cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon-source metabolic diversity of oil shale microorganisms in Fushun Basin Western Open Group

Functional diversity of carbon-source metabolism of oil shale microorganisms in Fushun Basin Western Open Group was investigated by Biolog-GN2 and GP2 microplates method. The microbial community level physiological profiles(CLPP) were determined during 7 consecutive days. According to different chemical groups, the metabolic capacity and differences of microbial communities on different carbon sources were analyzed. The results showed that the metabolic level and metabolic rate of microbial communities on different carbon sources were obviously different. For the Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria communities, the utilization of carbon sources with amino group was the highest, followed by carboxylic acid, sugar and its derivatives, and sugar phosphates was the lowest. The analyses of Shannon-Wiener, Simpson and McIntosh indexes through multi-point calculation indicated that the carbon metabolic diversity of microbial communities in oil shale was generally high, but the diversity slightly decreased with incubation time.
Observation of Ortho-Para H 3 + Selection Rules in Plasma Chemistry

Intensity ratios of infrared spectral lines of ortho- and para-H{sup +}{sub 3} have been measured in hydrogen plasmas using normal and para-H{sub 2}. Large dependences of the intensity ratios on the parent gases have been observed, indicating the spin memory of protons even after chemical reactions. The results clearly demonstrate the existence of selection rules on nuclear spin modifications in chemical reactions theoretically anticipated by M. Quack[Mol.Phys.{bold 34}, 477 (1977)]. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Transactive energy market in distribution systems: A case study of energy trading between transactive nodes

This paper introduces a new transactive energy (TE) scheme to determine energy trading strategies among transactive market participants in a transactive environment. In our proposed approach, distribution systems operator (DSO) generates distribution locational marginal price (DLMP) for transactive nodes (TNs). Then, TNs calculate transactive incentive signal (TIS) and transactive feedback signal (TFS), and send them back to the DSO as feedback signals. In the case that a TN has surplus energy to sell to its neighboring node, it will update TIS for its neighboring TN. If the updated TIS is less than the DLMP, which is determined by the DSO for a potential buyer, energy transaction will be performed. In this paper, only photovoltaic (PV) is considered as renewable energy resource (RES) and simulation results are carried out for a planning period of 30 years that is an expected lifetime of the PV arrays. In our proposed TE approach, all transactive market participants have their own benefits, and net benefits for DSO and all transactive market participants are analyzed. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed TE approach, a 9-bus test system is considered as the case study.
Phase II trial of neoadjuvant gemcitabine (G) and cisplatin (C) with sunitinib in patients (pts) with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).

4581^ Background: Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) prior to radical cystectomy (RC) predicts improved overall survival (OS) in MIBC. Associations with enhanced survival include complete pa...
Peptide microarrays to interrogate the "histone code"

Histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play a pivotal role in regulating the dynamics and function of chromatin. Supported by an increasing body of literature, histone PTMs such as methylation and acetylation function together in the context of a “histone code,” which is read, or interpreted, by effector proteins that then drive a functional output in chromatin (e.g., gene transcription). A growing number of domains that interact with histones and/or their PTMs have been identified. While significant advances have been made in our understanding of how these domains interact with histones, a wide number of putative histone-binding motifs have yet to be characterized, and undoubtedly, novel domains will continue to be discovered. In this chapter, we provide a detailed method for the construction of combinatorially modified histone peptides, microarray fabrication using these peptides, and methods to characterize the interaction of effector proteins, antibodies, and the substrate specificity of histone-modifying enzymes. We discuss these methods in the context of other available technologies and provide a user-friendly approach to enable the exploration of histone–protein–enzyme interactions and function.
Asymptotic and constructive methods for covering perfect hash families and covering arrays

Covering perfect hash families represent certain covering arrays compactly. Applying two probabilistic methods to covering perfect hash families improves upon the asymptotic upper bound for the minimum number of rows in a covering array with v symbols, k columns, and strength t. One bound can be realized by a randomized polynomial time construction algorithm using column resampling, while the other can be met by a deterministic polynomial time conditional expectation algorithm. Computational results are developed for both techniques. Further, a random extension algorithm further improves on the best known sizes for covering arrays in practice. An extensive set of computations with column resampling and random extension yields explicit constructions when $$k \le 75$$ for strength seven, $$k \le 200$$ for strength six, $$k \le 600$$ for strength five, and $$k \le 2500$$ for strength four. When $$v > 3$$ , almost all known explicit constructions are improved upon. For strength $$t=3$$ , restrictions on the covering perfect hash family ensure the presence of redundant rows in the covering array, which can be removed. Using restrictions and random extension, computations for $$t=3$$ and $$k \le 10{,}000$$ again improve upon known explicit constructions in the majority of cases. Computations for strengths three and four demonstrate that a conditional expectation algorithm can produce further improvements at the expense of a larger time and storage investment.
Peacebuilding for Social Cohesion: Findings and Implications

