cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation of Tumor Immunity by Medicinal Plant or Functional Food-Derived Compounds

Most forms of conventional cancer treatments are accompanied by undesirable side effects. Moreover, due to tumor heterogeneity, resistance to treatment and subsequent recurrence is often inevitable. Therefore, there is a need for development of progressive forms of adjuvant therapeutics. The tumor micro-environment is composed of tumor cells and multiple stromal cell types, including immune cells, many of which can produce pro-tumor chemokines and cytokines. The production of these molecules can result in a cascade effect, signaling other cells to promote an anti-cytotoxic, pro-tumor inflammatory response which hinders the necessary immune response needed to eliminate neoplastic cells. The pro-tumor inflammatory response is a key component during the progressive development of cancer. The “hijacking” of the immune system in the tumor environment provides a target which can be used to revert the immune system back to a type 1, pro-cytotoxic response. Natural compounds found in many traditional foods and medicines have a proven history of being anti-inflammatory, a key component which can be utilized during cancer treatment. Application of specific natural compounds in conjunction with conventional medicine can provide an additional level of support via modulation of the immune system. Phytochemicals found in turmeric, soy, and Scutellaria have shown profound effects on attenuating and modulating inflammation. This chapter looks into the mechanism of action and prospects for using these phytochemicals as an immune-modulatory adjuvant in the treatment of cancer.
Family Caregiver Involvement in Hospital Care

Date Presented 04/05/19 Family caregivers are integral to our healthcare and long-term services and supports system. As such, effective collaboration must exist between OT and other healthcare providers and family caregivers when their loved ones are hospitalized and when they are discharged to home and community settings. We identify and describe types of interactions and barriers to these interactions, among healthcare providers, hospitalized older adults, and family caregivers. Primary Author and Speaker: Beth Fields Contributing Authors: Juleen Rodakowski
A review of cement testing apparatus and methods under CO2 environment and their impact on well integrity prediction – Where do we stand?

Abstract In 1997 at Kyoto, Japan, world leaders agreed to reduce the carbon emission by innovating existing and implementing new technologies. During a conference meeting in Paris 2015, there was an eye opener to the way we see Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. Up to date, new technologies have been developed to capture carbon dioxide and store them in underground formations such as aquifers or depleted gas or oil reservoirs. CO2 can also be re-injected into the reservoir for enhanced oil or gas recovery, but also possess a high wellbore density which requires much detail attention on long term wellbore integrity. It implies a new risk management challenge for drilling engineers: ensuring long-term well integrity, as the well system is susceptible to corrosion and leakage, especially on the cement side. As cement serves a physical barrier allowing seal fluid flow into unintended zones from the wellbore. The sealing effectiveness of cement reliant on insitu environment conditions and cement chemical compositions, inducing the time dependent stress geometry in the vicinity of the wellbores. Extensive experimental studies on oil well cement degradation behavior in the presence of CO2 or CO2-brine (saturated formation water) had been conducted by many researchers for many years. Having an upright understanding of CO2 on the cement integrity lifecycle is essential to expand the applications of CO2 sequestration or CO2 EOR activities. As new cementing products are continuously released on the market, their applicability requires intensive testing with respect to well integrity to avoid any potential CO2 leakage pathways. The testing cement recipes are based on a precise and repeatable mimicking of downhole conditions. A comprehensive literature review has shown that different testing methods are used worldwide with different results on the behavior of oil well cement in the presence of CO2 environment. Our study is trying to close the gap of unknown testing conditions and will provide a detailed documentation of the experimental setups worlwide. This paper presented a critical review of selected testing facilities, experimental methodologies and apparatus for different cement samplings as subjected to CO2 in recent years. Additionally, the long-term cement performance and its impact on well integrity was discussed.
The Mental Health Assessment for Surgery

Assessments are performed by mental health professionals before gender-affirming surgeries as referrals and consultations to the surgeon. The assessments may also be required for insurance approval and may help with patient education and decision-making. These assessments are described by the Standards of Care (SOC) of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). The requirements of the current iteration, WPATH SOC 7, for chest and genital surgeries are described. Considerations for the approach to the initial mental health interview for these assessments are discussed. Recommended content and format for these assessment letters are provided and discussed.
IN SILICO VERSUS CLINICAL CRITERIA FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA: A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) carries up to a 22-fold higher risk of cardiovascular disease. The Dutch Lipid Clinical Criteria (DLCC), Simon Broome (SB) Criteria, and the US Make Early Diagnosis to Prevent Early Deaths (MEDPED) Criteria are used to diagnose FH. The Healthy Nevada Project (HNP)
6 – Fuel Cells and Batteries

