cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A malic enzyme probe detects cross-hybridizing sequences closely linked to loci encoding other metabolic enzymes.

Abstract The cytoplasmic malic enzyme ( Mod-1 ) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate: malate + NADP + ⇒ pyruvate + CO 2 + NADPH + H + . Using a cDNA clone of Mod-1 as a probe, two new DNA markers not at the Mod-1 locus (restriction fragment length polymorphisms, RFLP) were detected by Southern blot analysis that showed extensive homology to Mod-1 sequences. Linkage of each restriction fragment length polymorphism to loci other than Mod-1 was assessed using the BXD ( C57BL 6J × DBA 2J ) recombinant inbred strains and confirmed by backcrosses. One polymorphic site, designated D9Rti1, was found to be closely linked to the phosphoglucomutase ( Pgm-3 ) locus on Chromosome 9. The other hybridization site, designated D1Rti2, was closely linked to the isocitrate dehydrogenase ( Idh-1 ) locus on Chromosome 1. The data presented imply that Mod-1 homologous sequences are tightly linked to three different metabolic enzymes.
Examination of mhd fluid flow in geometric elements of a fusion reactor blanket using the core flow approach

The attractiveness of liquid metal blankets depends strongly on the degree of which peak pressures and temperatures can be controlled. These, in turn, are determined by the MHD pressure drop and velocity field. Accurate methods of predicting the pressure drop, velocity and temperature profiles in liquid metal blankets are necessary for blanket design and for planning and analysis of experiments. The governing equations for MHD fluid flow are well known. However, solution of the full set of MHD equations is difficult in some geometries and parameter ranges of interest. In many cases, the most important MHD effects can be accurately modeled using a simplified approach, known as the “core flow approximation”, which neglect inertial and viscous terms. A core flow solution method has been developed utilizing the special properties of the MHD equations to reduce them to, at most, four two-dimensional partial differential equations. The method has been formulated in a very general way, to allow treatment of problems with three-dimensional magnetic field and complex channel shapes. Solutions have been obtained numerically for several cases of interest to fusion. These include conducting pipes with variable radius, variable transverse magnetic field strength, and arbitrary angle of the field with respect to the flow direction. Initial analysis has focused on localized perturbations, including expansions, contractions, and magnetic field entrance/exit regions. Benchmarking has been performed in cases for which data exist. The results indicate that the method is very powerful and could be generalized to treat most geometric elements of liquid metal blankets and high heat flux components.
Action Language verifier: an infinite-state model checker for reactive software specifications

Action Language is a specification language for reactive software systems. In this paper, we present the syntax and the semantics of the Action Language and we also present an infinite-state symbolic model checker called Action Language Verifier (ALV) that verifies (or falsifies) CTL properties of Action Language specifications. ALV is built on top of the Composite Symbolic Library, which is a symbolic manipulator that combines multiple symbolic representations. ALV is a polymorphic model checker that can use different combinations of the symbolic representations implemented in the Composite Symbolic Library. We describe the heuristics implemented in ALV for computing fixpoints using the composite symbolic representation. Since Action Language specifications allow declaration of unbounded integer variables and parameterized integer constants, verification of Action Language specifications is undecidable. ALV uses several heuristics to conservatively approximate the fixpoint computations. ALV also implements an automated abstraction technique that enables parameterized verification of a concurrent system with an arbitrary number of identical processes.
Maternal age-adjusted risk for Down syndrome at birth is lower for African American as compared with Non-Hispanic White infants in the United States.• 447

Maternal age-adjusted risk for Down syndrome at birth is lower for African American as compared with Non-Hispanic White infants in the United States.• 447
FAILURE PATTERNS FOLLOWING COBALT IRRADIATION IN DOGS WITH NASAL CARCINOMA

The pattern of tumor recurrence was assessed in 24 dogs receiving cobalt radiation therapy for nasal carcinoma. Dogs were evaluated using nasal cavity computed tomography prior to treatment, and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment, and at 6-month intervals thereafter if still alive. Dogs were treated with various combinations of total dose, and fraction size. Total doses were normalized to equivalent doses given in 3.0 Gy fractions. The extent of tumor regression or duration of tumor control were not dependent on absolute total dose, normalized total dose, or tumor type. The median duration of local control in all dogs was 312 days. Marked tumor regression was observed in 11 of the 24 dogs. Median duration of local control was significantly longer in dogs with marked tumor regression in comparison to dogs without tumor regression; 389 vs. 161 days respectively. When tumor recurrence was documented in dogs having tumor regression, the location of the recurrence was in the nasal cavity. No tumor recurred in a sinus or periorbital region, and only one geographic miss was detected. Tumor recurrence in the irradiated volume, including dogs with and without marked regression, was documented in 13 of the 24 dogs. The high local failure rate, coupled with the recurrence pattern in these dogs, suggests there may be an opportunity for improvement in local control through use of shrinking field techniques.
Evidence for a role of glutamate as an efferent transmitter in taste buds

