cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peritoneal washing cytologic analysis of ovarian serous tumors of low malignant potential to detect peritoneal implants and predict clinical outcome

BACKGROUND: Patients with ovarian serous tumors of low malignant potential (OSLMP) who have peritoneal implants, especially invasive implants, are at an increased risk of developing tumor recurrence. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the ability of peritoneal washing (PW) cytology to detect the presence and type of peritoneal implants has not been adequately investigated, and its prognostic significance is unknown. METHODS: Records and PW specimens of 101 patients diagnosed with and treated for OSLMP between 1996 and 2010 at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center were retrospectively reviewed. Patients' staging biopsy findings were compared with the results of the authors' review of the PWs. Follow-up data were also analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 96 patients for whom staging biopsy results were available, 26 (27%) had peritoneal implants (17 noninvasive and 9 invasive), 19 (20%) had endosalpingiosis, and 51 (53%) had negative findings. The PW specimens of 18 of the 26 patients (69%) with peritoneal implants were positive for serous neoplasm, and a correlation was found between cytologic and histologic findings (P < .0001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 69%, 84%, 62%, and 88%, respectively. Four of 101 patients had disease recurrence; 3 of these patients had invasive implants and 1 patient had noninvasive implants. None of the patients who had negative staging biopsy findings or endosalpingiosis but did have PW specimens that were positive for serous neoplasm developed disease recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: PW cytology detects the presence of peritoneal implants with moderate accuracy. However, long-term studies are needed to determine whether positive PW cytologic findings are an independent predictor of tumor recurrence. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012;. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Purification of a multiprotein complex containing centrosomal proteins from the Drosophila embryo by chromatography with low-affinity polyclonal antibodies.

Abstract A 190-kDa centrosomal protein interacts with microtubules when Drosophila embryo extracts are passed over microtubule-affinity columns. We have obtained a partial cDNA clone that encodes this protein. Using a fusion protein produced from the clone, we have developed a novel immunoaffinity chromatography procedure that allows both the 190-kDa protein and a complex of proteins that associates with it to be isolated in in a single step. For this procedure, the fusion protein is used as an antigen to prepare rabbit polyclonal antibodies, and those antibodies that recognize the 190-kDa protein with low affinity are selectively purified on a column containing immobilized antigen. These low-affinity antibodies are then used to construct an immunoaffinity column. When Drosophila embryo extracts are passed over this column, the 190-kDa protein is quantitatively retained and can be eluted in nearly pure form under nondenaturing conditions with 1.5 M MgCl2, pH 7.6. The immunoaffinity column is washed with 1.0 M KCl just before the elution with 1.5 M MgCl2. This wash elutes 10 major proteins, as well as a number of minor ones. We present evidence that these KCl-eluted proteins represent additional centrosomal components that interact with the 190-kDa protein to form a multiprotein complex within the cell.
Liminality in Advertising from the Mad Men Era

This article reflects an evolving anthropologist’s marketing career during the 1970s, before anthropology was truly welcomed as contributor to business strategy. I worked on several accounts mentored by a brilliant but conflicted creative director-guru-boss, an experience resulting in this reflexive advertising narrative punctuated by periods of liminality. I used my agency archives from the 1970s and field notes (or advertising log) as my data set to reflect this period. My field journey traversed the Mad Men era, immortalized in the AMC TV series about the 1960s and beyond, where creative directors freely crossed boundaries of sex, class and gender stereotypes. I discuss several advertising campaigns in which I was involved. The broader narrative reveals an uncomfortable divide between cultural empathy and advertising practice. While creatively stimulating, I describe the conflict in a marketing career that challenged ethical sensitivities.
Linux kernel developer responses to static analysis bug reports

We present a study of how Linux kernel developers respond to bug reports issued by a static analysis tool. We found that developers prefer to triage reports in younger, smaller, and more actively-maintained files (§2), first address easy-to-fix bugs and defer difficult (but possibly critical) bugs (§3), and triage bugs in batches rather than individually (§4). Also, although automated tools cannot find many types of bugs, they can be effective at directing developers' attentions towards parts of the codebase that contain up to 3X more user-reported bugs (§5). Our insights into developer attitudes towards static analysis tools allow us to make suggestions for improving their usability and effectiveness. We feel that it could be effective to run static analysis tools continuously while programming and before committing code, to rank reports so that those most likely to be triaged are shown to developers first, to show the easiest reports to new developers, to perform deeper analysis on more actively-maintained code, and to use reports as indirect indicators of code quality and importance.
A simulation model for studying effects of pollution and freshwater inflow on secondary productivity in an ecosystem

A mathematical model of an ecosystem is developed. Secondary productivity is evaluated in terms of man related and controllable factors. Information from an existing physical parameters model is used as well as pertinent biological measurements. Predictive information of value to estuarine management is presented. Biological, chemical, and physical parameters measured in order to develop models of ecosystems are identified.
Topographies of power: a critical historical geography of schooling in Tanzania

