cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study of rotational freedom in several ammonium salts by slow neutron inelastic scattering

Abstract Differential inelastic cross sections for 0·005 eV incident neutrons scattered at 90° from polycrystalline samples of NH 4 PF 6 , NH 4 K x I 1+x , (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 , and NH 4 SO 3 F have been studied. Measurements were made at T = 294°K for all four samples, at T = 103°K for NH 4 PF 6 and at T = 348°K for (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 . The observed shapes of the energy spectra for neutrons gaining energy are compared at each temperature with shapes calculated on the basis of a Kreiger-Nelkin approximation, assuming free three-dimensional rotation of the NH + 4 ions. The results show that the energy spectra of neutrons scattered from NH 4 PF 6 and NH 4 K x I 1+x at T = 294°K ( kT ∼0·6 kcal/mole) approach the expected shape for free rotations of the ammonium ion with effective masses of 2·8 and 2·0, respectively. The neutron spectra from NH 4 SO 3 F and (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 at T = 294°K ( kT ∼ 0·6 kcal/mole) have nearly the same shape and show a considerable departure from the shape expected for free rotation, but at T = 348°K ( kT ∼ 0·7 kcal/mole) the neutron-energy-gain spectrum from (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 closely approaches the shape expected for free rotation with an effective mass of 2·0 mass units. At T = 103°K ( kT ∼ 0·2 kcal/mole) the neutron spectrum from NH 4 PF 6 departs in shape significantly from the shape expected for free rotation. These results are consistent with previous rough estimates of rotational barriers of 0·2 kcal/mole for NH 4 PF 6 and 0·7 kcal/mole for (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 and NH 4 SO 3 F.
Outsourcing through Competition: What is the Best Competition Parameter?

Abstract In this paper we consider a single buyer who wants to outsource the manufacturing of a product to N potential suppliers. The buyer's objective is to maximize the service level she receives from the suppliers. The suppliers compete for the buyer's demand based on a competition parameter which the buyer announces along with an allocation rule. We model each supplier as a make-to-stock queueing system. Using a simple proportional allocation function, we compare two competition parameters: service level and inventory level. We show that inventory competition creates a higher overall service level for the buyer. We also show an optimal form of competition parameter which can induce the maximum feasible service level. Our base model shows the results for the competition between identical suppliers. We then extend the results to a case where the suppliers are heterogeneous.
Use of in vivo real-time optical imaging for esophageal neoplasia.

Esophageal adenocarcinoma carries a poor prognosis, as it typically presents at a late stage. Thus, a major research priority is the development of novel diagnostic-imaging strategies that can detect neoplastic lesions earlier and more accurately than current techniques. Advances in optical imaging allow clinicians to obtain real-time histopathologic information with instant visualization of cellular architecture and the potential to identify neoplastic tissue. The various endoscopic imaging modalities for esophageal neoplasia can be grouped into 2 major categories: (1) wide-field imaging, a comparatively lower-resolution view for imaging larger surface areas, and (2) high-resolution imaging, which allows individual cells to be visualized. This review will provide an overview of the various forms of real-time optical imaging in the diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Mt Sinai J Med 78:894–904, 2011. © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
The Lorentz-polarization factor and preferred orientation in oriented clay aggregates

Abstraet--A closed-form equation was derived that describes the powder-ring distribution factor as a function of 20, soller slit collimation, and or*, which is defined as the standard deviation of an axiaUy symmetrical Gaussian orientation function. Methods were developed for measuring a* in the reflection mode by means of a 0/20 diffractometer. Six experimental arrangements for a sedimentary chlorite showed widely different intensity ratios of the 001/005 reflections and gave a standard deviation of  5.8% when corrected by the theory. The absolute integrated intensities of the 003 reflection from eleven illite samples provided an eight-fold maximum range which, when corrected, yielded a standard deviation of  The intensity distributions within each of two X-ray powder diffraction patterns obtained from instruments with different soller-slit configurations could not be directly compared at low diffraction angles unless corrections, based on a*, were introduced to allow for the differences in axial divergence.
Structural studies of human placental dermatan sulfate during development using optical mixing spectroscopy.

Optical mixing spectroscopy is a recently developed technique which permits the measurement of diffusion coefficients and molecular weights of macromolecular species when only small amounts of material can be obtained for analyses. In this study, an approxmate empirical relationship between diffusion coefficient and viscosity-average molecular weight was established for highly sulfated mucopolysaccharides. This relationship was then used to deduce the molecular weights of small quantities of highly purified dermatan sulfate extracted from human placenta at the full term (40 weeks) and at earlier stages of development (12–18 weeks). The effect of hyaluronidase digestion on molecular weight was then investigated as a probe for glucuronic acid substitutions in the dermatan sulfate. The molecular weights of dermatan sulfate were similar, 27,000–29,000, in the term and young placenta. Digestion with hyaluronidase produced a 50% reduction in molecular weight in the young placenta versus a 30% reduction in the term placenta, clearly demonstrating significant differences in the nature of glucuronic acid substitution at the two developmental stages studied.
Environmental Researchers’ Data Practices: An Exploratory Study in Turkey

