cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinicians' recognition and management of emotions during difficult healthcare conversations

Abstract Objective To examine the most commonly reported emotions encountered among healthcare practitioners when holding difficult conversations, including frequency and impact on care delivery. Methods Interprofessional learners from a range of experience levels and specialties completed self-report questionnaires prior to simulation-based communication workshops. Clinicians were asked to describe up to three emotions they experienced when having difficult healthcare conversations; subsequent questions used Likert-scales to measure frequency of each emotion, and whether care was affected. Results 152 participants completed questionnaires, including physicians, nurses, and psychosocial professionals. Most commonly reported emotions were anxiety, sadness, empathy, frustration, and insecurity. There were significant differences in how clinicians perceived these different emotions affecting care. Empathy and anxiety were emotions perceived to influence care more than sadness, frustration, and insecurity. Conclusions Most clinicians, regardless of clinical experience and discipline, find their emotional state influences the quality of their care delivery. Most clinicians rate themselves as somewhat to quite capable of recognizing and managing their emotions, acknowledging significant room to grow. Practice implications Further education designed to increase clinicians’ recognition of, reflection on, and management of emotion would likely prove helpful in improving their ability to navigate difficult healthcare conversations. Interventions aimed at anxiety management are particularly needed.
Fibroblast growth factor-23 and cardiac structure and function.

Background Fibroblast growth factor–23 (FGF-23) is a phosphaturic factor previously associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction among individuals with chronic kidney disease. Whether FGF-23 acts directly to induce left ventricular hypertrophy, potentially independent of its klotho coreceptor, remains uncertain. We investigated associations of FGF-23 with cardiac structural abnormalities among individuals with a broad range of kidney function and explored potential biological mechanisms using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and histology in klotho -null mice, an established model of constitutively elevated FGF-23. Methods and Results Among 887 participants with coronary artery disease in the Heart and Soul Study, FGF-23 was modestly associated with worse left ventricular ejection fraction (−1.0% per standard deviation increase in lnFGF-23; standard error, 0.4%), but was not associated with the overall prevalence of concentric hypertrophy (odds ratio, 1.5; CI, 0.9 to 2.4) or eccentric hypertrophy (odds ratio, 1.1; CI, 0.9 to 1.3). FGF-23 was only associated with concentric hypertrophy among individuals with diminished kidney function (eGFR 2 ; odds ratio, 2.3; CI, 1.0 to 5.3; P -interaction=0.28). Comparing klotho -null with wild-type mice, null mice did not have greater left ventricular mass ( P =0.37) or a lower ejection fraction ( P =0.94). Conclusions Together, our results suggest that FGF-23 is unlikely to have major effects on cardiovascular structure and function among patients free of substantial chronic kidney disease, and these effects may not be independent of the klotho coreceptor.
Dissecting High-Dimensional Phenotypes with Bayesian Sparse Factor Analysis of Genetic Covariance Matrices

Quantitative genetic studies that model complex, multivariate phenotypes are important for both evolutionary prediction and artificial selection. For example, changes in gene expression can provide insight into developmental and physiological mechanisms that link genotype and phenotype. However, classical analytical techniques are poorly suited to quantitative genetic studies of gene expression where the number of traits assayed per individual can reach many thousand. Here, we derive a Bayesian genetic sparse factor model for estimating the genetic covariance matrix (G-matrix) of high-dimensional traits, such as gene expression, in a mixed-effects model. The key idea of our model is that we need consider only G-matrices that are biologically plausible. An organism’s entire phenotype is the result of processes that are modular and have limited complexity. This implies that the G-matrix will be highly structured. In particular, we assume that a limited number of intermediate traits (or factors, e.g., variations in development or physiology) control the variation in the high-dimensional phenotype, and that each of these intermediate traits is sparse – affecting only a few observed traits. The advantages of this approach are twofold. First, sparse factors are interpretable and provide biological insight into mechanisms underlying the genetic architecture. Second, enforcing sparsity helps prevent sampling errors from swamping out the true signal in high-dimensional data. We demonstrate the advantages of our model on simulated data and in an analysis of a published Drosophila melanogaster gene expression data set.
Four-Terminal-Relay Body-Biasing Schemes for Complementary Logic Circuits

Four-terminal-relay inverter circuit characteristics are investigated. To achieve maximum noise margin and zero crowbar current while allowing for relay-to-relay variations, the optimal biasing scheme provides for switching that is symmetric about VDD/2 with minimum hysteresis and no possibility of both the pull-down and pull-up devices being on simultaneously.
Teaching Life-Cycle Perspectives: Sustainable Transportation Fuels Unit for High-School and Undergraduate Engineering Students

