cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of membrane collectors in electrostatic precipitators.

Membrane collection surfaces, developed and patented by researchers at Ohio University, were used to replace steel plates in a dry electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Such replacement facilitates tension-based rapping, which shears the adhered particle layer from the collector surface more effectively than hammer-based rapping. Tests were performed to measure the collection efficiency of the membranes and to quantify the potential improvements of this novel cleaning technique with respect to re-entrainment. Results indicate that even semiconductor materials (e.g., carbon fibers) collect ash nearly as efficiently as steel plates, potentially indicating that collection surface resistivity is primarily dictated by the accumulated ash layer and not by the underlying plate conductivity. In addition, virtually all sheared particles separated from the collecting membranes fell within the boundary layer of the membrane, indicating extremely low potential for re-entrainment.
Evidence for regulation of the human ABL tyrosine kinase by a cellular inhibitor.

Abstract Phosphotyrosine cannot be detected on normal human ABL protein-tyrosine kinases, but activated oncogenic forms of the human ABL protein are phosphorylated on tyrosine in vivo. Activation of ABL can occur by substitution of the ABL first exon with breakpoint cluster region (BCR) sequences or by deletion of the noncatalytic SH3 (src homology region 3) domain. An alternative mode for the activation of the ABL kinases is hyperexpression at greater than 500-fold over endogenous levels. This is not a consequence of transphosphorylation of the hyperexpressed ABL molecules. ABL proteins translated in vitro lack phosphotyrosine, but tyrosine kinase activity is uncovered after immunoprecipitation and removal of lysate components. The rates of dephosphorylation of ABL and BCR-ABL fusion protein by phosphotyrosine-specific phosphatases are approximately the same. These combined results indicate that inhibition of ABL activity is reversible and suggest that a cellular component interacts noncovalently with ABL to inhibit its autophosphorylation.
M and L cones in macaque fovea connect to midget ganglion cells by different numbers of excitatory synapses.

VISUAL acuity depends on the fine-grained neural image set by the foveal cone mosaic1–3. To preserve this spatial detail, cones transmit through non-divergent pathways: cone → midget bipolar cell → midget ganglion cell. Adequate gain must be established along each pathway; crosstalk and sources of variation between pathways must be minimized. These requirements raise fundamental questions regarding the synaptic connections: (1) how many synapses from bipolar to ganglion cell transmit a cone signal and with what degree of crosstalk between adjacent pathways; (2) how accurately these connections are reproduced across the mosaic; and (3) whether the midget circuits for middle (M) and long (L) wavelength sensitive cones are the same. We report here that the midget ganglion cell collects without crosstalk either 28 ±4 or 47 ± 3 midget bipolar synapses. Two cone types are defined by this difference; being about equal in number and distributing randomly in small clusters of like type, they are probably M and L.
Representations of Fractions: Evidence for Accessing the Whole Magnitude in Adults

Proficiency with fractions serves as a foundation for later mathematics and is critical for learning algebra, which plays a role in college success and lifetime earnings. Yet children often struggle to learn fractions. Educators have argued that a conceptual understanding of fractions involves learning that a fraction represents a magnitude different from its whole number components. However, it is not well understood whether adults represent a fraction's magnitude similarly to whole numbers. This study investigated the distance effect during a comparison task using fraction pairs that discouraged comparing a fraction's components. Accuracy improved and reaction times decreased with greater distance between fraction pairs, showing a distance effect similar to that seen with whole numbers. This study suggests that a representation of a fraction's magnitude is present in the fully developed number system.
Protease-Induced Formation of the Sperm Acrosomal Filament

Filament extension during the sperm acrosome reaction in Sicyonia ingentis is triggered by an egg trypsin-like protease whose action can be mimicked using trypsin. Using biotinylated trypsin and either a fluorescently-labeled or colloidal gold-labeled antibody to biotin, trypsin binding was localized to the anterior granule of the sperm which is exposed upon acrosomal exocytosis. The binding was to proteinaceous material at the base of the granule juxtaposed to the inner acrosomal membrane. Other labeled proteins also bound in the same pattern but only in the presence of unlabeled trypsin; non-proteolytic proteins did not induce filament formation. Binding of all proteins tested occurred slowly over a period of about 30 min. A minimum of 30 min of trypsin exposure was required in order to trigger filament formation, and increasing trypsin concentration did not reduce this time requirement. These results indicate that the protease slowly uncovers a binding site for itself (or other proteins), and then its proteolytic activity is again required to induce filament formation. The protease kallikrein appeared to be a more potent inducer than trypsin, while thrombin and clostripain had no apparent inducing activity.
Electron microscopic study of so-called "pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma". Report of a case suggesting epithelial origin