ABSTRACTThis article builds a case for critical historical geography in comparative education to examine how, over time, the social production of space contributes to educational disparity. It draws on Gupta and Ferguson's contrasting concepts of the ‘power of topography’ and the ‘topography of power’ and Lefebvre's tripartite theory of space to explore space–time relationships at multiple scales in Tanzania. Data come from primary and secondary historical texts about the Kilimanjaro Region as well as a longitudinal study carried out between 2000 and 2012 in two districts in the region. The analysis shows how advantage and disadvantage are differentially distributed over time and space, revealing the enduring interconnections of geography, history, and political power in postcolonial states and the importance of multi-scalar comparative research in comparative education.
On the linear transformation model for censored data

Recently Cheng, Wei & Ying (1995, 1997) proposed a class of estimation procedures for semi-parametric linear transformation models with censored observations. When the support of the censoring variable is shorter than that of the failure time, the estimators are asymptotically biased. In this paper, we present a simple modification of Cheng's estimation procedures for the regression parameters. Through extensive numerical studies with practical sample sizes, we find that the new proposals perform well, but the original interval estimators may not have correct coverage probabilities when censoring is heavy. Prediction procedures for the survival probabilities of future subjects are also modified accordingly.
A measure of individual sense of competence.

A paper-and-pencil instrument to measure an individual's “sense of competence” or his basic psychological feelings of confidence and competence resulting from mastery of his environment is developed in this research. The content validity of the instrument is demonstrated based on the interpretation of four factors extracted from factor analysis and the subsequent analytic oblique solution. The predictive validity of the instrument is strongly supported by two separate studies conducted by two different groups of researchers. Internal reliability is also tested and found to be satisfactory. Finally, the implications of the new instrument for future research, especially in organizational and work settings, are discussed.
An Agglutinating Factor in Insect Hemolymph

In testing the hemolymph of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), for nonprecipitating antibodies to rabbit serum, the method of Boyden (1951) was employed. This method involves coating human erythrocytes with tannic acid and antigen before exposure to the immune serum. If antibody is present in the serum it will cause a visible clumping of the erythrocytes.
Notch Functions in T Cell Development

Notch is an evolutionary conserved cell-to-cell signaling pathway that regulates tissue homeostasis and plays an essential role in T lymphocyte development. Notch ligand/receptor interactions lead to the proteolytic release of intracellular Notch, which migrates into the nucleus to activate target gene transcription. Notch signals are required to induce the T lineage development program in the thymus, where early T cell progenitors arise after homing of bone marrow–derived hematopoietic progenitors. In the thymus, Notch signaling is driven by Notch ligands expressed by thymic epithelial cells and Notch receptors in T cell progenitors, with a dominant role for interactions of Delta-like 4 Notch ligands with Notch1 receptors. Notch signals induce expression of a core network of transcription factors that together promote development, controlled proliferation, and survival of T cell progenitors while suppressing alternative lineage potentials. Notch signaling is critically required until after clearance of the pre-T cell receptor checkpoint, but dispensable during positive and negative selection of mature thymocytes. Notch becomes active again after exit from the thymus as a context-dependent regulator of T cell function. Here, we review the regulation and physiological functions of Notch signaling in T cell development.
And Genetic Testing for All . . . The Coming Revolution in NonInvasive Prenatal Genetic Testing

For thousands of years, expecting parents have daydreamed of being able to know about their children before their birth. Over the last thirty years, reproductive genetics and assisted reproductive technology (ART) have made significant strides toward fulfilling this desire. A steady stream of technical advances including prenatal screening, invasive prenatal diagnosis, sperm and egg donation, sperm sorting for gender selection, in vitro fertilization, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis have sought to give parents more information about and control over their reproductive practices. However, each of these technologies has significant drawbacks that limit its use to either a very small population or a small number of conditions. As a result, their overall impact on reproduction has been equally limited. Everything is about to change. Scientists have recently discovered a way to provide diagnostic genetic information to pregnant women early in
SU‐G‐JeP3‐10: Update On a Real‐Time Treatment Guidance System Using An IR Navigation System for Pleural PDT

Purpose: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used in conjunction with surgical debulking of tumorous tissue during treatment for pleural mesothelioma. One of the key components of effective PDT is uniform light distribution. Currently, light is monitored with 8 isotropic light detectors that are placed at specific locations inside the pleural cavity. A tracking system with real-time feedback software can be utilized to improve the uniformity of light in addition to the existing detectors. Methods: An infrared (IR) tracking camera is used to monitor the movement of the light source. The same system determines the pleural geometry of the treatment area. Software upgrades allow visualization of the pleural cavity as a two-dimensional volume. The treatment delivery wand was upgraded for ease of light delivery while incorporating the IR system. Isotropic detector locations are also displayed. Data from the tracking system is used to calculate the light fluence rate delivered. This data is also compared with in vivo data collected via the isotropic detectors. Furthermore, treatment volume information will be used to form light dose volume histograms of the pleural cavity. Results: In a phantom study, the light distribution was improved by using real-time guidance compared to the distribution when using detectors without guidance. With the tracking system, 2D data can be collected regarding light fluence rather than just the 8 discrete locations inside the pleural cavity. Light fluence distribution on the entire cavity can be calculated at every time in the treatment. Conclusion: The IR camera has been used successfully during pleural PDT patient treatment to track the motion of the light source and provide real-time display of 2D light fluence. It is possible to use the feedback system to deliver a more uniform dose of light throughout the pleural cavity.
Cultivating S-P-E-L-L-E-R-S:

