cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A People that Dwells Alone

No Hebrew reader, at least no reader with some Hebraic literacy, would be able to ignore the strong national resonance of the biblical phrases that Amalia Kahana-Carmon—one of Israel's foremost writers, the recipient of the 2000 Israel Prize—inserted into the masterful opening of the title novella of her 1984 triptych, Up on Montifer. Indeed, the evocative power of these intertexts is inescapable. “עAm levadad yishkon,” a verbatim quote from Balaam's prophecy (Numbers 23:9), is one of the sources for the construction of the Israelite and Jewish national identity, connoting uniqueness, exclusivity, and chosenness. The slightly veiled phrases “עover(et) lifnei hamaḥaneh” and “hanshei ḥalutz kovshim” add allusions to the foundational myth of the conquest of Canaan. In fact, they invoke the story of the tribes Gad and Reuben (Numbers 32), whose role as vanguard, crossing the Jordan before the rest of the Israelites (actually, “before the Lord,” as the biblical text insists), no doubt stands behind the modern Zionist use of the biblical term ḥalutz (vanguard) as “pioneer.”
Thermodynamics of reactions of ClHg and BrHg radicals with atmospherically abundant free radicals

Abstract. Quantum calculations are used to determine the stability of reactive gaseous mercury (Hg(II)) compounds likely to be formed in the Br-initiated oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg(0)). Due to the absence of any evidence, current models neglect the possible reaction of BrHg with abundant radicals such as NO, NO2, HO2, ClO, or BrO. The present work demonstrates that BrHg forms stable compounds, BrHgY, with all of these radicals except NO. Additional calculations on the analogous ClHgY compounds reveal that the strength of the XHg-Y bond (for X = Cl, Br) varies little with the identity of the halogen. Calculations further suggest that HO2 and NO3 do not form strong bonds with Hg(0), and cannot initiate Hg(0) oxidation in the gas phase. The theoretical approach is validated by comparison to published data on HgX2 compounds, both from experiment and highly refined quantum chemical calculations. Quantum calculations on the stability of the anions of XHgY are carried out in order to aid future laboratory studies aimed at molecular-level characterization of gaseous Hg(II) compounds. Spectroscopic data on BrHg is analyzed to determine the equilibrium constant for its formation, and BrHg is determined to be much less stable than previously estimated. An expression is presented for the rate constant for BrHg dissociation.
Self-Rated Pubertal Development, Depressive Symptoms and Delinquency: Measurement Issues and Moderation by Gender and Maltreatment

This cross-sectional study examined relationships between pubertal development, depressive symptoms and delinquency in a sample of 241 males and 213 females aged 9–13 years. Four objectives were set forth for this study: (1) to examine relationships between pubertal stage or timing and depressive symptoms and delinquency; (2) to compare continuous and categorical measures of pubertal timing; (3) to examine gender as a moderator of these relationships, and (4) to examine maltreatment as a moderator of these relationships. Results indicated that mature pubertal stage and early (continuous) pubertal timing were both related to higher delinquency whereas only early pubertal timing was related to depressive symptoms. Categorical timing was not related to depressive symptoms or delinquency. Neither gender nor maltreatment were found to be moderators. These findings provide evidence against equating pubertal stage, continuous timing, and categorical timing, and highlight the need to identify possible moderators in research on pubertal development.
Hepatic artery infusional chemotherapy in patients with unresectable colorectal liver metastases and extrahepatic disease.

Background and Objectives Hepatic arterial infusional (HAI) chemotherapy combined with systemic chemotherapy is effective palliative therapy for unresectable colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM). Some patients considered for HAI have evidence of minimal extrahepatic disease (EHD), and the role of HAI in these situations is unknown. Methods All patients with unresectable CRLM treated with HAI and systemic chemotherapy from 2000 to 2009 were included. Survival of patients who were ultimately proven to have low-volume EHD was compared to those without EHD. Results Three hundred seventy-three patients were included in this study. Seventy-nine percent of patients were previously treated with chemotherapy. One hundred forty-five patients (39%) ultimately proved to have EHD. Median overall survival from HAI pump placement in patients without EHD was 32 months compared to 16 months for patients with EHD, P < 0.001. Median overall survival from HAI pump placement in patients with a single site of EHD was 18 months compared to 9 months for those with multiple sites of EHD, P = 0.01. Conclusions In this study of heavily pre-treated patients, overall survival was favorable in patients who proved to have EHD at one site. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106: 953–958. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanisms of resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)

