cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) and Competitions: How Motives Differ by Length of Participation

High Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) is a unique fitness method that promotes an active lifestyle and has seen exponential and continual growth over the last two decades. Motivation to exercise is likely to change over time as individuals’ motives to initiate exercise may be different than those which motivate them to maintain an exercise program. The purpose of this study was to examine the motivational factors reported by individuals who actively engage in HIFT with varying length of participation and competition levels. 737 adults (32.4 ± 8.2 years) with more than three-months of HIFT experience completed an online version of the Exercise Motivation Inventory (EMI-2) survey. Those who had greater length of participation reported more motives associated with relatedness (i.e., affiliation, competition) and enjoyment, while those with less HIFT participation were more motivated by body-related variables (i.e., weight management). Further, motivational variables (e.g., social recognition, affiliation, challenge) varied depending on whether or not individuals had competed in an online qualifier. Understanding these differences in motivation may aid in exercise promotion, initiation, and adherence, and moreover promote long-term physical and mental health benefits.
Should Government Assistance be Reflected in Financial Reports

SYNOPSIS Government assistance provided to U.S. companies is a large and economically significant phenomenon. Although the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has a current project concerni...
The Economic Burden of Residency Interviews on Applicants.

Background The residency match is increasingly competitive. The interview is an essential component, yet little has been documented about the costs applicants incur during the interview process and it is unclear how they manage these expenses. Objective The purpose of this study was to define the economic burden of residency interviews for United States (U.S.) allopathic students participating in the 2016 Main Residency Match. We hypothesized that the financial burden of residency interviews varies based on specialty and plays a role in the applicant's ability to participate in all desired interviews. Methods A 26 question electronic survey was developed following pilot study of applicants to a single residency program. Following validation, the survey was distributed to administrative officials at all U.S. allopathic medical schools for circulation to senior students. Results were pooled for statistical analysis. Results We received responses from 759 U.S. allopathic seniors. A single interview most commonly costs $250 - $499. Most applicants incurred substantial interview related costs. Sixtyfour percent of respondents spent at least $2,500, while 13% spent $7,500 or more. Specialty competitiveness was predictive of higher interview costs. Seventy-one percent of respondents borrowed money to fund interview costs, and 41% declined interviews for financial reasons. Conclusions Senior medical students incur substantial costs to participate in residency interviews, often adding to already burdensome educational debt. We encourage residency programs, especially those in competitive specialty fields, to pursue cost reduction strategies. Additionally, medical schools should provide financial counseling to allow students to anticipate interview costs.
Acute Hepatitis Secondary to the Use of Ilex paraguariensis (Mate Tea): A Case Report and Review of Literature

Drug induced liver injury is a very frequent cause of hepatotoxicity and within that group, herbal and dietary supplements are a well described subcategory. The following clinical vignette describes the case of a young man with acute hepatitis secondary to the use of Ilex paraguariensis, also known as yerba mate, which is a herbal product commonly drunk in South America. This is the first written case of mate tea induced hepatotoxicity.
Pornography and Sexual Assault

This chapter concerns itself with how the viewing of pornography relates to sexual assault through mechanisms such as shaping sociocultural norms about gender, shifting attitudes about sexual violence and objectification of women, and modeling aggressive sexual behavior. I begin by providing a historical context and definitions of pornography and detail the scope of the industry, especially as it has moved increasingly to web-based dissemination. Next, theories that articulate why pornography might relate to sexual violence against women are presented; theories positing positive associations and negative associations are reviewed. Evidence about the role pornography may play in sexual assault is reviewed according to three primary methods of scientific investigation: laboratory studies, surveys, and crime statistics. Across time and methods, research studies generally find that pornography, especially violent pornography, appears to be associated with small but significant increases in sexual assault-related variables such as rape myth acceptance, negative attitudes towards women, self-reported willingness to rape, and past history of assaultive behavior. I end with some suggestions for additional research to address key gaps in the literature.
Extending Virtual Reality Display Wall Environments Using Augmented Reality

Two major form factors for virtual reality are head-mounted displays and large display environments such as CAVE®and the LCD-based successor CAVE2®. Each of these has distinct advantages and limitations based on how they’re used. This work explores preserving the high resolution and sense of presence of CAVE2 environments in full stereoscopic mode by using a see-though augmented reality HMD to expand the user’s field of regard beyond the physical display walls. In our explorative study, we found that in a visual search task in a stereoscopic CAVE2, the addition of the HoloLens to expand the field of regard did not hinder the performance or accuracy of the participant, but promoted more physical navigation which in post-study interviews participants felt aided in their spatial awareness of the virtual environment.
Theoretical Investigation of Optical Intersubband Transitions and Infrared Photodetection in ${\beta}$-(AlxGa1-x)2O3/Ga2O3 Quantum Well Structures

