cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Lysozyme Proteins on the Mutual-Diffusion Coefficient of Sodium Chloride in Water

We measured accurate NaCl main-term diffusion coefficients in aqueous lysozyme solutions at 25 °C and pH 4.5 using the Gosting diffusiometer operated in its Rayleigh interferometric optical mode. The dependence of this diffusion coefficient on lysozyme concentration was examined using the obstruction-effect theory. Agreement between experimental results and theory is achieved if lysozyme proteins are treated as hydrated spheres with a hydration number of 240, a value that is comparable with those reported in literature for this protein. Electrostatic interactions and common-ion effects due to lysozyme net charge at pH 4.5 do not contribute significantly to the behavior of the NaCl diffusion coefficient within our experimental range of salt concentrations [(0.25 to 0.90) mol·dm–3].
Role of the unfolded protein response in regulating the mucin-dependent filamentous-growth mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway

Signaling mucins are evolutionarily conserved regulators of signal transduction pathways. The signaling mucin Msb2p regulates the Cdc42p-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway that controls filamentous growth in yeast. The cleavage and release of the glycosylated inhibitory domain of Msb2p is required for MAPK activation. We show here that proteolytic processing of Msb2p was induced by underglycosylation of its extracellular domain. Cleavage of underglycosylated Msb2p required the unfolded protein response (UPR), a quality control (QC) pathway that operates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The UPR regulator Ire1p, which detects misfolded/underglycosylated proteins in the ER, controlled Msb2p cleavage by regulating transcriptional induction of Yps1p, the major protease that processes Msb2p. Accordingly, the UPR was required for differentiation to the filamentous cell type. Cleavage of Msb2p occurred in conditional trafficking mutants that trap secretory cargo in the endomembrane system. Processed Msb2p was delivered to the plasma membrane, and its turnover by the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5p and ESCRT attenuated the filamentous-growth pathway. We speculate that the QC pathways broadly regulate signaling glycoproteins and their cognate pathways by recognizing altered glycosylation patterns that can occur in response to extrinsic cues.
Role of nitric oxide in lung ischemia and reperfusion injury.

We studied the effects of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors and nitric oxide (NO.) donors on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced microvascular permeability increase in isolated buffer-perfused rat lungs. Microvascular permeability (Kf,c) was significantly increased in lungs subjected to 45 min of ischemia followed by 30 min of reperfusion. Lungs that were pretreated with 300 and 600 microM N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 1, 300, and 600 microM NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), or 600 microM L-N6-(1-iminoethyl) ornithine (L-NIO) still showed significant increases in Kf,c after I/R. Lungs that were pretreated with 5 mM L-NAME or 5 mM N omega-nitro-D-arginine methyl ester showed no increase in Kf,c after I/R. However, both compounds at these concentrations produced significant decreases in perfusate pH. The decreased pH was responsible for the protective effects, since lungs pretreated with 5 mM L-NAME and supplemented with NaHCO3 to prevent the perfusate pH decrease still showed a significant elevation in Kf,c after I/R. In additional experiments, NO.donors were administered to isolated lungs at the onset of reperfusion. Spermine-NO (100 microM) and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenacillamine (300 microM) both prevented the increase in Kf,c associated with I/R. We conclude from these studies that peroxynitrite does not mediate microvascular permeability increase after lung I/R injury in this model, and exogenous NO. does not exacerbate injury; rather, it prevents microvascular damage.
Informed Consent—Uninformed Participants Shortcomings of Online Social Science Consent Forms and Recommendations for Improvement

As informed consent forms continue to lengthen, are these lengthening forms helping to create better informed participants? The aim of this research was to determine whether the length of consent forms affected reading frequency and comprehension, and to provide recommendations on how to improve consent forms in the social sciences so they are more likely to be read. A quasi-experiment was conducted using actual consent forms at two liberal arts schools, one requiring a long form (463 words, n = 73) and one requiring a shorter form (236 words, n = 57). Participants exposed to the shorter form reported fully reading, or at least skimming the form more frequently than those exposed to the longer form. Those exposed to the shorter form also comprehended more of the form's information. The majority of participants indicated consent forms need to be shortened if researchers want future participants to be more likely to read these forms' contents. Additional recommendations are discussed.
The world’s first single-room proton therapy facility: Two-year experience

