cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The genomic mutation rate for fitness in Drosophila

The mutation rate per genome for local affecting fitness is crucial in theories of the evolution of sex and recombination and of outbreeding mechanisms. Mutational variation in fitness may also be important in the evolution of mate choice in animals. No information is available on the rate at which spontaneous mutations with small effects on fitness arise, although viability (probability of survival to adulthood) has been studied in Drosophila melanogaster. These experiments involved the accumulation of spontaneous mutations in the virtual absence of natural selection, in a set of independently maintained lines with a common origin. The rates of decline in mean and increase in variance among lines permit estimation of limits to the mean number of new mutations arising per generation (U) and the average homozygous effect of a new mutation of minor effect(s). For the second chromosome of D. melanogaster, the value of U is at least 0.17 (ref. 7), and (1-h)s is less than 0.02, where hs is the average decline in fitness of heterozygotes. As the second chromosome is about 40% of the genome, these data indicate a mutation rate per haploid genome of at least 0.42 for viability. Here we present similar data on the effects of homozygous spontaneous mutations on a measure of fitness in D. melanogaster.
Cognitive structure of neutral attitudes

Abstract Having either all neutral experiences with an attitude object, or a wide range of positive, neutral, and negative experiences can produce overall affective neutrality, but these two types of experience should have different consequences for cognitive structure. An experiment in which the evaluative homogeneity (all neutral vs positive, neutral, and negative) of information about the attitude object was manipulated showed that the evaluative profile of cognitive structure was significantly influenced by homogeneity. However, the effects of this variable were not detectable using single-score measures of attitude.
Time Conservation Across Cultures

Abstract L'auteut tente de determiner si les enfants appartenant a des cultures non occidentales percoivent le temps de la měme maniere que les enfants occidentaux, s'ils se conforment aux stades de Piaget, et si l'[acaron]ge auquel ces stades se realisent correspond approximativement a ce que trouve Piaget. Les echantillons ont ete tires de sept cultures: anglo (Blancs), mexicaine-americaine, et indiennes (Hopis, Pimas, Papagos, Apaches et Navajos). Avec un total de 317 sujets, l'etude a porte, dans chaque groupe culturel, sur quinze enfants de sept, neuf et onze ans respectivement. Quatre epreuves ont ete utilisees pour mettre en evidence la conservation du temps: deux epreuves sur la conservation de l'ordre des evenements, et deux epreuves sur la conservation de la simultaneite. Les resultats font appara[icaron]tre une tres grande variabilite avec l'[acaron]ge; dans le cas de la simultaneite, aucun groupe culturel n'atteint le critere, propose par Piaget, de 3/4 de reponses correctes, měme aux ages o[u...
Dissociation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis and Ca2+ fluxes from the biological responses of a T-cell hybridoma

Dissociation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis and Ca2+ fluxes from the biological responses of a T-cell hybridoma
Vacuum Insulation for Cryocables and Its Resistance to Discharges

A test length of a liquid nitrogen-cooled, vacuum-insulated coaxial cable for use in underground power transmission has been studied with respect to its high voltage insulation properties. The critical element in the cable is the spacer between the conductors, since electrical discharges in the system are easily initiated across this spacer. Previous experiments with voltage sources capable of supplying low currents indicated insignificant discharge damage to the spacer as long as inorganic materials were used. The new results given in this paper show that insulator damage may still be small for discharges with peak current amplitudes up to 40 kA. The discharge current was supplied by an energy storage capacitor bank for a large number of tests with the same spacer. In addition to current measurements, photographic records of the discharges are presented and an assessment of the damage to the insulator and conductors is given.
Lack of correlation of clinical breast examination with high-risk histopathology

Abstract purpose: Routine breast examination frequently finds differences in palpable density and palpable nodularity, but it is not known if these differences correlate with the presence of high-risk histopathology. patients and methods: To test for a relationship between clinical breast examination and histopathology, we devised separate, 4-point scales of clinical density and nodularity and validated these scales by repeat examinations 4 or more months apart in 199 separate breasts (the scale was the same or within 1 point on repeat examination 87% of the time for density and 90% for nodularity). We then used these two clinical scales to compare density and nodularity to histopathology of breast tissue at the margins of segmental resections in 60 women undergoing breast-conserving treatment of primary breast cancer. In cases such as these, a large sample of "normal" tissue is intentionally removed when the wide excision is done to obtain negative margins. Histopathology at the margins was graded according to the consensus panel of the American College of Pathology; as might be expected in women with previous cancer, some higher-risk histopathology was found in 37% of cases. A relationship was sought using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. results: Neither clinical breast density ( ρ = 0.16) nor clinical breast nodularity ( ρ = 0.01) related to the presence of high-risk histopathology in the underlying tissue. Interestingly, breast nodularity increased with age ( ρ = 0.28), and clinical density and nodularity were inversely related ( ρ = −0.28). conclusion: We conclude that neither clinical breast density nor nodularity correlates with histopathology and that it is unlikely that a larger study would find a clinically useful correlation. Therefore, a clinical examination should not be used to decide that high-risk histopathology is likely to be present in an individual woman's breast.
Characterization of Nuclear Neurokinin 3 Receptor Expression in Rat Brain

