cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Encephalopathy Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy (P4.2-004)

Objective: To define clinical, imaging, and electroencephalographic (EEG) characteristics of patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced encephalopathy. Background: ICIs, a novel class of highly effective anti-tumor agents for refractory cancers of skin, lungs, and lymphatic system, induce severe neurological toxicities necessitating permanent termination of treatment. Thus, meningitis, autoimmune encephalitis, and seizures develop in 1% of all treated patients amounting to potentially thousands of cases annually. The pathogenesis of ICI-induced encephalopathy is unknown, and there are currently no strategies to predict this complication. To identify the common clinical signature of the immune-related central nervous system (CNS) toxicity, we reviewed the characteristics of patients with ICI-induced encephalopathy. Design/Methods: This is a retrospective chart review and analysis. The search criteria (history of treatment with ICI and completion of EEG) identified all adult patients between January 2013 and September 2018. The diagnosis of ICI-induced CNS toxicity was established or suspected following the exhaustive search for other causes of encephalopathy. Results: Out of 26 identified patients, 11 and 12 were excluded because their EEG were obtained prior to initiation of ICIs and their encephalopathy had other etiologies, respectively. Five patients met the inclusion criteria of CNS toxicity after initiation of nivolumab (1), ipilimumab (2), and pembrolizumab (2); they presented with confusion, seizures, or dyskinesia. The mean age was 55 years while the mean time from the initiation of ICI to the initial presentation was 13 (3–27) days. Brain imaging was unrevealing, and EEG demonstrated generalized slowing. CSF was obtained in 2 patients and revealed noninfectious meningitis in one. Two patients were treated with oral or intravenous steroids and showed transient improvement. All patients subsequently deteriorated and have expired. Conclusions: Encephalopathy is an ominous complication of the cancer therapy with ICI. While ancillary tests may be uninformative, the diagnosis should be suspected in all patients with acute deterioration of mental status. Disclosure: Dr. Wei has nothing to disclose. Dr. Taraschenko has nothing to disclose.
Die Arbeit in der industriellen Gesellschaft

Um den Arbeitsablauf einer Maschine zu verstehen, mus man ihre einzelnen Teile und deren Funktionen kennen. Ahnlich ist es mit der sozialen Organisation der Arbeit; auch hier mus man wissen, wie sich jeder einzelne Teil in die grosere Struktur einfugt. Untersucht man viele verschiedene Betriebe, so fallt die Vielzahl und die Ungleichartigkeit der in ihnen ablaufenden Prozesse auf. Welche Faktoren mussen nun untersucht werden, um die Struktur der Arbeitsorganisation in der westlichen Gesellschaft zu erkennen? Drei Fragen wurden mehr oder weniger willkurlich zur Betrachtung ausgewahlt, namlich 1. das Wesen der Arbeit, 2. die Verteilung der Arbeiter nach Berufen und Wirtschaftszweigen und 3. die Art der Umgebung, in der Menschen arbeiten.
Improving the strategy selection process: The strategic analysis questioning sequence

Abstract Making effective strategic decisions is not a simple task. Though no heuristic can remove potential planning hazards or absolve management of the responsibility for guiding the firm, good information can improve the results. The strategic analysis questioning sequence provides management with an organized, systematic process with which to: locate key situational factors; determine their importance; develop optional strategies; and finally to assess the viability of potential strategies. As the process is ingrained in the firm's planning process and each manager's mental (cognitive) model, better decisions should follow.
Pfeiffer, Wolfgang M

Wolfgang M. Pfeiffer, one of the pioneers of transcultural psychiatry, was born in Plauen, Germany on October 23, 1919. He died on October 27, 2011. Pfeiffer completed his medical studies at the University of Munich with an M.D. degree in 1947, and proceeded to specialize in psychiatry. From 1951 to 1956, he was a staff psychiatrist at a hospital for the brain-injured in Tubingen. His lifelong involvement with transcultural psychiatry began in 1956 when he was selected to direct a psychiatric hospital in Bandung, Indonesia, where he conducted research on psychiatric manifestations in both institutions and communities. Upon his return to Germany Pfeiffer defended his habilitation or professorial dissertation on Findings and Problems of Transcultural Psychiatry. Completed in 1969, it was the first psychiatric dissertation in Germany that dealt with a transcultural topic. Keywords: psychotherapies; psychopathology
Acquired Bleeding Disorders

This chapter covers common acquired bleeding disorders such as thrombocytopenia due to illness or drugs and coagulation factor inhibitors. The most common bleeding disorders in older patients are acquired bleeding disorders. The most frequent: immune thrombocytopenia, liver and renal disease, and DIC, are discussed in other chapters. This chapter reviews other causes of acquired bleeding disorders.
Visible ozone injury on forest trees in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA

During the summer of 1991 ozone injury trend plots in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA, consisting of mature black cherry, sassafras and yellow-poplar were established near three ozone monitors, ranging in elevation from 597–1265 m. Beginning in mid-August 1991–1993, three exposed branches each from the upper- and mid- to lower-crown of each tree were collected and evaluated for ozone injury. Of the trees examined, 63%, 52% and 36% exhibited some amount of foliar injury in 1991, 1992 and 1993, respectively. Ozone injury across species was the greatest at Cove Mountain in all three years of the study. Overall, across sites and years, 11, 12 and 11% of all leaves examined exhibited visible injury for black cherry, sassafras and yellow-poplar, respectively. The percentage of injured leaves per branch was greater in the mid- to lower-canopy for black cherry, across all sites. Trees for each species that exhibited the greatest or least amounts of visible injury did so in all three years of the study, indicating a differential sensitivity within each species population. No significant ozone exposure-tree response relationships were observed with any variable tested. These data indicate that ozone concentrations are high enough to cause visible symptoms to selected trees within Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA.
Sampling honeybee colonies for brood production: a double sampling technique

SummaryA procedure is described for estimating numbers of capped brood cells by double sampling combined with linear regression. A complete census of capped brood cells is better than an estimate, provided it is possible to count all brood cells directly or from photographs of brood frames. The double sampling technique, however, has the advantage of enabling data to be collected more quickly and at a lower cost than for a complete count. It also provides an estimate of the approximate variability associated with brood estimates and a mechanism for correcting biases associated with different investigators or with estimates by the same individual at different times or under different conditions. The technique is easy to apply in the field and involves minimal disturbance to the colony. A disadvantage is that the calculations associated with estimates of brood area are more arduous, estimates of variability are approximate, and brood estimates may be biased if the data are too few. All calculations can be e...
Mechanism of false-negative urine cannabinoid immunoassay screens by Visine eyedrops.

To drug-free urine specimens, we added the following drugs of abuse to give concentrations twice the cutoff value for positive test results: 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (9-carboxy-THC), oxazepam, secobarbital, morphine, benzoylecgonine, amphetamine, or phencyclidine (PCP). Visine was then added. Although measured concentrations of several drugs were decreased in the presence of Visine, false-negative results were obtained only for 9-carboxy-THC for the EMIT-d.a.u. and TDx urine cannabinoid assays. Visine also decreased 9-carboxy-THC as measured by the Abuscreen assay. At low concentrations of Visine, false-negative cannabinoid results were attributable to the benzalkonium chloride ingredient of Visine. The added Visine was not detectable by routine urine analysis and had no effect on the activity of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-drug conjugate used in the EMIT-d.a.u. assays. Moreover, analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry showed no chemical modification or loss of 9-carboxy-THC in the Visine-adulterated urine specimens. However, Visine did increase the adhesion of 9-carboxy-THC to the borosilicate glass specimen containers. Results of ultrafiltration studies with Visine suggest that 9-carboxy-THC partitions between the aqueous solvent and the hydrophobic interior of benzalkonium chloride micelles, thereby reducing the availability of 9-carboxy-THC in antibody-based assays.
The impact of ethnicity and sex on subclinical cardiovascular disease: the Diabetes Heart Study

Aims/hypothesis African–Americans with type 2 diabetes and access to adequate healthcare are at lower risk of clinical coronary artery disease than are white diabetic patients. We evaluated whether ethnic differences in subclinical cardiovascular disease, coronary and carotid artery calcified plaque and carotid artery intima–medial thickness (IMT) were present in members of The Diabetes Heart Study families.
1.5 Micron Acetylene Stabilised Frequency Standard and the Measurement of its Absolute Frequency using an Optical Frequency Comb

Frequencies of the P(10), P(l 1), P(15), P(16), P(20), and P(21) transitions in the v1 + v3 overtone band of 13C2H2 were determined using an optical frequency comb generator. The laser frequency showed a stability of 4 times 10-12 in 1 s and a reproducibility of better than 1 kHz
CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE CUCURBITACEAE I. MICROSPOROGENESIS IN CUCURBIT A MAXIMA

It seems strange that a genus so interesting and so economically important as Cucurbita should have received so little attention cytologically as has previously been given it. The most recent cytological work on the genus is that by Kirkwood (io) who has described and figured the development of the megaspores, the embryo sac, and the endosperm in Cucurbita Pepo. His paper contains a review of the earlier literature on megasporogenesis, fertilization, and pollen-tube growth in Cucurbita and allied genera. The work done on microsporogenesis in the genus is surprisingly meager, and, although done with living material before the days of modern technique, is quite accurate. Mirbel (I4) early described and figured the general features of pollen-mother-cell development, tetrad-formation, and pollen-grain differentiation in Cucurbita Pepo, and Nageli (I5) later studied the formation of the microspores and particularly the differentiation of the exine and intine and the relation of the latter to the growth of the pollen tube in the same species. Kirkwood (i I) states that he studied the principal features in the development of the microspores of Cucurbitca Pepo and Cucurbita moschata, but he neither describes nor figures any stages.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Cyclic Secondary Amine Substituted Phenyl and Benzyl Nitrofuranyl Amides as Novel Antituberculosis Agents

