cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of School Gardens on Children's Science Knowledge: A randomized controlled trial of low-income elementary schools

This randomized controlled trial or ‘true experiment' examines the effects of a school garden intervention on the science knowledge of elementary school children. Schools were randomly assigned to a group that received the garden intervention (n = 25) or to a waitlist control group that received the garden intervention at the end of the study (n = 24). The garden intervention consisted of both raised-bed garden kits and a series of 19 lessons. Schools, located in the US states of Arkansas, Iowa, Washington, and New York, were all low-income as defined by having 50% or more children qualifying for the federal school lunch program. Participants were students in second, fourth, and fifth grade (ages 6–12) at baseline (n = 3,061). Science knowledge was measured using a 7-item questionnaire focused on nutritional science and plant science. The survey was administered at baseline (Fall 2011) and at three time points during the intervention (Spring 2012, Fall 2012, and Spring 2013). Garden intervention fidelity ...
The isoenzymes of mammalian hexokinase: tissue specificity and in vivo decline.

The reticulocyte loses most of its intracellular organelles during maturation into the red blood cell (RBC). The RBC remains dependent on the preformed enzymatic machinery throughout its 120 day life-span, as it is incapable of protein synthesis. This provides an excellent model of molecular aging.
A seven-year history in early cervical cancer.

Summary A case of early carcinoma of the cervix with minimal histologic invasion by biopsy is presented. Seven years following the biopsy clinical carcinoma developed. A review of the literature is presented, and the problems of early diagnosis are discussed.
Crime, Risk and Money [Book Review]

Sharing some closely related themes and a common theoretical orientation based on the governmentality analytic, these are nevertheless two very different contributions to criminological knowledge and theory. The first, The Currency of Justice: Fines and Damages in Consumer Societies (COJ), is a sustained and highly original analysis of that most pervasive yet overlooked feature of modern legal orders; their reliance on monetary sanctions. Crime and Risk (CAR), on the other hand, is a short synoptic overview of the many dimensions and trajectories of risk in contemporary debate and practice, both the practices of crime and the governance of crime. It is one of the first in a new series by Sage, 'Compact Criminology', in which authors survey in little more than a hundred pages some current field of debate. With this small gem, Pat O'Malley has set the bar very high for those who follow. For all its brevity, CAR traverses a massive expanse of research, debates and issues, while also opening up new and challenging questions around the politics of risk and the relationship between criminal risk-taking and the governance of risk and crime. The two books draw together various threads of O'Malley's rich body of work on these issues, and once again demonstrate that he is one of the foremost international scholars of risk inside and outside criminology.
m(6)A: A novel hallmark of translation.

The discovery of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in polyadenylated RNA can be traced back to the 1970s. However, the biological functions of m6A in mammalian mRNA had remained mysterious for decades. This...
Individual Financial Analysts Contribution In Earnings Per Share Forecasting

Financial analysts are among the most influential group of users of financial accounting information. The majority of existing accounting research concerning financial analysts focuses on aggregated analysts' earnings forecasts rather than individual analysts' forecasts. Studies in accounting have documented the superiority of aggregated analysts' earnings forecasts relative to computer models. This is in contrast to the robust result from years of psychology/judgment & decision making (JDM) research that human predictions are inferior to computer model predictions. Humans can make a significant contribution to accurate forecasting in spite of cognitive limitations. Some skills people bring to bear are cue identification, rapid adaptability to environmental changes and the evaluation of qualitative factors. Computer models offer consistency and significant computational power. This research documents the incremental predictive ability of both individual financial analysts and computer models in forecasting earnings per share. It also provides evidence that both individual financial analysts' and computer models' incremental predictive ability varies between industries.
Fat Cyclicity, Predicted Migratory Flight Ranges, and Features of Wintering Behavior in Pacific Golden-Plovers

Annual cyclicity of body components in wintering Pacific Golden-Plovers (Pluvialisfulva), combined with ecological and behavioral features were variously studied from 1978 through 1987. The primary research site was in Hawaii at the Bellows Air Force Station (BAFS), Oahu. After fall arrival, body weights trended downward for several weeks, possibly in response to the energy required for the behaviors associated with establishing (and reestablishing) residency combined with molting. Major premigratory weight gains began in late March about I month prior to migration. Statistical correlations between body weight and fat content are described. Premigratory dehydration as an adaptation to increase flight range and/or energy stores at the migratory destination was likely. Fat-free dry weights (FFDW) at BAFS were least in the fall and greatest in the spring. For juveniles, this difference relates to overall body growth during the first wintering season. With older birds, it may reflect the environmental conditions at the respective end points of migrationpredictably favorable for southbound migrants, unpredictable for northbound birds. Plovers wintering on Enewetak Atoll and Wake Island had significantly higher FFDWs than the birds at BAFS. Possible factors in this relationship are discussed. The BAFS population contained many territorial birds, and showed high rates of survival and site fidelity over successive years. Juveniles arriving on the wintering grounds for the first time probably experience considerable mortality as they compete with established adults for space and resources. Based on wing lengths, many of the plovers involved in this study were from Alaska breeding grounds. Flyways to the tundra may involve staging areas, but specific information is lacking. Using current formulae, we describe the relationship between body weight and flight range, and provide estimates of the fat required to reach various landfalls.
Desegregating Urban Schools A Causal Perspective

