cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facilitators' influence on student PBL small group session online information resource use: a survey

In problem-based learning curricular research has focused on the characteristics of good facilitators and how they influence student performance and satisfaction. Far less frequently addressed has been the question of how PBL facilitators influence the small group session activity of students. We investigated the impact that facilitators' encouragement of use or non-use of the Internet would have on the students' use of online information resources. Survey of student and facilitator perceptions of facilitator behavior and student use of online information resources. Students who used online information resources rated their facilitators' behavior as more encouraging, while students in groups who didn't use online information resources during problem-based learning small group sessions rated their facilitators' behavior as less encouraging. This result was statistically significant. Our study supports the role of the facilitator as an influence on medical students in small groups, particularly with respect to facilitator verbal behavior encouraging or discouraging student use of information technology in the problem-based learning small group session.
Helmet availability at skiing and snowboarding rental shops. a survey of Colorado ski resort rental practices.

Abstract Background: Many studies have determined that head injuries are serious and potentially life threatening in skiers and snowboarders. Helmets have proven to be effective in reducing the risk of head and brain injury in blunt trauma from bicycling, climbing, skiing, and snowboarding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the availability, cost, and prevelance of helmet rental to skiers and snowboarders at Colorado ski resorts. Methods: A survey of rental shops based at Colorado ski areas was conducted during the 1998–1999 ski season. Surveys were mailed to 27 Colorado ski areas. The establishments surveyed were skiing/snowboarding rental shops owned, operated, or both by the resorts based at respective mountains. Results: Nineteen of 26 responding Colorado ski resorts rented helmets, and helmet rental has been increasing in popularity. However, helmets were not considered as part of the standard rental package by any of the resorts, and only one resort offered a discount on helmet rental with a package. While 2% to 38% of skiers/snowboarders rented equipment, less than 1% to 8.6% of renters rented helmets. Subjectively, helmet rental was encouraged mostly for children. Conclusions: The data acquired should represent a reasonable picture of current helmet rental practices at Colorado ski areas. While helmet use is increasing, it has not yet become generally accepted.
Energy transfer in phycobilisomes from phycoerythrin to allophycocyanin

Abstract Allophycocyanin appears to be the pigment through which energy trapped by phycobiliproteins is funneled to the chloroplast lamellae. Isolated, intact phycobilisomes from Porphyridium cruentum have a maximum fluorescence emission peak at 675–680 nm when excited at 545 nm. Upon dissociation, when the energy transfer is interrupted the 675–680-nm peak declines. Excitation at 435 nm produced no significant fluorescence at this wavelength.
Submacular Neovascular Membrane and Focal Granulomatous Inflammation

Background: Subretinal choroidal neovascular membranes in persons younger than 55 years old are commonly idiopathic or associated with the ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. There have been a few reports describing the histopathologic features of these membranes. Studies have shown that idiopathic membranes have the same morphologic features as membranes in age-related macular degeneration except for the absence of basal laminar deposits. Method: The authors studied a clinicopathologic case of a macular lesion associated with two peripheral hypopigmented spots in a healthy 30-year-old woman. Results: The clinical and fluorescein angiographic findings in this patient were characteristic of a submacular neovascular membrane, except that the edge of the lesion remained distinct in the late phase of the fluorescein angiogram. Results of histopathologic examination of the surgically excised membrane showed a well-circumscribed granuloma containing some eosinophils. Attenuated vascular spaces were present within the hard tubercle. Special stains for micro-organisms were negative. The patient had no evidence of a systemic inflammatory disease. Conclusions: A visible edge despite intense staining in the late phases of a fluorescein angiogram may suggest the possibility of subretinal granulomatous inflammation in a lesion that otherwise appears like a neovascular membrane. The clinical distinction between this pattern of subretinal neovascularization and a typical idiopathic membrane may be important because subretinal granulomatous inflammation could respond to treatment with systemic corticosteroids.
Theoretical study of simple electron transfer reactions involving oxo radicals and anions

Abstract The heat of electron transfer reactions involving oxo radicals and anions is calculated using the first-order correlation orbitals and the coupled cluster method. Despite systematic errors which remain in the theoretical electron affinities versus the experimental affinities, the agreement in the electron transfer energy is much more plausible.
Angiosarcoma following MammoSite® partial breast irradiation

Angiosarcoma is a rare tumor of endothelial origin which commonly arises in small blood or lymphatic vessels. Its development in the treated breast following adjuvant external beam radiation is also rare. To our knowledge, there are no reported cases in the literature or MammoSite registry which describe the occurrence of angiosarcoma in the treated breast following MammoSite brachytherapy. This is a case report of a 74 year old female who developed angiosarcoma 4 years after receiving MammoSite balloon brachytherapy following surgical resection of a T1mic N0 M0 infiltrating ductal carcinoma.
Optical Coherence Tomography Assessment of Angle Anatomy Changes After Cataract Surgery

