cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
METHYLENE BLUE ABSORPTION BY CLAY MINERALS. DETERMINATION OF SURFACE AREAS AND CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITIES (CLAY-ORGANIC STUDIES XVIII)

Under appropriate conditions, both surface areas and cation exchange capacities of clay minerals can be measured by absorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions. The method has been applied to two kaolinites, one illite, and one montmorillonite, all initially saturated with Na + ions. For Na-montmorillonite, the total area, internal plus external, is measured. For Ca-montmorillo- nite, entry of methylene blue molecules appears to be restricted by the much smaller expansion of the Ca- clay in water. X-ray diffraction data clarify the absorption behavior in Na- and Ca-montmor- illonite, and in particular it is shown that two orientations of the methylene blue molecules are in- volved.
Where do conjugated infinitives come from

Although conjugated infinitives (CIs) occur in languages as diverse as Portuguese, Welsh, Hungarian, and West Greenlandic, the prototypical infinitive is nonfinite in the traditional sense: it has no subject person agreement. This paper argues that CIs are special in the sense that they cannot arise spontaneously in the course of language acquisition. Even in languages with obligatory agreement, CIs require salient triggers. Two common sources are identified: (1) purposive subjunctives; (2) pronominal elements (e.g., construed with a nominalization). These sources require one of two kinds of reanalysis, generally based on a surface ambiguity. In all of the cases documented here, more than one of these factors interacted to trigger a CI.
Multicollinearity problems and ridge regression in sociological models

Abstract The consequences of omitting relevant variables in regression analysis in order to cope with even moderate levels of multicollinearity can produce severe difficulties in subsequent theoretical interpretation of social science data. Use of ridge regression, a form of biased linear estimation, is explored. Application of ridge regression to a substantive sociological model is given to illustrate ridge regression's strengths as well as its limitations.
SemWebDL: A privacy-preserving Semantic Web infrastructure for digital libraries

Recent advances in digital libraries have been closely intertwined with advances in Internet technologies. With the advent of the Web, digital libraries have been able to reach constituencies previously unanticipated. Because of the wide deployability of Web-accessible digital libraries, the potential for privacy violations has also grown tremendously. The much touted Semantic Web, with its agent, service, and ontology technologies, is slated to take the Web to another qualitative level in advances. Unfortunately, these advances may also open doors for privacy violations in ways never seen before. We propose a Semantic Web infrastructure, called SemWebDL, that enables the dynamic composition of disparate and autonomous digital libraries while preserving user privacy. In the proposed infrastructure, users will be able to pose more qualitative queries that may require the ad hoc collaboration of multiple digital libraries. In addition to the Semantic Web-based infrastructure, the quality of the response would rest on extraneous information in the form of a profile. We introduce the concept of communities to enable subject-based cooperation and search speedup. Further, digital libraries’ heterogeneity and autonomy are transcended by a layered Web-service-based infrastructure. Semantic Web-based digital library providers would advertise to Web services, which in turn are organized in communities accessed by users. For the purpose of privacy preservation, we devise a three-tier privacy model consisting of user privacy, Web service privacy, and digital library privacy that offers autonomy of perspectives for privacy definition and violation. We propose an approach that seamlessly interoperates with potentially conflicting privacy definitions and policies at the different levels of the Semantic Web-based infrastructure. A key aspect in the approach is the use of reputations for outsourcing Web services. A Web service reputation is associated with its behavior with regard to privacy preservation. We developed a technique that uses attribute ontologies and information flow difference to collect, evaluate, and disseminate the reputation of Web services.
Phase transformation in lutetium metal at 88 GPa

The heaviest member of the rare-earth-metal series lutetium has been studied up to a pressure of 163 GPa in a diamond-anvil cell using energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction with a synchrotron source. The pressures were carefully calibrated using copper as an internal x-ray standard. A phase transformation at 88{plus_minus}5GPa is reported from a double-hexagonal-close-packed structure to a distorted fcc structure (hR24) with a volume change of 4.9{percent}. Such a first-order transformation is unusual in an element with a filled f shell and may indicate increased hybridization between the localized f shell and the spd conduction band at megabar pressures. We present the equation of state data to 163 GPa and attribute high compressibility to an electronic transfer from s{r_arrow}d band under pressure. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Diameter changes in isolated iliac artery aneurysms 1 to 6 years after endovascular graft repair.

