cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Introduced Argentine Ant (Linepithema humile) on the California Channel Islands: Distribution and Patterns of Spread

The Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) is a widespread and abundant introduced species that disrupts ecosystems throughout its introduced range. This invader was inadvertently introduced to Santa Catalina, San Clemente, Santa Cruz, and San Nicolas Islands at various points during the past century but currently appears to be absent from the remaining Channel Islands. Multiple spatially disjunct infestations on each invaded island individually range in size from 427 ha and encompass a variety of habitats, including large areas that are entirely dominated by native perennial vegetation. The existence of multiple infestations on individual islands suggests that inadvertent introduction by humans serves as an important within-island dispersal mechanism. Multiyear surveys of individual infestations on San Clemente Island and Santa Cruz Island reveal approximately radial patterns of expansion (as a result of colony budding) away from the edge of each infestation. Rates of spread by budding on San Clemente Island range from 10 m/year to 57 m/year and are comparable to those on mainland California. Given the documented effects of Argentine ant invasions on Santa Cruz Island, the continued spread of the Argentine ant on the Channel Islands represents a serious environmental concern. Eradication programs underway on San Clemente and Santa Cruz Islands will hopefully result in island-wide elimination of this detrimental invader.
Diagnostic accuracy of the Videssa protein-based liquid biopsy for breast cancer in suspicious mammography.

e13034Background: The Videssa protein-based blood test (Provista Diagnostics) is a combined proteomic biomarker assay that aims to detect established breast cancer – rendering it useful in patients...
Implementation and evaluation of coupled discontinuous Galerkin methods for simulating overtopping of flood defenses by storm waves

Abstract In coastal regions, accurate prediction of the inundation risks posed by tropical cyclones and other severe weather is key to mitigating disaster impacts. Predictions of these risks are often provided by numerical models; however, these models also frequently do not consider inundation due to wind-sea wave run-up. Neglecting such effects may be misleading for evaluating the risks posed to areas protected by flood defense systems such as levees and dykes. To effectively evaluate the flooding risks posed by storm waves, accurate wind-sea modeling should be undertaken in parallel with storm surge modeling, and accurate wave-overtopping flow rates at flood barriers must be prescribed based on the modeled sea conditions and structure geometries. To this end, we present development of a loosely coupled finite element based shallow-water equations and parametric spectral wave model. Wave-overtopping flow rates are computed by formulas provided in the guidance of the EurOtop manual. We demonstrate that the parametric spectral wave modeling approach is sufficiently accurate for modeling of wave-overtopping events, despite its simplifying assumptions, such as those based on deep water (e.g., discounting foreshore effects such as wave shoaling and breaking), and disregarding internal forces due to wave breaking and turbulence, as opposed to more commonly used discrete (third generation) spectral wave models, which provide more detailed descriptions of wave fields but are much more computationally expensive. Comparisons of numerically modeled wave-overtopping flow rates with measurements from the CLASH database show good agreement by linear regression (slope: 0.9911, R2: 0.9584) for more than 90% of the test cases considered, where for the relatively few outlier cases the model performs poorly due to either uncertainties in the EurOtop guidance or the lack of foreshore effects in the wave model.
Evidence for a rapid cold hardening response in cultured Drosophila S2 cells.

ABSTRACT The ability to quickly respond to changes in environmental temperature is critical for organisms living in thermally variable environments. To cope with sudden drops in temperature, insects and other ectotherms are capable of rapid cold hardening (RCH), in which mild chilling significantly enhances cold tolerance within minutes. While the ecological significance of RCH is well established, the mechanisms underlying RCH are still poorly understood. Previous work has demonstrated that RCH is regulated at the cellular level by post-translational signaling mechanisms, and here we tested the hypothesis that cultured cells are capable of RCH. A 2 h cold shock at −8°C significantly reduced the metabolic viability of Drosophila S2 cells, but pre-treatment with RCH at 4°C for 2 h prevented this decrease in viability. Thus, S2 cells are capable of RCH in a similar manner to whole insects and provide a new system for investigating the cell biology of RCH.
Exploring Method Effects in the Six-Factor Structure of the Survey of Attitudes toward Statistics (SATS-36).

We use ordinal confirmatory factor analysis techniques to investigate the six-factor structure of the Survey of Attitudes Toward Statistics (SATS-36) and to estimate method effects associated with its items and factors. We extend previous confirmatory research to include posttest, as well as pretest, item-level data. We also investigate method effects by adding a common method factor to the original six-factor model. Interestingly, results reveal noticeable proportions of common variance associated with the Difficulty construct only at pretest and with the Value and Interest constructs only at posttest. We examine the characteristics of the SATS items as a possible source for these method effects. First published November 2019 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives
On the Origins of Insurgent Strategies

