cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geography in interdisciplinarity: Towards a third conversation

Abstract The ‘era of interdisciplinarity’ heralds collaborative inquiry as effective for addressing complex issues at the nexus of disciplinary interests. Geographers have long argued that they are particularly well-suited to contribute to interdisciplinary endeavors because of the breadth and depth that the discipline enfolds. However, within the literature about geography and interdisciplinarity, we find only two rather limiting conversations. The first conversation is concerned with the role(s) and position of geography within academia and focuses on what geographers can do to distinguish themselves while also improving their interactions with scholars from other disciplines. The second conversation largely revolves around how best to conduct interdisciplinarity ‘in the lab and classroom’ and focuses on practical issues associated with making collaborative research operate smoothly for multiple, disciplinary participants. We propose opening up intellectual space for a third conversation about the benefits, challenges and contributions of individual disciplines in interdisciplinary environments. Using survey data, we analyze how geography was perceived by collaborators from various disciplines in an interdisciplinary Urban Ecology program at the University of Washington. We offer this pilot study as a heuristic for others wishing to perform similar small-scale reflexive exercises and advance this “third conversation”.
Characteristics of the lipase from the mold, Geotrichum candidum: a review.

The moldGeotrichum candidum produces an extracellular lipase, readily concentrated by removal of the culture medium in which the microorganism is grown. The lipase is characterized by a unique, but not absolute, specificity for fatty acids containingcis-9 orcis,cis-9, 12 unsaturation, hydrolyzing both regardless of position within the triglyceride molecule. The enzyme also hydrolyzescis-9-16∶1,cis,trans-9,12-18∶2,trans,cis-9,12-18∶2, palmitoyl oleate and cholesteryl oleate. Digested at comparatively slow rates are:trans,trans-9,12-18∶2, double bond positional isomers of 18∶1 (other thancis-9), stearolic acid, oleoylpalmitate, dilinoleoyl phosphatidyl choline, and saturated acids. The enzyme has an optimum pH of 8.2, and the lyophilized powder is extremely stable, retaining activity for at least eight years when stored at-20 C. A purification of 81-fold has been achieved.
A preliminary study of a solar selective coating system using a black cobalt oxide for high temperature solar collectors

Black cobalt oxide coatings were deposited on thin layers of silver or gold which had been deposited on oxidized stainless steel substrates. The reflectance properties of these coatings were measured at various thicknesses of cobalt oxide for integrated values of the solar and infrared spectrum. The values of absorptance and emittance were calculated from the measured reflectance values before and after exposure in air at 650 C for 1000 hours. Also, these cobalt oxide/noble metal/oxide diffusion barrier coatings have absorptances greater than 0.90 and emittances of approximately 0.20 even after about 1000 hours at 650 C.
Frequency dependence of giant Shapiro steps in ordered and site-disordered proximity-coupled Josephson-junction arrays.

We present experimental results on the frequency dependence of the integer giant Shapiro steps on ordered and random site-disordered arrays of Nb-Au-Nb Josephson junctions. We find that the dependence of the Shapiro step heights upon the rf frequency follows the predictions of Octavio et al. for the resistively shunted junction model. We also find that increasing the disorder greatly suppresses the step heights and that at high frequencies the maximum step heights exhibit an extremely pronounced rolloff, in direct contrast to arrays with no disorder. The Shapiro steps for the site-disordered samples show significant voltage broadening which increases linearly with frequency. This behavior appears to be a unique feature in the site-disorder systems, which we qualitatively interpret as arising from current-induced vortices generated at the defect sites.
The college textbook as a tool for collection evaluation, analysis, and retrospective collection development

Abstract The search for effective methods of predicting book and journal use has been a central concern of acquisitions librarians. This paper suggests the application of citation analysis to the college textbook as a means of evaluating, analyzing, and developing book collections in small and medium sized academic libraries. Arguments for the relevance of textbook citations are presented, and a study of the references found in 25 texts in five separate disciplines indicates that the titles cited go far beyond basic checklists in number and depth and that many of these titles will not be included in smaller academic library collections developed according to traditional methods.
Nesting Plackett-Burman designs

Abstract Engineers often perform the runs in an experiment one after another in a sequence of nested designs. It would be desirable, for example, if an experimenter who is planning a Plackett-Burman design for p factors in twenty points could order them so that the first twelve points and the first sixteen points are also Plackett-Burman designs. Unfortunately, if 4 ⩽ p ⩽ 7, one cannot add four more points to or delete four points from a Plackett Burman design and obtain another Plackett Burman design. It follows that any Plackett Burman design for four factors in twelve runs must contain a pair of duplicate points and any such design for twenty points must have at least five duplicates.
A Comparison of Two Approaches to Setting Passing Scores Based on the Nedelsky Procedure

