cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classifying heart sound recordings using deep convolutional neural networks and mel-frequency cepstral coefficients

We describe the development of an algorithm for the automatic classification of heart sound phonocardiogram waveforms as normal, abnormal or uncertain. Our approach consists of three major components: 1) Heart sound segmentation, 2) Transformation ofone-dimensional waveforms into two-dimensional time-frequency heat map representations using Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients and 3) Classification of MFCC heat maps using deep convolutional neural networks. We applied the above approach to produce submissions for the 2016 PhysioNet Computing in Cardiology Challenge. We present results from the challenge, as well as describe in detail the resulting neural network architecture produced and design decisions made.
Recipient Immune Modulation with Atorvastatin for Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis after Allogeneic Transplantation

Abstract Atorvastatin administration to both the donors and recipients of matched related donor (MRD) allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) as acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis has been shown to be safe and effective. However, its efficacy as acute GVHD prophylaxis when given only to allo-HCT recipients is unknown. We conducted a phase II study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of atorvastatin-based acute GVHD prophylaxis given only to the recipients of MRD (n = 30) or matched unrelated donor (MUD) (n = 39) allo-HCT, enrolled in 2 separate cohorts. Atorvastatin (40 mg/day) was administered along with standard GVHD prophylaxis consisting of tacrolimus and methotrexate. All patients were evaluable for acute GVHD. The cumulative incidences of grade II to IV acute GVHD at day +100 in the MRD and MUD cohorts were 9.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0 to 20%) and 29.6% (95% CI,15.6% to 43.6%), respectively. The cumulative incidences of grade III and IV acute GVHD at day +100 in the MRD and MUD cohorts were 3.4% (95% CI, 0 to 9.7%) and 18.3% (95% CI, 6.3% to 30.4%), respectively. The corresponding rates of moderate/severe chronic GVHD at 1 year were 28.1% (95% CI, 11% to 45.2%) and 38.9% (95% CI, 20.9% to 57%), respectively. In the MRD cohort, the 1-year nonrelapse mortality, relapse rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival were 6.7% (95% CI, 0 to 15.4%), 43.3% (95% CI, 24.9% to 61.7%), 50% (95% CI, 32.1% to 67.9%), and 66.7% (95% CI, 49.8% to 83.6%), respectively. The respective figures for the MUD cohort were 10.3% (95% CI, 8% to 19.7%), 20.5% (95% CI, 7.9% to 33.1%), 69.2% (95% CI, 54.7% to 83.7%), and 79.5% (95% CI, 66.8% to 92.2%), respectively. No grade 4 toxicities attributable to atorvastatin were seen. In conclusion, the addition of atorvastatin to standard GVHD prophylaxis in only the recipients of MRD and MUD allo-HCT appears to be feasible and safe. The preliminary efficacy seen here warrants confirmation in randomized trials.
Entrepreneurship and Innovation at MIT: Continuing Global Growth and Impact

In this report, we assess the economic impact of MIT alumni-founded companies between 1950 and 2014. We estimate that MIT alumni have launched more than 30,000 active companies that employ roughly 4.6 million people and generate $1.9 trillion in annual revenues, which is approximately the size of the world's 10th largest GDP. Furthermore, we document several empirical facts about new enterprises and their founders -- as well as key trends over time -- in the MIT entrepreneurial ecosystem.
Trends in School-Related Victimization of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths-Massachusetts, 1995-2015.

Objectives. To compare changes over time in prevalence of school victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) students compared with heterosexual students.Methods. We analyzed data from 11 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys conducted among representative samples of students in grades 9 through 12 in Massachusetts during 1995 to 2015. We used multivariable logistic regression models to identify trends over time by sexual identity.Results. During 1995 to 2015, the prevalence of missing school decreased overall (from 5.6% to 4.8%) and among heterosexual (from 4.3% to 3.8%) and LGB (from 25.0% to 13.4%) students. The prevalence of having been threatened decreased overall (from 7.8% to 4.1%) and among heterosexual (from 6.5% to 3.5%) and LGB (from 32.9% to 6.7%) students.Conclusions. We identified evidence of a significant decrease in victimization among all students regardless of sexual identity and a steep decline among LGB students. Additional actions to improve school climate may help eliminate the dispar...
SafeRelay: Improving safety in the time-constrained VANET with geoaddresing relay

In a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), vehicles attempt to improve safety by emitting safety messages that others receive to increase their awareness of one another. Yet, the conflicting data delivery requirements of safety applications can potentially jeopardize safety itself. While many information dissemination techniques have been proposed to improve data delivery in a VANET, such as flooding and geocasting, evaluations do not focus on measuring safety efficiency in terms of safety application requirements and often fail to include mobility considerations, such as time to contact (TTC). To improve safety in a VANET, we propose SafeRelay, a flooding-based message dissemination technique that relays safety messages within a geographically addressed forwarding zone (FZ). We evaluate different forwarding zone sizes in terms of several metrics, including safety awareness probability, which combines both communications and mobility performance. Simulation results of an urban downtown scenario show that SafeRelay can significantly improve safety awareness using moderately-sized nearby forwarding zones.
Ontogeny of Human Auditory System Function

