cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced modal control of flexible structures via innovations feedthrough

Abstract Active control of large flexible structures in space requires the control of a very large dimensional system with one of substantially lower dimension. Modern modal control (MMC) has been developed previously to deal with this active structure problem ; however, control and observation spillover (as well as modelling error) can seriously degrade the controller performance by causing pole-shifts from the desired closed-loop locations. In this paper, the original MMC is enhanced by the addition of an innovations feedthrough term to the control law and a residual mode aggregation term to the state estimator. Under conditions presented the enhanced MMC can eliminate the observation spillover from critical residual modes ; hence, the spillover-induced pole shifting in these modes can be mitigated without changing the design of the original MMC. As shown, the trade-off is that the number of residual modes that can bo so enhanced is directly related to the number of available sensors
Maleic hydrazide induced changes in the physiology of Salvinia molesta mitch

Abstract Maleic hydrazide (MH) induced physiological changes in fronds of Salvinia molesta Mitch. in different durations of treatment up to 96 h. At 1000 and 5000 ppm, absorption of water, soluble proteins, reducing sugars and amylase activity were reduced; chlorophyll content and both protease and invertase activities were increased.
Centralization/decentralization cycles in computing: market evidence

Abstract Strategies concerning centralized and decentralized commercial computing have been major issues for more than two decades. Using longitudinal sales data consolidated into three major computer categories (mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers), we investigate whether historical market data show evidence of centralization and decentralization. Our finding of cyclic behavior leads us to conclude that computing sales data exhibits broadly cyclic characteristics. We suggest that computing strategies oscillate unevenly between domination of centralization and decentralization, and that commercial computing has already experienced two centralization/decentralization cycles. Currently, computing is nearing the end of the second cycle's decentralization period and is at the threshold of centralization in a third cycle.
A Survey of Innovation through Duplication in the Reduced Genomes of Twelve Parasites

We characterize the prevalence, distribution, divergence, and putative functions of detectable two-copy paralogs and segmental duplications in the Apicomplexa, a phylum of parasitic protists. Apicomplexans are mostly obligate intracellular parasites responsible for human and animal diseases (e.g. malaria and toxoplasmosis). Gene loss is a major force in the phylum. Genomes are small and protein-encoding gene repertoires are reduced. Despite this genomic streamlining, duplications and gene family amplifications are present. The potential for innovation introduced by duplications is of particular interest. We compared genomes of twelve apicomplexans across four lineages and used orthology and genome cartography to map distributions of duplications against genome architectures. Segmental duplications appear limited to five species. Where present, they correspond to regions enriched for multi-copy and species-specific genes, pointing toward roles in adaptation and innovation. We found a phylum-wide association of duplications with dynamic chromosome regions and syntenic breakpoints. Trends in the distribution of duplicated genes indicate that recent, species-specific duplicates are often tandem while most others have been dispersed by genome rearrangements. These trends show a relationship between genome architecture and gene duplication. Functional analysis reveals: proteases, which are vital to a parasitic lifecycle, to be prominent in putative recent duplications; a pair of paralogous genes in Toxoplasma gondii previously shown to produce the rate-limiting step in dopamine synthesis in mammalian cells, a possible link to the modification of host behavior; and phylum-wide differences in expression and subcellular localization, indicative of modes of divergence. We have uncovered trends in multiple modes of duplicate divergence including sequence, intron content, expression, subcellular localization, and functions of putative recent duplicates that highlight the role of duplications in the continuum of forces that have shaped these genomes.
Frequency-domain birefringence measurement of biological binding to magnetic nanoparticles

Optical detection of the frequency-dependent magnetic relaxation signal is used to monitor the binding of biological molecules to magnetic nanoparticles in a ferrofluid. Biological binding reactions cause changes in the magnetic relaxation signal due to an increase in the average hydrodynamic diameter of the nanoparticles. To allow the relaxation signal to be detected in dilute ferrofluids, measurements are made using a balanced photodetector, resulting in a 25 μV/√Hz noise floor, within 50% of the theoretical limit imposed by photon shot noise. Measurements of a ferrofluid composed of magnetite nanoparticles coated with anti-IgG antibodies show that the average hydrodynamic diameter increases from 115.2 to 125.4 nm after reaction with IgG.
Flexible decision support system using dynamic partial reconfiguration technology

Intelligent decision support systems may be required to adapt to changes in their operating environment. FPGA-based hardware accelerators can be used to design embedded systems that are reprogrammable and reconflgurable. Partial reconfiguration allows that some regions of the FPGA be dynamically reconfigured while other tasks are still running in the remainder of the device. A hardware accelerator was developed for a fuzzy automaton-based decision support system in the context of testing eye-hand coordination skills for handicapped children. A Zynq-7000 FPGA platform was used for this research. Matlab simulations and a test bench environment were designed to verify the results of the hardware simulations and implementation.
Consciousness and Existence: Remarks on the Relation between Husserl and Heidegger

