cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recognizing Axial Spondyloarthritis: A Guide for Primary Care

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is an important cause of chronic low back pain and affects approximately 1% of the US population. The back pain associated with axSpA has a characteristic pattern referred to as inflammatory back pain (IBP). Features of IBP include insidious onset before age 45 years, association with morning stiffness, improvement with exercise but not rest, alternating buttock pain, and good response to treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In patients with IBP, it is essential to look for other features associated with spondyloarthritis (SpA), such as enthesitis, dactylitis, peripheral arthritis, extra-articular manifestations (eg, psoriasis, uveitis, or inflammatory bowel disease), human leukocyte antigen B27 positivity, and a family history of SpA. Axial SpA is underrecognized, and a delay of several years between symptom onset and diagnosis is common. However, with new and effective therapies available for the treatment of active axSpA, early recognition and diagnosis are of critical importance. For this narrative review, we conducted a literature search of English-language articles using PubMed. Individual searches were performed to identify potential articles of interest related to axSpA (search terms: ["axSpA" OR "axial SpA" OR "axial spondyloarthritis" OR "ankylosing spondylitis"]) in combination with terms related to IBP ("inflammatory back pain" OR "IBP" OR "chronic back pain" OR "CBP" OR "lower back pain" OR "LBP"), diagnosis (["diagn∗" OR "classification"] AND ["criteria" OR "recommend∗" OR "guidelines"]), and referral ("refer∗"). No date range was formally selected, as we were interested in providing an overview of the evolution of these concepts in clinical practice. We supplemented the review with insights based on our clinical expertise. Patients with chronic back pain should be screened for IBP and other SpA features; suspicion for axSpA should trigger referral to a rheumatologist for further evaluation.
Do MOOCs Make You More Marketable? An Experimental Analysis of the Value of MOOCs Relative to Traditional Credentials and Experience:

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are marketed as opportunities for participants to improve their labor market outcomes, and tens of thousands of students have paid for career-focused MOOC certif...
Little things mean a lot: Using the biopsychosocial model for daily reports of sexual intimacy:

Objectives:In the current study we used an integrated approach to late midlife sexuality. Using a biopsychosocial approach combined with spillover/crossover theory, we examined various common biolo...
Running it up the flagpole to see if anyone salutes: A response to Woodward on causal and explanatory asymmetries

Does smoke cause fire or does fire cause smoke? James Woodward’s “Flagpoles anyone? Causal and explanatory asymmetries” argues that various statistical independence relations not only help us to uncover the directions of causal and explanatory relations in our world, but also are the worldly basis of causal and explanatory directions. We raise questions about Woodward’s envisioned epistemology, but our primary focus is on his metaphysics. We argue that any alleged connection between statistical (in)dependence and causal/explanatory direction is contingent, at best. The directions of causal/explanatory relations in our world seem not to depend on the statistical (in)dependence relations in our world (conceived of either as frequency patterns or as relations among chances). Thus, we doubt that statistical (in)dependence relations are the worldly basis of causal and explanatory directions.
Laryngeal cleft: A literature review.

Abstract Introduction Laryngeal cleft is a congenital condition in which an opening in the posterior laryngotracheal wall allows food and liquid to pass from the esophageal lumen to the airway and causes aspiration. The severity of a laryngeal cleft is measured using the Benjamin-Inglis system, and can be managed conservatively or with a variety of surgical options With increased awareness, higher suspicion among primary physicians, advanced technology and improved intensive neonatal care services, more babies with laryngeal clefts survive in the modern era. Therefore, the focus has shifted from infant survival to treatment of laryngeal clefts and the challenging, complex medical conditions they create. Objective To understand current laryngeal cleft management and post-operative outcomes. Methods Literature review of laryngeal cleft studies from 2010 to 2021. Results A total of 1033 patients were included. Based on 415 cases for whom sufficient classification data were available, the predominate symptom for patients with type I, III, and IV clefts is swallowing dysfunction, while the predominant symptoms for patients with type II clefts are stridor and aspiration. A wide variety of comorbidities involving several major organs has been reported with laryngeal clefts, which tend to impact clinical outcomes negatively. Approximately 19% of type I clefts have been treated conservatively successfully, but the majority was treated surgically. Most studies that used injection laryngoplasty for type I clefts reported highly successful repairs without complications or delays in additional procedures. Ninety-eight percent all type II clefts were treated with endoscopic repair; 87% of patients with type III clefts received endoscopic repair; and 66% of patients with type IV clefts underwent open surgery. Approximately 62% of resolved cases were reported within 12 months, while 50.87% of failed cases were reported within 6 weeks. Conclusions There are multiple treatment approaches, each of which may be applicable depending on factors such as laryngeal cleft type, severity of presentation, and comorbidities. Conservative approaches appear to be most useful for type I clefts or in patients with mild symptoms, while surgical management can be considered for any type of laryngeal cleft. The benefit of injection laryngoplasty, endoscopic repair and open surgery can also vary, but injection laryngoplasty and endoscopic repair are used most commonly. Open surgery should be to be considered if patients present with severe cleft types or if it is unsafe to perform other surgical techniques. Familiarity with this literature review should help clinicians understand clinical characteristics, direct medical management, and guide successful resolution of laryngeal clefts.
Tuning the intrinsic catalytic activities of oxygen-evolution catalysts by doping: a comprehensive review

