cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Census of Precipitation Features in the Tropics Using TRMM: Radar, Ice Scattering, and Lightning Observations

An algorithm has been developed to identify precipitation features ($75 km2 in size) in two land and two ocean regions during August, September, and October 1998. It uses data from two instruments on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite: near-surface precipitation radar (PR) reflectivities, and TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) 85.5-GHz polarization corrected temperatures (PCTs). These features were classified by size and intensity criteria to identify mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), precipitation with PCTs below 250 K, and other features without PCTs below 250 K. By using this technique, several hypotheses about the convective intensity and rainfall distributions of tropical precipitation systems can be evaluated. It was shown that features over land were much more intense than similar oceanic features as measured by their minimum PCTs, maximum heights of the 30-dBZ contour, and 6-km reflectivities. The diurnal cycle of precipitation features showed a strong afternoon maximum over land and a rather flat distribution over the ocean, quite similar to those found by others using infrared satellite techniques. Precipitation features with MCSs over the ocean contained significantly more rain outside the 250-K PCT isotherm than land systems, and in general, a significant portion (10%‐15%) of rainfall in the Tropics falls in systems containing no PCTs less than 250 K. Volumetric rainfall and lightning characteristics (as observed by the Lightning Imaging Sensor aboard TRMM) from the systems were classified by feature intensity; similar rain amounts but highly differing lightning flash rates were found among the regions. Oceanic storms have a bimodal contribution of rainfall from two types of systems: very weak systems with little ice scattering and moderately strong systems that do not produce high lightning flash rates. Continental systems that produce the bulk of the rainfall (as sampled) are likely to have higher lightning flash rates, which are shown to be linked to stronger radar and ice-scattering intensities.
Lineage Atrophy in Chinese Society

Pasternak (1968) has reported a case of “lineage atrophy” on Taiwan. This fits a pattern discernible in several widely separated cases. It seems that the Chinese lineage, often considered a rock-stable base of Chinese society, is at the mercy of economic-ecological factors.
A robotic haptic system architecture

The question of what are the necessary elements to integrate a robotics system that would enable it to carry out a task, i.e. pick-up and transport objects in an unknown environment, is addressed. One of the major concerns is to insure adequate data throughput and fast communication between modules within the system, so that haptic tasks can be adequately carried out. The communication issues involved in the development of such a system are discussed. >
Inheritance of resistance of common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) to protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide

Abstract Common waterhemp resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox)-inhibiting herbicides was first reported in northeast Kansas in 2001. The objective of this research was to determine the inheritance characteristics of the protox-resistance trait. Resistant and susceptible common waterhemp were screened for resistance and inbred lines were developed using full-sib mating for three generations in the greenhouse. After the third generation, resistant and susceptible plants were crossed in a male and female reciprocal manner creating 57 F1 (first generation) lines. A proportion of the F1 progeny was screened for resistance and the remaining progeny were used to create F2 (second generation) and backcross (BC) lines. Approximately 500, 400, and 1400 F1, BC, and F2 progeny, respectively, were treated with 105 g ha−1 of lactofen when plants reached the 8-node growth stage. Visual injury ratings were determined at 14 days after treatment and based on a scale of 0 = no injury and 100 = mortality. A plan...
Schooling and Intergroup Relations: A Comparative Analysis

At present it is popular for educators in the United States and elsewhere to develop school programs that promise greater tolerance for cultural differences. This multicultural emphasis accompanies the long-held expectation by social and cultural groups that school success is a vehicle for achieving positions of political and economic power. Based upon a review of the literature on educational practice and intergroup relations in several nations, this article argues that the implicit goals of public school practice are, first, to persuade or compel subgroup members to adapt to the cultural and structural interests of one or more of a society's dominant groups and, second, to limit the dominant group's own need for altering the status quo. This suggests that dominant groups are likely to permit school programs to reflect greater cultural rather than structural diversity as long as the existing social structure and balance of power among groups are not threatened.
Gene Signaling Pathways Mediating the Opposite Effects of Prepubertal Low-Fat and High-Fat n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Diets on Mammary Cancer Risk

In rats, prepubertal exposure to low-fat diet containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) reduces mammary cell proliferation, increases apoptosis, and lowers risk of mammary tumors in adulthood, whereas prepubertal high-fat n-3 PUFA exposure has opposite effects. To identify signaling pathways mediating these effects, we performed gene microarray analyses and determined protein levels of genes related to mammary epithelial cell proliferation. Nursing female rats and rat pups were fed low-fat (16% energy from fat) or high-fat (39% energy from fat) n-3 or n-6 PUFA diets between postnatal days 5 and 24. cDNA gene expression microarrays were used to identify global changes in the mammary glands of 50-day-old rats. Differences in gene expression were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry was used to assess changes in the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ and cyclin D1 levels. DNA damage was determined by 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine assay. Expressions of the antioxidant genes thioredoxin, heme oxygenase, NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, and metallothionein III, as well as peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ protein, were increased in the mammary glands of 50-day-old rats prepubertally fed the low-fat n-3 PUFA diet. Prepubertal exposure to the high-fat n-3 PUFA diet increased DNA damage and cyclin D1 protein and reduced expression of BRCA1 and cardiotrophin-1. Reduction in mammary tumorigenesis among rats prepubertally fed a low-fat n-3 PUFA diet was associated with an up-regulation of antioxidant genes, whereas the increase in mammary tumorigenesis in the high-fat n-3 PUFA fed rats was linked to up-regulation of genes that induce cell proliferation and down-regulation of genes that repair DNA damage and induce apoptosis.
Female Rats Release More Corticosterone Than Males in Response to Alcohol: Influence of Circulating Sex Steroids and Possible Consequences for Blood Alcohol Levels

