cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
System performance measurements for an all-optical header processor using 100-Gb/s packets

We experimentally measure the eye diagram of an all-optical header processor using a crosscorrelator to achieve picosecond resolution. By varying 100-Gb/s header packets, we measure an eye diagram with a Q-value of 7.1 at 12-pJ packet pulse energy for the all-optical header processor consisting of all-optical logic gates and synchronized fiber lasers. From the Q-value, we also statistically calculate the potential bit-error-rate performance of 7.0/spl times/10/sup -13/. By measuring the change in Q-values as a function of input power, we find that input power fluctuations degrade the performance of the header processor by reducing the switching contrast of the logic gates in the header processor.
Cost Effectiveness of Alternative Imaging Strategies for the Diagnosis of Small-Bowel Crohn's Disease

Background & Aims The cost effectiveness of alternative approaches to the diagnosis of small-bowel Crohn's disease is unknown. This study evaluates whether computed tomographic enterography (CTE) is a cost-effective alternative to small-bowel follow-through (SBFT) and whether capsule endoscopy is a cost-effective third test in patients in whom a high suspicion of disease remains after 2 previous negative tests. Methods A decision-analytic model was developed to compare the lifetime costs and benefits of each diagnostic strategy. Patients were considered with low (20%) and high (75%) pretest probability of small-bowel Crohn's disease. Effectiveness was measured in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained. Parameter assumptions were tested with sensitivity analyses. Results With a moderate to high pretest probability of small-bowel Crohn's disease, and a higher likelihood of isolated jejunal disease, follow-up evaluation with CTE has an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of less than $54,000/QALY-gained compared with SBFT. The addition of capsule endoscopy after ileocolonoscopy and negative CTE or SBFT costs greater than $500,000 per QALY-gained in all scenarios. Results were not sensitive to costs of tests or complications but were sensitive to test accuracies. Conclusions The cost effectiveness of strategies depends critically on the pretest probability of Crohn's disease and if the terminal ileum is examined at ileocolonoscopy. CTE is a cost-effective alternative to SBFT in patients with moderate to high suspicion of small-bowel Crohn's disease. The addition of capsule endoscopy as a third test is not a cost-effective third test, even in patients with high pretest probability of disease. View this article's video abstract at www.cghjournal.org.
Did Social Security Attempt to Regulate the Poor? Historical Reflections on Piven and Cloward's Social-Welfare Model

Nearly a decade after its publication, Regulating the Poor remains a provocative and widely read book. This essay discusses the strengths and weaknesses of Piven and Cloward's argument about the formative years of Social Security. It then suggests ways that researchers can build upon the conceptual framework set forth in the book as they evaluate current old-age policies and debate policy options for the aging and the aged in the future.
Topography-dependent spatio-temporal correlations in the entorhinal-dentate-CA3 circuit in a large-scale computational model of the Rat Hippocampus

The correlation due to different topographies was characterized in a large-scale, biologically-realistic, computational model of the rat hippocampus using a spatio-temporal correlation analysis. The effect of the topographical projection between the following subregions of the hippocampus was investigated: the entorhinal to dentate projection, the entorhinal to CA3 projection, and the mossy fiber to CA3 projection. Through this work, analysis was performed on the individual and combined effects of these projections on the activity of the principal neurons of the dentate gyrus and CA3. The simulations show that uncorrelated input transmitted through the entorhinal-to-dentate or entorhinal-to-CA3 projection causes spatio-temporally correlated activity in the principal neurons that manifest as spike clusters. However, if the mossy fiber system provides uncorrelated input to the CA3, then the CA3 activity remains uncorrelated. When considering the transfer of correlation through the dentate, this analysis suggests that the mossy fiber system do not imbue any correlation to the activity as it propagates from the granule cells of the dentate to the CA3. With the spatio-temporal correlation analysis, the influence of each topographical projection on the transfer of correlation can be investigated as additional subregions and neuron types are added to the large-scale model.
Studying the Technology of Renaissance Bronzes

Late fifteenth- and sixteenth-century freestanding bronze statuary presents evidence that the artists drew from both Experimentation sad divrcse, technological traditions prevalent at the time. The indirect lost wax casting technique was refined for the manufacture of statuettes by the end of the sixteenth century in the Florentine workshop of the Flemish sculptor Giambologna. Combining art historical and scientific analysis with an understanding of materials and techniques provides an integrated method of study which helps art historians and conservators to clarify the manufacturing process of these works. This can serve to construct a broad historical picture of techniques in different workshops and regions and to date and authenticate particular bronzes. X-radiography is the most informative tool for identifying technological features in this kind of work. Surface examination, analyses of the metal (by x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectrometry) and refractory molding materials (by polarized light microscopy and microprobe analysis) complement this information.
Design and Synthesis of Heterostructured Quantum Dots with Dual Emission in the Visible and Infrared

