cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Promoting resiliency in adolescents during a pandemic: A guide for clinicians and parents

The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically affected every aspect of daily life. Parents of adolescents, in particular, may be facing unique challenges in helping them navigate unexpected changes to their daily routine. This article discusses how adolescents may respond to stressful and traumatic situations and provides recommendations for clinicians who may be advising parents of adolescents or parenting their own children.
Mindfulness and the Middle Way of Stress Reduction

Healthy stress is about healthy balance. When life becomes difficult, however, it is easy to get out of balance, either getting completely caught up in the stress and ignoring everything else in life or avoiding stress and pretending nothing is wrong which can allow difficult situations to get worse. Buddhist approaches of mindfulness and living the middle way teach us to engage with life stress in a healthy and balanced way. By learning to be mindful, we learn to be with our life experiences as they occur. By learning to live the middle way between over-engagement and avoidance, we learn to address our life difficulties in a healthy, balanced way. In this chapter, we begin by discussing the importance of coping effectively with stress, how the stress response works, and the importance of physiological balance, and then, we address mindfulness approaches to stress reduction, specifically mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
Impact of Sources of Strengths on Coping and Safety of Immigrant Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a national and international public health and human rights concern. Immigrant women are disproportionately affected by IPV that includes homicides. This study ex...
A digital approach to robust and esthetic implant overdenture construction

Objective Overdenture therapy is an important option for implant rehabilitation. However, numerous reports suggest that mechanical/technical complications and failures can limit therapeutic success. The goal of this report is to illustrate a digital approach to design and construction of a robust overdenture with high-esthetic value. Materials and methods Beginning with new denture design to establish esthetic parameters, 3D modeling of a metal framework and the denture teeth are completed in a connected manner. This enables connection of rapidly printed, prototype dentition that is attached directly to the framework without intervening wax or acrylic components. Following evaluation of the dentition and required adjustments, the final dentition is milled from resin and processed to the selective laser sintered framework. Results The advantages of the digital workflow include the control of dimensions and strength of the framework, the esthetic relationship of the framework to the dentition and the facilitation of esthetic try-in of the dentition. Conclusion Enhancing a robust overdenture can be readily achieved using a digital workflow. Clinical significance The use of digital technology enables the clinical team to plan and produce prostheses with dimensions and contours that support long-term function and esthetics. The clinical chair time can be potentially reduced by use of digital design that facilitates try-in and reduces major errors by improved communication between the patient, dentist, and technician.
Shocking Labor Supply: A Reassessment of the Role of World War Ii on U.S. WomenAS Labor Supply

The most prominent feature of the female labor force across the past hundred years is its enormous growth. But many believe that the increase was discontinuous. Our purpose is to identify the short- and long-run impacts of WWII on the labor supply of women who were currently married in 1950 and 1960. We use mobilization rates for various groups of men (by age, race, fatherhood) to see whether there was a wartime impact. We find that an aggregate mobilization rate produces the largest and most robust impacts on both weeks worked and the labor force participation of married white (non-farm) women. The impact, moreover, was experienced primarily by women in the top half of the education distribution. Women who were married but without children during WWII were the group most impacted by the mobilization rate in 1950, although by 1960 WWII still influenced the labor supply decisions of them as well as those with children during WWII. We end the paper with a resolution between the watershed and revisionist views of the role of WWII on female labor supply.
Ethnicity/Race and Age-Specific Variations of Serum AMH in Women-A Review.

Purpose of review In this review, we summarize ethnic/race- and age-related variation in AMH and discuss the underpinnings behind these differences. Recent findings Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) has become a widely used method of ovarian reserve testing over the last 15 years. Numerous studies have shown substantial ethnic/race and age-related differences. When compared to age-matched Caucasian women, AMH levels tend to be lower in black and Hispanic women. Chinese women tend to have significantly greater AMH levels prior to age 25 than Caucasian women. When considering subpopulations within ethnicities, at least one study noted lower AMH levels among Maya women compared to other Hispanic women. Age exhibits a positive trend with AMH up until at least 25 years of age with a consistent decline after 34 years of age extending to menopause. Summary AMH levels are highly variable among ethnicities and race with higher age-matched levels typically seen in Caucasian women. Age does not exhibit a consistent linear relationship with AMH, but a consistent decline is seen starting in the third decade of life and proceeding to menopause.
Abundances and Physical Conditions in the Warm Neutral Medium Towards mu Columbae