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis of female rats is more responsive to a variety of stimuli than that of males. Proestrous females are also reported to release more ACTH and corticosterone in response to restraint stress than females at other stages of the estrous cycle. Finally, blood alcohol levels (BALs) reached in response to a standard dose of alcohol also indicate the presence of a gender specificity, with females exhibiting higher BALs than males. The aim of this study was therefore 2-fold: first, we investigated the influence of gender on the ability of alcohol to increase plasma ACTH and corticosterone secretion in the rat. Second, we tested the hypothesis that corticosterone alters alcohol metabolism and asked whether this might represent a mechanism underlying the sex difference in BALs. We observed that compared with intact males, intact females taken at random stages of the estrous cycle secreted significantly (p < 0.01) more ACTH and corticosterone in response to alcohol (0.2-1.8 g/kg). Within females, the intraperitoneal administration of alcohol was followed by higher plasma ACTH and corticosteroids levels during proestrus and estrus, compared with diestrus. Removal of circulating sex steroids abolished the gender difference in terms of ACTH secretion, but ovariectomized females still released more corticosterone than castrated males in response to 0.6 and 1.8 g alcohol/kg. This difference could not be explained by a sex-related component of pituitary responsiveness to corticotropin-releasing factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Deconstructing Fat: A Review of Killer Fat: Media, Medicine, and Morals in the American “Obesity Epidemic,” by Natalie Boero

Fat studies scholars and activists interested in the intersectionality of fat will find themselves engaged as Natalie Boero daringly navigates the messy social, political, economic, and moral minef...
1180PDGENOMIC CHANGES IN LUNG CANCER PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE LUNG RELAPSES

ABSTRACT Aim: Patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergo surgical removal of their tumors. However, in some individuals tumors can recur and are re-removed multiple times. We identified patients (pts) who underwent multiple serial surgeries for early stage NSCLC and evaluated genetic changes in their tumors over time. Methods: Using an institutional database, we identified 15 pts that underwent surgical resection for stage I-II NSCLC with 2 or more recurrent tumors without intervening therapy. Among these, we selected 20 tumors from 6 pts with available tissue (median tumors/pt = 3 [3-4]) and their matched germline DNA. All pts provided informed consent. DNA extracted from archival FFPE samples and paired blood was analyzed by massively parallel sequencing (MPS) on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 using a targeted hybrid capture approach for 504 cancer-related genes. Sequencing was performed at high depth with a mean target coverage of 186x across all samples. We compared the somatic mutations and copy number variations (CNV) in the recurrent specimens to those in the primary tumor. We performed hierarchical clustering to compare the relapsed tumors to the primary tumors. Results: In 2/6 pts, the genetic changes confirmed that all the tumors were related among relapses, while in 4/6 pts some tumors showed distinctive genetic changes consistent with a different lung cancer. In pts with recurrent tumors, the subsequent relapsed tumors contained either additional mutations or increased CNV, suggesting genomic evolution over time. In pts with 3 or more surgically removed tumors, the time to relapse shortened with each subsequent tumor. In 3 pts with EGFR mutant NSCLC, the relapsed tumors contained additional potential driver mutations including EGFR T790M, PIK3CA E542K, and TP53 C176F, suggesting that these genetic changes can evolve even in the absence of drug treatment. Conclusions: Genomic changes in tumors from NSCLC pts with multiple recurrences evolve over time in the absence of systemic therapy. MPS helps to classify relapses vs. new primaries and reveals new insights in the biology and natural history of EGFR mutant lung cancer. Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
If you love these films

(1983). If you love these films. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 39, Programs for Surviving Nuclear War: A Critique, pp. 39-39.
Relationship of Dietary Sodium Chloride to Aortic Ruptures in Turkeys Induced by Diethylstilbestrol.

