cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bibliotherapy: A Strategy to Help Students With Bullying:

Use of bibliotherapy to address childhood teasing and bullying is an innovative approach school nurses should consider as they work to promote a healthy school environment. Children's books serve as a unique conduit of exchange between parents, teachers, and children. Bibliotherapy, using books to help people solve problems, involves three stages: identification, catharsis, and insight. These stages lend themselves well to coping with the sensitivities related to teasing and bullying. Salient research findings pertinent to teasing and bullying have made their way into the children's literature and have been well received by children and their families over the course of the Child Adolescent Teasing in Schools (CATS) book review project and web site development. After exposure to a fictional story about teasing and bullying, children have shared their own nonfictional account of this often devastating experience and have come to develop successful coping strategies for dealing with the teasing and bullying that takes place in schools nationwide.
Preconception stress, birth weight, and birth weight disparities among US women.

Objectives. We examined the impact of preconception acute and chronic stressors on offspring birth weight and racial/ethnic birth weight disparities.Methods. We included birth weights for singleton live first (n = 3512) and second (n = 1901) births to White, Mexican-origin Latina, other-origin Latina, and Black women reported at wave IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (2007–2008; ages 24–32 years). We generated factor scores for preconception acute and chronic stressors from wave I (1994–1995; ages 11–19 years) or wave III (2001–2002; ages 18–26 years) for the same cohort of women.Results. Linear regression models indicated that chronic stressors, but not acute stressors, were inversely associated with birth weight for both first and second births (b = −192; 95% confidence interval = −270, −113; and b = −180; 95% confidence interval = −315, −45, respectively), and partially explained the disparities in birth weight between the minority racial/ethnic groups and Whites.Conclusions. P...
Risk-reduction opportunities in breast cancer survivors: capitalizing on teachable moments

With advancements in detection and treatment, the number of breast cancer survivors is growing. To reduce mortality among survivors, tailored health-promotion programs are needed to combat comorbidities. However, the demand for such programs exceed that which is available for a vastly diverse population of survivors. The goal of the present study was to describe the prevalence of comorbidities in a group of breast cancer survivors and to examine associations between biological proximal factors of and the more distal individual-level factors on the number and types of comorbidities. In addition to medical chart reviews, breast cancer survivors (N = 369) from hospitals in two urban locations completed self-report measures. Bivariate analyses examined the relationship between distal and proximal predictors and the outcomes: number of comorbidities and comorbidity types. Both proximal and distal factors were associated with comorbidities. African American, women with lower education attainment, and older women were more likely to be obese and have more comorbidities than their counterparts. In particular, they were more at risk for cardiovascular disease. Those who initiated hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy were more likely to have comorbidities. Several psychosocial variables were related to proximal psychosocial factors. The present findings highlight the need for targeted health-promotion treatments for breast cancer survivors, particularly for African Americans, those with lower education attainment, those who are obese, and those who may be older. Given the relationships between specific comorbidities and proximal psychosocial factors, future interventions may benefit from tailored approaches. Tailored interventions for survivors may be more effective when accounting for factors associated with health-promotion engagement.
Identification of the FtsK sequence-recognition domain

FtsK is a prokaryotic multidomain DNA translocase that coordinates chromosome segregation and cell division. FtsK is membrane anchored at the division septum and, guided by highly skewed DNA sequences, translocates the chromosome to bring the terminus of replication to the septum. Here, we use in vitro single-molecule and ensemble methods to unveil a mechanism of action in which the translocation and sequence-recognition activities are performed by different domains in FtsK.
Allene epoxidation: synthesis of functionalized lactones by the DMDO oxidation of allenic acids

Abstract A series of allenic carboxylic acids has been converted to functionalized lactones by oxidation–cyclization promoted by dimethyldioxirane. These transformations are rationalized by the involvement of unisolated allene oxide and spirodioxide intermediates. The structures of the starting allenic acids and the reaction conditions determine which of these two intermediate species serves as the source of the isolated products. The use of prepared solutions of the oxidant generally proceed via spirodioxides; whereas in situ reactions normally give products derived from the allene oxides. When products are formed directly from allene oxides, keto lactones are formed. The corresponding spirodioxide intermediates give lactones with appropriately situated α-hydroxyketone moieties. An understanding of the regiochemistry of the epoxidations and the subsequent cyclizations of the reactive intermediates is developed, as are methods for the manipulation of the experimental conditions to favor the desired products.
Hemicooling of the brain by carotid-carotid perfusion

