cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging has become a primary tool for psychological and cognitive studies or preclinical brain research. As a technique to map brain function, fMRI measures the blood oxygenation level–dependent signal as a collective effect of changes in cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen following changes in neural activity. The use of fMRI in combination with carefully designed task paradigms has enabled scientists to map perceptual, cognitive, or behavioral functions onto brain regions and networks. Spontaneous activity observed with fMRI in task-free resting states has been used to reveal intrinsic functional networks that collectively depict the brain’s functional architecture or connectome. Naturalistic paradigms for fMRI are increasingly used to map brain activation, address neural representation and coding, and characterize brain networks while humans are engaged in a realistic and dynamic environment similar to daily life experiences. In this chapter, we discuss the principles, methods, and applications of fMRI, with emphasis on its biophysical and physiological basis, experimental designs and analysis methods, and applications to human and animal studies. Example data or results from empirical studies are presented to help illustrate methods or support scientific views.
Development of a model reference computed torque controller for a human lower extremity exoskeleton robot

Exoskeleton robot–based neurorehabilitation has received a lot of attention recently due to positive evidence supporting its ability to provide different forms of physical therapy and in helping ev...
Correction to: A 26-Year Study of Restraint Fatalities Among Children and Adolescents in the United States: A Failure of Organizational Structures and Processes

Physical and mechanical restraints used in treatment, care, education, and corrections programs for children are high-risk interventions primarily due to their adverse physical, emotional, and fatal consequences. This study explores the conditions and circumstances of restraint-related fatalities in the United States by asking (1) Who are the children that died due to physical restraint? and (2) How did they die? The study employs internet search systems to discover and compile information about restraint-related fatalities of children and youth up to 18 years of age from reputable journalism sources, advocacy groups, activists, and governmental and non-governmental agencies. The child cohort from a published study of restraint fatalities in the United States from 1993 to 2003 is combined with restraint fatalities from 2004 to 2018. This study’s scope has expanded to include restraint deaths in community schools, as well as undiscovered restraint deaths from 1993 to 2003 not in the 2006 study. Seventy-nine restraint-related fatalities occurred over the 26-year period from across a spectrum of children’s out-of-home child welfare, corrections, mental health and disability services. The research provides a data snapshot and examples of how fatalities unfold and their consequences for staff and agencies. Practice recommendations are offered to increase safety and transparency. The study postulates that restraint fatalities result from a confluence of medical, psychological, and organizational causes; such as cultures prioritizing control, ignoring risk, using dangerous techniques, as well as agencies that lack structures, processes, procedures, and resources to promote learning and to ensure physical and psychological safety.
Contemporary Perspective on the Treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii Infections: Insights from the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists

The purpose of this narrative review is to bring together the most recent epidemiologic, preclinical, and clinical findings to offer our perspective on best practices for managing patients with A. baumannii infections with an emphasis on carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB). To date, the preferred treatment for CRAB infections has not been defined. Traditional agents with retained in vitro activity (aminoglycosides, polymyxins, and tetracyclines) are limited by suboptimal pharmacokinetic characteristics, emergence of resistance, and/or toxicity. Recently developed and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor agents do not provide enhanced activity against CRAB. On balance, cefiderocol and eravacycline demonstrate potent in vitro activity and are well tolerated, but clinical data for patients with CRAB infections do not yet support widespread use. Given that CRAB has the capacity to infect vulnerable patients and preferred regimens have not been identified, we advocate for combination therapy. Our preferred regimen for critically ill patients infected, or considered to be at high risk for CRAB, includes meropenem, polymyxin B, and ampicillin/sulbactam. Importantly, site of infection, severity of illness, and local epidemiology are essential factors to be considered in selecting combination therapies. Molecular mechanisms of resistance may unveil preferred combinations at individual centers; however, such data are often unavailable to treating clinicians and have not been linked to improved clinical outcomes. Combination strategies may also pose an increased risk for antibiotic toxicity and Clostridioides difficile infection, and should therefore be balanced by understanding patient goals of care and underlying health conditions. Promising therapies that are in clinical development and/or under investigation include durlobactam–sulbactam, cefiderocol combination regimens, and bacteriophage therapy, which may over time eliminate the need for the continued use of polymyxins. Future goals for CRAB management include pathogen-focused treatment paradigms that are based on molecular mechanisms of resistance, local susceptibility rates, and the availability of well-tolerated, effective treatment options.
Comparisons of ribonuclease HI homologs and mutants uncover a multi-state model for substrate recognition

