cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 14904: High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin, Natriuretic Peptide, and Subsequent Risk of Lower-Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Background: Cardiac troponin T (cTnT) has been recently shown as a potential predictor of leg amputation in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, whether cTnT predicts ischemic leg outcomes in the general population is unknown. Methods: Among 12,780 ARIC participants without a history of PAD, we investigated whether high-sensitivity cTnT (hs-cTnT) was associated with future risk of clinical PAD, defined as hospitalizations with PAD diagnosis or leg revascularization. PAD cases with rest pain, gangrene, ulcer, or amputation were considered critical limb ischemia (CLI). We also analyzed another cardiac marker, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Both cardiac markers were categorized at 50th, 71th, 86th, and 95th percentiles, corresponding to hs-cTnT concentrations of 3, 5, 9, and 14 ng/L and NT-proBNP concentrations of 51.4, 86.4, 140.3, and 257.6 pg/mL. Results: During a median follow-up of 21 years, 462 participants developed PAD (171 incident CLI cases). In demographically adjusted models, the hazard ratio (HR) of PAD for the highest vs. lowest category of hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP was ~8 (Model 1 for PAD in Table). The corresponding HR of CLI was ~24 for hs-cTnT and ~10 for NT-proBNP (Model 1 for CLI in Table). Additional adjustment for each cardiac marker and traditional cardiovascular risk factors attenuated the associations. In all models, a stronger association of hs-cTnT with CLI was observed compared to NT-proBNP. Both cardiac markers significantly improved PAD risk discrimination beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors, but only hs-cTnT (but not NT-proBNP) significantly improved CLI risk discrimination (Δc-statistic 0.012 [0.001 to 0.023] vs. 0.006 [-0.009 to 0.022]). Conclusions: Both hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP were independently associated with future risk of clinical PAD events in a community-based cohort. The CLI risk association was particularly evident for hs-cTnT.
Evaluation of 3 hydromulch planting techniques for establishing Fimbristylis cymosa (mau'u 'aki'aki), a native Hawaiian coastal sedge with roadside revegetation and landscape ground cover potential

Three hydromulch planting techniques (hydroseeding, hydromulch capping of seedlings, and hydroplanting of seedlings) for Fimbristylis cymosa R. Br. (mau‘u ‘aki‘aki; Cyperaceae) were evaluated on compost-filled plots for the first 6 mo of planting. Hydro seeding comprised spraying a seed–mulch slurry at a rate of 437 live seeds/m2 (41 seeds/ft2) and 2200 kg/ha (1963 lb/ac) paper/straw mulch. Hydromulch capped seedlings comprised applying seedlings by hand to the surface at a rate of 199 plants/m2 (18 plants/ft2) and covering them with mulch at a rate of 4400 kg/ha (3926 lb/ac). Hydroplanted seedlings comprised spraying a seedling–mulch slurry at 199 plants/m2 (18 plants/ft2) with a mulch rate of 4400 kg/ha (3926 lb/ac). Hydroseeded plots attained the highest plant counts and exhibited the same monthly percent visual cover as hydromulch capped seedlings. Hydromulch capping of seedlings is a less-efficient planting method, as it required more time and resources for seedling preparation compared to hydroseeding. Results of the study support the recommendation of hydroseeding for large-scale planting and establishment of F. cymosa .
Comparison of Bioavailability of Single-Dose Extended-Release Venlafaxine Capsules in Obese Patients Before and After Gastric Bypass Surgery

tudy Objective The extended-release (ER) form of venlafaxine is preferred because of improved patient adherence, but the immediate-release form is frequently used after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) because of concerns for malabsorption. The objective of this study was to determine whether a statistically significant and predictable change in the bioavailability of venlafaxine ER capsules occurs after RYGB. Design Prospective, nonblinded, single-dose pharmacokinetic study. Setting Clinical research unit at a large, tertiary care medical practice. Patients Ten adult pre–bariatric surgery patients who met the criteria for noncomplicated RYGB were enrolled and served as their own controls. Interventions Patients were administered one venlafaxine ER 75-mg capsule at two visits—the first visit at least 1 week before undergoing RYGB and the second visit 3–4 months after RYGB. Blood samples were collected at predetermined intervals over 48 hours after each dose, and the pharmacokinetics of venlafaxine were measured. Measurements and Main Results Plasma levels of venlafaxine and its primary metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV), were compared at baseline and 3-4 months after RYGB. The areas under the serum concentration–time curves from 0–24 hours (AUC0-24) for venlafaxine (mean ± SD 734 ± 602 vs 630 ± 553 ng•hr/mL, P=0.22) and ODV (mean ± SD 894 ± 899 vs 1083 ± 972 ng•hr/mL, P =0.07) were similar before and after RYGB. Using a bioequivalence approach, differences in pre-RYGB and post-RYGB values of AUC0-24, peak serum concentration, and time to peak serum concentration were not statistically significant for either venlafaxine or ODV. Conclusion This study suggests that RYGB does not significantly alter the amount of venlafaxine or its active metabolite, ODV, absorbed from a venlafaxine ER capsule or the time over which it is absorbed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Sociobiology, Anti-Sociobiology, Epistemology, and Human Nature