Two models of desegregation change between 1968 and 1974 for a number of U.S. urban school districts are tested using a block-recursive technique incorporating the effects of community environment, the school system, and federal influence. The models can explain a considerable amount of change in the North but much less in the South. In both regions, federal intervention is a dominant influence, although for one model in the North, the earlier year level of desegregation is the most powerful effect.
Effects of ultraviolet A radiation and inhibitory volatile substances on the discomycete, Pyronema domesticum

Pyronema domesticum forms apothecia in white light but not in darkness in a closed Petri dish and in the absence of circulating air in the incubator. Ultraviolet A radiation (320400 nm) at an intensity of 104 microwatts cm-2 induces large numbers of apothecia in sealed flask cultures. These apothecia have impaired development of the ascogenous system but development is normal in a closed Petri dish in which some diffusion of air can occur between the interior and exterior environments. The numbers of apothecia decrease sharply at either higher or lower irradiances of ultraviolet A. Exposure to an irradiance greater than 3.8 microwatts cm-2 inhibits mycelial growth which is prevented at 4030 microwatts cm2. At the intensity inducing large numbers of apothecia, mycelial growth is less than that of the dark control. Exposure to intense ultraviolet A radiation is damaging and results in the death of some of the cultures. Apothecia can be induced to form in darkness in stagnant air in the presence of activated charcoal because unknown volatile substances released by the fungus and inhibitory to apothecia formation are adsorbed. The discomycete Pyronema domesticum (Sow. ex Gray) Saccardo normally requires light to form apothecia (Moore-Landecker, 1979a, b). Apothecia will form in white, blue, or far-red light but not in red light or darkness in well-aerated growth chambers. Far-red light and the relatively strong air currents near the forced air outlet of the ventilating system in a growth chamber can interact to influence development but far-red light alone is ineffective in inducing apothecial formation on a medium containing amino acids (Moore-Landecker and Shrop? shire, 1982). Apothecia can be induced to form in the dark by air currents in a well-aerated growth chamber (Moore-Landecker and Shropshire, 1982) or by chemieal treatment (Moore-Landecker, 1983). Sclerotial formation is inhibited by blue light (Moore-Landecker and Shropshire, 1982). One purpose of the present study was to clarify further the response of P. domesticum to light quality and to determine which wavelengths present in white light could induce apothecial formation in the absence of air exchange between the culture vessel and the environment. Another purpose was to clarify further the exact properties of the air that were modified by diffusion of air into or out ofthe culture vessel that could promote apothecial production in the dark. Critical factors that could be affected by air exchange occurring normally in an unsealed Petri dish are the concentrations of volatile materials present, oxygen, or carbon dioxide (Moore-Landecker and Shropshire, 1982). Apothecia of P. domesticum formed within a sealed culture flask when the mycelium was exposed to ultraviolet A radiation (320-400 nm). Several other Ascomycetes are known to respond to ultraviolet A radiation. Perithecium for? mation in Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabenh. (Leach and Trione, 1966) and ascostromal formation in Leptosphaerulina trifolii (Rost.) Petr. (Leach, 1972) have
Analysis detecting results of organic toxicants pollution in air of workshop

Objective:To understand the current status of organic toxicants pollution in the air of workplace and prevent occupational poisoning.Methods:Basis for national standard,detected n-hexane,benzene,toluene,dimethylbenzene,ethyl acetate,butyl acetate and butanone in 353 factories.Results:Detectable rates of n-hexane,benzene,toluene,dimethylbenzene,ethyl acetate,butyl acetate and butanone are 60.47%,4.58%,44.38%,28.85%,33.88%,28.57%,40.99%,over limit rate are 3.26%,0.45%,2.02%,1.80%,3.72%,1.59%,0.Conclusion:The current status of organic toxicants contamination is not satisfactory,so they should use low poison,improve on technology and ventilation,and the department concerned should strengthen superision these corporations.
Evaluation of QTc prolongation and dosage effect with citalopram.

Abstract Introduction:Recently, controversy has surrounded a 2011 Food and Drug Administration warning against using citalopram at doses >40 mg/day due to QTc prolonging effects. Methods:Patients ≥...
How predictable is the timing of a summer ice-free Arctic?