When Edwin W Rubel published Ontogeny of Auditory System Function in 1984, little was known about human auditory development. This chapter summarizes the progress that has been made in that regard in the subsequent decades. It concludes that although the developmental course of many basic aspects of human auditory function has now been described, the morphological and physiological mechanisms responsible for that development are still largely unknown. Furthermore, it is not clear why some basic auditory abilities mature much later than others or why the developmental course of listening in complex sound environments extends into adolescence. Finally, the existence and timing of critical periods in human auditory development have only begun to be established. Although studies of development of the nonhuman auditory system may elucidate the mechanisms underlying human auditory development, there are difficulties inherent to the comparison of altricial and precocial species. Recent work combining behavioral and neural measures in both humans and nonhumans offers the promise of future progress in this field.
Legal Implications for the Information Age

The practice of medicine has always depended upon effective communication. The quality of patient care is highest when the patient and physician freely communicate with each other and when attending and consulting physicians freely communicate among themselves. Today patients have an unprecedented ability to educate themselves concerning their health and health care. Any patient with Internet access can search the Medline, seek an explanation of the content of medical reports (including pathology reports), explore the practice history and licensure of his physicians, or look into the feasibility of bringing a malpractice suit. Meanwhile, the nature of the physician–consultant physician relationship is also changing because of telemedicine.
Bortezomib for Reduction of Proteinuria in IgA Nephropathy.

Introduction IgA nephropathy is the most common glomerulonephritis in the world. We conducted a pilot trial ( NCT01103778 ) to test the effect of bortezomib in patients with IgA nephropathy and significant proteinuria. Methods We treated 8 consecutive subjects from July 2011 until March 2016 with 4 doses of bortezomib. All subjects had biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy and proteinuria of greater than 1 g per day. They were given 4 doses of bortezomib i.v. at 1.3 mg/m2 of body surface area per dose. Changes in proteinuria and renal function were followed for 1 year after enrollment. The primary endpoint was full remission defined as proteinuria of less than 300 mg per day. Results All 8 subjects received and tolerated 4 doses of bortezomib over a 2-week period during enrollment. The median baseline daily proteinuria was 2.46 g (interquartile range: 2.29–3.16 g). At 1-year follow-up, 3 subjects (38%) had achieved the primary endpoint. The 3 subjects who had complete remission had Oxford classification T scores of 0 before enrollment. Of the remaining 5 subjects, 1 was lost to follow-up within 1 month of enrollment and 4 (50%) did not have any response or had progression of disease. Conclusion Proteasome inhibition by bortezomib may reduce significant proteinuria in select cases of IgA nephropathy. Subjects who responded to bortezomib had Oxford classification T score of 0 and normal renal function.
Overexpression of Mutant FKRP Restores Functional Glycosylation and Improves Dystrophic Phenotype in FKRP Mutant Mice

Autosomal recessive homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in FKRP result in forms of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy varying in age of onset, clinical presentation, and disease progression, ranging from the severe Walker-Warburg, type A,5 (MDDGA5), muscle-eye-brain (MDDGB5) with or without cognitive deficit, to limb-girdle type 2I (MDDGC5). Phenotypic variation indicates degrees of functionality of individual FKRP mutation, which has been supported by the presence of residual expression of functionally glycosylated α-dystroglycan (DG) in muscles of both animal models and patients. However, direct evidence showing enhancement in glycosylation of α-DG by mutant FKRP is lacking. Using AAV9-mediated overexpression of mutant human FKRP bearing the P448L mutation (mhFKRP-P448L) associated with severe congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD), we demonstrate the restoration of functional glycosylation of α-DG and reduction in markers of disease progression. Expression of mhFKRP-P448L also corrects dystrophic phenotypes in the models of L276I mutation with mild disease phenotype and causes no obvious histological or biomarker alteration in C57BL/6 normal mice. Our results confirm the existing function of mutant FKRP. The results also suggest that mutant FKRP could be an alternative approach for potential gene therapy should normal FKRP gene products be immunogenic.
Determinants of crop diversification in rice-dominated Sri Lankan agricultural systems

Abstract Climate-driven changes in water availability in tropical agricultural systems will force many farmers to significantly alter their cultivation practices. In agricultural systems dominated by water-intensive rice cultivation, farmers may need to diversify away from rice to crops that perform better in the new climate. We combine data from interviews and household surveys with Sri Lankan farmers to identify the factors that influence farmers’ decisions to diversify away from rice monoculture. Results indicate that many farmers cannot diversify because of the characteristics of their fields, including elevation, soil quality, irrigation infrastructure, and relative position within an irrigation system. As a result, policies that assume all farmers are able to engage in diversification are unlikely to have the desired impact. Of the farmers whose fields can support diversification, poor market access, market instability, limited government support, and relatively high input costs reduce diversification rates. In addition to creating a supportive institutional environment for the cultivation of other field crops, leveraging existing water management institutions to identify and support farmers with fields suitable to diversification could decrease agricultural water demands and increase water access for farmers unable to engage in diversification.
On a Microdynamics of a Nonlinear Macrocycle Model

