cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilizing a Simulation Approach for Data Analytics Pedagogy

Disciplines such as information systems, finance, and accounting largely depend on analytics processes and applications to create value. Nevertheless, most organizations underutilize their analytic...
The Myth of Protecting the Public Interest: The Case of the Missing Mandate in Federal Securities Law

Protecting the public interest is at the core of federal securities laws. To protect the public interest is the mission of the Securities and Exchange Commission and its raison d’etre. At least, that is what the public is encouraged to believe. Protecting the public interest in Federal securities laws has been blindly accepted without questioning the basic assumption that the purpose of securities laws is to protect the public interest. However, a recent analysis of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 (“’34 Act”) has shown that protecting the public interest in the ’34 Act is a myth and that it is not the public interest, or even investors’ interests, that the ’34 Act was primarily intended to protect, but the market interest. Contrary to popular belief, protecting investors’ interests is not the primary purpose of the securities laws, and protecting investors’ interests is merely derivative of the primary purpose—protecting the market interest—and protecting the public interest is non-existent. As 1 Wm. Dennis Huber. Public Accounting and the Myth of the Public Interest. 16 J. OF ACCT., ETHICS & PUB. POL’Y 251, 255-59 (2015). 2 Id. 1 Huber: The Myth of Protecting the Public Interest: The Case of the Missi Published by Digital Commons at Michigan State University College of Law, 2016 402 Journal of Business & Securities Law [Vol. 16 the Supreme Court has recently commented, “The magnitude of the federal interest in protecting the integrity and efficiency of the national securities market cannot be overstated.” Recognizing the true purpose of federal securities laws and the reasons for creating the Securities and Exchange Commission (“Commission” or “SEC”) provides a greater understanding of the policy underlying the decisions (including rule-making and enforcement actions) of the SEC. It changes the nature of discourse concerning the best type of regulatory regime.
What Is the Value of a Vote? Or Black and Latinx Communities as Part-Object

“Biden wasn’t my preference” is a common refrain on the Left.For me it wasn’t just his checkered history on “law and order,”racial and economicjustice and genderequity.He called back to the Obama y...
Surface plasmon resonance is possible in an optical fiber tapered to a point

Surface plasmon resonance sensing using a flat surface or weakly narrowed fiber has been shown to be a sensitive indicator of probe environment. We report that surface plasmon sensing is possible at the tip of a sharpened optical fiber, tapered to a nanosized point, via a proof-of-principle study and modeling. The size of the region of interaction of the light in the tapered fiber with the outer environment is limited by the last ∼ 10 μm of the taper, so sampling is accomplished in an ultrasmall volume of liquid. Changes of light retroreflected through the fiber were measured as the chemical environment of the thin-metal coated, etched fiber optic tip was changed. We present a model for the sensor that shows how surface plasmon sensing, usually an angle-sensitive measurement, can work when implemented in backreflection from a tapered fiber.
Humoral and cellular immune responses to recombinant herpes zoster vaccine in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis.

Monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis (MBL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are clonal B cell disorders associated with increased risk of infections and impaired vaccination responses. We investigated the immunogenicity of recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) in these patients. Individuals with MBL/untreated CLL and Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi)-treated CLL patients were given two doses of RZV separated by two months. Responses assessed at 3-months and 12-months from the first dose of RZV by an anti-glycoprotein E ELISA antibody assay and by dual-color IFN-γ and IL-2 FLUOROSPOT assays were compared to historic controls matched by age and sex. Sixty-two patients (37 MBL/untreated CLL and 25 BTKi-treated CLL) were enrolled with a median age of 68 years at vaccination. An antibody response at 3 months was seen in 45% of participants, which was significantly lower compared to historic controls (63%, P=0.03). The antibody response did not significantly differ between MBL/untreated CLL and BTKi-treated CLL (51% vs 36%, respectively, P=0.23). The CD4+ T cell response to vaccination was significantly lower in study participants compared to controls (54% vs 96%, P<0.001), mainly due to lower responses among BTKi-treated patients compared to untreated MBL/CLL (32% vs 73%, P=0.008). Overall, only 29% of participants achieved combined antibody and cellular responses to RZV. Among participants with response assessment at 12 months (n=47), 24% had antibody titers below response threshold. Hypogammaglobulinemia and BTKi therapy were associated with reduced T cell responses in a univariate analysis. Strategies to improve vaccine response to RZV among MBL/CLL patients are needed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Magnetism and Magnetobiology: New Undiscovered Horizons?

