cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuromodulation for Dystonia: Target and Patient Selection

Abstract Treatment of dystonia refractory to oral medications or botulinum toxin injections includes the use of deep brain stimulation (DBS). Expectations should be established based on patient-related factors, including type of dystonia, genetic cause, target symptoms, age at the time of surgery, disease duration, or the presence of fixed skeletal deformities. Premorbid conditions such as psychiatric illness and cognitive impairment should be considered. Target selection is an emerging issue in DBS for dystonia. Although efficacy has been established for targeting the globus pallidus internus for dystonia, other brain targets such as the subthalamic nucleus, thalamus, or cortex may be promising alternatives.
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Induce Human Th17 Cells: Effect of Psoriasis-Associated TRAF3IP2 Genotype

Psoriasis lesions are rich in IL-17–producing T cells as well as neutrophils, which release webs of DNA-protein complexes known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Because we and others have observed increased NETosis in psoriatic lesions, we hypothesized that NETs contribute to increased T helper type 17 (Th17) cells in psoriasis. After stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells with anti-CD3/CD28 beads for 7 days, we found significantly higher percentages of CD3+CD4+IL-17+ (Th17) cells in the presence versus absence of NETs, as assessed by flow cytometry, IL-17 ELISA, and IL17A/F and RORC mRNAs. Memory, but not naive, T cells were competent and monocytes were required for CD3/CD28-mediated Th17 induction, with or without NETs. Th17 induction was enhanced by the T allele of rs33980500 (T/C), a psoriasis risk-associated variant in the TRAF3IP2 gene encoding the D10N variant of Act1, a key mediator of IL-17 signal transduction. Global transcriptome analysis of CD3/CD28-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells by RNA sequencing confirmed the stimulatory effects of NETs, demonstrated NET-induced enhancement of cytokine gene expression, and verified that the effect of Act1 D10N was greater in the presence of NETs. Collectively, these results implicate NETs and the Act1 D10N variant in human Th17 induction from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, with ramifications for immunogenetic studies of psoriasis and other autoimmune diseases.
DENTAL RADIOGRAPHIC PRESCRIBING PRACTICES: SURVEY OF DENTAL HYGIENISTS IN THE U.S.

Background Potential harm from ionizing radiation has led to the development of guidelines to protect patients and practitioners from unnecessary radiation exposure; however, these guidelines may or may not be followed in practice. Objective This study surveyed U.S. dental hygienists with regard to radiology policies in the workplace. Methods The survey, consisting of 62 knowledge and practice items regarding use of dental radiography, was based on the 2012 publication by the American Dental Association (ADA) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): “Dental Radiographic Examinations: Recommendations for Patient Selection & Limiting Radiation Exposure.” The study was granted exempt status by the Texas AM for adolescent patients, corporate and general dental practices preferred to make bitewing images every 12 months, whereas educational institutions preferred to make bitewing images every 18 months (P Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that some dental practices are not strictly following the ADA/FDA guidelines with regard to frequency of radiographic exposures.
Barriers and Facilitators to Implementation of Pharmacotherapy for Opioid Use Disorders in VHA Residential Treatment Programs.

Objective:Despite evidence of effectiveness, pharmacotherapy—methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone—is prescribed to less than 35% of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) patients diagnosed with o...
The Discriminatory Gesture: A Psychoanalytic Consideration of Posttraumatic Reactions to Incidents of Racial Discrimination

This article provides a basic psychological conceptualization of racial trauma. It considers how seemingly minor instances of bias or discrimination can lead to posttraumatic reactions, the proport...
Conditional Deletion of Eaf1 Induces Murine Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Mice.

Abstract ELL-associated factor 1 is a transcription elongation factor that shares significant homology and functional similarity to the androgen-responsive prostate tumor suppressor ELL-associated factor 2. EAF2 is frequently down-regulated in advanced prostate cancer and Eaf2 deletion in the mouse induced the development of murine prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Here we show that similar to EAF2, EAF1 is frequently down-regulated in advanced prostate cancer. Co-downregulation of EAF1 and EAF2 occurred in 40% of clinical specimens with Gleason score >7. We developed and characterized a murine model of prostate-epithelial specific deletion of Eaf1 in the prostate and crossed it with our previously generated mouse with conventional deletion of Eaf2. The prostates of Eaf1 deletion mice displayed murine prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions with increased proliferation and inflammation. Combined deletion of Eaf1 and Eaf2 in the murine model induced an increased incidence in mPIN lesions characterized by increased proliferation and CD3+ T cells and CD19+ B cells infiltration compared to individual deletion of either Eaf1 or Eaf2 in the murine prostate. These results suggest that EAF1 may play a tumor suppressive role in the prostate. Cooperation between EAF1 and EAF2 may be important for prostate maintaining prostate epithelial homeostasis, and concurrent loss of these two tumor suppressors may promote prostate tumorigenesis and progression.
Crown Lengthening Procedures for Functional and Esthetic Purposes

