cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Psychologist's Companion: Steps in Writing the Experimental Research Paper

When a research psychologist talks about “writing a paper,” he is talking about a lengthy and complicated chain of events that includes a great deal more than just reporting research results. In this chapter I outline these events from start to finish. PLANNING EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Getting an Idea For most psychology students, getting an idea for an experiment is the hardest part of research. There are no steps one can take that will guarantee generation of a good idea. The following suggestions may prove helpful, however. Whom to Consult . In many colleges and universities, the faculty is among the most underutilized of resources. In my first semester of teaching at Yale, I set aside three hours each week for “office hours.” I encouraged – sometimes I practically begged – students to come see me during these hours for advice on papers, projects, and the like. I left my door wide open to encourage students to enter. For the most part, though, I sat staring at the walls, or at the people scurrying by (but not in) the door. I also encouraged students to make individual appointments if they were unable to see me during my prearranged hours, but for the most part, students also failed to take me up on this offer. More recently, business has picked up, although much more so among graduate than among undergraduate students.
Anemia of spaceflight

A consistent deficit in the red cell mass has been observed during both the American and Soviet orbital space flights and is sometimes referred to as "astronaut anemia." This may be associated with a reduction in plasma volume so that the hematocrit and the hemoglobin concentration remain unchanged. During the Gemini program, the hypobaric hyperoxic atmosphere of the spacecraft led to oxidative injury to the red cells, causing hemolysis. Thus, the atmosphere proved to be, in part, responsible for the deficit. However, a similar deficit of a lesser magnitude was again observed in subsequent flights with normal ambient PO2 as well as in the Soviet flights in which an atmosphere essentially of see level air is used. The cause of this deficit seems to be suppression of erythropoiesis, as indicated by reticulocytopenia and erythroid hypoplasia of the marrow. No suppression of erythropoiesis has been observed in ground-based experiments carried out under almost identical conditions. Thus, the suppression of erythropoiesis is thought to be related to weightlessness. The reason for the suppression is not known but may be related to total inhibition of bone formation.
Employment Insecurity: The Decline in Worker-Firm Attachment in the United States

Long-term employment relationships have long been an important feature of the labor market in the United States. However, increased international competition and the wave of corporate downsizing in the 1990s raised concerns that long-term employment relationships in the United States were disappearing. I present evidence in this study, based on data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) from 1973-2006, that long-term employment relationships have, in fact, become much less common for men in the private sector. Mirroring this decline in tenure and long-term employment relationships, there has been an increase in "churning" (defined as the proportion of workers in jobs with less than one year of tenure) for males in the private sector as they enter their thirties and later. In contrast, women have seen no systematic change in job durations or the incidence of long term employment relationships in the private sector. There has been an increase in job durations and the incidence of long-term employment relationships in the public sector, with the increase more pronounced for women. I conclude that 1) the structure of jobs in the private sector has moved away from long-term relationships, 2) this decline has been offset for females by their increased attachment to the labor force, and 3) the public sector has been less susceptible to the competitive forces that are likely causing the changes in the private sector. It seems clear that more recent cohorts of workers are less likely than their parents to have a career characterized by a ?life-time? job with a single employer.
Physiological evidence of hypermetabolism in osteogenesis imperfecta.

Observations on 30 prepubertal patients with osteogenesis imperfecta have shown abnormally low bodyweights and elevations in metabolic rates, serum thyroxine levels, oral temperatures, heart and respiratory rates. The findings suggest that these patients are in a chronic hypermetabolic and hyperkinetic circulatory state, possibly related to abnormal thyroid function. Since excess thyroid hormone can uncouple oxidative phosphorylation, part of the energy which normally is captured by the synthesis of ATP is lost as heat, and is thus not available for tissue anabolism. It is postulated that this waste of energy is the cause of the hyperthermia, the physical underdevelopment and the abnormal bone structure in children with osteogenesis imperfecta. After the onset of puberty, metabolic rates normalized in our patients and the clinical progression of the disease became arrested. This study suggests that osteogenesis imperfecta is a disease caused by abnormalities in metabolic processes in many tissues, and it does not seem to be a disease which affects connective tissue alone.
A holographic interferometer system for measuring density profiles in high-velocity flows

This paper describes a holographic interferometric technique for obtaining density measurements across a test gas that is traveling at a velocity of over 5500 meters per second in an expansion tube facility. Interferometric data describing the flow in the test section are obtained using a long coherence length cw argon laser in a holographic system and a rotating drum camera recorder. The object beam, which passes through the test section, intersects the reference beam at a small angle (5 degrees) to form an interference pattern of about 170 lines per millimeter, and is recorded as a hologram. Before a test, this hologram is placed in its original position and rotated slightly so that an interference pattern is generated by the intersection of the reconstructed and real-time object beams. This interference pattern is adjusted to a series of bright, horizontal fringes having a spatial frequency of about 5 fringes per centimeter. During the few milliseconds it takes the test gas to pass through the test section, variations in the gas density across the 8.4-centimeter test section produce phase variations in the object beam and result in a varying interference pattern. A rotating drum camera with a 0.15-millimeter slit aligned perpendicular to the fringes is used to record the varying fringe shifts with a time resolution of about 3 microseconds. The average gas density across the test section is determined by measuring these fringe shifts.
Analytical Methods for Disease Association Studies with Immunogenetic Data

