cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
George Green and physics

Although George Green was born 200 years ago, his life and work exemplify two themes that are still highly relevant to the progress and public understanding of science. The first theme is the perennial and usually unsuccessful struggle to keep the doors of the temple of science open to amateurs and outsiders. George Green was a prime example of an amateur and outsider, someone without any official academic credentials, beating the insiders at their own game. He was lucky to have lived in the early nineteenth century rather than in the late twentieth century. He was, in spite of his social and educational deficiencies, allowed to enter the temple, and his achievements were recognised by the insiders. If George Green were living today, since science has become professionalised and the Ph D has become a necessary ticket for admission to the temple, he would have encountered much more formidable barriers to his ambitions. The insiders are now defending their turf against outsiders with bureaucratic weapons unknown in the 1830s.
An Investigation of Workplace Social Network Outcomes: Employed Mothers’ Value Illustration

Employer-based social networks can be low-cost, high impact, innovative interventions that can increase employee engagement, motivation, and corporate citizenship behaviors. This paper presents research using a case study framework, specifically aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of how and to what extent social networks impact personal and organizational value. This study specifically looked at a working mother workplace social network through a positioning survey, meeting observations, a pilot interview, and subsequent individual interviews with leaders and participants of a workplace social network. The unit of measure for this study was the individual, featuring diversity of participants with regard to education, age, professional expertise, tenure with the organization, and network involvement. Individual interview results were transcribed and analyzed to identify and confirm outcomes among participants that revealed impacts of knowledge of employer and community, employer support, internal rese...
Nullification numbers of knots with up to 10 crossings

In this paper, we consider the nullification numbers ni(L) of the 249 prime knots up to 10 crossings to an unlink with i components. This extends an existing table of knot nullification numbers up to nine crossings in [C. Ernst, A. Montemayor and A. Stasiak, Nullification of small knots, Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 191 (2011) 66–77].
Early Growth in the Chemical Vapor Deposition of TiN and TiC and Monitoring by Laser Scattering

The early growth of chemically vapor deposited TiN and TiC coatings on pyrolytic graphite was studied in the kinetic- and mass transport-controlled regimes. While steady-state growth of these coatings results in columnar grains, such morphologies do not originate at the substrate/coating interface. Rather, TiC deposition begins on the substrate as fine grains less than 100 nm in diameter. Early TiN growth occurs in layers of 50 nm grains. In both cases, early fine-grained growth occurs at a lower rate than the linear, steady rate observed for columnar growth. A laser scattering technique has been developed as a tool for characterizing early growth through surface roughness. This noncontact method can be used as an in-situ diagnostic to detect changes in the surface of the growing deposit.
An Implicit Model for Snake Robot Locomotion and Gait Optimization

The present study aims to develop dynamic models suitable for the analysis and design of robotic snakes. Specifically, this research presents an implicit model with a high degree of design flexibility, namely the ability to change the number of links and to vary friction in the model formulation. The implicit model is validated numerically by comparison to an explicit model with small number of links. The validated implicit model is then used to establish the optimal gait for a six-link snake robot to achieve locomotion with minimal power consumption. An iterative search is conducted over a range of operational parameters — amplitude of angular displacement inputs at each joint, relative phase lag between the sinusoidal displacement inputs at the joints, and frequency of sine-wave input — to determine the optimally efficient gait. Results indicate that, for a particular forward velocity, an optimal gait exists that minimizes power consumption. This optimal solution is validated experimentally via tests performed on a six-link snake robot.© 2005 ASME
Copolymer-Mediated Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles in an Organic Solvent

The objective of this research is to develop a nanoparticle synthesis scheme that controls nanoparticle shape and surface chemistry concomitantly. Specifically, a method to synthesize hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using a dispersed block copolymer template is explored, which produces spherical and needle-shaped nanoparticles, and at the end of the synthesis, the block copolymer is retained as a surface coating on the nanoparticles. This strategy has been used previously with double-hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBCs) as the dispersed template; however, in this work, an alternative block copolymer chemistry is explored in an effort to extend this method to synthesis in organic solvents, producing nanoparticles that are organophilic instead of hydrophilic. The hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were synthesized using poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(methacrylic acid) (PMMA-b-PMAA) as the dispersed template and tetrahydrofuran as the solvent. The synthesis proceeds following the ionization of the PMAA block of the...
Esterase activity in embryonic development.

SummaryEsterase patterns characteristic for duodenum, liver, and pancreas in different stages of avian embryo development were studied with polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Embryonic and adult rat tissues were studied for comparison. It was found that the electrophoretic patterns of chicken liver and duodenum were similar for all developmental stages studied. In contrast, definite changes in pancreatic tissues were observed during development. It is postulated that the three main esterase bands observed in chicken tissues represent isoenzyme forms of β-type nonspecific esterases. The developmental changes and the identity of some bands present in rat tissue zymograms are discussed.
Dissecting the Dissection: Towards More Comprehensive Decision-Making Methodology for Thoracic Aortic Disease.