Ligand-induced translocation of the G-protein-coupled receptor, neurokinin 3 (NK3-R), to the nucleus of hypothalamic neurons was reported using antibodies (ABs) raised against the C-terminal region of NK3-R. The current work was undertaken to substantiate the ability of NK3-R to enter the nucleus and identify which portion of the NK3-R molecule enters the nucleus. ABs directed at epitopes in the N-terminal and second extracellular loop of the rat NK3-R molecule were used to evaluate western blots of whole tissue homogenates and nuclear fractions from multiple brain areas. Specificity of the protein bands recognized by these ABs was demonstrated using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with rat or human NK3-R. Both ABs prominently recognized a diffuse protein band of ∼56-65 kDa (56 kDa=predicted size) and distinct ∼70-kDa and 95-kDa proteins in homogenates of multiple brain areas. The ∼95-kDa protein recognized by the extracellular loop AB was enriched in nuclear fractions. Recognition of these proteins by ABs directed at different regions of the NK3-R supports their identification as NK3-R. The size differences reflect variable glycosylation and possibly linkage to different cytosolic and nuclear proteins. Recognition of protein bands by both ABs in nuclear fractions is consistent with the full-length NK3-R entering the nucleus. Hypotension increased the density of the ∼95-kDa band in nuclear fractions from the supraoptic nucleus indicating activity-induced nuclear translocation. Since NK3-R is widely distributed in the CNS, the presence of NK3-R in nuclei from multiple brain regions suggests that it may broadly influence CNS gene expression in a ligand-dependent manner.
Timing problem with the Lunar Module impact data as recorded by the LSPE and corrected near‐surface structure at the Apollo 17 landing site

[1] It has recently been discovered that the Apollo 17 Lunar Module (LM) impact data from the Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment (LSPE) had a serious timing problem. Correcting this problem changes the lunar near-surface seismic velocity structure significantly from the structural models reported in the earlier publications, extending a low-velocity (Vp∼1 km/s) layer down to a 3 km depth or deeper.
Androgen concentration in motor neurons of cranial nerves and spinal cord

After injection of [3H]dihydrotestosterone, a major testosterone metabolite, radioactivity is concentrated in nuclei of certain cells in the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and spinal cord. While there is some overlap between androgen and estrogen target neuron distribution, certain motor neurons appear to be selectively labeled by androgen; in contrast, estrogen localization prevails in sensory neurons. These results may help to explain why male sexual behavior in some rodents is not fully activated with dihydrotestosterone alone but in addition requires estradiol, a testosterone metabolite.
Detection of Television Frequency Interference with Satellite Microwave Imager Observations over Oceans

AbstractThe geostationary satellite television (TV) signals that are broadcasted over various continents can be reflected back to space when they reach ocean surfaces. If the reflected signals are intercepted by the antenna of the microwave imager on board polar-orbiting satellites, they are mixed with the thermal emission from the earth and result in direct contamination of the satellite microwave imager measurements. This contamination is referred to as television frequency interference (TFI) and can result in erroneous retrievals of oceanic environmental parameters (e.g., sea surface temperature and sea surface wind speed) from microwave imager measurements. In this study, a principal component analysis (PCA)-based method is applied for detecting the TFI signals over oceans from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) Aqua satellite. It is found that the third principal component of the data matrix of the AMSR-E spectral difference indices from each AMSR-E swa...
The CED-3/ICE-like protease Mch2 is activated during apoptosis and cleaves the death substrate lamin A

Phylogenetic analysis of the CED-3/ICE family of cysteine proteases suggests the existence of a subfamily most related to the Caenorhabditis elegans death gene ced-3 and includes Yama (CPP32, apopain), LAP3 (Mch3, CMH1), and Mch2. Here, we show that Mch2 is processed from its zymogen form to a proteolytically active dimeric species during execution of the apoptotic program and by the cytotoxic T cell death protease granzyme B. Additionally, like Yama and LAP3, Mch2 functions downstream of the death inhibitors Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and CrmA. Importantly, Mch2, but not Yama or LAP3, is capable of cleaving lamin A to its signature apoptotic fragment, indicating that Mch2 is an apoptotic laminase.
Cyberwar Thresholds and Effects

Network technology use and cyberspace exploitation for intelligence and attack have become a normal part of military activity. Questions persist as to the appropriate framework for considering this new mode of conflict, but to a degree, these questions result from weak data, imprecise terminology, and a certain reluctance to abandon the notion that cyberconflict is unique, rather than just another mode of attack. This article reviews cyberattack in armed conflicts, thresholds for considering cyberexploits as the use of force, existing armed conflict laws' applicability to cyberattack, and the political implications of cyberexploits' strategic versus tactical applications.
Constrained Minimization: Inequality Constraints