In this chapter, Cox, Orsborn, and Sisk present cross-case findings from the research. Findings are organized in sections devoted to understanding the various ways ethnic, religious, or sectarian violence affects social cohesion. Among the topics are “ethnic security dilemmas” that stoke fear and diminish social trust and inter-group cooperation, the politics of demography and the spatial distribution of groups, narratives on constructing the “nation,” the effects of institutional rules to mitigate divisive politics, the political economy of identity-based service delivery, language policy and national identity, and the myths and realities of national-level inclusivity agendas. The chapter includes analysis of key peacebuilding issues, including how internal and external peacebuilders talk about social cohesion (while often avoiding sensitive language on ethnicity and religion), dilemmas of empowerment efforts to remediate historical marginalization, direct dialogue approaches to foster cohesion (e.g. “national dialogue” processes), indirect approaches to promote inter-group interdependencies, the design and implementation of peace architectures, assistance to government approaches to build social cohesion, and the enduring problems of coordination, “local ownership,” and aid volatility.
The Pediatrician's Role in Encouraging Exclusive Breastfeeding.

1. Maya Bunik, MD, MSPH* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO * Abbreviations: BFHI: : Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative CDC: : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention THC: : tetrahydrocannabinol Although most pregnant women in the United States plan to breastfeed, there is a clear gap between the proportion of women who prenatally intend to breastfeed and those who actually meet their goals postpartum. (1,2) Pediatricians are often challenged by providing support and management for nursing issues. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe differences between human milk and formula and the practice of breastfeeding and formula feeding. 2. Identify the factors that interfere with breastfeeding. 3. Discuss management of maternal nipple pain, low milk supply, late preterm infants, infants with allergic colitis, and problems with maternal milk oversupply. 4. Learn the best ways to support the mother-baby dyad through the birth, hospital, and postpartum periods. 5. Recognize the effects of maternal ingestion of drugs and other substances. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), many mothers initiate breastfeeding at birth, but only 22% of infants are exclusively breastfed for 6 months, and only 29% experience any breastfeeding in the first 12 months. (3) This falls short of the Healthy People 2020 goals of 25.5% exclusively breastfeeding for 6 months and 34.1% breastfeeding in the first 12 months (Fig 1). (4) Disparities exist, including differences related to race and ethnicity. For example, Hispanics have higher breastfeeding initiation and duration rates than the black population but lower exclusivity rates than the white population. (5) Moreover, lower breastfeeding rates are also associated with socioeconomic disparities, such as lower education level, poverty, young age, high body mass index, not abstaining from alcohol use, smoking within 6 weeks of delivery, and living in rural areas. These disparities in breastfeeding affect subsequent …
Scandal or sex crime? Gendered privacy and the celebrity nude photo leaks

In 2014, a large archive of hacked nude photos of female celebrities was released on 4chan and organized and discussed primarily on Reddit. This paper explores the ethical implications of this celebrity nude photo leak within a frame of gendered privacy violations. I analyze a selection of a mass capture of 5143 posts and 94,602 comments from /thefappening subreddit, as well as editorials written by female celebrities, feminists, and journalists. Redditors justify the photo leak by arguing the subjects are privileged because they are celebrities; that the celebrities are at fault for failing to appropriately protect their information; and that the only person ethically responsible for the leak is the hacker. The popular press primarily took a feminist perspective, linking the photo leak to institutionalized sexism and misogyny. I argue that the Reddit participants frame the privacy violations within a context of geek masculinity, in which references to masturbation and pornography and casually misogynist language are used to signify a normative masculine self. Privacy violations are de-emphasized when the victims are women and gender or feminist concerns are rejected. Entitlement to viewing women's bodies and male sexual desire are prioritized over ethical concerns over privacy violations. The paper contributes to understanding how privacy violations are normatively gendered and reinforced by gender inequality.
American Nightmare and the Disaster of Election 2016

As Christmas weekend approached, Donald Trump gave the world an early Christmas nightmare, by asserting in a tweet that he would expand the U.S. nuclear arsenal, upending a reduction course set by presidents of both parties over the past four decades. Further, rather than wrapping Christmas presents, Trump tweeted against a pending U.N. resolution that criticized Israel’s settlements policy.
Characterization of oxidized asphaltenes and the restorative effect of a bio-modifier

