cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
5,10-Dideazatetrahydrofolic acid (DDATHF) transport in CCRF-CEM and MA104 cell lines

5,10-Dideazatetrahydrolic acid (DDATHF) is representative of a new class of antifolates acting through inhibition of de novo purine synthesis. We report here the transport characteristics of the diastereomers of DDATHF, which differ in configuration at C6, and comparison studies with other folate and antifolate analogs. (6R)-DDATHF showed high affinity for the influx system of CCRF-CEM cells with a Km of 1.07 microM and an influx Vmax of 4.04 pmol/min/10(7) cells. Comparative studies with methotrexate yielded an influx Km of 4.98 microM and a Vmax of 6.64 pmol/min/10(7) cells, and with 5-formyltetrahydrofolate an influx Km of 2.18 microM and a Vmax of 6.84 pmol/min/10(7) cells. Uptake of (6R)-DDATHF was competitively inhibited by (6S)-DDATHF, methotrexate (MTX), and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, all with Ki values similar to their influx Km. The (6S)-DDATHF diastereomer had an influx Km of 1.04 microM, similar to that of (6R)-DDATHF; however, the Vmax of 1.72 pmol/min/10(7) cells was 2.3-fold lower than for (6R)-DDATHF. The transport properties of DDATHF were also studied in a mutant cell line (CEM/MTX), resistant to MTX based on impaired drug transport. In this system (6R)-DDATHF showed an influx Km of 1.49 microM and a decreased influx Vmax of 0.60 pmol/min/10(7) cells. A similar effect was shown for MTX (Km of 7.48 microM, Vmax of 1.02 pmol/min/10(7) cells). The number of binding sites in CCRF-CEM cells was similar for (6R)-DDATHF, (6S)-DDATHF, and MTX, 0.74, 0.71, and 0.76 pmol/10(7) cells, respectively. These values were slightly higher in the CEM/MTX cell line (1.07 and 1.09 pmol/10(7) cells for (6R)-DDATHF and MTX, respectively). Treatment of CCRF-CEM cells with either the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of MTX or the corresponding N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of (6R)-DDATHF caused substantial inhibition (> 90%) of the influx of (6R)-[3H]DDATHF and [3H]MTX, respectively. These results suggest strongly that DDATHF and MTX share a common influx mechanism through the reduced folate transport system. The internalization of DDATHF by monkey kidney epithelial MA104 cells, which express a high affinity folate receptor, was also studied. Competitive binding studies using purified folate receptor and radiolabeled 5-methyltetrahydrofolate showed that (6S)- and (6R)-DDATHF both had I50 values lower than 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (12 nM). Further studies indicate that both DDATHF isomers are actively intracellularly concentrated through this route and are also rapidly converted to high chain length polyglutamates. Transport via this system was inhibited in folate-depleted cells by 10 nM folic acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
SIMply Better Resolution in Live Cells

Breaking the Abbe diffraction limit has opened the door to imaging the nanometer-scale structure of living cells with fluorescence. New advances have pushed the resolution of structured illumination microscopy even further to gently and rapidly image the complex molecular structure of the plasma membrane in living cells.
Increased Survival of Low Birth Weight Infants: Impact on the Incidence of Retinopathy of Prematurity

Retinopathy of prematurity is a retinal vascular disease that occurs only in premature infants. Because of concern that the occurrence of this potentially blinding disease is increasing, a retrospective chart review was undertaken to compare the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity at the University of Washington during the years 1981 to 1984 with previously published data collected at the same institution during the years 1968 to 1980. During 1981 to 1984, there was an increase in the annual numbers of admissions and survivors weighing 1750 g at birth; the survival rate increased significantly (P less than .000001). A trend toward an increased risk for proliferative retinopathy of prematurity (P = .057) during 1981 to 1984 period was noted, but the number of "excess cases" was calculated to be only 6 per year. The remainder of the additional cases, 19 annually, were due to increased survival of infants at risk. Thus, the "second epidemic" of retinopathy of prematurity is largely due to improved survival of low birth weight infants rather than to new iatrogenic factors. In infants with proliferative retinopathy of prematurity, there was a previously unreported association between increased severity of disease and lower birth weight (P = .015). There were four children with severe bilateral visual loss due to retinopathy of prematurity identified during the 1981 to 1984 period, whereas only one bilaterally blind infant was noted during the preceding 12.7 years.
Turnover and metabolism of chlorogenic Acid in xanthium leaves and potato tubers.

