cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Correlations of Galaxy Properties to the Physics of Galaxy Formation: A Theoretical Framework

(Abridged) Motivated by forthcoming data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we present a theoretical framework that can be used to interpret Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of disk galaxy properties. We use the formalism introduced by Mo, Mao, & White to compute the observable properties of galaxies in a number of model populations, varying assumptions about which physical parameters determine structural quantities and star formation histories. We then apply PCA to these model populations. Our baseline model assumes that halo mass, spin parameter, and formation redshift are the governing input parameters and that star formation is determined by surface density through a Schmidt law. In all cases, the first principal component is primarily a measure of the shape of the spectral energy distribution (SED), and it is usually driven by variations in the spin parameter, which influences star formation through the disk surface density. The second and (in some cases) third principal components consist mainly of ``scale'' parameters like luminosity, disk radius, and circular velocity. However, the detailed division of these scale parameters, the disk surface brightness, and the rotation curve slope among the principal components changes significantly from model to model. Our calculations yield predictions of principal component structure for the baseline model of disk galaxy formation, and a physical interpretation of these predictions. They also show that PCA can test the core assumptions of that model and reveal the presence of additional physical parameters that may govern observable galaxy properties.
Institutional Barriers to Research on Sensitive Topics: Case of Sex Communication Research Among University Students

The advance of science and human knowledge is impeded by misunderstandings of various statistics, insufficient reporting of findings, and the use of numerous standardized and non-standardized presentations of essentially identical information. Communication with journalists and the public is hindered by the failure to present statistics that are easy for non-scientists to interpret as well as by use of the word significant, which in scientific English does not carry the meaning of "important" or "large." This article promotes a new standard method for reporting two-group and two-variable statistics that can enhance the presentation of relevant information, increase understanding of findings, and replace the current presentations of two-group ANOVA, t-tests, correlations, chi-squares, and z-tests of proportions. A brief call to highly restrict the publication of risk ratios, odds ratios, and relative increase in risk percentages is also made, since these statistics appear to provide no useful scientific information regarding the magnitude of findings.
The inner speech of behavioral regulation: Intentions and task performance strengthen when you talk to yourself as a You.

People often talk to themselves using the first-person pronoun (I), but they also talk to themselves as if they are speaking to someone else, using the second-person pronoun (You). Yet, the relative behavioral control achieved by I and You self-talk remains unknown. The current research was designed to examine the potential behavioral advantage of using You in self-talk and the role of attitudes in this process. Three experiments compared the effects of I and You self-talk on problem solving performance and behavioral intentions. Experiment 1 revealed that giving self-advice about a hypothetical social situation using You yielded better anagram task performance than using I. Experiment 2 showed that using You self-talk in preparation for an anagram task enhanced anagram performance and intentions to work on anagrams more than I self-talk, and that these effects were mediated by participants' attitudes toward the task. Experiment 3 extended these findings to exercise intentions and highlighted the role of attitudes in this effect. Altogether, the current research showed that second-person self-talk strengthens both actual behavior performance and prospective behavioral intentions more than first-person self-talk. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas-phase Ion Stereochemistry of Iron Complexes probed by Mass Spectrometric Techniques

Modern mass spectrometry (MS) evolved into a ‘complete chemical laboratory’, enabling studies to be performed on structure and reactivity of ionic species under environment-free conditions. The advent of theoretical methods as a supplement to experimental MS data has expanded gas-phase ion chemistry to include the stereochemical perspective. In the last decade IRMPD (infrared multiple-photon dissociation) and IRSPD (infrared single-photon dissociation) spectroscopy methods have been increasingly employed to directly probe the 3D structures of mass-selected ions. This chapter aims to provide an overview (139 references) of gas-phase ion stereochemistry of metal complexes as exemplified by Fe-containing species, with a special emphasis on combined experimental/theoretical approaches and the advantages that this prolific partnership brought to the field. A survey of literature has revealed that circa 100 three-dimensional structures of ionic Fe-containing species have been characterized to date by both MS techniques and computational methods. These include coordinatively unsaturated organoiron species with various hydrocarbons, Fe complexes with homogeneous and heterogeneous conjugated cyclic hydrocarbons (including PAHs of astrophysical interest), anionic and cationic iron carbonyls, Fe complexes of N-, O- and S-donor ligands providing classical Werner-type coordination sites. Some of these gaseous species adopt only a single stable structure, while others generate multiple conformers. In most cases, the reactivity of Fe-containing species is oxidation-state dependent. The nature of the ligands in a complex clearly influences the reactivity. With a decrease in the number of available coordination sites on the metal center, the gas-phase reactivity decreases as well, with a concomitant increase in selectivity. Keywords: stereochemistry; mass spectrometry; IR photodissociation spectroscopy; density functional theory; gas-phase ion chemistry; interstellar medium; distonic radical cations; unimolecular reactivity; isomer differentiation
Alcohol Cultures in Finland and Alaska: Explosive Drinking Patterns and Their Consequences