This paper attempts to base a macrodynamic cycle model on a classically oriented microdynamics. Classically oriented microdynamic models, as discussed in this book, are concerned with the stability of relative prices and outputs over time. Such models are, for example, developed in Nikaido (1983), Boggio (1984), Franke (1984), Dumenil/Levy (1984), Flaschel/Semmler (1985a, 1986), and Goodwin (1985). Cycle models, on the other hand, examine the stability of aggregates such as investment, outputs, and employment (see Kaldor, 1940; Goodwin, 1948, 1951, 1972; Hicks, 1950; Duesenberry, 1958; Klein/Preston, 1969; Chang/Smyth, 1971; Kalecki, 1971; Dana/Malgrange, 1981).
Magnetoreflection and Shubnikov-de Haas Experiments on Graphite Intercalation Compounds

Graphite intercalation compounds represent a class of compounds with many similarities to the superlattice semiclnductors prepared by molecular beam epitaxy. Intercalated graphite has recently attracted considerable attention because the addition of an intercalant can dramatically change the electronic properties of the host graphite material. For example, with the addition of AsF5, an intercalation compound with room temperature conductivity comparable to that of copper can be achieved [1], while the addition of an alkali metal can result in a superconductor [2]. Similar to the behavior in modulation-doped superlattices, high conductivity in intercalated graphite is achieved by a charge transfer from the intercalate layer, where the mobility is low, to the high mobility graphite layers.
A Prospective, Multicenter, Pivotal Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Effectiveness of the AEGEA Vapor Endometrial Ablation System.

ABSTRACT Study Objective To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the AEGEA Vapor System (Aegea Medical System, Menlo Park, CA) for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB). Design A prospective, multicenter, single-arm, open-label, clinical trial. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 24 hours; 2 weeks; and 3, 6, and 12 months after the endometrial ablation procedure (Canadian Task Force Classification II-1). Setting A private practice and outpatient and hospital settings at 15 sites in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Netherlands. Patients One hundred fifty-five premenopausal women aged 30 to 50years with HMB as determined by a pictorial blood loss assessment score ≥150. Preoperative evaluation included ultrasound, sonohysterography or hysteroscopy, and endometrial biopsy. Screening inclusion allowed treatment of up to 12-cm uterine sound lengths and nonobstructing myomata. Interventions Endometrial ablation (120-second treatment time) was performed under varying anesthesia regimens using the vapor system from September 2014 to May 2015. Measurements and Main Results The primary effectiveness end point was the reduction of menstrual blood loss to a pictorial blood loss assessment score ≤75. Success was judged based on the Food and Drug Administration's objective performance criteria, derived from the success rates of the first 5 global endometrial ablation pivotal clinical trials. The secondary effectiveness end points included quality of life and patient satisfaction as assessed using the Menorrhagia Impact Questionnaire and the Aberdeen Menorrhagia Severity Score as well as the need for surgical or medical intervention to treat abnormal bleeding at any time within the first 12 months after treatment. All adverse events, including device- and procedure-related events, were recorded. At 12 months, the primary effectiveness end point was achieved in 78.7% of subjects exceeding the OPC (p = .0004); 90.8% of subjects were satisfied or very satisfied with the treatment. Ninety-nine percent of subjects showed improvement in quality of life scores with an average decrease in the Menorrhagia Impact Questionnaire score by 8.1, 72% had less dysmenorrhea, and 85% of women whose sex lives were affected by their menses reported improvement in their sex lives. There were no reported serious adverse device effects or any reported serious adverse events that were procedure related. Conclusion The AEGEA Vapor System is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive option for performing in-office endometrial ablation under minimal anesthesia for the purpose of treating women who suffer from HMB.
STABLE EXPLICIT STEPWISE MARCHING SCHEME IN ILL-POSED TIME-REVERSED 2D BURGERS' EQUATION.

This paper constructs an unconditionally stable explicit difference scheme, marching backward in time, that can solve a limited, but important class of time-reversed 2D Burgers' initial value probl...
Gendered Ambition: Men’s and Women’s Career Advancement in Public Administration:

We explore the relationships between gender, career ambition, and the emergence of executive leadership. Growing research in public administration shows that career systems shape bureaucrats’ ambit...
Contemporary Management of Acute Mesenteric Ischemia in the Endovascular Era.

