cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BRIEF REPORT: Training Internists in Shared Decision Making About Chronic Opioid Treatment for NonCancer Pain

BACKGROUND: The use of chronic opioids for noncancer pain is an increasingly common and difficult problem in primary care.
Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HRS) interacts with PELP1 and activates MAPK

PELP1 (proline-, glutamic acid-, and leucine-rich protein-1) (also known as the modulator of nongenomic activity of estrogen receptor) plays a role in genomic functions of the estrogen receptor via histone interactions and in nongenomic functions via its influence on the MAPK-Src pathway. However, recent studies have shown that differential compartmentalization of PELP1 could play a crucial role in modulating the status of nongenomic signaling by using molecular mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HRS) is an early endosomal protein that plays a role in regulating the trafficking of growth factor-receptor complexes through early endosomes. By using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified HRS as a novel PELP1-binding protein providing evidence of a physiologic interaction between HRS and PELP1. The noted HRS-PELP1 interaction was accompanied by inhibition of the basal coactivator function of PELP1 upon estrogen receptor transactivation. HRS was found to sequester PELP1 in the cytoplasm, leading to the activation of MAPK in a manner that is dependent on the epidermal growth factor receptor but independent of the estrogen receptor, Shc, and Src. In addition, stimulation of MAPK and the subsequent activation of its downstream effector pathway, Elk-1, by HRS or PELP1 were found to depend on the presence of endogenous PELP1 or HRS. Furthermore, HRS was overexpressed and correlated well with the cytoplasmic PELP1, increased MAPK, and EGFR status in breast tumors. These findings highlight a novel role of HRS in up-regulating MAPK, presumably involving interaction with PELP1.
The theory of diffraction-limited resolution in microparticle image velocimetry

A theory of diffraction-limited spot size is developed for infinity-corrected microscope optics. Previously reported formulae were originally derived using a single-lens system. In addition, the previously reported relationship between f-number and numerical aperture assumed a paraxial approximation and was limited to air-immersion lenses. Here, a new relationship between f-number and numerical aperture is developed, and is valid for all numerical apertures and all immersion media. In addition, a new theory is developed that estimates the effective numerical aperture of an oil-immersion lens when imaging into fluid of a lower refractive index, such as water. The results indicated that when imaging into water, high numerical aperture NA = 1.0 or 1.2 water-immersion lenses provide comparable and sometimes better diffraction-limited resolution than NA = 1.4 oil-immersion lenses. In addition, when imaging into water, water-immersion lenses may provide superior image quality, because they are corrected for aberrations resulting from the water/glass interface.
Richardson, Rationality, and Restrictive Models of Arms Races

Richardson's simple arms race model inspired an extensive (and still growing) body of research by scholars in many disciplines. Unfortunately, much of this work follows Richardson's lead by paying scant attention to domestic politics and decision-making processes. Despite the use of increasingly sophisticated formal models, empirical measures, and statistical methods, progress has been stymied by continued reliance on rigid models and literal interpretations of statistical tests, especially regarding the relative potency of external and internal factors. A new approach to modeling is required if we are to understand the underlying dynamics of resource allocation that sustain an arms race. The author argues that the substantive complexities of arms rivalries can be implicitly encompassed by simple rational models considerably less restrictive than Richardson's model.
Decomposition behavior in aggregated data sets

Abstract One way to aggregate data is to combine several sets with the same structure, but no overlap in their ranges of values — for instance, aggregating prices before and after a period of hyperinflation. Looking at nonparametric tests on three ‘items’, we compute the relation of the decomposition of the underlying voting profiles of such aggregated sets to those for the original data. We focus on the Basic components, including examples of ‘pure Basic’ sets, computed using Sage. This yields several interesting results about consistency of nonparametric tests with respect to this kind of aggregation, and suggests types of non-uniformity which are not detected by standard tests.
Prolonged Application of High Fluid Shear to Chondrocytes Recapitulates Gene Expression Profiles Associated with Osteoarthritis

Background Excessive mechanical loading of articular cartilage producing hydrostatic stress, tensile strain and fluid flow leads to irreversible cartilage erosion and osteoarthritic (OA) disease. Since application of high fluid shear to chondrocytes recapitulates some of the earmarks of OA, we aimed to screen the gene expression profiles of shear-activated chondrocytes and assess potential similarities with OA chondrocytes.
Individual growth and reproductive behavior in a newly established population of northern snakehead ( Channa argus ), Potomac River, USA

