cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steady-state thermal characteristics of AMR read/write heads used in tape storage drives

Tape storage drives use lithographically deposited anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) sensors to read magnetic transitions written on tape. The read-back signal and the reliability of an AMR sensor are both affected by sensor temperature. Because current passes through the sensor, it is subject to joule heating, dependent on both the geometry of the sensor and the thermal conductivities of its material. Because of the resources required to build new sensors, the ability to predict the effects of dimensional changes on sensor temperature is important. This paper describes an analytical model and a three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) of the heat transfer for a shielded rectangular-sheet AMR sensor under joule heating over a range of sensor dimensions. The novel analysis consolidates the experimental and FEA data into a few parameters that make it possible to calculate the sensor temperature as a function of power for a wide range of geometries, thus assisting designers who need to set current limitations on the read elements of extant drives and to extrapolate to next-generation drives. We also evaluate the temperature of a sensor and the substrate in a drive, combining the heating from writers and readers. Heat flow away from the head substrate was found to be significantly higher when the tape is moving than when it is stationary, and a simple model is developed to describe the heat dissipation of the substrate as a function of tape velocity.
Analysis of the NbGe content in thin films by quantitative x-ray fluorescence

A method is presented for determining the relative amounts of Nb and Ge in thin films of approximately 1 μm thickness which have been deposited onto polycrystalline substrates. Quantitative X-ray fluorescence is employed using an energy-dispersive solid state detector and multichannel analyzer system. The principal problem encountered is one of calibrating the observed Ge/Nb intensity ratios in terms of atomic composition. We have used solution standards for comparison with the spectrum of selected dissolved films. The absolute compositions in the region of 25 atomic percent Ge are believed accurate to ±1 atomic percent absolute.
Accuracy of end-tidal carbon dioxide tension analyzers

Substantial mean differences between arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) and end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PetCO2) in anesthesia and intensive care settings have been demonstrated by a number of investigators. We have explored the technical causes of error in the measurement ofPetCO2 that could contribute to the observed differences. In a clinical setting, the measurement ofPetCO2 is accomplished with one of three types of instruments, infrared analyzers, mass spectrometers, and Raman spectrometers, whose specified accuracies are typically ±2, ±1.5, and ±0.5 mm Hg, respectively. We examined potential errors inPetCO2 measurement with respect to the analyzer, sampling system, environment, and instrument. Various analyzer error sources were measured, including stability, warm-up time, interference from nitrous oxide and oxygen, pressure, noise, and response time. Other error sources, including calibration, resistance in the sample catheter, pressure changes, water vapor, liquid water, and end-tidal detection algorithms, were considered and are discussed. On the basis of our measurements and analysis, we estimate the magnitude of the major potential errors for an uncompensated infrared analyzer as: inaccuracy, 2 mm Hg; resolution, 0.5 mm Hg; noise, 2 mm Hg; instability (12 hours), 3 mm Hg; miscalibration, 1 mm Hg; selectivity (70% nitrous oxide), 6.5 mm Hg; selectivity (100% oxygen), −2.5 mm Hg; atmospheric pressure change, <1 mm Hg; airway pressure at 30 cm H2O, 2 mm Hg; positive end-expiratory pressure or continuous positive airway pressure at 20 cm H2O, 1.5 mm Hg; sampling system resistance, <1 mm Hg; and water vapor, 2.5 mm Hg. In addition to these errors, other systematic mistakes such as an inaccurate end-tidal detection algorithm, poor calibration technique, or liquid water contamination can lead to gross inaccuracies. In a clinical setting, unless the user is confident that all of the technical error sources have been eliminated and the physiologic factors are known, depending onPetCO2 to determine PaCO2 is not advised.
In situ ATR–FTIR characterization of primary cement interfaces of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite

A method is presented for characterizing primary cement interfaces of barnacles using in situ attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Primary cement of the barnacle, Balanus amphitrite (Amphibalanus amphitrite), was characterized without any disruption to the original cement interface, after settling and growing barnacles directly on double sided polished germanium wafers. High-quality IR spectra were acquired of live barnacle cement interfaces, providing a spectroscopic fingerprint of cured primary cement in vivo with the barnacle adhered to the substratum. Additional spectra were also acquired of intact cement interfaces for which the upper portion of the barnacle had been removed leaving only the base plate and cement layer attached to the substratum. This allowed further characterization of primary cement interfaces that were dried or placed in D2O. The resulting spectra were consistent with the cement being proteinaceous, and allowed analysis of the protein secondary stru...
Cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways in cynomolgus and rhesus monkey conjunctiva, anterior uvea and eyelids