A lesion typical clinically and histologically of so-called “pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma” was removed from the right middle lobe of a 19-year-old girl. Electron microscopic study reveals that, rather than being composed primarily of vascular and histiocytic components, it is made up predominantly of epithelial elements and appears to arise from primitive respiratory epithelium.
Representations in Genetic Algorithm for the Job Shop Scheduling Problem: A Computational Study

Due to the NP-hardness of the job shop scheduling problem (JSP), many heuristic approaches have been proposed; among them is the genetic algorithm (GA). In the literature, there are eight different GA representations for the JSP; each one aims to provide subtle environment through which the GA’s reproduction and mutation operators would succeed in finding near optimal solutions in small computational time. This paper provides a computational study to compare the performance of the GA under six different representations.
Asymptotic behavior of block floating-point digital filters

The asymptotic behavior of block floating-point and floating-point digital filters is analyzed. As a result, mantissa wordlength conditions are derived guaranteeing the absence of limit cycles in the regular dynamic range. Explicitly, the requirements are given for block floating-point state space filters with different quantization formats. Although these conditions are only sufficient, examples are given in which they are also necessary. In most cases the conditions are easily satisfied.
Review of Total Flooding Gaseous Agents as Halon 1301 Substitutes

This paper provides a review of total flooding gaseous agents as Halon 1301 substitutes. Agents are compared, based on published data, in terms of their environmental impact, toxicity, fire suppression performance, and acid gas production from small-to full-scale tests. These data are also collected in tables. Acceptability of an agent by regulatory authority is mostly determined by agent toxicity. Based on the toxicity criteria set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), five commercial halocarbons (FC-218, FC-3-1-10, HFC-23, HFC-227ea, and HCFC Blend A) and three commer cial inert gases (IG-01, IG-55, and IG-541) are acceptable for total flooding in normally occupied spaces. They are less effective by weight or volume than Halon 1301, with additional limitations and weaknesses. Language: en
The influence of internal and external firm factors on international product adaptation strategy and export performance: A three-country comparison

Abstract Multi-country studies are sparse in the international marketing literature. In this investigation, we develop and empirically test a model of the antecedents of product adaptation strategy and export performance using data collected from 239, 205, and 145 managers in the United States, Korea, and Japan, respectively. Our model incorporates internal and external firm factors as antecedents to export performance, with product adaptation strategy as a key mediating variable. The results show that product adaptation strategy is positively associated with export performance in all three countries. In addition, export dependence, which has received relatively little attention in the literature, is an important antecedent of product adaptation strategy. The similarity between the home and target market generally is considered an important factor in choice of export market, but its relationship with product adaptation strategy and export performance varies across the three countries.
Scanning electrochemical microscopy, 52. Bipolar conductance technique at ultramicroelectrodes for resistance measurements.

The bipolar conductance, BICON, technique for the measurement of solution resistance, based on the application of microsecond current pulses, as originally described by Enke and co-workers for measurements with conventional electrodes, was extended for use with ultramicroelectrodes, with a focus on its application in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). When the plateau time used to make the measurement lies within the BICON conditions, the solution conductance can be obtained directly from the output without the need for calibration curves. However, decreasing the size of the ultramicroelectrode decreases the range of values that satisfy these conditions, and one must resort to calibration curves to obtain solution conductance from the measured current, which was nevertheless found to be proportional to electrolyte concentration with electrodes as small as 5 μm in diameter. BICON/SECM approach curves over insulating substrates followed SECM negative feedback theory and approach curves in the prese...
Influence of n-butanol on the size of sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles.

Abstract Surfactant tracer diffusion coefficients have been measured for aqueous micellar solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the presence of added medium chain alcohol. The alcohol used in the experiments was n-butanol (with a range of concentrations of 0-0.162 M), and surfactant diffusion was measured as a function of alcohol concentration. The results showed that surfactant tracer diffusion coefficients (which we take to be a weighted average of monomer and micellar forms) were largely invariant with respect to alcohol concentration. From these data, the effect of added n-butanol on micellar diffusion coefficients was calculated. This was done by fitting data (K. Hayase and S. Hayano, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan50, 83 (1977)) for the critical micelle concentration (CMC) decrease, as well as our own results in terms of n-butanol concentration. The calculated diffusion coefficients for SDS micelles were also found to be practically invariant with addition of n-butanol over the concentration range given above. This study suggests that changes in micelle size (reflected by the micellar diffusion coefficients) for the system examined here does not depend on alcohol concentration.
Applying short-time memory units to compensators