In the philosophical dialogue that ensued, within the phenomenological school, upon the appearance of Heidegger’s Sein und Zeit, the crucial issues centred around the opposition between the concepts of “consciousness” and “existence.” One of these issues concerned priority or transcendentality. If in the jargon of the school, the transcendental is the constituting and the mundane is the constituted — and in this both the Husserlians and the Heideggerians seemed to agree — what divided the school was the question: is the true transcendental a universal pure subjectivity understood as consciousness, or an entity with a mode of being other than the mode of being of all that is a positive matter of fact (thing or tool)? In a letter to Husserl, dated October 22, 1927, Heidegger expresses his agreement with Husserl that the transcendental constitution of the world, as understood by Husserl, cannot be clarified by taking recourse to a being of exactly the same mode of being as that of entities belonging to the world. However, he adds, that does not imply that the locus of the transcendental is not a being at all. On the contrary, the problem precisely is, for Heidegger, “What is the mode of being of that entity in which the “world” constitutes itself?”
Incubation temperature does not explain variation in the embryo development periods in a sample of Neotropical passerine birds

Growth of avian embryos depends on heat transferred from incubating parents. Parental behavior, including nest characteristics, can influence the length of the incubation period by varying the temperature of incubated eggs, the length of parental absences from the nest, and the rate of egg cooling during absences. Reduced parental attendance in response to risk of predation at the nest has been proposed as an explanation for the longer incubation periods of many tropical birds compared to temperate species. We incubated the eggs of eight species of tropical passerine birds, with natural incubation periods between 12 and 19 days, at the same constant temperature, thereby removing variation in incubation temperature and the cooling periods that eggs might otherwise experience when parents take recesses from incubation. If differences in egg temperature, reflecting parental behavior, were responsible for variation in incubation periods, incubation under constant conditions should reduce or eliminate this variation. Constant egg warming did not reduce time to hatch in species with long incubation periods. Instead, it prolonged embryo development in species with shorter natural periods by up to 2 days, and had no effect on species with longer natural periods. Thus, the longer incubation periods of some tropical birds appear to reflect intrinsic differences in the embryo development program rather than extrinsic factors related to parental incubation behavior.
Women, Family, and Child Care In India: A World in Transition

Women, Family, and Child Care In India:. World in Transition. Susan C. Seymour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. xviii. 323 pp., illustrations, tables, figures, notes, references, index.
Optimum Array Filters for Two-Dimensional Sensor Arrays

This communication presents optimum and "absolutely optimum" filtering algorithms for two-dimensional sensor arrays. These algorithms can extract the desired signal, while suppressing an undesired coherent interference. They are derived using a frequency-domain constrained filtering technique, and are relevant to three types of arrays: rectangular, circular, and elliptical. Illustrative examples are also included.
Expert system applications to nuclear power for enhancement of productivity and performance

Abstract Expert system technology has matured enough to offer a great deal of promise for a number of application areas in the electric utility industry. These applications can enhance productivity and aid in decision-making. Two parallel efforts are being performed at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to help the electric utility industry take advantage of expert system technology. The first effort is the development of expert system building tools which are tailored to electric utility industry applications. The second effort is the development of expert system applications. These two efforts complement each other. The application development tests the tools and identifies additional tool capabilities which are required. The tool development helps define the applications which can be successfully developed. The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the tool and application development work which is being performed at EPRI for the electric utility industry.
Infrared studies of carbons. XVI. The carbonization of an aliphatic allyl polycarbonate

Abstract Infrared photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy was used to record spectra of pyrolyzates produced by heating an aliphatic allyl polycarbonate in vacuo and in the air. It was found that this resin would not char to an appreciable extent upon vacuum pyrolysis unless it had been first subjected to an initial oxidation at low temperature (250°C). The char derived after such a treatment, and after its subsequent pyrolysis at high temperature, exhibits all the infrared spectral characteristics associated with the intermediate-temperature carbons.
Computer simulations of limited angle tomography of reinforced concrete

Abstract Computed tomography (CT) with x-rays or γ-rays has the potential of being a powerful tool in assessing the degree of damage in reinforced concrete structures. The traditional CT method consists of taking measurements from all direction around the structure. However in reinforced concrete structures the measurement device cannot be positioned around all the structure, and the measurement data are thus available only from a limited range of angles. In this paper a new algorithm is presented for reducing the effects of the limited angle problem. Computer simulations of limited angle tomography of reinforced concrete columns show that the proposed algorithm is robust and can significantly increase the power of tomography in civil engineering applications.
A note on the almost sure central limit theorem

Abstract We give a new proof of the almost sure central limit theorem. It is based on an almost sure invariance principle and extends to weakly dependent random variables.
Neutron scattering studies of the structural phase transformation in NbO2

