cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Is Old Should Be New Again: Methodological Individualism, Institutional Analysis and Spontaneous Order

In this paper we revisit the case for methodological individualism for the positive analysis of political economy. We argue that the basis of methodological individualism implies neither a necessary commitment to atomistic reductionism in explaining social phenomena nor philosophical individualism resulting in a laissez-faire policy. The point of engaging in spontaneous order analysis on methodologically individualist grounds is not to make precise predictions per se, but instead to render the purposive actions of individuals and the meaning of such actions intelligible. Once individuals can be understood as purposive actors whose social interactions generate patterns of institutions, such as language, money and law, which coordinate their self-interest, then the mystery of how self-interest coincides with social cooperation under the division of labor, i.e. Paris getting fed, can be understood through the consistent and persistent application of the economic way of thinking.
The role of interferon gamma and NK cells in the eradication of pulmonary osteosarcoma metastases by IL-12

6009 Osteosarcoma is a primary bone tumor that occurs predominantly in adolescents and young adults. Despite aggressive chemotherapy and surgical intervention, the 2- year disease-free survival of 60% has not changed significantly in the past 20 years. Salvage chemotherapeutic regimes has had little efficacy. Consequently, new approaches are needed. We are interested in stimulating the body’s own immune system to eradicate pulmonary metastases, and have previously demonstrated in mice that gene therapy with IL-12 resulted in a dramatic decrease in the size and number of pulmonary metastases. The purpose of this study is to identify the molecular and immunological events responsible for the eradication of pulmonary metastases in mice treated intranasally with an adenoviral vector containing the IL-12 gene. Balb/c mice were injected intra-osseously or intravenously (i.v.) with K7M3 cells, which resulted in the development of spontaneous, or experimental, pulmonary metastases, respectively. To assess the role of NK cell activation by IL-12 in this model, mice were treated with 50μl of asialoGM-1 antibody (this antibody inactivates NK cell function) or saline intraperitoneally twice weekly for 4 weeks. Mice then received AdmIL-12, Ad Bgal (control viral vector), or saline intranasally two times per week for 4 - 6 weeks. Analysis of the number of pulmonary metastases at the end of therapy demonstrated a two-fold increase in the size and number of pulmonary metastases in saline treated mice compared to IL-12 treated mice whose NK cell activity was blocked. Interestingly, the number of metastases in the IL-12 group (anti-asialo GM treated) was similar to control groups not receiving the antibody. These results suggest that NK cells are essential and partially responsible for the IL-12 induced eradications of pulmonary OS metastases. In another series of experiments, the role of IL-12 induction of interferon-gamma (IFNγ) was assessed. Some of IFNγ activities include inducing anti-angiogenic activity, activating macrophage iNOS activity, activation of NK cells, and IFN-γ dependent induction of Th1 cell differentiation and activation of T cells. IFNγ activation by IL-12 therapy was blocked using 100μg of anti-IFNγ intraperitoneally twice weekly. The mice received intranasal gene therapy with mIL-12, Ad Bgal, or saline as described above. Blocking IL-12’s induction of IFNγ resulted in a greater than two fold increase in the size and number of metastases compared to the group receiving intranasal mIL-12 and a control antibody intraperitoneally. In addition, in the IL-12 treated mice a five-fold increase in CD4+ T cells were recruited to the lungs day 3 after i.v. injection compared to control mice. In mice treated with anti-IFNγ, no significant difference in CD4+ T cell recruitment was noted between groups.
Politics and Tragedy: The Case of Rousseau:

There is a growing body of scholarship in political theory that explores the ways in which a tragic heuristic can be useful for understanding politics. This scholarship has generally seen Rousseau ...
Mixed methods evaluation of implementation and outcomes in a community-based cancer prevention intervention

Community-based educational programs can complement clinical strategies to increase cancer screenings and encourage healthier lifestyles to reduce cancer burden. However, implementation quality can influence program outcomes and is rarely formally evaluated in community settings. This mixed-methods study aimed to characterize implementation of a community-based cancer prevention program using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), determine if implementation was related to participant outcomes, and identify barriers and facilitators to implementation that could be addressed. This study utilized quantitative participant evaluation data (n = 115) and quantitative and qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with program instructors (N = 13). At the participant level, demographic data (age, sex, insurance status) and behavior change intention were captured. Instructor data included implementation of program components and program attendance to create a 7-point implementation score of fidelity and reach variables. Degree of program implementation (high and low) was operationalized based on these variables (low: 0–4, high: 5–7). Relationships among degree of implementation, participant demographics, and participant outcomes (e.g., intent to be physically active or limit alcohol) were assessed using linear or ordinal logistic mixed effects models as appropriate. Interview data were transcribed and coded deductively for CFIR constructs, and constructs were then rated for magnitude and valence. Patterns between ratings of high and low implementation programs were used to determine constructs that manifested as barriers or facilitators. Program implementation varied with scores ranging from 4 to 7. High implementation was related to greater improvements in intention to be physically active (p < 0.05), achieve a healthy weight (p < 0.05), and limit alcohol (p < 0.01). Eight constructs distinguished between high and low implementation programs. Design quality and packaging, compatibility, external change agents, access to knowledge and information, and experience were facilitators of implementation and formally appointed internal implementation leaders was a barrier to implementation. As higher implementation was related to improved participant outcomes, program administrators should emphasize the importance of fidelity in training for program instructors. The CFIR can be used to identify barriers and/or facilitators to implementation in community interventions, but results may be unique from clinical contexts.
Large-scale ensemble simulations of biomathematical brain arteriovenous malformation models using graphics processing unit computation.

