cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Animais gordos e a dissolução da fronteira entre as espécies

For many people, fat pets used to be cute, funny and adorable, and for some people fat pets (especially fat cats) still are: the Garfield comics, about an overweight, lazy cat, sell well, there are websites and books devoted to extolling the beauty and allure of fat cats, and children are socialized, through phonics readers with titles like Fat Cat on a Mat, to associate the pleasure of reading with the cuteness of round pets. All of this, however, is changing. We are witnessing the transformation of pet obesity from a trivial phenomenon or an idiosyncratic aesthetic preference into a social problem - one that increasingly mobilizes the mass media, public opinion and a wide variety of experts, and the intervention of state apparatuses like the courts and the police. This article discusses the ways in which obesity has crossed the species boundary. It reviews the evidence circulated to justify the increasingly common - and increasingly shrill - claims that we are in the midst of an "epidemic" of pet obesity (some claims assert that as many as 60% of all pets are overweight or obese) and it discusses the source and assesses the reliability of that evidence. It examines how pet obesity is presented in the mass media and by charitable organizations like Pet Club UK or the RSPCA. It also offers some thoughts about what current concerns about pet obesity can tell us about the social, cultural, medical, historical, economic, emotional and subjective dimensions of obesity more generally.
Cellulose nanocrystal/gold nanoparticle composite as a matrix for enzyme immobilization.

A novel nanocomposite consisting of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) functionalized with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) serving as an excellent support for enzyme immobilization with phenomenally high loading is presented in this work. As testing models, cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase (CGTase) and alcohol oxidase were conjugated on an activated CNC/AuNP matrix. This catalytic platform exhibits significant biocatalytic activity with excellent enzyme stability and without apparent loss of the original activity. The recovered specific activities were ∼70% and 95% for CGTase and alcohol oxidase, respectively. This novel and inexpensive material is anticipated to extend to other enzymes, enhancing the enzyme loading and activity as well as the stability in both operation and storage.
Quantum Monte Carlo calculations of A˜9,10 nuclei

We report on quantum Monte Carlo calculations of the ground and low-lying excited states of $A=9,10$ nuclei using realistic Hamiltonians containing the Argonne ${v}_{18}$ two-nucleon potential alone or with one of several three-nucleon potentials, including Urbana IX and three of the new Illinois models. The calculations begin with correlated many-body wave functions that have an $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-like core and multiple p-shell nucleons, $\mathrm{LS}$-coupled to the appropriate ${(J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}};T)$ quantum numbers for the state of interest. After optimization, these variational trial functions are used as input to a Green's function Monte Carlo calculation of the energy, using a constrained path algorithm. We find that the Hamiltonians that include Illinois three-nucleon potentials reproduce ten states in ${}^{9}\mathrm{Li},$ ${}^{9}\mathrm{Be},$ ${}^{10}\mathrm{Be},$ and ${}^{10}\mathrm{B}$ with an rms deviation as little as 900 keV. In particular, we obtain the correct ${3}^{+}$ ground state for ${}^{10}\mathrm{B},$ whereas the Argonne ${v}_{18}$ alone or with Urbana IX predicts a ${1}^{+}$ ground state. In addition, we calculate isovector and isotensor energy differences, electromagnetic moments, and one- and two-body density distributions.
Neural computation in urology: an orientation.

Abstract Neural computation is a field in which mathematical models are derived from algorithms based loosely on the physiological function of the biological neuron. This paper serves as an introduction to those that follow in this issue of Molecular Urology, which describe actual applications of neural computational modeling in the urologic domain. In this introductory paper, the history of computer technology and the foundations of neural computation are discussed. Methods of determining the accuracy of computation models are reviewed, and a statistical method of evaluating the significance of individual input features to the model's output, a process known as "feature extraction," is presented. Resources that provide free and commercial neural computational programs are cited for those readers interested in applying this technology to their own datasets, and a brief description of the author's neural computational programming environment is included. Finally, deployment of computational models via the Internet and various computer platforms is discussed.
Classwide Intervention to Manage Disruptive Behavior in the Kindergarten Classroom

The authors present an investigation of a classwide intervention to reduce disruptive behavior in a kindergarten classroom. Participants included children in 3 kindergarten classrooms and their teachers in an at-risk school district in Northeast Ohio. On the basis of student behaviors and teacher goals, the authors chose the Good Behavior Game plus Plus Merit. A total of 3 teachers implemented the Good Behavior Game Plus Merit in the classroom. The authors used a single-subject reversal design (ABAB) to test experimental control. They collected direct observations of student behavior during each phase of the intervention. Results indicated a decrease in negative, disruptive behavior during intervention. Last, the authors discuss the implications for implementing this intervention in the kindergarten classroom.
Children's collaborative use of a computer microworld

