cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preoperative hyponatremia in women with ovarian cancer: An additional cause for concern?

Abstract Objective To determine if preoperative hyponatremia in women with ovarian, fallopian tube (FT), and primary peritoneal cancers (PPC) is associated with postoperative complications. Methods We performed a retrospective population-based cohort study of women with a postoperative diagnosis of ovarian, FT, or PPC who had a cytoreductive procedure in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database from 2005 to 2013. The primary exposure, preoperative sodium, was classified as normal (135mEq/L–142mEq/L) or hyponatremic (≤134mEq/L). Where appropriate, preoperative characteristics were compared with Chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results 4009 subjects met inclusion criteria. Thirty day mortality was higher in the hyponatremic group compared to the normal serum sodium group (3.56% vs 1.18%). When patients of any age were noted to have at least two pertinent preoperative lab abnormalities, including hyponatremia, there was an increased risk of postoperative complications for patients over the age of 65 (Table 3). After adjusting for serum albumin and other confounders, preoperative hyponatremia was associated with an increased risk of hospital stay of >14days (aOR 1.69; 95% CI 1.11–2.57) and 30day postoperative mortality (aOR 2.37; 95% CI 1.13–4.98). Conclusions Hyponatremia is associated with postoperative 30day mortality and morbidity in women with ovarian, FT, and PPC. Serum sodium in conjunction with other markers may have the potential to identify candidates for neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Additional work is needed to determine if correction of hyponatremia in the preoperative period alters outcomes.
Interpretation of Kinetic Isotope Effects in Enzymatic Cleavage of Carbon-Hydrogen Bonds

A model is presented which relates kinetic isotope effects and their temperature dependence to physical parameters governing enzymatic carbon–hydrogen cleavage, a reaction that typically exhibits a large isotope effect indicative of tunneling. The model aims to replace the Arrhenius equation, which is not valid for tunneling reactions, and the one-dimensional Bell model, which excludes skeletal vibrations. Cast in the form of three user-friendly analytical equations, it applies directly to the observed rate constants and effective activation energies, for both adiabatic and nonadiabatic hydrogen transfer. The approach has the dual aim of establishing criteria to probe whether a set of data can be assigned to a single rate-limiting tunneling step and to find numerical values for the proton or hydrogen transfer distance and for properties of the tunneling mode as well as skeletal modes involved in this step. It is applied to several enzymatic (model) reactions, including free-radical reactions catalyzed by cofactor B12 and phenylalanine hydroxylase, and electron-assisted proton-transfer reactions catalyzed by soybean lipoxygenase-1 and methylamine dehydrogenase.
Safety of Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Clustering Algorithm

Clustering approaches for mobile wireless sensor networks (WSNs) tend to extend the battery life of the individual sensors and the network lifetime. Taking into account the mobility of the network, a powerful mechanism to safely elect a cluster head is a challenging task in many research works. As a proposed technique to deal with such problem, the approach based on the computing of the weight of each node in the network is chosen. This paper is intended to propose a new algorithm called â€œS-WCAâ€ for safety of mobile sensor networks based on clustering algorithm using a combination of five metrics. Among these metrics lies the behavioral level metric which promotes a safe choice of a cluster head in the sense where this last one will never be a malicious node. Moreover, a summary of the highlight of the authors' work is provided in a comprehensive strategy for monitoring the network, so as to detect and remove the malicious nodes. Simulation study is used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Increased Bone Marrow Plasma Cell Infiltration Pre-Transplant Is Associated with Worse Outcomes in Patients Undergoing High Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma,

Abstract 4135 Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common adult hematologic malignancy. High dose chemotherapy (HDC) and autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT) have become the standard of care for eligible patients. Though the impact of bone marrow (BM) plasma cell (PC) percentage has been explored in the post-SCT setting, its role before SCT is not yet known We performed a retrospective review of 1826 MM pts who underwent HDC and auto-SCT at our institution from 7/8/98 – 12/31/2010. We further identified patients who had post-induction, pre-SCT BM biopsy information available. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those with 1489 pts were studied, 605 female and 884 male. Patient characteristics are detailed in Table 1. Median time from diagnosis to auto-SCT was 247 days (range 45–7895). 1299 (87%) patients underwent auto-SCT after 2000. Nearly all patients received melphalan-based conditioning. 1174 patients had 10% involvement. The details of best responses before and after auto-SCT are also listed in Table 1. For patients in the PC low group, 32% had a CR, 20% had a VGPR, 31% had a PR, 13% had Extensive BM infiltration by PCs before auto-SCT is associated with a worse outcome in patients treated with HDC and auto-SCT. This finding persists when looking specifically at patients with a PR before auto-SCT. Thus, BM disease burden may further assist us in stratifying patients with a PR and may warrant further disease reduction before stem cell collection. Additionally, the differences between PC high and PC low groups are maintained in the modern era, despite the availability of several new salvage agents over the last 10 years. Further prospective study is warranted to determine the true impact of PC infiltration in the BM. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Shift Work and Diabetes: A Cause for Concern

An estimated 15-20% of adults in US and Europe work outside the traditional daytime schedule [1,2]. For these workers, the reasons for choosing shift work are varied and pragmatic. These include personal choice, nature or availability of job, financial obligations, school duties and other family or childcare responsibilities [2,3]. However they could be susceptible to higher rates of chronic diseases, including diabetes [4].
Studies on iron metabolism. V. Further observations on cow's milk-induced gastrointestinal bleeding in infants with iron-deficiency anemia.

