cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Breaking the Bank: Gambling Casinos, Finance Capitalism, and German Unification

In April 1867, Fyodor Dostoevsky left Russia for central Europe, in part to celebrate his marriage to Anna Gregorovich Snitkina, the young stenographer who had helped him compose The Gambler the previous fall. While that book freed him from the clutches of the publisher Stellovsky, who had advanced him money in exchange for a lien on his future works, it did not remove the larger financial destitution that threatened the new family, and fear of the debtor's prison clouded Dostoevsky's subsequent four-year sojourn in Europe. Residing first in Berlin and Dresden, he began to entertain thoughts of escaping his financial difficulties through gambling. In May, he traveled briefly to Bad Homburg; later, both he and Anna proceeded to Baden-Baden. Contrary to his hopes, life imitated art, and Dostoevsky was soon as hopelessly beset by the gambling demons as his fictional anti-hero, Alexei, and with as little success. By the end of the summer, he had pawned many of his and Anna's belongings and systematically lost the gifts sent from Russia by friends to bail them out. Finally on August 23, he managed to tear himself away from the tables. Over the next four years, he would gamble sporadically, but never with the same fervor he brought to Baden-Baden that summer. After returning to Russia in 1871, he gave up gambling entirely.
Quantifier comprehension in corticobasal degeneration

Abstract In this study, we investigated patients with focal neurodegenerative diseases to examine a formal linguistic distinction between classes of generalized quantifiers, like “some X” and “less than half of X.” Our model of quantifier comprehension proposes that number knowledge is required to understand both first-order and higher-order quantifiers. The present results demonstrate that corticobasal degeneration (CBD) patients, who have number knowledge impairments but little evidence for a deficit understanding other aspects of language, are impaired in their comprehension of quantifiers relative to healthy seniors, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients [ F (3, 77) = 4.98; p F (1, 77) = 124.29; p
α1-antitrypsin excretion in stool in normal subjects and in patients with gastrointestinal disorders

Fecal clearance of plasma alpha 1-antitrypsin is used as a measure of protein leakage into the intestinal tract. In this study, the alpha 1-antitrypsin concentration in stool and the plasma clearance of alpha 1-antitrypsin in normal subjects and in a consecutive series of patients with chronic diarrhea, malabsorption, or unexplained hypoalbuminemia was determined. The normal subjects were studied in their usual state and also when they had diarrhea secondary to ingestion of lactulose, sorbitol, sodium sulfate, or phenolphthalein. The study first concluded that induced diarrhea can cause an increase in alpha 1-antitrypsin clearance; if this is not considered in establishing normal values, there may be an overdiagnosis of excess protein leakage in patients with diarrhea. Second, there is a highly significant statistical correlation (P less than 0.001) between alpha 1-antitrypsin clearance and serum albumin concentration. On average, the serum albumin falls below 3.0 g/dL (30 g/L) when the alpha 1-antitrypsin clearance exceeds 180 mL/day, a value that is about threefold higher than the upper limit of normal. Third, three of nine patients with microscopic/collagenous colitis had elevated clearance of alpha 1-antitrypsin; by contrast, abnormal alpha 1-antitrypsin clearance was not found in 23 patients with idiopathic secretory diarrhea. Fourth, fecal alpha 1-antitrypsin concentration is not a reliable index of abnormal alpha 1-antitrypsin clearance.
Cooperative Sensing via Sequential Detection

Efficient and reliable spectrum sensing plays a critical role in cognitive radio networks. This paper presents a cooperative sequential detection scheme to reduce the average sensing time that is required to reach a detection decision. In the scheme, each cognitive radio computes the log-likelihood ratio for its every measurement, and the base station sequentially accumulates these log-likelihood statistics and determines whether to stop making measurement. The paper studies how to implement the scheme in a robust manner when the assumed signal models have unknown parameters, such as signal strength and noise variance. These ideas are illustrated through two examples in spectrum sensing. One assumes both the signal and noise are Gaussian distributed, while the other assumes the target signal is deterministic.
Flash-induced enhancements in the proton NMR relaxation rate of Photosystem II particles

Flash-induced enhancements in the NMR spin-lattice relaxation rate of solvent protons have been detected in suspensions of Photosystem II particles. The relaxation enhancements are small (less than 1% of background) and have been detected using signal-averaging techniques. The enhancements correlate with the known properties of the S states with respect to (1) decay kinetics, (2) extractants of manganese, (3) sensitivity to atrazine-type inhibition of electron transport, (4) reagents which accelerate S-state decay (ADRY reagents), and (5) the two-flash retardation in the S-state advancement that is produced by low concentrations of NH2OH. The transient proton relaxation enhancement observed after a single flash arises from a strongly relaxing paramagnetic species that is produced by the S t --, S 2 transition of the water-oxidizing center. The appearance of such a species on an oxidative transition is suggestive of an Mn(lll) --* Mn(IV) oxidation.
Young adult perception of visible tattoos on a white‐collar service provider

