cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Melanoma Thickness and Survival Trends in the United States, 1989–2009

Background With melanoma incidence rising and mortality stable, some question whether the melanoma epidemic is real. Melanoma thickness and survival trends may provide insights, but previous studies have been limited because of missing data on thickness. Methods With a validated imputation method for missing thickness data, we characterized melanoma thickness and survival trends among men and women in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-9 registries between 1989 and 2009. A total of 98,498 cases of invasive melanoma were identified. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Incidence per 100 000 person-years increased (13.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 13.65 to 14.23, to 21.87, 95% CI = 21.56 to 22.19, P 4.00mm) and nodular melanomas; acral lentiginous melanomas approached statistical significance. Thickness remained unchanged among some racial minorities. Melanoma-specific survival improved (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.88 to 0.91) every three years in multivariable analysis. Improvements in survival occurred across all subgroups except nonblack minorities, and nodular and acral lentiginous subtypes. Conclusions Increasing incidence across all thickness groups coupled with T3/T4 lesions becoming thicker suggests that the melanoma epidemic is real and not simply an artifact of increased detection pressure of earlier-stage T1/T2 lesions. Survival is generally improving independent of thickness, but improvements in survival have not been experienced by certain minorities, and nodular and acral lentiginous subtypes.
Psychosocial Factors Associated with Risk Perceptions for Chronic Diseases in Younger and Middle-Aged Women

Perceptions of disease risk play an important role in motivating people to adopt healthy behaviors. However, little is known about psychosocial factors that influence women’s perceived risk for developing disease. The present study investigated the extent to which individual traits, social influences, objective risk factors, and demographic characteristics were associated with women’s risk perceptions for cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and lung cancer. Using structural equation modeling, we examined hypothesized associations among 452 younger (ages 18–25 years) and 167 middle-aged (ages 40–64 years) women. A greater number and variety of factors were associated with middle-aged women’s risk perceptions compared to younger women. For both groups, some objective risk factors were associated with risk perceptions; yet, associations also existed between multiple psychosocial variables (optimism, health locus of control, social exposure to disease, perceived stigma) and risk perceptions. Results sugges...
Variation in Hospital Thromboprophylaxis Practices for Abdominal Cancer Surgery.

Introduction Venous thromboembolism remains a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality following cancer surgery. Although evidence-based guidelines recommend major cancer surgery thromboprophylaxis starts before incision and continues at least 7–10 days postoperatively, the extent to which the guidelines are followed is unknown. We assessed variation in thromboprophylaxis practices for abdominal cancer surgery in a regional surgical collaborative.
Frequency Multiplication and Demultiplication in MEMS

In his 1927 paper in Nature, B. van der Pol described experiments in which an electrical circuit forming a relaxation oscillator was externally forced with continuously varying frequency. The circuit’s response, he found, was entrained to be only at whole submultiples of the forcing frequency, i.e. f/2, f/3, up to f/40. We describe similar results found in an optically actuated MEMS limit cycle oscillator. Doubly supported beams are excited into self-oscillation in their first mode of vibration by illuminating them within an interference field which couples absorption to displacement. While in limit cycle oscillation, they are mechanically shaken out of plane with continuously varying frequency, and the limit cycle response is seen to be entrained to multiples or submultiples of the forcing frequency f/3, f/2, f, 2f, up to 7f.
Universal prevention efforts should address eating disorder pathology across the weight spectrum: Implications for screening and intervention on college campuses.

Abstract Purpose Given shared risk and maintaining factors between eating disorders and obesity, it may be important to include both eating disorder intervention and healthy weight management within a universal eating disorder care delivery program. This study evaluated differential eating disorder screening responses by initial weight status among university students, to assess eating disorder risk and pathology among individuals with overweight/obesity versus normal weight or underweight. Methods 1529 individuals were screened and analyzed. Screening was conducted via pilot implementation of the Internet-based Healthy Body Image program on two university campuses. Results Fifteen percent of the sample had overweight/obesity. Over half (58%) of individuals with overweight/obesity screened as high risk for an eating disorder or warranting clinical referral, and 58% of individuals with overweight/obesity endorsed a ≥ 10-pound weight change over the past year. Compared to individuals with normal weight or underweight, individuals with overweight/obesity were more likely to identify as Black, endorse objective binge eating and fasting, endorse that eating disorder-related concerns impaired their relationships/social life and made them feel badly, and endorse higher weight/shape concerns. Conclusions Results suggest rates of eating disorder pathology and clinical impairment are highest among students with overweight/obesity, and targeted intervention across weight categories and diverse races/ethnicities is warranted within universal eating disorder intervention efforts. Integrating eating disorder intervention and healthy weight management into universal prevention programs could reduce the incidence and prevalence of eating disorders, unhealthy weight control practices, and obesity among university students.
Design and Performance Evaluation of the SCAN Secure Processor

