cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emergence of Organizational Attributions: The Role of a Shared Cognitive Schema

Daft and Weick (1984) suggest that individual-level interpretations of top strategic managers can be expected to converge into an organizational interpretation because managers use identical cognitive schemata when making their personal interpretations. The primary purpose of this paper is to adapt the well-accepted interpersonal attribution schema to an organizational context to determine whether Daft and Weick's convergence argument is plausible. We conclude that the common phenomena of informational equivocality and bias make the existence of shared schemata a necessary but not sufficient condition for the convergence of interpretations. Therefore, studies in the organizational literature which rely on the convergence argument fail to sufficiently establish a linkage between individual cognition and organizational action.
Postdoctoral study in a multidisciplinary research center: An alternative to more traditional nurse fellowships☆

This article examines postdoctoral study in a multidisciplinary research setting. The author describes the offerings of one particular multidisciplinary center, the Monell Chemical Senses Center, and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of a fellowship in such a setting. The relevance of this option for nursing is discussed.
Voltage-gated divalent currents in descending vasa recta pericytes

Multiple voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (CaV) subtypes have been reported to participate in control of the juxtamedullary glomerular arterioles of the kidney. Using the patch-clamp technique, we examin...
DNA DAMAGE AND MAMMALIAN CELL KILLING

ABSTRACT DNA lesions–particularly single- and double- strand breaks–are induced in considerable excess by doses required to register one lethal “hit.” In the case of X-ray cell killing, the disposition of such damage has been determined in the progeny of surviving cells. Fewer than 0.3% of the single- and 8.0% of the double-strand breaks are propagated. Hence, it is likely that in surviving cells all breaks are repaired, A mechanism of X-ray cell killing based upon misrepair of DNA breaks is proposed.
Generalized Method of Moments Estimation When a Parameter Is on a Boundary

This article establishes the asymptotic distributions of generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators when the true parameter lies on the boundary of the parameter space. The conditions allow the estimator objective function to be nonsmooth and to depend on preliminary estimators. The boundary of the parameter space may be curved and/or kinked. The article discusses three examples: (1) instrumental variables (IV) estimation of a regression model with nonlinear equality and/or inequality restrictions on the parameters; (2) method of simulated moments estimation of a multinomial discrete response model with some random coefficient variances equal to 0, some random effect variances equal to 0, or some measurement error variances equal to 0; and (3) semiparametric least squares estimation of a partially linear regression model with nonlinear equality and/or inequality restrictions on the parameters.
The Unusual Dynamics of Northern Dark Spots on Neptune

Abstract Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and ground-based observations of Neptune from 1991 to 2000 show that Neptune's northern Great Dark Spots (NGDS) remained remarkably stable in latitude and longitudinal drift rate, in marked contrast to the 1989 southern Great Dark Spot (GDS), which moved continuously equatorward during 1989 and dissipated unseen during 1990. NGDS-32, discovered in October 1994 HST images, (H. B. Hammel et al., 1995, Science268, 1740–1742), stayed at ∼32°N from 1994 through at least 1996, and possibly through 2000. The second northern GDS (NGDS-15), discovered in August 1996 HST images, (L. A. Sromovsky et al. 2001, Icarus146, 459–488), appears to have existed as early as 8 March 1996 and remained near 15°N for the 16 months over which it was observed. NGDS-32 had a very uniform longitudinal drift rate averaging −36.28±0.04°/day from 10 October 1994 to 2 November 1995, and −35.84±0.02°/day from 1 September 1995 through 24 November 1995. A single circulation feature certainly exists during each of the first two periods, though it is not certain that it is the same feature. It is probable, but less certain, that only a single circulation feature was tracked during the 1996–1998 period, during which positions are consistent with a modulated drift rate averaging −35.401±0.001°/day, but with a peak-to-peak modulation of 1.5°/day with an ∼760-day period. If NDS-32 varied its drift rate in accord with the local latitudinal shear in the zonal wind, then all its drift-rate changes might be due to only ∼0.4° of latitudinal motion. The movement of NGDS-15 is also not consistent with a uniform longitudinal drift rate, but the nature of its variation cannot be estimated from the limited set of observations. The relatively stable latitudinal positions of both northern dark spots are not consistent with current numerical model calculations treating them as anticyclonic vortices in a region of uniform potential vorticity gradient (R. P. Lebeau and T. E. Dowling 1998, Icarus132, 239–265). Possible explanations include unresolved latitudinal structure in the zonal wind background or unaccounted-for variations in vertical stability structure.
Neuromuscular junction in a microfluidic device

Malfunctions at the site of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of post-injuries or diseases are major barriers to recovery of function. The ability to efficiently derive motor neurons (MN) from embryonic stem cells has indicated promise toward the development of new therapies in increasing functional outcomes post injury. Recent advances in micro-technologies have provided advanced culture platforms allowing compartmentalization of sub-cellular components of neurons. In this study, we combined these advances in science and technology to develop a compartmentalized in vitro NMJ model. The developed NMJ system is between mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC)-derived MNs and c2c12 myotubes cultured in a compartmentalized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device. While some functional in vitro NMJ systems have been reported, this system would further contribute to research in NMJ-related diseases by providing a system to study the site of action of NMJ aimed at improving promoting better functional recovery.
Vascular adhesion molecules in oral lichen planus

