cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Through the Lens of Therapeutic Jurisprudence: The Relationship Between Empowerment in the Court System and Well-Being for Intimate Partner Violence Victims

Research has established the connection between intimate partner violence victims’ empowering experiences in the court system and their satisfaction with the process, but not between these experiences and victims’ broader wellbeing, a link suggested by the framework of therapeutic jurisprudence. This study investigated the relationship between empowerment and victim depression, quality of life, fear, and intention to use the system in the future among 142 court-involved women. At 3 and 6 months after recruitment, over and above repeat abuse, the outcome of the criminal case, and expectations about the court system, more empowering experiences in the court predicted improvement in depression and quality of life, in addition to stronger intention to use the system in the future if needed. Implications include the need for research on what aspects of victim experience in the court are empowering and evaluations of innovations that can increase the likelihood they will occur.
A comparison of complementary therapy use between breast cancer patients and patients with other primary tumor sites.

Abstract Background: Interest in complementary therapies in the United States is rising. We sought to characterize the use of complementary therapies among our cancer patients in our community and analyze differences in use between patients with breast versus those with other primary tumor sites. Methods: A survey of 1,935 randomly selected patients from the tumor registry was performed. A questionnaire was mailed to 935 breast cancer patients and 1,000 patients with other primary site diagnoses. Results: There were 617 responses (288 breast, 329 other). Seventy-five patients (75%) reported use of a complementary modality. Top therapies used were nutrition (63%), massage (53%), and healing herbs (44%). The most common reason for use, immune modulation (73%), was similar in both groups. Therapy was used consistently by 84% of breast patients versus 66% of others ( P = 0.003). Conclusion: A significant number of cancer patients are using complementary therapies. Breast cancer patients are far more likely to be consistent users compared with other tumor sites.
Brittle fracture of entangled polymers

A stochastic model is presented to calculate the number of chain segments entangled about a unit plane when the segment length is a stochastic variable. This crossing density to which the brittle fracture energy and the critical strength of entangled polymers scale is a function of the number of moles of entanglement network strands per unit volume and the mesh size of the entanglement network. Experimental results of the molecular weight dependence of the fracture energy and strength validate the theoretical predictions.
The hematopoietic stem cell transplant comorbidity index can predict for 30-day readmission following autologous stem cell transplant for lymphoma and multiple myeloma

The hematopoietic stem cell transplant comorbidity index can predict for 30-day readmission following autologous stem cell transplant for lymphoma and multiple myeloma
Single-base pair unwinding and asynchronous RNA release by the hepatitis C virus NS3 helicase.

Nonhexameric helicases use adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to unzip base pairs in double-stranded nucleic acids (dsNAs). Studies have suggested that these helicases unzip dsNAs in single–base pair increments, consuming one ATP molecule per base pair, but direct evidence for this mechanism is lacking. We used optical tweezers to follow the unwinding of double-stranded RNA by the hepatitis C virus NS3 helicase. Single–base pair steps by NS3 were observed, along with nascent nucleotide release that was asynchronous with base pair opening. Asynchronous release of nascent nucleotides rationalizes various observations of its dsNA unwinding and may be used to coordinate the translocation speed of NS3 along the RNA during viral replication.
Generative Learning Theory, Paradigm Shifts, and Constructivism in Educational Psychology: A Tribute to Merl Wittrock

This appreciation of Wittrock's contributions to educational psychology suggests that his 1974 article describing generative learning theory was remarkably prescient. In that article Wittrock set the stage for the subsequent paradigm shift from cognitive to constructivist approaches to instruction. Furthermore, his suggestion that schools were the most appropriate contexts for testing learning principles is widely shared among contemporary educational psychologists; it is noteworthy that Wittrock also urged testing these principles in training sites. Finally, Wittrock also emphasized the importance of transfer, prior learning, and the interaction of student characteristics and instructional methods in his generative learning approach, themes that are as important 35 years later as they were when the article was first published. These considerations and Wittrock's dedication to the profession confirm that he was the complete educational psychologist.
Do heart failure disease management programs make financial sense under a bundled payment system

Background Policy makers have proposed bundling payments for all heart failure (HF) care within 30 days of an HF hospitalization in an effort to reduce costs. Disease management (DM) programs can reduce costly HF readmissions but have not been economically attractive for caregivers under existing fee-for-service payment. Whether a bundled payment approach can address the negative financial impact of DM programs is unknown. Methods Our study determined the cost-neutral point for the typical DM program and examined whether published HF DM programs can be cost saving under bundled payment programs. We used a decision analytic model using data from retrospective cohort studies, meta-analyses, 5 randomized trials evaluating DM programs, and inpatient claims for all Medicare beneficiaries discharged with an HF diagnosis from 2001 to 2004. We determined the costs of DM programs and inpatient care over 30 and 180 days. Results With a baseline readmission rate of 22.9%, the average cost for readmissions over 30 days was $2,272 per patient. Under base-case assumptions, a DM program that reduced readmissions by 21% would need to cost $477 per patient to be cost neutral. Among evaluated published DM programs, 2 of the 5 would increase provider costs (+$15 to $283 per patient), whereas 3 programs would be cost saving (−$241 to $347 per patient). If bundled payments were broadened to include care over 180 days, then program saving estimates would increase, ranging from $419 to $1,706 per patient. Conclusions Proposed bundled payments for HF admissions provide hospitals with a potential financial incentive to implement DM programs that efficiently reduce readmissions.
Solving sparse symmetric definite quadraticλ-matrix problems

