cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liberating the Archive, Emancipating Philanthropy: Philanthropic Archival Layering as a Critical Historical Approach for Researching Voluntary Action in Marginalized Communities

Historical analysis of philanthropy and civil society is a valuable research method that provides useful assessments of the sector’s development and its evolving strengths and challenges. However, the historical philanthropic experiences and contributions of underrepresented populations are oftentimes neglected due to their marginalized status in historical archives and records. To correct this, we propose philanthropic archival layering as a historical methodology for recovering and investigating diverse forms of voluntary action in marginalized communities. In this paper, we focus on the philanthropic experiences of Afro-Caribbean civil society in the early twentieth century and African American women during Jim Crow. We review scholarship on the African Diaspora and historical research methodologies for analyzing the archives of marginalized peoples. We demonstrate this methodology through two case applications before outlining steps for conducting philanthropic archival layering as an innovative methodological framework that broadens the field’s knowledge about what constitutes philanthropy and who contributes to it.
Comparative Effectiveness Research Using Meta-Analysis to Evaluate and Summarize Diagnostic Accuracy

According to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, “comparative effectiveness research is designed to inform health-care decisions by providing evidence on the effectiveness, benefits, and harms of different treatment options. The evidence is generated from research studies that compare drugs, medical devices, tests, surgeries, or ways to deliver health care.” Since it is difficult to systematically review each study to generate the best evidence and practice based on the overall diagnostic accuracy, it is useful to conduct a meta-analysis of such studies. Our main aim is to synthesize and to combine studies that yield proportions in a two-sample setting according to a reference standard. Statistical methods for combining sensitivities, specificities, and log diagnostic odds ratios are compared. A summary receiver operating characteristic curve is constructed. Monte Carlo simulation studies are conducted under both homogeneity and heterogeneity assumptions. For illustration purposes, a publically available example in urology is provided.
Effects of Highly-Heated Fuel on Diesel Combustion

The effects of highly heated fuel on diesel combustion were studied experimentally in a rapid compression machine. A pure fuel, dodecane, heated up to and beyond its critical temperature, was injected into a diesel combustion chamber with the air charge at a compression ratio of 18.2 to 1. The ignition delay was found to decrease with the increase of fuel temperature. The delay decreased to almost zero (within the limit of the accuracy of the instrumentation) at fuel temperatures above 600K. This decrease of delay was explained in terms of a thermal ignition model. For the short ignition delay combustions, the premixed burning phase could not be detected from the heat release data. The mixing controlled burning phases of the heated and unheated fuels however, were not much different; in particular, there was no rapid mixing phenomenon when the fuel temperature was above critical.
Unbundling of transmission: the operation and economics of a for-profit transmission company

With the unbundling and the restructuring of the electric power industry worldwide, the transmission component of the system has evolved from merely a means of providing shared reliability and seasonal sharing of resources to becoming the commercial highway. This evolution has allowed a series of institutional models of that highway to develop. Three concepts have emerged under an umbrella of Regional Transmission Organizations: the Independent System Operator (ISO); the Independent Scheduling Administrator (ISA); and the Independent Transmission Company (ITC) or TransCo. This paper provides a comparison of the three concepts. It focuses on the institutional, economic and regulatory aspects of establishing a regional ITC in the context of the United States regulatory environment. The paper also presents a tariff structure that allows the ITC to operate the power system while neither operating nor participating in the energy market.
Fasting and refeeding in the lactating dairy cow: 2. The recovery of liver cell structure and function following a six-day fast

Abstract Cows in early lactation were fasted for 6 days and then refed a normal diet for 70 days. Liver cell structure was monitored throughout the experiment by stereological analysis of needle biopsy samples and liver cell function was assessed by the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and concentrations of bilirubin in the serum. The main changes in the liver of the fasted cows were a decrease in volume density of cytoplasm occupied by glycogen, and an increase in volume density of lysosomes and lipid, both lipid droplets and liposomes. There was a decrease in the number of mitochondria per cell with an increase in mean mitochondrial volume. The changes in liver structure were accompanied by a rise in serum enzyme activity and in the concentration of bilirubin in serum. Liver cell volume and volume density of cytoplasm occupied by glycogen, lysosomes and liposomes returned to control levels within 8 days after refeeding whereas volume density of lipid droplets and the mitochondrial parameters returned to control levels within 16 days. During refeeding there was a close correlation between recovery of liver cell function assessed by blood enzyme concentrations and liver cell structure assessed by stereological techniques.
Increased grain protein content and its association with agronomic and end-use quality in two hard red spring wheat populations derived from Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides

Suitability of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for many food products depends on its unique protein. Elevated grain protein content (GPC) and its quality influences the bread making properties of wheat. The objective of this study was to examine the association of elevated GPC with agronomic and end-use quality in two hard red spring wheat recombinant inbred (RI) populations derived from wild emmer (Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides). The two hard red spring populations (ND683/Bergen and Glupro/Bergen) were developed using a single-seed-descent method. ND683 and ‘Glupro’ are high in GPC (180 g kg-1), presumably due to the introgression of gene(s) from Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides and ‘Bergen’ is low in GPC (145 g kg-1). From each of the two populations 12 high- and 12 low-GPC RI lines (F5:7) were selected for replicated testing at two North Dakota (ND) locations in 1995. In both populations, the high-GPC lines had significantly (p < 0.05) higher values compared to the low-GPC lines for mean GPC and water absorption. Mean grain yield of the high-GPC lines was not significantly different from the low-GPC lines in both populations. In the ND683/Bergen population, the high-GPC lines had significantly (p < 0.05) higher values than the low-GPC lines for mean plant height, days to heading, and flour extraction. GPC was significantly (p < 0.05)and negatively associated with test weight and also significantly (p < 0.01) and positively associated with water absorption in the Glupro/Bergen population. In these populations, results suggested that it may be possible to select lines that combine higher GPC and acceptable yield level, but later in maturity and taller in plant height.
Computing bounds for a simple fault detection scheme

A deterministic approach is presented for computing thresholds in a simple fault detection system. The thresholds measure the magnitude of the minimum detectable fault and the maximum nondetectable fault. Two different approaches are presented here. The first is the use of the 2-norm which results in a linear matrix inequality (LMI) problem and the second is the use of the l/sub /spl infin//-norm which results in an integer linear programming problem. A filter design is proposed in both cases that enhances the ability to distinguish between the fault and the disturbance.
Field comparison tests of a bottom-mounted Aanderaa RDCP600 with an RDI Workhorse 600 ADCP, and a moored string of Aanderaa RCM9 MKII current meters

Detailed field testing of a bottom-mounted Aanderaa RDCP600 Doppler profiler was conducted at a protected coastal embayment. The RDCP600 was compared for 30 days to a string of seven moored Aanderaa RCM9 MKII in situ Doppler current meters, and an RDI 600 kHz workhorse ADCP. The test buoy was equipped with outriggers to allow measurements very close to the surface and to examine the acoustic and wake effects of the buoy on the performance of the RCM9 standard. The two 600 kHz Doppler profilers were deployed on the same bottom frame in order to ensure the same tilt and distance (approximately 50 m) from the moored RCM9 current meters. The Doppler profilers were programmed to sample during alternating time windows within a 20-minute sampling interval in order to avoid acoustic cross talk and interference. A common time base was achieved via post-deployment linear interpolation. Results of vector correlations and difference statistics show excellent agreement between all of the current measurement devices. Mean differences were generally less than 0.005 m s' and the RMS differences were on the order of 0.02 m s/sup -1/.
Biochemical studies of male gametogenesis in liliaceous plants.

Publisher Summary Three genera of liliaceous plants have been found to be particularly useful for biochemical studies of gametogenesis: Trilhm, Tulipa, and Lilium. Despite the extreme differences in conditions of development, the biochemical characteristics of the gametic cells are similar. The reason why similarities have been observed is that studies have been restricted to certain common events at the cellular level. This chapter discusses these events. The phenomena discussed are based on patterns observed in Lilium longiflorum. It is concerned mainly with studies done in laboratory. Studies in the laboratory have been addressed mainly to the intracellular events underlying gametogenesis. Such studies have a legitimacy of their own beyond the scope of developmental biology. Meiosis, in particular, is central to genetic theory, and an account of this process could stand by itself. The chapter provides reviews of the progress being made in the developmental field. It also discusses the evidence that bears on the relationship between the gametic cells and the organic environment in which they develop.
Information theoretical limits of binary-input ISI channels with signal-dependent correlated Gaussian noise

In this paper, we introduce a simulation-based method to compute the information rates of intersymbol interference (ISI) channels with signal-dependent Gaussian noise when the inputs are binary and independent identically distributed. The method extends the idea in Arnold et al. (2001), which focuses on the ISI channels with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). With the new method, we can compute the information rates of the Lorentzian channels with media noise that represents a suitable model for practical magnetic recording channels.
Optimal reduced-rank time-frequency/time-scale quadratic detectors