Two versions of the Nedelsky procedure for setting minimum passing scores are compared. Two groups of judges, one using each version, set pass ing scores for a classroom test Comparisons of the resulting sets of passing scores are made on the ba sis of (1) the raw distributions of passing scores, (2) the consistency of pass-fail decisions between the two versions, (3) the consistency of pass-fail deci sions between each version and the passing score established by the test designer, and (4) the mean pairwise agreement between judges across groups. The two versions of the procedure are found to pro duce essentially equivalent results. In addition, a significant relationship is observed between the passing score set by a judge and that judge's level of achievement in the content area of the test.
Effect of Baroclinicity on Wind Profiles and the Geostrophic Drag Law for the Convective Planetary Boundary Layer

Abstract By using a simple physical model of the baroclinic convective planetary boundary layer, the similarity functions of the geostrophic drag law are expressed as sums of a barotropic part, dependent only on the stability and boundary layer height parameters, and a baroclinicity dependent part. The latter are predicted to he sinusoidal functions of the angle between surface wind and geostrophic shear, their amplitudes being proportional to the normalized magnitude of geostrophic shear. These drag laws are confirmed by the results of a more sophisticated higher-order closure model, which also predict the magnitude of actual wind shears in the bulk of the mixed layer remaining much smaller than the magnitude of imposed geostrophic shear. The results are shown to be supported by some observations from the recent Wangara and ATFX experiments. The surface cross-isobar angle is predicted to increase toward the equator, a trend well confirmed by observations, but in obvious conflict with the drag laws propos...
The phenomenology of virtue

What is it like to be a good person? I examine and reject suggestions that this will involve having thoughts which have virtue or being a good person as part of their content, as well as suggestions that it might be the presence of feelings distinct from the virtuous person’s thoughts. Is there, then, anything after all to the phenomenology of virtue? I suggest that an answer is to be found in looking to Aristotle’s suggestion that virtuous activity is pleasant to the virtuous person. I try to do this, using the work of the contemporary social psychologist Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi and his work on the ‘flow experience’. Crucial here is the point that I consider accounts of virtue which take it to have the structure of a practical expertise or skill. It is when we are most engaged in skilful complex activity that the activity is experienced as ‘unimpeded’, in Aristotle’s terms, or as ‘flow’. This experience does not, as might at first appear, preclude thoughtful involvement and reflection. Although we can say what in general the phenomenology of virtue is like, each of us only has some more or less dim idea of it from the extent to which we are virtuous—that is, for most of us, not very much.
Reflecting on the ethical administration of computerized medical records

This presentation examines the ethical issues raised by computerized image management and communication systems (IMAC), the ethical principals that should guide development of policies, procedures and practices for IMACS systems, and who should be involved in developing a hospital's approach to these issues. The ready access of computerized records creates special hazards of which hospitals must beware. Hospitals must maintain confidentiality of patient's records while making records available to authorized users as efficiently as possible. The general conditions of contemporary health care undermine protecting the confidentiality of patient record. Patients may not provide health care institutions with information about themselves under conditions of informed consent. The field of information science must design sophisticated systems of computer security that stratify access, create audit trails on data changes and system use, safeguard patient data from corruption, and protect the databases from outside invasion. Radiology professionals must both work with information science experts in their own hospitals to create institutional safeguards and include the adequacy of security measures as a criterion for evaluating PACS systems. New policies and procedures on maintaining computerized patient records must be developed that obligate all members of the health care staff, not just care givers. Patients must be informed about the existence of computerized medical records, the rules and practices that govern their dissemination and given the opportunity to give or withhold consent for their use. Departmental and hospital policies on confidentiality should be reviewed to determine if revisions are necessary to manage computer-based records. Well developed discussions of the ethical principles and administrative policies on confidentiality and informed consent and of the risks posed by computer-based patient records systems should be included in initial and continuing staff system training. Administration should develop ways to monitor staff compliance with confidentiality policies and should assess diligence in maintaining patient record confidentiality as part of staff annual performance evaluations. Ethical management of IMAC systems is the business of all members of the health care team. Computerized patient records management (including IMAC) should be scrutinized as any other clinical medial ethical issue. If hospitals include these processes in their planning for RIS, IMACS, and HIS systems, they should have time to develop institutional expertise on these questions before and as systems are installed rather than only as ethical dilemmas develop during their use.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spectral optimization studies and simulations for two-, three-, and four-band staring LWIR sensors in missile defense scenarios