This paper describes a method for computing all the eigenvalues in a user supplied interval [a,b], and their associated eigenvectors, of the symmetric definite quadraticλ-matrix problem (Mλ2+Cλ+K)x=0, where the matrices ar sufficiently sparse that methods based on similarity transformations are inappropriate. Only the triangular factorization of onen ×n matrix need be computed.
THE LOCAL SUPERCLUSTER AS A TEST OF COSMOLOGICAL MODELS

The Local Supercluster kinematic properties (the Local Group infall toward the Virgo Cluster and galaxy density distribution about the Virgo Cluster) in various cosmological models are examined utilizing large-scale N-body (PM) simulations 500(exp 3) cells, 250(exp 3) particles, and box size of 400 h(exp -1) Mpc) and are compared to observations. Five models are investigated: (1) the standard, Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite (COBE)-normalized cold dark matter (CDM) model with omega = 1, h = 0.5, and sigma(sub 8) = 1.05; (2) the standard Hot Dark Matter (HDM) model with omega = 1, h = 0.75, and sigma(sub 8) = 1; (3) the tilted CDM model with omega = 1, h = 0.5, n = 0.7, and sigma(sub 8) = 0.5; (4) a CDM + lambda model with omega = 0.3, lambda = 0.7, h = 2/3, and sigma(sub 8) = 2/3; (5) the PBI model with omega = 0.2, h = 0.8, x = 0.1, m = -0.5, and sigma(sub 8) = 0.9. Comparison of the five models with the presently available observational measurements v(sub LG) = 85 - 305 km/s (with mean of 250 km/s), delta(n(sub g))/(n(sub g)-bar) = 1.40 + or - 0.35) suggests that an open universe with omega approximately 0.5 (with or without lambda) and sigma(sub 8) approximately 0.8 is preferred, with omega = 0.3-1.0 (with or without lambda) and sigma(sub 8) = 0.7-1.0 being the acceptable range. At variance with some previous claims based on either direct N-body or spherical nonlinear approaches, we find that a flat model with sigma(sub 8) approximately 0.7-1.0 seems to be reasonably consistent with observations. However, if one favors the low limit of v(sub LG) = 85 km/s, then an omega approximately 0.2-0.3 universe seems to provide a better fit, and flat (omega = 1) models are ruled out at approximately 95% confidence level. On the other hand, if the high limit of v(sub LG) = 350 km/s is closer to the truth, then it appears that omega approximately 0.7-0.8 is more consistent. This test is insensitive to the shape of the power spectrum, but rather sensitive to the normalization of the perturbation amplitude on the relevant scale (e.g., sigma(sub 8)) and omega. We find that neither linear nor nonlinear relations (with spherical symmetry) are good approximations for the relation between radial peculiar velocity and density perturbation, i.e., nonspherical effects and gravitational tidal field are important. The derived omega using either of the two relations is underestimated. In some cases, this error is as large as a factor of 2-4.
Superconformal invariance of superspace with nonminimal auxiliary fields

Abstract Within the framework of the superspace of Breitenlohner's auxiliary fields, we discuss the superconformal invariance of conformal supergravity and of matter coupled to supergravity.
Light Chain Kinase Specificity in Cardiac Myosin

Human ventricular cardiac myosin regulatory light chain (MYL2) phosphorylation modifies Ser15. This modification affects MYL2 secondary structure and modulates the Ca2+ sensitivity of contraction in cardiac tissue. Smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (smMLCK) is prevalent in uterus and present in other contracting tissues including cardiac muscle. The recombinant 130 kDa (short) smMLCK phosphorylated Ser15 in MYL2 in vitro. Specific modification of Ser15 was verified by direct detection of the phospho group on Ser15 with mass spectrometry. SmMLCK also specifically phosphorylated myosin regulatory light chain Ser15 in porcine ventricular myosin and chicken gizzard smooth muscle myosin (Ser20 in smooth muscle) but failed to phosphorylate the myosin regulatory light chain in rabbit skeletal myosin. Michaelis-Menten Vm and KM constants for Ser15 phosphorylation in MYL2, porcine ventricular myosin, and chicken gizzard myosin are similar. These data demonstrate that smMLCK is a specific and efficient kinase for the in vitro phosphorylation of MYL2, cardiac, and smooth muscle myosin. Whether smMLCK plays a role in cardiac muscle regulation or response to a disease causing stimulus is unclear but it should be considered a potentially significant kinase in cardiac tissue on the basis of its specificity, kinetics, and tissue expression. Supported by NIH NIAMS and NHLBI grants R01AR049277 and R01HL095572.
Odorant-specific adaptation pathways generate olfactory plasticity in C. elegans

