cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Breast Cancer Stem Cells: Responsible for Therapeutic Resistance and Relapse?

Since the “war on cancer” was waged more than 30 years ago, the fact remains that the metastatic breast cancer is still incurable and patients will ultimately die from this disease [1]. American Cancer Society has estimated that in the year 2012, there will be about 229,060 new cases of breast cancer and an estimated 39,920 new deaths caused by breast cancer in the United States alone [2]. Majority of breast cancer-related deaths are primarily due to metastatic disease which display poor prognosis with an estimated 5-year survival of ~20 %. Furthermore, therapeutic resistance and relapse are strongly associated with metastatic disease in breast cancer patients [1]. Despite the fact that the heterogeneity of tumor cells had been widely acknowledged, it has not been validated until the 1990s due to lack of markers and techniques. D. Bonnet and J. Dick were the first to describe the hierarchical organization of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the existence of cancer stem cells (CSC). This was quickly followed by the identification of CSCs from number of malignancies enabling us to better characterize these cells in mouse models and preclinical settings. These ongoing functional studies suggested that CSCs may explain the failure to treat advance metastatic tumors. Thus the “seed and soil” hypothesis proposed by Stephen Paget more than 120 years ago may re-framed in a modern context explaining the ability of subset of tumor cells “seed” or “CSCs” to disseminate and metastasize to secondary organs where nutrient-rich microenvironment “soil” stimulates the secondary tumor growth by enhancing CSC self-renewal.
Methanol and Carbon Monoxide Metabolism of Butyri-Bacterium Methylotrophicum the Marburg Strain

Growth of B. methylotrophiewn on methanol (100mM)/acetate (50mM) required CO2 and exhibited: a chemical transformation stoichiometry of 10 methanol + 2CO2 → 3 butyrate: a cell yield of 7.8 g/mol methanol; and, a growth rate of 0.067 h-1. Cultures adapted to grow on methanol with a CO atmosphere (100%) displayed: a 3-fold increase in growth yield; increased growth rate; no requirement for CO2; and, production of acetate in lieu of butyrate. The maximum rate of CO oxidation displayed by cultures during mixotrophic growth on methanol/CO and 140 mmol/min/mg dry wt. B. methlotrophicum was adapted to grow in batch culture with a 100% CO atmosphere as the sole energy source. Fermentation parameters for growth on CO were: a chemical transformation stoichiometry of 4CO → 2.2 CO2 + 0.6 acetate; a growth yield of 2.9 g/mol CO; a final P.D.666 of 0.8; and, a maximal CO-oxidation rate of 260 nmol/min/mg dry wt. B-methylotrophicum grew on a variety of substrates in the presence of one atmosphere CO. Under these conditions, >.9 atmospheres of CO were consumed during growth on H2/CO2 or methanol, while <0.4 and <0.2 atmospheres were consumed during growth H2/CO2/CO increased greater than two-fold over that observed in the absence of CO.
Morphisms of Varieties and Dimension

This chapter is concerned mainly with the dimension-theoretical analysis of morphisms between varieties. This involves substantially more commutative algebra than has been used up to now. Thus, Section 1 establishes Noether’s Normalization Theorem, which is used for reducing some of the required ideal theoretical considerations to the situation of an ordinary polynomial algebra. The remaining results of Section 1 concern the connections between the dimensions of irreducible closed subvarieties of irreducible affine varieties and the generation of their annihilating ideals.
Deferoxamine can prevent pressure ulcers and accelerate healing in aged mice

