cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of Optically Excited States in Wide-Band-Gap Semiconductors with Tunneling Spectroscopy

Tunneling spectroscopy has been used to detect the photoexcitation of charge carriers in the wide-band-gap semiconductors, ZnO and cubic Sic. Photoexcitation, which increases the charge carrier population and thus reduces the width of the depletion layer at the semiconductor surface, is detected as an enhancement in the tunnel current. Because the process is energy sensitive, valence-to-conduction band or defect charge transfer transitions may be selectively excited and detected by tunneling spectroscopy. Two types of transitions were detected which change the tunneling response; for cubic Sic valence-to-conduction band transitions were excited, while for Coz+- and Mn2+-doped ZnO electron charge transfer transitions from the dopants to the conduction bands occur. The enhancement of the current was greater in air than under vacuum and more easily detected at small sample-tip separations. [Key words: tunneling, spectroscopy, semiconductors, scanning tunneling microscopy, photoconductivity.] I. Introduction HE value of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), in its ability to collect spectroscopic information at high spatial resolution than in its imaging capabilities. In the short time since its invention' the technique has been applied to metal,' ~emimetal,~ and semiconductor4 surfaces to study such phenomena as surface reconstructions and adsorbate interactions. As such measurements are made on an increasing variety of materials, it is becoming clear that analysis of wide-band-gap materials (ceramics) can be problematic? Two possible situations may exist during STM analysis: either a high density of surface states pin the surface Fermi level or a Schottky barrier forms. In either case, the bulk energy bands are bent and a depletion layer forms under the probe tip which can "pinch off the tunnel current if wide enough.6 Because the width of the depletion layer decreases as the carrier concentration increases, it is possible to minimize the depletion layer width and enhance the conductivity by bulk chemical doping. An alternative approach, explored in this paper, is to temporarily increase the free carrier concentration by photoexcitation. Photoexcitation by monochromatic light sources has been previously used in STM experiments to modulate the sampleT which has generated a great deal of enthusiasm, lies more
Novel Process for Isolating Fibrils from Cellulose Fibers by High-Intensity Ultrasonication. II. Fibril Characterization

Received 24 September 2008; accepted 29 January 2009DOI 10.1002/app.30160Published online 26 October 2009 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).ABSTRACT: High-intensity ultrasonication with a batchprocess was used to isolate ﬁbrils from several cellulosesources, and a mixture of microscale and nanoscaleﬁbrils was obtained. The geometrical characteristics ofthe ﬁbrils were investigated with polarized light micros-copy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force mi-croscopy. The results show that small ﬁbrils withdiameters ranging from about 30 nm to several micro-meters were peeled from the ﬁbers. Some ﬁbrils wereisolated from the ﬁbers, whereas some were still on theﬁber surfaces. The lengths of untreated and treated cellu-lose ﬁbers were investigated by a ﬁber size analyzer. Thecrystallinities of some cellulose ﬁbers were evaluated bywide-angle X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. The high-intensity ultrasonication tech-nique is an environmentally benign method and asimpliﬁed process that conducts ﬁber isolation and chem-ical modiﬁcation simultaneously and helps signiﬁcantlyreduce the production cost of cellulose nanoﬁbers andtheir composites.
Effects of nisoldipine upon endothelial dysfunction following ischaemic and peroxidative injury in the perfused rat heart.

Objective: Previous studies showed that treatment of hearts with nisoldipine improves recovery of cardiac function following ischaemia, improves reperfusion, and reduces the constrictor sensitivity to endothelin. The aim of the present study was to assess the reduction in vasodilator responses that occurs following ischaemia and reperfusion or after oxidative stress, and to determine whether nisoldipine treatment improves these dilator responses. Methods: Isolated perfused rat hearts were studied. Coronary vessels were constricted by the addition of U46619 and dilator responses were determined with the addition of acetylcholine (endothelium dependent) or glyceryl trinitrate (endothelium independent). Responses were compared before and after low flow ischaemia (20%, 30 min) and reperfusion (30 min), or treatment with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) (0.9 mM, 12 min, 30 min wash). Results: The addition of U46619 caused a prolonged increase in perfusion pressure of 50 to 70 mm Hg which was not significantly different before and after treatment. Dilatation responses to acetylcholine were significantly reduced following ischaemia and reperfusion (34% of preischaemic values) or tBHP (47.6% of pre-tBHP values), while responses to glyceryl trinitrate were not significantly changed. In contrast, when hearts were perfused with nisoldipine, the responses to acetylcholine were significantly improved (88% of preischaemic values with 5 nM nisoldipine, and 68% to 78% of pre-tBHP values with 0.5 nM to 5 nM nisoldipine). Responses to acetylcholine following tBHP were not significantly improved when hearts were perfused with verapamil (5 nM 43.5%, 5 μM 32%, of pre-tBHP values), or diltiazem (5 nM 37%, 5 μM 31%, of pre-tBHP values). Conclusions: Ischaemia and reperfusion or oxidative stress reduced endothelium dependent responses, but not endothelium independent responses. Nisoldipine reduced the injury to endothelial cell function associated with ischaemia and reperfusion or oxidative stress. Cardiovascular Research 1993; 27 :990-996
Homeostatic sleep response to naps is similar in normal elderly and young adults

