cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corpus luteum susceptibility to prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) luteolysis in hysterectomized prepuberal and mature gilts

Abstract The susceptibility of induced corpora lutea (CL) of prepuberal gilts and spontaneously formed CL of mature gilts to prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) luteolysis was studied. Prepuberal gilts (120 to 130 days of age) were induced to ovulate with Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). The day following HCG was designated as Day 0. Mature gilts which had displayed two or more estrous cycles of 18 to 22 days were used (onset of estrus = Day 0). Gilts were laparotomized on Day 6 to 9, their CL marked with sterile charcoal and totally hysterectomized. On Day 20, gilts were injected IM with either distilled water (DW), 2.5 mg PGF 2α or 5.0 mg PGF 2α . An additional group of prepuberal gilts was injected with 1.25 mg PGF 2α , a dose of PGF 2α equivalent, on a per kilogram body weight basis, to the 2.5 mg PGF 2α dose given to the mature gilts. The percentages of luteal regression on Day 27 to 30 for mature and prepuberal gilts given DW, 2.5 mg PGF 2α and 5.0 mg PGF 2α were 0.0 vs 4.4, 43.5 vs 96.8 and 47.7 vs 91.6, respectively; the percentage of luteal regression for the prepuberal gilts given 1.25 mg PGF 2α was 75.1. These results indicate that induced CL of the prepuberal gilt were more susceptible to PGF 2α luteolysis than spontaneously formed CL of the mature gilt and that pregnancy failure in the prepuberal gilt could be due to increased susceptibility of induced CL to the natural luteolysin.
Partial Credibility, Information Selection and the Signalling Channel of Sterilized Interventions

The signalling channel suggests that central banks use sterilized interven - tions in the foreign exchange market to convey information about future mone - tary policy to the market. To date, this theory is not sufficiently supported by theoretical work that establishes the link between intervention signals and exchange rates. This paper develops a two country model of sterilized interven - tions. I argue that reputational effects cannot eliminate the credibility problem between central banks and the private sector and that agents will only partially use available information to form exchange rate expectations. Both partial credibility and non-rational expectations reduce the effectiveness of interven - tions.
Justification, sociality, and autonomy

Theories of epistemically justified belief have long assumed individualism. In its extreme, or Lockean, form individualism rules out justified belief on testimony by insisting that a subject is justified in believing a proposition only if he or she possesses first-hand justification for it. The skeptical consequences of extreme individualism have led many to adopt a milder version, attributable to Hume, on which a subject is justified in believing a proposition only if he or she is justified in believing that there is testimony in favor of the proposition deriving from a reliable source. I argue that this Humean individualism also leads to skepticism in a wide range of cases; it makes it impossible for a layperson to be justified on expert testimony. In addition, I argue that the apparent motivation for the Humean view, an insistence on intellectual autonomy in justification, does not succeed in motivating it. I then explore the contours of a collectivist view of justification on testimony, with special attention to the place of a subject's intellectual autonomy in such justification. I try to bring empirical results of the psychology of persuasion to bear on the epistemological issues.
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor attenuates the excitotoxin-induced behavioral and neurochemical deficits in a rodent model of Huntington's disease

Abstract The present study determined the effects of intraventricularly administered glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor on the behavioral and neurochemical sequelae of unilateral excitotoxic lesions of the striatum. Distinct asymmetrical rotational behavior in response to peripheral administration of amphetamine (5 mg/kg) was noted one and two weeks following injections of quinolinic acid (200 nmol) into two sites in the left striatum. In rats given a single intraventricular injection of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (10-1000 μg) 30 min before the toxin, amphetamine-induced rotational behavior was significantly attenuated. Analysis of Nissl-stained coronal sections showed marked neuronal loss in the striatum ipsilateral to the quinolinic acid injections, which was at least partially prevented by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. D 1 and D 2 dopamine binding sites in the striatum, the majority of which are localized to subpopulations of GABAergic neurons, were decreased to a similar extent by quinolinic acid. Moreover, the reduction was attenuated by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor treatment to a similar degree, suggesting that the two subpopulations of GABAergic striatal output neurons are equally vulnerable to excitotoxic damage. Concomitant changes in neurotransmitter function as a result of the lesion were also observed: [ 3 H]GABA uptake into striatal target tissues (globus pallidus and substantia nigra) was considerably reduced in the lesioned compared to the contralateral unlesioned tissues, as were [ 3 H]choline and [ 3 H]dopamine uptake into striatal synaptosomes. Similarly, striatal choline acetyltransferase activity was decreased by the lesion. Decrements in neuropeptide levels of similar magnitude were evident ipsilateral to the lesion; substance P, met-enkephalin and dynorphin A contents in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra were significantly reduced. Striatal somatostatin and neuropeptide Y levels were not altered. All of the neurochemical deficits induced by striatal quinolinic acid lesions were attenuated by intraventicular delivery of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Continuous intraventricular infusion of this trophic factor (10 μg/day) over a two-week period did not afford notable improvement compared to the single injection of 10 μg. In contrast, continuous infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (10 μg/day) directly into the striatum did not affect any of the neurochemical parameters studied. However, neurotrophin-3 (10 μg/day) delivery into the striatum significantly increased [ 3 H]GABA uptake, but only modestly affected [ 3 H]choline uptake. The results indicate that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor counteracts neuronal damage induced by a striatal excitotoxic insult and support its potential use as a treatment for central nervous system disorders that may be a consequence of excitotoxic processes, such as Huntington's disease.
Planetary preservation: the need for legal provision

