cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laterally patterned bandstructure and surface-normalanisotropy in micromachined (001) InGaAs multiplequantum wells

We demonstrate that micromachining lattice-matched InGaAs quantum wells grown with harriers under tensile strain produces laterally patterned modifications to the semiconductor bandstructure and a large surface-normal optical anisotropy. The technique enables novel applications ranging from polarization modulators to quasi-phase matching to new piezoelectric materials.
Determination of the absolute configuration at C-20 and C-24 of ergosterol in Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Samples of ergosterol isolated fromSaccharomyces cerevisiae, Neurospora crassa, andAgaricus sp., and commercial ergosterol all displayed identical proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectra at 220 MHz. From the effects produced on the doublet for C-21 by epimerization at C-20 and C-24 in sterols of known configuration, the absolute configurations at these positions in ergosterol were determined. The data demonstrate that ergosterol from both Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes is the same and that at C-20 and C-24, the two H-atoms are on the α-side of the asymmetric carbon atoms and that C-22 istrans-oriented with respect to C-13 about the 17(20)-bond.
Dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, testosterone: Comparative effectiveness in masculinizing and defeminizing reproductive systems in male and female rats

Abstract Four experiments were carried out to determine the relative masculinizing and defeminizing effects of dihydrotestosterone (D), androstenedione (A), and testosterone (T). (1) Female rats were administered 0–800 μg of D, A, or T shortly after birth and examined for persistent estrus, anovulatory sterility, and feminine sexual behavior in adulthood. A and T induced sterility in a dose dependent fashion while D had no effect. None of these steroids, even in the highest doses used, inhibited the animals' potential to show lordosis. (2) Females administered D, A, or T in infancy were treated with testosterone propionate (TP) in adulthood. Neonatal androgenization was found to enhance the growth response of the phallus but not differentially. (3) Adult, sexually experienced male rats were castrated. When sexual behavior had disappeared, they were administered either androstenedione or testosterone until complete mating behavior had returned. Both A and T induced complete mating and at the same dose levels. (4) Adult male rats were castrated and administered oil or D, A, or T. All three steroids partially ameliorated the regressive effects of castration upon the weight of seminal vesicles and prostate. It was concluded that D, A, and T all possess androgenic properties but that these steroids are differentially effective in different response systems.
Immune modulating peptides for the treatment and suppression of multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease in which the immune system recognizes proteins of the myelin sheath as antigenic, thus initiating an inflammatory reaction in the central nervous system. This leads to demyelination of the axons, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and lesion formation. Current therapies for the treatment of MS are generally non-specific and weaken the global immune system, thus making the individual susceptible to opportunistic infections. Antigenic peptides and their derivatives are becoming more prevalent for investigation as therapeutic agents for MS because they possess immune-specific characteristics. In addition, other peptides that target vital components of the inflammatory immune response have also been developed. Therefore, the objectives of this review are to (a) summarize the immunological basis for the development of MS, (b) discuss specific and non-specific peptides tested in EAE and in humans, and (c) briefly address some problems and potential solutions with these novel therapies.
Apigenin 4′-O-β-d-glucoside 7-O-β-d)- glucuronide: The copigment in the blue pigment of Centaurea cyanus

Abstract The copigment present in the crystalline blue pigment isolated from Blue Boy cornflowers (Centaurea cyanus L.) was identified as apigenin 4′- O -β-glucoside 7- O -β- d -glucuronide. The NMR spectra of aryl glucuronides are discussed.
INTERSPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO COMPETITION AND PREDATION IN A SPECIES-PAIR OF LARVAL AMPHIBIANS

Fundamental issues in the study of predator-prey interactions include addressing how prey coexist with their predators and, moreover, whether predators promote coexistence among competing prey. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments with a freshwater assemblage consisting of two predators that differed in their foraging modes (a crayfish, Procambarus sp., and the western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis) and their prospective anuran prey (tadpoles of the narrow-mouthed toad, Gastrophryne carolinensis, and the squirrel treefrog, Hyla squirella). We examined whether competition occurs within and between these two prey species and, if so, whether the non-lethal presence of predators alters the outcome of competitive interactions. We also asked whether the two species of prey differ in their susceptibility to the two types of predators and whether interspecific differences in predator avoidance behavior might account for this variation. Our results indicated that Gastrophryne was a stronger competitor ...
Body Mass Index and Outcomes from Pancreatic Resection: a Review and Meta-analysis