Delta homeostatic regulation can be challenged by reducing delta need with daytime naps and measuring delta in post-nap sleep. We previously demonstrated that, after a late afternoon nap, young adults reduce the amount of delta in post-nap sleep by the amount in the nap. We compared homeostatic responses of 19 young adults (mean age 22.4 years) and 19 normal elderly subjects (mean age 71.4 years). Each participated in four separate 2-day sessions that consisted of a baseline night, a nap, and post-nap sleep. Nap times were 0900, 1200, 1500 and 1800 h. The 1800 h nap contained the largest amount of delta and produced the largest reduction in post-nap delta. The young and elderly groups respectively produced 28 and 24% of baseline delta in the 1800 h nap. Both groups showed equivalent delta regulation, reducing post-nap delta by 28 and 25%, respectively. In both age groups, the decrease in post-nap delta resulted from a reduced rate of delta production (power/min) and reduced non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep duration. Period-amplitude analysis showed that the reduction in power/min resulted from decreases in delta wave amplitude and incidence. None of the responses to nap challenges differed significantly across age groups nor were there gender differences or age by gender interactions. These results show that delta homeostatic responses to naps in the elderly parallel those of young subjects. REM sleep showed no homeostatic reductions following naps in either group. We believe that the striking differences in the delta and REM responses point to different biological roles of the two kinds of sleep.
The effects of short-term alpha-ketoisocaproic acid supplementation on exercise performance: a randomized controlled trial

This study examined the efficacy of short-term alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC) monotherapy supplementation immediately prior to moderate- and high-intensity single bout exercise performance. Thirteen resistance trained men (22.8 ± 2.5 years; 81.6 ± 12.6 kg) participated in a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled crossover experiment. Each subject completed one familiarization and four experimental trials with either 1.5 g or 9.0 g of either KIC or isocaloric placebo control (CONT), following an overnight fast. During the experimental trials, subjects consumed the supplement regimen and then completed leg and chest press repetitions to failure and 30 s of repeated maximal vertical jumping (VJ) on a force plate. In this treatment regimen, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between dosages or conditions for leg press (low CONT = 19.8 ± 0.4 SEM, low KIC = 21.0 ± 0.5, high CONT = 20.1 ± 0.3, high KIC = 22.4 ± 0.6) or chest press (low CONT = 18.1 ± 0.2, low KIC = 18.5 ± 0.3, high CONT = 17.8 ± 0.3, high KIC = 18.0 ± 0.3) repetitions to failure. Additionally, no significant differences were observed for peak or mean VJ performance (low CONT = 34.6 ± 2.2 cm and 28.6 ± 1.8 cm; low KIC = 35.6 ± 2.0 cm and 29.4 ± 1.6 cm; high CONT = 35.7 ± 2.1 cm and 29.4 ± 1.7 cm; high KIC = 34.8 ± 2.3 cm and 28.3 ± 1.7 cm), respectively. Based on our results, we conclude that acute KIC ingestion by itself with no other ergogenic supplement, immediately prior to exercise, did not alter moderate- nor high-intensity single-bout exercise performance in young resistance-trained males. This study addressed single-dose single-bout performance events; the efficacy of KIC monotherapy supplementation on repeated high-intensity exercise bouts and long-term exercise training remains unknown.
Reliability reporting practices in rape myth research.

A number of school-based programs address sexual violence by focusing on adolescents' attitudes about rape or acceptance of rape myths. However, many problems exist in the literature regarding measurement of rape myth acceptance, including issues of reliability and validity. This paper addresses measurement reliability issues and reviews reliability reporting practices of studies using the Burt Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. Less than one-half of the 68 articles examined reported reliability coefficients for the data collected. Almost one-third of the studies did not mention reliability. Examples of acceptable reliability reporting are provided. It is argued that reliability coefficients for the data actually analyzed should always be assessed and reported when interpreting program results. Implications for school health research and practice are discussed.
A UNIFIED APPROACH TO REAL-TIME, MULTI-RESOLUTION, MULTI-BASELINE 2D VIEW SYNTHESIS AND 3D DEPTH ESTIMATION USING COMMODITY GRAPHICS HARDWARE