Classroom units were developed for high-school environmental science and college industrial ecology classes to introduce life- cycle perspectives and systems analysis of transportation fuel/vehicle systems. The units at both levels emphasize the need to consider energy and environmental issues related to the nation's transportation sector that extend well beyond the gasoline pump and vehicle emissions. The units include several lessons to introduce environmental issues, understand the fuel and vehicle technologies (high-school level only), and conceptually and quantitatively evaluate differences among the expected future fuels through a life-cycle assessment. The quantitative assess- ment of the high-school students shows that the units helped students to significantly raise their energy knowledge and change their attitudes. Anecdotal information from the students indicates that the increased awareness about the seriousness of energy issues has caused them to be more conservative and conscientious about their energy consumption behaviors. The evaluation of the class in the 2009-2010 academic year (AY09) was excellent, suggesting that the addition of the life-cycle assessment activities described in this paper were well received by the students. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000059. © 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Engineering education; Energy consumption; Energy efficiency; Energy sources; Transportation management; Life cycles; Sustainable development; Students; Undergraduate study.
Spring growth of caddisflies (Limnephilidae : Trichoptera) in response to marine-derived nutrients and food type in a Southeast Alaskan stream

The short-term stimulation of production, due to marine-derived nutrients (MDN) from spawning salmon, is well documented for certain trophic levels in stream communities (e.g., algae and insect biomass). The effect of these nutrients on the stream ecosystem as a whole, however, remains unclear especially later in the year. Trichopterans have been shown to feed on salmon and other fish carcasses and there is evidence for greater growth rates in the presence of salmon tissue. To address the question of long-term MDN subsidy on trichopterans, we investigated the growth of three limnephilid caddisflies in the spring in the Harris River on Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska. The Harris River has a natural waterfall barrier to salmon and receives large runs of pink (O. gorbuscha) and chum (O. keta) salmon each fall. We selected two shredding caddisflies (Onocosmoecus unicolor) and (Psychoglypha spp.) and one facultative scraper, (Dicosmoecus atripes) for our study. We had two objectives : 1) compare the spring growth of larval caddisflies in a stream section that receives a large autumn run of salmon with their growth in a stream section that is blocked from receiving salmon (due to an impassable waterfall), and 2) compare the growth of shredders with that of a facultative scraper when provided either leaves or biofilm on rocks as food. Insects were placed in growth boxes in May 2001 with either conditioned alder leaves or stream rocks as food sources. The boxes were placed along with temperature loggers in both the salmon (below the waterfall) and non-salmon (above the waterfall) reaches. The boxes were removed 40 days later. In-stream samples were taken of each caddisfly initially and at the end of the experiment to establish in-stream growth versus growth in the boxes. All larvae were coaxed from their cases, measured for total wet length, dried and weighed. Only D. atripes and Psychoglypha spp. were growing during our experiment and both showed very high relative growth rates in the Harris River. Psychoglypha spp. and O. unicolor were both significantly larger in the leaf boxes and D. atripes was significantly larger in the rock boxes. Both D. atripes and Psychoglypha spp. had significantly greater relative growth rates between food types (on biofilm on rocks and leaves respectively). These results support the notion that D. atripes are most likely facultative scrapers at least in their first year of growth. None of these caddisflies showed differences in their final mean weights or relative growth rates between stream sections, suggesting no effect of MDN on their spring growth in the Harris River. Further research on caddisfly communities in the fall and winter will help clarify if MDN has an influence on the abundance and life history of these species closer to the salmon run. This study questions the long-term influence of MDN on stream communities, particularly those populations that do most of their production in the spring, months after salmon carcasses are no longer visible.
Mixed PLB and interconnect BIST for FPGAs without fault-free assumptions

We tackle the problem of fault-free assumptions in current PLB and interconnect built-in-self-test (BIST) techniques for FPGAs. These assumptions were made in order to develop strong BIST methods for one class of components (PLBs or interconnects) while assuming that the other class is fault-free. This results in a cyclical conundrum that renders current PLB and interconnect BIST techniques impractical, since current deepsubmicron FPGAs as well as those of emerging single-digit nanometer technologies are expected to have a profusion of hard (permanent) PLB as well as interconnect faults. We address this issue here and develop a novel method M-BIST that uses a combination of (i) iterative bootstrapping that without any knowledge of the state of any PLB or interconnect determines a minimum contingent of fault-free test circuit components with high probability, and (ii) mixed testing of PLBs and interconnects in an interleaved manner that identifies fault-free components that are used in subsequent testing phases until the entire FPGA is tested. This approach is overlaid on current state-of-the-art PLB and interconnect BIST techniques. Simulation results obtained for faults present in both PLBs and interconnects show significant improvements in both fault coverage and false positives yielded by M-BIST compared to the PLB-only and interconnect-only BIST techniques used within the M-BIST wrapper that make fault-free assumptions about the other component type.
An oxide-nitride-oxide capacitor dielectric film for silicon strip detectors

