cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microstructure of shear-thickening concentrated suspensions determined by flow-USANS

Reversible shear thickening in colloidal suspensions is a consequence of the formation of hydroclusters due to the dominance of short-ranged lubrication hydrodynamic interactions at relatively high shear rates. Here, we develop and demonstrate a new method of flow-ultra small angle neutron scattering to probe the colloidal microstructure under steady flow conditions on length scales suitable to characterize the formation of hydroclusters. Results are presented for a model near hard-sphere colloidal suspension of 260 nm radius (10% polydisperse) sterically stabilized silica particles in poly(ethylene glycol) at shear rates in the shear thinning and shear thickening regime for dilute, moderately concentrated, and concentrated (ordered) suspensions. Hydrocluster formation is observed as correlated, broadly distributed density fluctuations in the suspension with a characteristic length scale of a few particle diameters. An order–disorder transition is observed to be coincident with shear thickening for the most concentrated sample, but the shear-thickened state shows hydrocluster formation. These structural observations are correlated to the behavior of the shear viscosity and discussed within the framework of theory, simulation, and prior experiments.
DAMPs ramp up drug toxicity

The clinical syndrome of acetaminophen-induced liver injury represents the combined result of drug toxicity and a potent innate immune response that follows drug-induced cell death. In this issue of the JCI, Imaeda and colleagues report that DNA released from dying hepatocytes is a key stimulus of innate immune activation in the acetaminophen-treated mouse liver (see the related article beginning on page 305). They present evidence indicating that hepatocyte DNA promotes immune activation by acting as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) that stimulates cytokine production in neighboring sinusoidal endothelial cells via Tlr9 and the Nalp3 inflammasome.
Personality and Employee Withdrawal: Effects of Locus of Control on Turnover:

Tested were two hypotheses concerning the role of locus of control in the process of employees' turnover: first, that employees with external locus of control would be more likely to intend to quit...
A modular approach to seigniorage in a monetary union

There is little agreement on how to measure seigniorage changes and their sources in a monetary union. This paper informs the debate by developing a modular approach that distinguishes between seigniorage changes a country experiences during the transition phase prior to joining a monetary union and at the time of the regime change when the common currency is introduced. Using the Eurozone enlargement as an example, the underlying components of seigniorage changes for the transition phase and the regime change are identified and quantified. The modular approach thus allows a more informed discussion and provides analysts and policymakers with flexibility as to which seigniorage components to choose depending on the economic issue at hand.
Responses of male house flies to muscalure and to combinations of hydrocarbons with and without muscalure.

Various branch chain saturated hydrocarbons mixed with muscalure elicit more responses from male house flies, Musca domestica L., in pseudofly tests than either muscalure or the other hydrocarbons alone. The most active combinations were 13-methylnonacosane+( Z )-9-tricosene (muscalure) at up to a ratio of 90:10; and 13-methylheptacosane+( Z )-9-tricosene at up to a ratio of 99:1; and 4,8-dimethylheptacosane, 11-methylnonacosane, and cis -9,10-epoxy-tricosane at a ratio of 40:40:20, though the individual components of this mixture were significantly less active than muscalure.
What Do Managers Read? A Survey of Journals and Periodicals Used by Lodging Managers in the Hospitality Industry

This study investigated which journals and periodicals are preferred for various uses by lodging managers. Readership level and usefulness of 17 journals/periodicals (academic and non-academic) by senior managers were explored. The research found that a significant number of lodging professionals tend to use hospitality industry and general business publications over academic research journals. However, several academic journals were rated higher by managers regarding usefulness as a source for information on research, employee management, marketing, hospitality industry, general business, as well as professional and personal development. Implications of study findings can assist authors in effective dissemination of hospitality research and in turn aid managers with their environmental scanning endeavors.
Parent-child obesity and cardiovascular risk factors☆

Blood pressure, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were studied in obese children and obese parents selected to participate in a weight treatment program. The relationships between parent and child risk levels, as well as the relationship between child and parent weight and risk factors, were established. Results showed that children's cholesterol and triglycerides were related to parental lipid levels, independent of weight. Children's blood pressure readings were strongly related to their weight, but not to parental blood pressure. High density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were negatively related to weight in both child and parent female populations, and weakly positively related to weight for male children. Implications of these risk factor patterns for intervention are discussed.
The Interactive Videodisc System in the Zone of Proximal Development: Academic Motivation and Learning Outcomes in Precalculus

