cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Establishment of two cell lines from embryonic tissue of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L).

Two cell lines were derived from primary cultures of embryonic tissue of the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta (L.). The cell lines were maintained on hemolymph-free synthetic insect medium. Cytogenetic and immunological identification of the lines were carried out. Techniques for obtaining the line and medium, subculturing and freezing procedures for long-term storage, and the morphological and growth characteristics are described.
Studies on the adrenal during simultaneous administration of DDD and amphenone.

IN 1948 Nelson and Woodard (1, 2) reported that oral administration of DDD (2,2-bis(parachlorophenyl)-1,1,dichloroethane) an analog of the common insecticide DDT, causes atrophy of the adrenal cortex and further that this atrophy is species specific for the dog. Several papers have since appeared dealing with the alterations of physiology induced by this compound but no data concerning the mechanism of action has been recorded apart from the postulation by one of us, J.N. (3), that the substance might act by “blocking” the effect of ACTH. A few reports indicate that the compound may have an effect in species other than the dog; these will be discussed later. Hertz et al. (4) have established that Amphenone causes cessation of function of the adrenal and subsequent engorgement of the cortical cells with cholesterol and hypertrophy.
Influence of pH, salt, and temperature on pressure inactivation of hepatitis A virus.

Abstract The effects of pH (3–7), NaCl (0–6%), and temperature on pressure inactivation of hepatitis A virus (HAV) were determined. The HAV samples were treated at 400 MPa for 1 min at 5, 20, and 50 °C. Decreasing solution pH enhanced pressure inactivation of HAV. This enhanced inactivation effect was most evident at 20 °C. A baroprotective effect was observed for NaCl concentrations from 1 to 6%. For example, a treatment of 400 MegaPascals (MPa) for 1 min at 50 °C reduced the HAV titers by 4.0, 4.1, 1.3 and 0.4 log plaque forming units (PFU)/ml for NaCl concentrations of 0, 1, 3, and 6%, respectively. Overall, increasing the treatment temperature enhanced pressure inactivation of HAV in the solutions. The pressure resistance of HAV in oysters was also examined. Temperature in the range of 5 to 50 °C did not significantly affect the pressure inactivation of HAV within oyster homogenates. It is concluded that HPP treatment of oysters at temperatures above room temperature would not provide any additional benefit for inactivation of HAV. However, the observation that HAV inactivation is enhanced in acidic matrices is information that may be useful for designing product formulations and processing parameters for high pressure processing of products such as low pH fruit juices and salsa.
Effects of 12 metal ions on iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP-1) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and HIF-regulated genes

Several metal ions that are carcinogenic affect cellular iron homeostasis by competing with iron transporters or iron-regulated enzymes. Some metal ions can mimic a hypoxia response in cells under normal oxygen tension, and induce expression of HIF-1alpha-regulated genes. This study investigated whether 12 metal ions altered iron homeostasis in human lung carcinoma A549 cells as measured by an activation of IRP-1 and ferritin level. We also studied hypoxia signaling by measuring HIF-1alpha protein levels, hypoxia response element (HRE)-driven luciferase reporter activity, and Cap43 protein level (an HIF-1alpha responsive gene). Our results show the following: (i) Ni(II), Co(II), V(V), Mn(II), and to a lesser extent As(III) and Cu(II) activated the binding of IRP-1 to IRE after 24 h, while the other metal ions had no effect; (ii) 10 of 12 metal ions induced HIF-1alpha protein but to strikingly different degrees. Two of these metal ions, Al(III) and Cd(II), did not induce HIF-1alpha protein; however, as indicated below, only Ni(II), Co (II), and to lesser extent Mn(II) and V(V) activated HIF-1alpha-dependent transcription. The combined effects of both [Ni(II) + As(III)] and [Ni(II) + Cr(VI)] on HIF-1alpha protein were synergistic; (iii) Addition of Fe(II) with Ni(II), Co(II), and Cr(VI) attenuated the induction of HIF-1alpha after 4 h treatment; (iv) Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) significantly decrease ferritin level after 24 h exposure; (v) Ni(II), Co(II), V(V), and Mn(II) activated HRE reporter gene after 20 h treatment; (vi) Ni(II), Co(II), V(V), and Mn(II) increased the HIF-1-dependent Cap43 protein level after 24 h treatment. In conclusion, only Ni (II), Co (II), and to a lesser extent Mn(II) and V(V) significantly stabilized HIF-1alpha protein, activated IRP, decreased the levels of ferritin, induced the transcription of HIF-dependent reporter, and increased the expression of Cap43 protein levels (HIF-dependent gene). The mechanism for the significant stabilization and elevation of HIF-1alpha protein which drives these other parameters was previously shown by us and others to involve a loss of cellular Fe as well as inhibition of HIF-1alpha-dependent prolyl hydroxylases which target the binding of VHL ubiquitin ligase and degrade HIF-1alpha. Even though there were small effects of some of the other metals on IRP and HIF-1alpha, downstream effects of HIF-1alpha activation and therefore robust hypoxia signaling were only observed with Ni(II), Co(II), and to much lesser extents with Mn(II) and V(V) in human A549 lung cells. It is of interest that the metal ions that were most effective in activating hypoxia signaling were the ones that were poor inducers of metallothionein protein and also decreased Ferritin levels, since both of these proteins can bind metal ions and protect the cell against toxicity in human lung cells. It is important to study effects of these metals in human lung cells since this represents a major route of human environmental and occupational exposure to these metal ions.
Murine Cytomegalovirus US22 Protein pM140 Protects Its Binding Partner, pM141, from Proteasome-Dependent but Ubiquitin-Independent Degradation

