cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 2135: Functional models of chromosome arm aneuploidies in lung squamous cell carcinoma

Aneuploidy, which we define as whole chromosome or chromosome arm copy number imbalance, is a near-universal characteristic of human cancers. Cancer subtypes are often characterized by tumor specific patterns of chromosome arm copy number alterations; for example, squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from different tissues of origin (including lung, head and neck, esophagus, and bladder) have a pattern of chromosome 3p loss and chromosome 3q gain. Although these alterations are frequent, they are not well understood due to difficulty in modeling specific aneuploidy alterations in the matching cell type. However, recent advances in genome engineering allow generation of large chromosomal alterations. We used the CRISPR-Cas9 system to delete one copy of chromosome 3p in human immortalized lung epithelial cells most similar to upper airway basal cells. Deletion of chromosome 3p was validated by whole genome sequencing and karyotyping. Consistent with patient data, expression of 3p genes was decreased upon deletion, as well as increased expression of interferon response genes. Phenotypic characterization revealed that cells with chromosome 3p deletion initially proliferated more slowly than their siblings. These chromosome 3p deleted cells had increased G1 arrest but did not undergo increased apoptosis or cell death. Interestingly, after several passages in culture, the proliferation defect was rescued in chromosome 3p deleted cells. Genome sequencing and karyotype analyses found that evidence of chromosome 3 duplication, transitioning the cell to a state of chromosome 3q gain. We isolated sibling cells with chromosome 3p deletion or chromosome 3q gain and demonstrated that duplication of chromosome 3 could indeed rescue proliferation rates. With our cellular model of chromosome arm-level aneuploidy, we uncovered a selection mechanism that allowed aneuploidy tolerance in vitro, and a possible explanation for joint alteration of both arms of chromosome 3. In conclusion, our genome engineering approach to model chromosome arm-level deletions provides a robust model that will address a gap in our understanding of aneuploidy in cancer. Citation Format: Alison Marie Taylor, Sejal Jain, Juliann Shih, Andrew D. Cherniack, Rameen Beroukhim, Matthew Meyerson. Functional models of chromosome arm aneuploidies in lung squamous cell carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2135.
Narrative and Belief: The Religious Affordance of Supernatural Fiction, edited by Markus Altena Davidsen.

Narrative and Belief: The Religious Affordance of Supernatural Fiction, edited by Markus Altena Davidsen. 2018, Routledge. Hb. £125.00/$155.00, ISBN 13: 9781138559660.
Community-level impacts of sanitation coverage on maternal and neonatal health: a retrospective cohort of survey data.

INTRODUCTION Access to sanitation facilities (toilets or latrines) greatly improves human health. Low community sanitation coverage may lead to increased exposure to pathogens for households both with and without a sanitation facility. METHODS We created a retrospective cohort using Demographic and Health Surveys from 1990 through 2018. Using regression with matched women as a random intercept, we assessed the association between community-level sanitation coverage and neonatal mortality (Poisson model, n=1 254 862 live births, 187 datasets), small birth size (logit model, n=1 058 843 live births, 187 datasets) and anaemia (logit model, n=1 304 626 women, 75 datasets). RESULTS Among women with household sanitation, the incidence of neonatal death (incidence rate ratio: 0.85, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.93), the odds of small birth size (OR: 0.81, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.87) and anaemia (OR: 0.82, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.85) were lower for women in communities with 100% sanitation coverage compared with 1%-30% (p≤0.001 for all). There was no difference in neonatal deaths between women in communities with 31%-99% sanitation coverage compared with 1%-30% (p≥0.05). Among women without household sanitation, there were no differences in neonatal mortality by community sanitation (p≥0.05). The odds of small birth size were decreased (OR: 0.91, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.97, p=0.003) for women in communities with 61%-99% sanitation coverage compared with 1%-30%; there was no association with the other community sanitation categories (p≥0.05). The odds of anaemia were increased (OR: 1.08, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.11, p<0.001) for women living in communities with 0% sanitation coverage compared with 1%-30%, but no association with the other community sanitation categories (p≥0.05). CONCLUSION Community sanitation coverage is associated with improved maternal and neonatal outcomes, particularly among women with household sanitation. This suggests that the impact of sanitation coverage on maternal and neonatal health is underestimated unless the community-level effects are considered.
NEURAL-NET EXTRAPOLATIONS OF HEAT CAPACITIES OF POLYMERS TO LOW TEMPERATURES

We asked the neural network to learn the values of heat capacities (Cp) in the range 10-100 K from a series of 15 chosen polymers and relate these values to the temperature dependence of C p in the range 100-360 K. In this way, newly measured values of C p in the higher temperature range (100-360 K) can be extrapolated to the low temperature domain where measurements are difficult
On probabilities of large deviations

The paper is concerned with the estimation of the probability that the empirical distribution of n independent, identically distributed random vectors is contained in a given set of distributions. Sections 1–3 are a survey of some of the literature on the subject. In section 4 the special case of multinomial distributions is considered and certain results on the precise order of magnitude of the probabilities in question are obtained.
Nonlinear Optical Detection of Adsorbed Monolayers