Do insurgent groups fight in different ways? Guerrilla warfare has historically been considered an effective tool for weak actors at war with significantly more sophisticated adversaries. However, not all insurgent groups employ guerrilla warfare in the same ways. What explains this variation? This study focuses on one critical issue: why insurgents adopt certain unconventional military strategies as opposed to others. The study of strategy matters because the strategy insurgents choose dictates how quickly and heavily rebels are able to impose costs on incumbents. I find that in the post-Cold War world insurgents are likely to adopt tit-for-tat military strategies. That is, compared to guerrilla warfare, when a state intentionally victimizes civilians, insurgents will respond in kind; when the state employs a highly mechanized military force - when compared to guerrilla warfare - insurgents are more likely to respond with a strategy that emphasizes the use of heavy weapons with the goal of denying the state’s military objectives, while eschewing civilian targeting.
A Coalitional Cyber-Insurance Design Considering Power System Reliability and Cyber Vulnerability

Due to the development of cyber-physical systems for modernizing power grids, vulnerability assessment has become an emerging focus in power system security studies. With the increasing deployment of cyber-enabled technologies in power systems, modern power system is prevalently exposed to a wide gamut of cybersecurity threats. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop effective cyber risk management mechanisms to mitigate the growing cyberthreats. Recently cyber insurance is emerging as a promising financial instrument for cyber risk management of critical infrastructures such as power grids. In this paper, a new cyber-insurance design framework is proposed to hedge against the risk of massive monetary losses due to potential cyberthreats. Traditionally, insurance companies serve as third-party risk-bearers offering aggregate design of the insurance policy which may stipulate high premiums. However, unusual loss patterns may still lead to excess financial risk for insurance companies. In this paper, coalitional insurance is introduced as a promising alternative or supplement to the traditional insurance plans provided by insurance companies. Under the proposed cyber-insurance model, several transmission operators form an insurance coalition, where the coalitional premiums are derived considering system vulnerabilities and loss distributions. The indemnity which covers the loss of TOs complies with the budget sufficiency. Overall, this study proposes a novel coalitional platform based cyber-insurance design that estimates the insurance premiums via cybersecurity modeling and reliability implication analysis.
The effect of smaller classes on infection-related school absence: Evidence from the Project STAR randomized controlled trial

In an effort to reduce viral transmission, many schools are planning to reduce class size if they have not reduced it already. Yet the effect of class size on transmission is unknown. To determine whether smaller classes reduce school absence, especially when community disease prevalence is high, we merge data from the Project STAR randomized class size trial with influenza and pneumonia data from the 122 Cities Mortality Reporting System on deaths from pneumonia and influenza. Project STAR was a block-randomized trial that followed 10,816 Tennessee schoolchildren from kindergarten in 1985-86 through third grade in 1988-89. Children were assigned at random to small classes (13 to 17 students), regular-sized classes (22 to 26 students), and regular-sized class with a teachers aide. Mixed effects regression showed that small classes reduced absence, but not necessarily by reducing infection. In particular, small classes reduced absence by 0.43 days/year (95% CI -0.06 to -0.80, p 0.90). Small classes, by themselves, may not suffice to reduce the spread of viruses.
Dynamic Self-Regulation: The Driving Force Behind Academic Achievement

Research has shown that the most successful students are those who have a propensity to control their own effort to learn. They take personal responsibility for regulating the way in which they approach their studies. Traditionally, it was believed that such self-regulation occurred only through the practice of active, deliberate learn- ing strategies. This study explores an expanded conception of self-regulated learning, one that includes not only the active, strategic control but an internally driven or dy- namic disposition to learn as well. Its findings suggest that the natural dynamic com- ponent, reflecting qualities such as curiosity, enthusiasm, willingness to take risks, and persistence, actually underlies and drives the strategic behavior. Whether these dynamic qualities can be taught, just as active self-regulation, remains a question. In this study where dynamic qualities were valued highly and the environment was supportive and expressive of a culture of learning, initial findings demonstrated that a sizable por- tion of students who were low dynamic at pre course changed to high dynamic by post course. Active learning and executive control dominate the language of many practical self-regulation studies. The expressions also permeate the "how-to" materials in the learning to learn and thinking about think- ing textbooks. Aimed toward defining direct intervention in an active learning process, these terms and expressions imply an ideal in which students take control of their learning and deliberately use critical strategies and skills to work and think effectively. The researchers and practitioners who promote this ideal operate on the assumption that students who understand what they need to do to think and learn effec- tively can intentionally regulate themselves to employ specific strate- gies and skills and, thereby, become better learners (e.g., Borkowski, Carr, & Pressley, 1987; Halpern, 1996). Current research, however, posits an internally driven disposition to learn, suggesting that cognitive procedures which focus only on ac- tive, self-conscious self-regulation for learning are not sufficient (Iran- Nejad & Chissom, 1992; McCombs, 1988; McCombs & Marzano, 1990;
Proteins of Newcastle Disease Virus and of the Viral Nucleocapsid