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of fuel cells and batteries—electrochemical devices that convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy without combustion. In an internal or external combustion engine, electrons are transferred from the fuel directly to the oxidizer, releasing the stored energy as heat. Converting the heat into mechanical energy is subject to the limitations of the Carnot cycle. In a fuel cell or battery, the fuel releases electrons to an electrode. In batteries, the fuel, as well as the oxidizer, is stored inside the battery. There are a number of different types of fuel cells based on the electrolyte used, which in turn determines the operating temperature. Several parameters determining the performance of the fuel cell—gas pressure and purity, gas stoichiometry, gas humidification, current density (CD) and changes in CD, and temperature are discussed.
Fear not: avoidance behavior missing in species sympatric with the critically endangered West African lion

Predators are major regulators in communities through trophic and non-trophic pathways. However, as human pressures continue to threaten apex predators, including the iconic lion of Africa, the functional role of predators in their ecosystems may be compromised. Where lions are critically endangered, we found no evidence of avoidance behavior in either competitor or prey species from a camera survey in the largest protected area complex in West Africa. Our findings raise concerns that lions have already become functionally extinct in portions of their West African range, highlighting the urgency of restorative efforts and environmental investments to reverse current declining population trends and the loss of regulatory roles.
Common Mistakes in Online Teaching

This article explains five common mistakes in online teaching and how to fix them. To do so, this article draws on student comments coming from mid-semester surveys in an Online Trusts & Estates course, as well as focus groups on online law courses.
Barron, Jerome A. Access to the Press — A New First Amendment Right, 80 Harv. Law Rev. 1641 (1967)

In the first few sentences of what one commentator described as an “arresting opening paragraph,”1 Jerome Barron began his plea for a broader, affirmative reading of the First Amendment:There is an...
Association Between Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scores and Online Activity Among US Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Background: Evidence from past pandemics suggests that fear, uncertainty, and loss of control during large-scale public health crises may lead to increased pandemic-related information seeking, particularly among persons predisposed to high anxiety. In such groups, a greater consumption of information pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic may increase anxiety. Objective: In this study, we examine the association between online activity and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) scores in the United States. Methods: We recruited participants for an online survey through advertisements on various platforms such as Google, Facebook, and Reddit. A total of 406 adult US participants with moderate to severe (≥10) GAD-7 scores met the inclusion criteria and completed the survey. Anxiety levels measured using the GAD-7 scale formed our primary outcome. Our key independent variables were average daily time spent online and average daily time spent online searching about COVID-19 within the past 14 days. We used as controls potential confounders of the relation between our key independent variables and GAD-7 scores, namely, sleep quality, the COVID-19 Fear Inventory scale, binge drinking, substance use, prescription drug abuse, and sociodemographic attributes. Results: Linear multivariate regression analyses showed that GAD-7 scores were higher among those who spent >4 hours online (per day) searching for information about COVID-19 (coefficient 1.29, P=.002), controlling for all other covariates. The total time spent online was not statistically associated with GAD-7 scores. Conclusions: Results from this study indicate that limiting pandemic-related online information seeking may aid anxiety management in our study population.
PAR1 (Protease-Activated Receptor 1) Pepducin Therapy Targeting Myocardial Necrosis in Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2 Study.

Objective: Arterial thrombosis leading to ischemic injury worsens the prognosis of many patients with cardiovascular disease. PZ-128 is a first-in-class pepducin that reversibly inhibits PAR1 (prot...
Structures and pH-sensing mechanism of the proton-activated chloride channel.

The proton-activated chloride channel (PAC) is active across a wide range of mammalian cells and is involved in acid-induced cell death and tissue injury1–3. PAC has recently been shown to represent a novel and evolutionarily conserved protein family4,5. Here we present two cryo-electron microscopy structures of human PAC in a high-pH resting closed state and a low-pH proton-bound non-conducting state. PAC is a trimer in which each subunit consists of a transmembrane domain (TMD), which is formed of two helices (TM1 and TM2), and an extracellular domain (ECD). Upon a decrease of pH from 8 to 4, we observed marked conformational changes in the ECD–TMD interface and the TMD. The rearrangement of the ECD–TMD interface is characterized by the movement of the histidine 98 residue, which is, after acidification, decoupled from the resting position and inserted into an acidic pocket that is about 5 A away. Within the TMD, TM1 undergoes a rotational movement, switching its interaction partner from its cognate TM2 to the adjacent TM2. The anion selectivity of PAC is determined by the positively charged lysine 319 residue on TM2, and replacing lysine 319 with a glutamate residue converts PAC to a cation-selective channel. Our data provide a glimpse of the molecular assembly of PAC, and a basis for understanding the mechanism of proton-dependent activation. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the human proton-activated chloride channel (PAC) shed light on its pH-dependent gating mechanism and anion selectivity.
A Bayesian approach to mediation analysis predicts 206 causal target genes in Alzheimer’s disease