Abstract The Earth has been hit by NEOs many times in its history and there is always a risk that this will happen again. While we are beginning to acquire the technology that could warn of and divert a future collision, the legal instruments needed to facilitate a global response to the problem are lacking, especially given that the most likely means of diverting a NEO would involve nuclear weapons that could also be used on Earth. An analysis of the current legal situation is used to support the argument that new rules must be created. The author also discusses US Air Force policy on the subject and whether planetary defense is consistent with its goal of achieving and sustaining US superiority in space.
A multi-item EOQ model with inventory cycle balancing

This article concerns a multi-item, infinite-horizon, lot-sizing problem, where the objective is to minimize a total cost function made up of reordering cost, holding cost, and a cost determined by peak inventory levels. By spreading inventory replenishments over the reordering cycle, the peak inventory level can be reduced. The model permits the derivation of simultaneously optimal solutions for the length of the cycle and the individual item replenishment times within the cycle. An alternative formulation, in which total storage capacity is modeled as a constraint, is also solved.
Natural and microcosm phytoneuston communities of Sequim Bay, Washington

The sea surface microlayer (upper 56 μm) of Sequim Bay, Washington was sampled using a glass plate collector. At the same stations, water was collected from 10 cm deep through a glass tube. The surface microlayer algal community differed significantly in several respects from the subsurface community. The mean ratio of microlayer phytoneuston to subsurface phytoplankton density (M/S ratio) was 7·8±10·9, and at one station with a visible slick reached 32·0. The rank order of individual species abundances differed significantly between the phytoneuston and phytoplankton. Outdoor tanks with a slow flow-through of seawater produced dense microlayer communities. Within 7 days, the tanks had an M/S ratio of 500. In terms of species rank order, the tank neuston are similar to field neuston, but differ significantly from tank plankton communities. Tank and field plankton communities are not significantly different either in total abundance or species rank order. These results indicate that natural phytoneuston communities can be duplicated with only minor species differences in the laboratory and used for controlled studies of the fate of pollutants passing into or through the air-sea interface.
An attempt to define the nature of chemical diabetes using a multidimensional analysis.

The relationship between chemical diabetes and overt diabetes in 145 nonobese adult subjects has been examined. The degree of glucose intolerance, insulin response to oral glucose, and insulin resistance in normal subjects and patients with nonketotic diabetes were first determined. These variables were then analyzed by a computer program which permits direct visualization of the three-dimensional shape of the data set. The picture obtained was that of a boomerang with two wings and a fat middle. The patients were then divided into three groups (normal, chemical diabetes, overt diabetes) on the basis of their oral glucose tolerance. Two-dimensional views of the relationship between the metabolic variables in these subjects resembled the initial three-dimensional image, i. e., a central core with two wings going off in opposite directions. The two wings represented patients with chemical diabetes and overt diabetes, respectively. Following this, the patients were reclassified on the basis of all three metabolic variables (plasma glucose response to oral glucose, plasma insulin response to oral glucose, and degree of insulin resistance) by means of a computer classification which employed a cluster analysis technique. This again resulted in the definition of three groups, in which there was a divergence between subjects classified as having chemical diabetes as contrasted to overt diabetes. This apparent separation between subjects with chemical and overt diabetes may explain why patients with chemical diabetes rarely develop overt diabetes.
Recession Watch: Work for the greater good.

During the Great Depression, scientists proved to America why researchers are key to nation-building, says Eric Rauchway. Can science thrive during an economic downturn? In a series of seven Commentaries, introduced on page 957, specialists in policy-making, history, economics and innovation offer advice that might help. Jeffrey Sachs says that now's the time for developed nations to invest in the developing world to ensure environmental sustainability. Ian Taylor cautions against spending too much on blue-skies research: it's time to concentrate on ideas with immediate application. Eric Rauchway is encouraged by the scientific fallout from US government efforts to counter the Great Depression. In Japan too, the recession-spurred 'lost decade' of the 1990s resulted in a boost to basic science funding, as Atsushi Sunami and Kiyoshi Kurokawa explain. John Browning's advice to recent startups: sell whatever you can and cut costs drastically. Noreena Hertz sees an opportunity for global capitalism to become more egalitarian. And John Geanakoplos tells economists and governments how to avoid the next recession: collateral is king, and governments need to regulate how loans are issued with that in mind. More on http://www.nature.com/recessionwatch and http://www.nature.com/podcast .
Prediction of Mechanical Properties of Vertebral Trabecular Bone Using Microstructural Finite Element Models