Objective . Because recruitment and retention of lymphoid cells appear to be critical components of the pathogenesis of lichen planus, we have compared the expression and distribution of a panel of vascular adhesion molecules (ELAM-1, P-selectin, 1CAM-1, VCAM-1, PECAM-1, CD34) and leukocyte adhesion molecule ligands (LFA-1, Mac-1, VLA4, L-selectin) in biopsies of this disease. Study design . Frozen sections of 12 clinically and histologically confirmed cases of lichen planus and 9 normal control tissues were evaluated immunohistochemically with a standard 1-day avidin-biotin peroxidase technique. Staining intensity of vascular endothelium was evaluated semiquentitatively. Three microvascular zones or compartments were defined and evaluated separately. Results . Generally, different staining patterns were observed in association with the various endothelium-associated adhesion molecules. In normal controls, PECAM was intensely expressed, and VCAM-1 was weakly expressed. Intermediate staining was associated with ELAM-1, P-selectin, ICAM-1, and CD34. Staining within the three microvascular compartments frequently showed variations in intensity. In lichen planus, increased staining for ELAM-1, P-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 was evident in one or more of the microvascular compartments. In the subepithelial vascular compartment where the infiltrate was the most dense, VCAM-1 appeared to show the greatest positive change. Almost all cells in the lichen planus infiltrates stained positive for 1CAM-1, L-selectin, LFA-1, and VLA4, and large numbers of cells also exhibited VCAM-1, PECAM-1, and Mac-1 immunoreactivity. Conclusions . It appears that upregulation of ELAM-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 (especially by endothelial cells in the subepithelial vascular plexus) could play a role in the pathogenesis of lichen planus. The expression of leukocyte receptors L-selectin, LFA-1, and VLA4 by most of the cells in the lichen planus infiltrate suggest that these molecules may be responsible for recruitment as well as retention in the active lichen planus lesion.
Bond algebraic liquid phase in strongly correlated multiflavor cold atom systems

When cold atoms are trapped in a square or cubic optical lattice, it should be possible to pump the atoms into excited $p-$level orbitals within each well. Following earlier work, we explore the metastable equilibrium that can be established before the atoms decay into the $s-$wave orbital ground state. We will discuss the situation with integer number of bosons on every site, and consider the strong correlation "insulating" regime. By employing a spin-wave analysis together with a new duality transformation, we establish the existence and stability of a novel gapless "critical phase", which we refer to as a "bond algebraic liquid". The gapless nature of this phase is stabilized due to the emergence of symmetries which lead to a quasi-one dimensional behavior. Within the algebraic liquid phase, both bond operators and particle flavor occupation number operators have correlations which decay algebraically in space and time. Upon varying parameters, the algebraic bond liquid can be unstable to either a Mott insulator phase which spontaneously breaks lattice symmetries, or a $\mathbb{Z}_2$ phase. The possibility of detecting the algebraic liquid phase in cold atom experiments is addressed. Although the momentum distribution function is insufficient to distinguish the algebraic bond liquid from other phases, the density correlation function can in principle be used to detect this new phase of matter.
Service-aware transport network: opportunities and challenges

In this paper we propose a new concept of future service-aware transport networks that are built on converged wireless-wired transport networks, enable service layer convergence, and also support application layer convergence. This concept is derived from the emerging trend of business convergence among the telecommunication, cable, and entertainment segments, and technology convergence among the telecommunications, computer, and software industries. We also identify QoS as a technical backbone to future service-aware transport networks, and from the perspective of an integrated carrier having both wireless and wired assets, discuss related research opportunities and challenges, especially those involved in optical networks. We finally present an adaptive apparatus for high availability, capacity efficiency, and QoS-guaranteed protection and restoration for optical networks. This paper is intended to promote academic and industrial attention to some core technical challenges that lie ahead for the telecommunication industry and to spur strategically important research and perhaps also some standards activities.
Absorption of Light Due to Interband Transitions in Sodium

The intrinsic absorbing power due to interband transitions in Na is calculated, using orthogonalized plane waves to evaluate the matrix elements appearing in the oscillator strengths, and a realistic band structure, obtained from a pseudopotential interpolation scheme, to perform the sum over $k$ space. It is found that for a pseudopotential form factor ${V}_{110}$ in reasonable agreement with the results of Fermi-surface measurements and band calculations, the calculated absorbing power is an order of magnitude smaller than that indicated by the experimental data of Mayer and co-workers, or by the data of Ives and Briggs.
Structural Autonomy and Peacemaking