Following prolonged exposure to an odorant, C. elegans exhibits a diminished response to the odorant for several hours. This olfactory adaptation is odorant selective; animals can adapt independently to different odorants sensed by a single pair of olfactory neurons, the AWC neurons. The mechanism of olfactory adaptation is genetically complex, with different genes required for adaptation to different odorants. Animals mutant for the gene adp-1 fail to adapt to a subset of AWC-sensed odorants; adp-1 affects a calcium-dependent process required for adaptation. Mutations in another gene, osm-9, affect adaptation to a different but overlapping subset of AWC-sensed odorants. Mutations in adp-1 and osm-9 do not diminish the ability of unadapted animals to respond to odorants, indicating that odorant sensation and odorant adaptation are distinct processes.
In vivo evidence for progesterone dependent decreases in serotonin release in the hypothalamus and midbrain central grey: relation to the induction of lordosis.

Abstract The effects of progesterone (P) on serotonin (5HT) overflow in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), preoptic area (POA) and midbrain central grey (MCG) were studied using in vivo microdialysis. Ovariectomized rats, pretreated with 5 μg estradiol, were anesthetized with chloral hydrate and stereotaxically implanted with dialysis probes directed towards one of the respective brain sites. Extracellular 5HT levels stabilized 3 to 5 h following probe implantation. Under stable baseline conditions, perfusion of 1 μM tetrodotoxin through the dialysis probe resulted in a 60–65% reduction in 5HT overflow in the brain areas studied. In experiments testing the effect of P on 5HT overflow, rats were subcutaneously injected with 0.5 mg P or propylene glycol vehicle. Samples were analyzed for 5HT at 20 min intervals for 4 h after treatment. Perfusate levels of 5HT were not significantly changed in the VMH, POA or MCG in vehicle-treated rats. Similarly, P treatment failed to significantly alter 5HT overflow in the POA. In the VMH, perfusate levels of 5HT were significantly reduced 60 min after P treatment. Decreases in perfusate 5HT levels were detected 20 min after P in the MCG. The decreases in 5HT overflow measured in the VMH and MCG following P treatment persisted for the remainder of the sampling period with the exception of 1 time point in the VMH. The results provide in vivo evidence for P-influenced decreases in 5HT release in the VMH and MCG. The rapid decrease in extracellular 5HT in the MCG suggests that this effect may represent a non-genomic action of P. These results are discussed in relation to the role of 5HT in the regulation of lordosis behavior.
Does Work Environment Affect Faculty Health Scores

This study investigates the relationship between self-reported health scores with work environment and various components of a women faculty score at a Research 1 University in the Midwest USA. The study examines the differences between male and female faculty responses in the various components making up the women faculty score and also gender differences in self-reported health scores and work environment scores. Differences between STEM and Non-STEM faculty are examined. A significant positive relationship is found between self-reported health scores and work environment controlling for gender. The study finds that the overall university work environment has a stronger relationship to faculty health than adequate gender ratio, women climate, and women leadership, even for women faculty. No significant differences in responses are found between STEM and Non-STEM faculty for women climate, women leadership, health scores, and work environment scores. Significant differences are found only in adequate gender ratio.
Unproductive Labour and Unproductive Consumption: Historical Review, Contemporary Relevance

The welfare of the society…should be measured…by its…condition…its total capital structure, including its human capital, not by its throughput of production and consumption, for the gross national product increasingly includes such unproductive and… ‘maintenance’ items as national defense, …the replacement of unnecessarily shoddy commodities, and so on[3, p. 45].
POLYMORPHISM IN NORMAL HUMAN COLOR VISION AND ITS MECHANISM

Abstract Earlier we reported that Rayleigh matches made by males with normal color vision fall into distinct groups, and proposed that this behavior reflects an X-chromosome linked polymorphism in the spectral positioning of cone pigments ( Neitz & Jacobs, 1986 ). In the present experiments two different color matches were obtained from each of 60 color normal males. Comparisons of the data from these two matches allowed variations in color matching that are produced by individual differences in the spectral positioning of middle and long wavelength cone pigments to be distinguished from color vision variations caused by other factors. Considered together with findings from molecular biology and spectral measurements of individual cone pigments, these results suggest that among color normal humans: (1) there are discrete variations in both middle and long wavelength cone pigments, and (2) most individuals have more than three different cone pigment types.
An Entirely Cell-Based System to Generate Single-Chain Antibodies against Cell Surface Receptors

