cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Binding of MRI contrast agents to albumin: a high-field EPR study

High-field electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments to monitor binding of lipophilic Gd(III) complexes to human serum albumin (HSA) are described. It was observed that magnetic interactions between the nitroxide moiety ofn-doxyl-stearic acids bound to HSA and Gd(III) complexes resulted in broadening of nitroxide continuous-wave EPR spectra. The broadening effect can be well described by a one-parameter model of additional Lorentzian broadening At 95 GHz, continuous-wave EPR spectra from Gd(III) complexes are fully resolved from the nitroxide signal allowing for simultaneous and independent line shape analysis. Analysis of the line width broadening effects for spectra from a series ofn-doxyl-stearic acids bound to HSA indicated a progressive decrease of spin label-Gd(III) magnetic interactions along the fatty acid (FA) binding channel, consistent with binding of Gd-DOTAP complex in the vicinity of the main FA binding site. The substantial difference in spin label-metal interactions along the FA binding channel for lipophilic Gd(III) complexes with different chelates is indicative of binding to different sites. We also report measurements of dissociation constant for noncovalent binding of Gd(III) complexes to HSA on the basis of analyses of 95 GHz Gd(III) EPR line shapes.
Roll waves on a shallow layer of mud modelled as a power-law fluid

We give a theory of permanent roll waves on a shallow layer of fluid mud which is modelled as a power-law fluid. Based on the long-wave approximation, Karman’s momentum integral method is applied to derive the averaged continuity and the momentum equations. Linearized instability analysis of a uniform flow shows that the growth rate of unstable disturbances increases monotonically with the wavenumber, and therefore is insufficient to suggest a preferred wavelength for the roll wave. Nonlinear roll waves are obtained next as periodic shocks connected by smooth profiles with depth increasing monotonically from the rear to the front. Among all wavelengths only those longer than a certain threshold correspond to positive energy loss across the shock, and are physically acceptable. This threshold also implies a minimum discharge, viewed in the moving system, for the roll wave to exist. These facts suggest that a roll wave developed spontaneously from infinitesimal disturbances should have the shortest wavelength corresponding to zero dissipation across the shock, though finite dissipation elsewhere. The discontinuity at the wave front is a mathematical shortcoming needing a local requirement. Predictions for the spontaneously developed roll waves in a Newtonian case are compared with available experimental data. Longer roll waves, with dissipation at the discontinuous fronts, cannot be maintained if the uniform flow is linearly stable, when the fluid is slightly non-Newtonian. However, when the fluid is highly non-Newtonian, very long roll waves may still exist even if the corresponding uniform flow is stable to infinitesimal disturbances. Numerical results are presented for the phase speed, wave height and wavenumber, and wave profiles for a representative value of the flow index of fluid mud.
Tying new knots in synthetic biology

Recent years have seen the emergence of synthetic biology, which encompasses the engineering of living organisms as well as the implementation of biological behavior in non-living substrates. Many of these engineered systems have harnessed the diverse toolkit of proteins, genes, and cellular processes that nature offers. While these efforts have been fruitful, they have also illustrated the difficulty associated with programming highly complex functions by tapping into cellular processes. Another set of efforts has focused on building circuits, performing computation, and constructing nanoscale machines using nucleic acids. Zhang et al., 2007, Science 318, 1121-1125 and Yin et al., 2008, Nature 451, 318-322 recently demonstrated flexible approaches for the modular construction of such biochemical devices exclusively using DNA. These approaches have exciting implications both for engineering living cells and for mimicking life-like behavior at the nanoscale.
Institutional impacts on decision support system research

This research extends a recent study that ranked the contributions of doctoral MIS institutions to decision support system research. That ranking was based on the frequency with which work of an institution's faculty has been cited in reference lists of a large set of DSS journal articles appearing over a 20-year period. We contend that this frequency measure of an institution's contribution is only one way of measuring its impact on decision support system research. Another impact measure involves the potency of an institution's contributions. Here, we develop an institutional ranking based on this alternative impact measure. Results of the frequency and potency rankings are then combined into an overall impact index for assessing relative contributions. Finally, we normalize the impact rankings with respect to faculty size.
Experimental Investigation of Toluene + H → Benzyl + H2 at High Temperatures

The reaction of toluene with hydrogen atoms yielding benzyl and molecular hydrogen, C6H5CH3 + H → C6H5CH2 + H2, was investigated using UV laser absorption of benzyl radicals at 266 nm in shock tube experiments. Test gas mixtures of toluene and ethyl iodide, an H-atom source, diluted in argon were heated in reflected shock waves to temperatures ranging from 1256 to 1667 K at total pressures around 1.7 bar. Measurement of laser absorption at 266 nm due to benzyl radicals allowed determination of the rate coefficient of the title reaction, reaction 1. A two-parameter best-fit Arrhenius expression for the rate determinations over the temperature range of these experiments is given by k1(T) = 1.33 × 1015 exp(−14880 [cal/mol]/RT) [cm3 mol-1 s-1]. With the use of both the high-temperature shock tube measurements reported here and the rate coefficient determination of Ellis et al. (Ellis, C.; Scott, M. S.; Walker, R. W. Combust. Flame 2003, 132, 291) at 773 K the best-fit rate coefficient for reaction 1 can be de...
Application of ion chromatography to corrosion studies

