cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gonadotropin responses to naloxone may depend upon spontaneous activity in noradrenergic neurons at the time of treatment

Abstract The opiate system is thought to modulate gonadotropin secretion by its effect on catecholamine secretion. This action may be produced by opiates regulating the amount of catecholamine released from presynaptic terminals at a given frequency of depolarization and/or by increasing the rate of impulse traffic within catecholamine neurons. We examined the effects of naloxone, an opiate receptor antagonist, on luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (Prl) secretion in 3 sex steroid-treated, gonadectomized rat models in which we have considerable information on the rates of turnover of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) in the hypothalamus. In 7 day ovariectomized rats treated for 2 days with estradiol (E2), the injection of naloxone (10 mg/kg) at 09.15 h produced a small 3-fold rise in LH and a short-lived decline in Prl. In contrast, naloxone, given at 12.15 h, markedly amplified (10-fold) and advanced the time of the LH surge but did not affect afternoon Prl surges. Hypothalamic NE turnovers are low in the morning and high in the afternoon for such animals. Other ovariectomized (OVX) rats received E2 for 2 days and progesterone (P4) on day 2. Such treatment extinguishes the LH surges which normally occur the next day (day 3) but does not affect phasic Prl secretion. Naloxone, given at 09.15 h to E2P4-treated rats on day 3, did not affect basal LH levels but serum Prl declined for about 1 h. When given at 12.15 h, naloxone produced a small 3-fold rise in LH but did not affect phasic Prl release. E2P4-treated OVX rats do not show increases in hypothalamic NE turnover during the afternoon and have a rate high of DA turnover in the median eminence. The final group of rats were 7 day castrated males treated for 2 days with E2. Such rats do not display LH or Prl surges in response to E2 and catechol turnovers are not different between morning and afternoon. Naloxone, given at 09.00 h, produced a small, rapid, 2.5-fold rise in LH and a decline in Prl within 15 min but basal levels were reestablished by 10.00 h. An almost identical response occurred when naloxone was given at 12.15 h. These data, when considered together with previously published information from this laboratory on hypothalamic catecholamine turnover rates, suggest that when hypothalamic NE turnover is low only small rises in LH occur compared to magnified LH responses obtained in animals which have high rates of NE turnover. Seemingly, these effects are mediated primarily at presynaptic NE terminals to permit the more efficient release of NE rather than by increasing the frequency at which catechol neurons depolarize. Further, the observation that naloxone does not affect phasic Prl release in steroid-treated females suggests that catecholamines are not the principle neurotransmitters regulating phasic Prl release.
Further on Actual Consequence Utilitarianism

In Mind No. 341, I977, I argued that Actual Consequence Utilitarianism (which traces to G. E. Moore) is incoherent. In a stunning little piece in reply Jack Temkin claimed that my argument rested on a misinterpretation of the view (Mind, July I978, p. 4I2). Temkin's argument has given me much useful exercise, but, despite my admiration for its elegance, it has left me unconvinced and unconverted. Temkin distinguishes a categorical and a conditional interpretation of ACU. The categorical interpretation is:
Baseline Serum Total Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease Incidence in African-American Women (The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study)

Proportional-hazards analyses for African-American women aged 25 to 74 revealed a variable association of coronary heart disease risk with baseline serum total cholesterol (after adjusting for age fifth vs first quintile: RR = 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.89 to 2.98, p = 0.12; after adjusting for age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, smoking, history of diabetes, low education, and low family income: RR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.02 to 3.45, p = 0.04). Perhaps due to the relatively small number of events, the association of serum total cholesterol with coronary heart disease incidence in African-American women was not consistently significant.
Nocturnal motor coordination deficits in neuronal nitric oxide synthase knock-out mice

Nitric oxide is formed in the brain primarily by neurons containing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), though some neurons may express endothelial NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS) only occurs in neurons following toxic stimuli. Mice with targeted disruption of nNOS (nNOS-) display distended stomachs with hypertrophied pyloric sphincters reflecting loss of nNOS in myenteric plexus neurons. nNOS- animals resist brain damage following middle cerebral artery occlusions consistent with evidence that excess release of nitric oxide mediates neurotoxicity in ischemic stroke. Neuronal NOS- mice have no grossly evident defects in locomotor activity, breeding long-term depression in the cerebellum, long-term potentiation in the hippocampus, and overall sensorimotor function. However, nNOS- animals display excessive, inappropriate sexual behavior and dramatic increases in aggression. Because the cerebellum possesses the greatest levels of nNOS neurons in the brain, it was surprising that presumed cerebellar functions such as balance and coordination were grossly normal in nNOS- mice. These previous studies were all conducted during the day (between 1400 and 1600, lights on at 0700). We now report striking, discrete abnormalities in balance and motor coordination in nNOS-mice reflected selectively at night.
Time Dependent effects of Engineered Nanoparticles on the Biophysical Function of a Model Lung Surfactant