Chronic wounds are a significant medical and economic problem worldwide. Individuals over the age of 65 are particularly vulnerable to pressure ulcers and impaired wound healing. With this demographic growing rapidly, there is a need for effective treatments. We have previously demonstrated that defective hypoxia signaling through destabilization of the master hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) underlies impairments in both aging and diabetic wound healing. To stabilize HIF-1α, we developed a transdermal delivery system of the Food and Drug Administration-approved small molecule deferoxamine (DFO) and found that transdermal DFO could both prevent and treat ulcers in diabetic mice. Here, we demonstrate that transdermal DFO can similarly prevent pressure ulcers and normalize aged wound healing. Enhanced wound healing by DFO is brought about by stabilization of HIF-1α and improvements in neovascularization. Transdermal DFO can be rapidly translated into the clinic and may represent a new approach to prevent and treat pressure ulcers in aged patients.
Abstract A060: Targeting glioma-macrophage interplay via LOX in PTEN-deficient glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal form of brain cancer in adults. The median survival of GBM patients is only about one year after initial diagnosis. Genomic profiling has stratified GBM into various subgroups, which are driven by specific genetic alternations of core signaling pathways, including RTK/RAS/PI3K/PTEN, P53/ARF/MDM2 and RB/CDKN2A pathways. However, targeted therapies, such as therapy against EGFR, have failed in the clinic, and no effective therapeutic drugs are available to target tumor suppressors. A key reason for therapeutic failure is inter- and intra-tumoral cancer cell genetic instability and heterogeneity, resulting in aberrant activation of multiple signaling pathways within and across tumors. Stromal/immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are genetically stable, which not only play a pivotal role in GBM progression by affecting multiple cancer hallmarks, but can also be educated by cancer cells. However, whether and how the behavior and function of specific stromal/immune cells in the TME are regulated by cancer cell with specific genetic alterations in GBM remain relatively undefined. Utilizing a large scale of bioinformatic analysis in TCGA GBM patients, we revealed that genetic alteration (deletion/mutation) of PTEN in GBM patients specifically triggers immune response by promoting macrophage recruitment, without affecting macroglia and other immune cells. Using unbiased transcriptome profiling following functional validation, we identified that lysyl oxidase (LOX) is preferentially secreted by PTEN-deficient cancer cells. In vitro transwell migration assay and in vivo Matrigel Plug assay demonstrated that LOX is a potent macrophage chemoattractant. Transcriptome profiling following Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and functional validation demonstrated that activation of SRC and AKT signaling pathways drives LOX upregulation in PTEN-deficient cancer cells. Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of LOX in PTEN-deficient cancer cells does not affect tumor cell proliferation in vitro, but markedly inhibits macrophage density and tumor growth in vivo. Using the bioinformatics analysis in clinical GBM samples, we demonstrated that LOX is enriched in GBM patients with higher macrophage density, and that these patients show lower survival. Together, our findings highlight the significance of PTEN-LOX axis in macrophage infiltration in GBM, and demonstrate a possibility of improving GBM treatment by targeting this axis-mediated macrophage recruitment. Citation Format: Peiwen Chen, Alan Wang, Ronald DePinho. Targeting glioma-macrophage interplay via LOX in PTEN-deficient glioblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A060.
An iliac-appendiceal fistula causing gastrointestinal bleeding

Abstract Aortoenteric fistulas are an uncommon cause of gastrointestinal bleeding, and iliac-appendiceal fistulas are an even rarer cause. We describe a case of an iliac-appendiceal fistula in a patient who presented several months after aortic reconstruction with gastrointestinal bleeding. An extensive workup revealed that the source of bleeding was localized to the appendiceal orifice. The patient underwent an appendectomy with a two-stage procedure involving the iliac graft for definitive repair and ultimately recovered well. Despite the rarity of aortoenteric and iliac-appendiceal fistulas causing gastrointestinal bleeding, keeping a high index of suspicion in patients with a prior vascular repair can prevent death.
Multiple pathways to multilingual investment: a collective case study of self-identified Mexican students in the U.S

ABSTRACTThe children of (im)migrants are the fastest growing population in U.S. schools at the same time there is increased anti-(im)migrant discourse, creating a unique linguistic ecology for its ...
Management of hepatitis B in the era of checkpoint inhibition.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major global health concern, affecting more than 350 million people worldwide. Its management in the setting of cancer treatment can be problematic, particularly with the use of immunological treatment modalities, but also with chemotherapy. Immunological perturbations by chemo or immunotherapy have the potential to permit viral hepatitis reactivation and acute hepatic failure. HBV management algorithms have evolved, based on host tumor factors, viral serological factors, and the specific antitumor agents planned. As new agents enter the antitumor armamentarium, their impact on HBV infection needs to be defined. Zhang et al provide data on the utility of antiviral therapy in the management of HBV antigen positive patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) in preventing hepatitis reactivation, and offers guidance for such management in endemic areas, suggesting that prophylaxis is highly effective in preventing reactivation. This is pertinent to Western cancer therapy also, as a recent study has documented the silent existence of positive hepatitis antigenemia among newly diagnosed cancer patients. Whereas antigen and viral DNA screening is standard of care in Asia and Western Pacific oncology practice, evaluation for latent hepatitis may become a necessary part of management worldwide as CPIs continue to expand their role.
Machine Learning-Aided Computational Study of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Sour Gas Sweetening

Nanoporous materials, such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), have shown great potential as adsorbents for separations in a wide variety of energy- or environment-related applications. One promisi...
Complete Genome Sequence of Desulfobulbus oligotrophicus Prop6, an Anaerobic Deltabacterota Strain That Lacks Mercury Methylation Capability.

ABSTRACT Desulfobulbus oligotrophicus Prop6 is a sulfate-reducing, propionate-oxidizing Deltabacterota (formerly Deltaproteobacteria) strain from sewage sludge. Desulfobulbus species are found in anoxic environments, in animal microbiota, and some produce the neurotoxin methylmercury. The 3.1-Mbp D. oligotrophicus genome sequence enables studies of diverse environmental adaptations and the evolutionary genomics of mercury methylation mechanisms.
Specific regulation of intracellular Ca:+ pump expression by cytochrome P-450 metabolites of arachidonic acid