The capacity of cynomolgus and rhesus monkey conjunctiva, anterior uvea and eyelids to synthesize cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase products from arachidonic acid was assessed. Both conjunctiva and eyelid tissues of cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys synthesized detectable amounts of cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase products, indicating the presence of cyclo-oxygenase and 5-and 12-lipoxygenase activities in these tissues. In comparison, cynomolgus anterior uvea synthesized a considerably lesser amount of cyclo-oxygenase products. The cyclo-oxygenase activity was considerably greater than the lipoxygenase activity in cynomolgus and rhesus conjunctiva and eyelids.
Computation of a class of subsonic flow patterns

For flows bounded by segments of straight lines and segments of free boundaries, the flow in the pseudo-logarithmic plane was considered in [B.2]. The method described was based on the determination of a fundamental solution possessing a singularity at a point corresponding to a source or a sink. The computation of the fundamental solution requires the evaluation of many terms which are iterated double integrals involving a functionP(?) which appears in the differential equation. The computational aspects of the evaluation of these integrals are discussed in this paper. First a numerical procedure for approximating the functionP(?) by a polynomial is described. Then the approximate evaluation of the iterated double integrals is discussed. This may be accomplished by replacing the integrals by summations over a sufficiently dense set of points or by using special systems such as FORMAC.
Improved pseudobonds for combined ab initio quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical methods

The pseudobond approach offers a smooth connection at the quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical interface which passes through covalent bonds. It replaces the boundary atom of the environment part with a seven-valence-electron atom to form a pseudobond with the boundary atom of the active part [Y. Zhang, T. S. Lee, and W. Yang, J. Chem. Phys. 110, 46 (1999)]. In its original formulation, the seven-valence-electron boundary atom has the basis set of fluorine and a parametrized effective core potential. Up to now, only the Cps(sp3)–C(sp3) pseudobond has been successfully developed; thus in the case of proteins, it can only be used to cut the protein side chains. Here we employ a different formulation to construct this seven-valence-electron boundary atom, which has its own basis set as well as the effective core potential. We have not only further improved Cps(sp3)–C(sp3) pseudobond, but also developed Cps(sp3)–C(sp2,carbonyl) and Cps(sp3)–N(sp3) pseudobonds for the cutting of protein backbones and nuclei...
LOW-ENERGY NEUTRON RESONANCES IN ERBIUM AND GADOLINIUM

The two neutron resonances in Er at 0.46 and 0.58 ev have been measured using samples enriched in Er166, Er167, and Er168. It was found that both resonances occur in the target nucleus Er167. The i...
Linking optics and mechanics in an in vivo model of airway fibrosis and epithelial injury

Chronic mucosal and submucosal injury can lead to persistent inflammation and tissue remodeling. We hypothesized that microstructural and mechanical properties of the airway wall could be derived from multiphoton images. New Zealand White rabbits were intubated, and the tracheal epithelium gently denuded every other day for five days (three injuries). Three days following the last injury, the tracheas were excised for multiphoton imaging, mechanical compression testing, and histological analysis. Multiphoton imaging and histology confirm epithelial denudation, mucosal ulceration, subepithelial thickening, collagen deposition, immune cell infiltration, and a disrupted elastin network. Elastase removes the elastin network and relaxes the collagen network. Purified collagenase removes epithelium with subtle subepithelial changes. Young's modulus [(E) measured in kiloPascal] was significantly elevated for the scrape injured (9.0+/-3.2) trachea, and both collagenase (2.6+/-0.4) and elastase (0.8+/-0.3) treatment significantly reduced E relative to control (4.1+/-0.7). E correlates strongly with second harmonic generation (SHG) signal depth decay for enzyme-treated and control tracheas (R(2)=0.77), but not with scrape-injured tracheas. We conclude that E of subepithelial connective tissue increases on repeated epithelial wounding, due in part to changes in elastin and collagen microstructure and concentration. SHG depth decay is sensitive to changes in extracellular matrix content and correlates with bulk Young's modulus.
Femtosecond pulse propagation in optical fibers: higher order effects

Higher-order effects in femtosecond-pulse propagation in optical fibers are examined. In particular, the specific contributions to nonlinear chirping in the fiber by the higher-order cubic dispersion term and by the shock term are investigated. The effects on the output spectrum of fiber input pulses having an initial chirp and an initial asymmetric pulse shape are also investigated. By comparison to a global description, it is shown that, for optical pulses having reasonable power levels, dispersion effects can be accurately approximated by a Taylor series expansion in the nonlinear Schrodinger equation even for pulses containing two optical cycles. >
SU-FF-T-198: Efficient and Automated MLC QA at Variable Gantry Angles for IMRT QA