Newcastle disease virus was found to contain three major proteins. The structure unit of the viral nucleocapsid appears to be monomeric and to consist of a single large protein of an approximate molecular weight of 62,000.
Gyrotron beam heating of ceramic coatings and joints

Summary form only given. A focussed Gaussian beam generated by an 83-GHz, 15-kW CW Gycom, Ltd. gyrotron is being applied to the processing of ceramic materials at the Naval Research Laboratory. Available microwave power densities of >1 kW/cm2 enable rapid, localized heating of ceramic coatings and joints, provided adequate microwave-material coupling is achieved. This paper describes theoretical and experimental studies of microwave beam coupling to and propagation in multi-component ceramic systems corresponding to joints and coating configurations. Localized coupling enhancement using mixtures of ceramic and metal powders has been investigated. Techniques for minimization of reflection (important in a single-pass beam system) and beam polarization effects will be discussed, as well as the results of experiments designed to enhance heating rates based on these effects.
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 inhibits burn-induced derangements and hyperpermeability in microvascular endothelial cells

Abstract Background Burns induce microvascular hyperpermeability. We hypothesize that this occurs partly through an imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and endogenous MMP inhibitors such as tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and that such derangements can be attenuated with the use of TIMP-2. Method Rats underwent either sham or burn: serum and tissue were collected. Western blot was used to examine MMP-9 and TIMP-2 levels and MMP activity was assayed from lung tissue. Rat lung microvascular endothelial cells were used to assess monolayer permeability and evaluate the adherens junction proteins β-catenin, vascular endothelial cadherin and filamentous actin after exposure to burn serum ± TIMP-2. Results Lung tissue from burn animals showed increased MMP activity, decreased levels of TIMP-2, and no difference in levels of active MMP-9 in burn vs control groups. Burn serum increased monolayer permeability, damaged adherens junction proteins, and incited actin stress fiber formation; TIMP-2 attenuated these derangements. Conclusions Burns may lower TIMP-2 levels and increase MMP activity and that TIMP-2 application in vitro may attenuate burn-induced hyperpermeability and decreases damage to endothelial structural proteins. These links warrant further investigation.
Histone Deacetylase 3 Is Required for T Cell Maturation

Recent thymic emigrants are newly generated T cells that need to undergo postthymic maturation to gain functional competency and enter the long-lived naive T cell pool. The mechanism of T cell maturation remains incompletely understood. Previously, we demonstrated that the transcriptional repressor NKAP is required for T cell maturation. Because NKAP associates with histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), we examined whether HDAC3 is also required for T cell maturation. Although thymic populations are similar in CD4-cre HDAC3 conditional knockout mice compared with wild-type mice, the peripheral numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells are dramatically decreased. In the periphery, the majority of HDAC3-deficient naive T cells are recent thymic emigrants, indicating a block in T cell maturation. CD55 upregulation during T cell maturation is substantially decreased in HDAC3-deficient T cells. Consistent with a block in functional maturation, HDAC3-deficient peripheral T cells have a defect in TNF licensing after TCR/CD28 stimulation. CD4-cre HDAC3 conditional knockout mice do not have a defect in intrathymic migration, thymic egress, T cell survival, or homeostasis. In the periphery, similar to immature NKAP-deficient peripheral T cells, HDAC3-deficient peripheral T cells were bound by IgM and complement proteins, leading to the elimination of these cells. In addition, HDAC3-deficient T cells display decreases in the sialic acid modifications on the cell surface that recruit natural IgM to initiate the classical complement pathway. Therefore, HDAC3 is required for T cell maturation.
The interaction of actin with myosin and heavy meromyosin in solution at low ionic strength.

Abstract The interaction of actin with myosin and heavy meromyosin was studied in the presence of Mg++ ion and adenosine triphosphate at low ionic strength. When the heavy meromyosin ATPase was 17-fold activated by actin, the actoheavy meromyosin complex responsible for this activation did not give rise to a measurable increase in the viscosity of the sample above that predicted for a noninteracting mixture of actin and myosin. In the case of myosin, simultaneous measurements of turbidity, viscosity, and ATPase activity in the presence of actin showed, first, that considerable activation of the myosin ATPase could occur in the absence of any measurable precipitation of the actomyosin, and second, that in contrast to the behavior of the acto-heavy meromyosin system, ATPase activation was always accompanied by a corresponding viscosity increase indicating the formation of a relatively stable actomyosin complex in the "cleared" state. Comparison of the ATPase activity of acto-heavy meromyosin and actomyosin, under conditions where both systems were in solution (0.1 m KCl), indicated a distinct difference in the response of the actomyosin and acto-heavy meromyosin ATPases to falling ATP concentration.
Verification of misacylated tRNAphe is apparently carried out only by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase.

