cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Follicular bronchiolitis as phenotype associated with CD25 deficiency.

Regulatory T cells [Tregs ; CD4(+) CD25(+) forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3(+) )] are subsets of T cells involved in the maintenance of peripheral self-tolerance by actively suppressing the activation and expansion of autoreactive T cells. Signalling through the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) contributes to T cell tolerance by controlling three important aspects of regulatory T cell (Treg ) biology. CD25 is the α-chain of the IL-2R that, in concert with the β-chain and γ-chain, constitutes the complete IL-2R. CD25 contributes only to IL-2 binding affinity but not to the recruitment of signalling molecules. However, its importance in the development of a normal immune response is emphasized by the finding that a truncation mutant of CD25 results in an immunodeficiency in humans characterized by an increased susceptibility to viral, bacterial and fungal infections. In 1997, Sharfe et al. described an infant with severe bacterial, viral and fungal infections. Counts of autologous T lymphocytes were moderately low, T cells displayed a weak proliferative response to mitogens in vitro and the patient displayed no rejection of an allogeneic skin graft. However, unlike children with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), besides not having circulating T cells, the patient also developed peripheral lymphocytic proliferation and autoimmune primary biliary cirrhosis. We present the first female Argentine patient with mutation in CD25 associated with chronic and severe inflammatory lung disease (follicular bronchiolitis with lymphocyte hyperplasia), eczema and infections. She has no expression of CD25 on CD4(+) T cells and an extremely low amount of Tregs . The molecular study confirmed homozygous missense mutation in the alpha subunit of the IL-2 receptor (CD25αR) (c. 122 a > c; p. Y41S).
Algebraic Approaches to Program Semantics

In the 1930s, mathematical logicians studied the notion of "effective comput ability" using such notions as recursive functions, A-calculus, and Turing machines. The 1940s saw the construction of the first electronic computers, and the next 20 years saw the evolution of higher-level programming languages in which programs could be written in a convenient fashion independent (thanks to compilers and interpreters) of the architecture of any specific machine. The development of such languages led in turn to the general analysis of questions of syntax, structuring strings of symbols which could count as legal programs, and semantics, determining the "meaning" of a program, for example, as the function it computes in transforming input data to output results. An important approach to semantics, pioneered by Floyd, Hoare, and Wirth, is called assertion semantics: given a specification of which assertions (preconditions) on input data should guarantee that the results satisfy desired assertions (postconditions) on output data, one seeks a logical proof that the program satisfies its specification. An alternative approach, pioneered by Scott and Strachey, is called denotational semantics: it offers algebraic techniques for characterizing the denotation of (i. e., the function computed by) a program-the properties of the program can then be checked by direct comparison of the denotation with the specification. This book is an introduction to denotational semantics. More specifically, we introduce the reader to two approaches to denotational semantics: the order semantics of Scott and Strachey and our own partially additive semantics."
Social change, population policies, and fertility decline in Colombia and Venezuela

This paper takes a comparative case-study approach to examine the social and policy correlates of fertility decline. The analysis compares fertility behavior across a mature and young cohort of women in Colombia and Venezuela, two countries that experienced rapid demographic change under dissimilar socioeconomic and population policy conditions. Based on the distinction between birth-spacing and birth-stopping behavior the analysis tests several propositions derived from the adaptation and innovation explanations of fertility decline. Results show that fertility regulation at low parities was largely absent among mature women in both countries, representing an innovative behavior among younger women. The introduction of fertility control, however, was highly dependent on women's socioeconomic position, particularly their educational and occupational characteristics. The strong family planning programs in Colombia resulted in a more rapid extension of contraceptive use, particularly female sterilization, and stopping behavior after two children relative to Venezuela. Results highlight the diversity of conditions under which fertility can decline in developing countries and the importance of family planning and other policy initiatives to understanding the different pathways towards lower fertility.
Magnitude and variance of near‐bottom horizontal heat flux at the Main Endeavour hydrothermal vent field

[1] We characterize hydrothermal plumes and hydrography within the axial valley of the Endeavour segment (Juan de Fuca ridge, northeast Pacific) using data from an autonomous underwater vehicle, a lowered CTD, and two current meter moorings. Our survey of the Main Endeavour hydrothermal vent field (MEF) shows hydrographic variability on scales as short as ∼20 m and ∼10 min. Within the ∼100 m deep axial valley, the mean flow is 1–5 cm/s to the north, and tidal oscillations have ∼5 cm/s amplitude. Combining the mean flow with an estimate of the difference in average temperature observed north and south of MEF, we find that the net along-axis horizontal heat flux has a mean magnitude of ∼8–42 MW. An advection/diffusion model forced by local current records explains the observed temporal hydrographic variability and shows that mean horizontal flux variance is correspondingly high (standard deviation ∼63 MW). A steady state MEF heat budget, constrained by the observed horizontal flux and measurements of vertical fluxes from other studies, has two implications: the MEF heat flux is partitioned about equally between diffuse and focused vents, and about 85% of the flux from diffuse plumes is entrained by focused plumes.
Coatings with self‐cleaning properties