Disease association studies involving highly polymorphic immunogenetic data may involve analyses at one or many units of analysis, including amino acid, allele, genotype and haplotype levels, as well as consideration of gene-gene or gene-environment interactions. The selection of the appropriate statistical tests is critical and will be dependent on the nature of the dataset (e.g., case-control vs. family data) as well as the specific research hypotheses being tested. This paper describes the various study and analysis categories used for such analyses, including the advantages and limitations of such techniques.
Zan Boko; Mapantsula

Zan Boko. 1988. video by Gasfon Kabore. 94 minutes, color. Moreand French, with English subtitles. For information contact California Newsreel, 149, 9th Street, San Francisco, CA 94103 (415/621 -6196). Mapantsula. 1988. video by Thomas Mogotlane. Max Montocchio. and Oliver Schmitz. 104 minutes, color. Zulu, Sotho, and Afrikaans, with English subtitles. For information contact California Newsreel.
A Case Report in Changes in Phonatory Physiology Following Voice Therapy: Application of High-Speed Imaging

Summary Objective To clinically evaluate changes in vocal fold vibration and voice production caused by voice therapy in hoarseness resulting from contact granuloma. Design Single-subject before-after prospective study using multiple measures of vocal function. A 6-week program of vocal function exercises (VFEs) was conducted using multiple assessments of vocal function to identify and measure the changes pre- and posttreatment, in a 51-year-old male with unilateral contact granuloma. Multiple outcome measures were recorded. High-speed digital imaging (HSDI) measures of voice onset time (milliseconds), open quotient, speed quotient, maximum amplitude, peak closing velocity, peak-to-average opening velocity, and peak-to-average closing velocity were derived from motion data. Acoustic measures of maximum phonation duration (seconds), noise-to-harmonic ratio, average fundamental frequency (hertz), the lowest fundamental frequency (hertz), and the highest fundamental frequency (hertz); aerodynamic measures of expiratory volume (milliliter) and mean expiratory airflow (liter/second); stroboscopic measures of glottal closure and phase closure; and perceptual assessment of voice quality (total score) using the Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice were obtained. Results Stroboscopic, acoustic, aerodynamic, and audioperceptual measures were minimally informative related to pre- and posttreatment vocal function in a patient with contact granuloma. HSDI measures provided multiple physiologic and kinematic measures demonstrating pre- and posttreatment efficiency of vocal function, including vibratory motion, closure, and impact stress. Conclusion The results have implications for the use of high-speed imaging to identify and measure change in phonatory physiology in patients with contact granuloma. Changes in phonatory physiology support the use of voice therapy techniques, such as VFEs that facilitate a semioccluded vocal tract for treatment of contact granuloma.
Use of intravenous immunoglobulin in toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens–Johnson syndrome: Our current understanding

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN, Lyell's disease, syndrome) are considered to be part of a spectrum of adverse cutaneous drug reactions with increasing severity and extent of skin detachment, ranging from SJS (less than 10% body surface area skin detachment, 1-5% mortality) to TEN (greater than 30% skin detachment, 25-35% mortality). Both SJS and TEN are characterized morphologically by ongoing apoptotic keratinocyte cell death that results in the separation of the epidermis from the dermis. Recent evidence is supportive of a role for the death receptor Fas and its ligand FasL, in the pathogenesis of keratinocyte apoptosis during TEN. This Fas-mediated keratinocyte apoptosis that causes epidermal detachment in TEN can be inhibited in vitro by antagonistic monoclonal antibodies to Fas and by intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) which have been shown to contain natural anti-Fas antibodies. Over the last 6 years, numerous case reports and 8 non-controlled clinical studies containing 9 or more patients have analyzed the therapeutic effect of IVIG in TEN. Taken together, although each study has its potential biases, 6 of the 8 studies point towards a benefit of IVIG used at doses greater than 2 g/kg on the mortality associated with TEN. Hopefully, these studies will serve as the basis for designing a prospective controlled trial in the near future; as such, an approach appears the only way to definitively determine the therapeutic potential of IVIG in TEN.
A passive gap-spacing control scheme for in-plane nano-precision sensing and positioning applications

Many advanced microsystems rely on nanometer-resolution in-plane motion between two substrates requiring precise control of gap spacing. Accurately maintained gaps may not only provide desired mechanical response but also enable position-sensing and signal transduction between the substrates. A method of passive gap-spacing control using MEMS-fabricated rigid spacers is proposed. A model to design a low-friction and low-wear interface between the sliding substrates is developed. Prototype parts with hard-coated interfaces and with and without lubrication were fabricated and tested. Sliding friction coefficients of less than 0.1 were achieved on prototype parts with boundary lubrication over a million sliding cycles. Wear life of several million sliding cycles is predicted.
Skepticism about advertising: A comparison of East and West German consumers