Objective:Acute mesenteric ischemia is a rare disease entity associated with high morbidity and mortality. Disparate etiologies and nonspecific symptoms make the diagnosis challenging and often res...
The Influential Mind: What the Brain Reveals About Our Power to Change Others

With The Influential Mind (https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781627792653), Tali Sharot aims “to reveal the systematic mistakes we make when we attempt to change minds, as well as to illuminate those...
Two-step production of resonant Bose-Einstein condensates

Producing a substantial and stable resonant Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) has proven to be a challenging experimental task due to heating and three-body losses that may occur even before the gas comes to thermal equilibrium. In this paper, by considering two-body correlations, we note that a sudden quench from small to large scattering lengths is not an efficient way to prepare a resonant BEC. As an alternative, we propose a two-step scheme that involves an intermediate scattering length, between 0 and $\ensuremath{\infty}$, which serves to maximize the transfer probability of $N$ bosons of mass $m$ in a harmonic trap with frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$ to the resonant state. We find that the intermediate scattering length should be $a\ensuremath{\approx}3.16{N}^{\ensuremath{-}2/3}\sqrt{\ensuremath{\hbar}/(m\ensuremath{\omega})}$, and that it produces an optimum transition probability of $1.03{N}^{\ensuremath{-}1/6}$.
Environmental exposures and mechanisms in allergy and asthma development

Environmental exposures interplay with human host factors to promote the development and progression of allergic diseases. The worldwide prevalence of allergic disease is rising as a result of complex gene-environment interactions that shape the immune system and host response. Research shows an association between the rise of allergic diseases and increasingly modern Westernized lifestyles, which are characterized by increased urbanization, time spent indoors, and antibiotic usage. These environmental changes result in increased exposure to air and traffic pollution, fungi, infectious agents, tobacco smoke, and other early-life and lifelong risk factors for the development and exacerbation of asthma and allergic diseases. It is increasingly recognized that the timing, load, and route of allergen exposure affect allergic disease phenotypes and development. Still, our ability to prevent allergic diseases is hindered by gaps in understanding of the underlying mechanisms and interaction of environmental, viral, and allergen exposures with immune pathways that impact disease development. This Review highlights epidemiologic and mechanistic evidence linking environmental exposures to the development and exacerbation of allergic airway responses.
Hospital-based Emergency Department Visits with Periapical Abscess: Updated Estimates from 7 Years.

Abstract Introduction The impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on the utilization of the emergency department (ED) for periapical abscess (PA) is unknown. The objectives of this study were to provide nationwide estimates of hospital-based ED visits with PA and to examine the effect of the ACA on the use of EDs for PAs. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) for 2008 to 2014. All ED visits with a diagnosis of PA were selected. The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision–Clinical Modification code was used to identify PA. Patient- and hospital-level characteristics were examined. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Results From 2008 to 2014, a total of 3,505,633 ED visits for PA occurred. The proportion of ED visits with PA significantly increased over the study period (from 460,260 in 2008 to 545,693 in 2014). Medicaid was the primary payer (30.3%) and more than 40% were uninsured. Mean charge per PA-related ED visit was $1080.50 and total PA-related ED charge across the United States was $3.4 billion. Among those hospitalized following PA-related ED visits, mean hospitalization charges were $34,245 and total hospitalization charges were $5.7 billion. Conclusion Oral health continues to be overlooked in health care. A large proportion of ED visits with PA were made by those covered by Medicaid and uninsured. The passing of the ACA has not reduced the number of ED visits with PA.
Upconversion Luminescence Imaging of Tumors with EGFR-Affibody Conjugated Nanophosphors

Near infrared (NIR) optical imaging has demonstrated significant potential as an effective modality for cancer molecular imaging. Among various NIR probes currently under investigation, upconversion nanophosphors (UCNPs) possess great promise due to their anti-Stokes emission and sequential photon absorption which result in superior detection sensitivity and a simple imaging setup, respectively. Here we investigated the utility of this imaging modality to detect tumor cells expressing the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) using affibody functionalized nanophosphors and a custom built imaging system. Initially, aqueous dispersible NaYF4: Tm+3, Yb+3 UCNPs were synthesized and their photophysical properties were characterized. Then, their luminescence response as a function of concentration and their depth resolving capability in a tissue-simulating phantom were examined. Finally, we demonstrated the use of bioconjugated UCNPs for imaging EGFR-expressing tumors both in vitro and in vivo. Our data suggests that NIR imaging with UCNPs may be useful for noninvasive imaging of tumors.
Estimating early-winter Antarctic sea ice thickness from deformed ice morphology