Abstract In this study, we use density functional theory (DFT) at a micro-level and laboratory experiments at a macro-level to understand two phenomena: the molecular mechanisms responsible for the chemical aging of asphalt, and the restorative effect of a new generation of bio-modifiers for treating aged asphalt. Our DFT-based studies show that the interplay of a series of competing factors is responsible for enhancement of the intermolecular interactions in aged (oxidized) asphaltene dimers compared to unaged (unoxidized) forms. While electron-withdrawing groups of carbonyl (C O) around the aromatic core decrease the spatial extent of the π-electron cloud and unfavorable repulsion interaction, they reduce the electron density and subsequently reduce some favorable non-covalent interactions in this region. The loss of electrostatic quadrupole-quadrupole interactions in the aromatic center is partially compensated for by new forms of electrostatic interactions in another part of the molecule. Next, we use a modifier derived from animal waste to rejuvenate the oxidized asphaltenes. DFT results show that the main components of the bio-rejuvenator are able to mitigate the effect of polar substitutions generated through oxidation. Interestingly, the chemical nature of asphaltenes in our bio-rejuvenator is dramatically different from asphaltenes of aged or unaged asphalt. The FTIR picture of the bio-rejuvenator asphaltenes shows the aromatic cores with shorter aliphatic side chains and many more ether and hydroxyl side groups. HRTEM images confirm the disturbance of the aged asphaltene agglomerates and enchantment the lattice spacing in the presence of the target bio-rejuvenator.
New Notes on the Rise-Fall Contour

This study examines the production and use of the rise-fall contour by three Yiddish/English bilinguals in a small American Jewish community. Acoustic analysis shows that the Yiddish rise-falls have higher peaks, larger rise spans, and later Tonal Centers of Gravity compared to a similar intonational contour in English. These results hold for all three speakers despite their diverse linguistic histories. Additionally, evidence is provided that rise-falls with higher peaks have social meaning in both languages. English rise-falls are produced with higher peaks during meetings of a local Yiddish club than during one-on-one interviews, and rise-falls with high peaks are used in both Yiddish and English during an exchange in which one of the speakers discusses his relationship to Passover. The social meaning of the phonetically extreme rise-falls is posited to be the reason why all three speakers have either successfully acquired or maintained phonetic distinctiveness between their English and Yiddish.
Retrospective analysis of RF heating measurements of passive medical implants.

Purpose The test reports for the RF-induced heating of metallic devices of hundreds of medical implants have been provided to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a part of premarket submissions. The main purpose of this study is to perform a retrospective analysis of the RF-induced heating data provided in the reports to analyze the trends and correlate them with implant geometric characteristics. Methods The ASTM-based RF heating test reports from 86 premarket U.S. Food and Drug Administration submissions were reviewed by three U.S. Food and Drug Administration reviewers. From each test report, the dimensions and RF-induced heating values for a given whole-body (WB) specific absorption rate (SAR) and local background (LB) SAR were extracted and analyzed. The data from 56 stents were analyzed as a subset to further understand heating trends and length dependence. Results For a given WB SAR, the LB/WB SAR ratio varied significantly across the test labs, from 2.3 to 11.3. There was an increasing trend on the temperature change per LB SAR with device length. The maximum heating for stents occurred at lengths of approximately 100 mm at 3 T, and beyond 150 mm at 1.5 T. Conclusions Differences in the LB/WB SAR ratios across testing labs and various MRI scanners could lead to inconsistent WB SAR labeling. Magnetic resonance (MR) conditional labeling based on WB SAR should be derived from a conservative estimate of global LB/WB ratios.
Institutional determinants of cash holdings speed of adjustment

Abstract We investigate whether institutional determinants, especially corporate governance and investors' rights protection, affect cash holdings deviation from target and adjustment speed. Using a large, international sample of firms, we find that institutional determinants, including corporate governance, influence the amount of excess cash (deviation from target) and the speed with which firms in different countries adjust their cash holdings. The findings are robust after inclusion of a wide range of firm-level characteristics and economic and financial development variables.
Cubic Interpolation and Special Elements in Two-Dimensional Potential Problems Using the Boundary Element Method

A computer program using BEM for solving 2-D potential problems has been developed and test cases have been run. The computer program uses circular-arc or straight elements in conjunction with cubic interpolation of the boundary variables. Use of the special shape elements simplifies the algebra involved in element integrations for both the singular and nonsingular integrations (relative to isoparametric elements). The singular integrations are performed by splitting off the singularity. Results are presented for internal flow in six and twelve-noded circles and a twelve noded rectangle. Good agreement with the exact solution is achieved. The results indicate a significant reduction in number of nodal points is possible. Extensions to 3-D problems are discussed.
Increasing Brace Treatment for Pediatric Distal Radius Buckle Fractures: Using Quality Improvement Methodology to Implement Evidence-based Medicine.

