cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Education Without Nationalism: Locating Leadership When Borders No Longer Hold

The global economy has undercut nation-state borders. In doing so, as Fraser argues, issues and peoples are misframed and thus misrepresented. In this chapter, we examine three cases of misframing: Los 43, DREAMers and recent Chicago school reform. These cases demonstrate that Educational Leaders Without Borders have to develop dramatically new approaches to leadership. Educational Leaders Without Borders, of course, cannot overcome the failures of the nation-state or the global economy, but they are now responsible for creating communities across borders and representing these communities politically and economically in the new world order.
Elements of Radiography

Persons who are newly concerned with radiography may obtain an excellent introduction to the subject by reviewing some or all of the books in the general reading list at the end of this chapter. The following sections outline only the essential elements of radiographic theory.
Metabolism of Phospholipid 2-Linked Fatty Acids During the Release of Membrane Fragments from Haemophilus parainfluenzae by Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid-Tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane

Membrane fragments containing diacyl phospholipids were released from viable cells of Haemophilus parainfluenzae during incubation in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)- tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) buffer. The phospholipids located in the part of the membrane that was released during the EDTA-Tris treatment had markedly different proportions of fatty acids than the lipids remaining in the cell residue. Very little metabolism of the 1-linked fatty acid occurred. After a short pulse with 14C, the specific activity of the 1-linked fatty acid was lower in the phospholipids released than in the phospholipids of the residue, indicating an earlier time of synthesis of those lipids released in the membrane fragments. During the EDTA-Tris treatment, the 2-linked fatty acid was metabolized. This metabolism may have involved phospholipase A2 which stimulates the synthesis of fatty acids and the transfer of acyl groups to the lysophospholipid.
Uniform acquisition for high-throughput DNA sequencing

The demand for higher throughput and lower cost DNA sequencing did not dissipate with the successful completion of the first human genome but, instead, is actually accelerating in a period of functional genomics. We have developed a high-throughput DNA sequencing instrument utilizing MEMS technology to sequence DNA samples in 384 separate channels in parallel. The performance of the system relies on the quality and uniformity of the data acquisition system. In this work we describe the different constraints of the system and our solution that balances the conflicting requirements of a high data throughput, low noise and uniform performance across all channels.
Use and cost of psychotropic drugs among recipients with autism in a state Medicaid fee-for-service programme.

Background There has been a significant increase in the prevalence of autism in the USA in the past few decades. The purpose of this study was to provide recent estimates of psychotropic drug use and costs among individuals with autism enrolled in Medicaid programme. Method A cross-sectional analysis of 2007 Mississippi (MS) Medicaid fee-for-service (FFS) programme administrative-claims data was performed. Study sample included recipients (<65 years) who had a medical services claim with a diagnosis of autism in 2007. Psychotropic drug patterns of use and costs were studied. Factors predicting the use of psychotropic drugs were identified using logistic regression analyses. Average number and cost of psychotropic drug claims per recipient were reported. Costs were reported from the perspective of MS Medicaid. Results In 2007, there were 1330 recipients with a diagnosis of autism in MS Medicaid FFS programme. Among these recipients, 66.32% had a claim for psychotropic drug during the year. Roughly 39% of recipients with autism had a claim for antipsychotics, 31.58% for stimulants, 19.55% for antidepressants, 19.40% for other psychotropics and 14.81% for anxiolytics/hypnotics/sedatives. Results from regression analyses highlighted variation in psychotropic drug use by demographic and co-morbid factors. There were a total of 12 618 claims for psychotropic drugs filled by recipients with autism in 2007, at an average of 14 (±12) claims per recipient. The total cost of these claims paid for by MS Medicaid FFS programme was ∼$2 million. Antipsychotics accounted for more than half (∼58%) of the total costs, and had the highest average cost per claim ($291 ± 205). Conclusions The results of this study indicate a high use of psychotropic drugs among individuals with autism enrolled in a state Medicaid programme. There is an urgent need to study the risk–benefit profile of these drugs in this growing population. Psychotropic drug use was found to vary by demographic and co-morbid factors. Among the different classes of psychotropic drugs, antipsychotics were the most commonly used and had the highest cost per claim.
[4 + 2] Cycloaddition of 1‐Dimethylamino‐3‐tert‐Butyldimethylsiloxy‐1,3‐Butadiene with Methyl Acrylate: 4‐Hydroxymethyl‐2‐Cyclohexen‐1‐One

4-Hydroxymethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one R 1-Dimethylamino-3-tert-butyldimethylsiloxy-1,3-butadiene 1 Methyl acrylate I 4-Carbomethoxy-3-dimethylamino-1-tert-butyldimethylsiloxy-1-cyclohexene 2 4-Hydroxymethyl-3-dimethylamino-1-tert-butyldimethylsiloxy-1-cyclohexene 3 P 4-Hydromethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 4 Keywords: amines (and salts), aliphatic; esters, of substituted monobasic acids, amino esters; ethers, silyl; cyclization, cycloaddition; Diels-Alder reactions; silylation; alcohols, substituted; amines (and salts), aliphatic; ethers, silyl; reduction, CO2RCH2OH; alcohols, substituted; ketones, monoketones, hydroxy ketones; elimination, miscellaneous; hydrolysis, miscellaneous; 1-amino-3-siloxy-1,3-butadienes, highly reactive dienes for Diels-Alder reactions; cyclohexenone synthesis
Bezout domains with stable range 1

