cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of the homotopy analysis method to the Poisson–Boltzmann equation for semiconductor devices

Abstract This paper describes the application of a recently developed analytic approach known as the homotopy analysis method to derive an approximate solution to the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation for semiconductor devices. Specifically, this paper presents an analytic solution to potential distribution in a DG-MOSFET (Double Gate-Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor). The DG-MOSFET represents one of the most advanced device structures in semiconductor technology and is a primary focus of modeling efforts in the semiconductor industry.
Adenovirus vaccine evaluation study in naval recruits.

Conclusions1) An adenovirus vaccine evaluation study was carried out at San Diego Naval Training Center. Recruit population was studied. Kidney cell tissue culture vaccine containing adenovirus types 3, 4 and 7 was used, inactivated with formalin. Half of the men in 39 companies were given vaccine while the other half were given placebo. Observations were made from March 11 to July 3, 1957. Adenovirus isolations and complement fixing antibody response in acute and convalescent serums were employed as indices of infection. Types 4 and 7 adenovirus infections were prevalent in the control population. 2) During 3 through 9 week post-vaccination period, weekly admission rate/1,000 was 22.3 from the vaccine group, and 26.2 from the control group, a 15% difference. However, on the basis of adenovirus isolation the weekly admission rate was 3.4 from the vaccinated compared to 10 from the control, a difference of 66%. When 4-fold or greater complement fixing antibody rises to adenovirus antigen were employed as e...
Failure of Steroid Sulfatase to Desulfate Vitamin D3 Sulfate

Patients with recessive X-linked ichthyosis lack activity of the enzyme steroid sulfatase. One of the more striking clinical findings in these patients is the improvement in stratum cornenum shedding in the summer. Since vitamin D is one steroid responsive to sunlight, we examined whether or not vitamin D 3 sulfate is a substrate for steroid sulfatase. Enzyme preparations active against other sulfated steroids caused no desulfation of vitamin D 3 sulfate.
Teacher as supervisor of complex technology

(1990). Teacher as supervisor of complex technology. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 29, Metaphors We Learn By, pp. 78-84.
The set LCS problem

An efficient algorithm is presented that solves a generalization of the Longest Common Subsequence problem, in which one of the two input strings contains sets of symbols which may be permuted. This problem arises from a music application.
Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen: A potential new pathway of T-cell activation

Important goals of current immunological research are to gain an understanding as to how antigens are processed and how they bind to T-cell receptors to generate the appropriate signals that lead to cell activation and gene expression. Work in our laboratories has identified a T-cell mitogen (MAM) which is produced by Mycoplasma arthritidis, a potent arthritogenic agent of mice and rats (10). This mitogen has several unique features that may help us to understand how antigens activate T cells and may also suggest the existence of a new pathway of T-cell activation. MAM can be recovered from culture supernatants of M. arthritidis. It is a heat labile, cationic protein with a pI of >9.0 and an of 15,000 (1, 13). MAM can exist in larger Mr forms due to its ability to associate with other molecules present in culture media (1). MAM is remarkably potent, giving 50% of maximum stimulation of mouse lymphocytes at <10-11M.
Three-dimensional calculations for underexpanded and overexpanded supersonic jet flows

A three-dimensional code is developed to simulate the characteristics of the jet exhaust plume issuing from nonaxisymmetric nozzles at different flight conditions. In the present paper, the time-iterative Space Marching Scheme (SMS) is used to simulate the shock-cell structure of underexpanded supersonic jet issued from round and square nozzles. Also, the computational results are compared with the experimental data from underexpanded and overexpanded supersonic round jets. The agreement with the experimental data validates the applicability of the new technique for predicting the shock-cell structure of supersonic jet flows. The computational results reveals that the azimuthal structure of the supersonic square jet changed as the jet progressed downstream of the exit nozzle.
Inhibition of phosphatidic acid synthesis alters the structure of the Golgi apparatus and inhibits secretion in endocrine cells.

In mammalian cells, activation of a Golgi-associated phospholipase D by ADP-ribosylation factor results in the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to form phosphatidic acid (PA). This reaction stimulates the release of nascent secretory vesicles from the trans-Golgi network of endocrine cells. To understand the role of PA in mediating secretion, we have exploited the transphosphatidylation activity of phospholipase D. Rat anterior pituitary GH3 cells, which secrete growth hormone and prolactin, were treated with 1-butanol resulting in the synthesis of phosphatidylbutanol rather than PA. Under these conditions transport from the ER through the Golgi apparatus and secretion of polypeptide hormones were inhibited quantitatively. Furthermore, the in vitro synthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) by Golgi membranes was inhibited quantitatively. Most significantly, in the presence of 1-butanol the architecture of the Golgi apparatus was disrupted, resulting in its disassembly and fragmentation. Removal of the alcohol resulted in the rapid restoration of Golgi structure and secretion of growth hormone and prolactin. Our results suggest that PA stimulation of PtdIns(4,5)P2 synthesis is required for maintaining the structural integrity and function of the Golgi apparatus.
The effect of two sources of role strain on women physicians