By means of a sensitive radioisotopic, technique and alternating periods of controlled diet, 17 of 34 infants with iron-deficiency anemia were shown to have abnormal occult gastrointestinal blood loss which was induced by whole cow's milk (WCM), commonly associated with hypoproteinemia, and was ameliorated or, stopped by substitution of soya or proprietary milk formulas for the cow's milk feeding. In eight subjects the WCM-induced bleeding did not diminish despite iron therapy so long as WCM was ingested. Limited studies directly implicated bovine serum protein as a probable inciting agent and also demonstrated a correlation between the amount of milk ingested and the degree of bleeding. Follow-up studies on four of the subjects with previous WCM-induced bleeding suggest that the phenomenon may be transient, occurring in infancy, and likely related to development of gastrointestinal immunity. The relative incidence of such WCM-related hemorrhage has not been established, but in our over-all experience it appears to occur in approximately half of young children with iron-deficiency anemia who are ingesting a quart or more of homogenized-pasteurized cow's milk daily.
A View from the Top

Hatcher interviews political and religious elites in Britain for their perspectives on the differences between the politics of American and British Evangelicals. Their explanations center on institutional and cultural factors. For example, some suggest the Established Church placates political demands among Christians in Britain. Others point to a closed, London -centric, political system that limits access to individuals and groups. These explanations can be countered by the fact that the Established Church is a part of the political system and can offer ready access to Evangelicals (especially those Anglicans ), if they are willing. The most intriguing reason is that the political ambitions of Evangelicals are bound by British norms of civic engagement—to be politicized it would be “un-British.”
Hydrodynamic Coefficients of Heave Plates, With Application to Wave Energy Conversion

Wave energy converters (WECs) often employ submerged heave plates to provide reaction forces at depths below the level of wave motion. Here, two sets of heave plate experiments are described, at varying scale. First, the Oscillator uses a linear actuator to force laboratory scale (30.5-cm diameter) heave plates in sinusoidal motion. Second, the miniWEC buoy uses vessel wakes to force field scale (1.5-m diameter) heave plates in open water with realistic energy conversion (damping). The motion and forces are analyzed using the Morison equation, in which the hydrodynamic coefficients of added mass $C_M$ and drag $C_D$ are determined for each set of Oscillator and miniWEC experiments. Results show strong intracycle variations in these coefficients, yet constant hydrodynamic coefficients provide a reasonable reconstruction of the time series data. The two test scales are examined relative to the Keulegan–Carpenter number ( $\text{KC}$ ), Reynold's number ( $Re$ ), and Beta number ( $\beta$ ). The effects of asymmetric shape on hydrodynamic performance are found to be small.
Considering Epigenetics in Adverse Outcome Pathways

While the concept of epigenetics was first recognized in the 1940s, appreciation for the potential of epigenetic change to be either the molecular initiating event or a key event underlying a phenotypic adverse outcome is much more recent. Now it is well established that epigenetic transcriptional regulatory processes are critical both during normal development and disease progression. Environmental factors that act epigenetically during key developmental stages can cause irreversible changes in gene expression, tissue structure or function and increase the risk of developing adult disease. Furthermore, certain epigenetic consequences (e.g. DNA methylation status) can be passed between generations impacting offspring that were not ever exposed to the stressor. To date, the incorporation of epigenetic events into adverse outcome pathways is limited by incomplete understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying epigenetic regulation of gene transcription and how that is conserved, however advances are being made very quickly in the field.
MEMS Resonant Mass Sensor With Integrated Optical Manipulation

We investigate optical manipulation of particles in fluid as a viable method to achieve better experimental fidelity and extend the application of integrated-fluidic resonant-mass sensing. Fluctuations in sample position or trajectory can lead to measurement error, thereby degrading the resolution with which these devices can accurately characterize mass. Optical trapping offers precise location control in such fluidic environments and can define and fix position to mitigate variability, but requires a novel approach to design, fabrication, and biological viability concerns. Optical considerations are especially imperative when working with biological cells, organic matter, or other materials adversely affected by imposing high intensity laser light, and mandate the use of a photonic-crystal structure. Given these requirements, this letter details a design and fabrication approach embodied by unique devices that demonstrate compatibility with optical trapping and mass sensing. Accordingly, the effects of optical manipulation on the measurement are disclosed, toward long-term biological mass monitoring and sensing. Ultimately, precise measurement of singular cell mass could answer many fundamental biological questions, with implications in cell biology, pharmacology, and medicine.
A call for more science in forensic science