Inhibition of the intracellular Ca2l-ATPase by thapsigargin causes the inositol 1,4,5trisphosphate (InsP3)-sensitive Ca2 pools of DDTiMF-2 smooth muscle cells to empty. Pool emptying causes cells to cease division and enter a stable, quiescent Go-like state. Although thapsigargin blocks pumps essentially irreversibly, high serum treatment of these pool-depleted quiescent cells induces synthesis of new Ca2+ pump protein, refilling of InsPs-sensitive Ca2 pools, and re-entry of cells into the cell cycle. Here we reveal th£ this activity is mediated by specific lipid metabolites, namely eicosanoids. The essential fatty acids linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid (AA) each induced recovery of Ca pools and re-entry of cells into the cell cycle. Each essential fatty acid induced recovery with an EC of 5 nM; the action of each was dependent on protein synthesis. All non-essential fatty acids and growth factors tested did not promote recovery. As each essential fatty acid can serve as a precursor to eicosanoids, each synthetic pathway was investigated for a possible role in the recovery process. Inhibitors of the prostanoid and lipoxygenase metabolism pathways had no effect on essential fatty acid-induced Ca2pool or growth recovery. However, the cytochrome P-450 inhibitors SKF-525A, metyrapone, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid each prevented the action of AA. Importantly, treatment of quiescent cells with either of 8,9- or 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET), two of the primary four regiospecific cytochrome P-450 metabolites of arachidonic acid, also induced recovery. However, the other regiospecific EETs and the dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid metabolites of the functional EETs were unable to induce recovery. Evidence suggests that these EETs do not work via the action of protein kinase C or cyclic nucleotides. These results are important in understanding the role of cytochrome P-450 derived eicosanoids in the regulation of the expression of intracellular Ca2 pumps and hence in the regulation of cellular function. (Supported by NIH grant HL55426 and NSF grant MCB9307746.).
A Case for Theory Development About Backward Transfer

In this chapter, I make a case for why the field of mathematics education is in need of theory development about a particular aspect of the transfer of learning called backward transfer. I begin the chapter by explaining my conceptualization of backward transfer and providing an illustrative example. Then, I present a three-part case. First, I provide an argument for why the field needs more theory development generally, and why this especially applies to theory about backward transfer. Second, I present the current state of research and theory about backward transfer in the context of mathematics education and related fields. Finally, I outline five aspects of theory about backward transfer in the context of mathematics education for which there is a pressing need for development.
Iliocaval reconstruction of chronically thrombosed cylindrical inferior vena cava filters with balloon expandable covered stent-grafts.

Abstract The use of a Viabahn VBX endoprosthesis (W. L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, Ariz) to exclude chronically thrombosed inferior vena cava (IVC) filters refractory to exclusion with self-expanding stents was evaluated. The mean duration of TrapEase IVC (Cordis, Milpitas, Calif) implantation was 7.6 years (range, 2-11 years). Symptoms included leg pain, edema, color changes, and back pain. The mean Villalta score and venous clinical severity score were 17 (range, 13-23) and 13 (range, 11-15), respectively. Indirect ultrasound evidence of stent patency was demonstrated at a mean of 8 months after intervention. The mean Villalta score and venous clinical severity score had decreased by 13 and 10, respectively, at a mean of 9.5 months after intervention. Iliocaval reconstruction with Viabahn VBX balloon expandable stent-graft exclusion of chronically thrombosed TrapEase IVC filters is safe, with favorable short-term results.
Association between patients' body mass index and emergency department wait times: A multicenter observational cohort investigation by the reducing disparities increasing equity in emergency medicine (REDEEM) study group.

Abstract Objective Numerous studies have demonstrated evidence of obesity bias in healthcare settings, however, little is known about obesity bias in the Emergency Department (ED). The objective of this study was to investigate obesity bias in an ED setting by assessing the association between body mass index (BMI) and door-to-room (DTR) or door-to-provider (DTP) times among ED patients. Methods We conducted an observational cohort study of all adult patient (age ≥ 18 years of age) visits to 21 Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Health System EDs between November 1, 2018 and March 31, 2020. We compared DTR and DTP times based on BMI category. Results We found that median DTR and DTP times for adults with class 3 obesity are significantly shorter than patients in the normal weight category. For men with class 3 obesity, median DTR and DTP times were 7.5% and 5.4% shorter than men in the normal weight category. Relative to women in the normal weight category, the median DTR and DTP times were 4.6% and 3.8% faster for women in obesity class 1, 4.9% and 5.1% faster for women in obesity class 2, and DTR was 4.4% faster for women in obesity class 3. These percentage differences translated to slightly shorter wait times of 0.4–1.2 min compared to median wait times for patients with normal BMI. Conclusion We did not find evidence of longer wait times experienced by people with obesity. Rather, patients with obesity often experienced wait times that were shorter than patients of normal weight.
The Mutational Dynamics of Short Tandem Repeats in Large, Multigenerational Families