E. O. Wilson’s Sociobiology, the New Synthesis has received ebullient critical acclaim as a breakthrough in science in relation to its own claim to be a “new synthesis” of various biological and social sciences. It has elicited equally ebullient critical attack for its immeasurable failure to understand human cultural and social organization, a failure based on a biologically and socioculturally misconceived human nature, as well as on some basic misconceptions in biology itself. In what follows, I treat only the question of human nature which I conceive to be central to Wilson’s book and to most of the issues raised by its attackers, for whom that question is also a central, unresolved problem.
Collapse of a unique insular bird–snake relationship

Seahorse Key (SHK) supports a population of Florida cottonmouth snakes, Agkistrodon conanti, which have a unique trophic association with colonially nesting waterbirds. Each spring >10 000 birds have nested on SHK and provided an influx of food in the form of fish carrion that snakes scavenge on the ground. Because of this allochthonous input of trophic resources, the cottonmouth population on SHK historically was dense, with snakes of large body size. Suddenly and unexpectedly, the entire waterbird colony abandoned its nests during April, 2015 and did not return. We examined data collected from 1999 to 2016 on the abundance and body size of SHK cottonmouths to quantify how the bird abandonment has affected the snake population. Our results show that abundance and body condition index (BCI) have decreased significantly, particularly on the west end of SHK where the bird rookery historically concentrated. Abundance of snakes (counts per survey) along a west beach transect was higher during the pre-abandonment period (10.99 ± 8.11 SD) than during the post-abandonment period (7.52 ± 4.64). Similarly, we observed a significant decrease in the BCI of snakes from the west end of SHK between the pre- (0.04 ± 0.10) and post-abandonment periods (−0.12 ± 0.14). Loss of the bird rookery as a source of energy has negatively affected the SHK cottonmouth population. In contrast, numbers and body condition of cottonmouths appear to have increased on an adjacent island where ~3000 to 5000 waterbirds began nesting in 2015 and 2016.
"A Writer More than . . . A Child": A Longitudinal Study Examining Adolescent Writer Identity.

This article reconsiders theoretical claims of identity fluidity, stability, and agency through a longitudinal case study investigating one adolescent’s writing over time and across spaces. Qualita...
The Role of Causal Argument in Policy Controversies

The position that causal arguments should not play a major role in policy analysis is based upon a needlessly limited view of causal statements and the means of proving them. A conceptualization of...
What Is the Relationship Between Incarceration of Children and Adult Health Outcomes

Abstract Objective We sought to quantify the association between child incarceration in the United States and subsequent adult health outcomes. Methods We analyzed National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health data from 1727 adult (Wave IV) participants first incarcerated at age Results Of the 1727 participants, 105 (6.7%) were first incarcerated at age ≤14 years ("child incarceration category"), 315 (19.3%) were first incarcerated at 15 to 17 years, 696 (38.5%) were first incarcerated at 18 to 20 years, and 611 (35.6%) were first incarcerated at 21 to 24 years. Those first incarcerated as children (age ≤14 years) were disproportionately black or Hispanic compared with those first incarcerated at 15 to 24 years. Compared with first incarceration at age 21 to 24 years, child incarceration independently predicted adult mobility limitations (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.74; P = .001), adult depression (OR, 1.98; P = .034), and adult suicidal thoughts (OR, 4.47; P = .005). Conclusions Child incarceration displays even wider sociodemographic disparities than incarceration generally and is associated with even worse adult physical and mental health outcomes.
Cheers to Central Hudson: How Traditional Intermediate Scrutiny Helps Keep Independent Craft Beer Viable

Independent craft breweries contributed approximately $68 billion dollars to the national economy last year. However, the alcohol industry in general, and the craft beer industry specifically, is governed by an arcane regulatory scheme that poses both obstacles and benefits to independent craft brewers. This article examines regulations that arguably infringe on free speech in the form of commercial speech regulations that prohibit alcohol manufacturers from purchasing advertising space from retailers. Such regulations were enacted to prohibit undue influence and anti-competitive behavior that can stem from vertical and horizontal integration in the alcohol market. Such regulations are necessary to prevent global corporate brewers from dominating the craft beer market at the expense of independent craft beer and consumer choice. But evolving commercial speech doctrine threatens to invalidate such restrictions due to a trend towards increased protections for commercial speech. Without these regulations, and many others like them, nothing would restrain global corporate brands from engaging in illegal pay-to-play conduct to regain lost market share and force independent craft beer from the shelves and tap handles.
Stage Four: Externalizing Oklahoma City, OK, US Bombing – April 19, 1995

On April 19, 1995, a bomb exploded beside the Oklahoma City’s Alfred P. Murrah federal building, killing 168 people and injuring 674 [1, 2]. The blast seriously damaged surrounding buildings and smashed windows within a ten-block radius [3].
Recursive Model for Dose-time Responses in Pharmacological Studies

