cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PCODE: an efficient and reliable collective communication protocol for unreliable broadcast domain

Existing programming environments for clusters are typically built on top of a point-to-point communication layer (send and receive) over local area networks (LANs) and, as a result, suffer from poor performance in the collective communication part. For example, a broadcast that is implemented using a TCP/IP protocol (which is a point-to-point protocol) over a LAN is obviously an efficient as it is not utilizing the fact that the LAN is a broadcast medium. We have observed that the main difference between a distributed computing paradigm and a message passing parallel computing paradigm is that, in a distributed environment the activity of every processor is independent while in a parallel environment the collection of the user-communication layers in the processors can be modeled as a single global program. We have formalized the requirements by defining the notion of a correct global program. This notion provides a precise specification, of the interface between the transport layer and the user-communication. Layer. We have developed PCODE, a new communication protocol that is driven by a global program, and proved its correctness. We have implemented the PCODE protocol on a collection of IBM RS/6000 workstations and on a collection of Silicon Graphics Indigo workstations, both communicating via UDP broadcast. The experimental results we obtained indicate that the performance advantage of PCODE over the current point-to-point approach (TCP) can be as high as an order of magnitude on a cluster of 16 workstations. >
Gender Slurs in Boston's Partisan Press during the 1840s

During the height of the 1840 presidential campaign season, the Democratic editor, Charles Gordon Greene, printed in his Boston Morning Post the following lampoon of the September 10 Bunker Hill Whig Convention: “ ‘Madam, I am astonished that you do not wave your handkerchief; I thought that the women were all whigs,’ said a gentleman to a lady while the procession was passing by them on Thursday. ‘You are mistaken, sir,’ was the answer – ‘the whigs are all women.’ ” Greene efficiently slung this partisan mud at the 80,000 men and women who demonstrated their support for the Whigs at the gathering. The editor fastened upon the opposition's previous pronouncement that “ ‘The Ladies are all Whigs’ ” and inverted it to effeminize men who would vote for William Henry Harrison. “The Whigs are all women,” “Colonel” Greene now declared. On this page of one of Boston's most widely read dailies, the gender of both Whig men and women was questioned and distinctions between them became blurred in unflattering ways. Greene thus defiled both sexes with one swift printed gesture.
Leaf senescence and decline of end‐of‐season gas exchange in five temperate deciduous tree species grown in elevated CO2 concentrations

We measured rates of leaf senescence and leaf level gas exchange during autumnal senescence for seedlings of five temperate forest tree species under current and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations and low- and high-nutrient regimes. Relative indices of whole canopy carbon gain, water loss and water use efficiency through the senescent period were calculated based on a simple integrative model combining gas exchange per unit leaf area and standing canopy area per unit time. Seedlings grown under elevated ICO2] generally had smaller canopies than their current ICO2]-grown counterparts throughout most of the senescent period. This was a result of smaller pre-senescent canopies or accelerated rates of leaf drop. Leaf-level photosynthetic rates were higher under elevated ICO2] for grey birch canopies and for low-nutrient red maple and highnutrient ash canopies, but declined rapidly to values below those of their current [CO2] counterparts by midway through the senescent period. CO2 enrichment reduced photosynthetic rates for the remaining species throughout some or all of the senescent period. As a result of smaller canopy sizes and reduced photosynthetic rates, elevated ICO2l-grown seedlings had lower indices of whole canopy end-of-season carbon gain with few exceptions. Leaf level transpiration rates were highly variable during autumnal senescence,, and neither [CO2I nor nutrient regime had consistent effects on water loss per unit leaf area or integrated whole canopy water loss throughout the senescent period. Indices of whole canopy, end-of-season estimates of water use efficiency, however, were consistently lower under CO2 enrichment, with few exceptions. These results suggest that whole canopy end-of-season gas exchange may be altered significantly in an elvated ICO2] world, resulting in reduced carbon gain and water use efficiency for many temperate forest tree seedlings. Seedling growth and survivorship, and ultimately temperate forest regeneration, could be reduced in CO2-enriched forests of the future.
Creating orbiting vorticity vectors in magnetic particle suspensions through field symmetry transitions—a route to multi-axis mixing