Abstract Purpose This is a review of our 2-year experience with the first single-gantry proton therapy (PT) system. Methods and materials All patients were consented to participate on an institutional review board–approved prospective patient registry between December 2013 and December 2015. PT was delivered in a single-room facility using a synchrocyclotron with proton beam energy of 250 MeV. The dataset was interrogated for demographics, diagnosis, treatment modality, and clinical trial involvement. Cases were classified as simple or complex based on fields used and immobilization. The volume of photon patients treated in our department was collected between January 2011 and December 2015 to evaluate the impact of PT on our photon patient volume. Results A total of 278 patients were treated with PT, including 228 (82%) adults and 50 (18%) pediatric cases. PT patients traveled a mean distance of 83.3 miles compared with 47.4 miles for photon patients queried in 2015. Rationale for treatment included reirradiation (20%), involvement in prospective clinical trial (14%), and proximity to critical structures to maximally spare organs at risk (66%). Forty patients were enrolled on 5 adult and 3 pediatric prospective clinical trials. The most common histologies treated were glioma (27%) and non-small cell lung cancer (18%) in adults, and medulloblastoma (22%) and low-grade glioma (24%) in pediatric patients. Prostate cancer composed 6% of PT. Complex cases composed 45% of our volume. Our photon patient volume increased yearly between 2011 and 2015, with 2780 patients completing photon treatment in 2011 and 3385 patients in 2015. PT composed 4% of overall patients treated with external beam radiation. Conclusions The installation of our single-gantry proton facility has expanded the treatment options within our cancer center, helping to increase the number of patients we see. Patients travel from twice as far away to receive this treatment, many for typical PT indications such as pediatrics or to participate in prospective clinical trials.
Analysis of Atmospheric Pollutants of Possible Importance in Human Carcinogenesis

Genotoxic properties and analytical methodologies of a large variety of inorganic and organic gases, vapors and particulates have been discussed. The relevance of this information to the human condition is examined. With the prime importance of mutagenesis in the key processes of life, knowledge about the chemical and radiation background of our environments has become an absolute necessity for our survival with grace. Any chemical or radiation which affects DNA could be expected to affect one or more of the various carcinogenic pathways in living tissue. These are some of the reasons for our intense interest in all genotoxic pollutants.
Factors influencing consumers’ purchase intention of green sportswear

The purpose of this study was to examine consumers’ purchase intention for green sportswear by investigating the effects of their expectation, perception, subjective norm, perceived behavior control, and attitude on purchasing green sportswear. The study further investigated differential influences towards purchase intention for green sportswear between non-green and green product users. A within-subjects research design was used to empirically test our conceptual model, which was expanded from the theory of planned behavior by adding two additional predictors (expectation and perception). An online survey was conducted with a nationwide convenience sample of U.S. consumers whose ages ranged from 18 to 74 years, and a total of 542 usable responses were obtained. The results of the overall model testing confirmed the significant effects of expectation, perception, subjective norm, and attitude on consumers’ purchase intention for green sportswear. The findings from the comparative model testing indicated significant differences between non-green and green product users in terms of the effects of expectation and perceived behavior control on participants’ green sportswear purchase intention. The outcomes of this study offer useful insights for developing effective strategies for consumers to generate more positive perception, expectation, and attitude towards purchasing green sportswear. This study also suggests potential ways for apparel retailers to develop effective marketing strategies for this sportswear segment to satisfy the values of potential customers.
EDI, XML, and the Transparency Problem in Electronic Commerce

Standard (that is, long-standing and currently much in use) EDI protocols (including the X12 and EDIFACT series) have repeatedly been criticized for poor design, confusing or absent semantics, and much else. Most of these criticisms are indeed on the mark. The main conclusions that the critics have drawn are also correct: business-to-business e-commerce is expensive and difficult to set up and maintain, because of shortcomings in the design concepts underlying standard EDI. Something must be done, but what?
Role of macrophage oxidative burst in the action of anthrax lethal toxin.

Major symptoms and death from systemic Bacillus anthracis infections are mediated by the action of the pathogen’s lethal toxin on host macrophages. High levels of the toxin are cytolytic to macrophages, whereas low levels stimulate these cells to produce cytokines (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α), which induce systemic shock and death. Experiments were performed to assess the possibility that the oxidative burst may be involved in one or both of lethal toxin’s effects on macrophages. Toximediated cell lysis, superoxide anion and cytokine production were measured. Effects of antioxidants and macrophage mutations were examined. RAW264.7 murine macrophages treated with high levels of toxin released large amounts of superoxide anion, beginning at about 1 hr, which correlates with the onset of cytolysis. Cytolysis could be blocked with various exogenous antioxidants or with N-acetyl-L-cysteine and methionine, which promote production of the endogenous antioxidant, glutathione. Mutant murine macrophage lines deficient in production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) were relatively insensitive to the lytic effects of the toxin, whereas a line with increased oxidative burst potential showed elevated sensitivity. Also, cultured blood monocyte-derived macrophages from a patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease, a disorder in which the phagocyte’s oxidative burst is disabled, were totally resistant to toxin, in contrast to control monocytes. These results imply that the cytolytic effect of the toxin is mediated by ROIs. Additionally, cytokine production and consequent pathologies showed partial dependence on macrophage ROIs. Antioxidants moderately inhibited toxin-induced cytokine production in vitro, and BALB/c mice pretreated with N-acetyl-L-cysteine or mepacrine showed partial protection against lethal toxin. Thus ROIs are involved in both the cytolytic action of anthrax lethal toxin and the overall pathologic process in vivo.
A Parametric Rosetta Energy Function Analysis with LK Peptides on SAM Surfaces.