This paper presents the design, performance analysis, security evaluation and the extended instruction set architecture ISA of the SCAN secure processor SCAN-SP. The SCAN-SP is security enhanced SparcV8 processor architecture with an extended ISA to interface with an off-chip FPGA co-processor to handle lossless image compression, encryption and information hiding based on SCAN methodology. Additionally, SCAN-SP offers a SCAN methodology based secure computing feature capable of executing an encrypted instruction stream. Thus the proposed secure processor architecture enables tamper resistant code execution along with cryptographic and general computing capabilities.
The United States' Response to Human Trafficking: Sword of Justice or Paper Tiger

The purpose of this Article is to examine the legislative response of the United States to human trafficking. Section I discusses the factors most frequently cited as contributing to the problem. Section II examines the international authority for interdicting trafficking. Section III examines the Unites States' response to the problem. It discusses the context in which the public awareness of the issue of trafficking has evolved and the culmination of this awareness in the enactment of federal legislation to address the problem. It also briefly examines the strategies mandated by the legislation on a national and international level and the ongoing role to be played by nongovernmental organizations in implementing this legislation by assisting with the identification of victims of severe forms of trafficking and provision of services to them. Section IV of this Article looks at some of the accomplishments of the legislation to date and lessons to be learned from its successes and its limitations.
Framing effects and the folk psychiatry of addiction.

Clinical disorders are multidimensional phenomena that are important to both clinicians and the lay public, as well as to cognitive scientists interested in understanding how people think and reason about complex domains. To date, however, little work has examined the factors that influence the folk psychiatry of addiction. Participants in the present study read a brief paragraph about addiction pitched at either an abstract or personal level, followed by a series of questions about the causes and treatment of drug addiction. We further manipulated whether addiction was described using a medical or psychological label. Results revealed that liberals and conservatives varied dramatically with respect to their folk psychiatric reasoning, with liberals preferring a more biological/medical view, which is associated increased support for medical interventions, reduced feelings of personal responsibility, and elevated feelings of stigma. Framing addiction using medical labels and at an abstract level pushed people towards this biological view, suggesting that media reports and messaging campaigns may influence how people conceptualize addiction.
Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Two-Dimensional Colloidal Cu2Se Nanoplates and Their Layer-Dependent Conductivity

Colloidal assembly is one of the highly active areas in nanoscale science and technology as it plays an important role in organizing nanoscale building blocks into hierarchical and functional systems for practical applications. Here, we report large scale assemblies of two-dimensional (2D) Cu2Se nanoplates synthesized by a microwave-assisted polyol method with careful phase control. Thin films of Cu2Se were obtained via the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) method in a layer-by-layer manner. Interestingly, despite the decrease in volume fraction of Cu2Se as layer number increases, the films show an increasing trend in conductivity. We propose a “layer-dependent conducting-bridge” (LDCB) model considering density of conducting points and possible defects, and the simulated trend of conductivity exhibits a corresponding match with experimental measurements. Our study serves as an important extension of colloidal assembly in 2D nanostructures, and the proposed conductivity model provides insights into the understanding...
Clinical applications of zolmitriptan (Zomig, 311C90).

Zolmitriptan (Zomig™, formerly 311C90) is a novel, oral antimigraine drug that is consistently effective and well tolerated in the acute treatment of migraine headache and its associated symptoms. The purpose of this article is to review data available from pharmacological and clinical trials with zolmitriptan and to summarize the clinically relevant features that distinguish this agent. We will review the attributes desirable in a migraine drug and use this as a template for assessing zolmitriptan. Zolmitriptan provides a new oral treatment option for physicians which should help improve patient outcomes.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Breast Biopsy in Lesions Not Visualized by Mammogram or Ultrasound:

The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the diagnosis and evaluation of breast lesions is still in evolution. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of MR-guided biopsy for suspicious lesions seen on MRI but not visualized by mammography or ultrasound. A retrospective review was conducted on all patients undergoing MRI-guided core needle biopsy at a National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center. Biopsies were performed using a 1.5-Tesla MR with a seven-channel breast coil taking six cores in a clock face configuration with a 10-gauge vacuum-assisted VACORA biopsy device. One hundred twenty-seven patients underwent 187 biopsies without major complication. The lesion size ranged from 4 to 12 mm. Pathology on MRI-guided core biopsy material revealed 126 (68%) benign lesions. Of these, 12 were intraductal papillomas and two were fibroadenomas. Sixty-one (32%) were deemed clinically significant and included the following pathology: invasive cancer 19 patients (10%), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in 25 patients (13%), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) 15 patients (8%), and lobular carcinoma in situ in one patient (1%). There were two specimens upgraded from ADH to DCIS and one specimen that was biopsied was called ADH but there was no residual atypia on final pathology. With a median follow-up of 24 months, there were no patients with benign pathology returning with a clinically significant lesion later. MRI-guided biopsy provides an accurate and safe method for sampling suspicious lesions when no other reasonable means of biopsy is available. MRI-guided biopsy yielded clinically significant findings in approximately one-third of the sampled specimens. This technique can provide a good representative sample of clinically significant pathology. MRI-guided biopsy is a relatively new modality, which can provide a nonsurgical diagnostic specimen in the absence of mammographic or ultrasound findings.
GROUPTHINK THEORY AND RESEARCH: IMPLICATIONS FOR DECISION MAKING IN GERIATRIC HEALTH CARE TEAMS

