cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal expression of regulatory and structural muscle proteins during myogenesis of satellite cells on isolated adult rat fibers

Myogenic precursors in adult skeletal muscle (satellite cells) are mitotically quiescent but can proliferate in response to a variety of stresses including muscle injury. To gain further understanding of adult myoblasts, we analyzed myogenesis of satellite cells on intact fibers isolated from adult rat muscle. In this culture model, satellite cells are maintained in their in situ position underneath the fiber basement membrane. In the present study patterns of satellite cell proliferation, expression of myogenic regulatory factor proteins, and expression of differentiation-specific, cytoskeletal proteins were determined, via immunohistochemistry of cultured fibers. The temporal appearance and the numbers of cells positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) or for MyoD were similar, suggesting that MyoD is present in detectable amounts in proliferating but not quiescent satellite cells. Satellite cells positive for myogenin, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha SMactin), or developmental sarcomeric myosin (DEVmyosin) appeared following the decline in PCNA and MyoD expression. However, expression of myogenin and alpha SMactin was transient, while DEV-myosin expression was continuously maintained. Moreover, the number of DEVmyosin + cells was only half of the number of myogenin + or alpha SMactin + cells--indicating, perhaps, that only 50% of the satellite cell descendants entered the phase of terminal differentiation. We further determined that the number of proliferating satellite cells can be modulated by basic FGF but the overall schedule of cell cycle entry, proliferation, differentiation, and temporal expression of regulatory and structural proteins was unaffected. We thus conclude that satellite cells conform to a highly coordinated program when undergoing myogenesis at their native position along the muscle fiber.
Small-dollar children's saving accounts and children's college outcomes by race

Abstract This is paper three of four in the Small-Dollar Children Accounts series that studies the relationship between children's small dollar savings accounts and college enrollment and graduation. The series uses different subsamples to examine three important research questions: (a) Are children with savings of their own more likely to attend or graduate from college? (b) Does dosage (no account, only basic savings, savings designated for school of less than $1, $1 to $499, or $500 or more) matter? And (c) is designating for school more predictive of college enrollment or graduation than having basic undesignated savings alone? Using propensity score weighted data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and its supplements we created multi-treatment dosages of savings accounts and amounts to answer these questions separately for black (n = 404) and white (n = 453) children. White children's savings are not significantly related to their college outcomes. Differently, compared to black children without savings accounts, black children are three times more likely to enroll in college when they have school savings of less than $1 and six times more likely when they have school savings of $1 to $499. Further, black children with school savings of $1 to $499 are four times more likely to graduate from college and black children with school savings of $500 or more are three-and-a-half times more likely to graduate from college, compared to those with no savings account. We suggest Child Development Accounts (CDAs) may be a promising tool for helping black children get to and through college.
The Conversion of Signals in the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex

Der vestibulo-okulare Reflex (VOR) erfolgt uber 3 Neurone. Im 1. Neuron findet sich ein rein vestibulares Signal (V) proportional zur Drehgeschwindigkeit des Kopfes (H). Das letzte Neuron ist das Motoneuron (MN) mit einem rein okulomotorischen Signal, proportional zur Position des Auges in der Orbita (E) und zur Geschwindigkeit des Auges (E). Wie wird nun das V-Signal in das MN-Signal unter Verwendung von nur 2 Synapsen verwandelt? Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage sollten wir wissen, welches Signal im mittleren Neuron ubertragen wird.
Underwriter warrants, underwriter reputation, and growth signaling

We present an alternative explanation of warrant use for underwriter compensation. We consider underwriter warrants as a signaling device to convey an issuing firm’s future growth potential and test this signaling role of warrant use by taking a direct approach in a seasoned equity offering (SEO) environment. Employing a matched-sample approach, we find that the use of warrants mitigates the negative price effects of SEOs. Specifically, the issuance of SEOs with warrant-based compensation has a significantly less negative impact on abnormal return performance than the issuance of SEOs with cash-based compensation. The results of logit regressions confirm this linkage. We further find that this less negative impact on firm value is attributable to the signaling value representing the issuing firm’s future growth prospects through warrant compensation even in the presence of underwriter reputation variables. These results suggest that firms with greater growth prospects benefit more by issuing SEOs with warrant compensation than with cash compensation. Overall, our results support the growth signaling effect of warrant compensation as an additional role of underwriter warrants in the SEO market.
A Simplified Procedure to Reconstitute Hair-Producing Skin