Magnetism is a spectrum of physical phenomena involving forces exerted by magnets on other magnets. There are different types of magnetism as well as different sources. We shall not take it in consideration in this chapter. One can find the hierarchy flow chart for magnetism type and go deeper into phenomenology, if interested. However, it is necessary to keep in mind that magnetism and electricity are tightly linked phenomena. One of strong impacts of magnetism upon bioengineering is in biomedical engineering. There is the entire field of studies known as magneto-biology which involves new studies and concepts of magnetic fields produced in, or applied to biological systems as a medical treatment or diagnostic approach.
Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts in Criminal Proceedings

This article explores many interesting aspects involved in the application of the doctrine of judicial notice of adjudicative facts pursuant to Fed.r.Evid. 201 in criminal proceedings, including for the first time on appeal.
Gravitational clustering from χ2 initial conditions

We consider gravitational clustering from primordial non-Gaussian fluctuations provided by a χ2 model, as motivated by some models of inflation. The emphasis is on signatures that can be used to constrain this type of model from large-scale structure galaxy surveys. Non-Gaussian initial conditions provide additional nonlinear couplings otherwise forbidden by symmetry that cause nonlinear gravitational corrections to become important at larger scales than in the Gaussian case. In fact, the lack of hierarchical scaling in the initial conditions is partially restored by gravitational evolution at scales k > 0.1 h Mpc-1. However, the bispectrum shows much larger amplitude and residual scale dependence not present in evolution from Gaussian initial conditions, which can be used to test this model against observations. We include the effects of biasing and redshift distortions essential to compare this model with galaxy redshift surveys. We also discuss the effects of primordial non-Gaussianity on the redshift-space power spectrum and show that it changes the shape of the quadrupole to monopole ratio through nonlinear corrections to infall velocities.
Learning to select negotiation strategies in multi-agent meeting scheduling

In this paper, we look at the Multi-Agent Meeting Scheduling problem where distributed agents negotiate meeting times on behalf of their users. While many negotiation approaches have been proposed for scheduling meetings, it is not well understood how agents can negotiate strategically in order to maximize their users’ utility. To negotiate strategically, agents need to learn to pick good strategies for negotiating with other agents. We show how the playbook approach, introduced by [1] for team plan selection in small-size robot soccer, can be used to select strategies. Selecting strategies in this way gives some theoretical guarantees about regret. We also show experimental results demonstrating the effectiveness of the approach.
Local Monopsony, Free Riding, and Antitrust Policy

This paper models the development of market structure in industries which are characterized by upstream economies of scale in the distribution of differentiated products to retail firms having local monopoly power within separate geographic areas. Examples are cable television and other mass media. Local retailers have an incentive to exert monopsony power against sellers because of the divergence between average and marginal costs of distributing inputs from upstream. The retailers can increase their ability to exert monopsony power by forming coalitions (that is, chains) across markets. Such coalitions may force input price below the seller's average cost, thus "free riding" on the level of product variety supported by other retail firms. Myopic input price setting by separate retailer coalitions with monopsony power may reduce product variety below industry profit maximizing levels, suggesting that vertical integrations and cartels or other forms of industry-wide cooperative behavior are means to control the level of product variety. Such behavior may increase welfare by restoring the level of product variety toward its socially optimum level. Antitrust applications to the cable television, motion picture, and newspaper industries are discussed.
Uncovering difference: encoded homoerotic anxiety within the Christian eremitic tradition in medieval England.

Within the branch of medieval monastic literature for both men and women written for hermits and anchorites, there is a consistent undercurrent of concern regarding "deviant" sexuality, particularly same -sex desire but also varied "problems" such as masturbation and nocturnal emissions. The concerns regarding same-sex desire take a number of forms, from the overt to the covert, but become clearest in three areas: the dangers of enclosure, of overindulgence, and of idleness. These themes appear in texts composed for both sexes. For instance, yElred of Rievaulx's ( 1 109-67) Rule for a Recluse, 2l text supposedly written for his sister, an anchoress, specifically warned against progressive lesbian activities (simple teaching between women transformed into kisses and desire ) , while Richard Rolle's ( 1 300-1 349 ) Form of Living, written for the anchoress Margaret Kirkby, approached bodily desires in a more restrained and general manner, warning more generally against fleshly temptation. Similarly, the anonymous Rule of Saint Columba (supposedly formulated in the sixth century) for men hinted at same -sex possibilities, whereas the fifteenth-century Rule of Saint Celestine, attributed to Pope Celestine V, specifically warned against homosexual desire caused by looking lustfully at a servant. Though the degrees of directness and the method of delivery varied in each, the shadow of homoerotic desire loomed in the background. Besides communal monastic living (called cenobitic), the Middle Ages offered other options for living a consecrated religious life withdrawn from the world, including the life of an anchorite (remaining in one place, called anchoritic) and the life of a hermit (mostly wandering from a central location, called eremitic), though both overlapped each other in numerous ways. Nevertheless, according to late medieval understanding, if not by strict definition, anchorites and hermits were two separate vocations.1 A hermit usually
Lack of Involvement of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) in Regulation of Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) in Human Diploid Fibroblasts