Clinical studies often track dose-response curves of subjects over time. One can easily model dose-response curve at each time point with Hill equation, but such a model fails to capture the temporal evolution of curves. On the other hand, one can use Gompertz equation to model the dose-time curves at each time point without capturing the evolution of time curves across dosage. In this article, we propose a parametric model for dose-time responses that follows Gompertz law in time and approximately follows Hill equation across dose. We derive a recursion relation for dose-response curves over time capturing the temporal evolution. We then specify a regression model connecting the parameters controlling the dose-time responses with individual level proteomic data. The resultant joint model allows us to predict the dose-response curves over time for new individuals. We illustrate the superior performance of our proposed model as compared to the individual models using data from the HMS-LINCS database.
Engineering Meteorology: Wind Effects on Motor Vehicle Stability1

The primary conditions under which the single meteorological parameter of wind will make its presence known against a motor vehicle are considered. The standard engineering techniques for reducing the undesirable effects on the car are discussed. These factors result in problems of measuring the wind aspects which are involved and pose the difficulty of locating adequate test facilities.
Intramuscular Placement of Birth Control Device: A Multimodality Case and Review

Implantable forms of birth control have been used as a means for convenient and effective medication delivery. Nexplanon® (Merck Sharp & Dohme B.V., Haarlem, the Netherlands) is an implantable birth control device placed in the subcutaneous tissue of the upper medial arm during an in-office procedure. The location of the device is usually confirmed by palpation during a physical exam. In cases where the device is non-palpable, imaging may aid in localization. Implantable birth control devices have a characteristic radiologic appearance, and the location of the device can be confirmed by utilizing ultrasound and/or radiography. Occasionally, sonographic and radiographic studies may have equivocal results necessitating advanced imaging with computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Subcutaneous location of the device is essential for efficacy and safety. An intramuscular position of the device is inappropriate and may lead to insufficient medication delivery and/or injury to the deep soft tissues. This case reviews the imaging features of a Nexplanon device which had been inappropriately placed into the muscle.
Expired Tidal Volume Variation in Extremely Low Birth Weight and Very Low Birth Weight Infants on Volume-Targeted Ventilation.

In a prospective study we describe the delivery of small tidal volumes to extremely low birth weight (ELBW) and very low birth weight (VLBW) infants using a volume-targeted ventilation mode (VTV). Tidal volume delivery was consistent for both ELBW and VLBW infants independent of gestational age, birth weight, and the target volume.
Heterogeneity in Tobacco-Use Behaviors Among U.S. Blacks per Global Region of Origin.

Heterogeneity in tobacco-use behaviors among U.S. blacks by global region of origin and age at immigration was examined. Self-identified black participants from the 2006–2015 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey were included (n = 47,857). Countries of origin were classified by global regions (U.S., Africa, Europe, West Indies). Multivariable logistic regression models, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, were used to examine the association of global region of origin and age at immigration with tobacco-use behaviors. Prevalence of current cigarette smoking among U.S. blacks varied significantly by global region of origin (U.S.-born = 17.4%, Europe-born = 17.7%, Africa-born = 4.7%, West-Indies-born = 4.9%; p < 0.01). Furthermore, foreign-born blacks were less likely than U.S.-born blacks to smoke menthol flavored cigarettes (p < 0.05). Participants who immigrated to the U.S. at ≥ 13 years old were less likely than U.S.-born blacks to start regular smoking as minor (p < 0.05). Tobacco-use behaviors differ by global region of origin and age at immigration in the U.S. black population.
The influence of posttraumatic stress disorder and recurrent major depression on risk-taking propensity following trauma script exposure among patients with substance use disorders

Although evidence suggests that risk-taking among individuals with co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD) may be precipitated by trauma-related emotional distress, studies have yet to examine moderators of this effect. One moderator worth investigating is recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD), given its influence on emotional responding and subsequent behavior. This study examined the moderating role of recurrent MDD in the relation of PTSD to risk-taking propensity following neutral and trauma scripts among SUD patients. Participants were 193 patients with and without current PTSD and/or recurrent MDD in residential SUD treatment. Risk-taking propensity, as assessed through the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), was evaluated following a neutral script and a personalized trauma script. A significant script by PTSD by recurrent MDD interaction was found. Participants with PTSD and recurrent MDD exhibited significantly lower risk-taking following the trauma script relative to participants with PTSD but no recurrent MDD. Moreover, participants with PTSD and recurrent MDD exhibited a significantly smaller increase in risk-taking following the trauma script (relative to the neutral script) than participants with PTSD but no recurrent MDD. Participants with PTSD and recurrent MDD did not differ significantly from participants without PTSD. Results provide support for the context-dependent nature of risk-taking among PTSD-SUD patients without (vs. with) recurrent MDD. Results also highlight the importance of considering the presence of recurrent MDD in research and/or clinical work with SUD patients with PTSD.
Twelve-month Continuation of the Etonogestrel Implant in Adolescents With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Abstract Study Objective To identify why adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) chose the etonogestrel (ENG) contraceptive implant, to determine the 12-month continuation rate, and to characterize factors related to discontinuation. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective chart review of adolescents seen at a tertiary care children's hospital between July 1, 2008, and August 30, 2019, with PCOS diagnosis confirmed per National Institutes of Health criteria and ≥12-month ENG follow-up. Interventions and Main Outcome Measures Demographic characteristics, reasons for ENG insertion and removal, and information on other hormonal/contraceptive therapies were collected. Patients were categorized as ENG continuers (use ≥12 months) or discontinuers (removal at Results A total of 96 patients met inclusion criteria (age 17.7 ± 2.2 years, body mass index 34.8 ± 8 kg/m2). Reasons for ENG were documented in 74% (51% contraception, 32% ease of use, 15% other, 13% estrogen avoidance). In all, 27% had never been sexually active, and 67% had had prior sexual activity. Treatments prior to ENG placement included 74% combined hormonal contraception, 20% medroxyprogesterone acetate withdrawal, and 17% depot medroxyprogesterone. A total of 77% continued ENG at 12 months. The main reasons for discontinuation were bleeding (41%), concern about weight gain (23%), and mood changes (18%). No preimplantation characteristics were independently predictive of continuation, although 100% of patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 11) continued. Patients who sought additional care, including telephone calls (41% vs 12%, P = .006) and clinic visits (64% vs 20%, P Conclusions The ENG implant was well tolerated in adolescents with PCOS and similar to published 12-month continuation rates.
Cognitive dysfunction in late-life psychiatric disorders: phenotypes, risk factors, and treatment targets

