cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Against risk-benefit review of prisoner research.

The 2006 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, ‘Ethical Considerations for Research Involving Prisoners’, recommended five main changes to current US Common Rule regulations on prisoner research. Their third recommendation was to shift from a category-based to a risk-benefit approach to research review, similar to current guidelines on pediatric research. However, prisoners are not children, so risk-benefit constraints on prisoner research must be justified in a different way from those on pediatric research. In this paper I argue that additional risk-benefit constraints on prisoner research are unnecessary: the current Common Rule regulations, omitting category-based restrictions but conjoined with the IOM report's other four main recommendations, ensure that prisoner research is as ethical as non-prisoner research is. I explain why four problems which which may be more prevalent in prisons and which risk-benefit constraints may seem to address – coercion, undue inducements, exploitation, and protection from harm – are in fact not solved by adding further risk-benefit constraints on prisoner research.
Context-sensitive clinical data integration

Current methods for data integration are as difficult to use as they are powerful. Motivated by our work with clinical data and the people who analyze it, we present two components that allow non-technical users that are domain experts to create and reuse complex data integration processes. The GUAVA (GUI As View Apparatus) component enables data analysts to make informed data integration decisions based on detailed accounts of the user interface that was used to generate the data. The MultiClass component allows analysts to revisit decisions made for prior studies and reuse them or not each time the data is used. We describe these two components with examples where a warehouse of clinical data is used to support research studies. We describe the state of our implementation and why we believe the two components can be automatically translated into ETL workflows.
Basic Properties of Strong Mixing Conditions

This is a survey of the basic properties of strong mixing conditions for sequences of random variables. The focus will be on the “structural” properties of these conditions, and not at all on limit theory. For a discussion of central limit theorems and related results under these conditions, the reader is referred to Peligrad [60] or Iosifescu [50]. This survey will be divided into eight sections, as follows: 1. Measures of dependence 2. Five strong mixing conditions 3. Mixing conditions for two or more sequences 4. Mixing conditions for Markov chains 5. Mixing conditions for Gaussian sequences 6. Some other special examples 7. The behavior of the dependence coefficients 8. Approximation of mixing sequences by other random sequences.
Mitogenic response to Micropolyspora faeni cell walls

Three cell wall fractions, prepared from Micropolyspora faeni, were shown to be mitogenic for the splenic lymphocytes of unsensitized guinea pigs. This response peaked after 48 hr in culture and was dose dependent. Using enriched lymphocyte subpopulations obtained by column-separation techniques, it was shown that the most active cell wall fractions were primarily B cell mitogens. Physical, chemical, and enzymatic digestion studies indicated that the heat-stable mitogenic reactivity was associated with polypeptide and polysaccharide. The reactive material is, at least in part, peptidoglycan, as shown by the decrease in its mitogenic potential after lysozyme digestion. A possible host-related role for this mitogenic reactivity was discussed.
The Boolean Hierarchy: Hardware over NP

In this paper, we study the complexity of sets formed by boolean operations (∪, ∩, and complementation) on NP sets. These are the sets accepted by trees of hardware with NP predictates as leaves, and together form the boolean hierarchy. We present many results about the boolean hierarchy: separation and immunity results, complete languages, upward separations, connections to sparse oracles for NP, and structural asymmetries between complementary classes. Some results present new ideas and techniques. Others put previous results about NP and DP in a richer perspective. Throughout, we emphasize the structure of the boolean hierarchy and its relations with more common classes.
“Tell me I'm sexy . . . and otherwise valuable”: Body valuation and relationship satisfaction

Although extant research demonstrates that body valuation by strangers has negative implications for women, Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate that body valuation by a committed male partner is positively associated with women’s relationship satisfaction when that partner also values them for their non-physical qualities, but negatively associated with women’s relationship satisfaction when that partner is not committed or does not value them for their non-physical qualities. Study 3 demonstrates that body valuation by a committed female partner is negatively associated with men’s relationship satisfaction when that partner does not also value them for their non-physical qualities but unassociated with men’s satisfaction otherwise. These findings join others demonstrating that fully understanding the implications of interpersonal processes requires considering the interpersonal context. (120 words)
Model adaptive optimal image restoration

This work addresses the problem of restoring blurred and noise corrupted images when typical deterministic methods (least squares, max entropy, etc.) are not known to be optimal. The proposed approach is to adapt, based on observed image data only, the optimization criterion used in the restoration to one most suited to the statistical properties of the observed image. This is done without prior knowledge or restriction assumptions about the data. Maximum likelihood (ML) image restoration is considered where the noise distribution is not known a- priori, but is modeled by a general family of parametric distributions whose widely varying shapes are controlled by a small set of parameters. It is shown that the generalized p-Gaussian (gpG) distribution family can match a surprisingly wide range of typical noise distributions (uniform, Gaussian, exponential, Cauchy, etc.) by varying a single shape parameter p. Restoration is accomplished by adapting the noise model through adjusting p as part of the estimation problem. Once p is found, the ML estimate is simply the associated lp norm minimization solution. The optimization criterion is thus adapted to suit the observation. Examples of improved reconstruction using this method, as compared with least squares and maximum entropy, are presented. The extension of model adaptive restoration to maximum a- posteriori (MAP) estimation is discussed. The potential applicability of another more general parametric distribution, the generalized beta of the second kind (GB2), is discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Persons and Bodies: Constitution Without Mereology?