Glutamate has been proposed as a transmitter in the peripheral taste system in addition to its well-documented role as an umami taste stimulus. Evidence for a role as a transmitter includes the presence of ionotropic glutamate receptors in nerve fibers and taste cells, as well as the expression of the glutamate transporter GLAST in Type I taste cells. However, the source and targets of glutamate in lingual tissue are unclear. In the present study, we used molecular, physiological and immunohistochemical methods to investigate the origin of glutamate as well as the targeted receptors in taste buds. Using molecular and immunohistochemical techniques, we show that the vesicular transporters for glutamate, VGLUT 1 and 2, but not VGLUT3, are expressed in the nerve fibers surrounding taste buds but likely not in taste cells themselves. Further, we show that P2X2, a specific marker for gustatory but not trigeminal fibers, co-localizes with VGLUT2, suggesting the VGLUT-expressing nerve fibers are of gustatory origin. Calcium imaging indicates that GAD67-GFP Type III taste cells, but not T1R3-GFP Type II cells, respond to glutamate at concentrations expected for a glutamate transmitter, and further, that these responses are partially blocked by NBQX, a specific AMPA/Kainate receptor antagonist. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry confirm the presence of the Kainate receptor GluR7 in Type III taste cells, suggesting it may be a target of glutamate released from gustatory nerve fibers. Taken together, the results suggest that glutamate may be released from gustatory nerve fibers using a vesicular mechanism to modulate Type III taste cells via GluR7.
"IF YOU HIT ME AGAIN, I'LL HIT YOU BACK:" CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES OF INDIVIDUALS EXPERIENCING AGGRESSION DURING CONFLICTS

In interpersonal relationships characterized by aggression, the negotiation of conflict is especially significant. The present study examined the conflict management strategies used by 31 individuals who had experienced verbal and/or physical aggression during conflicts with their partners. Sillars’ (1986) conflict tactics coding system was used as a framework to analyze 960 pages of transcribed data. The results of this deductive content analysis indicated that the participants reported using primarily Distributive conflict strategies. Analytic induction was also used to interpret nonverbal forms of conflict management, revealing three common tactics: crying, nonverbal avoidance, and aggression. Implications for using these conflict strategies in interpersonal relationships characterized by aggression are discussed.
A Carboxyl-terminal Sequence in the Lutropin β Subunit Contributes to the Sorting of Lutropin to the Regulated Pathway

Although synthesized in the same pituitary gonadotropes, the secretion profiles of lutropin (LH) and follitropin (FSH) differ. LH is secreted through a regulated pathway and associated with a bolus release at mid-estrous cycle. In contrast, the majority of FSH is secreted constitutively with an incremental increase until ovulation. Both share an identicalα subunit, and thus theβ subunit contains determinants for sorting into the regulated pathway. Previously, we demonstrated that a hydrophobic carboxyl-terminal heptapeptide of the LHβ subunit (Leu-Ser-Gly-Leu-Leu-Phe-Leu), not found in the FSHβ subunit, influences the intracellular behavior of the LH dimer. To test the hypothesis that the peptide contributes to differential sorting, we monitored the fates of LH and LHΔT (LHβ subunit lacking the carboxyl-terminal seven amino acids) dimers in the rat somatotrope-derived GH3 cell line in which both the regulated and constitutive secretory pathways operate. Pulse-chase labeling demonstrated that the LHΔT dimer was diverted to the constitutive pathway, resulting in a significant decrease in the corresponding intracellular pool. Forskolin stimulated LH dimer release 3-fold, which was accompanied by a parallel decrease of intracellular LH; only marginal forskolin stimulation of LHΔT was seen. Immunofluorescence after cycloheximide treatment demonstrated decreased retention of LHΔT compared with LH, consistent with increased constitutive secretion of LHΔT. We also demonstrated that fusing the heptapeptide to the carboxyl terminus of the FSHβ subunit resulted in an increased regulated secretion of this FSH analog compared with wild-type FSH. These data are the first to identify a novel structural determinant responsible for the sorting of a member of the glycoprotein hormone family into the regulated secretory pathway.
Political Trials and Resource Mobilization: Towards an Understanding of Social Movement Litigation

This paper integrates recent approaches to the study of social movements and of litigation by examining the use of the courts during times of social unrest. Litigation is one of several strategies available to social movements and their adversaries in the struggle for political power. After suggesting the potential and limits of social movement litigation, the paper examines political trials as one form of litigation, locating their origins in attempts to affect the distribution of resources important for the success of protest group efforts. Emphasis is placed on the jury and the press as two distinctive features of American democracy that affect decisions by social movement members to use the courts and also shape subsequent proceedings and outcomes. Finally, the paper discusses several lines of inquiry for future research. Recently the study of social movements has moved beyond the limitations of traditional, social-psychological perspectives on collective behavior that viewed social movements as generally irrational phenomena arising out of shared frustration and discontent with existing conditions (for example Gurr; Gusfield; Smelser; compare Gamson). In contrast, recent works have taken a more dynamic approach to the study of social movements, examining among other issues the strategic problems of having to appeal to various constituencies (Lipsky) and the tactics used by state officials and business interests to control insurgent efforts (Jenkins and Perrow). These developments reflect the resource mobilization approach employed in recent studies (McCarthy and Zald; Oberschall). In this view the aggregation and use of resources of many types are critical to the success of
Multiscale modeling and simulation of dynamic wetting