One of the major objectives of tissue engineering is to reconstitute skin from stem cells. This requires multipotent skin stem cells and the ability to guide these cells to form a piece of skin with proper architecture and skin appendages. Based on previous progress, we develop a simplified procedure that can be useful for large-scale screening of factors that can modulate the hair formation ability of candidate cells. Newborn mouse cells are used. Dissociated epidermal and dermal cells in high-density suspension are allowed to reconstitute in vitro to generate its own matrix, or seeded into a scaffold-like matrix already used clinically. These cells self-organize and form a reconstituted skin with proper proportions and topological organization of different components. Large numbers of hair follicles form. The cellular and molecular events are characterized, showing a distinct but parallel morphogenetic process compared to those occurring in embryonic development. The formed hair follicles can cycle and regenerate and the reconstituted skin can heal after injury. The skins are in good condition 1 year after transplant. This procedure enables flexible size and shape of the reconstituted skin, so clinical applications can be envisioned for the future when large numbers of multipotential skin stem cells become available.
Shape transition and multi-stability of helical ribbons: a finite element method study

Helical structures are among the most universal building blocks in nature and engineering. In this work, I performed three-dimensional finite element simulations to study the transitions of shapes and multi-stability in the mechanically self-assembled helical structures driven by anisotropic misfit strains. The shape transition between a purely twisted ribbon, or a helicoid, and a general helical ribbon can be achieved by tuning a few relevant geometric and mechanical parameters, including the misfit strains, the geometric misorientation angle, the dimensions, and the mechanical properties of the composite layers. The results of our work show good agreement with the recent theoretical works and will serve as a powerful tool to facilitate on-demand designs of spontaneously curved structures at both macroscopic and microscopic scales, for a number of engineering applications including nanoelecromechanical systems, drug delivery, sensors, drug delivery, active materials, optoelectronics, and microrobotics.
An optimal growth medium for the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii

A synthetic defined medium [NaCI 342 mM, MgSO428 mM, CaCl27.5 mM, KC19 mM, disodium glycerophosphate 0.79 mM, (NH4)2SO41.5 mM, sodium acetate 15 mM, l · histidine · HCl 0.8 mM, biotin 8.2 × 10−9 M,...
Accidental hand burns caused by operating room lights.

Abstract Three patients sustained burns of the hand in the operating room because of the lack of heat shields in the lights. A 54° F increase in temperature in the operating field was noted when the heat shields were not in place.
Designing Low Cost Networks with Short Routes and Low Congestion

We design network topologies and routing strategies which optimize several measures simultaneously: low cost, small routing diameter , bounded degree and low congestion. This set of design issues is broader than traditional network design and hence, our work is useful and relevant to a set of traditional and emerging design problems. Surprisingly, a simple idea from the research on small-world models, inspires a fruitful approach and useful techniques here. Starting with a simple model we consider adding long links to an n×n grid graph. Ideally, for a given budget to buy additional long links, we consider mechanisms for choosing links such that the routing diameter is small enough (poly-log of n) while the congestion ratio (between the most used link and the average one) is minimized, assuming uniform traffic between any two of the n nodes. We show that by adding O(1) long links to each node we achieve an almost logarithmic routing diameter and maintain a near optimal trade-off between congestion ratio and average weight (of long links): Weight×CongestionRatio = O(n). Our results are comparable to the best similar network structures when the trade-off space we consider is reduced to those in the compared designs (with fewer trade-off factors). We also consider extensions of our results to more general settings. We propose two construction schemes: 1) a static (fixed link) design and 2) a dynamic (random link) design. While the former provides our best trade-off results, the later is more scalable, better suited for dynamic and fault-tolerance issues, and can be useful for wireless ad-hoc networks.
Determination of binding constants between teicoplanin and D-Ala-D-Ala terminus peptides by affinity capillary electrophoresis

Binding constants between the glycopeptide antibiotic, Teicoplanin (Teic), and D-Ala-D-Ala terminus peptides were determined by affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) and by on-column ligand synthesis coupled to ACE. In the first technique, a plug of Teic and two non-interacting standards are injected and electrophoresed. Analysis of the change in the relative migration time ratio (RMTR) of Teic, relative to the non-interacting standards, as a function of the concentration of D-Ala-D-Ala peptide, yields a value for the binding constant. In the second technique, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-amino acid-DAla-D-Ala species are first synthesized on-column. The initial sample plug contains a D-Ala-D-Ala terminus peptide and two non-interacting standards. Plugs two and three contain solutions
Revised Landsat-5 TM radiometric calibration procedures and postcalibration dynamic ranges

Effective May 5, 2003, Landsat-5 (L5) Thematic Mapper (TM) data processed and distributed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation System (EROS) Data Center (EDC) will be radiometrically calibrated using a new procedure and revised calibration parameters. This change will improve absolute calibration accuracy, consistency over time, and consistency with Landsat-7 (L7) Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data. Users will need to use new parameters to convert the calibrated data products to radiance. The new procedure for the reflective bands (1-5,7) is based on a lifetime radiometric calibration curve for the instrument derived from the instrument's internal calibrator, cross-calibration with the ETM+, and vicarious measurements. The thermal band will continue to be calibrated using the internal calibrator. Further updates to improve the relative detector-to-detector calibration and thermal band calibration are being investigated, as is the calibration of the Landsat-4 (L4) TM.
Convergent coarseness regulation for segmented images

