cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meetings, Time, and Attention

When the processes of meeting construction are examined, as they were in the previous chapter, one important characteristic that stands out is the fact that, in order to have a meeting, it is necessary for individuals to allot time to it. As has already been demonstrated, this is not an easy task in a system where there are many competing claims (most of them other meetings) on one’s time (see March and Olsen 1976, especially pp. 38–53). This means that it becomes important to understand how and why individuals decide to allot time to particular meetings or to other gatherings. Once individuals at Midwest agreed to allot time and attention to a meeting, however, there was a very good chance that the meeting would recur and that it might even proliferate. The dynamics of this process and its effect on the lives of individuals at the center are the subject of this chapter. I begin by describing the major types of meetings that existed at Midwest. This is followed by a brief portrait of a typical day as it was experienced “from meeting to meeting” from the perspective of a staff member and also the researcher. The idea of meeting cycles and their effect on the ability of individuals to do “things” in this context such as respond to issues, make decisions, resolve problems, and so forth is presented here in preparation for a more detailed discussion of these issues in Chapters 7 through 9.
Solvent detergent treated pooled plasma and reduction of allergic transfusion reactions

Background Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) patients have increased risk for allergic transfusion reactions (ATR) due to the number of plasma products they require. This study evaluated the efficacy of solvent detergent treated plasma (S/D treated plasma) to reduce ATRs. Study design and methods All TTP patients who presented from April 2014 to February 2015 and experienced a moderate-severe ATR to untreated plasma with TPE were switched to S/D treated plasma (Octaplas) for their remaining procedures and included in the study. Patient records were retrospectively reviewed. Results The overall ATR rate per procedure decreased from 35.0% (95% CI = 15.4%-59.2%) with untreated plasma to 1.4% ([1/73] 95% CI = 0.0%-7.4%) with S/D treated plasma. The moderate-severe ATR rate decreased from 20.0% ([4/20] 95% CI = 5.7%-43.7%) with untreated plasma to 0.0% ([0/73] 95% CI = 0.0%-4.9%) with S/D treated plasma. The overall ATR rate per plasma unit decreased from 2.6% (95%CI = 1.0%-5.1%) with untreated plasma to 0.1% (95% CI = 0.0%-0.4%) with S/D treated plasma. No patients experienced VTE while receiving untreated plasma. Four patients experienced VTE events while receiving S/D treated plasma. All patients who experienced a VTE had additional risk factors for VTE. Conclusion S/D plasma has promise as an effective product to reduce the risk of ATRs in TTP patients. Given the high risk of ATR in TTP patients, consideration of S/D plasma instead of untreated plasma for TPE in these patients may be warranted, especially for patients with a history of moderate to severe ATR. More extensive studies are needed to confirm these findings.
The American Express Case: Back to the Future

This paper examines what the Supreme Court’s 2018 decision in the American Express case, which is the only U.S. antitrust case that has explicitly addressed the unique issues raised by so-called platform or multi-sided markets, might tell us about the attitudes of the Court’s five-Justice majority about antitrust law.The majority opinion conflated the enduring normative contributions of the Chicago School with its embrace of empirical propositions from 40 years ago that have not stood the test of time and some of which are, in any event, not applicable to two-sided markets. The majority was willing to decide novel issues on the basis of abstract ideas about vertical restraints and free riding that were central to Chicago School analysis 40 years ago but which have since been shown to require more qualification and modification depending on factual context. The majority ignored the fact findings of the district court, and it was plainly willing to increase the risk of false negatives. Its decision was a triumph of ideology over fact-based decision-making.
The Putin System: An Opposing View

The Putin System is a significant analysis by an experienced politician, figure of the Russian opposition, and academic economist. The book offers a history and explanation of the development of th...
The Ongoing Quest to Better Detect High-Risk Coronary Plaques.

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] For many decades, the cardiovascular imaging community prioritized detection of high-risk, or vulnerable, coronary plaques, the proximate cause of the majority of acute myocardial infarctions. Multiple consensus groups identified associative and causative
Foreign Interference in Secession Movements Through the Lens of Game Theory

The chapter covers the applicability of the game theory on secessionist movements. Though research has been completed on game theory concerning secession in multinational states, games incorporating the impact of external interference on the secession process have not been developed. The impact of a competing power on a multinational state containing one or more secession movements is explored. Relying on a recursive game, this study provides evidence that international powers outside the state benefit empirically from supporting secession movements and by undermining cooperation. If the multinational state is destabilized through secession or decentralization of power, the external player may utilize the resultant vacuum to exert greater influence in the area.
Dimension reduction and denoising of single-cell RNA sequencing data in the presence of observed confounding variables