Increased manufacturing of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) with commercial and biomedical applications has led to an increase in the release of these particles into the environment. Since the pulmonary route is an obvious one for the intake of these nanoparticles, concerns regarding potential health risks of these NPs has also seen a rapid increase in recent years.In this work, we describe the interaction of an engineered carbon nanoparticle (nanodiamond ENDs) with a model lung surfactant system (DPPC) both as a function of time of exposure and concentration. Using surface pressure vs. area per molecule coupled with fluorescence microscopy, we study lipid/END interactions for several weeks. Our results indicate that over short times (0-2 days exposure) the ENDs do not significantly affect the biophysical properties of this model surfactant. However after longer exposure, the ENDs begin to alter the surface tension lowering ability and domain morphology of DPPC. Our results indicate that long term exposure to these ENDs cause a lowering of line tension of the film, in a manner similar to interactions between DPPC and small (<2 wt %) amounts of cholesterol.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Early Invasive Carcinoma of the Cervix

Ninety-two patients with early invasive carcinoma of the cervix (5 mm or less) treated between July 1977 and June 1990 are reviewed. Eighty patients had squamous cell carcinomas and 12 had adenocarcinomas. The diagnosis was established by conization in 77 of 92 (83.6%) patients. Thirty-six patients (39%) had a depth of stromal invasion of 1 mm or less, 32 patients (35%) between 1 and 3 mm, and 24 patients (26%) between 3 and 5 mm. Forty-four patients were treated with radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy (RHND). None of these patients had positive lymph nodes. Thirty-three patients were treated with conservative hysterectomy (CH), 4 with modified radical hysterectomy, and 2 with trachelectomy. Six patients received radiotherapy. Three patients were treated by conization only. Two patients developed in situ carcinoma (CIS) of the vagina 12 months after CH for lesions on conization that invaded less than 1 mm. In both cases the cone margins were positive, and in one a microscopic focus of CIS of the cervix was present at the resection margin of the hysterectomy specimen. A third patient developed an invasive lesion of the vagina 25 months after CH for a lesion that invaded 2.5 mm in a cone whose margins were not specified, but the hysterectomy margins were clear. All 3 patients were successfully retreated. The remaining patients are free of disease for a median follow-up of 51 months. The results of the study indicate that CH is adequate therapy for patients in whom the diagnosis of early invasive cervical cancer is established by conization with free margins and the depth of invasion is 3 mm or less. Although only 1 of 24 patients with invasion > 3 mm but < or = 5 mm had a CH, pathologic findings in 18 patients who had RHND suggest that CH would have been sufficient for these since there were no instances of spread to nodes or parametrium.
Comorbidity of childhood anxiety and externalizing disorders: Prevalence, associated characteristics, and validation issues

Abstract The prevalence of co-occurring anxiety and externalizing (i.e., attention deficithyperactivity, oppositional, and conduct disorders) conditions is examined in both epidemiological and clinic-referred studies among child and adolescent samples. In the context of comorbid anxious and externalizing conditions, issues of age, gender, and familial differences are explored. Literature that describes the associated characteristics of children diagnosed with comorbid anxiety and attention deficit disorders is reviewed, followed by a similar review of the literature with respect to comorbid anxiety and conduct disorders of childhood. Validation issues and suggestions for improvements to future research on comorbid childhood anxiety and externalizing disorders are discussed.
Gravitational effects on sooting diffusion flames

Simulations of a laminar ethylene-air diffusion flame burning in quiescent air are conducted to gain a better understanding of the effects of buoyancy on the dynamics and behavior of heavily sooting flames under normal-, partial-, micro-, zero-, and negative-gravity conditions and under conditions of gravitational jitter. The simulations solve the time-dependent reactive-flow Navier-Stokes equations coupled with submodels for soot formation and multidimensional radiation transport. Results from the computations follow many of the trends that have been experimentally observed in nonbuoyant diffusion flames. Due to the significant reduction in buoyancy-induced convection, diffusion becomes the dominant mechanism of transport. Microgravity flames are much longer and wider than their earth gravity counterparts due to the reduction in axial velocity and the thicker diffusion layers. In microgravity, flame flicker disappears due to the lack of a buoyancy-induced instability and the entire sooting region is much larger. The reduction in the axial velocity results in significantly longer residence times, allowing more time for soot particle surface growth, and resulting in greatly enhanced soot volume fraction. The enhanced soot production results in increased radiative heat losses, resulting in reduced flame temperatures. By tracing the path lines along which a soot parcel travels, the simulations show significant differences in the local environments through which soot passes between earth-gravity and microgravity flames.
Comparison of the Effects of Crystalline Dihydrotachysterol, Vitamin D2 and Parathyroid Extract on Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Man

ABSTRACT Metabolic balance studies of calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen were carried out on two “normal” patients while they were receiving intramuscular parathyroid extract (PTE) and were compared with similar studies in 2 hypoparathyroid subjects receiving crystalline dihydrotachysterol (DHT) orally. In one of the hypoparathyroid patients, the effects of intravenously administered PTE, DHT and vitamin D2 were also studied. Oral DHT, like vitamin D, increased the intestinal absorption and urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus. The phosphaturia induced by intravenous DHT and vitamin D2, as contrasted with PTE, appeared more slowly, was not characteristically associated with a fall in serum phosphorus, and, in balance studies, prolonged oral administration of DHT was not followed by post-treatment phosphorus retention. It is concluded that DHT has effects on calcium and phosphorus metabolism which are virtually identical with those induced by large doses of vitamin D and only superficially resemble th...
Influence of pecan shells and hulls as a roughage source on milk production, rumen fermentation, and digestion in ruminants.

