cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the wave dispersion and non-reciprocal power flow in space-time traveling acoustic metamaterials

Abstract This note analytically investigates non-reciprocal wave dispersion in locally resonant acoustic metamaterials. Dispersion relations associated with space-time varying modulations of inertial and stiffness parameters of the base material and the resonant components are derived. It is shown that the resultant dispersion bias onsets intriguing features culminating in a break-up of both acoustic and optic propagation modes and one-way local resonance band gaps. The derived band structures are validated using the full transient displacement response of a finite metamaterial. A mathematical framework is presented to characterize power flow in the modulated acoustic metamaterials to quantify energy transmission patterns associated with the non-reciprocal response. Since local resonance band gaps are size-independent and frequency tunable, the outcome enables the synthesis of a new class of sub-wavelength low-frequency one-way wave guides.
Stress, Neural Basis of

Stressors, both physical and psychological, are pervasive and challenge the well being of an organism. Although there are numerous general responses to stress, the past few decades of research on the neural basis of stress would suggest that the responses to stressful experience are specific at many levels. The integration of various neural and peripheral systems that mediate the physical and behavioral changes allowing an organism to contend with stressors exemplifies the specificity of the stress response. Further, the magnitude of the stress response is specific to the parameters of the particular stressor as well as individual perception and interpretation of the stressor. The potential of the stress response to be adaptive or become pathogenic also depends on the particular characteristics of the stressor. The various biological and behavioral modulators of the stress response are discussed. In addition, the responses to one specific stressor, that of acute exposure to brief, low-intensity, inescapable tailshocks in the rat is discussed as an illustration of the specificity of the stress response.
The Endocrine System: Interaction of Prostaglandins with Adenylyl Cyclase Cyclic AMP Systems

Higgins and Braunwald (1972) in a review of the biochemical, physiological, and clinical considerations of the prostaglandins made the observation that “prostaglandins … are ubiquitous in mammalian tissues and have potent physiologic activities, probably through an as yet incompletely characterized interaction with adenylyl cyclase in the endocrine, reproductive, nervous, digestive, hemostatic, respiratory, cardiovascular and renal systems.” It is the intent of this chapter to review those recent advances pertaining to this “incompletely characterized interaction” of prostaglandins and the adenylyl cyclase-cyclic AMP systems in various of the organs comprising the endocrine system. The reader should be forewarned that although progress has been made in anwering some of the questions relating to this interaction, much is still unknown and consequently no satisfactory hypothesis has been formulated to unify all of the divergent findings.
Aramid nanofibers for multiscale fiber reinforcement of polymer composites

Abstract While aramid fibers have been innovative for ballistic protection because of their high energy absorption, minimal usage has been applied to continuous fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites in structural applications. One of the challenges with aramid fibers results from their processing, which yields smooth and chemically inert surfaces that limit the ability of the fibers to adhere to polymeric matrices. Here, it is shown that aramid nanofibers can adhere to the surface of macroscale aramid reinforcements to improve the strength of the composite interface and reinforce the matrix as well. Aramid nanofibers are formed through the dissolution of aramid fibers followed by isolation and dispersion into an epoxy matrix. When employed in CFRP, aramid nanofibers prove to be effective reinforcement agents through improvement in both matrix properties as well as modifying the interfacial shear strength, which leads to improved interlaminar shear strength and fracture toughness. The interface enhancements are attributed to hydrogen bonding and π-π coordination between the aramid nanofibers and the macro fibers providing improved transfer load from the fiber to the matrix. This work demonstrates that aramid nanofibers may provide the robust mechanical properties that are necessary for structural applications while utilizing a cost-effective and convenient nanoscale building block.
Effects of an afterschool program on the academic outcomes of children and youth residing in public housing neighborhoods: A quasi-experimental study

Abstract Afterschool programs (ASPs) designed to increase academic performance and prevent behavior problems among young people are implemented widely. Yet few evaluations that include a comparison group have been conducted to assess the effects of these preventive interventions. This is particularly true for programs located in community settings, where research infrastructure tends to be less developed than schools. This study used a quasi-experimental design with nonequivalent comparison groups to examine the effects of a community-based ASP - located in low-income and racially segregated neighborhoods - on academic performance and school behavior problems among students in grades kindergarten to 12. The ASP's ecological program model is guided by positive youth development and a public health framework that considers risk and protective factors for academic and other behavior problems. Intervention components include academic tutoring, homework help, a manualized reading curriculum, and skill building groups that aim to enhance participants' academic and social-emotional development. Youth who participated in the ASP (n = 418; mean age = 10.8 years; 52% female; 89% youth of color) had significantly higher levels of school attendance, a greater increase in independent reading level over the academic year, and lower odds of incurring a suspension or expulsion from school than youth in a comparison group (n = 226; mean age = 8.99; 49% female; 94% youth of color). Participation in the ASP was also significantly related to classroom teacher ratings of proficiency in the subject areas of math and science. These findings suggest that community-based afterschool interventions have the potential to improve academic performance and school behavior among children and youth living in public housing.
Effective Epi process window monitoring by high resolution massive CDU metrology: Topic: AM (Advanced metrology)