SummaryThe incidence of aortic ruptures in turkeys induced by injections of DES was decreased by reducing dietary NaCl levels from 3.0% to 0% or from 0.5% to 0%. The incidence of the disease was increased by elevating dietary NaCl levels from 0.5% to 3% or feeding 3% for the entire trial. Hyperlipemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypercalcemia associated with the disease induced by DES injections was not influenced by the various levels of NaCl fed.
Funding Support for School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Support Implementation and Scale-Up: A Descriptive Study of Nine States

The process of selecting, implementing, and scaling-up evidence-based practices is a major focus and difficult accomplishment for states. Renewed commitment to improving student outcomes has led di...
Scaled Cascade Test in 6x6 Inch Flow Duct

In 2013-2014, a scaled cascade was designed to be tested in a 6x6 inch flow duct. This required a characterization of the 6x6 inch flow duct, calibration of the force balance used to measure forces on the scaled cascade, and attention to detail in the experimental setup to provide confidence that accurate, correct experimental test data was being acquired. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the cascade and flow duct was created to compare the experimental test results with theoretical predictions. A successful correlation would provide confidence in the CFD prediction, which is used to analyze the designs of fullscale cascades for thrust reversers. This document details the experimental design, setup, and testing that was performed on the scaled cascade and its results comparison to CFD.
Anterior pituitary hormones.

The adenohypophyseal hormones influence general body growth and carbohydrate metabolism and exercise direct control on the functions of the adrenal cortex, the thyroid and the gonads. The six known hormones of the anterior pituitary are classified as metabolic and gonadotropic.In describing the biologic properties and physicochemical characteristics of the various anterior pituitary hormones, the author discusses such topics as the hormonal mechanism governing mammary growth and lactation, differentiation of ovine prolactin and bovine prolactin, and the physicochemical differences among the growth hormones, luteinizing hormones and adrenocorticotropins isolated from the pituitary glands of various species.
Study on Preparation and Corrosion Resistance of Ni-carbon Nano-tubes Compound Coating

The Ni-carbon nano-tubes compound coating was obtained on carbon steel by electroless plating.The corrosion resistance of the nickel coating and the compound coating was studied using mass loss method and electrochemical experiment.And the corrosion mechanism was also discussed.The results indicate that the carbon nano-tube improves the corrosion resistance of the compound coating.
Re-entry Trajectory Optimization for Supersonic Missile Considering Multiple Constraints

To study the re-entry trajectory optimization characteristics of supersonic missile with multiple constraints,the trajectory multi-phase optimization method was proposed.The re-entry trajectory was classified as the decline phase,jump cruise phase and swoop attack phase.The kinetic model,the pneumatic model and the atmosphere density model were built.The trajectory simulation was carried out using maximum end-speed and minimum heat as target function based on hp adaptive pseudospectral method and Gauss pseudospectral method,and the constraints of normal load,dynamic pressure,head point heat,etc,were considered.The simulation results indicate that the computation time is reduced,and the complexity is also reduced.
Cardiologic Perspectives of Chest Pain in Childhood: A Referral Problem? To Whom?

Discussed are the diagnostic and therapeutic issues of cardiac disease in the pediatric age group that have the potential to result in ischemic ventricular dysfunction. The discussion then turns to the nontraumatic thoracic, gastrointestinal, and psychogenic disturbances that are likely to produce symptoms of chest pain. In this context, the question of when to refer, when to reassure, when to begin a diagnostic evaluation, and when to institute longitudinal follow-up are addressed.
Advances in oncology pharmacy practice.

The role of the pharmacist in cancer care has continued to evolve over the last 50 years, in part due to more consistent integration of the pharmacist into cancer care teams. There has been tremendous growth in the number of practitioners who practice as oncology pharmacists since the inception of
Religious and Spiritual Experiences: Gateway to ultimacy: the importance of intense experiences

INTRODUCTION In the previous chapter I introduced intense experiences and located them in a phenomenological map of RSEs as a subset of ultimacy experiences. I begin in this introduction by stating the intensity hypothesis – a suite of interconnected phenomenological, neurological, evolutionary, philosophical, and theological claims – and will devote this chapter to expounding and supporting it. Definition Intense experiences involve strong and broad neural activation, corresponding to existential potency and wide awareness, involving both strength of feeling and interconnectedness of ideas, memories, and emotions in such a way as to engage a person with ultimate existential and spiritual concerns and leverage significant personal change and social effects. This is intensity not in the neurologist's narrow sense of strong activation only, but in the common usage that expresses amazement at meaningfulness. Intense experiences are particularly useful for my purposes because their distinctive characteristics open a pathway to a species-wide understanding of the nature, functions, and value of RSEs , an understanding that encompasses their evolutionary origins, their cognitive structure, their emotional texture, their neurological embedding, their bodily and social effects, and their existential and cultural importance. Affiliation with other terms Intensity is not the only factor that matters for RSEs, by any means. My own research has made that quite clear, both in phenomenological and neurological terms. Under a variety of names, however, the experiential characteristics I am collecting under the banner of “intensity” have been central in the phenomenology of religion, construed as the beating heart of many diverse and powerful RSEs, as well as potent aesthetic experiences and transformative experiences of creativity that have no recognizable religious connection but here are called spiritual.
Introduction To Inductor Design

This chapter provides a first example of electromagnetic component design using a multi-objective approach. First, it briefly overviews common inductor architectures; some of the architecture types illustrated in the chapter are UI-core, EI-core, solenoid, and bobbin core. Next, the calculation of DC coil resistance is explained. Here, a general approach to finding the DC resistance of a generic coil of wire is discussed. This approach is then applied to some specific configurations. The formulation of a DC inductor design problem as an optimization problem is then set forth. The problem of designing an inductor for an application in which we desire to have a required incremental inductance at a given DC bias current is discussed; the objective is to minimize mass and loss. Finally, a case study of a UI-core inductor design is presented.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Analysis of Four Cases.