In segmentation of remotely sensed images, the number of pixel classes and their spectral representations are often unknown a priori. Even with prior knowledge, pixels with spectral components from multiple classes lead to classification errors and undesired small region artifacts. Coarseness regulation for segmented images is proposed as an efficient novel technique for handling these problems. Beginning with an over-segmented image, perceptually similar connected regions are iteratively merged using a method reminiscent of region growing, except the primitives are regions, not pixels. Interactive coarseness regulation is achieved by specifying the area alpha of the largest region eligible for merging. A region with area less than alpha is merged with the most spectrally similar connected region, unless the regions are perceived as spectrally dissimilar. In convergent coarseness regulation, which requires no user interaction, alpha is specified as the total number of pixels in the image, and the coarseness regulation output converges to a steady-state segmentation that remains unchanged as alpha is further increased. By applying convergent coarseness regulation to AVIRIS, IKONOS and DigitalGlobe images, and quantitatively comparing computer-generated segmentations to segmentations generated manually by a human analyst, it was found that the quality of the input segmentations was consistently and dramatically improved
Primary cilium mechanotransduction of tensile strain in 3D culture: Finite element analyses of strain amplification caused by tensile strain applied to a primary cilium embedded in a collagen matrix

Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASC) exhibit multilineage differentiation potential with lineage specification that is dictated by both the chemical and mechanical stimuli to which they are exposed. We have previously shown that 10% cyclic tensile strain increases hASC osteogenesis and cell-mediated calcium accretion. We have also recently shown that primary cilia are present on hASC and that chemically-induced lineage specification of hASC concurrently results in length and conformation changes of the primary cilia. Further, we have observed cilia length changes in hASC cultured within a collagen I gel in response to 10% cyclic tensile strain. We therefore hypothesize that primary cilia may play a key mechanotransduction role for hASC exposed to tensile strain. The goal of this study was to use finite element analysis (FEA) to determine strains occurring within the ciliary membrane in response to 10% tensile strain applied parallel, or perpendicular, to cilia orientation. To elucidate the mechanical environment experienced by the cilium, several lengths were modeled and evaluated based on cilia lengths measured on hASC grown under varied culture conditions. Principal tensile strains in both hASC and ciliary membranes were calculated using FEA, and the magnitude and location of maximum principal tensile strain determined. We found that maximum principal tensile strain was concentrated at the base of the cilium. In the linear elastic model, applying strain perpendicular to the cilium resulted in maximum strains within the ciliary membrane from 150% to 200%, while applying strain parallel to the cilium resulted in much higher strains, approximately 400%. In the hyperelastic model, applying strain perpendicular to the cilium resulted in maximum strains within the ciliary membrane around 30%, while applying strain parallel to the cilium resulted in much higher strains ranging from 50% to 70%. Interestingly, FEA results indicated that primary cilium length was not directly related to ciliary membrane strain. Rather, it appears that cilium orientation may be more important than cilium length in determining sensitivity of hASC to tensile strain. This is the first study to model the effects of tensile strain on the primary cilium and provides newfound insight into the potential role of the primary cilium as a mechanosensor, particularly in tensile strain and potentially a multitude of other mechanical stimuli beyond fluid shear.
The issues of automated driving vehicle and the expectations for 3D integration technology

Automated driving vehicle might become “the first responsible artificial intelligence” to be mass produced. The most important issues is the responsibility of the accident, efforts to minimize the accident must be maximum run. There is a problem across the technical, economic, law and ethics. Here I raise these wide range challenges. In particular, “How do we connect the recognition, judgment and action?” and “How do we reduce the power and cost in TFLOPS generation?” are old unresolved problem. And at last, I describe the expectations of the 3D integrated solution.
Design and realization of a distributed vector sensor for polarization diversity applications

Polarization is one type of waveform diversity that may be exploited to improve both radar and communication systems performance. Analytical results show that in order to obtain the best performance improvements, based upon the use of polarization diversity, knowledge of the full electric and magnetic field components is required. Vector sensor antennas are able to measure these components and thus they enable the exploitation of polarization diversity. This article describes a distributed approach to design a 6D vector antenna in a distributed fashion using both electric dipole and magnetic loops as constitutive elements.
Seeing through the blur