Short tandem repeats (STRs) are tandemly repeated sequences of 1-6 bp motifs. STRs compose approximately 3% of the genome, and mutations at STR loci have been linked to dozens of human diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedreich ataxia, Huntington disease, and fragile X syndrome. Improving our understanding of these mutations would increase our knowledge of the mutational dynamics of the genome and may uncover additional loci that contribute to disease. Here, to estimate the genome-wide pattern of mutations at STR loci, we analyzed blood-derived whole-genome sequencing data for 544 individuals from 29 three-generation CEPH pedigrees. These pedigrees contain both sets of grandparents, the parents, and an average of 9 grandchildren per family. Using HipSTR we identified de novo STR mutations in the 2nd generation of these pedigrees. Analyzing ~1.6 million STR loci, we estimate the empircal de novo STR mutation rate to be 5.24*10-5 mutations per locus per generation. We find that perfect repeats mutate ~2x more often than imperfect repeats. De novo STRs are significantly enriched in Alu elements (p < 2.2e-16). Approximately 30% of STR mutations occur within Alu elements, which compose only ~11% of the genome, and ~10% are found in LINE-1 insertions, which compose ~17% of the genome. Phasing these de novo mutations to the parent of origin shows that parental transmission biases vary among families. We estimate the average number of de novo genome-wide STR mutations per individual to be ~85, which is similar to the average number of observed de novo single nucleotide variants.
Mars Orbiter Camera climatology of textured dust storms

Abstract We report the climatology of “textured dust storms”, those dust storms that have visible structure on their cloud tops that are indicative of active dust lifting, as observed in Mars Daily Global Maps produced from Mars Orbiter Camera wide-angle images. Textured dust storms predominantly occur in the equinox seasons while both solstice periods experience a planet-wide “pause” in textured dust storm activity. These pauses correspond to concurrent decreases in global atmospheric dust opacity. Textured dust storms most frequently occur in Acidalia Planitia, Chryse Planitia, Arcadia Planitia, and Hellas basin. To examine the nature of the link between textured dust storms and atmospheric dust opacity, we compare the textured dust storm climatology with a record of atmospheric dust opacity and find a peak global correlation coefficient of approximately 0.5 with a lag of 20–40° in solar longitude in the opacity compared to the solar climatology. This implies that textured dust storms observed at 1400 local time by MOC are responsible for a large fraction of atmospheric dust opacity and that other mechanisms (e.g., dust devil lifting or storm-scale lifting not observed in this study) may supply a comparable amount of dust.
Combinatorial properties of Thompson’s group

We study some combinatorial consequences of Blake Fordham's theorems on the word metric of Thompson's group F in the standard two generator presentation. We explore connections between the tree pair diagram representing an element w of F, its normal form in the infinite presentation, its word length, and minimal length representatives of it. We estimate word length in terms of the number and type of carets in the tree pair diagram and show sharpness of those estimates. In addition we explore some properties of the Cayley graph of F with respect to the two generator finite presentation. Namely, we exhibit the form of dead end elements in this Cayley graph, and show that it has no deep pockets. Finally, we discuss a simple method for constructing minimal length representatives for strictly positive or negative words.
Learning‐dependent dynamics of beta‐frequency oscillations in the basal forebrain of rats

Cholinergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic projection neurons of the basal forebrain (BF) innervate widespread regions of the neocortex and are thought to modulate learning and attentional processes. Although it is known that neuronal cell types in the BF exhibit oscillatory firing patterns, whether the BF as a whole shows oscillatory field potential activity, and whether such neuronal patterns relate to components of cognitive tasks, has yet to be determined. To this end, local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded from the BF of rats performing an associative learning task wherein neutral objects were paired with differently valued reinforcers (pellets). Over time, rats developed preferences for the different objects based on pellet-value, indicating that the pairings had been well learned. LFPs from all rats revealed robust, short-lived bursts of beta-frequency oscillations (∼25 Hz) around the time of object encounter. Beta-frequency LFP events were found to be learning-dependent, with beta-frequency peak amplitudes significantly greater on the first day of the task when object-reinforcement pairings were novel than on the last day when pairings were well learned. The findings indicate that oscillatory bursting field potential activity occurs in the BF in freely behaving animals. Furthermore, the temporal distribution of these bursts suggests that they are probably relevant to associative learning.
Patronage Refunds, Producer Expectations and Optimal Pricing by Agricultural Cooperatives

This paper presents a dynamic model of a processing cooperative in which patronage refunds are taken into consideration by producers in making marketing decisions and by the cooperative in establishing pricing strategies. An adaptive expectations framework is used to represent the formation of producer expectations of patronage refunds. The model suggests that cooperatives can successfully distribute earnings to producers as patronage refunds while using prices as instruments for achieving and maintaining optimal output levels. This result challenges conventional ideas about cooperative market behavior and implies that public support for cooperatives should be based on empirical analysis rather than theoretical arguments alone.
DIMETHYLTHETIN AND DIMETHYL-β-PROPIOTHETIN IN METHIONINE SYNTHESIS

In a previous communication it was shown that choline and betaine are effective in promoting methionine synthesis from homocysteine in tissue homogenates (1). Data presented in this paper indicate that dimethylthetin, (CH3)2+SCH2COO-, which has been shown by Welch (2) to be lipotropic and has been reported by du Vigneaud (3) to promote growth on a methionine-free, homocysteine-containing diet, is 20 times as active as betaine in methionine formation. Dimethyl-β-propiothetin, (CH3)2+S(CH2)2COO-, recently isolated from Polysiphonia fastigiata by Challenger and Simpson (4) is also highly active. The enzyme for this transmethylation is found in the liver and kidney of all animals tested. Its high activity and general distribution suggest its biological importance in methionine synthesis.
Bounded Influence Regression in the Presence of Heteroskedasticity of Unknown Form

In a regression model with conditional heteroskedasticity of unknown form, we propose a general class of M-estimators scaled by nonparametric estimates of the conditional standard deviations of the dependent variable. We give regularity conditions under which these estimators are asymptotically equivalent to M-estimators scaled by the true conditional standard deviations. The practical performance of these estimators is investigated through a Monte Carlo experiment.
Training for Changing Managerial Role Behaviour: Experience in a Developing Country.