Cooling of the brain by carotid-carotid perfusion was carried out in cats. As the brain temperature was lowered from 37 to 12 C, the arterial PO2 was increased and PCO2 decreased while there was no significant change in pH. There was no change in resting membrane potential of polarized elements in the cerebral cortex as the brain temperature was reduced to 11 C. The above observations suggest no anoxia of the brain tissue and probably no disturbance in differential distribution of ions in the extra- and intracellular compartments of the cortical tissue and no swelling of cortical cells. The spontaneous electrical activity of the cortex showed an increase at a temperature of 35-31 C and attaining a maximum at 34 C. Below 30 C, it rapidly decreased. At 20 C, in most instances, no activity was recorded. A similar phenomenon was also observed in spontaneous unit spike activity and evoked response to transcallosal stimulation.
Scanning interferometric microscopy for the detection of ultrasmall phase shifts in condensed matter

We describe a scanning optical microscope based on polarization Sagnac interferometry for measuring ultrasmall phase shifts, and use this method to detect small numbers of absorbing molecules in a solid without the use of fluorescence. The absorption and concomitant optical phase shift of terrylene dopant molecules in a $p$-terphenyl host crystal are made time dependent by periodic optical saturation of the sample. A detection sensitivity of $8.75\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{rad}$ is achieved with a $0.078\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Hz}$ bandwidth, and detection of signals from as few as $19\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3$ terrylene molecules is demonstrated at room temperature.
Biology of Bone Metastases: Causes and Consequences

Breast cancer is a highly osteotropic neoplasm, and as many as 75% of patients with metastatic disease will have involvement of the bony skeleton. On radiologic examination, these metastases are predominantly osteolytic but can be osteoblastic or mixed. The mechanisms by which metastases are formed are complex, involving many steps that include angiogenesis, invasion, and proliferation in the bone microenvironment. Tumor cells in the bone microenvironment produce a large number of cytokines that stimulate osteoclastic activity. Increased osteoclastic activity, in turn, leads to production of a variety of lymphokines and growth factors that can increase tumor cell proliferation. Thus, a cytokine network is established, which results in an imbalance of the processes of bone formation and bone resorption. As tumor burden in bone increases, osteoclast-mediated bone resorption is accelerated, resulting in loss of bone strength, fractures, pain, and other morbidities. Tumor cells metastatic to bone can also secrete growth factors, leading to increased osteoblastic activity. Osteoblasts lay down an excess of new bone that is structurally weak. There is considerable crosstalk between osteoclasts, osteoblasts, macrophages, and other cellular elements within the bone environment. The increasing understanding of the biology of bone metastases has opened the door to improved management of this important clinical problem. Current treatment strategies include approaches to reduce tumor burden and developing treatments that directly inhibit osteoclast function. The bisphosphonates are a class of drugs that inhibit osteoclast recruitment and function. Several highly potent bisphosphonates are now available for clinical use and represent an important adjunct in the management of bone metastases from breast cancer, multiple myeloma, and several other types of malignancies. Some newer therapeutic approaches include agents designed to inhibit the osteoclast-osteoblast signaling interactions or alter processes of adhesion and invasion.
Great power naval strategies in Northeast Asia and the Western Pacific

Abstract Northeast Asia is of growing importance, making it necessary for the United States to adjust its Euro‐centered strategy to take this into account. This is especially necessary given possible conflicts in the area and the Soviet military buildup in the Far East, with the Pacific Fleet now the largest of the four Soviet fleets. American Maritime Strategy with its horizontal escalation corollary, relying on a 600‐ship navy with fifteen aircraft carrier battle groups, is an appropriate response to these developments. Essential to American success is the forward basing of U.S. forces and the assumption by allied nations, especially Japan, of a larger role in regional defense. Such a strategy will permit the United States, in coordination with allied nations, to confront the U.S.S.R. on multiple fronts should war occur and thus contribute to deterrence and to a favorable outcome should conflict erupt.
Developing a lean and agile work force

This article examines the contribution that human factors practitioners can make to improve work force capabilities in the lean and agile manufacturing environments. The article addresses the demands that lean and agile manufacturing initiatives will place on the current and emerging work force to achieve increasing levels of quality and flexibility with lower costs and shorter product life cycles. The issues of worker selection, continuous skill development, work place design, equipment maintenance, process improvement, mistake proofing, and process reconfiguration for new products are discussed from a human factors perspective. The article concludes that a new production system where human factors play a central role will be needed to help work force members achieve greater success in meeting these demands. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Rare Human Syndrome Provides Genetic Evidence that WNT Signaling Is Required for Reprogramming of Fibroblasts to Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

WNT signaling promotes the reprogramming of somatic cells to an induced pluripotent state. We provide genetic evidence that WNT signaling is a requisite step during the induction of pluripotency. Fibroblasts from individuals with focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH), a rare genetic syndrome caused by mutations in the essential WNT processing enzyme PORCN, fail to reprogram with standard methods. This blockade in reprogramming is overcome by ectopic WNT signaling and PORCN overexpression, thus demonstrating that WNT signaling is essential for reprogramming. The rescue of reprogramming is critically dependent on the level of WNT signaling: steady baseline activation of the WNT pathway yields karyotypically normal iPSCs, whereas daily stimulation with Wnt3a produces FDH-iPSCs with severely abnormal karyotypes. Therefore, although WNT signaling is required for cellular reprogramming, inappropriate activation of WNT signaling induces chromosomal instability, highlighting the precarious nature of ectopic WNT activation and its tight relationship with oncogenic transformation.
CdSe/ZnS Core/Shell Quantum Dot Sensitization of Low Index TiO2 Single Crystal Surfaces