Peacemaking by Democracies: The Effect of State Autonomy on the Post-World War Settlements By Norrin M. Ripsman. University Park: Penn State University Press, 2002. 272 pp., $45.00 (ISBN: 0-271-02222-1). Regardless of its empirical validity or theoretical significance, the democratic peace research program helped revive scholarly interest in the effect of domestic political processes on the foreign policy behavior of nations. Much of the democratic peace literature has focused on whether and how democracies wage war. Little has been said about how democracies make peace. This omission is in line with the overwhelming tendency of international relations scholars to focus on the causes and courses of war at the expense of the study of peace. As Geoffrey Blainey has observed, “for every thousand pages written on the causes of war, there is less than one written page on the causes of peace” (Blainey 1988:3). In this context, Norrin Ripsman's Peacemaking by Democracies is a particularly valuable addition to the literature on the process of peacemaking in general, and peacemaking by democracies in particular. In Peacemaking by Democracies Ripsman's key question involves the extent to which the executive's autonomy in foreign affairs affects the external behavior of democratic states. The key argument is that democracies vary in terms of structural autonomy, that is, the extent to which the executive branch is allowed to pursue its own policies free of constraints imposed by parliament or public opinion. Ripsman suggests that the degree of structural autonomy has both straightforward and paradoxical effects on the negotiation strategies of democratic states. The straightforward implication is that political leaders who enjoy a greater degree of structural autonomy will be more willing and able to express their preferences in the negotiations and …
Changing residence: dynamics of the symbiotic relationship between Dissodactylus mellitae Rathbun (Pinnotheridae) and Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske) (Echinodermata)

Abstract Movements of the symbiotic crab Dissodactylus mellitae Rathbun among individuals of its host, the sand dollar Melitta quinquiesperforata (Leske), were studied under controlled conditions (15°C and 12:12 LD cycle) to analyze the nature and significance of these movements. Under laboratory conditions Dissodactylus mellitae actively searches for its host and prefers inhabiting a live sand dollar or a test to burying itself in the sand. When crowded by several crabs on one host, crabs will leave a host even if another is not close by, but transfers to a new host increase if hosts are allowed to move and contact each other. Male crabs appear to be less tolerant than females of neighbors of the same sex. It is hypothesized that heterosexual pairing observed in the field is possible by frequent transfers from one host to another.
Agent-based and graphical modelling of building occupancy

We propose a novel stochastic agent-based model of occupancy dynamics in a building with an arbitrary number of zones and occupants. Simulation of the model yields time-series of the location of each agent (a software representation of an occupant). The model is meant to provide realistic simulation of occupancy dynamics in non-emergency situations. Comparison of the model's prediction of distributions of random variables such as first arrival time of a building is provided against those estimated from measurements in commercial buildings. We also propose a lower complexity graphical model of occupancy evolution in multi-zone buildings. The graphical model captures information on mean occupancy and correlation among occupancy at various zones in the building. The agent-based model can be used in conjunction with building performance simulation tools, while the graphical model is more suitable for real-time applications, such as occupancy estimation with noisy sensor measurements.
Sizes and Ages of Seamounts Using Remote Sensing: Implications for Intraplate Volcanism

Satellite altimetry was used to identify and characterize Pacific intraplate seamounts. The gravimetric amplitudes of seamounts appear to be related to the age difference between the sea floor and seamounts; by inverting this relation, pseudo ages can be obtained for undated seamounts. These pseudo ages imply that excursions in seamount volcanism generally correlate with times of formation of large oceanic plateaus.
Crystal lattice deformation and the mesophase in poly(ethylene terephthalate) uniaxially drawn by solid-state coextrusion

Abstract The development of crystalline and mesophase structure on drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been studied. The uniaxial drawing has been done by solid-state coextrusion from 50 to 90°C. The unit-cell parameters of stress-induced crystallites in extrudates have been determined as a function of extrusion draw ratio ( EDR ) up to 4.4 and at an extrusion temperature ( ET ) above T g , at 70 and 90°C. The higher the EDR , the longer the c -axis chain direction, the shorter the a and b axes and the smaller the unit-cell volume. In comparison with the conventional lattice parameters obtained by Bunn and Fisher, the highest elongation of the c axis is near 10%. These features imply that the lattice of stress-induced crystallites is far from the closest packing. Coextrudates made below the T g of PET differ markedly from those made above T g . Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) patterns of PET extruded at 50°C (below T g ) even at high draw ratio exhibit small and/or imperfect crystallites. They appear much as a mesophase. The distance between macromolecular chains ranges from 3.2 to 5.4 A. The shortest value in the mesophase approaches the interplanar crystal distance of 3.4 A for the (100) crystal face, on which the benzene rings lie. The crystalline peak separation of the PET, WAXD curve has been evaluated to obtain absolute crystallinities and the content of mesophase and amorphous phase.
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome revisited: diagnosis, biologic markers, associated inherited disorders, and acid hypersecretion.