Northern snakehead (Channa argus) were first found in the Potomac River in 2004. In 2007, we documented feeding and reproductive behavior to better understand how this species is performing in this novel environment. From April to October, we used electrofishing surveys to collect data on growth, condition, and gonad weight of adult fish. Growth rates of young were measured on a daily basis for several weeks. Mean length-at-age for Potomac River northern snakehead was lower than for fish from China, Russia, and Uzbekistan. Fish condition was above average during spring and fall, but below average in summer. Below-average condition corresponded to periods of high spawning activity. Gonadosomatic index indicated that females began spawning at the end of April and continued through August. Peak spawning occurred at the beginning of June when average temperatures reached 26°C. Larval fish growth rate, after the transition to exogenous feeding, was 2.3 (SD ± 0.7) mm (total length, TL) per day. Although Potomac River northern snakehead exhibited lower overall growth rates when compared to other populations, these fish demonstrated plasticity in timing of reproduction and rapid larval growth rates. Such life history characteristics likely contribute to the success of northern snakehead in its new environment and limit managers’ options for significant control of its invasion.
Preparation and characterization of ZrO2 stabilized with Ru(IV) and La(III)

Ruthenium oxide, dispersed on oxide supports such as TiO2, SiO2 and ZrO2, are known to show Fischer-Tropsch activity. Little is known about the catalyst-support interactions which must play an important role in the catalytic activity of dispersed ruthenium oxide. The strength of catalytic support interaction may be directly related to the stability of the dispersed catalyst towards reduction. Hence, solid solutions of Ru(IV)ZrO2 have been prepared, and the resulting stability of Ru(IV) toward reduction with hydrogen was measured and compared with that of bulk RuO2. The observed increase in stability toward reduction was related to interaction between RuO2 and ZrO2. The introduction of a small amount of La2O3 with the ZrO2 produced further stabilization of the Ru(IV) toward reduction.
A Mulliken electronegativity scale and the structural stability of simple compounds

Abstract A new electronegativity scale is derived, in the spirit of Mulliken's original scheme, in terms of neutral atom spectroscopic data. The effect of changing the atomic configuration for C from covalent ( sp 3 ) to metallic ( s 2 p 2 ) is considered. Structural stability maps are presented for non-octet non-transition metal compounds, and for two classes of transition metal-non-transition-metal compounds.
Identification of the Mutation Responsible for the Temperature-Sensitive Lipopolysaccharide O-Antigen Defect in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cystic Fibrosis Isolate 2192

Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is characterized by a series of genotypic and phenotypic changes that reflect the transition from acute to chronic infection. These include the overproduction of the exopolysaccharide alginate and the loss of complete lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS is a major component of the Gram-negative outer membrane and is composed of lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O antigen. In this report, we show that the LPS defect of the P. aeruginosa chronic infection isolate 2192 is temperature sensitive. When grown at 25°C, 2192 expresses serotype O1 LPS with a moderate chain length and in reduced amounts relative to those of a wild-type serotype O1 laboratory strain (stO1). In contrast, 2192 expresses no LPS O antigen when grown at 37°C. This is the first time that a temperature-sensitive defect in O-antigen production has been reported. Using complementation analyses with a constructed wbpM deletion mutant of stO1, we demonstrate that the temperature-sensitive O-antigen production defect in 2192 is due to a mutation in wbpM, which encodes a UDP-4,6-GlcNAc dehydratase involved in O-antigen synthesis. The mutation, a deletion of a single amino acid (V636) from the extreme C terminus of WbpM, renders the protein less stable than its wild-type counterpart. This residue of WbpM, which is critical for stability and function, is located outside of the recognized domains of the protein and may provide insight into the structure-function relationship of this enzyme, which is found in all 20 serotypes of P. aeruginosa. We also identify a promoter of wbpM, map a transcriptional start site of wbpM, and show that mucoidy plays a role in the loss of expression of high-molecular-weight LPS in this CF isolate.
Evaluation of a Revised Curriculum: A Four-Year Qualitative Study of Student Perceptions

Following curricular revisions at the Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, this longitudinal study was designed to determine students' perceptions of their educational experience in the revised curriculum. A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) open-ended response questionnaire was administered to students in the class of 2011 (N=89) in January of each academic year, 2008 through 2011, followed by focus groups three months prior to graduation. The overall response rate for the questionnaire was 69 percent, and a total of fourteen students participated in four focus groups. Cumulatively, 1,382 responses (SWOT=984 and focus groups=398) were qualitatively analyzed, and five themes emerged: 1) early clinical experiences led to a perceived readiness for direct patient care; 2) the pace and organization of the revised condensed preclinical curriculum were perceived as hectic yet were appreciated as necessary preparation for patient care; 3) most faculty members were seen as committed to student learning, but a few were reported to have poor teaching skills and attitudes when interacting with students; 4) a perceived lack of patients led to fewer clinical experiences and a decrease in student confidence; and 5) some curricular content was seen to be redundant and irrelevant to future practice. The results indicate that the students were satisfied with aspects of their educational experience, suggesting the revised curriculum's preliminary success in meeting its goals of earlier patient care, a condensed preclinical curriculum, and a student-friendly environment. As the curriculum is adapted in response to student feedback, ongoing evaluation is necessary and should be complemented by other evaluation indicators such as faculty perceptions and student learning outcomes.
Diabetes treatment and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia in community-dwelling black and white men.