Abstract It is shown that certain classes of Bezout domains have stable range 1, and thus are elementary divisor rings. Included is a strengthening of Roquette's principal ideal theorem which states that the holomorphy ring of a family S of valuation rings of a field K, with S having bounded residue fields, is Bezout. A counterpart is also given where a bound is placed on the ramification indices instead of the residue fields, and these results are applied to rings of integer-valued rational functions over these rings. Along the way, characterizations are given of Prufer domains with torsion class group, Bezout domains, and Bezout domains with stable range 1 in terms of a family { B (t) | t∈K} of numerical semigroups associated with the ring R, and a related family { D (t) | t∈K} of numerical semigroups.
Many medicines, many voices: Contemporary perspectives on the study of illness and healing

Nichter, Mark, ed. Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Ethnomedi‐cine. New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1992. xxii + 259 pp. $58.00 cloth, $24.00 paper. Frohock, Fred M. Healing Powers: Alternative Medicine, Spiritual Communities, and the State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. x + 340 pp. including notes, reference, and index. $29.95 cloth.
Chapter 6 The uses of curriculum knowledge: Notes on hermeneutics

Abstract The purpose of educational research is to provide understanding. One tradition of research that provides understanding is known as hermeneutics. Hermeneutics involves the study of the methodological principles of interpretation. This chapter elaborates upon the historical and etymological roots of hermeneutics and describes the tools and ways of seeing it can provide that can be helpful for theorists and practitioners today.
Use of small angle x-ray diffraction to investigate disordering of membranes during preparation for electron microscopy. II. Aldehydes

Abstract 1. 1. The influence of some standard electron microscope aldehyde fixatives on the molecular structure of myelin membranes of frog sciatic nerve was studied with a combination of small angle X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and biochemical techniques. 2. 2. Small angle X-ray diffraction was found to be very useful for the study of aldehyde fixation, since the absence of a heavy metal allows a direct interpretation of diffraction patterns. 3. 3. It was shown that conventional aldehyde fixatives introduced changes in the diffraction pattern of fixed nerve. Conventional acetone and alcohol dehydration introduced large changes in the diffraction patterns of fixed nerve, apparently as a result of significant extraction of both polar and non-polar lipids. 4. 4. Modified fixation, dehydration and embedding techniques are described. The electron microscope appearances are described of myelin embedded with some water-soluble embedding materials in which lipid extraction is significantly reduced.
Efficacy of oral active ether lipid analogs of cidofovir in a lethal mousepox model

Cidofovir (CDV) is a highly effective inhibitor of orthopoxvirus replication and may be used intravenously to treat smallpox or complications arising from the smallpox vaccine under an investigational new drug application (IND). However, CDV is absorbed poorly following oral administration and is inactive orally. To improve the bioavailability of CDV, others synthesized alkoxyalkanol esters of CDV and observed >100-fold more activity than unmodified CDV against cowpox, vaccinia, and variola virus (VARV) replication. These ether lipid analogs of CDV have high oral bioavailability in mice. In this study, we compared the oral activity of CDV with the hexadecyloxypropyl (HDP)-, octadecyloxyethyl-, oleyloxypropyl-, and oleyloxyethyl-esters of CDV in a lethal, aerosol ectromelia virus (ECTV) challenge model in A/NCR mice. Octadecyloxyethyl-CDV appeared to be the most potent CDV analog as a dose regimen of 5 mg/kg started 4 h following challenge completely blocked virus replication in spleen and liver, and protected 100% of A/NCR mice, although oral, unmodified CDV was inactive. These results suggest that this family of compounds deserves further evaluation as poxvirus antiviral.
Radiative Correction for the Collision Loss of Heavy Particles

The correction to the Bethe-Bloch formula for the stopping power of fast heavy particles, due to virtual photons and the emission of real photons, has been computed using the Born approximation for the extreme relativistic case. The fractional correction increases with increasing energy of the incident particle. It is approximately 1 percent when the kinetic energy of the particle is 100 times its rest energy.
Animal Extrapolation and the Challenge of Human Heterogeneity

The capacity of animal models to predict the responses of humans to carcinogenic agents in light of the occurrence of human heterogeneity is assessed in this paper. It is widely accepted that human susceptibility to toxic substances, including carcinogens, is highly variable. At the same time, it is believed that the conventional rodent models, which are usually highly inbred and reared in standard ways, display a very homogeneous response to toxic agents, including carcinogens. The question then becomes, To which narrow band of the broad spectrum of human responses can specific animal models likely be extrapolated? First, the occurrence of human heterogeneity is examined with respect to a broad range of biological characteristics (e.g., aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity, epoxide hydrase activity, glutathione S-transferase activity, β-glucuronidase activity, debrisoquine hydroxylation, and DNA adduct formation), with particular emphasis on those which affect responses to carcinogens. Second, the occurrence of heterogeneity for selected animal models for these characteristics is assessed and the outcomes are related to the spectrum of human responses noted above.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth of GaAs on silicon with buried implanted oxides