Abstract In this paper, we present a multiscale analysis on dynamic wetting and liquid droplet spreading on solid substrates. In the proposed multiscale dynamic wetting model, we couple molecular scale adhesive interaction (the van der Waals type force) and the macroscale flow – that is: we combine a coarse-grain adhesive contact model with a modified Gurtin–Murdoch surface elasto-dynamics theory to formulate a multiscale moving contact line theory to simulate dynamic wetting. The advantage of adopting the coarse grain adhesive contact model in the moving contact line theory is that it can levitate and separate the liquid droplet with the solid substrate, so that the proposed multiscale moving contact line theory avoids imposing the non-slip condition, and then it removes the subsequent singularity problem, which allows the surface energy difference and surface stress propelling droplet spreading naturally. By employing the proposed method, we have successfully simulated droplet spreading over various elastic substrates. The obtained numerical simulation results compare well with the experimental and molecular dynamics results reported in the literature.
Transverse impact problems by higher order beam finite element

Abstract A higher order beam finite element is derived and shown to be very efficient in solving the transient dynamic problem. The finite element thus developed is then applied to impact problems concerning the response of beams to striking elastic masses. Due to the local indentation the motion of the beam is nonlinearly coupled with the motion of the mass. An efficient iterative procedure is proposed in this paper to integrate the time variable. Both elastic impact and impact with permanent indentations are considered. The finite element solutions are found in good agreement with some existing solutions.
Quantum memory in warm Rb vapor with buffer gas

Quantum memory is considered to be one of the key elements in the fields of quantum computing and quantum communication. Warm atomic vapor cells for quantum memory in DLCZ (for Duan, Lukin, Cirac, and Zoller) protocol are appealing due to the perceived reduction in experimental complexity and commercial availability. However, reported results on quantum memory using warm vapor cells were done under widely different experimental conditions and produced ambiguous results. In order for the memory to exhibit non-classical behavior, to a high degree of certainty, the cross-correlation value between the Stokes and anti-Stokes photons needs to be greater than two. In this work we demonstrate quantum memory with cross-correlation value between the Stokes and anti-Stokes photons greater than two lasting for 4 μs using warm Rb vapor with buffer gas for nearly co-propagating write and read beams.
Effects of proton damage on charge-coupled devices

Recent analytical and experimental work has provided new insights into the production of damage sites in silicon Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) by energetic particles and into the effects of these sites on CCD performance. An approximate correlation is presented between experimental results and a prediction of proton-induced displacement damage, and possible explanations for remaining inconsistencies are discussed. As a consequence of this agreement, it is now possible to predict the effect of complicated space proton environments upon CCD charge transfer efficiency and other CCD performance parameters. This prediction requires evaluation of the damage resulting from only a small number (
FreeBee: Cross-technology Communication via Free Side-channel

This paper presents FreeBee, which enables direct unicast as well as cross-technology/channel broadcast among three popular wireless technologies: WiFi, ZigBee, and Bluetooth. Our design aims to shed the light on the opportunities that cross-technology communication has to offer including, but not limited to, cross-technology cooperation and coordination. The key concept of FreeBee is to modulate symbol messages by shifting the timing of periodic beacon frames already mandatory for wireless standards without incurring extra traffic. Such a generic cross-technology design consumes zero additional bandwidth, allowing continuous broadcast to safely reach mobile and/or duty-cycled devices. A new \emph{interval multiplexing} technique is proposed to enable concurrent broadcasts from multiple senders or boost the transmission rate of a single sender. Theoretical and experimental exploration reveals that FreeBee offers a reliable symbol delivery under a second and supports mobility of 30mph and low duty-cycle operations of under 5%.
Concrete Kantian Respect