Abstract In Experiment 1, 20 lambs (36 kg) were fed five diets containing 0, 5, or 10% pecan shells or hulls to evaluate digestion and nitrogen balance. Digestion was not depressed by diets containing 5% shells. Protein digestibility was not reduced and nitrogen balance was higher for lambs fed 5% hulls than for lambs in other groups. In Experiment 2, 8 Holstein cows (29.3 kg milk/d) were assigned to two diets: basal and basal with 5% shells in the grain mix. Cows fed diets containing shells produced the same amount of milk and milk fat as control cows. In Experiment 3, 12 Holstein cows (27.3 kg milk/d) were assigned to the same two diets used in Experiment 2 and a third treatment received 5% pecan hulls in the grain mix. Cows fed shells or hull diets reduced concentrate intake and milk production. In Experiment 4, 12 Hereford × Angus steers (474.5 kg) were fed diets used in Experiment 3 to examine rumen fermentation, digestion, and passage rates. Steers fed hulls had lower rumen ammonia N and higher rumen pH compared with steers fed the basal diet. Total rumen volatile fatty acid concentration was not different among treatments. Generally, rumen fluid from steers fed hulls had higher proportions of acetate and lower porportions of butyrate. Rumen fluid and particulate passage rates and digestion measurements were not affected by addition of shells or hulls.
Across- and Within-Consonant Errors for Isolated Syllables in Noise

Purpose A critical issue in assessing speech recognition involves understanding the factors that cause listeners to make errors. Models like the articulation index show that average error decreases logarithmically with increases in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The authors investigated (a) whether this log-linear relationship holds across consonants and for individual tokens and (b) what accounts for differences in error rates at the across- and within-consonant levels. Method Listeners with normal hearing heard CV syllables (16 consonants and 4 vowels) spoken by 14 talkers, presented at 6 SNRs. Stimuli were presented randomly, and listeners indicated which syllable they heard. Results The log-linear relationship between error and SNR holds across consonants but breaks down at the token level. These 2 sources of variability (across- and within-consonant factors) explain the majority of listeners' errors. Moreover, simply adjusting for differences in token-level error thresholds explains 62% of the variabil...
An evaluation of the autism behavior checklist

The Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), an assessment instrument for autistic individuals, was evaluated in a group of 157 subjects, 94 clinically autistic and 63 nonautistic. The two groups differed significantly in ratings of pathology. Both false positive and false negative diagnostic classifications were made when the results of the checklist were compared with clinical diagnosis. Effects of developmental level and age were observed. The ABC appears to have merit as a screening instrument, though results of the checklist alone cannot be taken as establishing a diagnosis of autism. Important issues of reliability and validity remain to be addressed.
Round-robin test of EPD measurement on undoped GaAs wafers

Abstract Undoped LEC GaAs wafers were etched with molten KOH and the influence of measuring conditions upon the value of measured EPD (etch pit density) was investigated by a round-robin test. The result on the size of pits showed that the counting error was minimal when the size was in the range of 20 to 40 μm, meaning that in this size range, individual pits were easily discernible. Another result showed that there was an increase of about 20% in the EPD as the microscope magnification was changed from × 100 to × 200. The extent of the measurement field is also an important factor in determining the EPD: EPD fluctuation decreased as the measurement field was extended. The location of measurement points in the and directions was studied using an automatic EPD counter, and the average of the EPD agreed within +-25% with the average value based on overall mapping data if 13 or more measurement points on a 2 inch diameter wafer and 17 or more on a 3 inch diameter wafer were employed.
Characterization of β-fructosidase, an extracellular glycoprotein of carrot cells

Abstract Seedlings and suspension-cultured cells of carrot (Daucus carota) contain a cell wall associated as well as a soluble form of β-fructosidase (βF). These two forms have different pH optima: 4.6 for cell wall βF and 5.6 for soluble βF. Soluble βF is relatively more abundant in the seedlings and cell wall βF is relatively much more abundant in the cultured cells. Protoplasts of cultured cells have only the soluble form (pH optimum 5.6) indicating that the cell wall associated form is indeed extracellular in situ. Cell wall βF was purified to homogeneity and has an Mr = 63 000. Antibodies raised against the deglycosylated enzyme cross-reacted with two soluble enzyme forms: in cultured cells, the soluble enzyme has an Mr = 58 000 and, in seedlings, there are two forms of Mr = 58 000 and 52 000. Treatment of purified cell wall βF with endoglycosidase H and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (complete deglycosylation) indicated that the enzyme probably has one high mannose and two complex glycans. This was confirmed by HPLC analysis of [3H]GlcNAc- and [3H]fucose-labeled glycopeptides obtained after trypsin digestion of radioactively-labeled βF. The amino acid composition shows that cell wall βF has 18.6% glycine.
A search for magnetic resonance of ruthenium in octahedral coordination with oxygen