The active turnover of chlorogenic acid (3-caffeoylquinic acid(3)), a major phenolic component of Xanthium leaves and potato tuber disks, has been demonstrated in these tissues. Pulse-labelling experiments with radioactive l-phenylalanine and trans-cinnamic acid as well as direct feeding experiments with chlorogenic acid-(14)C labelled in the caffeoyl moiety have been employed in the turnover studies. The rate of turnover is calculated to be on the order of 50 to 100 mmumoles per hour per gram fresh weight of tissue.In Xanthium leaves chlorogenic acid is in part converted to an isochlorogenic acid identified by silica gel chromatography as 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. Radioactivity of the caffeoyl moiety of chlorogenic acid is also incorporated into lignin-like insoluble polymers in the leaf. Turnover of chlorogenic acid in tuber tissue is largely accounted for by the incorporation of the caffeoyl moiety into insoluble polymers in the tissue.The significance of chlorogenic acid turnover is discussed in relation to the perception of the photoperiodic stimulus by leaves and to the possible role of chlorogenic acid in lignin synthesis.
Effectiveness of Carbohydrate Feeding in Delaying Fatigue during Prolonged Exercise

Prolonged exercise in the fasted state frequently results in a lowering of blood glucose concentration, and when the intensity is moderate (i.e. 60–80% of VO2max), muscle often becomes depleted of glycogen. The extent to which carbohydrate feedings contribute to energy production, and their effectiveness for improving endurance during prolonged exercise, are reviewed in this article. Prolonged exercise (i.e. > 2 hours) results in a failure of hepatic glucose output to keep pace with muscle glucose uptake. As a result, blood glucose concentration frequently declines below 2.5 mmol/L. Despite this hypoglycaemia, fewer than 25% of subjects display symptoms suggestive of central nervous system dysfunction. Since fatigue rarely results from hypoglycaemia alone, the effectiveness of carbohydrate feeding should be judged by its potential for muscle glycogen sparing. Carbohydrate feeding during moderate intensity exercise postpones the development of fatigue by approximately 15 to 30 minutes, yet it does not prevent fatigue. This observation agrees with data suggesting that carbohydrate supplementation reduces muscle glycogen depletion. It is not certain whether carbohydrate feeding increases muscle glucose uptake throughout moderate exercise or if glucose uptake is higher only during the latter stages of exercise. In contrast to moderate intensity exercise, carbohydrate feeding during low intensity exercise (i.e. < 45% of VO2max) results in hyperinsulinaemia. Consequently, muscle glucose uptake and total carbohydrate oxidation are increased by approximately the same amount. The amount of ingested glucose which is oxidised is greater than the increase in total carbohydrate oxidation and therefore endogenous carbohydrate is spared. The majority of sparing appears to occur in the liver, which is reasonable since muscle glycogen is not utilised to a large extent during mild exercise. Although carbohydrate feedings prevent hypoglycaemia and are readily used for energy during mild exercise, there is little data indicating that feedings improve endurance during low intensity exercise. When the reliance on carbohydrate for fuel is greater, as during moderate intensity exercise, carbohydrate feedings delay fatigue by apparently slowing the depletion of muscle glycogen.
Monotone concepts for formal concept analysis

Formal concept analysis has been a topic of interest for about two decades. The mathematical notion of concept has its origin in formal logic. However, the empirical notion of concept has evolved through its use in many different disciplines. In this paper, we generalize the mathematical notion of concept and investigate order-theoretic properties of concept hierarchies for the new notion of concept.
Preoperative Erythropoietin Alpha Reduces Postoperative Transfusions in THA and TKA but May Not Be Cost-effective

Background Preoperative erythropoietin alpha (EPO) has been shown to be effective at reducing postoperative blood transfusions in total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA); however, treatment with EPO is associated with additional costs, and it is not known whether these costs can be justified when weighed against the transfusion reductions achieved in patients who receive the drug.
Modulation of proliferation in epidermal keratinocyte cultures by lowered oxygen tension.

Summary The modulation of proliferation and differentiation in primary epidermal keratinocyte cultures by lowered gas phase oxygen tensions was studied. Neonatal mouse epidermal keratinocyte cultures were grown in an Heraues type B 5060 EK/O2 incubator in oxygen tensions between 5% and 15% (within the physiologic range); the oxygen tension of ambient air being 21%. Cell morphology was studied using histochemical stains and electron microscopy. Differentiation was assessed using autoradiography of SDS PAGE gels of six serially extracted cell protein fractions with [3H]leucine as a marker. Autoradiographs using [14C]glucosamine and 32Pi as markers were also assessed as a measure of other cell functions. Proliferation was studied using autoradiography of [3H]thymidine ([3H]TdR) pulse-labeled cultures and [3H]TdR incorporation into isolated DNA fractions. The results of these studies showed that lowering the oxygen tension in the gas phase reversibly inhibited cell proliferation. There was a direct arithmetic relationship between the proliferative rate of the cultures and the oxygen tension. No change in differentiation as defined by [3H]leucine indexing of protein synthesis was seen. Other markers of cell function, such as [14C]glucosamine glycosylation and [32P] phosphorylation of proteins were also unchanged. These results suggest that oxygen tension regulates only proliferation in epidermal keratinocytes. This epidermal response is well adapted to its role in the healing wound, and is an example of a tissue-specific modification of a regulatory function.
2,3-Naphthotriazole as a gravimetric, spectrophotometric, and fluorimetric reagent for the determination of silver

Abstract 2,3-Naphthotriazole is suitable for the determination of macro- and muquantities of silver. The gravimetric (for 5–100 mg Ag) and spectrophotometric (e=1,000; 1–30 μg Ag ml ) methods are rapid and free of halide and foreign ion interferences; excellent selectivity is attained by means of masking agents. The fluorimetric method (0.025–0.1 μg Ag ml ) is much more sensitive than the spectrophotometric method but is more subject to interferences.
Design of a shopbot and recommender system for bundle purchases