Lynne Rudder Baker and many others think that paradigmatic instances of one object constituting another-a piece of marble constituting a statue, or an aggregate of particles constituting a living body-involve two distinct (i.e., not numerically identical) objects in the same place at the same time. Some who say this believe in the doctrine of temporal parts; but others, like Baker, reject this doctrine. Such philosophers, whom one might call "coincidentalists", cannot say that these objects manage to share space in virtue of sharing a temporal part confined to just that place and time. But what can or should coincidentalists say about the nature of constitution? Many have analyzed the relation as one of sharing, "at some level", all and only the same parts. Most have agreed that such massive part-sharing is at least a central component of and necessary condition for constitution. The heart of Baker's Persons and Bodies,1 and its most significant contribution to the development of coincidentalism, is a theory of constitution that makes no appeal to mereology. The leading idea in Baker's account is, instead, a modal one: objects belonging to constituted kinds are the necessary result of putting objects belonging to appropriate constituting kinds in the right circumstances, circumstances which the constituting objects need not have been in. So putting a piece of man-shaped marble in the right circumstances (e.g., "uncovering" it by chipping away at the larger chunk of marble in which it is embedded, and then putting it on display in a temple) necessarily results in the existence of a second object, a statue, constituted by the marble; but the piece of marble need not have fallen into these circumstances or any others in which it would constitute a statue (e.g., it could have remained forever in the ground, seamlessly blending in with the surrounding marble). Baker's theory is a painstaking explication of this, the "modal side" of constitution. It seems to me to contain valuable insights, and to be worthy of careful study. Here, I examine its details, find some puzzles and problems,
Behavior Prediction in MOOCs using Higher Granularity Temporal Information

In this paper, we present early research evaluating the predictive power of a variety of temporal features across student subpopulations with distinctive behaviors at the beginning of the course. Initial results illustrate that these features predict important differences across the subpopulations and over time in the courses. Ultimately, these results have implications for effectively targeting adaptive scaffolding tailored to the particular intentions and goals of subpopulations in MOOCs.
Ciprofloxacin and imipenem alone or in combination in experimental aortic valve endocarditis due to a ciprofloxacin borderline susceptible strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The in vivo efficacies of ciprofloxacin, imipenem and their combination were studied in the rabbit left-sided endocarditis model by using a seroresistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with borderline susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin (MIC/MBC 12 and 28 μg/ml to ciprofloxacin and imipenem, respectively). Both antimicrobials expressed synergy in vitro at the MBC level. Ciprofloxacin was given intramuscularly, 20 mg/kg of body weight q 8 h and imipenem at the same regimen intravenously for 9 days. When compared to the controls no significant differences were observed among the applied regimens regarding (1) blood culture sterilization, (2) percent of sterile vegetation, and (3) mean bacterial titers in vegetations. No strain isolated from vegetations at the end of therapy had developed resistance to either ciprofloxacin or imipenem. It is concluded that further studies are required after appropriate increase of ciprofloxacin dosage and more frequent administration and/or even higher doses of imipenem.
Age-related differences in cross-sectional geometry of the forearm bones in healthy women

Men exhibit age-related adaptive changes in long bone geometry, namely, endosteal resorption and periosteal apposition of bone, that help to preserve bone strength. It is not clear whether women undergo similar adaptive responses. To address this question, we assessed the bone mineral density and cross-sectional geometry of the radius and ulna at the one-third distal site by single photon absorptiometry and computed tomography (CT) in healthy young (n=21, age 20–30 years) and older (n=22, age 63–84 years) women. We used the CT data to compute the total subperiosteal, medullary, and cortical areas, as well as the maximum, minimum, and polar moments of inertia. We normalized the geometric parameters for bone length and performed comparisons using both the original and size-corrected data. Radial and ulnar bone mineral content and density were 20–30% lower in the older women (P<0.0001). Ulnar width, total area, medullary area, and maximum and polar moment of inertia were greater in the older than in the younger women. Although we observed similar trends when we examined the radius data that were corrected for bone size, age-related differences in radial geometry were less pronounced and were not significant. We conclude that women undergo endosteal resorption and periosteal apposition of the ulna with age, thereby exhibiting an adaptive pattern that helps to preserve bone strength. The different behavior of these two bones suggests that local, rather than systemic, factors underlie this adaptation.
Deconstructing DNA. Understanding genetic implications on nursing care.