Abstract NbO2 shows an apparently second order phase transformation at Tc ≃ 810°C, which coincides with anomalous changes in both electrical and magnetic properties. We summarize new neutron scattering measurements and discuss the nature of the structural distortions and the relation between the structural instabilities in the isoelectronic compounds VO2 and NbO2.
Efficacy of urinary sulfated bile acids for diagnosis of bacterial cholangitis in biliary atresia

This study evaluated the efficacy of measuring urinary sulfated bile acids (USBA) for diagnosis of bacterial cholangitis in patients with biliary atresia. Eight infants with biliary atresia were recruited. The USBA level was measured when they were admitted to hospital with a fever of unknown origin. Clinical manifestations and laboratory data were reviewed. The standard USBA value for each patient (S-USBA) was defined as the level measured when they had no fever, and USBA ratio (R-USBA) was calculated as the USBA level during the febrile episode divided by the S-USBA. Then R-USBA values were compared between febrile episodes with and without cholangitis to assess the diagnostic ability of USBA. Twenty-three febrile episodes occurred in eight patients during a 15-month period. Nine episodes were diagnosed as being due to cholangitis, five were due to non-cholangitis, and nine were of undetermined origin. The R-USBA value ranged from 1.5 to 15.4 during cholangitis episodes and from 0.4 to 1.2 during non-cholangitis febrile episodes. When fever was of undetermined origin, R-USBA was found to be increased during some episodes and not in others. USBA increased immediately in patients with cholangitis. The measurement of USBA is a useful non-invasive test for cholangitis in patients with biliary atresia who had undergone Kasai’s operation.
European Strategies Towards Next Generation Grids

Summary form only given. There has been a lot of water pass under the bridge since the term grid computing was introduced by Foster and Kesselman in the middle of 90s. Since then the grid concept has evolved, losing its initial high-performance computing flavor. Currently there is an increasing number of researchers that looks at the grid as "A fully distributed, dynamically reconfigurable, scalable and autonomous infrastructure to provide location independent, pervasive, reliable, secure and efficient access to a coordinated set of services encapsulating and virtualizing resources (computing power, storage, instruments, data, etc.) in order to generate knowledge". This grid definition is the outcome of an internal brainstorming exercise conducted recently in the CoreGrid (http://www.coregrid.net/) Executive Committee. Moreover, several researchers envision that economics principle will guide in the future the development of grid-aware applications: an open market of services and resources will become available to the developer, who will choose to use computing time and software solutions from different vendors, sold at different prices, with different performance and QoS. In this light the great majority of complex software applications will, in the mid-long term, be dynamically built by composing services which will be available in an open market of services and resources. In this sense, the grid might be conceived as a world-wide cyber-utility populated by self-* cooperating services which interact as in a complex and gigantic software ecosystem. This will lead to a new style of application development based on software services, which will in turn need the expansion of existing practice regarding service location, standardization, semantics of services, certification, and others. After an introduction on the current European strategies on grid technologies, and on the most recent 1ST FP6 funded European projects, this talk presents the outcome of a group of independent experts convened by the European Commission with the objective to draw visions of the future for European grids, and in particular about possible evolutions of GRTDs towards service oriented knowledge utilities
Chemical, Physical, and Genetic Factors Interfering with DNA Repair-a Review:

Because of its function as transmitter of genetic information, DNA is the most important macromolecule in need of protection from attack by chemical and physical agents, but mechanisms have evolved...
BOVINE OVIDUCTAL EPITHELIAL CELLS (BOEC) AND OVIDUCTS. I: FOR EMBRYO CULTURE. II: USING SEM FOR STUDYING INTERACTIONS WITH SPERMATOZOA

The oviduct (uterine tube) plays a major role in reproduction. It is a dynamic organ which selectively permits a few sperm to undergo capacitation and reach the oocyte which has continued to undergo maturation following ovulation. Then following fertilization the embryo undergoes cleavage before arriving in the uterus. Extensive information has become available from in vitro studies on oocytes as well as spermatozoal interactions with oviductal cells. Bovine oviduct epithelial cell (BOEC) monolayers with simple media provide an environment in which zygotes can be cultured to blastocysts in 6 days with cell numbers essentially equivalent to blastocysts grown totally in the donor animal. These yield normal pregnancy rates upon transfer. The simple protein-free media currently under test hold promise for elucidating specific requirements of the preimplantation embryo and these defined conditions facilitate many related studies on in vitro fertilization and genetic engineering of embryos. The second part of this paper is an extensive study on the interaction of fresh and frozen-thawed bull spermatozoa with BOEC and segments of intact oviducts as viewed by SEM. Both types of oviductal cells were incubated at 39 degrees C for 0, 3, 6, and 9 hours, using material obtained from periovulatory cows. Sperm attached immediately to both types of epithelium and reached a peak at 3 hours. They were found primarily in the furrows of the intact oviducts. Secretory droplets appeared rapidly on the anterior portion of the sperm head and acrosomal changes were evident in 3 hours, similar to those reported in vivo. Changes were more rapid with frozen-thawed sperm.
Slow light in room-temperature optical waveguides