The generation of recombinant antibodies (Abs) using phage display is a proven method to obtain a large variety of Abs that bind with high affinity to a given antigen. Traditionally, the generation of single-chain Abs depends on the use of recombinant proteins in several stages of the procedure. This can be a problem, especially in the case of cell-surface receptors, because Abs generated and selected against recombinant proteins may not bind the same protein expressed on a cell surface in its native form and because the expression of some receptors as recombinant proteins is problematic. To overcome these difficulties, we developed a strategy to generate single-chain Abs that does not require the use of recombinant protein at any stage of the procedure. In this strategy, stably transfected cells are used for the immunization of mice, measuring Ab responses to immunization, panning the phage library, high-throughput screening of arrayed phage clones, and characterization of recombinant single-chain variable regions. This strategy was used to generate a panel of single-chain Abs specific for the innate immunity receptor Toll-like receptor 2. Once generated, individual single-chain variable regions were subcloned into an expression vector allowing the production of recombinant Abs in insect cells, thus avoiding the contamination of recombinant Abs with microbial products. This cell-based system efficiently generates Abs that bind to native molecules on the cell surface, bypasses the requirement of recombinant protein production, and avoids risks of microbial component contamination.
Big feasts and small scale foragers: Pit features as feast events in the American Southeast

Abstract Feasts are important social events but their traces in the archaeological record are often ambiguous. The residues of feasts among mobile hunter–gatherers are particularly difficult to discern due to the rarity of association with structural remains and anthropological expectations for large feasts to be limited to complex societies. This article considers the potential of isolated single event pit features in documenting the scale and composition of feasts among small scale foragers. The results of faunal analysis from a large pit feature associated with a burial mound at the late pre-Columbian Parnell site in northern Florida demonstrate the importance of pits in representing discrete depositional events that followed feasts. While the taxa, element distribution, and associated artifacts would be impossible to differentiate from domestic refuse in a midden context, the discrete and isolated context at Parnell, far from residential sites and the influence of Mississippian chiefdoms, gives visibility to a large social event incommensurate with the density of population in the area. The orchestration of such a large feast, likely associated with a funeral event, denotes networks of obligation that extended beyond those typical of small scale foragers, indicating a degree of social complexity belied by other categories of archaeological remains.
Prediction of point-of-failure in a high-energy femoral neck fracture model with finite element analysis: Are models supported by biomechanical evidence?

Vertical shear fracture models represent a new direction for analyzing fracture risk that has been understudied to date. Vertical shear fractures have not been thoroughly analyzed using finite element modeling, thus it is unclear whether these models can accurately predict the location of these fractures. This study showed that patient specific finite element modeling is able to accurately predict the location of fracture in a vertical shear model of the human femur.
The Proteomic Landscape of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease characterized by poor clinical outcomes and a shortage of targeted treatment options. To discover molecular features of triple-negative breast cancer, we performed quantitative proteomics analysis of twenty human-derived breast cell lines and four primary breast tumors to a depth of more than 12,000 distinct proteins. We used this data to identify breast cancer subtypes at the protein level and demonstrate the precise quantification of biomarkers, signaling proteins, and biological pathways by mass spectrometry. We integrated proteomics data with exome sequence resources to identify genomic aberrations that affect protein expression. We performed a high-throughput drug screen to identify protein markers of drug sensitivity and understand the mechanisms of drug resistance. The genome and proteome provide complementary information that, when combined, yield a powerful engine for therapeutic discovery. This resource is available to the cancer research community to catalyze further analysis and investigation.
Studies of the Bacteriophage Kinetics of Multicellular Systems: A Statistical Model for the Estimation of Burst Size per Cell in Streptococci

Summary. The determination of burst size in chaining or clustering bacteria involves experimental variables that must be considered in estimating burst size/cell and in contrasting the results of different experiments. Whereas the Poisson distribution is the model for single cell host systems, the statistical model presented here provides a method for evaluating the probability of obtaining a plate that reflects the lysis of more than one cell.
Introducing a Theoretical Model for the Performance of Microfinance Firms

Because borrowers sometimes take out additional loans in order to repay their earlier microfinance loans, microfinance loan repayment rates may be artificially inflated. The authors therefore propose a temporal socio-cultural model based on Hofstede's (1980) cultural dimensions, the diffusion of innovations, and the social network theory, that can be used to think about the performance of microfinance firms in general. The authors specifically apply this model to longitudinally assess the performance of SKS Microfinance, a microfinance firm in India. This approach adds a new dimension to understanding how to steer the industry away from some of the problems it has recently faced.
A Tailoring Algorithm to Optimize Behavior Change

Effective computerized tailoring can enhance the impact of health interventions. Long-term success rates can be improved with prospective tailoring that builds on evidence-based research. A new algorithm, developed with data from smoking cessation clinical trials and published practice guidelines, is designed to predict the likelihood of abstinence. The algorithm prioritizes the content of a stop-smoking intervention individually for each user and indicates the potential effect of utilizing various stop-smoking medications and stop-smoking approaches. Thus, it has the potential to guide a smoker through the cessation process by dynamically optimizing the likelihood of success. Importantly, the algorithm predicts that even a daily smoker may be able to substantially improve the likelihood of quitting and staying quit both by using stop-smoking techniques and medications and by addressing emotional and cognitive issues that sustain smoking.
Impact of molecular medicine on neuropsychiatry: the clinician's perspective.