This qualitative exploratory study probes the knowledge and attitudes of information science and environmental researchers in Turkey towards scientific data and information particularly in regards to sharing and preservation. Ten environmental scientists and two information scientists were interviewed. Results reveal that research data is stored mostly on personal computers. This raises two issues: organizational and technological sustainability. Environmental scientists in Turkey do not engage in data-intensive research. Data sharing is limited because of socio-cultural reasons. Although data collaboration is limited, there is an interest in international collaboration. According to the information scientists in Turkey, conversation on data management and data sharing has started but only in academic circles. Data practices are not mandated by funding agencies. The skill sets of information scientists are not fully utilized. For both environmental and information scientists, there is a long way to go.
(4S,5S)‐2‐Allyl‐2‐chloro‐3,4‐dimethyl‐5‐Phenyl‐1‐oxa‐3‐aza‐2‐Silacyclopentane

(S,S)-[447440-43-9] C13H18ClNOSi (MW 267.83) InChI = 1S/C13H18ClNOSi/c1-4-10-17(14)15(3)11(2)13(16-17)12-8-6-5-7-9-12/h4-9,11,13H,1,10H2,2-3H3/t11-,13+,17?/m0/s1 InChIKey = XHCRAANIMMYPDV-APBZJUGRSA-N (R,R)-[596851-24-0] InChI = 1S/C13H18ClNOSi/c1-4-10-17(14)15(3)11(2)13(16-17)12-8-6-5-7-9-12/h4-9,11,13H,1,10H2,2-3H3/t11-,13+,17?/m1/s1 InChIKey = XHCRAANIMMYPDV-HWURVSIFSA-N (chiral allylsilane reagent used for the asymmetric allylation of aldehyde- and ketone-derived N-acylhydrazones, as well as allylation and cinnamylation of N-2-hydroxyphenyl in addition to N-2-hydroxybenzyl aldimines) Physical Data: bp ∼120 °C at ∼5mmHg; d 1.085 g cm−3. Solubility: sol CH2Cl2, CHCl3, ClCH2CH2Cl, benzene, toluene, trifluorotoluene, ether, and most other organic solvents; not compatible with protic solvents (e.g., H2O, MeOH), and Lewis basic solvents (e.g., acetone, DMSO) may negatively impact performance. Form Supplied in: colorless/light yellow liquid; reagent and its enantiomer are commercially available. Preparation and Purification: both enantiomers of the allylsilane reagent are readily prepared from commercially available allyltrichlorosilane, (S,S)- or (R,R)-pseudoephedrine, and Et3N in CH2Cl2 at 0 °C for 12 h. Following filtration of the triethylamine salts, distillation under reduced pressure provides the pure reagent in ∼80% yield as a 2:1 mixture of diastere-omers (unassigned).1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: moisture sensitive, reacts with water and protic solvents possibly resulting in HCl vapor generation. Storage in a Schlenk flask under N2 or Ar in a freezer is recommended. If reagent performance degrades due to exposure to moisture or due to very long storage time, it may simply be redistilled under reduced pressure.
SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION AND SEGMENTATION OF T1 MAP FOR BREAST PARENCHYMA MEASUREMENT

Breast density has been shown to be an independent risk factor for breast cancer. In order to segment breast parenchyma, which has been proposed as a biomarker of breast cancer risk, we present an integrated algorithm for simultaneous T1 map estimation and segmentation, using a series of magnetic resonance (MR) breast images. The advantage of using this algorithm is that the step of T1 map estimation (E-step) and the step of T1 map based tissue segmentation (S-step) can benefit each other. Since the estimated T1 map can be noisy due to the complexity of T1 estimation method, the tentative tissue segmentation results from S-step can help perform the edge-preserving smoothing on the estimated T1 map in E-step, thus removing noises and also preserving tissue boundaries. On the other hand, the improved estimation of T1 map from E-step can help segment breast tissues in a more accurate and less noisy way. Therefore, by repeating these steps, we can simultaneously obtain better results for both T1 map estimation and segmentation. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in breast tissue segmentation and parenchyma volume measurement
Bioavailability of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in biosolids and spiked sediment to the aquatic oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have become distributed ubiquitously in the environment. High concentrations have been reported in U.S. sewage sludge (biosolids). The burgeoning practice of land-applying biosolids as fertilizer creates an avenue for reintroduction of PBDEs to surface waters and aquatic sediments. Bioavailability of biosolids- and sediment-associated PBDEs was assessed using the freshwater oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus. Oligochaetes were exposed to composted biosolids (1,600 ng/g total PBDEs) and artificial sediment spiked with penta- and deca-brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) formulations (1,300 ng/g total PBDEs). Uptake (28-d exposure) and depuration (21 d) of eight congeners were studied. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in both substrates were bioavailable, but bioaccumulation was 5 to 10 times greater from spiked artificial sediment. The congeners BDE 47 and BDE 99 were the most prevalent congeners in oligochaetes after exposure. Congener BDE 47 was more bioaccumulative, possibly due to the threefold greater depuration rate of BDE 99. Bioaccumulation of penta- and hexa-brominated congeners appeared to be affected more strongly by substitution pattern than degree of bromination. Uptake of BDE 209, the dominant congener in deca-BDE, was minimal. Accumulation of certain PBDE congeners from biosolids and sediments by benthos provides a pathway for transfer to higher trophic levels, and congener discrimination may increase with each trophic transfer.
A two-chip, 4-MHz, microelectromechanical reference oscillator