We provide theoretical consideration of intersubband transitions designed in the ultrawide bandgap Aluminum Gallium Oxide ((AlxGa1-x)2O3)/Gallium Oxide (Ga2O3)) quantum well system. Conventional material systems have matured into successful intersubband device applications such as large area quantum well infrared photodetector(QWIP) focal plane arrays for reproducible imaging systems but are fundamentally limited via maximum conduction band offsets to mid and long wavelength infrared applications. Short and near infrared devices are technologically important to optical communications systems and biomedical imaging applications, but are difficult to realize in intersubband designs for this reason. In this work, we use a first principles approach to estimate the expansive design space of monoclinic ${\beta}$(AlxGa1x)2O3/Ga2O3 material system, which reaches from short wavelength infrared (1 to 3{\mu}m) to far infrared (greater than 30{\mu}m) transition wavelengths. We estimate the performance metrics of two QWIPs operating in the long and short wavelength regimes, including an estimation of high room temperature detectivity (about 10^11 Jones) at the optical communication wavelength {\lambda}p 1.55{\mu}m. Our findings demonstrate the potential of the rapidly maturing (AlxGa1-x)2O3/Ga2O3 material system to open the door for intersubband device applications.
The non-glacial and non-cratonic origin of an early Archean felsic volcaniclastic unit, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa

Abstract Recent studies have suggested that ~3.445 Ga felsic volcaniclastic rocks of member H6 of the Hooggeneoeg Formation in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa, show evidence for deposition above a major erosional unconformity under glacial to periglacial conditions and contain debris eroded from older, granitic continental crust. These conclusions represent fundamental re-interpretations of this sequence, its crustal setting, and processes of deposition. We here present evidence that these felsic strata represent terrestrial to shallow water mass flows deposits, storm-influenced shallow-marine units, and turbidity-current-like, storm-driven submarine flows, all of which lack any evidence of a glacial influence during sedimentation. They accumulated as part of a conformable stratigraphic sequence and show no evidence of mantling an erosional surface. The debris consists entirely of volcanic-derived materials. No clasts of plutonic rock are found in the conglomerates. Low-temperature diagenesis and potash metasomatism have altered primary volcanic feldspar in the volcaniclastic debris to tartan twinned microcline, previously thought to be characteristic of granitic plutonic rocks. This potassium feldspar is quite distinctive and unlike the microcline found in plutons surrounding the greenstone belt. This succession is part of a classic felsic volcaniclastic sequence deposited as an apron flanking a major felsic volcanic center.
Clinical Course and Factors Associated With Hospitalization and Critical Illness Among COVID-19 Patients in Chicago, Illinois.

Background SARS-CoV-2 is a global pandemic associated with significant morbidity and mortality. However, information from United States cohorts is limited. Understanding predictors of admission and critical illness in these patients is essential to guide prevention and risk stratification strategies. Methods This was a retrospective, registry-based cohort study including all patients presenting to Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois, with COVID-19 from March 4, 2020 to June 21, 2020. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data were obtained from the registry and compared between hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients as well as those with critical illness. We used logistic regression modeling to explore risk factors associated with hospitalization and critical illness. Results A total of 8,673 COVID-19 patients were included in the study, of whom 1,483 (17.1%) were admitted to the hospital and 528 (6.1%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. Risk factors for hospital admission included advanced age, male sex (odds ratio [OR] = 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.44 to 1.98), Hispanic/Latino ethnicity (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.18 to 1.92), hypertension (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.46 to 2.16), diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.53 to 2.22), prior CVA (OR = 3.20, 95% CI = 1.99 to 5.14), coronary artery disease (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.03 to 2.06), heart failure (OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.23 to 2.61), chronic kidney disease (OR = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.77 to 3.83), end-stage renal disease (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.12 to 4.41), cirrhosis (OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.42 to 2.91), fever (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.19 to 1.71), and dyspnea (OR = 4.53, 95% CI = 3.75 to 5.47). Factors associated with critical illness included male sex (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.12 to 1.88), congestive heart failure (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.00 to 2.12), obstructive sleep apnea (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.07 to 2.33), blood-borne cancer (OR = 3.53, 95% CI = 1.26 to 9.86), leukocytosis (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.15 to 2.17), elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.20 to 2.17), hypoalbuminemia (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.39 to 2.32), elevated AST (OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.20 to 2.29), elevated lactate (OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.40 to 2.73), elevated D-Dimer (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.97), and elevated troponin (OR = 3.65, 95% CI = 2.03 to 6.57). Conclusion There are a number of factors associated with hospitalization and critical illness. Clinicians should consider these factors when evaluating patients with COVID-19.
Results from the NRL ubitron experiment