Prototype 2-, 3-, and 4- band long wave infrared (LWIR) focal plane arrays (FPA) for missile defense applications have recently been constructed to enhance target discrimination in space-based interceptor seekers. To address issues related to target identification such as algorithm choice and band number, this study created synthesized, optimized (using a genetic algorithm) image cubes (8- 12 mm) of targets and backgrounds compatible with expected mid-course defense scenarios and current multicolor sensors. Each candidate band was weighted using an interacting band edge model for 2-, 3- or 4- band sensors, consistent with a DRS multi-color HgCdTe LWIR FPA. Whitening the binned cubes and assigning red, green, blue colors directly to the whitened data set can prominently display and identify targets. Modified target signatures applied in matched filters searches and spectral angle maps autonomously searched for targets in the synthetic binned image cubes. Target discrimination diminished with decreasing target temperature and/or increasing distance between sensor and targets due to mixing subpixel target spectra with noise background. Spectral angle maps identified target temperatures and materials substantively better than the matched filter in this particular study. Target material and temperature identification improved by increasing number of bands, with greatest improvement for 3 bands relative to 2 bands. Extending detector sensitivity to 6-14 mm failed to improve target identification. This is the first study to systematically examine target identification in synthetic images cubes, consistent with missile defense scenarios and current multi-sensor technology.
Resurrection of Craspedonirmus Atricolor (Kellogg) (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from Brachyramphus Marmoratum (Aves: Alcidae)

Craspedonirmus atricolor (Kellogg 1896) is resurrected, redescribed, and differentiated from C. colymbinus (Denny) and C. immer Emerson. Evidence is presented that indicates Brachyramphus marmoratum is the true and type host. C. atricolor also is recorded from B. brevirostre.
Comparative cognition: Toward a general understanding of cognition in behavior.

Human and nonhuman animals alike must adjust to complex and ever-changing circumstances if they are to survive and reproduce. Advanced neural mechanisms enable animals to remember the past, to act in the present, and to plan for the future. Exploring the species generality of cognitive processes in behavior is central to the field of comparative cognition. A comparative perspective may not only broaden but also deepen our understanding of cognition—both in human and in nonhuman animals.
Sideward stimulated Raman scattering of a short laser pulse in a plasma channel

The evolution of sideward stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), in time and two spatial dimensions, is studied analytically for boundary conditions representative of a laser pulse propagating in a plasma channel. The partial reflection of Stokes light by the channel walls allows a spatial eigenmode to form in the body of the pulse. After this eigenmode has formed, it grows exponentially in time for the subsequent duration of the pulse. Even weak reflections enhance the growth of sideward SRS significantly. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Analysis of satellite derived beam and global solar radiation data

Abstract Images from the GOES 8 satellite were used along with auxiliary information such as snow cover to produce an hourly solar radiation database on a 0.1° grid for the Pacific Northwest from 1998 through 2002 [Perez, R., Ineichen, P., Moore, K., Kmiecik, M., Chain, C., George, R., Vignola, F. 2002. A new operational satellite-to-irradiance model. Solar Energy 73(5), 307–317]. Both global and beam irradiance values were derived from the satellite images and diffuse values were calculated from the beam and global values. Data from the University of Oregon Solar Radiation Monitoring Network were used to help refine and validate the model used to produce the database from the satellite images. This article presents new and independent tests of this satellite database from one year with high quality data from Kimberly, Idaho that was not used in the original development and testing of the satellite model. The mean bias error of the satellite-derived global and beam irradiance values were 5% and 2% respectively. The standard deviation ranged from 22% for global values to 41% for beam values. The largest discrepancies occur on clear winter days when it is difficult to distinguish between frost or snow on the ground and low lying fog or clouds. It is suggested that ground-based solar or visibility measurements or auxiliary satellite data are needed to augment the satellite cloud cover and snow cover data to reduce errors that can occur during cold winter days.
Myocardial cell shape change as a mechanism of embryonic heart looping.

Abstract Measurements of local area changes of the embryonic myocardial surface indicate that the prospective right side expands during looping. Observations from sectioned specimens showing that the right side of the myocardium also becomes thinner during looping suggest that the increase in area may result from myocardial cell flattening. Light microscopic examination of silver impregnated hearts suggests that individual cells increase in apical surface area as the right side becomes convex. Computer-assisted analyses of scanning electron micrographs show that cells of the prospective convex side increase significantly in apical surface area during looping, although the relative alignment of their major surface axes remains unchanged and random. Myocardial cells of the concave side of the heart have a smaller apical surface area and their major surface axes are aligned circumferentially in relation to the heart. We propose that these regional changes in cell shape and alignment mediate heart looping.
Comparison of online and traditional performance appraisal systems

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare employee reactions to the use of an online performance appraisal (PA) system to the traditional paper‐and‐pencil (P&P) approach.Design/methodology/approach – A quasi‐experimental study is conducted comparing the reactions of a group of 83 employees evaluate with a traditional P&P PA instrument to the reactions of a group of 152 employees evaluated with an online version of the same assessment tool.Findings – Employees rate with the online version reported significantly higher levels of rater accountability and employee participation than employees rate with the traditional instrument. They report no difference in perceived security of the ratings, utility of the ratings, or satisfaction with the PA. Online employees report significantly lower levels of quality for the PA ratings than traditional employees.Research limitations/implications – The paper is limited to employees in one organization and the variables examined. In the future, researchers should e...
A randomized comparison of nonoral estradiol delivery in postmenopausal women