The corrosion of metals is controlled by the chemical composition of the solution at the metal surface. During localized corrosion, the composition of the solution close to the metal/solution interface can become very different from the bulk solution composition due to the occurrence of electrochemical and chemical reactions at the surface. Considering the controlling influence of this solution, determining its composition would be indispensable for improving the understanding of metallic corrosion. Analysis of the transition metal dissolution products of stainless steel under uniform corrosion, pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion conditions has been accomplished.
Where the World Ceases to be Flat

This article reviews two recent contributions to the study of Indian Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES), Working the Night Shift: Women in India's Call Center Industry by Reena Patel and Dead Ringers: How Outsourcing is Changing the Way Indians Understand Themselves by Shehzad Nadeem. The contributions each makes to the study of outsourcing, especially to analyses of gender and consumer citizenship, are reviewed. The article concludes that further work in the field should investigate the relationship between ITES and the post-colonial nation and the study of the emerging class formations that striate labor in this industry.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Gossip

This article represents the introduction to a special issue of the Review of General Psychology on gossip. All of the articles in this special issue argue that gossip is purposeful and important to...
Sinuosity of Martian rampart ejecta deposits

The sinuosities of 2213 Martian rampart ejecta craters are quantified through measurement of the ejecta flow front perimeter and ejecta area. This quantity, called lobateness, was computed for each complete lobe of the 1582 single lobe (SL), 251 double lobe (DL), and 380 multiple lobe (ML) craters included in this study. A lobateness value of 1 indicates a circular ejecta blanket, whereas more sinuous ejecta perimeters have lobateness values greater than 1. Although resolution does have an effect on the absolute values of lobateness, the general relationships between lobateness and morphology exist regardless of resolution. Evaluation of the lobateness values reveals that the outer lobes of DL and ML craters have higher median lobateness values (i.e., are more sinuous) than the inner lobes. The outermost lobe of ML craters displays higher lobateness values than the outer lobe of DL craters or the single lobe of SL craters. Previous reports of lobateness-diameter, lobateness-latitude, and lobateness-terrain relationships for rampart craters are not supported by this study. Many of the differences between the results of this study and the previous lobateness analyses can be attributed to the inclusion of resolution effects and the distinction between different ejecta morphologies in this study. The results of this study taken together with a previous analysis of the distribution and diameter dependence of different ejecta morphologies are most consistent with the theory that Martian lobate ejecta morphologies form from impact into subsurface volatiles.
Canonical bases in tensor products.

Abstract I construct a canonical basis in the tensor product of a simple integrable highest weight module with a simple integrable lowest weight module of a quantized enveloping algebra. This basis is simultaneously compatible with many submodules of the tensor product. As an application, I obtain a construction of a canonical basis of (a modified form of) the quantized enveloping algebra.
Indirectly heated biomass gasification using a latent-heat ballast—part 3: refinement of the heat transfer model

An indirectly heated gasifier is under development at Iowa State University. This gasifier integrates a latent-heat ballast with a fluidized-bed reactor. The latent heat ballast is an array of stainless-steel tubes filled with lithium fluoride, which is a high-temperature phase-change material (PCM). Previous studies have presented experimental results from the gasifier and described a mathematical model of the pyrolysis phase of the cyclic gasification process. This model considers both heat transfer and chemical reactions that occur during pyrolysis, but discrepancies between model predictions and experimental data have demonstrated the need to refine the model. In particular, cooling curves for the ballasting system are not well predicted during phase change of the lithium fluoride. A reformulated model, known as the Receding Interface (RI) model, postulates the existence of a receding liquid phase within the ballast tubes as they cool, which progressively decreases the rate of heat transfer from the tubes. The RI model predicts behavior that is more consistent with experimental results during the phase-change process, while retaining accuracy before and after the process of phase change.
Chemistry of the three-dimensionally aromatic CB 11 cage

After a brief introduction to the electronic structure of the three-dimensionally aro- matic icosahedral closo-monocarbadodecaborate anion CB 11 H 12 - , some recent results for its permethylated version, CB 11 Me 12 - and three highly reactive electroneutral analogs are pre- sented and discussed. These are the radical CB 11 Me 12 • , the boronium ylide CB 11 Me 11 with a naked boron vertex, and the isomeric carbonium ylide with a naked carbon vertex. These ylides are probably better viewed as unusual types of singlet borylene and carbene, respec- tively.
exploratory DSP - Wavelet-Based Approximation Techniques in Database Systems