Objective To conduct a study to determine whether diabetes treatment is associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)/lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and progression in black and white men. Diabetes has been associated with BPH and LUTS in aging men. Methods Using the Olmsted County Study of Urinary Symptoms and Health Status among Men and the Flint Men's Health Study, we examined how the use of medical therapy (eg, insulin regimens, oral hypoglycemics) related to changes in LUTS severity, maximal urinary flow rate measured by uroflowmetry, prostate volume determined by transrectal ultrasonography, and serum prostate-specific antigen concentrations. Results Of the 2226 men participating in the Olmsted County Study of Urinary Symptoms and Health Status among Men and the Flint Men's Health Study, 186 men reported a history of diabetes, 76.9% of whom were treated with medical therapy. Overall, the men with diabetes had significantly greater odds of moderate/severe LUTS (age- and race-adjusted odds ratio 1.37, 95% confidence interval 1.00-1.87) compared with those without diabetes. However, among the diabetic men, those not taking medication had greater odds of moderate/severe LUTS than those taking medication. This association among men not taking medication was seen for 5 of the 7 individual symptoms. The prostate volume and prostate-specific antigen level were not significantly associated with diabetes treatment. No significant differences were observed for the annual change in BPH characteristics by diabetes treatment status. Conclusion These findings suggest that the presence of diabetes and subsequent poor glycemic control might be less related to prostate growth and more to the dynamic components of lower urinary tract function. Additional evaluations of the associations between glycemic control and BPH progression are warranted.
Expanded vs. Equal Interval Spaced Retrieval Practice : Exploring Different Schedules of Spacing and Retention Interval in Younger and Older Adults

The present study was designed to help answer several questions regarding the impact of spacing and expanded retrieval on memory performance in younger and older adults. Three expanded/equal interval schedule pairings, matched in average spacing (1-2-3/22-2; 1-3-5/3-3-3; and 1-3-8/4-4-4), were compared, and the effect of retention interval on spaced retrieval benefits was examined by comparing performance on a same day test to a test delayed by 24 h. Both age groups showed a learning phase retrieval success advantage for expanded items compared to equal interval items. Only older adults in the same day test condition showed a significant expansion effect in final recall. After a 24-h delay, the final recall advantage for items in the expanded condition was lost in both groups, and in fact these items were at a significant recall disadvantage for younger adults. Results indicate that younger and older adults benefit from a rehearsal technique that incorporated any type of spaced retrieval whether it is distributed as an expanding schedule or not. Although we did not find robust advantages for expanded retrieval compared to equal interval practice, there could be certain advantages (such as reinforcement due to high success rates) to using expanded retrieval depending on the ultimate goals of an individual memory training program.
Finite Precision Measurement Nullifies the Kochen-Specker Theorem

Only finite precision measurements are experimentally reasonable, and they cannot distinguish a dense subset from its closure. We show that the rational vectors, which are dense in ${S}^{2}$, can be colored so that the contradiction with hidden variable theories provided by Kochen-Specker constructions does not obtain. Thus, in contrast to violation of the Bell inequalities, no quantum-overclassical advantage for information processing can be derived from the Kochen-Specker theorem alone.
Aggregation models with limited choice and the multiplicative coalescent

The percolation phase transition and the mechanism of the emergence of the giant component through the critical scaling window for random graph models, has been a topic of great interest in many dierent communities ranging from statistical physics, combinatorics, computer science, social networks and probability theory. The last few years have witnessed an explosion of models which couple random aggregation rules, that specify how one adds edges to existing congurations, and choice, wherein one selects from a ‘limited’ set of edges at random to use in the conguration. These models exhibit fascinating new phenomenon, ranging from delaying or speeding up the emergence of the giant component, to \explosive percolation", where the diameter of the scaling window is several orders of magnitude smaller than that for standard random graph models. While an intense study of such models has ensued, understanding the actual emergence of the giant component and merging dynamics in the critical scaling window has remained impenetrable to a rigorous analysis. In this work we take an important step in the analysis of such models by studying one of the standard examples of such processes, namely the Bohman-Frieze model, and provide rst results on the asymptotic dynamics, through the critical scaling window, that lead to the emergence of the giant component for such models. We identify the scaling window and show that through this window, the component sizes properly rescaled converge to the standard multiplicative coalescent. Proofs hinge on a careful analysis of certain innite-type branching processes with types taking values in the space of RCLL paths, and stochastic analytic techniques to estimate susceptibility functions of the components all the way through the scaling window where these functions explode. Previous approaches for analyzing random graphs at criticality have relied largely on classical breadth-rst search techniques that exploit asymptotic connections with Brownian excursions. For dynamic random graph models evolving via general Markovian rules, such approaches fail and we develop a quite dierent set of tools that can potentially be used for the study of critical dynamics for all bounded size rules.
Distinction of Glacial and Interglacial Cycles in Feni and Gardar Drifts, North Atlantic: ABSTRACT