Forensic science is critical to the administration of justice. The discipline of forensic science is remarkably complex and includes methodologies ranging from DNA analysis to chemical composition to pattern recognition. Many forensic practices developed under the auspices of law enforcement and were vetted primarily by the legal system rather than being subjected to scientific scrutiny and empirical testing. Beginning in the 1990s, exonerations based on DNA-related methods revealed problems with some forensic disciplines, leading to calls for major reforms. This process generated a National Academy of Science report in 2009 that was highly critical of many forensic practices and eventually led to the establishment of the National Commission for Forensic Science (NCFS) in 2013. The NCFS was a deliberative body that catalyzed communication between nonforensic scientists, forensic scientists, and other stakeholders in the legal community. In 2017, despite continuing problems with forensic science, the Department of Justice terminated the NCFS. Just when forensic science needs the most support, it is getting the least. We urge the larger scientific community to come to the aid of our forensic colleagues by advocating for urgently needed research, testing, and financial support.
Endoscopic Management of Ureteroceles and Syringoceles

There are several options for surgical management of ureteroceles, and current management involves a selective approach. This chapter will focus on the indications for endoscopic treatment of ureteroceles. The techniques used for endoscopic management are highlighted in the chapter and accompanying video as well as the necessary instruments and tools for pediatric endoscopy. Key points for endoscopic management of ureteroceles in infants and children to avoid complications and comorbidities are noted. Finally, the endoscopic management of syringoceles will be similarly addressed.
Lexical borrowing and deborrowing in Spanish in New York City: Towards a synthesis of the social correlates of lexical use and diffusion in immigrant contexts

Lexical Borrowing and Deborrowing in Spanish in New York City provides a sociodemographic portrait of lexical borrowing in Spanish in New York City. The volume offers new and important insights into research on lexical borrowing. In particular, it presents empirical data obtained through quantitative analysis to answer the question of who is most likely to use English lexical borrowings while speaking Spanish, to address the impact that English has on Spanish as spoken in the city and to identify the social factors that contribute to language change. The book also provides an empirical, corpus-based-approach to distinguishing between borrowing and other contact phenomena, such as codeswitching, which will be of interest to scholars of language contact and bilingualism.
Spatial Reasoning: A Critical Problem-Solving Tool in Children’s Mathematics Strategy Tool-Kit

This chapter reviews the spatial literature from the perspective of potential mechanisms for widening the range of spatially-based strategies available when solving math problems. We propose that teaching generalized spatial skills, disconnected from specific math content, may not be the best direction to go in future spatial interventions. Students who do not start out with strong spatial skills may need to learn to develop different types of “spatial sense” specific to each content area. Thus, acquiring and applying spatial strategies may depend in part on developing spatial sense within these specific math domains. In this chapter, we present an overview of evidence for different types of spatial sense that may serve as a prerequisite for effectively applying spatial strategies within these math content areas. The chapter also provides examples of math activities designed to help children acquire spatial sense and apply spatial strategies when solving diverse types of math problems.
A study of psychological sense of community as a mediator between supportive social systems, school belongingness, and outcome behaviors among urban high school students of color.

Psychological sense of community (SOC) has been examined minimally among the youth of color, and as a mediating variable, as well as construct implicated in promoting wellness. Using data from a sample of 401 students of color (M age = 16.55, standard deviation = 1.31; 54.7% female; 57% Hispanic/Latina[o]) from an underserved northeastern US urban community, we examined the mediating relationship of psychological SOC between social support, participation in youth-based community programs, and outcomes including school belongingness, risk behaviors such as substance use and violent behavior, and psychological symptoms, including depression. Results indicated that access to social supports and youth-based community programs was negatively associated with risk behaviors and experiencing depressive symptoms, through both psychological SOC and school belongingness. Implications include the need for community-based activities for youth that not only foster support but encourage a positive psychological SOC and in-turn offset negative developmental trajectories and risk behaviors.
Identification of novel neuroprotective loci modulating ischemic stroke volume in a cross between wild-derived inbred mouse strains

