cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sociometric status and the reinforcing effectiveness of children's peers☆

Abstract Changes in response rate on a marble-dropping task of 84 elementary school children were studied in relation to the sociometric status of the peer who dispensed verbal reinforcement during the task. One-third of the S s from each of two grade levels, second and fifth, were reinforced by popular peers, one-third by unpopular peers, and one-third by socially isolated peers. Response rate increased significantly during the testing session when S was reinforced by an unpopular peer, did not change when the reinforcing agent was an isolate, and tended to decrease when the reinforcing peer was popular. Also, the response rate of second graders increased during the session while the performance of fifth graders decreased. The present findings, in conjunction with earlier results, demonstrate the enhancing effect of verbal reinforcement dispensed by unpopular peers relative to popular or socially isolated peers on performance in a simple task.
Relationship between sagebrush species and structural characteristics and Landsat Thematic Mapper data

Questions Do the spectral patterns recorded by Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) for various sagebrush species differ from each other? Could ancillary data derived from topographic variables (elevation, slope and aspect) strengthen the relationship between sagebrush and spectral characteristics? Location Rawlins, Wyoming, USA. Methods Field data on sagebrush species and structural characteristics collected in 2005 were regressed against spectral values and transformed indices derived from Landsat TM data. Step-wise regression methods were used to build (1) a combined model that ignored species and physical differences in sagebrush, and (2) four different models that took those differences in account. Parsimonious models were selected with significant independent variables that accounted for the largest amount of the ground-measured variation in cover. Results In the combined model, a subset of Landsat bands and topographic values accounted for 65% (P < 0.001) of variance in sagebrush canopy cover. However, when separate regression models were fitted based on species type (big and low sagebrush) and height (for big sagebrush only), Landsat data accounted for 71–85% (P < 0.001) of the ground measured variance. Conclusions Spectral patterns of sagebrush species and their physical characteristics were distinguishable with Landsat TM data. Transformed indices derived from Landsat data accounted for more variance than the original spectral bands. Future research should focus on testing the relationship between Landsat TM data and sites where sagebrush is present with other vegetation to facilitate landscape and regional mapping of changing sagebrush ecosystems.
A Computational Study of Tip Desensitization in Axial Flow Turbines: Part 2 — Turbine Rotor Simulations With Modified Tip Shapes

This study used Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to investigate modified turbine blade tip shapes as a means of reducing the leakage flow and vortex. The subject of this study was the single-stage experimental turbine facility at Penn State University, with scaled three-dimensional geometry representative of a modern high-pressure stage. To validate the numerical procedure, the rotor flowfield was first computed with no modification to the tip, and the results compared with measurements of the flowfield. The flow was then predicted for a variety of different tip shapes: first with coarse grids for screening purposes and then with more refined grids for final verification of preferred tip geometries. Part 2 of this two-part paper focuses on flow-field predictions with modified blade tip geometries, and the corresponding comparisons with the baseline, flat-tip solutions presented in Part 1. Fifteen different tip shapes were computed using the ADPAC CFD Solver and moderately sized grids (720,000 nodes). These modified tip shapes incorporated different combinations of blade tip edge rounding and squealer cavities, both square and rounded, as means of reducing the leakage flow and vortex. Rounding of the suction side edge of the blade tip resulted in a considerable reduction in the size and strength of the leakage vortex, while rounding of the pressure side edge of the blade tip significantly increased the mass flow rate through the gap. Rounded squealer cavities acted to reduce the mass flow through the gap and proved advantageous over traditional, square squealer cavities. The presence of a square squealer cavity without edge rounding showed no aerodynamic advantage over a flat tip. Final computations of two preferred tip shapes were then carried out using more refined grids (7.2 million nodes). The final, refined grid computations reconfirmed a reduction in the leakage flow and vortex, as well as their associated losses.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Looking for evidence of mixing in the solar wind from 0.31 to 0.98 AU

[1] To determine the efficacy of turbulence in the solar wind, the amount of mixing of the solar wind plasma is quantified. If magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in the solar wind acts as does Navier-Stokes turbulence, the chunk mixture of scalar quantities in the solar wind plasma should evolve with time. In particular, (1) the sizes of plasma chunks should decrease with distance from the Sun owing to the stretching and folding action of turbulence and (2) the occurrence distributions of passive-scalar values in the plasma should narrow with distance from the Sun owing to homogenization. The evolution of the chunk mix is studied through the use of interface-crossing statistics. Using Helios 1 and Helios 2 slow-solar wind measurements from 0.31 to 0.98 AU, temporal jumps in the proton number density, proton specific entropy, and proton beta are used to locate plasma interfaces in the solar wind and the plasma chunk sizes are determined from the distances between the plasma interfaces. No evidence for the evolution of the chunk-size distribution is seen, indicating an absence of mixing in the solar wind. The distribution of plasma density broadens by 11% with distance, the distribution of proton flux stays constant, while the distribution of proton specific entropy narrows by 14%; collectively the three distributions do not show clear evidence for evolution toward homogeneity, hence they do not show clear evidence for mixing. Implications of the lack of evidence for mixing in the solar wind are discussed.
Monomeric forms of the acid ionophore lasalocid A (X-537A) from polar solvents

