cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Neuroimagings “Overview”

Moyamoya disease is characterized by progressive vascular occlusion of the circle of the Willis accompanied by dilated perforating arteries, which are so-called moyamoya vessels, in the regions of basal ganglia and thalami [1]. These findings was defined by cerebral angiography and also classified into the Suzuki's angiographical stages. More recently, the stage of moyamoya disease using magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was proposed as a less invasive assessment [2]. However, cerebral angiography and/or MRA cannot evaluate cerebral hemodynamics in patients with moyamoya disease, which should be assessed by functional neuroimagings such as 15 O-positron emission tomography (15 O-PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging/computed tomography (MRI/CT).
Discovering audience groups and group-specific influencers

Recently, user influence in social networks has been studied extensively. Many applications related to social influence depend on quantifying influence and finding the most influential users of a social network. Most existing work studies the global influence of users, i.e. the aggregated influence that a user has on the entire network. It is often overlooked that users may be significantly more influential to some audience groups than others. In this paper, we propose AudClus, a method to detect audience groups and identify group-specific influencers simultaneously. With extensive experiments on real data, we show that AudClus is effective in both the task of detecting audience groups and the task of identifying influencers of audience groups. We further show that AudClus makes possible for insightful observations on the relation between audience groups and influencers. The proposed method leads to various applications in areas such as viral marketing, expert finding, and data visualization.
Current Concepts on the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes—Considerations for Attempts to Prevent and Reverse the Disease

It may be considered unusual to consider a period of three decades “historical.” Yet, the evolution for our understanding of the natural history and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes has been greatly advanced by a vast number of studies aimed at validating a model (1), proposed by the late Dr. George Eisenbarth in 1986 (2). As a result of this work, the majority of current conventional wisdom portrays type 1 diabetes as a T cell–mediated autoimmune disease involving the specific destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. In this model, persons destined to develop type 1 diabetes are assumed to begin life with a full cadre of β-cells. However, a “triggering” insult, likely environmental, initiates a process involving the recruitment of antigen-presenting cells. Antigen-presenting cells sequester self-antigens released by injured β-cells, followed by their transport to pancreatic lymph nodes where they are subsequently presented to autoreactive T cells. These T cells, rogue constituents brought to life due to genetically driven failures of thymic deletion (i.e., central tolerance) combined with defects in mechanisms designed to induce peripheral immune tolerance, come into play (3). This toxic duo, imparting lack-of-tolerance formation, again in the context of genetic susceptibility, allows for migration of self-reactive T cells to islets, mediating β-cell killing and promoting further inflammation (4). When 85–90% of pancreatic β-cells meet their demise, symptoms of the disease occur. In the final stage of the model, the autoimmune process ends with the complete elimination of β-cells. While this concept still forms the prevailing intellectual dogma for the majority of individuals associated with diabetes care and research today, a series of recent observations has challenged multiple aspects of this long-standing model (5). Many of these evolving concepts will be presented in this Perspective, with a discussion of how our understanding of models of type 1 diabetes pathogenesis …
Blotch and Scratch Detection in Image Sequences based on Rank Ordered Differences

Publisher Summary Old movies are often valuable historical records, but most of them progressively deteriorate in visual quality during the years, decreasing their usefulness. To avoid distortions in the unaffected parts of the image, first the locations of the blotches and scratches have to be detected before the restoration algorithm can be applied. This chapter proposes an algorithm based on rank ordered differences (ROD) that are calculated from the data of the current image flame, and the preceding and succeeding motion-compensated frame. The ROD detector presented in the chapter is a modified form of the signal-dependent rank ordered mean filter (SD-ROM) used for restoration of an impulse noise corrupted image. While the SD-ROM filter works exclusively in the spatial area of one image frame and is only able to remove one or two pixel wide distortions, the ROD filter is designed to work on image sequences. It is able to detect both thin scratches and blotches. The chapter also compares the new algorithm to existing detection algorithms in the form of probability plots and images indicating the correct, false, and missing detections.
HL-A Antigens of the Indiana Amish.

Genetic analysis of HL-A, MLR and other immunologic studies are difficult to conduct in a typical Caucasian population where families tend to be small and lineage complex. The use of a genetically isolated, consanguinous population with extensive family records has marked advantages. The Indiana Amish, numbering some 10,000 individuals, include many large multigeneration and interrelated family groups. We present here an initial summary on HL-A typing results of the Amish in Indiana.
Retroviral vector infection and transplantation in rats of primary fetal rat hepatocytes

Retroviral vectors were used to transduce recombinant DNA encoding firefly luciferase, Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase or human factor IX into fetal rat hepatocytes in primary culture. Hepatocytes were transduced optimally during a restricted time interval, 2–4 days post-plating. Although efficient and stable expression of reporter gene products was observed in vitro, it was affected differentially by culture conditions (plating density, media constituents) and chemical modulators of hepatocyte growth and differentiation (gelatin, hydrocortisone, isobutylmethylxanthine). Cultured cells, mock-infected or infected with a luciferase-expressing vector, were harvested non-enzymatically and injected subcutaneously into the dorsal neck fascia of neonatal syngeneic rats. Tissue isolated from injection sites one week later contained hepatocyte foci. In animals transplanted with infected cells, the preliminary results suggest that luciferase activity was present at these sites in proportion to the numbers of injected cells. These findings and previous observations made with hepatocytes from neonatal and adult primary cultures, indicate that from day 19 in utero through maturity the transient temporal ‘period of susceptibility’ to infection in vitro is independent of the developmental state of starting tissue. Transplantability of cultured fetal hepatocytes infected with retroviral vectors and stably expressing reporter gene products suggests that such cells might provide promising models for liver gene therapy.
DNA–Cation Interactions: Quadrupolar Studies