Advanced technology with shrinking design rules and increasing multi-patterning steps introduce challenging process tolerances. Process marginality is in the form of Edge Placement Errors (EPE), Line Edge Roughness (LER), Line Width Roughness (LWR), Overlay and process induced pattern defects. Advanced metrology and monitoring techniques are needed to trace process induced critical pattern distortion within die, field and wafer. Massive sampling of critical pattern features (i.e. hot spots) measurements can be the solution for tight process margins monitoring. Many measurements across die, field and wafer can reveal clear signature of the process tools from film deposition, lithography, etch, chemical mechanical polishing and epitaxial growth indicate immerging process window marginality issues. Clear signature can be built from thousands to millions measurements. High resolution and throughput metrology tool is needed to provide capabilities in critical dimension uniformity (CDU) and overlay shift for Edge Placement Errors. Channel strain in continuous fin pitch reduction introduces new challenges in crystalline epitaxy growth. It is one of the most challenging tasks in process monitoring and control for lateral growth dimension, abnormal growth and shapes. Epi growth monitoring includes many measurement types and defect detection. A study of new monitoring method based on massive hotspot and CDU measurements is introduced. Examples of its implementation in Epitaxial growth module are provided for engineers to make effective actions in time.
Promoting the Health of Women and Children

The health of women and children is the result of interaction among many factors including genetic endowment, economic status, education, nutrition, physical and emotional environment, medical care, and personal behaviors. Too many Americans believe that their health is the responsibility of their physician or of the public health system. The truth is that much of the illness and injury experienced by Americans is the result of actions they have taken or not taken.
Oculomotor System: Models

The oculomotor system is made up of many brain areas that cooperate to stabilize images of interest on the high-acuity part of the retina. All these systems must funnel through the same final common pathway, the brain stem circuit that compensates for the dynamics of the orbital tissues and muscles (the plant). The net effect of the compensation pathway and the plant is to act as an integrator. Thus, all systems can control eye movements by generating an appropriate eye velocity command signal. All models of oculomotor control attempt to explain how the brain generates that velocity command.
Interoperability Enhancement in Health Care at Remote Locations using Thread Protocol in UAVs

In developing countries, population with low socioeconomic status are at risk of epidemics and their health care has always been a matter of concern. Though steps have been taken, they do not show significant output due to lack of data and liability of doctors to visit such rural areas. This paper aims at improving the current health care by enhancing interoperability in rural areas. This can be achieved by implementing a secured network like Thread in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). They can be deployed to any remote location from the base station autonomously by planning a mission to collect sensitive patient information. This collected data can be analyzed and such implementation over a period helps in predictive analysis. Thus improving the future health of people.
Compatibility of insect management strategies: Diuraphis noxia abundance on susceptible and resistant barley in the presence of parasitoids

Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, and parasitoid abundance was monitored on field-grown barley, Hordeum vulgare L., varying in D. noxia susceptibility, to address the applicability of previous laboratory assessments of barley seedling resistance and parasitoid compatibility. Study sites were representative of the barley production region of the High Plains in the western USA, where D. noxia and its parasitoids occur. D. noxia abundance on resistant barley lines, characterized as partially tolerant and antibiotic to the aphid, was lower than on more susceptible lines. Parasitism by Diaeretiella rapae, Aphelinus albipodus, and A. asychis differed in seasonal occurrence and abundance. D. rapae mummies occurred sooner than aphelinid mummies, and there were larger increases in aphelinid mummies than in D. rapae mummies during seed head development. But in regard to plant resistance, parasitoid abundance, relative to D. noxia abundance, was similar on resistant and susceptible barley lines. Based on the susceptibility of commercial barley to D. noxia, the seasonal abundance of D. noxia and its parasitoids, and the compatibility of resistant barley and D. noxia parasitoids, the use of resistant barley in areas of parasitoid establishment is justified.
Factors Influencing Experienced Distress and Attitude Toward Trauma by Emergency Medicine Practitioners

Authors explored whether the dose-response relationship evident in PTSD also applied to cases of vicarious trauma and, if so, which variables serve to moderate such reactions. This study examined the surveyed responses of emergency care workers in a group geographically near the September 11, 2001 New York terrorist site, comparing the results to a group of emergency care workers geographically distant from the terrorist site. Study results lend support to the presence of a dose-response relationship within vicarious traumatization. Specific variables associated with higher distress levels for practitioners included the discipline of the practitioner, treating an injured victim, and personally knowing a victim of the New York terrorist attacks. Past training related to vicarious traumatization was not associated with lower distress levels for practitioners. In addition, practitioners' awareness and interest in psychological issues related to trauma appear to have been enhanced by geographic proximity to the New York terrorist attacks.
The degree of unwinding of the DNA helix by ethidium. I. Titration of twisted PM2 DNA molecules in alkaline cesium chloride density gradients.

