cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical applications of capillary supercritical fluid chromatography—mass spectrometry

Abstract Capillary chromatographic analyses of thermally labile, less volatile and higher molecular weight compounds can be accomplished using supercritical mobile phases due to the combination of solvating powers and attractive mass transport properties. Recent advances in the use of small bore (25–50μm) capillary columns, rapid pressure programming methods, and polar mobile phases have yielded high-sensitivity and high-speed analyses with chromatographic resolution approaching that of conventional capillary gas chromatography. Mass spectrometry (MS) provides a nearly universal detector for supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and the ease with which capillary SFC can be directly coupled with the mass spectrometer avoids the complications inherent in liquid chromatography (LC)—MS interfaces. Capillary SFC can be interfaced with both electron impact and chemical ionization (CI) modes of operation, and high selectivity and sensitivity as well as structural data can be obtained through appropriate choice of CI reagents. Recent developments in capillary SFC—MS and applications to several compound classes are described.
Regional Distribution of Acetylcholinesterase in the Right Atria of Humans and Dogs

The regional distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the right atrium was determined by quantitative chemical measurements on hearts obtained from 14 infant and 9 adult humans of autopsy, and 9 adult dogs after termination of acute animal experiments. The atrium and interatrial septum were dissected, and the appendage was cut along its fold from the ventricular border to the superior vena cava. The atrium was cut into 20 consecutive sections. Homogenates (10% w/v) were prepared, centrifuged, and the supernatants were used for the enzyme assay by the method of Ellman. The acetylcholinesterase concentration [AChE] was mapped by section, or the sections were grouped into areas and mapped. The results show that: 1) in the dog, [AChE] is significantly higher in the nodal regions as compared to the appendicular areas, which contain the lowest [AChE]; 2) in the human, the [AChE] distribution pattern is qualitatively similar between the adult and infant, and in contrast to the dog, the appendicular areas contain the highest [AChE]; 3) for all areas studied, human infant [AChE] levels are significantly higher than human adult levels for corresponding areas. It is concluded that there is a distinct species difference between the regional distribution of the [AChE] in human and canine right atrium. Also, within humans, there is an age-related difference in the quantitative [AChE] levels. These species and age-related differences may reflect a varying pattern of distribution of the vagus nerve between the two species studied.
Apamin-induced irregular firing in vitro and irregular single-spike firing observed in vivo in dopamine neurons is chaotic

Abstract Dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra often fire action potentials irregularly in vivo , but in vitro fire in a regular, pacemaker-like firing pattern. Bath application of apamin, a blocker of calcium-activated potassium channels, can shift a dopamine neuron from pacemaker-like to irregular firing. To determine whether the irregular firing was caused by intrinsic cellular mechanisms rather than random synaptic input or some other form of noise, spike density functions of interspike interval records were analyzed using non-linear forecasting methods to quantify any non-linear (non-periodic) structure. Intrinsic cellular mechanisms are capable of producing chaotic firing, which is deterministic, non-linear, and loses predictability exponentially with increasing forecast time. To determine whether forecasting spike density functions could reliably measure predictability, forecasting was first applied to spike density functions produced by computer simulations of pacemaker-like, chaotic, and random firing, as well as pacemaker-like and chaotic firing that were randomly synaptically driven. Exponential loss of predictability was successfully detected in both chaotic and randomly driven chaotic firing. Predictability scaled faster than exponentially for random spiking, and linearly (slower than exponentially) for randomly driven pacemaker firing. The method was then applied to experimental records of apamin-induced irregular firing of rat dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra in vitro and in vivo . Exponential loss of predictability was detected in both cases, consistent with chaotic firing. Experimental records of pacemaker-like firing in vitro showed linear scaling, consistent with a randomly driven pacemaker. Several schemes for neural encoding of synaptic inputs have been suggested, such as rate codes or temporal codes. However, our results suggest that under some conditions, the irregular firing of dopamine neurons does not reflect the random temporal dynamics of its inputs, but rather the intrinsic, deterministic dynamics of dopamine cells themselves, under the tonic neuromodulatory influence of apamin in vitro and possibly that of an unidentified endogenous modulatory substance in vivo .
EXTREMO-PHAGE: IN VITRO SELECTION OF TOLERANCE TO A HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT

Extremophiles are microorganisms that thrive under extreme conditions such as temperatures above 65°C, pHs below 4 or above 10, salt concentrations above 0.5 m, or pressures of 600 atm. While studies of enzymes either isolated from extremophiles, or generated using site-specific mutagenesis, or adapted by in vivo or in vitro selection have established a precedent for the engineering and application of proteins at extreme conditions, generalization of the approaches to more complex multimolecular or multitask systems has remained elusive. Here we demonstrate that a significantly more complex system—a bacteriophage—can over a number of generations be adapted to tolerate a hostile and unnatural environment. An in vitro selection strategy was used to adapt phage to urea, a protein denaturing agent. As the concentration of urea employed in selections over 20 generations was gradually increased from 5 to 9 m, the surviving phages steadily improved their tolerance, finally achieving a greater than 350-fold stability enhancement over the original population.
Services research on adolescent drug treatment. Commentary on "The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Study: main findings from two randomized trials".

