cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recreational motor vehicle use and facial trauma

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The use of recreational motorized vehicles (RMVs), including all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), snowmobiles, and go-carts, has increased in recent decades. Because RMVs are lightly regulated, there are numerous safety concerns. This analysis examines a nationally representative resource to estimate the incidence of craniofacial trauma secondary to RMV accidents, evaluating injury and demographic patterns. METHODS: The Consumer Product Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was examined for facial trauma resulting in emergency department (ED) visits stemming from the use of ATVs, motorbikes/scooters, snowmobiles, and utility vehicles. Characteristics including demographics, anatomic sites, mechanism, and location of injury were evaluated, as well as details regarding helmet and alcohol use. RESULTS: There were 1,464 entries extrapolating to an estimated 61,312 ED visits over a 5-year period for facial trauma from RMV use. From 2009 to 2013, there was a 28% reduction in ED visits. The majority of patients were male, and the median age was 17 years. Lacerations (45.1%), contusions/abrasions (26.7%), and fractures (24%) were the most frequent injuries. Among fractures, the most common types were nasal (29%), followed by mandible (20%) and orbital (8%) fractures. All-terrain vehicles (62%) were the most common vehicles. Alcohol consumption resulted in a higher rate of facial fractures (48.5% vs. 22.8%). CONCLUSION: As there is a significant potential for injury, familiarity with injury patterns associated with RMVs is useful in the management of facial trauma. Recreational motorized vehicles facial trauma results in tens of thousands of ED visits annually. This data reinforces the importance of pursuing further efforts to raise public awareness and improve safety measures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope, 2015. Language: en
The Psychological Behaviorism Theory of Pain

Pain is complex and is thus studied on various levels, ranging from the biological to the social. A theory of pain, such as the psychological behaviorism theory of pain, must have multiple levels if it is to be general and unified. The present theory of pain begins on (1) the basic biological level of study and advances level by level through (2) the study of how pain can be learned, (3) the manner in which pain effects “pain” behaviors, (4) the way that cognition effects pain, (5) the principles by which emotions and emotional states play their roles, (6) how personality variables work their effects, as well as (7) the way in which the social environment affects the individual with pain. The principles of the later levels are derived from the earlier levels. Since the principles and concepts that are developed are empirically defined, the result is a heuristic theory that has empirical implications for both basic and treatment studies, as has been shown.
Cooperative diversity via set-partitioning in BICM: Outage analysis and frame interleaving

This paper considers cooperative diversity in the context of bandwidth-efficient modulation. Specifically, it analyzes a scenario in which high-order modulation — 16-QAM is used for illustration — is used in a way that enables two partners to cooperatively convey their data to a common destination. This approach uses set partitioning so that “relayed” data selects a sparse subset while “local” data selects the transmitted symbol from that subset. An outage probability analysis is presented that illustrates the advantage of this technique over the conventional time-sharing approach to cooperative diversity; for 16-QAM, coding gains range from 1.5 dB (for a spectral efficiency of η = 0.5 bits/symbol) to 3.2 dB (for η = 1.5). Then, a variation on this approach — in which codewords are spread out over multiple frames (and multiple channel realizations) — is examined and shown to provide a substantial gain at the cost of delay.
The Fine Structure of the Centriolar Apparatus and Associated Structures in the Flagellates Deltotrichonympha and Koruga. II. Division

SYNOPSIS. An electronmicroscopic study was made of the centriolar apparatus in the rostrum of Deltotrichonympha operculata and Koruga bonita, 2 closely related hypermastigote flagellates from the Australian termite, Mastotermes darwiniensis. In interphase flagellates, the centriolar apparatus consists of 2 similar parts with a mutually perpendicular orientation. Each part contains a large, club-shaped centriolar body consisting of fibrillar and granular material, without recognizable internal symmetry or microtubules. The anterior centriolar body extends from the inner rostral wall, which is structurally related to the fibrous wall surrounding the posterior centriolar body. The 2 centriolar bodies are joined by connecting branches, which meet at 3 barren kinetosome-like structures located inside the rostrum. Thus, an interphase flagellate has 2 centriolar bodies oriented at a 90° angle to each other, like a pair of typical centrioles in an interphase metazoan cell.
Craniosynostosis in Alagille syndrome

Alagille syndrome is a multisystem developmental disorder with primary involvement of the liver, heart, skeleton, eyes and facial structures, and demonstrates highly variable expressivity with respect to all of the involved systems. Alagille syndrome is caused by mutations in the Jagged1 gene. Jagged1 is a ligand in the Notch signaling pathway that has been shown to regulate early cell fate determination. Mutations in Jagged1 have been identified in approximately 80% of patients with Alagille syndrome. We have recently identified two patients with mutation proven Alagille syndrome who also had unilateral coronal craniosynostosis. Both individuals were screened for mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, 2, 3 and TWIST genes, all associated with various types of craniosynostosis and no mutations were identified. The finding of a conserved form of craniosynostosis in two unrelated patients with Alagille syndrome and mutations in Jagged1 may indicate that Jagged1 plays a role in cranial suture formation. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The primary structure of the rRNA insertions of Plasmodium lophurae.