To identify genes involved in cerebral infarction we have employed a forward genetic approach using quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for cerebral infarct volume after middle cerebral artery occlusion, using common inbred mouse strains. This work has demonstrated that infarct volume is inversely correlated with cerebral collateral vessel density, since the collateral circulation provides a compensatory shunt for reperfusion of the ischemic territory. To overcome the limited genetic diversity among domesticated inbred mouse strains, we have expanded the pool of allelic variation by utilizing the eight parental strains of the Collaborative Cross. We found that one wild-derived strain, WSB/EiJ, breaks general rule that collateral vessel density inversely correlates with infarct volume. WSB/EiJ and another wild-derived strain, CAST/EiJ, show the highest collateral vessel densities of any inbred strain, but infarct volume of WSB/EiJ is 8.7-fold larger than CAST/EiJ. QTL mapping between these strains identified 4 new neuroprotective loci modulating cerebral infarct volume while not affecting collateral vessel phenotypes. To identify causative variants in genes within the loci, we surveyed non-synonymous coding SNPs between the strains and also performed RNA sequencing of brain tissue to determine strain-specific gene expression differences. Combining the lists of genes harboring coding SNPs predicted to be damaging with genes showing strain-specific expression differences leaves only 15 genes mapping in any of the four intervals. The identification of the genes underlying these neuroprotective loci will provide new understanding of genetic risk factors of ischemic stroke which may provide novel targets for future therapeutic intervention of human ischemic stroke.
Pyrus: Designing A Collaborative Programming Game to Promote Problem Solving Behaviors

While problem solving is a crucial aspect of programming, few learning opportunities in computer science focus on teaching problem-solving skills like planning. In this paper, we present Pyrus, a collaborative game designed to encourage novices to plan in advance while programming. Through Pyrus, we explore a new approach to designing educational games we call behavior-centered game design, in which designers first identify behaviors that learners should practice to reach desired learning goals and then select game mechanics that incentivize those behaviors. Pyrus leverages game mechanics like a failure condition, distributed resources, and enforced turn-taking to encourage players to plan and collaborate. In a within-subjects user study, we found that pairs of novices spent more time planning and collaborated more equally when solving problems in Pyrus than in pair programming. These findings show that game mechanics can be used to promote desirable learning behaviors like planning in advance, and suggest that our behavior-centered approach to educational game design warrants further study.
Endoscopy-related musculoskeletal injuries in gastroenterology fellows.

Background and study aims Gastroenterologists are at high risk for work-related musculoskeletal injuries. Studies have shown that 37 % to 89 % of endoscopists have work-related musculoskeletal injuries. While all surveys until now have focused on practicing endoscopists, there have been no publications assessing the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries among gastrointerology fellows, which we sought to investigate. Methods A 22-question survey about ergonomics and work-related musculoskeletal injuries was sent to 114 gastroenterology fellows in different programs across the United States in June 2016, and an additional 103 surveys were distributed at Digestive Disease Week in May 2017. Responses were collected, and data were analyzed. Results A total of 156 surveys were collected. Of these, 74 fellows (47 %) reported a new musculoskeletal injury related to endoscopy. Injuries occurred mostly in the first year of fellowship (85 %, P Conclusion Musculoskeletal injuries related to endoscopy are very common among gastroenterology fellows, particularly during the first year of fellowship. While the overall percentage of fellows who received training in ergonomics was low, those who did receive training were less like to report a musculoskeletal injury. There is an urgent need for ergonomics training among Gastroenterology fellows.
Quantifying the Information Gained from Extra-Network Stimuli: An Experiment on Social Coordination

Humans process a wide range of social stimuli that are associated with actors outside of an individual’s ego network. Can these extra- network stimuli carry information that alters receipts’ behavi...
Mismatch between sample diluent and eluent: Maintaining integrity of gradient peaks using in silico approaches

Abstract The mismatch of elution strength between the sample diluent and the eluent causes undesirable peak deformations for large sample volumes in gradient liquid chromatography. The solution to that problem consists in diluting the sample solution in a weak solvent. But the minimum dilution factor has to be determined by the user given some performance objectives. In silico approaches are applied in this work to find such adequate dilution factors. Two calculations methods are proposed for the prediction of peak distortions. The first comprehensive method is based on solving numerically the mass balance equations for all the analytes and the strong solvent. An excellent agreement between the experimental and the calculated gradient chromatograms is observed (sample diluent: acetonitrile/water, 50/50, v/v; injection volume: 15 μL; linear gradient: 5%–95% acetonitrile during 3 min) for five compounds (acetanilide, coumarin, benzoin, bi-naphthol, and dibutylphthalate) injected into a 2.1 × 50 mm column packed with 1.7 μm XBridge-C18 particles. This first method happens to be highly time-consuming and impractical for common users. Experimental work and calculation times are then minimized by applying a second method based on the basics of retention and dispersion of injected pulses. Despite being less accurate than the first method, the agreement between the experimental and calculated peak width remains physically meaningful allowing the experimenter to rapidly guess the required sample dilution factor for any combination of injected volume and strong solvent concentration in the sample solution.
Tailoring Hot Exciton Dynamics in 2D Hybrid Perovskites through Cation Modification.