When we think about Kantian virtue, what often comes to mind is the notion of respect. Respect is due to all persons merely in virtue of their status as rational agents. Indeed, on the Kantian view, specific virtues, such as duties of beneficence, gratitude, or self-perfection, are so many ways of respecting persons as free rational agents. To preserve and promote rational agency, to protect individuals from threats against rational agency, i.e., to respect persons, is at the core of virtue. No doubt, part of the appeal of the Kantian notion of respect is that it offers an intuitive way of talking about the wrongness of manipulation and coercion, and in general, the wrongness of unfairly taking advantage of another. For to respect persons is to take seriously their status as persons, and to forswear, at some level, actions and attitudes that would compromise their dignity. Talking about respect has become shorthand for signaling deontological concerns. More formally, within recent Kantian exegesis, respect is viewed as yielding a more accessible and less contrived account of the Categorical Imperative than the more traditional criterion of universalizability and the contradictions tests applied to it. Within the Kantianinspired political theory of John Rawls, respect is also a core notion, representing a pervasive good, the bases of which, just states have an obligation to distribute to their members. Yet, for all its appeal, respect is an odd feature of Kantian ethics. For it is an emotion in a theory that prides itself in grounding morality in principles of reason alone. In this essay, I draw attention to the importance of respect in Kant's account in order to show just how he makes room for the emotions. Indeed, I shall argue that on Kant's account of full moral agency, we are emotional as well as rational creatures. Although Kant often portrays respect as an abstract emotional attitude mysteriously connected to our rationality, I argue that on a suitable revision, respect can be transformed into a more concrete attitude, cultivated and expressed alongside other emotions requisite for full virtue.
Heritability of pancreatic beta-cell function among nondiabetic members of Caucasian familial type 2 diabetic kindreds.

Both defective insulin secretion and insulin resistance have been reported in relatives of type 2 diabetic subjects. We tested 120 members of 26 families with a type 2 diabetic sibling pair with a tolbutamide-modified, frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test to determine the insulin sensitivity index (S(I)) and acute insulin response to glucose (AIRglucose). A measure of beta-cell compensation for insulin sensitivity was calculated as the product S(I) x AIRglucose, based on the demonstrated hyperbolic relationship between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. A percentile score for this compensation was assigned based on published values. Of the 120 family members, 26 had previously diagnosed impaired glucose tolerance on oral testing, and 94 had normal glucose tolerance tests. As a group, family members showed a significantly lower S(I) x AIRglucose than a similar, previously reported, control population, even when impaired glucose tolerance members were excluded. We performed a multivariate analysis of diabetes status, S(I), AIRglucose and to estimate the heritability of each trait and the genetic and environmental correlations between traits. We estimated the heritability of S(I) x AIRglucose to be 67 +/- 3% when all members were included and 70 +/- 4% when only normal glucose tolerance members were considered. Both AIRglucose and S(I) were also familial, albeit with lower heritabilities (38 +/- 1% and 38 +/- 2%, respectively, for all family members). Both S(I) x AIRglucose and S(I) showed strong negative genetic correlations with diabetes (-85 +/- 3% and -87 +/- 2%, respectively, all family members), whereas AIRglucose did not correlate with diabetes. We conclude that insulin secretion, as measured by S(I) x AIRglucose, is decreased in nondiabetic members of familial type 2 diabetic kindreds, that S(I) x AIRglucose in these high risk families is highly heritable, and that the same polygenes may determine diabetes status and a low S(I) x AIRglucose. Our data suggest that insulin secretion, when expressed as an index normalized for insulin sensitivity, is more familial than either insulin sensitivity or first phase insulin secretion alone and may be a very useful trait for identifying genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes.
Compressive Thin Films For Increased Fracture Toughness

Improved fracture toughness by as much as a factor of two in infrared window materials has been observed after the deposition of thin compressive surface films by reactive ion beam techniques. The relationship between film stress, film thickness, substrate properties, and observed fracture toughness are being investigated, using Vickers indentation to determine mechanical properties and a bending plate capacitance method to independently determine film stress. Comparisons are made to a theoretical model developed by Lawn and Fuller.
The effects of cue salience and overtraining on extradimensional shift learning

Rats were first trained to criterion with either more disparate (MD) or less disparate (LD) brightness cues relevant and orientation cues irrelevant; half were then shifted to the orientation discrimination and half were overtrained prior to the shift. For nonovertrained Ss, there was a trend toward more rapid EDS learning when previous training was with the MD brightness cues. Overtraining significantly facilitated shift learning when initial training was with the LD brightness cues but slightly retarded shift learning when initial training was with the MD brightness cues, producing a significant interaction. Cue salience was concluded to be a major determiner of relative speed of EDS learning.
Islamic Studies and the Trajectory of Political Islam

References Hourani, Albert. 1983. Arab Thought in the Liberal Age (1798-1939). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. . 1991. A History of the Arab Peoples. New York: Warner Books. Hodgson, Marshall G.S. 1975. The Venture of Is lam. Three volumes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kepel, Gilles. 2004. The Warfor Muslim Minds: Is lam and the West. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Moghadam, Valentine M. 2003. Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Mid dle East. 2d ed. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. Roy, Olivier. 2004. Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah. New York: Columbia Uni versity Press. UNDP. 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006. The Arab Human Development Report. NY: UNDP.
Insertional mutagenesis of Drosophila heterochromatin with single P elements.