We compared the transdermal and subdermal routes of estrogen administration with respect to the constancy of estrogen delivery and metabolic effects. Twenty postmenopausal women were randomized to receive either two 25 mg estradiol pellets subdermally (n = 10) or a 0.1 mg estradiol transdermal patch twice weekly (n = 10). Blood was sampled at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 72 hours and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks (fasting samples at 0, 12, and 24 weeks), and a fasting urine was obtained after diuresis at 0, 12, and 24 weeks. In a 72-hour profile, serum estradiol levels (mean +/- SE) were highest at 24 hours (179 +/- 20 pg/ml) and fell to 139 +/- 16 pg/ml at 72 hours in the pellet group. In the patch group, estradiol levels rose rapidly to 152 +/- 33 pg/ml at 4 hours, remained relatively constant over 8 hours, and fell to 46 +/- 10 pg/ml at 72 hours. At 1 week, estradiol levels in the pellet group were 113 +/- 12 pg/ml and remained relatively constant for 24 weeks. In contrast, estradiol levels in the patch group were 52 +/- 11 pg/ml at 1 week and then varied widely until 24 weeks, when the levels were 89 +/- 26 pg/ml. The mean estradiol/estrone ratio ranged between 1 and 2.5 in both groups but fluctuated widely in the patch group. Follicle-stimulating hormone was suppressed in both groups; however, the decrement in the pellet group was greater (p less than 0.002). There was a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and a decrease in total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol at 12 weeks with the pellet but only at 24 weeks with the patch. The urinary calcium/creatinine ratio was reduced more consistently with the pellet than with the patch. Hot flushes were eliminated in all subjects.
Stochastic Fluid Modulus Inversion Using Seismic Reflection Coefficients

We have developed a probabilistic method to invert reflectivity quotients for fluid modulus given imperfect data and incomplete information. The method does not require perfect amplitude calibration and outputs a fluid modulus probability density function. Numerical tests indicate that the results are most accurate when shear-wave reflectivities are utilized and when rock parameters are well known. However, even with imperfect measurements and knowledge, the inversion may yield distributions that are sufficiently narrow to distinguish gas from brine saturated porous sandstones, and provides a means to synthesize all known information and summarize this knowledge in terms of implied fluid modulus.
The new public management paradigm and the search for democratic accountability

Abstract Can we permit empowered, responsive civil servants to make decisions and be innovative and still have democratic accountability? This important question haunts those who would advocate a “new public management.” The proponents of a new public management paradigm emphasize performance the ability of their strategy to produce results. But they cannot ignore the troubling question of political accountability. They must develop a process that not only permits public managers to produce better results but also provides accountability to a democratic electorate.
A variational procedure to estimate resonance energies and widths using square-integrable functions

Abstract A variational method for estimating the energies and widths of short-lived resonance states has been implemented. The procedure was originally suggested by Taylor and Hazi. The method gives good results on a model one-dimensional system. It is very general and easy to implement.
Aging wire insulation assessment by phase spectrum examination of ultrasonic guided waves

Wire integrity has become an area of concern to the aerospace community including DoD, NASA, FAA, and Industry. Over time and changing environmental conditions, wire insulation can become brittle and crack. The cracks expose the wire conductor and can be a source of equipment failure, short circuits, smoke, and fire. The technique of using the ultrasonic phase spectrum to extract material properties of the insulation is being examined. Ultrasonic guided waves will propagate in both the wire conductor and insulation. Assuming the condition of the conductor remains constant then the stiffness of the insulator can be determined by measuring the ultrasonic guided wave velocity. In the phase spectrum method the guided wave velocity is obtained by transforming the time base waveform to the frequency domain and taking the phase difference between two waveforms. The result can then be correlated with a database, derived by numerical model calculations, to extract material properties of the wire insulator. Initial laboratory tests were performed on a simple model consisting of a solid cylinder and then a solid cylinder with a polymer coating. For each sample the flexural mode waveform was identified. That waveform was then transformed to the frequency domain and a phase spectrum was calculated from a pair of waveforms. Experimental results on the simple model compared well to numerical calculations. Further tests were conducted on aircraft or mil-spec wire samples, to see if changes in wire insulation stiffness can be extracted using the phase spectrum technique.
Experiments on the Eye with Gas Mantles of Different Compositions

This paper reports experiments made with Welsbach mantles of known size and composition as to the effect of the light they furnish upon the loss of efficiency and discomfort caused by a certain amount of eye work done under such illumination, with a discussion of the significance of these results.
Chapman Conference accents success of space weather program