Characterizing the intermediate phenotypes, such as gene expression, that mediate genetic effects on complex diseases is a fundamental problem in human genetics. Existing methods utilize genotypic data and summary statistics to identify putative disease genes, but cannot distinguish pleiotropy from causal mediation and are limited by overly strong assumptions about the data. To overcome these limitations, we develop Causal Multivariate Mediation within Extended Linkage disequilibrium (CaMMEL), a novel Bayesian inference framework to jointly model multiple mediated and unmediated effects relying only on summary statistics. We show in simulation that CaMMEL accurately distinguishes between mediating and pleiotropic genes unlike existing methods. We applied CaMMEL to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and found 206 causal genes in sub-threshold loci (p < 1e-4). We prioritized 21 genes which mediate at least 5% of local genetic variance, disrupting innate immune pathways in AD.
Engineering calcium peroxide based oxygen generating scaffolds for tissue survival

Oxygen supply is essential for the long-term viability and function of tissue engineered constructs in vitro and in vivo. The integration with the host blood supply as the primary source of oxygen to cells requires 4 to 5 weeks in vivo and involves neovascularization stages to support the delivery of oxygenated blood to cells. Consequently, three-dimensional (3D) encapsulated cells during this process are prone to oxygen deprivation, cellular dysfunction, damage, and hypoxia-induced necrosis. Here we demonstrate the use of calcium peroxide (CaO2) and polycaprolactone (PCL), as part of an emerging paradigm of oxygen-generating scaffolds that substitute the host oxygen supply via hydrolytic degradation. The 35-day in vitro study showed predictable oxygen release kinetics that achieved 5% to 29% dissolved oxygen with increasing CaO2 loading. As a biomaterial, the iterations of 0 mg, 40 mg, and 60 mg of CaO2 loaded scaffolds yielded modular mechanical behaviors, ranging from 5-20 kPa in compressive strength. The other controlled physiochemical features included swelling capacities of 22-33% and enzymatic degradation rates of 0.8% to 60% remaining mass. The 3D-encapsulation experiments of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts, L6 rat myoblasts, and primary cardiac fibroblasts in these scaffolds showed enhanced cell survival, proliferation, and function under hypoxia. During continuous oxygen release, the scaffolds maintained a stable tissue culture system between pH 8 to 9. The broad basis of this work supports prospects in the expansion of robust and clinically translatable tissue constructs.
Role of Hydroxyl Groups in the Photophysics, Photostability, and (Opto)electronic Properties of the Fungi-Derived Pigment Xylindein

Organic semiconductors have attracted increasing attention due to their low cost, solution processability, and tunable properties. Of special interest are molecules with enhanced environmental stab...
Spread the word: male manakins advertise the presence of display sites with neighbouring competitors

Reproductive behaviour is generally under strong natural and sexual selection, meaning that variation in mate attraction investment reveals important fitness trade-offs. Nevertheless, in many taxa with sex-specific displays, individuals differ considerably in such investment. Male white-ruffed manakins, Corapipo altera (Pipridae), exhibit dramatic variation in display investment, despite having a mating system shaped by strong sexual selection. We tested three alternative hypotheses that could explain this variation: (1) individual quality and condition, (2) competition or (3) cooperation. We manipulated the social environment of male manakins at display sites in two experiments. First, we increased the acoustic signalling around focal males’ display sites by broadcasting the sounds of other displaying males to simulate elevated display of neighbouring males. Second, we temporarily prevented neighbouring males from using their display sites, thereby increasing the competition at focal display sites. Males reduced rates of vocalization in response to elevated acoustic signalling, suggesting that males may cooperate with neighbours to advertise the locations of leks, minimizing their individual effort when possible. The number of individuals at the focal display site and the number of silent displays increased when neighbours were prevented from displaying nearby, consistent with the competition hypothesis. However, the constancy in time investment and rates of other display behaviours throughout both manipulations suggests that male quality or condition underlies much of the individual variation in behaviour at display sites. Overall, our results are consistent with cooperation and individual quality mediating individual investment in display site advertisement. While manipulations created opportunities for competition, the responses of focal males were not consistent with antagonist social interactions affecting investment in display. This work demonstrates the importance of both intrinsic and social drivers shaping investment in courtship behaviour and highlights the potential for multimodal displays to facilitate cooperation.
Exploring Contagion in Budgetary Misreporting

This study investigates the effect of internal reporting environment openness and organizational identification on managers’ budgetary misreporting. Using an experiment, we find that organizational identification moderates the effect of internal reporting environments on misreporting. That is, with weak organizational identification, there is significantly higher misreporting under an open reporting environment compared to a closed reporting environment. However, with strong organizational identification, there is no difference in misreporting between open and closed reporting environments. Our findings provide insight into how the internal reporting environment and the level of organizational identification jointly affect managerial reporting behavior. Our study has important implications for practice given many organizations are moving towards more open, transparent environments and increasing investment in building organizational identification. Our results suggest that organizations need investment in enhancing organizational identification first before considering having an open environment.
Getting a Grip on the Impact of Incidental Feedback From Body-Powered and Myoelectric Prostheses