Purpose: The success of an IMRT program depends upon the accuracy of the Multi‐leaf Collimator's (MLC). The usual QA and calibration of MLC's are carried out at a gantry angle of 0°. We have developed a tool, which efficiently and accurately, measures the MLC offsets from desired position at different gantry angles. Materials/Methods: Data was acquired on a Siemens Oncor linear accelerator, which was equipped with an EPID for a period of 6 weeks. The geometric corrections are applied to the images at the imaging workstation. The EPID was exposed to 5 strips of width equal to 2cm. Data was obtained at various gantry angles. The data was compared with the template and later evaluated with software developed in Matlab 7.1. We compared the results from two edge detection algorithms, ‘Sobel’ and ‘Canny’. Data was obtained to verify the accuracy of the auto initialization process. Results: Time require to obtain and analyzeMLC strip data at gantry angles of 0°, 90°, 180°, 270° was 12 minutes. It was observed that the overall effect gantry angle on error distribution is not significant, i.e. it's within ± 2mm. Effect of leaf position on error distribution, Pre and post AI, and weekly drifts were evaluated. It was observed that the percentage of leaves with a cumulative error less than 1mm at gantry angle of 0 and 180 was 80 %, while that for gantry angle of 90 and 270 was 72%. Conclusion: The tool helps the physicist and service engineer regarding the frequency and magnitude of AI/Calibration required. Currently the service engineer enters the leaf offsets manually to correct the encoder, which is stored in an EPROM. We plan to enter the offsets directly from software presented here to the EPROM via the controller card.
Minimum-Time Orbital Phasing Maneuvers

The minimum-time, constant-thrust, orbital phasing maneuver is studied numerically. Nondimensionalization reduces the problem to one where thrust magnitude and phase angle are the only parameters. Extremal solutions are obtained for the entire range of practical values of thrust magnitude and phase angle. Plots of trajectories, thrust-angle proe les, and loci of initial costates are used to identify a near-invariance principle that leads to a variety of conclusions about this class of problems. The types of thrust-angle proe les are shown to fall into at least four types, two of which exist within the region of near-invariance. These two thrust-angle proe le types are distinguished by thetime-of-e ight tf, andthetransition between them takesplacefora tf of approximately one-half of an orbit. The relationship between tf and the ratio of thrust to phase angle is also shown to be nearly invariant over a wide range of thrust magnitudes.
Radiation therapy facilities in the United States.

Purpose: About half of all cancer patients in the United States receive radiation therapy as a part of their cancer treatment. Little is known, however, about the facilities that currently deliver external beam radiation. Our goal was to construct a comprehensive database of all radiation therapy facilities in the United States that can be used for future health services research in radiation oncology. Methods and Materials: From each state’s health department we obtained a list of all facilities that have a linear accelerator or provide radiation therapy. We merged these state lists with information from the American Hospital Association (AHA), as well as 2 organizations that audit the accuracy of radiation machines: the Radiologic Physics Center (RPC) and the Radiation Dosimetry Services (RDS). The comprehensive database included all unique facilities listed in 1 or more of the 4 sources. Results: We identified 2,246 radiation therapy facilities operating in the United States as of 2004–2005. Of these, 448 (20%) facilities were identified through state health department records alone and were not listed in any other data source. Conclusions: Determining the location of the 2,246 radiation facilities in the United States is a first step in providing important information to radiation oncologists and policymakers concerned with access to radiation therapy services, the distribution of health care resources, and the quality of cancer care.
Applications of differential equations in general problem solving

A large class of problems leading to digital computer processing can be formulated in terms of the numerical solution of systems of ordinary differential equations. Powerful methods are in existence for the solution of such systems. A good general purpose routine for the solution of such systems furnishes a powerful tool for processing many problems. This is true from the point of view of ease of programming, ease of debugging, and minimization of computer time. A number of examples are discussed in detail.
Mining Software Contracts for Software Evolution

Maintenance and evolution are important parts for all successful software projects. In recent years, version control systems have played a key role in software development process. Not only do they provide a means to coordinate programmers, organize and manage source code, but they also persist the evolution history of the source code into their software repositories. Mining software repositories has provided many insights on the evolution of software, both for researchers and practitioners. In this paper we propose that versioned software contracts--mined from software repositories--can be a powerful tool for better understanding and supporting software evolution. Tooling support is critical, due to the complexities of configuring, compiling, and running the software to produce meaningful inferred contracts. This paper contributes both techniques and tool support for downloading, building, and analyzing open source software from social coding sites like GitHub. The tool automatically produces a description of software evolution represented by versions of program invariants.
Wave Propagation in the Hot Duct of VHTR

In VHTR, helium from the reactor vessel is conveyed to a power conversion unit through a hot duct. In a hypothesized Depressurized Conduction Cooldown event where a rupture of the hot duct occurs, pressure waves will be initiated and reverberate in the hot duct. A numerical model is developed to quantify the transients and the helium mass flux through the rupture for such events. The flow path of the helium forms a closed loop but only the hot duct is modeled in this study. The lower plum of the reactor vessel and the steam generator are treated as specified pressure and/or temperature boundary to the hot duct. The model is based on the conservation principles of mass, momentum and energy, and on the equations of state for helium. The numerical solution is based on the method of characteristics with specified time intervals with a predictor and corrector algorithm. The rupture sub-model gives reasonable results. Transients induced by ruptures with break area equaling 20%, 10%, and 5% of the duct cross-sectional area are described.
Modeling for Suppression of Moisture/Temperature Induced Dimensional Changes in Fibrous Composite Structures