We report the first results of direct growth of GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy on nominally (100) oriented silicon with buried implanted oxides. Rutherford backscattering and transmission electron microscopy techniques have been used to characterise these layers. The formation of hillocks and a uniform layer of GaAs in the intervening regions between hillocks have been observed. Microtwins, dislocations and antiphase domain boundaries are the predominant defects observed in these layers.
Achieving a shared vision for girls' health in a low-income community

In response to a lack of information related to girls' health in a low-income community, an initiative was developed to create a community-wide vision for girls' health. A forum was conducted following a photovoice project to generate sustainable action steps. Forty-four participants attended the forum. Key action steps included decreasing barriers to participation in girls' programs, offering leadership roles and interpersonal communication skills for girls in the community, and engaging girls in community organizations. Integral to the forum's success were the initial photos, which provided a bridge from understanding the issues of girls' health to the development of the action steps.
Too Much Charge Weakens Electrostatic Interactions between Charged Liposomes in Low Ionic-Strength Solutions

Studies of the charge dependence of electrostatic interactions between charged colloidal particles in aqueous suspension have been hindered by a lack of controllability of the particle charge. However with liposomes, the particle charge can readily be controlled by the ratio of charged/neutral lipids. The nominal charge Z0 of non-interacting liposomes can be verified by their electrophoretic mobility. In deionized suspensions, mutual repulsions produce an electrostatically stabilized gel. The rigidity of the gel, indicative of the interaction strength and range, can be quantified by measurement of the elastic modulus G′. We obtain G′ by optically trapping and oscillating a polystyrene particle in the gel and measuring the amplitude and phase of its displacement. From the screened Debye-Huckel potential, G′ is related to an effective particle charge Z∗, as described by Alexander et al. (1984). Thus we determine Z∗ as a function of Z0. The particle charge Z in the presence of interactions can be calculated from G′ by numerical integration of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation (Alexander et al., 1984). In deionized solutions, because there is 1 dissociated H+ for each particle charge, higher Z∗ is accompanied by more H+ and more screening. At low Z∗, the interaction is dominated by the particle charge, and G′ increases as Z∗3. At high Z∗, the interaction is dominated by H+ screening, and G′ decreases as exp(-Z∗1/2). We demonstrate this effect experimentally and determine Z∗ at G′max for several liposome concentrations. A G′ maximum can still exist in the presence of low ionic-strength salt when [H+] is comparable to the concentration of salt counterions. Our results show that the elastic moduli of electrostatically stabilized colloidal suspensions in low ionic-strength media are maximal at intermediate values of the particle charge.
Molecular electronics: back under control.

To some researchers, the goal of molecular electronics is to develop cheaper and higher-performance alternatives to conventional silicon-based technology. To others, it is the exploration of entirely new possibilities opened up by the different properties and phenomena exhibited by devices constructed at the molecular level. Steady progress is being made on understanding how and if these goals can be achieved.
Using competency development tools as a strategy for change in the human resources function: A case study

This case study explores issues in building and implementing competency-based development tools for an HR organization in the midst of fundamental change. The case includes a realistic appraisal of the critical design decisions, marketing strategies, and implementation success factors required for using competencies to articulate and foster understanding of a change effort. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Polymer–nanotube composites for transparent, conducting thin films ☆

Abstract Highly conductive, highly transparent thin films have been fabricated from polymer–single walled carbon nanotube blends. Using poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) as a host material, excellent dispersion of single wall nanotubes could be achieved enhancing the conductivity with relatively low loadings
Effects of Ciguatera Toxins on the Bluehead

Abstract Distinct behavioral abnormalities were displayed by blueheads Thalassoma bifasciatum (wrasse: Labridae) after consumption of a dinoflagellate responsible for producing ciguatera toxins. The symptoms, including skin color variations, inactivity, loss of equilibrium, erratic swimming, jerky feeding movements, loss of orientation, and loss of net avoidance ability, appeared after oral treatments ranging from 0.26 to 4.88 mg˙g−1 of freeze-dried Gambierdiscus toxicus cells. Results suggest that the adverse effects of toxins on blueheads would increase their susceptibility to predation, subsequently increasing the rate of transference within the food chain.
Novel integration of systems-based practice into internal medicine residency programs: the Interactive Cost-Awareness Resident Exercise (I-CARE).

