cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approximate Policy Iteration: A Survey and Some New Methods

We consider the classical policy iteration method of dynamic programming (DP), where approximations and simulation are used to deal with the curse of dimensionality. We survey a number of issues: convergence and rate of convergence of approximate policy evaluation methods, singularity and susceptibility to simulation noise of policy evaluation, exploration issues, constrained and enhanced policy iteration, policy oscillation and chattering, and optimistic and distributed policy iteration. Our discussion of policy evaluation is couched in general terms and aims to unify the available methods in the light of recent research developments and to compare the two main policy evaluation approaches: projected equations and temporal differences (TD), and aggregation. In the context of these approaches, we survey two different types of simulation-based algorithms: matrix inversion methods, such as least-squares temporal difference (LSTD), and iterative methods, such as least-squares policy evaluation (LSPE) and TD (λ), and their scaled variants. We discuss a recent method, based on regression and regularization, which rectifies the unreliability of LSTD for nearly singular projected Bellman equations. An iterative version of this method belongs to the LSPE class of methods and provides the connecting link between LSTD and LSPE. Our discussion of policy improvement focuses on the role of policy oscillation and its effect on performance guarantees. We illustrate that policy evaluation when done by the projected equation/TD approach may lead to policy oscillation, but when done by aggregation it does not. This implies better error bounds and more regular performance for aggregation, at the expense of some loss of generality in cost function representation capability. Hard aggregation provides the connecting link between projected equation/TD-based and aggregation-based policy evaluation, and is characterized by favorable error bounds.
Internalization of Character Traits by Those Who Teach Character Counts

s. In: U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics Federal Bureau of Investigation (U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.). [On-line]. Available: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/dtdata.htm#National.
Simulating power electronic systems&#8212;A new approach

The time-varying topology created by the switch-mode operation of power semiconductor devices in energy conversion systems presents difficulties in analysis. Presently available methods for simulating the behavior of these systems include the use of the digital computer, the conventional analog computer, and the breadboard. A new philosophically distinct technique called "parity simulation" produces a topologically isomorphic transformation of the system under study; that is, it exhibits a 1:1 correspondence, or parity, with the structure of the actual network. A parity simulator utilizes terminal equivalent representations of network elements. The microcomputer based interface is highly user oriented. Nonlinear or time-varying element parameters are easily incorporated. Several simulation examples are presented.
Vascular Dysmorphogenesis Caused by an Activating Mutation in the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase TIE2

Venous malformations (VMs), the most common errors of vascular morphogenesis in humans, are composed of dilated, serpiginous channels. The walls of the channels have a variable thickness of smooth muscle; some mural regions lack smooth muscle altogether. A missense mutation resulting in an arginine-to-tryptophan substitution at position 849 in the kinase domain of the receptor tyrosine kinase TIE2 segregates with dominantly inherited VM in two unrelated families. Using proteins expressed in insect cells, we demonstrate that the mutation results in increased activity of TIE2. We conclude that an activating mutation in TIE2 causes inherited VMs in the two families and that the TIE2 signaling pathway is critical for endothelial cell-smooth muscle cell communication in venous morphogenesis.
Discussing China: Sinophilia and sinophobia in Central Asia

Abstract In two decades since independence, Beijing has become one of Central Asian countries main partners. China's growing presence and influence in Central Asia partially structures the domestic orders, social changes, and national narratives of the latter. Exactly how China will intensify its presence in Central Asia is going to depend partly on the approaches and attitudes of the Central Asian states themselves. The rise of Sinophilia and Sinophobia will impact the political, geo-strategic, and cultural the situation in the region, working either to speed up or to slow down Chinese expansion in it. The Central Asian states are at once desirous of the growing Chinese presence, wanting to take advantage of its economic dynamism and geo-strategic influence, but also fearful of its potential demographic and cultural clout.
Commentary: Is patient satisfaction a reasonable outcome measure?

COMMENTARY ON Hazard RG, Spratt KF, McDonough CM, et al. Patient-centered evaluation of outcomes from rehabilitation for chronic disabling spinal disorders: the impact of personal goal achievement on patient satisfaction. Spine J 2012;12:1132–7 ( in this issue ).
Landing technique affects knee loading and position during athletic tasks

Abstract Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have been reported to occur with the ankle in a dorsiflexed position at initial contact. Few studies have attempted to quantify the biomechanical parameters related with such landing patterns during athletic tasks. Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects that two landing techniques have in lower extremity biomechanics while performing two tasks. Design Single-group repeated measures design. Methods Twenty female soccer athletes from a Division I institution performed two landing techniques (forefoot and rearfoot) during two unanticipated tasks (sidestep cutting and pivot). Repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted to assess differences in the kinematic and kinetic parameters between landing techniques for each task. Results The forefoot landing technique had significantly higher internal knee adductor moment than the rearfoot for both the pivot and sidestep cutting task (p Conclusions The results of this study highlighted that there are inherent differences in biomechanical outcomes between foot-landing techniques. The forefoot landing technique increasingly affects knee adduction moment loading, which can potentially place a higher strain on the ACL. Essentially, the demands of the landing technique on lower extremity biomechanics (e.g., hip and knee) are task dependent.
A novel split-gate MOSFET design realized by a fully silicided gate process for the improvement of transconductance and output resistance