Indian-American spellers are known for dominance on the national stage and even host regional, culturally specific bees. How did the niche emerge?
Varicella and Cerebral Infarction

A relation between varicella and idiopathic arterial ischemic stroke in children was determined in a case control study at the Universite Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium, and the Centre Hospitalier Bicetre, France.
So … Why Aren't We Taking Learning Seriously?:

Taking learning seriously is not as easy as it sounds, nor is it clear exactly what it means to do so. The author, dean of faculties at Purdue University, takes a hard, uncompromising look at this ...
Synthesis and characterization of a series of nickel(ii) alkoxide precursors and their utility for Ni(0) nanoparticle production.

A series of nickel(II) aryloxide ([Ni(OAr)2(py)x]) precursors was synthesized from an amide-alcohol exchange using [Ni(NR2)2] in the presence of pyridine (py). The H-OAr selected were the mono- and di-ortho-substituted 2-alkyl phenols: alkyl = methyl (H-oMP), iso-propyl (H-oPP), tert-butyl (H-oBP) and 2,6-di-alkyl phenols (alkyl = di-iso-propyl (H-DIP), di-tert-butyl (H-DBP), di-phenyl (H-DPhP)). The crystalline products were solved as solvated monomers and structurally characterized as [Ni(OAr)2(py)x], where x = 4: OAr = oMP (1), oPP (2); x = 3: OAr = oBP (3), DIP (4); x = 2: OAr = DBP (5), DPhP (6). The excited states (singlet or triplet) and various geometries of 1–6 were identified by experimental UV-vis and verified by computational modeling. Magnetic susceptibility of the representative compound 4 was fit to a Curie Weiss model that yielded a magnetic moment of 4.38(3)μB consistent with a Ni2+ center. Compounds 1 and 6 were selected for decomposition studied under solution precipitation routes since they represent the two extremes of coordination. The particle size and crystalline structure were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The materials isolated from 1 and 6 were found by TEM to form irregular shape nanomaterials (8–15 nm), which by PXRD were found to be Ni0 hcp (PDF: 01-089-7129) and fcc (PDF: 01-070-0989), respectively.
Evaluation of gene expression by RNA-seq after single dose of trastuzumab (T) reveals predictors of pathologic complete response (pCR) in HER2-positive early breast cancer.

10558 Background: The use of a ‘brief exposure’ to single agent T allows the measurement of dynamic changes in the transcriptome that may predict response to T-based combinations. We have shown tha...
Polyvinyl Acetal Adhesives

Polyvinyl acetal resins are known for their excellent adhesion to a variety of surfaces. While the principal applications are adhesives for glass and metal, polyvinyl acetals provide structural adhesion for paper, fiber and plastics. They contribute flexibility and toughness to coatings. Excellent pigment binding capability has led to their use in printing inks, electrographic toners, and magnetic tape. The polyvinyl acetal polyvinyl butyral is almost exclusively used in the manufacture of laminated safety glass where optical clarity along with structural and adhesive performance is required.
Sexual practices in a cohort of US women with and without human immunodeficiency virus. HERS Study. HIV Epidemiology Research Study.

OBJECTIVES To compare the frequency and pattern of sexual activities of women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) relative to uninfected women at the time of enrollment into a multisite cohort study. METHODS The HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS) is a prospective study following 873 HIV-infected and 438 HIV-uninfected women. The baseline protocol included interviews about sexual practices, sociodemographic information, and drug and alcohol use, as well as clinical and laboratory studies. Multiple logistic regression models estimated differences between infected and uninfected women in relation to sexual activity and practice. RESULTS 77% of infected women and 89% of uninfected women reported at least one sexual partner in the six months before study entry. Among sexually active women, specific practices varied little by HIV serostatus, with the exception of oral sex, which was more frequently performed and received by uninfected women. Despite the high prevalence of sexual activity, infected women were 2.5 times as likely not to have had any recent sexual partners as uninfected women (95% CI = 1.77-3.44). CONCLUSIONS Women who decrease or altogether stop engaging in sexual partnerships may benefit from direct counseling in relation to underlying loss of sexual affection.
Discussing the “positive utilities” of autonomous vehicles: will travellers really use their time productively?