The main questions addressed in services research relate to the effectiveness, costs, and quality of health interventions (Weisner &McLellan, 2004). Two of these components of services research—effectiveness and costs—are exemplified in the following article in this issue (pp. 197–213) by Dennis and colleagues, The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Study: Main findings from Two Randomized Trials (2004). Through this focus on both effectiveness as well as costs and cost effectiveness of five interventions in the treatment of cannabis abuse in youth, the study makes a major contribution to the literature. Overall, the project is a compelling example of applied health services research using technologies that until now had been studied only in smaller settings or with adults. The CYT study adapted them and tested them directly in an effectiveness study. Recommending the study are high participation rates of eligible youth (85%) and remarkable followup rates (94% to 99% at the followup waves) based on the model of Scott (2004). In addition, the studies have broad inclusion criteria, increasing the external validity of the results, and the researchers carefully supervised the interventions to assure and document adherence to the clinical models of care. Finally, each of the two trials includes replication of the randomized design in two sites. Thus, within this single project are the results of four separate studies (two experiments at two sites each). One conclusion we can draw from this effort is that btreatment worksQ—that is, treatment can reduce cannabis use and support recovery. All five interventions have fairly consistent results on clinical outcomes, whether measured in terms of days of abstinence or recovery at the 3-, 6-, 9and 12-month followup points. Even a more sophisticated
Anticoccidial Efficacy of Semduramicin.2. Evaluation Against Field Isolates Including Comparisons with Salinomycin, Maduramicin, and Monensin in Battery Tests

The efficacy of semduramicin (AVIAX), a novel polyether ionophore, was profiled in a series of 57 battery tests conducted in the United States and the United Kingdom. The studies employed mixed and monospecific infections of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria mivati/Eimeria mitis, Eimeria brunetti, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria necatrix, and Eimeria tenella derived from North American and European field isolates. Ten-day-old broiler cockerels in pens of 8 to 10 birds were continuously medicated in feed beginning 24 h before challenge in tests of 6 to 8 days' duration. At the use level of 25 ppm, semduramicin effectively controlled mortality, lesions, and weight gain depression that occurred in unmedicated, infected controls for all species. In comparison with 60 ppm salinomycin, semduramicin significantly (P < .05) improved weight gain against E. brunetti and E. tenella, lesion control against E. brunetti and E. maxima, and the control of coccidiosis mortality against E. tenella. Salinomycin was superior (P < .05) to all treatments in maintenance of weight gain and control of lesions for E. acervulina. Maduramicin at 5 ppm was inferior (P < .05) to semduramicin in control of E. acervulina and E. maxima lesions, but was superior (P < .05) to all treatments in maintenance of weight gain and control of lesions in E. tenella infections. The data indicate that semduramicin at 25 ppm is well tolerated in broilers and possesses broad spectrum anticoccidial activity.
Anatomy of a duplicated human foot from a limb with fibular dimelia.

At birth, a patient presented with a right lower limb featuring preaxial polydactyly and fibular dimelia with a complete absence of the tibia. Radiographic studies of the patient's foot revealed a duplicated tarsus with eight metatarsals and toes. The three preaxial toes were surgically removed at 1 year of age. A hallux and four normal-appearing postaxial toes remained. The foot was amputated when the patient was 3 years old. Dissection of the amputated foot revealed that the muscles of the dorsum were normal, except that the tendon of the extensor hallucis brevis muscle inserted into both the hallux and toe 2, rather than only into the hallux. The few abnormalities observed among the muscles on the plantar surface of the foot included absence of the insertions of the tibialis posterior and the abductor hallucis muscles. In addition, the two heads of the adductor hallucis muscle inserted abnormally into the medial (tibial) side of metatarsal 1, rather than into the lateral side. These various muscular anomalies, in addition to the mirror duplication of the foot with the presence of only a single metatarsal 1, leads us to propose that this metatarsal probably represents two lateral (fibular) halves that form a laterally duplicated bone. Although the dorsalis pedis artery was present on the dorsal surface of the foot, most of its derivatives were absent. This artery did give rise to a supernumerary medial branch that ended abruptly in the connective tissue (presumably postsurgical scar) at the medial border of the foot. This branch may have represented a duplicated dorsalis pedis artery associated with the duplicated preaxial portion of the foot. The arteries on the plantar surface of the foot were normal. Even though some anomalies in the pattern of the cutaneous innervation were observed, the nerves of the foot were largely normal. The gross and radiographic anatomy of this specimen and the radiographic anatomy of the leg suggest that some teratogenic event occurred when developmental specification reached the level of the future knee. The teratogenic event, which probably occurred early in the fifth week of development, may have caused damage that led to a lateral duplication of both the leg and the foot with the absence of some of the most medial structures. Teratology 60:272–282, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area estimates of depression and anxiety using the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 in the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