Nursing's role in genetics has been well understood for many years. And most nurses who work in maternal/child health engage in genetic‐related activities on a daily basis. As such, it's important for all nurses who care for women and their newborns to be able to adequately assess and meet the genetic health care needs of women and children throughout their life spans—and acquiring and keeping abreast of emerging knowledge has never been easier, thanks to technology and the number of programs now available to help nurses to stay up to date.
Algal and cryptalgal structures and platform environments of the late pre-Phanerozoic Noonday Dolomite, eastern California

A late pre-Phanerozoic platform, almost continuously blanketed by algal mats, is recorded in the distributional pattern, composition, and textures of the Noonday Dolomite, Death Valley region, California. The platform, apparently L-shaped, was at least 160 km long. It lay west and south of the Nopah upland, established much earlier, and north of a fault-bounded east-trending depression containing units of the older Pahrump Group. A lower member of the Noonday consists of very finely crystalline, laminated, and relatively pure dolomite. The laminations, although commonly deposited horizontally, also outline mounds having a synoptic relief of a few metres to nearly 200 m. Algal or cryptalgal fabrics are common. Especially large mounds in the Nopah Range lie on the down-dropped south side of a contemporaneous fault, indicating tectonic control of size and location. The laminated mounds are characterized by large-scale vertical stacking, best explained as produced by differential growth of algal mats. The configuration of the laminations indicate that the mats grew to depths of at least 100 m but probably did not extend more than 150 m below the mound crests. The absence in the lower member of features attributable to moving water and the paucity of clearly detrital material indicate quiet water and very low relief in the bordering land. An upper member consists of (1) discontinuous bodies of thinly and evenly bedded siltstone and silty dolomite that ordinarily occupy the deeper of the intermound lows; (2) a laterally continuous unit of silty dolomite with wavy laminations and small, rippled to subhemispherical, laterally linked stromatolites; and (3) an upper unit of massive to laminated silty dolomite, containing large domal and bosslike stromatolites and associated with bodies of strongly cross-bedded quartz-dolomite sandstone. These features evidence the entry onto the platform of detritus supplied by increasingly stronger uplift of the Nopah Upland and the sweeping of the platform by increasingly stronger currents. We interpret the carbonate of the lower member and much of the carbonate of the upper member as having been precipitated from ambient waters by removal of CO2 during algal photosynthesis.
Temperature dependence of the plastic flow behavior of tantalum

Nanoindention has been used to study the plastic flow behavior of bcc Ta(001) in the temperature range 25–200°C. Most notably, it is found that the shape of the load–displacement curves changes with increasing temperature. Only one large discontinuity marking the onset of plasticity is observed in room-temperature experiments, whereas multiple pop-ins separated by elastic reloading segments were observed at 200°C. Detailed analysis of the load–displacement curves indicates that the lattice resistance decreases with increasing temperature, consistent with the mobilization of screw dislocations by thermal activation. Contributions from the oxide layer and/or thermal drift can be excluded.
Comparison of PhD Programs in Clinical and Counseling Psychology

Abstract This survey of training directors of all APA-accredited PhD programs in clinical and in counseling psychology explored differences in curricula, program characteristics, predoctoral internships, and postdoctoral placements between the two programs. Minor differences emerged between the two types of programs with regard to curricular emphases, but these differences are far outweighed by similarities. Implications are discussed and support provided for the conclusion that a merger of the two specialities may be possible and desirable.
Evidence for autocrine or paracrine roles of α2-Macroglobulin in regulation of estradiol production by granulosa cells and development of dominant follicles

alpha(2)-Macroglobulin (alpha(2)-M) inhibits proteinases and modulates the actions of growth factors and cytokines. Despite the key roles proteinases, growth factors, and cytokines have in folliculogenesis, the role of alpha(2)-M in follicular development is unknown. Our objectives were to: 1) determine whether granulosa cells produce alpha(2)-M and have alpha(2)-M receptors, 2) examine the effect of alpha(2)-M on estradiol production by granulosa cells, 3) establish whether amounts of alpha(2)-M and alpha(2)-M receptors were altered during dominant nonovulatory follicle development, and 4) examine alpha(2)-M's mechanism of action. The results demonstrated that bovine granulosa cells contain 5.2- and 15-kb mRNAs and 720- and 500-kDa proteins that correspond, respectively, to sizes of mRNAs and proteins for alpha(2)-M and the alpha(2)-M receptor. Treatment of granulosa cells with alpha(2)-M resulted in a specific dose-responsive increase in estradiol production. Cell viability, cell number, and the amount of aromatase in granulosa cells were not altered by alpha(2)-M. Treatment of granulosa cells with factors that bind alpha(2)-M or its receptor did not mimic alpha(2)-M action. Although intrafollicular amounts of alpha(2)-M remained unchanged, amounts of alpha(2)-M receptor in granulosa cells were strongly inversely associated with concentrations of estradiol in dominant and subordinate follicles. Based on these results, we concluded that alpha(2)-M may have autocrine or paracrine roles in granulosa cells potentially important for regulation of estradiol production and development of dominant follicles.
Nuclear emission microscopies