PREVIOUS results indicate that phenylalanyl-tRNA (Phe-tRNA) synthetase catalyses a reaction, termed verification1, in which tRNAs cognate to the synthetase, but carrying the wrong amino acid, are rapidly deacylated by hydrolysis in the absence of other substrates. Four different enzymes in two species have now been observed to be capable of apparently similar reactions1–3. The process appears to have only limited specificity for the amino acid3,4. Verification is thus a novel and potentially general means of correcting a variety of misacylations before they can reach the ribosome.
An identity authentication protocol in online social networks

Recent success of online social networks (OSNs) motivates the study of security issues in OSNs. A fundamental but challenging security issue in OSNs is to authenticate a friend's real identity. A solution to this issue will benefit a number of OSN security protocols. Existing solutions require users securely obtain some secret information from their friends before authentication takes place, which is not always possible in OSNs. In this paper, we propose a new authenticated key exchange protocol based on the exclusive secrets shared between friends. It provides identity authentication and key exchange in a plain setting, i.e., users do not need to securely exchange or distribute any information beforehand. The protocol is designed to work with low-entropy input information, because human beings are not good at dealing with a large amount of information. Another advantage of our protocol is its tolerance of input errors considering human error is always a possibility. We prove the security of the protocol in the universal composability (UC) framework and demonstrate its efficiency.
ArrayTool: a lightweight profiler to guide array regrouping

Memory hierarchies in modern computer systems are complex; often, they include multi-level caches and multiple memory controllers on the same chip. Without careful design, programs suffer from unnecessary data movement between caches and memory, degrading performance and increasing energy consumption. Array regrouping can significantly improve data locality by improving spatial reuse of data and reducing cache contention. However, existing techniques for identifying opportunities for array regrouping are lacking in three ways. First, they provide inadequate information to guide regrouping. Second, the cost of monitoring employed by prior tools to identify regrouping opportunities limits the use of these methods in practice. Third, existing metrics for quantifying the benefits of array regrouping can lead to inappropriate transformations that hurt performance. In this paper, we describe ArrayTool — a lightweight profiler that guides array regrouping. Array-Tool has three unique capabilities. First, it focuses attention on arrays with significant access latency. Second, it identifies the feasibility and quantifies the benefits of regrouping arrays with lightweight array-centric profiling. Third, it works on both shared-memory and distributed-memory parallel programs. To illustrate the utility of ArrayTool, we employ it to analyze three benchmarks. Using the guidance it provides, we regroup program arrays, improving performance from 25% to a factor of two.
Characterization of soil bacterial community structure and physicochemical properties in created and natural wetlands

Abstract We used multi-tag pyrosequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA to characterize bacterial communities of wetland soils collected from created and natural wetlands located in the Virginia piedmont. Soils were also evaluated for their physicochemical properties [i.e., percent moisture, pH, soil organic matter (SOM), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and C:N ratio]. Soil moisture varied from 15% up to 55% among the wetlands. Soil pH ranged between 4.2 and 5.8, showing the typical characteristic of acidic soils in the Piedmont region. Soil organic matter contents ranged from 3% up to 6%. Soil bacterial community structures and their differences between the wetlands were distinguished by pyrosequencing. Soil bacterial communities in the created wetlands were less dissimilar to each other than to those of either natural wetland, with little difference in diversity (Shannon's H′) between created and natural wetlands, except one natural wetland consistently showing a lower H′. The greatest difference of bacterial community structure was observed between the two natural wetlands (R = 0.937, p
Contralateral subtraction technique for detection of asymmetric abnormalities on whole-body bone scintigrams

We developed a computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) scheme for assisting radiologists in the detection of asymmetric abnormalities on a single whole-body bone scintigram by applying a contralateral subtraction (CS) technique. Twenty whole-body bone scans including 107 abnormal lesions in anterior and/or posterior images (the number of lesions per case ranged from 1 to 16, mean 5.4) were used in this study. In our scheme, the original bone scan image was flipped horizontally to provide a mirror image. The mirror image was first rotated and shifted globally to match the original image approximately, and then was nonlinearly warped by use of an elastic matching technique in order to match the original image accurately. We applied a nonlinear lookup table to convert the difference in pixel values between the original and the warped images to new pixel values for a CS image, in order to enhance dark shadows at the locations of abnormal lesions where uptake of radioisotope was asymmetrically high, and to suppress light shadows of the lesions on the contralateral side. In addition, we applied a CAD scheme for the detection of asymmetric abnormalities by use of rule-based tests and sequential application of artificial neural networks with 25 image features extracted from the original and CS images. The performance of the CAD scheme, which was evaluated by a leave-one-case-out method, indicated an average sensitivity of 80.4 % with 3.8 false positives per case. This CAD scheme with the contralateral subtraction technique has the potential to improve radiologists' diagnostic accuracy and could be used for computerized identification of asymmetric abnormalities on whole-body bone scans.
Function of brainstem neurons in optimal control of respiratory mechanics