The crown lengthening (CL) procedure is one of the most common procedures in daily dental practice. The purpose of this review is to examine the newer techniques along with parameters that need to be considered in the decision-making process for optimal functional and esthetic results. The parameters that need to be considered during the decision-making process for CL include the patient’s restorative needs and esthetic expectations, supracrestal attachment, level of bone, and gingival phenotype. While gingivectomy with or without osseous resection is the traditional approach, more recently less invasive procedures have been used including dental lasers, orthodontic extrusion, and lip repositioning. Correct evaluation of the patient’s anatomical factors, restorative and esthetic needs should lead to the utilization of the most appropriate procedure. Adequate time for healing should be allowed prior to the final restoration for the most stable and predictable long-term result.
Distributional semantics as a source of visual knowledge.

In PNAS Kim et al. (1) detail congenitally blind individuals’ extensive knowledge of the visual appearance of animals. This is exciting and important work speaking directly to long-standing questions about the role of direct perceptual experience in semantic knowledge. Despite lacking visual input, blind people show substantial alignment with one another and with sighted people in judging animal shape, skin texture, size, and, to a much lesser extent, color. Where does this knowledge come from? One possibility, advanced by the authors, is inferential reasoning. Knowing that birds have feathers and that ostriches are birds allows blind people to infer that ostriches have feathers despite never having seen an ostrich (or feathers). Another possibility is the distributional structure of language. The authors reject the “obvious idea … that blind individuals learn from sighted people’s verbal descriptions” on the grounds that the lowest … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: mollyllewis{at}gmail.com. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Effects of climate‐related variability in storage on streamwater solute concentrations and fluxes in a small forested watershed in the Southeastern United States

Streamwater quality can be affected by climate‐related variability in hydrologic state, which controls flow paths and affects biogeochemical processes. Thirty‐one years of input/output solute fluxes at Panola Mountain Research Watershed, a small, forested, seasonally water‐limited watershed near Atlanta, Georgia, were used to quantify the effects of climatic‐related variability in storage on streamwater solute concentrations and fluxes. Streamwater fluxes were estimated for ten solutes from weekly and event sample concentrations using regression‐based methods. The most pertinent storage attribute (current or antecedent watershed, shallow, and deep storage) for each solute was determined by fitting separate concentration relationships. The concentration‐discharge relationships varied more for reactive solutes such as potassium, sulfate, and DOC and less for weathering products (base cations and dissolved silica) and conservative chloride. Many solutes exhibited higher concentrations when storage levels were lower or wetting up, which was likely the result of the concentrating effects of evapotranspiration and/or the buildup and flushing of weathering products associated with longer residence times. The impacts of storage modeling on annual fluxes varied by solute, ranging from about 5% (magnesium) to 52% (nitrate) as relative standard deviations, and sufficiently removed climate‐related patterns observed in streamwater concentrations. Sulfate was particularly mobilized following growing season droughts but only if deep storage was sufficiently recharged, possibly indicating that sulfides in the deep storage pool were oxidized to sulfate during droughts and mobilized when re‐wetted. The lack of streamwater sulfate response to 61% declines in atmospheric deposition indicates the importance of watershed biogeochemical processes on controls of streamwater export of sulfate. The approach of explicitly incorporating storage in the streamwater concentration modeling elucidated the effects of climate on streamwater water‐quality and may provide insight into the effects of climatic change on future fluxes.
Is E-cigarette use a gateway to marijuana use? Longitudinal examinations of initiation, reinitiation, and persistence of e-cigarette and marijuana use.

Abstract Background Concerns have been raised regarding e-cigarette use as a potential stepping-stone to marijuana use. Based on Kandel’s gateway hypothesis, this study investigated if e-cigarette use could lead to marijuana use by testing two hypotheses with a longitudinal national U.S. adult sample, including (1) primary hypothesis: e-cigarette use is a gateway to marijuana use; and (2) falsification hypothesis: marijuana use is not a gateway to e-cigarette use. Methods Adults were extracted from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Waves 1–3 (2013–2016). For primary hypotheses, based on baseline e-cigarette use statuses, three study groups were defined, and three logistic regressions were conducted to examine associations between baseline e-cigarette use and follow-up marijuana use initiation, reinitiation, and persistence, respectively. Similarly, for falsification hypotheses, three additional study groups were defined, and three logistic regressions were conducted to examine associations between baseline marijuana use and follow-up e-cigarette use behaviors. Results Baseline e-cigarette use was associated with marijuana use initiation and reinitiation (ORs = 2.08, 1.37, respectively, both ps Conclusions Findings partially support the gateway hypothesis that e-cigarette use could be a steppingstone to marijuana use reinitiation among the U.S. adults. The mechanisms and behavioral characteristics, such as etiological and psychosocial factors, that may pertain to the progression from e-cigarette use to reinitiation of other substance use should be further investigated to inform effective behavioral, educational, and policy interventions.
Concentration-dependent toxicogenomic changes of silver nanoparticles in hepatocyte-like cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells

The application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products has been increasing rapidly over the past decades. Therefore, in vitro models capable of accurately predicting the toxicity of AgNPs are much needed. Hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent an attractive alternative in vitro hepatotoxicity model. Yet, the use of iPSC-derived HLCs (iPSC-HLCs) for the study of nanoparticle toxicity has not been reported so far. In the present study, transcriptomic changes induced by varying concentrations (5-25 μg/ml) of AgNPs were characterized in iPSC-HLCs after 24-h exposure. AgNPs caused concentration-dependent gene expression changes in iPSC-HLCs. At all the concentrations, members of the metallothionein (MT) and the heat shock protein (HSP) families were the dominating upregulated genes, suggesting that exposure to AgNPs induced oxidative stresses in iPSC-HLCs and as a result elicited cellular protective responses in the cells. Functional analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were majorly involved in the biological processes of metabolism, response to stress, and cell organization and biogenesis. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that cancer was at the top of diseases and disorders associated with the DEGs at all concentrations. These results were in accordance with those reported previously on hepatoma cell lines and primary hepatocytes. Considering the advantages iPSC-HLCs have over other liver cell models in terms of unlimited supply, consistency in quality, sustainability of function in long-term culture, and, more importantly, affordability of donor specificity, the results of the current study suggest that iPSC-HLCs may serve as a better in vitro model for liver nanotoxicology.
Comparison of male and female patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Hippocampal hyperactivity and pattern separation memory performance.

Introduction Recent studies have suggested that sex confers a differential risk in the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) thought to be the result of the increased lifespan of women compared to men. However, other factors may contribute to risk beyond the effect of increased lifespan. Methods This study examined the role of sex in hippocampal hyperactivity localized to the dentate gyrus (DG)/CA3 subregion of the hippocampus and associated episodic memory impairment, considered a characteristic feature of AD in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Results While participants with aMCI showed decreased memory performance and increased activation in the DG/CA3 when compared to controls, no significant sex-related differences in performance or activation were observed. Discussion Although other factors may contribute to sex differences in the prevalence of AD these findings show that no sex differences are observed in hippocampal dysfunction characteristic of the aMCI phase of AD.
Opportunistic Early Pipeline Re-steering for Data-dependent Branches

As Out-of-Order (OOO) cores scale to very large instruction windows to extract higher instruction level parallelism (ILP), the cost of mis-speculation increases tremendously. Branch predictors sitting at the head of the pipeline are a significant contributor to the speculatively executed code. It is critical to limit the execution time down the wrong path for the sake of performance and energy efficiency. Architects continue to increase the branch predictor sizes and improve the prediction algorithms to mitigate the increasing cost of the mis-speculations. Unfortunately, there still exists branches whose outcomes are predominantly data dependent, and that significantly contribute to the overall mispredictions. This work is the first to characterize data dependent branches at a scale spanning 100+ workloads drawn from several application categories and establish a clear motivation to address them. We find that branches which have only one load instruction feeding them and only simple operations to compute the branch direction from the load value are responsible for a significant fraction of the overall mispredictions. We call such branches Direct Data Dependent (3D) branches. We develop a family of synergistic techniques to avoid mispredictions from such 3D-branches. We describe 3D-Branch Overrider, our novel branch overriding technique that operates in the front-end of the pipeline to minimize the branch misprediction penalties. On a modern Icelake-like OOO core equipped with the state-of-the-art branch predictor, we find that our technique provides a 12.7% reduction in branch mispredictions resulting in 3.1% Instructions Per Cycle (IPC) gain while needing just 5.7KB in additional storage. As future cores become wider and deeper, we show that the gains from 3D-Branch Overrider nicely increases, even if the size of the underlying branch predictor is aggressively scaled.
The Music Act of “Kosovo” and Its Semantic Resonances in International Criminal Trials: An Oral Epic Poetry Case Study Toward a Cognitive Approach to Analysis, Investigations, and Prosecutions

When a defendant is charged with incitement to genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes, understanding the specific resonances and impact of communications on the perpetrators can determine the ultimate issue in a trial. In this regard, various elements of music have always been a critical but underestimated factor in the perpetration of mass atrocity crimes. Music, as language, has the capacity to communicate information and prompt action. As a result, the nature and role of music can neither be interpreted nor understood without an advanced forensic approach to its position in international criminal trials.
MM-130: Tolerability and Efficacy of Daratumumab in Patients with Plasma Cell Disorder with Poor Performance Status or Good Performance Status with CKD and/or CHF