The Feni and Gardar drifts of the North Atlantic are thought to represent large accumulations of current-deposited material and should record changes through time in direction and intensity of overflows in the Norwegian Sea and Iceland-Faereo Ridge, respectively. Both drifts were drilled by DSDP Leg 94. Initial shipboard examination revealed no visual differences between these sediments and typical pelagic North Atlantic sediments. Fourier shape analysis on quartz silts, augmented by SEM, showed that each sample consists of a mixture of 3 grain populations. One grain type is covered with surface fractures unmodified by subsequent abrasion. Lack of such abrasion and the fact that the abundance of these grains varies independently of other shape types suggest a glacial-ice afted origin. A second shape family is covered with irregular, platy silica overgrowths, typical of diagenesis in a poorly sorted, clay-rich environment and is likely the product of erosion of submarine lutites. A third grain type, plastered with fine-grained silica, is characterized by protuberences and indentations typical of primary continental source terranes. These last 2 grain types vary inversely with one another, implying that at glacial maxima, bottom currents deposited first-generation continental material, but at glacial minima, they eroded material from the sea bottom and redeposited it as drift sediments. End_of_Article - Last_Page 252------------
THE EFFECTS OF HAIR COLOR AND COSMETIC USE ON PERCEPTIONS OF A FEMALE'S ABILITY

This experiment examined whether a female applicant's hair color and use of cosmetics might affect perceptions of her ability for a professional position. One hundred thirty six college students reviewed the identical professional resume of a female applicant for the position of a staff accountant. Attached to the resume was a photograph of the stimulus female applicant either wearing or not wearing cosmetics and depicted with brunette, red, or blonde hair color. The results demonstrated significant main effects of both hair color and cosmetic use. Specifically, the applicant was rated more capable and was assigned a higher salary both when depicted with brunette hair color and when depicted without cosmetics. There were no interactions between hair color and cosmetic use. The findings demonstrate that biases regarding personal appearance may affect judgments about a female applicant's ability.
The changing geography of North American motor vehicle production

This article describes the changing location of motor vehicle production in North America during the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Production has increasingly concentrated in a narrow corridor between the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico known as auto alley. Information is derived from a complete panel of assembly plant locations in North America from 1980 to 2010, as well as a database of approximately 4000 plants in North America that produce parts for new vehicles. The reasons for the emergence and strengthening of auto alley are discussed, as well as future prospects in light of the severe recession of 2008-2009.
Functional Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation in Anterior Ventricular Remodeling: Results of Surgical Ventricular Restoration with and Without Mitral Repair

Ischemic functional mitral regurgitation following ischemic cardiomyopathy is a secondary phenomenon to ventricular dilation, and therapeutic approaches to this complication are not uniform. Solutions to improve mitral function include either mitral repair or observing the effects of coronary revascularization and/or ventricular rebuilding during surgical ventricular restoration (SVR). The present study of 108 patients (comprising 18% of our 588 SVR population) reports the effects of mitral repair following SVR and CABG by comparing geometric, functional, hemodynamic and outcome changes to SVR patients without mitral repair. The degree of mitral regurgitation went from 2.9 ± 1.2 before to 0.7 ± 0.7 after SVR and mitral repair. SVR improved EF from 29 ± 7% to 34 ± 10% p 0.001; reduced end diastolic volume from 243 ± 74 to 163 ± 53 ml and end systolic volume from 170 ± 63 to 107 ± 41 ml, p 0.000. Ventricular size and shape geometric measurements improved in all patients, either with and without mitral repair. SVR improved tenting and papillary muscle width between muscle heads in all patients, but alterations in mitral annular size improved only following mitral repair. Preoperative mitral regurgitation occurred in patients with larger ventricular volume and lower ejection fraction and was an independent predictor of operative mortality risk.
"It's an empowerment thing": an ethnography of colour bar conservation in a South African service industry

This ethnography of a large corporate casmo located in the province of Gauteng describes how apartheid era labour practices are reproduced in the postapartheid workplace. Colour bar conservation results not from weak governmental regulation of the firm's labour praaices. but from the precise manner in which worker empowerment is defined by the state and displayed by the firm. During apartheid. South African leisure firms operated casinos in the black homeland states. Free from regulatory oversight, they imported white workers from Europe to perform skilled work, in the process constructing a casino colour bar. With the transition to democratic rule these same firms were granted licenses to run casinos in the cities of the new South Africa, but only on condition that they operate their casinos so as to empower local blacks as workers and managers. Three questions are addressed herein. First, how was empowerment used as a rhetorical tool to justify the legalization of a mass-gambling industry? Second, how do workers and floor managers experience labour inside the new casino industry? Third, how are casino managers able to reproduce a colour bar, even under the watchful eye of provincial and national regulators?
Detecting brain shift during deep brain stimulation surgery using intra-operative data and functional atlases: A preliminary study