Suppression of dimensional change induced by moisture and or temperature changes of several fibrous systems each composed of at least one hygroscopic component has been studied. This paper deals with the simplest case, that of a balanced parallel structure assembled with perfect bonding. Its dimensional behavior is modeled taking into account such parameters as the preloading condition at the time of assembly, initial moisture content and temperature, area ratio of the components, molecular orientation, and modulus decaying factor. The results showed that two factors played a major role in moisture/temperature induced dimensional change: longitudinal swelling/shortening which determines the longitudinal dimensional change, and material softening/stiffening which influences the restricting ability of the less moisture/temperature sensitive component. Whether the two factors add their effects to each other or compete against each other depends on the initial moisture content and temperature. The effectivene...
Trust and Schooling in the United States.

Abstract I investigate the effects of trust on human capital measured as average years of schooling in U.S. states using data from the 1980s and the 1990s. I find robust evidence that an increase in trust increases schooling across U.S. states. According the results of the seemingly unrelated regression estimation, a 25 percentage point increase in Trust increases the average years of schooling by approximately 1.5 months. This is not insignificant since more than $5000 increase in per capita income (in 2000 prices) is needed to have the same effect on schooling.
Medicare’s Private Plans: A Report Card On Medicare Advantage

With higher payments and expanded private-plan authority, Medicare Advantage (MA) has caused the market to grow. One in three Medicare beneficiaries with Part D now gets this coverage through MA. Analysis of the sources of and reasons for enrollment growth suggest a troubling report card. Clearly, the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) has expanded choice and the private-sector role. But it also has added to Medicare’s complexity and costs and has created potential inequities, without apparent improvements in quality. However the debate ends, a stronger system of performance monitoring and accountability is needed to meet Medicare’s essential fiduciary requirements and oversight responsibilities.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Techniques for Distress and Pain in Breast Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis

This meta-analysis is the first to examine cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques for distress and pain specifically in breast cancer patients. Twenty studies that used CBT techniques with breast cancer patients were identified and effect sizes were calculated to determine (1) whether CBT techniques have a significant impact on distress and pain, (2) if individual or group treatments are more effective, (3) whether severity of cancer diagnosis influences distress and pain outcomes, and, (4) if there is a relationship between CBT technique efficacy for distress and pain. Results revealed effect sizes of d = 0.31 for distress (p 0.05). There were no significant differences in effects between those with or without metastases (p > 0.05). The correlation between effect sizes for distress and pain was not significant (p = 0.07). Overall, the results support the use of CBT techniques administered individually to manage distress and pain in breast cancer patients. However, more well-designed studies are needed.
Granuloma associated with fenestrated tracheostomy tubes

Four cases of granuloma that caused tracheal obstruction have been presented. In each, although for different reasons, a tracheostomy was performed and a fenestrated tube inserted. We conclude that the insertion of a fenestrated tube was the direct cause of the excessive amount of granuloma that caused tracheal obstruction.
A genus oblivious approach to cross parameterization

In this paper we present a robust approach to construct a map between two triangulated meshes, M and M^' of arbitrary and possibly unequal genus. We introduce a novel initial alignment scheme that allows the user to identify ''landmark tunnels'' and/or a ''constrained silhouette'' in addition to the standard landmark vertices. To describe the evolution of non-landmark tunnels we automatically derive a continuous deformation from M to M^' using a variational implicit approach. Overall, we achieve a cross parameterization scheme that is provably robust in the sense that it can map M to M^' without constraints on their relative genus. We provide a number of examples to demonstrate the practical effectiveness of our scheme between meshes of different genus and shape.
Hypothesis Testing in ARIMA(p, 1, q) Models

Abstract Let the time series {Yt : t ∈ (1, 2, …)} satisfy Yt = ρY t-1 + Z t and Zt + Σ p i=1 a i Zt−1 = et + Σ q j=1 β j et-j, where {e t } is a sequence of normal, independently distributed (NID(0, σ2)) random variables, and y 0 = 0. Associated with the Zt process are the characteristic equations mp + Σ p i=1 aimp-i = 0 and mq + Σ q j=1 βjmq-j = 0, the roots of which are assumed to be less than one in absolute value. Thus, using the notation of Box and Jenkins (1976), we would say Yt is an ARIMA(p, 1, q) process if ρ = 1. Under the assumption that ρ = 1, the limiting distributions of nonlinear least squares regression estimators of the parameters appearing in the preceding model are obtained. Regression t-type statistics for testing the hypothesis that ρ = 1 are discussed. Similar results are obtained for models that allow a nonzero mean. An illustrative example is given.
Deisgn of look-up table based architecture for wideband beamforming