High school students enrolled in precalculus/trigonometry classes were randomly assigned to receive instruction either by a master teacher in a regular classroom or via interactive videodisc instructional modules. The interactive modules were designed to help students understand mathematical concepts by means of real-world video exemplars of the concepts, and by modeling problem-solving strategies and metacognitive processes. Evaluation results showed that students who learned solely by means of the interactive videodisc materials achieved as well or better than students who received traditional instruction organized around the same objectives. The relation of student goal orientations and self-perceptions to learning outcomes was also investigated. The results of multiple regression analyses for each of eight instructional topics revealed a pattern supportive of Dweck's theory regarding the role of goal orientations in academic motivation.
Adults can be discipline problems too

Over the course of a school year, observational data and survey information were collected on student behavior problems and discipline policies in a large suburban high school. Analysis of the data indicated that many of the concerns of teachers and administrators centered more around adult behavior than student behavior. Six categories of adult “discipline problems” were identified: inconsistent rule enforcement, noncomplance with discipline policies, insensitivity to students, lack of disciplinary data, lack of classroom management skills, and inadequate administration of disciplinary policies.
Pressure measurements during shock initiation of composition B

Studies of the transition to detonation during the shock initiation of Composition B have provided data concerning the Hugoniot of the unreacted explosive. Measurements were made of the shock velocities in the explosive and in a Plexiglas plate placed in contact with the explosive. The shock velocities together with the known Hugoniot for Plexiglas were used to calculate the pressure and particle velocity for the Composition B. Measurements in the explosive correspond to a range of pressures from 62 to 173 kbars. A single point at 388 kbars was obtained from shock-velocity measurements on a thin aluminum foil placed in contact with the explosive. The relation between the shock velocity and the particle velocity for Composition B can be described by the linear equation U 1 =2.88×10 5 +1.60 u 1 , where U 1 and u 1 are the shock and particle velocities expressed in cm/sec. The pressure data show the rate at which the pressure builds up at the shock front to increase with the distance the wave has propagated into the explosive.
Variation in the genes encoding vesicular monoamine transporter 2 and beta-1 adrenergic receptor and antidepressant treatment outcome.

The identification of genetic variants regulating antidepressant response would allow for more individualized, rational, and successful drug treatments. We previously identified a region of mouse chromosome 19 that strongly influences citalopram response in an antidepressant model, the tail suspensi
Repair replication of DNA in ultraviolet irradiated Mycoplasma laidlawii B.

Cesium chloride density-gradient techniques were used to detect repair replication in the pleuropneumonia-like organism Mycoplasma laidlawii B following ultraviolet irradiation. Two methods of analysis were used, the first assaying repair in parental DNA shortly after u.v. irradiation, the second assaying repair in the parental DNA only after one round of semi-conservative replication. The second method assays repair only in DNA which has been rendered functional with respect to normal replication following the u.v. irradiation. For a dose of 85 ergs/mm2, the kinetics of repair replication were linear to apparent saturation after about 0.5 generation and a replacement of 1.2% of the M. laidlawii B chromosome. A dose-response analysis showed that the amount of repair increased rapidly with dose at low u.v. doses (less than 5 ergs/mm2), but then more slowly to an apparent saturation at about 100 ergs/mm2. Both assay methods yielded essentially the same values, indicating no difference between the extent of repair replication ahead of and behind the normal replication growing point. Visible light illumination after ultraviolet light reduced the amount of repair replication, as consistent with the existence of an enzymic mechanism for photoreactivation in this organism. The existence of repair replication in the mycoplasmas, possibly the simplest of free-living organisms, demonstrates the importance of repair mechanisms for the maintenance of genetic continuity in living systems.
Persistent hypoglycemia in a patient with diabetes taking etanercept for the treatment of psoriasis.

We report a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus who, while treated with the antitumor necrosis factor-α blocking agent etanercept for severe plaque psoriasis, experienced persistent hypoglycemia requiring the lowering and eventual elimination of his previous insulin regimen. After 20 months of therapy on etanercept, his plaque psoriasis markedly improved, whereas both his fasting blood sugars and glycosylated hemoglobin A 1c decreased. Hypoglycemia can be a serious side effect of etanercept in patients already on antidiabetic medications known to cause hypoglycemia, such as sulfonylureas, meglitinides, and insulin. Thus, it is important for dermatologists treating patients with diabetes and antitumor necrosis factor-α agents for psoriasis to be aware of potential hypoglycemia and to adjust antidiabetes therapy accordingly.
The Technology Seismograph‐Station

After long delays in securing the instrumental equipment, the Technology Seismological Station was put in operation July 5, 1932. This seismograph is on the grounds of the Surveying Camp operated by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and is just north of United States Route 1, on Gardner Lake, about six miles east of Machias, Washington County, Maine. The equipment consists of two horizontal components of the Wenner seismometer, mounted on a low concrete-pier about four feet by six feet, resting on an outcropping ledge. The building is of concrete with enclosed airspace on the walls and ceiling, and also on the roof. The room is entered through two outer rooms. The walls are banked with earth up to the eaves. The rather serious moisture-difficulties encountered at first now appear to have been overcome.
Algebraic approach to heavy-ion reactions