Background: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease that almost always results in death in under a year from onset of symptoms. Here, we report four cases of CJD with different clinical presentations diagnosed at our institution over two-year period. Cases: The first patient is an 82-year-old woman who presented with depression, cognitive decline and word-finding difficulty over 4 weeks. The patient deteriorated neurologically to akinetic mutism and death within 6 weeks of presentation. The second patient is a 54-year-old woman with liver cirrhosis who presented with confusion, ataxia and multiple falls over 4 weeks. She was treated initially for hepatic encephalopathy, but continued to progress to mutism, startle myoclonus and obtundation. Death occurred within 4 weeks of presentation. The third patient is a 58-year-old woman who presented with an 8-week history of confusion, urinary incontinence, Parkinsonism, ataxia and myoclonus. Death occurred within 2 months from presentation. The fourth patient is a 67-year-old man who presented with a 6-week history of headache, blurred vision, ataxia and personality change and progressed to confusion, myoclonus, akinetic mutism and obtundation. Death occurred within 3 weeks from presentation. Conclusion: These 4 cases highlight the varied possible clinical presentations of CJD and demonstrate the importance of considering CJD in patients with atypical presentations of rapidly progressive cognitive decline. To diagnose CJD, brain biopsy remains the gold standard. However, the presence of CSF protein 14-3-3, typical MRI findings and suggestive EEG abnormalities all support the diagnosis.
Judge: a case-based reasoning system

People tend to improve their abilities to reason about situations by amassing experiences in reasoning. The more situations which a person knows about, the more able he is to account for feature differences between a new input and old knowledge. A computer program which can improve its ability to reason must also have access to situations which it has previously analyzed or reasoned about. Previous experiences thus require some mechanism for orderly storage and retrieval. The inability to save accounts of previous experiences for future application and modification represents a serious shortcoming of most, if not all, rule-based expert systems.
Chromosomal Changes Associated with Premalignancy and Cancer

In this overview I will concentrate on the data derived from studies in human patients. In certain cases it is only with difficulty that we allow ourselves the diagnosis of “malignancy”. The transitional states of the disease, the intermediate steps of the malignant transformation are only too well known to the pathologist, and criteria of cancer or leukemia are frequently based on arbitrarily set limits of cellular qualities and quantities. The transition from “dysplasia” to “carcinoma in situ” to “carcinoma” manifests itself as a continuous process which, out of necessity, we attempt to categorize into three stages. In cytogenetics it appears likely that the most informative data on the malignant transformation and etiologic agents involved would be obtained by studying the very early stages of this process or possibly even by the study of events preceding any detectable changes of cellular morphology and physiology related to cancer. In “preneoplasia” or “premalignancy” we frequently have the opportunity to study the subtle anomalies of cell differentiation, the biological characteristics and chromosomal constitutions which precede the apparent abnormality of the cancer cell.
FcγRIIIa Signaling Modulates Endosomal TLR Responses in Human CD4+ T Cells.

Recognition of Ab-opsonized pathogens by immune cells triggers both TLR and Fc receptor signaling. Fc receptors endocytose modified nucleic acids bound to Abs and deliver them to endosomes, where they are recognized by nucleic acid–sensing TLRs (NA-TLRs). We show that in CD4 + T cells, NA-TLRs, TLR3, TLR8, and TLR9 are upregulated by FcγRIIIa-pSyk cosignaling and localize with FcγRIIIa on the cell surface. TLR9 accumulates on the cell surface, where it recognizes CpG oligonucleotide 2006. Subcellular location of NA-TLRs is a key determinant in discriminating self versus viral nucleic acid. Hydroxychloroquine used for treating systemic lupus erythematosus and a Syk inhibitor blocked NA-TLR localization with FcγRIIIa. Engaging TLR9 with CpG oligonucleotide contributes to the development of IL17A + and IL-21 + populations. RNA-sequencing analysis showed upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, NF-κB signaling, and heat shock protein pathway RNA transcripts. These data suggest a role for FcγRIIIa-pSyk cosignaling in modulating NA-TLR responses in human CD4 + T cells by affecting the amounts and cellular distribution. These events are important for understanding of autoimmune pathology.
Constructing stochastic models for dipole fluctuations from paleomagnetic observations