We present ultraviolet interstellar absorption line measurements for the sightline towards the O9.5 V star mu Columbae obtained with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) on board the Hubble Space Telescope. These archival data represent the most complete GHRS interstellar absorption line measurements for any line of sight towards an early-type star. The 3.5 km/s resolution of the instrument allow us to accurately derive the gas-phase column densities of many important ionic species in the diffuse warm neutral medium using a combination of apparent column density and component fitting techniques, and we study in detail the contamination from ionized gas along this sightline. The low-velocity material shows gas-phase abundance patterns similar to the warm cloud (cloud A) towards the disk star zeta Oph, while the component at v = +20.1 km/s shows gas-phase abundances similar to those found in warm halo clouds. We find the velocity-integrated gas-phase abundances of Zn, P, and S relative to H along this sightline are indistinguishable from solar system abundances. We discuss the implications of our gas-phase abundance measurements for the composition of interstellar dust. The relative ionic column density ratios of the intermediate velocity components show the imprint both of elemental incorporation into grains and (photo)ionization. The components at v = -30 and -48 km/s along this sightline likely trace shocked gas with very low hydrogen column densities. Appendices include a new derivation of the GHRS instrumental line spread function, and a new very accurate determination of the total H I column along this sightline. (Abridged)
Winning with Integrity: The Impact of Virtues Training

Can virtuous behavior be linked to concrete organizational elements? Over two years, with the theme of “winning with integrity,” the Vice President of Ethics & Integrity at a global Fortune 500 company delivered a two-day training program on the role of classical virtues in building an ethical workplace culture. Results from paired-sample t-tests and linear regressions show that organizational training positively affects the development of a growth mindset and the perceptions of the importance of classical virtues, regardless of employee nationality. This understanding creates an opportunity for organizations to take proactive approaches to strengthen the character of their employees.
Impacts of Immigration on Ethnic Identity and Leisure Behavior of Adolescent Immigrants from Korea, Mexico and Poland

This research project focuses on the impact of immigration on the emergence of ethnic identity as well as on post-immigration changes in leisure behavior among adolescent immigrants from Korea, Mex...
Regulation of guanylate cyclase activity during cytodifferentiation of Blastocladiellaemersonii

Abstract Levels of guanylate cyclase activity in extracts of the unicellular eukaryote Blastocladiella emersonii differed by at least 100-fold at different stages of the cell cycle, paralleling changes in the cyclic GMP content of this organism (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72 , 442 (1975)). Extracts of vegetative cells lacked appreciable guanylate cyclase activity, whereas the specific activity of the enzyme in zoospore extracts was 2 nmol cyclic GMP synthesized/min/mg protein at 35°. Guanylate cyclase activity increased at least 50-fold during the period of zoospore formation when cyclic GMP begins to accumulate in vivo . Since actinomycin D or cycloheximide added at the beginning of this period blocked any increase in enzyme activity, it appears that de novo synthesis of guanylate cyclase during sporulation is responsible for the accumulation of cyclic GMP that occurs at that time.
American Whig Party Justifications for Federal Government Involvement in the Economy

Over the past decades, the notion of the role of the federal government as a “welfare state” has come under increasing criticism. For most people, the idea that the federal government should take a proactive role in providing not only for the security, but also for the well-being, of its citizens, comes from the “New Deal” inaugurated by the administration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. But is this the case? If one looks at the arguments of the Whig Party during the 1830’s and 1840’s, there are astonishing similarities between the rhetoric employed by the Whigs, and the policies later adopted by the Roosevelt Administration. To examine these arguments advanced by the Whigs is the purpose of this paper.
Guy H. Orcutt

Abstract Guy H. Orcutt's innovative and pioneering joint conditional probability function approach for producing quantitative, micro-analytical models to explain and predict economic behavior is reviewed. This approach led Orcutt to emphasize strongly the need for micro-economic data. His significant research contributions to analyses of time series problems, design of social experiments, causality, computer simulation techniques, governmental statistics programs, aggregation problems, the philosophy of economic research and to the solution of applied economic problems are also mentioned.
An instance-based learning method for databases: an information theoretic approach

A new method of instance-based learning for databases is proposed. We improve the current similarity measures in several ways using information theory. Similarity is defined on every possible attribute type in a database, and also the weight of each attribute is calculated automatically by the system. Besides, our nearest neighbor algorithm assigns different weights to the selected instances. Our system is implemented and tested on a typical machine learning database.
Using Maximum Entropy for Automatic Image Annotation

In this paper, we propose the use of the Maximum Entropy approach for the task of automatic image annotation. Given labeled training data, Maximum Entropy is a statistical technique which allows one to predict the probability of a label given test data. The techniques allow for relationships between features to be effectively captured. and has been successfully applied to a number of language tasks including machine translation. In our case, we view the image annotation task as one where a training data set of images labeled with keywords is provided and we need to automatically label the test images with keywords. To do this, we first represent the image using a language of visterms and then predict the probability of seeing an English word given the set of visterms forming the image. Maximum Entropy allows us to compute the probability and in addition allows for the relationships between visterms to be incorporated. The experimental results show that Maximum Entropy outperforms one of the classical translation models that has been applied to this task and the Cross Media Relevance Model. Since the Maximum Entropy model allows for the use of a large number of predicates to possibly increase performance even further, Maximum Entropy model is a promising model for the task of automatic image annotation.
Supersymmetric Origin of Matter

The minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model (MSSM) can provide the correct neutralino relic abundance and baryon number asymmetry of the universe. Both may be efficiently generated in the presence of $CP$ violating phases, light charginos and neutralinos, and a light top squark. Because of the coannihilation of the neutralino with the light stop, we find a large region of parameter space in which the neutralino relic density is consistent with WMAP and SDSS data. We perform a detailed study of the additional constraints induced when $CP$ violating phases, consistent with the ones required for baryogenesis, are included. We explore the possible tests of this scenario from present and future electron electric dipole moment (EDM) measurements, direct neutralino detection experiments, collider searches and the $b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}s\ensuremath{\gamma}$ decay rate. We find that the EDM constraints are quite severe and that electron EDM experiments, together with stop searches at the Tevatron and Higgs searches at the LHC, will provide a definite test of our scenario of electroweak baryogenesis in the next few years.
Automated two-step chromatography using an ÄKTA equipped with in-line dilution capability.

There has been a great emphasis on developing higher-throughput protein purification techniques to screen potential human therapeutics faster and more efficiently. Not only is it desirable to have high-throughput purification for initial screens but it is also desirable to efficiently purify selected protein therapeutics in the amounts and purity required for definitive assays. Current automated tandem technologies involve size exclusion as a second step that often fails to generate the required purity, is not robust and can only be operated at a limited scale. We have modified an AKTA to enable in-line dilution, assuring that the automated loading of a second column from a first column elution can be modified to a pH and ionic strength which is suitable for binding to the second column. For example, Protein A can be employed as a first step followed by direct loading on to a cation exchange column by conditioning the Protein A elution using the in-line diluter. Using this method as described, up to six samples of 1L each can be purified through two columns without human intervention per day per machine, and the system produces good yields of purified protein over a wide range of loading levels (12-300mg). In addition, the system employs guanidine HCl regeneration, followed by a sodium hydroxide wash between purification runs, minimizing the possibility of carryover contamination. The system is described at the 5mL and the 10mL column sizes; however, it could readily be programed for 100mL columns to enable larger-scale purifications. Using this system to automate two-column purifications minimizes human intervention, increases efficiency and minimizes the risk of human error.
English Rustic in Black Skin: Post-Colonial Education, Cultural Hybridity and Racial Identity in the New Century.

This article is written against the backdrop of deepening xenophobia and ethnic absolutism (forms of ‘racial cruelty’) that have come to dominate human relations between individuals and groups worldwide in the new millennium. Cameron McCarthy argues that these tendencies towards ethnic absolutism and ethnic essentialism have their counterparts in schooling, where debates over identity and the curriculum in the educational field have been clouded by ethnic particularism and dogmatism with enormous consequences for contemporary school youth and their teachers. As an alternative frame of reference, McCarthy attempts to theorize his autobiographical journey from his inauguration in postcolonial education in the British Caribbean and his ultimate displacement to the academy in the United States. McCarthy writes about race relationships in education from the viewpoint of radical instabilities that inform our understanding of identity and subjectivity. He uses the term ‘radical instability’ to underline the expi...
Magnetic moment measurements of the 211.2 keV(32−) and 239.8 keV(52−) states of 195Pt

Abstract The magnetic moments of the 211.2 keV ( 3 2 − , τ = 0.097 nsec) and 239.8 keV ( 5 2 − ,τ = 0.332 nsec) states were measured by recoiling Coulomb excited Pt nuclei into a polarized iron backing foil and observing the precession of the γ-ray angular correlations. The γ-rays were detected in coincidence with backscattered particles with a Ge(Li) detector. The measured precession angles (ωτ) for the 211.2 keV ( 3 2 − ) and 239.8 keV ( 5 2 − ) states are (211.2 keV 3 2 − → 1 2 − ) = 0.080(24), (239.8 keV 5 2 − → 1 2 − )) = 0.135(27), and (140.2 keV 5 2 − → 3 2 − )) = 0.124(48). The g-factors were deduced from these ωτ values after applying corrections for the transient magnetic fields which act on recoiling nuclei. The results are g(211.2 keV) = 0.16(6) and g(239.8 keV) = 0.07 (2) and do not agree with the predictions of the core excitation model.
Environmental randomness underlies morphological complexity of colonial diatoms

Summary 1The morphology and distribution of six benthic colonial diatoms were investigated from the perspective of fractal geometry and stream ecology to test whether colonial complexity of benthic diatoms is associated with a tolerance to environmental variability, that is, if a random force, such as the unpredictability of current velocity, could be responsible for the development of a high morphological organization. 2The fractal dimension of diatom colony perimeters ranged from 1·06 to 1·54, indicating a vast morphological variation from simple geometric shapes to very complex outlines. The niche breadth of the six colonial diatoms, defined from regression models of species abundance along a current velocity gradient, also showed a substantial variation, from 0·48 to 0·79 m s−1. 3There was a strong positive relationship between diatom morphological complexity and species niche breadth, suggesting that increased morphological complexity in colonial diatoms is a possible evolutionary strategy for survival in unpredictable environments.
Measurement of Fragments of the Third Component of Human Complement on Erythrocytes by a New Immunochemical Method