We present a new method for using commodity graphics hardware to achieve real-time, on-line, 2D view synthesis or 3D depth estimation from two or more calibrated cameras. Our method combines a 3D plane-sweeping approach with 2D multi-resolution color consistency tests. We project camera imagery onto each plane, compute measures of color consistency throughout the plane at multiple resolutions, and then choose the color or depth (corresponding plane) that is most consistent. The key to achieving real-time performance is our use of the advanced features included with recent commodity computer graphics hardware to implement the computations simultaneously (in parallel) across all reference image pixels on a plane. Our method is relatively simple to implement, and flexible in term of the number and placement of cameras. With two cameras and
The Contribution of HI-Rich Galaxies to the Damped Lyα Absorber Population at z = 0

We present a study of the expected properties of the low redshift damped Lyα absorber population determined from a sample of HI-selected galaxies in the local universe. Because of a tight correlation between the HI mass and HI cross-section, which spans all galaxy types, we can use our HI-selected sample to predict the properties of the absorption line systems. We find that the dN/dz distribution is dominated by galaxies with HI masses near 109 M⊙. However, because of the large dispersion in the correlation between HI mass and stellar luminosity, we find that the distribution of dN/dz as a function of L J is fairly flat.
A canonical basis for Garsia-Procesi modules

We identify a subalgebra $\widehat{\mathscr{H}}^+_n$ of the extended affine Hecke algebra $\widehat{\mathscr{H}}_n$ of type $A$. The subalgebra $\widehat{\mathscr{H}}^+_n$ is a u-analogue of the monoid algebra of $\mathcal{S}_n ⋉ℤ_≥0^n$ and inherits a canonical basis from that of $\widehat{\mathscr{H}}_n$. We show that its left cells are naturally labeled by tableaux filled with positive integer entries having distinct residues mod $n$, which we term positive affine tableaux (PAT). We then exhibit a cellular subquotient $\mathscr{R}_1^n$ of $\widehat{\mathscr{H}}^+_n$ that is a $u$-analogue of the ring of coinvariants $ℂ[y_1,\ldots,y_n]/(e_1, \ldots,e_n)$ with left cells labeled by PAT that are essentially standard Young tableaux with cocharge labels. Multiplying canonical basis elements by a certain element $*π ∈ \widehat{\mathscr{H}}^+_n$ corresponds to rotations of words, and on cells corresponds to cocyclage. We further show that $\mathscr{R}_1^n$ has cellular quotients $\mathscr{R}_λ$ that are $u$-analogues of the Garsia-Procesi modules $R_λ$ with left cells labeled by (a PAT version of) the $λ$ -catabolizable tableaux.
USE OF A NITROCELLULOSE MATRIX IN LASER MASS SPECTROMETRY

A simple method for obtaining laser mass spectra (LMS) of liquids is described using a nitrocellulose membrane or fibrous material as the sample substrate. Laser mass spectra of liquids are presented along with those of solutes in aqueous systems. The use of a liquid matrix with the laser soft ionization method enhances molecular ion formation. Results are presented for charge-transfer derivatization and the influence of solution pH on LMS.
Unterernährung und Wachstum

Wachstum im Sinne von Entwicklung ist eine der fundamentalsten Eigenschaften der lebenden Materie und beruht auf einer dem Organismus innewohnenden Kraft. Was ist Wachstum? Dem Mchtfachmann kann das als eine einfache, wenn nicht gar uberflussige Frage erscheinen. Wachsen bedeutet offenbar an Gewicht und Grose zunehmen. Bei naherer Prufung last sich jedoch die Frage sehr schwer beantworten. Was man zunachst feststellt, ist, das nicht jede Zunahme an Grose oder Gewicht die Folge von Wachstum ist. Eine Zunahme an Masse kann auch allein durch Resorption oder Retention von Wasser erfolgen, wie z. B. beim Odem. Jedoch braucht man nicht etwa zu denken, der odematose Organismus wachse deshalb. Ferner kann eine betrachtliche Zunahme des Korpergewichtes auch infolge Fettanhaufung eintreten, eine Erscheinung, die sich haufig beim ausgewachsenen Organismus findet, lange nachdem jegliches Wachstum langst aufgehort hat.
Shifting Boundaries: Abortion, Criminal Culpability and the Indeterminate Legal Status of Adolescents

This article explores a tension in the legal treatment of minors. It asks whether it is possible to make a principled argument that minors should be treated as legal adults when it comes to reproductive decision-making, while deploring the trend towards treating them as legal adults when they commit crimes, or whether these shifting understandings of adolescent responsibility are simply reflective of desired social outcomes? After examining the legal status of minors relative to both the abortion decision and the juvenile justice system, the article discusses why the profound differences in these two domains justify a different approach to considerations of adolescent capacity. More specifically, it considers why the cognitive approach to decision-making is an appropriate lens within which to assess the decisional capacity of teens facing the abortion decision, while psychosocial factors, which serve to differentiate teens from adult actors, are far more salient in the criminal context. The article thus concludes that a differential approach is warranted, and that a demand for consistency across these two domains would in fact lead to an overvaluing of the abilities of teens in the criminal context and an undervaluing of their abilities relative to the abortion decision.
Logos and the Empathic Life