Abstract Background Theoretical modeling allows investigations of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) hemodynamics, but current models are too simple and not clinically representative. We developed a more realistic AVM model based on graphics processing unit (GPU) computing, to replicate highly variable and complex nidus angioarchitectures with vessel counts in the thousands—orders of magnitude greater than current models. Methods We constructed a theoretical electrical circuit AVM model with a nidus described by a stochastic block model (SBM) of 57 nodes and an average of 1000 plexiform and fistulous vessels. We sampled and individually simulated 10,000 distinct nidus morphologies from this SBM, constituting an ensemble simulation. We assigned appropriate biophysical values to all model vessels, and known values of mean intravascular pressure (Pmean) to extranidal vessels. We then used network analysis to calculate Pmean and volumetric flow rate within each nidus vessel, and mapped these values onto a graphic representation of the nidus network. We derived an expression for nidus rupture risk and conducted a model parameter sensitivity analysis. Results Simulations revealed a total intranidal volumetric blood flow ranging from 268 mL/min to 535 mL/min, with an average of 463 mL/min. The maximum percentage rupture risk among all vessels in the nidus ranged from 0% to 60%, with an average of 29%. Conclusion This easy to implement biomathematical AVM model, allowed by parallel data processing using advanced GPU computing, will serve as a useful tool for theoretical investigations of AVM therapies and their hemodynamic sequelae.
Data science with Python

Over the past few years there has been increased interest in data science (the exploration, analysis, and use of big data). There are many different tools and products that can be used. This hands-on tutorial will demonstrate how Python and various open-source libraries can be used for data science.
Randomized controlled trial of family-focused treatment for child depression compared to individual psychotherapy: one-year outcomes.

Objective Childhood-onset depression is associated with increased risk of recurrent depression and high morbidity extending into adolescence and adulthood. This multisite randomized controlled trial evaluated two active psychosocial treatments for childhood depression: family-focused treatment for childhood depression (FFT-CD) and individual supportive psychotherapy (IP). Aims were to describe effects through 52 weeks postrandomization on measures of depression, functioning, nondepressive symptoms, and harm events. Methods Children meeting criteria for depressive disorders (N = 134) were randomly assigned to 15 sessions of FFT-CD or IP and evaluated at mid-treatment for depressive symptoms and fully at roughly 16 weeks (after acute treatment), 32 weeks, and 52 weeks/one year. See clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01159041. Results Analyses using generalized linear mixed models confirmed the previously reported FFT-CD advantage on rates of acute depression response (≥50% Children's Depression Rating Scale reduction). Improvements in depression and other outcomes were most rapid during the acute treatment period, and leveled off between weeks 16 and 52, with a corresponding attenuation of observed group differences, although both groups showed improved depression and functioning over 52 weeks. Survival analyses indicated that most children recovered from their index depressive episodes by week 52: estimated 76% FFT-CD, 77% IP. However, by the week 52 assessment, one FFT-CD child and six IP children had suffered recurrent depressive episodes. Four children attempted suicide, all in the IP group. Other indicators of possible harm were relatively evenly distributed across groups. Conclusions Results indicate a quicker depression response in FFT-CD and hint at greater protection from recurrence and suicide attempts. However, outcomes were similar for both active treatments by week 52/one year. Although community care received after acute treatment may have influenced results, findings suggest the value of a more extended/chronic disease model that includes monitoring and guidance regarding optimal interventions when signs of depression-risk emerge.
‘On the Moon at Last’: We Have Always Lived in the Castle, Female Gothic, and the Lacanian Imaginary

Recent work on Shirley Jackson has emphasized how Jackson masks the horror in her work to show violence and trauma embedded in ordinary domestic life. We Have Always Lived in the Castle seemingly d...
Notes for Empirical Finance (Presentation Slides)