To examine the prevalence of depression and anxiety in the United States by state and MMSA. The 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System collected depression and anxiety data on 74 metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas (MMSAs) and 41 states/territories (n = 217 379). The national prevalence of current depression, lifetime diagnosis of depression, and lifetime diagnosis of anxiety is 8.7 %, 15.7 %, and 11.3 %, respectively. There is considerable variability within and across states for all three measures. The most striking within-state difference in current depression between MMSAs is in California: 5.4 % and 11.3 %. This variation in mental health at the state and MMSA levels calls for development and implementation of local programs.
THE EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL EVALUATION OF A TWIN-FLAP WAVE-ENERGY ABSORBING DEVICE

AbstraetmA series of model experiments with a twin-flap wave-energy absorbing device is described, and the results compared with numerical predictions based on theoretical work reported by Srokosz and Evans (1979). Measurements were made of absorption efficiency, flap motion responses, and total flap forces (mooring forces), all with the supporting structure held fixed, with normal wave encounter. Both 2-D and finite-length flap experiments were conducted. Generally, fair agreement was obtained between theory and experiments with regard to efficiency vs wavenumber and applied damping coefficient was generally matched by apparent from these experiments. Maximum efficiencies approaching 100% (as predicted analytically) were confirmed by experiments. Further, the predicted behavior of curves of efficiency vs wave number and applied damping coefficient was generally matched by experimental results. Results for flap motion responses and forces showed good agreement with theory. Some basic conclusions are drawn with regard to practical design and economic considerations for a twin-flap power generating system.
Pediatric Resident Training in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Otitis Media

Objective. To investigate the presence and characteristics of formalized curricula for pediatric resident education for the diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media. Design. A survey was mailed to the program directors of all 224 accredited US and Canadian pediatric residency programs. Questions focused on the development, components, and teaching of any otitis media curriculum. Program directors were also questioned about their approach towards evaluating resident competency of otitis media and their future plans for otitis media-related training. Results. A total of 144 program directors (64%) responded to the survey. Among respondents, 59% had some form of formalized education related to the diagnosis or treatment of otitis media. These curricula primarily consisted of lectures by general pediatricians Conclusions. Although otitis media is the most common disease seen by practicing general pediatricians, the Residency Review Committee in Pediatrics does not mandate formal otitis media-related training. Aside from informal case-by-case education, this survey demonstrated that only slightly more than half of all pediatric residency programs have some formalized resident education of this common pediatric problem, and most of those curricula are infrequent lectures.
Adenovirus-Mediated iNOS Gene Transfection Attenuates U-46619 Induced Pulmonary Arterial Constriction in Isolated Rat Lungs

Adenovirus-Mediated iNOS Gene Transfection Attenuates U-46619 Induced Pulmonary Arterial Constriction in Isolated Rat Lungs
“Think Your Blackest Thoughts and Darken Them:” Judicial Mediation of Large Money Damage Disputes

This paper considers a much neglected, but distinctive and increasingly prevalent kind of mediation work: the mediation of large money damage cases by acting and former judges. The research finds that judicial mediation is a law-infused procedure different from forms of mediation in which the stuff of law and lawyers' work is only marginally relevant, if at all. The study details how judge-mediators draw on their knowledge of the law, technically and as a matter of professional practice, to make legally persuasive arguments that critically evaluate each side's case and what is likely to occur at future points, adversely altering the litigants' understanding of the risks and costs of failing to settle and thus facilitating dispute resolution. The study was developed and pursued as an ethnographic and ethnomethodological study of work.
Hypervalent Iodine Chemistry: Mechanistic Investigation of the Novel Haloacetoxylation, Halogenation, and Acetoxylation Reactions of 1,4-Dimethoxynaphthalenes

Treatment of 1,4-dimethoxynaphthalenes with iodosobenzene diacetate and trimethylsilyl chloride or bromide furnished the haloacetoxylated, acetoxylated, and halogenated 1,4-dimethoxynaphthalenes in excellent yield. The reaction pathway for each transformation was shown to be a function of reagent stoichiometry. A mechanistic hypothesis is presented that rationalizes the reaction pathways and explains the subtle differences in the halogenation reactions. The acetoxylation, for example, is thought to involve the formation of an iodonium ion that promotes the nucleophilic addition of acetate ion and subsequent 1,2-acetyl migration. Bromination occurs as a direct result of the oxidation of trimethylsilyl bromide to bromine, followed by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Chlorination is thought to proceed via a radical process and not the formation of molecular chlorine from the dissociation of iodosobenzene dichloride. The haloacetoxylation reaction also appears to be fairly specific for 1,4-dimethoxynaphth...
He Did It on Purpose! Family Correlates of Negative Attributions about an Adolescent Sibling.

