cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 1795: The Combination of Paclitaxel and Gefitinib Inhibits Endometrial Cancer Cells by Inducing Mitotic Catastrophe: Proof of Principle for Dual Therapy in Endometrial Cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Serous uterine endometrial cancer is a lethal disease for which new therapeutic regimens are urgently needed. Combinations of chemotherapeutic agents and small molecule growth factor inhibitors have demonstrated activity in cancers from other sites. Our objective was to determine whether such a combination could be active in serous endometrial cancer cells. The effects of the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib (ZD1839, Iressa) alone, paclitaxel alone, and the combination of both agents on the cell cycle and on cell proliferation were studied using Hec50co cells, a validated model for type II serous endometrial cancer with absent p53. First, we established the IC50 for paclitaxel alone (14 nM) compared to that of paclitaxel and gefitinib in combination (1.3 nM). This 10-fold reduction in the IC50 with dual therapy yielded a combination index of 0.25, strongly suggesting that the paclitaxel and gefitinib combination resulted in synergistic growth inhibition. Sixty-seven percent of the cells treated with paclitaxel and gefitinib arrested in the G2/M phase. This arrest of the cell cycle at G2/M with combination therapy was significantly greater than with single agent treatment alone (p < 0.001) and was associated with inhibition of p38 phosphorylation and the induction of CDC25C phosphatase and Cyclin B1. When induced, these factors abrogate the G2/M checkpoint and result in rapid, premature progression to M phase; this mechanism is particularly active in the setting of absent p53. With rapid progression into M, the cells were highly sensitive to paclitaxel and were killed by the mechanism of mitotic catastrophe. Similar findings were observed in the same cells treated with the combination of paclitaxel and a specific inhibitor of p38, SB203580. Our study suggests that inhibition of EGFR or downstream p38 pathway can abrogate the mitotic stress checkpoint induced by cytotoxic agents targeting microtubules such as paclitaxel. These findings suggest a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of serous endometrial carcinoma worthy of clinical confirmation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1795.
Synthesis of CdS nanoparticles in solution and in a polyphosphazene matrix

The synthesis and characterization of a polymer composite system containing quantum-confined II−VI semiconductor particles entrapped in a polyphosphazene network is discussed. A hybrid material was constructed using a guest:host approach in which the ion transporting ability of [NP(OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3)2]n (MEEP) and MEEP-like polymers was exploited to allow the formation of matrix-encapsulated, nanometer-sized CdS particles. As a first step, a cadmium thioglycolate precursor [Cd10(SCH2CH2OH)16](NO3)4 was found to react in solution to generate stable, soluble, CdS particles. These particles were characterized and found to be 25 A in diameter. They exhibited an absorption at 362 nm, which was blue-shifted relative to the absorption of bulk CdS. This indicates a quantum confinement effect associated with nanometer-size particles. Second, a method was developed for the incorporation of CdS particles into a cross-linked polyphosphazene-based polymer network, and CdS particles were successfully grown within thes...
Teoria dos jogos e política comparada: novas perspectivas, velhos interesses

Seeking to conduct an inventory of the arguments used by game theory proponents, the article assesses both this theory and a set of theoretical principles that extend the scope from rational choice to interdependent decision-making and a type of formal methodology. The article identifies some key qualities, like the theorys emphasis on actors and strategic choices and its ability to generate logically rigorous and internally consistent predictions. But it also discusses many of the theorys shortcomings. Therefore, the challenge faced by scholars of comparative politics is to consider the new perspectives offered by game theory and to make use of its qualities, without losing sight of a series of relevant long-standing issues from the social sciences that this approach is not prepared to solve.
SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE RANOMAFANA NATIONAL PARK PROJECT OF MADAGASCAR

(1994). SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE RANOMAFANA NATIONAL PARK PROJECT OF MADAGASCAR. Impact Assessment: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 385-408.
Expression of transferred genes during hairy root development in pea

Root border cell development and expression of reporter genes were evaluated in transgenic pea hairy roots. Successful induction of hairy roots in pea is conditioned by bacterial strain and plant genotype, as well as by developmental and environmental factors. Morphological changes sometimes occur when hairy roots are transferred from infected plants to tissue culture media, but such changes are confined to specific clones. Expression of reporter genes under the control of promoters from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) “stress” genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase and chalcone synthase were evaluated. Expression patterns vary between hairy roots taken directly from infected plants, and those grown in culture; most hairy roots taken from infected plants exhibit expression throughout all tissues, whereas expression in cultured hairy roots is most often localized to specific tissues. Patterns of expression that occur during different stages of hairy root development are very similar to those observed in transgenic plants expressing the same fusion genes. Border cell separation and release in hairy roots is normal, and expression of glucuronidase in border cells of some transgenic roots resulted in development of bright blue single cells. Cultured hairy roots should provide a very useful model for studying the effect of defined changes in root border cells on microbial associations with roots of this important legume.
Comparing Vision‐aided Stencil Printers

Surface Mount Technology relies on the use of screen or stencil printers for solder paste application. Many systems now incorporate complex vision systems to provide improved accuracy during printing. These systems advertise sub‐mil precision (x1|+3o<0·001 in.) but none provides a method to quantify this precision. With the advent of fine pitch pads [pad pitch ≤0·025 in.), accurate characterisation of the printing machine's capabilities is imperative for a successful manufacturing process. This paper will present a quantitative method with supporting experimental data, for analysing the printing capabilities of the stencilling machine.
Identification of new repeating motifs in titin.