Human creation, in late twentieth-century technological societies, is understood as external to the individual. The significance of the selfcreation of the creator through his creative activities is ignored, while his products are understood as their own end. Nevertheless, human creation and self-creation reach towards transcendent meaning; the telos, which the logos of human life fulfills, involves elements other than its own being in its becoming. Empathic intentionality is intrinsic to the process whereby the individual achieves his autonomy and also fulfills his end. The topic of this paper is the role of empathy in the development of selfhood, in the genuine connections which individuals can achieve with each other, in the constitution of the life-world, and in the foundation for the unity of the sciences.
Liquidation Preference, Participation Rights, and the Cost of Venture Finance

Liquidation preference and participation rights are common features of term sheets involving the use of preferred stock in venture financing. Both these features are typically found in venture financing term sheets and enhance the position of the venture investor compared to company founders. This note illustrates the dramatic effect that these contract terms can have on the cost of venture financing. An illustrative spreadsheet model is available from the author (j_martin@baylor.edu).
Defect reaction network in Si-doped GaAs : numerical predictions.

This Report characterizes the defects in the def ect reaction network in silicon - doped, n - type InAs predicted with first principles density functional theory. The reaction network is deduced by following exothermic defect reactions starting with the initially mobile interstitial defects reacting with common displacement damage defects in Si - doped InAs , until culminating in immobile reaction p roducts. The defect reactions and reaction energies are tabulated, along with the properties of all the silicon - related defects in the reaction network. This Report serves to extend the results for the properties of intrinsic defects in bulk InAs as colla ted in SAND 2013 - 2477 : Simple intrinsic defects in InAs : Numerical predictions to include Si - containing simple defects likely to be present in a radiation - induced defect reaction sequence . This page intentionally left blank
Photometric determination of lysozyme activity.

SummaryAn accurate photometric method has been developed using a Pfalz and Bauer Fluorophotometer for measuring the lysis of suspensions of M. lysodiekticus by lysozyme. This method has the distinct advantages of reproducing activities in 60 seconds after addition of the enzyme. Measurement of maximal rate of lysis in the early part of the time-course of reaction decreases the possibility of interference due to synergism by proteolytic enzymes or solution of cellular material by alkali reaction. This method has been extended to extracts of mammalian tissues.
Ultrastructural changes of bone marrow in canine cyclic hematopoiesis (CH dog). A sequential study.

The pathogenesis of cyclic hematopoiesis (CH) in the grey collie dog is still unknown. It has been proposed that periodic bursts of necrosis of the bone marrow neutrophils would induce cyclic arrests of the stem cell differentiation. In the present study, the sequential changes undergone by the erythroid and neutrophil series of the bone marrow of CH dogs were evaluated by electron microscopy. Erythroid cells presented quantitative periodic oscillations but the morphologic features of both immature and mature cells were normal. On the contrary, nonspecific necrotic changes were observed to occur in the myeloid series. Those abnormalities, which were more marked between days 9 and 11 of the cycle, mainly involved the immature cells and, to a lesser extent, the mature neutrophils. The number of necrotic cells was variable in different cycles, but always represented a small portion of the myeloid cells. In addition, few bone marrow macrophages displayed signs of phagocytic activity containing cell debris. The ultrastructural changes of the myeloid series were accompanied by an abnormal decrease of peroxidase activity and the permanence of large acid phosphatase-positive Golgi complexes in mature neutrophils, as defined by morphologic criteria. Dohle-like arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum were present in many cells. Our findings suggest that an asynchronic development of myelocytes occurs as a result of regulatory abnormalities related to the congenital defect of the bone marrow which interferes with the differentiation and maturation of the stem cells. Necrosis in some myeloid cells would be a secondary phenomenon rather than a causal factor for the cyclic arrest of cell maturation as has been previously submitted. Furthermore, the small size of the necrotic cell population could not justify the production of “inhibitors” in sufficient amounts as to block the normal evolution of the bone marrow stem cell pool.
Analysis on the effect of garlicin for treating viral myocarditis

Objective To explore the curative effect of garlicin on the treatment of viral myocarditis(VMC)and its mechanism.Methods 96 patients with VMC were randomly divided into three groups.group A of 32 patients were given western conventional medicine,group B of 32 patients were given astragalus injection besides the conventional therapy,while group C were given garlic injection.The course in three groups were 30 days.The incidence of the arrhythmia,st-t segment changes and the level of cTnT,CK-MB,IL-18 in patients were observed before and after the treatment.Results The incidence of the arrhythmia,st-t segment changes and the level of cTnT,CK-MB,IL-18 decreased significantly in all the patients After treatment(P0.01).and the observation indexes improved at the same time,especially the group C(P0.01).the level of serum IL-18 decreased significantly in the 7th,15th and the 30th day after treatment in group C(P0.01),while the level decreased significantly in the 15thand the 30th day after treatment in group A and B(P0.05 or 0.01).descent range of group C was the largest amongst these three groups(P0.01).Conclusion There is good curative effect of garlicin on the treatment for VMC.This may related to the inhibition of virus replication,recovery of the cellular immunity and reduction of the injury of cardia musle by immunological reaction,and this improve the patient's clinlcal symptom and heart function.
Total System Accuracy of Metering Devices in Digital Substation and Its Long Term Operating Characteristics