X-ray structural analyses have been carried out on the free acid of lasalocid A (X-537A) and on the sodium salt, both crystallized from methanol solution. In each case the structure is monomeric with one molecule of methanol complexing to the free acid and to the salt.
Kalman Filtering In Lidar

A processing strategy for lidar signals based on established concepts of Kalman filtering is described. Features of relevance to lidar include use of stochastic and non-stationary system models, the need for non-linear and multi-dimensional models in many applications, and the ability to 'self-tune' the filter in response to data input in the absence of a vriori information.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
SCF: A Framework for Task-Level Coordination in Reconfigurable, Heterogeneous Systems

Heterogeneous computing systems comprised of accelerators such as FPGAs, GPUs, and manycore processors coupled with standard microprocessors are becoming an increasingly popular solution for future computing systems due to their higher performance and energy efficiency. Although programming languages and tools are evolving to simplify device-level design, programming such systems is still difficult and time-consuming largely due to system-wide challenges involving communication between heterogeneous devices, which currently require ad hoc solutions. Most communication frameworks and APIs which have dominated parallel application development for decades were developed for homogeneous systems, and hence cannot be directly employed for hybrid systems. To solve this problem, this article presents the System Coordination Framework (SCF), which employs message passing to transparently enable communication between tasks described using different programming tools (and languages), and running on heterogeneous processing devices of systems from domains ranging from embedded systems to High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems. By hiding low-level architectural details of the underlying communication from an application designer, SCF can improve application development productivity, provide higher levels of application portability, and offer rapid design-space exploration of different task/device mappings. In addition, SCF enables custom communication synthesis that exploits mechanisms specific to different devices and platforms, which can provide performance improvements over generic solutions employed previously. Our results indicate a performance improvement of 28× and 682× by employing FPGA devices for two applications presented in this article, while simultaneously improving the developer productivity by approximately 2.5 to 5 times by using SCF.
The importance of traits, group memberships, and relationships

Abstract An experiment was conducted to replicate and extend previous findings that traits are considered to be more important than group memberships (Trafimow & Finlay, 2001). In the present experiment, relationships were evaluated as well as traits and group membership. Participants listed five of their traits, five of their group memberships, and five of their relationships. They then ranked (relative to each other) and rated (in absolute terms) the importance of these traits, groups, and relationships. Consistent with Trafimow and Finlay (2001), traits were considered more important than group memberships. A new finding was that relationships were also considered more important than group memberships. Further, the data also indicated that, whereas the perceived importance of traits and groups is only weakly related to their cognitive accessibility, the perceived importance of relationships is significantly more related to their accessibility. Taken together, the findings suggest that even in individualist cultures, people think their relationships with others are more important than the literature on individualism might suggest.
A replication defective mutant of Rous sarcoma virus which fails to make a functional reverse transcriptase.

Abstract ts 672 is a replication defective temperature sensitive mutant of Rous sarcoma virus which produces large yields of noninfectious viral particles (NI 672) during growth in cells at the nonpermissive temperature. This study has been directed to identifying the temperature sensitive function of ts 672 by analysis of the NI 672 particles and by comparing this mutation to other known mutations in functions affecting replication. The only structural defect observed with NI 672 was the absence of the virion-associated RNA dependent DNA polymerase activity characteristic of all infectious RNA tumor viruses. Although there are other viral mutants which exhibit an altered polymerase activity, ts 672 is unique in that the DNA polymerase is only temperature sensitive prior to or during the assembly of the virus particle. The DNA polymerase activity of the ts 672 virions produced at the permissive temperature is just as temperature stable as the wild type enzyme. Mixed infection tests performed with ts 672 and with two other DNA polymerase mutants have failed to show a complementation, thus supporting the idea that ts 672 is defective in the DNA polymerase function. Recombination studies with ts 672 and an avian leukosis virus have shown that there is a very high degree of genetic linkage between the temperature sensitive DNA polymerase function of ts 672 and the determinants for the host range of these viruses, the viral envelope proteins.
Insights into the Mechanism of Metal Ion Binding to an EF-Hand from the X-ray Structure of Mg(2+)-Bound N-Domain of Calmodulin

