cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Migration route selection of juvenile Chinook salmon at the Delta Cross Channel, and the role of water velocity and individual movement patterns

We examined movement tracks of ultrasonic-tagged juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawyscha) smolts at the juncture of two migratory pathways. This migratory juncture occurs where the Delta Cross Channel splits from the Sacramento River in California’s Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta. Smolt tracks were analyzed to compare the importance of river flow and individual parameters in migratory route selection. The two routes differ significantly in smolt survival probabilities (Perry et al. N Am J Fish Manag 30:142–156, 2010), thus a clearer understanding of the variables contributing to route selection will be valuable for management of this declining species. A comparison of the two migratory groups showed that fish remaining within the Sacramento River: 1) Encountered the migratory juncture when river water velocities were much higher than those in the Delta Cross Channel (p < 0.0001), 2) showed more direct swimming paths (p = 0.03) and 3) migrated at higher speeds (p = 0.04). Logistic regression models showed that the ratio of mean water velocity between the two routes was a much stronger predictor of ultimate route selection than any other variable tested. However, parameters for both the lateral position of smolts within the river and smolt size added predictive power to the final model. Our results suggest that river flow remains the most important variable for predicting smolt migration route, but note that knowledge of individual smolt attributes and movement patterns can increase our predictive ability.
The Impact of a Grant-Funded Project on Selected Community College Teacher Education Programs

Recent concern about the quality and supply of teachers in mathematics and science has prompted a rethinking of how teachers in these content areas are recruited and prepared. This article describes a project, funded by the National Science Foundation and undertaken by Phi Theta Kappa, to strengthen the mathematics, science, and technology components of 36 community college teacher education programs. The impact of the program is examined on the basis of a survey of representatives from those colleges and the 4-year institutions that partnered with them. The article also examines the characteristics of 7 community colleges that emerged as the winners of a national competition on science and mathematics teacher education that was conducted as part of the project.
Synthesis of [11C]palmitic acid for PET imaging using a single molecular sieve 13X cartridge for reagent trapping, radiolabeling and selective purification

Abstract Introduction Radiolabeled fatty acids are valuable metabolic tracers for PET imaging. Carbon-11 is widely used in clinical PET studies due to the prevalence of facile techniques enabling the incorporation of [ 11 C]CO 2 and [ 11 C]CH 3 into molecules and a short half-life (20.4min) that translates into low patient dose. However, the short half-life considerably limits the time for radiosynthesis. Furthermore, the majority of the syntheses of [ 11 C]palmitic acid in common use employ high starting [ 11 C]CO 2 activities and/or expensive equipment. Methods [ 11 C]CO 2 was trapped with greater than 99.99% efficiency by a three stage cartridge packed with molecular sieve 13X, 100–120mesh. The labeling of n-pentadecylmagnesium bromide took place in 5min in the cartridge, and the [ 11 C]palmitic acid product was selectively eluted in ethanol following alkaline and acidic washes of the column. Results The system reliably produced more than 925MBq (25mCi) of [ 11 C]palmitic acid suitable for human use from 7.4GBq (200mCi) of [ 11 C]CO 2 in 8min from end-of-bombardment. Conclusions We have exploited the properties of the inexpensive molecular sieve 13X to develop a miniature, disposable and leak tight "gas capture" system for the rapid labeling and purification of [ 11 C]fatty acids in good yield and >99% radiochemical purity. The rapidity of the synthesis and purification allows small [ 11 C]CO 2 starting activities to be used, and with no requirement for expensive synthesis equipment or facilities, the system can be implemented in any radiopharmaceutical center.
Dentition, dental health habits, and dementia: the Leisure World Cohort Study

Objectives: To explore the association between dentition and dental health behaviors and incident dementia. Design: Longitudinal cohort. Setting: Leisure World, Laguna Hills, CA; a retirement community. Participants: Five thousand four hundred sixty-eight older (median age 81) adults followed from 1992 to 2010. Measurements: Questions regarding dental health focused on number of natural teeth, dentures worn, number of visits to a dentist, and oral health habits. Dementia status was determined from in-person evaluations, follow-up questionnaires, hospital data, and death certificates. Estimates of dementia risk were calculated using Cox regression analysis in men and women separately. Results: Men with inadequate natural masticatory function who did not wear dentures had a 91% greater risk of dementia than those with adequate natural masticatory function (?10 upper teeth and ?6 lower teeth). This risk was also greater in women but not significantly so. Dentate individuals who reported not brushing their teeth daily had a 22% to 65% greater risk of dementia than those who brushed three times daily. Conclusion: In addition to helping maintain natural, healthy, functional teeth, oral health behaviors are associated with lower risk of dementia in older adults.
Model complexes for ligand probes of met-hemocyanin and met-tyrosinase derivatives. Structure of a novel 1,1-azido bridged binuclear copper(II) complex