Digital substation steps into application stage,however,research of total system accuracy of metering devices(including electronic instrument transformers and digital electric meter) and its long term operating characteristics is rare.This article introduces a technology of building on site and long term comparison between digital metering system and conventional metering system in order to find out the major factors influencing digital metering system′s accuracy.
The Constitution of Risk: The Risks of Deliberation: Second Opinions

A standing anxiety of constitutional rulemaking, especially in the liberal tradition, is that lawmakers within the constitutional system will make hasty or ill-considered decisions under the influence of passion or prejudice. Accordingly, constitutional rulemakers often institute precautions against such decisions; second-opinion mechanisms are a leading example of such precautions. Many institutional structures, rules, and practices have been justified as mechanisms for requiring or permitting decision makers to obtain second opinions. Examples include judicial review of statutes or of agency action, bicameralism, the separation of powers, and certain elements of the law of legislative procedure. These deliberative procedural mechanisms have many attractions, especially from the standpoint of liberal theorists: they are in some sense value-neutral, and thus promise to improve the quality of decision making without dictating substantive outcomes a priori . Yet additional layers of deliberation and procedure are never costless or risk-free, and second opinions are hardly costless either. Such mechanisms increase the direct costs and opportunity costs of the lawmaking system and, under certain conditions, can actually have perverse results, encouraging rather than suppressing ill-considered decisions. In this chapter, I will attempt a mature consideration of both sides of the ledger. I will thus illustrate both the conditions under which second-opinion mechanisms increase the expected quality of decisions and the overall utility of the constitutional system, and also the conditions under which such mechanisms create countervailing risks or perverse effects, and thus create costs in excess of their benefits.
Zoning Ordinance Variances

This short piece designed for planners describes the purpose of variances, both use and area variances, conditions on variances and alternatives to variances.
Integrity: the virtue of compromise

In this article, I develop a novel interpretation of integrity that I believe ought to be of special interest to business ethicists. According to a traditional understanding, integrity is the virtue of holding fast to one’s principles in the face of temptations. Against this, I suggest that integrity is the virtue that governs rather than forbids compromise. In other words, integrity does not just forbid compromise; it sometimes demands it. This virtue will sound paradoxical to some, and I spend much of the essay arguing for its plausibility and locating it within the larger philosophical tradition. In the second half of the essay, I try to connect this virtue to the essential aims of business as understood by shareholder theorists. If my argument is correct, it may explain why integrity is of such central concern for business ethicists. This article is published as part of a collection on integrity and its counterfeits.
Parent’s Physical Activity Associated With Preschooler Activity in Underserved Populations

Introduction In the U.S., children from low-income families are more likely to be obese. The impact of parent modeling of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors in low-income American ethnic minorities is unclear, and studies examining objective measures of preschooler and parent PA are sparse. Methods This cross-sectional study examined 1,003 parent–child pairs who were of low income, largely Latino and African American, and living in one of two geographically disparate metropolitan areas in the U.S. Parents and children wore GT3X/GT3X+ accelerometers for an average of >12 hours/day (7:00am–9:00pm) for 1 week (September 2012 to May 2014). Analysis occurred in 2015–2016. Results About 75% of children were Latino and >10% were African American. Mean child age was 3.9 years. The majority of children (60%) were normal weight (BMI ≥50th and p =0.002). Conclusions Increasing parental PA and reducing sedentary behavior correlate with increased PA-related behaviors in children. However, more work is needed to understand the impact of high levels of parental MVPA on the MVPA levels of their children.
Automatic MR prostate segmentation by deep learning with holistically-nested networks

Accurate automatic prostate magnetic resonance image (MRI) segmentation is a challenging task due to the high variability of prostate anatomic structure. Artifacts such as noise and similar signal intensity tissues around the prostate boundary inhibit traditional segmentation methods from achieving high accuracy. The proposed method performs end-to- end segmentation by integrating holistically nested edge detection with fully convolutional neural networks. Holistically-nested networks (HNN) automatically learn the hierarchical representation that can improve prostate boundary detection. Quantitative evaluation is performed on the MRI scans of 247 patients in 5-fold cross-validation. We achieve a mean Dice Similarity Coefficient of 88.70% and a mean Jaccard Similarity Coefficient of 80.29% without trimming any erroneous contours at apex and base.
Abstract T P77: Long-term Neuroprotection with Pharmacological Hypothermia by TRPV1 Agonism in Ischemic Stroke

Background: Therapeutic hypothermia is a promising strategy for neuroprotection following stroke. However, current widely available methods are not compatible with conscious patients and produce un...
Integrating Telehealth Emergency Department Follow-up Visits into Residency Training.

