cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indigenous Peoples, Culturally Specific Rights, and Domestic Courts: A Response to Professor Fodella

This article is a part of the Symposium,"Accomodating Differences: The Present and Future of the Law of Diversity." Its role is to respond to a paper by Professor Alessandro Fodella of the University of Trento. Professor Fodella's paper did a very nice job of setting out both the protection afforded indigenous peoples by current international law and the limitations of that protection as well. As he suggests, more work needs to be done with respect to providing content to these norms. In addition to his suggestion that a more coordinated approach focusing upon international courts, tribunals and compliance bodies is appropriate, this article suggests that another path for the development and enforcement of such rights runs through national courts. That enforcement can take the form of domestic law of the individual states protecting indigenous peoples' rights or universal jurisdiction statutes, such as exist now in several countries, which provide for criminal prosecution. In addition, the United States has a federal statute, the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), which provides for private civil action by an alien suing for a tortious violation of customary international law. The U.S. Supreme Court has upheld the use of this statute in international human rights cases. In practice, the use of universal jurisdiction in criminal cases and the Alien Tort Statute in private civil actions suffer from the same problem, they protect indigenous people only to the same extent provided to all other persons under international law. So, universal jurisdiction tends to extend under the criminal statutes, to only the most serious international crimes such as torture, genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity - crimes from which all persons should be free under international law. Under the ATS, the federal courts have similarly found private rights of action for only the most serious violations of international human rights law: torture, genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, summary execution, and disappearance. Once again, these are all norms that protect all persons, not members of indigenous groups as such. This article argues that using national courts is a way of not only enforcing existing human rights law but also of enunciating and developing international human rights law. The opinions of domestic courts may be cited in other national courts or in regional courts, which will further develop the doctrines. By way of illustrating the potential for this transnational process, I briefly review the history and the current applicability of the Alien Tort Statute and make an argument for how the particularized rights of members of indigenous groups might be protected.
Ultracondensed Matter by Dynamic Compression

Dynamic compression is an experimental technique with interdisciplinary uses, ranging from enabling the creation of ultracondensed matter under previously impossible conditions to understanding the likely cause of unusual planetary magnetic fields. Readers can now gain an intuitive understanding of dynamic compression; clear and authoritative chapters examine its history and experimental method, as well as key topics including dynamic compression of liquid hydrogen, rare gas fluids and shock-induced opacity. Through an up-to-date history of dynamic compression research, Nellis also clearly shows how dynamic compression addresses and will continue to address major unanswered questions across the scientific disciplines. The past and future role of dynamic compression in studying and making materials at extreme conditions of pressure, density and temperature is made clear, and the means of doing so are explained in practical language perfectly suited for researchers and graduate students alike.
Abstract 939: Single cell mRNA expression profiling reveals heterogeneity of normal and malignant breast stem cell populations

The normal breast contains epithelial populations which are hierarchically organized, a profile recapitulated in breast cancer. At the apex of these hierarchies are "stem like" cells defined by their capacity to self-renew as well as to generate more differentiated progeny. In breast cancer these "cancer stem cells" (CSCs) have been shown to be important mediators of tumor metastasis and treatment resistance. Although the phenotypes of normal rodent and human mammary stem cells have been characterized, CSC populations are operationally defined by their capacity for tumor initiation. In addition, putative breast CSC markers such as CD44 + /CD24 low/- and or ALDH + have proven useful in enriching for cells capable of tumor initiation and previous studies have suggested that these markers identify alternative mesenchymal and epithelial stem cell states, respectively. However, it remains unclear whether CSCs exist in discrete states or whether these cells actually represent a continuum reflected in heterogeneity of cell populations defined by expression of these markers. To address this question we utilized single cell mRNA expression profiling of normal and malignant breast stem cells. We first generated a panel of 96 genes representing stem cell and developmental pathways and analyzed expression of these 96 genes utilizing Fluidigm’s C1 and BioMark HD technologies and TaqMan gene expression assays. We also utilized Fluidigm’s Polaris to selectively isolate single cells that were then analyzed by illumina RNA-Seq method. Utilizing these advanced technologies, we demonstrated that both normal and malignant breast stem cells characterized by CD44 + /CD24 low/- and or ALDH + expression are highly heterogeneous. For example, the ALDH isoforms ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3 were each expressed in some single cells and co-expressed in others. ALDH1A1 expressing single cells appeared to express a unique gene pattern characterized by SLIT/ROBO, PLXNA2, RHOU and HNF1a. These results suggest that at the level of mRNA expression, normal and malignant breast stem cells display a greater heterogeneity than has previously been reported. These results have important implications for breast carcinogenesis as well as for the development of therapeutic strategies designed to target CSCs in breast cancer. Citation Format: Shamileh Fouladdel, Justin Colacino, Ebrahim Azizi, Max S. Wicha. Single cell mRNA expression profiling reveals heterogeneity of normal and malignant breast stem cell populations [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 939. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-939
Reflection: Gendered Spaces of Work, USA