Abstract A series of covalently closed bacteriophage PM2 DNA samples with varying degrees of superhelicity were prepared in vitro. The amount of bound ethidium per DNA nueleotide needed for the removal of all superhelical turns, vc0, was determined for each sample by a number of methods. In order to evaluate the unwinding angle for the binding of one ethidium molecule to a DNA double helix, the pH dependence of the buoyant densities in CsCI of these samples was examined. A new calibration relating the change in buoyant density of a DNA to the fraction of bases titrated has been obtained, by measuring the buoyant densities of a number of catenanes (interlocked rings) containing both single-stranded and double-stranded λ DNA rings, at a pH such that the single-stranded DNA is fully titrated while the double-stranded DNA is not titrated. This calibration was used to obtain the pH dependence of the fraction of DNA bases titrated for the phage PM2 DNAs with differing extents of supercoiling. A simple theoretical analysis shows that in a restricted pH range close to pHm, the melting pH of the DNA in the absence of the topological constraint associated with covalently closed double-stranded DNAs, the difference in the fraction of bases titrated at a certain pH between two covalently closed DNAs with different degrees of superhelicity is directly proportional to the difference in the vc0 values of the DNAs. The unwinding angle per bound ethidium molecule can be obtained from the proportionality constant. In this way, it is not necessary to know precisely the actual pH value for either DNA, pHe, at which the DNA is titrated to the extent that it contains no superhelical turns. The conclusion of the theoretical analysis and the experimental results is that the binding of an ethidium molecule to a double-stranded DNA unwinds the DNA helix by an angle φe = 26 °. The uncertainty in this value is estimated to be less than 10%. The new value for φe is approximately a factor of two larger than the value 12 °, which has been in use in the past decade. In the earlier alkaline titration results for polyoma DNA (Vinograd et al., 1968), which had been interpreted as supporting the 12 ° value, the calculation of φe was critically dependent on knowing pHe. It is believed that pHe was underestimated in the earlier work, resulting in a low φe value. Since the previous value φe = 12 ° has been widely used in the determination of the number of superhelical turns for many DNAs, and in measurements on the angular alterations of the DNA helix by the binding of a variety of small and large molecules and by solvent and temperature changes, the new value φe = 26 ° requires proportional adjustments of many previous results.
Impact of Dimensionality Reduction Techniques on Endmember Identification in Hyperspectral Imagery.

The image derived hyperspectral endmembers fulfil the requirement of ground truth information required for supervised classification and spectral unmixing of the hyperspectral scenes. In hyperspectral images endmembers are very difficult to identify by visual inspection, since their population within the scene is significantly low. There are several algorithms (PPI, ATGP, NFINDR, CCA, VCA and SGA) developed for endmember identification. Most of these algorithms begins with MNF transformation based data dimensionality reduction, even though there other dimensionality reduction algorithms are available in the literature. This paper critically evaluates the comparative performances of NFINDR and ATGP endmember finding algorithms using original hyperspectral scene and PCA, MNF and ICA transformed data sets separately. The experimental outcomes are evaluated using two important parameters. First parameters compares the execution time of EM identification algorithms. Second parameter compares the spatial coordinates and their corresponding spectral signatures of NFINDR and ATGP identified endmembers. The comparative experimental analysis showcase that the execution time of NFINDR and ATGP algorithms is significantly improved with ICA transformed principle components.
Expression of Wilm’s Tumor Gene in Endometrium with Potential Link to Gestational Vascular Transformation

Abstract Background WT1 is a transcription factor with versatile cellular functions in embryonic development, maintenance of adult tissue functions and regenerations. WT1 is known to be regulated by progesterone and it is abundantly expressed in endometrium, but its function is unclear. Design WT1 expression was detected by immunohistochemical staining in endometrium of various physiological and pathological conditions. Result WT1 was detected in endometrial stromal cells and vascular smooth muscle cells in both proliferative and secretory phases of menstrual cycles. WT1 appeared increased in vascular smooth muscle cells in spiral artery in early pregnancy and WT1 was also detected in regenerative endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in decidual vasculopathy at term. WT1 expression was decreased in endometrial stromal cells in adenomyosis (endometriosis). Conclusion WT1 potentially links the hormonal (progesterone) effects on endometrial decidualization and may play a role in gestational vascular transformation during pregnancy and restoration after pregnancy.
Does actively enlarging socket volume during resting facilitate residual limb fluid volume recovery in trans-tibial prosthesis users?