Aortic dissection remains one of the most devastating diseases. Current practice guidelines provide diagnostic and therapeutic interventions based primarily on the aortic diameter. The level of evidence supporting these recommendations is Level C or “Expert Opinion” Since aortic dissection is a catastrophic structural failure, its investigation along the guidelines of accident investigation may offer a useful alternative, utilizing process mapping and root-cause analysis methodology. Since the objective of practice guidelines is to address the risk of serious events, on the utilization of a probabilistic predictive modeling methodology, using bioinformatics tools, may offer a more comprehensive risk assessment.
51 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF A HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN MIMETIC PEPTIDE, D-4F, ON ARTERIAL WALLS.

Cardiovascular disease, caused mainly by atherosclerosis, kills more people in the United States than cancer, pulmonary disease, and accidents combined. Atherosclerosis is the build-up of cholesterol, lipids, and concomitant inflammation leading to progressive narrowing of the vessel walls. LDL-derived oxidized phospholipids, such as 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Ox-PAPC), cause inflammation of arterial wall and promote atherosclerosis. D-4F is an 18-amino acid peptide with physiochemical similarities to one of the functionally important proteins in HDL, apolipoprotein A-I. This peptide has been shown in vivo to be very promising in reducing inflammation and promoting reverse cholesterol transport. The goal of this project is to test whether D-4F inhibits the inflammation caused by Ox-PAPC in vitro on human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). HAECs were treated with Ox-PAPC with and without D-4F for 4 hours at 37°C. Cellular RNA was isolated and inflammatory cytokines (ie, IL-8) were quantified by real-time PCR. Preliminary results showed a 50% inhibition by D-4F (100 ng/mL) on the inflammation induced by Ox-PAPC (15 μg/mL) and HDL (10 μg/mL). HDL appears to be necessary for D-4F to inhibit the inflammation, and the unexpected inflammation induced by HDL may be due to proinflammatory HDL. These data suggest that D-4F can prevent the inflammatory response evoked by Ox-PAPC and is a step toward preventing atherosclerosis. Delineating its mechanism may provide a better understanding of how to reverse atherosclerosis and possibly prevent many ischemic heart attacks.
Rapid divergence and convergence of life-history in experimentally evolved Drosophila melanogaster

Laboratory selection experiments are alluring in their simplicity, power, and ability to inform us about how evolution works. A longstanding challenge facing evolution experiments with metazoans is that significant generational turnover takes a long time. In this work, we present data from a unique system of experimentally evolved laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster that have experienced three distinct life-history selection regimes. The goal of our study was to determine how quickly populations of a certain selection regime diverge phenotypically from their ancestors, and how quickly they converge with independently derived populations that share a selection regime. Our results indicate that phenotypic divergence from an ancestral population occurs rapidly, within dozens of generations, regardless of that population's evolutionary history. Similarly, populations sharing a selection treatment converge on common phenotypes in this same time frame, regardless of selection pressures those populations may have experienced in the past. These patterns of convergence and divergence emerged much faster than expected, suggesting that intermediate evolutionary history has transient effects in this system. The results we draw from this system are applicable to other experimental evolution projects, and suggest that many relevant questions can be sufficiently tested on shorter timescales than previously thought.
Palliative Care Throughout the Journey of Life With a Left Ventricular Assist Device.

> There is no good death. It always hurts, both the dying and the left behind. But there is a good enough death. > > —Ann Neumann, The Good Death Advances in mechanical circulatory support (MCS) have resulted in improved quality of life (QOL) and survival for the majority of patients implanted for destination therapy (DT).1 However, some patients will have persistently limiting heart failure (HF) symptoms and poor QOL.2 Nearly all patients receiving a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) as DT will eventually die with their device in situ. Palliative care (PC) is considered essential for the management of patients who receive a DT-LVAD. Although the clinical course of patients with MCS for DT has been documented,3,4 there is a paucity of data describing in detail how patients die. Such data can inform how to structure PC services for these patients. See Article by Dunlay et al In this issue of Circulation: Heart Failure , Dunlay et al5 provide a description of end of life (EOL) experiences at the Mayo Clinic, where there is a strong history of collaboration between the PC and MCS teams. The study population, typical of those receiving a DT-LVAD, died an average of 14 months after device implantation, predominately from multiorgan failure, hemorrhagic stroke, and progressive HF. In addition to the three distinct clinical trajectories previously described,6 they identified a unique trajectory, termed acute, which was heralded by an unexpected event resulting in an abrupt decline and death within 14 days (Figure). Despite initial PC engagement that included a PC consult for preparedness planning,7 less than half saw a PC provider in the …
Computational investigation of the flow field contribution to improve electricity generation in granular activated carbon-assisted microbial fuel cells