It has recently been reported that two types of triaxial electric or magnetic fields can drive vorticity in dielectric or magnetic particle suspensions, respectively. The first type—symmetry-breaking rational fields—consists of three mutually orthogonal fields, two alternating and one dc, and the second type—rational triads—consists of three mutually orthogonal alternating fields. In each case it can be shown through experiment and theory that the fluid vorticity vector is parallel to one of the three field components. For any given set of field frequencies this axis is invariant, but the sign and magnitude of the vorticity (at constant field strength) can be controlled by the phase angles of the alternating components and, at least for some symmetry-breaking rational fields, the direction of the dc field. In short, the locus of possible vorticity vectors is a 1-d set that is symmetric about zero and is along a field direction. In this paper we show that continuous, 3-d control of the vorticity vector is possible by progressively transitioning the field symmetry by applying a dc bias along one of the principal axes. Such biased rational triads are a combination of symmetry-breaking rational fields and rational triads. A surprising aspect of these transitions is that the locus of possible vorticity vectors for any given field bias is extremely complex, encompassing all three spatial dimensions. As a result, the evolution of a vorticity vector as the dc bias is increased is complex, with large components occurring along unexpected directions. More remarkable are the elaborate vorticity vector orbits that occur when one or more of the field frequencies are detuned. These orbits provide the basis for highly effective mixing strategies wherein the vorticity axis periodically explores a range of orientations and magnitudes.
NMDA receptor blockade in the superior colliculus increases receptive field size without altering velocity and size tuning.

Neonatal brain injury triggers compensatory processes that can be adaptive or detrimental, but little is known about the mechanisms of compensation or how they might affect the response properties ...
TCP - Compose * --- A TCP-Net Based Algorithm for Efficient Composition of Web Services Using Qualitative Preferences

In many practical applications, trade-offs involvingnon-functional attributes e.g., availability, performance play animportant role in selecting component services in assembling afeasible composition, i.e., a composite service that achieves thedesired functionality. We present TCP - Compose *, analgorithm for service composition that identifies, from a set ofcandidate solutions that achieve the desired functionality, a setof composite services that are non-dominated by any othercandidate with respect to the user-specified qualitativepreferences over non-functional attributes. We use TCP-net, agraphical modeling paradigm for representing and reasoning withqualitative preferences and importance. We propose a heuristic forestimating the preference ordering over the different choices ateach stage in the composition to improve the efficiency of TCP -Compose *. We establish the conditions under which TCP -Compose * is guaranteed to generate a set of compositeservices that (a) achieve the desired functionality and (b)constitute a non-dominated set of solutions with respectto the user-specified preferences and tradeoffs over thenon-functional attributes.
Absolute infrared intensity measurements on nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide

The integrated intensities as a function of temperature have been measured for one NO_2 and for four N_2O_4 combination bands in the spectral region from 1 to 5µ. The temperature was varied from 50 to 100°C for the gas-phase studies and from 25 to 100°C for the liquid-phase experiments. In the spectral region from 5 to 15µ, integrated intensities at 25°C were measured for one NO_2 and for three N_2O_4 fundamental bands. Saturated vapors were used in all experiments; the optical depth was varied by using a series of spacers in a specially designed infrared absorption cell capable of handling both liquid and gas. Measured intensities for N_2O_4 combination bands in the liquid and gas phases were compared and found to differ by less than 16 per cent for three out of four combination bands studied; for the fourth band, the observed difference was about 50 per cent. Results for all of the combination bands investigated indicate that the integrated intensities vary approximately as l/T in the temperature range under consideration.
Trusted Collaborative Spectrum Sensing for Mobile Cognitive Radio Networks

Collaborative spectrum sensing is a key technology in cognitive radio networks (CRNs). Although mobility is an inherent property of wireless networks, there has been no prior work studying the performance of collaborative spectrum sensing under attacks in mobile CRNs. Existing solutions based on user trust for secure collaborative spectrum sensing cannot be applied to mobile scenarios, since they do not consider the location diversity of the network, thus over penalize honest users who are at bad locations with severe path-loss. In this paper, we propose to use two trust parameters, location reliability and malicious intention (LRMI), to improve both malicious user detection and primary user detection in mobile CRNs under attack. Location reliability reflects path-loss characteristics of the wireless channel and malicious intention captures the true intention of secondary users, respectively. We propose a primary user detection method based on location reliability (LR) and a malicious user detection method based on LR and Dempster-Shafer (D-S) theory. Simulations show that mobility helps train location reliability and detect malicious users based on our methods. Our proposed detection mechanisms based on LRMI significantly outperforms existing solutions. In comparison to the existing solutions, we show an improvement of malicious user detection rate by 3 times and primary user detection rate by 20% at false alarm rate of 5%, respectively.
Voltage-Dependent Conductance Induced in Thin Lipid Membranes by Monazomycin

