cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing multi-socket systems using silicon photonics

Future single-board multi-socket systems may be unable to deliver the needed memory bandwidth electrically due to power limitations, which will hurt their ability to drive performance improvements. Energy efficient off-chip silicon photonics could be used to deliver the needed bandwidth, and it could be extended on-chip to create a relatively flat network topology. That flat network may make it possible to implement the same number of cores with a greater number of smaller dies for a cost advantage with negligible performance degradation.
Effect of lead exposure on patterns of food intake in weanling rats

Abstract The reduction in growth resulting from lead (Pb) exposure in weanling rats is consistent with a lowering of the biological set-point for food intake. In this study the effects of lead on the patterns of food intake were examined. For 10 days (from ages 26 to 36 days), female rats were provided with drinking water containing 250 ppm lead as the acetate (n = 6) or equivalent acetate as sodium acetate (n = 6). A computerized system was used to monitor daily food intake at 5-min intervals over 10 successive 23-h periods (each period consisting of 12 h dark, 11 h light). Control rats consumed approximately 75% to 85% of their food intake during the dark phase. Exposure to lead resulted in decreased body weight, tail length, and cumulative food intake. Decreased food intake associated with lead during the first 6 days of exposure was due to a decrease in the size of each meal during the dark phase, which reflected a decrease in the duration of each meal. These results suggest that lead, at least initially, was affecting food-satiety signals to produce a premature termination of food intake during a meal. After 6 days, the lead-exposed rats appear to have adjusted their meal size and meal duration to approximately control values. However, this compensation appears to have occurred at the expense of the daily (nocturnal) number of meals, which decreased slightly (although not significantly) in lead-exposed animals. Thus, the total daily intake of food in lead-treated animals remained depressed relative to control animals.
Creating student awareness to improve cultural competence: creating the critical incident

Teaching medical students to recognize the need for cultural competence and accept their shortcomings in this area is a challenge. A simulated patient scenario was developed to address this challenge. The objective of the simulation is to enhance students' readiness to learn by moving them from 'unconscious incompetence' to 'conscious incompetence'. The patient scenario presents a Cherokee Indian woman with a complaint of abnormal menstrual bleeding who is resistant to gynaecologic care from male providers. A faculty member facilitates a small-group videotape review of student interviews. As students discuss their encounters, they realize they 'misdiagnose' and mishandle the interview. They are confronted by their inability to recognize cultural cues and the impact they may have on health outcomes and begin to question whether cultural beliefs are affecting the care of other patients. This simulation creates an eye-opening situation that must be handled carefully. This activity is an effective method to create awareness in students who feel they 'know all this stuff.'
Polymerization of a single protein of the pathogen Yersinia enterocolitica into needles punctures eukaryotic cells.

A number of pathogenic, Gram-negative bacteria are able to secrete specific proteins across three membranes: the inner and outer bacterial membrane and the eukaryotic plasma membrane. In the pathogen Yersinia enterocolitica, the primary structure of the secreted proteins as well as of the components of the secretion machinery, both plasmid-encoded, is known. However, the mechanism of protein translocation is largely unknown. Here we show that Y. enterocolitica polymerizes a 6-kDa protein of the secretion machinery into needles that are able to puncture the eukaryotic plasma membrane. These needles form a conduit for the transport of specific proteins from the bacterial to the eukaryotic cytoplasm, where they exert their cytotoxic activity. In negatively stained electron micrographs, the isolated needles were 60–80 nm long and 6–7 nm wide and contained a hollow center of about 2 nm. Our data indicate that it is the polymerization of the 6-kDa protein into these needles that provides the force to perforate the eukaryotic plasma membrane.
The Heat developed during the Absorption of Electricity by Metals

IN 1901 (O. W. Richardson, Camb. Phil. Proc., vol. xi., p. 286) one of the present writers showed that the phenomena attending the emission of negative electricity by hot metals could be explained on the assumption that the electrons which, on the electron theory of metallic conduction, move freely inside the metal attain sufficient kinetic energy at high temperatures to enable them to overcome the forces tending to keep them inside the surface and so escape. From the way in which the thermionic current varied with the temperature of the metal it was shown that the difference in the value of the potential energy of an electron when outside and when inside a metal could be calculated. Somewhat later (O. W. Richardson, Phil. Trans., A, vol. cci., p. 497) it was shown that the existence of this difference in the potential energies would involve a loss of thermal energy by the substance when the electrons were being given off, and it was pointed out that this effect would increase very rapidly with the temperature, so that at sufficiently high temperatures the loss of energy due to this cause would be greater than that arising from thermal radiation. An effect of this character has recently been discovered by Wehnelt and Jentzsch (Ann. der Physik, iv., vol. xxviii., p. 537).
Health Professionals’ Values Associated with Support for Food Assistance and Nutrition Education Programs