Electrochemical water splitting produces clean hydrogen fuel as one of the pivotal alternative energies to fossil fuels in the near future. However, the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a significant bottleneck that curtails large-scale applications of electrochemical water splitting technology, owing to its sluggish reaction kinetics. In the past few decades, various methods have been proposed to improve the OER kinetics. Among them, doping is a simple and efficient method to mold the OER kinetics of a catalyst by incorporating different or hetero atoms into the host lattice. These efforts are vital to design highly efficient OER catalysts for real-world applications. However, the OER mechanism of a doped catalyst varies, depending on the host lattice and the dopant. This review highlights different doping strategies and associated OER mechanisms of state-of-the-art catalysts, including oxides (noble metal oxides, perovskite oxides, spinel oxides, hydroxides and others), non-oxides (metal sulfides, metal selenides, metal phosphides, metal nitrides and metal carbides), and carbon-based catalysts (graphene, carbon nanotubes and others). Fundamental understanding of the doping effects on the OER from combined experimental and theoretical research provides guidelines for designing efficient catalysts.
Investor Behavior during COVID-19

As COVID-19 spread throughout the whole world last year, many aspects of human lives were impacted by it. In order to learn of its influences on the financial market, many scholars started their own research in different ways. This paper reviews three different groups of scholars’ studies about the influences of COVID-19 on investor behavior in the financial market.
Mitigating lake eutrophication through stakeholder-driven hydrologic modeling of agricultural conservation practices: A case study of Lake Macatawa, Michigan

Abstract Lake Macatawa is a hypereutrophic water body that connects with Lake Michigan via a navigation channel. Excess phosphorus (P) concentrations have resulted in a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for total phosphorus (TP) in the lake, which has not been met. To guide land management and water pollution control in the Macatawa watershed, a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and scenarios of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) were developed in consultation with stakeholders. Modelling emphasized incorporating practices representative of local agricultural conditions. Approaches to initializing high legacy soil P levels in SWAT were tested. The validated model was used to evaluate the influence of BMPs on lake water quality and identify which practices are necessary for meeting the TMDL. The model showed that eliminating manure applications would have small effect on curbing TP loading, but continuous no-till and high residue combined with already used subsurface manure application would yield notable TP reductions. Achieving TMDL-mandated TP reduction of 72% is possible through a widespread adoption of multiple BMPs (continuous no-till with high residue, cover crops, filter strips, and conversion of some marginal croplands to perennial grasses) across all the watershed’s row croplands. The study highlights how guidance from a local community interested in watershed improvement was integrated with modeling towards addressing eutrophication with informed watershed management. The Lake Macatawa case study presents a tractable system from which management solutions could be transferred to similar small agricultural tile-drained watersheds with high legacy soil P levels in the Great Lakes basin.
Multi-star processing and gyro filtering for the video inertial pointing system

The video inertial pointing (VIP) system is being developed to satisfy the acquisition and pointing requirements of astronomical telescopes. The VIP system uses a single video sensor to provide star position information that can be used to generate three-axis pointing error signals (multi-star processing) and for input to a cathode ray tube (CRT) display of the star field. The pointing error signals are used to update the telescope's gyro stabilization system (gyro filtering). The CRT display facilitates target acquisition and positioning of the telescope by a remote operator. Linearized small angle equations are used for the multistar processing and a consideration of error performance and singularities lead to star pair location restrictions and equation selection criteria. A discrete steady-state Kalman filter which uses the integration of the gyros is developed and analyzed. The filter includes unit time delays representing asynchronous operations of the VIP microprocessor and video sensor. A digital simulation of a typical gyro stabilized gimbal is developed and used to validate the approach to the gyro filtering.
Modeling of Heavy Rainfall

More than any other element of the hydrologic cycle, rainfall exhibits pronounced fluctuations in time and space. Modeling of rainfall entails quantitative representation of the space-time fluctuations of rainfall. Rainfall models are used for a variety of hydroclimatological applications (see Foufoula-Georgiou and Krajewski, 1994 for a detailed review). To narrow the scope of this paper and to focus on an area of particular importance for water resource assessment, attention will center on heavy rainfall events. Modeling issues for heavy rainfall will be illustrated with examples from the central United States. The study region is of special significance for the GEWEX Continental Scale International Project (GCIP; GEWEX is an acronym for Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment, see WCRP, 1993), which will be located in the central United States.
Pulse propagation in Phaseonium

Summary form only given. We report results of a study on pulse-pair propagation through coherently prepared medium (Phaseonium). The model consists of a /spl Lambda/ system, where the excited state can decay at the rate 2/spl gamma/ out of the system. Previous works have shown that if the excited state amplitude is able to follow adiabatically the evolution of the lower lying states, matched pulses will be produced, provided the atoms are in a coherent population trapping state.
Improved enrichment and isolation procedures for obtaining pure cultures of beggiatoa.