Despite advances in prostate cancer diagnosis and management, morbidity from prostate cancer remains high. Approximately 20% of men present with advanced or metastatic disease, while 29,000 men continue to die of prostate cancer each year. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been the standard of care for initial management of advanced or metastatic prostate cancer since Huggins and Hodges first introduced the concept of androgen-dependence in 1972, but progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) occurs within 2-3 years of initiation of ADT. CRPC, previously defined as hormone-refractory prostate cancer, is now understood to still be androgen dependent. Multiple mechanisms of resistance help contribute to the progression to castration resistant disease, and the androgen receptor (AR) remains an important driver in this progression. These mechanisms include AR amplification and hypersensitivity, AR mutations leading to promiscuity, mutations in coactivators/corepressors, androgen-independent AR activation, and intratumoral and alternative androgen production. More recently, identification of AR variants (ARVs) has been established as another mechanism of progression to CRPC. Docetaxel chemotherapy has historically been the first-line treatment for CRPC, but in recent years, newer agents have been introduced that target some of these mechanisms of resistance, thereby providing additional survival benefit. These include AR signaling inhibitors such as enzalutamide (Xtandi, ENZA, MDV-3100) and CYP17A1 inhibitors such as abiraterone acetate (Zytiga). Ultimately, these agents will also fail to suppress CRPC. While some of the mechanisms by which these agents fail are unique, many share similarities to the mechanisms contributing to CRPC progression. Understanding these mechanisms of resistance to ADT and currently approved CRPC treatments will help guide future research into targeted therapies.
Pretargeted approach for tumor PET imaging using supramolecular nanoparticles with in vivo bioorthogonal chemistry

277 Objectives The aim of this study is to employ a pretargeted approach that leverages the power of a supramolecular nanoparticle (SNP) vector and in vivo bioorthogonal chemistry for improved tumor PET imaging. Methods A reactive bioorthogonal motif (a trans-cyclooctene group, TCO) was encapsulated into an SNP vector (TCO-SNPs) constructed from adamantane-grafted polyamidoamine dendrimers, adamantane-functionalized polyethylene glycol, and β-cyclodextrin-grafted branched polyethylenimine. A complementary bioorthogonal motif (a tetrazine group, Tz) was radiolabeled with 18F to afford a radiolabeled reporter (18F-Tz). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used for directly examining the morphology and size of SNPs. Static microPET scans were performed at various time points after iv injection of 18F-Tz in U87MG glioblastoma mouse xenografts. Results The TEM measurements indicated that the size of SNPs was about 100 nm. The total synthesis time for 18F-Tz, including final high-performance liquid chromatography purification, was about 150 min. The decay-corrected radiochemical yield was 12±3% (n = 6). PET imaging results showed that the U87MG tumors can be clearly visualized as early as at 30 min postinjection of 18F-Tz, suggesting that the in vivo bioconjugation of TCO-grafted molecular building block and 18F-Tz was very rapid. Good tumor retention of radioactivity was observed from PET imaging. At 2 h pi, the tumor-to-muscle (T/M) ratio can reach 2.94±0.48. Ex vivo studies further confirmed the in vivo imaging findings. Conclusions We have demonstrated a new pretargeted approach to achieve improved tumor PET imaging. The new strategy decouples a tumor-targeting agent (such as nanoparticles) from a radiolabeled imaging agent, leading to a superb capability of optimizing the PKs of both nanoparticles and radiolabeled imaging agents to obtain optimal in vivo imaging performances. Research Support This work was supported by the USC Department of Radiology.
Checklist of Missouri Mosses

Abstract. There are 323 species and varieties of mosses in Missouri. Their distributions within the state are given at the county level based on Missouri collections examined by the author (deposited in ALTA, MO, NY, PH, S, SMS, UBC, UMO, US) as well as a literature survey on mosses reported from Missouri. The great majority of the collections examined in this study are deposited at the Missouri Botanical Garden (MO). The genera in the checklist are arranged alphabetically; within each genus the species and varieties are arranged alphabetically. Generic family placement is indicated (in parentheses) after each genus entry. A separate listing of the Missouri moss families and their genera, arranged alphabetically, is included. Twenty-one mosses were newly documented for Missouri during this study.
Burden of Coronary Heart Disease Rehospitalizations Following Acute Myocardial Infarction in Older Adults

Studies of prognosis following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) conventionally examine the first recurrent coronary heart disease (CHD) event which may not adequately characterize the full burden of CHD hospitalizations. We therefore examined the cumulative number of CHD rehospitalizations following AMI among older adults in the United States. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 78,085 Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥66 years without recent CHD history who were hospitalized for AMI in 2000–2010. Counts of CHD rehospitalizations over a maximum of 10 years of follow-up were calculated. Characteristics were assessed through claims and enrollment information and associations with CHD rehospitalizations were evaluated using Poisson models. Over 25 % of beneficiaries were aged ≥85 years, 55 % were women, and 89 % were white. Comorbidities were common, including diabetes (22.9 %), hypertension (46.7 %), heart failure (10.3 %), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (19.2 %). Following AMI, 16,078 beneficiaries (20.6 %) were hospitalized for CHD a total of 23,132 times. Among those who experienced at least one CHD rehospitalization, 35.9 % had ≥2 CHD rehospitalizations (n = 5773, 7.4 % of all beneficiaries with AMI) in the ensuing decade. Associations of demographics, comorbidities, and index hospitalization characteristics with rates of first and total CHD rehospitalizations were largely similar. Age ≥85 years versus 66–69 years was more strongly associated with first (rate ratio [RR] 1.43) than total (RR 1.35) CHD rehospitalization (p < 0.05), as was male versus female sex (RR 1.13 and 1.07). Emphasizing the first recurrent CHD rehospitalization underestimates the burden of disease experienced among older adults with AMI.
Characterization and Analysis of Porosity and Pore Structures

