cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of ATP in DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli

Abstract Escherichia coli, rendered permeable by toluene treatment, is known to catalyze a limited amount of semi-conservative DNA synthesis; in addition to the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates, the reaction specifically requires ATP (or ADP). We show that this requirement was also evident in the conversion of Okazaki fragments to high molecular weight DNA in strains of E. coli carrying the pol A1 mutation. In strains containing DNA polymerase I, ATP was not required for this conversion. In addition, strains containing DNA polymerase I convert Okazaki fragments to a high molecular weight form more rapidly than strains deficient in this enzyme. The influence of nalidixic acid on this conversion process has been studied. In the presence of nalidixic acid, the 6 to 10 s Okazaki fragments are converted into a collection of molecules sedimenting at 30 to 40 s; there is essentially no breakdown of the fragments to an acid-soluble form under these conditions. When synthesis of DNA is inhibited by incubating temperaturesensitive mutants of the dnaB locus at the non-permissive temperature, however, there is a preferential degradation of the Okazaki fragments into an acidsoluble form. Prior incubation at the permissive temperature will prevent this degradation.
Narrow band gap GaInNAsSb material grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) for solar cell applications

Abstract Bulk, lattice-matched GaInNAsSb material has been grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) for applications in concentrated multi-junction solar cells. The present paper outlines the growth conditions for lattice-matched GaInNAsSb with band gap energies close to 1.0 eV. Metal organic antimony (Sb) precursors, triethyl antimony (TESb) and trimethyl antimony (TMSb), were utilized and incorporation studies were carried out over the growth temperature range of 515–550 °C. High-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) and photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra were used to optimize the growth conditions and compare the material properties between samples of differing nitrogen (N) content. The impact of a two-stage, post-growth annealing sequence on peak PL intensity was studied with respect to temperature, time (stabilized) and carrier gas overpressure (unstabilized). Optimization of the post-growth annealing conditions of this material system was found to improve the peak PL emission intensity by 7× compared to as-grown material.
Modeling Strategic Route Choice and Real-Time Information Impacts in Stochastic and Time-Dependent Networks

This paper establishes a general framework to study the impacts of real-time information on the users' routing decisions and the system cost in a stochastic time-dependent traffic network under a generalized equilibrium condition. Users are assumed to make strategic routing decisions, and the rule that maps a user's current state, including node, time, and information, to a decision on the next node to take, is defined as a routing policy. This definition allows for a wide variety of information accessibility situations, thus excluding the usually simplified assumptions, such as either no information or full information. A user's choice set contains routing policies rather than simple paths. A fixed-point problem formulation of the user equilibrium is given, and a method of successive average heuristic is designed. Computational tests are carried out in a hypothetical network, where random incidents are the source of stochasticity. System costs derived from three models with different information accessibility situations are compared. The strategic route choices lead to shorter expected travel times at equilibrium. Smaller travel time variances are obtained as a byproduct. The value of real-time information is an increasing function of the incident probability. However, it is not a monotonic function of the market penetration of information, which suggests that in designing a traveler information system or route guidance system, the information penetration needs to be chosen carefully to maximize benefits.
Suicide and violence in patients with major psychiatric disorders

The relationship between violence directed at the self and violence directed at others has intrigued psychiatrists for several decades. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between suicide and violence against others in patients with major psychiatric disorders and to compare psychiatric symptoms associated with suicide in violent and non-violent patients. Subjects included physically assaultive psychiatric inpatients and a nonviolent comparison group. Physical and verbal assaults were recorded prospectively for 4 weeks. History of suicide attempts was obtained through chart review and patient interviews. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale was administered at the end of the 4 weeks by raters who were blind to both suicidal and violent behavior. The suicide attempters did not differ from the non-attempters on any measure of violent behavior or hostility. Suicide attempts were not accompanied by different symptoms in violent and non-violent patients; however, violence and suicide attempts were accompanied by dissimilar psychiatric symptoms. The physically assaultive patients presented with more severe positive psychotic symptoms than the non-assaultive patients. The suicide attempters, on the other hand, did not differ from non-attempters on psychotic symptoms, but presented with more severe depression and anxiety. The relationship between these symptoms and suicide attempts was noteworthy in its temporal stability, as most of the patients had attempted suicide many years prior to this study.
Detection of copper ions in drinking water using the competitive adsorption of proteins