Work function tuning of nickel silicide (NiSi) gates was utilized to fabricate a novel split-gate MOSFET with improved device performance. The MOSFET with a NiSi split gate has been achieved by implanting antimony into the polysilicon gate from the drain side with a tilt angle, followed by a full nickel-silicidation process. The laterally nonuniform antimony implantation causes the NiSi gate work function to vary from the source side to the drain side due to the dopant segregation effect. Improved current drive and output resistance are observed in the MOSFET with such a NiSi split gate. Metal gate advantages and NiSi process simplicity were also realized in the split-gate process, and gate oxide quality did not degrade due to the low temperature process. This split-gate design is expected to be applicable in the nanoscale regime by optimizing process conditions.
Pharmacologic suppression of inflammation by a diphenyldifluoroketone, EF24, in a rat model of fixed-volume hemorrhage improves survival.

An exaggerated release of proinflammatory cytokines and accompanying inflammation contributes to the development of multiple organ failure after hemorrhagic shock. Here, we tested the nuclear factor (NF) κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB)–mediated transcriptional control of inflammatory pathways as a target in the management of hemorrhage-induced inflammation. We performed a study in a rat model of fixed-volume hemorrhage to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the diphenyldifluoroketone EF24 [3,5-bis(2-fluorobenzylidene)piperidin-4-one], an NF-κB inhibitor, in lung tissue. EF24 treatment (0.4 mg/kg) significantly prevented the upregulation of inflammatory biomarkers in rats subjected to 50% hemorrhage and preserved the pulmonary histology in hemorrhaged rats. The lung tissue from treated rats showed marked suppression of the hemorrhage-mediated induction of Toll-like receptor 4, phospho-p65 NF-κB, inducible nitric-oxide synthase, heme oxygenase–1, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The hemorrhage-induced COX-2 activity was also significantly inhibited by the EF24 treatment. At the same time, EF24 induced nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2–mediated protective mechanisms against oxidative stress. EF24 also reduced hemorrhage-induced lung myeloperoxidase activity. The plasma levels of proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1α, and IL-1β were lower in EF24-treated rats than in untreated rats. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in the pulmonary expression of high-mobility group B1 protein. These biochemical effects were accompanied by a significant improvement in the survival of rats administered with EF24 as compared with the rats receiving vehicle control (P < 0.05). Overall, the results suggest that EF24 attenuates hemorrhage-induced inflammation and could serve as a salutary anti-inflammatory agent in resuscitation strategies.
Central charges of para-Liouville and Toda theories from M5-branes

We propose that $N$ M5-branes, put on ${\mathbb{R}}^{4}/{\mathbb{Z}}_{m}$ with deformation parameters ${ϵ}_{1,2}$, realize two-dimensional theory with $\stackrel{^}{\mathrm{SU}}(m{)}_{N}$ symmetry and $m$th para-${W}_{N}$ symmetry. This includes the standard ${W}_{N}$ symmetry for $m=1$ and super-Viraroro symmetry for $m=N=2$. We provide a small check of this proposal by calculating the central charge of the 2D theory from the anomaly polynomial of the 6D theory.
Association of cusp energetic ions with geomagnetic storms and substorms

Abstract. Energetic ions observed in the cusp have been explained as a result of processes within the magnetosphere, but also proposed as a driver of some of those same processes. This study assesses potential connections between energetic ions observed in the cusp and geomagnetic storm and substorm activity. These connections may suggest sources of cusp energetic particles (CEPs), or imply effects of these particles on magnetospheric dynamics. We identify CEPs from six years of cusp crossings by the Polar satellite, relating them to storm and substorm onsets. CEPs showed no significant dependence on storms but did show a weak, statistically significant, increase after substorm onsets. CEPs had no significant association with subsequent storm or substorm onsets. We conclude that substorm acceleration may contribute to CEPs but CEPs are unlikely to contribute to global magnetospheric dynamics.
Streamflow variability and hydroclimatic change at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM), USA