Addition of HX (X = N3–, Cl–) to a hydroxy-bridged binuclear copper(II) complex gives X-bridged complexes with an environment analogous to protein binuclear sites; the structure of the azide derivative shows a novel µ-1,1-bridging mode, suggesting this as a possibility in the biological systems.
A Projection Method for Incompressible Viscous Flow on Moving Quadrilateral Grids

We present a second-order accurate projection method for numerical solution of the incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations on moving quadrilateral grids. Our approach is a generalization of the Bell‐Colella‐Glaz (BCG) predictor‐corrector method for incompressible flow. Irregular geometry is represented in terms of a moving, body-fitted cylindrical coordinate system. Mapped coordinates are used to smoothly transform in both time and space the moving domain onto a logically rectangular domain which is fixed in time. To treat the time dependence and inhomogeneities in the incompressibility constraint introduced by the presence of deforming boundaries, we introduce a nontrivial splitting of the velocity field into vortical and potential components to eliminate the inhomogeneous terms in the constraint and a generalization of the BCG algorithm to treat time-dependent constraints. The method is second-order accurate in space and time, has a time step constraint determined by the advective CFL condition, and requires the solution of well-behaved linear systems amenable to the use of fast iterative methods. We demonstrate the method on the specific example of viscous incompressible flow in an axisymmetric deforming tube. c ∞ 2001 Academic Press
TOURISM AND RURAL SETTLEMENTS Nepal's Annapurna Region

Abstract Functional and humanist perspectives relevant to counterurbanization studies are applied to examine the processes of growth and development of rural settlements affected by tourism. Based on a survey of tourism lodges located in several settlements in the Annapurna region of Nepal, this paper analyzes tourism-induced growth in such accommodations and its implications on changing characteristics. Results suggest the emergence of a hierarchical structure of rural settlements with core and peripheral traits. A normative classification of induced patterns defined by their development stage, size, and function is proposed. Historical, social, and economic influences on the transformation of rural settlements are discussed.
Positive Emotion Disturbance

The longstanding assumption has been that positive emotions and associated feelings are entirely adaptive. As a result, less scientific attention has been devoted to understanding the ways in which positive emotions might also be a source of dysfunction for our psychological health. However, the empirical tides have recently begun to change, and with it, a new wave of research has pointed to ways in which positive emotionality is also related to a range of poor health outcomes and maladaptive clinical syndromes. How might this be possible? Here, we provide cutting-edge insights into unpacking the nature of positive emotion disturbance by highlighting six key themes outlining the ways positive emotion may go awry. We conclude by providing a roadmap for future research aimed at providing an integrative model for understanding positive emotion as well as how to harness and cultivate appropriate positive feelings.
Counterexample to a claim about the reconstruction of ancestral character states.

Sites, J. W., Jr., and J. C. Marshall. 2003. Delimiting species: A Renais sance issue in systematic biology. Trends. Ecol. Evol. 18:462^170. Sneath, P. H. A., and R. R. Sokal. 1973. Numerical taxonomy. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco. Wheeler, Q. D., and N. I. Platnick. 2000. A critique from the Wheeler and Platnick phylogenetic species concept perspective: Problems with al ternative concepts of species. Pages 133-145 in Species concepts and phylogenetic theory (Q. D. Wheeler and R. Meier, eds.). Columbia University Press, New York. Wheeler, Q. D., P. H. Raven, and E. O. Wilson. 2004. Taxonomy: Imped iment or expedient? Science 303:285. Wiens, J. J., and T. A. Penkrot. 2002. Delimiting species using DNA and morphological variation and discordant species limits in spiny lizards (Sceloporus). Syst. Biol. 51:69-91. Wiens, J. J., and M. R. Servedio. 2000. Species delimitation in system atics: Inferring diagnostic differences between species. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 267:631-636. Wiley, E. O., and R. L. Mayden. 2000. The evolutionary species con cept. Pages 70-89 in Species concepts and phylogenetic theory (Q. D. Wheeler and R. Meier, eds.). Columbia University Press, New York. Willmann, R., and R. Meier. 2000. A critique from the Hennigian species concept perspective. Pages 101-108 in Species concepts and phyloge netic theory (Q. D. Wheeler and R. Meier, eds.). Columbia University Press, New York.
Using Exam Bonus Points as Incentive for Research Participation.