Sensory feedback from body-powered and myoelectric prostheses are limited, but in different ways. Currently, there are no empirical studies on how incidental feedback differs between body-powered and myoelectric prostheses, or how these differences impact grasping. Thus, the purpose of this study was to quantify differences in grasping performance between body-powered and myoelectric prosthesis users when presented with different forms of feedback. Nine adults with upper limb loss and nine without (acting as controls) completed two tasks in a virtual environment. In the first task, participants used visual, vibration, or force feedback to assist in matching target grasp apertures. In the second task, participants used either visual or force feedback to identify the stiffness of a virtual object. Participants using either prosthesis type improved their accuracy and reduced their variability compared to the no feedback condition when provided with any form of feedback (p < 0.001). However, participants using body-powered prostheses were significantly more accurate and less variable at matching grasp apertures than those using myoelectric prostheses across all feedback conditions. When identifying stiffness, body-powered prosthesis users were more accurate using force feedback (64% compared to myoelectric users’ 39%) while myoelectric users were more accurate using visual feedback (65% compared to body-powered users’ 53%). This study supports previous findings that body-powered prosthesis users receive limited force and proprioceptive feedback, while myoelectric prosthesis users receive almost no force or proprioceptive feedback from their device. This work can inform future supplemental feedback that enhances rather than reproduces existing incidental feedback.
Random Utility Models of Spatial Choice

Random utility models are now in widespread use for analyzing decisions such as mode to work. However, their application to problems of spatial choice have been far fewer and have faced some methodological obstacles specific to choices among numerous alternatives. This paper reviews both the major problems and the alternative solutions which have been developed. Particular attention is given to uses of multinomial logit analysis and its variants primarily because of their potential for dealing with large choice sets without imposing unrealistic computational burdens on the model estimation process.
Dilantin (Phenytoin Sodium)

Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant used for the treatment and prevention of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, complex partial seizures, and seizures related to neurosurgical procedures.
Soviet Electric Power After Chernobyl': Economic Consequences and Options

A review of the role of nuclear power in Soviet electricity production and of economic and design factors that may have contributed to the accident at the Chernobyl' Atomic Power Station sets the stage for analysis of its economic and other impacts on the USSR and Eastern Europe. The paper outlines methods for estimating direct costs stemming from lost generating capacity, agricultural output, and plant infrastructure; clean-up and relocation; and medical care. Longer-term costs in the form of environmental and public health problems, reexamination of energy development strategies, and effects on international trade will be greater but more difficult to determine. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: 027, 124, 723.
Tic-Related Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the evidence for a subtype of OCD related to tic disorders. There is mounting evidence that OCD is a heterogeneous disorder comprised of distinct subtypes or symptom dimensions. Elevated rates of OCD in patients with tic disorders and vice versa suggest that patients who experience both OCD and tics may constitute a distinct subtype. Compared to patients with OCD alone, patients with OCD and tics have an earlier age of onset and tend to respond better when serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRI) pharmacotherapy is augmented with antipsychotic medication. OCD patients with tics, compared to OCD alone, also seem to have higher rates of compulsions associated with feelings of incompleteness. It is possible that patients with OCD and tics require a multimodal treatment approach combining various behavioral treatment techniques, including exposure and response prevention, habit reversal and cognitive techniques for treating obsessions, compulsions, and tics. It is possible that tic-related OCD might be better conceptualized as consisting of separate symptom dimensions that result in a subtype of OCD associated with tics.
The Latin@ Gender Identification Gap?: Male-Female Differences in Immigrant Self-Identification

A tradition of existing scholarship calls for a focus on the intersection between race and gender, as well as an awareness of gendered differences in immigrant socialization. Much of this literature examines variation in male and female political participation, public policy views, and approaches to leadership. I look at a more fundamental question, focusing on the distinct ways in which Latino men and Latinas living in the United States perceive themselves. This paper uses data from the Latino National Survey (2006) to test the extent to which intersectionality theories apply to questions of self-identification. I find that controlling for all other variables, compared to their male counterparts, women are less likely to self-identify as American and more likely to self-identify as Latino/a. Similarly, women are less likely to express a desire to blend in the US, and are more likely to prefer a distinct Latino/ Hispanic culture than men. These findings are counterintuitive to one stream of existing literature, which posits that among immigrant Latinos, men tend to prefer continuity, while women are more likely to incorporate into US society. To explore the mechanisms underlying these results, I examine the role of social networks and socialization variables, finding strong support for the importance of friendship networks in self-identification.
Extremes: Spatial Nonstationary Statistical Modeling

Data in environmental studies often appear to be both spatially correlated and nonstationary. Recent extreme events in climate call for more advanced statistical models and inference procedures to deal with spatial extremes. We review some methodologies proposed in the literature and discuss some challenging theoretical and practical questions. Keywords: hierarchical model; local likelihood model; max-stable process; nonstationary; random fields; spatial extreme
Miniaturized low profile antenna enabled by a complementary SRR loaded metasurface

In this paper a newly designed metasurface (MS) loaded miniaturized antenna is proposed and simulated. The double layered MS loaded with complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) acts as the ground plane for a planar feeding monopole antenna. The antenna has a compact footprint of 0.11λ 0 2 and a thickness of 0.07 λ 0 . The simulation results show that a wide −10 dB S 11 bandwidth of 9% is realized. In addition, a broadside radiation with a high gain and a high front-to-back ratio are achieved within the targeted frequency band.
1H, 15N and 13C resonance assignments, secondary structure, and the conformation of substrate in the binary folate complex of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase.