It has been suggested that the cellular response to exposure to ionizing radiation involves activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and that this response is defective in cells from individuals with ataxia telangiectasia (AT). In one study, it was found that SV40 large T-transformed cells derived from a patient null for the AT mutated (ATM) gene exhibited constitutive activation of NF-kappaB and that in those cells, inhibition of NF-kappaB by expression of a modified form of IkappaBalpha led to correction of the radiosensitivity associated with the AT phenotype [M. Jung et al., Science (Washington DC), 268: 1691-1621, 1995]. From those data, it was suggested that NF-kappaB played a role in the AT phenotype. We show here that normal diploid cells derived from AT patients do not exhibit constitutive activation of NF-kappaB. Furthermore, we provide data that the transformation process associated with SV40 large T antigen expression in AT-/- cells leads to aberrant cellular responses. Our studies highlight the importance of using diploid, nontransformed AT-/- cells for in vitro studies relevant to the AT phenotype whenever possible.
Nonlinear finite element analyses of concrete bridge joint systems subjected to seismic actions

Following widespread damage to bridge joints in the San Francisco region from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, the necessity for establishing an alternative method for seismic design of bridge joints was identified. Recognizing that conventional joint design practice based directly on shear forces results in congested reinforcement details, which are difficult to implement in practice, a rational design procedure was sought through large-scale testing of bridge joint systems and subsequent finite element and strut-and-tie analyses. The finite element part of the study is presented in this paper, which focuses on (a) identification of compression force flow and thus the load path across the joint, (b) examination of an efficient joint force transfer model, and (c) influence of cap beam prestressing. Combining the experimental and analytical results, a joint design method has been established in which reduction of joint reinforcement was achieved by treating joint shear as part of the complete force transfer across the joint, rather than as an independent action. The proposed design approach has been validated in a laboratory test on a full-scale multiple-column bridge bent.
Drag measurements on a laminar flow body of revolution

LOW-SPEED wind-tunnel drag force measurements were taken on a laminar flow body of revolution free of support interference. This body was tested at zero incidence in the NASA Langley 13 in. Magnetic Suspension and Balance System (MSBS). The primary objective of these tests was to determine the drag force measuring capabilities of the 13 in. MSBS. The drag force calibrations and wind-on repeatability data let us assess these capabilities. Other studies included the effects of fixing transition and surface flow visualizations using both liquid crystals and oil flow. In addition, the drag coefficient data from this study are compared with data from another source. Contents Background Support interference is a serious problem in testing models in wind tunnels.1'2 Using a Magnetic Suspension and Balance System (MSBS)3 is the only way to eliminate completely support interference. With the elimination of the support, not only will the flow distortion produced by the sting be eliminated, but many other advantages will accrue, such as 1) elimination of model modifications to accomodate the sting, 2) ease of model movement for dynamic testing, 3) fast, efficient testing at any attitude, and 4) improvement in productivity due to elimination of stings and struts. Since the late 1970's, in-house activity with MSBS's has steadily increased at NASA Langley. Most of the effort has been aimed at improving the 13 in. MSBS by using a digital control system and an optical position sensing system. However, in 1984 this MSBS was combined with a small low-speed (M < 0.5) wind tunnel, and in 1986 a program was initiated to obtain drag data on various axisymmetric shapes at zero incidence. The results reported here are part of this program. Description of Model The profile of the laminar flow body (see Fig. 3) was generated from an eight-parameter class of rounded-nose, tailboom bodies described in Ref. 4. This class of bodies was developed to verify a method of shaping axisymmetric bodies to produce minimum drag in incompressible, nonseparating flow at zero incidence. The model used in this study is 12 in. long with a fineness ratio of 7.5. Drag Force Characteristics and Repeatability of Data A drag force calibration was performed with a full-scale load of 242.5 gf. The data was fitted with a second-order polynomial. The rms of the errors between the applied loads and the calculated loads from the polynomial equation is 0.27 gf or 0.1197o of the full-scale calibration load.
Chemoradiation strategies for patients with malignant glioma