The issue of self-cleaning significantly gained popularity due to the work of Barthlott and coworkers on the so called Lotos-Effect®. They found out, that the cleanliness of the Lotos leaves originates from a combined effect of surface topography and hydrophobicity. The symbol of the beautiful Lotos flower as well as the fascination of surfaces being cleaned without any manual activity, simply by a rain shower, has since then stimulated the fantasy of many researchers. Our vision is to copy this mechanism from mother nature and to implement it into coating systems in such a way, that conventional application techniques, e.g. spray-coating, can be applied without the necessity of further process steps like e.g. soft lithography. Three different approaches will be presented in this paper. Roughness and contact angle measurements have been used to quantify the self-cleaning properties.
The Scientific Data Management Center: Providing Technologies for Large Scale Scientific Exploration

Managing scientific data has been identified by the scientific community as one of the most important emerging needs because of the sheer volume and increasing complexity of data being collected. Effectively generating, managing, and analyzing this information requires a comprehensive, end-to-end approach to data management that encompasses all of the stages from the initial data acquisition to the final analysis of the data. Fortunately, the data management problems encountered by most scientific domains are common enough to be addressed through shared technology solutions. Based on community input, the SDM center has identified three significant requirements. First, more efficient access to storage systems is needed. In particular, parallel file system and I/O system improvements are needed to write and read large volumes of data without slowing a simulation, analysis, or visualization engine. These processes are complicated by the fact that scientific data are structured differently for specific application domains, and are stored in specialized file formats. Second, scientists require technologies to facilitate better understanding of their data, in particular the ability to effectively perform complex data analysis and searches over extremely large data sets. Specialized feature discovery and statistical analysis techniques are needed before the data can be understood or visualized. Furthermore, interactive analysis requires indexing techniques for efficiently searching and selecting subsets of interest are needed. Finally, generating the data, collecting and storing the results, keeping track of data provenance, data post-processing, and analysis of results is a tedious, fragmented process. Workflow tools for automation of this process in a robust, tractable, and recoverable fashion are required to enhance scientific exploration.
Changing parameters of citizenship and claims-making: Organized Islam in European public spheres

A significant outcome of the postwar labor migration has been Europe's rediscovery of Islam. In response to a vitalization of religious associational life among immigrants, there has arisen a visible interest in Islam as an object of political and cultural curiosity and scientific inquiry. On the axis of Birmingham, Marseilles, and Berlin, the experience of Pakistani, Maghrebine, and Turkish migration reveals the contours of Muslim community formation within European democracies to researchers, politicians, and the public. At issue is the compatibility of Islam its organizational culture and practice with European categories of democratic participation and citizenship. Formations of Islamic community are identified as either a divisive, anti-democratic threat or a contribution to the political and cultural plurality of Europe.
TEM Study of Ytterbium Silicide Thin Films

In this study, ytterbium thin films of various thicknesses were deposited on (100) silicon substrates. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the structure and composition of the thin films and the interface between the thin film and the silicon substrate, which was found to contain an amorphous interlayer. TEM samples were prepared using a small-angle cleavage technique to avoid any artifacts induced by ion milling. The preparation of ytterbium silicide thin films and the effect of annealing on the structure and composition of the films are discussed.
Implied Equity Duration: A New Measure of Equity Security Risk

We derive a measure of implied equity duration as a natural extension of the traditional measure of bond duration and develop an algorithm for the empirical estimation of implied equity duration. We show that the standard empirical predictions and results for bond duration hold for our measure of implied equity duration and that implied equity duration represents an important common factor in stock returns. We also show that the book-to-market factor advocated by Fama and French (1993) acts as a noisy proxy for an underlying duration factor. Finally, we provide evidence that the long-run equity yield curve is downward sloping for durations up to 20 years. Our results suggest that existing empirical tests of asset pricing models using short holding period equity returns are misspecified.
Welfare Economics and Public Finance

This contribution deals firstly with the differences between market action and government action, and then explores the justification for government intervention based on concepts of economic efficiency and equity. The chapter then proceeds to discuss individual cases in which unregulated private market outcomes are generally considered to violate this criterion.
Analysis of Crack Induced Vibration Localization in Simplified Bladed-Disk Structures

In this paper, we study the effect of crack on the vibratory response of a simplified bladed-disk model. A mono-coupled cyclically periodic structure consisting of cantilevered beams coupled with springs is used to emulate the dynamic response of bladed-disk in aero-engines. A fracture mechanics based approach is employed to evaluate the stiffness loss due to the occurrence of crack on single beam. Then, by taking advantage of the unique property of periodic structures, using the U-transform approach we develop analytical solutions to the free and forced vibrations of the structure with a single crack. It is identified that, while the stiffness loss on a single beam could be small and may not cause significant frequency change, it could lead to free and forced vibration localization in a periodic structure. The intrinsic relation between the response amplitudes and various system parameters such as internal coupling, crack severity, and excitation patterns is explored.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Structures of microclusters: An atomistic approach with three-body interactions