Context: Daratumumab is an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody used to treat plasma cell disorders. However, in clinical trials, patients with poor Eastern Cooperative Group performance status (ECOG-PS), poor renal and cardiac functions were excluded. The tolerability and efficacy of daratumumab in such populations is unknown. Objective: To determine the tolerability and efficacy of daratumumab in patients with poor ECOG-PS, poor renal or cardiac functions. Setting, Design, and Patients: We conducted a retrospective study on patients with MM and AL amyloidosis, who had ECOG-PS of 3-4, or ECOG-PS 1-2 with CrCl of Results: Median age of the patients was 69 years with female predominance (56%). Majority of the patients were Caucasian (72%). Twenty-nine (81%) patients had MM and 7 (19%) had AL amyloidosis. The median duration of therapy was 9.0 months (range, 1.5-25 months), and median number of cycles of daratumumab received by each patient was 9 (range, 1-27). Average duration of therapy was 12.7 months, 10.9 months, 7.1 months, and 6.3 months for ECOG-PS 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Average number of cycles of daratumumab therapy was 14, 12, 8, and 6 for ECOG-PS 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Overall response rate was 64%. Ten (28%) patients had stable disease, and 3 (8%) had disease progression. Therapy was discontinued due to disease progression in 13 (81%), death of 2 (13%), and to have transplant in 1 (6%) patients. Daratumumab was not discontinued in any patient for intolerance. Fourteen (39%) patients required hospitalization while on daratumumab therapy, due to infection (24%), dehydration and electrolyte imbalance (12%), and syncope/fall (8%). Conclusion: Our study, although had a small sample size and heterogeneous patient population, showed that daratumumab-based therapy is relatively safe, effective, and well tolerated by patients with poor PS, advanced kidney disease, and poor cardiac function.
Abstract MP08: Whole Exome Sequencing Study Identified A Novel Variant For Kidney Function And Progression Of Chronic Kidney Disease

Introduction: Most genetic variants for chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been identified in non-coding regions, with functional roles that are difficult to interpret. Hypothesis: A whole exome seq...
False News Determinants and its Association with Financial Reporting Quality

We examine the determinants and financial reporting quality implications of false news about a company. False news is defined as information presented as factually accurate, but contain fabricated facts and is deliberately made public to mislead the reader. Importantly, it is later denied by a credible source. We investigate false news by focusing on negative false news initiated outside the firm. Building on financial motives behind incidents of false news, we examine whether industry characteristics and news coverage play a role in making a firm a target for false news. We find that lower competition, market leadership, and higher news coverage are associated with an increased likelihood of false news. We further examine the impact of false news on the firm’s financial reporting behavior. Consistent with our predictions, we find that firms targeted by false news have lower financial reporting quality.
Pandemic-associated mobility restrictions could cause increases in dengue virus transmission.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has induced unprecedented reductions in human mobility and social contacts throughout the world. Because dengue virus (DENV) transmission is strongly driven by human mobility, behavioral changes associated with the pandemic have been hypothesized to impact dengue incidence. By discouraging human contact, COVID-19 control measures have also disrupted dengue vector control interventions, the most effective of which require entry into homes. We sought to investigate how and why dengue incidence could differ under a lockdown scenario with a proportion of the population sheltered at home. Methodology & principal findings We used an agent-based model with a realistic treatment of human mobility and vector control. We found that a lockdown in which 70% of the population sheltered at home and which occurred in a season when a new serotype invaded could lead to a small average increase in cumulative DENV infections of up to 10%, depending on the time of year lockdown occurred. Lockdown had a more pronounced effect on the spatial distribution of DENV infections, with higher incidence under lockdown in regions with higher mosquito abundance. Transmission was also more focused in homes following lockdown. The proportion of people infected in their own home rose from 54% under normal conditions to 66% under lockdown, and the household secondary attack rate rose from 0.109 to 0.128, a 17% increase. When we considered that lockdown measures could disrupt regular, city-wide vector control campaigns, the increase in incidence was more pronounced than with lockdown alone, especially if lockdown occurred at the optimal time for vector control. Conclusions & significance Our results indicate that an unintended outcome of lockdown measures may be to adversely alter the epidemiology of dengue. This observation has important implications for an improved understanding of dengue epidemiology and effective application of dengue vector control. When coordinating public health responses during a syndemic, it is important to monitor multiple infections and understand that an intervention against one disease may exacerbate another.
Class of Direct Canonical Equations K 47 for Spectral Functions of Random Symmetric Banded Matrices and Jacobi Matrices

In this chapter we generalize the main assertion of the previous chapter for the band symmetric random matrices. In particular, the equation K 46 has a simpler form for m = 2, i.e., when, instead of banded random matrices, we have symmetric random Jacobi matrix. It is very important that we can find the limit of n.s.f. without using its Stieltjes transform. The first step in the proof of the theorems of this chapter consists of using the Sturm oscillation theorem.
Emerging Infectious Diseases of Animals: an Overview