The unique optical properties exhibited by visible emitting core/shell quantum dots with especially thick shells are the focus of widespread study, but have yet to be realized in infrared (IR)-active nanostructures. We apply an effective-mass model to identify PbSe/CdSe core/shell quantum dots as a promising system for achieving this goal. We then synthesize colloidal PbSe/CdSe quantum dots with shell thicknesses of up to 4 nm that exhibit unusually slow hole intraband relaxation from shell to core states, as evidenced by the emergence of dual emission, i.e., IR photoluminescence from the PbSe core observed simultaneously with visible emission from the CdSe shell. In addition to the large shell thickness, the development of slowed intraband relaxation is facilitated by the existence of a sharp core–shell interface without discernible alloying. Growth of thick shells without interfacial alloying or incidental formation of homogeneous CdSe nanocrystals was accomplished using insights attained via a systemat...
Surface and Interface Modification of Copper for Electronic Application

Before copper will be used in the manufacture of microelectronic circuits, a number of its surface and interface properties have to be addressed. These include corrosion resistance, adhesion to dielectrics, and ability to block the transport of copper ions from the metal into adjacent materials. Different schemes have been explored to meet copper’s material properties needed for electronic application. For surface modification, these include ion implantation, plasma treatments, formation of surface silicides, and annealing of copper films doped with other elements. For interface control, most schemes have involved deposition of an adhesion/barrier film. The present paper will discuss our present understanding of the mechanisms that govern surface and interface passivation. Special attention will be given to schemes that might lead to both surface and interface passivation in the same process.
Boundary Set S: At the Core of Multiple Intelligences

In this chapter, I will provide a precise definition of Boundary Set S, setting forth the theoretical and mathematical framework within which to approach immediate awareness and knowing how. For those who find mathematical notation or formulas burdensome, please feel free to simply skip over to sections with which you feel more comfortable. I have tried to get at the more “intuitive” ideas underlying the formal parts by using some illustrations or analogies so as to make the following chapters more reader-friendly.
Therapy for advanced colorectal cancer

Although 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been used to treat advanced colorectal cancer for 45 years, the drug has only a modest response rate and impact on survival. Attempting to enhance 5-FU's activity, researchers have administered it in combination with biochemical modulators and changed its dosage schedules to increase dose intensity. The combination of 5-FU and leucovorin has been evaluated in many studies. Results of a meta-analysis comparing 5-FU administered by bolus injection with a combination of 5-FU and intravenous leucovorin indicate that the combination significantly increased response rates but failed to improve survival. Similarly, studies comparing different methods of 5-FU administration (bolus injection v prolonged infusion) have demonstrated improved response rates and decreased toxicity with prolonged infusion, but most have failed to demonstrate statistically significant improvements in survival. For patients with liver-dominant colorectal disease, researchers have investigated the administration of liver-directed therapy by techniques such as hepatic arterial infusion (HAI). Compared with systemic administration of fluoropyrimidines, HAI administration increased response rates, but no survival benefit was demonstrated. Both response and survival benefits were observed with HAI, however, in one trial comparing HAI with no treatment (palliative care) in previously untreated patients with liver metastases. This trial also demonstrated that HAI did not diminish quality of life. Intravenous fluoropyrimidine-based therapies continue to dominate as the first-line approach for patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Present and future clinical trials will determine the efficacy of 5-FU pro-drugs, regimens combining oral 5-FU and 5-ethynyluracil, thymidylate synthase inhibitors, and new 5-FU combination regimens (5-FU plus oxaliplatin [Eloxatine; Sanofi, New York, NY] or irinotecan [CPT-II, Camptosar; Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI], for example).
Isosterism and bioisosterism in drug design.

In every scientific undertaking that is to break new ground, one has to have a goal, a working hypothesis, or a leading idea or fact. This will encourage research and help in the pursuit of a worth-while objective, be it the enrichment of knowledge or the elaboration of a practical purpose. A medicinal scientist who hopes to find a new biologically active drug will have to be guided by such considerations.
The Responsibility of Remembrance

For everything, in time, gets lost…. But for a little while some of that can be rescued, if only, faced with the vastness of all that there is and all that there ever was, somebody makes the decision to look back, to have one last look, to search for a while in the debris of the past and to see not only what was lost but what there is still to be found. – Daniel Mendelsohn, The Lost RAISING THE ISSUES: ABSENT FRIENDS, DECEASED FRIENDS If ethical norms govern how one is to behave toward others with whom one has a thick relationship, then broadly speaking, the topic of this chapter belongs to what, in Chapter 4, I called an ethics of memory. Specifically, this chapter deals with ethical norms governing remembrance in the domain of personal and intimate relations. What obligations of remembrance do we have to or with respect to the near and dear – friends, lovers, family members, and so forth? More specifically still, what obligations do we have after they have died? I want to approach this question indirectly by first considering remembrance in the context of an ongoing friendship. Bill and I have known each other for some time, and when I think about my feelings for him, I have no hesitation saying he is a dear friend about whom I care a great deal.
A First Exposure to Discrete-Time Modelling of Linear Continuous Systems