Several recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of the wavelet transform as a tool for approximate query processing over massive relational tables and continuous data streams. The idea is to apply wavelet transform to the input relation to obtain a compact data synopsis that comprises a select small collection of wavelet coefficients. The excellent energy compaction and decorrelation properties of the wavelet transform allow for concise and effective approximate representations that exploit the structure of the data. Furthermore, wavelet transforms can generally be computed in linear time, thus allowing for very efficient algorithms. This paper provides a brief overview of recent work and results on wavelet-based approximation techniques for relational database systems
A Modeling Exercise for the Organic Classroom

An in-class molecular modeling exercise is described. Groups of students are given molecular models to investigate and questions about the models to answer. This exercise is a quick and effective way to review nomenclature, stereochemistry, and conformational analysis.
SYMMETRY-BREAKING CONTROL OF SPLAY-PHASE STATES IN GLOBALLY COUPLED OSCILLATORS

Abstract The application of symmetry-breaking perturbations is used to control out-of-phase states, called splay-phase states, in an array of globally coupled Josephson-junction oscillators. Using asymptotic methods and a dimension-reducing coordinate transformation, we have investigated the stability of the splay-phase states with respect to symmetry-breaking perturbations. These results lead to the development of a targeting algorithm that directs the system to any desired splay-phase state by allowing for brief periods of instability, followed by symmetry-breaking perturbations.
SymbolPath: a continuous motion overlay module for icon-based assistive communication

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems are often used by individuals with severe speech impairments. Icon-based AAC systems typically present users with arrays of icons that are sequentially selected to construct utterances, which are then spoken aloud using text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis. For touch-screen devices, users must lift their finger or hand to select individual icons and avoid selecting multiple icons at once. Because many individuals with severe speech impairments have concomitant limb impairments, repetitive and precise movements can be slow and effortful. The current work aims to enhance message formulation ease and speed by using continuous motion icon selection rather than discrete input. SymbolPath is an overlay module that can be integrated with existing icon-based AAC systems to enable continuous motion icon selection. Message formulation using SymbolPath consists of drawing a continuous path through a set of desired icons. The system then determines the most likely subset of desired icons on that path and rearranges them to form a meaningful and grammatical sentence. In addition to demonstrating the SymbolPath module, we plan to present usability data and discuss iterative modifications to the software.
Detection of dismounts using synthetic aperture radar

This paper presents an approach to detect people, or dismounts, using synthetic aperture radar (SAR). This approach is compared qualitatively with ground moving target indication (GMTI) radar and then quantitative results are presented using a P-band single phase center SAR. It is demonstrated that SAR provides an excellent methodology to detect dismounts.
Festschrift for George F. Sheldon, MD

Abstract On April 20, 2002, a Festschrift was held for Dr. George Sheldon in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Distinguished speakers, all of whom had worked with Dr. Sheldon in various capacities, gave invited talks. Their remarks, along with a short paper by Dr. Sheldon, are encapsulated in this special section.
Implementation of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Pediatric Weight Management

Objective: To evaluate the effect of computer-assisted decision tools that standardize pediatric weight management in a large, integrated health care system for the diagnosis and management of child and adolescent obesity.
Repair of Divided Anomalous Anterior Descending Coronary Artery in Tetralogy of Fallot

Coronary artery anomalies in tetralogy of Fallot have often compromised surgical repair and imposed an increased mortality rate. Thus accidental division of the anterior descending coronary artery crossing the right outflow tract has previously usually resulted in death. The case is presented of a 13-year-old boy with tetralogy of Fallot in whom the anomalous left anterior descending coronary artery was divided. The blood supply to the left anterior descending artery was successfully restored using a reversed saphenous vein graft.
Editorial Commentary: Extending HIV Drug Resistance Testing to Low Levels of Plasma Viremia

the variants in the circulation. Moreover, Food and Drug Administration (FDA)– approved HIV drug resistance genotyping platforms have specified application to specimens with >1000 copies HIV RNA/mL. Two companion papers in this issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases provide data from large clinical programs in British Columbia and central Italy to demonstrate that in fact the success rates for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to perform drug resistance testing in specimens from patients with 50–1000 copies HIV RNA/ mL plasma are both reasonably efficient and clinically predictive [6, 7]. Success rates were >90% for specimens >250 copies HIV RNA/mL in one study and for specimens >200 copies in the other. For specimens with detectable viral loads below these levels, successful sequencing results were still near 75%. In addition, the paper by Santoro et al showed that similarly successful rates were obtained with non-B subtype infections. Each of these studies provides a robust
Thermal behavior of rocks on the lunar surface