An experimental program to study the potential of the ubitron interaction mechanism is underway at the Naval Research Laboratory. The ubitron, a device based on a fast-wave, periodic-beam interaction, was developed by R. M. Phillips in the late 1950's [1]. Although Phillips obtained impressive results In several amplifier experiments, research on the ubitron was stopped in 1964. Recent theoretical and experimental advances in a related area, free-electron lasers, suggest that ubitron performance has been underestimated. Key developments for improved performance include the use of circularly polarized magnetic wiggler and waveguide fields, high quality electron beams, gyroresonant enhancement of the magnetic wiggler, and enhancement through system parameter tapering. An amplifier experiment has been constructed at NRL to explore the effects of these developments on the gain and efficiency limits of the ubitron.
EQUITABLE SHARING AND THE SUPREME COURT

This article proposes a framework for judicial review based on a principle of equitable sharing that requires that the benefits and detriments of social life be equitably shared among all of society’s members. Related articles argue that a truly democratic society must adhere to a principle of equitable sharing, and that plausible readings of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution support a requirement of equitable sharing as integral to the American social ideal. This article argues that the Supreme Court’s relative autonomy from the political process enables it to contribute positively to the societal debate over the rights that flow from equitable sharing, and that the Court’s ties to the political process enable it to do so in a way that is consistent with democratic principles. The article then applies equitable sharing to several current controversies: the same sex marriage issue likely to come before the Supreme Court in the near future; the race conscious student assignment plans struck down in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No.1; and the ban on corporate expenditures in elections and the matching fund plan in publicly funded elections overthrown, respectively, in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission and Arizona Free Enterprise Club’s Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett.
Two Emerging Serial Storage Interfacesfor Supporting Digital Libraries: Serial Storage Architecture(SSA) and Fiber Channel-Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL)

Digital libraries require not only high storage space capacity but also high performance storage systems which provide the fast accesses to the data. These requirements can not be efficiently supported with the traditional SCSI interfaces. Several serial storage interfaces have been proposed for constructing storage systems with high transfer bandwidth, large storage capacity, and fault tolerance feature. Among them, Serial Storage Architecture (SSA) and Fibre Channel-Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL) are considered as the next generation storage interfaces with broad industry support. Both technologies support simple cabling, long transmission distance, high data bandwidth, large capacity, fault tolerance, and fair sharing of link bandwidth. In this paper, a tutorial and a comparison of these two technologies are presented. The tutorial examines their interface specifications, transport protocols, fairness algorithms, and capabilities of fault tolerance. The comparison focuses on their protocol overhead, flow control, fairness algorithms, and fault tolerance. The paper also summarizes the recently proposed Aaron Proposal which incorporates features from both SSA and FC-AL and targets at merging these two technologies.
Optimal Pole Shifting for Discrete Time Systems

A recursive method for selecting the state weighting matrix of a linear quadratic regulator problem in order to shift the open loop eigenvalues to be at desired location is presented. This method is capable of shifting a complex pair to new complex or real locations, or shifting two real poles to be at a new real or complex locations. A minimization problem with linear and nonlinear constraints has to be solved in order to find the desired state weighting matrix.
Sally Kirk: Hope for the Autism Spectrum: A Mother and Son Journey of Insight and Biomedical Intervention

Hope for the Autism Spectrum is a mother’s account of the process of diagnosis and intervention of her son with Asperger’s Syndrome. The author, Kirk, painstakingly details the day to day accounts of her son Will’s development from early childhood through adolescence. She recounts her own struggles with understanding characteristics and treatment of her son’s disorder. When Will was 5 he was misdiagnosed with ADHD, and several years later he received a diagnosis of Asperger’s Syndrome (AS). Through a slow paced chronicles of the author’s varied and sometimes negative experiences with medical specialists and baffled educators and school personnel, Kirk offers her own exhaustive explanations and interpretations of her son’s disorder. After Will received a diagnosis of AS, in 2004, Kirk attended a conference by Defeat Autism Now (DAN), a group of physicians—part of the Autism Research Institute (ARI)—who are committed to promoting alternative treatments and therapies of autism. There, for the first time, she became acquainted with the DAN researchers’ biomedical theories of ASD and related treatments. Kirk then embarked on a study of the DAN researchers’ work, and discovered their analyses and explanations of autism ‘‘enlightening’’:
Effects of clopidogrel and aspirin on platelet aggregation, thromboxane production, and serotonin secretion in horses.