Purpose To evaluate changes in anterior chamber (AC) morphology induced by cataract extraction using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT). Design Prospective comparative observational case series. Methods Thirty-two eyes of 32 patients underwent OCT imaging of the angle before and after cataract surgery. Anterior chamber depth (ACD), angle opening distance at 500 μm (AOD 500 ) and trabecular-iris space at 500 μm (TISA 500 ) were measured pre- and postoperatively. Preoperative lens thickness (LT) and lens position (LP) were calculated. Results ACD, AOD 500 , and TISA 500 increased significantly after cataract extraction ( P P = .0083) as did ACD and TISA 500 ( P = .0001). TISA 500 correlated with LP ( P = .0001) but not with LT ( P = .74). Conclusions Changes in angle morphology after cataract surgery can be imaged and objectively quantified by anterior segment OCT. Lens position may have a greater influence on angle width than LT.
Exercise intensity and oxygen uptake kinetics in African-American and Caucasian women.

The effect of exercise intensity on the on- and off-transient kinetics of oxygen uptake (VO2) was investigated in African American (AA) and Caucasian (C) women. African American (n = 7) and Caucasian (n = 6) women of similar age, body mass index and weight, performed an incremental test and bouts of square-wave exercise at moderate, heavy and very heavy intensities on a cycle ergometer. Gas exchange threshold (LTGE) was lower in AA (13.6 ± 2.3 mL kg−1 min−1) than C (18.6 ± 5.6 mL kg−1 min−1). The dynamic exercise and recovery VO2 responses were characterized by mathematical models. There were no significant differences in (1) peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) between AA (28.5 ± 5 mL kg−1 min−1) and C (31.1 ± 6.6 mL kg−1 min−1) and (2) VO2 kinetics at any exercise intensity. At moderate exercise, the on- and off- VO2 kinetics was described by a monoexponential function with similar time constants τ 1,on (39.4 ± 12.5; 38.8 ± 15 s) and τ 1,off (52.7 ± 10.1; 40.7 ± 4.4 s) for AA and C, respectively. At heavy and very heavy exercise, the VO2 kinetics was described by a double-exponential function. The parameter values for heavy and very heavy exercise in the AA group were, respectively: τ 1,on (47.0 ± 10.8; 44.3 ± 10 s), τ 2,on (289 ± 63; 219 ± 90 s), τ 1,off (45.9 ± 6.2; 50.7 ± 10 s), τ 2,off (259 ± 120; 243 ± 93 s) while in the C group were, respectively: τ 1,on (41 ± 12; 43.2 ± 15 s); τ 2, on (277 ± 81; 215 ± 36 s), τ 1,off (40.2 ± 3.4; 42.3 ± 7.2 s), τ 2,off (215 ± 133; 228 ± 64 s). The on- and off-transients were symmetrical with respect to model order and dependent on exercise intensity regardless of race. Despite similar VO2 kinetics, LTGE and gain of the VO2 on-kinetics at moderate intensity were lower in AA than C. However, generalization to the African American and Caucasian populations is constrained by the small subject numbers.
The cytoplasmic domain of the HIV-1 glycoprotein gp41 induces NF-κB activation through TGF-β-activated kinase 1.

The human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV) primarily infect lymphocytes, which must be activated for efficient viral replication. We show that the cytoplasmic domain of the transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 (gp41CD) of both HIV-1 and SIV induces activation of NF-κB, a cellular factor important for proviral genome transcription and lymphocyte activation. This NF-κB activating property localized to a region 12–25 (SIV) or 59–70 (HIV-1) residues from the gp41 membrane-spanning domain. An siRNA-based screen of 42 key NF-κB regulators revealed that gp41CD-mediated activation occurs through the canonical NF-κB pathway via TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1). TAK1 activity was required for gp41CD-mediated NF-κB activation, and HIV-1-derived gp41CD physically interacted with TAK1 through the same region required for NF-κB activation. Importantly, an NF-κB activation-deficient HIV-1 mutant exhibited increased dependence on cellular activation for replication. These findings demonstrate an evolutionarily conserved role for gp41CD in activating NF-κB to promote infection.
The Imbedding Problem for Modular Lattices

It is trivially true that an arbitrary lattice may be imbedded in a complemented lattice. We need only adjoin a unit and null elements if they do not already exist and a single element which is a complement of each of the elements not the unit of null element. For distributive lattices, the imbedding problem is not so trivial, but is contained in the representation theorem which asserts that any distributive lattice is isomorphic with a ring of sets (Birkhoff (1), Mac Neille (1)). The corresponding problem of imbedding a modular lattice in a complemented modular lattice is an outstanding problem in lattice theory. We exhibit here an example of a modular lattice which cannot be imbedded in any complemented modular lattice. However we will be concerned primarily with the isometric problem for finite dimensional modular lattices; that is, the problem of imbedding a finite dimensional modular lattice in a complemented modular lattice of the same dimensionality.
Solvable lattice models with minimal and nonunitary critical behaviour in two dimensions