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 The Composition Dependence of Quadrupolar Relaxation Rates 3 Survey of Experimental Results on Cation–DNA Interactions 4 Additional Methods of Studying Cation–DNA Interactions 5 Acknowledgements 6 Biographical Sketches
Return to the fetal gene program

A hallmark of cardiac metabolism before birth is the predominance of carbohydrate use for energy provision. After birth, energy substrate metabolism rapidly switches to the oxidation of fatty acids. This switch accompanies the expression of “adult” isoforms of metabolic enzymes and other proteins. However, in a variety of pathophysiologic conditions, including hypoxia, ischemia, hypertrophy, atrophy, diabetes, and hypothyroidism, the postnatal heart returns to the “fetal” gene program. These adaptive mechanisms are also a feature of the failing heart muscle, where at a certain point this fetal-like reprogramming no longer suffices to support cardiac structure and function. We advance the hypothesis that in the postnatal heart, metabolic remodeling triggers the process through glycosylation of transcription factors, potentially protecting the stressed heart from irreversible functional impairment and programmed cell death. In other words, we propose a metabolic link to gene expression in the heart.
Experimental and Theoretical Evaluation of Density-sensitive N VI, Ar XIV, and Fe XXII Line Ratios

The line ratios of the 2p-3d transitions in the boron-like spectra Ar XIV and Fe XXII have been measured using the electron beam ion traps at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Radiative-collisional model calculations show these line ratios to be sensitive to the electron density in the ranges ne = 1010-1012?cm-3 and ne = 1013-1015?cm-3, respectively. In our experiment, the electron beam density of about 1011?cm-3 was varied by about a factor of 5. Our data show a density effect for the line doublet in Ar XIV, and good agreement with theory is found. The relative intensity of the Fe XXII doublet shows good agreement with our predicted low-density limit. The N VI K-shell spectrum was used to infer the actual electron density in the overlap region of ion cloud and electron beam, and systematic measurements and calculations of this spectrum are presented as well. The Ar XIV and Fe XXII spectra promise to be reliable density diagnostics for stellar coronae, complementing the K-shell diagnostics of helium-like ions.
Laser-enhanced negative ion mass spectroscopy for weakly electron-attaching species

Abstract We report the first observation of efficient negative ion formation in excimer-laser irradiated benzene and toluene. These negative ions were formed via enhanced electron attachment to highly-excited states produced by the laser radiation. The potential of this technique as an analytical tool is discussed. Due to the general nature of the enhanced electron attachment mechanism involved, this technique can be expected to be applicable for a wide variety of molecules.
A MODIFIED DISC ELECTROPHORETIC METHOD FOR ANIMAL BLOOD SERUM PROTEINS.

Abstract A modified disc electrophoretic method has been developed and the serum electrophoretic patterns of chick, rat, mouse, guinea pig and rabbit have been obtained from micro quantities of blood. The modification involved use of sucrose solution rather than the large pore gel as the anti-convection medium and thus eliminated the problem of incomplete sample gel polymerization. The method described required as little as 4 μl of whole blood for a complete turn, was more convenient and rapid than the usual methods and may find application in animal experimentation and in clinical work.
Review Essay on the Roots of Evil

I consider two essays by Joel Feinberg: his treatment of the moral obligation to obey the law, and his exploration of the evils of the Holocaust.
Impact of impurities on the thermal conductivity of semiconductor nanostructures: first-principles theory.

The thermal conductivity $\ensuremath{\kappa}(T)$ of Si nanostructures containing impurities is calculated from first-principles using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations in thermally ``prepared'' periodic supercells. For a given concentration of impurities, $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ exhibits strongly nonlinear variations with the mass of the impurity. There is a narrow range of conditions for which $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ is substantially reduced relative to that of the pure material. This suggests that the $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ of nanowire could be controlled with impurities and that nanoregions with a desired $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ could be implanted on chips.
Longevity of the Adult Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella, and the Obliquebanded Leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana, in Washington Apple Orchards

The longevity of adult codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.) Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and obliquebanded leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) held in shaded vials in the tree canopy was measured during the normal flight periods during 2004 and 2005. In both years all codling moths were dead by 130 degree-days (DD) (21 d) in the spring and 121 DD (8 d) in the summer. On a degree-day basis, data were similar across sex, generation, and year, and a common curve adequately predicted the survival distribution. For the obliquebanded leafroller, there were longevity differences between the sexes, but not between generations or years. Use of empirical quantile-quantile plots showed that the female obliquebanded leafroller lived an average of 32% longer than males. Maximum longevity observed in these studies for obliquebanded leafrollers was 117 DD (11 d) across both generations. The implications of these data for population biology studies and quarantine requirements are discussed.
Comparison of ST-segment/heart rate slope analysis with standard ST-segment measurement criteria to outcome of exercise thallium-201 imaging