The increasing proliferation of online shopping and purchasing has naturally led to a growth in the popularity of comparison-shopping search engines, popularly known as "shopbots". We extend the one-product-at-a-time search approach used in current shopbot implementations to consider purchasing plans for a bundle of items. Our approach leverages bundle-based pricing and promotional deals frequently offered by online merchants to extract substantial savings. Interestingly, our approach can also identify "freebies" that consumers can obtain at no extra cost. We also develop a model to extend the capability of the current recommendation algorithms that are mainly based on collaborative filtering and item-to-item similarity techniques, to incorporate product price and savings as an additional important factor in making recommendations to shoppers. We develop a practical algorithm that can be employed when the number of items is large or when the real-time nature of shopbot applications dictates quick response rates to consumer queries. A detailed experimental analysis with real-world data from major retailers suggests that the proposed models can provide significant savings for bundle purchasing consumers, and frequently identify freebies for consumers. Together the results underscore the potential benefits that can accrue by incorporating our models into current shopbot systems.
Photophysics and photochemistry of bis-2(9-anthryl)ethyl glutarate

— The photochemistry and photophysics of bis-(2-(9-anthryl)ethyl glutarate 2 and 2-(9-anthryl) ethyl pivalate 3 have been examined as monomeric models for poly-2-(9-anthryl)ethyl methacrylate 1. The absorption and excitation spectra of 2 show no ground state interaction, but appreciable monomer (51%) and excimer (49%) emission. Delayed monomer and excimer fluorescence are also observed in fluid solution at room temperature. Photolysis of 2 at low temperature produces a photoproduct (44% yield) which is unstable at room temperature and presumably is the head-to-head (H-H) dimer. Steady state irradiation of 2 at room temperature (Λ 350 nm) cleanly produces a head-to-tail (H-T) dimer (6) derived from the singlet state and an additional unidentified adduct (7). The product distribution is concentration dependent, with 6 predominating at high concentrations (> 10−3M). The fluorescence spectra of the broken dimers derived from 6 and 7 indicate that substantial ir overlap exists in the transition state leading to each product.
Bioactive and other sesquiterpenoids from Porella cordeana

Bioassay-directed fractionation of the MeCOEc extract of Pwe&a cordeana yielded drimenin (l) and arisrolone 141, which were moderately toxic towards DNA-repair- deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cwevisiae. Three inactive sesquiterpenes, 7-ketoisodrimenin (2),7-ketoisodrimenin-5-ene 131, and norpinguisanolide, were also obtained. Compounds 2 and 3 are new. Bioassays that detect the presence of compounds that act by a specific biochemical mechanism likely to result in selective anticancer activity are becoming more frequently deployed in the biological screening of natural product extracts (1-4). One assay recently developed (4) utilizes DNA repair- or recombination-deficient mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerwisiae to detect the presence of compounds which induce DNA damage. This assay was recently employed in our laboratory to isolate three bioactive sterols from Pseudobersama mossambicensis (5). The present paper documents the further use of such an approach in the isolation of two moderately bioactive sesquiterpenes from the liverwort Porella cordeana (Hueb.) Moore (Porellaceae). Two novel but inactive drimane sesquiter- penes were also isolated. Previous phytochemical studies ofPo. cordeuna have afforded the sesquiterpenes pinguisanin, norpinguisone methyl ester, porellapinguisanolide, porellapinguisenone, spiropinguisan, and striatenone, and the diterpene perrottetianal
A study of some oxidative enzymes of baker's yeast.

Abstract 1. 1. A method is described whereby cytochrome c oxidase, cytochrome c peroxidase, and catalase activities can be measured independently in suspensions of broken yeast cells. 2. 2. The activity of the yeast peroxidase in the presence of added peroxide is about five times greater than that of cytochrome c oxidase in oxidizing reduced cytochrome c, while the concentration of catalase in yeast is very low compared to that of the two other enzymes. 3. 3. The yeast extract contains a very active cytochrome c reductase which is linked to succinic dehydrogenase. The DPN-and TPN-linked dehydrogenase systems do not seem to be functioning in the yeast extract.
Surfactant effects on the spectrophotometry of the gadolinium—chrome azurols complex

Abstract Increased molar absorptivities and red-shifted absorbance maxima were noted only upon the addition of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a cationic surfactant. A 1:2:4 gadolinium/chrome azurol S/CPC complex was forned but dissociated at [CPC]/ [Gd 3+ ] > 4 apparently because gadolinim(III) was displaced from this complex by additional surfactant monomers. Ternary complexes having different stoichiometries formed in the presence of excess dye. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic suffactant, induced dissociation of the binary complex at micellar concentrations, suggesting that dissociation resulted from adsorption of Gd 3+ cations on the negatively charged micellar surface. Addition of Triton X-100, a nonionic surfactant, had little effect at either micellar or submicellar concentrations. These results confirm that complex stability is an important factor in the use of surfactants as sensitizers in quantitative spectrophotometry.
Interleukin-8 Is Increased in Gingival Crevicular Fluid from Patients with Acute Pulpitis