Abstract The structure and stability of small clusters (with 8, 9 and 13 particles) were investigated by minimizing the total energy which comprised two-body and three-body interactions. Variation in the energetically preferred geometry of the cluster is analyzed parametrically as a function of the intensity of the three-body interactions. The results are consistent with those of other atomistic calculations for rare gas atoms and with some of the ab initio calculations for metallic clusters.
How PSA’s Inclusion Shift Cracked the Ivory Tower Culture and Led to New Governance Challenges

PSA’s shift to inclusion began in the 1990s as a response to the declining membership and the domination of the association by scholars from the Ivory Tower universities--those institutions focusing primarily upon research. Cracking the Ivory Tower refers to this inclusion which involved encouraging student participation; inviting faculty from teaching-focused colleges; expanding program topics on teaching or issues of gender, race, sexual orientation; hosting inclusive receptions; and electing some officers from non-elite schools. As inclusion has dramatically increased membership and promoted more representative participation, governance now faces new challenges, especially the executive director's workload.
Grain-boundary, glassy-phase identification and possible artifacts

Specimen artifacts such as grain boundary grooving, surface damage of the specimen, and Si contamination are shown experimentally to arise from the ion milling used in the preparation of transmission electron microscopy specimens. These artifacts in polycrystalline, ceramic specimens can cause clean grain boundaries to appear to contain a glassy phase when the dark-field diffuse scattering technique, the Fresnel fringe technique, and analytical electron microscopy (energy dispersive spectroscopy) are used to identify glassy phases at a grain boundary. The ambiguity in interpereting each of these techniques due to the ion milling artifacts will be discussed from a theoretical view point and compared to experimental results obtained for alumina.
The Ninth Annual Meeting of the American Society of Gene Therapy: Baltimore, MD, USA, May 31-June 4, 2006.

The 9th annual meeting of the ASGT took place in Baltimore, MD from the 31st of May thru the 4th of June. Over 1100 abstracts were submitted and attendance reached over 2000. In addition, more than 50 companies and institutions showcased products and services representing the latest advances in oligonucleotide, gene and cell therapy research. The development of RNAi and microRNAs as genetic tools and as therapeutics continued to be a focus of intense study. New results provided further support for the proven promise of gene therapy to cure inherited immunodeficiencies and to treat diverse tumors.
Learning and memory in the autoimmune BXSB mouse: effects of neocortical ectopias and environmental enrichment.

Abstract Approximately 40–60% of BXSB mice have ectopic cell clusters in layer I of neocortex. Prior studies have shown distinct behavioral differences between those with ectopias and their non-ectopic littermates. In this study, female BXSB mice were reared after weaning in either enriched environments or standard cages. Following an initial round of behavioral testing, all mice were housed in standard cages and retested. Enriched cage mice (both ectopic and non-ectopic) showed increased activity, greater speed, and enhanced learning scores across a variety of tests. Additionally, prior test experience itself had significant positive effects on Hebb-Williams maze learning. The presence of ectopias resulted in better Morris maze learning for standard cage reared mice. Further, ectopic mice, regardless of their housing condition, showed better long-term retention in the Morris maze than did their non-ectopic counterparts. These findings show that abnormalities in corticogenesis need not always result in functional deficit.
Revisiting the Double Checkpointing Algorithm

Fast check pointing algorithms require distributed access to stable storage. This paper revisits the approach base upon double check pointing, and compares the blocking algorithm of Zheng, Shi and Kale, with the non-blocking algorithm of Ni, Meneses and Kale, in terms of both performance and risk. We also extend their model proposed to assess the impact of the overhead associated to non-blocking communications. We then provide a new peer-to-peer check pointing algorithm, called the triple check pointing algorithm, that can work at constant memory, and achieves both higher efficiency and better risk handling than the double check pointing algorithm. We provide performance and risk models for all the evaluated protocols, and compare them through comprehensive simulations.
The hypependymal microglia cell

The hypependymal microglia cells form a discontinuous layer along the base of ventricular ependyma, as demonstrable in a section perpendicular to the ventricular wall. Delicate or plump processes radiate from a pear-shaped perikaryon, as demonstrable in a plane parallel with the ventricular wall.
Monolayer culture of a human pancreatic beta-cell adenoma.