When present in micromolar amounts on one side of phospholipid bilayer membranes, monazomycin (a positively charged, polyene-like antibiotic) induces dramatic voltage-dependent conductance effects. Voltage clamp records are very similar in shape to those obtained from the potassium conductance system of the squid axon. The steady-state conductance is proportional to the 5th power of the monazomycin concentration and increases exponentially with positive voltage (monazomycin side positive); there is an e-fold change in conductance per 4-6 mv. The major current-carrying ions are univalent cations. For a lipid having no net charge, steady-state conductance increases linearly with KCl (or NaCl) concentration and is unaffected by Ca(++) or Mg(++). The current-voltage characteristic which is normally monotonic in symmetrical salt solutions is converted by a salt gradient to one with a negative slope-conductance region, although the conductance-voltage characteristic is unaffected. A membrane treated with both monazomycin and the polyene antibiotic nystatin (which alone creates anion-selective channels) displays bistability in the presence of a salt gradient. Thus monazomycin and nystatin channels can exist in parallel. We believe that many monazomycin monomers (within the membrane) cooperate to form a multimolecular conductance channel; the voltage control of conductance arises from the electric field driving monazomycin molecules at the membrane surface into the membrane and thus affecting the number of channels that are formed.
Influence of Guar Gum on the Distribution of Some Flavor Compounds in Acidified Milk Products

Acidified milk samples containing 0.1 to 0.5% guar gum were prepared with concentrations of milk fat from 0 to 20% and SNF from 6 to 12%. The partition coefficients of acetaldehyde, ethanol, and diacetyl were determined by headspace analysis using gas chromatography in samples that were acidified to pH 4.5 at 30 and 50°C. Guar gum did not affect the partition coefficients of the flavor compounds under any experimental condition. At both temperatures, the partition coefficient of acetaldehyde was affected by the concentration of acetaldehyde and the interaction of SNF and acetaldehyde concentration. The lowest partition coefficients of acetaldehyde were observed at 9% SNF under various experimental conditions. The concentration of ethanol and the interaction of milk fat and ethanol concentration affected the partition coefficient of ethanol at both temperatures. The partition coefficient of ethanol increased as ethanol concentration and SNF increased. Milk fat, concentration of diacetyl, and the interaction of SNF, fat, and diacetyl concentration affected the partition coefficient of diacetyl at 30°C. The partition coefficient of diacetyl increased as SNF increased. At 50°C, concentration of diacetyl was the only significant factor. Partition coefficients for ethanol and diacetyl were similar at 30°C; however, at 50°C, the partition coefficient of diacetyl was higher than the partition coefficient of ethanol. The partition coefficient was largest for acetaldehyde at both temperatures.
Additive effects in a rod-and-frame illusion estimated by response classification.

Previous research has shown that not all segments of a square frame are necessary to produce the illusory tilt of an enclosedvertical line. Indeed, the presence of a single tilted line is often sufﬁcient to induce the illusory tilt of a nearby vertical line(Carpenter & Blakemore, 1973). How do the four segments of a quadrilateral frame contribute to the illusory tilt if any one ofthem is sufﬁcient to induce the illusion? Response classiﬁcation (RC) was used in two experiments to examine the inde-pendent contributions of the four segments of a quadrilateral frame to judgments of the direction of tilt of an enclosed verticalline. Orientation perturbations were added independently to the four frame segments. The orientation of the top segmentcontributed most systematically to these judgments, whereas the orientation of the bottom segment contributed very little.Individual differences were observed with two of the four observers showing the largest apparent tilt of the test line for shearconﬁgurations of the quadrilateral in which the top and bottom segments were rotated in a direction opposite to the right andleft segments. Logistic regression was used with a double-pass technique to estimate the relative importance of the foursegments. Interactions between the segments were not systematically related to the observers’ judgments. The results arediscussed in terms of the utility of RC and logistic regressi on for studying perceptual phenomena whose mechanisms arethought to lie at levels such as orientation that are different from those typically examined with RC and pixel noise.Keywords: response classiﬁcation, rod-and-frame illusion, logistic regression
Ten years on(ward)

At this decennial mark for Social & Cultural Geography, we want to take the opportunity to announce some changes, reiterate some commitments and values, thank some colleagues, and introduce some new ones.
Housing Trust Funds for Local Governments in Georgia

The availability of affordable housing is a problem that was taken on by state and local governments in the latter part of the 20th century. In Georgia, meeting the challenge of providing affordable housing to its residents was particularly troublesome because of early-20th century state law the restricted the discretion of local governments and prohibited the earmarking of funds for specific purposes. This report is a guide to help local officials in Georgia to set up affordable housing trust funds -- a task made difficult by the tangled web of state law.
What Transactional Drafters Should Know About Plain English

Many transactional lawyers react negatively when they hear the phrase "plain English." This piece addresses that reaction by presenting and discussing four important misconceptions that every transactional drafter ought to be aware of:1. Some lawyers believe that the plain-English movement will not affect their practices.2. Many lawyers assume that plain English means only brevity, and they assert that brevity alone is too simplistic an approach to legal drafting.3. Many lawyers insist that traditional legal language is more precise than plain English and that traditional legal language is well defined by case law.4. Many lawyers believe that clients expect and prefer traditional legal language and that legalese increases the demand for legal work.
Mission critical publish-subscribe performance modeling using linear algebraic and classical methods