Discusses a comprehensive programme for changing the role behaviour of a managerial cadre, steeped in traditional hierarchical norms, for greater effectiveness within a new organizational design. A significant component of the change programme was to educate the managers in role‐related concepts as a means of self‐appreciation of appropriate role behaviour. Relates the key aspects of the experience of changing the role behaviours of various types of managers against the distinctive backdrop of strategic transformation of a large banking organization in a developing country. The principal objective of the transformation was to re‐build the bank so it could successfully carry out an ambitious expansion of its branch network and business. The revamped organizational design demanded a new managerial outlook and new administrative practices. The article deals with the design of the training programme and the experience with it in the context of implementing the organizational transformation.
The Impact of Virgin Coconut and Safflower Oils on Lipids and Cytokines in Postmenopausal Women

12 women (58.8+3.7 yr, 26.4+4.6 kg/m2) were recruited for a randomized cross-over study. They consumed 30g virgin coconut oil (CO) or high-oleic safflower oil (SO) for 28 days (28-d washout period between oils, 28 d of food records). Diet was not altered. A lipid panel and cytokines (proinflammatory: IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α & anti-inflammatory: IL10) were obtained pre/post each oil intervention after 12-hr fast. Data were analyzed using SPSS. MIXED ANOVA showed no intervention effect. Comparisons were analyzed using paired t-test. Results showed CO significantly raised total cholesterol, TC (+17.0+22.0 mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein, LDL (+12.1+16.0 mg/dL) & high-density lipoprotein, HDL (+6.3+7.1 mg/dL) (all p<0.05) but lowered triglycerides, TG (-8.6+32.1 mg/dL, p=NS). SO lowered TC (-5.2+15.7 mg/dL), LDL (-4.9 + 12.5 mg/dL), HDL (-1.9+5.3 mg/dL), and increased TG (+8.0+48.4) but changes were not significant. TC and HDL were significantly different between test oils, p<0.05. The TC/HDL ratio change show...
From Immunity and Vaccines to Mammalian Regeneration

Our current understanding of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mediated antigen presentation in self and nonself immune recognition was derived from immunological studies of autoimmunity and virus-host interactions, respectively. The trimolecular complex of the MHC molecule, antigen, and T-cell receptor accounts for the phenomena of immunodominance and MHC degeneracy in both types of responses and constrains vaccine development. Out of such considerations, we developed a simple peptide vaccine construct that obviates immunodominance, resulting in a broadly protective T-cell response in the absence of antibody. In the course of autoimmunity studies, we identified the MRL mouse strain as a mammalian model of amphibian-like regeneration. A significant level of DNA damage in the cells from this mouse pointed to the role of the cell cycle checkpoint gene CDKN1a, or p21(cip1/waf1). The MRL mouse has highly reduced levels of this molecule, and a genetic knockout of this single gene in otherwise nonregenerating strains led to an MRL-type regenerative response, indicating that the ability to regenerate has not been lost during evolution.
Analysis: Economic Impacts of Wind Applications in Rural Communities; June 18, 2004 -- January 31, 2005

The purpose of this report is to compile completed studies on the economic impact of wind farms in rural communities and then to compare these studies. By summarizing the studies in an Excel spreadsheet, the raw data from a study is easily compared with the data from other studies. In this way, graphs can be made and conclusions drawn. Additionally, the creation of a database in which economic impact studies are summarized allows a greater understanding of the type of information gathered in an economic impact study, the type of information that is most helpful in using these studies to promote wind energy development in rural communities, and the limitations on collecting data for these studies.
Hydroformylation of 1-hexene with Pt(P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3)2Cl2 and its tin chloride analogue on a controlled-pore glass

The compound, bis(trisulfonated triphenylphosphine)platinum dichloride, is supported on a controlled-pore glass to yield an immobilized olefin hydroformylation catalyst. The immobilized complex reacts with excess SnCl2 to yield, in situ, Pt(TPPTS)2Cl(SnCl3), TPPTS = trisulfonated triphenylphosphine. Normal to branch ratios of up to 11.5 are obtained for the hydroformylation of 1-hexene at 100 °C and 1000 psig. The glass-supported catalysts did not show evidence of platinum leaching under batch conditions.
Monitoring the reaction progress of a high-performance phenylethynyl-terminated poly(etherlmide). Part II: Advancement of glass transition temperature