The study of molecular adsorbates on surfaces is one of the central activities in surface science. This tonic derives its importance from the critical dependence of the physical and chemical properties of a surface on the presence of adsorbates. A variety of techniques has been developed to probe the adsorbates [1]. These include, for example, photoemission spectroscopy, low energy electron diffraction, extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, tunneling spectroscopy, and infrared absorption and emission spectroscopy. Each technique, however, has certain limitations in its range of applicability. In many cases, only adsorbates at a gas/solid interface can be probed. In other cases, an ultra-high vacuum or a low-temperature environment is required. New surface probes which are complementary or superior to the existing ones are clearly needed.
Combined photon–neutron radiography for nondestructive analysis of materials

Combined photon–neutron radiography was investigated as a nondestructive method to determine the shape and material composition of complex objects. A system consisting of photon and neutron sources in a cone-beam configuration and a 2D detector array was modeled using the MCNP5 code. Photon-to-neutron transmission ratios were determined for a car engine using 0.1, 0.5, 2.5 MeV neutrons and 0.2, 0.5, 1 MeV photons. Focusing on inherent difference between neutron and photon interactions with matter, it was possible to classify materials within the scanned object.
Alkali-modified soy protein with improved adhesive and hydrophobic properties

Adhesive and hydrophobic properties of alkalimodified soy protein (AMSP) and trypsin-modified soy protein (TMSP) on wood were investigated. Modifying soy protein (i) under moderate alkaline conditions (pH 10.0 at 50°C) and (ii) with trypsin, enhanced adhesive strengths (730 and 743 N, respectively) compared with unmodified soy protein (340 N). Hydrophobicities of AMSP, TMSP, and unmodified soy protein isolate by sodium dodecyl sulfate binding and 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate methods were 7.6, 6.4, 5.0 and 39, 27, 13, respectively. Modified soy protein adhesives with higher hydrophobicities (AMSP and TMSP) had enhanced water-resistance properties.
Lipid phase states influence glycophorin reconstitution

Reconstitution of glycophorin into dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin vesicles was sub-maximal below the phase transition temperatures of these lipids. Reconstitution of glycophorin into diisostearoyl phosphatidylcholine and dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes was maximal within a range of temperatures below the phase transition temperatures of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin but above the phase transition temperatures of diisostearoyl phosphatidylcholine and dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine. These findings indicate a greater tendency for reconstitution of glycophorin into fluid as opposed to solid lipid phases.
MULTIPLE IONIZATION OF XENON BY PROTON IMPACT

An experimental and theoretical study of multiple ionization of xenon for 0.2- to 2.0-MeV proton impact was made. Absolute cross sections for producing xenon ions with charges from +1 to +3 were measured, and calculations of subshell cross sections were performed. Experiment and theory are consistent and indicate that multiple ionization of xenon by fast protons occurs via inner-shell ionization. This is in contrast to the lighter noble gases where direct multiple outer shell ionization can be predominant.
Subcellular distribution of superoxide dismutases (SOD) in rat liver: Cu,Zn-SOD in mitochondria

Rat liver was homogenized in isotonic buffer, fractionated by differential centrifugation, and then subfractionated by equilibrium sedimentation in Nycodenz gradients. Fractions were assayed for both Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Mn-SOD by exploiting the cyanide sensitivity of the former activity and by the use of specific antibodies. As expected, the cytosol and lysosomal fractions contained Cu,Zn-SOD; while the mitochondrial matrix contained Mn-SOD. In mitochondria, Cu,Zn-SOD was found in the intermembrane space and Mn-SOD in the matrix and also on the inner membrane. The Mn-SOD associated with the inner membrane was solubilized by 0.5 m NaCl. Surprisingly the intracellular membrane fraction (microsomes) contained bound Cu,Zn-SOD that could be solubilized with a detergent, and to lesser degree with 0.5 m NaCl. Both the cytosolic and mitochondrial Cu,Zn-SODs were isolated and compared. They have identical molecular mass, cyanide sensitivity, SDS sensitivity, heat stability, and chloroform + ethanol stability. Tissue from Cu,Zn-SOD knockout mice was entirely devoid of Cu,Zn-SOD; indicating that the cytosolic and the intermembrane space Cu,Zn-SODs are coded for by the same gene. The significance of this distribution of the SODs is discussed.
Analysis of gene expression alterations in mouse and human hepatocellular carcinomas

Liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide, with 437,000 cases reported in 1990. Yet a mutational model has not yet been developed for liver cancer, as it has for certain other cancers, such as colon cancer. A thorough understanding of the molecular events leading to neoplastic transformation of the liver requires a detailed comparison of the gene expression pattern in normal liver cells with that in cancer cells. We have performed gene expression profiling of normal and neoplastic livers. Using oligonucleotide microarrays, we compared liver tumors (from diethylnitrosamine-treated C3H/HeJ mice) with three different states of the normal liver: quiescent adult, regenerating adult and newborn. Although each comparison revealed hundreds of differentially expressed genes, only 22 genes were found to be deregulated in the tumors in all three comparisons. We also employed representational difference analysis to clone fragments of messenger RNAs differentially expressed in liver tumors versus regenerating livers. Although many of the same mRNAs were identified as in the oligonucleotide microarray experiments, we also cloned several new mRNAs that are differentially regulated in liver tumors. We have cloned the mouse complementary DNA of novel 4 and are currently isolating the human homologue of this unknown gene. We are using representational difference analysis and oligonucleotide microarrays to identify genes whose expression is deregulated in the development of human hepatocellular carcinomas. Using these models and techniques, we hope to identify common genetic alterations in the progression of liver cancer in both humans and mice.
Using self-congruity and ideal congruity to predict purchase motivation.