Across different terms, introductory psychology college instructors offered incentives to students for participating in department-wide research as part of a course requirement. Students received either no incentive (n = 590) or exam "bonus points" (n = 480) on both a midterm and final exam. Students offered bonus points began work at an earlier date and completed the research requirement more frequently than students not offered bonus points. Use of the bonus-point system could benefit students, instructors, and researchers.
Meaningful Messages: Adults in the Lower Mississippi Delta Provide Cultural Insight into Strategies for Promoting the MyPyramid

Abstract Objective To explore cultural perceptions of the MyPyramid key messages and identify factors that may impact adoption of these recommendations. Methods Systematic content analysis of transcripts from in-depth, structured interviews with 23 adults, primarily African American females, residing in the Lower Mississippi Delta. Results When asked to identify good reasons to follow the MyPyramid key messages, nonspecific references to improved health were most prevalent (n = 130); however, participants also acknowledged the importance of getting vitamins and nutrients (n = 81), and the impact food choices have on health conditions (n = 77) and organ systems (n = 65). Individual-level factors (n = 211), such as dislike for food items and tradition or customs, far outnumbered environmental-level factors (n = 48), such as cost and availability, as perceived reasons preventing community members from adhering to the key messages. The most frequently mentioned suggestion for helping community members eat according to the MyPyramid were to raise awareness (n = 93), provide information (n = 65), and improve the taste of or provide opportunity to taste (n = 49). Conclusions and Implications This study captured participants' cultural perspectives of the MyPyramid key messages. Results indicate that both social marketing campaigns and intervention efforts focused on individual-level factors are needed to promote the MyPyramid in this disadvantaged Delta region.
Pharmacological strategies for trichotillomania

Pharmacotherapy for trichotillomania (TTM) is not well established, due to a paucity of positive, controlled, long-term studies. Although selective-serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) seem to be the safest and best-established medication choices, positive treatment response is not consistent in the literature. Treatment response is often disrupted by significant relapse. Behavioural therapy may be a more effective treatment for some patients. For other patients, other antidepressants, neuroleptics or even topical agents may be helpful. Future investigations should include more controlled studies and longer observation for relapse.
How similar are fluid cognition and general intelligence? A developmental neuroscience perspective on fluid cognition as an aspect of human cognitive ability

This target article considers the relation of fluid cognitive functioning to general intelligence. A neurobiological model differentiating working memory/executive function cognitive processes of the prefrontal cortex from aspects of psychometrically defined general intelligence is presented. Work examining the rise in mean intelligence-test performance between normative cohorts, the neuropsychology and neuroscience of cognitive function in typically and atypically developing human populations, and stress, brain development, and corticolimbic connectivity in human and nonhuman animal models is reviewed and found to provide evidence of mechanisms through which early experience affects the development of an aspect of cognition closely related to, but distinct from, general intelligence. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of emotion in fluid cognition and on research indicating fluid cognitive deficits associated with early hippocampal pathology and with dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stress-response system. Findings are seen to be consistent with the idea of an independent fluid cognitive construct and to assist with the interpretation of findings from the study of early compensatory education for children facing psychosocial adversity and from behavior genetic research on intelligence. It is concluded that ongoing development of neurobiologically grounded measures of fluid cognitive skills appropriate for young children will play a key role in understanding early mental development and the adaptive success to which it is related, particularly for young children facing social and economic disadvantage. Specifically, in the evaluation of the efficacy of compensatory education efforts such as Head Start and the readiness for school of children from diverse backgrounds, it is important to distinguish fluid cognition from psychometrically defined general intelligence.
Religious Aspects of Substance Abuse and Recovery

Studies have typically found less substance abuse among highly religious people than among less religious people. Some research suggests that religiousness is associated with lower substance abuse because religious people have been socialized to accept antiabuse norms, are involved with antiabuse peers, and have a mechanism for satisfying needs for social contact and meaning in life. However, the relationship occurs only for a nurturing and supportive religiousness, and not for a restrictive, negativistic, and ritualistic religiousness. While religiousness has seldom been a variable in the treatment of substance abuse, the available data suggest that, for religious people who desire that their beliefs be considered in such treatment, the treatment may be effective if it shifts abusers from restrictive, negativistic, and ritualistic religiosity, and toward nurturing and supportive religiousness. Knowledge of this research may help nonreligious institutions in their efforts to treat substance abuse.
Distributed Sequential Bayesian Estimation of a Diffusive Source in Wireless Sensor Networks

We develop an efficient distributed sequential Bayesian estimation method for applications relating to diffusive sources-localizing a diffusive source, determining its space-time concentration distribution, and predicting its cloud envelope evolution using wireless sensor networks. Potential applications include security, environmental and industrial monitoring, as well as pollution control. We first derive the physical model of the substance dispersion by solving the diffusion equations under different environment scenarios and then integrate the physical model into the distributed processing technologies. We propose a distributed sequential Bayesian estimation method in which the state belief is transmitted in the wireless sensor networks and updated using the measurements from the new sensor node. We propose two belief representation methods: a Gaussian density approximation and a new LPG function (linear combination of polynomial Gaussian density functions) approximation. These approximations are suitable for the distributed processing in wireless sensor networks and are applicable to different sensor network situations. We implement the idea of information-driven sensor collaboration and select the next sensor node according to certain criterions, which provides an optimal subset and an optimal order of incorporating the measurements into our belief update, reduces response time, and saves energy consumption of the sensor network. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed methods
Stochastic cloning: a generalized framework for processing relative state measurements