Since 1950 gendered spaces of work have changed profoundly while old outlines of gender relations have persisted. I explore this conundrum with data on changes in gendered patterns of work and on cultural attitudes toward these changes. The dominance of culture in shaping these patterns is clear in the geography of gendered spaces of work across the U.S.
A cadaveric procedural anatomy simulation course improves video-based assessment of operative performance

Abstract Background Inadequate anatomic knowledge has been cited as a major contributor to declining surgical resident operative competence. We analyzed the impact of a comprehensive, procedurally oriented cadaveric procedural anatomy dissection laboratory on the operative performance of surgery residents, hypothesizing that trainees’ performance of surgical procedures would improve after such a dissection course. Materials and methods Midlevel general surgery residents (n = 9) participated in an 8 wk, 16-h surgery faculty-led procedurally oriented cadaver simulation course. Both before and after completion of the course, residents participated in a practical examination, in which they were randomized to perform one of nine Surgical Council on Resident Education–designated “essential” procedures. The procedures were recorded using wearable video technology. Videos were deidentified before evaluation by six faculty raters blinded to examinee and whether performances occurred before or after an examinee had taken the course. Raters used the validated Operative Performance Rating System and Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill scales. Results After the course residents had higher procedure-specific scores (median, 4.0 versus 2.4, P Conclusions A cadaveric procedural anatomy simulation course covering a broad range of open general surgery procedures was associated with significant improvements in trainees’ operative performance.
Improved synthesis of symmetrically & asymmetrically N-substituted pyridinophane derivatives

The N,N′-di(toluenesulfonyl)-2,11-diaza[3,3](2,6)pyridinophane (TsN4) precursor was sought after as a starting point for the preparation of various symmetric and asymmetric pyridinophane-derived ligands. Various procedures to synthesize TsN4 had been published, but the crucial problem had been the purification of TsN4 from the larger 18- and 24-membered azamacrocycles. Most commonly, column chromatography or other laborious methods have been utilized for this separation, yet we have found an alternate selective dissolution method upon protonation which allows for multi-gram scale output of TsN4·HCl. This optimized synthesis of TsN4 also led to the development of symmetric RN4 derivatives as well as the asymmetric derivative N-(tosyl)-2,11-diaza[3,3](2,6)pyridinophane (TsHN4). Using this TsHN4 precursor, different N-substituents can be added to create a library of asymmetric RR′N4 macrocyclic ligands. These asymmetric RR′N4 derivatives expand the utility of the RN4 framework in coordination chemistry and the ability to study the electronic, steric, and denticity effects of these pyridinophane ligands on the metal center.
China's Crisis of Success

China's Crisis of Success provides new perspectives on China's rise to superpower status, showing that China has reached a threshold where success has eliminated the conditions that enabled miraculous growth. Continued success requires re-invention of its economy and politics. The old economic strategy based on exports and infrastructure now piles up debt without producing sustainable economic growth, and Chinese society now resists the disruptive change that enabled earlier reforms. While China's leadership has produced a strategy for successful economic transition, it is struggling to manage the politics of implementing that strategy. After analysing the economics of growth, William H. Overholt explores critical social issues of the transition, notably inequality, corruption, environmental degradation, and globalisation. He argues that Xi Jinping is pursuing the riskiest political strategy of any important national leader. Alternative outcomes include continued impressive growth and political stability, Japanese-style stagnation, and a major political-economic crisis.
Carrying asymmetric loads while walking on an uneven surface

Abstract Background Individuals often carry asymmetric loads over challenging surfaces such as uneven or irregular terrain, which may require a higher demand for postural control than walking on an even surface. Research Question The purpose of this study was to assess postural stability in the medial-lateral (ML) direction while carrying unilateral versus bilateral loads when walking on even versus uneven surfaces. Methods Nineteen healthy young adults walked on even and uneven surface treadmills under three load conditions: no load, 20% body weight (BW) bilateral load, and 20% BW unilateral load. A Pedar in-shoe pressure system (Novel, Munich, Germany) was used to evaluate center of pressure (COP)-based parameters. Results Carrying 20% BW bilateral or unilateral loads significantly increased double support ratio. In addition, carrying a 20% BW unilateral load significantly increased coefficient of variation (CV) of double support ratio, CV of ML COP excursion, and CV of ML COP velocity. Walking on an uneven surface significantly increased double support ratio, ML COP excursion, ML COP velocity, and CV of double support ratio. When carrying a 20% BW unilateral load, unloaded limb stance had significantly increased double support ratio and ML COP velocity, although it appears that the loaded limb may be used to make step-by-step adjustments as evidenced by the higher CV of ML COP velocity. Significance Unilateral load carriage, walking on uneven surfaces, and unloaded leg stance are of particular concern when considering postural stability.
Monosaccharide Compositional Analysis of Glycoproteins and Glycolipids: Utility in the Diagnosis/Prognosis of Diseases

