cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘Territorial cleansing’ for whom? Indigenous rights, conservation, and state territorialization in the Bosawas Biosphere Reserve, Nicaragua

Abstract This paper examines how spatially exclusionary policies, implemented in the name of environmental conservation and indigenous territorial rights may, paradoxically, work to extend state territorialization and control over resources in indigenous territories. While the colonial legacies of protected areas and conservation enclosures in indigenous territories are well-known, critical scrutiny of contemporary exclusionary conservation mechanisms remains scarce. I suggest that such mechanisms, often based on the selective physical and political removal of “violent” and “destructive” non-indigenous settlers, bear striking similarities to earlier conservation initiatives in that they limit indigenous autonomy and enable state control over indigenous territories and resources, despite the changed rhetoric emphasizing not only conservation goals, but also indigenous rights. I base my argument – that conservation in indigenous territories continues to be motivated by the territorial ambitions of the state – on analyzing Nicaragua’s saneamiento territorial (“territorial cleansing”) policy, which is generally understood as the eviction of non-indigenous peasants from indigenous territories. I show that saneamiento is selective in different ways: it only dispossesses certain populations that compromise the legibility and controllability of indigenous territories and the natural resources in them, and it is implemented only in the spaces and times that are compatible with the territorialization goals of the state, i.e., areas rich in natural resources.
Hypertonic saline in people with cystic fibrosis: review of comparative studies and clinical practice.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystem disorder, caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. These cause a reduced secretion of chloride, a marked absorption of sodium and, therefore, of water, through the epithelium, resulting in the formation of thickened secretions in organs such as lung or pancreas. These viscous secretions lead to airway obstruction, chronic infection and inflammation resulting in progressive lung damage, bronchiectasis and eventual respiratory failure. Although the average life expectancy has increased over the last 30 years, lung disease is the most common cause of death in people with CF. For these reasons, the improvement of sputum clearance is a major therapeutic aim in CF and early initiation of airway clearance is widely recommended and implemented. Symptomatic mucolytic therapy today is mainly based on inhalation of DNase, hypertonic saline or mannitol, in combination with physiotherapy. Mucolytic agents break down the gel structure of mucus and therefore decrease its elasticity and viscosity, reducing the pulmonary exacerbation frequency and to improve and stabilize lung function. Nevertheless, high quality studies comparing these mucolytic drugs are still few, and the individual experiences of patients and caregivers explain the high variability of their use globally. This review will summarize the current knowledge on hypertonic saline in the treatment of CF lung disease. Furthermore, we report the real-world prescription of inhaled mucolytic agents in CF.
A Multimodal Approach for Early Detection of Cognitive Impairment from Tweets

The proposed approach can filter, study, analyze, and interpret written communications from social media platforms for early detection of Cognitive Impairment (CI) to connect individuals with CI with assistive services in their location. It has three novel functionalities. First, it presents a Big Data-centric Data Mining methodology that uses a host of Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval approaches to filter and analyze tweets to detect if the tweets were made by a user with some form of CI – for instance, Dementia. Second, it consists of a string-matching functionality that uses the Levenshtein distance algorithm and Fuzzy matching to score tweets indicating the degree of CI. Finally, the framework consists of a text mining approach for detecting the geolocation of the Twitter user so that, if the user is cognitively impaired, caregivers in that area could be alerted and connected to them to facilitate early-stage care, services, therapies, or treatment.
Pedagogy of Problem Solving: Applying Cognitive Science to Teaching Legal Problem Solving, The

In order to analyze how law schools can best teach legal problem solving, this Article draws upon the volumes of research in cognitive and educational psychology on problem solving and upon the hundreds of student evaluations since 2002 of Regent University School of Law's Summer Academic Success Program and Academic Orientation. This Article operates from the assumption that legal education is, at least in significant part, about teaching students how to solve legal problems. From this assumption, this Article first considers the research on how problem solving skills can be taught in a way that enables students to transfer the skills to other contexts. This Article specifically looks at law school and undergraduate studies that support the contextualized teaching of problem solving skills. This Article next considers the extent to which problem solving instruction hinges on students' doctrinal knowledge. In the analysis, it discusses studies that suggest that legal educators must provide students with a firm foundation in doctrinal knowledge, also called "domain knowledge," before those students can most effectively learn problem solving skills. This Article then considers the role "deliberate practice" should play in teaching legal problem solving. This Article examines how legal education can provide students with such practice opportunities and, in turn, increase their self-regulation in the learning process. Finally, this Article recognizes that, unless hours are added to law school curricular requirements, increases in effective problem solving instruction will most likely result in decreases in doctrinal content coverage. This Article therefore concludes by discussing options for curricular change and by suggesting considerations for legal educators as they seek to find the appropriate balance between doctrinal content coverage and problem solving instruction.
Fine-grain instruction scheduling for low energy