This paper describes a new antiglobulin consumption method to quantitate the fragments of the third component of human complement (C3) on red blood cell (RBC) membranes. Zymosan-bound C3, which can be stored frozen at -80 degrees C for years, was used as a standard in these tests. Using anti-C3c antibody, zymosan-bound C3 could be calibrated against soluble converted C3 (beta 1A), but not against soluble, native C3 (beta 1C). Calibration with several commercial serum standards yielded virtually identical values. Approximately 79.8 +/- 28.2 C3d molecules (mean +/- 1 SD, n = 50) were detected on normal, freshly collected RBC by this method, whereas no C3c fragments were noted. EC43, prepared by dilution of blood samples with low ionic strength solution, had between 650 and 3,100 C3 molecules/RBC when measured with anti-C3c and between 1,140 and 6,500 C3 molecules when measured with anti-C3d. These data indicated that part of the C3b molecules on EC43 had cleaved to C3d. EC43 are reported to have up to 200,000 C3 molecules when measured by other techniques. To resolve this discrepancy, EC43 were prepared by dialysis of blood samples against low ionic strength solution. About 97.5% of C3 remained in plasma after dialysis supporting the results of our tests. The new assay is an accurate and sensitive method of quantitating C3 fragments bound to RBC in vivo and in vitro.
Annealing temperature dependence of TiB2 schottky barrier contacts on n-GaN

The annealing temperature (25–700°C) dependence of Schottky contact characteristics on n-GaN using a TiB2/Ti/Au metallization scheme deposited by sputtering is reported. The Schottky barrier height increased from 0.65 to 0.68 eV as the anneal temperature was varied from 25°C to 350°C and decreased to 0.55 eV after annealing at 700°C. The barrier height showed no measurable dependence on measurement temperature up to 150°C. The elemental profile obtained from samples annealed at 350°C showed limited Ti diffusion from the elemental Ti layer into the gold layer. Annealing at 700°C produced significant out-diffusion of this layer, while the TiB2 layer retained its stability. These contacts show promise for applications requiring good thermal stability, such as power amplifiers, but much more work is needed to establish their long-term reliability. In addition, TiB2 has a strong propensity for oxidation, and it is imperative that overlayers such as Au be deposited in the same deposition chamber.
Suppression of bulk-scattering loss at s.a.w.-resonator reflectors

Tapering of the groove depth at the edges of grooved-array reflectors is shown to be effective in suppressing surface-to-bulk-wave conversion losses at such reflectors in an s.a.w. resonator. With such tapering, Q-factors of 80,000 at 174 MHz and 61,000 at 157 MHz have been measured on evacuated LiNbO3 and s.t.-quartz resonators, respectively. These measurements were made on `empty´ resonators having no transducers between the gratings. The latter value is within 3% of the best estimate of the material Q-factor of 63,000 at 157 MHz.
High-frequency ultrasound imaging and spectral analysis in traumatic hyphema

Purpose: High-frequency (50-MHz) ultrasound allows high-resolution imaging of anterior ocular structures. Spectrum analysis of acoustic backscatter is sensitive to the concentration, size, and density of tissue in homogeneities. The authors sought to determine whether acoustic imaging and spectrum analysis of hyphema would allow them to distinguish organized from fluid hyphema and recent from old hemorrhage in the eye. Methods: Trauma-induced hyphemas were followed by slit-lamp photography and high-frequency ultrasonography in six New Zealand white rabbits. The blood collections were analyzed using the normalized power spectra of the digitized radio frequency ultrasound data and compared with in vitro references. Results: The 50-MHz acoustic images permitted differentiation between fluid (diffuse) and clotted (organized) blood. Spectrum analysis allowed quantitative characterization of the degree of blood organization. Significant changes were observed in spectral properties during the time course of absorption both for initial and after-rebleeding hemorrhages. The characteristics of a human postsurgical hyphema also were examined and found to be similar to those seen in the experimental model. Conclusion: Spectrum analysis of high-frequency ultrasound data was able to distinguish organized from recent hemorrhage, which is clinically helpful for planning hyphema therapy.
On a stability theorem of Liapunov

A complex function theory argument enables us to give a simple and elegant proof of a stability theorem of Liapunov.
Statistical two-dimensional correlation coefficient mapping of simulated tissue phantom data: Boundary determination in tissue classification for cancer diagnosis

Abstract Statistical correlation coefficient mapping has proven to be a useful technique in tissue classification for cancer diagnosis. The classification is achieved by comparing the correlation coefficients for an unknown to a set of selected tissue samples with known pathological conditions. Currently, the correlation coefficient threshold in the classification is empirically determined. In this paper, boundaries of statistical significance between different tissue pathological conditions are established through Bayesian analysis on the Fisher’s z-transformed Pearson’s correlation coefficients between tissue samples. Moreover, probability values are provided in assigning a tissue sample to a specific tissue clinical condition, which is more appreciable in clinical practices. The methodology is examined with a simulated tissue-phantom data set, yielding satisfactory diagnostic results.
Gluonic two-particle potential