In an ongoing effort to develop new and potent antituberculosis agents, a second-generation series of nitrofuranyl amides was synthesized on the basis of the lead compound 5-nitrofuran-2-carboxylic acid 3,4-dimethoxybenzylamide. The primary design consideration was to improve the solubility and consequently the bioavailability of the series by the addition of hydrophilic rings to the benzyl and phenyl B ring core. The synthesis of 27 cyclic, secondary amine substituted phenyl and benzyl nitrofuranyl amides is described and their activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis reported. The series showed a strong structure-activity relationship as the benzyl nitrofuranyl amides were significantly more active than similarly substituted phenyl nitrofuranyl amides. Para-substituted benzyl piperazines showed the most antituberculosis activity. Compounds in the series were subsequently selected for bioavailability and in vivo testing. This study led to the successful discovery of novel compounds with increased antituberculosis activity in vitro and a better understanding of the requisite pharmacological properties to advance this class.
The Ecology of Threat Detection and Precautionary Response from the Perspectives of Evolutionary Psychology, Cognitive Science and Historiography: The Case of the Roman Cults of Mithras*

Abstract“Cognitive historiography” employs the cognitive sciences, and their frame of evolutionary theory, to help explicate the complexities of historical data. Employing evidence for an evolved “hazard protection system” among Homo sapiens, Martin argues that religion is a “natural security system” for detecting signs of potential danger in the environment and for developing precautionary responses to them, especially through ritual. He supports this argument with the historical example of Roman Mithraism. In face of a generalized anxiety, specifically evoked by a Hellenistic horror in face of socio-political and cosmic vastness, he shows that the Mithraic ritual system offered initiates both a predictably structured communal context, which provided an alternative to the socio-political perplexities of empire, as well as a comprehensible, cognitively mapped world, which afforded an alternative to the incomprehensible expanse of the cosmos consequent upon the Ptolematic revolution.
Political tolerance and stages of moral development: A conceptual and empirical alternative

The latest revisionism in the study of political tolerance has produced some of the most provocative well-designed research in the field of political science. In particular, the work by Sullivan, Piereson, and Marcus offers one of the most fully specified and rigorously executed models of public opinion formation. Yet this contemporary revisionism is flawed. This paper argues that these researchers misconceptualize tolerance, that this misconception contaminates their measurement process, that the resulting model is misspecified, and that the political conclusions offered are not supported in fact or principle. More generally this paper argues that the field of public opinion as a whole has been trapped by limited conceptions about the nature of cognitive constraint and by simplistic and inadequate methods for measuring and identifying this constraint. To remedy this, a developmental measure of cognitive moral stages is fashioned along lines suggested by Kohlberg. This measure satisfies a number of tests for both validity and reliability and appears to be one of the most powerful predictors of tolerance and intolerance — if not the most powerful single predictor.
PERK promotes cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth by limiting oxidative DNA damage

To proliferate and expand in an environment with limited nutrients, cancer cells co-opt cellular regulatory pathways that facilitate adaptation and thereby maintain tumor growth and survival potential. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is uniquely positioned to sense nutrient deprivation stress and subsequently engage signaling pathways that promote adaptive strategies. As such, components of the ER stress-signaling pathway represent potential antineoplastic targets. However, recent investigations into the role of the ER resident protein kinase, RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK) have paradoxically suggested both pro- and anti-tumorigenic properties. We have used animal models of mammary carcinoma to interrogate the contribution of PERK in the neoplastic process. The ablation of PERK in tumor cells resulted in impaired regeneration of intracellular antioxidants and accumulation of reactive oxygen species triggering oxidative DNA damage. Ultimately, PERK deficiency impeded progression through the cell cycle because of the activation of the DNA damage checkpoint. Our data reveal that PERK-dependent signaling is used during both tumor initiation and expansion to maintain redox homeostasis, thereby facilitating tumor growth.
A comprehensive dynamic model of double-row spherical roller bearing—Model development and case studies on surface defects, preloads, and radial clearance