Scholars have suggested that family life may influence children's attributions about close relationships. Using a sample of 369 two-parent families with 2 children (a target adolescent in the 8th grade and a sibling aged 10 to 18), we investigated whether the sibling's negative attributions regarding the target adolescent were associated with mother's and father's negative attributions regarding the target adolescent, or the gender constellation and birth order of the sibling pair. In addition, we used the self-reported negative attributions of both siblings and adolescents to investigate whether attributions predicted one's own behavior, or whether the behavior of the partner predicted the perceiver's negative attributions. Structural equation models showed that mothers' and fathers' negative attributions regarding the target adolescent predicted concurrent negative attributions for girls, but not boys. In addition, siblings' negative attributions regarding each other predicted their negative and positive behavior toward the partner 2 years later. The positive behavior of the attribution target also predicted the perceiver's negative attributions, but its effect was weaker. Girl sibling pairs were less negative in their attributions than cross-sex sibling pairs and boy sibling pairs. Finally, although younger siblings were less negative in their attributions than older siblings, this difference decreased over time. This study advances the knowledge of negative attributions in close relationships by identifying family correlates of an understudied, but important, close relationship.
Pancreas transplantation: an overview

Abstract Pancreas transplantation has evolved to offer the most physiologic glucose regulation for patients with diabetes mellitus. This article describes the reported patient benefits of pancreas transplantation and highlights some of the evolving controversies in donor selection, indications for transplantation, surgical options, and updates in immunosuppression.
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF POLYNUCLEOTIDES: A SUMMARY OF TEMPERATURE EFFECTS*

— The photochemistry of polynucleotides is strongly dependent upon the temperature at which the irradiation is done. At 77°K only a limited number of pyrimidines undergo dimerization. Hydration and interstrand cross-linking is completely prevented at this temperature. Irradiation at low temperatures leads to the formacion in DNA of the spore-type photoproduct. At elevated temperatures destacking of the bases, which occurs upon melting, leads to lower dimer yields. Variation of the irradiation temperature has proven to be of great value in determining the biological effectiveness of photoproducts that differ in their temperature dependence. RESUMEN La fotoquimica de los polinucleotidos observa una marcada dependencia con la temperatura a la que se efectua la radiacion. A 77°K solo un numero limitado de pirimidinas sufre dimerizacion. La hidratacion se puede prevenir completamente a esta temperatura. Bajas temperaturas conducen a la formacion de un foto-producto similar al de las esporas, fenomeno que no ocurre a 298°K. A elevadas temperaturas por encima del punto de fusion, se obtienen rendimientos bajos en dimeros. La variacion de la temperatura de irradiacion se ha probado que es de gran valor en la determinacion de la efectividad biologica de los fotoproductos que difieren en su dependencia con la temperatura.
Benzodiazepine receptor binding of benzodiazepine hypnotics: receptor and ligand specificity.

Abstract Benzodiazepine (BDZ) hypnotics bind at a specific receptor located on postsynaptic neurons. Some data support specificity of binding for several hypnotics to receptor subtypes. We evaluated BDZ receptor binding in cerebral cortical membranes using agonist, antagonist, and subtype-specific ligands for commonly used hypnotics and their metabolites. All hypnotics competed similarly at BDZ 1 and BDZ 2 receptor subtypes except quazepam and its metabolite 2-oxo-quazepam and to a lesser extent hydroxyethyl flurazepam (EtOH) flurazepam. These compounds had relative specificity for the BDZ 1 site. Triazolam, estazolam, and flurazepam bound equally to sites labeled by agonists but kesalkylflurazepam, EtOH flurazepam, temazepam, quazepam, and 2-oxo-quazepam did not; in addition, these four compounds did not bind to the “peripheral” BDZ site labeled by Ro 5-4864. BDZ hypnotics differ in their receptor subtype and ligand binding characteristics.
Field-free remobilization of proteins after isoelectric focusing in packed capillaries.

Pressure-driven remobilization without an applied electric field is shown to be possible with capillary isoelectric focusing using packed capillaries. The capillary dimensions are 100 μm i.d. and 2...
Plug-and-play model predictive control for electric vehicle charging and voltage control in smart grids

This paper presents a predictive controller for handling plug-and-play (P&P) charging requests of electric vehicles (EVs) in a distribution system. The proposed method uses a two-stage hierarchical control scheme based on a model predictive control (MPC) formulation for tracking periodic references. The first stage computes a reachable periodic reference that trades off deviation from the nominal voltage with the required generation control. The second stage computes a controller that tracks this reference and charges the EVs, while satisfying system constraints at all times. Under the assumption of a time-periodic load, it is shown that the proposed controller is recursively feasible and exponentially stable i.e. the EVs' state of charge (SOC) and bus voltages converge to the desired SOC and to the optimal periodic reference respectively. Finally, the proposed scheme is illustrated in a set of examples.
Imiquimod-Induced Interleukin-1α Stimulation Improves Barrier Homeostasis in Aged Murine Epidermis