Heavy metal ions, i.e., Cu(2+), are harmful to the environment and our health. In order to detect them, and circumvent or alleviate the weaknesses of existing detecting technologies, we contrive a unique Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensor combined with competitive adsorption of proteins, termed the Vroman effect. This approach adopts native proteins (albumin) as bio-receptors that interact with Cu(2+) to be denatured. Denaturation disrupts the conformation of albumin so that it weakens its affinity to adsorb on the sensing surface. Through the competitive adsorption between the denatured albumins and the native ones, the displacement occurs adjacent to the sensing surface, and this process is real-time monitored by SPR, a surface-sensitive label-free biosensor. The affinities of native albumin is significantly higher than that of denatured albumin, demonstrated by measured KD of native and denatured albumin to gold surafce, 5.8±0.2×10(-5) M and 5.4±0.1×10(-4) M, respectively. Using our biosensor, Cu(2+) with concentration down to 0.1mg/L is detected in PBS, tap water, deionized water, and bottled water. The SPR biosensor is characterized for 5 different heavy metal ions, Cu(2+), Fe(3+), Mn(2+), Pb(2+), and Hg(2+), most common heavy metal ions found in tap water. At the maximum contaminant level (MCL) suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the SPR biosensor produces 13.5±0.4, 1.5±0.4, 0, 0, and 0 mDeg, respectively, suggesting the biosensor may be used to detect Cu(2+) in tap water samples.
Dyadic Protocols, Observational Learning, and the Acquisition of Complex Skills

We examined two dyadic training protocols, both featuring observational learning, with respect to the acquisition of a complex skill. Specifically, we compared an active interlocked modeling (AIM) protocol which requires trainees to alternate between performing half of a task simultaneously with a partner who performs the other half to an alternating perform-and-observe (APO) protocol which requires trainees to alternate between performing the whole task and observing a partner performing the whole task. Sixty-four young adult males were assigned to either an AIM or APO protocol and underwent 3 days of skill acquisition training on a complex computer task that simulated the demands of a dynamic aviation environment. Results indicated that the APO protocol led to greater levels of skill acquisition and skill retention (after an 8-day nonpractice interval), but the advantage of APO training diminished after a brief period of individual reacquisition and on a test of skill transfer.
X-ray absorption at high pressure

Initial measurements are reported on the extended x-ray-absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of the Fe $K$ edge in Fe${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ to 64 kbar and Fe${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ to 21 kbar. With this new technique the Fe-Fe spacings are directly observed to vary in accordance with high-pressure x-ray diffraction measurements of the corresponding lattice parameters. In contrast, the Fe-S spacing in pyrite is found to be much less compressible. Pressure reduction of the mean-square deviations in the iron-ligand bond lengths are also given.
Single-bubble sonoluminescence from noble gas mixtures

Light emission intensities from single-bubble sonoluminescence at room temperature, water dissolved with admixtures of pairs of noble gases, He-Ar and He-Xe, were measured as a function of mixing ratio to search for effects of species segregation occurring during the violent bubble collapse. The observed relative effect on the light emission intensity is surprisingly greater in He-Ar than in a He-Xe mixture.
An Introduction to the Research Process

Abstract College health professionals are often intimidated by the research process and thus miss opportunities to develop and communicate their ideas. The present article, the first in a series on college health research, describes the basics of the research process, including the purpose and nature of research and the ways in which ideas are developed into research hypotheses. The process of reviewing research literature is described in detail, including methods for computerized searching.
Sharing the knowledge

Sharing the Knowledge is a community literacy learning system for implementation in the isolated regions of a developing nation. The project is a set of designed interactions that enables a collaborative social effort in creating and understanding educational materials, as means of compensation for the general lack of access to formal education and trained educators. The user-generated media is used for mobile learning applications and for creating social gaming incentives.
Development of spontaneous neuronal activity in the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus-entopeduncular nucleus, and substantia nigra of the cat

Spontaneous single unit activity was obtained from caudate (Cd), globus pallidus-entopeduncular nucleus (GP-Ento), and substantia nigra (SN) neurons in kittens of 1-60 days of age and adult cats. Five developmental trends were found in the spontaneous firing patterns of these neurons: (1) overall mean interspike intervals (ISIs) decreased with age; (2) the occurrence of neurons with shorter mean ISIs (less than 400 ms) increased with age; (3) the occurrence of neurons with burst activity increased with age; (4) burst activity became more complex with age; and (5) the rate of burst occurrence in neurons with burst activity increased with age. Neurons within each region of the basal ganglia had characteristic patterns of spontaneous activity. Furthermore, the developmental patterns of spontaneous neuronal activity were different in each structure. The spontaneous activity of GP-Ento and SN neurons matured before the spontaneous activity of Cd neurons. Thus, spontaneous firing may mature in the output nuclei of the basal ganglia prior to its maturation in the Cd.
Discrete direct and adjoint sensitivity analysis for arbitrary Mach number flows

Parallel discrete direct and adjoint sensitivity analysis capabilities are developed for arbitrary Mach flows on mixed-element unstructured grids. The discrete direct and adjoint methods need a consistent and complete linearization of the flow-solver to obtain accurate derivatives. The discontinuous nature of the commonly used unstructured flux-limiters, like Barth–Jespersen and Venkatakrishnan, make them unsuitable for sensitivity analysis. A modification is proposed to make these limiters piecewise continuous and numerically differentiable, without compromising the monotonicity conditions. An improved version of Symmetric Gauss–Seidel that significantly reduces the computational cost is implemented. A distributed-memory message passing model is employed for the parallelization of sensitivity analysis solver. These algorithms are implemented within a three-dimensional unstructured grid framework and results are presented for inviscid, laminar and turbulent flows. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incommensurate phases of quantum one-dimensional magnetics.