Abstract Scoring agar surfaces with alginate swabs before placing washed filaments of Beggiatoa on the agar has greatly increased the rate at which single filaments move from contaminated areas. Numerous morphological types of pure cultures have been grown in organic media supplemented with either catalase or reducing agents. Aerated sewage was used as the enrichment source.
Role of lysine in the replication of reovirus: I. Synthesis of complete and empty virions.

Abstract Lysine is essential for the replication of infectious reovirus. Omission of lysine from the extracellular medium not only permitted the continued synthesis of structural viral proteins and viral double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA), but also caused an enhanced formation of viral structures which were separable by isopycnic sedimentation of CsCl into a top band consisting of empty particles with a buoyant density of 1.29 g/cm3 and essentially free of viral RNA, and two lower bands which were difficult to resolve and had an average buoyant density of 1.37 g/cm3. The lower bands contained most of the viral nucleic acid. The above effects were reversed when lysine was restored early after infection. In contrast, a single band with a buoyant density of 1.38 g/cm3 was obtained from lysine-plus infected cells.
An ILP formulation for low power based on minimizing switched capacitance during data path allocation

Power consumption has been established as an important factor in the synthesis of VLSI circuits. However, very little work has been done at the behavior level for power estimation and low power synthesis. We demonstrate how hardware sharing affects the capacitance and transition activity, and hence the power dissipation in the synthesized data paths, and that the power-optimal allocation varies with input characteristics. We present a simulation-based method that measures both intra- and inter-iteration effects of hardware sharing on switched capacitance. This method enables us to accurately capture sufficient information to evaluate allocation options from a switched capacitance point of view. Using the information thus obtained, we formulate allocation as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problem with the total switched capacitance in the data path as the objective function. Thus, the decisions of how much hardware sharing should be performed and what allocation is best from the power point of view, are performed optimally for the given model. Experimental results are presented including accurate power measurements made at the switch level.
"Fat, Furious, and Forever Wanting Food": Prader-Willi Syndrome in Major Newspapers, 2000-2005

This study examines media representations of persons with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a rare, complex condition caused by an error on Chromosome 15. Articles appearing in major U.S. and international newspapers from January, 2000 to December, 2005 were included in the study (N = 68). Findings show that while some stories portrayed the syndrome in a more positive light, most reports were overwhelmingly negative or mostly negative, focusing on severe issues related to food-seeking behaviors, obesity, cognition, and behavior. Common stereotypes used to portray persons with PWS aligned with those often used to describe persons with disabilities and obese persons, even in the stories coded as positive or mostly positive. In the more negative portrayals, the obesity or "eating disorder" of the person with PWS was often a focus, illustrating the stereotype of the fat person as deviant. Some overall trends and patterns in U.S. versus international news outlets were also observed.
Tradiciones alfareras del valle de Cajamarca y cuenca alta del Jequetepeque, Perú

Este articulo presenta las tradiciones alfareras de dos regiones del departamento de Cajamarca: el valle de Cajamarca y la region de San Pablo en la cuenca alta del Jequetepeque. Este estudio etnoarqueologico enfoca las materias primas utilizadas, las fuentes y el proceso de produccion, y ofrece un cuadro interpretativo para los datos ceramicos del sitio Formativo de Kuntur Wasi. Los resultados permiten evaluar las posibilidades y areas de produccion alrededor de Kuntur Wasi, proponiendo una posible zona de adquisicion y produccion hasta unos 15 kilometros al nor/noreste del sitio y posiblemente en el area de Sangal, cerca de Kuntur Wasi.
Poly(ethylene glycol)-containing hydrogels promote the release of primary granules from human blood-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are recruited to sites of injury and biomaterial implants. Once activated, PMNs can exocytose their granule subsets to recruit monocytes (MCs) and mediate MC/macrophage activation. We investigated the release of myeloperoxidase (MPO), a primary granule marker, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a tertiary granule marker, from human blood-derived PMNs cultured on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) and gelatin–PEG (GP) hydrogels, with and without the presence of the bacterial peptide formyl-Met-Leu-Phe. Supernatants from PMN cultures on PEG-containing hydrogels (i.e., PEG and GP hydrogels) had higher concentrations of MPO than those from PMN cultures on PDMS or TCPS at 2 h. PMNs on all biomaterials released comparable levels of MMP-9 at 2 h, indicating that PMNs cultured on PEG-containing hydrogels have different mechanisms of release for primary and tertiary granules. Src family kinases were involved in the release of MPO from PMNs cultured on PEG hydrogels, TCPS and GP hydrogels and in the release of MMP-9 from PMNs cultured on all four biomaterials. The increased release of primary granules from PMNs on PEG-containing hydrogels did not significantly increase MC chemotaxis, indicating that additional co-effectors in the dynamic inflammatory milieu in vivo modulate PMN-mediated MC recruitment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 4252–4261, 2014.
Abstract T P246: Phenotypic Characterization of Cerebral Microvasculature in Transgenic Mice With Endothelium Targeted Over-expression of GTP Cyclohydrolase I