A method developed recently by us for the derivation of the electromagnetic and gravitational two-particle potentials is applied to a model of scalars and gluons based on the gauge group $\mathrm{SU}(N)$, and thus the fourth-order gluonic two-particle potential is derived to order ${c}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. Besides the leading term in our gluonic potential, which is in agreement with the results of earlier authors, we obtain the next-to-leading terms representing a shorter-range massdependent interaction.
Influence of interfacial properties on perfluorocarbon/aqueous emulsion stability

Abstract Perfluorocarbon liquid emulsion systems were prepared containing lecithin, mixtures of synthetic phospholipids, cholesterol, cholesterol oleate and Pluronic F68 as emulsifiers. Attempts were made to correlate the stability of the various emulsion systems with their interfacial tension and charge properties. Due to batch to batch variability in the composition of natural egg yolk lecithin, a standard phospholipid mixture was formulated to represent lecithin in these studies. This standard mixture was composed of synthetic analogs of the major molecular species present in lecithin (dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine). Egg yolk lecithin and Pluronic F68 were studied for comparison with the standard phospholipid mixture. Analogs of the minor phospholipid species present in lecithin and other surfactant systems were investigated as additives to the standard phospholipid mixture as follows: phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, cholesterol, cholesterol oleate and Pluronic F68. Dynamic interfacial tension was determined using a Teflon Wilhelmy plate method (these data were reported in a previous publication). Interfacial charge was determined by microelectrophoresis of the emulsion droplets. Emulsions were prepared using an ultrasonic probe. Emulsion stability was determined by droplet size analysis as a function of time using photon correlation spectroscopy and Coulter analysis. Both thermal stability kinetic studies and sterilization stability studies were conducted. A novel method of assessment of emulsion stability is reported, involving the assignment of points to each emulsion system based on various droplet size parameters.
Low-Power High-Performance and Dynamically Configured Multi-Port Cache Memory Architecture

As on-chip cache size has increased considerably in recent high-performance microprocessor technologies, power dissipation and leakage current in SRAM have become critical. High-performance IC designs use multi-port cache memory to provide the needed accessibility and bandwidth. Since the word and bit lines cover the foot-print of the entire cache section, duplicating the word and bit lines for multiple ports results in large silicon area and increases bitline discharge and power dissipation. As technology scales down device size and supply voltages, static power dissipation has emerged as a critical factor in total system power dissipation. In this paper, we present an area-and energy-efficient multi-port cache memory architecture, which employs isolation nodes, local sense amplifiers and dynamic memory partitioning techniques, to facilitate simultaneous multi-port accesses without duplicating bitlines. The proposed cache memory architecture also reduces bitline latency.
Gender as a Factor in the Attribution of Leadership Traits

The candidate evaluation literature has emphasized the contribution of both candidate characteristics and voter characteristics (e.g., party identification) to candidate appraisals. But the literature on attribution and sex role stereotypes suggests that women candidates may be evaluated differently than their male counterparts. This paper presents the results of a survey of 98 voters in which we explored the relationships among gender role attitudes, voters' attribution of leadership traits, and support for male and female candidates. The surveys were conducted in Syracuse, New York, during the 1990 campaigns, which included three male-female races. Our results substantiate the hypothesis that when candidate information is sparse, gender role attitudes are consequential in the initial evaluation of lesser known women candidates. Gender attitudes are important factors in candidate favorability when the candidates are women challengers. Secondly, we found that voters had a tendency to attribute particular ...
Local Governance in Africa: The Challenges of Democratic Governance (review)

Dele Olowu and James S. Wunsch et al. Local Governance in Africa: The Challenges of Democratic Governance. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reinner, 2004. x + 310 pp. Bibliography. Index. $58.00. Cloth. The postcolonial period witnessed a remarkable tendency toward political centralization in Africa, but the economic and political balance sheet generally showed up in the red. As economic and political crises, compounded by increasing urbanization, engulfed the continent by the 1970s and '80s, African states were forced to look for solutions elsewhere. International financial institutions, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, foisted Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) with their now notorious "conditionalities" as a standard reform package. Donor pressure also began to mount for "good governance," with an emphasis on decentralization. The shift to local governments was also expected to reduce central government expenditures. These reforms were fraught with weakness because of the failure to differentiate between deconcentration and devolution as forms of decentralization. "Local governance," as such, did not result. The new phase of decentralization that began in the 1990s is termed "democratic decentralization" by one of the authors in the volume under review: while maintaining several old features, it includes the possibility of developing "local governance"-participatory institutions responsible to local communities. The mixed fortunes of decentralization measures lead the contributors to ask under what circumstances viable systems of local governance can emerge. This is the central theme of the book. Governance at all levels poses challenges, but in the end, "the national political context is critical" (267). From the case studies presented here it is possible to see a clear correlation between the level of support and genuine desire for reform at the center, and the degree of success achieved in the localities. Success at the local level is measured by two broad criteria: first, the extent to which local priorities and needs drive local decision making; and second, outcomes, that is, tangible benefits in terms of services provided as well as the intangible benefit of "empowerment." According to the authors' "theory of local governance," local governments must have a defined area of reasonable size and population, have requisite authority and resources, be open to wide participation, and be capable of making decisions and holding themselves accountable to their population. The framework for these requirements issues largely from central governments. But even where the national political context is supportive, local governments still face serious problems with scarcity of money, difficult communications, poverty, and primordial cleavages based on ethnicity, language, or religion. In this situation, the success stories are those countries that have been able to navigate the frontiers of these problems and sometimes even take advantage of them. …
Biochemistry on a Leash: The Roles of Tether Length and Geometry in Signal Integration Proteins