Porosity plays a clearly important role in geology. It controls fluid storage in aquifers, oil and gas fields and geothermal systems, and the extent and connectivity of the pore structure control fluid flow and transport through geological formations, as well as the relationship between the properties of individual minerals and the bulk properties of the rock. In order to quantify the relationships between porosity, storage, transport and rock properties, however, the pore structure must be measured and quantitatively described. The overall importance of porosity, at least with respect to the use of rocks as building stone was recognized by TS Hunt in his “Chemical and Geological Essays” (1875, reviewed by JD Dana 1875) who noted: > “Other things being equal, it may properly be said that the value of a stone for building purposes is inversely as its porosity or absorbing power.” In a Geological Survey report prepared for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Manger (1963) summarized porosity and bulk density measurements for sedimentary rocks. He tabulated more than 900 items of porosity and bulk density data for sedimentary rocks with up to 2,109 porosity determinations per item. Amongst these he summarized several early studies, including those of Schwarz (1870–1871), Cook (1878), Wheeler (1896), Buckley (1898), Gary (1898), Moore (1904), Fuller (1906), Sorby (1908), Hirschwald (1912), Grubenmann et al. (1915), and Kessler (1919), many of which were concerned with rocks and clays of commercial utility. There have, of course, been many more such determinations since that time. There are a large number of methods for quantifying porosity, and an increasingly complex idea of what it means to do so. Manger (1963) listed the techniques by which the porosity determinations he summarized were made. He separated these into seven methods for …
Tricalcium Phosphate as an Insect Suppressant in Flour and CSM

When large quantities of CSM (a blend of cornmeal, soy flour, dry milk, vitamins, and minerals) containing 2% Ca3 (PO4)2 were shipped from the United States to South America, tricalcium phosphate suppressed the development of large populations of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the principal insect found in the CSM, during 6 and 7 months of storage in heavily infested warehouses. Tricalcium phosphate in similar quantities of flour suppressed the development of large populations of T. castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Lasioderma serricorne (F.), Tenebroides mauritanicus (L.), and an unidentified moth.
Evaluation of Esophageal Cytology Using a Neural Net–Based Interactive Scanning System (the PAPNET System): Its Possible Role in Screening for Esophageal and Gastric Carcinoma

A neural net-based, semiautomated, interactive computerized cell analysis system (The PAPNET system, Neuromedical Systems, Suffern, NY) was used to examine cells from 138 esophageal smears obtained by lavage, brushings, or balloon from as many patients. From each smear, trained human observers examined 128 cell images selected by the machine. Abnormal cells were identified in all 35 patients with cancer, whether esophageal, gastric, oral, or metastatic. Further, in 11 smears, the displayed images allowed the recognition of effects of radiotherapy and, in 14 smears, the diagnosis of a specific tumor type, such as squamous cell carcinoma (8 patients) or adenocarcinoma (6 patients). In 3 additional cases, the diagnosis of "carcinoma, not further specified," was established. One case of esophageal carcinoma in situ, not previously recognized on a smear or in the biopsy specimen, and one case of gastric adenocarcinoma, not recognized in the smear, were identified in PAPNET-generated images. The possible application of the apparatus to the triage of smears and population screening for esophageal and gastric carcinoma precursors is discussed.
The positive gonadotropic effect phytotherapy patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases

There are some examples of positive influence phytotherapy on the reduced reproductive functions of men with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurogenic diseases in this article. The prescriptions of polycomponent species wich infusions provided high theraputic effect in treating patients with MS and some other syndroms are cited. The explanation of biologically determinated interest in animal’s reproduction is given for some plants. Such approach an exploring of unity flora and fauna law is confirmation of high significance the theory condition nonspecificolly heightened resistance of organism, provoked by plants. This theory was worked out by greate russian pharmacologist N. V. Lasarev and his school.
Inheritable Chondromalacia of the Patella

Evidence has been presented suggesting that there is an inheritable form of chondromalacia of the patella.
Self-consistency conditions for elementary Reynolds stress closures

ABSTRACTThis paper summarizes the analytical representation of the correlation tensor in homogeneous anisotropic turbulence and sketches an application to Reynolds stress transport turbulence models. It is shown that the analytical approach can address some of the limitations of conventional modeling.
Epidemiology and etiology of the first serogroup W135 meningococcal disease case in Hunan

Objective To understand the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of the first serogroup W135meningococcal disease case in Hunan province.Methods Blood and cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected from the suspected meningococcal disease case and throat swabs were collected from healthy people to isolate Neisseria meningitidis.Their identifications were conducted by serogrouping,multi locus sequence typing( MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis( PFGE).The strains' drug susceptibilities were tested.Results Serogroup W135 N.meningitidis was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid and blood specimens of the suspected cases.Two strains of N.meningitidis W135were isolated from the throat swabs of healthy people.Three W135 strains were ST-11 genotype,belonging to hyper invasive ST-11/ET-37 complex.All the N.meningitidis W135 strains showed resistance to sulfamethoxazole.Conclusion The first W135 meningococcal disease case was caused by ST-11 type strain,and the ST-11 type N.meningitis W135 were detected in healthy people,so N.meningitidis W135 might circulate in Hunan province.
Simulation and Research on Multi-luffing Mechanism for Engineering Drilling Rig Based on ADAMS