We report a family of two-dimensional hybrid perovskites (2DHPs) based on phenethylammonium lead iodide ((PEA)2PbI4) that show complex structure in their low-temperature excitonic absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra as well as hot exciton PL. We replace the 2-position (ortho) H on the phenyl group of the PEA cation with F, Cl, or Br to systematically increase the cation’s cross-sectional area and mass and study changes in the excitonic structure. These single atom substitutions substantially change the observable number of and spacing between discrete resonances in the excitonic absorption and PL spectra and drastically increase the amount of hot exciton PL that violates Kasha’s rule by over an order of magnitude. To fit the progressively larger cations, the inorganic framework distorts and is strained, reducing the Pb–I–Pb bond angles and increasing the 2DHP band gap. Correlation between the 2DHP structure and steady-state and time-resolved spectra suggests the complex structure of resonances arises from one or two manifolds of states, depending on the 2DHP Pb–I–Pb bond angle (as)­symmetry, and the resonances within a manifold are regularly spaced with an energy separation that decreases as the mass of the cation increases. The uniform separation between resonances and the dynamics that show excitons can only relax to the next-lowest state are consistent with a vibronic progression caused by a vibrational mode on the cation. These results demonstrate that simple changes to the cation can be used to tailor the properties and dynamics of the confined excitons without directly modifying the inorganic framework.
Chapter Nine – Meristics

Meristic features are countable structures of fishes such as fin spines and rays, gill rakers, lateral line scales, and branchiostegal rays. Meristic counts are partially determined by environmental conditions during egg and larval development, so variations in meristic counts can indicate some degree of geographic separation between populations during early life stages, which is informative for stock identification. Meristics are relatively easy to sample and analyze, making them a common starting point for stock discrimination studies. An overview of meristic analysis is presented in this chapter, and examples of the utility of meristics in stock identification are provided through a review of several case studies.
Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Furfural from Water by Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents: Improvement of Density Function Theory Modeling with Experimental Validations.

This study outlines the methodology to model hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (HDES) interactions to obtain computational results that accurately represent experimental results of furfural removal...
Infrared milk analyzers: Milk urea nitrogen calibration

Our first objective was to redesign a modified 14-sample milk calibration sample set to obtain a well-distributed range of milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentrations while maintaining orthogonality with variation in fat, protein, and lactose concentration. Our second objective was to determine the within- and between-laboratory variation in the enzymatic spectrophotometric method on the modified milk calibration samples and degree of uncertainty in MUN reference values, and then use the modified milk calibration samples to evaluate and improve the performance of mid-infrared partial least squares (PLS) models for prediction of MUN concentration in milk. Changes in the modified milk calibration sample formulation and manufacturing procedure were made to achieve the desired range of MUN concentrations. A spectrophotometric enzymatic reference method was used to determine MUN reference values, and the modified milk calibration samples were used to calibrate 3 mid-infrared milk analyzers. The within- and between-laboratory variation in the reference values for MUN were 0.43 and 0.77%, respectively, and the average expanded analytical uncertainty for the mean MUN value of the 14-sample calibration set was (mean ± SD) 16.15 mg/100 g ± 0.09 of milk. After slope and intercept adjustment to achieve a mean difference of zero with the calibration samples, it could be seen that the standard deviation of the differences of predicted versus reference MUN values among 3 different instruments and their PLS models were quite different. The orthogonal sample set was used (1) to determine when a PLS model did not correctly model out the background variation in fat, true protein, or anhydrous lactose; (2) to calculate an intercorrection factor to eliminate that effect, and (3) to improve the model performance (i.e., 50% reduction in standard deviation of the difference between instrument predictions and reference chemistry values for MUN).
Dantrolene repurposed to treat sepsis or septic shock and COVID-19 patients.

OBJECTIVE: Disruption of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis via excessive and pathological Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and/or sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) through ryanodine receptor (RyRs) Ca2+ channels play a critical role in the pathology of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and associated multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in sepsis or septic shock. Dantrolene, a potent inhibitor of RyRs, is expected to ameliorate SIRS and MODS and decrease mortality in sepsis or septic shock patients. This review summarized the potential mechanisms of therapeutic effects of dantrolene in sepsis or septic shock at molecular, cell, and organ levels and provided suggestions and strategies for future clinical studies.
High Genetic Diversity in Predominantly Clonal Populations of the Powdery Mildew Fungus Podosphaera leucotricha from U.S. Apple Orchards.