The intracellular concentration of Mg2+ (∼1.0 mM) is sufficiently high to occupy the Ca2+-binding sites in the N-domain of calmodulin (N-CaM) at the resting Ca2+ levels. Thus, Mg2+ is expected to modulate the intracellular function of CaM. Here we report the 2.1 A resolution X-ray structure of the Mg2+-bound N-CaM. The complex was crystallized in P1 space group with two molecules in the asymmetric unit arranged into a back-to-back dimer. Both N-CaM monomers adopt the closed-domain (off-state) conformation. The structure reveals two modes of metal binding to an EF-hand. In site I Mg2+ occupies the usual metal binding position engaging directly the ligands typically involved in Ca2+ coordination, with the exception of the bidentate coordination from the glutamate side chain in the 12th position. The absence of that Ca2+-specific interaction explains the closed domain conformation. Unexpectedly, in site II Mg2+ contacts the carbonyl oxygen of the last residue in the entering helix (X-1 position) and the central carbonyl oxygen of the loop (-Y position), which is a part of the EF-hand-β-scaffold. The remaining four coordinating positions are occupied by water, which, in turn, make strong two-pronged hydrogen bonds to sidechain carboxyls of Asp and Glu in Y and -Z positions of the loop, respectively. This unusual binding mode is apparently facilitated by a shift of the entering helix stabilized by the protein interface in the crystal lattice. The structure offers a view to the mechanism of an initial engagement of a hydrated metal ion with an EF-hand and a plausible route for its dehydration and transfer to the final binding position. These observations support and extend our previously proposed two-step EFBS mechanism (Grabarek, Z., J. Mol. Biol. 346,1351,2005).
Development of product-specific output projections using an input-output model

The purpose of this paper is to propose an extension of the conventional input-output forecasting technique to allow projection of gross output of product-specific sectors. A single sector of particular interest in the United States national table is disaggregated into a number of smaller, product-specific sectors. These sectors, along with several other sectors engaged in significant trade with the product-specific sectors, form a compact input-output model. The model is employed in a conventional manner to project gross output of the modeled sectors.
Fuzzy learning vector quantization for hyperspectral coastal vegetation classification

Abstract Artificial neural networks (ANNs) may be of significant value in extracting vegetation type information in complex vegetation mapping problems, particularly in coastal wetland environments. Unsupervised, self-organizing ANNs have not been employed as frequently as supervised ANNs for vegetation mapping tasks, and further remote sensing research involving fuzzy ANNs is also needed. In this research, the utility of a fuzzy unsupervised ANN, specifically a fuzzy learning vector quantization (FLVQ) ANN, was investigated in the context of hyperspectral AVIRIS image classification. One key feature of the neural approach is that unlike conventional hyperspectral data processing methods, endmembers for a given scene, which can be difficult to determine with confidence, are not required for neural analysis. The classification accuracy of FLVQ was comparable to a conventional supervised multi-layer perceptron, trained with backpropagation (MLP) (KHAT ( Kˆ ) accuracy: 82.82% and 84.66%, respectively; normalized accuracy: 74.60% and 75.85%, respectively), with no significant difference at the 95% confidence level. All neural algorithms in the experiment yielded significantly higher classification accuracies than the conventional endmember-based hyperspectral mapping method assessed (i.e., matched filtering, where Kˆ accuracy = 61.00% and normalized accuracy = 57.96%). FLVQ was also dramatically more computationally efficient than the baseline supervised and unsupervised ANN algorithms tested, including the MLP and the Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM), respectively. The 400-neuron FLVQ network required only 3.6% of the computation time used by the MLP network, and only 5.9% of the MLP time was used by the 588-neuron FLVQ network. In addition, the 400-neuron FLVQ used only 16.7% of the time used by the 400-neuron SOM for model development.
Inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B differentially affects thyroid cancer cell growth, apoptosis, and invasion

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is constitutively activated in many cancers and plays a key role in promoting cell proliferation, survival, and invasion. Our understanding of NF-κB signaling in thyroid cancer, however, is limited. In this study, we have investigated the role of NF-κB signaling in thyroid cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis using selective genetic inhibition of NF-κB in advanced thyroid cancer cell lines. Three pharmacologic inhibitors of NF-κB differentially inhibited growth in a panel of advanced thyroid cancer cell lines, suggesting that these NF-κB inhibitors may have off-target effects. We therefore used a selective genetic approach to inhibit NF-κB signaling by overexpression of a dominant-negative IκBα (mIκBα). These studies revealed decreased cell growth in only one of five thyroid cancer cell lines (8505C), which occurred through a block in the S-G2/M transition. Resistance to TNFα-induced apoptosis was observed in all cell lines, likely through an NF-κB-dependent mechanism. Inhibition of NF-κB by mIκBα sensitized a subset of cell lines to TNFα-induced apoptosis. Sensitive cell lines displayed sustained activation of the stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) pathway, defining a potential mechanism of response. Finally, NF-κB inhibition by mIκBα expression differentially reduced thyroid cancer cell invasion in these thyroid cancer cell lines. Sensitive cell lines demonstrated approximately a two-fold decrease in invasion, which was associated with differential expression of MMP-13. MMP-9 was reduced by mIκBα expression in all cell lines tested. These data indicate that selective inhibition of NF-κB represents an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of advanced thyroid. However, it is apparent that global regulation of thyroid cancer cell growth and invasion is not achieved by NF-κB signaling alone. Instead, our findings suggest that other important molecular processes play a critical role in defining the extent of NF-κB function within cancer cells.
Virtual hand: a 3D tactile interface to virtual environments