Recently, many groups have reported on the occurrence of brain shift in stereotactic surgery and its impact on the procedure. A shift of deep brain structures by only a few millimeters can potentially increase the number of required microelectrode and/or macroelectrode tracks. This can cause complications and potentially affect implantation accuracy. Detecting intra-operative brain shift and, more significantly correcting for it intra-operatively can thus impact the procedure and its outcome. In this study, we have used intra-operative stimulation response data to assess brain shift. Using a shift free functional atlas containing therapeutic response to stimulation (efficacy) data from a population of patients we build statistical efficacy maps on new patients. We then compare the information provided by the maps with the actual intra-operative responses of those patients to detect brain shift. Our preliminary results show that by maximizing the correlation between statistical maps and intra-operative observations, it may be possible to detect intra-operative brain shift and potentially correct for it.
Specifying timing constraints in real-time object-oriented systems

Modeling object interactions is an important aspect of object-oriented (OO) system design and development. We propose a specification technique, Guarded Method Sequence Specification (GMtSS), for modeling such interactions in real-time OO systems. GMtSS extends another specification technique, MtSS, by adding guard constructs that can be used to specify timing constraints in conjunction with sequencing relationships that can be expressed using MtSS. The paper also discusses interpretation mechanisms for GMtSS and examples showing how GMtSS can be used for modeling system properties involving sequencing as well as timing constraints. GMtSS specialization, a technique that can be used for reuse and extensibility of OO real-time systems is also discussed.
NIH and USDA Funding of Dietary Supplement Research, 1999–2007

Over one-half of U.S. adults use dietary supplements, so federally supported research into the safety and effectiveness of these compounds is important for the health of many Americans. Data collected in the Computer Access to Research on Dietary Supplements database, which compiles federally sponsored dietary supplement-related research, are useful to scientists in determining the type of dietary supplement research that federal agencies are currently funding and where research gaps exist. This article describes the dietary supplement-related research funded by the NIH and the USDA. Between fiscal years 1999 and 2007, the number of research projects and funding for dietary supplement research more than doubled. During that period, NIH funded 6748 dietary supplement-related projects at a cost of $1.9 billion and the USDA funded 2258 projects at a cost of $347 million. The top funded dietary supplement ingredient categories were vitamins and minerals, botanicals, phytochemicals, and fatty acids. Cancer was by far the most frequent health outcome in dietary supplement research funding, nearly double the next closest health outcome category. Other health outcomes with the greatest funding were cellular and molecular mechanisms, cardiovascular health, women’s reproductive health, and immune function. The greatest number of dietary supplement research projects are funded by the NIH National Cancer Institute, the NIH National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, and the USDA Agricultural Research Service.
Canalplasty for Chronic Intractable External Otitis and Keratosis Obturans

Patients with external otitis or keratosis obturans who have reached a state of refractory pathology after appropriate and prolonged conservative management may be considered candidates for canalplasty. The original method was described in 1966. We describe our experience with this technique and its modifications in 24 ear cases of chronic external otitis including one patient for whom the term “chronic external otitis hemorrhagica” was coined. In addition, this method was applied in three patients with keratosis obturans. Satisfactory results for healing and hearing were achieved in all patients to date. RARELY will a patient with chronic external otitis or keratosis obturans, in spite of prolonged and appropriate conservative therapy, reach a state of intractable pathology. When this occurs, the patient may be considered a candidate for canalplasty with elements of myringoplasty and meatoplasty. This report recounts our recent experience in dealing with this problem of refractory external otitis, including modifications of the original method. It also describes instances of refractory keratosis obturans wherein this method has been applied successfully. BACKGROUND
Partial reinforcement effects in a runway: Between- and within-Ss

Sixteen rats were given 96 continuous reinforcement (CRF) training trials to one stimulus and 96 partial reinforcement (PR) training trials to a second stimulus. These were followed by 40 extinction trials to each of the stimuli. Control groups (N = 6) were given either 96 CRF or 96 PR training trials, followed by 40 extinction trials. During extinction, a conventional partial reinforcement effect (PRE) was found for both start and goal speed measures for the control groups. The within-Ss comparisons yielded no effect of schedules for start speed, but a significant reversed PRE for goal speed.
A Study of the Correlation of the Agglutination and the Fermentation Reactions among the Streptococci

Bacterial classification has passed through three distinct phases. First, we had the purely morphological classification based on size, shape, and form of the organisms and the colonies they produce. Later, when the inadequacy of a division founded on these characters alone was realized, various physiological reactions were added with the hope of obtaining a better grouping. Finally, pathogenic and immunity reactions were introduced in the differentiation of some groups. The later workers, however, did not always attempt to base their classifications on the correlation of these groups of characters, but recommended instead different systems depending on the types of reactions they happened to have observed. This created a consideramount of confusion.
GAS-PHASE REACTIONS OF CLONO2 WITH CL-(D2O)N=0-3 AND NO2-