Abstract Confounding variation, such as batch effects, are a pervasive issue in single-cell RNA sequencing experiments. While methods exist for aligning cells across batches, it is yet unclear how to correct for other types of confounding variation which may be observed at the subject level, such as age and sex, and at the cell level, such as library size and other measures of cell quality. On the specific problem of batch alignment, many questions still persist despite recent advances: Existing methods can effectively align batches in low-dimensional representations of cells, yet their effectiveness in aligning the original gene expression matrices is unclear. Nor is it clear how batch correction can be performed alongside data denoising, the former treating technical biases due to experimental stratification while the latter treating technical variation due inherently to the random sampling that occurs during library construction and sequencing. Here, we propose SAVERCAT, a method for dimension reduction and denoising of single-cell gene expression data that can flexibly adjust for arbitrary observed covariates. We benchmark SAVERCAT against existing single-cell batch correction methods and show that while it matches the best of the field in low-dimensional cell alignment, it significantly improves upon existing methods on the task of batch correction in the high-dimensional expression matrix. We also demonstrate the ability of SAVERCAT to effectively integrate batch correction and denoising through a data down-sampling experiment. Finally, we apply SAVERCAT to a single cell study of Alzheimer’s disease where batch is confounded with the contrast of interest, and demonstrate how adjusting for covariates other than batch allows for more interpretable analysis.
Creating a crash course in covid-19 for medical students.

In partnership with several professors at my school, I created a virtual elective for students—a crash course in covid-19 for the medical student—to answer questions students had about covid-19.1 …
‘It doesn’t bother me...I’m here for a reason’: a qualitative examination of white college athletes’ experiences at a historically black college/university (HBCU)

The purpose of this study was to explore the academic, athletic, and social experiences of White college athletes at a Division I historically Black college/university (HBCU). Previous research has...
Smad2/3 Activation Regulates Smad1/5/8 Signaling via a Negative Feedback Loop to Inhibit 3T3-L1 Adipogenesis

Adipose tissues (AT) expand in response to energy surplus through adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The latter, also known as adipogenesis, is a process by which multipotent precursors differentiate to form mature adipocytes. This process is directed by developmental cues that include members of the TGF-β family. Our goal here was to elucidate, using the 3T3-L1 adipogenesis model, how TGF-β family growth factors and inhibitors regulate adipocyte development. We show that ligands of the Activin and TGF-β families, several ligand traps, and the SMAD1/5/8 signaling inhibitor LDN-193189 profoundly suppressed 3T3-L1 adipogenesis. Strikingly, anti-adipogenic traps and ligands engaged the same mechanism of action involving the simultaneous activation of SMAD2/3 and inhibition of SMAD1/5/8 signaling. This effect was rescued by the SMAD2/3 signaling inhibitor SB-431542. By contrast, although LDN-193189 also suppressed SMAD1/5/8 signaling and adipogenesis, its effect could not be rescued by SB-431542. Collectively, these findings reveal the fundamental role of SMAD1/5/8 for 3T3-L1 adipogenesis, and potentially identify a negative feedback loop that links SMAD2/3 activation with SMAD1/5/8 inhibition in adipogenic precursors.
Resampling imbalanced data for network intrusion detection datasets

Machine learning plays an increasingly significant role in the building of Network Intrusion Detection Systems. However, machine learning models trained with imbalanced cybersecurity data cannot recognize minority data, hence attacks, effectively. One way to address this issue is to use resampling, which adjusts the ratio between the different classes, making the data more balanced. This research looks at resampling’s influence on the performance of Artificial Neural Network multi-class classifiers. The resampling methods, random undersampling, random oversampling, random undersampling and random oversampling, random undersampling with Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique, and random undersampling with Adaptive Synthetic Sampling Method were used on benchmark Cybersecurity datasets, KDD99, UNSW-NB15, UNSW-NB17 and UNSW-NB18. Macro precision, macro recall, macro F1-score were used to evaluate the results. The patterns found were: First, oversampling increases the training time and undersampling decreases the training time; second, if the data is extremely imbalanced, both oversampling and undersampling increase recall significantly; third, if the data is not extremely imbalanced, resampling will not have much of an impact; fourth, with resampling, mostly oversampling, more of the minority data (attacks) were detected.
THE NEED FOR AIRPORT FUNDING

As a major component of the aviation industry, airports today rely on huge amounts of capital to keep the avenues of air transportation open. The Airport and Airways Development Act of 1970 became effective in May 1970 and provided a major source of airport capital improvement funding. However, since this law was passed airport capital needs have grown well beyond the capabilities of the federal government to fund them. Airports face a different financial market than their industry contemporaries; due in part to the regulated public environment, the uniqueness of airport revenue generation and debt markets. The need for airport funding will be explained by exploring the basics of airport operating costs, capital costs and revenue generation. An investigation of capital finance strategies will bring the conclusion.
Neuromuscular and metabolic comparisons between ramp and step incremental cycle ergometer tests.