Abstract We have searched, without success, for microwave-frequency magnetic resonance of Ru 4+ and Ru 5+ ions in a number of materials for which the Ru are in octahedral coordination with six oxygen. A number of ruthenates including RuO 2 , SrRuO 3 , Sr 3 Ru 2 O 7 , Ba 3 Ru 2 NiO 9 , Ba 2 GdRuO 6 , Sr 2 YRuO 6 , and Ba 2 YRuO 6 , which include paramagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferromagnetic spin configurations, have been examined. We present analysis which shows that the last material provides an optimized opportunity to detect antiferromagnetic Ru resonance for temperatures less than T N =39 K; none is detected for frequencies as high as 35 GHz in magnetic fields up to μ o H =2 T. This result indicates that the antiferromagnetic magnon energy gap exceeds the energy associated with the signal frequency. SrRuO 3 is a known ferromagnetic contaminant phase in the rutheno-cuprates. We report neutron diffraction measurements on SrRuO 3 , finding it to have an appreciable local moment at low temperatures, 1.25(0.1) μ B ; this moment vanishes near 165 K. We show that it also fails to exhibit ferromagnetic resonance, at least in the range 10–35 GHz. As a result of the diffraction and resonance studies, it is concluded that the reports of ferromagnetic resonance in superconducting rutheno-cuprates are actually due to antiferromagnetically ordered Cu in these materials, and the presence of even a few percent of SrRuO 3 as a potential contaminant is of little importance.
Comparative virulence of Nosema plodiae and Nosema heterosporum in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella.

Abstract When larvae of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella , were fed diets containing spores of Nosema plodiae , the number that survived to the adult stage decreased and the rate of adult emergence was retarded as the concentration of spores was increased; all surviving adults were infected. Also, when larvae were reared on diets containing spores of Nosema heterosporum , the number that survived to the adult stage decreased as the concentration of spores was increased; however, no relationship was apparent between concentration of spores and the rate of adult emergence. The LC 50 's of N. plodiae and N. heterosporum were 8.09 × 10 6 and 4.52 × 10 3 spores/g diet, respectively, which confirmed preliminary observations regarding the relative virulence of the two species of Nosema to Indian meal moth larvae.
NH4-Digiscan: an in situ and laboratory ammonium analyzer for estuarine, coastal, and shelf waters

The NH4-Digiscan is an in situ analyzer designed for measuring ammonium in estuarine, coastal, and shelf waters at depths of less than 3 m. This wet chemical analyzer uses micro-solenoid pumps to propel sample and reagents, a gas diffusion cell to isolate the analyte from the matrix, and a conductivity detector for analyte detection. Instrument measurements are stable for deployments of at least 30 d. In estuarine and coastal waters, the analyzer is capable of sampling hourly and has a detection limit of 0.2 µM. In shelf waters, the NH4-Digiscan can be configured to have a detection limit of 0.014 µM. The simple chemistry, in situ capability, and high resolution sampling minimizes the use of toxic reagents, minimizes many of the problems plaguing ammonium analyses, and adequately captures the high temporal variability of coastal waters, which is often undersampled. The analyzer has been successfully deployed on coastal moorings, benthic flux chambers, and on a drifter 500 km west of Monterey Bay, California. The system can also be easily configured for laboratory bench top analysis of discrete samples.
Triglyceride levels affect cognitive function in noninsulin-dependent diabetics

Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is associated with decrements in several cognitive functions. Among the variables that apparently contribute to the decline in cognitive performance is poor glucose control, as measured by hemoglobin A1c. Elevated levels of triglycerides in diabetics may also contribute to this cognitive decline through the increased incidence of atherosclerosis in these patients. The authors examined the relationship between triglycerides and cognitive performance in 246 NIDDM outpatients, aged 55-74 years. The relationship between triglyceride levels and performance on three cognitive tasks and on a test of reaction time was measured. Elevated levels of triglycerides were associated with significant decrements in performance on the digit symbol substitution test, digit span (backward) test, and on a reaction time measure. High levels of triglycerides, independent of chronic glucose control, appear to contribute to the decreased ability to perform short-term memory tasks in NIDDM.
Research and theory on respect and disrespect: catching up with the public and practitioners.

Respect and disrespect are topics that researchers and theorists have neglected, yet they are of great interest to the public and professionals in family and school settings. They are also ideal topics for both cross-cultural and mainstream developmental studies.
An improved interatomic potential for xenon in UO2: a combined density functional theory/genetic algorithm approach.