Stable assembly of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) virions in differentiated macrophages is dependent upon the expression of US22 family gene M140. The M140 protein (pM140) exists in complex with products of neighboring US22 genes. Here we report that pM140 protects its binding partner, pM141, from ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation. Protection is conferred by a stabilization domain mapping to amino acids 306 to 380 within pM140, and this domain is functionally independent from the region that confers binding of pM140 to pM141. The M140 protein thus contains multiple domains that collectively confer a structure necessary to function in virion assembly in macrophages.
Potato quality XXVI: Darkening of frozen potato products resulting from exposure to ammonia vapor

Low concentrations of ammonia will cause frozen potato products to turn from a light color to gray or black. A method for measuring the ammonia has been described using ammonia gas indicator tubes. Products that are discolored from ammonia may be decolorized with a citric acid dip while they are frozen. The use of sucrose to avoid acidic taste from the acid treatment is necessary. Low temperatures decrease the rate of the reaction and any heating accelerates the discoloration when ammonia vapors are present. Commercial types of carton overwraps can be penetrated by ammonia vapors resulting in the formation of dark frozen potato products.
Sedimentation and bioturbation in a salt marsh as revealed by 210Pb, 137Cs, and 7Be studies12

We report detailed depth profiles of the particle-reactive radionuclides 210Pb, 137Cs, and 7Be in sediment cores collected at five different sites from a salt marsh near North Inlet, South Carolina. Except for creekbank sites where bioturbation is intense, average recent accumulation rates determined by the 210Pb method (1.4-4.5 mm yr- I) agreed with accumulation rates over the past 20 yr (1.3-2.5 mm yr-I) with 137Cs as a stratigraphic marker. The mean rate of sea level rise over the past 50 yr determined from tide gauge records (-3.0 mm yr-I) is about the same as the sedimentation rate. Calculated 210Pb fluxes (0.93-l .55 dpm cm-2 yr-l) in back-marsh areas are in good agreement with atmospheric measurements at New Haven, Connecticut, and 7Be fluxes (4.7-6.8 dpm cm-2 yr- I) are lower by a factor of about three. Along creekbanks, however, both nuclides are about an order of magnitude greater than in back-marsh areas due to the greater intensity of fiddler crab burrowing on creekbanks. We present a mathematical model for regeneration of 210Pb at depth that can account for the observed difference in inventories between back marsh and creekbank by crab burrowing. We further suggest that intense crab burrowing is at least partly responsible for the enhanced growth of Spartina along creekbanks by virtue of its impact on the turnover of iron and sulfur in creekbank sediments.
Rotatory dispersion of inosine triphosphate and the influence of metals on ITP and ATP

Abstract The rotatory dispersions of inosine monophosphate (IMP), inosine diphosphate (IDP), and inosine triphosphate (ITP), have been determined and interpreted to indicate a folded structure of the ITP molecule, somewhat similar to that suggested for the ATP molecule. From the results obtained for the rotatory dispersion of ITP and ATP in the presence of Ca, Mg, or Zn ions, it appears that at pH 7 the combination of ATP with either Ca or Mg does not influence the optical symmetry of the molecule, but with ITP the combination with magnetium results in a product that has similar optical rotatory characteristics to ATP. These observations suggest configurational relationships that allow correlation of the physiological activities of the two molecules. The apparent alteration of the configuration of the ATP molecule in the presence of Zn ion may be used to suggest a configurational mechanism for the action of Zn ion on the 5-nucleotidase enzyme of cobra venom.
Microvascular repair of an injured cortical draining vein

Abstract Background Cortical venous injury can occur during any intracranial procedure with potentially severe consequences. We describe a simple technique that allowed for successful repair of a large cortical draining vein. Case description A 43-year-old, right-handed woman presented with 6 months of headaches and progressive difficulty with right-sided hemiparesis. She had significant loss of hand coordination and writing ability. Computed tomography and MR imaging revealed a parasagittal meningioma in the left, posterior frontal region. The patient underwent craniotomy with resection of the lesion. Conclusion When a cortical vein is injured, collateral drainage pathways may prevent the development of a clinical problem. Because of the unpredictability of these collateral channels, venous reconstruction may be feasible and even straightforward in some cases.
Discounting surgical benefits - Enucleation versus resection of the prostate.