From experience in research, teaching, and support to research community, I realize there may be a knowledge gap in between financial economic theories and their empirical implementations, resulting inefficient research designs and less reproducible outputs especially among the researchers in their early career. This slide deck is created to partially fill this gap in a practical way. Through four empirical case studies, essential knowledge of major financial databases, CRSP, Compustat, I/B/E/S, and Refinitive Ownership is introduced with a concise SAS execution of widely used applications, Fama and French Factors, Event Studies, Post-earning Announcement Drift and DGTW adjusted returns. Various data details, obscures, and errors documented in literature are also discussed within a context of design and implementation of real research applications.
Using the first principles of instruction and multimedia learning principles to design and develop in-game learning support videos

Over three years, our research team has designed various learning supports for promoting content knowledge and solving game levels. In this case study, we examined the optimal design and the evaluation of learning support videos for a physics educational game. Often studies focus on investigating the effects of research-based principles without a systematic examination of the design and development processes. Thus, comprehensive design descriptions and recommendations for developing effective in-game learning supports are scarce in the literature. This study comprises two stages: design and evaluation. In the design stage, we collaborated with two physics experts to design and iteratively revise 18 learning support videos. We applied the First Principles of Instruction (Merrill, 2002) to create instructional strategies and multimedia learning principles (Mayer, 2017) to develop the videos and help learners engage in cognitive processing. In the evaluation stage, we presented the videos to 14 students to gather feedback on their perceptions and, in the following year, examined the effectiveness of the final videos with 263 students. Results revealed that, among all supports, the videos were the only support that significantly predicted posttest scores and game levels completed and viewing patterns did not affect game enjoyment. We conclude with a discussion of our experiences and recommendations to contribute to the foundation of designing in-game learning supports.
Effects of temperature on chaotropic anion-induced shape transitions of star molecular bottlebrushes with heterografted poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(N,N-dialkylaminoethyl methacrylate) side chains in acidic water.

This article reports a study of the effects of temperature on chaotropic anion (CA)-induced star-globule shape transitions in acidic water of three-arm star bottlebrushes composed of heterografted poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and either poly(2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) or poly(2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) (the brushes denoted as SMB-11 and -22, respectively). The brush polymers were synthesized by grafting alkyne-end-functionalized PEO and PDMAEMA or PDEAEMA onto an azide-bearing three-arm star backbone polymer using the copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction. Six anions were studied for their effects on the conformations of SMB-11 and -22 in acidic water: super CAs [Fe(CN)6]3− and [Fe(CN)6]4−, moderate CAs PF6− and ClO4−, weak CA I−, and for comparison, kosmotropic anion SO42−. At 25 °C, the addition of super and moderate CAs induced shape transitions of SMB-11 and -22 in pH 4.50 water from a starlike to a collapsed globular state stabilized by PEO side chains, which was driven by the ion pairing of protonated tertiary amine groups with CAs and the chaotropic effect. The shape changes occurred at much lower salt concentrations for super CAs than moderate CAs. Upon heating from near room temperature to 70 °C, the super CA-collapsed brushes remained in the globular state, whereas the moderate CA-collapsed brushes underwent reversible globule-to-star shape transitions. The transition temperature increased with increasing salt concentration and was found to be higher for SMB-22 at the same salt concentration, presumably caused by the chaotropic effect. In contrast, I− and SO42− had small effects on the conformations of SMB-11 and -22 at 25 °C in the studied salt concentration range, and only small and gradual size variations were observed upon heating to 70 °C. The results reported here may have potential uses in the design of stimuli-responsive systems for substance encapsulation and release.
Roosting ecology and the evolution of bat landing maneuvers

Abstract Biomechanics is poised at the intersection of organismal form, function, and ecology, and forms a practical lens through which to investigate evolutionary linkages among these factors. We conducted the first evolutionary analysis of bat flight dynamics by examining the phylogenetic patterning of landing mechanics. We discovered that bats perform stereotyped maneuvers that are correlated with landing performance quantified as impact force, and that these are linked with roosting ecology, a critical aspect of bat biology. Our findings suggest that bat ancestors performed simple, four-limbed landings, similar to those performed by gliding mammals, and that more complex landings evolved in association with novel roost types. This explicit connection between ecology and biomechanics presents the opportunity to identify traits that are associated with a locomotor behavior of known ecological relevance, thus laying the foundation for a broader understanding of the evolution of flight and wing architecture in this extraordinarily successful mammalian lineage.
Ethanol Affects the Progression of Planarian Head Regeneration in a Time-Dependent Manner

In humans, ethanol exposure in utero affects neurodevelopmental processes, which can lead to a spectrum of physical and cognitive impairments known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The m...
Multiple intracranial dural arterivenous fistulas in a girl with Cowden Syndrome - a case report