Apple powdery mildew (APM), caused by Podosphaera leucotricha, is a constant threat to apple production worldwide. Very little is known about the biology and population structure of this pathogen in the United States and other growing regions, which affects APM management. A total of 253 P. leucotricha isolates, sampled from 10 apple orchards in Washington, New York, and Virginia, were genetically characterized with novel single sequence repeat and mating type markers. Eighty-three multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified, most of which were unique to a given orchard. Each isolate carried either a MAT1-1 or a MAT1-2 idiomorph at the mating type locus, indicating that P. leucotricha is heterothallic. Virulence tests on detached apple leaves showed that the 10 most frequent P. leucotricha MLGs were avirulent on a line containing a major resistance gene. Analysis of molecular variance showed significant differentiation (P < 0.001) among populations, a result supported by principal coordinate analysis revealing three genetic groups, each represented by nonoverlapping MLGs from Washington, New York, and Virginia. A Bayesian cluster analysis showed genetic heterogeneity between Washington populations, and a relative migration analysis indicated substantial gene flow among neighboring orchards. Random mating tests indicated that APM epidemics during the active cycle were dominated by clonal reproduction. However, the presence of sexual structures in orchards, the likelihood that five repeated MLGs resulted from sexual reproduction, and high genotypic diversity observed in some populations suggest that sexual spores play some role in APM epidemics. IMPORTANCE Understanding the population biology and epidemiology of plant pathogens is essential to develop effective strategies for controlling plant diseases. Herein, we gathered insights into the population biology of P. leucotricha populations from conventional and organic apple orchards in the United States. We showed genetic heterogeneity between P. leucotricha populations in Washington and structure between populations from different U.S. regions, suggesting that short-distance spore dispersal plays an important role in the disease's epidemiology. We presented evidence that P. leucotricha is heterothallic and that populations likely result from a mixed (i.e., sexual and asexual) reproductive system, revealing that the sexual stage contributes to apple powdery mildew epidemics. We showed that the major resistance gene Pl-1 is valuable for apple breeding because virulent isolates have most likely not emerged yet in U.S. commercial orchards. These results will be important to achieve sustainability of disease management strategies and maintenance of plant health in apple orchards.
Increasing Postpartum Depression Screening in the Pediatric Setting

Statement of Significance Undetected postpartum depression has adverse health effects on both the affected mother and her child. In the context of growing literature supporting universal screening for postpartum depression, this quality improvement project aimed to implement screening within the context of pediatric well child visits. Screening for postpartum depression in the pediatric setting is feasible and can lead to identification of postpartum women in need of further evaluation that might not otherwise garner provider attention. Implementing simultaneous quality improvement processes in two different sites and sharing lessons learned with a broader healthcare network can expedite effective innovation. Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 10-15% of new mothers. The long-term of untreated PPD on both the mother and child are well documented in the literature. Historically, formal screening has not been a standard part of pediatric visits since the focus of the visit is on the infant as the patient. However, the frequent check-ups throughout the first year of life serve as a reliable touchpoint during which screening can be done, and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends screening in this setting. Methods: Two clinics simultaneously aimed to improve the usage of the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale as a screening tool for PPD at the 1-month, 2-month, 4-month, and 6-month well child checks. Clinic A is a pediatrics practice, and clinic B is a combined internal medicine and pediatrics practice. After an initial roll-out period in February 2019, Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles were conducted over a 3-month period (March to May 2019) to determine how to reliably and universally incorporate this screening into all applicable visits in the two different clinic settings. Results: The overall screening rate at clinic A rose from 57% at the beginning of March to 90% at the end of May. Clinic B’s rose from 44% at the beginning of March to 89% at the end of May. With increased screening, there was a rise in both the percentage and the absolute number of women with positive screens. Conclusions: Screening for PPD in the pediatric setting is feasible and can lead to identification of caregivers in need of further evaluation for PPD that might not have otherwise come to provider attention. Implementing simultaneous quality improvement processes in different sites and sharing findings with a broader healthcare network can expedite effective innovation.
Films at the fault line of ‘deep’ and ‘bright’ greens in the environmental movement:

In this article, I review two films challenging the technological solutions and assumptions of ‘bright green’ environmentalism, Planet of the Humans and Bright Green Lies. I explain the ways these ...
A New Hermit Crab of the Genus Calcinus From Micronesia, Including New Information on C. Revi (Decapoda: Anomura: Diogenidae)

Calcinus kurozumii, new species, is described and illustrated based on specimens from the northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia. It is a member of the group in which the dactyls and propodi of the third pereiopods have dense brush-like setae on the ventral face. The new species is distinguished from other Indo-West Pacific species of the group by the armature of the left cheliped. The new species is compared with a similar species from Polynesia, C. revi Poupin and McLaughlin, 1998. Calcinus revi is rediagnosed based on new material from the Izu-Ogasawara-Mariana Arc, and growth-related morphological variations and color are reported. A key to the Indo-West Pacific species of Calcinus with the brush of setae is provided.
Plasma human chorionic gonadotropin, estrone, estradiol, estriol, progesterone, and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in human pregnancy. 3. Early normal pregnancy.