This manuscript introduces and demonstrates a modification of the popular cost-effectiveness methodology. Because arbitrarily selected discount rates for future health effects can radically change the cost-effect ratio, the determinants of the ratio—differences in the present values of effects and costs—are examined for a wide range of discount rates. Treatment selection then follows directly from explicit judgments about expected patient longevity and appropriate combinations of cost and effect discount rates. The decision to select resection or enucleation of a benign prostatic hypertrophy is developed with data from a small number of clinical patients from Washington University.
Urine production, renal function, and drug monitoring in the equine intensive-care unit

Abstract Monitoring urine production, renal function, and drug concentration in plasma can be extremely valuable in the management of critically ill horses. Renal failure, either hemodynamically-mediated or nephrotoxic, is a very common problem in horses either at admission or during critical care treatment. Prompt treatment is required in order to prevent the renal failure from becoming a life-threatening problem. Drug monitoring is not only used to decrease the risk of nephrotoxic renal failure, but should be used to confirm that therapeutic blood levels of a drug are present. Monitoring therapeutic but less than toxic levels is particularly important in critically ill horses since the pharmacokinetics of many drugs is affected by the degree of illness.
A Comparison of H-Pin and Hairpin Polyamide Motifs for the Recognition of the Minor Groove of DNA

Solid-phase polyamide synthesis is extended to the H-pin motif using a Boc-protected bispyrrole monomer and bidirectional synthesis. Sequence-specific recognition of a designated seven base pair target site is achieved by the formation of a 10-ring H-pin polyamide⋅DNA complex in the minor groove. DNA binding properties are compared with the corresponding hairpin polyamides (see below).
Determination of nanogram amounts of bismuth in rocks by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization

Abstract Bismuth concentrations as low as 10 ng g-1 in 100-mg samples of geological materials can be determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization. After HF—HClO4 decomposition of the sample, bismuth is extracted as the iodide into methyl isobutyl ketone and is then stripped with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid into the aqueous phase. Aliquots of this solution are pipetted into the graphite furnace and dried, charred, and atomized in an automated sequence. Atomic absorbance at the Bi 223.1-nm line provides a measure of the amount of bismuth present. Results are presented for 14 U.S. Geological Survey standard rocks.
Verifying abstract data types with SNOBOL4

The presentation of an abstract data type by a series of equational axioms has become an accepted specification mechanism. Verifying the correctness of such specifications has been recognized as a problem troubling their use. A means is presented for experimenting with a directly executable version of the axioms without having to choose representations for the data structures or describe algorithms for the operations.
17α-Hydroxylase gene expression in the bovine ovary : Mechanisms regulating expression differ from those in adrenal cells

17alpha-Hydroxylase cytochrome P450 (P450(17alpha)) is the enzyme which synthesizes C19 steroids in a two-step reaction in which 17alpha-OH pregnenolone is an intermediate. In the bovine and human adult female, 17alpha-hydroxylase is expressed in adrenocortical cells where 17alpha-OH pregnenolone and 17alpha-OH progesterone are precursors of cortisol, and in theca cells of the ovary where these intermediates are precursors of C19 steroids. In both adrenal cortex and theca, 17alpha-hydroxylase gene expression is stimulated by cyclic AMP (cAMP). The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism regulating 17alpha-hydroxylase gene expression in the bovine ovary. Our results indicate that the bovine 17alpha-hydroxylase gene is regulated in a tissue-specific fashion. Primer extension and S1 nuclease protection assays reveal that the start site of transcription in the theca is identical to that in the adrenal. Transfection studies employing beta-globin reporter gene constructs fused to successive deletions of the 5' regulatory region of the bovine 17alpha-hydroxylase gene indicate that sequences between -80 and -37 basepairs (bp) (CRS2) confer cAMP-regulated transcription in bovine theca cells in culture. These results are in contrast to similar studies conducted in bovine adrenocortical cells, which indicate that the major cAMP response element (referred to as CRS1) is located at -243 to -225 bp. The Ad4 element (AGGTCA, -42 to -37 bp) within CRS2, which has been shown to be involved in cAMP responsiveness in other steroidogenic P450 genes, cannot by itself confer cAMP-regulated reporter gene expression in bovine cells. These results indicate that in the cow, 17alpha-hydroxylase gene expression is regulated in a tissue-specific fashion, and that this regulation may be conferred, at least in part, by the use of tissue-specific cis-acting elements in the bovine 17alpha-hydroxylase gene.
Effects of formal sales control systems: A combinatory perspective

Abstract This research paper investigates the combinatory effects of three well-established formal sales control styles: outcome, capability, and activity control. Drawing on Expectancy Theory and Cognitive Evaluation Theory , the authors theorize that sales control combinations have differential impacts on three key intermediary variables (salesperson knowledge, role ambiguity, and intrinsic motivation), which subsequently affect salesperson performance. A Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis using data from industrial salespeople and their managers indicates that (1) the capability and outcome control styles have positive combinatory effects that enhance salesperson knowledge and intrinsic motivation while mitigating role ambiguity, (2) combining outcome control and activity control can increase role ambiguity, and (3) a combination of activity control and capability control can enhance role clarity but dampen intrinsic motivation. Finally, our results indicate that the effects on manager-rated salesperson performance of capability control and activity control are fully mediated while the effects of outcome control are partially mediated by salesperson knowledge and role ambiguity.
Structure and enzymatic activity of botulinum neurotoxins