Background: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and American Board of Internal Medicine have identified cost-awareness as an important component to residency training. Cost-awareness is generally not emphasized in current, traditional residency curricula despite the recognized importance of this topic. Description: Using a traditional Morning Report structure and actual charge data from our institution, the charges associated with trainee-directed workup of clinical cases are compared in a friendly competition among medical students, interns, residents, and faculty. Evaluation: Anonymous, voluntary survey of all participants and comparison of expenditures by training level were used to assess this pilot program. The educational quality of the I-CARE was rated higher than the prior format of Morning Report by participants (10-point Likert scale; 8.57, 6.81 respectively; p < .001). Open-ended comments were overwhelmingly supportive from faculty and trainees. Cost was lower for attending...
C−H Bond Activation in Aqueous Solution: Kinetics and Mechanism of H/D Exchange in Alcohols Catalyzed by Molybdocenes

The mechanism of the catalytic H/D exchange in alcohol substrates promoted by molybdocenes in D2O was shown to occur by C−H bond activation. Primary alcohols selectively exchanged α-hydrogens in aqueous solutions containing the catalyst precursor [Cp‘2Mo(μ-OH)2MoCp‘2](OTs)2, while some additional β-hydrogen exchange was observed in secondary alcohols. Tertiary alcohols did not undergo H/D exchange. Formation of chelate complexes such as the independently synthesized and crystallographically characterized glycolate complex [Cp‘2MoOCH2CH2OH](OTs) inhibited the H/D exchange in multidentate alcohols. The exchange reaction was shown to proceed by formation of ketone hydride molybdocene intermediate [Cp‘2Mo(OCR1R2)H]+, which can reversibly dissociate the ketone ligand. The molybdocene hydride complex resulting from ketone dissociation was identified by independent synthesis and crystallographic characterization of the hydride complex Cp‘2MoH(OTf). The H/D exchange reaction proceeds stepwise, with the active cat...
Neural network solution for finite-horizon H-infinity constrained optimal control of nonlinear systems

In this paper, neural networks are used to approximately solve the finite-horizon constrained input H-infinity state feedback control problem. The method is based on solving a related Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs equation of the corresponding finite-horizon zero-sum game. The game value function is approximated by a neural network with time-varying weights. It is shown that the neural network approximation converges uniformly to the game-value function and the resulting almost optimal constrained feedback controller provides closed-loop stability and bounded L 2 gain. The result is an almost optimal H-infinity feedback controller with time-varying coefficients that is solved a priori off-line. The effectiveness of the method is shown on the Rotational/Translational Actuator benchmark nonlinear control problem.
Magnetization reversal dynamics in magneto‐optic media (invited)

Dynamics of magnetization reversal in thin films of amorphous rare earth‐transition metal alloys are investigated. Using computer simulations for a two‐dimensional square lattice of dipoles with nearest‐neighbor exchange interaction and random axis anisotropy, the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation is numerically integrated to yield the static wall structure and its motion under an applied field. The simulated results show excellent agreement with theory in the special cases where analytic solutions exist.
A THEORY OF INJURY AND RECOVERY : III. REPEATED EXPOSURES TO TOXIC SOLUTIONS.

Tissues of Laminaria transferred from sea water to solutions of pure salts, and thence to other solutions of pure salts, or to sea water, behave in a manner which can be predicted by means of the equations previously developed. The behavior of the tissue may be explained as due to a series of catenary reactions. It is possible that a similar explanation may be applied to other fundamental life processes.
Unusual smooth endoplasmic reticulum in submandibular acinar cells of the male round-eared bat, Tonatia sylvicola

A form of crystalloid smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is described in the cytoplasm of seromucous acinar cells in the submandibular salivary gland of male round-eared bats, Tonatia sylvicola. The structure consists of an array of membranous tubules organized in an hexagonal pattern within a latticework of 12-nm filaments running in three planes. At the periphery of the organelle, the tubules are in direct continuity with SER or with transitional elements. Although the function of the organelle is unknown, data are presented that suggest that it is steroidogenic. Given the biology of T. sylvicola, it seems likely that the salivary secretions play some role as a species isolating mechanism or in sexual behavior, or both. Such a salivary gland system has not previously been reported for any mammals.
Flash X-Ray Testing of ER3400 EAROMS

Flash X-ray testing of ER3400 MNOS memories demonstrates their memory volatility. Flash X-ray test data is presented for four bias conditions and two write pulse widths. A simple electrical screening technique is described which increases the memory vulnerability threshold. Permanent shifts in access time and memory reference voltage from accumulated doses are discussed.
The X-ray ridge surrounding sagittarius A at the galactic center

We present the first detailed simulation of the interaction between the supernova explosion that produced Sgr A East and the wind-swept inner ~2 pc region at the Galactic center. The passage of the supernova ejecta through this medium produces an X-ray ridge ~9''-15'' to the northeast of the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*). We show that the morphology and X-ray intensity of this feature match very well with recently obtained Chandra images, and we infer a supernova remnant age of less than 2000 yr. This young age—a factor of 3-4 lower than previous estimates—arises from our inclusion of stellar wind effects in the initial (preexplosion) conditions in the medium. The supernova does not clear out the central ~0.2 pc region around Sgr A* and does not significantly alter the gas profile around the central black hole upon passage through the Galactic center.
Concentrations of Cd, Sr, and U in Fish and Water Samples Collected from a Small Stream Receiving Uranium Mine Drainage