Abstract A new approach to complex multichannel scattering is presented. This approach is particularly suited for heavy-ion reactions where it provides a simple and yet detailed description of the experimental data. Applications to 12C + 24Mg collisions at Ec.m = 27.8 MeV are presented.
Optimization of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Cathodes

We adopt an agglomerate catalyst layer (CL) model and recast it into a compact form for optimization of polymer electrolyte fuel cell cathodes. Our reformulation captures the transport processes within the gas diffusion layer and the CL and the transport/ reaction processes within an individual agglomerate particle. The governing equations are discretized using a finite-difference method, and the resulting optimization problem is linked to a state-of-the-art nonlinear programming algorithm. From the platinum (Pt) minimizations we obtain relationships between optimal Pt mass and current density at different operating voltages. For current density maximization we investigate the optimal distribution of material parameters along the CL width.
General Aviation Propeller-Airframe Integration Simulations

The interference flowfields of propellers when installed on general aviation aircraft is investigated. The interaction is known to be a significant source of cabin noise and is likely an efficiency loss mechanism due to standard blade designs not completely accounting for installation interference. The aerodynamic model used in the simulations incorporates state-of-the-art unsteady three-dimensional Navier-Stokes solutions through the use of a high-resolution approximate Riemann solver utilizing the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model. The software used for simulation purposes is a derivative of a software package developed for NASA John. H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field. Several configurational arrangements were studied and compared to one another. The propellers tested include a standard general aviation propeller and a modern propeller design. Both are mounted on various fuselage configurations including geometries involving engine cooling inlets and short and long spinners to adjust propeller/cowl spacing. A detailed examination of flowfield properties provides insight into the interaction between the propeller and the cowl immediately downstream.
Altered Myocardial Calcium Cycling and Energetics in Heart Failure—A Rational Approach for Disease Treatment

Cardiomyocyte function depends on coordinated movements of calcium into and out of the cell and the proper delivery of ATP to energy-utilizing enzymes. Defects in calcium-handling proteins and abnormal energy metabolism are features of heart failure. Recent discoveries have led to gene-based therapies targeting calcium-transporting or -binding proteins, such as the cardiac sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA2a), leading to improvements in calcium homeostasis and excitation-contraction coupling. Here we review impaired calcium cycling and energetics in heart failure, assessing their roles from both a mutually exclusive and interdependent viewpoint, and discuss therapies that may improve the failing myocardium.
Design and Characterization of a Three-terminal Transcriptional Device Through Polymerase Per Second

In this paper, we provide an in silico input-output characterization of a three-terminal transcriptional device employing polymerase per second (PoPS) as input and output. The device is assembled from well-characterized parts of the bacteriophage ? switch transcriptional circuit. We draw the analogy between voltage and protein concentration and between current and PoPS to demonstrate that the characteristics of the three-terminal transcriptional device are qualitatively similar to those of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT). In particular, as it occurs in a BJT, the device can be tuned to operate either as a linear amplifier or as a switch. When the device operates as a linear amplifier, gains of twofolds can be obtained, which are considerably smaller than those obtained in a BJT (in which 100-fold amplification gains can be reached). This fact suggests that the parts extracted from natural transcriptional systems may be naturally designed mostly to process and store information as opposed to amplify signals.
Design of symmetrical polylithic crystal filters

A procedure for designing a physically symmetrical polylithic filter with arbitrary number of symmetrical two-pole crystals is presented. An example of using the method to realise a high order filter is given.
Perfect and precisely perfect fuzzy graphs

In this paper, we consider two different definitions of adjacency in fuzzy graph. Thus any graph theory concept that can be defined through adjacency can have two different variations in fuzzy graph theory. We demonstrate this fact through perfect graph and perfect graph theorem. Thus in the case of fuzzy graphs we have two independent concepts: perfect fuzzy graphs and precise perfect fuzzy graphs.
The "trap" hypothesis of venous ulceration

The pathogenesis of venous ulceration is unknown. We propose that macromolecules leaking into the dermis as a result of venous hypertension bind to or "trap" growth factors and matrix material, which then become unavailable for tissue repair and for the maintenance of tissue integrity.
A Faith-Based Prescription for the Surgeon General: Challenges and Recommendations

This article summarizes how the Office of the Surgeon General can leverage faith-based resources to fulfill its mission and that of the Surgeon General of the United States. Such resources, personal and institutional, have been utilized historically in health promotion and disease prevention efforts and are a valuable ally for public health, an alliance that continues under the Obama Administration. This paper outlines the history and mission of the Office; details the recent history of federal faith-based initiatives; and advocates an expanded alliance between the faith-based and public health sectors sensitive to legal and professional boundaries.
Evaluation of thrombocytopenia in the acute coronary syndrome.