Clinical neuropsychiatry has traditionally relied on individual practitioner experience or the apprentice-training model for formulating cases and choosing treatment. Scientifically-based diagnostic criteria and treatment algorithms have been lacking in the overlap area between psychiatry and neurology, owing largely to the complexity of this population population. However, the novel application of new molecular technologies is promising to change the care of neuropsychiatric patients. This review will highlight recent advances in molecular medicine pertaining to neuropsychiatry Introduction
An anchoring factor targets protein phosphatase 2A to brain microtubules.

Abstract Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine phosphatase composed of a heterodimeric core enzyme that associates with a variety of regulatory subunits. A fraction of brain PP2A associates with microtubules and may play a role in regulating phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins. We examined the isoform specificity and the mechanism involved in the association of PP2A with brain microtubules. Only the R2α (B/PR55α) and R2β (B/PR55β) regulatory subunits associated with endogenous neural microtubules. Neither the R2γ (B/PR55γ) nor members of the R5 (B′/PR56) family of regulatory subunits co-sedimented with microtubules, although abundant amounts of these proteins were detected in brain. The efficient association of PP2A with microtubules in vitro was dependent on an anchoring activity present in a brain protein fraction containing microtubule-associated and microtubule-interacting proteins. Anchoring factor-dependent association of PP2A with microtubules was specific for the heterotrimeric form of PP2A. The core dimer and the isolated subunits of PP2A had very little affinity for microtubules. Characterization of a fraction enriched in the anchoring factor showed that the activity was a heat labile protein that does not correspond to classical microtubule-associated proteins. The anchoring factor associated with microtubules independently of PP2A. These results indicate the association of PP2A with microtubules can be mediated by an anchoring factor that interacts in an isoform-specific manner with heterotrimeric forms of the phosphatase.
Elevated temperature mechanical properties of a rapidly solidified Al-Fe-V-Si alloy

Dispersion strengthened Al alloys based on the Al-Fe-V-Si quartenary system have recently been developed using rapid solidification techniques. Rapid solidification techniques which resulted in the above mentioned alloys have also been used to manufacture another commercial alloy, FVS 1212, with 37 volume % of dispersoid. The alloy has shown excellent resistance to coarsening at high temperatures and to creep deformation. Elevated temperature exposure of FVS 1212, for times up to 100 hours, resulted in a significant loss in room temperature mechanical properties only beyond 500[degrees]C while 1000 hours at 425[degrees]C did not result in any degradation of mechanical but no detailed study of the tensile behavior of FVS 1212 at slow strain rates and elevated temperatures has been reported to date. This paper reports that the present study was undertaken to investigate the tensile behavior of FVS 1212 from room temperature to 400[degrees]C at strain rates of 6.56 [times] 10[sup [minus]]5/sec and 6.56 [times] 10[sup [minus]6]/sec. The study focussed on dynamic strain aging effects and strain hardening behavior, while the effect of strain rate on the flow behavior at elevated temperatures was also evaluated.
Constraints imposed on crustal heat production by the linear heat flow relation

Abstract The class of three-dimensional radiogenic heat source functions, which satisfy a linear relation between heat flow and surface heat production, is constructed by expanding the source in terms of Fourier transforms in the horizontal directions and Laguerre functions in the vertical. The linear relation then becomes a set of linear equations among the expansion coefficients. In particular, it is shown that the preferred exponential decay model can only hold if heat flow is constant at the Earth's surface. Furthermore, if a heat source function has any lateral variation, then the linear relation cannot survive erosion of any uniformly thick slab. For a given heat flow data set, construction of a source solution, closest in the mean-square sense to the exponential decay model, is demonstrated. When applied to a heat flow data set from central England, the construction gives vertical profiles which locally show significant departures from the exponential model.
Oxidative damage and sensitivity to nociceptive stimulus and opioids in aging rats

Oxidative stress contributes to aging and may cause alterations in pain and analgesia. Knowledge about effects of oxidative stress on the opioid system is very limited. This project was designed to determine the relationship between age-related oxidative damage and opioid antinociception. Three age groups of male Fischer 344 rats were tested for pain sensitivity and responses to morphine and fentanyl using the hot plate method. Oxidative stress markers in various brain regions were measured. With advancing age, nociceptive threshold and antinociceptive effects of opioids decreased significantly. There was a significant negative correlation between morphine antinociception and protein oxidation in cortex, striatum, and midbrain (r(2)=0.73, 0.87, and 0.77, respectively), and lipid peroxidation in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum (r(2)=0.73, 0.61, and 0.71, respectively). Similar correlation was observed between oxidative stress markers and fentanyl antinociception. These findings demonstrate that the age-related increase in oxidative damage in brain is associated with a significant decrease in the antinociceptive effects of opioids.
Microbore HPLC method with online microdialysis for measurement of topotecan lactone and carboxylate in murine CSF.