Abstract The thermal behavior of rocks with sizes between 3 millimeters and 3 meters resting on the lunar equator is analyzed during both lunation and eclipse assuming that they emit and absorb radiation according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law. Thermal parameters for the rocks are taken as those of a typical basalt, a choice consistent with the interpretation of the Luna X γ-ray experiment. Submeter (⪅10 cm) rocks are found to be approximately isothermal throughout lunation and eclipse, while meter-size rocks show markedly different temperatures on different faces during lunation (no analysis was carried out for eclipse). Thermal heat exchange between rock and lunar soil is negligible for meter rocks during lunation (and eclipse) and submeter rocks during eclipse, but is significant during lunation for rocks ⪅10 cm. Partial imbedding of submeter rocks tends to reduce the rock-soil temperature differential during lunation and to keep them warmer than exposed rocks during eclipse. The presence of neither submeter rocks (with size distributions as observed by Surveyor I and III) nor meter rocks should have large effects on Earth-based thermal measurements during lunation. During eclipse, submeter rocks can produce small but detectable variations in both Earth-based and direct, local spacecraft environs measurements. Meter rocks near a spacecraft may emit ∼10 times the energy of the surface viewed at lunar sunrise or sunset and hence must be reckoned with when local thermal measurements are interpreted.
Microscopic model for polarization switching in optically anisotropic VCSELs

A microscopic model for polarization switching in optically anisotropic VCSELs is presented. Our approach includes: (1) steady-state microscopic theory for the optical response of semiconductor quantum wells describing the dynamics of charge carriers and of interband polarizations in realistic bandstructures, including Coulomb-interaction correlations; (2) vectorial eigenmode calculation and the resulting expansion of the electromagnetic field in the laser in terms of vectorial eigenmodes of a whole structure, their polarization properties, mode-dependent losses and frequencies; (3) realistic model for optical anisotropies resulting from intentional or unintentional strain in an active quantum-well layer. The resulting steady-state input/output characteristics of linearly polarized microscopic eigenmodes of VCSELs are investigated in details. Linear stability analysis of these modes reveals the polarization switching behavior observed experimentally in practical VCSEL structures. We demonstrate that any nonzero uniaxial strain which may be present in the lattice structure (for instance, left over after the fabrication process) causes the laser to start lasing in a polarization eigenstate which is gain-preferred, but, for larger pumping currents, this polarization becomes unstable and the laser would switch to the orthogonal eigenstate.
The Future of Capital Trials: An Exploration of Procedural Justice, Race, and Willingness to Serve Again

The purpose of this article is to determine whether race (a juror's race, racial composition of the jury, race of the jury foreperson, and defendant--victim racial composition) and perceptions of procedural justice affect capital jurors' willingness to serve again. Using logistic regression, data from 662 capital jurors are analyzed. A direct test of procedural justice theory is not supported by these findings; however, feeling emotionally upset about the experience is strongly associated with unwillingness to serve again. In addition, those who served on a White defendant--Black victim case were more likely to report future willingness to serve compared to jurors on White-- White cases. When the regression model is divided into subsamples (White jurors only and Black jurors only), feeling emotionally upset is still a strong indicator for both groups, and both Black and White jurors are less willing to serve again when the victim in their case was White. In addition, part-time employment was a significant indicator of unwillingness to serve again for Black jurors. Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Hydrogen-induced slip band fracture in an FeNiCo superalloy

Hydrogen-induced slip band fracture, that is, mixed mode I-II cracking along the plane of an intense slip band, has been observed in bcc and fcc alloy systems. However, it has not been extensively studied. As a result, proposed fracture mechanisms do not fully describe slip band fracture nucleation and failure. Recent work found that slip band fracture occurred in the fcc, Fe-Ni-Co superalloy IN903 with the addition of approximately 5500 appm hydrogen. To determine the mechanism of crack nucleation and further define this failure mode, hydrogen-induced slip band fracture was studied in this el' strengthened alloy solution treated to obtain grain sizes ranging from 28 to 172 /sigma phi/m. The results showed that slip band fracture initiated by microvoid formation at slip band intersections in the highly deformed regions ahead of cracks formed by fractured matrix carbides.
Kinship Care for Children of a Parent With a Mental Illness

Little is known about “hidden” kinship caregivers of children of a parent with a mental illness (COPMI). An exploratory study surveyed 56 COPMI caregiver members of a kinship center administered by a school of social work in a large public university. The COPMI sample was a subset of a larger kinship caregiver study. Nearly one in four caregivers was providing COPMI kinship care. The COPMI caregivers reported numerous child behavioral crises and decreased caregiver physical and emotional health since they began providing care. Practice, policy, and research require development to increase support for COPMI caregivers and their families.
Reducing the Biases in Simulated Radar Reflectivities from a Bulk Microphysics Scheme: Tropical Convective Systems