The structure of botulinum neurotoxin type B (BoNT/B) is analyzed, and it is demonstrated that the carbonyl oxygen of the scissile bond comes close to the zinc ion to form a Michaelis complex. The hydrated carbonyl is activated by the nucleophilic water, which moves closer to Glu 230 to form hydrogen bonds to side-chain carboxylate. This process frees up the lone pair, which forms a bond with carbonyl carbon, corresponding to the tetrahedral transition state. The hydrated peptide oxygen is stabilized by a zinc ion and a water molecule close by. The proton from the nucleophile moves to NH of the scissile bond. The other proton is shuttled by Glu 230 to the NH2 group to make it NH3+ and allows it to leave. This mechanism is consistent with that proposed for thermolysin and BoNT/A. On the basis of these studies, we have shown that Tyr372 or Arg369 may not have any significant role in catalytic activity except for a secondary role such as stabilizing the transition state. Thus, the sulfate ion mimics the transition state of the scissile carbonyl carbon atom. However, the sulfate ion by itself does not inhibit the toxicity.
Instrumentation and data acquisition electronics for free-flight drop model testing

This paper presents instrumentation and data acquisition electronics techniques used in free-flight drop model testing at the NASA Langley Research Center. Free-flight drop model testing is a technique for conducting complex aircraft controls research using reduced scale models of experimental aircraft. An introduction to the Free-Flight Drop Model Program is presented first. This is followed by a description of the recently upgraded airborne and ground based instrumentation and data acquisition electronics. Lastly current and future development efforts and opportunities are discussed.
Stopping Power for Fast Nitrogen and Oxygen Diclusters in Carbon

Measurements of stopping powers for several diatomic ions are presented and compared to values derived from well known wake models. While independently determined wake forces can be superposed to calculate correctly the stopping forces on light fast ions, such as H2+, the method appears to be invalid for slower, more highly charged N2+ ions. To include non-linear terms in the interaction wake charge distributions must be determined for pairs of ionic cores. To avoid the complexities of a proper quantum mechanical treatment a semi-classical calculation of free electron scattering by two screened ionic cores was used to determine the stopping forces. While a quantum mechanical calculation is needed to obtain a definitive result the semi-classical calculation provides qualitative agreement with experiment for 3 MeV N2+ ions in carbon.
Sleeping beauty wakes up the clonal succession model for homeostatic hematopoiesis

Recently in Nature, Sun et al. (2014) used a sleeping beauty transposon system to demonstrate that natural hematopoiesis is sustained by the successive recruitment of thousands of clones that are mostly lineage restricted. These findings call into question whether homeostatic hematopoiesis is sustained by hematopoietic stem cells traditionally identified by transplantation.
An unusual nightside distortion of the auroral oval: TIMED/GUVI and IMAGE/FUV observations

[1] A new and unusual nightside auroral distortion was detected around 1400 UT on 11 December 2004 by TIMED/GUVI (northern hemisphere) and IMAGE/FUV (southern hemisphere). The distortion has a special "tongue" shape (possibly a special auroral streamer) and is called the Nightside Auroral Tongue (NAT) hereafter. We found that the NAT is a conjugate phenomenon. The NAT consists of both diffuse aurora and nearly north-south arcs. The NAT extended from ∼72° Mlat to 62° Mlat in the 0100 MLT sector, well beyond the proton isotropic boundary (b2i) around 66° Mlat. The width of the NAT varies from 2 hour in MLT at magnetic latitude around 70° to 0.5 hour in MLT at Mlat < 65°. The width of the arcs within the NAT is only about 30 km on average. The observed unusual feature of NAT is associated with a strong IP shock and a large solar wind electric field.
Cumulative dose-effect curves in a conflict test with incremental shock.

Cumulative dose-effect curves were generated for chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, meprobamate, pentobarbital, morphine, and d-amphetamine in a Geller-Seifter conflict test with incremental shock. The anxiolytics increased responses in conflict significantly at one or more doses, whereas the nonanxiolytics d-amphetamine and morphine produced dose-related decreases. Results were consistent with previous data from the conventional one-dose-per-session design.
How conditioned stimuli acquire the ability to activate VTA dopamine cells: A proposed neurobiological component of reward-related learning

The ability to learn about conditioned stimuli (CS) associated with rewards is a crucial adaptive mechanism. Activity in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system, as well as in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), is correlated with responding to and learning about CSs. The mechanism by which VTA neurons become activated by signals associated with conditioned stimuli is not fully understood. Our model suggests that NMDA receptor stimulation in the VTA allows originally weak glutamate signals carrying information about environmental stimuli, coincident with strong excitation correlated with primary rewards, to be strengthened and thereby acquire the ability to activate VTA neurons in themselves, producing approach. Furthermore, once synaptic strengthening occurs, the model suggests that NMDA receptor stimulation in VTA is not necessary for the expression of reward-related learning. In this review we survey evidence that VTA cells respond to cues associated with primary rewards, that this responding is acquired, and that the VTA possesses the attributes to function as a site of integration of signals of primary and conditioned stimuli.
Application of reverse phase partition chromatography to the analysis of testosterone propionate in oil injectables.

