cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intraductal papillary carcinoma of common bile duct diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration.

A 60-year-old black man with jaundice, pruritus, and weight loss was referred for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) evaluation, which showed dilation of the common bile duct to 16 mm proximally resulting from obstruction by a hyperechoic, frondy, mobile mass (Fig. 1) within the intrapancreatic portion of the common bile duct (Video 1). The pancreatic parenchyma was unremarkable and the pancreatic duct was of normal caliber. Cytologic examination after fine-needle aspiration using a 25G needle revealed highly atypical epithelial cells consistent with adenocarcinoma (Fig. 2a). The patient subsequently underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and spyglass cholangioscopy (Fig. 3), which confirmed the polypoidal mass lesion with papillary projections, without visible mucus but showed irregular surrounding bile duct mucosa (Video 1). A 10-Fr, 9-cm-long plastic stent was inserted for bile duct drainage and the patient subsequently underwent Whipple pancreaticoduodenectomy with negative lymph nodes. The surgical pathology specimen demonstrated a dilated common bile duct (1 cm diameter) containing a brown-tan papillary lesion measuring 2.4×1.2×0.4 cm. Histologically, the lesion was supported by a fibrovascular core with numerous papillae (Fig. 2b) lined by cytologically malignant glandular epithelial cells; malignant cells also involved the mucosa adjacent to the papillary lesion (Fig. 2 c, d). There was no invasion into the underlying stroma. Fig. 1 Linear-array echoendoscopic image of the hyperechoic, frondy lesion in the distal bile duct causing obstruction. Fig. 2 Pathology. a Intraprocedural fine-needle aspiration cytology revealed a highly cellular sample composed of malignant epithelial cells, some with intracytoplasmic vacuoles containing mucin. A diagnosis of adenocarcinoma was rendered (Diff-Quik stain, ×400). ... Fig. 3 Spyglass cholangioscopic image of the lesion. Note also the irregular surrounding bile duct mucosa. Extrahepatic intraductal papillary carcinoma is a rare entity that constitutes approximately 10% of resected cholangiocarcinomas [1]. Typically these lesions are polypoidal, can arise from anywhere in the bile duct, cause cystic dilation, and present with obstructive symptoms [2]. They also appear to be clinically distinct from intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms [3], and the prognosis for these lesions is better than the prognosis for de novo cholangiocarcinoma. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice. This is the first reported case of EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration aiding the diagnosis, and also highlights the difficulty in distinguishing in situ from invasive carcinoma on cytology. Endoscopy_UCTN_Code_CCL_1AZ_2AZ
Induction of transforming growth factor alpha in irradiated mouse jejunum

Abstract Purpose: To determine the involvement of the mitogenic growth factors transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and the EGF receptor (EGF-R) in the proliferative response after irradiation of the mouse jejunum. Methods and Materials: C3Hf/Kam mice were whole-body irradiated with 5 and 11 Gy 250 kV X rays. Mice were killed 1–10 days after irradiation, and immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization (ISH), and RNase protection assays were performed. Results: Damage to the jejunal crypts caused by irradiation resulted in a strong proliferative response 1–5 days after 5 Gy and 3–6 days after 11 Gy. Expression of TGFα, EGF, and EGF-R increased at 1–2 days and decreased at 4–8 days after 5- or 11-Gy irradiation. Also, TGFα mRNA increased during the early phase of the proliferative response (1–2 days after 5 or 11 Gy) followed by a decrease at 4 days after 5 Gy and 8 days after 11 Gy. Conclusion: These data indicate that, at the beginning of the proliferative response after irradiation, the transcription of TGFα mRNA is increased, and that it is inhibited just before compensatory proliferation decreases. Thus, active regulation of TGFα expression takes place at least at the transcriptional level, resulting in upregulation of TGFα production and increased TGFα levels in the crypts during the proliferative response.
R & D funding in 1981

Although it is widely accepted that federal budgets will be cut during the next year, it is apparent now that R & D support will remain strong for FY 1981. The National Science Foundation's overall budget has been increased by 8% for FY 1981. NASA R & D has gained 7% on its budget. The Department of Commerce R & D budget has been increased by 6%. The huge increases are among the military and defense agencies, some amounting to as much as 37% (Air Force), with an average DOD R & D increase of 19%. The table lists the increases by agency.
The crustal evolution of the Arabo-Nubian Massif with special reference to the Sinai Peninsula