Repeating motifs of 26–28 amino acids have been identified in the PEVK region of the giant elastic protein titin. These motifs, termed PPAK for the four amino acids that often constitute the beginning of the motif, occur 60 times in human soleus titin. PPAK motifs occur in groups of 2–12 that are separated by regions rich in glutamic acid (approximately 45%) and termed polyE segments. The fluctuation of the net charge between the PPAK and polyE regions suggests ionic interactions between these segments and their involvement in the elastic function of titin. Proteins 2001;43:145–149. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Parametrization and adaptive compensation of friction forces

This paper considers adaptive controls of systems containing non-smooth non-linear friction forces. The idea is to divide the unknown friction force into two parts so that it can be parametrized by a model linear in parameters. Then linear adaptive techniques apply. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Two Experiment Treatment Comparison Study: Teaching Social Skills to Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The present study is a series of two experiments of treatment comparisons addressing the acquisition of social skills for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). In Experiment 1, a multi-element design was used to assess the efficacy of video modeling as compared with Social Stories™ to teach various social skills to the children with ASD. Results from video modeling yielded positive and quick acquisition, consistent with previous literature. However, treatment with Social Stories did not. Upon close inspection of the Social Stories literature, it became apparent that most effective social stories interventions were treatment packages, which include well-tested behavioral procedures such as prompting. Therefore, Experiment 2 was designed to compare Social Stories with the components most often used in social stories treatment packages, such as prompting, parceled out, to assess variables functional for behavior change. A multiple baseline design across children was used. Results of Exp. 2 suggested that prompting was effective for the children in the present study. Results of both experiments are discussed in terms of relating these results to previous literature, and ultimately to recommending treatment for social skills for children with ASD.
Synthesis and structure of a carbonyl-bridged dimeric compound containing Group IV and Group VIII transition metals: (η5-C5H5)Co(μ-CO)(μ-η1, η2-CO)Zr(η5-C5Me5)2

Abstract (η5-C5H5)Co(CO)2Zr(η5-C5Me5)2 is prepared by treatment of (η5-C5H5)Co(CO)2 with (η5-C5Me5)2ZrH2 or {(η5-C5Me5)2ZrN2}N2. The mixed-metal dimer crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with unit cell dimensions a 15.624(6), b 13.885(13) and c 11.221(4) A, β 94.01(3)°,V 2424.91(1.0)A3, Z = 4. The structure of (η5-C5H5)Co(CO)2Zr(η5-C5Me5)2 contains a cobalt—zirconium single bond of length 2.926 A. The two carbonyls exhibit different bonding modes. One bridges the metal centers in a standard μ2 manner, while the other bridges via a σ-bond to the cobalt and an interaction between the zirconium and a CO π-bond in a μ2-η1, η2 fashion.
Species-specific inhibitor sensitivity of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and its implication for ACE2 activity assays.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a component of the renin-angiotensin system, and its expression and activity have been shown to be reduced in cardiovascular diseases. Enzymatic activity of ACE2 is commonly measured by hydrolysis of quenched fluorescent substrates in the absence or presence of an ACE2-specific inhibitor, such as the commercially available inhibitor DX600. Whereas recombinant human ACE2 is readily detected in mouse tissues using 1 μM DX600 at pH 7.5, the endogenous ACE2 activity in mouse tissues is barely detectable. We compared human, mouse, and rat ACE2 overexpressed in cell lines for their sensitivity to inhibition by DX600. ACE2 from all three species could be inhibited by DX600, but the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for human ACE2 was much lower (78-fold) than for rodent ACE2. Following optimization of pH, substrate concentration, and antagonist concentration, rat and mouse ACE2 expressed in a cell line could be accurately quantified with 10 μM DX600 (>95% inhibition) but not with 1 μM DX600 (<75% inhibition). Validation that the optimized method robustly quantifies ACE2 in mouse tissues (kidney, brain, heart, and plasma) was performed using wild-type and ACE2 knockout mice. This study provides a reliable method for measuring human, as well as endogenous ACE2 activity in rodents. Our data underscore the importance of validating the effect of DX600 on ACE2 from each particular species at the experimental conditions employed.
Strategy for isolating and sequencing biologically derived MHC class I peptides