An optimization control procedure is developed to describe the function of the human respiratory controller in determination of the respiratory frequency, the expiratory reserve volume, and the physiological dead space volume at all levels of human activity. The required level of alveolar ventilation is considered to have been determined based on the inputs from the peripheral and central chemoreceptors. The proposed procedure describes the mechanical control of breathing in which the excitation signals are adjusted and transferred from the neuron pools in the brainstem to the respiratory muscles to control the rate and depth of breathing. The criterion of minimum average respiratory work rate is used to find the optimal characteristics of respiration. The respiratory frequency, physiologic dead space volume, and expiratory reserve volume are used simultaneously as the optimization variables to minimize the average respiratory work rate. The optimization procedure has been applied by using different airflow patterns at various levels of ventilation. The theoretical results of the study have been compared with the experimental data in exercise taken from the literature. The results show a close agreement between the experimentally measured data and the theoretical values found by the optimization control procedure. The findings attest to the validity of the minimum average work rate criterion and the proposed multivariable optimization procedure compared with other procedures suggested in the literature in control of respiratory mechanics.
Treatment of neonatal hypoglycemia with minibolus and intravenous glucose infusion

nial hemorrhage in newborn infants. J PEDIAIR 94:800, 1979. 3. Deonn a T, Payor M, Probst A, and Prod'hom L-S: Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage in premature infants, Pediatrics 56:1056, 1975. 4. Diebler C, and Aicardi J: Hemorrhagie meningee du nourrisson et tiypoglycorachie, Arch Fr Pediatr 30:1031, 1973. 5. Dubynsky O, Vannucci R, and Maisels M J: Post-hemorrhagic encephalopathy in premature infants (abstr), Pediatr Res 12:551/1123, 1979. 6. Mantovani JF, Pasternak JF, Mathew OP, et al: Treatment of newborn intraventricular hemorrhage by repeated lumbar puncture (abstr), Ann Neurol 6:173, 1979. 7. Marbach EP, and Well MH: Rapid enzymatic measurement of blood lactate and pyruvate: use and significance of metaphosphoric acid as a common precipitant, Clin Chem 13:314, 1967. 8. Fujishima M, Sugi T, Choki J, et al: Cerebrospinal fluid and arterial lactate, pyruvate and acid base balance in patients with intracranial hemorrhages, Stroke 6:707, 1975.
Significantly Higher Rates of Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Thromboembolic Events With Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Background & Aims The risk of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (GIB) and thromboembolic events may increase with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs). We aimed to characterize GIB and thromboembolic events that occurred in patients with CF-LVADs and compare them with patients receiving anticoagulation therapy. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 159 patients who underwent CF-LVAD placement at 2 large academic medical centers (mean age, 55 ± 13 y). We identified and characterized episodes of GIB and thromboembolic events through chart review; data were collected from a time period of 292 ± 281 days. We compared the rates of GIB and thromboembolic events between patients who underwent CF-LVAD placement and a control group of 159 patients (mean age, 64 ± 15 y) who received a cardiac valve replacement and were discharged with anticoagulation therapy. Results Bleeding events occurred in 29 patients on CF-LVAD support (18%; 45 events total). Sixteen rebleeding events were identified among 10 patients (range, 1–3 rebleeding episodes/patient). There were 34 thrombotic events among 27 patients (17%). The most common source of bleeding was GI angiodysplastic lesions (n = 20; 44%). GIB and thromboembolic events were more common in patients on CF-LVAD support than controls; these included initial GIB (18% vs 4%, P P = .001), and thromboembolic events (17% vs 8%, P = .01). Conclusions Patients with CF-LVADS receiving anticoagulants have a significantly higher risk of GIB and thromboembolic events than patients receiving anticoagulants after cardiac valve replacement surgery. GI angiodysplastic lesions are the most common source of bleeding.
Application of feedforward neural networks to dynamical system identification and control

Methods for identification and control of dynamical systems by adalines, two-layer, and three-layer feedforward neural networks (FNNs) using generalized weight adaptation algorithms are discussed. The FNNs considered contain odd nonlinear operators in both the neurons and the weight adaptation algorithms. Two application examples, each involving a nonlinear dynamical system, are considered. The first is identification of the system's forward and inverse dynamics. The second is control of the system using coordination of feedforward and feedback control combined with inverse system dynamics identification. Simulation results are used to verify the method's feasibility and to examine the effect of ENN parameter changes. Specifically the effect that the type of nonlinear activation functions present in the neurons and the type of nonlinear functions present in the weight adaptation algorithms have on FNN system dynamics identification performance is investigated. >
Stimulus Alternation and the Peak Shift

(1982). Stimulus Alternation and the Peak Shift. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 107, No. 2, pp. 299-300.
Early-onset dementia: diagnostic considerations and implications for families.