Abstract The Arabo-Nubian Massif extends over most of NE Africa and Arabia, an area of ∼ 3 × 10 6 km 2 . Studies of the last 20 y have revealed similar evolutionary trends in Saudi Arabia, the Eastern Desert of Egypt, the Sinai Peninsula, and the southern Negev. Until almost the very end of the Precambrian, the area of the present massif was not part of the African craton; its history, starting only ∼ 1000 Ma ago, can be divided into four phases which can be recognized in most, if not all, parts of the Arabo-Nubian Shield. Phase I is characterized by the emplacement of oceanic tholeiites, mainly pillow basalts, and their plutonic equivalents. These rocks overlie ophiolite sequences which are tectonically transported and often strongly disrupted. Phase II (∼ 950–650 Ma ago) is dominated by andesitic volcanism and (quartz-)dioritic intrusions with an island are chemistry. The widely held interpretation of colliding intra-oceanic plates is difficult to reconcile with the non-linear arrangement of the magmatics, the predominance of low facies (greenschist), and the absence of high-pressure (blueschist) metamorphism. During the batholithic Phase III (∼ 640–590 Ma ago), the massif is cratonized. Magmatism is at its maximum, magmas are calc-alkaline and silica-rich, the initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio, which during the earlier phases did not exceed 0.7030, increases up to 0.7090; the young sialic crust starts participating in magma generation. Granitic plutons are not arranged in belts, but are spread haphazardly over the entire massif. The phase ends with a strong uplift; Arabo-Nubia joins the African craton. The alkaline Phase IV (∼ 590–550 Ma ago) produces (per-)alkaline high-level granites and rhyolites (Katharina Province); it affects the entire Arabo-Nubian Shield, but also all of North and Saharan Africa. Spread out over an area of more than 15 × 10 6 km 2 , it is possibly the largest igneous province known.
What Are the Factors Associated With Acetabular Correction in Perthes-like Hip Deformities?

Background Perthes-like hip deformities encompass variable proximal femoral abnormalities and associated acetabular dysplasia that can be reconstructed with contemporary hip preservation procedures. Nevertheless, the necessity and indications for surgical correction of associated acetabular dysplasia have not been established.
Siblings of Children with Mental Retardation: Family Characteristics and Adjustment

Siblings of children with mental retardation may be at greater risk for adjustment problems because of family stress related to the needs of the child with mental retardation. Family dimensions were investigated to determine their relationship to sibling adjustment. Adjustment of 12 siblings of children with mental retardation was examined in relationship to family dimensions. These relationships were compared to those for children from families without a disabled child. For both groups, self concept was positively associated with family cohesion, and social competence was positively associated with family promotion of independence. For only the siblings of the mentally retarded children, family conflict was inversely related to social competence, and family organization was positively related to sibling self concept. Our results suggest that family conflict and disorganization appear to have a more negative effect in families with a child with mental retardation.
Using Quantum Games To Teach Quantum Mechanics, Part 1

The learning of quantum mechanics is contingent upon an understanding of the physical significance of the mathematics that one must perform. Concepts such as normalization, superposition, interference, probability amplitude, and entanglement can prove challenging for the beginning student. Several class activities that use a nonclassical version of tic-tac-toe are described to introduce several topics in an undergraduate quantum mechanics course. Quantum tic-tac-toe (QTTT) is a quantum analogue of classical tic-tac-toe (CTTT) and can be used to demonstrate the use of superposition in movement, qualitative (and later quantitative) displays of entanglement, and state collapse due to observation. QTTT can be used to aid student understanding in several other topics with the aid of proper discussion.
Radio frequency interference removal in a VHF/UHF deramp SAR

This paper summarizes the results of an ARPA/Army sponsored program to develop innovative approaches for reducing the effects of multiple source of radio frequency interference (RFI) on synthetic aperture radars (SARs) operating in the frequency range of 100 MHz to 1000 MHz. Since the SAR signal can be modeled as wide band noise, the approach taken to achieve the objective was to model the RFI as a collection of tones within the desired SAR signal bandwidth. RFI suppression consisted of detecting the presence of and estimating the number of these tones, estimating their amplitude, phase, and frequency, and finally reconstructing the RFI and coherently subracting it from the original corrupted signal. Central to our approach was the use of a parametric maximum likelihood (PML) algorithm for the estimation of the parameters of the RFI tones. Although most of our effort was devoted to the evaluation of the performance obtainable from the PML algorithm, a variation of band-stop filtering, which is referred to as the Notch or Adaptive Mask algorithm, was also studied. Since the focus of this program was the development of algorithms for the ultra-wideband (UWB) P-3 SAR, which is a deramp SAR, a means of applying the PML algorithm to deramped RFI was also necessary. This paper will thus briefly describe the PML algorithm and how it can be applied to a deramp SAR, and it will then discuss the preformance of both RFI suppression algorithms and their computational complexity. As a result of this one year effort, two RFI algorithms have been developed that automatically remove 90 to 95 percent of the RFI that could have corrupted a SAR image.
Social movements, law and the politics of land reform: lessons from Brazil

It is not easy to say something new about Brazil's Movement of Landless Rural Workers, or MST, which has by now been the subject of hundreds of scholarly books, articles, dissertations and theses. ...
Topological fidelity in surface reconstruction