Quantum dots (QDs) are actively explored as alternative sensitizers to inorganic complexes in sensitized solar cells (SSC) due to their interesting physical, optical, and electronic properties. It is thought that the inorganic nature of QDs should provide enhanced stability over the entirely organic or inorganic complex dyes, yet the long-term stability of laboratory QD-SSC devices has not been investigated in detail. A general approach to synthesize high stability QDs involves coating the core material with a wide band gap inorganic shell material (type-I CS QD). However, the electronic structure of the resulting core/shell (CS) structure has potential barriers for both electron and hole transfer, suggesting inefficient charge carrier separation for type-I CS QDs. Herein we demonstrate that type-I CdSe/ZnS CS QDs can effectively sensitize single crystal TiO2 electrodes and continue to operate in a regenerative mode in an aerated iodide electrolyte for more than 20 h. Core CdSe QDs degrade rapidly in the ...
DENDROCHRONOLOGY IN NORTHWESTERN INDIANA

ABSTRACT Wood samples from mature living Quercus alba (white oak) specimens in thirty-four woodlots across northwestern Indiana were analyzed by standard dendrochronological techniques. Trees growing on fine-textured soils reflected the greatest environmental stress, a result supporting an earlier hypothesis that the local distribution of xeric, oak-hickory plant communities was related to soil texture. Growth-ring patterns of trees from four woodlots near LaPorte provided no clear evidence of a local precipitation anomaly.
Manifold of color perception: color constancy using a nonlinear line of attraction

In this paper, we propose the concept of manifold of color perception based on an observation that the perceived color in a set of similar color images defines a manifold in the high dimensional space. Such a manifold representation can be learned from a few images of similar color characteristics. This learned manifold can then be used as a basis for color correction of the images having different color perception to the previously learned color. To learn the manifold for color perception, we propose a novel learning algorithm based on a recurrent neural network. Unlike the conventional recurrent neural network model in which the memory is stored in an attractive fixed point at discrete locations in the state space, the dynamics of the proposed learning algorithm represents memory as a line of attraction. The region of convergence at the line of attraction is defined by the statistical characteristics of the training data. We demonstrate experimentally how we can use the proposed manifold to color-balance the common lighting variations in the environment.
Association of Prescription Drug Misuse With Risky Motor Vehicle Behaviors Among Low-Income Young Women

ABSTRACT Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between prescription drug misuse and risky motor vehicle behaviors among 16–24-year-old women. Methods: A survey was conducted on misuse of 4 classes of prescription drugs (pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, and sedatives) and past-month risky motor vehicle behaviors among these women during 2008–2010. Results: Overall, 47.7% (1408/2952) of women reported risky motor vehicle behavior(s) in the past month. Misuse of 1 or more of the 4 classes was 30.1% (lifetime), 15.0% (past year), and 6.7% (past month). Misuse of 1 or more of these prescription drug classes was associated with risky motor vehicle behaviors in their lifetime (odds ratio [OR]: 1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.54–2.18), past year (OR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.80–2.83), and past month (OR: 2.70, 95% CI: 1.94–3.78). Conclusions: The current finding that misuse of 1 or more of the 4 prescription drug classes, irrespective of when this last occurred, is associated...
High‐frequency propagation on nonuniform multiconductor transmission lines in uniform media

The asymptotic form, for high frequencies, of the equations of propagation on a nonuniform N-conductor transmission line is considered. Under the assumption of perfect conditions in uniform, isotropic media, all N propagation velocities are the same, but the characteristic impedance matrix is allowed to vary with position along the line. Closed-form solutions are obtained for some cases of interest.
Biodiversity, Systematics, and Tom Sawyer Science

Habitats are being destroyed at an alarming rate throughout the world, and as they are lost, so is biological diversity. Lost diversity means irreplaceable loss of resources of untold value to medicine, agriculture, and industry (Reid et al. 1993). Most of the lost species are undescribed and undiscovered insects (Wilson 1992) and, although estimates of the extent of such loss are crude, they suggest that undescribed species of insects outnumber described species by at least an order of magnitude. Current estimates of the number of
Specific Heat of Sodium from 300 to 475°K