The minimization of a function whose variables must satisfy inequality constraints is considered here. Because of their nature, any number of inequality constraints can be imposed. To introduce the subject, conditions for locating a boundary minimal point of a function of one independent variable (see Section 2.2) are determined using the direct approach. Next, a device for converting an inequality constraint into an equality constraint, called a slack variable, is used to solve the same problem. Then, inequality constraints are treated more formally by minimizing a function of two variables subject to one inequality constraint. For a minimal point on the boundary, two second variation conditions must be satisfied. The optimal point must be a minimum with respect to admissible comparison points on the boundary as if the boundary were an equality constraint, and it must be a minimum with respect to admissible comparison points off the boundary. The latter requires that the Lagrange multiplier associated with the inequality constraint (≤ 0) must be nonnegative at a minimal point on the boundary. Next, eliminating bounded variables in favor of unbounded variables is discussed. This approach is demonstrated by solving some example problems from linear programming. Finally, some comments are made about the general parameter optimization problem.
Competition and the transition of finance in Japan and the United States

Abstract Financial liberalization since the mid-1970s has increased the role of competitive forces in both the Japanese and U.S. financial systems. This article assesses the role of competition as an explicit objective of the financial liberalization process and, in particular, focuses on recent arguments made about the relative degree of competition between the two financial systems. The article argues that enhanced competition has never been a major objective of financial reform and that the U.S. financial system has been and remains more competitive even after extensive liberalization in Japan.
Energetics of lanthanum silicate apatite: Influence of interstitial oxygen and cation vacancy concentrations in La9.33 + x(SiO4)6O2 + 3x / 2 and La10 − xSrx(SiO4)6O3 − 0.5x

Abstract Lanthanum silicate apatite materials, which are good ionic conductors, were prepared and characterized in two series, LSO: La9.33 + x(SiO4)6O2 + 3x / 2 (x = 0, 0.33 and 0.67) and LSSO: La10 − xSrx(SiO4)6O3 − 0.5x (x = 1.00 and 2.00). Enthalpies of formation from their binary oxides at 298 K were determined by high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry. The energetics of these materials is discussed in terms of the effects of cation vacancies and interstitial oxygens. The formation of LSO apatites becomes more exothermic as the number of cation vacancies decreases (oxygen excess increases). Cation vacancy content is the dominant factor in determining the energetics of La9.33 + x(SiO4)6O2 + 3x / 2. The endothermic enthalpy of defect formation is 133.8 ± 17.5 kJ per mole of interstitial oxide ions, and 272.2 ± 21.6 kJ per mole of cation vacancies. Thus, La8Sr2(SiO4)6O2, having neither vacancies nor interstitial oxide ions, is the most stable compound in these two series.
The global digital divide: a sociological assessment of trends and causes

This article concerns the comparative dimension of the digital divide, the global digital divide, assessing processes of various sorts that shape this differentiating feature and mapping its trends of change. The authors (a) "map" the global digital divide with multiple indicators to find patterns of varying degrees of differentiation between countries worldwide and between blocs of countries and (b) assess the various national characteristics that contribute to the level of IT connectedness. The authors compare the effects of these various social national conditions on the pervasiveness of IT. Their preliminary results indicate that it is neither political nor economic national characteristics that are the determinants of IT connectedness but that cultural features are the prime causes. In this sense, the global digital divide is more a product of networking into global society than it is a mere reflection of local economic capabilities.
Development and characterization of SV40 immortalized rat submandibular acinar cell lines

Rat submandibular salivary gland acinar cells were transfected by CaPO4 precipitation using a plasmid containing a replication-defective simian virus (SV40) genome. Out of 27 clonal cell lines, two were shown to have moderate to high levels of cytodifferentiation and salivary gland acinar cell function. Functional studies with the two cell lines indicated that the β-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and prostaglandin E1 were effective activators of intracellular cyclic AMP production. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, acetylcholine, and P2U-purinoceptor agonists were effective in increasing inositol phosphate production and intracellular free calcium levels, whereas substance P was without effect. Utilizing indirect immunofluorescence analysis, both cell lines were shown to express glutamine/glutamic acid-rich proteins, a submandibular acinar cell specific secretory protein family. Electron microscopic evaluation documented the maintenance of tripartite junctional complexes, cellular polarization, and the presence of moderate amounts of secretory granules and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The two cell lines had doubling times of 25 h.
Auditory/phonetic categorization with the Symbion multichannel cochlear implant.