We compared standard ST-segment analysis and ST/HR slope analysis of exercise ECG studies with reference to outcome of exercise thallium-201 studies in 341 patients. Sensitivity was significantly better using ST/HR slope compared with standard ST analysis. Specificity was not significantly different.
Health risk assessment of biodegradable volatile organic chemicals: A case study of PCE, TCE, DCE and VC

Abstract A long-term health risk assessment based on a multi-media, multi-pathway approach for biodegradable volatile organic compounds is presented in this pap
Photon-counting statistics of pulsed light sources

We report measurement of the photon-counting distributions of nanosecond-duration light pulses. Photon counting is performed on light sources with widely different photon statistics, such as (1) a Q-switched Nd:YAG-laserpumped dye laser operating well above threshold and producing single-mode nanosecond pulses, (2) the same laser operating close to threshold, and (3) a rotating ground-glass aberrator illuminated by the laser pulses of case (1). The method is particularly suitable for the investigation of the statistics of light generated by the nonlinear interaction of radiation with matter.
Push-pull optical detector integrated circuit

This paper presents the design of a push-pull photodetector IC developed for optical encoder applications. The IC features independence of LED brightness, temperature-independent hysteresis, and analog and digital outputs. The circuit uses a nonlinear signal processing scheme which takes special advantage of monolithic construction.
Interactive Effects of Steinernema carpocapsae and Spodoptera exigua Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus on Spodoptera exigua Larvae

Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the interactive effect of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae and Spodoptera exigua multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SeMNPV) when applied in combination against the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua , larvae on soybean. The LC 25 and LC 50 for S. carpocapsae and SeMNPV were determined and tested as single and combination treatments. The LC 25 and LC 50 for S. carpocapsae were 117 and 263 nematodes/ml, respectively, and for SeM-NPV were 7.6 × 10 3 and 1.9 × 10 4 polyhedral inclusion bodies/ml, respectively. S. carpocapsae and SeMNPV produced additive effects on beet armyworm mortality in all combination treatments. Combinations of S. carpocapsoe + SeMNPV at LC 25 + LC 25 and LC 50 + LC 50 resulted in a significantly higher larval mortality than treatments with either pathogen alone at the corresponding concentrations. Combinations of the pathogens at LC 25 + LC 25 and LC 50 + LC 25 produced a significantly higher larval mortality than treatments with LC 25 of either pathogen alone. However, these mortalities were not significantly different from those in LC 50 treatments of either pathogen alone. The reproductive ability of S. carpocapsae in the infected hosts was not affected by SeMNPV in the combination treatments. These results suggest that treatments with S. carpocapsae + SeMNPV at appropriate combinations of concentration levels may result in greater control of beet armyworm than applications of either pathogen alone, particularly in a soybean ecosystem.
Comparative toxicity of oral cephalosporin antibiotics in the rabbit and in a rabbit kidney cell line (LLC-RK1)

The nephrotoxic potential of four oral cephalosporin antibiotics, cephalexin, cefaclor, LY195885 and LY171217, was determined in rabbits given single oral doses of 250–500 mg/kg body weight. Histopathological changes, blood chemistry, and ex vivo renal slice function were evaluated 48 hr after dosing. Additionally, the viability of rabbit renal cells in culture (LLC-RK1) was evaluated by nigrosin dye exclusion after 48 hr exposure to each antibiotic at concentrations of 0.5–2.0 mg/ml. Only LY171217 was significantly nephrotoxic in vivo. Prominent lesions were observed at 500 mg/kg body weight and were accompanied by marked increases in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, and decreases in ex vivo renal slice gluconeogenesis and p-aminohippurate and tetraethylammonium uptake. In vitro toxicity to renal cells correlated well with the in vivo results yielding TC50 values (TC50 = concentration producing 50% lethality) > 1.0 mg/ml for cephalexin, LY195885 and cefaclor. LY171217, on the other hand, was significantly toxic in vitro (TC50 = < 0.5). These results suggest that renal cells in culture may provide a useful method for examining the nephrotoxic potential of oral cephalosporins before in vivo studies.
Abstract 3969: Blocking colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) improves anti-tumor effects of adoptive T cell transfer therapy.