Interviews were conducted with 93 women physicians in four medical specialties, selected to represent the combinations of the two main sources of strain to be investigated: believed unsuitability of a field for women and specialty time demands. Using path analysis, neither of these two variables was found to have the expected results on the behavior and feelings of women physicians. An alternative interpretation was suggested, emphasizing the need to take a longitudinal approach and to look at degree of commitment to family and/or career rather than mere time allocation.
Universal Design for Quality of Life Technologies

Engineers and other designers commonly use specifications to frame a project's objectives and constraints. These are supplemented by standards, codes, and regulations to create the design package. However, typical design practices often inadvertently ignore the usefulness of the product, environment or information system by people for whom the product would benefit. Consequently, an early design does not work and requires additional iterations and phases of redesign. This drives up the design costs, delays the process, or by tradeoff, prevents individuals with various types of abilities and disabilities to use the design. The universal design approach offers an efficient cost-effective method to expand the population of potential consumers of a product design. Quality of life technologies demand designs that consider populations that are often missed. This paper defines the need for and characteristics of good universal design with illustrations of successful universal product design as well as erred designs that neglected significant populations of potential product users. By definition, quality of life technologies are inclusive, such as aging populations who function with impairments in vision, hearing, and motor abilities. Executing universal design strategies create more successful outcomes.
Job involvement as obsession-compulsion: some preliminary empirical findings.

S. Schwartz suggested that job involvement may be better understood when viewed as obsession-compulsion. In this paper several of the relationships proposed by Schwartz were examined; results offer preliminary support for his viewpoint.
Characterization of Azotobacter vinelandii nifZ Deletion Strains INDICATION OF STEPWISE MoFe PROTEIN ASSEMBLY

The nifZ gene product (NifZ) of Azotobacter vinelandii has been implicated in MoFe protein maturation. However, its exact function in this process remains largely unknown. Here, we report a detailed biochemical/biophysical characterization of His-tagged MoFe proteins purified from A. vinelandii nifZ and nifZ/nifB deletion strains DJ1182 and YM6A (ΔnifZ and ΔnifZΔnifB MoFe proteins, respectively). Our data from EPR, metal, activity, and stability analyses indicate that one αβ subunit pair of the ΔnifZ MoFe protein contains a P cluster ([8Fe-7S]) and an iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMoco) ([Mo-7Fe-9S-X-homocitrate]), whereas the other contains a presumed P cluster precursor, possibly comprising a pair of [4Fe-4S]-like clusters, and a vacant FeMoco site. Likewise, the ΔnifZΔnifB MoFe protein has the same composition as the ΔnifZ MoFe protein except for the absence of FeMoco, an effect caused by the deletion of the nifB gene. These results suggest that the MoFe protein is likely assembled stepwise, i.e. one αβ subunit pair of the tetrameric MoFe protein is assembled prior to the other, and that NifZ might act as a chaperone in the assembly of the second αβ subunit pair by facilitating a conformational rearrangement that is required for the formation of the P cluster through the condensation of two [4Fe-4S]-like clusters. The possibility of NifZ exercising its effect through the Fe protein was ruled out because the Fe proteins from nifZ and nifZ/nifB deletion strains are not defective in their normal functions. However, the detailed mechanism of how NifZ carries out its exact function in MoFe protein maturation awaits further investigation.
Response of German Cockroach (Orthoptera: Blattellidae) Populations to a Frequency Sweeping Ultrasound-Emitting Device

Populations of the field-collected Blattella germanica (L.) were confined in 1.2-m plywood cubes with food, water and an ultrasound-emitting device for 7 days. When pairs of cubes were connected by a length of tubing and one cube of the pair contained an active ultrasound-emitting device, significantly fewer cockroaches were found in the ultrasonic active cube. No significant change in cockroach distribution was noted in paired cubes with an inactive ultrasound-emitting device. Significantly more cockroaches were caught from cubes with an active ultrasound-emitting device when the tube was replaced by a bottle pitfall trap. The results of these experiments suggest that B. germanica activity was increased by the active ultrasound-emitting device.
The economic impact of a household product: the use of nitrilotriacetic acid

Purchase,1 in her review of laundry practices, concluded that there was significant increased cost due to the banning of phosphate detergents. The cost calculation was, in all likelihood, significantly inflated. A review of her methodology and assumptions, and those of related studies, provides significant adjustments to her conclusions. This issue is important to home economists and environmentalists. The recalculation demonstrates that these interests are less in conflict than Purchase's data would indicate.
Response to CO2 Doubling of the Atlantic Hurricane Main Development Region in a High-Resolution Climate Model