This paper will discuss a framework and methodology for understanding the use of computers in collaborative learning. In particular, we are interested in how learning occurs when students work together using a computer microworld. Collaborative settings provide a particularly rich environment for studying learning. Many theorists (see Brown and Palinscar, in press) have proposed that learning occurs when students have to explain, develop, or justify their ideas to others. In a collaborative setting, students communicate their ideas in order to coordinate their activity towards shared goals. When dilemmas arise in the course of productive work, the combination of communication and activity can lead to learning (Vygotsky 1978, Dewey 1923, Mead 1934).The microworld used in this studies, the “Envisioning Machine” (Roschelle, 1987) was designed to help students learn Newtonian physics. The Envisioning Machine presents students with an interactive graphical simulation of the Newtonian concepts of velocity and acceleration. This graphical model was intended to be an externalization of the mental models that physicists use when solving problems.Originally we thought that by manipulating and observing graphical objects on the computer screen, students would internalize correct Newtonian models of velocity and acceleration. However, our observations of pairs of students interacting with the Envisioning Machine has lead us to adopt an alternate view. Students do not simply internalize an external model. Instead, they continually invent interpretations of the model as they interact with it. Though students work by developing their own interpretations, these interpretations converge towards the target concepts.The methodology we present helps us to understand how students collaboratively invent, develop, and refine their ideas. We are interested in how interactions both between the students and the computer and between the students themselves enables them to move from one state of knowledge to the next. These interactions form the basis for cognitive and social activities that support the evolution and eventual rejection or acceptance of ideas.In the body of this paper, we examine characteristics of the microworld and the students learn process. First, we present a characterization of the Envisioning Machine as a computer-supported collaborative learning environment. We propose that this environment can be viewed as a Notational System. Second, we present our methodology with a case study that illustrates how one pair of students learn in this environment.
The irreality of postpartum: observations on the subjective experience.

Postpartal maternal behavior is described as very meaningful and reflective of the subjective experience of early motherhood. Consideration of a variety of dimensions of the early postpartum suggests that this particular phase of the maternity experience is disorienting for new mothers and that they are extremely busy working their way out of bewilderment and confusion toward mastery of a new reality. In acknowledging the new mother's efforts to rearticulate disrupted dimensions of her life, nurses can renew exploration for meaningful nursing care.
Intrusion detection of sinkhole attacks in large-scale wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks, an adversary may deploy malicious nodes into the network and launch various attacks. These nodes are collectively called compromised nodes. In this paper, we first analyze the unique features of wireless sensor networks and discuss the challenges for compromised nodes detection. Then we propose a novel algorithm for detecting sinkhole attacks for large-scale wireless sensor networks. We formulate the detection problem as a change-point detection problem. Specifically, we monitor the CPU usage of each sensor node and analyze the consistency of the CPU usage. Thus, the proposed algorithm is able to differentiate between the malicious and the legitimate nodes. Extensive simulations have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Selective amplification of polymorphic dihydrofolate reductase gene loci in Chinese hamster lung cells

A series of antifolate-resistant Chinese hamster lung sublines that overproduce either a Mr 20,000 or a Mr 21,000 class of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR; tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase; 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.1.3), known to contain amplified DHFR genes, has been analyzed by DNA and RNA transfer techniques. The results suggest that the Mr 20,000 and Mr 21,000 DHFRs are encoded by at least two polymorphic DHFR genes, both of which are expressed in drug-sensitive parental cells. In drug-resistant sublines only one of the two DHFR gene types is amplified, thus accounting for the overproduction of one or the other molecular weight class of DHFR. In addition to the known differences between the DHFRs whose overproduction they direct, these allelic genes differ in restriction endonuclease profiles and in the relative abundances of their multiple mRNA transcripts.
Plasma assisted combustion: Dynamics and chemistry

Abstract Plasma assisted combustion is a promising technology to improve engine performance, increase lean burn flame stability, reduce emissions, and enhance low temperature fuel oxidation and processing. Over the last decade, significant progress has been made towards the applications of plasma in engines and the understanding of the fundamental chemistry and dynamic processes in plasma assisted combustion via the synergetic efforts in advanced diagnostics, combustion chemistry, flame theory, and kinetic modeling. New observations of plasma assisted ignition enhancement, ultra-lean combustion, cool flames, flameless combustion, and controllability of plasma discharge have been reported. Advances are made in the understanding of non-thermal and thermal enhancement effects, kinetic pathways of atomic O production, diagnostics of electronically and vibrationally excited species, plasma assisted combustion kinetics of sub-explosion limit ignition, plasma assisted low temperature combustion, flame regime transition of the classical ignition S-curve, dynamics of the minimum ignition energy, and the transport effect by non-equilibrium plasma discharge. These findings and advances have provided new opportunities in the development of efficient plasma discharges for practical applications and predictive, validated kinetic models and modeling tools for plasma assisted combustion at low temperature and high pressure conditions. This article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the progress and the gap in the knowledge of plasma assisted combustion in applications, chemistry, ignition and flame dynamics, experimental methods, diagnostics, kinetic modeling, and discharge control.
Preservation of Rat Morula by Vitrification Using Highly Concen-trated Solution of Poly-alcohol