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that the effects of self-congruity and ideal congruity on purchase motivation are additive. Self-esteem and self-consistency theories were used to explain this relationship. The results of this study demonstrate support for this relationship. Research implications based on the theoretical model proposed in this study are also discussed.
Symptom control in psychosocial oncology

A major thrust in psychosocial oncology has been to use psychosocial and behavioral techniques to prevent and manage the adverse symptoms associated with cancer and its treatment. This article defines the field of symptom management in psychosocial oncology and reviews its early and recent history. Recent progress in the field is reviewed, with a focus on several thematic advances in theory and practice. Finally, an agenda is suggested for the next decade of research, with attention given to research needs, research policy, and training issues.
The permanent dipole moment of ScF

Abstract The permanent electric dipole moment of ScF in its X 1Σ+ and C 1Σ+ electronic states has been determined in a pulsed molecular beam apparatus by measuring the Stark shifts on the P(1) and R(0) lines of the (0,0) band of the C 1Σ+−X 1Σ+ system.Values of 1.72(2) and 2.60(5) D have been derived for the X 1Σ+ and C 1Σ+ states, respectively. These values are compared with ab initio data and rationalized in terms of the leading electronic configurations giving rise to the states.
Expression of Bcl-xL in ovarian carcinoma is associated with chemoresistance and recurrent disease

Abstract Objective The long-term survival of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer is limited by the emergence of tumor cells that are resistant to chemotherapy. We hypothesized that expression of Bcl-x L , a homologue of Bcl-2 that confers protection from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis, may be predictive of patients' clinical response to treatment, and that treatment with chemotherapy may result in the selection of tumor cells that overexpress this protein. Methods We determined the expression of Bcl-x L in epithelial ovarian cancers from 28 patients at the time of initial staging laparotomy and in recurrent tumors in the same patients following treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy. The data were analyzed to determine whether Bcl-x L expression was predictive of clinical outcome. A2780 ovarian cancer cells were stably transfected with Bcl-x L or control plasmid. Chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in these cell lines was determined in vitro and in a xenograft model. Results Bcl-x L expression in primary tumors was associated with a significantly shorter disease-free interval as compared to patients whose tumors did not express Bcl-x L (1.6 months as compared to 7.7 months). We found that Bcl-x L expression conferred resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis resulting from treatment with cisplatin, paclitaxel, topotecan, and gemcitabine in vitro. In a xenograft model, Bcl-x L expressing tumors continued to grow following treatment with cisplatin, paclitaxel, topotecan, and gemcitabine, in contrast to control tumors, which disappeared. Conclusion These results portray an important role for Bcl-x L as a key factor associated with chemotherapy failure in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
A Two-Stage Evaluation of Genetic Variation in Immune and Inflammation Genes with Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Identifies New Susceptibility Locus in 6p21.3 Region

Background: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a malignancy of lymphocytes, and there is growing evidence for a role of germline genetic variation in immune genes in NHL etiology. Methods: To identify susceptibility immune genes, we conducted a 2-stage analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from 1,253 genes using the Immune and Inflammation Panel. In Stage 1, we genotyped 7,670 SNPs in 425 NHL cases and 465 controls, and in Stage 2 we genotyped the top 768 SNPs on an additional 584 cases and 768 controls. The association of individual SNPs with NHL risk from a log-additive model was assessed using the OR and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: In the pooled analysis, only the TAP2 coding SNP rs241447 (minor allele frequency = 0.26; Thr655Ala) at 6p21.3 (OR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.17–1.53) achieved statistical significance after accounting for multiple testing ( P = 3.1 × 10−5). The TAP2 SNP was strongly associated with follicular lymphoma (FL, OR = 1.82, 95%CI 1.46–2.26; p = 6.9 × 10−8), and was independent of other known loci (rs10484561 and rs2647012) from this region. The TAP2 SNP was also associated with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL, OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.08–1.77; P = 0.011), but not chronic lymphocytic leukemia (OR = 1.08; 95% CI 0.88–1.32). Higher TAP2 expression was associated with the risk allele in both FL and DLBCL tumors. Conclusion: Genetic variation in TAP2 was associated with NHL risk overall, and FL risk in particular, and this was independent of other established loci from 6p21.3. Impact: Genetic variation in antigen presentation of HLA class I molecules may play a role in lymphomagenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(10); 1799–806. ©2012 AACR . This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, [p. 1611][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/21/1611?iss=10
The Effects of Prostacyclin on Canine Hepatic Bile Flow