Ribonuclease HI (RNHI) non-specifically cleaves the RNA strand in RNA:DNA hybrid duplexes in a myriad of biological processes, including retroviral reverse transcription. Several RNHI homologs contain an extended domain, termed the handle region, that is critical to substrate binding. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have suggested a kinetic model in which the handle region can exist in open (substrate-binding competent) or closed (substrate-binding incompetent) states in homologs containing arginine or lysine at position 88 (using sequence numbering of E. coli RNHI), while the handle region populates a state intermediate between the open and closed conformers in homologs with as-paragine at residue 88 [Stafford, K. A., et al., PLoS Comput. Biol. 2013, 9, 1-10]. NMR parameters characterizing handle region dynamics are highly correlated with enzymatic activity for RNHI homologs with two-state (open/closed) handle regions [Martin, J. A., et al., Biochemistry 2020, 59, 3201-3205]. The work presented herein shows that homologs with one-state (intermediate) handle regions display distinct structural features compared with their two-state counterparts. Comparisons of RNHI homologs and site-directed mutants with arginine at position 88 support a kinetic model for handle region dynamics that includes 12 unique transitions between eight conformations. Overall, these findings present an example of the structure-function relationships of enzymes and spotlight the use of NMR spectroscopy and MD simulations in uncovering fine details of conformational preferences.
Response to Lyne, Hariman, and Greene

My impulse is to say that these three can and have spoken quite well for themselves. They leave me with nothing to say, that is, nothing that I have not said already. On the lines of thought that occurred to them, they have expressed themselves cogently. I am happy that the conversation is continuing. We are far from 1967. In particular I have nothing to say to Greene. Well, perhaps only that I have learned a great deal about myself from having read his essay. Both in terms of what went into and what has come out of my effort published in 1967, I would like to think that Greene is correct. I find in myself no impulse to correct him. I am grateful for his care in reading some essays that I have written since and finding some relevance. John Lyne, it seems to me, has suggested quite rightly that we need to re-focus on the reality of argument - the phrase is mine and may not be one of which Lyne would approve. I believe that over the years I have made comments quite salient to Lyne's insistence, and below, please excuse the self-advertising, I shall list several essays. Nonetheless, Lyne's essential point, as I see it, is well taken. I often describe myself as a naive realist and add that I think most people are. That is to say, I am convinced that there is a hard world out there that I cannot wish away and that often resists my wishful efforts. I also have a strong sense of myself as an agent, my agency being principally in the making of my world - my world although I seek assiduously to understand others and to share worlds with them. Lyne leads me to affirm that although we may reject any grounding as ultimate, we do need to ground ourselves or we shall have no sense of the world and thus our arguing will be vapid. Frankly I do find uncomfortably often what seems to me to be a mindless passivity in accepting the authority of science. This passive, archaic attitude pops up in a multitude of benign guises on campus as well as in the media, but we have railed quite enough at "scientism." It is time we moved on. Those among us who are engaged in exploring "the rhetoric of science" are not apt to show us the face of "reality per se," in a phrase an old sparring partner of mine seems to like, but they may well be helpful in showing us much more clearly how rhetoric is an active force among people, the worlds we make, and the hard realities of our living quarters. I remain convinced that though there is hard reality that has preceded any moments I may grasp and will succeed any grasping I am capable of, that we humans will never know that reality per se. Our realities, I stress the plural, will be mediated. We should pay careful attention to Lyne's claims, and those of others with like interests, for they may help balance our efforts to solve to whatever degrees possible, the puzzles that communication present for us. Balance will be vital since we are so well conditioned by our cultural inheritances to find singularity, the one right way. Clearly what I stress, rhetoric as an important force in creating human reality, can lead us into solipsism, anarchy, and chaos. …
Depression and Anxiety Disorders among Hospitalized Women with Breast Cancer.

Purpose To document the prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders, and their associations with mortality among hospitalized breast cancer patients. Methods We examined the associations between breast cancer diagnosis and the diagnoses of anxiety or depression among 4,164 hospitalized breast cancer cases matched with 4,164 non-breast cancer controls using 2006-2009 inpatient data obtained from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. Conditional logistic regression models were used to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between breast cancer diagnosis and diagnoses of anxiety or depression. We also used binary logistic regression models to examine the association between diagnoses of depression or anxiety, and in-hospital mortality among breast cancer patients. Results We observed that breast cancer cases were less likely to have a diagnosis of depression (OR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.52-0.77), and less likely to have a diagnosis of anxiety (OR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.52-0.90) compared with controls. This association remained after controlling for race/ethnicity, residential income, insurance and residential region. Breast cancer patients with a depression diagnosis also had lower mortality (OR=0.69, 95% CI: 0.52-0.89) compared with those without a depression diagnosis, but there was no significant difference in mortality among those with and without anxiety diagnoses. Conclusion Diagnoses of depression and anxiety in breast cancer patients were less prevalent than expected based on our analysis of hospitalized breast cancer patients and matched non-breast cancer controls identified in the NIS dataset using ICD-9 diagnostic codes. Results suggest that under-diagnosis of mental health problems may be common among hospitalized women with a primary diagnosis of breast cancer. Future work may fruitfully explore reasons for, and consequences of, inappropriate identification of the mental health needs of breast cancer patients.
Étude de quelques isoflavones par spectrophotométrie infrarouge