Abstract We developed a chromatography method to measure lactone and carboxylate forms of topotecan (TPT) in mouse cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using microdialysis sampling. The chromatography method utilized a microbore (0.8 mm) column. Analytes, which eluted in less than 5 min, were detected with a fluorescence detector. The calibration range was 0.25−100.0 ng/mL for both forms. The within-day and between-day precision was ≤16% for 0.8 ng/mL and ≤8.0% for 3, 12, and 80 ng/mL. Accuracy was ±15% (0.8 and 3 ng/mL) and ±10% (12 and 80 ng/mL). TPT lactone hydrolyzes to the carboxylate during sampling, so we developed an equation and parameters to describe the TPT lactone hydrolysis in artificial CSF (aCSF). After TPT administration, CSF dialysate samples (2 μL) were analyzed for lactone and carboxylate using online injection. The hydrolysis of each dialysate sample was then estimated and a correction applied. We conclude that this HPLC method coupled with online microdialysis sampling allows for the rapid measurement of both TPT forms in small volumes of murine CSF dialysate. The system allows for the determination of TPT pharmacokinetics in murine CSF and provides a tool to extend pharmacological studies in this brain compartment.
Detergent phosphorus and algal growth

Abstract The total biomass of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (two strains) Chlamydomas reinhardtii . Euglena gracilis . Anabaena flos-aquae and Plectonenema boryanum was determined after the algae were grown in waters from Sylvan, Pleasant and Pidgeon Lakes (all in northeastern Indiana) that had been supplemented with 0.1, 1 or 10% sewage effluents (Indianapolis and Crawsfordsville, Indiana). Biomass was found not to be significantly decreased when the total phosphorus was reduced by alkaline treatment from 7.20-3.50 mg l −1 (50 per cent reduction) for the Crawfordsville effluents. In another series of experiments Chlorella pyrenoidosa was grown in Sugar Creek water (west central Indiana) to which had been added 0.1. 1 or 10% sewage effluents that originated from a motel treatment system. Reactive sewage phosphorus was reduced from 15.4 to 7.44 mg l −1 (57 per cent reduction) by supplying the motel with non-phosphorus cleaning products. No significant reduction in algal growth was observed. Only when effluents were advanced treated so that reactive phosphorus levels were below 1.2 mg l −1 (92 per cent reduction) was algal growth significantly decreased.
Total synthesis and confirmation of the revised structures of azaspiracid-2 and azaspiracid-3.

The 39 steps: The recently proposed revised structures of azaspiracid-2 and -3 (see picture), the two most potent members of the azaspiracid family, have been confirmed through the total syntheses of the two compounds. These 39-step syntheses represent a major improvement over the first-generation synthesis of azaspiracid-1 (50 steps).
Direct cation- -cation interactions in several oxides

It is pointed out that interactions between octahedral-site cations are cation-anion-cation interactions if the cation-occupied octahedra share a common corner, but may be primarily cation- -cation (no anion intermediary) if the cation-occupied octahedra share either a common edge or a common face. It is further pointed out that cation- -cation interactions may be naturally classified as "strong" or "weak" since there is a critical cation separation below which the interacting electrons are best described by a collective-electron model, above which by a Heitler-London model. The characteristics of the different interactions under varying conditions are summarized. In the case of strong cation- -cation interactions, covalent-type bonds may be formed at low temperatures. The resulting phase transitions are marked by the following features: (1) the transitions may be noncooperative (isolated cation-cation pairing introducing no symmetry change to the structure) and extend over a considerable temperature interval ($\ensuremath{\Delta}T\ensuremath{\sim}100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$C), or cooperative, occurring at a definite temperature and exhibiting thermal hysteresis. (2) Bonded cations are displaced from the center of symmetry of their anion interstice (in contrast to Jahn-Teller or spin-orbit distortions). (3) Bonding electrons are spin-paired so that they make no contribution to the atomic moment unless localized, unpaired $d$ electrons are simultaneously present to weaken the covalent-type bond via intra-atomic exchange. (4) Bonding electrons cannot contribute to metallic-type conductivity so that if the bond-forming phase ties up all of the outer $d$ electrons in covalent-type bonds, the transition is semiconducting \ensuremath{\rightleftharpoons} metallic. The physical properties of several compounds that illustrate the importance of the cation- -cation interactions are discussed.
First Isolation of Legionella Pneumophila from the Canadian Great Lakes

Two of 52 water samples collected during September and October 1981 from the Canadian Great Lakes were found to contain the organism Legionella pneumophila. Both positive samples contained only Legionella pneumophila serogroup six.
A novel four-wire-driven robotic catheter for radio-frequency ablation treatment.

