cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE GRAVITY FIELD OF THE SATURNIAN SYSTEM FROM SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS AND SPACECRAFT TRACKING DATA

We present values for the masses of Saturn and its major satellites, the zonal harmonics in the spherical harmonic expansion of Saturn's gravitational potential, and the orientation of the pole of Saturn. We determined these values using an extensive data set: satellite astrometry from Earth-based observatories and the Hubble Space Telescope; Earth-based, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2 ring occultation measurements; Doppler tracking data from Pioneer 11; and Doppler tracking, radiometric range, and imaging data from Voyager 1, Voyager 2, and Cassini.
Mitigating Storage Side Channels Using Statistical Privacy Mechanisms

A storage side channel occurs when an adversary accesses data objects influenced by another, victim computation and infers information about the victim that it is not permitted to learn directly. We bring advances in privacy for statistical databases to bear on storage side-channel defense, and specifically demonstrate the feasibility of applying differentially private mechanisms to mitigate storage side channels in procfs, a pseudo file system broadly used in Linux and Android kernels. Using a principled design with quantifiable security, our approach injects noise into kernel data-structure values that are used to generate procfs contents, but also reestablishes invariants on these noised values so as to not violate assumptions on which procfs or its clients depend. We show that our modifications to procfs can be configured to mitigate known storage side channels while preserving its utility for monitoring and diagnosis.
Thrombophlebitis and disturbed hemostasis following administration of intravenous hematin in normal volunteers

Purpose Acute porphyria episodes are routinely treated with hematin, but side effects, including disturbances of hemostasis and peripheral thrombophlebitis, are associated with the compound's use. Thrombophlebitis is particularly troublesome in patients who require repeated administration of hematin, and may eventually lead to the placement of central venous lines or implantation of indwelling venous access ports. We undertook this study to determine whether only patients with porphyria experienced peripheral thrombophlebitis and disturbed hemostasis following administration of hematin, or if this was a general phenomenon that could also be observed in normal volunteers. Subjects and methods Hematin was administered intravenously in the doses customarily used in therapy of acute porphyria crises (4 mg/kg body weight) to nine normal male volunteers, who were screened by history, physical examination, routine blood cell counts, urinalysis, biochemical screening profile, and coagulation tests. Hemostasis tests were performed in each subject, and hematin concentrations were determined. Results Within the first 24 hours, the activated partial thromboplastin time was prolonged in all subjects (mean of 25 percent), the prothrombin time was increased in eight subjects (mean of 20 percent), and the thrombin time in five subjects rose (mean of 15 percent), whereas the concentration of circulating platelets decreased in three sub- jects (mean of 20 percent). In four subjects (45 percent), thrombophlebitis developed following hematin infusion. Conclusion Although hematin is frequently effective in the treatment of acute porphyria crises, it is often associated with abnormalities in coagulation and these effects also occur in normal volunteers.
Irradiation of foods‐an FDA perspective

Abstract Food irradiation has been a subject of controversy since its first use as a food process. This article reviews the legislative and regulatory history of food irradiation in the United States and the role of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, then and now. This article also discusses the status of FDA's regulations on food irradiation in the production, processing, and handling of food, as promulgated in the April 18, 1986, final rule, and reviews the safety, labeling, and current good manufacturing practice.
Portraits of Menopause in the Mass Media

This examination of menopause as presented by the popular print media was conducted in the context of furthering our understanding of the development of attitudes toward menopause. All articles indexed under "menopause" in the Reader's Guide in the years 1981, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1993, and 1994 were located and examined. The data revealed that, although there has been an increase in the frequency of articles on menopause in the last 15 years, the media's portrayal of menopause is problematic in several respects: (a) in spite of the increased attention, the information available on menopause through the popular media is minimal and insufficient; (b) there was little variability in terms of perspective, discipline, or focus; almost all were focused on menopause as a negative experience or disease and in need of medical treatment; (c) there was considerable contradiction and inconsistency among the articles with respect to descriptions of menopause and intervention advice for menopausal women; (d) aging, stress, life-style factors, race and ethnicity, exercise and diet were, with few exceptions, ignored or trivialized.
On Application of Fast and Adaptive Periodic Battle-Lemarie Wavelets to Modeling of Multiple Lossy Transmission Lines