In the analysis of testosterone propionate in oil injectables, reverse phase chromatography on silanized purified siliceous earth provides a convenient method for separating testosterone propionate from the bulk of the oil. The latter is retained on the column, while the steroid, together with the sterol and triterpenoid components of the oil, is eluted. The testosterone propionate is quantitatively separated from this mixture by direct phase chromatography, with nitromethane as immobile phase and heptane as eluant; the testosterone propionate is then determined spectrophotometrically.
Airspace Encounter Models for Estimating Collision Risk

Airspace encounter models, providing a statistical representation of geometries and aircraft behavior during a close encounter, are required to estimate the safety and robustness of collision avoidance systems. Prior encounter models, developed to certify the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System, have been limited in their ability to capture important characteristics of encounters as revealed by recorded surveillance data, do not capture the current mix of aircraft types or noncooperative aircraft, and do not represent more recent airspace procedures. This paper describes a methodology for encounter model construction based on a Bayesian statistical framework connected to an extensive set of national radar data. In addition, this paper provides examples of using several such high-fidelity models to evaluate the safety of collision avoidance systems for manned and unmanned aircraft.
The Myth of Measurement in Physical Education

Abstract As measurement becomes more influencial and important, education seems especially susceptible to its influence. Unfortunately, measurement in education can become a myth which serves as a metaphor for reality, but which omits vital information and is sometimes more important than reality.
Self-selecting tariffs under pure preferences among tariffs

The behavioral assumptions for welfare analysis of self-selecting tariffs are generalized to be consistent with those maintained in empirical models of tariff choice. When customers have pure preferences among tariffs, it is shown that the optimal self-selecting tariffs provide strictly greater welfare than mandatory marginal cost prices, contain marginal prices that do not equal marginal cost, and can Pareto dominate an existing tariff. As an illustration of the theoretical results, optimal self-selecting tariffs are calculated empirically for a local telephone company.
Close Relationships and Happiness Among Emerging Adults

The present investigation examined the role of multiple close relationships (mother, father, best friend, and romantic partner, if any) in happiness among emerging adults with and without a romantic partner. The results for those without a partner (n = 152) revealed that only the relationship experiences with mother and best friend were predictive of happiness. On the other hand, the findings for those with a partner (n = 159) showed that only three factors, namely mother–child relationship quality, romantic relationship quality and conflict were predictive of happiness. The results for this group also suggested that romantic relationship quality was protective of best friendship conflict; moreover, best friendship quality did not buffer the negative impact of romantic partner conflict on happiness, suggesting a less important role of best friends in happiness. In other words, the findings suggest that when emerging adults are involved in a romantic relationship, friends’ importance in happiness might be less pronounced or not pronounced at all. The results were discussed in light of the literature and suggestions were made for future research.
Clitic position in modern Gallegan

Abstract Grammars of modern Gallegan note as a general rule that the clitic pronoun normally follows the verb in main sentences. Then they proceed with all the exceptions to this general rule. Within a Government and Binding framework this article argues that most of the exceptions noted in these grammars can be explained assuming that enclisis is possible in CP. Different constructions are considered and shown to be the result of Move alpha to CP, where enclisis may take place. The analysis bears on constructions involving interrogative words, exclamations, focused constructions, negative words and quantifiers.
Prediction of protein structure.

Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schaffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lipman DJ: Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs.Nucleic Acids Res 1997, 25:3389-3402Bowie JU, Eisenberg D: Inverted protein structure prediction. Curr Opin Struct Biol 1993, 3:437-444.Critical assessment of methods of protein structure prediction (CASP): Round II. Proteins 1997, 1 (suppl).Critical assessment of methods of protein structure prediction (CASP): Round III.Proteins 1999, 3 (suppl).Jones DT, Taylor WR, Thornton JM: A new approach to protein fold recognition. Nature 1992, 358:86-89.Novotny J, Sippl M: Theory and simulation: old problems, new paradigms. Curr Opin Struct Biol 1997, 7:179-180.
Brainstem bilirubin toxicity in the newborn primate may be promoted and reversed by modulating PCO2.

Brainstem Bilirubin Toxicity in the Newborn Primate May Be Promoted and Reversed by Modulating PCO 2
Studies on the contact sensitization of man with simple chemicals. II. Lymphokine production in allergic contact dermatitis to dinitrochlorobenzene.

A cell-free soluble factor(s) was specifically generated in primary leukocyte cultures during interaction of lymphocytes from a dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-sensitized subject with DNCB-erythrocyte complexes (DNCB-antigen). The factor(s) was capable of inducing blastogenesis and DNA synthesis in secondary autologous DNCB-sensitive leukocyte cultures and in leukocyte cultures of allogeneic subjects who had not been sensitized to DNCB. Under the culture conditions employed to generate the factor(s), maximal DNA synthesis was induced in secondary "insensitive" cultures by supernates collected after 1–3 days of primary culture. Higher concentrations of primary stimulated culture supernates induced greater degrees of DNA synthesis in secondary "insensitive" leukocyte cultures with instances of greater than 100-fold stimulation. The discovery of lymphokine activity in experimentally induced allergic contact dermatitis offers a new and advantageous approach for investigating the biologic significance of these substances and may assist in better understanding cell-mediated immunity and the relationship of allergic contact dermatitis to other forms of delayed type hypersensitivity.
A generalized power-law detection algorithm for humpback whale vocalizations.