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are abnormal arteriovenous shunts that occur in the dura of the central nervous system. Multiple DAVFs present in a nine year old girl with Cowden Syndrome (CS) diagnosis is presented in this article.
Optimization problems in network connectivity

Besides being one of the principal driving forces behind research in algorithmic theory for more than five decades, network optimization has assumed increased significance in recent times with the advent and widespread use of a variety of large-scale real-life networks. The primary goal of such networks is to connect vertices (representing a variety of real-life entities) in a robust and inexpensive manner, and to store and retrieve such connectivity information efficiently. In this thesis, we present efficient algorithms aimed at achieving these broad goals. The main results presented in this thesis are as follows. • Cactus Construction. We give a near-linear time Monte Carlo algorithm for constructing a cactus representation of all the minimum cuts in an undirected graph. • Cut Sparsification. A cut sparsifier of an undirected graph is a sparse graph on the same set of vertices that preserves its cut values up to small errors. We give new combinatorial and algorithmic results for constructing cut sparsifiers. • Online Steiner Tree. Given an undirected graph as input, the goal of the Steiner tree problem is to select its minimum cost subgraph that connects a designated subset of vertices. We give the first online algorithm for the Steiner tree problem that has a poly-logarithmic competitive ratio when the input graph has both node and edge costs. • Network Activation Problems. In the design of real-life wireless networks, a typical objective is to select one among a possible set of parameter values at each node such that the set of activated links satisfy some desired connectivity properties. We formalize this as the network activation model, and give approximation algorithms for various fundamental network design problems in this model. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, libraries.mit.edu/docs - [email protected])
A New Approach to Feedback for Robust Signaling Gradients

The patterning of many developing tissues is orchestrated by gradients of morphogens through a variety of elaborate regulatory interactions. Such interactions are thought to make gradients robust, that is, resistant to changes induced by genetic or environmental perturbations; but just how this might be done is a major unanswered question. Recently extensive numerical simulations suggest that robustness of signaling gradients cannot be attained by negative feedback (of the Hill's function type) on signaling receptors but can be achieved through binding with nonsignaling receptors (or nonreceptors for short) such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans with the resulting complexes degrading after endocytosis. These were followed by a number of analytical and numerical studies in support of the aforementioned observations. However, evidence of feedback regulating signaling gradients has been reported in literature. The present paper undertakes a different approach to the role of feedback in robust signaling gradients. The overall goal of the project is to investigate the effectiveness of feedback mechanisms on ligand synthesis, receptor synthesis, nonreceptor synthesis, and other regulatory processes in the morphogen gradient system. As a first step, we embark herein a proof-of-concept examination of a new spatially uniform feedback process that is distinctly different from the conventional spatially nonuniform Hill function approach.
Colour renewal from space

For a year now, marine biologists have been gathering data from a new satellite-borne sensor that delivers information on the distribution and abundance of phytoplankton in the world's oceans. The instrument is known as the Sea-Viewing Wide-Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS), and in December last year oceanographers met to take stock of the results it has provided.
How Fast Can Cracks Move

With the present-day supercomputers, simulation is becoming a very powerful tool for providing important insights into the nature of materials failure. Atomistic simulations yield “ab initio” information about materials deformation at length and time scales unattainable by experimental measurement and unpredictable by continuum elasticity theory. Using our “computational microscope”, we can see what is happening at the atomic scale. Our simulation tool is computational molecular dynamics [2], and it is very easy to describe. Molecular dynamics predicts the motion of a large number of atoms governed by their mutual interatomic interaction, and it requires the numerical integration of the equations of motion, “force equals mass times acceleration or F = ma.” We learn in beginning physics that the dynamics of two atoms can be solved exactly. Beyond two atoms, this is impossible except for a few very special cases, and we must resort to numerical methods. A simulation study is defined by a model created to incorporate the important features of the physical system of interest. These features may be external forces, initial conditions, boundary conditions, and the choice of the interatomic force law.
Embedded temperature and heat flux sensors for advanced health monitoring of turbine engine components

MesoScribe Technologies has developed a process for producing embedded, conformal, thick film sensors based on direct write technology. Thermocouple and heat flux sensors can be fabricated directly onto engineering components and embedded into functional coatings. This provides for a variety of vital advantages: reliability, robustness and survivability in extremely harsh environments, cost effective implementation, and fabrication onto surfaces that are large, conformal (non-flat) and flexible. Embedded thermocouples and heat flux sensors were deposited onto superalloy substrates and subjected to a number of high temperature tests including isothermal furnace heating, cyclic burner rig testing, and continuous flame impingement. Initial testing yields Seebeck coefficients within 3% of commercial thermocouples. Results also demonstrate that embedded Type K thermocouples survive over 200 thirty minute burner rig cycles with surface temperatures exceeding 1150/spl deg/C. Embedding thermocouples at different depths within the TBC allows for simultaneous temperature measurements within the temperature gradient. In addition, over 20 hours of continuous flame impingement have been recorded with stable output. Embedded thermocouples were also tested at NASA GRC using a 3.5 kW CO/sub 2/ high heat flux laser which also allows extraction of thermal conductivity. The test comprised of 75 thirty minute cycles with a surface temperature of 1150/spl deg/C and metal interface temperature of 930/spl deg/C for a total duration of 41 hours. This very first test showed the capability of the embedded TC in terms of performance and durability. This paper summarizes the harsh environment test results as well as provides an overview of the capabilities of direct write technology to instrument propulsion and space structures.
Characterization of ribonuclease P from the archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus

Ribonuclease P is the endonuclease that removes the leader fragments from the 5'-ends of precursor tRNAs. The enzyme isolated from eubacteria contains a catalytic RNA subunit. RNAs also copurify with eukaryotic RNase P, although catalysis by those RNAs has not been demonstrated. This paper reports the isolation and characterization of ribonuclease P from the thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus. Archaebacteria are a primary evolutionary lineage, distinct from both eukaryotes and eubacteria. Ribonuclease P of S. solfataricus has reaction component requirements and a Km for substrate tRNA (2.5 X 10(-7) M) that are roughly similar to those reported for eubacterial and eukaryotic ribonuclease P. The temperature optimum for the reaction is 77 degrees C, reflecting the thermophilic character of the organism. The enzyme activity is not affected by treatment with micrococcal nuclease, suggesting that there is no RNA subunit or that it is protected from nuclease action. The density of the enzyme in cesium sulfate equilibrium density gradients is 1.27 g/ml, which is similar to that of protein. However, several RNAs between 200 and 400 nucleotides in size copurify with the enzyme activity on the density gradients, and one of them remains after micrococcal nuclease treatment. These properties of the S. solfataricus enzyme are compared with those of ribonuclease P from eukaryotes and eubacteria.
An Edge-based Image Copy Detection Scheme

This paper presents a novel scheme to detect copied versions of digital images, particularly in an Internet environment based on edge information of images. The edge information is used to generate the signature set for a corresponding image. The edge-based signature sets are then used to compute the distortions between query images and test images, from among which a user wants to find copies. Experimental results confirm that the proposed scheme not only withstands various modifications of an original image but also offers good detection performance in dealing with various rotations, shifting of 17.5% of the width or height of an image, and cutting out up to 45% of the area of an image, which previous research work has found difficult to detect. Therefore, our proposed scheme could be very helpful in detecting copies of digital images transmitted in an Internet environment.
Imaging neurodegeneration in the mouse hippocampus after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia using oscillating gradient diffusion MRI.

Purpose To investigate if frequency-dependent contrasts using oscillating gradient diffusion MRI (dMRI) can detect hypoxia–ischemia (HI) -induced neurodegeneration in the neonatal mouse hippocampus. Methods Pulsed- and oscillating-gradient dMR images (at 50, 100, and 150 Hz) were acquired from postmortem fixed brains of mice exposed to neonatal HI using the Rice-Vanucci model. MRI data were acquired at 1, 4, and 8 days following HI, and compared with histological data from the same mice for in situ histological validation of the MRI findings. Results The rate of change of apparent diffusion coefficient with gradient frequency (ΔfADC) revealed unique layer-specific contrasts in the neonatal mouse hippocampus. ΔfADC measurements were found to show a significant decrease in response to neonatal HI injury, in the pyramidal (Py) and granule (GrDG) cell layers compared with contralateral regions. The areas of reduced intensity in the ΔfADC maps corresponded to regional neurodegeneration seen with H&E and Fluoro-Jade C stainings, indicating that alterations in ΔfADC contrasts are sensitive to early microstructural changes due to HI-induced neurodegeneration in the studied regions. Conclusion The findings show that the frequency-dependence of ADC measurements with oscillating-gradient dMRI can provide a sensitive contrast to detect HI-induced neurodegeneration in neuronal layers of the neonatal mouse hippocampus. Magn Reson Med 72:829–840, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of two adaptive control methods for robotic applications

In this paper two adaptive methods, the self-tuning regulator and the adaptive tracking method, are compared in performance when applied to a two-degree-of-freedom robotic manipulator handling a load of unknown mass. The comparisons are based on digital simulations of the robot with load, the control algorithms and the adaptation algorithms. Both methods yielded stable system performance; however, the adaptive tracking algorithm showed faster convergence in adjusting to a sudden change in load mass. Further, implementation of this method did not require measurement of joint angle accelerations whereas the self-tuning regulator method did. In summary, the adaptive tracking algorithm appears to be superior for applications of this type. >
Capturing functional requirements through object interactions