This chapter focuses on constructing a framework for exploring the underlying reasons for the emergence of new animal diseases. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), the most contagious disease known to exist for either animals or humans, causes a transient but severe drop in production. Susceptible animals, which include all cloven-hoofed species, develop big painful blisters in the oral cavity and on the feet. Habitat alterations can lead to new diseases by a variety of means. First, destruction of existing habitat will cause a change in an animal's or a population's behavior. Second, environmental disruption can cause a change in vector populations and patterns. The plethora of diseases that have emerged from fruit bats underscores not only the ease with which diseases can move from one area to another but also the tremendous repository of viruses contained within sylvatic species of animals. The recent emergence of West Nile encephalitis virus emphasizes the importance of thorough pathologic investigations of wild animals that died in captivity and the necessity of an integrated network for reporting animal and human diseases. Artificially feeding wild animals, while seeming to be an innocuous and perhaps altruistic practice, can have dramatic effects on animal and even human health interests. Any decisions made concerning unusual animal movements, environmental disruption, or altered husbandry should be thoroughly reviewed prior to implementation to determine potential impacts on animal and human health.
Liberal Originalism: The Declaration of Independence and Constitutional Interpretation

This article is part of a law review symposium about "History and the Meaning of the Constitution." In the article I explain a theory of constitutional interpretation I named "liberal originalism" while I was writing my Ph.D. dissertation (later, my first book). Next, I assess the criticisms of liberal originalism, Justice Clarence Thomas's use of liberal originalism, and the reaction to Justice Thomas's liberal originalism. I conclude the article with a brief discussion of the future of liberal originalism.
Nonsmooth controllability theory and an example

Extends results in local controllability analysis for multiple model driftless affine (MMDA) control systems. Such controllability results can be interpreted as non-smooth extensions of Chow's theorem, and use a set-valued Lie bracket. In particular, we formulate controllability in terms of generalized differential quotients. Additionally, we present an extensive example in order to illustrate how these results can provide insight into the control of some specific physical systems. Moreover, the paper indicates that a multiple model system consisting of individually controllable models is not necessarily controllable.
Presenting risks and benefits to patients

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether patients are influenced by the order in which they learn the risks and benefits of a treatment and whether this effect is attenuated by a treatment’s associated risk and/or benefit.
Age-related differences in tissue dielectric constant values of female forearm skin measured noninvasively at 300 MHz.

Background/Purpose We hypothesized that reported age-related shifts in skin water from less-to-more mobile states would result in increased skin tissue dielectric constant (TDC) values as TDC values depend strongly on water content and state. One aim was to test this hypothesis. Further, as skin-to-fat TDC values are used as a tool for edema and lymphedema assessment, a second aim was to establish reference values suitable for young and older women. Methods TDC was measured bilaterally on volar forearm skin in young (20–40 years) and older (≥60 years) women. There were four groups with 50, 50, 100, and 50 subjects per age group measured to depths of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 5.0 mm, respectively. Results For each age group, TDC values decreased with increasing depth (P < 0.001). TDC values at 0.5 and 1.5 mm were greater for older women (P < 0.001). At 2.5 mm, there was no age-group difference (P = 0.108). At 5.0 mm the direction of the difference reversed with older TDC values less than the younger (P < 0.001). Conclusion Results are consistent with age-related shifts in water state from less-to-more mobile and explain depth-dependence differences between age groups. Data also give age-related TDC reference values for assessing local edematous or lymphedematous states.
On the equivalence of import quotas and voluntary export restraint

Abstract This note re-examines the trade effects of a voluntary export restraint and an import quota. Whether or not they are equivalent in the presence of a dominant monopolist supplier depends fundamentally on the elasticity of a alternative (non-restricted) producers' excess supply functions and the market share of the dominant monopolist.
Li cation–aromatic organic radical complex in a zeolite studied by electron spin echo envelope modulation spectroscopy

Abstract The 7Li nuclear resonance correlation spectra of a proposed Li–phenalenyl free radical complex in the interior of the supercages in Li-exchanged Y-type faujasite zeolite at 15 K are presented. The spin Hamiltonian parameters, A xx /h=5.23±0.02 , A yy /h=6±3 , A zz /h=167±9 (signs from model), |e 2 Qq|/h=1.24±0.04 in units of MHz and |η|=0.0±0.2 , are shown to be consistent with an spn hybrid orbital on the Li ion, strongly associated with an aluminosilicate bridging O, to which the easily polarizable non-bonding, unpaired, a 1 ″ electron of phenalenyl is partially transferred. The isotropic hyperfine interaction, a/h=59±2 MHz, implies that 16.3±0.6 % of the spin is transferred to the Li 2s orbital. The anistropic hyperfine interaction, together with the quadrupole interaction, implies that there is a substantial additional spin transferred to the 2p orbital of Li in the O–Li bond direction.
The distribution of mortality from hypertension within the United States.