Background: Critically ill horses are susceptible to thrombotic disease, which might be related to increased platelet reactivity and activation. Objectives: To compare the effect of oral clopidogrel and aspirin (ASA) on equine platelet function. Animals: Six healthy adult horses. Methods: Horses received clopidogrel (2 mg/kg PO q24h) or ASA (5 mg/kg PO q24h) for 5 days in a prospective randomized cross-over design. Platelet aggregation responses to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen via optical aggregometry, and platelet secretion of serotonin (5HT) and production of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) by ELISA were evaluated. In horses receiving clopidogrel, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis for clopidogrel and its carboxylic-acid metabolite SR 26334 was performed. Results: SR 26334 was identified in all clopidogrel-treated horses, although the parent compound was not detected. Clopidogrel resulted in decreases in ADP-induced platelet aggregation persisting for 120 hours after the final dose. ADP-induced platelet aggregation decreased from a baseline of 70.2 ± 14.7% to a minimum of 15.9 ± 7.7% 24 hours after the final dose (P < .001). Collagen-induced aggregation decreased from a baseline of 93 ± 9.5% to a minimum of 70.8 ± 16.9% 48 hours after the final dose (P < .001). ASA did not decrease platelet aggregation with either agonist. ASA decreased serum TXB2 from a baseline value of 1310 ± 1045 to 128 ± 64 pg/mL within 24 hours (P < .01). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Clopidogrel effectively decreases ADP-induced platelet aggregation in horses, and could have therapeutic applications for equine diseases associated with platelet activation.
A neuromorphic neural spike clustering processor for deep-brain sensing and stimulation systems

This paper presents algorithm and digital hardware design, inspired by biological spiking neural networks, to perform unsupervised, online spike-clustering with high accuracy and low-power consumption in the context of deep-brain sensing and stimulation systems. The proposed hardware contains 1220 digital neurons and 4.86k latch-based synapses, and achieves the average sorting accuracy of 91% whereas the conventional hardware based on the Osort algorithm achieves 69% for the same datasets. Implemented in a 65nm high-V th , the processor exhibits a footprint of 0.25mm2/ch. and a power consumption of 9.3µW/ch. at V DD of 0.3V.
Promoter methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis: A monozygotic twin study

Abstract Objective Endothelial dysfunction assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is a marker of early atherosclerosis. Glucocorticoid receptor gene ( NR3C1 ) regulates many biological processes, including stress response, behavioral, cardiometabolic and immunologic functions. Genetic variants in NR3C1 have been associated with atherosclerosis and related risk factors. This study investigated the association of NR3C1 promoter methylation with FMD, independent of genetic and family-level environmental factors. Methods We studied 84 middle-aged, male–male monozygotic twin pairs recruited from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Brachial artery FMD was measured by ultrasound. DNA methylation levels at 22 CpG residues in the NR3C1 exon 1F promoter region were quantified by bisulfite pyrosequencing in genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes. Co-twin control analyses were conducted to examine the association of methylation variation with FMD, adjusting for smoking, physical activity, body mass index, lipids, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and depressive symptoms. Multiple testing was corrected using the false discovery rate. Results Mean methylation level across the 22 studied CpG sites was 2.02%. Methylation alterations at 12 out of the 22 CpG residues were significantly associated with FMD. On average, a 1% increase in the intra-pair difference in mean DNA methylation was associated with 2.83% increase in the intra-pair difference in FMD (95% CI: 1.46–4.20; P Conclusion Methylation variation in NR3C1 exon 1F promoter significantly influences subclinical atherosclerosis, independent of genetic, early family environmental and other risk factors.
Supraglottic carcinoma: a 10-year review at the University Hospital.

The records of all patients with supraglottic laryngeal cancer seen and definitively treated from 1961 to 1970 at the University Hospital were reviewed. The total number of carcinomas felt to arise primarily from the supraglottic area was 118. Of these, 89 had what we considered sufficient follow-up to be used in tabulating the results of treatment. Tumors irradiated primarily received 6,500 R Cobalt therapy. There were 50 of the 89 patients who received primary irradiation therapy. Thirty-one of the patients received primary surgical therapy. Of these, three had laryngectomies only, seven partial laryngectomies and neck dissections, and the remaining patients had total laryngectomies and neck dissection. Only eight of the 89 patients received initial combined therapy, or surgery and irradiation within three months of each other. In our experience, supraglottic cancers without nodal metastasis, regardless of size, will have about 73 percent absolute three-year survival, whether treated with irradiation or surgery primarily. The absolute three-year survival for supraglottic carcinomas with nodal metastasis and primary irradiation therapy was 6 percent. On the average, these were larger lesions with nodal metastasis. The absolute three-year survival for supraglottic carcinomas with nodes receiving primary surgery was 23 percent. These were significantly smaller lesions than those irradiated primarily. Of the patients without lymph node metastasis, 24 percent of the supraglottic lesions irradiated primarily developed laryngeal recurrences requiring secondary therapy. None of the patients with similar lesions receiving primary surgery developed laryngeal recurrences. Of the supraglottic carcinomas with nodal metastasis and receiving primary irradiation, 75 percent developed local recurrences and 83 percent had persistent or recurrent neck metastasis in the same neck. Of the patients with similar lesions receiving primary surgery, 20 percent developed local recurrences and 33 percent developed recurrent neck metastasis in the same neck. The alternatives of treatment for primary therapy of a supraglottic carcinoma without nodal metastasis are either full dose irradiation or a partial laryngectomy, if possible, and a neck dissection. Supraglottic carcinomas with evidence of nodal metastasis are probably best treated surgically, in some cases in combination with irradiation therapy.
State Enforcement of Shale Gas Development Regulations, Including Hydraulic Fracturing