Drinking cultures refl ect collective behaviour and imply that changes within cultures generally occur in concert.1 Historically-dominant uses of alcohol impact societies’ alcohol cultures,2 and research shows that the qualitative features of drinking patt erns evolve slowly, over decades or generations.3 Both Finland and Alaska developed binge drinking styles, and each region suff ers from social pathologies related to this “explosive” drinking patt ern. In the case of Finland, the patt ern was set centuries ago, by internal geographical and socio-cultural forces. In Alaska’s case, Russians and Euro-Americans who arrived in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries brought with them an abusive “frontier” drinking style that some believe set the patt ern for the state’s alcohol-associated problems that disproportionately aff ect Alaska Natives.4 Numerous studies have shown that both the volume and patt ern of alcohol consumption correlate with specifi c social pathologies. European studies show a correlation between higher consumption on single occasions (binge drinking or uncontrolled drinking) and higher levels of violence.5 Generally, there is a north-south gradient in western Europe, where drinking is more sporadic but intense in more northern countries and more frequent but moderate in the southern countries. The latt er, wet, culture is relatively rare in global terms; whereas the cultural norm of binge drinking, the dry culture, is much more common globally.6 Finland’s drinking culture exemplifi es the dry culture with its historic patt ern of sporadic consumption with “explosive episodes” that oft en coincide with violent and otherwise problematic behaviours.7 Alaska’s drinking culture lies closer to the centre of the wet-dry spectrum, though defi nitely on the dry side, with its high rates of pathologies associated with abusive drinking. In rural Alaska the drinking patt erns and pathologies more closely resemble Finland’s “explosive” drinking style.
Petrogenetic connections between ash-flow tuffs and a granodioritic to granitic intrusive suite in the Sierra Nevada arc, California

Trace-element analyses of zircons from ash-flow tuffs and granitic rocks in the east-central Sierran Nevada, combined with U-Pb zircon ages and trace-element abundances in whole rocks, allow us to interpret a shared magmatic heritage for widespread eruption of ash-flow tuffs and assembly of a typical Sierran granodioritic to granitic intrusive suite. The tuffs have 5%-15% phenocrysts of quartz, feldspar, biotite, and amphibole, silica contents ranging from 70% to 74%, and have variable alkali abundances but are consistently light rare-earth enriched with weak negative Eu anomalies, suggesting chemical classification as hydrothermally altered, arc-type, low-silica rhyolites. The tuffs yielded U-Pb zircon crystallization ages of 232, 224, and 219 Ma, indicating that explosive volcanism began before and continued throughout emplacement of granodioritic to granitic plutons in the underlying 226-218 Ma Scheelite Intrusive Suite, one of the oldest and largest intrusive suites in the Sierra Nevada batholith. Zircon crystals from ash-flow tuffs and contemporaneous felsic granodiorite and granite show distinct chemical zoning and extensive overlap in trace-element abundances, indicating crystallization of zircons from very similar melt compositions despite dissimilar late cooling histories. These data provide evidence for a unified volcano-plutonic model for Sierran arc magmatism that describes a long-lived, multi-stage magma system composed of an incrementally emplaced, granodioritic to granitic intrusive suite in the upper crust, overlain by widespread deposits of ignimbrite eruptions generated by thermal rejuvenation of felsic crystal mushes.
Vehicle Detection Design (Coverage and Accuracy) and the Performance of Congested Traffic Networks

This paper explores the effects of detection (coverage and accuracy) on the performance of an oversaturated network with traffic signals controlled by a next-generation multi-agent-based system that reacts to demands in real time. Several scenarios on a realistic simulated network are used to illustrate changes in performance when detector inputs are inaccurate and generate discrepancies in the estimation of link demands. Then, these results are compared to the network with accurate detection but a reduced number of sensors. Equivalent system performance from comprehensive sensor coverage but with inaccuracies and reduced number of sensors with increased accuracy can be found. This approach is proposed to be used for detection design, where tradeoffs between performance and coverage are taken into account. Results from different patterns of sensor inaccuracies are also discussed, providing insights on patterns that may have less impact than others. Future work on the effects of demand levels and turning movements is also introduced, as well as a counteracting feedback solution for monitoring detection inputs.
The Poet's Receptive Stance as an Invention Heuristic

Abstract This study converges on the processes of creative writers, more specifically, the invention processes of several interviewed poets. These poets collectively describe an invention heuristic I name the ‘receptive stance’ – receptivity as differentiated from the deliberate deployment of craft for the sake of conscious, plotted invention. After establishing a working understanding of invention, I review the existing literature and my methodological positioning before detailing two aspects of the receptive stance: Evoking New Associations and From Craft to Instinct.
Introducing Students to the Integrated Audit with “Auditing Alchemy, Inc.”