Abstract Background Residual limb volume loss is a source of prosthetic socket fit problems in people with lower-limb amputation. The aim of this study was to investigate a novel volume recovery strategy for people with trans-tibial amputation. Methods Test sockets for people with trans-tibial amputation were created that allowed panels of an adjustable socket and the underlying elastomeric liner to be pulled radially outward, using small motors mounted to the socket. One Control and one Intervention session were conducted with each participant. During Intervention sessions, panel-pull was executed during the sits of a multi-cycle sit/walk protocol. No panel-pull was executed during the Control sessions. Residual limb fluid volume was monitored in anterior and posterior regions using bioimpedance analysis. Findings Results from 12 participants demonstrated that short-term (12 min after the intervention was applied) median posterior residual limb fluid volume change for Intervention (0.44%) was higher than that for Control (−0.02%) (P = .015). Long-term (40 min after the intervention was applied) median posterior residual limb fluid volume change for Intervention (0.95%) was higher than that for Control (−0.26%) (P = .002). Interpretation If a panel-pull mechanism that was easy to assemble and operate could be created, then panel-pull may be an effective accommodation strategy to reduce daily limb volume loss in trans-tibial prosthesis users.
Phosphorus phytoremediation using selected wetland plants in constructed floating mats

Phosphorus (P) overloading in fresh water systems has a detrimental effect by increasing the speed of eutrophication. Phytoremediation is the use of natural plants to remove contaminants from the environment. In the current study, we tested five plants (Pteris vittata, Lemna minor, Rumex orbiculatus, Rumex verticillatus, and Typha × glauca) in the laboratory and field for phosphorus mitigation potential. In the field experiment, both root and shoot phosphorus content were evaluated, and in the laboratory study percent phosphorus removed was calculated. Our research showed in both experiments that T. glauca removed the most phosphorus (p < 0.05). In the field study, shoots of T. glauca removed on average 3.7 g P/plant, while the roots and shoots removed 12.67 g P/plant from water. In the laboratory study, the T. glauca removed 84% of the phosphorus from the water. Rumex verticillatus in both experiments had the next highest phosphorus removal rates (0.46 g P/shoot, 1.93 g P/plant (root + shoot), and 90% removal in the laboratory study). These results show great potential for T. glauca and R. verticillatus in the mitigation of phosphorus from fresh water systems.
Don’t Abolish the Police. It Didn’t Work for 1960s Communes and It Won’t Work for Us.

Calls to "defund police" and "abolish police" seem absurd to many, but in fact are part of a serious and growing anti-punishment movement. But history and human nature give us good reasons to avoid this reform path. Creative and devoted idealists during the 1960s’ social revolution worked hard to make no-punishment communes work, but their efforts simply proved that human nature, being what it is, requires rules and coercive enforcement mechanisms if the conditions for cooperative existence are to be maintained.
Virtue and Grace in the Theology of Thomas Aquinas

Throughout his writings, Thomas Aquinas exhibited a remarkable stability of thought. However, in some areas such as his theology of grace, his thought underwent titanic developments. In this book, Justin M. Anderson traces both those developments in grace and their causes. After introducing the various meanings of virtue Aquinas utilized, including 'virtue in its fullest sense' and various forms of 'qualified virtue', he explores the historical context that conditioned that account. Through a close analysis of his writings, Anderson unearths Aquinas's own discoveries and analyses that would propel his understanding of human experience, divine action, and supernatural grace in new directions. In the end, we discover an account of virtue that is inextricably linked to his developed understanding of sin, grace and divine action in human life. As such, Anderson challenges the received understanding of Aquinas's account of virtue, as well as his relationship to contemporary virtue ethics.
Active vs intuitive sensemaking: Examination through the lens of generation, evaluation, and revision in ethical decision-making

Research examining ethical decision-making (EDM) has focused on how people engage in EDM, leading many researchers to focus on sensemaking models of EDM. Although the merits of a sensemaking approa...
Age-specific trends and outcomes of hospitalizations with acute heart failure in the United States.

