cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Event simulation for the WA80 experiment

Abstract The HIJET and LUND event generators are compared. It is concluded that for detector construction and design of experimental setups, the differences between the two models are marginal. The coverage of the WA80 setup in pseudorapidity and energy is demonstrated. The performance of some of the WA80 detectors (zero-degree calorimeter, wall calorimeter, multiplicity array, and SAPHIR lead-glass detector) is evaluated based on calculations with the LUND or the HIJET codes combined with codes simulating the detector responses.
Microlocal high-range-resolution ISAR for low signal-to-noise environments

We consider the problem of identification of airborne objects from high-range-resolution radar data. We use high-frequency asymptotics to show that certain features of the object-correspond to identifiable features of the radar data. We study the cases of single scattering and scattering from re-entrant structures such as ducts. This work suggests a method for target identification that circumvents the need to create an intermediate radar image from which the object's characteristics are to be extracted. As such, this scheme may be applicable to efficient machine-based radar identification programs.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Insights into Self-guided Professional Development: Teachers and teacher educators working together

This research documents the ways in which a self-generated, self-directed, self-study group of teachers can serve as an effective model of professional development. Data suggest that the Alumnae Group began with a shared desire to communicate. Over time, members developed a shared language that was concrete, precise and coherent. This shared language coupled with an ethos of critical friendship enabled participants to grapple meaningfully with dilemmas of teaching – identifying and comparing practices and developing a more complex schema for meeting the needs of students. This process appears to be the foundation on which the success of the group rests as well as a model of professional development.
Magnetic effects for the hydrogen molecule in excited states: B' 1 Sigma u+ of H2.

Components of the magnetizability of the B' ${}^{1}$${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{+}$ state of the hydrogen molecule have been calculated for a wide range of bond lengths. Explicitly correlated, ``generalized James-Coolidge-type wave functions'' were used. It is found that in the B' ${}^{1}$${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{+}$ state the molecular magnetizability is a positive quantity for bond lengths near equilibrium due to the mixing in of the nearby ${D}^{1}$${\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{u}$ state by the magnetic field. As a result ``van Vleck paramagnetism'' exists in the lowest vibrational level of the B' state. At larger bond lengths this mixing is reduced by increasing influence of the ${C}^{1}$${\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{u}$ state. The crossing of the potential curves of B' and C states produces the singularity point on the ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}^{p}$ curve. As a result the paramagnetism disappears for higher vibrational states. The long-range parts of the components of the magnetizability of the a ${}^{3}$${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{+}$ and B${}^{1}$${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{+}$ states of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ also have been calculated in order to study the asymptotic behavior of the magnetizability at large bond length.
Treatment Collaboration of Methadone Maintenance Programs and Therapeutic Communities

Although they developed from different backgrounds, therapeutic communities and methadone maintenance programs became major treatments of heroin abuse in the 1970s. Research published in the last 5 years demonstrates that therapeutic communities are associated with long-lasting improvements in functioning for the few drug abusers who stay in treatment at least 3 months. A principal limitation of this modality is that few patients remain in treatment long enough to acquire the changed values that produce long-lasting effects. Research on methadone maintenance continues to show that this treatment produces immediate decreases in criminality and drug abuse; however, patients who taper off of maintenance are prone to relapse. The aspects of treatment that appear to prevent relapse include minimizing withdrawal symptoms during tapering and providing support during and after completing maintenance. The strengths of these two treatment modalities can be combined to enable narcotic addicts to taper off of methado...
Three-dimensional tracking using qualitative bionic sonar

Abstract A sonar-driven robot, ROBAT 3D , has been implemented to track an object moving in three dimensions using qualitative interpretation of the sonar signals. ROBAT 3D is equipped with a sonar system consisting of five identical transducers configured in the form of a cross. The center transducer emits an acoustic pulse and the echoes are detected by pairs of receivers that flank the transmitter horizontally and vertically. The vertically-oriented receivers are used to control the pitch while those oriented horizontally control the yaw. ROBAT 3D is driven by four air jets that provide lateral forces that direct the heading toward the object. Two bits of information are extracted from each emission, one for pitch correction and the other for yaw correction. The correction is determined by which sensor in a pair first detects the echo. That sensor actuates an air valve supplying the contralateral jet to correct the heading. The range to the object can be determined from the echo time-of-flight. This simple nonlinear analog control system is very fast and can track an object that has an angular velocity upto π /2 rad /s. A trade-off exists between the size of a limit cycle oscillation and the bandwith of the system, determined by the thrust of the jets and the delay in the sonar sensing.
Interactions between Rotavirus and Suwannee River Organic Matter: Aggregation, Deposition, and Adhesion Force Measurement