Conventional detection of humpback vocalizations is often based on frequency summation of band-limited spectrograms under the assumption that energy (square of the Fourier amplitude) is the appropriate metric. Power-law detectors allow for a higher power of the Fourier amplitude, appropriate when the signal occupies a limited but unknown subset of these frequencies. Shipping noise is non-stationary and colored and problematic for many marine mammal detection algorithms. Modifications to the standard power-law form are introduced to minimize the effects of this noise. These same modifications also allow for a fixed detection threshold, applicable to broadly varying ocean acoustic environments. The detection algorithm is general enough to detect all types of humpback vocalizations. Tests presented in this paper show this algorithm matches human detection performance with an acceptably small probability of false alarms (P(FA) 40% for two energy-based techniques. The generalized power-law detector also can be used for basic parameter estimation and can be adapted for other types of transient sounds.
Assessment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 transference from soil to iceberg lettuce via a contaminated field coring harvesting knife

Abstract The potential for lettuce field-coring harvesting knives to cross-contaminate lettuce heads with pathogens was evaluated. Rings and blades of the harvest knives artificially contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC), were used to core three successive heads of iceberg lettuce. The coring rings and blades were inoculated by dipping into soils containing EHEC at concentration ranges of 1–10 5 MPN/g soil. Factors that influenced EHEC transference from soil to iceberg lettuce via contaminated coring knife blade, included water content (WC) of clay and sandy soils, EHEC concentration, and degree of blade contact (stem, medium, and heavy) with edible tissue. High moisture content clay soil was positively associated with high pathogen transference. No EHEC were detected on any cut heads when clay soil contaminated with 10 5 MPN/g EHEC had WC of 20% or less, or when the knife blade was dipped into sandy soil contaminated with EHEC at the same level, regardless of percent WC. The extent to which the harvesting knife blade cut across edible lettuce tissues was also an important factor in the amount of pathogen transference that occurred. EHEC were detectable on first and second sequentially cut lettuce heads when medium-contact was made between knife blade and edible tissues and on all three sequentially cut lettuce heads using the heavy-contact cutting scenario, when the blade was contaminated with 10 4 cfu/g EHEC in clay soil (25% WC). However, when the blade, contaminated at the same soil EHEC level, was used to cut only the stem and had no contact with the edible portion of the lettuce head, no pathogen transference was detected. Under the current CIF harvesting practice, the cutting blade has a higher potential than the coring ring to be contaminated by the soil, but less opportunity to transfer pathogens to harvested lettuce. However, once contaminated, the coring ring has much higher potential than the blade to transfer pathogens to the harvested lettuce.
Exercise‐induced modulation of macrophage function

Macrophages are important effector cells involved in phagocytosis, microbial killing and antitumour activity. Macrophages also display accessory cell function, in that they can present antigen to foster the development of T lymphocyte-mediated immunity. Recent work, including studies from this group, has demonstrated that acute and chronic exercise can affect many facets of macrophage biology. Manifestation of these effects depends on exercise intensity and duration, the function measured, the timing of measurement in relation to exercise and the concentration of the macrophage-activating stimulus. Exercise has potent stimulatory effects on phagocytosis, antitumour activity, reactive oxygen and nitrogen metabolism, and chemotaxis. Indeed, it has been shown that exercise training can increase macrophage antitumour activity in mice of different ages. However, not all functions are enhanced by exercise. Exercise-induced reductions in macrophage MHC II expression and antigen-presentation capacity have been documented. These findings bring up the possibility that exercise, and perhaps other stressors, activate macrophages for effector functions while downregulating accessory cell functions. To a large extent, the mechanisms responsible for the exercise-induced changes in macrophage function remain unknown, but may depend on exercise-induced changes in neuroendocrine factors. Future studies need to explore the effects in a mechanistic way and provide documentation as to their physiological significance.
Ionization Properties of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate in Complex Ternary Lipid Systems