Seasonal variations in streamflow and the associated hydrologic extremes impart significant temporal structure to watershed-scale chemical fluxes. Consequently, a careful characterization of the episodic-to-seasonal and longer-term streamflow variations is a first step toward developing a comprehensive view of the temporal dynamics of watershed processes in a changing climate. Here we analyze a nearly two-decade-long streamflow record for the East Bear subwatershed within the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM) (USA) to understand the envelope of streamflow variability by season, with a particular focus on the high flow events that have a disproportionately large impact on the biogeochemical processes and fluxes. Interannual and longer-term variations in a number of derived statistical metrics of hydrologic variability are examined. Our analysis shows substantial interannual and longer-term variability in seasonal flow volumes and peak flows. Furthermore, a long, unimpaired streamflow record for the Narraguagus River (a proximate watershed to the BBWM) is examined with a view to understand the relative coherence in hydrologic variability, as well as quantifying the decadal and longer-term hydrologic variations in this region. We find that the streamflow variability in the two watersheds shows similarity in all seasons. A moving window analysis to assess the changing flood potential over time indicates upward trends in the recent decades. Spring season (March-May) flood estimates show a near-monotonic trend over the 1949-2008 record. Finally, empirical relationships between streamflow and large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns highlight the regional and global climatic drivers of hydrologic extremes in this region, including impacts from remnants of Atlantic hurricanes.
Influenza-related pneumonia

Editor – In regard to the CME Respiratory Medicine article by Almond et al on influenza-related pneumonia ( Clin Med February 2012 pp 67–70), I would like to correct a point on when to administer antiviral therapy. It is stated in the article that based on Department of Health recommendations[1
Endothelial Cell Traction Forces on RGD-Derivatized Polyacrylamide Substrata †

Receptor-mediated adhesion involves both mechanical and chemical signals occurring at the cell−substrate interface. Using a relatively new technique called traction force microscopy, the magnitude, direction, and spatial location of mechanical forces exerted by endothelial cells on a RGD-peptide-derivatized hydrogel substrate were measured. We constructed a surface with a controlled density of cell adhesion nonapeptide containing RGD, which can ligate endothelial cell integrin receptors and induce cell spreading. Increasing the concentration of the RGD peptide increases cell spreading on an otherwise nonadhesive surface of polyacrylamide, and cell area is a monotonically increasing function of peptide concentration. Correlating the force exerted by the cell to the cell area reveals that force is a linear, increasing function of cell area, with a mean increase in cell force of 104 dyn/cm2 cell area. Additionally, we have found that tractions exerted by endothelial cells are concentrated at the ends of pseu...
Parent report of food allergy management by pediatricians and allergists.

Childhood food allergy is a serious and growing health problem affecting 8% of children in the United States. Patientphysician relationship, communication, and guideline-directed management are critical to keep children with food allergies safe. Management based on the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases guidelines involves making an accurate diagnosis, prescribing medications including epinephrine autoinjectors (EAs), explaining how and when to use medications, and counseling. With recent changes in guidelines, physician food allergy knowledge, beliefs, and practice style may play a role in patient care. The goal of this study was to describe the experiences of parents of food-allergic children with management by both pediatricians and allergists.
Abstract 1695: Mechanisms of cytotoxicity of diepoxybutane, epichlorohydrin, and (1-chloroethenyl) oxirane

The bifunctional alkylating agents are an important class of drugs for the treatment of cancer, psoriasis, and some anemias. These compounds are widely believed to exert their cytotoxic effects through reactions with biological nucleophiles, with DNA interstrand cross-links considered to be the most lethal lesions. Indeed, for many families of bifunctional alkylators, DNA interstrand cross-linking correlates with cytotoxicity. Moreover, apoptotic potential may play a role in antitumor chemotherapeutic utility. We have established previously that diepoxybutane (DEB) and the structurally related compounds epichlorohydrin (ECH) and 1-(chloroethenyl)oxirane (CEO) form DNA interstrand cross-links in vitro. With the goal of elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which this family of epoxides exerts its cytotoxic effects, we are determining the relationships between interstrand cross-linking, LD50 values, and apoptotic potentials for DEB, ECH, and CEO in chicken 6C2 and human HL-60 cells. Preliminary results in 6C2 cells suggest that cytotoxicity follows the order DEB > CEO > ECH. Furthermore, flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC/PI dual staining has revealed that the apoptotic potentials follow the order DEB >> ECH > CEO. Reverse-transcriptase real-time PCR analysis of HL-60 cells treated with DEB under conditions known to induce apoptosis suggests up-regulation of several key genes involved in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, including BAK1, BAX, DIABLO, and APAF1. Further work is underway to characterize the pathways by which ECH and CEO exert their apoptotic effects. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1695.
Demodex Peromysci, N. Sp. (Acari: Prostigmata: Demodicidae), from the Meibomian Glands of Peromyscus Leucopus (Rodentia: Cricetidae)

Demodex peromysci , n. sp., from Peromyscus leucopus is described and figured. The adaptations of egg and developmental stages to secretion flow of the Meibomian glands are compared to those of the related species Demodex gapperi and Demodex molossi .
Using the microcomputer as a visual aid in the statistics classroom