Records of relative paleointensity are subject to several sources of error. Temporal averaging due to gradual acquisition of magnetization removes high-frequency fluctuations, whereas random errors introduce fluctuations at high frequency. Both sources of error limit our ability to construct stochastic models from paleomagnetic observations. We partially circumvent these difficulties by recognizing that the largest affects occur at high frequency. To illustrate we construct a stochastic model from two recent inversions of paleomagnetic observations for the axial dipole moment. An estimate of the noise term in the stochastic model is recovered from a high-resolution inversion (CALS10k.2), while the drift term is estimated from the low-frequency part of the power spectrum for a long, but lower-resolution inversion (PADM2M). Realizations of the resulting stochastic model yield a composite, broadband power spectrum that agrees well with the spectra from both PADM2M and CALS10k.2. A simple generalization of the stochastic model permits predictions for the mean rate of magnetic reversals. We show that the reversal rate depends on the time-averaged dipole moment, the variance of the dipole moment and a slow timescale that characterizes the adjustment of the dipole toward the time-averaged value. Predictions of the stochastic model give a mean rate of 4.2 Myr^(−1), which is in good agreement with observations from marine magnetic anomalies.
Global migration, diversity, and civic education: improving policy and practice

We are currently living in a tumultuous and complex global village characterised as being in crisis, automated, confused, dangerous, debt-ridden, globalised, repressive, terror-ridden, anti-democra...
A Longitudinal Study of How Quality Mentorship and Research Experience Integrate Underrepresented Minorities into STEM Careers.

This longitudinal study examines how undergraduate research experience and quality mentorship experiences in college predict the growth of scientific efficacy, identity, and values. Results also sh...
In situ recovery of bio-based carboxylic acids

The economics of chemical and biological processes is often dominated by the expense of downstream product separations from dilute product streams. Continuous separation techniques, such as in situ product recovery (ISPR), are attractive in that they can concentrate products from a reactor and minimize solvent loss, thereby increasing purity and sustainability of the process. In bioprocesses, ISPR can have an additional advantage of increasing productivity by alleviating product inhibition on the microorganism. In this work, we developed a liquid–liquid extraction (LLE)-based ISPR system integrated with downstream distillation to selectively purify free carboxylic acids, which were selected as exemplary bioproducts due to their ability to be produced at industrially relevant titers and productivities. Equilibrium constants for the extraction of carboxylic acids into a phosphine-oxide based organic phase were experimentally determined. Complete recovery of acids from the extractant and recyclability of the organic phase were demonstrated through multiple extraction–distillation cycles. Using these data, an equilibrium model was developed to predict the acid loading in the organic phase as a function of the extraction equilibrium constant, initial aqueous acid concentration, pH, organic to aqueous volume ratio, and temperature. A distillation process model was then used to predict the energy input required to distill neat acid from an organic phase as a function of the acid loading in the organic phase feed. The heat integrated distillation train can achieve neat recovery of acetic acid with an energy input of 2.6 MJ kg−1 of acetic acid. This LLE-based ISPR system integrated with downstream distillation has an estimated carbon footprint of less than 0.36 kg CO2 per kg of acetic acid, and provides a green approach to enable both new industrial bioprocesses, and process intensification of existing industrial operations by (1) increasing the productivity and titer of the bioprocess via decreasing end-product inhibition, (2) minimizing downstream separation energy input to less than 20% of the heating value of the product, and (3) generating no waste products.
The effect of symbolic racism on environmental concern and environmental action

Studies have demonstrated that individuals’ perception of personal risk impacts their level of concern about environmental destruction. People of color, within the United States and internationally...
Valence electron concentration as an indicator for mechanical properties in rocksalt structure nitrides, carbides and carbonitrides

Abstract First-principles calculations are employed to determine the mechanical properties of rock-salt structure binary and ternary transition metal nitrides, carbides, and carbonitrides from groups 4 to 12, predicting a unified indicator for mechanical properties: the valence electron concentration (VEC). Pugh's and Poisson's ratios indicate an increasing ductility with increasing VEC, with a brittle-to-ductile transition at a critical VEC = 10. The calculated C44 of carbonitrides and ternary nitrides monotonically decreases from 164 ± 12 GPa at VEC = 8 to −39 ± 46 GPa at VEC = 11, indicating a transition to mechanical instability at VEC = 10.6. Similarly, the average isotropic elastic modulus decreases slightly from 420 GPa for VEC = 8 to 388 GPa for VEC = 10, but then steeply to −98 GPa for VEC = 11, while the corresponding hardness decreases from 25 to 12 to 2 GPa. The overall softening with increasing VEC is attributed to the increasing electron density in d–t2g orbitals, which overlap upon shear and cause a decrease in C44. Phonon dispersion curves, calculated at 0 K for binary nitrides and carbides, exhibit imaginary frequencies for VEC ≥10, indicating a dynamical stability-to-instability transition between VEC = 9 and 10, which is smaller than the critical VEC = 10.6 for the mechanical stability-instability transition. In addition, mechanical stability is increased by magnetic ordering but decreased when accounting for on-site Coulomb repulsion, while temperature and vacancies cause a reduction in the magnitude of C44 for both stable and unstable compounds, likely leading to an increase in the critical VEC for the stability-instability transition. The overall results indicate a narrow region between VEC = 9 and 10 where rocksalt carbonitrides are ductile but also exhibit a high hardness, mechanical and dynamical stability, and therefore are expected to exhibit the highest toughness.
Comparison of immune reconstitution after unrelated and related T-cell-depleted bone marrow transplantation : Effect of patient age and donor leukocyte infusions