There are 1.6 billion adults worldwide who are overweight, with body mass indices (BMI) between 25 and 30, while more than 400 million are obese (BMI >30). Obesity predicts the incidence of and poor outcomes from pancreatic cancer. Obesity has also been linked to surgical complications in pancreatectomy, including increased length of hospital stay, surgical infections, blood loss, and decreased survival. However, BMI’s impact on many complications following pancreatectomy remains controversial. We performed a MEDLINE search of all combinations of “BMI” with “pancreatectomy,” “pancreatoduodenectomy,” or “pancreaticoduodenectomy.” From included studies, we created pooled and weighted estimates for quantitative and qualitative outcomes. We used the PRISMA criteria to ensure this project’s validity. Our primary cohort included 2,736 patients with BMI 25, and 546 with BMI between 25 and 30. Most outcomes showed no definitive differences across BMIs. Pancreatic fistula (PF) rates ranged from 4.7% to 31.0%, and four studies found multivariate association between BMI and PF (range odds ratio 1.6–4.2). Pooled analyses of PF by BMI showed significant association (p < 0.05). BMI increases the operative complexity of pancreatectomy. However, with aggressive peri- and post-operative care, increases in BMI-associated morbidity and mortality may be mitigated.
Nonlinear second cost cumulant control using Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation and neural network approximation

Cost cumulant control is an optimal control method applied to the stochastic systems. Unlike the deterministic systems, the cost function in a stochastic system is a random variable. We use statistical control to optimize the distribution of the cost function via cost cumulants. We analyze the first and second cost cumulant optimization problems for nonlinear stochastic systems. The Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations are derived with respect to each cumulant minimization case. Then a neural network approximation method is used to numerically solve the HJB equations, which in turn is used to find the optimal controller. Two examples including a nonlinear system and a linearized satellite attitude control system are presented. The first and second cumulant optimal controllers are found. Then the performance of the optimal controllers for the first and the second cumulants are compared through the examples.
Constitutive modeling of Radiation effects on the Permanent Set in a silicone elastomer

When a networked polymeric composite under high stress is subjected to irradiation, the resulting chemical changes like chain scissioning and cross-link formation can lead to permanent set and altered elastic modulus. Using a commercial silicone elastomer as a specific example we show that a simple 2-stage Tobolsky model in conjunction with Fricker's stress-transfer function can quantitatively reproduce all experimental data as a function of radiation dosage and the static strain at which radiation is turned on, including permanent set, stress-strain response, and net cross-linking density.
Association of therapeutic radiation with golgi complex hypertrophy in human urinary bladder carcinomas: quantitative electron microscopy studies.

The volume (Vv) and surface area (surface density; Sv) of the Golgi complex were measured by electron microscopy stereologic techniques in 17 patients with urinary bladder transitional cell carcinomas. Seven patients were irradiated prior to surgical removal, 4 had recurrent carcinomas that arose from previously irradiated bladder urothelium, and the remaining 6 patients had bladder carcinoma but no prior history of therapeutic irradiation. There were significant differences in the Vv and Sv of Golgi complexes per unit of cytoplasmic volume in carcinomas from irradiated and nonirradiated patients (p < 0.01). In carcinomas obtained from irradiated urinary bladders, the Vv was 3.45 ± 0.24% (mean ± SE). In contrast, the Vv was 0.98 ± 0.15% for tumors in the nonirradiated group. Sv values were 1.51 ± 0.09 μm2/μm3 in carcinomas from irradiated bladders, and in the nonirradiated group, the mean Sv was 0.76 ± 0.07 μm2/μm3. These results support the hypothesis that therapeutic irradiation to the urinary bladder i...
Monovalent Salt-Induced Gelation of Enzymatically Deesterified Pectin

Pectin gels were induced by monovalent salts (0.2 M) concurrently with deesterification of high methoxy pectin using a salt-independent orange pectin methylesterase (PME). Constant pH was maintained during deesterification and gelation. If salt or PME was absent, the pectin did not form a gel. The gel strength was influenced by both pH and species of monovalent cation. At pH 5.0, the pectin gel induced by KCl was significantly stronger than the NaCl-induced gel. In contrast, a much stronger gel was produced in the presence of NaCl as compared to KCl at pH 7.0. LiCl did not induce pectin gelation at either pH. Molecular weights of pectins increased from 1.38 x 10(5) to 2.26 x 10(5) during NaCl-induced gelation at pH 7. One proposal to explain these pectin molecular weight changes is a hypothetical PME transacylation mechanism. However, these pectin molecular weight changes can also be explained by metastable aggregation of the enzymatically deesterified low methoxy pectin. We postulate that gelation was induced by a slow deesterification of pectin under conditions that would normally salt out (precipitate) low methoxy pectin in the absence of PME.
Maternal resources, proximity of services, and curative care of boys and girls in Minya, Egypt 1995-97.

Despite declines in the risk of dying among children in Egypt, girls’ excess mortality in early childhood persists. Using data from a representative sample of children in Minya, Egypt, I assess whether maternal resources, marital household structure, and proximity of services influence disparities by sex in curative care. The results show that boys visit any source of care marginally more often than girls. Among children who receive care, boys more often receive private care. Higher maternal education has no effect on the relative odds of private care, whereas maternal residence with marital relatives reduces the odds that girls receive private care. Having a public clinic in the neighbourhood, at which private services may be offered, increases girls’ odds of receiving private care. Higher and more equitable levels of care-seeking at public and private services of higher quality may reduce differences in the survival of boys and girls in a highly sex-stratified setting.
Seizure disorder is in the differential diagnosis of panic disorder.