Abstract Monolayer cultures were prepared from a human beta-cell adenoma by dissociating the cells with a trypsin-collagenase solution. Cultures were grown in medium 199 containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 300 mg 100 ml glucose. They were maintained for a total of 2 mo and subcultured three times during this period. Insulin release from the primary cultures during the initial 24 days declined from approximately 150 to 40 mU per culture per 2 days, and then stabilized at this level prior to subculture on day 34. Subcultures became rapidly overgrown with fibroblastoid cells; after two subcultures, insulin release averaged approximately 1.5 mU per culture per 2 days. Reducing the glucose concentration in the medium from 300-100 mg 100 ml produced only a 7% reduction in insulin release, which conceivably helps to explain the high fasting insulin-to-glucose ratios observed in patients with these tumors. These data confirm that cell cultures derived from such tumors offer a unique model for studying human beta cells.
Proximity reasoning for discoveries

We investigate structure of the Primary Language of the human brain as introduced by J. von Neumann in 1957. Two components have been investigated, the algorithm optimizing warfighting, Linguistic Geometry (LG), and the algorithm for inventing new algorithms, the Algorithm of Discovery. The latter is based on multiple thought experiments, which manifest themselves via mental visual streams (“mental movies”). It appears that those streams are the only interface available for this brain phenomenon. The visual streams can run concurrently and can exchange information between each other. The streams may initiate additional thought experiments, program them, and execute them in due course. The visual streams are focused employing the algorithm of “a child playing a construction set” that includes a visual model, a construction set and the Ghost. It appears that all the discoveries require optimization hidden in the algorithm, object or process to be discovered. Natural and artificial objects are usually optimized one way or another. Thus optimization should be a major component of the Algorithm of Discovery. As an algorithm utilized by humans since ancient times it could not use any kind of differential calculus for such optimization. This paper is the first attempt to reveal the nature of this optimization component that is named proximity reasoning. Our findings about proximity reasoning are tested on the thought experiments for development of two algorithms in LG: function next for the Grammars of Shortest Trajectories and the No-Search Approach based on the State Space Chart. While those experiments were already investigated in several papers this paper takes yet another look at them in order to revealing the nature of proximity reasoning.
A Robust Reconstruction for Unstructured WENO Schemes

The weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) schemes are a popular class of high order numerical methods for hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs). While WENO schemes on structured meshes are quite mature, the development of finite volume WENO schemes on unstructured meshes is more difficult. A major difficulty is how to design a robust WENO reconstruction procedure to deal with distorted local mesh geometries or degenerate cases when the mesh quality varies for complex domain geometry. In this paper, we combine two different WENO reconstruction approaches to achieve a robust unstructured finite volume WENO reconstruction on complex mesh geometries. Numerical examples including both scalar and system cases are given to demonstrate stability and accuracy of the scheme.
Thomas Paine and the religion of nature

Thomas Paine's reputation as a political thinker rests chiefly on the two books that influenced the American and French revolutions: "Common Sense" and "Rights of Man". But political scientist Jack Fruchtman draws on all of Paine's writings to establish that the key to his political thinking is his religious understanding of nature. For Paine, the study of nature gave humans access to the mind of God - revealing the right social, political and economic relations necessary to a stable nation. In this book, Fruchtman explains how Paine constructed a rationale for political revolution based on his theory of nature. Paine believed that human beings had a natural ability to reflect God's inventive creativity. Although they could never achieve God's perfection, people could continually enhance human life by improving their inventions. They could make better candles and build stronger bridges; they could create sound economies and establish democratic constitutions. When Paine proposed that political revolution was just such an invention, he advanced a powerful justification for eliminating the evil kings and corrupt aristocrats who seemed to threaten the people's very humanity. By re-examining Paine's language, imagery and underlying beliefs, Fruchtman offers a portrait of a revolutionary writer who relied on nature and nature's God in everything he said and did.
Student Academic Support: A Validity Test

Given the significant support system changes that students often experience at the university level, college students often view fellow students as their primary source of academic support. This study offers validity evidence for the Student Academic Support Scale (SASS), a 15-item, multidimensional measure that assesses informational, esteem, motivational, and venting support. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the SASS revealed close model fit, replicated prior CFA tests (Thompson & Mazer, 2009), and ultimately provided additional evidence for content validity. More important, correlations between student academic support, student motivation, affective learning, and engagement suggest that the SASS construct is related to other theoretically similar constructs, providing initial evidence for construct validity. Pedagogical implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Adenosine analogs with covalently attached lipids have enhanced potency at A1-adenosine receptors

Chemically functionalized congeners of N6-phenyladenosine and 1,3-dipropyl-8-phenylxanthine have been covalently coupled to fatty acids, diglycerides, and a phospholipid. The lipid-drug conjugates inhibit R-[3H]-phenylisopropyladenosine binding to A1-adenosine receptors in rat cerebral cortex membranes. A xanthine-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate bound with a Ki value of 19 nM. Various xanthine esters of low potency are potential prodrugs. Amides of an adenosine amine congener (ADAC) with 18-carbon fatty acids exhibited Ki values at A1-adenosine receptors of 70 pM, representing a 130-fold enhancement over the affinity of the corresponding acetyl amide. The very high affinity of adenosine-lipid conjugates may be due to stabilization of these adducts in the phospholipid microenvironment of the receptor protein.
Abstract A117: A meta-analysis of the incidence of non-AIDS cancers in HIV-infected individuals