Energy consumption is increasingly becoming an important metric in designing computing systems. This paper presents an instruction scheduling algorithm to reduce energy consumption in processor data-paths. The unique aspect of our algorithm is that it is fine-granular; i.e., it works on a pipeline stage granularity. This is in contrast to current energy-aware instruction scheduling techniques that work on an instruction granularity. Our preliminary experimental results indicate that our fine-granular approach both leads to schedules with lower energy consumption (as compared to coarse-grain techniques) and helps us estimate the absolute data-path energy consumed by the code better.
Dirichlet Boundary Stabilization of the Wave Equation with Damping Feedback

Abstract We consider the wave equation with a feedback acting on the Dirichlet boundary conditions in the form of a non local finite rank operator defined on the “velocity” vector. Conditions under which the above feedback problem is well-posed (i.e. it generates a strongly continuous semigroup) are established. Furthermore, “stabilization” (through a suitable boundary feedback is discussed: while the feedback system can never be exponentially stable in the uniform operator toplogy, it can however be strongly stable for a suitable choice of a feedback operator of the type preassigned.
Longterm results of esophageal myotomy for achalasia

Abstract Background: Achalasia is a progressive, noncurable, motor disorder of the esophagus. Myotomy of the distal esophagus is the principal method of providing palliation. A major controversy is the necessity for a complementary antireflux procedure. Study Design: Forty-two patients were studied by clinical history manometrically, roentgenographically, and endoscopically. Transabdominal Heller myotomy is the preferred approach. Nine patients had Nissen fundoplication and parietal cell vagotomy (group 1), and 16 had posterior gastropexy and parietal cell vagotomy (group II). Initially 16 of 17 patients underwent transthoracic Heller myotomy without fundoplication (group III). Twenty-five patients were followed a mean of 10 years (range 5 to 26 years). Results: One postoperative death was from adult respiratory distress. Results in group I were excellent in five, good in three, and fair in one. The patient with a fair result developed a diverticulum at the myotomy site and significant reflux at 9 years. Results in group II patients were excellent in 2, good in 11, there was 1 operative death, and no followup in 1. Of the 17 patients in group III, 3 had resection of an esophageal diverticulum, and 3 had closure of esophageal perforation caused by pneumatic dilatation. Results in the 13 patients followed were excellent in 6, good in 5, and poor in 2. Conclusions: There is no statistical difference in results by chi-square analysis between transthoracic Heller myotomy without fundoplication and transabdominal Heller myotomy with parietal cell vagotomy and Nissen fundoplication or posterior gastropexy.
Unification and Emergence in Physics: the Problem of Articulation

What is physics? What are the limits of what physics can say about the world? In seeking ever-broader theoretical `umbrellas' for physical phenomena, we are seeking unifying principles. Emergent phenomena have turned out to be some of the most difficult to explain, causing a `clash of umbrellas' so-to-speak, at the interface between the quantum and classical domains. This essay explores the role of articulation in this particularly vexing problem and ultimately addresses the question of whether the language and mathematics we use to describe the universe is sufficient in its present form and application.
Mortality in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): factors associated with recording RA on death certificates

Death certificates can be used to assess disease prevalence and incidence; however, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) often remains unreported in death certificates. We sought to determine to what extent RA is underreported and what demographic and clinical characteristics could predict mention of RA in the death certificate. We recruited 1328 patients with RA from private, public and military rheumatology practices and followed them prospectively for yearly evaluations. A rheumatologist assessed clinical characteristics of RA and comorbidities at each evaluation. Deaths were identified through family members, other physicians, obituaries and public death databases. All were confirmed with state-issued death certificates. Patients with and without RA in death certificate were compared using bivariate and multivariate analyses. By December 2013, 326 deaths had occurred. We received and reviewed death certificates for all confirmed deaths, of which 58 (17.7 %) mentioned RA on the death certificate. Bivariate analysis revealed that younger age, a greater number of deformities, higher Sharp score and lower socioeconomic status were each associated with recording RA. Multivariable analyses revealed that comorbidity [OR (95 % CI) = 0.84 (0.73, 0.97); P = 0.022] was inversely associated with listing RA on the death certificate, while the number of deformities [OR (95 % CI) = 1.04 (1.00, 1.07); P = 0.033] and a certified physician’s signature on the death certificate [OR (95 % CI) = 4.79 (1.35, 16.9); P = 0.015] increased likelihood of reporting RA. In this cohort, RA was not listed in over 80 % of death certificates. Younger patients with fewer comorbidities and more joint deformities were more likely to have RA reported. RA is often not included in death certificates. The findings of this study suggest that older patients may have a greater number of comorbidities, thus decreasing the likelihood that RA be included when completing the death certificate.
What Is Grammar