Climate model simulations give a large range of over 100 years for predictions of when the Arctic could first become ice free in the summer, and many studies have attempted to narrow this uncertainty range. However, given the chaotic nature of the climate system, what amount of spread in the prediction of an ice-free summer Arctic is inevitable? Based on results from large ensemble simulations with the Community Earth System Model, we show that internal variability alone leads to a prediction uncertainty of about two decades, while scenario uncertainty between the strong (Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5) and medium (RCP4.5) forcing scenarios adds at least another 5 years. Common metrics of the past and present mean sea ice state (such as ice extent, volume, and thickness) as well as global mean temperatures do not allow a reduction of the prediction uncertainty from internal variability.
Antithrombin III Genetics, Structure and Function

Antithrombin III (ATIII) is an important endogenous anticoagulant protein which functions at the level of serine protease inhibition. ATIII inactivates thrombin, factor Xa and other enzymes in the intrinsic coagulation pathway, thereby decreasing fibrin formation. Inhibition occurs when stable, stoichiometric ATIII-enzyme complexes form as a result of interactions between the reactive site of ATIII and the active site of the protease target.1 The rate of complex formation increases substantially in the presence of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the surface of the vascular endothelium in vivo,2 or after addition of heparin in vitro or pharmaceutically.1
Fluxless bonding of silicon chips to ceramic packages using electroplated Au/Sn/Au structure

A fluxless process of bonding large silicon chips to ceramic packages with electroplated eutectic AuSn solder has been developed. For initial trial, Au/Sn/Au multilayer structure is first electroplated on the alumina substrate and reflowed at 430°C for 10 minutes in 50-militorr vacuum to achieve uniform eutectic Au-20Sn composition. A silicon chip deposited with Cr/Au dual layer is then bonded to the substrate at 320°C for 3 minutes in 50-militorr vacuum. Without using any flux, nearly void-free joint is achieved. The composition of joints is closed to eutectic Au-20Sn alloy. After obtaining high bonding quality on alumina substrate, we move onto attaching silicon chips to commercial ceramic packages. Microstructure and composition of the joints are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Transmission scanning acoustic microscopy (TSAM) is also used to verify the quality of joints over the entire bonded area. The process developed shows that a large silicon chip can be bonded to the ceramic package without chip cracking or solder fracture. The joint consists of (Au,Ni)Sn, (Au,Ni) 5 Sn, and (Ni,Au) 3 Sn 2 phases. This novel fluxless bonding could improve the yield and reliability of various ceramic packaging applications. Fluxless feature is valuable for packaging devices that cannot be exposed to flux such as sensors and laser diodes.
LA Phasic Volumes and Reservoir Function in the Elderly by Real-Time 3D Echocardiography: Normal Values, Prognostic Significance, and Clinical Correlates.

Abstract Objectives This study sought to assess the prevalence and prognostic value of abnormalities in left atrial (LA) phasic volumes and reservoir function in a community cohort. Background LA enlargement is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Real-time 3-dimensional (RT3D) echocardiography allows assessment of LA phasic volumes and reservoir function. However, there is a paucity of data regarding normal values, clinical correlates, and prognostic value of RT3D echocardiography-derived LA phasic volumes and reservoir function, especially in the elderly, a subgroup at high risk for cardiovascular events. Methods Left atrial maximum volume (LAVimax), minimum volume (LAVimin), and reservoir function assessed as emptying volume (LAEV), emptying fraction (LAEF), and expansion index (LAEI), were measured by RT3D echocardiography in participants from a community-based cohort study. Cut-off values for LA phasic volumes were derived from a healthy subgroup of participants free of cardiovascular disease and risk factors (n = 142; 66 ± 9 years of age; 55% women). Annual follow-up examinations were performed for cardiovascular outcomes (myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and vascular death). Results The cohort included 706 participants (71 ± 9 years of age; 59% women). LAVimax and LAVimin were not associated with age in the healthy subgroup but progressively increased with age in the entire cohort (p Conclusions LA phasic volumes and reservoir functions assessed by RT3D echocardiography were strong independent predictors of cardiovascular events in a community-based elderly cohort. LAVimin and reservoir function assessment may improve cardiovascular outcome prediction over LAVimax.
Treatment of Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD) with Rituximab or Chemotherapy: The University of Pennsylvania Experience.

Abstract Background: PTLD is a rare but life-threatening side effect of organ transplantation. While some patients respond to reduction in immunosuppression (RI), in many patients this approach is ineffective or impractical. Chemotherapy and anti-B cell monoclonal antibody therapy have been explored for treatment of such patients, but most reports include small numbers of patients. We report the results of treatment of patients with PTLD with rituximab and/or chemotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center. Methods: Data were collected using retrospective chart and database review. Patients were evaluated for baseline characteristics as well as response to therapy, time to treatment failure, and overall survival. Prognostic factors were identified by univariate analysis. Results: 35 of 117 adult solid organ transplant patients diagnosed with PTLD that were refractory to RI underwent treatment with rituximab and/or chemotherapy. Median time to PTLD was 4 years (range 3 months to 23 years), and most patients presented with advanced stage (57%) and extranodal involvement (74%). 71% had elevated LDH. There were no significant baseline differences between patients receiving rituximab and those receiving chemotherapy. 22 patients underwent treatment with rituximab. The ORR was 68% (CR 59% and PR 9%). Median time to treatment failure (TTF) was not reached at median follow up of 19 months (range 0.8–51 months), and estimated OS was 31 months (1.5–51 months). EBV positivity was a favorable prognostic factor for achievement of response and TTF (p Conclusion: Rituximab and chemotherapy are effective treatments in patients with PTLD who fail or do not tolerate RI. While rituximab is generally well tolerated, chemotherapy is associated with marked toxicity. When possible, PTLD patients requiring therapy beyond RI should be considered for rituximab, especially those with EBV-positive disease. Chemotherapy should be reserved for those patients who fail rituximab, have EBV-negative tumors, or need a rapid response.
Incentive Mechanisms for Fairness Among Strategic Agents

