cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical-image recognition for experiments in the track chambers of high-energy physics

The bottleneck in extracting data from photographs of the high-energy reactions of subnuclear particles has been opened by a factor of ten in the last decade. Four types of film processors have become operational and they have added to the natural excitement of the field by providing ample events to answer questions about the behavior of subnuclear particles. The method of extraction of track-chamber data by specialists is presented; hardware and software are reviewed. Bubble chambers provide the biggest challenge. Higher energy regions and new optical track chambers indicate further challenges for event-recognition systems.
Shock wave formation around a moving heat source in a solid with finite speed of heat propagation

Abstract The thermal field around a moving heat source in a solid with finite speed of heat propagation is studied analytically in this work. A thermal Mach number M defined as the ratio between the speed of the moving heat source and that of the heat propagation in the solid is introduced in the analysis. The resulting energy equation is found to be elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic in the subsonic ( M M = 1), and supersonic ( M > 1) ranges, respectively. Thermal shock wave is shown to exist in the physical domain as the speed of the moving heat source is equal to or faster than that of the heat propagation, and the thermal shock angle is obtained analytically as sin −1 ( 1 M ) for M ⩾ 1. In the numerical examples, the evolution of the temperature and the heat flux distributions in the heat affected zone is present as a function of the thermal Mach number and a swinging phenomenon for the thermal field in transition is discussed.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PARALLEL THINNING ALGORITHMS—A GENERIC APPROACH

In this paper, a generic approach for the analysis and design of parallel thinning algorithms is presented. The procedures for designing 4-subcycle/iteration, 2-subcycle/iteration, and 1-subcycle/iteration thinning algorithms are developed. The experimental results show that these thinning algorithms designed by proposed approach preserve image connectivity, produce thinner results, and obtain faster speed than many existing key thinning algorithms. As an example, a 1-subcycle/iteration algorithm and its experimental results were illustrated, which is in general about two times faster than others in the literature.
Videomicroscopic method for direct determination of blood flow to the papilla of the kidney.

We adapted the technique of videomicroscopy for direct determination of blood flow in individual capillaries of the papilla of the kidney, the ascending vasa recta (AVR) and descending vasa recta (DVR). The papilla was exposed in anesthetized rats and positioned under a video-camera-microscope and viewed under epi-illumination. The intravenous infusion of fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled gamma globulin was combined with fluorescence microscopy to enhance the contrast among plasma, red blood cells and capillary walls. On the television monitor, the walls were clearly outlined, enabling the measurement of capillary diameter. The velocity of red cells (V rbc ) in individual vasa recta was measured using the dual slit technique. From the videotape recorded microscopic image of a vas rectum, two photometric signals were obtained by integrating the light intensity from two electronic “windows” positioned closely together over the same capillary. Red cell velocity was calculated by dividing the distance between the two windows by the time delay between signals. The delay was determined using analog correlation tracking or digital cross correlation techniques. Single vasa recta blood flow was calculated from capillary diameter, V rbc , and F (Fahraeus factor), which converts V rbc to average whole blood velocity, V blood . In quartz capillaries the same size as vasa recta, the ratio F=V rbc /V blood =1.42±0.06. Total papillary blood inflow and outflow was calculated by multiplying the total number of DVR or AVR times the mean single capillary blood flow for DVR or AVR, respectively.
BENEFITS AND RISKS OF ENDOSCOPY IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC VASCULITIDES. 757

The gastrointestinal manifestations of collagen vascular diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and polymyositis, have been well described in the pediatric population. These patients frequently have symptoms which are indications for endoscopic studies. However, the risks and benefits of gastrointestinal endoscopy in this population have not been examined. A complete review for all rheumatologic patients admitted to Texas Children's Hospital during the past five years was performed and those patients undergoing endoscopy were identified. Ten patients (5%) underwent endoscopic procedures (nine upper and three lower endoscopies) which were analyzed with emphasis on resultant complications and therapeutic benefit. Indications for endoscopy included pain in six of ten patients, bleeding in three of ten patients and vomiting and diarrhea in one patient. Three patients had severe complications, two of which required surgery within one day of the endoscopic procedure. One of these patients subsequently died with GI bleeding. Five of the ten patients had changes in management following their endoscopy. Two patients had Helicobacter pylori and treatment was initiated. Three patients had esophagitis or gastritis and acid suppression treatment was started or optimized. Vasculopathy was present in the patients who had complications and may have contributed to their development. This study provides evidence that endoscopy can provide useful information for the management of the pediatric patient with GI symptoms and rheumatologic disease. However, since serious and potentially life-threatening complications occur, great care is needed in evaluating risk/benefit for endoscopic procedures in these high risk patients.
NMR disentangles a dynamic disaggregase machinery.