ABSTRACT The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), strontium (Sr) and uranium (U) were determined in whole eviscerated rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), trout liver, and water samples collected from a small stream receiving uranium mine discharge in northeast Washington state during high and low flow periods. Average water concentrations of Cd, Sr, and U downstream of the mine discharge increased 15, 5, and 100-fold, respectively. Cadmium levels increased in fish and liver samples during both sample periods. The weighted average fish concentration was eleven times higher than that for the control stream. There was no increase in fish and liver Sr levels below the mine discharge during either sample period. Increases in uranium concentrations were detected only in the fish where the weighted average low flow value was 15 times higher than the control stream value.
Evolution of barrier-resistance noise in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB tunnel junctions during annealing

The low-frequency resistance noise in sputtered-deposited magnetic tunnel junctions with MgO barriers has been measured as a function of annealing time at different annealing temperatures. The noise has a 1/f spectrum and it is quantified by a Hooge-like parameter α given in units of μm2. Unannealed devices have the highest noise levels and their α parameters exhibit a pronounced dependence on the voltage bias across the junction. A significant increase in tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) is observed for short annealing times (on the order of minutes) at high temperatures and it is correlated with a large reduction in noise and in its bias dependence. The maximum TMR and minimum noise levels are reached at a later time that depends on temperature, being shorter at higher annealing temperatures. Devices annealed at 380 and at 430 °C exhibit the same minimum noise levels, α≈2×10−10 μm2. The origin of the resistance noise, its annealing time evolution, and its bias dependence are discussed and they are attr...
Open channel transient flow control by discrete time LQR methods

Abstract A real-time compensation scheme for multipool canals is developed using linear quadratic methods. A special response of the simple wave equation is used as a basis for developing the performance index which is minimized for a linear method of characteristics flow model (discrete time). State estimation, using only depths adjacent to underflow gates, is shown always to be possible. Fixed compensation for a large flow transition is demonstrated in an example where the controlled object is a realistic, nonlinear numerical flow model. A reference input which results in deadbeat control of the wave equation and allows approximate prediction of surge heights is used. Development and implementation of the compensation algorithm involves only moderate computational effort, but substantial simplification seems possible.
Stress-buffering effects of social support on maternal discipline.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether social support and stress influence maternal discipline of the six-month to three-year-old child with a developmental delay. Ninety-one mothers completed self-administered measures of support, stress, and discipline. Results of multiple regression analyses revealed that the stress and support interaction variable showed a strong trend (p less than .09) in predicting restrictive discipline. The failure of the independent variables, social support and stress, to have significant main effects appeared to be due, in part, to the multicollinearity (r = -.51, p less than .001) of these variables. For subsequent analyses, stress was used as a categorization variable. The total number of subjects was categorized first into two subgroups using a median split--high or low maternal stress--and into two other subgroups based on number of developmental delays. Pearson correlations indicated that social support was inversely related to restrictive discipline for high-stress mothers, but not for low-stress mothers. The positive influence of social support was also found for mothers of children with three to five delays but not for mothers of children with one to two delays. A negative response style of maternal discipline was reduced when the mother felt supported.
An experimental investigation of high-rate nonbinary quasi-cyclic LDPC-coded modulation for coherent optical communication

A rate-0.83 nonbinary quasi-cyclic LDPC-coded modulation scheme is experimentally investigated in a coherent optical QPSK system. Large coding gains are observed for both I/Q well balanced and highly imbalanced cases. By increasing the BCJR equalizer's memory, degradation caused by insufficient receiver bandwidth is successfully mitigated.
LU factorization on parallel computers

A new parallel algorithm for the LU factorization of a given dense matrix A is described. The case of banded matrices is also considered. This algorithm can be combined with Sameh and Brent's [SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 14, 1101–1113, (1977)] to obtain the solution of a linear system of algebraic equations. The arithmetic complexity for the dense case is 13n2 (12bn in the banded case), using 3(n − 1) processors and no square roots.
Ewing's sarcoma in female siblings: A clinical report and review of the literature

The third reported case of Ewing's sarcoma in siblings is presented. All reported siblings to date have been female. Because of the most unusual occurrence, clues for environmental and genetic factors in the origin of the tumors were sought. Human leukocyte antigen (HL-A) genotyping, routine chromosomal, and prophase chromosomal studies were obtained. Despite extensive study, the existence of an infectious agent, exposure to a carcinogen, or genetic abnormality could not be defined.
A Critical Role of the C-terminal Segment for Allosteric Inhibitor-induced Aberrant Multimerization of HIV-1 Integrase *