In this study, some characteristics of cryoprotectant, polyalcohol used for vitrification such as toxicity, glass-forming tendency and stability of the amorphous state were estimated and the relationship of those characteristics with cryoprotection for vitrified rat morula was discussed. Glycerol was not harmful for rat morulae exposed for 5 minutes at room temperature to the examined concentration up to 50%. Both of 50% 1, 2-propandiol and 50% 1, 3-butandiol showed detrimental effect on the embryonic survival after exposure for 1 minute. However, combination of 25% propandiol or butandiol with 25% glycerol sustained the survival of embryos at 40-60% even after exposure for 5 minutes. Out of the three cryoprotective solutions, a vitrification solution (VS) of propandiol was easiest to transform into amorphous condition during cooling process. Devitrification (initial) temperature of VS was -92, -77 and -77C for 50% of propandiol, glycerol and butandiol, respectively. Seventy five percent of rat morulae in the solution containing more than 40% glycerol survived when directly plunged into liquid nitrogen, but none of the embryos survived in 50% propandiol or 50% butandiol. Both cryoprotectant, 25% propandiol or 25% butandiol combined with 25% glycerol had a comparable effect with 40-50% glycerol. In 5 percent percoll or 5% PVP supplemented to VS, the survival rate of embryos was improved.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of oxygen effects on a glucose oxidase based implantable glucose sensor

Abstract The oxygen effect on a glucose oxidase based implantable glucose sensor was investigated based on studies of tissue oxygen availability and demand for oxygen by the glucose sensor. In vitro measurements showed that the oxygen effect is directly related to the glucose sensor sensitivity and linearity. Results of in vivo measurements in rat subcutaneous tissue with simultaneously implanted oxygen sensor and glucose sensor also suggested similar influence. A practically useful glucose sensor that is essentially free of oxygen fluctuation can be constructed by controlling its sensitivity and linearity.
Characterization of a unique "super soft" kernel trait in wheat

ABSTRACT Kernel texture in wheat (Triticum sp.) is central to end-use quality and utilization. Here we report the discovery of a novel soft kernel trait in soft white winter wheat (T. aestivum L.). Two heritable kernel phenotypes were selected among F3-derived sibs, hereafter designated “normal soft” (wild-type) and “super soft.” Normal soft lines exhibited single kernel characterization system (SKCS) hardness index (HI) values typical of soft wheat (HI ≈ 20), whereas the super soft lines were unusually soft (HI ≈ 5). Under some environments, individual super soft lines exhibited HI values as low as HI = –4. The super soft trait was manifested in reduced SKCS kernel texture and higher break flour yields, with some increase in sodium carbonate SRC (solvent retention capacity) values and sponge cake volumes. Straight-grade flour yield, flour ash, milling score, and cookie diameter were largely unaffected. With the possible exception of the sodium carbonate SRC values, we observed no indication that the supe...
Authigenic molybdenum isotope signatures in marine sediments

We present new Mo isotope data from the Mexican continen- tal margin that, in conjunction with previous data, allow us to propose a mechanistic description of the Mo isotope system in ma- rine sediments. We hypothesize that there are unique environmen- tally dependent Mo isotope signatures recorded in marine sedi- ments that reflect the mechanisms responsible for authigenic Mo accumulation. Open-ocean anoxic sites, defined as having dissolved oxygen and sulfide concentrations near zero in the overlying water, exhibit a 98/95 Mo isotope signature of 1.6‰. We believe this val- ue reflects Mo sulfide formation via diagenetic processes within sediments. Quantitative formation of Mo sulfide within the sulfidic water column of euxinic environments results in sediment isotope values similar to the modern seawater value (2.3‰), as typified by samples from the highly sulfidic Black Sea. In contrast to these reducing settings, manganese oxide-rich sediments have measured Mo isotope values that are more negative (relative to seawater) than any other sediment samples analyzed to date, similar to Fe- Mn crusts (0.7‰). Most measured Mo isotope compositions of marine sediments from open-ocean settings appear to reflect a mix- ture of lithogenic Mo (0.0‰) and the Mo signature of a specific authigenic Mo accumulation mechanism. We therefore suggest that Mo isotopes may record unique signatures that reflect the domi- nant chemical mechanism for Mo sequestration into sediments.
Demonstration and properties of a planar heterojunction bipolar transistor with lateral current flow

The authors present fabrication techniques and device performance for a novel transistor structure, the lateral heterojunction bipolar transistor. The lateral heterojunctions are formed by impurity-induced disordering of a GaAs base layer sandwiched between two AlGaAs layers. These transistor structures exhibit current gains of 14 for base widths of 0.74 mu m. Transistor action in this device occurs parallel to the surface of the device structure. The active base region of the structure is completely submerged, resulting in a reduction of surface recombination as a mechanism for gain reduction in the device. Impurity-induced disordering is used to widen the bandgap of the alloy in the emitter and collector, resulting in an improvement of the emitter injection efficiency. Since the device is based entirely on a surface diffusion process, the device is completely planar and has no steps involving etching of the III-V alloy material. These advantages lead this device to be considered as a candidate for optoelectronic integration applications. The transistor device functions as a buried heterostructure laser, with a threshold current as low as 6 mA for a 1.4- mu m stripe. >
Untreated neonatal herpes simplex 2 meningitis without apparent neurologic damage.