The growing usage of discrete-time models to simulate continuous and sampled-data systems requires a fundamental and concise introduction in an engineering curriculum. In this paper the discrete-time models are developed from different approximations of the convolution integral representing the response of the continuous system. An example is presented to illustrate the merits of the various models.
Decarboxylative Annulation of α-Amino Acids with β-Ketoaldehydes

Indolizidine and quinolizidine derivatives are readily assembled from l-proline or (±)-pipecolic acid and β-ketoaldehydes via a decarboxylative annulation process. These reactions are promoted by acetic acid and involve azomethine ylides as reactive intermediates.
‘The Rule of Six 2s’: teaching learners simple strategies for structuring an outpatient adult primary care follow-up visit in the 21st century

Many primary care doctors view their personal connection with patients as the most rewarding and satisfying part of their work,1 even more than salary.2 Adherence and satisfaction are also enhanced when doctors listen, and effectively communicate health information, to patients.3 Pressure on physicians to see a larger number of patients during their clinic sessions has strained these relationships. The combination of time constraints, persistent paperwork, electronic medical record demands4 and obstacles to delivery of care by insurance carriers and others threatens doctors' ability to feel satisfied with their profession and increases their risk of poor decision-making and burnout.5 Indeed, research at one large institution found that more than two-thirds of internal medicine academic faculty considered patient care to be the most meaningful aspect of their work.6 Physicians who spent <20% of their time engaged in the activity they identified as most meaningful were at higher risk of burnout.7 Hence, although it is increasingly important for learners to develop targeted and effective ways to improve efficiency and time management skills, it is equally critical for trainees to master techniques that assist them with feeling connected, engaged and satisfied with their relationships with patients. Medical learners receive a great deal of education about how to structure an initial visit. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of literature about how to best help medical learners efficiently structure the equally important follow-up visits and, in particular, how to manage the conundrum of navigating an electronic health record and their need to feel engaged with their patients. Indeed, the goals of improving efficiency and time management skills, while also remaining connected and satisfied with relationships with patients; appear to be at odds with one another. Below, we present a possible consultation framework, the ‘Rule of Six 2s,’ as a …
The Treatment of Acute Periodontal Abscess and Secondary Occlusal Trauma: A Case Report

The periodontal abscess is a purulent matter located in the periodontal supporting tissues. The aim of the current study is to report the clinical case of a patient with chronic periodontitis who sought emergency treatment. The clinical examination identified pain, mobility, gingival swelling, fistula and suppuration in the region of tooth 21. We verified the absence of malaise, fever and lymphadenopathy by assessing the systemic condition. The option was made for the abscess drainage and subgingival scaling treatment modality without antibiotic therapy. The emergency treatment succeeded in resolving the inflammatory process and in reducing the probing depth. However, after 28 days, the tooth presented extrusion and secondary occlusal trauma, thus requiring subsequent occlusal adjustment.
Alliance Proximity and Effectiveness of Extended Deterrence

ABSTRACTThis article examines whether geographical proximity between defensive allies and a protege increases the likelihood of successful extended general deterrence. I argue that proximate allies are better at making a credible deterrent threat because proximate allies are more willing and able to help alliance partners in times of crisis than distant ones. This claim is theorized by examining how geographical distance influences the international and domestic costs of alliance commitments. The empirical tests reveal that a potential aggressor is less likely to initiate a militarized dispute against a target with proximate defensive allies. Furthermore, I find that the power of proximate defensive allies is a more significant determinant of successful extended general deterrence than that of distance allies. Interestingly, I also find that the constraining effects of geographical distance on the effectiveness of extended general deterrence have been alleviated by advancements in military technologies th...
A small molecule inhibitor of TGFβ1 signaling blocks keratinocyte senescence through inhibition of p16ink4a and p19arf expression