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are expected to reshape travel behaviour and demand in part by enabling productive uses of travel time—a primary component of the “positive utility of travel” concept—thus...
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour: a rare cause of central airway obstruction

A 70-year-old woman with no comorbidities presented with cough, wheezing, exertional dyspnoea and a sensation of throat fullness. She never smoked and was recently diagnosed with asthma based on a normal chest radiograph and pulmonary function testing but failed to improve with bronchodilators and steroids. Her initial chest radiograph was unremarkable, and spirometry suggested a fixed intrathoracic obstruction. CT of the chest obtained after 2 months showed an irregular density in the trachea, 1.4×1.7 cm (figure 1). Flexible bronchoscopy showed a polypoid mass 2–3 cm above the carina adherent to the …
Three Way Comparison of Hydrophilic Ionic Liquid, Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid, and Dilute Acid for the Pretreatment of Herbaceous and Woody Biomass

This paper examines the efficacy of ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment on seven different commercially harvested biomass types: corn stover, miscanthus, pine, sorghum, sugarcane bagasse, switchgrass, and wheat straw in an effort to improve the production of renewable fuels and chemicals from biomass derived sugars. Initial experiments screened the pretreatment of lodgepole pine, a particularly recalcitrant biomass feedstock, with nine different imidazolium based ionic liquids. After screening, one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic ionic liquid was selected for pretreatment tests on six commercially harvested biomasses. Ultimately, the hydrophilic ionic liquid functioned better for biomass pretreatment than the hydrophobic ionic liquid. These results were then compared to a traditional dilute acid pretreatment to examine the relative effectiveness of ionic liquid pretreatment across a variety of biomass and ionic liquid types. Total theoretical sugar yields after IL pretreatment varied widely by IL and biomass type and ranged from 4.9 to 90.2%. Dilute acid pretreatment showed consistent sugar yields for herbaceous material (from 71.4 to 80.8%) but low yield for lodgepole pine (22.8%). Overall, ILs showed the potential to reach slightly higher sugar yields than dilute acid and were particularly effective for woody feedstocks. More importantly, the sugar release kinetics for IL pretreatment were three times faster than dilute acid and gave maximum sugar yields after about 24 hours. Additional characterization of IL treated materials included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and compositional analysis. SEM and XRD showed qualitative and quantitative reductions in cellulose crystallinity (respectively) that correlated well to improved sugar release during enzymatic hydrolysis for hydrophilic ionic liquids. However, reductions in crystallinity associated with hydrophobic ionic liquids resulted in lower sugar release during enzymatic hydrolysis. Compositional analysis generally showed increased sugars content for hydrophilic ILs and increased lignin content for hydrophobic ILs.
No Center: An Unbounded Universe and the Plurality of Worlds

Up until now, we have been considering world views that conceive of either our Earth or our Sun as the center of the universe. Generally in these models, the visible universe has a boundary, the fixed stars, which are in a discrete shell at more or less the same distance away. From time to time, philosophers such as Nicolaus Cusanus (1401–1464) have speculated that there may be something outside of this shell that is infinite, such as a void or the heavens, and even astronomers like Ursus wrote that the stars were at variable distances from the Earth (see Chapter 5). But such notions did not challenge the idea that we live at the center of things and are special and unique beings created by the gods or God.
Decoding microglia responses to psychosocial stress reveals blood-brain barrier breakdown that may drive stress susceptibility

An animal's ability to cope with or succumb to deleterious effects of chronic psychological stress may be rooted in the brain's immune responses manifested in microglial activity. Mice subjected to chronic social defeat (CSD) were categorized as susceptible (CSD-S) or resilient (CSD-R) based on behavioral phenotyping, and their microglia were isolated and analyzed by microarray. Microglia transcriptomes from CSD-S mice were enriched for pathways associated with inflammation, phagocytosis, oxidative stress, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Histochemical experiments confirmed the array predictions: CSD-S microglia showed elevated phagocytosis and oxidative stress, and the brains of CSD-S but not CSD-R or non-stressed control mice showed vascular leakage of intravenously injected fluorescent tracers. The results suggest that the inflammatory profile of CSD-S microglia may be precipitated by extracellular matrix degradation, oxidative stress, microbleeds, and entry and phagocytosis of blood-borne substances into brain parenchyma. We hypothesize that these CNS-centric responses contribute to the stress-susceptible behavioral phenotype.
Sparse structural system identification method for nonlinear dynamic systems with hysteresis/inelastic behavior