Modeling Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) Publish-Subscribe (Pub/Sub) message patterns using queueing models is challenging for several reasons. Most queueing models assume a work conserving approach where a pass-thru server does not create jobs. However in the Pub-Sub message pattern, a message can be duplicated at any message node along the route to be delivered to a different destinations, forming a tree type distribution. Also, most analytic performance models of large networks make simplifying assumptions for the arrival and service processes to keep the models tractable. These assumptions may affect the accuracy of the model significantly.In this work, we construct analytic and simulation performance models for Pub/Sub messaging systems. The analytic performance model which uses Linear Algebraic Queueing Theory (LAQT) is both scalable, reasonably accurate with low to medium utilization, and enables interesting and important new research directions like the study of correlation in traffic flows across a network. Matrix-Exponential distributions are used to model general arrival and service processes (Gi/G/1). A second analytic model constructed is a variation of the classic model Queueing Network Analyzer (QNA) with customer creation for Pub/Sub. Finally, we use a simulation model both to validate the QNA and LAQT models. We test these models on a network of 9 nodes with up to 12 products.
Tunable band gaps in bilayer transition-metal dichalcogenides

We investigate band-gap tuning in bilayer transition-metal dichalcogenides by external electric fields applied perpendicular to the layers. Using density functional theory, we show that the fundamental band gap of MoS${}_{2}$, MoSe${}_{2}$, MoTe${}_{2}$, and WS${}_{2}$ bilayer structures continuously decreases with increasing applied electric fields, eventually rendering them metallic. We interpret our results in the light of the giant Stark effect and obtain a robust relationship, which is essentially characterized by the interlayer spacing, for the rate of change of band gap with applied external field. Our study expands the known space of layered materials with widely tunable band gaps beyond the classic example of bilayer graphene and suggests potential directions for fabrication of novel electronic and photonic devices.
Isolation of naloxone-3-ethereal sulfate from urine of the cat.

SummaryA crystalline metabolite of naloxone was isolated from the urine of a cat using column chromatography on Amberlite XAD-2 and countercurrent analysis. Results of infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra along with elemental analyses established the structure as naloxone-3-ethereal sulfate.The naloxone and EN 2265 were obtained from Dr. Harold Blumberg of Endo Laboratories, Garden City, NY. Infrared spectra were run by Kevin Switala of the Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI. Mrs. Margo Ryan provided valuable technical assistance. The senior author thanks Dr. R. I. H. Wang for his support in making this research possible.
Higher Order Beliefs and the Comovement of Asset Prices

Asset price correlations are often thought to be larger than justi…ed by economic fundamentals. This paper shows that such ‘excessive’comovement can be explained by introducing higher order beliefs - investors’beliefs about the beliefs of other investors - into an otherwise standard asset pricing model. Compared to expectations of fundamentals, expectations of other investors’expectations of fundamentals place more weight on public information. In a
Robust Prediction of Clinical Deep Brain Stimulation Target Structures via the Estimation of Influential High-Field MR Atlases

This work introduces a robust framework for predicting Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) target structures which are not identifiable on standard clinical MRI. While recent high-field MR imaging allows clear visualization of DBS target structures, such high-fields are not clinically available, and therefore DBS targeting needs to be performed on the standard clinical low contrast data. We first learn via regression models the shape relationships between DBS targets and their potential predictors from high-field (7 Tesla) MR training sets. A bagging procedure is utilized in the regression model, reducing the variability of learned dependencies. Then, given manually or automatically detected predictors on the clinical patient data, the target structure is predicted using the learned high quality information. Moreover, we derive a robust way to properly weight different training subsets, yielding higher accuracy when using an ensemble of predictions. The subthalamic nucleus (STN), the most common DBS target for Parkinson’s disease, is used to exemplify within our framework. Experimental validation from Parkinson’s patients shows that the proposed approach enables reliable prediction of the STN from the clinical 1.5T MR data.
TANGIBLE LANDSCAPE: COGNITIVELY GRASPING THE FLOW OF WATER