Interactions between rotavirus and Suwannee River natural organic matter (NOM) were studied by time-resolved dynamic light scattering, quartz crystal microbalance, and atomic force microscopy. In NOM-containing NaCl solutions of up to 600 mM, rotavirus suspension remained stable for over 4 h. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurement for interaction force decay length at different ionic strengths showed that nonelectrostatic repulsive forces were mainly responsible for eliminating aggregation in NaCl solutions. Aggregation rates of rotavirus in solutions containing 20 mg C/L increased with divalent cation concentration until reaching a critical coagulation concentration of 30 mM CaCl2 or 70 mM MgCl2. Deposition kinetics of rotavirus on NOM-coated silica surface was studied using quartz crystal microbalance. Experimental attachment efficiencies for rotavirus adsorption to NOM-coated surface in MgCl2 solution were lower than in CaCl2 solution at a given divalent cation concentration. Stronger adhesion force...
Ground-state and low-lying excitations of the Heisenberg antiferromagnet.

Monte Carlo methods are used to determine the exact ground-state energy of the spin-(1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet on two-dimensional square periodic lattices up to size 32\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}32. The extrapolated ground-state energy for infinite lattice size is -0.334 59\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000 05. In addition, splittings between the ground state and the lowest spin-1 and -2 excitations are determined as a function of lattice size. The scaling of both the ground-state energy and the gap are in agreement with that predicted by spin-wave theory over a wide range of lattice sizes. In particular, numerical results demonstrate convincingly the lack of a gap for infinite systems, and that the gap for finite systems scales with the inverse volume of the lattice. Finally, we present results for the ground-state spin-correlation function. Our approximate results for larger lattices indicate that the staggered magnetization is 0.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 units where the saturated value is (1/2.
Effect of Selectively Electrodeposited Stabilizer Thickness on AC Loss Behavior of Fully-Filamentized HTS Wire

The influence of thickness of stabilizer layer on fully-filamentized RE-Ba-Cu-O (REBCO, RE = rare earth) coated conductors fabricated by using our recently developed selective electroplating technique on magnetization ac losses is investigated over a frequency range of 40 to 500 Hz at ~ 77 K. The results showed no significant loss contribution by the increasing thickness of the stabilizer in fully-filamentized or decoupled 12-filament tape. The losses for 12-filament decoupled tapes were found to be almost 15 times lower than that for nonstriated reference at relatively high field amplitudes and low frequencies while this number is slightly reduced at high frequencies. Furthermore, magnetization ac losses of partially- and fully-coupled tape structure were investigated since excessive deposition of electroplated copper results in merging of the metal in the middle of the groove, which eventually bridges the superconducting filaments. Such structures resulted in a drastic increase in the losses, and the filamentization became ineffective above the penetration field to an extent that the losses exceeded that of a nonstriated reference tape at relatively low field amplitudes. The thickness for the selectively-coated copper stabilizer on filaments without bridges that leads coupling was achieved to be 30 μm and estimated up to 35 to 40 μm for a groove width of 40 to 55 μm.
Tidal effects of disconnected hydrocarbon seas on Titan

THERMODYNAMIC and photochemical arguments1–4 suggest that Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, has a deep ocean of liquid hydrocarbons. At visible wavelengths, Titan's surface is obscured by a thick stratospheric haze, but radar observations5–7 have revealed large regions of high surface reflectivity that are inconsistent with a global hydrocarbon ocean. Titan's surface has also been imaged at infrared wavelengths8–10, and the highest-resolution data (obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope) show clear variations in surface albedo and/or topography10. The natural interpretation of these observations is that Titan, like the Earth, has continents and oceans. But Titan's high orbital eccentricity poses a problem for this interpretation, as the effects of oceanic tidal friction would have circularized Titan's orbit for most configurations of oceans and continents1,11. Here we argue that a more realistic topography, in which liquid hydrocarbons are confined to a number of disconnected seas or crater lakes, may satisfy both the dynamical and observational constraints.
Mapping between Hamiltonians with attractive and repulsive potentials on a lattice

Through a simple and exact analytical derivation, we show that for a particle on a lattice there is a one-to-one correspondence between the spectrum in the presence of an attractive potential $\mathrm{V\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}$ and its repulsive counterpart $\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{V\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}$. For a Hermitian potential, this result implies that the number of localized states is the same in both attractive and repulsive cases although these states occur above (below) the band continuum for the repulsive (attractive) case. For a $\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}$-symmetric potential that is odd under parity, our result implies that, in the $\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}$-unbroken phase, the energy eigenvalues are symmetric around zero and that the corresponding eigenfunctions are closely related to each other.
Lead in grain size fractions of road-deposited sediment.