Background Multiple randomized trials have showed equivalent outcomes and improved patient/family satisfaction using a removable brace to treat pediatric distal radius buckle fractures (DRBF). We tested the hypothesis that we could use quality improvement (QI) methodology to increase the proportion of patients with DRBF treated with removable braces at 2 tertiary care orthopaedic clinics from a baseline of 34.8% to 80%. Methods Clinic billing records were reviewed monthly to determine treatment (brace vs. cast) of DRBF and tracked using control charts (p-chart). Balance measures including correct application of the diagnostic criteria and algorithm were monitored. Process measures including the number of follow-up visits, radiographs obtained, and total cost of treatment were collected. Baseline data were obtained over a 3-month period, followed by a 12-month period of interventions using Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles targeting both individuals and groups of providers. Results The proportion of DRBF treated in a brace increased from a combined baseline of 34.8% to a combined 84% at the end of the study period. Following intervention, 83% (15/18) of providers began using braces for a majority of patients (defined as >67%), with only 1 provider continuing to use casts 100% of the time. Patient preference was cited as the most common reason for use of cast treatment. There was a significant decrease in the number of radiographs obtained at 1 of 2 institutions. The charges for brace treatment averaged $630 less per patient than for cast treatment, leading to an estimated medical-cost savings of $205,000 following intervention. Conclusions Implementation of brace treatment for pediatric DRBF using QI methodology resulted in a shift toward brace treatment in the majority of patients, leading to substantial medical and nonmedical cost savings. Although patient preference was cited as the most common reason for persistent cast treatment, the data show the use of cast treatment to be more dependent upon individual provider preference. Level of evidence Level II-therapeutic.
New global high-resolution centerlines dataset of selected river systems

Abstract We present the first high resolution (1:20,000) river centerlines shapefiles from 50 large rivers across the world. Rivers were selected based on the criteria of having more than 1000 km length and which have been reported to have a significant contribution to global fishery production. Since large rivers often span multiple countries, the degree of changes (i.e., anthropogenic or climate derived) varies from region to region. These high-resolution layers were developed to enable researchers to delineate accurate river length, from headwaters regions to their delta and assess or visualize the ongoing changes more accurately in these river systems. Further, these polylines could be used in coordination with satellite derived environmental or landscape variables for ecological research (e.g. predicting biodiversity, estimating biomass).
A Connectomic Atlas of the Human Cerebrum-Chapter 15: Tractographic Description of the Uncinate Fasciculus

In this supplement, we show a comprehensive anatomic atlas of the human cerebrum demonstrating all 180 distinct regions comprising the cerebral cortex. The location, functional connectivity, and structural connectivity of these regions are outlined, and where possible a discussion is included of the functional significance of these areas. In this chapter, we specifically address the regions integrating to form the uncinate fasciculus.
Tension-Induced Nematic Phase Separation in Bidisperse Homopolymer Melts

We use an analytical mean-field theory and all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to predict that external tension, together with the nematic coupling interactions, can drive phase separation of long chains from short ones in bidisperse homopolymer melts. The nematic coupling parameter α for polyethylene (PE) oligomers under applied tension is extracted from the MD simulations and used in the mean-field free energy to predict the phase boundary for bidisperse melts in which the longer chains are stretched by uniaxial tension. The predicted phase diagram is validated by direct MD simulations. We also show that extensional flow, and possibly even shear flow, may lead to nematic phase separation in molten PE oligomers, because the flow can impose a stronger tension on the longer chains than the short ones.
A steady-state equilibrium-based carbon dioxide gasification simulation model for hydrothermally carbonized cow manure

Abstract A detailed steady-state equilibrium–based simulation model was developed in Aspen Plus to demonstrate the CO2-gasification process of cow manure-derived hydrochar. Simulation was performed at gasification temperature of 700–1000 °C and equivalence ratio of 0.1–0.6 for HTC treatment temperatures between 180 and 260 °C. Various simulation outputs including gas yield, syngas composition, lower heating value, CO/CO2 conversion efficiency, H2/CO ratio, and cold gas efficiency were evaluated. Simulation results revealed that CO concentration was increased with gasification temperature while H2 concentration was initially increased until 950 °C and decreased afterwards. H2 concentration was also decreased with the increasing equivalence ratio. However, CO concentration increased initially but started to decrease after equivalence ratio of 0.3. Gasification temperature of 850 °C and equivalence ratio of 0.3 resulted in the maximum concentrations of both CO and H2 and lower heating value. Replacing CO2 with air increased the lower heating value as the concentration of H2 was increased compared to the concentration of CO.
Negotiators or Adversaries? Tracing the Sources of Party Trajectories