Silicon strip detectors with integrated coupling capacitors were fabricated on the same wafer with capacitor test structures and dielectric breakdown characteristics were evaluated. The standard silicon dioxide (oxide) dielectric was compared to a stacked film of silicon dioxide-silicon nitride-silicon dioxide (ONO). The thicknesses for the stacked film were chosen to give approximately the same value of capacitance per unit area as for the oxide. Since the dielectric constant of silicon nitride is approximately twice that of silicon dioxide, the ONO film can be made thicker than the corresponding oxide for the same capacitance. As a result the ONO film has a significantly higher breakdown voltage than that of an oxide film with equivalent capacitance. >
Do Descriptive Norms Solve Social Dilemmas?: Conformity and Contributions in Collective Action Groups

Collective action researchers have focused on injunctive norms that specify approved behavior as a panacea for collective action problems. We investigate whether descriptive norms (similar behavior) can also solve these problems. We argue that descriptive norms generate social identification, which then sustains conformity to expectations. Consequently, descriptive norms can characterize both cooperation and noncooperation, such that cooperative norms sustain successful collective action while noncooperative norms result in collective action failure. Results from two laboratory experiments supported the hypothesis that descriptive norms can sustain collective action success and failure. Further, while normative non-cooperation eroded cooperation for high contributors, normative cooperation had little affect on low contributors. This asymmetry points to a paradox: because they promote group identification, noncooperative descriptive norms can be self-sustaining, with deleterious outcomes.
Giftedness, Trauma, and Development: A Qualitative, Longitudinal Case Study.

A qualitative, longitudinal, phenomenological case study explored how a gifted female experienced various life events and aspects of development during adolescence and young adulthood (ages 15–30 y...
Taking Television Seriously: A Sound and Image Bite Analysis of Presidential Campaign Coverage, 1992–2004

This study updates and builds on Hallin’s landmark investigation of sound-bite news by documenting the prevalence of candidate image bites, where candidates are shown but not heard (as opposed to being shown and heard), in general election news over 4 election cycles. A visual analysis of broadcast network (ABC, CBS, and NBC) news coverage of the 1992, 1996, 2000, and 2004 U.S. presidential elections finds that image bites constituted a greater percentage of total campaign coverage than sound bites, with candidates appearing in image bites significantly more than sound bites. Even as candidate sound bites continue to shrink over time, image-bite time is increasing in duration—and candidates are being presented in image bites almost twice as much as journalists. Sound bites are also found to be largely attack and issue focused. Based on these findings, we call for greater appreciation of visual processing, nonverbal communication, and voter learning from television news in the study of media and politics.
Integrating a portable biofeedback device into clinical practice for patients with anxiety disorders: results of a pilot study.

This study examined the effectiveness of a portable Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) biofeedback device as an adjunct to CBT in persons with anxiety dis- orders and other disorders associated with autonomic dysfunction attending outpatient treatment. Participants were 24 individuals attending outpatient cognitive behav- ioral treatment for a range of anxiety disorders. Participants were assessed over a 3 week period. Outcomes included measures of anxiety (STAI-Y), sleep disturbances (PSQI), anger (STAEI), and subjective questions about the effec- tiveness of the device as a treatment adjunct. Significant reductions were found for anxiety and anger and for certain sleep variables (e.g. sleep latency). There was a significant dos-effect in that those who were more compliant had significantly greater reductions in most domains including sleep, anger and trait anxiety. Overall, participants found the device more helpful than other relaxation techniques such as mediation, yoga and unassisted breathing tech- niques but less helpful than exercise. The most frequently endorsed side effects were dizziness (15%) and sleepiness (55%). These preliminary results suggest that portable RSA biofeedback appears to be a promising treatment adjunct for disorders of autonomic arousal and is easily integrated into treatment. Results support the need for further inves- tigation with more rigorous experimental designs.
Mediational Pathways Through Which Positive and Negative Emotionality Contribute to Anhedonic Symptoms of Depression: A Prospective Study of Adolescents

This study takes a developmental psychopathological approach to examine mechanisms through which baseline levels of positive emotionality (PE) and negative emotionality (NE) prospectively predict increases in anhedonic depressive symptoms in a community sample of 350 adolescents (6th-10th graders). Dependent stressors mediated the relationship between baseline levels of NE and anhedonic depressive symptoms after controlling for initial symptoms. Supportive relationships mediated the relationship between baseline levels of PE and anhedonic depressive symptoms, after controlling for baseline symptoms. In addition, NE X PE interacted to predict later anhedonic depressive symptoms, such that adolescents with low levels of PE and high levels of NE experienced the greatest increase in anhedonic depressive symptoms. Last, supportive relationships interacted with baseline PE to predict prospective changes in anhedonic depressive symptoms, such that adolescents with low PE and low supportive relationships experienced the greatest increase in anhedonic depressive symptoms. Results are discussed in terms of current theoretical models of the link between temperament and depression.
Suppressor Adherent Cells in Human Tuberculosis