Introduces a generalized framework, termed "stochastic cloning," for processing relative state measurements within a Kalman filter estimator. The main motivation and application for this methodology is the problem of fusing displacement measurements with position estimates for mobile robot localization. Previous approaches have ignored the developed interdependencies (cross-correlation terms) between state estimates of the same quantities at different time instants. By directly expressing relative state measurements in terms of previous and current state estimates, the effect of these crosscorrelation terms on the estimation process is analyzed and considered during updates. Simulation and experimental results validate this approach.
Adaptive Retrieval Agents: Internalizing Local Contextand Scaling up to the Web

This paper discusses a novel distributed adaptive algorithm and representation used to construct populations of adaptive Web agents. These InfoSpiders browse networked information environments on-line in search of pages relevant to the user, by traversing hyperlinks in an autonomous and intelligent fashion. Each agent adapts to the spatial and temporal regularities of its local context thanks to a combination of machine learning techniques inspired by ecological models: evolutionary adaptation with local selection, reinforcement learning and selective query expansion by internalization of environmental signals, and optional relevance feedback. We evaluate the feasibility and performance of these methods in three domains: a general class of artificial graph environments, a controlled subset of the Web, and (preliminarly) the full Web. Our results suggest that InfoSpiders could take advantage of the starting points provided by search engines, based on global word statistics, and then use linkage topology to guide their search on-line. We show how this approach can complement the current state of the art, especially with respect to the scalability challenge.
Polarization-independent thermooptic phase shifters in silicon-oxynitride waveguides

The effective refractive index of dielectric waveguides can be tuned using the thermooptic effect. In general, the tuning efficiency is polarization-dependent owing to temperature-induced stress in the layers, which causes polarization-dependent loss in optical devices. These stress issues are analyzed and tested for a high-index-contrast waveguide structure based on a silicon-oxynitride core. Experimental results are in agreement with simulations. The relative difference in tuning efficiency for transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarized light can be tuned from -3% to +3% by appropriate waveguide technology control. The optimized thermooptic phase shifters show tuning efficiency differences below 0.25%, which are reproducible from wafer to wafer.
Transcriptional analysis of the bglP gene from Streptococcus mutans

Background: An open reading frame encoding a putative antiterminator protein, LicT, was identified in the genomic sequence of Streptococcus mutans. A potential ribonucleic antitermination (RAT) site to which the LicT protein would potentially bind has been identified immediately adjacent to this open reading frame. The licT gene and RAT site are both located 5' to a betaglucoside PTS regulon previously described in S. mutans that is responsible for esculin utilization in the presence of glucose. It was hypothesized that antitermination is the regulatory mechanism that is responsible for the control of the bglP gene expression, which encodes an esculin-specific PTS enzyme II. Results: To localize the promoter activity associated with the bglP locus, a series of transcriptional lacZ gene fusions was formed on a reporter shuttle vector using various DNA fragments from the bglP promoter region. Subsequent beta-galactosidase assays in S. mutans localized the bglP promoter region and identified putative -35 and -10 promoter elements. Primer extension analysis identified the bglP transcriptional start site. In addition, a terminated bglP transcript formed by transcriptional termination was identified via transcript mapping experiments. Conclusion: The physical location of these genetic elements, the RAT site and the promoter regions, and the identification of a short terminated mRNA support the hypothesis that antitermination regulates the bglP transcript.
Robust free space board-to-board optical interconnect with closed loop MEMS tracking

We present a free-space optical interconnect system capable of dynamic closed-loop optical alignment using a microlens scanner with a proportional integral and derivative controller. Electrostatic microlens scanners based on combdrive actuators are designed and characterized with vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) for adaptive optical beam tracking in the midst of mechanical vibration noise. The microlens scanners are fabricated on silicon-on-insulator wafers with a bulk micromachining process using deep reactive ion etching. We demonstrate dynamic optical beam positioning with a 700 Hz bandwidth and a maximum noise reduction of approximately 40 dB. Eye diagrams with a 1 Gb/s modulation rate are presented to demonstrate the improved optical link in the presence of mechanical noise.
DNA migration mechanism analyses for applications in capillary and microchip electrophoresis