The effect of prostacyclin on canine hepatic bile flow was evaluated. Utilizing chronic, unanesthetized bile fistula dogs, prostacyclin was found to significantly increase bile flow rates and bile bicarbonate and cyclic AMP concentration and output when compared to control values. The choleretic response was not due to the effect of the principal metabolic endproduct of prostacyclin, 6-keto-PGF1α, as this substance increased bile flow but did not increase bicarbonate or cyclic AMP concentrations in bile. Prostacyclin did not increase [14C]erythritol clearance in bile suggesting that it stimulates bile duct secretion rather than the bile salt-independent fraction of canalicular bile. To ascertain if a relationship exists between the bicarbonate-rich choleresis produced by prostacyclin and that produced by secretin, the effects of prostacyclin and indomethacin on the choleresis produced by endogenous secretin stimulation were evaluated. During intraduodenal acid infusion, prostacyclin significantly increased bile flow. The increase was not secondary to increased secretin release as plasma secretin levels were not significantly changed from control levels. Prostaglandin synthetase inhibition by indomethacin administration did not alter the choleresis produced by intraduodenal acid. The prostacyclin-induced changes in bile flow were further evaluated in acute experiments in anesthetized dogs during which the effects of prostacyclin on systemic blood pressure, hepatic blood flow and cyclic AMP metabolism could be simultaneously determined. The choleresis produced by prostacyclin occurred in the presence of decreased systemic arterial blood pressure and hepatic blood flow. The increased bile cyclic AMP secretion produced by prostacyclin was not associated with increases in systemic or hepatogenous cyclic AMP. Prostacyclin increases canine bile flow and bicarbonate secretion, a process which may be mediated by cyclic AMP. The choleresis is not secondary to changes in hepatic blood flow or secretin release.
Microwave Synthesis of Classically Immiscible Rhodium–Silver and Rhodium–Gold Alloy Nanoparticles: Highly Active Hydrogenation Catalysts

Noble metal alloys are important in large-scale catalytic processes. Alloying facilitates fine-tuning of catalytic properties via synergistic interactions between metals. It also allows for dilution of scarce and expensive metals using comparatively earth-abundant metals. RhAg and RhAu are classically considered to be immiscible metals. We show here that stable RhM (M = Ag, Au) nanoparticles with randomly alloyed structures and broadly tunable Rh:M ratios can be prepared using a microwave-assisted method. The alloyed nanostructures with optimized Rh:M compositions are significantly more active as hydrogenation catalysts than Rh itself: Rh is more dilute and more reactive when alloyed with Ag or Au, even though the latter are both catalytically inactive for hydrogenation. Theoretical modeling predicts that the observed catalytic enhancement is due to few-atom surface ensemble effects in which the overall reaction energy profile for alkene hydrogenation is optimized due to Rh–M d-band intermixing.
A mutation within the transmembrane domain of melanosomal protein Silver (Pmel17) changes lumenal fragment interactions.

Melanocytes synthesize and store melanin within tissue-specific organelles, the melanosomes. Melanin deposition takes place along fibrils found within these organelles and fibril formation is known to depend on trafficking of the membrane glycoprotein Silver/Pmel17. However, correctly targeted, full-length Silver/Pmel17 cannot form fibers. Proteolytic processing in endosomal compartments and the generation of a lumenal Mα fragment that is incorporated into amyloid-like structures is also essential. Dominant White (DWhite), a mutant form of Silver/Pmel17 first described in chicken, causes disorganized fibers and severe hypopigmentation due to melanocyte death. Surprisingly, the DWhite mutation is an insertion of three amino acids into the transmembrane domain; the DWhite-Mα fragment is unaffected. To determine the functional importance of the transmembrane domain in organized fibril assembly, we investigated membrane trafficking and multimerization of Silver/Pmel17/DWhite proteins. We demonstrate that the DWhite mutation changes lipid interactions and disulfide bond-mediated associations of lumenal domains. Thus, partitioning into membrane microdomains and effects on conformation explain how the transmembrane region may contribute to the structural integrity of Silver/Pmel17 oligomers or influence toxic, amyloidogenic properties.
LABSIM: A data-driven simulation program for instruction in research design and statistics

LABSIM is a general-purpose FORTRAN program that simulates the collection of data from laboratory experiments. Student-specified parameters are employed in a multiple-regression model that allows manipulation or control of up to 10 potential independent variables. Variables may be discrete (up to eight levels), continuous, or range (e.g., IQ). Raw scores may be generated for up to six groups, optionally accompanied by statistical analyses for simple between- or within-subjects designs or for factorial designs, including mixed factorial designs. Seventeen models (content areas) are currently available. As contrasted with other simulation programs, LABSIM models are exceptionally easy to design and implement; no computer expertise is required. Summary data automatically collected by LABSIM indicate a high success rate and extensive use of the program beyond course requirements. The current version of LABSIM is available in either batch or interactive form. A newer version that allows the simultaneous manipulation of up to three independent variables will be available soon.
Model-based motion estimation for synthetic animations