The phonetic identification ability of an individual (SS) who exhibits the best, or equal to the best, speech understanding of patients using the Symbion four‐channel cochlear implant is described. It has been found that SS: (1) can use aspects of signal duration to form categories that are isomorphic with the phonetic categories established by listeners with normal auditory function; (2) can combine temporal and spectral cues in a normal fashion to form categories; (3) can use aspects of fricative noises to form categories that correspond to normal phonetic categories; (4) uses information from both F1 and higher formants in vowel identification; and (5) appears to identify stop consonant place of articulation on the basis of information provided by the center frequency of the burst and by the abruptness of frequency change following signal onset. SS has difficulty identifying stop consonants from the information provided by formant transitions and cannot differentially identify signals that have identical F1’s and relatively low‐frequency F2’s. SS’s performance suggests that simple speech processing strategies (filtering of the signal into four bands) and monopolar electrode design are viable options in the design of cochlear prostheses.
Ionic Supplementation of Pond Waters for Inland Culture of Marine Shrimp

Saline well water used to fill ponds for inland culture of marine shrimp in Alabama often have low concentrations of potassium and magnesium. In 2002, pond waters on a shrimp farm were treated with enough muriate of potash and potassium-magnesium sulfate (K-Mag) to increase potassium concentration from 6.2 mg/L to about 40 mg/L and magnesium concentrations from 4.6 mg/L to about 20 mg/L. Salinity in ponds averaged 2.6 ppt at the time of mineral salt additions. The concentrations of potassium and magnesium remained fairly constant throughout the growing season without further applications of salts, and salinity increased to about 4 ppt mainly as a result of concentration through evaporation. Survival and production on the farm averaged 19% and 595 kg/ha, respectively, in 2001. In 2002, average survival improved to 67% and average production was 4,068 kg/ha. Ponds were stocked at similar rates and managed by similar procedures both years. Magnesium concentration was very low related to the concentration expected in normal seawater diluted to the same salinity as the pond water, while potassium was near the expected concentration. Thus, increased potassium concentration is thought to have influenced production much more than did the increase in magnesium concentration. K-Mag does not dissolve as readily as muriate of potash. Thus, K-Mag should not be dumped in shallow water areas of ponds to dissolve as can be done with muriate of potash. It should be broadcast over the pond surface, predissolved and splashed over the pond surface, or placed in porous bags suspended in front of aerators. Although a single application of mineral salts was effective, 2002 was a dry year. On a wet year, ions may be diluted or flushed out in overflow and more than one treatment with mineral salts might be necessary during the growing season.
Materials study of silicon-on-insulator material by TEM

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology addresses the need for many different device applications, such as radiation tolerant devices, high voltage, and three-dimensional circuitry applications. Isolated silicon epitaxy (ISE) is a commercialised process which results in excellent SOI material quality with proven results, having overcome most of the obstacles of other processes, although only having reduced, not eliminated, threading dislocations. The remaining isolated dislocations have been examined in detail by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These have been diagnosed as normal lattice dislocations, with no faults or twins in the material. The nature, source, and behavior of the remaining dislocations is discussed.
A comparative study of the extrinsic and intrinsic arterial blood supply to brains of submammalian vertebrates

The brains of submammalian vertebrates are supplied only by the paired internal carotid arteries each of which divides into a caudal and a rostral division. In fishes,where the necessities of existence are taken care of largely by the respiratory and taste centers in the brainstem augmented by olfaction, the caudal division is the larger. As locomotion becomes more important and complex in reptiles and birds, the corpus striatum and the cerebellum become larger, necessitating a gradual shift of arterial blood into the rostral division. At the reptilian level the cerebral branches have evolved sufficiently to be recognized as having a mammalianlike pattern, and it is at this point that the mammalian terminology can be applied. Branches of the basilar artery, which is formed by the union of the two caudal rami, retain their basically segmental arrangement. The vertebral artery has not yet appeared. The intrinsic vascular patterns are in the form of a wide-meshed plexus, at first uniformly distributed among cells and fibers, but later more ldense in the nuclear areas. The first evidence of specialization in the vascular arrangement is the formation of a perineuronal plexus within the optic lobes in amphibians and in the appearance of a definitive striate artery. The vascular patterns are correlated with the phylogenetic development and the general functional development of members of each of the classes described.
Effect of disease progression on liver apparent diffusion coefficient and T2 values in a murine model of hepatic fibrosis at 11.7 Tesla MRI

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of hepatic fibrosis on ADC and T2 values of ex vivo murine liver specimens imaged using 11.7 Tesla (T) MRI. Materials and Methods: This animal study was IACUC approved. Seventeen male, C57BL/6 mice were divided into control (n = 2) and experimental groups (n = 15), the latter fed a 3, 5-dicarbethoxy-1, 4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) supplemented diet, inducing hepatic fibrosis. Ex vivo liver specimens were imaged using an 11.7T MRI scanner. Spin-echo pulsed field gradient and multi-echo spin-echo acquisitions were used to generate parametric ADC and T2 maps, respectively. Degrees of fibrosis were determined by the evaluation of a pathologist as well as digital image analysis. Scatterplot graphs comparing ADC and T2 to degrees of fibrosis were generated and correlation coefficients were calculated. Results: Strong correlation was found between degrees of hepatic fibrosis and ADC with higher degrees of fibrosis associated with lower hepatic ADC values. Moderate correlation between hepatic fibrosis and T2 values was seen with higher degrees of fibrosis associated with lower T2 values. Conclusion: Inverse relationships between degrees of fibrosis and both ADC and T2 are seen, highlighting the utility of these parameters in the ongoing development of an MRI methodology to quantify hepatic fibrosis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:140-146. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Localized DC Field Produced by Diode Implanted in Isotropic Homogeneous Medium and Exposed to Uniform RF Field