In 2009, electrophoretically driven DNA separations in slab gels and capillaries have the sepia tones of an old-fashioned technology in the eyes of many, even while they remain ubiquitously used, fill a unique niche, and arguably have yet to reach their full potential. For comic relief, what is old becomes new again: agarose slab gel separations are used to prepare DNA samples for "next-gen" sequencing platforms (e.g. the Illumina and 454 machines) - dsDNA molecules within a certain size range are "cut out" of a gel and recovered for subsequent "massively parallel" pyrosequencing. In this review, we give a Barron lab perspective on how our comprehension of DNA migration mechanisms in electrophoresis has evolved, since the first reports of DNA separations by CE ( approximately 1989) until now, 20 years later. Fused-silica capillaries and borosilicate glass and plastic microchips quietly offer increasing capacities for fast (and even "ultra-fast"), efficient DNA separations. While the channel-by-channel scaling of both old and new electrophoresis platforms provides key flexibility, it requires each unique DNA sample to be prepared in its own micro or nanovolume. This Achilles' heel of electrophoresis technologies left an opening through which pooled sample, next-gen DNA sequencing technologies rushed. We shall see, over time, whether sharpening understanding of transitions in DNA migration modes in crosslinked gels, nanogel solutions, and uncrosslinked polymer solutions will allow electrophoretic DNA analysis technologies to flower again. Microchannel electrophoresis, after a quiet period of metamorphosis, may emerge sleeker and more powerful, to claim its own important niche applications.
Long-term dynamics of death rates of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia and improving air quality.

Background The respiratory tract is a major target of exposure to air pollutants, and respiratory diseases are associated with both short- and long-term exposures. We hypothesized that improved air quality in North Carolina was associated with reduced rates of death from respiratory diseases in local populations. Materials and methods We analyzed the trends of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia mortality and changes of the levels of ozone, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10) using monthly data measurements from air-monitoring stations in North Carolina in 1993-2010. The log-linear model was used to evaluate associations between air-pollutant levels and age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 of population) calculated for 5-year age-groups and for standard 2000 North Carolina population. The studied associations were adjusted by age group-specific smoking prevalence and seasonal fluctuations of disease-specific respiratory deaths. Results Decline in emphysema deaths was associated with decreasing levels of SO2 and CO in the air, decline in asthma deaths-with lower SO2, CO, and PM10 levels, and decline in pneumonia deaths-with lower levels of SO2. Sensitivity analyses were performed to study potential effects of the change from International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 to ICD-10 codes, the effects of air pollutants on mortality during summer and winter, the impact of approach when only the underlying causes of deaths were used, and when mortality and air-quality data were analyzed on the county level. In each case, the results of sensitivity analyses demonstrated stability. The importance of analysis of pneumonia as an underlying cause of death was also highlighted. Conclusion Significant associations were observed between decreasing death rates of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia and decreases in levels of ambient air pollutants in North Carolina.
The Staphylococcus aureus lrgAB Operon Modulates Murein Hydrolase Activity and Penicillin Tolerance

Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that the Staphylococcus aureus LytSR two-component regulatory system affects murein hydrolase activity and autolysis. A LytSR-regulated dicistronic operon has also been identified and shown to encode two potential membrane-associated proteins, designated LrgA and LrgB, hypothesized to be involved in the control of murein hydrolase activity. In the present study, a lrgAB mutant strain was generated and analyzed to test this hypothesis. Zymographic and quantitative analysis of murein hydrolase activity revealed that the lrgAB mutant produced increased extracellular murein hydrolase activity compared to that of the wild-type strain. Complementation of the lrgAB defect by providing the lrgAB genes in trans restored the wild-type phenotype, indicating that these genes confer negative control on extracellular murein hydrolase activity. In addition to these effects, the influence of the lrgAB mutation on penicillin-induced lysis and killing was examined. These studies demonstrated that the lrgAB mutation enhanced penicillin-induced killing of cells approaching the stationary phase of growth, the time at which the lrgAB operon was shown to be maximally expressed. This effect of the lrgAB mutation on penicillin-induced killing was shown to be independent of cell lysis. In contrast, the lrgAB mutation did not affect penicillin-induced killing of cells growing in early-exponential phase, a time in which lrgAB expression was shown to be minimal. However, expression of the lrgAB operon in early-exponential-phase cells inhibited penicillin-induced killing, again independent of cell lysis. The data generated by this study suggest that penicillin-induced killing of S. aureus involves a novel regulator of murein hydrolase activity.
The Impact of Compliance in Posttreatment Surveillance in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Importance Posttreatment surveillance (PTS) is a key component in the treatment of patients with head and neck cancer. It is unclear how beneficial this is in improving patients’ survival. Objective To determine how compliance with follow-up affects clinical outcomes in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a retrospective cohort study at a tertiary academic center of a total of 332 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma who had completed both treatment and follow-up at the University of Kansas Medical Center. Patient and tumor characteristics, socioeconomic status, and geographic data were collected. Exposures Compliance with PTS. Main Outcomes and Measures The effect of compliance with PTS on overall survival. Results Compliance with PTS, US Census tract income level, and the distance patients travel for follow-up had significant effects on survival ( P = .001, P = .001, and P = .01, respectively). Cox proportional hazard models revealed that more advanced disease (hazard ratio [HR], 1.76 [95% CI, 1.21-2.58]; P = .003), middle (HR, 1.64 [95% CI, 1.13-2.39]; P = .009) and moderate (HR, 1.90 [95% CI, 1.18-3.06]; P = .008) census tract income level, and age (HR, 1.03 [95% CI, 1.01-1.04]; P P = .003), as well as the distance a patient lived from the medical center ( P = .008). Conclusions and Relevance Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were significantly more likely to survive with completion of follow-up and tobacco cessation. Compliance with PTS was associated with smoking cessation and traveling less than 200 miles for follow-up.
How Should China Respond to Online Piracy of Live Sports Telecasts? A Comparative Study of Chinese Copyright Legislation to U.S. and European Legislation