Although structures have been determined for many soluble proteins and an increasing number of membrane proteins, experimental structure determination methods are limited for complexes of proteins and solid surfaces. An economical alternative or complement to experimental structure determination is molecular simulation. Rosetta is one software suite that models protein–surface interactions, but Rosetta is normally benchmarked on soluble proteins. For surface interactions, the validity of the energy function is uncertain because it is a combination of independent parameters from energy functions developed separately for solution proteins and mineral surfaces. Here, we assess the performance of the RosettaSurface algorithm and test the accuracy of its energy function by modeling the adsorption of leucine/lysine (LK)-repeat peptides on methyl- and carboxy-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We investigated how RosettaSurface predictions for this system compare with the experimental results, which sh...
The Establishment of Cell Lines from Human Solid Tumors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses all that a tumor cell must endure to survive in vitro . L-15 medium is an ideal transport medium. As it is bicarbonate-free, there is minimal fluctuation in pH during transit even when the specimen is exposed to the atmosphere. For short-term cultures, almost any good growth medium will suffice if the specimen is properly transported and processed. Medium M-3 is free of steroid hormones except for the minimal amounts present in the low percentage of fetal bovine serum added to the medium. For purposes of developing cell lines, it is simpler to work on media improvement on plastic than in soft agar. Cell viability decreases when cells are exposed to this treatment for longer than 6 h, although some survive for as long as 24 h. While some cell lines continue to undergo clonal evolution after they have been established, others appear to be stable with respect to drug sensitivity over numerous passages. Such lines can be useful for studies of cancer biology and for analysis of drug resistance.
EARLY READING EXPERIENCES: SOME LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVES ON PARENT/CHILD INTERACTION IN BOOK SHARING SITUATIONS

The acquisition of literacy is an important learning for each child’s educational process. Students of child language development have focused attention on the early prerequisite behaviors which assist children in beginning to communicate with others. As children learn to read, there are also understandings many children master long before the beginning of school which are essential to the reading process. This report is a portion of a larger study which focuses on several probable precursors to literacy acquisition. These include the child’s growing understanding of the use and function of books, the environmental opportunities for reading in the child’s home and community, and the nature of the parent/child interaction as parents share books with their children.
A Scalable Methodology to Guide Student Teams Executing Computing Projects

This article reports on a sequential mixed-methods research study, which compared different approaches on how to guide students through a semester-long data science project. Four different methodologies, ranging from a traditional “just assign some intermediate milestones” to other more Agile methodologies, were first compared via a controlled experiment. The results of this initial experiment showed that the project methodology used made a significant difference in student outcomes. Surprisingly, the Agile Kanban approach was found to be much more effective than the Agile Scrum methodology. Based on these initial results, in the second semester, we focused on use of the Kanban methodology. The findings in the second, more qualitative phase, confirmed the methodology's usefulness and scalability. A key issue when using the scrum methodology was that the students had a very difficult time estimating what could be completed in each of their two-week sprints. The Kanban board, which visually shows and limits work-in-progress, was found to be an effective way for students to communicate with each other as well as with their instructor. In addition, Agile Kanban also streamlined the work required for instructors to efficiently provide guidance to student teams and to understand each team's status. In summary, a scalable Kanban methodology, which can be applied to a wide variety of student computing projects, was found to an effective methodology to guide and manage student projects, improving student outcomes and minimizing instructor workload.
A review of statistical and machine learning methods for modeling cancer risk using structured clinical data

Advancements are constantly being made in oncology, improving prevention and treatment of cancers. To help reduce the impact and deadliness of cancers, they must be detected early. Additionally, there is a risk of cancers recurring after potentially curative treatments are performed. Predictive models can be built using historical patient data to model the characteristics of patients that developed cancer or relapsed. These models can then be deployed into clinical settings to determine if new patients are at high risk for cancer development or recurrence. For large-scale predictive models to be built, structured data must be captured for a wide range of diverse patients. This paper explores current methods for building cancer risk models using structured clinical patient data. Trends in statistical and machine learning techniques are explored, and gaps are identified for future research. The field of cancer risk prediction is a high-impact one, and research must continue for these models to be embraced for clinical decision support of both practitioners and patients.
Quantum nano-photonic devices based on rare-earth ions (Conference Presentation)