A COMPENSATOR is a device cascaded with a control system so that the resultant output, or controlled variable, q(t) is some function of the input, or command signal v(t) (see Fig. 1). This article suggests methods for the design of several different compensators each of which contains a short-time memory unit as an integral part of its structure. The analysis is limited to the design of linear follower-type systems in which the controlled variable is required to approximate the command signal. Although electrical terminology is employed quite frequently herein, the theory is applicable to other physical systems.
Identity theft: An exploratory study with implications for marketers

Abstract Identity theft is the fastest growing crime in America, and millions of people become victims each year. Furthermore, identity theft costs corporations over $20 billion per year, and consumers are forced to spend over $2 billion and 100 million hours of time to deal with the aftermath. This paper uses a system dynamics model to explore policy options dealing with identity theft and to provide implications for marketers. The results indicate that the current approach to combating identity theft will not work. However, inexpensive security freezes could be effective, because they result in a nonlinear reduction in identity theft that is similar to the “herd immunity” seen in epidemiology. Thus, identity theft can be addressed by protecting just a fraction of the total population.
Does gender affect pulmonary function and exercise capacity

It is well established that women exhibit several anatomic and physiologic characteristics that distinguish their responses to exercise from those of men. These factors have been shown to influence the training response and contribute to lower maximal aerobic power in women. Additionally, the reproductive hormones, estrogen and progesterone, can influence ventilation, substrate metabolism, thermoregulation, and pulmonary function during exercise. Pulmonary structural and morphologic differences between genders include smaller vital capacity and maximal expiratory flow rates, reduced airway diameter, and a smaller diffusion surface than age- and height-matched men. These differences may have an effect on the integrated ventilatory response, respiratory muscle work, and in pulmonary gas exchange during exercise. Specifically, recent evidence suggests that during heavy exercise, women demonstrate greater expiratory flow limitation, an increased work of breathing, and perhaps greater exercise induced arterial hypoxemia compared to men. The consequence of these pulmonary effects has the potential to adversely affect aerobic capacity and exercise tolerance in women.
Is all pain is treated equally? A multicenter evaluation of acute pain care by age

Pain is highly prevalent in health care settings; however, disparities continue to exist in pain care treatment. Few studies have investigated if differences exist based on patient-related characteristics associated with aging. The objective of this study was to determine if there are differences in acute pain care for older vs younger patients. This was a multicenter, retrospective, cross-sectional observation study of 5 emergency departments across the United States evaluating the 2 most commonly presenting pain conditions for older adults, abdominal and fracture pain. Multivariable adjusted hierarchical modeling was completed. A total of 6,948 visits were reviewed. Older (⩾ 65 years) and oldest (⩾ 85 years) were less likely to receive analgesics compared to younger patients (<65 years), yet older patients had greater reductions in final pain scores. When evaluating pain treatment and final pain scores, differences appeared to be based on type of pain. Older patients with abdominal pain were less likely to receive pain medications, while older patients with fracture were more likely to receive analgesics and opioids compared to younger patients. Differences in pain care for older patients appear to be driven by the type of presenting pain.
The Sun and the Earth

The Sun's action on the Earth is fundamentally responsible for maintaining the physical conditions that support life on the land, in the oceans, and in the atmosphere, and a comprehensive understanding of this action should be a central concern of scientific endeavor. The Sun's influence goes beyond providing energy to the biosphere and maintaining the Earth's climate and weather; it strongly affects the Earth's upper atmosphere and ionosphere as well as the magnetosphere, the region of space permeated by the terrestrial magnetic field and occupied by ionized gases. Flares and other solar disturbances can produce strong reactions in the Earth's ionosphere, magnetic field, and space plasma environment, often within 20 minutes of onset. As human activity extends into space, and to the Moon and planets, scientific understanding of solar-terrestrial interactions and, more generally, of the space environment's physics will assume increasing importance.
A management information system for mental health planning and program evaluation; a developing model.

This paper outlines the framework that has been developed within a state department of mental health to guide the acquisition of data relevant to resource deployment decisions. This Management Information System is being designed to include data concerning populations in need, populations currently receiving services, the nature of existing services, the effectiveness of existing services, and the cost of existing services. Ultimately it is intended that this system will contribute objective information to assist state and local management decision makers in maximizing the efficiency and effectiveness of scarce available resources.
Multimedia content customization for universal access

Content delivery over the Internet, in order to allow universal access, needs to address both the multimedia nature of the content and the capabilities of the diverse client platforms the content is being delivered to. We present a system that tailors multimedia content to optimally match the capabilities of the client device requesting it. This system has three key components: (1) a representation scheme called the InfoPyramid, (2) a set of transcoders for converting modality or resolution, and (3) a customizer that selects the best content representation to meet the client capabilities while delivering the most value.
Thermomechanically induced interfacial stresses in fibrous composites