Abstract The DNA sequences of the novel insertion in the 17s rRNA gene and the large insertion in the 25s rRNA gene in the cloned rDNA unit of the avian malaria parasitePlasmodium lophurae are presented, together with a partial sequence of the flanking regions, which code for the mature rRNA. The homology of the mature rRNA coding regions with the rRNA sequences of other eukaryotic organisms is extensive, indicating that the plasmodium rRNA is structurally similar to other eukaryotes. Sequence data also reveal that the region 3′ to the insertion in the 17s rRNA contains a second small inserted DNA sequence, in contrast to other known small rRNA sequences. The region containing the 25s insertion shares sequence homology and some secondary structure characteristics with the terminal direct repeat of theDrosophila melanogaster transposable element copia. This is the first such sequence described in plasmodia. The direction of transcription of the cloned rDNA unit ofP. lophurae has also been determined. As in other organisms, the direction of transcription is found to be 5′ 17s–25s 3′.
Deformation and fracture behavior of a directionally solidified β/γ′ Ni-30 At. pct Al alloy

The effect of a ductile γ′-Ni3Al phase on the room-temperature ductility, temperature-dependent yield strength, and creep resistance of β-NiAl was investigated. Room-temperature tensile ductility of up to 9 pct was observed in directionally solidified β/γ′ Ni-30 at. pct Al alloys, whereas the ductility of directionally solidified (DS), single-phase [001] β-NiAl was negligible. The enhancement in ductility was attributed to a combination of slip transfer from the ductile γ′ to the brittle β phase and extrinsic toughening mechanisms such as crack blunting, deflection, and bridging. As in single-phase Ni3Al, the temperature-dependent yield strength of these two-phase alloys increased with temperature with a peak at approximately 850 K. The creep strength of the β/γ′ alloys in the temperature range 1000 to 1200 K was found to be comparable to that of monolithic β-NiAl. A creep strengthening phase needs to be incorporated in the β/γ′ microstructure to enhance the elevated temperature mechanical properties.
RESPONSE OF DIBENZOTHIOPHENE HYDRODESULFURIZATION TO PRESENCE OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS

The rate of hydrodesulfunzation at 7.0 MPa on a presulrided NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst was markedly increased by the presence of quinoline at 260°C, but moderately decreased at 360°C. Ammonia had no effect on the rate, at partial pressures studied up to 96 kPa. Both nitrogen compounds suppressed formation of partially hydrogenated products. The accelerating effect of quinoline may be caused by its reducing the competitive adsorption of strongly adsorbed products.
Characterization of Omental Immune Aggregates during Establishment of a Latent Gammaherpesvirus Infection

Herpesviruses are characterized by their ability to establish lifelong latent infection. The gammaherpesvirus subfamily is distinguished by lymphotropism, establishing and maintaining latent infection predominantly in B lymphocytes. Consequently, gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis is closely linked to normal B cell physiology. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) pathogenesis in laboratory mice has been extensively studied as a model system to gain insights into the nature of gammaherpesvirus infection in B cells and their associated lymphoid compartments. In addition to B cells, MHV68 infection of macrophages contributes significantly to the frequency of viral genome-positive cells in the peritoneal cavity throughout latency. The omentum, a sheet of richly-vascularized adipose tissue, resides in the peritoneal cavity and contains clusters of immune cell aggregates termed milky spots. Although the value of the omentum in surgical wound-healing has long been appreciated, the unique properties of this tissue and its contribution to both innate and adaptive immunity have only recently been recognized. To determine whether the omentum plays a role in gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis we examined this site during early MHV68 infection and long-term latency. Following intraperitoneal infection, immune aggregates within the omentum expanded in size and number and contained virus-infected cells. Notably, a germinal-center B cell population appeared in the omentum of infected animals with earlier kinetics and greater magnitude than that observed in the spleen. Furthermore, the omentum harbored a stable frequency of viral genome-positive cells through early and into long-term latency, while removal of the omentum prior to infection resulted in a slight decrease in the establishment of splenic latency following intraperitoneal infection. These data provide the first evidence that the omentum is a site of chronic MHV68 infection that may contribute to the maintenance of chronic infection.
Double Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Enhances Anti-Tumor Activity After Transplant

s / Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 19 (2013) S313eS341 S317 with an observed FEV1 4,000 (25th percentile) in 12 of 13 patients with BOS (P 1⁄4 .04). Overall, 12 of 13 patients had biomarkers elevation prior to spirometric diagnosis of BOS. Conclusions: Application of the BOS 0-p criteria to HSCT patients may identify patients at risk for BOS at an earlier time point. The use of the IGF 1 as a serum biomarker may also contribute to identify patients at risk, although further studies are needed to investigate whether this marker can differentiate between patients with BOS and those with other lung diseases.
Clay mineralogy and chemistry as indicators of hemipelagic sediment dispersal south of the Aleutian arc

