen and lymph nodes, endothelial cells of the lymph and blood sinuses, histiocytes of the tissues including the liver and spleen, and blood monocytes, collectively constituting the reticuloendothelial system (RES). On the basis of common morphology, function, and origin, the highly phagocytic mononuclear cells and their precursors are now grouped into one family of cells termed the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS).
Advancement of radiation effects research in photonic technologies: application to space platforms and systems

While the study of radiation effects in microelectronic devices has been ongoing for many decades, it was only with the first successful space demonstration (1984) of an active optical fiber system comprised of fiber waveguides, light emitting diodes and photodetectors that the radiation effects community increased focus on the effects of space environments on photonic technologies. The intent of this critical review of radiation effects research in photonics is to historically and briefly summarize an overview of the leading research achievements of the last decade. The review also brings to focus very recent and emerging research directions using new ion microbeam methodologies for performing highly accurate radiation effects investigations on photonic and microelectronic components and systems. The bulk of the review deals with recently reported radiation induced response phenomena in: LiNb03 integrated optic structures, AlGaAs vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes, acousto optic Bragg cells, GaN light emitting diodes, and organic spatial light modulators.