The team approach to geriatric care does not automatically result in appropriate decision making with regard to elderly patients with multiple chronic problems and complicated, overlapping needs. In this article, Janis's (1972, 1982) group‐think theory and tests of facets of the theory are examined. A modified theory is then applied to geriatric health care teams using a case scenario. Suggestions for minimizing the conditions that lead to groupthink and the resultant poor decisions are made. Health care teams need to develop strategies to enhance group cohesiveness and open, democratic leadership and to minimize time constraints and group insulation; rules and procedures for discussing options and making decisions through consensus should be developed and understood by all team members.
Feelings in psychological perspective

Based upon B. F. Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism, feelings are most often considered to be private events by behavior analysts, constituting biological happenings. This paper describes conceptual iss...
How History Bears on Jurisprudence

The relevance of history to jurisprudence is a burning topic of late, the focus of a forthcoming book, Law in Theory and Jurisprudence, as well as of a recent symposium issue in the Virginia Law Review, “Jurisprudence and (Its) History,” both with contributions from eminent historians and theorists. That jurisprudence neglects history to its impoverishment is the thrust of these collections. The editors for the Virginia symposium write, “there may be reason to think that turning to history could broaden the boundaries, and raise the ambitions, of a [jurisprudential] field that many lawyers, judges, and even legal scholars have written off as esoteric and dominated by concerns remote from their own.” This essay, the Afterword to the former volume, examines how history bears on jurisprudence. The presentation is organized around the following themes that emerge from the collection: Law is historical or temporal; Law and jurisprudence interact over time; Jurisprudence is influenced by social-historical circumstances; Historical jurisprudence; Must legal philosophy be historical? (No); Should legal philosophy be historical? (Yes).
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Hemodialysis Emergencies

Given the high comorbidity in patients on hemodialysis and the complexity of the dialysis treatment, it is remarkable how rarely a life-threatening complication occurs during dialysis. The low rate of dialysis emergencies can be attributed to numerous safety features in modern dialysis machines; meticulous treatment and testing of the dialysate solution to prevent exposure to trace elements, toxins, and pathogens; adherence to detailed treatment protocols; and extensive training of dialysis staff to handle medical emergencies. Most hemodialysis emergencies can be attributed to human error. A smaller number are due to rare idiosyncratic reactions. In this review, we highlight major emergencies that may occur during hemodialysis treatments, describe their pathogenesis, offer measures to minimize them, and provide specific interventions to prevent catastrophic consequences on the rare occasions when such emergencies arise. These emergencies include dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, venous air embolism, hemolysis, venous needle dislodgement, vascular access hemorrhage, major allergic reactions to the dialyzer or treatment medications, and disruption or contamination of the dialysis water system. Finally, we describe root cause analysis after a dialysis emergency has occurred to prevent a future recurrence.
Statistically inaccurate and morally unfair judgements via base rate intrusion.

From a statistical standpoint, judgements about an individual are more accurate if base rates about the individual’s social group are taken into account 1–4 . But from a moral standpoint, using these base rates is considered unfair and can even be illegal 5–9 . Thus, the imperative to be statistically accurate is directly at odds with the imperative to be morally fair. This conflict was resolved by creating tasks in which Bayesian rationality and moral fairness were aligned, thereby allowing social judgements to be both accurate and fair. Despite this alignment, we show that social judgements were inaccurate and unfair. Instead of appropriately setting aside social group differences, participants erroneously relied on them when making judgements about specific individuals. This bias—which we call base rate intrusion—was robust, generalized across various social groups (gender, race, nationality and age), and differed from analogous non-social judgements. Results also demonstrate how social judgements can be corrected to achieve both statistical accuracy and moral fairness. Overall, these data (total N = 5,138) highlight the pernicious effects of social base rates: under conditions that closely approximate those of everyday life 10–12 , these base rates can undermine the rationality and fairness of human judgements. Cao et al. demonstrate that people systematically rely on social base rates when making judgements about individuals, even when these base rates are statistically irrelevant. The authors show that multiple remedies are required to eliminate this bias of base rate intrusion.
Identifying Children at Risk for Language Impairment or Dyslexia With Group-Administered Measures