The paper describes a 4-MHz temperature compensated reference oscillator based on a capacitive silicon micro-mechanical resonator. The design of the resonator has been optimized to offer large quality factors (22000), while maintaining tunability in excess of 3000 ppm for fine tuning and temperature compensation. Oscillations are sustained with a CMOS amplifier and temperature compensation is performed with a novel resonator bias generator. When interfaced with the bias circuit, the oscillator exhibits a temperature drift of 380 ppm over a 90/spl deg/C range, a 6 times improvement in stability over an uncompensated oscillator. The sustaining amplifier and compensation circuitry were fabricated in a 2P3M 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS process. The oscillator is designed to prototype highly stable, low phase-noise reference oscillators integrated at the chip or package level.
Hiring as a Herd: Optimal Unemployment Insurance with Asymmetric Information

This paper characterizes optimal unemployment insurance (UI) in terms of estimable statistics in the presence of negative duration dependence for the unemployed, with endogenous callback rates generated by asymmetric information. I show how this characterization generalizes the standard Baily (1978)Chetty (2006a) framework. In addition, I construct an approximation for optimal UI as a function of the average elasticity of callback rates with respect to unemployment benets. There is no estimate of this elasticity in the literature, but I illustrate the responsiveness of optimal UI to this elasticity.
Distinguishing Among Asthma, Chronic Bronchitis, and Emphysema

The history holds the central role in distinguishing among asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. A personal or family history of atopy, a history of seasonal worsening of disease in response to a known environmental agent, perhaps seasonal, and marked variability in the severity of airflow obstruction, often with dramatic responsiveness to bronchodilator drugs, strongly support the diagnosis of asthma. Exacerbation of wheezing by exposure to cold air or following the ingestion of a drug, and asthma variants, such as nocturnal cough responsive to bronchodilator agents or exercise-induced asthma, all support the diagnosis of asthma. Peripheral blood eosinophilia or sputum eosinophilia support the diagnosis of asthma providing other known causes of eosinophilia can be excluded. Positive skin tests are helpful in establishing the atopic state and indicating its possible etiology. An elevated serum IgE level supports the diagnosis of asthma; a normal one does not exclude it. Cigarette smoking is a common background factor in both chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and both diseases are infrequently observed in the absence of this history. Long-standing mucous hypersecretion preceding airflow obstruction suggests the presence of chronic bronchitis. Progressive dyspnea on effort as the predominant symptom suggests the possibility of emphysema. Reversibility of airflow obstruction suggesting the presence of asthma can be obtained either from physical examination or serial pulmonary function studies. Apart from this, neither of these techniques is very useful in differential diagnosis. Evidence of emphysema in the chest roentgenogram and a low value of the Dco/VA are sensitive tests for the presence of emphysema but are not highly specific. The main value of making the differentiation among these three conditions now lies in establishing a prognosis and guiding the use of corticosteroid therapy. As new information accumulates on the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema, precise diagnosis is likely to acquire increased significance.
Motivational bases of affective organizational commitment: A partial test of an integrative theoretical model

A theoretical process-oriented model of affective organizational commitment is presented to explain the psychological mechanisms that may trigger individuals' affective commitment to their organization. An operational version of the model is tested, along with several theoretically based alternative models, using meta-analytic correlations and structural equations modelling. Results suggest that intrinsic motivation is a partial mediator of the relationship between several exogenous variables (job characteristics and work context variables) and work attitudes (affective organizational commitment and general job satisfaction). In addition, affective commitment and general job satisfaction are related to turnover behaviour, whereas only affective commitment is related to absenteeism. Implications for theory and applied research are discussed.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies in Parkinson’s DiseaseNorepinephrine and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Concentrations

Dopamine is the precursor of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. The enzyme dopamine-β-hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine. Reserpine, a rauwolfia alkaloid, depletes the presynaptic stores of dopamine and norepinephrine. In the rodent, reserpine suppresses motor activity, inducing akinesia. In man, with large doses, it produces a Parkinson-like syndrome. Levodopa, the precursor of dopamine and subsequently norepinephrine, reverses the action of reserpine on rodents.6
Progressive Codesign of an Architecture and Compiler Using a Proxy Application