Over 160 scientists and students from more than a dozen countries attended the Chapman Conference on Space Weather: Progress and Challenges in Research and Applications to hear 70 talks and peruse 150 posters documenting achievements made during the first 5 years of the National Space Weather Program (NSWP). Since the advent of the NSWR, space weather research has expanded from a semi-private activity, pursued mostly to address operational concerns of industries and military branches affected by space weather, to a broad subject pursued in part for its capacity to integrate research across the divisions of the SPA community.
Evolution of Peptidase Diversity

A wide variety of peptidases associate with vital biological pathways, but the origin and evolution of their tremendous diversity are poorly defined. Application of the MEROPS classification to a comprehensive set of genomes yields a simple pattern of peptidase distribution and provides insight into the organization of proteolysis in all forms of life. Unexpectedly, a near ubiquitous core set of peptidases is shown to contain more types than those unique to higher multicellular organisms. From this core group, an array of eukaryote-specific peptidases evolved to yield well known intracellular and extracellular processes. The paucity of peptidase families unique to higher metazoa suggests gains in proteolytic network complexity required a limited number of biochemical inventions. These findings provide a framework for deeper investigation into the evolutionary forces that shaped each peptidase family and a roadmap to develop a timeline for their expansion as an interconnected system.
Detection of Fluorescently Labeled Actin-Bound Cross-Bridges in Actively Contracting Myofibrils

Myosin subfragment 1 (S1) can be specifically modified at Lys-553 with the fluorescent probe FHS (6-[fluorescein-5(and 6)-carboxamido]hexanoic acid succinimidyl ester) (Bertrand, R., J. Derancourt, and R. Kassab. 1995. Biochemistry. 34:9500-9507), and solvent quenching of FHS-S1 with iodide has been shown to be sensitive to actin binding at low ionic strength (MacLean, Chrin, and Berger, 2000. Biophys. J. 000-000). In order to extend these results and examine the fraction of actin-bound myosin heads within the myofilament lattice during calcium activation, we have modified skeletal muscle myofibrils, mildly cross-linked with EDC (1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide) to prevent shortening, with FHS. The myosin heavy chain appears to be the predominant site of labeling, and the iodide quenching patterns are consistent with those obtained for myosin S1 in solution, suggesting that Lys-553 is indeed the primary site of FHS incorporation in skeletal muscle myofibrils. The iodide quenching results from calcium-activated FHS-myofibrils indicate that during isometric contraction 29% of the myosin heads are strongly bound to actin within the myofilament lattice at low ionic strength. These results suggest that myosin can be specifically modified with FHS in more complex and physiologically relevant preparations, allowing the real time examination of cross-bridge interactions with actin in in vitro motility assays and during isometric and isotonic contractions within single muscle fibers.
Factors Associated with Stocked Cutthroat Trout Populations in High-Mountain Lakes

Abstract High-mountain lakes provide important fisheries in the Rocky Mountains; therefore we sought to gain an understanding of the relationships among environmental factors, accessibility to anglers, stocking rates, and features of stocks of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki in high-mountain lakes of the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming. We sampled fish with experimental gill nets, measured lake habitat features, and calculated factors affecting angler access among 19 lakes that lacked sufficient natural reproduction to support salmonid fisheries and that were stocked at 1-, 2-, or 4-year intervals with fingerling cutthroat trout. We found that angler accessibility was probably the primary factor affecting stock structure, whereas stocking rates affected the densities of cutthroat trout among lakes. The maximum number of years survived after stocking appeared to have the greatest affect on biomass and population structure. Our findings suggest that control of harvest and manipulation of stocking densities c...
Design of ignitron tubes for rectifier locomotives

IGNITRONS are used to rectify a-c power to operate d-c drive motors on 22 rectifier locomotives. These rectifier locomotives represent the first large-scale application of the ignitron in railroad locomotive service. Ignitrons in railroad locomotive service are subjected to an electrical cycle which closely matches their inherent capabilities; although a motion environment of roll, pitch, vibration, and shock makes necessary certain mechanical design and construction techniques which are not required for ignitrons in other industrial applications.
Polymicrobial Osteomyelitis: Report of Three Cases and Review of the Literature

Five percent of patients with acute osteomyelitis and 30%-60% of patients with chronic osteomyelitis have polymicrobial infections. Three illustrative cases and a review of the literature involving 104 patients are presented in this report. There were 2.4 isolates per child among the 31 pediatric cases ad 3.9 isolates per adult among the 71 adult cases reviewed. Staphylococcus aureus was the single most common isolate involved in polymicrobial disease in both adults and children. In adults, one-third of the aerobic isolates were gram-negative bacterial species; some enterococci were also involved. Of the isolates from adults, 46% were anaerobic. The number of isolates per case was similar for the acute (3.2) and chronic (3.1) forms of infection. Polymicrobial osteomyelitis resulted most frequently from spread of infection from a contiguous focus (59% of cases) or occurred in the patient with peripheral vascular insufficiency or neuropathy (17% of cases); however, the hematogenous route can produce polymicrobial disease (13% of cases). Bones mot often involved are those of the skull, face, and feet. Standard antibiotic therapy for monomicrobial osteomyelitis with semisynthetic penicillins or cephalosporins may lead to failures of treatment in polymicrobial disease.
Effect of ionizing radiation on quality characteristics of vacuum-packaged normal, pale–soft–exudative, and dark–firm–dry pork☆