Bearing excitation is one of the most important mechanical sources for vibration and noise generation in machine systems of a broad range of industries. Although extensively investigated, accurately predicting the vibration/acoustic behavior of bearings remains a challenging task because of its complicated nonlinear behaviors. While some ground work has been laid out on single-row deep-grooved ball (DGB) bearing, comprehensive modeling effort on spherical roller bearing (SRB) has yet to be carried out. This is mainly due to the facts that SRB system carries one more extra degree of freedom (DOF) on the moving race (could be either inner or outer race) and in general has more rolling elements compared with DGB. In this study, a comprehensive SRB excitation source model is developed. In addition to the vertical and horizontal displacements considered in previous investigations, the impacts of axial displacement/load are addressed by introducing the DOF in the axial shaft direction. Hence, instead of being treated as pre-assumed constants, the roller-inner/outer race contact angles are formulated as functions of the axial displacement of the moving race to reflect their dependence on the axial movement. The approach presented in this paper accounts for the point contacts between rollers and inner/outer races, as well as line contacts when the loads on individual rollers exceed the limit for point contact. A detailed contact-damping model reflecting the influences of the surface profiles and the speeds of the both contacting elements is developed and applied in the SRB model. Waviness of all the contact surfaces (including inner race, outer race, and rollers) is included and compared in this analysis. Extensive case studies are carried out to reveal the impacts of surface waviness, radial clearance, surface defects, and loading conditions on the force and displacement responses of the SRB system. System design guidelines are recommended based on the simulation results. This model is also applicable for bearing health monitoring, as demonstrated by the numerical case studies showing the frequency response of the system with moderate-to-large point defects on both inner and outer races, as well as the rollers. Comparisons between the simulation results and some conclusions reflecting common sense available in open literature serves as first hand partial validation of the developed model. Future validation efforts and further improvement directions are also provided. The comprehensive model developed in this investigation is a useful tool for machine system design, optimization, and performance evaluation.
Thermal Transport in Off‐Stoichiometric Uranium Dioxide by Atomic Level Simulation

The thermal conductivity of hypo- and hyperstoichiometric UO2 is calculated as a function of defect concentration and temperature using the direct method in molecular dynamics simulations. Anion defects, the dominant defects in UO2, are shown to significantly influence the thermal conductivity. Lattice dynamics calculations show how this reduction arises from changes in the nature of the lattice vibrations, as characterized by the polarization vectors and participation ratios. In addition, 235U isotopic defects are shown to have a negligible influence on the thermal conductivity.
An Atomic Switch for Memory

Molecular genetic techniques are beginning to bring about a detailed understanding of the biochemical processes underlying complex cognitive phenomena such as memory, with investigations approaching atomic-level resolution. An excellent example of this is provided in this issue of Cell by Costa-Mattioli et al. (2007), whose results implicate a single protein dephosphorylation event in the control of long-term memory formation in mice.
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE PARAGRAPH COMPLETION TEST: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL NOTES

The Paragraph Completion Test has become the most widely used measure of the integrative component of conceptual complexity: namely, the ability to think in multi-conceptual terms about given stimulus domains. The test has consistently predicted complex behavioral performance in experimental settings and correlates positively with theoretically related measures of personality and cognition. Inter-rater, split-half, and preliminary test-retest reliability coefficients are also satisfactory, making the test a psychometrically sound and valid measure of complexity.
Developing a health and safety plan for hazardous field work in remote areas.

Developing health and safety plans (HASPs) is a common feature of occupational safety and health for many workplaces. Formal HASPs are a requirement for hazardous waste work, requiring the anticipation and identification of hazards and embodying the training, equipping, and evaluation of workers. Aside from OSHA, there are relatively few manuals or examples and virtually no papers that provide practical guidance in what a HASP should cover or how to create and implement one. Moreover, existing guidance refers to spatially circumscribed worksites. This article details development of a HASP to cover field researchers and ship personnel conducting scientific research in a remote area of the world (Amchitka Island in the western Aleutians), hundreds of kilometers from the nearest emergency room. It required characterizing the kinds of work to be performed and anticipating the hazards that could be encountered. It illustrates the meshing of a general HASP with a ship safety plan, a dive safety plan, and specia...
Non-Parametric Inference in Astrophysics

We discuss non-parametric density estimation and regression for astrophysics problems. In particular, we show how to compute non-parametric confidence intervals for the location and size of peaks of a function. We illustrate these ideas with recent data on the Cosmic Microwave Background. We also briefly discuss non-parametric Bayesian inference.
Impact of Margin Assessment Method on Positive Margin Rate and Total Volume Excised

For breast-conserving surgery, the method of margin assessment that most frequently achieves negative margins without increasing the volume of tissue excised is uncertain. We examined our institutional experience with three different margin assessment methods used by six experienced breast surgeons. Patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery for invasive carcinoma during July to December of a representative year during which each method was performed (perpendicular, 2003; tangential, 2004; cavity shave, 2011) were included. The effect of margin method on the positive margin rate at first excision and the total volume excised to achieve negative margins were evaluated by multivariable analysis, by surgeon, and by tumor size and presence of extensive intraductal component (EIC). A total of 555 patients were identified, as follows: perpendicular, 140; tangential, 124; and cavity shave, 291. The tangential method had a higher rate of positive margins at first excision than the perpendicular and cavity-shave methods (49, 15, 11 %, respectively; p < 0.0001). Median volumes to achieve negative margins were similar (55 ml perpendicular; 64 ml tangential; 62 ml cavity shave; p = 0.24). Four of six surgeons had the lowest rate of positive margins with the cavity-shave method, which was significant when compared to the tangential method (p < 0.0001) but not the perpendicular method (p = 0.37). The volume excised by the three methods varied by surgeon (p < 0.0001). The perpendicular method was optimal for T1 tumors without EIC; the cavity-shave method tended to be superior for T2–T3 tumors and/or EIC. Although the cavity-shave method may decrease the rates of positive margins, its effect on volume is variable among surgeons and may result in an increase in the total volume excised for some surgeons and for small tumors without EIC.
Dependence of laser-induced fluorescence on gas-dynamic fluctuations with application to measurements in unsteady flows