The presentation of MHC class I peptides at cell surfaces and the subsequent cytolytic T-lymphocyte response are critical components of the mammalian immune response. However, the identification and sequencing of such peptides present a considerable analytical challenge since > 10 000 peptides at 10−15–10−18 M concentrations are often present in the mixture. We describe a two-dimensional chromatography approach in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry to sequence and identify such peptides. After immunoaffinity concentration, and subsequent acetic acid release of MHC class I peptides from MHC protein complex, the peptides are subjected to reversed phase HPLC, where they are separated based on their hydrophilic-hydrophobic character. These coarse fractions are then loaded onto a specially designed membrane preconcentration-capillary electrophoresis cartridge (mPC-CE) and subsequently subjected to on-line mPC-CE-MS analysis. The second dimension of chromatography by CE separation affords resolution of peptides based on their charge/mass (to a first approximation) ratio. Ultimately peptides are sequenced using mPC-CE-tandem mass spectrometry (mPC-CE-MS-MS). We describe the strategy for sequencing <60 femtomoles of a peptide obtained from 3·109 Kb-derived EL-4 cells.
Multiple Stable States of Disease Occurrence: A Note on the Implications for the Anthropological Study of Human Disease

Ecologists model human disease using predator-prey models, with humans as the prey and the pathogen as the predator. Use of these models permits the identification of stable equilibria and stable states of disease prevalence for human host-parasite systems. May (1977) has described the possibility of the presence of multiple stable states of disease prevalence for human disease systems. The model of multiple stable states implies that historical circumstances are important in determining the occurrence of disease. This model offers a theoretical framework in which to examine the occurrence of epidemics in human populations and to develop a more complete understanding of disease processes.
High resolution EELS on the (100) surface of β-SiC

Abstract High resolution EELS measurements have been carried out in the dipolar scattering regime, on the (100) surface of β-SiC. The results show the same main loss peak for the oxygenated surface, and for two different phases of the clean surface. The results are presented, interpreted and discussed.
Ammonia adsorption and its effects on framework stability of MOF-5 and MOF-177

Ammonia adsorption equilibrium and kinetics on MOF-5 and MOF-177 were measured volumetrically at 298 K and ammonia pressures up to 800 torr. This study allowed us to determine the ammonia adsorption properties and stability of both MOFs after exposure to ammonia. MOF-177 adsorbed more ammonia than MOF-5 at ammonia pressures below 150 torr and the ammonia adsorption capacity on both MOFs at 800 torr was about the same (12.2 mmol/g). It can be inferred from the adsorption results that physical adsorption of ammonia on both MOFs dominated at ammonia pressures below 150 torr after which chemical reactions between ammonia and MOF frameworks take place. After exposure to ammonia both MOFs lost majority of their pore textures as evidenced by a drastic decrease of specific surface area and pore volume. The X-ray diffraction study suggested a complete loss of crystallinity of both MOFs, and the FT-IR and Raman spectral analyses showed the generation of free organic ligands within both MOF-5 and MOF-177 after they were exposed to ammonia. Ammonia molecules are proposed to destroy the MOF frameworks by forming hydrogen bonds with Zn(4)O clusters of MOFs.
Grain size control in powder processed Y/sub 1/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/

The authors acknowledge the assistance of M. A. Noack with the DTA analysis and S . B. Luethje, and S . R. Arrasmith with the powder processing and metallography. This m r k was performed a t h e s Laboratory operated f o r the U.S. Dept. Energy by Iowa State Univ. under contract no. W-7405-ENG-82, supported by the Office of Basic Energy Science, Division of Materials Science .
A 240GHz wideband QPSK receiver in 65nm CMOS

This paper demonstrates a 240GHz wideband QPSK receiver in 65nm bulk CMOS. A direct-conversion mixer-first architecture is implemented with a 240GHz on-chip antenna. Wideband passive mixers at the front end employ a 240GHz LO and convert the received signal down to baseband. The baseband signal is then amplified using high gain, wide bandwidth amplifiers. The 240GHz LO chain consists of 27GHz/80GHz injection-locked oscillators, 80GHz amplifiers and a frequency tripler. The overall receiver gain is 25dB and the noise figure is 15dB from measurements. This receiver design achieves a data rate of 16Gbps with a power consumption of 260mW.
Effect of the Surface-State Distribution on Electron Transport in Dye-Sensitized TiO2 Solar Cells: Nonlinear Electron-Transport Kinetics

Analytical expressions describing electron transport in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells are derived and verified by intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy measurements. An exponential distribution of surface states can account for the observed power law dependence of the electron-transport rate on the electron population. Use of an effective electron diffusion coefficient to describe the electron transport kinetics is found to be inadequate. A slope of 69 meV is inferred for the surface-state distribution curve.
Children caring for their worlds: The politics of care and childhood

Abstract This paper builds on political geographies of children and youth by looking at the ways children express their political agency through acts of caring. Ethnographic research was conducted with a group of 19 children aged 9–11 years old in a rural town in New Zealand. This paper discusses the results of a photojournal project in which the children were given disposable cameras to use as a way to explain their cares and concerns in their daily lives and in the larger world around them. Drawing on Tronto's care ethic framework in which subjects are active in maintaining, continuing and repairing their worlds, the children's photojournals illuminated their abilities and efforts to care for their worlds. As a political concept, care brings attention to interdependences, connections and relationships that are essential to our individual and collective survival and often overlooked in liberal political theory. This paper demonstrates that the framework of care and exploring children's everyday caring practices help us better understand the often unacknowledged political agency of children.
Phenological dynamics of irrigated and natural drylands in Central Asia before and after the USSR collapse