By using fully 15N- and 15N/13C-labeled Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase, the sequence-specific 1H and 15N NMR assignments were achieved for 95% of the backbone resonances and for 90% of the 13Cα resonances in the binary folate complex. These assignments were made through a variety of three-dimensional proton-detected 15N and 13C experiments. A smaller but significant subset of side-chain 1H and 13C assignments were also determined. In this complex, only one 15N or 13C resonance was detected per 15N or 13C protein nucleus, which indicated a single conformation. Proton-detected 13C experiments were also performed with unlabeled DHFR, complexed with 13C-7/13C-9 folate to probe for multiple conformations of the substrate in its binary complex. As was found for the protein resonances, only a single bound resonance corresponding to a productive conformation could be detected for C-7. These results are consistent with an earlier report based on 1H NMR data [Falzone, C.J. et al. (1990) Biochemistry, 29, 9667–9677] and suggest that the E. coli enzyme is not involved in any catalytically unproductive binding modes in the binary complex. This feature of the E. coli enzyme seems to be unique among the bacterial forms of DHFR that have been studied to date.
Using Law-Related Education to Engage Marginalized Urban High School Students

This case study examines the perspectives of a teacher and a set of students in a U.S. history classroom in a “last chance” public New York City high school—with “last chance” being a common term u...
Self-organizing maps for internal representations.

One of the biological mechanisms that has so far been poorly understood is the ability of the brain to form representations of primary sensory experiences at increasingly higher levels of abstraction. At many lower perceptual levels, sensory information first becomes represented in topographically ordered sensory maps. In these maps neurons become tuned in a regular manner to simple stimulus features, such as amplitude, frequency, or direction of sound. In this paper it is shown that a model, originally devised by Kohonen for the understanding of the self-organized formation of such “lower-level maps,” can also explain the formation of more abstract maps, such as adaptive maps for use in motor control, or maps in which, during a learning stage, the neurons become tuned in an orderly fashion to aspects of the semantic meaning of words. The actual presence of such maps in the brain is speculative at present, but many maps of simpler type have been found. It is argued that the process of the adaptive formation of maps may offer a way to a more unified understanding of many aspects of information processing in the brain.
Synergistic outside-in regulation of platelet activation by GPIIb/IIIa ligand-induced conformation and oligomerization.

Abstract Full platelet activation with serotonin secretion and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) formation induced by a low dose of thrombin receptor agonist peptide (TRAP) or high dose ADP requires platelet aggregation. This requirement can be replaced by pretreatment of platelets with a combination of reagents including: GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors yielding ligand-induced binding sites (LIBS), either arginine–glycine–aspartate–serine (RGDS) peptide or Ro 43-5054, cytochalasin to disrupt actin filaments and crosslinking by a GPIIb/IIIa mAb (pl-62). Crosslinking is required since Fab fragments of pl-62 do not support activation. Engagement of the Fc receptor by the mAb Fc domain is not required for pl-62 augmentation, since it is not blocked by the anti-Fc receptor mAb, IV-3. Another GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor, Ro 44-9883, not yielding LIBS epitopes, serves as a negative control and shows a requirement for LIBS in addition to crosslinking. Focal adhesion kinase tyrosine phosphorylation induced by TRAP is blocked by these GPIIb/IIIa antagonists, but restored by pl-62 crosslinking independent of LIBS induction. Tyrosine phosphorylation of a peptide comigrating with p38 MAP kinase is also inhibited by these antagonists and restored by pl-62 crosslinking. However, p38 MAP kinase activation by low dose TRAP is not affected by these aggregation inhibitors. Tyrosine phosphorylation of a 34-kDa phosphoprotein in the absence of aggregation or TxA2 formation was uniquely augmented by Ro 43-5054 but not Ro 44-9883 under the above activation conditions.
EPIGENETIC TRANSGENERATIONAL ACTIONS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS

Environmental factors have a significant impact on biology. Therefore, environmental toxicants through similar mechanisms can modulate biological systems to influence physiology and promote disease states. The majority of environmental toxicants do not have the capacity to modulate DNA sequence, but can alter the epigenome. In the event an environmental toxicant such as an endocrine disruptor modifies the epigenome of a somatic cell, this may promote disease in the individual exposed, but not be transmitted to the next generation. In the event a toxicant modifies the epigenome of the germ line permanently, then the disease promoted can become transgenerationaly transmitted to subsequent progeny. The current review focuses on the ability of environmental factors such as endocrine disruptors to promote transgenerational phenotypes.
The excess enthalpies of (carbon dioxide+toluene) at 308.15, 358.15, and 573.15 K from 6.98 to 16.63 MPa