Received September 22, 1999; revised December 1, 1999; accepted February 4, 2000. From the University of Minnesota, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Address reprint requests to Dr. Daly, University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, F256/2B West, 2450 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55454-1495. Copyright 2000 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. Differentiating between complex partial seizure disorder and psychiatric illness is challenging in psychiatric practice. Although seizure disorder occurs in 0.5%– 2% of the general population, the incidence of seizure disorder in psychiatric inpatients across all diagnoses is 1.0%– 4.0%. Distinguishing the symptoms of seizure disorder from those of psychiatric illness may be difficult because of the occasional similarity in presentation for these conditions. Clinicians rely on the patient’s presenting diagnosis when treating psychiatric disorders and often assume that psychiatric symptoms such as panic or anxiety result from psychiatric disorders. Neurologic referral is highly dependent on a psychiatrist’s ability to detect subtle signs and symptoms of a neurologic disorder. The case of Mr. A. provides an example of a psychiatric patient who required such consultation in order for his presenting symptoms to be adequately explained and treated. The purpose of this case report is to highlight the role of neurologic pathology in the presenting problems of some psychiatric cases.
The Central Density of Neutron Stars in Close Binaries

Recent numerical simulations of coalescing binary neutron stars conducted by Wilson, Mathews and Marronetti (WMM) show a rising central energy density of the stars as the orbital separation shrinks, i.e. the stars are individually crushed as they near coalescence. They claim this ``star-crushing'' effect is partially due to a non-linear, first post-Newtonian order enhancement of the self-gravity of each star caused by the presence of the other star. We present a concrete calculation which shows, within general relativity, first post-Newtonian order interactions with the other star leave the central energy density unchanged as the orbital radius shrinks. The results presented here are in sharp disagreement with the WMM claim. However, alternative gravitational theories, such as Brans-Dicke theory, can exhibit a small crushing effect in the binary constituents as they near coalescence. We show that the absence of the star-crushing effect at first post-Newtonian order is related to adherence to the strong equivalence principle.
Cooling of vapors using collisionally aided radiative excitation

Abstract Collisionally aided radiative excitation (CARE) is proposed as a mechanism for cooling an atomic vapor. With a CW laser power of 1.0 W/cm 2 and the resonant dipole-dipole interaction providing the collision mechanism, we estimate that temperature gradients of tens of degrees per cm can be achieved at vapor densities of order 10 16 atoms/cm 3 .
The paralleling extension-cone technique in intraoral dental radiography

Abstract 1. Dental radiography is keeping stride with the other advances in modern dentistry. 2. Modern dental radiographic equipment encourages the adoption of advanced techniques. 3. Paralleling of the object and film is essential to avoid dimensional distortion and eliminate anatomic shadows which interfere with correct interpretation. 4. The increased object-film distance produced by paralleing demands an increase in the anode-film distance to minimize enlargement and adumbration. 5. Variable kilovoltage and milliamperage controls make possible the production of films possessing the desired contrast and density. 6. Such films are superior to those produced by the older techniques.
Evidence of dimensional crossover of the spin-glass transition in thin CuMn multilayers.

We have used high-quality ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{92}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{8}$/${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ multilayers to investigate the shift in temperature and the change in scaling behavior of the spin-glass transition as a function of the layer thickness. In the thinnest CuMn layers (60 and 88 \AA{}), the spin-glass exponents determined from the nonlinear susceptibility shift to new values, distinctly different from those for the bulk. These exponents are consistent with numerical studies of 2D spin-glass systems, suggesting that a 3D to 2D crossover occurs.
The Use of Plastic Media in a Movable Bed Model to Study Sedimentary Processes in Rivers

The use of plastic media was evaluated for modelling sedimentary processes in rivers using a movable bed model (MBM). From gradations within the range of 0.17–2 mm, the size of the thermoset plastic media was colour coded in order to better visualise complex flow processes. Equations developed by Engelund-Hansen and Schoklitsch were used to predict sediment transport and establish the type of bed channel typified by the media. Similitude and scaling principles were used in order to evaluate the applicability of the equations, the media, and the overall use of the movable bed model. Based on the physical properties of the media and data collected during simulations, the results suggest that the thermoset plastic media can be used to model coarse sand and gravel in MBM.
Posterior probabilistic clustering using NMF

We introduce the posterior probabilistic clustering (PPC), which provides a rigorous posterior probability interpretation for Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) and removes the uncertainty in clustering assignment. Furthermore, PPC is closely related to probabilistic latent semantic indexing (PLSI).
Landscape‐scale eco‐evolutionary dynamics: Selection by seed predators and fire determine a major reproductive strategy

