cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acid–Base Balance, Bone, and Muscle

Muscle weakness and frailty in the elderly lead to falls, fractures, disability, and loss of independence. Preserv­ing muscle mass and strength is an effective way to lower the risk of falling1 and to maintain physical function and independence. The muscular and skeletal systems are obviously interrelated functionally; however, their connection extends beyond function. Harold Frost was one of the first to recognize the linkage, as he described in his “mechanostat theory”.2 His theory postulates that the link between muscle mass and bone mass results from the bone’s ability to adapt to mechanical strain. Subsequently, it has been shown that strain can trigger a cascade of events through mechano-transduction which increase osteoblastic cell activity and the formation of new matrix proteins.3,4 Recent work demonstrates that in adolescents, the age of peak lean tissue mass accrual precedes several parameters of bone strength accrual by 4–6 months, suggesting that muscle is an important factor affecting bone strength.5 Bone and muscle are known to be linked genetically. In a twin study, for example, Seeman et al found that genetic factors accounted for 60–80% of the individual variances of femoral neck BMD and lean mass, and for >50% of their covariance.6 Several investigators have demonstrated associations of lean tissue mass with femoral neck bone strength7 and mass7,8 in adults.
Ion Beam Surface Treatment: A new capability for surface enhancement

The emerging capability to produce high average power (5--350 kW) pulsed ion beams at 0.2--2 MeV energies is enabling the authors to develop a new, commercial-scale thermal surface treatment technology called Ion Beam Surface Treatment (IBEST). This new technique uses high energy, pulsed ({<=}250 ns) ion beams to directly deposit energy in the top 2--20 micrometers of the surface of any material. The depth of treatment is controllable by varying the ion energy and species. Deposition of the energy with short pulses in a thin surface layer allows melting of the layer with relatively small energies and allows rapid cooling of the melted layer by thermal diffusion into the underlying substrate. Typical cooling rates of this process (10{sup 9}--10{sup 10} K/sec) cause rapid resolidification, resulting in the production of non-equilibrium microstructures (nano-crystalline and metastable phases) that have significantly improved corrosion, wear, and hardness properties. The authors conducted IBEST feasibility experiments with results confirming surface hardening, noncrystalline grain formation, metal surface polishing, controlled melt of ceramic surfaces, and surface cleaning using pulsed ion beams.
The emergence of spacecraft autonomy

The challenge of space flight in NASA's future is to enable more frequent and more intensive space exploration missions at lower cost. Nowhere is this challenge more acute than among the planetary exploration missions which JPL conducts for NASA. The launching of a new era of solar system exploration - beyond reconnaissance -- is being designed for the first time around the concept of sustained intelligent presence on the space platforms themselves. Artificial intelligence, spacecraft engineering, mission design, software engineering and systems engineering all have a role to play in this vision, and all are being integrated in new work on spacecraft autonomy.
Observations of a gamma‐ray burst and other sources with a large‐area, balloon‐borne detector

Observations of a weak cosmic gamma ray burst of integrated intensity 2 x 10 to the -6th erg/sq cm, two solar flare events, and pulsed emission profiles of A0535+26 and NP0532 are reported for several energy intervals in the energy range from 45 to 520 keV. The measurements were made with a NaI(Tl) detector array flown on a balloon to 4 g/sq cm residual atmosphere from Palestine, Texas, on October 6-8, 1980, for 28 hours. The detector is a prototype of the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) to be flown on the Gamma-Ray Observatory (GRO).
Genetic Variation for Biomass and Related Morphological Traits in Cup Plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.)

Cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) has demonstrated potential for bioenergy production in North America, South America, and Europe. Our objectives were to: 1) determine genetic variation and narrow-sense heritability for biomass and related morphological traits, and 2) identify half-sib families with superior biomass yield and potential for use in cultivar development in cup plant. Thirty three half-sib families and a check were evaluated at two locations in 2011, 2012, and 2013. Annual biomass yield at Brookings ranged from 2183 kgm whereas, yields at Arlington were similar among years. Mean individual half-sib family biomass yield ranged from 3912 to 6784 kg&middotha-1 at Brookings and from 5682 to 11,269 kg&middotha-1 at Arlington. Heritability estimates for five biomass-related morphological traits ranged from 0.52 to 0.72. This cup plant population had potential for biomass production in the north central USA and contained sufficient additive genetic variation to expect progress from among-and-within-family selection for biomass yield and related traits.
Caspase activity sows the seeds of neuronal death.