Abstract. Complex spatial forms like topography can be challenging to understand, much less intentionally shape, given the heavy cognitive load of visualizing and manipulating 3D form. Spatiotemporal processes like the flow of water over a landscape are even more challenging to understand and intentionally direct as they are dependent upon their context and require the simulation of forces like gravity and momentum. This cognitive work can be offloaded onto computers through 3D geospatial modeling, analysis, and simulation. Interacting with computers, however, can also be challenging, often requiring training and highly abstract thinking. Tangible computing – an emerging paradigm of human-computer interaction in which data is physically manifested so that users can feel it and directly manipulate it – aims to offload this added cognitive work onto the body. We have designed Tangible Landscape, a tangible interface powered by an open source geographic information system (GRASS GIS), so that users can naturally shape topography and interact with simulated processes with their hands in order to make observations, generate and test hypotheses, and make inferences about scientific phenomena in a rapid, iterative process. Conceptually Tangible Landscape couples a malleable physical model with a digital model of a landscape through a continuous cycle of 3D scanning, geospatial modeling, and projection. We ran a flow modeling experiment to test whether tangible interfaces like this can effectively enhance spatial performance by offloading cognitive processes onto computers and our bodies. We used hydrological simulations and statistics to quantitatively assess spatial performance. We found that Tangible Landscape enhanced 3D spatial performance and helped users understand water flow.
Pelvic Lymphabenectomy for the Staging of Apparently Localized Prostatic Cancer

AbstractStaging pelvic lymphadenectomy has been done on 87 patients with clinically localized prostatic carcinoma. With this method nodal metastases can be discovered, although they are undetectable by any other means. There were 44 patients with negative pelvic lymph nodes by surgical staging subjected to radical prostatectomy. Only 6 patients (14 per cent) had microscopic invasion of the prostatic capsule and there was just 1 instance of microscopic seminal vesicle invasion in those with negative pelvic lymph nodes
One Hospital’s Journey Toward Reducing Medication Errors

Article-at-a-Glance Background The Valley Hospital, a 451-bed acute care facility in Ridgewood, New Jersey, has made substantial progress in the reduction of medication administration errors. Methods Reductions in medication administration errors were accomplished through (1) becoming intimately familiar with the errors, including where, when, why, and how they were occurring; (2) establishing a nonpunitive environment and encouraging reporting of errors, including near-miss errors; (3) trending error report data to identify areas of concentrated errors in the medication use process; (4) simplifying and standardizing process steps; and (5) selecting the right technology to address error-prone steps in the hospital's systems. Results The establishment of a nonpunitive environment led to a dramatic increase in the number of near-miss errors reported, and the information gained proved to be valuable and diagnostic. Establishing an interview process with the caregivers directly involved in occurrences enabled us to gather detailed information about errors. This forum led the way to an early understanding of human factors, system failures, and root cause analysis. Those errors were trended, addressed, and reduced through manual system changes and technological system developments designed to ensure the "five rights" of safe medication administration. Conclusions Keeping on course requires constant and continuous review of medication use processes to ensure that they support instead of unnecessarily limit actual practices.
They Call Us Problem Child: Delinquency, Medicalization, and Social Class in Primary Education

ABSTRACTThis article recounts my seven-year struggle with my son in his high-performing school district, and his immediate shift in identity from delinquent to honor student when we changed districts. I argue that social class is encoded in setting and family form. Factors like context, class and family form discrimination, diagnosis in schools, and access to resources, all shaped Coby’s social experiences.
The Design Diversity of Ornamental Earthenware towards the Craft Product Marketing in Bali on Global Era

Bali's figure as a "living museum" culture of Hindu-Javanese was believed affecting the realization of Bali tourism development in this global era (Picard, 2006: 21-23). In term of this phenomenon, Bali was interesting by all parties for marketing the various craft products of non-Bali, unlike in Desa Kapal, Mengwi subdistrict, Badung regency, Bali province. The marketing invisible quantity was dominated by non-Bali ornamental earthenware. This dominance led to Balinese ornamental earthenware impressed simply seems "guests" in their own place. First, the research aims at finding out the design diversity of Balinese ornamental earthenware and non-Bali that was marketed in Desa Kapal. Second, the research was intended to know the sense that can be perceived behind the dominance of non-Bali ornamental earthenware designs. The relevance theory was used in analyzing was a semiotics by Roland Barthes (Zoest, 1993), the shape analysis theory (Vihma, 1990), and Derrida deconstruction method (Barker, 2014).
A Parsimonious Model of the Rabbit Action Potential Elucidates the Minimal Physiological Requirements for Alternans and Spiral Wave Breakup.

Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of fatal cardiac arrhythmias requires a tight integration of electrophysiological experiments, models, and theory. Existing models of transmembrane action potential (AP) are complex (resulting in over parameterization) and varied (leading to dissimilar predictions). Thus, simpler models are needed to elucidate the “minimal physiological requirements” to reproduce significant observable phenomena using as few parameters as possible. Moreover, models have been derived from experimental studies from a variety of species under a range of environmental conditions (for example, all existing rabbit AP models incorporate a formulation of the rapid sodium current, INa, based on 30 year old data from chick embryo cell aggregates). Here we develop a simple “parsimonious” rabbit AP model that is mathematically identifiable (i.e., not over parameterized) by combining a novel Hodgkin-Huxley formulation of INa with a phenomenological model of repolarization similar to the voltage dependent, time-independent rectifying outward potassium current (IK). The model was calibrated using the following experimental data sets measured from the same species (rabbit) under physiological conditions: dynamic current-voltage (I-V) relationships during the AP upstroke; rapid recovery of AP excitability during the relative refractory period; and steady-state INa inactivation via voltage clamp. Simulations reproduced several important “emergent” phenomena including cellular alternans at rates > 250 bpm as observed in rabbit myocytes, reentrant spiral waves as observed on the surface of the rabbit heart, and spiral wave breakup. Model variants were studied which elucidated the minimal requirements for alternans and spiral wave break up, namely the kinetics of INa inactivation and the non-linear rectification of IK.The simplicity of the model, and the fact that its parameters have physiological meaning, make it ideal for engendering generalizable mechanistic insight and should provide a solid “building-block” to generate more detailed ionic models to represent complex rabbit electrophysiology.
Prolog at the University of Illinois

A brief description is given of four logic programming research projects currently underway. Three projects deal with the design of Prolog interpreters and compilers; the other deals with the design of languages that combine the functional programming and the logic programming paradigms and with the transformation of programs written in these languages. >
A Bayesian modeling approach of human interactions with shading and electric lighting systems in private offices

Abstract In this paper, we present a hierarchical Bayesian approach to model human interactions with motorized roller shades and dimmable electric lights. At the top level of hierarchy, Bayesian multivariate binary-choice logit models predict the probability of shade raising/lowering actions as well as the actions to increase the level of electric light. At the bottom level, Bayesian regression models with built-in physical constraints estimate the magnitude of actions, and hence the corresponding operating states of shading and electric lighting systems. The models are based on a dataset from a field study conducted in private offices designed to facilitate a large number of participants and to collect data on environmental parameters as well as individual characteristics and human attributes governing human-shading and – electric lighting interactions. In this study, models were developed only for arrival periods due to the low frequency of actions during intermediate time intervals with continuous occupation. Our modeling framework demonstrates the advantages of the Bayesian approach that captures the epistemic uncertainty in the model parameters, which is important when dealing with small-sized datasets, a ubiquitous issue in human data collection in actual buildings; it also enables the incorporation of prior beliefs about the systems; and offers a systematic way to select amongst different models using the Bayes factor and the evidence for each model. Our findings reveal that besides environmental variables, human attributes are significant predictors of human interactions, and improve the predictive performance when incorporated as features in shading action models.
Statin Therapy and Levels of Thrombosis Risk Factors In a Healthy Population: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Abstract 3178 Background: HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) were recently reported to reduce the rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in healthy people. Statins reduce levels of inflammation biomarkers, however the mechanism for a reduction in VTE risk is unknown. We studied cross-sectional associations of statin use with hemostatic factors related to venous thrombosis risk in a large cohort of healthy people. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses were performed in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a cohort study of 6814 healthy men and women age 45–84, free of clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline; 1001 were using statins. Twenty three warfarin users were excluded. Age, race, and sex-adjusted mean hemostatic factor levels were compared between statin users and nonusers, and multivariable linear regression models were used to assess associations of statin use with hemostasis factors, adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education, income, hormone replacement therapy (in women) and major cardiovascular risk factors. Results: The table shows that those using statins had significantly lower levels of D-dimer, C-reactive protein and factor VIII than non-users. Homocysteine and von Willebrand factor did not differ by statin use. Specific adjustment for LDL and triglycerides did not attenuate the observed differences in these factors by statin use. Conclusions: Findings of lower D-dimer, factor VIII and C-reactive protein levels with statin use suggest mechanisms whereby statins might lower VTE risk. These associations were not explained by lipid levels on treatment. A prospective study linking these biochemical differences to VTE outcomes is warranted. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Clinical Utility of Breast MRI in the Diagnosis of Malignancy After Inconclusive or Equivocal Mammographic Diagnostic Evaluation.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical utility of breast MRI for diagnosing malignancy in women with equivocal mammographic findings but no symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Retrospective review of an institutional MRI database of 7332 contrast-enhanced breast MRI examinations from January 1, 2009, through December 31, 2012, yielded the records of 296 (4.0%) examinations of 294 women without symptoms who underwent MRI for mammographic findings uncertain at diagnostic evaluation. Imaging findings, histopathologic results, and patient demographics were obtained from the electronic medical record. RESULTS. The mean patient age was 55 years (range, 29–83 years). Mammographic lesion type (n = 294) included 89 focal asymmetries, 76 asymmetries, 64 masses, 44 architectural distortions, 17 surgical scar versus lesion, and four miscellaneous lesions. Diagnostic ultrasound, performed on 286 of 294 (97.3%) lesions at mammographic evaluation, showed an ultrasound correlate in 37 (12.9%) les...
Mafia: Organized Crime in New Kensington, Pennsylvania