A microcomputer running a spreadsheet program makes an excellent visual aid for demonstrating statistical concepts and procedures. Some advantages of this setup over traditional visual aids are described. Several statistical demonstrations that I have found to work well are presented.
Gliocephalotrichum Ohiense, A New Species From Ohio Soil

(1973). Gliocephalotrichum Ohiense, A New Species From Ohio Soil. Mycologia: Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 948-952.
Variation about Subspecies Characteristics and Relationship between Subspecies Characteristics and Vascular Bundles Characters in Filial Generation of Cross between Indica and Japonica

The RILs population that derived from the cross between "qishanzhan" (indica) and "Qiuguang" (japonica) was used to study variation about subspecies characteristics and relationship between subspecies characteristics and vascular bundles. The results showed the subspecies characteristics and vascular bundles characteristics all showed continuous variation and genetic characters of quantitative characteristics. There were significant correlation between cheng's index and ratio of large to small vascular bundles, cheng's index and ratio of large to large vascular bundles. The consistent degree between cheng's index and vascular bundles was low.
An AIDS Epidemiological Survey of Female Sex Workers Crowd in Hohhot

Objective:To know the state of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infection and behavioral characteristics of female sex workers in Hohhot.and to provide basis for the effective intervention for such workers crowd.Methods:Working out the sample list by the different scale of entertainment places(upscale,medium and low grade),and carrying out the investigation with stratified randomization sampling.The related information of this survey was collected by the questionnairem,which includes the basic respondents'demographic characteristics,their AIDS—related knowledge and behavior,as well as the situation of their acceptance of intervention.Meanwhile.5ml venous blood specimen collected from each respondent was used for HIV and syphilis antibody detection.Results:Atotal of 624 female sex workers was investigated and 624 blood specimen were obtained.The rate of understanding the diffused knowledge of AIDS(UNGASS index:The core index was set down by the United Nations Special session on AIDS issue)in such group is 13.9%.The rate of using condom in their latest sexual behavior is 60.6%and 39.7%prostitute insist on using it in the past month,however,only 11.4%people in such crowd accept the propagandistic material of AIDS-the venereal disease.This survey indicates that no HIV infected person was found in such 624 informants and the syphilitic rate is 9.46%.Conclusions:The insecure sexual behavior exists in female sex workers.who have the comparatively high syphilitic rate and potential risk of HIV transmission.The health education and the implement of intervention for them should be strengthened so as to control the AIDS by means of sexual transmission.
Soldiers and Civilians: The War of Independence in Oaxaca, 1814–1815

This article examines the history of warfare in the largely indigenous Mixteca region in Oaxaca during the Mexican War of Independence. Paying special attention to the relation between royalist and insurgent armies and native Mixtecans, the article argues that in the years 1814 and 1815, warfare became a pervasive fact for people. Unlike people in other regions of Mexico, however, Mixtecans showed relatively little interest in the war’s political and ideological stakes. Their engagement with modern Mexico’s foundational war took place largely on the level of military violence. Este articulo analiza la historia de la guerra en la region primordialmente indigena de Oaxaca durante independencia de Mexico. Prestando especial atencion a las relaciones entre los ejercitos realista e insurgente y los mixtecos nativos, el articulo sostiene que en los anos 1814 y 1815 la guerra se convirtio en un hecho generalizado para el pueblo. A diferencia de muchas otras regiones de Mexico, empero, la Mixteca mostro relativamente poco interes en los intereses politicos e ideologicos de la guerra. Su involucramiento en la guerra fundacional del Mexico moderno ocurrio en gran medida en el nivel de la violencia militar.
"Outstanding Services to Negro Health": Dr. Dorothy Boulding Ferebee, Dr. Virginia M. Alexander, and Black Women Physicians' Public Health Activism.

An examination of the lives and careers of physician–activists Dorothy Boulding Ferebee (1898–1972) and Virginia M. Alexander (1899–1949) demonstrates how Black physicians in the first half of the 20th century used public health to improve the health of Black Americans and provides insights into the experiences of Black women physicians. I discuss their professional and personal backgrounds and analyze their divergent strategies to address health inequities. Ferebee used her leadership in Black women’s organizations to develop public health programs and become a national advocate for Black health. Alexander, a Quaker, used her religious connections to urge Whites to combat racism in medicine. She also conducted public health research and connected it to health activism. Both were passionate advocates of health equity long before it gained prominence as a major public health issue. An analysis of their work illuminates past efforts to improve the health of Black Americans.
Vertebral artery reconstruction

1a, b Isolated vertebral arterial occlusions resuiting in brain ischaemia are relatively uncommon when compared with the occurrence of combined carotid and vertebral lesions. Routine fourvessel angiographic studies performed in symptomatic patients for the Joint Study of Extracranial Arterial Occlusions demonstrated that lesions of vertebral origin were second in incidence only to those related to carotid bifurcation.
Use of ultrasound guidance for central venous catheterization: a national survey of intensivists and hospitalists