Abstract Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) offer an alternative approach to treat wastewater with less energy input and direct electricity generation. To optimize MFC anodic performance, adding granular activated carbon (GAC) has been proved to be an effective way, most likely due to the enlarged electrode surface for biomass attachment and improved mixing of the flow field. The impact of a flow field on the current enhancement within a porous anode medium (e.g., GAC) has not been well understood before, and thus is investigated in this study by using mathematical modeling of the multi-order Butler-Volmer equation with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. By comparing three different CFD cases (without GAC, with GAC as a nonreactive porous medium, and with GAC as a reactive porous medium), it is demonstrated that adding GAC contributes to a uniform flow field and a total current enhancement of 17%, a factor that cannot be neglected in MFC design. However, in an actual MFC operation, this percentage could be even higher because of the microbial competition and energy loss issues within a porous medium. The results of the present study are expected to help with formulating strategies to optimize MFC with a better flow pattern design.
Possible prostate cancer in northern Peru: Differential diagnosis, vascular anatomy, and molecular signaling in the paleopathology of metastatic bone disease.

This paper describes four possible cases of metastasized prostate cancer in archaeological human skeletons from the north coast of Peru spanning the Middle Sican to Colonial eras (roughly A.D. 900-1600). Varying combinations of exuberant abnormal new bone formation and some abnormal bone loss affecting lumbar vertebrae and the bony sacrum were observed in these individuals. Detailed lesion descriptions are followed by a differential diagnosis that systematically eliminates pseudopathology, infectious diseases, sclerosing bone disorders, and most metastatic processes. However, metastasized prostate cancer cannot be rejected and is highly consistent with the observed lesions. Metastasized pancreatic, bladder, or carcinoid tumors represent additional, though far less likely, diagnostic options. Anatomical and molecular signaling factors further validate this differential diagnosis. The paravertebral venous plexus of Baston plays an anatomical role in the metastatic seeding of lumbar vertebra from prostate cancer. Further, abundant molecular signaling mechanisms upregulate multiple bone-forming mechanisms in prostate metastases, though initially such lesions may originate as lytic phenomena. These multiple lines of evidence help demonstrate a multi-level framework for explanation in paleopathology and especially to help better elucidate the complexities of ancient neoplastic diseases.
Plasma Etching of Deep High-Aspect Ratio Features Into Fused Silica

This paper reports research performed on developing and optimizing a process recipe for the plasma etching of deep high-aspect ratio features into fused silica (fused quartz) material using an inductively coupled plasma reactive-ion etch process. As part of this effort, we performed a design of experiments (DOE), wherein the etch recipe parameters having the most impact on the etch process were varied over fixed ranges of predetermined values, while the other etch recipe process parameters were unchanged. Subsequently, the etched samples were analyzed so as to quantify the etch outcomes. Using the experimental data collected during the DOE, we then performed multiple regression analysis on this data to determine optimal etch tool parameters in order to achieve the desired etch results. Based on this work, we have demonstrated the ability to etch very deep features into fused silica of over 100 microns, having nearly vertical sidewalls, and with aspect ratios of over 10 to 1 using the optimized etch process. The ability to fabricate deep high-aspect ratio features into fused silica has important implications for a number of micro-electromechanical systems applications. The etch technology developments presented herein are applicable to fused silica, as well as to other silicon-dioxide-based materials including crystalline quartz. [2015-0253]
Habit formation and exhaustible resource risk-pricing

Abstract This paper studies the risk-pricing implications of introducing habit formation in consumption in a model that encompasses growth with nonrenewable resources and capital markets. It is shown that the expected return on nonrenewable resource stocks incorporates both short-run and long-run risk factors. The short-run risk factor is associated with shocks to current surplus consumption growth. The long-run risk factor reflects the investor's desire to hedge against long-run shocks to future surplus consumption prospects (long-run habit risk premium). The model is tested using energy commodities index and US aggregate real per capita consumption data, and the results confirm that habit enters significantly in the pricing equation by entertaining a long-run time-varying risk coefficient. Compared to results obtained with a no-habit formation model (time-separable preferences), we found that long-run future prospects of surplus consumption constitute a forward-looking risk factor to be taken into account in explaining the dynamics of energy prices under uncertainty.
Mechanistic-based comparisons for freeze-thaw performance of stabilized unpaved roads