Introduction: We compared peak and submaxi- mal mean values for neuromuscular and metabolic parameters between ramp (15 Wmin � 1 ) and step (30 W increments every 2 min) incremental cycle ergometer tests. Methods: Thirteen healthy adults (7 men and 6 women; mean 6 SD age ¼ 23.4 6 3.3 years) performed randomly ordered ramp or step incre- mental tests. Two-way repeated measures analyses of variance were used to analyze the data. Results: The ramp incremental test resulted in lower mean EMG amplitude, _ VO2, and HR val- ues at the common power outputs, with no differences for MMG amplitude values. Conclusions: It is possible that the cumula- tive effect of producing an increased amount of work during the step (total work ¼ 75.83 kJ) vs. ramp (total work ¼ 65.60 kJ) incremental cycle ergometer tests at the common power out- puts may have contributed to the greater fatigue-induced increase in muscle recruitment and/or firing rate, oxygen con- sumption, and heart rate. Muscle Nerve 47:555-560, 2013
Autism as Rhetoric: Exploring Watershed Rhetorical Moments in Applied Behavior Analysis Discourse

This manuscript offers an analysis of what I argue are three watershed moments in contemporary autism and applied behavior analysis (ABA) rhetoric (1987-2010). The first of these moments is the 1987 publication of O. I. Lovaas's treatment effect study, which introduced the rhetoric of recovery from autism and linked this rhetorical construct with a particular intervention methodology—ABA. The second moment consists in the 1993 publication of Catherine Maurice’s autobiographical account of employing Lovaas-style ABA intervention programs with her two young children—an account that both popularizes Lovaas's rhetorical construct of recovery and reiterates its linking with ABA, but more significantly, that also introduces to popular autism discourse the rhetoric of science as a means of constituting the legitimacy of ABA. The third watershed moment in contemporary autism rhetoric is the 2005 establishment of the organization Autism Speaks, which has effectively changed the face of autism rhetoric through its comprehensive deployment of corporate-style rhetorical and political strategy.
Cyclic debonding of adhesively bonded composites

To analyze the fatigue behavior of a simple composite-to-composite bonded joint, a combined experimental and analytical study of the cracked-lap-shear specimen subjected to constant-amplitude cyclic loading was undertaken. Two bonded systems were studied: T300/5208 graphite/epoxy adherends bonded with adhesives EC 3445 and with FM-300. For each bonded system, two specimen geometries were tested: (1) a strap adherend of 16 plies bonded to a lap adherend of 8 plies, and (2) a strap adherend of 8 plies bonded to a lap adherend of 16 plies. In all specimens tested, the fatigue failure was in the form of cyclic debonding with some 0°fiber pull-off from the strap adherend. The debond always grew in the region of adhesive that had the highest mode I (peel) loading and that region was close to the adhesive-strap interface. Furthermore, the measured cyclic debond growth rates correlated well with total strain energy release rates GT as well as with its components GI (peel) and GII (shear) for the mixed-mode loading in the present study.
Anaerobic microbial dissolution of transition and heavy metal oxides.

Anaerobic microbial dissolution of several crystalline, water-insoluble forms of metal oxides commonly associated with the waste from energy production was investigated. An anaerobic N-fixing Clostridium sp. with an acetic, butyric, and lactic acid fermentation pattern, isolated from coal-cleaning waste, solubilized Fe2O3 and MnO2 by direct enzymatic reduction; CdO, CuO, PbO, and ZnO were solubilized by indirect action due to the production of metabolites and the lowering of the pH of the growth medium. Extracellular heat-labile components of the cell-free spent medium obtained from cultures without oxide solubilized a significant amount of Fe2O3 (1.7 μmol); however, direct contact with the bacterial cells resulted in the complete dissolution (4.8 μmol) of the oxide. Under identical conditions, the cell-free spent medium solubilized only a small amount of MnO2 (0.07 μmol), whereas 2.3 μmol of the oxide was solubilized by direct bacterial contact. Reduction of Fe2O3 and MnO2 by Clostridium sp. proceeds at different rates and, possibly, by different enzymatic systems. Fe(III) and Mn(IV) oxides appear to be used as sinks for excess electrons generated from glucose fermentation, since there is no apparent increase in growth of the bacterium concomitant with the reduction of the oxides. Dialysis bag experiments with Co2O3 indicate that there is a slight dissolution of Co (0.16 μmol) followed by precipitation or biosorption. Although Mn2O3, Ni2O3, and PbO2 may undergo reductive dissolution from a higher to a lower oxidation state, dissolution by direct or indirect action was not observed. Also, Cr2O3 and NiO were not solubilized by direct or indirect action. Significant amounts of solubilized Cd, Cu, and Pb were immobilized by the bacterial biomass, and the addition of Cu2+ inhibited the growth of the bacterium.
HIV treatment as prevention — human rights issues