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] is an important signaling lipid that provides spatiotemporal control for a broad range of signaling events. PI(4,5)P2 is a highly charged lipid, and electrostatics play a crucial role in protein/PI(4,5)P2 interactions. The exact charge on PI(4,5)P2 can be strongly affected by cellular conditions. We have used solid-state MAS 31P-NMR to examine the ionization behavior of PI(4,5)P2 in multilamellar vesicles containing mixtures of other lipids, for pH values from 4 to 10. Previous research has shown a complex ionization pattern for PI(4,5)P2 in binary lipid mixtures of PC and PI(4,5)P2 (Kooijman et al. Biochemistry 48 (2009) 9360). In more complicated lipid mixtures, we observe significant deviations from the binary PC/PI(4,5)P2 titration curve. The hydrogen-bond donor lipid PE causes a large shift of the titration curve of the 4- and 5-phosphate of PI(4,5)P2to lower pH values, indicating a stabilization of a more negatively charged form of PI(4,5)P2. For mixtures of PC, PS, and PI(4,5)P2, the titration curve appears to show a shift to higher pH values, indicating a decrease in negative charge for PI(4,5)P2. This effect is pH dependent, with the strongest shift occurring in the physiological pH range. In the presence of PI two opposing effects lead to a net charge that is similar to the charge found for PI(4,5)P2 in the absence of PI. The enhanced negative charge in the membrane due to the presence of PI leads to an increased PI(4,5)P2 protonation (reduced charge). This effect is opposed by PI/PI(4,5)P2 hydrogen bond formation which results in increased deprotonation of the phosphomonoester groups. As a result, PI appears to have a minor effect on PI(4,5)P2 ionization, however, fluorescence microscopy measurements of PC/PI/PI(4,5)P2 GUVs show a pronounced effect on PI(4,5)P2 morphology.
Independent Activation of Hepatitis B Virus Biosynthesis by Retinoids, Peroxisome Proliferators, and Bile Acids

In the human hepatoma cell line HepG2, retinoic acid, clofibric acid, and bile acid treatment can only modestly increase hepatitis B virus (HBV) biosynthesis. Utilizing the human embryonic kidney cell line 293T, it was possible to demonstrate that the retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) plus its ligand can support viral biosynthesis independently of additional nuclear receptors. In addition, RXRα/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and RXRα/farnesoid X receptor α (FXRα) heterodimeric nuclear receptors can also mediate ligand-dependent HBV transcription and replication when activated by clofibric acid and bile acid, respectively, independently of a requirement for the ligand-dependent activation of RXRα. These observations indicate that there are at least three possible modes of ligand-mediated activation of HBV transcription and replication existing within hepatocytes, suggesting that multiple independent mechanisms control viral production in the livers of infected individuals.
Analyzing interdependent impacts of resource sustainability

Quantifying the impact of the shortage of a scarce resource requires a systemic account of the interdependent nature of several industry and infrastructure sectors that rely either directly or indirectly on that resource. An ability to quickly and easily quantify such an impact provides policymakers with a useful measure of the efficacy of discovering, designing, or developing a sustainable alternative. Discussed in this paper is a methodological approach for measuring the broader interdependent impacts of a resource shortage. The dynamic inoperability input–output model (DIIM) is used to illustrate both the economic effects of resource shortages over a period of time and the time-dependent recovery of industry sectors. Extensions to the DIIM are introduced to produce an accessible tool for policymakers and industry decision makers. Case studies using publicly available data illustrate the usefulness of the model for describing local oil production shortages and global rare earth metals supply shortages, highlighting the industries that will need to adapt to changes in resource availability, as well as those industries that will remain relatively unaffected. Above all, the model presented in this paper is an effective means of communicating the impact and importance of resource shortages to assist in the design and development of a sustainable future.
Modeling of Magnetic-Field-Assisted Assembly of Semiconductor Devices

The process of magnetic-field-assisted assembly for the integration of semiconductor devices is described. A simplified model that is relevant to both magnetically assisted statistical assembly and magnetic-field-assisted assembly is presented. This two-dimensional, periodic model, which is a development of earlier work by Fonstad and coworkers, is solved using Fourier series, and an expression is found for the magnetic force of attraction between a soft magnetic layer and an array of permanently magnetized strips. The results show an exponential decrease of force with distance and the dependence of the force on other parameters such as layer thickness and spacing.
Modernization, Population Dispersion, and Papago Genetic Integrity.

The goal of this research paper is the discovery of trends in Papago Indian breeding patterns over the interval of almost a century described by the information collected in the Papago population register. Using time series data, the assumption that breeding patterns conformed to aboriginal forms which prescribed village exogamy and district endogamy is examined and rejected.The unexpected discovery that residents of Papago villages were less closely related in the nineteenth century than during the recent decades of American political sovereignty is considered in both historical and genetic perspectives. Having separated modern and traditional Papago villages according to their position on Patrick's (Patrick and Tyroler 1972) modernization scale, significant differences in patterns of mate selection and intensity of kin group affiliation are disclosed and explained.These empirical generalizations suggest the conclusion that breeding behavior within the Papago genetic isolate has described a cyclical patt...
Programs for monitoring antimicrobial resistance.

Use of antimicrobials has increased in both human and veterinary medicine and the emergence of resistance to antimicrobials has become a global problem. This is due, in part, to the widespread availability of antimicrobials and the efficacy they impart in control of certain infectious diseases. Antimicrobial resistance (AR) can diminish the effectiveness or render an antimicrobic ineffective as a therapeutic. Although use may result in bacteria (both food borne and commensal) that are resistant, the exact fate of these populations in terms of persistence and transmission has been difficult to determine. Use patterns in veterinary medicine (therapeutic vs. subtherapeutic use) and agriculture further complicates the picture. Additionally, while transmission of resistant bacteria from animals to humans occurs, it has been difficult to assess the extent to which this occurs and the impact transmission has on actually disseminating resistant populations among humans.
Prospective randomized phase 2 trial of intensity modulated radiation therapy with or without oncolytic adenovirus-mediated cytotoxic gene therapy in intermediate-risk prostate cancer.