AbstractResponse of climate conditions in the Atlantic hurricane main development region (MDR) to doubling of atmospheric CO2 has been explored using the new high-resolution coupled climate model, version 2.5 (CM2.5), developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). In the annual mean, the SST in the MDR warms by about 2°C in the CO2 doubling run relative to the control run; the trade winds become weaker in the northern tropical Atlantic and the rainfall increases over the ITCZ and its northern region. The amplitude of the annual cycle of the SST over the MDR is not significantly changed by CO2 doubling. However, the authors find that the interannual variations show significant responses to CO2 doubling; the seasonal maximum peak of the interannual variations of the SST over the MDR is about 25% stronger than in the control run. The enhancement of the interannual variations of the SST in the MDR is caused by changes in effectiveness of the wind–evaporation–SST (WES) positive feedback; WES re...
Deceiving Without Debriefing: A Pragmatic Overreach?

In their article, McCambridge and colleagues (2013) present a thoughtful set of methodological and ethical arguments in favor of deception in three specific cases of social science research. We lau...
Preservation of digital objects

L'A. examine l'etat de la recherche sur la conservation des objets electroniques (numerises ou electroniques d'origine) depuis 2000. Apres avoir rappele les acteurs impliques dans la preservation des objets numeriques, elle rapporte differentes initiatives pour creer des systemes de gestion ou de depot, definir ce qui doit etre conserve, elaborer des methodes de conservation et developper des metadonnees, en mettant l'accent sur le role crucial des normes, les specificites de certains genres d'objets et les questions de propriete intellectuelle.
Engaging Students in Bioengineering: A Basic Structure for Collaborative Learning Journal Clubs

Biomechanics courses often attract students from diverse academic backgrounds including a mix of engineers and scientists. A Journal Club, in which students read and discuss articles from scientific literature, is a collaborative learning activity that is accessible to students from these diverse scientific backgrounds. Journal Clubs originated as way to cost-share periodicals [1] and have evolved as educational tools. Journal Clubs in medical education [2–4] are cited for both increasing medical knowledge in 88% of medical residents [2] and bridging the gap between research and clinical practice. [1] In an extensive literature review, 80% of 101 studies reported that Journal Club discussions improved knowledge and critical appraisal skills. [5] Journal Club format is flexible and no strong preference in method has emerged in the literature. [2] The present work describes a structured Journal Club that has been implemented in a biomechanics course for three years and presents results from student surveys.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Performance of Spanish speakers on the Mattis dementia rating scale (MDRS).

Abstract This paper examined whether education-, age-, and gender-matched Spanish- and English-speaking normals ( n = 30 pairs) had comparable scores on the Mattis dementia rating scale (MDRS). It provides preliminary normative data on Spanish-speaking volunteers aged 55–89 years old ( n = 54). It also compared the MDRS total score with its memory subscale score and the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score on sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing normals from patients with dementia ( n = 61). Spanish-speaking normals scored significantly lower than English-speaking normals on MDRS total and its attention, conceptualization, and memory subscales. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve distinguishing normals from patients with dementia was not significantly different among the MDRS total, its memory subscale, and the MMSE. We conclude that (a) the norms based on English-speaking individuals are not appropriate for use with Spanish-speaking individuals, and (b) to screen for dementia, the shorter MDRS Memory subscale and the MMSE are as good as the entire MDRS.
A dynamical approach to DNA sequences

Abstract We study the statistical features of DNA pseudo-random walks with a dynamical model leading to scaling exponents identical to those of real DNA sequences. The Onsager regression method shows that coding DNA sequences have long-range correlations which are obscured at short distances by environmental fluctuations.
Iminodiacetate complexes of technetium: an electrochemical study.

Abstract Iminodiacetate complexes of technetium are used extensively in diagnostic medical imaging, but their chemical structure and properties are yet uncertain. We studied formation of technetium-99 complexes with diethylenetetraminepentaacetate (DPTA), ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), N -(2-acetamido) iminodiacetate (ADA), and N -(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbomoylmethyl)iminodiacetate (HIDA) by tast sampled DC) polarography, reverse-pulse polarography, controlled-potential coulometry, and amperometric titration. The products, often mixtures, varied with reaction conditions and ligand; this can explain apparent contradictions in previous studies.
Altered responsiveness of regional brain dopamine and DOPAC levels to systemic administration of quinpirole, a dopamine D2 agonist, in DOCA/NaCl-hypertensive rats.