Abstract This study investigated the personal characteristics and values associated with support for food assistance and nutrition education programs in three groups of health professionals. Nearly 1500 dietitians and members of the public health and rural health associations responded to a mail survey. The membership lists were screened to eliminate duplicate mailings. Support for food assistance was positively associated with high values for food assistance, equity (support for opportunities for the poor, minorities, and women), and younger age respondents. Support for educational programs was most strongly associated with the values of equity, support for the environment and family, and being a nutritionist.
Results of Microwave Oven Radiation Leakage Surveys at Fermilab

This report describes the results of routine microwave oven leakage surveys which were conducted at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) between 1974 and 1985. A total of 80 ovens representing 250 oven-years of operation were examined. The mean maximum leakage at any point 5 cm from the surface was 0.20 3.1 mW/cm2. Although there was a great deal of scatter in sequential measurements for individual ovens, it appears that leakage tends to increase with oven age. The mean logarithmic rate of increase for the 55 ovens with usable data was 0.21 per year. Case histories of ovens leaking in excess of the standard were examined, and improvements in leakage monitoring programs are suggested.
Alcohol and drug abusers subtyped by antisocial personality and primary or secondary depressive disorder.

Our data show that when substance abusers are subtyped simultaneously by antisocial personality disorder and the onset of depression relative to alcohol or drug abuse, groups of people with unique personality and affective profiles are identified. The profiles are represented by measures of affect-related personality variables such as trait anxiety, trait depression, histrionic traits, sensation seeking, and novelty seeking. These measures were chosen in an attempt to show that a "low arousal" personality type may be associated with antisocial personality and may thus indirectly be linked to a certain type (i.e., ASP/nondepressed) of substance abuser. By using a multi-symptomatic typological schema (i.e., a constellation of diagnostic categories rather than just one), we can show that different personality or affective profiles are indeed associated with certain subtypes of substance abusers and that depressed people who use drugs or alcohol are different affectively from antisocial types. We also show that the relationship between "low" and "high" arousal personality profile and subtypes based on co-morbid psychopathology is highlighted even more when we take into account the onset of dysthymia or depression that is primary versus secondary to substance abuse. Our findings are in accord with others' descriptions of the "affective arousal" dimensions of personality and are the first to link these dimensions with subtypes based on ASP and depression.
Effects of anoxia and quiescence on pyruvate kinase from the foot of the mangrove snail Littorina scabra angulifera Lamarck

Adult mangrove snails, Littorina scabra angulifera Lamarck, live above the high water mark whereas the juveniles are found intertidally. The adults have behaviors similar to those of terrestrial snails, particularly a quiescent phase in response to dry conditions. This study reports the changes observed in some kinetic parameters of pyruvate kinase during quiescence and exposure to anoxia. The apparent Km(PEP) of pyruvate kinase from the foot increased from 0.080 ± 0.02 mmol·l−1 to 0.17 ± 0.04 mmol·l−1 during 7 days of quiescence. There was no change in the activity of the enzyme in the tissue during the quiescent period. Exposure to anoxia for 12 h increased the apparent Km(PEP) from 0.080 ± 0.02 mmol·l−1 to 1.2 ± 0.4 mmol·l−1 while the activity decreased from 13.6 μmol·min−1·g wet wt.−1 to 4.7 μmol·min−1·g wet wt.−1. The changes induced by quiescence were readily reversed on forcible immersion for 1 h; those induced by anoxia were reversed when the animals were placed in air for 4 h. Alkaline phosphatase treatment could reverse the changes induced by anoxia, but had no effect on the enzyme from quiescent animals. This would suggest that anoxia induces a phosphorylation of the enzyme, but the mechanism underlying the changes during quiescence is different in some way.
The Instrumental Study of L2 Speech Production: Some Methodological Considerations*

This article discusses the design and interpretation of instrumental phonetic studies of L2 speech production. The notion phonetic norm plays a crucial role in many recent studies that examine acoustic dimensions such as the frequencies of F1-F3, vowel duration, or voice-onset time (VOT). The speech of L2 learners is evaluated to determine to what extent it diverges from the differing phonetic norms of L1 and L2, which are estimated from the speech of a small number of native speakers, it is advisable to use monolinguals to establish the L1 norms because L2 learning has been shown to affect L1 production. In initial stages of learning, L2 learners often produce words in L2 with L1 sounds: they do not modify phonetic dimensions when producing corresponding sounds in L1 and L2 phonetic norm. L2 learners with relatively greater experience in L2, on the other hand, generally approximate the phonetic norm of L2: the values of the phonetic dimensions being measured generally fall between the mean values representing the phonetic norms of L1 and L2.
On the physical properties and mechanism of action of arylsulfate sulfohydrolase II from Aspergillus oryzae.