Purpose – Although customers may interact with visibly tattooed employees, there has been very little research investigating customer perceptions of visibly tattooed workers. This paper aims to fill some of the gaps.Design/methodology/approach – The independent variables of employee appearance (tattooed versus non‐tattooed) and service outcome (below, equal to, or above expectations) were presented in textual scenario to a convenience sample of university students aged 18‐24. Subjects responded to questions regarding the appropriateness of employee appearance, confidence in the ability of the service provider, satisfaction with the service, and likeliness to recommend the service provider.Findings – The youthful sample considered visible tattoos on a tax service provider to be very inappropriate, and they held significantly less confidence in the ability of the tattooed versus non‐tattooed employee. Satisfaction with the service (across three levels of outcome) was significantly lower in the tattooed empl...
Inequalities for the trace of matrix product

To obtain estimates of solutions of Lyapunov and Riccati equations which frequently occur in the stability analysis and optimal control design in linear control theory, many researchers have attempted to determine upper and lower bounds for the product of two matrices in terms of the trace of one matrix and the eigenvalues of the other. Baksalary and Puntanen claimed ("An inequality for the trace of matrix product", ibid., vol. 37, no. 2, p. 239-40, 1992) that they had obtained a better estimate for the trace of the product of two matrices. The purpose of this note is to point out that their main result is incorrect and a counterexample is presented. >
Computer Support for Group Versus Individual Decisions

Most decision support systems use computers to support interaction between individuals and a structured model, analytic routine, or a database. However, many problems are unstructured or at best semistructured, and are dealt with by groups of managers within organizations. When dealing with nonroutine problems, the decision-making groups are often geographically and organizationally dispersed. Thus, a decision support system for these groups must include communications, structured to support the decision-making process among members of the group. This paper gives several examples of computerized conferencing systems (CCS's) which have served as group decision support systems (DSS's). In addition, the results of a controlled experiment comparing the process and outcome of group decision-making in a face-to-face versus a CCS mode are discussed. Finally, preliminary results are presented from a second controlled experiment which explored how a CCS may best be structured to serve as a group DSS for a specific type of managerial task.
Episodic high intensity mixing events in a subterranean estuary: Effects of tropical cyclones

Hydrostatic balances between fresh and saline groundwater and saline surface water control the physical and chemical framework of subterranean estuaries, but they are responsive to high frequency (waves and tides), low frequency (seasonal recharge patterns), and episodic (storm) events. In this study, we document a salinity and pressure perturbation to the subterranean estuary in east-central Florida during and after the passage of Tropical Storm Tammy on 04 Oct 2005–05 Oct 2005 and Hurricane Wilma on 24 Oct 2005. These storms reversed hydraulic gradients, forced lagoon water into the aquifer, and shifted the outflow face landward. Salinity at 1.5 m and 2.5 m below a common datum converged on similar values intermediate between fresh and lagoon water salinities. The outflow face reestablished pre-storm conditions after 80 days at 15 m offshore, but more than 160 days at 30 m offshore, confirming that both the flow field and fluid sources control the position of the subterranean estuary. Episodic, high intensity events could influence the biogeochemical setting of the subterranean estuary and the overlying water body by altering redox conditions in the subterranean estuary during the landward migration of the dispersive mixing zone, increasing short-term discharge of potentially contaminated groundwater, and/or changing pore fluid residence time within the seepage face and along the mixing zone–seepage face front.
The Multiple Comparison Problem in Empirical Remote Sensing

Abstract This paper seeks to draw attention to the multiple comparison problem ( mcp ) within the remote sensing community, and suggest some easily implemented solutions. The use of repeated statistical tests by remote sensing scientists to identify significant relationships, increases the chance identifying false positives (i.e., type-I errors) as the number of tests increases. This paper provides an introduction to the multiple comparison problem (i.e., the impact of the interpretation of p-values when repeated tests are made), outlines some simple solutions, and provides two case studies to demonstrate the potential impact of the problem in empirical remote sensing. The first case study looks at multiple potential texture metrics to predict leaf area index. The second case study examines pixel-wise temporal trend detection. The results show how applying solutions to the multiple comparison problem can greatly impact the interpretation of statistical results.
Renal and Urinary Tract Diseases

Urologic surgery includes a wide spectrum of procedures ranging from minor outpatient endoscopic procedures to major procedures that can cause marked physiologic disturbances. Many patients undergoing these procedures have underlying renal dysfunction and associated comorbid medical conditions. Preoperative optimization of patients with renal dysfunction and comorbid disease, knowledge of specific complications associated with the operative procedures, and implications for the various positions that the patient may be subjected to during surgery are essential elements for the anesthesiologist caring for patients undergoing urologic surgery. Since regional anesthesia is often employed during urologic surgery, the anesthesiologist must be aware of the spinal levels that conduct nociceptive input from the genitourinary urinary system.
Cancer Screening Patterns and Concerns in Caregivers of Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy

Purpose:Evolving cancer screening guidelines can confuse the public. Caregivers of patients undergoing radiation oncology may represent a promising outreach target for disseminating and clarifying screening information. We aimed to: (1) determine the incidence of cancer screening in this cohort, and (2) identify barriers to and deficiencies in screening.Methods:We distributed a 21-item survey on cancer screening history and related concerns to caregivers ≥ 18 years old at one urban and two suburban radiation oncology centers. Reported screening habits were compared with American Cancer Society/American Urological Association guidelines for breast, cervical, colon, and prostate cancer. Statistical analysis included Pearson χ2 tests.Results:A total of 209 caregivers (median age, 55.5 years; 146 women) were surveyed. Although 92% had primary care physicians (PCPs), only 58% reported being informed about recommended screening intervals. Participants ≤ 49 years old were less likely to report PCP discussion of ...
A Non-Intrusive Polynomial Chaos Method for Uncertainty Propagation in CFD Simulations

In this extended abstract, we present a Non-Intrusive Polynomial Chaos (PC) method for the propagation of input uncertainty in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. By the “non-intrusive” term, we specify a method which does not modify the original deterministic code used in the simulations. In our proposed paper, we focus on investigating such a method which uses deterministic solutions in a stochastic model to simulate the propagation of the input uncertainties for obtaining various statistics of output variables. In a previous study [1], an intrusive PC formulation was implemented to a deterministic Euler code. This intrusive method involves substituting the PC expansions into fluxes and Jacobians, and projecting them onto a random basis function in the form of Hermite Polynomials. Despite its power in uncertainty propagation modeling, this intrusive method can be relatively difficult, expensive, and time consuming to implement to complex problems such as the full Navier-Stokes simulation of 3-D, viscous, turbulent flows around realistic aerospace vehicles or multi-system level simulations which include the interaction of many different codes from different disciplines. In this abstract, we give a brief description of a non-intrusive PC method, which is relatively easy to implement. Our preliminary results with this method includes two stochastic flow problems: (a) steady, subsonic, 2-D, zero-pressure gradient laminar boundary layer over a flat plate, which has the free-stream dynamic viscosity as the uncertain parameter and (b) inviscid, steady, supersonic, 2-D flow over a wedge which has an uncertainty in the wedge
Study on the Criminal Law Applicable Problem of the Main Participants of Organized Crime

The complexity of deciding the identities of main participators of organized crimes with underworld characteristics is mainly decided by the complexity of organized crimes itself.The number and type of main participators of organized crimes related with the underworld are large and varied.In practice,the role and function of each main participator shall be determined by the following aspects: first,the structure or hierarchy within the organization;second,the responsibility in and gains from the organization.The main participators of organized crimes with underworld characteristics can be classified as follows: lower level criminals controlled by organization leaders,those who play an important role in committing crimes,those who abet accomplices and those important ciminal helpers.Criminal responsibility and penalty shall be applied to different kinds of criminals according to the specific ranks and roles in the crime organization.
New Algebraic Approach for an Exact Solution of the Nuclear Mean-Field Plus Orbit-Dependent Pairing Hamiltonian

AN infinite dimensional algebraic approach is introduced to derive exact particle-number conserving solutions of the nuclear mean-field plus general orbit-dependent pairing Hamiltonian. As an example, exact solutions of the theory for even-even 18-26O, which are equivalent to the shell-model results for the universal ds-shell interaction are calculated and compared with the corresponding Separable Strength Pairing (SSP) and Equal Strength Pairing (ESP) results.
Review,Rethinking and Prospecting of the Research on Consumer Credit Law

It is of theory and practical significance to review and prospect the research and legislation of China's consumer credit law at the backdrop of financial crisis.This article reviews,rethinks and prospects the research of China's consumer credit law according different subjects.We consider that it should be conscious for the theory study of consumer credit law in the field of academic and methodology,and our country should draft out "Consumer Credit Act" as soon as possible.
Chest wall tumors. Experience with 100 consecutive patients