Abstract The exact local height probabilities found by Forrester and Baxter for a series of solvable lattice models in two dimensions are written in terms of nonunitary Virasoro characters and modifications of unitary A 1 (1) affine Lie algebra characters directly related to nonunitary but rational-level A 1 (1) characters. The relation between these results and a rational-level GKO decomposition is given. The off-critical lattice origin of the Virasoro characters and the role of the embedding diagram null vectors in the CTM eigenspace is described. Suggestions for the definition of rational and nonunitary models corresponding to arbitrary G/H cosets are given.
Entrepreneurship and adaption-innovation theory

Abstract Interest in the personality of entrepreneurs has grown as we try to better understand the characteristics and attitudes of this economically important group of people. Kirton's Adaption-Innovation (KAI) Theory describes deep-seated differences in styles of creativity, decision making, and problem solving that appear to be relevant to entrepreneurship. Previous studies suggest that entrepreneurs should score higher on the Kinon Adaption-Innovation Inventory than non-entrepreneurs. To test this hypothesis, and to confirm that KAI scores do not change as a result of training, we administered the KAI to 34 business students in a class in entrepreneurship at the beginning and end of the semester. A control group of 24 students received the same treatment. As hypothesized, the mean KAI scores for the entrepreneurship class were higher than both the population at large and the control group, and did not change systematically over time.
Cross Sections for Singly Differential and Total Ionization of Helium by Electron Impact

The binary-encounter dipole (BED) model for electron-impact ionization is applied to helium using the continuum dipole oscillator strength calculated from the relativistic random-phase approximation. The resulting total ionization cross section agrees with available experimental data well within the quoted experimental uncertainties. The singly differential $(=\mathrm{energy}$ distribution of ejected electrons) cross section agrees well in shape with available experiments. Because of the remarkable agreement with experiment at all incident and ejected electron energies and the compact analytic form of the cross sections, we propose that the BED cross sections for helium serve as a normalization standard with an accuracy of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5% from the threshold to 1 keV in the primary electron energy.
American-Arab relations: conflict or cooperation?

Abstract The oil embargo of 1973 appeared to turn the US supply situation into a problem of doomsday proportion. Dr El Mallakh argues that both producing and consuming countries can benefit from increased understanding of their natural economic links and recognition of their interdependence in the world energy market.
Are prostate cancer outcomes affected by a delay between diagnosis and radical prostatectomy

Are prostate cancer outcomes affected by a delay between diagnosis and radical prostatectomy?
Apomorphine induces latent rotation in lesioned rats, amphetamine does not

Rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6HDA) lesions of one nigrostriatal pathway were used to compare the efficacy of apomorphine (Apo) and (+)-amphetamine (Amph) at inducing latent rotational behavior. Rats treated with Apo rotated contralaterally acutely after drug treatment and subsequently, weeks after drug treatment, exhibited rapid contralateral circling when re-introduced to the rotation environment. Amph treated animals, on the other hand, rotated ipsilaterally acutely after drug treatment and exhibited no latent drug effect.
Computer simulation of ice recrystallization in ice cream during storage

Abstract The effect of storage conditions on ice recrystallization in vanilla ice cream was investigated using a simulation program. Changes in mean size and coefficient of variance of the ice-crystal size distribution were determined from data in the literature. Thermal diffusivities during heating and cooling of ice cream were found experimentally. The unsteady state heat transfer equation for a finite cylinder was solved simultaneously with the recrystallization kinetics equation. Good agreement was found between experimental and simulation results. Simulation of typical storage conditions gave final ice-crystal mean size of ≈46 μm and coefficient of variance of 0.58. Recrystallization rate was high during the initial stages of storage. Storage temperature fluctuations had a greater influence near the containers' surface, resulting in higher mean size closer to the surface at the end of the storage. Very low storage temperatures (≈ −30 °C) during initial steps of storage decreased the recrystallization rate significantly. High heat transfer coefficient of cooling medium inhibited recrystallization at storage stages involved initial cooling and low amplitude temperatures.
Phylogenetic comparison of the pre-mRNA adenosine deaminase ADAR2 genes and transcripts: conservation and diversity in editing site sequence and alternative splicing patterns

Abstract Adenosine deaminase that acts on RNA −2 (ADAR2) is a member of a family of vertebrate genes that encode adenosine (A)-to-inosine (I) RNA deaminases, enzymes that deaminate specific A residues in specific pre-mRNAs to produce I. Known substrates of ADAR2 include sites within the coding regions of pre-mRNAs of the ionotropic glutamate receptors, GluR2–6, and the serotonin receptor, 5HT2C. Mammalian ADAR2 expression is itself regulated by A-to-I editing and by several alternative splicing events. Because the biological consequences of ADAR2 function are significant, we have undertaken a phylogenetic comparison of these features. Here we report a comparison of cDNA sequences, genomic organization, editing site sequences and patterns of alternative splicing of ADAR2 genes from human, mouse, chicken, pufferfish and zebrafish. Coding sequences and intron/exon organization are highly conserved. All ADAR2 genes show evidence of transcript editing with required sequences and predicted secondary structures very highly conserved. Patterns and levels of editing and alternative splicing vary among organisms, and include novel N-terminal exons and splicing events.
Evaluation of Route Diversion Strategies Using Computer Simulation