Introduction Given the rapid expansion of telehealth (TH), there is an emerging need for trained professionals who can effectively deliver TH services. As there is no formal TH training program for residents, the Department of Emergency Medicine (DEM) at Thomas Jefferson University (TJU) developed a pilot training program for senior post-graduate-year three (PGY-3) residents that exposed them to TH practices. The objective of the study was to determine the feasibility of developing a resident-led, post-Emergency-Department (ED) visit TH follow-up program as an educational opportunity to 1) address patient satisfaction; and 2) expose senior residents to TH delivery. Methods During a one-month block in their third-year of training, EM residents were exposed to and educated on TH delivery and utility through on-the-job, just-in-time training. Residents spent four hours per week evaluating patients previously seen in the ED within the last 5-7 days in the form of TH follow-up visits. ED patients were screened to identify which patient chief complaints and presentations were appropriate for a follow-up visit, given a specific day and time for their TH encounter, facilitated by a resident, and supervised by a faculty member trained in TH. Demographic patient and visit data were collected. Residents then completed a brief survey at the end of the rotation to capture their educational experiences and recommendations for subsequent training improvement. Results Over 12 months, 197 TH follow-up visits were performed by 12 residents. One hundred twenty-six patients (64%) were female. Top chief complaints included extremity pain (11.2%); abdominal pain (8.1%); upper respiratory infections (8.1%); lacerations (7.6%), and motor vehicle accidents (7.6%). The average number of days between the ED visit and the TH follow-up call was 5.1 days (IQR 3-6). 44.7% of patients were compliant with their discharge instructions and medications. On a Likert scale low (1) to high (10)], average patient helpfulness rating was 8.2 (IQR 7.8-10) and the average patient likelihood to recommend a TH follow-up visit was 8.5 (IQR 8-10). Ten residents completed the follow-up survey on the educational experience of the rotation (response rate 83%), of which seven described there is value to have a TH rotation in the curriculum. Thematic analysis of open-ended responses yielded constructive feedback for programmatic improvement. Conclusion The authors propose a feasible TH training opportunity integrated into EM residency training to assist them with meeting a rapidly-growing demand for TH and prepare them for diverse job opportunities.
Impairment of gamma-glutamyl transferase 1 activity in the metabolic pathogenesis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma

Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) accounts for 5% of all sporadic renal cancers and can also occur in genetic syndromes including Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). ChRCC has a distinct accumulation of abnormal mitochondria, accompanied by characteristic chromosomal imbalances and relatively few "driver" mutations. Metabolomic profiling of ChRCC and oncocytomas (benign renal tumors that share pathological features with ChRCC) revealed both similarities and differences between these tumor types, with principal component analysis (PCA) showing a distinct separation. ChRCC have a striking decrease in intermediates of the glutathione salvage pathway (also known as the gamma-glutamyl cycle) compared with adjacent normal kidney, as well as significant changes in glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway intermediates. We also found that gamma glutamyl transferase 1 (GGT1), the key enzyme of the gamma-glutamyl cycle, is expressed at ∼100-fold lower levels in ChRCC compared with normal kidney, while no change in GGT1 expression was found in clear cell RCC (ccRCC). Significant differences in specific metabolite abundance were found in ChRCC vs. ccRCC, including the oxidative stress marker ophthalmate. Down-regulation of GGT1 enhanced the sensitivity to oxidative stress and treatment with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which was associated with changes in glutathione-pathway metabolites. These data indicate that impairment of the glutathione salvage pathway, associated with enhanced oxidative stress, may have key therapeutic implications for this rare tumor type for which there are currently no specific targeted therapies.
The Role of the Family in Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs.

In response to the problem of child sexual abuse , there has been a proliferation of school-based prevention programs. In conjunction with the children's programs, there have also been efforts to develop a parent education component. After examining the potential roles for adult caretakers in school sexual abuse prevention programs, we raise issues that should be considered before such programs are implemented. These issues include : the necessity of developing a true "partnership" between school and community; the possible unintended consequence of deskilling parents -, the recognition that adults sought as " partners " in these programs might actually be abusers -, the use of such gender-neutral terms as 'I abusive parent " which serve to disguise who actually abuses and who is held responsible for protecting the child; the reaction to what is perceived as intervention in the family. These issues are crucial to consider, because a haphazard approach to parental involvement could cause damage to the program, as well as to the trust that is necessary between educators and parents.
Magnetic Manipulation with Several Mobile Coils Towards Gastrointestinal Capsular Endoscopy