Abstract Road-deposited sediment (RDS) is an important environmental medium for assessing contaminant levels in urban systems. Their atmospheric resuspension has significant implications for human health, and storm water transport can directly impact aquatic biota. Data from 20 RDS samples from Palolo Valley, Oahu, Hawaii, were fractionated into six grain-size classes and analyzed for Pb using a weak HCl (0.5 M) digestion. Data indicate significant Pb contamination in all samples. Median labile Pb concentration (n=120) was 170 mg/kg, with a range from 4 to 1750 mg/kg. The five sediment fractions
Quadratized Three-Phase Induction Motor Model for Steady-State and Dynamic Analysis

This paper describes the implementation of a three- phase, phase-domain induction motor model for asymmetric load flow and quasi-steady state analysis. The mathematical model is based on the use of linear and quadratic equations, reducing therefore the system nonlinearity to at most second degree. The model optionally includes slip-dependent rotor parameters, allowing therefore a unified and accurate representation of every possible motor design (NEMA designs A, B, C and D). A parameter estimation methodology is also presented that allows the motor model identification using the slip-torque and slip- current motor characteristics. The estimation procedure and the model performance for both steady-state and dynamic analysis are demonstrated with some simple numerical examples.
Some issues on beam breakup in linear accelerators

Some issues on beam breakup in linear acceleratorsY. Y. Lau and D. G. ColombantBeam Physics Branch, Plasma Physics DivisionNaval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5000One may well ask: at this late stage, what more do we need to learn aboutthe old subject of beam breakup instabilities (BBU) in linear accelerators? Thephysical mechanism is well-understood. Various stabilization mechanisms have beenexplored and implemented. The theoretical techniques that have been developed intreating the instabilities have become standard tools, and except for the caseswhere the focusing force is a nonlinear function of the beam's transversedisplacement, the governing equations are linear.On the other hand, BBU is perhaps the most fundamental instability in alinear accelerator——its excitation requires no more than the passage of a chargedparticle beam through a sequence of cavities. The resurgence of interest in thisinstability naturally accompanied the construction of high current accelerators.In fact, our interest in this instability was originally stimulated by the two—beam accelerator experiment that was recently conducted at the Naval ResearchLaboratory. As we gained more experience with BBU, we are confronted withvarious nagging issues. Some of these are well-known and are, in fact, generic toall stability theories. Others are of a more specific nature. We shall describethem in this paper.A key issue, in our opinion, is the adequacy of the "conventional" models andthe confidence in their use to assess the danger of BBU growth in a givenexperimental situation. The predictive capability is very important, as BBUgrowth depends on many parameters: beam current, beam energy, pulse length, pulseseparation, cavity separation, machine length, acceleration gradients, focalstrength breakup mode frequency and their spectra, their Q values, and transverseshunt impedances. Half of these parameters span over four orders of magnitudes,depending on the machine. Some important ones cannot even be determinedaccurately. Below, we shall discuss the various issues which arose in the courseof our research. We provided answers to a small fraction of them, while theothers await future investigation. Needless to say, the list is not exhaustive.
The Inner Father

In this article, I explore the inner experience of the father and father presence and offer a new interpretation of the son’s or daughter’s bond with his/her father. I first delineate the subjective inner world and the role of symbols in it. I then describe the elements of this world, particularly as they pertain to the inner father. I draw from object relations theory, Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory, analytic psychology, and cultural anthropology to hypothesize the existence of the inner father, an innate symbolic structure in the psyche, which I refer to as the sense of father. The inner father is also made up of introjected material from actual experience with the personal father. I explicate how the inner father and the introjected father contribute to the father image, an intrapsychic phenomenon similar to Bowlby’s internal working model. Fatherlessness is also addressed at the personal, social psychological, and societal levels. The significance of the inner father for practitioners is discussed.
On the Grain Size Dependence of the Behavicur of Fine Magnetic Particles in Rocks

The grain size dependence of the ratio of saturation remanent magnetization to saturation magnetization (J r : J s ), weak field susceptibility (X0), thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) and its stability against AF demagnetization are interpreted in terms of nucleation theory. It is concluded that each of these parameters exhibits grain size dependence due to two effects. The first is the increasing difficulty with which domain walls are neucleated as grain size decreases. The second is an intrinsic grain size dependence of the parameters in multidomain particles.
Positional cloning of the hereditary renal carcinoma 3;8 chromosome translocation breakpoint

Abstract The chromosome (p14.2;q24.1) translocation t(3;8) has been associated with hereditary renal cancer in one family. Based on cytogenetic analyses and loss-of-heterozygosity experiments, the 3p14 region has been independently implicated as harboring a tumor suppressor gene critical to kidney and lung cancer development. The 3p14.2 region also contains FRA3B, the most sensitive fragile site induced by aphidicolin. A chromosome 3 probe, R7K145, derived from a radiation-reduced hybrid was positioned between the t(3;8) breakpoint and an aphidicolin-induced 3p14 breakpoint. A yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) contig containing R7K145 was developed that crossed the aphidicolin-induced breakpoint on its telomeric side. A subsequent chromosome walk identified a YAC that crossed the 3;8 translocation breakpoint. A lambda sublibrary allowed isolation of clones spanning the rearrangement. Unique and evolutionarily conserved DNA sequences were used to screen a kidney cDNA library. We have identified a gene, referred to as HRCA1 (hereditary renal cancer associated 1), that maps immediately adjacent to the breakpoint. On the basis of its chromosomal position, HRCA1 may be a candidate tumor suppressor gene.
Cultural differences and judgment in financial reporting standards