Abstract. Satellites have documented variability in sea ice areal extent for decades, but there are significant challenges in obtaining analogous measurements for sea ice thickness data in the Antarctic, primarily due to difficulties in estimating snow cover on sea ice. Sea ice thickness (SIT) can be estimated from snow freeboard measurements, such as those from airborne/satellite lidar, by assuming some snow depth distribution or empirically fitting with limited data from drilled transects from various field studies. Current estimates for large-scale Antarctic SIT have errors as high as ∼50 %, and simple statistical models of small-scale mean thickness have similarly high errors. Averaging measurements over hundreds of meters can improve the model fits to existing data, though these results do not necessarily generalize to other floes. At present, we do not have algorithms that accurately estimate SIT at high resolutions. We use a convolutional neural network with laser altimetry profiles of sea ice surfaces at 0.2 m resolution to show that it is possible to estimate SIT at 20 m resolution with better accuracy and generalization than current methods (mean relative errors ∼15 %). Moreover, the neural network does not require specification of snow depth or density, which increases its potential applications to other lidar datasets. The learned features appear to correspond to basic morphological features, and these features appear to be common to other floes with the same climatology. This suggests that there is a relationship between the surface morphology and the ice thickness. The model has a mean relative error of 20 % when applied to a new floe from the region and season. This method may be extended to lower-resolution, larger-footprint data such as such as Operation IceBridge, and it suggests a possible avenue to reduce errors in satellite estimates of Antarctic SIT from ICESat-2 over current methods, especially at smaller scales.
Effect of light atoms on thermal transport across solid–solid interfaces

Thermal transport across solid interfaces is of great importance for applications like power electronics. In this work, we perform non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to study the effect of light atoms on the thermal transport across SiC/GaN interfaces, where light atoms refer to substitutional or interstitial defect atoms lighter than those in the pristine lattice. Various light atom doping features, such as the light atom concentration, mass of the light atom, and skin depth of the doped region, have been investigated. It is found that substituting Ga atoms in the GaN lattice with lighter atoms (e.g. boron atoms) with 50% concentration near the interface can increase the thermal boundary conductance (TBC) by up to 50%. If light atoms are introduced interstitially, a similar increase in TBC is observed. Spectral analysis of interfacial heat transfer reveals that the enhanced TBC can be attributed to the stronger coupling of mid- and high-frequency phonons after introducing light atoms. We have also further included quantum correction, which reduces the amount of enhancement, but it still exists. These results may provide a route to improve TBC across solid interfaces as light atoms can be introduced during material growth.
What We Owe To Each Other.

Frances Mei Hardin, MD, MSMA member since 2017, is in the Department of Otolaryngology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Above, she is shown as MSMA Physician of the Day at the Missouri Capitol in 2018. Contact: ude.iruossim.htlaeh@fnidrah Open in a separate window Disclaimer This article was not sponsored by Easton bats, Headspace, Calm, Sycamore Creek Farms, Pilot, or Casamigos, but if any of these institutions would like to reach out, I’ll be available.
Association of Cigarette Type and Nicotine Dependence in Patients Presenting for Lung Cancer Screening

Background Over decades, there have been several alterations to cigarettes, including the addition of filters and flavoring. However, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Research Question The aim of this study was to examine the association of type of cigarette on nicotine dependence in the setting of lung cancer screening. Study Design and Methods This study is a secondary analysis of the American College of Radiology Imaging Network arm of the National Lung Screening Trial. Tobacco dependence was evaluated by using the Fagerstrӧm Test for Nicotine Dependence, the Heaviness of Smoking Index, and time to first cigarette. Clinical outcomes, including nicotine dependence and tobacco abstinence, were assessed with descriptive statistics and χ2 tests, stratified according to cigarette tar level, flavor, and filter. Logistic regression was used to study the influence of variables on smoking abstinence. Results More than one-third of individuals presenting for lung cancer screening are highly addicted to nicotine and smoke within 5 min of waking up. Smokers of unfiltered cigarettes were more nicotine dependent compared with filtered cigarette smokers (OR, 1.32; P Interpretation In a screening population, the type of cigarette smoked is associated with different levels of dependence. Eliciting type of cigarette and time to first cigarette has the potential to allow for tailored tobacco treatment interventions within this context.
Fast recovery of a single-stage partial nitrification/anammox-based hybrid bioreactor impacted by a sudden lactose shock load

Abstract This study reports the recovery of single-stage partial nitrification (PN)/anammox bioreactor treating nitrite-free and ammonium-rich synthetic wastewater affected by a high concentration of lactose (2000 mg/l). The lactose shock led to the collapse of the PN/anammox process in
Characteristic heterotopic ossification of the proximal humerus after total shoulder arthroplasty.

A bony spur in a characteristic location involving the proximal humerus is identified on post-operative radiographs in some patients with history of total shoulder arthroplasty. The spur is theorized to represent heterotopic ossification near the attachment site of the pectoralis major tendon on the proximal humerus which is partially detached and then reattached during total shoulder arthroplasty. In this study, we determine the morphology, incidence, demographic associations, and clinical impact of this finding. This is a single-center, retrospective study of 500 patients who underwent total shoulder arthroplasty (250 standard and 250 reverse technique) between 2012 and 2017. Pre- and post-operative shoulder radiographs were reviewed to identify and measure the characteristic spur; inter-observer agreement was evaluated between the two reviewers. Incidence, demographic associations, and clinical significance were then determined. The study group included 268 men and 234 women with a mean age of 70 (42–89) years, and clinical follow-up of 25 (1–84) months. Characteristic heterotopic ossification was seen in 88 patients (17.6%) and was first noted radiographically at a mean (interquartile range) of 12.1 (11.5–12.8) months after surgery. Male sex (adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval), 3.00 (0.68–5.34), p < 0.001) was independently associated with heterotopic ossification. No significant relationships between heterotopic ossification and adverse clinical outcomes were observed. Characteristic heterotopic ossification of the proximal humerus in patients status post total shoulder arthroplasty is a common imaging finding that is not associated with adverse clinical outcomes.
A Reexamination of Audit Fees for Initial Audit Engagements in the Post-SOX Period