We introduce a novel system that allows users to experience the sensation of touch in a computer graphics environment. In this system, the user places his/her hand on an array of pins, which is moved about space on a 6 degree-of-freedom robot arm. The surface of the pins defines a surface in the virtual world. This "virtual hand" can move about the virtual world. When the virtual hand encounters an object in the virtual world, the heights of the pins are adjusted so that they represent the object's shape, surface, and texture. A control system integrates pin and robot arm motions to transmit information about objects in the computer graphics world to the user. It also allows the user to edit, change and move the virtual objects, shapes and textures. This system provides a general framework for touching, manipulating, and modifying objects in a 3-D computer graphics environment, which may be useful in a wide range of applications, including computer games, computer aided design systems, and immersive virtual worlds.
Psychosocial and educational outcomes associated with home- and clinic- based pretest education and cystic fibrosis carrier testing among a population of at-risk relatives

We report on the psychosocial and knowledge outcomes of two different approaches to cystic fibrosis (CF) gene pretest education and carrier testing offered to 288 proactively recruited first-, second-, and third-degree relatives of people with CF. One group received pretest education and gene testing in a clinical setting from a certified genetic counselor. The other group received pretest education in their homes from a specially prepared pamphlet and were asked to send in a buccal cell sample for genotyping. No statistically significant differences between groups were noted on measures of CF knowledge, anxiety, and positive or negative affect, either while waiting for their test results or within a few weeks after they had learned their results. At both measurement points, participants who had received home education and testing reported that the testing was more convenient, but that they had received less information than they would have liked, and they were more likely to report being confused by the testing, although their level of CF knowledge was comparable to that of people who had been seen by a genetic counselor. In light of the increasing interest in home-based medical testing of all kinds, this study suggests that CF carrier testing in the home warrants further consideration as one possible approach to facilitating access to testing. Am. J. Med. Genet. 75:461–468, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The expression of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-α mRNA in the small intestine of suckling rats: organ culture study

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) are associated with regulation of various gastrointestinal functions. In order to better understand their role in developing small intestine EGF, TGF-α and EGF-R steady-state mRNA levels and transcript stability were determined. Reverse transcription (RT) competitive-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that intestinal TGF-α mRNA levels were 10-fold higher in comparison with EGF mRNA. The primary intestinal culture technique was used to evaluate mRNA stability. The stability of TGF-α mRNA was remarkably lower than the stability of EGF mRNA. High levels of TGF-α mRNA accompanied by high degradation rate of this mRNA suggested a rapid turnover of intestinal TGF-α mRNA.
Template catalysis: asymmetric polymerization of amino acids on clay minerals.

Amino acids asymmetric polymerization on clay minerals, discussing aspartic acid and kaolinite experiments
An apparently allosteric effect involving N2O with the nitrous oxide reductase from Wolinella succinogenes.

Summary It was shown that k cat for the benzyl viologen cation (BV + )-N 2 O oxidoreductase activity of nitrous oxide reductase from Wolinella succinogenes was 2–3 times greater at high N 2 O concentrations than at low. This effect of N 2 O on k cat exhibited a titration curve implicating a single secondary binding site for N 2 O with a K d of 130–200 μM (K m with respect to N 2 O is about 2.5 μM). This work represents the first evidence of an apparently allosteric kinetic effect among nitrous oxide reductases. Its possible cause is discussed. BV + was generated in these kinetic studies by addition of sub-stoichiometric amounts of dithionite. This means of reduction proved to be superior to the photochemical generation of BV + that had been used previously with the enzyme. Mass spectrometric measurements suggested that the M r of the subunit of the enzyme is about 95,500 rather than 88,000.
Using the calculated site density as a criterion in choosing a catalytic slow step

Methods of obtaining the approximate number of active sites per unit area, the site density, L , in heterogeneous catalytic systems are described for reactions in which the slow step is one of the following: a monomolecular surface step for either fixed or mobile species; a bimolecular surface step for either like or different molecules for four different adsorption situations; adsorption; desorption; attack of a surface species by a gas molecule; or dissociation of the adsorbing molecule. For certain groups of possible slow steps the same method of obtaining L must be used for each slow step in the group. If there is one reactant, five different calculations of L can be made; if there are two reactants, ten different calculations can be made. It is shown for the various possible slow steps what the physically allowable values of L are. Therefore, calculation of L for the various possible slow steps which might be postulated for a reaction provides a means of rejecting some of those steps. The method is applied to 81 representative reactions reported in the literature, including adsorption, isomerization, monomolecular decomposition, hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, exchange, and other reactions. The results are discussed in terms of other information about the reactions (such as reaction order) which has been reported. It is often possible to conclude that none of the steps is a satisfactory slow step, i.e., the reaction is complex. Also, even a physically impossible L value can aid one in making deductions concerning the active site.
The singular function expansion in time-dependent scattering