Our previous studies have demonstrated that administration of quinpirole (LY171555), a potent and highly selective dopamine (DA) D2 receptor agonist, to conscious Sprague-Dawley rats produces increases in arterial pressure through the activation of sympathetic outflow and vasopressinergic activity. To test the hypotheses that quinpirole inhibits in vivo release of DA from central dopaminergic neurons by activation of DA receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) and that this mechanism may be altered in the desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)/NaCl model of hypertension, we examined the effects of quinpirole on stores of DA and its metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in brain regions of 4-week DOCA/NaCl-hypertensive rats and their normotensive controls. Levels of DA and DOPAC were measured in brain regions by HPLC 15 min after the i.v. administration of quinpirole (1 mg/kg). Quinpirole resulted in a significant increase in DA stores and decrease in DOPAC stores in most brain regions examined in both DOCA/NaCl-hypertensive rats and normotensive controls, presumably by inhibiting DA release through a presynaptic mechanism. In the vehicle-treated groups, DA stores in the anterior hypothalamus and DOPAC stores in the nucleus accumbens were lower in DOCA/NaCl-hypertensive rats than in H2O controls. Following quinpirole administration, DA stores in the anterior hypothalamus increased significantly in DOCA/NaCl-treated rats but not in H2O controls and DOPAC stores in the nucleus accumbens decreased significantly in H2O control rats but not in DOCA/NaCl-treated rats. These observations provide further evidence for the presence of inhibitory DA D2 receptors which modulate the activity of dopaminergic neurons in the CNS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Deposition of aerosol particles in a straight tube with an abrupt obstruction

Deposition of aerosol particles in a straight tube with an abrupt local obstruction was determined experimentally in model tubes with tube Re ranged between 140 and 2800. Various types of obstruction whose hydraulic throat diameters ranged between 0.22 and 0.25 cm were created locally in the middle of smooth 0.5 cm i.d. glass tubes. Aerosol deposition occurred mostly behind the obstruction within a distance equalling 10 tube diameters. The deposition in this segment was increased rapidly with increasing flow rate and reached up to more than 100 times greater for particles of 3.1 γm diameter than in the unobstructed tube. The deposition increased with increasing particle size and was well correlated with pressure drop across the obstruction regardless of the types of obstruction. Stokes number (Stk) represented the deposition only for a specific type of obstruction. Despite the difference in flow structure, the deposition behind the obstruction was well correlated with deposition parameters used for fully developed turbulent pipe flow, dimensionless deposition velocity and relaxation time and agreed closely with turbulent deposition in a rough pipe.
Magneto-resistive read sensor with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

A new read sensor design is proposed in attempt to solve the magnetization distribution and thermal stability problems for nano-meter scale read sensors. In this design the free layer has a perpendicular-to-plane easy axis and the reference layer has an in-plane easy axis. Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) film with this structure is demonstrated in which the free layer is a [CoFe/Pt]/sub /spl times/n/ multilayer. The structure of [CoFe/Pt]/sub /spl times/n/ multilayer has to be optimized so that the magnetic properties of the free layer can meet the requirement of a MR reader.
Future directions for cryosurgery computer treatment planning

Computer treatment planning for cryosurgery is an area of research and development that will greatly assist the practicing physician and will promote improved quality assurance for clinical procedures. Good planning and precision image-guided treatment delivery are complementary in achieving an optimal treatment outcome. State-of-the-art cryosurgery treatment planning systems are at an early stage of development in comparison with radiation treatment planning systems for external beams. Using 30 years of progress in the area of radiation treatment planning as a guide, this article presents a summary of the avenues for research and development in cryosurgery treatment planning that are likely to accelerate the practical application of precision cryosurgery to a broad spectrum of anatomical sites. Emphasis is placed on prostate cryosurgery, imaging techniques, and recommendations for manufacturers of these systems. Optimization of the clinical procedure in the planning stage using mathematical algorithms to define the positioning and operation of cryoprobes is discussed.
An unstable family of large DNA elements in the center of the mouse t complex.

Abstract We have cloned 363 kb (× 10 3 bases) from a novel, locally dispersed family of 11 large DNA elements, called T66 elements, within the center of complete mouse t haplotypes. Homologies among individual members of the T66 family are observed along a repeated unit of at least 75 kb in length. Individual T66 homology units are classified into three subfamilies through hybridization studies with a series of diagnostic subfamily-specific probes. The organization and number of elements in wild-type forms of chromosome 17 are very different from those found within t haplotype forms of this chromosome. The number of T66 elements present within individual chromosomes is highly polymorphic among both inbred strains of mice and among independently derived t haplotypes. Wild-type chromosomes have between five and nine T66 elements distributed between two loci that are separated by a genetic distance of at least three map units, whereas t haplotypes have between 9 and 11 T66 elements within a single cluster. Many of the rare recovered products of recombination between a t haplotype and a wild-type form of chromosome 17 have resulted from recombination within or near the T66 regions present on each chromosome. Molecular and genetic data lead to the speculation that portions of individual T66 homology units could be involved in t haplotype effects on sperm differentiation.
Raman spectrum of coronene: a scaled quantum mechanical force field study