The Active Memory Cube (AMC) is a novel near-memory processor that exploits high memory bandwidth and low latency close to DRAM to execute scientific applications in an energy-efficient manner. Its energy efficiency is derived from a combination of its novel scalar-vector data-flow path combined with its simple control-flow path that required the development of a sophisticated compiler, co-designed with the architecture. Such co-design is commonly done using hand-tuned codes for simple kernels that typically do not capture the nuances of real-world applications or reveal the complexities of programming a heterogeneous system. At the same time, an entire application is intractable to an early-stage compiler. In this work we describe a progressive, iterative methodology to the co-design of the compiler and architecture for the AMC using LULESH, a real-world hydrodynamics proxy application. We focus on a procedure that calculates the kinematic variables for domain elements. During the concept phase we looked at simpler kernels directly derived from the procedure, and progressively moved to the entire procedure as the compiler and simulation environment matured. We found this progression from the simpler extracted kernels to the entire procedure useful in gradually exposing new issues in the compiler and architecture. Directly applying optimizations developed for the simpler kernels resulted in poor performance on the proxy application, but after developing new compiler passes, the former optimizations could be applied profitably. Co-design on a proxy application revealed opportunities to refine the micro architecture that were not identified with simple micro benchmarks alone. Development of future accelerators and their programming environments can benefit from a similar iterative co-design through component kernels to entire proxy applications.
CI-Spy: Designing A Mobile Augmented Reality System for Scaffolding Historical Inquiry Learning

Historical inquiry involves investigating compelling questions by analyzing historical sources to construct evidence-based accounts of the past. However, teaching students to do history is challenging. This paper discusses the design of CI-Spy, a mobile augmented reality system that explicitly teaches inquiry strategies and engages students to practice the doing of history in an augmented real-world context. As a case study for the design of the application, we designed and embedded multiple augmented reality activities within an instructional unit using a local historic site (the Christiansburg Institute, or CI). We conducted a pilot study with elementary students to learn how and to what extent AR technologies can support learning inquiry strategies and processes. After using our system, students demonstrated a greater understanding of inquiry and gained significant insight into the hidden history of CI.
Affinity labeling of binding proteins for the study of endocytic pathways.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes affinity labeling of binding proteins for the study of endocytic pathways. The goal of affinity labeling is formation of covalent bonds between a ligand of interest and its binding site, so that the binding site can be characterized using easy methods, such as electrophoresis, without an expensive and difficult purification. There are two methods to achieve this goal—namely, (1) macromolecular-photoaffinity labeling and (2) affinity crosslinking. The primary advantage of photoaffinity labeling over affinity crosslinking is that formation of a covalently crosslinked complex is limited to the ligand and the receptor in photoaffinity labeling, whereas in affinity crosslinking formation of crosslinked complexes is random, causing undesirable crosslinks among any protein molecules present in samples. However, one major advantage of affinity crosslinking over photoaffinity labeling is a higher yield of crosslinked ligand-receptor complexes. Biological pathways of ligand-receptor complexes, which are not crosslinked, can be examined by crosslinking them at different steps. Radioactively labeled reagents are normally prepared in two ways. The first and most convenient way is to label cold reagents radioactively just before coupling to ligands. The other method is to label radioactively an intermediate, not the final product, of a reagent during the synthesis.
Diastolic dysfunction measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in women with signs and symptoms of ischemia but no obstructive coronary artery disease

Abstract Background Women with chest pain and no obstructive coronary artery disease often have coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), diagnosed by invasive coronary reactivity testing (CRT). The relationship between CMD and diastolic function measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is not well described. Methods 41 women with suspected CMD underwent CRT and CMR. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), coronary flow reserve (CFR) and coronary blood flow (CBF) were measured invasively. Resting CMR of these women and 20 reference controls was assessed for LV mass, septal wall thickness, ejection fraction (LVEF), end-diastolic volume (EDV), peak filling rate (PFR) and time-to-peak-filling rate (tPFR). Pearson correlations and linear regression models were made. Results Mean age was 55±9, all had LVEF≥50%, and 16/41 (40%) had LVEDP>15mmHg. CMD (CFR r =0.37, p =0.017) and septal wall thickness ( r =0.47, p =0.002), while PFR decreased with age ( r =−0.45, p =0.003). There was an inverse relationship between CFR and tPFR ( r =−0.3, p =0.058). Increasing mass was associated with decreasing CBF ( p =0.02). Compared to controls, cases had lower LVEF ( p =0.049) and lower EDV ( p =0.0002). Conclusion In women with signs and symptoms of ischemia but no obstructive coronary artery disease, CMD and elevated LVEDP are prevalent. While non-endothelial dependent CMD may be related to diastolic dysfunction, further investigation is needed regarding links between CMD, diastolic dysfunction and the development of heart failure with preserved LVEF.
The Role of mTOR Inhibitors in Solid Organ Transplantation