The United States is in the midst of a boom in natural gas and oil production, much of which has occurred in shale formations around the country. As shale development has expanded — largely as a result of new horizontal drilling and “slickwater” hydraulic fracturing (fracking, fracing, or hydofracking) techniques — questions have arisen regarding the environmental risks of drilling and fracturing in shales and how laws, policies, and regulations address these risks. To understand whether and how regulation addresses risks, one must know both the content of regulations and how they are applied through inspections of well sites, notations of violations, and/or enforcement. An accompanying paper by this author, entitled “Regulation of Shale Gas Development, Including Hydraulic Fracturing” addresses the content of federal, regional, state, and local regulations that apply to shale gas development; this paper explores, in a preliminary fashion, how these regulations are applied. It briefly surveys complaints about shale gas and tight sands development (both of which typically require fracturing) lodged by citizens with state agencies, states’ notation of environmental violations at shale gas and tight sands wells both in response to these complaints and as a result of independently-instigated site visits or self-reported violations, and states’ capacity to inspect sites and enforce violations noted. The objective of this “on-the-ground” review of shale gas development regulatory activities is to offer a preliminary picture of the environmental effects of shale gas development and how states address them through citations of violations and/or initiation of enforcement action. Regulations have little effect if they are rarely applied to regulated actors or only sporadically enforced. Looking to both the content of regulations, violations of the regulations, and enforcement therefore provides a more complete regulatory picture. The Energy Institute at the University of Texas funded the research for this paper.
New evidence for the prediction of intelligence from infancy

An assumption is made that tests of the infant's ability to recognize a previously seen target tap early cognitive processes similar to those processes employed to solve later tests of intelligence. The recognition memory abilities of normal infants have been found to be superior to those of infants considered to be at risk for later intellectual deficit. Evidence for the predictive validity of infant recognition memory tests emerges from longitudinal studies in which the relationship between the extent of infants' visual preferences for novel targets and later performance on standard tests of intelligence has been examined. Various theoretical and practical consequences flow from these initial discoveries of continuity in intelligent functioning from infancy to childhood.
Perceptions of Empathic Messages and Message Sources

Abstract This article discusses the impact on perceptions of listening for three different empathic responses attributed to three sources—best friend, counselor and stranger. One hundred seventy-six subjects responded to a written dialogue. Results of the analysis of variance indicated that a best friend and stranger were viewed as more empathic than a counselor by respondents. A response which solicits more information was also perceived as more empathic than messages that reflected the speakers own problems or a marginal response. Implications are discussed.
Charge Distributions in Fluorine and Neon

Hartree fields (modified to take account of exchange between $2p$ electrons) have been obtained for F, ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, Ne. The energy parameters of the $1s$, $2s$ and $2p$ electrons are found to be 53.08, 2.40 and 1.09 for F; 52.38, 1.50 and 0.14 for ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$; and 65.68, 2.75, and 1.51 for Ne. The use of the fields for F and ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ enable one to test the wave equation of the "hole" given by Heisenberg and Dirac. This equation is found to be equivalent to the Hartree equation for the corresponding electron and to give the wrong sign for the electron affinity of F. The $1s$, $2s$ and $2p$ functions have been represented by analytic expressions of the Slater type.
Spontaneous pattern discrimination in the rat: A further analysis

One of two visual stimulus patterns was presented to 24 male albino rats for a 10-min session. Following a 2 min intersession interval, Ss received an additional 10-min exposure either to the same or a different pattern. The activity scores were recorded for both sessions. The major findings were: (a) a significant pattern preference, (b) no significant “novelty” effect, and (c) a significant decrease in activity over sessions.
Cyst-like lesions of the knee joint and their relation to incident knee pain and development of radiographic osteoarthritis: the MOST study