Normal, pale–soft–exudative (PSE), and dark–firm–dry (DFD) pork Longissimus dorsi muscles were vacuum-packaged, irradiated at 0, 2.5 or 4.5 kGy, and stored at 4 °C for 10 days. The pH, color and lipid oxidation of pork were determined at 0, 5 and 10 days of storage. Volatile production from pork loins was determined at Day 0 and Day 10, and sensory characteristics at Day 7 of storage. Irradiation increased the redness of vacuum-packaged normal, PSE and DFD pork. However, the 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values of three types of pork were not influenced by irradiation and storage time. Irradiation increased the production of sulfur (S)-containing volatile compounds, such as mercaptomethane, dimethyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, methyl thioacetate, and dimethyl disulfide, as well as total volatiles in all three types of pork. Normal pork produced higher levels of total and S-containing volatile compounds than the PSE and DFD pork did. The volatiles produced by irradiation were retained in the vacuum packaging bag during storage. Although the odor preference for the three meat types of pork was not different, the panelists could distinguish irradiated meat from the non-irradiated. Industrial relevance: Several US meat companies have already started test-marketing irradiated meat products. Irradiation and the subsequent storage of pork improved the color of PSE and DFD pork, and showed generally similar effects on the production of volatiles, except that there appeared to be a lower level of S-volatiles in the PSE than in the other two samples. This indicated that irradiation can increase the utilization of low-quality pork (PSE and DFD). DFD pork, in particular, which has shorter shelf-life than the others, could benefit the most from irradiation because the shelf-life of DFD meat can be extended significantly by both the methods of vacuum packaging and irradiation.
Analysis of methods of storage use to obtain maximum incremental energy from two hydro storage plants [includes discussion]

The problem of obtaining maximum hydro energy from the various plants of the Columbia River is one phase of a broader problem that the staff at the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) has designated the economy loading problem, which may be defined in a broad sense as follows: To plan, design, and operate the hydro and electric system so that maximum hydro energy will be delivered economically to the load as required, without undue sacrifice of system reliability during normal or emergency operation. While direct BPA system generation is all hydro, interconnections with other systems having some steam generation will make it necessary to include solutions in which the cost of thermal energy is considered. A number of papers have been presented on economy loading as applied to thermal generation and to system transmission losses. However, up to now relatively little information has been published on obtaining maximum energy from hydro stations. A description of all the phases of the general problem of economy loading will not be attempted in this paper, which will investigate only an individual phase. It should be emphasized, however, that, to obtain correct solutions, all components are interrelated and should be considered simultaneously. Unfortunately, the complexity of such simultaneous solutions may make them impossible to achieve from a practical standpoint.
Is the Leading Role Desirable?: A Simulation Analysis of the Stackelberg Behavior in World Petroleum Market

This article explores extraction profiles in the Stackelberg equilibrium of exhaustible resource industry. Calibrated with real data of world petroleum market, the Stackelberg and Cournot---Nash equilibriums are solved numerically. The properties of the Stackelberg equilibrium are compared and contrasted with the benchmark open-loop Cournot---Nash equilibrium. Simulation results indicate that the leader's gains are limited in the Stackelberg strategic setting. Methodologically, this article pioneers solving the Stackelberg game numerically in a dynamic and empirical model.
Brain endothelial cell production of a neuroprotective cytokine, interleukin-6, in response to noxious stimuli

Brain endothelial cells (BECs), specialized cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), are ideally positioned to monitor and respond to events in the periphery. The present study examined their potential role in transducing immune signals to the brain and in responding to noxious stimuli. BECs were isolated from rhesus monkeys at 3 age points (fetal/neonatal, adult, and very old animals). Cells were then challenged in vitro with either an immune stimulus (interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) or an oxidative challenge (hypoxia). BECs released interleukin-6 (IL-6), which is known to have neurotrophic and neuroprotective functions. Furthermore, higher amounts of IL-6 were released in both baseline and stimulated conditions by BECs derived from aged animals. This research indicates a pathway whereby immune signals may be communicated to the CNS and has revealed one way that the BBB may protect neuronal survival under challenge conditions.
Genes and Stigma: The Connection Between Perceived Genetic Etiology and Attitudes and Beliefs About Mental Illness