Successful organ transplantation requires immunosuppression, however current immunosuppressants have significant side effects, particularly nephrotoxicity. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are a class of drugs that interfere with the multifaceted mTOR pathway, limiting T-cell proliferation and the alloimmune response. There are two mTOR inhibitors that are approved for organ transplantation: sirolimus and everolimus, and these drugs are used in kidney, liver, and heart transplantation. The development and approval of these medications for transplantation have been controversial and complicated, however these medications also offer many exciting advantages for transplantation. The mTOR pathway is responsible for maintaining cellular homeostasis and it controls numerous cellular processes, thus inhibition of the mTOR pathway by mTOR inhibitors has numerous beneficial effects, including antineoplastic, antiviral, and antiproliferative activity. However, inhibiting the mTOR pathway also leads to numerous diverse adverse side effects. Managing the many side effects is the key to being able to take advantage of the potential benefits.
High speed VCSEL-based links for use in data centers and HPC

This tutorial will cover the use and application of directly modulated Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs), high speed direct detection receivers and multi-mode fiber for data centers and High Performance Computing (HPC) applications. Topics will include packaging, advances in modulation performance to 71 Gb/s and 50 Gb/s high temperature operation to 90C, higher fiber bandwidth density using multi-core multimode fiber and Short Wavelength Division Multiplexing (SWDM) using extended window single fiber. Other topics will include the use of equalization to extend the bit rate and the use of CMOS to lower the link power consumption.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Versus Aortic Valve Bypass: A Comparison of Outcomes and Economics

Background Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is currently offered to patients who are high-risk candidates for conventional surgical aortic valve replacement. For the past 37 years, off-pump aortic valve bypass (AVB) has been used in elderly patients at our center for this similarly high-risk group. Although TAVR and AVB were offered to similar patients at our center, comparisons of clinical outcomes and hospital economics for each strategy were not reported. Methods We reviewed the clinical and financial records of 53 consecutive AVB procedures performed since 2008 with the records of 51 consecutive TAVR procedures performed since 2012. Data included demographics, hemodynamics, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) risk score, extent of coronary disease, and ventricular function. Follow-up was 100% in both groups. Hospital financial information for both cohorts was obtained. Mean risk score for the TAVR group was 10.1% versus 17.6% for AVB group ( p Results Kaplan-Meier hospital rates of 3- and 6-month survival and of 1-year survival were 88%, 86%, 81%, and 61% and 89%, 83%, 83%, and 70% for the TAVR and AVB groups, respectively ( p = 0.781). Two patients who had undergone TAVR had a procedure-related stroke. The one stroke in an AVB recipient was late and not procedure related. At discharge, mild and moderate perivalvular and central aortic insufficiency were present in 31% and 16% of TAVR recipients, respectively; no AVB valve leaked. Transvalvular gradients were reduced to less than 10 mm Hg in both groups. The average hospital length of stay for the AVB-treated patients was 13 days, and it was 9 days for the TAVR-treated patients. Median hospital charges were $253,000 for TAVR and $158,000 for AVB. Mean payment to the hospital was $65,000 (TAVR) versus $64,000 (AVB), and the mean positive contribution margin (profit) to the hospital was $14,000 for TAVR versus $29,000 for AVB. Conclusions TAVR and AVB relieve aortic stenosis and have similar and acceptable procedural mortality rates. AVB-treated patients had 1.75 times the STS risk score when compared with the TAVR cohort. Hospital charges for TAVR were nearly twofold those of AVB. Hospital reimbursement was similar, but AVB had two to four times the profit margin of TAVR. Longer follow-up for the TAVR cohort will determine whether survival is comparable to that after AVB at 3 and 5 years.
Advancing Data Science for Students of All Majors (Abstract Only)

The use and analysis of large quantities of data have become ubiquitous in nearly every discipline. We began a discussion of the role of data science across disciplines, and the role of computing in data science programs, at SIGCSE 16. The session was well attended and the discussion was valuable. Since then, more work has been done and more people are engaged. This BOF will continue the discussion, including welcoming new voices. We will distribute copies of the report of the NSF sponsored workshop on Data Science education and discuss a new initiative to develop curriculum guidelines for data science programs. This initiative will be in its earliest stages by the time SIGCSE meets, so it will be an excellent opportunity to gather impressions about what are critical considerations for any such curriculum effort. We developed a mailing list from the SIGCSE 16 attendees and will use that list to promote the BOF. The BOF will engage SIGCSE participants who have views on the content and role of courses and programs in data science. In addition to the workshop report, we will describe results from an NSF IUSE grant to develop modules for use in many types of courses. These expect to make access to fundamentals elements of data science available as widely as possible. With these as a starting point, participants in the Birds of a Feather session will explore the emerging field of data science and its relationship to computer science education. Discussions will be hosted at http://computingportal.org/datascienceflipped
Tense Marking in the English Narrative Retells of Dual Language Preschoolers.

Purpose This longitudinal study investigated the emergence of English tense marking in young (Spanish–English) dual language learners (DLLs) over 4 consecutive academic semesters, addressing the ne...
The Case for Absolute Spontaneity in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason

Kant describes the understanding as a faculty of spontaneity. What this means is that our capacity to judge what is true is responsible for its own exercises, which is to say that we issue our judgments for ourselves. To issue our judgments for ourselves is to be self-conscious – i.e., conscious of the grounds upon which we judge. To grasp the spontaneity of the understanding, then, we must grasp the self-consciousness of the understanding. I argue that what Kant requires for explaining spontaneity is a conception of judgment as an intrinsic self-consciousness of the total unity of possible knowledge. This excludes what have been called ‘relative’ accounts of the spontaneity of the understanding, according to which our judgments are issued through a capacity fixed by external conditions. If so, then Kant conceives of understanding as entirely active. Or, to put it another way, he conceives of this capacity as absolutely spontaneous.
Intercostal artery management in thoracoabdominal aortic surgery: To reattach or not to reattach?