The reactions of ClONO2 with the Cl-(D2O)n≤3 and NO2- ions were studied in a flow-tube apparatus at several temperatures in the range 170−298 K and at a helium buffer gas pressure of 0.28 Torr. Rate constants for these reactions were determined, establishing that all these ions react quite efficiently with ClONO2. The product ions observed in reaction sequences are reported, and reaction mechanisms are proposed to account for the findings. In the case of Cl- and NO2- the main product ion is NO3-, while the hydrates Cl-(D2O)n≤1-3 lead to production of the hydrated species, NO3-(D2O)m≤n-1. The main features of the observed secondary reactions can be described in terms of adduct formation and ligand switching. Limits on the bond energy of (NO3ClNO3)-, 14.6 kcal/mol ≤ D(NO3-−ClONO2) ≤ 26 kcal/mol, were determined. Finally, implications of these studies to atmospheric chemistry are discussed.
Big net, little pond: Use and upkeep of smaller scope health information sites

ABSTRACT Many consumer health Web sites are conceived and/or managed by librarians and have a smaller geographic or topical focus (not to mention, budget) than the “heavy hitter” sites such as MED-LINEplus or http://MayoClinic.com. Yet, these smaller sites may require as much time and effort to develop and maintain as the larger sites. Does their usage, in terms of Web site traffic, justify the time and work involved for the Webmaster, who may have numerous additional responsibilities? This article seeks to establish some benchmarks for smaller consumer health sites in terms of usage as well as time and funds spent on the site by the Webmaster and institution. The author's consumer health site, Health InfoNet of Alabama, is used as an illustrative case.
On the Mutual Transformation of the Types of Solutions of one Class of Nonlinear Hammerstein Integral Equations

We consider a class of nonlinear integral equations encountered in optimization phase problems (e.g., in antenna-synthesis problems, problems of optimization of the energy transfer lines, etc.) and admitting analytic solutions. These solutions either have roots in the domain of their definition or do not have roots. We study the problem of possibility of the transformation of one type of solutions into another type of solutions.
COMPUTER OPTIMIZED CONTROL OF REHEATINGFURNACE FOR HOT STRIP MILL

The thermal control system on walking beam furnace in Laiwu Strip Rolling Mill is comprised of direct digital control(DDC) and supervisory computer control(SCC)The control is improved by double cross limited range of DDC combustion control and by four compensation conditions of integral separationThe coefficient of air consumption is changed automatically with calorific value using a software for dynamic estimation of gas calorific valueThe accuracy of simulation is improved by considering the dimensional effect in one dimensional slab model of SCC,and the dynamic compensation of total heat exchange factor is achieved by offline analysis based on Zone methodIn this study an online simulation of metal loss due to oxidation is presented too for enhancing managementBeing convince in operation and equipped with diagnosis and alarm devices,the system can work normally and continuously
A study on the immunity level of Neisseria meningitides serogroup W135 among healthy population

Objective To learn the immunity level of Neisseria meningitides( Nm) serogroup W135 among healthy population. Methods A total of 410 children aged 0- 14 years were selected by stratified random sampling method in Zhuji city. The polysaccharide antibody Ig G level of Nm serogroup W135 was detected by ELISA. The antibody concentrations more than 2 μg / m L were identified as positive. Results The geometric mean concentration( GMC) was 1. 46 ± 0. 25 μg / m L and the W135- antibody positive rate was 4. 63%. There was no difference on antibody GMC and the W135- antibody postive rate among different region and gender groups. There were statistical differences on antibody GMC among different age groups( P 0. 05). The antibody GMT in the age group 15- 34( 1. 63 ± 0. 28 μg / m L) was significantly higher than that in other age groups( P 0. 05),and the antibody GMT in the age group 1. 5- 4( 1. 37 ± 0. 19 μg / m L) was significantly lower than that in the age group 5- 14( P 0. 05). The antibody GMT were significantly lower in the elderly( ≥60 years old) than that in the age group 10 and 5- 14( P 0. 05). Conclusion The immunity level of Nm serogroup W135 among healthy population is low,and it is suggested to be immunized by the vaccines which contained Nm W135.
ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERISTIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF HEAD RICE YIELD IN CHINA

To analysis the environment factors which effect the head rice yield(HRY) and provide a reference to improve the quality of rice and promote the head rice yield of rice in China,5574 rice samples were collected through national rice survey from 2002 to 2009.The results showed that the national annual average of HRY remained at 55.0%.HRY of the rice in northern regions were generally higher than that in southern regions.HRY was negative correlated with grain length and chalkiness.The geographic and climatic factors could affect the HRY in a certain extent.
Host plant preference of Lygus hesperus exposed to three desert-adapted industrial crops