One hundred consecutive patients with chest wall tumors undergoing resection during the past 8 years were reviewed. There were 55 female and 45 male patients with ages ranging from 12 to 84 years (median 54.5 years). Fifty patients had primary malignant neoplasms, 32 had metastases, and 18 had benign tumors. The tumor was located in the ribs in 78 patients and in the sternum in 22. The number of ribs resected ranged from one to eight (median 3.4). Sternectomy was performed in 22 patients. Overlying soft tissue was resected en bloc in 47 patients. Reconstruction was with prosthetic material in 57 patients and autogenous ribs in 11. There were 100 muscle transpositions, including 45 pectoralis major, 33 latissimus dorsi, and 9 serratus anterior. Hospitalization ranged from 4 to 80 days (median 9.6 days). Complications occurred in nine patients. One patient required tracheostomy. There was one operative death. Median follow-up was 31.5 months. Recurrent tumor developed in seven patients. All patients with benign tumor and 95% of patients with primary tumor not previously treated were alive. However, only 41% of patients with metastatic tumor were alive. Metastases were responsible for 89% of late deaths. We conclude that aggressive resection for chest wall tumor with reliable reconstruction can be accomplished safely and that early wide resection is potentially curative treatment.
Mendelian, Non-Mendelian, Multigenic Inheritance, and Epigenetics

Genetics plays a role in the pathophysiology of much of human disease. Approximately one-third of all human genes are expressed in the nervous systems, making neurogenetic phenotypes quite common. In this chapter, we review the modes of inheritance that can be observed in various human neurologic and psychiatric disease: mendelian disorders, wherein mutations in a single disease-causing gene can result in a disease phenotype; nonmendelian disorders, exemplified by uniparental disomy and imprinting; multifactorial inheritance and complex traits, where interactions between various genes and environment are crucial to phenotype manifestation; and epigenetics, involving control of gene expression and gene–gene or gene–environmental interactions. Emphasis is placed on clinical examples of genetic mechanisms, as well as on molecular methods used to identify genetic and genomic variability and mutations underlying neurogenetic phenotypes.
Trends in Dupuytren Treatment in the United States

Introduction: The Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) in the United States in February 2010. This study addresses the impact of that approval on the diagnosis of Dupuytren disease and the effect of CCH on Dupuytren contracture (DC) treatment patterns in the United States.
Advances in Asymmetric Diastereodivergent Catalysis

Because the biological and/or pharmacological properties of a given molecule often depend on the absolute and relative configurations of the stereogenic centers, different diastereomers may exhibit totally different biological and/or pharmacological activities. Therefore, for compounds containing multiple stereogenic centers, the stereoselective asymmetric synthesis of all of the individual diastereomers, preferably using a catalytic method, is of great interest and importance in organic synthesis and drug discovery. In this context, the development of catalytic diastereodivergent methods is highly desirable, since it provides one of the most efficient ways to access multiple diastereomers from the same substrates. The current review attempts to summarize the developments in the field of asymmetric diastereodivergent catalysis.
Optical Imaging of Visual Feature Representation in the Awake, Fixating Monkey

The cerebral cortex houses the main computational power in the brain. Its size and complexity serves to differentiate humans from other animals (e.g. [1, 2]). Akin to the architecture of a computer in which there are repeating components, computational circuits reside in fundamental submillimeter-sized building blocks called cortical columns. The activation of specific populations of these cortical columns underlies how the brain achieves specific behavioral repertoires. A major goal of modern neuroscience, therefore, is to understand which networks of columnar activation underly specific behaviors and how their dysfunction leads to specific diseases of brain and behavior. One approach to understanding the role of these columns (or modules) in behavior and cognition is to visualize them with with optical imaging methods in the alert animal. Indeed, understanding how networks of modules within and across cortical areas achieve vision or memory or emotion is a primary challenge of systems neuroscience. Visualization of such modular activations during behavior is tantamount to watching the brain at work. Over the past decade, we and others have developed methods to visualize activations through implanted ‘windows on the brain’. By applying these methods to the awake, behaving animal, it is hoped that this method can open new vistas in our understanding of the neural basis of cognitive function. Furthermore, the ability of these studies to forge a critical link between a large body of work on animal models and functional imaging in humans will be invaluable. Towards this goal, we have developed an optical window which permits longterm viewing of cortical activity [3, 4]. The window employs a clear, artificial dura which does not interfere with cortical function and prevents infection and dural regrowth. Repeated imaging experiments can be conducted on the same cortical region in the same animal. Electrophysiological recordings can also be conducted. Using these methods, we have examined relationship between different featural maps in V1, V2, and V4 of the alert fixating monkey. To examine featural representation, we used luminance gratings, isoluminant color gratings, and depth stimuli induced by
O(log N)-Time Complete Visibility for Asynchronous Robots with Lights

We consider the distributed setting of N autonomous mobile robots that operate in Look-Compute-Move (LCM) cycles and communicate with other robots using colored lights (the robots with lights model). We study the fundamental problem of repositioning N autonomous robots on a plane sothat each robot is visible to all others (the Complete Visibility problem) on this model; a robot cannot see another robot if a third robot is positioned between them on the straight line connecting them. There exists an O(1) time, O(1) color algorithm for this problem in the semi-synchronous setting. In this paper, we provide the first O(log N) time, O(1) color algorithm for this problem in the asynchronous setting. This is a significant improvement over an O(N)-time translation of the semi-synchronous algorithm to the asynchronous setting. The proposed algorithm is collision-free - robots do not share positions and their paths do not cross.
Is “Delitigation” Associated with a Change in Product Safety? The Case of Vaccines