Abstract This paper presents a CORSIM-based simulation approach to evaluate the effects of incident management and signal timing modifications on traffic operations along I-75 and alternative routes in Sarasota County, Florida, U.S.A. The County has developed special countywide signal timing plans on alternative routes to guide and direct motorists coming off the interstate (I-75) back onto the interstate at an appropriate location when a traffic incident happens on I-75. These special signal timing plans were developed for six incident conditions using the SYNCHRO signal timing software. Based on the SYNCRHO data provided by Sarasota County, a CORSIM data set is developed for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the route diversion plan. The findings from the CORSIM analysis indicate that the route diversion plans developed by the County are very effective in terms of traffic operations, reducing overall network delay by an average 21%. An additional sensitivity analysis was conducted for one of six incident conditions to examine the impact of diverted traffic volume on traffic operations. The results imply that the percentage of diverted traffic volume has a great impact on the total delay of the entire network. A 10% diverted traffic volume is found to give minimal total network delay based on the case study.
Environmental control of suppression of the pituitary-adrenal system☆

Abstract Rats having access to food and water for 1 hr daily show elevated plasma corticosterone levels prior to feeding and drinking. The activity of the pituitary-adrenal system was studied in animals receiving food and water, food or water alone or an empty drinking bottle. Within 5 min there was a 35% drop in the concentration of plasma corticosterone. This decline reached 50% by 10 min. In those rats receiving water alone or the empty drinking tube, the time course was biphasic. Thus, following the initial drop, the pituitary-adrenal system was activated. It appears therefore that rapid suppression of the pituitary-adrenal system can occur and be conditioned to stimuli associated with prior reinforcement.
Effects of azadirachtin on the nutrition and development of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabr.) (Noctuidae)

Abstract The plant chemical azadirachtin was administered, either in artificial diet or by oral injection, to fifth instar larvae of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabr.). At a dietary concentration of 0.03125 ppm, azadirachtin significantly reduced the amount of diet consumed and the weight gained by the larvae. Higher dietary concentrations (0.25 and 0.5 ppm) were necessary to reduce the efficiency of larval conversion of digested and ingested food, respectively. However, the approximate digestibility increased at the dietary concentration of 0.25 ppm. Orally injected azadirachtin (0.25 and 0.5 μg) delayed moulting to the pupal stage, produced defective pupae or adults, and inhibited development to the adult stage. Higher doses (5.0 and 10.0 μg) reduced the pre-pupal weight loss normally associated with pupation, and completely inhibited pupation. At the critical dose of 1.0 μg (the minimal dose that disrupted development to the pupal stage), azadirachtin had less of an effect on older than on younger larvae. Larvae injected on the first day of the fifth instar failed to pupate, whereas approx 40% of those injected on subsequent days pupated. The results suggest that azadirachtin affects H. virescens in a manner similar to other tested species of insects. The significance of these results, especially regarding hormonal events in the insects, is discussed.
Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes: Identification of an Inhibitory Subpopulation

Abstract The intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIEL) may play a critical role in preventing overwhelming sensitization to foreign luminal antigens. The purpose of this experiment was to identify the subpopulation of the iIEL responsible for this inhibitory action. One-way mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) were performed with rat splenocytes [Brown Norway (BN) as responder; irradiated Lewis as stimulator]. BN iIEL (comprising 5% of cells per well) were added to assess inhibitory function. In the control group, irradiated BN splenocytes were added to maintain identical cell numbers. Proliferation assays were expressed as mean counts per minute (CPM) ± SD. Subpopulations of the iIEL were created by biomagnetically extracting iIELs labeled with monoclonal antibodies. The addition of iIELs to the MLC resulted in a 59% reduction in proliferation (P
Connections of the parabrachial nucleus with the nucleus of the solitary tract and the medullary reticular formation in the rat.

We examined the subnuclear organization of projections to the parabrachial nucleus (PB) from the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), area postrema, and medullary reticular formation in the rat by using the anterograde and retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate and anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. Different functional regions of the NTS/area postrema complex and medullary reticular formation were found to innervate largely nonoverlapping zones in the PB. The general visceral part of the NTS, including the medial, parvicellular, intermediate, and commissural NTS subnuclei and the core of the area postrema, projects to restricted terminal zones in the inner portion of the external lateral PB, the central and dorsal lateral PB subnuclei, and the "waist" area. The dorsomedial NTS subnucleus and the rim of the area postrema specifically innervate the outer portion of the external lateral PB subnucleus. In addition, the medial NTS innervates the caudal lateral part of the external medial PB subnucleus. The respiratory part of the NTS, comprising the ventrolateral, intermediate, and caudal commissural subnuclei, is reciprocally connected with the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, and with the far lateral parts of the dorsal and central lateral PB subnuclei. There is also a patchy projection to the caudal lateral part of the external medial PB subnucleus from the ventrolateral NTS. The rostral, gustatory part of the NTS projects mainly to the caudal medial parts of the PB complex, including the "waist" area, as well as more rostrally to parts of the medial, external medial, ventral, and central lateral PB subnuclei. The connections of different portions of the medullary reticular formation with the PB complex reflect the same patterns of organization, but are reciprocal. The periambiguus region is reciprocally connected with the same PB subnuclei as the ventrolateral NTS; the rostral ventrolateral reticular nucleus with the same PB subnuclei as both the ventrolateral (respiratory) and medial (general visceral) NTS; and the parvicellular reticular area, adjacent to the rostral NTS, with parts of the central and ventral lateral and the medial PB subnuclei that also receive rostral (gustatory) NTS input. In addition, the rostral ventrolateral reticular nucleus and the parvicellular reticular formation have more extensive connections with parts of the rostral PB and the subjacent reticular formation that receive little if any NTS input. The PB contains a series of topographically complex terminal domains reflecting the functional organization of its afferent sources in the NTS and medullary reticular formation.
2-Butyl-11-phenyl-5,10-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepine-1,3(2H)-dione.