Abstract Objective To analyze the age-specific temporal trends, in-hospital outcomes and readmissions for acute heart failure (HF). Background There is a paucity of data on the age-specific differences in the trends and outcomes of hospitalizations with acute HF. Methods The National Inpatients Sample database years 2002–2016 and the National Readmissions Database years 2013–2016 were used to identify primary hospitalizations for acute HF. We analyzed the age-specific temporal trends, in-hospital outcomes, and readmissions for acute HF. Results The annual rate of hospitalizations for acute HF declined from 456 per 100,000 people in 2002 to 356 per 100,000 people in 2016 (Ptrend 34 years). Conclusions This nationwide contemporary analysis demonstrated a decline in the annual rates of hospitalizations with acute HF across all age categories except those aged 18–44 years. There was a reduction in rates of in-hospital mortality among middle-aged and older patients, but not in those aged 18–34. In-hospital mortality exhibited a dichotomous relationship with age. There was an inverse relationship between age and 30-days HF readmissions.
Heat and mass transfer in pulsed-laser-induced phase transformations

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews a recent research on pulsed-laser-induced phase-change transformations at the nanosecond time scale. The melting of semiconductor materials was probed by optical reflectance, transmittance, electrical conductance, and infrared pyrometry. The experimental results were in general agreement with the thermal model, except for the high-irradiance regime. Direct measurements of the solid-liquid interface in melting of polysilicon films on glass substrates showed superheat by over 100° C. The rapid mass transfer in the liquid silicon phase allowed successful fabrication of well-controlled and sharply defined box-shaped ultrashallow dopant junction profiles. The chapter discusses that utilizing heat transfer and stability analysis, the generation of surface morphology was attributed to Rayleigh-Taylor instability triggered by the reduction of density on melting. Time-of-flight measurements of the kinetic-energy distribution in near-threshold sputtering of gold produced values exceeding the thermal model expectations. A computational heat-transfer analysis of the heat transfer and the vapor gas dynamics adopting the transparent vapor assumption are also discussed.
Genetics of Storage Protein in Maize

Cereals provide a major portion of the calories and protein in human diets in many developing countries. Unfortunately, the storage proteins of cereal grains are of poor nutritional quality for human beings and monogastric animals. This is due largely to low levels of the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan in the proteins. The discovery of the maize mutant opaque-2 (o2), which increases the relative content of lysine in the endosperm by reducing zein proteins (Mertz et al. 1964), has stimulated great interest both in the investigation of the mechanisms that produce these changes and in the selection and utilization of high-lysine mutants in maize and other cereal grains. Consequently, several mutant genes in maize, barley, and sorghum have been found to produce an effect similar to that of the o2 mutant. Changes in the amino acid and protein composition of these mutants and efforts to breed for improved nutritional quality of cereal grains have been reviewed recently by Axtell (1981), Nelson (1979a, 1979b), and Wall and Paulis (1978). These high-lysine mutants in maize, sorghum, and barley, while increasing lysine content, all have reduced seed size and grain yield. Studies with maize indicates that zein (prolamin) is the major factor influencing kernel weight, grain yield, and protein nutritional quality (Tsai et al. 1978a, 1980).
Lamb Wave Stiffness Characterization of Composites Undergoing Thermal-Mechanical Aging

The introduction of new, advanced composite materials into aviation systems requires a thorough understanding of the long term effects of combined thermal and mechanical loading upon those materials. Analytical methods investigating the effects of intense thermal heating combined with mechanical loading have been investigated by Griffis, et al. [1] and Chen, et al. [2]. Schubbe and Mall [3] and Castelli, et al. [4] have experimentally investigated both in-phase (maximum temperature at maximum load) and out-of-phase (maximum temperature at minimum load) thermal-mechanical cycling on composites. Both authors found that the damage mechanisms and fatigue lives were dependent on test parameters as well as stress levels. Castelli, et al. [4] identified matrix dominated failure modes for out-of-phase cycling and fiber dominated damage modes for in-phase cycling.
Frequent episode rules for Internet anomaly detection

This work introduces a new Internet trace technique for generating frequent episode rules to characterize Internet traffic events. These episode rules are used to distinguish anomalous sequences of TCP, UDP, or ICMP connections from normal traffic episodes. Fundamental pruning techniques are introduced to reduce the rule search space by 70%. The new detection scheme was tested over real-life Internet trace data at USC. Our anomaly detection scheme results in a success rate of 47% for DoS, R2L, and port-scanning attacks. These results demonstrate an average of 51% improvement over the use of association rules. We experienced 20 or fewer false alarms over 200 network attacks in 9 days of tracing experiments. This anomaly detection scheme can be used jointly with signature-based IDS to achieve even higher detection efficiency.
Some remarks on the paper of Callias

This paper discusses the topological setting of the preceding paper by Callias. In particular, an alternate way of deriving his results is outlined.
On the Economic Ethics of Walter Eucken