In this paper, the continuous operator is discretized into matrix forms by Galerkin's procedure, using periodic Battle?Lemarie wavelets as basis/testing functions. The polynomial decomposition of wavelets is applied to the evaluation of matrix elements, which makes the computational effort of the matrix elements no more expensive than that of method of moments (MoM) with conventional piecewise basis/testing functions. A new algorithm is developed employing the fast wavelet transform (FWT). Owing to localization, cancellation, and orthogonal properties of wavelets, very sparse matrices have been obtained, which are then solved by the LSQR iterative method. This algorithm is also adaptive in that one can add at will finer wavelet bases in the regions where fields vary rapidly, without any damage to the system orthogonality of the wavelet basis functions. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the new algorithm, we applied it to the evaluation of frequency-dependent resistance and inductance matrices of multiple lossy transmission lines. Numerical results agree with previously published data and laboratory measurements. The valid frequency range of the boundary integral equation results has been extended two to three decades in comparison with the traditional MoM approach. The new algorithm has been integrated into the computer aided design tool, MagiCAD, which is used for the design and simulation of high-speed digital systems and multichip modules Panet al. IEEE Trans. Hyb. Manuf. Technol.15(4), 465 (1992).
Atomistic View of the Conformational Activation of Src Kinase Using the String Method with Swarms-of-Trajectories

The inactive-to-active conformational transition of the catalytic domain of human c-Src tyrosine kinase is characterized using the string method with swarms-of-trajectories with all-atom explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations. The activation process occurs in two main steps in which the activation loop (A-loop) opens first, followed by the rotation of the αC helix. The computed potential of mean force energy along the activation pathway displays a local minimum, which allows the identification of an intermediate state. These results show that the string method with swarms-of-trajectories is an effective technique to characterize complex and slow conformational transitions in large biomolecular systems.
The absence of a matrilineally based dominance system in sooty mangabeys, Cercocebus torquatus atys

Abstract Abstract. Sooty mangabeys, Cercocebus torquatus atys, exhibit a dominance hierarchy that is unrelated to matrilineal kinship except during the first years of life. A cross-sectional analysis showed that young mangabeys, from infancy to approximately 3 years of age, rank just below their mothers, although thereafter generally attain higher rank than their mother. There is a sex difference in the rank animals eventually achieve. Although males and females generally begin to attain higher rank at about the same age, males between the ages of 5 and 6 years ultimately rank above all females. A multiple regression analysis showed that sex, age and maternal rank significantly predicted an individual's rank with a multiple correlation coefficient of 0·73. No relationship existed between dominance rank of adult females and age or weight. Moreover, no relationship was found between the rank of adult females and that of their younger adult sisters. Thus, these data demonstrate that the dominance system in this species initially depends upon maternal rank, then later upon sex and other unknown factors, a pattern which does not fit the Kawai and Kawamura model of inheritance of maternal dominance rank (1958, Primates, 1, 111-130, 149-156).
Electron microscopy of chromatin.

Abstract Electron microscopy, with its ability to image DNA and nucleosomes, can provide a key visual link in the understanding of chromatin conformation. We discuss applications of EM to current chromatin research with emphasis on strategies that eliminate many of the potential problems associated with conventional EM preparative techniques. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of isolated chromatin, whereby samples are imaged “in solution” in thin vitrified films, is considered in detail, with emphasis on the recovery of three-dimensional information and on its application to linker DNA conformation and to salt-induced compaction. Factors that currently limit the technique, and the prospects of overcoming them, are also considered.
New Information-Based Econometric Methods in Agricultural Economics: Discussion

The three papers presented at this session involve interesting and useful applications of the maxent and Bayesian approaches to the analysis of important problems. Foster and White (FW) use Bayesian and maxent techniques to analyze an option pricing problem, Golan, Moretti, and Perloff (GMP) employ maxent in the analysis of ajob choice problem involving the use of a sample selection model, and LaFrance (LF) analyzes an important food nutrition problem using a Bayesian methodof-moments maxent procedure. The papers illustrate the fact that Bayesian and maxent procedures are useful in these and other applications. Further, GMP and LF have compared alternative maxent and other approaches in their papers in a scientific effort to appraise their relative merits. The authors are to be
Dithiocarbamates of Improved Efficacy for the Mobilization of Retained Cadmium from Renal and Hepatic Deposits

The preparation and properties of two novel cadmium-mobilizing dithiocarbamates namely, sodium N-(4-methylbenzyl)-and sodium N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-glucamine-N-carbo dithioates derived from alpha-lactose and substituted benzylamines are described. These compounds are more effective than previously prepared compounds of this type for the mobilization of cadmium from its aged deposits in both the liver and the kidneys. An examination of the structural features of the more effective compounds for the mobilization of cadmium from its aged deposits reveals that the combination of a high molecular weight with a suitable amphipathic structure in which the polar and non-polar groups are in an appropriate balance are key features. A histopathological evaluation of the animals from which cadmium is removed by these compounds indicates no variations from the normal for the kidney and no evidence of hepatic damage resulting from the removal of the cadmium. On the basis of the trends observed in cadmium mobilizing efficacy, there are grounds for suspecting that agents which are significantly more effective than any prepared so far, should also be accessible.
Conversion to small-incision phacoemulsification : experience with the first 50 eyes