Abstract Insertional mutagenesis with transposable P elements has greatly facilitated the identification and analysis of genes located throughout the 70% of the Drosophila melanogaster genome classified as euchromatin. In contrast, genetically marked P elements have only rarely been shown to transpose into heterochromatin. By carrying out single P element insertional mutagenesis under conditions where position-effect variegation was suppressed, we efficiently generated strains containing insertions at diverse sites within centromeric and Y-chromosome heterochromatin. The tendency of P elements to transpose locally was shown to operate within heterochromatin, and it further enhanced the recovery of heterochromatic insertions. Three of the insertions disrupted vital genes known to be present at low density in heterochromatin. Strains containing single P element insertions will greatly facilitate the structural and functional analysis of this poorly understood genomic component.
Evolution of lipoproteins deduced from protein sequence data.

Abstract 1. 1. Human serum apolipoprotein A-I contains a prominent 11-residue sequence periodicity. 2. 2. Similar 11-residue segments occur in the other sequenced human apolipoproteins, C-I, C-III, and A-II. 3. 3. Computer analyses of the sequences support the hypothesis that they evolved from a common ancestor. 4. 4. An evolutionary history of these proteins is proposed. 5. 5. The estimated rate of change of these proteins indicates that all four types will be found throughout the vertebrates and that related proteins will also be found in invertebrates.
S-1, S Policies for Perishable Inventory

We consider S-1, S policies for a single item whose lifetime is fixed and known with certainty. Demands are generated by a stationary Poisson process and there is a positive leadtime for replenishment. We believe this study gives the only analysis for perishables with a positive order leadtime. The analysis involves the derivation of the stationary distribution of the S-dimensional stochastic process corresponding to the time elapsed since the last S orders were placed. This distribution is then used to obtain an expression for the expected cost rate of operating the system in steady state as a function of S. A computer program has been developed to compute optimal S values and expected annual costs. We report a computation for a variety of system parameters which show some of the unusual features of the problem. Finally, we show how this model can be used in the context of a problem of optimizing availability of operating equipment subject to scheduled maintenance as well as random failure.
Stability, causality, and Lorentz and CPT violation

Stability and causality are investigated for quantum field theories incorporating Lorentz and $\mathrm{CPT}$ violation. Explicit calculations in the quadratic sector of a general renormalizable Lagrangian for a massive fermion reveal that no difficulty arises for low energies if the parameters controlling the breaking are small, but for high energies either energy positivity or microcausality is violated in some observer frame. However, this can be avoided if the Lagrangian is the sub-Planck limit of a nonlocal theory with spontaneous Lorentz and $\mathrm{CPT}$ violation. Our analysis supports the stability and causality of the Lorentz- and $\mathrm{CPT}$-violating standard-model extension that would emerge at low energies from spontaneous breaking in a realistic string theory.
Quantized double layer charging of Au130(SR)50 nanomolecules

Quantized double layer (QDL) charging of a Au130(SR)50 nanomolecule is reported for the first time. In the past, QDL charging was known only for Au144(SR)60 and Au225(SR)75 nanomolecules, which intrigued much research in this field. Here, using differential pulse voltammetry, we demonstrate that Au130 shows QDL charging. Furthermore, 13 different oxidation–reduction waves corresponding to single electron charging events with a clear electrochemical gap of ∼450 mV are reported. For Au130(SR)50, both the QDL behaviour and electrochemical gap were observed. Considering the charging energy, the HOMO–LUMO gap of the nanomolecule is 200 mV. Further data analysis was performed to find the capacitance of Au130(SR)50. A comprehensive comparison with other magic sized nanomolecules was made to confirm the molecule-like to bulk metal transition with increasing size of gold nanomolecules. Gold nanomolecules with these electrochemical properties are of great interest in the field of catalysis.
Evidence for GABAergic inhibition of a hypothalamic sympathoexcitatory mechanism in anesthetized rats.

The hypothesis that endogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) suppresses the activity of a latent hypothalamic sympathoexcitatory mechanism was tested by examining the effects of stereotaxic intrahypothalamic microinjection of drugs influencing GABAergic inhibition in anesthetized rats. Bicuculline methiodide (BMI) 1-25 ng, a competitive antagonist at post-synaptic GABA receptors, as well as isoniazid (INH) 35 and 70 micrograms and 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3MP) 0.02 microliter, inhibitors of GABA synthesis, all evoked marked increases in heart rate and modest pressor responses. However, while the effects of BMI appeared almost immediately and peaked within 10 min of injection, changes caused by INH or 3MP developed much more slowly, attaining a maximum 35-40 and 19 min after injection, respectively. The effects of BMI on heart rate were blocked by pretreatment with propranolol 2 mg/kg i.v. or hexamethonium 20 mg/kg i.v. plus atropine 2 mg/kg i.v. and were shown to be highly localized to the posterior hypothalamic nucleus and the adjacent lateral hypothalamus. In addition to the cardiovascular effects, BMI also elicited dose-related increases in respiratory rate which were independent of the heart rate changes although they followed a similar time course. The results support the notion that hypothalamic GABA inhibits a local mechanism capable of generating cardiorespiratory arousal.
Astrobiology and SETI