Abstract Near-surface hemipelagic sediments from across the Aleutian arc-trench system were analyzed for clay mineral composition by X-ray diffraction. In addition, oriented aggregates of clay-sized fractions were analyzed for their chemical compositions by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy. The main clay minerals are illite, chlorite and expandable clay minerals (principally smectite). Smectite is diagnostic of sediment derived from the Aleutian volcanic arc; in contrast, continental sources on the Alaskan mainland produce mainly illite and chlorite. Backarc samples adjacent to the central arc segment contain an average of 71% smectite. In the central forearc, however, smectite values are generally less than 30% and decrease progressively eastward. Only on Meiji Sediment Tongue in the far western Aleutian segment do smectite contents begin to dominate. The EDS data correlate well with clay mineral abundances. Al 2 O 3 , MgO, and FeO all increase in abundance with increasing chlorite content, and Al 2 O 3 and K 2 O increase in illite-rich mud. Silica is the only oxide which increases in abundance with increasing smectite content. The compositional and chemical disparity between forearc and backarc sediments is due to dilution of arc-derived mud by suspended sediment derived from mainland Alaska. The westward transport of mud for thousands of kilometers occurs both through isobath-parallel bottom currents and by westward flowing turbidity currents. These results show that interpretations of tectonic provenance cannot be based on elemental concentrations or mineralogy without also taking into account the possibility of long-distance transport.
Assessing the molluscan hypothesis Serialia (Monoplacophora+Polyplacophora) using novel molecular data.

A consensus on molluscan relationships has yet to be achieved, largely because of conflicting morphological and molecular hypotheses. Monoplacophora show marked seriality of ctenidia, atria, muscles and nephridia and this has been interpreted as plesiomorphic for Mollusca, reflecting a segmented ancestry. More recently this seriality, also partly seen in Polyplacophora, has been seen as a derived condition. Analysis of the first published monoplacophoran DNA sequence from Laevilipilina antarctica Waren & Hain, 1992 [Giribet, G., Okusu, A., Lindgren, A.R., Huff, S., Schrodl, M., Nishiguchi, M.K., 2006. Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: Monoplacophorans are related to chitons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 7723-7728. 10.1073/pnas.0602578103], showed Monoplacophora inside Polyplacophora. These taxa were then grouped under the name Serialia, reflecting the hypothesis that their seriality is a synapomorphy. Subsequent examination revealed that part of the L. antarctica published sequence was the result of contamination with Polyplacophora (Giribet, Supplementary Material S1). We collected and sequenced another monoplacophoran, Laevipilina hyalina McLean, 1979, resulting in the first multi-gene dataset representing all molluscan classes. Our analyses did not show unambiguous support for Serialia. Model-based approaches strongly supported Serialia as a clade, however, parsimony analyses under dynamic and static homology did not resolve the position of Monoplacophora. Although our study provides support for Serialia and none for Conchifera, it appears that further resolution of molluscan relationships will require large increases of data.
Bifid appendix with appendicoumbilical fistula

Abstract Umbilical drainage in a newborn in the form of gas or intestinal contents is concerning for patency of the omphalomesentric duct (POMD) or gastrointestinal fistulas. A three-day old female presented with feculent umbilical drainage caused by a Y-shaped appendix with fusion of one limb to the umbilicus. This appendicoumbilical fistula was repaired via transumbilical excision. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an appendicoumbilical fistula involving a bifid appendix.
Relationship between masking levels and phonatory stability in normal-speaking women.

Summary Disruption of auditory feedback such as masking has been shown to influence vocal production. A reliable finding is an increase in intensity level; an increase in fundamental frequency (F 0 ) is a less robust finding. Research is lacking concerning the effects of auditory masking on measures of phonatory stability such as jitter and harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR). This study investigated changes in intensity, F 0 , jitter, and HNR in 22 normally speaking college aged women. Subjects produced the vowel / a / under three conditions: no masking level (0-dB ML), 50-dB ML, and 80-dB ML. Significant differences between conditions emerged for intensity; means for the other measures were not significantly different. Intraindividual differences between conditions for each variable are discussed in the framework of auditory versus kinesthetic feedback.
Sex Change and Breeding in the Native Oyster, O. edulis

IN NATURE in 1922 (vol. 110, p. 212) it was shown that when an oyster spawns as a female it changes immediately into a male. In a later number of NATURE (vol. 110, p. 420) Sparck, who had been working on similar lines to the present writer, was able to confirm this observation. I have since continued similar observations on a large number of oysters with the same result, so that it can now be definitely stated as a fact that the female-functioning oyster normally changes into a male at about the period of the extrusion of ova; and further that the rapidity of the change strongly suggests the existence of a substance—which causes this change—in a fluid circulating in the body.
Computer supported workflow for cataloging and management in digital libraries