Researchers studying slow light via stimulated Brillouin scattering have demonstrated that it is possible to minimize pulse distortion by tailoring the higher-order dispersion of the material, operate at data rates over 10 Gb/s using broad-band pump light, obtain controllable delays exceeding one pulse width, and delaying pulses with minimal change in the pulse amplitude. Spurred by this work, there is active research in obtaining slow light in optical wave guides by stimulated Raman scattering and by the four-wave mixing process. Also, researchers are moving into the nonlinear regime to study slow-light with optical solitons. Simultaneously, results from the basic science laboratories are transitioning to applications-oriented laboratories who are integrating slow-light sub-assemblies into functions telecommunication components.
Ultrastructural studies on the spermatozoa of two primitive Crustaceans Hutchinsoniella macracantha and Derocheilocaris typicus

Spermatozoa of two primitive crustaceans have been examined with phase contrast and electron optics. The organisms are Hutchinsoniella macracantha of the subclass Cephalocarida and Derocheilocaris typicus of the subclass Mystacocarida. The H. macracantha sperm consists of a compound acrosome, a nucleus and a rod-like structure that extends from the base of the acrosome, through a nuclear canal to project posteriorly. Although this posterior projection seems to contain fibrils, it clearly lacks the characteristic “9 doublets + 2” microtubular structure of sperm flagella. No mitochondria or centrioles were found and sperm motility was not observed. The D. typicus sperm consists of a trough-shaped acrosome, a nucleus, mitochondria and a flagellum. The flagellum and two lateral rows of mitochondria, as well as the nucleus, arise at the base of the acrosome. These relationships impart a bilateral symmetry to the sperm. Mature D. typicus spermatozoa are stored in spermatophores in the vas deferens. These spermatophores are tubes each containing two spermatozoa. The spermatozoa in these tubes are oriented with a high order of precision. The ends of the spermatophores are closed by plugs with complex ultrastructure. No indication has been found as to the site or mechanism of enclosing the spermatozoa in the spermatophores. The sperm morphology is discussed in terms of crustacean phylogeny.
Biologic Relationship of Endotoxin and Other Toxic Proteins. III. Effect of Ferrous Iron on Toxicity of Endotoxin and Snake Venom

Summary1. Incubation of ferrous sulfate with endotoxin for 6 hours at 37°C prior to injection did not alter the endotoxin-induced-hypersusceptibility-state (EIHS) to water moccasin venom in rabbits. 2. Incubation of ferrous sulfate with snake venom under the same conditions prior to injection gave significant protection against the lethal effects of the venom in endotoxin-pretreated rabbits. 3. Intravenous ferrous sulfate protected a significant number of animals against the lethal effects of snake venom when administered between the preparing endotoxin and the challenging dose of moccasin venom. 4. Prior intravenous ferrous sulfate also resulted in protection against an LD100 of moccasin venom in normal rabbits. 5. Finally, it was shown that administration of large, but non-toxic, doses of ferrous sulfate to endotoxin-pretreated animals resulted in the delayed death of most of the animals.
TAK1 is required for TGF-β1-mediated regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and metastasis

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) signaling in tumor cells has been implicated in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis by regulating matrix proteolysis. Although MMP-9/gelatinase-B is an important component of these TGF-beta1 responses, the mechanism of its regulation is not well understood. Here, we present evidence that TGF-beta-activated protein kinase 1 (TAK1) is critical for TGF-beta regulation of MMP-9 and the metastatic potential of breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. We found that suppression of TAK1 signaling by dominant-negative (dn) TAK1 or RNA interference (siRNA) reduces expression of MMP-9 and tumor cell invasion, without growth inhibition in cell culture. The orthotopic xenograft studies in SCID mice showed that suppression of TAK1 signaling by dn-TAK1 reduces tumor growth and formation of lung metastases. Dn-TAK1 reduced the proliferation Ki-67 index and neovasculature of orthotopic xenografts. TAK1-mediated regulation of MMP-9 involves NF-kappaB signaling. Dn-TAK1 reduces NF-kappaB transcriptional response and inhibition of NF-kappaB reduces expression of MMP-9 and activity of the MMP-9 promoter reporter. Together, these findings suggest that TAK1 contributes to TGF-beta1-mediated tumor angiogenesis and metastasis via a mechanism involving the TAK1-NF-kappaB-MMP-9 pathway.
Social media's slippery slope: challenges, opportunities and future research directions