Abstract Static analyses similar to recently developed continuum mixture theories of wave propagation in structural composites are carried out in order to estimate the interfacial stresses that develop in composites subjected to various mechanical and thermal loadings. A variety of composite models are treated. These include the multi-cylindrical periodic fibres, the single cylindrical fibre and the single planar fibre reinforcement models. Results are compared with existing theoretical and experimental findings.
Sarcolemmal protein profiles from cultured myotubes and myoblasts

Abstract Protein profiles of sarcolemma from primary cultures of normal adult rat skeletal muscle are presented. Sarcolemma was obtained by high-velocity gas dissection which yields small amounts of membranes of great purity. A micromethod for SDS—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis combined with the use of a silver stain permits analysis of samples containing as little as 2 μg protein. The approach should prove useful for the study of possible membrane protein abnormalities in the muscular dystrophies.
Real-time measurement of trace metals on fine particles by laser-induced plasma techniques

Abstract Physical and chemical characterization of airborne particles on-line and in real time can provide direct measurement regarding the dynamics, phase partition, and the transformation of aerosols and chemical species associated with the aerosol particles. This information is extremely useful for a wide range of applications such as emission control and process optimization. A compact laser-based instrument has been developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for measurement of elemental composition on aerosol particles. Laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS) was employed as the principle in the design of the field-portable instrument. It was found that the LIPS technique itself was insufficient to detect trace metals (i.e., mercury and chromium) in aerosols at a level commonly found in source emissions. The LIPS technique could achieve a detection of aerosol mercury at 9.8 ng m−3, and chromium at 98 ng m−3 with a precision of ±1%. We have enhanced the detection sensitivity for the LIPS measurement of these two species by coupling the spectroscopic technique with an aerosol beam-focusing device. The signal enhancement was about two orders of magnitude over traditional nonfocusing approach. The reported elemental detection level of our instrument was for aerosols of a number median diameter of 300 nm and the geometric standard deviation of 1200 nm. Each measurement was accomplished in an interval approximately 1–2 min.
A Measure for the Total Difference of Two Sets of Color-Mixture Functions

Using a large number of specially selected imaginary object colors which are metameric with respect to one set of color-mixture functions, the spatial distribution of these colors with respect to the other set of color-mixture functions provides an illustrative means of measuring the total difference of the two sets of color-mixture functions. The spatial distribution follows a normal trivariate distribution law which allows the computation of an ellipsoid that is expected to contain 95% of all theoretically and practically possible object colors of the same class used to calculate that ellipsoid. A numerical example involving the color-mixture functions of the 1931 CIE standard observer and the color-mixture functions derived from the Stiles 10° pilot data demonstrates the theory.
Comparison of capsid polypeptides of group B coxsackieviruses and polypeptide synthesis in infected cells

Capsid polypeptides of all six types (B1–6) of group B coxsackieviruses were compared by high-resolution gel electrophoresis, and synthesis of protein and RNA in B4- or B5-infected HeLa cells was analyzed. Four polypeptides, VP1–4, were detected in each type. Another polypeptide, VP0, slightly larger than VP1, was also detected in trace amounts in some types. VP1–3 showed different but characteristic molecular weights (VP1, 34,500 to 37,000; VP2, 31,000 to 36,000; VP3, 26,000 to 32,500), and presented well-defined and reproducible differences in electrophoretic mobility. The molecular weight of VP4 ranged from 5,000 to 5,500. VP1 was largest in B2 and B4, smallest in B1, and of intermediate size in the other types. VP2 was largest in B4 and smallest in B2; VP3 was largest in B5 and B6 and smallest in B4. In B4- or B5-infected HeLa cells, host protein synthesis began to decline after 2 hours postinfection and was less than 20 percent of the control by 6 hours postinfection. Actinomycin D-resistant viral RNA synthesis started at about 2 hours postinfection, peaked by 5 hours, and then declined rapidly. Virus-specific protein synthesis began while host protein synthesis was declining, increased during the ensuing period, and declined in late infection. A number of virus-specific proteins with molecular weights from 23,500 to >92,500 were detected in the host cytoplasm. At least three of these proteins were also present in the nucleus. The kinetics of processing of virus-specific proteins were examined by pulse-chase experiments in B5-infected cells. The relative intensities of [35S]-methionine-labeled polypeptides suggest that a number of smaller, stable chains (MW 23,500 to 38,000) are generated by cleavage of a precursor polypeptide (MW 92,500 to 100,000).
A Syntactic Analysis of Lexical and Functional Heads in Nigerian English Newspaper Headlines