The specific heat of 99.99% pure sodium has been measured from 300 to 475\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K using an adiabatic calorimeter. The melting point of pure sodium is estimated as 371.01\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and the latent heat as 620.95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.30 cal/g-at. The specific-heat and melting results are in good agreement with earlier drop-calorimetry results of Ginnings, Douglas, and Ball. If the rapid increase of specific heat in the solid is ascribed to the thermal generation of lattice vacancies, a formation energy of 8.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.2 kcal/mole is obtained. A new and simple derivation is given of the basic equation used in Mastrangelo and Dornte's method for analyzing the melting of substances with solid soluble impurities.
Obesity-prone and -resistant rats differ in their brain [3H]paraminoclonidine binding

Half the rats fed a high-energy diet develop diet-induced obesity (DIO); the remainder are diet-resistant (DR). Since alpha-adrenoceptors modulate both food intake and body weight, this study was conducted to identify potential differences in brain alpha-receptor binding which might predispose some animals to become DIO (DIO-prone) and others DR (DR-prone) when fed a high energy diet. DIO-prone rats can be prospectively identified by high and DR-prone rats by a low plasma norepinephrine (NE) response to i.v. glucose. Here 28 chow-fed rats were tested for glucose-induced NE release and the 6 highest and 6 lowest plasma NE responders were identified as being most likely to be DIO- and DR-prone, respectively. Binding to brain alpha-adrenoceptors was studied in these 12 rats by receptor autoradiography using 1 nM [3H]prazosin (PRZ; alpha 1-) and 1 nM [3H]paraminoclonidine (PAC; alpha 2-). There were no differences in [3H]PRZ binding in any of 18 brain areas examined. However, DIO-prone [3H]PAC binding was only 14-39% of DR-prone levels in 9 areas including 4 amygdalar nuclei, the lateral area, dorso- and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus, median eminence and medial dorsal thalamic n. Although it is unclear whether this widespread decrease in [3H]PAC binding implicates brain alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the pathophysiology of DIO, it does correlate with a phenotypic marker (increase glucose-induced NE release) which predicts the subsequent development of DIO on a high-energy diet.
Bandwidth selection procedures tor kernel density estimates

A crucial problem in kernel density estimates of a probability density function is the selection of the bandwidth. The aim of this study is to propose a procedure for selecting both fixed and variable bandwidths. The present study also addresses the question of how different variable bandwidth kernel estimators perform in comparison with each other and to the fixed type of bandwidth estimators. The appropriate algorithms for implementation of the proposed method are given along with a numerical simulation.The numerical results serve as a guide to determine which bandwidth selection method is most appropriate for a given type of estimator over a vide class of probability density functions, Also, we obtain a numerical comparison of the different types of kernel estimators under various types of bandwidths.
The Efficacy of the Rio Hondo DUI Court: A 2-Year Field Experiment

This study reports results from an evaluation of the experimental Rio Hondo driving under the influence (DUI) court of Los Angeles County, California. Interviews and official record checks with 284 research participants who were randomly assigned to a DUI court or a traditional criminal court were assessed at baseline and at 24-month follow-up. The interviews assessed the impact of the DUI court on self-reported drunk driving behavior, the completion of treatment, time spent in jail, alcohol use, and stressful life events. Official record checks assessed the impact of the DUI court on subsequent arrests for driving under the influence and other drinking-related behaviors. Few differences on any outcomes were observed between participants in the experimental DUI court and those assigned to the traditional court. The results suggest that the DUI court model had little additional therapeutic or public safety benefit over the traditional court process. The implication of these findings for the popularity of specialized courts for treating social problems is discussed.
Mycotic aortic aneurysm caused by haemophilus influenzae group F.

Background Haemophilus influenzae is a rare cause of mycotic aortic aneurysm. We present a case of H. influenzae mycotic aortic aneurysm, which was complicated by prior endovascular stent-graft placement at another facility. Methods A 58 year-old man was treated by endograft placement for a presumed penetrating aortic ulcer after having symptoms of abdominal pain and malaise for one month. He presented to our institution 11 days after endograft placement with septic physiology. Repeat computed tomography angiogram demonstrated an inflammatory mass around the distal aorta and right common iliac artery, which had an associated contained rupture. Results The patient was treated using intravenous antibiotics, axillo-bifemoral bypass followed by endograft explantation and aortic and iliac ligation. Intraoperative cultures grew Haemophilus influenzae , serotype f. Conclusions Aortic endografts have been successfully used for treatment of selected mycotic aneurysms, generally after adequate treatment of the primary infection with intravenous antibiotics. This case demonstrates the unfavorable natural history of endograft placement in an unsuspected mycotic aneurysm. A high index of suspicion for possible aortic infection should be maintained for patients with systemic symptoms and unusual aortic pathology prior to choosing endovascular repair.
A prospective study of the pathophysiology and clinical characteristics of pain in a palliative medicine population