Abstract The excess molar enthalpies HmE{xCO2 + (1 − x)C6H5CH3} were measured in the vicinity of the critical locus and in the supercritical region. Large positive and negative HmEs were observed depending on the compositions, pressures, and temperatures of the mixtures. A modified Soave equation of state was used to correlate HmE over a temperature range of 308.15 to 573.15 K with and average standard deviation of 384 J · mol−1.
Acoustic imagery using a multibeam bathymetric system

Abstract Historically, measurement and collection of deep‐ocean acoustic imagery are accomplished by towed sidescan systems. Recently, work has been performed to extract acoustic imagery from current hull‐mounted wide‐swath bathymetric sonars with minimal hardware modification. Past work of deriving acoustic imagery from swath sonars has been performed primarily with SeaBeam's sixteen 22/3 ° preformed beams. The Navy is investigating the feasibility of extracting an acoustic image from the Sonar Array Survey Systems (SASS), a high‐resolution (1o beams) wide‐fan (90°) bathymetric system. Due to the large data volume (approximately 1 MB per ping), SASS normally discards the raw acoustic returns once bathymetry is calculated. In early 1991 the Naval Air Development Center (NADC) installed the hardware on board the USNS Maury to capture and record the raw acoustic signal (inphase and quadrature) from the SASS's 144 hydrophones for later inversion to a backscatter image. Preliminary qualitative mosaics of the ...
Work-oriented development of knowledge-based systems: a case for multiple perspectives

Abstract System development is strongly influenced by the perspectives used by system developers. Current development methods for knowledge-based systems are based on an information processing perspectives of experts and users which has been criticized by a number of researchers. The paper argues that work-oriented development of knowledge-based systems requires the parallel use of multiple perspectives (including the information processing perspective), and that the use of any single perspective is potentially dangerous. As an example of the importance of using multiple perspectives, thepaper presents the situated action perspective, and shows how it complements the information processing perspective.
The first carotid endarterectomy at the Johns Hopkins Hospital.

In May 1957, the American Surgical Association met in Chicago, Ill. An article by Lyons and Galbraith 1 titled "Surgical Treatment of Atherosclerotic Occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery" attracted the attention of the surgeons from The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md, who were attending the meeting. It was discussed with the staff of The Johns Hopkins Hospital sometime later. Several members of The Johns Hopkins Hospital surgical staff were active in the expanding field of arterial surgery. Henry Bahnson, MD, was developing effective surgical treatment of massive aortic aneurysms, and Frank Spencer, MD, had recently returned from Korea where he had pioneered primary reconstruction for arterial injuries. Another stimulating member of the young surgical faculty was David C. Sabiston, Jr, MD. At some time in the subsequent few months, I discussed the possibility of surgical treatment for impending stroke with W. P. McInnis, MD, a senior resident in neurology, who
Influence of internal structure and composition of liquid crystalline phases on topical delivery of paclitaxel

This study aimed to evaluate whether and how the internal structure and composition of liquid crystalline systems can be tailored to maximize paclitaxel cutaneous delivery. Liquid crystalline phases of water, Brij-97, and medium-chain mono/diglycerides (MCG) were characterized by polarized light microscopy. Lamellar phases containing 20% (w/w) water and MCG at 10% (LP-10) or 20% (LP-20), and a hexagonal phase (HP) with 45% water and 10% MCG were selected; paclitaxel was incorporated at 0.5% (w/w). Compared with drug solution in myvacet oil, LP-20 provided the highest paclitaxel cutaneous delivery (threefold), and LP-10 the highest transdermal delivery (fourfold). Using a fluorescent drug derivative [at 0.5%, (w/w)], we observed that penetration occurred through intact stratum corneum. To evaluate whether penetration results relate to drug release differences, paclitaxel self-diffusion coefficient (D) and in vitro release were studied. D was the highest in LP-20, but release from LP-20 and LP-10 was similar. The low D in HP was associated with the lowest drug release. As an index of efficacy, we assessed the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel-loaded LP-20 against fibroblasts. Cell viability was 1.3-2 times smaller with LP-20 than with drug solution. Our results demonstrate that LP-20 provides optimization of paclitaxel cutaneous delivery and efficient cytotoxicity.
Calcium Concentration and Movement in the Ventricular Cardiac Cell during an Excitation-Contraction Cycle