Ms. A is a 43-year-old widowed woman brought to the psychiatric emergency room by her older son after she was evicted from the hotel room where she was living. He stated that she could no longer ta...
Comparison of Wechsler vs. Mayo Summary Scores in a Clinical Sample

Normative bases for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) recently were extended through age 97 with the publication of norms that permit computation of MAYO IQs for the WAIS-R and MAYO Memory Indices for the WMS-R. This study compares traditional Wechsler summary scores with their corresponding MAYO values in a clinical sample. MAYO summary scores are correlated highly with traditional Wechsler values, and concordance rates are also strong. Despite their similarities MAYO summary scores and traditional Wechsler values are not interchangeable. Cautions are discussed relative to the use of both MAYO and traditional Wechsler IQs and Memory Indices.
Some Supersymmetric Counterparts of the Lorentz Chern-simons Term

Abstract We determine some of the terms that must be added to the action of N = 1 supergravity coupled to N = 1 Yang-Mills theory in ten dimensions, if the Lorentz Chern-Simons term is included in the definition of the H mnp field strength, and supersymmetry is to be preserved. Amongst the new terms, we find that one has squares of the curvature tensors appearing in precisely the linear combinations suggested by other authors. We rewrite the theory in a geometrically suggestive form suitable for interpreting H mnp as a torsion tensor. We also comment on the relevance of this work to compactification on Calabi-Yau spaces.
Ultracold hydrogen. From BEC to QED

Summary form only given. The hydrogen atom played an illustrious role in the development of quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. Hydrogen spectroscopy relentlessly advanced the frontiers of metrology and ultraprecise measurements. Hydrogen also helped launch the search for Bose-Einstein condensation in an atomic gas. Today, these paths are converging to a new focus: the physics of ultracold hydrogen.
Surgical management of bronchopulmonary malformations

Abstract Background Bronchopulmonary malformations (BPM) are rare conditions, which typically arise below the carina and can result in significant morbidity (infection and/or hemorrhage) and mortality (respiratory failure). Materials and methods All children with BPM surgically treated from 2001–2014 at a tertiary care children's hospital were identified. Patient demographics, surgical indications, procedure type, estimated blood loss, pathology, perioperative complications, length of stay, and outcomes were analyzed. Results A total of 41 BPM patients underwent surgery with 98% overall survival (one abdominal BPM expired) but 100% for thoracic lesions. Resections were performed thoracoscopically (37%), thoracoscopy converted to open (22%), and via thoracotomy (37%). Poor visualization (67%) or inability to tolerate single lung ventilation (33%) led to conversions. No conversions resulted from hemorrhage or received blood transfusions. Patients with prenatally diagnosed BPM were more likely to undergo thoracoscopic surgery (odds ratio [OR], 18.2) versus nonprenatally diagnosed, P = 0.002. Open/converted patients had longer chest tube days (6.2) versus thoracoscopic (2.9), P = 0.048. Additionally, respiratory distress was a more common indication in patients aged Conclusions BPM resections have high overall survival. Chest tube days are shorter among thoracoscopic patients, but conversion to thoracotomy can avoid hemorrhage and need for transfusion. Size and respiratory distress limit use of thoracoscopy in young infants with BPM.
The yield curve as an electoral bellwether

Abstract Taking advantage of recent thinking about leading economic indicators, an electoral outcome model is constructed that allows for much earlier prediction than found in current models. The model is built in three stages. First, electoral outcome is expressed as a function of economic performance and voter approval in the manner of current forecasting models, although a different measure of economic performance is used. Second, economic performance and voter approval are modeled as functions of new economic bellwethers. Third, the products of steps one and two are combined in a simultaneous equation system that captures the indirect effects of the bellwethers on electoral outcome, permitting year-ahead forecasts of presidential elections that accurately predict outcomes except when random exogenous events such as the Kennedy assassination intervene.
Histone-like Protein HU from Deinococcus radiodurans Binds Preferentially to Four-way DNA Junctions

The histone-like protein HU from Escherichia coli is involved in DNA compaction and in processes such as DNA repair and recombination. Its participation in these events is reflected in its ability to bend DNA and in its preferred binding to DNA junctions and DNA with single-strand breaks. Deinococcus radiodurans is unique in its ability to reconstitute its genome from double strand breaks incurred after exposure to ionizing radiation. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), we show that D. radiodurans HU (DrHU) binds preferentially only to DNA junctions, with half-maximal saturation of 18 nM. In distinct contrast to E. coli HU, DrHU does not exhibit a marked preference for DNA with nicks or gaps compared to perfect duplex DNA, nor is it able to mediate circularization of linear duplex DNA. These unexpected properties identify DrHU as the first member of the HU protein family not to serve an architectural role and point to its potential participation in DNA recombination events. Our data also point to a mechanism whereby differential target site selection by HU proteins is achieved and suggest that the substrate specificity of HU proteins should be expected to vary as a consequence of their individual capacity for inducing the required DNA bend.
On whose shoulders we stand: lessons from Exemplar medical educators