Mechanism design for incentivizing strategic agents to maximize their sum of utilities (SoU) is a well-studied problem in the context of resource allocation in networks. There are, however, a number of network resource allocation problems of interest where a designer may have a different objective than maximization of the SoU. The obvious reason for seeking a different objective is that this notion of efficiency does not account for fairness of allocation. A second, more subtle, reason for demanding fairer allocation is that it indirectly implies less variation in taxes paid by agents. This is desirable in a situation where implicit individual agent budgetary constraints make payment of large taxes unrealistic. In this paper, we study a family of social utilities that provide fair allocation (with SoU being subsumed as an extreme case) and derive conditions under which Bayesian and dominant strategy implementation is possible. Furthermore, it is shown how a modification of the above-mentioned mechanism by adding just one message per agent can guarantee full Bayesian implementation, i.e., no extraneous equilibria. We consider the problem of demand-side management in smart grids as a specific motivating application, and through numerical analysis, it is demonstrated that in this application, the proposed method can result in significant gains in fairness of allocation and a reduction in tax variation among agents.
Dreaming woman: Image, place, and the aesthetics of exile

Looking closely at an Argentine dream interpretation column published in a popular women's magazine from 1948 to 1951, this article examines the role of the dream image in shaping psychoanalytic discourse on femininity and national identity. The column, 'Psychoanalysis Will Help You,' emerged during Juan Domingo Peron's first presidency, featuring verbal interpretations written under the pen name 'Richard Rest,' as well as surreal photomontages by Grete Stern, a German-born, Bauhaus-trained photographer living in exile since 1936. While the column's Jungian text encourages readers' adaptation to the external reality of their social situation, Stern's droll images emphasize the disjuncture between subject and environment, exposing tensions between the experience of exile and the Peronist mission to consolidate an Argentine national identity. Experimenting formally with European avant-garde techniques, Stern presents femininity and nation as conflictive imaginary configurations. This theme resurfaces at the 2013 Venice Biennale, where Nicola Costantino's multimedia installation Eva - Argentina: A Contemporary Metaphor was exhibited alongside Carl Jung's Red Book. Formal contrasts between Stern's use of photomontage, Costantino's projection technique, and Jung's theory of mandala symbolism indicate the divergent ways in which their artwork posits the therapeutic function of the dream image, as well as the role of aesthetic production in psychoanalytic care.
Addendum to “Fast formation cycling for lithium ion batteries” [J. Power Sources 342 (2017) 846–852]

Abstract Detailed experimental conditions are added for the aging tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements.
The role of HPV vaccination in the prevention of anal dysplasia

Abstract Preventing infection with HPV is likely the best strategy to decrease the incidence of anal cancer. The qvHPV and 9vHPV vaccines are highly immunogenic with the same serious adverse event rates as placebo. The qvHPV vaccine has been FDA approved since 2006 for the prevention of cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancer and anogenital warts in girls and women from 9 to 26 years of age related to HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18. In 2009, it was FDA approved for prevention of anogenital warts in men and anogenital dysplasia in males and females 9–26 years of age related to the same HPV types. Since being approved for use in women under the age of 26 years, several studies have been conducted evaluating the role of vaccinating other populations. Though not FDA approved for this population, the qvHPV vaccine is immunogenic, safe, and effective in the prevention of anogenital HPV disease in immunocompetent women and men up to 45 years of age. Although efficacy studies are underway in the HIV-positive population, the qvHPV vaccine has been shown to be safe and immunogenic is HIV-positive individuals up to 61 years of age. There is also some evidence that vaccination may decrease recurrence post treatment for HPV-related dysplasia. In 2014, the FDA approved a nine-valent (9vHPV) vaccine for use in 9–26-year-old women followed in 2015 by approval for use in men. In addition to the original four HPV types present in qvHPV, 9vHPV contains antigen an additional five oncogenic HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. Current guidelines recommend vaccination in girls and women 9–26 years of age and boys and men 9–21 years of age. It is recommended that men at greater risk be offered the vaccine up to age 26.
Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: decision-making, extent of surgery, and outcomes.