Abstract This article reports a study that tests predictions about skepticism toward advertising derived from the economics of information. It examines a sample of consumers from the former West Germany and compares them to a sample from the former East Germany. As they are another example of a developed, Western economy, predictions for the West Germans were the same as those hypothesized by Ford et al. (1990) for their sample of U.S. consumers. In addition, based on their having lived for 45 years under Communism, the study advances hypotheses about how the consumers from East Germany might be expected to differ. The results support all of the hypotheses about West German consumers, and East German consumers were found to differ in most of the predicted ways from the West Germans. The article concludes with a discussion of the research and consumer policy implications of the findings.
Use of the stable peptide, γ-l-glutamyl-l-tyrosine, as an intravenous source of tyrosine in mice

The relative insolubility of tyrosine (Tyr) at neutral pH limits amounts of this amino acid in solutions used for total parenteral nutrition (TPN). We have tested the potential of the natural peptide, gamma-L-glutamyl-L-tyrosine (Glu(Tyr], to release Tyr in vivo by making 20-microL injections, containing 2.9 mumol Glu(Tyr) (approximately 80 mumol/kg body weight), into the external jugular veins of mice. Mean concentrations of Glu(Tyr) in plasma were 138.5 and 11.4 mumol/L after 10 and 60 minutes, respectively; plasma Tyr was significantly elevated at 10 minutes, but returned to control levels at 60 minutes. When 5.8 mumol of Glu(Tyr) was injected, levels of Glu(Tyr) and of Tyr were significantly higher at both 10 and minutes than when 2.9 mumol of peptide was injected. Animals showed no evidence of toxicity. Two percent or less of the peptide could be detected in the urine, even in mice injected with 5.8 mumol Glu(Tyr). Pretreatment of mice with acivicin, a potent inhibitor of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTase), prevented the increase in plasma Tyr seen after injection of 2.9 mumol Glu(Tyr) and led to higher levels of Glu(Tyr) in the plasma both at 10 and at 60 minutes than seen in mice given the same amount of Glu(Tyr) but no acivicin. The presence of the inhibitor also led to loss of as much as 48% of the administered peptide in the urine in 60 minutes. These data suggest that GGTase catalyzes hydrolysis of intravenous (IV) Glu(Tyr) to release Tyr in vivo. Glu(Tyr) in the blood is not partitioned into red blood cells; it remains in the plasma, available to GGTase, which functions at the external surface of cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Beyond the Qualitative Interview: Data Preparation and Transcription

The increased use of qualitative research, especially its application in multisite studies, requires robust data collection techniques and the documentation of research procedures. The inappropriate or inadequate preparation of transcripts from audio or digital recordings can delay or negatively affect the analysis process. Although no universal transcription format is adequate for all types of qualitative data collection approaches, settings, or theoretical frameworks, there are some practical considerations that can help researchers systematically organize and analyze textual data.
Depuration of PCBs in the Lake Michigan Ecosystem

A suite of physical processes controls the rate at which polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations change in Lake Michigan fauna. To the extent that these processes are homogenous in space, predator and forage fish species are exposed to the same water column and sediment concentrations of PCB in Lake Michigan, whereas exposure due to diet varies with trophic position. We can think of observed PCB concentrations in a particular species as realizations of an unknown process consisting of many sources of variability. Because all species are utilizing the resources of the same ecosystem, a component of variability of PCB concentration is shared by all organisms in the system, whereas other components are not. Individual species were modeled with parameters that were estimated as the overall, or reference mean and a shared rate of change, plus an individual species offset from that reference mean and shared rate of change. This approach allows species-specific differences to be manifest via the offset, whereas the shared components of variability are known with greater precision than would be possible if we considered only a single species. The objective of this work is to determine the extent to which observed declines in PCB concentrations in various species in the Lake Michigan ecosystem are similar and synchronous. A high degree of similarity and synchrony between species would imply a high degree of spatial homogeneity of the physical processes controlling PCB concentrations in Lake Michigan fauna. A lack of synchrony suggests that other factors, such as food web interactions or spatial patterns, may be important.
Women in grassroots leadership: Barriers and biases experienced in a membership organization dominated by men

Among governing boards traditionally dominated by men, the presence of women is becoming more common. However, these women may face prejudices and discrimination that prevent them from feeling and ultimately being successful. This qualitative study focused on the experiences of women who participated in a grassroots organization's leadership training program. Interviewees revealed that they believed gender-related obstacles were preventing them from being effective leaders. Four significant themes emerged: persisting stereotypes and bias, separation and isolation, desire for change, and potential for added value. In response, the authors recommend organizations and practitioners engage in more intentional and complete implementation of path-goal theory throughout the leadership development process.
Dual temperature‐ and pH‐sensitive hydrogels from interpenetrating networks and copolymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide and sodium acrylate