The main contents and working principium of GDY-2000L type engineering drilling rig with multi-luffing mechanism are introduced,and the luffing course of multi-luffing mechanism is simulated in diverse working position.The key points and maximal loading of the multi-luffing mechanism are found by simulation,the results of simulation are very useful to design some similarity structures.
64-slice spiral CT angiography in diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot

Objective To explore the value of 64-slice spiral CT angiography(64-SCTA)in diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot(TOF).Methods Fifty-four patients diagnosed as TOF by 64-slice CT were analyzed comparatively with outcomes of cardiac ultrasound and surgery.MPR,CPR,MIP and VR were used to reconstruct image.Results Four major malformations of TOF could be accurately diagnosed by both 64-SCTA and cardiac ultrasound.In 44patients with TOF proved by surgery,64-SCTA for diagnosing four major malformations of TOF was 98.86%(174/176),and then the UCG was 97.16%(171/176),no statistical difference was found between 64-SCTA and UCG(P0.05).The diagnostic accuracy of 64-SCTA in diagnosing extracardiac vascular abnormalities was 91.12%(62/68),higher than that of UCG(χ2=21.76,P0.01).Conclusion The 64-SCTA with 3Dreconstruction can clearly display anatomical and extracardiac vascular abnormalities,especially for pulmonary artery stenosis and anomalies,therefore being valuable for planning operative procedure in patients with TOF.
Suspected pulmonary embolism: part I. Evidence-based clinical assessment.

A number of investigators have developed and validated clinical decision rules for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.
Route learning performance in Alzheimer disease patients.

Objective: To examine performance on an objective measure of route learning in Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. Background: Topographic disorientation (TD) is a common problem among AD patients. The underlying cognitive deficits that contribute to TD in AD patients are not well understood. Method: This study examined 19 healthy older individuals (controls) and 16 AD patients who were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery along with a novel Route Learning Test (RLT). Areas assessed included incidental learning, spatial relations, recall of the walking route, and recognition of landmarks. Results: Despite comparable performance on basic visuospatial ability measures, AD patients performed significantly worse than controls on the RLT and evidenced poor incidental learning for environmental details. A measure of egocentric and allocentric orientation ability was the best predictor of RLT performance in AD patients. Among RLT subtests, AD patients performed best on recognition of landmarks compared with recognition and recall of spatial layout or recognition of incidental items in the environment. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that poor performance on the RLT in AD patients is characteristic of poor spatial orientation or spatial reasoning. Therefore, episodes of TD in AD patients may occur secondary to poor spatial orientation.
Glucocorticoids abate p70S6k and eif4e function in L6 skeletal myoblasts

The catabolic properties of glucocorticoid hormones are largely attributable to dual regulation of protein degradation and synthesis. With regard to the latter, glucocorticoids modulate the transla...
TH-AB-209-05: Validating Hemoglobin Saturation and Dissolved Oxygen in Tumors Using Photoacoustic Computed Tomographic Spectroscopic Imaging.

Purpose: Photoacoustic computed tomographic spectroscopy (PCT-S) provides intra-tumor measurements of oxygenation with high spatial resolution (0.2mm) and temporal fidelity (1–2 minutes) without the need for exogenous agents or ionizing radiation, thus providing a unique in vivo assay to measure SaO2 and investigate acute and chronic forms of hypoxia. The goal of this study is to validate in vivo SaO2 levels within tail artery of mice and the relationship between SaO2 and pO2 within subcutaneous breast tumors using PCT-S imaging, pulse oximetry and an OxyLite probe. Methods: A closed circuit phantom was fabricated to control blood oxygenation levels, where SaO2 was measured using a co-oximeter and pO2 using an Oxylite probe. Next, SaO2 levels within the tail arteries of mice (n=3) were measured using PCT-S and pulse oximetry while breathing high-to-low oxygen levels (6-cycles). Finally, PCT-S was used to measure SaO2 levels in MCF-7, MCF-7-VEGF165, and MDA-MB-231 xenograft breast tumors and compared to Oxylite pO2 levels values. Results: SaO2 and pO2 data obtained from the calibration phantom was fit to Hill's equation: aO2 levels between 88 and 52% demonstrated a linear relationship (r2=0.96) and a 3.2% uncertainty between PCT-S values relative to pulse oximetry. Scatter plots of localized PCT-S measured SaO2 and Oxylite pO2 levels in MCF-7/MCF-7-VEGF165 and MDA-MD-231 breast tumors were fit to Hill's equation: P50=17.2 and 20.7mmHg, and n=1.76 and 1.63. These results are consistent with sigmoidal form of Hill's equation, where the lower P50 value is indicative of an acidic tumor microenvironment. Conclusion: The results demonstrate photoacoustic imaging can be used to measure SaO2 cycling and intra-tumor oxygenation, and provides a powerful in vivo assay to investigate the role of hypoxia in radiation, anti-angiogenic, and immunotherapies.
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: Clinically Pertinent Controversies and Uncertainties