Abstract Individuals with late-life psychiatric disorders exhibit distinctive cognitive profiles, which differ from normal aging in both the nature and severity of cognitive impairment. The field of Geriatric Psychiatry has advanced to the stage that it is increasingly recognized that distinct profiles of cognitive dysfunction and associated neurophysiological impairments play a significant role in the etiological bases, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of a broad range of disorders in late life, including late-life depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and posttraumatic stress disorder. We review the evidence in support of (1) the shared etiology of cognitive dysfunction and psychiatric disorders in late life, including neurodegenerative models of vascular function, white matter integrity, cortical thickness, and genetic risk factors; (2) the utility of cognitive dysfunction in distinguishing phenotypes of late-life psychiatric disorders; (3) the potential for late-life psychiatric symptoms to predict subsequent cognitive decline; (4) the potential for cognitive decline to predict emotional dysregulation and subsequent cognitive impairment and decline; (5) the severity of cognitive dysfunction as a predictor of pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic treatment response; and (6) the role of cognitive dysfunction in contributing to the negative association of medical disorders and mental health with age. We end by briefly discussing potential treatment targets, such as cognitive training and neuromodulatory interventions, and suggesting directions for future research.
Feature-rich covalent stains for super-resolution and cleared tissue fluorescence microscopy

Fluorescence microscopy is a workhorse tool in biomedical imaging but often poses substantial challenges to practitioners in achieving bright or uniform labeling. In addition, while antibodies are effective specific labels, their reproducibility is often inconsistent, and they are difficult to use when staining thick specimens. We report the use of conventional, commercially available fluorescent dyes for rapid and intense covalent labeling of proteins and carbohydrates in super-resolution (expansion) microscopy and cleared tissue microscopy. This approach, which we refer to as Fluorescent Labeling of Abundant Reactive Entities (FLARE), produces simple and robust stains that are modern equivalents of classic small-molecule histology stains. It efficiently reveals a wealth of key landmarks in cells and tissues under different fixation or sample processing conditions and is compatible with immunolabeling of proteins and in situ hybridization labeling of nucleic acids.
The changing landscape of supply chain networks: an empirical analysis of topological structure

Supply chain networks are complex and often proprietary, which implies that on the most part, the structure of a company’s supply chain is not well known nor accessible. This research investigates ...
A note on conduction of heat in anisotropic media

An apparent paradox concerning coordinate transformation used in the solution of equation of heat conduction for homogeneous but anisotropic solids is discussed and resolved. Results for point source solutions in stationary and moving media of infinite extent are given.
Integration of software reliability into systems reliability optimization

of Section II Section II, "A Comparative Study of Heuristic Reliability Optimization Methods" investigates the effectiveness of a mixed-integer programming method. This method is a combination of the heuristic redundancy method and the sequential search method. The heuristic method determines the integer variables (number of redundancies) by assuming that the real variables (reliability level) are known. The sequential search method determines the real variables. At each
Conjugation between bacterial and mammalian cells.

Bacterial conjugation, in which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another, was first reported in 1946 and found to be mediated by the F factor1. Although the F and RK2/RP4 prototypic plasmids can mediate the transfer of DNA from bacteria to yeast2, there has been no evidence of classical bacterial conjugation to higher eukaryotes. Here, I present evidence of such transfer, using Escherichia coli, the RK2 plasmid system and Chinese hamster ovary CHO K1 cells.
Ancestors and Anxiety: Daoism and the Birth of Rebirth in China

Acknowledgments Note on Translation Introduction: The Problem of Rebirth 1. Envisioning the Dead 2. The Unquiet Dead and Their Families, Political and Agnate 3. Questionable Shapes: How the Living Interrogated Their Dead 4. Doomed for a Certain Term: The Intimate Dead 5. Rebirth Reborn Postscript List of Abbreviations Bibliography Index
Purification of thymidylate synthetase from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells.