A class of linear initial-boundary-value problems relevant to time-dependent scattering is solved exactly in terms of the complete, orthogonal set of singular functions of the appropriate integral operator. The method is primarily presented as a mathematically defensible alternative to the eigenmode expansion method. The results extend the singularity expansion method to include the steady-state response at source frequencies and provide a connection between resonance behavior in the steady-state and low-loss natural modes. The method furthermore leads to an efficient automatic algorithm for the determination of natural modes and natural frequencies by observation of the singular values. The conclusions are supported by numerical calculations. >
An undergraduate track in computer security

To better prepare our graduates to face the challenges in computer and information security, in Fall 2002, Towson University launched an undergraduate track in computer security for the computer science majors. This paper describes the motivation behind this track and discusses its structure and requirements.
Positive Behavior Supports: Tier 2 Interventions in Middle Schools

School personnel are using Schoolwide Positive Behavior Supports in public schools throughout the United States. A number of studies have evaluated the universal level, or Tier 1, of Schoolwide Positive Behavior Supports. In this study, the authors describe and analyze the interventions offered as options for use for Tier 2 in middle schools reported by a nationwide sample of Schoolwide Positive Behavior Support contacts. They also examine the methods used to evaluate the success of those interventions. They used a short survey for gathering the responses. The results suggest that although school personnel attempt to implement a variety of interventions, they continue to need assistance in identifying the best interventions for this level. Researchers need to conduct studies to find methods for evaluating the implementation of Tier 2 interventions.
Lubricating behavior in chemical–mechanical polishing of copper

Abstract In this work, we simulated the Cu-chemical–mechanical polishing (Cu-CMP) using a laboratory model system. By comparing with the classic lubrication study, a “Stribeck Curve” for CMP was generated. Results indicated that the hydrodynamic lubrication regime was never reached. Based on these results, we propose a contact-polishing mode for CMP.
Bayesian estimate of the effect of B00 mixing measurements on the CKM matrix elements

A method employing Bayesian statistics is used to incorporate recent experimental results on Bd0Bd0 and Bs0Bs0 mixing into a measurement of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements with small theoretical uncertainties. The neutral B meson mixing results yield a slight improvement in the estimate of vbVtdvb. Prospects for improving the knowledge of the CKM matrix elements with measurements of Bs0Bs0 mixing and the K+ → π+vv branching ratio are considered.
Visualization of subsurface defects in composites using a focal plane array infrared camera

A technique for enhanced defect visualization in composites via transient thermography is presented in this paper. The effort targets automated defect map construction for multiple defects located in the observed area. Experimental data were collected on composite panels of different thickness with square inclusions and flat bottom holes of different depth and orientation. The time evolution of the thermal response and spatial thermal profiles are analyzed. The pattern generated by carbon fibers and the vignetting effect of the focal plane array camera make defect visualization difficult. An improvement of the defect visibility is made by the pulse phase technique and the spatial background treatment. The relationship between a size of a defect and its reconstructed image is analyzed as well. The image processing technique for noise reduction is discussed.
A single-center evaluation of the risk for colonization or bacteremia with piperacillin–tazobactam- and cefepime-resistant bacteria in patients with acute leukemia receiving fluoroquinolone prophylaxis

Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis is indicated to prevent neutropenic fever in patients with acute leukemia. However, fluoroquinolone use has been associated with development of multi-drug-resistant Pseu...
Weitere Untersuchungen über die Atomgewichte von Silber, Lithium und Chlor