Abstract Objective: Precise diameter changes in iliac artery aneurysms (IAAs) after endovascular graft (EVG) repair are yet to be determined. This report describes the midterm size changes in isolated IAAs 13 to 72 months after treatment with an EVG. Methods: From January 1993 to April 1999, 31 patients with 35 true isolated IAAs (32 common iliac and 3 hypogastric) had these lesions treated with EVGs and coil embolization of the hypogastric artery or its branches. The EVG used in this study consisted of a balloon-expandable stent attached to a polytetrafluoroethylene graft. Contrast-enhanced spiral computed tomographic scans were performed at 3- to 6-month intervals to follow the aneurysms for change in diameter and endoleaks. Results: Thirty patients had a decrease in the size of their iliac aneurysms with EVG repair. All EVGs remained patent. All patients, except for one, were followed up for 13 to 72 months (mean, 31 months). The pretreatment aneurysm size ranged from 2.5 to 11.0 cm in diameter (mean, 4.6 ± 1.62 cm). After EVG treatment, the aneurysms ranged from 2.0 to 8.0 cm in diameter (mean, 3.8 ± 1.36 cm). The change in aneurysm diameter ranged from 0.5 to 3.1 cm (mean, 1.1 ± 0.62 cm) with an average change of –0.516 ± 0.01 cm/y for the first year. Five patients died of their intercurrent medical conditions during the follow-up period. One of the patients had a new endoleak and an increase in common iliac aneurysm size 18 months after EVG treatment, despite an early contrast-enhanced computed tomographic scan that showed no endoleak. This patient's aneurysm ruptured, and a standard open surgical repair was successfully performed. Another patient had a decrease in hypogastric aneurysm size after EVG treatment and no radiographic evidence of an endoleak, but eventually the aneurysm ruptured. He was successfully treated with a standard open surgical repair. Conclusions: EVGs can be an effective treatment for isolated IAAs. Properly treated with EVGs, IAAs decrease in size. The enlargement of an IAA, even if no endoleak can be detected, appears to be an ominous sign suggestive of an impending rupture. IAAs that enlarge should be closely evaluated for an endoleak. If an endoleak is detected, it should be eliminated if possible. If an endoleak cannot be found, open surgical repair should be considered. (J Vasc Surg 2001;33:289-95.)
PHASE BEHAVIOR OF TELECHELIC POLYISOBUTYLENE IN SUBCRITICAL AND SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS. 4. SAFT ASSOCIATION PARAMETERS FROM FTIR FOR BLANK, MONOHYDROXY, AND DIHYDROXY PIB 200 IN ETHANE, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE

Phase-boundary pressures were measured for binary subcritical and supercritical fluid solutions of nonfunctional (referred to as blank), monohydroxy, and dihydroxy polyisobutylenes (200 g/mol) in ethane, carbon dioxide, and chlorodifluoromethane from −50 to 200 °C up to 400 bar. As hydroxy groups were added to (blank) polyisobutylene, the phase-boundary pressure was found to increase due to intermolecular self- or cross-association. With carbon dioxide rather than ethane as the solvent, these boundaries are (1) 2−3 times lower in pressure and (2) shift differently than those reported in the literature for 2,5-hexanediol [HO−PE−OH (100)]. To examine these differences, the association parameters for the statistical associating fluid theory model (SAFT) were determined from spectroscopic data and then used to calculate phase boundaries and aggregate size for HO−PIB−OH (200) and HO−PE−OH (100). The SAFT analysis suggests that the steric hindrance due to the methyl branches in PIB decreases the aggregate size ...
A test for single-pole dominance in heavy-ion scattering

Abstract Strongly absorbed particles like α-particles and heavy ions often exhibit large, oscillatory back-scattering, which at certain energies can be described by a single Regge pole in the elastic scattering amplitude. A simple procedure is presented which can be used to test any partial-wave decomposition or optical-model amplitude for the presence of such a pole. It determines the angular range over which the pole dominates the amplitude and provides an estimate of the position and width (in l ) of the pole. Sample applications of the test are made to several amplitudes of current interest, including that of the Florida State l -dependent optical model for heavy-ion scattering.
Cardiac involvement in trichinosis: Report of a case in which there were electrocardiographic changes

Abstract A case of trichinosis, with infestation of the heart and electrocardiographic changes suggestive of marked myocardial damage, is reported. The electrocardiographic abnormalities are not always limited to T-wave changes in Leads II and III and prolongation of the QRS complex, but may include T-wave changes in the precordial leads which simulate those which occur in myocardial infarction. Deviations of the electrocardiogram from normal are dependent upon the amount of damage inflicted upon the myocardium by the trichinellae. The damage undoubtedly varies with the number of invading organisms.
Therapy for lysosomal storage disorders.

In the last years, much progress has been achieved in the field of lysosomal storage disorders. In the past, no specific treatment was available for the affected patients; management mainly consisted of supportive care and treatment of complications. As orphan drug regulations, however, encouraged development of drugs for these disorders by granting marketing exclusivity for 10 years and other commercial benefits, enzyme replacement therapy became available for lysosomal storage disorders, such as Gaucher disease, Fabry disease, mucopolysaccharidoses type I, II, and VI, and Pompe disease. This review will summarize the efficacy and clinical status of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, enzyme replacement, and substrate deprivation therapy, and describe new therapeutic perspectives currently under preclinical investigations such as chaperone-mediated therapy, stop-codon read-through therapy, and gene therapy. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(1):33–40, 2010
The effects of mantle composition on the peridotite solidus: Implications for the magmatic history of Mars