In response to acute disruption of the permeability barrier of aged mammals there is a diminished capacity for barrier recovery, analogous to other aged organs when stressed. Acute barrier disruption increases levels of epidermal cytokines, and cytokines are known regulators of keratinocyte mitogenesis, as well as lipid synthesis in extracutaneous tissues. Underlying the sluggish barrier recovery in aged skin are diminished mRNA and protein levels for the interleukin-1 cytokine family, and its receptors. To further elucidate the role of the interleukin-1 family of cytokines in the barrier repair response, cytokine production was stimulated in aged murine skin with topical imiquimod application. Imiquimod accelerated barrier recovery after acute insults to aged and young skin. These functional results correlated temporally with increased interleukin-1α production in the epidermis following topical imiquimod administration to murine skin. Furthermore, intracutaneous injections of interleukin-1α accelerated barrier recovery in aged mice. Finally, we showed that interleukin-1α added to cultured human keratinocytes stimulates epidermal lipid synthesis. These studies provide further evidence for the role of reduced interleukin-1α signaling in the decline of permeability barrier function in aged skin, and point to the potential use of cytokine augmentation in barrier dysfunction of the aged.
History dependence of circadian pacemaker period in the cockroach

Abstract The freerunning period of circadian clocks in constant environmental conditions can be history-dependent, and one effect of entrainment of circadian clocks by light cycles is to cause long-lasting changes in the freerunning period that are termed after-effects . We have studied after-effects of entrainment to 22-h (LD 8:14) and 26-h (LD 8:18) light cycles in the cockroach Leucophaea maderae . We find that in cockroaches, the freerunning period of the locomotor activity rhythm, measured in constant darkness (DD), is 0.7 h less after entrainment to T22 than after entrainment to T26. Induction of after-effects requires several days (>1 week) entrainment, and after induction, after-effects will persist in DD for over 40 days. Further after-effects are unaltered by phase-resetting of up to 12 h caused by exposure to low-temperature pulses (7°C) of 24 or 48 h duration. After-effects also persist through re-entrainment for 2 weeks to 24-h light cycles. These results indicate that after-effects arise from stable changes in the circadian system that are likely to be independent of phase relationships among oscillators within the circadian system. We also show that entrainment to temperature cycles does not generate after-effects indicating that light may be unique in its ability to generate lasting changes in pacemaker period.
Fever: effect of drug-induced antipyresis on survival

To determine whether the prevention of fever affects the survival of an animal infected with pathogenic bacteria, lizards (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) were infected with live Aeromonas hydrophila and received varying doses of sodium salicylate, an antipyretic drug. Twelve lizards received identical injections of bacteria along with a nontoxic dose of sodium salicylate; five animals increased their mean body temperature at least 0.6 degrees C and survived the week, whereas seven did not develop a fever and died within 3 days. These data indicate that in these lizards the prevention of fever by use of an antipyretic drug such as sodium salicylate increases the mortality rate from bacterial infection.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand Relationships in Typical Agricultural Effluents

Understanding the variables controlling biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of effluents from agricultural systems is essential for predicting and managing the water quality risks associated with agricultural production. In this study, short- and long-term oxygen demand behaviors of waters from primarily agricultural sources and their relationships with other parameters were evaluated. A total of 46 water samples were generated from diverse organic sources commonly associated with agricultural activities and analyzed for BOD and other various water quality parameters. Short-term BOD (BOD2 and BOD5) were significantly correlated with total organic carbon (TOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (R 2 = 0.62–0.77, p < 0.001), likewise to total nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and nitrite–nitrogen (NO2–N) (R 2 = 0.40–0.55, p < 0.001). Long-term BOD (BOD60) was generally poorly correlated with these C and N fractions. Phosphate (PO4–P) exhibited a positive and linear relationship with both short- and long-term BOD, whereas chloride (Cl) tended to inhibit oxygen demand. Multivariate combinations of each of TOC, POC, and DOC with NO2–N, and Cl or PO4–P improved the predictions of both short- and long-term BOD. The ultimate BOD (BODu) derived from the first-order kinetics was highly correlated with BOD60 (R 2 = 0.81, p < 0.001) whereas BOD60 was correlated with BOD5 (R 2 = 0.60, p < 0.001). Overall the results indicated that C and N forms along with PO4–P and Cl were the dominant factors controlling the oxygen demand behaviors of agricultural effluents.
Real-Time Adaptive Contrast Enhancement For Imaging Sensors

A new recursive filter approach greatly simplifies real time implementation of a local area adaptive contrast enhancement scheme for imaging sensors (FUR, TV). Local area contrast enhancement adaptively stretches the intensities in each local area of a scene to the display luminance dynamic range. Even scenes possessing large global dynamic ranges (>40 dB) can then be squeezed into the limited dynamic range (20 dB) of a display without losing the vital local area contrast essential for target acqui-sition. This paper describes the recursive filter implementation (using charge coupled devices) of the local area contrast enhancement scheme and the resultant real time hardware. This module can accept standard 525 and 875 line TV compatible video from any source (FLIR, Vidicon, Video Tape Recorder, etc. ). Several examples from video taped FUR imagery are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of this simple hardware.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evaluation of crossflow filtration models based on shear-induced diffusion and particle adhesion: Complications induced by feed suspension polydispersivity