This chapter is an overview of what grammar is. We examine what exactly “rules” of grammar consist of and consider these “rules” from two perspectives: prescriptive and descriptive. Throughout the chapter, you will exercise your knowledge as a native or highly proficient non-native speaker of English—knowledge that you may only have had until now, implicitly.
Efficacy of Season Prediction for Geo-locations Using Geo-tagged Images

Tens of thousands of pictures are taken at different locations throughout the year. People often visit places and take pictures to remember their visits. We believe that the seasonal travel patterns of people to specific locations will create a correlation between a location and the season of the images taken in that location. For example, fewer people visit Bear Valley, California during the summer than during the winter as it is a popular Ski Resort. Therefore, we believe we will find more pictures of Bear Valley taken during winter when compared to any other seasons. Today, most of the photographs have geo-location (Latitude and Longitude) and time when the photograph was taken included in their metadata. Given the distribution of photographs, correlations between locations and seasons found using this metadata could potentially be used to develop a system to predict the best time of year to visit particular locations or number of people who may visit a tourist destination in the next season allowing business establishments to prepare appropriately. In this work we evaluate the efficacy of using this metadata to predict the season given the location. In our work, using a dataset comprised of photograph metadata, we focused on approximately 1.1 million photographs taken in California. Using variations of the nearest neighbor algorithm, we were able to predict the season of a photograph with a maximum correctness of 80.9% with a sufficiently large training set. We experimented with both weighted K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) and Fixed Radius Nearest Neighbor (FRNN) using no-weight, inverse, logarithmic, and gaussian weight calculators. Using the K-NN model, we found that logarithmic weighted K-NN performed the best at 79.55% correctness. Using the Fixed Radius NN model, we found that the gaussian weighted model using standard deviation of 0.0001 performed the best at 80.9%.
Regional Economic Voting: Russia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic, 1990–1999

This study demonstrates that in a time of massive change characterized by the emergence of entirely new political systems and a fundamental reorganization of economic life, systematic patterns of economic conditions affecting election results at the aggregate level can in fact be identified during the first decade of post-communist elections in five post-communist countries: Russia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic. A variety of theoretical arguments concerning the conditions in which these effects are more or less likely to be present are also proposed and tested. Analysis is conducted using an original data set of regional level economic, demographic, and electoral indicators, and features both broadly based comparative assessments of the findings across all twenty elections as well as more focused case study analyses of pairs of individual elections.
Work in progress: Redesigned First-Year Seminar course in engineering — Delivery, learning outcomes assessment, and lessons learned

This paper discusses the delivery of content and rubrics for assessment of learning outcomes in the redesigned version of the critical entry-level course, First-Year Seminar course in Engineering, for undergraduate engineering students. The First-Year Seminar in Engineering at our institution is offered once each year during the fall term. The course comprises 45 to 50 first-year students who will graduate with engineering degrees from four-year programs. The redesign of this course was necessitated by the (1) disparate nature of the content from session to session (2) lack of continuity across sessions, and (3) absence of a common thread to bind the content of the course. For the incoming engineering student to receive both the holistic University experience and develop the ability to learn and retain fundamental engineering principles and practices, the course has been redesigned to incorporate community-based engineering projects as the core theme of the course. The students formed teams, and maintained team-based blogs to document their progress on the engineering project. In addition to the traditional learning outcomes assessment methods (e.g. in-class testing, homework assignments, individual and group reports), rubrics were developed to assess the performance of the students in the engineering projects.
Prevention of Tumor Lysis Syndrome in an Outpatient Setting

The prevention and identification of hyperuricemia are critical components in the management of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), which is common in acute leukemias, large cell lymphomas, bulky tumors, large tumor burdens, and other cancers with high proliferation rates. Such cancers are very receptive to cytotoxic therapy because of increased mitotic rates. Lysis of their tumor cells results in metabolic abnormalities because of the release of their intracellular products. TLS is an oncologic emergency that could lead to renal failure and death; therefore, early identification of high-risk patients is vital for successful treatment outcomes. Treatment modalities include the use of allopurinol and hydration while implementing evidence-based practices for the prevention of TLS in the outpatient clinical center.
Pit and fissure sealants. An underutilized preventive technology.

The dramatic decrease in dental caries among children in the United States has been well documented and widely reported. In the early 1970s, only approximately 28% of children were free of dental caries; by 1980, this figure increased to 36.6% (53). The most recent national survey results reported by the National Institute of Dental Research found approximately 50% of all school children to be free of caries (50).
Ligand-induced rapid redistribution of lysosomes is temporally distinct from endosome translocation.