Purpose The study aims to determine whether brief, group-administered screening measures can reliably identify second-grade children at risk for language impairment (LI) or dyslexia and to examine ...
Attribute tracking: strategies towards improved detection and characterization of complex associations

The detection, modeling and characterization of complex patterns of association in bioinformatics has focused on feature interactions and, more recently, instance-subgroup specific associations (e.g. genetic heterogeneity). Previously, attribute tracking was proposed as an instance-linked memory approach, leveraging the incremental learning of learning classifier systems (LCSs) to track which features were most useful in making class predictions within individual instances. These 'attribute tracking' signatures could later be used to characterize patterns of association in the data. While effective, true underlying patterns remain difficult to characterize in noisy problems, and the original approach places equal weight on tracked feature scores obtained early as well as late in learning. In this work we investigate alternative strategies for attribute tracking scoring, including the adoption of a time recency update scheme taken from reinforcement learning, to gain insight into how to optimize this approach to improve modeling performance and downstream pattern interpretability. We report mixed results over a variety of performance metrics that point to promising future directions for building effective building blocks and improving model interpretability.
The Vernacular Roots of Dante’s Reading of Ovid in the Commedia

This essay re-examines the role of Ovid in Dante’s Commedia, complementing the traditional comparisons between Dante’s verses and Ovid’s Latin texts with a different source of Ovidian influence: th...
Maternal attachment and trajectories of emotional and social adjustment during the college transition

Students’ developmental trajectories for social and emotional adjustment to college have not been adequately examined. Moreover, the role of students’ attachment to mothers in predicting membership...
Aryl amphiphile shape-directors for shape-controlled synthesis of organic semiconductor particles.

Currently, shape- and size-controlled synthesis of organic micro- and nano-particles mostly relies on aliphatic amphiphiles, which lack the structural diversity to provide tunable amphiphile–particle facet interaction energies and result in a limited range of particle shapes. Herein we report the design, synthesis, and utilization of two novel aryl amphiphiles as shape-directors (ShaDs) to obtain particles of different shape. By changing the ShaDs aryl hydrophobe structure, 9,10-diphenylanthracene microcrystals of different shape were obtained with greater than 90% shape yield.
Ethnicity, educational attainment, and physical health of older adults in the United States.

Objective Minorities' diminished returns theory suggests that socioeconomic status (SES) resources generate fewer health benefits for racial and ethnic minority groups, compared to the majority group. The current study aimed to compare Hispanic and non-Hispanic white older adults for the association between educational attainment and poor physical self-rated health (SRH). Methods The first wave of the University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging (UM-NPHA) included 1820 older adults who were 50-80 years old and were either non-Hispanic white (n = 1618) or Hispanic white (n = 202). The main independent variable of interest was educational attainment. The main dependent variable of interest was poor physical SRH. Gender, age, marital status, and employment status were covariates. Ethnicity was the focal effect modifier. Results Overall, higher level of educational attainment was associated with better physical SRH. A significant interaction was found between ethnicity and level of educational attainment, which was indicative of a smaller physical SRH gain due to high educational attainment for Hispanic white compared to non-Hispanic white older adults. In ethnic-specific models, we found evidence suggesting that high educational attainment reduced the odds of poor physical SRH for non-Hispanic whites but not for Hispanic whites. Conclusion Compared to non-Hispanic whites, Hispanic whites gain less physical SRH benefits from their educational attainment.
Analysis of Outcomes in Ischemic vs Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report From the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