Abstract This instructional resource provides you with the opportunity to explore how cultural differences can impact financial reporting outcomes through the judgments accountants make when interpreting and applying accounting standards. It is intended to draw your attention and awareness to culture’s impact on financial reporting judgments since financial reporting is becoming increasingly international in scope. The instructional resource begins by discussing financial reporting standards and cultural differences and then moves into presenting three accounting scenarios. The three scenarios (lease classification, contingent liability, and revenue recognition) examine how applying accounting standards requires judgment and how cultural differences can influence accountants’ judgments and the resulting financial reporting outcomes. In each scenario, you have the opportunity to identify and consider how different cultural dimensions could impact cross-cultural financial reporting outcomes. The instructional resource content allows you to consider the challenges in using and applying a uniform set of global accounting standards that require judgment across cultures.
Cover-VT: Converged Security Visualization Tool

The amount of data that floods today's networks is well beyond what security analysts can manage by textual means alone. In an effort to solve this problem, researchers have explored different methods of visualizing network security threats. There is little debate that humans can perceive more information visually than textually. The problem is that the majority of visualization tools in practice or proposed do not take efficient visualization techniques into consideration. As a result, it is difficult to get a high-level view of the network that facilitates rapid isolation of network attacks. We propose the Converged Security Visualization Tool (Cover-VT) to solve the efficient visualization problem. Cover-VT was designed to provide analysts with a high-level view of network threats using geographic information systems. The tool allows for rapid identification of threats by minimizing the cognitive obstacles to efficient threat location. Cover-VT includes the capability to drill-down on a node of interest for additional details and even filter out unwanted data. Cover-VT was designed with usability in mind, making it easy to comprehend while assisting the analyst in rapid threat identification. Many different security tools make up a security analyst's tool kit. Cover-VT was developed as an effective security visualization system that integrates existing security tools and network security systems.
The CCAAT box-binding transcription factor NF-Y regulates basal expression of human proteasome genes

Protein degradation by the proteasome plays an important role in all major cellular pathways. Aberrant proteasome activity is associated with numerous human diseases including cancer and neurological disorders, but the underlying mechanism is virtually unclear. At least part of the reason for this is due to lack of understanding of the regulation of human proteasome genes. In this study, we found that a large set of human proteasome genes carry the CCAAT box in their promoters. We further demonstrated that the basal expression of these CCAAT box-containing proteasome genes is regulated by the transcription factor NF-Y. Knockdown of NF-YA, an essential subunit of NF-Y, reduced proteasome gene expression and compromised the cellular proteasome activity. In addition, we showed that knockdown of NF-YA sensitized breast cancer cells to the proteasome inhibitor MG132. This study unveils a new role for NF-Y in the regulation of human proteasome genes and suggests that NF-Y may be a potential target for cancer therapy.
Using predictable mobility patterns to support scalable and secure MANETs of handheld devices

Mobile ad-hoc networks of wireless devices (MANETs) hold the promise of providing network services without traditional infrastructures that could fall victim to manipulation and censorship. Unfortunately, current MANET systems suffer significant scalability problems, effectively precluding their use for general-purpose networking. We suggest tailoring MANETs to particular classes of application and leveraging application-specific properties to increase scalability. This paper describes the design of a scalable and secure MANET for text-based personal communication. Our design is based on geographic routing and uses human motion and communication patterns to facilitate location tracking and distribution, thereby increasing scalability above that of traditional geographic routing. We provide location privacy by transplanting mix-net techniques into MANETs.
Integrated control for the suppression of a population of house flies, Musca domestica L.

An insecticide and a chemosterilant used against the same population of house flies, Musca domestica L., in poultry houses were more effective than an insecticide used alone.
A novel Split-Thickness Skin Graft Donor Site: The Radial Skin Paddle

OBJECTIVE: To eliminate morbidity of the thigh split-thickness skin graft (STSG) donor site in forearm flaps, the feasibility of harvesting from an alternate site was assessed.STUDY DESIGN: Case series with planned data collection.SETTING: A tertiary care academic setting.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data were collected from patients undergoing forearm flap reconstruction over 13 months. The forearm flap harvesting procedure was modified to incorporate STSG harvest directly from the flap skin paddle.RESULTS: There were 66 patients in this cohort, with mean age of 62.6 years. There were 58 fasciocutaneous radial forearm free flaps (RFFFs), three osteocutaneous RFFF, three ulnar flaps, and two reverse-flow RFFFs. The majority of flaps were used for mucosal coverage (n = 54), but 12 flaps were used for external skin coverage. The mean forearm defect was 36.5 cm2 (12–77 cm2). Harvesting from the forearm skin paddle was successful in 64 patients (97%). Two patients required a thigh STSG; both patients were octogenari...
How should age at diagnosis impact treatment strategy in asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism? A cost-effectiveness analysis.