Caspases, proteases involved in programmed cell death, may have a role in Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases. Localized caspase activation and apoptosis may be linked to the initiation of such chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
Opening the Door to Higher Education: The Rights of the Intellectually Different to Access and Peace

Who should go to college? The traditional answer to this question has been changed by policies that allow for the inclusion of students previously denied or discouraged. This article describes a new and innovative program for students with intellectual difficulties who have an interest in transitioning to higher education. The article is more a field report, describing some of the questions and concerns that that staff and students had about such an experience on a college campus. It offers personal reflections on some of the experience of being in classrooms, residence halls, concert halls, and living and learning events. The basic issue of freedom of action and choice for each student is a constant thread of concern that is described. Overall, the article describes the hope for a fully inclusive experience for all students. "The shift toward citizenship is to take the stance that we are the creators of our world as well as the products of it. Free will trumps genetics, culture and parental upbringing." Block (2008, p. 67) "Getting into a vibrant college campus was a liberation." Shapiro (1993, p. 46)
Mexican-origin youth's cultural orientations and adjustment: changes from early to late adolescence.

Drawing from developmental and cultural adaptation perspectives and using a longitudinal design, this study examined: (a) mean-level changes in Mexican-origin adolescents’ cultural orientations and adjustment from early to late adolescence and (b) bidirectional associations between cultural orientations and adjustment using a cross-lag panel model. Participants included 246 Mexican-origin, predominantly immigrant families that participated in home interviews and a series of nightly phone calls when target adolescents were 12 and 18 years of age. Girls exhibited more pronounced declines in traditional gender role attitudes than did boys, and all youth declined in familism values, time spent with family, and involvement in Mexican culture. Bidirectional relations between cultural orientations and adjustment emerged, and some associations were moderated by adolescent nativity and gender.
Pin1 in Alzheimer's disease

Proteolytic processing and phosphorylation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, have been shown to be increased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains, leading to increased production of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles, respectively. These observations suggest that phosphorylation events are critical to the understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of this devastating disease. Pin-1, one of the peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIase), catalyzes the isomerization of the peptide bond between pSer/Thr-Pro in proteins, thereby regulating their biological functions which include protein assembly, folding, intracellular transport, intracellular signaling, transcription, cell cycle progression and apoptosis. A number of previous studies have shown that Pin1 is co-localized with phosphorylated tau in AD brain, and shows an inverse relationship to the expression of tau. Pin1 protects neurons under in vitro conditions. Moreover, recent studies demonstrate that APP is a target for Pin1 and thus, in Abeta production. Furthermore, Pin1 was found to be oxidatively modified and to have reduced activity in the hippocampus in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. Because of the diverse functions of Pin1, and the discovery that this protein is one of the oxidized proteins common to both MCI and AD brain, the question arises as to whether Pin1 is one of the driving forces for the initiation or progression of AD pathogenesis, finally leading to neurodegeneration and neuronal apoptosis. In the present review, we discuss the role of Pin1 with respect to Alzheimer's disease.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism evidence for genetic homology within a pathovar of Pseudomonas syringae

Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola NPS3121 hrp sequences were used as hybridization probes in a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of 24 P. syringae pv. tabaci strains as a means to evaluate the genetic and taxonomic relationship of pathovars of P. syringae. Southern blot analyses of genomic restriction digests, with hrpA-S sequences as hybridization probes, and restriction analyses of PCR-amplified DNA of regions within hrpD were conducted. The resulting RFLP patterns were uniform for 23 of the 24 isolates tested, with strain BR2R having a unique pattern. BR2R is a pathogen of bean which was classified as pathovar tabaci because of its ability to produce tabtoxin, but unlike the other 23 tabaci strains in this study, it does not incite disease symptoms on tobacco. When a DNA fragment containing hrpM sequences was used as a hybridization probe, the tabaci isolates could be divided into three groups on the basis of the RFLP patterns : BR2R, Pt11528R and Pt113R, and the remaining strains. For all of the above analyses, BR2R shared identical RFLP patterns with P. syringae pv. phaseolicola NPS3121, also a bean pathogen which does not cause disease on tobacco. However, BR2R AND NPS3121 could be differentiated from each other on the basis of the RFLP patterns from restriction analysis of PCR-amplified DNA of argF, while the remaining tabaci strains had a third pattern. These studies indicate that hrp genes and argF are conserved in strains of P. syringae pathogenic to tobacco, suggesting that P. syringae strains pathogenic to specific hosts may have a high level of genetic similarity. We believe that these analyses have shown that distinct identifiable genetic differences may be correlated with host range and suggest that such information may be useful for assigning pathovar designations.
Teachers' Perceptions of Integrating Information and Communication Technologies into Literacy Instruction: A National Survey in the United States

This research explores literacy teachers’ perceptions of integrating information communication technologies (ICTs) into literacy instruction. To this end, a national survey of 1,441 literacy teachers in the United States was conducted. The survey provided data concerning the types and levels of reported availability and use of ICTs, beliefs about the importance of integrating ICTs into literacy instruction, and perceived obstacles to doing so. The analysis of data included descriptive statistics, an exploratory factor analysis, and a path analysis used to test a model hypothesizing a relation between teachers’ perceived importance of technology and reported levels of integration. Results revealed relatively low levels of curricular integration, consistent perceptions about obstacles to integration, and technological rather than curricular definitions of ICTs and of integration. The path analysis suggested several characteristics and influences associated with higher levels of integration and use. The findings advance understanding of the extent to which ICTs are being integrated into literacy instruction and what factors should be considered toward profitably increasing integration consistent with expanding definitions of literacy.
A gap too far