Importance Congestive heart failure (CHF) is commonly associated with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF), and their combination may affect treatment strategies and outcomes. Objective To assess the treatment strategies and 1-year clinical outcomes of antithrombotic and CHF therapies for patients with newly diagnosed AF with concomitant CHF stratified by etiology (ischemic cardiomyopathy [ICM] vs nonischemic cardiomyopathy [NICM]). Design, Setting, and Participants The GARFIELD-AF registry is a prospective, noninterventional registry. A total of 52 014 patients with AF were enrolled between March 2010 and August 2016. A total of 11 738 patients 18 years and older with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks’ duration) and at least 1 investigator-determined stroke risk factor were included. Data were analyzed from December 2017 to September 2018. Exposures One-year follow-up rates of death, stroke/systemic embolism, and major bleeding were assessed. Main Outcomes and Measures Event rates per 100 person-years were estimated from the Poisson model and Cox hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals. Results The median age of the population was 71.0 years, 22 987 of 52 013 were women (44.2%) and 31 958 of 52 014 were white (61.4%). Of 11 738 patients with CHF, 4717 (40.2%) had ICM and 7021 (59.8%) had NICM. Prescription of oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs was not balanced between groups. Oral anticoagulants with or without antiplatelet drugs were used in 2753 patients with ICM (60.1%) and 5082 patients with NICM (73.7%). Antiplatelets were prescribed alone in 1576 patients with ICM (34.4%) and 1071 patients with NICM (15.5%). Compared with patients with NICM, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (72.6% [3439] vs 60.3% [4236]) and of β blockers (63.3% [2988] vs 53.2% [3737]) was higher in patients with ICM. Rates of all-cause and cardiovascular death per 100 patient-years were significantly higher in the ICM group (all-cause death: ICM, 10.2; 95% CI, 9.2-11.1; NICM, 7.0; 95% CI, 6.4-7.6; cardiovascular death: ICM, 5.1; 95% CI, 4.5-5.9; NICM, 2.9; 95% CI, 2.5-3.4). Stroke/systemic embolism rates tended to be higher in ICM groups compared with NICM groups (ICM, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.6-2.5; NICM, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3-1.9). Major bleeding rates were significantly higher in the ICM group (1.1; 95% CI, 0.8-1.4) compared with the NICM group (0.7; 95% CI, 0.5-0.9). Conclusions and Relevance Patients with ICM received oral anticoagulants with or without antiplatelet drugs less frequently and antiplatelets alone more frequently than patients with NICM, but they received angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers more often than patients with NICM. All-cause and cardiovascular death rates were higher in patients with ICM than patients with NICM. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT01090362
BubGAN: Bubble generative adversarial networks for synthesizing realistic bubbly flow images

Abstract Bubble segmentation and size detection algorithms have been developed in recent years for their high efficiency and accuracy in measuring bubbly two-phase flows. In this work, we proposed an architecture called bubble generative adversarial networks (BubGAN) for the generation of realistic synthetic images which could be further used as training or benchmarking data for the development of advanced image processing algorithms. The BubGAN is trained initially on a labeled bubble dataset consisting of ten thousand images. By learning the distribution of these bubbles, the BubGAN can generate more realistic bubbles compared to the conventional models used in the literature. The trained BubGAN is conditioned on bubble feature parameters and has full control of bubble properties in terms of aspect ratio, rotation angle, circularity and edge ratio. A million bubble dataset is pre-generated using the trained BubGAN. One can then assemble realistic bubbly flow images using this dataset and associated image processing tool. These images contain detailed bubble information, therefore do not require additional manual labeling. This is more useful compared with the conventional GAN which generates images without labeling information. The tool could be used to provide benchmarking and training data for existing image processing algorithms and to guide the future development of bubble detecting algorithms.
People of Haitian Heritage

Haiti, with a population of 10.4 million, is located in the Caribbean on the island of Hispaniola, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. The per capita annual income is $817. Only 13% of the people have access to potable water. Haiti defines itself as a black, 95% of the population, nation. In Haiti, the concept of color differs from the concept of race. The Haitian system has been described as one in which there are no tight racial categories but in which skin color and other phenotypic demarcations are significant variables. When Duvalier was elected president-for-life in 1964, many Haitians covertly immigrated to the US in small sailboats, resulting in their being labeled “boat people,” a term that is associated with extreme poverty.
Limit theorems for statistics of non-crossing partitions

We study the distribution of several statistics of large non-crossing partitions. First, we prove the Gaussian limit theorem for the number of blocks of a given fixed size. In contrast to the properties of usual set partitions, we show that the number of blocks of different sizes are negatively correlated, even for large partitions. In addition, we show that the sizes of blocks in a given large non-crossing partition are distributed according to a geometric distribution and not Poisson, as in the case of usual set partitions. Next, we show that the size of the largest block concentrates at $\log_2 n$, and that after an appropriate rescaling, it can be described by the double exponential distribution. Finally, we show that the width of a large non-crossing partition converges to the Theta-distribution which arises in the theory of Brownian excursions.
IoTDoc: A Docker-Container Based Architecture of IoT-Enabled Cloud System

In recent years, cloud computing has gained considerable notoriety because it provides access to shared system resources, allowing for high computing power at low management effort. With the widespread availability of mobile and Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, we can now form cloud instantly without considering a dedicated infrastructure. However, the resource-constrained IoT devices are quite infeasible for installing virtual machines. Therefore, the mobile cloud can be used only for the tasks that require distributed sensing or computation. In order to solve this problem, we introduce IoTDoc, an architecture of mobile cloud composed of lightweight containers running on distributed IoT devices. To explore the benefits of running containers on low-cost IoT-based cloud system, we use Docker to create and orchestrate containers and run on a cloud formed by cluster of IoT devices. We provide a detail operational model of IoTDoc that illustrates cloud formation, resource allocation, container distribution, and migration. We test our model using the benchmark program Sysbench and compare the performance of IoTDoc with Amazon EC2. Our experimental result shows that IoTDoc is a viable option for cloud computing and is a more affordable, cost-effective alternative to large platform cloud computing services, specifically as a learning platform than Amazon EC2.
Norm comparison theorems

In the previous chapter, we have discussed various versions of the Hardy–Littlewood inequality for a pair of solutions u and v of the conjugate A-harmonic equation. The purpose of this chapter is to present some norm comparison inequalities for differential forms satisfying the conjugate A-harmonic equations, which have been recently established in [104]. Since the proofs display a general method to obtain L p -estimates, we include most of them in this chapter. Also, we always assume that 1 < p < ∞ and p −1 + q −1 = 1 throughout this chapter.
Combining Cribari matrix and Need For Trauma Intervention (NFTI) to accurately assess undertriage in pediatric trauma.