The author introduces transaction based analysis (TBA), an object-oriented analysis methodology that is a blend of use-case analysis and responsibility driven design. The author shows how a user's functional requirements can be captured in a hierarchy of transaction diagrams-this hierarchy is one of the primary models generated using TBA. Transaction diagrams show how responsibilities within the system are carried out-they capture the control flow between objects in the system, as well as indicate which object responsibilities are being invoked. These diagrams also capture patterns of interactions that are intrinsic in the user's conceptual model. The notation for transaction diagrams is robust and easily communicated to the user.
SELP: A general-purpose framework for learning the norms from saliencies in spatiotemporal data

Abstract Sensors that monitor around the clock are everywhere. Due to the sheer amount of data these sensors can generate, the resources required to store, protect personal information, and analyze them are enormous. Since noteworthy events happen only occasionally, it is not necessary to store or analyze the data generated at every instant of time. Rather, it is imperative for a smart memory to learn the norms in such data so that only the abnormal (or salient) events may be stored. We present a general-purpose biologically plausible computational framework, called SELP, for learning the norms (or invariances) as a hierarchy of features from space- and time-varying data in an unsupervised and online manner from saliencies or surprises in the data. Given streaming data, this framework runs a relentless cycle – detect unexpected or S alient event, E xplain the salient event, L earn from its explanation, P redict the future events – involving the real external world and its internal model, and hence the name. Experimental results from different functions of this framework are presented with a particular emphasis on the role of lateral connections in each layer.
Size fractionation of anionic oligosaccharides and glycopeptides by high-performance liquid chromatography

A rapid method for the fractionation of anionic oligosaccharide and glycopeptide species on the basis of net carbohydrate content utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography has been developed. Amine-bearing bonded-phase columns are eluted with a mobile phase consisting of a water:acetonitrile gradient containing 3% acetic acid titrated to pH 5.5 with triethylamine. Phosphorylated and sialylated oligosaccharides within various charge classes differing in their hexose or hexosamine contents but bearing the same number of anionic species can be resolved without prior removal of the anionic moieties. Glycopeptides containing at least as many as six amino acids are also well fractionated on the basis of carbohydrate content. A variety of detection methods may be used and sensitivity in the subnanomole range is possible with fluorescent or radiolabeling techniques. This method offers a significant improvement in the rapidity and resolution attainable for the size fractionation of anionic complex carbohydrates.
Interdiffusion in a one-dimensional interacting system

Abstract The flux of one of the components in a system of two interdiffusing materials was taken to be proportional to the gradient of the chemical potential of that component. The chemical potential was derived from the free energy of mixing in a one-dimensional system. When a negative interaction energy was assumed, the interdiffusion coefficient exhibited a maximum. The height and the sharpness of the minimum decreased with increasing temperature. Because of reasons discussed in the paper, for either positive or negative interactions the influence of composition and temperature on the electrical conductivity is expected to be qualitatively similar to the influence exerted by positive interactions on the interdiffusion coefficient.
Bump geometric deviation on the reliability of BOR WLCSP

To solve the mystery of early thermal cycling failures on a relatively small size (1.6 mm × 2.4 mm) wafer level chip scale package (WLCSP) with bump on re-passivation (BOR) structure, details of bump geometry parameters are looked into. While the under bump metal layer stack is first confirmed within specifications, UBM offset from center point is found greater than typical on the failed units. To fully understand the impact of this bump parameter shift that is defined by lithographic process, additional geometric configurations of the bump structure and materials, as well as bump parameter deviations are studied on the stress in solder, UBM and on chip SiN passivations. The study takes into consideration the thickness/size of UBM, aluminum metal pad, SiN passivation layer and PI re-passivation layer. UBM materials, such as nickel vs copper, are also included in the study. Board-level thermal cycling test (TMCL) is conducted on a WLCSP with 8×8 bump array at 0.4mm pitch. Simulation reveals that size ratio and bump offset indeed change the stress level in the critical passivation layer, and the results well explain the early failures recorded in a device qualification reliability test and follow up experimental verifications. Conclusion of this work should be applied when defining design rules for robust reliability performance and manufacturability of this traditional WLCSP bumping technology.
A baronial aljama : The Jews of Empúries in the thirteenth century