The title compound, C21H21N3O2, was obtained following a five-step synthetic procedure yielding weakly diffracting rod and needle-shaped crystals which crystallized concomitantly. Structural analysis of a rod-shaped crystal showed that the central seven-membered heterocyclic ring adopts a conformation that is perhaps best described as a distorted boat, with the H-bearing (CH2 and NH) atoms lying well out of the least-squares mean plane fitted through the other five atoms in the ring (r.m.s. deviation 0.075 A). In the crystal, the compound packs as a twisted chain, which propagates along the b axis by means of an R12(6) motif formed by one of the carbonyl O atoms acting as a bifurcated acceptor in an N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O inter­action. No diffraction was observed from the needle-shaped crystals.
The Influence of Dual Credit Programs on College Students' Integration and Goal Attainment:

This study was designed to investigate the differences in integration and goal achievement between students entering college with and without credits from a dual credit program. Dual credit programs included in this study were Saint Louis University's Advanced College Credit 1818 Program (ACC) and Advanced Placement Testing (AP). The results of the logistic regressions indicated that ACC credits significantly influenced students' ability to persist and graduate. The results of the linear regressions indicated that ACC/AP credits did not significantly influence the students' time to graduation.
Compact formulation of mask error factor for critical dimension control in optical lithography

This paper introduces a compact but rigorous theoretical formulation of the mask error factor. The results compare favorably to experimental data as well as to first-principle simulations. This work provides an insight into the MEF causes, and it explores its dependency on process settings in order to control critical dimension (CD) variation.
A Study of Stairs in the Housing of Independently-Living Elderly People

This survey study focuses on stairs in the homes of a substantial number of independently living elderly (60+) residents of a community in which there are mostly multistory houses and apartment buildings with stairs. While the majority could climb their stairs without problems, a substantial minority lived with stairs despite difficulty and even inability in climbing them. Most people were satisfied with their homes, and many were unwilling to admit that stairs were a present or potential problem. Most people, including most with stair problems, had no plans to move from their homes, however, a majority was willing to concede under questioning that stair-free living in a presently unplanned next home would be desirable. There is a plea that stairs be of increased concern in the housing of elderly people, and that there be increased planning for stair-free homes.
Hemoglobin Control, ESA Resistance, and Regular Low-Dose IV Iron Therapy: A Review of the Evidence

Anemia management in hemodialysis patients has progressed following the introduction of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and intravenous (IV) iron. However, maintaining a stable hemoglobin (Hb) level can be challenging. Patient comorbidities and variable dosage administrations of ESA therapy can lead to great variability in Hb concentrations over time. Fluctuating Hb levels is associated with increased complications. This article reviews factors that affect Hb control, with a focus on management practices (e.g., regular low-dose administration of IV iron) that can help improve anemia management.
Using phantom and imaginary latent variables to parameterize constraints in linear structural models

The most widely-used computer programs for structural equation models analysis are the LISREL series of Joreskog and Sorbom. The only types of constraints which may be made directly are fixing parameters at a constant value and constraining parameters to be equal. Rindskopf (1983) showed how these simple properties could be used to represent models with more complicated constraints, namely inequality constraints on unique variances. In this paper, two new concepts are introduced which enable a much wider variety of constraints to be made. The concepts, “phantom” and “imaginary” latent variables, allow fairly general equality and inequality constraints on factor loadings and structural model coefficients.
Isospin structure of transitions in O 17 from inelastic pion scattering at 164 MeV

Differential cross sections for inelastic scattering of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ from a cooled gas target, enriched in $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ (49.9%), were measured at an incident energy ${T}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=164$ MeV between ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}}=18\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} \mathrm{and} 74\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. Data were also taken on a natural oxygen and an enriched $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ target (94.9%) to allow a substraction of the $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ yields from the data taken with the $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ target. A microscopic distorted wave impulse approximation analysis of five collectively enhanced transitions to the lowest ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}, {\frac{5}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}, {\frac{7}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}, {\frac{9}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}, \mathrm{and} {\frac{11}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states in $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ was performed using transition densities from three different models. The data were fitted best with transition densities derived from a large-space shell-model calculation; provided that their $[\mathrm{LSJ}]=[303]$, isoscalar parts were enhanced by a factor ($1+2\ensuremath{\delta}$). Both the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ data for the five transitions in $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ and the transition to the ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state in $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ (6.13 MeV) were fitted using a single polarization charge, $\ensuremath{\delta}$. Evidence was found for $E2$ strength near 8 MeV and for $M4$ strength to two states at 15.7 and 17.1 MeV.
Pitfalls in interpretation of pulmonary artery catheter data.