Allosteric HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors (ALLINIs) are a promising class of antiretroviral agents for clinical development. Although ALLINIs promote aberrant IN multimerization and inhibit IN interaction with its cellular cofactor LEDGF/p75 with comparable potencies in vitro, their primary mechanism of action in infected cells is through inducing aberrant multimerization of IN. Crystal structures have shown that ALLINIs bind at the IN catalytic core domain dimer interface and bridge two interacting subunits. However, how these interactions promote higher-order protein multimerization is not clear. Here, we used mass spectrometry-based protein footprinting to monitor surface topology changes in full-length WT and the drug-resistant A128T mutant INs in the presence of ALLINI-2. These experiments have identified protein-protein interactions that extend beyond the direct inhibitor binding site and which lead to aberrant multimerization of WT but not A128T IN. Specifically, we demonstrate that C-terminal residues Lys-264 and Lys-266 play an important role in the inhibitor induced aberrant multimerization of the WT protein. Our findings provide structural clues for exploiting IN multimerization as a new, attractive therapeutic target and are expected to facilitate development of improved inhibitors.
Formation of planetary embryos: effects of fragmentation, low relative velocity, and independent variation of eccentricity and inclination.

Abstract An earlier investigation of the formation of ∼1026 g planetary embryos from much smaller planetesimals (G. W. Wetherill and G. R. Stewart 1989, Icarus 77, 350-357) has been extended to include the effects of collisional fragmentation, the low relative velocity regime in which the effects due to solar gravity are important, and independent perturbations of eccentricity and inclination. In agreement with this earlier work, it is found that at 1 AU runaway growth occurs on a ∼105-year time scale as a consequence of equipartition of energy between large and small planetesimals. It is now seen that the runaway is initiated after ∼104 years, when the relative velocities of the larger bodies temporarily fall into the low-velocity regime, lowering their inclinations and increasing their gravitational capture rates. After ∼2 × 104 years, relative velocities between most bodies emerge from the low-velocity regime, and these higher velocities tend to inhibit further runaway growth. This rapid runaway growth is self-regulated, however, by these same higher velocities, causing fragmentation of the smaller bodies. The velocities of the collision fragments are reduced by gas drag, facilitating their capture by the growing runaway embryos. Variations in which different fragmentation models are used, or long-range forces between nonrunaway bodies are absent, give similar results. When fragmentation is not included, the time scale for growth increases to ∼3 × 105 years as a result of loss of the self-regulating process described above.
Preparation of Ng-Monoethyl-L-arginine.

Abstract NG-Monoethyl- l -arginine, a putative in vivo product after administration of the potent hepatocarcinogen l -ethionine to rats, has been chemically synthesized by coupling N-ethyl, S-methylthiopseudouronium iodide with α-amino-blocked l -ornithine. The structure of the compound as NG-monoethyl- l -arginine was confirmed by 13C NMR. Its elution time on an automatic amino acid analyzer, Rf values using thin-layer chromatography, and isoelectric point have been compared with those of NG-monomethyl- l -arginine.
Quantum logic gates using linear optics and the Zeno effect

Considerable progress has been made in a linear optics approach to quantum computing, but probabilistic gates of that kind fail with a probability that depends on the number of ancilla photons. Here we show that failure events of that kind can be suppressed using the quantum Zeno effect.
A non-intrusive stochastic Galerkin approach for modeling uncertainty propagation in deformation processes

Large deformation processes are inherently complex considering the non-linear phenomena that need to be accounted for. Stochastic analysis of these processes is a formidable task due to the numerous sources of uncertainty and the various random input parameters. As a result, uncertainty propagation using intrusive techniques requires tortuous analysis and overhaul of the internal structure of existing deterministic analysis codes. In this paper, we present an approach called non-intrusive stochastic Galerkin (NISG) method, which can be directly applied to presently available deterministic legacy software for modeling deformation processes with minimal effort for computing the complete probability distribution of the underlying stochastic processes. The method involves finite element discretization of the random support space and piecewise continuous interpolation of the probability distribution function over the support space with deterministic function evaluations at the element integration points. For the hyperelastic-viscoplastic large deformation problems considered here with varying levels of randomness in the input and boundary conditions, the NISG method provides highly accurate estimates of the statistical quantities of interest within a fraction of the time required using existing Monte Carlo methods.
Puromycin inhibition of in vitro cortical hormone production by the rat adrenal gland

Abstract Studies were made of the inhibitory effects of puromycin on in vitro rat adrenal cortical hormone production. Puromycin (7.5 × 10 −4 M) significantly ] reduced the production of aldosterone, corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone by glands that were not stimulated by ACTH. The production of 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone was not affected under these same conditions. In incubations containing added ACTH, puromycin prevented the ACTH induced increases in conrticosterone and 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone observed in the controls. In contrast, puromycin inhibition of aldosterone production appeared to be independent of the effects of ACTH. It is concluded that puromycin inhibits biosynthetic events in the adrenal gland other than those sensitive to ACTH stimulation and that these other processes may be important in the regulation of the rate of aldosterone and corticosterone biosynthesis.
Predictors of mental healthcare use among domestic violence survivors in shelters.