Abstract Background The need for intercostal artery (ICA) reattachment in surgery for descending thoracic aortic aneurysm (DTAA) or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) remains controversial. We reviewed our experience over a 14-year period to assess the effects of ICA management on neurologic outcome after DTAA/TAAA repair. Methods Intraoperative data were reviewed to ascertain the status of T3-12 ICAs and L1-4 ICAs. Arteries were classified as reattached, ligated, occluded, or not exposed. Temporality of reattachment or ligation in response to an intraoperative ischemic event (ie, loss of motor evoked potentials [MEPs]) was noted. Adjustment for other predictors of immediate or delayed paraplegia (DP) was performed by multiple logistic regression. The effects of specific artery level and type of reattachment technique were assessed using stratified contingency tables. Results A total of 1096 DTAA/TAAAs were performed between 2001 and 2014. The mean patient age was 64 ± 15 years, and 37% were female. Spinal cord ischemia was identified in 10% of patients, including 35 (3%) immediate cases and 77 (7%) DP cases. Overall DP resolution was 47% at discharge. ICA ligation and intraoperative MEP changes were strong predictors of postoperative paraplegia. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that T8-12 ICA ligation significantly increased the risk for paraplegia (odds ratio, 1.3/artery; P 65 years, glomerular filtration rate, extent of II/III aneurysm, increased operative time, and intraoperative MEP loss. Conclusions Loss of intraoperative MEPs is serious, and increases the risk of paraplegia in any ICA management strategy. Even with intact MEP, ligation of T8-12 ICAs is associated with increased risk. These findings support reattachment of T8-12 ICAs whenever feasible.
The urban and the rural : an historical geographic overview

John Friedmann’s 1979 analysis of the contradictions between town and countryside offers a novel conceptualization of urban/rural relations. In my view, however, further reflection is needed as to the ultimate nature of the contradictions between town and countryside if such a reformulation is to have historical validity. In this chapter I will argue that while «urbanness» may reside ultimately in the city’s economic functions, it is the political relations between a city and its surrounding region which, historically, have determined their relative equality. Furthermore, it has depended on the type of political organization and the level of technological development as to how this relationship has been defined.
School Nurses on the Front Lines of Medicine: The Approach to a Student After a Syncopal Event: Don't "PASS OUT".

Students presenting with syncope and/or seizure occur occasionally in the school setting. Several studies have shown that seizures as well as respiratory distress are the most common medical emergencies that prompt school nurses and staff to contact emergency medical services (EMS) to transport students to the closest emergency department (Knight 1999, Olympia 2005). It is important to develop a differential diagnosis for syncope, to initiate stabilization of the student with life-threatening symptoms, and to triage these students to an appropriate level of care (back to the classroom, home with their guardian with follow-up at their primary health care provider’s office, or directly to the closest emergency department via EMS). This article describes the initial assessment and management of two students presenting after syncopal events.
Electrically tunable subwavelength grating using transparent conductive oxide

Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) are getting increasing attention due to their unique epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) effect. The optical properties of TCOs can be dramatically changed from dielectric-like to metallic-like by controlling the carrier concentration in the telecommunication wavelengths, resulting in a near zero permittivity. The carrier concentration can be electrically manipulated when TCOs are built in a metal-oxide-semiconductor structure. With applied electrical bias, an accumulation layer forms at the oxide/TCO interface. When the accumulation layer meets ENZ condition, optical field is concentrated in the very thin accumulation layer, and thus the light-matter interaction is greatly enhanced. Such property makes TCOs wonderful materials for building active electro-optical devices. To data, several TCOs based devices configurations have been reported, such as metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide based modulator, Si waveguide based plasmonic MOS modulator, PlasMOStor, and TCOs based tunable metasurfaces. Here, we design and demonstrate a TCOs based tunable subwavelength grating for surface normal modulation in the telecommunication wavelengths. The device combines the TCOs MOS structure with plasmonic grating filter. When applying voltage, the light-matter interaction in the active TCOs region is further enhanced by the surface-plasmon resonances coupled guided-mode resonances (GMRs), which enables high efficient modulation for both transmission and reflection mode with only 10nm thick TCOs layer. At peak wavelength (~1.55 μm), the simulated modulation depth achieves as high as 32% for transmission mode and 56% for reflection mode.
The Need for Closed-Loop Systems for Management of Abnormal Test Results.