Simple examples of lattice models of integrable quantum magnetics with competing interactions are studied. In the definite range of exchange integrals, these models exhibit a magnetic ordering incommensurate with a lattice. We prove that the incommensurability is closely related with the phenomenon of level crossing. Some universal features of the incommensurate phases are described.
97 DOPPLER CHARACTERIZATION OF NORMAL PULMONARY ARTERY (PA) VELOCITIES IN CHILDREN

Before continuous wave Doppler(CWD) is useful for evaluating abnormal PA velocity patterns, n1 values of measured variables must be established. The effects of factors such as age and heart rate(HR) upon such variables must also be known. This study describes the range in n1 children for peak velocity(PV), time from onset of ejection to peak velocity(TPV), peakmean velocity(PMNV), peak modal velocity(PMOV), peak median velocity(PMDV), and the effects of both age and HR upon them. 33 n1 children ages 1-18 yrs (mean 7.7 yrs) with HR 51-145 (mean 88/min) comprised the study group. CWD exams were performed with a 2.5 or 5.0 MHz probe positioned at the upper left sternal border to produce maximal signal avoiding valve clicks. Spectral data were collected by an online computer with velocities calculated assuming a zero angle of incidence. All above parameters and ejection time(ET) were measured via computer. All velocities were age and HR independent. Mean values ± SD were: PV:1.02±.31 M/S; PMOV:.74±.22 M/S; PMNV:.46±.10 M/S; PMDV:.48±.11 M/S.TPV and TPV/ET were age in-depedent but varied inversely with HR, p .05. Use of this ratio allows for comparison of pts with differing HRs not possible with TPV or TPV/ET. This ratio and these velocity measurements permit characterization of n1 PA flow and potential evaluation of abnormal states.
On difference and capital: gender and the globalization of production.

Abstract This article is both a review of, and an intervention in, the literature on gender and the globalization of production. Via a discussion of six key texts analyzing export‐oriented manufacturing, ranging from Maria Mies’s Lace Makers of Narsapur to Melissa Wright’s Disposable Women and Other Myths of Global Capitalism, I show that, over time, the focus has shifted from an emphasis on the feminization of manufacturing as a defining feature of globalization to an appreciation of the diverse and contingent ways in which gender matters for offshore production. While this recent scholarship highlights variability in gendered labor regimes at the global‐local nexus, I argue that it is also critically important to ask what is similar about the many locations on the global assembly line that have been studied. Specifically, we must look to how gender, as a set of context‐specific meanings and practices, works within the macrostructure of the global economy and its systemic logic of capital accumulation. I...
Oncolytic therapy using a mutant type-1 herpes simplex virus and the role of the immune system.

Abstract Background . Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1716, a replication-restricted herpes simplex virus type 1, has shown efficacy as an oncolytic treatment for central nervous system tumors, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and malignant mesothelioma. We evaluated the efficacy of HSV-1716 in a murine lung cancer model, Lewis lung carcinoma. Methods . Lewis lung carcinoma cells were infected with HSV-1716 and implanted in the flanks of mice at varying ratios of infected to uninfected cells. Tumor burden was assessed by measurement of the weight of the tumor nodule. The role of the immune system was examined by performing experiments in both immunocompetent and SCID mice. Tumors were implanted in the opposite flank to evaluate the vaccine effect. Results . In immunocompetent and SCID animals, ratio of 1:10 (infected-to-uninfected) cells completely prevented tumor formation and ratio of 1:100 suppressed tumor growth. Established tumors at a distant site in the groups receiving HSV-1716 infected cells showed no difference in size versus control, suggesting absence of a vaccine effect. Conclusions . We conclude that HSV-1716 may provide a oncolytic therapy for lung cancer even in the absence of immune system induction and a "carrier" cell could potentially deliver this vector.
Abstract 4106: Methods for the development of carcinoid cell lines and carcinoid associated fibroblasts