Abstract Specific flux data were obtained during the transient period of flux decline in laminar crossflow filtration. Effects of hydrodynamics on cake parameters such as specific resistance, mass and particle size distribution were studied experimentally. An evaluation of crossflow filtration models suggests that a model based on shear-induced diffusion [1] is a better predictor of specific flux decline than a particle adhesion model [2]. Even for relatively narrowly distributed suspensions, polydispersivity complicates analyses in a manner that is not adequately addressed by these models. Changes in experimental specific cake resistances with module hydrodynamics coupled to the inadequacy of these models for accurately predicting time-dependent specific flux profiles, cake specific resistances, and mass suggests that cake morphology is a key variable that needs to be incorporated in future modeling efforts.
Hybrid ant systems for the dynamic facility layout problem

Today's consumer market demands that manufacturers must be competitive. This requires the efficient operation of manufacturing plants and their ability to quickly respond to changes in product mix and demand. In addition, studies show that material-handling cost make up between 20 and 50 percent of the total operating cost. Therefore, this paper considers the problem of arranging and rearranging, when there are changes in product mix and demand, manufacturing facilities such that the sum of material handling and rearrangement costs is minimized. This problem is called the dynamic facility layout problem (DFLP). In this paper, hybrid ant systems (HASs) are developed to solve the DFLP. To test the performance of the meta-heuristics, two data sets taken from the literature are used in the analysis. The results show that the HASs are efficient techniques for solving the DFLP. More importantly, HASs found new best solutions for more than one-half of all the test problems.
CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER STUDY OF EMISSIONS FROM 21 IN-USE HEAVY-DUTY DIESEL VEHICLES

Regulated emissions from 21 in-use heavy-duty diesel vehicles were measured on a heavy-duty chassis dynamometer via three driving cycles using a low-sulfur diesel fuel. Emissions of particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbon (THC), and PM sulfate fraction were measured. For hot start tests, emissions ranged from 0.30 to 7.43 g/mi (mean 1.96) for PM; 4.15−54.0 g/mi (mean 23.3) for NOx; 2.09−86.2 g/mi (mean 19.5) for CO; and 0.25−8.25 g/mi (mean 1.70) for THC. When emissions are converted to a g/gal basis, the effect of driving cycle is eliminated for NOx and largely eliminated for PM. Sulfate comprised less than 1% of the emitted PM for all vehicles and test cycles. A strong correlation is observed between emissions of CO and PM. Cold starting at 77 °F produced an 11% increase in PM emissions. Multivariate regression analyses indicate that in-use PM emissions have decreased at a slower rate than anticipated based on the stricter engine certification test standar...
The differential diagnosis of pilocytic astrocytoma with atypical features and malignant glioma: an analysis of 16 cases with emphasis on distinguishing molecular features

Rare pilocytic astrocytomas (PA) have atypical histologic and clinicoradiologic features that raise the differential diagnosis of glioblastoma. Whether ancillary studies can supplement histopathologic examination in placing these cases accurately on the spectrum of WHO Grade I PA to higher-grade glioma is not always clear, partly because these cases are not common. Here, ten PAs with atypical clinicoradiologic and histologic features and six pediatric glioblastoma multiforme (pGBMs) were analyzed for BRAF V600E, IDH1, IDH2, and TP53 mutations. Ki-67, p53, and p16 protein expression were also examined by immunohistochemistry. BRAF-KIAA1549 fusion status was assessed in the PA subgroup. The rate of BRAF-KIAA1549 fusion was high in these PAs (5/7 tumors) including four extracerebellar examples. A single BRAF V600E mutation was identified in the fusion-negative extracerebellar PA of a very young child who succumbed to the disease. TP53 mutations were present only in malignant gliomas, including three pGBMs and one case designated as PA with anaplastic features (with consultation opinion of pGBM). IDH1 and IDH2 were wild type in all cases, consistent with earlier findings that IDH mutations are not typical in high-grade gliomas of patients ≤14 years of age. Immunohistochemical studies showed substantial overlap in Ki-67 labeling indices, an imperfect correlation between p53 labeling and TP53 mutation status, and complete p16 loss in only two pGBMs but in no PAs. These results suggest that (a) BRAF-KIAA1549 fusion may be common in PAs with atypical clinicoradiologic and histologic features, including those at extracerebellar sites, (b) BRAF V600E mutation is uncommon in extracerebellar PAs, and (c) TP53 mutation analysis remains a valuable tool in identifying childhood gliomas that will likely behave in a malignant fashion.
Clustering validity based image segmentation for IC water defects recognition