Abstract Thymidylate synthetase has been purified about 4,700-fold from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. The procedures used to isolate the enzyme were ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, Sephadex G-100 filtration, and chromatography on Brushite. The enzyme was demonstrated to be homogeneous by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. By the use of gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we estimated the molecular weight of the protein to be 67,000 and 71,000 respectively. The purified enzyme did not show a requirement for Mg2+. The Km value for dl, l-methylenetetrahydrofolate was 43 µm and the Km value for deoxyuridylate was 6.3 µm. Thiols enhanced the activity of the enzyme at all stages of purification.
Abnormal Initial Public Offering (IPO) Price Performance and the Lockup Expiration: Parametric and Nonparametric Tests of Abnormal Performance Occurring at the Expiration of the Lockup Period from 1985 to 2002

This project's goal was to evaluate whether abnormally negative performance occurred in the 5-day period surrounding the expiration in the lockup period. This research project used a sample of 5,559 IPOs that went public from 1985 to 2002 to determine the extent of abnormal performance occurring during the expiration of the lockup period. Using (a) standard t tests and (b) nonparametric Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests of abnormal performance, this analysis provides evidence that IPOs do experience a significantly negative performance event during the expiration of their lockup period.
Leveraging Physical Assets for Value Creation Through Cleanweb Firms - the Finnish Cleantech Space in Transition

Cleantech has made a respectable comeback onto the global agenda of firms, investors and economic developers alike. In the midst of the resurgence, Finnish CleanTech has been recognized globally. Indeed, recent rankings placed Finland in the top-3 of global leaders in cleantech, along with Israel and the US. This paper takes a closer look at the Finnish commercial cleantech space and scrutinizes it in light of select indicators such as degree of specialization into cleantech, type of industrial activity, generation of value added, financial performance as well as type and volume of intellectual property generated. Three insights stand out: First, the Finnish cleantech space is dominated by manufacturing-driven businesses. Second, consumer-oriented technical innovations seem to be rare. And third, the engine of industrial renewal – the small and medium-sized firms – appears to struggle with financial sustainability. The ability to shift gears from manufacturing- to service-driven businesses may be compromised if the low financial viability of small and medium sized companies turns out to be more than a statistical anomaly. These firms have the capacity to transition conventional industry boundaries to develop novel business models and open new markets. Poor financial performance would impact long-term development of the cleantech space in Finland. Given the central role of information technology in cleantech 3.0 businesses, there is an opportunity to leverage the innovative capacity of the Finnish ICT industry to: (a) accelerate the adoption of green solutions, (b) drive economic growth, and (c) render cleantech companies not only profitable, but also attractive investments.
Liver Transplantation for Urea Cycle Disorders: Analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing Database.

Abstract Background Urea cycle disorders (UCD) are caused by rare inherited defects in the urea cycle enzymes leading to diminished ability to convert ammonia to urea in the liver. The resulting excess of circulating ammonia can lead to central nervous system toxicity and irreversible neurologic damage. Most cases are identified in children. However, UCDs can also be diagnosed in adulthood, and liver transplant is occasionally required. Methods We examined the UNOS database to evaluate outcomes in adult and pediatric patients who underwent liver transplant as treatment for a UCD. We identified 265 pediatric and 13 adult patients who underwent liver transplant for a UCD between 1987 and 2010. Results The majority (68%) of these patients were transplanted before age 5 years. Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency was the most common UCD in both adults and children who underwent transplant. UCD patients who underwent liver transplant were younger, more likely to be male (67%), had lower pediatric end-stage liver disease/model for end-stage liver disease scores, and were more likely to be Caucasian or Asian compared with all other patients transplanted during the same time period. UCD patients did not have an increased utilization of living donor transplantation in this US cohort. Univariate and multivariate risk factor analyses were performed and did not reveal any significant factors that were predictive of post-transplant death or graft loss. Conclusions Excellent outcomes were seen in both children and adults with UCDs who underwent transplant with overall 1-, 5-, and 10-year survivals of 93%, 89%, and 87%, respectively.
Exposure Therapy for Anxiety: Principles and Practice

Part I: The Fundamentals of Exposure Therapy. Overview and History of Exposure Therapy for Anxiety. How Well Does Exposure Therapy Work? The Nature and Treatment of Clinical Anxiety. Treatment Planning I: Functional Assessment. Treatment Planning II: Hierarchy Development and Treatment Engagement. Implementing Exposure Therapy: An Overview. Part II: Implementing Exposure Therapy for Specific Types of Fears. Animal-related Fears. Natural Environments. Social Concerns. Unwanted Intrusive Thoughts. Bodily Cues and Health Concerns. Contamination. The Aftermath of Trauma. Blood-, Injection-, and Injury-related Stimuli. Incompleteness, Asymmetry, and Not-Just-Right Feelings. Part III: Special Considerations in the Use of Exposure Techniques. Exposure Therapy with Complex Cases. Exposure Therapy with Children. Involving Significant Others in Treatment. Combining Exposure Therapy with Medication. Maintaining Improvement After Treatment. A Risk-benefit Analysis of Exposure Therapy.
Using Improvement Science to Better Support Beginning Teachers: The Case of the Building a Teaching Effectiveness Network.