SUMMARY: On August 16, 2011, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) issued a concept release seeking comments on ways to enhance auditor independence. The Board notes that higher failure rates in new audit engagements might be linked to unrealistic pricing. The Board's concern is that a new auditor might be more susceptible to management pressure if initial-year audit fees are set artificially low. Prior to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002, empirical evidence shows that auditors discounted their initial-year audit fees. This practice, known as lowballing, was expected to decrease significantly after the enactment of SOX. Indeed, findings in Huang, Raghunandan, and Rama (2009) seem to confirm that Big 4 auditors charged a fee premium on new auditor-client relationships in 2006. However, it is not clear if more recent post-SOX initial-year audits are free of lowballing. We investigate whether lowballing exists in new auditor-client relationships in an “extended” post-SOX environment for t...
Self-Reported Behavioral Symptoms of People with Dementia: A Pilot Study Examining Individual's Perceived Illness Experience.

Background and objectives Persons with dementia experience behavioral symptoms, such as agitation and repeating questions, which have been reported as one of the most burdensome and stressful aspects of providing care for dementia caregivers. However, no published studies have assessed the subjective experience of behavioral symptoms and distress from people with dementia. Research design and methods The current pilot study examined the feasibility of people with dementia providing self-reported behaviors and behavioral-related distress. Data from a larger, on-going research study was used consisting of people with mild to moderate dementia (n = 12) residing in a long-term memory care facility. Results Participants were able to provide reliable (∝=.91) self-reported data concerning their own behaviors and behavioral-related distress with variability among responses. The most frequently self-reported behaviors included agitation (66.7%) and complaining/criticizing things (58.3%) while the least reported behaviors were refusing to be left alone (8.3%) and yelling/swearing (8.3%). The highest behavioral distress reported was agitation (58.3%) while the least was wandering (8.3%). Discussion and implications Understanding the subjective, perceived experience of people with dementia provides valuable information on the illness experience. Additional research is needed to examine the role and impact of self-reported behaviors and the resulting behavioral- related distress on outcomes of well-being. Subjective reports of behavioral-related distress could predict well-being, above and beyond that of traditional objective measures, creating the potential for novel non-pharmacological intervention development for people with dementia.
The Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing and Diagnosis in Oregon.

ABSTRACT: Human immunodeficiency virus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae/Chlamydia trachomatis, and syphilis testing decreased with the implementation of mitigation measures for SARS-CoV-2 and did not return to 2019 levels by September 2020. However, primary and secondary syphilis diagnoses increased during mitigation measures. Sexual health services are essential during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
From the Courtroom to the Boardroom: Transactional Oral Advocacy

Legal writing courses often teach oral advocacy skills with courtroom-based oral arguments, pitting plaintiff’s counsel against defendant’s counsel. However, oral advocacy skills are important for all lawyers – even those who never set foot in a courtroom. This article discusses how legal writing courses can develop oral advocacy skills by pairing traditional litigation-based oral argument exercises with transactional-based oral advocacy exercises and provides a sample exercise (which has received positive feedback from students) that professors can use to introduce transactional-based oral advocacy skills.
Positron Emission Tomography: A New Tool in Diagnosing, Staging, and Treatment Monitoring of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is presently the most common cancer in the United States and its incidence around the world is increasing. Early detection and subsequent treatment have led to an improved survival in certain types of cancer, but major problems remain both in detection and staging of disease. The type most frequently seen is non-small cell cancer (NSCLC). Anatomic imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have superb resolution, but cannot always reliably differentiate a benign from a malignant lesion. Certain parameters such as lesion size and absence of calcification may indicate a higher likelihood of being malignant, but definite diagnosis still relies on invasive procedures such as bronchoscopy and percutaneous or open biopsy to provide tissue specimens for histopathology.
Penser le transnationalisme. Une lecture de L’Hiver de Mira Christophe de Pierre Nepveu