Maneesh Agrawala Andrew C. Beers Navin Chaddhay Computer Science Department yComputer Systems Laboratory Stanford University Stanford University ABSTRACT One approach to performing motion estimation on synthetic animations is to treat them as video sequences and use standard image-based motion estimation methods. Alternatively, we can take advantage of information used in rendering the animation to guide the motion estimation algorithm. This information includes the 3D movements of the objects in the scene and the projection transformations from 3D world space into screen space. In this paper we examine how to use this high level object motion information to perform fast, accurate block-based motion estimation for synthetic animations. The optical ow eld is a 2D vector eld describing the translational motion of each pixel from frame to frame. Our motion estimation algorithm rst computes the optical ow eld, based on the object motion information. We then combine the per-pixel motion information for a block of pixels to create a single 2D projective matrix that best encodes the motion of all the pixels in the block. The entries of the 2D matrix are determined using a least squares formulation. Our algorithms are more accurate and much faster in algorithmic complexity than many image-based motion estimation algorithms.
Hydrogen Production from the Electro-oxidation of Ammonia Catalyzed by Platinum and Rhodium on Raney Nickel Substrate

The optimization of a novel anode for the production of hydrogen via an ammonia alkaline electrolytic cell is presented. The novel anode was prepared by electrodeposition and contains Raney nickel, platinum, and rhodium in its catalytic layer. The platinum and rhodium layers were optimized by considering their influences on reaction kinetics and characterization by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was demonstrated through electrochemical analysis that platinum and rhodium realized a synergistic catalytic effect on the oxidation of ammonia, showing higher activity than Pt-only electrodes with comparable catalyst loading. Hydrogen was successfully produced from a 1 M NH 3 /5 M KOH solution at 14.54 Wh/g H 2 at a current density of 2.5 mA/cm 2 by an anode containing 1 mg/cm 2 Rh and 10 mg/cm 2 Pt at ambient temperature and pressure.
Analysis of brandy aroma by solid-phase microextraction and liquid-liquid extraction

Headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and continuous liquid–liquid extraction (LLX) with Freon were used to extract and analyse aroma volatiles in brandy. In general, SPME using a non-polar polydimethylsiloxane coating was more selective for esters and acids than was LLX. LLX using Freon 11 extracted the higher alcohols more efficiently than SPME. Relative differences in volatiles between brandies made from Vitis vinifera L cv Colombard and Vitis vinifera L cv Ugni blanc were observed, particularly for hexanol, 3-methylbutylacetate, 3-methylbutanol and 3-methylbutyloctanoate. In addition, a combination of SPME with GC–olfactometry was used to provide more detailed information on sensory characteristics of varietal brandies. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
High-Order CESE Methods for the Euler Equations

Recently, Chang 1 reported a new class of high-order CESE methods for solving nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations. A series of high-order algorithms have been developed based on a systematic, recursive formulation that achieves fourth-, sixth-, and eighth-order accuracy. The new high-order CESE method shares many favorable attributes of the original second- order CESE method, including: (i) compact mesh stencil involving only the immediate mesh nodes surrounding the node where the solution is sought, (ii) the CFL stability constraint remains to be the same, i.e., ≤ 1, as compared to the original second-order method, and (iii) superb shock capturing capability without using an approximate Riemann solver. The new algorithm has been demonstrated by solving Burger’s equation. In the present paper, we extend Chang’s high-order method for system of linear and nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations. A general formulation is presented for solving the coupled equations with arbitrarily high-order accuracy. To demonstrate the formulation, several linear and nonlinear cases are reported. First, we solve a convection equation with source term and the linear acoustics equations. We then solve the Euler equations for acoustic waves, a blast wave, and Shu and Osher’s test case for acoustic waves interacting with a shock. Numerical results show higher-order convergence by continuous mesh refinement.
An Improved Sensor and a Method for Transcutaneous CO2 Monitoring

Since CO2 diffuses readily through intact skin along a reasonably short diffusion path, measurement of transcutaneous CO2 (tcPco2) is possible, provided the CO2 consumption of the electrode is minimal and epidermal capillary blood flow and stratum corneum permeability are maintained well. In this paper, a sensor and a methodology for measurement of arterial Pco2 (Paco2) by a continuous non-invasive transcutaneous technique is described. The sensor detects changes in pH which in turn is inversely proportional to the logarithm of partial pressure of CC2. The pH is measured by a pH-sensitive glass electrode whose half cell potential is sensitive to hydrogen ion concentration. The sensor consisted of a pH-sensitive electrode, a Ag/AgCl reference electrode, a thermistor to measure true sensor temperature, a buffer amplifier to increase signal-to-noise ratio, a servo-controlled heater unit, and an in situ calibration unit. Response time (90%) was 20 ± 2.7 sec. Maximum deviation in slope at 37dC during the four day period was from 59.16±3.38 to 60.64 ± 3.34 mV/decade. Temperature coefficient was specific for each electrode and varied between +0.37 to -2.12 mV/dC. The overall four day drift based on the first day slope and temperature coefficient was 0.87±0.47 kPa Pco2. Changes in mean drift value during 24 h were within 0.27 kPa Pco2. The sensor was applied on rabbits and newborn patients. For the best correlation between Paco2 and tcPco2, the skin surface temperature in rabbits was maintained between 40 and 42dC. Based on the in situ calibration, the fitted regression line of tcPco2 versus Paco2 had a slope of 0.92, an intercept of 0.3 kPa, and a standard error of 0.51 kPa. Preliminary data obtained on newborn patients suggest that for optimal tcPco2 to Paco2 correlation a temperature of 38dC is required. These data indicate the usefulness of tcPco2 monitoring to indicate Paco2 changes under normal physiologic conditions.
Two-group drift-flux model for closure of the modified two-fluid model