Irreversibly inflamed pulp (IIP) constitutes both a pathophysiologic and a diagnostic challenge. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were obtained with Periopaper strips from IIP and adjacent and contralateral teeth for interleukin-8 (CXCL8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) measurements. Pain intensity was reported by using a verbal numeric scale (1-10). TNF-alpha (n = 25) was not detectable in GCF, whereas CXCL8 (n = 17) was significantly greater in IIP (302.1 +/- 164.9 pg/mL) compared with adjacent (139 +/- 138.58 pg/mL; P = .0072) or contralateral (173.8 +/- 166.4 pg/mL; P = .0231) teeth. A subgroup of high pain (>5) patients (n = 7) had CXCL8 IIP levels (323.6 +/- 148.4 pg/mL) that were significantly different from the contralateral teeth (P = .0262); however, they did not differ from the adjacent teeth (P = .1649), suggesting that neighboring teeth might also have inflammation. Another group of patients (n = 7) who had received local anesthesia before sampling had very low IIP CXCL8 levels. GCF CXCL8 levels might be a useful measurement for staging patients with acute pulpitis.
Pneumograms in infants who subsequently died of sudden infant death syndrome

Victims of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) have occasionally been reported to have had prolonged apnea or an increased frequency of short apnea prior to their deaths. To examine the extent of these abnormalities, we compared pneumograms obtained in 17 infants who subsequently died of SIDS (10 with history of apnea) with those of 34 age-and sex-matched controls. The recordings were analyzed by a computer program that avoided observer bias. SIDS infants had significantly greater mean heart rate (P
Adaptive wavelet threshold selection using higher-order statistics for signal denoising

We used a higher-order correlation-based method for signal denoising. In our approach, we applied a third-order correlation technique for identification of wavelet coefficients uncorrupted by noise by considering triple correlation coefficients of wavelet-signal correlations for thresholding. Because the higher second-order moments of the Gaussian probability function are zero, the third-order correlation coefficient will not have statistical contribution from Gaussian noise under certain conditions. Therefore, in our approach, we examined correlation coefficients in an environment where the noise had been reduced. Our results compared favorably and was less sensitive to threshold selection when compared to a more common denoising method.
The exact bound in the Erdös-Ko-Rado theorem

This paper contains a proof of the following result: ifn≧(t+1)(k−t−1), then any family ofk-subsets of ann-set with the property that any two of the subsets meet in at leastt points contains at most\(\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {n - t} \\ {k - t} \\ \end{array} } \right)\) subsets. (By a theorem of P. Frankl, this was known whent≧15.) The bound (t+1)(k-t-1) represents the best possible strengthening of the original 1961 theorem of Erdos, Ko, and Rado which reaches the same conclusion under the hypothesisn≧t+(k−t)\(\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} k \\ t \\ \end{array} } \right)^3 \). Our proof is linear algebraic in nature; it may be considered as an application of Delsarte’s linear programming bound, but somewhat lengthy calculations are required to reach the stated result. (A. Schrijver has previously noticed the relevance of these methods.) Our exposition is self-contained.
Apoptosis: A Review of Programmed Cell Death

The process of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics and energy-dependent biochemical mechanisms. Apoptosis is considered a vital component of various processes including normal cell turnover, proper development and functioning of the immune system, hormone-dependent atrophy, embryonic development and chemical-induced cell death. Inappropriate apoptosis (either too little or too much) is a factor in many human conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic damage, autoimmune disorders and many types of cancer. The ability to modulate the life or death of a cell is recognized for its immense therapeutic potential. Therefore, research continues to focus on the elucidation and analysis of the cell cycle machinery and signaling pathways that control cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. To that end, the field of apoptosis research has been moving forward at an alarmingly rapid rate. Although many of the key apoptotic proteins have been identified, the molecular mechanisms of action or inaction of these proteins remain to be elucidated. The goal of this review is to provide a general overview of current knowledge on the process of apoptosis including morphology, biochemistry, the role of apoptosis in health and disease, detection methods, as well as a discussion of potential alternative forms of apoptosis.
Solving the Stochastic Growth Model by a Discrete-State-Space, Euler-Equation Approach

This article describes a method for computing approximate equilibria for stochastic dynamic economies. The method is of general interest because it allows straightforward computation of equilibria in a wide class of economies in which equilibrium is not Pareto optimal. The chief idea is to focus on the Euler equations that characterize equilibrium behavior. Our approach computes approximations to equilibrium decision rules. This approach is “exact” in the sense that our approximate decision rules converge to the true decision rules as the grid over which we compute the decision rules becomes arbitrarily fine.
CELL-SPECIFIC PROTEIN AND GENE EXPRESSION IN THE JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS

SUMMARY 1. The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) consists of a tubular component, the macula densa (MD), attached to a vascular component consisting of the afferent and efferent arterioles and the extraglomerular mesangium. The JGA is richly innervated by sympathetic fibres. 2. The MD is morphologically, histochemically and functionally different from the ascending thick portion of the loop of Henle where it is located. 3. The vascular component includes the vascular smooth muscle cells of the arteriole, the renin-producing cells or juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells (Goormagh-tigh cells) and endothelial cells. They are coupled by gap junctions. 4. Physiological evidence indicates that the composition of tubular fluid at the MD regulates renin secretion and glomerular haemodynamics and that the JGA is important in the maintenance of body salt-water homeostasis. Evidence suggests that the MD exerts its action on the vascular component through a paracrine mechanism.
Human Cerumen Types in Mexico and New Guinea: a Humidity-related Polymorphism in “Mongoloid” Peoples

THE types of human ear wax (cerumen) seem to be inherited as simple Mendelian traits: the wet, sticky variety is controlled by a dominant allele W and the homozygous recessive state (ww) produces a dry, flaky or granular cerumen1,2. Population data are scarce, even though the phenotypes are easily distinguished, regularly inherited and conveniently studied. We now describe information collected in two areas (Mexico by J. M. McC, and New Guinea by E. G.). There is a correlation between environment and allele frequency which may have selective importance in maintaining the cerumen polymorphism.
Über träume in fremden sprachen bei gesunden und aphasischen

Zusammenfassung Die polyglotten Aphasiker bevorzugen bei der Ruckbildung ihrer Sprachstorung eine bestimmte Sprach—meist ihre Muttersprache vor den anderen. Dies geschieht unbewusst. Uber die Grunde, warum gerade eine bestimmte Sprache ausgewahlt wird, gibt es viele Meinungen. Wenn ein gesunder Polyglotter beim Reden eine bestimmte Sprache auswahlt, dann tut er es bewusst. Es gibt im normalen Seelenleben nur eine Situation, bei der der Polyglotte unbewusst eine Sprache auswahlt, das ist der Traum. Aus diesem Grunde wurden von Polyglotten Traumberichte gesammelt (21 Personen mit 29 Traumberichten). Unter ihmen befand sich eine posttraumatische Aphasie und eine Hirnverletzte ohne Aphasie. Es ergab sich, dass die Hauptursache eines polyglotten Traumes das fremdsprachige Milieu des Traumes ist. Als zweite Ursache tritt die am Abend vor dem Traume erfolgte innere Einstellung auf die Sprache ein. Auch emotionale Einstellungen zu bestimmten Volkern konnen uber die Auswahl der Sprache im Traume entscheiden. Ebenso konnen optische Momente fur die Sprachauswahl richtungseweisend sein. Es bestehen daher viele Parallelen zwischen der Sprachauswahl bei den polyglotten Aphasien und der bei den polyglotten Traumen. Phaenomenologisch ist beachtlich, dass der Traumer glaubt, die Fremdsprache im Traume meist besser zu sprechen, als er es in Wirklichkeit tut. Ein Dialekt kann im Traume die entsprechende Schriftsprache ersetzen. Der polyglotte Traumer kann auch ein Urteil uber die Qualitat der Fremdsprachen, die im Traume ein anderer spricht, abgeben. Merkwurdigist, dass manche Traumer von Worten oder Schriften traumen, die sie nicht verstehen, von denen sie aber uberzeugt sind, dass sie einer ganz bestimmten Sprache angehoren. Einen besonderen Charakter haben die Linguistentraume.
The school psychologist as educator: A new conceptualization

Most educators view the school psychologist primarily as a diagnostician concerned with individual child study. Gilmore and Chandy, among others,1 found that teachers perceive the school psychologist "as a specialist in emotional problems whose major diagnostic procedure is testing, who recommends treatment but does little himself." Teachers think him knowledgeable about child development and skilled in assessing intelligence and describing personality. Thus, it seems beneficial to refer to him children experiencing learning or emotional difficulties. Once he sees the child, he diagnoses the child's difficulties and offers recommendations generally useful to the teacher in understanding and helping the child. We believe, however, that individual child study becomes a narrow, severely limited function. Statistics detailing the number of children requiring psychological help are so large that the relatively few school psychologists can deal with only a few. We question the feasibility of continuing to operate so inefficiently. Furthermore, we question the validity of psychological tests in predicting a person's behavior across varied situations. A final and, perhaps, most revealing criticism is widespread dissatisfaction with services school psychologists currently provide. Phi Delta Kappa, March 1969, published a survey of approximately 5,700 teachers indicating that over 71 percent found school psychological services either of no help (17.9 percent), detrimental (1.6 percent), or irrelevant (51.8 percent) to their functions as teachers. In a more recent study, more than 85 percent of the teachers surveyed offered multiple recommendations for changing school psychologists' roles. We may infer, therefore, that the psychologist engages in activities impractical, unhelpful, not appreciated, and of questionable validity. We suggest here, for individuals in public school leadership positions, alternative ways to utilize the school psychologist, including recent directions in psychological practice, a general model of functioning for the school psychologist consistent with these directions, and specific activities consistent with this model.
Bilingual education in the United States: an historical overview and examination of two-way immersion