We use statistical mechanics and simple ideas from polymer physics to develop a quantitative model of proteins whose activity is controlled by flexibly tethered ligands and receptors. We predict how the properties of tethers influence the function of these proteins and demonstrate how their tether length dependence can be exploited to construct proteins whose integration of multiple signals can be tuned. One case study to which we apply these ideas is that of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Proteins as activators of actin polymerization. More generally, tethered ligands competing with those free in solution are common phenomena in biology, making this an important specific example of a widespread biological idea.
Reactions of Molybdenum and Tungsten Phosphenium Complexes with Sulfur and Selenium

The reactions of the phosphane [(Me3Si)2N](Ph)PCl with NaCpMo(CO)3 and NaCpW(CO)3 give the respective metallophosphenium complexes Cp(CO)2M{P(Ph)[N(SiMe3)2]} (M = Mo (4a), W (4b)). The subsequent reactions of 4a,b with S and Se produce unexpectedly different products: Cp(CO)2(S)M{P(Ph)[N(SiMe3)2]} (M = Mo (7a)); Cp(CO)2MSP(Ph)[N(SiMe3)2] (M = W (7b)); Cp(CO)2MSeP(Ph)[N(SiMe3)2] (M = Mo (8a), W (8b)). The compounds have been fully characterized by elemental analyses and spectroscopic data, and the molecular structures of 4a, 7a,b, and 8a have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The molecular structure of 7a displays a long, terminal Mo−S bond, while 7b and 8a contain M−E−P three-membered rings.
The Hiring of Underrepresented Individuals in Academic Administrative Positions: 1972-1979.

Universities were mandated in 1972 to expand their recruitment and hiring efforts with the intent of employing more individuals from underrepresented populations. This study presents data relating to the hiring of academic administrators over the period 1972–1979. While there appear to be substantial changes in the hiring process and in the costs of hiring, there is little evidence to support the intent of the legislation to involve more minorities in the academic leadership and management of higher education institutions.
Thermodynamics of Pure-Silica Molecular Sieve Synthesis

The thermodynamics of pure-silica molecular sieves (denoted by their structural codes ^*BEA, MFI, MTW, and STF) are investigated by solution calorimetry at 323.15 K using 25% aqueous HF as solvent. The enthalpies of solution are determined for both calcined (silica frameworks) and organic structure-directing agent (SDA) occluded samples (SDAs: tetraethylammonium (TEA), tetrapropylammonium (TPA), trimethylenebis(N-methyl,N-benzylpiperidinium) (BISPIP), and 2,6-dimethyl-1-aza-spiro[5.4]decane (SPIRO)). These measurements provide data that enable the determination of the following interaction enthalpies between the molecular sieve frameworks and SDAs at 323.15 K: ^*BEA/TEA, −3.1 ± 1.4 kJ/mol SiO_2 (−32 ± 15 kJ/mol SDA); ^*BEA/BISPIP, −5.9 ± 0.7 kJ/mol SiO_2 (−181 ± 21 kJ/mol SDA); MFI/TEA, −1.1 ± 1.4 kJ/mol SiO_2 (−27 ± 33 kJ/mol SDA); MFI/TPA, −3.2 ± 1.4 kJ/mol SiO_2 (−81 ± 34 kJ/mol SDA); MTW/BISPIP, −1.6 ± 1.3 kJ/mol SiO_2 (−124 ± 97 kJ/mol SDA); and STF/SPIRO, −4.9 ± 0.9 kJ/mol SiO_2 (−83 ± 16 kJ/mol SDA). Interaction entropies are estimated, and when used in combination with the measured interaction enthalpies, provide the following Gibbs free energies of interaction between the SDAs and the molecular sieve frameworks: ^*BEA/TEA, −5.4 ± 1.5 kJ/mol SiO_2; MFI/TEA, −2.0 ± 1.4 kJ/mol SiO_2; and MFI/TPA, −4.9 ± 1.4 kJ/mol SiO2. The energetics of the synthesis of molecular sieves (considering all components present in the synthesis mixture) are examined and reveal small differences between various molecular sieve/SDA combinations. Assuming complete transformation of the starting amorphous silica into a molecular sieve, the Gibbs free energy changes for the crystallization are ^*BEA/TEA, −8.5 ± 2.9 kJ/mol SiO_2; MFI/TEA, −4.9 ± 2.8 kJ/mol SiO_2; and MFI/TPA, −8.1 ± 2.8 kJ/mol SiO_2. No single factor (enthalpy, entropy, etc.) dominates the overall Gibbs free energies, and these small energetic differences suggest that kinetic factors are of major importance in molecular sieve preparation.
Evaluation of Lubricants for High-Temperature Ball Bearing Applications