I present quantum nano-photonic devices based on nanophotonic resonators coupled to rare-earth-ions in crystals. The rare-earth ions exhibit long coherence times on optical transitions, which makes them suitable for optical quantum memories. We demonstrate a high-fidelity nanophotonic quantum memory based on a mesoscopic rare-earth ensemble coupled to a photonic crystal cavity. The nanocavity enables >95% spin polarization for efficient initialization of the atomic frequency comb memory, and time-bin-selective readout via enhanced optical Stark shift of the comb frequencies. Besides ensemble memories, single rare-earth-ions coupled to nano-resonators can be used as single optically addressable quantum bits where the quantum state is mapped on their Zeeman or hyperfine levels with long coherence time. Our solid-state nano-photonic quantum light-matter interfaces can be integrated with other chip-scale photon source and detector devices for multiplexed quantum and classical information processing at the nodes of quantum networks.
Instituciones autoritarias y promoción industrial. La política de la reforma industrial de 1977 en Argentina

espanol?Por que un regimen autoritario que busca disciplinar a la burguesia nacional le otorgaria importantes rentas economicas? La ley 21.608 de promocion industrial que establecio la ultima dictadura militar en Argentina profundizo la intervencion del Estado en la planificacion y financiamiento del sector manufacturero, mediante beneficios impositivos para empresarios y empresas surgidas del modelo de industrializacion sustitutiva de posguerra. La reforma contradijo asi los objetivos de ajuste fiscal y liberalizacion economica que habia adoptado la dictadura. Esta paradoja se explica por las instituciones que eligieron las Fuerzas Armadas para repartirse el poder de la administracion publica. Las reglas que se acuerdan para distribuir poder entre facciones influyen en las politicas publicas que se adoptan. El analisis de los documentos originales de la Comision de Asesoramiento Legislativo provee evidencia de como tres actores clave de la coalicion autoritaria avanzaron intereses opuestos durante el proceso de reforma de la promocion industrial. La faccion estatista de las Fuerzas Armadas, la burguesia nacional y los funcionarios civiles del gobierno militar moldearon el tiempo y el contenido de la nueva legislacion resultando en una politica publica contradictoria con los objetivos fundacionales del regimen autoritario. EnglishWhy would an authoritarian regime that seeks to discipline national businessmen grants them considerable large economic rents? The last military dictatorship in Argentina established the 21.608 Industrial Promotion Law. It deepe­ned state intervention in industrial planning and financing with tax subsidies to businessmen and local firms from the postwar substitutive industrialization process. Thus, the reform contradicts the objectives of fiscal adjustment and market liberalization that the dictatorship had adopted. The reason behind this paradox can be found in the choice of the institutions that the armed forces adopted to share the state power which condition the establishment of different public policies. An analysis of original documents from the Comision de Asesoramiento Legislativo offers evidence of how three key actors in the authoritarian coalition advanced their opposite interests over the industrial policy reform. The statist faction of the armed forces, national businessmen, and economic bureaucrats shaped the timing and content of the new legislation, leading to the adoption of a public policy contradictory with the foundational economic objectives of the authoritarian regime.
Industrial Maize as a Commodity System: Spatial Scale and Relations of Production in Turkey's Agriculture After Economic Restructuring

During the decade of 2000‐2010, industrial maize production in Turkey doubled to approximately four million tons and the area under maize cultivation increased by ten per cent. Concomitant with the increase in total output, private agri‐food industry came to control 90 per cent of total production by 2010. Using exploratory spatial analysis and spatial regression methods, we are able to have a more detailed and spatially explicit regional study of a commodity system across Turkey. We argue that maize production in Turkey developed in the 2000s along the tenets of a corporate food regime according to demands by agri‐food firms. However, small‐scale farmers are not fully excluded from corporate relations of production, and low‐yield traditional maize farming persists in some provinces as an important field crop for household consumption.
A Phase Model Based Control of Periodic Deferrable Loads in Demand Response Programs

A significant portion of electricity consumed worldwide is used to power thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) such as air conditioners, refrigerators, and water heaters. Because the short-term timing of operation of such systems is inconsequential as long as their long-run average power consumption is maintained, they are increasingly used in demand response (DR) programs to balance supply and demand on the power grid. Here, we use the phase model representation of TCLs to design and evaluate control policies for modulating the power consumption of aggregated loads with parameter heterogeneity and stochastic drift. In particular, we design a phase model based minimum energy control law that modulates the duty cycle of a TCL in order to reduce its energy consumption. We further demonstrate that the designed control policy can be used to effectively modulate the aggregate power of a heterogeneous TCL population while maintaining load diversity and minimizing power overshoots. More importantly, an acceptable quality of service for the utility customers is maintained. The developed control policy can be used to compensate for the intermittent generation by renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind and solar by regulating the aggregated load of a TCL ensemble, and hence will facilitate the broader integration of RESs.
Abstract P611: Immortalization of Sheep Proximal Tubule Cells Retain the Ability to Internalize Angiotensinogen that Traffics to the Mitochondria and Nucleus

Although there is compelling evidence for an intracellular renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that includes localization of AT1, AT2 and AT7/Mas receptors (R) on the nucleus and mitochondria of various...
Measurement validation of treatment planning for a MR-Linac.