We have created an improved xenon interatomic potential for use with existing UO2 potentials. This potential was fit to density functional theory calculations with the Hubbard U correction (DFT + U) using a genetic algorithm approach called iterative potential refinement (IPR). We examine the defect energetics of the IPR-fitted xenon interatomic potential as well as other, previously published xenon potentials. We compare these potentials to DFT + U derived energetics for a series of xenon defects in a variety of incorporation sites (large, intermediate, and small vacant sites). We find the existing xenon potentials overestimate the energy needed to add a xenon atom to a wide set of defect sites representing a range of incorporation sites, including failing to correctly rank the energetics of the small incorporation site defects (xenon in an interstitial and xenon in a uranium site neighboring uranium in an interstitial). These failures are due to problematic descriptions of Xe–O and/or Xe–U interactions of the previous xenon potentials. These failures are corrected by our newly created xenon potential: our IPR-generated potential gives good agreement with DFT + U calculations to which it was not fitted, such as xenon in an interstitial (small incorporation site) and xenon in a double Schottky defect cluster (large incorporation site). Finally, we note that IPR is very flexible and can be applied to a wide variety of potential forms and materials systems, including metals and EAM potentials.
Subset Realization and the Problem of Property Entailment

Brian McLaughlin has objected to Sydney Shoemaker’s subset account of realization, posing what I call the problem of property entailment. Recently, Shoemaker has revised his subset account in response to McLaughlin’s objection. In this paper I argue that Shoemaker’s revised view fails to solve the problem of property entailment, and in fact makes the problem worse. I then put forward my own solution to the problem.
Sds22/PP1 links epithelial integrity and tumor suppression via regulation of myosin II and JNK signaling.

Sds22/PP1 links epithelial integrity and tumor suppression via regulation of myosin II and JNK signaling
Autoprocessing of the Vibrio cholerae RTX toxin by the cysteine protease domain

Vibrio cholerae RTX is a large multifunctional bacterial toxin that causes actin crosslinking. Due to its size, it was predicted to undergo proteolytic cleavage during translocation into host cells to deliver activity domains to the cytosol. In this study, we identified a domain within the RTX toxin that is conserved in large clostridial glucosylating toxins TcdB, TcdA, TcnA, and TcsL; putative toxins from V. vulnificus, Yersinia sp., Photorhabdus sp., and Xenorhabdus sp.; and a filamentous/hemagglutinin-like protein FhaL from Bordetella sp. In vivo transfection studies and in vitro characterization of purified recombinant protein revealed that this domain from the V. cholerae RTX toxin is an autoprocessing cysteine protease whose activity is stimulated by the intracellular environment. A cysteine point mutation within the RTX holotoxin attenuated actin crosslinking activity suggesting that processing of the toxin is an important step in toxin translocation. Overall, we have uncovered a new mechanism by which large bacterial toxins and proteins deliver catalytic activities to the eukaryotic cell cytosol by autoprocessing after translocation.
Melt spun calcium aluminate fibers: infrared transmission

Abstract Inviscid melt spinning made it possible for the first time to obtain glassy calcium aluminate fibers. The fibers had tensile strengths of up to 1.06 GPa (151 kpsi), and their optical transmission properties between 0.4 and 6.0 μm were comparable to those of similar bulk glasses used in military and commercial applications (e.g., missile domes, thermal imaging). These experimental fibers were spun from melts having viscosities ranging from 8.7 to 0.5 Poise into propane as a reactive medium to stabilize the molten jet.
Clinical evaluation of a multiparameter intra-arterial blood-gas sensor

Objective To evaluate the in vivo performance of a continuous, intra-arterial, multiparameter blood-gas sensor containing a thermocouple, miniaturized polarographic oxygen electrode, as well as fiberoptic pH andpCO2 sensors.
Progressive hearing loss in mice lacking the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Ink4d

Maintenance of the post-mitotic state in the post-natal mammalian brain is an active process that requires the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) p19Ink4d (Ink4d) and p27Kip1 (Kip1)1. In animals with targeted deletions of both Ink4d and Kip1, terminally differentiated, post-mitotic neurons are observed to re-enter the cell cycle, divide and undergo apoptosis. However, when either Ink4d or Kip1 alone are deleted, the post-mitotic state is maintained, suggesting a redundant role for these genes in mature neurons1. In the organ of Corti — the auditory sensory epithelium of mammals — sensory hair cells and supporting cells become post-mitotic during embryogenesis2 and remain quiescent for the life of the animal. When lost as a result of environmental insult or genetic abnormality, hair cells do not regenerate, and this loss is a common cause of deafness in humans3. Here, we report that targeted deletion of Ink4d alone is sufficient to disrupt the maintenance of the post-mitotic state of sensory hair cells in post-natal mice. In Ink4d−/− animals, hair cells are observed to aberrantly re-enter the cell cycle and subsequently undergo apoptosis, resulting in progressive hearing loss. Our results identify a novel mechanism underlying a non-syndromic form of progressive hearing loss in mice.
Nonlinear Image Restoration With Signal-Dependent Noise

AbstractNonlinear image restoration is posed in terms of optimization by iterative computations.The iterative computations are decomposed spatially to develop an algorithm which is sensi-tive to local image variations. The application of this decomposed local algorithm to sig-nal- dependent noise is discussed.IntroductionThe most general model of the processes of image formation and recording can be posed inthe equation: CO g(x,y) = s(1 Jh(x,Y,x1,Y1)f(x1,Y1)dx1dY1)+nf(x,Y) (1) where g is the recorded image, s is the response of the sensor, h is the system point -spread- function, f is the intensity distribution of the original object, and nf is sensornoise; sensor noise is, in general, dependent upon the original signal, and the purpose ofthe subscript f on the noise term is ,to indicate this dependence. For further details, con-sult the book by Andrews and Hunt.11) The problem of image restoration can be stated interms of equation (1): given the recorded image g, make an estimate of the original object
Becoming and unbecoming: Stevie Smith as performer