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study is to evaluate the frequency and barriers to use of ultrasound guidance for central venous catheter (CVC) insertion by physicians specializing in critical care and hospital medicine. Materials and methods A national cross-sectional electronic survey of intensivists and hospitalists was administered from November 2014 to January 2015. Results The survey response rate was 5.9% (1013/17 233). Moderate to very frequent use of ultrasound guidance varied by site: internal jugular vein (80%), subclavian vein (31%), and femoral vein (45%). Nearly all physicians (99%) who insert internal jugular CVCs daily use ultrasound guidance, whereas only 46% of physicians who insert subclavian CVCs daily use ultrasound guidance. Use of real-time ultrasound guidance varied by insertion site: internal jugular vein (73%), subclavian vein (28%), and femoral vein (42%). Most physicians (59%) reported not being comfortable with real-time needle tracking at the subclavian site. The most frequently reported barriers to use of ultrasound guidance were (1) limited availability of ultrasound equipment (28%), (2) perception of increased total procedure time (22%), and (3) concern for loss of landmark skills (13%). Conclusions Most intensivists routinely use ultrasound guidance to insert internal jugular CVCs but not subclavian CVCs. The most commonly reported barrier to ultrasound use was limited access to an ultrasound machine.
Genetics in Craniofacial Disorders and Clefting: Then and Now

Publisher Summary In the early years of studying the genetics of clefting, it was thought that the majority of clefts occurred as isolated anomalies. In 1970, Fraser reported that the very large majority of children with clefts, 97%, did not have other anomalies or syndromes in association with their clefts. The implication of Fraser's report, which was based on birth records, is that nearly all children with clefts are otherwise normal. Genes may impact on the formation of the lip, palate, face, and head in a number of ways. Genetic disorders of clefting outnumber all other syndromic etiologies. Genetic syndromes are caused by DNA rearrangements that include deletions of some DNA, additions of DNA, or substitutions of DNA sequences that cannot typically be seen under a microscope. Genetic disorders may be single gene or contiguous gene. In summary, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate are not always isolated anomalies. In fact, more often than not, clefting represents a symptom of a more complicated disorder of mal-development. Ignoring this fact does not enhance patient care and may severely impair it.
The American Alliance System

Much has been written of the way in which Americans have “fled” politics and about the “historic unpreparedness” of the USA for world leadership. (A careful summary of the elements which are taken to compose this “unpreparedness” is given by Bradford Westerfield in his valuable study The Instruments of American Foreign Policy .)1 The nation seems to engage in a form of perennial breast-beating and lamentation at the wailing wall about its intrinsic inadequacies for the tasks it faces. I hope I may be forgiven for suggesting that there is another side to the picture and that there are respects in which the USA is entitled to a greater degree of confidence in its own abilities. As I said at the conclusion of the essay on “The Balance of Power,” Mill was correct in his contention that pagan self-assertion, as well as Christian self-denial, is a virtue.
Youth and Substance use: Prevention, Intervention, and Recovery, by Lori Holleran Steiker

Adolescents and young adults experience unique risks associated with alcohol and other drug (AOD) use. Acute problems like academic difficulties, strained family relationships, and impaired driving...
AEZ: Anything-But EaZy in Hardware

We provide the first hardware implementation of AEZ, a third-round candidate to the CAESAR competition for authenticated encryption. Complex, optimized for software, and impossible to implement in a single pass, AEZ poses significant obstacles for any hardware realization. Still, we find that a hardware implementation of AEZ is quite feasible. On Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGAs, our single-core design has a throughput exceeding 3.4 Gbit/s, and uses about 4600 LUTs and about 1250 CLB slices. In terms of the throughput to area ratio, this performance places it on the 12th position among 28 CAESAR candidate families benchmarked during Round 2 of the competition (assuming the key size of at least 96 bits, and the limit on the message size equal to \(2^{11}-1\) bytes). At the same time, AEZ targets a stronger notion of security against the cipher misuse than all other algorithms implemented and ranked ahead of it in the Round 2 hardware benchmarking study.
The Need for Standards in Foodservice Sanitation Education

At present there is only one guideline for determining what information should be taught in foodservice sanitation courses. This basic document is the Food Service Sanitation Manual, including a model foodservice sanitation ordinance, 1976 revision, by the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, and Food and Drug Administration. However, this manual is not written in terms of educational outcome and is not truly based on sound educational principles. This paper approaches the problem of prevention of food borne illness from the educator's point of view. It discusses the instructional problem in sanitation, why people must learn, who the students are, the values and benefits of this educational program, and what should be taught if the educational outcomes are to be attained.
Structural and luminescent properties of the Ln2Hf2O7-type rare earth hafnates