Background The National Institutes of Health consensus conference on asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) recommended several criteria for parathyroidectomy (PTX), including age 50 years of age. Methods A Markov model was constructed comparing operative, observational, and pharmacologic treatments. Costs were estimated from a third-party payer perspective. Outcomes were weighted with utility adjustment factors, yielding quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Future costs and QALYs were discounted at 3%. Threshold analysis identified the optimal strategy at life expectancies ranging from 6 months to 75 years. Multivariate sensitivity analysis was completed with Monte Carlo simulation. Results PTX was optimal when life expectancy reached 5 years for outpatient PTX and 6.5 years for inpatient PTX. Observation was the optimal strategy at all shorter life expectancies considered. The pharmacologic treatment strategy was not optimal at any life expectancy. Conclusion PTX is the optimal strategy for many patients with asymptomatic PHPT who are >50 years of age. PTX is cost effective for patients with a predicted life expectancy of 5 years (outpatient) or 6.5 years (inpatient). For patients with a shorter life expectancy, observation is the most cost-effective strategy.
Literacy, Culture, and Politics of Schooling: Counternarratives of a Chinese Canadian Family

To counter the "grand narratives" of the model minority myth, this study unveils the stories of a Chinese immigrant family who are encountering difficulties with schooling. The study demonstrates a complex interrelationship between home literacy, culture, and politics of schooling. Findings suggest that cultural mismatch theory alone cannot explain minority schoolfailure. Rather, multilevel interactions, including cultural differences, modes of incorporation, and differential power relationships between school and home, result in minority students' school difficulties.
Cross-institutional stability of behavioral criteria desirable for success in radiology residency.

Certain dimensions of job performance are critical to radiology residents, and several of these dimensions are noncognitive in nature (eg, interpersonal skills, conscientiousness, recognition of limits). Our initial study examined these factors in only one residency program, so the general nature of these dimensions must be documented. The current study was a cross institutional analysis involving 31 faculty radiologists at three separate academic institutions (82% of total faculty) who participated in a critical incident interview to obtain data on important resident behaviors and attitudes. The resultant 172 incidents were sorted by two physicians into the six categories (knowledge, technical skills, attitudes toward self and [both recognitions of limits and confidence in abilities], conscientiousness, curiosity, and interpersonal skills); inter-rater reliability was 92%, kappa = .89. A Chi square analysis revealed similar distributions of incidents across categories (x2 12 = 17.22) among the three institutions, supporting the general reliability of these dimensions across the institutions studied. Further, the distributions of these incidents demonstrated that the noncognitive dimensions again were given considerable importance by faculty radiologists. For example, more than 40% of the critical incidents pertained to the conscientiousness dimension. These findings documented the generalization of these behavioral dimensions across several sites and support their importance in selection and evaluation of residents.
Species’ Geographic Distributions Through Time: Playing Catch-up with Changing Climates

Species’ ranges are often treated as a fixed characteristic, rather than a fluid, ever-changing manifestation of their ecological requirements and dispersal abilities. Paleontologists generally have had a better appreciation of the changeable nature of species’ ranges than neontologists, but each perspective can improve by appreciating the other. Here, we provide an overview of paleontological and neontological perspectives on species’ geographic distributions, focusing on what can be learned about historical variations in distributions. In particular, we focus on enriching the field of phylogeography with a more explicit view of geography, taking into account variation through time in the geographic distribution of different environments, effectively integrating information from the fossil record, molecular genetics, and paleoclimatology. The cross-disciplinary view that would result offers novel perspectives on biogeography and macroevolution.
Identification of a mobility-limiting scattering mechanism in modulation-doped Si/SiGe heterostructures.