Abstract Background/Purpose The American College of Surgeons (ACS) Committee on Trauma targets undertriage (UT) rates of Methods We reviewed undertriage rates using CM and NFTI criteria. Univariate analysis was used to compare the need for surgical management, transfusion requirements, ventilator days, ICU length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, and hospital costs between CM, NFTI, and the combination of CM and NFTI. Results Undertriage rates were 8.2% with CM and 4.6% with NFTI. When CM and NFTI were combined, the UT rate was 2.7%. Pediatric patients categorized as UT by the combination of CM and NFTI had significantly longer ICU Length of Stay (LOS) (p Conclusions The combination of CM and NFTI identified UT in children, more accurately than CM or NFTI alone. Injured children who are undertriaged had higher mortality, morbidity, and cost of care. The use of CM in combination with NFTI to evaluate undertriage rates led to the identification of risk factors that may modify the activation criteria for highest and modified level trauma team activations. Level of Evidence III Study Type Retrospective study without negative criteria (Therapeutic/Care Management).
Human adaptation strategies are key to cobenefits in human–wildlife systems

Sustainable development goals such as global food security and biodiversity conservation can conflict because these efforts create situations where humans and wildlife share landscapes, often leading to interactions that detrimentally affect both groups. Therefore, coexistence between humans and wildlife is more likely when adaptation strategies produce and sustain cobenefits, rather than benefitting one group only. However, we lack a good understanding of how different social and ecological factors contribute to cobenefit outcomes, which limits our opportunities to address local issues and scale up successful conservation actions. Here, we performed the first global review of the human–wildlife interaction literature to assess which human adaptation strategies generated cobenefits and how stakeholder involvement and other context‐specific conditions mediated those outcomes. We found that active guarding, fencing, repellents, and socioeconomic mechanisms consistently led to cobenefits across species and contexts. Thus, these interventions might be the best candidates for scaling up coexistence from local to regional or national scales. Surprisingly, stakeholder involvement was less consequential than other variables, yet, overall, it played an important role in sustaining cobenefits regardless of adaptation strategy or social–ecological context. We highlight future research directions to help manage tradeoffs and achieve sustainable coexistence outcomes in shared landscapes.
A novel point-of-care device for measuring glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme deficiency.

Abstract Extreme hyperbilirubinemia can cause bilirubin neurotoxicity. Infants with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency can develop hemolysis and thus are at high risk. We evaluated a device that quantitatively measures G6PD activity kinetically using digital microfluidics (DMF). Intra- and inter-instrument and -day imprecision (CVs) were first assessed. G6PD activity in 86 samples was then measured and compared between DMF and 2 reference methods. Overall DMF reproducibility was 3.8% over 5 days by 2 operators on 2 instruments. Mean intra- and inter-instrument variabilities were 3.6% and 3.9%, respectively (n = 28), with a user variability of 4.3%. Mean G6PD activity was 6.40±4.62 and 6.37±4.62 U/g hemoglobin for DMF and Reference Methods 1 (n = 46) and 12.15±3.86 and 11.48±1.55 for DMF and 2 (n = 40), respectively, and strongly correlated (r = 0.95 and 0.95) with mean biases of +0.04±2.90 and +0.67±1.55 for methods 1 and 2, respectively. The novel device could be used for early newborn G6PD screening.
Model-based actor-critic: GAN (model generator) + DRL (actor-critic) => AGI