Abstract At a given pressure, terrestrial peridotites of varying composition may have solidus temperatures that differ by up to 100 °C. Based on meteorite evidence, the mantle of Mars is believed to be enriched in Na and K and to have a higher Fe/Mg ratio (lower magnesium number, Mg#) than Earth. These differences all favor a mantle solidus temperature on Mars that is lower than on Earth and are important in understanding the volcanic history of Mars. We parameterize the peridotite solidus at 1 and 3 GPa as a function of Mg# and total alkali content, using existing measurements of peridotite melting at 1 and 3 GPa for Mg# between 75 and 91 and total alkali content between 0.06 and 1.17 weight percent. The solidus on early Mars was likely 30–40 °C lower than on Earth, which increases the predicted crustal production by about 20% over martian history, relative to a Mars model that uses a solidus calculated for terrestrial peridotite composition. Because Na is incompatible and migrates to the crust over time, the present-day martian solidus is higher than the primitive solidus but is still ∼15 °C less than on Earth. This enhances the present-day magma production rate at martian mantle plumes by a factor of 2–3.
Nanoscale digital computation through percolation

In this study, we apply a novel synthesis technique for implementing robust digital computation in nanoscale lattices with random interconnects: percolation theory on random graphs. We exploit the non-linearity that occurs through percolation to produce Boolean functionality. We show that the error margins, defined in terms of the steepness of the non-linearity, translate into the degree of defect tolerance. We study the problem of mapping Boolean functions onto lattices with good error margins.
In Vitro Susceptibility Studies with Cefaclor and Cephalexin

The in vitro activity of cefaclor and cephalexin against clinical isolates of four bacterial genera was compared. Both agents had a similar range of activity, but cefaclor was significantly more active by weight than cephalexin for most isolates tested.
Selective Alkylation of Rat Urinary Bladder Muscarinic Receptors with 4-DAMP Mustard Reveals a Contractile Function for the M2 Muscarinic Receptor

AbstractOur previous data indicate that M3 muscarinic receptors mediate carbachol induced bladder contractions. The data presented here were obtained by selective alkylation of M3 receptors with 4-DAMP mustard and suggest that the M2 receptor subtype may be involved in inhibition of β-adrenergic receptor induced relaxation, therefore, allowing recontraction. Alkylation resulted in 85% of M3 receptors and 65% of M2 receptors unable to bind radioligand as demonstrated by subtype selective immunoprecipitation. Rat bladder strips subjected to our alkylation procedure contracted submaximally, and direct carbachol contractions were inhibited by antagonists with affinities consistent with M3 receptor mediated contraction. In contrast, the affinities of antagonists for inhibition of carbachol induced recontractions following isoproterenol stimulated relaxation in the presence of 90 mM KCI, indicated a contractile function for the M2 receptor that was not observed in control strips. In conclusion, these studies de...
IS FIELD INDEPENDENCE AN EXPRESSION OF THE GENERAL PERSONALITY SOURCE TRAIT OF INDEPENDENCE, U. I. 19?

The interesting finding of Johnson, Neville, and Workman (1969) of a significant relation berween the rod and frame score and U. I. 19 as measured through QIV (derived from the 16 P. F. primaries) raises some fundamental questions. One may estimate that through instrument factor variance, which prevents any complete correlation of the expressions (U. 1. 19 and QIV) of the source trait of independence, and through unreliability of both the test and the factor battery the true correlation is likely to be appreciably higher, though I would hypothesize that due to the ineradicable specific factor in the rod and frame (see Cattell & Hundleby, 1968) the true correlation is, nevertheless, unlikely to be much above 0.5. More vital than the exact size of this correlation is the accumulated evidence as to the theoretical framework in which such a correlation is best interpreted. It has been the contention of the present writer for the part decade that the excellent experimental work of Witkin and his co-workers would have much wider influence in personality theory if referred to a factor analytic framework of replicated simple structure primary source traits [as, again, recently checked, for example, by Hundleby, Pawlik, and Cattell (1964)l.
PROFESSIONAL OATHS AND AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES.

Abstract This inquiry has been concerned primarily with the types and content of professional oaths administered to their graduating students by medical colleges in the United States and Canada. Although almost three-fourths of the medical schools utilize some form of vow, not all of them do, contrary to the impression held by most laymen. A great diversity of oaths currently exists, and no one type is favored by a majority of institutions. The Declaration of Geneva and other variants of the traditional Hippocratic Oath seem to be finding increasing acceptance. The preferred forms vary by the sponsorship, location, cosmopolitanism, application-enrollment ratio, age, size, and other aspects of the colleges. Southern medical colleges more often administer professional oaths and tend to use the more traditional forms. The colleges with highest application—enrollment ratios and those that are most cosmopolitan in their student bodies tend more commonly not to use any medical oath; but if they use one, they more frequently prefer ‘modernized’ versions. Although the many variants of oaths contain a wide range of themes in their content, several important values are virtually always included: (1) the welfare of patients as a prime concern; (2) the protection of privacy and confidentiality; (3) avoidance of injury and wrong; and (4) the sacredness of human life.
Trifluralin Degradation under Microbiologically Induced Nitrate and Fe(III) Reducing Conditions

Trifluralin [2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] ranks among the most commonly used herbicides in the United States. The compound persists under most environmental conditions, ...
The future of black culture and politics in Britain

(1979). The future of black culture and politics in Britain. New Community: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 225-232.
SOYMILK VISCOSITY AS INFLUENCED BY HEATING METHODS AND SOYBEAN VARIETIES