This article examines British poet Stevie Smith's adoption of a childlike persona in her 1960's performances in the context of Victorian and modernist discourses of childhood. I argue that Smith made use of these discourses’ notion of childhood as a period of freedom in order to critique traditional notions of femininity, beginning in her poetry of the 1930's, continuing in her personal fashion text in the 1950's, and concluding in her performances of the 1960's. Through her “act” of childhood, Smith both reinserted the marginal areas of a woman's life and questioned the demarcations of femininity.
Fate of Calcium Chloride Dissolved in Concrete Mix Water

The extent to which chloride ion incorporated in portland cement concrete as calcium chloride accelerator at the usual treatment levels remains dissolved in the pore solution was investigated. This was examined by direct analysis of pore solutions expressed from cement pastes. The chloride ion concentration of the pore solution remains high during the first day of hydration and only gradually declines. It appears that appreciable concentrations of chloride ion likely remain in solution indefinitely.
DYNAMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PRESTRESSED RODS IN STRESSED TIMBER SYSTEMS

An analytical and experimental approach is presented to monitor the tension levels in posttensioned high strength rods of stressed timber systems. The response of rods under an impact load is characterized and then correlated with tension in the rod. This approach is simpler and faster than the existing techniques and is intended for use during routine structural inspection. The dominant frequency of the rod has distinguishable variation for varying tension levels.
Identifying pottery clay from rice fields: an example from southern Luzon, the Philippines

The general type of clay used by potters can often be identified from attributes of the finished ceramic vessel or sherd. This information is important for compositional and sourcing studies and may also shed light on the variables influencing clay choice such as social, economic, and landscape use patterns. Rice paddies are one type of clay source that are readily identifiable in archaeological ceramics. This paper describes rice paddy clays gathered during ethnoarchaeological studies of traditional potters in Paradijon, southern Luzon, the Philippines. We analyze the effects of clay processing and vessel manufacture on these clays and find that the most diagnostic attribute of paddy soils, the iron oxide mottling, is retained in finished vessels.
Generation and reactivity of polyanions derived from 1-[1-(benzotriazol-1-yl)alkyl]-1H-benzotriazoles

Abstract 1-[1-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)alkyl]-1 H -benzotriazoles undergo deprotonation with n -BuLi at the α-position of the N -substituent and at the 7-position of benzotriazole to afford polyanions. Treatment of these polyanions with electrophiles allows the preparation of highly functionalized benzotriazole derivatives.
Estimation of radiation doses to the lungs of early uranium processing plant workers.

Abstract Methods are described for the crude estimation of radiation doses to the lungs of workers in early uranium processing plants. Using data on selected plants, we estimated lung doses for groups of workers exposed to uranium dust alone, or in association with γ rays and radon gas derived from radium in uranium ores. Estimated 30-year lung doses for groups of chemical workers at a large uranium enrichment plant (in operation from 1943 to 1947) varied considerably, depending upon such factors as length of employment, types of uranium compounds, average air concentrations of uranium, and isotopic composition of the uranium. Some workers may have received lung doses as high as several hundred rem. The uncertainties in these crude dose estimates are described, along with the possible effects of host factors. Implications of these dose estimates for assessment of long-term health effects (i.e., lung cancer) are discussed, with reference to preliminary findings of mortality studies on workers at uranium processing plants.
Comparison of contrast angiography and two-dimensional echocardiography for the evaluation of left ventricular regional wall motion abnormalities after acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract Regional left ventricular wall motion abnormalities were assessed using 2-dimensional echocardiography and contrast ventriculography within 12 hours of the onset of chest pain in 20 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI); 10 patients had anterior infarctions and 10 had inferior. End-diastolic and end-systole sinus beats from right anterior oblique contrast ventriculograms were analyzed using the center-line chord technique with both a standard overlap method of chord assignment and a nonoverlap method. Echocardiograms were obtained in parasternal long- and short-axis and apical 2- and 4-chamber views and analyzed using a 16-segment scoring system to derive anterior and infero-posterolateral wall motion indexes using both overlap (10 segments for anterior, 8 inferior) as well as nonoverlap (9 segments anterior, 7 inferior) methods of segment assignment. There was a significant inverse correlation between the standard (nonoverlap) echocardiographic analysis and the standard (overlap) angiographic analysis for infarct regions (y = −0.43 × + 1.11, r = −0.59, p −1 standard deviation/chord had an echocardiographic index −1 standard deviation/chord. In comparing overlap and nonoverlap methods, significant differences were found for noninfarct regions but not for infarct regions for both echocardiographic and angiographic analyses. Data indicate that 2-dimensional echocardiography, which is non-invasive and more easily repeatabte for serial studies, yields similar results to contrast angiography for the assessment of regional wall motion abnormalities after AMI.
New and interesting ectomycorrhizal fungi from Puerto Rico, Mona, and Guana Islands.