Abstract Central Asia has experienced drastic socio-economic, geopolitical, and ecological transitions within the last few decades. The USSR collapse in 1991 has led to widespread changes in land cover and land use due to economic and political transformations within the region. Management practices during and after the Soviet era have intensified ecological problems and demands on resources. Satellite derived vegetation greenness data offer insights into these dynamics by providing measurements linked to vegetation productivity and the timing of vegetation growth cycles, including the timing of greenness onset, peak, and senescence. The main research goals are to examine the impact of socio-economic and bioclimatic factors by characterizing interannual dynamics of regional land surface phenology. One of the longest available records (1981–2006) of geospatial time-series data of the biweekly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were used to derive annual pheno-metrics for sites in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Land cover types include irrigated agriculture, riparian zones, and arid desert regions. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between pre- and post-Soviet collapse seasonal NDVI trajectories and interannual variation in greenness onset and vegetation response. Changes in satellite-based land surface phenological information are attributed to differences in prevailing land management, climate, and socio-economic factors before and after the USSR collapse.
Factors associated with child abuse and neglect in residential care settings

Abstract A random sample of 510 reports of child abuse and neglect incidents in residential care settings was studied in order to begin to develop a systematic understanding of the causes of such incidents. The study was focused on the time and day of the incidents, the time and day of oral reports to the New York State Child Abuse and Maltreatment register, the characteristics of the children involved in the incidents, and the characteristics of the workers involved. It was found that the children allegedly maltreated in residential care settings were older than children abused and neglected in familial settings, that younger staff were more likely to be involved in incidents than older staff, and that male staff were more likely to be involved than female staff. It was also found that incidents were more likely to occur between 5:00 p.m. and 9:00 a.m. In contrast, reporting to the register occurred more frequently between 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. Incidents of suspected abuse and neglect were reported to the register more quickly if they occurred between 9:00 a. m. and 5:00 p. m. on weekdays.
Common genetic variation in the sex steroid hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) gene and circulating shbg levels among postmenopausal women: the Multiethnic Cohort.

SHBG transports sex steroid hormones in the blood, and levels in humans are thought to partially be genetically determined. Recently, studies have found a pentanucleotide (TAAAA)n repeat polymorphism in the promoter of the SHBG gene and a missense polymorphism in exon 6 (Asp327Asn) to predict circulating SHBG levels. Based on the potential role of common genetic variation in SHBG to serve as a marker of SHBG levels in the general population, we evaluated the association between the (TAAAA)n repeat polymorphism, Asp327Asn polymorphism, and SHBG levels in a population of African-American, Native Hawaiian, Japanese, Latina, and white healthy postmenopausal women from the Multiethnic Cohort Study (n = 372). Mean SHBG levels were not significantly different between carriers and noncarriers of the Asn327 allele [minor allele frequency range across ethnic groups, 0.02–0.14; Asp/Asn and Asn/Asn genotypes, 33.6 mol/liter; 95% confidence interval (CI), 28.2–40.0; n = 49; Asp/Asp genotype, 30.8 mol/liter (95% CI, 28...
In vitro cellular cytotoxicity for a human colon cancer cell line by mucosal mononuclear cells of patients with colon cancer and other disorders

In vitro cellular cytotoxicity of mononuclear cells of intestinal mucosa and peripheral blood for a colon cancer cell target was measured in patients with colon cancer and other disorders requiring resection. Four- and 24-hour cytotoxicity assays were conducted using selenium 75 (75Se)-labeled RPMI-4788 human colon cancer target cells grown in culture. In the cancer group mean cytotoxicity was 30.4% at 24 hours for peripheral blood effectors and 8.0% for effectors from normal mucosa. Values in patients with Crohn's disease were 10.4% for blood and 17.2% for effectors from normal mucosa, and 13.6% and 18.5%, respectively, for blood and abnormal mucosa. Values in patients with other diseases were 25% for blood and 14.7% for mucosa. Mean cytotoxicity at 4 hours did not exceed 6.4% for any group, and assays in autologous serum gave results similar to tests in calf serum. In additional studies, K 562 chronic leukemia cells were somewhat more sensitive to lysis than RPMI-4788 by blood mononuclear cells, but there was no lysis of K 562 by mucosal populations that were cytotoxic for RPMI-4788. There was no competitive inhibition by either target cell for the other. It was concluded that 75Se RPMI-4788 colon cancer cells are suitable targets for evaluating in vitro cytotoxicity by intestinal mucosal cells and that mucosal cytotoxicity in patients with colon cancer is depressed compared to cytotoxicity by peripheral blood effectors.
Performance and Psychophysiological Measures of Fatigue Effects on Aviation Related Tasks of Varying Difficulty