Background: Optimal availability of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a critical determinant of nitric oxide (NO) production by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the vascular endothelium. Biosynthesis of BH4 is regulated by the enzymatic activation of GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH-I). While the physiological role of GTPCH-I and BH4 have been extensively characterized in peripheral vasculature, their role in regulation of cerebral vascular function has not been investigated. Methods: The role of GTPCH-I in regulation of cerebral vascular function was studied in cerebral microvessels isolated from wild-type (WT) mice and from mice with endothelium-targeted overexpression of GTPCH-I (eGTPCH-I Tg) mice. Vascular protein expression, intracellular levels of biopterin and cGMP (second messenger of NO) as well as production of NO and superoxide anions were determined. Results: Endothelium targeted over-expression of GTPCH-I resulted in significant increase in levels of BH4, as well as its oxidized product, 7,8-dihydrobiopterin (7,8-BH2). Importantly, ratio of BH4 to 7,8-BH2, indicative of BH4 available for eNOS activation, was significantly increased in cerebral microvessels of eGTPCH-I Tg mice. However, protein expression of eNOS, levels of nitrate/nitrite - indicative of NO production remained unchanged between cerebral microvessels of WT mice and eGTPCH-I Tg mice. Furthermore, increased BH4 biosynthesis did not affect production of superoxide anions or expression of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, intracellular levels of cGMP, reflective of NO signaling and activation of soluble guanylate cyclase, were not affected in eGTPCH-I Tg mice. Conclusion: Our results suggest that, despite a significant increase in BH4 bioavailability, generation of endothelial NO in cerebral microvessels remained unchanged in eGTPCH-I Tg mice. We conclude that under physiological conditions the levels of BH4 are optimal for activation of eNOS and NO/cGMP signaling in wild-type mice.
Substrate activation with a xanthine oxidase reaction. An alternative to dismutation as an explanation in the chicken liver system.

Handler and coworkers [1,2] have studied the non-linearity of xanthine oxidase reciprocal plots for the chicken liver and the Micrococcus lactilyticus systems. In the latter case it was suggested that the non-linearity was due to a dismutation reaction observed at high xanthine concentrations. The studies reported here were undertaken in an effort to demonstrate the presence of such a reaction in the chicken liver system. On the basis of ultraviolet spectra taken during the course of xanthine and hypoxanthine oxidations, it was found that xanthine accumulates in the reaction mixture with hypoxanthine as the substrate and that hypoxanthine does not accumulate in detectable quantities during xanthine oxidation. Conditions were used such that hypoxanthine should have been detectable as a transient if the dismutation reaction occurred. Hypoxanthine which has not been reported to undergo a dismutation reaction shows the same type of non-linearity in reciprocal plots as does xanthine. Relatively high rates of xanthine conversion to uric acid under anaerobic conditions (due to vigorous sweeping with nitrogen) were explained on the basis of residual oxygen. Similar results were obtained for hypoxanthine oxidation. On the basis of these results it seems highly unlikely that a dismutation reaction occurs in this system. Random and multi-site mechanisms can be used to explain the non-linearity.
On the solution of source matching problems

This paper suggests a simple method for solving source matching problems wherein the problem is to find the minimax codes which minimize the maximum redundancies over classes of sources where relative entropy (cross entropy; discrimination information) is adopted as a criterion to measure the redundancy. An efficient algorithm is presented which relies upon and extends a vector quantization result first presented at IEEE PacRim '97 at Victoria BC Canada. A computational complexity analysis and a numerical study demonstrate the efficiency of the suggested method.
Rehabilitation decisions in rental housing: An empirical analysis

Abstract Housing policy-makers show increased interest in encouraging rehabilitation of the existing housing stock. But little is known about what factors influence the decision to invest, particularly in rental housing, making policy design difficult. This paper presents an empirical analysis of individual landlords' housing rehabilitation decisions in one housing market. The analysis tests hypotheses about the impacts of detailed neighborhood, structure, and site characteristics on each owner's investment activity. Findings support the general hypothesis that economic returns to investment have a major effect on rehabilitation decisions, identify some other important circumstances, and suggest which among many specific policy levers should be effective.
Can the acoustic change complex be recorded in an individual with a cochlear implant? Separating neural responses from cochlear implant artifact.