The three-dimensional structure of a key complex in chaperone-mediated protein disaggregation, comprising ClpB and DnaK, has been determined using NMR. In addition to providing unique mechanistic insights, the approach promises to elucidate the structural basis for the assembly of elusive dynamic protein machineries in the near future.
Learner Difficulties with German Case: Implications from an Action Research Study

It is very common for second language learners to encounter difficulties with a structure or concept, even after repeated explanation and practice.2 Yet foreign language teachers who wonder about the best way to address these structure or conceptual problems may find little help when they turn to their textbooks or current research on language peda gogy. Second language acquisition research is not necessarily concerned with solving classroom problems and, in the field of language pedagogy, there are frequently more questions than answers. One such question that we have posed recently is why second language learners experience the problems they do when it comes to the acquisition of German case morphology. Clearly, this question is not only of pedagogical interest for language teachers but also of importance for researchers who seek to better understand second language ac quisition. Thus, although teachers and researchers may approach a problem differently, their concerns are interrelated. Nevertheless, many scholars such as Ellis choose to focus on the gap that sometimes separates practitioners and theorists: "Teachers require and seek to develop practical knowledge; researchers endeavor to advance technical knowl edge. This distinction ... encapsulates the divide that often exists between the two" (39).3 In this arti cle, we adopt a more integrative view (see van Lier and O'Brien) which emphasizes the unity of prac tice, theory and curriculum. Like these scholars, we believe that attempting to maintain a strict dichot omy between "practical knowledge" and "techni cal knowledge' (or as it is more often posited, "practice" and "theory") is counterproductive, since improvement of practice and production of knowledge are not mutually exclusive goals. The study reported on here involved a collabo ration between teachers and researchers, with the goal of engaging together in a cyclical process of identifying, investigating, and trying to solve a specific pedagogical problem. This process of in quiry, commonly referred to as "action research," was first envisioned by Lewin, and further devel oped by Kemmis and McTaggart, Gregory, Wallace and others. As we hope to demonstrate here, ac tion research can be a powerful tool to help teach ers understand their second language learners and discover modifications in teaching that may benefit them.
Theoretical and experimental investigations of the dynamic range of high-frequency coherent AM optical links using semiconductor lasers

In this paper, we theoretically and experimentally investigate the spurious-free dynamic range of an externally modulated coherent AM optical link. The coherent link's performance is also compared to a similar direct detection link. Semiconductor lasers are used as the optical transmitter and local oscillator lasers. However, the wide linewidth of semiconductor lasers can cause substantial performance degradation of coherent links. We show that by using a coherent receiver structure consisting of a wideband filter, rectifier and narrowband lowpass filter, and by selecting a wide enough bandpass filter, the coherent AM link can be made linewidth-insensitive. We also show that for low optical powers, the coherent AM link has a better spurious-free dynamic range than a similar direct detection link, and that laser RIN is not a significant effect.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Relationships between nondeterministic and deterministic tape complexities

The amount of storage needed to simulate a nondeterministic tape bounded Turingmachine on a deterministic Turing machine is investigated. Results include the following: Theorem. A nondeterministic L(n)-tape bounded Turing machine can be simulated by a deterministic [L(n)]^2-tape bounded Turing machine, provided L(n)>=log"2n. Computations of nondeterministic machines are shown to correspond to threadings of certain mazes. This correspondence is used to produce a specific set, namely the set of all codings of threadable mazes, such that, if there is any set which distinguishes nondeterministic tape complexity classes from deterministic tape complexity classes, then this is one such set.
USE OF INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY TO ASSESS TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY IN BEEF PATTIES COOKED FROM THE FROZEN AND THAWED STATES

Variation in internal temperature in cross-sections of cooked beef patties cooked from the frozen and thawed states was assessed immediately following cooking to 71C using infrared thermography. Visual and instrumental color measurements were also obtained. Temperature variation was considerable (often > 19C) within patties. Internal temperatures tended to be higher and more consistent across patty cut surfaces when patties were cooked from the thawed rather than the frozen state. This may be partially due to the increase in thickness observed for patties cooked from the thawed state, while patties cooked frozen tended to shrink in thickness and distort in shape during cooking. As noted in previous studies, following cooking thawed patties were brown, while frozen patties were pink and red. Future research will be necessary to determine the most accurate systems of assessing temperature in cooked beef patties to insure food safety.
Pliocene climates: the nature of the problem

Abstract The Pliocene may have been the last time period when global temperatures were greater than present. The Pliocene data base is sufficiently complete to provide a valuable test for climate model predictions for warm time periods. This paper reviews some key issues with respect to understanding and verifying theories for the origin of Pliocene warmth. There are two main factors cited to explain Pliocene warmth—higher CO 2 levels or higher levels of ocean heat transport. The two explanations may not be exclusive; for example CO 2 increases may drive ocean heat transport changes. However, initial proxy-CO 2 reconstructions suggest that the CO 2 perturbation is very small (~100 ppm) to effect such large changes in climate. Considerably more data are needed to evaluate the magnitude of Pliocene CO 2 changes. Although more modeling work is also required, it is necessary to continue evaluation of input data used to force model results (particularly sea surface temperatures). Continued simulations and evaluation of p CO 2 and SST results should enable us to better understand how the earth responds during a global warming and determine whether our models are properly simulating such changes.
Structure and formation of domain boundaries in topologically close-packed structures