Minimally invasive selective stimulation of biological tissue within the body can be achieved by implanting a small rectifying diode and then applying an RF field by means of electrodes or a coil on or near the surface of the body. A theoretical analysis of a simplified model consisting of a cylindrically symmetrical unit implanted in an isotropic homogeneous medium of conductivity ?and permittivity ? and exposed to a uniform RF field relates the dc component of electrode current to the detailed geometry of the electrodes of the implanted unit and to the amplitude of the applied field.
High protein mashes for broilers.

Abstract THE commonly accepted level of protein in starter mashes for chicks is 19–21 percent. If lower levels of protein are fed, rates of growth are at first comparatively slow. When higher levels of protein are fed it is usually concluded that there is no advantage in efficiency of feed utilization gained by this practice (Heuser, 1941). PROCEDURE This paper presents the results of three series of tests made with Single Comb White Leghorn cockerels. 1 Twenty-five or 26 chicks were used in each group in all tests. In the first and third tests all of the birds received proved to be cockerels. In the second test the number of females varied from 0 to 4 in each group of chicks. The all-mash rations used are shown in Table 1. The estimated protein was 20 and 29 percent in mash A and B, respectively. Actual analysis showed the protein content of these . . .
EUVL ML mask blank fiducial mark application for ML defect mitigation

Fabricating defect-free extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) multi-layer (ML) mask blanks presents a big challenge in EUVL technology. ML defect sources primarily come from substrate defects and ML deposition adders. Defect reduction, therefore, needs to address many development aspects, such as substrate material, substrate polishing, substrate cleaning, blank handling, and ML deposition. High investment cost and potential low blank yield can quickly drive up EUVL cost of ownership. However, allowing a few defects on the ML blank can improve the blank yield drastically. Utilizing such defect-blanks through defect mitigation schemes has been proposed. It includes directly repairing small ML phase and amplitude defects, mask absorber pattern proximity repair, and using absorber pattern to cover the ML defects. It includes directly repairing small ML phase and amplitude defects,1-2 repairing mask absorber pattern to compensate the effect of an adjacent ML defect,3 and using absorber pattern to cover the ML defects.4 In each case, the ML defects will first need to be identified and located during the ML blank defect inspection. To precisely locate the ML defects on the blank, fiducial marks on the ML blank are needed for mask alignment and defect location identification. In this paper, we will present the details of the ML defect mitigation process flow, i.e., using absorber pattern to cover the ML defects, and the corresponding experimental validation of this mitigation flow. We will also discuss the fiducial marking scheme, its application in the defect mitigation flow, the error budget of ML defect mitigation, such as defect position measurement error, fiducial mask position error, e-beam alignment errors, etc.
Profit-aware Admission Control for Overload Protection in E-commerce Web Sites

Overload protection is critical to E-commerce Web sites. This paper presents a profit-aware admission control mechanism for overload protection in E-commerce Web sites. Motivated by the observation [20] that once a client made an initial purchase, the buy-to-visit ratio of the client escalates from less than 1% to nearly 21%, the proposed mechanism keeps track of the purchase records of clients and utilizes them to make admission control decisions. We build two hash tables with full IP address and network ID prefix, which maintain the purchase records of clients in fine-grain and coarse-grain manners, respectively. We classify those clients who made purchases before as premium customers and those clients without prior purchase behavior as basic customers. Under overload conditions, our mechanism differentiates premium customers from basic customers based on the record hash tables, and admits premium customers with much higher probability than basic customers. In favor of premium customers, our mechanism maximizes the revenues of E-commerce Web sites. We evaluate the efficacy of the profit-aware mechanism using the industry-standard TCP-W workloads. Our experimental results demonstrate that under overload conditions, the profit-aware mechanism not only achieves higher throughput and lower response time, but also dramatically increases the revenue received by E-commerce Web sites.
Modeling gate leakage in InAs/AlSb HEMTs

To simulate gate leakage in InAs/AlSb HEMTs, we create a detailed model within the framework of density gradient theory that incorporates the entire InAs/AlSb heterostructure, the quantum confinement and non-parabolicity effects in the InAs well and generation/recombination at the Type II InAs/AlSb heterojunction (via both the spatially indirect hand-to-hand process and interface traps). Each of these ingredients is described individually and they are then put together as a model of gate leakage. Comparisons of preliminary leakage simulations with experiment suggest that interface traps are essential for understanding the behavior especially at low voltages.
Ecology of the Swamp Rabbit in Georgia