ABSTRACT: “Auditing Alchemy, Inc.” is a comprehensive case developed by PricewaterhouseCoopers. “Alchemy” can help students understand the importance of Accounting Information Systems (AIS) concept...
Design and Simulation of Booster's Controller Based on Matlab

According to the working principle of the Boost type switch converter, the small signal analysis method was used to model the Boost circuit. Its transfer function exists right half plane zero. The system is a non-minimum phase system. A PI regulator was designed. The boost circuit simulation model was built through matlab. The simulation result has a good static and dynamic performance. It verifies the rationality of the mathematical model and control strategy. It can conduct the actual circuit design.
Relation of Bone Marrow Findings to Serum Protein Changes in Lymphosarcoma, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Hodgkin’s Disease

In order to correlate the electrophoretic alterations in the serum proteins and the findings in the bone marrow, with particular reference to atypical lymphocytic forms and plasma cells, 14 cases of lymphosarcoma, six of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and six of Hodgkin’s disease were studied. No numerical relationship could be found between the degree of lymphoid atypia and the changes in serum globulin. A correlation, however, was apparent between the plasma cell concentration in the bone marrow and the changes in the serum gamma globulin, inasmuch as pronounced hypergammaglobulinemia occurred in all four cases of malignant lymphoma associated with bone marrow plasmacytosis (ranging from 2.8 to 12.8 per cent) and hypogammaglobulinemia of moderate to marked degree was present in five of the six cases of malignant lymphoma in which plasma cells were virtually absent in the bone marrow. When the findings of the fixed sections of the marrow are included, plasmacytosis was demonstrated in bone marrow in eight of 10 cases in which serum gamma globulins were elevated. In two cases, serum globulins were qualitatively abnormal. In one, a case (case 15) of Hodgkin’s disease, a small fraction of electrophoretically homogeneous globulin was noted. In the other, case 5, in which the histologic diagnosis was lymphocytic lymphosarcoma, macroglobulins constituted 40 per cent of the serum proteins, and Bence Jones proteinuria was associated. Predominantly mature plasmacytosis of 12.8 per cent was present in the bone marrow. This case may be regarded as illustrative of the interrelationship between myeloma and lymphosarcoma and supports the view21 that, clinically and morphologically, transitional forms occur between lymphatic tumors and plasmacytomas. On the basis of this material, it is suggested that in cases of lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin’s disease and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, alterations in the plasma content of the bone marrow, either as reactive plasmacytosis or as virtual absence of plasma cells, appear to be a major pathogenetic factor in the occurrence of hypergammaglobulinemia and hypogammaglobulinemia, respectively. Hypogammaglobulinemia was observed in three of six cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia; two of 14 cases of lymphosarcoma; and one of six classified as Hodgkin’s disease. Conversely, quantitative increases in the gamma globulin level occurred in none of the six cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia; in six of 14 cases of lymphosarcoma (including two of three classified as lymphosarcoma, reticular cell type), and in three of the six cases of Hodgkin’s disease.
Mathematical biosociology of beliefs and prejudices

Following a suggestion made previously (Bull. Math. Biophysics,13, 61, 1951), it is assumed that every individual has both a tendency to behavearationally, by accepting everything on faith, and rationally, by subjecting everything to rational analysis. Arational behavior is characterized by various beliefs, prejudices, etc., which are considered to be conditioned reactions, learned by the individual before he completely develops his faculties for rational thinking. The two tendencies are assumed to be due to excitations of two different regions of the central nervous system, and are measured by the intensities ɛ f and ɛ r of those excitations. Those intensities are further assumed to increase linearly with time, the increases of the two beginning, in general, at different ages. The rates of increase are considered as normally distributed in the population. The relative frequency of arational and rational behavior is determined by the difference φ=ɛ f =ɛ r according to equations 0 developed previously (Bull. Math. Biophysics,11, 255, 1949). It is shown that with the above assumptions the majority of the population, which starts with arational behavior, will, within two or three of generations, either change to rational behavior or continue indefinitely to behave arationally. This will hold as long as imitative factors are present. Expressions for the numbers of individuals who behave rationally and arationally are derived. If the intensity of conditioning toward an arational behavior decreases with increasing size of the rationally behaving minority, or, if the rationally behaving individuals are not influenced by imitation, then a slow secular trend toward rational behavior may be present. An expression is also derived for the fraction of individuals who behave rationally as a function of age. This fraction increases with increase of the age at which the beginning conditioning toward any beliefs or prejudices begins.
Helping the President