The infra-red absorption band of the carbonyl function of isoflavones lies in the region of 1620 cm−1; the absorption frequency becomes approx. 1650 cm−l when an OH group is in the 5 position.
Pesticide Uptake Across the Amphibian Dermis Through Soil and Overspray Exposures

For terrestrial amphibians, accumulation of pesticides through dermal contact is a primary route of exposure in agricultural landscapes and may be contributing to widespread amphibian declines. To show pesticide transfer across the amphibian dermis at permitted label application rates, our study was designed to measure pesticide body burdens after two simulated exposure scenarios. We compared direct exposures, where amphibians were present when spraying occurred, to indirect exposures, where amphibians were exposed to soils after pesticide application. During summer 2012, we reared barking (Hyla gratiosa) and green treefrogs (H. cinerea) through 60–90 days post-metamorphosis at a United States Environmental Protection Agency research laboratory. We tested exposure for 8 h to five pesticide active ingredients (imidacloprid, atrazine, triadimefon, fipronil, or pendimethalin) in glass aquaria lined with soil in the laboratory. We quantified total pesticide body burden and soil concentrations using liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry. All individuals in both treatments had measurable body burdens at the end of the study. A randomized block design analysis of variance (n = 18) showed that body burdens (p = 0.03) and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) (p = 0.01) were significantly greater in the direct overspray treatment relative to the indirect soil spray treatment for both species and tested pesticides. BCFs ranged from 0.1 to 1.16 and from 0.013 to 0.78 in the direct and indirect treatments, respectively. Our study shows dermal uptake for multiple pesticides from both direct spray and indirect soil exposures and provides empirical support for the degree to which terrestrial phase amphibians have higher body burdens after overspray pesticide exposure.
Weld repair of Grade 91 piping and components in power generation applications, creep performance of repair welds

Creep strength-enhanced ferritic steels, such as Grade 91, are the preferred material for much of the high-energy boiler tubing and piping components used in modern power generating plants. Weld repair techniques that achieve the necessary performance without the need for high-temperature post weld heat treatment (PWHT) offer particular benefits for Grade 91 steel. These benefits arise since there are many examples of poor heat treatment control which have resulted in component microstructures with below the minimum properties expected by design codes. Furthermore, even a controlled PWHT at temperatures at around 760 °C will further temper the base material. This is significant because excessive base metal tempering is one suggested criterion requiring component replacement. Successful demonstration of controlled welding techniques linked to minimal or no PWHT would alleviate these problems. This article presents results from a major project which is aimed at considering options for designing a ‘well-engi...
Design Parameters and Test Results for a Fission Counter Intended for Operation up to 750°F at High Gamma Dose Rates

A fission counter was built and successfully tested for operation at 750°F and gamma dose rates up to 6 × 106 R/hr. Results from gamma and neutron tests were compared with theoretical predictions and used to optimize the performance of the counters.
Circulators for microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits

The requirements for circulators for use in combination with microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits are reviewed, with special emphasis on modules for phased-array antennas. Recent advances in broadbanding and in miniaturization are summarized. Novel types of circulators that are fabricated by attaching a ferrite disc and a suitable coupling structure to the surface of a dielectric of semiconductor substrate (quasimonolithic integration) are described. Methods for achieving complete monolithic integration are also discussed. >
A geometry-based parameterization method for shape design of elastic solids

ABSTRACT One of the major difficulties in structural shape optimal design is to create a design model by parameterizing a geometric model. Shape design parameterization is more complicated and difficult to handle than sizing design parameterization. First, the optimum shape is highly dependent on the design parameterization selected. An inappropriate design parameterization may result in an impractical design. On the other hand, changing the geometric shape of the design model to reflect successive changes in design parameters is a tedious, complicated, and inefficient process. Manual updates of geometric shape and finite element meshes are quite impractical. In this paper, a shape design parameterization method that is built on the geometric modeler PATRAN is presented. Using this method, a number of geometric entities that represent structural design boundaries are parameterized, and a design parameter linking process can be performed to create geometric features from geometric entities. To support the ...
Religious Naturalism and Naturalizing Morality

I first offer some reflections on the term religious naturalism. I then outline how moral thought might be configured in the context of religious naturalism. It is proposed that the goal of morality is to generate a flourishing community and that humans negotiate their social interactions using moral capacities that are cultivated in the context of culture. Six such capacities are considered: strategic reciprocity, humaneness, fair-mindedness, courage, reverence, and mindfulness. Moral capacities are contrasted with moral susceptibilities, fueled by self-interest, and brought to the fore in times of stress and humiliation. The essay is in two parts. I first respond to Jerome Stone's query as to the nature of religious naturalism. This is followed by the text of my presentation at the 2001 AAR meeting.
Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) polycrystalline thin films prepared by sol-gel method

Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) thin films were prepared by annealing of spin-coated CZTS precursors. The CZTS precursors contain copper chloride, zinc chloride, tin chloride, thiourea and then were deposited on soda lime glass (SLG) and molybdenum-coated low-alkali glass substrates. The precursors were then annealed at 550 °C in different atmosphere. CZTS thin film annealed at 10 Torr with continuous flow of N 2 showed a bandgap close to 1.40 eV and had continuously packed grains. Photovoltaic device with the structure of glass/Mo/CZTS/CdS/ZnO/ITO/Al was fabricated. A short-circuit current density of 5 mA/cm2 was achieved for the best cell which demonstrated a conversion efficiency of 0.63%.
Effects of weak acids, UV and proton motive force inhibitors on pyrazinamide activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro

Background Pyrazinamide is a paradoxical frontline tuberculosis drug characterized by high sterilizing in vivo activity but poor in vitro activity. Pyrazinamide is thought to act by the entrapment of pyrazinoic acid in the bacterial cell, leading to acidification and membrane damage. Consequently, the effects of weak acids and molecules affecting membranes added to pyrazinamide were studied. Objectives To examine the effects of weak acids, UV, oxidative stress and additional energy inhibitors on pyrazinamide activity in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as the effect of pyrazinamide on Escherichia coli ampicillin persisters. Methods Drug exposure experiments followed by cfu counts were performed to determine the effects of the above various factors on pyrazinamide activity in vitro against M. tuberculosis. Results Some weak acids such as benzoic acid, sorbic acid and propyl hydroxybenzoic acid could enhance the activity of pyrazinamide in vitro against old tubercle bacilli but not young bacilli whereas other weak acids such as salicylic acid and lactic acid did not appear to enhance pyrazinamide activity. While energy inhibitors carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and dinitrophenol enhanced pyrazinamide activity for old tubercle bacilli but not young bacilli, valinomycin and KCN increased pyrazinamide activity for both young and old bacilli. Oxidative stresses due to H2O2 and menadione did not have a significant effect on pyrazinamide activity. UV, which presumably damages the membrane, enhanced the activity of pyrazinamide. Pyrazinamide, which otherwise has no activity against actively growing E. coli bacteria, could kill non-growing starved E. coli and also ampicillin-tolerant persisters. Conclusions Some weak acids, UV and various energy inhibitors were found to enhance the activity of pyrazinamide in vitro against M. tuberculosis. Pyrazinamide shows preferential activity against both M. tuberculosis and E. coli persisters over the growing forms.
Life History of Leucoptera spartifoliellawith Results of Host Transfer Tests Conducted in France

Investigations regarding insects attacking Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius Link) were initiated at the USDA European Parasite Laboratory, Nanterre, France, in 1951. It was soon apparent that a lepidopterous stem and twig miner, Leucoptera spartifoliella Hubner, was a promising candidate for introduction into the United States. The only other broom species on which it was ever found was Cytisus purgans (L.) Benth. A series of tests indicated it was unable to develop on or to cause more than slight superficial damage to useful plants.
Implications of the low-temperature instability of dynamical mean-field theory for double-exchange systems

The single-site dynamical mean field theory approximation to the double-exchange model is found to exhibit a previously unnoticed instability, in which a well-defined ground state which is stable against small perturbations is found to be unstable to large-amplitude but purely local fluctuations. The instability is shown to arise either from phase separation or, in a narrow parameter regime, from the presence of a competing phase. The instability is therefore suggested as a computationally inexpensive means of locating regimes of parameter space in which phase separation occurs.
Electronic States and Band Spectrum Structure in Diatomic Molecules. IV. Hund's Theory; Second Positive Nitrogen and Swan Bands; Alternating Intensities

After a brief review of Hund's theory of molecular electronic states and band spectra, and a discussion of intensity relations and selection principles in terms of the correspondence principle, it is shown that practically all the available evidence, as embodied in previous papers of this series and elsewhere, is in agreement with the theory. The occurrence of $\ensuremath{\rho}$-type $S$ terms and $\ensuremath{\sigma}$-type $P$ and $D$ terms is explained by the theory, as also the existence of $\ensuremath{\rho}$-type and $\ensuremath{\sigma}$-type doubling. Selection rules and other relations in $^{2}P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}S$ and $^{2}S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}P$ transitions (including, in agreement with Mecke and Hulth\'en, the CH, OH, MgH, and CaH bands) are discussed. Hund's interpretation of the second positive nitrogen bands as a $^{3}P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{3}P$ transition is further developed, and extended to the Swan bands; the apparent absence of $Q$ branches, and other intensity relations in these bands, are explained; the rotational doubling in these bands (accompanied by alternating intensities) is interpreted as $\ensuremath{\sigma}$-type doubling. It is shown that the alternating intensities or alternate missing lines in the ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, Swan, and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+}$ bands can all be accounted for formally by the postulate that they are due to alternate (partially or completely) suppressed levels such that the suppressed values of (${j}_{k}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{k}$) are always as follows: $B$ rotational sub-states, $(j\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{k})=0, 2, 4, \ensuremath{\cdots}$; $A$ sub-states, 1, 3, 5,...; here ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{k}$ is the part of $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ which is due to the orbital angular momentum of the electron, and ${j}_{k}$ is the resultant of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{k}$ and the quantity $m$ which measures the nuclear angular momentum in quantum units.---Finally, the questions of term-notation and -formulation, $j$ values for odd and even molecules, etc., are considered. The NH $\ensuremath{\beta}$ bands ($^{3}P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{3}S$) are briefly discussed.
The Rankings of International Business Programmes in China