Service integration is important in digital library implementation. In this paper, we present a project called Extensible Networked Association-based Bioinformatics Learning Environment, or ENABLE. It computerizes a cataloging workflow by integrating backend services and facilitates interleaving between automatic cataloging & human curation activities. To the user end, it provides various interaction means that support bioinformatics learning. Features of the current implementation include automatic bioinformatics resource harvesting, basic information retrieval operations, resource cataloging and management, visualization and learning tools.
Developmental effects of α-fluoromethylhistidine, an irreversible inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, on growth and on levels and turnover of catecholamines

To examine the potential participation of histamine in cellular development, neonatal rats were given daily 50 mg/kg doses of alpha-fluoromethylhistidine (FMH), an irreversible inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase; previous studies have shown this regimen to deplete both neurotransmitter and nonneurotransmitter pools of histamine. No inhibition of growth was observed for either body weight, brain weight, heart weight or kidney weight; indeed, kidney weights tended to become supranormal toward weaning in the FMH-treated pups. Similarly, FMH failed to affect protein synthesis, confirming the lack of systemic toxicity of this amino acid as well as indicating that maintenance of histamine levels is not required for growth to proceed. In contrast, FMH did have a deleterious effect on development of the cardiac-sympathetic axis, with deficits in norepinephrine levels appearing during the third postnatal week. The deficits were not present in other catecholaminergic systems (brain noradrenergic or dopaminergic neurons and renal sympathetic neurons). The subnormal cardiac norepinephrine levels were preceded by a sharp increase in the turnover of norepinephrine at precisely the age at which central control of sympathetic tone first appears. The developmental effects of FMH indicate that, although it is unlikely that histamine participates in a major way in general control of cellular maturation, a more selective role for histamine as a trophic agent or neurotransmitter may exist during defined periods in nervous system development.
Ortho-selectivity in the nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions of 3-substituted, 2,6-dichloropyridines with alkali metal alkoxides

3-Substituted, 2,6-dichloropyridines have featured in the syntheses of small molecule inhibitors of a wide variety of biological targets. Hence, the regioselective displacement of the chlorines is of significant interest. Through conducting an extensive solvent study, we have found that non-polar, aprotic solvents of low hydrogen bond basicities favour substitution of the chlorine ortho to the 3-substituent by alkali metal alkoxides. We present convincing evidence that coordination of the alkali metal counter-ion to the 3-substituent (nitro, ester, amide) is the origin of the ortho-selectivity to give a cyclic, six-membered transition state. Excellent ortho-selectivities (⩾98:2) for secondary and tertiary alkoxides were realized with the sodium counter-ion, whereas the more reactive primary alkoxides required the harder, more Lewis acidic lithium counter-ion.
Long-Term Bleb-Related Infections After Trabeculectomy: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Influence of Bleb Revision.

Purpose To report the incidence of late-onset bleb-related infections and to identify risk factors for bleb-related infections after trabeculectomy for the treatment of glaucoma. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Bleb-related infections were defined as blebitis, endophthalmitis, or blebitis with endophthalmitis. A total of 1959 eyes of 1423 patients who underwent trabeculectomy and who were followed for ≥1 year were included. Results Twenty-four eyes were diagnosed with bleb-related infections; 15 eyes were found to have blebitis and 9 eyes presented with endophthalmitis during the follow-up period of 5.4 ± 3.5 years (mean ± standard deviation). Among 15 eyes with blebitis, 2 eyes developed endophthalmitis under treatment. The Kaplan-Meier estimated incidence of bleb-related infections was 2.0% ± 0.5% (mean ± standard error) at 10 years. A Cox multivariate analysis showed the significant risk factors for a bleb-related infection to be diagnoses of pigmentary glaucoma or juvenile glaucoma, history of bleb leak, intraocular pressure sustained below the target pressure, chronic blepharitis, and the presence of punctal plugs. Surgical bleb revision demonstrated a protective effect against bleb-related infections (P Conclusions This large case series with long-term follow-up demonstrates the incidence of bleb-related infections to be less than 2%, and describes the risk factors associated with bleb-related infections. A protective effect of surgical bleb revision was demonstrated. Clinicians should be constantly vigilant for, and patients made aware of, the possibility of bleb-related infections long after trabeculectomy, especially in the presence of identified risk factors.
Arylsulfatase B Deficiency in Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome: Cellular Studies and Carrier Identification

Arylsulfatase B Deficiency in Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome: Cellular Studies and Carrier Identification
Calcyclin Mediates Serum Response Element (SRE) Activation by an Osteoblastic Extracellular Cation-Sensing Mechanism