Abstract Age-adjusted death rates (categories 440–447) have been calculated for each state and division of the United States. The pattern, which is similar for the white and nonwhite populations, is one of low mortality in a large central block of states, with a belt of high mortality extending north-eastwards from Louisiana to Massachusetts. Taking the country as a whole there is a positive correlation with population density, but the belt of high rates cuts across areas of widely varying socio-economic character. Arguments are adduced which suggest that the pattern is unlikely to be due entirely to diagnostic artefact.
Intraoral photographic survey

A standardized nine-view photographic survey is presented (Fig. 12). Equipment, position of patient and photographer, placement of mirror and retractors, and position of the light source are described. The interest in and value of photographic documentation has increased, and a standardized survey offers many legal, organizational, and educational advantages.
The isolation of two juvenile hormone-inducible genes in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract Juvenile hormone (JH) is an important regulator of both insect development and reproductive maturation. Although the molecular mechanism of JH action is not yet known, there is growing circumstantial evidence that JH directly regulates gene expression. In the absence of a JH target gene, however, this suggestion has remained speculative. Cultured Drosophila S2 cells have been used to identify genes whose expression is regulated by JH. Employing differential display we identified several genes whose transcripts accumulate in cells treated with the JH agonist methoprene. Two of the genes—JhI-1 and JhI-26—were cloned and characterized in detail. For both genes, transcripts showed rapid and specific induction in the presence of either methoprene or JHIII, but not in the presence of other biologically inactive compounds of similar chemical structure. Accumulation of JhI-1 and JhI-26 RNAs requires continuous hormone presence. The developmental expression of the two JH-inducible genes corresponds to the abundance profile of JH in vivo. Furthermore, topical methoprene application to pupae leads to the ectopic accumulation of JhI-1 and JhI-26 transcripts.
Synthesis of 6-O-(2-aminoethyl)-D,L-MYO- inositol-1,2-cyclic phosphate: a model of a putative insulin second messenger

Abstract The synthesis of the titled compound 2 is described. This material was synthesized to aid in the structural elucidation of a putative insulin second messenger. It was designed to be a potential insulinomimetic as well.
The transplant donor payment debate

To the Editor: Years ago, Philip Held (for whom I have much personal regard) introduced me to the writings of Dr Kaserman.1 Thus, knowing of Dr Kaserman's genuine and long-standing interest in this issue, it is with much respect that I furnish this reply.
Applications of high resolution solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to surface studies

Abstract Surface properties have important effects on materials such as polymer composites, and technologies such as catalysis. The influences of surface properties arise on both macroscopic and microscopic scales. Therefore there is a need to characterize surfaces on a molecular level. A range of spectroscopic techniques are utilized for surface characterization. Recently, high resolution solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy has proven to be a significant analytical technique for surface analysis. Solid state NMR is a particularly advantageous method for surface studies because there is no sample preparation necessary which could alter the molecular structure of the material as in other spectroscopic analyses. This technique allows for the detection of subtle molecular changes in the systems under study both qualitatively and quantitatively. With the range of information that can be obtained. Including: chemical structure, interactions, and molecular motion, solid state NMR promises to be a powerful addition to the established methods for the study of surfaces. This review focuses on surface characterization using the techniques developed for solid state magic-angle NMR where the observe nucleus is chosen to suit the surface system. The NMR studies of surfaces carried out to date can be divided primarily into 2 areas: the characterization of chemically modified silica surfaces and the study of the nature of molecular adsorption on catalytic surfaces. The solid state NMR studies of these systems have demonstrated that high resolution spectra are attainable and that this method of characterization, with its capabilities and relative ease of interpretation, is a valid and useful one.
Why we need to use credit cards: a university experience

Describes what took place in a university when the authorities supported that credit cards should no longer be accepted for the payment of fees. Discusses the arguments for and against the use of cheques and credit cards. Suggests that continuing to accept credit cards would be more helpful to students.
Conscious Id or Unconscious Id or Both: An Attempt at “Self”-Help

The concept of the “self” is proposed as a potential mediator in the questions raised by Mark Solms regarding bodily representations in the brain/mind and their relationship to consciousness. The insights of mid-twentieth-century psychoanalytic researchers and of Kohut’s self-psychology are used as a springboard for correlations with modern-day findings of affective neuroscience. Their addition may shift the enduring Freudian metapsychology into a more workable relationship to the neurosciences, and vice versa.
Staying afloat: Within-group swimming proficiency for Whites and Blacks.