Unrelated bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is often complicated by fatal opportunistic infections. To evaluate features unique to immune reconstitution after unrelated BMT, the lymphoid phenotype, in vitro function, and life-threatening opportunistic infections after unrelated and related T-cell-depleted (TCD) BMT were analyzed longitudinally and compared. The effects of posttransplant donor leukocyte infusions to treat or prevent cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections on immune reconstitution were also analyzed. This study demonstrates that adult recipients of TCD unrelated BMTs experience prolonged and profound deficiencies of CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) T-cell populations when compared with pediatric recipients of unrelated BMT and adults after related BMT (P <.01), that these adults have a significantly increased risk of life-threatening opportunistic infections, and that the rate of recovery of CD4 T cells correlates with the risk of developing these infections. Recovery of normal numbers of CD3(+), CD8(+), and CD4(+) T-cell populations is similar in children after related or unrelated BMT. This study also demonstrates that adoptive immunotherapy with small numbers of unirradiated donor leukocytes can be associated with rapid restoration of CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) T-cell numbers, antigen-specific T-cell responses, and resolution of CMV- and EBV-associated disease after unrelated TCD BMT.
Carbon and Sulfur Isotope Stratigraphy of the Permian and Adjacent Intervals

The Permian was a most unusual period in geologic history. It was marked by repeated largescale climate changes, major extinction events, abrupt and extensive volcanic activity (the Siberian traps), and an unusual degree of continental agglomeration. However, the uniqueness of Permian ocean water chemistry stands out even among all these other factors. The isotopic compositions of seawater sulfur, carbon, and strontium all reached the most extreme values developed at any time during the Phanerozoic. Perhaps even more significantly, all three elements underwent rapid shifts back to “normal” values at or near the Permo-Triassic boundary.
Qualitative Methods in Clinical Psychology

Social science researchers are demonstrating a renewed interest in the use of qualitative methods to develop new knowledge and theory. In this chapter we explore this renewed interest by providing a brief overview of the historical preferences and precedents in research methods and by defining qualitative methods. We describe several of the more popular types of qualitative approaches, discuss criteria for evaluating adequacy of qualitative studies, demonstrate the application of qualitative methods in clinical child psychology, and finally, outline some current resources for training opportunities in qualitative methods.
Bridging Gaps in Organizational Knowledge - The Role of IT-Enabled Organizational Learning in Supply Chain Partnerships

Supply chains have increasingly become an opportunity for firms to access complementary competencies and learn from other firms. To better understand the role of IT-enabled learning strategies in affecting the supply chain firms’ learning outcome, we use a computational simulation approach to model the IT tools used for intra- and inter- organizational learning. This research-in-progress builds on March’s (1991) organizational learning model and extends it to a supply chain context. The study will lay a foundation for theory building in IT-enabled interorganizational learning and knowledge management.
D-Band 360° Phase Shifter with Uniform Insertion Loss

Ahstract- This paper presents a D-Band phase shifter for 120 GHz phased array transceivers, implemented in 120 nm SiGe BiC-M OS process $(\mathbf{f}_{\mathbf{T}}/\mathbf{f}_{\mathbf{max}}=\mathbf{260}/\mathbf{340\ GHz})$ . The proposed phase shifter employs two stages of reflection-type topology for 0–180° operation, preceded by a Balun-based phase inverter to obtain a full 360° phase shift with 11.25° resolution. The phase shifter exhibits uniform insertion-loss characteristic with less than 1 dB insertion loss variation over all phase states. The measured IL at 122 GHz is $\mathbf{5.8}\pm \mathbf{0.3\ dB}$ . Measured RMS gain and phase error at 122–123 GHz are $ and $ , respectively. The IC occupies area of $\mathbf{750\ x\ 540}\ \pmb{\mu} \mathbf{m}^{2}$ and consumes 30 m W.
Contact Activation Inhibitor and Factor XI Antibody, AB023, Produces Safe, Dose-Dependent Anticoagulation in a Phase 1 First-In-Human Trial