In surface reconstruction a mathematical description is created from sampled data points. While the displayed image may appear to be correct, there remains the analytical question as to whether it can be proven that the stored surface model and the original artifact have the same topology. Previous approaches to investigate all possible topological configurations were cumbersome and offered little insight as to how those topological configurations were generated. An alternative algorithm is offered, where the mathematics of the algorithm does offer insight into the structure of these configurations.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The place of wisdom in teaching

Abstract The primary purpose of this article is to focus the dialogue on the place of wisdom in teaching within three contexts: (1) the realm of knowledge deemed essential to good teaching; (2) the realm of imagination, specifically in creativity, possibility, and play; and, (3) the realm of moral action, particularly as revealed in responsibility and an ethic of care. It is proposed that a postformal stage of reasoning is associated with expert teaching, and that consistent with the intricate details of wisdom and postformal reasoning described here, expert teaching is democratic, dialogic, and ecologically valid. The discussion culminates in thinking of expert teaching with metaphors of symphonies and jazz.
PIKE GTPase-mediated nuclear signalings promote cell survival

The nuclear GTPase PIKE (PI 3-kinase Enhancer) binds PI 3-kinase and enhances it lipid kinase activity. PIKE predominantly distributes in the brain, and nerve growth factor stimulation triggers PIKE activation by provoking nuclear translocation of PLC-gamma1, which acts as a physiologic guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for PIKE through its SH3 domain. PIKE contains GTPase and ArfGAP domains, which are separated by a PH domain. C-terminal ArfGAP domain activates its internal GTPase activity, and this process is regulated by the interaction between phosphatidylinositols and PH domain. PI 3-kinase occurs in the nuclei of a broad range of cell types, and various stimuli elicit its nuclear translocation. The nuclei from NGF-treated PC12 cells are resistant to DNA fragmentation initiated by activated cell-free apoptosome, for which PIKE/nuclear PI 3-kinase signaling through nuclear PI(3,4,5)P(3) and Akt plays an essential role. As a nuclear receptor for PI(3,4,5)P(3,) B23 binds to PI(3,4,5)P(3) in an NGF-dependent way. The PI(3,4,5)P(3)/B23 complex inhibits DNA fragmentation activity of CAD. Nuclear Akt regulation of apoptosis is dependent on its phosphorylation of key substrates in the nucleus, but the identities of these substrates are unknown. Identification of its nuclear substrates will further our understanding of the physiological roles of nuclear PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling.
Characterization of nondeletion α-thalassemia mutations in the Greek population

alpha-Thalassemia is usually due to deletions within the alpha-globin gene cluster, leading to loss of function of one (-alpha) or both [-(alpha) or --] alpha-globin genes. Nondeletion mutations (denoted alpha alpha T or alpha T alpha) are less frequent and in Greece are not well defined. We report the analysis of 16 nondeletion alpha-thalassemia chromosomes using a polymerase chain reaction method to amplify specifically the alpha 2-globin gene, which was subsequently screened using ASO hybridization or restriction enzyme analysis for four mutations already characterized in other Mediterranean and Middle Eastern populations. Of the 16 nondeletion chromosomes, nine had the polyadenylation signal mutation (alpha PolyA alpha), two the IVSI 5' pentanucleotide deletion (alpha Hph alpha), two the Hb Icaria mutation (alpha Ic alpha), and one the initiation codon mutation (alpha Nco alpha). In two, the defects are still undefined. These findings show that nondeletion alpha-thalassemia in Greece is heterogeneous and that the most frequent mutation (accounting for > 50%) is the polyadenylation signal mutation, which to date was most commonly found in the Saudi Arabian population.
Citizens' Contacts with Bureaucratic and Legislative Officials

This paper draws on both the bureaucratic and congressional literature to develop and test a model linking bureaucratic dissatisfaction with citizen- initiated contact with members of Congress. It ...
Chemistry of metals in anaerobically treated sludges

Abstract Most of the ocean-dumped sewage sludge found in the New York Bight is anaerobically digested sludge. The sludge contains various amounts of metals that could be harmful to the environment, depending on their chemical associations in the sludge. The use of a sequential extraction technique revealed that organic matter and sulfides are the most important carriers of metals in the anaerobically treated sludges. More than 85% of Cu, Pb and Zn, and more than 60% of Cd and Cr were found in this phase. The acid-reducible phase was important only for Fe (26–40%), the adsorbed phase was below detection for most of the metals examined, and the dissolved metal phase was only significant for Cd ranging from 3 to 25% of total Cd. The fate of the metals contained in the sludges examined primarily depends on the physicochemical alterations of the oxidizable phase, which is the major carrier of the metals.
Managing information through expert systems

Abstract The availability of accurate and timely information is critical to the productivity of any organization. Due to the wide variety of hardware and software used in an organization, field transfer from one computer to another poses a serious bottleneck in information processing. This paper describes an expert system developed to determine if file transfer is possible between two computers and, if so, to identify the steps required to accomplish this objective.
Effects of steroids on behavior, electrophysiology, water content and intracranial pressure in cerebral cytotoxic edema ☆