All four species of rabbits of the genus Sylvilagus , namely S. flidanus , S. aquaticus , S. palustris and S. transitionalis , which occur in eastern North America are found in Georgia. The four species are separated ecologically either by habitat or range differences. Sylvilagus aquaticus occurs on the floodplains and bottomlands of the Piedmont and the Appalachian Valley of Georgia, while S. palustris occupies a similar habitat in the Coastal Plain and also the coastal marshes. Sylvilagus floridanus , the common cottontail, has a statewide distribution but lives on the uplands, while S. transitionalis is found only at high elevations in the mountains. Gray (1867) separated the two species of semiaquatic rabbits ( aquaticus and palustris ) from the cottontails ( floridanus and transitionalis ) and placed them in the subgenus Tapeti on the basis of differences in cranial characteristics as well as in habits. Two subspecies of S. aquaticus have been described but only S. a. aquaticus is found in Georgia. S. aquaticus littoralis occupies a narrow belt of swamps and marshes along the Gulf Coast from Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, west through Louisiana to Matagorda Bay, Texas. As presently understood the over-all distribution of aquaticus and palustris is shown in Fig. 1 (insert). Fig. 1 Distribution of the swamp rabbit and marsh rabbit in Georgia as currently understood. Insert (modified from Hall, 1951) shows over-all distribution of S. aquaticus (1) and S. palustris (2). This paper deals principally with the swamp rabbit, Sylvilagus aquaticus aquaticus , which is commonly called “anecutter”or “uck”in Georgia. This is probably the least known of the eastern rabbits. It is considered a first-class game animal which is well worth conserving. If a full understanding of the requirements of this subspecies is to be had, more information on its life history and ecology is needed. Also, the presence …
Digital halftoning of images

Most printers and some display devices are bilevel (black or white) and therefore not capable of reproducing continuous tone pictures. Digital halftoning algorithms transform digital gray scale images into bilevel ones which give the appearance of containing various shades of gray. A halftoning algorithm is presented in which novel concepts are combined resulting in an output image in which moire patterns are suppressed and, at the same time, the edges are enhanced. Various other artifacts associated with the halftoning process, such as contouring due to coarse quantization or to textural changes, are also absent from the output images in the proposed scheme. The algorithm separates the image into many small clusters which are processed independently and, therefore, it is capable of parallel implementation.
Proton therapy for tumors of the skull base

Charged particle beams are ideal for treating skull base and cervical spine tumors: dose can be focused in the target, while achieving significant sparing of the brain, brain stem, cervical cord, and optic nerves and chiasm. For skull base tumors, 10-year local control rates with combined proton-photon therapy are highest for chondrosarcomas, intermediate for male chordomas, and lowest for female chordomas (94%, 65%, and 42%, respectively). For cervical spine tumors, 10-year local control rates are not significantly different for chordomas and chondrosarcomas (54% and 48%, respectively), nor is there any difference in local control between males and females. Observed treatment-related morbidity has been judged acceptable, in view of the major morbidity and mortality which accompany uncontrolled tumor growth.
Vizualizing Repliication Restart Process In Vivo with Single-Molecule Sensitivity

The rapid and faithful replication of the genome is of central importance to cell proliferation. During this process, the replication machinery (replisome) frequently encounters obstacles, including DNA damage, concurrent DNA transcription, and DNA-bound protein complexes, resulting in conflicts that stall the replication process. The completion of the replication process depends on the efficient resolution of these conflicts. How this is accomplished in the face of different obstacles and the impact of replication conflicts on the core components of the replisome remains unclear. To quantitatively analyze the restart process in single cells, we have built a model system in the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. We describe the visualization of replication conflicts with single-molecule resolution. We probe the protein composition and stoichiometry of active and stalled replisomes and the dynamics of replication restart.
Comparisons of P300s from standard oddball and omitted paradigms: implications to exogenous/endogenous contributions.

Purpose: To compare the amplitude, latency, morphology, and threshold of the auditory P300 using standard oddball and omitted paradigms. Research Design: P300 waveforms were measured from the Cz electrode site. Frequent stimuli for both paradigms were 1000 Hz tone bursts. Target stimuli for the standard oddball paradigm were 2000 Hz tone bursts and an omitted stimulus, or silent gap, for the omitted paradigm. Study Sample: Fifteen bilaterally normal-hearing young adults. Results: There were significantly lower amplitudes, poorer morphology, and higher thresholds for the P300 using an omitted paradigm compared to the standard oddball paradigm. Conclusion: These results suggest that the auditory P300 could have a larger exogenous component than traditionally thought.
Murine Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1α Isoforms Mediate Node Regression and Are Essential for Posterior Mesoderm Development