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 2235 Oncogene-induced senescence is a tumor suppressor response resulting from aberrant signaling of oncogenes such as Ras . Previous studies showed that primary mouse epidermal keratinocytes (MEK) transduced with a v -ras Ha retrovirus undergo hyperproliferation followed by TGFβ1 dependent G1 growth arrest and senescence. Here we have used the small molecule TGFβ1 type I receptor kinase inhibitor, SB431542, to determine if pharmacological agents can alter ras -induced senescence of keratinocytes. Treatment of v -ras Ha-infected Balb/c primary keratinocytes with SB431542 caused a dose dependent inhibition of senescence and senescence-associated induction of p16ink4a. Treatment of v -ras Ha keratinocytes with TGFβ1, as well as infection with Smad3 or TβR1 expressing adenoviruses, induced p16ink4a and p19arf protein and mRNA, while there was no induction in Smad3 (-/-) keratinocytes, or in cells overexpressing Smad7. This suggests that induction of p16ink4a and p19arf during senescence of MEK is directly linked to activation of TGFβ1 signaling. To test if p16ink4a and p19arf are necessary for TGFβ1-mediated senescence we treated v -ras Ha-transduced p16ink4a/p19arf (-/-) keratinocytes for 10 days with TGFβ1. As expected, TGFβ1 accelerated a senescent morphology and expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase in the wildtype controls, while the p16ink4a/p19arf (-/-) keratinocytes were resistant. In addition, actively proliferating p16ink4a/p19arf (-/-) keratinocytes were less sensitive than wildtype keratinocytes to growth inhibition by TGFβ1. Collectively, these data suggest that pharmacological inhibition of TGFβ1 signaling can overcome ras -induced senescence, and that this is in part mediated through regulation of p16ink4a and p19arf expression.
QFN reliability, thermal shock, lead-free vs. SnPb, microstructure

This paper presents thermal-shock cycle (TS) reliability data for various QFN packaging on ENIG PCB surface finish with tin-lead and lead-free solder joints. The TS ranges were within the IPC9701 specification: TC4; −55°C to +125°C and TC5, −55°C to +100°C. Two facilities were used for testing. The first facility simply performed TC5, TS, to determine the effect cycling alone whereas the second facility evaluated several additional parameters. The variables include 250 hours of 125°C aging prior to TC4 thermal shock as well as including single-sided and double-sided assembly of the QFN devices. This allowed comparison of reliability for these conditions. Microstructural analysis, pre- and post-isothermal again and thermal shock testing enabled a mechanistic analysis of the solder fatigue behavior.
Logic for ensuring the data exchange integrity of building information models

Abstract Industry domains require distinct data and structures of building information models developed and tailored for their disciplines. To seamlessly exchange the building information models, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), which is one of neutral formats, has been broadly used in the architecture, engineering and construction, and facility management industries. Model view definition (MVD), which is one of the IFC sub-schemas used by domain experts and BIM software vendors, consists of IFC-mapped data exchange requirements of each domain and helps software vendors develop IFC import and export features that allow project participants share and exchange BIM model information. Because of the heterogeneous translation processes and structures of IFC interfaces according to model views, their validation is imperative to ensure the integrity of BIM data and maintain a consistent data exchange environment. To accomplish this objective, this paper suggests the new approach to evaluating BIM data in accordance with diverse requirements of MVD. Since MVD entails various types of data exchange specifications, this research study examines their embedded checking rule types and categorizes corresponding implementation scenarios. In addition, this paper involves rule logic and IfcDoc-based BIM data validation developed based on the logical rule compositions of identified rules types and checking scenarios. This approach is expected to support sharing consistent BIM data sets and confirming the quality of received data pertaining to a syntax and semantics of a targeted model view.
Parental involvement in the lives of intercollegiate athletes

Research has been growing on the topic of parental involvement in the lives of their children, and the concept of overinvolved parents. Little research has examined these topics in regards to intercollegiate student-athletes. This study addresses that gap by examining parental involvement in regards to intercollegiate student-athletes and their athletic and academic endeavors. Specifically it examines how involved parents are in the lives of their intercollegiate student-athlete children, and the concept of overinvolvement in regards to this population. A qualitative, case-study method was utilized for this research. Participants included eight intercollegiate student-athletes and the five academic advisors for athletics that worked with them. Participants completed two interviews and one journal, and all of the data was analyzed utilizing thematic analysis. The themes that emerged were types of involvement, increasing involvement, overinvolvement, outcomes of overinvolvement, and the fine line between healthy involvement and overinvolvement. The present study offers insight into how student-athletes and academic advisors perceive parental involvement. This knowledge can be utilized by practitioners to improve how they communicate with parents and student-athletes. Also, researchers can employ this information to improve the overall understanding of parental involvement in regards to athletes.
Preparation and characterization of optical and electrical properties of copper selenide sulfide polycrystalline thin films

Abstract The structural, optical and electrical properties of Cu1.8Se1-xSx (0.25 ≤ x ≤ 0.75) polycrystalline thin films deposited at room temperature by vacuum evaporation were studied as a function of composition. Energy dispersive X -ray analysis was used to determine the elemental composition of different films. Results indicate the incorporation of sulfur at the expense of selenium. X-ray diffraction analysis reveal that the (220) diffraction peak of the Cu1.8Se1-xSx films shifts to a higher 2θ with an increase in the sulfur content. Atomic force microscopy images of the deposited films show dense and well-defined grains. Analysis of the absorption coefficient data show the existence of two optical transition mechanisms - direct transitions with Eg-dir ranging from 2.2 to 2.5 eV, and indirect transitions with Eg-indir ranging from 1.23 to 1.52 eV as the sulfur content was increased from 0.25 to 0.75, respectively. The Hall coefficient, Hall mobility, and electrical conductivity were measured at room temperature for different film compositions. All investigated films are highly degenerated p-type semiconductors with the number of free carriers up to 1020 cm−3. Combining the results of the optical and electrical measurements, the effective mass for the highly degenerate compositions is found to be 1.718 to 0.587 as the sulfur content varies from 0.25 to 0.75.
Effect of Major Intermetallic Particles on Localized Corrosion of AA2060-T8