Acoustic waves produced in a gas-filled cell under conditions of resonance are used to study the relation between laser-induced fluorescence and a known disturbed gas state. The objective of the work is to test the theory and to develop a method for making a point measurement of fluctuating pressure in a compressible flow. Iodine was used as a seed gas in nitrogen and the iodine was excited by the 514.5 rim. ouput of an argon-ion laser. The experiments confirm the theoretical prediction that the fractional change in the fluorescence signal is approximately equal to the fractional change in the pressure, but with an opposite sign, when the laser wavelength is tuned to the iodine absorption line center and the pressure is high. Pressure signals of the order of one percent of the undisturbed pressure (40 to 760 Torr) were measured in the test cell using the fluorescent signal.
Timing of once-a-day theophylline dose to match peak blood level with diurnal variation in severity of asthma

To test the hypothesis that nighttime and early morning signs and symptoms of air flow obstruction in patients with moderately severe asthma would be better controlled by theophylline given on a once-a-day evening dosing schedule chosen to provide a peak blood level in the early morning than by the traditional twice-a-day dosing schedule designed to maintain levels more constant throughout the 24-hour period, the effects on nocturnal asthma of Uniphyl once a day and Theo-Dur twice a day were studied in 14 patients with moderately severe asthma. Although both regimens were effective, more patients preferred the Uniphyl dosing schedule. Nighttime symptoms were better controlled, without an increase in daytime symptoms or significant side effects. Optimal timing of theophylline dosing is an important consideration in the management of asthma.
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor maintains a POZ-itive influence on stem cells

In adult males, germ-line stem cells have the remarkable ability to both self-renew and differentiate, ensuring that a continuous population of mature spermatozoa is produced throughout the lifetime of the animal. This balance between self-renewal and differentiation is thought to depend on the proper cellular environment, or stem cell “niche,” that provides the appropriate signals at the right time for these processes. One growth factor shown to be essential for mammalian spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) self-renewal is the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) (1). GDNF signals through a receptor complex containing the RET receptor tyrosine kinase and the GDNF family receptor α1 (GFRα1). Gdnf −/− mouse testes transplanted into WT recipients exhibit a rapid and dramatic loss of SSCs, resulting in testes that contain only the supporting Sertoli cells (2). The development of a culture method and transplantation assay for mouse SSCs has shown that when GDNF is removed from the culture media, the agametic recipient testes into which these cells are transplanted fail to be repopulated, indicating a loss of SSCs (3). Clearly, GDNF is necessary for SSC maintenance, but until now the downstream target genes activated by GDNF and demonstrated as important for SSC self-renewal were unknown. The work of Oatley et al. (4) in a recent issue of PNAS identifies genes regulated by GDNF by using the SSC culture system and microarray analysis. One of these genes, Bcl6b, is a member of the POZ (poxvirus and zinc finger) family of transcriptional repressors that also includes Plzf, previously shown to be required for SSC maintenance (5, 6). These results underscore the importance of the niche in the mammalian testis and extend its molecular characterization by identifying downstream targets of GDNF.
A revised model for cycloid growth mechanics on Europa: Evidence from surface morphologies and geometries

Although a single model currently exists to explain the development of curved Europan cycloids, there have been no systematic studies of the range of morphologies and quantifiable geometric parameters of cycloidal features. We address variations in geometry along individual cycloid segments, characterizing differences in cusp styles and angles, and addressing the morphologic aspects of cycloid segments and cusps. In so doing, we illustrate how geometric and morphologic evidence imply a formation mechanism that differs from the existing model in several aspects. The current model states that cycloids are initiated as tensile fractures that grow in a curved path in response to rotating diurnal tidal stresses on Europa. However, the geometry of a cycloid cusp necessitates that shear stress was resolved onto the existing cycloid segment by the rotating diurnal stresses at the instant of cusp formation. Furthermore, we observe that cycloid cusps have a strikingly similar geometry to tailcracks that developed at the tips of many ridge-like strike-slip faults on Europa in response to shearing at the fault tip. We suggest that this similarity in geometries can be attributed to an identical formation mechanism whereby cycloid cusps form by a tailcracking process. We therefore present a revised, mechanically-based model for cycloid formation that retains the basic premise that crack growth is governed by diurnal stresses, but describes the development of cycloid cusps in response to resolved shear stresses at the tips of existing cycloid segments. The ratio of normal to shear stress at the time of tailcrack formation dictates the cusp angle and, over longer time periods, influences the morphologic evolution of the cycloid segment as it is repeatedly reworked by tidal stresses.
Spacetime, Ontology, and Structural Realism