Abstract Sedimentation equilibrium studies on arylsulfate sulfohydrolase II (EC 3.1.6.1) from Aspergillus oryzae under nondissociating conditions have resulted in a revised molecular weight of 94,900 ± 7100. Sedimentation equilibrium and gel electrophoresis data collected in the presence of the dissociating agents, urea and sodium dodecylsulfate demonstrate that the native enzyme is composed of two identical subunits as suggested by previous studies employing an irreversible inhibitor. The pH dependencies of the kinetic parameters V and V K m for the enzymic hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl sulfate indicate that two groups of pKa 4.7 and 6.0 control the activity of the enzyme. The product inorganic sulfate was shown to be a linear competitive inhibitor of the enzyme at pH 4.0, implying that it is a last released product along the reaction pathway. Inhibition by the phenol product was not observed. Enzymic hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl sulfate in 18O enriched water revealed that one atom of solvent oxygen is incorporated per molecule of inorganic sulfate, which is consistent with a mechanism featuring sulfur-oxygen bond cleavage. Evidence is presented based on stopped-flow kinetics, partitioning experiments in the presence of amine nucleophiles, and 18O exchange studies that collectively suggest that the breakdown of a covalent sulfuryl enzyme intermediate probably is not the rate-limiting step along the reaction pathway. The substrate specificity of the enzyme was examined by testing a variety of sulfate and phosphate esters as inhibitors of the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl sulfate. The Cbz- l -Phe- l -Tyrosine-O-sulfate methyl ester serves as a substrate for the enzyme. Apparently substrate activity requires an aromatic sulfate ester whose binding is enhanced by incorporating the aromatic moiety in a hydrophobic matrix.
A Short, Rigid, Structurally Pure Carbon Nanotube by Stepwise Chemical Synthesis

The inaccessibility of uniform-diameter, single-chirality carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in pure form continues to thwart efforts by scientists to use these ultrathin materials in innovative applications that could revolutionize nanoscale electronics. Stimulated by the challenge to address this long-standing problem, we and other organic chemists have envisioned a new production strategy involving the controlled elongation of small hydrocarbon templates, such as hemispherical nanotube end-caps, prepared by bottom-up chemical synthesis; the diameter and rim structure encoded in the template would dictate the diameter and chirality of the resulting CNT. Toward that objective, a short [5,5] CNT has now been synthesized by stepwise chemical methods. This C50H10 geodesic polyarene has been isolated, purified, crystallized, and fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, high resolution mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography.
Overcoming inadequate documentation

Secondary data users need three types of knowledge to analyze secondary data: knowledge about data, background knowledge necessary to understand and interpret data, and data analysis skills. Part of knowledge about data is provided by the documentation of data. Background knowledge and data analysis skills are internalized as users' absorptive capacity. When documentation and their absorptive capacity are inadequate, users need to seek outside information to use secondary data. In this paper, causes of inadequate documentation were analyzed, why and how secondary users seek outside information were reported. Then based on the findings, implications about how to facilitate secondary data use were discussed.
Quantifying the effects of recent protocol improvements to standards-track TCP

We assess the state-of-the-art in Internet congestion control and error recovery through a controlled study that considers the integration of standards-track TCP error recovery and both TCP and router-based congestion control. The goal is to examine and quantify the benefits of deploying standards-track technologies for Internet traffic as a function of the level of offered network load. We limit our study to the dominant and most stressful class of Internet traffic: bursty HTTP flows. Contrary to expectations and published prior work, we find that for HTTP flows (1) there is no clear benefit in using TCP SACK over TCP Reno, (2) unless congestion is a serious concern (i.e., unless average link utilization is above approximately 80%), there is little benefit to using Adaptive RED queue management, (3) above 80% link utilization there is potential benefit to using Adaptive RED with ECN marking, however, complex performance trade-offs exist and results are sensitive to parameter settings.
God, Politics, and Protest: Religious Beliefs and the Legitimation of Contentious Tactics

Most students of social protest now agree that protest participation and participation in institutionalized politics are both potentially effective means of addressing individual and collective grievances. A primary conceptual distinction between the two forms of political participation centers on the contentious nature of protest. We focus attention on the disruptive potential of religious beliefs and values and argue that approval of contentious tactics is a critical link between religious beliefs and protest participation. We analyze data from a representative sample of churchgoing Protestants in the United States. Results show that four factors increase the likelihood that Protestants approve of contentious tactics: volunteering for church organizations, a perception that religious values are being threatened, a belief that individuals should not have a right to deviate from Christian moral standards, and a belief that humans are inherently sinful. Approval of contentious tactics and frequent volunteering for church organizations are the only variables in our analysis that differentiate conservative Christian voters from those who combine conservative Christian voting with protest participation.
Member end releases in framed structures