This article is the first to examine the copyrightability of sports telecasts in China, and to compare the Chinese experience with the treatment of sports telecasts the U.S. and Europe. Despite the huge success that China achieved in combating unauthorized retransmission of sports telecasts over the internet during the 2008 Summer Beijing Olympic Games, the issue of whether the Chinese copyright regime affords legal protection for live sports telecasts over the internet still remains to be clarified. Drawing on the author’s direct personal experience working on the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games project, Prof. Song addresses problems and uncertainty under the existing PRC copyright law with respect to protection of sports telecasts, and then propose a number of recommendations to be considered in the future legislative reform.
“I am more productive in the library because it’s quiet”: Commuter students in the college library

This article discusses commuter students’ experiences with the academic library, drawn from a qualitative study at the City University of New York. Undergraduates at six community and baccalaureate colleges were interviewed to explore how they fit schoolwork into their days, and the challenges and opportunities they encountered. Students identified physical and environmental features that informed their ability to successfully engage in academic work in the library. They valued the library as a distraction-free place for academic work, in contrast to the constraints they experienced in other places—including in their homes and on the commute.
Long-Term Occupational Exposure to DDT

The hepatic effects of long-term occupational exposure to high levels of DDT were investigated. Workers exposed to equivalent oral intakes of 3.6 to 18 mg daily for periods averaging 21 years were studied. Based on the findings of extensive medical inquiries, liver function tests, and DDT serum levels, no evidence of hepatic disease or liver function abnormalities was detected.
Experimental Techniques of Measuring Vibratory Force for Aircraft Wings

The authors measured the vibratory forces acting on an airfoil model by performing a ground vibration test (GVT). The airfoil model was manufactured using rapid prototyping. In the experiments, the airfoil model's structural response was also recorded and described. This paper detailedly introduces the entire experiment process and the obtained experimental data agreed well to the actual values.
A testbed to simulate and analyze resilient cyber-physical systems

This paper describes a testbed for development, deployment, testing, and analysis of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) applications. The testbed incorporates smart network hardware, allowing high-fidelity emulation of CPS network characteristics, and CPS simulation environments to enable high-frequency sensor reading, actuator control and physical environmental changes. We discuss the architecture of this testbed and present the types of experiments and applications which can be run to study hardware and software fault tolerance, software reconfiguration, and system stability characteristics in distributed real-time embedded systems. We also describe the scalability, limitations, and potential extensions to this testbed.
The Effect of Change of Scale on Curvature

(1923). The Effect of Change of Scale on Curvature. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 22-26.
Influence of composted tobacco waste and farmyard manure applications on the yield and nutrient composition of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata)

The use of organic wastes in agriculture, forestry and land reclamation has been increasingly identified as an important issue for soil fertility, soil conservation and residue disposal. Using organic wastes in agriculture helps not only to dispose these materials economi­cally, but also reduces negative effects on the envi­ronment. In the present study, composted tobacco waste (CTW) combined with farmyard manure (FM) at different ratios was applied to Typic Xerofluvent soil, and the influence of these amendments on the yield and nutrient composition of butter head letttuce ( Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) were investigated. The experiment was conducted in 18 parcels in a randomized-block design with three replications at the Agriculture Faculty’s Research Farm of Ege University in Menemen plain, in the Western Anatolia Region of Turkey (38°58′35.51″-38°58′36.03″N; 27°03′84.56″-27°03′89.81″E). Organic materials were applied to the soil after composting. The treatments were (1) control, (2) 12.5 t ha -1 FM + 37.5 t ha -1 CTW, (3) 25 t ha -1 FM + 25 t ha -1 CTW, (4) 50 t ha -1 FM, (5) 50 t ha -1 CTW, and (6) 37.5 t ha -1 FM + 12.5 t ha -1 CTW. The maximum yield was obtained during the 1st vegetation period (62,7 t ha -1 ) in the 100 % CTW application. On account of the 2nd vegetation period’s coinciding with winter and the coldness of the months December, January and February, there happened a slowdown in the lettuce yield. The highest total yield of lettuce in both vegetation periods (102.7 t ha -1 ) was determined in 100% CTW application parcels. The lower lettuce yields were determined in the control parcels. CTW and FM applications raised N, P, K Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn and Mn contents of the lettuce. According to the results obtained, it can be said that CTW can be used in agricultural fields just like FM.
Toward a Tunable Fibrous Scaffold: Structural Development during Uniaxial Drawing of Coextruded Poly(ε-caprolactone) Fibers