Abstract Alternative splicing in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (Fgfr1) locus generates a variety of splicing isoforms, including FGFR1α isoforms, which contain three immunoglobulin-like loops in the extracellular domain of the receptor. It has been previously shown that embryos carrying targeted disruptions of all major isoforms die during gastrulation, displaying severe growth retardation and defective mesodermal structures. Here we selectively disrupted the FGFR1α isoforms and found that they play an essential role in posterior mesoderm formation during gastrulation. We show that the mutant embryos lack caudal somites, develop spina bifida, and die at 9.5–12.5 days of embryonic development because they are unable to establish embryonic circulation. The primary defect is a failure of axial mesoderm cell migration toward the posterior portions of the embryos during gastrulation, as revealed by regional marker analysis and DiI labeling. In contrast, the anterior migration of the notochord is unaffected and the embryonic structures rostral to the forelimb are relatively normal. These data demonstrate that FGF/FGFR1α signals are posteriorizing factors that control node regression and posterior embryonic development.
Structure and habits of the ‘living fossil’ pelecypod Neotrigonia

Neotrigonia (Molluscs, Pelecypoda). the only surviving genus of the once diverse and widespread Trigoniacea, was collected live from depths of 6–80 m on sandy mud bottoms off southeastern Australia. The two species collected. Neotrigonia gemma Iredale, 1924 and Neotrigonia margaritacea (Lamarck), 1804, are structurally similar and differ mainly in size and coloration. Neotrigonia has such primitive features as an unfused mantle and filibranchiate ctenidia. Its foot is large, active and muscular and the ctenidial ciliary pattern resembles that of the Unionacea. The shell is non-streamlined and has pronounced radial omamentation. Neotrigonia lives infaunally near the sediment surface, filter feeds. and is capable of fairly rapid burrowing. The burrowing facility, conferred by the foot, is unexpected in light of shell morphology. This suggests that shell morphology alone is not necessarily a reliable guide to the life habits of fossil trigoniaceans.
AN INTELLECTUALLY HONEST THEOLOGY

. A hallmark of Arthur Peacocke's work is his aim of writing theology that is intellectually honest. He believed that intelligibility and meaning are foremost on theology's agenda. Consequently, he focused on ultimate meanings, but he did so by taking into account the scientific knowledge of the world. He faced head-on the challenge to accept the Christian tradition, at the same time subjecting that tradition to critique and reforming its images and modes of thinking. I survey Peacocke's agenda, his methodology, and the sources of his theological thinking, and how this contributes to understanding the relationship between science and theology. A major result of his approach is the abolition of dualisms, specifically that of the natural and the supernatural. Peacocke's approach to theology has exemplary potential for the debate between those who espouse a radical Enlightenment with its claim to universal principles of reason and radical postmodernists who may appear to fall prey to a relativism that equals nihilism.
Supplier Development from the Minority Supplier's Perspective

SUMMARY This article examines the perspectives of minority-owned suppliers regarding their relationship with a large industrial manufacturing firm in the midwest region of the United States. The firm has a well-established minority-owned supplier development program. This study focused on assessing the effectiveness of the company's minority supplier development program, in terms of the outcomes of the program for minority suppliers, and examining potential barriers to success. Data were collected using a survey questionnaire mailed to minority-owned suppliers. The suppliers’ responses were grouped on the basis of three variables: (1) sales volume, (2) percentage of the supplier's sales to the firm, and (3) length of the supplier's business relationship with the firm. Responses were analyzed to determine whether supplier size, sales percentage, or relationship length were significantly related to the perceived quality of the relationship.
Lightning‐induced electron heating in the mesosphere

A multiple-fluid, quasi-electrostatic simulation model is used to examine the effects of lightning on the atmosphere between 20 km and 90 km altitude. Two principal new results are obtained. (1) First, significant space charge is found in the altitude range 20 to 40 km during a positive, but not negative, cloud-to-ground (CG) discharge. (2) Second, a lightning flash is shown to increase total conductivity in the altitude range of 20 to 40 km by at least an order of magnitude, 10 s after the discharge. This is due to the lingering effects of the ion and electron redistribution caused by the lightning discharge.
SOME ASPECTS OF HODGKIN'S DISEASE.