Purpose Robotic catheters have been proposed to increase the efficacy and safety of the radio-frequency ablation treatment. The robotized motion of current robotic catheters mimics the motion of manual ones—namely, deflection in one direction and rotation around the catheter. With the expectation that the higher dexterity may achieve further efficacy and safety of the robotically driven treatment, we prototyped a four-wire-driven robotic catheter with the ability to deflect in two- degree-of-freedom motions in addition to rotation.
Stabilizing co-continuous polymer blend morphologies with ABC block copolymers

We suggest that ABC triblock copolymers provide a convenient and effective route to emulsifying blends of A and C homopolymers into co-continuous morphologies over a wide range of compositions. Direct transitions between disordered tricontinuous phases (“ABC microemulsions”) and spatially-periodic tricontinuous phases (e.g. gyroid or double-diamond cubic phases) should be possible in appropriately formulated alloys. We envision a broad range of potential applications to thermoplastic and thermoset polymeric materials.
Experience with an experimental compiler generator based on denotational semantics

Compiler generation based on formal semantics has received considerable attention in recent years from a number of semanticists. Compiler writers, on the other hand, know relatively little about these efforts. This paper tries to remedy this situation by discussing our experimentation with the Semantics Implementation System (SIS) of Peter Mosses. SIS allows the user to generate a complete compiler from a formal specification of the syntax and semantics of a programming language. In particular, the translator component of a compiler is obtained by directly implementing a denotational semantics. Consequently, a compiler is expressed as a higher order function. A program is compiled by formally applying the compiler to a tree representation of the program and simplifying this application. The experimentation with SIS indicates that compiler generation based on denotational semantics is feasible, though not yet viable. We argue that SIS constitutes an important first step toward the automatic construction of provably correct, complete, and reasonably efficient compilers from formal syntactic and semantic specifications.
On the anti-diagonal filtration for the heegaard floer chain complex of a branched double-cover

Seidel and Smith introduced the graded fixed-point symplectic Khovanov cohomology group Khsymp,inv(K) for a knot K ⊂ S3, as well as a spectral sequence converging to the Heegaard Floer homology group HFd (Σ(K)#(S2 × S1)) with E1-page isomorphic to a factor of Khsymp,inv(K) [26]. There the authors proved that Khsymp,inv is a knot invariant. We show here that the higher pages of their spectral sequence are knot invariants also, and further define a reduced version of the spectral sequence which directly computes HFd (Σ(K)). Under some degeneration conditions, one obtains a new absolute Maslov grading on the group HFd (Σ(K)). This occurs when K is a two-bridge knot, and we compute the grading in this case.
Effect of Plant Growth Substances on the Formation of Carpelloid Structures from Tobacco Ovules

Excised ovules with placentae developed into carpelloids consisting of stigma-like, style-like and ovule-like structures. Kinetin was necessary for the formation of carpelloids in immature ovules which were excised from the flower buds containing pollen grains at bicellular stage. However, plant growth substances were not necessary for these formations in younger ovules which were excised from the flower buds containing pollen grains at unicellular stage. The morphological characteristics of the stigma-like and style-like structures were similar to those of normal tissues, and their functions were the same.
The immunomodulatory factors of bloodfeeding arthropod saliva.

There are potent immunomodulators in saliva of the bloodfeeding arthropods which transmit many of the world's most serious diseases that may benefit the arthropod by preventing the vertebrate host from becoming sensitized to the saliva. In addition, saliva can enhance transmission of parasites/pathogens by arthropods. As a result, vaccines that target the arthropod (e.g. salivary immunomodulators) should be considered as one component of multisubunit vaccines against arthropod-borne parasites/pathogens. Indeed, since vaccines against the pathogens themselves are often not fully protective, vaccines that target several facets of the life cycle of the pathogen may be the most effective at controlling disease transmission. This review covers known immunomodulatory factors in arthropod vector saliva, focusing mainly on sandflies and ixodid ticks.
Amplifier arrays for CMB polarization

Cryogenic low noise amplifier technology has been successfully used in the study of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). MMIC (Monolithic Millimeter wave Integrated Circuit) technology makes the mass production of coherent detection receivers feasible.
Boundary controllability in problems of transmission for a class of second order hyperbolic systems

We consider transmission problems for general second order linear hyperbolic systems having piecewise constant coefficients in a bounded, open connected set with smooth boundary and controlled through the Dirichlet boundary condition. It is proved that such a system is exactly controllable in an appropriate function space provided the interfaces where the coefficients have a jump discontinuity are all star-shaped with respect to one and the same point and the coefficients satisfy a certain monotonicity condition.
Phosphate-independent expression of the carbon-phosphorus lyase activity of Escherichia coli.

On the basis of mutational analysis, the genes for phosphonate uptake and degradation in Escherichia coli were shown to be organized in a 10.9-kb operon of 14 genes (named phnC to phnP) and induced by phosphate (Pi) starvation [Metcalf and Wanner (1993) J Bacteriol 175: 3430–3442]. The repression of phosphonate utilization by Pi has hindered both the biochemical characterization of the carbon-phosphorus (C-P) lyase activity and the development of improved methods for phosphonate biodegradation in biotechnology. We have cloned the genes phnG to phnP (associated with C-P lyase activity) with the lac promoter to provide expression of C-P lyase in the presence of Pi. A number of strains lacking portions of the phn operon have been constructed. In vivo complementation of the strains, in which phnC to phnP (including both Pn transport and catalysis genes) or phnH to phnP (including only catalysis genes) was deleted, with plasmids carrying various fragments of the phn operon revealed that the expression of phnC-phnP gene products is essential to restore growth on minimal medium with phosphonate as the sole phosphorus source, while phnG-phnM gene products are required for C-P lyase activity as assessed by in vivo methane production from methylphosphonic acid. The minimum size of the DNA required for the whole-cell C-P lyase activity has been determined to be a 5.8-kb fragment, encompassing the phnG to phnM genes. Therefore, there is no requirement for the phnCDE-encoded phosphonate transport system, suggesting that cleavage of the C-P bond may occur on the outer surface of the inner membrane of E. coli cells, releasing the carbon moiety into the periplasm. These data are in agreement with the observation that phosphonates cannot serve as the carbon source for E.␣coli growth.
An analysis of the flow stress of a two-phase alloy system, Ti-6Al-4V