Diese Untersuchung bestand in einem sorgfaltigen Studium von drei Verhaltnissen, namlich Lithiumchlorid zu Silberchlorid, Lithium- chlorid zu Silber und Lithiumchlorid zu Lithiumperchlorat. Aus den beiden letzten Verhaltnissen wurde 04: Ag berechnet, und man erhielt auf diesem ganz neuen Wege Werte fur die Atomgewichte von Silber, Lithium und Chlor. Im Verlaufe dieser Arbeit wurden neue Verfahren zur Reinigung von Lithiumsalzen vorgeschlagen, die besser sind als irgend welche fruher bekannten. Lithiumchlorid wurde so geschmolzen, dak es gegen die empfindlichsten Indicatoren vollkommen neutral war. Es wurde durchaus wasserfrei gewogen. Auch die Darstellung der Perchlorsaure ist einer strengen Prufung unterworfen worden, und dieser Stoff konnte in ungewohnlicher Reinheit dargestellt werden. Die Scharfe des Endpunktes bei der zur Bestimmung des Verhaltnisses von Silber und Chlor verwendeten Methode lies sich sehr verbessern durch Abkuhlen der Losung auf 0°, wobei die Loslichkeit des Silberchlorids vermindert wird. Im ubrigen wurden bei der Bestimmung von Chlor die in fruheren Untersuchungen aus dem Harvardlaboratorium ausgearbeiteten Methoden angewendet. Ein neues genaues Verfahren zur Umwandlung von Lithiumchlorid in Lithiumperchlorat konnte vorgeschlagen und sorgfaltig auf seine Fehlerquellen gepruft werden. 45.56877 g Lithiumchlorid gaben bei 7 Versuchen 154.0602 g Silberchlorid bei vollstandiger Fallung. Bei einer anderen Reihe von 7 Versuchen, die von diesen zum Teil unabhangig waren, fand man, dals 46.63197 g Lithiumchlorid zur vollstandigen Fallung 118.65894 g Silber erforderten. In einer weiteren, vollkommen unabhangigen Reihe von 6 Versuchen, bei der ein ahnliches Lithiumpraparat zur Verwendung kam, lieferten 34.40566 g von diesem Stoff 86.34716 g Lithiumperchlorat. Als Endresultat aller dieser Versuche ergibt sich, bezogen auf Sauer- stoff gleich 16.000, das Atomgewicht von Lithium zu 6.939 und das Atomgewicht von Silber zu 107.871.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen 1 Mediates Episome Persistence through cis-Acting Terminal Repeat (TR) Sequence and Specifically Binds TR DNA

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) (also known as human herpesvirus 8) latently infects KS tumors, primary effusion lymphomas (PELs), and PEL cell lines. In latently infected cells, KSHV DNA is maintained as circularized, extrachromosomal episomes. To persist in proliferating cells, KSHV episomes must replicate and efficiently segregate to progeny nuclei. In uninfected B-lymphoblastoid cells, KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA1) is necessary and sufficient for persistence of artificial episomes containing specific KSHV DNA. In previous work, the cis-acting sequence required for episome persistence contained KSHV terminal-repeat (TR) DNA and unique KSHV sequence. We now show that cis-acting KSHV TR DNA is necessary and sufficient for LANA1-mediated episome persistence. Furthermore, LANA1 binds TR DNA in mobility shift assays and a 20-nucleotide LANA1 binding sequence has been identified. Since LANA1 colocalizes with KSHV episomes along metaphase chromosomes, these results are consistent with a model in which LANA1 may bridge TR DNA to chromosomes during mitosis to efficiently segregate KSHV episomes to progeny nuclei.
Suppression of polypogenesis in a new mouse strain with a truncated ApcΔ474 by a novel COX-2 inhibitor, JTE-522

Mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene (Apc) have been implicated in the occurrence of sporadic colon cancer. Various Apc knockout strains of mice have been created to better understand the function of this gene. In the present study, using gene targeting, we disrupted the mouse Apc gene at the end of exon 10 to compare its effect with the effects of other types of Apc gene disruption, all of which are on exon 15. The mice expressed a mutant form of mRNA that encoded 474 amino acids instead of 2845 amino acids due to exon duplication. In addition, these Apc(Delta474) knockout mice developed intestinal and mammary tumors. Since the most severe cases of familial adenomatous polyposis are associated with mutations on exon 15, our mutation at exon 10 was expected to result in a mild phenotype. However, the number of polyps that our mice developed was similar to that of other Apc knockout mice such as Apc(Min) and Apc(1309) mice. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been implicated in colorectal carcinoma. Apc(Delta474) mice treated with JTE-522, a novel COX-2-selective inhibitor, showed a significantly reduced number of polyps. These results suggest that COX-2 plays an important role in polypogenesis and COX-2-selective inhibitors can be used as new preventive therapeutics against colorectal tumors.
The Concept of Skill: A Critical Review

The concept of “skill” provides the linchpin for many debates on work. Yet occupational sociologists have seldom thought to ask what the concept means. This article reviews the literature and devel...
Effects of central nervous system antiretroviral penetration on cognitive functioning in the ALLRT cohort.

Objective: Differences in antiretroviral distribution into the central nervous system (CNS) may impact neurocognitive status. We assessed the relationship between estimates of antiretroviral therapy penetration into the CNS, using a published ranking system, and neurocognitive status in HIV-positive participants with plasma HIV-1 RNA (vRNA) suppression. Design: Participants with at least 6 weeks ongoing antiretroviral drug use and vRNA lessthan 50copies/ml(N ¼2636;83% male, median baseline CD4T cells: 244cells/ml) had at least one neuroscreen assessment [Trail Making Test, Part A and B; Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) Digit Symbol] at 10413 neurovisits. Neuroscreen test scores were demographically adjusted and converted to Z-scores (NPZ3: lower scores imply more impairment). Central nervous system penetration effectiveness (CPE) ranks of 0.0 (low), 0.5 (medium), or 1.0 (high) were assigned to antiretrovirals and summed per regimen, per neurovisit. Methods: Multivariate linear regression models using generalized estimating equations assessed NPZ3 scores with respect to antiretroviral regimen. Covariates were retained if P � 0.1. Results: AfinalmodeldemonstratedthatbetterNPZ3scoreswereassociatedwithhigher CPE among participants taking more than three antiretroviral drugs (þ0.07 per one unit increase in CPE score; P ¼0.004) but not among participants with three or less antiretroviral drugs in the regimen (þ0.01; P ¼0.5). Results were adjusted for demographics, injection drug use, hepatitis C virus serostatus, CD4 cell count (current and nadir), baseline vRNA, antiretroviral experience, and years since first antiretroviral drug use. Conclusion: Use of antiretroviral drugs with better estimated CNS penetration may be associated with better neurocognitive functioning; some people may require more than three antiretroviral drugs to treat HIV in the CNS. Clinically this means antiretroviral regimens could be designed to optimize estimated CNS penetration without sacrificing virologic and immunologic benefits. 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AIDS 2011, 25:000‐000
Meningococcal Porin PorB Binds to TLR2 and Requires TLR1 for Signaling