The cure schedule for carbon fiber-reinforced, phenylethynyl-terminated Ultem (GE Plastics) composites was studied in an attempt to optimize the resultant glass transition temperature, T g . Reaction progress and possible matrix degradation were monitored via the T g . On the basis of previous research, matrix degradation induced T g reduction was expected for increases in cure time or temperature beyond approximately 70 minutes at 350°C. Using the central composite design (CCD) of experiment technique, composite panels, neat resin, and polymer powder-coated tow (towpreg) were cured following various cure schedules to allow for the measurement of the glass transition temperatures resulting from cure time and temperature variations. The towpreg and neat resin specimens were cured in a differential scanning calorimeter. The glass transition temperatures of all specimens were measured via differential scanning calorimetry; the composite glass transition temperatures were also measured with dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The composite panels and towpreg specimens showed similar trends in T g response to cure schedule variations. Composite and towpreg glass transition temperatures increased to a plateau with increasing cure time and temperature, whereas, the neat resin showed an optimal T g followed by T g reduction with increasing cure time and temperature. The optimal neat resin T g occurred within a cure time and temperature significantly below that required to maximize the composite and towpreg glass transition temperatures.
Citrobacter koseri osteomyelitis in an infant

A 3-week-old infant developed left shoulder swelling and was found to have septic arthritis and osteomyelitis of the humerus caused by Citrobacter koseri (formerly C. diversus). Citrobacter species are Gram-negative rods that are best known for their propensity to cause neonatal meningitis, ventriculitis and concomitant brain abscess. Non-central nervous system infections are rare. The present case illustrates that neonatal osteomyelitis caused by unusual organisms can present to pediatricians in an inner-city setting, and can respond favorably to surgical and medical management.
Obtaining Particle Velocity And Displacement Distributions From Double-Exposure Holograms Using Optical And Digital Processing

A double-exposure far-field hologram contains particle displacement and velocity information for all particles within a given sample volume. The optical Fourier transform of such a hologram contains a set of fringes which are dependent on the probability density function (pdf) that characterizes the distribution of particle displacements or velocities. It is demonstrated that intensity data measured in the transform plane of a doubly exposed hologram may be processed to yield this pdf for particle motion in one dimension. In the 2-dimensional case, the marginal pdf's may be obtained when the orthogonal components of displacement are independent. Experimental results for 1- and 2-dimensional distributions are presented and good agreement between theory and experiment is observed.
Changes in tropomyosin subunit pattern in chronic electrically stimulated rabbit fast muscles.

Abstract The tropomyosin subunit ratio of rabbit fast muscle (α:β = 80:20) changes to that characteristic of skeletal slow muscles (α:β = 55:45) on continuous (10 Hz) stimulation for 3 weeks. The altered myosin light chain pattern and histochemical ATPase stain also show clear changes of fast → slow transformation. However, the rate of changes in the light chain patterns of myosin are slower than those of tropomyosin subunits. These results do not support the previous finding (Amphlett et al., Nature 257 , 602, 1975) that the tropomyosin subunit pattern remains unaltered during transformation of skeletal muscles and the conclusion that the genetic expression of tropomyosin is regulated under separate control from other myofibrillar proteins. Rather, our results suggest that the polymorphic patterns of all myofibrillar proteins in skeletal muscles undergo changes in a temporal manner during skeletal muscle transformation.
TRUTH IN RELIGION: A POLANYIAN APPRAISAL OF WOLFHART PANNENBERG'S THEOLOGICAL PROGRAM

. This essay attempts to explore the senses in which religious meanings may be understood to be grounded ontologically and in which they may be validly accepted as true. It begins by outlining Wolfhart Pannenberg's proposal for conceiving the scientific status of theology and his formulation of the question of theological truth. Then certain epistemological presuppositions are challenged in light of Michael Polanyi's theory of knowledge. Finally a revised understanding is proposed in Polanyian terms. Here in their primordial sense religious meanings are based in the act of breaking out toward the ground of our tacit foreknowledge. In their primary sense religious symbolizations are accepted as human creations and judged to be valid insofar as they integrate meaningfully all the disparate elements of our experience.
Bacillus subtilis mRNA decay: new parts in the toolkit

Representatives of two new ribonuclease families have recently been discovered in the gram-positive model organism, Bacillus subtilis. The RNase J family founding members, RNase J1 and RNase J2, are highly homologous but show differential activities. Although both are broad-specificity endonucleases, only the essential RNase J1 is a 5' → 3' exonuclease-a type of ribonuclease activity that was previously thought not to exist in bacteria. Current data suggest that RNase J1 is highly involved in the turnover of mRNA decay intermediates and may also be involved in the initiation of mRNA decay. A second family of ribonucleases is represented by RNase Y, an endonuclease that exerts a large effect on global mRNA half-life. The presence of these ribonucleases in B. subtilis predicts significant differences from the well-established model of mRNA decay in Escherichia coli.
Cephalometric roentgenography for nonhuman primates utilizing a surgically implanted head positioner.