AbstractA well-known bias common to many bulk microphysics schemes currently being used in cloud-resolving models is the tendency to produce excessively large reflectivity values (e.g., 40 dBZ) in the middle and upper troposphere in simulated convective systems. The Rutledge and Hobbs–based bulk microphysics scheme in the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble model is modified to reduce this bias and improve realistic aspects. Modifications include lowering the efficiencies for snow/graupel riming and snow accreting cloud ice; converting less rimed snow to graupel; allowing snow/graupel sublimation; adding rime splintering, immersion freezing, and contact nucleation; replacing the Fletcher formulation for activated ice nuclei with that of Meyers et al.; allowing for ice supersaturation in the saturation adjustment; accounting for ambient RH in the growth of cloud ice to snow; and adding/accounting for cloud ice fall speeds. In addition, size-mapping schemes for snow/graupel were added as functions of temperature and m...
Measurements of coastal currents in the assessment of environmental impact

Pollutants ejected into the ocean environment are dispersed and transported by the water movements induced by wind forces, tides bottom topography and shoreline configuration. Whether the pollutants have an impact on the environment depends primarily upon where they are carried and how much they are diluted along the way. We expect current measurements to tell us not only the trajectories followed by a given pollutant, but also the variations in the trajectories and the variations in the currents that affect the dilution of a pollutant. This information is provided by techniques that follow the movement of water (Lagrangian) and ones that measure water movement past a given point (Eulerian). This paper focuses on the latter, primarily because instrumentation measuring currents at fixed points can provide the required length of records over many months. This yields information on seasonal changes in circulation as well as detailed data on variations occurring over several seconds or minutes. Current measurements must provide data on variations over seconds to hours to properly assess the dilution characteristics of circulation. These must also be made under a wide range of conditions to provide information on the changes in the characteristics from day-to-day and season-to-season. Basic current regimes that govern transport and dispersion of material repeat themselves at a given location. Unattended current meters that record rapidly over periods of several months are required to determine the frequency of occurrence as well as the energy associated with such regimes.
A Microsite Analysis of Resource Use Around Kaziranga National Park, India Implications for Conservation and Development Planning

We used a semistructured social survey of 590 households in 37 villages along the southern boundary of Kaziranga National Park and World Heritage Site, Assam, India in late 2000 and early 2001 to a...
Association between Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Drug Resistance

Nonadherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is a major cause of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance; however the level of nonadherence associated with the greatest risk of resistance is unknown. Beginning in February 2000, 195 patients at the Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center (Baltimore, MD) who were receiving HAART and who had HIV loads of <500 copies/mL were recruited into a cohort study and observed for 1 year. At each visit, adherence to HAART was assessed and plasma samples were obtained and stored for resistance testing, if indicated. The overall incidence of viral rebound with clinically significant resistance was 14.5 cases per 100 person-years. By multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression, a cumulative adherence of 70%-89%, a CD4 cell nadir of <200 cells/microL, and the missing of a scheduled clinic visit in the past month were independently associated with an increased hazard of viral rebound with clinically significant resistance. Clinicians and patients must set high adherence goals to avoid the development of resistance.
Symmetry in target recognition

Symmetry has important consequences for target recognition. Rotation and reflection symmetry for targets near a ground or water surface not only help to identify the targets, but also aid in data processing to increase accuracy. While clutter (other scatterers) interfere with the target signatures, symmetry in the clutter can be used to suppress this interference.
Association Studies of Fcγ Receptor Polymorphisms with Outcome in HER2+ Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Trastuzumab in NCCTG (Alliance) Trial N9831

Patients with HER2+ breast cancer treated with trastuzumab and chemotherapy have superior survival compared to patients treated with chemotherapy alone. Polymorphisms within FCGR2A and FCGR3A are associated with binding affinity of natural killer cells to the IgG1 portion of trastuzumab and a polymorphism in FCGR2B (I232T) is associated with impaired regulatory activity. The association of these polymorphisms with clinical response among trastuzumab-treated patients is equivocal with both positive and negative associations. We performed genotyping analysis on the FCGR3A V158F, FCGR2A R131H, and FCGR2B I232T genes in 1,325 patients from the N9831 clinical trial. Patients in Arm A (N=419) received chemotherapy only. Patients in Arms B (N=469) and C (N=437) were treated with chemotherapy and trastuzumab, (sequentially in Arm B and concurrently in Arm C). Using log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard models, we compared disease-free survival (DFS) among genotypic groups within pooled Arms B/C. We found no differences in DFS between trastuzumab-treated patients who had the FCGR3A 158 V/V and/or FCGR2A 131 H/H high affinity genotypes and patients without those genotypes. Furthermore, there was no significant interaction between FCGR3A and FCGR2A and treatment. However, there was a difference in DFS for FCGR2B I232T with I/I patients deriving benefit from trastuzumab (p<0.001) compared to the T carriers who did not (p=0.81). The interaction between FCGR2B genotype and treatment was statistically significant (p=0.03). Our analysis did not reveal an association between FcγR high affinity genotypes and outcomes. However, it appears that the FCGR2B inhibitory gene may be predictive of adjuvant trastuzumab benefit.
Communication genres: Integrating communication into the software engineering curriculum