Wideband beamforming with a real-time array testbed will be studied in this paper. The algorithm and implementation architecture on wideband beamforming will be the main focus. The contribution of this paper can be summarized in the following three aspects. First, the channel imbalances among different RF chains will be taken into account. The equivalent complex baseband impulse responses of RF chains are measured from the AFRL TELA testbed. The second contribution is that the novel architecture of wideband beamforming is proposed. Look-up table (LUT) based architecture is exploited to replace the pre-steering delay component to avoid fractional delay-one implementation bottleneck. In addition, the general optimization issue for wideband beamforming is formulated as semi-definite programing (SDP), which can be efficiently solved by the convex optimization tool, e.g. CVX.
PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACILLUS TUBERCULOSIS : I. SKIN-PREPARATORY AND REACTING POTENCIES OF TUBERCULIN, O.T., AND BACILLUS TUBERCULOSIS CULTURE FILTRATES.

New toxic substances in certain tuberculin, O.T., and B. typhosus culture filtrates are described. These substances are capable of eliciting the hemorrhagic necrosis characteristic of the phenomenon of local skin reactivity provided heterologous bacterial filtrates of high potency are used either for the intradermal or the intravenous injection. The toxic substances apparently have no relationship to the tuberculin substances proper. The experiments with inactive preparations also demonstrate in rabbits a state of hypersensitiveness to tuberculin, O.T., and bacteria-free culture filtrates in the absence of tuberculous foci. The reactions are elicited provided the tissues are rendered vulnerable through contact with certain soluble bacterial factors capable of eliciting the phenomenon of local skin reactivity to bacterial filtrates, and provided the tuberculin or the tuberculous culture filtrates are injected intravenously into immunized rabbits.
Giving MBA Programs the Third Degree

Many critics of management education believe that MBA programs are facing a crisis because their curricula fail to adequately address the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) that students must acquire in order to succeed in the business world. Because the traditional approaches to MBA curriculum development have failed to identify these KSAs, a new approach is needed. This article proposes a step-by-step guide to implementing such an approach, called “the proactive mission-based approach,” that will better provide graduates with KSAs valuable to them and employers.
Kolmogorov complexity of finite sequences and recognition of different preictal EEG patterns

The problem of an adequate quantitative interpretation of epileptic EEG recordings is of great importance in the understanding, recognition and treatment of epilepsy. In recent years, much effort has been made to develop computerized methods which can characterize different interictal, ictal and postictal stages. The main issue of whether there exist a preictal phenomenon is unresolved. In this paper, we address this issue making use of the most basic representation of data complexity, namely the algorithmic information content. In general this measure, also known as Kolmogorov complexity, represents the compressibility of the data strings. It can also be used to describe properties (linear and nonlinear) of the underlying dynamical system. We analyze Kolmogorov complexity and related characteristics of intracranial EEG recordings containing preictal, ictal and postictal segments. >
CELLULAR METACHROMASIA, A GENETIC MARKER FOR STUDYING THE MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES

Abstract Cell culture of skin fibroblasts seems to offer a means by which inherited disorders of mucopolysaccharide metabolism may be investigated. Since skin fibroblasts are readily available by biopsy and grow well in culture, a cell involved in the metabolic defect can be examined under controlled conditions. Cellular metachromasia, as evidenced by red cytoplasm on staining with toluidine-blue O, seems to be a reliable genetic marker for investigating mucopolysaccharidoses. The Morquio syndrome, in which the abnormalities are restricted to the skeletal system, seems to be an exception, and this suggests that the abnormal gene is suppressed in skin fibroblasts in this condition. Although these studies have been concerned primarily with the inherited disorders of mucopolysaccharide metabolism, the methodology appears applicable to other genetic disorders, associated with an intracellular accumulation of a normal or abnormal metabolic product.
Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent and Ehrlichia chaffeensis reside in different cytoplasmic compartments in HL-60 cells