Patients with newly diagnosed active pulmonary tuberculosis were divided into high and low responder groups on the basis of 3 H-thymidine incorporation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB MNC) induced by tuberculin-purified protein derivative (PPD). The group of patients with low tuberculin responses was characterized by anergy to tuberculin skin testing and larger numbers of circulating monocytes than the high responders. The groups were comparable in the extent of pulmonary tuberculosis and other clinical parameters. PB MNC from tuberculin low responders had normal phytohemagglutinin (PHA) but depressed streptokinase-streptodornase (SKSD), Candida antigen, and tetanus toxoid-induced 3 H-thymidine incorporation. Depletion of adherent cells resulted in a mean 24.4-fold enhancement of T lymphocyte responses to PPD in the low responders as compared to a 2.9-fold increase in the high responders. The low response of PB MNC from low responders to nonmycobacterial antigens was not similarly augmented by adherent cell depletion. Adding back graded numbers of adherent cells to purified T lymphocyte populations resulted in greater depression of the PPD-induced proliferative response to the tuberculin low responders when compared to the high responders. These studies provide evidence for circulating suppressor adherent cells in tuberculosis patients with diminished responsiveness to PPD in vitro . This immunosuppression is not mediated by adherent cell supernatant products, nor does it involve T lymphocyte labile during culture. However, complex cellular interactions, possibly involving suppressor T cells, are implicated by the restriction of this phenomenon to PPD-induced lymphocyte activation and the depression of the PB MNC responses to nonmycobacterial antigens. The suppressor adherent cells defined in these studies may be relevant as a cause or consequence of infection in a subset of patients with tuberculosis.
Precision and accuracy of an artificial anterior chamber system in obtaining corneal lenticules for lamellar keratoplasty.

Abstract Purpose: To determine the precision and accuracy of an artificial anterior chamber and a manual microkeratome in obtaining corneal lenticules for lamellar keratoplasty. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, Cornea, External Diseases and Refractive Surgery Service, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA. Methods: A lamellar keratectomy was performed in 47 human corneoscleral rims. Three lenticule thicknesses (180, 300, and 360 μm heads) and 3 diameters (7.0, 8.0, and 9.0 mm) were attempted. Diameters and thicknesses were measured by planimetry and pachymetry, respectively. Results: Peripheral lenticule thickness was more likely to be within ±50 μm of the intended depth in thinner cuts (180 μm, 9/15 corneas, 60%; 300 μm, 6/16 corneas, 40%; 360 μm, 3/12 corneas, 33.3%) ( P = .045). Eighty percent (32/40 corneas) were within ±0.5 mm of the expected diameter. Accuracy was best in the 8.0 mm group, with 47.1% (8/17 corneas) within ±0.2 mm of the expected diameter. A thickness/diameter correlation was not observed ( r s ≤ 0.28). Conclusions: The precision and accuracy of this system varied according to the attempted thickness and diameter.
Nanostructure imaging mass spectrometry: the role of fluorocarbons in metabolite analysis and yoctomole level sensitivity.

Nanostructure imaging mass spectrometry (NIMS) has become an effective technology for generating ions in the gas phase, providing high sensitivity and imaging capabilities for small molecules, metabolites, drugs, and drug metabolites. Specifi cally, laser desorption from the nanostructure surfaces results in effi cient energy transfer, low background chemical noise, and the nondestructive release of analyte ions into the gas phase. The modifi cation of nanostructured surfaces with fl uorous compounds, either covalent or noncovalent, has played an important role in gaining high effi ciency/sensitivity by facilitating analyte desorption from the nonadhesive surfaces, and minimizing the amount of laser energy required. In addition, the hydrophobic fl uorinated nanostructure surfaces have aided in concentrating deposited samples into fi ne micrometer-sized spots, a feature that further facilitates effi cient desorption/ionization. These fl uorous nanostructured surfaces have opened up NIMS to very broad applications including enzyme activity assays and imaging, providing low background, effi cient energy transfer, nondestructive analyte ion generation, super-hydrophobic surfaces, and ultra-high detection sensitivity.
Programmable orchestration of time-synchronized events across decentralized Android ensembles

Orchestrating a time sensitive computation across an ad hoc ensemble of Android devices is surprisingly challenging in spite of the OS's support for automated network time synchronization. In fact, the lack of access to programmatic nor end-user control pushes the responsibility of implementing fine-grained time synchronization to the application development level. In this paper, we extend CoMingle, a distributed logic programming framework designed for orchestrating Android ensembles, with explicit time annotations and built-in network time synchronization support. The result is a powerful programmable orchestration framework for developing apps that exhibits time-synchronized events across an ensemble of Android devices.
Elucidating the electronic structure of supported gold nanoparticles and its relevance to catalysis by means of hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract We report on the electronic structure of Au (gold) nanoparticles supported onto TiO2 with a goal of elucidating the most important effects that contribute to their high catalytic activity. We synthesize and characterize with high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) 3.4, 5.3, and 9.5 nm diameter TiO2-supported Au nanoparticles with nearly spherical shape and measure their valence band using Au 5d subshell sensitive hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) conducted at Spring-8. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations of various Au surface structures, we interpret the observed changes in the Au 5d valence band structure as a function of size in terms of an increasing percentage of Au atoms at corners/edges for decreasing particle size. This work elucidates how Au coordination number impacts the electronic structure of Au nanoparticles, ultimately giving rise to their well-known catalytic activity.
Enhancing Creativity among Elementary School Children through Building Better Injury Prevention Products