Abstract Background The optimal extent of surgery for patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), tumors ≤1 cm, is controversial because survival is excellent regardless of approach. The objective of this study was to investigate patient and surgeon decision-making about the extent of surgery for PTMC. Materials and methods We conducted a retrospective review of thyroid cancer patients operated on at a single institution from 2008-2016. To examine decision-making about the extent of surgery, we performed a discourse analysis on all available documentation looking for patient or surgeon reasons. Results Of the 853 thyroid cancer patients, 125 (14.7%) had a PTMC as their largest tumor. Overall, 27.2% of the PTMC patients underwent a thyroid lobectomy, whereas 72.8% had a total thyroidectomy (TT). Of those patients diagnosed with PTMC preoperatively (19/125), a significantly higher proportion underwent a TT (94.7% versus 68.9%, P = 0.02). In all cases, documentation indicated that these preoperatively diagnosed patients followed the surgeon's recommendation regarding the extent of surgery. Reasons surgeons cited for recommending a TT included patient and disease factors (34.6%), belief that TT was the standard treatment (21.7%), ease of follow-up (8.7%), and referring provider preference (4.3%). Of the 19 patients diagnosed preoperatively, four (21.1%) patients had a complication, one (5.3%) of which was permanent and potentially avoidable with less extensive surgery. Conclusions These data suggest that surgeons drive decision-making about the extent of thyroidectomy in patients with preoperatively diagnosed PTMC. With recent guidelines recommending thyroid lobectomy, closer examination of decision-making is needed to ensure that patients make well-informed, preference-based decisions.
The Formative Design of Epilepsy Journey: a Web-Based Executive Functioning Intervention for Adolescents with Epilepsy

This case study discusses the design, development, and formative evaluation of Epilepsy Journey, an individually-tailored, web-based intervention designed to address the unique executive functioning (EF) needs of adolescents with epilepsy. This intervention was designed through a three-phase iterative, patient-centered participatory action research process. First, a front-end analysis was completed to identify the unique needs of adolescents with epilepsy and initial design ideas via focus groups. Second, a preliminary design of the intervention was developed from focus group results. Finally, we iteratively incorporated revisions and refinements based on patient-centered feedback collected during usability sessions. Findings based on usage analytics, user reports, and coded qualitative themes from usability sessions suggest that our iterative, patient-centered approach to design, development, and evaluation resulted in a visually appealing interactive and brief intervention that is both engaging and individually tailored to the needs of adolescents with epilepsy.
Poly(allylamine)/tripolyphosphate coacervates enable high loading and multiple-month release of weakly amphiphilic anionic drugs: an in vitro study with ibuprofen

When synthetic polyamines, such poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), are mixed with crosslink-forming multivalent anions, they can undergo complex coacervation. This phenomenon has recently been exploited in various applications, ranging from inorganic material synthesis, to underwater adhesion, to multiple-month release of small, water-soluble molecules. Here, using ibuprofen as a model drug molecule, we show that these coacervates may be especially effective in the long-term release of weakly amphiphilic anionic drugs. Colloidal amphiphile/polyelectrolyte complex dispersions are first prepared by mixing the amphiphilic drug (ibuprofen) with PAH. Pentavalent tripolyphosphate (TPP) ions are then added to these dispersions to form ibuprofen-loaded PAH/TPP coacervates (where the strongly-binding TPP displaces the weaker-bound ibuprofen from the PAH amine groups). The initial ibuprofen/PAH binding leads to extremely high drug loading capacities (LC-values), where the ibuprofen comprises up to roughly 30% of the coacervate mass. Conversely, the dense ionic crosslinking of PAH by TPP results in very slow release rates, where the release of ibuprofen (a small, water-soluble drug) is extended over timescales that exceed 6 months. When ibuprofen is replaced with strong anionic amphiphiles, however (i.e., sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate), the stronger amphiphile/polyelectrolyte binding disrupts PAH/TPP association and sharply increases the coacervate solute permeability. These findings suggest that: (1) as sustained release vehicles, PAH/TPP coacervates might be very attractive for the encapsulation and multiple-month release of weakly amphiphilic anionic payloads; and (2) strong amphiphile incorporation could be useful for tailoring PAH/TPP coacervate properties.
Queens and Their Children: Dynastic Dis/Loyalty in the Hellenistic Period

In a well-argued book, Polygamy, Prostitutes, and Death: The Hellenistic Dynasties, Daniel Ogden attributes the instability of the Hellenistic dynasties to “amphimetric strife,” the divisive competition, murder, and ultimately war which resulted from the children of a monarch, born from different mothers, vying for the throne. In this essay, I demonstrate that there was also metric strife, that is to say conflict, murder, and war between mothers and sons. Metric strife can be attributed, in part, to the fact that Ptolemaic and Seleucid royal women obtained unprecedented power as regents, co-rulers, and even as sole rulers in several instances. Thus, Hellenistic queens played an increasingly central role in dynastic tensions, which led to internecine murder and even war.
PD-L1 expression in tumor cells and the immunologic milieu of bladder carcinomas: a pathologic review of 165 cases