When many ligands bind to cell-surface receptors, ligand–receptor complexes are internalized via clathrin coated pits by a process called receptor-mediated endocytosis1,2. The cytoplasmic fate of ligands internalized within endocytic vesicles or endosomes is variable. For example, maternal immunoglobulins are transported through the cytoplasm of neonatal intestinal epithelial cells and are exocytosed at the basolateral surface3. However, other ligands are degraded as a result of their delivery to the lysosomal compartment of cells2,4–6. Although the translocation of endosomes to the Golgi region in the cell centre seems to be a general phenomenon presumably coupled to ligand degradation by lysosomes7,8 and endosomes and lysosomes undergo saltatory movements within the cytoplasm8,9, the spatial control of interaction between the two structures is not understood. To address this problem we have begun to examine the spatial and temporal intracellular distribution of endosomes and lysosomes. Utilizing a new fluorescent microscopic approach10, we have now been able simultaneously to visualize endosome and lysosome populations in living cells. Our results suggest that a specific relocation of lysosomes is rapidly induced upon binding of different types of ligands to the cell surface; this migration of lysosomes to the Golgi region of the cell precedes the translocation of endosomes into the same area.
Sensitization by annular surrounds: sensitization and dark adaptation.

Abstract Westheimer has shown that the rod threshold at the center of a 45′ adapting disk can be lowered by adding light in the surrounding annular region. He has also shown that a similar sensitization effect does not occur for dark adaptation curves; that is, dark adaptation curves measured on bleached fields of different diameters appear to be identical. The present investigation confirms Westheimer's finding for dark adaptation curves traced downward to the absolute threshold, and extends it to the case of dark adaptation curves traced downward against real light backgrounds of various illuminances.
An “Electric Needle” for Aversive Conditioning of the Needle Ritual

We have wondered how to deal with the “needle freak,” the person who continues to use a variety of drugs by intravenous injection, or even the needle alone, even after his hunger for opiates has been abolished by methadone. The talking therapies have seemingly been unable to break into this compulsive habit. The possibility of using aversive conditioning was intriguing and, accordingly, we developed the “electric needle” shown below
Seasonal Activity and Survival of Adult Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) in Southern New York State

Mark-recapture studies demonstrated that adult Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman, and Corwin in southern New York successfully overwinter and resume active host-seeking in the spring. Thus, the resulting bimodal peak in autumn and spring appears to reflect temperature-induced activity of the same cohort and not different generations. Adult tick abundance in the field was monitored by counting the number of ticks collected by a domestic dog on routine walks and correcting for the effects of temperature on tick activity. It is suggested that adult abundance, measured independently of ambient temperature, may be an accurate indicator of survival. The field tick abundance curve was negatively exponential ( y = e(4.26–0.12 x ) and significantly different from the survival curve for ticks maintained in the laboratory, which displayed a constant mortality rate ( y = −3.7 x + 105.5). Body size influenced male survival during the winter, whereas female survival was independent of body size. Greater male mortality in fall and winter resulted in a lower sex ratio in spring.
Solution of Inverse Problems in Eddy-Current Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE)

Eddy-current methods of nondestructive testing find widespread application in industry. The growth has been fueled, in part at least, by an increasing ability to extract information from the signal generated by the probe. This paper presents a brief overview of some of the techniques proposed for characterizing defects. Emphasis has been placed on two of the techniques developed by the authors, namely, the Fourier descriptor method and the defect reconstruction scheme using the finite-element model.
Logarithmic Sobolev inequalities on loop groups

Abstract Let G be a compact Lie group. Denote by m the Brownian bridge measure on the loop group Y ≡ {g ϵ C([0, 1]; G): g(0) = g(1) = e }. The finite energy subgroup of Y determines in a natural way a gradient operation for functions on Y. The following logarithmic Sobolev inequality is proven, ∝ f 2 , log ¦f¦dm ⩽ ∝ {¦ grad f(y)¦ 2 + V(y) f (y) 2 } dm + ∥f∥ 2 log ∥f∥ wherein ∥f∥ denotes the L2(m) norm and V is a potential which is quadratic in the associated Lie algebra valued Brownian motion. The inequality is derived by a method of inheritance from the known inequality for the G valued Brownian motion.
Effect of lay-up orientation on ballistic impact behaviors of GLARE 5 FML beams