Traditional techniques of endoscopy based on flexible endoscopes are fairly reliable but poorly tolerated by patients and do not give access to the small bowel. It has been demonstrated that magnetic fields are usable for manipulating an untethered magnet, either using fixed coils or mobile permanent magnets. We introduce a novel approach for magnetic manipulation and present the preliminary results obtained by simulating a planar manipulation system including multiple mobile coils.
Contingency and Evolution

Contingency! This is the word that applies precisely to the whole of the evolutionary process.
Staffing and Recruiting Considerations for Financial Education Programs

A financial education program is only as good as the people who staff it. In order to get the right people on staff, careful attention must be paid to the strategy and execution of recruiting and hiring. Underlying the strategy is the determination of which staff positions are needed and how the roles will be defined. Various questions need to be addressed, such as: What financial resources are available? What types of services is the program planning to offer? What is the level of counselor content expertise? What is the type and size of facility where counseling will take place? How large is the program and who is the program’s target audience? With what other programs on campus is there possible opportunity for collaboration? The impact of a financial education program on a college campus is limited only by its implementation. Careful attention to the processes of staff selection is paramount in determining the early trajectory of such a program.
Positrons for Low Energy Antihydrogen Production

Based upon the capture of low energy antiprotons in an ion trap, we are investigating the possibility of producing antihydrogen by merging extremely cold trapped plasmas of antiprotons and positrons. In principle, the calculated rate for antihydrogen is very high compared to other techniques. Here we survey the possibility of accumulating a high density of trapped positrons.
The Dynamics of the Nash Map for 2 By 2 Games

We describe the dynamics of a better response map from the space of mixed strategy profiles to itself, used by Nash to prove the existence of equilibrium points for finite games. We do it for the case of 2 players and 2 pure strategies. The maps are classified, according to the dynamics, as dominant strategy, elliptic or hyperbolic.
FUNCTIONAL POINTS OF CONTROL IN BIOLOGICAL NEURAL NETWORKS

This paper presents a model that identifies the primitive points of control and inherent properties of biological neural networks. The model allows network behavior to be defined completely through two levels of control; 1) the neuron or node level, and 2) the network level. The points of control identified for each of these levels are summarized below.
Relationship of Racial Residential Segregation to Newly Diagnosed Cases of HIV among Black Heterosexuals in US Metropolitan Areas, 2008–2015

Social science and public health literature has framed residential segregation as a potent structural determinant of the higher HIV burden among black heterosexuals, but empirical evidence has been limited. The purpose of this study is to test, for the first time, the association between racial segregation and newly diagnosed heterosexually acquired HIV cases among black adults and adolescents in 95 large US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in 2008–2015. We operationalized racial segregation (the main exposure) using Massey and Denton’s isolation index for black residents; the outcome was the rate of newly diagnosed HIV cases per 10,000 black adult heterosexuals. We tested the relationship of segregation to this outcome using multilevel multivariate models of longitudinal (2008–2015) MSA-level data, controlling for potential confounders and time. All covariates were lagged by 1 year and centered on baseline values. We preliminarily explored mediation of the focal relationship by inequalities in education, employment, and poverty rates. Segregation was positively associated with the outcome: a one standard deviation decrease in baseline isolation was associated with a 16.2% reduction in the rate of new HIV diagnoses; one standard deviation reduction in isolation over time was associated with 4.6% decrease in the outcome. Exploratory mediation analyses suggest that black/white socioeconomic inequality may mediate the relationship between segregation and HIV. Our study suggests that residential segregation may be a distal determinant of HIV among black heterosexuals. The findings further emphasize the need to address segregation as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce racial inequities in HIV.
Clinical Context-Specific Staphylococcus aureus Susceptibilities May Differ Substantially and Be Obscured by Aggregate Antibiograms

Aggregate data in institutional antibiograms may not accurately represent major pathogens' antibiotic susceptibility patterns in important clinical scenarios. In this analysis of Staphylococcus aureus isolates between 2013 and 2016 at the Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, methicillin and clindamycin susceptibility rates of S. aureus differed significantly from aggregate data when stratified by wound specimen and osteoarticular infection (OAI) isolates. Clindamycin susceptibility of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in wound specimens was higher than published antibiograms, whereas the proportion of MRSA and total clindamycin susceptibility in OAI was relatively lower, which impacts empiric antibiotic decision-making. With S. aureus antibiotic susceptibility patterns shifting and differences by infection type, as well as geographic location, pediatric facilities are encouraged to perform local reviews and emphasize specimen and clinical-context rather than aggregate antibiograms.
Value-Based Care Has Not Resulted in Biased Patient Selection: Analysis of a Single Center's Experience in the Care for Joint Replacement Bundle.