Cephalometric roentgenography in nonhuman primates requires more precise head positioning than that afforded by commonly used ear rod techniques. A standard cephalometric headholder was therefore modified and a technique was developed to implant an attachment that would permit precise positioning of the head in all three planes of space. This method has been used in 36 animals, and at 35 months postsurgery the implants have remained stable and tissue compatibility is generally excellent. Roentgenograms obtained with this technique offer a high degree of accuracy in documenting growth changes and responses to orthodontic treatment.
TAYLOR MAP ON GROUPS ASSOCIATED WITH A II1-FACTOR

A notion of the heat kernel measure is introduced for the L2 completion of a hyperfinite II1-factor with respect to the trace. Some properties of this measure are derived from the corresponding stochastic differential equation. Then the Taylor map is studied for a space of holomorphic functions square integrable with respect to the heat kernel measure. We also define a skeleton map from this space to a Hilbert space of holomorphic functions on a certain Cameron–Martin group. This group is a subgroup of the group of invertible elements of the II1-factor.
C–O Hydrogenolysis Catalyzed by Pd-PMHS Nanoparticles in the Company of Chloroarenes

Catalytic Pd(OAc)2 and polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), in conjunction with aqueous KF, and a catalytic amount of an aromatic chloride, effects the chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective deoxygenation of benzylic oxygenated substrates at room temperature in THF. Preliminary mechanistic experiments suggest the process to involve palladium−nanoparticle-catalyzed hydrosilylation followed by C−O reduction. The chloroarene additive appears to facilitate the hydrogenolysis process through the slow controlled release of HCl.
Inhibitors of brain GABA aminotransferase.

Etude des inhibiteurs de la GABA aminotransferase afin de mieux comprendre la nature de cette enzyme, particulierement son site actif et son role dans le metabolisme du GABA
On the ``Reverse Order Law'' Related to the Generalized Inverse of Matrix Products

The “reverse order law” related to ordinary inverses of matrix products, i.e., (AB)-1 = B-1A-1, is generally not transferable to the generalized inverse. There are, however, applications in which the reverse order law related to the generalized inverse reveals interesting properties in certain classes of matrices.In this paper, some necessary and sufficient conditions for the reverse order property to hold are given.
Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity in hamsters alters HDL lipid composition.

We investigated the role of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) in hamsters by using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) that inhibited hamster CETP activity. MAbs were prepared against partially purified human CETP and screened for inhibition of 3H-cholesterol oleate (CE) transfer from LDL to HDL in the presence of human plasma bottom fraction (d > 1.21 g/ml). Antibody 1C4 inhibited CE transfer activity in both human plasma bottom fraction (IC50 = ∼4 μg/ml) and in whole plasma from male Golden Syrian hamsters (IC50 = ∼30 μg/ml). Purified MAb I C4 was injected into chow- and cholesterol-fed hamsters, and blood was collected for analysis of plasma CETP activity and HDL lipid composition. Plasma CETP activity was inhibited by 70%–80% at all times up to 24 h following injection of 500 μg MAb 1C4 (∼3.7 mg/kg). The amount of antibody required for 50% inhibition at 24 h post-injection was 200 μg (∼ 1.5 mg/kg). Inhibition of hamster CETP activity in vivo increased hamster HDL cholesterol by 33% (P < 0.0001), increased HDL-CE by 31% (P < 0.0001) and decreased HDL-triglyceride by 42% (P < 0.0001) (n = 36) as determined following isolation of HDL by ultracentrifugation. An increase in HDL cholesterol and a redistribution of cholesterol to a larger HDL particle were also observed following fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) gel filtration of plasma lipoproteins. These results demonstrate that inhibition of CETP activity in hamsters alters HDL lipid composition and particle size and further demonstrate the utility of hamsters as a model for CETP inhibition.
International Specialization and the Concept of Balanced Growth

Introduction, 183. — I. The problem of investment incentives in a low income country, 184. — II. Internal difficulties in the argument for balanced expansion, 188. — III. The role of international trade, 191. — IV. Interdependence of the rate of return on capital and the rate of economic growth, 194. — V. Conclusions, 196.
Building IASB Research Capacity: A Commentary

This Commentary summarizes and remarks on several discussions of the link between academic accounting research and financial reporting standard setting. Our Commentary is prompted by references to building the International Accounting Standards Board's (IASB) research capacity, included in three due process documents: Report of the Trustees' Strategy Review, IFRSs as the Global Standard: Setting a Strategy for the Foundation's Second Decade; Agenda Consultation 2011; and Feedback Statement: Agenda Consultation 2011. Pursuant to its mission, the International Association for Accounting Education and Research (IAAER) has undertaken activities, including hosting two roundtables, related to the link between academic accounting research (and researchers) and the IASB's standard-setting activities. We discuss the main issues addressed and themes emerging from the IAAER roundtables including whether academic research is relevant to standard setters; types of academic research, and areas of inquiry, that would be most relevant to accounting standard setters; perceptions on why academic research is not more useful to standard setters and challenges to academic researcher's engagement in standard setting. We summarize the IAAER Committee response to the consultation paper, Status of Trustees' Strategy Review. Finally, we identify areas where we believe academia can assist in building a dedicated research capacity at the IASB and note specific areas where future academic research is needed to inform the IASB.
EVIDENCE FOR HEME-HEME EXCITONIC COUPLING IN THE SORET CIRCULAR DICHROISM OF HEMOGLOBIN