Le terme « transnationalisme » renvoie a une certaine idee d’anhistoricite et suppose des relations de type vertical par opposition au terme « postcolonialisme » que son prefixe ancre dans une historicite vectorielle. En partant du postulat que le transnationalisme se traduit, du point de vue de la langue, par la metaphore (qui partage avec le transnationalisme cette idee de verticalite), l’auteure de cet article montre comment le roman de Pierre Nepveu, L’Hiver de Mira Christophe, use d’une strategie de performativite pour illustrer les consequences d’un mode de representation qui serait metaphorique, examen qui se situe a la fois dans un rapport a la litterature et a sa glose, mais aussi dans une maniere d’etre au monde face a l’exil.
Taunton and Mason : cotton machinery and locomotive manufacture in Taunton, Massachusetts, 1811-1861

"Taunton and Mason: Cotton Machinery and Locomotive Manu facture in Taunton, Massachusetts, 1811-1861" (Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 1978) studies the technological and business practices of the machinery builders in a small industrial city 40 miles south of Boston. Three stages in the development of indus trial capitalism occur in antebellum Taunton. Small-time local entrepreneurs introduced cotton manufacture and machine building to Taunton in the 1800s, but eventually limited currency forced them to turn to Boston merchants and lawyers for the capital needed to keep the Taunton factories competitive. Following the failure and departure of the Boston investors, machinist entrepreneurs conducted the machine shops. In the first stage, factory manufacturing in Taunton was coupled with the putting-out system and conducted by local capital ists operating within a barter economy. At the beginning of the 19th century, rolling and slitting mills put out iron rods to farmers for cutting and shaping into nails. When the embargo and War of 1812 led Taunton entrepreneurs to open cotton spinning mills, yarn was similarly put out for weaving. Barter enabled the Taunton nail and cotton industries to function with a minimum of working capital. In a pattern repeated throughout the northeastern states, local farmers and townsmen bought goods at the company store, the amount being recorded in a ledger. Offsetting these purchases
The role of the arcuate frontal eye fields in the generation of saccadic eye movements.

Publisher Summary Monkeys and humans can make purposive saccades, using targeting information other than the visually derived location of the target. In the experiments described in the chapter, neurons in the monkey arcuate frontal eye fields in several paradigms designed to separate the visual responsiveness of neurons from their presaccadic activity. The results outlined in the chapter show conclusively that activity in the arcuate frontal eye fields precede purposive saccadic eye movements. This activity has three components: anticipatory, visual and movement, and the discharge patterns of a given cell may have some or all of the three types of activity. Although more cells discharge before visually guided saccades than before any other type of saccadic eye movement, enough cells discharge before purposive saccades in the dark to establish that the arcuate frontal eye fields could play a significant role in the generation of non-visually guided purposive saccades.
Fighting Corruption in East Asia: Solutions from the Private Sector

The critical need for private sector involvement in the fight against corruption is now an accepted fact, particularly in East Asia, where there is a buoyant private sector and where corruption has often been equated with cronyism. Cutting off corruption's supply side is a vital step in limiting the economic damage inflicted by corrupt practices. Despite the importance of private sector efforts in this regard, little attention has been paid to company anticorruption programs and to trying to learn from company experience. This book, which is based on research cosponsored by the World Bank and the Conference Board, provides detailed documentation of the efforts of Western and Asian companies to develop good standards of business conduct in their East Asian operations. It provides evidence that a common set of principles for resisting corruption can be established notwithstanding the rich cultural diversity and ownership structure of firms based in that region.
Expert systems and power system planning in developing countries

Expert-system technology is used to assist planning of capacitor installations on a power system. The solution is verified by comparing confidence factors to loss reductions caused by installing capacitors individually on each bus of the power system. The prototype expert system runs on a PC. The application of expert-system technology to power-system planning is then a step further. An expert-system architecture that facilitates least-cost planning for developing countries is identified. >
P2X1 receptor antagonists inhibit HIV-1 fusion by blocking virus-coreceptor interactions

HIV-1 Env glycoprotein-mediated fusion is initiated upon sequential binding of Env to CD4 and the coreceptor CXCR4 or CCR5. Whereas these interactions are thought to be necessary and sufficient to promote HIV-1 fusion, other host factors can modulate this process. Previous studies reported potent inhibition of HIV-1 fusion by selective P2X1 receptor antagonists, including NF279, and suggested that these receptors play a role in HIV-1 entry. Here we investigated the mechanism of antiviral activity of NF279 and found that this compound does not inhibit HIV-1 fusion by preventing the activation of P2X1 channels but effectively blocks the binding of the virus to CXCR4 or CCR5. The notion of an off-target effect of NF279 on HIV-1 fusion is supported by the lack of detectable expression of P2X1 receptors in cells used in fusion experiments and by the fact that the addition of ATP or the enzymatic depletion of ATP in culture medium does not modulate viral fusion. Importantly, NF279 fails to inhibit HIV-1 fusion with cell lines and primary macrophages when added at an intermediate stage downstream of Env-CD4-coreceptor engagement. Conversely, in the presence of NF279, HIV-1 fusion is arrested downstream of CD4 binding but prior to coreceptor engagement. NF279 also antagonizes the signaling function of CCR5, CXCR4, and another chemokine receptor, as evidenced by the suppression of calcium responses elicited by specific ligands and by recombinant gp120. Collectively, our results demonstrate that NF279 is a dual HIV-1 coreceptor inhibitor that interferes with the functional engagement of CCR5 and CXCR4 by Env. IMPORTANCE Inhibition of P2X receptor activity suppresses HIV-1 fusion and replication, suggesting that P2X signaling is involved in HIV-1 entry. However, mechanistic experiments conducted in this study imply that P2X1 receptor is not expressed in target cells or involved in viral fusion. Instead, we found that inhibition of HIV-1 fusion by a specific P2X1 receptor antagonist, NF279, is due to the blocking of virus interactions with both the CXCR4 and CCR5 coreceptors. The ability of NF279 to abrogate cellular calcium signaling induced by the respective chemokines showed that this compound acts as a dual-coreceptor antagonist. P2X1 receptor antagonists could thus represent a new class of dual-coreceptor inhibitors with a structure and a mechanism of action that are distinct from those of known HIV-1 coreceptor antagonists.
FREEDOM AND THE SOURCE OF VALUE: KORSGAARD AND WOOD ON KANT'S FORMULA OF HUMANITY