Abstract Discontinuities such as internal hinges are commonly encountered in framed structures. A general method of including discontinuities in stiffness method analyses of planar frames by the release of member end forces is developed. Modifications are made to the member stiffness matrix and equivalent joint load vector to account for the released end forces. A FORTRAN algorithm is given that makes the necessary modifications to the member stiffness matrix and equivalent joint load vector for the standard planar frame member. The algorithm allows combinations of up to three member end forces to be released (specified at zero or nonzero values). An algorithm is also given that calculates the unknown member end displacements at the released member end forces. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the uses and capabilities of the algorithms.
Contingency selection and static security enhancement in power systems using heuristics-based genetic algorithms

This paper proposes a technique to identify critical double-line outages and enhance static security by optimal placement of FACTS devices using heuristics-based genetic algorithm (GA). Two indices have been used for contingency screening: double-line contingency index (DCI), based on line overflows, and voltage sensitivity index (VSI), based on bus voltage violations. Contingency screening is treated as the primary optimization problem with an objective of finding all double-line outages with maximal DCI and VSI. Security enhancement is treated as a constrained secondary optimization problem. The objective is to reduce transmission losses through the branches of the system and reduce or remove the overflows and voltage violations present. The voltage magnitude at each bus and the line flow through each branch for all the buses and branches have been considered as inequality and equality constraints. The technique is demonstrated using IEEE 14 bus and IEEE 30 bus systems.
Occurrence of Trichosirocalus horridus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Native Cirsium altissimum Versus Exotic C. vulgare in North American Tallgrass Prairie

Postrelease studies can provide data with which to evaluate expectations based on prerelease tests of biological control insects. In 2004, we observed Trichosirocalus horridus Panzer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the rosette weevil introduced into North America against Eurasian thistles, feeding on native tall thistle, Cirsium altissimum L. Spreng., in tallgrass prairie. In this study, we examined the rosette weevil's use of tall thistle, compared with its use of the co-occurring exotic bull thistle, C. vulgare (Savi) Tenore. For both thistle species, we quantified weevil frequency, abundance, and seasonal variation in incidence, using both timed observations at two sites over two growing seasons (2004, 2005) and dissections of thistle flowering shoots from 13 sites (2005). Based on prerelease information, we expected the Eurasian thistle to be the quantitatively preferred host plant for this Eurasian weevil. Instead, we found that both the frequency of infestation and the mean number of adult rosette weevils per plant were at least as high, and sometimes higher, on the native thistle as on the exotic thistle. Furthermore, adult weevil phenology coincided on the two host species. This study provides new quantitative evidence of nontarget feeding by another weevil released for thistle biological control; and it raises important questions for further research. We conclude that continued new releases, as well as augmentation of existing populations, of T. horridus should wait until more research is done on the impact of the nontarget occurrence now reported for this biological control insect.
Was T. H. Green a Utilitarian

Was Green a utilitarian? At least two studies suggest that he was, at least in some sense. One claim is inspired by Macpherson's association of nineteenth-century liberalism with utilitarianism. Drawing on this argument, Greengarten and Hansen claim that Green's departure from utilitarianism is only partial. His commitment to capitalism indicates a subscription to utilitarianism since the latter is the justificatory force of capitalist institutions.
Is Function of the Drosophila Homeotic Gene Ultrabithorax Canalized

Genetic variation affecting the expressivity of an amorphic allele of the homeotic gene Ultrabithorax, (Ubx(1)) was characterized after 11 generations of introgression into 29 different isofemale lines. Heterozygotes display a range of haploinsufficient phenotypes, from overlap with wild-type halteres to dramatic transformations such as a 50% increase in area and the presence of over 20 bristles on the anterior margin of each haltere. In both the wild-type and mutant genetic backgrounds, there is moderate genetic variance and low environmental variance/developmental asymmetry, as expected of a trait under stabilizing selection pressure. Surprisingly, there is little evidence that mutant halteres are more variable than wild-type ones, so it is unclear that haltere development is also canalized. The correlation between wild-type and Ubx haltere size is very low, indicating that interactions among modifiers of Ubx are complex, and in some cases sex-specific. The potential quantitative genetic contributions of homeotic genes to appendage morphology are discussed, noting that population-level effects of variation in key regulatory genes may be prevalent and complex but cannot be readily extrapolated to macroevolutionary diversification.
Reliable Error Recovery In Distributed Computer Control Systems

The critical nature of computer control applications such as electric power generation and distribution has led to tightly coupled computer systems in which manually. multiple processors and devices may be electronically switched into various configurations for backup purposes. By distributing the tasks into separate but communicating modules, overall system reliability and availability may be achieved with less complex hardware Furthermore, distribution of the time critical tasks leads to less complex software. Error recovery in such a system is complicated not by the distribution of the application tasks but by the distribution of the data base shared among the tasks. Error recovery techniques are discussed, especially their effect an the resulting loading of the communication channels.
Mental and Physical Health Consequences of Spousal Health Shocks Among Older Adults