The effect of therapy with methylprednisolone sodium succinate (5.33 mg/kg/day) and dexamethasone sodium phosphate (1 mg/kg/day) on grey matter of rabbits rendered edematous by a metabolic blocker, 6-aminonicotinamide, is presented. Methylprednisolone was observed to significantly reduce the water content of the grey matter (p less than 0.001), whereas dexamethasone had little effect. Both agents, however, were equally effective in reducing intracranial pressure (p less than 0.001) and improving intracranial elastance, when compared to untreated animals. However, in the dexamethasone-treated group, there was improved behavior and EEG findings in 50% of the animals when compared to the untreated controls, and similar improvement was present in less than 15% of the methylprednisolone group. The disparity between the effects on water content, behavior and EEG supports the thesis that in cerebral edema these agents have a metabolic effect out of proportion to their effect on tissue water.
Does the road get lonelier? Aging in a coloured community in South Africa

Abstract The Social Environmental Theory of Aging, developed by Jay Gubrium, postulates the utilization of activity resources in the personal, social or fiduciary domain. These resources are developed during the active years and exchanged as age increases. Success in aging depends on making favorable exchanges and maintaining independence. Aged Coloureds in Grahamstown utilize their social networks and support groups to avoid loneliness. While they are still ambulatory they visit neighbors and friends or participate in the old age club, the Antics. However, in a compressed economy with double digit inflation they have one secure item for exchange, i.e., their pensions. This provides their basic needs and assures the support of their family. Their primary security is in the social environment and is guaranteed by their fiduciary role.
Mineral base-cation deposition in Asia

Abstract Efforts are being made to model the role of base-cation deposition due to wind-blown dust particles from arid and semi-arid regions in Central and Eastern Asia. In this paper, we estimate base-cation deposition in Asia on a one-degree spatial resolution in the region from Pakistan to Japan, and from Indonesia to Russia resulting from emissions from arid and semi-arid regions in China and Mongolia. Fluxes of base-cation rich soils into the atmosphere are estimated based on meteorological and land use information. The long-range transport and deposition of these particles are modeled using a multi-layer long-range transport model. Atmospheric concentrations and deposition fluxes (both wet and dry) of base-cation rich soils are estimated on a monthly basis for the springtime, when dust storms are most active. The calculated fluxes are compared to observations and are also used in estimations of acidic “Critical Loads” for Asia.
The Dublin Trial of Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring: The Final Word?

ABSTRACT: Although superior to the five other randomized controlled trials of electronic fetal monitoring, the Dublin Trial cannot be considered the last word. Use of paper speed at 1 cm per minute makes it impossible to detect beat-to-beat variability, which is vital to correct interpretation of a tracing. Nevertheless, there were half as many neonatal seizures in the electronically monitored group than in the auscultated group. Neither the criteria for abnormal FHR tracings nor the frequency and duration of auscultation is translatable to obstetric practice in North America.
A Text Understanding Interface for Physical System Modeling and Simulation

This paper describes a method for using text description as a natural interface to construct models of mechanical systems. The goal is to convert the natural text description from the user to a system of equations that can be used to model and simulate the system. The algorithm of this process consists of three main stages: 1-Component Extraction, 2-Interaction detection and 3-Attribute detection. The description is first parsed to identify and instantiate components. The text is then scanned again to analyze the action verbs to identify component attributes and to detect connections between the components. Finally, numerical values and initial conditions are associated with the attributes. System equations are generated by detecting loops in the device description. The knowledge is gradually built up through progressive scanning and analysis of text. The paper describes the algorithms, presents a detailed example and identifies current assumptions and restrictions.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Posteromedial annuloplasty for acquired mitral insufficiency: Methods and results***

Summary o 1. A developmental experience with posteromedial annuloplasty in 39 patients is presented. This group comprises all patients operated upon for acquired mitral insufficiency since the institution of open operation for this lesion in 1956. Preoperatively, 21 patients were in functional classification III and 18 were in functional classification IV, with progression of disability despite good medical management. Presently only patients in Class III and IV status are offered surgery. 2. The operative mortality was 10.5 per cent in 19 patients with pure mitral insufficiency, 38 per cent in eight patients with combined mitral insufficiency and stenosis, and 67 per cent in 12 patients with mitral insufficiency, with or without stenosis, combined with aortic insufficiency. Because of the high risk and lack of significant improvement in most survivors in the two latter groups, patients with predominant mitral regurgitation and associated aortic insufficiency and/or mitral valve calcification by x-ray are not considered satisfactory candidates for posteromedial annuloplasty. 3. Improvements in pump-oxygenator equipment, increased knowledge regarding total cardiopulmonary bypass, increasing familiarity with and improvements of operative and ancillary techniques, plus an improved selection of patients, having occurred during the building of this series. Consequently, whereas the over-all mortality was 33 per cent, the last 10 consecutive cases, constituting one year's experience, have been performed without a death. 4. Among 18 survivors who were reevaluated 3 to 41 months postoperatively, 16 had functional improvement substantiated by clinical observations. Hemodynamic studies further document the improvement in 9 patients. Significant regurgitation has been recognized in only two patients after an apparently satisfactory annuloplasty. 5. Posteromedial mitral annuloplasty is a valuable palliative procedure for selected patients. Furthermore, its benefits have persisted as long as this group of patients has been followed.
Evaporative heat transfer, pressure drop and critical heat flux in a small vertical tube with R-113