Malignant gliomas afflict approximately 10,000 patients annually in North America. Typical median survival time for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) ranges from 10 to 12 months and 30 to 40 months, respectively. Randomized controlled trials in the 1960s and 1970s demonstrated that cranial radiation therapy (RT) plus surgery significantly improved median survival; these results have not been reproduced, although more recent trials have established the critical nature of full-dose RT in postoperative therapy. These trials also established the value of adding chemotherapy to RT, particularly in patients under age 60. More recent randomized trials evaluated various chemotherapy regimens as alternatives to nitrosurea, different RT techniques, and preirradiation multiagent chemotherapy. Several observations in the late 1980s led to the development of independent research strategies for patients with GBM tumors, AA lesions, and patients with anaplastic oligodendroglioma, including selective use of brachytherapy, various radiosensitizing agents, and the development of a novel statistical approach to patient grouping by prognostic characteristics and survival (RPA classes). Induction chemotherapy before radiation also has been evaluated and is currently being tested in an Intergroup randomized trial. Other clinical trials evaluating new chemotherapy and radiosensitizing agents including tirapazamine, paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ), and topotecan currently are under way. It is unlikely that any one systemic or multiagent regimen will substantially change the natural history of malignant glioma. Substantial opportunities for improved survival will only come when attempts to improve both surgical and radiotherapeutic approaches to this disease are exploited simultaneously with new drug development programs.
Atrial Septal Defect: An Evaluation of Surgical Closure

Summary And Conclusions Within the past five years, four techniques of successful surgical correction of defects in the atrial septum have been introduced and employed in significant numbers of cases. These include atrio-septo-pexy, circumclusion, closure through an atrial well, and direct vision correction in the "open" heart. A survey of the literature for the three year period 1954 through 1956 disclosed 444 cases of atrial septal defect submitted to surgery and evaluated on a clinical or physiologic basis post-operatively; 281 cases were of the ostium secundum type, 73 cases were of the persistent atrioventricularis communis variety (partial or complete forms), and 90 cases were undifferentiated as to type of defect in the published reports. Techniques for surgical closure are described and results as reported in the literature are evaluated. All methods of closure of the ostium secundum defects have met with success; the overall mortality in the 281 cases evaluated was 8.2 per cent. Direct vision procedures employing hypothermia or a pump-oxygenator to permit stasis of the circulation to and from the heart and thus allow visualization of the defect have yielded the highest percentage of complete closures but are presently associated with the highest mortality rate among the four evaluated techniques. The complex nature of persistent atrio-ventricularis communis deformities requires long periods of work in the "open" heart, necessitating use of a pump-oxygenator for cardiopulmonary bypass. Results in the first 20 cases are equivocal; there were nine deaths, but the remaining 11 patients all demonstrate complete correction of the deformity.
Methods to enhance uptake of DNA in polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation

Abstract A stable L-form of Bacillus subtilis was used as a model for polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated uptake of DNA. Efficiency of uptake and expression was determined by use of bacteriophage DNA (transfection). Transfection was markedly enhanced by adding cationic peptides and proteins to the system. The addition of chromosomal DNA affected the assay in two ways: transfection using circular bacteriophage DNA molecules was dramatically inhibited, while transfection with linear DNA was first increased, then decreased, as more competing chromosomal DNA was added.
Sleep Deprivation in Resident Physicians, Work Hour Limitations, and Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Extended work hours, interrupted sleep, and shift work are integral parts of medical training among all specialties. The need for 24-hour patient care coverage and economic factors have resulted in prolonged work hours for resident physicians. This has traditionally been thought to enhance medical educational experience. These long and erratic work hours lead to acute and chronic sleep deprivation and poor sleep quality, resulting in numerous adverse consequences. Impairments may occur in several domains, including attention, cognition, motor skills, and mood. Resident performance, professionalism, safety, and well-being are affected by sleep deprivation, causing potentially adverse implications for patient care. Studies have shown adverse health consequences, motor vehicle accidents, increased alcohol and medication use, and serious medical errors to occur in association with both sleep deprivation and shift work. Resident work hour limitations have been mandated by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education in response to patient safety concerns. Studies evaluating the impact of these regulations on resident physicians have generated conflicting reports on patient outcomes, demonstrating only a modest increase in sleep duration for resident physicians, along with negative perceptions regarding their education. This literature review summarizes research on the effects of sleep deprivation and shift work, and examines current literature on the impact of recent work hour limitations on resident physicians and patient-related outcomes.
The importance of melt TiO2 in affecting major and trace element partitioning between Fe–Ti oxides and lunar picritic glass melts