Abstract Unpaved roads in seasonally frozen regions are frequently subjected to frost boils and other freeze-thaw related damage. In this study, a range of several promising stabilization technologies selected based on a comprehensive literature review were evaluated for their ability to improve the freeze-thaw performance of unpaved roads under the same set of geological, climate, and traffic conditions. A total of 17 test sections were constructed using nine geomaterials, three chemical stabilizers, and three types of geosynthetics over a 3.2 km stretch of unpaved road. Visual inspections and extensive dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) and falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests were conducted over two seasonal freeze-thaw periods to compare the surface performance and mechanical properties of the various test sections. A weather station and subgrade temperature sensors were installed to monitor the depth and duration of soil freezing, and to determine the critical thaw-weakening periods during which to conduct field tests. The test results revealed that sections with macadam stone base (MSB) layers yielded the best freeze-thaw performance in terms of elastic modulus among all the stabilization methods examined. Multiple regression analyses of measurements taken after thawing showed that the aggregate layer modulus had a statistically greater influence on the overall composite modulus of the MSB sections, but the modulus of the underlying weaker subgrade layer had a greater influence in the sections without MSB layers. The field test results also demonstrated that the stiffness and strength of underlying subgrade layer in the MSB sections were improved due to the benefits offered by the MSB layers.
Perceived partner fertility desires and influence on contraceptive use.

AbstractBackground: Perceived discordance of fertility desires may be more common among couples with certain sociodemographic characteristics and may lead to lower contraceptive use.Methods: Using nationally representative data from adults ages 15–49 in France in 2010, we analysed associations between sociodemographic characteristics, perceived discordance of fertility desires and contraceptive use with design-based logistic regression.Results: Only 8% of participants perceived discordant fertility desires while 92% perceived concordance with partner fertility desire. Discordance varied by age and relationship duration and by the presence of children from previous relationships. Perceived discordance was not associated with use of a hormonal or highly effective method. Beyond own intentions, perception of a partner’s fertility desires was associated with using a highly effective method among participants using any method.Conclusions: Engaging men and couples in family planning programmes may be important ...
Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) histone deacetylase inhibitors produced by gut microbiota regulate selected microRNAs to modulate local and systemic antibody responses

Epigenetic marks and factors, such as histone modifications and miRNAs, interact with genetic programs to regulate intrinsic B cell functions and inform antibody responses. As shown by our transcriptome and miRNome analyses, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) selectively downregulate AID, which is critical for class switch DNA recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), and Blimp-1, the master transcription factor for B cells differentiation to plasma cells, by selectively upregulating miRNAs that target Aicda and Prdm1 mRNAs. As we have also shown, HDI-mediated impairment of CSR, SHM and plasma cell differentiation blunted T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses in wild type mice and autoantibody responses in lupus-prone mice. Potent HDI activity is displayed by butyrate and propionate, two abundant SCFA molecules generated by gut microbiota through fermentation of dietary fibers. We found that these SCFAs synergistically downregulate AID and Blimp-1 expression through selective miRNA upregulation. Feeding a no-fiber diet, or decreasing the load of SCFA-producing microbiota by treating mice with vancomycin reduced gut and serum SCFAs and resulted in increased IgA and IgG1 titers in serum and feces, and IgA + , IgG1 + B cells and plasma cells in Peyer’s patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. This outcome was reversed by administration of butyrate and propionate, which also synergistically inhibited CSR to IgG and IgA in purified human and mouse B cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Thus, endogenous HDIs integrate cues from metabolites by gut microbiota and relay them to selective downstream effectors, e.g. miRNAs, thereby modulating B cell differentiation and antibody/autoantibody responses.
Is Scarcity a Real Driver for Water Reuse

Author(s): Hermanowicz, S W | Abstract: Conventional knowledge suggests that water reclamation and reuse is implemented as a response to scarcity of natural water resources. As water demand increases natural water resources (surface waters or groundwater) become insufficient and individual communities or larger regions turn to water reuse to meet an increasing fraction of their needs. However, the analysis of data on water consumption and water reuse collected by the US Geological Survey indicate that water scarcity is perhaps only one factor behind water reuse. This work suggests that relative variability, measured as the coefficient of variantion combined with the Hurst exponent may explain to a large extent differences in water reuse in different parts of the U.S.
Model-driven refinement of software architectures with π-ARL

In model-driven development, architecture descriptions and their refinements are explicitly represented and manipulated as models. π-ADL and π-ARL are formal (executable) architecture description and refinement languages providing architecture-centric modelling constructs. When applied, refinement actions expressed in π-ARL refine architecture description models described in π-ADL outputting new refined models described in π-ADL. Enabling model-driven refinement of software architectures is a new challenge for the model-driven development of complex software systems. This paper gives an overview of π-ARL and illustrates the expressiveness and usefulness of model-driven refinement with π-ARL through a case study.
Flight Demonstration of a 10 K Sorption Cryocooler