Abstract This paper extends the model for Ca movement in the cardiac ventricular cell from the diadic cleft space to the entire sarcomere. The model predicts the following: 1) Shortly after SR release there is a [Ca] gradient >3 orders of magnitude from cleft center to M-line which, 50ms after release, is still >30. Outside the cleft, 40ms after cessation of release, the axial gradient from Z to M-line is >3. 2) At the end of SR release, >50% of the total Ca released is bound to low-affinity inner sarcolemmal phospholipid binding sites within the cleft. 3) Halving the SR release almost doubles the fraction of release removed from the cell via Na/Ca exchange and reduces average sarcomeric free [Ca] by 70%. 4) Adding 100 μ M fluo-3, which doubles the buffering capacity of the cytoplasm, reduces peak average sarcomeric [Ca] by >50% and increases the initial half-time for [Ca] decrease by approximately twofold. 5) A typical Ca "spark" can be generated by an SR release 20% of maximum (4×10 −20 moles) over 2ms. Fluo-3 (100 μ M) significantly "shrinks" the spark. 6) The "spark" is a consequence of elementary events within the diadic cleft space. For example, removal of cleft binding sites would cause average sarcomeric Ca to increase by >10 fold, fall 10 times more rapidly, decrease latency for appearance of the spark by >20 times, and reduce spark duration by 85%. 7) Dividing SR Ca release between cleft and corbular SR produces a secondary [Ca] peak and a "flattening" of the sarcomeric [Ca] transient. These changes probably could not be resolved with current confocal microscopic techniques.
Effectiveness of half-dose versus full-dose influenza vaccine in health care workers.

Purpose. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study comparing the effectiveness of half-dose versus full-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) in health care workers was conducted. Methods. The study was conducted at a 760-bed tertiary care community hospital. Study participants ( n = 444) were hospital staff or employees over 18 years of age who were enrolled during a two-week period in October and November 2004. Participants were assigned to either full-dose ( n = 222) or half-dose ( n = 222) TIV. The participants completed a standardized questionnaire monthly from November 2004 through March 2005. The primary outcome was the incidence of influenza between the two groups; the secondary outcomes were self-reported days of work missed as a result of influenza and the proportion of participants in each group self-reporting signs and symptoms of influenza. Laboratory confirmation of influenza diagnosis was sought in participants reporting a clinical diagnosis by their physicians. Differences in the groups were analyzed with Fisher’s exact test, with a < 0.05 considered significant. Results. There was no difference between the full-dose and half-dose groups in the diagnosis of influenza (4% versus 7%, p = 0.198). Laboratory confirmation of an influenza diagnosis occurred in one participant who received full-dose TIV. Conclusion. Half-dose TIV demonstrated a similar effectiveness to full-dose TIV, measured by the number of diagnoses of influenza and symptom survey of participating health care workers. Administration of half-dose TIV is an acceptable strategy for maximizing the number of vaccinations in health care workers, but additional studies are needed to confirm the comparable immunogenicity and effectiveness between the two doses.
Security Via Related Disciplines

Abstract The Systems Engineering Research Center (SERC) System Security Engineering Research Roadmap recommends that systems security research proceed in part by studying systems engineering methods, processes, and tools (MPTs) that are well established in disciplines that are related to security or have similar goals or objectives. Successful MPTs in these areas should be examined for possible application to systems security. If the MPTs in the toolset of nearby disciplines seem to be applicable to system security, this could provide a quick and easy method of expanding the toolset of metrics currently available to SSE. This study follows the recommendation with a critical examination of methods for diversity in reactor protection systems where the goal is safety. It adapts the reactor-specific method for achieving diversity for the purposes of safety into a method for systems security engineering that may be applied generally to any system.
Frankfort-on-the-Main: A Study in Prussian Communal Finance

Reasons for the selection of Frankfort-on-the-Main for special study, 160. — Important changes introduced by the Kommunalabgabengesetz, 153. — Provisions of the K. A. G. on the apportionment of the local tax burden among the several kinds of taxes, 155. — Restrictions placed upon the communities in the levying of general income taxes, 157. — The taxes on incomes from land, buildings, and trade, 158. — Rules on the disposition of the proceeds of the several taxes, 161. — The Prussian Income Tax, 163. — The general tax rate, 169. — The special tax of Frankfort, 170. — The introduction of taxes on real estate, based on market value, 173. — The Frankfort special tax on unimproved properties (Landsteuer), 174. — The house tax (Haussteuer), 176. — The super-tax, a survival of a tax on rentals, 176. — The Frankfort Wabrschaftsgeld, a combination of transfer tax and increment value tax, 178. — The imperial increment tax (Reichszuwachssteuer), 185. — Its non-adaptability to purposes of imperial taxation, 187. — The Prussian trade tax (Gewerbesteuer), 187. — The Frankfort special ordinance, 189. — The Betriebssteuer, 191. — The department-store tax (Warenhaussteuer), 193. — Other taxes, 195. — Percentages of the total tax returns contributed by the chief taxes, 196. — No special tax on incomes from capital investments, 197. — Fees and special assessments, 199.
A substrate-induced respiration (SIR) method for measurement of fungal and bacterial biomass on plant residues