This paper addresses clinical controversies and uncertainties regarding thoracic aortic aneurysm and its treatment. 1) Estimating true aortic size is confounded by obliquity, asymmetry, and noncorresponding sites: both echocardiography and computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging are necessary for complete assessment. 2) Epidemiology of thoracic aortic aneurysm. There has been a bona fide increase in incidence of aortic aneurysm making aneurysm disease the 18th most common cause of death. 3) Aortic growth rate. Although a virulent disease, thoracic aortic aneurysm is an indolent process. The thoracic aorta grows slowly-0.1 cm/year. 4) Evidence-based intervention criteria. It is imperative to extirpate the thoracic aorta before rupture or dissection occurs; surgery at 5.0- to 5.5-cm diameter will prevent most adverse natural events. Symptomatic (painful) aneurysms must be resected regardless of size. 5) Development of nonsize criteria. Mechanical properties of the aorta deteriorate at the same 6 cm at which dissection occurs; elastic properties of the aorta may soon become useful intervention criteria. 6) Medical treatment of aortic aneurysm. Medical treatment is of unproven value, even beta-blockers and angiotensin-receptor blockers. 7) A genetic disease. Even non-Marfan aneurysms have a strong genetic basis. 8) Need for biomarkers. Virulent but silent, TAA cries out for a biomarker that can predict the onset of adverse events. Pathophysiologic understanding has led to identification of promising biomarkers, especially metalloproteinases. 9) Endovascular therapy for aneurysms. Endovascular therapy has burgeoned, despite the fact that the EVAR-2, DREAM, and INSTEAD trials showed no benefit at mid-term over medical or conventional surgical therapy. We must avoid "irrational exuberance." 10) Inciting events for acute aortic dissection. Recent evidence shows that dissections are preceded by a specific severe exertional or emotional event. 11) "Silver lining" of aortic disease. Proximal aortic root disease seems to protect against arteriosclerosis.
Stock volatility, return jumps and uncertainty shocks during the Great Depression

There are a multitude of explanations for the depth and length of the Great Depression, of which uncertainty has been proposed as one possible explanation (Romer 1990). The 1930s not only saw extreme declines in output and prices, but stock volatility was also at record highs (Schwert 1989). This high stock volatility was generated by a series of discontinuous jumps as news about uncertainty arrived regularly during the 1930s, as shown by applying the Barndorff-Nielsen and Shephard (2006) test for jumps in a time-series. To provide a more historical narrative for these jumps, I outline some key events during the Great Depression that generated a sense of uncertainty for businesses and households which occurred contemporaneously to these extreme jumps. While much of the literature has placed Roosevelt's New Deal as a primary source of uncertainty, I do not find much evidence for this hypothesis, and instead find that banking crises, the breakdown of the gold standard, popular unrest and uncertainty related to the brewing war in Europe were primarily responsible for both jumps in returns and the uncertainty of the 1930s.
A study of personal information in human-chosen passwords and its security implications

Though not recommended, Internet users often include parts of personal information in their passwords for easy memorization. However, the use of personal information in passwords and its security implications have not yet been studied systematically in the past. In this paper, we first dissect user passwords from a leaked dataset to investigate how and to what extent user personal information resides in a password. In particular, we extract the most popular password structures expressed by personal information and show the usage of personal information. Then we introduce a new metric called Coverage to quantify the correlation between passwords and personal information. Afterwards, based on our analysis, we extend the Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars (PCFG) method to be semantics-rich and propose Personal-PCFG to crack passwords by generating personalized guesses. Through offline and online attack scenarios, we demonstrate that Personal-PCFG cracks passwords much faster than PCFG and makes online attacks much easier to succeed.
The superlight axion and neutrino masses

It is argued that the Peccei—QuinnU(1) PQ symmetry, needed to solve the strong CP-problem, and the localB−L symmetry of weak interactions may be broken at the same large mass scale leading to massive (but light) neutrinos and a very light axion. We determine this mass scale in the context of anSO (10) model to be between 109–1015 GeV, depending on the value of sin2θ w . This links the possible visibility of the superlight axion to the observability of the small neutrino mass.
Accredited vs. non-accredited: How accreditation impacts perceptions and readiness to provide ethics counsel

Abstract Scholars and industry trade public relations have suggested that public relations practitioners should provide ethics counsel and debated the degree to which practitioners accept the role of an ethical conscience. Through survey research with more than 400 educators and practitioners, this study provides evidence that the majority of practitioners and educators believe this is public relations’ responsibility. In addition, the results reveal that accredited public relations practitioners are more likely to say they feel prepared to do so, and are more likely to offer ethics counsel than practitioners who are not accredited. The study also provides insights into some of the ethical issues that practitioners are most likely to face, what types of ethics training they have received, and their roles in promoting an ethical workplace.
Endocytosis: Driving Membranes around the Bend