President Obama's early strong statements about science, underscored by the outstanding team of scientific experts he has assembled and big bucks in the stimulus package, have been a breath of fresh air. Understandably, there is some temptation to rest easy and not worry about happenings in Washington, comforted by the thought that U.S. science and science policy are in good hands. This would be a huge mistake.
Power and Thermal-Aware Workload Allocation in Heterogeneous Data Centers

Many of today’s data centers experience physical limitations on the power needed to run the data center. The first problem that we study is maximizing the performance (quantified by the reward collected for completing tasks by their individual deadlines) of a data center that is subject to total power consumption (of compute nodes and CRAC units) and thermal constraints. The second problem that we study is how to minimize the power consumption in a data center while guaranteeing that the overall performance does not drop below a specified threshold. For both problems, we develop novel optimization techniques for assigning the performance states of cores at the data center level to optimize the operation of the data center. The resource allocation (assignment) techniques in this paper are thermal aware as they consider effects of performance state assignments on temperature and power consumption by the CRAC units. Our simulation studies show that in some cases our assignment technique achieves about 17% average improvement in the reward collected, and about 9% reduction in power consumption compared to an assignment technique that only considers putting a core in the performance state with the highest performance or turning the core off.
Autonomous agents for coordinated distributed parameterized heuristic routing in large dynamic communication networks

Abstract Parameterized heuristics offers an elegant and powerful theoretical framework for design and analysis of autonomous adaptive traffic management agents in communication networks. Routing of messages in such networks presents a real-time instance of a multi-criterion optimization problem in a dynamic and uncertain environment. This paper describes the analysis of the properties of heuristic routing agents through a simulation study within a large network with grid topology. A formal analysis of the underlying principles is presented through the incremental design of a set of autonomous agents that realize heuristic decision functions that can be used to guide messages along a near-optimal (e.g., minimum delay) path in a large network. This paper carefully derives the properties of such heuristics under a set of simplifying assumptions about the network topology and load dynamics and identify the conditions under which they are guaranteed to route messages along an optimal path, so as to avoid hotspots in the load landscape of the network. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relevance of the theoretical results to the design of intelligent autonomous adaptive communication networks and an outline of some directions of future research.
The Local Impact of the European Economic Community: The Economic and Social Ties of Alsace with West Germany

The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of the EEC on one border region, the French province of Alsace, through an examination of its economic and social transactions with West Germany since 1960. No great increase in Alsatian social ties with Germany has been observed, but there has been considerable growth in economic contacts, leading to a new prosperity for the province. Alsatian economic integration with the rest of France is not increasing as fast, but it has not been noticeably weakened. Alsatian elite and public opinion generally supports the growth of economic bonds with Germany, largely because of their contribution to economic welfare. Transaction and attitude data indicate a continuation of the present trend of important economic, but only limited social, ties between Alsace and its German neighbor.
Transient global amnesia complicating pulmonary function testing

Abstract Transient global amnesia (TGA), a disorder characterized by the acute onset of anterograde and retrograde amnesia, is well known to neurologists and has been reported in association with a wide range of triggers. We report a patient who experienced the onset of TGA during pulmonary function testing. Potential mechanisms and other scenarios provoking TGA relevant to the pulmonologist, such as bronchoscopy, exercise testing, high altitude, and the use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors are discussed.
The effect of recycling on a patent citation network

Abstract This paper describes the results obtained from the creation of a patent cittation network on X-ray tomography. Such networks have up to now been created by noting the patents and journal articles cited in a given starting patent. In this experiment, Science Citation Index was used to ‘recycle’ the network by identifying further journal articles. This recycling technique added some new references to the network, but did not fundamentally alter the characteristics of the network. It is concluded that whilst a reliable patent citation network can be created by the simple techniques used up to now, use of Science Citation Index makes a more complete network.
The anaerobic proteins of maize.

Abstract Anaerobic treatment drastically alters the pattern of protein synthesized by maize primary roots. During the first hour of anaerobiosis, aerobic protein synthesis is halted and there is an increase in the synthesis of a class of polypeptides with approximate molecular weights of 33,000 daltons. During the second hour of anaerobic treatment, the synthesis of another small group of polypeptides is initiated. This group, the anaerobic polypeptides (ANPs), accounts for >70% of total protein synthesis after 5 hr of anaerobiosis, and is synthesized in basically the same ratio until root death (∼70 hr). The alcohol dehydrogenase polypeptides are major ANPs. RNA isolated from roots treated anaerobically for at least 24 hr directs the translation of only the anaerobic polypeptides. However, RNA from roots treated anaerobically for only 5 hr directs translation of both anaerobic and aerobic polypeptides. Thus an early response to anaerobic treatment is the suppression of aerobic message translation. Although the anaerobic polypeptides share a formal similarity to heat-shock proteins in animals, it is probable that the anaerobic genes are an adaptation to flooding.
Interaction between the antidepressant-like behavioral effects of beta adrenergic agonists and the cyclic AMP PDE inhibitor rolipram in rats.