Political parties formed primarily for negotiating patronage rarely become the consistent opposition organizations that are purported to bolster democracy and accountability. Focused on the Wade era, this chapter explains the determinants of whether parties pursue trajectories of consistent opposition, or instead pursue tactical alliances or relationships of co-optation with the president and his ruling coalition. The analysis is based on comparative case studies and descriptive statistical analysis of an original dataset that captures party trajectories of all 46 parties created during 1998–2003, as well as their leaders’ relevant endowments of state experience and international private financing. This research shows that when they are reliant on personal resources for party-building on the uneven playing field, party leaders rarely possess the two endowments that facilitate consistent opposition: prior experience as high-level state administrators and international sources of private financing. The analysis also illustrates that party leaders with both endowments are best able to resist opportunities for government collaboration that presidents offer politicians in order to fragment the opposition. With prior experience as state administrators, party leaders can market themselves as capable replacements to incumbents. With international private financing, they can compete for office using the clientelist strategies that citizens expect of serious candidates.
Orientation in Perpetuity: An Online Clinical Decision Support System for Surgical Residents.

Abstract Background Limiting variability is an essential element to improving quality of care. Frequent resident turnover represents a significant barrier to clinical standardization. Trainees joining new surgical services must familiarize themselves with the guidelines and protocols that direct patient care as well as their learning objectives and expectations. A clinical decision support system (CDSS) is a dynamic, searchable electronic resource intended for use at the point of care. The CDSS can provide convenient and timely access to relevant information for residents, allowing them to incorporate the most up-to-date protocols and guidelines in their daily care of patients. The objective of this quality improvement intervention was to determine the objective rate of CDSS utilization and its subjective value to residents. Materials and methods An internally developed, web-based CDSS including essential, clinically useful documents was created for use by trainees on a busy pediatric surgery service. A standardized orientation was provided to each resident and fellow on joining the service, complemented by a summary card to be attached to the trainee's ID badge. CDSS usage was monitored using web analytics. Trainees who rotated before and after the CDSS launch were surveyed regarding attitudes toward clinical resources and confidence in patient management. Results Documents published to the CDSS included 33 clinical guideline documents and 207 additional educational and support files including reference materials from service orientation were made available to trainees and staff. Goals for resident usage were established by evaluation and adaptation of early traffic patterns. Analysis of web traffic collected over 14 consecutive months revealed utilization above target levels, with 4.0 average weekly page views per trainee (IQR: 1.6-5.6). A total of 60 survey responses were received (54% of trainees invited); majorities of rotating trainees and survey respondents were trainees in general surgery and most were interns. Mean composite scores reflected a trend toward improved satisfaction when seeking CDSM (before intervention 3.18 [SD 0.73], after intervention 3.92 [SD 0.70], range 1-5) which was statistically significant (P = 0.005). Mean scores also improved across five of six components of the composite score (mean improvement 0.75, range: 0.53-0.92), four of which were statistically significant (P = 0.001-0.038). Most (59%) respondents reported that they used the CDSS frequently. Conclusions Convenient access to a CDSS resulted in greater than expected utilization as well as higher resident satisfaction with and confidence in materials provided. A CDSS is a promising tool offering quick access to high-quality information in challenging trainee environments.
Design and Testing of SNMP/MIB based IoT Control API

keeping in mind the widespread usage of Android/Windows devices and commercialization of IoT based systems; there is urgent need for Android/Windows devices to coordinate with IoT devices. This coordination may involve configuration and control of IoT devices/controllers from Android/Windows devices. We design, develop and test an SNMP/MIB based control API for IoT devices that enables Android and Windows machines to manage SNMP enabled IoT devices remotely via network. It is a client/manager design that uses SNMP protocol to operate on management information bases of any managed device and multiple client devices can register themselves with the manager. For testing purpose, client runs on Android device and manager can run on both Android and Windows device. We test this API in both LAN and WAN setting and report various parameters including round trip time, trap delay and device internal delay time for both getting and setting MIB values. This delay computation is very important for time critical applications of IoT.
Are We Underdiagnosing Hirschsprung Disease

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is conventionally defined as aganglionosis of the distal rectum and a variable length of proximal contiguous bowel with a transition zone of ganglionic, but neuroanatomi...
Isolated Neutropenia: An Unexplored Side Effect of Amiodarone

Amiodarone has been widely used for the treatment of various arrhythmias. It is a potent P450 inhibitor leading to interaction with many commonly prescribed drugs. Also, due to its long half-life, lipophilicity, and broad tissue distribution, it can cause a wide range of toxicities. A 62-year-old male with the unknown past medical history presented to the emergency department following a grand mal seizure. The patient initially presented with atrial flutter, which was controlled with beta blockers but was switched to amiodarone after 2 weeks when he developed atrial fibrillation with the rapid ventricular response. Approximately 1 month into his hospital stay, the patient developed severe isolated neutropenia. After ruling out other etiologies, amiodarone was withdrawn. The patient’s absolute neutrophil count recovered 3 days after discontinuation of amiodarone. J Med Cases. 2020;11(1):1-5 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3394
Langevin DQN