Tumors can escape immune responses by creating an inflammatory milieu that supports and recruits tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells (TIMs) with immune suppressive functions, such as myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and M2-polarized macrophages. Therapies that block recruitment of suppressor TIMs have the potential to enhance adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of T cell based-immunotherapies. We originally established a BRAFV600E mutant murine melanoma cell line (SM1) for which ACT of melanoma-targeted T cells induced anti-tumor responses, but not complete eradication in vivo. By gene expression profiling and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, we found that, out of 108 cytokines produced by SM1, colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) was highly expressed. CSF1 induces proliferation of immune suppressors Gr-1(+) CD11b(+) MDSC and F4/80(+) CD11b(+) macrophages. In order to block the recruitment of TIMs, we tested a potent CSF1R inhibitor, PLX3397. Cultured primary murine T cells exposed to PLX3397 with a broad range of concentrations (0.1 to 50 μM) showed no evidence of cytotoxicity by MTS assay. We then tested the combination of PLX3397 and ACT in vivo using two models. In the first one, SM1 cells stably expressing the chicken ovalbumin (OVA) antigen were implanted in C57BL/6 mice. Daily oral gavage with PLX3397 (50mg/kg) combined with ACT of OVA-specific TCR transgenic cells (OT-1) demonstrated superior effects of the combined treatment (tumor size on day 14_vehicle: 1611.2±22.5 mm2, PLX3397: 1028.0±24.0 mm2, OT-1: 1112.5±35.7 mm2, combined PLX3397+OT-1: 347.3±15.5 mm2, p In conclusion, our data derived from two independent in vivo models demonstrated dramatic potentiation of anti-tumor effects with the combination of CSF1R blockade and ACT immunotherapy, supporting the rationale for further testing in patients with metastatic melanoma. Citation Format: Stephen Mok, Christopher Tsui, Jingying Xu, Begonya Comin-Anduix, Thinle Chodon, Antoni Ribas, Richard C. Koya. Blocking colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) improves anti-tumor effects of adoptive T cell transfer therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3969. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3969
Efficacy of nasal mometasone for the treatment of chronic sinonasal disease in patients with inadequately controlled asthma

Background Chronic sinonasal disease is common in asthmatic patients and associated with poor asthma control; however, there are no long-term trials addressing whether chronic treatment of sinonasal disease improves asthma control. Objective We sought to determine whether treatment of chronic sinonasal disease with nasal corticosteroids improves asthma control, as measured by the Childhood Asthma Control Test and Asthma Control Test in children and adults, respectively. Methods A 24-week multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of placebo versus nasal mometasone in adults and children with inadequately controlled asthma was performed. Treatments were randomly assigned, with concealment of allocation. Results Two hundred thirty-seven adults and 151 children were randomized to nasal mometasone versus placebo, and 319 participants completed the study. There was no difference in the Childhood Asthma Control Test score (difference in change with mometasone − change with placebo [ΔM − ΔP], −0.38; 95% CI, −2.19 to 1.44; P = .68; age 6-11 years) or the Asthma Control Test score (ΔM − ΔP, 0.51; 95% CI, −0.46 to 1.48; P = .30; age ≥12 years) in those assigned to mometasone versus placebo. In children and adolescents (age 6-17 years) there was no difference in asthma or sinus symptoms but a decrease in episodes of poorly controlled asthma defined by a decrease in peak flow. In adults there was a small difference in asthma symptoms measured by using the Asthma Symptom Utility Index (ΔM − ΔP, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.11; P P = .03) but no difference in asthma quality of life, lung function, or episodes of poorly controlled asthma in adults assigned to mometasone versus placebo. Conclusions Treatment of chronic sinonasal disease with nasal corticosteroids for 24 weeks does not improve asthma control. Treatment of sinonasal disease in asthmatic patients should be determined by the need to treat sinonasal disease rather than to improve asthma control.
Tungsten and Molybdenum Alkyl or Aryl Complexes That Contain the [(C6F5NCH2CH2)3N]3- Ligand

[N3NF]W(OC6F5) and [N3NF]W(O-3,5-Me2C6H3) ([N3NF]3- = [(C6F5NCH2CH2)3N]3-) can be prepared readily from [N3NF]WCl in good yields. An X-ray study of the latter revealed an approximately trigonal structure with the phenoxide in the trigonal pocket. Alkylation of [N3NF]WCl with LiCH2R (R = Me, n-Pr, SiMe3, CMe3) reagents in toluene at room temperature led to the evolution of molecular hydrogen and formation of the corresponding tungsten(VI) alkylidyne complexes, [N3NF]W⋮CR (R = Me, n-Pr, SiMe3, CMe3). The intermediate [N3NF]W(CH2SiMe3) decomposed in a first-order manner to give [N3NF]W⋮CSiMe3 (ΔH⧧ = 20.3 ± 0.2 kcal/mol, ΔS⧧ = −7 ± 1 eu). An X-ray study of [N3NF]W⋮CSiMe3 showed it to have the expected, relatively undistorted, structure in which the W−C triple bond distance is 1.768(6) A. Although attempts to prepare [N3NF]WCH3 were not successful, [N3NF]W⋮CH could be prepared by reacting [N3NF]WCl with cyclopropyllithium in toluene. [N3NF]MoCl reacts with LiCH2SiMe3 or LiCH2CMe3 in toluene to yield [N3NF]Mo(C...
Cell cycle-dependent biosynthesis of Plasmodium falciparum DNA polymerase-α