Recent work in model systems has demonstrated significant effects of rapid evolutionary change on ecological processes (eco-evolutionary dynamics). Fewer studies have addressed whether eco-evolutionary dynamics structure natural ecosystems. We investigated variation in the frequency of serotiny in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), a widespread species in which postfire seedling density and ecosystem structure are largely determined by serotiny. Serotiny, the retention of mature seeds in cones in a canopy seed bank, is thought to be an adaptation for stand-replacing fire, but less attention has been paid to the potential selective effects of seed predation on serotiny. We hypothesized that spatial variation in percentage serotiny in lodgepole pine forests results from an eco-evolutionary dynamic where the local level of serotiny depends on the relative strengths of conflicting directional selection from fire (favoring serotiny) and seed predation (favoring cones that open at maturity). We measured percentage serotiny, the abundance of American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus; the primary pre-dispersal seed predator of lodgepole pine), and several measures of forest structure in Yellowstone National Park, USA. Fire frequency strongly predicted the frequency of serotiny, a pattern that is well-supported in the literature. At sites with high fire frequency (return intervals of -135-185 years) where fire favors increased serotiny, squirrel abundance was negatively associated with serotiny, suggesting that selection from predation can overwhelm selection from fire when squirrels are abundant. At sites with low fire frequency (return intervals of -280-310 years), serotiny was nearly universally uncommon (< 10%). Finally, forest structure strongly predicted squirrel density independently of serotiny, and serotiny provided no additional explanatory power, suggesting that the correlation is caused by selection against serotiny exerted by squirrels, rather than squirrels responding to variation in percentage serotiny.
Corrugation studies for p ( 2 × 2 ) and c ( 2 × 2 ) phases of oxygen on Ni(001) and Cu(001)

Chemisorption of oxygen on Ni(001) shows $p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) patterns at low exposures changing to $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ at higher exposures. A recent quantum-mechanical cluster calculation and a lattice-dynamical calculation have suggested different vertical heights for the two phases of oxygen. Another ab initio cluster calculation and extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure data indicate a single vertical height, in agreement with earlier LEED studies. More recent LEED calculations, however, do not rule out a closer distance for the $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ phase. A He-diffraction study has just been completed for the $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) \mathrm{and} p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ phases. We compare our calculated corrugation with these data and conclude that in both phases oxygen is at a vertical distance of about 0.9 \AA{}. We predict similar results for oxygen on Cu(001).
The role of interoccupational relations in regional economic development

Abstract This article explores the interface between regional economic development, demographic change and occupational mobility. The importance of the regional work force to both operational and developmental issues in regional economic development is discussed, A pair of mathematical models are introduced which use Markov and Leontief-like models of job vacancy transfer to represent the regional work force as a set of interrelated occupations among which job opportunities flow. Each model deals with the formation, interoccupational transfer and absorption of job opportunities. The patterns of linkage forged by rates of interoccupational vacancy transfer are considered. Three archetypal patterns of occupational interaction are identified and related to dimensions of labor market performance. Tendencies toward or away from each of these three patterns influence the quality of work force participation in economic development through interoccupational job mobility. Implications of the work force connection for the design of regional economic development policy are discussed.
Sympathetic adrenergic blockade effects upon operantly conditioned blood pressure elevations in baboons.

Sympathetic adrenergic nervous activity during operantly conditioned hypertension was evaluated by assessing the effects of specific alpha-(phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine) and beta- (propranolol) adrenergic blockers in baboons reinforced for increasing diastolic pressure in daily, 12-h sessions. In the first 10 min of control (no blockade) sessions, mean heart rate increased 24 bpm (21%) above the value for the 10 min immediately prior to the beginning of the sessions; systolic pressure increased 27 mm Hg (22%) and diastolic pressure increased 24 mm Hg (31%). Betablockade eliminated the tachycardia but did not attenuate the increased blood pressure. Alpha-blockade did not attenuate the increased blood pressure significantly either. Combined alpha- and beta-blockade did significantly attenuate the increase in diastolic pressure, but consistent, significant increases in systolic pressure (17 mm Hg, 17%) and diastolic pressure (16 mm Hg, 26%) still occurred. The results support the participation of the sympathetic adrenergic nervous system in producing operantly conditioned blood pressure changes, but the results are also consistent with the additional participation of nonadrenergic factors in operantly conditioned hypertension.
Growing GaN by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy

The III–V compounds GaN and AlN have a variety of interesting properties that would prove useful in new applications. This article describes work aimed at the successful epitaxial growth of GaN on silicon substrates and details some of the novel applications that could be the result of such work.
Extreme queen-worker dimorphism inRopalidia ignobilis, a small-colony wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Ropalidia ignobilis dwells in small colonies of 100 or fewer contemporaneous adults, founded by one or a few females. Variation in size is continuous when a number of colonies are combined, yet each colony produces females in two discrete morphological castes. Nest architecture shows that workers abruptly switch from producing small to large larvae. Large females apparently fulfill the role of the dominant reproductive, but small females are not obligatorily sterile. Castes differ in size, allometric relationships between body parts, number of hamuli per mm. wing length, and coloration in a fashion consistent with what is known for more advanced dimorphic species of social wasps. This dimorphism, rare in Polistinae and previously unknown in small-colony, independent-founding species, challenges our understanding of the evolution of advanced insect sociality.
Characterization of calciphorin by laser-excited europium luminescence

There is some question whether the calcium binding characteristics of calciphorin are due to contaminating phospholipids. To differentiate protein ion binding by phospholipids or contaminating detergent, we describe here the use of Eu(III) as a metal-binding-site probe, and characterize the interaction of Eu(III) with calciphorin, cardiolipin, deoxycholate, and digitonin. The luminescence excitation pattern of Eu(III) bound to the calciphorin preparation clearly differentiates it from Eu(III) interactions with the possible contaminants. In addition, the effect of the luminescence decay constant of Eu(III) bound to calciphorin on the mole fraction of H2O in a mixture of H2O/2H2O indicates that all except approximately 0.8 of the 9 to 10 water molecules coordinating Eu(III) in solution are stripped off upon binding to calciphorin. This also contrasts with the data for the possible contaminants.
A possible relativistic contribution to the singlet-triplet separation in methylene

Abstract The work of Desclaux et al. indicates that the Fock-Dirac relativistic correction to the s2p3-sp3 energy separation in carbon is of the same order of magnitude as the difference between experimental and theoretical estimates of the singlet-triplet separation in CH2.
Cohesive fracture of plane orthotropic layers

Abstract Crack-like cohesive defect propagation within a plane orthotropic linear elastic layer is considered by assuming that the defect, and its growth under load, can be modeled as the evolving separation along a straight, predetermined nonlinear, nonuniform Needleman-type cohesive interface. The analysis exploits a general form of orthotropy rescaling originally developed for the displacement boundary value problem by Krenk (1979) . It is shown that when the material is degenerate orthotropic (i.e., ρ = 1, ρ is the orthotropic shear parameter) rescaling enables the determination of solutions from isotropic ones and, when the material is fully orthotropic, rescaling allows for solutions to be obtained from problems with the simpler cubic symmetry. (These are well known attributes of linear static sharp crack analysis, which depend on an alternative form of rescaling the traction boundary value problem ( Suo, 1990 , Suo et al., 1991 ).) The procedure is demonstrated by obtaining degenerate orthotropic response from isotropic solutions recently obtained by the authors in an investigation of both solitary as well as multiple cohesive defect interaction problems in layered systems under arbitrary loading ( Nguyen and Levy, 2009 , Nguyen and Levy, 2011 ). In order to obtain fully orthotropic solutions via rescaling, a novel integral equation formulation is developed based on exact infinitesimal strain elasticity solutions for rectangular domains composed of cubically symmetric media and subject to arbitrary loading. Explicit results are obtained for the simple edge notch bend configuration, chosen so as to shed light on the mechanisms of defect propagation in orthotropic layers. It is demonstrated that increasing the orthotropic stiffness ratio can precipitate a quasi-brittle defect growth response. Furthermore, it is well known that in a number of technically important problem geometries and loadings, static sharp crack solutions are only weakly dependent on shear parameter ρ enabling the estimation of fully orthotropic behavior from isotropic solutions ( Suo et al, 1991 ). This result is shown to be true for nonlinear cohesive fracture analysis of the edge notch bend configuration analyzed in this study.
Your Money or Your Life: Strong Medicine for America's Health Care System

David M. Cutler. (2004). Your Money or Your Life: Strong Medicine for America's Health Care System.
Electrochemical Biosensors and Microfluidics in Organic System-on-Package Technology

A nanobioelectronic system-on-package (SOP) with integrated electrochemical sensors, microfluidic channels and microneedles was demonstrated with organic compatible processes. A novel amperometric glucose sensor based on carbon nanotubes/glassy carbon working electrodes and glucose oxidase enzyme encapsulated in a sol-gel derived zirconia/nafion matrix was developed to demonstrate the biosensing. The sol-gel chemistry provides an attractive way to immobilize the sensitive biomolecules on the electrode at low temperatures. The amperometric measurements were carried out with a three-electrode system. SU8 epoxy based thick microfluidic channels were built over the electrode layer and then the enzyme was immobilized, followed by sealing of the channel with a PDMS membrane using a low temperature bonding process (60degC). The enzyme-catalyst reaction was recorded as the release of electrons from the oxidation of glucose into gluconolactone, hydrogen peroxide and subsequently into water. The results indicate that the response time is within few seconds. The current varied from 1 muA to 2.5 muA as the glucose concentration was increased from 5 mM to 20 mM. Finally, a compatible microneedle technology is demonstrated to enable transdermal fluid injection into the device for real-time health monitoring. Nanobio SOP with recent advances in nanobiosensing, nanomedicine, low-cost polymer-based high-density packaging, mixed-signal electronics can lead to the portable, reliable and cost effective biomedical devices of the future.
Generalization and maintenance of skills acquired in non-speech language initiation program training