Our effort is toward unifying GAN and DRL algorithms into a unifying AI model (AGI or general-purpose AI or artificial general intelligence which has general-purpose applications to: (A) offline learning (of stored data) like GAN in (un/semi-/fully-)SL setting such as big data analytics (mining) and visualization; (B) online learning (of real or simulated devices) like DRL in RL setting (with/out environment reward) such as (real or simulated) robotics and control; Our core proposal is adding an (generative/predictive) environment model to the actor-critic (model-free) architecture which results in a model-based actor-critic architecture with temporal-differencing (TD) error and an episodic memory. The proposed AI model is similar to (model-free) DDPG and therefore it's called model-based DDPG. To evaluate it, we compare it with (model-free) DDPG by applying them both to a variety (wide range) of independent simulated robotic and control task environments in OpenAI Gym and Unity Agents. Our initial limited experiments show that DRL and GAN in model-based actor-critic results in an incremental goal-driven intellignce required to solve each task with similar performance to (model-free) DDPG. Our future focus is to investigate the proposed AI model potential to: (A) unify DRL field inside AI by producing competitive performance compared to the best of model-based (PlaNet) and model-free (D4PG) approaches; (B) bridge the gap between AI and robotics communities by solving the important problem of reward engineering with learning the reward function by demonstration.
Pioglitazone transiently stimulates paraoxonase-2 expression in male nonhuman primate brain: Implications for sex-specific therapeutics in neurodegenerative disorders.

Abstract Paraoxonase-2 (PON2) enhances mitochondria function and protects against oxidative stress. Stimulating its expression has therapeutic potential for diseases where oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathology, such as Parkinson's disease. Clinical and preclinical evidence suggest that the anti-diabetic drug pioglitazone may provide neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke, but the biochemical pathway(s) responsible has not been fully elucidated. To determine the effect of pioglitazone on PON2 expression we treated male African green monkeys with oral pioglitazone (5 mg/kg/day) for 1 and 3 weeks. We found that pioglitazone increased PON2 mRNA and protein expression in brain following 1 week of treatment, however, by 3 weeks of treatment PON2 expression had returned to baseline. This transient increase was detected in substantia nigra, striatum, hippocampus, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex The short-term impact of pioglitazone on PON2 expression in striatum may contribute to the discrepancy in the potency of the drug between short-term animal models and clinical trials for Parkinson's disease. Both PON2 and pioglitazone's receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), possess sex- and brain region-dependent expression, which may play a role in the short-term effect of pioglitazone and provide clues to extending the beneficial effects of PON2 activation.
Coactive learning for locally optimal problem solving

Coactive learning is an online problem solving setting where the solutions provided by a solver are interactively improved by a domain expert, which in turn drives learning. In this paper we extend the study of coactive learning to problems where obtaining a globally optimal or near-optimal solution may be intractable or where an expert can only be expected to make small, local improvements to a candidate solution. The goal of learning in this new setting is to minimize the cost as measured by the expert effort over time. We first establish theoretical bounds on the average cost of the existing coactive Perceptron algorithm. In addition, we consider new online algorithms that use cost-sensitive and Passive-Aggressive (PA) updates, showing similar or improved theoretical bounds. We provide an empirical evaluation of the learners in various domains, which show that the Perceptron based algorithms are quite effective and that unlike the case for online classification, the PA algorithms do not yield significant performance gains.
Chapter 4 – Higher Order and Isoparametric Elements

This chapter deals with the higher order and isoparametric elements. For one-dimensional problems, quadratic and cubic interpolation polynomials are presented using three and four nodes, respectively. The polynomials are expressed in terms of global nodal unknowns of the element. To simplify the procedure, the quadratic and cubic elements are represented using natural coordinates. For two-dimensional problems, triangular and quadrilateral elements are considered using quadratic and cubic interpolation models in terms of natural coordinates. The geometrical interpretations of the resulting shape functions are also shown. In three dimensions, for the tetrahedron element, the quadratic and cubic models are developed using tetrahedral coordinates. The n-station Lagrange interpolation functions and general two-station Hermite interpolation functions (of zeroth and first-order functions) are defined. The C0 and C1 continuities of the interpolation model are defined. The definition of an isoparametric element is presented along with equations for a line, triangular, and quadrilateral elements. The curve-sided isoparametric elements are also defined. Finally, the details of numerical integration for different types of elements in one, two, and three dimensional spaces using Gausian quadrature are presented.
Sensory Interactive Control Systems for Advanced Manufacturing

Abstract Fundamental understanding of sensory interactive control systems is an important step in applying advanced manufacturing techniques. Functional requirements and an architecture for a sensory interactive robot control system are presented. A model for studying the interaction between the control and sensory parts of a system is presented. The model consists of parallel control decomposition and sensory analysis hierarchies. A robot vision system is described, with special emphasis on the nature of its interaction with the control part of the system.
Design of Novel Aromatics using the Loschmidt Replacement on Graphs

Graphs are seen as an excellent place to start the design of a non-natural product for total chemical synthesis. In the design process, the vertices of the graph are replaced by a chemical “radical” to create a molecular graph. Classical examples of this are platonic caged hydrocarbons that arise from CH replacements for the vertices of a platonic polyhedron. In the present context of carbon-rich aromatic structures, we demonstrate how benzene-ring replacement can lead to larger targets as well as a greater variety of theoretically interesting molecules. In honor of the first chemist to think of benzene as a group element, we call this replacement process the Loschmidt replacement.
Asynchrony modeling for audio-visual speech recognition