Conversion from extracapsular cataract surgery to small-incision phacoemulsification is inevitably associated with a learning curve. Retrospective analysis of one surgeon's learning curve was carried out on the first 50 consecutive operations using small-incision phacoemulsification. Parameters were evaluated, including postoperative acuity and astigmatism at eight days, three weeks, three months, and six months. A comparison of the results of the first 25 operations and the subsequent 25 showed statistically significant differences only in acuity at eight days and cylinder at three months. The most frequent complication was corneal edema lasting at least one week. With careful preparation, proper patient selection, and meticulous technique, the learning curve for converting from extracapsular surgery to small-incision phacoemulsification does not necessarily increase the complication rate.
Direct and indirect actions of dopamine on tracheal smooth muscle.

The effects of dopamine (DA) were studied on guinea-pig isolated tracheal chains. At a low concentration (10−6M) DA occasionally produced a small contraction; this was followed by a dose-dependent relaxation 3×10−6–3×10−3 M). On a molar basis, DA was about 40 times less potent than noradrenaline (NA) in relaxing tracheal chains, and about 2700 times less potent than isoprenaline (ISO). The maximum degree of relaxation obtained with each drug was the same. Pretreatment of the guinea-pig with reserpine (5 mg/kg) resulted in a 3-fold shift of the DA curve to the right without concomitantly affecting the ISO doseresponse curve. Reserpine completely abolished the relaxant effects of tyramine, but a small contractile response remained. Desipramine (DMI), at a concentration of 10−5 M, caused a 4-fold shift of the DA curve to th right. The same concentration of DMI resulted in a shift to the left of the NA dose-response curve by about 8-fold. Benztropine (10−5 M) and haloperidol (10−5 M and 3×10−5 M) did not affect the DA dose-response curve. The DA-induced relaxation was inhibited by propranolol (10−8–10−6 M) in a dose-dependent manner. The higher concentrations of propranolol (10−7 and 10−6 M) unmasked the contractile effect of DA. In the presence of propranolol, phentolamine (10−5 M) abolished the contractile effect of DA. It is concluded that DA has both direct and indirect actions on guinea-pig isolated tracheal smooth muscle. The relaxant effects of DA are predominantly due to a direct action on smooth muscle β-adrenoceptors, with a component due to release of NA from adrenergic nerves. The contractile effects, which under normal conditions are masked by the relaxant effect of DA, are mediated by functional α-adrenoceptors. There is no evidence for either specific dopaminergic nerves, uptake mechanisms or receptors in guinea-pig trachealis muscle.
Older Parents and Adult Daughters: A Comparison of Communication and Coping During the Decision to Move to a Care Facility

This study sought to understand the ways that adult daughters and their parents make sense of the older adult’s aging and one another’s changing roles within the context of the decision to move a p...
β-Aminoisobutyric acid as a marker of thymine catabolism in malignancy

Urine from untreated patients with various tumours and controls has been examined for the excretion of beta-aminoisobutyric acid and uric acid. The patients were classified into four groups: I, beta-aminoisobutyric acid and uric acid both normal; II, beta-aminoisobutyric acid normal, uric acid elevated; III, beta-aminoisobutyric acid elevated, uric acid normal; IV, beta-aminoisobutyric acid and uric acid both elevated. Uric acid was used as an indicator for tissue-breakdown. Pseudouridine being a specific parameter for t-RNA degradation was estimated for comparison. Increased urinary concentrations of beta-aminoisobutyric acid were frequently found in tumour patients, especially in patients with leukaemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Tissue breakdown being the cause of the beta-aminoisobutyric aciduria could only be considered in part of the patients. Moreover, strongly elevated ratios of beta-aminoisobutyric acid to uric acid were found. Urinary patterns of pyrimidines and purines were determined in order to exclude other abnormalities. The results are discussed in relation to thymine metabolism and renal function.
Movements and habitat use by grass carp in a large mainstream reservoir