Marmot talks about preventable health inequalities. The scary but real figure came from Fair Society, Healthy Lives, the 2010 report he produced when asked by the UK government to review health inequalities, and was repeated in The Health Gap, his latest book. He calculated that if everyone in England over 30 had the same low mortality rate as university-educated people, there would be 202,000 fewer deaths each year--almost half the current total. This pattern of lost years is a global phenomenon. Last month, the US National Academy of Sciences reported that at the age of 50, life expectancy for a man in the US in the poorest 20 per cent of the population had declined slightly in the last 30 years to 26.1 years
Origin of late-cenozoic lavas from the Banda arc, Indonesia: Trace element and Sr isotope evidence

The Banda arc of eastern Indonesia manifests the collision of a continent and an intra-oceanic island arc. The presently active arc is located on what appears to be oceanic crust whereas the associated subduction trench is underlain by continental crust. Recent lavas from the Banda arc are predominantly andesitic and range from tholeiitic in the north through calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline varieties in the southern islands. Defining this regular geochemical variation are significant increases in the abundances of K (2,600–21,000 ppm), Rb (10–90 ppm), Cs (0.5–7.0 ppm), and Ba (100–1,000 ppm) from tholeiitic to high-K calc-alkaline lavas. 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the tholeiites are relatively low, from 0.7045 to 0.7047. In the calc-alkaline lavas, 87Sr/86Sr ratios range from 0.7052 to 0.7095, and in the high-K calc-alkaline lavas from 0.7065 to 0.7080. There is no correlation between 87Sr/86Sr and major and trace element abundances, even among lavas from the same volcano. Late Cenozoic cordierite — bearing lavas from Ambon, north of the presently active arc, are highly enriched in K, Rb and Cs, which together with 87Sr/86Sr ratios of approximately 0.715 is consistent with their derivation from partial melting of pelitic material in the locally — thick crust. The high 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the Recent calc-alkaline lavas are interpreted to result from mixing of a sialic component with a mantle derived component. The most likely cause is subduction and subsequent melting of either sea-floor sediments or continental crust. However, it is probably unrealistic to model this type of deep contamination by simple two-component mixing. Such contamination implies that the volcanic rocks from the Banda arc are at least partly a manifestation of melting at or near the Benioff seismic zone. Temperatures of at least 750–800 ° C at the top of the subducted lithospheric slab at depths of approximately 150 km are also implied; temperatures very close to the solidus of hydrous basalt (eclogite) at such pressure. It is concluded that partial melting of the crustal component of the subducted lithospheric slab may play a significant role in island arc petrogenesis.
Belief revision conditionals: basic iterated systems

Abstract It is now well known that, on pain of triviality, the probability of a conditional cannot be identified with the corresponding conditional probability [25]. This surprising impossibility result has a qualitative counterpart. In fact, Peter Gardenfors showed in [13] that believing ‘If A then B ’ cannot be equated with the act of believing B on the supposition that A — as long as supposing obeys minimal Bayesian constraints. Recent work has shown that in spite of these negative results, the question ‘how to accept a conditional?’ has a clear answer. Even if conditionals are not truth-carriers, they do have precise acceptability conditions. Nevertheless most epistemic models of conditionals do not provide acceptance conditions for iterated conditionals. One of the main goals of this essay is to provide a comprehensive account of the notion of epistemic conditionality covering all forms of iteration. First we propose an account of the basic idea of epistemic conditionality, by studying the conditionals validated by epistemic models where iteration is permitted but not constrained by special axioms. Our modeling does not presuppose that epistemic states should be represented by belief sets (we only assume that to each epistemic state corresponds an associated belief state). A full encoding of the basic epistemic conditionals (encompassing all forms of iteration) is presented and a representation result is proved. In the second part of the essay we argue that the notion of change involved in the evaluation of conditionals is suppositional , and that such notion should be distinguished from the notion of updating (modelled by AGM and other methods). We conclude by considering how some of the recent modellings of iterated change fare as methods for iterated supposing.
The synthesis of quantum size lead sulfide particles in surfactant-based complex fluid media

Abstract The relative roles of the ion interactions, molecular complex formation, and the local structure of the medium on the formation of nano-sized particles of lead sulfide (PbS) in a nonionic surfactant/water/oil microemulsion have been investigated. Comparison of the reaction carried out under conditions of minimal hydrolysis of the cation (low pH) in two different counterion/acid systems (nitric or perchlorate) indicates that hydrolysis does not play a significant role in the production of PbS in fine particle form. Furthermore, the nature of the counterion, NO 3 or ClO, 4 , used did not affect the particle formation. Variation in the composition of the microemulsion used (dodecyl tetracthoxyethylene glycol ether/water/hexane) showed little effect on the particle formation. This finding implies that the presence of closed microemulsion droplets is not, per se, important for the precipitation of nano-sized particles in this case. Order of mixing studies implies that interaction of a complexation type is the most important step in the synthesis.
Analyzing single-case data with visually guided randomization tests