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a transmembrane protein that plays a major role in immune suppression. Its interaction with the receptor PD-1 results in downregulation of antitumoral immunity. Humanized monoclonal antibodies that interrupt the PD-L1/PD-1 interaction have shown therapeutic efficacy in patients with advanced urothelial cancer. However, immunohistochemical staining of PD-L1 in bladder tumors and its relationship to tumor histologic type, grade, and overall survival has been incompletely analyzed. Slides from 165 cystectomy specimens were reviewed for tumor type, grade of urothelial carcinoma, pathologic stage, and overall survival. A tissue microarray (TMA) using four 0.6 mm cores from each case was constructed. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the TMA using a variety of new PD-L1 antibodies and platforms now widely available. For each case, the percent of tumor cells positive for PD-L1 and the percent of positive immune cells were scored. The overall number of bladder cancers positive for PD-L1 depended on the antibody/platform combination used and the threshold for considering a tumor "PD-L1-positive." Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the bladder demonstrated PD-L1 positivity more frequently than urothelial cell carcinomas (UCCs). High-grade UCCs were positive for PD-L1 on tumor cells more frequently than low-grade UCCs. There was no difference in survival between PD-L1-positive and PD-L1-negative bladder cancers in our study. Further studies should consider examining the predictive significance of PD-L1 IHC in bladder cancers.
Evaluation of Tree Seedling Mortality and Protective Strategies in Riparian Forest Restoration.

Riparian forest restoration can be severely constrained by tree seedling mortality. I evaluated the effects of tree shelters and planting density on herbivory and seedling mortality at a restoration site in the Lake Champlain Basin of Vermont. Eighteen experimental units were established along a 5th-order stream and planted with bare-root seedlings of seven species associated with northern hardwood floodplain forests. Two treatments were applied in a factorial design: shelters versus no shelters and high versus low planting density. Mortality and herbivory data were collected over three growing seasons. Survivorship declined to 56.4% after three growing seasons and varied significantly by species. Planting density, presence/absence of shelters, and their interaction had significant effects on survival, browse, or girdling intensity when tested for all species combined. Browse rates were high (44%), whereas girdling rates were low (3.4%). Both browse (P 0.001) and girdling (P 0.022) contributed to seedling mortality. High rates of deer browse on seedlings in shelters were due, in part, to the short height (60 cm) of the shelters, suggesting a need for taller shelters. A large portion (39%) of dead seedlings were neither browsed nor girdled, signaling the importance of other mortality agents. An adaptive approach is recommended to compensate for high seedling mortality and the limited effectiveness of protective devices.
PHAST: plano holographic aspheric stitching technique

Telescope design advancements are leading to the need for larger convex secondary elements, making the use of traditional refractive test geometries impractical. In response to requests for larger convex components, Harris has developed the Plano Holographic Aspheric Stitching Technique (PHAST)[1], a novel metrology approach that offers versatility as well as improved performance for large convex components. This approach was conceived initially for the in-process testing of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) M2[2], a 3.4-meter diameter convex asphere and has since been expanded to a versatile design that can be quickly modified to test multiple prescriptions with minimal cost and schedule impacts. The metrology system has facilitated the production of the largest convex optic that Harris has processed and tested. The metrology approach is a sub-aperture stitching technique that uses a diffractive nulling element. This leverages the rapid production times of the lithography industry to reduce the lead time for test set assembly. For the most common convex component geometries, this test can be ready for use in as little as six months from receipt of specifications. We will present the development and design of this test methodology. Existing PHAST systems are providing high resolution and accurate data while demonstrating the stability of the overall approach. In addition, the approach is capable of rapid reconfiguration to accommodate testing of multiple convex optics over a range of sizes and specifications.
Crack Size Detection Capability of Acoustic Emission

This paper reports on progress of research to define the detectability of cracks and related structural defects using acoustic emission (AE). This work is in response to increasing code acceptance of AE, such as the recent Department of Transportation exemption [1] allowing the use of AE to qualify railroad tank cars in lieu of hydrostatic testing, and the pending Coast Guard acceptance of AE for qualification of ammonia barges. Each of these standards requires the establishment of a minimum detectable defect size. Because of the irreversible nature of the mechanisms that cause AE, traditional round robin testing is not possible.
Homeotic Genes of the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum

The powerful combination of genetic, developmental and molecular methodologies available for Drosophila melanogaster has made it the premier insect experimental system for studies in many areas. Although there is no doubt that D. melanogaster should continue to be the first choice for investigations of many fundamental phenomena, there is also a strong rationale in many contexts for a comparative approach utilizing other insect systems. For example, D. melanogaster is highly specialized with respect to the events of segmentation and many aspects of anterior development.
Management of Large Humeral Defects: Bone Grafts and Augmented Components