Generally, Blacks are less likely than Whites to be proficient at swimming. Blacks also have higher rates of drowning and are underrepresented in competitive swimming and in occupations requiring swimming or water safety skill. In this study, physiological, demographic, and biodata measures were used with military academy cadets to determine the individual factors contributing to within-group swimming proficiency among Blacks as well as Whites. The best predictor of swimming skill was the age at which the cadets had learned to swim. Other items pointed to fitness, sociocultural, and learned or dispositional differences between better and poorer swimmers. Implications for increasing swimming proficiency among Blacks and for future research are discussed.
Competing with technology in 8-bit microprocessors

Abstract This article describes the offensive and defensive actions taken by firms competing in the high technology 8-bit microprocessor industry. The focus is on competition at the product market level within the United States and the implications that these interactions have for competition in the 1990s. Defensive and offensive strategic actions are identified and their implications discussed.
From Standard Scientific Realism and Structural Realism to Best Current Theory Realism

I defend a realist commitment to the truth of our most empirically successful current scientific theories—on the ground that it provides the best explanation of their success and the success of their falsified predecessors. I argue that this Best Current Theory Realism (BCTR) is superior to preservative realism (PR) and the structural realism (SR). I show that PR and SR rest on the implausible assumption that the success of outdated theories requires the realist to hold that these theories possessed truthful components. PR is undone by the fact that past theories succeeded even though their ontological claims about unobservables are false. SR backpeddles to argue that the realist is only committed to the truth about the structure of relations implied by the outdated theory, in order to explain its success. I argue that the structural component of theories is too bare-bones thin to explain the predictive/explanatory success of outdated theories. I conclude that BCTR can meet these objections to PR and SR, and also overcome the pessimistic meta-induction.
Dynamic Site Periods in Charleston, SC

Abstract The 1985 experience in Mexico City has again demonstrated that building damage from earthquakes is related to the ground conditions beneath the building. When the natural period of the building matches the natural site period, resonance can occur, resulting in large building deformations and severe damage. Mapping dynamic site periods for a city, and governing building construction accordingly can greatly reduce the threat of damage from earthquakes. Using dynamic soil property data and a one‐dimensional linear elastic computer program, a dynamic site period map for Charleston, SC, is developed and presented. Comparison of the building damage distribution for the 1886 earthquake with the distribution of dynamic site periods shows the important role of dynamic site period. An approximate method of estimating the linear site period is given.
Copulation frequency and pattern of hemipenis use in males of the lizard Anolis sagrei in a semi-natural enclosure

Previous laboratory studies of the lizard Anolis sagrei have suggested that the alternating pattern of hemipenis use in males may serve to increase sperm transfer if a male copulates at least once a day. In this study, the copulation frequency and pattern of hemipenis use of males housed individually in a seminatural enclosure with different numbers of females was monitored. Behavioural observations began 4 days after the animals were placed into the enclosure. In the first experiment, males were housed individually with three females and were observed during the 12-h light phase for each of 3 consecutive days. In a second experiment, males were housed individually with either one or six females and were observed during the 12-h light phase of 1 day. Males housed with three females copulated at least twice a day for each of the 3 observation days and showed a highly significant alternating pattern of hemipenis use. Males housed with a single female copulated less frequently than did males that were housed with three or six females. These results suggest that male A. sagrei in the field may copulate with a sufficient frequency to make alternation of hemipenis use of adaptive value in terms of sperm transfer.
Influence of pH on the modification of thiols by carbamoylating agents and effects on glutathione levels in normal and neoplastic cells.

In previous studies, we have suggested that the selective inhibitory effect of sodium cyanate (NaOCN) on hepatoma metabolism may be due to the lower pH observed in tumors relative to normal tissues. Lower pH might enhance the action of NaOCN by increasing the formation of isocyanic acid and carbamoylation of sulfhydryl groups. In the present work, studies were conducted on the effect of pH on the carbamoylation of sulfhydryl groups. The data indicated that carbamoylation of the sulfhydryl group of glutathione by NaOCN was enhanced by decreasing the pH from 7.4 to 6.6. A less pH-dependent response was observed with organic isocyanates. However, all reactions were reversible after the pH was increased by the addition of base. Kinetic studies showed that the rate of the reaction is very rapid, a maximal effect occurring within the first 10 min. Dose-dependent modifications of cellular glutathione by NaOCN and organic isocyanates were observed in human HT29 colon tumor cells, rat HTC hepatoma cells, and rat hepatocytes. The rate of carbamoylation of the glutathione sulfhydryl group in cells was similar to that of pure glutathione (GSH). The effect of buthionine sulfoximine on GSH levels in cells was at least as great as that of sodium cyanate, but only the latter showed inhibitory effects on macromolecular synthesis; these were very rapid, pH-dependent, and reversible in tumor cells. Our results suggest that cellular sulfhydryl group(s) other than that of GSH might be involved in the effect of NaOCN on macromolecular synthesis.
Microarray gene expression: A study of between-platform association of Affymetrix and cDNA arrays