The structure and formation of sequence faults in certain topologically close-packed structures with primary layers containing pentagons and triangles are discussed. We use the Pearson-Shoemaker no...
A model for proton translocation in biomembranes based on keto-enol shifts in hydrogen bonded peptide groups

A mechanism is proposed for the translocation of protons through the hydrogen bonded peptide groups of a protein by means of keto-enol tautomerization. The model is discussed in relation to energy coupling in biomembranes.
Measurement of pressure-broadening and lineshift coefficients at 77 and 296 K of methane lines in the 727 nm band using intracavity laser spectroscopy

Pressure-broadening coefficients and pressure-induced lineshifts of several rotational-vibrational lines have been measured in the 727 nm absorption band of methane at temperatures of 77 and 296 K, using nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium as the foreign-gas collision partners. A technique involving intracavity laser spectroscopy is used to record the methane spectra. Average values of the broadening coefficients (/cm/atm) at 77 K are: 0.199, 0.139, 0.055, and 0.29 for collision partners N2, H2, He, and CH4, respectively. Typical average values of the pressure-induced lineshifts (/cm/atm) at 77 K and for the range of foreign gas pressures between 10 and 200 torr are -0.052 for N2, -0.063 for H2, and +0.031 for He. All the values obtained at 296 K are considerably different from the corresponding values at 77 K. This represents the first report of pressure-broadening and shifting coefficients for the methane transitions in a region where the delta nu(sub C-H) = 5 band occurs.
Analysis of energy-transport performance of machines via the resistance concept

Abstract Mollier diagrams such as the P - h (pressure-enthalpy) and the h - s (enthalpy-entropy) graphically indicate energy relationships under fluid-flow circumstances and greatly enhance the understanding of the processes. They particularly depict energy allocations to work and to resultant energy-wealth differences for machines involving flow under pressure-difference conditions. With associated heat-exchanger equipment, the “energy-transport” through machines subsequently may well be clarified via an amplified resistance-concept, with energy-flow responsive to a specified motivating-force or “potential-difference”. This approach then lends itself well to the prediction of operating performance in energy-flow complexes particularly under off-design conditions, and suggests modes of treatment via rheo-electric simulation techniques. Two examples of energy-transport for machines coupled to heat-exchangers are discussed, namely refrigeration and steam-turbine power generation.
Creep deformation and damage in a continuous fiber-reinforced Ti-6Al-4V composite

Mechanisms of longitudinal creep deformation and damage were studied in an eight-ply unidirectional-reinforced SCS-6/Ti-6Al-4V composite. The composite was creep tested in air under constant tensile load at temperatures from 427 °C to 650 °C and stresses from 621 to 1380 MPa.In situ acoustic emission (AE) monitoring and post-test metallographic evaluation were used to study fiber fracture and damage during creep. At low creep stresses, creep rates continuously decreased to near-zero values. This was attributed to a mechanism of matrix relaxation and the time-dependent redistribution of load from the ductile matrix to the elastic fibers. At higher stresses, progressive fiber overload occurred during creep loading. In this case, the composite exhibited a stage of decreasing creep rate (due primarily to matrix relaxation), followed by a secondary stage of nearly constant creep rate due to fiber fracture. The results indicate that interfacial oxidation damage and inefficient load transfer at elevated temperatures significantly decreased the capability of broken fibers to carry load. As a result, additional time-dependent stress redistribution occurred in the composite, which was responsible for the secondary creep stage.
A model for the regulation of brain adenylate cyclase by ionic equilibria.