On a cool November day in 1957 New York State troopers sent several well-dressed men scurrying into the countryside surrounding the Apalachin home of alleged mob boss Joseph “the Barber” Barbara. While many of the men who traveled there claimed to have come to visit their friend Barbara, it was alleged to be more of a meeting of leading national Mafiosi and their representatives. Among those darting into the woods was Gabriel “Kelly” Mannarino from the small western Pennsylvania town of New Kensington. The actions of the New York State police that day called into question the investigative priorities of the Federal Bureau of Investigation which, under Director J. Edgar Hoover, had long denied the Mafia’s existence, despite Senate investigations pointing to the contrary. The Apalachin incident forced Hoover to act, and in doing so he created the Top Hoodlum Program, which required all FBI field offices to maintain surveillance on their region’s “top ten hoodlums.” The Pittsburgh field office, which covers twenty-five counties in Pennsylvania and all of West Virginia, included Gabriel Mannarino and his older brother Samuel among their top ten.
In vivo Rat Skin Flap Viability Assessment using Dual Axis Spectroscopic Optical Coherence Tomography

Dual Axis (DA) spectroscopic optical coherence tomography enables deep tissue imaging and provides diagnostic information. Here it is applied to a McFarlane rat flap model, which exhibits a gradient in tissue injury along the flap length.
The Utility of Single-Copy Nuclear Genes for Phylogenetic Resolution of Acer and Dipteronia (Acereae, Sapindaceae)

We sought to test the utility of two single-copy nuclear genes for resolving phylogenetic relationships within the woody plant tribe, Acereae (Sapindaceae). Acereae comprises Acer (125 spp.) and Dipteronia (2 spp.), two genera that possess schizocarpic fruits, which split into two winged mericarps. In Acer, the mericarps are elongated with a basally arranged locule and a dorsal or distal wing. In Dipteronia, the mericarp is obovate, and the locule is located centrally and surrounded by the wing. We analyzed 35 species of Acer representing 12 of 16 taxonomic sections plus Dipteronia sinensis to elucidate the phylogeny of Acereae using the single-copy nuclear genes AT103 and SQD1. Both genes exhibited limited variation in Acereae and, therefore, provided limited support for phylogenetic relationships. The phylogeny of concatenated AT103 and SQD1 showed Dipteronia sinensis within Acer with negligible support (0.14 posterior probability, < 50% maximum parsimony bootstrap, MP-BS), a position that is congruent with results from prior studies using chloroplast DNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Based on our results and results from prior studies, we discuss implications for leaf and fruit evolution in Acereae.
Investigating undergraduate students' communication self-efficacy during an engineering design course

Communication skills are an integral part of the development of undergraduate students as emerging professionals in rapidly changing, multi-disciplinary engineering fields. However, many engineering educators and industry employers continue to express concerns about the quality of these skills in engineering graduates. Many universities and institutions have enhanced engineering education curriculum, with a focus on developing communication skills through design courses and presentation activities. However, a consistent assessment or investigation of these skills remains elusive. One way to learn about students' communication skills is to monitor their self-efficacy in communication (i.e. their belief in their capability to communicate effectively). In this study, we discuss the results from a 32-item survey (subset of a 72-item survey) given to engineering students during the second (N = 103) and last week (N = 82) of a 10-week, hands-on engineering design course. 31 items on the survey were related to specific communication tasks such as explaining product details to customers, and the last item was related to general communication skills. A subset of the 31 items were grouped into two categories related to the audience with whom the students are communicating and the method of communication. A one-way ANOVA analysis, and paired t-tests were conducted to determine if the responses to the items within and across the themes were statistically different, and if there was a significant change in the students' self-efficacy from the second to last week of course. The correlation between the students' responses to general communication skills and specific communication activities were also compared. Students reported a significant increase in their self-efficacy in being able to communicate effectively. However, the data was more nuanced when the self-efficacy in the specific communication items and the grouped items were compared. Self-efficacy is believed to be an essential part of a person's attitudes, abilities, and cognitive skills. By using this assessment and investigation, we can begin to understand how the graduating engineers may approach goals, tasks and challenges related to communication in the real world.
Pneumocephalus after Epidural Injection

Abstract Background Pneumocephalus, or air in the intracranial space, is most commonly encountered after trauma or surgery. Epidural injections are commonly performed in obstetrics and pain management. Complications are uncommon and include hemorrhage, cerebrospinal fluid leak, and infection. A rare complication is pneumocephalus, described in only a few case reports of epidural anesthesia. Case Report We describe a 34-year-old woman complaining of a generalized headache 6 days after an unremarkable vaginal delivery that was assisted by an epidural injection. A noncontrast computed tomography scan of the head revealed pneumocephalus secondary to epidural injection. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Pneumocephalus is an uncommon but serious complication of an epidural procedure. Emergency physicians must be aware of this complication entity and maintain this entity in their differential diagnosis given the potential for significant morbidity.
Evaluation of the q-matrix Method in Understanding Student Logic Proofs.