The Raman spectrum of coronene was calculated using the scaled quantum mechanical force field approach, based on density functional calculations at the B3LYP/6–31G* level. This procedure applied to benzene reproduces the position of the gas phase fundamentals with 7 cm-1 absolute mean deviation. Semiquantitative agreement is obtained for the gas phase infrared and Raman intensities and depolarization ratios. The simulated infrared spectrum of coronene agrees very well with the gas phase data of Joblin et al. We compare the calculated Raman spectrum with solid state data and propose some modifications in the assignment of the fundamentals. The solid state infrared band near 960 cm-1 is not a fundamental. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review Essay: The Divided Church and its Theology

Book reviewed in this article: Ephraim Radner, The end of the Church: A Pneumatology of Christian Division in the West
A specific projection of retinal displaced ganglion cells to the nucleus of the basal optic root in the chicken

Abstract The displaced ganglion cells of Dogiel are a class of retinal ganglion cells whose perikarya are located along the inner margin of the inner nuclear layer. Found in all vertebrate classes, they are particularly conspicuous in avians. Recently, Karten , Fite & Brecha (1977) found that these cells in the pigeon gave rise to a seemingly exclusive projection to the contralateral nucleus of the basal optic root, the major component of the avian accessory optic system. In the present work, the projections of displaced ganglion cells were investigated in hatchling and adult chickens. The cells were found to project to the nucleus of the basal optic root but not to the tectum. Labeled displaced ganglion cells following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the nucleus of the basal optic root were 15 × 20μm in size in both hatchlings and adults. Labeled cells tended to have a higher concentration in the peripheral than in the central retina. Cells were widely but irregularly spaced, with adjacent cells seldom closer than 100 μm. Up to 7700 displaced ganglion cells were labeled in the adult chicken. These results, together with those of Karten et al. (1977) , suggest that in birds, displaced ganglion cells may constitute a unique class of retinal ganglion cells that project exclusively to the nucleus of the basal optic root. In light of the projections of the nucleus of the basal optic root to the oculomotor complex and vestibulocerebellum, the displaced ganglion cells may be an initial link in a visual pathway involved in the control of oculomotor reflexes.
Analysis of volcanic surface morphology on Venus from comparison of Arecibo, Magellan, and terrestrial airborne radar data

The paper compares Arecibo Observatory and Magellan radar data for Venus to airborne radar images for potential terrestrial analog surfaces. Volcanic deposits in western Eistla Regio and northern Sedna Planitia are characterized. It is shown that the expected-sense circularly polarized echoes in the 'dark plains' and broad flow aprons of Eistla Regio decrease rapidly with incidence angle. This angular scattering behavior implies surfaces no rougher than terrestrial pahoehoe flows. Polarization ratio comparisons show that the extensive lava flows in Western Eistla Regio and Sedna Planitia are generally consistent with the properties of terrestrial pahoehoe flows, with only limited occurrences of a'a morphology. Three scenarios are suggested. Many of the large flow units in the two study regions were emplaced as complexes of low-effusion rate pahoehoe flows, rather than as higher eruption rate events which might be expected to produce a'a surface textures; the long lava flows were originally emplaced as a'a but have since weathered to a smoother texture; or a combination of atmospheric and magma compositional effects combine to inhibit a'a formation even at high volume eruption rates.
Oxygen Uptake by Illuminated Maize Leaves

EFFICIENT apparent photosynthesis and high rates of accumulation of dry matter in maize and other tropical grasses have been attributed to a lack of respiratory activity during illumination. Low CO2 compensation concentrations1,2, absence of a post-illumination CO2 burst3,4 and lack of CO2 release to CO2-free air5,6 support this contention. By contrast, many other species show sizable rates of photorespiratory release of CO2 (probably via glycolic acid oxidase) which, unlike dark respiration, are accelerated by concentrations of O2 above 2 per cent. In maize there is no effect of ambient O2 above 2 per cent on CO2 compensation values3,4 or on the uptake of net CO24,7,8. Moreover, low release of 14C from added glycolate-1-14C constitutes additional evidence against the occurrence of photorespiratory CO2 release in maize9. It has been suggested6 that very efficient internal trapping of photorespiratory CO2 in photosynthesis may account for these observations. The insensitivity of CO2 release to O2 concentrations between 2 and 21 per cent when net photosynthetic CO2 uptake was completely curtailed by DCMU [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1 dimethylurea] suggests8, however, the absence of a typical photorespiratory CO2 release process in maize. We describe here our observations showing that illuminated maize does exhibit a steady state O2 uptake component, which is stimulated by concentrations of O2 above 2 per cent.
Frequent occurrence of cytogenetic abnormalities in sporadic nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma

Cytogenetic studies may provide important clues to the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid neoplasia. Thus, the authors attempted cytogenetic studies on 12 thyroid carcinomas: seven papillary, three follicular, and two anaplastic. Successful cytogenetic results were obtained on all 12 tumors; nine (75%) had one or more chromosomally abnormal clones. Four of the papillary carcinomas had a simple clonal karyotype, and three had no apparent chromosome abnormality. All four abnormal papillary tumors contained an anomaly of a chromosome 10q arm. In one instance, an inv(10)(q11.2q21.2) was observed in a Grade 2 papillary carcinoma as the sole acquired abnormality. In another case, an inversion or insertion involving 10q21.2 was found in a Grade 1 papillary tumor. The karyotype of a third tumor, a Grade 1 papillary carcinoma, was 46,XX,der(5)t(5;10)(p15.3;q11),der(9)t(9;?)(q11;?). A fourth abnormal papillary carcinoma, a Grade 1 tumor, had a t(6;10)(q21;q26.1) as the sole abnormality. Each of the five follicular or anaplastic carcinomas had a complex clonal karyotype. The three follicular carcinomas contained an abnormality of 3p25-p21, along with several other chromosome abnormalities.
VARIABILITY OF RESPONSE LOCATION ON FIXED‐RATIO AND FIXED‐INTERVAL SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT1

Variability of response location was studied in monkeys performing in a six-lever chamber. Fixed-ratio schedules, ranging from FR 1 to FR 300, generated a high degree of stereotypy of response location. In contrast, fixed-interval schedules of comparable reinforcement frequencies (0.06 to 4 minutes) generated much greater variability. These results failed to confirm any simple relationship between response variability and intermittence of reinforcement. Rather, variability seems to be determined by the particular characteristics of the reinforcement schedule.
Production and litter processing by crayfish in an Appalachian mountain stream

SUMMARY 1. Mean annual density and biomass (B) of Cambarus bartonii in an Appalachian mountain stream (U.S.A.) was 12 individuals m−2 and 1669 mg (ash-free dry weight) m−2. 2. Annual production (P) of C bartonii was 961 mg AFDW m−2. Despite high biomass, low growth rates resulted in low production and a low P/B ratio of 0.58. 3. While C bartonii constituted 61% of the total macroinvertebrate biomass, it contributed only 13% of annual community secondary production. 4. Litter processing was positively related to temperature and crayfish size. Cambariis bartotnii was estimated to comminute 36 g m−2 y−1 of leaf litter (>1 mm2) to 24 g m−>2 y−1 fine particulate material ( 5()% of shredding activity by crayfish occurred from June to September which was also the period of lowest litter standing crops and activity of other shredding macroinvertebrates. 5. We speculate that during summer crayfish play an important role in temperate woodland streams by converting slowly processed leaf litter species (e.g. Rhododendron) to fine particles which are then available to collector-gatherers (e.g. Chironomidae, Oligochaeta).
Aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients without clinical cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.

Background The benefit of aspirin to prevent cardiovascular events in subjects without clinical cardiovascular disease relative to the increased risk of bleeding is uncertain. Methods A meta-analysis of randomized trials of aspirin versus placebo/control to assess the effect of aspirin on major cardiovascular events (MCEs) (nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death), individual components of the MCE, stroke subtype, all-cause mortality, and major bleeding. Nine trials involving 102,621 patients were included: 52,145 allocated to aspirin and 50,476 to placebo/control. Results Over a mean follow-up of 6.9 years, aspirin was associated with a reduction in MCE (risk ratio [RR] 0.90, 95% CI 0.85-0.96, P P = .04) and major bleeding (RR 1.62, 95% CI 1.31-2.00, P Conclusions The current totality of evidence provides only modest support for a benefit of aspirin in patients without clinical cardiovascular disease, which is offset by its risk. For every 1,000 subjects treated with aspirin over a 5-year period, aspirin would prevent 2.9 MCE and cause 2.8 major bleeds.
Thymic function in HIV-1 disease

The thymus involutes over time and is generally considered to be non-functional in adults. If this is the case, T-cell depletion in adult HIV-1 disease would in part be due to insufficient intrathymic production. This review summarizes information relevant to the structure and function of the thymus under normal conditions and in the setting of infection with HIV-1. The speculation is raised: could residual thymic reserve be present in some adults and be inducible during pathophysiological states of T-cell depletion? If so, the contribution of thymopoiesis during adult HIV-1 disease may be more significant than otherwise assumed.
Magnetism and the electric and magnetic hyperfine interactions at transition metal surfaces: Fe(110)

Abstract A highly precise local spin density (LSD) study of Fe(110) surface (investigated by Korecki and Gradmann using in situ conversion-electron Mossbauer spectroscopy, CEMS) predicts a 20% enhancement of the surface magnetic moment over bulk; the absence of a Friedel oscillation of the moment into the bulk region but the presence of an oscillatory behavior for the magnetic hyperfine field, H c ; a magnetically induced contribution to the isomer shift; and a large electric field gradient only at the surface layer.
An evaluation scheme for a comparison of computer science curricula with ACM's guidelines

During the past ten years, several model curricula for technical academic disciplines have been developed and published by professional societies. Among the recommendations for computer science are those of '68 and '78 by ACM. This paper presents a quantitative scheme for evaluating a computer science curriculum as compared to ACM '68 and '78 guidelines. To demonstrate the evaluation scheme, curricula from three (3) universities are compared to the ACM guidelines. The results of those numeric comparisons are tabulated and discussed. Other areas that affect a computer science program; textbooks, computer facilities, and faculty are also discussed.
Electron microscope study of intact tentacles and disc in Tokophrya infusionum.

Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen am sessilen Susswasser-ProtistenTokophrya infusionum zeigen besonders komplizierte Strukturen der «Tentakel» und der «Haftscheibe». Die Tentakel sind von zwei Membranen umgeben und umschliessen eine Anzahl von Langselementen. Ihre Spitzen sind aus einer grosseren Zahl von «Papillen» zusammengesetzt. Die Haftscheibe besteht aus einem reichen Fibrillennetz.
Finite-difference solution of the incompressible three-dimensional boundary layer equations for a blunt body

Abstract The governing equations for a laminar flow are solved in terms of an orthogonal surface coordinate system. One of the coordinate is determined by the intersection with the body surface of meridional planes which pass through an axis containing the stagnation point. The other coordinate is obtained numerically from the orthogonality condition. The momentum equations have been written in a standard from which allows additional equations of this form to be added with a small modification of the computer code. This equation is replaced with a nonlinear finite-difference equation which is solved as an iterative solution of linear tridiagonal equations. The special form of the governing equations at the stagnation point and the plane of symmetry is determined and the solution of these equations is obtained to provide a unified code. Numerical solutions have been obtained for several special cases and compared to results of other authors. New results are presented for an ellipsoid ar angle of attack and an elliptic-paraboloid at zero incidence.
Microbial competition: Escherichia coli mutants that take over stationary phase cultures

Many microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, can survive extended periods of starvation. The properties of cells that survived prolonged incubation in stationary phase were studied by mixture of 10-day-old (aged) cultures with 1-day-old (young) cultures of the same strain of Escherichia coli. Mutants from the aged cultures that could grow eventually took over the population, which resulted in the death of the cells from the young cultures. This phenotype was conferred by mutations in rpoS, which encodes a putative stationary phase-specific sigma factor. These rapid population shifts have implications for the studies of microbial evolution and ecology.
Pilot project on speech recognition using layered abduction and multiple knowledge types

Our long-term goal is to test the feasibility of basing a recognition system on a model of human speech processing. Key hypotheses are: (1) Computational models for reasoning from incomplete knowledge provide a useful metaphor for many aspects of human speech understanding even at levels where highly automatic perceptual processes are at work; (2) A computational model of human cochlear processing must be used as the signal-processing front end; (3) Some representation of articulation should mediate between the acoustics and the phonology in order to accommodate contextual variation of various sorts; (4) The phonological representation must encode the prosodic structure and intonation pattern as well as the phoneme string. Accordingly our specific short-term goal is to build a small prototype system that uses a layered-abduction architecture, in which there are many stages of processing, corresponding to different levels of knowledge. The common information-processing task at each stage is to form a coherent, composite (multi-part) hypothesis that explains the data presented from the preceding levels. The input signal will be the digitized speech processed by Patterson's Stabilized Auditory Image system. An articulatory representation based on Browman and Goldstein's gestural score will mediate between the auditory representation and the phonology, and Pierrehumbert and Beckman's prosodic tree and tone string will be used for the phonological organization and intonational melody.
Does democratic deliberation change minds

Discussion is frequently observed in democratic politics, but change in view is rarely observed. Call this the ‘unchanging minds hypothesis’. I assume that a given belief or desire is not isolated,...
In Vitro Efficacy of a Novel Active-Release Antimicrobial Coating To Eradicate Biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Implant-related infections are becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to the formation of biofilms on implant surfaces. This study analyzed the in vitro efficacy of a novel antimicrobial coating against biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, using a flow cell system. Results indicated that P. aeruginosa biofilms were reduced by greater than 8 log10 units in less than 24 h. Data indicated that this active-release coating may be promising for preventing biofilm implant-related infections.
Female preference functions based on call duration in the gray tree frog (Hyla versicolor)

Preference functions, which quantify preference strength relative to variation in male traits or signals, are central to understanding mechanisms and consequences of female choice. Female tree frogs (Hyla versicolor) choose mates on the basis of advertisement calls and prefer long calls to short calls. Here we show, in two experimental designs, that preference strength increased significantly as the difference in call duration was increased only if the absolute durations of alternative stimuli were below average. Hence preference strength was a non-linear function of duration, and females did not base preferences solely on the percentage difference in duration. In experiments simulating costly choice (unequal playback levels), non-linear effects were more pronounced than in the conventional design (equal playback levels). Repeated estimates of preference strength using the unequal-playback design revealed significant among-female variation. These patterns of preference suggest that selection by female choice for males producing calls of average duration over males producing very short calls is stronger than selection for males producing very long calls over males producing calls of average duration. Female preferences, especially in tests simulating a potentially costly choice, could reflect differences in the net benefits to females of mating with males producing calls of different duration. Key words: preference function, preference strength, advertisement calls, call duration, repeatability, Hyla versicolor. [Behav Ecol 11:663–669 (2000)]
A Fingerprint Verification Algorithm Using the Smallest Minimum Sum of Closest Euclidean Distance