Summary Objective To determine whether intra- and periarticular cyst-like lesions of the knee are associated with incident knee pain and incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA). Design The Multicenter Osteoarthritis (MOST) Study is a cohort of individuals who have or are at high risk for knee OA. Using a nested case-control study design, we investigated the associations of cyst-like lesions (Baker's, meniscal and proximal tibiofibular joint (PTFJ) cysts, and prepatellar and anserine bursitides) with (1) incident pain at 15- or 30-month follow-up and (2) incident radiographic OA at 30-month follow-up. Baseline cyst-like lesions were scored semiquantitatively using the Whole Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS). Conditional logistic regression models were used to assess the relation between these lesions and the outcomes, adjusting for potential confounding factors (i.e., cartilage loss, meniscal damage, bone marrow lesions, synovitis and joint effusion, which were also scored using WORMS). Results Incident knee pain study included 157 cases and 336 controls. Prevalence of meniscal and PTFJ cysts in the case group was twice that in the control group [9 (6%) vs 9 (3%) and 9 (6%) vs 10 (3%), respectively]. Incident radiographic OA study included 149 cases and 298 controls. Prevalence of grade 2 Baker's cysts and PTFJ cysts in the case group was approximately four times that in the control group [16 (11%) vs 9 (3%) and 6 (4%) vs 3 (1%), respectively]. However, none of the cyst-like lesions was associated with incident pain or radiographic OA after fully adjusted logistic regression analyses and correction of P -values for multiple comparisons. Conclusion None of the analyzed lesions was an independent predictor of incident knee pain or radiographic OA. Intra- and periarticular cyst-like lesions are likely to be a secondary phenomenon seen in painful or OA-affected knees, rather than a primary trigger for incident knee pain or radiographic OA.
“The Legal Effect of the Judgment”: Indian Land Claims, Ecological Anthropology, Social Impact Assessment, and the Public Domain

The legal, cultural, and ecological issues surrounding Western Shoshone Indians’ claim to and use of the public domain in Nevada are examined through discussion of three cases of contested uses: plans for a mine in a proposed World Heritage Site; plans for a dam at a sacred site; and economic use of the public domain for stock grazing by a Western Shoshone family. Results of a research project aimed at documenting historic and contemporary uses of the area as well as Shoshone land claims reveal a challenge for anthropologists and other social scientists to include the political impact of institutional power on ecosystems in environmental studies.
14N and 35Cl nuclear quadrupole resonance in nitrogen-chlorine bonds

Abstract It is shown that the Townes and Dailey theory for the interpretation of molecular field gradients gives consistent results in terms of a simple two-electron σ bond when applied to both members of an N-Cl bond.
Guidelines favoring fair use: an analysis of legal interpretations affecting higher education

Abstract A discussion and summary of landmark court cases involving the fair use clause of copyright law provide numerous guidelines that encourage legitimate fair use of copyrighted materials. Implications for librarians and others within higher education are emphasized.
The role of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation in patients undergoing cardiac operations.

Abstract Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) was used to assist 60 patients undergoing cardiac operations for reasons of acute left ventricular failure (18 patients) or electively for indications in high-risk coronary and valvular heart disease (42 patients). Nine of 18 patients achieved hemodynamic stability when treated for acute perioperative or postoperative cardiogenic shock. Four of these died from problems unassociated with postoperative left ventricular failure and 5 were long-term survivors, indicating a potential salvage of 50%. In 42 high-risk patients, IABC was used electively to control preinfarction angina before operation (21 patients) and prophylactically to prevent postoperative low-output failure in another 21 patients with severe coronary and valvular heart disease. Thirty-nine, or 93%, of these patients survived. There were no deaths in the preinfarction angina group, 1 death in the group with coronary disease and ejection fractions less than 30%, and 2 deaths in those with valvular heart disease and congestive failure. Seven patients developed thrombotic or ischemic complications, but no permanent damage resulted. IABC is an important form of assistance for any patient with preoperative, intraoperative, or postoperative left ventricular failure and adds safety and hemodynamic stability for the high-risk patient with preinfarction angina or poor ventricular function.
Activation states of blood eosinophils in asthma

Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation rich in eosinophils. Airway eosinophilia is associated with exacerbations and has been suggested to play a role in airway remodeling. Recruitment of eosinophils from the circulation requires that blood eosinophils become activated, leading to their arrest on the endothelium and extravasation. Circulating eosinophils can be envisioned as potentially being in different activation states, including non-activated, pre-activated or “primed”, or fully activated. In addition, the circulation can potentially be deficient of pre-activated or activated eosinophils, because such cells have marginated on activated endothelium or extravasated into the tissue. A number of eosinophil-surface proteins, including CD69, L-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54), CD44, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1, CD162), cytokine receptors, Fc receptors, integrins including αM integrin (CD11b), and activated conformations of Fc receptors and integrins have been proposed to report cell activation. Variation in eosinophil activation states may be associated with asthma activity. Eosinophil-surface proteins proposed to be activation markers, with a particular focus on integrins, and evidence for associations between activation states of blood eosinophils and features of asthma are reviewed here. Partial activation of β1 and β2 integrins on blood eosinophils, reported by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) N29 and KIM-127, is associated with impaired pulmonary function and airway eosinophilia, respectively, in non-severe asthma. The association with lung function does not occur in severe asthma, presumably due to greater eosinophil extravasation, specifically of activated or pre-activated cells, in severe disease.
Measuring Dominance and Constructing Hierarchies: An Example Using Mule Deer