This study investigates whether the threat of litigation induces firms to provide safer products in a regulated industry. I analyze whether removing litigation risk or “delitigation” of product liability is associated with a change in the safety of vaccines. Using U.S. nationwide and state-level data, I find that vaccines that were licensed after legislation that preempted most product liability lawsuits are associated with a significantly higher incidence of adverse events than were vaccines that were licensed under a previous regime that permitted consumers to sue. Oaxaca decomposition suggests that the difference is due to the policy change. The results suggest that product safety deteriorates when consumers are no longer able to sue manufacturers.
Fragile X granules are a family of axonal ribonucleoprotein particles with circuit-dependent protein composition and mRNA cargos

Local axonal protein synthesis plays a crucial role in the formation and function of neuronal circuits. Understanding the role of this mechanism in specific circuits requires identifying the protein composition and mRNA cargos of the ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs) that form the substrate for axonal translation. FXGs (Fragile X granules) are axonal RNPs present in a stereotyped subset of mature axons in the intact brain that contain one or more of the Fragile X related (FXR) proteins (FMRP, FXR2P, and FXR1P) along with mRNA and ribosomes. Here we performed a systematic survey of the FXR protein composition and mRNA association of FXGs in the brain. We have identified four FXG types that can be categorized based on their FXR protein complement. All FXGs contain FXR2P, with FMRP and/or FXR1P present in circuit-selective subsets. Individual neuronal cell types predominantly express a single FXG type, with FMRP-containing FXGs the most prevalent in forebrain neurons. All FXG types associate with ribosomes and mRNA, but the specific mRNA cargos are a function of FXG type, brain region and neuron class. Transcripts for β-catenin and its regulator APC associate with a subset of forebrain FXGs. Moreover, both these transcripts can colocalize within individual FXGs, suggesting that the axonal translation of functionally related proteins may be coordinately regulated with high spatiotemporal resolution. Cell type-dependent expression of specific RNP types with distinct mRNA cargos, such as FXGs, presents a potential mechanism for regulating local translation and its output in a circuit-dependent manner.
Out of Our Comfort Zone to Improve Population Health: A Public Health of Consequence, December 2017.

An introduction is presented in which the authors discuss various reports within the journal on topics such as efforts to improve population health and public health in America, a firearms-related epidemic in the U.S., and a community-level intervention to reduce sodium in prepackaged foods.
Using crash modification factors to appraise the safety effects of pedestrian countdown signals for drivers

AbstractAlthough pedestrian countdown signals (PCSs) are meant for pedestrians, they give cues to drivers on the remaining amount of green as the timer counts down. This study focuses on the evalua...
Social (in)Equity in Access to Cycling Infrastructure: Examining the Distribution of Bike Lanes with Respect to Area-Level Sociodemographic Characteristics in 23 Large U.S. Cities

Background Cycling advocates have recently argued that low-income and minority communities across the U.S. have disproportionately low access to bike lanes. To date, however, quantitative evidence of disparities in access to bike lanes is limited to a small number of cities. Methods We address this research gap by examining cross-sectional associations between bike lanes and sociodemographic characteristics at the block group level for 23 large U.S. cities (n=22,164 block groups). Dependent variables include the presence (yes/no), density, connectivity, and proximity of bike lanes, measured using secondary GIS data collected by each of the 23 cities between 2012 and 2016. Primary independent variables include indicators of race, ethnicity, educational attainment, income, poverty, and a composite socioeconomic status (SES) index, measured using data from the 2011–2015 American Community Survey. We use linear and logistic multilevel mixed-effects regression models to estimate associations between these sociodemographic characteristics and each bike lane dependent variable, before and after adjusting for traditional indicators of cycling demand (population and employment density, distance to downtown, percent of population between ages 18 and 34, percent of workers commuting by bicycle). Results In unadjusted associations, disadvantaged block groups (i.e. lower SES, higher proportions of minority residents) had significantly lower access to bike lanes. After adjusting for traditional indicators of cycling demand, access to bike lanes remained lower for block groups with particular types of disadvantage (lower educational attainment, higher proportions of Hispanic residents, lower composite SES) but not with other types of disadvantage (lower proportions of black residents, lower income, higher poverty). Conclusions These results provide empirical support for advocates’ claims of distributional inequalities in bike lane access, suggesting the importance of more closely considering social equity in the bicycle planning and advocacy process.
Analysis of multidimensional biological image data