Abstract “Are we alone?” “Where did we come from?” These are the defining questions of the new field of Astrobiology, and they are also the questions that have tantalized humanity throughout recorded history. The SKA will afford an excellent opportunity to answer these old questions and thereby calibrate our place in the cosmos. With the SKA we may discover another technological species and chart the pathways by which complex organic molecules assembled in interstellar space were incorporated into, or reassembled within, nascent planetary systems and the role these molecules play in creating habitable worlds.
Vapor Pressure Plus: An Experiment for Studying Phase Equilibria in Water, with Observation of Supercooling, Spontaneous Freezing, and the Triple Point

Liquid−vapor, solid−vapor, and solid−liquid−vapor equilibria are studied for the pure substance water, using modern equipment that includes specially fabricated glass cells. Samples are evaporatively frozen initially, during which they typically supercool to −5 to −10 °C before spontaneously freezing. Vacuum pumping lowers the temperature to ∼−20 °C, and temperature and pressure are recorded on warm-up, first for sublimation, then vaporization, with a pronounced halt at the triple point. Analysis of the data by the integrated Clausius−Clapeyron equation typically yields ΔsubHm and ΔvapHm values within ∼2% (1 kJ/mol) of literature, from which ΔfusHm can also be estimated with fair precision. The experiment is designed for the undergraduate physical chemistry teaching laboratory; aspects of it are also appropriate for demonstrations in general and physical chemistry courses.
Mefloquine and psychotomimetics share neurotransmitter receptor and transporter interactions in vitro

Rationale Mefloquine is used for the prevention and treatment of chloroquine-resistant malaria, but its use is associated with nightmares, hallucinations, and exacerbation of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. We hypothesized that potential mechanisms of action for the adverse psychotropic effects of mefloquine resemble those of other known psychotomimetics.
Controls of germline stem cells, entry into meiosis, and the sperm/oocyte decision in Caenorhabditis elegans.

The Caenorhabditis elegans germ line provides an exceptional model for analysis of the molecular controls governing stem cell maintenance, the cell cycle transition from mitosis to meiosis, and the choice of sexual identity—sperm or oocyte. Germline stem cells are maintained in an undifferentiated state within a well-defined niche formed by a single somatic cell, the distal tip cell (DTC). In both sexes, the DTC employs GLP-1/Notch signaling and FBF/PUF RNA-binding proteins to maintain stem cells and promote mitotic divisions, three additional RNA regulators (GLD-1/quaking, GLD-2/poly(A) polymerase, and GLD-3/Bicaudal-C) control entry into meiosis, and FOG-1/CPEB and FOG-3/Tob proteins govern sperm specification. These key regulators are part of a robust regulatory network that controls germ cell proliferation, stem cell maintenance, and sex determination. Parallels with controls in other organisms include the use of PUF proteins for stem cell maintenance and the prominence of mRNA regulation for the cont...
Substance use outcomes among homeless clients with serious mental illness: comparing Housing First with Treatment First programs.

The Housing First (HF) approach for homeless adults with serious mental illness has gained support as an alternative to the mainstream “Treatment First” (TF) approach. In this study, group differences were assessed using qualitative data from 27 HF and 48 TF clients. Dichotomous variables for substance use and substance abuse treatment utilization were created and examined using bivariate and logistic regression analyses. The HF group had significantly lower rates of substance use and substance abuse treatment utilization; they were also significantly less likely to leave their program. Housing First’s positive impact is contrasted with the difficulties Treatment First programs have in retaining clients and helping them avoid substance use and possible relapse.
ERP implementation approaches: toward a contingency framework

In the last few years, the way in which systems are provided in many manufacturing and service organizations has changed significantly: rather than developing and maintaining customized mainframe applications for single business clients, IS professionals are involved in the implementation of large-scale, cross-functionally integrated, packaged systems on client-server platforms. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are on-line, interactive systems that can provide a “total” solution to an organization’s information systems needs by addressing a large proportion of business functions. They support a process-oriented view of the business as well as business processes standardized across the enterprise. Today, these packages are implemented on client/server architectures that are more flexible and scalable than mainframe systems. Five major vendors of ERP software have emerged, with SAP AG being the leader with more than a 30% market share.
Mechanics, slip behavior, and seismic potential of corrugated dip‐slip faults

[1] To better understand the mechanics and seismic potential of nonplanar fault surfaces, we present results from a suite of numerical models of faults with sinusoidal corrugations in the downdip direction. Systematic variations in corrugation wavelength, amplitude, and loading angle are introduced to determine the effects on slip behavior and seismic moment release. We find that corrugated faults, in general, slip less than planar faults. Changes in slip behavior are nearly scale-independent and are dominantly controlled by the amplitude/wavelength of corrugations. Model results suggest that obliquely loaded corrugated faults accumulate less strike slip than a planar fault with the same tip line dimensions and average orientation. This result implies that slip direction is not a reliable indicator of regional stress direction and may at least partially explain repeated, nearly pure dip-slip coseismic events at oblique plate boundaries. Though the scalar seismic moment release is always less for corrugated fault surfaces due to a greater reduction in slip compared to increased surface area, for geologically reasonable corrugation geometries, changes in total scalar moment release are not significantly different than planar faults. Techniques that utilize highly simplified fault geometries may therefore accurately reproduce scalar moment release but will nonetheless incorrectly predict coseismic slip magnitudes and distributions, as well as regional stress orientations.
Proposal for the initiation of general and military specific benchmarking of robotic convoys