The molecular mechanism of sensing extracellular cations in osteoblasts is controversial. Using an expression-cloning strategy, the calcium-binding protein calcyclin was found to mediate the response of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts to extracellular cations, but not the calcimimetic NPS-568, indicating the presence of another cation-sensing mechanism. Further understanding of calcyclin function in osteoblasts may identify novel targets for regulating bone formation. Introduction: Extracellular calcium and other cations seem to regulate the function of osteoblasts through a distinct calcium-sensing mechanism that is coupled to activation of c-fos gene transcription. The identity of this calcium-sensing mechanism is unknown. Methods: To identify molecules that participate in this extracellular cation-sensing pathway, we developed an expression cloning strategy in COS-7 cells using cation stimulation of a serum response element (SRE) luciferase reporter derived from the c-fos promoter to screen a mouse MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cDNA library. Results and Conclusions: We identified calcyclin (S100A6), a calcium-binding protein of the EF-hand type belonging to the S100 family, as being responsible for transferring a cation-sensing response from osteoblasts to COS-7 cells. Transfection of the calcyclin cDNA into COS-7 and HEK-293 cells confirmed that the overexpression of calcylin caused these cells to gain the ability to sense extracellular cations, including aluminum, gadolinium, calcium, and magnesium. Conversely, we found that an antisense calcyclin construct reduced calcyclin expression and partially inhibited the cation-sensing response in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. These results implicate calcyclin in the activation of SRE and establish a role for calcyclin as an accessory protein involved in the cation-sensing pathway in osteoblasts.
Acute dyspnea on exertion is an angina equivalent

The recent report [1] that dyspnea is as serious a symptom as angina in the assessment of patients with established or suspected coronary artery disease is not a new discovery. Although the diagnosis of angina pectoris in its classical form is straightforward, it sometimes may manifest as shortness of breath which is a painless equivalent of angina [2]. This entity was accurately described by Louis Gallavardin in as early as 1924 [3]. In 1933 he coined the very descriptive, though somewhat awkward combination of Latin and Greek, ‘‘blockpnea’’ [4]. Strangely enough, this prominent equivalent of angina has gained little recognition in the American medical literature, although it is well accepted by the French cardiologists [5]. The latest report by Abidov et al. [1] should revive our interest in the importance
Wnt signaling in rheumatoid synoviocyte activation.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a joint-specific disease with complex pathogenesis. It is characterized by synovial inflammation, cartilage loss, and joint destruction. The reasons why joint damage recurs when therapy is discontinued are not clearly understood. Several lines of evidence suggest that cartilage damage is promoted by the transformed and invasive fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) of the rheumatoid joint. It has been demonstrated in several systems that aberrant wnt-mediated signaling causes blockade of cartilage differentiation and malformation of joints. In this review, we have discussed the importance of wnt–frizzled-mediated signaling in the autonomous activation of FLS in patients with RA. Anti-wnt/anti-frizzled antibodies, frizzled receptor antagonists, or small molecule inhibitors of wnt–frizzled signaling might be useful for therapeutic interventions in RA.
Resource Material for Drug Abuse Professionals: An Individualized Reading List:

The field of drug abuse treatment and prevention is a cross-disciplinary endeavor involving a number of service agencies. The Duke University Drug Abuse Reference Project (DUDARP) is a system for personalizing a list of resource materials for professionals in the area. References to books, articles, manuals, and workbooks are coded and entered into a mini-computer. Trainees can obtain an individualized bibliography by filling out a request form describing their background and interests. The computer can select one of over 2000 reading lists on the basis of this information.
Relating TRMM Precipitation Radar Land Surface Backscatter Response to Soil Moisture in the Southern United States

Summary Soil moisture is an important variable in the hydrological cycle and plays a vital role in agronomy, meteorology, and hydrology. It regulates the exchange of water and heat between land surface and atmosphere and thus plays an important role in the development of weather patterns. It is difficult to obtain a comprehensive spatio-temporal map of soil moisture because of expensive installation of soil moisture measuring instruments. In this paper, a model to estimate soil moisture ( m s ) using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation Radar (TRMMPR) backscatter ( σ °) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is developed for the Southern United States. Soil moisture data from Soil and Climate Analysis Network (SCAN) stations is used to calibrate and validate the model. The estimated values of m s compare well with the ground measurements of soil moisture. The model works well for various landcovers but works best for low density vegetated areas (closed shrubland). All the soil moisture estimates in this landcover have an absolute error of less than 8%. The model performance deteriorates with increase in vegetation density (crops and forest). Overall, the model performance is satisfactory for all landcover types with RMSE less than 6.3% and absolute error of 10% or less for 90% of the estimates. Estimation of soil moisture over a large area with low error provides another use of TRMMPR data.
Dimeric intermediates of recombination in phage λ

Biparental lambda phage DNA dimers formed by the Rec recombination system of E. coli were isolated in the absence of DNA replication and phage maturation. The RecA but not the RecB gene is required for dimer formation. Dimers are primarily circular but can also be branched circular or linear. In circular dimers the crossover points are distributed uniformly along the chromosome, even in the presence of the RecB-dependent Chi recombinational hotspots. Thus in the absence of DNA synthesis and maturation, the Rec system can act reciprocally both in the presence and absence of the RecB gene; this lack of RecB participation accounts for the observed lack of Chi activity.
Ohmic Heating Maximizes Gel Functionality of Pacific Whiting Surimi