We investigate the use of multi-stream HMMs in the automatic recognition of audio-visual speech. Multi-stream HMMs allow the modeling of asynchrony between the audio and visual state sequences at a variety of levels (phone, syllable, word, etc.) and are equivalent to product, or composite, HMMs. In this paper, we consider such models synchronized at the phone boundary level, allowing various degrees of audio and visual state-sequence asynchrony. Furthermore, we investigate joint training of all product HMM parameters, instead of just composing the model from separately trained audio- and visual-only HMMs. We report experiments on a multi-subject connected digit recognition task, as well as on a more complex, speaker-independent large-vocabulary dictation task. Our results demonstrate that in both cases, joint multi-stream HMM training is superior to separate training of single-stream HMMs. In addition, we observe that allowing state-sequence asynchrony between the HMM audio and visual components improves connected digit recognition significantly, however it degrades performance on the dictation task. The resulting multi-stream models dramatically improve speech recognition robustness to noise, by successfully exploiting the visual modality speech information: For example, at 11 dB SNR, they reduce connected digit word error rate from the audio-only 2.3% to 0.77% audio-visual, and, for the large-vocabulary task, from 28.3% to 19.5%. Compared to the audio-only performance at 10 dB SNR, the use of multi-stream HMMs achieves an effective SNR gain of up to 9 dB and 7 dB respectively, for the two recognition tasks considered.
Stabilizability of Distributed Parameter Systems with Unbounded Controls

Abstract We consider distributed parameter systems on a Banach space, and discuss necessary conditions for there to exist a linear feedback operator such that the closed loop semigroup is μ-exponentially stable, i.e. has exponential growth ɤ for any ɤ > μ. For several classes of systems and feedbacks, this conditions is that for every ɤ > μ, A has only finitely many eigenvalues to the right of {Re(z) = ɤ}. Furthermore, this spectrum decomposition leads to a decomposition of the system into a finite dimensional controllable system, and a system with exponential growth ɤ. We show that these necessary conditions hold for a class of systems where the feedback is A-bounded, and for a class of systems where the control space is infinite dimensional. This leads to results about lack of stabilizability of some systems. On the positive side, we describe a system that can be stabilized with a finite dimensional, A-bounded feedback.
The Pointing Stability of the Hubble Space Telescope and Proposed Concepts for the Pointing Control of the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST)

Abstract The on-orbit pointing performance of the Hubble Space Telescope is presented. Essentially all of the line of sight jitter is due to a rigid body motion of the main body of the satellite by reaction against its flexible solar arrays. Jitter caused by internal vibration is negligible. NGST, HST's possible successor, is a much larger observatory which will require a gain of an order of magnitude in pointing stability. It is shown how the use of a high orbit, changes in the telescope configuration, and the incorporation of active optics can bring about such an improvement.
Mobile Money in Tanzania

In developing countries, mobile telecom networks have emerged as major providers of financial services, bypassing the sparse retail networks of traditional banks. We analyze a large individual-level data set of mobile money transactions in Tanzania to provide evidence of the impact of mobile money on alleviating financial exclusion in developing countries. We identify three types of transactions: (i) money transfers to others, (ii) short-distance money self-transportation, and (iii) money storage for short to medium periods of time. We utilize a natural experiment of an unanticipated increase in transaction fees to identify the demand for these transactions. Using the demand estimates, we find that the willingness to pay to avoid walking with cash an extra kilometer (short-distance self-transportation) and to avoid storing money at home (money storage) for an extra day are 1.25% and 0.8% of an average transaction, respectively, which demonstrates that mobile money ameliorates significant amounts of crime-...
Timing is Everything: The Role of Time and the Business Cycle in Fast-Food Purchasing Behavior in the United States

Meals, snacks, and beverages purchased at fast-food restaurants have become a large and growing portion of a typical American’s budget, and have been blamed for American’s expanding waistlines and poor diet quality. Previous studies have attributed this increase to many factors including budget and time constraints, demographic and health characteristics and market-level forces but no study has been able to rigorously address the effects of all of these variables on the demand for fast foods. This study uses the 2003-11 American Time Use Survey to identify associations between fast-food purchases and individual, household, and market characteristics. The primary findings of this study are: (1) Americans purchase fast food as a means of saving time in non-market activities—those that purchase fast food are associated with less time in sleep, housework, eating and drinking meals and television watching, and more time in traveling from place to place; (2) fast-food purchasers have different eating patterns than others, spending less time eating and drinking and are more likely to eat while working or driving; (3) the probability of fast-food purchase was postively associated with employment status but negatively associated with the number of hours worked by the individual in the day; and (4) the percent of the population purchasing fast food on a given day stayed fairly constant during and after the 2007-09 recession, seemingly unaffected by the economic downturn.