A continuous fibrous composite tape of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) was produced using novel multilayer coextrusion fiber manufacturing. A three-step washing process was utilized to remove the PEO matrix, resulting in a PCL fiber mat (>99 wt %). Synchrotron X-ray radiation was utilized to determine the optimized postprocessing uniaxial drawing conditions to achieve efficient crystalline orientation. An examination of small-/wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) revealed two regimes in the uniaxial drawing process; at DR 5, amorphous chain alignment kinetics were dominant. Uniaxial drawing was shown to be an effective tool for tuning individual fiber size from 2.6 ± 0.6 μm by 1.6 ± 0.4 μm in the as-extruded state to 0.31 ± 0.05 μm by 0.13 ± 0.02 μm in the oriented state, while increasing specific surface area 3.5-fold. The elastic modulus and tensile strength of the PCL fiber mat were also increased by a facto...
A Urban Fire Risk Cluster Analysis Based on the Principal Component Analysis

This paper uses the principal component analysis to determine the urban fire comprehensive risk value of each index.Based on the principal component analysis results,the urban fire risk is classified through the k-means clustering algorithm.Using the fire statistics results as an example,the comprehensive fire risk value of city fire statistical index is determined.The fire risk of 13 Beijing main urban areas is clustering in different areas,and the fire risk of built-up area of Beijing municipality is clustering in different time domains.Based on these,the fire risk is automatically classified.The fire risk in different areas and time domains can provide reasonable reference resources for the fire department to arrange fire power and duty combat readiness.
Embryo cryopreservation in cynomolgus monkeys.

An improved knowledge of cryopreservation of primate embryos will have important research and clinical application. Fifty-six 4- to 8-cell in vitro fertilized embryos were frozen in HEPES-buffered Tyrode's solution containing 1.5M dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and cooled at the rate of 0.3°C/minute to −39°C before being transferred into liquid nitrogen. Embryos were rapidly thawed at room temperature for 2 minutes. DMSO was diluted with medium in three steps at 5-minute intervals. Of the 56 embryos, 39 (70%) were classified as viable on the basis of surviving the freezing process with > 50% of their blastomeres intact. Twelve of the 39 embryos were cultured overnight, and 11 cleaved at least once. Twenty-five embryos were transferred to nine synchronized, unstimulated recipient monkeys 24 to 48 hours after ovulation. Three pregnancies (33.3%) resulted from the nine transfers.
Service Delivery Resource Management Using a Socially Enhanced Resource Model

Executing knowledge-intensive business processes often requires knowledge workers to collaborate effectively on complex activities. Social network analysis is increasingly being applied to understand the underlying interaction patterns between teams and foster meaningful collaboration. The social positions of workers in such networks can be identified and used to assist effective collaboration. Resource synergies are another important factor considered during team formulation. In this chapter, we present a novel resource model that incorporates the concept of communities, social positions, and resource synergies together. We demonstrate our model and approach through real industry processes - IT incident management and software development projects. This resource model can be used to accelerate the collaboration between work groups by dedicating a collaborative unit to each incoming incident during incident resolution. For software development projects, this extended resource model can be used to formulate a synergetic team to handle tasks with a complex dependency structure.
Cautionary Notes on Assessment of Understanding Science Concepts and Nature of Science