Purpose of review Thrombocytopenia is relatively common in patients with acute coronary syndromes and is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes, regardless of the etiology of the low platelet count. Treatment strategies, both medical and mechanical, may cause thrombocytopenia. This review will introduce a differential diagnosis, diagnostic strategies, and treatment options for patients with an acute coronary syndrome. Recent findings Recent data has strengthened the relationship between thrombocytopenia and adverse outcomes, particularly death and bleeding, in this population of cardiac patients. In addition, bleeding is recognized as a strong independent predictor of an adverse event. Thrombocytopenia may be a marker for acuity of illness and often may be only an association between a low platelet count and therapeutic interventions in this population. Nevertheless, thrombocytopenia due to glycoprotein 2b3a receptor inhibitors, heparins, thienopyridines, and intra-aortic balloon pumps must be recognized and managed appropriately. Summary Surveillance for and early recognition of thrombocytopenia, an appropriate differential diagnosis, and early institution of treatment are critically important in the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes.
Data versus decision fusion for classification in sensor networks

Sensor networks provide virtual snapshots of the physical world via distributed wireless nodes that can sense in different modalities, such as acoustic and seismic. Classification of objects moving through the sensorfield is an important application that requires collaborative signal processing (CSP) between nodes. Two main forms of CSP are possible. Data fusion - exchange of low dimensional feature vectors - is needed between correlated nodes, in general, for optimal performance. Decision fusion - er- change of likelihood values - is sufficient between indepen- dent nodes. Decision fusion is generally preferable due to its lower communication burden. We study CSP of multiple node measurements in the context of single target classif- cation. Each measurement is modeled as a Gaussian sig- nal vector (corresponding to the taaet class) corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise. The measurements are par- titioned into groups. The signal components within each group are perfectly correlated whereas they vary indepen- dently between groups. Three classifiers are compared: the optimal man'mum likelihood classifier; a data averaging classifier that treats all measurements as correlated, and a decisionfusion classifier that treats them all as indepen- dent. Analytical and numerical results based on real data are provided to compare the performance of the three CSP classifiers. Our results indicate that the sub-optimal deci- sionfusion classifier; that is most attractive in the context of sensor networks, is also a robust choice from a decision theoretic viewpoint.
Quantum-resolved electron stimulated interface reactions: D2 formation from D2O films

The low-energy (5-15 eV) electron stimulated desorption of Dand D2 O 1 R a , va 0, Ja 0 and va 1, Ja 2) from condensed D2O films is investigated as a function of substrate temperature. The Dions are produced primarily via the 2 B 1 dissociative electron attachment resonance. Both the D ˇ and D 2 yields are enhanced when the substrate temper- ature increases from 90 to 140 K. The changes in the Dand D2 yields with substrate temperature are qualitatively similar. We attribute the increase in yields to thermally induced rotations or breaks in the near-surface hydrogen bonding network. This reduction in co-ordination and coupling reduces the nearest neighbor perturbations and en- hances the surface or near surface excited state lifetimes. Production of vibrationally excited D2 molecules correlates with reactive scattering of Dat the surface, whereas production of D2 in the va 0 level also includes molecular elimination from an excited state which is produced by autodetachment. " 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Word and sacrament as paradigmatic for pastoral theology: in search of a definition via Brueggemann, Hauerwas and Ricoeur

The current debate about the nature and parameters of pastoral theology emphasises practice as both the source and the end of theological reflection: pastoral theology as reflection on practice with a view to transforming practice. This raises issues for pastoral theologians from the Reformed tradition, which prioritises word and prizes scripture and preaching as fundamental ways in which the word is mediated to us. Current philosophical, cultural and ecclesiological developments emphasise the constructed nature of our worlds, the crucial place of language in world construction, and the ‘textured’ nature of the community of faith. Thus theologians associated with the term ‘post-liberal’ emphasise that in a time of displacement, marginalisation and identity crisis the church, like the Jewish community in exile, returns to its texts as its home and the source of its identity and its practice. Taking the theology of Walter Brueggemann as a starting point, this paper explores the relationship between proclamation and practice in the church's life, and seeks, through a Reformed paradigm of word and sacrament, a ‘post-liberal’ redefinition of pastoral theology that gives a higher profile to the church's ‘peculiar speech’.
Long‐term intracellular retention of hexosaminidase A by Tay‐Sachs disease brain and lung cells in vitro