Abstract In order to study interdimer heme–heme electronic interactions in human hemoglobin, the Soret circular dichroism spectrum of the carboxy adduct is measured as a function of protein concentration, the spectrum at the highest concentration representing primarily that of α 2 β 2 tetramers (93%) and the lowest concentration representing primarily αβ dimers (68%). The tetramer–dimer difference spectrum, obtained using singular value decomposition and linear least squares fitting from a matrix of CD spectra measured at ten concentrations, is roughly conservative, with a larger negative lobe at shorter wavelengths and a peak-to-trough magnitude that is 18% of the tetramer's maximum Soret CD magnitude. It is tentatively assigned to heme-heme excitonic interactions on the basis of theoretical predictions by R. W. Woody [(1985) in Optical Properties and Structure of Tetrapyrroles (Blauer, G., and Sund, H., Eds.), pp. 239–256, Walter de Gruyter, New York].
Angiographic assessment of initial balloon angioplasty results.

PURPOSE To determine the influence of three factors involved in the angiographic assessment of balloon angioplasty—interobserver variability, operator bias, and the definition used to determine success—on the primary (technical) results of angioplasty in the peripheral arteries. MATERIALS AND METHODS Percent stenosis in 107 lesions in lower-extremity arteries was graded by three independent, experienced vascular radiologists ("observers") before and after balloon angioplasty and their estimates were compared with the initial interpretations reported by the physician performing the procedure ("operator") and an automated quantitative computer analysis. Observer variability was measured with use of intraclass correlation coefficients and SD. Differences among the operator, observers, and the computer were analyzed with use of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and analysis of variance. For each evaluator, the results in this series of lesions were interpreted with three different definitions of success. RESULTS Estimation of residual stenosis varied by an average range of 22.76% with an average SD of 8.99. The intraclass correlation coefficients averaged 0.59 for residual stenosis after angioplasty for the three observers but decreased to 0.36 when the operator was included as the fourth evaluator. There was good to very good agreement among the three independent observers and the computer, but poor correlation with the operator ( P CONCLUSION Observer variability and bias in the subjective evaluation of peripheral angioplasty can have a significant influence on the reported initial success rates. This effect can be largely eliminated with the use of residual stenosis of less than 50% to define success. Otherwise, meaningful evaluation of angioplasty results will require independent panels of evaluators or computerized measurements.
Statistical Modeling and Analysis of Landing Time Intervals: Case Study of Los Angeles International Airport, California

Existing literature suggests that analyses of landing time intervals employ simple statistical models based on time-separation histograms, usually approximated by normal distributions. Although the literature focuses on important issues such as safety, capacity improvements, and separation rules, it does not take into account another important issue: the possible, unique behavior of airlines, pilots, and controllers. In this study such possible, unique behavior is taken into account and a statistical analysis on landing time intervals is performed to find the operational properties of Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), California. On the basis of the properties found, operations of a dominant airline at LAX are compared with those of other airlines by using the Performance Data Analysis and Reporting System (PDARS) database. The PDARS database allows the calculation of landing time intervals on a runway level. A new mathematical model is constructed to fit the probability distribution of landing time intervals, and it is found that the proposed model has the best maximum log likelihood estimations compared with those of existing models. The results also reveal that the behavior of the dominant airline differs from that of the other airlines. The proposed model better approximates the shape of the probability distribution, especially the left-hand side, which usually contains information of greater importance regarding airport operations and especially regarding safety, since all smaller landing time intervals and the landing intervals that fail the safety requirements are concentrated in this part of the probability distribution curve.
Field Testing of a Large Volume Liquid - Liquid Extraction Device for Halogenated Organics in Natural Waters

Abstract The testing of a large volume (200 litre) liquid-liquid extractor for trace organics in the laboratory and in the field is described. The recovery efficiency of the device, as measured by laboratory spiking experiments and field spiking of five surrogate chemicals, was reasonably consistent and in the 40–70% range. Concentration and cleanup procedures for the extract are described in detail. The device reduces the detection limits of the organic chemicals by one or two orders of magnitude over those achieved with conventional small volume (1–10L) samples.
The Development of an Environmental Values Short Form

Abstract The goal of the current study was the creation of a scale to assess environmental values in adults and, eventually, children. As a first step, several subscales from the Children's Environmental Response Inventory (CERI; Bunting & Cousins, 1985)—pastoralism, urbanism, and environmental adaptation—were administered to a college population and a short form was then constructed. Like the CERI, the resulting 31-item questionnaire assesses values related to conservation, pollution, and urban/natural environments and appears to display the reliability and discriminative properties of the original scale. Future research is needed to confirm that the new short form of this measure remains valid for adolescents and is thus applicable for parent/child investigations.