Despite general awareness of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) by most physicians and more than 3000 articles written about it since 1955, the diagnosis of ZES is still delayed for a mean of 5 years. Recent studies show it is being delayed even more with the widespread use of proton pump inhibitors. A number of tumor markers, in addition to assessing serum gastrin, such as chromogranin A, neuronspecific enolase, and subunits of chorionic gonadotropin, have been proposed for use in either the diagnosis of pancreatic endocrine tumors, such as gastrinomas, or for assessment of tumor extent and growth. In this article important recent insights into the diagnosis of ZES as well as the clinical usefulness of assessing tumor markers for diagnosis and determination of disease extent and growth are discussed. Approximately 25% of ZES cases are due to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). A number of important studies in this group of patients are also reviewed. Finally, almost every patient with ZES has marked gastric acid hypersecretion, and its current treatment as well as the longterm possible side effects are reviewed briefly.
Incidence of Instrument Separation Using LightSpeed Rotary Instruments

The use of nickel-titanium rotary instrument systems has gained popularity over the past 10 years. One of these instrument systems is the LightSpeed (LightSpeed Technology, Inc, San Antonio, TX). One drawback for all nickel-titanium rotary instruments is the incidence of instrument separation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of nonretrievable instrument separation using the LightSpeed system in a clinical setting. A total of 3543 canals were treated over a 24 month period and during that time, 46 LightSpeed instruments were separated and found to be nonretrievable, resulting in a separation rate of 1.30%. This rate was lower than previous reported studies.
Capillary morphogenesis protein-2 is required for mouse parturition by maintaining uterine collagen homeostasis

Capillary morphogenesis protein-2 (CMG2) functions as an anthrax toxin receptor that plays an essential role in anthrax pathogenesis. Although mutations in CMG2 have been identified to cause two human autosomal recessive disorders, Juvenile Hyaline Fibromatosis and Infantile Systemic Hyalinosis, both characterized by excess hyaline material deposition in connective tissues, the physiologic function of CMG2 remains elusive. To study the roles of CMG2 in normal physiology, here we performed detailed histological analyses of the CMG2-null mice we generated previously. While no morphological or histological defects were observed in CMG2−/− male mice, CMG2−/− female mice were unable to produce any offspring due to a defect in parturition. We found that deletion of CMG2 resulted in a diffuse deposition of collagen within the myometrium of CMG2−/− females, causing remarkable morphological changes to their uteri. This collagen accumulation also led to loss of smooth muscle cells in the myometrium of CMG2−/− mice, apparently disabling uterine contractile function during parturition. As a consequence, even though pregnant CMG2−/− mice were able to carry the gestation to full term, they were unable to deliver pups. However, the fully-developed fetuses could be successfully delivered by Cesarean section and survived to adulthood when fostered. Our results demonstrate that CMG2 is not required for normal mouse embryonic development but is indispensable for murine parturition. In parallel to its role in anthrax toxin binding and internalization, herein we provide evidence that CMG2 may function as a collagen receptor which is essential for maintaining collagen homeostasis in the uterus.
Le Cam's inequality and poisson approximations

where A = P1 + P2 + * .. + Pn Naturally, this inequality contains the classical Poisson limit law (Just set pi = A/n and note that the right side simplifies to 2A2/n), but it also achieves a great deal more. In particular, Le Cam's inequality identifies the sum of the squares of the pi as a quantity governing the quality of the Poisson approximation. Le Cam's inequality also seems to be one of those facts that repeatedly calls to be proved-and improved. Almost before the ink was dry on Le Cam's 1960 paper, an elementary proof was given by Hodges and Le Cam [18]. This proof was followed by numerous generalizations and refinements including contributions by Kerstan [19], Franken [15], Vervatt [30], Galambos [17], Freedman [16], Serfling [24], and Chen [11, 12]. In fact, for raw simplicity it is hard to find a better proof of Le Cam's inequality than that given in the survey of Serfling [25]. One purpose of this note is to provide a proof of Le Cam's inequality using some basic facts from matrix analysis. This proof is simple, but simplicity is not its raison d'etre. It also serves as a concrete introduction to the semi-group method for approximation of probability distributions. This method was used in Le Cam [20], and it has been used again most recently by Deheuvels and Pfeifer [13] to provide impressively precise results. The semi-group method is elegant and powerful, but it faces tough competition, especially from the coupling method and the Chen-Stein method. The literature of these methods is reviewed, and it is shown how they also lead to proofs of Le Cam's inequality.
Emissions and In-Cylinder Combustion Characteristics of Fischer-Tropsch and Conventional Diesel Fuels in a Modern CI Engine

Derived from natural gas, coal, and even biomass Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) diesel fuels have a number of very desirable properties. The potential for emissions reduction with F-T diesel fuels in laboratory engine tests and on-road vehicle tests is well documented. While a number of chemical and physical characteristics of F-T fuels have been attributed to the observed reduction in emissions, the actual effects of both the fuel properties and in-cylinder combustion characteristics in modern diesel engines are still not well understood. In this study a 2002, six-cylinder, 5.9 liter, Cummins ISB 300 diesel engine, outfitted with an in-cylinder pressure transducer. was subjected to a subset of the Euro III 13-mode test cycle under steady-state operating conditions. Emissions and in-cylinder pressure measurements were conducted for neat F-T diesel, low sulfur diesel (LSD), ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), and a blend of FT/LSD. In addition, a detailed chemical analysis of the fuels was carried out. The differences in the measured combustion characteristics and fuel properties were compared to the emissions variations between the fuels studied, and an explanation for the observed emissions behavior of the fuels was developed.© 2005 ASME
A mutant human proinsulin is secreted from islets of Langerhans in increased amounts via an unregulated pathway