Objective: To examine how the experience of a negative health event (i.e., onset of heart disease, diabetes, lung disease, cancer, or stroke) of one spouse affects the mental and physical well-being of the other partner as measured by depressive symptoms and self-reported health. Methods: We employ latent growth curve analysis and examine adults 50+ using six waves of data (1998-2008) from the Health and Retirement Study. Results: One spouse’s health shock affects the health of the other partner. Results indicate that a spouse’s onset of a severe health condition worsens the mental health of women and the self-reported health of men. Discussion: These findings illustrate that the family context of spouses is important to consider when examining health.
Central auditory maturation and behavioral outcome in children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder who use cochlear implants

AbstractObjective: We examined cortical auditory development and behavioral outcomes in children with ANSD fitted with cochlear implants (CI). Design: Cortical maturation, measured by P1 cortical auditory evoked potential (CAEP) latency, was regressed against scores on the infant toddler meaningful auditory integration scale (IT-MAIS). Implantation age was also considered in relation to CAEP findings. Study sample: Cross-sectional and longitudinal samples of 24 and 11 children, respectively, with ANSD fitted with CIs. Results: P1 CAEP responses were present in all children after implantation, though previous findings suggest that only 50–75% of ANSD children with hearing aids show CAEP responses. P1 CAEP latency was significantly correlated with participants’ IT-MAIS scores. Furthermore, more children implanted before age two years showed normal P1 latencies, while those implanted later mainly showed delayed latencies. Longitudinal analysis revealed that most children showed normal or improved cortical ma...
2-Hydroxy-4 (Methylthio) Butanoic Acid as a Drinking Water Supplement for Broiler Chicks

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to study the effects on chick performance of a commercially available liquid methionine analog [2-hydroxy-4 (methylthio) butanoic acid; HMB] supplied through drinking water. Methionine activities of .025 and .05% were added to drinking water and compared with levels of .03, .06, or .09% included in a low-methionine basal diet from 0 to 21 days of age. Mortality was not significantly altered by any dietary treatment. Neither feed nor water intake was affected adversely by HMB inclusion in drinking water. Only male body weight in Experiment 1 did not respond to HMB feed supplementation. Equivalent levels of total sulfur amino acid intake among water treatments were associated with significantly heavier body weights than the control. In both experiments, body weight and feed efficiency of birds receiving .05% methionine activity as HMB in water were equal or superior to those of groups that received supplemented feed. The results indicate that, under the study conditions, HMB provided in drinking water can be effectively assimilated by broiler chicks, at least through 21 days of age.
Inconsistent use of diabetes medications, diabetes complications, and mortality in older mexican americans over a 7-year period: data from the Hispanic established population for the epidemiologic study of the elderly.

OBJECTIVE —The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between inconsistency in use of diabetes drugs and risk of renal, eye, and circulation problems and death over a 7-year period in community-dwelling older Mexican Americans. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —Data are from the four waves of the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly. In-home interviewers assessed consistency in use of diabetes medications among 908 diabetic Mexican Americans, aged ≥65 years. Diabetes and complications were by self-report. Subjects with poor consistency in use of medication were those who, at any time during the 7-year follow-up, discontinued or inconsistently used their diabetes medications and those who had no diabetic medications at home despite self-report of taking medicine for diabetes. RESULTS —Thirty-six percent of our sample were inconsistent with diabetes medication usage. Older age and lack of supplemental health insurance were significantly associated with inconsistency of use of medication. In a multivariate logistic regression model, subjects with poor consistency in use of medication were more likely to report kidney problems (odds ratio [OR] 1.59; 95% CI 1.13–2.23; P = 0.008) at follow-up compared with those with good consistency, after controlling for age, sex, medication type, duration of diabetes, education, income, marital status, language of interview, insurance status, cognitive function, presence of depressive symptoms, activities of daily living, and instrumental activities of daily living. In Cox regression models, poor consistency with diabetic medication was also associated with increased all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.43; 95% CI 1.13–1.82; P = 0.003) and diabetes-related deaths (1.66; 1.20–2.30; P = 0.002) over a 7-year period after adjusting for relevant confounders. CONCLUSIONS —Inconsistent use of diabetic medication was associated with an increased risk of kidney problems and deaths over a 7-year period in older Mexican Americans.
VnfY Is Required for Full Activity of the Vanadium-Containing Dinitrogenase in Azotobacter vinelandii