Reports how Chinese international business educators perceive the relative quality of Chinese foreign trade programmes. The rankings and evaluative criteria adopted indicate that Chinese international business educators consider more on the inputs to the programme (e.g. number of professors) while output characteristics (e.g. competence of graduates) receive less attention. The evidence presented indicates that international business education in China is still at a growth stage and further development is necessary and desirable. Chinese international business educators should seriously consider shifting the current vocational training direction to a decision‐making orientation in their course planning and curriculum development.
Hierarchy and workers' power in a Csepel factory

An examination of the island of Csepel, a famed stronghold of the Hungarian working class, reveals the changing character of working relations and social organizations, and the relative democratization of the workplace which took place in the new economic climate of the 1980s. Facile arguments about a ‘new working class’ can be refuted by emphasizing the cultural roots of working‐class behaviour and by showing the strengths and weaknesses of various would‐be representative bodies and workers' attitudes towards them.
Approximating grammar probabilities: solution of a conjecture

It is proved that the production probabilities of a probabilistic context-free grammar may be obtained as the limit of the estimates inferred from an increasing sequence of randomly drawn samples from the language generated by the grammar.
Molecular recognition analyzed by docking simulations : the aspartate receptor and isocitrate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli

Abstract Protein docking protocols are used for the prediction of both small molecule binding to DNA and protein macromolecules and of complexes between macromolecules. These protocols are becoming increasingly automated and powerful tools for computer-aided drug design. We review the basic methodologies and strategies used for analyzing molecular recognition by computer docking algorithms and discuss recent experiments in which (i) substrate and substrate analogues are docked to the active site of isocitrate dehydrogenase and (ii) maltose binding protein is docked to the extracellular domain of the receptor, which signals maltose chemotaxis.
Conditions affecting attempts to convert fate control to behavior control

Abstract This study examined the extent to which male and female subjects rewarded another like-sexed person as a function of his (her) performance, their fate control over his (her) rewards, and the extent to which he (she) had counterpower. Results supported hypotheses derived from social exchange theory and past studies of equity in that male (but not female) subjects tended to reward differentially the other most when their own payment was determined by his performance and they had high fate control. This effect, however, was not substantial, and, therefore, results suggest that persons are somewhat reluctant to convert their fate control to behavior control even under conditions in which such behavior is reasonable.
A comparison of the physical properties of radiation and sulfur‐cured poly(butadiene–co–styrene)

The physical properties of radiation- and sulfur-cured poly(butadiene-co-styrene)-based stocks were compared. It was found that the measured lower ultimate strength of radiation-cured stocks is in part attributable to the difference in the glass transition temperatures of the stocks cured by the two methods (an increase in T/sub g/ is caused by sulfur curing). Another factor contributing to the difference in performance is the apparent nonuniform crosslink density distribution in radiation-cured stocks containing carbon black filler. A higher crosslink density in the immediate vacinity of carbon black particles was postulated based on a to-be-expected distribution of secondary electron energy at interfaces with an appreciable change in density between neighboring phases. The invoked difference in network topology, supported by solvent swelling measurements on sulfur- and radiation-crosslinked vulcanizates can explain not only the slightly lower ultimate strength of radiation-cured stocks but also the superior fatigue and crack propagation performance measured for these vulcanizates. Finally, theoretical arguments were presented to explain the inferred large strength deficiency of radiation-cured rubbers reported by other investigators on the basis of chain scissions encountered during radiation crosslinking.
Definition and realization of critical focusing conditions of π √ 2 magnetic field at high resolution

Abstract An analysis is given of the conditions necessary for achieving a favorable solid angle at high resolution in a π√ 2 beta-spectrometer in the case where certain imperfections in the magnetic field shape are present. It is shown that one can achieve satisfactory radial focusing under field conditions less narrowly restricted than those implied by the theoretical field. This allows a fairly simple way to correct for minor imperfections in a spectrometer field. An application to the Berkeley r 0 = 50 cm iron-free π√ 2 beta spectrometer is described.
Nitrite inhibition of aerobic bacteria