Abstract All Ln2Hf2O7-type rare earth hafnates (including those of Sc, Y and La) were prepared by high temperature solid state techniques, and their lattice constants are reported. While those where Ln = La to Tb are ordered, those from Dy to Lu crystallize in a disordered CaF2 structure. The luminescence of such activators as Eu+3, Tb+3, and Ti+4 in La2Hf2O7 is described.
A Generative Framework to Query Recommendation and Evaluation

In practice, query recommenders in Web search typically recommend queries directly from a query log or iteratively refine a user's current context to make recommendations. These approaches either limit themselves to queries in the log or do not take necessary exploratory leaps in their recommendations. Moreover, they do not directly incorporate the encompassing, driving information needs and tasks. The author first shows that user queries may not necessarily be the best to use for recommendations and moreover proposes a framework for generating novel queries for query recommendation, using an approximation of need.
A simplified model of plain weave fabric reinforcements for the pure shear loading

An analytical and non-linear finite element (FE) modelling approach of plain weave fabric reinforcements have been developed to predict shear force for pure shear condition. For simplicity two main components of force for shear deformation has been considered; one is force required for the elastic deformation and another is to overcome the frictional resistance. Coulomb friction model of ANSYS is used in the FE model whereas the boundary condition has been established using Lagrangian description. Modelling of frictional resistance due to contact between yarns and crossover are conducted by utilizing contact pair option in ANSYS. A good agreement between theoretical and FEA model have been obtained. To ensure pure shear deformation in the fabrics it has been proved that there are no stress (von Mises and normal) or tension exist in the deformed yarn.
The Annicerean Cyrenaics on Friendship and Habitual Good Will

Unlike mainstream Cyrenaics, the Annicereans deny that friendship is chosen only because of its usefulness: the wise person cares for her friend and endures pains for him because of her goodwill and love. Nonetheless, the Annicereans maintain that your own pleasure is the telos and that a friend’s happiness is not intrinsically choiceworthy. I argue that this is to be explained by evidence for an Annicerean doctrine of ‘non-hedonic habits’, which allows them to abandon psychological hedonism while still maintaining hedonism regarding well-being.
Strength in the Face of Adversity: Resilience Among Mexican Nationals and Mexican Immigrants to the United States

This exploratory, qualitative study looks at resilience in Mexican Nationals and Mexican Immigrants. Eight Mexican Nationals and six Mexican Immigrants participated in one to three hour semi-structured interviews that asked about their perceptions of stressors, motivation and success in life. Participant responses were analyzed thematically for resilience using Thematic Analysis (Boyatzis, 1998). Contrastive Analysis of themes indicated that resilience can differ based on cultural circumstances (i.e., Mexican National/Mexican Immigrant) given that barriers and therefore potential gains differ by population. In further results, resilience was highlighted as the result of a process, or combination and interaction of experiences as opposed to being due to any specific trait. Specific emergent themes for facilitating resilience included Environmental Resources, Positive Attitudes, and Response Frameworks. Limitations, suggestions for future research, and implications for psychologists are discussed.
Dance Musicalization: Proposing a choreomusicological approach to Hindi film song-and-dance sequences

How do dancing bodies influence the music composed for them? Does the gestural repertoire of the on-screen performer impact the musical performance of the playback singer? How might a focus on danc...
Microscopic mechanisms of deformation transfer in high dynamic range branched nanoparticle deformation sensors

Nanoscale stress sensing is of crucial importance to biomechanics and other fields. An ideal stress sensor would have a large dynamic range to function in a variety of materials spanning orders of magnitude of local stresses. Here we show that tetrapod quantum dots (tQDs) exhibit excellent sensing versatility with stress-correlated signatures in a multitude of polymers. We further show that tQDs exhibit pressure coefficients, which increase with decreasing polymer stiffness, and vary >3 orders of magnitude. This high dynamic range allows tQDs to sense in matrices spanning >4 orders of magnitude in Young's modulus, ranging from compliant biological levels (~100 kPa) to stiffer structural polymers (~5 GPa). We use ligand exchange to tune filler-matrix interfaces, revealing that inverse sensor response scaling is maintained upon significant changes to polymer-tQD interface chemistry. We quantify and explore mechanisms of polymer-tQD strain transfer. An analytical model based on Mori-Tanaka theory presents agreement with observed trends.
CHAPTER 332 – Signaling Down the Endocytic Pathway