The Brilliant Eyes Ten-Kelvin Sorption Cryocooler Experiment (BETSCE), flown on STS-77 in May 1996, was the first-ever space flight of chemisorption cryocooler technology. BETSCE measured and validated critical microgravity performance characteristics of a hydride sorption cryocooler designed to cool long-wavelength infrared and submillimeter-wavelength detectors to 10 K and below. The technology flight validation data provided by BETSCE will enable early insertion of periodic and continuous-operation long-life, low-vibration, low-power consumption, sorption refrigeration technology into future earth-observation, surveillance, and astrophysics space missions.
Optimal pulse-modulated Lithium-ion battery charging: Algorithms and simulation

Abstract This paper focuses on the development of optimized pulse charging strategies for Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Aiming to improve the constant pulse charging in wide use today, we propose for the first time to modulate the current pulses during the charging process to reconcile health protection with charging pace. Toward this end, we use an equivalent circuit model and then formulate the problem of optimal pulse charging with an awareness of both battery health and charging speed. We then propose to resolve it using the linear control theory and obtain two charging methods, which regulate the magnitude and width, respectively, of the current pulses applied during the charging process. The proposed methods promise a two-fold benefit. First, the pulse-modulated charging will offer an effective means to defend the battery against the charging-induced harm to health without much compromise of the charging speed. Second, the methods have low computational cost, thus suitable for embedded battery management systems (BMSs) with constrained computing capabilities. This compares with the many charging techniques in the literature that require time-consuming constrained optimization. A detailed simulation study of the two proposed methods is offered to evaluate their effectiveness. The study endows pulse charging with a formalized design methodology unavailable before and impose a stronger health protection during its execution, which together can potentially translate into the momentum for its real-world application to Li-ion battery-powered systems including consumer electronics devices, electrical vehicles and solar photovoltaic arrays.
Finite element analysis for transverse carpal ligament tensile strain and carpal arch area.

Abstract Mechanics of carpal tunnel soft tissue, such as fat, muscle and transverse carpal ligament (TCL), around the median nerve may render the median nerve vulnerable to compression neuropathy. The purpose of this study was to understand the roles of carpal tunnel soft tissue mechanical properties and intratunnel pressure on the TCL tensile strain and carpal arch area (CAA) using finite element analysis (FEA). Manual segmentation of the thenar muscles, skin, fat, TCL, hamate bone, and trapezium bone in the transverse plane at distal carpal tunnel were obtained from B-mode ultrasound images of one cadaveric hand. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine the dependence of TCL tensile strain and CAA on TCL elastic modulus (0.125–10 MPa volar-dorsally; 1.375–110 MPa transversely), skin-fat and thenar muscle initial shear modulus (1.6–160 kPa for skin-fat; 0.425–42.5 kPa for muscle), and intratunnel pressure (60–480 mmHg). Predictions of TCL tensile strain under different intratunnel pressures were validated with the experimental data obtained on the same cadaveric hand. Results showed that skin, fat and muscles had little effect on the TCL tensile strain and CAA changes. However, TCL tensile strain and CAA increased with decreased elastic modulus of TCL and increased intratunnel pressure. The TCL tensile strain and CAA increased linearly with increased pressure while increased exponentially with decreased elastic modulus of TCL. Softening the TCL by decreasing the elastic modulus may be an alternative clinical approach to carpal tunnel expansion to accommodate elevated intratunnel pressure and alleviate median nerve compression neuropathy.
The function of F0-based pitch

Pitch is traditionally described as the perceptual correlate of a sound’s fundamental frequency (F0). The importance of perceiving F0 is often attributed to the need to compare sounds with different timbres, for which spectral comparisons might be error-prone. Alternatively, because the F0 is a summary measure of a set of harmonic frequencies, it could provide a compressed representation of sound for memory storage. To clarify the function of F0-based pitch, we tested its importance for discriminating sounds with different spectra, and sounds separated by delays, using both harmonic and inharmonic stimuli. If a task relies on F0-based pitch, performance should be impaired for inharmonic stimuli. We observed an advantage for harmonic stimuli for discrimination of synthetic tones with extreme (and unnatural) spectral variation. However, no such advantage was observed for instrument or speech fragments (with naturally occurring spectral variation). By contrast, discrimination was better for harmonic tones separated by brief (5–10 s) delays, suggesting that F0-based pitch aided storage across the delay. The results indicate that the spectral variation found in natural pitched sounds does not itself make listeners reliant on F0 estimation. The results raise the possibility that F0 primarily serves to facilitate compression of sounds for memory storage.
In Vitro Protein-DNA Interactions in the Rice Phytochrome Promoter

Phytochrome exerts many of its effects on plant morphogenesis by changing patterns of gene expression (Nagy et al., 1988). Although the transcription of many genes has been shown to be under phytochrome control, little is known about the chain of events that transmits the light signal to the genome. One valid approach towards unravelling the signal transduction pathway is to identify the cis-acting DNA sequences that mediate the phytochrome response and the protein factors that specifically interact with them. An understanding of the regulation of these factors provides an entry point from which one can eventually work ‘backwards’ towards the photoreceptor, bearing in mind that multiple and redundant light switches may exist for any one gene (Gilmartin et al., 1990).
The Spiritual Values of Wilderness