Different analytical methods have been developed to effectively and accurately determine monosaccharide composition of glycoproteins and glycolipids in biological and biomedical samples. These methods included high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulse amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL), and capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF). This chapter reviews the development of these methods, and evaluates their potential application in the diagnosis or prognosis of diseases.
The Hallucinogens and Related Drugs

Both marijuana and the hallucinogens produce a change in the level of consciousness, and both are capable of inducing hallucinations. However, in the usual doses taken, the predominant effect of cannabis is to alter the “feeling state” without frank hallucinations, whereas the drugs discussed in this chapter produce abnormal sensory inputs of a predominantly visual nature (illusions or hallucinations) even at low doses.
fMRI in Economics: What Functional Imaging of the Brain Can Add to Behavioral Economics Experiments

Abstract Being the study of individuals’ and society’s choices in the face of scarcity, economics is invariably concerned with the human decision-making process. As decision making can occur under different circumstances, such as under risk, across time, or in social contexts, different theories exist to describe and to predict people’s decisions. Alternate theories have been proposed within each context, based on field and experimental observations of human behavior. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology has provided economists with an unmatched ability to test individual theories, and to resolve competing theories. In this chapter, I first outline economic theories relevant to fMRI technology, briefly describe what is meant by “brain activity” and explain how fMRI technology works in illuminating this activity. Then, I summarize findings from neuroeconomics experiments involving decisions in the different contexts introduced. I conclude the chapter by noting some limitations of using fMRI in experiments.
Immune dysregulation: EBV + DLBCL and HLH in a patient with T-LGL

![Figure][1] An 80-year-old man with a 20-year history of T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (T-LGL), receiving low-dose neupogen for neutropenia, presented with new-onset fever, pancytopenia, and tachycardia. Flow cytometry of the peripheral blood showed aberrant clonal T cells (6%
Time of year and outdoor recreation affect human exposure to ticks in California, United States

Interactions between humans and ticks are often measured indirectly, using surveillance of tick population abundance and pathogen prevalence, or reported human disease data. We used data garnered as part of a free national citizen science research effort to describe actual human exposures to ticks in California. Human-biting ticks (n = 1,905) submitted for identification were predominantly western black-legged ticks (Ixodes pacificus) (68%), American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) (24%), and Pacific Coast ticks (Dermacentor occidentalis) (7%). Tick exposure occurred predominantly during recreational use of the outdoors, rather than exposure near the home environment. Tick submissions peaked in May, but human exposure to ticks occurred throughout the year. Adult I. pacificus were most frequently found on humans during March-May, though previous research demonstrates that questing adults on vegetation are more abundant earlier in the winter.
Creosote growth rate and reproduction increase in postfire environments.

Human activities are changing patterns of ecological disturbance globally. In North American deserts, wildfire is increasing in size and frequency due to fuel characteristics of invasive annual grasses. Fire reduces the abundance and cover of native vegetation in desert ecosystems. In this study, we sought to characterize stem growth and reproductive output of a dominant native shrub in the Mojave Desert, creosote bush (Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville) following wildfires that occurred in 2005. We sampled 55 shrubs along burned and unburned transects 12 years after the fires (2017) and quantified age, stem diameter, stem number, radial and vertical growth rates, and fruit production for each shrub. The shrubs on the burn transects were most likely postfire resprouts based on stem age while stems from unburn transects dated from before the fire. Stem and vertical growth rates for shrubs on burned transects were 2.6 and 1.7 times higher than that observed for shrubs on unburned transects. Fruit production of shrubs along burned transects was 4.7-fold more than shrubs along paired unburned transects. Growth rates and fruit production of shrubs in burned areas did not differ with increasing distance from the burn perimeter. Positive growth and reproduction responses of creosote following wildfires could be critical for soil stabilization and re-establishment of native plant communities in this desert system. Additional research is needed to assess if repeat fires that are characteristic of invasive grass-fire cycles may limit these benefits.
Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Risk Factors among Nursing Home Residents: A Population-Based Case-Control Study.