Objective- Factor XI (FXI) contributes to thrombotic disease while playing a limited role in normal hemostasis. We generated a unique, humanized anti-FXI antibody, AB023, which blocks factor XIIa-mediated FXI activation without inhibiting FXI activation by thrombin or the procoagulant function of FXIa. We sought to confirm the antithrombotic activity of AB023 in a baboon thrombosis model and to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics in healthy adult subjects. Approach and Results- In a primate model of acute vascular graft thrombosis, AB023 reduced platelet and fibrin accumulation within the grafts by >75%. To evaluate the safety of AB023, we performed a first-in-human study in healthy adult volunteers without any serious adverse events. Overall, 10 of 21 (48%) subjects experienced 20 treatment-emergent adverse events, with 7 of 16 (44%) subjects following active treatment and 3 of 5 (60%) subjects following placebo. AB023 did not increase bleeding or prothrombin times. Anticoagulation was verified by a saturable ≈2-fold prolongation of the partial thromboplastin time for over 1 month after the highest dose. Conclusions- AB023, which inhibits contact activation-initiated blood coagulation in vitro and experimental thrombus formation in primates, produced a dose-dependent duration of limited anticoagulation without drug-related adverse effects in a phase 1 trial. When put in context with earlier observations suggesting that FXI contributes to venous thromboembolism and cardiovascular disease, although contributing minimally to hemostasis, our data further justify clinical evaluation of AB023 in conditions where contact-initiated FXI activation is suspected to have a pathogenic role. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT03097341.
Discovery, Synthesis and SAR Analysis of Novel Selective Small Molecule S1P4‐R Agonists Based on a (2Z,5Z)‐5‐((Pyrrol‐3‐yl)methylene)‐3‐alkyl‐2‐ (alkylimino)thiazolidin‐4‐one Chemotype.

The promising lead molecule (CYM50308) (I), a full spectrum selective S1P4-R agonist, displays low nanomolecular S1P4 agonist activity and exquisite selectivity over the other S1P1-3.5-Rs family members.
Candidate Architecture for an Active Orbital Space Debris Removal System

The focus of this paper is on the application of systems engineering tools and techniques to the growing problem of orbital debris, with a focus on how to reduce this growing threat to space travel. The world’s space agencies have historically treated the orbital space as an infinite open sky where there was no concern about how much debris a rocket or satellite would produce during launch and the end of life of the satellite. Thus, not much thought has been put into how to keep the debris down to an acceptable level and no thought, until recently (~10 years), has been given to cleaning up the debris. This philosophy has been short-sighted and thus a failure. Using system engineering tools, such as the novelty/technology/complexity/pace framework, to analyze some of the previous approaches to this complex problem, we have developed and recommend an end-to-end approach to reducing and recycling orbital debris. This is reflected in a new architecture to enable effective and affordable removal of orbital debris. This architecture succeeds where others have failed due to the end-to-end philosophy, where considerations about debris potential and reuse/recycle are introduced early in any launch program. Requirements for on-orbit reuse of raw material can be accomplished using techniques such as additive manufacturing, centrifugal material separation, and induction heating. This paper demonstrates that an end-to-end architecture along with the application of technology from other areas outside the traditional space field will lead to an ability to reduce and reuse orbital debris.
Cardiac troponin-I phosphorylation underlies myocardial contractile dysfunction induced by hypothermia rewarming.

Rewarming following a period of accidental hypothermia leads to a form of acute cardiac failure (rewarming shock), which is in part due to reduced sensitivity to Ca2+ activation of myocardial contr...
Reconsidering Democracy: Introduction

This special issue is inspired by the dramatic changes that have occurred in the West in the past quarter century. The fall of communism, the apparent victory of liberal democracy, and the rise of ...
Women's Midlife Career Transition to Tenured/Tenure-Track Faculty in Adult Education.

Faculty characteristics are changing, and traditional theories may not account for the intersection of increasing numbers of women faculty and career changers to higher education in examining facul...
The Spinal Cord-Gut-Immune Axis as a Master Regulator of Health and Neurological Function After Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Most spinal cord injury (SCI) research programs focus only on the injured spinal cord with the goal of restoring locomotor function by overcoming mechanisms of cell death or axon regeneration failure. Given the importance of the spinal cord as a locomotor control center and the public perception that paralysis is the defining feature of SCI, this “spinal-centric” focus is logical. Unfortunately, such a focus likely will not yield new discoveries that reverse other devastating consequences of SCI including cardiovascular and metabolic disease, bladder/bowel dysfunction and infection. The current review considers how SCI changes the physiological interplay between the spinal cord, the gut and the immune system. A suspected culprit in causing many of the pathological manifestations of impaired spinal cord-gut-immune axis homeostasis is the gut microbiota. After SCI, the composition of the gut microbiota changes, creating a chronic state of gut “dysbiosis”. To date, much of what we know about gut dysbiosis was learned from 16S-based taxonomic profiling studies that reveal changes in the composition and abundance of various bacteria. However, this approach has limitations and creates taxonomic “blindspots”. Notably, only bacteria can be analyzed. Thus, in this review we also discuss how the application of emerging sequencing technologies can improve our understanding of how the broader ecosystem in the gut is affected by SCI. Specifically, metagenomics will provide researchers with a more comprehensive look at post-injury changes in the gut virome (and mycome). Metagenomics also allows changes in microbe population dynamics to be linked to specific microbial functions that can affect the development and progression of metabolic disease, immune dysfunction and affective disorders after SCI. As these new tools become more readily available and used across the research community, the development of an “ecogenomic” toolbox will facilitate an Eco-Systems Biology approach to study the complex interplay along the spinal cord-gut-immune axis after SCI.
Recycling Poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) with Improved Properties through Dynamic Cross-Linking