The authors describe an application of a well defined clustering criterion to color image segmentation for recognition of defects in integrated circuit (IC) wafers. The features of IC wafers are inherently colorful because of the interference effects taking place on the thin films which make up the IC structures. Certain classes of IC defects can be detected by the use of colors which are otherwise not possible to detect in grey-scale image processing. A typical image processing application consists of three stages. (1) image acquisition and digitization and (2) processing and quantitatively determining features in an image and (3) making decisions based on the available features. Hence, an image is first digitized and the light intensities in the image are quantized to a finite number of gray levels or RGB, three primitive colors for color image which are entered into a digital computer. The digitized and quantized image is then enhanced to reduce noised degradation. In the next stage, pixels with similar properties are grouped to form regions or segments in an image. This is the image segmentation stage. >
Optochemical sensing by immobilizing fluorophore-encapsulating liposomes in sol–gel thin films

Abstract The chemical stability of optochemical sensors depends largely on the physiochemical properties of the supportive matrix of the sensor and on the method used to immobilize sensing reagents to the supportive matrix of the sensor. Leaking of physically immobilized sensing reagents from the matrix support decreases the stability of the sensor and its overall usefulness. Covalent immobilization eliminates leakage of the sensing reagent from the support but may lead to alteration of spectral properties and loss of analyte response. This paper presents a new method for physical immobilization of polar fluorescence dyes in a sensing support. The method is based on the immobilization of fluorescent dye encapsulating liposomes in a sol–gel film of micrometer thickness. The encapsulation of the dye molecules in the liposomes effectively increases the molecular dimensions of the sensing reagent, thus preventing its leakage from the matrix support. This paper describes the analytical properties of a pH sensor fabricated by immobilizing carboxyfluorescein-encapsulating liposomes in a sol–gel thin film. The sensor shows excellent stability with respect to dye leaking which in turn leads to high reproducibility and sensitivity of about 0.01 pH units. The linear dynamic range of the sensor is between pH 6 and 7.5 and its response time is at the sub-seconds time scale.
A piggyBac-based reporter system for scalable in vitro and in vivo analysis of 3′ untranslated region-mediated gene regulation

Regulation of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) subcellular localization, stability and translation is a central aspect of gene expression. Much of this control is mediated via recognition of mRNA 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) by microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins. The gold standard approach to assess the regulation imparted by a transcript's 3′ UTR is to fuse the UTR to a reporter coding sequence and assess the relative expression of this reporter as compared to a control. Yet, transient transfection approaches or the use of highly active viral promoter elements may overwhelm a cell's post-transcriptional regulatory machinery in this context. To circumvent this issue, we have developed and validated a novel, scalable piggyBac-based vector for analysis of 3′ UTR-mediated regulation in vitro and in vivo. The vector delivers three independent transcription units to the target genome—a selection cassette, a turboGFP control reporter and an experimental reporter expressed under the control of a 3′ UTR of interest. The pBUTR (piggyBac-based 3′ UnTranslated Region reporter) vector performs robustly as a siRNA/miRNA sensor, in established in vitro models of post-transcriptional regulation, and in both arrayed and pooled screening approaches. The vector is robustly expressed as a transgene during murine embryogenesis, highlighting its potential usefulness for revealing post-transcriptional regulation in an in vivo setting.
Social Media Analytics for Smart Health

This special section of &#x0022;Trends aamp; Controversies&#x0022; focuses on social media analytics for smart health. The introduction, called &#x0022;Social Media Analytics for Smart Health,&#x0022; is provided by Ahmed Abbasi and Donald Adjeroh. Then Mark Dredze and Michael J. Paul have written &#x0022;Natural Language Processing for Health and Social Media.&#x0022; Next, Fatemeh &#x0022;Mariam&#x0022; Zahedi, Huimin Zhao, Nitin Walia, Hemant Jain, Patrick Sanvanson, and Reza Shaker discuss &#x0022;Treating Patients Real Avatars in the Virtual Medical Office.&#x0022; The fourth selection, by Marco D. Huesch, is &#x0022;Social Media versus Privacy and Credibility,&#x0022; The last piece, written by Donald Adjeroh, Richard Beal, Ahmed Abbasi, Wanhong Zheng, Marie Abate, and Arun Ross, is &#x0022;Signal Fusion for Social Media Analysis of Adverse Drug Events.&#x0022;
Neurologic complications of reoperative and emergent abdominal aortic reconstruction