The valid use of a randomization test with single-case data typically involves the choice of a test statistic prior to gathering data. In situations in which it is difficult to anticipate the form of the effect, the early specification of the test statistic can be problematic. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate methods that will allow single-case researchers to conduct valid randomization tests in situations in which they wish to delay the specification of the test statistic until the data have been observed. A concrete example is given to motivate the use, explicate the logic, and demonstrate the conduct of this method.
Advances in the use of computer techniques in flame photometry

Abstract The range and complexity of the application of computer techniques in flame photometry methods has been extended. Improvements in output formatting are detailed and typical automated analyses are presented. Examples are discussed from both mathematical and analytical points of view. The potential of graphic display consoles is explained in detail.
Contemplating visualization as an epistemological learning tool in mathematics

In this commentary, I use thirteen questions generated previously, concerning significant aspects of visualization in mathematics education that are in need of further research, to analyze the contributions of papers in this issue. After a descriptive section addressing how the papers investigate visualization as an epistemological learning tool, two further sections analyze converging knowledge and missing aspects, respectively. Finally, suggestions are provided for moving the field forward with regard to both theoretical and methodological aspects.
Postnatal Development of the Light Response of the Dopaminergic Neurons in the Rat Retina

: The effect of light on retinal dopamine (DA) synthesis and content in dark-adapted rats was assessed 15 h and 2, 4, 7, and 16 days after eye opening (13 to 14 days after birth). The accumulation of dihy-droxyphenylalanine (DOPA) following inhibition of its decarboxylation was used to estimate DA synthesis. At 7 and 16 days, but not earlier, light significantly augmented DOPA formation. These increases were as dramatic as those reported for adult rats. DA in dark-adapted retinas ranged from 0 (undetectable) at 15 h to 83% of adult levels at 16 days, but were only 36% of that of adult retinas at 7 days. Light produced a significant decline in DA at 16 days but not at any other time point. These results indicate that the dopaminergic neurons synthesize transmitter and respond to light at a time when the neuronal pools of DA are not yet mature.
Experiences of battered women in health care settings: a qualitative study

Interventions to help battered women seek and receive optimal health care must be informed by battered women's experiences in health care settings. In this study, we used a Systems Model to categorize the barriers battered women encounter in health care settings into patient, provider, and organizational levels. We conducted in-depth, face-to-face interviews with 31 battered women recruited by random digit dialing of households and by a publicity recruitment campaign. The data revealed that at the patient level, many women chose to conceal their abuse from their health care professionals, some fearing retaliation from their partners if they revealed the source of their injuries. At the provider level, the women perceived health care professionals to be disinterested or unsympathetic toward the needs of battered women, causing the women to feel ignored or trivialized. And at an organizational level, battered women believed that the structure of the health care system did not allow health care professionals enough time to deal with issues beyond treating their immediate presenting injuries. To ensure that battered women seek and receive optimal health care, multicomponent interventions should be designed to address the complex barriers at the three levels. We conclude by suggesting possible ways to help battered women get the tools they need to raise the issue of domestic violence with their health care professional. We also suggest ways to enable these professionals to identify battered women, validate their experiences, and provide appropriate referrals.
The immunopathology of cardiac xenograft rejection in the guinea pig-to-rat model

The mechanisms underlying rejection by rats of vascularized guinea pig xenografts have been controversial. The aim of this study was to define, using sequential immunopathologic analysis, the contributions of xenoreactive antibody, complement, and effector cells to the rejection of guinea pig cardiac xenografts by Lewis rats. In untreated recipients, hyperacute rejection of guinea pig cardiac xenografts occurred in 20 +/- 10.2 min and was characterized by focal endothelial deposition of IgM and by diffuse deposition of C3. IgG was not localized to endothelial surfaces, but was present in the same locations as albumin, suggesting that the accumulation of IgG might reflect nonspecific leakage of plasma proteins from blood vessels. No polymorphonuclear or monocytic infiltrate was observed. Depletion from rats of xenoreactive antibody to undetectable levels prolonged the survival of guinea pig cardiac xenografts, but did not prevent hyperacute rejection; the rejected xenografts contained deposits of C3 along the microvasculature but no deposits of IgM or IgG. No cellular infiltrate was observed. Depletion of complement with cobra venom factor prolonged the survival of xenografts up to 96 hr. Xenograft tissues from complement-depleted animals had diffuse deposits of IgM along the microvasculature, but no detectable deposits of C3 or IgG were noted. Graft tissues obtained at various times after transplantation into complement-depleted animals revealed cellular infiltrates consisting of granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes, but few cells bearing an NK cell phenotype. Our findings are consistent with the concept that complement activation is essential for the hyperacute rejection of discordant xenografts, and that in this particular model complement activation can proceed without the involvement of antibody. However, our findings also suggest that xenoreactive antibody contributes to hyperacute rejection and, along with effector cells, contributes to the later rejection of a xenograft when hyperacute rejection has been averted. Finally, we show that when hyperacute rejection is avoided, a form of vascular rejection occurs in which certain of the pathologic features--i.e., interstitial hemorrhage, interstitial edema, and thrombosis--are very similar to those observed in hyperacute rejection. Whether this form of rejection is a delayed form of the process that leads to hyperacute rejection or a novel pathologic process of graft rejection has yet to be determined.
FLAGGING: HOSTS DEFENCES VERSUS OVIPOSITION STRATEGIES IN PERIODICAL CICADAS (MAGICICADA SPP., CICADIDAE, HOMOPTERA)