Abstract Lunar mare basalts and picritic glasses have TiO2 abundances ranging from less than 1 wt.% to over 16%. Any high-Ti mare basalt or picritic glass petrogenetic model must include Fe–Ti oxides in the mantle source or invoke Fe–Ti oxide assimilation during magma ascent to the lunar surface. We conducted partitioning experiments to investigate high field strength element (HFSE), rare earth element (REE), and transition metal distribution between Fe–Ti oxides and lunar picritic glass melts over a range of melt compositions. Our results suggest that ilmenite–melt and armalcolite–melt HFSE, Cr, and V partition coefficients (DHFSE, DCr, DV) are strongly dependent on melt TiO2 content, whereas ilmenite–melt REE partition coefficients appear to be insensitive to melt composition. As TiO2 increases in picritic glass melts, HFSE, Cr, and V activities in melt also increase and Fe–Ti oxide–melt DHFSE, DCr and DV decrease. The effect of Ti on partitioning behavior can be attributed to the formation of Fe–O–Ti melt species in high-Ti melts. Ilmenite DHFSE range from compatible in oxides in equilibrium with low-Ti melts to incompatible in oxides in equilibrium with depolymerized high-Ti picritic glass melts. DHFSE are inversely correlated with TiO2 abundance in the melt and become nearly constant for melts with more than 6.8% TiO2. We present simple partitioning models that utilize the solubility of ilmenite and armalcolite in melt to effectively predict HFSE partition coefficients across a wide range of picritic glass melt compositions. The HFSE budget of ilmenite cumulates that crystallize from the lunar magma ocean strongly depends on the composition of the magma ocean. Low-Ti and high-Ti lunar basalts can be produced by an ilmenite or armalcolite bearing hybridized mantle source, or by assimilation of late-stage magma ocean cumulates. The dependence of DHFSE and DCr on melt TiO2 is consistent with the formation of lunar Type 1 armalcolite from high TiO2 picritic glass melt, however, lunar Type 2 and 3 armalcolite have a more complicated (yet undetermined) history of formation.
Bayesian inference from qualitative and quantitative data in program evaluation

Current practice in program evaluation relies strongly on quantitative measurement and classical (sampling-theory) statistical inference, methods that invariably fail to use all of the relevant information available to the evaluator. The use of Bayesian methods to combine inferences from quantitative and nonquantitative data is described and illustrated. The reporting of results based on multiple distributions that express contrasting assessments of prior information is recommended in order to acknowledge and control for differences in subjective points of view. Advantages of using Bayesian inference in program evaluation include the possibility of generating inferences when little or no quantitative data are available, its applicability to evaluation at all stages of program development, and its requirement that evaluators be explicit regarding the influence of qualitative information and alternative points of view in the evaluation of social programs.
Comparative studies on toxicity of a new streptomycin and streptomycin sulfate.

Investigators at the Northern Regional Research Laboratory of the U. S. Department of Agriculture have recently reported the isolation in pure state of a new antibiotic, hydroxystreptomycin. It is produced by an organism, isolated from Japanese soil, which they believe to be different from other streptomycin-producing strains. The new species has been designated as Streptomyces griseocarneus n. sp. On the basis of degradation experiments, Benedict et al.(1) have assumed that the new antibiotic differs from streptomycin only in having a hydroxy group in place of one of the hydrogens of the streptose methyl group. Accordingly, they have assigned the name “hydroxystreptomycin” to the new member of the streptomycin series.One mg analytically pure hydroxystreptomycin trihydrochloride, when assayed against Bacillus subtilis, NRRL B-765 (ATCC 6633), was found to be equivalent to 784 jug of streptomycin base. The hydroxystreptomycin trihydrochloride used in these studies was prepared in the Northern Regional Rese...
Quantitative X-Ray Imaging of Density Distributions in High-Intensity Discharge Lamps

Summary form only given. Development of a table-top X-ray absorption imaging apparatus for determination of Hg densities in high-intensity discharge lamps is described. The apparatus is based on a commercial X-ray tube source and detection of X-rays with a phosphor and optical charge-coupled device (CCD). This type of system has the apparent disadvantages, relative to a synchrotron based system, of lower X-ray flux and a broad spectrum. However, this system has better sensitivity. The reasons for this and a comparison of noise in both types of measurements are given. The ultimate sensitivity, the relation between X-ray photons and detector counts, and the implications of the broad X-ray spectrum on measurement accuracy are discussed.
Hyperspectral imaging system using acousto‐optic tunable filter for flow cytometry applications

A major advantage of flow cytometry is its flexible and open instrument configuration, which is highly suitable for systems integration. This flexibility permits the coupling of auxiliary instrumentation that may offer the measurement of parameters other than those typically measured by this multiparameter measurement technique. On the basis of this advantage, we explore the principle and application of hyperspectral imaging (HSI), which has the potential to be a useful add-on feature to flow cytometry applications. Application of HSI to flow cytometry involves the acquisition of spatial information and rendering it in spectral form. In this work, we describe the development and application of an HSI system which provides both spectral and spatial information. Spectral information was generated by obtaining an entire spectrum of a single sample site within a wavelength region of interest, while spatial information was generated by recording a two-dimensional (2D) image of an area of the sample of interest at one specific wavelength. HSI is a promising additional feature to flow cytometry since it can provide both spatial (image format) and spectral information in addition to the multiparameter information already available from flow cytometry measurements.
A Respirometer with Controllable Oxygen Levels