The hiring of educators in medical schools (faculty who study the educational process and prepare others to become educators) has been one of the most successful educational innovations ever. Starting in 1954, through a collaboration between the Schools of Medicine and Education at the University of Buffalo, the innovation has spread to over half of the medical schools in the United States and to medical schools in several other countries. Practically every medical school and specialty now hires educators to conduct faculty development, evaluate learners, and develop or revise curricula. This article focuses on lessons learned by six-first-generation educators hired in medical education. These individuals made unique contributions that improved the process of educating and evaluating future physicians. Among their most important contributions have been the use of standardized patients, faculty development to improve instruction, and the use of clinical decision making theory. In addition, these professional educators created a home and career path for other professionals and nurtured proteges to continue the work they started. Ten lessons are reported from structured interviews using a standardized protocol. These lessons will hopefully inform current and future medical educators to help them sustain the effective collaboration between medical schools and educators.
Cognitive Development and the Ability to Infer Others' Perceptions of Self

A number of cognitive and social cognitive tests were administered to sixth grade students as part of a larger study of early adolescent development. Relationships between logico-mathematical cogni...
Supporting Emergence in Geographic Information Systems

The combination of the paradigms of shape algebras and predicate logic representations is a paradigm capable of modeling maps that can support emergent features. First-order predicate logic provides a natural intuitive way of representing spatial relations in the development of complete computer systems for geometric reasoning. Shape-algebraic formalisms have advantages over more traditional representations of geometric objects. Here I will illustrate the definition of high-level spatial relations from a small set of simple structures, with examples from the domain of geographic information systems.
The excited states of linear chain polysilanes

Abstract A strong two-photon resonance 7000 cm -1 above the optical gap is observed in the σ-conjugated chain material poly(di- n -hexylsilane). Transient absorption studies in the femtosecond time domain have been used to probe the near infra-red excited state absorptions of the polymer. A model for electronic excited states in terms of gerade and ungerade charge transfer excitons, draws parallels with the excitations created optically in π-conjugated polydiacetylenes.
Earliest pollen-dominated microfloras from the early late carboniferous of the Tian Shan Mountains, NW China: their significance for the origin of conifers and palaeophytogeography

Abstract The earliest known pollen-dominated palynomorph assemblages, which occur in the early Bashkirian and Moscovian (the early Late Carboniferous) strata of the Tian Shan Mountains in northwestern China, are described and illustrated. The ages of these assemblages are well-documented from co-occurring marine fossils, such as the fusulinid Millerella and the ammonoid Reticuloceras . More than half of the palynomorphs found are saccate pollen grains, monosaccate, or bisaccate with non-striate predominating over less frequent striate forms. The early Late Carboniferous pollen-dominated assemblages from the Tian Shan area, along with similar previously reported assemblages from the Urals, Yukon Territory and Ellesmere Island, Canada, suggest that a distint early occurrence of conifers and suggest that they might have evolved in xeric, seasonal environments before the Bashkirian.
Primary prevention: Do the very elderly require a different approach?

Recent cardiovascular prevention guidelines place a greater emphasis on randomized placebo-controlled trial data as the basis for recommendations. While such trial data are sparse for people over the age of 75 or 80 years, data demonstrate altered risk-benefit relationships in these older patients. Primary prevention strategy decisions should consider estimated life expectancy and overall function as well as cardiovascular event risks, magnitude and time to benefit or harm, potentially altered adverse effect profiles, and informed patient preferences. Data support treatment of systolic hypertension to reduce stroke, cardiovascular events, and dementia in older patients with at least a 2-year estimated lifespan with modifications in systolic blood pressure goals and a need for greater attention to non-cardiovascular side effects such as falls in the very old. Lowering of elevated cholesterol levels with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors for primary prevention in people over the age of 75 years requires greater individual considerations, as benefits may not accrue for 3-5 years and there is the potential impact of adverse effects. There is a rationale for lipid-lowering treatment in the more highly functional older patient with cardiovascular (especially stroke) risk higher than side effect risks in the near term and with an estimated lifespan longer than the time to benefit. Aspirin has higher side effect risks and requires a longer time to achieve benefit. Trial data are lacking on exercise interventions, but multi-system benefits have been shown in older patients such that exercise should be part of a preventive regimen. Preventive therapy in the very old means considering not only medical issues of co-morbidities, polypharmacy, and altered risk-benefit relationship of medications but also adjusting goals and approaches across the older agespan in keeping with informed patient preferences.
Information Processing in Attitude Formation and Change

in a persuasive communication seems quite relevant to understanding the impact of such communications. Persuasive communications can be viewed as presenting data to the consumer, who then manipulates and combines those data in the process of forming or changing an attitude. Like consumer behavior research, most communication research has not taken the information processing approach and has two major shortcomings. First, the dependent measures are too broad and too far removed from the specific elements constituting persuasive messages. This results in a little indication as to which data included in the message were actually used by the consumer in arriving at his new attitude. Second, there is little concern with the processes intervening between input and output. This paper reports a series of related studies that attempt to address these issues
Multiple roles for HOXA3 in regulating thymus and parathyroid differentiation and morphogenesis in mouse