Abstract Triploid grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella were experimentally stocked in a large, open, mainstream reservoir on the Tennessee River so we could describe their movement and dispersion patterns and determine if areas infested with hydrilla Hydrilla verticillata were preferentially used. Radio transmitters were surgically implanted in 25 immature grass carp in 1987 and 10 mature fish in 1988. Dispersion and use of vegetated habitat were analyzed separately for summer (warmwater) and fall-spring (coldwater) periods for grass carp stocked in 1987. The fish moved an average of 2.2 km (0.5–6.3 km) during summer 1987 and 0.4 km during the fall-spring period. The grass carp marked in 1987 tended to move upstream during the summer, ranged over an average area of only 0.10 km2 (0.02–0.30 km2), and moved even less during the fall-spring period. The submersed plant communities most used by the grass carp in 1987 were dominated by hydrilla and all relocated fish were in vegetated areas. The adult grass carp ...
Cognitive Maps Beyond the Hippocampus

We present a conceptual framework for the role of the hippocampus and its afferent and efferent structures in rodent navigation. Our proposal is compatible with the behavioral, neurophysiological, anatomical, and neuropharmacological literature, and suggests a number of practical experiments that could support or refute it. We begin with a review of place cells and how the place code for an environment might be aligned with sensory cues and updated by self-motion information. The existence of place fields in the dark suggests that location information is maintained by path integration, which requires an internal representation of direction of motion. This leads to a consideration of the organization of the rodent head direction system, and thence into a discussion of the computational structure and anatomical locus of the path integrator. If the place code is used in navigation, there must be a mechanism for selecting an action based on this information. We review evidence that the nucleus accumbens subserves this function. From there, we move to interactions between the hippocampal system and the environment, emphasizing mechanisms for learning novel environments and for aligning the various subsystems upon re-entry into familiar environments. We conclude with a discussion of the relationship between navigation and declarative memory. Hippocampus 7:15–35, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Oncology in the digital health age.

Health information technology is frequently cited as a fundamental driver enabling health care reform. This Perspective reviews the ways ASCO has been engaged in giving form to this vision and its own vision of the role of digital health in accelerating progress against cancer.
Whole-Genome Sequence of the Human Pathogen Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 12 Strain 570-CO-H

We present the genomic sequence of the human pathogen Legionella pneumophila serogroup 12 strain 570-CO-H (ATCC 43290), a clinical isolate from the Colorado Department of Health, Denver, CO. This is the first example of a genome sequence of L. pneumophila from a serogroup other than serogroup 1. We highlight the similarities and differences relative to six genome sequences that have been reported for serogroup 1 strains.
SPANISH INTERNATIONAL NETWORK The Flow of Television from Mexico to the United States

The Spanish International Network (SIN) is a U.S. network that imports television programs from Mexico to the United States. It is a subsidiary of the Mexican privately owned television monopoly, Televisa. SIN totally dominates the Spanish-language television market and has become the fourth largest commercial network in the United States. This is a very unusual case in that SIN's existence and success cannot be explained within the current international media flow paradigms. In this article the authors describe how entrepreneurial elements in Mexico utilized the political environment of both countries along with the most sophisticated technology available in the United States in order to create a market for Mexican TV programs. The success of their venture eliminated all U.S. competitors. As a result, the question of cultural domination is raised here in an entirely new form, one that requires a reanalysis of previous explanations.
Responses of the ribbed mussel, Geukensia demissa, to the harmful algae Aureococcus anophagefferens and Heterosigma akashiwo

The ribbed mussel (Geukensia demissa) is a keystone species in the salt marshes of the North American Atlantic coast. We investigated the clearance rates (CRs) and pathology of ribbed mussels exposed to cultures of two toxic algae,Aureococcus anophagefferens and Heterosigma akashiwo, for 5 d and contrasted the results with mussels fed the nontoxic alga Tetraselmis chui. We also conducted a separate, in vitro experiment in which we exposed extracted mussel haemocytes to the three different algae, their respective media and sea water, as a toxicity bioassay. Results show that mussels exposed to either of the toxic algae had significantly decreased CRs during the entire exposure period. Histopathology revealed thinner digestive tubules, gonad reabsorption and a decrease in gill ciliates in response to both toxic algal species. There was a significant increase in mortality of haemocytes exposed in vitro to both toxic algae compared with seawater controls. Results suggest that ribbed mussel feeding behaviour and physiology can be impacted in several ways by harmful algae, which could undermine their contribution to pelagic-benthic coupling processes.
Status of particle beam and pulsed power research in the US

Many exciting papers were presented at BEAMS2002 on the topics of high-power particle beams, pulsed power research, and applications. Taken in their entirety, they represent a snapshot of the world's efforts in these areas of research. This paper highlights major US research efforts and collaborative efforts outside the US.
Non-fragile state feedback H-infinity control for discrete-time systems with quantized signals

This paper presents a study on the problem of non-fragile state feedback H-infinity controller design for linear discrete-time systems with quantized signals. The quantizers considered here are dynamic and time-varying. With the consideration of controller gain variations and quantized signals at the same time, a new non-fragile H-infinity control strategy is proposed with updating quantizer’s parameters, such that the quantized closed-loop system is asymptotically stable and with a prescribed H-infinity performance bound. An example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Gender in Archaeology: Analyzing Power and Prestige.