A N l l d a y o l d n e w b o r n i n f a n t deve loped zos te r i fo rm vesicles f r o m wh ich he rpes s implex v i rus 2 (HSV-2) was recovered. Two days later clinical s igns of m e n i n g o e n cephal i t is appea red and HSV-2 was isola ted f r o m spinal fluid. T h e in fan t was g iven no ant ivi ra l t r ea tmen t , r ecove red clinically w i t hou t sequelae, and has had normal g rowth and deve lopmen t .
The behavior of demand and supply of Thai imports

Abstract Using annual observations for the years 1961–1985, this paper estimates demand and supply of Thai imports. Statistical results indicate that both demand and supply are inelastic with respect to their own-price and the price of substitutes in the short-run. In the long-run, demand is unitary elastic with respect to its own-price, and income, and elastic with respect to price of other goods. Supply is highly elastic in the long-run with respect to both its own-price and the price of substitutes. Therefore, demand management policies seem to be an effective approach to deal with the balance of payments problems.
A preliminary taxonomy of ways of displaying text on screens

This paper considers the computer screen as a spacetime arena. It develops a taxonomy of the various variables associated with the display of textual material.
Towards the estimation of three-dimensional temperature fields from noisy temperature measurements during hyperthermia

The temperatures at most locations are unknown during clinical hyperthermia because temperature data are obtained at only a few discrete locations. In an attempt to further develop a technique for possibly solving this problem, the feasibility of using state and parameter estimation methods to predict three-dimensional temperature fields during hyperthermia treatments is investigated. Previous studies attempting to solve this problem have been limited to only one or two spatial dimensions. This paper investigates some conditions for which an estimation method can predict the complete three-dimensional temperature field for controlled numerical experiments with additive measurement noise. For the range of perfusion patterns considered, results show that the steady-state temperature field can be estimated to within 1°C if there is no measurement noise, no model mismatch, and as few as three measurement locations for seven perfusion zones. The addition of measurement noise degrades the performance of this es...
Encouraging Independent Reading With Ambience: The Book Bistro in Middle and Secondary School Classes

This article makes a case for devoting time to independent reading and then describes the “Book Bistro,” a strategy for promoting independent reading. Research concerning adolescents and reading is reviewed, followed by detailed instructions for implementing Book Bistro and advice from teachers. In Book Bistro, adolescent students are invited once per month to bring an independent reading choice to a cafe setting created in the classroom or school lunchroom. Students evaluate classmates to their right and to their left, creating material for each student's reading file. Book Bistro implements the best of what is known about encouraging independent reading using self-selected reading, book discussion, and peer interaction about books. One action research study and one field-testing initiative are described, along with suggestions for further study with different age groups.
Phagocytes Produce 5-Chlorouracil and 5-Bromouracil, Two Mutagenic Products of Myeloperoxidase, in Human Inflammatory Tissue

Oxidative damage to DNA has been implicated in carcinogenesis during chronic inflammation. Epidemiological and biochemical studies suggest that one potential mechanism involves myeloperoxidase, a hemeprotein secreted by human phagocytes. In this study, we demonstrate that human neutrophils use myeloperoxidase to oxidize uracil to 5-chlorouracil in vitro. Uracil chlorination by myeloperoxidase or reagent HOCl exhibited an unusual pH dependence, being minimal at pH ∼5, but increasing markedly under either acidic or mildly basic conditions. This bimodal curve suggests that myeloperoxidase initially produces HOCl, which subsequently chlorinates uracil by acid- or base-catalyzed reactions. Human neutrophils use myeloperoxidase and H2O2 to chlorinate uracil, suggesting that nucleobase halogenation reactions may be physiologically relevant. Using a sensitive and specific mass spectrometric method, we detected two products of myeloperoxidase, 5-chlorouracil and 5-bromouracil, in neutrophil-rich human inflammatory tissue. Myeloperoxidase is the most likely source of 5-chlorouracil in vivo because halogenated uracil is a specific product of the myeloperoxidase system in vitro. In contrast, previous studies have demonstrated that 5-bromouracil could be generated by either eosinophil peroxidase or myeloperoxidase, which preferentially brominates uracil at plasma concentrations of halide and under moderately acidic conditions. These observations indicate that the myeloperoxidase system promotes nucleobase halogenation in vivo. Because 5-chlorouracil and 5-bromouracil can be incorporated into nuclear DNA, and these thymine analogs are well known mutagens, our observations raise the possibility that halogenation reactions initiated by phagocytes provide one pathway for mutagenesis and cytotoxicity at sites of inflammation.
H2 adsorption and H/D exchange on Au/TS-1 and Au/S-1 catalysts