This essay explores the possibility of constructing a structural realist interpretation of spacetime theories that can resolve the ontological debate among substantivalists and relationists. Drawing on various structuralist approaches in the philosophy of mathematics, as well as on the theoretical complexities of General Relativity, our investigation will reveal that a structuralist approach can be beneficial to the spacetime theorist as a means of deflating some of the ontological disputes regarding similarly structured spacetimes.
Ulysses Solar Wind Observations to 56° South

In the 25 months since Jupiter flyby, the Ulysses spacecraft has climbed southward to a heliolatitude of 56°. This transit has been marked by an evolution from slow, dense coronal streamer belt solar wind through two regions where the rotation of the Sun carried Ulysses back and forth between streamer belt and polar coronal hole flows, and finally into a region of essentially continuous fast, low density solar wind from the southern polar coronal hole. Throughout these large changes, the momentum flux normalized to 1 AU displays very little systematic variation. In addition, the bulk properties of the polar coronal hole solar wind are quite similar to those observed in high speed streams in the ecliptic plane at 1 AU. Coronal mass ejections and forward and reverse shocks associated with corotating interaction regions have also been observed at higher heliolatitudes, however they are seen less frequently with increasing southern heliolatitude. Ulysses has thus far collected data from 20° of nearly contiguous solar wind flows from the polar coronal hole. We examine these data for characteristic variations with heliolatitude and find that the bulk properties in general show very little systematic variation across the southern polar coronal hole so far.
Strengthening and thermal stabilization of polyurethane nanocomposites with silicon carbide nanoparticles by a surface-initiated-polymerization approach

Abstract Silicon carbide reinforced polyurethane nanocomposites were fabricated by a facile surface-initiated-polymerization (SIP) method. The particle loading was tuned to up to 35 wt% without any obvious shrinkage and breakage as compared with the conventional direct mixing method. An increased thermal stability of the composites was observed with the addition of the silicon carbide nanoparticles under thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Tensile strength was observed to increase dramatically with the increase of the particle loading. Both the uniform particle dispersion and the strong chemical bonding between the nanoparticles and the polymer–matrix contributed to the enhanced thermal stability and improved mechanical properties.
Preschoolers' prosocial repertoires: Parents' perspectives☆

Two cross-sectional developmental studies of prosocial behaviors displayed in natural settings by 2- and 5-year-olds using a prototype approach are reported. In the first study, caretakers described the most prosocial child they knew, resulting in 20 attributes for 2-year-olds and 24 attributes for 5-year-olds. In the second study, parents rated the relative importance of each attribute in defining a child as prosocial. Results indicated more similarities than differences between the two age groups and that research has underrepresented the rich repertoire of naturally occurring prosocial behavior in young children, ignoring behaviors salient and important to parents (e.g., being cheerful, sensitive, affectionate, friendly, and praising others) in favor of less typical behaviors (e.g., donation of commodities to charity). Broader and more relevant indices of prosocial behavior are needed. Results provide researchers with a data base which enables them to make informed decisions about the assessment of prosocial behavior.
NEAR Lightcurves of Asteroid 433 Eros

Abstract The NEAR spacecraft flew by Asteroid 433 Eros on December 23, 1998, and obtained images with a best angular resolution of about 400 m/pixel. These images were used to derive a shape model (Thomas et al. 2000, Icarus ). In addition, images obtained at phase angles of 88° to 115° during the flyby were used to modify our photometric model of Eros. NEAR has continued to observe Eros in flight, taking a series of lightcurves. The multispectral imager (MSI) lightcurve data consist of six observations of one full rotation each and range in phase angle from 62° to 98°. With the post flyby shape and photometric models, we have predicted the lightcurve of Eros. We used viewing angles which corresponded to actual viewing angles of lightcurve data obtained in flight by the MSI. Comparisons between observed and modeled lightcurves reveal relative discrepancies of up to 0.3 magnitudes. Our analysis shows that these differences indicate significant albedo features located between longitudes 220° and 300°. These longitudes were imaged during the NEAR flyby of December 1998, and indeed they show that a bright facet, well constrained in the shape model, appears to have an anomalously high albedo.
Applications of edge coloring of multigraphs to vertex coloring of graphs

Abstract It is shown that if G is a graph which induces neither K 1,3 nor K 2S+3 – e and ω( G ) is sufficiently large then χ ( G )⩽ ω ( G )+ s . This result is established by first demonstrating a correspondence between vertex coloring G and edge coloring a certain multigraph and then applying a known result on edge coloring.
A brief review of the relationships between monolayer viscosity, phase behavior, surface pressure, and temperature using a simple monolayer viscometer.