The rapid turnover of novice teachers is a stubborn challenge plaguing schools across the country. The field has come to some consensus about key elements of effective novice teacher support that have potential to ameliorate this problem, although this knowledge has been applied in an inconsistent fashion. Beginning teacher support is a complex issue that functions on many levels: It impacts teachers, school administrators, districts, and the educational system and labor market more broadly. This article analyzes a collaborative effort to tackle this problem: the Building a Teaching Effectiveness Network (BTEN). We use a qualitative case study approach to analyze how BTEN schools supported new teacher development using a standard feedback process and improvement science methods. This analysis offers evidence that these methods enabled participants to learn about their schools while enacting and enhancing the teacher support process, and to reckon with persistent norms that can be obstacles to creating imp...
Accuracy of consonant-vowel syllables in young cochlear implant recipients and hearing children in the single-word period.

Purpose Attaining speech accuracy requires that children perceive and attach meanings to vocal output on the basis of production system capacities. Because auditory perception underlies speech accu...
M Proteins Of Group G Streptococci: Mechanisms Of Resistance To Phagocytosis

Group G streptococci that express M protein and resist phagocytosis in human blood (virulent strains) were compared with strains of groups G and A that are readily phagocytosed (avirulent). Virulent group G streptococci were less effective (P < .05) as activators of the alternative complement pathway (ACP) than were avirulent streptococci. In immunofluorescence studies, C3 bound more avidly to avirulent than to virulent group G streptococci. Resistance of virulent group G strains to ACP opsonization and to phagocytosis was markedly diminished by removal with pepsin of the type-specific portion of the M molecule. Preincubation with fibrinogen did not diminish ACP activation or C3 binding by virulent group G and A streptococci but did exert an antiphagocytic effect. Given the similarity of M proteins of groups G and A in structure and function, other microbial constituents are likely responsible for differences in the spectra of illnesses attributable to the two serogroups.
Benthic Substrates: Their Effect on Fresh‐Water Mollusca

Mollusks have been collected in 650 locations in central New York State since 1966 in order to determine habitat preferences of the various species. Chemical and physical data were recorded at each locality. Three large lakes (Skaneateless, Otsego, and Oneida) were studies in detail to observe patterns of molluscan distribution. The species associated with different bottom types are tabulated. Mollusks are substrate distribution in typical environments are discussed. The lake studies show that definite relationships exist between mollusk distribution and substrate pattern. Species diversity is correlated with substrate diversity (r = 0.79) in 348 collection are that include several biotypes. See full-text article at JSTOR
Effect of suprachiasmatic ablation on the daily temperature rhythm

Abstract To evaluate the role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in maintenance of body temperature, the rectal temperature of 5 SCN ablated and 8 intact female rats were measured every 4 h over a 48-h period (80 days postsurgery). Intact as well as SCN ablated rats showed significant 24-h fluctuations in body temperature. SCN ablation altered neither the phase nor the level (24-h mean) of the rhythm.
Power-Line Carrier Telephony

The inherent advantages of carrier-current telephony over high-voltage power transmission lines during the past five years have resulted in an unusually rapid development of this form of communication. To one who has not been constantly in touch with this rapid development, the necessity for the numerous types of carrier-current telephone equipment now available is not always apparent. This paper gives a brief outline of modern communication requirements in this field, the problems involved in providing this communication, and a brief outline of the different types of equipment now available to provide the required communication.
Pulsatile administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone to anestrous sows: endocrine changes associated with GnRH-induced and spontaneous estrus.

Tbit experim~llt detumiDcd wbubn pulAtile administration of JOlladolropiDffleuinS hormone (GnRK) would induce estrUs and ovulation in SCa$(lnally anesuotU prirnipuou. sow. .nd complRd endoc::rinc responses of GIlRH-induced sows with those of primipllOUI so_ that abibitrd .pOD­ u.nc-ou. e5IrUS afta" wc:aninf. Sn'Cntttn priinipllOU' Landrac~ X Lute Whit~ sow. fllfOwe'd in August 1982, IlI;:tlt~d 23.8 t 0.4 da~ (mean t SEM), and weaned 9.0 t. 0.3 pip pn litter. 8100d for detCTlTlinaoon of proptnoDe, Iuuinizin, hormon~ (LH), and estradiol-17fJ (E) was coUeo::ted every 6 b from 1 day before to 12 day. aft~r wc:aninf. Twelve so_ exhibited spOllu.neous esuu. 135 t 9 h attn w~.nin" and these sows wn~ cunsidcr~d to be normal. Fiv~ sows wnc: anestrous for at leut 23 d.ys postwelllin, lIId failed to oyullt~, u indkued by concentration. of prosesttrone that were Jell than 1.0 nJ'mJ in blood samples coUeo::ted daily durin, thit period. From Day 0 to D.y 30 pOStweaninJ, levels of estradiol in anestrou. sow. varied betwttn 3 and 30 pJ/ml, con<:~n­ aation. of LH wa-e low, and preovulatory·like LH RIfF' did not oc::c:ur. 8q:inoin, on Day 30 postwe1l..ll.i.nJ, four l.Destrou, sow. wac: Jiven 1.5", GoRH (i.v.) hourly until on.t of atru5 ltId blood was collected every 6 h durin, GnRH trnDn~nt. Th~ .vcr. interval from beainnin, of GnRH un.anent to onset of estrUs was 84 t 5 h (ran~ 72 to 96 h). Pan~11IJ of Htradiollild LH secretion lIound eslrUS were limitll in nonnal sow. and thote trnted with CoRH. Esaadiol rcmli.n~d devated abaft bual cODc~naatiooa (25 pJ'mJ) for 49.6 t 4.0 h in nofUla.l sows e~pared to 48.0 t 0 h in CnRH-tretted sows.. Ave~ in~rval (h) ITom peak estradiol to th~ preovulatory LH sufJ'C wu similar in nonnal (23.5 1; 4.2) and GnRK-induced sow. (18.0 t 4.2). We eooelude the admilliltration of hourly pulses of GnRH to wcan~d anem-aus primiparous sow. impoted a proper stimulation to th~ anterior pituitary that in tum led to an in(f~ued JOnadoaopin ~tion that indu~d estrus and OYIIlltioo.
RKR-type inversion of the diatomic energy shifts due to breakdown of the BornOppenheimer approximation