Optimal detectors based on time-frequency/time-scale representations (TFRs/TSRs) admit a representation in terms of a bank of spectrograms/scalograms that yields a large class of detectors. These range from the conventional matched filter to the more complex higher-rank detectors offering a superior performance in a wider variety of detection situations. In this paper, we optimize this complexity versus performance tradeoff by characterizing TFR/TSR detectors that optimize performance (based on the deflection criterion) for any given fixed rank. We also characterize the gain in performance as a function of increasing complexity thereby facilitating a judicious tradeoff. Our experience with real data shows that, in many cases, relatively low-rank optimal detectors can provide most of the gain in performance relative to matched-filter processors.
Catalysis Of Discovery And Development In Engineering And Industry

Statistical experimental design was developed by R. A. Fisher and his colleagues in the 1930s. Although originally applied to agricultural experimentation, these methods have been of enormous value...
Distribution of dopaminergic fibers in the central division of the extended amygdala of the rat

Abstract The distribution of dopaminergic fibers in the principal components of the central extended amygdala (central amygdaloid nucleus (Ce), substantia innominata, and bed nucleus of the stria terminals (BNST)), was studied using immunocytochemistry against tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine β-hydroxylase and dopamine. Dopamine fibers were found most densely distributed in the dorsolateral subdivision of the BNST and the lateral part of the Ce. Smaller numbers of dopaminergic fibers were found in the rest of the central extended amygdala. In contrast, dopamine β-hydroxylase fibers were virtually absent from the dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and lateral part of the central amygdaloid nucleus, but were distributed in a moderate density in the medial part of Ce, dorsal substantia innominata and posterolateral BNST. Our results show that dopamine fibers are most concentrated over those regions of the central extended amygdala with large numbers of GABAergic neurons whose projections remain within the central extended amygdala, while noradrenergic fibers are most heavily concentrated over those regions containing a large proportion of brainstem projection neurons. That dopamine fibers are concentrated over regions with GABAergic medium spiny neurons suggests that those regions might be organized as a striatal parallel.
Craniofacial surgery, from past pioneers to future promise.

Objectives As a surgical subspecialty devoted to restoration of normal facial and calvarial anatomy, craniofacial surgeons must navigate the balance between pathologic states of bone excess and bone deficit. While current techniques employed take root in lessons learned from the success and failure of early pioneers, craniofacial surgery continues to evolve, and novel modalities will undoubtedly arise integrating past and present experiences with future promise to effectively treat craniofacial disorders.
Thermal Tolerance of Avian Embryos: A Review

Avian eggs usually experience temperatures of 30 to 400C during the incubation period, but eggs often cool to much lower temperatures. Hyperthermia is less common. Passerines do not show higher incubation temperatures than other orders that have been studied extensively. Field measurements of incubation temperatures are usually lower than the optimal temperatures for development found in laboratory studies. Some species regulate egg temperatures closely throughout incubation; but in at least one penguin species, mean egg temperature increases and ranges of egg temperature decrease through the incubation period. Both the optimal temperature for continuous exposure and the range of temperatures producing high survivorship differ among species. Species also differ in their responses to temperature exposures of limited duration. Thus, the use of a "physiological zero" applicable to all species is not warranted. Penguins have both a lower optimum and a broader range of acceptable incubation temperatures than do other species studied. Age, duration, and temperature of exposure significantly affect survivorship. Hyperthermia is evidently more injurious to the developing embryo than is hypothermia. Resistance to cold exposure is a heritable trait, but the genetics and physiology of the response(s) are not known. For older embryos, the physiological effects of hyperthermia are similar to those of adult birds in terms of the organ systems that are first to fail. An estimate of thermal tolerance for short exposures in most species studied is 16 to 41 C and, for exposures lasting several hours, 36 to 390C.
Estrous response and pregnancy rates following calf removal in beef cows treated with prostaglandin F2α

Five hundred fifty-four suckled beef cows in three herds were allotted within postpartum interval to one of four treatments. All cows received two injections of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) 11 days apart. Treatment I served as a control. Calves were removed for 48 hr following the first injection of PGF2α in treatment II. Calves were removed similarly after the second injection of PGF2α in treatment III and after both injections of PGF2α in treatment IV. Pregnancy rates at the synchronized service, by 24 days and by 45 days of breeding were not (P>0.05) affected by treatment. Similarly, the treatments had no significant (P>0.05) effect on percentage of animals exhibiting estrus following the first and second injections of PGF2α.
Community education for emergency services

Emergency medical services form a four phase spectrum which include the emergency itself, emergency transportation, emergency department care, and follow-up care. A program, expanding the role of the emergency physician specialist within this spectrum, is in progress under a community health service, at a voluntary hospital, responsible for emergency and ambulatory health care. To improve care in phase one, 10 ten-hour courses, on emergency care have been given to a total of 810 laymen from the surrounding business area, while they were on paid time. Bilingual courses for local residents and courses for nearby occupational health personnel are contemplated. A 45 hour program is offered to public and private ambulance personnel, improving phase two care and satisfying local certification requirements. A full-time emergency physician post within the hospital is a phase three goal. Emergency physician responsibility in all phases is esential to the achievement of specialty status.
Mechano-chemical coupling in the adhesion of thin-shell structures