Abstract Thirty-one non-verbal children who had completed training on the Non-Speech Language Initiation Program designed by Carrier were pre- and posttested on a generalization test battery involving number matching, color matching, sentence imitation, command-following, receptive and expressive vocabulary, and spontaneous speech in an unstructured setting. Ninety percent of the subjects showed six months of maintenance and generalization which was unrelated to age, sex, or presence of siblings. However, less generalization occureed among institutionalized subjects who were more severely retarded and more organically handicapped than children who resided in the community. These differences were most apparent on subtests involving production of speech.
Conditions that Support Long‐Term Production of Osteoclast Progenitors In Vitro

To better understand the mechanisms of osteoclast precursor development from hematopoietic stem cells, we examined the conditions that support the production of osteoclast progenitors, osteoclast colony-forming units (CFU-O), from long-term bone marrow cultures established under myeloid (Dexter's) and lymphoid (Whitlock and Witte's) conditions. Nonadherent cells harvested weekly from myeloid or lymphoid long-term cultures were assayed for CFU-O-derived colony formation in agar in the presence of a murine osteoclast colony-stimulating factor. The myeloid system supported CFU-O production for weeks, but the system produced many other types of myeloid colonies and cells as well, and quantification of CFU-O-derived colonies was difficult. The lymphoid long-term culture system also produced CFU-O; however, CFU-O production in the lymphoid system appeared more selective than in the myeloid system, but was transient. Interestingly, the addition of medium containing G-CSF to these cultures greatly enhanced (>200%) the CFU-O production. This enhanced CFU-O production was confirmed using bone marrow cultures established on a defined marrow stromal cell line under lymphoid conditions and supplemented with recombinant murine G-CSF. Thus, G-CSF facilitates the development of clonogenic osteoclast progenitors from hematopoietic stem cells in lymphoid long-term culture conditions. This culture system may serve as a useful model for ex vivo generation of osteoclast progenitors.
Opacity of discrete event systems and its applications

In this paper, we investigate opacity of discrete event systems. We define two types of opacities: strong opacity and weak opacity. Given a general observation mapping, a language is strongly opaque if all strings in the language are confused with some strings in another language and it is weakly opaque if some strings in the language are confused with some strings in another language. We show that security and privacy of computer systems and communication protocols can be investigated in terms of opacity. In particular, two important properties in security and privacy, namely anonymity and secrecy, can be studied as special cases of opacity. We also show that by properly specifying the languages and the observation mapping, three important properties of discrete event systems, namely observability, diagnosability, and detectability, can all be reformulated as opacity. Thus, opacity has a wide range of applications. Also in this paper we provide algorithms for checking strong opacity and weak opacity for systems described by regular languages and having a generalized projection as the observation mapping.
Long-term particulate matter modeling for health effect studies in California – Part 1: Model performance on temporal and spatial variations

Abstract. For the first time, a ~ decadal (9 years from 2000 to 2008) air quality model simulation with 4 km horizontal resolution over populated regions and daily time resolution has been conducted for California to provide air quality data for health effect studies. Model predictions are compared to measurements to evaluate the accuracy of the simulation with an emphasis on spatial and temporal variations that could be used in epidemiology studies. Better model performance is found at longer averaging times, suggesting that model results with averaging times ≥ 1 month should be the first to be considered in epidemiological studies. The UCD/CIT model predicts spatial and temporal variations in the concentrations of O3, PM2.5, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), nitrate, and ammonium that meet standard modeling performance criteria when compared to monthly-averaged measurements. Predicted sulfate concentrations do not meet target performance metrics due to missing sulfur sources in the emissions. Predicted seasonal and annual variations of PM2.5, EC, OC, nitrate, and ammonium have mean fractional biases that meet the model performance criteria in 95, 100, 71, 73, and 92% of the simulated months, respectively. The base data set provides an improvement for predicted population exposure to PM concentrations in California compared to exposures estimated by central site monitors operated 1 day out of every 3 days at a few urban locations. Uncertainties in the model predictions arise from several issues. Incomplete understanding of secondary organic aerosol formation mechanisms leads to OC bias in the model results in summertime but does not affect OC predictions in winter when concentrations are typically highest. The CO and NO (species dominated by mobile emissions) results reveal temporal and spatial uncertainties associated with the mobile emissions generated by the EMFAC 2007 model. The WRF model tends to overpredict wind speed during stagnation events, leading to underpredictions of high PM concentrations, usually in winter months. The WRF model also generally underpredicts relative humidity, resulting in less particulate nitrate formation, especially during winter months. These limitations must be recognized when using data in health studies. All model results included in the current manuscript can be downloaded free of charge at http://faculty.engineering.ucdavis.edu/kleeman/ .
Regulation of transcription by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.