When a nascent vesicle buds, the membrane must curve. Several mechanisms have been proposed for curvature creation or stabilization. Structural analysis of the ENTH domain of the endocytic protein epsin has suggested a new mechanism, in which the ENTH domain pushes its way into membranes, thus bending them into shape.
PhosphdiesteRasE-5 Inhibition to Improve CLinical Status and EXercise Capacity in Diastolic Heart Failure (RELAX) Trial Rationale and Design

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) or diastolic heart failure (HF) accounts for approximately half of HF cases in the community, and the portion of HF with preserved ejection fraction (EF) is increasing.1 Patients with HFpEF have limited functional capacity and poor prognosis. With ongoing shifts in the age distribution of the population, the burden of HFpEF is projected to increase. To date, there is no proven therapy for HFpEF. There is an urgent need for effective therapies for HFpEF. To date, 3 randomized control trials in HFpEF have tested the impact of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone antagonists on clinical outcomes in HFpEF. None of these trials demonstrated benefit individually (Figure 1) or in a pooled analysis (n=8021).2 An aldosterone antagonist trial in HFpEF is ongoing (clinicaltrials.gov NCT00094302). A trial of the β-blocker nebivolol in HF patients with normal or reduced EF was underpowered but suggested a benefit of β-blocker in the relatively small subset of HFpEF patients (Figure 1).3 The digitalis investigation group (DIG) trial showed no reduction in mortality with digoxin in a small ancillary study of HFpEF patients.4 Figure 1. Previous randomized clinical trials in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF): Summary of the hazards ratios (95% CI) for the primary outcome measure of the large randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials in HFpEF to date. CHARM-Preserved indicates Candesartan in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction; I-PRESERVE, Irbesartan in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction; PEP-CHF, Perindopril in Elderly People With Chronic Heart Failure; SENIORS, Study of Effects of Nebivolol Intervention on Outcomes and Rehospitalization in Seniors With Heart Failure; DIG, Digitalis Investigation Group Trial. Although inadequate power or crossover may have contributed to negative findings in these trials, unique pathophysiology in HFpEF may mediate the differential response to neurohumoral …
Vocabulary Instruction for Secondary Students With Reading Disabilities: An Updated Research Review:

This article presents an update and extension of the research on instructional methods for vocabulary learning by secondary-age students with learning disabilities. Seven studies that have been pub...
The Seasonality and Interannual Variability of Arctic Sea Ice Reemergence

AbstractThere is a significant gap between the potential predictability of Arctic sea ice area and the current forecast skill of operational prediction systems. One route to closing this gap is improving understanding of the physical mechanisms, such as sea ice reemergence, which underlie this inherent predictability. Sea ice reemergence refers to the tendency of melt-season sea ice area anomalies to recur the following growth season and growth-season anomalies to recur the following melt season. This study builds on earlier work, providing a mode-based analysis of the seasonality and interannual variability of three distinct reemergence mechanisms. These mechanisms are studied using a common set of coupled modes of variability obtained via coupled nonlinear Laplacian spectral analysis, a data analysis technique for high-dimensional multivariate datasets. The coupled modes capture the covariability of sea ice concentration (SIC), sea surface temperature (SST), sea level pressure (SLP), and sea ice thickne...
The Imf's Coordinated Growth Strategy of 1977/1978

The case documents the growth strategy that the IMF wanted to orchestrate after the first oil crisis and as the world economy did not return to the growth rates of the 1960s. The case illustrates the pinnacle of Keynesian thinking that prevailed at the time: a view of the international economy as an almost hydraulic system that could be manipulated by government policies at will to reach desirable aggregate targets. The failure of the strategy, among other things, emphasizes the importance of inflationary expectations. The case is also a nice opportunity to discuss the Phillips curve as well as the current global imbalances and what can be done about them. Excerpt UVA-G-0601 Rev. Aug. 4, 2009 The IMF's Coordinated Growth Strategy Of 1977/1978 In September 1973, Dr. H. Johannes Witteveen, a former finance minister of the Netherlands, took office as the fifth managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), an independent U.N. organization that like no other organization oversaw the macroeconomics of the world economy. Exhibit 1 displays the size distribution of the world economy at the time. Witteveen's tenure at the helm of the IMF would be one of the most challenging since the IMF was founded at the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944. The Oil Crisis and its Aftermath In late 1973, the world woke up to soaring oil prices, as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) reduced the world's oil supply. The Yom Kippur War between Egypt and Israel triggered OPEC's actions. OPEC announced that it would no longer ship petroleum to nations that had supported Israel. By 1974, oil prices had quadrupled to nearly $ 12 a barrel. . . .
Indications for/Interpretation of Electrodiagnostic Testing

Electrodiagnostic testing is an extension of the physical exam and is dynamic, assessing the real-time function of nerves and muscles. Standard electrodiagnostic testing includes nerve conduction studies and electromyography. These studies are sensitive in the diagnosis of peripheral nervous system disease. This chapter provides an overview of electrodiagnostic testing.
Forming One’s Educator Identity: Exploring Experiences of Senior Medical Students Who Facilitate Problem-Based Learning Groups