In building intelligent tutoring systems, it is critical to be able to understand and diagnose student responses in interactive problem solving. We present a novel application of the q-matrix method, an educational data mining technique, to the problem of analyzing formal proofs. Our results indicate that automated analysis of formal proof data can provide an intelligent tutoring system with useful diagnostic information for generating feedback and guiding ITS design.
Competing on Quality of Care: The Need to Develop a Competition Policy for Health Care Markets

As American health care moves from a professionally dominated to a market-dominated model, concerns have been voiced that competition, once unleashed, will focus on price to the detriment of quality. Although quality has been extensively analyzed in health services research, the role of quality in competition policy has not been elucidated. While economists may theorize about non-price competition, courts in antitrust cases often follow simpler models of competition based on price and output, either ignoring quality as a competitive dimension or assuming that it will occur in tandem with price competition. This unsystematic approach is inadequate for the formulation of policy in the health care industry, where quality is a central concern of both consumers and society. Instead, courts need a framework with which to analyze the implications for quality of various market structures and to understand the welfare implications of proposed market changes. A competition policy would seek to evaluate the potential for private markets to protect and improve quality in the health care system. This Article describes the present role of antitrust law in medical markets, explores the issues that would be confronted in developing a competition policy and outlines a research agenda that would begin to accomplish that task.
NeuralWave: Gait-Based User Identification Through Commodity WiFi and Deep Learning

This paper proposes NeuralWave, an intelligent and non-intrusive user identification system based on human gait biometrics extracted from WiFi signals. In particular, the channel state information (CSI)measurements are first collected from commodity WiFi devices. Then, a collection of data preprocessing schemes are applied to sanitize and calibrate the noisy and erroneous CSI data samples to manifest and augment the gait-induced radio-frequency (RF)signatures. Next, a 23-layer deep convolutional neural network, namely RadioNet, is developed to automatically learn the salient features from the preprocessed CSI data samples. The extracted features constitute a latent representation for the gait biometric that is discriminative enough to distinguish one person from another. Using the latent biometric representation, a softmax multi-class classifier is adopted to achieve accurate user identification. Extensive experiments in a typical indoor environment are conducted to show the effectiveness of our system. In particular, NeuralWave can achieve 87.76 ± 2.14% user identification accuracy for a group of 24 people. To the best of our knowledge, NeuralWave is the first in the literature to exploit deep learning for feature extraction and classification of physiological and behavioral gait biometrics embedded in CSI signals from commodity WiFi.
Tapered Low Profile UWB Directive Antenna for Radar and Sensing Applications

This paper presents a minimized ground, electrically narrow very low profile, ENVELOP antenna for ground penetrating radar and low frequency communication applications. The basic geometry consists of two combined short inductive loop TEM horns optimized for the lower UHF band. Previous short monopole TEM horns require relatively large ground planes with respect to the antenna element. The proposed antenna introduces a ground plane and a double exponential taper to increase bandwidth while decreasing the required ground plane size. The exponential taper compensates for the loss of bandwidth from the minimized ground plane. The exponential structure maximizes the loop based current contributions for a given height and ground plane requirement of. 09 Ao and 0.6 Ao respectively, where Ao is the minimum wavelength. This structure utilizes dual feeds with phase differences to create directional variation. The perpendicular maximized directivity and wide bandwidth are important for ground penetrating radar applications. Two improvements to the structure are introduced with a stacked and coupled dipole to improve the frequency bandwidth and antenna matching performance.
DPAC: a tool for Differential Poly(A) Site usage from poly(A)–targeted RNAseq data

Poly(A)-tail targeted RNAseq approaches, such as 39READS, PAS-seq and Poly(A)-ClickSeq, are becoming popular alternatives to random-primed RNAseq for simplified gene expression analyses as well as to measure changes in poly(A) site usage. We and others have recently demonstrated that these approaches perform similarly to other RNAseq strategies, while saving on the volume of sequencing data required and providing a simpler library synthesis strategy. Here, we present DPAC; a streamlined pipeline for the preprocessing of poly(A)-tail targeted RNAseq data, mapping of poly(A)-sites and poly(A) clustering, and determination of differential poly(A) site usage using DESeq2. Changes in poly(A) site usage is simultaneously used to report differential gene expression, differential terminal exon usage and alternative polyadenylation (APA).