Abstract The local heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, and critical heat flux have been measured for saturated boiling of R-113 in a round tube with an internal diameter of 0.31 cm, and heated lengths of 12.3 and 24.6 cm. The experiments include vertical, co-current upflow and downflow configurations. A correlation for the local heat transfer coefficient is presented which expresses the Nusselt number as a function of the liquid Reynolds number and boiling number. Pressure drop data for frictional, spatial acceleration and 180° bend losses were successfully correlated by employing slight modifications to commonly accepted two-phase techniques reported in the literature. A new critical heat flux (CHF) correlation, applicable to low reduced pressure conditions, is developed which predicts the vapor quality at dryout in terms of mass velocity, inlet subcooling and heated length. The CHF correlation is accurate to within 5% over the range of conditions covered in the experiment.
Self‐ and Proxy Reports Across Three Populations: Older Adults, Persons With Alzheimer’s Disease, and Persons With Intellectual Disabilities

Self-reports are often used to determine general well-being in both research studies and practice settings. Proxy reports are also used to gain insight into the well-being of persons with physical ill-heath, cognitive impairments, or disabilities. The author reviews the utility and limitations of using self- and proxy reports across three populations: older adults, persons with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and persons with intellectual disabilities (ID). For differing reasons, the use of self- and proxy reports often results in inaccuracies. Among older adults, the level of subjectivity in questions, type of relationship, and levels of carer burden may influence the outcomes, while increasing severity of dementia and decreased deficit awareness may affect data from persons with AD, and question formats, acquiescence, and level of intellectual development may affect data from persons with ID. However, generally, proxy reports can be useful in determining aspects of well-being in people with ID, in people with AD, and in the general older population, as long as researchers keep in mind that factors that can enhance (e.g., experiences/abilities that are more objectively assessed, and attention to question format) or diminish (e.g., experiences/abilities that are more subjectively assessed, severity of dementia, and level of ID) the quality of information obtained. With respect to the use of these techniques with people with ID, the author concludes that careful attention to survey items, especially response format and wording, can greatly enhance self-report completion and proxy concordance.
A probabilistic framework for joint segmentation and tracking

Most tracking algorithms implicitly apply a coarse segmentation of each target object using a simple mask such as a rectangle or an ellipse. Although convenient, such coarse segmentation results in several problems in tracking — drift, switching of targets, poor target localization, to name a few — since it inherently includes extra non-target pixels if the mask is larger than the target or excludes some portion of target pixels if the mask is smaller than the target. In this paper, we propose a novel probabilistic framework for jointly solving segmentation and tracking. Starting from a joint Gaussian distribution over all the pixels, candidate target locations are evaluated by first computing a pixel-level segmentation and then explicitly including this segmentation in the probability model. The segmentation is also used to incrementally update the probability model based on a modified probabilistic principal component analysis (PPCA). Our experimental results show that the proposed method of explicitly considering pixellevel segmentation as a part of solving the tracking problem significantly improves the robustness and performance of tracking compared to other state-of-the-art trackers, particularly for tracking multiple overlapping targets.
Simulation of heavy ion induced desorption of biomolecules from surfaces using the popcorn model

Abstract Trajectory calculations have been performed to study the validity of the recently proposed popcorn model of Williams and Sundqvist [Phys. Rev. Letters 58 (1987) 1031] for the heavy ion induced desorption of biomolecules from surfaces. The adsorbed biomolecule is assumed to be vibrationally excited by the flux of low energy secondary electrons created by the passage of the primary ion through the solid. The post-excitation vibrational motions of the peptide units in the biomolecule are followed with classical trajectories using a one-dimensional chain containing 40 coupled anharmonic oscillators as a model for the biomolecule desorption system. The expansion of the biomolecule due to the excitation of the anharmonic bonds leads to desorption in a fashion analogous to an exploding kernel of popcorn. This popcorn mechanism is found to lead to a factor of three enhancement of the desorption probability over a model of the biomolecule which contains only harmonic internal bonds.
Cross-Reactions of Cattle Lymphocytotoxic Sera with HL-A and Other Human Antigens1