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Background: Research in carcinoid and neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is limited by the lack of existing midgut derived cell lines. The two existing NET cell lines, BON and H727, are foregut derived. Foregut NETs are phenotypically distinct from midgut NETs, thus the development of a midgut derived NET cell line is of critical importance. Human NETs contain areas of stroma that likely effect carcinoid cell growth. In other types of cancer, cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been shown to secrete factors that mediate tumor cell growth. In our preliminary studies, cultured human NET cells showed better attachment to plates when they were in close association with fibroblasts. Unfortunately, the relatively slow growth of NET cells allows fibroblast overgrowth and ultimately detachment of the cancer cells. We have developed a novel approach to processing and culturing NET cells through the isolation of autologous CAFs and their use as irradiated feeder layers. Methods: Human NET surgical specimens are procured under sterile conditions and processed in our lab. The tissue is digested to a single cell suspension. Anti-fibroblast labeled beads (Miltenyi Biotec) are used to separate CAFs from tumor cells. CAFs are then cultured and irradiated to produce feeder layers for the tumor cells. The NET cells are initially maintained on extracellular matrix protein coated plates and then plated on top of the CAF monolayer. Results: CAFs in culture can survive 40 Gy of irradiation and will not proliferate after this treatment. These cells were viable at 12 days, at which point they were split. These irradiated fibroblasts were able to reattach to standard culture flasks and were viable, but did not proliferate after splitting, while the non-irradiated CAF controls had reached confluence by day 12 of this second passage. We currently have 5 patient NET samples that have been processed and plated in vitro on autologous CAFs. NET cells can then be separated from the irradiated fibroblasts using standard trypsinization followed by fibroblast separation using anti-fibroblast beads as described above. The tumor cells can then be used for analysis or further culturing. Early observations shows that the cancer cells appear more elongated and flattened when adjacent to fibroblasts, possibly indicating better attachment and survival. Conclusions: While NET cells remain difficult to culture, we have developed a system that utilizes autologous CAFs in our efforts to potentially establish new NET cell lines for in vitro and in vivo studies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4106.
You can't make me do it, but i could be persuaded: A federalism perspective on the affordable care act

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) seeks to change fundamentally the US health care system. The responses of states have been diverse and changing. What explains these diverse and dynamic responses? We examine the decision making of states concerning the creation of Pre-existing Condition Insurance Plan programs and insurance marketplaces and the expansion of Medicaid in historical context. This frames our analysis and its implications for future health reform in broader perspective by identifying a number of characteristics of state-federal grants programs: (1) slow and uneven implementation; (2) wide variation across states; (3) accommodation by the federal government; (4) ideological conflict; (5) state response to incentives; (6) incomplete take-up rates of eligible individuals; and (7) programs as stepping-stones and wedges. Assessing the implementation of the three main components of the ACA, we find that partisanship exerts significant influence, yet less so in the case of Medicaid expansion. Moreover, factors specific to the insurance market also play an important role. Finally, we conclude by applying the themes to the ACA and offer an outlook for its continuing implementation. Specifically, we expect a gradual move toward universal state participation in the ACA, especially with respect to Medicaid expansion.
Gonadotropin stimulation using P.G. 600® on reproductive success of non-lactating anestrous ewes.

a b s t r a c t The effect of stimulation with a gonadotropin preparation with combined follicle stimu- lating and luteininzing hormone like activity on reproductive success in anestrous ewes was evaluated. In Experiment 1, ewes of mixed breeding were treated with CIDR inserts (0.3 g progesterone) for 5 days and were assigned randomly to receive either gonadotropin stimulation (3 mL i.m. injection of P.G. 600
Editorial: An update on the SCAR TRIP Initiative.

TRANSFORMING the Radiological Interpretation Process (TRIP™) is an initiative of the Society of Computer Applications in Radiology to spearhead research, education, and discovery of innovative solutions to the problem of information and image data overload. Burgeoning medical image data sets acquired by digital imaging devices requires the radiological community to shift its image interpretation and management process. The SCAR TRIP™ Initiative will foster interdisciplinary research on technology as well as environmental and human factors to better manage and exploit the massive amount of information available. The SCAR TRIP™ Initiative will focus on the following fundamental objectives: Improving efficiency of interpretation of large data sets Improving the timeliness and effectiveness of communication Decreasing medical errors The ultimate goal of the initiative is to improve the quality and safety of patient care. This presentation will review the current status and development of the initiative.
Position and force tracking control of rigid-link electrically-driven robots

This paper introduces a framework for the design of tracking controllers for rigid-link electrically-driven (RLED) robot manipulators operating under constrained and unconstrained conditions. We present an intuitive nonlinear control strategy that can easily be reformulated for robots performing high precision tasks. The main emphasis is placed on the development of controllers that incorporate both motion in freespace and under constrained conditions. Another novelty is the combined treatment of force control and compensation for actuator dynamics. Based on models of the robot dynamics and environmental constraints, a reduced order dynamic model is obtained for the mechanical subsystem with respect to a set of constraint variables. A design procedure for tracking controllers is then formulated for the reduced order manipulator dynamics and the DC actuator dynamics. This paper concentrates on the theoretical aspects of the problem and, hence, is based on exact knowledge of the entire system. However, we have illustrated recently in [1] that this assumption can be generously relaxed in the design of a robust controller following a similar procedure as discussed in this paper.
Contrasting reactivity in Lewis acid-promoted reactions of thio- and silyl-allenes with 1,4-benzoquinones

Abstract In Ti(IV)-promoted reactions with 2-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinones 3, thioallenes 1 give 2+2 and/or 3+2 products via attack on a CC moiety of the quinone, whereas silylallene 2 gives products derived from attack on a carbonyl group of the quinone.
Analysis of Energy Partition in Grinding