PURPOSE The magnetic field can cause a nonnegligible dosimetric effect in an MR-Linac system. This effect should be accurately accounted for by the beam models in treatment planning systems (TPS). The purpose of the study was to verify the beam model and the entire treatment planning and delivery process for a 1.5 T MR-Linac based on comprehensive dosimetric measurements and end-to-end tests. MATERIAL AND METHODS Dosimetry measurements and end-to-end tests were performed on a preclinical MR-Linac (Elekta AB) using a multitude of detectors and were compared to the corresponding beam model calculations from the TPS for the MR-Linac. Measurement devices included ion chambers (IC), diamond detector, radiochromic film, and MR-compatible ion chamber array and diode array. The dose in inhomogeneous phantom was also verified. The end-to-end tests include the generation, delivery, and comparison of 3D and IMRT plan with measurement. RESULTS For the depth dose measurements with Farmer IC, micro IC and diamond detector, the absolute difference between most measurement points and beam model calculation beyond the buildup region were <1%, at most 2% for a few measurement points. For the beam profile measurements, the absolute differences were no more than 1% outside the penumbra region and no more than 2.5% inside the penumbra region. Results of end-to-end tests demonstrated that three 3D static plans with single 5 × 10 cm2 fields (at gantry angle 0°, 90° and 270°) and two IMRT plans successfully passed gamma analysis with clinical criteria. The dose difference in the inhomogeneous phantom between the calculation and measurement was within 1.0%. CONCLUSIONS Both relative and absolute dosimetry measurements agreed well with the TPS calculation, indicating that the beam model for MR-Linac properly accounts for the magnetic field effect. The end-to-end tests verified the entire treatment planning process.
High-throughput measurement of the influence of pH on hydrogen production from BaTiO3/TiO2 core/shell photocatalysts

Abstract The rates of hydrogen production from four different BaTiO3/TiO2 core/shell photocatalysts and their components were measured as a function of pH using a parallelized and automated photochemical reactor (PAPCR) to determine the optimized structure and pH condition for photochemical hydrogen production. The amount of hydrogen produced by each reactor in a 96-reactor array was quantified by the color change of a hydrogen-sensitive material. For the core/shell photocatalysts annealed at 600 °C, the increase in hydrogen production rate with pH at pH 3–9 is ascribed to the adsorption of more negatively charged species that bend the bands upward, promoting hole transport to the surface and the oxidation half reaction. At intermediate pH, the core/shell catalyst annealed at 600 °C had the highest reactivity, indicating that the generation and transport of charge carriers were improved by the BaTiO3/TiO2 core/shell structure. The results demonstrate that PAPCR is an effective way to compare the performance of hydrogen-producing catalysts with different structures and in different operating conditions.
Testing the Cross‐Cultural Generality of Hering's Theory of Color Appearance

This study examines the cross-cultural generality of Hering's (1878/1964) color-opponent theory of color appearance. English-speaking and Somali-speaking observers performed variants of two paradigms classically used to study color-opponency. First, both groups identified similar red, green, blue, and yellow unique hues. Second, 25 English-speaking and 34 Somali-speaking observers decomposed the colors present in 135 Munsell color samples into their component Hering elemental sensations-red,green,blue, yellow, white, and black-or else responded "no term." Both groups responded no term for many samples, notably purples. Somali terms for yellow were often used to name colors all around the color circle, including colors that are bluish according to Hering's theory. Four Somali Grue speakers named both green and blue elicitation samples by their term for green. However, that term did not name the union of all samples called blue or green by English speakers. A similar pattern was found among three Somali Achromatic speakers, who called the blue elicitation sample black or white. Thus, color decomposition by these Somali-speaking observers suggests a lexically influenced re-dimensionalization of color appearance space, rather than a simple reduction of the one proposed by Hering. Even some Somali Green-Blue speakers, whose data were otherwise similar to English, showed similar trends in yellow and blue usage. World Color Survey data mirror these results. These within- and cross-cultural violations of Hering's theory do not challenge the long-standing view that universal sensory processes mediate color appearance. However, they do demonstrate an important contribution of language in the human understanding of color.
The Persistence, Forecasting, and Valuation Implications of the Tax Change Component of Earnings

I examine whether earnings generated by changes in effective tax rates (the tax change component) persist and aid in forecasting future earnings. In addition, this study investigates to what extent investors incorporate the forecasting implications of the tax change component of earnings into stock prices. I find that there is a positive, significant association between the tax change component of earnings and future earnings. I use the interim reporting requirements of APB No. 28 (APB 1973) and FASB Interpretation No. 18 (FASB 1977) to further decompose the tax change component into an initial and a revised portion based on the first quarter estimate of the annual effective tax rates (ETR). I find that the initial tax change component is more persistent for future earnings than the revised tax change component. These results are consistent with my hypotheses that the initial and revised tax change components have differential persistence and forecasting implications, and dispute the broad notion advanced...
The Appeal of Vague Financial Forecasts