Type 4 phosphodiesterase (PDE4) is critical for hydrolysis of cAMP formed by stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors. However, it is not known if PDE4 is associated with beta adrenergic receptors in the mediation of antidepressant-like effects. The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between PDE4 and beta adrenergic receptor-mediated cAMP signaling in mediating antidepressant-like effects. The effects of the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram, alone or combined with dobutamine or clenbuterol, selective beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic agonists, respectively, on behavior were examined in rats under a differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) schedule and rats trained to discriminate rolipram from vehicle. Their effects on cAMP in primary cultures of rat cerebral cortical neurons also were determined. Rolipram (0.01–0.3 mg/kg), dobutamine (1–30 mg/kg), and clenbuterol (0.03–0.3 mg/kg) dose-dependently produced antidepressant-like effects on DRL behavior, decreasing response rate and increasing reinforcement rate. The effects of beta adrenergic agonists were potentiated by rolipram. Isobolographic analysis revealed that rolipram enhanced the antidepressant-like effect of dobutamine additively and that of clenbuterol synergistically. Consistently, a combination of ineffective doses of rolipram (0.03 mg/kg) and dobutamine (3 mg/kg) or clenbuterol (0.03 mg/kg) completely substituted for the rolipram discrimination stimulus. Further, incubation with an ineffective concentration of clenbuterol, but not dobutamine, in the presence of a subeffective concentration of rolipram, significantly increased cAMP in cultured cortical neurons. PDE4 plays an important role in regulating cAMP signaling by either beta-1 or beta-2 adrenergic receptors that mediate antidepressant-like actions; beta-2 adrenergic receptor-mediated cAMP signaling appears more responsive than beta-1 cAMP signaling to PDE4 inhibition.
Size-controlled synthesis of monodisperse core/shell nanogels

Small, monodisperse nanogels (∼50-nm radius) were synthesized by free-radical precipitation polymerization and were characterized using a suite of light scattering and chromatography methods. Nanogels were synthesized with either N-isopropylacrylamide or N-isopropylmethacrylamide as the main monomer, with acrylic acid or 4-acrylamidofluorescein as a comonomer and N,N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) as a cross-linker. By varying the surfactant and initiator concentrations, particle size was controlled while maintaining excellent monodispersity. An amine-containing shell was added to these core particles to facilitate subsequent bioconjugation. Successful conjugation of folic acid to the particles was demonstrated as an example of how such materials might be employed in a targeted drug delivery system.
Identification of an unusual deletion within homologous repeats of human reticulocyte ß-spectrin and probable peptide polymorphism

We screened two different human reticulocyte cDNA libraries with beta-spectrin(beta Sp)-specific polyclonal antibodies and with our original radiolabeled human BSP cDNA probe (encoding beta Sp). Of the 20 independent clones, the largest had about a 2.5-kb insert corresponding to the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence of the beta-7 to beta-14 repetitive segments. Among these segments, segment 12 was 7 aa shorter than the other repetitive segments. We showed that this truncation was not a result of (i) cloning artifact, (ii) alternate splicing, or (iii) common genomic polymorphism by additional examination of 14 individual human chromosomes. Recently, another laboratory described the BSP nucleotide (nt) sequence overlapping partially with our sequence. These overlapping sequences were homologous with the exception of two nt differences at the positions 1342 and 1514. The discrepancy at nt 1342 changes the His to Arg. This newly derived probe has been used to find an additional example of BSP restriction fragment length polymorphism.
Enhancement of Vitamin D Metabolites in the Eye Following Vitamin D3 Supplementation and UV-B Irradiation

Purpose: This study was designed to measure vitamin D metabolites in the aqueous and vitreous humor and in tear fluid, and to determine if dietary vitamin D3 supplementation affects these levels. We also determined if the corneal epithelium can synthesize vitamin D following UV-B exposure.Methods: Rabbits were fed a control or vitamin D3 supplemented diet. Pilocarpine-stimulated tear fluid was collected and aqueous and vitreous humor were drawn from enucleated eyes. Plasma vitamin D was also measured. To test for epithelial vitamin D synthesis, a human corneal limbal epithelial cell line was irradiated with two doses of UV-B (10 and 20 mJ/cm2/day for 3 days) and vitamin D was measured in control or 7-dehydrocholesterol treated culture medium. Measurements were made using mass spectroscopy.Results: 25(OH)-vitamin D3 and 24,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 increased significantly following D3 supplementation in all samples except vitreous humor. Tear fluid and aqueous humor had small but detectable 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 l...
Effects of altitude, acidosis, and alkalosis upon hypoxic threshold.