The DNA polymerase-α of Plasmodium falciparum was characterized according to aphidicolin sensitivity and immunological reactivity with monoclonal anti-sera against human DNA polymerase-α. Two major (105 and 72 kDa) and two minor (180 and 130 kDa) catalytic subunits of P. falciparum DNA polymerase-a were detected on activity gels. Activity gels did not indicate the presence of a DNA polymerase-β in P. falciparum. Metabolically labeled polypeptides at 180, 105, 72, and 52 kDa were immunoprecipitated from Plasmodium nuclear extracts with the anti-KB cell DNA polymerase-α monoclonal antibody and, by size, correspond to the major subunits of mammalian DNA polymerase-α. The monoclonal antibody also neutralized Plasmodium DNA polymerase activity. Plasmodium DNA polymerase was synthesized predominantly at an early schizont stage at which time the parasite began to synthesize its DNA and multiply. No evidence for phosphorylation of the major catalytic subunit was obtained. Plasmodium growth, DNA synthesis, and DNA polymerase activity were inhibited significantly in parallel by aphidicolin. These results suggest that P. falciparum has a typical eukaryotic DNA polymerase-α and that regulation of its activity appears to be at the transcriptional level.
RBANS Cluster Profiles in a Geriatric Community-Dwelling Sample

Neuropsychological heterogeneity is prevalent in geriatric individuals and is due to a number of factors including the onset of neuropathology, increased risk of emotional complications, and normal cognitive changes associated with aging. In order to better characterize normal neurocognitive variability in this population, cluster analysis was used on a sample of 699 community-dwelling geriatric patients who completed The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Three-, four-, five-, and six-cluster solutions were examined and based on a number of criteria, the four-cluster solution was selected for further analysis. Clusters were defined primarily by measures of immediate memory, delayed memory, and processing speed, and differed on self-reported measures of functioning. These findings provide insights on normal neuropsychological variation in community-dwelling geriatric individuals.
Abstract 1692: Expression of argininosuccinate synthetase protein and correlation with response to the novel therapeutic pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) in osteosarcoma

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL The amino acid arginine is involved in protein synthesis and tumor metabolism and is essential for the growth of human cancer cells. Pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) is a novel therapy that lowers extracellular arginine levels and has shown evidence of clinical response and low toxicity in patients with tumors lacking argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1) protein expression, including melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently it has been shown that ASS1 expression was deficient in 63% (39/62) of Japanese osteosarcoma patient samples, and reduced ASS1 was associated with pulmonary metastases. In addition, they showed that ASS1 deficient, but not ASS1 expressing, osteosarcoma cells lines did not grow in arginine-deficient media, and recommended evaluation of arginine depletion with ADI-PEG20 in osteosarcoma. Because ADI-PEG20 efficacy appears to correlate with ASS1 protein expression, a cohort of osteosarcoma tissue sections (n=171) was stained immunohistochemically to determine the presence or absence of ASS1 protein. Sixty-four percent (n=109) indicated negligible or no staining for ASS1 protein suggesting further that osteosarcoma might be a candidate for ADI-PEG20 sensitivity. Western blots were performed on patient-derived osteosarcoma cell lines (n=18) to determine levels of ASS1 protein expression prior to treatment with ADI-PEG20. Of the 18 cell lines studied, four cell lines had noticeably diminished ASS1 protein expression. The remaining 13 cell lines exhibited varying amounts of ASS1 protein expression with five of these cell lines appearing strongly positive indicating possible overexpression of ASS1 protein. Cytotoxicity assays were performed on a subset of cell lines representing both elevated and decreased ASS1 protein expression to determine the in vitro effectiveness of ADI-PEG20 in patient-derived osteosarcoma cell lines and its correlation with ASS1 protein expression. Some of the ASS1 deficient cell lines showed decreased cell viability in response to arginine depletion with ADI-PEG 20. These findings suggest that arginine depletion with ADI-PEG 20 may be a potential targeted treatment for osteosarcoma patients deficient in ASS1 expression. In addition, further preclinical studies are ongoing, including xenograft models, to understand better the mechanism of this agent in osteosarcoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1692. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1692
Learning Over Complex Social Networks [Extended Abstract]

Abstract We study the learning problem of a set of agents connected via a general social network. We analyze the (perfect Bayesian) equilibrium of a dynamic game where each agent receives a signal about an underlying state of the world, observes the past actions of a stochastically-generated neighborhood of individuals, and chooses one of two possible actions. The stochastic process generating the neighborhoods defines the network topology (social network). We characterize equilibria for arbitrary stochastic and deterministic social networks and characterize the conditions under which there will be asymptotic learning—that is, the conditions under which, as the social network becomes large, individuals converge (in probability) to taking the right action. We show that when private beliefs are unbounded (meaning that the implied likelihood ratios are unbounded), there will be asymptotic learning as long as there is some minimal amount of expansion in observations (in particular, as long as the probability that each individual observes some other from the recent past converges to one as the social network becomes large). This result therefore establishes that, with unbounded private beliefs, there will be asymptotic learning in almost all reasonable social networks. We also show that for a large class of network topologies, when private beliefs are bounded, there will not be asymptotic learning. Additionally, we show that learning is possible even with bounded beliefs in certain stochastic social networks.
Endoscopic port surgery for resection of lesions of the cerebellar peduncles: technical note.