Abstract A coding mutation in the human insulin gene (His-B10----Asp) is associated with familial hyperproinsulinemia. To model this syndrome, we have produced transgenic mice that express high levels of the mutant prohormone in their islets of Langerhans. Strain 24-6 mice, containing about 100 copies of the mutant gene, were normoglycemic but had marked increases of serum human proinsulin immunoreactive components. Biosynthetic studies on isolated islets revealed that approximately 65% of the proinsulin synthesized in these mice was the human mutant form. Unlike the normal endogenous mouse proinsulin, which was almost exclusively handled via a regulated secretory pathway, up to 15% of the human [Asp10]proinsulin was rapidly secreted after synthesis via an unregulated or constitutive pathway, and approximately 20% was degraded within the islet cells. The secreted human [Asp10]proinsulin was not processed proteolytically. However, the processing of the normal mouse and human mutant proinsulins within the islets from transgenic mice was not significantly impaired. These findings suggest that the hyperproinsulinemia of the patients is the result of the continuous secretion of unprocessed mutant prohormone from the islets via this alternative unregulated pathway.
Predicting the Path of Technological Innovation: SAW vs. Moore, Bass, Gompertz, and Kryder

Competition is intense among rival technologies, and success depends on predicting their future trajectory of performance. To resolve this challenge, managers often follow popular heuristics, generalizations, or “laws” such as Moore's law. We propose a model, Step And Wait (SAW), for predicting the path of technological innovation, and we compare its performance against eight models for 25 technologies and 804 technologies-years across six markets. The estimates of the model provide four important results. First, Moore's law and Kryder's law do not generalize across markets; neither holds for all technologies even in a single market. Second, SAW produces superior predictions over traditional methods, such as the Bass model or Gompertz law, and can form predictions for a completely new technology by incorporating information from other categories on time-varying covariates. Third, analysis of the model parameters suggests that (i) recent technologies improve at a faster rate than old technologies; (ii) as the number of competitors increases, performance improves in smaller steps and longer waits; (iii) later entrants and technologies that have a number of prior steps tend to have smaller steps and shorter waits; but (iv) technologies with a long average wait time continue to have large steps. Fourth, technologies cluster in their performance by market.
Salt-sensitive blood pressure and exaggerated vascular reactivity in the hypertension of diabetes mellitus

Abstract purpose: This study evaluates the effects of dietary salt restriction and loading on blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Salt sensitivity of blood pressure responses is compared to vascular reactivity to infused angiotensin II on the two sodium diets. patients and methods: We studied 19 patients with NIDDM (seven normotensive, 12 hypertensive) and seven nondiabetic control subjects under metabolic balance after 6 days on a constant low-(20 mEq) sodium diet and again after 6 days on a high- (250 mEq) sodium diet. Salt sensitivity of blood pressure was determined by the increment in integrated 24-hour blood pressure values on changing from the low- to the high-sodium diet. Blood pressure and plasma aldosterone responses to a graded-dose infusion of angiotensin II were also examined on both sodium diets. results: Eight of 12 hypertensive patients with NIDDM displayed salt-sensitive blood pressure responses, whereas none of the normotensive patients with NIDDM or control subjects were salt-sensitive. Patients with NIDDM also had augmented blood pressure responses to infused angiotensin II on both sodium diets when compared to control subjects. Whereas controls had reduced vascular responses to angiotensin II on the low-sodium diet, these responses were not decreased in patients with NIDDM. Patients with NIDDM also retained more sodium on the high-sodium diet than did the control subjects. conclusion: Hypertension in patients with NIDDM is frequently salt-sensitive, which may be due to sodium retention and enhanced vascular reactivity to angiotensin II. Since sodium restriction does not normally reduce vascular reactivity to angiotensin II in NIDDM, salt-restricted diets may be less effective in blood pressure control in hypertensive NIDDM.
Measurement of the fracture toughness of polymer-non-polymer interfaces

One of the primary factors limiting the development of a better understanding of polymer-non-polymer adhesion is the lack of a good testing method for the measurement of the strength of the interface. In this paper polymer-non-polymer adhesion is evaluated in terms of the fracture toughness of the interface using an asymmetric double cantilever beam testing geometry. The test is applied to the measurement of polystyrene (PS)-glass and PS-silicon (native oxide) interfaces modified by PS-poly(2 vinylpyridine) (PVP) and PS-poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) diblock copolymers. The importance of mixed mode crack propagation is demonstrated and it is shown that through an appropriate choice of sample geometry, the crack-tip trajectory can be controlled so that the crack is forced to propagate along the interface. The PS-glass test, in particular, is shown to overcome many of the traditional problems of adhesion measurements, such as failure, away from the interface and effects of far-field deformation in the polymer. The interfacial fracture toughness of the PS-glass and PS-silicon interfaces without copolymer modification are approximately the same and weak with values of 1 J m−2. The addition of the block copolymers results in significant (>40-fold) increases in the interfacial fracture energies. The increase in fracture toughness is dependent on the quantity and degree of organization of the block copolymer at the interface.
Mt. Gerizim and Mt. Zion: A study in the early history of the Samaritans and Jews:

This article explores how a new and very important development in the study of ancient Samaria sheds light on the import of two Judean texts written during the late Achaemenid or early Hellenistic era. The study begins with a discussion of the recent excavation of a large temple complex on Mt. Gerizim largely dating to the Hellenistic era, but with some material evidence stretching back to the Persian era. This remarkable discovery helps to answer some old questions, but it also raises new questions about Samarian-Judean relations during the Second Commonwealth. The selected case studies stem from the book of Chronicles and deal with Judah's relations with northern Israel. One involves King Abijah's address to "Jeroboam and all Israel" at Mt. Zemaraim during the early divided monarchy (2 Chr.13:4-12), while the other involves King Hezekiah's Passover invitation sent to all quarters of Israel, including the estranged northern tribes (2 Chr. 30:6-9). The study clarifies the context within which postmonarchi...
A Monte Carlo Evaluation of Some Ridge-Type Estimators

Abstract Consider the standard linear model . Ridge regression, as viewed here, defines a class of estimators of indexed by a scalar parameter k. Two analytic methods of specifying k are proposed and evaluated in terms of mean square error by Monte Carlo simulations. With three explanatory variables and determined by the largest eigenvalue of the correlation matrix, least squares is dominated by these estimators in all cases investigated; however, mixed results are obtained with determined by the smallest eigenvalue. These estimators compare favorably with other ridge-type estimators evaluated elsewhere for two explanatory variables.
Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy of Tubular Structures Presumed to be Human Odontoblast Processes

Tubular structures interpreted as being odontoblast processes can be observed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) on fractured dentin surfaces which have been demineralized and treated with collagenase. To confirm the nature of these structures, SEM preparations exhibiting similar tubular structures were subsequently examined with the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Newly-erupted human third molars were fractured buccolingually with heavy-gauge industrial nippers or sectioned mesiodistally with a Leitz saw microtome and fixed in glutaraldehyde. The exposed dentin surfaces were decalcified to a depth of approximately 500 microns and then treated with bacterial collagenase. Half of the specimens were critical-point-dried and coated for SEM. The other half were post-fixed and processed for TEM. After examination by SEM, the specimens were embedded and thin-sectioned for TEM. SEM observations of both the fractured and cut surfaces of dentin showed tubular structures running from the surface of the pulp to the dentino-enamel junction. When the SEM preparations were examined with TEM, the tubular structures were seen to be the inner sheath of the peritubular matrix, not odontoblast processes. In the specimens directly processed for TEM, the structures lying inside the sheath could be visualized clearly. In the outer two-thirds of the dentin, the tubules were essentially empty. Well-defined odontoblast processes were seen lying inside the sheath only in the inner dentin.
Water Budgets for a Rice–Crawfish Aquaculture System

Abstract Red swamp crawfish Procambarus clarkii and white river crawfish P. zonangulus are raised mostly in southern Louisiana, usually in association with commercial rice cultivation. Shallow ponds (fields) are flooded in the fall after the rice harvest (usually in October) and drained at the end of the crawfish production cycle the following spring–summer (usually in May–July). The water use and effluent volume associated with crawfish aquaculture have not been quantified. This study was conducted to determine water use and effluent release in crawfish aquaculture under simulated commercial conditions. Water inflow and outflow were measured in experimental crawfish ponds from 1999 to 2002 (three consecutive crawfish production seasons) that simulated rice–crawfish rotational production practices. The mean water inflow from groundwater pumping and precipitation was 228 cm per production season (range, 223–233 cm). Total water use (groundwater plus precipitation) and groundwater consumption averaged 21.5 ...
Discussion of New York's unified services.

New York State's unified services system legislation was a major effort to improve a mental health care system, but continued efforts will be needed to develop effective models for improving the system.
Ventilation‐perfusion abnormalities in the preterm infant with hyaline membrane disease: A two‐compartment model of the neonatal lung

Arterial-alveolar differences for oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen were measured in 7 non-distressed preterm infants and 21 ventilator-dependent preterm infants with hyaline membrane disease. The preterm infants with hyaline membrane disease had a significantly lower average arterial pH (7.34 vs. 7.44; P less than 0.001), and significantly higher arterial-alveolar differences for oxygen (286 mm Hg vs. 34 mm Hg; P less than 0.005) and nitrogen (118 mm Hg vs. 7 mm Hg; P less than 0.005). Both groups had elevated arterial-alveolar differences for PCO2 (9 mm Hg in infants with hyaline membrane disease, 5 mm Hg in nondistressed infants; P less than 0.2). When acute changes in mean airway pressure were produced in 14 distressed infants, arterial-alveolar CO2 and N2 differences moved in opposite directions in 11 infants. This observation suggests that changes in mean airway pressure do not acutely recruit atelectatic alveoli, but cause redistribution of ventilation within alveoli already ventilated.
1807 THE USE OF DYNAMIC COMPLIANCE (CDYN) TO PREDICT SURVIVAL IN INFANTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS)