This paper addresses the problem of image alignment using direct intensity-based methods for affine and homography transformations. Direct methods often employ scale-space smoothing (Gaussian blur) of the images to avoid local minima. Although, it is known that the isotropic blur used is not optimal for some motion models, the correct blur kernels have not been rigorously derived for motion models beyond translations. In this work, we derive blur kernels that result from smoothing the alignment objective function for some common motion models such as affine and homography. We show the derived kernels remove poor local minima and reach lower energy solutions in practice.
Bethe stopping-power theory for heavy-target atoms

The Bethe stopping-power theory is considered in the context of heavy target atoms in which the relativistic effects of the target electrons are partially accounted for within the semirelativistic and independent-particle description. Numerical results show that, for target elements with large atomic numbers, these relativistic effects can become comparable with other corrections such as the shell correction, the Barkas effect, and the Bloch term.
Scalable semantic web data management using vertical partitioning

Efficient management of RDF data is an important factor in realizing the Semantic Web vision. Performance and scalability issues are becoming increasingly pressing as Semantic Web technology is applied to real-world applications. In this paper, we examine the reasons why current data management solutions for RDF data scale poorly, and explore the fundamental scalability limitations of these approaches. We review the state of the art for improving performance for RDF databases and consider a recent suggestion, "property tables." We then discuss practically and empirically why this solution has undesirable features. As an improvement, we propose an alternative solution: vertically partitioning the RDF data. We compare the performance of vertical partitioning with prior art on queries generated by a Web-based RDF browser over a large-scale (more than 50 million triples) catalog of library data. Our results show that a vertical partitioned schema achieves similar performance to the property table technique while being much simpler to design. Further, if a column-oriented DBMS (a database architected specially for the vertically partitioned case) is used instead of a row-oriented DBMS, another order of magnitude performance improvement is observed, with query times dropping from minutes to several seconds.
Protein Nutrition Mediates Lean Body Mass Homeostasis in the Aging Warfighter

The demographic shift of the average age in the United States and worldwide mandates that careful attention be paid to the nutritional and health needs of all segments of our older adult population. Well-defined changes in body composition occur in aging animals and humans. Characteristic of this change is the age-associated decline in skeletal muscle mass, sarcopenia. Data from observational studies of dietary intake and body composition suggest that a substantial proportion of adults over the age of 60 y consume less than the U.S.-recommended dietary allowance for protein and that greater dietary protein intake appears to reduce the decline in lean/muscle mass with aging. Studies of acute ingestion of high-quality dietary protein in healthy older adults suggest that the age-related blunting of protein synthetic capacity can be overcome with increased dietary protein intake. However, studies on chronic administration of high-quality protein supplements in cohorts of older adults are more equivocal with respect to improving or preserving muscle mass. This review highlights selective aspects of protein supplementation in older adults.
Political Talk Radio, Perceived Fairness, and the Establishment of President George W. Bush’s Political Legitimacy

This study analyzes the effects of political talk radio use on the perceived fairness of the 2000 U.S. presidential election. In particular, a process of influence is hypothesized leading from talk...
Safe haven: the cell biology of nonfusogenic pathogen vacuoles.

Our understanding of both membrane traffic in mammalian cells and the cell biology of infection with intracellular pathogens has increased dramatically in recent years. In this review, we discuss the cell biology of the host-microbe interaction for four intracellular pathogens: Chlamydia spp., Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacteriumspp., and the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. All of these organisms reside in vacuoles inside cells that have restricted fusion with host organelles of the endocytic cascade. Despite this restricted fusion, the vacuoles surrounding each pathogen display novel interactions with other host cell organelles. In addition to the effect of infection on host membrane traffic, we focus on these novel interactions and relate them where possible to nutrient acquisition by the intracellular organisms.
Post‐glacial range of variability in the Conejos River Valley, southern Colorado, USA: fluvial response to climate change and sediment supply

Effective river management strategies require an understanding of how fluvial processes vary both spatially and temporally. Here, we examine the natural range of variability in the Conejos River Valley, southern Colorado, through documentation of terrace morphostratigraphic and sedimentological characteristics as well as through investigation of sediment contributions from headwaters, hillslopes and tributary streams. Additionally, soil development and radiocarbon ages, together with local and regional paleoclimate reconstructions, were used to infer the range of processes acting in this system. Since de-glaciation, the Conejos River has fluctuated between episodes of bedrock strath formation, aggradation and vertical incision. Morphostratigraphic relationships, soil development and radiocarbon ages enable us to propose a chronology for periods of alluvial deposition (around 8·9–7·6 ka, 5·5 ka and from 3·5 to 1·1 ka), separated by intervals of fluvial incision. We infer potential forcing mechanisms by utilizing multiple working hypotheses. Specifically, we discuss the potential for increases in sediment supply during periods of (1) para-glacial adjustment, (2) climatic cooling, (3) increased frequency of climate change and (4) increased fire frequency or severity. We also consider the effects of changes in stream discharge and extreme storm occurrence. We conclude that combinations of these processes, operating at different times, have contributed to sediment mobilization since de-glaciation. Stream and landform morphology also varies longitudinally due to the influence of remnant glacial topography. In particular, valley bottom overdeepening at tributary junctions has resulted in incision and strath formation into unlithified glacial deposits (i.e. fill-cut terraces) rather than bedrock in some reaches. Overall, the Conejos fluvial system has varied significantly both temporally and spatially since de-glaciation and appears to be sensitive to changes in sediment supply related to Holocene scale climate fluctuations. This natural range of variability must therefore be a key consideration in any future stream management policies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical analysis of real-time PCR data