In this paper, a Euclidean distance based minutia matching algorithm is proposed to improve the matching accuracy in fingerprint verification system. This algorithm extracts matched minutia pairs from input and template fingerprints by using the smallest minimum sum of closest Euclidean distance (SMSCED), corresponding rotation angle and empirically chosen statistical threshold values. Instead of using the minutia type and orientation angle, which are widely employed in existing algorithms, the proposed algorithm uses only the minutia location, to reduce the effect of non-linear distortion. Experimental results show that the proposed method has higher accuracy with improved verification rate and rejection rate.
Military Medicine From World War II to Vietnam

PERHAPS more than most physicians, I have had an unpredictable medical career—little of it developed according to plan. Although as early as I can remember my goal was medical school, I never intended a vocation in military surgery or executive medicine. War in Europe broke out in September 1939, the year I graduated from college. I was an early draft registrant and, on entering Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago, had applied for a reserve navy commission. Two years remained before the tranquility of our sheltered academic environment would be shattered by the unforeseen and disastrous Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor. It was not at all apparent in the 1930s that modern medicine would begin with my generation. Nuclear medicine, for example, came with an atomic age born of the war, which also ushered in the space age and an explosion of medical technology. Nor could I have imagined that
MeBot: A robotic platform for socially embodied telepresence

Telepresence refers to a set of technologies that allow users to feel present at a distant location; telerobotics is a subfield of telepresence. This paper presents the design and evaluation of a telepresence robot which allows for social expression. Our hypothesis is that a telerobot that communicates more than simply audio or video but also expressive gestures, body pose and proxemics, will allow for a more engaging and enjoyable interaction. An iterative design process of the MeBot platform is described in detail, as well as the design of supporting systems and various control interfaces. We conducted a human subject study where the effects of expressivity were measured. Our results show that a socially expressive robot was found to be more engaging and likable than a static one. It was also found that expressiveness contributes to more psychological involvement and better cooperation.
Radiation Public Health Emergencies, Community Resilience, and the Role of Nuclear Medicine Technologists

Assumptions for public health emergency preparedness planning involving the detonation of an improvised nuclear device in a large metropolitan area include casualties in the hundreds of thousands, total infrastructure damage within a radius of 0.8–4.8 km (0.5–3 mi), and radioactive materials contaminating thousands of square kilometers (1). It is apparent that responding to an improvised nuclear device detonation would require an unprecedented national effort. Hundreds of thousands of people would require (and many others would likely desire) monitoring for external and internal contamination with radioactive materials.
Audience Response Systems in Medical Student Education Benefit Learners and Presenters

Rationale and Objectives We sought to assess how the use of an audience response system (ARS) in medical student radiology instruction affects the self-confidence, ability to gauge mastery, and insights for future preparation in students when they participate as audience members and when they give peer teaching presentations. Materials and Methods Twenty-seven medical students discussed radiology case files in groups and used an ARS to present their assigned cases to peers. Students’ views of interactive audience response versus traditional pedagogy were surveyed using a 5-point Likert scale (1, strongly agree; 2, agree; 3, neither agree nor disagree; 4, disagree; 5, strongly disagree). Results Students reported that instruction with interactive ARS lectures gave them more confidence to verbally answer questions in subsequent lectures when compared to instruction with standard didactic lectures, where a presenter asks questions and a single student responds (2.35 versus 3.14, p p p Conclusion Radiology instruction utilizing an ARS can help build students’ confidence, knowledge of self-mastery, and insights for future studying. Similarly, student presenters using an ARS improve their confidence, better gauge their audience, and develop helpful insights for future teaching presentations.
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION OF EMBRYONIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE EASTERN FENCE LIZARD (SCELOPORUS UNDULATUS)

Theory predicts that cold environments will select for strategies that enhance the growth of ectotherms, such as early emergence from nests and more efficient use of resources. We used a common garden experiment to detect parallel clines in rates of embryonic growth and development by eastern fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus). Using realistic thermal conditions, we measured growth efficiencies and incubation periods of lizards from five populations representing two distinct clades. In both clades, embryos from cold environments (Indiana, New Jersey, and Virginia) grew more efficiently and hatched earlier than embryos from warm environments (Florida and South Carolina). Because eggs from cold environments were larger than eggs from warm environments, we experimentally miniaturized eggs from one population (Virginia) to determine whether rapid growth and development were caused by a greater maternal investment. Embryos in miniaturized eggs grew as efficiently and incubated for the same duration as embryos in unmanipulated eggs. Taken together, our results suggest countergradient variation has evolved at least twice in S. undulatus.