Background Mass lesions of the inferior, middle, and superior cerebellar peduncles (cerebellar peduncle complex [CPC]) present numerous surgical pitfalls when resection or debulking is warranted. Success has been achieved through multiple approaches, but complications can be severe. Objective To report the surgical technique for and clinical results of the treatment of lesions in the CPC with an endoscopic port via a lateral transcerebellar corridor. Methods Three patients underwent resection of intrinsic lesions of the CPC via a lateral transcerebellar approach with an endoscopic port. Deployment of the port was performed with frameless image-guided placement into the area of interest. Resection was performed using bimanual microsurgical technique under parallel endoscopic visualization. Results Three patients 43, 27, and 13 years of age underwent successful resection of lesion in the CPC. Histopathological diagnosis consisted of cavernous malformation, glioblastoma multiforme, and a juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma. All had complete gross total resection except for the patient with a high-grade glioma. Clinically, all had excellent outcomes, with 1 patient suffering postoperative facial palsy after resection of her high-grade glioma. Conclusion The lateral transcerebellar approach to the CPC with an endoscopic port may be a feasible alternative to standard microsurgical resection in such difficult cases. Careful patient selection is critical to identify those who may be suitable for endoscopic port surgery on the basis of clinical, radiographic, and anatomical considerations.
Bariatric surgery in patients with cirrhosis with and without portal hypertension: a single-center experience.

Abstract Objective To assess safety and outcomes (metabolic and liver) of bariatric surgery in patients with cirrhosis with or without portal hypertension. Patients and Methods This study is a retrospective review of 14 patients with Child's A cirrhosis with or without portal hypertension who were prospectively enrolled from February 23, 2009, through November 9, 2011, with 6- to 24-month follow-up after bariatric surgery (11 patients underwent sleeve gastrectomy [78.6%] and 3 gastric bypass [21.4%]). Four patients had portal hypertension detected by esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Results The mean patient age was 55.5 years, and 10 of 14 patients were women. The mean weight decreased from 125±18 to 94±17 at 1 year ( P P P =.01) and 1 of 6 ( P =.02) at 1 and 2 years postsurgery. The frequency of dyslipidemia and hypertension decreased but was not statistically significant; however, the number of medications required to control them decreased. Hepatic steatosis was detected by perioperative liver biopsy in 13 of 14 patients (5%-30% steatosis in 6 patients, 31%-60% in 6, and >60% in 1). At 1 year postsurgery, only 1 of 8 patients who underwent follow-up ultrasound imaging showed evidence of steatosis. The bilirubin level was above 2 mg/dL in 1 patient at 1 year postsurgery. One patient had encephalopathy at 2 years postsurgery. None of the patients developed peri- or postoperative bleeding or surgical complications. Conclusion Bariatric surgery in patients with compensated cirrhosis even with mild portal hypertension is well tolerated and safe with minimal risk of postoperative complications if performed in a large referral center. This population can experience the beneficial effects of weight loss and improved metabolic syndrome, as well as reduced hepatic steatosis.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF REFRACTIVE ERRORS IN MONKEYS.

The refractive errors of 1000 rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) and 100 pig-tailed monkeys ( Macaca nemestrina ) were determined by retinoscopy while the animals were under phencyclidine hydrochloride (Sernyl or Sernylan) anesthesia and cyclopentolate hydrochloride (Cyclogyl) cycloplegic. The rhesus population contained 642 females and 358 males and ranged in age from 8 months to 20 years. The pig-tailed monkeys comprised 69 females and 31 males ranging in age from 12 months to 15 years. Approximately one-third of each group were laboratory-born, with known ages. The ages of the other animals were estimated through the use of regression equations based on the age-weight relationship in the laboratory-born monkeys. Three hundred of the rhesus monkeys had been in captivity for less than 10 weeks. The refractive errors were analyzed and plotted by species, sex, age and by wild and laboratory groups. The mean and median refractive errors were found to be significantly more hypermetropic in the rhesus monkeys and among the younger age groups and wild animals and more myopic in the pig-tailed monkeys and among the older age groups and laboratory animals. The females showed a higher per cent of myopia in the 1- to 3-year-old groups, over all, and in the groups with myopia in excess of 6 diopters. The distribution of refractive errors in monkeys was compared with two distributions of refractive errors in humans. The monkey distribution fell midway between the human distributions and was similar in all essential characteristics.
An investigation of the decrement of anxiety responses during systematic desensitization therapy

Abstract A clinical and psychophysiological study of the decrement of anxiety responses during systematic desensitization of six phobic patients revealed the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery. Quantitative results are presented and the relevance of these to relapse following therapy suggested.
Mössbauer Spectroscopy of the Spin-Coupled Fe3+−Fe2+ Center of Reduced Uteroferrin

The mixed valence active center of the diiron−oxo protein uteroferrin (Ufr), a porcine purple acid phosphatase, has been analyzed by Mossbauer spectroscopy. Low and high magnetic field spectra are consistent with an antiferromagnetically spin-coupled center. Theoretical spectra that simulate experimental data have been calculated by diagonalizing the spin Hamiltonian ℋ = JS1·S2 + + βSi·gi·H + Si·ai·Ii + Ii·Pi·Ii − βngnH·Ii}. Here the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to Fe3+ (S1 = 5/2) and Fe2+(S2 = 2), respectively. For T ≤ 4.2 K, both irons exhibit resolved magnetic hyperfine splittings which depend on the direction and magnitude of the external field, and the static limit of ℋ applies. For T ≥ 100 K, the spin fluctuations are fast and pure quadrupole doublets are observed unless strong fields are applied. In Ufr, the dominant isotropic exchange is strongly perturbed by the zero field splitting (ZFS). We have also calculated the EPR geff tensor by diagonalizing the electronic terms of ℋ. Our work confirms the...
Folk Psychology, Consciousness, and Context Effects