Even though real-time PCR has been broadly applied in biomedical sciences, data processing procedures for the analysis of quantitative real-time PCR are still lacking; specifically in the realm of appropriate statistical treatment. Confidence interval and statistical significance considerations are not explicit in many of the current data analysis approaches. Based on the standard curve method and other useful data analysis methods, we present and compare four statistical approaches and models for the analysis of real-time PCR data. In the first approach, a multiple regression analysis model was developed to derive ΔΔCt from estimation of interaction of gene and treatment effects. In the second approach, an ANCOVA (analysis of covariance) model was proposed, and the ΔΔCt can be derived from analysis of effects of variables. The other two models involve calculation ΔCt followed by a two group t- test and non-parametric analogous Wilcoxon test. SAS programs were developed for all four models and data output for analysis of a sample set are presented. In addition, a data quality control model was developed and implemented using SAS. Practical statistical solutions with SAS programs were developed for real-time PCR data and a sample dataset was analyzed with the SAS programs. The analysis using the various models and programs yielded similar results. Data quality control and analysis procedures presented here provide statistical elements for the estimation of the relative expression of genes using real-time PCR.
Chapter 4: Deconstructing Frank

Chapter 4 from Field, Alexander J. 2001, Altruistically Inclined: The Behavioral Sciences, Evolutionary Theory, and the Origins of Reciprocity. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
'Let Us Take the Road': The Beggar's Opera and its Criminal Law Context

The Beggar's Opera is a work studied for its political satire, its importance as a progenitor of musical forms from the singspiel to the Broadway musical, and even its possible interpretation as a metaphor for the "Christian myth." But this seemingly simple, if cynical, tale of love and betrayal in the criminal underworld of 1728 London has not previously been studied for the insights it can offer into the relationship between law and society in early Hanoverian England. This paper uses the play's plot as a point of departure to study some aspects of crime and punishment. Using contemporary sources to supplement, and correct, the play's portrayal of crimes, criminals, and the criminal justice system of the time, the paper concludes that the play offers a valuable view of criminal life in Eighteenth Century London.
BPIFB6 Regulates Secretory Pathway Trafficking and Enterovirus Replication

UNLABELLED Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) fold-containing family B, member 3 (BPIFB3) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized host factor that negatively regulates coxsackievirus B (CVB) replication through its control of the autophagic pathway. Here, we show that another member of the BPIFB family, BPIFB6, functions as a positive regulator of CVB, and other enterovirus, replication by controlling secretory pathway trafficking and Golgi complex morphology. We show that similar to BPIFB3, BPIFB6 localizes exclusively to the ER, where it associates with other members of the BPIFB family. However, in contrast to our findings that RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of BPIFB3 greatly enhances CVB replication, we show that silencing of BPIFB6 expression dramatically suppresses enterovirus replication in a pan-viral manner. Mechanistically, we show that loss of BPIFB6 expression induces pronounced alterations in retrograde and anterograde trafficking, which correlate with dramatic fragmentation of the Golgi complex. Taken together, these data implicate BPIFB6 as a key regulator of secretory pathway trafficking and viral replication and suggest that members of the BPIFB family participate in diverse host cell functions to regulate virus infections. IMPORTANCE Enterovirus infections are associated with a number of severe pathologies, such as aseptic meningitis, dilated cardiomyopathy, type I diabetes, paralysis, and even death. These viruses, which include coxsackievirus B (CVB), poliovirus (PV), and enterovirus 71 (EV71), co-opt the host cell secretory pathway, which controls the transport of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex, to facilitate their replication. Here we report on the identification of a novel regulator of the secretory pathway, bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) fold-containing family B, member 6 (BPIFB6), whose expression is required for enterovirus replication. We show that loss of BPIFB6 expression correlates with pronounced defects in the secretory pathway and greatly reduces the replication of CVB, PV, and EV71. Our results thus identify a novel host cell therapeutic target whose function could be targeted to alter enterovirus replication.
Analysis of Zero-Sequence Current Gain Considering Nonlinearity of Line Parameters