Abstract The desert-adapted crops vernonia (Centrapalus pauciflorus), lesquerella (Physaria fendleri), and camelina (Camelina sativa) are being grown in the arid southwestern USA as potential feedstock for biofuel and/or other environmentally friendly products. A plant feeding choice test was conducted to determine the relative attractiveness of these three “new” crops to a possible insect pest, Lygus hesperus Knight. Adult L. hesperus were readily observed feeding or resting on the flowering structures of each plant type, but they were seen most often on vernonia and least often on camelina. Lygus hesperus readily deposited their eggs on each plant species, but again, the greatest amount of egg deposition was found on vernonia and the least on camelina. These studies indicate that L. hesperus might pose a threat to the production of these new crops. Moreover, the commercial expansion of these crops could significantly alter the population dynamics of the existing arthropod community. New challenges for managing this pest during regional crop production changes are discussed.
Der Stellenwert des Renin-Inhibitors Aliskiren

In den letzten Jahren wurden die antihypertensiven Therapieoptionen um den Renin-Inhibitor Aliskiren bereichert. Hierbei handelt es sich um eine Substanz, die in der fruhen Kaskade des Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System (RAS) die Bildung von Angiotensin I hemmt. Die gute blutdrucksenkende Wirkung von Aliskiren konnte in Hypertonie-Studien belegt werden, vergleichbar mit anderen Hemmstoffen des RAS. In der alltaglichen Anwendung und auch durch Studien belegt, zeigt Aliskiren nur wenige unangenehme Nebenwirkungen. Eine Kombinationstherapie mit Hydrochlorothiazid oder einem Kalziumantagonisten fuhrt zu einer guten und sicheren Blutdrucksenkung. In der Kombination hingegen mit anderen Hemmstoffen des RAS zeigte sich zwar initial, dass Patienten mit Diabetes und Nephropathie gegebenenfalls profitieren konnten (AVOID-Studie). In einer Langzeit-Sudie (ALTITUDE) bei Nephropathie- und Diabetes-Patienten zeigte sich jedoch kein Vorteil bei einer RAS-Doppelblockade mit Aliskiren in Kombination mit einem ACE-Hemmer bzw. AT1-Rezeptorblocker im Verhaltnis zur RAS-Blockade-Monotherapie. In der Sicherheitsanalyse gab es sogar Bedenken hinsichtlich der RAS-Doppelblockade aufgrund haufigerer Nebenwirkungen wie Hyperkaliamie und der Tendenz zu einer erhohten Schlaganfallhaufigkeit. Die Kombinationstherapie von Aliskiren mit einer bestehenden Therapie mit einem anderen RAS-Inhibitor bei diabetischer Nephropathie gilt als Kontraindikation. Nach der derzeitigen Datenlage erscheint eine Kombination von Aliskiren mit anderen Inhibitoren des RAS als nicht sinnvoll. Die Mono- und Kombinationstherapie mit anderen nicht-RAS-Inhibitoren ist aufgrund des derzeitigen Preises nicht unbedingt gerechtfertigt. Aliskiren hat damit derzeit nur einen Reserve-Medikament-Status.
Building a large-scale annotated Chinese corpus

In this paper we address issues related to building a large-scale Chinese corpus. We try to answer four questions: (i) how to speed up annotation, (ii) how to maintain high annotation quality, (iii) for what purposes is the corpus applicable, and finally (iv) what future work we anticipate.
Nonadiabatic dynamics in the semiclassical Liouville representation: Locality, transformation theory, and the energy budget

Abstract In this paper, we revisit the semiclassical Liouville approach to describing molecular dynamics with electronic transitions using classical trajectories. Key features of the formalism are highlighted. The locality in phase space and presence of nonclassical terms in the generalized Liouville equations are emphasized and discussed in light of trajectory surface hopping methodology. The representation dependence of the coupled semiclassical Liouville equations in the diabatic and adiabatic bases are discussed and new results for the transformation theory of the Wigner functions representing the corresponding density matrix elements given. We show that the diagonal energies of the state populations are not conserved during electronic transitions, as energy is stored in the electronic coherence. We discuss the implications of this observation for the validity of imposing strict energy conservation in trajectory based methods for simulating nonadiabatic processes.
New Proteins Unique to Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Identified by Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis (2DE)

Abstract The proteins of CSF, ventricular fluid, and serum are analyzed by 2DE. Proteins of CSF and serum with high and low affinity for Protein A, Cibacron Blue, and Concanavalin A are also characterized by 2DE. A large number of CSF-enriched or CSF-unique proteins are also identified. Two protein complexes, very heterogenous in charge and molecular weight, are characterized as constituents of normal CSF but are markedly increased in several inflammatory brain diseases. Both proteins and several other proteins enriched in CSF bind to Cibacron Blue-Sepharose. The use of 2DE in conjunction with affinity chromatography and sensitive protein stains greatly enlarges the number of proteins previously identified as unique to CSF. By minor modifications of the 2DE procedure and silver staining, most of these proteins are visualized in CSF even without prior concentration.
Mediastinal Tracheostomy With Vessel Transposition and Minimally Invasive Transhiatal Esophagectomy