Traditionally, the philosophical study of Folk Psychology has focused on how ordinary people (i.e., those without formal training in academic fields like Psychology, Cognitive Science, Philosophy of Mind, etc.) go about attributing mental states. Those working in this tradition have tended to focus primarily on intentional states, like beliefs and desires. Recently, though a body of work has emerged in the growing field of Experimental Philosophy that focuses on folk attributions of mental states that are not paradigmatically considered intentional. This emerging discussion is concerned with figuring out how (and whether) ordinary people go about attributing mental states of qualitative experience, or what philosophers might call states of phenomenal consciousness. This paper briefly describes some of the primary works in the existing experimental philosophy literature and presents new experimental data that weigh on those hypotheses. Finally, it offers a cognitive model of the processes underlying attributions of mental states, called the Agency Model.
Optimal placement of syringe-exchange programs.

Syringe-exchange programs (SEPs) will likely play a major role in slowing the spread of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among injecting drug users (IDUs), but the success of any single SEP will depend to a large extent on where it is located. We show how the optimal position for a new SEP can be chosen given accurate knowledge of where IDUs live and how far they are willing to travel to an SEP. This information is not normally available, and one of our major points is that SEPs will necessarily be placed in suboptimal locations and will serve fewer ID Us than they otherwise might until it becomes available. Our method for choosing the best SEP placement is illustrated with Manhattan as an idealized example.
Accumulation of structural defects in ion-irradiated Ca2Nd8(SiO4)6O2

Ion irradiations of the rare-earth orthosilicate, Ca{sub 2}Nd{sub 8}(SiO{sub 4}){sub 6}O{sub 2}, have been carried out using both alpha particles (emitted from a {sup 238}PuO{sub 2} source) and 3 MeV argon ions. The unit cell exhibits anisotropic expansion under irradiation, consistent with expectations based on the polyhedral connectivity within the structure. A least-squares analysis of the interatomic distances suggests that the unit-cell expansions are primarily due to changes in oxygen-oxygen distances and cation separations between neighboring polyhedra rather than to bonds within polyhedra. The irradiation-induced change in unit-cell volume is proportional to 1{minus}exp({minus}{ital BD}), where {ital B} is an annealing rate constant and {ital D} is the dose, in agreement with a model for the accumulation of isolated point defects in the structure. The volume expansion saturates at 2.56% and 1.40% for the alpha and argon irradiations, respectively. Analysis of the results suggests that a significant fraction of the defects produced in the argon-ion displacement cascades are lost to in-cascade recombination. Differential scanning calorimetry of powder irradiated with 3 MeV argon ions to 20 ions/nm{sup 2} reveals an exothermic recovery peak at 350 {degree}C with an activation energy of 1.3{plus minus}0.1 eV and average stored energy release of 28.2 J/g.more » There is no evidence for amorphization of this material under alpha or argon irradiation.« less
Ontogenetic and temporal aspects of agonistic behavior in a cockroach, Periplaneta americana.

Aggressive behavior in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, is displayed by nymphs, as well as adults. Very small (young) nymphs display low levels of aggression, and aggression increases with age. There is no sex difference in the intensity of aggression observed in nymphs, but adult males are much more aggressive than adult females. The entire agonistic behavioral repertoire is displayed by the nymphs, but actions of high aggressive intensity are observed less frequently than in adults. Both nymphs and adults fight most intensely during the portion of the photocycle when they are most active.
Developmental Epidemiology: Issues, Application, and Relevance for Clinical Child Psychologists

Presents a definition of epidemiological research. Reflecting this definition, 2 themes-informing public policy and community-wide health-that differentiate much of the research in epidemiology from traditional clinical research are identified and reviewed. These themes serve as the framework for the special section. Contributions selected as part of the special section are then briefly introduced in association with these themes.
The Results of Oil Prospecting on Sakhalin Island by Japan in 1919-25

Japan commenced drilling on Sakhalin in 1919, by means of rather primitive methods. In 1921 diamond drills and rotary rigs were added, and in 1923 cable tools were used. In 1925 work was almost suspended, pending treaty negotiations with Russia. Japan has prospected 13,000 acres of oil-bearing land on the eastern shore, a very small part of the oil belt which extends 250 miles along the coast. By terms of the concession from Russia in 1925, Japan is to prospect 300,000 acres which are to be divided into claims ranging from 40 to 100 acres, and arranged checkerboard-fashion, the alternating claims being retained by the Soviet Government, which may lease to a new applicant of any nationality. Results accomplished by Japan are encouraging for further exploratory work. Thirty one holes have been drilled; 5 were dry; 17 showed oil; and 9 were producers, ranging from 9½ to 189 barrels a day. In the 8 oil fields of Sakhalin, oil has been found at depths ranging from 100 to 2,984 feet. Japanese geologists have proved the presence of anticlines postulated by Russian geologists. The oil is used as fuel for Japanese destroyers.
Variability of niobiumsulfur bond lengths: The molecular structures of sulfido-tris(N,N-diethyldithiocarbamato)niobium(V)