We report a combined quantum-mechanics/molecular-mechanics (QM/MM) analysis of H2 dissociation and hydrogen–deuterium (H/D) exchange on four potential active sites inside the TS-1 pores: (1) Au3/T6–Ti-non-defect, (2) Au3/T6–Si-non-defect, (3) Au3/T6–Ti-defect, and (4) Au3/T6–Si-defect. We provide full kinetic and thermodynamic data calculated at standard conditions (298.15 K, 1 atm) for Eley–Rideal mechanisms on these sites. The H/D exchange on Au3/TS-1 occurs in two steps: (1) first H2 dissociation on Au3/TS-1 to form H–Au3–H species and (2) D2 (or second H2) attack on these H–Au3–H species to form HD. The energetics of the first H2 dissociation step is site-sensitive (with respect to Au sites), while that of the D2 (or second H2) addition step is not site-sensitive. We found that two different mechanisms for the second step are both kinetically and thermodynamically favorable. The most favorable mechanism (ΔE act ~ 28 kcal/mol) involves an attack of D2 on both the H atoms in the H–Au3–H intermediate, and two HD molecules are formed simultaneously. The first H2 dissociation step is almost thermoneutral and the D2 (or second H2) addition step is somewhat exothermic. A comparison of the pure QM and QM/MM calculations on Au3/TS-1 suggests that the formation of the H–Au3–H species inside the TS-1 pores becomes thermodynamically more favorable due to the long-range interactions. The activation energies for the first H2 dissociation step (19–24 kcal/mol) are lower than those for the D2 (or second H2) addition step (28–31 kcal/mol). Therefore, the increase in the HD formation rate with temperature is likely to be stronger than the increase in the H–Au3–H formation rate. On the basis of the calculated activation energies and the reaction thermochemistry, we predict a viable Eley–Rideal H/D exchange pathway that may operate at or above 573 K. We also found potential H/D exchange channels on bare TS-1 (without Au3) where gas-phase D2 (or second H2) attacks the Ti–OH or Si–OH groups (of defect sites) and exchanges one of the D atoms to form HD and Ti–OD or Si–OD groups.
Unitarily Inequivalent Representations in Algebraic Quantum Theory

It has been maintained that the physical content of a model of a system is completely contained in the C∗-algebra of quasi-local observables \({\cal A}\) that is associated with the system. The reason given for this is that the unitarily inequivalent representations of \({\cal A}\) are physically equivalent. But, this view is dubious for at least two reasons. First, it is not clear why the physical content does not extend to the elements of the von Neumann algebras that are generated by representations of \({\cal A}\). It is shown here that although the unitarily inequivalent representations of \({\cal A}\) are physically equivalent, the extended representations are not. Second, this view detracts from special global features of physical systems such as temperature and chemical potential by effectively relegating them to the status of fixed parameters. It is desirable to characterize such observables theoretically as elements of the algebra that is associated with a system rather than as parameters, and thereby give a uniform treatment to all observables. This can be accomplished by going to larger algebras. One such algebra is the universal enveloping von Neumann algebra, which is generated by the universal representation of \({\cal A}\); another is the direct integral of factor representations that are associated with the set of values of the global features. Placing interpretive significance on the von Neumann algebras mentioned earlier sheds light on the significance of unitarily inequivalent representations of \({\cal A}\), and it serves to show the limitations of the notion of physical equivalence.
Hemoglobin function in stored blood, XVII. Maintenance of red cell 2,3 DPG (function) and ATP (viability) for six weeks in ACD or CPD-adenine-inosine-methylene blue.

Summary Blood preservatives containing adenine for six week storage have been prepared with inosine and methylene blue at various pH levels in order to maintain 2,3-DPG levels for immediate oxygen transport upon transfusion. In one experiment, the adverse effect of a high pH on ATP maintenance was demonstrated in the presence of methylene blue and inosine. In this and other experiments it was clear that ATP was better maintained in low pH preservatives and DPG better maintained in higher pH preservatives. However, 2 3-DPG levels were kept from falling with CPD-adenine-inosine over a wide range of pH values. A CPD-adenine-inosine preservative at a pH 5.8 maintained normal DPG levels for three weeks of storage. A similar preservative but with a pH of 6.6 maintained normal DPG levels for 35 days of storage. It is suggested that if all blood bank units are going to have normal DPG levels for optimal oxygen transport at the time of transfusion then a CPD preservative with a higher pH and/or metabolic nutrients and regulators such as inosine or methylene blue would be required.
Implications for the Asia-Pacific region of coordination of macroeconomic policies in the OECD

Abstract The empirical evidence on the gains from coordinating macroeconomic policies in the major economies suggests that the gains to these economies of coordination are quite small. In an earlier study, Sachs and McKibbin found that although this was the case in the industrial economies, there were potentially substantial gains to the developing countries from coordinating policies in the Organization for Cooperation and Development in the case of a global disinflation, as was experienced in the early 1980s. The purpose of the current paper is to explore this issue further by focusing on the differential impacts on the dynamic Asian economies (Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan) and a subgroup of ASEAN nations (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand) of coordinated versus uncoordinated policy responses in the OECD. We focus on the transmission of a major fiscal adjustment in the United States under alternative policy responses in the OECD: a money rule, nominal income targeting, noncooperative monetary policy, and cooperative monetary policy, the latter two regimes being defined by solving for dynamic game equilibria given welfare functions in the industrial economies. We find that when the industrial economies either noncooperatively or cooperatively adjust monetary policy in the face of a fiscal contraction in the United States, they tend to follow expansionary monetary policy, which results in the export of U.S. unemployment to the two Asian regions under the current policy regimes in those regions.
Mucosal Cysts of the Maxillary Sinus: Report of 75 Cases