Management of large proximal humeral bone defects at the time of revision shoulder arthroplasty can be challenging. Surgeons need to restore humeral length, provide adequate support for the revision implant, optimize deltoid tension, and provide soft tissue attachment sites to reconstruct a stable and functional shoulder. Although proximal humeral bone loss may also be encountered in complex primary cases (such as after resection of malignancies and after trauma), the focus of this chapter is on revision surgery. Options for the management of substantial proximal humerus bone loss include osteoarticular allografts, allograft-prosthetic composites (APCs), and proximal humeral prostheses with large metal replacement humeral bodies. Osteoarticular allografts are seldom used in the setting of revision surgery. The use of modular segmental metal proximal humeral prostheses is a viable option for relatively shorter defects and in situations when the potential for graft-to-host union is hindered, such as with that of radiation or chemotherapy. APCs are particularly appealing for longer defects, especially when soft tissue reattachment is considered important. Nonetheless, patients undergoing revision arthroplasty in the setting of proximal humeral bone loss are at an increased risk for poor range of motion, worse functional outcomes, dislocation, mechanical failure, and other complications when compared to cohorts of patients with preserved native proximal bone and soft tissue attachments; patients should be counseled accordingly.
Nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and practices: regarding children's pain.

Purpose To describe nurses' knowledge and attitudes about relieving children's pain, perceived barriers to optimal pain management, and analgesics administered by nurses in relation to levels of children's pain. Study design and methods Data were collected from 67 nurses and 132 children in their care. Outcomes were measured with The Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain, the Nurses' Perceived Barriers to Optimal Pain Management for Children Survey, calculations of the ordered analgesia administered by the nurse, and the Oucher scale for intensity of children's pain. Results Most nurses demonstrated knowledge and positive attitudes about relieving children's pain but lacked knowledge about the incidence of respiratory depression and thought that children overreport their pain. Inadequate or insufficient physician medication orders for pain were identified by 99% of nurses as the greatest barrier to optimal pain management. The children's mean pain level was 1.63 (scale of 0 to 5). Of the 117 children who reported pain, 74% received analgesia. Nurses administered means of 37.9% of available morphine and 22.8% of available total analgesia. Clinical implications Nurses in practice need to become more aware of the adequacy of their analgesic administration, the value of children's self-report of pain, and the limitations of relying on children's behavioral manifestations to judge pain intensity. This study also demonstrates the importance of examining attitudes about children's pain relief and learning more about respiratory depression in children receiving opioids.
The protestant ethic and the spirit of utilitarianism

Many small groups of a voluntary sort have recently sprung up in American life, some of which have been called "new religions" by some sociologists. Their characteristic features have the secular aim of promoting self-revitalization and self-help. The "help" offered in such groups should be understood to refer exclusively to a sort of therapeutic help, the treatment of perplexity about the guides for conduct and of the self-doubt that often results, or what in religious contexts is often referred to as a concern of pastoral care. Once upon a time authoritatively institutionalized for whole communities, these functions have recently been placed at the free disposal of the individual through the intermediary of the market and the public media. The organizations, groups, and movements that offer these services can therefore take a wide variety of strategies in order to solicit their consumers. These range from programs for "training" individuals, to membership in a therapeutic community. The consumer, it seems, hopes that by participating in these programs he can both modify his overt behavior and feel more at ease in the style of conduct he has chosen; however, the outer and inner aspects of the personal change are often not clearly distinguished.
Prolonged Hypercupremia after Laparoscopic Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy Successfully Treated with Oral Zinc.

A 30-year-old female underwent vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Postoperatively, hypercupremia and elevated ceruloplasmin were identified. Further testing revealed normal blood levels of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and albumin. She stopped ingestion of multivitamins, began a copper-free multivitamin, and then began a low copper diet, but with no improvement in hypercupremia. Protein electrophoresis was normal with no M-spike. Urinary copper excretion was normal at 0.24 micromol/24 hours (normal: < 0.55), and there were no Kayser-Fleischer rings on slit lamp examination. Two years postoperatively, she lost 44% of excess preoperative weight and she began zinc sulfate before meals twice daily (115 mg elemental Zinc/day). At 2 months and 8 months later, plasma copper and ceruloplasmin had essentially normalized. Increased production of ceruloplasmin could have been a response to significant weight loss or the presence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The mechanism of zinc’s beneficial effect is uncertain but may be related to suppressing hepatic synthesis of or secretion of ceruloplasmin.
Interactive volumetric segmentation for textile micro-tomography data using wavelets and nonlocal means

Author(s): MacNeil, JML; Ushizima, DM; Panerai, F; Mansour, NN; Barnard, HS; Parkinson, DY | Abstract: This work addresses segmentation of volumetric images of woven carbon fiber textiles from micro-tomography data. We propose a semi-supervised algorithm to classify carbon fibers that requires sparse input as opposed to completely labeled images. The main contributions are: (a) design of effective discriminative classifiers, for three-dimensional textile samples, trained on wavelet features for segmentation; (b) coupling of previous step with nonlocal means as simple, efficient alternative to the Potts model; and (c) demonstration of reuse of classifier to diverse samples containing similar content. We evaluate our work by curating test sets of voxels in the absence of a complete ground truth mask. The algorithm obtains an average 0.95 F1 score on test sets and average F1 score of 0.93 on new samples. We conclude with discussion of failure cases and propose future directions toward analysis of spatiotemporal high-resolution micro-tomography images.
2924 Oophoropexy in Adolescent Patients