Finite element models of the spine provide a means to assess fracture susceptibility [3] or to evaluate devices [5]. Such models require accurate estimates of the mechanical properties of the trabecular bone within the vertebral body. Properties can be estimated using density measures from quantitative computed tomography [1]. Cellular solid analysis suggest the importance of incorporating microstructure in determining trabecular bone mechanics [4]. But it is difficult to classify the structure of real trabecular bone morphology in terms of the idealized models. Instead, statistical measures of morphology, such as the fabric tensor are usually employed [6].Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The association between sleep duration and weight in treatment-seeking preschoolers with obesity

Objective To examine the association between nocturnal sleep duration and weight and caloric intake outcomes among preschool-aged children who are obese and enrolled in a family-based weight management program.
Plant spatial arrangement affects projected invasion speeds of two invasive thistles

The spatial arrangement of plants in a landscape influences wind flow, but the extent that differences in the density of con-specifics and the height of surrounding vegetation influence population spread rates of wind dispersed plants is unknown. Wind speeds were measured at the capitulum level in conspecific arrays of different sizes and densities in high and low surrounding vegetation to determine how these factors affect wind speeds and therefore population spread rates of two invasive thistle species of economic importance, Carduus acanthoides and C. nutans. Only the largest and highest density array reduced wind speeds at a central focal thistle plant. The heights of capitula and surrounding vegetation also had significant effects on wind speed. When population spread rates were projected using integrodifference equations coupling previously published demography data with WALD wind dispersal models, large differences in spread rates resulted from differences in average horizontal wind speeds at capitulum height caused by conspecific density and surrounding vegetation height. This result highlights the importance of spatial structure for the calculation of accurate spread rates. The management implication is that if a manager has time to remove a limited number of thistle plants, an isolated thistle growing in low surrounding vegetation should be targeted rather than a similar sized thistle in a high density population with high surrounding vegetation, if the objective is to reduce spread rates.
Executive compensation, share repurchases and investment expenditures: econometric evidence from US firms

This paper modeled the dynamic inter-relationships between average salary, bonus, and stock options granted to top executives of 700 US firms using a merged ExecuComp and Compustat database. The effects of stock options granted and exercised on firms’ share repurchases and research and development and investment expenditures were investigated, taking into account simultaneity and distributional misspecification aspects. First, firms’ total assets, intangible assets, market-to-book value, and share repurchases were positively associated with the values of stock options granted. Second, stock options exercised in the previous year were significant predictors of share repurchases indicating that firms avoided dilution of earnings per share. Third, share repurchases and stock options granted were negatively associated with expenditures on research and development and long-term investments. Overall, the results suggest that high levels of stock options granted to executives and share repurchases are unlikely to have beneficial effects for raising future productivity.
Externality effects of small-scale hazardous waste sites: evidence from urban commercial property markets

Abstract Studies have found that severely contaminated properties, such as those on the U.S. EPA's National Priority List (NPL), reduce the value of nearby single-family homes. However, the vast majority of hazardous waste sites (HWS) are not so severely contaminated as those on the NPL. We also know little about HWS effects on other land-uses such as commercial and industrial properties, which may be of greater interest since these properties are more likely to be located near contaminated sites. Using data for Atlanta, Georgia, HWS are found to negatively affect the market value of nearby commercial and industrial properties. Although none of the HWS in this study are on the NPL, their impacts are estimated to be quite substantial in magnitude. Estimates of the total value losses caused by many of the sites are sufficiently large relative to the cost of remediation to justify tax-increment financing as a clean-up option.
Retinopathy of prematurity: improving outcomes through evidence-based practice.

This article presents an overview of retinopathy of prematurity, including pathophysiology, developmental classifications and potential prevention and treatment strategies. Readers may earn two CNE contact hours for this learning activity by completing the post-test and participant feedback form at http://JournalsCNE.awhonn.org.
The near extinction of lake trout in Lake Michigan

Abstract After the collapse of the commercial fishery for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Michigan in the late 1940's, the further decline of the population was traced by records of numbers of small lake trout (mostly 11 to 16 inches in total length and 3 to 5 years old) caught in small-mesh nets of the chub (Coregonus \[= Leucichthys\] spp.) fishery. By 1951 the estimated abundance of these lake trout in lower Lake Michigan was only about 4 percent of their abundance prior to the invasion of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). This remnant of the population declined severely in subsequent years to a point near extinction by 1955. In April-July 1955 only 8 lake trout were caught in 5 1/2 million linear feet of gill net. Statistics of the lake trout and chub fisheries in State of Michigan waters of Lake Michigan for the years 1929–1954 give no indication that the destruction of small lake trout in the chub fishery had any effect on the later abundance of lake trout of commercial size, or that t...
Families Pass Money and Opportunities Down: Adolescent Constructions of Social Class