Abstract Construction details and operation of a respirometer with capabilities for controlling the oxygen level at preselected levels is described. The interaction of an oxygen sensor and electronic switch energizes an electrolysis cell which replenishes oxygen used by a test organism. Respiration rate of any aquatic or semiaquatic organism may be determined by this apparatus.
Spectroscopic study of bound magnetic polaron formation and the metal-semiconductor transition in EuB 6

We present a Raman-scattering study of the metal-semiconductor transition in ${\mathrm{EuB}}_{6}.$ The metal-semiconductor (MS) transition in this compound manifests itself as a change from a diffusive electronic scattering response in the high-temperature paramagnetic phase, to a flat continuum scattering response in the low-temperature ferromagnetic metal phase which is characteristic of a strongly correlated metal. Most interesting is evidence that the MS transition in ${\mathrm{EuB}}_{6}$ is precipitated by the formation of bound magnetic polarons involving carriers bound to defects.
Thrombocytopenia complicating treatment with intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors: a pooled analysis.

Background Despite the increasingly prevalent role of platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary interventions, the incidence and clinical relevance of thrombocytopenia occurring with their use remain unclear. Methods We identified 8 placebo-controlled, randomized, large trials of GP IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors reporting the incidence of thrombocytopenia, grouped by severity. The clinical courses of 42 patients with GP IIb/IIIa-related thrombocytopenia in these studies and other case reports were reviewed for bleeding complications. Results Abciximab increased mild thrombocytopenia compared with placebo (4.2% vs 2.0%; P <.001; odds ratio 2.14) and increased severe thrombocytopenia compared with placebo (1.0% vs 0.4%; P =.01; odds ratio 2.48). Small-molecule IIb/IIIa inhibitors did not significantly increase mild or severe thrombocytopenia compared with placebo. Mild thrombocytopenia occurred more frequently in acute coronary syndrome trials than in coronary intervention trials, even in patients not receiving any IIb/IIIa inhibitors. No major bleeding sequelae were reported in 23 patients with severe thrombocytopenia or in 19 patients with profound thrombocytopenia. Conclusions Abciximab, but not eptifibatide or tirofiban, increases the incidence of thrombocytopenia compared with placebo in patients also treated with heparin. Thrombocytopenia associated with GP IIb/IIIa inhibition does not routinely lead to severe bleeding complications. (Am Heart J 2000;140:206-11.)
Glass transition of polymer/single-walled carbon nanotube composite films

The glass-transition temperatures (Tg's) of nanocomposites of polystyrene (PS) and single-walled carbon nanotubes were measured in the bulk and in thin films with differential scanning calorimetry and spectroscopic ellipsometry, respectively. The bulk Tg of the nanocomposites increased by approximately 3 °C and became much broader than that of PS. For the nanocomposite films thinner than 45 nm, Tg decreased with decreasing film thickness [i.e., ΔTg(nano) < 0]. This phenomenon also occurred in thin PS films, the magnitude of the depression in PS [ΔTg(PS)] being somewhat larger. The film thickness dependence and the differences in the magnitude of ΔTg in the two systems were examined in light of current theory, and a quantitative comparison was made. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 3339–3345, 2003
Conformational stability of trivinylborane from vibrational spectra and ab initio calculations

The conformational stability, barriers to internal rotation and vibrational frequencies of trivinylborane have been determined from the vibrational spectra and ab initio calculations. The ab initio calculations have been carried out utilizing the RHF/3-21G, RHF/6-31G*, and MP2/6-31G* basis sets and support the vibrational data that there are two stable conformations in the fluid phases separated by a relatively small energy difference. One of the conformations is a near-planar form which has the three vinyl groups twisted out of the BC3 plane and belongs to the C3 point group. The other conformer has a non-planar structure and belongs to the C1 point group. These and other calculated results are compared to the corresponding quantities obtained from the experiment.
Cryogenic Boil-Off Reduction System

Abstract A computational model of the cryogenic boil-off reduction system being developed by NASA as part of the Cryogenic Propellant Storage and Transfer technology maturation project has been applied to a range of propellant storage tanks sizes for high-performing in-space cryogenic propulsion applications. This effort focuses on the scaling of multi-layer insulation (MLI), cryocoolers, broad area cooling shields, radiators, solar arrays, and tanks for liquid hydrogen propellant storage tanks ranging from 2 to 10 m in diameter. Component scaling equations were incorporated into the Cryogenic Analysis Tool, a spreadsheet-based tool used to perform system-level parametric studies. The primary addition to the evolution of this updated tool is the integration of a scaling method for reverse turbo-Brayton cycle cryocoolers, as well as the development and inclusion of Self-Supporting Multi-Layer Insulation. Mass, power, and sizing relationships are traded parametrically to establish the appropriate loiter period beyond which this boil-off reduction system application reduces mass. The projected benefit compares passive thermal control to active thermal control, where active thermal control is evaluated for reduced boil-off with a 90 K shield, zero boil-off with a single heat interception stage at the tank wall, and zero boil-off with a second interception stage at a 90 K shield. Parametric studies show a benefit over passive storage at loiter durations under one month, in addition to showing a benefit for two-stage zero boil-off in terms of reducing power and mass as compared to single stage zero boil-off. Furthermore, active cooling reduces the effect of varied multi-layer insulation performance, which, historically, has been shown to be significant.
Attenuated renal responses to atrial natriuretic factor in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