One way to improve the communication abilities of new software engineering graduates in the workplace is to integrate communication more effectively in the software engineering curriculum. But faculty typically conceive of communication as outside their realm of expertise. Based on the results of an NSF-funded project, we use theories of situated learning and genre to make the case that communication is integral to software engineering and that faculty are in the best position to guide students in becoming better communicators in the field. We identify software engineering genres and show how those genres may be used to integrate communication in the classroom and throughout the curriculum.
A Virtual Time System for OpenVZ-Based Network Emulations

Simulation and emulation are commonly used to study the behavior of communication networks, owing to the cost and complexity of exploring new ideas on actual networks. Emula-tions executing real code have high functional fidelity, but may not have high temporal fidelity because virtual machines usually use their host's clock. A host serializes the execution of multiple virtual machines, and time-stamps on their interactions reflect this serialization. In this paper we improve temporal fidelity of the OS level virtualization system OpenVZ by giving each virtual machine its own virtual clock. The key idea is to slightly modify the OpenVZ and OpenVZ schedulers so as to measure the time used by virtual machines in computation (as the basis for virtual execution time) and have Linux return virtual times to virtual machines, but ordinary wall clock time to other processes. Our system simulates the functional and temporal behavior of the communication network between emulated processes, and con-trols advancement of virtual time throughout the system. We evaluate our system against a baseline of actual wireless network measurements, and observe high temporal accuracy. Moreover, we show that the implementation overhead of our system is as low as 3%. Our results show that it is possible to have a network simulator driven by real workloads that gives its emulated hosts temporal accuracy.
The colorimetric determination of zirconium in plutonium-uranium-‘fissium’ alloys

Abstract This method was developed for the determination of zirconium in plutonium-uranium-‘fissium’ alloys. A sample of the alloy containing 40–100 μg of zirconium in 10 N nitric acid is separated from plutonium and from some of the palladium by anion exchange. The effluent is analyzed for plutonium since more than 60 μg will interfere. The ruthenium is removed by fuming with perchloric acid. The uranium and molybdenum do not interfere in reasonable quantities as they exist in this alloy. The alizarin red- S lake is formed in 0–1 N nitric acid, and its absorbancy is measured by means of the Beckman Model B spectrophotometer at 520 mμ. The color is stable for several hours and reproducible within 3–5 per cent of the amount present. The interference of the alloying constituents and reagents are given. The time required for duplicate analyses is about 3½, and the equipment and techniques used are standard.
Blind channel identification for direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems

Channel identification for a binary phase-shift keyed (BPSK) direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) system operating over a fading channel with sampling at the chip rate is considered in this work. The system is mapped to a discrete oversampled system, thereby allowing channel identification via second order statistics under a few nonrestrictive conditions. Using the method of subchannel response matching (SRM), the offline solution to this channel identification problem involves the determination of the eigenvector corresponding to the minimum eigenvalue of a matrix that depends on the correlation statistics of the samples of the received signal. A low complexity stochastic gradient method for finding this eigenvalue adaptively is derived and a convergence analysis under a few weak assumptions presented. For comparison, a method that utilizes trellis searching for joint data and channel identification when the system is not oversampled is extended in an obvious way to oversampled systems and a different adaptive algorithm developed than has been used in the past. Numerical results in the form of channel estimation error are obtained for the case when the spreading code is unknown but periodic with period equal to the symbol period.
An efficient preconditioning scheme for real-fluid mixtures using primitive pressure-temperature variables

An improved preconditioning scheme incorporating a unified treatment of general fluid thermodynamics is developed for treating fluid flows over the entire regime of fluid thermodynamic states at all speeds. All of the thermodynamic and numerical properties (such as eigenvalues and Jacobian matrices) are derived directly from fundamental thermodynamics theories, rendering a self-consistent and robust algorithm. Further efficiency is obtained by employing temperature instead of enthalpy as the primary dependent variable in the preconditioned energy equation. No iterative solution of a real-fluid equation of state is required. This approach, combined with the use of explicit treatments of temporal and spatial derivatives, results in a scheme for which load balance is much easier to achieve in a distributed computing environment. A numerical stability analysis is performed to assess the effectiveness of the scheme at various fluid thermodynamic states. Sample calculations are also carried out. These include injection and mixing of cryogenic fluids and flame dynamics of coaxial jets of liquid oxygen and methane under supercritical conditions. The robustness and efficiency of the present work are demonstrated over a wide range of thermodynamic and flow conditions.
Small HDL Promotes Cholesterol Efflux by the ABCA1 Pathway in Macrophages Implications for Therapies Targeted to HDL