Gender in Archaeology: Analyzing Power and Prestige. Sarah Milledge Nelson. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 1997. 240 pp.
Escaping the Resource Curse? Lessons from Kentucky Coal Counties

The paradox of the resource curse is a pressing concern for many of the worlds poorest states. If natural resource abundance, in and of itself, leads to negative economic and political outcomes, then the future looks grim indeed for much of the world. Yet, the oft-cited correlation between natural resources and poor development rests upon troubled empirical foundations. The measure commonly used to capture resource abundance is a complex construction prone to generating spurious results. This paper thus seeks to contribute to our understanding of the resource curse by turning to a new data context where precise and easily interpretable measures for natural resource abundance, production, and rents can be constructed: Kentucky coal counties. Four central hypotheses of the resource curse literature are analyzed: (1) that resource abundance retards growth, that resource rents lead to (2) under-taxation by the government and (3) the diversion of funds away from the provision of public goods, and (4) that resource abundance and/or rents increase corruption. The results encourage hope on the political level while simultaneously suggesting a more intractable economic dilemma. Coal counties do suffer from lower long-term growth rates. Moreover, the evidence suggests that this effect has little to do with typical, more "fixable," macroeconomic explanations and more to do with the underlying geology of the land or with the nature of resource production processes. Mines inevitably shut down as they exhaust accessible supplies and extraction moves to a new location. Where the land is unsuitable for alternative productive activity, the local economy may simply collapse, leaving no stable base for growth. On the other hand, there is little evidence to support the theoretical mechanisms linking natural resources to poor governance: Kentucky counties benefiting from coal rents not only tax their publics at higher rates, but they also spend more per student on education and are no more vulnerable to corruption than other counties.
Decoding key nodes in the metabolism of cancer cells: sugar & spice and all things nice

In the past 5 years, a convergence of studies has resulted in a broad appreciation in the cancer research community that reprogramming of cellular metabolism may be more central to cancer than appreciated in the past 30 years. The re-emergence of cancer metabolism stems in part from discoveries that a number of common oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes more directly control cell metabolism than previously thought. In addition, a number of what would previously have been called “card-carrying” metabolic enzymes have been identified as human tumor suppressors or oncogenes, causally mutated in a variety of human cancers. This growing appreciation of the role of altered cell metabolism has led to further investigation into the rate-limiting proteins involved in different aspects of the unique metabolism of tumor cells. Targeting cancer metabolism with drugs requires a therapeutic window in which tumor cells, compared to normal tissues, have a greater dependence on specific metabolic enzymes. Themes that have emerged in the past decade of developing oncogene-targeted cancer therapeutics suggest that tumors with distinct oncogenic lesions are likely to require drugs that target distinct metabolic pathways. Ultimately, the hope is that detailed knowledge of oncogene and tumor suppressor gene functions and their effects on metabolism will lead to drug combinations that will be far more effective in treating cancers.
Transient behavior of single-phase natural-circulation loop systems

A useful method is reported for calculating temperatures and rates of flow in the unsteady-state operation of natural-circulation loops in single phase. A one-dimensional mathematical model is used with the assumptions that (1) at any instant the volumetric rate of flow is constant around the loop and (2) steady-state friction factors can be applied in transient operations. The loop, consisting of a heat source, heat sink, hot leg, cold leg, and connecting piping, is divided into a number of finite increments. The transient behavior is calculated by the iterative application of the finite-difference momentum and energy balances. Numerical computations made for several cases of transient operations were carried out with the aid of the Standard Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC). Comparisons of predicted with actual performances were checked by use of two experimental loops employing water and found satisfactory.
The M06 suite of density functionals for main group thermochemistry, thermochemical kinetics, noncovalent interactions, excited states, and transition elements: two new functionals and systematic testing of four M06-class functionals and 12 other functionals

We present two new hybrid meta exchange- correlation functionals, called M06 and M06-2X. The M06 functional is parametrized including both transition metals and nonmetals, whereas the M06-2X functional is a high-nonlocality functional with double the amount of nonlocal exchange (2X), and it is parametrized only for nonmetals.The functionals, along with the previously published M06-L local functional and the M06-HF full-Hartree–Fock functionals, constitute the M06 suite of complementary functionals. We assess these four functionals by comparing their performance to that of 12 other functionals and Hartree–Fock theory for 403 energetic data in 29 diverse databases, including ten databases for thermochemistry, four databases for kinetics, eight databases for noncovalent interactions, three databases for transition metal bonding, one database for metal atom excitation energies, and three databases for molecular excitation energies. We also illustrate the performance of these 17 methods for three databases containing 40 bond lengths and for databases containing 38 vibrational frequencies and 15 vibrational zero point energies. We recommend the M06-2X functional for applications involving main-group thermochemistry, kinetics, noncovalent interactions, and electronic excitation energies to valence and Rydberg states. We recommend the M06 functional for application in organometallic and inorganometallic chemistry and for noncovalent interactions.
Achieving radical change: Social movements and the partisan promise