Dissections of eggnests of brood XIV, 17-year periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) confirmed earlier reports that most eggs do not hatch when the host twig is so damaged that it withers, breaks and dies, i.e., “flags”. However, the proportion of eggs hatching in experimentally broken twigs is intermediate between the proportions hatching in flagged twigs and in live twigs. Evidently, the developmental stage of the egg at the time of twig breakage is the major factor reducing hatching success.Some of the vigorously growing branches respond to oviposition damage by secreting resin or forming callous tissue, which imprisons many eggs, preventing them from hatching. The data suggest that ovipositing cicadas have developed an oviposition strategy that both maximizes the number and percentage hatch of eggs laid per twig, and reduces the incidence of flagging and host defence responses. Large aggregations of ovipositing females may weaken the host plant and prevent it from responding. On the other hand these aggregations increase twig breakage. However, the proportion of twigs broken is reduced by each cicada species using somewhat different twig sizes, by the smaller species adjusting eggnest structure to fit the twig size used, and by all females positioning their eggnests along the twig in such a way as to avoid overlap.
``Metaplectons'' and fractional statistics

Abstract The spinor representations of the orthosymplectic Lie supergroup, OSp (r|2m, R ) , are used as a means to induce new fractional statistics in certain (2 + 1)-dimensional models.
Developmental inhibition in Drosophila using dihydroxybenzoic acid isomers

Five isomers of dihydroxybenzoic acid were added to a standard culture medium of Drosophila melanogaster and their effect on development time and progeny yield examined. Each isomer produced a distinct level of inhibitive imluence throughout continuous inbred generations. The degree of develop- mental perturbation from a particular isomer was dependent on its proton- do'nating power. Details of the alterations indicated enzyme inhibitions associated with the reaction kinetics of oxidative processes. A simple withdrawal of oxygen by briefly submerging pupae in water also altered the ontogenetic cycle suggesting an analogue of the isomer effect. Lengthened development produced by oxygen withdrawal in first-generation pupae was transferred to succeeding inbred generations. Published pharmacological studies in which drugs were introduced into Drosophila medium are given an interpretation based on the findings with the dihydroxybenzoic acid isomers. 1961) in the hardened secretion forming cockroach oothecae. Consideration of these various factors which conclusively demonstrate the importance of the dihydroxybenzoic acid structure in the morphogenetic phases of insect development led to the investigations described here. The possibility of altering the physiological mode of action of the polyphenols was examined by adding a series of dihydroxybenzoic acid isomers to Drosophila melanogaster mediu:m. The influence of these isomers was studied in relation to embryonic development and the yield of progeny. The manner in which the patterns of embryogenesis changed with the proton-donating power or acidity of the isomers
WEAK DECAY CONSTANTS OF HEAVY MESONS

Abstract The weak decay constant for a hadron of arbitrary mass is computed. The leptonic decays of the charmed D±, F± mesons are then discussed.
Near Cutoff Propagation In Low Loss Optical Waveguides Formed On Si0 2 /Si Substrate

Mode properties of four-layer planar optical waveguides consisting of a waveguiding layer bounded above by free space and formed on a silicon dioxide isolation cladding layer which in turn is formed on a thick silicon substrate are considered. Perturbation approaches are shown to be accurate except near mode cutoff where a numerical solution of the four-layer equations is required. Numerical calculations of waveguide attenuation due to substrate coupling for thermally-nitrided silicon dioxide waveguides are presented for a variety of layer thicknesses, layer material compositions, and wavelengths. Comparison with experimental data is included.
Magnetic sysceptibility measurements on Pseudomonas cytochrome cd1