Abstract In an effort to improve the prediction of void fraction and heat transfer characteristics in two-phase systems, closure relations to the one-dimensional modified two-fluid model are addressed. The drift-flux general expression is extended to two bubble groups in order to describe the void weighted mean gas velocities of spherical/distorted (group-1) bubbles and cap/slug/churn-turbulent (group-2) bubbles. Therefore, correlations for group-1 and group-2 distribution parameters and drift velocities are proposed and evaluated with experimental data. Furthermore, the covariance in the convective flux of the one-dimensional two-fluid model is addressed and interpreted with the available database. The dataset chosen for evaluation of the two-group drift-flux general expression contains 126 total data points taken in an annulus geometry. The proposed distribution parameters show an agreement within ±4.9% and ±1.2% for group-1 and group-2 data, respectively. The overall estimation of group-1 and group-2 void weighted mean gas velocity calculated with the newly proposed two-group drift-flux general expression shows an agreement of ±11.8% and ±17.7%, respectively.
Limitations to photosynthetic carbon gain in timberline Abies lasiocarpa seedlings during prolonged drought

Photosynthesis, water status, and associated physiological parameters were measured in chronically drought-stressed seedlings (5 years of below-average precipitation, 107 cm net deficit) of Abies l...
Allometric scaling, metabolic body size and interspecies comparisons of basal nutritional requirements

The amounts of specific substances needed per day that are generally thought to be nutritionally essential or conditionally important are similar among animal species when expressed per unit of energy consumed or per metabolic body size. Accordingly, a case is made that in addition to basal daily energy utilization, allometric scaling based on metabolic body size (3/4 power of mass or weight in kg) may be used to predict and compare basal nutrient requirements among widely varied species, as well as make comparative toxicological and other biological assessments and predictions. Furthermore, given the increasing evidence for allometric scaling for a broad range of biological phenomena (both empirical and theoretical) there is usually a good biological question to be answered when an organismal process deviates markedly from an allometric scale.
Rheology of Dilute Acid Hydrolyzed Corn Stover at High Solids Concentration

The rheological properties of acid hydrolyzed corn stover at high solids concentration (20-35 wt.%) were investigated using torque rheometry. These materials are yield stress fluids whose rheological properties can be well represented by the Bingham model. Yield stresses increase with increasing solids concentration and decrease with increasing hydrolysis reaction temperature, acid concentration, and rheometer temperature. Plastic viscosities increase with increasing solids concentration and tend to decrease with increasing reaction temperature and acid concentration. The solids concentration dependence of the yield stress is consistent with that reported for other fibrous systems. The changes in yield stress with reaction conditions are consistent with observed changes in particle size. This study illustrates that torque rheometry can be used effectively to measure rheological properties of concentrated biomass.
Chemical Kinetics Parameter Estimation for Ammonia Borane Hydrolysis

Onboard hydrogen storage is an enabling factor in the development of fuel cell powered passenger cars. Ammonia borane (AB) hydrolysis is one of the potential technologies for onboard hydrogen storage. In this study, kinetics of catalyzed ammonia borane hydrolysis using ruthenium-supported-on-carbon has been measured. For reacting flows, chemical kinetics determines the rates of heat generation and species production or consumption in the overall energy and mass balances respectively. Kinetic measurements under isothermal conditions provide critical data for the design of hydrolysis reactors. It is, however, not always possible to eliminate the effects of internal diffusion in a heterogeneous chemical reaction. In such cases, the reaction efficiency (η), which depends on the effective liquid phase diffusivity (Deff ) in the catalyst medium, should be determined. Determination of intrinsic kinetic parameters using apparent kinetics data is, thus, a challenge. In this study, the change in AB concentration (CAB ) with reaction time (t) has been directly measured. It was observed that the AB hydrolysis reaction had orders between zero and one in a temperature range of 26°C to 55°C. A unified Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) model has been adopted to describe the reaction kinetics. The intrinsic kinetic parameters (A, Ea , ΔHads , K0 ) as well as Deff need to be estimated by inverse analysis of the measured CAB vs t data. Conventionally, kinetic parameters are determined using linear fitting. Sometimes, however, it is impossible to converge to a unique value by using the linear fitting approach as there are several values providing regression coefficients greater than 0.99. In this study, the multiple-variable inverse problem has been solved using a nonlinear fitting algorithm based on Powell’s conjugate-gradient error minimization. This algorithm minimizes errors without using derivatives. As a result, the uncertainties in the kinetic parameter estimation have been significantly reduced by the new approach.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Double heterostructure Ga 0.47 In 0.53 As MESFETs by MBE