Abstract This paper examines experimental and numerical investigations on ballistic impact behaviors of GLARE 5 (3/2) fiber-metal laminated (FML) beams of various stacking sequences. The ballistic impact tests were conducted using a high-speed gas gun equipped with a high-speed camera. Optical imaging and mechanical sectioning techniques as well as high-speed-camera footage were used to characterize the impact damage in the specimens. The incident projectile impact velocity versus the residual velocity ( V I ∼ V R ) was plotted and numerically fitted according to the classical Lambert–Jonas equation for the determination of ballistic limit velocity, V 50 . The results showed that the unidirectional [90° 4 ] specimen offered the least resistance to the projectile perforation. In addition, except for the unidirectional [90° 4 ] specimen, the ballistic limit was almost insensitive with respect to change in stacking sequence. The interfacial delamination/debonding as well as bending and stretching in aluminum layers played significant roles in dissipating the impact energy in the GLARE 5 (3/2) FML beams. The ballistic impact tests were modeled using a 3D finite element (FE) code, LS-DYNA. The FE prediction was validated using the experimentally obtained V I ∼ V R trends, damage patterns and bullet residual length. Good agreement between experimental and numerical results was achieved. Moreover, the FE predicted V 50 as a function of specimen stacking sequence was in good agreement with its experimental counterpart. The validated FE model was then utilized to obtain some insights to the ballistic impacts of which experimental results were not available. It was found that the cross-ply specimen offered the highest contact resistance force while the unidirectional [90° 4 ] lay-up orientation offered the lowest. The maximum contact force for the unidirectional [0° 4 ] and quasi-isotropic panels were almost the same. The results showed that when subjected to ballistic impact, the specimen with [0°/90°] s lay-up orientation dissipated more energy compared to the other lay-up orientations.
Introduction to hospital information systems.

The phrase, ‘hospital information system’, is frequently used in discussions about the flow of information throughout a hospital with the assumption that everybody has the same concept in mind. Closer examination shows that this is not necessarily the case.
SMT-centric power-aware thread placement in chip multiprocessors

In Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT) chip multiprocessors (CMPs), thread placement is performed today in a largely power-unaware manner. For example, consolidation of active threads into fewer cores exposes opportunities for power savings that have not been addressed in prior work. The savings opportunity is especially high in the emerging context where per-core power gating (PCPG) is becoming viable. The use of the optimum combination of core-wise SMT level and number of active cores to achieve a desired power-performance efficiency is a knob which has not been explored in prior work nor implemented as part of the operating system task scheduler. This work investigates the opportunities for such efficiency improvement in the context of the IBM POWER7 processor chip. We present a thread consolidation heuristic (TCH) capable of finding power-performance efficient thread placements at runtime, based on power-performance measurements.In the context of the PARSEC benchmark suite, chip power consumption is reduced by up to 21% (averaged across applications) when TCH is adopted instead of the default Linux thread scheduling policy, with minimal performance impact. TCH can create favorable conditions that enable aggressive actuation of PCPG, when that is available. In conjunction with PCPG, TCH can improve power-performance efficiency by a factor of up to 2.1 with respect to the default scheduler. We also evaluate TCH in the context of the SPECpower benchmark. In this case, TCH reduces system power up to 15% without PCPG and up to 22% with PCPG, with no performance degradation.
Ethics and Risk Communication

One source of ethical failure in risk communication lies in the inadequate theoretical understanding of ethically significant assumptions embedded in risk discourses. A second source of failure resides in the way that risk communication serves ethical purposes that come into conflict in particular cases. The ethical motivation for risk communication may be to improve effectiveness of decision making, to empower recipients of a message, or to ensure that exposure to risk is consistent with ethical criteria of informed consent. Philosophical theories of ethics provide a useful way to frame these important differences in emphasis.
Development of osmotic and ionic regulation in two races of chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha.

Abstract 1. 1. The development of the hypo-osmotic regulatory system was followed in juvenile fall and spring chinook salmon while in the freshwater environment. The experimental animals were exposed to sea water of various salinites by immediate or gradual transition. Measurements of survival and changes in the osmotic and ionic properties of the blood were made following exposure to sea water. 2. 2. The ontogeny of hypo-osmoregulation appears to be similar for individuals in both races. 3. 3. The rate of development of hypo-osmoregulation is influenced by prior acclimation to waters of lower salinity and by the growth of the experimental animals.
Matrix isolation studies of methyl cyanide and methyl isocyanide in solid argon

Abstract The i.r. spectra of CH3CN, CD3CN, CH3NC, CD3NC and CH3N13C have been investigated in solid argon matrices at 20°K. The spectra of the monomeric species indicate that the matrix environment removes the degeneracy of the E modes. Absorption features attributed to the pure and mixed dimer species and force constant calculations support an antiparallel alignment of the molecules in the dimer in which the interaction is through the CN or NC groups.
Real-time strategy for active power sharing in a fuel cell powered battery charger

This paper presents a real-time strategy for active power sharing in a fuel cell powered battery charging station. This control scheme can adjust the charging currents of the batteries being simultaneously charged in real-time according to the estimated state-of-charge (SOC) which is obtained by estimating the battery open-circuit voltage with current correction and linearly fitting between the open-circuit voltage and the state-of-charge. The charge controller that executes the real-time strategy is designed and implemented in Matlab/Simulink for both system simulation and experimental tests. Simulation results show that all batteries can become fully charged simultaneously with the real-time strategy and the estimation method for battery state-of-charge is effective for the active power sharing strategy. Experiment results validate the simulation and show that the battery state-of-charge estimation method is practical.
Seismogram “Picking Error” Experiment