Clinical and epidemiological studies show a robust, inverse association of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.1 Moreover, genetically engineered mice provide compelling evidence that HDL is atheroprotective in hypercholesterolemic animal models. These observations have triggered intense interest in targeting HDL for therapeutic intervention. Article, see p 1133 Most clinical studies have used HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) as the metric for quantifying HDL’s cardioprotective effects. However, recent evidence has raised doubts about elevating HDL-C being therapeutic.1 For example, genetic variations that associate with altered HDL-C levels do not strongly associate with altered CVD risk. Also, prospective clinical trials of niacin and cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors (2 drugs that elevate HDL-C levels by different mechanisms) failed to reduce cardiac events in statin-treated subjects with established CVD.1 Moreover, when mice lack certain proteins involved in HDL metabolism—such as SR-B1, the liver receptor for HDL—both HDL-C levels and atherosclerosis increase dramatically.2 Thus, quantifying HDL-C does not necessarily assess HDL’s proposed ability to lower CVD risk. Many lines of evidence indicate that one of HDL’s cardioprotective tasks is to mobilize excess cholesterol from artery wall macrophages.1 For example, mouse studies demonstrate that increased hepatic expression of apolipoprotein A-I, the major HDL protein, increases cholesterol export from macrophages and retards atherosclerosis. Two pathways for sterol export involve the membrane-associated ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC) ABCA1 and ABCG1, which are highly induced when macrophages accumulate excess cholesterol.1 Thus, atherosclerosis increases markedly in hypercholesterolemic mice when myeloid cells are deficient in ABCA1. Also, humans with ABCA1 deficiency had Tangier’s disease and accumulate macrophages laden with cholesterol in many tissues.3 These observations support the proposal that HDL, ABCA1, and sterol efflux from cells are important regulators of sterol balance in human macrophages. The relevance of sterol efflux from macrophages in humans …
The coracoid impingement syndrome

Coracoid impingement results from encroachment on the coracohumeral space, presenting as anterior shoulder pain and clicking, particularly in forward flexion, medial rotation, and adduction. In eight shoulders in seven patients, coracohumeral decompression by excision of the lateral 1.5 cm of the coracoid with re-attachment of the conjoined tendon gave pain relief in all, and complete relief in six. This procedure is described and recommended.
THE EFFECTS OF QUANTITATIVE FEEDBACK ON CHILDREN'S EXPECTATION OF SUCCESS

Summary. A pair of studies conducted with first, third, and fifth graders supports the prediction that concrete, quantitative feedback, as opposed to qualitative comments, increases the validity of children's expectations of their level of performance. Children were presented with a series of puzzles on which they worked under different feedback conditions. The validity of expectations was examined under two conditions, and also the attributions they made for their levels of performance. These data also confirm previous findings which indicate that overestimation of levels of performance decreases with age. In addition it was found that children's attribution of success to ability decreased with age. Few children at any grade level attributed their performance on these particular puzzles to luck, as opposed to effort.
Ecological studies of Codium fragile in New England, USA

The seasonal growth and reproduction of Codium fragile were studied at Boothbay Harbor, Maine, and at Woods Hole and Wings Neck, Massachusetts (USA), in relation to several environmental parameters. Maximum growth and reproduction occur during periods of highest water temperatures and insolation. The effects of various light intensities and temperatures on the photosynthesis rates of C. fragile were determined and correlated with the field results. Optimal conditions for net photosynthesis are 21° to 24°C and 900 to 1100 foot-candles. It is suggested that C. fragile is a warm-temperate plant that is growing near its northern limits in New England, but one that has not extended to its potential southern limits.
Persulfide Reactivity in the Detection of Protein S-Sulfhydration

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as a new member of the gaseous transmitter family of signaling molecules and appears to play a regulatory role in the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Recent studies suggest that protein cysteine S-sulfhydration may function as a mechanism for transforming the H2S signal into a biological response. However, selective detection of S-sulfhydryl modifications is challenging since the persulfide group (RSSH) exhibits reactivity akin to other sulfur species, especially thiols. A modification of the biotin switch technique, using S-methyl methanethiosulfonate (MMTS) as an alkylating reagent, was recently used to identify a large number of proteins that may undergo S-sulfhydration, but the underlying mechanism of chemical detection was not fully explored. To address this key issue, we have developed a protein persulfide model and analogue of MMTS, S-4-bromobenzyl methanethiosulfonate (BBMTS). Using these new reagents, we investigated the chemistry in the modified biotin swit...
Comparison of Afferent Activity of Canine Aortic and Sinus Nerves