Single-phase earthing faults occur commonly in a power grid. While a single-phase earthing fault happens following the three-phase tripping in transmission line, the zero-sequence current at the later tripped side usually has a sudden change. According to the analysis of fault waveforms, the gain of zero-sequence current may be affected by the nonlinearity of line parameters to some degree. Taking into account the nonlinearity of transmission line parameters, the relationship among line parameters, fault points and zero-sequence current is analyzed quantitatively. The study results are helpful for better understanding the action of relays after faults. The simulation results verify the accuracy of the theory analysis.
Reflections and Measures on Improving the Quality of Master-degree Thesis

The quality of master-degree thesis decreases year by year.This paper analyzes the yielding reasons and puts forward seven corresponding measures to improve the quality of master-degree thesis.
Creep rupture behavior of welded Grade 91 steel

Abstract Creep rupture behavior of fusion welded Grade 91 steel was studied in the temperature range of 600 – 700 °C and at stresses of 50–200 MPa. The creep data were analyzed in terms of the Monkman-Grant relation and Larson-Miller parameter. The creep damage tolerance factor was used to identify the origin of creep damage. The creep damage was identified as the void growth in combination with microstructural degradation. The fracture surface morphology of the ruptured specimens was studied by scanning electron microscopy and deformed microstructure examined by transmission electron microscopy, to further elucidate the rupture mechanisms.
Theorizing Gifts and Gifting in Education Outside of Schooling

Gifting in education is “impossible.” It is also “aneconomic,” “limitless,” and must be “forgotten” — that is, if one looks at education through the Derridean lens of the gift.1 In what follows, I will utilize the aporias of the gift disclosed by Jacques Derrida to analyze a scenario under which school can shake off the socially imposed structure named “schooling.” I will do so in order to offer readers different ways of thinking about school.
Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes in Cold-process (Smoked) Salmon by Sodium Lactate

Comminuted raw salmon containing various concentrations and combinations of sodium lactate, sodium chloride, and sodium nitrite was inoculated with 10 Listeria monocytogenes cells per g (150 cells/15-g sample), vacuum-packaged in oxygen-impermeable film and stored at 5 or 10°C. Samples were examined for growth of L. monocytogenes and total aerobic microorganisms at specific intervals for up to 50 d. Sodium lactate exhibited a concentration-dependent antilisterial effect that was enhanced by nitrite and/or increased concentrations of NaCl. At 5°C, total inhibition of L monocytogenes was achieved for up to 50 d by 2% sodium lactate in combination with 3% water-phase NaCl. At 10°C, total inhibition was achieved for up to 35 d by 3% sodium lactate in combination with 3% water-phase NaCl, or by 2% sodium lactate in combination with 125 ppm sodium nitrite and 3% water-phase NaCl. Sodium lactate and the other additives also inhibited growth of the aerobic microflora but to a lesser degree than L. monocytogenes.
Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention After Acute MI

Cardiac rehabilitation programs for patients following an acute MI originally consisted of early ambulation and moderate-intensity physical activity in the hospital and following discharge in order to counter the debilitating effects of bed rest. They subsequently have evolved into comprehensive, multifaceted, physician-supervised programs targeted not only at improving the patient’s functional capacity but also for preventing recurrent (secondary) coronary and other cardiovascular events. These cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs (CRSPP) currently include, in addition to supervised exercise training, intense risk factor modification, patient and family education about coronary heart disease, psychosocial counseling and support, and, if necessary, vocational and occupational counseling. CRSPP in addition to improving the patient’s functional capacity, and hence quality of life, have been shown by meta-analyses of randomized trials to reduce fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular recurrent events as well as all-cause mortality. The purpose of this chapter is to review the evolution of such programs, the research-based evidence of their benefits, and their recommended components and personnel.
Control of Bacterial Soft Rot in Potato Tubers with Hypochlorite and Certain Organic Acids

The severity of bacterial soft rot in potato tubers after 96 h in a mist chamber at 20C was reduced by 86% when freshly-harvested tubers were submerged in an aqueous suspension of Erwinia carotovora pv carotovora (5 × 106 cfu/ml) for 5 min, removed, submerged in a 1% solution of citric acid for 5 min and then air-dried prior to incubation. Other organic acids that significantly reduced disease severity in similar tests included malonic, ascorbic, and acetic. Salts of these acids either had no effect or much less effect on soft rot severity than did the parent acid. Sodium cinnamate provided as much control as did citric acid. Treatment with hypochlorite at concentrations up to 10,000 ppm Cl2 equivalents reduced disease severity up to 99%, whereas 250 to 1000 ppm reduced the severity up to 90%. Both the acids and hypochlorite were much less effective when bacteria had been infiltrated into lenticels. Soft rot severity usually was increased when treatment solutions were infiltrated into lenticels. The level of control provided by treatment with hypochlorite at 1000 ppm was less than that provided by treatment with an experimental compound (CIBA GEIGY No. 78039) that is highly toxic to soft rot Erwinia spp (minimum inhibitory concentration = 1 ppm).
Perceptions of Senegalese Telecommunications Policy Experts on Factors Affecting Policy Reform