Multiple-equilibrium equations were solved to investigate the individual and separate effects of Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, ATP4−, and their complexes on the kinetics of brain adenylate cyclase. The effects of divalent metals and/or ATP4− (in excess of their participation in complex formation) were determined and, from the corresponding apparent affinity values, the following kinetic constants were obtained:Km(MgATP)=1.0 mM,Ki(ATP4−)=0.27 mM,Km(MnATP)=0.07 mM, andKi(CaATP)=0.015 mM. MgATP, MnATP, ATP4−, and CaATP were shown to compete for the active site of the enzyme. Hence, it is proposed that endogenous metabolites with a strong ligand activity for divalent metals, such as citrate and some amino acids, become integrated into a metabolite feedback control of the enzyme through the release of ATP4− from MgATP. Ca2+ fluxes may participate in the endogenous regulation of adenylate cyclase by modifying the level of CaATP. The free divalent metals show an order of affinityK0.5(Ca2+)=0.02 mM,K0.5(Mn2+)=3.8 mM,K0.5(Mg2+)=4.7 mM, and an order of activity Mn2+>Mg2+>Ca2+. The data indicate that Mn2+ and Mg2+ ions may compete for a regulatory site distinct from the active site and increaseVm without changingKm(MgATP),Km(MnATP), orKi(ATP4−). The interactions of ATP4− and CaATP, which act as competitive inhibitors of the reaction of the enzyme with the substrates MgATP and MnATP, and Mg2+ and Mn2+, which act as activators of the enzyme in the absence of hormones, are shown to follow the random rapid equilibrium BiBi group-transfer mechanism of Cleland with the stipulation that neither Mg2+ nor Mn2+, in excess of their respective participation in substrate formation, are obligatorily required for basal activity. ATP4− and CaATP are involved in dead-end inhibition. For MgCl2 saturation curves at constant total ATP concentration, the computer-generated curves based on the RARE BiBi model predict a change in the Hill cooperativityh from a basal value of 2.6, when Mg2+ is not obligatorily required, to 4.0 when the addition of hormones or neurotransmitters induces an obligatory requirement for Mg2+.
Transcription of the maxicircle kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania tarentolae.

Abstract Numerous transcripts of the 30 kilobase maxicircle component of the kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania tarentolae have been analyzed by the Northern blotting method. The transcripts range in size from 1.8 to 0.1 kb. RNAs arising from the cloned 6.6 kb region containing the presumptive miniribosomal RNA genes were shown to be transribed in the direction 12 S to 9 S on the same strand. A preliminary transcriptional map was constructed and related to the distribution of AT-rich regions of the maxicircle DNA molecule.
Persistent localized bone marrow aplasia after radiotherapy with preserved peripheral counts: a study of 8 cases

Localized, radiation (XRT)-induced sternal bone marrow (BM) aplasia was described in early studies in the radiation oncology literature; however, no pathologic studies have examined in detail this phenomenon in random iliac crest biopsies and its relationship to overall hematopoiesis. We retrospectively reviewed aplastic iliac crest BMs with discrepant peripheral blood (PB) counts after localized pelvic XRT. BM aplasia was defined as 5% or less cellularity in an adequate biopsy and/or hypocellular particles on aspirate smears. Discrepant PB counts were defined as either within or higher than normal limits or mild cytopenias. Eight patients with BM aplasia and discrepant PB counts were identified; each had received localized XRT to the sacrum, lumbar spine, or pelvis. Aplastic BMs showed replacement by mature fat and/or virtually acellular spicules. One case showed focal reticulin fibrosis. Mild cytopenias were seen in 6 cases and normal or increased counts in one case each. Aplastic BMs were observed 5 to 43 months after XRT. A myeloproliferative neoplasm was diagnosed in one case based on PB findings and JAK-2 mutation, despite BM aplasia. In one case, a right-sided aplastic BM, diagnosed 8 months after XRT, was followed 14 months later by a normocellular right aspirate and aplastic left BM biopsy. Prolonged, localized BM sterilization may be seen as a result of XRT to the iliac crest for several years. In the setting of preserved PB counts, this is not likely representative of overall hematopoiesis and serves as a potential diagnostic pitfall. Regeneration of hematopoietic activity at exposed sites may be possible.
A Kinematic and Electromyographic Analysis of Turning in People With Parkinson Disease.

Background. Parkinson disease frequently causes difficulty turning that can lead to falls, loss of independence, and diminished quality of life. Turning in tight spaces, which may be particularly i...
Preparing Emergency Physicians for Malpractice Litigation: A Joint Emergency Medicine Residency-law School Mock Trial Competition

Abstract Background Fear of malpractice affects the daily life of many emergency physicians. Educational programs to prepare for litigation are lacking. Objectives An educational collaboration between an emergency medicine residency and a law school, whereby a medical malpractice mock trial competition is used to teach residents basic skills for testifying in legal proceedings. Methods Ten residents in an academic emergency medicine program volunteered as witnesses in a malpractice mock trial competition at a law school. Residents testified two or three times and, after each appearance, were provided feedback to prepare them for subsequent rounds of testimony. They were also given access to videotaped testimony. Judges rated each resident using a nine-question survey scored on a 10-point Likert scale. Scores were compared as a group between rounds of testimony. Results Participants demonstrated significant improvement in seven of nine measured categories. p -Values reached significance in: Worked Well on Direct Examination ( p p p = 0.001), Convincing Witness ( p = 0.001), Appeared Knowledgeable ( p = 0.012), Courtroom Attire ( p = 0.012), and Expressed Themselves Clearly ( p = 0.017). In addition, residents anonymously reported broad educational benefit. Conclusion This novel educational collaboration taught residents about the process of litigation. It improved their communication skills and expanded their knowledge of documentation pitfalls, problems with staff interaction, and consequences of medical errors. This mutually beneficial partnership between a medical residency and a law school solidified it as a permanent feature of the residency program.
EPIC: ending piracy of integrated circuits