Surimi without enzyme inhibitors containing 78% moisture and 2% NaCl was heated conventionally and ohmically to 90 o C after holding at 55 o C for 0, 1, 3 and 5 min. Gels heated slowly in a water bath exhibited poor gel quality, while the ohmically heated gels without holding at 55 o C showed more than a twofold increase in shear stress and shear strain over conventionally heated gels. Degradation of myosin and actin was minimized by ohmic heating, resulting in a continuous network structure. Ohmic heating with a rapid heating rate was an effective method for maximizing gel functionality of Pacific whiting surimi without enzyme inhibitors
Effects of thermal acclimation on physiological responses to handling stress, cortisol and aldosterone injections in the goldfish, Carassius auratus

Abstract 1. 1. Goldfish subjected to stressful handling and sham injection procedures responded with a hyperglycemia and a decline in serum chloride and sodium concentrations. Carcass water content was not affected. 2. 2. These stressful effects were most pronounced in fish acclimated to 10°C and least apparent in fish acclimated to 32°C. 3. 3. Injections of cortisol further lowered serum electrolyte levels in warmacclimated fish, but had no additional effect on cold-acclimated fish. Cortisol injections produced no additional alterations in carcass water content at any temperature, but did increase serum glucose levels in fish acclimated to 20°C. 4. 4. At all temperatures, injections of aldosterone had no effects above those produced by the handling procedures themselves.
Dioxin resistance in killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) from New Bedford Harbor, MA

Abstract New Bedford Harbor (NBH), MA, is heavily contaminated with halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) including some potent Ah receptor (AhR) agonists. To determine if NBH Fundulus have developed resistance to HAH, we examined the inducibility of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) in fish from NBH and Scorton Creek (SC, reference site). In the SC fish CYP1A1 RNA, protein and activity, was induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) in all tissues examined. In contrast, NBH fish showed little CYP1A1 induction by any measure, in any tissue. To examine the heritability of this resistance, laboratory-reared offspring of NBH and SC fish were treated with [ 3 H]2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD). CYP1A1 was induced in SC offspring, but not in NBH offspring. To investigate the magnitude of this resistance, CYP1A1 was measured in Fundulus primary hepatocyte cultures treated with TCDD or beta-naphthoflavone (BNF). Hepatocytes from NBH fish were 14-fold less sensitive to TCDD than those from SC fish, but only three-fold less sensitive to BNF. These results indicate that chronic exposure to high levels of HAH has produced a heritable reduction in the sensitivity of NBH Fundulus to AhR agonists. These findings suggest an alteration in the AhR signal transduction pathway in the dioxin-resistant NBH fish; this is the subject of continuing research. (NIEHS ESO7381.)
Novel x-ray and EUV two-dimensional imaging glass-capillary spectrometer for Z-pinch plasma diagnostics

The results of the study and application of the prototype of the novel imaging spectrometer with a glass-capillary multiplexer of a 2D x-ray image of Z-pinch plasma are presented. Output channels are used to obtain an array of time-resolved spectra, which covers the full plasma evolution. A spatial resolution of the spectrometer is about 100-250 micrometers for plasma size up to 5 by 20 mm. A spectral resolution is 700-1000. A time-gated resolution is 1-2 ns.
CCAAT/Enhancer binding protein β controls androgen-deprivation-induced senescence in prostate cancer cells

The processes associated with transition to castration-resistant prostate cancer (PC) growth are not well understood. Cellular senescence is a stable cell cycle arrest that occurs in response to sublethal stress. It is often overcome in malignant transformation to confer a survival advantage. CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein (C/EBP) β function is frequently deregulated in human malignancies and interestingly, androgen-sensitive PC cells express primarily the liver-enriched inhibitory protein isoform. We found that C/EBPβ expression is negatively regulated by androgen receptor (AR) activity and that treatment of androgen-sensitive cell lines with anti-androgens increases C/EBPβ mRNA and protein levels. Accordingly, we also find that C/EBPβ levels are significantly elevated in primary PC samples from castration-resistant compared with therapy-naive patients. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated enhanced binding of the AR to the proximal promoter of the CEBPB gene in the presence of dihydroxytestosterone. Upon androgen deprivation, induction of C/EBPβ is facilitated by active transcription as evident by increased histone 3 acetylation at the C/EBPβ promoter. Also, the androgen agonist R1881 suppresses the activity of a CEBPB promoter reporter. Loss of C/EBPβ expression prevents growth arrest following androgen deprivation or anti-androgen challenge. Accordingly, suppression of C/EBPβ under low androgen conditions results in reduced expression of senescence-associated secretory genes, significantly decreased number of cells displaying heterochromatin foci and increased numbers of Ki67-positive cells. Ectopic expression of C/EBPβ caused pronounced morphological changes, reduced PC cell growth and increased the number of senescent LNCaP cells. Lastly, we found that senescence contributes to PC cell survival under androgen deprivation, and C/EBPβ-deficient cells were significantly more susceptible to killing by cytotoxic chemotherapy following androgen deprivation. Our data demonstrate that upregulation of C/EBPβ is critical for complete maintenance of androgen deprivation-induced senescence and that targeting C/EBPβ expression may synergize with anti-androgen or chemotherapy in eradicating PC.
Inactivation of purified Escherichia coli RNA polymerase by transfer RNA.