This essay examines two interpretations of Kant's argument for the formula of humanity. Christine M. Korsgaard defends a constructivist reading of Kant's argument, maintaining that humans must view themselves as having absolute value because their power for rational choice confers value on their ends. Allen Wood, however, defends a realist interpretation of Kant's argument, maintaining that humans actually are absolutely valuable and that their choices do not confer value but rather reflect their understanding of how the objects of their choices fulfill their needs and wants and contribute to their flourishing. Though Korsgaard's reading is more consistent with Kant's prioritizing of the right over the good, this essay raises a metaethical question regarding her constructivist position, namely, ''What is meant by her claim that rational choice 'confers' value on objects?'' In developing this question, it presents a realist account of goodness that is taken from Peter Geach's ''Good and Evil.'' One of the more prominent and (to my mind) more interesting debates in contemporary Kant scholarship concerns the proper interpretation of Kant's argument for the second formulation of the categorical impera- tive, the formula of humanity. Basically, the debate is between Christine Korsgaard's constructivist interpretation and Allen Wood's realist inter- pretation of Kant's formula of humanity. Their disagreement is impor- tant for Kant scholars in particular and moral philosophers in general because the point of contention between the two thinkers concerns a fundamental metaethical issue regarding the nature of value. For those unfamiliar with the debate, allow me briefly and all too quickly to summarize the positions of Korsgaard and Wood. Kant makes his argument for the second formulation of the categorical imperative in the second book of the Groundwork (Kant 1996b, 4:427-29). The formula of humanity is meant to give the moral law some content by way of identifying an objective, universal end that all rational agents must have by virtue of their rationality. Such a rational and objective end would be
Mature dendritic cells in inflamed human pulps beneath deep caries

Objective Dendritic cells (DCs) in pulps have been identified with markers for immature DCs and the relationship of DC maturity to pulpal health has not been carefully examined. We sought to test the hypothesis that the frequency of CD83+ mature DCs would correlate with caries invasion. Study design Pulps were collected from extracted teeth exhibiting (I) no caries (n = 9), (II) shallow dentinal caries (n = 5), and (III) deep caries (n = 9). Immature DCs (CD209+), mature DCs (CD83+), and monocytes/macrophages (CD14+) in three groups were enumerated immunohistochemically. Results Mature DCs were frequently found beneath deep caries (21.3 mature DCs/3 grids versus Conclusion Mature DCs were frequently found only beneath deep caries and these DCs were co-localized with CD4+ T cells suggesting antigen presentation.
Crack-tip fields in steady crack-growth with linear strain-hardening

Singular stress and strain fields are found at the tip of a crack growing steadily and quasi-statically into an elastic-plastic strain-hardening material. The material is characterized byJ2 flow theory together with a bilinear effective stress-strain curve. The cases of anti-plane shear, plane stress and plane strain are each considered. Numerical results are given for the order of the singularity, details of the stress and strain-rate fields, and the near-tip regions of plastic loading and elastic unloading.
Separation and identification of phases with through-focus dark-field electron microscopy

Abstract The use of out-of-focus dark-field images combined with stereoviewing to obtain more information than is available from a single dark-field image and its corresponding diffraction pattern, has been demonstrated recently. In this technique, called through-focus dark-field electron microscopy, an artificial stereo-image effect can be produced by utilizing the image shifts in out-of-focus dark-field images. The technique basically involves obtaining two beam-tilted dark-field images, selecting several spots with the objective aperture, such that one image is slightly over-focus and the other slightly under-focus. Examination of the two images through a conventional stereoviewer produces elevation differences between regions contributing to the several spots chosen with the objective aperture. These elevation differences are unrelated to object positions in the thin foil, and no specimen tilting is required. Applications of this technique to rapid separation and identification of phases in complex al...