(2001). Enhancing Creativity among Elementary School Children through Building Better Injury Prevention Products. American Journal of Health Education: Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 120-122.
The Impact of Ethical Leadership and the Internal Audit Function on Financial Reporting Decisions

Two elements of corporate governance — the strength of ethical executive leadership and the internal audit function (IAF hereafter) — provide guidance to accounting managers making decisions involving uncertainty. We examine the joint effect of these two factors, manipulated at two levels (strong, weak), in an experiment in which accounting professionals decide whether to book a questionable journal entry (i.e., a journal entry for which a reasonable business case can be made but there is no supporting documentation). We find that ethical leadership and the IAF interact to determine the likelihood that accountants book the entry. Specifically, accountants are less likely to book a questionable journal entry when there is a weak ethical leader and a strong IAF compared to all other conditions. In addition, we find that accountants question the appropriateness and ethicalness of the request to book an undocumented journal entry more in the weak ethical leader and strong IAF condition than in the other conditions. These results suggest that the IAF has a different impact on financial reporting decisions depending on the ethicalness of executive leadership and that a strong IAF may cause accountants to question the appropriateness and ethicalness of an undocumented journal entry when combined with weak ethical leadership. We also find that the interactive effect of ethical leadership and the IAF on an accountant’s decision is fully mediated by his/her perception of the moral intensity of the issue. Thus, accountants, who perceive greater moral intensity associated with booking the entry, are less willing to do so.
Multilevel developmental perspectives on child maltreatment

The knowledge base on child maltreatment has increased exponentially since the early stages of this field of research were initiated 50 years ago.... Language: en
Association of sTNF-R1 and the development of treatment-related symptoms in patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiation therapy for colorectal or esophageal cancer

3041 Background: Cancer-treatment-induced dysregulation of proinflammatory cytokines may be a common mechanism underlying the development of symptom burden (e.g., pain, fatigue, distress, and disturbed sleep) during concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CXRT). Methods: Patients undergoing CXRT for locally advanced colorectal or esophageal cancer (N=97) reported symptoms weekly via the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI). Serum samples were tested weekly during therapy for changes in concentration levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1RA], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 [sTNF-R1]) via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Symptom responses were modeled using longitudinal ordinal probit regression functions that included these serum cytokine values, along with age, cancer type, prechemotherapy status, and race (non-Hispanic white vs. others), as explanatory variables. Results: The ...
Is the small intestinal epithelium truly "tight" to inulin permeation?

In this study, we evaluated the "leakiness" of intestinal epithelium through examination of small intestinal absorption of inulin in vivo by perfusing rat jejunum with 10 microM inulin. In physiological conditions, we found significant absorption of inulin at a rate of 44.6 nmol.100 cm-1.h-1 or absorption of 14.7%.100 cm-1.h-1 of the amount perfused. Increasing water flux by changing the luminal osmolarity resulted in linear (y = 31.1 + 2.4x, r = 0.97) increase in absorption of inulin, indicating a significant convective component of inulin absorption. There was large permeation of inulin at net water secretion and at zero net water fluxes (31.1 nmol.100 cm-1.h-1), indicating significant absorption of inulin by diffusive movement as well. The small intestinal tissue retention of inulin occurred rapidly within the first 15 min of perfusion, and the total tissue retention remained unchanged thereafter at approximately 10.8 nmol/100 cm. 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2 decreased water flux, whereas cyclooxygenase inhibitors, indomethacin and acetylsalicylate, increased water flux. Inulin absorption closely paralleled changes in water flux induced by these agents. Taurocholate also caused parallel decrease in water and inulin absorption. Varying the resistance of unstirred water layer with changing luminal flow rate, the addition of mucolytic agent acetylcysteine, or alterations of luminal pH did not affect water or inulin absorption. We conclude that inulin permeates the small intestinal epithelium in significant amounts under normal physiological conditions, presumably through the paracellular pathways utilizing aqueous channels.
Side by Side: Can Film Survive Our Digital Future?