Comprehensive pain evaluation is requisite for optimal management. Few studies have evaluated pain syndromes and adequacy of associated analgesic regimens in one population. Available studies in cancer populations have focused on ambulatory patients or hospice-type inpatients. This study was designed to evaluate multiple characteristics of pain and adequacy of therapy in a broad spectrum of patients with advanced cancer presenting to a palliative medicine service. One hundred pain patients (95 with cancer) underwent a comprehensive pain evaluation consisting of history, physical examination, review of available diagnostics, and a pain assessment tool designed for routine clinical use. Seventy-one percent of 141 evaluable patients reported pain in the month before referral. In these 100 patients, 158 distinct sites of pain were reported, with 88 percent reporting a maximum of 2. Pain due to tumor was the most common cause (68 percent), and the most common pathophysiologic mechanism, somatic (52 percent). P...
A method for designing electromagnetic resonance enhanced silicon-on-insulator metal?semiconductor?metal photodetectors

Methods of using a combination of electromagnetic resonance modes including surface plasmons and Fabry–Perot cavity resonances and other optical modes including Wood–Rayleigh anomalies and diffraction to enhance the performance of metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors (MSM-PDs) fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates are described. The characteristics of these optical modes are briefly described and their proper use in SOI MSM-PDs is described in detail. Three algorithms that model the electromagnetic field produced by the incident beam, the quasi-static electric field produced by the applied bias, and the charge carrier motion, recombination and induced photocurrent are integrated together in a time-dependent way to accurately calculate the bandwidth and responsivity for a series of optical pulses. By using a combination of optical modes, a structure with theoretical values of 50 GHz bandwidth and 0.17 A W−1 responsivity is designed. Other structures using different combinations of optical modes are described.
Everyone has an Agenda but the Media Control the Timeframe

In late 2008 I was Clinical Lead for General Surgery and Urology at the Children's Hospital in Birmingham (BCH) and was Vice-chair of the senior medical and dental staff committee. Our hospital provides local, regional and some supra-regional services for children covering all medical and surgical specialties. The hospital is well loved by patients and parents and we thought we had good relationships with the media. Of course no organisation is perfect and we all have something we wish to see improved. For staff the hospital easily passed the test: 'would you want your own child treated here?'
Bupivacaine and Lidocaine Retrobulbar Anesthesia: A Double-blind Clinical Study

Bupivacaine 0.75% with epinephrine and/or hyaluronidase and lidocaine 2% with epinephrine and hyaluronidase were compared as to onset and duration of surgical anesthesia and akinesia in a prospective, randomized, double-blind study in 111 patients undergoing 128 elective intraocular surgical procedures. There was no significant difference in onset time to adequate surgical anesthesia among any of the drug groups at 15 minutes following retrobulbar injection, but the bupivacaine with epinephrine group lagged for akinesia. Mean duration of akinesia was 11 hours for the bupivacaine groups compared to four hours for lidocaine. During the eight hours following surgery, 70-90% of the patients receiving bupivacaine required no postoperative analgesia compared to less than 40% of the lidocaine group. There were no drug-related complications.
Mechanistic studies of a signaling pathway activated by the organic dimerizer FK1012

Abstract Background: The T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway is initiated by regulated association of TCR chains, including the ζ chain. A recently reported method for inducing the dimerization or oligomerization of targeted proteins in cells used the TCR pathway as a test system. In cells transfected with cDNA encoding MZF3E, a chimeric receptor comprising the intracellular domain of the ζ chain and three copies of FK506-binding protein (FKBP), low concentrations of a synthetic dimer of the natural product FK506 (FK1012) activated the expression of reporter genes. We set out to examine the signaling pathway initiated by FK1012. Results: We characterized the effect of FK1012 on MZF3E and a second chimeric receptor, MZF1E, which contains the ζ chain and one copy of FKBP Only MZF3E gave FK1012-activated signaling, as shown by an increase in the kinase activity associating with MZF3E, and the appearance of specific phosphotyrosine-containing proteins. Signaling required localization of MZF3E to the inner plasma membrane, and activation of gene transcription in response to FK1012 was dependent on the protein phosphatase calcineurin and the transcriptional activator NF-AT. Some signaling events in the pathway had different kinetics when activated by MZF3E instead of the TCR, however. An unexpected requirement for the prolonged activation of calcineurin was observed. Conclusions: Synthetic dimerizers can be used to gain control over cellular processes that require the association of specific intracellular proteins. The TCR signaling pathway was selected as an initial test system; we show here that one can indeed activate this signaling pathway by inducing the oligomerization of the cytoplasmic tail of the ζ chain with the cell-permeable reagent FK1012.
Radiation emitted by a resonantly driven hydrogen atom