Dramatic increases have occurred in the number of children who speak languages other than English at home in the United States and English language learners (ELLs) need support both for becoming proficient in English and for maintaining their first language. In this paper, five types of bilingual education implemented in the United States are reviewed: submersion, English as a second language instruction; transitional bilingual education; maintenance bilingual education; two-way immersion (TWI), with TWI programs being the focus for most of the paper. A brief history of the policy evolution of bilingual education in the United States is provided. Research reviewed suggests that compared to students exposed to other programs, students in TWI programs are better off in terms of achievement and in L1 and L2 development. Although benefits of TWI programs are demonstrated, limitations of the current research also exist, and are discussed. Challenges implementing TWI programs are discussed and policy recommenda...
EXCELSIOR: A RETROSPECTIVE VIEW OF COLLAGEN

The current state of knowledge about the biosynthesis of the collagen molecule and the stabilization of fibers is reviewed. There have been a number of major breakthroughs during the past 25 years which will be described.
Lucky money for little brother: The prevalence and seriousness of Chinese gang extortion

Although many Chinese residents acknowledge victimization and extortion of businesses by Asian youth gangs, there is little evidence with which to estimate the seriousness and prevalence of the problem, the number or types of businesses affected, the extent of monetary loss, or the prevalence of violence that business owners may endure. This study presents estimates of the rates of extortion and other forms of victimization based on interviews with 603 owners of Chinese businesses in three Chinatown neighborhoods in New York City. Over 70 percent of the businesses in New York Chinatown neighborhoods were approached by Chinese gang members for some type of extortion, usually demands for money. Over half (55 percent) have made payments. Although gang members frequently harass or threaten business owners, actual victimization occurs fewer than four times each year. Payments vary by type of extortion and type of business. The average payment of less than $1,000 per business per year is a small fraction of the...
Algonquian Languages Have A-Movement and A-Agreement

Ritter and Rosen (2005) claim that Algonquian languages lack A-movement and A-binding, and they theorize that all agreement in Algonquian is agreement with Ā-positions. I show that this proposal ca...
The Effects of a Freshman Seminar on At-Risk Under-, Over-, and Low Achievers

To refine their understanding of student needs, the authors categorized academically at-risk students into three groups: (a) underachievers, those with higher than average achievement test scores but lower than average high school grade point averages (GPAs); (b) overachievers, those with lower than average test scores but higher than average high school GPAs; and (c) low achievers, those with low test scores and GPAs. A freshman seminar was developed to enhance the academic success of all three groups, and academic performance was analyzed over a 3-year period. The three populations performed differently and responded to seminar content in distinct ways. Comparison with a control group showed that of all seminar students, the only gain was in the retention of low achievers. Underachievers who took the seminar did less well than those in the control group both in retention and in subsequent GPA.
Photo-induced formation of size-selective Ag nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli

Abstract A new synthetic route was utilized for the formation of size-selective Ag nanoparticles (NPs) exploiting UV-irradiation techniques. The one step process exclusively generates Ag NPs of smaller sizes, larger sizes and aggregated nanostructures. The reduction of Ag(I) was done in the presence of adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) under 30 min of UV-irradiation. ATP served as a dual role, a reducing agent and a stabilizing agent for the formation of Ag NPs. The mechanisms of the particle formation and the effects of different reaction parameters were studied in details. The synthesized particles were stable for more than a month under ambient condition without indication of oxide formation. Moreover, the method did not need any harsh reduction conditions. The synthesized negatively charged ATP–Ag NPs has been mixed with bacteria Escherichia coli and studied their interaction. Finally a comparative study was made with the ATP–Ag NPs with positively charged CTAB–Ag NPs. The results indicated that positively charged Ag NPs deposited better with the bacterium surface compared to the negatively charged. The present research might find important applications for the synthesis of other nanomaterials as well as to understand the interactions of NPs with microorganisms.
An energy sensitive cassette for dual-energy mammography.

A cassette for simultaneously acquiring dual-energy mammographic images is proposed and studied utilizing a theoretical noise analysis model. The cassette consists of a sandwich of two storage phosphor plates separated by a copper filter. The front, low atomic number, plate was assumed to be comprised of SrFBr and the rear, high atomic number, plate of commercially available BaFBr (98 mg/cm2 coating weight). Assuming a constant x-ray tube voltage of 50 kVp and a typical breast thickness, the theoretical model yielded a front SrFBr phosphor coating weight of approximately 21 mg/cm2. The study indicates that a relatively large separation in the average of x-ray photon energies absorbed in the two plates can be obtained. It also indicates that both a high-quality conventional (single energy) digital image and a tissue canceled digital image (i.e., a calcium image) can be obtained at dose levels comparable to those currently employed. The latter image could potentially improve the early detection of cancerous microcalcifications and also lends itself to computer aided diagnosis.
Romantic partner influence on young adult cigarette smoking: Testing a behavioral mechanism