Purpose – Academics and the business community are interested in learning how social media can benefit (or harm) consumer‐brand engagement. As more branding activity goes social, marketers are not always welcome in all social media spaces. In this invited commentary, the authors aim to lay out the challenges that social media faces for enhancing consumer‐brand engagement. In doing so, they seek to turn social media challenges into future research directions.Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews prior literature on social media and brand engagement.Findings – The majority of social media marketing initiatives take the form of communicating sales promotions to already engaged consumers.Practical implications – Marketers need to find ways to use social media to create lasting brand engagement rather than to merely utilize this communication technology to enhance short‐term revenue.Originality/value – This critical review provides marketing academics and practitioners avenues for future research and...
A high-frame-rate DUV-optimized CCD for simultaneous measurements of illumination intensity, polarization amplitude, and polarization direction for very high NA imaging systems

Lincoln Laboratory has designed and fabricated a charge-coupled device (CCD) array capable of imaging both polarization and illumination uniformity. The device consists of an 1107-element linear array of UV-optimized silicon photodiodes read out by a three-stage CCD through a single ~1-MHz output amplifier. This yields an effective clock rate for the whole array of ~1 kHz. Each of the active diode surfaces within the 1107-element array is covered by a UV-opaque layer of polysilicon into which are patterned 140-nm, transmissive sampling slits. The orientation and location of the slits allows simultaneous determination of illumination uniformity, degree and direction of polarization, and polarization uniformity. The device was tested with a 193-nm excimer laser equipped with variably polarized illumination and the theoretical performance of the device was supported by finite-difference time domain optical simulations.
Camptothecin analogues: studies from the Johns Hopkins Oncology Center.

The camptothecin analogues topotecan and irinotecan (CPT-11) are active anticancer drugs. This article reviews the accumulated results of clinical and laboratory studies performed with these agents at The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center. In a phase I clinical and pharmacology trial of topotecan given as a 30-min infusion daily for 5 days every 3 weeks, profound neutropenia precluded dose escalation above 1.5–2.0 mg/m2 per day, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). The daily ×5 schedule has been developed further with dose escalation using granulocytecolony-stimulating factor support in patients who have kidney or liver dysfunction and given in combination with cisplatin. In addition, a phase I trial of topotecan given as a 5-day continuous intravenous infusion to patients with refractory leukemia has had promising antileukemic responses. A separate series of in vitro studies indicates that a modest degree of resistance to the cytotoxicity of topotecan can be mediated by P-glycoprotein. A phase I and pharmacology study of irinotecan given as a 90-min infusion every 3 weeks has defined an MTD of 240 mg/m2, with dose escalation being limited by several toxicities. These included an acute treatment-related syndrome of flushing, warmth, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; a subacute combination of nausea, diarrhea, anorexia, and weight loss; and/or neutropenia. Antitumor activity has been observed with topotecan and irinotecan in patients with a variety of solid tumors and refractory leukemia in our studies, which supports the widespread enthusiasm for this group of compounds.
Procedure for selecting monoclonal antibodies for use in a ligand displacement assay of serum antibody levels.

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies for use in a ligand displacement assay were selected for specificity and affinity/avidity properties that result in their release and displacement in the presence of specific sample antibody but not in the presence of antibodies against other antigens. A screening process is described which involves measurement of displacement of antibody by an ELISA procedure using an enzyme labeled anti-immunoglobulin, providing a means of demonstrating usefulness of a candidate antibody in a ligand displacement format without necessitating the production of enzyme conjugates of each candidate antibody to be screened. The procedure was used to screen a set of eleven monoclonal antibodies (initially selected for anti-Trichinella spiralis specificity by conventional screening methods), and successfully discriminated between antibodies which were useful in the ligand displacement formet and those which were not.
An isonitrile-alkyne cascade to di-substituted indoles

Abstract Intramolecular tin and sulfur mediated free-radical cyclizations between an aryl isonitrile and a pendant TMS-substituted alkyne give 2,3-disubstituted indoles from 5-exo-dig cyclization and nucleophilic trapping of the resulting indolenine intermediate.
Selenium proteins in ovine tissues: III. Distribution of selenium and glutathione peroxidases in tissue cytosols.

Abstract Three 6 week-old lambs were injected with carrier-free selenium-75 as sodium selenite initially and again after 6 days. One lamb received no further injections whereas the other two received injections of either vitamin E or unlabeled Na 2 SeO 3 when the first selenium-75 injection was given. Selected tissues were removed at autopsy 10 days after the first injection. The cytosol from homogenates of these tissues was subjected to gel chromatography, and the elution profiles determined for radioactivity, protein content, and glutathione peroxidase activity using either hydrogen peroxide or cumene hydroperoxide as substrates. The selenium-75 was found to be distributed mainly between 2 different MW peaks. The larger MW seleno-peak (90,000) possessed both glutathione:hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, and glutathione:cumene hydroperoxide oxidoreductase activities, but the smaller MW seleno-peak (about 10,000) possessed no glutathione peroxidase activity. A peak of about 60,000 daltons containing only glutathione:cumene hydroperoxide oxido-reductase activity and no selenium-75 was found primarily in the liver and kidney. Vitamin E had no effect on the elution profiles. Selenium status of the animal had only a minor effect on the selenium-75 distribution in the cytosol, but had a marked effect on the absolute amount of label taken up by tissues.
Requirements for the design of a protocol suite to automate DSS deployment on the World Wide Web: A client/ server approach