Ga 0.47 In 0.53 As MESFETs have been fabricated on InP substrates. The low barrier height of Ga 0.47 In 0.53 As (0.20 eV) which makes simple GaInAs MESFETs at this composition impractical, has been overcome by using thin Al 0.48 In 0.52 As layers between gate metal and GaInAs active layers. Al 0.48 In 0.52 As has also been exploited in the form of buffer layers. The double heterostructure FET wafers with single crystal Al gate metal were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The 2.75 µm gate length MESFETs showed d.c. transconductance g m = 57 mS mm-1in spite of nonoptimized dimensions.
Burns, eminescu, and whitman: Romantic nationalism or xenophobia?

(1993). Burns, eminescu, and whitman: Romantic nationalism or xenophobia? History of European Ideas: Vol. 16, No. 1-3, pp. 351-357.
Probing the evolution of senescence in Drosophila melanogaster with P-element tagging.

Natural populations host a wealth of genetic variation in longevity and age-specific schedules of reproduction. This variation provides critical information for inferring the evolutionary origin of senescence. Patterns of mutational effects on age-specific fecundity and survival provide additional insight to distinguish alternative models of senescence. In this study,P-elements bearing thewhite minigene were inserted at random into a common genetic background, generating lines ofD. melanogaster with single, stable transposon inserts. A series of 48 single-P-element lines revealed statistically significant heterogeneity in both longevity and fecundity. Longevity and early fecundity were only weakly positively correlated (r=0.286,P=0.0398). Both the pooled sample and 30 of the individual lines exhibited a leveling of age-specific mortality at advanced ages, in opposition to the classical demographic models. To the extent that these mutational effects are representative of naturally-occurring mutations in heterogeneous populations, this result presents a problem for the evolutionary theory of senescence. Natural selection is inefficient at removing deleterious mutations that are expressed only at late ages, and selection may not differentiate between mutations whose effects on longevity are post-reproductive. A leveling of the mortality rate would also be seen if mutations whose expression is delayed until very late simply do not occur. A simulation of mutation-selection balance among the 48P-element tagged lines shows that the mean longevity declines monotonically with increasing mutation rate, consistent with the mutation-accumulation model.
Historypin and Pinterest for Digital Collections: Measuring the Impact of Image-Based Social Tools on Discovery and Access

ABSTRACT For the past several years, the adoption of social media platforms has increased significantly as academic libraries have emphasized the importance of finding new ways to promote collections and services. Recently, many libraries have embraced Historypin and Pinterest because of their specific focus on images. This article examines the impact of these platforms on digital libraries and explains how each affects the discovery and access of digital collections.
A microfluidic biosensor based on nucleic acid sequence recognition

The development of a generic semi-disposable microfluidic biosensor for the highly sensitive detection of pathogens via their nucleic acid sequences is presented in this paper. Disposable microchannels with defined areas for capture and detection of target pathogen RNA sequence were created in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and mounted onto a reusable polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) stand. Two different DNA probes complementary to unique sequences on the target pathogen RNA serve as the biorecognition elements. For signal generation and amplification, one probe is coupled to dye encapsulated liposomes while the second probe is coupled to superparamagnetic beads for target immobilization. The probes hybridize to target RNA and the liposome–target-bead complex is subsequently captured on a magnet. The amount of liposomes captured correlates directly to the concentration of target sequence and is quantified using a fluorescence microscope. Dengue fever virus serotype 3 sequences and probes were used as a model analyte system to test the sensor. Probe binding and target capture conditions were optimized for sensitivity resulting in a detection limit of as little as 10 amol μL−1 (10 pmol L−1) . Future biosensors will be designed to incorporate a mixer and substitute the fluorescence detection with an electrochemical detection technique to provide a truly portable microbiosensor system.
Multilayered Josephson transmission line based photon counting detector with ultra-high temporal and high spatial resolution

A superconducting Josephson transmission line (JTL) fabricated with multilayered tunnel junctions with thin (∼100 A) superconducting layers may be used as an ionizing radiation detector. The suppression of the superconducting energy gap in the layers of such a JTL, due to the local deposition of energy by incident radiation, will initiate the propagation of one or more fluxons in the device. These fluxons represent digital information in the form processable by single flux quantum (SFQ) superconducting digital circuitry. Designs for JTL based detectors with temporal resolutions on the order of picoseconds and spatial resolution on the order of microns, along with numerical simulation results, are presented.
Lattice QCD at finite density

I discuss various aspects of finite-density QCD on the lattice. At the heart of the paper lies a discussion of the similarity of simulations in the quenched approximation and those of a certain eight-flavor theory with the fermionic determinant taken into account. The results of some numerical simulations on small lattices are presented. Also, I comment on various methods that aim at properly including the phase of the determinant, in the case the latter is non-positive-definite or complex.
Positioning error compensation for machining center by support vector regression

To improve the positioning accuracy of a certain type of bridge gantry machining center, a positioning error compensation method based on support vector regression (SVR) is presented. After analyzing the influence of training data sets distribution, and pointing out that SVR may have a substandard performance when the training data are distributed sparsely at neighborhood of outliers or distributed in a small range, a training data sets constructing criterion is proposed. SVR is employed in position error compensation of a bridge gantry machining center to establish the model of the positioning error, actual positioning error compensation effects shows that the positioning accuracy and compensation operating efficiency are improved effectively.
Selection of cell lines in tissue culture by the use of cytotoxic antisera.