The Wilderness Act of 1964 is the principal legal mechanism for preserving wilderness in the United States. The law now protects over 100 million acres of federal land, half of which is in Alaska. Yet the contested meaning of the term wilderness continues to affect the management of those wilderness areas, and the designation of additional lands as wilderness areas. Much current thinking about wilderness emphasizes the ecological and recreational interests that Congress cited when it enacted the law. These justifications for wilderness preservation are important, but they are incomplete. They are best supplemented by a better understanding of the spiritual values of wilderness. Religious conceptions have long informed American attitudes toward wilderness, beginning with the hostility that early settlers gleaned from Old Testament images of wilderness lands, and later appearing throughout the writings of John Muir. More recently, the witnesses testifying on behalf of the proposed Wilderness Act during the 1950's and 1960's repeatedly sounded spiritual themes, including biblical examples of the values of wilderness. The decades since the enactment of the law have produced a substantial theological literature that explores the meaning of wilderness. This article integrates the writing about the spiritual values of wilderness into the discussions of the management of wilderness areas, relying upon the examples of Alaskan wilderness lands to consider how to identify new wilderness areas and how to manage existing areas.
The Law of the Iterated Logarithm for Empirical Processes

Let (A,A,P) be a probability space and F ⊂ L2(A,A,P). Let X i , i ≥ 1, be a sequence of i.i.d. random variables with distribution P and let P n = n−1(δX 1 + ? + δX n ) be the n’th empirical measure for P. Using the methods employed to describe functional Donsker classes, we characterize when the normalized empirical process $${{v}_{n}}(f):={{n}^{1/2}}\int{f(d{{P}_{n}}-dP)},f\in F$$ satisfies the compact and bounded law of the iterated logarithm (LIL) uniformly over F. Sufficient conditions implying the bounded LIL are obtained. In particular, we obtain two new metric entropy integral conditions implying the bounded LIL. Moreover, the integral condition is essentially the best possible.
Abstract 1271: Restricted feeding of a high-fat diet to the dark phase of the day attenuates mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-PyMT mice

Obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer. Chronic overeating during the rest phase of the day leads to metabolic dysfunction and obesity. Lifestyle changes including restriction of meal times may be successful weight loss strategies. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that restricted feeding of a high-fat diet to the dark phase (the active phase) of the day reduces diet-enhanced mammary tumorigenesis in an MMTV-PyMT transgenic mouse model. Mice (female) were fed the AIN93G diet (16% of energy from soybean oil) or the high-fat diet (45% of energy from soybean oil) with or without restricted feeding to the dark phase (12 hours) over eight weeks of the study. The body fat mass of the restricted feeding group was lower than the high-fat group but similar to the AIN93G control group. The mammary tumor latency was 5.8, 7.0, and 6.4 weeks for the control, high-fat and high-fat restricted groups, respectively. Restricted feeding reduced mammary tumor progression by 58% compared to the unrestricted feeding of the high-fat diet. Compared to the AIN93 diet, the high-fat diet significantly increased plasma concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, resistin, leptin, insulin, angiopoietin-2, hepatocyte growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. The restricted feeding reduced concentrations of the aforementioned variables in plasma, except resistin, leptin, and insulin. In summary, restricted feeding of the high-fat diet to the dark phase reduces diet-enhanced mammary tumorigenesis. This protection of the restricted feeding against breast tumorigenesis may be associated with its actions in attenuating adipogenesis and production of related inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic factors. Citation Format: Sneha Sundaram, Lin Yan. Restricted feeding of a high-fat diet to the dark phase of the day attenuates mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-PyMT mice [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1271.
6.5kV SiC JFET-based Super Cascode Power Module with High Avalanche Energy Handling Capability

A new Super Cascode Power Module (SCPM) topology was designed, and a 6.5kV/100A implementation was fabricated and tested. Simulation and test results show 175kHz switching with 28ns switching time. Vulnerability to avalanche energy was observed, and a solution was proposed and verified with simulation. Simulation shows more than 99% of the avalanche energy is diverted to the power devices from balancing diodes, which have much smaller die size compared with the power device.
Improved Reduced-Order Model with Equivalent Surface for Scattering Problems