Prior findings suggest that managers often choose ranges to communicate their uncertainty in future earnings. We analyzed earnings forecasts over 11 years to test the association between the precision of management forecasts and the future earnings predictability. Firms with lower earnings predictability are more likely to choose range forecasts over point estimates than their more predictable counterparts, but the forecast imprecision does not increase as earnings predictability declines. We study investors’ attitudes to forecast precision and seek to understand how it affects their decisions. We argue that investors’ evaluations of earnings forecasts can be explained by a sequential non-compensatory two-stage process – First, investors determine whether a point or a range estimate is more appropriate for a particular instance based on the congruence principle. Then, they seek the most precise (narrowest) reasonable range in order to maximize informativeness. Results from three experiments indicate that, as predicted, the preference for (im)precision is non-monotonic – it peaks for low levels of imprecision and diminishes when the range gets wider. This preference for (less precise) narrow range forecasts is consistent with participants’ desire for congruent and informative estimates, and supports the claim that investors favor forecasts that are as precise as warranted by the information available, but not more precise.
The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum

In this book, Robert L. Kelly challenges the preconceptions that hunter-gatherers were Paleolithic relics living in a raw state of nature, instead crafting a position that emphasizes their diversity, and downplays attempts to model the original foraging lifeway or to use foragers to depict human nature stripped to its core. Kelly reviews the anthropological literature for variation among living foragers in terms of diet, mobility, sharing, land tenure, technology, exchange, male-female relations, division of labor, marriage, descent and political organization. Using the paradigm of human behavioral ecology, he analyzes the diversity in these areas and seeks to explain rather than explain away variability, and argues for an approach to prehistory that uses archaeological data to test theory rather than one that uses ethnographic analogy to reconstruct the past.
The effects of strain on crystal structure and properties during epitaxial growth of oxides

Abstract Perovskite oxides with the general formula AB O 3 exhibit a very rich structural phase diagram that can be effectively controlled during epitaxial and coherent thin-film growth by an important tuning parameter: biaxial strain imposed by the crystalline substrate. In contrast to the heteroepitaxy of semiconductor materials where electronic or optical properties are tailored by stress-induced stretching or compressing of interatomic bonds, the AB O 3 perovskites present an additional degree of freedom: rotations and tilts of the BO 6 octahedral unit as another route of the mismatch strain accommodation. In both cases of strain accommodation, the bonding across the coherent film–substrate interface has to be maintained, which in turn presents us with yet another tuning parameter: symmetry mismatch at the heteroepitaxial interface. All of these tuning parameters are tightly interrelated and usually dominate one over another at different length scales. Owing to the strong electron–lattice correlations in transition-metal oxides with AB O 3 perovskite-type structure, the described structural degrees of freedom can be successfully used to tune physical properties such as colossal magnetoresistance, ferroelectricity, superconductivity, charge ordering, and thermoelectricity.
Randomized Subspace Actions and Fusion Frames

A randomized subspace action algorithm is investigated for fusion frame signal recovery problems and for the problem of recovering a signal from projections onto random subspaces. It is noted that Kaczmarz bounds provide upper bounds on the algorithm’s error moments. The main question of which probability distributions on a random subspace lead to provably fast convergence is addressed. In particular, it is proved which distributions give minimal Kaczmarz bounds, and hence give best control on error moment upper bounds arising from Kaczmarz bounds. Uniqueness of the optimal distributions is also addressed.
Moral Judgment and Legal Theory

My theme is the role of moral judgment in legal theory. My thesis is that moral judgment provides an important constraint on various aspects of legal theory. I shall illustrate that thesis by discussing, first, the so-called "separation" of law and morals (Section I); secondly, legal interpretation (Section II); and thirdly, the "rule of law" ideal (Section III).
Epithelial Response to Enteric Pathogens: Activation of Chloride Secretory Pathways

This chapter focuses on the disruption of transcellular chloride secretion by microbial pathogens, with emphasis on recent advances in this field. A brief review of normal chloride secretion is outlined in the chapter. Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that lead to mislocalization, altered function, or expression of this protein have serious pathophysiological consequences. Cholera toxin (CT) from Vibrio cholerae and the type I and type II heat-labile enterotoxins (LTI and LTII) from Escherichia coli are the primary agents that mediate the diarrhea caused by these organisms. These toxins belong to the AB5 enterotoxin family. Clostridium difficile, the leading cause of nosocomial enteric infections, is a noninvasive pathogen that causes colitis entirely by the action of two potent exotoxins, toxin A and toxin B. Unlike CT and E. coli enterotoxin, which elicit secretion without an acute inflammatory component, C. difficile toxin triggers marked intestinal inflammation. In the normal intestine, increases in cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) lead to the phosphorylation and activation of the CFTR by the membrane-bound cGMP-dependent protein kinase II (PKGII) or by cross-activation of the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase. Calcium-dependent chloride secretion is a transient response even in the continued presence of the agonist. Secretion via the transcellular pathway is an exquisitely regulated process. Various pathogens and their toxins can directly disrupt these pathways, frequently by invoking multiple mechanisms.
A 0.021 µm 2 trigate SRAM cell with aggressively scaled gate and contact pitch