This paper identifies the need for a standard method of benchmarking emerging robotic systems with a focus on military, multi-robot convoys. Benchmarking is commonly used throughout academia and industry as a method of evaluating and comparing products. In this paper we propose a generic form that these benchmarks may take in the future. Classification categories, such as, obstacle avoidance, area mapping, and convoy coherence are all possible elements of this benchmark. The goal is a standard benchmark that can be used to evaluate military multi-robot convoy systems.
Reasoning about Conditions and Exceptions to Laws in Regulatory Conformance Checking

This paper considers the problem of checking whether an organization conforms to a body of regulation. Conformance is cast as a trace checking question --- the regulation is represented in a logic that is evaluated against an abstract trace or run representing the operations of an organization. We focus on a problem in designing a logic to represent regulation. A common phenomenon in regulatory texts is for sentences to refer to others for conditions or exceptions. We motivate the need for a formal representation of regulation to accomodate such references between statements. We then extend linear temporal logic to allow statements to refer to others. The semantics of the resulting logic is defined via a combination of techniques from Reiter's default logic and Kripke's theory of truth.
Interaction of Au with titania: the role of reduced Ti

The interaction of Au with oxide supports has been found to play a vital role in determining the unique properties of Au catalysts. In this study, the binding of Au with titania was investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and ultra-violet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). Two support systems, rutile TiO2(110) and an ordered TiO x /Mo(112) thin film were used. On a highly defective TiO2(110) surface, Au particles were found to bind first on the oxygen vacancy sites. Complete wetting of the oxide by Au was found on an ordered and reduced Ti3+O x /Mo(112) film to form two ordered structures, a (1 × 1)-monolayer and a (1 × 3)-Au/TiO x /Mo(112) bi-layer. Detailed STM images confirm the proposed structural models. Reduced titania was found to enhance the binding of Au with Ti sites and promote electron donation from Tiδ+ to Au, leading to electron-rich Au and to enhanced CO bonding.
Pulmonary complications of bone marrow transplantation: A comparison of total body irradiation and cyclophosphamide to busulfan and cyclophosphamide

Abstract Purpose : To retrospectively compare the acute and long-term pulmonary toxicities of total body irradiation and busulfan in bone marrow transplantation. Methods and Materials : From March through February 1991, 144 patients received high-dose therapy with cyclophosphamide plus either total body irradiation (TBI-CY) or busulfan (BU-CY) followed by bone marrow rescue. Treatment protocols were based on disease type. Cyclophosphamide dose was 120–200 mg/kg, given in 2–4 days. Total body irradiation was given as 12 Gy in four fractions over 4 days, or 14.4 Gy in eight fractions over 4 days. Busulfan dose was 16 mg/kg given over 4 days. Results : Seventy-nine patients were treated with TBI-CY and 65 patients with BU-CY. More patients in the TBI group had allogeneic transplants (40 vs. 18). Pulmonary events occurred in 48 patients, 19 in BU-CY and 9 in TBI-CY. Of the 58 patients with allogeneic transplants, 21 (36%) developed chronic graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD), and 10 of those patients developed pulmonary complications (including 2 with obliterative bronchitis and 1 with asthma). Interstitial pneumonitis (IP) occurred in 14 patients, 12 in the TBI-CY group and 2 in the BU-CY group. Cytomegalovirus and pneumocytis infections were associated with IP in 11 of those patients. Fatal idiopathic IP occurred in one patient in each of the TBI-CY and BU-CY groups. Multivariate analysis showed that only chronic GVHD and prior bleomycin use were significant predictors of intersitial pneumonitis: no difference was seen between TBI-CY and BU-CY. Conclusion : Pulmonary complications were most commonly associated with GVHD and prior bleomycin use. The incidence of cytomegalovirus or pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis was greater in the patients receiving the TBI regimen; fatal pulmonary complications were not significantly different between TBI and nonTBI regimens.
Optimization accounting for property prediction uncertainty in polymer design

Abstract In this paper the problem of designing a polymer repeat unit with fine-tuned or optimized thermophysical and mechanical properties is addressed. The values of these properties are estimated using group contribution methods based on the number and type of the molecular groups participating in the polymer repeat unit. By exploiting the prevailing mathematical features of the structure-property relations the following two research objectives are addressed: (i) How to efficiently locate a ranked list of the best polymer repeat unit architectures with mathematical certainty; and (ii) how to quantify the effect of imprecision in property estimation in the optimal design of polymers. A blend of mixed-integer linear optimization, chance-constrained programming, and multilinear regression is utilized to answer these questions. The proposed methodology is highlighted with a illustrative example. Preliminary results (see also Maranas (1996a,b)) demonstrate that the proposed framework identifies the the mathematically best molecular design and quantifies the profound effect that property prediction uncertainty may have in optimal molecular design.
Nyquist data converter testing and yield analysis using behavioral simulation