Confinement to a nursing home ( NH ) is an independent risk factor for VTE and accounts for 13% of all VTE occurring in the community, but the question of which NH residents are at risk is largely unanswered. Objective: To determine VTE risk factors among NH residents. Methods: Using the Minnesota State Case Mix Review Program Public Research Files, we performed a case-control study of all Olmsted County, MN NH patients with an ICD-9 code-identified diagnosis of VTE from 1988–1994. From the same source, we identified one age-, sex-matched control and used conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios for an association of VTE with 46 characteristics assessed in the Minnesota Case Mix data. Results: Univariate associations between characteristics and odds of VTE are described below. Significantly increased odds were observed for residents assessed following hospitalization (a nearly 4-fold increase, p=0.002, Table ) and residents considered incapable of self-preservation (i.e., unable to cope with potentially harmful situations) (> 2.0 fold increase, p=0.03). Non-significant 2–3 fold increased odds were observed for limitations in certain specific Activities of Daily Living (ADL) (including walking and dressing) and for limitations in more than 3 ADLs. Similar increased odds were observed for residents using a wheelchair, taking more than 3 oral medications, enrolled in professional activity programs, and needing behavior management. Conclusions: Need for assistance (especially problems with immobility), lack of self preservation, and recent hospitalization may identify a subset of NH residents that are at especially high VTE risk and who may warrant consideration of prophylaxis. Univariate VTE Risk Factors for Nursing Home Residents | Characteristic | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P-value | |:-------------------------------:| ---------- | ---------- | ------- | | | Oral medications > 3 | 3.00 | 0.97-9.30 | 0.06 | | Activities of Daily Living | | | | | | High/Medium (4-8) vs. low (0-3) | 2.20 | 0.76-6.33 | 0.14 | | Help dressing | 2.75 | 0.88-8.64 | 0.08 | | Help walking | 3.00 | 0.61-14.86 | 0.18 | | Wheelchair use | 2.50 | 0.97-6.44 | 0.58 | | Needs behavior management | 3.00 | 0.62-14.86 | 0.18 | | Help toileting | 2.00 | 0.68-5.85 | 0.20 | | Lack of self-preservation | 2.33 | 1.07-5.10 | 0.03 | | Transfer from hospital | 3.86 | 1.68-8.86 | 0.0015 | | Anti-depressant drugs | 0.50 | 0.19-1.33 | 0.16 | | Professional activity program | 2.25 | 0.69-7.3 | 0.18 |
Inverses of Motzkin and Schröder Paths

We suggest three applications for the inverses: For the inverse Motzkin matrix we look at Hankel determinants, and counting the paths inside a horizontal band, and for the inverse Schroder matrix we look at the paths inside the same band, but ending on the top side of the band.
Timely Delivery of Discharge Medications to Patients' Bedsides: A Patient-centered Quality Improvement Project.

Introduction Patients who are unable to fill prescriptions after discharge are at risk of hospital readmission. Ensuring that patients have prescriptions in hand at the time of discharge is a critical component of a safe and effective discharge process. Using a "Meds to Beds" program, we aimed to increase the percentage of patients discharged from Holtz Children's Hospital with medications in hand from 49% to 80%, reduce turnaround time (TAT) from electronic prescription signature to bedside delivery from 4.9 hours (±2.6 hours) to 2 hours, and increase caregiver satisfaction. Methods We formed a multidisciplinary team and implemented 4 patient-centered interventions through iterative plan-do-study-act cycles. Statistical process control charts were used to understand the impact of the interventions over 10 months. Hospital length of stay and discharges before 2:00 pm were used as balancing measures. We measured caregiver satisfaction using a telephone survey administered by pediatric residents within 7 days after discharge. Results The mean percentage of patients discharged with medications in hand increased to 76%. TAT decreased to 3.5 hours (±1.8 hours). Length of stay did not significantly increase, whereas the percentage of patients discharged before 2:00 pm did. Caregivers of patients who had prescriptions delivered to their bedside reported high levels of satisfaction. Conclusions Using a "Meds to Beds" program, we increased the percentage of patients discharged with medications in hand, decreased TAT with reduced variability, and achieved high levels of caregiver satisfaction. Importantly, there was a shift in the culture of the institution toward improved medication access for patients.
Leukocyte-dependent effects of platelet-rich plasma on cartilage loss and thermal hyperalgesia in a mouse model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis.

Summary Objective Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an emerging therapeutic strategy for treatment of osteoarthritis (OA); however, there is a lack of preclinical and clinical evidence for its efficacy and its mechanism of action is unclear. In the current study, we utilized leukocyte poor-PRP (LP-PRP) and leukocyte rich-PRP (LR-PRP) to mimic clinical point of care formulations and assessed their potential to alter disease progression in a mouse model of post-traumatic OA. Method Three-month-old wild-type male FVB/N mice received destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery to induce OA. To assess the efficacy of LP-PRP and LR-PRP, mice were given intraarticular injections at 2-, 7- and 28-days post-surgery. Mice were then assessed at 5-, 9-, and 13-weeks post-surgery for changes in chronic pain using the hot plate nociceptive assay. At 14-weeks, OA pathogenesis was evaluated using histology and phase-contrast μCT. Results Treatment with LP-PRP and to a lesser extent LR-PRP preserved cartilage volume and surface area compared to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as measured by phase-contrast μCT. However, both treatments had higher Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) and synovitis scores compared to sham, and neither substantially improved scores compared to PBS controls. With respect to thermal hyperalgesia, PBS-treated mice displayed reduced latency to response compared to sham, and LR-PRP but not LP-PRP improved latency to response at 5-, 9- and 13-weeks post-surgery compared to PBS. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that effects of PRP therapy on OA progression and disease-induced hyperalgesia may be leukocyte-dependent. And while LP-PRP and to a lesser extent LR-PRP protect from volume and surface loss, significant pathology is still seen within OA joints. Future work is needed to understand how the different components of PRP effect OA pathogenesis and pain, and how these could be modified to achieve greater therapeutic efficacy.
Identification of the 3D crystallographic orientation using 2D deformations