Abstract The magnetic susceptibilities of cytochrome cd 1 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (American Type Culture Collection 19429) have been measured by a nuclear magnetic resonance technique. In the oxidized form both berne c and heme d 1 are in the low-spin state with an average magnetic moment of 2.6 Bohr magnetons. At 25°C and pH 8.0, the ascorbate-reduced cytochrome contains one low-spin and one high-spin heime per subunit. Based on previous reports in the literature, the high-spin ferrous beme has been assigned to the heme d 1 group. At pH 8.0 the ascorbate-reduced heme d 1 has a magnetic moment of 5.3 Bohr magnetons. This value decreases to 4.9 at pH 5.5, hut is still indicative of a high-spin ferrous system. The paramagnetic susceptibility of the ferricytochrome demonstrated a temperature dependence consistent with Curie's law, hut the ferrocytochrome showed an increase in paramagnetic susceptibility with increasing temperature.
Interaction of Sodium Chloride With Raw Starch in Freeze-Dried Mixtures as Shown by Water Sorption

Mixtures of NaCl and starch, obtained by freeze dehydration of dilute aqueous suspensions of various NaCl:starch ratios, were equilibrated over saturated salt solutions of a, range 0.33 - 0.97. They showed a decreased water sorption at aw above 0.75 as compared to the expected values obtained from the Lang-Steinberg mass balance equation. This suppression was taken to mean that some NaCl interacted with starch. The maximum amount of interacted NaCl was 0.15g per g starch, obtained at 0.75 a,. Interacted NaCl decreased to half maximum as a, increased to 0.93 and drastically decreased to one-tenth maximum when a, reached 0.97. With increasing NaCl content, the interaction rose sharply to a peak at about 0.13 NaCl:starch ratio and decreased to zero at the ratio of about 0.33.
Evolution of Florida Bay from island stratigraphy

The sedimentary record of most Florida Bay islands is an asymmetric cycle consisting of a transgressive sequence followed by a regressive sequence, both formed during a continuous Holocene rise in sea level. The principal sedimentary environments of Florida Bay and the south Florida mainland are represented in the cycle by an upward succession of (1) freshwater pond, (2) coastal mangrove swamp, (3) shallow bay (“lake”), (4) mud bank, and (5) island. Some parts of the cycle may be missing, but the sequence is always the same. Supratidal carbonate sedimentation on islands may develop from coastal mangrove swamps or by mangrove colonization of mud banks. Islands have developed from mud banks at many different times during the rise of sea level into Florida Bay, indicating that mud banks must have existed throughout most of the history of the bay. Present trends of island formation and growth suggest that Florida Bay will evolve into a coastal carbonate plain with inland mangrove swamps and freshwater ponds, very similar to the present southwest Florida mainland.
Antidepressant Dose, Age, and the Risk of Deliberate Self-harm

Importance A comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized trial data suggests that suicidal behavior is twice as likely when children and young adults are randomized to antidepressants compared with when they are randomized to placebo. Drug-related risk was not elevated for adults older than 24 years. To our knowledge, no study to date has examined whether the risk of suicidal behavior is related to antidepressant dose, and if so, whether risk depends on a patient’s age. Objective To assess the risk of deliberate self-harm by antidepressant dose, by age group. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a propensity score–matched cohort study using population-based health care utilization data from 162 625 US residents with depression ages 10 to 64 years who initiated antidepressant therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors at modal or at higher than modal doses from January 1, 1998, through December 31, 2010. Main Outcomes and Measures International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) external cause of injury codes E950.x-E958.x (deliberate self-harm). Results The rate of deliberate self-harm among children and adults 24 years of age or younger who initiated high-dose therapy was approximately twice as high as among matched patients initiating modal-dose therapy (hazard ratio [HR], 2.2 [95% CI, 1.6-3.0]), corresponding to approximately 1 additional event for every 150 such patients treated with high-dose (instead of modal-dose) therapy. For adults 25 to 64 years of age, the absolute risk of suicidal behavior was far lower and the effective risk difference null (HR, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.8-1.9]). Conclusions and Relevance Children and young adults initiating therapy with antidepressants at high-therapeutic (rather than modal-therapeutic) doses seem to be at heightened risk of deliberate self-harm. Considered in light of recent meta-analyses concluding that the efficacy of antidepressant therapy for youth seems to be modest, and separate evidence that antidepressant dose is generally unrelated to therapeutic efficacy, our findings offer clinicians an additional incentive to avoid initiating pharmacotherapy at high-therapeutic doses and to closely monitor patients starting antidepressants, especially youth, for several months.
Design and performance of a microcantilever-based hydrogen sensor

Abstract This paper describes the design of, and the effects of basic environmental parameters on, a microelectromechanical (MEMS) hydrogen sensor. The sensor contains an array of 10 micromachined cantilever beams. Each cantilever is 500 μm wide×267 μm long×2 μm thick and has a capacitance readout capable of measuring cantilever deflection to within 1 nm. A 20-nm-thick coating of 90% palladium–10% nickel bends some of the cantilevers in the presence of hydrogen. The palladium–nickel coatings are deposited in ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) to ensure freedom from a “relaxation” artifact apparently caused by oxidation of the coatings. The sensor consumes 84 mW of power in continuous operation, and can detect hydrogen concentrations between 0.1 and 100% with a roughly linear response between 10 and 90% hydrogen. The response magnitude decreases with increasing temperature, humidity, and oxygen concentration, and the response time decreases with increasing temperature and hydrogen concentration. The 0–90% response time of an unheated cantilever to 1% hydrogen in air is about 90 s at 25 °C and 0% humidity.
Multiplicity of time-periodic solutions and their stabilities for quasigeostrophic equations