In the two-step heating experiments, soymilk with 5% protein was first heated at 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 or 80C for 10 min, and then heated at 97C for another 10 min. As a control, the soymilk was heated at 97C for 10 to 60 min by continuous one-step heating. The viscosity of the heated soymilk was measured after cooling to room temperature. Results showed that the two-step heating increased the soymilk viscosity by up to six times the viscosity of the control. The maximal viscosity was reached when the first-step heating temperature was 70C. Differential scanning calorimetry showed separate denaturation of soy 7S and 11S proteins was related to the viscosity increase. Soymilk protein content and soybean variety also influenced the viscosity. Three heat transfer methods, including ohmic heating, steam injection and water bath heating, produced different viscosities of soymilk.
Rat renal proximal tubular gluconeogenesis: possible involvement of nonmitochondrial carbonic anhydrase isozymes.

Abstract The carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor ethoxzolamide decreases the rate of glucose synthesis from 10 m m pyruvate by tubules incubating in 25 m m HCO3− but not in 50 m m HCO3−: this is evidence that rat renal cortical mitochondrial CA (CA V) provides HCO3− for pyruvate carboxylation in renal tubular gluconeogenesis at physiological total CO2 (CO2 + HCO3−). In renal proximal tubules prepared from 48-h-starved rats and incubating in 10 m m pyruvate in 25 m m HCO3− buffered saline (Krebs-Henseleit buffer) the CA inhibitors acetazolamide (AZ) and benzolamide (BZ) decreased the rate of glucose synthesis. Maximal inhibition was reached with 125 μ m AZ or with 450 μ m BZ. The rate of glucose synthesis increased with increasing pyruvate concentration from 3.33 to 20 m m ; including 600 μ m BZ or 188 μ m AZ results in glucose synthesis becoming independent of increasing pyruvate concentration. Doubling the physiological concentration of bicarbonate restored the dependence of glucose synthesis on pyruvate concentration and partly, but not completely, alleviated the inhibitory effect of AZ and BZ, leading to the conclusion that AZ and BZ influence gluconeogenesis by affecting enzymes in addition to CAV. Tubules were incubated with substrates which do not require pyruvate carboxylation for synthesis of oxaloacetate. When tubules were incubated in 10 m m malate the rate of glucose synthesis was unaffected by less than 100 μ m AZ or 400 μ m BZ and was decreased maximally by 40 and 20%, respectively, by 125 μ m AZ, 450 μ m BZ, and higher concentrations of these drugs. Increasing the malate concentration from 3.33 to 20 m m increased the rate of glucose synthesis; 600 μ m BZ inhibited the rate of glucose synthesis only when the malate concentration was greater than 10 m m but 188 μ m AZ decreased the rate of glucose synthesis at each concentration of malate. Results were similar when tubules were incubated in glutamine with CA inhibitors. The rate of glucose synthesis differed with the substrate metabolized and the substrate concentration except when 600 μ m BZ was included. It is concluded that only when pyruvate is carboxylated does BZ inhibition of CA V affect mitochondrial production of oxaloacetate. It is further concluded that the maximum decrease of glucose synthesis observed with BZ results from a block in gluconeogenesis after phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). Greater inhibition of the rate of glucose synthesis was always observed with 188 μ m AZ. This inhibition was independent of substrate concentration, indicating a posterior block; however, the rate of glucose synthesis varied with each substrate, indicating an additional block before PEPCK. It is concluded that AZ and BZ inhibit enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis other than CA V. Since 95% of the CA activity of rat kidney tubules is nonmitochondrial it is suggested that this inhibition may be a secondary effect of inhibition of other CA isozymes.
Dynamic wait-listed designs for randomized trials: new designs for prevention of youth suicide

Background The traditional wait-listed design, where half are randomly assigned to receive the intervention early and half are randomly assigned to receive it later, is often acceptable to communities who would not be comfortable with a notreatment group. As such this traditional wait-listed design provides an excellent opportunity to evaluate short-term impact of an intervention. We introduce a new class of wait-listed designs for conducting randomized experiments where all subjects receive the intervention, and the timing of the intervention is randomly assigned. We use the term “dynamic wait-listed designs” to describe this new class. Purpose This paper examines a new class of statistical designs where random assignment to intervention condition occurs at multiple times in a trial. As an extension of a traditional wait-listed design, this dynamic design allows all subjects to receive the intervention at a random time. Motivated by our search for increased statistical power in an ongoing school-based tr...
Tissue distribution of indices of lysine catabolism in growing swine