Polycrystalline materials consist of grains (crystals) oriented at different angles resulting in a heterogeneous and anisotropic mechanical behavior at that micro-length scale. In this study, a nov...
Inversion of Solvent Migration in Charged Membranes

We theoretically demonstrate the possibility of inversion of solvent migration in charged membranes, opposing osmosis. Inversion of solvent migration is ascribed to the finite volume of ions in the solution permeating the membrane, a quantity that has been neglected in the literature so far. We propose a model of the electrochemistry in the proximity of an electrode, illustrating the range of the molar volume of ions that can yield the inversion of solvent migration. This study poses the basis for novel applications in microfluidics, nanofluidics, and electrochemistry, along with new inquiries in biology.
A new species of Cyrtodactylus (Lacertilia: Gekkonidae) from Papua New Guinea

We describe a new gecko, Cyrtodactylus murua, from Woodlark Island, off the southeastern tip of Papua New Guinea. The new species differs from all Papuan congeners except C. louisiadensis (de Vis) and C. aaroni Gunther & Rosler in having a single row of enlarged subcaudal scales. From C. louisiadensis, the new species is easily distinguished by its color pattern and by having fewer rows of enlarged dorsal tubercles; from C. aaroni by its larger size and fewer dark dorsal bands. The new species is almost certainly restricted to Woodlark Island and represents the first endemic reptile described from that island.
Psychological Contracts in Dairy Farming

Improved employment relations are perceived as one way of further improving efficiency in the production of milk. To explore the existing state of employment relations in dairy farming and milk production a study of the psychological contracts existing between dairy farmer employers and dairy farm employees was initiated. Psychological contracts have been described as the invisible glue which binds employees to employers and vice versa over time. The term refers to the mutual expectations and perceived obligations existing between employers and employees beyond the normal components of a Legal contract of employment. Using a critical incident approach to impute the content of psychological contracts, groups of employers and employees in major dairy farming areas were interviewed by paid student volunteers. This paper reports the initial findings of the study; suggests the implications of the results; and how the research may be developed.
Obstructing Oil: Evidence from Nigeria on Why Bargains in Oil-Rich Regions Can Prevent Civil War

Why does oil cause civil war? I propose a new argument, that populations in oil-rich regions of states can credibly threaten to obstruct oil production, and this ability results in an outsize share of the revenues transferred to them. In contrast to existing scholarship that describes oil wars over territorial control of natural resources, I predict that resulting regional economic inequalities lead to conflict in resource-poor regions and not in the resource region itself. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with Nigerian government officials and Ijaw and Ogoni ethnic group leaders as well as documentary evidence, I first trace the strategic disruption of oil production by the Ogoni and Ijaw ethnic groups in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria in the 1990s and 2000s, and how the disruptions caused dramatic concessions from the state. I argue that these negotiations prevented the outbreak of full-scale civil war. Second, I present evidence from an original survey of 3,000 civilians and traditional leaders in communities proximate to oil drilling and oil theft (bunkering) points in the region. I demonstrate how ethnic groups and affiliated militant groups use the proximity of their communities to oil infrastructure to make credible threats to interrupt oil production.
Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in a Double Well Atomic Josephson Junction

Electromagnetically induced transparency is an important too] for controlling light propagation and nonlinear wave mixing in atomic gases with potential applications ranging from quantum computing to table top tests of general relativity. Here we consider electromagnetically induced transparency in an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate trapped in a double well potential. One well is prepared as in standard electromagnetically induced transparency with a weak probe laser and control laser in a A configuration while tunneling between the wells provides a coherent coupling between identical electronic states in the two wells leading to the formation of spatially delocalized inter-well dressed states. The macroscopic inter-well coherence of the Bose-Einstein condensate wave function qualitatively modifies the normal electromagnetically induced transparency linear susceptibility and leads to the formation of additional absorption resonances and larger dispersion than electromagnetically induced transparency. We show that these new resonances can be interpreted in terms of the inter-well dressed states and the formation of a novel type of dark state involving the control laser and the inter-well tunneling.
An alternative and expedient synthesis of radioiodinated 4-iodophenylalanine