A report of putative ectomycorrhizal fungi from Puerto Rico, Mona, and Guana Island in the Greater Antilles includes four species of Amanita, three of which are new species; two Lactarius, one is new, and two species of Boletus, one new. In addition, new distribution records of Phlebopus beniensis, Rus - sula littoralis, Lactarius ferrugineus, a new small spored Phylloporus, and Suillus brevipes with Pinus caribaea are reported. Ectomycorrhizal hosts for all but the Suillus include Coccoloba uvifera (Polygona-
Temporal separation of blue whale call types on a southern California feeding ground

Northeast Pacific blue whales, Balaenoptera musculus, migrate annually between productive summer feeding grounds off North America and tropical winter breeding grounds off Central America. These migratory movements have been confirmed through acoustic monitoring of the long-duration, low-frequency sounds produced by males (type B calls). However, other calls in the species' repertoire might prove a better proxy for the migratory and foraging behaviour of the population as a whole. To explore the seasonal and daily calling behaviour of this population, we evaluated the occurrence of three blue whale call types (song B, singular B and D) recorded between 2000 and 2004 at Cortez and Tanner Banks, a summer feeding area offshore of southern California. We recorded a significant temporal separation among the type B and D calls, both seasonally and daily, suggesting preferred use of certain call types during different behavioural states. A consistent seasonal pattern was evident, with D calling from April to November and song and singular B calling from June to January. In addition, D calls were heard primarily from dawn through to dusk, in contrast to the crepuscular pattern of song, suggesting that the production of D calls is related to feeding behaviour, which occurs primarily during the day on aggregated krill at depth. An increase in the length of the overall calling season was also observed from 2000 to 2004 and may be related to increased prey availability in the Southern California Bight relative to more southerly feeding areas.
Sensitization of adenylate cyclase induced by a dopamine D2 receptor mutant: inverse agonism by D2 receptor antagonists.

Abstract 1. Mutations of residues in the third intracellular loops of several G-protein coupled receptors have been shown to confer constitutive activation. The authors investigated the effects of one such mutation in the dopamine D2 receptor. 2. Compared to the wild type D2, the mutant D2 receptor (D2T344K) showed a substantial increase in agonist affinity with affinity for antagonists unchanged. The increased agonist affinity was unaffected by pertussis toxin treatment, indicating it is an intrinsic property of the mutant receptor. The potency of dopamine for acute inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP production in stably expressing Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells was higher for the mutant than the wild type receptor. 3. CHO cells stably expressing D2T344K displayed enhanced responses to forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity compared with cells stably expressing the wild type D2 receptor. The increased forskolin responsiveness of adenylate cyclase is similar to the sensitization previously observed with wild type D2 receptor after agonist treatment. Adenylate cyclase responsiveness of CHO cells stably expressing D2T344K receptor was not further increased by agonist treatment. 4. Sensitization was blocked by pertussis toxin and D2 receptor antagonists haloperidol, butaclamol, and clozapine, indicating inverse agonist activity of these compounds at D2T344K. Inverse agonist activity was further demonstrated by the finding that overnight treatment with these compounds drastically increased the density of the mutant receptor but had minimal effect on the density of the wild type receptor. 5. Taken together, these results suggest the authors have generated a constitutively active dopamine D2 receptor capable of sensitizing adenylate cyclase in the absence of agonist activation.
CD34 Staining Pattern Distinguishes Basal Cell Carcinoma From Trichoepithelioma

Background and Design: Trichoepithelioma is a benign skin tumor with follicular differentiation, which sometimes is difficult to distinguish clinically and histologically from basal cell carcinoma. One of the most helpful differences is the histologic appearance of the stroma. CD34 is an antigen known to stain the spindle-shaped cells located around the middle portion of normal hair follicles. We have stained formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of 16 trichoepitheliomas and 19 basal cell carcinomas for CD34 (anti-HPCA-1, Becton Dickinson, San Jose, Calif) to detect differences in the staining pattern and to facilitate discrimination of these two types of tumors. Results: The spindle-shaped cells surrounding the islands of trichoepithelioma cells were focally strongly positive for CD34. In all basal cell carcinomas, the spindle-shaped cells surrounding the nests of tumor cells were negative; in these areas only the blood vessels were positive with this antibody. Conclusions: CD34 staining pattern differentiates between trichoepithelioma and basal cell carcinoma. CD34 stain may be helpful in distinguishing between these two tumors on small punch biopsies or in difficult diagnostic cases. (Arch Dermatol. 1994;130:589-592)
Water management in the Indus basin of Pakistan: a half-century perspective.