2008/9 sees the 60th anniversary of the German economic and currency reform of June 20, 1948, and the adoption of the Grundgesetz on May 23, 1949, which committed the country to the ideals of a socially committed market economy. Both of these events are important points along the path taken by the Federal Republic of Germany to reach the system of a social market economy. Since the term, Social Market Economy is often used in several different contexts and sometimes to mean contradictory things, we must ask: what exactly does the term social market economy entail? What economic-ethical ideas and theories are behind it? This paper will trace the origins of the social market economy (chapter 2) and explain the central characteristics of the Freiburg School of Economics (chapter 3), one of the main pillars of the social market economy. Central to this paper is the oeuvre of Walter Eucken, one of the leading representatives of the ordoliberal Freiburg School. The aim is to identify socio-political factors of influence and inspiration on his theory of economic policy (chapter 4) and evaluate similarities to the works of Kant, Smith and other economic philosophers. Chapter 5 will seek to elucidate Eucken’s “Program of Liberty”. We shall also allow ourselves a slight diversion to elaborate on the parallels between this work and Kant’s understanding of freedom and autonomy. Chapter 6 deals with Eucken’s dual requirements of an economic and social order (i.e. functioning and humane socio-economic order). In chapter 7, we seek to answer – with considerable reference to Adam Smith – to what extent it can be assumed that self-interest and the common good are mutually compatible. This paper concludes with a few remarks about the topicality of ordoliberalism in relation to modern, German-speaking economic ethics (chapter 8).
The Influence of Corrective Feedback on Retrieval-induced Forgetting

Prior research has shown that testing can impair subsequent recall of nontested materials: an effect termed retrieval-induced forgetting. In the current study, I examined the effect of providing feedback during retrieval practice on the later recall of these nontested materials. In two experiments, I varied the type of feedback administered during retrieval practice (no feedback, immediate feedback, delayed feedback). Experiment 1 used cued recall as the final test, and Experiment 2 used recognition as the final test. As expected, providing immediate or delayed feedback (compared to no feedback) improved recall of tested materials. More importantly, Experiment 1 showed that providing immediate and delayed feedback did not increase the magnitude of retrieval-induced forgetting in a cued recall final test. Experiment 2 found that feedback reduced retrieval-induced forgetting in a recognition final test. From a practical perspective, these results indicate that feedback does not exacerbate retrieval-induced forgetting. This finding is encouraging for students and educators who use testing to help improve learning. From a theoretical perspective, these results provide support for the inhibitory account of retrieval-induced forgetting.
How much ZDP is enough

Zinc dithiophosphate, or ZDP, for over 60 years has been used as an additive in engine oils to provide wear protection and oxidation stability in an efficient and cost effective manner. Unfortunately, ZDP contains phosphorus, and phosphorus is a widely known and accepted poison of automotive catalysts and other emissions system components. Because of this, phosphorus (and ZDP) levels in automotive engine oils have been gradually reduced by about 35% over the last 10-15 years, and further reductions are likely in the future. This paper traces the history of ZDP use in automotive engine oils, and addresses the issue of how much (if any) ZDP is actually required to provide wear protection in todays, as well as yesterday's, engines. The focus in the paper is on wear (including scuffing) protection, and not on the other aspects of ZDP performance, such as providing oxidation stability of the oil. It is assumed that these other functions of ZDP can be provided by other ashless and phosphorus-free additives which do not negatively affect emissions system performance.
Histocultures and Their Use

Histocultures are three-dimensional tissues that are put into growth medium either with a collagen gel support or simply free floating. Histocultures maintain their in vivo-like phenotype in contrast to monolayer cultures. Histocultures have many uses, including culture and sensitivity testing of patient tumour to choose optimal individualised treatment. Clinical trials have demonstrated the clinical utility of the histoculture drug response assay (HDRA) to determine effective treatment for multiple types of cancer. The histoculture of skin to study hair growth and screen drugs that enhance or inhibit hair growth has enabled the discovery of hair follicle-targeting cancer liposomes to deliver genes and other molecules to the hair follicles. The histoculture of lymphoid organs has been developed to study antibody production and effects of viruses on immune cells. Stem cell growth and differentiation are now being studied in histoculture. Key Concepts: Histocultures are the culture of intact tissues containing multiple cell types. Histocultures retain their in vivo phenotype in contrast to monolayer cultures. Histocultured tumour tissue contains cancer cells and stromal elements interacting with each other in their native structure. Histocultured tumours can be tested for drug sensitivity to design effective individualised therapy for each patient. Histocultured lymphoid tissue can enable the study of antibody production and virus infection in vitro. Histocultured skin enables hair growth in vitro. Histocultured stem cells cancer differentiates in vitro. Keywords: histology; three-dimensional tissue culture; tumours; chemosensitivity; lymph nodes; immune function; skin; hair growth; stem cells; differentiation
A framework for constrained adaptive time-frequency kernel design

In this paper, t-f kernels are updated every data sample using constrained adaptive techniques. The kernel elements along each lag in the time-lag domain are considered as FIR filter coefficients operating on time-series of the data bilinear products. Linearly constrained minimum variance and constrained linear prediction adaptive techniques are used to allow effective reduction of the noise and crossterms without distorting the signal autoterms. Two different cases are considered for which the data-dependent kernel design via linearly constrained minimization proves useful and leads to significant improvements over fixed kernel design. >
Cognitive testing of human papillomavirus vaccine survey items for parents of adolescent girls.