The current research examines a behavioral mechanism by which romantic partner descriptive and injunctive norms can contribute to young adult smoking. Whether or not participants smoked in the physical presence of a partner was predicted to be influenced by the smoking characteristics of a romantic partner. Specifically, romantic partner smoking (descriptive norm) and approval or disapproval of smoking (injunctive norm) were argued to be predictive of smoking with a romantic partner. This prediction was tested in a longitudinal study of smoking by first-year college students. As predicted, dating a romantic partner who smokes and approves (or does not disapprove) of smoking was associated with a higher probability of smoking in their presence.
Resolving Oceanic Shear and Velocity with the Multi-Scale Profiler

Abstract The Multi-Scale Profiler (MSP), a freely falling dropsonde, has been used over the past 12 years to measure oceanic shear variance. Complete resolution of oceanic shear spectra is achieved by combining the measurements of MSP’s acoustic current meter (ACM), electromagnetic current meter (ECM), and airfoil probes. The ACM detects flow relative to MSP, so the platform motion must be known to determine the water velocity. The vechicl's tilt oscillation is inferred from accelerometer data, and its gross (point mass) horizontal motion is simulated by modeling MSP's response to the relative flow. Forcing on its tail array causes MSP to react as a point mass to fluctuations with scales as small as 2-3 m. The model of Hayes et al. for the TOPS dropsonde was modified so that it reasonably parameterized the large MSP tail force. Relevant dynamics and data processing are discussed, and the point-mass model is presented along with the analytic transfer functions that are used to select parameter values, asse...
Reactions of Hydroxyl Radicals on Titania, Silica, Alumina, and Gold Surfaces

Reaction probabilities of OH• radicals under steady state conditions were determined over TiO2 (anatase and rutile), SiO2 (fused quartz), α-Al2O3, and Au surfaces. The OH• radicals were produced from water in a microwave cavity and were detected by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. At 308 K the reaction probabilities were 2 × 10-4 for TiO2 (anatase and rutile), 2 × 10-3 for SiO2, 5 × 10-3 for α-Al2O3, and > 3 × 10-2 for Au. The relative rate of H2O2(aq) decomposition was found to follow the sequence Au > α-Al2O3 > TiO2 ≃ SiO2, which, except for TiO2, follows the sequence found for the OH• radical reaction probability. For all of the materials except TiO2, a radical mechanism is proposed which describes a common set of reactions for the removal of OH• and the decomposition of H2O2. The first step in this mechanism is the coupling of OH• radicals to form H2O2. The overall rate of reaction for both OH• removal and H2O2 decomposition depends on the concentration of OH on the surface. A theoretical anal...
Defect interactions in deformed WC

Abstract Reactions between the leading partial dislocations of extended defects lying on intersecting slip planes are observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in samples indented at room temperature and 1000°C. The resultant dislocation is shared by the original defects. Annealing experiments performed at 1000°C for 5 hours indicate that the new configurations are stable and sessile and therefore can limit plastic flow. These reactions may also lead to crack nucleation via a mechanism similar to that proposed by Cottrell for b.c.c. metals. This mechanism may explain the observation of cracks on {11 2 0} and {1 1 00} planes generated at slip band intersections.
Lyn and PKCδ order SHIP1 embargo

In this issue of Blood, Chari and colleagues provide a novel mechanism for the unique negative regulatory role of PKCδ in platelet dense granule release downstream of collagen signaling.
Hypoxic induction of AKAP12 variant 2 shifts PKA-mediated protein phosphorylation to enhance migration and metastasis of melanoma cells

Scaffold proteins are critical hubs within cells that have the ability to modulate upstream signaling molecules and their downstream effectors to fine-tune biological responses. Although they can serve as focal points for association of signaling molecules and downstream pathways that regulate tumorigenesis, little is known about how the tumor microenvironment affects the expression and activity of scaffold proteins. This study demonstrates that hypoxia, a common element of solid tumors harboring low oxygen levels, regulates expression of a specific variant of the scaffold protein AKAP12 (A-kinase anchor protein 12), AKAP12v2, in metastatic melanoma. In turn, through a kinome-wide phosphoproteomic and MS study, we demonstrate that this scaffolding protein regulates a shift in protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation events under hypoxia, causing alterations in tumor cell invasion and migration in vitro, as well as metastasis in an in vivo orthotopic model of melanoma. Mechanistically, the shift in AKAP12-dependent PKA-mediated phosphorylations under hypoxia is due to changes in AKAP12 localization vs. structural differences between its two variants. Importantly, our work defines a mechanism through which a scaffold protein can be regulated by the tumor microenvironment and further explains how a tumor cell can coordinate many critical signaling pathways that are essential for tumor growth through one individual scaffolding protein.
ADE quantum Calabi-Yau manifolds

Abstract We identify a class of weighted complete intersection Calabi-Yau manifolds with Gepner models involving the non-diagonal invariants. To this end we extend previous calculations of the spectrum to all tensor models with all possible affine invariants - the ADE-invariants. Generalizing recent results on the relation between Gepner models with diagonal invariants and Calabi-Yau manifolds we describe how to relate these new models to manifolds via Landau-Ginzburg potentials. We also describe how to compute the spectrum for these Calabi-Yau manifolds using the theory of resolutions of singularities. The Landau-Ginzburg type computation of the spectra leads to complete agreement with both, the exact calculation and the manifold results.
WISC-III Verbal Item Invariance across Samples of Deaf and Hearing Children of Similar Measured Ability