The purpose of this case study was to determine whether the P1-N1-P2 acoustic change complex (ACC) could be recorded in an individual with a cochlear implant. In a cochlear implant recipient, stimulus-related artifact from the implant can overlap the evoked potential of interest, making it difficult to determine whether the recorded response is neural or a simple reflection of the artifact. This is an even greater technical challenge for the ACC because stimuli having relatively long durations are used. The subject was a 24-year-old with a diagnosis of auditory neuropathy/auditory dys-synchrony and used a MED-EL Tempo+ cochlear implant in her left ear. The ACC was recorded to synthetic vowels containing a change of F2 at midpoint ranging from 0 (no change) to 1200 Hz (perceived as /ui/). The stimuli were presented randomly at 75 dB SPL via a loudspeaker. In one condition the subject ignored the stimuli and watched a captioned video. In the other, the subject pressed one button on a response pad if she perceived an acoustic change at stimulus midpoint and another if she did not. Cortical auditory evoked potentials were recorded from 32 scalp electrodes. Results indicated that the ACC was present and could be teased apart from the cochlear implant stimulus artifact. ACC thresholds showed good agreement with behavioral discrimination performance, and therefore, results are positive for the potential clinical application of the ACC technique to individuals with cochlear implants. El proposito de este estudio de caso fue determinar si el complejo de cambio acustico (ACC) P1-N2-P2 podia ser registrado en un individuo con un implante coclear. En un receptor de un implante coclear, los artefactos del implante relacionados con el estimulo se traslapan el potencial evocado de interes, haciendo dificil la determinacion de si la respuesta registrada es neural o un simple reflejo del artefacto. Esto es un reto tecnico aun mas grande para los ACC porque se usan estimulos de relativa larga duracion. El sujeto tenia 24 anos con un diagnostico de neuropatia/dis-sincronia auditiva, y utilizaba un implante coclear MED-EL Tempo+ en el oido izquierdo. El ACC se registro ante vocales sinteticas que contenian un cambio en el F2 a la mitad del rango entre 0 (sin cambio) a 1200 Hz (percibido como /ui/). El estimulo fue presentado al azar a 75 dB SPL por medio de parlantes. En una condicion, el sujeto ignoro el estimulo y miro un video subtitulado. En la otra, el sujeto presiono un boton de respuesta si percibia un cambio acustico en el punto medio del estimulo y otro si no lo percibia. Se registraron los potenciales evocados auditivos corticales con 32 electrodos craneanos. Los resultados indicaron que el ACC estaba presente y podia ser separado de los artefactos del estimulo en el implante coclear. Los umbrales del ACC coincidieron con el desempeno en la discriminacion conductual, y por lo tanto, los resultados son positivos para la aplicacion clinica potencial de la tecnica de ACC a individuos con implante coclear.
Initial steps in reverse cholesterol transport: the role of short-lived cholesterol acceptors.

The early metabolism of cell-derived cholesterol was followed during the interaction of normolipaemic native plasma with cultured cell monolayers labelled to high specific activity with 3H-cholesterol. Kinetic analysis indicated that initial processing involved several prebeta-migrating high-density lipoprotein (HDL) species. A small prebeta species, the initial acceptor, was first converted to a lipoprotein whose composition predicts a discoidal structure. The free cholesterol content of this war then esterified by lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase, and its cholesterol converted to the alpha mobility of spheroidal mature HDL the binding of apolipoprotein A-II. These studies follow the genesis of HDL in plasma from peripheral cell membrane cholesterol.
Friction pressure correlations for turbulent flow of drag reducing polymer solutions in straight and coiled tubing

Abstract Accurate determination of friction pressure losses of dilute drag reducing polymer solutions remains to be a challenge in many practical applications. These include a wide variety of hydraulic operations performed on a daily basis in the oil and gas industry. Most drilling, completions, and stimulation jobs require pumping fluids at high flow rates, which in turn generates high frictional pressure losses, enhanced by the use of small diameter tubing or coiled tubing. Curvature in this latter is believed to generate secondary flows and thus extra flow resistance. Therefore, good drag reduction characteristics of fluids are desirable. In this study, energy dissipation by eddies in turbulent flow of viscoelastic fluids is assumed to be the mechanism causing drag reduction. Various concentrations of Nalco ASP-700 and Nalco ASP-820 dilute polymer solutions are tested at ambient temperature in laboratory-scale and full-scale flow loops installed with straight and coiled tubing sections exhibiting different values of diameter, curvature ratio and pipe roughness. In addition, flow tests are conducted at 100 °F and 130 °F using the laboratory-scale flow loop. Effects of concentration, temperature, curvature ratio, and pipe roughness on drag reduction are discussed in light of Fanning friction factor versus solvent Reynolds number plots. Results show that drag reduction in coiled tubing is lower than in straight tubing. As curvature ratio increases, drag reduction decreases. The effect of increasing temperature is to decrease drag reduction in straight tubing and increase it in coiled tubing. In turn, the effect of increasing pipe roughness is to slightly decrease drag reduction in straight tubing up to a certain Reynolds number value and then it starts to increase. For coiled tubing, the effect of increasing pipe roughness is to decrease drag reduction. In this study, generalized correlations for the prediction of drag reduction in dilute polymer solutions flowing in straight and coiled tubing are developed on the basis of the energy dissipation of eddies in turbulent flow field and a shear rate dependent relaxation time. In addition, correlations are validated using experimental data for a low concentration guar fluid flowing through full-scale flow loop.
Thermoformed glass fiber reinforced polypropylene: Microstructure, mechanical properties and residual stresses