This study investigates the interaction between fatigue and mental workload in aviation operations. Performance, psychophysiological, and subjective measures were collected during performance of three tasks of increasing complexity. A psychomotor vigilance task, multi-attribute task battery and an uninhabited air vehicle task were performed five times during one night's sleep loss. Electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram and pupil area were recorded during task performance. Findings showed decrements in performance decrements at the next to last and/or last testing session. The EEG showed concomitant changes. Although the results indicate that fatigue from moderate extended wakefulness generally impaired operator readiness, the degree of impairment was at least partially dependent on the outcome variable under investigation and the task to be performed.
Effects of mugshot commitment on lineup performance in young and older adults

Two experiments assessed the effects of mugshot commitment on the ability to make a subsequent lineup identification. Young (17-37 years) and older (55-87 years) participants viewed a crime video featuring a younger (20 years) or older (64 years) culprit. Some participants viewed a 50-photograph culprit-absent mugbook. Following a 1-week delay, participants returned to view a culprit present lineup. In Experiment 1, mugbook choosers tended to select their prior selection in the lineup and mugbook nonchoosers tended to reject the lineup. In Experiment 2, mugshot choosers rejected a lineup that did not contain their prior selection. Commitment to a prior selection and commitment to a selection strategy were the cause of the majority of lineup errors. As previously reported, mugshot exposure harms subsequent lineup identification, and this appears to be primarily the result of commitment effects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Rare case of bilateral vertebral artery stenosis caused by C4-5 spondylotic changes manifesting with bilateral bow hunter's syndrome.

Background Rotational vertebral artery occlusion syndrome refers to vertebrobasilar insufficiency as a result of mechanical occlusion or stenosis of the vertebral artery by head rotation. In most cases, symptoms are produced on extension or rotation to one side. No case of bow hunter's syndrome with bilateral presentation at the C4 level has yet been reported. Case Description A 54-year-old man presented with symptomatic bilateral bow hunter's syndrome induced by head rotation. The patient complained of intermittent dizziness, episodes of double vision, nonpulsatile tinnitus, and headaches indicative of vertebral artery insufficiency with exacerbation of symptoms on rotation of his head to either side. Computed tomography angiography showed bilateral vertebral artery stenosis, and dynamic cerebral angiography revealed bilateral rotational vertebral artery occlusion, with compression of the ipsilateral vertebral artery on head rotation to either side. Bilateral surgical decompression at C4-5 with anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion with a plate was performed. Conclusions Bony obstruction of the vertebral artery on head rotation tends to occur at levels C4 and below, affecting the ipsilateral side. In this rare case, symptomatic bilateral vertebral artery stenosis occurred as a result of bony compression and was symptomatic on head rotation both to the right and to the left. This stenosis was improved with anterior decompression bilaterally, and no further events occurred postoperatively.
The transparency of truth

Transparency is the following (alleged) property of truth: if one possesses the concept of truth, then to assert, believe, inquire whether it is true that S just is to assert, believe, inquire whether S (and conversely). It might appear (as it did to Frege in "Thoughts") that if truth ascriptions were transparent, then the truth predicate must be redundant; but the fact that some truth ascriptions are not transparent-for instance, those that quantify over, name, or describe the proposition(s) to which truth is ascribed--shows that the truth predicate could not be redundant. It is argued that the apparent paradox is resolved by treating content as more basic than truth (and arguing, accordingly, that content cannot be explained, even in part, in terms of truth conditions). This strategy is illustrated by three candidate analyses, each of which treats the truth predicate as non-redundant but can, nevertheless, account for transparency.
Synthesis of Peroxynitrite in a Two-Phase System Using Isoamyl Nitrite and Hydrogen Peroxide

A new method for the preparation of high concentrations of peroxynitrite (up to 1 M) is described. The synthesis uses a two-phase system and involves a displacement reaction by the hydroperoxide anion (in the aqueous phase) on isoamyl nitrite (in the organic phase). The product peroxynitrite remains in the aqueous phase, whereas isoamyl alcohol forms a new organic phase along with the unreacted isoamyl nitrite. The aqueous phase contains some 0.15 M isoamyl alcohol and the unreacted hydrogen peroxide, but no isoamyl nitrite. Removal of isoamyl alcohol or traces of isoamyl nitrite is accomplished by washing the aqueous phase with dichloromethane, chloroform, or hexane. A near total removal of hydrogen peroxide is then achieved by passing the solutions through a short column of manganese dioxide. The peroxynitrite in these postprocessed solutions has broad absorption spectrum with a maximum around 302 nm, follows a characteristic first-order decomposition at pH 7.2 and 25 degrees C (k = 0.34 +/- 0.1 s-1), and reacts with organic compounds to give either nitrated or one-electron transfer products. When stored frozen at -20 degrees C, these peroxynitrite solutions decompose at a rate of about 1.7 % per day and should be used within 2-4 weeks. For short-term storage of about 1 week or less, these solutions can be stored at refrigerator temperatures (approximately 5 degrees C) where peroxynitrite has a half-life of about 7 days.
Emerging powers and the UN development system: canvassing global views

The importance of emerging powers in the UN development system is undeniable, but their influence over the shape of the post-2015 agenda is less clear. This article examines recent survey data by the Future UN Development System (funds) Project in order to better gauge the perceptions of the world organisation’s problems and prospects.
Patterns of cohesion in the families of offspring of addicted parents: examining a nonclinical sample of college students.