1503 Objectives Radioiodinated 4-iodophenylalanine is an amino acid analog that may be used to target LAT1 transporter upregulation in breast cancer. An expedient and high yield synthesis could facilitate further development for both novel imaging and therapy applications. Methods A novel tin precursor, (S)-tert-butyl 2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(4-(tributylstannyl)phenyl)propanoate, where both amino and acid functions were protected with acid-labile moieties was synthesized from the known, corresponding iodo derivative. This tin precursor was converted to radioiodinated 4-iodophenylalanine (4-[*I]I-Phe) by a two-step or a single step synthesis. The suitability of 4-[125I]I-Phe for breast cancer targeting was evaluated by determining its uptake in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. Results Using the two-step process, synthesis of 4-[125I]I-Phe provided radiochemical yields of 91.6 ± 2.7% and 83.7 ± 1.7% (n = 5), for the radioiodination and subsequent deprotection steps, respectively; an average radiochemical yield of 94.8 ± 3.4% (n = 5) was obtained using the one-step synthesis. After incubation with MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells for 60 min, uptake was 49.0 ± 0.7% of the input dose; in comparison, the uptake of [14C]phenylalanine under the same conditions was 55.9 ± 0.5%. Furthermore, the uptake of both tracers was inhibited in similar fashion in a concentration-dependent manner by both unlabeled phenylalanine and 4-iodophenylalanine. With [14C]phenylalaine as the tracer, IC50 values of 1.45 mM and 2.50 mM were obtained for Phe and I-Phe, respectively; IC50 values for [125I]I-Phe inhibition were 1.3 and 1.0 mM. Conclusions An improved and convenient method for the synthesis of no-carrier-added 4-[*I]phenylalanine was developed and the radiotracer prepared by this route demonstrated an amino acid transporter-mediated uptake in MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro that was comparable to that of [14C]phenylalanine. Research Support BC073244 US DOD Breast Cancer Research (BBC), P30 CA14236-34 Duke Pilot Project Grant (BBC and GV), NIH R21EB00875 (GV
Sustainability thinking for the climate change generation

This book chapter contemplates whether we need to rethink sustainability in an age of climate change. Climate change does not change our view of sustainability; it heightens the importance of sustainability thinking. We see that in all the various ways people conceptualize sustainability, climate change complicates goal fulfillment. This chapter considers three approaches to sustainability: (1) sustainable development, (2) sustainable management, and (3) popular sustainability. Climate change fundamentally alters how we approach sustainable development and sustainable management. Trying to help developing countries improve living conditions is even harder when we also have to deal with both climate change adaptation and mitigation. Assessing and planning for sustainable management of resources is so affected by climate change that integration of adaptive management principles and resilience thinking become imperative. With our popular concept of sustainability as being eco-friendly, climate change implications demonstrate that merely minimizing environmental harm is inadequate. Instead, we need to work actively toward environmental improvement. Instead of slowing degradation, we need to reverse the process. The conclusion that climate change should affect sustainability efforts is inescapable. Whether it actually does so is questionable.
Introduction to Quantum Probability for Social and Behavioral Scientists

There are two related purposes of this tutorial. One is to generate interest in a new and fascinating approach to understanding behavioral measures based on quantum probability principles. The second is to introduce and provide a tutorial of the basic ideas in a manner that is interesting and easy for social and behavioral scientists to understand.
Vibrational excitation in O2(B1Sigma g

Excitation processes for O2(b1Sigma g+) in aurorae, in the nightglow, and in laboratory sources are discussed. It is shown that the observed vibrational distribution in aurorae is consistent with the O2(+) + NO charge-transfer mechanism. Arguments are presented for the case the quenching of O2(b) in vibrational levels above v-prime = 1 is rapid, and that therefore the auroral source is much larger than previously supposed. It is suggested that oxygen atoms are an efficient quencher for O2(b) levels above v-prime = 1.
Surface temperature assimilation in land surface models

This paper examines the utilization of surface temperature as a variable to be assimilated in offline land surface hydrological models. Comparisons between the model computed and satellite observed surface temperatures have been carried out. The assimilation of surface temperature is carried out twice a day (corresponding to the AM and PM overpass of the NOAA10) over the Red-Arkansas basin in the southwestern United States (31/spl deg/50'N-36/spl deg/N, 94/spl deg/3'/W-104/spl deg/30'W) for a period of one year (August 1987 to July 1988). The effect of assimilation is to reduce the difference between the surface soil moisture computed for the precipitation and/or shortwave radiation perturbed case and the unperturbed case compared to no assimilation.
Cell and Molecular Biology of Flagellar Dyneins