The low properties of recycled polymers associated with high cost of recycling hinder development of the thermoplastic recycling industry. Dynamic cross-linking of recycled thermoplastics with the ...
MicroComputed Tomography: Methodology and Applications, Second Edition

MicroComputed Tomography has become the gold standard for studying 3D microscopic structures nondestructively, and this book provides up-to-date coverage of the modality. The first part of the book focuses on methodology, covering experimental methods, data analysis, and visualization approaches. Emphasis is on fundamentals so that those new to the field can design their own effective microCT studies. The second part addresses various microCT applications, organized by type of microstructure so that the reader can appreciate approaches from other disciplines. The applications include porous solids, microstructural evolution, soft tissue studies, applications using x-ray phase contrast or x-ray scattering contrast, and multimode studies.
Lowering Standards to Wed? Spouse Quality, Marriage, and Labor Market Responses to the Gender Wage Gap

This paper examines the effect of the female-to-male wage ratio, “relative wage,” on women's spouse quality, marriage, and labor supply over three decades. Exploiting task-based demand shifts as a ...
Atmospheric History of H2 Over the Past Century Reconstructed From South Pole Firn Air

Author(s): Patterson, JD; Aydin, M; Crotwell, AM; Petron, G; Severinghaus, JP; Saltzman, ES | Abstract: Molecular hydrogen (H2) is an abundant and reactive constituent of Earth's atmosphere, with links to climate and air quality. Anthropogenic emissions of H2 are expected to rise as the use of H2 as an energy source increases. Documenting past variations in atmospheric H2 will help to validate current understanding of the global H2 budget. The modern instrumental record begins in the 1980s; there is little information about atmospheric H2 prior to that time. Here, we use firn air measurements from a 2001 South Pole campaign to reconstruct atmospheric H2 levels over the 20th century. Inversion of the measurements indicates that H2 over South Pole has increased from 350–540nppb from 1910–2000. A biogeochemical box model indicates that the atmospheric burden of H2 increased by 37% over that time. The rise in H2 is consistent with increasing H2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and increasing atmospheric production from methane oxidation.
Virulence genetics of an Erwinia amylovora putative polysaccharide transporter family member

ABSTRACT The Gram-negative enterobacterium Erwinia amylovora causes fire blight disease in apple and pear trees. Lipopolysaccharides and the exopolysaccharide amylovoran are essential E. amylovora virulence factors. We found that mutations in rfbX disrupted amylovoran production and virulence in apple fruits and tree shoots and that the deletion of yibD suppressed the rfbX mutant phenotype. The level of expression of yibD was about 10-fold higher in the ΔrfbX mutant than the wild type. A forward genetic suppressor screen in the ΔrfbX mutant uncovered multiple mutations in yibD and supported the conclusion that the virulence defect of rfbX mutants is due to reduced amylovoran production. The yibD and rfbX genes are expressed as a two-gene operon, yibD rfbX. The rfbX gene encodes a previously uncharacterized putative polysaccharide subunit transporter, while yibD encodes a predicted glycosyltransferase. Mutation of rfbX did not have a detectable effect on lipopolysaccharide patterns; however, the overexpression of yibD in both the wild-type and ΔyibD ΔrfbX genetic backgrounds disrupted both amylovoran and lipopolysaccharide production. Additionally, the overexpression of yibD in the ΔyibD ΔrfbX mutant inhibited bacterial growth in amylovoran-inducing medium. This growth inhibition phenotype was used in a forward genetic suppressor screen and reverse-genetics tests to identify several genes involved in lipopolysaccharide production, which, when mutated, restored the ability of the ΔyibD ΔrfbX mutant overexpressing yibD to grow in amylovoran-inducing medium. Remarkably, all the lipopolysaccharide gene mutants tested were defective in lipopolysaccharide and amylovoran production. These results reveal a genetic connection between amylovoran and lipopolysaccharide production in E. amylovora. IMPORTANCE This study discovered previously unknown genetic connections between exopolysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide production in the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora. This represents a step forward in our understanding of the biology underlying the production of these two macromolecules. Fire blight is an economically important disease that impacts the production of apples and pears worldwide. Few fire blight control measures are available, and growers rely heavily on antibiotic applications at bloom time. Both exopolysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide are E. amylovora virulence factors. Our results indicate that the overexpression of the yibD gene in E. amylovora disrupts both lipopolysaccharide production and exopolysaccharide production. This effect could potentially be used as the basis for the development of an antivirulence treatment for the prevention of fire blight disease.