An analysis of the tensile deformation behavior of a two-phase body-centered cubic (bcc)-hexagonal close-packed (hcp) alloy, Ti-6Al-4V, has been made. This has shown that the temperature dependence of the flow stress, the logarithm of the effective stress, and the strain-rate sensitivities can be described by simple analytical equations if the thermally activated strain-rate equation contains the Yokobori activation enthalpy H = H{sup 0} ln ({sigma}*{sub 0}/{sigma}*), where H{sup 0} is a constant, {sigma}* the effective stress, and {sigma}*{sub 0} its 0 K value. The flow stress-temperature plateau region (500 to 600 K) also can be rationalized analytically in terms of oxygen dynamic strain aging in the alpha phase.
Tip60 modulates PLAGL2‐mediated transactivation by acetylation

Pleiomorphic adenoma gene (PLAG) family proteins are oncogenes involved in various malignancies including lipoblastomas, hepatoblastomas, and acute myeloid leukemia. Overexpression of PLAGL2 induces cell transformation and proliferation, but little is known about how its activities are regulated. We previously showed that transcriptional activity of PLAGL2 is negatively regulated by sumoylation. Here we report that Tip60 modulates PLAGL2 functions through acetylation. Tip60 associates with PLAGL2 through its zinc finger domain and acetylates PLAGL2. Wild-type but not the histone acetyltransferase (HAT)-minus mutant form of Tip60 enhances PLAGL2-mediated transactivation. In addition, coexpression of Tip60 and PLAGL2 completely abolishes the sumoylation of PLAGL2. Both Tip60 and DN-Ubc9 increase transactivation activity of wild-type but not the sumoylation deficient form of PLAGL2 (K250, 269, 356R), indicating that Tip60 acetylates PLAGL2 and abolishes the sumoylation of PLAGL2 possibly through modification of the same lysine residues (K250, 269, 356) within PLAGL2. Tip60 effects vary between different PLAGL2 target gene promoters, suggesting that Tip60 is a novel promoter-specific coactivator of PLAGL2. This is the first demonstration that Tip60 can function as a sumoylation inhibitor in part through its intrinsic acetyltransferase activity to regulate specific gene expression.
Interactions between fluoxetine and opiate analgesia for postoperative dental pain

In a double-blind placebo-controlled study we investigated the analgesic efficacy of combinations of the serotonergic tricyclic antidepressant fluoxetine with either the mu-opiate morphine or the kappa-opiate pentazocine. Administration of oral fluoxetine (10 mg p.o. daily for 7 days pre-operatively) had no effect on the immediate postoperative pain level. However, pre-operative administration of fluoxetine was found, compared to placebo, to antagonize analgesia seen after administration of morphine (6 mg, i.v.) in the immediate postoperative period. Attenuation of morphine analgesia consisted essentially of a shortening of the duration of action of the dose of morphine administered. Similar administration of fluoxetine had no effect on the analgesia produced by the kappa-opiate pentazocine (45 mg, i.v.). This effect probably results from alteration in the known serotonergic circuits in endogenous pain-modulating systems.
Saccharin drinking and mortality in rats.

Abstract Rats maintained on reduced food and offered a mixture of sodium saccharin and soda bicarbonate (saccharin) or saccharin versus water drink abnormally large quantities of saccharin resulting in body weight loss and death. Animals, particularly those on higher concentrations, periodically reduce their saccharin intake. Some of those that do not do this die. Those rats which either do not drink excessive amounts, or drink less when first introduced to saccharin, and/or fluctuate their intakes tend to survive. Both components of the saccharin mixture produce these effects (Experiment 2) but the sodium saccharin and the mixture of the two bring them about more strongly (Experiments 1 and 2). All this is support for the accommodation interpretation, or a mechanism which this study has shown to develop with consumption time, and seems to enable some animals to recuperate and survive on the same or even higher saccharin concentration. Mortality seems to depend on the amount of saccharin ingested and also on the availability of food while saccharin is drunk (Experiment 3).
Spin-echo modulation in ruby

Abstract Electron-spin echoes in ruby at X and Ku band are observed with high definition and high signal-to-noise ratio. Comparison of experimental and theoretical echo envelopes provides confirmation of recent ENDOR work.