Recognizing access to HIV treatment as a human right has been important in efforts to ensure greater resources for the scale up of ART globally. However, it has not always been accepted by governments, and those asserting the right to HIV treatment have sometimes been in conflict with those asserting other rights, such as the right to intellectual property. Some governments have disputed their obligations to provide universal ART because of limited resources or competing priorities, while others have - in violation of human rights principles of non-discrimination and equality - challenged their obligation to provide it on an equitable basis to all within their borders, leaving out specific, often socially marginalized, groups. Understanding how HIV treatment can be successful as prevention will first require attention to these neglected issues. In addition, one of the greatest barriers to access to HIV treatment when available has been the failure of governments to protect individuals from HIV-related stigma and discrimination, which affects the willingness of individuals to be tested for HIV, to seek treatment if found to be positive and to adhere to medicines if they are attained. HIV treatment as prevention will require significantly greater efforts to address stigma and discrimination, and the promotion of truly voluntary HIV testing as a gateway to prevention and treatment, maintaining an emphasis on appropriate counseling, informed consent and confidentiality. The increasing popularity of HIV legislation that criminalizes intentional or attempted HIV transmission, and which sometimes has no exception for HIV-positive pregnant women unable to access PMTCT programs or individuals on ART with undetectable viremia, raises new challenges to expanding HIV testing and treatment programs and should be forcefully challenged by both clinical providers and human rights advocates. Supplement: Abstracts of the Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1758-2652-13-S4-info.pdf Conference: Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection 7-11 November 2010 Glasgow, UK (Published: 8 November 2010) doi:10.1186/1758-2652-13-S4-O15 Cite this article as: Amon: O134. HIV treatment as prevention — human rights issues. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2010 13 (Suppl 4):O15. Full text: PubMed Central: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3112827/
Glacier‐bed geomorphic processes and hydrologic conditions relevant to nuclear waste disposal

Characterizing glaciotectonic deformation, glacial erosion and sedimentation, and basal hydrologic conditions of ice sheets is vital for selecting sites for nuclear waste repositories at high latitudes. Glaciotectonic deformation is enhanced by excess pore pressures that commonly persist near ice sheet margins. Depths of such deformation can extend locally to a few tens of meters, with depths up to approximately 300 m in exceptional cases. Rates of glacial erosion are highly variable (0.05–15 mm a−1), but rates <1 mm a−1 are expected in tectonically quiescent regions. Total erosion probably not exceeding several tens of meters is expected during a glacial cycle, although locally erosion could be greater. Consolidation of glacial sediments that is less than expected from independent estimates of glacier thickness indicates that heads at the bases of past ice sheets were usually within 30% of the floatation value. This conclusion is reinforced by direct measurements of water pressure beneath portions of the West Antarctic ice sheet, which indicate average heads <7 m below floatation. Landforms of the Laurentide and Scandinavian ice sheets and recent observations in Greenland indicate that high seasonal discharges of surface water are conducted to the bed, despite thick ice at subfreezing temperatures. Therefore, in models of subglacial groundwater flow used to assess sites for nuclear waste repositories, a flux upper boundary condition based on water input from only basal melting will be far more uncertain than applying a hydraulic head at the upper boundary set equal to a large fraction of the floatation value.
Gigabit networking: digitized radar data transfer and beyond

Gigabit networking makes possible the remote access to expensive and specialized facilities that were inaccessible in the past due to limited bandwidths. VCHILL project for digitized radar data transfer is one such real-time application that will tap the next generation Internet technology to provide interactive access to real-time and stored data generated by weather radars, thus revolutionizing the way experiments are carried out. The design and implementation of the deployment of an efficient congestion control algorithm for this application are presented. The TCP-friendly rate adaptation based on loss (TRABOL) algorithm is a source-based rate control mechanism that controls the transmission rate based on the feedback about losses experienced by the client station. The performance results show that the deployment of this algorithm makes the application TCP-friendly.
Glycogen disease of the liver (von Gierke's disease) with hepatomata; case report with metabolic studies.

A case of glycogen disease of the liver (von Gierke9s disease), followed from the age of 6 months to death at 10½ years, is reported. The child was dwarfed and mentally retarded. The diagnosis is supported by blood sugar concentrations following the administration of monosaccharides and following epinephrine injection as well as by post-mortem anatomical and chemical studies. Hypoglycemia was controlled by frequent feedings which contained glucose or starch. Levulose and galactose were restricted because low tolerance tests suggested that these substances were rapidly removed from the blood by the liver; after phosphorylation and conversion in the liver their release as glucose was evidently blocked by the same mechanism that blocked the release of glucose from glycogen. Blood lactic acid was consistently elevated, the degree of elevation bearing an inverse relationship to blood sugar levels. It is suggested that excess blood lactic acid contributes to the acidosis and so therapy of the acidosis with lactates would be illogical. The concentration of total serum lipids was always high but fluctuated widely, reaching a peak of 7.45 gm./100 ml., higher during periods of prolonged hypoglycemia and probably reflecting the mobilization of body fat during these periods. The terminal illness was marked by 2 unexplained complications: multiple hepatomata and congestive right heart failure. The severity of the disease varies from patient to patient, in the present case appearing to decrease with advancing age.
Factors Controlling Recovery in Liquids Rich Unconventional Systems

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), oil production in the United States reached 6.68 million barrels a day in November, 2012, its highest level since 1994. Development of hydrocarbons in deep unconventional formations via horizontal drilling and fracturing has been the main contributor to this growth. The two most impactful plays have been Bakken in North Dakota and Eagle Ford in Texas. While recognizing the success of unconventionals associated with high oil price and enhanced hydraulic fracture stimulation technologies, it is important to understand the development challenges and factors controlling recovery. The combination of limited drainage area and low resource density in unconventional systems has led to low recovery per well and challenging economics. Unconventional development has increasingly focused on liquids rich systems, especially in North America due to relatively low natural gas prices. The addition of liquids can improve overall economics, athough two phase flow impacts and complicates fluid flow and ultimate recovery. Performance of liquids rich systems is highly dependent on in-place fluid composition and phase behavior. Therefore, understanding liquids rich system phase behavior and its impact on performance is an important economic consideration. This paper discusses the drive mechanisms for unconventional plays ranging from dry gas to oil and the importance of geology and rock and fluid properties on rate and recovery. It specifically explores how the variation in liquid yield impacts rate and recovery.e
Functional strains and cortical bone adaptation: epigenetic assurance of skeletal integrity.