Enzyme-replacement treatment for metabolic storage disorders has been widely studied using model cell culture systems. This study determines the long-term fate of human hexosaminidase A supplied to Tay-Sachs disease brain and lung cells. Hex A retention studies showed that the incorporated Hex A is retained in undiminished quantity by TSD lung cells maintained in stationary culture for 14 days. Tay-Sachs disease brain cells similarly followed for 28 days in stationary culture showed an initial reduction in Hex A for 3 days, after which the Hex A level stabilized and remained relatively constant for the next 25 days. Hexosaminidase B isoenzyme was found to accumulate in both cell lines during extended cultivation, despite the observation that significant amounts were excreted into the extracellular environment. The demonstration of long-term intracellular retention of exogenously supplied therapeutic enzyme by the target cells offers additional evidence for the feasibility of an enzyme-replacement approach for study and treatment of lysosomal storage disorders.
The nest architecture of the ant, Camponotus socius

The architecture of subterranean nests of the ant Camponotus socius was studied from casts of plaster or metal. Twenty-four such casts are illustrated using stereo pairs of images. After study, plaster casts were dissolved to retrieve the workers embedded in them, providing a census of the ants that excavated the nest. Nests were up to 60 cm deep, and were composed of descending shafts connecting up to about 10 horizontal chambers. Nest volume ranged up to almost 800 cm3 and total chamber area up to almost 500 cm2. Both volume and area were closely and positively related to the number of workers in the nest. Nest enlargement occurred through the simultaneous enlargement of chambers, deepening of the nest and addition of more chambers. Chamber enlargement contributed most to nest growth. Chambers near the surface were elongate and tunnel-like, while deeper chambers were more compact in outline. As chambers were enlarged, their outlines became more complex and lobed. Workers were polymorphic with clearly distinguishable minor and major workers. The headwidth of minors averaged 1.45 to 1.65 mm, and that of majors 2.30 to 2.80 mm. The mean headwidth of minors increased significantly as the proportion of major workers increased, but the trend of major headwidths fell short of significance. The numerical proportion of majors ranged from 3% to 38% and averaged 15% of the workers, while their biomass proportion ranged from 10% to 75%, averaging about 50%. The queen was recovered in 6 of the 14 plaster nests, suggesting that the average colony of this polydomous species has 2.3 nests. Because of the lateness of the season when casts were made (October), only two nests contained significant amounts of brood. The possible functional roles of nest architecture in ants are discussed.
Trypanosoma cruzi and Chagas' Disease in the United States

Summary: Chagas' disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and causes potentially life-threatening disease of the heart and gastrointestinal tract. The southern half of the United States contains enzootic cycles of T. cruzi, involving 11 recognized triatomine vector species. The greatest vector diversity and density occur in the western United States, where woodrats are the most common reservoir; other rodents, raccoons, skunks, and coyotes are also infected with T. cruzi. In the eastern United States, the prevalence of T. cruzi is highest in raccoons, opossums, armadillos, and skunks. A total of 7 autochthonous vector-borne human infections have been reported in Texas, California, Tennessee, and Louisiana; many others are thought to go unrecognized. Nevertheless, most T. cruzi-infected individuals in the United States are immigrants from areas of endemicity in Latin America. Seven transfusion-associated and 6 organ donor-derived T. cruzi infections have been documented in the United States and Canada. As improved control of vector- and blood-borne T. cruzi transmission decreases the burden in countries where the disease is historically endemic and imported Chagas' disease is increasingly recognized outside Latin America, the United States can play an important role in addressing the altered epidemiology of Chagas' disease in the 21st century.
Detailed Single-Molecule Spectroelectrochemical Studies of the Oxidation of Conjugated Polymers

Single-particle fluorescence spectroelectrochemistry was used to investigate the electrochemical oxidation of isolated, immobilized particles of the conjugated polymers BEH-PPV and MEH-PPV at an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode immersed in an electrolyte solution. Two types of particles were investigated: (i) polymer single molecules (SM) and (ii) nanoparticle (NP) aggregates of multiple polymer single molecules. For the BEH-PPV polymer, the observation of nearly identical lowest oxidation potentials for different SM in the ensemble is evidence for effective electrostatic screening by the surrounding electrolyte solution. A combination of Monte Carlo simulations and application of Poisson-Boltzmann solvers were used to model the charging of polymer single molecules and nanoparticles in the electrochemical environment. The results indicate that the penetration of electrolyte anions into the polymer nanoparticles is necessary to produce the observed narrow fluorescence quenching vs oxidation potential curves. Finally, fluorescence-lifetime single-molecule spectroelectrochemical (SMS-EC) data revealed that at low potential an excited state reduction process (i.e., electron transfer from ITO to the polymer) is probably the dominant fluorescence quenching process.
Preservice Teachers' Perceptions of Learning Science Methods Through Hybridizing Asynchronous and Traditional Experiences