Review of panoramic radiographs revealed 75 patients with mucosal cysts in the maxillary sinus. The medical histories of these patients, signs and symptoms of sinus disease, routine intraoral radiographic findings, and detailed analyses of dental pathosis in close proximity to the involved sinus were related to the occurrence of the condition. This study indicates an incidence of about 2% in a dental school clinic population. The incidence of related symptoms was higher than that reported in previous studies. The role of dental pathosis as a possible etiologic factor is discussed.
Phosphorylation on histidine is accompanied by localized structural changes in the phosphocarrier protein, HPr from Bacillus subtilis

The histidine-containing protein (HPr) of bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) serves a central role in a series of phosphotransfer reactions used for the translocation of sugars across cell membranes. These studies report the high-definition solution structures of both the unphosphorylated and histidine phosphorylated (P-His) forms of HPr from Bacillus subtilis. Consistent with previous NMR studies, local conformational adjustments occur upon phosphorylation of His 15, which positions the phosphate group to serve as a hydrogen bond acceptor for the amide protons of Ala 16 and Arg 17 and to interact favorably with the alpha-helix macrodipole. However, the positively charged side chain of the highly conserved Arg 17 does not appear to interact directly with phospho-His 15, suggesting that Arg 17 plays a role in the recognition of other PTS enzymes or in phosphotransfer reactions directly. Unlike the results reported for Escherichia coli P-His HPr (Van Nuland NA, Boelens R, Scheek RM, Robillard GT, 1995, J Mol Biol 246:180-193), our data indicate that phosphorylation of His 15 is not accompanied by adoption of unfavorable backbone conformations for active site residues in B. subtilis P-Ser HPr.
Characterization of fluoride glasses for single-mode optical fibers with large refractive index difference

Abstract In order to obtain fluoride glass optical fibers with large refractive index difference between the core and the cladding, refractive indices and viscosities of PbF2-doped core glasses and HfF4-incorporated cladding glasses were systematically investigated. From the point of view of viscosity matching, it was found that the 9 mol% PbF2-doped core glass containing 14 mol% NaF was the most adequate choice in combination with the 43 mol% HfF4-incorporated cladding glass containing 22 mol% NaF. Using a casting method, single-mode fluoride glass fibers with relative refractive index difference of 2.9% were successfully fabricated.
Anesthetic efficacy of the intraosseous injection of 0.9 mL of 2% lidocaine (1:100,000 epinephrine) to augment an inferior alveolar nerve block

Abstract Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the anesthetic efficacy of an intraosseous injection of 0.9 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine to augment an inferior alveolar nerve block in mandibular posterior teeth. Study design. With the use of a repeated-measures design, each of 38 subjects randomly received one or the other of 2 combinations of injections at 2 separate appointments. The combinations were inferior alveolar nerve block + intraosseous injection (on the distal of the second premolar) through use of 0.9 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and inferior alveolar nerve block + mock intraosseous injection. The first molar, second premolar, and second molar were blindly tested with an Analytic Technology pulp tester at 2-minute cycles for 120 minutes postinjection. Anesthesia was considered successful when 2 consecutive 80 readings were obtained. Results. One hundred percent of the subjects had lip numbness with the inferior alveolar nerve block + intraosseous injection combination technique. The respective anesthetic success rates for the inferior alveolar nerve block + mock intraosseous injection combination and the inferior alveolar nerve block + intraosseous injection combination were 60% and 100% for the second premolar, 71% and 95% for the first molar, and 74% and 87% for the second molar. The differences were significant ( P P > .05) differences for the second molar. Sixty-eight percent of the subjects had a subjective increase in heart rate with the intraosseous injection. Conclusions. The results of this study indicate that the supplemental intraosseous injection of 0.9 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, given distal to the second premolar, significantly increased the success of pulpal anesthesia in the second premolar (for 50 minutes) and first molar (for 20 minutes) in comparison with the inferior alveolar nerve block alone. The intraosseous injection did not statistically increase success in the second molar.
Further on the chemical reduction of Fe2(NO)4(μ-SR)2

Abstract Reduction of Fe2(NO)4(μ-SR)2 (R = Me, Et or But) with 2 equivalents of sodium, KH or MBR3H (M = Li, Na or K; R = Et or Bus) in THF affords [Fe2(NO)4(μ-SR)2]2−, as evidenced by quantitative analysis of evolved hydrogen, conductivity measurements in MeOH and 1H and 2H NMR and IR ν(NO) spectroscopic data of the products. In contrast, reduction of Fe2(NO)4(μ-SR)2 with 1 equivalent of MBR3H yields products that differ from the foregoing dianions by the presence of hydrogen derived from the borohydride. The combined product characterization data do not support the formulation [Fe2(NO)4(μ-SR)2]−.
Changes in bone mass and density in living rats during the manipulation of calcium intake.