Nigerian English newspaper headlines have been examined mostly from stylistic, pragmatic, critical discourse analytic and critical linguistic perspective but not from a syntactic perspective in terms of lexical and functional heads. This study, therefore, examines lexical and functional heads in Nigerian newspaper headlines. The data for this study were collected from Nigerian national newspapers including ‘The Punch’, ‘The Nation’, ‘Nigerian Tribune’, ‘Vanguard’ and ‘The Sun’. The study uses the X-bar theory of Generative Grammar to syntactically analyze the data. It is discovered that both lexical and functional heads are projected in Nigerian newspaper headlines. However, their representation depends on the syntactic configuration of the headlines. Sentence type headlines have more heads than phrasal headlines. While both heads occur in the headlines, lexical heads have more projection than functional heads.
Cumulate gabbros from the Southwest Indian Ridge, 54°S-7° 16′ E: implications for magmatic processes at a slow spreading ridge

A diverse volcanic and plutonic rock suite was recovered from the center of the 80 km long ridge segment of the Southwest Indian Ridge (54°S, 7°16′ E) between the Islas Orcadas and Shaka Fracture Zones. The cumulus nature of the gabbroic rocks in the suite is indicated by phase, modal and cryptic layering, igneous lamination, and low incompatible element abundances. We present a mass-balance model for calculating the proportions and compositions of cumulus phases and crystallized intercumulus liquid from bulk-rock major element compositions. The model is based on the ability to define a compositional array of basaltic liquids and on the assumption that cumulus minerals are initially in equilibrium with trapped liquid. Calculated proportions of trapped liquid range from 3%–15%; values that are characteristic of adcumulates to mesocumulates. Models of postcumulus crystallization indicate significant enrichments of incompatible elements and buffering of compatible elements in residual trapped liquids, thus explaining the high TiO2 contents observed in magnesian clinopyroxenes. Cumulus phase assemblages and compositions suggest solidification in shallow level magma chambers, but disequilibrium plagioclase compositions suggest some crystallization at greater depth. Furthermore, basalt compositions projected onto the olivine-clinopyroxenequartz pseudoternary suggest magma generation over a range of pressures (from less than 10 to greater than 20 kb) as well as polybaric fractional crystallization. We suggest that the Southwest Indian Ridge is characterized by low magma supply with small batches of melt that either ascend directly to the surface having undergone limited polybaric crystallization or are trapped in shallow crustal magma chambers where they evolve and solidify to form cumulate gabbros. The adcumulus nature of the gabbros investigated here suggests slow cooling rates typical of large intrusions implying relatively large, but ephemeral magma chambers below segments of the Southwest Indian Ridge.
Numerical Prediction of the 8 May 2003 Oklahoma City Tornadic Supercell and Embedded Tornado Using ARPS with the Assimilation of WSR-88D Data

AbstractThe 8 May 2003 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, tornadic supercell is predicted with the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) model using four nested grids with 9-km, 1-km, 100-m, and 50-m grid spacings. The Oklahoma City Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) radial velocity and reflectivity data are assimilated through the ARPS three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) and cloud analysis on the 1-km grid to generate a set of initial conditions that includes a well-analyzed supercell and associated low-level mesocyclone. Additional 1-km experiments show that the use of radial velocity and the proper use of a divergence constraint in the 3DVAR play an important role in the establishment of the low-level mesocyclone during the assimilation and forecast. Assimilating reflectivity data alone failed to predict the mesocyclone intensification. The 100-m grid starts from the interpolated 1-km control initial conditions, while the further nested 50-m grid starts from the 20-min for...
mda-9/syntenin: recent insights into a novel cell signaling and metastasis-associated gene.

Abstract PDZ (an acronym representing three proteins—postsynaptic density protein PSD95/SAP90, drosophila tumor suppressor DLGA, and tight junction protein ZO-1) domain containing proteins are adapter proteins that play indispensable roles in regulating cell growth, development, and differentiation, predominantly through their capacity to serve as central organizers of protein complexes at the plasma membrane. A recently identified member of this protein family is melanoma differentiation associated gene-9 (mda-9), also known as syntenin, which was first identified as a gene down-regulated during human melanoma differentiation as mda-9 and subsequently recognized as an interacting partner of the cell-surface heparan sulfate syndecans, syntenin. Interest in mda-9/syntenin is intensifying because of its involvement in organization of protein complexes in the plasma membranes, regulation of B cell development, intracellular trafficking and cell surface targeting, cancer metastasis, synaptic transmission, and axonal outgrowth. In this review, we discuss the identification, structure and function of mda-9/syntenin and delineate future studies to address its role in regulating key physiological and pathological processes.
Cusp Forms on GL(2n) with GL(n) × GL (n) Periods, and Simple Algebras