Hydrogels responsive to both temperature and pH have been synthesized in the forms of sequential interpenetrating networks (IPNs) of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and sodium acrylate (SA) and compared with the crosslinked random copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide and SA. Whereas the stimuli-sensitive behaviors of copolymer hydrogels were strongly dependent on the ionic SA contents, the IPN hydrogels exhibited independent swelling and thermal behaviors of each network component. The sequences and media in the synthesis of IPNs influenced the swelling capacities of the IPNs, but not the temperature or pH ranges at which the swelling changes occurred. In IPNs, a more expanded primary gel network during the synthesis of the secondary network contributed to the better swelling of the final IPNs. Both the swelling and thermal behaviors of the IPNs suggest that poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(sodium acrylate) are phase separated regardless of their synthesis conditions. The presence of the poly(sodium acrylate) network did not influence the temperature or the extent of phase transition of the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) network in the IPNs, but did improve the thermal stability of the IPNs.
A lectin HPLC method to enrich selectively-glycosylated peptides from complex biological samples.

Glycans are an important class of post-translational modifications. Typically found on secreted and extracellular molecules, glycan structures signal the internal status of the cell. Glycans on tumor cells tend to have abundant sialic acid and fucose moieties. We propose that these cancer-associated glycan variants be exploited for biomarker development aimed at diagnosing early-stage disease. Accordingly, we developed a mass spectrometry-based workflow that incorporates chromatography on affinity matrices formed from lectins, proteins that bind specific glycan structures. The lectins Sambucus nigra (SNA) and Aleuria aurantia (AAL), which bind sialic acid and fucose, respectively, were covalently coupled to POROS beads (Applied Biosystems) and packed into PEEK columns for high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Briefly, plasma was depleted of the fourteen most abundant proteins using a multiple affinity removal system (MARS-14; Agilent). Depleted plasma was trypsin-digested and separated into flow-through and bound fractions by SNA or AAL HPLC. The fractions were treated with PNGaseF to remove N-linked glycans, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS on a QStar Elite. Data were analyzed using Mascot software. The experimental design included positive controls—fucosylated and sialylated human lactoferrin glycopeptides—and negative controls—high mannose glycopeptides from Saccharomyces cerevisiae—that were used to monitor the specificity of lectin capture. Key features of this workflow include the reproducibility derived from the HPLC format, the positive identification of the captured and PNGaseF-treated glycopeptides from their deamidated Asn-Xxx-Ser/Thr motifs, and quality assessment using glycoprotein standards. Protocol optimization also included determining the appropriate ratio of starting material to column capacity, identifying the most efficient capture and elution buffers, and monitoring the PNGaseF-treatment to ensure full deglycosylation. Future directions include using this workflow to perform mass spectrometry-based discovery experiments on plasma from breast cancer patients and control individuals.
The hypercompetitive global marketplace: the importance of intuition and creativity in expatriate managers

Abstract The value of expatriate managers has always been predicated to a degree on the nature of complexity of the overseas assignment and the external environment. There are two emerging and interrelated processes of environmental change occurring that could have a direct impact on the selection of expatriate managers, those being, the globalization of businesses and the resulting hypercompetitive nature of global markets. Due to the rapid rate of globalization, organizations have recognized that the global managers need different skills than their predecessors who manned multinational corporations. In addition, the hypercompetitiveness of the marketplace has placed managers under a new time perspective that tends to overshadow other managerial constraints. Therefore, two additional dimensions (i.e., intuition and creativity) are examined as being useful in the selection of expatriate managers in global organizations. This paper assesses the value of examining potential expatriate candidates on the creative and intuitional intelligences, in that it is anticipated that these two abilities will become of inordinate importance in the global hypercompetitive marketplace.
Macular Holes Associated With Proliferative Sickle Cell Retinopathy

• We report on four patients with sickle cell hemoglobin (SC) disease in whom macular holes developed. A major factor contributing to the formation of the holes was macular stretching, caused by simultaneous nasal traction from epipapillary fibroglial tissue and temporal traction from peripheral fibrovascular and fibroglial tissue. Another possible factor was macular ischemia.
The fundamental input/output structure of a linear, time-varying array receiver

A single-output array receiver based on static antenna elements of arbitrary geometry that drive linear, time-invariant signal processing is well known to be fully characterized by a frequency response dependent on direction-of-arrival (DOA). This paper develops the generalized characterization that results when the time-invariance requirement is removed. The special case based on periodically varying signal processing is further derived and shows such a system to be fundamentally, structurally incapable of realizing a long-sought goal in navigation engineering: a frequency shift smoothly dependent on DOA. Self-contained developments of time-varying continuous-time linear systems and of a 4D Fourier-transform view of propagating electromagnetic waves are given in the appendices.
Proton Release as a Modulator of Presynaptic Function

In this issue of Neuron, DeVries (2001) describes experiments suggesting that acidification of the synaptic cleft can reduce Ca2+ channel activity and thereby act as a brake on tonic synaptic release of glutamate from cone cells. This work hints at a potentially important new facet to the regulation of synaptic transmission.
CD45-associated protein promotes the response of primary CD4 T cells to low-potency T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation and facilitates CD45 association with CD3/TCR and lck.