Abstract A system identification technique suitable for single degree of freedom (SDOF) and multiple degree of freedom (MDOF) structural systems with either nonlinear elastic or inelastic/hysteretic behavior is proposed in this paper. The method is a parametric modeling technique based on sparse regularization. The proposed framework is capable of discovering the underlying governing equations of the system of interest from input-output data. We build on the work of Brunton et al. (2016) by including functions that allow the discovery of significant nonlinearities, and hystertic or inelastic behavior with permanent deformation. We also present model selection using sparse regularization and cross validation using Akaike criteria. We demonstrate through experimental validation that the technique presented in this paper is applicable to a significantly broader class of problems. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated through numerical examples of a 2-story nonlinear or inelastic building with a adjustable stiffness device. We also present experimental validation using a unique nonlinear structural system that consists of a MDOF structural system and a nonlinear negative stiffness device (NSD) to illustrate the significant ability of the proposed framework. We successfully identify the following structural systems from experimental data: a SDOF yielding frame without NSD; a SDOF yielding frame with NSD; and a 3-DOF frame with NSD. The extracted sparse model also shows potential for generalization.
A Hard Day's Night: Diel Shifts in Microbial Eukaryotic Activity in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

Molecular analysis revealed diel rhythmicity in the metabolic activity of single-celled microbial eukaryotes (protists) within an eddy in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (ca. 100 km NE of station ALOHA). Diel trends among different protistan taxonomic groups reflected distinct nutritional capabilities and temporal niche partitioning. Changes in relative metabolic activities among phototrophs corresponded to the light cycle, generally peaking in mid- to late-afternoon. Metabolic activities of protistan taxa with phagotrophic ability were higher at night, relative to daytime, potentially in response to increased availability of picocyanobacterial prey. Tightly correlated Operational Taxonomic Units throughout the diel cycle implicated the existence of parasitic and mutualistic relationships within the microbial eukaryotic community, underscoring the need to define and include these symbiotic interactions in marine food web descriptions. This study provided a new high-resolution view into the ecologically important interactions among primary producers and consumers that mediate the transfer of carbon to higher trophic levels. Characterizations of the temporal dynamics of protistan activities contribute knowledge for predicting how these microorganisms respond to environmental forcing factors.
EPSPS duplication and mutation involved in glyphosate resistance in the allotetraploid weed species Poa annua L.

BACKGROUND Poa annua is a widespread winter annual weed species in California. Recently, poor control of this species with glyphosate was reported by growers in an almond orchard in California with a history of repetitive glyphosate use. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the level of glyphosate resistance in a developed S4 P. annua line (R) and identify the mechanisms of resistance involved. RESULTS Whole-plant dose-response experiments confirmed glyphosate resistance in R, which required 18-fold more glyphosate to achieve a 50% growth reduction compared with a susceptible line (S), results that were supported by the lower shikimate accumulation observed in R compared with S. No differences in glyphosate absorption, translocation, or metabolism were observed, suggesting that non-target-site mechanisms of resistance are not involved in the resistance phenotype. A missense single nucleotide polymorphism was observed in EPSPS coding position 106 in R, resulting in a leucine to proline substitution. This polymorphism was observed exclusively in P. supina EPSPS homeologs. A seven-fold increase in the number of copies of EPSPS alleles was observed in R compared with S. CONCLUSIONS We report the first case of glyphosate resistance associated with both EPSPS duplication and target-site mutation at position 106, leading to high levels of glyphosate resistance in the allotetraploid weed species Poa annua L. Data obtained in this research will be useful for the development of diagnostic tools for rapid glyphosate resistance identification, monitoring and containment. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Impact of chemical composition on precipitate morphology in an additively manufactured nickel base superalloy

Abstract Changes in the iron content within the allowable composition range in Inconel® 625 produce significant differences in the grain size and mechanical properties during laser-based directed energy deposition additive manufacturing. The resulting precipitate types and morphologies, which contribute to these different properties, originate from a complex interplay between iron, silicon, and titanium. While the addition of iron has traditionally been shown to promote Laves phase formation, thermodynamic calculations have shown that silicon contents in excess of 0.05 wt% are also required to promote its formation. For example, relatively low iron (1 wt%), low titanium (0.019 wt%), and high silicon (0.37 wt%) contents led to the formation of Laves phase. On the other hand, high iron (4 wt%), high titanium (0.19 wt%), and low silicon (0.035 wt%) contents produce MN nitrides and no Laves phase. By increasing the titanium concentration, the precipitation of nitrides rich in titanium and niobium is promoted in the liquid, and Laves phase formation is suppressed during solidification. After hot isostatic pressing, the precipitate distribution displayed minimal differences with that found in the as-deposited condition for both material chemistries. However, the precipitates in the as-deposited low iron material grew larger and developed a blocky morphology while the original Laves phase partially transformed to M2N nitrides rich in Nb, Cr, and Mo. In the high iron material, the MN nitrides became depleted in niobium and further enriched in titanium while maintaining a size similar to those in the as-deposited condition.
Demography, Environment, and Human Behavior