Abstract cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA; ATP: protein phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.37) appears to be the major mediator of cAMP responses in mammalian cells. We have investigated the role of PKA subunits in the regulation of specific genes in response to cAMP by cotransfection of wild-type or mutant subunits of PKA together with cAMP-inducible reporter genes. Overexpression of catalytic subunit induced expression from three cAMP-regulated promoters (alpha-subunit, c-fos, E1A) in the absence of elevated levels of cAMP but did not affect expression from two unregulated promoters (Rous sarcoma virus, simian virus 40). Cotransfection of a regulatory subunit gene containing mutations in both cAMP binding sites strongly repressed both basal and induced expression from the cAMP-responsive alpha-subunit promoter without affecting expression from the Rous sarcoma virus promoter. These experiments indicate that cAMP induces gene expression through phosphorylation by the catalytic subunit and that the ambient degree of phosphorylation dictates the level of basal as well as induced expression of the cAMP-regulated alpha-subunit gene.
Subcooled pool film boiling heat transfer from small horizontal cylinders at near-critical pressures

Abstract Experimental results for subcooled pool film boiling on small horizontal cylinders at near-critical pressures are presented. Experiments were performed with CO2 was the test liquid and platinum wires (25.4, 76.2 and 100 μm diameter, D) as the test heaters. The pressure (P), liquid subcooling (ΔTsub) and bulk liquid temperature (Tb) were varied parametrically. For the range of parameters investigated, the heat transfer coefficient (h) was found to be proportional to D−0.5. Because the dependence of h on D varies, a criterion has been developed to predict a priori what this dependence would be any given situation. Subcooled pool film boiling heat transfer coefficient data have been correlated. The correlation developed predicts almost all the experimental data from the current study to within ±10%. The strength of the new correlation is that it is applicable to a much wider range of experimental conditions (including level of gravity) and fluids as demonstrated by the fact that it predicts all of the data reported in the literature to within ±20%. Visual observations during experiments showed that the transitions in film boiling patterns are a function of the dimensionless cylinder diameter.
IQs of Puerto Rican head start children on the Vane Kindergarten Test

Abstract This study evaluated the use of the Vane Kindergarten Test with Puerto Rican children in New York City. S s were 225 Puerto Rican youngsters between 4 1 2 and 6 years of age enrolled in Head Start Centers in the boroughs of the Bronx and Manhattan. Comparisons between Vane's standardization sample and the Puerto Rican group yielded no significant differences in full scale scores. On the Vocabulary subtest, Puerto Rican subjects earned lower mean scores; on the non-verbal subtests, they scored higher than the normative group. A question is raised regarding inclusion in normative test data of subgroup samples of Puerto Rican subjects tested with English language material.
An Exploration of Subgroups of Mild Cognitive Impairment Based On Cognitive, Neuropsychiatric and Functional Features: Analysis of Data From the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center

Objectives To empirically expand the existing subtypes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) by incorporating information on neuropsychiatric and functional features, and to assess whether cerebrovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are associated with any of these subgroups. Design Latent class analysis using 1,655 patients with MCI. Setting Participants in the Uniform Data Set (UDS) from 29 National Institutes of Health–supported Alzheimer's Disease Centers. Participants Patients with a consensus diagnosis of MCI from each center and with a Mini-Mental State Examination score of 22 or greater. Measurements UDS cognitive battery, Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire, and Functional Assessment Questionnaire administered at initial visit. Results Seven empirically based subgroups of MCI were identified: 1) minimally impaired (relative frequency, 12%); 2) amnestic only (16%); 3) amnestic with functional and neuropsychiatric features (16%); 4) amnestic multidomain (12%); 5) amnestic multidomain with functional and neuropsychiatric features (12%); 6) functional and neuropsychiatric features (15%); and 7) executive function and language impairments (18%). Two of these subgroups with functional and neuropsychiatric features were at least 3.8 times more likely than the minimally impaired subgroup to have a Rosen-Hachinski score of 4 or greater, an indicator of probable CVD. Conclusions Findings suggest that there are several distinct phenotypes of MCI characterized by prominent cognitive features, prominent functional features, and neuropsychiatric features or a combination of all three. Subgroups with functional and neuropsychiatric features are significantly more likely to have CVD, which suggests that there may be distinct differences in disease etiology from the other phenotypes.
Electron spin resonance in glassy carbon