The substrate-induced respiration (SIR) method was modified and adapted to measure fungal, bacterial and total microbial contributions to glucose-induced respiration and the potentially active microbial biomass on decaying plant residues of differing composition. Decomposing residues from natural and agricultural ecosystems were chopped and sieved to include the > 1 mm fraction for routine SIR analyses on a continuous flow-through respiration system. SIR procedures were optimized for sample size (0.5–1.0g dry wt), glucose concentration (80mg g−1), antibiotic concentrations (16mg streptomycin g−1; 80 mg cycloheximide g−1), total solution volume (5 ml), antibiotic preincubation conditions (12 h at 4 C), and total assay time following glucose addition (2–3 h). Analyses of antibiotic selectivities for target populations were made from agar plate culture experiments with mixed residue-microbial populations under in vitro and in situ exposure to antibiotics. The results support those concentrations optimized by SIR and emphasize the importance of independent analysis of antibiotic selectivity. Measures of fungal, bacterial and total SIR (μg CO2-C g−1 dry residue h−1) were linearly correlated (P<0.001) with biovolume-derived estimates of total (r2 = 0.91) and FDA-active (r2 = 0.93) fungal biomass, bacterial biomass (r2 = 0.87) and total microbial biomass (r2 = 0.91), respectively. Fungal to bacterial SIR ratios (1.6:1 to 2.5:1) emphasize the dominance of fungi in the early stages of plant residue decay (⩽ 3 weeks). Plant residue SIR rates were 38–600 times greater than those of soils. Biomass specific SIR rates from plant residues (72 ng CO2 -Ch−1 μg−1 biomass-C) were 5– 6 times higher than those reported from soil SIR. These findings suggest both a larger microbial biomass as well as a much higher proportion of physiologically active microorganisms on plant residues as compared to soils.
Urinary estrogen metabolites and prostate cancer risk: a pilot study

BACKGROUND The high incidence of and few identified risk factors for prostate cancer underscore the need to further evaluate markers of prostate carcinogenesis. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate urinary estrogen metabolites as a biomarker of prostate cancer risk. METHODS Using a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method, urinary concentrations of 15 estrogen metabolites were determined in 77 prostate cancer cases, 77 healthy controls, and 37 subjects who had no evidence of prostate cancer after a prostate biopsy. RESULTS We observed an inverse association between the urinary 16-ketoestradiol (16-KE2) and 17-epiestriol (17-epiE3)—metabolites with high estrogenic activity—and prostate cancer risk. Men in the lowest quartile of 16-KE2, had a 4.6-fold risk of prostate cancer (OR = 4.62, 95% CI = 1.34–15.99), compared with those in the highest quartile. CONCLUSIONS We observed modest differences in estrogen metabolite concentrations between prostate cancer patients and subjects without cancer. Larger studies with both androgen and estrogen measurements are needed to confirm these results to clarify further whether estrogen metabolites are independent biomarkers for prostate cancer risk and whether androgen/estrogen imbalance influences prostate cancer risk. Prostate 77:507–516, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Automated Mouse Tail Vascular Access System by Vision and Pressure Feedback

This paper develops an automated vascular access system (A-VAS) with novel vision-based vein and needle detection methods and real-time pressure feedback for murine drug delivery. Mouse tail vein injection is a routine but critical step for preclinical imaging applications. Due to the small vein diameter and external disturbances such as tail hair, pigmentation, and scales, identifying vein location is difficult and manual injections usually result in poor repeatability. To improve the injection accuracy, consistency, safety, and processing time, A-VAS was developed to overcome difficulties in vein detection noise rejection, robustness in needle tracking, and visual servoing integration with the mechatronics system.
Processing Seeds for Oil in Towns and Villages of Turkey, India and Egypt

In western Turkey in the area of Eskisehir, safflower has been grown as a minor crop at least for the past 30 years. In some villages it is claimed that Professor Emeet Yekta (3) introduced safflower to that area, though one resident of Posun stated that his father knew about safflower at least 60 years ago. It is called aspir, and sometimes dikken, the word for thistle. Fields range up to 10 icres in size. The seed is processed in lots of 100 to 500 lb, the villager bringing the seed to the processor and taking back the oil and cake residue. Invariably the villagers reported that safflower oil is superior to other oils, principally those from seeds of sunflower, linseed, and poppy. But this advantage of safflower oil is true only where it is used immediately; after a couple of months the oil develops undesirable flavors. There are three steps in the process of oil extraction: grinding, heating, and pressing. Grinding is often done by hand, using equipment which forces the seed between steel rollers (Fig. 1). Several runs of the same seed through the rollers often are necessary. The grinding equipment is made
AGENCY-COMMUNION IN AFFECTIVE SEXUAL MEMORIES '

This work extended Bakan's (1966) duality of agency-communion to the realm of emotionally significant sexual memories. Following Carlson (1971), 96 students' recollections of sexual memories associated with positive emotions were largely communal in nature, whereas sexual memories associated with negative emotions were largely agentic.
Application of thermal analysis to the semiconductor plastic package thermal shock testing reliability

Abstract The contributions of coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity of plastic semiconductor package to thermal shock testing reliability were discussed. These contributions were determined by use of the isothermal mode of thermomechanical analysis, and the latter method was useful for evaluation of proper molding compound for thermal shock testing reliability.