As surgical outcomes and survival of patients with cancer improves, in particular patients with head and neck cancer would often develop multiple primaries. The limitations of radiation for repeated local therapy leave radical surgery as the only local option for some of these patients. Given the complexity of the issues at hand, these patients should be evaluated by a multidisciplinary team with expertise in otolaryngology, radiation oncology, medical oncology, and thoracic surgery. Mediastinal tracheostomy is rarely used, but it can be a useful tool in the management of these complex patients. When esophagectomy is performed in combination with pharyngolaryngectomy, a minimally invasive transhiatal approach can be used. Transhiatal esophageal mobilization is technically feasible with laparoscopy, and it obviates the need for thoracic incisions and patient repositioning in this already complex morbid procedure. Additionally, for cervical esophageal tumors, neither margins nor completeness of lymphadenectomy are sacrificed. We describe several critical steps of mediastinal tracheostomy and minimally invasive transhiatal esophagectomy for the management of these complex patients.
Sex and Age-Specific Variation In Provisioning By A Long Distance Neotropical Migrant, the Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina)

ABSTRACT Parental investment is a unique balance between optimizing reproductive success and survival, yet how individuals vary their effort with respect to age and the contributions of their partner remains poorly studied. Here, we examine the provisioning of nestlings by Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) at 38 nests in southern Indiana during the breeding season of 2013 to address the influence of adult age and sex on reproductive investment. We used video cameras to quantify an adjusted provisioning rate (provisioning rate = adult visits/hr/nestling × mean prey size × mean number of prey/visit) by individuals in both age-assortative (same age) and disassortative (different age) pairs (n = 33 pairs), hereafter referred to as pair type. Disassortative pairs delivered less prey than expected given nestling age, and sexes differed in their respective provisioning effort. In contrast, age-assortative pairs consistently provisioned more, and provisioning effort was comparable between the sexes regardless ...
Assessing Physical Activity Levels in Filipino Americans With Hypertension Using the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity Questionnaire

Regular physical activity decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease and premature death. Little research has been conducted among Filipino Americans about their level of physical activity. Using...
SampleBoost for Capsule Endoscopy Categorization and Abnormality Detection

Analyzing Capsule Endoscopy videos is an expensive process that requires considerable human effort and time. The massive amount of data limits the usage of ensemble learning methods. In this paper SampleBoost, a boosting method that employs novel intelligent sampling, is proposed to learn from capsule endoscopy data. SampleBoost intelligently selects a subset of the training set at each iteration and evens imbalanced classes. Experimental results show a great improvement in both accuracy and efficiency as well as avoidance of early termination for both the balanced images categorization and the imbalanced abnormality detection.
Community health workers in diabetes care: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Introduction Maintaining optimal self-care in managing Type 2 diabetes is a common struggle for patients due to several barriers, including access to quality services, financial insecurity and/or lack of insurance, and emotional distress. Consequently, morbidity and mortality rates are high, alongside rising health care costs. Alternative approaches that address common barriers require further investigation. This systematic review of randomized controlled trials examines the effectiveness of using community health workers (CHWs) in Type 2 diabetes care. This effort is warranted to orient practitioners and researchers to the state of existing knowledge, and to direct clinical practice and future research. Method Data were extracted from 17 peer-reviewed articles; they were examined with respect to theory integration, CHW intervention design, outcome variables, and findings. Results Approximately one-third of articles explicitly integrated theory into their research conceptualization and design. There was great variation across intervention dosages, attrition rates, and methods of CHW training. Main foci across studies' findings suggest that a CHW intervention has significant impacts on physical health outcomes, diabetes knowledge, self-care behaviors, and emotional distress and well-being. Discussion Principal implications relate to the need for more research regarding CHW intervention types and methods, and further investigation about the mechanisms of change within a CHW-delivered intervention. Findings support the case for more CHWs in treatment teams to bridge patients with the medical system. This research will serve to better equip providers in the support of patients managing Type 2 diabetes and advance the Triple Aim of health care. (PsycINFO Database Record
What do we know about laminar connectivity

In this brief review, I attempt an overview of the main components of anatomical laminar-level connectivity. These are: extrinsic outputs, excitatory and inhibitory intrinsic connectivity, and intrinsic inputs. Supporting data are biased from the visual system of nonhuman primates (NHPs), but I have drawn as much as possible from a broader span in order to treat the important issue of area-specific variability. In a second part, I briefly discuss laminar connectivity in the context of network organization (feedforward/feedback cortical connections, and the major types of corticothalamic connections). I also point out anatomical issues in need of clarification, including more systematic, whole brain coverage of tracer injections; more data on anterogradely labeled terminations; more complete, area-specific quantitative data about projection neurons, and quantitative data on terminal density and convergence. Postsynaptic targets are largely unknown, but their identification is essential for understanding the finer analysis and principles of laminar patterns. Laminar resolution MRI offers a promising new tool for exploring laminar connectivity: it is potentially fast and macro-scale, and allows for repeated investigation under different stimulus conditions. Conversely, anatomical resolution, although detailed beyond the current level of MRI visualization, offers a rich trove for experimental design and interpretation of fMRI activation patterns.