High temperature lubricants for ball bearing applications, discussing bearing endurance and rolling-contact fatigue tests on synthetic paraffinic oil
Control of expression patterns of anthocyanin structural genes by two loci in the common morning glory

Two loci producing white flowers have been identified in the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea. At the W locus, ww individuals produce flowers with white corollas and pigmented rays, while at the A locus, aa individuals produce flowers with white corollas, and a*a* individuals produce variegated corollas. To determine whether these two loci correspond to regulatory or structural genes, six structural genes required for anthocyanin synthesis were cloned and their expression pattern was examined in genotypes with white and pigmented flowers. In ww flower buds, expression of all six structural genes was greatly reduced or eliminated, indicating that the W locus encodes a regulatory gene. By contrast, genotype at the A locus did not affect expression of any of the structural genes, suggesting that the A locus may encode one of those structural genes. An evolutionary comparison of structural gene regulation in maize, snapdragons, petunias, and morning glories suggests that regulatory control of the anthocyanin pathway is evolutionarily labile.
Shearing Apparatus for Neutron Scattering Studies on Fluids: Preliminary Results for Colloidal Suspensions

A Couette-type concentric cylinder apparatus to investigate liquids at equilibrium and under shear has been constructed and tested. The apparatus is designed for a neutron facility and is optimized as a general purpose adjunct to the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) equipment. It is versatile and rugged; a wide range of shear rates and operating temperatures can be covered; and controls are fully automated. Test results with sheared colloidal suspensions of 91-nm polystyrene spheres are presented. Evidence of shear-induced structure changes is clear.
Some clarifications of the concept of a Garden-of-Eden configuration

The relationships between the concepts of Garden-of-Eden configurations and restrictions, mutually erasable configurations, and injective parallel transformations are considered for the tessellation structure which is a model of a uniformly interconnected array of identical finite-state machines.
Health-related aerosol measurement: a review of existing sampling criteria and proposals for new ones

Interest in particle size-selective sampling for aerosols in working and ambient living environments began in the early 1900s when it became apparent that the penetration into—and deposition in—the respiratory tract of aerosol-exposed humans of inhaled particles was dependent on particle size. Coarse particles tended to be filtered out during inhalation and in the upper parts of the respiratory tract, so only progressively smaller particles penetrated down to the deep regions of the lung. Over time, following experimental studies with ‘breathing’ mannequins in wind tunnels and with human volunteer subjects in the laboratory, a clear picture has emerged of the physical, physiological and anatomical factors that control the extent to which particles may or may not reach certain parts of the respiratory tract. Such understanding has increasingly been the subject of discussions about aerosol standards, in particular the criteria by which exposure might be defined in relation to given classes of aerosol-related health effect—and in to turn aerosol monitoring. The ultimate goal has been to develop a set of criteria by which exposure standards are scientifically relevant to the health effects in question. This paper reviews the scientific basis for such criteria. It discusses the criteria that have already been widely discussed and so are either being applied or are on the threshold of practical application in standards. It also discusses how new advanced knowledge may allow us to extend the list of particle size-selective criteria to fractions that have not yet been widely discussed but which may be of importance in the future.
6,6-bis(CARBOXY-2-OXABUTYL)-4,8-DIOXAUNDECANE-I,II-DICARBOXYLIC ACID

(1996). 6,6-bis(CARBOXY-2-OXABUTYL)-4,8-DIOXAUNDECANE-I,II-DICARBOXYLIC ACID. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 242-244.
Microwave switch: LAMPS (light-activated microwave photoconductive switch)

A new microwave switch, the light-activated microwave photoconductive switch consisting of a heterostructure photoconductive switch (HPCS) with a flip-chip bonded vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser is reported. An insertion loss of 0.17 dB at a laser power of 15 mW and an isolation of 25 dB were obtained at 1 GHz. Excellent linearity was obtained with second and third order intercepts measured at 960 MHz of SOI=115 dBm and TOI=65 dBm at 960 MHz, respectively.
Communty mental health--an underview.