OBJECTIVE Many studies have been conducted to understand what factors are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine acceptability and completion of the 3-dose vaccination series, but few have examined whether people understand the survey items used to assess these relationships. Through a multisite collaborative effort, we developed and cognitively tested survey items that represent constructs known to affect vaccine acceptability and completion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Investigators from 7 research centers in the United States used cognitive interviewing techniques and in-person and telephone interviews to test 21 items. Four rounds of testing, revising, and retesting were conducted among racially and ethnically diverse parents (n = 62) of girls between the ages of 9 and 17 years. RESULTS The final survey contained 20 items on attitudes and beliefs relevant to HPV vaccine. Some parents misinterpreted statements about hypothetical vaccine harms as statements of fact. Others were unwilling to answer items about perceived disease likelihood and perceived vaccine effectiveness, because they said the items seemed to have a "right" answer that they did not know. On the basis of these and other findings from cognitive testing, we revised the wording of 14 questions to improve clarity and comprehension. We also revised instructions, response options, and item order. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive testing of HPV vaccine survey items revealed important differences between intended and ascribed item meaning by participants. Use of the tested survey questions presented here may increase measurement validity and researchers' ability to compare findings across studies and populations. Additional testing using quantitative methods can help to further validate these items.
Illicit Drug Use, Employment, and Labor Force Participation

Illicit drug use has declined among the U.S. adult population, but national surveys show the majority of illicit drug users are employed. Concern about workplace productivity, absenteeism, and safety has led many employers to establish employee assistance and drug testing programs. Given the sharp interest in workplace interventions, more information is needed about the relationships between drug use and labor market status. This study estimated the probability of employment and labor force participation for different types of drug users using nationally representative data from the 1997 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Results strongly indicated that chronic drug use was significantly related (negative) to employment for both genders and labor force participation for males. Furthermore, nonchronic drug use was not significantly related to employment or labor force participation. These findings suggest that workplace policies for illicit drug use should consider chronic or problem drug users apart from light or casual users.
Calculus of variations for multiple-valued functionals

Abstract We show that the homological algebra provides the most natural language for extension of the calculus of variations to multivalued functions.
Synthesis and Characterization of the Tris(methylthio)sulfonium Salt [(CH3S)3S]+SbF6-1

[(CH3S)3S]+SbF6-, the first example of a trithiosulfonium salt saturated with organyl groups, was prepared from SH3+SbF6- and CH3SCl and characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, infrared, and Raman spectroscopy. The colorless salt is stable up to 10 °C, but solutions in SO2 decompose at −60 °C in a few hours. The structure of the cation was studied by ab initio calculations and a normal coordinate analysis based on four additional isotopic derivates [(CH334S)3S]+SbF6-, [(CH3S)334S]+SbF6-, [(13CH3S)3S]+SbF6-, and [(CD3S)3S]+SbF6-. The cation possesses C3 symmetry with a pyramidal trithiosulfonium unit with predicted geometry parameters of r(SS) = 208.8 pm and ∠(SSS) = 104.06°.
EVALUATION OF MICROPOROUS POLYSACCHARIDE HEMOSPHERES AS A NOVEL HEMOSTATIC AGENT IN OPEN PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY: FAVORABLE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS IN THE PORCINE MODEL

ABSTRACT Purpose: Microporous polysaccharide hemospheres (MPH, Medafor, Minneapolis, Minneapolis) are a novel hemostatic agent made from purified plant starch. MPH activates the clotting cascade and hyperconcentrates platelets and coagulation proteins, while enhancing a hemostatic plug. We evaluated the hemostatic efficacy of MPH compared with standard surgical technique in a porcine open partial nephrectomy model. Materials and Methods: Standardized lower pole partial nephrectomy was consecutively performed in each kidney of 12 female pigs. Each pig was randomized to 2 groups, namely treatment with MPH application or control with the conventional surgical technique (oxidized cellulose with bolster sutures). The right kidney was harvested 1 half-hour after hemostasis was achieved and the left kidney was harvested after 7 days. Results: Mean animal and resected renal tissue weight were comparable. Ischemic and hemostasis times were significantly decreased in the MPH treated group (2.67 and 4.67 minutes, respectively) vs the control group (8.33 and 7.75 minutes, respectively) (each p = 0.004). Blood loss was equivocal (0.88 gm in the treatment group vs 2.09 gm in the control group, p = 0.07). No hemostatic complications were noted in either group. No evidence of residual foreign material was found in the MPH group at 1 week. Conclusions: MPH provided rapid, effective and durable hemostasis in the porcine open partial nephrectomy model. Additional experimental and clinical evaluation is warranted to define the role of MPH assisted partial nephrectomy in humans.
Emotion Regulation and Anxiety Disorders