Abstract An increased emphasis on biological causes of mental illness has been viewed as having the potential to significantly reduce stigma. From this perspective, the current genetics revolution can be seen as a source of hope with regard to reducing stigma. However, theory and empirical research suggest that biological attributions may have complex effects for stigma, reducing it along some dimensions while magnifying it along others. In a sample of 56 residents of New York City and Los Angeles, we assess the relationship between respondents' belief that schizophrenia (as described in a vignette) is influenced by genetic factors and several stigma-related beliefs and attitudes about the vignette subject. We find that respondents who believe the problem may be influenced by genetics are less likely to think the person did anything to cause the problem but also less likely to think the person can improve with appropriate help and more likely to think other family members may develop the same problem. The...
Effects of psychopathy and violence risk testimony on mock juror perceptions of dangerousness in a capital murder trial

The recent introduction of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) into the sentencing phase of capital murder trials has heightened concerns about the potentially prejudicial impact of such information on jurors, who might give disproportionate weight to this diagnosis when determining whether a defendant is a “continuing threat to society”. To investigate this issue, 238 undergraduates read a case summary based on US v. Barnette ( 2000 ), in which prosecution testimony was presented regarding the presence of a mental disorder (psychopathy, psychosis, or no disorder). Compared to the “no disorder” condition, participants rated psychopathic defendants as more likely to be violent in the future, even though testimony related to level of risk (high or low) was held constant. The difference in perceived dangerousness across the psychopathy and no disorder groups was particularly pronounced when the experts described the defendant as being at low risk. A similar pattern of effects was noted for the psychosi...
Ionic Association in Hydrogen-Bonding Solvents!

Studies on ionic association in hydrogen-bonding solvents including water, aliphatic alcohols, fluorinated alcohols, formamide, ethylene glycol, and propanol-acetone mixtures are compared. Data were derived from measurements of conductivity, ultrasonic absorption, and viscosity of electrolyte solutions and diffusion of nonelectrolytes. It is concluded that electrolyte solvents can be divided into three categories according to whether they solvate effectively cations only, anions only, or both cations and anions. Water and most other hydrogenbonding solvents constitute the third class, a group in which patterns of ionic aggregation are very similar. Fluorinated alcohols belong to the second class, showing significantly different ion-pairing behavior.
Pituitary and Placentally Derived Hormones in Cerebrospinal Fluid during Normal Human Pregnancy

To examine the potential routes by which placental and pituitary hormones gain access into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), normal pregnant women had CSF and blood samples collected after admission to the hospital before delivery. CSF and serum samples, obtained before CSF collection, were examined for PRL, βhCG, and human placental lactogen (hPL). Mean values (±SE) in serum were 5757 ± 815 mlU/ml for βhCG and 22.4 ± 2.42 mlU/ml for CSF, and the serum to CSF ratio was 289 ± 28 in 26 samples in which these parameters were simultaneously measured. Mean serum hPL was 15.3 ± 1.15 fig/ml, and CSF hPL was 0.565 ± 0.048 fig/ml; the serum to CSF ratio from 22 subjects was 22.7 ± 2.32, which was significantly different from the serum to CSF ratios for βhCG and PRL. Serum PRL values were 182.6 ± 17.3 ng/ml, and CSF values were 15.36 ± 1.33 ng/ml; the serum to CSF ratio from 32 subjects was 10.7 ± 1.33, which was lower than the ratio for either)8hCG or hPL. Regression analysis of the simultaneously determined serum an...
Three-dimensional magnetite replicas of pollen particles with tailorable and predictable multimodal adhesion

The ability to synthesize large quantities of 3-D microparticles with tunable adhesion is critically important for a variety of mature and emerging technologies, such as for paints, inks, chemical/water purification, drug delivery, cell manipulation, and assembly of hierarchical structures. Nature provides impressive examples of sustainable, complex-shaped microparticles with chemistries and structures tailored for adhesion, among the most common of which are pollen grains. We have recently used a surface sol–gel (SSG) coating process to generate iron oxide replicas of sunflower pollen grains. While these replicas exhibited multimodal adhesion, the tailorability and predictability of such adhesion was not examined. In the present paper, the layer-by-layer SSG process has been used to carefully adjust the amount of iron oxide deposited onto the pollen grains. Controlled-atmosphere thermal treatments then yielded freestanding replicas with tailored hematite (α-Fe2O3) or magnetite (Fe3O4) contents. The 3-D morphology of the starting pollen was well-preserved in the all-oxide replicas, and the shrinkage upon firing could be controlled by increasing the number of Fe–O-bearing layers deposited on the pollen. While the short-range van der Waals (VDW) adhesion of the oxide replicas to a variety of surfaces was lower than for the larger starting pollen grains, this difference was not due to shrinkage of the replicas. Analyses with a simple Hamaker model indicated that VDW adhesion of the oxide replicas was governed by the contact of oxide nanocrystals located on the spine tips (as opposed to the curvature of the entire spine tip). The longer-range attraction to a magnetic substrate could be tailored independently of the short-range VDW attraction by controlling the magnetite content of the replicas, and a simple and effective model for describing such magnetic attraction was developed. This work demonstrates that sustainable pollen microparticles can be converted into high-fidelity 3-D oxide replicas with predictable and tailorable multimodal adhesion.
The System Approach to the Design of an Optical Landing Display