Invariance of item difficulty estimates on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III; Wechsler, 1991) Verbal scale was investigated across samples of deaf children and yo...
Material point method enhanced by modified gradient of shape function

A numerical scheme of computing quantities involving gradients of shape functions is introduced for the material point method (MPM), so that the quantities are continuous as material points move across cell boundaries. The noise and instability caused by cell crossing of the material points are then eliminated. In this scheme, the formulas used to compute these quantities can be expressed in the same forms as in the original material point method, but with the gradient of the shape function modified. For one-dimensional cases, the gradient of the shape function used in the generalized interpolation material point (GIMP) method is a special case of the modified gradient if the characteristic function of a material point is introduced. The characteristic function of a material point is not otherwise needed in this scheme, therefore difficulties in tracking its evolution are avoided. Although the support of the modified gradient of a shape function is enlarged from the cell containing the material point to also include the immediate neighbor cells, all the non-local effects of a material point can be accounted for by two consecutive local operations. Therefore this scheme can be used in calculations with unstructured grids. This scheme is proved to satisfy mass and momentum conservations exactly. The error in energy conservation is shown to be second order on both spatial and temporal discretizations. Although the error in energy conservation is the same order as that in the original material point method, numerical examples show that this scheme has significantly better energy conservation properties than those of the original material point method.
Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in human osteoblastic cells stimulated by proinflammatory mediators

Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) is a member of the chemokine superfamily of genes that induces chemotaxis of monocytes in inflammatory processes. The effects of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and 1,25(OH)2D3 on MCP-1 expression in human osteoblastic cells were compared. Inflammatory or proinflammatory cytokines stimulated the production of MCP-1 in normal human osteoblastic cells as determined by RIA. The osteotrophic mediators PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3 and PDGF-BB had no effect on MCP-1 expression. In further studies, the steady-state mRNA and MCP-1 protein levels in two human osteoblastic cell lines, MG-63 and SaOS-2, were examined. MCP-1 expression at both the protein and mRNA levels was greatly increased by IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. At the mRNA level, IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha strongly induced MCP-1 expression; TGF-beta and IL-6 induced MCP-1 but to a lesser extent. No significant changes in MCP-1 mRNA or MCP-1 protein secretion were observed when cells were treated with PDGF-BB, PTH, and 1,25(OH)2D3. When tested on preosteoclasts, MCP-1 was shown to have no effect on the formation of multinucleated, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclastic cells.
Steady-state and limit cycle activity of mass of neurons forming simple feedback loops (I): lumped circuit model.

The neurons in the mammalian olfactory bulb sustain two types of synaptic feedback. The periglomerular cells excite each other and form a positive feedback loop. The mitral-tufted cells are excited by periglomerular neurons, and they excite granule cells and are inhibited by them. The last two neural populations form a negative feedback loop. This work contains mathematical proofs for the existence of steady state unvarying activity in periglomerular neurons, and of steady state oscillatory activity of mitral-tufted and granule cells, which is manifested in the EEG. The following predictions are made. 1) The level of mean ongoing pulse activity of the periglomerular population is determined by peripheral sensory and centrifugal input. 2) The interaction of mitral and granule populations determines a limit cycle detectable in the EEG. 3) The frequency of the limit cycle is determined by periglomerular and centrifugal input. 4) The steady and oscillatory pulse rates are stable, and if they are perturbed, they return to the levels preceding perturbation.
Video fluorescence microscopic techniques to monitor local lipid and phospholipid molecular order and organization in cell membranes during hypoxic injury

Digitized video microscopy is rapidly finding uses in a number of fields of biological investigation because it allows quantitative assessment of physiological functions in intact cells under a variety of conditions. In this review paper, we focus on the rationale for the development and use of quantitative digitized video fluorescence microscopic techniques to monitor the molecular order and organization of lipids and phospholipids in the plasma membrane of single living cells. These include (1) fluorescence polarization imaging microscopy, used to measure plasma membrane lipid order, (2) fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging microscopy, used to detect and monitor phospholipid domain formation, and (3) fluorescence quenching imaging microscopy, used to spatially map fluid and rigid lipid domains. We review both the theoretical as well as practical use of these different techniques and their limits and potential for future developments, and provide as an illustrative example their application in studies of plasma membrane lipid order and topography during hypoxic injury in rat hepatocytes. Each of these methods provides complementary information; in the case of hypoxic injury, they all indicated that hypoxic injury leads to a spatially and temporally heterogeneous alteration in lipid order, topography, and fluidity of the plasma membrane. Hypoxic injury induces the formation of both fluid and rigid lipid domains; the formation of these domains is responsible for loss of the plasma membrane permeability barrier and the onset of irreversible injury (cell death). By defining the mechanisms which lead to alterations in lipid and phospholipid order and organization in the plasma membrane of hypoxic cells, potential sites of intervention to delay, prevent, or rescue cells from hypoxic injury have been identified. Finally, we briefly discuss fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and its potential application for studies monitoring local lipid and phospholipid molecular order and organization in cell membranes.