The county of Empuries in Catalonia provides an historical laboratory in which to examine the formation of a small Jewish community (aljama) in an independent baronial enclave. While most studies have assumed that Iberian Jews were directly dependent on the king, the ancient dynasty that ruled the county effectively insulated Jews from royal power during the thirteenth century, when the first communal institutions took shape. In 1238 Count Ponc Hug III of Empuries issued an extensive privilege, edited here for the first time, to the Jews in his territory to extend his protection, attract immigrants, and create the outlines for autonomous institutions. The grant in fact preceded the better-known royal charters that structured Jewish communal institutions in Barcelona and other major towns in Catalonia. Because the Jews of Empuries were not caught up in the expanding structures of royal administration, they were also not subject to heavy fiscal burdens and remained unengaged with the local baronial court. Left relatively undisturbed at first by the fiscal demands of their lord, the Jews of Empuries adapted to a provincial, rural environment in the thirteenth century and created a community distinct in its structure and internal social tensions from the aljames in the large towns.
Investigation of Photoinduced Electron Transfer of the Model Vitamin E−Duroquinone System by Means of Femtosecond Spectroscopy

Photoinduced electron transfer (ET) of the model vitamin E−duroquinone system (MVE-D) has been investigated by means of femtosecond spectroscopy. The interaction between the vitamin E and duroquinone moieties is not extensive in the ground state, and the charge-transfer band is not clearly seen in the absorption spectrum. The bonding of vitamin E to duroquinone largely reduces the lifetime of the lowest excited singlet state (S1 state) of duroquinone owing to ET from the vitamin E moiety to the duroquinone moiety. Since the S1 state [(n,π*) state] of duroquinone is regarded as a model for the peroxyl radical, the reduction of the lifetime is direct microscopic observation of the initial stage in the corresponding part of the antioxidant process of vitamin E. It is considered that the photoinduced ET of MVE-D corresponds to the inverted regime. The vibrational modes of the product reduce the lifetime by opening ET vibronic channels which have small barriers.
History of Rangeland Monitoring in the U.S.A.

Monitoring of rangelands in the western USA formally began in the U.S. Forest Service in the 1930s. Other federal land management and advisory agencies did not usually monitor their clients' public or private rangelands until after World War II. The initial focus was on the portion of vegetation that was livestock forage. Attention to soils generally came after World War II. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 changed the formerly independent role of the action agencies and gave the interested public means of input to and oversight on the actions of the managerial agencies. NEPA also gave the interested public leverage through the courts if a decision was not of their liking. The result has been near grid, lock on proactive management on public rangelands and diversion of a large portion of operating funds to planning. Availability of monitoring data for some locales is largely due to the foresight and persistence of particularly dedicated individuals. Lack of consistent and comparable mo...
Demonstration of a Higher-Order Discretization Model for Compressive Spectral Imaging

A higher-order discretization model for coded aperture-based spectral imaging systems is experimentally demonstrated. The analog light propagation phenomena is better approximated by analyzing the effects of non-linear dispersive elements.
Vaporization studies of calcium arsenate under neutral conditions and in contact with copper pyrometallurgical slags

The feasibility of capturing As as calcium arsenate in reverberatory and Mitsubishi converter slags used in copper pyrometallurgy was studied by torsion-effusion, thermogravimetric, and mass spectrometric methods. In the temperature range from 1376 to 1489 K pure Ca3 (AsO4)2 decomposed to yield very low equilibrium pressures of AsO and O2. Mixtures of Ca3 (AsO4)2 with slag exhibited rapid mass losses between 973 and 1173 K. The vapor phase species evolved under these conditions were As2 and As4, indicating that the arsenate had been reduced by the slag to volatile elemental arsenic.
In vivo detection of hyperoxia-induced pulmonary endothelial cell death using 99mTc-Duramycin

Abstract Introduction 99m Tc-duramycin, DU, is a SPECT biomarker of tissue injury identifying cell death. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of DU imaging to quantify capillary endothelial cell death in rat lung injury resulting from hyperoxia exposure as a model of acute lung injury. Methods Rats were exposed to room air (normoxic) or >98% O 2 for 48 or 60hours. DU was injected i.v. in anesthetized rats, scintigraphy images were acquired at steady-state, and lung DU uptake was quantified from the images. Post-mortem, the lungs were removed for histological studies. Sequential lung sections were immunostained for caspase activation and endothelial and epithelial cells. Results Lung DU uptake increased significantly ( p 2 =0.82, p =0.005) between lung DU uptake and the number of cleaved caspase 3 (CC3) positive cells, and endothelial cells accounted for more than 50% of CC3 positive cells in the hyperoxic lungs. Histology revealed preserved lung morphology through 48hours. By 60hours there was evidence of edema, and modest neutrophilic infiltrate. Conclusions Rat lung DU uptake in vivo increased after just 48hours of >98% O 2 exposure, prior to the onset of any substantial evidence of lung injury. These results suggest that apoptotic endothelial cells are the primary contributors to the enhanced DU lung uptake, and support the utility of DU imaging for detecting early endothelial cell death in vivo.
Quantitative discrimination of magma fragmentation and pyroclastic transport processes using the fractal spectrum technique