NVASIVE MONITORING using the SwanGanz-type pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) has become a standard clinical technique for providing a quantitative assessment of cardiopulmonary function. In principle, the quantitative measurements made possible by this technology can establish an objective basis for both early detection of trends and evaluation of therapy. Because of the general absence of alternative technology, it is understandable that the PAC has had widespread clinical application. Unfortunately, however, measurement and calculation of hemodynamic parameters obtained from it are frequently undertaken without sufficiently serious consideration of the technical limitations and principles involved. This review emphasizes the conditions necessary for correct use of the PAC and informs the unwary practitioner of the many potential pitfalls that complicate and sometimes invalidate the interpretation of PAC data. Table 1 lists the abbreviations used in this review.
Does executive function mediate SES and home quality associations with academic readiness

Abstract This study examined the extent to which executive function (EF) mediated associations of socioeconomic status (SES) and home-environment quality with academic readiness (math, letter and word identification, and knowledge of story-and-print concepts). Forty-nine 54–66-month old children and their mothers participated in a home observation and laboratory visit. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed the EF mediated associations between SES and math outcomes. These findings were observed after controlling for child verbal abilities. Implications for the role of verbal ability in EF, the developmental context in predicting EF, and the influence of EF on academic readiness are discussed.
Effect of hostplant genotype and predators on iridoid glycoside content of pupae of a specialist insect herbivore, Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae)

Abstract Two field experiments assessed the effects of hostplant genotype, presence or absence of predators, and type of predator on chemical content of pupae of the Buckeye butterfly, Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae). When fed Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae), J. coenia larvae sequester two iridoid glycosides, aucubin and catalpol, which are retained into the pupal stage. In the first experiment, it is found that hostplant genotype significantly affected iridoid glycoside content of pupae, but although the predatory stinkbugs ( Podisus maculiventris : Pentatomidae) caused the larvae to alter their foraging behavior, pupal iridoid glycoside content was not influenced by the presence or absence of the predators. In the second experiment, it is found that the kind of predator present had an effect on chemical defense of pupae: pupae exposed as larvae to stinkbugs had a higher proportion of catalpol than pupae exposed as larvae to wasps, Polistes fuscatus (Vespidae). Furthermore, pupae from both experiments contained higher proportions of catalpol than that available in the plants on which larvae fed. Therefore, the conditions under which herbivorous larvae develop, such as hostplant genotype eaten and type of natural enemies present, can affect their chemical content.
Presynaptic induction and expression of NMDA-dependent LTP

It is almost axiomatic in neuroscience that postsynaptically induced NMDA-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) is a cellular substrate of memory. As a result, memory impairments caused by experimental reductions of NMDA currents are often interpreted as evidence that this form of plasticity is involved in memory formation. However, a recent Nature study indicates that not all NMDA-dependent LTP is induced postsynaptically.
Automation of radiochemical analysis by flow injection techniques: Am-Pu separation using TRU-resin™ sorbent extraction column

A rapid automated flow injection analysis (FIA) procedure was developed for efficient separation of Am and Pu from each other and from interfering matrix and radionuclide components using a TRU-resin™column. Selective Pu elution is enabled via on-column reduction. The separation was developed using on-line radioactivity detection. After the separation had been developed, fraction collection was used to obtain the separated fractions. In this manner, a FIA instrument functions as an automated separation workstation capable of unattended operation.
Role of Noradrenergic Signaling by the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius in Mediating Opiate Reward

Norepinephrine (NE) is widely implicated in opiate withdrawal, but much less is known about its role in opiate-induced locomotion and reward. In mice lacking dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), an enzyme critical for NE synthesis, we found that NE was necessary for morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP; a measure of reward) and locomotion. These deficits were rescued by systemic NE restoration. Viral restoration of DBH expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius, but not in the locus coeruleus, restored CPP for morphine. Morphine-induced locomotion was partially restored by DBH expression in either brain region. These data suggest that NE signaling by the nucleus tractus solitarius is necessary for morphine reward.
Littlewood-Paley Theory for Subharmonic Functions on the unit Ball in R N