We present the highest density demonstration of CMOS technology reported to date featuring a 6T SRAM cell size of 0.021 µm2 (Fig. 1). The motivation for this work was to explore the limits of device patterning and basic module integration at dimensions relevant to the 10 nm node [1]. A trigate device architecture with a minimum contacted gate pitch (CGP) and minimum contacted fin pitch (CFP) of 50 nm was used as the target technology for this demonstration.
Stress shielding of femoral component with and without collar

Stress shielding in metallic implants used in total hip arthroplasty is often mentioned as the cause of loosening in many clinical cases. In this study the stress shielding was evaluated in Ti6Al4V alloy commercial femoral components with and without collar. The results from the strain gauge measurements showed that the stress shielding was lower for femoral components collar than that seen without collar.
Predictors of 30-day readmission and impact of same-day discharge in laparoscopic hysterectomy

Objective The objective of the study was to identify the predischarge predictors of 30-day readmission and the impact of same-day discharge after laparoscopic hysterectomy. Study Design Patients undergoing only laparoscopic hysterectomy with or without bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy participated in the study. Results The 30-day readmission rate was 3.1% (277 of 8890). Factors predictive of higher rates of readmission were diabetes (4.4% vs 3.0%; P = .03), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (8.5% vs 3.1%; P = .02), disseminated cancer (20% vs 3.1%; P P = .03), daily alcohol use of more than 2 drinks (12.5% vs 2.5%; P = .04), and bleeding disorder (10.8% vs 3%; P = .001). Operative factors included surgical time of 2 hours or greater (3.5% vs 2.7%; P = .014). After surgery, patients had a higher rate of readmission when they experienced any 1 or more complications prior to discharge, (6.9% vs 3.1%; P = .01) as well as any complication after discharge (3.6% vs 1.6%; P = .01). Infections (35.7%) and surgical complications (24.2%) were the most common reasons of readmissions. Of these patients, 20.9% were discharged the same day (n = 1855) and had a similar rate of readmission (2.6% vs 3.2%; P = n.s.). Laparoscopic hysterectomy readmission score (LHRS) can be calculated by assigning 1 point to diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, disseminated cancer, chronic steroid use, bleeding disorder, length of surgery of 2 hours or longer, and 2 points to any postoperative complication prior to discharge. Readmission rates for the LHRS score were score 1 (2.4%), score 2 (3.3%), score 3 (5.8%), or score 4 (9.5%). Conclusion The overall readmission rate after laparoscopic hysterectomy is low. Patients discharged the same day have similar rates of readmission. Higher LHRS is indicative of higher rates of readmission and may identify a population not suitable for same-day discharge and in need of higher vigilance to prevent readmissions.
Electrophoretic Variation in Escherichia coli from Natural Sources

At each of five loci in 829 Escherichia coli clones from 156 samples from diverse natural sources, electrophoretic analysis reveals a prominent mobility class (frequency over 0.70) and 2 to 11 distinct mobility classes at lower frequencies. The frequency distribution of the classes argues against the importance of neutral mutations in allozymic variation. Heterosis is not the universal cause of genic polymorphism.
3D walking based on online optimization

We present an optimization based real-time walking controller for a full size humanoid robot. The controller consists of two levels of optimization, a high level trajectory optimizer that reasons about center of mass and swing foot trajectories, and a low level controller that tracks those trajectories by solving a floating base full body inverse dynamics problem using Quadratic Programming. Our controller is capable of walking on rough terrain, and also achieves longer foot steps, faster walking speed, heel-strike and toe push-off. Results are demonstrated with Boston Dynamics' Atlas robot in simulation.
Intestinal Calcium Absorption Decreases Dramatically After Gastric Bypass Surgery Despite Optimization of Vitamin D Status