An analysis is presented for the fraction of the energy transported as heat to the workpiece during grinding. The abrasive grains and grinding fluid in the wheel pores are considered as a thermal composite which moves relative to the grinding zone at the wheel speed. The energy partition fraction to the workpiece is modeled by setting the temperature of the workpiece surface equal to that of the composite surface at every point along the grinding zone, which allows variation of the energy partition along the grinding zone. Analytical results indicate that the energy partition fraction to the workpiece is approximately constant along the grinding zone for regular down grinding, but varies greatly along the grinding zone for regular up grinding and both up and down creep-feed grinding. The resulting temperature distributions have important implications for selecting up versus down grinding especially for creep-feed operations
Strain and Temperature Dependence of Defect Formation at AlGaN/GaN High-Electron-Mobility Transistors on a Nanometer Scale

We use depth-resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (DRCLS), Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), and surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS) on a nanometer scale to map the temperature, strain, and defects inside GaN high-electron-mobility transistors. DRCLS maps temperature at localized depths, particularly within the 2-D electron gas region during device operation. KPFM maps surface electric potential across the device, revealing lower potential patches that decrease rapidly with increasing off-state stress. CL spectra acquired at these patches exhibit defect emissions that increase with both on- and off-state stresses and that increase with decreasing surface potential. SPS also reveals features of deep level gap states generated after device operation that reduce near-band-edge emission and increase surface band bending. Our nanoscale measurements are consistent with defect generation by inverse piezoelectric field-induced stress at the gate edge on the drain side at high voltage.
A Water-Soluble pH-Triggered Molecular Switch

A bistable donor–acceptor [2]catenane, which is composed of a crown ether containing a hydroquinone unit and a 1,5-diaminonaphthalene unit, interlocked mechanically by cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) as its tetrachloride, exists as a mixture of translational isomers, both in the solid state and in aqueous solution. UV/vis and 1H NMR spectroscopies demonstrate that this isomeric mixture can be switched in water in the presence of hydrochloric acid to afford a single diprotonated derivative in which only the hydroquinone unit resides inside the cavity of the tetracationic cyclophane. Treatment with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane resets the molecular switch.
Antibacterial Effect of Glucose Oxidase on Growth of Pseudomonas fragi as Related to pH

The effect of glucose oxidase (GOX) catalyzed reaction with glucose on Pseudomonas fragi was analyzed in nutrient broth and fish extract media. Growth of P. fiugi in nutrient broth was clearly suppressed by 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/mL glucose when combined with 0.5–2.0 U/mL GOX. The same GOX/glucose combinations inhibited P. frasi growth in fish extract media. Viable cell numbers in fish media showed clear growth inhibition with combinations of l.0–2.0 U/mL GOX and 8.0–16.0 mg/mL glucose. Higher GOX and glucose rapidly produced 2.0–2.5 unit decreases in pH, but produced enough gluconic acid to precipitate fish proteins. Use of 0.5 U/mL GOX in fish extract media resulted in slow, sustained activity with potential for inhibition of microbial growth in foods without excessive acidity.
Computational Theories of Conscious Experience: Between a Rock and a Hard Place

Very plausibly, nothing can be a genuine computing system unless it meets an input-sensitivity requirement. Otherwise all sorts of objects, such as rocks or pails of water, can count as performing computations, even such as might suffice for mentality—thus threatening computationalism about the mind with panpsychism. Maudlin in J Philos 86:407–432, (1989) and Bishop (2002a, b) have argued, however, that such a requirement creates difficulties for computationalism about conscious experience, putting it in conflict with the very intuitive thesis that conscious experience supervenes on physical activity. Klein in Synthese 165:141–153, (2008) proposes a way for computationalists about experience to avoid panpsychism while still respecting the supervenience of experience on activity. I argue that his attempt to save computational theories of experience from Maudlin’s and Bishop’s critique fails.
Dofetilide, a new class III antiarrhythmic agent

Dofetilide is a new antiarrhythmic agent recently approved for conversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFl). It is a class III antiarrhythmic that works by selectively blocking the rapid component of the delayed rectifier outward potassium current. Dofetilide prolongs the effective refractory period in accessory pathways, both anterograde and retrograde. This can be seen on the electrocardiogram through a dose-dependent prolongation of the QT and QTc intervals, with parallel increases in ventricular refractoriness. Approximately 80% of drug is excreted in urine, so dosing must be based on creatinine clearance. The elimination half-life is approximately 10 hours. In clinical trials dofetilide was superior to flecainide in converting patients with AFl to normal sinus rhythm (NSR; 70% vs 9%, p<0.01). It also was more effective than sotalol in converting patients with both AF and AFl to NSR (29% vs 6%, p<0.05) and maintaining them in NSR for up to 1 year. Most patients converted within 24-36 hours. Dofetilide has a favorable risk:benefit profile. Torsades de pointes is the most serious side effect; it occurs in 0.3-10.5% of patients and is dose related. To minimize the risk of induced arrhythmia, patients who start or restart the drug should be hospitalized a minimum of 3 days for creatinine clearance measurements, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring, and cardiac resuscitation, if necessary.
Bayesian nets in syntactic categorization of novel words