Cdyn measurements within the first three days of life accurately predicted survival in 57 preterm infants with RDS. In 43 survivors (BW 1310+/−630g, GA 30+/-3wks) Cdyn was measured on 2.4+/−1.4 day of life and in 14 nonsurvivors (BW 1200+/−660g, GA 28+/−4 wks) on 2.7+/−1.7 day. All nonsurvivors died from respiratory failure in the first two weeks of life. Cydn of survivors was 0.83+/−0.37ml/cm and of nonsurvivors 0.45+/−0.25 ml/cm (p 0.01). With a Cdyn of 0.45ml/cm as a threshold for survival, 9/11 infants with Cdyn below this level died, and 41/46 with Cdyn above this survived for a specificity of 81% and a sensitivity of 89%. Eight infants with pneumothorax (PT) had a Cdyn of 0.71+/−0.50ml/cm compared to 0.77+/−0.36ml/cm among 49 without PT. Four survivors with PT had a Cdyn of 1.08+/−0.48ml/cm compared to four nonsurvivors with PT whose Cdyn was 0,34+/−0.24ml/cm (p 0.05). A Cdyn of 0.45ml/cm predicted 3/3 deaths in infants with lower scores, and 4/5 survivals in those with higher measurements. In this subgroup specificity was 100% and sensitivity 80%. Cdyn measurements during the first three days of life are useful in predicting outcome in infants with respiratory failure due to RDS.
ESD performance of 65 nm partially depleted n and p channel SOI MOSFETs

A study on the electrostatic discharge (ESD) behaviors of silicide blocked (Sblk) n and p channel MOSFETs is presented for a state-of-the-art 65 nm SOI technology. It is observed that the charge in the floating body SOI MOSFETs helps to improve their ESD characteristics over the grounded body devices. The ESD behavior of the thin-oxide pMOSFETs shows failure current similar to the corresponding nMOSFETs but at the expense of higher power dissipation and higher parasitic bipolar transistor (pBJT) turn-on voltages. The study of gate-silicided (GS) and gate-non-silicided (GNS) nMOSFETs show that the GNS devices exhibit approximately 30% higher failure current than the similar sized GS devices. Transmission line pulsing (TLP) measurement with different stress pulse widths reveals that the self-heating effects are more pronounced in the GNS devices than the similar sized GS devices. The analytical thermal model for the bulk MOSFET when applied to the SOI MOSFET indicates that the high temperature region during the breakdown is not only at the drain-body junction but extends into the highly resistive drain silicide-blocked region.
Animal-based national surveillance for zoonotic disease: Quality, limitations, and implications of a model system for monitoring rabies

Surveillance for zoonotic diseases among wildlife is a research and public health challenge. The inherent limitations posed by the requisite human-animal interactions are often undefined and underappreciated. The national surveillance system for animal rabies in the United States was examined as a model system; reporting of animal rabies is legally mandated, each case of rabies is laboratory confirmed, and data have been consistently collected for more than 50 years. Factors influencing the monthly counts of animal rabies tests reported during 1992-2001 were assessed by univariate and multivariable regression methods. The suitability of passively collected surveillance data for determining the presence or absence of the raccoon-associated variant of rabies within states and within individual counties was assessed by determining critical threshold values from the regression analyses. The size of the human population and total expenditures within a county accounted for 72% and 67%, respectively, of the variance in testing. The annual median number of rabies tests performed was seven for counties without rabies, 22 for counties with non-raccoon rabies, and 34 for counties with raccoon rabies. Active surveillance may be required in locales with sparse human populations when a high degree of confidence in the status of rabies is required.
Associations of varus thrust and alignment with pain in knee osteoarthritis.

Objective To investigate associations of varus thrust and varus static alignment with pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods This was a cross-sectional study of participants from a randomized controlled trial of vitamin D treatment for knee OA. Participants were video recorded while walking and scored for presence of varus thrust. Static alignment was measured on standard posteroanterior knee radiographs. Pain questions from the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaire were used to assess symptoms. We calculated means for total WOMAC pain in relation to varus thrust and static varus alignment (i.e., corrected anatomic alignment <178 degrees). Ordinal logistic regressions were performed, with responses on individual WOMAC pain questions as the outcomes and varus thrust and varus alignment as the predictors. Results There were 82 participants, 60% of whom were female. The mean ± SD age was 65.1 ± 8.5 years, and the mean ± SD body mass index was 30.2 ± 5.4 kg/m2. The mean total WOMAC pain score was 6.3 versus 3.9, respectively, in those with versus without definite varus thrust (P = 0.007) and 5.0 versus 4.2 in those with versus without varus alignment (P = 0.36). Odds ratios for pain with walking and standing were 4.7 (95% confidence interval 1.8–11.9) and 5.5 (95% confidence interval 2.2–14.2), respectively, in those with and those without definite varus thrust. There were no significant associations between varus alignment and responses to individual WOMAC pain questions. Sensitivity analyses suggested that varus classified using a more stringent definition might have been associated with pain on walking and standing. Conclusion In patients with knee OA, varus thrust, and possibly varus static alignment, were associated with pain, specifically during weight-bearing activities. Treatment of varus thrust (e.g., via bracing or gait modification) may lead to improvement of symptoms.
Neutron irradiation effects on fatigue crack propagation in austenitic stainless steels and nickel-base alloys