The principal effects of the breakdown of the BornOppenheimer approximation on the vibrationrotation energies of a diatomic molecule can be represented by the expectation values of terms to order (me/Mi) in the effective Hamiltonian, where me is the electron mass and Mi is the mass of atom i. This paper examines the possibility of inverting these expectation values to obtain the correction functions as functions of the internuclear distance r, using a generalization of the semiclassical RydbergKleinRees method. It is shown that the correction functions are not completely determinable from the inversion, and the form of the determinable combinations is obtained.Key words: diatomic molecules, vibrationrotation energies, isotope effects, BornOppenheimer breakdown, RydbergKleinRees method.
Single-pin dual-band patch antenna for GPS and SDARS applications

A novel low-cost reduced-size single-feed single-layer microstrip patch antenna is presented that receives right-hand circularly polarized satellite signals for the Global Positioning System's L1-Band (1575.42 MHz) and left-hand circularly polarized satellite signals and vertically linearly polarized terrestrial signals for the Satellite Digital Audio Radio System band (2320 MHz – 2345 MHz). The proposed antenna is constructed of a main central patch and a ring surrounding it, both with truncated corners to achieve the desired circular polarization characteristics. The two patches are connected to each other using 4 long and thin microstrip transmission lines. This antenna has acceptable circularly polarized gain at high elevation angles and acceptable vertically linearly polarized gain at the horizon.
Percutaneous absorption, biophysical, and macroscopic barrier properties of porcine skin exposed to major components of JP-8 jet fuel

JP-8 has been associated with toxicity in animal models and humans. There is a great potential for human exposure to JP-8. Quantitation of percutaneous absorption of JP-8 is necessary for assessment of health hazards involved in its occupational exposure. In this study, we selected three aliphatic (dodecane, tridecane, and tetradecane) and two aromatic (naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene) chemicals, which are major components of JP-8. We investigated the changes in skin lipid and protein biophysics, and macroscopic barrier perturbation from dermal exposure of the above five chemicals. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to investigate the biophysical changes in stratum corneum (SC) lipid and protein. FTIR results showed that all of the above five components of JP-8 significantly (P<0.05) extracted SC lipid and protein. Macroscopic barrier perturbation was determined by measuring the rate of transepidermal water loss (TEWL). All of the five JP-8 components studied, caused significant (P<0.05) increase in TEWL in comparison to control. We quantified the amount of chemicals absorbed assuming 0.25 m2 body surface area exposed for 8 h. Our findings suggest that tridecane exhibits greater permeability through skin among aliphatic and naphthalene among aromatic JP-8 components. Amount of chemicals absorbed suggests that tridecane, naphthalene and its methyl derivatives should be monitored for their possible systemic toxicity.
Structural processes that initiate shear localization in metallic glass

Abstract For crystalline metals, the structural carriers (dislocations and twins) of plasticity have been well characterized. In contrast, the structural processes responsible for the localized shear flow in amorphous metals remain poorly understood. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we illustrate here how the shear localization initiates in a Cu–Zr metallic glass. We identify the breakdown of full icosahedral clusters as a structural signature of the initiation of shear localization, which is demonstrated to be a spontaneous and autocatalytic instability propagating with a velocity close to the speed of sound. Structural disorder induced softening precedes thermal softening as the origin of the shear banding. Once the deformation band penetrates across the entire sample, the already-rejuvenated structure inside allows the entire band to collectively slip as a whole, to grow the shear offsets on both sides of the sample.
Track-while-image in the presence of background

The theory of track-while-image operation of a coherent laser radar was initiated by Enders, who considered the tracking of a spatially-resolved, speckle target using a sequence of intensity, range, or joint range-intensity images in an uplooking (background-free) radar scenario. The present paper extends Enders' work to a downlooking scenario, in which every pixel in the image frame contains a reflecting element--either target or background. Linear least-squares trackers using intensity, range, and joint range-intensity frame centroids are studied, with tracking performance established through Riccati-equation evaluations and computer simulations.
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic transmission in the rat visual cortex in vitro.