Algorithms that tackle deep exploration -- an important challenge in reinforcement learning -- have relied on epistemic uncertainty representation through ensembles or other hypermodels, exploration bonuses, or visitation count distributions. An open question is whether deep exploration can be achieved by an incremental reinforcement learning algorithm that tracks a single point estimate, without additional complexity required to account for epistemic uncertainty. We answer this question in the affirmative. In particular, we develop Langevin DQN, a variation of DQN that differs only in perturbing parameter updates with Gaussian noise and demonstrate through a computational study that the presented algorithm achieves deep exploration. We also offer some intuition to how Langevin DQN achieves deep exploration. In addition, we present a modification of the Langevin DQN algorithm to improve the computational efficiency.
Chinese character semantic and behavioral problems in 7-8 years old children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an ERP study

Objective To explore Chinese character semantic processing feature and the relationship with behavioral problems in early childhood with ADHD. Methods Twenty ADHD children and twenty normal children (7-8 years old) performed a Chinese character semantic judgment task through event related potential (ERP), meanwhile Conners parent rating scale (PSQ) was completed by parents to analyze behavior problems in children. The relationship between behavioral problems and ERPs was analyzed. Results (1)ADHD group showed smaller amplitudes of P200 compared to the normal group (related (6.6±4.8)μV vs (11.6±6.4)μV; unrelated (6.7±3.7)μV vs (10.8±5.0)μV), and longer latency (related(240±30)ms vs (198±17)ms; the unrelated (232±26)ms vs (194±16)ms; psudoword (233±26)ms vs (197±15)ms), all P 0.05), while the latency of N400 was significantly longer than that in normal children in three conditions(P<0.05). (2) Four subscale scores of CPSQ(conduct problem, learning problem, hyperactivity-impulsion and hyperactivity index) were significantly higher in ADHD children compared with normal group. (3)The amplitudes of P200 in related condition had negative correlation with the scores of CPSQ subscale (conduct problem, psychosomatic disorder, hyperactivity-impulsion and hyperactivity index)(r=-0.51, -0.47, -0.45, -0.46, all P<0.05. The latency of P200 in related condition had positive correlation with psychosomatic disorder scores(r=0.54, P=0.01). Conclusion Early semantic recognition disorder exists in 7~8 years old ADHD children. P200 can be used as an objective index to evaluate early childhood ADHD’s language cognition, and P200 is related to behavior problems (such as conduct problem, impulsions). Key words: Early childhood; Attention deficit hyperactive disorder; Event related potentials; Chinese character semantic processing; Behavior problem
Mycobacterium Kansasii Infection Overlying Tattoo Pigment in an Immunocompromised Patient

The incidence of atypical mycobacterial infections has steadily grown over the past decades, and it is well-known that the risk of progressive disease increases with immunodeficiency. While rare, tattoo pigment can serve as a nidus for atypical mycobacterium infection in immunocompromised individuals. Here, we present a case of a 41-year-old immunocompromised female who presented with verrucous plaques overlying long-standing tattoos in multiple locations. The patient’s lesions were biopsied and sent for board-range polymerase chain reaction revealing infection with Mycobacterium kansasii, a slow-growing atypical mycobacterium that rarely causes cutaneous disease without systemic symptoms. Early recognition and treatment of cutaneous M. kansasii is important to prevent progression of disease.
Fatty Liver Index and Development of Cardiovascular Disease: Findings from the UK Biobank

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is common and is associated with rising morbidity and mortality in the UK. Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in people with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. To determine the association between baseline cardiovascular risk factors with fatty liver index, and to investigate the association between fatty liver index and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in the UK. This study is a population-based retrospective cohort study using the UK Biobank database. The mean fatty liver index in the study cohort was 44.9, and 33.7% met the criteria for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Fatty liver index was significantly associated with a wide range of cardiovascular risk factors at baseline. During a mean follow-up of 7.86 years, the combined incidence of cardiovascular disease was 6.92 per 1000-person years at risk. We found significant association between fatty liver index and incident cardiovascular disease in the fully adjusted model. We found significant association between fatty liver index and incident cardiovascular disease in subgroups stratified by BMI as well as subgroups with fatty liver index < 30, < 60, and ≥ 60. Fatty liver index not only predicts NAFLD diagnosis, but also indicates baseline and future development of cardiovascular disease on long-term follow-up across weight categories and fatty liver index spectrum. These findings can inform clinicians and other stakeholders on cardiovascular disease management and preventive efforts. Patients with high fatty liver index should be counseled on the increased future risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
Pass Back the SALT - It's Really Good for You