Although it is clear that the CD45 tyrosine phosphatase is required for efficient T-cell activation and T-cell development, the factors that regulate CD45 function remain uncertain. Previous data have indicated that there is an association of CD45 with CD4 and the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex controlled by the variable ectodomain of CD45 and, following activation, by high- and low-potency peptides. This suggests that controlling substrate access to CD45 may be an important regulatory mechanism during T-cell activation. In the present study we have examined the role of the transmembrane adapter-like molecule CD45-associated protein (CD45-AP) in regulating the association of CD45 with CD3/TCR and lck, and in regulating primary CD4+ T-lymphocyte activation. In CD4+ T cells from CD45-AP-deficient mice, coimmunoprecipitation of CD45 with the CD3/TCR complex, in addition to lck, is significantly reduced compared with wild-type T cells. Functionally, this correlates with a decreased proliferative response, a decrease in interleukin (IL)-2 production, and a decrease in calcium flux upon stimulation with a low-potency altered peptide ligand. However, the response of CD45-AP-deficient T cells to stimulation with a high-avidity agonist peptide was largely intact, except for a modest decrease in IL-2 production. These data suggest that CD45-AP promotes or stabilizes the association of CD45 with substrates and regulates the threshold of T-cell activation.
Smell detection for eclipse

Smells are architectural, rather than functional, flaws in software that tend to reduce maintainability, extensibility, modularity, testability, or other software quality measures. Common smells include overly-long method bodies, message chains, parallel inheritance, use of switch statements to implement polymorphic behavior, data clumps, overly specific variable types, and duplicated code. Code duplication in particular is a well-known source of maintenance problems. Because smells do not represent functional flaws, they can be remediated by behavior-preserving transformations (i.e. refactorings).We will demonstrate a nascent extensible smell detection framework for Java, implemented for the Eclipse IDE (www.eclipse.org). Our framework provides a simple Eclipse extension point for defining smell detectors, along with several basic smell detectors, including a reasonably efficient code duplication detector. Several of our smell detectors feature Eclipse quick-fix refactorings to automatically remediate smells upon the user's request. This transforms the tool from a mere problem indicator into a tool that actively assists developers in improving their code. We believe that such a facility has significant potential in educational settings, in directing a student's attention to software engineering principles while coding.Our demonstration will consist of two parts. First, we'll demonstrate some of our smell detectors on realistic source code bases (including Eclipse itself), along with their corresponding quick-fix support. Second, we'll walk through the implementation of a very simple smell detector within our framework, along with a very simple remediation.
Comparison of three-dimensional shape memory alloy constitutive models: Finite element analysis of actuation and superelastic responses of a shape memory alloy tube

Many three-dimensional constitutive models have been proposed to enhance the analysis and design of shape memory alloy (SMA) structural components. Phenomenological models are desirable for this purpose since they describe macroscopic responses using internal variables to govern the homogenized material response. Because they are computationally efficient on the scale of millimeters to meters, these models are often the only viable option when assessing the response of full-scale SMA components for engineering applications. Thus, many different 3D SMA constitutive models have been developed. However, for their intended user, the application engineer, a clear and straightforward methodology has not been established for selecting a model to use in a design process. A primary goal of the Consortium for the Advancement of Shape Memory Alloy Research and Technology (CASMART) modeling working group has been establishment of model selection methodology. One critical step in this process is the development of benchmark problems that clearly illustrate the capabilities and efficiencies of models. In this paper, we propose a set of benchmark problems centered on an SMA tube component. These problems have been selected to demonstrate both uniaxial and multiaxial, actuation and superelastic capabilities of 3D SMA models. We then use finite element simulations of these benchmark problems to compare and contrast both the material modeling and implementation of three unique SMA constitutive models.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Integration host factor interactions with Neisseria gene sequences: correlation between predicted binding sites and in vitro binding of Neisseria -derived IHF protein.

Putative integration host factor (IHF) binding sites are frequently being identified in Neisseria gene sequences on the basis of similarity to a degenerate Escherichia coli -derived consensus binding sequence. In this report, three different Neisseria genetic systems that contain predicted IHF binding sites were assessed for IHF binding through gel retardation analysis. The results show a positive correlation between the identification of a predicted Neisseria IHF binding site and in vitro binding of Neisseria -derived IHF protein.
The Economic Sociology of Capitalism Weber and Schumpeter

This article points to a distinct puzzle in the analyses of capitalism that can be found in the works of Weber and Schumpeter, and gives a new introduction to their analysis of capitalism. Both Web...
THREE NEW SPECIES OF SPINULE-BEARING FROGS ALLIED TO RANA MEGATYMPANUM BAIN, LATHROP, MURPHY, ORLOV AND HO, 2003 FROM LAOS AND VIETNAM