Abstract The concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), progesterone (P), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), and unconjugated estrone (E 1 ), estradiol (E 2 ), and estriol (E 3 ) were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma of 10 patients followed from the third to the thirteenth week of pregnancy. Up to the fifth week of pregnancy, an increase in the mean plasma concentration of E 1 , E 2 , P, and 17-OHP was observed. After the fifth week of pregnancy, however, only the mean plasma concentration of E 1 and E 2 continued to increase, whereas that of 17-OHP started to decrease and that of P remained unchanged until the tenth week of pregnancy. Unconjugated E 3 became detectable (> 50 pg. per milliliter) only after the ninth week of pregnancy, after which its level continued to increase gradually. The mean HCG plasma level increased until the tenth week of pregnancy, after which it began to decline. No correlation was found between HCG and E 2 or HCG and P plasma concentrations, but good correlation was found between E 1 and E 2 levels. The mean P plasma concentrations between the third and the fifth weeks of pregnancy was about 100 times higher than that of E 2 . By the thirteenth week of pregnancy, however, the mean P / E 2 ratio had decreased sixfold, reaching a ratio similar to that observed at the second half of pregnancy. Most levels of P, E 1 , and E 2 up to the seventh week of pregnancy were in the range found during the menstrual period. During the first 7 weeks of pregnancy, the diagnosis of intrauterine pregnancy cannot be made with certainty by determination of any of these steroid hormones.
Cordierite breakdown under high-pressure hydrous conditions

Green and Vernon (1974) have experimentally determined a divariant field of cordierite-orthoamphibole-kyanite-quartz with a slope of 12±4 bars per °C occurring between 8.0 and 10.4 kbar at 750° C and between 9.5 and 11.3 kbar at 850° C. However, the writers' thermodynamic calculation of the divariant band indicates a more limited range of 0.65 and 0.7 kbar at 750° C and 850° C respectively, with an estimated error of ±0.2 kbar.
Recreational Needs and Behavior in Natural Settings

Do humans require nature? The query has bounded for decades throughout the literature, seemingly without resolution.
Mandated Membership, Diluted Identity: Citizenship, Globalization, and International Law

This essay situates citizenship practices in the frame of international law frame. To the extent that international law has in the past constrained state citizenship practices, it has been on a boundary management basis. States were constrained in membership decisions only to the extent that such decisions trespassed on the rights of other states. Recent trends suggest a shift to an individual rights orientation, which will give rise to cases of mandated membership. This developments are a logical extension of the human rights revolution and the triumph of liberalism as the metric of international norms. However, dictating access to membership may ultimately undermine rights to the extent that it dilutes social solidarities that are foundational to the liberal state.
Latino Cultural Citizenship: Claiming Identity, Space and Rights

Latino Cultural Citizenship: Claiming Identity, Space and Rights. William V. Flores and Rina Benmayor. eds. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. 1997,322 pp.
Numerical modeling of cemented wellbore leakage from storage reservoirs with secondary capture due to thief zones

Abstract A 3D, multi-phase, multi-component numerical model of injection into a storage reservoir with an abandoned wellbore is developed. A shallow aquifer is modeled above the storage reservoir separated by a caprock layer. An intermediate permeable layer assumed to be a thief zone is modeled. The abandoned wellbore penetrates the entire model from the surface, through shallow aquifer and thief zone to the bottom of the primary storage reservoir. The amount of CO 2 captured within the thief zone and released to the shallow aquifer and atmosphere is assessed. A Latin Hypercube sample evaluates the effects of variations in CO 2 injection rate, depth of the reservoir, relative depth of the thief zone, and permeability of the wellbore, thief zone, and shallow aquifer. In addition, full factorial design parameter studies evaluate the effect of differing wellbore permeabilities above and below the thief zone. Analyses of the Latin Hypercube sample and parameter studies provide indications of the necessary conditions for secondary capture in thief zones and potential for leakage to the shallow aquifer and atmosphere.
Rheology of wormlike Micelles: Two universality classes.

We identify two classes of rheology in solutions of wormlike micellar chains which break reversibly. In ``mean-field'' (MF) systems, new ends created by breaks recombine with other chains and stress relaxes exponentially [M. E. Cates, Macromolecules 20, 2289 (1987)]. By contrast, in ``diffusion-controlled'' (DC) cases, self-recombination dominates and the relaxation process is a L\'evy walk, leading to algebraic short time decay. The long time decay remains exponential, but with a different time scale. Our estimates suggest that current experimental systems include both MF and DC types.
On the relation between fibre diameter and conduction velocity in myelinated nerve fibres

Myelinated fibres less than 1 micrometer in diameter are rare in the peripheral nervous system; but fibres down to 0.2 micrometer in diameter exist in the central nervous system. These observations are consistent with Rushton's theory on the effects of fibre size on conduction in myelinated nerve when the different processes of myelination in the peripheral and central nervous systems are taken into account.
EPA-0910 - Medication possession ratio among depressed patients enrolled in collaborative care.