Abstract The effects of neutron irradiation on the fatigue crack propagation resistance of nickel-base alloys 718, 625 and Nimonic PE-16 were studied at 427°C. The results show that irradiation produced a small increase in crack propagation resistance of both Alloy 718 and Alloy 625 when compared with unirradiated test results for both alloys. For Nimonic PE-16,the irradiated results show a crack propagation rate significantly higher than for previously reported unirradiated results. The results for Alloy 718 and Alloy 625 also are comparable to those obtained previously for Type 316 stainless steel at 427°C. However, at irradiation and test temperatures of 649°C, the results for annealed Type 316 stainless steel show that neutron irradiation produced a decreased resistance to crack propagation during continuous cycling when compared with the irradiated results at 427°C. The inclusion of tensile hold periods during the fatigue cycle produced a further decrease in the crack propagation resistance of the annealed steel at 649°C. For cold worked Type 316 stainless steel, a decrease in crack propagation resistance was observed during both continuous cycling and hold time tests at 649°C. The results suggest that the austenitic stainless steels and nickel-base alloys may have adequate crack propagation resistance at temperatures up to 500°C for potential consideration as first wall materials. However, the limited data suggest that helium generated by (n, α) reactions may play a significant role in decreasing the crack propagation resistance at temperatures above 500°C in these materials.
OBSCENITY AND PORNOGRAPHY: LEGAL ARGUMENTS AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

(1976). OBSCENITY AND PORNOGRAPHY: LEGAL ARGUMENTS AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 46-59.
Two-dimensional and three-dimensional NUFFT migration method for landmine detection using ground-penetrating Radar

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been widely used for landmine detection due to its high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and superior ability to image nonmetallic landmines. Processing GPR data to obtain better target images and to assist further object detection has been an active research area. Phase-shift migration is a widely used method; however, its wavenumber space is nonuniformly sampled because of the nonlinear relationship between the uniform frequency samples and the wavenumbers. Conventional methods use linear interpolation to obtain uniform wavenumber samples and compute the fast Fourier transform (FFT). This paper develops two- and three-dimensional migration methods that process GPR data to obtain images close to the actual target geometries using a nonuniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) algorithm. The proposed method is first compared to the conventional migration approaches on simulated data and then applied to landmine field data sets. Results suggest that the NUFFT migration method is useful in focusing images, estimating landmine structure, and retaining relatively high signal-to-noise ratio in the migrated data. The processed data sets are then fed to the normalized energy and least-mean-square-based anomaly detectors. Receiver operating characteristic curves of data sets processed by different migration methods are compared. The NUFFT migration shows potential improvements on both classifiers with a reduced false alarm rate at most probabilities of detection.
Secreted PCSK9 downregulates low density lipoprotein receptor through receptor-mediated endocytosis

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a protease that regulates low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) protein levels. The mechanisms of this action, however, remain to be defined. We show here that recombinant human PCSK9 expressed in HEK293 cells was readily secreted into the medium, with the prosegment associated with the C-terminal domain. Secreted PCSK9 mediated cell surface LDLR degradation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner when added to HEK293 cells. Accordingly, cellular LDL uptake was significantly reduced as well. When infused directly into C57B6 mice, purified human PCSK9 substantially reduced hepatic LDLR protein levels and resulted in increased plasma LDL cholesterol. When added to culture medium, fluorescently labeled PCSK9 was endocytosed and displayed endosomal-lysosomal intracellular localization in HepG2 cells, as was demonstrated by colocalization with DiI-LDL. PCSK9 endocytosis was mediated by LDLR as LDLR deficiency (hepatocytes from LDLR null mice), or RNA interference-mediated knockdown of LDLR markedly reduced PCSK9 endocytosis. In addition, RNA interference knockdown of the autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia (ARH) gene product also significantly reduced PCSK9 endocytosis. Biochemical analysis revealed that the LDLR extracellular domain interacted directly with secreted PCSK9; thus, overexpression of the LDLR extracellular domain was able to attenuate the reduction of cell surface LDLR levels by secreted PCSK9. Together, these results reveal that secreted PCSK9 retains biological activity, is able to bind directly to the LDLR extracellular domain, and undergoes LDLR-ARH-mediated endocytosis, leading to accelerated intracellular degradation of the LDLR.