This study addresses preservice teachers’ perceptions toward online experiences, specifically, their perceptions about utilizing an online science methods curriculum versus a traditional methods curriculum. Thirty-eight senior level preservice teachers at a midwestern U.S. university completed surveys about their experiences during their methods course that included a module for online content learning, videos of fourth- and fifth-grade elementary student in situ learning, and exploration of pedagogical skills embedded in an electricity module. Survey and focus group data indicate that the preservice teachers valued and wanted more online experiences, but not as a total replacement of traditional methods experiences. Teacher education preparation programs must identify with and address preservice teacher expectations about the value placed upon online experiences. Specifically, online experiences can help focus instruction and enhance student interaction about life in an elementary classroom. Implications of this study help address professional movements for incorporating online experiences for in-service K-12 teachers and schools.
Growth in Late Infancy among HIV-Exposed Children in Urban Haiti Is Associated with Participation in a Clinic-Based Infant Feeding Support Intervention

The integration of nutrition support for infants of HIV-infected mothers is a recognized need; however, the evidence for effective programmatic solutions is weak. The objective of our study was to implement and evaluate a new infant feeding support intervention for HIV-exposed, uninfected, non-breast-fed infants 6-12 mo of age attending the Groupe Haitien d'Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes (GHESKIO) pediatric clinic in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. The 24-wk intervention included a lipid-based nutrient supplement, education, promotion of existing clinical services, and social support. We compared growth outcomes among intervention participants (n = 73) at start (wk 0) and end (wk 24) of intervention to a historical control group of HIV-exposed infants seen at the GHESKIO in the year prior to the intervention who would have met the intervention entrance criteria (n = 294). The intervention and historical control groups did not differ significantly at age 6 mo (wk 0). At age 12 mo (wk 24), the intervention group had a lower prevalence of underweight and stunting than the historical control group (weight-for-age Z-score < -2 SD: 6.8 vs. 20.8%, P = 0.007; length-for-age Z-score < -2 SD: 9.6 vs. 21.2%, P = 0.029). Wasting tended to be lower in the intervention group than the historical control (weight-for-length Z-score < -2 SD: 2.9 vs. 8.9%, P = 0.11). Implementation of the intervention was associated with reduced risk of growth faltering in HIV-exposed uninfected children from 6 to 12 mo of age. This is a promising intervention model that can be adapted and scaled-up to other HIV care contexts.
LOWER CARBONIFEROUS (CHESTERIAN) EMBRYONIC ORTHOCERATID NAUTILOIDS

More than 500 specimens of embryonic shells of orthocerid nautiloids from the Imo Formation were investigated. Although the material is recrystallized, the external and internal features of the early growth stages are exceptionally well preserved. The material comprises eight species of Pseudorthoceratidae: Pseudorthoceras knoxense(McChesney, 1860); Ristedtoceras teriliratum n. sp.; Moor- eoceras imoense n. sp.; Mooreoceras striatulumn. sp.; Reticycloceras peytonense Gordon, 1965; Dolorthoceras tenuifilosumGordon, 1965; Mitorthoceras girtyi Gordon, 1965; and Euloxoceras angustinus Gordon, 1965. A new genus, Ristedtoceras, is erected and the genus Pseudorthoceras Girty, 1911 is emended. The analysis indicates that the morphologic diversity of the early growth stages of the shells of these species are much more diverse than expected. The different species vary strongly in the embryonic shell size, cicatrix position and shape, numbers of septa in the embryonic shell at the time of hatching, embryonic shell ornamentation, and the outline of the first segment of the siphuncle and its position in cross section. This study shows that the shape and position of the cicatrix is a morphologic feature that has been under utilized in previous investigations. The high morphologic variance of the embryonic shells in these Imo orthocerids requires a revision of our understanding of the Pseudorthoceratidae. In addition, the implication of this analysis strongly supports using the morphology of the embryonic shell, and especially the cicatrix, in all future orthocerid systematic and phylogenetic analyses because it is proving to be an important set of characters in detecting homeomorphic evolutionary relationships that are not discernable in mature specimens.
Gender Differences and Similarities in Mental Health

The purpose of this article is to examine gender differences and similarities in mental health. While overall rates of mental disorders are nearly identical across males and females, there are striking gender differences in the patterns of mental disorder. The first section examines statistical and methodological issues in gender research. The second section reviews contemporary theories for gender differences in mental health and summarizes the biological, psychological, and social pathways through which gender differences may emerge. The remaining sections summarize current research on gender differences and similarities in specific mental health disorders.
Reclaiming the Relevance of L2 Teacher Education.