The authors observe that their hospital performed approximately equal numbers of screening mammograms and Pap smears each year. Follow-up was appropriate for more than 99% of abnormal mammograms bu...
Inflammatory Disease of the Pancreas

Acute and chronic pancreatitis are the most common inflammatory conditions of the pancreas. Acute pancreatitis is generally associated with characteristic clinical signs and symptoms as well as laboratory findings, therefore obviating the need of tissue diagnosis. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, has significant clinical and radiographic overlap with pancreatic malignancy and often coexists with pancreatic malignancy. The risk factors for chronic pancreatitis are well known and include excess alcohol ingestion, gallstones, hyperlipidemia, hyperparathyroidism, and malnutrition. Some cases, however, are autoimmune in nature or idiopathic. These latter often present the clinicians with diagnostic difficulty.
SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF Mac-1 (CR3) IN THE HUMAN NEUTROPHIL

ABSTRACT A sensitive, quantitative immunoblotting technique was employed to determine subcellular locations of Mac-1. Mac-1 was contained in fractions separated by density that corresponded to specific granules and plasma membrane. Fractions with Mac-1 that decreased after stimulation with N-formyl-methionyl-leucy1***-phenylalanine appeared to be in a discrete pool that corresponded to fractions that released gelatinase. Approximately 20% of the Mac-1 in the plasma membrane was soluble in Triton X-114.
Muddy perceptions/dirty water: messages for clearing the visions of the public and the powerful.

Globalism does not usually work when it comes to spreading the word about water! There is no one formula for explaining water issues to the public or to public officials. Sometimes you should go to reporters. Sometimes you should focus on educating editors. Sometimes you concentrate on educating teachers, sometimes the business community, bureaucrats or elected officials. Sometimes your message concentrates on fisheries, sometimes health, sometimes tourism. Often, you will want to emphasize something else – even sales of genetic material that might be dependent on biodiversity. In short, your message must be adapted to the local circumstance. Your methodology will depend on whether you must stimulate immediate action, or whether you have the luxury of pushing a longer-term message. The Web opens many new possibilities. Cost of Web distribution is low. The Web offers a combination of many effective storytelling tools such as audio, video, and animation. Multi-lingual materials are easier to prepare than for film. But at this stage of Web development it may be more efficient to provide material to existing publications' Web sites and to NGOs and official sites, than to establish special stand-alone Web sites. I propose a “resource” Web site for those who have responsibility for water projects. The site would contain articles and explanatory material provided by media organizations, attracted by a modest contest-and-prize system.
Living Pragmatism: Alice Dewey’s Open-Minded Approach to Experiential Education and Cross-Cultural Immersion

While John Dewey has long held a position of prominence in pragmatic philosophy, little attention has been attributed to the contributions of Alice Chipman Dewey, his wife, intellectual partner, and perpetual confidant. In recognition of Alice’s pivotal role in advancing pragmatism, this chapter explores her efforts as an administrator and educator at the University of Chicago Laboratory School as well as her experiences with John as a feminist in Asia. Alice’s work exemplifies pragmatism as it was meant to be: a practical, active philosophy that is shaped by experience and responsive to change. In this spirit, Alice Dewey deserves to be recognized for her key role in enriching John Dewey’s pragmatic beliefs, and for grounding his ideas about education and openness in experience and action.
Techniques Utilized in Studying the Structures of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds

The determination of the infrared spectra of inorganic and addition compounds sometimes requires special techniques. In addition, the combination of several spectrophotometric methods is sometimes required in order to completely determine structures.
Interband cascade laser absorption of hydrogen chloride for high-temperature thermochemical analysis of fire-resistant polymer reactivity.

A mid-infrared absorption spectroscopy technique has been developed to quantitatively and spatially resolve gas temperature and molecular abundance of 1H35Cl in the high-temperature pyrolysis and oxidation layers of chlorinated polymers. Two transitions in the R-branch of the fundamental vibrational band of HCl near 3.34 µm are selected due to their relative strength and spectral isolation from other combustion products at elevated temperatures, and they are probed using a distributed feedback interband cascade laser. A scanned-wavelength direct absorption method is employed with a Voigt line-fitting routine to recover projected absorbance areas across the exit plane of a cylindrical polymeric slab, wherein the gaseous core comprises the axisymmetric reaction layer. Tikhonov-regularized Abel inversion of the projected absorbance areas yields line-integrated radial absorption coefficients, from which a two-line ratio is used to infer a radially resolved temperature between the gas core and solid polymer surface. The method is demonstrated to provide insights into the gas-phase combustion physics that lead to the formation of toxicants when a fire-resistant polymer, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), is burned in the presence of oxygen. Two-dimensional images were generated by assembling multiple tomographic reconstructions for several cylinder lengths. The quantitative images highlight the technique’s ability to characterize the thermochemical evolution and toxicant formation during the burning of a halogenated polymer fuel.
Why stories matter: Exploring learner engagement and metacognition through narratives of the L2 learning experience