A117 Objective To compare the incidence rate of all non-AIDS cancers combined among HIV-infected individuals with the general population rate and to estimate modification of the association by gender and AIDS diagnosis. Design A meta-analysis was carried out using data from 11 studies of non-AIDS cancer incidence in HIV-infected individuals. Methods Standardized incidence rate ratios (SIR) for non-AIDS cancers in HIV-infected individuals compared to the general population and 95% confidence limits (CL) were abstracted from each study. The results were assessed for between-study heterogeneity and funnel plot asymmetry. Meta-regression was used to estimate modification of the general-population SIR by gender and AIDS. Results There was pronounced heterogeneity between studies, thus, an overall pooled estimate was not calculated. The SIR of non-AIDS cancers in HIV-infected individuals, adjusted for AIDS and study design was greater among men (2.3; 95% CL: 1.7, 3.1) than women (1.5; 95% CL: 0.9; 2.3; ratio of SIRs = 1.6; 95% CL: 0.7, 3.2). The SIR also appeared slightly greater among those with an AIDS diagnosis; however, when the analysis was adjusted for gender and study design, the SIRs for those with (1.88; 95% CL: 1.34, 2.66) and without AIDS (1.98; 95% CL: 1.35, 2.88) were similar (ratio of SIRs: 0.95; 95% CL: 0.46, 1.96). Conclusions The incidence rate of non-AIDS cancers was elevated among HIV-infected individuals. Additionally, HIV-infected men appeared to have a greater SIR for non-AIDS cancers than HIV-infected women. However, no difference was seen between the SIRs for non-AIDS cancers among those with and without AIDS. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A117.
A continuum of relative equilibria in the five-body problem

Abstract It is generally believed that the set of relative equilibria equivalence classes in the Newtonian n-body problem, for a given set of positive masses, is finite. However, the result has only been proven for n=3 and remains a difficult, open question for n≥4 [A. Wintner, Princeton Math. Ser. 5, 215, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1941; S. Smale, Mathematical Intelligencer 20 (1998) 7–15]. We demonstrate that the condition for the masses being positive is a necessary one by finding a continuum of relative equilibria in the five-body problem which (unfortunately) includes one negative mass. This family persists in similar potential functions, including the logarithmic potential used to describe the motion of point vortices in a plane of fluid.
Carboxyl‐containing starch graft polymer: Preparation and use in heavy metal removal

Water-insoluble carboxyl-containing starches were prepared by grafting acrylonitrile onto a highly crosslinked starch followed by base saponification to convert nitrile groups into a mixture of carboxamide and carboxylate groups. Ceric ammonium nitrate or ferrous sulfate–hydrogen peroxide was used to initiate graft polymerization of acrylonitrile. The isolated products were evaluated for the removal of Cd2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+ from aqueous solution.
The CDF forward/backward hadron calorimeter

Abstract The forward/backward hadron calorimeter of the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) is composed of proportional tube chambers and steel plates. It is designed to cover a pseudorapidity region of 2.2 ≤ | η | ≤ 4.2. The readout of this calorimeter is accomplished through sensing the induced charge pulses produced on the chamber's cathode in response to a hadronic cascade shower. We describe the main features of these chambers and present the results of performance tests on the first group of chambers produced.
Active Handrest: A large workspace tool for precision manipulation

To address the limited dexterous workspace of the human hand, we have developed the Active Handrest. This device assists in precision manipulation tasks by extending a user's dexterous workspace while providing ergonomic support for reduced fatigue. People use handrests to complete dexterous activities as routine as providing a signature. However, the dexterous workspace of the statically supported hand is somewhat limited. By providing consistent support over large workspaces the Active Handrest could be useful for performing precision tasks, such as surgery, upper limb rehabilitation, and machining. Our prototype Active Handrest is a planar, human-machine interface that provides support for the user's wrist and arm while allowing the user to retain complete control over a grasped tool or manipulated device. The Active Handrest uses force input from the user's hand, position input from a grasped tool, or a combination of these inputs. The device's controller then converts the input(s) into handrest motions. In this paper we describe our novel device prototype and establish a baseline for its performance. Preliminary experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of control input, velocity limits, and user experience. Subsequent experiments compared the Active Handrest to various other support conditions. Use of the Active Handrest was found to significantly reduce task error and provided better speed-accuracy performance than the other tested support methods.
Application of a hurdle negative binomial count data model to demand for bass fishing in the southeastern United States