Relatively recent strides in noninvasive medical imaging and in vital microscopy have yielded a new form of massive data type: the multi-channel, 3-D, time-course image recording. These multidimensional datasets document dynamic changes within the full volume of a specimen over time, often simultaneously monitoring several different parameters. As a result, visual data collected from a single living specimen can now go beyond the 2-D domain, engaging the viewer’s full capacity to discern changes across space, time, and additional dimensions such as image spectra. A challenge rising out of these advances is to display these data so that the investigator can visualize and interactively explore the recording’s full spatial, temporal. and spectral content, to better understand what cannot be seen directly through the microscope eyepiece. The challenges of multidimensional image analysis are not unique to the biologist or microscopist—space scientists and climatologists have been struggling with these issues for some time in their analysis of atmospheric data. Here we discuss computational approaches to this type of data, including the introduction of a new interdisciplinary effort to develop an effective framework for the analysis of multidimensional image data.
One Server, No Queue (M/M/1/1)

This chapter applies to a one-server, no queue system with exponential inter-arrival and service times. Could be a rental store with one electric saw available to rent. The saw is the service facility and the rental time becomes the service time. When the saw is out, future customers do not wait and go elsewhere. The difference, equilibrium and reduced equations are listed. The probability of n units in the system, and the performance measures are developed. Examples are presented.
Tri-Duality Theory in Phase Transformations of Ferroelectric Crystals with Random Defects

This paper presents a general solution theory to the Landau-Ginzburg (LG) equation in the presence of a high concentration of point defects of which a small concentration is charged, and subsequently applied to disordered ferroelectric crystals. Beginning with a canonical dual transformation method, a triality theorem is developed for solving the non-convex variational problem associated with LG equation. The approach allows for an exact solution of the LG equation in the case of strong Ginzburg contributions to the total energy, avoiding conventional linearization of the order parameter into Fourier components. It is demonstrated that the Ginzburg and random-field terms have similar effects, both acting as a driving force. The imperfect contribution from high concentrations of uncharged point defects acts to decrease the stability of the double potential well, favoring a single well. It is shown that the order parameter is unstable with increasing magnitude of the Ginzburg/random-field and imperfect contributions. Both theoretical and experimental results demonstrate with increasing polarization nonuniformity, that ferroelectric domains breakup into subdomains, resulting in pseudo-cubic symmetry.
The Mapping of Morals onto Law

This chapter, in continuing the discussion of contract in law, deals specifically with the relation between social contract—a philosophical concept—and contract in law. The linking terms are trust, obligation, rights, consideration, ethics, values, and the broad notion of equity or justice which spreads over both systems of thought throughout the history of civilizations, particularly western civilizations.
Distal Knee Medial Collateral Ligament Repair With Suture Augmentation

The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is the most commonly injured ligament of the knee. Given its extra-articular location, the MCL has great healing capacity such that the mainstay of treatment for most injuries remains conservative management. However, certain injury patterns place patients and athletes at risk of residual valgus laxity, which may require delayed surgical care and prolonged time out from sports. As such, identifying the specific injuries known to place patients at risk for failure with nonoperative management is of paramount importance. Although controversy remains regarding the optimal treatment of grade III MCL injuries, it is generally accepted that MCL ruptures from the distal tibia attachment require operative fixation. This technique article with accompanying video provides a detailed description of a technique for repairing the distal MCL attachment with suture augmentation. There are several advantages associated with an augmented direct repair including early, safe rehabilitation; prevention of valgus instability; and avoiding the comorbidities associated with a larger reconstruction.
First-Year Ophthalmology Residency Call Structure and Its Association with Resident Anxiety and Confidence

Purpose The main purpose of this article is to characterize methods for preparing first-year ophthalmology residents for call and to evaluate the association between call structure and anxiety levels. Methods Data on call structure and preparatory courses were collected by a national online survey of residency program directors and first-year residents in 2016 and 2017. Anxiety was assessed using the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scale, and confidence in evaluating and managing critical diagnoses on call was evaluated using a modified Likert-type scale. Results In 2016, 132 first-year ophthalmology residents (28% of 465 total) responded to the survey, and in 2017, 103 first-year residents (22% of 469 total) responded, for a total of 235 residents participating. About 97.4% of residents reported that their residency program had a buddy call system, and 73.2% reported that their residency offered a preparatory course at the beginning of residency. In the resident cohort from 2017, there was a statistically significant association between length of buddy call duration and cognitive worry anxiety level (p = 0.01) with the lowest mean anxiety scores reported among those whose buddy call system lasted between 9 and 12 weeks. Higher confidence in making critical diagnoses on call was significantly associated with lower anxiety scores (p Conclusion Buddy call and preparatory courses are associated with less anxiety and improved confidence among residents on call.
PMTJ Temperature Sensor Utilizing VCMA