The human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent resides and multiplies exclusively in cytoplasmic vacuoles of granulocytes. Double immunofluorescence labeling was used to characterize the nature of the HGE agent replicative inclusions and to compare them with inclusions containing the human monocytic ehrlichia, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, in HL-60 cells. Although both Ehrlichia spp. can coinfect HL-60 cells, they resided in separate inclusions. Inclusions of both Ehrlichia spp. were not labeled with either anti-lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 or anti-CD63. Accumulation of myeloperoxidase-positive granules were seen around HGE agent inclusions but not around E. chaffeensis inclusions. 3-(2, 4-Dinitroanilino)-3'-amino-N-methyldipropylamine and acridine orange were not localized to either inclusion type. Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase was not colocalized with HGE agent inclusions but was weakly colocalized with E. chaffeensis inclusions. E. chaffeensis inclusions were labeled with the transferrin receptor, early endosomal antigen 1, and rab5, but HGE agent inclusions were not. Some HGE agent and E. chaffeensis inclusions colocalized with major histocompatibility complex class I and II antigens. These two inclusions were not labeled for annexins I, II, IV, and VI; alpha-adaptin; clathrin heavy chain; or beta-coatomer protein. Vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 colocalized to both inclusions. The cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor was not colocalized with either inclusion type. Endogenously synthesized sphingomyelin, from C6-NBD-ceramide, was not incorporated into either inclusion type. Brefeldin A did not affect the growth of either Ehrlichia sp. in HL-60 cells. These results suggest that the HGE agent resides in inclusions which are neither early nor late endosomes and does not fuse with lysosomes or Golgi-derived vesicles, while E. chaffeensis resides in an early endosomal compartment which accumulates the transferrin receptor.
Photographic Response to Successive Exposures of Different Types of Radiation

Given the photographic response curves characteristic for any two types of radiation, it is possible to predict the course of the density-versus-exposure curves produced by the two types of radiations in succession, and thus, tentatively, to draw conclusions as to the behavior of the latent image. The results of successive exposures to x and gamma radiation of different photon energy and intensity, to gamma radiation and visible light, and to visible light and infrared radiation show that—after some initial transition phenomena—the shape of the density-versus-exposure curve is essentially the same as that of the curve corresponding to the second type of exposure, administered alone. In the region of transition, changes in the curve shape may occur which suggest transformations of the latent image, leading to photographic sensitization, desensitization, or reversal. Some of the double-exposure effects found in the literature are discussed in relation to the data presented here.
Path Analysis Examining Self-Efficacy and Decision-Making Performance on a Simulated Baseball Task

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between decision-making self-efficacy and decision-making performance in sport. Undergraduate students (N = 78) performed 10 trials of a decision-making task in baseball. Self-efficacy was measured before performing each trial. Decision-making performance was assessed by decision speed and decision accuracy. Path analyses examined the relationships between self-efficacy, residualized past performance, and current performance. The results indicated that self-efficacy was a significant and consistent predictor of decision speed (eight of nine trials), but not decision accuracy (four of nine trials). It was also found that experience does not have a meaningful effect on the relationship between self-efficacy and decision-making performance in sport.
The use of client surveys to gauge the threat of contamination in welfare reform experiments

This paper examines the type of evidence policy analysts have used to identify the presence and magnitude of contamination in welfare reform experiments. Peter Rossi's critique of the New Jersey Family Development Program evaluation motivates the following discussion. In this critique Rossi and others contend that client misperception about experimental control-group assignment resulted in contamination that negates reported treatment effectiveness. By applying the framework of the Rubin Causal Model (RCM) to isolate “pure” and “impure” experimental and control cases, the actual group assignment and not self-reported membership is shown to be a more accurate gauge of treatment level and effect. The analysis reveals that the form of contamination Rossi detected leads to underestimates of treatment effects, not their evaporation. While contamination is a legitimate threat in any research design its identification must be based on empirical measures. © 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Significance of ERα, HER2, and CAV1 expression and molecular subtype classification to canine mammary gland tumor:

Canine mammary gland tumor (CMT) and human breast cancer (HBC) share many similarities regarding their risk factors, histological features, and behavior. Despite the increasing evidence of molecular marker expression as a prognostic indicator for HBC, few studies have applied this approach to CMT. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the significance of the expression of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and caveolin-1 (CAV1) to the behavior and the clinical outcome of CMT. Additionally, the correlation between subtype classification (luminal A, luminal B, HER2-overexpressing, basal-like, and normal-like) and tumor behavior prognosis were assessed. Canine mammary gland tissues were immunohistochemically stained for ERα, HER2, and CAV1 and evaluated and classified into 5 subtypes on the basis of immunoreactivity. Although there were no statistically significant differences in the molecular marker immunoreactivity of different subtypes, the degree of positive staining for ERα, extranuclear ERα, HER2, and CAV1 showed significant correlations (P < 0.05) with the behavior and prognosis of the tumor. The current study indicates the prognostic value of immunohistochemical staining status of ERα, HER2, and CAV1 for CMT. In addition, some trends were seen in subtype classification on the prognosis of the tumor, implying that, although further analysis is needed, there is potential clinical application of 5-subtype classification for CMT.
A piece of the action: Lessons from silicon Valley's first semiconductor enterprise