This paper presents an application of a Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) to the task of assigning Part-of-Speech (PoS) tags to novel text. This task is particularly challenging for non-standard corpora, such as Internet lingo, where a large proportion of words are unknown. Previous work reveals that PoS tags depend on a variety of morphological and contextual features. Representing these dependencies in a DBN results into an elegant and effective PoS tagger.
SEEKING ADVICE IN A DYNAMIC AND COMPLEX BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT: IMPACT ON THE SUCCESS OF SMALL FIRMS

The research explored the antecedents and outcomes of seeking information and advice about the marketplace in which a small firm exists. A survey of 185 small business owners suggested that both operating in a dynamic environment and having complex marketing activities had a direct link to the frequency with which the small business owner sought marketplace information and advice. Marketplace advice seeking, in turn, was positively correlated with owners' perceptions of business performance. The usefulness of the findings for owners and business-support advisors was discussed.
THE ENERGY LOSS OF ELECTRONS PASSING THROUGH MATTER

A discussion of the results of a study of the stopping properties for moderately energetic (\ensuremath{\le} 1.0-Mev) electrons is given, with special emphasis placed on the distribution in energy loss for a finite thickness of stopping material. Several theoretical expressions (Bethe-Bloch-Williams, Landau, Blunck-Leisegang) are compared with the data on the value of the most probable loss. A correction for polarization effects (e.g., in Be) can be made if the dependency of the mean excitation potential on velocity is known. The stopping properties of some materials used as, e.g., counter windows, have also been determined.
The stock concept: Constructing tools for pacific salmon management

All along the Pacific coast, federal, tribal, and state agencies; recreational and commercial user groups; environmental organizations; universities; and the public at large are engaged in concerted salmon conservation efforts. The declining status of small population units, termed “stocks,”; are the focus of these efforts. Fisheries scientists have observed the phenomena of geographically, temporally, and morphologically discrete salmon populations, which they have termed the “stock concept”; and utilized in management strategies for over 100 years. The stock concept has been transformed from a scientific concept to a regulatory one, as reconstructed by the various stakeholders involved in salmon management with respect to their institutional agendas. The scale, scope, and objectives of salmon management regimes can be logically derived from the meaning of this construct. Because of the regulatory and allocative implications, stakeholders have contested the meaning and measurement of discrete stocks, neg...
Enhanced activity of an angiotensin-(1-7) neuropeptidase in glucocorticoid-induced fetal programming.

Abstract We previously identified angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and an endopeptidase activity that degraded angiotensin-(1–7) [Ang-(1–7)] to Ang-(1–5) and Ang-(1–4), respectively, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 6-month old male sheep. The present study undertook a more comprehensive analysis of the CSF peptidase that converts Ang-(1–7) to Ang-(1–4) in control and in utero betamethasone-exposed sheep (BMX). Characterization of the Ang-(1–7) peptidase revealed that the thiol agents 4-aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA) and p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB), as well as the metallo-chelators o-phenanthroline and EDTA essentially abolished the enzyme activity. Additional inhibitors for serine, aspartyl, and cysteine proteases, as well as selective inhibitors against the endopeptidases neprilysin, neurolysin, prolyl and thimet oligopeptidases did not attenuate enzymatic activity. Competition studies against the peptidase revealed similar IC 50 s for Ang-(1–7) (5 μM) and Ang II (3 μM), but lower values for Ala 1 -Ang-(1–7) and Ang-(2–7) of 1.8 and 2.0 μM, respectively. In contrast, bradykinin exhibited a 6-fold higher IC 50 (32 μM) than Ang-(1–7) while neurotensin was a poor competitor. Mean arterial pressure (78 ± 1 vs. 94 ± 2 mmHg, N = 4–5, P N = 5, P
AIDS-related bronchogenic carcinoma: fact or fiction?

Objective Case reviews and retrospective analyses have raised the possibility of an increased frequency of primary lung carcinoma in HIV- and AIDS-infected patients. Conclusions have often been controversial and conflicting. We conducted a population-based epidemiologic study to assess the incidence of lung neoplasms in an HIV/AIDS cohort. Materials and methods The Texas Department of Health generated descriptive data on lung neoplasms in HIV-AIDS patients whose conditions were diagnosed between 1990 and 1995. The cancer registry matched against all patients whose conditions were diagnosed during the same time interval. Relative risk was measured through standardized incidence ratios of lung neoplasms in the HIV-AIDS population as compared with that of the US population. Results The HIV-AIDS data file included 26,181 cases. A total of 76 lung cancer cases were identified, of which 36 (47.4%) were primary lung cancers. All major histologies were represented. The observed (36)/expected (5.6) ratio (standard incidence ratio) for primary lung cancer compared to the US population was 6.5 (4.5 to 8.9, 95% confidence interval). Conclusions Our data indicate a 6.5-fold increased incidence of primary lung cancer in HIV- and AIDS-infected patients. We present the results of our study, a review of the work of other investigators, and address a potentially even greater public health problem in the HIV/AIDS population than previously realized.
Electron microscopic mapping of RNA polymerase binding to coliphage lambda DNA