Thermal aware systems are able to control distributed CMOS blocks based on the local temperature to enhance system power, speed, and reliability. The ultimate objective is multiple in situ temperature sensors, close to the CMOS device layer, distributed over the die, physically small, and leaking almost zero power. Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ) are able to provide this capability. An MTJ is a CMOS compatible device, fabricated within the metallic layers, above the CMOS device layers. A method for using an MTJ as a thermal sensor is presented. The method operates MTJs in an antiparallel state where an MTJ is more sensitive to thermal variations as compared to the parallel state. The method exploits device magnetism, thermal stability, and resistance with respect to an applied sensing voltage to sense the ambient temperature. The results are based on experimentally extracted parameters of a perpendicular and voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy MgO|CoFeB MTJ. A change in the device antiparallel resistance of up to 16 Ω per degree Kelvin at a sensing voltage of 0.2 volts is exhibited.
Reasoning About a Communication Protocol for Vehicular Cloud Computing Systems

Vehicular Clouds (VC) was inspired by the realization that the current vehicles are endowed with powerful sensing devices, storage, and computing resources and these resources are often underutilized. In this paper, we provide the reasoning for a communication protocol for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications in Vehicular Cloud Computing systems. We first explain the structure of the proposed protocol in detail and then provide analytical predictions and simulation results to investigate the accuracy of our predictions.
Architecting the Next Generation Computing Platform to Deliver Protected Differentiated Services

Many of today’s systems were built either as custom racks of computing and networking infrastructure to support specific functions or have been migrated to homogeneous computing clouds. Each platform was selected to serve a specific purpose, however, as technology advances and the type and volume of data increases, commercial and government customers are seeking a better solution. This research studied mission needs, data types, data speed, processing requirements, and potential automation. The proposed architecture has shown higher efficiency in terms of processing speed, reliability, and security. This research analyzes the options to create optimal solutions where automated data identification, steering, and data processing scheduling is done behind the scenes to deliver a better mission outcome. The optimal system is actually a System of Systems (SoS) that combines various compute, store, interconnect architectures, and technologies as well as software platforms to create an ideal environment for a diverse operational base.
The role of preoperative immune modulating nutrition

The meta-analysis by Adiamah et al . (1) clearly identifies the value of preoperative feeding with immune modulating nutrition(IMN) preoperatively in patients undergoing surgery for gastrointestinal cancer sufficient to make this a general recommendation by the relevant nutrition societies such as in future ESPEN and the Society of Critical Care Medicine-ASPEN guidelines (2,3).
Chemical Derivatives of the Anti-Leukemia Stem Cell Compound 4-Benzyl-2-Methyl-1,2,4-Thiadiazolidine-3,5-Dione (TDZD-8) with Improved Activity.

Abstract 3764 Poster Board III-700 We have recently described the novel and unique anti-leukemic properties of 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (TDZD-8). Indeed, TDZD-8 was shown to eradicate leukemia at the bulk, stem, and progenitor level with rapid kinetics (typically 50 for each of the analogs relative to the parental compound. We found that introducing substitutuents into the main TDZD ring resulted in loss of anti-leukemic activity of the compounds. Moreover, substitution in the benzyl/phenyl ring does not affect anti-leukemia activity of the TDZD analogs. Importantly, we found that N -2 halogenoethyl analogs, exhibit exceptional activity against leukemic cells. Of the halogenoethyl analogs evaluated, the iodoethyl analog TD-361 was the most active compound with an LD50 of 0.49 microM in MV-411 cells. Compounds exhibiting increased anti-leukemia activity were subjected to further testing in phenotypically-defined AML stem/progenitor cells. All analogs demonstrated efficacy in primary AML cells at lower concentrations than TDZD-8. Moreover, these analogs still maintained the rapid kinetics observed with TDZD-8. Finally, we performed colony assays to determine the effect of new analogs on progenitor cells from normal and leukemic cells. These studies demonstrated that the more active TDZD analogs retained the selective ability of TDZD-8 to abate AML progenitor cells without harming normal hematopoietic cells. In summary, we have identified the critical chemical moieties for the observed activity of TDZD-8, and have also discovered analogs with improved anti-leukemia activity. Going forward, the most active derivatives are being optimized for water-solubility and will then be evaluated using primary human AML specimens engrafted into immune deficient mice. Based on evidence to date, we propose that the TDZD family of compounds may represent a new class of drugs for the treatment of leukemia and related hematologic malignancies. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Preparing the Scholarly Practitioner: The Importance of Socialization in CPED-Influenced EdD Programs

This chapter applies the Weidman, Twale, and Stein (Socialization of graduate and professional students in higher education: a perilous passage? ASHE-ERIC higher education report, 28(3). Jossey-bass higher and adult education series. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 2001) Model for socialization to the Education Doctorate, or EdD. In particular, this chapter focuses on the CPED-influenced EdD, programs that have been redesigned under the Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate’s (CPED) Framework. EdD programs generally attract students who are already practicing professionals. Therefore, the aims of these programs are slightly different than in other professional programs such as medicine, law, clergy, etc. This chapter discusses how CPED has changed the EdD and what that has meant for socializing students in these programs by looking at two data efforts through the lens of the Weidman et al. (2001) Model.
P790 Determining the origins of repeat trichomonas vaginalis infections using clinical versus genotype-informed criteria