It is no secret that digital technologies have triggered a significant shift for media providers and consumers, and the world of cinematic film is no exception. While audiences marvel at lifelike s...
Electron-Paramagnetic-Resonance and Optical Spectra of Cr 3 + in Sn O 2 Single Crystals

EPR and optical spectra have been obtained for ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$-doped Sn${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ crystals both as grown and after subsequent heat treatment. Two distinct EPR and optical spectra have been observed. ${(\mathrm{EPR})}_{\mathrm{I}}$ and ${(\mathrm{Opt})}_{\mathrm{I}}$ are characteristic of the as-grown crystal. The ${(\mathrm{EPR})}_{\mathrm{I}}$ is shown to be due to ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ in substitutional sites with spin Hamiltonian parameters $D=\ensuremath{-}0.6840\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0002$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $E=0.1852\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0002$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and ${g}_{\mathrm{av}}=1.975$. The lines are superhyperfine-broadened with superhyperfine structure (shfs) of two- and four-tin nuclei approximately equal to 35 and 7 G, respectively. EPR spectra of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{V}}^{4+}$ show some similarities in shfs. The ${(\mathrm{Opt})}_{\mathrm{I}}$ spectrum consists of intense bands centered at 18 250 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and 19 400 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ($\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\sim}100$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\sim}3000$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) with light polarized perpendicular and parallel to the $c$ axis, respectively. After heating in a reducing atmosphere, ${(\mathrm{Opt})}_{\mathrm{I}}$ disappears completely. New weak bands ${(\mathrm{Opt})}_{\mathrm{II}}$ appear at slightly different energies of 21 400 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and 19 700 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ($\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\sim}0.6$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\sim}800$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) with light polarized perpendicular and parallel to the $c$ axis, respectively. The EPR measurements of the reduced crystal shows that: (1) 75% of the ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ ions are still in the substitutional site; (2) a new spectrum ${(\mathrm{EPR})}_{\mathrm{II}}$ with four nonequivalent sites is observed with spin Hamiltonian parameters $D=\ensuremath{-}0.7033\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0002$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $E=0.1448\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0002$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and ${g}_{\mathrm{av}}=1.975$. The shfs for two and four tin nuclei are approximately 38 and 9 G, respectively. ${(\mathrm{EPR})}_{\mathrm{II}}$ may be due to ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ ions in interstitial positions. Reheating in ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ atmosphere restores the original spectra. Results correlate ${(\mathrm{EPR})}_{\mathrm{I}}$ with ${(\mathrm{Opt})}_{\mathrm{II}}$. Hence $10Dq\ensuremath{\cong}20000$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and the tetragonal distortion is about 2000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Effects of He 3 -He 3 Interactions in Dilute Solutions of He 3 in He 4

Using the classical gas expression for the diffusion coefficient and experimental measurements of the spin diffusion coefficient of a 5% solution of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ in ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ at temperatures up to 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, we have extended the effective interaction between ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ quasiparticles, as derived by Bardeen, Baym, and Pines, to larger values of the momentum. This potential is then used in first-order perturbation theory to calculate the high-temperature magnetic susceptibility of dilute solutions and the variation in the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ chemical potential with concentration. From the latter, and from measurement of the phase-separation curve at finite temperature, the maximum solubility of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ in ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ is determined down to $T=0$. Agreement with experiment is good.
Effect of Nano-Structured Surface on Meniscus Evaporation at Nanoscale

Evaporation of a nanoscale meniscus on a nano-structured heater surface is simulated using molecular dynamics. The nanostructures are evenly spaced on the surface and rectangular-shaped with a length and height of 0.41 nm and 0.96 nm respectively, and stretching throughout the width of the domain. The simulation results show that the film breaks during the early stages of evaporation due to the presence of nanostructures and no non-evaporating film forms (unlike a previous simulation performed in absence of nanostructures where non-evaporating film forms on the smooth surface). High heat transfer and evaporation rates are obtained. We conclude that heat transfer rates can be significantly increased during bubble nucleation and growth by the presence of nanostructures on the surface as it breaks the formation of non-evaporating film. This will cause additional chaos and allow the surrounding cooler liquid to come in contact with the surface enhancing heat transfer coefficients.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Oxythioquinox Acaricide: Toxicological Studies with Twospotted Spider Mites

Oxythioquinox acaricide was highly toxic to Tetranychus urticae Koch, with n 24-hour LC50 of 3.1 ppm. Spider mites rapidly hydrolyzed the compound to 6-methyl-2:3-quinoxalinedithiol (QDSH), itself a toxic ant, and to other unidentified polar metabolites both in vivo and in vitro. Using equilibrium dialysis, it was shown that oxythioquinox was irreversibly bound to bovine serum albumin and to proteins in the spider mite homogenate, rat brain, liver, and blood. Binding was blocked by sulfhydryl reagents and Triton X-100. It was suggested that binding of oxythioquinox to proteins probably involved a mechanism by which the sulfhydryl group of proteins initially attacked the carbonyl carbon of the acaricide. The acaricidal action of oxythioquinox may be due, in part, to disruption of the normal function of significant proteins by the parent compound itself and perhaps by QDSH.
Effects of Margaric Hydrolysate and Zinc on Microcirculation in Bulbar Conjunctiva of Rabbit Eyes