The localized corrosion of AA2060-T8 and the role of two major types of intermetallic particles (IMPs), heterogeneous Al-Cu-Fe-Mn and S-phase (Al2CuMg), were studied using scanning Kelvin probe for...
Behavioral Approaches to Industrial Marketing

Industrial marketing has traditionally been an area of extensive research. In 1977, Sheth (p. 17) commented: “Contrary to popular belief, there is a vast amount of research and knowledge about organizational-industrial buyer behavior [...] Actually, there are more journals specializing in industrial buying behavior than in consumer behavior.“
The anatomy of the urethra and anterior vaginal wall.

Abstract Many monographs are present in the literature concerning the anatomy of the female urethra and anterior vaginal wall. Few papers, however, have been written in which the authors are in agreement in their observations concerning this problem. There also is a great variation as to the histological methods and other means of study which have been employed. Because of the limitation of space, the extensive review of the literature, though carried out, has been deleted from this report. The disparity in the findings of the various authors and the inadequate methods employed by some seem to warrant this further detailed study of the anatomy of the female urethra and anterior vaginal wall.
Flash Flood Verification: Pondering Precipitation Proxies

AbstractQuantitative precipitation estimate (QPE) exceedances of numerous different heavy precipitation thresholds—including spatially varying average recurrence interval (ARI) and flash flood guid...
Electronic structure studies of Mo (molybdenum)

This chapter provides data on the electronic structural studies on the surface of molybdenum.
Isotonic Separation

Data classification and prediction problems are prevalent in many domains. The need to predict to which class a particular data point belongs has been seen in areas such as medical diagnosis, credit rating, Web filtering, prediction, and stock rating. This has led to strong interest in developing systems that can accurately classify data and predict outcome. The classification is typically based on the feature values of objects being classified. Often, a form of ordering relation, defined by feature values, on the objects to be classified is known. For instance, the objects belonging to one class have larger (or smaller) feature values than do those in the other class. Exploiting this characteristic of isotonicity, we propose a data-classification method called isotonic separation based on linear programming, especially network programming. The paper also addresses an extension of the isotonic-separation method for continuous outcome prediction. Applications of the isotonic separation for discrete outcome prediction and its extension for continuous outcome prediction are shown to illustrate its applicability.
Putting findings from the Seychelles Child Development Study into perspective: The importance of a historical special issue of the Seychelles Medical and Dental Journal

We are pleased to introduce this special issue of Neurotoxicology. It reproduces Volume 7, Number 1 of the Seychelles Medical and Dental Journal (SMDJ), initially published in November 2004. Publication of the SMDJ was discontinued in 2005 and the manuscripts it published are no longer accessible to the scientific community. The papers in this special issue lay the background for the Seychelles Child Development Study (SCDS) and provide valuable data on the MeHg exposures that occurred at Niigata, Japan. They are relevant to the ongoing debate over whether the consumption of fish and consequently low-level exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) is a risk to human health.
CONSERVATION AND NATURAL RESOURCES Hazardous Waste Management: Provide for Direct State Government Operation and Management of Hazardous Waste Facilities

The Act amends the Georgia Hazardous Waste Management Authority Act by including within the definition of project the renovation of an existing waste treatment or disposal facility that provides for the treatment, storage, or disposal of any solid waste requiring special handling. The Act also adds a new provision which would permit the Department of Industry and Trade to plan, own, and operate a hazardous waste facility and to charge a fee for the use of such state facility. Additionally, the Act provides partial immunity from liability to members, officers, and employees of the Georgia Hazardous Waste Management Authority.
A Bayesian Approach to Binary Classification of Mid-Infrared Spectral Data With Noisy Sensors

The problem of classifying substances using MIR laser and sensors with low signal-to-noise ratio remains challenging. The existing methods rely largely on using lasers at multiple wavelengths and expensive high quality sensors. We propose and demonstrate a statistical method that classifies spectral data generated from MIR imaging spectroscopy experiments using few wavelengths and inexpensive detector arrays while still achieving high accuracy. Results with quantifiable analytic performance are obtained by attributing probability distribution functions to the images obtained and implementing a binary decision process. Our method can provide a solution with as few as a single measurement and allows the use of low SNR sensors. This can increase throughput and lower costs on security checkpoints, pharmaceutical production monitoring, industrial quality control, and similar applications.
Implantable anti-angiogenic scaffolds for treatment of neovascular ocular pathologies