Cattle alloimmune sera produced against whole blood and isolated leucocytes were cytotoxic to human lymphocytes. After absorption with human erythrocytes, some antisera exhibited differential cytotoxicity on human lymphocytes. In addition, normal sera from parous cows also exhibited differential human lymphocytotoxicity, whereas those from heifers and bulls did not, indicating that antibodies were probably produced by foetal-maternal alloimmunization as in multi-parous women. Most of the activity of the cattle sera on human cells was associated with the HL–A system, though family studies indicated the possible existence of some non HL–A activity. The majority of the cattle serum reactions seemed to correspond to broadly cross-reacting HL–A activities, associated especially with 4a and 4b. Some sera, however, showed considerable specificity. The results emphasize the possibility that nonprimate mammalian species might be useful for the production of HL–A and also perhaps non-HL–A human lymphocytotoxic typing reagents.
The Predominance of the Environment over Genes in Cancer Causation: Implications for Genetic Epidemiology

It has generally been accepted that most cancers result from the combined effects of environmental factors and inherited susceptibilities and that only few cancers are “solely” of genetic origin ([1][1], [2][2]). Yet, the current strategies for identifying genetic risk factors for common cancers
Low use of breast conservation surgery in medically indigent populations.

Abstract Background: Breast conservation surgery (BCS) with radiation is an acceptable treatment for early-stage breast cancer. Methods: Data were obtained from hospital cancer registries on women surgically treated for Stage 0 to II breast cancer from 1993 to 1997. Data on 1,747 patients were analyzed for surgical treatment, hospital type (private versus public), disease stage, and ethnic origin. Results: In this study, 34% of women received BCS. Women treated in private hospitals received BCS more often than women treated in public hospitals. Women with stage II disease received BCS less often than women with earlier stage disease. Hospital type (public versus private) and disease stage were strong, independent predictors for use of BCS. When hospital type and disease stage were statistically controlled, no treatment differences across ethnic groups were identified. Conclusions: Use of BCS in this study was low compared with National Cancer Database statistics. Women treated in publicly funded hospitals and those with stage II disease were significantly less likely to receive BCS.
Methylamine, an inhibitor of ammonium oxidation and chemoautotrophic growth in the marine nitrifying bacteriumNitrosococcus oceanus

Methylamine (CH3NH 3 + ) appeared to utilize the same transport mechanism as ammonium (NH 4 + ) to enter cells ofNitrosococcus oceanus. Methylamine uptake did not show clear evidence of saturable kinetics and was not fully saturated at 20 mM. Assimilated CH3NH 3 + was not incorporated into macromolecular constituents, but inhibited rates of nitrification, chemoautotrophic CO2 fixation and growth. The degree of inhibition was dependent on the relative concentrations of NH 4 + and CH3NH 3 + . Rates of CO2 fixation and growth were inhibited four times more than the rate of nitrification.
Non-native fishes and native species diversity in freshwater fish assemblages across the United States

The proliferation of non-native species in North American freshwater ecosystems is considered a primary threat to the integrity of native community structure. However, a general understanding of consistent and predictable impacts of non-native species on native freshwater diversity is limited, in part, because of a lack of broad-scale studies including data from numerous localities across multiple drainages. This study uses data from 751 localities collected during the United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program to examine the influence of non-native fish species on native freshwater fish assemblages across the United States. In general, no significant differences in native fish richness and diversity measures were detected between sites with only native species and sites containing non-native species. However, at sites with non-native species, the number of non-native species present was negatively correlated with native species richness and Shannon diversity and positively correlated with native evenness. Non-native piscivores were negatively correlated with native species richness and Shannon diversity and positively correlated with native evenness. Native piscivores were positively correlated with native richness and diversity and negatively correlated with native evenness at sites with only native species. Our results suggest that from a superficial perspective, native species richness and diversity are not different among sites with and without non-native species. However, when patterns of native species richness and diversity are examined at sites containing non-native species, correlations between non-native and native species richness and diversity imply the expected negative effect of invasive taxa. Additionally, non-native piscivores appear to have a significant negative effect on native taxa and possibly represent a novel selective force on naive native prey.
Health information technology impact on productivity

Managers work to achieve the greatest output for the least input effort, better balancing all factors of delivery to achieve the most with the smallest resource effort. Documentation of actual health information technology (HIT) cost savings has been elusive. Information technology and linear programming help to control hospital costs without harming service quality or staff morale. This study presents production function results from a study of hospital output during the period 2008-2011. The results suggest that productivity varies widely among the 58 hospitals as a function of staffing patterns, methods of organization, and the degree of reliance on information support systems. Financial incentives help to enhance productivity. Incentive pay for staff based on actual productivity gains is associated with improved productivity. HIT can enhance the marginal value product of nurses and staff, so that they concentrate their workday around patient care activities. The implementation of electronic health records (EHR) was associated with a 1.6 percent improvement in productivity.
Cyclic activity of estrogen sulfotransferase in the gilt uterus.