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to propose and justify requirements for the design of a protocol suite for deploying and sharing Specific DSSs both within and across organizations by utilizing the World Wide Web (WWW) infrastructure and a client/server decomposition model. At the heart of the model proposed for the protocol suite is an approach for inter-agent communication as adapted from the distributed artificial intelligence literature. A modularized layered approach to protocol specification, and three sample client interfaces derived from the protocol are presented. Our approach is contrasted to alternative schemes for decision model access across wide area networks.
A biomonitoring procedure utilizing negative phototaxis of first instarAedes aegypti larvae

Negative phototaxis of newly hatchedAedes aegypti L. larvae was inhibited by exposure to three heavy metals and five organic insecticides. This response was quantified in an inexpensive multiunit apparatus consisting of four glass troughs perpendicular to a uniform light source. The criterion of toxic effect, established with cupric sulfate as a standard, was: inability of larvae to migrate 30 cm in 60 sec after 8 hr of pre-exposure, designated as 8-hr EC50. The photomigration procedure was more sensitive than our comparative 24-hr acute lethal toxicity tests on metals. The 8-hr EC50 values for cadmium, chromium and copper were 0.6, 2.4, and 1.4 mg/L, respectively. Values for insecticides ranged from 0.003 mg/L for fenitrothion (organophosphate) to 0.39 mg/L for methomyl (carbamate).
Type of cottonseed and level of gossypol in diets of lactating dairy cows: effects on lactation performance and plasma gossypol.

Abstract Objectives were to determine the effects of feeding whole linted Upland (WUP) and cracked Pima cottonseed (BUPCP) to lactating cows on plasma gossypol concentrations and lactation performance. Holstein cows (n=813) from three commercial dairies were assigned to one of two diets starting at 13±11 d in milk (DIM) for a 170-d experimental period. Cottonseed was included at 10% of the diet dry matter, and treatments consisted of replacing WUP with a 1:2 blend of BUPCP. Blood was collected from all cows at 61 and 91 DIM and from a subset of 56 cows on one dairy at 10, 33, 61, 91, 120, and 152 DIM. Intakes of free gossypol increased 32% in cows receiving the BUPCP diet, and concentrations of total gossypol (TG), as well as the proportion of TG as minus (–) isomer in plasma, were higher for cows fed BUPCP than WUP. Plasma TG increased linearly with increasing DIM, but cows fed the BUPCP, especially multiparous cows, had a higher increase in plasma TG over time. Yields of milk and milk components did not differ between the two treatments, although, yields of milk and milk components were greater in cows with higher plasma TG. Replacement of WUP cottonseed with BUPCP cottonseed increased plasma gossypol, but dry matter intake and yields of milk and milk components were not affected.
Chemoenvironmental modulators of fluidity in the suspended biological cell

Biological cells can be characterized as “soft matter” with mechanical characteristics potentially modulated by external cues such as pharmaceutical dosage or fever temperature. Further, quantifying the effects of chemical and physical stimuli on a cell's mechanical response informs models of living cells as complex materials. Here, we investigate the mechanical behavior of single biological cells in terms of fluidity, or mechanical hysteresivity normalized to the extremes of an elastic solid or a viscous liquid. This parameter, which complements stiffness when describing whole-cell viscoelastic response, can be determined for a suspended cell within subsecond times. Questions remain, however, about the origin of fluidity as a conserved parameter across timescales, the physical interpretation of its magnitude, and its potential use for high-throughput sorting and separation of interesting cells by mechanical means. Therefore, we exposed suspended CH27 lymphoma cells to various chemoenvironmental conditions—temperature, pharmacological agents, pH, and osmolarity—and measured cell fluidity with a non-contact technique to extend familiarity with suspended-cell mechanics in the context of both soft-matter physics and mechanical flow cytometry development. The actin-cytoskeleton-disassembling drug latrunculin exacted a large effect on mechanical behavior, amenable to dose-dependence analysis of coupled changes in fluidity and stiffness. Fluidity was minimally affected by pH changes from 6.5 to 8.5, but strongly modulated by osmotic challenge to the cell, where the range spanned halfway from solid to liquid behavior. Together, these results support the interpretation of fluidity as a reciprocal friction within the actin cytoskeleton, with implications both for cytoskeletal models and for expectations when separating interesting cell subpopulations by mechanical means in the suspended state.
Two Roads to the Puritan Millennium: William Erbury and Vavasor Powell