The spectrum of scattered radiation was computed for an electron, bound initially in the 2[ital s] state of a hydrogen atom and driven resonantly by the sinusoidal field of a moderately intense ([similar to]10[sup 13] W/cm[sup 2]) linearly polarized laser. A numerical solution of the time-dependent Schroedinger equation was performed for the duration of a 20--30-fs laser pulse. The radiation which emerges from this [ital transient] state was characterized by the autocorrelation function of the electronic acceleration defined as [ital C][sub [ital a]]([ital t]) =[integral][sub [minus][infinity]][sup [infinity]][ital dt][prime][l angle]1[ital s][vert bar][bold a]([ital t][prime])[center dot][bold a]([ital t][prime][minus][ital t])[vert bar]1[ital s][r angle], as previously described [K. LaGattuta, J. Mod. Opt. 39, 1181 (1992)]. Then the energy spectrum of the radiation was determined from [ital S]([Omega]) =([alpha][sup 3]/3[pi])[integral][sub [minus][infinity]][sup [infinity]][ital dt] e[sup [ital i][Omega][ital t]C][sub [ital a]]([ital t]). Copious radiation, near the second harmonic, was emitted from this metastable excited state, prior to ionization.
The ultrastructure of cell wall formation and of gamma particles during encystment of Allomyces macrogynus zoospores

Structural changes during cell wall formation by populations of semisynchronously germinating zoospores were studied in the water mold Allomyces macrogynus. Fluorescence microscopy using Calcofluor white ST (which binds to β-1,4-linked glycans) demonstrated that Calcofluor-specific material was deposited around most cells between 2–10 min after the induction of encystment (beginning when a wall-less zoospore retracts its flagellum and rounds up). During the first 15 min of encystment there was a progressive increase in fluorescence intensity. Ultrastructural analysis of encysting cells showed that within 2–10 min after the induction of encystment small vesicles 35–70 nm diameter were present near the spore surface, and some were in the process of fusing with the plasma membrane. The fusion of vesicles with the zoospore membrane was concomitant with the appearance of electron-opaque fibrillar material outside the plasma membrane. Vesicles similar to those near the spore surface were found within the gamma (γ) particles of encysting cells. These particles had a crystalline inclusion within the electron-opaque matrix. During the period of initial cyst cell wall formation numerous vesicles appeared to arise at the crystal-matrix interface. Approximately 15–20 min was required for the cell wall to be formed. We suggest that the initial response of the zoospore to induction of encystment is the formation of a cell wall mediated by the fusion of cytoplasmic vesicles with the plasma membrane.
Getting the Message to Physicians about the Effectiveness of Registered Dietitians in Lowering Blood Cholesterol Levels

Abstract Physicians are receiving mixed messages about the effectiveness of lowering blood cholesterol levels through diet. Use of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step 2 Diet (
Communication in times of natural or man-made emergencies: the potential of speech-generating devices

Communication is essential during man-made or natural emergencies. However, for millions of individuals worldwide who have significant communication disabilities, spoken language may not be effective or efficient. The purpose of this study is to identify the necessary vocabulary for communication in times of emergency. In order to do this, two online focus groups generated and prioritised this vocabulary. Once identified, this vocabulary can be incorporated into the design and manufacture of Speech-Generating Devices (SGDs). In addition, suggestions are provided to expand the role that SGDs might play in preparing for and responding to emergency situations.
Ultrastructure of developing ovarian follicles and ovulation in the lizard Anolis carolinensis (Reptilia)

The ultrastructure of Anolis carolinensis ovarian follicles has been studied from early development (follicle 0.3 mm in diamter) through ovulation (∼8 mm in diamter). Cells of the surface epithelium, which change from cuboidal to squamous as the oocyte grows, contain filaments (7–9 nm in diameter) organized into bundles and oriented parallel to the long axis of the cell. The filaments are often associated with basal densities (∼50 nm thick and as much as 4.7 μm in length). In the fibroblasts of the thecal layer, two filament classes (4.5 nm and 9.0 nm) form networks in the cytoplasm. These filamentous bundles are often associated with densities adjacent to the basal plasmalemma; intermediate junctions may connect apposing cells. During previtellogenesis, the granulosa (follicle) cell layer includes three types of cells: 1) small, 2) intermediate, and 3) pyriform cells. The latter are joined to the oocyte by intercellular bridges that apparently provide an avenue for the transfer of ribosomes and other materials to the oocyte. Prior to vitellogenesis the small apical cells degenerate; the pyriform cells accumulate lipid-like droplets and whorls of filaments ∼12 nm thick, and then they also disappear. The contents of the latter cells are apparently transferred to the oocyte via intercellular bridges and/or by pyriform cell blebbing followed by oocyte endocytosis. At the start of vitellogenesis, the membrana granulosa consists of only a single layer of small cells whose pleomorphic macrovilli are attached to the oocyte by adhering zonules. During ovulation the granulosa cell macrovilli lose their connections with the oocyte surface and withdraw while the oocyte microvilli remain extended into the zona pellucida. After ovulation, the surface epithelial and thecal cells are cuboidal in shape and their nuclei are crenulated, suggesting cell contraction. The zona pellucida (fertilization coat), separated into two distinct layers and raised above the oocyte microvilli, encapsulates the ovulated egg.
Cation–π interactions studied in a model coiled-coil peptide