The retinal physiology can accrue oxidative damage and inflammatory insults due to age and metabolic irregularities. Two notable diseases that involve retinal and choroidal neovascularization are proliferative diabetic retinopathy and wet age-related macular degeneration. Currently, these diseases are mainly treated with anti-VEGF drugs (VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor), generally on a monthly dosage scheme. We discuss recent developments for the treatment of these diseases, including bioactive tissue-engineered materials, which may reduce frequency of dosage and propose a path forward for improving patient outcomes. Graphical abstract Development of materials for long-term intravitreal delivery for management of posterior segment diseases.
Missing Data Not At Random: Characterization of Targeted Interference in Wireless Networks

Communication systems include data collection and estimation during their operations. At the receiver, the data can be missed due to various reasons such as channel conditions, malicious attack, failure at the receiver. Some of these conditions occur at random, but sometimes, their occurrences are not random. These occurrences can be due to the precise placement of interference to impede communication between the devices. There are different mechanisms proposed in the literature to address this data loss, by requesting retransmission, spreading the signal, etc. A different approach is by using statistical analysis to mine data received to estimate the data points that are missed not at random. In the statistical study, data that are missed not at random manifest during data collection when one or more subjects involved in the survey skip their responses for one or more data fields due to social, economic, and health reasons. These missed responses are filled by imputation from the responses collected from other subjects. Similarly, in a wireless network, data lost from a particular node that is under attack can be considered as data missed not at random and can be estimated from the data collected from the surrounding nodes.
Deep Learning Systems: Algorithms, Compilers, and Processors for Large-Scale Production

This book describes deep learning systems: the algorithms, compilers, and processor components to efficiently train and deploy deep learning models for commercial applications. The exponential growth in computational power is slowing at a time when the amount of compute consumed by state-of-the-art deep learning (DL) workloads is rapidly growing. Model size, serving latency, and power constraints are a significant challenge in the deployment of DL models for many applications. Therefore, it is imperative to codesign algorithms, compilers, and hardware to accelerate advances in this field with holistic system-level and algorithm solutions that improve performance, power, and efficiency. Advancing DL systems generally involves three types of engineers: (1) data scientists that utilize and develop DL algorithms in partnership with domain experts, such as medical, economic, or climate scientists; (2) hardware designers that develop specialized hardware to accelerate the components in the DL models; and (3) performance and compiler engineers that optimize software to run more efficiently on a given hardware. Hardware engineers should be aware of the characteristics and components of production and academic models likely to be adopted by industry to guide design decisions impacting future hardware. Data scientists should be aware of deployment platform constraints when designing models. Performance engineers should support optimizations across diverse models, libraries, and hardware targets. The purpose of this book is to provide a solid understanding of (1) the design, training, and applications of DL algorithms in industry; (2) the compiler techniques to map deep learning code to hardware targets; and (3) the critical hardware features that accelerate DL systems. This book aims to facilitate co-innovation for the advancement of DL systems. It is written for engineers working in one or more of these areas who seek to understand the entire system stack in order to better collaborate with engineers working in other parts of the system stack. The book details advancements and adoption of DL models in industry, explains the training and deployment process, describes the essential hardware architectural features needed for today's and future models, and details advances in DL compilers to efficiently execute algorithms across various hardware targets. Unique in this book is the holistic exposition of the entire DL system stack, the emphasis on commercial applications, and the practical techniques to design models and accelerate their performance. The author is fortunate to work with hardware, software, data scientist, and research teams across many high-technology companies with hyperscale data centers. These companies employ many of the examples and methods provided throughout the book.
A remarkably complete skeleton from the London Clay provides insights into the morphology and diversity of early Eocene zygodactyl near-passerine birds

Recognition of the zygodactyl parrots (Psittaciformes) as the closest extant relatives of passerines (Passeriformes) shed new light on the affinities of various Paleogene birds with a zygodactyl fo...
Time Trends in Receipt of Germline Genetic Testing and Results for Women Diagnosed With Breast Cancer or Ovarian Cancer, 2012-2019

PURPOSEGenetic testing is important for breast and ovarian cancer risk reduction and treatment, yet little is known about its evolving use.METHODSSEER records of women of age ≥ 20 years diagnosed w...
Sources of Variation in Drop-Weight Impact Sensitivity Testing of the Explosive Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate

When new explosives are synthesized and developed, handling sensitivity must be measured in a consistent way to dictate safety protocols. Drop-weight impact tests, which represent explosive materia...
The Minimum Wage in a Roy Model with Monopsony