Abstract Alternatives to traditional nuclear microprobe analysis (NMA) emerged two years ago with the invention of ion electron emission microscopy (IEEM). With nuclear emission microscopy (NEM) the ion beam is only partially focused so as to fill the field of view of a special emission particle microscope system fitted with a single particle position sensitive detector (PSD). When a single ion strikes the sample, the emitted secondaries (e.g. electrons, photons, ions, etc.) are projected at great magnification onto this PSD where position signals are generated. These X and Y signals are then put into coincidence with other signals made by this same ion in a fashion completely analogous to traditional nuclear microprobe analysis. In this paper, an update will be given on the state of NEMs, which currently includes IEEM and highly charged ion–secondary ion mass spectroscopy (HCI–SIMS). In addition, a new type of full-field nuclear imaging is proposed: ion photon emission microscopy or IPEM.
Transparent ultralong-haul optical networks enabled by broadcast and select OADMs

Fully reconfigurable broadcast and select OADMs are compared to conventional designs for ULH networks. The feasibility of an 80 x10.7 Gb/s broadcast and select OADM chain with an unregenerated reach exceeding 4160 km is demonstrated. Key engineering issues for widespread commercial deployment of all-optical ULH networks include ASE noise accumulation, filter concatenation effects, dispersion, fiber non-linearity, and crosstalk impairments.
Carbon Dioxide Laser Blepharoplasty

An experience utilizing the carbon dioxide laser for blepharoplasty in a series of 40 patients with an average follow-up of 16 months is reported. The advantages of this method include improved control of intraoperative hemorrhage which occurs because the laser cauterizes small vessels as it cuts tissues. Postoperative ecchymosis and edema are minimal and early rehabilitation occurs. Complications and technical disadvantages are discussed, concluding that the carbon dioxide laser offers a safe alternative with some distinct intraoperative and postoperative advantages to conventional blepharoplasty surgery.
Millimeter- and submillimeter-wave length spectrum of the partially deuterated ammonias; A study of inversion, centrifugal distortion, and rotation-inversion interactions

Abstract Eighty-two new rotation-inversion transitions of the light asymmetric rotors NH 2 D and ND 2 H have been measured in the 80–600 GHz region by means of high resolution microwave techniques. Included among these transitions are several submillimeter R -branch transitions which make possible a calculation of both the rotational and distortion parameters which characterize the molecule. An accurate inversion Hamiltonian is developed and used as a preliminary step to a rotation-distortion treatment of the molecule. The spectrum of ND 2 H reveals the existence of a rotation-vibration interaction which significantly alters the energy of a number of ground vibrational state levels. The results of an analysis technique which incorporates the effects of this perturbation as well as the inversion effects are presented. This procedure makes possible the analysis of all observed transitions to within experimental uncertainties as well as the accurate prediction of unobserved transitions. The rotational constants which result from this work are (MHz): For NH 2 D, O + vibrational state,a= 290 286.53 ± 0.21,B= 192 240.15 ± 0.42,C= 140 602.50 ± 0.42; for NH 2 D, O − vibrational state,a= 290 192.14 ± 0.21,B= 192 176.27 ± 0.42,C= 140 625.64 ± 0.42; for ND 2 H, O + vibrational state,a= 223 222.92 ± 0.18,B= 160 433.96 ± 0.17,C= 112 305.40 ± 0.17; for ND 2 H, O − vibrational state,a= 223 147.21 ± 0.14,B= 160 423.37 ± 0.13,C= 112 313.72 ± 0.13.
Immittance response of the SnO2–Bi2O3 based thick-films

Abstract The SnO2–Bi2O3 based thick-film polycrystalline material is fabricated on alumina substrate via screen-printing technique. This material system is evaluated at various temperatures (35 °C≤T≤100 °C) using ac small-signal (immittance) measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz≤f≤106 Hz. The simplistic analytical scenario for the immittance data employed the Cole–Cole empirical equation in conjunction with the estimation of the inspected input parameters. This is an alternate approach compared to the complex nonlinear least squares (CNLS) fitting procedure, and purely based on the appearance of the semicircular relaxation in the complex plane. It is found that the constituting components of the semicircular relaxation in the impedance plane are thermally activated indicating complexity in the grain boundary contributions despite the Debye and non-Debye relaxation responses. The possible degree of uniformity or non-uniformity in the grain boundary activity associated with its capacitance term observed via the Debye or non-Debye semicircular relaxation in the impedance (Z⁎) plane has been postulated.
A new source difference artificial neural network for enhanced positioning accuracy

Integrated inertial navigation system (INS) and global positioning system (GPS) units provide reliable navigation solution compared to standalone INS or GPS. Traditional Kalman filter-based INS/GPS integration schemes have several inadequacies related to sensor error model and immunity to noise. Alternatively, multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural networks with three layers have been implemented to improve the position accuracy of the integrated system. However, MLP neural networks show poor accuracy for low-cost INS because of the large inherent sensor errors. For the first time the paper demonstrates the use of knowledge-based source difference artificial neural network (SDANN) to improve navigation performance of low-cost sensor, with or without external aiding sources. Unlike the conventional MLP or artificial neural networks (ANN), the structure of SDANN consists of two MLP neural networks called the coarse model and the difference model. The coarse model learns the input–output data relationship whereas the difference model adds knowledge to the system and fine-tunes the coarse model output by learning the associated training or estimation error. Our proposed SDANN model illustrated a significant improvement in navigation accuracy of up to 81% over conventional MLP. The results demonstrate that the proposed SDANN method is effective for GPS/INS integration schemes using low-cost inertial sensors, with and without GPS.
The scaled volume as an image analysis variable for detecting changes in protein expression levels by silver stain.