Abstract The effect of various levels of dietary calcium on the rat skeleton was studied in vivo by means of quantitative radiography. Twenty-eight males at 5 weeks of age were divided into four groups, each of which received an identical low-calcium diet with the following calcium supplements (as CaHPO 4 and CaCO 3 ): Group 1, 0.025% Ca; Group 2, 0.17% Ca; Group 3, 0.91% Ca; Group 4, 1.49% Ca. Animals were radiographed on experimental days 0, 10, 17, 38, 45, 52, and 59. The standardized radiographs were photodensitometrically analyzed at two femoral sites and across the seventh caudal vertebra. Changing from the 0.6% calcium pre-experimental diet to the 0.025% calcium diet caused a significant decrease in femoral mass in 24 hr. Throughout the study, density and mass values were the same for Groups 3 and 4; Group 1 had the lowest values and Group 2 was intermediate. Calcium balances were run from days 10–17, 38–45, and 52–59. Retention levels were reflected by changes in bone mass. When Group 1 was placed on a Group 3 diet on day 52, a rapid rise in femoral density occurred, but no rise was observed in vertebral density.
On the Reduced-order Modeling of Energy Harvesters

This work addresses the accuracy and convergence of reduced-order models (ROMs) of energy harvesters. Two types of energy harvesters are considered, a magnetostrictive rod in axial vibrations and a piezoelectric cantilever beam in traverse oscillations. Using generalized Hamilton’s principle, the partial differential equations (PDEs) and associated boundary conditions governing the motion of these harvesters are obtained. The eigenvalue problem is then solved for the exact eigenvalues and modeshapes. Furthermore, an exact expression for the steady-sate output power is attained by direct solution of the PDEs. Subsequently, the results are compared to a ROM attained following the common Rayleigh—Ritz procedure. It is observed that the eigenvalues and output power near the first resonance frequency are more accurate and has a much faster convergence to the exact solution for the piezoelectric cantilever-type harvester. In addition, it is shown that the convergence is governed by two dimensionless constants, ...
Partially Fluorinated Poly-p-xylylenes Synthesized by CVD Polymerization**

This paper describes partially fluorinated poly-p-xylylenes prepared by CVD polymerization. The synthesis, characterization, and surface modification of two partially fluorinated polymer coatings, namely poly(4,12-dibromo-1,1,9,9-tetrafluoro-p-xylylene) (2) and poly(4-heptadecafluorononanoyl-p-xylylene-co-p-xylylene) (4), is described. Polymer 2 is synthesized from 4,12-dibromo-1,1,9,9-tetrafluoro[2.2]paracyclophane (1), which is fluorinated at the aliphatic bridge, while 4-heptadecafluorononanoyl[2.2]paracyclophane (3), which contains a perfluorinated keto group at the aromatic ring, is used to synthesize polymer 4. Furthermore, the keto-functionalized polymer 4 introduces both extreme hydrophobicity and surface reactivity towards hydrazide-containing ligands.
574: Gulf War exposures and pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective study of Iraqi immigrants

We studied 1991 Gulf War (GW)-related environmental exposures and adverse birth outcomes in Iraqis. A random cross-sectional sample of 307 Iraqi families that immigrated to the United States respon ...
Multiple subpial transection: a new approach to the surgical treatment of focal epilepsy

A new operative approach has been designed for the relief of medically intractable focal epilepsy. It is intended particularly to be used in those cases where the epileptogenic lesion lies in "unresectable" cortex; that is, those cerebral regions subserving speech, memory, and primary motor and sensory function. The procedure is based upon experimental evidence indicating 1) that epileptogenic discharge requires substantial side-to-side or horizontal interaction of cortical neurons, and 2) that the major functional properties of cortical tissue depend upon the vertical fiber connections of the columnar units. The technique requires severing of tangential intracortical fibers while preserving the vertical fiber connections of both incoming and outgoing nerve pathways and of the penetrating blood vessels which also have a vertical orientation. In this study, the effect of multiple subpial transection was assessed on both function and seizure control. The effect on function was reviewed in 32 cases; only 20 cases were evaluated with respect to seizure control, since a follow-up period of 5 years or more (5 to 22 years) is required before conclusions can be drawn. Multiple subpial transection was applied to the precentral gyrus in 16 cases, the postcentral gyrus in six, Broca's area in five, and Wernicke's area in five. With respect to function, the major finding was that none of the 32 patients has suffered a clinically significant behavioral deficit (although subtle deficits could be detected by careful neurological examination). Complete control of seizures has been obtained in 11 (55%) of the 20 cases evaluated. Nine patients developed recurrent seizures consequent to progressive disease unsuspected before operation (Rasmussen's encephalitis in five, tumor in three, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in one). In none of these cases, however, did the recurrent seizures arise in the transected zone. Thus, the results indicate that multiple subpial transection is about as effective as standard excisional therapy, and can be successfully employed when epileptogenic lesions encroach upon cortical territories, the removal of which would be functionally incapacitating.
Factors affecting conception rate after artificial insemination and pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows

Objectives were to determine factors associated with conception rate (CR) and pregnancy loss (PL) in high producing lactating Holstein cows. In Study 1, CR was evaluated in 7633 artificial inseminations (AI) of 3161 dairy cows in two dairy farms. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by palpation per rectum 39+/-3 days after AI. Environmental temperature was recorded at different intervals prior to and after AI. In Study 2, 1465 pregnancies from 1393 cows diagnosed at 31+/-3 days after AI by ultrasonography on three dairy farms were re-examined 14 days later to determine PL. Temperature > or =29 degrees C was considered to be heat stress (HS). Exposure to HS was defined as following: NH, no heat stress; HS1, exposure to at least 1 day of maximum temperature > or =29 degrees C and average daily maximum temperature (ADMT) or =29 degrees C. In Study 1, exposure of cows to HS1 and HS2 from 50 to 20 prior to AI was associated with reduced CR compared to cows not exposed to HS (28.8, 23.0, and 31.3%, respectively). Post-AI HS was not associated with CR. Cows inseminated following estrus detection or timed AI had similar CR. As the number of AI increased, CR decreased. Multiparous cows had lower CR than primiparous cows, and occurrence of milk fever and retained placenta was associated with decreased CR. In Study 2, PL was not associated with exposure to HS either prior to or after AI. Cows diagnosed with clinical mastitis experienced increased PL, but parity, number of AI, AI protocol, milk production, and days postpartum at AI were not associated with PL. In conclusion, CR was affected by HS prior to AI, parity, number of AI, and postparturient diseases, whereas PL was affected by clinical mastitis.
Caches and Predictors for Real-Time, Unobtrusive, and Cost-Effective Program Tracing in Embedded Systems

The increasing complexity of modern embedded computer systems makes software development and system verification the most critical steps in system development. To expedite verification and program debugging, chip manufacturers increasingly consider hardware infrastructure for program debugging and tracing, including logic to capture and filter traces, buffers to store traces, and a trace port through which the trace is read by the debug tools. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to capture and compress program execution traces in hardware. The proposed trace compressor encompasses two cost-effective structures, a stream descriptor cache, and a last stream predictor. Information about the program flow is translated into a sequence of hit and miss events in these structures, thus dramatically reducing the number of bits that need to be sent out of the chip. We evaluate the efficiency of the proposed mechanism by measuring the trace port bandwidth on a set of benchmark programs. Our mechanism requires only 0.15 bits/instruction/CPU on average on the trace port, which is a sixfold improvement over state-of-the-art commercial solutions. The trace compressor requires an on-chip area that is equivalent to one third of a 1 kilobyte cache and it allows for continual and unobtrusive program tracing in real time.
Body mass index, metabolic syndrome, and risk of type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease

Context: Metabolic risk conferred by adiposity may be due to associated risk factor clustering. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess risk for diabetes or cardiovascular disease (CVD) stratified by body mass index (BMI) and the presence or absence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) or insulin resistance (IR). Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a community-based, longitudinal study of 2902 people (55% women, mean age 53 yr) without diabetes or CVD in 1989–1992 followed for up to 11 yr. We categorized subjects by normal weight (BMI 25 kg/m 2 ), overweight (25–29.9 kg/m 2 ), or obese (30 kg/m 2 ) and by the National
Three-dimensional quantification of pretorqued nickel-titanium wires in edgewise and prescription brackets.

Objective: To quantify the three-dimensional moments and forces produced by pretorqued nickeltitanium (NiTi) rectangular archwires fully engaged in 0.018- and 0.022-inch slots of central incisor and molar edgewise and prescription brackets. Materials and Methods: Ten identical acrylic dental models with retroclined maxillary incisors were fabricated for bonding with various bracket-wire combinations. Edgewise, Roth, and MBT brackets with 0.018- and 0.022-inch slots were bonded in a simulated 2 3 4 clinical scenario. The left central incisor and molar were sectioned and attached to load cells. Correspondingly sized straight and pretorqued NiTi archwires were ligated to the brackets using 0.010-inch ligatures. Each load cell simultaneously measured three force (Fx ,F y ,F z) and three moment (Mx ,M y ,M z) components. The faciolingual, mesiodistal, and inciso-occluso/apical axes of the teeth corresponded to the x, y, and z axes of the load cells, respectively. Each wire was removed and retested seven times. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) examined the effects of wire type, wire size, and bracket type on the measured orthodontic load systems. Interactions among the three effects were examined and pair-wise comparisons between significant combinations were performed. Results: The force and moment components on each tooth were quantified according to their local coordinate axes. The three-way ANOVA interaction terms were significant for all force and moment measurements (P , .05), except for Fy (P . .05). Conclusion: The pretorqued wire generates a significantly larger incisor facial crown torquing moment in the MBT prescription compared to Roth, edgewise, and the straight NiTi wire. (Angle Orthod. 2013;83:484–490.)