This study was designed to examine patterns of family functioning among college students who are offspring of addicted parents. 218 undergraduate psychology students were administered a series of measures assessing family functioning, dissociation, parental addiction, and a history of child abuse. As predicted, offspring of addicted parents reported significantly lower Cohesion in their families of origin (F 1,161 =10.16, p=.002), and described significantly greater dissatisfaction with the cohesion they experienced in their families of origin, when compared to their college peers (F 1,135 =10.24, p =.002). However, these groups reported comparable Adaptability in their families of origin (F 1,161 = 1.74, ns). These data show that, although offspring of addicted parents college students appear to share commonalities with their student peers in terms of the adaptability in their families of origin, they still share some key characteristics with clinical populations of offspring of addicted parents, which distinguish them as a group.
A spike-transmitting electrical synapse between visual interneurones in the locust movement detector system

The Lobular Giant Movement Detector neuron (LGMD) runs from the lobula of the locust to the protocerebrum, where it synapses with the Descending Contralateral Movement Detector neuron (DCMD) which in turn projects to thoracic motoneurons. The synapse between the two interneurons has been examined physiologically. The DCMD spike follows that of the LGMD without failure at the highest firing frequencies (c. 300 ips) attainable (Fig. 1). After the optic lobe and brain are desheathed, chemical transmission in the visual pathway fails and is subsequently restored in low and high Ca++ salines respectively. The LGMD/DCMD synapse transmits normally throughout this sequence, when the presynaptic axon is stimulated electrically (Figs. 2, 3). Similarly, chemical transmission through the visual pathway, but not the LGMD/DCMD synapse, fails when cooled to around 8°C (Fig. 4). A small potential is seen inside the presynaptic (LGMD) terminal when the DCMD is fired antidromically, and is apparently transmitted electrotonically across the synapse (Fig. 5). Post-synaptically, the potential recorded in the DCMD integrating segment during orthodromic transmission can be demonstrated to be composed of two components; a 40 mV PSP, similar to the presynaptic action potential in waveform, and a small-amplitude axon spike transmitted passively from the DCMD initiation zone (Fig. 6). The DCMD axon spike fails when the PSP is reduced by between one-fifth to one half of its normal amplitude; this occurs when two LGMD spikes follow one another within 4 ms or less (Fig. 7). The synapse is concluded to be electrotonically transmitting, of a wide-band or high-pass nature, and perhaps partially rectifying.
Nimodipine does not affect cerebral lactate levels following complete ischemia in dogs.

Nimodipine is known to improve postischemic cerebral blood flow (CBF) and neurologic outcome in experimental animals. Whether or not the two observations are related is unknown. This study searched for a possible improved rate of brain metabolic recovery in animals treated with nimodipine postischemia. Complete cerebral ischemia was produced for 11 min in 16 dogs, followed by reperfusion for 70 min. Prior to ischemia, glucose was administered (0.75 g X kg-1) in 12 dogs. Half of the glucose-treated dogs were given i.v. nimodipine, beginning 5 min postischemia (10 micrograms X kg-1 bolus followed by 1 microgram X kg-1 X min-1). The other half were given only saline postischemia. The remaining four dogs were given no glucose and received saline only postischemia. In all dogs, serial brain biopsies were taken at 2, 20, 40, and 70 min postischemia. In 5 dogs, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was tested by injection of Evans blue dye and postmortem examination of the brains. Brain biopsies were assayed for concentrations of phosphocreatine, ATP, ADP, AMP, glucose, lactate, and pyruvate. In all dogs, there was rapid restoration of a normal brain energy state following reperfusion. Brain lactate had returned to near normal in all dogs by 70 min postischemia, and the rate of lactate depletion was not different between groups. The integrity of the BBB was only minimally affected. A portion of the brain lactate was converted to pyruvate rather than crossing the BBB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Low local recurrence rate without postmastectomy radiation in node-negative breast cancer patients with tumors 5 cm and larger

Purpose: To assess the need for adjuvant radiotherapy following mastectomy for patients with node-negative breast tumors 5 cm or larger. Methods and Materials: Between 1981 and 2002, a total of 70 patients with node-negative breast cancer and tumors 5 cm or larger were treated with mastectomy and adjuvant systemic therapies but without radiotherapy at three institutions. We retrospectively assessed rates and risk factors for locoregional failure (LRF), overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) in these patients. Results: With a median follow-up of 85 months, the 5-year actuarial LRF rate was 7.6% (95% confidence interval, 3%–16%). LRF was primarily in the chest wall (4/5 local failures), and lymphatic–vascular invasion (LVI) was statistically significantly associated with LRF risk by the log-rank test ( p = 0.017) and in Cox proportional hazards analysis ( p = 0.038). The 5-year OS and DFS rates were 83% and 86% respectively. LVI was also significantly associated with OS and DFS in both univariate and multivariate analysis. Conclusions: This series demonstrates a low LRF rate of 7.6% among breast cancer patients with node-negative tumors 5 cm and larger after mastectomy and adjuvant systemic therapy. Our data indicate that further adjuvant radiation therapy to increase local control may not be indicated by tumor size alone in the absence of positive lymph nodes. LVI was significantly associated with LRF in our series, indicating that patients with this risk factor require careful consideration with regard to further local therapy.
Cystathionine synthesis in brain: Implications for treatment of homocystinuria