TLR2 plays a key role in the initiation of the cellular innate immune responses by a wide range of bacterial products. TLRs signaling, including TLR2 and its coreceptors TLR1 and TLR6, is mediated by a number of specific ligands. Although many of the TLR-mediated cell signaling pathways have been elucidated in the past few years, the molecular mechanisms that lead to cell activation are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the interaction of PorB from Neisseria meningitidis with TLR2 and describe the direct binding of a bacterial protein to TLR2 for the first time. Using labeled PorB, we demonstrate its binding to TLR2 both in its soluble form in vitro, and when it is over-expressed on the surface of human embryonic kidney 293 cells. We also show that TLR2-mediated binding of PorB is directly related to cellular activation. In addition, using 293 cells expressing the chimeric TLR2/TLR1 and TLR2/TLR6 complexes, we report the selectivity of PorB binding to the TLR2/TLR1 heterodimer, which is required for initiating signaling in transfected 293 cells and in murine B cells. Together, these data provide new evidence that TLR2 recognizes PorB through direct binding, and that PorB-induced cell activation is mediated by a TLR2/TLR1 complex.
Who is at risk for alcohol-related negative consequences?

Although a large body of research has documented that severe consequences are associated with alcohol use among college students, this may not be the case for all students who consume alcohol. Identifying those variables associated with risk for negative consequences in this population has important public health implications. Mixed findings are available on the relationship between alcohol-related negative consequences and alcohol consumed, depressive symptoms, and use of illicit substances. We examined the relationship between alcohol-related consequences and amount consumed during a typical and a heavy drinking week, cannabis use in the previous 12 months, and depressive symptoms. Participants consisted of a convenience sample of 85 (53.5% females) undergraduate college students (mean age = 19 years) taking part in an on-campus mental-health screening. Participants reported use of alcohol and of other drugs, mental heath symptoms, and negative consequences. Results showed a direct association between alcohol-related negative consequences and total drinks consumed during a typical week (r = 0.41; p < 0.001) and during a heavy drinking week (r = 0.58; p < 0.001). Students with any cannabis use in the previous 12 months reported a significant greater number of alcohol-related negative consequences (t [1, 80] = -2.66; p < 0.01). Alcohol-related negative consequences were not associated with depressive symptoms. In a hierarchical linear regression model including cannabis use, total drinks during a typical week, and total drinks during a heavy drinking week, the latter was the only predictor of alcohol-related negative consequences. The other two variables did not predict any variance over and above the one explained by total drinks during a heavy drinking week. In conclusion, programs aimed at reducing the negative outcomes of alcohol consumption should aim at screening for heavy rather than typical drinking.
Effects of Velocity Slip and Temperature Jump on the Boundary Layer Flow and Heat Transfer over a Wedge

KnRe 3/2 . This result indicates that for near continuum rarefied large Reynolds number flows, the thermal creep effect can be neglected. The heat transfer over a wedge is affected by, among others, velocity slip and temperature jump. The relative importance of these two effects is also examined. It is found that the ratio of the temperature jump and the velocity slip, Γ, is a function of gas properties only and is independent of wedge angle β. It is further shown that Γ is inversely proportional to Pr, the Prandtl number. For near continuum rarefied flow, Ks < 0.1, the non-dimensional heat transfer to the wall can be expressed as qc(1 + ψKs). ψ is a constant. For small Γ, ψ is positive and for large Γ, ψ is negative. The quantitative value of ψ depends on both β and Γ. A numerical procedure and the solutions for Falkner-Skan flows, including both flat plate (Blasius) flow and stagnation point flow, subject to both velocity slip and temperature jump boundary conditions are presented. The results of this study show that due to the effect of velocity slip, both the boundary layer thickness and the wall shear are reduced in comparison to that of non-slip (continuum) solution and that due to the combined effect of velocity slip and temperature jump, the thermal boundary thickness is reduced. This conclusion applies for all wedge angles.
Modifying First‐Year Textbook Dialogues along a Hymesian Model of Meaning: A Theory of In‐Depth Language Processing for the L2 Classroom