A new variable for measuring the relative intensities of silver stained protein spots on two-dimensional gels is described. The scaled volume (SV) more accurately measures the intensity of protein spots and accounts for differences frequently encountered when trying to compare two gels than other variables such as relative volume ratio, optical density, or relative optical density. The SV scales the signal of interest by the noise (gel background) with secondary signals removed (spots not of interest, e.g., technical artifacts). The SV of spot intensities offers a better dynamic response to protein amount for the model proteins studied here. Depending on the quantity of protein loaded onto gels, we have observed a coefficient of variation range of 0.2 to 1.3. We also observe that the SV silver stain response follows a characteristic exponential profile for different proteins.
Optical Coherence Tomography and Visual Field Patterns in Eyes with Anomalous Optic Discs and Acquired Optic Neuropathy

The authors performed a comparative analysis of optical coherence tomography and perimetry for eyes with optic nerve head atrophy associated with anomalous appearing discs and eyes with disc atrophy from acquired optic neuropathy. Eyes with acquired optic neuropathy showed a more extensive visual field loss, despite a similar average retinal nerve fibre layer thickness. Temporal quadrant thinning occurred in the acquired optic neuropathy group and temporal quadrant preservation in eyes with anomalous discs. This study suggests that the mechanism and distribution of retinal nerve fibre layer thinning may affect the degree of visual field loss in persons with atrophic optic discs.
Evidence of a rudimentary colon in the elasmobranch, Leucoraja erinacea

The transition from aquatic to terrestrial life presented tetrapodamorphs with the challenge of maintaining water homeostasis and preventing desiccation on land. The colon evolved in terrestrial vertebrates to help maintain fluid balance. Although marine elasmobranchs lack a colon, their spiral intestine contains a subregion that histologically appears to be colon-like, possibly representing an evolutionary precursor to terrestrial digestive tracts. The distal-most region of the spiral intestine of elasmobranchs has no villi and a large number of acid mucins: hallmarks of water absorption in the colons of terrestrial animals. To determine if histologically distinct regions of the elasmobranch digestive tract correspond to functional differences, we compared water absorption in different subregions of the skate, Leucoraja erinacea digestive tract. Water absorption in stomach and spiral intestinal sacs was linear with time and not hydrostatic pressure-dependent. The histologically distinct distal portion of the spiral intestine had a threefold higher rate of water absorption than the proximal portion of the spiral intestine. In addition, the water-selective, colon-specific aquaporin 4 is expressed strongly in the distal spiral intestine epithelia, correlating with the region of the spiral intestine exhibiting the greatest rate of water absorption. We demonstrate that the distal spiral intestine is histologically and functionally distinct from the rest of the spiral intestine and represents a rudimentary colon within the vertebrate lineage.
In Vitro toxicity of 2- and 4-chloroaniline: comparisons with 4-amino-3-chlorophenol, 2-amino-5-chlorophenol and aminophenols.

Abstract Chloroanilines have been associated with renal and hepatic toxicity. This study (a) examined the in vitro hepatic and renal toxicity of 2-chloroaniline and 4-chloroaniline, (b) further examined whether aromatic ring hydroxylation would increase toxicity of the parent compound and (c) compared toxicity between respective aminochlorophenol and aminophenol. Renal and hepatic slices were exposed to varying concentrations of 2-chloroaniline, 4-chloroaniline. 4-amino-3-chlorophenol, 2-amino-5-chlorophenol, 2-aminophenol or 4-aminophenol. Toxicity was monitored by measurement of pyruvate-directed gluconeogenesis and leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Hepatic tissue was less susceptible to toxicity than kidney tissue for all compounds since LDH leakage was elevated only in renal tissue. Gluconeogenesis was reduced in renal cortical slices exposed to 0.1 μ m aminochlorophenols or 4-aminophenol, whereas a concentration of 0.5 μ m was necessary for the chloroanilines and 2-aminophenol. LDH release was increased in renal slices by aminochlorophenols and aminophenols but not by the chloroanilines. The nephrotoxic potential in renal cortical slices was 4-aminophenol> 2-amino-5-chlorophenol> 4-amino-3-chlorophenol> 2-aminophenol> 2-chloroaniline= 4-chloroaniline. These results suggest that aromatic ring hydroxylation increased in vitro toxicity of the chloroanilines. Comparison of aminophenols with aminochlorophenols indicated that addition of a halogen can have variable effects on toxicity.
Reactions of Hydroxyl Radical with Dimethyl Methylphosphonate and Diethyl Methylphosphonate. A Fundamental Mechanistic Study

Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and diethyl methylphosphonate (DEMP) were used as models for hazardous organophosphorus compounds to study their radiolytic reactions. Hydrated electrons and super...
Systematic review: Short-term adverse effects of 5-aminosalicylic acid agents in the treatment of ulcerative colitis

Summary Aim : To determine whether there is a difference in short-term adverse events in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with mesalazine, olsalazine or balsalazide. Methods : MEDLINE was searched for articles published until 2002. Randomized trials of oral mesalazine, olsalazine or balsalazide for the treatment of active disease or the maintenance of remission were included. Outcomes of interest were the frequencies of patients experiencing adverse events and those withdrawn due to adverse events. Results : Forty-six trials were included. One study of mesalazine vs. sulfasalazine for active colitis showed significantly fewer patients with adverse events with mesalazine. Both balsalazide vs. sulfasalazine studies for active disease showed significantly fewer withdrawals with balsalazide. One trial of balsalazide vs. sulfasalazine for maintenance showed significantly fewer patients with adverse events with balsalazide. Otherwise, no significant differences in safety outcomes were noted. Conclusion : All three 5-aminosalicylic acid agents are safe in the short term. In mesalazine-treated patients, the frequencies of adverse events or withdrawals due to adverse events were comparable with those in placebo-treated patients and lower than those in sulfasalazine-treated patients. Overall, adverse events or withdrawals were not significantly more frequent with olsalazine than with placebo or sulfasalazine. Adverse events and study withdrawals on balsalazide were less frequent than those on sulfasalazine.
Purified multiplication‐stimulating activity from rat liver cell conditioned medium: Comparison of biological activities with calf serum, insulin, and somatomedin

Multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA) for chicken embryo fibroblasts was purified from serum-free medium conditioned by the growth of a line of rat liver cells (CRL), The biological activities of purified CRL MSA for chicken embryo fibroblasts were compared with those of calf serum to determine which activities are important for the stimulation of DNA synthesis and mitosis. In a balanced salt solution, only glucose and amino acids were needed in addition to purified CRL MSA to stimulate DNA synthesis maximally. Purified CRL MSA stimulated the rates of uptake of glucose and α-aminoisobutyric acid. Only the stimulation of the rate of glucose uptake appeared to be a primary response to purified CRL MSA since the stimulation was not inhibited by actinomycin D or cycloheximide. The stimulation of the rate of uptake of α-aminoisobutyric acid was inhibited by actinomycin D. CRL MSA differed from calf serum in its inability to commit cells irreversibly to synthesize DNA after the removal of CRL MSA and in its lack of the ability to stimulate the migration or prolong the survival of chicken embryo fibroblasts. Comparative studies indicated that purified CRL MSA had functional similarities to insulin and somatomedin. CRL MSA may be representative of a family of small polypeptide hormones having insulin-like activity which are involved in the control of cell multiplication.
Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part one—-photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization

The use of non-toxic dyes or photosensitizers (PS) in combination with harmless visible light that is known as photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been known for over a hundred years, but is only now becoming widely used. Originally developed as a tumor therapy, some of its most successful applications are for non-malignant disease. In a series of three reviews we will discuss the mechanisms that operate in the field of PDT. Part one discusses the recent explosion in discovery and chemical synthesis of new PS. Some guidelines on how to choose an ideal PS for a particular application are presented. The photochemistry and photophysics of PS and the two pathways known as Type I (radicals and reactive oxygen species) and Type II (singlet oxygen) photochemical processes are discussed. To carry out PDT effectively in vivo, it is necessary to ensure sufficient light reaches all the diseased tissue. This involves understanding how light travels within various tissues and the relative effects of absorption and scattering. The fact that most of the PS are also fluorescent allows various optical imaging and monitoring strategies to be combined with PDT. The most important factor governing the outcome of PDT is how the PS interacts with cells in the target tissue or tumor, and the key aspect of this interaction is the subcellular localization of the PS. Examples of PS that localize in mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and plasma membranes are given. Finally the use of 5-aminolevulinic acid as a natural precursor of the heme biosynthetic pathway, stimulates accumulation of the PS protoporphyrin IX is described.
Bounds for the crossing number of the N -cube

Let Qn denote the n-dimensional hypercube. In this paper we derive upper and lower bounds for the crossing number v(Qn), i.e., the minimum number of edge-crossings in any planar drawing of Qn. The upper bound is close to a result conjectured by Eggleton and Guy and the lower bound is a significant improvement over what was previously known. Let N = 2n be the number of vertices of Qn. We show that v(Qn) 0 is a constant and lg is the logarithm base 2. The best lower bound using standard arguments is v(Qn) = Ω(N(lg N)2). The lower bound is obtained by constructing a large family of homeomorphs of a subcube with the property that no given pair of edges can appear in more than a constant number of the homeomorphs.
Collagen XVIII and Corneal Reinnervation Following Keratectomy