US academic Daniel Schlozman traces the difficult history of American radicalism, where social movements and mainstream politics come together. The rules of engagement are neither clear nor fair, he argues, but each side needs the other in order to build support and drive change.
Time and Time Again: The Phylogeny of Melatonin as a Transducer of Biological Time

The circadian secretion of melatonin is a critical component in circadian and seasonal rhythms in many vertebrate species. This hormone is produced by photoreceptors and cell types derived from photoreceptors in vertebrate retinas and pineal complexes via circadian regulation of the biosynthetic enzymes arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. The question of whether other multicellular animals and organisms from other taxa produce melatonin in a homologously regulated pathway is at this point unclear, but preliminary evidence suggests that vertebrate and insect melatonin are produced by convergent or parallel phylogenies. The existence and function of algal and plant melatonin is worthy of further study but is unresolved at this point. In vertebrates, the role of melatonin in behavioral and systems physiology follows two phylogenetic patterns. First, the circadian regulation of visual system structures, including the ...
Implications of Helicobacter pylori infection for stomach cancer prevention

Accumulating evidence has implicated Helicobacter pylori, an established cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer, in the etiology of gastric cancer. Control of this infection would reduce the occurrence of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer and might substantially lower the risk of stomach cancer as well. The public health impact of this infectious agent warrants efforts to identify preventive measures. This paper reviews the evidence linking H. pylori infection to gastric cancer and evaluates the potential for control in high-risk populations. Current obstacles to H. pylori control are discussed, including the link to poor socioeconomic conditions, difficulty in identifying incident cases, lack of natural immunity to reinfection, limited effectiveness of antibiotic therapy in high-prevalence populations, and incomplete knowledge regarding the reservoir of infection, mode of transmission, host susceptibility factors, and the potential for developing an effective vaccine. Worthwhile avenues of research include studies designed to identify modifiable risk factors for acquisition of the infection, modifiable host factors that may increase resistance to chronic infection, more effective antibiotic therapies, and effective vaccines.
A new model of topographic effects on the distribution of loess

A model of topographic influence on the regional transport and accumulation of loess in sparsely vegetated landscapes is proposed, based on the critical role played by saltating eolian sand in the entrainment and long-distance transport of finer-grained suspended dust. In this model, long-term accumulation of loess occurs mainly downwind of topographic obstacles that limit eolian transport of sand, and associated re-entrainment of dust. Regional and local patterns of distribution of late Wisconsinan loess in parts of the Upper Mississippi River basin are closely related to the distribution of topographic obstacles to sand transport. These cases of topographic influence occur in a region where evidence exists for sparse tundra-like vegetation during the deposition of loess in the late Wisconsinan. Similar topographic effects may not be evident further south in the Missouri and Mississippi River basins because vegetation density was generally sufficient to prevent the movement of eolian sand out of source valleys. Thus, topographic obstacles and dense vegetation may have similar effects on loess distribution under different environmental conditions.
Quantitative analysis and stability of the rodenticide TETS (tetramine) in finished tap water

The determination of the rodenticide tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS) in drinking water is reportable through the use of automated sample preparation via solid phase extraction and detection using isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method was characterized over twenty-two analytical batches with quality control samples. Accuracies for low and high concentration quality control pools were 100 and 101%, respectively. The minimum reporting level (MRL) for TETS in this method is 0.50 μg L−1. Five drinking waters representing a range of water quality parameters and disinfection practices were fortified with TETS at ten times the MRL and analyzed over a 28 day period to determine the stability of TETS in these waters. The amount of TETS measured in these samples averaged 100 ± 6% of the amount fortified suggesting that tap water samples may be held for up to 28 days prior to analysis.
Synchrotron and inverse Compton constraints on Lorentz violations for electrons