High electron mobilities in modulation-doped Si/SiGe in the range of (1.5-1.8) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{5}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V s at 0.4-1.4 K have been achieved by several groups. Those numbers fall short of the expected theoretical value. We have examined how strain in the Si channel affects the low temperature electron mobility by systematically varying the Ge content in the relaxed buffer underneath, and by changing the Si channel thickness. A clear reduction in mobility is observed at a critical layer thickness, which is identified as the thickness at which remaining threading dislocations glide in the Si channel, resulting in misfit dislocations at the bottom interface. Understanding and control of this mechanism have led to the growth of samples with mobility values in the range of (3-4) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{5}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V s.
Structural and magnetic effects of successive protonations of oxo bridges in high-valent manganese dimers

The preparation and characterization of [Mn[sup IV] (salpn) ([mu]-OH)][sub 2],(CF[sub 3]SO[sub 3])[sub 2], 1H[sub 2](CF[sub 3]SO[sub 3])[sub 2], the first bis(hydroxo)-bridged manganese(IV) dimer, is reported. Along with the previously reported complexes [Mn[sup IV] (salpn)([mu]-O)][sub 2], 1, and [Mn[sup IV] (salpn)][sub 2]([mu]-O) ([mu]-OH) (CF[sub 3]SO[sub 3]), this provides the first series of oxo-bridged manganese complexes which are isolated in three different protonation states of the bridges without a change in the other ligands or the manganese oxidation state. The effects of oxo bridge protonations on the structure and magnetism of these Mn(IV) dimers are studied using this series of complexes. Each successive protonation of the oxo bridges results in a 2200 cm[sup [minus]1] decrease in the energy of the lowest energy (presumably, phenolate-to-manganese) charge transfer transition, a lengthening of the Mn-Mn distance, and a dramatic decrease in the antiferromagnetic coupling, without a significant change in the manganese X-ray absorption edge energies. The edge energies are all within 0.3 eV of each other, at ca. 6553 eV. The extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra indicate that the Mn-Mn distance increases from 2.73 angstroms for 1 to 2.83 and 2.93 angstroms with successive protonations. 34 refs., 5 figs., 3 tabs.
Science Service Learning

This paper is an overview of 20 years of science service learning at San Jacinto College-Central Campus, Pasadena, Texas. During that time, science students have served as science fair judges and have helped precollege-age students with hands-on experiments in the college laboratories, in the public schools, and at family science nights.
Relationship between monoclonal gammopathy and cardiac amyloid type.

Abstract Background Proper identification of cardiac amyloid type is essential for patient management, and has historically relied upon immunohistochemical- or immunofluorescence-based methods, often correlated with serum and urine protein electrophoresis (SPEP and UPEP) with immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE), and/or free light chain immunoassay (FLC). The recent implementation of mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis for clinical amyloid typing allows us to determine the validity of these tests to predict amyloid type. Validity of SPEP/UPEP/IFE and FLC assays in cardiac amyloid prediction was examined. Methods Retrospective analysis of two tertiary care populations ( n =143, 2001–2010), of cardiac biopsy-proven amyloidosis, was performed. Results Amyloid of transthyretin (ATTR) type was found in 81 (57%) of 143 patients and immunoglobulin light chain amyloid was found in the remaining 62 (43%). SPEP/UPEP/IFE detected a monoclonal gammopathy in 76 individuals, 56 with AL and 20 with ATTR amyloid and was overall a poor predictor of AL amyloid in this patient population: specificity (75%; 95% CI, 65-83%) and positive predictive value (PPV 74%; 95% CI, 63–82%). The FLC assay detected an abnormal kappa/lambda ratio in 61 patients, 53 with AL and 8 with ATTR amyloid and was a better predictor of AL amyloid type in this patient population: specificity (90%, 95% CI, 82–95%) and PPV (87%, 95% CI, 76–93%). Conclusions ATTR was the predominant amyloid type in this large cohort of endomyocardial biopsies characterized by mass spectrometry. Although FLC performs better than SPEP/UPEP/IFE, the performance of blood and urine studies for monoclonal proteins are not adequate to classify amyloid type. Summary This large-scale retrospective analysis of cardiac amyloidosis shows that blood and urine monoclonal protein studies are not, by themselves, robust predictors of cardiac amyloid type in patients undergoing endomyocardial biopsy.
Analysis of the probability of interference during a telephone interconnect call

This paper develops a means of estimating the probability of call interference for telephone interconnect calls placed on mobile radio systems with reuse. Two classes of systems are treated: (1) those in which the channel is monitored for occupancy prior to placing a call and (2) those in which the channel is not monitored. An example of a class (1) system is the recently proposed personal radio communications system (FCC PR Docket No. 83- 26). Traditional cell system designs fit into class (2) as there reuse cell spacings are engineered so as to achieve some desired "static" interference probability. Our analysis accounts for the temporal variations of average signal powers with both desired and interference sources moving and is thus "dynamic". We take as the definition of call interference, the probability that during the first T seconds of successfully established calls the desired-to-interference power ratio falls below a reference value of x dB at least once.
Spontaneous Trait Inferences: Effects of Recognition Instructions and Subliminal Priming on Recognition Performance