Microarrays technology has been expanding remarkably since its launch about 15 years ago. With its advancement along with the increase of popularity, the technology affords the luxury that gene expressions can be measured in any of its multiple platforms. However, the generated results from the microarray platforms remain incomparable. In this direction, we earlier developed and tested an approach to address the incomparability of the expression measures of Affymetrix^(R)- and cDNA-platforms. The method was an exploit involving transformation of Affymetrix data, which brought the gene expressions of both cDNA and Affymetrix platforms to a common and comparable level. The encouraging outcome of that investigation has subsequently acted as a motivator to focus attention on examining further in the direction of defining the association between the two platforms. Accordingly, this paper takes on a novel exploration towards determining a precise association using a wide range of statistical and machine learning approaches, specifically the various models are elaborately trailed using-regression (linear, cubic-polynomial, LOESS, bootstrap aggregating) and artificial neural networks (self-organizing maps and feedforward networks). After careful comparison, the existing relationship between the data from the two platforms is found to be non-linear where feedforward neural network captures the best delineation of the association.
U.S. Quaternary fault and fold database released

A comprehensive online compilation of Quaternary-age faults and folds throughout the United States was recently released by the U.S. Geological Survey with cooperation from state geological surveys, academia, and the private sector.The Web site (http://Qfaults. cr.usgs.gov/) contains searchable databases and related geo-spatial data that characterize earthquake-related structures that could be potential seismic sources for large-magnitude (M>6) earthquakes. This is the first nationwide compilation to provide current, comprehensive, geologically based information on known or suspected active faults. The Web site features a visual depiction of spatial and temporal patterns of faulting at local, regional, and national scales. Comprehensive written descriptions based on published data are presented in a uniform format for nearly 2000 faults nationwide. The database will be of interest to the seismological, geodetic, paleoseismic, and the ever-growing seismic hazard assessment communities, as well as emergency managers, the insurance industry earthquake engineers, public officials, and developers. The Web site features a user-friendly interface and supports user-defined, downloadable geographic information system (GIS) data.
Relaxing the substitutes condition in matching markets with contracts

In the many-to-one matching model with contracts, I provide new necessary and new sufficient conditions for the existence of a stable allocation. These new conditions exploit the fact that one side of the market has strict preferences over individual contracts.
An interpretation of Mariner 10 helium (584 Å) and hydrogen (1216 Å) interplanetary emission observations.

Measurements of the interplanetary emissions of both He(584 A) and H(1216 A) on January 28, 1974, a time of solar minimum, are reported and discussed. An analysis of the Mariner 10 ultraviolet spectrometer data shows that a simultaneous measurement of both emissions results in a self-consistent determination of the physical properties of the interstellar wind. With the aid of a model the number densities of helium and hydrogen outside the solar system were found to be 0.008 + or - 0.003/cu cm and 0.04 (+0.03, -0.02)/cu cm, respectively, which indicates a He/H ratio of 0.20 (+0.30, -0.13). Values characterizing the helium cone, interstellar wind temperature, effective lifetime of hydrogen atoms in the solar system, and downstream direction of the interstellar wind are presented.
Gossypin, a pentahydroxy glucosyl flavone, inhibits the transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase-1-mediated NF-κB activation pathway, leading to potentiation of apoptosis, suppression of invasion, and abrogation of osteoclastogenesis

Gossypin, a flavone originally isolated from Hibiscus vitifolius, has been shown to suppress angiogenesis, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. The mechanisms of these activities, however, are unknown. Because nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is associated with inflammation, carcinogenesis, hyperproliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis, we hypothesized that gossypin mediates its effects through modulation of NF-κB activation. In the present study, we demonstrate that gossypin (and not gossypetin, an aglycone analog) inhibited NF-κB activation induced by inflammatory stimuli and carcinogens. Constitutive NF-κB activation in tumor cells was also inhibited by this flavone. Inhibition of IκBα kinase by gossypin led to the suppression of IκBα phosphorylation and degradation, p65 nuclear translocation, and NF-κB-regulated gene expression. This, in turn, led to the down-regulation of gene products involved in cell survival (IAP2, XIAP, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin, and antiFas-associated death domain–like interleukin-1β–converting enzyme-inhibitory protein), proliferation (c-myc, cyclin D1, and cyclooxygenase-2), angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor), and invasion (matrix metalloprotease-9). Suppression of these gene products by gossypin enhanced apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor and chemotherapeutic agents, suppressed tumor necrosis factor–induced cellular invasion, abrogated receptor activator of NF-κB ligand–induced osteoclastogenesis, and vascular endothelial growth factor–induced migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Overall, our results demonstrate that gossypin inhibits the NF-κB activation pathway, which may explain its role in the suppression of inflammation, carcinogenesis, and angiogenesis.