Pressure-dependent changes in afferent activity in the aortic and the sinus nerves were studied in 17 anesthetized dogs that were artificially ventilated with oxygen. Systemic arterial blood pressure was varied either continuously or in steps over the range of mean aortic blood pressure from 220 to 50 mm Hg with a pressurized reservoir connected to the abdominal aorta. Multifiber preparations from 20 aortic and 8 sinus nerves were used, and stimulusresponse curves were defined by measuring the mean impulse frequency at the various levels of pressure. Heart rate and pulse pressure were similar during recordings from both nerves. The two curves were S-shaped, with that for the aortic nerve being to the right of that for the sinus nerve. The change in activity was approximately linear from 200 to 120 mm Hg (mean aortic blood pressure) in the aortic nerve and from 180 to 80 mm Hg in the sinus nerve; there was no significant change in impulse frequency below mean blood pressures of 100 and 70 mm Hg, respectively. The threshold systolic blood pressure was 95 ± 3 (SE) mm Hg for the aortic receptors and 62 ± 4 mm Hg for the carotid sinus receptors. Thus, in the dog, the aortic baroreceptors are involved mainly in the control of high blood pressure, whereas at lower pressures the major control occurs through the carotid sinus baroreflex.
Transnasal endoscopic repair of posterior table fractures.

Objectives/Hypothesis. Conventional treatment of frontal sinus posterior table fractures has included osteoplastic flap or cranialization procedures despite considerable advances in endoscopic technique and experience. The objective of the current study was to evaluate outcomes of frontal sinus fractures involving the posterior table managed using endo- scopic approaches. Study Design. Prospective cohort. Setting. Tertiary care, academic university hospital. Methods. Prospective evaluation of patients with posterior table fractures was performed. Data were collected regard- ing demographics, etiology, technique, operative site, length involving the posterior table, size of the skull base defect, complications, and clinical follow-up. Results. Thirteen patients (average age 37 years) with poster- ior table fractures were treated using endoscopic techniques from 2008 to 2012. Mean follow-up time was 68 weeks (range, 2-206 weeks). Patients were primarily managed using Draf IIb frontal sinusotomies with 1 individual requiring a concomitant trephine. A Draf III procedure was performed in 1 patient. Average fracture defect (length vs width) was 13 3 4.5 mm, and average length involving the posterior table was 9.7 mm (1-30 mm). Skull base defects were cov- ered with a septal flap and/or free tissue grafts. Although 1 individual required a revision frontal sinusotomy and follow- up was short in several patients, all sinuses remained patent on last clinical examination. Conclusion. Management of frontal sinus posterior table frac- tures using minimally invasive endoscopic techniques pro- vides excellent outcomes in selected cases. Fractures of up to 30 mm in length were adequately managed in this series and indicate this approach can be a viable alternative in the treatment of these fractures.
Psycholinguistic Disabilities of Children with Reading Problems

The purpose of this study was to examine some psycholinguistic correlates of reading disability. The ITPA and some supplementary tests were given to selected nonreaders. These children tended to have problems at the integrational level of psycholinguistic functioning, suggesting difficulty in the skill of reading, rather than in comprehension.
Evidence for a Hierarchical Arrangement of Learning Processes

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews several lines of research on children's learning and certain other areas, which appear to have come close enough together to make it worthwhile to suggest theoretical linkages among them. While much research is needed to fill in, elaborate, and undoubtedly correct, almost any point of the discussion, it is hoped that such a review will have value in throwing open for discussion a plausible theoretical skeleton and in suggesting areas where further research and conceptual clarification might be useful. The central concern is with interpretation of changes in the character of children's learning, which are known to take place as children reach the age range from 5 to 7. A strong case, resting on widespread evidence and on a series of previous theoretical assertions, may be made for regarding this age period as a time of unusually significant change. An ideal statement of what that change is should account for all these discrete supporting sources.
Self Absorption: Where will technology lead us?

Looking back on my early experiences as a young engineer, I am reminded how little my colleagues and I appreciated that what we did would change the world, for better and for worse. I am also reminded how Marcel Golay, one of my early mentors, understood the duality of technology and how it plays a large part in its application for the right purpose. Born in Switzerland in 1902, Golay received his engineering degree from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, the same college from which Einstein graduated. He is best known for the invention of the Golay cell used in gas chromatography and optical spectroscopy, the development of the Savitzky?Golay smoothing filter, the discovery of Golay codes, the generalization of the perfect binary Hamming codes to nonbinary codes, and his work on the complementary sequence autocorrelation functions used in Wi-Fi and 3G standards and on the Golay hexagonal nearest-neighbor logic used in pattern recognition schemes, of which I had the good fortune to be a part.
‘The Flesh and the Spirit’: Anne Bradstreet and Seventeenth Century Dualism, Materialism, Vitalism and Reformed Theology

Bien que nee dans un environnement puritain, Anne Bradstreet montre que sa poesie est influencee par les ideaux de la Renaissance anglaise. Sa poesie cree une tension apparente entre les beautes du monde terrestre et les gloires du monde a venir, entre les incertitudes intellectuelles de la philosophie du XVII e siecle et la necessite de la foi inherente a la theologie reformee. Un poeme en particulier, intitule Flesh and the Spirit, revele non seulement la conscience qu'a Bradstreet des conceptions contemporaines des substances materielles et immaterielles, mais egalement son desir de les reconcilier