Abstract Nonlinear coupling between mechanical and chemical fields at material interfaces can result in complex phenomena that include segregation-driven interface strengthening or weakening and bistability. Spatial nonuniformity of those fields is driven by elastic stresses that develop in the conforming bodies and from surface topography that is the result of patterning or inherent roughness. In this paper, equilibrium states are analyzed as a function of geometrical, material, and chemical properties to understand coupling mechanisms that impact interface strength. In particular, a theoretical model is presented for the finite deformations of a shallow spherical cap adhering to a rigid substrate that is either flat or has topography. The adhesive interactions are taken to be a continuous function of the local shell–substrate separation and the local concentrations of strengthening or weakening chemical species. Equilibrium states characterized by contact radii and energies are presented as a function of the average concentration of surface species (closed system) and the ambient chemical potential (open system). Bistable equilibria, snap transitions, and nonuniform energy, traction, and concentration fields are salient features of the numerical solutions. Interface separation under edge loading conditions is also investigated to determine the geometrical, material, chemical, and rate of the pull-off load and the work of separation. Additionally, adhesion to substrates with sinusoidal topography is analyzed to investigate the impact of patterning or inherent roughness. Important predictions of the later analysis are topography-induced segregation patterns and bistability.
Longitudinal Investigation of Adaptive Functioning following Conformal Irradiation for Pediatric Craniopharyngioma and Low-Grade Glioma

Purpose Children treated for brain tumors with conformal radiation therapy experience preserved cognitive outcomes. Early evidence suggests that adaptive functions or independent-living skills may be spared. This longitudinal investigation prospectively examined intellectual and adaptive functioning during the first 5 years following irradiation for childhood craniopharyngioma and low-grade glioma (LGG). The effect of visual impairment on adaptive outcomes was investigated. Methods and Materials Children with craniopharyngioma (n=62) and LGG (n=77) were treated using conformal or intensity modulated radiation therapy. The median age was 8.05 years (3.21-17.64 years) and 8.09 years (2.20-19.27 years), respectively. Serial cognitive evaluations including measures of intelligence quotient (IQ) and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) were conducted at preirradiation baseline, 6 months after treatment, and annually through 5 years. Five hundred eighty-eight evaluations were completed during the follow-up period. Results Baseline assessment revealed no deficits in IQ and VABS indices for children with craniopharyngioma, with significant ( P r =0.34; P =.01) in children with craniopharyngioma. Children with LGG performed below population norms ( P P Conclusions There was relative sparing of postirradiation functional outcomes over time in this sample. Baseline differences in functional abilities before the initiation of irradiation suggested that other factors influence functional outcomes above and beyond the effects of irradiation.
Parallel incisions procedure for penile curvature—Short term outcomes

Summary Objective A modified corporotomy technique has been developed in order to overcome the problems of previous techniques such as tissue removal, urethral mobilisation, palpable knots, ‘dog ears’ and leakage on testing after repair. Our objective is to describe the technique and review the outcomes in the short term. Methods The procedure involves two transverse parallel incisions at the bite points of Allis forceps used to correct curvature. The intervening tunica is buried, sealing the incision and preventing leakage. The incision is closed with 2-0 Polydioxanone sutures and a single 2-0 Polyglycolic to maintain knot burial. Data were collected retrospectively on all patients undergoing this technique from our department. Results Thirty-two patients underwent daycase surgery. Mean duration of disease was 12.5 months. At three months the cosmetic result was excellent (straight) or good ( Conclusions The modified parallel incisions procedure is easy to perform and is efficacious in the short term with good cosmetic results and high patient satisfaction. Longer term follow-up is planned in a prospective fashion.
Kinetic patterns of glucoamylase isozymes isolated from Aspergillus species.