We present a method for constraining Lorentz violation in the electron sector, based on observations of the photons emitted by high-energy astrophysical sources. The most important Lorentz-violating operators at the relevant energies are parametrized by a tensor ${c}^{\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\mu}}$ with nine independent components. If $c$ is nonvanishing, then there may be either a maximum electron velocity less than the speed of light or a maximum energy for subluminal electrons; both these quantities will generally depend on the direction of an electron's motion. From synchrotron radiation, we may infer a lower bound on the maximum velocity, and from inverse Compton emission, a lower bound on the maximum subluminal energy. With observational data for both these types of emission from multiple celestial sources, we may then place bounds on all nine of the coefficients that make up $c$. The most stringent bound, on a certain combination of the coefficients, is at the $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}20}$ level, and bounds on the coefficients individually range from the $7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ level to the $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ level. For most of the coefficients, these are the most precise bounds available, and with newly available data, we can already improve over previous bounds obtained by the same methods.
The Mechanics of Dislocations in Strained-Layer Semiconductor Materials

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mechanics of dislocations in strained-layer semiconductor materials. A principal difficulty with strained-layer structures is that the stress associated with the strain gives rise to a driving force for structural defects in the strained-layer lattice. The means of controlling these defects has become a concern of central importance in the field. The elastic energy stored in a crystal associated with an applied stress field can be reduced by the advance of a dislocation through that crystal, and this effect leads to the concept of an applied force on a dislocation, defined as the reduction of the mechanical energy of the body associated with an advance of the dislocation. On the other hand, the presence of a free surface leads to a counter effect. In this chapter, selected properties of the stress and deformation fields of dislocations in elastic bodies are summarized in Section II. Of particular interest are the fields of a long, straight dislocation in a half-space for the case when the dislocation line is parallel to the free surface. Section III discusses isolated dislocation in a strained layer. Section IV analyzes the driving force in more complex situations.
While We’re at It, Let’s Whack the FDA

The author takes issue with aspects of the Reciprocity Ensures Streamlined Use of Lifesaving Treatments (RESULT) bill and recounts the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s recent record on cancer drug approvals.
Cancer-related TTP: Role of plasma exchange

e13527 Background: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a multisystemic disease classically described by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, fever, neurologic manifestation...
Express Yourself

Multimedia technology is fostering new developments in the arts and in online services that create customized, multimedia content based on personal photos and videos.
Observations of modified three-dimensional instability structure for imploding z-pinch liners that are premagnetized with an axial field.

Novel experimental data are reported that reveal helical instability formation on imploding $z$-pinch liners that are premagnetized with an axial field. Such instabilities differ dramatically from the mostly azimuthally symmetric instabilities that form on unmagnetized liners. The helical structure persists at nearly constant pitch as the liner implodes. This is surprising since, at the liner surface, the azimuthal drive field presumably dwarfs the axial field for all but the earliest stages of the experiment. These fundamentally 3D results provide a unique and challenging test for 3D-magnetohydrodynamics simulations.
Abstract 12262: Clinical and Echocardiographic Predictors of Bioprosthetic Valve Thrombosis

Background: Bioprosthetic valve thrombosis (BPVT) is considered uncommon; this may be related to the fact that it is often unrecognized. Our objectives were to determine the clinical characteristic...
Analysis and Application of Related Technique with InfoPath

Microsoft Office InfoPath is a kind of hybrid tool,which gathers the essence of the traditional document edit technique(e.g.the word processing procedure or E-mail application) and the strict data capture function of forms together.Considering the limitation of the traditional forms and documents collecting data,it has analyzed the problems that InfoPath should solve,then discussed the design principles and XML sector standard that resolve these problems,and finally brought forth the application of InfoPath in enterprise information as an ideal Web client.
Optimization of Markov Estimation Algorithm for Multistatic Radar Positioning

Through studying on Markov estimation algorithm for multistatic radar positioning,a simplified positioning algorithm is proposed to solve the problem that error covariance matrix is non-positive definite. Simulation and analysis of the GDOP(Geometrical Dilution of Position) curve prove that this positioning algorithm is effective,and the computation efficiency is remarkably improved.
Inhibition of ADAMTS13 Activity By Human Neutrophil Peptide 1 (HNP-1): Potential Link Between Inflammation, Onset of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, and Other Thrombosis