Poverty is a prevalent issue addressed by social workers and other helping professionals. When working to engage citizens in anti-poverty efforts, it is necessary to understand how people conceptualize social class. In this qualitative study, the grounded theory method is utilized to understand how adolescents describe and define social class. Adolescents view family of origin socioeconomic status, higher education opportunities, and social mobility as key factors that shape individual socioeconomic status.
Simultaneous measurement of imipramine and desipramine by selected ion recording with deuterated internal standards

A gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method for the quantitative determination of imipramine and its N-demethylated metabolite desipramine in plasma samples at the nanogram level is reported. The method involves derivatization of the extracted drugs with trifluoroacetylimidazole, a mild derivatizing reagent. Specificity is provided by selected ion recording of the [M + H]+ ions, formed upon chemical ionization with methane as reagent gas. Quantitation is achieved by stable isotope dilution techniques, using deuterium labeled analogs, prepared by acid-catalyzed exchange, as internal standards. Data on patient samples are presented.
The Economic Design of -Charts When There is a Multiplicity of Assignable Causes

Abstract An earlier article by the author [4] studied the economic design of -charts used to maintain current control of a process when there is a single assignable cause occurring randomly, but with known effect. The present article extends the study to allow for the occurrence of several assignable causes the probability distribution of which is known. The initial model studied reveals the existence of readily acceptable (local minimum) solutions that are relatively stable with respect to model changes, including marked changes in the distribution of assignable causes. There were also found in some cases economically better solutions that would not be as readily acceptable as those offered by the local minima (e.g., the limits might fall at ± 6σ). The article argues that as extensions of the model approach reality, only the local-minimum solutions will remain. It then goes on to show that these can be well approximated by solutions of single-cause models. Thus in practice it may be sufficient to use sin...
955-60 Echocardiographic Detection of Residual Coronary Flow Abnormalities and Stenosis Severity After Coronary Reperfusion Using Intravenous Perfluoropropane-enhanced Sonicated Dextrose Albumin

The degreeof reperfusion achieved following intravenous (IV) thrombolysis is an important factor in patient prognosis, and rapid non-invasive identification of this in the management of acute myocardial infarction is essential. Recently, IV sonicated dextrose albumin (SDA) perfused with a gas of low blood solubility and diffusivity (perfluoropropane (PF)) has been capable of producing myocardial contrast following IV injection which correlates closely with coronary blood flow (CBF). We hypothesized that this agent could detect the amount of CBF following coronary reperfusion. Accordingly, we gave a standard dose (0.06 ml/kg) of IV PF-enhanced SDA (PESDA) in seven dogs at baseline, during acute ischemia produced by a 100% left circumflex (LCX) ligature, and during reperfusion (REP) but with quantitative angiographic (automated border detection) evidence of a residual stenosis (RS) varying from 19 to 90% in diameter. The background-subtracted peak myocardial videointensity (PMVI) produced by IV PESDA was measured in the LCX and left anterior descending (LAD) perfusion beds. and correlated with actual flow (CBF) using a Doppler flow cuff over the LCX and LAD, as well as RS severity by quantitative angiography (QA). Wall thickening (WT) responses were also measured as the difference in LCX perfusion bed end-diastolic and endsystolic wall thickness. The presence of infarction was documented with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The range of Doppler flows in the LCX following reperfusion was 8–50 ml/min. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.85, p l 0.001) between residual LCX CBF after REP with a RS and PMVI in the LCX perfusion bed. Failure of PMVI to return to baseline PMVI following REP was seen only in dogs who had a greater than 80% RS. The correlation between PMVI and LCX flow remained good when the RS was removed except where there was TTC evidence of infarction. There was also a correlation between RS severity by QA and LCX PMVI (r = 0.63; P = 0.002). In contrast, WT correlated poorly with LCX flow following REP (r = 0.44). These data indicate that PMVI following intravenous PESDA can detect residual coronary blood flow abnormalities following REP of a totally occluded coronary artery. This agent. therefore, could potentially be used in humans to non-invasively determine the degree of coronary blood flow achieved following reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction.
ELEMENTS OF SUPPORT FOR CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: AN EXAMINATION OF CHANGING ATTITUDES

ABSTRACT Support for capital punishment is not monolithic. Public attitudes toward the death penalty are influenced by several factors. This paper presents the results of a capital punishment attitude survey of Kentucky residents and makes comparisons to those conducted in other states. A number of factors influenced support for capital punishment, including: the nature of the homicide (degree of premeditation), the personal characteristics of the offender, and the circumstances surrounding the offense. The impact of this survey upon the Kentucky Legislature and the operation of the death penalty is discussed.
Automated identification of epidermal keratinocytes in reflectance confocal microscopy