Abstract The existence of multiple forms of glucoamylase has been known for some time. However, little information is available to differentiate these isozymes other than their electrophoretic mobility. It has now been found that the two forms of glucoamylase from several different Aspergillus strains do differ in their rate of attack on starch and glycogen. The Michaelis constant of the least charged isozyme on glycogen approaches infinity, whereas on starch it is several times greater than the more charged form. On small oligosaccharides and maltose the two forms show the same K m and V max values. In addition to kinetic differences, the two isozyme forms differ in their molecular weight.
Anatomic and machine projection angles of various radiographic imaging systems used for cardiac angiography

Quantitation of coronary artery dimensions in serial angiographic studies requires an awareness of the variety, complexity, and implications of radiographic imaging equipment used for coronary arteriography. Recognition of the geometric complexities inherent in angiographic imaging systems is important in understanding complex image rotations and ensuring identity of projections when serial comparison is desired. Tables, figures, and formulae are provided to permit translation of machine angles into patient reference angles and vice versa.
The effect of acute ingestion of a protein beverage consumed late in the evening on metabolism, appetite, mood state, and blood lipid in overweight and obese adults

Background Common perception for nocturnal eating has deemed food off-limits during this time due to the potential health implications associated with increased food intake and lack of physical activity during sleep. However, given that macronutrients elicit different effects on metabolism, appetite and cardiometabolic health, it is possible that protein may be optimal for consumption in the evening before sleep. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the acute impact of protein ingestion consumed in the late evening before sleep on fat metabolism, appetite, mood state, and blood lipids in overweight and obese adults.
The single-strands of yeast autonomously replicating DNA segments are not recognized as origins of replication by Escherichiacoli DNA replication proteins

Summary Sequence analysis of yeast DNA segments able to promote autonomous replication suggests that they may be similar in structure to origins of replication recognized by E. coli . This report describes the use of single-stranded circular DNA molecules containing such DNA segments in an in vitro system from E. coli which efficiently initiates DNA synthesis on various phage templates. We found no evidence for specific recognition of these yeast DNA segments as origins of replication by the E. coli DNA synthesis proteins. We conclude that the structural features recognized by the E. coli proteins as origins of replication are not exhibited by the yeast autonomously replicating segments.
X-Ray and Ultraviolet Line Emission from SNR 1987A

The soft X-ray emission seen from SN 1987A and the apparent deceleration of the radio source expansion suggest that the supernova blast wave has encountered a moderately dense H II region interior to the inner circumstellar ring. We simulate the hydrodynamics of this interaction and calculate the resulting X-ray and ultraviolet emission-line spectrum and light curves. The soft X-ray spectrum is dominated by emission lines of hydrogenic and helium-like C, N, O, and Ne; it is consistent with the ROSAT observations if Fe is depleted on grains. N V λλ1240 emission should be observable easily with the Hubble Space Telescope. The blast wave should strike the inner circumstellar ring around A.D. 2007.
Specific Induction of Apoptosis in P19 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells by Retinoic Acid and BMP2 or BMP4

Abstract Retinoic acid (RA) affects the response of many cells to growth factors, including the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). The BMPs are members of the TGF-β family of growth factors, originally identified by their bone-inducing activities. Their widespread expression suggests many roles other than that in osteogenesis. Because RA modulates the cell's response to growth factors, this may be a means by which the retinoids exert some of their known teratogenic effects. One such cellular response may be apoptosis. While apoptosis is required for normal development, the location and timing of its induction must be carefully controlled. Recently, several TGF-β family members have been implicated in the induction of apoptosis in certain cell types. We show here, using P19 embryonal carcinoma cells, that the combination of RA and BMP2 or BMP4 synergistically induces apoptosis in 40% of the population within 24 hr. In contrast, RA alone induces apoptosis in only 10–15% of the population and each of the BMPs alone minimally induces apoptosis. Apoptosis depends on the dose of both the RA and the BMP as well as on new protein synthesis. Further, the induction of apoptosis prevents the formation of fully differentiated neurons and glial cells and instead leads to primarily smooth muscle cell differentiation. These results suggest that some of the malformations caused by retinoids may be due to the induction of inappropriate apoptosis in cells exposed to BMPs.
Import competition, employment and wages in U.S. manufacturing

Abstract This paper uses cointegration analysis to examine if employment and wages in the U.S. manufacturing sector exhibit any long run relationship with import competition. While overall the cointegration analysis supports the results reported in Revenga’s (1992) panel study it indicates that in the long run a positive correlation between import price and employment and/or a negative correlation between import price and wage are sector sensitive. There is also a considerable variation in the magnitude of employment and wage elasticities.
Correlation of cell shape and function in the visual cortex of the cat.