Three new species of frogs allied to Rana megatympanum are described from Laos and Vietnam. One new species is from the Bolaven Plateau of southern Laos, a second is from central Laos and adjacent central Vietnam, and a third is from northern Laos. The three new species are distinguished from similar species by skin texture, the location of white spinules on the skin in males and females, spotting on the lips, body size, relative tympanum size, and unpigmented eggs.
Increased Expression of Keratinocyte Growth Factor in Human Pancreatic Cancer

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) group of heparin-binding polypeptides. In the present study we sought to determine whether KGF is expressed in human pancreatic cancers. Using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a cDNA fragment of KGF was cloned and used to analyze Northern blots of RNA isolated from normal and cancerous human pancreatic tissues. Seven of 16 (44%) pancreatic cancer samples revealed significant overexpression of the 2.4 kilobase KGF mRNA transcript by comparison with the normal pancreas. Northern blot analysis failed to reveal the KGF transcript in several cultured human pancreatic cancer cell lines. However, by PCR analysis, some of the cell lines expressed KGF mRNA. Furthermore, 5 of 7 tested cell lines expressed the KGF receptor, and the growth of one cell line was enhanced by human recombinant KGF. These results suggest that KGF may participate in aberrant paracrine and autocrine pathways in human pancreatic cancer.
Integrating LCA and thermodynamic analysis for sustainability assessment of algal biofuels: Comparison of renewable diesel vs. biodiesel

Advanced biofuels are attracting intense interest from government, industry and researchers as potential substitutes for petroleum gasoline and diesel transportation fuels. Microalgae's advantages as a biofuel feedstock are due particularly to their rapid growth rates and high lipid content. Several life cycle analysis (LCA) studies have been conducted on the production of biodiesel, however less attention has been paid to algae-derived green diesel (renewable diesel II), a promising alternative fuel product. Renewable diesel's advocates suggest that it has superior energy density, shelf stability and can function as a drop-in replacement for petroleum diesel due to their similar chemical composition and fuel properties. Fewer studies have attempted to quantify the sustainability of algae-derived renewable diesel, though renewable diesel options are examined in the current GREET model. This study conducts a well-to-pump LCA focusing on this Renewable Diesel II (RD2) upgrade pathway and comparing it with the corresponding pathway from algal biomass to biodiesel. Particular attention is paid to primary energy use and fossil energy ratio (FER), greenhouse gas emissions, and an initial investigation of thermodynamic metrics. While hydrotreating is less than half as energy intensive a fuel upgrade process as transesterification, the overall life-cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are found to be nearly equal for renewable diesel and biodiesel. The complete biofuel production process is only found to be net energy positive for scenarios with reduced burdens from both CO 2 sourcing and biomass drying.
Observation of the 'head-tail' effect in nuclear recoils of low-energy neutrons

Abstract Directional detection of dark matter can provide unambiguous observation of dark matter interactions even in the presence of background. This article presents an experimental method to measure the direction tag (“head-tail”) of the dark matter wind by detecting the scintillation light created by the elastic nuclear recoils in the scattering of dark matter particles with the detector material. The technique is demonstrated by tagging the direction of the nuclear recoils created in the scattering of low-energy neutrons with CF 4 in a low-pressure time-projection chamber that is developed by the DMTPC collaboration. The measurement of the decreasing ionization rate along the recoil trajectory provides the direction tag of the incoming neutrons, and proves that the “head-tail” effect can be observed.
Quantifying the dosimetric influences of radiation coverage and brachytherapy implant placement uncertainty on eye plaque size selection.

Abstract Purpose Quantify the dosimetric adequacy of the 2003 American Brachytherapy Society report tumor margin recommendations for Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS) eye plaque size selection for radiation coverage and clinical plaque placement uncertainties. Methods and Materials Plaque heterogeneity–corrected dose distributions were generated for the range of available COMS plaque diameters (φplaque) and radionuclides. These dose distributions were used to determine the radiation dose distribution diameter (φ℞) at the eye surface for each plaque as a function of central axis prescription depth (d℞) to assess adequacy of a 2–3-mm margin for various gross tumor volume (GTV) basal diameters (φGTV). Four sets of ellipsoidal tumors (φGTV = 5, 8, 11, and 14 mm) with a range of apical heights (dGTV = 2–8 mm) were contoured in a reference CT environment. Plaque placement uncertainties were quantified as circumferential displacements (Δ) at the outer scleral surface. Tumor dose–volume histograms were generated and compared for all Δ with D90 and D95 used to evaluate tumor margin adequacy. Results For equivalent φplaque and prescription depths, φ℞ values were typically 0.4–0.8 mm less for 103Pd than for 125I or 131Cs. Δ ≤ 3 mm resulted in D90 and D95 values as low as 68% and 64% of the prescription dose, respectively. 103Pd plaque dose distributions were more sensitive than 125I or 131Cs to placement uncertainties. Conclusions The American Brachytherapy Society-recommended tumor margin may be inadequate for prescription dose coverage given COMS plaque radiation characteristics and placement uncertainties. Better coverage is achieved assuming a GTV-to-planning target volume total basal expansion of 3 mm or greater and/or prescribing beyond the tumor apex.
The Carolina nocturnal low-level jet : synoptic climatology and a case study