As semiconductor manufacturing requires greater capital investments, the use of contract foundries has grown dramatically, increasing exposure to mask theft and unauthorized excess production. While only recently studied, IC piracy has now become a major challenge for the electronics and defense industries [6].We propose a novel comprehensive technique to end piracy of integrated circuits (EPIC). It requires that every chip be activated with an external key, which can only be generated by the holder of IP rights, and cannot be duplicated. EPIC is based on (i) automatically-generated chip IDs, (ii) a novel combinational locking algorithm, and (iii) innovative use of public-key cryptography. Our evaluation suggests that the overhead of EPIC on circuit delay and power is negligible, and the standard flows for verification and test do not require change. In fact, major required components have already been integrated into several chips in production. We also use formal methods to evaluate combinational locking and computational attacks. A comprehensive protocol analysis concludes that EPIC is surprisingly resistant to various piracy attempts.
Economic Theory and the World of Practice: A Celebration of the (S, s) Model

It was the question of how best to balance the costs of ordering and of running out of stock against the costs of holding excess inventory that inspired Kenneth Arrow, Theodore Harris, and Jacob Marschak to introduce the ( S , s ) model in 1951. In this celebratory article, we show how this model not only answered important practical questions, but also opened the door to a quite startling range of important and challenging follow-up questions, many of great practical importance and analytic depth. The ( S , s ) model has become one of the touchstone models of economics, opening new vistas of applied economic theory to all who internalize its structure. Today it is universally applied to solve questions faced in inventory control. The core model elements, uncertainty and fixed costs of adjustment, are ubiquitous, which has resulted in its becoming the general purpose economic model of discrete adjustment. The ( S , s ) model has also become a profound source of inspiration for macroeconomists seeking to understand the role that discrete microeconomic adjustments play in macroeconomic fluctuations. Looking forward, we foresee rapid growth in the use of ( S , s ) modeling to aid households making complex and costly financial decisions, such as when and how to terminate a mortgage. In the projected era of "household operations research," new modeling challenges will arise due to enriched feedback from the world of practice.
Robust Flight Control Design to Minimize Aircraft Loss-of-Control Incidents

A pseudo-sliding mode control synthesis procedure discussed previously in the literature is applied to the design of a control system for a nonlinear model of the NASA Langley Generic Transport Model. The complete vehicle model is included as an appendix. The goal of the design effort is the synthesis of a robust control system to minimize aircraft loss-of-control by preserving fundamental pilot input—system response characteristics across the flight envelope, here including the possibility of actuator damage. The design is carried out completely in the frequency domain and is described by a ten-step synthesis procedure, also previously introduced it the literature. Five different flight tasks are considered in computer simulations of the completed design demonstrating the stability and performance robustness of the control system.
Performance indicators for transit management

Transit performance can be evaluated through quantitative indicators. As the provision of efficient and effective transit service are appropriate goals to be encouraged by federal and state governments, these goals are used to develop performance indicators. Three efficiency and four effectiveness indicators are described, together with two overall indicators. These nine indicators are analyzed for comparability utilizing operating and financial data collected from public transit agencies in California. Performance indicators selected for this study should not be viewed as final. Twenty-one performance indicators proposed by previous studies were reviewed. Theoretical considerations and unavailability or unreliability of data caused omission of several useful measures like passenger-miles. Circumstances such as improved data, emphasis upon goals other than efficiency and effectiveness, and local conditions might warrant the inclusion of indicators deleted from this research. /Author/TRRL/
CONTROLLABILITY PROPERTIES IN SAFE REGIONS

For nonlinear control systems in discrete time, the global controllability structure within a safe region of the state space is analyzed. The main results characterize those safe regions, where every point can be steered into a relatively invariant subset of complete approximate controllability. Furthermore, for parameter dependent systems, loss of invariance is analyzed.
M theory through the looking glass: Tachyon condensation in the E8 heterotic string

We study the spacetime decay to nothing in string theory and M-theory. First we recall a nonsupersymmetric version of heterotic M-theory, in which bubbles of nothing -- connecting the two E_8 boundaries by a throat -- are expected to be nucleated. We argue that the fate of this system should be addressed at weak string coupling, where the nonperturbative instanton instability is expected to turn into a perturbative tachyonic one. We identify the unique string theory that could describe this process: The heterotic model with one E_8 gauge group and a singlet tachyon. We then use worldsheet methods to study the tachyon condensation in the NSR formulation of this model, and show that it induces a worldsheet super-Higgs effect. The main theme of our analysis is the possibility of making meaningful alternative gauge choices for worldsheet supersymmetry, in place of the conventional superconformal gauge. We show in a version of unitary gauge how the worldsheet gravitino assimilates the goldstino and becomes dynamical. This picture clarifies recent results of Hellerman and Swanson. We also present analogs of R_\xi gauges, and note the importance of logarithmic CFT in the context of tachyon condensation.
3-HYDROXY-3 METHYL GLUTARYL COENZYME A (HMG COA) REDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN FIBROBLASTS FROM PHENOTYPIC HOMOZYGOUS TYPE II HY-PERLIPOPROTEINEMIA (HHLPII)