Abstract The ESR was investigated for a series of samples of glassy carbon heat-treated to various temperatures in the range 1000–3000°C using a Q and X band spectrometers. For the solid material, the width first increases slightly, then goes through a minimum at around 1400°C and increases greatly above HTT 2600°C. For a ground material, a large broadening in the transition range (~1300°C) is observed. The intensity for all samples passes through a minimum at HTT 1200°C and increases to a strong maximum at around HTT 1550°C after which it decays to a value 0·5 × 10 19 spin/g. The influence of neutron irradiation and of subsequent anneal are also reported. The irradiated material shows a large broadening in the transition range (~ 1300°C) similar to the broadening observed for irradiated soft carbons. Temperature dependence measurements of the ESR signal were carried out for nonirradiated and for irradiated samples, in order to determine the contribution of the localized spin and of the conduction carriers to the total intensity.
Determination of activity coefficients of neutral species in supercritical H2O solutions

Abstract Based on a standard state of unit activity of the solute in a hypothetical one molal solution where activity coefficients are taken as unity at infinite dilution at all pressures and temperatures, the activity coefficients of neutral species generally increase with increasing ionic strength at 25°C. However, activity coefficients of polar species begin to decrease with increasing ionic strength as temperature increases in supercritical aqueous solutions. The increased stability of polar neutral ion pairs helps explain the increase in the solubility of silicate minerals in supercritical aqueous solutions as electrolyte concentrations increase. This is demonstrated for measurements of talc plus quartz solubility in supercritical aqueous NaCl solutions. Increased ion association to form new species in supercritical solutions beyond the formation of neutral ion pairs is, apparently, not important for understanding mineral solubilities in most crustal aqueous solutions.
Vehicle charging stations with solar canopy: A realistic case study within a smart grid environment

This paper presents a case study of a charging stations with solar canopy within a smart grid environment. The charging stations and solar canopy are installed in the main campus of Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) as part of its “Perfect Power Initiative”. This paper presents the configuration of the charging station and the solar canopy followed by the description of the technical solution for data acquisition, communication and display. The collected data from the installed charging stations and solar canopy, which can be utilized as reference for economic assessment, return of investment analysis, or other related researches, are presented. The optimal operation of charging stations within smart grid environment considering the real time electricity price and the Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capacity is simulated and studied. Simulation results show that the charging stations with V2G capacity have the capability of both providing economic benefit and increasing the reliability of the smart grid system.
Identification of potential ovomucoid mRNA precursors in chick oviduct nuclei

Denaturing gel electrophoresis of chick oviduct nuclear RNA reveals multiple species of RNA that are 1.5–5 times larger than ovomucoid mRNA. By analogy with ovalbumin RNA processing, these data suggest that ovomucoid mRNA is derived from a primary transcript that contains intervening sequences.
Vibrational effects in proton and charge transfer in the H+2 + Ar system

Abstract Reaction and charge transfer of H + 2 + Ar to give ArH + and Ar + have been investigated as a function of H + 2 vibrational quantum state and kinetic energy ( E c.m.), using photoionization and guided beam ion optics. Resonance effects are important in charge transfer; proton and charge transfer are closely coupled for E c.m. 3 eV.
Versatile Logic System for Use in Nuclear Experiments on Scientific Satellites

An improved fast low-power-drain logic system has been developed for use in nuclear experiments on scientific satellites. The basic unit of the system is an AND-NAND gate which has a response in the 10 nanosecond range, a power drain of 2.0 milliwatts and operates over the temperature range of -40°C to +80°C. In addition to providing the AND-NAND logic functions, one or more of the basic units may be connected to yield the following: a. monostable pulse generator, b. pulse generator yielding an output pulse at the leading edge of the input pulse, c. Delay, d. Threshold Detector, and e. Bistable Circuit. The system requires relatively simple circuitry for interfacing at its outputs and inputs.
Olanzapine/Fluoxetine combination in children and adolescents with bipolar I depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of olanzapine/fluoxetine combination (OFC) for the acute treatment of bipolar depression in children and adolescents. Method Patients 10 to 17 years of age with bipolar I disorder (BP-I), depressed episode, baseline Children's Depression Rating Scale–Revised (CDRS-R) total score ≥40, Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) total score ≤15, and YMRS-item 1 ≤2 were randomized to OFC (6/25–12/50 mg/day olanzapine/fluoxetine; n = 170) or placebo (n = 85) for up to 8 weeks of double-blind treatment. The primary efficacy measure was mean change in CDRS-R using mixed-model repeated-measures methodology. Results Baseline-to-week-8 least-squares mean change in CDRS-R total score was greater for OFC-treated patients than for placebo-treated patients (−28.4 versus −23.4, p = .003; effect size = .46), with between-group differences statistically significant at week 1 ( p = .02) and all subsequent visits (all p p Conclusion In this study, OFC was superior to placebo, and has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the acute treatment of bipolar I depression in patients 10 to 17 years of age. Benefits should be weighed against the risk of adverse events, particularly weight gain and hyperlipidemia. Clinical trial registration information —A Study for Assessing Treatment of Patients Ages 10-17 with Bipolar Depression; http://clinicaltrials.gov; NCT00844857.