Aim: To study effects of margaric hydrolysate and zinc on the microcirculation of the bulbar con- junctiva of rabbit eyes and the mechanism of the margaric hydrolysate and zinc in preventing myopia. Methods: The microcirculatory obstruction model of rabbit eyes was induced by injection of macromolecular dextrosan or amniotic fluid. Improvement effect of Margaric Hydrolysate and Zinc on microcirculatory obstruction of the bulbar conjunctiva in rabbit eyes was investigated. Results: margaric hydrolysate and zinc could improve the microcircu- lation and significantly increace the cross-points in conjunctiva capillaries of rabbit eyes, preventing the microcir- culatory obstruction induced by macromolecular dextrosan or amniotic fluid. Conclusion: margaric hydrolysate and zinc could improve microcirculation. This could account for the mechanism of margaric hydrolysate in pre- venting myopia.
Advanced Continuum Modeling to Determine Pipeline Strain Demand Due to Ice-Gouging

A critical factor for economical design of offshore Arctic pipelines is the burial depth requirement to protect the pipeline from ice-gouge hazards. The current methodology to determine pipeline strain demand due to ice-gouge hazards is based on Winkler type soil-spring structural models. Due to necessary simplifications and lack of full scale verification data, this empirical method can be overly conservative and may lead to unrealistic burial depth requirements. This paper presents an advanced 3D continuum modeling approach as an alternative to the current empirical methodology. These advanced models provide more realistic simulation capability for modeling the ice-gouging process, can provide more accurate estimates for pipeline strain demand and can potentially reduce the required burial depths and costs. Continuum models, once validated using large scale field tests, can be used to advance the reliability and cost effectiveness of design for offshore pipelines subjected to ice-gouging.
Graft Interposition Arthroplasty

Glenohumeral arthritis in the young, active patients remains a difficult problem for the treating orthopedic surgeon. When conservative measures fail to provide relief for worsening pain and stiffness, shoulder arthroplasty may be the only option available to improve patient function and satisfaction. Concerns over osteolysis and loosening make placement of a polyethylene glenoid component unreliable in this patient population. Biologic glenoid resurfacing, either with an all-arthroscopic technique or an open procedure combined with prosthetic replacement of the humeral head, remains a viable treatment option. While recent studies show a high failure rate at intermediate time periods, the procedure does provide relief of pain and improved function as a temporizing measure before total shoulder arthroplasty becomes necessary.
Metoclopramide and (or) cimetidine administration to sheep fed tall fescue.

Fifteen crossbred sheep were assigned randomly to 1 of 5 treatments: endophyte-free fescue diet (EF; 0% infected; 50% hay, 40% seed, 10% molasses); endophyte-infected diet (El; 95% infected; 50% hay, 40% seed, 10% molasses); El + 15 mg metoclopramide/kg body weight, 3 times/w; El + 9.0 mg cimetidine/kg body weight, twice daily; or El + metoclopramide + cimetidine. Both diets contained 92% dry matter (DM), 94% organic matter (OM) and 12% crude protein. All sheep were housed in individual metabolism stalls at 30 C, 14-h light:10-h dark for 18 d. Serum prolactin, respiration rate, heart rate or ear tip, coronary band and rectal temperatures were not affected by any of the treatments after 18 d (P > .10). No differences were detected in nutrient digestibilities except for treatment with metoclopramide + cimetidine, which produced decreased DM, OM and energy digestibilities. Sheep fed the El diet did not exhibit typical fescue toxicosis; therefore, the use of metoclopramide and(or) cimetidine to prevent toxicosis could not be evaluated.
Production of Hydroxyl–rich Acids from Xylose and Glucose Using Sn‐BEA Zeolite

Sn-BEA zeolite is known to catalyze the aldose-to-ketose isomerization of xylose and glucose; however, the selectivity to pentose and hexose isomers is not stoichiometric, suggesting the formation of other products. In the present study, we have observed near-complete conversion of all pentose and hexose isomers when xylose and glucose were reacted in the presence of Sn-BEA at 140 °C and 200 °C, respectively. The previously unidentified products were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry to be hydroxyalkanoic acids and their derivatives. The hydroxyl-rich acids comprise a significant fraction of the converted sugars and are potential monomers for the synthesis of hyper-crosslinked, biodegradable polymers.
Two's company for Pluto

Pluto, an enigma since its discovery in 1930 and even more so since its satellite companion Charon was recognized in 1978, finally makes sense. That is the principal message of this book by Alan Stern, a scientist who has contributed significantly to our knowledge of the two bodies, and Jacqucline Mitton, a well known popularizer of astronomy. After an introductory chapter outlining the events surrounding Pluto's discovery – and a second chapter that extends this history through the recognition of Charon – the authors devote the bulk of their treatise to a detailed account of the dramatic development of our understanding of the Pluto–Charon system over the past two decades. They conclude by discussing their thoughts and hopes that the next two decades will see a space mission to confirm or deny that understanding.
Carrier density and lifetime for different dopants in single-crystal and polycrystalline CdTe

CdTe defect chemistry is adjusted by annealing samples with excess Cd or Te vapor with and without extrinsic dopants. We observe that Group I (Cu and Na) elements can increase hole density above 1016 cm−3, but compromise lifetime and stability. By post-deposition incorporation of a Group V dopant (P) in a Cd-rich ambient, lifetimes of 30 ns with 1016 cm−3 hole density are achieved in single-crystal and polycrystalline CdTe without CdCl2 or Cu. Furthermore, phosphorus doping appears to be thermally stable. This combination of long lifetime, high carrier concentration, and improved stability can help overcome historic barriers for CdTe solar cell development.
The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with adverse pathology after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer.