Keratinocytes in skin epidermis, which have bright cytoplasmic contrast and dark nuclear contrast in reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), were modeled with a simple error function reflectance profile: erf( ). Forty-two example keratinocytes were identified as a training set which characterized the nuclear size a = 8.6±2.8 μm and reflectance gradient b = 3.6±2.1 μm at the nuclear/cytoplasmic boundary. These mean a and b parameters were used to create a rotationally symmetric erf( ) mask that approximated the mean keratinocyte image. A computer vision algorithm used an erf( ) mask to scan RCM images, identifying the coordinates of keratinocytes. Applying the mask to the confocal data identified the positions of keratinocytes in the epidermis. This simple model may be used to noninvasively evaluate keratinocyte populations as a quantitative morphometric diagnostic in skin cancer detection and evaluation of dermatological cosmetics.
Causal Instrument Corrections for Short‐Period and Broadband Seismometers

Online Material: Matlab codes and data example of instrument corrections. Of all the filters applied to recordings of seismic waves, which include source, path, and site effects, the one we know most precisely is the instrument filter. Therefore, it behooves seismologists to accurately remove the effect of the instrument from raw seismograms. Applying instrument corrections allows analysis of the seismogram in terms of physical units (e.g., displacement or particle velocity of the Earth’s surface) instead of the output of the instrument (e.g., digital counts). The instrument correction can be considered the most fundamental processing step in seismology since it relates the raw data to an observable quantity of interest to seismologists. Complicating matters is the fact that, in practice, the term “instrument correction” refers to more than simply the seismometer. The instrument correction compensates for the complete recording system including the seismometer, telemetry, digitizer, and any anti‐alias filters. Knowledge of all these components is necessary to perform an accurate instrument correction. The subject of instrument corrections has been covered extensively in the literature (Seidl, 1980; Scherbaum, 1996). However, the prospect of applying instrument corrections still evokes angst among many seismologists—the authors of this paper included. There may be several reasons for this. For instance, the seminal paper by Seidl (1980) exists in a journal that is not currently available in electronic format and cannot be accessed online. Also, a standard method for applying instrument corrections involves the programs TRANSFER and EVALRESP in the Seismic Analysis Code (SAC) package (Goldstein et al. , 2003). The exact mathematical methods implemented in these codes are not thoroughly described in the documentation accompanying SAC. We describe a general method for causal instrument correction that is applicable to data from a wide range of seismometers and present a set of codes for implementing the …
Palatability Affects the Percentage of Metabolizable Energy as Protein Selected by Adult Beagles

The percentage of protein that dogs voluntarily choose and the effect of palatability on the quantity selected were determined. Six beagles were offered a choice of two isoenergetic purified diets containing 0 vs. 25, 9 vs. 32, 18 vs. 32, 18 vs. 48 and 25 vs. 48% metabolizable energy from protein (MEp). To examine whether palatability modifies the choice, the dogs were offered 0 vs. 25% MEp, with the 0% protein diet containing 2.9 times more sucrose than the diet containing 25% MEp. To determine the effect of concentration of protein in the diet on dietary choice and plasma amino acid concentrations (PAA), dogs were adapted to 9% MEp, followed by a choice of diets containing 9 vs. 32% MEp. The choice was repeated after adaptation to a diet containing 32% MEp. Dogs selected diets to obtain 21-27% of the MEp (mean, 25% MEp; median, 27% MEp) when sucrose was kept at 6.4%. When the protein-free diet contained 25% sucrose, dogs selected 17% of MEp, but increased food intake to ingest about the same amount of protein per day. PAA did not correlate linearly with protein intake. Food intake and total PAA were the lowest after consumption of the 9% MEp diet. We conclude that when fed equally bland diets, dogs select food to ingest approximately 25% MEp. As a palatability enhancer, sucrose increases food intake and selection of the diet containing the higher sucrose concentration.
Telenephrology: a novel approach to improve coordinated and collaborative care for chronic kidney disease

In this special feature article, we discuss the development of collaborative care models in chronic disease management and the need for such initiatives in chronic kidney disease (CKD). We identify telemedicine as a potential key element to collaborative care in CKD. Telenephrology-as telemedicine would be referred to as it is applied in CKD-would be comprised of various technology platforms and applications, which are described here. We describe a range of scenarios in which telenephrology would facilitate collaborative care in CKD and how it would be the basis for patient-oriented research to assess improvements in outcomes in the future.
Finite Element Analysis of the Influence of Cement Viscosity on Cement Mantle in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Aseptic loosening of the tibial implant is one of the major reasons of failure in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA). The cement viscosity at the time of application to the bone influences the cement penetration and stability of the prosthesis. Four cements of different viscosities and set times were selected for analysis (Simplex-P, DePuy-2, Palacos, and Endurance). Finite element analysis was used to model cement flow and cement mantle resulting from a surgically implanted tibial plate into sawbone open cell blocks simulating tibial cancellous bone (Pacific Research, WA). Frictional stress, pressure, sliding distance, and total stress at the bone-cement-stem interface were studied at the contact interfaces, which may contribute towards construct stability. Palacos had the maximum interface pressure, sliding distance, and total stress, while DePuy-2 displayed the lowest total stress and sliding distance at interface. Simulated flow profile correlated well with the cemented constructs’ radiographic profiles.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Differential Regulation of Primary and Secondary CD8+ T Cells in the Central Nervous System