The notion of a period of a cusp form on GL(2,D()), with respect to the diagonal subgroup D()X × D()X, is defined. Here D is a simple algebra over a global field F with a ring of adeles. For Dx = GL(1), the period is the value at 1/2 of the L-function of the cusp form on GL(2, ). A cuspidal representation is called cyclic if it contains a cusp form with a non zero period. It is investigated whether the notion of cyclicity is preserved under the Deligne - Kazhdan correspondence, relating cuspidal representations on the group and its split form, where D is a matrix algebra. A local analogue is studied too, using the global technique. The method is based on a new bi-period summation formula. Local multiplicity one statements for spherical distributions, and non - vanishing properties of bi - characters, known only in a few cases, play a key role.
Does IT pay to focus? An analysis of IT business value under single and multi-focused business strategies

Previous research finds that firm performance is highest when firms maintain a singular strategic focus as opposed to a multi-focused strategy. Yet, from an IT perspective, there is still some debate as to whether IT business value or the contribution of IT to firm performance is also maximized when firms maintain a single-focused strategy. Using the notion of value disciplines to model strategic foci, we find in a matched survey of executives in 241 firms that IT business value is highest in firms with a multi-focused business strategy and lowest in those with a single focus. We also find a relationship between strategic foci and the primary locus of IT value within the value chain for all focus-types except those emphasizing operational excellence. If all firms are using IT to reduce operating expenses, operationally excellent firms may find it increasingly difficult to sustain a low-cost advantage over time through IT.
Atomistic simulation of stress evolution during island growth

Abstract We report the results of a series of hybrid molecular dynamics simulations of the growth of islands on a substrate for several different island/substrate interface energies. When the interface energy is small, the islands tend to be thin and broad and the magnitude of the compressive stress–thickness product is relatively large. As the interface energy increases, the islands become taller and thinner and the magnitude of the compressive stress–thickness product decreases. This trend is consistent with experimental observations. The island aspect ratio dependence on interface energy follows from consideration of the equilibrium wetting angle. The effect of interface energy on the stress–thickness product shows that the island shape, surface/interface stresses and island stresses are self-equilibrated. A simple theory is developed that shows that the stress–thickness product is simply proportional to the substrate coverage and the substrate surface stress. The present simulations yield a simple, accurate, validated theory for stress development during the pre-coalescence stage of film growth.
Evaluation of platelet function in pregnancy comparative studies in non-smokers and smokers

We have evaluated the possible role of platelet functional abnormalities as a contributory cause of thrombosis during pregnancy and to the increased fetal mortality and morbidity among women who smoke. Fifty-three pregnant women were enrolled and evaluated on two separate prenatal visits held between the 20th and 36th week of pregnancy and, when possible, post partum. Smoking status was evaluated by personal statement and alveolar carbon monoxide levels. Women in the smoking group deliberately avoided cigarettes for at least, 20 minutes before sampling. Plasma levels of β-thromboglobulin, thromboxane B2, and 6-Keto PGF1a were evaluated. A significant increase in 6-Keto PGF1α was noted among smoking women as pregnancy advanced. 6-Keto PGF1α levels decreased among non-smoking women while β-thromboglobulin increased significantly between the 20th and 33rd week of pregnancy in non-smokers. Platelet aggregation, both in platelet rich plasma and in whole blood (by impedance aggregometry), was evaluated by five different parameters and four different aggregating agents. Significant differences between the non-smoking and smoking pregnant women were noted for selected age cohorts and aggregating agents. An increase in platelet reactivity among smokers was observed in whole blood by impedance aggregometry with adenosine diphosphate and in two age cohorts using platelet rich plasma. In two groups in which aggregation was significantly accelerated among non-smokers, epinephrine was used as the aggregating agent.
A model system for mapping vascular responses to complex hemodynamics at arterial bifurcations in vivo.

Since the early 1970s, studies of arterial bifurcation morphology have suggested linkage between hemodynamic stresses and vascular remodeling (2, 16). It is generally accepted that blood flow patterns and hemodynamic stresses associated with such morphology contribute to the development of vascular pathologies (4, 5, 11). Cerebral aneurysms are preferentially located near arterial bifurcations or along the outer curvature of arteries on or near the Circle of Willis (10, 15). The local hemodynamics at such sites are complex, presenting impinging flow, regions of high wall shear stress (WSS), gradients in wall shear stress (WSSG), combinations of both, as well as “disturbed flow” (1, 8, 18). Yet, these relationships between hemodynamic conditions at an arterial bifurcation and pathological vascular remodeling leading to aneurysms are not well understood. Recent developments in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) enable detailed characterization of three-dimensional (3-D) flow fields in arteries of humans and larger animals (6). Thus, angiographic imaging and CFD can provide detailed flow fields from which measured hemodynamics can be correlated spatially and temporally with specific tissue responses in local microenvironments. Such hemodynamic-vascular response correlations constitute a model system for studying disease mechanisms that are mediated by altered hemodynamics. In this study, we present a new method for correlating morphological changes in the vascular wall with the local hemodynamics in a surgically created arterial bifurcation in dogs. To study how arterial tissue adapts to the complex hemodynamic environment of impinging flow, we created the bifurcation from native arterial segments and studied how the morphology of the vascular wall changed in response to altered hemodynamics. The major benefit of using a created bifurcation is to establish a cause and effect relationship between the altered hemodynamics (specifically, the flow impingement normally associated with a bifurcation) and remodeling of the vascular wall at the cellular level. Here, the naive vessel wall had never before been exposed to the type of impingement flow. New morphology that develops after the bifurcation has been created can thus be attributed to hemodynamic insult resulting from manipulated exposure of the naive vessel wall to impinging flow. Our observations provide insight into how complex hemodynamic conditions near the apex of an arterial bifurcation (including flow impingement, WSS and spatial variations, or gradients, of WSS) could affect vascular remodeling processes, including those that go awry. The changes observed have important implications concerning the fundamental mechanisms of aneurysm initiation.
Maximum likelihood regression trees