Nitrite was shown to inhibit active transport, oxygen uptake, and oxidative phosphorylation byPseudomonas aeruginosa. The evidence strongly suggested that nitrite exerted its inhibitory effect by oxidizing ferrous iron of an electron carrier(s), such as cytochrome oxidase, to ferric iron. The inhibitory effect of nitrite was readily reversible by washing the cells. Glucose transport byStreptococcus faecalis andS. lactis was not inhibited by nitrite, presumably because these species lack cytochromes and because glucose is transported by the phosphoenolpyruvate: phosphotransferase system rather than by active transport.
Observation of electron resonant tunneling in a lateral dual-gate resonant tunneling field-effect transistor

A new lateral resonant tunneling field‐effect transistor (LARTFET) has been fabricated using molecular beam epitaxy and ultrahigh‐resolution electron beam lithography. The LARTFET has two 80‐nm‐long gate electrodes separated by 100 nm. The dual gates create double potential barriers in the channel and a quantum well in between. Conductance oscillations are observed, which, for the first time, indicate electron resonant tunneling through the energy states in a lateral double‐barrier quantum well formed electrostatically. Furthermore, after illumination, two additional negative transconductance peaks are observed. These additional peaks may be related to electron resonant tunneling through the donor‐related deep levels in silicon‐doped Al0.35Ga0.65As .
Comparison Of Thermally- And Irradiation-Induced Grain Boundary Segregation In Austenitic Stainless Steels

Segregation at grain boundaries in austenitic stainless steels sensitized by either thermal annealing or irradiation was studied by analytical electron microscopy. Characterization of grain boundary compositions in both types of materials was performed by high spatial resolution (≥2 nm) X-ray microanalysis. Whereas similar chromium depletion is observed in both processes, there are differences in the behavior of the other alloying elements and in the mechanisms responsible for the segregation. In thermal sensitization, the nickel/iron ratio and the silicon level observed at grain boundaries are similar to those for the matrix. In cases where little or no precipitation occurs, co-segregation of phosphorus, chromium, and molybdenum occurs at boundaries and interfaces. For radiation sensitization, radiation-induced segregation (RIS) results in enrichment of nickel, silicon, and, in certain cases, phosphorus and in depletion of iron at grain boundaries. There appears to be some synergism between segregation of nickel and silicon, which increases the magnitude of RIS effects. Grain boundary precipitation is often observed in both thermally- and irradiation-sensitized materials. However, the nature and origins of the two types of precipitation are different. The formation of chromium-enriched grain boundary carbides is the cause of the chromium depletion in thermal sensitization. In contrast, the precipitates produced by irradiation are enriched in nickel and silicon and depleted in chromium relative to the matrix and therefore are the result of RIS. Results for thermal- and radiation-induced segregation in manganese-stabilized austenites are compared to that for nickel-stabilized austenites.
Male and Female Growth in Sexually Dimorphic Species: Harmony, Conflict, or Both?

In most vertebrates, males and females are nearly identical in morphology during early development, but, as a result of highly divergent growth, achieve often remarkably different adult morphologies. Although numerous studies have documented selection pressures that favor distinct morphologies of adult males and females, the mechanisms that enable the initially genetically identical sexes to end up so different in morphology are not well understood. Of special interest are the constraints imposed on sex-specific adaptations by a common gene pool and the ways by which males and females overcome these constraints. Recent studies show that the rapid evolution of sex-specific developmental regulators and modifiers of the otherwise conserved development of the sexes can produce sexual size dimorphism while maintaining the integrity of the developmental program that is shared between males and females.
Temporal Trends in the Lead Concentrations of Umbilical Cord Blood

Umbilical cord blood specimens from 11,837 births between April 1979 and April 1981 have been analyzed for lead by anodic stripping voltammetry. The mean was 6.56 +/- 3.19 (standard deviation) micrograms per deciliter of blood, and the range was 0.0 to 37.0 micrograms per deciliter. The mean decreased annually by 0.77 +/- 0.03 microgram per deciliter, about 11 percent. Lead concentrations were higher in infants born in summer than in infants born in winter (7.17 versus 5.99, probability less than .001). A Fourier model of the data is presented, and possible reasons for the decline are discussed.
Grandmothers' Transitions in Caregiving to Grandchildren

Many grandmothers experience transitions in their caregiving roles to grandchildren as living arrangements change and parents assume more or less responsibility. The meanings of these transitions have received little attention, yet life transitions can be stressful. This qualitative study focuses on learning how grandmothers perceive these changes in household composition and the meanings these changes have. Analysis of semistructured telephone interviews with 26 transitioning grandmothers identified themes, including mixed feelings, changes in personal freedom, flexibility with unpredictable changes, spirituality as strength, commitment to grandchildren, and role transformation. The majority of status changes were from multigenerational or primary caregiving homes to non-coresident status. The meaning of the changes differed by status groups. The frequency of caregiving changes and the unique meanings of such changes extend our understanding of grandmothers as caregivers. Increased awareness and understa...
Tillage Depth Influence on Soil Nitrogen Distribution and Availability in a Rice Lowland