THE cytotoxic action of antisera against nucleoproteins isolated from HeLa, H.Ep. No. 1 and MCN cells has been previously reported from this laboratory1,2. Of particular significance was the observation that only cell lines exhibiting epithelial-like morphology (Ep. L) were destroyed by the HeLa and H.Ep. No. 1 antisera, while cells with fibroblast-like morphology (Fb. L) were affected only by the MCN antisera. Consistently, cultures of susceptible cells were completely destroyed by a 1 : 50 dilution of cytotoxic antisera in the presence of guinea pig complement. During the course of these investigations, an established strain of human amnion cells was encountered the behaviour of which toward HeLa and MCN antisera was different from that of cell lines previously examined. A fraction of the cell population was resistant to the MCN antiserum and a fraction was resistant to the HeLa antiserum, even when the antisera were employed at 1 : 4 dilution. It is the purpose of this communication to report the selection of two cell lines from the human amnion strain. These two sublines can be distinguished on the basis of their morphological characteristics, their capacity to support virus multiplication, and their sensitivity to the HeLa and MCN antisera.
Pareto-optimal deductibles in property-liability insurance: The case of homeowner insurance in Sweden

Abstract The Pareto-optimal sharing of risks in insurance has been treated formally by Borch (1960), Arrow (1971, 1974), and Raviv (1979). In Raviv's analysis, which is the most general, the role of a positive deductible is to economize on the administration costs of insurance. The intuition is that if the price of insurance covers both expected damages recovered plus the expected administrative costs of processing claims, consumers will be unwilling to purchase insurance against small losses where claim-processing costs exceed the value of the risk reduction generated by the insurance. The deductible regulates the division of risk-bearing between the insurer and insured so that the insurer's obligations are restricted to large losses. 1
Student Evaluation of Faculty: View from the Court

Though a controversial history of research on the reliability and validity of student evaluation of faculty (SEF) exists, it has not been typically viewed as an infringement on academic freedom, promotion, reappointment, and tenure rights. As a consequence, legal aspects of SEF are neither readily apparent, nor available. Unlike academic freedom, tenure, and other issues, which exist as legal categories, SEF as a category is virtually absent in legal compendia on higher education law. The question of its judicial standing is important to any suggestion of abridging faculty rights. In this second of four articles, legal rulings are categorized and abstracted verbatim from cases where SEF is integral to the denial of academic freedom, tenure, promotion and reappointment are reviewed and provide and provide an initial resource of legal ruling on SEF. Seventy-eight findings are summarized from the abstracted textual material.
Beyond Newton and Leibniz

We point out the restrictive character of the calculus. With the use of high speed computers, generalizations of the calculus can be studied. Such generalizations are natural and open up a realm of new possibilities. As an example, we study a soliton system in three space-time dimensions.
739-3 Utility of Standby CPS for Elective Coronary Intervention

At Scripps Clinic, elective PTCA is performed without formal surgical “backup.” Instead, a policy of “standby cardiopulmonary support (CPS)” and “next available operating room” is used for all patients. Standby CPS is defined as a perfusionist physically present at and dedicated to the catheterization laboratory with immediate access, to the CPS apparatus. Standby CPS is required for all patients undergoing elective coronary intervention. Between January 1989 and June 1994 we performed a total of 2,850 elective coronary intervention procedures. Eleven patients required initiation of emergency CPS. The mean ejection fraction of this group was 50%. Causes of patient decompensation included no reflow (28%), abrupt closure (28%). refractory pulmonary edema (18%), LM dissection (18%), and target vessel perforation (9%). All patients required endotracheal intubation and CPR prior to CPS insertion. Two patients who sustained LM dissection and one patient with an LAD perforation were sustained on CPS for ±60 minutes until an operating room became available. The other 8 (73%) patients went on to complete their coronary interventional procedure while on CPS. A total of 15 lesions in 8 patients were treated; 4 patients required bailout stents. All 8 patients who completed their interventional procedures were weaned from CPS in the cardiac cath lab. CPS cannulas were removed under direct vessel visualization in 64%. One patient sustained a femoral artery laceration warranting surgical repair and one developed a femoral artery pseudoaneurysm. All patients required blood transfusions secondary to groin bleeding. Two patients (18%) died following CABG surgery and the remaining 9 patients sustained non-Q-wave myocardial infarctions. Conclusion Standby CPS can decrease mortality in patients who sustain cardiovascular collapse during elective coronary intervention and should not be limited solely to patients with poor ventricular function or high-risk anatomy.