367Background: While neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for muscle−invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is recognized as the standard of care, the management of patients with locally advanced and/or nodal disease after NAC and radical cystectomy (RC) is not well defined. We sought to evaluate the association of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) and overall survival (OS) among patients with adverse pathology after NAC and RC. Methods: The National Cancer Database was reviewed to identify patients with adverse pathology (pT3N0, pT4N0, or pTanyN1−3) at RC following NAC from 2006−2012. Patients were stratified by receipt of AC. Clinical and pathologic variables were abstracted. OS was the primary end−point and differences on the basis of AC were assessed by the Kaplan−Meier method and log−rank test. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the association of AC with OS controlling for age, sex, race, Charlson score, year of diagnosis, pathologic stage, and receipt of adjuvant radiotherapy. Results:...
United Technologies Corporation: Running a Global Ethics and Compliance Program

Overview of ethics and compliance program within a multinational corporation; outlines some of the challenges faced with integrating a newly acquired business. Excerpt UVA-BRI-1001 United Technologies Corporation: RUNNING a GLOBAL Ethics and COMPLIANCE Program In July 2003, Pat Gnazzo, Vice President of Business Practices for United Technologies Corporation (UTC), sat at his desk in the company's Hartford, Connecticut, headquarters considering the challenge of integrating 46,000 new employees into UTC's global ethics and compliance program from the recently acquired Chubb plc, a United Kingdom-based leader in security and fire protection services. Although Gnazzo had faced many difficult issues since he had taken over business practices programs for UTC in 1995, this challenge was unique. Simultaneously integrating this volume of employees—who were situated in a variety of different cultures across the globe—would be a monumental task, especially since Chubb's ethics and compliance priorities were not on the level of UTC's. Gnazzo wondered where he should start. History of UTC and Business Units United Technologies Corporation was a $ 31 billion global corporation made up of seven business units and a stand-alone research center, which supported research for all divisions. The business unit divisions were Carrier Corporation (climate control systems), Hamilton Sundstrand (airplane systems), Otis Elevator, Pratt & Whitney (airplane engines), Sikorsky (helicopters), UTC Power (hydrogen fuel cells), and the recently acquired Chubb (security and fire protection services). A global conglomerate with 205,700 employees after the Chubb acquisition (138,000 based outside of the United States), UTC had over 4,000 locations in approximately 62 countries and did business in more than 180 countries. In 2002, 55% of UTC's total revenues came from outside the United States, and its net income was $ 2.2 billion with assets totaling $ 29.1 billion. In March 2003, UTC ranked 49th on the Fortune 500 list of companies. . . .
Teaching Spinal Cord Neuroanatomy through Drawing: An Interactive, Step-Wise Module.

Introduction This interactive, case-based module was created to provide medical students with self-guided practice to improve their confidence with, and understanding of, neuroanatomy. The module w...
Optical Property Measurements of Mixed Coal Fly Ash and Particulate Carbon Aerosols Likely Emitted during Activated Carbon Injection for Mercury Emissions Control

The most mature technology for controlling mercury emissions from coal combustion is the injection into the flue gas of powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorbents having chemically treated surfaces designed to rapidly oxidize and adsorb mercury. However, carbonaceous particles are known to have low electrical resistivity, which contributes to their poor capture in electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), the most widely used method of particulate control for coal-fired power plants worldwide. Thus, the advent of mercury emissions standards for power plants has the potential for increased emissions of PAC. Our previous analyses have provided estimates of PAC emission rates resulting from PAC injection in the U.S. and extrapolated these estimates globally to project their associated climate forcing effect. The present work continues our examination by conducting the first comparative measurements of optical scattering and absorption of aerosols comprising varying mixtures of coal combustion fly ash and PAC. A pa...
Blue Atlantic: Gilroy and Galicia

Starting from recent interpretations of the work of Paul Gilroy in the field of Galician Studies, and continuing through the reconstruction of the intellectual roots of his work, this chapter poses the following question: To what extent are the uses of Gilroy’s work in fact working against the intention, and the critical project, of The Black Atlantic? I contend that Gilroy’s work has been understood as a plain refutation of any attempt to use the category of identity in the current cultural and political debate. Recovering the concept of ethnicity, an elaborated articulation of post-essential identity, opposed to race, and connecting it with the work of Stuart Hall, the chapter proposes an Atlantic reading of some foundational Galician texts by Castelao and Luis Seoane. It further claims that Gilroy’s work opens the possibility of a new interpretation of the ways in which Galician intellectuals in the diaspora rearticulated and reshaped Galician national narrative as a strategy for galvanizing collective action.