Cation–π interactions between aromatic amino acids and the positively charged residues lysine and arginine have been proposed to play an important role in stabilizing protein structure. We have used a peptide that adopts a coiled coil structure as a model system to evaluate the energetic contribution of cation–π interactions to protein folding. Peptides were designed in which phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan were placed at a solvent-exposed position of the helix, one turn removed from an arginine residue that could provide a favorable cation–π interaction. Only the arginine–phenylalanine pairing provided significant stabilization of the peptide structure and it appears that hydrophobic packing, rather than the cation–π effect, is more likely to be responsible for the stability of this peptide. We conclude that any stabilizing effect of cation–π interactions in these peptides is much smaller than that predicted from computational studies.
Nasalance in utterances of hearing-impaired speakers

Abstract Instrumental comparisons of sound from the nose and mouth expressed in percent nasalance, articulation errors, and speech rate are used in this study to contrast utterances of 50 speakers with severe hearing impairment and 64 with normal hearing. Results of the study revealed that 54% of the hearing-impaired subjects had nasalance ratio scores greater than two standard deviations above the mean of the group with normal auditory acuity. No general relationship was found between the number or type of articulation errors and the nasalance scores. Rate of speaking was significantly related to the nasalance scores of the normal group but not those of the hearing-impaired group. Tonagrams displaying the variations in nasalance revealed small, 1 to 5% spike-shaped fluctuations in the displays of the utterances from both groups. Additional prolonged bursts of nasalance in excess of a 30% change in the ratio between the nasal and oral signals were common in the displays from the hearing-impaired group but not in those of the group with normal acuity. Possible sources and perceptual effects of these phenomena are discussed.
Comparison of holographic interferometry to other test methods in automotive testing

Hologram interferometry is one of many testing techniques used to study and improve vehicle structures and subsystems. Other test methodologies serve to provide data on component loadings and input conditions for holometric testing or serve to correlate holometric results at discrete locations. This paper includes applications that show the benefits of holometric testing and its ability to predict the in-vehicle behavior of a wide variety of automotive components.
Learning the Uncorrelated, Independent, and Discriminating Color Spaces for Face Recognition

This paper presents learning the uncorrelated color space (UCS), the independent color space (ICS), and the discriminating color space (DCS) for face recognition. The new color spaces are derived from the RGB color space that defines the tristimuli R, G, and B component images. While the UCS decorrelates its three component images using principal component analysis (PCA), the ICS derives three independent component images by means of blind source separation, such as independent component analysis (ICA). The DCS, which applies discriminant analysis, defines three new component images that are effective for face recognition. Effective color image representation is formed in these color spaces by concatenating their component images, and efficient color image classification is achieved using the effective color image representation and an enhanced Fisher model (EFM). Experiments on the face recognition grand challenge (FRGC) and the biometric experimentation environment (BEE) show that for the most challenging FRGC version 2 Experiment 4, which contains 12 776 training images, 16 028 controlled target images, and 8014 uncontrolled query images, the ICS, DCS, and UCS achieve the face verification rate (ROC III) of 73.69%, 71.42%, and 69.92%, respectively, at the false accept rate of 0.1%, compared to the RGB color space, the 2-D Karhunen-Loeve (KL) color space, and the FRGC baseline algorithm with the face verification rate of 67.13%, 59.16%, and 11.86%, respectively, with the same false accept rate.
Polymer microvascular network composites

Microvascular networks show promise for applications such as self- healing, self-cooling, and structural damage sensing. Fluid-filled micro-scale channels have been investigated extensively in the field of microfluidics, but three- dimensional networks in polymeric structural materials have been achieved only recently. The purpose of microvascular network integration is to provide a vehicle for the distribution and replenishment of active fluids throughout a matrix material enabling multifunctional operation. This perspective seeks to examine the advances in fabrication techniques, characterization, and new theoretical and computational tools for guiding design that are leading to systems with greater functionality and complexity.
Academic programs in computational science and engineering

Outlines are given of various CSE (computational science and engineering) educational programs in the US. Traditional computer science, physical science, and engineering programs have not cross-trained their students beyond the college sophomore level. The education that occurs beyond this level tends to be ad hoc, on the job, and self-taught. CSE programs have risen out of a desire to remedy this situation. Although program specifics vary, the common thread is that they contain substantial computer science and engineering/science content. All the programs encompass more than one department, and most involve computer science. Ideally, students should learn most of the course material from two disciplines; since this is unreasonable, hard choices must be made as to what material to include. The descriptions presented illustrate the programs' diversity as well as their common approach, combining computer science, engineering, science, and applied mathematics in some way. Programs at the following universities are discussed: Clemson University, George Mason University, Mississippi State University, North Carolina University, Purdue University, Rennslaer Polytechnic Institute, Rice University, Stanford University, Syracuse University, University of California at Davis, University of California at San Diego, University of Michigan and University of Utah. >
Semi-Empirical Molecular Modeling of Ionic Liquid Tribology: Ionic Liquid–Hydroxylated Silicon Surface Interactions