Abstract Administration of l -cysteine plus l -homoserine, intraperitoneally, results in the accumulation of cystathionine in the brain and the liver of the mouse. The administration of either amino acid alone failed to alter concentrations of cystathionine significantly in these organs. Under these conditions, the specific activity of cystathionase in the liver is significantly decreased. Studies with 35 S- l -cysteine suggest that the accumulation of cystathionine in the brain and kidney, under these conditions, is due, in part at least, to the reversal of cystathionase; however, in the liver most of the accumulation of cystathionine is due to synthesis by cystathionine synthase when cystathionase is partially inhibited. Administration of l -threonine results in a decrease in concentration of cystathionine in brain, probably due to inhibition of cystathionine synthase. The implications of the use of homoserine plus cysteine for the repletion of cystathionine in the brain of patients with homocystinuria is discussed.
Effects of a Brief Tiered Language Intervention for Prekindergartners at Risk

Research Findings: Multitiered instructional frameworks are becoming a recommended approach for enhancing prevention and intervention efforts targeting early literacy and language skills. However, few studies to date have studied the feasibility of tiered oral language interventions before kindergarten; therefore, this pilot study explored the effectiveness of such an approach in prekindergarten. Teachers in 39 classrooms were randomly assigned to an experimental or comparison condition that contrasted the implementation of an intervention that had both Tier 1 (whole group) and Tier 2 (small group for at-risk children) components. The pilot study included only 4 weeks of teacher-administered intervention. Despite this short duration, a significant and large effect size (d = .81) was observed for the experimental group on a receptive target vocabulary assessment. No significant changes were found on measures of vocabulary fluency, expressive target vocabulary, or listening comprehension. It is important to...
Therapy for Late Post Infarction Ventricular Tachycardia

Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) in the late post myocardial infarction (MI) period (7-21 days) has been reported to be a predictor of sudden death. We suspected that patients with 3 beat VT on Holter monitoring in the late infarction period would demonstrate electrical instability at electrophysiologic studies. Forty-seven patients were identified as having at least 3 beat VT on Holter monitoring. Eighteen patients refused electrophysiologic studies or were not referred by their attending physician. The mean ejection fraction of this group was 43 +/- 16%. Eight patients have died, 3 sudden deaths in 13 +/- 5 months, a 17% incidence of sudden death. Twenty-nine patients underwent invasive electrophysiologic studies. Their mean ejection fraction was 37 +/- 7%, and 28 had inducible, 18 sustained ventricular tachycardia and 10 non-sustained VT. No complications were noted with electrophysiological testing in the post infarction patients. Using programmed electrical stimulation studies an effective antiarrhythmic agent preventing VT induction (usually experimental) could be found for each patient. After a mean follow-up of 12.5 +/- 4 months, the patient without inducible VT is alive and 26 of the 28 "inducible" patients are alive and well. Two patients died, one of stroke and one due to pump failure following a second MI. No sudden deaths were observed in this group. Two patients had breakthrough arrhythmias and were treated by alternative antiarrhythmic therapy that was also effective at the initial electrophysiologic studies. Thus, PES studies post MI are safe and may be an effective way to assess therapy for patients in the early post MI period, identified at high risk for sudden death.
Reading Wordsworth with Hegel and Deleuze

In his article "Reading Wordsworth with Hegel and Deleuze" Douglas Berman reexamines Wordsworth poem The Ruined Cottage (1798) in terms of the importance of the Pedlar who serves as the witness and singular moral authority in the text. Berman focuses on the inherent tension between impermanence as exemplified by the trope of wandering and the redemptive vision which shapes the ending of the second version of the poem. While recognizing the strength of earlier critics, particularly the new historicists who emphasized Wordsworth's displacement of social and material reality into nature, Berman argues that wandering both in its physical form and as metaphor for impermanence undermines the quest for permanence, thus complicating thematically and linguistically our efforts to wrest any coherent interpretation from the text. Instead of relying on the Hegelian Aufhebung as dominant paradigm, a critical interpretation based on a "Deleuzian" structure may be more fruitful in helping us understand the challenges Wordsworth faced when writing the poem — and, in particular, his conceptualization of nature — and better appreciate its power even while acknowledging that to adopt this paradigm works against the grain of Wordsworth's own text. Douglas Berman, "Reading Wordsworth with Hegel and Deleuze" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 14.5 (2012): Special issue New Work about the Journey and Its Portrayals. Ed. I-Chun Wang
Oxidation of Insoluble Starch Xanthate: Stabilization and Metal Ion Removal