The behavior and assumptions that launched the semiconductor industry in Silicon Valley proved to be quite different from the behavior and assumptions involved in growing and sustaining that industry. This article will show significant differences between key aspects of the Valley's first semiconductor enterprise and what would come later there. Two primary, and related, differences stand out between the Valley's first semiconductor enterprise and later generations: 1. The business model. Shockley wished to create a smaller version of Bell Telephone Laboratories (Bell Labs). 2. The role of Stanford University. Relations with Stanford University were central to the inception, location, and planning of Shockley Semiconductor. Although SSL was a flawed vessel, and had a brief life as a viable competitive force to be reckoned with, its role in history is secure: determining a location for the Traitorous Eight, their subsequent spin-offs, and for Silicon Valley's signature industry.
Characterization of metamaterial-based electrically small antennas

The purpose of this work is to theoretically investigate the behavior of an electrically small antenna enclosed in a metamaterial sphere. We consider the use of magneto-dielectric and negative permittivity materials for constructing the small antenna. The Green's function for the evaluation of the input impedance is derived and the method of moment with Galerkin's procedure is used to determine the probe current from which the input impedance of the resonator is calculated. A physical insight is provided, and the effect of metamaterials for bandwidth enhancement is addressed.
Localized surface plasmon resonance nanosensor: a high-resolution distance-dependence study using atomic layer deposition.

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is used to deposit 1−600 monolayers of Al2O3 on Ag nanotriangles fabricated by nanosphere lithography (NSL). Each monolayer of Al2O3 has a thickness of 1.1 A. It is demonstrated that the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) nanosensor can detect Al2O3 film growth with atomic spatial resolution normal to the nanoparticle surface. This is approximately 10 times greater spatial resolution than that in our previous long-range distance-dependence study using multilayer self-assembled monolayer shells. The use of ALD enables the study of both the long- and short-range distance dependence of the LSPR nanosensor in a single unified experiment. Ag nanoparticles with fixed in-plane widths and decreasing heights yield larger sensing distances. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, and quartz crystal microbalance measurements are used to study the growth mechanism. It is proposed that the growth of Al2O3 is initiated by the decomposition of tr...
The HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A inhibits growth of small cell lung cancer cells.

Background An estimated 162,460 people will die of lung cancer in the United States in 2006, making it the leading cause of cancer deaths. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for 20% of all lung cancers and exhibits aggressive behavior with early metastases. Current treatments yield five-year survival rates of 5 to 10%, indicating a need for novel therapeutic approaches. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) represent a new class of anticancer agents. Trichostatin A (TSA), an HDACI, has been shown to inhibit growth in several cancers. We hypothesized that TSA may inhibit proliferation of SCLC cells. Materials and methods Human SCLC DMS53 cells were treated with TSA (0 to 400 nM). Light microscopy was used to assess changes in cell morphology. Western analysis was performed for acetylated histone 4 to confirm HDAC inhibition. The effect of TSA treatment on cellular growth was measured by the MTT assay. Finally, levels of BCL-2, cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, p21, and p27 proteins were measured to look for induction of cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. Results DMS53 cells treated with TSA underwent dramatic changes in cell appearance. Treated cells assumed round and spindle shapes with distinct cellular borders. Western analysis demonstrated increased levels of acetylated histone 4. TSA treatment resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of growth. Lastly, elevated p21, p27, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase along with decreased BCL-2 protein levels were observed. Conclusions TSA causes morphological differentiation and dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth via cell cycle arrest and subsequent apoptosis. This suggests that TSA and other HDACIs may represent a new potential therapy for patients with SCLC.
High Speed Boundary Layer Transition on a Blunt Nose Flare with Roughness

A blunt nose flare model was designed and constructed and is to be tested in the Langley Mach 6 quiet tunnel. The experiment is designed to investigate the effects of roughness and pressure gradient on hypersonic boundary layer transition. The design of the model is discussed, as are several new experimental techniques which are to be incorporated. Inviscid boundary layer, and stability computations are reported at both Mach 6 and Mach 3.5. Some preliminary experimental results at Mach 3.5 are also given.
Social cost comparison among fuel cell vehicle alternatives

A comparison of the social cost among emerging vehicle technologies can be performed using different approaches and variables. The objective of this paper is to compare the social cost of different fuels being considered for use in fuel cell vehicles. To address the necessary input values, a debited analysis of different technological aspects was carried out. These aspects are related to: the complexity of each technology (vehicle cost, maintenance requirement and life expectancy); vehicle performance (fuel economy and relative market share); fuel infrastructure (fuel cost); full-cycle emissions (fuel upstream emissions and vehicle operation emissions); and overall health cost to society. This study compares the use of methanol and hydrogen fuels in fuel cell vehicles with the use of reformulated gasoline in advanced internal combustion engines, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles. The input assumptions used are based on the current literature. The result shows that both alternative fuel technologies are very close in their benefits, and both are superior to gasoline. Methanol was found to have the greatest benefit in reducing cost associated with damage to human health from air pollution.
Complex sentences: acquisition of syntactic connectives and the semantic relations they encode