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a potentially fatal syndrome associated with severe deficiency of plasma ADAMTS13 activity resulting from either mutations or autoantibodies. However, patients with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency do not always develop TTP. Rather, a trigger, such as infection or inflammation, often precedes the onset of the TTP syndrome. We hypothesized that antimicrobial human neutrophil peptides 1-3 (HNPα1-3) or α-defensins, the most abundant proteins in the granules of neutrophils, which are released at site of inflammation, activate platelets, and inhibit fibrinolysis, might help to initiate TTP. This question arose because we noted that the amino acid sequences of HNPα1-3, which are nearly identical except for one residue at the N-terminus, all contain a motif (RRY) similar to exosite 3 (659RRYGEEY665) in the spacer domain of ADAMTS13 (Fig. 1) that was shown to be critical for recognition of von Willebrand factor (VWF). Here, we found that both purified and synthetic HNPα1 bind to FRETS-VWF73 and plasma-derived VWF and inhibit proteolytic cleavage of these substrates in a concentration-dependent manner. At the final concentrations of 10 micro mol/L and 150 micro mol/L, HNPα1 completely abolished the cleavage of FRETS-VWF73 (IC50=3.5 micro mol/L) (Fig. 2) and VWF (IC50=75 micro mol/L) (not shown), respectively. Such concentrations are readily attained locally after systemic infection. Deletion or alanine substitution within the RRY motif of HNPα1 completely abolished its ability to inhibit ADAMTS13 activity assessed by FRETS-VWF73 and VWF multimer analysis. This suggests that an interaction of the RRY motif in HNPα1 with the central A2 domain of VWF is required to mediate its inhibition. In support of this hypothesis, HNPα1 interacts with a human monoclonal antibody against ADAMTS13 scFv (the single chain fragment of variable region) designated 4-20, but not scFv3-1, both isolated by phage display from patients with acquired autoimmune TTP. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry has shown that the binding site for scFv4-20, but not scFv3-1, contains the RRY sequence. These results suggest that HNPα1-3 released from neutrophils following infection or inflammation may inhibit residual plasma ADAMTS13 activity in vivo similar to anti-ADAMTS13 autoantibodies by interfering with its interaction with VWF, thereby triggering the onset of hereditary and acquired autoimmune TTP. Our findings suggest a potential novel link between systemic inflammation and the pathogenesis of TTP and possibility other thrombotic sequelae. ![Figure 2][1] Figure 2 ![Figure 1][1] Figure 1 Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: pending:yes
The Context of Political Censorship in Nineteenth-Century Europe

The nineteenth century was a period of unprecedentedly great change in Europe, which drastically transformed the social, economic, political and cultural landscapes of the continent. As J. M. Roberts has written, ‘A man born in 1800 who lived out the psalmist’s span of three-score years and ten could have seen the world more changed in his lifetime than it had been in the previous thousand years.’1
Redefinition of Precedent: The Influence of Justice Scalia

When Supreme Court justices write majority opinions establishing standards to be applied in subsequent cases, the originators of those standards do not control how legal standards are later used by other justices. Justice Scalia asserted significant influence by taking two rights-expanding precedents established through opinions by Justice Marshall and strategically manipulating characterizations of those precedents to produce rights-limiting decisions with far-reaching consequences. Scalia selectively utilized precedents and reasoning to change the law governing prison conditions and prisoners’ access to law libraries. Scalia’s selective alteration of precedent illustrated the malleability of legal language and the existence of strategic opportunities to shift the development of law in new directions without overruling existing precedents.
Beckwith–Wiedemann Syndrome and Primary Lymphedema of the Lower Extremity

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is the most common genetic overgrowth syndrome. Patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome may have hemihypertrophy, but their lymphatic vasculature is intact. We present a child with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and lower extremity enlargement thought to be due to hemihypertrophy that was instead diagnosed with primary lymphedema. There are many causes of leg overgrowth in the pediatric population and misdiagnosis is common. While extremity enlargement secondary to hemihypertrophy may occur in 15% of patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, progression and pitting edema only occur in primary lymphedema. This report highlights the importance of ensuring an accurate diagnosis so that patients are managed appropriately.
Blended deformable models

We develop a new class of parameterized models based on the linear interpolation of two parameterized shapes using a blending function. Using a small number of additional parameters, blending extends the coverage of shape primitives. In particular, it offers the ability to construct shapes whose genus can change. Blended models are incorporated into a physics-based shape estimation framework which uses dynamic deformable models with global and local deformations. We present experiments involving the extraction of complex shapes, including an example of dynamic genus change. >
Practical analysis of general shear zones using the porphyroclast hyperbolic distribution method: An Example from the Scandinavian Caledonides

The porphyroclast hyperbolic distribution (PHD) method of kinematic vorticity analysis draws heavily upon the pioneering work of Ghosh and Ramberg (1976), among others. In general shear zones, rigid ellipsoidal grains may rotate either forwards (with the sense of shear) or backwards (counter to the sense of shear) according to their axial ratios and orientations. Grains of a critical shape have their forward motion exactly countered by backward motion in response to the pure shear component of deformation. When plotted on the hyperbolic net, the axial ratios and orientations of these easily recognizable ‘stable end’ grains define a hyperbola asymptotic to the eigenvectors of flow.