Insoluble starch xanthate was oxidized with hydrogen peroxide or other oxidants to give insoluble starch xanthide. The effect of temperature, pH and quantity of hydrogen peroxide for product formation was determined. Insoluble starch xanthide was found to be more stable at room temperature than the xanthate; however, it was still effective in removing heavy metal ions from water. Oxidation von unloslichem Starkexanthat: Stabilisierung und Entfernung von Metallionen Unlosliches Starkexanthat wurde mit Wasserstoffperoxid oder anderen Oxidationsmitteln zu unloslichem Starkexanthid oxidiert. Der Einflus von Temperatur, pH und Wasserstoffperoxidmenge auf die Bildung der Verbindung wurde ermittelt. Wie gefunden wurde, ist unlosliches Starkexanthid bei Raumtemperatur stabiler als das Xanthat; es war dennoch wirksam zur Entfernung von Schwermetallionen aus Wasser.
Cracking in a glassy epoxy resin induced by water absorption

Introduction In an earlier publication 1 some effects of water absorption in an elastomer containing water soluble inclusions were reported. It was observed that the inclusions dissolved (partially or completely) in water that diffused to the vicinity of the inclusion. This process led to the formation of a cavity containing a near saturated solution of the inclusion in water plus any remaining undissolved inclusion. Some of these growing cavities developed disc-shaped cracks which grew in size until their lengths were 5 -10 times larger than the size of the initial inclusion. Such cracking constitutes a new mechanism of failure for elastomeric materials. The present report notes the observation of the formation of similar cracks, also produced by water absorption, in a rigid glassy epoxy. This finding demonstrates that this type of failure occurs in high modulus glassy polymers, as well as low modulus elastomers, and thus seems to be a general phenomenon.
A far-infrared map of the Ophiuchus dark cloud region

An extensive area of the Ophiuchus dark cloud has been mapped at far-infrared (40-50 microns) wavelengths with high angular resolution (1 arcmin) using a 102-cm balloon-borne telescope. Three sources were detected and resolved. Two of the sources were identified with strong 2-micron sources that were also associated with radio continuum emission. The far-infrared flux is consistent with radiation from dust heated by an early B star. Previous 2-micron observations have indicated the presence of a large number of early B stars embedded in the dark cloud; the far-infrared observations indicate, however, that although some early B stars are in the dark cloud, most of the 2-micron sources are either behind the cloud or are stars not on the main sequence.
Hydrogen bonded complexes of ϵ‐caprolactam

The ultraviolet absorption band of a complex between 9-ethyladenine and ∈-caprolactam has been observed at a wavelength longer than that of the absorption band for the 9-ethyladenine monomer. Absorbance values (at 277.5 mμ) of solutions that contained 9-ethyladenine and different concentrations of ∈-caprolactam in cyclohexane were determined at different temperatures. Linear plots were utilized to determine the apparent association constant (K′ ) of the 9-ethyladenine-caprolactam complex over the range of 25° to 60°. The K′ values for the complex of 4-aminopyrimidine and ∈-caprolactam were determined for the same temperature range from the absorbance of cyclohexane solutions at 282.5 mμ. The K' values of the two complexes are the same at 25°, but ∈-caprolactam is more strongly bonded to 9-ethyladenine than to 4-aminopyrimidine at elevated temperatures. The synthesis of 4-amino-1-ethylbenzimidazole hydro-chloride was performed. An attempt to detect a complex between ∈-caprolactam and 4-amino-1-ethylbenzimidazole in a cyclohexane solution was not successful.
Seasonal zooplankton dynamics in Lake Michigan: Disentangling impacts of resource limitation, ecosystem engineering, and predation during a critical ecosystem transition

Abstract We examined seasonal dynamics of zooplankton at an offshore station in Lake Michigan from 1994 to 2003 and 2007 to 2008. This period saw variable weather, declines in planktivorous fish abundance, the introduction and expansion of dreissenid mussels, and a slow decline in total phosphorus concentrations. After the major expansion of mussels into deep water (2007–2008), chlorophyll in spring declined sharply, Secchi depth increased markedly in all seasons, and planktivorous fish biomass declined to record-low levels. Overlaying these dramatic ecosystem-level changes, the zooplankton community exhibited complex seasonal dynamics between 1994–2003 and 2007–2008. Phenology of the zooplankton maximum was affected by onset of thermal stratification, but there was no other discernable effect due to temperature. Interannual variability in zooplankton biomass during 1994 and 2003 was strongly driven by planktivorous fish abundance, particularly age-0 and age-1 alewives. In 2007–2008, there were large decreases in Diacyclops thomasi and Daphnia mendotae possibly caused by food limitation as well as increased predation and indirect negative effects from increases in Bythotrephes longimanus abundance and in foraging efficiency associated with increased light penetration. The Bythotrephes increase was likely driven in part by decreased predation from yearling and older alewife. While there was a major decrease in epilimnetic–metalimnetic herbivorous cladocerans in 2007–2008, there was an increase in large omnivorous and predacious calanoid copepods, especially those in the hypolimnion. Thus, changes to the zooplankton community are the result of cascading, synergistic interactions, including a shift from vertebrate to invertebrate planktivory and mussel ecosystem impacts on light climate and chlorophyll.