The activity of HMG CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, is repressed by serum in normal fibroblasts. We measured HMG CoA reductase by the conversion of [3-14C] HMG CoA to mevalonate in confluent fibroblast cultures incubated for 24 hr in Eagle's MEM with and without 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Five normals (NLS) and 4 patients with HHLPII were studied (TP, JaP, LH, LC: Levy et al., Ann. Int. Med. 77:267, 1972). HMG CoA reductase in NLS was 1.10 ± 0.53 (avg ± SD) units (pmol/min/mg protein) with FCS and 7.70 ± 3.78 units without FCS. HMG CoA reductase in HHLPII cells was 7.83 j± 3.69 units with FCS and 10.97 ± 4.80 units without FCS. Ratios of HMG CoA reductase activity with/without FCS equals 0.16 ± 0.07 in NL cells and 0.68 ± 0.31 in all 4 HHLPII cell lines (p 0.005). An intermediate value, 0.34 ± 0.09, was observed in one HHLPII cell line (LH) which differed significantly from the other 3 HHLPII values, 0.80 ± 0.26 (p 0.05), and from NL values (p 0.01). Conclusions: (1) HMG CoA reductase levels were not inhibited by serum in cells from 3 patients with HHLPII, which confirms and extends to new patients the observation of Goldstein et al. (PNAS 70:2804, 1973). (2) Genotypic variation is suggested by one patient, LH, a phenotypic HHLPII, who exhibited partial inhibition by FCS.
Electron-Hole-Phonon Coupling In Semiconductor Quantum Wells

We study the transport of the photoexcited quasi-2D electron-hole (e-h) plasma in a p-doped semiconductor quantum well, where electrons are a minority. Using the drifted temperature model for both electrons and holes and introducing a coordinate transformation to the center-of-mass system, separately, for electrons and holes, we obtain a set of coupled equations for the drift velocities and the temperatures of electrons and holes. We show that negative absolute mobility for minority electrons occurs at low temperature and under a weak electric field due to the electron-hole drag. In a strong electric field and at room bath temperature, our results show that the electrons are heated much more than the holes. The electron mobility is smaller in the presence of the hole plasma than in the absence of holes. These results are in agreement with experiments.
Diphtheria in the United States, 1959–1970

more cases during the 12-year period. The highest attack rates were in children one through nine years of age. In all age groups, the attack rates for minority racial groups were more than five times higher than in whites. Immunized children had lower case fatality rates than unimmunized children. The most frequently encountered Corynebacterium diphtheriae were biotype mitis in the North and South, while biotype gravis was most frequent in the West. Although there has been an irregular increase in incidence since 1965, with significant contributions resulting from a few outbreaks, there is no suggestion that a new type of control measure for diphtheria is needed. Eradication of carriers in households of patients with diphtheria and maintenance of immunization levels in children and adults have effectively limited diphtheria in the country at present, and further attention to these measures can be expected to be associated with further decreases in the number of counties and the number of cases of diphtheria in the country.
The Democratic Spirit

There is a famous paradox about democracy: most forms of participation make no obvious difference to political outcomes and yet people act anyway. I argue that they are more likely to act politi- cally if they have certain attitudes and commitments; and that productive attitudes of the right kind can be sustained by a culture in which two kinds of honor are central. One kind of honor is collective: it is the honor of nations, which is the concern of the patriot. Another is the honor of citizens, who are worthy of respect because they contribute to the practices that serve the republic. I suggest some practices we Amer- icans might want to take up and honor for the sake of our own republic today, drawing attention to two discoveries in social psychology that could be productively brought to bear in our political life: namely, the Ben Franklin effect and the Contact Hypothesis.
Chicken CD69 and CD94/NKG2-like genes in a chromosomal region syntenic to mammalian natural killer gene complex

In mammals, natural killer (NK) cell C-type lectin receptors were encoded in a gene cluster called natural killer gene complex (NKC). The NKC is not reported in chicken yet. Instead, NK receptor genes were found in the major histocompatibility complex. In this study, two novel chicken C-type lectin-like receptor genes were identified in a region on chromosome 1 that is syntenic to mammalian NKC region. The chromosomal locations were validated with fluorescent in situ hybridization. Based on 3D structure modeling, sequence homology, chromosomal location, and phlylogenetic analysis, one receptor is the orthologue of mammalian cluster of differentiation 69 (CD69), and the other is highly homologous to CD94 and NKG2. Like CD94/NKG2 gene found in teleostean fishes, chicken CD94/NKG2 has the features of both human CD94 and NKG2A. Unlike mammalian NKC, these two chicken C-type lectin receptors are not closely linked but separated by 42 million base pairs according to the chicken draft genome sequence. The arrangement of several other genes that are located outside the mammalian NKC is conserved among chicken, human, and mouse. The chicken NK C-type lectin-like receptors in the NKC syntenic region indicate that this chromosomal region existed before the divergence between mammals and aves.
A Deeper Sense of Literacy: Curriculum-Driven Approaches to Media Literacy in the K-12 Classroom