Abstract The nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ), a common Phenomenon in Many Part of the world, also occurs over the Carolinas in the eastern United States. The Carolina LLJ was studied using pilot balloon (PIBAL) observations taken from 1978 to 1982 at Poinsett Range in South Carolina and Dare County Range and Pope AFB in North Carolina. It was discovered that the jet, found in 5% of the PIBAL observations, usually forms between midnight and sunrise, after which time it dissipates. The Carolina jet can develop in any season. The average altitude of the jet is 600–700 m above ground level, and the primary wind directions of the jet are northeast and southwest. Most of the 50 LLJ cases inspected in detail were preceded in time by the nearby passage of a 300-mb jet streak, such that the LLJ region was on the anticyclonic shear side of the upper-level jet (ULJ) at 0000 UTC before LLJ formation. Local(sea-level isobars were anticyclonically curved in these cases and 0000 UTC surface winds in the LLJ region were di...
Fetal brain regional responses to cerebral hypoperfusion: modulation by estrogen.

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that cerebral hypoperfusion stimulates several physiological and molecular responses which are components of homeostatic reflexes. Physiological increases in fetal plasma estradiol concentration modulate fetal brain responsiveness to hypotension. In the present study, we tested the effect of cerebral hypoperfusion and/or estradiol on the expression of Fos, the protein product of the gene c-fos in late-gestation fetal sheep. We hypothesized that estrogen and cerebral hypoperfusion alone would augment Fos abundance in various brain regions, including the hypothalamus and brainstem, and that estrogen would augment or otherwise modify the Fos response to cerebral hypoperfusion. Singleton or twin fetuses of time-dated pregnant ewes were chronically catheterized and fitted with an extravascular balloon occluder around the brachiocephalic artery using aseptic techniques. In one-half of the fetuses, we implanted a pellet subcutaneously which released estradiol at a rate of 5 mg in 21 days. Fetuses were studied at least 5 days after surgery (124–128 days' gestation, term is approximately 147 days). One-half of the fetuses were subjected to a 10-min period of brachiocephalic occlusion (BCO). One hour after the start of the experiment, the ewe and fetus were euthanized and the fetal brain was rapidly recovered, dissected, and frozen in a polypropylene tube in an acetone/dry ice bath. Brain tissue was homogenized in a boiling lysis buffer, and protein concentrations measured using the Bradford method. Extracted proteins were electrophoresed on 7.5% polyacrylamide gels, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, and probed for Fos. In most brain regions, estradiol or BCO altered the expression of Fos. Analyzed by two-way analysis of variance, there was a statistically significant (p
A Petrov-Galerkin finite element method for solving the neutron transport equation

Abstract A finite element method using different trial and test spaces is introduced for solving the neutron transport equation in spherical geometry. It is shown that the widely used discrete ordinates method can also be thought of as such a finite element technique, in which integrals appearing in the difference equations are replaced by one-point Gauss quadrature formulas (midpoint rule). Comparison of accuracy between the new method and the discrete ordinates method is discussed, and numerical examples are given to illustrate the greater accuracy of the new technique.
Comments, with reply, on 'The standardization line' by A. Winder

The commenter maintains that the author of the above-titled article (see ibid., vol.7, no.3, p.84-85, 1990) failed to consider psychological, sociological and design aspects of the subject of naming conventions, and he discusses some research that has been done on these issues. The author responds that the commenter's points are valid if naming standards is viewed as an isolated exercise. She points out, however, that the naming scheme she described assumes a context, which is to normalize an organization's data and business practices. >
Treatment of megaloblastic anemias.

Abstract Megaloblastic anemia is almost always the consequence of a deficiency state. The proper management of this disorder requires the identification of the nature of the underlying abnormality, since this dictates the choice of the specific therapeutic agent for the deficiency, the duration of treatment required, and the other therapeutic measures which may be necessary.
The Surface Amplitudes and Frequencies of p ‐Mode Oscillations in Active Regions

It is well established that the surface amplitudes of solar p-mode oscillations are reduced in regions of magnetic activity. In this paper, we examine the conjecture that this reduction is produced by direct modification of the surface values of the p-mode eigenfunctions, rather than changes in the mode energies or alterations in the spectral line formation process. We calculate the oscillation modes of a solar model with a horizontal magnetic field, convection, and radiative diffusion. We find that magnetic fields with strengths characteristic of solar active regions can produce the observed decrease of surface power.
Raman spectrum and vibrational assignments for tricyclo(3.3.0.02,6) octane

The vibrational assignments for the liquid phase of tricyclo(3.3.0.02,6)octane (TCO) are herein presented. Special emphasis was placed upon identification of polarized lines with respect to Fermiresonance interactions. The rigidity of the molecule is discussed.
Tissue oximetry by near-infrared spectroscopy in a porcine model of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and resuscitation.