We propose a method of constructing regression trees within the framework of maximum likelihood. It inherits the backward fitting idea of classification and regression trees (CART) but has more rigorous justification. Simulation studies show that it provides more accurate tree model selection compared to CART. The analysis of a baseball dataset is given as an illustration.
Barriers to adopting genomics into public health education: a mixed methods study

Purpose: To examine public health educators' perceptions of barriers to incorporate genomic content (information, discoveries, technologies) into health promotion. Methods: Mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative approaches)—using a fully mixed sequential dominant status design—were employed. Qualitative data were collected from a convenient sample of 24 public health educators, through personal interviews. Quantitative data, from a nation-wide sample of 1607 professionals (from four professional organizations/groups), were collected through a Web-based survey (adjusted response rate = 23.1%). Content analysis guided the interpretation of the qualitative data; descriptive statistics were used to analyze the survey data and to compare prevalence of themes across the qualitative and survey samples. Results: Specific barriers highlighted by the qualitative and the survey samples included lack of genomic knowledge (basic and applied), having to deal with the lay public's reaction, lack of priority, time and resources, and incompatibility between genomics and public health educators' religious and ethical beliefs. Conclusion: This study suggests that public health educators perceive numerous barriers to incorporating genomics into health promotion. More research is needed to confirm this study's findings, to explore potential sources, and to propose viable strategies to overcome many of these barriers.
Application of the cost-per-good-die metric for process design co-optimization

The semiconductor industry has pursued a rapid pace of technology scaling to achieve an exponential component cost reduction. Over the years the goal of technology scaling has been distilled down to two discrete targets. Process engineers focus on sustaining wafer costs, while manufacturing smaller dimensions whereas design engineers work towards creating newer IC designs that can feed the next generation of electronic products. In doing so, the impact of process choices made by manufacturing community on the design of ICs and vice-versa were conveniently ignored. Hoever, with the lack of cost effective lithography solutions at the forefront, the process and design communities are struggling to minimize IC die costs by following the described traditional scaling practices. In this paper we discuss a framework for quantifying the economic impact of design and process decisions on the overall product by comparing the cost-per-good-die. We discuss the intricacies involved in computing the cost-per-good-die as we make design and technology choices. We also discuss the impact of design and lithography choices for the 32nm and 22nm technology node. The results demonstrate a strong volume dependence on the optimum design style and corresponding lithography and strategy. Most importantly, using this framework process and design engineers can collaborate to define design style and lithography solutions that will lead to continued IC cost scaling.
Photothermal studies of CO photodissociation from peroxidases from horseradish and soybean.

Abstract In this work, the results of photoacoustic calorimetry (PAC) studies involving CO photodissociation from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and soybean peroxidase (SBP) are discussed. Both proteins contain Fe-protoporphyrin IX active sites and relatively open distal heme pockets (i.e., direct solvent access). In addition, it has been shown previously that SBP binds a Tris molecule in the distal pocket near the heme group potentially regulating ligand binding to the heme iron. Results of PAC studies indicate a fast (
Numerical Simulation of High Drag Reduction Regime in Polymer Solutions (Keynote)

The simulation of drag reduced channel flows has to rely on consitituve models such as FENE-P. Their implementation is not straightforward to achieve convergence and stability of the solution. This paper discusses the problem of advection embedded in the FENE-P equation and the issue of the domain size. Finally we present results of simulations for High Drag Reduction regime, and show the subsequent modification of the vortical structures.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Bounding chemical reactor transients by estimation of growth or decay rates