T cell accumulation and effector function following CNS infection is limited by a paucity of Ag presentation and inhibitory factors characteristic of the CNS environment. Differential susceptibilities of primary and recall CD8+ T cell responses to the inhibitory CNS environment were monitored in naive and CD8+ T cell-immune mice challenged with a neurotropic coronavirus. Accelerated virus clearance and limited spread in immunized mice was associated with a rapid and increased CNS influx of virus-specific secondary CD8+ T cells. CNS-derived secondary CD8+ T cells exhibited increased cytolytic activity and IFN-γ expression per cell compared with primary CD8+ T cells. However, both Ag-specific primary and secondary CD8+ T cells demonstrated similar contraction rates. Thus, CNS persistence of increased numbers of secondary CD8+ T cells reflected differences in the initial pool size during peak inflammation rather than enhanced survival. Unlike primary CD8+ T cells, persisting secondary CD8+ T cells retained ex vivo cytolytic activity and expressed high levels of IFN-γ following Ag stimulation. However, both primary and secondary CD8+ T cells exhibited reduced capacity to produce TNF-α, differentiating them from effector memory T cells. Activation of primary and secondary CD8+ T cells in the same host using adoptive transfers confirmed similar survival, but enhanced and prolonged effector function of secondary CD8+ T cells in the CNS. These data suggest that an instructional program intrinsic to T cell differentiation, rather than Ag load or factors in the inflamed CNS, prominently regulate CD8+ T cell function.
The Erotics of Authenticity: Sex Trafficking and "Reality Tourism" in Thailand

In this article, our ethnographic focus is a human trafficking “reality tour” of Thailand, a one-week tour of purported trafficking-related sites that the authors jointly attended. This tour was part of a growing number of trips around the world that offer alternatives to mass tourism, taking issues of social justice and humanitarian intervention as their focal orientation. As scholars with an interest in trafficking, labor exploitation, and sex workers’ rights, we chose to take not human trafficking itself, but rather the “reality tour” that claimed to represent it as our ethnographic object, to critically interrogate the reality of the “realities of the global trade in humans” that it endeavored to convey. What do commercially packaged “anti-trafficking” tours reveal about global panics around sexuality and sex work, as well as about the politics of tourism and development in Thailand? Transnationally, how does the notion of “NGOs as experts” interact with local expertise around trafficking, labor, and sex workers’ rights? And how do moral and political economies of authenticity circulate in the “reality tourist” experience? We situate our interrogation of these issues within the expanding literatures on tourism and authenticity as well as the critical literatures on sex tourism and sex trafficking, two terrains of scholarship that have infrequently been juxtaposed. Upon entering the international arrival terminal at Bangkok’s Suvarnabhumi airport, travelers are greeted by a barrage of placards and eager local guides holding signs for Thailand’s largest hotels, resorts, and an array of private tour companies that operate in Southeast Asia’s principal leisure hub. Amidst the numerous sturdy, professionally designed posters appear a modest plain white sheet of 8.5 11 paper with the words “Global Justice Projects” typed in black font. This is a small sign that is easy to miss for a tour whose
Two Antennas for Differential Mesoband Operation

The use of differential high-power sources gives another degree of freedom to antenna design, including two-element arrays. Symmetry considerations are discussed in the context of helical antennas for circular and linear polarizations.
IN) VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION A Multilevel Analysis of Gender Segregation in Voluntary Organizations

Using a unique data set, the author investigates gender segregation in voluntary organizations. Results indicate that (1) women are more likely than men to belong to gender-segregated groups and (2) women's groups primarily restrict members to contact with persons of the same age, education, and marital and work status. The article ends with a discussion of how segregated voluntary associations help perpetuate a social world that is substantially ordered by gender.
Formation and characterization of microcapsules by complex coacervation with liquid or solid aroma cores