Those in states with high state income taxes tend to pay more in federal taxes than they receive in federal benefits. The state and local tax deduction (SALT), which was severely curtailed by recent legislation, mitigated this disparity, thus making those in the “giving states” feel better about sharing their wealth with the rest of the country. If we are to be a nation, rather than a loose confederation of states or tribes, such sharing must be encouraged. SALT must be restored.
Adapting confocal Raman microscopy for in situ studies of redox transformations at electrode-electrolyte interfaces

Abstract Confocal Raman microscopy was applied to quantify redox species present within the diffusion layer adjacent to an electrode surface under potentiostatic control. A glass microscope coverslip with a thin indium tin oxide (ITO) coating served as both the working electrode and optical window for a microscope-stage mountable spectroelectrochemical cell. A high numerical aperture objective mounted in an inverted microscope frame just below the stage brought excitation radiation through the coverslip window and to a tight focus a few micrometers above the ITO film surface. Species diffusing into the confocal probe volume defined by the excitation beam focus and the collected light region were detected, identified and quantified based on their Raman scattering frequencies and intensities. In measurements that interrogated the interconversion of ferrocyanide and ferricyanide ions as a function of applied voltage, least-squares regression analysis of spectral datasets predicted the formal potential and relative surface concentrations of the ions in good agreement with the expected Nernstian response. Preliminary studies of methyl viologen reduction at an ITO film/Nafion membrane interface were conducted and show the possibility for estimation of mass transport coefficients of redox species within ionic polymer materials.
Biomanufacturing of human mesenchymal stem cells in cell therapy: Influence of microenvironment on scalable expansion in bioreactors

Abstract Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are the primary candidate in cell therapy and have demonstrated significant potential in a wide range of diseases. The clinical translation of hMSC therapy requires robust and scalable expansion technology for the biomanufacturing of therapeutically competent cells. By nature, hMSCs are highly sensitive and responsive to the microenvironments and their therapeutic potency is significantly influenced by the culture conditions during expansion. Here, we discuss the emerging roles of microenvironments in regulating hMSC fate and the implication of regulating hMSC microenvironment to achieve scalable hMSC expansion in bioreactors.
Radial nerve palsy.

SUMMARY The anatomy of the radial nerve, functional loss from nerve damage at various levels, timing of tendon transfers, choices of tendon motors for transfer, and operative and postoperative management have been discussed.
Thioredoxin activates MKK4-NFκB pathway in a redox dependent manner to control manganese superoxide dismutase gene expression in endothelial cells

The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) is activated via phosphorylation of Ser-257 and Thr-261 by upstream MAP3Ks and activates JNK and p38 MAPKs in response to cellular stress. We show that thioredoxin (Trx), a cellular redox protein, activates MKK4 via Cys-246 and Cys-266 residues as mutation of these residues renders MKK4 insensitive to phosphorylation by MAP3Ks, TNFα, or Trx. MKK4 is activated in vitro by reduced Trx but not oxidized Trx in the absence of an upstream kinase, suggesting that autophosphorylation of this protein occurs due to reduction of Cys-246 and Cys-266 by Trx. Additionally, mutation of Cys-246 and Cys-266 resulted in loss of kinase activity suggesting that the redox state of Cys-246 and Cys-266 is a critical determinant of MKK4 activation. Trx induces manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene transcription by activating MKK4 via redox control of Cys-246 and Cys-266, as mutation of these residues abrogates MKK4 activation and MnSOD expression. We further show that MKK4 activates NFκB for its binding to the MnSOD promoter, which leads to AP-1 dissociation followed by MnSOD transcription. Taken together, our studies show that the redox status of Cys-246 and Cys-266 in MKK4 controls its activities independent of MAP3K, demonstrating integration of the endothelial redox environment to MAPK signaling.
Extended André Sperner spaces

The set of Andre spreads and generalized Andre spreads obtained using multiple Andre replacement of order q sn is generalized to produce new constructions of r - (sn,q)- spreads, which are called extended Andre spreads and generalized extended Andre spreads. These sn-spreads produce new Sperner Spaces.
Everyone's a (Future) Chemist

The development of small, portable "lab-on-a-chip" devices has the potential to provide individuals with the tools for complex chemical and biochemical analysis. In his Perspective, [Burns][1] charts recent progress toward fabricating such devices. He highlights the report by [ Terray et al .][2], who use latex spheres manipulated by optical traps to pump fluids. The integration of such components into larger, more complex devices will open up applications from airborne contaminant detection to genetic testing and screening. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5574/1818 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/296/5574/1841
Can targeted transfers improve birth outcomes?: Evidence from the introduction of the WIC program