The objective of this work was to characterize the microstructure, mechanical properties and residual stresses in glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites with respect to the thermoforming parameters and as a function of the fiber-matrix interface quality. First, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the crystallization behavior of the PP matrix. Second, short beam shear tests and tensile tests in the ±45° directions have been conducted to characterize respectively the interfacial strength and the matrix properties in the composites. Finally, residual stresses were measured via the curvatures of unsymmetric cross-plied laminates. The cooling rate was found to be a critical parameter of the molding process since the matrix crystallization temperature, the interfacial strength as well as the residual stresses showed large variations with various cooling rates. At slow cooling, the crystallization process initiates at higher temperatures and covers longer time periods resulting in more spherulitical matrix structures. In this case, the composites becomes stiffer but also fragile indicating a decrease in the stress transfer efficiency at the interface level. This effect was also observed in the improved interface system, suggesting that the fiber-matrix interaction operates through the amorphous phase surrounding the fibers. The fiber-matrix interface improvement was accompanied by an increase in residual stresses, possibly due to the inhibition of some stress relief mechanism.
Estimation of regional building-related C&D debris generation and composition: Case study for Florida, US

Methodology for the accounting, generation, and composition of building-related construction and demolition (C&D) at a regional level was explored. Six specific categories of debris were examined: residential construction, nonresidential construction, residential demolition, nonresidential demolition, residential renovation, and nonresidential renovation. Debris produced from each activity was calculated as the product of the total area of activity and waste generated per unit area of activity. Similarly, composition was estimated as the product of the total area of activity and the amount of each waste component generated per unit area. The area of activity was calculated using statistical data, and individual site studies were used to assess the average amount of waste generated per unit area. The application of the methodology was illustrated using Florida, US approximately 3,750,000 metric tons of building-related C&D debris were estimated as generated in Florida in 2000. Of that amount, concrete represented 56%, wood 13%, drywall 11%, miscellaneous debris 8%, asphalt roofing materials 7%, metal 3%, cardboard 1%, and plastic 1%. This model differs from others because it accommodates regional construction styles and available data. The resulting generation amount per capita is less than the US estimate - attributable to the high construction, low demolition activity seen in Florida.
Attempt to predict hydrogen solubility limits in liquid multicomponent aluminum alloys

Abstract Using Wagner's model of interaction parameters derived from the data on hydrogen solubility in liquid binary aluminum alloys, an attempt has been made to predict hydrogen solubilities in multicomponent aluminum alloys. Agreement between the predicted and experimentally determined hydrogen solubilities in all of the multicomponent alloys investigated is poor. In the non-lithium containing alloys the poor agreement may be due to the fact that, unlike nitrogen and hydrogen solubilities in ferrous alloys, the hydrogen solubility limits in aluminum alloys are too low to be reliably predicted by Wagner's model of interaction parameter. In the case of the lithium-containing aluminum alloys, combined addition of Li and Cu to liquid aluminum gives rise to a synergistic increase in hydrogen solubility in the multicomponent Al-H-Li-Cu alloy. This is provisionally attributed to the probable interaction effects between Li and Cu which appears to increase lithium affinity to hydrogen. This suggests that, contrary to the assumptions implicit in Wagner's model, the contributions of Li and Cu to the total solubility of hydrogen in aluminum are not independent or free from interactions between the alloying elements. Thus, a correct analytical expression for hydrogen solubility for Al-H-Li-Cu probably requires the solute-solute interaction coefficients. However, it is clear from this study that there is a need for reliable experimental measurement of hydrogen solubility in both binary and multicomponent aluminum alloys.
Qualitative Inquiry and the Self-Realization of Psychological Science

It is commonly assumed that qualitative inquiry in psychology, whatever its virtues, does not lend itself as readily to the development of (real, true) scientific knowledge as those ostensibly more objective approaches found in quantitative inquiry. At the same time, it is also assumed that qualitative inquiry aspires to be more faithful to “real-life” phenomena in all of their richness. The situation is thus a paradoxical one: Despite the fact that qualitative inquiry seeks to uphold what is, arguably, the first and most fundamental responsibility of scientific knowing—fidelity to the phenomena—it continues to be questioned, if not condemned, for falling short of the scientific mark. Bearing this paradox in mind, it is argued herein that the social sciences in general, and psychology in particular, have operated with a problematically restrictive view of science and that qualitative inquiry can be instrumental in the fashioning of a more inclusive, capacious, and indeed adequate view. A corollary argumen...
Marronage, Manumission and Maritime Trade in the Early Modern Caribbean

This article analyses the permeable boundaries between slavery and freedom which developed in the context of illicit inter-imperial trade in the seventeenth and eighteenth-century Caribbean, focusing on ties between the Dutch island of Curacao and the neighbouring northern coast of Spanish South America. As smuggling opened opportunities for enslaved people to cross political borders, it spurred authorities to develop flexible legal frameworks to meet the challenge of conducting free trade in colonial slave societies. The evidence indicates that, even in the eighteenth-century Caribbean, slavery sometimes existed along a legal continuum, rather than as an immutable, absolute category.
TOPOLOGICAL INDEXES FOR EVALUATION OF THE SEPARATION OF D AND L AMINO ACIDS BY TLC

Selected amino acids have been separated into their enantiomers by thin layer chromatography on a chiral stationary phase. A new valence optical topological index (Iν opt) and valence optical Gutman index (Mν 2opt) are proposed which enable distinction between isomers of L and D configuration.
Neurosecretases provide strategies to treat sporadic and familial Alzheimer disorders.