This paper has attempted a panoramic view of an immensely complex aspect of psychiatry, an aspect so tumultuous as to over-flow the bounds of psychiatry as a specialty of medicine. The panorama is described as an “underview” because it is not seen from without and above, but aspectually, by a participant, and from within. In spite of the inescapable restrictions of the author's perspective, he has tried to maintain as much objectivity as possible and to make the biases explicit where they could not be avoided. No attempt is made to predict where the emergent thrust of historical movement will carry the field of community mental health. No attempt is made to espouse any particular direction of future growth. It has seemed enough of a task to attempt to say where we are and whence we came to this place. The future comes in its own time.
Glomerular and Tubular Epithelial Defects in kd/kd Mice Lead to Progressive Renal Failure

Background/Aim: The kd/kd mouse spontaneously develops severe and progressive nephritis leading to renal failure, characterized by cellular infiltration, tubular destruction and glomerular sclerosis. Recent identification of the mutant gene and the observation that podocytes are affected, led to the hypothesis that there are primary renal epithelial cell defects in this strain. Methods: Clinical and pathological signs of disease in a large cohort of kd/kd mice were studied by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and biochemical analyses of serum and urine at early stages of disease. Special attention was paid to mice under 140 days of age that had normal blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, but had developed albuminuria. Results: Although overt glomerular abnormalities are commonly observed either coincident with or after tubulointerstitial nephritis, we now report that albuminuria and visceral epithelial abnormalities, including hyperplasia and podocyte effacement may occur before the onset of either elevated BUN levels or severe interstitial nephritis, and this is accompanied by biochemical perturbations in serum typical of the nephrotic syndrome. Conclusions: The results suggest that the defect in kd/kd mice primarily affects both the tubular and glomerular visceral epithelium. The tubular epithelial defect triggers autoimmune interstitial nephritis, whereas a defect in podocytes leads to proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Thus, a single mitochondrial abnormality may result in differences in disease expression that vary with the type of epithelial cells. It is likely that the mitochrondrial perturbations in glomerular and tubular epithelia act in concert, through activation of different pathologic pathways, to accelerate disease progression leading to renal failure.
Citizenship Denied: The Racialization of Muslim American Men and Women post-9/11

The racialization of Muslim Americans is examined in this article. Qualitative in-depth interviews with 48 Muslim Americans reveal they experience more intense forms of questioning and contestation...
Preface: Old and New Perspectives on the Tutte Polynomial

This paper introduces a special issue on the Tutte polynomial derived from the Sec- ond Workshop on Tutte Polynomials and Applications, 2005, held at the Centre de Recerca Matem atica, Bellaterra, Catalonia. We discuss the prehistory of Tutte polynomials and two cur- rent areas of research, to what extent a graph is determined by its chromatic or Tutte polynomial and generic versions of Tutte polynomials.
Separable balls around the maximally mixed multipartite quantum states

We show that for an m-partite quantum system, there is a ball of radius ${2}^{\ensuremath{-}(m/2\ensuremath{-}1)}$ in Frobenius norm, centered at the identity matrix, of separable (unentangled) positive semidefinite matrices. This can be used to derive an \ensuremath{\epsilon} below which mixtures of \ensuremath{\epsilon} of any density matrix with $1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ of the maximally mixed state will be separable. The \ensuremath{\epsilon} thus obtained is exponentially better (in the number of systems) than existing results. This gives a number of qubits below which nuclear magnetic resonance with standard pseudopure-state preparation techniques can access only unentangled states; with parameters realistic for current experiments, this is 23 qubits (compared to 13 qubits via earlier results). A ball of radius 1 is obtained for multipartite states separable over the reals.
Influence of ventilation and humidity during storage on weight and quality changes ofRusset Burbank potatoes

The data reported herein show that maintaining at least 95% relative humidity in the ventilating air caused significantly less weight loss than ventilating with air of 85% relative humidity. In addition, significantly less flattening, shrivelling, and sprouting were found in tubers ventilated with air of 95% relative humidity. There was no difference between the two air humidities in the amount of rot found. Intermittent ventilation allowed significantly less weight loss than continuous ventilation. Also, intermittent ventilation caused significantly less flattening, less shrivelling, and less sprouting than continuous ventilation. The processing data indicate that tubers ventilated with air of 95% or more relative humidity resulted in less peel loss, less trim loss, lower sugars content, and in general, produced higher-quality processed products than when the tubers had been ventilated with air of 85% relative humidity.
An analytic model to estimate the avalanche breakdown voltage improvement for LDD devices

Abstract An analytic model is presented to estimate the avalanche breakdown voltage improvement for various lightly doped source-drain (LDD) structures. In this model, the voltage drop across the lightly doped drain region is assumed to be responsible for breakdown voltage improvement. The voltage drop is calculated by assuming a two-dimensional potential distribution in the rectangular section of the n − region. This section is treated as a volume obeying Gauss' law, thereby enabling the mobile and immobile charges contained in it to be related to the electric fields normal to its surface without considering the detailed distribution of the charges inside. The calculated results agree well with experimental and two-dimensional simulation data for a wide range of processing parameters.