An improved model-order reduction scheme for scattering problems is introduced. An equivalent surface is introduced into the scattering problems to enclose the background scatterers. By performing random singular-value decomposition (RSVD) to the matrix expression of the interaction between equivalent surface and scatterers, a set of orthonormal vectors are obtained. The matrix representation of the interaction between radiator and scatterer is approximated by a number of the orthonormal vectors with certain truncation error. In addition, the discrete empirical interpolation method (DEIM) is used to select the most important vectors which minimizes the truncation error. The scheme is suitable for simplifying the scattering problems, especially when the location of radiator changes frequently.
Professionalism in Forensic Archaeology: Transitioning from “Cowboy of Science” to “Officer of the Court”

Forensic science is science applied to the law. To be effective forensic scientists, archaeologists need to learn what constitutes the elements of the crimes with which they might interact, how to create documentation for court, and how to qualify as, and be, an expert witness. They may also deal with many types of artifacts, or evidence, not normally found on an archaeological site. This chapter takes a forensic case example from the initial call to the archaeologist by the police to the courtroom and highlights the similarities and differences between anthropological archaeology and forensic archaeology. Forensic archaeology is a subdiscipline that requires not only a strong background in archaeological fieldwork but additional training in the forensic sciences.
Influence of CYP2C19 Metabolizer Status on Escitalopram/Citalopram Tolerability and Response in Youth With Anxiety and Depressive Disorders.

In pediatric patients, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) escitalopram and citalopram (es/citalopram) are commonly prescribed for anxiety and depressive disorders. However, pharmacogenetic studies examining CYP2C19 metabolizer status and es/citalopram treatment outcomes have largely focused on adults. We report a retrospective study of electronic medical record data from 263 youth <19 years of age with anxiety and/or depressive disorders prescribed escitalopram or citalopram and underwent routine clinical CYP2C19 genotyping. Slower CYP2C19 metabolizers experienced more untoward effects than faster metabolizers (p=0.015), including activation symptoms (p=0.029) and had more rapid weight gain (p=0.018). A larger proportion of slower metabolizers discontinued treatment with es/citalopram than normal metabolizers (p=0.007). Meanwhile, faster metabolizers responded more quickly to es/citalopram (p=0.005) and trended toward less time spent in subsequent hospitalizations (p=0.06). These results highlight a disparity in treatment outcomes with es/citalopram treatment in youth with anxiety and/or depressive disorders when standardized dosing strategies were used without consideration of CYP2C19 metabolizer status. Larger, prospective trials are warranted to assess whether tailored dosing of es/citalopram based on CYP2C19 metabolizer status improves treatment outcomes in this patient population.
Synthesis of surface controlled nickel/palladium hydride nanodendrites with high performance in benzyl alcohol oxidation

Benzaldehyde byproduct is an imperative intermediate in the production of fine chemicals and additives. Tuning selectivity to benzaldehyde is therefore critical in alcohol oxidation reactions at the industrial level. Herein, we report a simple but innovative method for the synthesis of palladium hydride and nickel palladium hydride nanodendrites with controllable morphology, high stability, and excellent catalytic activity. The synthesized dendrites can maintain the palladium hydride phase even after their use in the chosen catalytic reaction. Remarkably, the high surface area morphology and unique interaction between nickel-rich surface and palladium hydride (β-phase) of these nanodendrites are translated in an enhanced catalytic activity for benzyl alcohol oxidation reaction. Our Ni/PdH0.43 nanodendrites demonstrated a high selectivity towards benzaldehyde of about 92.0% with a conversion rate of 95.4%, showing higher catalytic selectivity than their PdH0.43 counterparts and commercial Pd/C. The present study opens the door for further exploration of metal/metal-hydride nanostructures as next-generation catalytic materials.
Perceptions of Chronic Illnesses and Preventive Behaviors Among Hispanic/Latino men.

Introduction:Although Latinos represent the largest minority group, their health needs continue to be poorly understood, especially regarding Latino men. The purpose of this study was to assess per...
Upstream Predictors of the Need for Developmental Education among First-year Community College Students

ABSTRACTObjective/Research Question. How do student- and school-level factors measured in the final year of high school contribute to the odds of a student being assessed to need remediation in Mat...
Automating Planar Object Singulation by Linear Pushing with Single-point and Multi-point Contacts

Singulation is useful for manufacturing, logistics, and service applications; we consider the problem in a planar setting. We propose a novel O(n(n + v)) linear push policy (n denotes the number of objects, v denotes the maximum number of vertices per object), ClusterPush, that can be efficiently computed using clustering. To evaluate the policy, we define singulation distance as the average pairwise distance of polygon centroids given random arrangements of 2D polygonal objects on a surface, and seek pushing policies that can maximize singulation distance. When compared with a brute force evaluation of all candidate pushes in Box2D simulator using 50,000 pushing scenarios, ClusterPush achieves 70% of the singulation distance achieved using brute force and is 2000x faster. ClusterPush also improves on previous pushing policies and can be used for multi-point pushes with two-point and edge (infinite-point) contacts. Compared with pushes with single-point contacts using ClusterPush, pushes with two-point and edge contacts improve singulation by 7% and 13% respectively. In physical experiments conducted with an ABB YuMi robot on 40 sets of 3-7 blocks, ClusterPush increases singulation distance by 15-30%, outperforming the next best policy by 24% on average. Data and code are available at https://github.com/Jekyll1021/MultiPointPushing.
Testing a new specific bait-box of passenger train compartment