This article lays out a theoretical argument for empirical research that focuses on what happens inside the practices of L2 teacher education. Central to this argument is that it is inside these practices-the dialogic interactions between teacher educators and teachers-where teacher educators can see, support, and enhance the professional development of L2 teachers. Grounded in a Vygotskian sociocultural theoretical perspective on teacher learning (Johnson, 2009), data from an innovative teacher education practice highlight the quality and character of the collaborative teaching-learning relationships ( obuchenie) that unfold in this practice and the role of the teacher educator in providing expert mediation to support novice teachers' emerging conceptualizations of, and initial attempts at, enacting L2 teaching. The article concludes with a call for empirical attention to the design, enactment, and outcomes of the practices of L2 teacher education as essential in order to reclaim the relevance of L2 teacher education in and for the professional development of L2 teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Hybrid design, systemic rigidity: Institutional dynamics in human research oversight

New governance scholars see hybrid regulation as a means for achieving regulatory flexibility and responsiveness. The US system for overseeing human subjects research embodies three dimensions of hybridity: it brings together governmental and non-governmental controls; it combines central and local authority; and it engages a multiplicity of policy actors. Yet this system became rigid 20 years into its development. Sources of rigidity included shifts in the regulatory environment, temporal constriction in the range policy participants, and risk aversion on the part of non-governmental institutions charged with implementing federally mandated controls. This article explores the implications of these institutional dynamics for the relationship between hybridity and regulatory responsiveness. It also examines possibilities for renewed flexibility generated by the recent advent of both accreditation and regulatory innovation by university research administrators.
The Potato Chip Really Does Look Like Elvis! Neural Hallmarks of Conceptual Processing Associated with Finding Novel Shapes Subjectively Meaningful

Clouds and inkblots often compellingly resemble something else—faces, animals, or other identifiable objects. Here, we investigated illusions of meaning produced by novel visual shapes. Individuals found some shapes meaningful and others meaningless, with considerable variability among individuals in these subjective categorizations. Repetition for shapes endorsed as meaningful produced conceptual priming in a priming test along with concurrent activity reductions in cortical regions associated with conceptual processing of real objects. Subjectively meaningless shapes elicited robust activity in the same brain areas, but activity was not influenced by repetition. Thus, all shapes were conceptually evaluated, but stable conceptual representations supported neural priming for meaningful shapes only. During a recognition memory test, performance was associated with increased frontoparietal activity, regardless of meaningfulness. In contrast, neural conceptual priming effects for meaningful shapes occurred during both priming and recognition testing. These different patterns of brain activation as a function of stimulus repetition, type of memory test, and subjective meaningfulness underscore the distinctive neural bases of conceptual fluency versus episodic memory retrieval. Finding meaning in ambiguous stimuli appears to depend on conceptual evaluation and cortical processing events similar to those typically observed for known objects. To the brain, the vaguely Elvis-like potato chip truly can provide a substitute for the King himself.
Structure of a designed, right-handed coiled-coil tetramer containing all biological amino acids.

The previous design of an unprecedented family of two-, three-, and four-helical, right-handed coiled coils utilized nonbiological amino acids to efficiently pack spaces in the oligomer cores. Here we show that a stable, right-handed parallel tetrameric coiled coil, called RH4B, can be designed entirely using biological amino acids. The X-ray crystal structure of RH4B was determined to 1.1 A resolution using a designed metal binding site to coordinate a single Yb2+ ion per 33-amino acid polypeptide chain. The resulting experimental phases were particularly accurate, and the experimental electron density map provided an especially clear, unbiased view of the molecule. The RH4B structure closely matched the design, with equivalent core rotamers and an overall root-mean-square deviation for the N-terminal repeat of the tetramer of 0.24 A. The clarity and resolution of the electron density map, however, revealed alternate rotamers and structural differences between the three sequence repeats in the molecule. These results suggest that the RH4B structure populates an unanticipated variety of structures.
Managing security policies in a distributed environment using eXtensible markup language (XML)

of the growth of the Internet, much research has been done on application-level distributed authorization systems. Another area of research that is just as important, but has received little attention, is the management of security policies in a distributed environment. This paper describes practical concepts that can be employed in an enterprise environment for managing security policies using eXtensible Markup Language (XML). An example is given using our proposed concepts with Java 1 and Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) policies.
Immune senescence in old and very old rhesus monkeys: reduced antibody response to influenza vaccination

The health of old monkeys usually begins to deteriorate by 20 years of age, coinciding with the onset of a slowly progressing immune senescence. Changes in lymphocyte subsets and responses to several antigens have been characterized in geriatric primates, but systematic research has not been conducted on vaccination against influenza virus, a topic of considerable clinical concern for elderly humans. Antibody responses were significantly reduced to primary immunizations in old monkeys, but by administering a second vaccine at 1 month, it was possible to boost antibody titers up to the level found in young adults during their primary phase. The immune competence of unusually long-lived animals (26–37 years) was also compared to more typical aged monkeys (19–25 years). Antibody responses were low overall, although some monkeys in both age groups did respond to immunization. Among the oldest animals, the leukocytes of the responders with higher antibody titers were found to release more interleukin-2 following in vitro stimulation with an anti-CD3/anti-CD28 cocktail relative to their cellular reactions to staphylococcal enterotoxin B. The general decline in immune vigor, and the marked individual variation in how old monkeys age, provides a useful animal model for investigating factors associated with immunosenescence.
Network selection using fuzzy logic