Abstract Background Bundled reimbursement models for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services have resulted in an effort to decrease the cost of care. However, these models may incentivize bias in patient selection to avoid excess cost of care. We sought to determine the impact of the Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement (CJR) model at a single center. Methods This is a retrospective review of primary TKA patients from July 2015 to December 2017. Patients were stratified by whether or not their surgery was performed before or after implementation of the CJR bundle. Patient demographic data including age, sex, and body mass index were collected in addition to Elixhauser comorbidities and American Society of Anesthesiologists score. In-hospital outcomes were then examined including surgery duration, length of stay, discharge disposition, and direct cost of care. Results A total of 1248 TKA patients (546 Medicare and 702 commercial insurance) were evaluated, with 27.0% undergoing surgery before the start of the bundle. Compared to patients following implementation of the bundle, there was no significant difference in age, gender, or body mass index. However, pre-CJR Medicare patients were more likely to have fewer Elixhauser comorbidities (P Conclusion Implementation of the bundled reimbursement model did not result in biased patient selection at our institution; importantly, it also did not result in decreased hospital costs despite apparent improvement in value-based outcome metrics. This should be taken into consideration as future adaptations to reimbursement are made by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
Results of the Doctoral Faculty Publication Project: Journal Article Productivity and its Correlates in the 1990s

Results of this longitudinal study of the 1990s revealed that 12 of 61 doctoral faculties (20%) were responsible for 43% of journal articles published. Publication rates of these faculties appeared to accelerate in the 1990s and correlated positively with measures of program size and longevity. However, when all variables were controlled, the perceived academic quality of MSW programs was the sole correlate of faculty publication. Overwhelmingly, faculties of US News and World Report’s most highly rated MSW programs at the end of the decade were also the most frequently published. Implications of these findings are identified and discussed.
Fearful Temperament and the Risk for Child and Adolescent Anxiety: The Role of Attention Biases and Effortful Control

Fearful temperament represents one of the most robust predictors of child and adolescent anxiety; however, not all children with fearful temperament unvaryingly develop anxiety. Diverse processes resulting from the interplay between automatic processing (i.e., attention bias) and controlled processing (i.e., effortful control) drive the trajectories toward more adaptive or maladaptive directions. In this review, we examine the associations between fearful temperament, attention bias, and anxiety, as well as the moderating effect of effortful control. Based on the reviewed literature, we propose a two-mechanism developmental model of attention bias that underlies the association between fearful temperament and anxiety. We propose that the sub-components of effortful control (i.e., attentional control and inhibitory control) play different roles depending on individuals' temperaments, initial automatic biases, and goal priorities. Our model may help resolve some of the mixed findings and conflicts in the current literature. It may also advance our knowledge regarding the cognitive mechanisms linking fearful temperament and anxiety, as well as facilitate the continuing efforts in identifying and intervening with children who are at risk. Finally, we conclude the review with a discussion on the existing limitations and then propose questions for future research.
Low-Cost Self-Assembled Oxide Separator for Rechargeable Batteries

Rechargeable battery cells having a liquid electrolyte require a separator permeable to the electrolyte between the two electrodes. The volume changes of the electrodes during charge and discharge have previously limited porous separators to polymers with an electronic energy gap Eg large enough for the Fermi levels of the two electrodes to be within it. We demonstrate that the plasticity of a costly polymer membrane is not needed for the separator in a liquid electrolyte. SiO2 is an insulator with the required large energy gap, and SiO2 particles are easy to prepare, cheap, and environmentally friendly. We demonstrate that removal of adsorbed species from the surface of a film of SiO2 nanoparticles leads to weak bonding between the particles to give a self-assembled, porous layer that has the needed plasticity for a liquid-electrolyte separator that is wet by an alkali-metal anode.
Anterior eye development in the brown anole, Anolis sagrei

BackgroundAnterior eye development has been explored in different vertebrate species ranging from fish to mammals. However, missing from this diverse group is a representative of reptiles. A promising candidate to fill this void is the brown anole, Anolis sagrei, which is easily raised in the laboratory and for which genome editing techniques exist. Here we provide a detailed histological analysis of the development of the anterior structures of the eye in A. sagrei, which include the cornea, iris, ciliary body, lens, trabecular meshwork, and sclera ossicles. ResultsDevelopment of the anterior segment in Anoles proceeds as for other vertebrates with the lens forming first followed by the cornea, then the iris, ciliary body, trabecular meshwork, and sclera ossicles. The onset of these latter structures occurs first temporally than nasally. Unlike the eyes of mammals and birds, anoles possess a remarkably thin cornea, flat ciliary body, and a trabecular meshwork that lacks an obvious Schlemms canal. ConclusionsThis study highlights several features present in anoles and represents an important step towards understanding reptile eye development. Key FindingsO_LIThe anole cornea epithelium is thin, composed mainly of a single basal cell layer. C_LIO_LIThe ciliary body lacks a ciliary process. C_LIO_LIIris and ciliary body formation occur in a spatiotemporal fashion, developing first temporally then nasally. C_LIO_LIThe anole trabecular meshwork is composed of a spongiform tissue and lacks a Schlemms canal. C_LI