The primary pathway of lysine degradation in pigs presumably depends on the bifunctional protein α-aminoadipate δ-semialdehyde synthase (AASS), which contains lysine α-ketoglutarate reductase (LKR) and saccharopine dehydrogenase (SDH) activities. In liver, AASS is restricted to the mitochondrial matrix and lysine is presumptively transported through the plasma membrane by a cationic AA transporter (CAT1/2) and through the inner mitochondrial membrane by 1 or both mitochondrial ornithine transporters (ORC-1/ORC-2). Lysyl oxidase (LO) may represent an alternative pathway of lysine oxidation. The objective of this experiment was to analyze the distribution of indices of lysine catabolism in various pig tissues. We assessed LKR, SDH, and LO activities, lysine oxidation, mRNA abundance of LKR, CAT1/2, and ORC1/2, and AASS protein abundance (via SDH antibody) in liver, heart, kidney medulla and cortex, triceps, longissimus, whole intestine, enterocytes, and intestine stripped of enterocytes in 10 growing pigs, weighing ∼25 kg. The LKR activity differed across tissues (P<0.001) and was greatest in liver, intestine, and kidney samples, and LKR mRNA abundance (P<0.001) was greatest in liver; although, LKR activity and mRNA abundance were detected in all other tissues. Activity of SDH (P<0.001) and SDH mRNA abundance (P<0.001) were affected by tissue and were greatest in liver compared with all other tissues analyzed. The AASS protein abundance (P<0.001) was greatest in whole intestine and liver. Activity of LO (P<0.0001) was greatest in muscle samples. The abundance of ORC-1 (P<0.001) and ORC-2 mRNA (P<0.001) differed among tissues, and ORC-1 was greatest in liver, kidney, and intestinal preparations, and ORC-2 mRNA abundance was greatest in liver and intestine. Interestingly, LKR activity was correlated with ORC-1 (r=0.32, P<0.05) and ORC-2 (r=0.41, P<0.05) expression. The expression of CAT-1 was uniform in all tissues, whereas CAT-2 (P<0.01) was greatest in liver. In conclusion, these data indicate that extra-hepatic tissues contribute to lysine catabolism as do enzymes other than LKR.
Amorphous silica solubilities IV. Behavior in pure water and aqueous sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, magnesium chloride, and magnesium sulfate solutions up to 350°C

Abstract Solubilities of amorphous silica were determined in separate aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, magnesium chloride, and magnesium sulfate at temperatures up to 350°C. These salts, of strong interest in hydrothermal oceanography and geothermal energy, generally ranged in concentration from zero to saturation. Solubilities in the sodium chloride solutions followed closely earlier observed decreases in sodium nitrate solutions at high temperatures. Amorphous silica solubilities were depressed most by magnesium chloride, followed by magnesium sulfate, and less by sodium chloride. As the temperature rose the relative decrease in solubility caused by added salt became smaller. Surprisingly, sodium sulfate solutions, showing little effect at 25°C, sharply raised the solubility as the temperature increased to 350°C. Plots of the logarithms of derived activity coefficients against molalities of added salt gave approximately straight lines. These plots allow simple predictions of amorphous silica solubility in single salt solutions.
Predicting efficacy of fractional carbon dioxide laser treatment for resurfacing.

is an impor-tant advancement in our knowledge of in vivo der-mal modeling after fractional ablative lasertreatment. Maximizing clinical response and mini-mizing adverse events are the ultimate goal of everylaser surgeon. We have all had patients who pre-operatively presented as excellent candidates forablative treatment only to have suboptimal responseto multiple sessions. Conversely, other patients havean outstanding response to identical parameters andend up as an example of success on our lecture slides.This type of rigorous scientific work adds to ourunderstanding of the factors that may differentiatethese two types of patient responses.The objective nature of this work challenges usto reassess our assumptions regarding clinical results.The finding that midfacial areas such as forehead,lip, and chin had a statistically significantly greaterincrease in dermal collagen than cheeks and neckis surprising. In practice, patient satisfaction istypically higher in the thinner skin of the cheeks,particularly in the periocular area. This may be afunction of the thicker skin in this central area, re-quiring a larger increase in collagen to confer asimilar clinical response.The future for fractional ablative lasers will probablyinclude real-time adjustment of fluence and pulseduration from ultrasound feedback of ablation depthas a ratio to tissue depth. This may be coupledwith feedback on tissue temperature and othermeasurements to optimize results. Perhaps aninterface will also have information such as patientage, retinoid use, and other variables to adjustparameters accordingly.
Becoming a Dad: Employment Trajectories of Married, Cohabiting, and Nonresident Fathers*

Objectives. This article considers how becoming a father affects men’s employment levels and tests whether the effects of fatherhood differ by the relationship of the father to the child’s mother at the time of the birth. Methods. We use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to fit growth curve models of new fathers’ employment trajectories for the first five years after they become fathers. Results. Prior to becoming a father, married men worked more hours per week and more weeks per year than cohabiting and nonresident fathers. By five years after the birth, differences in employment between unmarried and married fathers had diminished. Conclusions. The transition to fatherhood is associated with an increase in employment for unmarried fathers but is not associated with significant changes in employment for married fathers. Many men say that becoming a father is a life-changing experience that profoundly affects their identity, outlook, and behavior. Previous research finds that fathers have higher levels of pro-social behaviors and lower levels of anti-social behaviors (Eggebeen and Knoester, 2001; Sampson and Laub, 1993). However, few studies have considered how fatherhood affects men’s employment, even though we may expect substantial changes given the increased time and income demands associated with parenting. Moreover, most of this research does little to account for endogeneity bias and focuses exclusively on married men. As a result, little is known about how a father’s relationship with the mother of his child influences his response
Effects of different capture techniques on the physiological condition of bonefish Albula vulpes evaluated using field diagnostic tools