The significance of collagen XVIII in the regulation of corneal reinnervation remains largely unknown. We used whole-mount immunoconfocal microscopy to localize collagen XVIII to the nerve basement membrane of wild-type (WT) mouse corneas. Transmission electron microscopy showed corneal nerve disorganization in collagen XVIII knockout mice (col18a1−/−). Antibody 2H3-specific neurofilament colocalized with collagens XVIII and IV and laminin-2 in WT mouse corneas, but did not colocalize with collagen IV and laminin-2 in col18a1−/− mouse corneas. Following keratectomy, col18a1−/− mice displayed decreased corneal neurite extension compared to WT mice. Our data indicate that collagen XVIII may play an important role in corneal reinnervation after wounding.
Who gave whom hemoglobin S: The use of restriction site haplotype variation for the interpretation of the evolution of the βS-globin gene

The hypothesis that three separate mutations to the βS-globin gene have occurred in Africa in challenged. The distributions of the βS and other β-globin haplotypes and a simulation of the diffusion of the βS gene are presented and argued to be more in accord with the rapid diffusion of a single mutant that by recombination and gene conversion now occurs on several different haplotypes.
The plant translational apparatus

Protein synthesis in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is a complex process requiring a large number of macromolecules: initiation factors, elongation factors, termination factors, ribosomes, mRNA, amino-acylsynthetases and tRNAs. This review focuses on our current knowledge of protein synthesis in higher plants.
Pulmonary Parenchymal Abscess: VATS Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment:

Lung abscesses are usually treated with antibiotic regimens and postural drainage. Treatment failure necessitates transbronchial drainage with radiographically guided or open procedures. A patient ...
Hemostasis and irreducible complexity.

Summary. Coagulation evolved as a means to stem the loss of blood and to defend against pathogens. The complexity of the clotting cascade has been cited as evidence for the existence of divine intervention. The objective of this review is to draw on the debate between creationists and evolutionary biologists to highlight important evolutionary principles that underlie the hemostatic mechanism. I propose the following: (a) as with all biological systems, the hemostatic mechanism displays non-linear complexity; (b) the cellular response represents primary hemostasis owing to its place in the evolutionary time scale and functional importance; and (c) the rapid evolution of the hemostatic mechanism in vertebrates is testimony to the power and versatility of gene duplications and exon shuffling.
Antagonism of dermorphin-induced catalepsy with naloxone, TRH-analog CG3703 and the benzodiazepine antagonist, Ro 15-1788.

Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of the highly selective opiate mu-receptor agonist, dermorphin, produced dose-dependent catalepsy in conscious rats. The cataleptic effect of dermorphin was abolished by pretreatment (intraperitoneal, i.p.) with the opiate-antagonist naloxone (5 mg/kg), thyrotropin-releasing hormone analog CG3703 (1 mg/kg) or the benzodiazepine-antagonist Ro 15-1788 (5 mg/kg) whereas pretreatment with the benzodiazepine alprazolam (1 mg/kg) potentiated the cataleptic effect of dermorphin. When given to cataleptic rats, naloxone and CG3703, but not Ro 15-1788, reversed the dermorphin-induced catalepsy. The data suggest an involvement of benzodiazepine receptors in the induction of catalepsy mediated by opioid mu-receptors. Other opioid-modulating neuronal systems, antagonized by CG3703, may be involved in maintaining the dermorphin-induced cataleptic state.
PTPH1 cooperates with vitamin D receptor to stimulate breast cancer growth through their mutual stabilization

Tyrosine phosphorylation is tightly regulated by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), and has a critical role in malignant transformation and progression. Although PTKs have a well-established role in regulating breast cancer growth, contribution of PTPs remains mostly unknown. Here, we report that the tyrosine phosphatase PTPH1 stimulates breast cancer growth through regulating vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression. PTPH1 was shown to be overexpressed in 49% of primary breast cancer and levels of its protein expression positively correlate with the clinic metastasis, suggesting its oncogenic activity. Indeed, PTPH1 promotes breast cancer growth by a mechanism independent of its phosphatase activity, but dependent of its stimulatory effect on the nuclear receptor VDR protein expression and depletion of induced VDR abolishes the PTPH1 oncogenic activity. Additional analyses showed that PTPH1 binds VDR and increases its cytoplasmic accumulation, leading to their mutual stabilization and stable expression of a nuclear localization-deficient VDR abolishes the growth-inhibitory activity of the receptor independent of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. These results reveal a new paradigm in which a PTP may stimulate breast cancer growth through increasing cytoplasmic translocation of a nuclear receptor, leading to their mutual stabilization.
When Personal and Professional Values Conflict: Trainee Perspectives on Tensions Between Religious Beliefs and Affirming Treatment of LGBT Clients