Abstract Recent discoveries on neurosecretases and their trafficking to release fibril-forming neuropeptides or other products, are of interest to pathology, cell signaling and drug discovery. Nomenclature arose from the use of amyloid precursor protein (APP) as a prototypic type-1 substrate leading to the isolation of β-secretase (BACE), multimeric complexes (γ-secretase, γ-SC) for intramembranal cleavage, and attributing a new function to well-characterized metalloproteases of the ADAM family (α-secretase) for normal APP turnover. While purified α/β-secretases facilitate drug discovery, γ-SC presents greater challenges for characterization and mechanisms of catalysis. The review comments on links between mutation or polymorphisms in relation to enzyme mechanisms and disease. The association between lipoprotein receptor LRP11 variants and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) offers scope to integrate components of pre- and post-Golgi membranes, or brain clathrin-coated vesicles within pathways for trafficking as targets for intervention. The presence of APP and metabolites in brain clathrin-coated vesicles as significant cargo with lipoproteins and adaptors focuses attention as targets for therapeutic intervention. This overview emphasizes the importance to develop new therapies targeting neurosecretases to treat a major neurological disorder that has vast economic and social implications.
BODY OF KNOWLEDGE

As a scholar in a dance department, I am expected to produce words, not movement, scholarly research instead of choreography. While I have experimented with some forms that mix media, combining spoken scholarly text with choreographed or improvised movement, and presented these at several conferences, I do not think that research must be sung, painted, or danced in order to represent the influence of the arts. In this paper I will explore how my experience in dance is represented in my educational research. That experience includes more than thirty years of being in the audience as well as in the studio. Yet it is the lived experience of dancing that I have found to be most influential in my thinking and writing, and which has provided the metaphors that have helped me to understand my life and my work as a scholar.
Muon opportunities at the proposed pulsed lepton source and the spallation neutron source

Some possibilities for including muon facilities at the proposed Pulsed Lepton Source and the Spallation Neutron Source are discussed.
The generalized exponential-integral and computer algorithms for y = 0, 1

Abstract The generalized exponential-integral function V( x, y ) defined here includes as special cases the function E (2) 1 ( x ) = V ( x , 0) introduced by van de Hulst and functions M 0 ( x ) = V ( x , 1) and N 0 ( x ) = V ( x , -1) introduced by Kourganoff in connection with integrals of the form ∫ E n ) t ) E m ( t ± x ), which play an important role in the theory of monochromatic radiative transfer. Series and asymptotic expressions are derived and, for the most important special cases, y = 0 and y = 1, Chebyshev expansions and rational approximations are obtained that permit the function to be evaluated to at least 10 sf on 0 x
Leclercqia complexa from the Early Devonian (Emsian) of northern New Brunswick, Canada

Abstract Plant fossils from the Emsian of New Brunswick are described and referred to the genus Leclercqia as Leclercqia complexa. Sterile and fertile axes branch dichotomously, and bear shallowly spiraled five-segmented leaves or sporophylls. Oval–elongate sporangia are attached near their outer end to the upper surface of leaves and produce spores referable to the Acinosporites lindlarensis morphon. Differences between these Emsian plants and L. complexa from New York State are largely ones of size, fine details of spore morphology, and in the New Brunswick fossils lacking anatomy and evidence of a ligule. The presence of L. complexa, Leclercqia andrewsii sp. nov. Kasper and Gensel (2005), and a third, as yet unnamed protolepidendracean lycopsid in the Emsian attests to greater taxon diversity of leclercqioid lycopsids in the Early Devonian. These new specimens further provide additional details of sporangia, spores, and cuticles.
Understanding economic outcomes in critical care.

Purpose of reviewThe high costs of critical illness make economic outcomes important adjuncts to clinical outcomes in intensive care unit research. Costs are markedly different than other clinical outcomes, both in their measurement and their interpretation.Recent findingsAlthough not necessarily pa
Unbiased F-tests for factorial experiments with correlated data

This paper finds a general form of the correlation matrix that may be used to provide unbiased F tests in a.k-way factorial experiment.
Crisis stability games

This article investigates the problem of crisis stability in the context of conventional and nuclear warfare, with emphasis on the incentives for one or both sides to engage in a preemptive nuclear strike. The approach is to offer two enriched versions of a recently developed model of escalation, to solve the models, and to observe that game‐theoretic solutions can change from nonpreemption to preemption, depending upon the specific game structure and upon the values of the parameters describing the outcomes. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effect of salinity and sex on the respiration rates of excised gills of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus.