Minced uteri from gilts in various days of the estrous cycle were incubated for 2 hr with l7β-estradiol-6,7-3H, (∼5 × 10−9M) and Na2 35SO4 (∼ l × 10−4M), and sections of the same uterine horns and the corresponding ovaries were prepared for histological examinations. When the estrogens were extracted from the incubation and separated into unconjugated and sulfated fractions, it was found that sulfation varied with the day of the cycle. At estrus and in the immature animal there was no sulfation of estrogens. Estrogen sulfotransferase activity began to appear at metestrus (day 3) and at diestrus (day 6) rose sharply to a peak level around day 9 (80% of the labeled estrogen sulfated). Although the unconjugated fraction contained predominantly 17β-estradiol, most of the conjugated fraction consisted of estrone sulfate. Incubations carried out for various time intervals revealed a constant rate of sulfation of estrogens, previously formed estrone being the favored substrate. The proportion of the sulfate frac...
Changes over time in the decision to adopt curbside recycling

This study uses observations on California cities to estimate a model of the municipal decision to adopt curbside recycling. The model is estimated separately for two time periods: before and after a state waste-diversion mandate was imposed (that is, early and later adoption). It finds that citizen preferences matter greatly in early adoption decisions, but does not matter at all after the mandate was imposed. Landfill disposal opportunity costs, operating costs, and competitive disposal outlets are not significant in explaining early or later adoption. This study uses county-level data to confirm the results of the municipal-level analysis.
Quem é o sujeito de direito? A construção científica de um conceito jurídico*

O artigo e fruto de pesquisa exploratoria a respeito das praticas cientificas que embasam pesquisas empiricas acerca de comportamentos juridicamente relevantes. A mais conhecida delas e a Analise Economica do Direito, centrada em uma concepcao de sujeito racional, maximizador do proprio bem-estar. Diante de pesquisas empiricas recentes, esta concepcao se tornou alvo de duas correntes alternativas. O Behavioral Law and Economics e fruto de um revisionismo que se baseia em um sujeito limitado por fatores cognitivos. A Analise Biologica do Direito apresenta uma concepcao de sujeito baseada em instintos primitivos, emocoes e fatores evolucionarios. Essas tres praticas cientificas em torno do Direito – originarias da Economia, da Psicologia e da Biologia – sao apresentadas como alternativas para como nos, juristas, podemos pensar o sujeito de direitos e obrigacoes cujo comportamento o Direito deve regular. O debate entre elas se baseia em argumentos metodologicos, centrados na tensao entre a precisao descritiva e a capacidade de previsao das teorias. Entretanto, e possivel que o embate se de em niveis mais complexos e, nesse sentido, esta pesquisa exploratoria indica as bases para uma futura interpretacao critica das nocoes de sujeito apresentadas.
Remodeling of Cell-Cell Junctions in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is a primary myocardial disorder characterized by a high incidence of ventricular arrhythmias often preceding the onset of ventricular remodeling and dysfunction. Approximately 50% of patients diagnosed with AC have one or more mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins, although non-desmosomal genes have also been associated with the disease. Increasing evidence implicates remodeling of intercalated disk proteins reflecting abnormal responses to mechanical load and aberrant cell signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of AC. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding disease mechanisms in AC that have come from studies of human myocardium and experimental models.
Space-time isomorphism problem is intractable (NP-hard)

The problem of whether or not two different mathematical models of space-time describe the same space-time is not trivial. For example, the first spherically symmetric solution—the Schwarzschild metric—describes only part of the process of falling into a black hole, and other metrics were discovered for the same situation that also describe the subsequent events. These metrics turned out to be isomorphic in the sense that some 1-1 correspondence (coordinates transformations) transform one into another. But in the general case to find whether such an isomorphism exists is a difficult computational problem. There are some algorithms for smooth metrics, but the problem is also important for the nonsmooth metrics involving singularities. We prove that in the general case this isomorphism problem is intractable.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF SEROTONIN-SYNTHESIZING CELLS IN THE MOUSE GASTRIC MUCOSA

This study correlates the fine structure of mouse gastric endocrine cells with their ability to synthesize serotonin (5-HT) from 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). Mice were sacrificed 2 hr after the intravenous injection of 5-HTP-3H or 5-HT-3H. Their stomachs were processed for light- and electron microscope radioautography in a manner which retained labeled 5-HT while washing out other labeled substances. Stomachs from additional mice were incubated in vitro with 5-HT-3H and processed similarly. All morphologic types of mouse gastric endocrine cells exhibited a similar facility to incorporate exogenous 5-HTP and to convert it to 5-HT which was bound intracellularly. Differences in densities of silver grains observed over endocrine cells suggested that individual endocrine cells indeed varied in their ability to synthesize and/or to bind 5-HT; such variations, however, were not reflected by differences in fine structure, with the exception that endocrine cells with few granules always contained little newly synthesized 5-HT. The newly synthesized 5-HT was associated with the intracellular granules. The gastric endocrine cells were not labeled by exogenous 5-HT-3H, whereas mast cells were labeled by either 5-HT-3H or 5-HTP-3H administration. The findings of the present study support the position that the gastric endocrine cells represent a single cell type, at least in respect to serotonin metabolism—that the argyrophil or argentaffin reactivity of these cells merely reflects their amine content at a given time.
The Reported Advantage: What Journalists say Chief Executives do to Foster Innovation in their Firms