Summary1. Inspired oxygen tensions which produce the first discernible increases in ventilation (hypoxic thresholds) were measured in subjects acclimatized to Mt. Evans, Colo. (14,150 feet) and to Denver, Colo. (5300 feet). In addition thresholds were measured in subjects living in Denver who were in chronic metabolic acidosis (NH4CI) and in chronic metabolic alkalosis (NaHCO3). 2. Mt. Evans subjects showed an average threshold of 179 mm tracheal PO2 and those at Denver 127 mm. Reports in the literature pinpoint the threshold for sea level dwellers at about 93 mm. Furthermore the threshold for Denverites ingesting NH4CI was 163 mm and for those ingesting NaHCO3 was 107 mm. 3. Since NH4CI changed PAO2 and pH in the opposite direction from altitude but changed the hypoxic threshold in the same direction, these agents were ruled out as threshold governors. It was suggested that probably the hypoxic threshold is a function of either the resting PCO2 or the bicarbonate level to which the individual had acclima...
COMPATIBILISM EVOLVES?: ON SOME VARIETIES OF DENNETT WORTH WANTING

: I examine the extent to which Dennett's account in Freedom Evolves might be construed as revisionist about free will or should instead be understood as a more traditional kind of compatibilism. I also consider Dennett's views about philosophical work on free agency and its relationship to scientific inquiry, and I argue that extant philosophical work is more relevant to scientific inquiry than Dennett's remarks may suggest.
Distributions of Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium Test Statistics

It is well established that test statistics and P-values derived from discrete data, such as genetic markers, are also discrete. In most genetic applications, the null distribution for a discrete test statistic is approximated with a continuous distribution, but this approximation may not be reasonable. In some cases using the continuous approximation for the expected null distribution may cause truly null test statistics to appear nonnull. We explore the implications of using continuous distributions to approximate the discrete distributions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test statistics and P-values. We derive exact P-value distributions under the null and alternative hypotheses, enabling a more accurate analysis than is possible with continuous approximations. We apply these methods to biological data and find that using continuous distribution theory with exact tests may underestimate the extent of Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium in a sample. The implications may be most important for the widespread use of whole-genome case-control association studies and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) testing for data quality control.
Illness and absence among wrestlers, swimmers, and gymnasts at a large university

The object of this study was to document the preva lence of illness and absence in members of three men's intercollegiate athletic teams: varsity wrestling, swim ming, and gymnastics. Team members (N = 87) were interviewed weekly in January and February during 8 weeks of their competitive season. Symptoms, signs, and their duration were recorded on a standard form, as well as the number of days of absence from at least one class or team practice or competition. Mean prev alence of illness was 54 per 100 persons during the first 5 weeks of the study and 30 per 100 persons during the last 3 weeks. Eighty-six percent of the athletes had at least one respiratory illness during the 8 week period and 40% reported skin problems. There were no significant differences among teams for respi ratory or skin problems. Gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly more frequent among swimmers than among wrestlers or gymnasts (χ2 = 16.1, df = 2, P < 0.001). During an illness, an athlete was less likely to miss class than...
Physical implications of multi-neighbor activations in the master equation☆

Abstract In this letter we show how multi-neighbor activations can arise from applications of the master equation to physical models, and how such randomized activations can be solved by homotopy mapping.
Synthesis and characterization of carboxylated polysulfones

Polysulfone has been carboxylated, via a metalated intermediate, by reaction of a THF solution of polymer with n-butyllithium and then treatment with carbon dioxide. The polymer reactions with n-butyllithium were close to quantitative and did not require the use of a tertiary amine catalyst. A series of polymers ranging from 0.2 to 1.9 carboxyl groups per repeat unit was prepared by this method in the salt, acid and ester form. The structures of these polymer derivatives were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and IR. The glass transition temperatures and thermal stabilities were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG).
Modeling of Powder Absorption in Additive Manufacturing

We have investigated optical absorption by a powder of metal spheres, via ray-trace calculations. The absorptivity significantly exceeds that for normal incidence, because of multiple scattering. The effect of beam size is also discussed.
Librarian-faculty relations in collection development

Abstract This study addresses the relationship between librarians and faculty regarding collection development. Data are examined in light of existing studies on lateral relations and faculty-librarian interaction. Lateral relations involve the accomodation of various realities as perceived by different participants in the process.
Rearing paradigm in a nonhuman primate affects response to β-CCE challenge

Two groups of socially housed rhesus monkeys were raised under conditions differing in the degree of control or mastery over appetitive stimuli (food, water, and treats) in the 1st year of life. At age 18–24 months, a benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist, β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (β-CCE), was administered to both social groups to investigate the effects of differential rearing on the response to a putative anxiogenic drug. In both groups β-CCE was followed by behavioral activation with a profile suggesting increases in aggression rather than fear or anxiety. A group by drug analysis revealed that the increase in aggression was observed predominantly in the subjects reared with mastery during the 1st year. Plasma cortisol increased in both groups, but its increase was greater in the yoked subjects. These results suggest that early experience with controllability may have long term consequences which can be revealed by challenge with β-CCE.
Investigating the neurobiological basis of cognitive rehabilitation therapy with fMRI.