In this article, we study the quasigeostrophic equation, which is a prototypical geophysical fluid model. We will show the existence of multiple time-periodic solutions and study their stabilities. We also prove the exponential decaying of solutions to the initial value problem with small initial data.
Hardware, materials, and parameters optimization for improvement of immersion overlay

Though immersion lithography is on the verge of starting mass-production, demerit in overlay controllability by immersion is thought as one of last huddle for that. The first issue in immersion tool has not been matured compared to dry tool. As design rule is getting smaller, overlay specification is also changing the same way. But immersion tool is not ready to meet this tighter overlay specification. The second issue is regarding the material which is used for immersion process: top coat and water. Process details of material are needed to be verified thoroughly about how each parameter affect on alignment and overlay respectively. In this paper, we made a split experiment about machine parameter and investigated top coat effect on overlay. To improve overlay performance of immersion, we analyzed machine parameters: scan-speed, settling time, UPW(Ultra Pure Water) flow etc. And we made an experiment about how the effect of top coat is appeared on overlay through simulation and experiment. In the experiments, we used ASML 1400i scanner. Resolution improvement of immersion tool has been proved by lots of papers, but it is need to be verified of overlay controllability that getting tighter. Continuously, we believe that most efforts are to be focused on overlay control issue.
MEMS tunable polymer grating for advantageous spectroscopic measurements

High-speed, high-resolution, miniature photospectroscopy techniques suited for a microfluidic platform enable rapid, cost-effective and efficient assays for use in the clinic, or home, in the field with emergency medical personnel, or on biochemical production lines. We demonstrated an innovative MEMS tunable diffraction grating implemented for spectroscopic measurements requiring simple optics and signal processing. The device is composed of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microbridge with a nanoimprinted grating pattern on the top surface. MEMS silicon comb drive actuators mechanically strain the microbridge in order to variably tune the grating period. Our innovative nano photonic technology incorporating the tunable grating may guide future advancements of wavelength-discriminating detection for the identification and quantification of chemical and biological species.
The Judith Hoyer Lecture: genes, pixels, patterns, and prevention.

It is a singular honor to deliver this year’s Judith Hoyer Lecture, a special occasion that heralds the opening of the Annual Meeting of the American Epilepsy Society. By its very creation, this lecture has quickly come to symbolize a vital partnership between the US Congress, the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), the Epilepsy Foundation, Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy, and the American Epilepsy Society to generate and deliver a national investment in scientific research that will lead to a meaningful improvement in the lives of people affected by epilepsy. Although the partnership is longstanding, the Hoyer Lecture now represents a perfect moment in each year to summarize our progress and reflect on the distance remaining to be traveled. The road may be long, but at least we have a firm idea of where to go and ways to get there. We need the ability to discover the precise molecular basis for seizures in any individual with epilepsy, to pinpoint the actual brain networks affected, and to selectively reverse or even prevent the hyperexcitability in these cells while leaving others undisturbed. We also need to identify individuals at risk for epilepsy, and develop treatments that could prevent its appearance. These goals promise countless obstacles, some plainly visible from today’s vantage point, and others well hidden—pitfalls and misinterpretations that will stymie even the surest scientist. Nevertheless, as we examine the clearly defined biological targets we have identified so far, and the increasing accuracy of the tools at our disposal, one fact is obvious: we now have unparalleled opportunities to take precise aim at the root causes of lifelong seizure disorders. Speaking for those in the audience today who are involved in both clinical and basic research, I believe there is an overwhelming sense that neuroscience is poised
Detection of millimonolayers of oxygen on GaAs(001): observation of edge-effect rainbow enhancement in impact collision ion-scattering spectroscopy

Abstract Time-of-flight impact collision ion-scattering spectroscopy (TOF-ICISS) data obtained with 12 keV Ar + scattered from a GaAs(001) surface revealed the presence of millimonolayer amounts of oxygen. This magnitude of detection sensitivity is the result of an edge-effect rainbow singularity initiated by the forward scattering of argon by oxygen. Analysis of the TOF-ICISS data shows that the oxygen atoms are bonded primarily to surface gallium atoms. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Enzyme clearing of alcian blue stained whole small vertebrates for demonstration of cartilage