Previous studies using artificial barriers at selected depths have shown the importance of N supply from soil below 15 cm to rice (Oryza saliva L.). Subsoil N availability and its use by wetland rice, however, have not been evaluated under normal field conditions. We examined distribution and availability of 2 M KCl-extractable N in 0- to 15-, 15- to 30-, and 30- to 45-cm layers of a submerged Alfisol during three successive crop seasons, as influenced by the depth of tillage imposed at the outset of the experiment. Mineral N availability in the 0- to 45-cm profile and rice N uptake in the first season were significantly higher (20-25 kg ha -1 higher mineral N and 16-18 kg ha -1 higher crop N uptake) with tillage to a depth of 40 cm than to 15 or 25 cm, the increased N supply originating largely from the 15- to 30-cm layer. In two following seasons, tillage to 40 cm gave the highest mineral N in the subsoil layers, and increased rice N uptake by 12 to 14 kg ha -1 , compared with tillage to 15 cm. The beneficial effects of deep tillage were attributed to the elimination of mechanical impedence to root proliferation, and lower susceptibility of subsoil N to various loss mechanisms. Initial and final analyses of Kjeldahl N in the soil profile indicated no adverse effect of practicing 40-cm-deep tillage once in three seasons on soil N fertility. Further study is needed to determine optimum depth and frequency of primary tillage for different soil types to enhance N use efficiency.
Introduction: Teacher Education Programs in the Midst of Change

(2011). Introduction: Teacher Education Programs in the Midst of Change. Childhood Education: Vol. 87, Teacher Education Programs: In the Midst of Change, pp. 315-317.
UV photodissociation of ethylamine cation: a combined experimental and theoretical investigation.

Direct current (DC) slice imaging of state-selected ions is combined with high-level ab initio calculations to give insight into reaction pathways, dynamics, and energetics for ethylamine cation ph...
Emerging Therapeutic Options for Acute Migraine: Focus on the Potential of Lasmiditan

The serotonin receptor agonist triptan drugs (5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists) have been in use for over 20 years in the abortive management of migraine. Although clearly effective, their ability to produce vasoconstriction in cerebral and coronary arteries, thought to be mediated by their high affinity for the 5-HT1B receptor, has been a limitation to their use in certain patient populations. Variable potency triptan binding at the 5-HT1F receptor occurs in addition to binding at the 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors. A more selective serotonin agonist without 5-HT1B-mediated vasoconstriction might prove efficacious yet safer. The 5-HT1F receptor has been targeted as a site of action for such a drug. In experimental models, 5-HT1F receptor agonists have been shown to block neurogenic inflammation and c-Fos expression in neural tissue and, as well, show no evidence of vasoconstriction in vascular tissue models in vitro. In clinical trials, efficacy in the abortive management of migraine has been established. Lasmiditan (LY573144), a selective 5-HT1F receptor agonist (K1=2.21 μM), showed efficacy in its primary endpoint, with a 2-hour placebo-subtracted headache response of 28.8%, though with frequent reports of dizziness, paresthesias, and vertigo. Study results support an emerging central neuronal mechanism of migraine pathophysiology. This review traces the history and use of 5-HT1F receptor agonists, now referred to as neurally acting anti-migraine agents in migraine management.
Ultra-wideband radars for remote sensing of snow and ice

We developed two ultra-wideband microwave radars for measuring the thickness of snow over sea ice, mapping near-surface internal layers in polar firn, and measuring the ice-surface elevation with fine resolution. One of these radars operates over the frequency range of 2-8 GHz and is referred to as the “snow radar”. The other operates over the frequency range of 12-18 GHz and is called the “Ku-band radar” or “Ku-band altimeter”. Both radars use a Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FM-CW) transmit signal with about 150 mW of power. The radars have been operated on NASA long-range P-3 and DC-8 aircraft to collect data over snow-covered sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic, as well as over the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica. The results from recent data show that we can determine the thickness of snow from about 20 cm to 200 cm over sea ice and can map near surface internal layers to a depth of about 50 m in the dry snow zone with the snow radar. We are currently developing a radar that operates over the frequency range of 2-18 GHz and an antenna array to perform multi-polarized measurements. In this paper we will provide a brief overview of the current radars and present results from data collected with these radars over sea ice and the ice sheets. We will also discuss the design of the radar being developed and our plans to collect data over the ice sheets and over snow on ice and land.
Lobectomy, sublobar resection, and stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancers in the elderly.