The acquisition of connective forms and the meaning relations between connected clauses in the development of complex sentences is described for four children from two to three years of age. The major results of the study include the developmental interactions between syntactic connectives and meaning relations, and between these interactions and the discourse environments in which they occurred. The first syntactic connective the children learned, and, was the most general: semantically, and was used to encode conjunction with all of the different conjunction meaning relations in the order Additive < Temporal < Causal < Adversative. Other connectives were semantically more specific, and were learned subsequently with different syntactic structures in the order Conjunction < Complementation < Relativization. These results are discussed in terms of FORM, relative linguistic complexity; CONTENT, the intersection of form with conceptual and semantic factors affecting acquisition; and USE, discourse cohesion.
Bands, Chords, Tendons, and Membranes in the Heart: An Imaging Overview

Crests, bands, chords, and membranes can be seen within the different cardiac chambers, with variable clinical significance. They can be incidental or can have clinical implications by causing hemodynamic disturbance. It is crucial to know the morphology and orientation of normal structures, aberrant or accessory muscles, and abnormal membranes to diagnose the hemodynamic disturbance associated with them. Newer generation computed tomographic scanners and faster magnetic resonance imaging sequences offer high spatial and temporal resolution allowing for acquisition of high resolution images of the cardiac chambers improving identification of small internal structures, such as papillary muscles, muscular bands, chords, and membranes. They also help in identification of other associated complications, malformations, and provide a road map for treatment. In this article, we review cross-sectional cardiac imaging findings of normal anatomical variants and distinctive imaging features of pathologic bands, chords, or membranes, which may produce significant hemodynamic changes and clinical symptomatology.
The Cl n -Valued Robin Boundary Value Problem on Lipschitz Domains in ℝ n

We show that the L2-Robin boundary value problem for Laplace’s equation on a Lipschitz domain in ℝn, with Cl n-valued boundary data (see (R) below), is explicitly solvable via layer potential operators. Corresponding results for the L p-Robin problem are stated without proof.
Identifying Differences and Similarities in Static and Dynamic Contact Angles between Nanoscale and Microscale Textured Surfaces Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

We quantify some of the effects of patterned nanoscale surface texture on static contact angles, dynamic contact angles, and dynamic contact angle hysteresis using molecular dynamics simulations of...
Spatial transformation-enabled electromagnetic devices: from radio frequencies to optical wavelengths

Transformation optics provides scientists and engineers with a new powerful design paradigm to manipulate the flow of electromagnetic waves in a user-defined manner and with unprecedented flexibility, by controlling the spatial distribution of the electromagnetic properties of a medium. Using this approach, over the past decade, various previously undiscovered physical wave phenomena have been revealed and novel electromagnetic devices have been demonstrated throughout the electromagnetic spectrum. In this paper, we present versatile theoretical and experimental investigations on designing transformation optics-enabled devices for shaping electromagnetic wave radiation and guidance, at both radio frequencies and optical wavelengths. Different from conventional coordinate transformations, more advanced and versatile coordinate transformations are exploited here to benefit diverse applications, thereby providing expanded design flexibility, enhanced device performance, as well as reduced implementation complexity. These design examples demonstrate the comprehensive capability of transformation optics in controlling electromagnetic waves, while the associated novel devices will open up new paths towards future integrated electromagnetic component synthesis and design, from microwave to optical spectral regimes.
Searching for the Rule of Law

Fundamental principles or ideals often seem to acquire a certain fuzziness as they gain importance and notoriety, in part because they are used so frequently and take on the assumption that everybody knows what they mean. But the lack of a settled meaning or understanding of the rule of law - even as we export it and demand it of others, and as it plays an increasingly central role in our legal system, politics and culture - is still surprising. The range of characteristics or criteria commonly attributed to the rule of law is staggering, here amounting to 14 that can be placed in several categories (with parenthetical examples): the basic requirements of a legal system (a fair process, accessibility, universal applicability); certain substantive laws or rules (contract and business rules, human rights); law- and decision-making by certain processes and structures (democracy, separation of powers, judicial review); justice (often offered without specifics); and limitations on government. Increasingly, the rule of law is used to describe what looks like a political or social system, sometimes emerging as the latest of the grand systems. The rule of law becomes the central principle and system by a law-centric flipping or turning of things upside down: democracy is valued as a requirement of the rule of law, rather than democracy being a central principle or system, achievement of which is aided by a reliable legal system. "The rule of law prevailed" has become our highest form of legitimacy or praise, as if the rule of law establishes or embodies highest level norms, higher than the Constitution. This exaggerates and distorts the legal process and the role of law in society and culture, which is evident in the easy but easily refuted notion that human rights are necessarily protected by rule-of-law legal systems. The muddle surrounding the rule of law masks a crisis of democracy and legitimacy.