The process parameters typically reported in the literature for the encapsulation of aroma compounds via coacervation are reviewed and their effects on capsule formation discussed. We then report on our approach to produce coacervates [liquid (limonene or medium chain triglycerides) or solid core (menthol)] using gum acacia/gelatin as wall materials. Manufacturing parameters were optimized to allow the production of consistent batches of coacervate microcapsules. Capsules were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde and freeze-dried. Coacervates were characterized for their structure and shape, size distribution, flavour load and water uptake rate. In addition, a brief storage study compared the ability of coacervate capsules and spray-dried capsules (using modified starch as carrier material) to protect limonene from oxidation. No detectable increase in limonene oxide could be detected in capsules made by coacervation over 25 days in storage at 45 °C, whereas a significant increase in limonene oxide was detected in spray-dried powder over the same period. Encapsulation by coacervation (as described in this paper) appears to be an effective technique for encapsulating aroma compounds and provides a good barrier against oxidation of sensitive material. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weak graph colorings: distributed algorithms and applications

We study deterministic, distributed algorithms for two weak variants of the standard graph coloring problem. We consider defective colorings, i.e., colorings where nodes of a color class may induce a graph of maximum degree d for some parameter d>0. We also look at colorings where a minimum number of multi-chromatic edges is required. For an integer k>0, we call a coloring k-partially proper if every node v has at least min{k,deg(v)} neighbors with a different color. We show that for all d∈{1,...,Δ}, it is possible to compute a O(Δ2/d2)-coloring with defect d in time O(log*n) where Δ is the largest degree of the network graph. Similarly, for all k∈{1,...,Δ}, a k-partially proper O(k2)-coloring can be computed in O(log*n) rounds.As an application of our weak defective coloring algorithm, we obtain a faster deterministic algorithm for the standard vertex coloring problem on graphs with moderate degrees. We show that in time O(Δ+log*n), a (Δ+1)-coloring can be computed, a task for which the best previous algorithm required time O(Δ*log(Δ) + log*n). The same result holds for the problem of computing a maximal independent set.
Hereditary and Familial Colon Cancer

Between 2% to 5% of all colon cancers arise in the setting of well-defined inherited syndromes, including Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, MUTYH-associated polyposis, and certain hamartomatous polyposis conditions. Each is associated with a high risk of colon cancer. In addition to the syndromes, up to one-third of colon cancers exhibit increased familial risk, likely related to inheritance. A number of less penetrant, but possibly more frequent susceptibility genes have been identified for this level of inheritance. Clarification of predisposing genes allows for accurate risk assessment and more precise screening approaches. This review examines the colon cancer syndromes, their genetics and management, and also the common familial colon cancers with current genetic advances and screening guidelines.
In vitro effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on isolated rat atria

In vitro treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), but not with oxidized 6-hydroxydopamine, caused transient, positive inotropic and chronotropic responses in the isolated rat atria. In the presence of rat blood plasma, the excitatory effect of 6-hydroxydopamine persisted unless the drug was washed out by fresh medium. 6-Hydroxydopamine failed to elicit the excitative response in the atria obtained from reserpinized rats or rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine in vivo. In vitro treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine did not cause the development of supersensitivity to noradrenaline. Cocaine and desipramine, but not bretylium, inhibited the excitative action of 6-hydroxydopamine. No tachyphylaxis developed after repeated exposure to 6-hydroxydopamine in vitro. Propranolol, but not phentolamine, blocked the excitatory effect of 6-hydroxydopamine. It is thus concluded that in vitro treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine may cause atrial stimulation by an indirect action involving the release of catecholamines as a result of its displacement at the nerve ending.
Numerical simulation of time-dependent thermocapillary convection in layered fluid systems

We consider steady and time-dependent thermocapillary convection in encapsulated layers of moderate Prandtl number fluids. Assuming flat free surfaces and fluid/fluid interfaces, the two-dimensional, time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations and the energy equation are integrated by a time-accurate method on a stretched, staggered mesh. Particular attention is focused on the nature of time dependence in water encapsulation of Fluorinert FC-75 and in ethylene glycol encapsulated by FC-75 and hexadecane. We show that similar mechanisms for time-dependent thermocapillary convection exist for single-layer and multiple-layer fluid systems, and that shear effects at a thermocapillary interface can reduce convection in an encapsulated fluid layer. Based on our estimates for the thermal coefficients of interface tension, an apparent benefit of fluid encapsulation is to lessen the tendency toward time dependence. Nomenclature AR = aspect ratio Cp = specific heat at constant pressure k = thermal conductivity Lx, Ly = x and y dimensions of the cavity Ma = Marangoni number, crTATLx/iJLK Nu(x) = Nusselt number, Eq. (14) Pr = Prandtl number, V!K p =
Effect of Bundle Size on Cladding Deformation in LOCA Simulation Tests