We examined sociodemographic and illness/need associations with mental health care use and service use intensity (i.e., number of visits) among domestic violence survivors. Data from 252 women recruited from 5 Midwestern domestic violence shelters were analyzed. Univariate analyses indicated a more positive treatment attitude was related to increased mental health service use and service use intensity. Second, being Caucasian and greater PTSD severity were associated with increased service use intensity. A sociodemographic and attitudinal multivariate predictor model explained 14% of variance in treatment use intensity, and a need/illness model significantly contributed an additional 10% variance. In contrast, the interaction of PTSD Symptom Severity × Perceived Need was significant. Results demonstrate illness has a significant effect above and beyond sociodemographic variables in accounting for mental health care use, and that PTSD severity moderated the relationship between perceived need and service use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
The effect of stress on the microstructural stability of CMSX-10 single crystal Ni-base superalloys

Abstract Stress has been shown to increase the amount of topologically close-packed (tcp) phases that form in some Ni-base superalloys. However, in the current study on CMSX-10, stress was shown to decrease the amount of tcp phases that formed after long-term exposures at 1050 °C. The stress did not affect the type, structure or orientation relationship of the tcp phases.
‘Waters’ or ‘Water’? — master narratives in water history and their implications for contemporary water policy

Abstract While it is sometimes suggested that ‘water’ was regarded as an element prior to the discovery of its compound nature in the 18th century, most premodern understandings of water emphasized the diverse characteristics of many waters. Such views were developed and sustained within several distinct contexts: Aristotelian natural philosophy, classical natural history, folklore and religion, and the promotion of mineral waters. During the 19th century this empiricist view of waters as many was replaced by an essentialist view in which water was a commodity with varying amounts and kinds of undesirable impurities. The continuing importance of these distinct conceptions of water is evident in the competition for public attention and consumer confidence between the bottled water industry, which is predicated on the concept of many unique waters, and the public water industries, which present water as a monolithic commodity. It will be important for water policy makers to be sensitive to a wide range of conceptions of water that retain appeal. Such conceptions may have significant impact on public assessment of water technologies.
Inhomogeneous isospin distribution in the reactions of {sup 28}Si+{sup 112}Sn and {sup 124}Sn at 30 and 50 MeV/nucleon

We have created quasiprojectiles of varying isospin via peripheral reactions of ${}^{28}{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}+}^{112}\mathrm{Sn}$ and ${}^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$ at 30 and 50 MeV/nucleon. The quasiprojectiles have been reconstructed from completely isotopically identified fragments. The difference in $N/Z$ of the reconstructed quasiprojectiles allows the investigation of the disassembly as a function of the isospin of the fragmenting system. The isobaric yield ratio ${}^{3}{\mathrm{H}/}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ depends strongly on $N/Z$ ratio of quasiprojectiles. The dependences of mean fragment multiplicity and mean $N/Z$ ratio of the fragments on $N/Z$ ratio of the quasiprojectile are different for light charged particles and intermediate mass fragments. Observation of a different $N/Z$ ratio of light charged particles and intermediate mass fragments is consistent with an inhomogeneous distribution of isospin in the fragmenting system.
Prenatal androgens modify the reproductive response to photoperiod in the developing sheep.

In most seasonal breeders, photoperiod influences the timing of the transition to sexual maturity. In sheep, males and females express reproductive maturity under different photoperiods. Spring-born males begin the maturational process during lengthening days (spring), whereas females do so during shortening days (autumn). We hypothesized that photoperiod differentially influences the transition to sexual maturity in each sex, and that this difference results from the presence or absence of androgens prenatally. The monitored the timing of sexual maturity in male and female lambs (n=8 each) and in prenatally masculinized female lambs (n=7) maintained under controlled photoperiods (natural-simulate or reverse natural-simulate). Circulating LH was analyzed to reveal the timing of the pubertal gonadotropin rise; lambs were gonadectomized and implanted with estradiol to provide a constant feedback on LH secretion. Under natural-simulate photoperiod, LH increased in males at 7.0±0.3 wk when days were lengthening. In females treated similarly, sexual maturity occurred at 27.0±0.8 wk when day lengths were decreasing. The reverse photoperiod had no effect on males, but it delayed the expression of sexual maturity in females. Thus, LH also increased in males at 7.1±0.9 wk, while none of the females maintained under the same photoperiod had elevated LH secretion when the experiment was terminated (32 wk of age). Prenatal treatment with androgens masculinized the reproductive response to photoperiod; as in the males, LH increased in the androgenized females maintained under a reverse natural-simulate photoperiod at 7.1±0.4 wk. We conclude that a sex difference in the reproductive response to photoperiod exists in developing sheep and that this is due to the organizing action of testicular androgens during fetal development
Test of the universal local pseudopotential for the description of an inhomogeneous metal