This paper identifies factors that influence the demand for a bass fishing trip taken in the southeastern United States using a hurdle negative binomial count data model. The probability of fishing for a bass is estimated in the first stage and the fishing trip frequency is estimated in the second stage for individuals reporting bass fishing trips in the Southeast. The applied approach allows the decomposition of the effects of factors responsible for the decision to take a trip and the trip number. Calculated partial and total elasticities indicate a highly inelastic demand for the number of fishing trips as trip costs increase. However, the demand can be expected to increase if anglers experience a success measured by the number of caught fish or their size. Benefit estimates based on alternative estimation methods differ substantially, suggesting the need for testing each modeling approach applied in empirical studies.
THE PAINFUL SHOULDER IN THE SWIMMING ATHLETE

Given the popularity of swimming and the high risk of injury associated with the sport, many clinicians come into contact with the swimmer's shoulder. This article describes the mechanism of injury, diagnostic tools, and subtle signs of injury for swimmer's shoulder. It focuses on conservative treatment for the injury, including methods for stretching and strengthening and eliminating acute inflammation.
Regularity and Recurrence of Switching Diffusions

This work is concerned with switching diffusion processes, also known as regime-switching diffusions. Our attention focuses on regularity, recurrence, and positive recurrence of the underlying stochastic processes. The main effort is devoted to obtaining easily verifiable conditions for the aforementioned properties. Continuous-state-dependent jump processes are considered. First general criteria on regularity and recurrence using Liapunov functions are obtained. Then we focus on a class of problems, in which both the drift and the diffusion coefficients are “linearizable” with respect to the continuous state, and suppose that the generator of the jump part of the process can be approximated by a generator of an ergodic Markov chain. Sufficient conditions for regularity, recurrence, and positive recurrence are derived, which are linear combination of the averaged coefficients (averaged with respect to the stationary measure of the Markov chain).
Understudied Clinical Dimensions in Pediatric Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

The present study aimed to assess the phenomenology and treatment sensitivity of insight, avoidance, indecisiveness, overvalued responsibility, pervasive slowness, and pathological doubting among youth with Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) using the ancillary items on the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS). These factors are believed to be relevant to the clinical presentation of youth with OCD but remain understudied. Eighty-nine youth with OCD were administered the CY-BOCS, including six subsidiary items aimed at the constructs of interest in this research. Participants also completed measures of OCD symptom clusters, depressive and anxious symptoms, externalizing/internalizing behavioral problems, and functional impairment. Associations between OCD symptom clusters and insight, avoidance, indecisiveness, overvalued responsibility, pervasive slowness, and pathological doubting are presented. Low insight, significant avoidance, indecisiveness, pervasive slowness and excessive sense of responsibility were all related to elevations in functional impairment. Clinical improvement in OCD severity was related to reductions in avoidance, doubting, and sense of responsibility. The six ancillary items of the CY-BOCS appear to be a practical and valid assessment of several constructs that are prognostically linked to cognitive-behavioral therapy outcomes in youth with OCD. Implications for clinicians are discussed.
Sequential games as stochastic processes

Abstract This paper examines the stochastic processes generated by sequential games that involve repeated play of a specific game. Such sequential games are viewed as adaptive decision-making processes over time wherein each player updates his “state” after every play. This revision may involve one's strategy or one's prior distribution on the competitor's strategies. It is shown that results from the theory of discrete time Markov processes can be applied to gain insight into the asymptotic behavior of the game. This is illustrated with a duopoly game in economics.
A solution to the performance appraisal feedback enigma

Executive Overview It is hard to dispute the value of the ubiquitous formal performance appraisal programs used in almost all large organizations. In theory, these programs should serve important organizational objectives. Each employee should be evaluated at least annually and be given feedback to communicate how he or she is performing. In practice, however, most managers find these feedback interviews distasteful. Unless constrained by some sort of administrative pressure, like a subordinate sign-off requirement, managers are likely to ignore the responsibility. The traditional manager-to-subordinate performance appraisal feedback interview is becoming anachronistic in our culture. The appraisal feedback interview is a very authoritarian procedure—a parent-child type of exchange. Most modern organizations are moving away from authoritarian management toward an involvement-oriented working environment. A performance review discussion based on the subordinate's self review fits an involvement-oriented cl...
Mechanisms contributing to the recovery of striatal releasable dopamine following MFB stimulation.