By about 1650, the seventeenth century Puritan search for the New Jerusalem led many an English enthusiast to the conviction that the millennial Kingdom of Christ was at hand. This current in Puritan thought had been gaining force since Thomas Brightman wrote his exegesis on Revelation at the beginning of the century.l With the coming of the civil war, the trickle begun by Brightman (and taken up by a few others before 1642)2 soon developed into a major stream. John Archer, Robert Maton, Jeremiah Burroughes, and William Bridge, to name but some, penned works that increased interest and heightened expectation in the subject during the decade of the forties.3 The infection even caught John Milton who briefly seemed convinced that the great millennial age was imminent.4 As long as these ideas remained pretty much in the realm of imaginative theory with only the vaguest reference to contemporary realization, the views expressed by those authors lacked precision. There was a good deal of fuzziness with respect to the nature of Christ's coming and much uncertainty about the type of reign he would establish. Would Christ's coming be physical or spiritual? Would it require any active work on the part of the saints? Would his reign be political and external or would it be solely ethical and internal? On most of these questions the writers of the forties tended to hedge; Christ would provide the answers himself in due time. But as the tempo of events quickened during and after the second civil war, and as the pressure for a political and ecclesiastical reorganization of the nation heightened during the period of the Commonwealth, the advocates of Christ's earthly rule were forced to turn their attention to a more clear and forthright statement of their aims and ideas. One result of this pressure was that the vague and general millenarianism of the forties soon broke down into several discernible types. While one group of writers remained rather moderate and theoretical,5 two other groups began drifting toward radical though opposite extremes. These latter two were radical in their rejection of the prevailing conditions in England, yet they were to differ markedly in their prescriptions for the world to come. One of these radical groups, seeing in the doctrine of the Holy Spirit the whole or essence of Christ's truth, developed a concept of the Kingdom of Christ that "spiritualized" the external manifestations of the apocalyptic hope to the point where they virtually vanished. The other radical group, a group that later became identified with the Fifth Monarch Men, center-
Grandma Never Dies During Finals: A Study of Makeup Exams

Even though makeup exams are a time-consuming task occurring every semester, they have received almost no attention in the marketing education literature. Makeup exam policies can influence student satisfaction, and evidence from other disciplines indicates that many students use fraudulent excuses. We discuss some common makeup exam policies and the costs and benefits of a student's decision to take or miss an exam. We collected two sets of data on makeup exams. One hundred and forty-six syllabi over a three-semester period were analyzed to gain an initial perspective on the range of makeup exam policies used by business faculty at one large university. We also collected data on the excuses given for missing an exam and test miss rates for over 400 undergraduate students taking principles of marketing classes over multiple semesters. We find that students are significantly less likely to miss the first exam and the final exam. These differences in miss rates between exams are so great that it provides co...
Immediate memory span for two-dimensional spatial arrays: Effects of pattern symmetry and goodness

Abstract Two hundred dot patterns set in a 5 × 5 matrix were constructed with array sizes from 1 to 11 and five amounts of whole and part symmetry. In experiment 1 judged pattern goodness was shown to be a highly reliable increasing function of array size and amount of symmetry, the two effects being independent. In experiment 2 subjects attempted graphic reproduction of each pattern following a 1-sec exposure. Within array sizes the probability of correct pattern reproduction was a robust positive function of amount of symmetry and judged goodness, and this finding confirms the pattern goodness effect on a very general basis. Values of the immediate memory span (size of array for which the probability of correct recall was 0.5) were interpolated from fitted quadratic curves. The resulting values of immediate memory span increased dramatically with amount of symmetry, and ranged from 4.0 for quasi-random patterns to 10.8 for wholly symmetrical ones. Two points were argued in the Discussion. First, that the capacity of primary memory is about three spatial locations, and that such capacity is very effectively increased by retrieval of visual and verbal information from secondary memory. Second, that the differential recall effects originate during encoding rather than as a result of either short-term forgetting or response bias.
Lattice theory, quadratic spaces, and quantum proposition systems

A quadratic space is a generalization of a Hilbert space. The geometry of certain kinds of subspaces (“closed,” “splitting,” etc.) is approached from the purely lattice theoretic point of view. In particular, theorems of Mackey and Kaplansky are given purely lattice theoretic proofs. Under certain conditions, the lattice of “closed” elements is a quantum proposition system (i.e., a complete orthomodular atomistic lattice with the covering property).
Combining mutation and fault localization for automated program debugging