Abstract Twenty Escherichia coli RNA polymerase molecules bind specifically to linear, double-stranded coliphage λ DNA at 30:1 polymerase-to-λ DNA molar ratio, under the conditions used. The binding sites were identified by electron microscopy employing a glutaraldehyde/BAC technique which measures binding with 84% specificity. Binding sites could be assigned to all well identified λ promoters, including pI, pL, prm, pr, po and pr, although only one bound polymerase could be found in the prm−pR region, probably reflecting the low affinity of RNA polymerase for the Prm promoter. Several binding sites seem to correspond to minor in vivo-active transcriptional startpoints (e.g., of lit or mis RNA), to potential promoter sites (e.g., hip), or to the startpoints observed only during in vitro enzymatic RNA synthesis (e.g., the b2 region and the 96 to 99.5% λ region). Moreover, a few binding sites are in the regions that bear no known startpoints but contain known transcriptional terminators. Correlation between the efficiency of initiation of RNA synthesis and the frequency of RNA polymerase binding is good only for some promoters. All of the RNA polymerase binding sites lie within the A + T-rich regions, as determined by partial denaturation mapping. However, quantitative correlation between frequencies of polymerase binding and localized DNA melting is far from perfect.
The Arabidopsis thaliana peptide deformylase 1 protein is localized to both mitochondria and chloroplasts

Abstract Peptide deformylase (DEF; EC 3.5.1.88) catalyzes the removal of the N -formyl group from the methionine residue of organellar- and prokaryotic-translated nascent polypeptides as the first step in cotranslational protein processing and is an essential enzyme for eubacterial survival. Analyses of mitochondria and chloroplasts targeting of two nuclear-encoded DEF proteins has resulted in published discrepancies. Transient expression studies in onion epidermal cells of N-terminal sequences of At DEF1 and 2 fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP) localized At DEF2 to mitochondria and chloroplasts and restricted At DEF1 to mitochondria (EMBO J. 19 (2000) 5916). However, according to immunological analysis of chloroplast lysates and in vitro uptake and processing using precursor forms of At DEF1, chloroplasts also import At DEF1 (Plant Physiol. 127 (2001) 97). To further evaluate the subcellular localization of At DEF1, we fused full length At DEF1 and 2 proteins with GFP for transient expression studies using onion epidermal cells (as a direct comparison with previous work) and photosynthetically active tobacco leaves. Because two inframe AUGs exist at the 5′ UTR of the At DEF1 mRNA and the translation start in vivo is unknown, At DEF1 fusion proteins that begin with each of the putative AUG start codons were tested. Our results indicate that the upstream AUG codon specifically targets At DEF1: GFP to the mitochondria, whereas the At DEF1: GFP with the second AUG codon localized the fusion protein to both mitochondria and chloroplasts. A single N-terminal sequence that targets a protein to both organelles is termed an ambiguous presequence and both At DEF1 and At DEF2 have such sequences for dual organellar localization.
Rapid, sensitive DNT vapor detection with UV-assisted photo-chemically synthesized gold nanoparticle SERS substrates

We report rapid, sensitive, and direct detection of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) vapor using tailored gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) as the SERS substrate. The Au-NPs were synthesized using the UV-assisted photo-chemical reduction method and subsequently formed a monolayer on the glass slide through polymer-mediated self-assembly. The SERS substrate such prepared has high SERS enhancement, high affinity towards DNT vapor, and rapid response to the DNT adsorption/desorption. We systematically studied the effect of the Au-NP size and surface density on the SERS performance such as enhancement factor and response time. With the optimized SERS substrate, an enhancement factor over 5.6 × 106 was achieved. Furthermore, real-time detection of DNT vapor with only 0.35 second data acquisition time was demonstrated using a 12 mW laser. Compared to previously reported results, we achieved two orders of magnitude reduction in detection time and more than one order of magnitude reduction in excitation laser power. The detection limit is estimated to be 0.4 attogram, which corresponds to a sub-ppb DNT concentration in air. This work will lead to the development of ultra-fast and ultra-sensitive SERS devices for explosive identification and monitoring.
Virtual Phase Imager For Galileo