This paper seeks to inform decision-makers on factors perceived by Senegalese telecommunications experts as hindering the policy reform. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight Senegalese telecommunications experts. They perceive that factors affecting the policy reform in the sector are issues associated with three of the six Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) produced by Kaufmann, Kraay, & Mastruzzi (2012). These three categories represent voice and accountability, government effectiveness, and regulatory quality. Successful policy reform in the Senegalese telecommunications sector will depend on the ability of Senegalese institutions in charge of telecommunications to address issues described within these three categories
Postoperative Outcomes in Graves' Disease Patients: Results from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database.

Background: Current surgical indications for Graves' disease include intractability to medical and/or radioablative therapy, compressive symptoms, and worsening ophthalmopathy. Total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease may be technically challenging and lead to untoward perioperative outcomes. This study examines outcomes in patients with Graves' disease who underwent total thyroidectomy and assesses its safety for this patient population. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was performed using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2006 to 2011. Total thyroidectomy performed in patients with Graves' disease, benign multinodular goiter (MNG), and thyroid cancer was identified. Demographic factors, comorbidities, and postoperative complications were evaluated. Chi-square, one-way analysis of variance, and risk-adjusted multivariable logistic regression were performed. Results: Of 215,068 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy during the study period, 11,205 (5.2%) had Graves' disease...
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Under Different Drainage and Flooding Regimes of Cultivated Peatlands

Globally, approximately 10–20 % of peatlands have been drained for agricultural purposes. A strategy to protect peatlands and mitigate carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, while continuing agricultural production, is the use of intermittent flooding and drainage. A potential drawback of this strategy could be increases in methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The objective of this study was to compare greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from peatlands under various flooding-drainage cycles. A laboratory study was performed using intact soil cores subjected to different durations of flooding and drainage for 6 months. Average daily emissions of CO2 and N2O were significantly higher (P < 0.001) under drained (667 ± 37 mg CO2-C m-2 d-1 and 135 ± 19 μg N2O-N m-2 d-1) than flooded conditions (86 ± 6 mg CO2-C m-2 d-1 and 48 ± 2 μg N2O-N m-2 d-1). Methane emissions were not influenced by drained/flooded conditions, with an average rate of 116 ± 11 μg CH4-C m-2 d-1. Peaks of CH4 and N2O emissions were observed after flooding events and lasted less than 24 h. The peak emissions were approximately 8 and 19 times higher than the mean CH4 and N2O emissions, respectively. Carbon dioxide was the dominant component of GHGs, irrespective of hydrologic regime, accounting for more than 92% of overall global warming potential (GWP). Global warming potential was inversely proportional to the flooding period, indicating that prolonging the flooding period of peatlands would help mitigate soil oxidation and GHG emissions, and enhance sustainability of these agricultural peatlands.
Ticagrelor Use in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Insights From the National Cardiovascular Data Registry.

Background Ticagrelor is a P2Y 12 receptor inhibitor with superior clinical efficacy compared with clopidogrel. However, it is associated with reduced efficacy when combined with a high‐dose aspirin. Methods and Results Patients in the acute coronary treatment and intervention outcomes network (ACTION) Registry‐Get With The Guidelines (GWTG) with acute myocardial infarction from October 2013 through December 2014 were included in the study (167 455 patients; 622 sites). We evaluated temporal trends in the prescription of P2Y 12 inhibitors, and identified factors associated with ticagrelor use at discharge. Among patients discharged on ticagrelor and aspirin (21 262 patients), we evaluated the temporal trends and independent factors associated with high‐dose aspirin prescription at discharge. Ticagrelor prescription at discharge increased significantly from 12% to 16.7% ( P P P P P =0.01). Conclusions Our contemporary analysis shows a modest but significant increase in the use of ticagrelor and a high rate of adherence to the use of low‐dose aspirin at discharge.
MARX ET LA PENSÉE CRITIQUE

Este artigo propoe-se evidenciar o Carater sistematico, de inspiracao hegeliana, da obra de Karl Marx, na sua contribuicao critica para a filosofia moderna. A critica mariana, segundo o autor, nao pode ser em ultima analise separada de sua filosofia sistematica, mesmo quando se leva em consideracao a problematica realizacao efetiva da filosofia. O papel revolucionario da utopia e, outrossim, 0 que da conta da atualidade e relevância da filosofia marxiana para O pensamento politico contemporâneo.
Theory of spin Bott index for quantum spin Hall states in nonperiodic systems