At times the personal beliefs or values of graduate students in training programs for professional psychology can create complications in their providing therapy for certain patient populations. This issue has been brought to national attention recently through several prominent legal cases in which students have contested their expulsion from graduate programs due to their assertions that they were unable to treat clients in same-sex relationships because of their own religious beliefs. The goals of the current article are to (a) review the literature on values conflicts, (b) provide an analysis of how portions of our professional Ethics Code directly relate to this issue, (c) describe a developmentally sensitive theoretical framework that is designed to foster the growth of ethical reasoning over time, and (d) provide a forum for trainee perspectives on this issue based on trainees’ responses to an ethical vignette describing an intern struggling with a values conflict. The trainee quotations are used t...
Scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation and optical coherence tomography in normal and glaucomatous eyes

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the relationship between visual function and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurements obtained with scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (SLP-VCC) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Design Cross-sectional analysis of normal and glaucomatous eyes in a tertiary care academic referral practice. Methods A commercial GDx nerve fiber analyzer was modified to enable the measurement of corneal polarization axis and magnitude so that compensation for corneal birefringence was eye specific. Complete examination, SLP with fixed corneal compensation (FCC) and variable corneal compensation (VCC), optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the peripapillary RNFL, and automated achromatic perimetry were performed in all subjects. Exclusion criteria were visual acuity less than 20/40, diseases other than glaucoma, and unreliable perimetry. Results Fifty-nine patients (59 eyes; 29 normal, 30 glaucomatous) were enrolled (mean age, 56.7 ± 20.3 years, range, 20–91). All eyes with glaucoma had associated visual field loss (average mean defect, −8.4 ± 5.8 dB). Using SLP-FCC, nine of 12 retardation parameters (75%) were significantly less in glaucomatous eyes. Using SLP-VCC, 11of 12 retardation parameters (92%) were significantly less in glaucomatous eyes. Multiple regression models constructed for each retardation parameter with visual field demonstrated that the following VCC parameters were statistically significant whereas FCC parameters were not: ellipse average (FCC, P = .28, VCC, P = .001), superior average (FCC, P = .38, VCC, P P = .10, VCC, P = .008), average thickness (FCC, P = .30, VCC, P = .031), and superior integral (FCC, P = .43, VCC, P = .001). Similar results were obtained for multiple regression models constructed with OCT-derived RNFL thickness: ellipse average (FCC, P = .99, VCC, P = .002), superior average (FCC, P = .90, VCC, P P = .61, VCC, P = .007), and superior integral (FCC, P = .92, VCC, P Conclusions Compared with fixed compensation, mean-based SLP parameters generated with SLP-VCC have greater correlation with visual function and RNFL thickness assessments obtained with OCT.
An Artificial Immune System Based on Holland's Classifier as Network Intrusion Detection

In this paper, an Artificial Immune System based on Holland&#x00E2;s Classifier is proposed as a new method for network intrusion detection. This paper is not aimed to provide a comparative study but to give more understanding on the feasibility of combining Artificial Immune System and Holland&#x00E2;s Classifier to detect network intrusion. This new Artificial Immune System, named AIS-CS, can attain higher than 90% intrusion detection with a false negative percentage below 10% and a fairly low false positive rate on a network composed of 50 regular nodes and 50 intruders. The experiments appear to suggest that the best performance can be found by setting the tolerization and the simulation parameters differently. Since there are numerous parameters involved, more experiments need to be performed to further measure this Holland classifier based Artificial Immune System.
Recommendations for Practice: Justifying Claims of Generalizability.

Recommendations for practice are routinely included in articles that report educational research. Robinson et al. suggest that reports of primary research should not routinely do so. They argue that single primary research studies seldom have sufficient external validity to support claims about practice policy. In this article, I draw on recent statistical research that has formalized subjective notions about generalizability from experiments. I show that even rather large experiments often do not support generalizations to policy-relevant inference populations. This suggests that single primary studies are unlikely to be sufficiently generalizable to support recommendations for practice.
Spontaneous firing of NG108-15 cells induced by transient exposure to ammonium chloride.

1. We report that NG108-15 (neuroblastoma × glioma) cells differentiated in defined serum-free media are capable of exhibiting stable automaticity (the spontaneous occurrence of regenerative action potentials) following exposure to extracellular perfusates containing NH4Cl.
Thermodynamic representation of ternary liquid–liquid equilibria near-to and far-from the plait point

Abstract Common classical expressions for the molar excess Gibbs energy of mixing gE do not contain a contribution from composition fluctuations that are significant in the vicinity of the plait point for a ternary system. We propose a correction to gE based on reasonable phenomenological assumptions. This correction requires three ternary constants, but two are obtained from stability relations provided that we know the composition of the plait point. While the method proposed here is not predictive, it provides a consistent thermodynamic procedure for calculating the liquid–liquid phase diagram of a ternary system with a plait point. The proposed method is illustrated for three ternaries. When calculations are based on the classical expressions for gE alone, calculated results are in serious disagreement with experiment near critical conditions. Inclusion of the proposed correction for gE provides dramatic improvement.