Intercellular signaling has long been recognized to be initiated at the cell surface, and receptor clearance from the plasma membrane by internalization mechanisms has correspondingly been associated with termination of signaling. Recognition of the existence of multiple pathways for internalization as well as the complexity of intracellular itineraries that ligands and receptors can utilize clearly indicates that cellular signaling has not only temporal but also spatial properties. As ligand-receptor complexes proceed down theendocytic pathway, they encounter unique components and environments at both the cytoplasmic and lumenal interfaces. Relevant "geographical" effects are only recently beginning to come into focus, as potential intracellular sites of action are revealed. Several reviews of the interface between signaling and endocytosis that the reader may wish to consult have appeared; the focus of this chapter is on aspects of signaling following internalization of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).
Intentionality of Moods and Horizon Consciousness in Husserl’s Phenomenology

The aim of this chapter is to explain the intentionality of moods through the idea of horizon-consciousness, as according to Husserl’s phenomenology. In order to do this, I point to some aspects of Husserl’s phenomenological description of moods in different moments of his work: namely, from the texts written before the Logische Untersuchungen, to the unpublished manuscripts of Studien zur Struktur des Bewusstseins, as well as other texts from the Nachlass. Following this, I argue for a description of moods as emotional meaning references according to the model of phenomenological analysis of intentional horizons and its connections according to Husserl’s Philosophy.
Mass transport in colloidal dispersions

The chemically active coating of photographic film is typically l5µ thick and consists of several layers, each containing colloidal dispersions (tiny liquid droplets in gelatin solution) and colloidal emulsions (tiny solid particles in same gelatin solution). The layers are separated by pure gelatin layers. The solid particles are silver halide crystals. The liquid droplets consist of some chemicals, called couplers, and solvent. One type of coupler is DIR (development inhibitor releasing). When the film is developed the DIR coupler combines with oxidized developer to form inhibitor, a chemical which diffuses into the solution, adsorbs to the silver halide crystal and eventually shuts down the development process. In color film there is also another kind of coupler, image coupler, made of dye forming chemicals. This type of coupler combines with the oxidized developer, during the film development, to form dye. Each dispersion layer is responsible for one color only, but, typically, there may be two layers for the same color. The color film development process was described in [1; Chap. 10]. It is schematically reviewed in Figure 2.1.
Synthesis and structural analysis of formamidinate-supported Mg complexes

Abstract Reactions of 2-mesitylmagnesium bromide with N,N′-diarylformamidines afforded five Mg compounds [(DPhF)Mg(THF)2]2(μ-Br)2 (1), [D(3,5-Xyl)F]2Mg(THF)2 (2), [D(2,6-Xyl)F]2Mg(THF) (3), [D(2-iPrPh)F]MgBr(THF)3 (4), and [D(2-tBuPh)F]2Mg(THF) (5). Complexes 1, 2 and 4 displayed monomeric octahedral metal centers supported by formamidinates, bromide counter anions, and coordinating THF solvent molecules, while the metal cores in 3 and 5 were five-coordinated and in distorted square-pyramidal geometries. Detailed structural analysis indicated that only dimagnesium or mononuclear complexes were obtained through the use of formamidinate ligands. Ligands of increased steric demands resulted in the formation of monomeric complexes. Solvent molecules and counter anions that can coordinate to the metal cores further regulated the product conformation. Monoanionic formamidinates in the complexes, mostly featuring two nearly identical N–C bonds on the N–C–N backbone upon complexation, exhibited a symmetric bidentate chelating (η2) coordination mode.
Surveying the National Landscape of Online Teacher Training in K–12 Teacher Preparation Programs

Online teaching and learning and the need for qualified online teachers are on the rise across the United States. Currently, the majority of teacher preparation programs do not formally prepare tea...
Recalibration of the Soft X-Ray Telescope Onboard Yohkoh

We present a new derivation of the X-ray spectral sensitivity of the Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) experiment onboard Yohkoh. The recalibration is based upon the hypothesis that, during the first 15 months of the mission, an absorbing material gradually built up on the entrance filters of the telescope. We have also re-evaluated the times and sizes of ruptures of the SXT entrance filters. The impact of this recalibration on derived filter-ratio temperature, emission measure, and calculated spectral irradiance is substantial, especially for SXT data prior to November 1992.
Newborn Metabolic Profile Associated with Hyperbilirubinemia With and Without Kernicterus

Our objective was to assess the relationship between hyperbilirubinemia with and without kernicterus and metabolic profile at newborn screening. Included were 1,693,658 infants divided into a training or testing subset in a ratio of 3:1. Forty-two metabolites were analyzed using logistic regression (odds ratios (ORs), area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), 95% confidence intervals (CIs)). Several metabolite patterns remained consistent across gestational age groups for hyperbilirubinemia without kernicterus. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and C-18:2 were decreased, whereas tyrosine and C-3 were increased in infants across groupings. Increased C-3 was also observed for kernicterus (OR: 3.17; 95% CI: 1.18-8.53). Thirty-one metabolites were associated with hyperbilirubinemia without kernicterus in the training set. Phenylalanine (OR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.85-1.97), ornithine (OR: 0.76; 95% 0.74-0.77), and isoleucine + leucine (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.61-0.65) were the most strongly associated. This study showed that newborn metabolic function is associated with hyperbilirubinemia with and without kernicterus.
新規フルオロキノロンWQ-3345およびWQ-3402の抗らい菌活性