I propose and estimate a structural model of the labor market that features agents who are heterogeneous in both productivity and reservation wages, and a monopsony employer bound by the minimum wage. I examine the consequences of alternative minimum wage regimes. My results indicate that under a $15 federal minimum wage, at least 1.58 million lower-skilled women aged between 24 and 55 who worked for less than $15 per hour in 2017 would lose their jobs and be involuntarily excluded from labor market participation. The remaining 11.21 million would see their wage rise to the new minimum. The $15 minimum would also encourage an additional 2.74 million women to enter the labor force.
Conceptualizing Context in CSCL: Cognitive and Sociocultural Perspectives

Context is a critical consideration in CSCL research and design, yet difficult to delineate. Its definition can encompass aspects of the environment, the learners, the technology, and their histories and cultures. Depending on researchers’ theoretical perspectives and the focus of their study, different aspects of context are forefronted in the data collection and analysis, while others are given less importance. In this chapter, we offer a framework that conceptualizes context in terms of focal, immediate, and peripheral layers surrounding the object of study. We describe how the aspects contained within each layer of context differ depending on one’s theoretical orientation. To illustrate, we offer contrasting examples of CSCL research that approach context from a cognitive perspective and a sociocultural perspective. We end by outlining several areas for future research and highlight the importance of technological advances to keep pace with the theoretical conceptions of context in order to support the design of responsive CSCL environments. Ultimately, we argue that a full understanding of context leads to more robust and ecologically sound CSCL research and design.
Heart Rate Induced Dynamic Coronary Ischemia Secondary to Aortic Valve Insufficiency from a Diminutive Aortic Valve Leaflet: Diagnosis and Repair

Hemodynamically significant congenital obstruction of the coronary arteries is a rare phenomenon. The potential etiology of these obstructions is variable including coronary os stenosis, occlusive fibrous webs, or a dysplastic aortic valve leaflet resulting in obstruction. In infants, diagnosis of these coronary lesions is often difficult due to the small anatomic size and limitations of imaging modalities in the setting of the underlying rapid heart rates. We present a case of an infant presenting in heart failure secondary to dynamic coronary artery insufficiency from a diminutive aortic valve leaflet and aortic sinus and variable levels of aortic valve insufficiency based on heart rate.
The Political Determinants of Judicial Review

Whether the Supreme Court genuinely thwarts majority will is a perennial question in American politics. The traditional view of the Court suggests that it is a countermajoritarian institution; however, advocates of the majoritarian or “political regimes” approach claim that the Court tends to promote the interests of the governing regime through invalidations of statutes enacted by its ideological or partisan opponents. I evaluate these competing models of judicial review, along with attitudinal and separation of powers (SOP) models, by analyzing the Court’s propensity to invalidate federal statutes enacted under various political conditions between 1860 and 2008. I find little evidence of attitudinal, SOP, or majoritarian behavior by the Court. Instead, the Court tends to use the power of judicial review to invalidate laws enacted by the ideological or partisan allies of the contemporary government. My findings suggest that judicial review plays a genuinely countermajoritarian role in the American political system.
Singh’s Aedes albopictus Cell Cultures as Helper Cells for the Adaptation of Obodhiang and Kotonkan Viruses of the Rabies Serogroup to Some Vertebrate Cell Cultures

Abstract Multiplication of rabies serogroup viruses, Obodhiang and kotonkan, was induced in vertebrate cell cultures by using Singh’s Aedes albopictus cell cultures as „helper cells.”
Ceramics, General Survey

The article contains sections titled: 1. Traditional and Advanced Ceramics 1.1. Traditional Ceramics 1.2. Advanced Ceramics 1.2.1. Advanced Structural Ceramics ( ) 1.2.2. Electronic Ceramics ( ) 1.2.3. Other Advanced Ceramics 1.3. Characterization of Ceramic Materials 2. Raw Materials for Traditional Ceramics 2.1. The Structure of Clays and Nonplastics 2.2. Clay -Water System 2.3. Commercial Ceramic Clays 2.4. Commercial Nonplastics for Ceramics 3. Raw Materials for Advanced Ceramics 3.1. Metal Oxides and Carbonates 3.2. Borides, Carbides, and Nitrides 4. Processing Ceramic Ware 4.1. Preparation of Clay-based Forming Systems 4.2. Preparation of Advanced Ceramic Systems 4.3. Forming Ceramic Articles 4.4. Drying and Finishing 4.5. Firing Ceramic Products 4.5.1. Firing Traditional Ceramics 4.5.2. Densification of Advanced Ceramic Products 4.6. Kilns and Firing Conditions 4.6.1. Modern Periodic Kilns 4.6.2. Tunnel Kilns 4.6.3. Advanced Ceramics Furnaces 4.6.4. Kiln Atmosphere 4.6.5. Fired Ware Finishing 5. Glazes and Glazing 5.1. The Nature of Glazes 5.2. Preparation of Glazes 5.3. Glaze Application 6. Glass ( ) 7. Refractories ( ) 8. Abrasives ( ) 9. Cement( ) 10. Properties of Ceramic Materials and Products 11. Testing Ceramic Raw Materials and Products 11.1. Raw Material and Product Tests 11.2. Simplified Testing of Clay Body Materials 11.3. Quality Control of Advanced Ceramics 12. Economic Aspects
Formation of retinoid X receptor homodimers leads to repression of T3 response : hormonal cross talk by ligand-induced squelching

Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs). Heterodimerization is required for efficient TR DNA binding to most response elements and transcriptional activation by thyroid hormone. RXRs also function as auxiliary proteins for several other receptors. In addition, RXR alpha can be induced by specific ligands to form homodimers. Here we report that RXR-specific retinoids that induce RXR homodimers are effective repressors of the T3 response. We provide evidence that this repression by RXR-specific ligands occurs by sequestering of RXR from TR-RXR heterodimers into RXR homodimers. This ligand-induced squelching may represent an important mechanism by which RXR-specific retinoids and 9-cis retinoic acid mediate hormonal cross talk among a subfamily of nuclear receptors activated by structurally unrelated ligands.
The FGF family of growth factors and oncogenes.

Publisher Summary The family of fibroblast growth factors (FGF) is the largest family of growth factors involved in soft–tissue growth and regeneration. The FGF family includes seven members that share a varying degree of homology at the protein level and appear to have a similar broad mitogenic spectrum. They are angiogenic and promote the proliferation of a variety of cells of mesodermal and neuroectodermal origin . Three members of the family–namely, K–FGF/HST, FGF–5, INT–2 are identified originally as oncogenes, while two additions, FGF–6 and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), are isolated by sequence homology or factor purification and cloning. FGF was identified as an activity in pituitary extracts that stimulated the proliferation of 3T3 cells in mice. The two prototypes of basic and acidic protein structure, the FGF genes, and the expressions of FGF are also discussed. FGF consist of three exons, separated by two introns of variable length and FGF genes map on several chromosomes. The molecular regulation of FGF expression, FGF receptors, and their interaction with extracellular matrix is described. The oncogenic potential of FGF members and their involvement in tumors is also discussed. All possible mechanisms operating on the expression of FGFs and their receptors: transcriptional controls, posttranscriptional regulation involving alternative splicing, alternative translation starts resulting in proteins with different properties, and control affecting the secretion of these proteins are discussed.
Interventions to improve the management of asthma in primary care settings

The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA 2002), in its Practical Guide to Asthma Management provides an evidence-based management strategy that addresses severity assessment, pharmacotherapy, monitoring, environmental control and the patient-provider partnership (GINA 2002). Despite the existence of effective therapies, including inhaled anti-inflammatory and long-acting bronchodilators, current practice falls short of guidelines and consequently, inadequate asthma control continues to be the norm. Although evidence based guidelines have been established, there is significant variation among practitioners in treating this condition, indicating a significant gap between what we know is optimal care and current practice (Finkelstein 2000, Finkelstein 2002, Lozano 2003). We propose to undertake a review of interventions to improve the management of asthma in primary care. A variety of approaches have been taken to improve asthma care including; patient self-management support, provider directed education and behavior change, and organizational approaches. Considerable work has been done in reviewing patient self-management support interventions. For example, Gibson found that information only patient education programs did not appear to improve outcomes (Gibson 2001). Toelle found insufficient evidence about the effectiveness of written management plans for adults and children (Toelle 2001). Reviews of more complex self-management interventions have shown positive results: self-management support education for children directed at prevention and attack management showed demonstrably improved outcomes (Wolf 2002). Positive outcomes were found in studies of asthma education for adults that included self-monitoring of either peak flow or symptoms, when combined with regular medical review and a written action plan (Gibson 2002). Another review of multifaceted adult interventions showed equivalent effects for control of asthma management by regular medical review of inhaled corticosteroid use vs. control by self-adjustment using written self management plan (Powell 2002). To complement these reviews, we will focus our review on provider-directed interventions and organizational approaches, only including patient-oriented interventions when they are part of a multi-focus study. The objectives of this review are to determine the effectiveness of various interventions to improve the management of asthma in primary care settings.
Design and fabrication of resonator quantum-well infrared photodetector with 10.2 μm cutoff

Recently, we have developed a detector structure known as the resonator quantum-well infrared photodetector or R-QWIP. With this structure, we demonstrated quantum efficiency as high as 70% in single detectors and 30% to 40% in focal plane arrays (FPAs) with a 9-μm cutoff. We designed a broadband, 10-μm cutoff R-QWIP FPA using a more accurate refractive index. To achieve the theoretical prediction, the substrates of the detectors have to be removed completely to prevent the escape of unabsorbed light out of the detectors. The height of the diffractive elements (DE) and the thickness of the active resonator must also be uniformly produced within a 0.05-μm accuracy. To achieve these specifications, two optimized inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching processes are developed. Using these etching techniques, a number of single detectors were fabricated to verify the analysis before FPA production. In general, test data support the theoretical predictions.