Although the facilitation of problem-based learning by upper class medical students (also known as “near-peers”) is widely employed in medical schools, there is a paucity of research highlighting the experiences of these facilitators. We therefore conducted a study to explore the lived experiences of near-peer problem-based learning facilitators. Thirty reflective papers, written by near-peer facilitators who participated in an elective course, were analyzed by the four authors using a constant comparative method. While near-peers described themselves as “teachers,” they struggled with their role identity, acutely remembering their own student experiences. They felt challenged to know when to intervene and how to stay true to principles of constructivism, and felt rewarded by the opportunity to reflect on their own education and to see their own growth. This research highlights important steps in fostering students’ formation as educators: introduction of educational theory, opportunities for applying theory in practice, and opportunities to reflect on experiences. We suggest that these steps may provide a model for others who are implementing near-peer facilitator development.
Charcoal rot and Fusarium stalk rot diseases influence sweet sorghum sugar attributes

Abstract Sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a prospective feedstock for the growing sugar-based bioethanol industry. Charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina, MP) and Fusarium stalk rot (Fusarium thapsinum, FT) are fungal diseases of sorghum that reduce sweet sorghum sugar yields. The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of MP and FT on sweet sorghum sugar concentration and yield. Field experiments were conducted with seven parental lines and 12 hybrids in 2014 and 2015. Plants inoculated with MP, FT, and phosphate-buffered saline (control) at 14 d after anthesis were harvested at 35 d after inoculation. Disease severity was measured using the number of nodes crossed by the lesion. Juice extracted from stalks was measured for volume. Juice sugar concentration (mg/mL) of sucrose, glucose, and fructose were quantified using HPLC and sugar yield (g/plant) was computed using juice volume and sugar concentrations. Treatment effects on sucrose concentration and yield, and total sugar yield (i.e., sucrose, glucose, and fructose) were genotype-specific while the effect of treatment on the yield of total and individual sugars was environment-specific. However, the environment × treatment effect was not significant for individual sugar concentrations. Stalk rot inoculations reduced sucrose concentrations to a significantly greater degree than glucose or fructose. Reduced sucrose concentrations and yields in the hybrids after inoculation were significantly and negatively correlated with the decrease of fructose. This suggested the enhanced conversion of sucrose to fructose after MP and FT inoculation. Overall, this study provided evidence for the adverse impacts of Fusarium stalk rot and charcoal rot diseases on sweet sorghum sugar attributes. These findings emphasize the importance of breeding sweet sorghum for enhanced stalk rot tolerance.
Missing compared to what? Revisiting heritability, genes and culture.

Standard models for the determination of phenotypes from genes are grounded in simple assumptions that are inherent in the modern evolutionary synthesis (MES), which was developed in the 1930s, 194...
Indexation and Ideologies: Latinx and Nahuatl Terms in Our Identity Journey.

In this essay, I challenge unreflective linguistic indexation of Latino academia; specifically, the suppression of the inflexion “o” in generic nouns (as in Latinx) and appropriation of Nahuatl nou...
Pre-Service Educator Preparation to Teach Children with Disabilities Through Service-Learning

The purpose of the multi-year study discussed in this article was to investigate the impact of pre-service educator participation in a community-based service-learning program for children with disabilities. Pre-service educators who were enrolled in either an adapted physical education or introduction to special education course participated in the Children’s Adaptive Physical Education Society!, a skill-development program for 35 children (ages 5-12) with developmental disabilities. Two measures—a modified regular education initiative survey and a reflective blog assignment—were administered to the participants to identify changes in their beliefs and attitudes toward teaching and including children with disabilities in their future classrooms. The results revealed statistically significant gains in their understanding, confidence, willingness, skill set, and educational satisfaction. Responses in the reflective blogs further supported the statistical findings, suggesting that a community-based learning program provides pre-service educators with sufficient experiences to positively and effectively change their beliefs and attitudes toward teaching and including children with disabilities in their future classrooms.
Adsorption and Reaction of C1−C3 Alcohols over CeOX(111) Thin Films†

This study reports the interaction of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol with well-ordered CeO2(111) thin film surfaces. All of the alcohols adsorb at low temperature by forming alkoxy and hydroxyl species on the surface. On fully oxidized CeO2(111), recombination occurs between some of the alkoxys and hydroxyls, resulting in alcohol desorption near 220 K. At the same temperature, some of the surface hydroxyls disproportionate to produce water and the loss of lattice O. The remaining alkoxys react above 550 K. The primary alcohols favor dehydrogenation products (aldehydes). There is a net loss of O from the system, resulting in a reduction of the ceria. The secondary alcohol, 2-propanol, undergoes primarily dehydration, producing propene with no net change in the cerium oxidation state. Reduced CeOX(111) competes with the gaseous products for available O. Little or no water is produced. The reaction selectivity for the C2 and C3 alcohols shifts toward favoring dehydration products. The loss of ...
Patulin surveillance in apple cider and juice marketed in Michigan