If the transient equations of a plug flow tubular reactor are transformed into a set of corresponding ordinary differential equations, stability information for the former may be obtained graphically from knowledge about the transients of the latter. The analysis presented in this paper combines this simplification with the definitions and theorems of Weiss and Infante to propose a method of direct computation whereby transient bounds may be found for this important class of distributed-parameter chemical reactor systems.
Microvascular blood flow estimation in sublingual microcirculation videos based on a principal curve tracing algorithm

Microcirculatory perfusion is an important metric for diagnosing pathological conditions in patients. Capillary density and red blood cell (RBC) velocity provide a measure of tissue perfusion. Estimating RBC velocity is a challenging problem due to noisy video sequences, low contrast between the vessels and the background, and thousands of RBCs moving rapidly through video sequences. Typically, physicians manually trace small blood vessels and visually estimate RBC velocities. The task is labor intensive, tedious, and time-consuming. In this paper, we present a novel application of a principal curve tracing algorithm to automatically track RBCs across video frames and estimate their velocity based on the displacements of RBCs between two consecutive frames. The proposed method is implemented in one sublingual microcirculation video of a healthy subject.
Sine-Wave Generators Cylindrical Rotor Winding Connections and Analysis of Rotor M.M.F. Waves

This paper describes and compares various types of double layer rotor winding connections for non-salient pole machines, with a particular application to sine-wave generators. Design coefficients are obtained by a mathematical analysis of the derived equations for the rotor m.m.f. Five specific types of connections, the V, Y, X, U, and W types, are discussed, as well as the general case. The new types advocated are seen to be superior to the old, giving a greater output for a given maximum temperature.
A Curriculum for Graduate-Level Marriage and Family Therapy Education.

The Delphi technique of refining group opinion was used to develop a graduate level marriage and family therapy curriculum. Opinions were synthesized from a national panel of 20 AAMFT Approved Supervisors and 25 training directors of graduate-level marriage and family therapy programs. Three rounds of questionnaires were employed and 101 content areas met the criteria for inclusion into the final curriculum. Discussed are the similarities and differences of this curriculum and the current “model” AAMFT curriculum. It is hoped that the curriculum devised from this study will lead to the continued rethinking, refinement, and evolution of marriage and family therapy education.
Mechanism of action of oxfenicine on muscle metabolism.

Summary In isolated rat diaphragms, the stimulation of pyruvate decarboxylation by oxfenicine but not by its metabolite, 4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylate (HPG), was blocked by aminooxyacetate. However, when administered intravenously to fat-fed rats, HPG was only poorly transported into the heart and did not activate cardiac pyruvate dehydrogenase. Oxfenicine (2mM) was a more potent inhibitor of the oxidation of palmitate (52%) by rat diaphragm than of palmitylcarnitine (17%) or octanoate (20%). In mitochondria incubated with palmitate, CoA, ATP and [ 14 C]carnitine, oxfenicine did not inhibit palmityl-[ 14 C]carnitine formation. However, HPG was a potent inhibitor in heart mitochondria (46% at 50μM, 61% at 1mM) but not in liver mitochondria (24% at 5mM). We conclude that oxfenicine (via HPG) stimulates myocardial carbohydrate oxidation by cardioselective inhibition of long-chain fatty acid oxidation at the level of fatty acyl-CoA synthetase or carnitine acyltransferase.
Assembly And Alignment Of The Technology Mirror Assembly

The Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), a NASA project scheduled for launch in the 1990s, is a nested set of six Wolter Type I, x-ray telescopes with a 1.2 meter aperture, and associated scientific instruments. AXAF will perform up to two orders of magnitude better than the highly successful High Energy Astrophysics Observatory (HEAO-II), or the Einstein Observatory, in terms of resolution and effective area. To achieve this goal, the specification on the mirror figure quality must be up to approximately ten times more stringent than that for the HEAO-II. To demonstrate that such high figure quality could be achieved, NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) undertook the Technology Mirror Assembly (TMA) project. This paper is a summary of the assembly and alignment techniques that were successfully used on the TMA.
Perfectionism as a Predictor of Positive and Negative Psychological Outcomes: Examining a Mediation Model in Younger and Older Adults.

The relations between general perfectionistic tendencies as measured by R. O. Frost, P. Marten, C. Lahart, and R. Rosenblate's (1990) Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), stress, and psychological outcome were assessed among a sample of younger (M = 20.00 years; n = 270) and older adults (M = 46.99 years; n = 256). Results of conducting a series of path analyses examining a mediation model indicated that the influence of perfectionism on a measure of positive psychological outcome (viz., life satisfaction) was fully mediated by stress. In contrast, the influence of perfectionism on measures of negative psychological outcome (viz., negative mood and worry) were only partially mediated by stress. These path-analytic findings were consistent across both age groups. Implications of the present findings for future research and intervention in working with perfectionistic clients are discussed.