This paper surveys the past half-century of water management experiments and experience in the Indus River basin in Pakistan as a way to identify principles for long-term water planning. The survey focuses on three variables: (1) spatial scales of water management; (2) geographic regions of water management; and (3) substantive water problems. These variables help assess changes during the post-colonial transition (1947-60); Indus basin development (1960-75); and management and environmental movements (1975-2000). Taken together, these periods point toward a model of Articulated Adaptive Management, which stresses planning for economic, political and environmental crises; dynamic changes in governance; multiple scales of water management; regional diversity and innovation; and broader scientific experimentation and monitoring of water management alternatives .
Toward a critical analysis of tourism representations

Abstract This paper advances a “critical analysis of tourism representations” through examination of photographic postcards of African Americans from the South during the period 1893 to 1917. Analysis of these photographic images reveals that specific iconographic strategies were employed by postcard photographers to culturally inscribe black bodies with “Otherness”. Analysis of the postcard senders' messages reveals that these texts were often interpreted by tourists as interchangeable images of the mythic Old South or as attempts at humor. These images positioned black subjects in a racist regime of representation that constructed subjectivities for those depicted and identities for their viewers.
Cryopreservation of channel catfish sperm: effects of cryoprotectant exposure time, cooling rate, thawing conditions, and male-to-male variation.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to extend previous work on the cryopreservation of channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) sperm. The objectives were to compare the effects of freezing and thawing on motility of sperm for: (1) 1 or 48-h exposure before freezing to 5% methanol and use of 0.5 or 0.25 mL straws; (2) 1 h or 5-day exposure before freezing to 5% methanol; (3) cooling at 45 or 3 °C/min; (4) thawing at 30, 40 or 50 °C using 5 or 10 s duration, and (5) cryopreservation with 5 or 10% methanol of samples from 50 males to analyze male-to-male variation. No differences were found in motility reduction for 1 or 48 h exposure times in 5% methanol, for use of 0.5 or 0.25 mL straws, or for 1 h or 5-day exposures in 5% methanol. A cooling rate of 45 °C/min resulted in lower motility reduction (33 ± 9%) than a rate of 3 °C/min (83 ± 13%) ( P = 0.002). A thawing temperature of 50 °C resulted in lower motility reduction (25 ± 14%) than 30 °C (51 ± 21%) or 40 °C (59 ± 11%) ( P = 0.001). A thawing duration of 10 s resulted in lower motility reduction (38 ± 12%) than a duration of 5 s (52 ± 12%) ( P = 0.005), and there was an interaction between thawing temperature and duration ( P = 0.050). A concentration of 5% methanol resulted in lower motility reduction (43 ± 17%) than 10% methanol (67 ± 14%) ( P = 0.001). Regression analysis showed no relationship between motility before freezing and after thawing for 5% methanol ( r 2 = 0.012) or 10% methanol ( r 2 = 0.011).
NEUROTOXIC SYNDROME PRODUCED IN CHICKENS BY A CYCLIC PHOSPHATE METABOLITE OF TRI-o-CRESYL PHOSPHATE—A CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDY

A clinical and neuropathological comparison was made between chickens poisoned with tri-o-cresyl phosphate and those treated with the major cyclic phosphate metabolite of tri-o-cresyl phosphate. Ataxia was evident with both materials, and the degree of peripheral neuropathy increased with higher doses of these agents. Morphological changes were evident with the onset of symptoms and increased in number as the neurological signs progressed. Demyelination of the spinal cord following administration of the metabolite occurred at doses considerably below those necessary to effect peripheral nerve degeneration. Axon and myelin damage was prominent with both agents. The relationship between these effects and those produced by certain other organophosphates such as dyflos (diisopropyl fluorophosphonate) is discussed.
Origin of far-field subcortical potentials evoked by stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve.

Abstract Evoked potentials to stimulation of posterior tibial nerves were recorded from cervical-scalp derivation (cervical electrode: surface electrode on spinal process of the fifth cervical vertebrae; scalp: vertex). Four subcortical potentials labeled as N24, P27, N30 and P32 were identified. Evidence indicating that these components are originated in the following structures is presented: N24, posterior columns at the level of C5; P27, high cervical posterior columns or brain stem; N30, medial lemniscus or thalamus; P32, thalamo-cortical radiations.
Influence of the Privacy Bird ® user agent on user trust of different web sites

With increasing growth of Internet commerce, online fraud accounts for as much as 20% of identity theft cases. The present study evaluated Privacy Bird^(R), a computer program that warns users of privacy preference violations by displaying a colored bird. Users rated their trust of, and willingness to give financial information to, web sites in three categories (financial, retail, and social networking) before and after using Privacy Bird. Privacy Bird improved participants' privacy practices, increasing their trust in (and willingness to provide financial information to) web sites that yielded green birds, reducing it for sites that yielded red birds, and inducing further consideration of policies for sites that yielded yellow birds. These results suggest that e-commerce sites should address the privacy concerns of users and make salient the cues that inform users that their privacy is protected.
Site specific nucleation of Ni nanoclusters on S(4 × 4)/W(1 1 1)

Abstract The nucleation and growth of ultrathin nickel films on a highly corrugated S(4 × 4)/W(1 1 1) surface are studied by ultrahigh vacuum-scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). We find that at Ni coverages t -test, the difference between distributions (e.g. observed vs. random) suggests that the nucleation of site-specific nanoclusters is not a random process. Several explanations are discussed, including the possibility of long-range interactions between nucleating nanoclusters.