Abstract In a further examination of the multiply bonded NbS group, the structure of NbS(S2CNEt2)3 has been determined. The compound crystallizes in triclinic space group P 1 with a = 9.870(1), b = 15.743(2), c = 16.804(3) A, α = 101.69(1)°, β = 93.51(1)°, γ = 91.12(1)°, and Z = 4. With use of 6709 unique data (FO2 > 3σ(FO2)) the structure was refined to R(Rw) = 3.1(3.5%). The crystal contains two inequivalent molecules with distorted pentagonal bipyramidal coordination in which a sulfide atom occupies an axial position. The molecules are differentiated by ethyl group orientations and significantly different NbS bond lengths of 2.122(1) and 2.168(1) A. Full structural details are reported. The results fall within the ca. 2.09–2.20 A interval established with other molecules and emphasize the variability in bond length of the NbS group. Stretching frequencies and bond lengths show a rough inverse dependence. For square pyramidal [NbSCl4]1−, with a relatively high NbS bond order, vNbS = 552 cm−1 is associated with a bond length of 2.085(5) A and an overlap population of 0.64.
1498 ATYPICAL CYCLIC MOTILITY (CM) IN FETUSES OF DIABETIC MOTHERS (FDMs)

Cyclic variation in embryonic and fetal movement at 0.1–1.0 cycle/min (cpm) occurs normally in many vertebrates, including the human, and may play a role in neuromuscular development. To determine the effect of alterations in the prenatal environment on the development of CM in the human, 23 FDMs (21 class B-D, 1 A, 1 R) were studied longitudinally 2-7 times (4±l, mean ± SD) from 23–40 wks of gestation. Fetal movement was detected by two strain gauges on the mother's abdomen and digitized in 5 sec intervals during a 14-47 min (26±7) period free of artifacts. Spectral analysis revealed strong CM at .08 - 1.22 cpm (.37±.20) in all fetuses (83/95 individual records), suggesting cyclic activation is a robust property of the immature motor system in the human as in other vertebrates. However, CM was temporarily absent (i.e., for 1 record) in 12/23 FDMs, vs. 3/29 normal fetuses in a previous study (<.01). Most parameters of CM were stable across age, but its frequency began low and nearly doubled (p<.01) from .24±.07 to .47±.28 cpm between 26 and 37 wks, a pattern not seen in normal fetuses. During the same period, CM in the band between .18 and 1.02 cpm increased then decreased (p<.02), in contrast to a steady increase in normal fetuses. It remains to be seen if the isolated absence and altered development of CM reflect concurrent metabolic disturbance (although the differences were unrelated to newborn macrosomia or repeated 3rd trimester bouts of maternal hyperglycemia), or are instead sequelae of early neuroembryologic changes in FDMs.
The interaction of polyphenols with bilayers: conditions for increasing bilayer adhesion

Because proteins and other molecules with a high polyphenol content are commonly involved in adhesion processes, we are investigating the interactions between polyphenols and biological materials. A naturally occurring polyphenol that binds a variety of proteins and lipids is tannic acid (TA), which contains five digallic acid residues covalently linked to a central D-glucose. A previous study has shown that TA increases the adhesion between apposing phosphatidylcholine (PC) bilayers and over a very narrow concentration range collapses the interbilayer fluid space from about 15 A to 5 A. To determine the chemical requirements a polyphenolic molecule must possess to increase bilayer adhesion, we have synthesized several simpler TA analogs that vary in their size, shape, and number of gallic acid and hydroxyl groups. X-ray diffraction, absorbance, binding, and differential scanning calorimetry measurements were used to investigate the interaction of these polyphenolic molecules with egg PC (EPC) and dipalmitoyl PC (DPPC) bilayers. Of these synthetic polyphenols, only penta-O-galloyl-alpha-D-glucose (PGG) was able to completely mimic the effects of TA by collapsing the interbilayer fluid space from 15 A to 5 A, decreasing the dipole potential by about 300 mV, increasing the transition enthalpy of DPPC liposomes, and inducing an interdigitated phase in DPPC. Binding studies indicated that the fluid space was reduced to 5 A at an EPC:PGG mole ratio of 5:1. We conclude that these polyphenols collapse the fluid space of PC bilayers because they 1) are amphipathic and partition into the bilayers interfacial region, 2) are long enough to span the interbilayer space, 3) contain several gallic acids distributed so that they can partition simultaneously into apposing bilayers, and 4) have sufficient gallic acid residues to interact with all lipid headgroups and cover the bilayer surface. Under these conditions we conclude that the polyphenols from interbilayer bridges. We argue that these bridges are stabilized by increased adhesion arising from an increased van der Waals interaction between apposing bilayers, electrostatic interactions between the pi electrons in the phenol ring and the -(N+CH3)3 groups on the PC headgroups, decreased hydration repulsion between bilayers, and hydrogen bonds between the H-bond-donating moieties on the polyphenols and H-bond-accepting groups in the bilayer.