Combining mutation and software fault localization for automated bug-fixing.Using only carefully selected mutant operators.Generating mutants only with respect to the most suspicious statements.Fixing software bugs without human intervention.Examining relative fault-fixing capabilities of selected mutant operators. This paper proposes a strategy for automatically fixing faults in a program by combining the ideas of mutation and fault localization. Statements ranked in order of their likelihood of containing faults are mutated in the same order to produce potential fixes for the faulty program. The proposed strategy is evaluated using 8 mutant operators against 19 programs each with multiple faulty versions. Our results indicate that 20.70% of the faults are fixed using selected mutant operators, suggesting that the strategy holds merit for automatically fixing faults. The impact of fault localization on efficiency of the overall fault-fixing process is investigated by experimenting with two different techniques, Tarantula and Ochiai, the latter of which has been reported to be better at fault localization than Tarantula, and also proves to be better in the context of fault-fixing using our proposed strategy. Further experiments are also presented to evaluate stopping criteria with respect to the mutant examination process and reveal that a significant fraction of the (fixable) faults can be fixed by examining a small percentage of the program code. We also report on the relative fault-fixing capabilities of mutant operators used and present discussions on future work.
The three-dimensional structure of a class I major histocompatibility complex molecule missing the alpha 3 domain of the heavy chain

Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are ternary complexes of the soluble serum protein beta 2-microglobulin, MHC heavy chain, and bound peptide. The first two domains (alpha 1, alpha 2) of the heavy chain create the peptide binding cleft and the surface that contacts the T-cell receptor. The third domain (alpha 3) associates with the T-cell co-receptor, CD8, during T-cell recognition. Here we describe the x-ray crystal structure of a human class I MHC molecule, HLA-Aw68, from which the alpha 3 domain has been proteolytically removed. The resulting molecule shows no gross morphological changes compared to the intact protein. A decameric peptide complexed with the intact HLA-Aw68 is seen to bind to the proteolized molecule in the conventional manner, demonstrating that the alpha 3 domain is not required for the structural integrity of the molecule or for peptide binding.
Effects of flawed state assessment preparation materials on students’ mathematical reasoning: a study

Abstract The phenomenon of “suspension of sense-making” in solving school mathematics word problems has been the focus of much research. In our study, we revealed and investigated one of the sources that generate and sustain this phenomenon: commercial preparation materials for statewide mandated mathematics tests. We administered a sample of flawed word problems from such published materials to people of varying mathematical background and maturity. We focused on participants’ conflict between their personal sense-making and need to produce expected “correct” answers, and the correlation between this conflict and their mathematical background and maturity. We found that even in the face of such conflict, an overwhelming majority of participants chose to give the expected answer. This shows the robustness of a school mathematics culture that rewards conformity and punishes personal sense-making. We conclude that one way to change this culture is to make tests into vehicles for implementing reform visions.
Students’ academic motivations in three disciplines

Students’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivations for taking classes in three disciplines, human anatomy and physiology, physics, and nutrition, were explored with discipline-specific adapted versions of the Academic Motivation Scale. Information on students’ study habits and efforts, and final course grades were also collected. Results revealed the adapted versions of the Academic Motivation Scale had comparable reliabilities to previous investigations, significant differences in motivations across the three disciplines, and significant influences of motivation on academic behaviors and course performance.
Chemistry of organoditins II. The free radical chain reaction between n-chlorosuccinimide and hexaalkylditins

Summary The reaction of N-chlorosuccinimide with hexaalkylditins has been examined. The reaction has been found to be subject to catalysis by molecular oxygen, and to inhibition by galvinoxyl. A free radical chain mechanism is proposed in which one propagating step involves attack upon the ditin by N-succinimidyl radicals, and another involves attack upon the chlorine atom of the N-chlorosuccinimide molecule by organotin radicals. Evidence is also presented that dimethylamino radicals from decomposition of 1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-2-tetrazine participate in a homolytic displacement upon the tin radical of hexamethylditin. On the other hand, the trimethyltin radicals do not appear to attack the nitrogen of the tetramethylhydrazine.
A Supply-Side Stakeholder Analysis of Rural Wine Tourism Development: The Case of Lake Erie's Southern Shore

This exploratory study assessed the cohesiveness and discord among four separate supply-side stakeholder groups in the US Chautauqua-Lake Erie wine region. Results from 17 ANOVA tests indicated agreement on many important issues, a departure from previous studies in tourism (; ). Disagreement was shown about marketing, community appreciation for, and attention by government to wine tourism issues. The findings suggest more data are needed to source the causes of these disparities. Overall, the results signify a region ready for â€œthe informed participation of all relevant stakeholdersâ€ () and stakeholder collaboration that is requisite for sustainable tourism development.
A method of computing the complex probability function and other related functions over the whole complex plane

Using the symmetry relations of the complex probability function (CPF), the algorithm developed by Humlicek (1979) to compute this function over the upper half plane can be extended to cover the entire complex plane. Using the Humlicek algorithm the real and imaginary components of the CPF can be computed over the whole complex plane. Because of the relation between the CPF and other interesting mathematical functions, fast and accurate computer programs can be written to compute them. Such functions include the derivatives of the CPF, the complex error function, the complex Fresnel integrals, and the complex Dawson's functions. Fortran implementations of these functions are included in the Appendix.