The neurobiological changes occurring during cognitive rehabilitation therapy (CRT) have yet to be systematically studied. In the present study, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was use...
Abstract A24: Network models of signaling and drug response in melanoma.

Novel combination therapies are potentially key to preventing emergence of resistance to initially successful single agent therapies such as RAF inhibitors in melanoma. In order to systematically nominate novel and effective drug combinations, we have developed an integrated systems biology technology (perturbation biology) for inferring quantitative and predictive network models of signaling. Our modeling strategy combines systematic perturbation experiments, measurement of response profiles to perturbations, inference of network models and simulation of models with in silico perturbations. As a key component of the overall strategy, we have adapted the belief propagation (BP) inference algorithm from statistical physics to construct signaling models with several hundreds of measured entities. In parallel, we have developed a pathway informatics tool to automatically extract prior information from multiple signaling databases. We applied this approach to derive signaling network models in RAF inhibitor resistant melanoma cells and nominate drug combinations to overcome resistance in melanoma. First, we systematically perturb melanoma cells with a set of targeted drugs as single and paired agents. Next, we quantitatively measured proteomic (total and phospho-protein levels) and phenotypic (e.g. cell cycle arrest, cellular viability) responses to perturbations. We incorporated the generic prior information and context specific perturbation response data to construct quantitative network models, which capture multiple oncogenic pathways in melanoma. As shown by cross validation calculations, use of prior information significantly improved predictive power of models. Using the inferred network models of signaling, we systematically predicted response to tens of thousands of in silico perturbations. Our modeling and simulation strategy expanded the volume of drug response profile from few thousand experimental data points to millions of in silico data points. In addition, our models provided quantitative descriptions of signaling events in melanoma. Our perturbation biology technology is suitable for applications in diverse areas of molecular biology beyond cancer research. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):A24. Citation Format: Anil Korkut, Weiqing Wang, Evan Molinelli, Martin Miller, Poorvi Kaushik, Arman Aksoy, Xiaohong Jing, Nick Gauthier, Chris Sander. Network models of signaling and drug response in melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A24.
A new procedure for plotting phase plane trajectories

A new procedure is developed for sketching the phase plane trajectories of second-order systems. This procedure is based on some extensions of Liapunov's second method of stability analysis, and allows these trajectories to be sketched with only a small amount of work.
Unexpected bismuth concentration profiles in metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy-grown Ga(As1−xBix)/GaAs superlattices revealed by Z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging

A set of GaAs1−xBix/GaAs multilayer quantum-well structures was deposited by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy at 390 °C and 420 °C. The precursor fluxes were introduced with the intent of growing discrete and compositionally uniform GaAs1−xBix well and GaAs barrier layers in the epitaxial films. High-resolution high-angle annular-dark-field (or “Z-contrast”) scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging revealed concentration profiles that were periodic in the growth direction, but far more complicated in shape than the intended square wave. The observed composition profiles could explain various reports of physical properties measurements that suggest compositional inhomogeneity in GaAs1−xBix alloys as they currently are grown.
Location-Aware Query Processing and Optimization

The wide spread use of cellular phones, handheld devices, and GPS-like technology enables location-aware environments where virtually all objects are aware of their locations. Such environments call for new query processing techniques that deal with the continuous movement of both spatio-temporal objects and queries. The goal of this tutorial is to: (1) Give an in-depth view on supporting location-aware queries as an increasingly interesting area of research, (2) Present the state-of-the-art techniques for efficient handling of location-aware snapshot/continuous queries, and (3) Motivate the need for integrating location-awareness as a new query processing and optimization dimension, and (4) Raise several research challenges that need to be addressed towards a true support for location-aware queries in database management systems.
Population cage studies with wild-type and mutant strains of the house fly.