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery has negative effects on bone, mediated in part by effects on nutrient absorption. Not only can RYGB result in vitamin D malabsorption, but the bypassed duodenum and proximal jejunum are also the predominant sites of active, transcellular, 1,25(OH)2D-mediated calcium (Ca) uptake. However, Ca absorption occurs throughout the intestine, and those who undergo RYGB might maintain sufficient Ca absorption, particularly if vitamin D status and Ca intake are robust. We determined the effects of RYGB on intestinal fractional Ca absorption (FCA) while maintaining ample 25OHD levels (goal ≥30 ng/mL) and Ca intake (1200 mg daily) in a prospective cohort of 33 obese adults (BMI 44.7 ± 7.4 kg/m2). FCA was measured preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively with a dual stable isotope method. Other measures included calciotropic hormones, bone turnover markers, and BMD by DXA and QCT. Mean 6-month weight loss was 32.5 ± 8.4 kg (25.8% ± 5.2% of preoperative weight). FCA decreased from 32.7% ± 14.0% preoperatively to 6.9% ± 3.8% postoperatively (p < 0.0001), despite median (interquartile range) 25OHD levels of 41.0 (33.1 to 48.5) and 36.5 (28.8 to 40.4) ng/mL, respectively. Consistent with the FCA decline, 24-hour urinary Ca decreased, PTH increased, and 1,25(OH)2D increased (p ≤ 0.02). Bone turnover markers increased markedly, areal BMD decreased at the proximal femur, and volumetric BMD decreased at the spine (p < 0.001). Those with lower postoperative FCA had greater increases in serum CTx (ρ = −0.43, p = 0.01). Declines in FCA and BMD were not correlated over the 6 months. In conclusion, FCA decreased dramatically after RYGB, even with most 25OHD levels ≥30 ng/mL and with recommended Ca intake. RYGB patients may need high Ca intake to prevent perturbations in Ca homeostasis, although the approach to Ca supplementation needs further study. Decline in FCA could contribute to the decline in BMD after RYGB, and strategies to avoid long-term skeletal consequences should be investigated. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Enhanced induction of thyroid cell MHC class II antigen expression in rats highly responsive to thyroglobulin.

Initial experiments demonstrated that the degree of autoantibody and proliferative T cell responses to syngeneic rat thyroglobulin differed markedly between Buffalo (high responder) and Fisher (low responder) rats after classical immunization schedules. While varying immune responsiveness may be due to qualitative and quantitative T and B cell differences, the role of thyroid cell MHC class II antigens may be pivotal to the onset of autoimmune thyroiditis in such animal models. We, therefore, examined the induction of MHC class II antigens in thyroid monolayers derived from Buffalo and Fisher rats treated with methimazole (0.1% in their water) for 4 weeks to induce mild thyroid hyperplasia. After thyroidectomy, thyroid cell monolayers were prepared and exposed to recombinant rat gamma-interferon (gamma IF; 10-1000 U/ml) for 1-7 days in the presence and absence of TSH (1 mU/ml). Both Buffalo and Fisher thyroid monolayers responded to gamma IF with MHC class II antigen expression when assessed by laser flow cytometry using MRC OX-6 monoclonal anti-RT1.B. In both types of culture, TSH enhanced MHC class II antigen expression in the presence of gamma IF to the same degree. However, there was a consistently earlier and greater degree of MHC class II antigen expression in Buffalo thyroid monolayers compared to Fisher monolayers, a phenomenon not explicable on the basis of fibroblast contamination as assessed by cytokeratin staining. These data demonstrate that end-organ sensitivity to MHC class II antigen expression may be important in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease.
An ensemble classification approach for handling spatio-temporal drifts in partially labeled data streams

The classification of streaming data requires learning in an environment where the distribution of the incoming data might change continuously. Stream classification methodologies need to adapt to these changes under limitations of time and memory resources. As such, it is not possible to expect all the samples in the stream to be labeled, as labeling is often time consuming and expensive. In this paper a new ensemble classification approach is proposed, which can handle Spatio-Temporal drifts in streams even when the labeling is limited. The proposed methodology uses a grid density clustering approach to track drifts in the spatial configuration of the data, and maintains a set of classifier models local to each cluster, to track its evolution over time. Structured weighted aggregation of the models across all clusters is performed to produce an overall effective prediction on a new sample. Additionally, a uniform sampling approach amenable to the grid representation of the clusters is proposed, which selects samples to be labeled while preserving the grid density information of the stream. This provides for better selection of representative samples to be labeled, for improved drift detection and handling, while maintaining the labeling budget. Experimental comparison with state of the art drift handling systems shows that the proposed methodology is able to give a high classification performance, with a manageable ensemble size and with only 10% of the samples labeled.
Hydrophilous pollination and reproductive morphology in the seagrass Phyllospadix scouleri ( Zosteraceae )

In the seagrassPhyllospadix scouleri (Zosteraceae) floral aggregates (spadices) occur on short lateral axes produced by subordinate vegetative shoots. The filamentous pollen is both dispersed on the surface of the sea as well as below the surface. In surface pollination, snowflake-like search vehicles (pollen rafts) float and collide with any rigid female inflorescences that emerge from the water surface. In submarine pollination, collinear bundles of pollen grains are dispersed. Analysis of seed set indicates ovule position within the inflorescence to affect likelihood of fertilization in submarine, but not surface-pollinated inflorescences. Agamospermy appears to be unlikely, but the strongly female-biased shoot sex ratio remains to be explained.