Importance The incidence of early-stage non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) among the elderly is expected to rise dramatically owing to demographic trends and increased computed tomographic screening. However, to our knowledge, no modern trials have compared the most common treatments for NSCLC. Objective To determine clinical characteristics and survival outcomes associated with the 3 most commonly used definitive therapies for early-stage NSCLC in the elderly. Design, Setting, and Participants The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database linked to Medicare was used to determine the baseline characteristics and outcomes of 9093 patients with early-stage, node-negative NSCLC who underwent definitive treatment consisting of lobectomy, sublobar resection, or stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) from January 1, 2003, through December 31, 2009. Main Outcomes and Measures Overall and lung cancer–specific survival were compared using Medicare claims through December 31, 2012. We used proportional hazards regression and propensity score matching to adjust outcomes for key patient, tumor, and practice environment factors. Results The median age was 75 years, and treatment distribution was 79.3% for lobectomy, 16.5% for sublobar resection, and 4.2% for SABR. Unadjusted 90-day mortality was highest for lobectomy (4.0%) followed by sublobar resection (3.7%; P = .79) and SABR (1.3%; P = .008). At 3 years, unadjusted mortality was lowest for lobectomy (25.0%), followed by sublobar resection (35.3%; P P P P P P = .004). In proportional hazards regression, SABR was associated with better overall survival than lobectomy in the first 6 months after diagnosis (AHR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.27-0.75]; P P P = .94). Conclusions and Relevance Lobectomy was associated with better outcomes than sublobar resection in elderly patients with early-stage NSCLC. Propensity score matching suggests that SABR may be a good option among patients with very advanced age and multiple comorbidities.
Structural transformation and smallholder agriculture: an information‐theoretic analysis of the Nicaraguan case

In light of continued debate regarding the capacity of small-scale agricultural producers to compete amidst globalization and/or liberalization, we examine recent trends in the distribution and use of agricultural landholdings in developing nations via refined exploration of the Nicaraguan case. With nationally-representative, Living Standards Measurement Survey-type data for the years 1998, 2001, and 2005, we employ Markov chain methods within an information-theoretic framework in an attempt to advance the analysis of structural transformation in developing countries beyond the examination of trends in mean farm sizes or Gini coefficients, approaches ill-suited to the detection of the apparent complexities of structural change. Further, while Markov chain analysis has witnessed relatively widespread application in the investigation of structural transformation in developed nations, we offer a novel methodological extension by allowing for the simultaneous exploration of structural transformation across multiple dimensions–namely, structural change in both the distribution and use of agricultural landholdings—as well as the incorporation of microlevel determinants of farm size and land use change. The results of the inquiry, above all, suggest that Nicaragua's agricultural and livestock sector is characterized by a definitive persistence of smallholders. While a moderate tendency toward bifurcation in the distribution of landholdings would appear to obscure any immediate relationship between operational landholdings and land productivity, we contend that such trends are, in fact, consistent with the often observed inverse farm size-productivity relationship.
Estimating the probability of effective transmission of trypanosomes using the poisson distribution

Abstract The trypanosome infection rate in cattle is determined by the probability of effective transmission (PET) of trypanosome from Glossina spp. to susceptible cattle. The PET in turn is a function of the rate of contact between cattle and Glossina spp. and was calculated using a Poisson probability distribution. Seven parameters determined the final form of the PET. These were: probability of at least one contact with Glossina spp. (PTC), probability that Glossina spp. will feed on the host (PFF), proportion of Glossina spp. which are non-tenerals (PNT), proportion of infected Glossina spp. (PTI), proportion of infected Glossina spp. which are infectious (PMTI), proportion of successful transmissions of the infective agent in inoculum of infectious Glossina spp. (PII), and finally, the probability for the presence of a susceptible host animal (PC). The product of these proportions provided an estimate of effective transmission of trypanosomes from infectious Glossina to susceptible cattle. The probability of this event varied between (0.0007 and 0.0009) or 7–9 infections per 10 000 susceptible cattle per year at a steady state.
741 A DEMORAPHIC STUDY OF TRISOMY 13

Trisomy 13 occurs with an incidence of 1/8000 live births. Thirty-one patients with Trisomy 13 diagnosed over the past 19 years at our institutions were reviewed. Parameters evaluated were age of parents, sex, occupation, prenatal history, parity, family history, geographic area, clinical features, and birth month. 23/31 (74%) were male; three periods of the year with higher incidence (28/31) were found (March-April, July-August, and November-December); mean age of mother was 29.6 years (median 28 years). Trisomy 13 in our patients was associated with increased parity. Family history revealed 2 patients who had relatives with Trisomy 21; 2 patients had relatives with polydactyly; 2 patients had relatives with cleft lip/palate. These data refute previous data which indicate a sex ratio in Trisomy 13 of 1:1 and 2 maternal age peaks. In addition, the data support a higher incidence in males, 3 peak months of occurrence, an increased risk with increased parity. The occurrence in the family of cleft lip/palate and polydactyly, which are characteristic features of Trisomy 13 syndrome, as well as other trisomies suggests that there may be other genetic influences affecting non-disjunction in families.