A gene from Azotobacter vinelandii whose product exhibits primary sequence similarity to the NifY, NafY, NifX, and VnfX family of proteins, and which is required for effective V-dependent diazotrophic growth, was identified. Because this gene is located downstream from vnfK in an arrangement similar to the relative organization of the nifK and nifY genes, it was designated vnfY. A mutant strain having an insertion mutation in vnfY has 10-fold less vnf dinitrogenase activity and exhibits a greatly diminished level of 49V label incorporation into the V-dependent dinitrogenase when compared to the wild type. These results indicate that VnfY has a role in the maturation of the V-dependent dinitrogenase, with a specific role in the formation of the V-containing cofactor and/or its insertion into apodinitrogenase.
PCB ORIGAMI: A MATERIAL-BASED DESIGN APPROACH TO COMPUTER-AIDED FOLDABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Origami is traditionally implemented in paper of homogeneous material properties. This research explores the use of material with embedded electronics such as PCB (Printed Circuit Boards) as the medium for origami folding in order to create an interactive folding experience and to generate foldable objects with added functionalities. PCBs are produced as 2D shapes. By folding PCB arrays it is possible to create 3D objects that contain electronic functions. Conductivity, output devices (such as Light Emitting Diodes) and microcontroller computation can create an interactive folding experience, for user guidance and verification of the folding. We call this approach and methodology PCB Origami. The work presented in this paper describes two unique interaction and fabrication techniques for creating and folding electronic materials. We demonstrate prototypes and present verification/evaluation strategies for guiding the user through the folding process.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
An Aspect-Oriented Approach to Security Requirements Analysis

This paper presents an aspect-oriented approach to integrated elicitation of functional and security requirements based on use case-driven development. We identify security threats with respect to use cases and adopt threat mitigations for preventing or reducing security threats. To capture crosscutting nature of threats and mitigations, we specify them as aspects that encapsulate pointcuts and advice. A threat (mitigation) pointcut is a collection of join points in use cases at which the use cases are threatened (secured); whereas threat/mitigation advice describes how a threat can become an attack (can be mitigated). Eliciting threats and mitigations as aspects provides a structured way for separating functional and security concerns.
Making It To The Top: Have Women And Minorities Attained Equality As Higher Education Leaders?

University presidents play a major role in setting and managing the course of higher education in the U.S. In the past, females and minorities were under-represented in such positions. However, as the number of females and minorities seeking advanced degrees has increased, the number of female and minority candidates capable of applying for such positions has increased. The purpose of this investigation was to discern whether women and minorities are proportionately represented in the halls of academic leadership.
Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus restriction on calcium and phosphorus balance in young and old rats.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the serum levels of the primary regulators of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) metabolism, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone, may change with age. Therefore, the effect of age on the ability of the rat to maintain a positive Ca and P balance was determined. Young (1.5 months) and old (18 months) rats were divided into three groups and fed either a low-Ca, high-P diet; a high-Ca, low-P diet; or a high-Ca, high-P diet. After 14 days, the young rats were in positive Ca and P balance regardless of diet. The old rats on the low-Ca, high-P diet were in negative Ca balance and positive P balance. The old rats on the other diets were in positive Ca and P balance. The negative Ca balance of the old rats was due to decreased intestinal absorption of Ca. Intestinal absorption was assessed by determining the percentage of dietary Ca absorbed in vivo and by measuring the active transport of Ca using the everted gut sac in vitro . Intestinal P absorption showed little change with age, except for a decrease in old rats on the high-Ca, low-P diet. Renal adaptation to dietary Ca and P restriction was similar in both young and old animals. Plasma Ca levels were unchanged with age, but plasma P levels decreased with age regardless of diet. These changes in Ca balance with age may reflect the reported decrease in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 levels and the slight increase in PTH levels with age. The inability of old rats to maintain a positive Ca balance in the face of Ca deprivation is consistent with a general characteristic of the aging process—the decreased ability of an organism to adapt to changes in the external environment.
Market Orientation And Performance: Does Organizational Strategy Matter?

Data from a survey of 159 hospitals was used to test the relationship between market orientation and firm performance for low cost and differentiation strategies. Hospitals pursuing a differentiation strategy had stronger market orientation than those pursuing a cost leadership strategy. Market orientation had a more positive impact on the performance of organizations pursuing a differentiation strategy than on those pursuing a cost leadership strategy. In the cost leader group, the inter-functional coordination component of market orientation significantly affected firm performance, while in the differentiator group the customer orientation and competitor orientation components of market orientation had significant impact on performance. The implications of these findings for managers also are discussed.
Comparing lesion detection performance for PET image reconstruction algorithms: A case study

We present a comparison of the performance of filtered backprojection (FBP) and maximum a posteriori (MAP) reconstruction of PET images for the task of hot lesion detection. The comparison is performed on data generated by combining FDG chest scans of normal patients (i.e., without lesions) with psuedo-Poisson "lesion" data generated from appropriately scaled sinograms collected using a separately scanned 1.25 cm/sup 3/ spherical source. Scaling factors were used to achieve approximately 3:1 lesion-to-background ratios. A total of 60 "abnormal" cases were generated from their normal counterparts. A 3D non-prewhitening (NPW) observer model based on a matched filter was used to test for the presence of the lesion in the vicinity of the known lesion location. ROC curves were generated for several choices of cut-off frequency for ramp-filtered FBP and the smoothing parameter for the MAP reconstructions. The NPW detector was matched to the algorithm and smoothing parameter in each case. Choosing the optimal operating point as the maximum area under the curve (AUC) for each method resulted in an AUC=0.86 for MAP and an AUC=0.75 for FBP indicating superior detection performance for MAP over FBP when using the NPW matched filter.
Violence prevention at the health care site