Abstract In this study, we set out to investigate how autobiographical narratives of learners’ L2 learning experience are linked to aspects of language learning cognition and behavior. We conducted a Language Learning Story Interview with 41 college learners of foreign languages (Arabic, Mandarin, Spanish). This interview protocol was designed to elicit self-defining scenes from students’ language learning experience. Participants then self-reported detailed aspects of their L2 learning engagement and metacognitive capacity—two state-level characteristic adaptations. Using both frequentist and Bayesian analyses for added transparency, we examined the associations across these types of data in order to explore connections between these two levels of language learner psychology. Our analyses provide initial evidence that the emotional, motivational, and cognitive aspects of learners’ episodic narratives are associated with important characteristic adaptations to the learning environment. These data also suggest that a narrative mode of inquiry which places a premium on the interpretive value of individual meaning can complement more conventional designs for language learner cognition and engagement.
Identifying Virtual Tribes by Their Language in Enterprise Email Archives

The rise of online social networks has created novel opportunities to analyze people by their hidden “honest” traits. In this paper we suggest automatic grouping of employees into virtual tribes based on their language and values. Tribes are groups of people homogenous within themselves and heterogenous to other groups. In this project we identify members of digital virtual tribes by the words they use in their everyday language, characterizing email users by applying four macro-categories based on their belief systems (alternative realities, personality, recreation, and ideology) developed in earlier research. Each macro-category is divided into four orthogonal categories, for instance “Alternative Realities” includes the categories “Fatherlanders”, “Treehuggers”, “Nerds”, and “Spiritualists”. We use the Tribefinder tool to analyze two email archives, the individual mailbox of an active academic and corporate consultant, and the Enron email archive. We found tribes for each user and analyzed the communication habits of each tribe, showing that members of different tribes significantly differ in how they communicate by email. This demonstrates the applicability of our approach to distinguish members of different virtual tribes by either language used or email communication structure and dynamics.
Evaluation of the management of PARP inhibitor toxicities in ovarian and endometrial cancer within a multi-institution health-system.

IntroductionPoly-adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have become a cornerstone of therapy in the management ovarian cancer and other cancers. PARPi are associated with signif...
Association of Prior Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear With Decreased Career Longevity in Women’s National Basketball Association:

Background:The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in women’s basketball exceeds that of men. There is a paucity of data regarding career performance in Women’s National Basketba...
Six Cs of pandemic emergency management: A case study of Taiwan's initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract A review of the disaster literature indicates that emergency responses to pandemics are often understudied; the current COVID-19 crisis provides an important opportunity to improve awareness and understanding about this and other contagious and disruptive diseases. With this in mind, this study examines Taiwan's response to COVID-19 because it was successful in spite of a high probability of contagion. The paper first explores the assertion that cognition, communication, collaboration, and control are vital for effective disaster response; it then indicates the need to consider two additional Cs: confidence (trust of government's competency) and coproduction (public participation in disaster transmission prevention). The paper also conducts a qualitative descriptive study of the Taiwan government's response timeline with examples of each of these concepts in action. To further illustrate the need for the two additional Cs, survey data illustrate how public confidence serves as a pivot between government's COVID-19 response and citizen coproduction in COVID-19 transmission prevention.
Surfactant-mediated synthesis of monodisperse Poly(benzyl methacrylate)-based copolymer microspheres

Abstract Polymeric microspheres (MSs) have broad applications. Poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) have various important applications, such as optical materials, electrochromatography, and photoresists. However, previous studies on PBzMA were on fabricating bulk polymers or nano-sized (
A High Sensitivity Transparent Ultrasound Transducer Based on PMN-PT for Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging

We recently introduced piezoelectric lithium niobate (LN) based transparent ultrasound transducers (TUT) as a new platform for developing multimodal optical, ultrasound, and photoacoustic imaging (PAI) systems. However, LN based TUT is limited in its signal-to-noise ratio due to material's low piezoelectricity ( $d_{33}$ ). In this letter, we report, for the first time, a 0.2-mm-thick transparent lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) based TUT (PMN-PT-TUT) for ultrasound and photoacoustic applications and compared its performance with a 0.25-mm-thick transparent LN based TUT (LN-TUT). To improve the ultrasound energy transmission efficiency, TUTs were fabricated with a two-matching-layer design. This resulted in a dual frequency response with center frequencies of 7.8 MHz/13.2 MHz and corresponding bandwidths of 28.2%/66.67% for PMN-PT-TUT, as well as center frequencies of 7.2 MHz/11.8 MHz and bandwidths of 36.1%/62.7% for LN-TUT. The optical transmission rate of PMN-PT-TUTs and LN-TUTs are measured as $\sim$ 73 and $\sim$ 91%, respectively, at 532 nm optical wavelength. The PMN-PT-TUT exhibited higher sensitivity compared to LN-TUT with a nearly threefold higher pulse echo amplitude and more than twofold higher photoacoustic amplitude. Furthermore, optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy experiments on phantom targets demonstrated lateral resolutions of 7 and 5.1 $\mu$ m and axial resolutions of 285.6 and 375.9 $\mu$ m for PMN-PT-TUT and LN-TUT, respectively. These results indicated that PMN-PT is a viable alternative to LN for developing TUT based multimodal ultrasound and PAI systems.