To determine whether the renal responses to atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) are altered in the diabetic state, the diuretic and natriuretic responses to ANF (0.25 μg∙kg−1∙min−1, i.v.) were measured...
Rat blood pressure during ethanol withdrawal

Hypertension appears to be a clinical sign of ethanol withdrawal. In an effort to see if hypertension is a general consequence of ethanol withdrawal, we have monitored blood pressure and heart rate in conscious rats during ethanol withdrawal. Sprague-Dawley rats were placed in Plexiglas chambers and exposed for 3 weeks to either ethanol vapor in air or to air alone. Blood ethanol levels in the ethanol treated group averaged 178 +/- 9 mg/dl during the last 2 weeks of ethanol exposure. Four to 18 hours prior to blood pressure measurement, rats were removed from the ethanol chambers, briefly anesthetized with halothane and implanted with an indwelling abdominal aortic cannula. Rats were either returned to the Plexiglas chambers and re-exposed to ethanol or air overnight or withdrawn from ethanol. Blood pressure and heart rate were then monitored at various periods from 5 hours to 4 days following the cessation of ethanol exposure. Analysis of variance revealed a significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate in rats exposed to ethanol vapor as compared to controls. There was a significant negative correlation between the average blood ethanol levels, taken during ethanol exposure, and systolic blood pressure at 5 hours, 2 days and 3 days following cessation of ethanol exposure. These signs of hypotension and bradycardia indicate that hypertension is not a consequence of ethanol withdrawal in all animals.
Heterochromatin: On the ADAR Radar?

Vigilin proteins, the absence of which is known to cause abnormalities in heterochromatin, have been found to bind edited RNAs. Molecular complexes including vigilin comprise proteins involved with RNA editing and with DNA repair, making connections between these processes and RNA-based silencing mechanisms.
New hope for dedicated genetically engineered bioenergy feedstocks

The unique regulatory requirements and costs of genetic engineering (GE) are likely to inhibit commercialization of dedicated bioenergy crops due to the relatively small current market. Two recent regulatory approvals for GE plants, however, may signal a shift in policy and an opening of a door to a streamlined federal regulatory pathway for commercialization for non-food plants. The change, however, may shift regulatory battles from the federal to the state and local level, as each state has independent authority to regulate plants under respective noxious weed/plant protection statutes. This previously dormant state regulatory power could result in even more complex barriers to commercialization of GE bioenergy crops--replacing the regulatory delays embedded in the federal system with regulatory chaos at the state and local level.
The Newly Industrializing Countries and the Political Economy of Protectionism

A perennial paradox in political science is that weak actors often prevail in confrontations with more powerful actors. This article explores this problem in the context of the world trading system. The United States and the European Economic Community have been increasingly erecting selective trade barriers, such as voluntary export restraints, that discriminate against newly industrializing countries. Despite this protectionism in textiles, footwear, and other sectors, some relatively weak exporting nations have found ways to increase their gains. Ad hoc American policies have produced a structurally deficient form of trade barriers, which countries such as Taiwan and Korea have exploited. By giving priority to long-run interests, bargaining for loopholes, linking issues, cheating, and mobilizing transnational and transgovernmental allies, these exporters have generally overcome the damaging effects of protectionism. As U.S. interest groups and decision makers learn from their mistakes, the obstacles to success become more severe. But what the newly industrializing nations have shown us is that less powerful states that emphasize bargaining rather than coercion, adjustment rather than intransigence, and the substance of international agreements rather than their form, can turn an adverse situation into advantage.
John Dewey on Authority: a radical voice within the liberal tradition

(1998). John Dewey on Authority: a radical voice within the liberal tradition. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 239-258.
Recombinant Murine Interferon-γ Reversibly Activates Rat Alveolar Macrophages to Kill Legionella pneumophila