The skeleton's ability to withstand the extremes of physical activity is achieved in large part by its capacity to perceive and respond to small changes in its mechanical environment. Strains generated by functional activity would represent an efficient, epigenetic parameter by which the bone cell population could assess the skeleton's structural effectiveness, and subsequently use this information to influence its morphology. However, contrary to our normal interpretation of Wolff's Law, minimizing strain does not appear to be the paramount goal of adaptation, but rather skeletal morphology interacts with functional activity to generate a certain, perhaps cytologically beneficial, type of strain. Three sections are used to address the epigenetic impact on bone morphology: (a) at the level of the organ, the strains generated by functional activity; (b) at the level of the tissue, osteoregulatory parameters of the strain environment; and (c) at the level of the cell, the mechanisms by which physical information is translated to an adaptive response. Only when we understand the mechanisms and objectives of tissue adaptation in the normal skeleton can our perspective and treatment of functionally influenced skeletal pathologies (e.g. osteopenias, fractures) be enhanced.
Exploratory experiments in programmer behavior

The techniques of cognitive psychological experimentation can help resolve specific issues in programming and explore the broader issues of programmer behavior. This paper describes the methodological questions of such experimentation and presents two exploratory experiments: a memorization task and a comparison of the arithmetic and logical IF statements infortran.
Gifted and general high school students’ perceptions of learning and motivational constructs in Korea and the United States

This study examined differences between Korean and US gifted and general students’ perceptions constructs related to motivation and learning, using the Student Perceptions of Classroom Quality (SPOCQ) instrument. SPOCQ assesses students’ perceptions of appeal, challenge, choice, meaningfulness, and academic self-efficacy. Measurement equality between the original SPOCQ and its Korean translation was investigated using multi-group confirmatory factor analyses. The sample included 882 10th and 11th grade high school students (221 Korean gifted and 220 Korean general students, 221 US gifted and 220 US general students). MCFA results showed that the original and translated SPOCQ measure the same constructs and that partial invariance existed across the samples from each country. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to examine differences between gifted and general students, and between Korean and US students, revealing that differences existed between gifted and general students and between Korean and U...
Intragastric self-infusion of ethanol in high and low drinking mouse genotypes after passive ethanol exposure

Two experiments examined the effect of 5 days of passive exposure to ethanol (or water) on later self-infusion of ethanol or water via surgically implanted intragastric (IG) catheters in mouse genotypes previously shown to drink high (C57BL/6J, HAP2) or low (DBA/2J, LAP2) amounts of ethanol in home-cage continuous-access two-bottle choice procedures. Intragastric ethanol self-infusion was affected by both genotype and a history of passive ethanol exposure, with greater intakes in the high-drinking genotypes and in groups that received passive exposure to ethanol. Passive ethanol exposure also increased preference for the flavor that signaled ethanol infusion (S+), eliminating genetic differences in this measure. The increases in ethanol intake and S+ preference induced by ethanol exposure might have been mediated jointly by development of tolerance to aversive post-absorptive ethanol effects and negative reinforcement because of alleviation of withdrawal. Bout analyses indicated that ethanol exposure increased ethanol self-infusion by increasing the total number of daily bouts rather than by increasing bout size. These analyses also showed that DBA/2J mice infused larger ethanol bouts and a greater percentage of their total intakes in large bouts than C57BL/6J mice. Overall, these studies suggest that the IG self-infusion procedure is a potentially useful new tool for studying genetic and environmental influences on excessive ethanol intake and preference in mice.
Localization of pro‐α2(V) collagen transcripts in the tissues of the developing mouse embryo

Correct assembly of fibrillar collagen networks plays a critical role in animal morphogenesis. Very little is known about the contribution of the so-called minor fibrillar collagens (types V and XI) to fibrillogenesis. Here we examined the developmental expression of the mouse pro-α2(V) collagen gene (col5a2) after the cloning and sequencing of cDNAs that cover the entire length of the message. Transcripts of col5a2, detectable as early as 9 days of gestation, localize with distinct patterns in the tissues of day 12.5 and day 16.5 fetuses. The earlier developmental stage is characterized by low and diffuse col5a2 expression in the peritoneal membranes and intestinal and craniofacial mesenchymes. The later stage exhibits higher and more restricted col5a2 mRNA accumulation in primary ossified regions, perichondrium, joints, tendon, atrioventricular valve of the heart, and selected portions of the head. A parallel analysis using a cartilage-specific pro-α1(II) collagen (col2a1) probe confirmed that these two collagen genes are transcribed in a mutually exclusive manner during mouse embryogenesis. On the other hand, the developmental pattern of col5a2 expression closely resembles that of the type I collagen, thus further substantiating the notion that these macromolecules cooperate in the formation of fibrillar networks in non-cartilaginous matrices. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Saturated absorption spectroscopy of acetylene gas inside large-core photonic bandgap fiber.