A special rearing-cycle procedure was devised to test the ability of 11 recessive mutant strains of the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), to survive and reproduce in population cages. Performance was rated against the performance of a Fargo-W (= wildtype ) strain. Two rearing cycles were run for each strain tested. Flies occurring in both cycles were placed under conditions of severe selection. The success or failure of a strain was measured by the number of adults available to begin a new cycle following selection procedures. No mutant populated the cage as effectively as the wildtype during the 1st rearing cycle. However, the aristapedia, white-eyed , and yellow-eyed mutants produced numbers approaching that of the wild-type during cycle 2. The mutant extended wing produced more adults in the cage during cycle 2 than the wild-type . Several mutants appeared to be deleterious to an adult carrier. Finally, the wild-type strain produced more adults from a 1-gallon container of larval food than any mutant tested.
Energy Conservation Analysis of Various Green Roof Systems

The present paper illustrates an experimental analysis on the comparative analysis of air-conditioning energy savings of different green roof applications based on experimental measurements. Tests were carried out on nine different green roof samples, involving three types of growth media (lava, arkalyte, pumice) matched with three sedum types (kamtchaticum, spurium, sexangulare). Temperature readings at the bases of each sample were recorded for 32 months continuously at every 15 minutes. The data was processed and the heat gain of a sample building with each green roof application was calculated theoretically. The energy consumption comparisons showed that the right selection of growth media and vegetation can yield significant energy savings for air-conditioning applications.
Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on endothelial function: 1-year outcomes from a randomized clinical trial.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine whether smoking cessation improves flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery. Background The long-term effects of continued smoking and smoking cessation on endothelial function have not been described previously. Methods This was a 1-year, prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the effects of 5 smoking cessation pharmacotherapies. FMD was measured by B-mode ultrasonography before and 1 year after the target smoking cessation date. Cessation was verified by exhaled carbon monoxide levels. ΔFMD was compared among study arms and between subjects who successfully quit smoking and those who continued to smoke. Predictors of baseline FMD and ΔFMD were identified by multivariable regression. Results The 1,504 current smokers (58% female, 84% white) were 44.7 ± 11.1 years of age and smoked 21.4 ± 8.9 cigarettes/day. Baseline FMD was similar in each treatment arm (p = 0.499) and was predicted by BA diameter (p Conclusions Despite weight gain, smoking cessation leads to prolonged improvements in endothelial function, which may mediate part of the reduced cardiovascular disease risk observed after smoking cessation. (Smoking Cessation Medications: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Algorithms; NCT00332644 )
Benefit of a low-fat over high-fat diet on vascular health during alternate day fasting

Alternate day fasting (ADF) with a low-fat (LF) diet improves brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Whether these beneficial effects can be reproduced with a high-fat (HF) diet remains unclear. This study compared the effects of ADF-HF to ADF-LF regimens on FMD. The role that adipokines have in mediating this effect was also investigated. Thirty-two obese subjects were randomized to an ADF-HF (45% fat) or ADF-LF diet (25% fat), consisting of two phases: (1) a 2-week baseline weight maintenance period and (2) an 8-week ADF weight loss period. Food was provided throughout the study. Body weight was reduced (P<0.0001) in the ADF-HF (4.4±1.0 kg) and ADF-LF group (3.7±0.7 kg). FMD decreased (P<0.05) by ADF-HF relative to baseline (7±1 to 5±2%) and increased (P<0.05) by ADF-LF (5±1 to 7±2%). Blood pressure remained unchanged in both groups. Adiponectin increased (P<0.05) in the ADF-HF (43±7%) and ADF-LF group (51±7%). Leptin and resistin decreased (P<0.05) in the ADF-HF (32±5%; 23±5%) and ADF-LF group (30±3%; 27±4%). Increases in adiponectin were associated with augmented FMD in the ADF-LF group only (r=0.34, P=0.03). Thus, improvements in FMD with ADF may only occur with LF diets and not with HF diets, and adipokines may not have a significant role in mediating this effect.
Comparison of the Dynamic Characteristics of Smooth Annular Seals and Damping Seals

Annular seals are known to enhance rotordynamic stability margins and minimize vibration response levels in high-speed rotating machinery. Theoretical predictions for the rotordynamic characteristics of annular seals exist but additional experimental data is needed to properly anchor these results. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has developed an annular seal test rig and facility to experimentally characterize axially fed annular seals. Annular seals with deliberately roughened stators (i.e., damping seals) have been shown analytically to increase stability margins of rocket engine turbomachinery by reducing the seal's whirl frequency ratio. The capabilities of MSFC's annular seal test rig have been enhanced to allow high fluid inlet preswirl testing that is more representative of actual turbopump seal boundary conditions. The purpose of this paper is to describe the effect of this realistic preswirl on the stabilizing capability of both damping and smooth seals. Centered seal results are presented for both a smooth annular seal and a damping seal. These results were obtained for a range of seal pressure differentials, shaft rotational speeds, and two levels of inlet fluid preswirl.