A study was conducted on bonefish Albula vulpes in The Bahamas to assess the utility of portable physiological diagnostic tools (i-STAT analyser with E3+ ion and haematology cartridge, ACCU-CHEK glucose meter and Lactate Pro lactate meter) for field physiology applications in remote locations. Physiological values derived from portable diagnostic tools were significantly related to values obtained from standard laboratory techniques [glucose (r2= 0·96), packed cell volume (PCV; r2= 0·33), Na+ (r2= 0·28), K+ (r2= 0·71) and Cl− (r2= 0·15)]. Actual values (i.e. intercepts), however, tended to deviate slightly between the two techniques. Nonetheless, these tools showed promise for documenting relative differences among fishes experimentally exposed to treatments inducing different levels of ‘stress’. These tools were then used to characterize the effects of different capture techniques on the stress response of A. vulpes. Albula vulpes captured in seines and then temporarily held in pens were physiologically sampled between 1 and 45 min postcapture to evaluate postcapture stress dynamics. Blood glucose and lactate as well as PCV and haemoglobin (Hb) increased rapidly after capture but stabilized at maximal values by c. 20 min postcapture. When angled, larger A. vulpes took longer to exhaust and land than did smaller individuals. In addition, there was a positive relationship between the magnitude of increase in lactate and the duration of the angling event, implying that anglers can reduce stress by minimizing the duration of the fight. Fish sampled before and after a simulated angling treatment displayed clear increases in blood lactate, K+, PCV and Hb, providing some of the first data on how individual A. vulpes respond to angling stress. In summary, this study revealed that techniques are now available for conducting field physiological studies on A. vulpes and possibly other species in remote locales, and that haematological and biochemical indicators of physiological disturbance vary with the intensity of the angling event.
The Time of the Crime. Phenomenology, Psychoanalysis, Italian Film

Domietta Torlasco (2008) The Time of the Crime. Phenomenology, Psychoanalysis, Italian Film (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press), 134 pp., ISBN 0804758026, US$55.00, hard cover Organized along...
Noncoherent parallel acquisition in CDMA spread spectrum systems

This paper derives the performance of a direct sequence spread spectrum acquisition scheme, effect of multiple access interference on acquisition performance is determined. Noncoherent acquisition performance is of interest because the system can acquire before it achieves carrier phase lock, and parallel schemes are of interest because they significantly reduce acquisition time over serial schemes. The analysis presented is applicable to the reverse link (mobile to base station) of a mobile communications system which employs code division multiple access (CDMA). By deriving results for both long and short spreading sequences, it is also shown that the periodicity of the spreading sequences has a significant effect on acquisition performance. Finally, the issue of capacity determined by acquisition performance criteria is addressed. The results show that, under certain conditions, the capacity is limited by acquisition, thus indicating the importance of the acquisition problem. >
Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Expression Is Induced by Inflammation in Vivo

Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a major negative regulator of insulin and leptin sensitivity. PTP1B overexpression in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of humans and rodents may contribute to insulin resistance and obesity. The mechanisms mediating PTP1B overexpression in obese and diabetic states have been unclear. We find that adipose tissue inflammation and the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) regulate PTP1B expression in vivo. High fat feeding of mice increased PTP1B expression 1.5- to 7-fold in adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, and arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus. PTP1B overexpression in high fat-fed mice coincided with increased adipose tissue expression of the macrophage marker CD68 and TNFα, which is implicated in causing obesity-induced insulin resistance. TNFα increased PTP1B mRNA and protein levels by 2- to 5-fold in a dose- and time-dependent manner in adipocyte and hepatocyte cell lines. TNFα administration in mice increased PTP1B mRNA 1.4- to 4-fold in adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and PTP1B protein 2-fold in liver. Actinomycin D treatment blocked, and high dose salicylate treatment inhibited by 80%, TNFα-induced PTP1B expression in adipocyte cell lines, suggesting TNFα may induce PTP1B transcription via nuclear factor κB (NFκB) activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation from adipocyte cell lines and liver of mice demonstrated TNFα-induced recruitment of NFκB subunit p65 to the PTP1B promoter in vitro and in vivo. In mice with diet-induced obesity, TNFα deficiency also partly blocked PTP1B overexpression in adipose tissue. Our data suggest that PTP1B overexpression in multiple tissues in obesity is regulated by inflammation and that PTP1B may be a target of anti-inflammatory therapies.
Cellular Automata with Large Channel Separations

In built-in 2D test pattern generation, parallel scan chains are driven by successive stages of a TPG mechanism. The bit sequences received by the scan chains are shifted versions of one another by different numbers of bit positions known as phaseshifts. Small phaseshifts impact negatively the fault coverage, and in order to alleviate this problem, the use of additional hardware overhead in terms of multi-input XOR gates (phaseshifters) has been proposed in the literature to impose large phaseshifts. In this paper we show that by simply permuting locally the stages of a cellular automaton and adding absolutely no other logic, large phaseshifts can be attained. In particular we show that scan chain i can be driven by an appropriate CA stage j, such that |j - i| les B and the minimum phaseshift between successive chains (channel separation) is maximized. The user-defined bound B controls the routing overhead. We have obtained large channel separations even for B = 2.
Response to Barbara Tillett, Re: “Meeting Users’ Needs in Cataloging: What is the Right Thing to Do?”