Two loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) simulation tests were conducted to investigate the effects of temperature uniformity and radial restraint boundary conditions on Zircaloy cladding deformation with a very low flow of superheated steam. In one test (B-5), boundary conditions typical of a large array were imposed on an inner 4-by-4 square array by two concentric rings of interacting guard fuel pin simulators. In the other test (B-3), the boundary conditions were imposed on a 4-by-4 square array by a noninteracting heated shroud. Test parameters conducive to large deformation were selected to favor rod-to-rod interactions. The tests showed that rod-to-rod interactions play an important role in the deformation process. While burst temperatures and burst strains were not affected appreciably, the interactions in the large array significantly influenced the deformation patterns and caused greater volumetric expansion of the interior simulators. Volumetric expansion of the simulators in the small array was significantly less than that for the central array of the large test; burst strains were approximately the same. Burst temperature-pressure data for the small array and for the outer ring of simulators in the large array agreed with predictions based on single-rod heated shroud tests. All the B-5 simulators burst at approximately themore » same temperature; however, the interior simulators burst generally at much lower pressures than the exterior ones, and their performance did not agree as well with the prediction. It was concluded that, for conditions conducive to large deformation, at least two concentric rings of deforming guard simulators are necessary to model radial temperature and mechanical boundary effects of large arrays in LOCA simulation tests and that flow area restriction may be underestimated by small unconstrained bundle tests.« less
A 55-GHz power-efficient frequency quadrupler with high harmonic rejection in 0.1-µm SiGe BiCMOS technology

This paper presents a V-band frequency quadrupler in 0.1-µm SiGe BiCMOS technology with 3-dB bandwidth from 44.8 to 57.2 GHz. The circuit employs cascode stacks comprising in-phase class-C common-emitter and anti-phase class-AB cascode devices to obtain current pulses at ×4 frequency. Four such cascodes driven with differential and tunable quadrature increase the 4th harmonic output power while suppressing all other harmonics 22 dB or more. Measurements show >7.4-dBm 4th harmonic output power, and >5.2% power efficiency for the core of the multiplier.
Mises, Rand and the 20th Century

The two most ardent critics of collectivism in the 20th century were arguably Ludwig von Mises and Ayn Rand. Mises was a hard-nosed economist and political economist; Rand was a hard hitting novelist and philosopher. Mises attacked the economic and political workings of collectivism; Rand attacked the morality and aesthetics of collectivism. This essay discusses the relationship between these two modes of argumentation, what I will term the “head” and the “heart” arguments and why the “head” must be used to temper the “heart”. Both Mises and Rand emphasized the primacy of private property in their defense of individualism. Whereas Mises was using the “head” argument to emphasize the role of private property as the necessary institutional framework for rational economic calculation, Rand appealed to the “heart,” emphasizing the role of private property in securing the conditions necessary for the operation of human reason. I then discuss why a “heart” tempered by the “head” is still nevertheless a beating “heart”. The essay addresses the relevance of the relationship between technical economics and social philosophy and explains why the abysmal failure of collectivism should be seen not as a weakness of humanity, but as a failure of the ideal.
Pushing Boundaries: Mobility at the Warsaw Autumn International Festival of Contemporary Music

This article examines how the Warsaw Autumn International Festival of Contemporary Music facilitated mobility across socialist borders in the 1960s. The Warsaw Autumn was one of the most important ...
Quaternary alloys InxAlyGa1-x-yAs grown on GaAs with a compositionally-step-graded buffer.

Fundamental bandgaps and Schottky barrier heights of strain-relaxed quaternary InxAlyGa1-x-yAs alloys with 0 < x < 0.35 and 0 < y < 0.30 were studied. The alloys were grown on GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The lattice mismatch (up to 2.5%) and mismatch strain were accommodated by a compositionally-step-graded buffer. A residual compressive strain of less than 0.5% was determined by x-ray diffraction. Measured Schottky barrier heights v.s. bandgap deviate from the values predicted by the “common-anion” rule. This behavior is attributed to the compositional inhomogeneities and chemical reactivity of the air-exposed InAlGaAs surfaces.
Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights

Health outcomes in all countries are intrinsically linked to sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR). Unfortunately, despite increased international and national commitments towards SRHR, many women and girls still lack access to essential sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services, particularly in low-to-middle-income countries (L-MICs). Situating SRHR within the right to health, this chapter explores what SRHR are, how the commitment to SRHR has evolved over time, and what the role of the state is in realising SRHR. In addition, I explore why, despite progress made, many women’s and girls’ SRH needs are still not being met, and how the future SRHR agenda is developing, including what is needed at the country level to ensure that SRHR are fully realised.
Examining the Use of Colored Overlays with Field Dependent, Reading Disabled Children

A portraiture study was conducted with four children enrolled in various grades of a rural Virginia elementary school. Purposeful sampling was used as a selection tool, and all students were participants of the Title I program, unsuccessfully discontinued from the Reading Recovery program, and tested as field dependent (a cognitive characteristic) using the Children’s Embedded Figures Test. Outcomes of this study focus on the process of using colored overlays with these participants, their self-efficacy about using the tool, how the faculty perceives this tool, and additional implications with regard to field dependence and colored overlays within the classroom.