Abstract Introduction Monitoring during resuscitation remains relatively crude. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measures aggregate oxygen saturation in a volume of tissue. We assessed the utility of continuous StO 2 measurement in a porcine model of cardiac arrest, and explored the effects of differential vasoconstriction on StO 2 . We hypothesized that (1) StO 2 trends correspond with the onset of loss of pulses, resuscitation, and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC); (2) epinephrine has a dose-dependent effect on StO 2 . Methods We anesthetized and instrumented 7 female swine, placing a NIRS probe on the left forelimb to recorded StO 2 . After 8min of untreated VF and 2min of CPR, we randomized animals to 0.015mgkg −1 (SDE) or 0.1mgkg −1 (HDE) epinephrine. After 3min of CPR, animals were defibrillated. Animals with ROSC were given SDE, then HDE for subsequent hemodynamic deteriorations. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and generalized linear model (alpha=0.05) to determine overall slope of pooled StO 2 across animals for resuscitation segments. Results Four animals received HDE and three SDE. All achieved ROSC. Significant coefficients (ΔStO 2 min −1 ) were noted for resuscitation segments. StO 2 decreased after loss of pulses (−29.1; 95%CI −33.4, −24.7; p p =0.71). There was a graded decline in StO 2 between SDE (−1.3; 95%CI −1.5, −1.2; p p =0.03). The slowest change occurred with ROSC (0.4; 95%CI 0.3, 0.5; p Conclusions In a porcine model of OHCA, peripheral StO 2 rapidly decreased after loss of pulses, but did not improve with CPR or epinephrine. It increased extremely slowly after ROSC.
Novel nanowire cavity using cut-off mode reflector

Free-standing nanowire-cavities, having a low index contrast with their substrate, typically have low Q-factors because of the lack of reflective bottom mirrors. A novel method facilitating a high-reflection bottom mirror using cut-off mode is presented.
Effects of pre-training administration of scopolamine on learning and retention in the cockroach, P. americana

Abstract The muscarinic cholinergic blocker, scopolamine, has no effect on acquisition or retention of the choice behavior of the cockroach, P. americana trained to turn right or left to avoid shoch in a T-maze. Scopolamine does, however, prevent runaway habituation during training, suggesting that such habituation may be dependent on central cholinergic synapses as there are no known peripheral cholinergic receptors in cockroaches. Previous work demonstrating that no effect of scopolamine on such retention, suggests that puromycin does not produce its amnesic effect on choice behavior by interferring with central cholinergic synaptic processes.
The effects of adrenalectomy on the aggressiveness of differently housed mice.

Abstract The effects of population density on aggressiveness in both adrenalectomized and intact mice was studied using two different testing procedures. Adrenalectomy reduced the aggressiveness of isolated animals, even after a long recovery period from the operation. Further, grouping reduced aggressiveness for both adrenalectomized and intact animals. The results of this experiment show that the adrenals are not necessary for the reduction in aggressiveness which follows long-term crowding.
Facile Ar-CF3 bond formation at Pd. Strikingly different outcomes of reductive elimination from [(Ph3P)2Pd(CF3)Ph] and [(Xantphos)Pd(CF3)Ph].

Facile and highly selective perfluoroalkyl−aryl reductive elimination from a metal center (Pd) has been demonstrated for the first time. At temperatures as low as 50−80 °C, [(Xantphos)Pd(Ph)CF3] undergoes remarkably clean decomposition to produce CF3Ph in high yield and selectivity. In contrast, analogous trifluoromethylpalladium aryls stabilized by rigid cis-chelating ligands such as dppe are completely unreactive at temperatures up to 130−140 °C. Decomposition of [(Ph3P)2Pd(Ph)CF3] in the presence of PhI in benzene at 60 °C does not produce PhCF3 but rather leads to [(Ph3P)2Pd(Ph)I] and [Ph4P]+[(Ph3P)Pd(CF3)3]- in a 2:1 ratio with high selectivity.
SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN SELECTED PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PROCESSES IN CROSS LAKE, NEW YORK

: Short-circuiting of the inflow occurs from the Seneca River across the southern portion of Cross Lake, New York. Spatial differences in thermal stratification, transparency and light attenuation, and net sedimentation are documented for the lake. The depth of the epilimnion was generally deeper, and the temperature gradient in the metalimnion was at times lower, at a deep-water location proximate to the short-circuiting zone, than at a position more remote from the inflow. Transparency was generally lower, and light attenuation greater, proximate to the short-circuiting zone, indicating the contribution of attenuating components from the river. The net sedimentation rate in the short-circuiting zone was greater and temporally more irregular than for a deep-water position remote from the river inflow. The spatial differences in the physical characteristics and processes in Cross Lake are attributable to the magnitude and position of the inflow from the Seneca River.