Archaeology’s broad engagement with the long-term evolution of human subsistence systems and social forms hinges on understanding relationships among environment, demography, production, and society. Semiquantitative narrative accounts of interactions among these factors by Malthus and later by Boserup currently are being updated with more explicitly quantitative analytical and simulation models. We describe one of these approaches, food-limited demography, and present examples of how it is being used to interpret archaeological data on subsistence, settlement, and the sociopolitical evolution of Pacific and North American societies. We note that dynamic modeling can reveal system properties that run counter to commonly held beliefs about population ecology. In agrarian societies the weight of Malthusian constraints on population develop not gradually, but abruptly, with severe consequences for human welfare; inter-annual food storage mitigates some instances of famine but makes others more severe; the potential for surplus production is greatest when populations are relatively small; low tax rates applied to a large population of producers are more stable than a high rate applied to a smaller population; and, at population equilibrium, a tax on labor may be more efficient than one on agrarian goods. These and other insights from contemporary modeling of linkages among human demography, behavior, economy, and environment allow us to examine the consequences of assumptions about rates of birth and death, the allocation of wealth and power, and how resources and labor are utilized in the evolution of early agricultural societies.
Determination of indigo and brilliant blue in different types of food products by high performance liquid chromatography with solid phase extraction

Objective To develop and validate a solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatographic( SPE-HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of indigo and brilliant blue in different types of food products. Methods The artificial colors in food products were extracted by acetonitrile / water and purified by WAX SPE cartridges, The separation was achieved using a Waters Symmetry C_(18)( 5 μm, 4. 6 mm × 250 mm) column and a binary gradient mobile phase of methanol and 0. 02 mol/L ammonium acetate solution, detected by HPLC-PDA. Results The validated analytical method showed that there was a good linearity in the range of 0. 05- 20. 00 μg/mL for both indigo and brilliant blue( r > 0. 999). The lowest detection limits of indigo and brilliant blue were 0. 04 and 0. 02 mg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries were among 81. 8%- 101. 1%, with relative standard deviation( RSD) of 2. 1%- 4. 9%( n =6) for both artificial colors. Conclusion The method has high selectivity, high sensitivity, good recovery and reproducibility. It is suitable to simultaneously monitor indigo and brilliant blue in several types of food products based on the food classification system of GB 2760-2014.
Tricyclic Antidepressants: Animal Pharmacology (Biochemical and Metabolic Aspects)

The prototype of tricyclic antidepressants, imipramine, was developed through molecular modification of the phenothiazine nucleus in promazine, i.e., by replacement of the sulfur with an ethylene group. In contrast to promazine, which is a symmetrical molecule, the molecule of imipramine is asymmetrical, the two benzene rings being twisted against each other (Hafliger, 1959). This molecular modification is obviously responsible for the change in the clinical activity from antipsychotic to antidepressant. It is noteworthy that the antidepressant activity of imipramine was discovered by Kuhn (1957, 1958) while he was evaluating the drug as a potential antipsychotic agent; it could not have been predicted from pharmacologic studies conducted at that time.
Formulating a Case for the “Brand Encapsulation Model” and its viability within the Higher Education Sector

This study will make a case for the use of a new brand valuation model called the “brand encapsulation model”; this model will build upon research conducted by David Aaker and will be proposed for the higher education sector. A survey will include a presentation of a branded item and a non-branded item to prospective consumers of varying demographics. Perspective consumers will be asked which product they would likely consume. In order to prove the validity of the brand encapsulation model, the survey will require that all of the respondents choose the branded item.
Clinical Implementation of Novel Spinal Cord Perfusion Pressure Protocol in Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury at U.S. Level I Trauma Center: TRACK-SCI Study.

Objective We sought to report the safety of implementation of a novel standard of care protocol using spinal cord perfusion pressure (SCPP) maintenance for managing traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) in lieu of mean arterial pressure goals at a U.S. Level I trauma center. Methods Starting in December 2017, blunt SCI patients presenting Results Fifteen patients enrolled to date were aged 60.5 ± 17 years. Injury levels were 93.3% (cervical) and 6.7% (thoracic). Admission AIS was 20.0%/20.0%/26.7%/33.3% for A/B/C/D. All patients maintained mean SCPP ≥65 mm Hg during monitoring. Fourteen of 15 cases required surgical decompression and stabilization with time to surgery 8.8 ± 7.1 hours (71.4% Conclusions In our initial experience of 15 patients with acute SCI, standardized SCPP goal-directed care based on LSAD monitoring for 5 days was feasible. There were no SCPP-related complications. This is the first report of SCPP implementation as clinical standard of care in acute SCI.
Clinical correlates of subventricular zone-contacting glioblastomas: a meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION The clinical and molecular correlates of glioblastomas (GBMs) contacting the subventricular zone (SVZ+ GBM) are unknown. This work aimed to reveal any such correlates that may help explain their increased GBM malignancy. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A meta-analysis was, therefore, conducted to assess whether tumor's MGMT promoter methylation status, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation status, volume, and extent of resection as well as patients' age at diagnosis and preoperative Karnofsky performance status score (KPS) correlate with SVZ contact by GBM. In addition, available imaging of GBM patients in The Cancer Imaging Archive was assessed for SVZ contact and their corresponding clinical and molecular variables were obtained through The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Twenty-one studies were identified through PubMed and EMBASE database search. This review included 257 patients identified from the TCIA/TCGA database. MGMT promoter methylation status (summary odds ratio [OD], 1.18 [0.84-1.66], P=0.34), IDH mutation status (OD: 0.63 [0.20-1.99], P=0.43), and patients' age of diagnosis (summary mean difference, MD, 0.10 years [-1.85, 2.05], P=0.92) did not associated with SVZ contact of the GBM. However, SVZ+ GBMs were significantly larger than SVZ- GBMs (MD: 17.3 cm3 [8.70-25.8], P<0.0001). SVZ+ GBM patients had lower KPS scores (MD: -3.33 [-5.31-(-1.35)], P=0.001) and were half as likely to receive a gross total resection (OD: 0.50 [0.40-0.64], P<0.00001). CONCLUSIONS Additional, large studies that rigorously control for all the known clinical and molecular prognosticators, especially extent of resection and preoperative KPS scores, are needed to evaluate whether SVZ contact by GBM independently influences survival.
The Conspicuity Benefits of Rear-Facing Bike Lights in Daylight:

Cycling with motor vehicle traffic on roadways is inherently risky for bicyclists, and it is important for bicyclists to make themselves conspicuous to drivers. This experiment used a closed-road m...
Understanding the possible effect of scan mirror contamination in the AIRS instrument

AIRS has provided highly stable and accurate radiances since 2002. Stability at the 2 mK/yr has been demonstrated relative to the sea surface temperature (SST) in the 8-12 micron window channels. However, there is evidence of a larger trend in the shortwave channels: 8mK/yr when viewing clear ocean at about 300K, about 200 mK/yr when viewing 220K DCC at night in the tropical oceans, but a trend of less than 20 mK/yr for Dome C at 220K. Under these conditions, the 8-12 micron window channels show trends of less than 20 mK/yr. This study proposes that the trends in the shortwave channels are the result of a wavelength dependent contamination of the scan mirror and the on-board calibration (OBC) blackbody. Scattered light from nearby scenes while viewing DCCs causes the large apparent radiometric trend in the shortwave channels and can be removed via spatial linear regression. An experiment that assumes the OBC blackbody emissivity has slightly decreased is tested to explain the smaller trends. The emissivity experiment results show similar stability drifts at 1231 cm-1 but not to other window channels. The emissivity decrease may explain some of the stability drift, but other unknown physical mechanisms are likely as well.
Ten Things Every Manager Should Know About Nonverbal Behavior

Managers—whether they realize it or not—have a profound influence over how people they work with think and feel. This article presents ten nonverbal behaviors managers should (or should not) be doi...
Introduction to the Standard Model and Beyond: Quantum Field Theory, Symmetries and Phenomenology

The Standard Model of particle physics is an amazingly successful theory describing the fundamental particles and forces of nature. This text, written for a two-semester graduate course on the Standard Model, develops a practical understanding of the theoretical concepts it's built upon, to prepare students to enter research. The author takes a historical approach to demonstrate to students the process of discovery which is often overlooked in other textbooks, presenting quantum field theory and symmetries as the necessary tools for describing and understanding the Standard Model. He develops these tools using a basic understanding of quantum mechanics and classical field theory, such as Maxwell's electrodynamics, before discussing the important role that Noether's theorem and conserved charges play in the theory. Worked examples feature throughout the text, while homework exercises are included for the first five parts, with solutions available online for instructors. Inspired by the author's own teaching experience, suggestions for independent research topics have been provided for the second-half of the course, which students can then present to the rest of the class.
Globalization in the aftermath of the pandemic and trump

Abstract Covid-19 has exposed and deepened global inequalities: rich countries spent aggressively to sustain their economies and secured early vaccine access while most of the developing world continues to endure a growing disease burden. It also underlined the extent of inter-dependence and weaknesses in some of our international institutions and rules, many of which were established in the now discredited era of neo-liberalism. There is a rich, complex, and difficult agenda going forward for international cooperation. This includes aiding developing countries in restructuring their debt obligations, and guaranteeing that multi-national corporations pay their fair share with a robust international tax regime, better trade and intellectual property regimes, and better global regulatory frameworks for competition and social media. The failures of the past rules have led to political opposition to globalization. The only sustainable and inclusive path out of this pandemic is through cooperation and a re-imagining of globalization.
Fundamentals of material balance in food processing

Abstract In this chapter, material balance and its importance in the field of food science/engineering have been discussed. To do this, first, material balance is explained in detail using mass, i.e., mass flows and not volumetric flows. It must be remembered that masses are additive, but volumes are not always additive. Then, we provide a brief explanation of what is a process and state that the chapter focuses on continuous material balance problems under steady-state conditions. The core of the chapter details a proposed strategy to solve simple and complex material balance problems. We developed a five-step procedure, which is explained and then applied in examples. The chapter concludes with 3 solved problems and then proposes 24 problems, each one with the corresponding answer.
The impact of processing speed on cognition in temporal lobe epilepsy