Objective To test the functions of new specific bait-box of passenger train. Methods Testing in field and comparison research. Results In 30 days,the rate of new bait-box loss was 2.17%,the rodenticide protective rate was 94.57%;100% of the new box and 786.0 g,box average(37.4±8.4)g was eaten by rats in 12 days.Comparing with the box in common use,the quantity of rodenticide in the new one would be more eaten(t=3.186,P0.01). Conclusion The new specific bait-box is suitable for using on passenger train,and can enhance the rodenticide preservation.It's good for being extensively applied in controlling rats on the passenger train.
Undeclared work in Albania: dimension and consequences.

Undeclared work is a widespread phenomenon that can be observed in all countries, both developed and developing countries. This form of employment with long-term negative consequences varies from one country to another, referring to its rate of spread and the forms and sectors of employment affected by such a phenomenon. Albania, where the formal labour market coexists with the informal market, has a widespread dissemination of undeclared work. The high level of undeclared work in Albania means that government agencies, responsible for labour market regulation and other social actors interested in the phenomenon (representatives of employees, representatives of employers, non-governmental organizations, etc.) did not effectively materialize existing policies in the field of informal employment. Likewise, the current form of the labour market organization in Albania creates spaces in which the employer-employer relationship is sufficiently interested in undeclared or under-declared work. The experience of different European countries shows that there are organizational forms of policy-making structures and diverse mechanisms that can be applied in a country like Albania. The purpose of this article is to highlight: Characteristics of undeclared work in Albania; The efforts made by government agencies to combat it; Identification of efficient ways of contrasting undeclared work. As a conclusion, this study tries to analyse th e aspects of informal employment in Albania as well as ways of contrasting. The undeclared work in Albania can be fought in several ways. In addition to the classical repressive way, other synergy forms should be applied which push or encourage businesses and employees to formalize.
A Solid-Solution Approach for Redox Active Metal–Organic Frameworks with Tunable Redox Conductivity

Systematically tuning the conductivity of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is key to synergizing their attractive synthetic control and porosity with electrochemical attributes useful in energy and ...
Assessing the Use of Wing Morphometrics to Identify Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Host Strains in Field Collections

The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major agricultural pest in the Western Hemisphere, has recently become established in Africa and Asia. This highly polyphagous species has potential to economically harm multiple crops. Contributing to this host range are two fall armyworm populations historically called 'host strains' that differ in host specificity. Understanding behaviors of the two strains is crucial to effective management of this pest. A major difficulty in such studies is that strains have long been considered morphologically indistinguishable, with molecular markers the only reliable means of identification. However, studies of fall armyworm in Colombia reported strain differences in wing morphology sufficiently large to potentially provide a more economical alternative method to determine strain. This study tested whether a similar phenotypic difference was present in Florida populations using geometric morphometric analysis of 15 anatomical landmarks on forewings of 182 specimens from three habitats associated with different host plants. Principle component and linear discriminant analyses identified significant differences in wing size and shape in comparison of strains from different habitats, but not between strains within the same habitat. Data indicate that apparent strain distinctions in wing phenotype are most likely a secondary consequence of differences in developmental growth patterns on different host plants combined with strain-biased host choice. Furthermore, Florida specimens showed much larger phenotypic overlap than observed for strains from Colombia. Together these findings suggest that wing morphology is probably not a reliable indicator of strain identity in field populations where different host plants are available.
Light-triggered explosion of lipid vesicles

Lipid vesicles have received considerable interest because of their applications to in vitro reductionist cell membrane models as well as therapeutic delivery vehicles. In these contexts, the mechanical response of vesicles in nonequilibrium environments plays a key role in determining the corresponding dynamics. A common understanding of the response of lipid vesicles upon exposure to a hypotonic solution is a characteristic pulsatile behavior. Recent experiments, however, have shown vesicles exploding under an osmotic shock generated by photo-reactions, yet the explanatory mechanism is unknown. Here we present a generalized biophysical model incorporating a stochastic account of membrane rupture to describe both swell-burst-reseal cycling and exploding dynamics. This model agrees well with experimental observations, and it unravels that the sudden osmotic shock strains the vesicle at an extreme rate, driving the vesicle into buckling instabilities responsible for membrane fragmentation, i.e. explosion. Our work not only advances the fundamental framework for non-equilibrium vesicle dynamics under osmotic stress, but also offers design guidelines for programmable vesicle-encapsulated substance release in therapeutic carriers.