: Many variables beyond words and grammar alone determine our understanding of speech events, or language in a given context. Speakers' “scripts” (established patterns of discourse) and “world” knowlege (the often culture-specific understanding of verbal and nonverbal constructs) are important features of any meaningful exchange of discourse. This article contends that foreign language learners will produce a higher level of language if they are made aware of — and given the opportunity to manipulate — such extralinguistic variables with regard to the texts they study. Whenever possible, teaching materials (e.g., textbook dialogues, autotaped or videotaped texts) should include the context-based information necessary for higher-level language processing. The author also describes a “stop-gap” teaching strategy by which students imagine and describe the full import of “decontextualized” examples of the foreign language. Finally, a tentative model for research on context-based language learning is presented.
Practice patterns for subacromial decompression and rotator cuff repair: an analysis of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery database.

Background: Recently there have been several evolving trends in the practice of shoulder surgery. Arthroscopic subacromial decompression has been performed with greater frequency by orthopaedic surgeons, and there has been considerable recent interest in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. The purpose of this study was to identify trends in practice patterns for subacromial decompression and rotator cuff repair over time and in relation to the location of practice, fellowship training, and declared subspecialty of the surgeon. Methods: We reviewed the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Part II database to identify patterns in the utilization of open and arthroscopic subacromial decompression and rotator cuff repair among candidates for board certification. All procedures involving only arthroscopic or open subacromial decompression and/or rotator cuff repair from 2004 to 2009 were identified. The rates of arthroscopic and open subacromial decompression and/or rotator cuff repair were compared in terms of year, geographic region, fellowship training, and declared subspecialty of the surgeon. Results: Between 2004 and 2009, 12,136 surgical procedures involving only arthroscopic or open subacromial decompression and/or rotator cuff repair were performed. There were significant differences in treatment with respect to year, geographic region of practice, declared subspecialty, and fellowship training (p < 0.001). There was a significant increase over time in the utilization of arthroscopy among all candidates (p < 0.001). Surgeons with sports medicine fellowship training or a sports-medicine-declared subspecialty performed significantly more subacromial decompressions and rotator cuff repairs arthroscopically than all other candidates (p < 0.001). During this time period, there was a significant decrease in the rate of arthroscopic subacromial decompression, both as an isolated procedure and combined with arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (p < 0.001). Conclusions: From 2004 to 2009, there was a significant shift throughout the United States toward arthroscopic rotator cuff repair and subacromial decompression among young orthopaedic surgeons, with sports medicine fellowship-trained surgeons performing more of their procedures arthroscopically than surgeons with other training. However, there was an increasing frequency of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair performed without subacromial decompression, and, overall, there was a decrease in the frequency of isolated arthroscopic subacromial decompression over time.
Effects of Cutting Date, Outdoor Storage Conditions, and Splitting on Survival of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Firewood Logs

The emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is an exotic pest of ash (Fraxinus spp.) in North America. We conducted studies in Michigan to evaluate how different tree cutting dates, outdoor storage conditions, and splitting affected A. planipennis survival in firewood logs. In 2002-2003, we cut logs from A. planipennis-infested ash trees each month, from July to October, and stored half of the logs in shade and half in full sun. In 2003-2004, we tested logs cut July-December; stored in sun versus shade; tarped versus untarped; and whole logs versus split logs. For both years, A. planipennis successfully emerged the summer after cutting from logs that represented all treatments and all cutting dates tested. Adult emergence density was significantly lower in logs cut in July and August. In 2003-2004, A. planipennis adult length was significantly shorter, and percentage of mortality was significantly higher for logs cut in August compared with later months. Emergence density was significantly lower for split logs compared with whole logs for all cutting months except for December. There was no significant difference in adult emergence density between logs stored in full sun versus shade in 2002-2003. In 2003-2004, untarped logs in full sun or shade had significantly lower adult emergence densities than tarped logs in the sun or shade. In conclusion, emergence, survival, and size of A. planipennis was significantly reduced if logs were cut early during larval development (July or August); splitting logs and storing them untarped in full sun or shade further reduced adult emergence. No treatment was 100% effective in preventing adult emergence.
Origins and Consequences of State-Level Variation in Shale Regulation: The Cases of Pennsylvania and New York

The combination of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling unlocked the economic potential of shale gas in the United States. However, the regulatory response to shale gas has varied substantially. This chapter considers the political economy of Marcellus Shale, focusing on differences in regulatory responses in Pennsylvania and New York. It suggests that the regulatory response in Pennsylvania is “efficient” and that different responses can be explained by features of politics, rather than geography, relative prices, or institutions. The chapter concludes by considering the benefits and costs of federal regulation of fracking. Although states have varied substantially in their response to fracking, decentralized governance of shale gas has many benefits and few discernible costs.