The inhibition by transfer RNA of the in vitro activity of purified RNA polymerase isolated from Escherichia coli has been investigated. Reaction of polymerase with tRNA§ before the addition of DNA to the reaction mixture inhibits the synthetic activity of the polymerase to an extent which depends upon the relative concentrations of tRNA and polymerase. Prior reaction of the polymerase with DNA protects it against subsequent inactivation by tRNA. Thus reaction of the polymerase with either nucleic acid appears to be practically irreversible. The inhibitory effect of tRNA on a polymerase molecule is all-or-none, since partial inhibition of RNA synthesis by tRNA reduces only the number of growing RNA chains, but not their rate of growth. The nature of the dependence of relative inhibition on tRNA concentration suggests that the populations of polymerase and tRNA molecules are heterogeneous with respect to their mutual affinities. This possibility is supported by the finding that in a mixture of polymerase and tRNA at concentrations such that half of the polymerase activity is inhibited, there still exists tRNA capable of inhibiting freshly added polymerase. It was found that aminoacyl-tRNA is a somewhat less effective inhibitor than amino acid-free tRNA, although this difference does not appear to be great enough to account for the postulated in vivo regulation of RNA synthesis by tRNA.
Symbolic Politics, Criminal Justice Policy, and Third Political Party Platforms:

The theory of symbolic politics, which posits that political acts are viewed as symbols conveying a political meaning that are an end unto themselves, is used to examine the elements of criminal justice policy in third political party platforms. It is hypothesized that third political parties use their political platforms to make symbolic, rather than substantive, statements. Data were collected from a variety of sources presenting third party platforms to assess the political language used from 1872 to 2004. A content analysis of these platforms offers some support for the use of symbolic language by third political parties.
Genetic control of the immune response to hen's egg-white lysozyme in mice. I. Antibody and T-lymphocyte proliferative responses to the native protein.

Summary We have initiated studies to determine whether the antibody and T-lymphocyte proliferative responses to lysozyme and its antigenic sites is genetically controlled in mice. Mice of the H-2f, H-2k and H-2p were high responders, while haplotypes H-2b, H-2d, H-2r and H-2s were low responders. Studies with recombinants indicated that the immune response is controlled by two H-2I region loci, one being in the I-A subregion and the other may be in the I-C subregions.
Models Performance and Robustness for Simulating Drainage and Nitrate‐Nitrogen Fluxes without Recalibration

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 76:1957–1964 doi:10.2136/sssaj2012.0172 Received 31 May 2012. *Corresponding author (jay.jabro@ars.usda.gov). © Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Models Performance and Robustness for Simulating Drainage and Nitrate-Nitrogen Fluxes without Recalibration Soil Physics
Heterogeneous object modeling through direct face neighborhood alteration

Abstract Two recent advances—the use of functionally gradient materials in parts and layered manufacturing technology—have brought to the forefront the need for design and fabrication methodologies for heterogeneous objects. However, current solid modeling systems, a core component of computer-aided design and fabrication tools, are typically purely geometry based, and only after the modeling of product geometry, can a part's non-geometric attributes such as material composition be modeled. This sequential order of modeling leads to unnecessary operations and over-segmented 3D regions during heterogeneous object modeling processes. To enable an efficient design of heterogeneous objects, we propose a novel method, direct face neighborhood operation. This approach combines the geometry and material decisions into a common computational framework as opposed to separate and sequential operations in existing modeling systems. We present theories and algorithms for direction face neighborhood alteration, which enables direct alteration of face neighborhood before 3D regions are formed. This alteration is based on set membership classification (SMC) and region material semantics. The SMC is computationally enhanced by the usage of topological characteristics of heterogeneous objects. After the SMC, boundary evaluation is performed according to the altered face neighborhood. In comparison with other solid modeling methods, the direct face neighborhood alteration method is computationally effective, allows direct B-Rep operations, and is efficient for persistent region naming. A prototype system has been implemented to validate the method and some examples are presented.
Drug disposition in the neonatal animal, with particular reference to the foal.