FROM recordings made with microelectrodes it is known that neurones in the primary visual cortex (area 17) of the cat's brain respond to certain types of visual stimuli. An individual cell usually responds well to slits or edges of light shone at an appropriate orientation within a particular part of the visual field. Such a cell can be classified as simple, complex, or hyper-complex, in terms of the selectivity of its responses1,2. Observations of Golgi-impregnated material have demonstrated that most cortical neurones are either stellate or pyramidal and it is natural to wonder whether the structural and functional properties of these cells are directly related. A suggestion that this may be so comes from the observation that the distribution of simple cells in different cortical layers tends to parallel the distribution of stellate cells, while a similar approximate correspondence exists between complex and pyramidal cells1,3,4, which suggests this may be so. We have approached the problem of correlating cell structure and function more directly by injecting physiologically identified cells with a fluorescent dye, Procion yellow, using the technique developed by Stretton and Kravitz5. This dye spreads into even the finest processes of a cell and can give almost as clear a picture of cell morphology as a Golgi stain.
Evaluation of heavy‐metal ion toxicity in fish cells using a combined stress protein and cytotoxicity assay

All organisms, from bacteria and yeast to humans, respond to physical and chemical stressors by increasing the synthesis of a small group of cellular stress proteins.'' The authors have developed a simple in vitro system for quickly screening environmentally relevant stressors to detect stress-induced proteins that are good candidates for biomarkers. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to detect stressor-induced, concentration-dependent changes in cellular stress protein levels in two fish cell culture systems, whereas simultaneous in vitro neutral red uptake cytotoxicity assays measured the stressors effect on cellular physiology. There was a direct concentration-dependent relationship between sublethal cytotoxic effects and the increases in stress protein levels. Increases of 50 to 200% were detected in stress proteins from desert topminnow, Poeciliopsis lucida, hepatoma-derived cell cultures exposed to cadmium or copper. Three proteins showed similar increases in winter flounder, Pleuronectes americanus, kidney cell cultures exposed to the same stressors. Increases in the evolutionarily conserved heat-shock protein hsp70 were detected in each experiment; its level increased with increasing stressor concentrations.
Making Online Instruction Count: Statistical Reporting of Web-Based Library Instruction Activities.

Statistical reporting of library instruction (LI) activities has historically focused on measures relevant to face-to-face (F2F) settings. However, newer forms of LI conducted in the online realm may be difficult to count in traditional ways, leading to inaccurate reporting to both internal and external stakeholders. A thorough literature review is combined with the results of an investigative survey to reveal the current status of reporting such activities. The results reveal considerable confusion about the reporting of Web-based LI activities, even though a number of librarians are devoting significant amounts of time to this important and growing area of librarianship.
The socio-spatial dynamics of development: geographical insights beyond the 2009 World Development Report

The 2009 World Development Report: Reshaping Economic Geography has drawn significant attention to the influence of `first-order' (for example transportation costs, market contexts) geographies on development processes. Despite the recognition, numerous geographers have criticized the Report for its failure to engage with ideas from outside economics, particularly those associated with ‘second-order’ (for example social, political) factors that influence economic development. This paper details three of these missing geographies and demonstrates how urban–regional development is influenced by socio-spatial factors, context-specific mobilities, power asymmetries and the quality of a region's ties to transnational production networks. Beyond highlighting these factors, the paper argues for improved policies through the integration of economists and geographers’ perspectives on the role of density, distance and division in development.
Roberts syndrome: A deficit in acetylated cohesin leads to nucleolar dysfunction

All living organisms must go through cycles of replicating their genetic information and then dividing the copies between two new cells. This cyclical process, in cells from bacteria and human alike, requires a protein complex known as cohesin. Cohesin is a structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complex. While bacteria have one form of this complex, yeast have several SMC complexes, and humans have at least a dozen cohesin complexes alone. Therefore the ancient structure and function of SMC complexes has been both conserved and specialized over the course of evolution. These complexes play roles in replication, repair, organization, and segregation of the genome. Mutations in the genes that encode cohesin and its regulatory factors are associated with developmental disorders such as Roberts syndrome, Cornelia de Lange syndrome, and cancer. In this review, we focus on how acetylation of cohesin contributes to its function. In Roberts syndrome, the lack of cohesin acetylation contributes to nucleolar defects and translational inhibition. An understanding of basic SMC complex function will be essential to unraveling the molecular etiology of human diseases associated with defective SMC function.
ErbB2 Pathway Activation upon Smad4 Loss Promotes Lung Tumor Growth and Metastasis

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death. Genome sequencing of lung tumors from patients with squamous cell carcinoma has identified SMAD4 to be frequently mutated. Here, we use a mouse model to determine the molecular mechanisms by which Smad4 loss leads to lung cancer progression. Mice with ablation of Pten and Smad4 in airway epithelium develop metastatic adenosquamous tumors. Comparative transcriptomic and in vivo cistromic analyses determine that loss of PTEN and SMAD4 results in ELF3 and ErbB2 pathway activation due to decreased expression of ERRFI1, a negative regulator of ERBB2 in mouse and human cells. The combinatorial inhibition of ErbB2 and Akt signaling attenuate tumor progression and cell invasion, respectively. Expression profile analysis of human lung tumors substantiated the importance of the ErbB2/Akt/ELF3 signaling pathway as both a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic drug target for treating lung cancer.
Unconsciousness raising: Hidden dimensions of heterosexism in theory and practice with lesbians

Abstract This article reviews major approaches to empirical research in the past decade on the lesbian “coming out” experience, and makes explicit the sociocultural context within which they may be configured. Structural aspects of heterosexism are discussed from a social point of view and also at the level of individual experience. The internalization processes of heterosexism are described through a review of clinical data. Examination of the data from these perspectives serves not only to enhance clinical sensitivity to the larger social context in which individuals experience themselves as gay, but also to the hidden dimensions of heterosexism in theory.
Effects of altered availability of Na+ on guinea-pig airway smooth muscle contractility.