Journalistic perceptions may be regarded as forums for knowledge creation, and therefore offer a potentially valuable but largely ignored source of research on the management of innovation. Journalistic accounts from Fortune Magazine's annual surveys were thematically analyzed over a ten year period, using ratings of innovativeness on the organizations reported. Three themes were identified as innovation directed executive actions which differentiated the more innovative firms. These CEO actions or strategies were characterized as a dilating of organizational focus, generating elasticity in organizational processes, and concentrating (‘swarming’) resources until innovations were stabilised. These themes cut across sectoral differences in the firms studied.
An Investigation of Poison Pill Securities, Long‐Term Debt, and the Wealth of Shareholders

Poison pill securities can be used to deter takeover activity by making the acquisition cost prohibitive or to increase bargaining power of target firms. Poison pills, which are also known as shareholder rights plans, are typically used in conjunction with other takeover defense mechanisms, such as anti‐takeover charter amendments or dual classes of stock. This study examines the role that debt plays as an anti‐takeover strategy in the presence of poison pills. The results show that, on average, capital markets have little reaction to poison pill announcements. A regression equation, however, shows that announcement period abnormal returns are positively related to leverage ratios. This paper provides empirical evidence that the capital structure of firms plays an important role in the perceived strength of poison pills.
Multisystemic Treatment of High-Risk Juvenile Offenders

A multisystemic treatment program was implemented for eight high-risk juvenile first offenders. Clients had a mean age of 13 years, and included 6 black males, 1 white male, and 1 black female. Research questions were tested in regard to measures of delinquency, family functioning, life skills development, self-esteem, school functioning, delinquent peer group associations, and attitudes toward parenting and child rearing. Treatment included: (1) Case Management; (2) Educational Programs; (3) Family Therapy; (4) Nurturing Program. Results showed significant improvements for adolescents with measures of family relations, life skills, school, delinquency, peers, and for parents in terms of family and parent-child relations.
Cigarette warning label policy alternatives and smoking-related health disparities.

Background Pictorial health warning labels on cigarette packaging have been proposed for the U.S., but their potential influences among populations that suffer tobacco-related health disparities are unknown. Purpose To evaluate pictorial health warning labels, including moderation of their influences by health literacy and race. Methods From July 2011 to January 2012, field experiments were conducted with 981 adult smokers who were randomized to control (i.e., text-only labels, n =207) and experimental conditions (i.e., pictorial labels, n =774). The experimental condition systematically varied health warning label stimuli by health topic and image type. Linear mixed effects (LME) models estimated the influence of health warning label characteristics and participant characteristics on label ratings. Data were analyzed from January 2012 to April 2012. Results Compared to text-only warning labels, pictorial warning labels were rated as more personally relevant (5.7 vs 6.8, p p p Conclusions Pictorial health warning labels with graphic images have the most-pronounced short-term impacts on adult smokers, including smokers from groups that have in the past been hard to reach.
The critical gas saturation in a porous medium in the presence of gravity.

Abstract The critical gas saturation, S gc , denotes the volume fraction of the gas phase at the onset of bulk gas flow during the depressurization of a supersaturated liquid in a porous medium. In the absence of gradients due to viscous or gravity forces, S gc is controlled by nucleation, capillary forces, and the rate of decline of the supersaturation. In this paper we address one important additional effect, that of buoyancy. We use 2-D pore-network simulations, based on invasion percolation in a gradient (IPG), and corresponding scaling relations to obtain the dependence of S gc on the gravity Bond number, B , under conditions of slow growth, namely when mass transfer is sufficiently fast. The critical gas saturation approaches two plateau values at low and high Bond numbers. In the in-between region it scales as a power law of B , which for a 2-D lattice is S gc ∼ B −0.91 .
Software engineering of the micro/mini computer subnet in computer networks

A software design of a micro/mini subnet of a campus computer network is described. Software engineering aspects of this design include: identification of terminal, data management and communications functions which are appropriate for micro/mini implementation; logical and physical placement of micro/mini facilities; central versus autonomous operating system control; number and type of protocol layers. The practicality of distributing the above functions at the micro/mini level in a computer network is assessed.
Analytic theory of additive pulse and Kerr lens mode locking

Analytic theories of additive pulse mode (APM) locking and Kerr lens mode (KLM) locking are developed. They provide a means for comparison of the two methods. In single-cavity configurations, KLM locking and APM locking produce comparable ratios of amplitude to phase modulation. This ratio may be enhanced in KLM at the expense of cavity stability. APM can be used in all-fiber systems. >