Saturated absorption spectroscopy is performed on the acetylene ν1 + ν3 band near 1532 nm inside photonic bandgap fibers of small (~10 μm) and large (~20 μm) core diameters. The observed linewidths are narrower in the 20 μm fiber and vary from 20 to 40 MHz depending on pressure and power. Variations in the background light transmission, attributed by others to surface modes, are significantly reduced in the 20 μm fiber. The optimum signal for use as a frequency reference in a 0.8 m long, 20 μm diameter fiber is found to occur at about 0.5 torr for 30 mW of pump power. The saturation power is found by modeling the propagation and attenuation of light inside the fiber.
EXPRESSION OF BRC REPEATS IN BREAST CANCER CELLS DISRUPTS THE BRCA2-RAD51 COMPLEX AND LEADS TO RADIATION HYPERSENSITIVITY AND LOSS OF G2/M CHECKPOINT CONTROL

BRCA2 is a breast tumor suppressor with a potential function in the cellular response to DNA damage. BRCA2 binds to Rad51 through its BRC repeats. In support of the biological significance of this interaction, we found that the complex of BRCA2 and Rad51 in breast cancer MCF-7 cells was diminished upon conditional expression of a wild-type, but not a mutated, BRC4 repeat using the tetracycline-inducible system. Cells expressing a wild-type BRC4 repeat showed hypersensitivity to γ-irradiation, an inability to form Rad51 radiation-induced foci, and a failure of radiation-induced G2/M, but not G1/S, checkpoint control. These results strongly suggest that the interaction between BRCA2 and Rad51 mediated by BRC repeats is critical for the cellular response to DNA damage.
THE USE OF SOFT DONOR LIGANDS, 4-BENZOYL-2,4-DIHYDRO-5- METHYL-2-PHENYL-3H-PYRAZOL-3-THIONE AND 4,7-DIPHENYL-UO- PHENANTHROLINE, FOR IMPROVED SEPARATION OF TRIVALENT AMERICIUM AND EUROPIUM

ABSTRACT The extraction of Am(ITI) and Eu(III) from aqueous 0.1 M NaClO4 using a mixture of 4-benzoyl-2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-thione (HBMPPT) and 4,7-diphenyl-l,10-phenanthroline (DPPHEN) was studied. Individually, neither the HBMPPT nor the DPPHEN in toluene showed any extraction capabilities for Am(III) or Eu(III) under the experimental conditions used in this study. Combination of the two ligands, however, yielded a synergistic system which showed a strong preference for Am(III) over Eu(III). Slope analysis indicated that the extracted species took the form M(BMPPT)3(DPPHEN) for both metal ions studied. The separation factor DAm/DEu was 190 at pH = 3.7, [HBMPPT] = 3.0 x 10-2, and [DPPHEN] = 2.7 x 10-3.
Dynamics of polymers across an interface

The migration of polymers across an interface as welding and self-healing of polymer layers takes place, is in the core of polymer-based devices. Using large-scale molecular-dynamics simulations the motion of polymer chains across an interface has been investigated. Unlike self-diffusion of polymers in melts where the early stages of diffusion are characterized by the reptation-like motion of chains in constraining tube formed by neighboring molecules, we find that interdiffusion across an interface is dominated by motion of the chain ends.
The Contribution of Culex pipiens Complex Mosquitoes to Transmission and Persistence of West Nile Virus in North America

Mosquitoes within the Culex pipiens complex have been implicated as major vectors of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America due to their seasonal abundance, vector competence and high field infection rates. However, the role of Cx. p. pipiens complex mosquitoes in enzootic amplification of WNV among avian hosts and epidemic transmission to humans varies throughout its geographical distribution. In the northeastern United States, Cx. p. pipiens is recognized as the primary enzootic vector responsible for amplification of virus among wild bird populations. However, because this mosquito is strongly ornithophilic, its role in transmission to humans appears to be more limited in this region. In the north central and Mid-Atlantic States by contrast, Cx. p. pipiens shows an increased affinity for human hosts and has been incriminated as a key bridge vector. In southern regions of the United States, Culex p. quinquefasciatus are more opportunistic feeders, and are thought to be principal enzootic and epidemic vectors. In western regions of the United States where Culex tarsalis predominates, especially in rural areas, Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus play roles that are more limited and are recognized as secondary vectors. In the southwestern United States Cx. p. quinquefasciatus also appears to be the predominant vector in urban habitats, but only a secondary vector in more rural environs. The direct involvement of Cx. p. pipiens form molestus in WNV transmission is largely unknown, but human-biting Cx. p. pipiens are more likely to have a probability of genetic ancestry with Cx. p. pipiens form molestus. The detection of WNV from overwintering populations of diapausing Cx. p. pipiens and non-diapausing Cx. p. quinquefaciatus and their role in local overwintering of WNV are addressed.
Environmentally relevant exposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol affects the telencephalic proteome of male fathead minnows