Media literacy can be used effectively as a pedagogical approach for teaching core content across the K-12 curriculum, thus meeting the needs of both teachers and students by promoting critical thinking, communication, and technology skills. This article focuses on the work of Project Look Sharp at Ithaca College, a media literacy initiative working primarily with school districts in upstate New York. Basic principles and best practices for using a curriculum-driven approach are described, with specific examples from social studies, English/language arts, math, science, health, and art, along with methods of assessment used to address effectiveness in the classroom.
Factors associated with the occurrence of leaks in stapled rectal anastomoses: a review of 1,014 patients

Abstract Background: Despite improvement in surgical techniques and stapling devices during the last 10 years, colorectal anastomoses are still prone to leakage. The purpose of this study was to assess the performance and safety of stapled anastomoses in rectal surgery and to identify factors that influence the occurrence of anastomotic leaks. Study Design: A review was undertaken of 1,014 patients who underwent stapled anastomoses tohttps://kc-rich-web1.cadmus.com/cgi-bin/cottage.pl the rectum or anal canal for colorectal cancer or benign disease between 1989 and 1995 in a tertiary care institution. Indications for operations, comorbidities at admission, preoperative bowel preparation, stapler size, intraoperative events, associated surgical procedures, and clinical outcomes were tested for any association with anastomotic leak. Results: A double stapled technique was used in 154 patients and a conventional single stapler technique was used in 860. Postoperative mortality was 1.6%, and the overall morbidity was 18.4%. Clinically apparent anastomotic leak developed in 29 patients (2.9%). Anastomotic dehiscence occurred in 22 of 284 patients (7.7%) after low stapling (within 7 cm from the anal verge) and in 7 of 730 patients (1%) after high stapling (p Conclusion: Low anastomoses were associated with a leak rate greater than with high colorectal anastomoses. We conclude that anastomoses to the rectum using the circular stapler can be done with low mortality and morbidity.
Interhemispheric sharing of visual memory in macaques

(1) In macaques with the optic chiasm transected, and forebrain commissural communication limited to the anterior commissure or the posterior 5 mm of the splenium of the corpus callosum, visual patterns viewed initially by only one eye (hemisphere) are subsequently recognized by the other with normal accuracy. (2) The efficiency of these commissural paths is further indicated by the fact that even when as many as six "target" images are presented for memorization to only one hemisphere, it makes essentially no difference as to accuracy or latency of performance which hemisphere is then required to distinguish "target" from "non-target" images. (3) By electrically tetanizing structures in one or the other temporal lobe at various times in relation to visual input and/or mnemonic testing it could be shown: (a) that a memory trace restricted in its formation to a single hemisphere was available to the other via either forebrain commissure, and (b) that the memory is formed bilaterally despite unilateral input. (4) When the chiasm is split but the commissures are intact, simultaneous presentation of disparate images to each hemisphere severely perturbs performance, suggesting that the callosal system operates continuously to unify visual percepts; but when only the anterior commissure is intact, the two hemispheres accept incongruent images without perturbation. (5) In the fully "split-brain" condition, when one hemisphere cannot access memories held in the other, the accuracy of performance by each hemisphere is nevertheless burdened by the memory load of its neocortically disconnected partner. It can thus be inferred that the brainstem plays a critical, unifying role in this mnemonic process.
More on the Origins of the Fuller Court's Jurisprudence: Reexamining the Scope of Federal Power Over Commerce and Manufacturing in Nineteenth-Century Constitutional Law

Recent scholarship calls into question the traditional realist-behavioralist interpretation of the justices of the Fuller Court as motivated by a desire to promote their policy preferences for laissez-faire economics. This essay extends the assault on what might be referred to as the Holmesian para digm of the tum-of-the-century Court by exploring the jurisprudential origins of that Court's decision in the infamous Knight case, in which the justices ruled that Congress had no authority under the commerce clause to regulate production. By demonstrating that the Court's distinction be tween commerce and manufacturing was a commonplace of nineteenth- century constitutional law and not an "activist" innovation, I hope to underscore the advantages of situating Supreme Court decision making in the context of distinctive jurisprudential traditions. Revisiting this earlier commerce clause jurisprudence also sheds light on the contemporary Court's dramatic resurrection of this contentious pre-New Deal tradition in...
Interferon-inducible genes and aplastic anemia