The two-dimensional surface shear viscosity, η, of fatty acid monolayers of different chain lengths, measured using a simple magnetic needle viscometer, strongly correlates with the molecular organ...
Economic and statistical significance: comments on “Size Matters”

Abstract The concepts of economic and statistical significance are analyzed. A decision function reflecting economic researchers’ preferences in whether to accept or reject a hypothesis is proposed and used to assess the trade-off between economic and statistical significance. The implied indifference maps between economic significance (size of effect) and statistical significance ( t -ratio) favored by AER authors and Ziliak-Mc. Closkey are inferred. An attempt is made to define more precisely the concept of economic effect.
An interactive FORTRAN program for cross-correlation of signals on a PC with CGA graphics: an application in marine geoacoustics

Abstract Cross-correlation is a method used for comparing two similar signals. CRSCOR is a general purpose program which integrates three tasks: the management, cross-correlation, and graphical display of signals and cross-correlation functions on a PC workstation. Program variables relating to these tasks may be changed through menus thereby precluding the need for recompiling and relinking. Cross-correlation is performed by Fast Fourier Transform with optional use of an 8087 math coprocessor for increasing throughput. The program has a modular architecture with 46 subroutines which simplifies modification of source code if necessary. CRSCOR was developed as part of an overall study of acoustical signals which have interacted with the ocean bottom. From data collected over the continental rise east of Cape Hatteras, tests were conducted on a series of signals from adjacent bottom paths with the grazing angle of each path differing by about 0.3°. Each member of the series was cross-correlated with the first member. Peak values of the cross-correlation function obtained from unfiltered signals were significantly lower than were the peak values from the band-pass filtered (90–200 Hz) versions of these signals indicating that the high-frequency spectrum is more sensitive to path grazing angle than the lower frequency spectrum.
Colonic epithelial hPepT1 expression occurs in inflammatory bowel disease: Transport of bacterial peptides influences expression of MHC class 1 molecules

Abstract Background & Aims: hPepT1 is an intestinal epithelial apical membrane transporter responsible for uptake of di/tripeptides (including bacterial derived proinflammatory n-formyl peptides). hPepT1 expression normally has a strict axial gradient—highest in the proximal small intestine with no expression in the colon. Methods: Small intestinal-like cells (Caco2-BBE), and colonic-like cells (HT29-Cl.19A), and colonic mucosa from diseased and control patients were used in the present study. Results: hPepT1 expression occurs aberrantly in the colon with chronic ulcerative colitis (6 patients) and Crohn's disease (4 patients), but not in normal colon (4 patients) or colon with microscopic colitis (4 patients). To model expression of hPepT1 by colonic-like cells in inflamed states, we stably transfected HT29-Cl.19A cells with a modified hPepT1 tagged on the N-terminus with green fluorescence protein. Analysis of transfected cells revealed that: GFP-hPepT1 protein, like the natural protein, is targeted to the apical plasma membrane. In addition, the tagged protein retains the capability of di/tripeptide absorption, and the expression of the tagged protein by HT29-Cl.19A cells permits absorption of N -formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), as occurs in hPepT1 expressing Caco2-BBE cells. fMLP uptake by colonic cells expressing GFP-hPepT1 specifically enhances major histocompatibility complex class I surface expression. Conclusions: These data collectively indicate that, in some states of chronic inflammation, hPepT1 may be anomolously expressed in the colon. Further, transport of fMLP by hPepT1 potentially stimulates expression of key accessory immune molecule, MHC-1. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2001;120:1666-1679
Tear-resistance curves in pure-shear tear specimens

Abstract It is shown that the tear resistance in a pure-shear tear specimen can be determined in terms of G as a function of crack growth using a single specimen. The load-displacement curves of pure-shear tear specimens are analyzed based on the generalized locus method which determines G using a locus line of characteristic points on the load-displacement records of specimens which differ only in initial crack size. Based on this analysis, it is shown that the constant G locus lines on the load-displacement records of pure-shear tear specimens are vertical lines. The tear resistance in a pure-shear tear specimens are vertical determined from a single specimen utilizing these predictable locus lines. The effectiveness of this method is illustrated by determining an R-curve of a pure-shear tear specimen made of a thermoplastic rubber. The R-curve determined in this study for the pure-shear specimen is valid for the given loading configuration.
Structure and Reactivity of Alkyl Ethers Adsorbed on CeO2(111) Model Catalysts