Quantum spin Hall effects (QSHE) arising from electron band topology are usually limited to crystals. Here, the authors extend the concept of QSHE to nonperiodic systems. They derive a spin Bott index to characterize the electronic topology in aperiodic and amorphous systems, and confirm its applicability by realizing the QSHE in quasicrystals. As in crystals, the QSHE in quasicrystals manifests with robust metallic edge states and quantized conductance. Their findings not only provide a better understanding of electronic properties of nonperiodic systems, but also extend the search of the QSH phase to aperiodic and amorphous materials that are experimentally feasible.
Robust Digital Computation in the Physical World

Modern digital hardware and software designs are increasingly complex but are themselves only idealizations of a real system that is instantiated in, and interacts with, an analog physical environment. Insights from physics, formal methods, and complex systems theory can aid in extending reliability and security measures from pure digital computation (itself a challenging problem) to the broader cyber-physical and out-of-nominal arena. Example applications to design and analysis of high-consequence controllers and extreme-scale scientific computing illustrate the interplay of physics and computation. In particular, we discuss the limitations of digital models in an analog world, the modeling and verification of out-of-nominal logic, and the resilience of computational physics simulation. A common theme is that robustness to failures and attacks is fostered by cyber-physical system designs that are constrained to possess inherent stability or smoothness. This chapter contains excerpts from previous publications by the authors.
Huntington's disease in the United States: Variation by demographic and socioeconomic factors

BACKGROUND Despite extensive research regarding the etiology of Huntington's disease, relatively little is known about the epidemiology of this rare disorder, particularly in the United States where there are no national-scale estimates of the disease. OBJECTIVES To provide national-scale estimates of Huntington's disease in a U.S. population and to test whether disease rates are increasing, and whether frequency varies by race, ethnicity, or other factors. METHODS Using an insurance database of over 67 million enrollees, we retrospectively identified a cohort of 3,707 individuals diagnosed with Huntington's disease between 2003 and 2016. We estimated annual incidence, annual diagnostic frequency, and tested for trends over time and differences in diagnostic frequency by sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS During the observation period, the age-adjusted cumulative incidence rate was1.22 per 100,000 persons (95% confidence interval: 1.53, 1.65), and age-adjusted diagnostic frequency was 6.52 per 100,000 persons (95% confidence interval: 5.31, 5.66); both rates remained relatively stable over the 14-year period. We identified several previously unreported differences in Huntington's disease frequency by self-reported sex, income, and race/ethnicity. However, racial/ethnic differences were of lower magnitude than have previously been reported in other country-level studies. CONCLUSIONS In these large-scale estimates of U.S. Huntington's disease epidemiology, we found stable disease frequency rates that varied by several sociodemographic factors. These findings suggest that disease patterns may be more driven by social or environmental factors than has previously been appreciated. Results further demonstrate the potential utility of administrative Big Data in rare disease epidemiology when other data sources are unavailable. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the Test of Memory Malingering in adults: Two decades of deception detection

Objective: The present study, adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) to examine traditional and alternative cutoffs across Trial 1, Trial 2, and Retention.Method: Search criteria identified 539 articles published from 1997 to 2017. After application of selection criteria, 60 articles were retained for meta-analysis. Classification accuracy statistics were calculated using fixed- and random-effects models.Results: For Trial 1, a cutoff of 0.90 specificity across most samples of examinees for whom English is not the primary language, but well-below acceptable levels in individuals with dementia.Conclusions: The TOMM is highly specific when interpreted per traditional cutoffs. In individuals not suspected of significant impairment, findings indicate that a less conservative TOMM Trial 2 or Retention cutoff of <49 can be interpreted as invalid, especially in settings associated with higher base rates of invalidity and, thus, higher positive predictive power. A cutoff of <42 on Trial 1 can also be interpreted as invalid in most settings.
Gut-host Crosstalk: Methodological and Computational Challenges

Understanding how health-promoting microbiota are established and their beneficial interactions with the host is of critical biomedical importance. The current high throughput data acquisition technologies allow for integrating components of the gut ecosystem. The richness of data types and large number of measured variables involved underscores the critical importance of the appropriate choice of analytical and computational methods that can be used to model this complex ecosystem. This review outlines currently used approaches to perform analyses of data obtained as a result of interrogation of the gut-microbiota ecosystem and the challenges associated with these methodological and computational efforts. The problem of large dimensionality versus small numbers of samples is explained with discussions of clustering, dimensionality reduction, and statistical testing. Predictive modeling and data integration specific to the gut ecosystem are also discussed.