Important issues that are still unresolved in the study of animal social groups are how dominance is measured and how individuals are ranked. Based on observations of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus), we constructed hierarchies for the same 26 bucks using five potential correlates of dominance and three measures based on the outcome of agonistic interactions. Data for each of six behavior measures were converted to ranks by six different numerical techniques. Different measures of behavior resulted in different hierarchies. This was especially so when the hierarchy based on sparring rates was compared to hierarchies based on other criteria. Although our results showed that dominance is not a unitary concept, several measures of dominance were highly correlated with one another. Thus, one measure, in some instances, may be a good but imperfect predictor of dominance defined by other criteria. For data sets based on index scores or rates of performing behavior, the mean difference and standard-error difference ranking methods had distinct advantages. Both produced equally weighted ranks that minimized the effects of sampling errors.
Alcohol steatosis and cytotoxicity: The role of cytochrome P4502E1 and autophagy

The goal of the current study was to evaluate whether CYP2E1 plays a role in binge-ethanol induced steatosis and if autophagy impacts CYP2E1-mediated hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress and fatty liver formation produced by ethanol. Wild type (WT), CYP2E1 knockin (KI) and CYP2E1 knockout (KO) mice were gavaged with 3g/kg body wt ethanol twice a day for four days. This treatment caused fatty liver, elevation of CYP2E1 and oxidative stress in WT and KI mice but not KO mice. Autophagy was impaired in ethanol-treated KI mice compared to KO mice as reflected by a decline in the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and lower total LC-3 and Beclin-1 levels coupled to increases in P62, pAKT/AKT and mTOR. Inhibition of macroautophagy by administration of 3-methyladenine enhanced the binge ethanol hepatotoxicity, steatosis and oxidant stress in CYP2E1 KI, but not CYP2E1 KO mice. Stimulation of autophagy by rapamycin blunted the elevated steatosis produced by binge ethanol. Treatment of HepG2 E47 cells which express CYP2E1 with 100mM ethanol for 8 days increased fat accumulation and oxidant stress but decreased autophagy. Ethanol had no effect on these reactions in HepG2 C34 cells which do not express CYP2E1. Inhibition of autophagy elevated ethanol toxicity, lipid accumulation and oxidant stress in the E47, but not C34 cells. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, and CYP2E1 inhibitor chlormethiazole blunted these effects of ethanol. These results indicate that CYP2E1 plays an important role in binge ethanol-induced fatty liver. We propose that CYP2E1-derived reactive oxygen species inhibit autophagy, which subsequently causes accumulation of lipid droplets. Inhibition of autophagy promotes binge ethanol induced hepatotoxicity, steatosis and oxidant stress via CYP2E1.
Midpoint CD34 Measurement as a Predictor of PBPC Product Yield in Pediatric Patients Undergoing High-Dose Chemotherapy

High-dose chemo/radiotherapy of sensitive tumors requires PBPC rescue doses of >3 x 10(6) CD34/kg (range: 3-20 x 10(6) CD34/kg). Because of the diversity of stem cell treatment protocols and clinical presentation of patients at the time of peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) harvest, the use of the mid-point CD34 positive cell measurement was initiated to predict the final CD34-positive cell product yield/stem cell harvest. The measurement of CD34-positive cells at the mid-point of the initial setting of 5 total blood volumes (TBV) allows for the extension, shortening, or no change in the TBV processing to achieve a maximum goal of CD34-positive cells/kg body weight required for stem cell transplantation. The estimation of mid-point CD34-positive cells guided our center to extend 22 procedures, shorten 26 procedures, and leave 20 procedures unchanged. This investigation addresses three aspects of PBPC collection in pediatric patients: (1) the processing of large blood volumes (more than the defined 3 TBV and maximum up to 13 TBV in one session) to achieve good efficiency of the procedure; (2) the use of the mid-point CD34 measurement at 2.5 of 5 TBV initially set to predict the maximum goal of CD34 cells /kg needed on the same day of PBPC collection; and (3) PBPC collection in pediatric patients <10 kg body weight (as low as 5.8 kg body weight).
The Impact of Group Processing on Achievement in Cooperative Learning Groups

Abstract The impact on achievement of (a) cooperative learning, in which members discussed how well their group was functioning and how they could improve its effectiveness, (b) cooperative learning without any group processing, and (c) individualistic learning were compared on daily achievement, postinstructional achievement, and retention. Third-grade American students (N = 84) were randomly assigned to the three conditions, stratifying for sex and ability level. The results indicate that the high-, medium-, and low-achieving students in the cooperation with group processing condition achieved higher on all three measures than did the students in the other two conditions. Students in the cooperation without group processing condition achieved higher on all three measures than did the students in the individualistic condition.
Crack initiation around holes in a unidirectional MMC under fatigue loading