The effect of surface hydroxyls on the adsorption of ether on ceria was explored. Adsorption of dimethyl ether (DME) and diethyl ether (DEE) on oxidized and reduced CeO2(111) films was studied and compared with Ru(0001) using RAIRS and sXPS within a UHV environment. On Ru(0001) the ethers adsorb weakly with the molecular plane close to parallel to the surface plane. On the ceria films, the adsorption of the ethers was stronger than on the metal surface, presumably due to stronger interaction of the ether oxygen lone pair electrons with a cerium cation. This interaction causes the ethers to tilt away from the surface plane compared to the Ru(0001) surface. No pronounced differences were found between oxidized (CeO2) and reduced (CeOx) films. The adsorption of the ethers was found to be perturbed by the presence of OH groups on hydroxylated CeOx. In the case of DEE, the geometry of adsorption resembles that found on Ru, and in the case of dimethyl ether DME is in between that one found on clean CeOx and the metal surface. Decomposition of the DEE was observed on the OH/CeOx surface following high DEE exposure at 300 K and higher temperatures. Ethoxides and acetates were identified as adsorbed species on the surface by means of RAIRS and ethoxides and formates by s-XPS. No decomposition of dimethyl ether was observed on the OH/CeOx at these higher temperatures, implying that the dissociation of the C–O bond from ethers requires the presence of β-hydrogen.
Use of the lac repressor in constructing sequencial deletions and a new sequencing vector

Large sequencing projects require an efficient strategy to generate a series of overlapping clones. This can be accomplished by protecting one end of a linear DNA molecule while sequential deletions are introduced into the other end by exonuclease digestion. We demonstrate that the lac repressor can protect the ends of linear nucleotide sequences from digestion by exonuclease if these ends contain the lac operator sequence. To exploit this, we have inserted the lac operator sequence between the primer-binding site and multiple cloning site of an M13 sequencing vector. Linearizing the replicative form and binding lac repressor protein protects the end next to the vector sequences. Sequential deletions are then introduced into the insert by digesting with exonuclease III or BAL 31. Because the rate and time of digestion are readily controlled, the region brought next to the sequencing primer site, after religation, can be selected in a timed series of reactions. This minimizes the screening needed to isolate an overlapping series of clones and facilitates sequencing of long regions.
The neutron skin in neutron-rich nuclei at Jefferson Lab

The Jefferson Lab program to measure the symmetry energy of neutron-rich nuclear matter, using precision electroweak methods, is progressing well. The initial measurement by the PREX experiment, leading to a 2-sigma determination of the "neutron skin" in 208Pb, has been published. Design and preparation for a further, more-precise measurement on 208Pb is progressing well and there is general acceptance of the great advantage to a further measurement on 48Ca. The surprising ancillary result that the beam-normal single-spin asymmetry for 208Pb is consistent with zero is also now in the literature. This paper will discuss the current experimental situation of the program.
Urocortin 2 acts centrally to delay gastric emptying through sympathetic pathways while CRF and urocortin 1 inhibitory actions are vagal dependent in rats.

We characterized the influence of the selective corticotropin-releasing factor 2 (CRF2) receptor agonist human urocortin 2 (Ucn 2), injected intracisternally, on gastric emptying and its mechanism ...
Dual inductive link coil design for a neural recording system

This paper reports an approach to the physical design of the coils used in a dual inductive link to provide two-way wireless communication and power for a neural recording system. The design approach makes use of an analytic model of the link performance in terms of the physical parameters of the link, which allows physical parameters to be iterated on a computer rather than on the bench to find the optimal design within the physical restrictions imposed. In particular, this approach was used to choose the optimal implant data coil sizing to maximize the difference between the contributions of the constructive and destructive paths of the reverse telemetry signal.
Fuel mixtures of low rank, lignite coal with fuel oils

Abstract Coal-oil mixture technology is progressing at an accelerated rate not only within the USA but also abroad because many combustion chambers currently existing have been designed to fire only fuel oil without the capability to convert to total coal firing. Research is needed concerning the combustion phenomena associated with mixtures of low rank, lignite coal and fuel oils. This study examines combustion phenomena of lignite-fuel oil mixtures. Significant results include: (1) Up to 35 wt% of lignite was mixed with number 6 fuel oil and successfully fired resulting in a stable, compact flame with the characteristics of a heavy residual fuel oil flame, (2) Up to 20 wt% of lignite was mixed with number 2 fuel oil exhibiting the same stable characteristics, and (3) pumping problems associated with these slurries can override combustion limitations. Additives were not used in the fuel mixtures. All tests were conducted in a full scale research combustion chamber.
Last Post for “The Greatest Generation”: The Policy Implications of the Decline of Military Experience in the U.S. Congress

This paper characterizes the behavioral and policy implications of the decline in the number of military veterans in the U.S. Congress, from more than 70% of legislators in the early 1970s to less than 30% in the contemporary House and Senate. Many scholars argue that military service shapes information and beliefs, and that this decline has had negative effects on defense policy. The analysis tests these arguments using voting data from the House and Senate in the 1990s and the House in the 1970s, showing that the impact of veteran status on votes is generally small and has a relatively minor effect on legislative outcomes.