The Seismogram Picking Error From Analyst Review (SPEAR) project is looking for input from analysts with experience in picking earthquake or other seismic data. The project, begun in February 2008 as a grassroots effort among the authors' institutions, will aid the seismological community in producing more reliable results for hypocenter locations and in establishing Earth models that are more accurate. The project could develop into a continuous forum for the seismological community to better understand the errors, biases, and mental processes or steps involved in picking seismic data, and to establish standards for how to pick and assess seismic data.
THE EVALUATION OF INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS

Methods of testing systems in practice and in theory are critically reviewed. Some new theoretical considerations are advanced.
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Decision-Making in Primary Care

Bipolar disorder is a chronic episodic illness, characterized by recurrent episodes of manic or depressive symptoms. Patients with bipolar disorder frequently present first to primary care, but the diversity of the potential symptoms and a low index of suspicion among physicians can lead to misdiagnosis in many patients. Frequently, co-occurring psychiatric and medical conditions further complicate the differential diagnosis. A thorough diagnostic evaluation at clinical interview, combined with supportive case-finding tools, is essential to reach an accurate diagnosis. When treating bipolar patients, the primary care physician has an integral role in coordinating the multidisciplinary network. Pharmacologic treatment underpins both short- and long-term management of bipolar disorder. Maintenance treatment to prevent relapse is frequently founded on the same pharmacologic approaches that were effective in treating the acute symptoms. Regardless of the treatment approach that is selected, monitoring over the long term is essential to ensure continued symptom relief, functioning, safety, adherence, and general medical health. This article describes key decision-making steps in the management of bipolar disorder from the primary care perspective: from initial clinical suspicion to confirmation of the diagnosis to decision-making in acute and longer-term management and the importance of patient monitoring.
α-METHYLTRYPTOPHAN: EFFECTS ON CEREBRAL MONOOXYGENASES IN VITRO AND IN VIVO

— Following administration of x-methyltryptophan (AMTP) (50 mg/kg) there was a time dependent decrease of serotonin and a concomitant increase of α-methyl-5-hydroxy-tryptamine (AM-5-HT) in most cerebral areas. AMTP is hydroxylated to α-methyl-5-hydroxytryptophan (AM-5-HTP) by cerebral tryptophan hydroxylase in vitro and in vivo. Hydroxylation of AMTP in vitro and in vivo was markedly inhibited in p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CP) treated rats. After administration of AMTP, the conversion in vivo of tyrosine to norepinephrine was inhibited. This inhibition was not apparent in p-CP pretreated animals. p-Chloroamphetamine (p-CA) (10 mg/kg) lowered serotonin and AM-5-HT levels in some areas of the brain, but unlike p-CP, alone or in combination with AMTP it did not significantly inhibit hydroxylation of tryptophan (Trp). AMTP, as substrate of tryptophan hydroxylase, has a Km of 1.08 × 10-4 M (using 6-MPH4, as cofactor) and as competitive inhibitor, a K1 of 2.09 × 10-4M with L-Trp as substrate. AMTP becomes an uncompetitive inhibitor when its concentration is equal to or exceeds that of L-Trp. D-AMTP is neither a substrate nor an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase. DL-AM-5-HTP (K1, 1.5 × 10-5 M) and AM-5-HT (K1 4.0 × 10-5 M) are competitive inhibitors.
Comparative analysis of MVA-CD40L and MVA-TRICOM vectors for enhancing the immunogenicity of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells

Adenoviral transduction with CD40L and poxviral transduction with B7-1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3 (TRICOM) have been used to enhance the antigen-presenting capacity of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. This study compares the same vector (modified vaccinia virus strain Ankara (MVA)) encoding CD40L or TRICOM for its ability to enhance the immunogenicity of CLL cells. CLL cells from some patients showed differential responses to each vector in terms of induction of autologous T-cell responses. This study supports the rationale for the use of CLL cells modified ex vivo with pre-specified recombinant MVA vectors as a whole tumor-cell vaccine for immunotherapy in CLL patients.
Circumcision I: Effects upon newborn behavior

Twenty-six newborn infants were randomly assigned to an early (2 day) and delayed (3 week) circumcision group. Each infant was examined three times using the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) in which the examiner was blind to the circumcision status of the subject. A reduction scale was derived from the NBAS examination so that infants were assigned to the behavioral categories of average, subdued, or hyperactive. Nearly 90 percent of the early circumcision group changed behavior categories after circumcision for at least four hours compared to 16 percent of the delayed group. The implications of these results and the details of the reduction scale are discussed.
Primary cosmic ray α-particles — II