Dr. Felton discusses risk factors for violence in the health care setting and recommends worksite analysis procedures, hazard prevention controls, and training and education programs for the greatest protection possible. An appendix offers three contacts for additional materials on devising preventive programs. Language: en
Induced Anisotropy of Thermal Expansivity Under Large Deformations

The induced anisotropic behavior of highly deformed polymer solids, which were initially isotropic, can result from orienting the links of the polymer chain in the direction of deformation. The degree of anisotropy may depend on the monomer structure, but it depends mostly on the degree of deformation and thus, orientation. In the case of thermal expansion it may be considered that the thermal expansion of polymer solid is due to the increased separation of neighborhood polymer chains. In the undeformed state, the large molecule is randomly coiled and orientation of the segment is averaged out, hence the thermal expansivity will be isotropic. In the deformed state, however, this will no longer be true, but will depend on the average deformation, i.e., the orientation along a given direction.
Disparities in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among girls and overweight and obese schoolchildren during school- and out-of-school time

Increasing physical activity (PA) during the school day and out-of-school time are critical strategies for preventing childhood obesity and improving overall health. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine schoolchildren’s volume and type of PA during school-time and out-of-school, compared to national recommendations and differences by sex and weight status. This cross-sectional analysis included 517 3rd-5th grade schoolchildren from 13 New England elementary schools (October 2013-January 2014). Demographics were collected by parent questionnaire. Measured height and weight were used to categorize child weight status. Accelerometer data were collected over 7 days. PA was coded as total activity counts and minutes of sedentary, light, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (SED, LPA, MVPA) during 1) school, 2) weekday out-of-school, 3) weekend, and 4) total daily time. Multivariable mixed models were used to examine associations between sex and weight status and total counts, SED, LPA, and MVPA, controlling for demographics, wear-time, and clustering within schools. 453 participants (60.5 % girls; mean age 9.1 years; 30.5 % overweight/obese) had valid accelerometer wear time (≥3 days, ≥ 10 h/day). Few children achieved 60 min total daily (15.0 %) or school-time (8.0 %) MVPA recommendations. For all time-of-day categories, girls achieved fewer MVPA minutes than boys (p < .0001), and overweight/obese participants achieved fewer MVPA minutes than normal/underweight participants (p = 0.05). Minutes of LPA declined by grade-level (p < .05) and were lower in girls than boys during school-time only (p < .05). Disparities in MVPA by sex and weight status across school and out-of-school time highlight the need for programs with equitable reach.
The Power of Asymmetry: Architecture and Assembly of the Gram-Negative Outer Membrane Lipid Bilayer

Determining the chemical composition of biological materials is paramount to the study of natural phenomena. Here, we describe the composition of model gram-negative outer membranes, focusing on the predominant assembly, an asymmetrical bilayer of lipid molecules. We also give an overview of lipid biosynthetic pathways and molecular mechanisms that organize this material into the outer membrane bilayer. An emphasis is placed on the potential of these pathways as targets for antibiotic development. We discuss deviations in composition, through bacterial cell surface remodeling, and alternative modalities to the asymmetric lipid bilayer. Outer membrane lipid alterations of current microbiological interest, such as lipid structures found in commensal bacteria, are emphasized. Additionally, outer membrane components could potentially be engineered to develop vaccine platforms. Observations related to composition and assembly of gram-negative outer membranes will continue to generate novel discoveries, broaden biotechnologies, and reveal profound mysteries to compel future research.
Resistive and ion-focused electron beam transport in capillaries

Pinched propagation of intense, pulsed electron beams occurs in two gas pressure regimes: a high pressure resistive regime and the low pressure ion focused regime (IFR). Although in most experiments, the transport tube radius a w is large compared with the beam radius ab' beams can be efficiently transported in either regime even when a w /a b ≲ 3. Return currents in the tube wall provide a centering force which reduces the growth of transverse instabilities such as resistive hose or ion hose while correcting for minor aiming errors. The use of pinched transport eliminates the need for guide magnets. Analytical and simulation results show that it may be possible to transport high brightness, moderate power beams with a b ≪ 1 cm in narrow tubes or capillaries over distances of tens or hundreds of centimeters.
The neurogenetics of alternative splicing

Alternative precursor-mRNA splicing is a key mechanism for regulating gene expression in mammals and is controlled by specialized RNA-binding proteins. The misregulation of splicing is implicated in multiple neurological disorders. We describe recent mouse genetic studies of alternative splicing that reveal its critical role in both neuronal development and the function of mature neurons. We discuss the challenges in understanding the extensive genetic programmes controlled by proteins that regulate splicing, both during development and in the adult brain.
Emerging adult confidants’ judgments of parental openness: disclosure quality and post-disclosure relational closeness