Estrogens are key mediators of neuronal processes in vertebrates. As such, xenoestrogens present in the environment have the potential to alter normal central nervous system (CNS) function. The objectives of the present study were (1) to identify proteins with altered abundance in the male fathead minnow telencephalon as a result of low-level exposure to 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE(2)), and (2) to better understand the underlying mechanisms of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) feedback in this important neuroendocrine tissue. Male fathead minnows exposed to a measured concentration of 5.4 ng EE(2)/L for 48 h showed decreased plasma E(2) levels of approximately 2-fold. Of 77 proteins that were quantified statistically, 14 proteins were down-regulated after EE(2) exposure, including four histone proteins, ATP synthase, H+ transporting subunits, and metabolic proteins (lactate dehydrogenase B4, malate dehydrogenase 1b). Twelve proteins were significantly induced by EE(2) including microtubule-associated protein tau (Mapt), astrocytic phosphoprotein, ependymin precursor, and calmodulin. Mapt showed an increase in protein abundance but a decrease in mRNA expression after EE(2) exposure(,) suggesting there may be a negative feedback response in the telencephalon to decreased mRNA transcription with increasing Mapt protein abundance. These results demonstrate that a low, environmentally relevant exposure to EE(2) can rapidly alter the abundance of proteins involved in cell differentiation and proliferation, neuron network morphology, and long-term synaptic potentiation. Together, these findings provide a better understanding of the molecular responses underlying E(2) feedback in the brain and demonstrate that quantitative proteomics can be successfully used in ecotoxicology to characterize affected cellular pathways and endocrine physiology.
Selective elimination of glutamate activation and introduction of fluorescent proteins into a Caenorhabditis elegans chloride channel

Glutamate-gated chloride (GluCl) channels from invertebrates can be activated by ivermectin (IVM) to produce electrical silencing in mammalian neurons. To improve this GluCl/IVM strategy, we sought to mutate the Caenorhabditis elegans GluCl channels so that they become insensitive to glutamate but retain their sensitivity to IVM. Based on structure-function studies of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor superfamily members, we tested in oocytes 19 point mutants at 16 residues in the beta-subunit likely to be involved in the response to glutamate. Y182F reduces the glutamate response by greater than six-fold, with little change to IVM responses, when coexpressed with wild-type (WT) GluCl alpha. For GluCl alphabeta(Y182F), the EC(50) and Hill coefficient for glutamate are similar to those of WT, indicating that the mutant decreases the efficacy of glutamate, but not the potency. Also, fluorescent proteins (enhanced green fluorescent protein, enhanced yellow fluorescent protein, enhanced cyan fluorescent protein; XFP) were inserted into the M3-M4 loop of the GluCl alpha, beta and beta(Y182F). We found no significant functional difference between these XFP-tagged receptors and WT receptors. The modified GluCl channel, without glutamate sensitivity but with a fluorescent tag, may be more useful in GluCl silencing strategies.
Variation in an Annual Movement Cycle of Flathead Catfish within and between Two Missouri Watersheds

Abstract Flathead catfish from the main stems of the Grand River and Cuivre River were implanted with 400-d radio transmitters to determine an annual movement cycle. Substantial variation was observed within and between watersheds. Flathead catfish displayed annual movement that consisted of three main periods punctuated by brief migrations. The first, a period of overwintering was followed by migration from wintering areas in early spring, followed in turn by the prespawn/spawning period, which is characterized by increased activity, including longer movements (up to 187.6 km) during spates. After another short migration period came a third period of postspawn summer/fall restricted movement, which was followed by fall migration back to overwintering areas. Within this framework, individual fish displayed at least three variations of this annual pattern. Some individuals entered Grand River and Cuivre River watersheds during the prespawn/spawning period only, returning to the Missouri River or the Missis...
Equilibrium shape and hysteresis behavior of liquid jets in transverse electric fields

Abstract The stability of a liquid jet subject to a transverse electric field is investigated in the framework of electrohydrostatic theory. It is shown that depending on the magnitude of permittivity ratio of the involved fluids S = ei/eo (inner to outer) compared to a critical permittivity ratio Scr ≈ 27.45 the jet exhibits distinct behaviors; for S Scr it shows hysteresis behavior and becomes unstable beyond a critical electric capillary number Cacr. The results suggest that the jets are generally more stable than liquid drops.
Metal oxyhydroxide dissolution as promoted by structurally diverse siderophores and oxalate