Abstract Purpose To characterize the impact of slowed processing speed on the efficiency of broader cognitive function in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Methods Participants included 100 patients with TLE and 89 healthy controls (mean ages 36.8 and 33.6, respectively) administered a neuropsychological battery consisting of 15 cognitive metrics. Confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling (SEM) latent variable modeling demonstrated a cognitive structure representing the domains of verbal intelligence, immediate memory, delayed memory, executive function, working memory, and processing speed. Furthermore, the latent variable measurement model determined the direct and indirect relationships of verbal intelligence and processing speed with immediate memory, delayed memory, executive function, and working memory. Results Following SEM of hypothesized structural models, the results demonstrated that, among controls, intelligence had a direct and unmediated (by processing speed) relationship with all identified cognitive domains. In contrast, among participants with TLE, processing speed mediated the relationship between verbal intelligence and performance across all cognitive domains. Conclusion Slowing of cognitive/psychomotor processing speed appears to play a critical mediating role in the broader cognitive status of participants with TLE and may serve as a target through which to attempt to exert a broad positive impact on neuropsychological status.
The Cell Cytoskeleton: Possible Role in Volume Control

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of the research related to the possible role of the cytoskeleton in regulating ion transport events or fluid flux across cell membranes. Research on the cytoskeleton, cytoskeleton-associated proteins, and cytoskeleton-membrane interactions is progressing at a rapid rate. There is a significant body of indirect evidence that indicates that the cytoskeleton may play a role in regulating the number and/or activity of membrane transport pathways. Thus, modifications of ion transport processes that lead to alterations in cell volume may be mediated by changes in the cytoskeleton. One possible mechanism could involve the delivery to or retrieval from the cell membrane of specific ion transporters. Another could be that a change in the number or position of membrane-cytoskeletal attachment sites results in the stimulation or inhibition of transport proteins already present in the cell membrane. There is also evidence to indicate that certain components of the cytoskeleton can develop tension and contract. This action might be able to provide a stabilizing or resistive force to counteract hydrostatic pressure changes. Resolution of the actual role of the cytoskeleton in regulating ion transport and cell volume require further detailed studies on the types of cytoskeletal proteins, their distribution in cells, and whether or not these proteins interact with membrane transport proteins.
Resource discovery protocol for mobile computing

The increasing complexity of modern networks prompts a need for dynamic resource discovery. Mobile clients have the additional need to rediscover the location of local area network resources each time they move to a different LAN. We present a protocol and proposal for the operation of dynamic resource discovery. Our design is simple, extensible, and light weight. We implemented and tested our design with stationary servers, and mobile clients running mobile IP.
An LMI method to demonstrate simultaneous stability using non-quadratic polynomial Lyapunov functions

We consider a nonlinear state transformation that allows us to work with non-quadratic polynomial Lyapunov functions. We use these polynomials to form Lyapunov functions to demonstrate simultaneous stability for a finite collection of linear systems. Under a weak definiteness condition, our main result, Theorem 3, shows that the minimum degree polynomial Lyapunov function that demonstrates simultaneous stability for a collection of linear systems can be written as a homogeneous polynomial.
Soft tissue sarcoma involving the sciatic nerve.

In the Clinical Dilemma slot the editors pose a question to an acknowledged expert in the field. In this issue we address the problem of a sarcoma in the posterior aspect of the thigh. At operation, despite preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, the lesion is unexpectedly found to involve the sciatic nerve. How should one proceed? Professor Murray Brennan of New York replies.
On the mass of the W±-particle from generalized electrodynamics

In this paper, the previously derived analysis from a generalized form of electrodynamics that exhibits some weak- and strong-interaction characteristics at small distances is applied to\(p\bar p\) scattering. It is found that an extra quantity of energy, of order of 342 GeV, is transferred in the collision studied by the CERN group. While this is about four times that of the W± mass, taking account of the approximations used here it is possible to reduce this value toward the observed value, thus remaining in competition with the standard gauge theory of Glashow, Salam and Weinberg.
Analysis of artificial hip joints as spherical bearings

Artificial hip joints commonly pair a metal ball and a plastic cup; however the problem of polyethylene wear debris has sparked renewed interest in metal-on-metal joints. For lubrication studies such joints can be modeled as spherical bearings. A finite element code has been developed to carry out modal elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis of spherical bearings. An operating environment which accurately represents that seen in the human hip was determined. Lubricant film thicknesses were predicted and compared for different designs. The lubrication analysis indicates elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis may be necessary. It also suggests that manufacturing tolerances may be important for the success or failure of the metal-on-metal hip replacements.