Abstract In vivo voltammetry was used to monitor the concentration of dopamine released into striatal extracellular fluid during electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle of anesthetized rats. During stimulation the dopamine concentration increases rapidly to micromolar levels. After cessation of the stimulus, uptake mechanisms rapidly clear the released dopamine. That dopamine is the compound detected during stimulation is confirmed by voltammetry and pharmacology. The interval between stimulations influences the amount of dopamine released. When 10 stimulations are spaced by 30s, only 50% of the amount of dopamine released by the first stimulation is released by the second stimulation. Twenty minutes are required for full recovery of the stimulation response. Full recovery requires dopamine synthesis but during the initial 2 min follwing stimulation the recovery exceeds synthesis rates. Possible mechanisms that contribute to the rapid initial recovery are the mobilization of intraneuronally stored dopamine and the recycling of the released dopamine via presynaptic uptake mechanisms. Dopaminergic receptors are able to modulate the rapid recovery.
Infrared Study of Carbon Deposits on Catalysts

Abstract The deposition of carbon on alumina and on catalysts, in which alumina was the support for platinum and rhenium, was followed by simultaneously weighing the total deposit and observing the infrared spectra. At total carbon deposit levels of 1 percent or less, produced by exposure to acetylene at 525 K or ethylene at 625 K, bands were observed near 1580 and 1470 cm -1 . Isotopic labeling with oxygen-18 and deuterium shows that these bands are attributable to the asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of a carbon-oxygen species similar to a carboxylate ion. This species involves about one-sixth of the total carbon in deposits on alumina. Platinum does not markedly affect the total carbon or the fraction that is carboxylate. Rhenium does not affect the total carbon but it significantly lowers the carbon-oxygen species. Pretreatment of desulfurization catalysts with ammonia reduces the total carbon by about one-half and almost eliminates carboxylate formation. Carboxylates are not found in carbon deposits on silica.
Cardiotoxin from cobra venom affects the CaMg-ATPase of cardiac sarcolemmal membrane vesicles

Abstract Highly purified sarcolemmal (SL) membrane vesicles were prepared from bovine cardiac tissue and used to evaluate the effects of cardiotoxin (CTX) on Ca2+ transport systems of the SL membrane. The addition of CTX, at 1.0 μM and 10 μM, stimulated the ATP-dependent transport of 45Ca2+ by the Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase to 138% and 193% of control levels, respectively. The increase in Ca2+ accumulation by the SL vesicles in the presence of CTX was not affected by 100 μM ouabain but was reduced to 50% of control uptake levels by the addition of 0.5 mM dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Additionally, no effect of CTX (1.0 μM to 10 μM) was seen on 45Ca2+ transport by the Na-Ca exchange system. These effects of CTX on the SL membrane do not appear to be due to non-specific membrane disruption since SL vesicles preloaded with 45Ca2+ did not release (efflux) the accumulated Ca2+ more rapidly in the presence of CTX (1.0 μM to 250 μM). The rate of hydrolysis of ATP by the SL Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase was observed to increase (29% to 52%) as CTX concentration increased (1.0 μM to 10 μM). The same concentrations of CTX had no effect on ATP hydrolysis by Na+-K+-ATPase. We conclude that 10 μM CTX stimulates the rate of ATP hydrolysis and Ca2+ transport by the SL Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase.
Design and technique of operation of a double crystal spectrometer

The double crystal x-ray spectrometer is distinctly different in principle from the single crystal spectrometer and calls therefore for a completely new design rather than an adaptation of single spectrometer design. One such new design is described in this paper. Emphasis is laid on the fact that the wave-length selected by the process of two successive crystal reflections in any prescribed orders depends solely on the dihedral angle between the crystals. The advantages of rotating both crystals in equal and opposite directions with respect to a plane through their axes of rotation are pointed out and a spectrometer designed to accomplish this is described. In this spectrometer the turning of a single shaft drives the two crystals, the spectrometer as a whole and the x-ray tube, at the proper angular rates about the proper centers to insure that the x-ray beam will at all times remain centered on the crystal faces and the window of the stationary ion chamber. It is pointed out that spurious fluctuations may be introduced in spectral curves by the x-ray beam migrating across small steps in the cleavage surface reflecting the radiation. Description of design covers design of spectrometer and turning mechanisms, the tube housing, lead shields, the detecting system consisting of an ion chamber with internal grid of special design to minimize natural leak and a Hoffmann vacuum electrometer connected to it through a short evacuated shield. Description of operating technique covers optical method of accurately orienting the crystal faces, methods of aligning the tube, precautions to eliminate background.
Immunolocalization of cellular retinoic acid binding protein to müller cells and/or a subpopulation of GABA-positive amacrine cells in retinas of different species

Retinoic acid (RA) and its specific binding protein, cellular RA binding protein (CRABP), are found in relative abundance in bovine and rat retinas. Since RA does not participate in the visual cycle, the presence of RA and its binding protein in retina suggests that they may be involved in other aspects of retinoid action. As an initial step in identifying the role of RA and its binding protein in retina, monoclonal antibodies were prepared against CRABP purified from bovine retina and used to localize this antigen by immunocytochemistry in retinas of different species. Human and monkey retinas showed specific cytoplasmic labeling of Muller cells. Cat, bovine, rabbit, rat, turtle, and chick retinas showed specific cytoplasmic labeling of some somata in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers and characteristic strata in the inner plexiform layer. Cat and bovine retinas also showed cytoplasmic labeling of Muller cells. Immunoreactivity in these species was absent with nonimmune serum or abolished when the antibodies were preabsorbed with purified antigen. Chameleon, goldfish, and frog retinas were nonreactive. We used double-labeling immunofluorescence experiments to determine if the CRABP-positive cells were also positive for known neurotransmitters or associated enzymes. CRABP-positive amacrine cells of cat, cow, rabbit, rat, and chick represented a subset of the more numerous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-positive amacrine cells. However, turtle CRABP-positive amacrine cells were negative for GABA despite the fact that turtle retina contains many GABA positive cells. CRABP-positive amacrine cells in rat retinas were not immunoreactive for glycine, choline acetyltransferase, somatostatin, or tyrosine hydroxylase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Real-Time Testing of Bioburdens in Metalworking Fluids Using Adenosine Triphosphate as a Biomass Indicator