Abstract Siderophores, a class of biogenic ligands with high affinities for Fe(III), promote the dissolution of metal ions from sparingly soluble mineral phases. However, most geochemical studies have focused on quantifying the reactivity of DFOB, a model trishydroxamate siderophore. This study utilized three different siderophores, desferrioxamine B, rhizoferrin, and protochelin, with structures that contain the most commonly observed binding moieties of microbial siderophores to examine the siderophore-promoted dissolution rates of FeOOH, CoOOH, and MnOOH in the absence and presence of the ubiquitous low molecular mass organic acid oxalate by utilizing batch dissolution experiments at pH = 5–9. Metal-siderophore complex and total dissolved metal concentrations were monitored for durations of one hour to fourteen days, depending on the metal oxyhydroxide identity and solution pH. The results demonstrate that MnOOH and CoOOH generally dissolve more quickly in the presence of siderophores than FeOOH. Whereas FeOOH dissolved exclusively by a ligand-promoted dissolution mechanism, MnOOH and CoOOH dissolved predominantly by a reductive dissolution mechanism under most experimental conditions. For FeOOH, siderophore-promoted dissolution rates trended with the stability constant of the corresponding aqueous Fe(III) complex. In the presence of oxalate, measured siderophore-promoted dissolution rates were found to increase, decrease, or remain unchanged as compared to the observed rates in single-ligand systems, depending on the pH of the system, the siderophore present, and the identity of the metal oxyhydroxide. Increases in observed dissolution rates in the presence of oxalate were generally greater for FeOOH than for MnOOH or CoOOH. These results elucidate potential dissolution mechanisms of both ferric and non-ferric oxyhydroxide minerals by siderophores in the environment, and may provide further insights into the biological strategies of metal acquisition facilitated by coordinated exudation of low molecular weight organic acids and siderophores.
Shielding Problems for Manned Space Missions

In order to estimate the magnitude of the radiation hazard presented by solar flare and Van Allen belt proton radiation, a simple spherical-shell shield geometry was chosen and physical dose calculatved as a function of shell thickness. Both point-target and body-phantom definitions of dose were used to define the primary particle dose. The secondary particles formed in the shield are shown to contributve a significant fraction of the total dose in the case of the 10 May 1959 flare spectrum and an aluminum shield.
Water relations and thermal sensitivity of several cockroach species (Dictyoptera : Blattidae and Blaberidae)

Abstract 1. 1. Per cent total body water content (%TBW), cuticular permeability (CP), rate of water loss, critical thermal maxima (CTMax), and upper lethal limits (ULL) were determined for Pacific beetle, Diploptera punctata (Eschscholtz), Surinam, Pycnoscelus surinamensis (L.), and Turkestan, Blaita lateralis (Walker), cockroaches. 2. 2. Initial body mass ranged from 153.16 to 464.96 mg, for D. punctata and P. surinamensis cockroaches, respectively. Mean %TBW was 57.8 for P. surinamensis and 67.7 for B. lateralis. 3. 3. Mean cuticular permeability was not related to initial mass and ranged from 20.9 to 38.7 μg/cm2/hr/mmHg for D. punctata and P. surinamensis, respectively. 4. 4. Cumulative mass loss and %TBW lost increased linearly with desiccation time. 5. 5. CTMax ranged from 43.2°C for D. punctata to 44.3°C for P. surinamensis. There were significant, but small differences in CTMax among the three species. 6. 6. ULL were 2.2 to approximately 4°C greater than CTMax. The greatest ULL was 48.1°C for B. lateralis and the lowest ULL was 45.0°C for D. punctata.
The Minimum Q for Spheroidally Shaped Objects: Extension to Cylindrically Shaped Objects and Comparison to Practical Antennas

The classic work of Chu and others has been extended to determine the minimum radiation Q for the TM case of electrically small antennas contained within a spheroid (prolate and oblate) with no energy stored inside. The results of numerical calculations have been used to give an analytic formula that can be used to determine the electrically small bound on Qr as a function of aspect ratio for prolate and oblate spheroids. These formulas have been used to develop a lower bound for antennas contained within a cylinder, and a comparison has been made to several practical antennas as a function of aspect ratio. An antenna suggested by Wheeler is shown to have the best (lowest), Qr of the antennas examined over a wide range of aspect ratios.
Drought Effects on Perennial Forage Legume Yield and Quality

Drought frequently limits alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) herbage productivity during mid-summer in the North Central USA, but the productivity of other legumes during drought is unknown. We determined the effect of drought on the herbage yield and quality and stand persistence of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and alfalfa. Legumes were establisbed on a sandy, mixed, Udorthentic Haploborolls and subjected to two soil water regimes promoting «droughted» and «well-watered» (control) plant growth (...)
Theories of categorical reasoning and extended syllogisms

The aim of this study was to examine the predictions of three theories of human logical reasoning, (a) mental model theory, (b) formal rules theory (e.g., PSYCOP), and (c) the probability heuristics model, regarding the inferences people make for extended categorical syllogisms. Most research with extended syllogisms has been restricted to the quantifier “All” and to an asymmetrical presentation. This study used three-premise syllogisms with the additional quantifiers that are used for traditional categorical syllogisms as well as additional syllogistic figures. The predictions of the theories were examined using overall accuracy as well as a multinomial tree modelling technique. The results demonstrated that all three theories were able to predict response selections at high levels. However, the modelling analyses showed that the probability heuristics model did the best in both Experiments 1 and 2.