The peer-to-peer technology offers many advantages, but at the same time, it poses many novel challenges for the research community. Modern peer-to-peer systems are characterized by large scale, poor reliability, and extreme dynamism of the participating nodes, with a continuous flow of nodes joining and leaving the systems. Selection of an optimal network requires estimation of its rank using attributes such as storage, average load, cost, reliability etc. There are multiple networks, each vying for users business by providing them novel services. The user in turn has to decide which network best meets its service requirements and accordingly join a network. In this paper, we propose a model with two ranking schemes, one being network-specific and the other user-specific. The schemes use fuzzy logic to rank different networks based on their attributes. The difference between the two ranking schemes lie in the dynamism offered by them. The user-specific ranking criteria is flexible while the network-specific scheme uses a fixed criteria. The network-specific scheme helps in providing a structure to visualize the overall performance index of the networks. The user-specific scheme is adaptive in the sense that it caters to the specific needs of the users. The simulations performed by us show that the two schemes are light-weight, highly accurate and easily implementable
Hydrologic cycling over Antarctica during the middle Miocene warming

Global warmth 20–15 million years ago allowed vegetation to grow on formerly ice-covered areas of Antarctica. Leaf wax and pollen data show that this growth was supported by increased hydrologic activity over the Antarctic coast, derived from a local moisture source.
Polymer‐dispersed liquid‐crystal materials fabricated with frontal polymerization

We report on the morphological and thermal properties of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) fabricated with frontal-polymerization-induced phase separation (FPIPS). Frontal polymerization is characterized by a rapid-conversion, high-temperature, and large-thermal-gradient environment. A comparison is made between the morphological and thermal properties of PDLCs fabricated with FPIPS and traditional thermal-polymerization-induced phase separation. Characterization includes differential scanning calorimetry to probe the glass and nematic-to-isotropic transitions and scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the phase-separated morphology. In addition, the frontal temperatures and velocities are reported for PDLCs fabricated with frontal polymerization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 204–212, 2003
Measuring the Friendships of Young Children with Disabilities: A Review of the Literature.

The purpose of this article is to describe what has been learned over the past 35+ years of research on the friendships of young children with disabilities. An extensive literature review was condu...
Doeg's Job

This work was originally published as Sasson, Jack M. 2004. "Doeg s Job." Scriptura: International Journal of Bible, Religion and Theology in Southern Africa 3 [Festschrift Yehoshua Gitay], 317 - 22.
A Few Little Issues for the Hague Judgments Negotiations

In the 1990's, the Hague Conference on Private International Law began to consider drafting a worldwide convention on judgment recognition and jurisdiction in civil and commercial matters. This article identifies the issues and probable sticking points in these negotiations.
Does phosphodiesterase inhibition lessen facial flap necrosis in tobacco cigarette users

Tobacco cigarette smoking remains a serious risk factor for necrosis of local facial skin flaps. To date, no pharmacological therapies exist for cigarette smoke-induced impairment of skin flap tissue survival. Accumulating evidence suggest that phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor therapy may counteract the negative effects of cigarette smoke on flap survival. Here, we evaluate skin flap survival in a series of consecutive tobacco cigarette users treated with the PDE-5 inhibitor, sildenafil, who underwent local flap facial reconstruction. We included 11 patients (5 females; median age: 64) with a significant smoking history. Seventeen facial flaps were performed for 14 defects. All patients received sildenafil in the postoperative setting. One complication of necrosis of the flap distal margin was encountered. Follow-up was available for all patients. Our results demonstrate that facial reconstruction in tobacco cigarette smokers can be performed with improved success and that sildenafil therapy may mitigate the deleterious effects of smoking on flap survival.
Studying Process and Proximal Outcomes of Supervision for Motivational Interviewing.

This report applies competency-based supervision using a psychotherapy-based approach for training and supervision in motivational interviewing (MI). Procedures and measures are presented for assessing training outcomes and quality of ongoing supervision processes (N 36). Simple pre-post test design is utilized followed by a series of t-tests and correlations to illustrate applicability of the psychotherapybased approach to training and supervision. Although some analyses were underpowered, results support this psychotherapy-based approach to training and supervision. Supervision processes and outcomes are an understudied area in general, and in particular the literature has yet to articulate a competency-based approach to training and supervising in MI. Procedures presented here can be used to assess and maintain training and supervision quality.