Summary Differences between neonatal and adult animals in their response to drugs can usually be attributed to altered disposition (ie, distribution, metabolism and excretion) processes during the neonatal period. These alterations affect the plasma concentrations as well as the concentrations of drug attained at the receptor site. Some characteristics of the neonatal period include greater absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, lower extent of plasma protein binding, increased apparent volume of distribution of drugs that distribute in extracellular fluid or total body water, increased permeability of the ‘blood-brain’ barrier and slower elimination of many drugs. The hepatic microsomal oxidative reactions and glucuronide conjugation are deficient metabolic pathways for a varying period of time, usually up to six weeks after birth or even longer in some species. Decreased metabolism can affect the duration of action of lipid-soluble drugs. Functional immaturity of the kidneys decreases the renal excretion of polar drugs and drug metabolites. Overall renal function appears to reach maturity within two weeks after birth in ruminant species and pigs, while maturation may take at least four weeks in other species of domestic animals. Considerable physiological and biochemical development takes place during the first five days after birth with maturation continuing more slowly over the succeeding five weeks. The time it takes for any process to reach functional maturity depends on the process in question and varies with the species of animal. The absorption, disposition and pharmacological response to drugs during the first 24 h after birth may be unique to that time and, because of lack of information, are impossible to predict. The meagre evidence available suggests that processes responsible for metabolism and excretion of drugs develop comparatively rapidly in the foal. At present, however, there are no definitive pharmacokinetic or metabolic studies in the literature which can lead to firm recommendations on dosage regimens or serve as a basis for predicting the clinical pharmacokinetics of drugs during the neonatal period in the horse. However, there has been a recent surge of interest in drug dosage in foals and this review of the available literature and presentation of concepts may serve as a useful guideline.
Endoscopic axillary exploration and sentinel lymphadenectomy

Background: Minimally invasive approaches have changed the practice of surgery in several specialties. The purpose of this study was to develop a reproducible endoscopic technique for the evaluation of the axilla in breast cancer patients.
Resting energy expenditure and nitrogen balance in critically ill pediatric patients on mechanical ventilation.

Nutritional support is important in critically ill patients, with variable energy and nitrogen requirements (e.g., sepsis, trauma, postsurgical state) in this population. This study investigates how age, severity of illness, and mechanical ventilation are related to resting energy expenditure (REE) and nitrogen balance. Nineteen critically ill children (mean age, 8 +/- 6 [SD] y and range 0.4-17.0 y) receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) were enrolled. We used indirect calorimetry to measure REE. Expected energy requirements (EER) were obtained from Talbot tables. Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) and Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) score were calculated. Total urinary nitrogen was measured using the Kjeldahl method. PRISM and TISS scores were 9 +/- 5 and 31 +/- 6 points, respectively. REE was 62 +/- 25 kcal.kg-1.d-1, EER was 42 +/- 11 kcal.kg-1. d-1, and caloric intake was 49 +/- 22 kcal.kg-1.d-1. Nitrogen intake was 279 +/- 125 mg.kg-1.d-1, total urinary nitrogen was 324 +/- 133 mg.kg-1.d-1, and nitrogen balance was -120 +/- 153 mg.kg-1.d-1. The protein requirement in this population was approximately 2.8 g.kg-1.d-1. These critically ill children were hypermetabolic, with REE 48% higher (20 kcal.kg-1.d-1) than expected. Nitrogen balance significantly correlated with caloric and protein intake, urinary nitrogen, and age, but not with severity of illness scores or ventilatory parameters.
A prototype ultrasound-guided laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation system

Background Advanced laparoscopic procedures, particularly laparoscopic liver resection and ablation, may benefit from image-guided surgery techniques that involve interactive three-dimensional imaging and instrument tracking.
Aspects of spatial dispersion in the optical properties of a vacuum-dielectric interface

We have examined the relationship between the polarizability for a two-phase (vacuum-dielectric) system and the use of additional boundary conditions and the like, as regards the response of systems exhibiting spatial dispersion. As a consequence we are able to derive information about induced-charge and current densities and the continuity of the field quantities across the interface. It is shown that it is not possible to resonantly excite longitudinal bulk modes with incident light in the formalism of Rimbey-Mahan. We have derived sum rules in wave-vector space on bulk polaritons in homogeneous isotropic systems. In the case of nonhomogeneous perfect crystals in which the bulk response is described by the matrix $\stackrel{}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{Q}},{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{Q}}}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, we have solved formally for the surface impedance in terms of an assumed arbitrary $\stackrel{}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{Q}},{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{Q}}}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, by means of an extension of the Fuchs-Kliewer formalism.
Non-erythroid alpha spectrin prevents telomere dysfunction after DNA interstrand cross-link damage

Telomere integrity is critical for telomere function and genomic stability. We previously demonstrated that non-erythroid α-spectrin (αIISp) is present in mammalian cell nuclei where it is important in repair of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) and chromosome stability. We now demonstrate that αIISp is also important for telomere maintenance after ICL damage. It localizes to telomeres in S phase after ICL damage where it has enhanced association with TRF1 and TRF2 and is required for recruitment of the ICL repair protein, XPF, to damage-induced foci at telomeres. In telomerase-positive normal cells depleted of αIISp by siRNA or in Fanconi anemia, complementation group A (FA-A) cells, where αIISp levels are 35–40% of normal, ICL damage results in failure of XPF to localize to telomeres, markedly increased telomere dysfunction-induced foci, followed by catastrophic loss of telomeres. Restoration of αIISp levels to normal in FA-A cells corrects these deficiencies. Our studies demonstrate that αIISp is critical for repair of DNA ICLs at telomeres, likely by facilitating the recruitment of repair proteins similar, but not identical, to its proposed role in repair of DNA ICLs in genomic DNA and that this function in turn is critical for telomere maintenance after DNA ICL damage.