Let B denote the unit ball in RNRN with boundary S . For a non-negative C2C2 subharmonic function f on B and ζ∈Sζ∈S, we define the Lusin square area integral Sα(ζ,f)Sα(ζ,f) by Sα(ζ,f)=[∫Γα(ζ)(1−|x|)2−NΔf2(x)dx]12, where for α>1α>1, Γα(ζ)={x∈B:|x−ζ| 0po>0. If ‖f‖pp=sup0<r<1∫Sfp(rζ)dσ(ζ)<∞ for some p>pop>po, then for every α>1α>1, ‖Sα(⋅,f)‖p≤Aα,p‖f‖p‖Sα(⋅,f)‖p≤Aα,p‖f‖pfor some constant Aα,pAα,pindependent of f. The above result includes the known results for harmonic or holomorphic functions in the Hardy HpHp spaces, as well as for a system F=(u1,…,uN)F=(u1,…,uN) of conjugate harmonic functions for which it is known that |F|p=(∑uj2)p/2 is subharmonic for p≥(N−2)/(N−1),N≥3p≥(N−2)/(N−1),N≥3. We also consider analogues of the functions g and g⁎g⁎ of Littlewood–Paley, and introduce the function gλ⁎, λ>1λ>1, defined by gλ⁎(ζ,f)=[∫B(1−|y|)Δf2(y)Kλ(y,ζ)dy]12, where Kλ(y,ζ)=(1−|y|)(λ−1)(N−1)|y−ζ|λ(N−1). In the paper we prove that the inequality ‖gλ⁎(⋅,f)‖p≤Cp‖f‖p holds for all λ≥N/(N−1)λ≥N/(N−1) when p≥2p≥2, and for λ>3−pλ>3−p whenever 1 (2N−3)/(N−1)p>(2N−3)/(N−1).
Split injector for capillary zone electrophoresis

Abstract A split injector is described for capillary zone electrophoresis. It consists of a pump for delivery of the medium, a rotary injector, an interface, and a fused-silica capillary connected between the interface and the rotary injector. Several factors affecting split injection are examined, such as geometrical configuration of the interface and sample loop volume. The use of this split injector is demonstrated for both rectangular capillaries with large cross-sectional areas and the more conventional circular capillaries. The present injection method requires no interruption of the applied voltage.
Emergence of Polymer-Coated Corn and Soybean Influenced by Tillage and Sowing Date

No tillage often delays soil warming and drying, thus sowing too early in the spring may compromise seed viability due to prolonged exposure to cold and wet soil in the northern Corn Belt. Coating seed with a temperature-activated polymer may circumvent the adverse effects of exposing seeds to cold and wet soil. Germination and emergence of noncoated and polymer-coated corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed as influenced by tillage and sowing date was examined near Morris, MN. Conventional and no tillage plots were split to accommodate early and late sowing-date treatments while sowing-date plots were split to accommodate seed coat treatments. Near-surface soil water content and temperature, seed germination, and seedling emergence were monitored in 2000, 2001, and 2002. Germination of corn and soybean was delayed by as much as 6 and 11d, respectively, as a result of sowing polymer-coated vs. noncoated seed. This delay was also evidenced by polymer-coated seed requiring more thermal time (>200°C h for corn and >1000°C h for soybean) to germinate and emerge than noncoated seed. Tillage, sowing date, and seed coating had little influence on plant population of corn. Sowing date and seed coating, however, influenced plant population of soybean in 2 out of 3 yr of this study. We surmise that polymer-coated soybean seed produced a poorer stand as a result of exposure of the hypocotyl to lethal soil temperatures during emergence. This study suggests that temperature-activated polymer coatings delay germination and emergence of corn and soybean.
Transitioning into Organic Grain Production: An Economic Perspective

Scientific studies across the US have demonstrated the economic viability of organic cropping systems. Of particular interest to farmers contemplating organic production is the economic viability of the farm during the transition-to-organic period, which is defined as 36 months from the last application of a prohibited synthetic fertilizer or pesticide. This period generally refers to two transition years (T-1 and T-2) and a third year where organic prices can be obtained once certification has been secured. Due to the increased interest in non-transgenic food ingredients, organic transition prices have recently been offered for specific non-transgenic organic crops during the two-year transition period. Here we report the results of an economic analysis of two rotations accepted under organic regulations: corn-soybean-oat/alfalfa (C-S-O/A) and corn-soybean-oat/alfalfa-alfalfa (C-S-O/A-A) during T-1 and T-2 compared with a conventional corn-soybean (C-S) rotation. Average production costs for the conventional C-S rotation were $48/acre higher than the average organic rotation ($160 versus $112/acre) during the transition. Returns from individual crops varied, depending upon variety and year, with the organic returns to land, labor and management less than conventional in the T-1 year, but greater than conventional returns in the T-2 year. The 2-year average returns over both transitional organic rotations ($114/acre) were similar to the conventional C-S returns ($117/acre). Transitional organic soybean returns were greater than transitional corn, oat, and alfalfa because the demand for non-transgenic soybean in T-1 and T-2 supported higher than conventional farm gate pricing. Soybean and corn returns in the transitional organic rotations were also greater than conventional corn and soybean returns in T-1 and T-2, whereas organic alfalfa returns competed favorably with conventional corn and soybean returns in T-2 only. The transitional organic oat crop generated the lowest revenue of all crops in both transition years. Transitional average returns from the organic soybean crops at $213/acre were greater than the $133/acre soybean returns from the C-S rotation. Assuming equivalent conventional and organic yields and organic prices in the first certified organic year (O-1), an even greater return would be obtained for organic crops following transition.
The two faces of private self‐consciousness: self report, peer‐report, and behavioral correlates:

The positive and negative aspects of private self‐consciousness were examined through a variety of methods. Previous analyses have revealed that the private self‐consciousness factor of the Self‐Co...
Medium-chain fatty acids undergo elongation before β-oxidation in fibroblasts

Although mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) is considered to be well understood, further elucidation of the pathway continues through evaluation of patients with FAO defects. The FAO pathway can be examined by measuring the 3-hydroxy-fatty acid (3-OHFA) intermediates. We present a unique finding in the study of this pathway: the addition of medium-chain fatty acids to the culture media of fibroblasts results in generation of 3-OHFAs which are two carbons longer than the precursor substrate. Cultured skin fibroblasts from normal and LCHAD-deficient individuals were grown in media supplemented with various chain-length fatty acids. The cell-free medium was analyzed for 3-OHFAs by stable-isotope dilution gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry. Our finding suggests that a novel carbon chain-length elongation process precedes the oxidation of medium-chain fatty acids. This previously undescribed metabolic step may have important implications for the metabolism of medium-chain triglycerides, components in the dietary treatment of a number of disorders.
Optimal equi-partition of rectangular domains for parallel computation

We present an efficient method for the partitioning of rectangular domains into equi-area sub-domains of minimum total perimeter. For a variety of applications in parallel computation, this corresponds to a load-balanced distribution of tasks that minimize interprocessor communication. Our method is based on utilizing, to the maximum extent possible, a set of optimal shapes for sub-domains. We prove that for a large class of these problems, we can construct solutions whose relative distance from a computable lower bound converges to zero as the problem size tends to infinity. PERIX-GA, a genetic algorithm employing this approach, has successfully solved to optimality million-variable instances of the perimeter-minimization problem and for a one-billion-variable problem has generated a solution within 0.32% of the lower bound. We report on the results of an implementation on a CM-5 supercomputer and make comparisons with other existing codes.
On the walking stick–slip problem

Abstract The friction-excited dynamics of a two-sided interface are examined experimentally, and complementary modeling and simulation efforts are used to understand the experimental observations. The experiment uses a thin fiber pulled from between two clamping pads. The experiment shows that stick–slip behaviors of the two clamping pads are periodic but out of phase, a behavior dubbed “walking stick–slip”, because the pullout specimen pulls out of the fixture in discrete, alternating steps. The friction behavior is understood using two dynamic models: (i) a three degree-of-freedom translational model, and (ii) a model augmented with rotational degrees-of-freedom. The out-of-phase walking arises from the component rotations. “Walking” stick–slip (to our knowledge) is a previously unreported phenomenon which may have implications in a variety of other situations.
An economic comparison of alternative rice production systems in Arkansas.

ABSTRACT Weak farm prices, high production costs, and potential future regulation of sediment loadings in waterways force many Arkansas rice producers to consider adopting new management systems to maintain profitability. However, rice producers are reluctant to try new systems without information about the economic outcomes. This paper uses data from a long-term rice-based cropping systems study at Stuttgart, Arkansas to evaluate the profitability and economic risk associated with alternative rice production systems. Economic returns and costs are compared for 40 different rice production systems for the years 2000 and 2001, and statistical analysis is performed to determine which production components (rotation, tillage, fertility, and year) significantly impact rice system net returns. A safety-first criterion is used to identify production systems that would be preferred by risk-averse rice producers. All production components were found to significantly impact rice system net returns during the two-y...
Concurrent use of methamphetamine, MDMA, LSD, ketamine, GHB, and flunitrazepam among American youths

Abstract Background The magnitude and the characteristics of the use of methamphetamine, MDMA (Ecstasy), LSD ( d -lysergic acid diethylamide), ketamine, GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate), and flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) were examined in a probability sample of the U.S. civilian population that included multiethnic urban, suburban, and rural youths aged 16–23 (N = 19,084). Methods Data were drawn from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the characteristics associated with the use of each of these drugs and of multiple drugs. Results Approximately 20% of youths aged 16–23 reported having ever used one or more of these drugs. Less than 1% of club drug users used club drugs only, and 82% of them had ever used three or more drug classes. Females were more likely than males to report using multiple club drugs. Recent users of methamphetamine were most likely to be females and adolescents aged 16 or 17. Recent users of MDMA tended to be young adults aged 18–21 and residents of metropolitan areas. Most recent users of LSD were adolescents aged 16–19 and those in low-income families. Ketamine users were primarily employed youths. Staying in school and getting married were associated with decreased odds of club drug use. Club drug use was highly associated with the presence of criminal behaviors and recent alcohol abuse or dependence. Conclusions Adolescents are more likely than young adults to use multiple drugs. The clustering of multidrug use and alcohol use disorder is a cause of concern.