A growing body of research suggests that the construct of emotion regulation is important for understanding the onset, maintenance, and treatment of anxiety disorders. In this review, we provide a selective overview of this emerging field and highlight the major sources of evidence. First, evidence suggests that the construct of emotion regulation can be differentiated from the construct of emotion. Second, there is a large and consistent body of research demonstrating that emotion regulation strategies can modulate emotional responding, and this finding is observed in both behavioral and neuroimaging studies. Third, measures of emotion regulation explain incremental variance in measures of anxiety disorder symptoms not accounted for by measures of negative affect. Although the research implicating emotion regulation in the anxiety disorders is promising, future research will be necessary to further clarify causal mechanisms explaining how emotion regulation confers vulnerability for anxiety disorders and to improve the clarity and consistency of definitions of emotion regulation.
Paying for Restoration

The question of how society is going to pay for restoration has received little open discussion. We review existing literature and examples to explore two questions: How should ecological and economic considerations be balanced in determining expenditures on restoration projects? and How is society going to pay for the substantial costs involved? We discuss a number of different techniques for determining the amount of money to allocate to restoration efforts, including ecosystem replacement costs, quantifying ecosystem services, contingent valuation, and surrogate market price techniques. We then review different strategies for paying for restoration including private funding by the party responsible for the damage, public funding through taxes, voluntary contributions, and various public/private partnerships. We conclude by discussing other considerations in developing strategies to pay for restoration, including uncertainty, time-scale, evaluating success, and regional planning.
Observations of the Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability in Laboratory Models and Field Examples of Thermal Plumes

Abstract Buoyant, rectangular thermal plumes were modelled in a 2 by 7 meter laboratory water table facility. The plume enters at right angles to a constant temperature, uniform crossflow of depth equal to that of the plume. Highly buoyant plumes (0.16 o A Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is observed in the plume thermocline for Fr o o a cold water wedge penetrates beneath the plume into the plume discharge channel. A series of transverse line vortices quickly grow in the thermocline to cover the vertical extent of the plume, moving nearly with a mean flow. These vortices are visible both by dye injection into the thermocline and surface infrared imagery. Local gradient Richardson numbers fall below 1/4 in the thermocline for all plumes observed (Fr o o = 0.50 the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is dominated by randomized turbulent mixing. This vortex instability was also observed in aerial infrared photographs taken by NASA of the Cuyahoga River mouth entering Lake Erie. Field measurements indicate that Ri These results are compared with related experimental observations and previous theoretical inviscid stability analyses of stably stratified shear flows by other authors.
THE CONCENTRATION OF THE PLASMA PROTEINS IN NEPHRITIS.

In nephrosclerosis (Volhard and Fahr classification of nephritis) there was no decrease in the plasma proteins. With heart failure the ratio of albumin to globulin fell from the normal 1.7 +/- 0.3 to about 1. There is a sharp difference between the two types of glomerulonephritis in the effect on plasma proteins. In the vascular-interstitial type the effect was the same as in nephrosclerosis. There was no decrease in the plasma proteins until shortly before death. In the glomerulotubular or nephrotic type, active or recently active, the total plasma proteins were less than 5 gm. per 100 cc. This decrease from the normal 5.5 to 7.5 occurred whether edema was present or absent. The decrease affected chiefly the albumin, the globulin being usually diminished but little, and sometimes slightly increased. Consequently the ratio of albumin to globulin was reduced to less than 1, and occasionally to 0.6. In nephrosis similar changes were found in the total protein concentration but in severe cases the decrease in albumin was greater than in nephrotic glomerulonephritis while the globulin was either very slightly reduced or was increased. The albumin : globulin ratio was therefore lower than in nephrotic glomerulonephritis, ranging down to 0.26. With the disappearance of edema there was usually an increase in the plasma protein concentration, but this was not invariable, and concentrations of 4.5 per cent or less were compatible with the persistent absence of edema. The ratio of albumin to globulin showed an irregular tendency to rise. Whenever the total concentration was less than 4 per cent there was some edema present, but it was sometimes slight in amount. With recovery in acute cases, and remission with decrease of proteinuria in chronic cases, normal concentrations were regained. The albumin : globulin ratio remained low in some instances for a longer period on account of an absolute increase in globulin concentration. In "functional proteinuria" no change in plasma proteins was found. Low plasma protein concentrations were always associated with considerable losses of protein in the urine, but these losses did not provide an explanation for all our observations. A disturbance in the production of the plasma proteins appears probable.