The primary cosmic-rayα-particle energy spectrum has been investigated, using photographic emulsions flown from Minneapolis on July 30th, 1957. The total flux observed was (151±9)particles/cm2 sr s. The differential energy spectrum shows a broad maximum between 400 and 600 MeV/nucleon, and appears different in shape from the spectrum observed at solar minimum. No particles were observed to have kinetic energies below 200 MeV/nucleon, but a substantial flux was observed between 200 and 300 MeV/nucleon. From the centered dipole approximation to the geomagnetic field, one would expect a cut-off energy at this latitude of 292 MeV/nucleon. The results presented here are in disagreement with this figure, but do not allow a choice to be made between cut-off energies predicted from other models.
The case for distributed data archival using secret splitting with Percival

Most encryption used today obfuscates data behind a secret key or a problem believed to be computationally complex. One can fundamentally think of it as delayed release for a determined adversary. This approach is not well suited for long-term archival of sensitive data. Additionally, issues such as key rotation, and lost or exposed keys, make keeping such archives up to date very difficult. As a result most become static and unable to respond to attacks. Once hacked, such systems offer little to no protection for data privacy and leave open uncertainty about data integrity. Given the increasing frequency of major cyber events these days, it is clear that any secure long-term archive needs to be able to address maintaining data privacy and integrity throughout a compromise event. In spite of these needs, most data archives today still use central storage servers and encryption. In this paper we make the case for secure data archival based on secret splitting and distributed data repositories. We present Percival, one example of a research project focused on long-term data archival using Shamir's secret splitting and distributed data repositories. We examine how this approach can continue secure operations in the presence of adversarial compromise. We discuss how this distributed model significantly increases the attacker's burden by requiring the compromise of many sites. Additionally, this approach increases the resilience to insider threat and provides stronger assurances of data integrity and confidentiality. Finally we discuss current research to create new capabilities that enable blinded search across such an archive.
Talin forges the links between integrins and actin

The physical link between integrin adhesion receptors and the actin cytoskeleton mediates bidirectional transmission of force and biochemical signals across the plasma membrane. This link is essential for the development and function of multicellular animals. Recent work reveals that the integrin-associated actin-binding protein talin provides the initial connections between integrins and the cytoskeleton, establishing a pivotal role for this connection in bi-directional integrin signalling.
Multipotential stem cells in the vertebrate CNS.

Abstract The functional differences between the many mature neuronal types make the origins of cellular diversity in the nervous system one of the most intriguing problems in biology. This paper discusses recent experiments which explore the mechanisms generating cell diversity in the vertebrate central nervous system, focusing particulary on the immediate precursor to neurons and on neuronal differentiation. Transplantation experiments have been used to explore regional and temporal differences in the cells of the neuroepithelium. The effects of specific genes on neuronal development have been examined by mutational analysis in transgenic mice and in established neuronal stem cell lines. The combination of methods now available allow increasingly powerful dissection of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that generate the large number of different neurons in the vertebrate brain.
Overview of single photon detection technologies

Single photon detectors are one of the essential tools connecting the photonic and electronic domains at the quantum level. A plethora of single photon detector technologies and their acronyms available today - PMT, IPD, SPAD, SNSPD, MKID, RULLE, NFAD, TCB, DAPD, TES, and many others - primarily because all have significant gaps to “ideal” performance and practical usability. Some do approach ideal performance in a specific metric such as detection efficiency or dark count rate, and there is promising new progress in new material systems and new understandings of the semiconductor avalanche gain process.
A Solution Processed Flexible Nanocomposite Electrode with Efficient Light Extraction for Organic Light Emitting Diodes

Highly efficient organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on multiple layers of vapor evaporated small molecules, indium tin oxide transparent electrode, and glass substrate have been extensively investigated and are being commercialized. The light extraction from the exciton radiative decay is limited to less than 30% due to plasmonic quenching on the metallic cathode and the waveguide in the multi-layer sandwich structure. Here we report a flexible nanocomposite electrode comprising single-walled carbon nanotubes and silver nanowires stacked and embedded in the surface of a polymer substrate. Nanoparticles of barium strontium titanate are dispersed within the substrate to enhance light extraction efficiency. Green polymer OLED (PLEDs) fabricated on the nanocomposite electrode exhibit a maximum current efficiency of 118 cd/A at 10,000 cd/m(2) with the calculated external quantum efficiency being 38.9%. The efficiencies of white PLEDs are 46.7 cd/A and 30.5%, respectively. The devices can be bent to 3 mm radius repeatedly without significant loss of electroluminescent performance. The nanocomposite electrode could pave the way to high-efficiency flexible OLEDs with simplified device structure and low fabrication cost.
High throughput drug screening by direct RNA profiling on DNA sensors