Abstract An investigation was undertaken to understand the fatigue process in unidirectional metal matrix composites (MMCs) with center holes. Currently, there is considerable confusion as to the true nature of initiation and growth of cracks from notches in MMCs. A key concern is whether surface cracks are through cracks. Furthermore, an explanation is required for the preferential initiation and growth of four major symmetric cracks at 65–72 degrees from the pole (loading axis). Clarification of these issues is critical for developing rational analysis procedures for damage tolerance. In this investigation, unidirectional eight-ply Ti 15-3/SCS-6 composites with a center hole were subjected to monotonic and tension-tension fatigue loading at room temperature. Optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the initiation and growth of the cracks and to determine their angular orientation around the hole in the specimen. Under fatigue loading, it was found that the major cracks were continuous cracks through the depth of the specimen, and they were located at 65–72 degrees from the pole. The Hencky-Von Mises failure criterion, an octahedral shear stress criterion, was found to be successful in predicting the preferred initiation sites for the major fatigue cracks. Fatigue crack initiation appeared to be controlled primarily by shear stress induced reversed inelastic deformation of the matrix in the hole region. In contrast, under monotonic loading, fracture occurred at 90 degrees from the pole, similar to what is observed in homogeneous metals. Crack initiation in this case appeared to be controlled by fiber fracture. Thus, whereas failure was matrix dominated in fatigue, it was fiber dominated under monotonic loading.
Ribose-seq: global mapping of ribonucleotides embedded in genomic DNA

Abundant ribonucleotide incorporation in DNA during replication and repair has profound consequences for genome stability, but the global distribution of ribonucleotide incorporation is unknown. We developed ribose-seq, a method for capturing unique products generated by alkaline cleavage of DNA at embedded ribonucleotides. High-throughput sequencing of these fragments in DNA from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed widespread ribonucleotide distribution, with a strong preference for cytidine and guanosine, and identified hotspots of ribonucleotide incorporation in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Ribonucleotides were primarily incorporated on the newly synthesized leading strand of nuclear DNA and were present upstream of (G+C)-rich tracts in the mitochondrial genome. Ribose-seq is a powerful tool for the systematic profiling of ribonucleotide incorporation in genomic DNA.
Liver Transplantation From Hepatitis B Surface Antigen-Positive Donors

One possibility to increase the organ pool is to use grafts from hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive donors, but few data are currently available in this setting. Herein, we reviewed the outcome of 92 liver transplantations using allografts from HBsAg-positive donors in the United States (1990-2009). They had experienced HBV-related (n = 68) or HBV-unrelated disease (n = 24). There was no difference between patients who received HBsAg-positive versus HBsAg-negative allografts based on age, Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, length of stay, wait time, and donor risk index. HBsAg-positive allografts were more likely to be imported and used in MELD exceptional cases. Allograft and patient survival were comparable between the two groups. HBsAg-positive allografts deserve consideration when no other organ is available in a suitable waiting time in the present era of highly effective antiviral therapy.
Distortion of upstream disturbances in a Hiemenz boundary layer

A theoretical analysis of the distortion of unsteady three-dimensional disturbances in a Hiemenz boundary layer and its effect on the heat transfer enhancement is presented. It is shown that the disturbance length scale is a critical parameter in determining the amplification ratio of the incoming vorticity. For large disturbance length scales, the amplification ratio increases when the length scale decreases, and a maximum value occurs at a length scale close to five times the boundary-layer thickness. The unsteadiness of the disturbances is found to reduce the vorticity amplification, but the effect is second order when the frequency is low compared to the mean flow strain rate. The impinging disturbances induce large-amplitude vorticity of opposite sign at the wall whose magnitude controls the heat transfer enhancement. As an application of the present analysis, a new scaling correlation is derived for stagnation-point heat transfer in the presence of free-stream turbulence. The theoretical correlation, expressed in terms of turbulence intensity, integral length scale and mean flow Reynolds number, agrees reasonably well with recent experimental data.
Using Visual Feedback and Model Programs in Introductory Computer Science.

THIS ARTICLE describes seven examples of a teaching method for introductory computer science which is based on visualization and the use of extensive bodies of sample software. The aim is to use visualization as the means for integrating the other activities a student must do: reading algorithm and data structure descriptions, studying code from model programs and toolkits, designing software components, and building or enhancing programs. The method is strongly laboratory-based because we believe that students must be actively engaged to learn well. By the use of shell programs, the laboratory projects are carefully designed to focus student energy on the critical issues rather than on mundane details.
B72-3 Computer Structures, Readings and Examples

This book represents a major contribution to the study of the architecture of computer systems. It will be, I believe, must reading for any serious student of the field.
On the design of optimal decoupled two-degree-of-freedom multivariable feedback control systems

An important consideration in the design of many control systems is decoupling (each command input controlling only one output). The two-degree-of-freedom structure is ideally suited to this task since it permits one to separate the problem of decoupling from the problem of realizing a desirable stability margin. A decoupling constraint, however, can lead to some deterioration in achievable system performance. A design procedure which minimizes this performance deterioration is outlined here.