Abstract Cholinergic synaptic modulation in the rat visual cortex was studied using intracellular recordings from slice preparations. A cholinergic agonist, carbachol (CCh), reduced fast excitatory as well as fast and slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials evoked by white matter stimulation. This effect was antagonized by atropine. CCh perfusion did not reduce glutamate- or γ-aminobutyric acid-induced depolarizations, suggesting the presynaptic mechanism of the suppression. CCh augmented firing over a long period after transsynaptic stimulation combined with a long depolarizing current pulse, not only due to a decrease in firing accommodation but also due to disinhibition. CCh also induced a large sustained depolarization and bursting of action potentials triggered by tetanic stimulation. These results suggest that cholinergic modulation results in a prolonged increase in neuronal excitability during the late phase of synaptic transmissions at least partly by the mechanism of decreasing inhibitory transmissions, particularly when the synaptic inputs are strongly activated.
Filter Collection of Airborne Permethrin with Determination by HPLC

Abstract Glass microfiber filter was evaluated for the collection of perrrethrin aerosols. Determination and quantification of collected permethrin isomers by high performance liquid chroratography was developed on an octadecyl bonded phase column with an aqueous acetonitrile solvent and ultra-violet detection. Sampling of a test atmosphere of permethrin aerosol indicated a filter collection efficiency greater than 96%. The detection limit of the method for permethrin in air was estimated to be 8 μg/m3 for a 20 L air sample.
Refractive index changes in germanium due to intense radiation.

The changes in the real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction of germanium have been measured at 6943 A as a function of incident power up to 5 MW/cm2. The results indicate that for nanosecond pulses the primary cause of the change is heating with temperature changes of up to 350°C. In addition, a diffraction grating formed on the surface by interference between the intense beam and a probing beam produces an additional effective change in reflectivity as well as a spatially separated diffracted beam. It is shown that, for a grating spacing of 20 μm, transverse diffusion effects cause no degradation in the effectiveness of the grating.
Inexpensive precision temperature control for microculture

The design and construction of an inexpensive precision temperature control system used successfully for microculture applications is described. It is easily assembled from a homemade, precise, solid-state, proportional thermoregulator, resistive heating element, and insulated enclosure. The basic system easily adapts and can be customized for a variety of microculture applications with changes in enclosure dimensions or design. Control temperature accuracy, range and span can be varied by changing the components and design of the thermoregulator and enclosure. A series of such systems placed in a refrigerated or air-conditioned area accomodates multiple, parallel temperature treatments for experiments.
Effects of Left and Right Pneumonectomy on Time‐ and Frequency‐Domain Parameters of Heart Rate Variability

Background:Morbid cardiac events after pneumonectomy have been attributed to autonornic mechanisms. Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) offers a noninvasive technique to assess modulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. There is little data available on the systematic changes in time- and frequency-domain parameters of HRV in response to pneumonectomy and cardiac plexus neural trauma. Methods:We measured HRV parameters in 54 patients undergoing left (n = 28) and right (n = 26) pneumonectomy (age 55 ± 11 years) who were without congestive heart failure, active ischemic heart disease, or dysrhythmias, and were not taking β-blocker or calcium channel blocker therapy. Time- and frequency-domain indices of HRV were measured before surgery (1 hour) and continuously after surgery (Holter) for 3 days. HRV indices measured were: mean R-R interval (ms), mean of all 5-minute standard deviation of R-Rs (SDSD; ms); root mean square of difference of successive R-Rs (rMSSD; ms); proportion of adjacent R-Rs > 50 ms different (pNN50;%); total (TF; 0.01–1.00 Hz), low (LF; 0.04 - 0.15 Hz) and high frequency (HF; 0.15–0.40 Hz) power (ms2). Results:Time (R-R, SDSD, rMSSD, pNN50 and frequency (TF, LF, HF, LF/HF) indices of HRV decreased significantly in response to left or right pneumonectomy. The maximal decrease in HRV occurred during the first 24 to 48 hours. There were no differences between the groups in any measured HRV parameter. Mean heart rate ranged between 80 to 110 beats/min postoperatively for all patients. Conclusions:Decrements in time- and frequency-domain indices of HRV occurred after pneumonectomy independently of the operative side. Global reductions in HRV after surgery support the presence of parasympathetic withdrawal. Although global changes in HRV may reflect an individual's response to surgical stress, the usefulness of HRV to study fine changes in physiological control mechanisms in the postoperative state appears limited. A.N.E. 1999;4(3):325–332
Probes of Hydrogen Tunneling with Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase at Subzero Temperatures

The temperature dependence of steady-state kinetics has been studied with horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (HLADH) using protonated and deuterated benzyl alcohol as substrates in methanol/water mixtures between +3 and −50 °C. Additionally, the competitive isotope effects, kH/kT and kD/kT, were measured. The studies indicate increasing kinetic complexity for wild-type HLADH at subzero temperatures. Consistent with earlier findings at 25 °C [Bahnson et al. (1993) Biochemistry 31, 5503], the F93W mutant shows much less kinetic complexity than the wild-type enzyme between 3 and −35 °C. An analysis of noncompetitive deuterium isotope effects and competitive tritium isotope effects leads to the conclusion that the reaction of F93W involves substantial hydrogen tunneling down to −35 °C. The effect of methanol on kinetic properties for the F93W mutant was analyzed, showing a dependence of competitive KIEs on the NAD+ concentration. This indicates a more random bi−bi kinetic mechanism, in comparison to an ordered...