The interactions between selected ionic liquids and modified silicon surfaces are modeled in this article using semi-empirical methods. The modeled ionic liquids include a series of ionic liquids consisting of imidazolium derivatives with Cl− as the anion interacting with hydroxylated silicon wafers. A second series consists of symmetrical and asymmetrical dicationic imidazolium derivatives with PF6 − or BF4 − as the anion interacting with hydroxylated single crystal silicon wafers. The tribological properties of these ionic liquids and their interactions with silicon surfaces are modeled using a rolling hydroxylated silicon surface. The ionic liquids are allowed to form a complex with this surface, and the enthalpies of complex formation are seen to correlate with the tribological properties of the ionic liquids.
Islamic Legal Theory, Secularism and Religious Pluralism: Is Modern Religious Freedom Sufficient for the Shari'a 'Purpose [Maqsid]' of 'Preserving Religion [Hifz Al-Din]?'

Perhaps the most popular trend in contemporary Islamic legal and political thought is to view shari'a as embodied not primarily in specific rules nor in terms of a painstaking, thorough extraction of those rules from the revelatory texts according to the methods of classical legal theory (usul al-fiqh), but rather as defined in terms of the overall 'purposes' (maqasid) for which God revealed the law. The theory of the 'purposes of divine law' (maqasid al-shari'a), which I refer to as a form of 'Complex Purposivism' in legal interpretation and argumentation, is often viewed as a panacea for modern reformers and pragmatists who want to establish Islamic legitimacy for new substantive moral, legal and political commitments in new socio-political conditions, because it allows Muslims to ask not whether a given norm has been expressly endorsed within the texts, but whether it is compatible with the deeper goods and interests which God wants to protect through the law. All maqasid theories posit that there are five universal necessary interests the protection of which the law prioritizes: life, religion, lineage, property and reason. For all of these interests, protection can involve both positive and negative liberties, as well as various forms of restrictions on other less fundamental acts. The purpose of this paper is to examine some treatments of the meaning and extension of the Islamic legal purpose (maqsid) of protecting religion (hifz al-din), with an eye towards Islamic legal theorists' explicit or implicit encounter with modern liberal and secularist understandings of what it means to 'protect religion'.
The association between weight history and physical performance in the Health, Aging and Body Composition study.

Although the association between current obesity and physical disability is well known, the cumulative effect of obesity is unknown. Using data from the Health, Aging and Body Composition study, we examined the association between weight history in young and middle adulthood and weight status in late adulthood with physical performance in late adulthood. Longitudinal cohort study. White and black men and women aged 70–79 years at study baseline (n=2803). Body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) was calculated using recalled height at age 25 and weight at age 25 and 50 and measured height and weight at ages 70–79. Physical performance at ages 70–79 was assessed using a short physical performance battery (SPPB) and a 400-m walk test. In this well-functioning cohort, approximately 24% of men and 8% of women reported being overweight or obese (BMI ⩾25 kg/m2) at age 25, 51% of men and 37% of women reported being overweight or obese at age 50, and 69% of men and 66% of women were overweight or obese at ages 70–79. Men and women who were obese (BMI ⩾30 kg/m2) at ages 25, 50 and 70–79 had significantly worse SPPB scores and 400-m walk times than those who were normal weight. Women who were overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) at ages 25, 50 and 70–79 also had significantly worse physical performance. Furthermore, men and women who had a history of being overweight or obese at ages 25 or 50 had worse physical performance compared to those who were normal weight throughout or who were overweight or obese at ages 70–79 but not in midlife or earlier. Maintaining a healthy body weight throughout adulthood may play a role in preventing or delaying the onset of physical disability.
A 'Controls Workflow Management' HMI To Configure and Maintain An Event Based Control System

The next generation of factory control systems will consist of a conglomeration of hardware and software resources that must work together to achieve factory-wide targets of throughput, quality and reconfigurablity. The University of Michigan's Engineering Research Center has developed a control system that extends reconfigurable software event-based control by considering a manufacturing system as a set of decentralized resources of both hardware and software instead of separate solutions for hardware/logic and software control. This software control system utilizes the event-condition-action (ECA) paradigm to realize event based control, with workflow "rules" stored in a relational database. We facilitate the control workflow management through a graphical front end tool that uses simple forms and a flowchart-like display to represent complex rules. It allows a user with little technical know-how to view, create and maintain control rules of the software system. This graphical tool operates independently of the system being controlled, by manipulating the workflow rules in the database; thereby enabling control strategies to be updated in real time