Video Objective This video demonstrates a technique of oophoropexy through plication of the utero-ovarian ligament to the round ligament. Setting The patient is a 13 year old P0 with a history of right ovarian torsion 10 months prior, for which she underwent laparoscopic detorsion without oophoropexy. She re-presented to the ED with two weeks of severe intermittent right lower abdominal pain, associated with nausea and vomiting. MRI abdomen/pelvis revealed twisting of the right ovarian pedicle. In addition, the right ovary was enlarged due to ovarian stromal edema, and there was peripheralization of the follicles. There was no ovarian cyst or mass. At the time of evaluation, the patient was not experiencing pain and she was clinically stable. She was suspected to have intermittent torsion. The patient and her parents were counseled on the option of observation and outpatient follow up versus surgical management with oophoropexy. They desired to proceed with surgical management. Interventions Oophoropexy was performed with a horizontal mattress of non-absorbable Polyester suture from the round ligament, through the mesosalpinx, and to the utero-ovarian ligament. Conclusion Evidence supports ovarian oophoropexy rather than oophorectomy for recurrent ovarian torsion in adolescents. Despite this the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) estimates 78% of adolescents underwent oophorectomy. We demonstrate a method of oophoropexy for recurrent ovarian torsion. The case patient has remained asymptomatic since her procedure. In conclusion, oophoropexy should be considered for adolescent patients with recurrent ovarian torsion to decrease risk of recurrence and to preserve fertility.
Effects of field-applied fungicides, grain moisture, and time on deoxynivalenol during postharvest storage of winter wheat grain

Fusarium head blight, caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, results in major losses in wheat. In two separate field experiments, spikes of winter wheat cultivars ‘Overland’ (moderately res...
Fatigue Design with High Pressure Die Cast Aluminum Including the Effects of Defects, Section Size, Stress Gradient, and Mean Stress

Abstract Defects in metallic components can be formed in many manufacturing techniques, including casting, additive manufacturing, and powder metallurgy. These imperfections can significantly affect the mechanical properties, especially fatigue behavior of industrial components. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate these defects and study their effect on the final mechanical performance of the components. In this study, the effect of defects on fatigue behavior of cast A356-T6 aluminum alloy, as an illustrative material, was investigated. Fatigue tests were conducted under different loading conditions to investigate the effects of defects, specimen size, mean stress and stress gradient. To achieve this goal, fully-reversed uniaxial fatigue tests were conducted on two specimen sizes, as well as tension-tension fatigue tests to study mean stress effect. Rotating bending tests were also performed to study the effect of stress gradient on fatigue performance of materials containing defects. The scatter in fatigue life data was evaluated using statistical analysis. Good correlations of the fatigue life of the specimens under different stress ratios were obtained using a mean stress correction factor. The fatigue life of the specimens under different testing conditions were also estimated using the maximum defect size observed on fracture surfaces.
A 30% incidence of renal cysts with varying sizes and densities in biomedical research swine is not associated with renal dysfunction.

Background Renal cystic disease arising from various etiologies results in fluid-filled cavities within the kidneys. Moreover, preexisting renal dysfunction has been shown to exacerbate multiple pathologies. While swine bred for biomedical research are often clinically inspected for illness/parasites, more advanced diagnostics may aid in uncovering underlying renal abnormalities. Methods Computed tomography was performed in 54 female prepubertal Yorkshire swine to characterize renal cysts; urine and blood chemistry, and histology of cysts were also performed. Results Digital reconstruction of right and left kidneys demonstrated that roughly one-third of the animals (17/54; 31%) had one or more renal cyst. Circulating biomarkers of renal function were not different between animals that had cysts and those that did not. Alternatively, urinary glucose (P = .03) was higher and sodium (P = .07) tended to be lower in animals with cysts compared to animals without, with no differences in protein (P = .14) or potassium (P = .20). Aspiration of cystic fluid was feasible in two animals, which revealed that the cystic fluid urea nitrogen (97.6 ± 28.7 vs 911.3 ± 468.2 mg/dL), potassium (29.8 ± 14.4 vs 148.2 ± 24.85 mmol/L), uric acid (2.55 ± 1.35 vs 11.4 ± 5.65 mg/dL), and creatinine (60.34 ± 17.26 vs 268.99 ± 95.79 mg/dL) were much lower than in the urine. Histology demonstrated a cyst that markedly compresses the adjacent cortex and is lined by a single layer of flattened epithelium, bounded by fibrous connective tissue which extends into the parenchyma. There is tubular atrophy and loss in these areas. Conclusion This study provides valuable insight for future studies focusing on kidney function in swine bred for biomedical research.