A CCD imaging array with a new virtual-phase technology that has been developed for use in a slow-scan imaging system for NASA's Galileo mission to Jupiter is described. Among its features are an absence of interlevel shorts, simplicity of fabrication, low dark current (less than 0.4 nA/sq cm), high full well, high quantum efficiency in the front side illumination mode, large dynamic range (greater than 5000), good charge transfer efficiency (0.99997), excellent linearity (0.2%), uniform pixel response (1%), and improved radiation hardness. It is noted that its operating voltages must be constrained to narrow windows to maintain good charge transfer efficiency and avoid the production of spurious and leakage charge.
Nonequilibrium sum rules for the retarded self-energy of strongly correlated electrons

We derive the first two moment sum rules of the conduction electron retarded self-energy for both the Falicov--Kimball model and the Hubbard model coupled to an external spatially uniform and time-dependent electric field (this derivation also extends the known nonequilibrium moment sum rules for the Green functions to the third moment). These sum rules are used to further test the accuracy of nonequilibrium solutions to the many-body problem; for example, we illustrate how well the self-energy sum rules are satisfied for the Falicov--Kimball model in infinite dimensions and placed in a uniform electric field turned on at time $t=0$. In general, the self-energy sum rules are satisfied to a significantly higher accuracy than the Green function sum rules.
The perceptual factor

A further study of the perceptual factor, previously isolated in a factor analysis of a battery of fifty-six tests, is made in a manner designed also to determine whether the same seven primaries would be found in a different population of subjects and with another battery of tests. The tests are described, and the results of the analysis are given in detail. Much attention is given to the matter of the orthogonality of primary factors and to their psychological meaningfulness.
Reshaping residential electricity load curves through time-of-use pricing

Abstract This paper examines residential response to time-of-use (TOU) electricity pricing in two experiments funded by the Department of Energy. A flexible functional form is employed to estimate systems of non-homothetic demand functions, derived from a general model of utility maximization, for each experiment. The principal areas of agreement between the two experiments are that: (1) TOU prices are generally the most significant variables explaining consumption, and (2) TOU elasticities imply a substantial reduction in the level of peak demand and an overall leveling of the residential and total system load curves under TOU pricing strategies employed relative to the standard declining block structure.
SU-GG-T-57: Collimated Beams for HDR Brachytherapy Dosimetry

Purpose: To construct and test a small 192Ir collimator for HDR brachytherapydosimetry purposes. Material and methods: The device is made up of a cerrobend cube to produce a collimated beam when a catheter from an HDR 192Ir source is inserted in the center of the cube. The cube is mounted in a calibration bench which allows the positioning of a 15 × 15 × 15 cm3 water and/or solid water phantoms in the central axis of the radiation beam at a fixed distance. The field size at the fixed calibration distance of 10 cm is 5 cm diameter. The radiation beam profile at this distance was measured with a gafchromic film, ionization chamber and calculated with the PENELOPE Monte Carlo code. Such code was also used to determine the spectra of radiation in air and at 0.5‐cm depth of both phantoms. Simulations were performed with 109 histories. Results: Calculated data have shown that both profiles (x and the z‐axis which is along the source) at a distance 10 cm away from the source is flat within 0.7%. This beam flatness was confirmed with the measurements done with the ionization chamber and with the gaphchromic film as well. Within the statistical uncertainty of the calculations (0.4%), there was no observable change in the mean energy of the input photon spectra and at 0.5‐cm depth in water phantom. Conclusion: The miniature irradiatior can be used for QA of HDR brachytherapy equipments. If the system is provided with a standard calibrated ionization chamber and appropriate phantoms, it can be used to calibrate HDR sources, TLDs films and to determine the Fricke chemical yield.
Electron emission from micro-architectured materials for plasma applications

Micro-engineered materials are predicted to have a small secondary electron emission (SEE) because their micro cavities should trap emitted electrons. Low SEE properties of these materials can be useful for various plasma applications including, Hall thrusters. It was previously demonstrated that the use of, for example, carbon velvet as the channel wall material for a Hall thruster can lead to dramatic improvements of insulating properties of magnetized thruster plasma allowing to reach significant dc electric fields of ∼ 1kV/cm. Very recent measurements of SEE yield from a carbon velvet demonstrated a significantly smaller SEE yield from this engineered material as compared to graphite and much smaller than boron nitride ceramics. These results were obtained using a new experimental setup for SEE measurements at PPPL.
Strand Grid Solution Procedures for Sharp Corners

The strand/Cartesian-grid approach provides many advantages for complex moving-body-flow simulations, including fully automatic volume grid generation, highly scalable domain connectivity, and high-order accuracy. In this work, the authors evaluate methods of handling sharp corners with strand grids through combinations of strand vector smoothing, multiple strands emanating from a single surface node, and telescoping Cartesian refinement into corner regions of the near-body grid. A new discretization strategy is introduced to better tolerate mesh skewness induced by strand smoothing. These approaches are tested for unsteady, laminar, and high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows. For standard viscous high-aspect-ratio grids, smoothed strands with telescoping Cartesian refinement provide the most accurate results with the least complexity. Mesh discontinuities associated with the use of multiple strands at sharp corners produce more error than with smoothed strands. With both strand approaches—vector smoothing ...