Publisher Summary This chapter describes some of the unique attributes of flagellar motors and their potential significance for flagellar function, and highlights some structural, enzymatic, and motility properties of flagellar dyneins that may be common to all family members. Many details of dynein structure have been determined, including the sequence of several subunits and the relationship between sequence and quaternary structure. Much of this information can be applied broadly to cytoplasmic as well as flagellar dyneins, and may ultimately provide insights into general motor enzyme mechanisms. Because of their large size, however, dynein genes may yield their secrets more. easily through traditional in uiuo mutagenesis followed by molecular analysis of the most phenotypically interesting mutants, rather than targeted in vitro mutagenesis and transformation. As ATPase enzymes and as molecular motors, dyneins are unique for their large size, variety, and subunit complexity. Genetic and biochemical dissection of flagellar dyneins has revealed that several similar but unique types are present in any given cilium or flagellum, and that some dyneins contain as many as 3 catalytic heavy chains, each greater than 500 kDa, and up to 12 smaller proteins, while others appear to have a single heavy chain and 2 or 3 smaller subunits.
Guided Imagery for Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Diseases: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Abstract Many individuals suffering from arthritis and other rheumatic diseases (AORD) supplement pharmacologic treatments with psychosocial interventions. One promising approach, guided imagery, has been reported to have positive results in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and is a highly scalable treatment for those with AORD. The main purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of RCTs that have examined the effects of guided imagery on pain, function, and other outcomes such as anxiety, depression, and quality of life in adults with AORD. Ten electronic bibliographic databases were searched for reports of RCTs published between 1960 and 2013. Selection criteria included adults with AORD who participated in RCTs that used guided imagery as a partial or sole intervention strategy. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Instrument. Results were synthesized qualitatively. Seven studies representing 306 enrolled and 287 participants who completed the interventions met inclusion criteria. The average age of the participants was 62.9 years (standard deviation=12.2). All interventions used guided imagery scripts that were delivered via audio technology. The interventions ranged from a one-time exposure to 16 weeks in duration. Risk of bias was low or unclear in all but one study. All studies reported statistically significant improvements in the observed outcomes. Guided imagery appears to be beneficial for adults with AORD. Future theory-based studies with cost-benefit analyses are warranted.
Interference between bunyaviruses in Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes

Inhibition of the replication of alternate California serogroup bunyaviruses in Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes has been observed for mosquitoes previously infected with La Crosse (LAC) virus. By contrast, prior infection of mosquitoes with LAC virus did not interfere significantly with the subsequent infection and replication of Guaroa bunyavirus (Bunyamwera serogroup), or heterologous viruses such as West Nile flavivirus, or vesicular stomatitis rhabdovirus.
Effectiveness of interventions to improve follow-up after abnormal cervical cancer screening.

Abstract Objective . The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of interventions designed to improve follow-up after an abnormal Pap smear. Methods . We performed a qualitative meta-analysis of interventions designed to improve follow-up after an abnormal Pap smear and included studies that met the following criteria: randomized or concurrently controlled study design, defined outcomes, and data available for abstraction. Interventions were classified as behavioral, cognitive, sociologic, or combined strategies (e.g., behavioral and cognitive). Abnormal Pap smears were defined as any test result requiring additional follow-up. Effectiveness was measured by the rate of compliance with recommended follow-up. Results . Twenty-two interventions in 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. Cognitive interventions utilizing interactive telephone counseling were the most effective, improving compliance by 24 to 31%. Behavioral interventions, such as patient reminders, were also effective, increasing follow-up by up to 18%. Not all of these results achieved statistical significance. The single sociologic intervention we identified used video-taped peer discussions to provide a message about abnormal Pap smears and appropriate follow-up. This intervention was not associated with increased follow-up after an abnormal test. The effectiveness of interventions using multiple types of strategies to improve follow-up was inconsistent. Conclusions . Cognitive strategies led to the greatest improvement in compliance with follow-up of abnormal Pap smear screening tests. Extension of similar interventions to follow-up of abnormal breast and colon cancer screening, development of physician- and system-targeted interventions, and evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of these strategies are important priorities for future research.
Learning from Twitter Hashtags: Leveraging Proximate Tags to Enhance Graph-Based Keyphrase Extraction

In the micro-blogging service Twitter, the sparseness of text messages is an enormous obstacle in extracting key phrases from tweets. However, regardless of the sparseness in text, tweets include an abundant number of links in the form of hash tags. This paper investigates the possibility of leveraging hash tags in tweets to enhance the graph-based key phrase extraction. By using an auxiliary set of tweets found in hash tags, we show that we can improve extracting key phrases from tweets by augmenting the graph with a wider knowledge context. Specifically, we propose two different approaches for choosing the best hash tags links to use for enhancing graph-based key phrase extraction by either using a frequency approach or a hybrid approach that uses multiple methods for cleverly choosing the best hash tags. Experiments on the proposed approaches showed an improvement in the range of 9% to 37% over the case of ignoring the hash tag links.
Fire me? Bang! Bang! You′re dead

Argues that, in the USA, violence in the workplace mirrors an increasingly violent society, resulting from many factors including stress, drug abuse, failed marital relationships and layoffs. Examines the reasons for workplace violence, its costs and legal implications. Suggests measures which organizations can take to prevent it.
Simulation of self-assembly of cationic lipids and DNA into structured complexes.