I thank Dr. Tillett for her comments, and the editor of Cataloging & Classification Quarterly for giving me the opportunity to respond. In a paper I presented at the Ethics of Information Organizat...
Predictors of Outcome in Warfarin-Related Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) associated with warfarin sodium therapy is becoming more common as the use of this medication increases in the aging population. Objective To delineate factors associated with early mortality, determine variables responsible for poor functional outcome, and evaluate possible reasons for expansion of hemorrhage and associated parenchymal edema. Design Retrospective study of clinical and radiologic information for 88 patients with warfarin-associated ICH. Setting A single hospital. Patients Eighty-eight consecutive patients with warfarin-associated ICH. Methods Patients were included if the international normalized ratio (INR) at presentation with ICH was 1.5 or greater. Computed tomographic scans were reviewed for volumetric analysis of hematoma and perihematomal edema volume. Outcome variables included 7-day mortality, hematoma enlargement, and functional outcome based on the modified Rankin Scale score. Results Seven-day mortality (39.8%) was associated with a lower Glasgow Coma Scale sum score and larger ICH volume at presentation. Univariate analysis revealed that a lower Glasgow Coma Score sum score, larger initial ICH volume, higher initial and 48-hour maximum glucose concentrations, and higher percentage of ICH expansion were significantly associated with poor functional outcome at hospital discharge. At multivariate analysis, only Glasgow Coma Score and ICH volume remained significantly associated with functional outcome measured at hospital discharge and at the last follow-up visit. Conversely, INR at presentation, time to INR correction, initial blood pressure, and enlargement of edema were not associated with functional outcome either at hospital discharge or at the last follow-up. Neither serum glucose concentration at admission nor highest level during the first 48 hours had any correlation with ICH or parenchymal edema enlargement. In addition, neither initial INR nor time to INR correction correlated with expansion of ICH or parenchymal edema. Conclusions Lower level of consciousness at presentation and larger initial ICH volume predict poor prognosis in patients with warfarin-associated ICH. In our study population, INR at presentation was not associated with functional outcome.
Integration of a surface-directed microfluidic system with an organic electrochemical transistor array for multi-analyte biosensors

We report the integration of organic electrochemical transistors with a surface-directed microfluidic system. The end product is a chip in which an analyte solution is distributed in four separate measurement reservoirs, each containing a transistor that uses the analyte as an integral part of its device structure. The use of a surface-directed microfluidic system enables the distribution of the analyte solution without the application of external pressure. The use of this chip in the detection of multiple analytes is demonstrated.
Extramedullary Relapse of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Better Prognosis Than Systemic Relapse

Abstract Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HSCT) is considered a curative treatment for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Extramedullary relapse after HSCT for AML is a rare event and is less well defined than systemic, hematologic relapse. We retrospectively studied all patients with AML (n = 436) who underwent HSCT at the University of Minnesota between 1996 and 2008 who developed either a bone marrow (BM) or extramedullary (EM) relapse, and examined the incidence and risk factors for BM and EM relapse. Of 128 patients who relapsed post-HSCT, 25 had relapse in EM sites, either isolated (n = 13) or with concurrent BM relapse (n = 12). Relapse sites included bone (n = 1), central nervous system (n = 6), gastrointestinal (n = 4), lymphatic (n = 4), skin (n = 5), genitourinary (n = 1), pulmonary (n = 1), and soft tissue (n = 3). The time to relapse was longer in the EM sites (median, 328 days vs 168 days). Patients with EM relapse were more likely to have had preceding acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (77% vs 49%; P = .03) or chronic GVHD (46% vs 15%; P = .02) compared with those with BM relapse. The 6-month survival postrelapse was significantly better in patients with isolated EM relapse (69%) compared with those with combined EM and BM relapse (8%) or those with BM relapse alone (27%) (P
Comparison of BGM and PLC/PRC/5 Cell Lines for Total Culturable Viral Assay of Treated Sewage