Abstract The morphology of volcanic particles can yield insight into magma fragmentation, transport processes, and style of eruption. However, the complexity and variability of volcanic particle shapes make quantitative characterization difficult. The technique applied in this study is based on fractal geometry, which has been successfully used to characterize a wide variety of particles and shapes. Here, fractal data is produced by dilation of the 2-D particle boundary to produce a full spectrum of fractal dimensions over a range of scales for each particle. Multiple fractal dimensions, which can be described as a fractal spectrum curve, are calculated by taking the first derivative of data points on a standard Richardson plot. Use of multiple fractal dimensions results in more effective discrimination than expressions of shape based on one or two fractal dimensions. Quantitative comparisons are carried out using multivariate statistical techniques such as cluster and principal components analysis. Applications to samples from well-documented eruptions (e.g. Mt. St. Helens 1980, Tambora 1815, Surtsey 1963–64) indicate that the fractal spectrum technique provides a useful means of characterizing volcanic particles and can be helpful for identifying the products of specific fragmentation processes (volatile exsolution, phreatomagmatic, quench granulation) and modes of volcanic transport/deposition (tephra fall, pyroclastic flow, blast/surge).
Prototype VME acquisition card for the ZEUS calorimeter

The authors discuss the design of a prototype data acquisition (DAQ) card for the ZEUS calorimeter. The card accepts two multiplexed analog data streams at a 1 MHZ rate, and digitizes and stores the data for subsequent transfer through VME to a host computer. The data is buffered by a high-speed asynchronous FIFO following the A/D converters, and written into data memory on the card, either directly or after processing by an on-board digital signal processor (DSP). The card is constructed on a ten layer printed circuit, with almost all components being surface-mount devices. All logic is implemented in PLD's. >
Evaluating technological collaborative opportunities: A cognitive modeling perspective

Academic scholars, practitioners, and the public press have reported a number of factors believed to be relevant to decisions regarding technological collaboration. However, little is known about how executives actually weigh and integrate the available information during the evaluation process. This exploratory study uses policy capturing to examine managerial and economic information top executives consider when evaluating scenarios representative of cooperative technology development opportunities. Top executives are found to incorporate information associated with several prominent theories in the strategy literature (e.g., normative strategy, transaction cost economics, options theory). Executive cognitive limitations were also found to influence the evaluations. The study's results suggest a preliminary integrated behavioral model of the factors managers use in assessments of technological collaborative opportunities. Implications for research and practice are set forth.
The emerging role of dietary fructose in obesity and cognitive decline

The incidence of obesity has increased dramatically over the past several years, and in parallel, so has the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Numerous studies have demonstrated that both obesity and T2D are associated with lower cognitive performance, cognitive decline, and dementia. Intake of dietary fructose has also increased. In fact, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) accounts for as much as 40% of caloric sweeteners used in the United States. Given the increase in the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), characterized by an age-related decline in memory and cognitive functioning, in this report we review the effects of obesity on cognitive performance and the impact of high fructose intake in promoting cognitive decline. The paper then considers the effects of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs), which have been linked to promising results in cognitive function including ameliorating the impact of a high-fructose diet.
Mirex. An overview.

Abstract Mirex, a chlorinated insecticide, is the active ingredient in bait used to control the imported fire ant. Prepared in 1946, mirex was first introduced for use in pesticidal formulations in 1959; mirex acts as a stomach poison. Extreme persistence in the natural environment provides an opportunity for accumulation in the food chain. No metabolism of mirex appears to take place in mammalian systems, although mirex causes liver damage and has been reported to produce hepatomas in mice. Mirex readily crosses the rat placental barrier; while no teratogenic effects are apparent, reduced litter size and a high incidence of cataracts in the offspring have been reported. An abstracted literature collection spanning the years 1947 to 1976 of 325 references has been published by Waters and Black (1976) .
Does a History of Alcohol Use Disorder Affect Response to Antidepressant Medication in Patients With Dysthymic Disorder

ABSTRACT Background: Research on the relationship between depression and alcohol use disorder in remission has been scarce. The authors examined whether a lifetime history of alcohol use disorder affected response to antidepressant treatment of dysthymic disorder (DD) in adult outpatients. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of data from previous prospective medication trials. Data from 123 subjects with DD were included. Subjects were categorized into 2 groups: (1) no lifetime alcohol use disorder (NLAUD) (n = 99) and (2) lifetime alcohol use disorder (LAUD) (n = 24). None of the subjects met criteria for alcohol use disorder for 6 months prior to intake. Rating scales from baseline and after 8 weeks of pharmacotherapy were collected. Results: After 8 weeks of treatment, the NLAUD and LAUD groups did not differ in rates of response or remission, despite significantly higher baseline Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)-24 scores in the LAUD group. We also found a greater decrease in symptoms in the ...