The hypothesis that spontaneous trait inferences occur during encoding of behavioral descriptions was examined. Subjects studied sentences describing actors performing some action that implied a certain personality trait. For the explicit sentences, the trait implied by the action was explicitly stated, whereas for the implicit sentences, the trait was not stated. Subjects were assigned to either the memory or the impression formation condition. In Experiment I a change from fact to inference recognition instructions increased recognition accuracy for implicit trait items under the impression condition but decreased accuracy under the memory condition. In Experiment 2 subliminal presentation of relevant trait primes decreased recognition accuracy for implicit trait items but only under the impression condition. These data suggest that spontaneous trait inferences occur infrequently if at all during the encoding of behavioral descriptions.
XXX. On the true order of succession of the older stratified rocks in the neighbourhood of Killarney and to the north of Dublin : To the editors of the Philosophical Magazine and Journal

(1840). XXX. On the true order of succession of the older stratified rocks in the neighbourhood of Killarney and to the north of Dublin. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 16, No. 102, pp. 161-175.
A Space Efficient Algorithm for Finding the Best Non-Overlapping Alignment Score

Repeating patterns make up a significant fraction of DNA and protein molecules. These repeating regions are important to biological function because they may act as catalytic, regulatory or evolutionary sites and because they have been implicated in human disease. Additionally, these regions often serve as useful laboratory tools for such tasks as localizing genes on a chromosome and DNA fingerprinting. In this paper, we present a space efficient algorithm for finding the maximum alignment score for any two substrings of a single string T under the condition that the substrings do not overlap. In a biological context, this corresponds to the largest repeating region in the molecule. The algorithm runs in O(n2 log2n) time and uses only O(n2) space.
An Integrated Framework for Avatar Data Collection from the Virtual World: A Case Study in Second Life

Hundreds of thousands of people from different physical locations can join virtual worlds whenever they want to interact with each other and create objects in a computer-based simulated environment, typically in an interactive 3D format. The rich social media data generated in virtual worlds has important implications for business, education, social science, and society at large. However, how to collect such social media data is a relatively unexplored topic and remains an issue. In this study, we developed an integrated framework combining both bot-based and spider-based approaches to collect avatar behavioral and profile data. Following the proposed framework, we conducted a case study to examine avatar action differences between the two genders as well as between young-aged and old-aged avatars. The results of the case study indicated that in general male avatars tended to perform more active physical actions than female avatars, and young-aged avatars tended to perform more active physical actions than old-aged avatars.
A Hierarchical Statistical Sensitivity Analysis Method for Complex Engineering Systems

Statistical sensitivity analysis (SSA) is playing an increasingly important role in engineering design, especially with the consideration of uncertainty. However, it is not straightforward to apply SSA to the design of complex engineering systems due to both computational and organizational difficulties. In this paper, to facilitate the application of SSA to the design of complex systems especially those that follow hierarchical modeling structures, a hierarchical statistical sensitivity analysis (HSSA) method containing a top-down strategy for SSA and an aggregation approach to evaluating the global statistical sensitivity index (GSSI) is developed. The top-down strategy for HSSA is introduced to invoke the SSA of the critical submodels based on the significance of submodel performances. A simplified formulation of the GSSI is studied to represent the effect of a lower-level submodel input on a higher-level model response by aggregating the submodel SSA results across intermediate levels. A sufficient condition under which the simplified formulation provides an accurate solution is derived. To improve the accuracy of the GSSI formulation for a general situation, a modified formulation is proposed by including an adjustment coefficient (AC) to capture the impact of the nonlinearities of the upper-level models. To improve the efficiency, the same set of samples used in submodel SSAs is used to evaluate the AC. The proposed HSSA method is examined through mathematical examples and a three-level hierarchical model used in vehicle suspension systems design.
School nurses' knowledge, attitudes, perceptions of role as opinion leader, and professional practice regarding human papillomavirus vaccine for youth.

BACKGROUND Because human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine rates remain low, we evaluated US school nurses' knowledge, attitudes, perceptions of their role as opinion leaders, and professional practice regarding HPV vaccine, and assessed whether knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of being an opinion leader influenced their professional practice regarding the HPV vaccine. METHODS We used a cross-sectional design by recruiting members from the National Association of School Nurses. All participants (N = 505) were e-mailed a survey designed for this study. Structural equation modeling (SEM) tested direct and indirect effects. RESULTS Overall, school nurses had knowledge about HPV and the vaccine, and positive attitudes toward the vaccine. They had less-than-enthusiastic perceptions of their role as opinion leaders regarding the vaccine and implemented few activities related to providing vaccine information. The model revealed a good fit (χ2 = 20.238 [df = 8, p < .01]), with knowledge directly related to attitudes, attitudes directly related to perceptions and practice, and perceptions directly affecting practice. In our model, perceptions functioned as a partial mediator. CONCLUSIONS To enhance school nurses' practice regarding the HPV vaccine, focus should be on increasing positive attitudes toward the vaccine and strengthening perceptions of their role as opinion leaders.
Evaluating the application of energy storage and day-ahead solar forecasting to firm the output of a photovoltaic plant