Abstract The feasibility of DNA microarray sensor technology as a routine technique of molecular pharmacology to perform high throughput drug screening and the advantages of directly labeled RNA for a high throughput experiment are presented in this paper. A novel, single-step direct chemical labeling method for DNA microarray target samples has been developed to reduce the sample amount, cost, time and error of the experiment by eliminating the need for enzyme mediated labeling. Reproducibility of the data for high throughput drug screening is demonstrated by monitoring differential gene expression of a set of 45 gene targets involved in the genotoxic stress response pathways.
Differential Phosphorylation Paradigms Dictate Desensitization and Internalization of the N-Formyl Peptide Receptor

Following activation by ligand, most G protein-coupled receptors undergo rapid phosphorylation. This is accompanied by a drastic decrease in the efficacy of continued or repeated stimulation, due to receptor uncoupling from G protein and receptor internalization. Such processing steps have been shown to be absolutely dependent on receptor phosphorylation in the case of the N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR). In this study, we report results that indicate that the mechanisms responsible for desensitization and internalization are distinct. Using site-directed mutagenesis of the serine and threonine residues of the FPR carboxyl terminus, we have characterized regions that differentially regulate these two processes. Whereas substitution of all 11 Ser/Thr residues in the carboxyl terminus prevents both desensitization and internalization, substitution of four Ser/Thr residues between 328-332 blocks desensitization but has no effect on internalization. Similarly, substitution of four Ser/Thr residues between positions 334 and 339 results in a deficit in desensitization but again no decrease in internalization, suggesting that phosphorylation at either site evokes receptor internalization, whereas maximal desensitization requires phosphorylation at both sites. These results also indicate that receptor internalization is not involved in the process of desensitization. Further analysis of the residues between 328-332 revealed that restoration either of Ser(328) and Thr(329) or of Thr(331) and Ser(332) was sufficient to restore desensitization, suggesting that phosphorylation within either of these two sites, in addition to sites between residues 334 and 339, is sufficient to produce desensitization. Taken together, these results indicate that the mechanisms involved in FPR processing (uncoupling from G proteins and internalization) are regulated differentially by phosphorylation at distinct sites within the carboxyl terminus of the FPR. The relevance of this paradigm to other G protein-coupled receptors is discussed.
Slow low-threshold potassium current inHelix pomatia neurons

A low-threshold outward current was studied in the neurons ofHelix pomatia at −70 to −30 mV using a two-electrode voltage clamp technique. In addition to the well-known A current (IA), a slower outward current calledIAs (slow) was revealed. Activation and inactivation times ofIAs at −40 mV ranged from 90 to 120 msec and from 3 to 5 sec, respectively. The current recovered within 2 to 5 sec after inactivation at −120 mV. Analysis of changes in the reversal potential ofIAs caused by an increase in external potassium concentration suggests a potassium origin forIAs. The curves ofIAs stationary activation and inactivation fit the Boltzmann equation. Deriving from an activation curve, the activation potential for a half-maximum current, , is −40 mV, and the slope factor,k, is −9.8 mV, while those values for the inactivation curve are −84 mV (a half-maximum inactivation) and 7.5 mV.IAs is blocked by 4-aminopyridine (1–30 µM), tetraethylammonium (1 mM), and Ba2+ (1 mM), but is resistant to Cs+ (1 mM). PeakIAs is not affected either by substitution of external Ca2+ for Mg2+ or by application of Cd2+ (0.5–1.0 mM). The results suggest that activation ofIAs does not require Ca2+ entry into the cell.
Maternal stress beginning in infancy may sensitize children to later stress exposure: Effects on cortisol and behavior

Abstract Background Preclinical studies demonstrate that the neonatal environment can permanently alter an individual’s responses to stress. To demonstrate a similar phenomenon in humans, we prospectively examined the relationships of maternal stress beginning in infancy and concurrent stress on preschoolers’ hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity and later mental health symptoms. Methods Salivary cortisol levels were assessed in 282 4.5-year-old children and 154 of their siblings. Maternal reports of stress were obtained when the children were ages 1, 4, and 12 months, and again at 4.5 years. Children’s mental health symptoms were assessed in first grade. Results A cross-sectional analysis revealed that preschoolers exposed to high levels of concurrent maternal stress had elevated cortisol levels; however, a longitudinal analysis revealed that concurrently stressed children with elevated cortisol also had a history of high maternal stress exposure in infancy. Importantly, children exposed only to high levels of concurrent or early stress had cortisol levels that did not significantly differ from those never exposed to stress. Further analysis of the components of stress indicated that maternal depression beginning in infancy was the most potent predictor of children’s cortisol. We also found that preschoolers with high cortisol levels exhibited greater mental health symptoms in first grade. Conclusions These results link the findings of preclinical studies to humans by showing that exposure to early maternal stress may sensitize children’s pituitary-adrenal responses to subsequent stress exposure.