Comment on Zeng et al, page [167][1] In this issue of Blood , Zeng and colleagues report on the interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-inducible patterns of gene expression in normal bone marrow-derived CD34 cells. A comparison with patterns of constitutive gene expression seen in CD34 cells from aplastic bone
Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency and Growth of Bell Pepper in Relation to Time of Exposure to Fertilizer Solution

Irrigation of high‐value vegetable crops on sandy soils with poor water‐retention capacities may result in fertilizer nitrogen (N) displacement below the effective root zone prior to complete crop uptake. As a result, fertilizer N‐uptake efficiency (FUE) of vegetable crops is often relatively low, thereby increasing the potential risk of groundwater contamination. The objective of this study was to determine how time of exposure of the root zone to the N fertilizer (which is referred to as “fertilizer residence time” or t R), as related to irrigation management, affects N uptake, FUE, growth, and yield of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Plants were grown in PVC columns with 45 kg of soil equipped with a drainage valve in the bottom of the column. Weekly irrigation with dissolved fertilizers (potassium nitrate; KNO3) was applied 1, 3, or 7 d before weekly removal of residual soil N by leaching. Weekly N uptake rates were calculated by comparing total N recovery between unplanted (reference) and planted c...
Relative microbial resistance of gastric, ileal and cecal bladder augmentation in the rat.

AbstractPurpose: Bladder resistance to bacterial infection after gastrocystoplasty and cecocystoplasty was investigated in the rat.Materials and Methods: Bladders were infected with Escherichia coli 6 to 13 months after augmentation and urine culture was obtained weekly for 3 months.Results: No differences were observed in the number of infected animals within each group or electrolyte data among groups. The number of animals infected after surgery but before E. coli challenge was lowest in the gastrocystoplasty group. Bladder stones formed only in ileocystoplasty and cecocystoplasty groups. No group had a change in urinary pH.Conclusions: Gastrocystoplasty may be associated with a lower incidence of spontaneous infection and stone formation. An aggressive infection protocol may have masked differences in susceptibility to infection. Since urinary pH was unchanged after gastrocystoplasty, use of the rat may not be appropriate for augmentation studies.
Wayne State University: description of the UNO natural language processing system as used for MUC-6

The UNO natural language processing (NLP) system implements a Boolean algebra computational model of natural language [Iwanska, 1992] [Iwanska, 1993] [Iwanska, 1994] [Iwanska, 1996b] and reflects our research hypothesis that natural language is a very expressive, yet computationally tractable knowledge representation and reasoning system with its own representational and inferential machinery. One of our goals is to experimentally demonstrate that an NLP system that closely parallels the representational and inferential characteristics of natural language allows one to achieve an in-depth processing (eg., querring automatically from texts created knowledge bases or entity classification), with close-to-real-time, high-recall-and-precision performance.
Ethical issues in clinical research

A variety of ethical issues can arise from clinical trials. Personal biases of the health care professional, socioeconomic constraints of the patient, and lack of collaboration and communication between the nurse and the research team create ethical dilemmas. In resolving these dilemmas, it is the responsibility of the oncology nurse to ensure that the principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice are preserved.
Demographic vital rates and population growth: rethinking the relationship in a harvested elk population

Understanding the nature of the relationship between demographic vital rates and the rate of population change (λ) is important for determining effective strategies for population management and conservation. We examined the relative impacts of various demographic vital rates on λ within the range of temporal vital rate variability observed in a harvested population to test the hypotheses that adult survival rates in ungulates are relatively invariant when compared to other vital rates and that variability in calf survival has a greater influence on rates of population change than adult survival. Vital rates were estimated for an elk (Cervus elaphus) population at Fort Riley, Kansas from October 2003 – February 2007. The magnitude of adult survival rates were similar to other harvested populations and models including a negative relationship between survival and age received the highest levels of support. Prime-age adult survival had the highest stage-specific elasticity values, indicating a high contribution of these matrix elements to λ. Life-stage simulation analysis indicated that variation in calf survival had the highest correlation with variation in λ (r^2^ = 0.61). Our results suggest that adult survival rates in harvested populations may experience increased levels of variability, but that calf survival rates have the greatest relative influence on λ due to the wider range of variability observed for this vital rate.
The Incentive Value of Inventory and Cross‐training in Modern Manufacturing

This paper shows that major components of modern manufacturing processes, such as inventory management and cross-training, play a significant control role. In our model, workers possess information that is critical to efficient ongoing operations. An organizational design that motivates workers to optimally apply this information leverages both the production schedule and worker–management communication. Management's use of these controls results in work-in-process (WIP) inventory that appears excessive from a pure job-scheduling perspective, but is optimal when control issues are considered. Empirical work testing pure job-scheduling theories of modern manufacturing practices has yielded mixed results. We provide control-related interpretations for these empirical findings, and also provide novel predictions regarding the link between inventory levels and the nature of operational information asymmetries. Overall, our model highlights the importance of recognizing both control and scheduling issues when analyzing production processes.