The cost of photovoltaic (PV) electricity is competitive with some high cost forms of natural gas electricity in some areas. However, the variability of PV energy increases the cost to utilize it. This increased cost is partially shouldered by imbalance penalties assigned to the plant owner. Energy storage and forecasting services are two techniques that have been proposed to reduce the penalties. This paper quantifies the level of energy storage and forecasting necessary to reduce, or firm, the intra-hour variability of a PV plant. It also assesses the economics of using a battery energy storage system (BESS) to firm output, finding that more than a 90% cost reduction is required to justify deployment of a BESS. Finally, the viability of a BESS providing multiple services to the power system is assessed
Acquisition and extinction with rewarded goal box placements interpolated among training trials

In a factorial design, rats were given 15, 30, or 60 training trials in a runway with 0, 15, or 30 rewarded goal placements interpolated among runs. Then 63 extinction trials were given. Terminal acquisition goal speeds increased with number of placements and also number of rewards (Ng). Resistance to extinction was found to vary inversely with number of placements, inversely with Ng, and independently of amount of training with Ng being controlled.
A VORTEX LATTICE METHOD FOR HIGH-SPEED PLANNING

SUMMARY A three-dimensional numerical model using vortex lattice methods (VLMs) is developed to solve the steady planing problem. Planing hydrodynamics have similarities to the aerodynamic swept wing problem-the hdamental difference being the existence of a free surface. Details of the solution scheme are discussed, including the special features of the VLM used here in obtaining accurate flows at the leading and side edges. Computational results are presented and compared with existing theories and experiments.
Historical fire and vegetation dynamics in dry forests of the interior Pacific Northwest, USA, and relationships to Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) habitat conservation

Regional conservation planning frequently relies on general assumptions about historical disturbance regimes to inform decisions about landscape restoration, reserve allocations, and landscape management. Spatially explicit simulations of landscape dynamics provide quantitative estimates of landscape structure and allow for the testing of alternative scenarios. We used a landscape fire succession model to estimate the historical range of variability of vegetation and fire in a dry forest landscape (size ca. 7900 km 2 ) where the present-day risk of high severity fire threatens the persistence of older closed canopy forest which may serve as Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) habitat. Our results indicated that historically, older forest may have comprised the largest percentage of the landscape (35%), followed by early successional forest (25%), with about 9% of the landscape in a closed canopy older forest condition. The amount and condition of older forest varied by potential vegetation type and land use allocation type. Vegetation successional stages had fine-grained spatial heterogeneity in patch characteristics, with older forest tending to have the largest patch sizes among the successional stages. Increasing fire severities posed a greater risk to Northern Spotted Owl habitat than increasing fire sizes or frequencies under historical fire regimes. Improved understanding of historical landscape-specific fire and vegetation conditions and their variability can assist forest managers to promote landscape resilience and increases of older forest, in dry forests with restricted amounts of habitat for sensitive species.
From regional climate simulations to the hydrological information needed for basin scale impact studies

Abstract. The accuracy of local downscaling of rainfall predictions provided by climate models is crucial for the assessment of climate change impacts on hydrological processes because the presence of bias in downscaled precipitation may produce large bias in the assessment of soil moisture dynamics, river flows, and groundwater recharge. In this study, the output of a regional climate model (RCM) is downscaled using a stochastic modelling of the point rainfall process able to adequately reproduce the daily rainfall intermittency which is one of the crucial aspects for the hydrological processes characterizing Mediterranean environments. The historical time-series from a dense rain-gauge network were used for the analysis of the RCM bias in terms of dry and wet daily period and then to investigate the predicted alteration in the local rainfall regime. A Poisson Rectangular Pulse (PRP) model (Rodriguez-Iturbe et al., 1987) was finally adopted for the stochastic generation of local daily rainfall as a continuous-time point process with forcing parameters resulting from the bias correction of the RCM scenario.
Determining the Content of the First Course in Transportation Engineering

Transportation engineering constitutes a required portion of the civil engineering curriculum at over three-fourths of undergraduate civil engineering programs in the United States. The input of practicing transportation engineers is a critical source of information in determining the content of the first course in transportation engineering. A new survey was conducted in which respondents ranked 31 potential course topics by importance. The results are compared to a similar survey conducted 20 years before to determine which topics have increased in importance, which have become less critical to cover, and which continue to remain of high priority. Topics such as traffic safety and traffic flow characteristics are of considerably higher priority today than 20 years ago, while topics such as geometric design of highways and highway capacity studies continue to be of great importance. Preparation for follow-up and graduate coursework, for the Fundamentals of Engineering and Professional Engineer examinatio...