The general safety of landing aircraft aboard carriers is of utmost importance to the Navy. Reduction of the accident rate is best accomplished by a general increase in total system precision. Analysis of the closed-loop man-machine system, as presently configured, located two prime sources of system inaccuracy in the use of the current display. Its deficiencies are 1) insufficient display gain or sensitivity, and 2) the absence of a direct presentation of lead information. A new display was developed to provide optimum guidance information to the pilot in a manner that is compatible with his vehicular control capabilities.
A Shift-Share Method for the Analysis of Regional Fertility Change: An Application to the Decline in Childbearing in Italy, 1952-1991

This paper applies shift-share analysis, a tool often used in economic geography and regional science, to regional fertility change in Italy, 1952-1991. During this post-World War II period, Italian fertility declined by over 33 percent, but the decline varied widely from region to region. Moreover, the demographic originations of the decline in births are not fully understood. Using birth data for nineteen Italian regions, this analysis is able to break regional change in births into three main components: a national effect, a cohort effect, and a regional differential effect, which in turn provide insight into the roots of fertility change at the regional level. These three components of change are then further disaggregated to account for the differences between changes due to population change and those related to actual changes in birth rates (the number of children produced by each woman). Strong regional differences between the north and south of Italy are demonstrated.
Guest Editorial from a Previous Editor-in-Chief: Reflections of a Former Editor

How I Got Appointed I was in the hallway at a Marketing Science conference trying to figure out which session to attend next when I noticed that the distinguished trio of Frank Bass, John Little, and Don Morrison was bearing down upon me. They ushered me into a small, dimly lit room and asked whether I would like to serve as the next Editor of Marketing Science. My first comment was: we already have an Editor—Don Morrison had recently been appointed as the founding Editor. It turned out, however, that Don had now been appointed editor of Management Science, requiring the appointment of a new Editor for Marketing Science. I was one of three Area Editors for Marketing Science at that time and felt honored to be chosen as the next Editor by Frank, John, and Don. I requested a couple of days to think about the offer, spoke with my wife (who wasn’t too thrilled that the added responsibilities would leave even less time for my family), and accepted. In other words, I have the honor of being the last Editor ofMarketing Sciencewho was chosen by a set of kingmakers (albeit very distinguished kingmakers) in the equivalent of a dark, smoke-filled room! Since I was chosen, future Editors have all been selected by a committee following a set of sensible rules and regulations.
STRAIN ENERGIES IN HOMOATOMIC NITROGEN CLUSTERS N4, N6, AND N8

Strain energies and resonance energies can be obtained as the energy changes for appropriate homodesmotic reactions using ab initio calculated total energies as the energies of the reactants and products involved. Homodesmotic reactions conserve bond types and preserve valence environments at all atoms, requirements that favor the cancellation of basis set and electron correlation errors in the ab initio energies. In this paper we calculate strain energies and resonance energies for N4, N6, and N8 clusters in a number of chemically significant but, for nitrogen, hypothetical structural forms. The nitrogen cluster strain energies are generally of the same order of magnitude as those of isostructural hydrocarbon clusters, and individual differences can be explained by using the ring strain additivity rule and recognizing the effect of the presence of lone pairs of electrons on nitrogen clusters but not on the hydrocarbons. Resonance energies of the nitrogen clusters are much smaller than those of the compar...
Re-induction of hsp70 synthesis: An assay for thermotolerance

Of the many heat shock proteins (HSPs), hsp70 appears to correlate best with heat resistance, either permanent or transient. We have investigated various approaches to quantify the concentration of hsp70, and examined the relationship between hsp70 and cells' thermal sensitivity during the development and decay of thermotolerance in model systems. Here, experiments were performed to determine the possibility of using the rate of synthesis of hsp70 after a second test heat shock to predict the kinetics of thermotolerance. Specifically, we studied the relationship between the retained thermotolerance in a murine tumor cell line SQ-1 and a human tumor cell line, HCT-8, after fractionated heat doses and the cells' ability to re-initiate synthesis of hsp70 in response to an additional test heat dose in vitro. Monolayers of cells were exposed to a first heat treatment (e.g., 41 °C, 4 h) and then incubated at 37°C for 0–72 h. At various times after the first heat treatment, cells were either challenged with a 45...