Hoxa3 was the first Hox gene to be mutated by gene targeting in mice and is required for the development of multiple endoderm and neural crest cell (NCC)-derived structures in the pharyngeal region. Previous studies have shown that the Hoxa3 null mutant lacks third pharyngeal pouch derivatives, the thymus and parathyroids by E18.5, and organ-specific markers are absent or downregulated during initial organogenesis. Our current analysis of the Hoxa3 null mutant shows that organ-specific domains did undergo initial patterning, but the location and timing of key regional markers within the pouch, including Tbx1, Bmp4 and Fgf8, were altered. Expression of the parathyroid marker Gcm2 was initiated but was quickly downregulated and differentiation failed; by contrast, thymus markers were delayed but achieved normal levels, concurrent with complete loss through apoptosis. To determine the cell type-specific roles of Hoxa3 in third pharyngeal pouch development, we analyzed tissue-specific mutants using endoderm and/or NCC-specific Cre drivers. Simultaneous deletion with both drivers resulted in athymia at E18.5, similar to the null. By contrast, the individual tissue-specific Hoxa3 deletions resulted in small, ectopic thymi, although each had a unique phenotype. Hoxa3 was primarily required in NCCs for morphogenesis. In endoderm, Hoxa3 temporally regulated initiation of the thymus program and was required in a cell-autonomous manner for parathyroid differentiation. Furthermore, Hoxa3 was required for survival of third pharyngeal pouch-derived organs, but expression in either tissue was sufficient for this function. These data show that Hoxa3 has multiple complex and tissue-specific functions during patterning, differentiation and morphogenesis of the thymus and parathyroids.
In vitro translation of mRNA from Nostoc commune (Cyanobacteria)

RNA pools were extracted from cells of Nostoc commune UTEX 584 in exponential growth (liquid cultures) and from cells which had been immobilized and dried rapidly at -99.5 MPa. Levels of incorporation of 35S-methionine, five- to sixfold higher than the endogenous level, were obtained after in vitro translation of the RNA preparations in a heterologous S30 cell-free system purified from Escherichia coli Q13. The levels of incorporation, obtained with a homologous N. commune UTEX 584 S30 system, were much lower. The requirement for magnesium in the heterologous system was 15–21 mM, translation of N. commune UTEX 584 RNA was inhibited when the RNA concentration was greater than 0.3 mg ml−1, and translation was stimulated significantly by the presence of ammonium chloride. Few qualitative differences were observed between the pattern of proteins (SDS-PAGE) obtained after translation of the RNA pools from cells in exponential growth, and from those cells subjected to immobilization and rapid drying. The data suggest that short-term desiccation of N. commune UTEX 584 does not have a marked selective effect on the composition of the mRNA pool. In contrast, preparations of RNA from field materials of Nostoc commune HUN (desiccated for 5 years) were unable to drive high rates of translation in any of the systems tested and optimized for use in this study.
Distributions of Goodman and Kruskal's Gamma and Spearman's Rho in 2 × 2 Tables for Small and Moderate Sample Sizes

Abstract The distribution of Goodman and Kruskal's G in 2 × 2 tables is examined for small and moderate sample sizes. A number of exact distributions are presented, and asymptotic results relevant to the speed of convergence of G to normality are given. Comparisons are made with the standard correlation coefficient r, It is concluded that the distribution of G converges to normality slowly in many cases and that its density function is irregular even for sample sizes as large as 50.
Stochastic and Deterministic Model of Microbial Heat Inactivation

Microbial inactivation is described by a model based on the changing survival probabilities of individual cells or spores. It is presented in a stochastic and discrete form for small groups, and as a continuous deterministic model for larger populations. If the underlying mortality probability function remains constant throughout the treatment, the model generates first-order ("log-linear") inactivation kinetics. Otherwise, it produces survival patterns that include Weibullian ("power-law") with upward or downward concavity, tailing with a residual survival level, complete elimination, flat "shoulder" with linear or curvilinear continuation, and sigmoid curves. In both forms, the same algorithm or model equation applies to isothermal and dynamic heat treatments alike. Constructing the model does not require assuming a kinetic order or knowledge of the inactivation mechanism. The general features of its underlying mortality probability function can be deduced from the experimental survival curve's shape. Once identified, the function's coefficients, the survival parameters, can be estimated directly from the experimental survival ratios by regression. The model is testable in principle but matching the estimated mortality or inactivation probabilities with those of the actual cells or spores can be a technical challenge. The model is not intended to replace current models to calculate sterility. Its main value, apart from connecting the various inactivation patterns to underlying probabilities at the cellular level, might be in simulating the irregular survival patterns of small groups of cells and spores. In principle, it can also be used for nonthermal methods of microbial inactivation and their combination with heat.