Abstract The effects of altering the availability of sodium ions (Na + ) on contractility of the guinea-pig isolated trachealis was examined using regimens which are reported to inhibit Na + /K + ATPase activity (ouabain), Na + /H + exchange (amiloride, ammonium ion (NH 4 + )) or Na + /Ca 2+ exchange (reduced extracellular Na + ). Inhibition of Na + /K + ATPase and reversal of Na + /Ca 2+ exchange resulted in increased 45 Ca uptake and contraction of the trachealis by voltage-sensitive and voltage-insensitive mechanisms respectively. When Na + /H + exchange was inhibited by amiloride the tissues relaxed to below their baseline tension. The relaxation was not due to reduced Ca 2+ influx. Treatment with NH 4 + produced a contractile response. Reduced extracellular Na + caused a transient contraction as a result of reversal of the normal Na + /Ca 2+ exchange process leading to accumulation of Ca 2+ within the cell. Since the effects of amiloride and reduced extracellular sodium were different, it is unlikely that amiloride is acting primarily by inhibiting Na + /Ca 2+ exchange. Amiloride reduced tissue sensitivity to methacholine and KCI without affecting Ca 2+ influx. This may involve a secondary stimulation of Na + /Ca 2+ exchange following changes in [Na'];. Ouabain also reduced tissue sensitivity to methacholine and KCl. These findings suggest that Na + are important in determining smooth muscle contractility. If NH 4 + is altering pH then, at the concentrations used, the changes in (H + ] were not sufficient to alter responses to the spasmogens.
Ballistic intracellular nanorheology reveals ROCK-hard cytoplasmic stiffening response to fluid flow

Cells in vivo are constantly subjected to mechanical shear stresses that play important regulatory roles in various physiological and pathological processes. Cytoskeletal reorganizations that occur in response to shear flow have been studied extensively, but whether the cytoplasm of an adherent cell adapts its mechanical properties to respond to shear is largely unknown. Here we develop a new method where fluorescent nanoparticles are ballistically injected into the cells to probe, with high resolution, possible local viscoelastic changes in the cytoplasm of individual cells subjected to fluid flow. This new assay, ballistic intracellular nanorheology (BIN), reveals that shear flow induces a dramatic sustained 25-fold increase in cytoplasmic viscosity in serum-starved Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. By contrast, cells stimulated with the actin contractile agonist LPA show highly transient stiffening of much lower amplitude, despite the formation of similar cytoskeletal structures. Shear-induced cytoplasmic stiffening is attenuated by inhibiting actomyosin interactions and is entirely eliminated by specific Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibition. Together, these results show that biochemical and biophysical stimuli may elicit the formation of qualitatively similar cytoskeleton structures (i.e. stress fibers and focal adhesions), but induces quantitatively different micromechanical responses. Our results suggest that when an adherent cell is subjected to shear stresses, its first order of action is to prevent detachment from its substratum by greatly stiffening its cytoplasm through enhanced actin assembly and Rho-kinase mediated contractility.
Moderators of the intervention effects for a dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program; results from an amalgam of three randomized trials.

Abstract Objective To investigate factors hypothesized to moderate the effects of a dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program, including initial elevations in thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, eating disorders symptoms, and older participant age. Method Adolescent female high school and college students with body image concerns ( N = 977; M age = 18.6) were randomized to a dissonance-based thin-ideal internalization reduction program or an assessment-only control condition in three prevention trials. Results The intervention produced (a) significantly stronger reductions in thin-ideal internalization for participants with initial elevations in thin-ideal internalization and a threshold/subthreshold DSM-5 eating disorder at baseline, (b) significantly greater reductions in eating disorder symptoms for participants with versus without a DSM-5 eating disorder at baseline, and (c) significantly stronger reductions in body dissatisfaction for late adolescence/young adulthood versus mid-adolescent participants. Baseline body dissatisfaction did not moderate the intervention effects. Conclusion Overall, intervention effects tended to be amplified for individuals with initial elevations in risk factors and a DSM-5 eating disorder at baseline. Results suggest that this prevention program is effective for a broad range of individuals, but is somewhat more beneficial for the subgroups identified in the moderation analyses.
Metal-deficient O9-B0 supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud

Detailed spectral classifications are given for nine OB supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud, along with less detailed remarks for an additional six objects. From the hydrogen and helium spectra as well as the known absolute magnitudes, these are all very luminous stars. However, without exception, their metallic line spectra are in striking contrast to those of galactic stars of similar types: the SMC supergiants have metal lines no stronger than those of galactic dwarfs and giants. There is some evidence for a range of metal line strengths among the SMC stars. A comparison with quantitative measures from the high-dispersion literature for galactic stars indicates Si IV line strength deficiencies of factors from 2 to 4 for the SMC supergiants.
Cellular Oncogenes and Multistep Carcinogenesis

Two dozen cellular proto-oncogenes have been discovered to date through the study of retroviruses and the use of gene transfer. They form a structurally and functionally heterogeneous group. At least five distinct mechanisms are responsible for their conversion to active oncogenes. Recent work provides experimental strategies by which many of these oncogenes, as well as oncogenes of DNA tumor viruses, may be placed into functional categories. These procedures may lead to definition of a small number of common pathways through which the various oncogenes act to transform cells.
Multiprocessor scheduling: combining LPT and MULTIFIT

Abstract We consider the problem of scheduling a set of n independent jobs on m identical machines with the objective of minimizing the total finishing time. We combine the two most popular algorithms, LTP and MULTIFIT, to form a new one. MULTIFIT is well known to have better error bound than LPT with the price paid in running time. Although MULTIFIT provides a better error bound, in many cases LPT still can yield better results. This motivates the development of this new combined algorithm, which uses the result of LPT as the incumbent and then applies MULTIFIT with fewer iterations. The performance of this combined algorithm is better than that of LPT because it uses LPT as an incumbent. The error bound of this combined algorithm is never worse than that of MULTIFIT. For example, the error bound of implementing this combined algorithm to the two-processor problem is 1 9 , compared to the error bound of 1 7 in MULTIFIT. Empirical results of the comparison for schedules obtained by the combined algorithm, MULTIFIT and LPT are also provided.
Asymmetric motion visually evoked potentials in infantile strabismus are not an artifact of latent nystagmus.

Abstract Background: Patients who have infantile strabismus exhibit a directional asymmetry of motion visually evoked potentials (MVEPs) recorded under conditions of monocular viewing. The majority of these patients also have latent nystagmus, raising the possibility that the MVEP asymmetry is an artifact of the nystagmus. To explore this issue, we correlated MVEPs and eye movements under conditions that eliminated or increased latent nystagmus. Methods: MVEPs and eye movements were recorded under conditions of monocular viewing in three adults who had combined infantile-onset strabismus and latent nystagmus. The subjects viewed vertically oriented grating stimuli that oscillated horizontally at temporal frequencies of 6.6 to 11.0 Hz by use of spatial frequencies of 1 to 3 cycles/degree. Quantitative eye movement recordings of latent nystagmus and horizontal pursuit/optokinetic nystagmus were also obtained. Results: Eye movement recordings showed that the latent nystagmus was absent or markedly diminished when the viewing eye was in a 45-degree adducted position, whereas nystagmus velocity increased 10 to 40 times (to 2.2 to 4.5 degrees/second) when the viewing eye was in an abducted position ( p Conclusions: MVEP asymmetries in infantile strabismus remain robust under conditions that eliminate or greatly reduce the oscillations of latent nystagmus. MVEP asymmetries and ocular motor abnormalities both characterize infantile strabismus, but the ocular motor defects do not cause the MVEP asymmetries. The nasotemporal asymmetry of MVEPs and the nasotemporal asymmetry of pursuit and latent nystagmus are likely caused by deficits in related but separate binocular visual cortical circuits.
Progressive reliability method and its application to offshore mooring systems

Abstract Assessing the reliability of complex systems (e.g. structures) is essential for a reliability-based optimal design that balances safety and costs of such systems. This paper proposes the Progressive Reliability Method (PRM) for the quantification of the reliability of complex systems. The proposed method is a closed-form solution for calculating the probability of failure. The new method is flexible to the definition of “failure” (i.e., can consider serviceability and ultimate-strength failures) and uses the rules of probability theory to estimate the failure probability of the system or its components. The method is first discussed in general and then illustrated in two examples, including a case study to find the safest configuration and orientation of a 12-line offshore mooring system. The PRM results are compared with results of a similar assessment based on the Monte Carlo simulations. It is shown in the example of two-component that using PRM, the importance of system components to system safety can be quantified and compared as input information for maintenance planning.