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assays have been used to quantify bioburdens (biomass) in low-organic-compound-content fluids (freshwater, seawater, cooling tower water, and similar fluids) since the early 1950s. The original methodology was labor intensive and required considerable laboratory skill. Over the past half-century, the protocol has been simplified substantially, but until recently, chemical interferences made it impractical to use the ATP test in metalworking fluids (MWF). This article presents precision and bias statistics for a new test protocol for ATP in emulsifiable oil, semisynthetic and synthetic MWF at end-use dilutions. Additionally it presents the results of field tests in which ATP data are compared with other MWF condition monitoring data. The field evaluation demonstrates the applicability of the new protocol to MWF bioburden condition monitoring.
Effect of thyroid hormone on the distribution and activity of Na, K-ATPase in ventricular myocardium

Employing detergent-free sucrose-density gradient fractionation method we isolated cholesterol-rich lighter membrane fractions containing approximately 10% of protein, approximately 30% of cholesterol in membranes of ventricular myocardium. Cholesterol-rich lighter membrane fractions contain >70% of Na, K-ATPase and caveolins 1 and 3 and <10% of beta-actin. Treatment of hypothyroid rats with T(3) increased the relative abundance of both alpha1 and beta1 Na, K-ATPase subunits in total membranes by 4- to 5-fold (with no change in caveolin-3), and resulted in 1.9-fold increase in enzyme activity. T(3)-induced Na, K-ATPase subunits were preferentially distributed to the lighter fractions (#s 4, 5 and 6); and increased abundance of alpha1 and beta1 were 34-70% and 43-68%, respectively. We conclude that the activity of Na, K-ATPase is not uniform in cardiac membranes, and while a significant amount of Na, K-ATPase is present in cardiac cholesterol-rich membrane fractions, the intrinsic activity is significantly less than the enzyme present in relatively cholesterol-poor membranes.
Induction of mating in Candida albicans by construction of MTLa and MTLα strains

Although the diploid fungus Candida albicans , a human pathogen, has been thought to have no sexual cycle, it normally possesses mating-type–like orthologs ( MTL ) of both of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating-type genes ( MAT ) a and α. When strains containing only MTL a or MTL α were constructed by the loss of one homolog of chromosome 5, the site of the MTL loci, MTL a and MTL α strains mated, but like mating types did not. Evidence for mating included formation of stable prototrophs from strains with complementing auxotrophic markers; these contained both MTL alleles and molecular markers from both parents and were tetraploid in DNA content and mononucleate.
Adolescent-Rated Health and Intention to Attend College: Variation by Race/Ethnicity and Levels of Health Status

Quantify the relationships between adolescent self-reported health and college intention in a diverse sample including Asians. Data were used from 3,737 adolescents ages 12–17 who completed the 2003 California Health Interview Survey. Self-reported intention to attend college/university was compared to other plans. Multivariate logistic models predicting college intention by health status (poor/fair, good, or very good/excellent) were performed with the entire sample and for each race/ethnicity separately. Age, poverty, gender, rural residence, and parental college education were controlled. Participants were 44 % white, 36 % Hispanic, 11 % Asian, and 9 % black. Overall, 10 % reported poor/fair health, 30 % good health, and 60 % very good/excellent health. Whites were the most likely to report very good/excellent health and Hispanics least likely (χ2(6) = 11.85; p < 0.01). Eighty-one percent had college plans, which also varied by race/ethnicity with Asians most likely to report college intentions and Hispanics least likely (χ2(3) = 3.97; p < 0.05). In the overall multivariate model, adolescents in poor/fair health (OR: 0.53; 95 % CI: 0.34–0.83) and good health (OR: 0.59; 95 % CI: 0.45–0.78) were significantly less likely to plan on college compared to those in very good/excellent health. Variation was seen by racial/ethnic group. For whites and blacks, only good health significantly predicted less college intention (compared to very good/excellent health) while only poor/fair health significantly predicted less college intention for Hispanics and Asians. Very good/excellent health in adolescence was associated with greater college intention compared to both fair/poor health and good health, but this relationship varied by race/ethnicity.