We present the results of a test of the adequacy of the recently proposed universal local electron-ion pseudopotential of Nogueira, Fiolhais, and Perdew [Phys. Rev. B 59, 2570 (1999)] for the prediction of the structure of an inhomogeneous metal. The test is a comparison of the structure of the liquid-vapor interface of Ga predicted by self-consistent quantum Monte Carlo simulations with the observed structure. We find that the structure of the bulk liquid metal predicted using the universal local pseudopotential is in good agreement with experimental data if an effective temperature replaces the true temperature. However, the predicted structure of the liquid-vapor interface is only in qualitative agreement with experimental data. In particular, the longitudinal density distribution in the liquid-vapor interface predicted using the universal local pseudopotential is stratified, with a spacing of about one atomic diameter and a decay length of a few atomic diameters, features all of which are in qualitative agreement with observations. However, the amplitude of the predicted density oscillations is fivefold too large. Similar discrepancies are found when the longitudinal density distributions in the liquid-vapor interfaces of Sn and Pb predicted using the universal local pseudopotential are compared with those predicted using a nonlocal pseudopotential known to predict accurately the liquid-vapor interface structures of Ga and Hg. The results obtained imply that the nonlocality of the pseudopotential is critical to a correct description of the structure of an inhomogeneous metal.
Body Image and Modifiable Weight Control Behaviors among Black females: a Review of the Literature

Black women are at high risk for obesity and obesity-related health problems (1). Nearly 50% of black women compared to 30% of white women are obese (2,3). While many women who attempt to lose weight do so through caloric restriction and/or physical activity, smoking has been identified as an alternate strategy used for weight loss among black women with weight concerns or body image concerns (4). Nicotine’s suppression of body weight facilitates initiation and maintenance of smoking among women (5–7). Despite the deadly health risks associated with tobacco use, 23.1% of women smoke (8). Female smokers are more likely to report smoking cigarettes to control weight (6,9) and less likely to quit smoking due to weight concern (10). Perkins
Ingested (oral) thyrotropin releasing factor (TRH) inhibits EAE.

Abstract Background Ingested immunoactive proteins type I IFN, SIRS peptide 1–21, α-MSH, ACTH, SST inhibit clinical attacks and inflammation in acute EAE by decreasing Th1-like cytokines, increasing Th2-like cytokines or increasing T reg cell frequencies. Objective We examined whether another protein, thyrotropin releasing factor (TRH), would have similar anti-inflammatory effects in EAE after oral administration. Design/methods B6 mice were immunized with MOG peptide 35–55 and gavaged with control saline or TRH during ongoing disease. Splenocytes from mock fed or TRH fed mice were adoptively transferred into active MOG peptide 35–55 immunized recipient mice during ongoing disease. Results Ingested (oral) TRH inhibited ongoing disease and decreased inflammation. Adoptively transferred cells from TRH fed donors protected against actively induced disease and decreased inflammation. In actively fed mice, oral TRH decreased IL-17 and TNF-α cytokines in both the spleen and the CNS. In recipients of donor cells from TRH fed mice there was a reduction of Th1 and Th17 and induction of Th2-like IL-13 cytokines in both the spleen and CNS. Oral TRH decreased clinical score and decreased inflammatory foci in both actively fed and recipients of actively fed mice. There was no significant increase in T reg cell frequencies in actively fed or recipients of TRH fed donor cells. Conclusions Ingested (orally administered) TRH can inhibit clinical disease, inhibit CNS inflammation by decreasing Th1-like, Th17 and TNF-α cytokines and increasing Th2-like cytokines (IL-13) in the CNS.
Measurement of human chorion gonadotropin by biological methods.

The clinically significant biological activities of hCG result from its interaction with LH and TSH receptors. In vivo bioassays for measurement of these hCG activities have many disadvantages including complexity, expense, labor-intensity, and insensitivity. In vitro bioassays based on animal Ley dig cell responses are widely used in research studies, but since they are based on animal receptors, their relevance to human biology remains uncertain. Visible on the horizon are in vitro bioassays constructed with human receptor genes transfected into cell systems by modern molecular techniques. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1993 53 (Suppl 216): 114-117
Instrument Failures for the da Vinci Surgical System: a Food and Drug Administration MAUDE Database Study.

Background Our goal was to analyze reported instances of the da Vinci robotic surgical system instrument failures using the FDA's MAUDE (Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience) database. From these data we identified some root causes of failures as well as trends that may assist surgeons and users of the robotic technology.
Cosmetic surgery in inpatients with eating disorders: attitudes and experience.

Body image disturbance is frequent among individuals undergoing cosmetic surgery and core to the pathology of eating disorders (ED); however, there is little research examining cosmetic surgery in ED. This study examined body image related measures, ED behaviors, and depression as predictors of attitudes toward cosmetic surgery in 129 women with ED. Patients who had undergone surgery (n = 16, 12%) were compared to those who had not. Having a purging diagnosis, linking success to appearance, and making physical appearance comparisons were predictive of more favorable cosmetic surgery attitudes. All of those who had undergone surgery had purging diagnoses and, on average, were older, had higher BMIs, and were more likely to make physical appearance comparisons and know someone who had undergone surgery. In ED, acceptance and pursuit of cosmetic surgery appears to be related to social group influences more than weight and shape disturbance, media influences, or mood.