Purpose To assess the safety and efficacy of combining oncolytic adenovirus-mediated cytotoxic gene therapy (OAMCGT) with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Methods and Materials Forty-four men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer were randomly assigned to receive either OAMCGT plus IMRT (arm 1; n=21) or IMRT only (arm 2; n=23). The primary phase 2 endpoint was acute (≤90 days) toxicity. Secondary endpoints included quality of life (QOL), prostate biopsy (12-core) positivity at 2 years, freedom from biochemical/clinical failure (FFF), freedom from metastases, and survival. Results Men in arm 1 exhibited a greater incidence of low-grade influenza-like symptoms, transaminitis, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia than men in arm 2. There were no significant differences in gastrointestinal or genitourinary events or QOL between the 2 arms. Two-year prostate biopsies were obtained from 37 men (84%). Thirty-three percent of men in arm 1 were biopsy-positive versus 58% in arm 2, representing a 42% relative reduction in biopsy positivity in the investigational arm ( P =.13). There was a 60% relative reduction in biopsy positivity in the investigational arm in men with P =.07). To date, 1 patient in each arm exhibited biochemical failure (arm 1, 4.8%; arm 2, 4.3%). No patient developed hormone-refractory or metastatic disease, and none has died from prostate cancer. Conclusions Combining OAMCGT with IMRT does not exacerbate the most common side effects of prostate radiation therapy and suggests a clinically meaningful reduction in positive biopsy results at 2 years in men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer.
Implacing Architecture into the Practice of Placemaking

To place architecture beyond expert culture into the practice of placemaking is an attempt to make the profession and discipline a more relevant, responsible, complex, and contradictory practice. The proposed relocation moves the practice of architecture into the borders between modern and postmodern theories of knowledge and social/cultural practices that require, but do not privilege expert knowledges. One aspect of this relocation is the requirement of more open and collaborative processes that can create profound opportunities for democratic action and the celebration of everyday life.
Thermal Fatigue Behavior of Sn-Rich (Pb-Free) Solders

The thermal fatigue resistance of Sn-rich solder joints is dependent on the initial microstructure and damage evolution during thermal cycling. In this study, we have investigated the thermal fatigue behavior of single-lap-shear Sn-rich solder/Cu joints under cyclic thermal loading. Microstructure characterization of the initial and damaged solder-joint microstructures was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Persistent slip band formation, followed by crack nucleation and propagation at the tip of the lap-shear geometry, took place. The influence of the Sn grain orientation on the thermal fatigue damage was modeled using the finite-element method (FEM). The grain orientation was determined by orientation image mapping (OIM), and a Schmid factor analysis was performed to determine the active slip systems in the Sn grains. It was found that the geometry of the lap-shear joint, rather than the Sn grain orientation, was more significant in determining the location of crack initiation.
Evidence for configuration and conformation of levopimaric acid from measurement of surface films

Monomolekulare Oberflachenfilme von Lavopimarsaure (I) und von drei nahe verwandten Harzsauren wurden mit Hilfe einer Methode untersucht, welche gestattet, den Einfluss der ausgesprochenen Wasserloslichkeit dieser Substanzen auszuschalten. Die erhaltenen Resultate beweisen eine Sonderstellung von I, die mit einer fruher auf Grund der Rotationsdispersion angenommenen «gewinkelten» Konstellation in Einklang steht.
Breast carcinoma metastatic to the nasopharynx.

A case report of a patient with adenocarcinoma of the breast with matastasis to the nasopharynx is described. The patient presented initially with pulmonary metastasis followed later by metastasis to the left jugulo-digastric lymph nodes. A prominent but asymptomatic nasopharyngeal mass was concomitantly discovered on head and neck examination. Three months later, symptoms of panhypopituitarism developed. Invasion of the base of the skull and pituitary were documented. Patients with adenocarcinoma of the breast and high cervical node metastasis should have a thorough otolaryngologic and head and neck evaluation. Metastatic carcinoma to the nasopharynx is an extremely rare occurrence. Only two cases of bronchogenic carcinoma of the lung and two cases of hypernephroma metastatic to the nasopharynx have been reported in the literature (Bernstein et al., 1966). We present what we believe to be the first case of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the breast to the nasopharynx.
Diver performance in cold water.

Twelve experienced divers repeatedly performed several representative underwater work tasks for 90-min. sessions at water temperatures of 50°, 60°, and 70° F. Time to complete the task was the primary performance measure; choice reaction time, with mental arithmetic as loading task, and four physiological measurements were also recorded. The subjects worked in 6 1/2 ft. of water wearing full 3/16-in.-thick wet suits and SCUBA equipment. Performance on all tasks except mental arithmetic tended to decrease as water temperature decreased. Most performance measures also showed a significant decrement over time and a significant time-by-temperature interaction. The general trend in performance measures was also reflected in several of the physiological measurements.