The interaction of interferon (IFN)-gamma, rat alveolar macrophages, and Legionella pneumophila was studied in vitro to define the effector cell potential of alveolar macrophages against an intracellular pathogen in a model in which the efficacy of IFN-gamma could be tested in vivo. Alveolar macrophages preincubated with IFN-gamma up-regulated Ia antigen and killed 0.5-4 logs of L. pneumophila over 4 days compared with 1-2 logs of bacterial growth in untreated cells. The bactericidal effect was dose dependent, evident over a wide range of bacterial inocula, and not suppressed by hydrocortisone. Preincubation with IFN-gamma was unnecessary and insufficient, as intracellular replication was reversed by exposure to IFN-gamma up to 48 h after infection, and neutralization of IFN-gamma after infection permitted bacterial growth. IFN-gamma thus converts alveolar macrophages from target cells to effector cells in host defense against L. pneumophila and may be of therapeutic benefit in legionellosis.
RECIPROCAL EXPRESSION OF CO-STIMULATORY MOLECULES, B7-1 AND B7-2, ON MURINE T CELLS FOLLOWING ACTIVATION

The co-stimulatory B7 molecules (B7-1 and B7-2) are expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells in mice. In this study, we demonstrate that B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) are also expressed on murine T cells in the absence of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. The temporal expression of these two molecules on T cells varies with the state of activation where resting T cells express B7-2 but show little or no expression of B7-1. Following activation, B7-2 expression is down-regulated and there is a concomitant increase in the expression of B7-1 on the cell surface which peaks at about 72 h. Thus these two co-stimulatory molecules are reciprocally expressed on the T cell surface. This pattern of expression of B7-1 and B7-2 on T cells suggests that these two molecules may have different roles in the generation and regulation of immune responses.
Information Enrichment Service Systems

Information enrichment is generally considered a modern task of supplying specific-necessity metadata to an existing body of information, with the intent to enable a particular task. In this paper we suggest that information enrichment service systems have been existent for thousands of years, and that information has often been enriched in more generically useful ways than just for a single task. Viewing information enrichment as a service system provides a framework for thinking about how to better implement and leverage the wealth of knowledge in modern organizations.
Ultrastructure of the mesonotal mycangium of Xylosandrus mutilatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Mycangial structures of female Xylosandrus mutilatus (Blandford, 1894), an Asian ambrosia beetle recently introduced and now established in the southeastern United States, were examined. In addition to the glandular (secretory) mesonotal mycangium located below the scutellum, nonglandular pit mycangia containing fungal propagules were discovered to occur externally on the scutellum. The ultrastructure of the glandular mesonotal mycangium, which consisted of an outer secretory layer covering an inner paired cuticular sac, is described and illustrated. Both secretory and cuticular layers of the mesonotal mycangium were highly tracheolated. Tracheae and tracheoles in association with a Xyleborine mycangium are reported here for the first time. Type 1 secretory cells were identified and observed passing electron-dense material into the glandular mycangium via efferent cuticular ductules, although type 2 secretory cells were not observed. Secretory cells were not observed in association with the nonglandular p...
Influence of Gonadectomy and Replacement with Estradiol or Testosterone on Formation of 5α-Reduced Metabolites of Corticosterone by the Adrenal Gland of the Rat1

The effects of prepuberal gonadectomy on adrenal function were studied in both male and female rats. Steroid production was measured in vitro using either adrenal homogenates or slices. Adrenal tissue from castrated animals of either sex produced less steroid when determined by acid fluorescence or ultraviolet absorption. The effect was reversed after replacement with testosterone or estradiol. No difference due to castration was observed when steroid production was measured with blue tetrazolium. Corticosterone added in vitro to adrenal tissue from gonadectomized rats was converted to a fluorescence negative, ultraviolet negative, blue tetrazolium positive metabolite. This conversion was inhibited by gonadal hormone replacement in vivo. The metabolite was identified by Rf both before and after acetylation on several paper and thin layer chromatographic systems and also by infrared spectroscopy as 3β,5α-tetrahydrocorticosterone (compound R). Two additional compounds tentatively identified by chromatograph...
Impaired odor identification in children with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure

Prenatal alcohol exposure can lead to behavioral and cognitive impairments across multiple domains. Many of the brain regions impacted by prenatal alcohol exposure are also linked with olfactory processing, and odor identification deficits have been documented in certain neurological disorders associated with these brain regions. As odor identification following prenatal alcohol exposure is not well studied, we compared odor identification in children with prenatal exposure to alcohol (AE) to typically developing controls (CON) (N = 16/group). It was hypothesized that children in the AE group would perform more poorly than children in the CON group on the San Diego Odor Identification Test, an identification test of 8 common household odorants. Children exposed to alcohol during prenatal development were significantly impaired in olfactory identification (M = 5.95, SE = 0.37) compared to typically developing controls (M = 7.24, SE = 0.37). These findings confirmed the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to alcohol is associated with odor identification deficits, and suggest that further research is warranted to identify the mechanisms underlying these deficits, the integrity of brain areas that are involved, and to determine whether olfactory performance might contribute to better identification of children at risk for behavioral and cognitive deficits.