Background High rates of repeat T. vaginalis infections post-treatment have been reported. It is essential to understand the origin of these infections (i.e. treatment failure or reinfection) to determine the best secondary prevention measures. Self-reported sexual behavior and medication adherence can be subject to bias. The purpose of this study is to examine the origins of early repeat T. vaginalis infections in women using clinical versus genotype-informed criteria. Methods Women with T. vaginalis confirmed by culture or nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), who were randomized to receive 2 g or 7-day 500 mg BID metronidazole (MTZ), were retested 3–12 weeks post treatment at test-of-cure (TOC). Viable isolates from women who were TOC TV+ were genotyped (baseline and TOC isolates) and MTZ susceptibility (TOC only) was evaluated. Sexual and treatment adherence histories were elicited by computer-assisted self-administered survey. Treatment failure was defined using two criteria: 1) clinical (a combination of MTZ adherent per self-report+ no follow-up sexual exposure per self-report + no MTZ resistance), and 2) genotype-informed (concordant baseline and TOC genotype with no follow-up sexual exposure per self-report). Results Of 80 repeat positives, 78 were evaluated using clinical and 49 using genotype-informed criteria. Per clinical criteria, 87.2% were treatment failure, 7.7% were reinfection and 5.1% were new infection. Per genotype-informed criteria, 51.0% were treatment failure, 10.2% were reinfection and 38.3% were new infection. In subset analysis, comparing the 49 with both clinical and genotype-informed assessments, 61.2% agreed and 38.8% disagreed (kappa 0.29 indicating poor reliability). Of 44 women who denied having a new partner during follow-up, 14 (31.8%) had a discordant genotype. Conclusion Using either criteria, most TOC T. vaginalis positives were treatment failure rather than re-infections. Clinical and genotype-informed classification were not well correlated. Possible explanations for this will be discussed. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Interpreting COVID-19 Test Results: a Bayesian Approach.

As physicians care for patients with contact history and symptoms that might represent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), interpreting the results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays from nasal and pharyngeal swabs is crucial. While a positive result in an acutely ill patient is straightforward, how should physicians interpret negative tests in patients with suspected COVID-19 infection? Physicians and patients often place inappropriate confidence in test results, even when those tests are imperfect.1 Specifically, physicians may minimize their own clinical reasoning (e.g., their pre-test probability of disease) and defer to a test result that may not be correct. With PCR testing for COVID-19, false negative tests are particularly concerning, potentially leading to an inappropriate sense of security regarding infectivity. To accurately interpret test results, one needs to know the positive and negative predictive values of a test in the setting applied, which depend on its sensitivity and specificity, along with prevalence or pre-test probability. Although the specificity of PCR assays for COVID-19 appears to be close to 100%, documenting its sensitivity is surprisingly elusive.2 Real-world sensitivity of the COVID-19 assay is especially impacted by difficulty in sampling technique for obtaining specimens using nasopharyngeal swabs.3 One recent unpublished (non-peer reviewed) study based on the experience in China suggested a sensitivity of 70%.4 We believe that Bayes theorem can be applied to the interpretation of negative PCR results in patients with suspected COVID-19 infection. To illustrate, we simulate two patient scenarios with differing contact history and clinical presentations.
Trajectories from Distribution-Valued Functional Curves: A Unified Wasserstein Framework

Temporal changes in medical images are often evaluated along a parametrized function that represents a structure of interest (e.g. white matter tracts). By attributing samples along these functions with distributions of image properties in the local neighborhood, we create distribution-valued signatures for these functions. We propose a novel, comprehensive framework which models their temporal evolution trajectories. This is achieved under the unifying scheme of Wasserstein distance metric. The regression problem is formulated as a constrained optimization problem and solved using an alternating projection algorithm. The solution simultaneously preserves the functional characteristics of the curve, models the temporal change in distribution profiles and forces the estimated distributions to be valid. Hypothesis testing is applied in two ways using Wasserstein based test statistics. Validation is presented on synthetic data. Estimation of a population trajectory is shown using diffusion properties along DTI tracts from a healthy population of infants. Detection of delayed growth is shown using a case study.
A Redcoat in America: The Diaries of Lieutenant William Bamford, 1757–1765 and 1776: 1757–1765 and 1776, Warwick, UK: Helion, 253 pp., $39.95, ISBN 978-1-911628-47-7, Publication Date: October 2019

In 1742, fourteen-year-old William Bamford entered the British Army as an ensign in the Thirty-Fifth Regiment of Foot. He served in that regiment for thirty years and took part in some of Britain’s...