Preparation of small vertebrates cleared after alcian blue staining of cartilage is facilitated by trypsin digestion. Specimens are fixed in formation, washed, skinned, and eviscerated. After staining in a solution of alcian blue in acetic acid-alcohol for 24-48 hours, they are transferred to water through graded alcohols. Excess alcian blue is removed over a period of up to three weeks by changes every 2-3 days of 1% trypsin in approximately one-third-saturated sodium borate. Bony tissues may be stained after this in a solution of alizarin red S in 0.5% KOH. Specimens are bleached if necessary and dehydrated through graded KOH-glycerine mixtures for storage in glycerine. Since alcohol treatment in addition to formalin fixation does not affect results with this method, it should be useful to researchers who want to study the cartilage or cartilaginous skeletons in museum specimens, which are routinely fixed in formalin and stored in alcohol.
Compressive LADAR in realistic environments

We present a LADAR system concept based on Compressive Sensing principles and show simulated performance for realistic scenes containing buildings and trees. This system substantially reduces the number of measurements required to recover range and intensity information compared to scanning LADAR. The proposed architecture facilitates the parallel and adaptive recovery of intensity at all ranges in a scene. Experiments using natural-looking simulated scenes show average recovery improvements of 6 to 40 dB over measurement-constrained scanning LADAR.
Rotation, turbulence and evidence for magnetic fields in southern dwarfs

We model high-resolution spectra using a simple radiative transfer analysis to derive projected rotational velocities (v sin i) and macroturbulent velocity dispersions (vmac) for 49 southern dwarf stars (including many first-ever measurements). We compare our results with previous values, and estimate rotation periods (Prot) and sin i values where possible. We confirm that Vmac generally decreases with decreasing temperature for Teff O!: 5000 K. Magnetically active stars tend to show enhanced values of Vmac ' This may be due to a difference in the mean stellar convective properties, a change in the mean stellar temperature structure, or a combination of both. We identify a group of stars that exhibit correlations between the derived velocities and line Lande geff values, implying the presence of significant surface magnetic flux.
Implementing Pay-For-Performance: Initial Experiences

This article focuses on pay-for-performance, a major component of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. It examines the experience of one of the first federal agencies to implement pay-for- performance (Region X of the Environmental Protection Agency) and considers the implications of the experience for the efficacy of this technique.
Water filter provision and home-based filter reinforcement reduce diarrhea in Kenyan HIV-infected adults and their household members.

Among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) -infected adults and children in Africa, diarrheal disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We evaluated the effectiveness of provision and home-based reinforcement of a point-of-use water filtration device to reduce diarrhea among 361 HIV-infected adults in western Kenya by comparing prevalence of self-reported diarrhea before and after these interventions. After provision of the filter, 8.7% of participants reported diarrhea compared with 17.2% in the 3 months before filter provision (odds ratio [OR] = 0.39, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.23–0.66, P < 0.001). The association was similar among 231 participants who were already taking daily cotrimoxazole prophylaxis before being given a filter (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.25–0.88, P = 0.019). Educational reinforcement was also associated with a modest reduction in self-reported diarrhea (OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.20–0.99, P = 0.047). Provision and reinforcement of water filters may confer significant benefit in reducing diarrhea among HIV-infected persons, even when cotrimoxazole prophylaxis is already being used.
Electrokinetic nanoparticle treatment for corrosion remediation on simulated reinforced bridge deck

ASTM G109 specimens were used in this work as these simulate the configuration of the bridge deck and subjected to elevated chloride levels. Nanoparticles which were 24 nm in size were driven directly through the concrete matrix and to the reinforcement using an electric field. The intent was to use the nanoparticles as pore blocking agents that could prevent chlorides from re-entering and accessing the rebar. Electrochemical, microstructure, and pore structure characterization was conducted on the electrokinetic nanoparticle (EN) treated and control specimens. At the end of post saltwater exposure period EN-treated specimens exhibited lower corrosion current densities, chloride contents below the threshold limit for new construction and 22 % reduction in porosity as compared to the controls. EN treatment was successful in mitigating reinforcement corrosion in concrete.
Impact of Managed Care as Perceived by Five Health Care Professions

Abstract The managed care environment has changed the way health care is being delivered. The focus of this study was to determine the impact of managed care as perceived by members of five health care professions. Health care professionals participating in five Internet listserves were recruited by email. A web address for the questionnaire was included in the body of the letter. The twenty-seven-item questionnaire could be answered in less than five minutes. Only Registered Nurses, Registered Dietitians, Pharmacists, Occupational Therapists, or Physical Therapists practicing in the United States were asked to participate. The anonymous responses came from three to six percent of the listserve members over a two-week period. Fifty percent or more of the participants felt that: their facility was understaffed, they were under more stress, and they spent an inadequate amount of time with each patient. Downsizing has taken place in the facilities of fifty-five percent of participants. Forty percent felt that their patients didn't receive adequate care. A correlation was found between decreased job satisfaction and understating (p=.0095), increased stress (p=.0001), decreased time spent with each patient (p=.0001), expanded duties (p=.OOOl), downsizing (p=.0001), and profits being put ahead of patient care (p=.002). Managed care has created increased job dissatisfaction among a significant percentage of health care professionals. Further research needs to be conducted to determine whether patient safety has been compromised in the managed care environment.