Patulin is the most common mycotoxin found in apples and apple juices. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of patulin in (i) apple cider produced and marketed by Michigan apple cider mills during the fall seasons of 2002 to 2003 and 2003 to 2004 and (ii) apple juice and cider, including shelf-stable products, marketed in retail grocery stores in Michigan throughout 2005 and 2006. End product samples (n=493) obtained from 104 Michigan apple cider mills were analyzed for patulin concentration by using solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Patulin was detected (> or =4 microg/liter) in 18.7% of all cider mill samples, with 11 samples (2.2%) having patulin concentrations of > or =50 microg/liter. A greater percentage of cider samples obtained from mills using thermal pasteurization contained detectable patulin (28.4%) than did those from mills using UV light radiation (13.5%) or no pathogen reduction treatment (17.0%). Among retail grocery store samples (n=159), 23% of apple juice and cider samples contained detectable patulin, with 18 samples (11.3%) having patulin concentrations of > or =50 microg/liter. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) action level for patulin is 50 microg/kg. Some apple juice samples obtained from retail grocery stores had exceptionally high patulin concentrations, ranging up to 2700 microg/liter. Collectively, these results indicate that most apple cider and juice test samples from Michigan were below the FDA action level for patulin but that certain apple cider and juice processors have inadequate controls over patulin concentrations in final products. The industry, overall, should focus on improved quality of fruit used in juice production and improve culling procedures to reduce patulin concentrations.
Aqp0a Regulates Suture Stability in the Zebrafish Lens.

Author(s): Vorontsova, Irene; Gehring, Ines; Hall, James E; Schilling, Thomas F | Abstract: PurposeTo investigate the roles of Aquaporin 0a (Aqp0a) and Aqp0b in zebrafish lens development and transparency.MethodsCRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was used to generate loss-of-function deletions in zebrafish aqp0a and/or aqp0b. Wild type (WT), single mutant, and double mutant lenses were analyzed from embryonic to adult stages. Lens transparency, morphology, and growth were assessed. Immunohistochemistry was used to map protein localization as well as to assess tissue organization and distribution of cell nuclei.Resultsaqp0a-/- and/or aqp0b-/- cause embryonic cataracts with variable penetrance. While lenses of single mutants of either gene recover transparency in juveniles, double mutants consistently form dense cataracts that persist in adults, indicating partially redundant functions. Double mutants also reveal redundant Aqp0 functions in lens growth. The nucleus of WT lenses moves from the anterior pole to the lens center with age. In aqp0a-/- mutants, the nucleus fails to centralize as it does in WT or aqp0b-/- lenses, and in double mutant lenses there is no consistent lens nuclear position. In addition, the anterior sutures of aqp0a-/-, but not aqp0b-/- mutants, are unstable resulting in failure of suture maintenance at older stages and anterior polar opacity. Conclusions. Zebrafish Aqp0s have partially redundant functions, but only Aqp0a promotes suture stability, which directs the lens nucleus to centralize, failure of which results in anterior polar opacity. These studies support the hypothesis that the two Aqp0s subfunctionalized during fish evolution and that Aqp0-dependent maintenance of the anterior suture is essential for lens transparency.
Variations on play with interactive computer simulations: balancing competing priorities

U.S. mathematics teachers face considerable pressures to keep up with pacing guides and to prepare students for standardized tests. At the same time, they are called upon to engage students in inno...
How does a protein's structure spell the difference between health and disease? Our journey to understand glaucoma-associated myocilin.

Over 20 years ago, alterations to the protein myocilin were confirmed to be linked to a heritable form of the prevalent eye disease, glaucoma, and 10 years ago, my lab set out to develop a deeper understanding of myocilin in its normal and diseased state. We have made strides in understanding how genetic mutations in myocilin likely lead to disease, but unlocking myocilin’s biological function is still an elusive goalpost. Is normal myocilin unimportant in the human body? Are scientists using the wrong methods to study myocilin biology? Here, I discuss my scientific journey into understanding one small part of the fascinating organ that is the eye.
Social Media TestDrive: Real-World Social Media Education for the Next Generation

Social media sites are where life happens for many of today's young people, so it is important to teach them to use these sites safely and effectively. Many youth receive classroom education on digital literacy topics, but have few chances to build actual skills. Social Media TestDrive, an interactive social media simulation, fills a gap in digital literacy education by combining experiential learning in a realistic and safe social media environment with educator-facilitated classroom lessons. The tool was piloted with 12 educators and over 200 students, and formative evaluation data suggest that TestDrive achieved high levels of engagement with both groups. Students reported the modules enhanced their understanding of digital citizenship issues, and educators noted that students were engaging in meaningful classroom conversations. Finally, we discuss the importance of involving multiple stakeholder groups (e.g., researchers, youth, educators, curriculum developers) in designing educational technology.
PEGylated E. coli asparaginase desensitization: an effective and feasible option for pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who have developed hypersensitivity to pegaspargase in the absence of asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi availability.

Asparaginase is an important component of multi-agent chemotherapy for the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LLy). Hypersensitivity to the PEGyla...