The objective of this study was to compare PLC/PRF/5 and BGM cell lines for use in a total culturable viral assay (TCVA) of treated sewage effluents. Samples were collected before and after chlorination from an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant and from the effluent of a high-rate enhanced flocculation system, followed by UV light disinfection. Cell monolayers were observed for cytopathic effect (CPE) after two passages of 14 days each. Monolayers exhibiting viral CPE were tested for the presence of adenoviruses and enteroviruses by PCR or reverse transcription-PCR. Eight percent of the samples exhibited CPE on BGM cells, and 57% showed CPE on PLC/PRF/5 cells. Only enteroviruses were detected on the BGM cells, while 30% and 52% of the samples were positive for enteroviruses and adenoviruses, respectively, on the PLC/PRF/5 cells. Thirty percent of the samples were positive for both adenoviruses and enteroviruses in chlorinated activated sludge effluent. Thirty percent of the samples were positive for adenoviruses in the UV treatment effluent, but no enteroviruses were detected. In conclusion, the PLC/PRF/5 cells were more susceptible than BGM cells to viruses found in treated sewage. The use of BGM cells for TCVA may underestimate viral concentration in sewage effluent samples. The PLC/PRF/5 cells were more susceptible to adenoviruses, which is important in the evaluation of UV disinfection systems because adenoviruses are highly resistant to UV inactivation.
A phase I/II trial of induction chemotherapy with carboplatin and gemcitabine followed by concurrent vinorelbine and paclitaxel with chest radiation in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Purpose: We designed a phase I/II trial in order to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of induction carboplatin and gemcitabine and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of subsequent chemoradiotherapy with weekly vinorelbine and paclitaxel in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients and methods: Patients had pathologically confirmed N2–N3 stage NSCLC, adequate end-organ function, and ECOG performance status 0–2. Carboplatin was administered at an AUC of 5 on day 1 and gemcitabine 1000mg/m 2 on days 1 and 8, every 21 days, for two cycles, followed by weekly vinorelbine 10–15mg/m 2 and paclitaxel 50mg/m 2 and conventional chest radiotherapy up to 66Gy. Patients with resectable disease underwent thoracotomy after 40–45Gy. Results: Thirty-nine eligible patients were enrolled; 17 had stage IIIB NSCLC. Grade 3 esophagitis developed in 4/5 patients on the second dose level of chemoradiotherapy (i.e. vinorelbine 15mg/m 2 ) and was considered dose-limiting. Of 34 patients treated at the maximum tolerated dose (i.e. vinorelbine 10mg/m 2 ), 2 patients (6%) had pneumonitis >grade 2 and 3 (9%), esophagitis >grade 2. Induction chemotherapy was well tolerated with only one patient developing >grade 2 non-hematologic toxicity (nausea). Forty-one percent of patients had an objective response after induction chemotherapy and 51% after chemoradiotherapy. Nineteen patients, 16 of whom had stage IIIA, underwent surgical resection. The pathologic complete response rate was 16% (42% in the mediastinal lymph nodes). With a median follow-up of 31 months, the 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were 23 and 34%, respectively, and the median OS was 25 months. Conclusions: We identified a well-tolerated and active chemoradiotherapy regimen. Survival results are promising and the addition of a biologic agent to this regimen is of interest.
Mitochondrial quality control by the ubiquitin–proteasome system

Mitochondria perform multiple functions critical to the maintenance of cellular homoeostasis and their dysfunction leads to disease. Several lines of evidence suggest the presence of a MAD (mitochondria-associated degradation) pathway that regulates mitochondrial protein quality control. Internal mitochondrial proteins may be retrotranslocated to the OMM (outer mitochondrial membrane), multiple E3 ubiquitin ligases reside at the OMM and inhibition of the proteasome causes accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins at the OMM. Reminiscent of ERAD [ER (endoplasmic reticulum)-associated degradation], Cdc48 (cell division cycle 42)/p97 is recruited to stressed mitochondria, extracts ubiquitinated proteins from the OMM and presents ubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome for degradation. Recent research has provided mechanistic insights into the interaction of the UPS (ubiquitin–proteasome system) with the OMM. In yeast, Vms1 [VCP (valosin-containing protein) (p97)/Cdc48-associated mitochondrial-stress-responsive 1] protein recruits Cdc48/p97 to the OMM. In mammalian systems, the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin regulates the recruitment of Cdc48/p97 to mitochondria, subsequent mitochondrial protein degradation and mitochondrial autophagy. Disruption of the Vms1 or parkin systems results in the hyper-accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins at mitochondria and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction. The emerging MAD pathway is important for the maintenance of cellular and therefore organismal viability.
Characterization of components of nano-energetics by small-angle scattering techniques

Small-angle scattering (SAS) and ultra small-angle scattering techniques, employing x-rays and neutrons, were used to characterize six different aluminum nanopowders and nanopowders composed of molybdenum trioxide and tungsten trioxide nanoparticles. Each material has different primary particle morphology and aggregate and agglomerate geometry, and each is important to the development of nano-energetic materials. The combination of small-angle and ultra small-angle techniques allowed a wide range of length scales to be probed, providing a more complete characterization of the materials. For the aluminum-based materials, differences in the scattering of x-rays and neutrons from aluminum and aluminum oxide provided sensitivity to the metal core and metal oxide shell structure of the primary nanoparticles. Small-angle scattering was able to discriminate between particle size and shape and agglomerate and aggregate geometry, allowing analysis of both aspects of the structure. Using the results of these analyses and guided by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, physical models were developed, allowing for a quantitative determination of particle morphology, mean nanoparticle size, nanoparticle size distribution, surface layer thickness, and aggregate and agglomerate fractal dimension. Particle size distributions calculated using a maximum entropy algorithm or by assuming a log-normal particle size distribution function were comparable. Surface area and density determinations from the small-angle scattering measurements were comparable to those obtained from other, more commonly used analytical techniques: gas sorption using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and helium pycnometry. Particle size distribution functions derived from the SAS measurements agreed well with those obtained from SEM.