ABSTRACTResearch on openness and disclosure has prioritized the perspectives of disclosers and largely omitted the experiences of confidants. In particular, we contend that it is important to learn more about how emerging adult (EA) confidants perceive parental disclosure episodes and how parental openness manifests in ways that lead to increased intimacy. In Study One, participants’ open-ended descriptions of parental disclosures were thematically analyzed to reveal three dimensions of parental openness: access to information, candor, and relating as peers. These dimensions were developed into quantitative scales and employed to test a conceptual model of post-disclosure outcomes in Study Two. When EA confidants perceived that parents gave them more access to information and treated them more as peers, they reported higher ratings of disclosure quality and, in turn, greater relational closeness following the disclosure.
Inhibition of PHLPP2/cyclin D1 protein translation contributes to the tumor suppressive effect of NFκB2 (p100)

// Jiawei Xu 1, 3 , Yulei Wang 1 , Xiaohui Hua 1 , Jiheng Xu 1 , Zhongxian Tian 1 , Honglei Jin 1 , Jingxia Li 1 , Xue-Ru Wu 2 , Chuanshu Huang 1 1 Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA 2 Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY 10010, USA 3 Current address: Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China Correspondence to: Chuanshu Huang, email: chuanshu.huang@nyumc.org Keywords: NFκB2 (p100), cyclin D1, PHLPP2, CREB, miR-302d Received: March 01, 2016 Accepted: March 31, 2016 Published: April 15, 2016 ABSTRACT Although the precursor protein of NFκB2 (p100) is thought to act as a tumor suppressor in mammalian cells, the molecular mechanism of its anti-tumor activity is far from clear. Here, we are, for the first time, to report that p100 protein expression was dramatically decreased in bladder cancers of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN)-treated mice and human patients. Knockdown of p100 in cultured human bladder cancer cells promoted anchorage-independent growth accompanied with elevating abundance of cell-cycle-related proteins and accelerated cell-cycle progression. Above effects could be completely reversed by ectopically expression of p100, but not p52. Mechanistically, p100 inhibited Cyclin D1 protein translation by activating the transcription of LARP7 and its hosted miR-302d, which could directly bind to 3′-UTR of cyclin d1 mRNA and inhibited its protein translation. Furthermore, p100 suppressed the expression of PHLPP2 (PH domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatases 2), thus promoting CREB phosphorylation at Ser133 and subsequently leading to miR-302d transcription. Taken together, our studies not only for the first time establish p100 as a key tumor suppressor of bladder cancer growth, but also identify a novel molecular cascade of PHLPP2/CREB/miR-302d that mediates the tumor suppressive function of p100.
Precise estimation and application of log-normal distribution parameters

The four estimators of mean of two parameters log-normal distributin were analyzed,in which the modified MLE given by Gunnar Taraldsen was the excellent estimator.On the basis of this,the modified MLE of the m-exponent original matrix,the m-exponent central matrix and kurtosis were discussed.Moreover,it is proposed that the median,mode and skewness do not exist the modified MLE.And Shanghai Stock Exchange is artificially analyzed by Mathematica 4.0,the result shows that it is completely consistent with theoretical derivation.
Epidemiological characteristics of public health emergencies in Jiangsu Province,2006-2011

Objective To examine epidemiological characteristics and the trend in public health emergencies occurred in Jiangsu Province as a basis of suggestions on risk management,establishment of prevention and control strategies.Methods Analysis was based on the data of all the public health emergencies by direct network reporting from 2006 to 2011,which were downloaded from "The Public Health Emergency Reporting and Management System".Descriptive epidemiological method was used.Results There were 512 public health emergencies reported from 2006 to 2011 in the province.There were 20 613 incident cases and 36 deaths,which affected a population of 3.43 million.Yangzhou,Nantong and Lianyungang were the areas with the greatest number of the events.Schools were the main venue where these emergencies took place.Most of the emergencies were graded as common events.Bimodal distribution was observed with the peaks in Mar.-May and Sep.-Nov.Of all these events,infectious ones were the main type(over 80%).Influenza,chickenpox,hand-foot-and-mouth disease and epidemic parotitis were main causes of these events.Food poisoning was mainly composed of bacterial food poisoning.Summer was a higher incident season.Significant disparity in geographical distribution existed for occupational poisoning events.It was found that 71.43% of chemical events occurred in Wuxi and Suzhou.Conclusions Prevention and control on respiratory infectious diseases should be further strengthened.Those public health emergencies occurred in schools should be of great concern.Surveillance and management of food hygiene should be stricter during a higher incident season.Training on knowledge and regulations of occupational health for small and medium sized high-poisonous industrial enterprises and establishment of occupational protection measurements are needed.