We present a comprehensive set of simulations that elucidates several features of experimentally observed self-assembled structures in solutions of DNA and mixtures of neutral and cationic lipids. ...
Interactions in Expert Service Work : Demonstrating Professionalism in Personal Training

Using participant observation and in-depth interviews, the author explores the experiences of a relatively new form of semiprofessionals, personal trainers, to advance our understandings of the com...
Fluid shear-induced ATP secretion mediates prostaglandin release in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts.

ATP is rapidly released from osteoblasts in response to mechanical load. We examined the mechanisms involved in this release and established that shear-induced ATP release was mediated through vesicular fusion and was dependent on Ca2+ entry into the cell through L-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. Degradation of secreted ATP by apyrase prevented shear-induced PGE2 release. Introduction Fluid shear induces a rapid rise in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in osteoblasts that mediates many of the cellular responses associated with mechanotransduction in bone. A potential mechanism for this increase in [Ca2+]i is the activation of purinergic (P2) receptors resulting from shear-induced extracellular release of ATP. This study was designed to determine the effects of fluid shear on ATP release and the possible mechanisms associated with this release. Materials and Methods MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts were plated on type I collagen, allowed to proliferate to 90% confluency, and subjected to 12 dynes/cm2 laminar fluid flow using a parallel plate flow chamber. ATP release into the flow media was measured using a luciferin/luciferase assay. Inhibitors of channels, gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC), and vesicular formation were added before shear and maintained in the flow medium for the duration of the experiment. Results and Conclusions Fluid shear produced a transient increase in ATP release compared with static MC3T3-E1 cells (59.8 ± 15.7 versus 6.2 ± 1.8 nM, respectively), peaking within 1 minute of onset. Inhibition of calcium entry through the L-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel (L-VSCC) with nifedipine or verapamil significantly attenuated shear-induced ATP release. Channel inhibition had no effect on basal ATP release in static cells. Ca2+-dependent ATP release in response to shear seemed to result from vesicular release and not through gap hemichannels. Vesicle disruption with N-ethylmaleimide, brefeldin A, or monensin prevented increases in flow-induced ATP release, whereas inhibition of gap hemichannels with either 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid or 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid did not. Degradation of extracellular ATP with apyrase prevented shear-induced increases in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release. These data suggest a time line of mechanotransduction wherein fluid shear activates L-VSCCs to promote Ca2+ entry that, in turn, stimulates vesicular ATP release. Furthermore, these data suggest that P2 receptor activation by secreted ATP mediates flow-induced prostaglandin release.
A singular integral equation approach to electromagnetic fields for circular boundaries with slots

It is shown that for the case of a single cylinder which has any number of axial slots of arbitrary width and infinite length, or for the case of coaxial cylinders where one of the cylindrical boundaries has such slots, the Dirichlet and Neumann problems for the Helmholtz equation (which correspond respectively to E and H waves) can be reduced to that of solving a singular integral equation. It is also shown that the resulting singular integral equation is formally the same for both the Dirichlet and Neumann problems for various kinds of circular boundaries. The exact solution of the integral equation is given and applied to the Dirichlet and Neumann problems. The following three simple cases: (1) a single narrow slot in a cylinder; (2) a single narrow slot in a coaxial cylinder; and (3) narrow circular strips are considered to illustrate the applicability of the method.
Intracystic papillary carcinoma: a review of 917 cases

Background—Intracystic papillary carcinoma (IPC) is an uncommon breast neoplasm. There are limited data about its epidemiology and only small studies focusing on outcomes. Using a large, population-based database, this study aims to identify specific characteristics of patients with IPC, investigate its natural history, and determine its long-term prognosis. Materials and Methods—The California Cancer Registry (CCR), a population-based registry, was reviewed from the years 1988 to 2005. The data were analyzed with relation to patient gender, age at presentation, tumor stage, and overall survival. Cumulative relative actuarial survival was determined using a Berkson-Gage life table method. The CCR classifies IPC as either in-situ (CIS) or invasive, as determined by the local pathologist. Results—A total of 917 cases of IPC were identified. Forty-seven percent of cases (n=427) were CIS while 53% of cases had invasion (n=490). Most of the invasive cases were localized at the time of diagnosis (89.6%, n=439). At 10 years, patients with CIS and invasive disease had a similar relative cumulative survival (96.8% and 94.4%, P=0.18). Discussion—Intracystic papillary carcinoma is a rare disease. There is no significant difference in the long-term survival of patients in the two histologically-derived subgroups of IPC. There is an excellent prognosis for patients diagnosed with IPC regardless of whether the tumor is diagnosed as in-situ or invasive. Clinicians should keep this in mind when planning surgical and adjuvant treatments. Sentinal lymph node biopsy may be a prudent way to evaluate axillary involvement in patients with IPC