Abstract The goal of federal food and nutrition programs in the United States is to improve the nutritional well-being and health of low income families. A large body of literature evaluates the extent to which the Supplemental Program for Women Infants and Children (WIC) has accomplished this goal, but most studies have been based on research designs that compare program participants to non-participants. If selection into these programs is non-random then such comparisons will lead to biased estimates of the program's true effects. In this study we use the rollout of the WIC program across counties to estimate the impact of the program on infant health. We find that the implementation of WIC led to an increase in average birth weight and a decrease in the fraction of births that are classified as low birth weight. We find no evidence that these estimates are driven by changes in fertility or selection into live births. Our preferred estimates suggest that WIC initiation raised average birth weight by 2 g, or by 7 g among infants born to mothers with low education levels. These translate into estimated birth weight increases among participating mothers of approximately 18 to 29 g. Estimated treatments on the treated impacts among infants born to participating mothers with low education are of similar magnitude.
Involvement of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Signaling in the Amyloid-β Peptide Oligomers-Induced p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Protein Expression in Mouse Hippocampus

The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) has been thought to play a critical role in amyloid-β peptide (Aβ)-mediated neurodegeneration and Aβ metabolism in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Our previous report showed that membrane-associated p75NTR protein expression was significantly increased in the hippocampi of two different strains of transgenic AD mice and was associated with the age-dependent elevation of Aβ1-42 levels. Here, we provide evidence that the Aβ1-42 oligomers known as ADDLs (Aβ-derived diffusible ligands) induce p75NTR protein expression through insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) phosphorylation in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. An in vivo microinjection study demonstrated that microinjected ADDLs increased the p75NTR protein expression by 1.4-fold in the ipsilateral hippocampus compared to the contralateral hippocampus. In addition, ADDLs microinjected into mouse hippocampi facilitated IGF-1R phosphorylation within 30 min and the co-administration of picropodophyllin, an IGF-1R kinase inhibitor, blocked ADDLs-induced p75NTR expression. We examined the possible involvement of IGF-1R in the increased p75NTR protein expression in the hippocampi of 6-month-old AβPPswe/PS1dE9 AD model mice that had accumulated significant amounts of Aβ1-42 and showed significantly higher p75NTR expression than age-matched wild-type mice. We found that IGF-1R phosphorylation in these transgenic mice was higher than that in the wild-type mice. These findings indicate that Aβ1-42 oligomers stimulate the p75NTR protein expression in the hippocampus through IGF-1R signaling. Thus, Aβ1-42 oligomers-mediated IGF-1R activation may trigger an increase in p75NTR protein expression in the hippocampus of AD brain during the early stages of disease development.
Vulnerability and poverty measurement issues for public policy

The paper presents the main approaches, and tools to measuring poverty, and vulnerability. This involves among other things, the important issues of the setting of poverty lines, of the statistical use of surveys, of the empirical measurement of living standards, and of making poverty comparisons. The computation of aggregate poverty indices, and the use of poverty dominance testing are also described. Throughout, implications for the understanding of the effects of public policy are highlighted, in particular, those related to the design of safety nets.
Large-Scale Structure in the Universe: Spatial Distribution and Peculiar Velocities

The evidence for the existence of very large scale structures, ~ 100h −1 Mpc in size, as derived from the spatial distribution of clusters of galaxies is summarized. Detection of a ~ 2000 kms −1 elongation in the redshift direction in the distribution of the clusters is also described. Possible causes of the effect are peculiar velocities of clusters on scales of 10–100h −1 Mpc and geometrical elongation of superclusters. If the effect is entirely due to the peculiar velocities of clusters, then superclusters have masses of order 1016.5 M ⊙ and may contain a larger amount of dark matter than previously anticipated.
Ion Acceleration in Expanding Ionospheric Plasmas

Plasma expansion along the ambient magnetic field in regions of density gradients provides a mechanism for accelerating ions. A brief review of the basic phenomenon of plasma expansion is given. Estimates of the energies of the accelerated ions in an expanding ionospheric plasma along geomagnetic flux tubes are obtained by solving the time-dependent hydrodynamic equations. It is found that, over certain altitude ranges, each ion species can be the most energetic; the maximum energies of the different ions are found to be limited to less than about 10 eV for H(+), 5 eV for He(+), and less than about 1.5 eV for O(+).
Rousseau’s Daughters: Domesticity, Education, and Autonomy in Modern France

In this lively interdisciplinary blend of history, education, and material culture, Jennifer J. Popiel examines ideological and cultural shifts in French child rearing and maternity from pre-Revolutionary France to 1833. She shows how ideals promoted in Rousseau's educational treatise Emile (1762) anchored women more firmly in private life by emphasizing their critical role in their children's early education and development. Emile marked the beginning of a widespread shift toward domestic nurturing, with an emphasis on self-control, autonomy, and gender difference. This "domestic revolution" not only drove new genres of literature, clothing styles, and toys, but as Popiel persuasively argues, it also set the stage for greater civic participation of women and children.