PHYSICIANS have struggled with cancer since man’s earliest beginnings. For example, a mummy dating from the V Dynasty, 2500 years B.C., bears the unmistakable stigmata of osteosarcoma, and the Edwin Smith Papyrus, a surgical record written about 1700 years B.C., describes what is probably cancer of the breast and acknowledges the incurability of the disease [l]. In their efforts to treat cancer, physicians have used methods which have ranged from innocuous to lethal, from ridiculous to repulsive. In the 18th century, for instance, a Dr Pitfield had the following to say about the use of toads for the local treatment of breast cancer [l]: “The animal is put into a linen bag, all but its head, and that is held to the part. It has generally instantly laid hold of the foulest part of the sore, and sucked with greediness until it dropped off dead.” As for other forms of therapy, Hippocrates is credited with writing [2] that it was better not to treat internal cancer at all, lest the effects of the therapy be worse than the disease; his advice still needs to be recalled from time to time. The invention of the microscope and its application to biological problems ended the era of almost total ignorance about cancer. The study of clinical material ushered in a golden age of pathology, instructing the physician that cancer is, in its essence, an abnormal growth of abnormal cells. Positive feedback developed as the study of tumors led to increased knowledge of cellular biology, while the burgeoning biological sciences enriched the study of malignant disease. Koller [4] has described those abnormalities of the nucleus which are the hallmarks of malignant cells. I would like to transpose his comments to a single illustrative clinical situation so that the participants of this Conference, who are of widely diverse backgrounds, will be constantly reminded of the extraordinary clinical implications of our knowledge of the nucleus, as well as of the challenging limitations which still confront us. In 1832, six years before Schleiden and Schwann formulated the cell theory, a Scottish physician named Hodgkin described a new disease in an article entitled “On Some Morbid Appearances of the Absorbent Glands and
Gene structure and chromosomal mapping of the rat smooth muscle calponin gene.

Smooth muscle cells (SMC) express a battery of lineage-restricted genes whose encoded proteins impart the unique contractile phenotype that characterizes this muscle type. While the encoded function of many SMC-restricted genes has been extensively analyzed, less is known about their position within the genome and the regulatory factors governing their transcription. In this report, we define the gene structure, 5′ promoter analysis, and chromosomal mapping of the rat smooth muscle calponin (CnnI) gene. The rat CnnI gene is comprised of seven exons spanning approximately 8 kb of genomic sequence. The intron-exon boundaries of the rat CnnI gene match precisely those in human and mouse. Primer extension and RNase protection assays indicate two major transcription start positions (tsp). Comparative sequence analysis of the 5′ promoter region reveals several conserved cis regulatory elements, including a TA-rich element within 30 nt of the tsp that could be a recognition site for TATA-binding protein and two CCAAT boxes. Transient and stable transfection studies support the hypothesis that distal regulatory elements confer SMC-restricted expression of CnnI. Finally, using an F2 intercross, we have mapped the rat CnnI gene to the telomeric end of Chromosome (Chr) 8. These studies provide additional information relating to the control of CnnI gene expression and provide a platform to begin assessing the potential linkage of CnnI to spontaneous and experimental disease phenotypes in rats.
Modality, Scale Structure, and Scalar Reasoning

Epistemic and deontic comparatives differ in how they interact with disjunction. I argue that this difference provides a compelling empirical argument against the semantics of Kratzer, which predicts that all modal comparatives should interact with disjunction in the same way. Interestingly, an identical distinction is found in the semantics of non-modal adjectives: additive adjectives like ‘heavy’ behave logically like epistemic comparatives, and intermediate adjectives like ‘hot’ behave like deontic comparatives. I characterize this distinction formally and argue that the divergence between epistemic and deontic modals explained if we structure their semantics around scalar concepts: epistemic modals should be analyzed using probability (an additive scale), and deontic modals using expected value (an intermediate scale).
An Improved Approach of Software Testing Tool

Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test. Test techniques include, but are not limited to, the process of executing a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs. These operations are performing to provide a Quality software product. In this project we are going to perform the automated testing and provide the new way of testing by introducing the test cases using visual parameter passing.
Acceleration schemes for computing centroidal Voronoi tessellations

Centroidal Voronoi tessellations (CVT) have diverse applications in many areas of science and engineering. The development of efficient algorithms for their construction is a key to their success in practice. In this paper, we study some new algorithms for the numerical computation of the CVT, including the Lloyd–Newton iteration and the optimization based multilevel method. Both theoretical analysis and computational simulations are conducted. Rigorous convergence results are presented and significant speedup in computation is demonstrated through the comparison with traditional methods. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduction of UV-induced skin tumors in hairless mice by selective COX-2 inhibition

UV light is a complete carcinogen, inducing both basal and squamous cell skin cancers. The work described uses the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib to examine the efficacy of COX-2 inhibition in the reduction of UV light-induced skin tumor formation in hairless mice. UVA-340 sun lamps were chosen as a light source that effectively mimics the solar UVA and UVB spectrum. Hairless mice were irradiated for 5 days a week for a total dose of 2.62 J/cm(2). When 90% of the animals had at least one tumor, the mice were divided into two groups so that the tumor number and multiplicity were the same (P < 0.31). Half of the mice were then fed a diet containing 1500 p.p.m. celecoxib. Tumor number, multiplicity and size were then observed for the next 10 weeks. Ninety-five percent of the tumors formed were histopathologically evaluated as squamous cell carcinoma. COX-2 expression and activity were increased in tumors. After 10 weeks, the difference in tumor number and multiplicity in the drug-treated group was 56% of UV controls (P < 0.001). The results show that the orally administered selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib prevents new tumor formation after the onset of photocarcinogenesis and suggest that treatment with celecoxib may be very useful in preventing UV-induced skin tumors in humans.