This paper presents a strategy for testing all DC performance of Nyquist data converters including offset error, full scale gain error, integral nonlinearity, and differential nonlinearity. In contrast to previous testing strategies based on linear models that require accurate measurements of circuit performance, our strategy uses a simpler measurement to verify that a circuit performance parameter falls within certain detection thresholds in the presence of measurement noise. Using the proposed strategy, we can evaluate tradeoffs between test set size, test coverage, detection thresholds, measurement noise, chip performance, and estimated yield. Our results support the obvious that smaller measurement noise, stricter detection thresholds, and lower chip performance would require smaller test set and reduce test time. Stricter detection thresholds, on the other hand, would decrease estimated yield.
Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Processing Conditions on the Casting of High Temperature PEMFC Membrane Solutions

Polymer Electrolyte Membranes have numerous failure modes resulting from chemical, mechanical and thermal influences. The conventional state–of–the–art low temperature Nafion® membrane is susceptible to such failures due to its sensitivity to high temperatures and the presence of carbon monoxide (CO) in the reactant streams, which poisons the platinum catalyst at low temperatures. To circumvent these problems, novel, cost-effective membranes that operate at high temperatures (>120°C) and low humidity levels, such as phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole (PBI/PA) membranes, have been developed. However, an optimized manufacturing process for the PBI membranes is required to negate failure mechanisms that are mechanically and thermally induced; e.g., gas cross-over due to pinholes. This paper focuses on understanding defects arising in the fluid state during manufacturing, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques. Simulations are performed to understand the effects of processing conditions (substrate velocity, inlet velocity and temperature) on the quality of the cast and pressure drop through the system. It is found that processing speeds affected both the cast quality and pressure drop, while temperature only affected the pressure drop.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Using cap-integral standoffs to reduce chip hot-spot temperatures in electronic packages

For high-power electronic packages, chip hot-spots and cross-chip temperature gradients represent a significant portion of the total thermal resistance from chip to ambient. This paper presents a technique of reducing the chip hot-spot temperatures using cap integral standoffs. The thermal benefit of the standoffs is shown experimentally and validated using thermal modeling. Thermal modeling is then extended to non-uniform power dissipation chips. Results show that the chip hot-spot temperature can be reduced by 5-10 /spl deg/C in a 100 W electronic package.
Reference alignment of SNP microarray signals for copy number analysis of tumors

A new procedure to align single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray signals for copy number analysis is proposed. For each individual array, this reference alignment procedure (RAP) uses a set of selected markers as internal references to direct the signal alignment. RAP aligns the signals so that each array has a similar signal distribution among its reference markers. An accompanying reference selection algorithm (RSA) uses genotype calls and initial signal intensities to choose two-copy markers as the internal references for each array. After RSA and RAP are applied, each array has a similar distribution of signals of two-copy markers so that across-array signal comparisons are biologically meaningful. An upper bound for a statistical metric of signal misalignment is derived and provides a theoretical basis to choose RSA-RAP over other alignment procedures for copy number analysis of cancers. In our study of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, RSA-RAP gives copy number analysis results that show substantially better concordance with cytogenetics than do two other alignment procedures. Availability: Documented R code is freely available from www.stjuderesearch.org/depts/biostats/refnorm. Contact: stanley.pounds@stjude.org Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Piecing Together the Jigsaw: Indian Women in the Urban Wage Labour Force

(2000). Piecing together the Jigsaw: Indian women in the urban wage labour force. Asian Studies Review: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 195-211.
Assessment of cutaneous blood flow by using topographical perfusion mapping techniques

The ability of laser Doppler scanning to reproduce the spatial pattern of cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) in a 6.25-cm2 area of skin was evaluated at supine rest (28°C), during thermal stress ...
Contract Design and Stability in Many-to-Many Matching

Abstract We develop a model of many-to-many matching with contracts that subsumes as special cases many-to-many matching markets and buyer–seller markets with heterogeneous and indivisible goods. In our setting, substitutable preferences are sufficient to guarantee the existence of stable outcomes; moreover, in contrast to results for the setting of many-to-one matching with contracts, if any agent's preferences are not substitutable, then the existence of a stable outcome can not be guaranteed. In many-to-many matching with contracts, a new market design issue arises: The design of the contract language can impact the set of stable outcomes. Bundling contractual primitives encourages substitutability of agents' preferences over contracts and makes stable outcomes more likely to exist; however, bundling also makes the contractual language less expressive. Consequently, in choosing contract language, market designers face a tradeoff between expressiveness and stability.