Activities of newly synthesized fluoroquinolnes WQ-3345 and WQ-3402 against M. leprae were measured by using the Buddemeyer method. The % inhibition of the examined drugs for M. leprae was in the order of RFP > WQ-3402 > SPFX > GFLX > WQ-3345 > LVFX. The anti-M. leprae activity of WQ-3402 was found to be strongest in these five fluoroquinolones when examined by this method, and the activity of WQ-3345 was weaker than that of GFLX. The anti-M. leprae activities of WQ-3345 and WQ-3402 were measured by a mouse footpad method using nude mice. The inhibitory effects on the growth of M. leprae inoculated into the footpads were found to be incomplete after orally administered with WQ-3345 or WQ-3402 respectively at dosages of 10 and 20 mg/kg, and the incomplete inhibition was again was again found even at a dosage of 30, 40, or 50 mg/kg im the latter.
Incorporating student population differences for effective online education: A content-based review and integrative model

Abstract The present study reviews and analyzes recent literature relevant to learning online in higher education. This study applied a content-based method for collecting and evaluating recently published studies relating to populations of students engaged in formal online programs and courses. Based on our findings, we identified key descriptors and processes that prove essential for defining online student populations and understanding their differences. This study offers a new conceptual model that consolidates certain prior typologies and frameworks of online learning. The model integrates key components and major processes derived from our study's findings. Our model thus synthesizes and classifies the major categories of antecedents and processes, and suggests relationships that directly or indirectly influence outcomes. The model also provides an integrated framework by which educators and institutions may develop better strategies and approaches for designing, developing, and delivering online education. This study and its model thus advance theory and contribute to educational practice and research in online learning. The study encourages more research specifically on student populations engaged in online learning. Our framework orients future studies that can generate more consistent, coherent data on antecedents of student populations and how population differences interrelate with processes to impact online learning outcomes.
kNN-CAM: A k-Nearest Neighbors-based Configurable Approximate Floating Point Multiplier

In many real computations such as arithmetic operations in hidden layers of a neural network, some amounts of inaccuracies can be tolerated without degrading the final results (e.g., maintaining the same level of accuracy for image classification). This paper presents design of kNN-CAM, a k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN)-based Configurable Approximate floating point Multiplier. kNN-CAM utilizes approximate computing opportunities to deliver significant area and energy savings. A kNN engine is trained on a sufficiently large set of input data to learn the quantity of bit truncation that can be performed in each floating point input with the goal of minimizing energy and area. Next, this trained engine is used to predict the level of approximation for unseen data. Experimental results show that kNN-CAM provides about 67% area saving and 19% speedup while losing only 4.86% accuracy when compared to a 100% accurate multiplier. Furthermore, the application of kNN-CAM in implementation of a handwritten digit recognition provides 47.2% area saving while the accuracy is dropped by only 0.3%.
A Hierarchy: Managing Individual Analyst Forecasts:

A long line of literature documents that managers are more likely to issue guidance when the analysts’ consensus forecast is optimistic. I extend this literature by providing evidence that there ex...
Using role theory to explore pharmacist role conflict in opioid risks communication.

Abstract Background Pharmacists and prescribers play a key role as opioid educators by creating awareness about risks and appropriate use of prescription opioids when dispensed or prescribed. Objectives This study aims to explore: (1) What prescribers and pharmacists explain to patients about opioid medication risks. (2) What patients want pharmacists to explain during opioid consults, and (3) Pharmacists’ role conflict educating patients about opioid risks. Methods 35 semi-structured interviews (10 pharmacists, 9 prescribers, 10 adult patients and 6 pediatric patient caregivers) were conducted with participants. Interview transcripts were coded using software Nvivo followed by inductive content analysis. Triangulation was used for study validation. Results The following themes emerged from qualitative analysis: 1Most patients reported not being told their medication was an opioid with possible risks. 2Most patients wanted to know possible opioid risks and were comfortable with pharmacists educating them. 3Prescribers and patients supported having pharmacists cover opioid risk information, but pharmacists reported barriers to educating patients about opioid medication risks. Conclusion Clear patient education about opioids is necessary. To achieve this objective, structured guidelines for roles, training, resources and behavioral interventions are needed for pharmacists and other prescribers to provide opioid risk counselling to patients.
How Do Latinx Dual Credit Earners Describe Their Sense of Belonging in Engineering Programs

This study examined how 10 Latinx students perceived their sense of belonging in engineering programs. Drawing upon Strayhorn’s definition of sense of belonging, we sought to understand the experie...