Non-adherence to antidepressant medications is a major barrier to achieving treatment response and remission in clinical practice. Medication possession ratio (MPR) has been used to reflect treatment adherence of patients with chronic conditions including depression. An MRP =/> 80% correlates with high compliance. Systematic reviews of interventions to improve antidepressant medication adherence found that education interventions failed to demonstrate clear benefit on adherence; however, proactive care and collaborative care management (CCM) were associated with significant degree of adherence and improved clinical outcomes (1, 2). We looked into MPR measured from our institution's administrative pharmacy data among patients with depression seen at Primary Care Internal Medicine and enrolled in CCM from March 2008 until July 2012; we also determined predictors of non-adherence. Data was analyzed on 515 patients who gave research consent. Yearly mean MPR was calculated at 6 month intervals beginning December 2010 until July 2012. Rate of yearly MPR =/> 80% ranged from 27% to 42% but remained consistent beyond the timeframe of CCM enrollment. Race, presence of co-morbid hypertension and hyperlipidemia were associated with significantly decreased medication adherence (MPR In conclusion, approximately one third of patients with depression enrolled in CCM exhibited high medication adherence reflected by mean MRP =/>80%. While CCM has resulted in 46% remission rate at 12 months in this patient group, medication adherence appeared to be lower which implied that features intrinsic to CCM may account mostly for depression treatment effectiveness.
Promoting healthy growth: what are the priorities for research and action?

Healthy growth from conception through the first 2 y of life is the foundation for adequate organ formation and function, a strong immune system, physical health, and neurological and cognitive development. Recent studies identified several low-cost interventions to address undernutrition during this age period and noted the lower returns on investment of intervening after this critical period. Although these interventions should be implemented widely, it is recognized that existing nutrition solutions, even if universally applied, would only avert a minority fraction of the estimated death and disability due to undernutrition. This paper reviews some of the knowledge and learning needed to close this “impact gap.” Five areas are prioritized for future research: 1) study healthy growth from a lifecycle perspective, because maternal, fetal, and newborn outcomes are connected; 2) understand why growth faltering begins so early in breast-fed infants in the developing world; 3) apply new tools and technologies to study long-recognized problems such as the interaction between nutrition and infection; 4) explore new hypotheses for understanding nutrient assimilation and use to discover and develop intervention leads; and 5) understand the role of the environment in healthy growth and the potential synergistic benefits of multi-sectoral interventions. Policymakers are urged to invest in nutrition-specific and -sensitive interventions to promote healthy growth from conception through the first 2 y of life because of their immediate and long-term health and development benefits.
The relative aversiveness of signalled versus unsignalled shock-punishment.

Six rats were trained on a two-component multiple schedule with each component consisting of a two-link chain schedule. Differential response suppression in the two initial links, as well as in the two terminal links of the chain schedules, was used as a measure of the relative aversiveness of stimulus events in the two terminal links. When signalled and unsignalled shock-punishment (in addition to equal numbers of food reinforcers) were scheduled in the separate terminal links, subjects responded at lower rates in the initial link preceding unsignalled shock-punishment than in the initial link preceding signalled shock-punishment. Similarly, subjects responded at lower rates in the terminal link containing unsignalled shock-punishment than in the terminal link containing signalled shock-punishment. Reversing the terminal-link positions of signalled and unsignalled shock-punishment led to a reversal of the differential response suppression in the two initial and the two terminal links of the chain schedules. These results indicate that signalled punishment is relatively less aversive than unsignalled punishment and support an “information hypothesis”, which assumes that a condition in which information is provided about the onset of environmental events, even negative events such as shock punishment, is more reinforcing than a condition in which such information is absent.
Core fucosylation is required for midline patterning during zebrafish development

Complex carbohydrates represent one of the most polymorphic classes of macromolecules, but their functions during embryonic development remain poorly defined. Herein, we show that knockdown of FucT8, the fucosyltransferase responsible for adding an α1,6 fucosyl residue to the core region of N-linked oligosaccharides, results in defective midline patterning during zebrafish development. Reduced FucT8 expression leads to mild cyclopia, small forebrains, U-shaped somites, among other midline patterning defects. One of the principal FucT8 substrates was identified as Apolipoprotein B (ApoB), the major scaffold protein that is responsible for assembly and secretion of lipoprotein particles in vertebrates. In Drosophila, lipoprotein particles are thought to facilitate cell signaling by serving as a transport vehicle for lipid-modified cell signaling proteins, such as hedgehog. In this regard, knockdown of ApoB expression in zebrafish embryos leads to similar midline patterning defects as those seen in FucT8 morphant embryos. Furthermore, preliminary studies suggest that ApoB facilitates Sonic hedgehog signaling during zebrafish development, analogous to the function of lipoprotein particles during hedgehog signaling in Drosophila.