Patients undergoing emergent and reoperative abdominal aortic reconstructions are at increased risk for ischemic neurologic complications. Between 1986 and 1992 five patients sustained ischemic injuries to the spinal cord, nerve roots, or lumbosacral plexus. Four patients underwent reoperative aortic procedures including removal of an infected aortobifemoral graft and extra-anatomic bypass (n = 3) and aortofemoral graft revision for primary graft failure (n = 1). A fifth patient had a ruptured common iliac aneurysm repaired with an aortobifemoral graft. Three patients undergoing reoperative aortic procedures developed lower extremity paraparesis, patchy sensory deficits, and bowel and bladder dysfunction. Physical examination and electromyography localized the injury to the level of the cauda equina or lumbosacral plexus. The other patient in this group developed incomplete T12 paraplegia. Surgical reconstruction resulted in internal iliac exclusion in all four patients. The incidence of neurologic deficits during this study period was 18% (3/17) in patients requiring aortofemoral graft excision for infection. The patient undergoing aneurysm repair was noted to have paraplegia after surgery and died on the fourth postoperative day. Autopsy revealed evidence of multiple emboli to the kidneys, bowel, and spinal cord. Neurologic deficits after reoperative and emergent abdominal aortic reconstructions are uncommon but devastating complications. Of particular concern is the incidence of neurologic deficits after removal of aortofemoral grafts with disruption of collateral flow to the spinal cord and nerve roots. Consideration should be given to maintaining retrograde perfusion of at least one internal iliac artery via common femoral artery reconstruction in these patients.
Effects of combined application of progressive resistance training and Russian electrical stimulation on quadriceps femoris muscle strength in elderly women with knee osteoarthritis

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of combined application of progressive resistance training and Russian electrical stimulation on quadriceps femoris muscle strength in elderly women with osteoarthritis of the knee. [Subjects] Thirty women over 65 years of age diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis participated in the present study. The subjects were randomly assigned to a control group (n=10), a progressive resistance training group (n=10), or a Russian electrical stimulation group (n=10). [Methods] Each group was treated 3 times weekly for 8 weeks, and each session lasted 45 minutes. Muscle strength was assessed by measuring the peak torque of the quadriceps femoris muscle. Outcome measurements were performed at baseline and at the fourth and eighth weeks of the treatment period. [Results] All groups showed significant intragroup differences in the quadriceps femoris muscle peak torque after the treatment intervention. There were significant intergroup differences between the Russian electrical stimulation group and the other groups. [Conclusion] The results of this study suggest that combined application of progressive resistance training and Russian electrical stimulation can be effective in strengthening the quadriceps femoris muscle in elderly women with knee osteoarthritis.
Impulsive aggression and central serotonergic system function in humans: an example of a dimensional brain-behavior relationship.

A dimensional relationship between central serotonergic (5-HT) system function and indices of suicidal and impulsive aggressive behaviors has been suggested by more than a decade of research in patients with psychiatric disorders. This paper reviews a series of studies conducted in healthy male individuals and in male patients with major mood and/or personality disorder involving pharmacochallenge and neurochemical strategies designed to explore the role of central 5-HT system function in the regulation of suicidal and impulsive aggressive behavior in humans. The results of these studies suggest that reduced overall central 5-HT function in the limbic-hypothalamic system is associated with suicidal and/or impulsive aggressive behaviors in patients with major mood and/or personality disorders and that diminished 5-HT post-synaptic receptor function in this brain region may be an important biological correlate of these behaviors. Language: en
Triplet Sensitized Red-to-Blue Photon Upconversion

Sensitized red-to-blue upconversion with a record 0.8 eV anti-Stokes shift has been achieved utilizing platinum(II) tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin (PtTPBP) as the triplet sensitizer and perylene as the energy acceptor/annihilator in deaerated benzene. Selective 635 nm excitation of PtTPBP results in the observation of perylene fluorescence centered at 451 nm. Stern−Volmer analysis of dynamic phosphorescence quenching of PtTPBP by perylene yields a triplet−triplet energy transfer quenching constant of 4.08 × 109 M−1s−1. Clear evidence for the subsequent triplet−triplet annihilation of 3perylene* was afforded by the quadratic dependence of the integrated perylene fluorescence spectra with respect to incident 635 nm light power. The maximum upconversion quantum yield of perylene fluorescence under our sensitized excitation conditions is 0.0065 ± 0.0001, as ascertained by relative actinometry. The present chromophore combination was successfully translated into the solid state using a low glass transition tem...
Counseling African American Women: Multiple Identities—Multiple Constraints

Multicultural counseling models have limitations in synthesizing multiple cultural variables such as race, gender, class, and sexual orientation. The author describes 3 multicultural models—Afrocentric, feminist, and “womanist”—and their application to psychotherapy with African American women. Using a case illustration of an African American lesbian client, the author offers strategies for assisting clients to integrate multiple cultural identities.
Historical Overview of Permafrost Studies in China

Although soil freeze/thaw phenomena were reported centuries ago in the historical Chinese literature, systematic study of permafrost in China started in the 1950s. Permafrost research in China has been related to the exploration for and economic development of natural resources. Intensive investigations for several decades culminated in 2000 in the publication of a detailed map of geocryological regionalization and classification. From this map, it is estimated that permafrost covers approximately 23% of the country. About 80% of China's permafrost is mountain permafrost. China contains about 74.5% of the mountain permafrost area of the northern hemisphere. Since the early 1960s, researchers in China have conducted numerous field campaigns to determine permafrost and ground-ice distribution. A comprehensive ground-based and long-term monitoring network has been established on the Tibetan Plateau and in northeastern China. The State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering (SKLFSE) was established in 1991...