Abstract 1. 1. Respiration of excised blue crab gill tissue was affected by salinity, time of year and the sex of the crab. 2. 2. Tissue from winter crabs had respiration rates which decreased with increasing salinity (5%.→35%0). 3. 3. The response of gill tissue from summer crabs to low salinity (5%.) was different for male and female crabs with the female tissue having a lower rate of respiration. 4. 4. The effects of season, sex and salinity on the respiration of blue crab gill tissue can be correlated with the distribution of the crabs along the salinity gradient in the estuary.
CELL RESPIRATION STUDIES : II. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF BLOOD FROM NORMAL INDIVIDUALS AND PATIENTS WITH INCREASED LEUCOCYTE COUNTS (SEPSIS; CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUCEMIA).

1. The oxygen consumption of blood of normal individuals, when the hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen, is practically zero within the limits of experimental error of the microspirometer used. 2. The oxygen consumed in a microspirometer by the blood of patients with chronic myelogenous leucemia with a high white blood cell count, and of one with leucocytosis from sepsis, was proportional to the number of adult polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the blood. 3. No correlation could be made between the rate of oxygen absorption and the total number of white blood cells in the blood, or the total number of immature cells, or the number of red blood cells, or the amount of oxyhemoglobin. 4. The blood of patients with chronic myelogenous leucemia continued to use oxygen in the microspirometer longer than that of normal individuals, and the hemoglobin, in the leucemic bloods, became desaturated even though exposed to air. 5. In blood in which the bulk. of the cells were immature and the mature cells few, the oxygen consumption was lower than in blood in which the mature cells predominated. The rate of oxygen consumption of the immature cells was relatively low as compared to the mature. 6. The slower rate of oxygen absorption by the immature leucocytes in chronic myelogenous leucemia as compared to the mature cells, places them, in accord with Warburg's reports, in the class of the malignant tissues in this respect rather than in the group of young or embryonic cells.
Copper amine oxidase from Hansenula polymorpha: the crystal structure determined at 2.4 å resolution reveals the active conformation

Abstract Background: Copper-containing amine oxidases (CAOs) are widespread in nature. These enzymes oxidize primary amine substrates to the aldehyde product, reducing molecular oxygen to hydrogen peroxide in the process. CAOs contain one type 2 copper atom and topaquinone (TPQ), a modified tyrosine sidechain utilized as a redox cofactor. The methylamine oxidase from the yeast Hansenula polymorpha (HPAO) is an isoform of CAO with a preference for small aliphatic amine or phenethylamine substrates. The enzyme is dimeric with a subunit molecular weight of 78 kDa. Structural studies are directed at understanding the basis for cofactor biogenesis and catalytic efficiency. Results: The X-ray crystal structure of HPAO has been solved at 2.4 a resolution by a combination of molecular replacement and single isomorphous replacement followed by refinement using sixfold symmetry averaging. The electron density at the catalytic site shows that the TPQ conformation corresponds to that of the active form of the enzyme. Two channels, one on either side of TPQ, are observed in the structure that provide access between the active site and the bulk solvent. Conclusions: The structure shows TPQ in a position poised for catalysis. This is the first active CAO structure to reveal this conformation and may help further our understanding of the catalytic mechanism. On the substrate side of TPQ a water-containing channel leading to the protein surface can serve as an entrance or exit for substrate and product. On the opposite side of TPQ there is direct access from the bulk solvent of the dimer interface by which molecular oxygen may enter and hydrogen peroxide depart. In addition, a network of conserved water molecules has been identified which may function in the catalytic mechanism.
Are Postoperative Complications More Common with Single-Stage Bilateral (SBTKR) than with Unilateral Knee Arthroplasty: Guidelines for Patients Scheduled for SBTKR:

A significant number of patients with degenerative arthritis of the knee require bilateral knee arthroplasty. Single-stage bilateral total knee arthroplasty (SBTKR) has been associated with increased patient morbidity and mortality. At our institution, the following steps have been taken to minimize the risks to patients undergoing this procedure: regional anesthesia and analgesia, invasive monitoring, postoperative observation in an intensive care unit setting, and aggressive management of hemodynamic aberrations. We reviewed the medical records of 462 sequential total knee arthroplasty patients, consisting of 169 SBTKR and 293 unilateral total knee arthroplasty (UTKR) cases. A total of 122 patients from each group were matched for age, weight, and a history of ischemic heart disease and hypertension. Patients for SBTKR exhibited a significantly higher incidence of fat embolism syndrome and cardiac arrhythmias than UTKR patients. There were no deaths in either group and the incidence of other serious postoperative complications was low and similar between the two groups. Elderly patients (∼75 years old) had more postoperative complications. With aggressive clinical management SBTKR can be safely performed in selected patients. Guidelines for the selection of these patients are presented.