Publisher Summary This chapter identifies some ideas, including cautionary notes, on assessment that should be considered by those interested in translating school science standards into measures that can be used by classroom teachers and others to assess student understanding of science concepts and the nature of science itself. In school science, one of the difficulties of equating understanding to problem solving is to know when a problem is really a problem, rather than a recall-of-algorithm exercise for a given student. Conceptual understanding in science involves more than algorithmic expertise. The main assumption behind concept mapping as an assessment tool is that expertise or understanding can be assessed by asking a person to construct a map by relating concepts in a hierarchical structure using propositional statements such as is regulated by and results in as the links or connections. Problem solving and concept mapping represent important kinds of tests or assessment tools for judging how well someone understands science concepts. Each tool seems to tap an important feature of what it means to understand, although it is clear that problem solving is seen by most scientists and members of Nobel Prize committees as the ultimate test.
A Comprehensive Systems Biology Approach to Studying Zika Virus.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is responsible for an ongoing and intensifying epidemic in the Western Hemisphere. We examined the complete predicted proteomes, glycomes, and selectomes of 33 ZIKV strains representing temporally diverse members of the African lineage, the Asian lineage, and the current outbreak in the Americas. Derivation of the complete selectome is an ‘omics’ approach to identify distinct evolutionary pressures acting on different features of an organism. Employment of the M8 model did not show evidence of global diversifying selection acting on the ZIKV polyprotein; however, a mixed effect model of evolution showed strong evidence (P<0.05) for episodic diversifying selection acting on specific sites. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were predictably frequent across strains relative to the derived consensus sequence. None of the 9 published detection procedures utilize targets that share 100% identity across the 33 strains examined, indicating that ZIKV escape from molecular detection is predictable. The predicted O-linked glycome showed marked diversity across strains; however, the N-linked glycome was highly stable. All Asian and American strains examined were predicted to include glycosylation of E protein ASN154, a modification proposed to mediate neurotropism, whereas the modification was not predicted for African strains. SNP diversity, episodic diversifying selection, and differential glycosylation, particularly of ASN154, may have major biological implications for ZIKV disease. Taken together, the systems biology perspective of ZIKV indicates: a.) The recently emergent Asian/American N-glycotype is mediating the new and emerging neuropathogenic potential of ZIKV; and b.) further divergence at specific sites is predictable as endemnicity is established in the Americas.
Pastor–Parishioner Communication

The proliferation of religious organizations in the United States and the high levels of participation in them present a rich context for studying interpersonal communication, particularly between clergy and congregational members. Research and theories from organizational and interpersonal communication have been used to analyze religious organizations since the 1970s. However, the literature is dispersed across the fields of sociology, religion, pastoral and social psychology, healthcare, and communication, and ranges in scope from the intrapersonal (clergy traits and skills) to the organizational (church conflict, organizational fit). This entry surveys three dyadic processes that affect relationship quality and outcomes between clergy and congregational members: pastoral role expectations, social interactions, and organizational conflict. Keywords: conflict; gender; interpersonal communication; leadership; religion
Synthesis and characterization of triply-bonded titanium-iron complexes supported by 2-(diphenylphosphino)pyrrolide ligands

Abstract The synthesis of several titanium-iron multiply bonded complexes supported by a 2-(diphenylphosphino)pyrrolide (NP) ligand is reported. Treatment of the homoleptic, 8-coordinate Ti(NP)4 monometallic precursors with FeCl2 and KC8 yielded the tetragonally-symmetric heterobimetallic complex Ti(μ2-NP)4Fe, 2. X-ray crystallographic analysis reveals a short metal-metal distance (2.021(2) and 2.028(2) A for two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit) consistent with a Fe-Ti triple bond. Theoretical calculations also indicate 3 bonding interactions. Further reduction of 2 by 2 electrons with KC8 results in the isolation of the dianion, [K2][(κ1-NP)Ti(μ2-NP)3Fe], 3, where one phosphine arm has decoordinated from Fe, and the Fe-Ti triple bond has shortened to 1.9474(7) A. This shortening results from the local ligand field change about Fe from tetragonal to trigonal, which allows for significantly better orbital overlap with Ti.
Distributed token circulation on mobile ad hoc networks

This paper presents several distributed algorithms that cause a token to continually circulate through all the nodes of a mobile ad hoc network. An important application of such algorithms is to ensure total order of message delivery in a group communication service. Some of the proposed algorithms are aware of, and adapt to changes in, the ad hoc network topology. When using a token circulation algorithm, a round is, said to complete when every node has been visited at least once. Criteria for comparing the algorithms include the average time required to complete a round, number of bytes sent per round, and number of nodes visited per round. Comparison between the proposed algorithms is performed using simulation results obtained from a detailed simulation model (with ns-2 simulator).
Communicating Science Concepts to Individuals with Visual Impairments Using Short Learning Modules

Of the 6.7 million individuals in the United States who are visually impaired, 63% are unemployed, and 59% have not attained an education beyond a high school diploma. Providing a basic science education to children and adults with visual disabilities can be challenging because most scientific learning relies on visual demonstrations. Creating resources to help teachers and service organizations better communicate science is thus critical both to the education of sighted students as well as to the continuing education of individuals with blindness or low vision (BLV). Here, 4 new scientific learning activities that last 5–15 min each are described. These simple exercises are designed to educate the general public, including both those who are sighted and those with BLV. The modules use tactile and auditory approaches to convey basic concepts including the metric system, material strength and deformation, transparency, and the electromagnetic spectrum. These modules were tested on 20 adults with BLV during...