cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How does a protein fold

THE number of all possible conformations of a polypeptide chain is too large to be sampled exhaustively. Nevertheless, protein sequences do fold into unique native states in seconds (the Levinthal paradox). To determine how the Levinthal paradox is resolved, we use a lattice Monte Carlo model in which the global minimum (native state) is known. The necessary and sufficient condition for folding in this model is that the native state be a pronounced global minimum on the potential surface. This guarantees thermodynamic stability of the native state at a temperature where the chain does not get trapped in local minima. Folding starts by a rapid collapse from a random-coil state to a random semi-compact globule. It then proceeds by a slow, rate-determining search through the semi-compact states to find a transition state from which the chain folds rapidly to the native state. The elements of the folding mechanism that lead to the resolution of the Levinthal paradox are the reduced number of conformations that need to be searched in the semi-compact globule (˜1010 versus ˜1016 for the random coil) and the existence of many (˜103) transition states. The results have evolutionary implications and suggest principles for the folding of real proteins.
Second harmonic characteristics of the ultrasound contrast agents albunex and FSO69

Techniques necessary for measurement of the second harmonic of the insonifying frequency backscattered from ultrasonic contrast agents are described, and used to determine this characteristic for the agents Albunex® and FSO69. The results confirm theoretical predictions that scattered second harmonic pressure is proportional to the square of the incident pressure. Because contrast agents of the type investigated improve discrimination of blood echoes against tissue echoes by means of the second harmonic of the insonifying frequency, these results allow a comparison of the relative merits of Albunex and FSO69 for harmonic imaging.
Crash risk factors related to individuals sustaining and drivers following traumatic brain injuries.

Abstract Objective Some crashes result in drivers experiencing (or sustaining) a traumatic brain injury (TBI) while other crashes involve drivers that have already experienced a TBI. The objective of this study is to examine the factors that influence these two TBI crash groups. Methods Data from the Iowa Department of Public Health's Brain Injury Registry and Department of Transportation's crash records were linked together and used in logistic regression models to predict the likelihood of a driver sustaining a TBI in a crash and those who drive after a TBI. Results Between 2001 and 2006, there were 2382 crashes in which an individual sustained a TBI. As expected, a higher likelihood of sustaining a TBI was observed for motorcycle drivers who did not wear a helmet and in crashes that resulted in total or disabling vehicle damage. Focusing specifically on the post-TBI drivers (and not occupants), 1583 were involved in crashes. These post-TBI drivers were less likely to wear seatbelts or have passengers in the vehicle at the time of the crash, and were more likely to crash at night. Post-TBI drivers were also involved in significantly more multiple crashes (about 14%) when compared to drivers who have not experienced a TBI (about 10%) during the study period. When controlling for gender, date of injury, and severity of TBI (using Glasgow Coma Scale), individuals that sustained a TBI when they were younger were more likely to be involved in multiple crashes. Conclusions Different factors influence the crash likelihood for those that sustain a TBI in a crash and those that crash following a TBI. In general, post-TBI drivers have a higher occurrence of multiple crashes and this should be further explored to guide driver rehabilitation, evaluation, and training.
How well do direct-to-consumer, DTC, prescription drug web sites meet FDA guidelines and public policy concerns?

Abstract Direct-to-consumer drug advertising has increasingly become a focus of public policy concern and academic research. However, the Web has received very little of this attention. A content analysis of a sample of 90 complete DTC prescription drug Web sites examined whether the FDA's fair balance criteria are being met, how they are rated according to industry evaluation criteria, what impact they may have upon the patient-physician relationship, and how the content of these Web sites compares to that of print DTC ads. The study identified that a majority are meeting fair balance and adequate provision criteria, as well as several industry evaluative criteria. A comparison to print DTC reveals some strengths of the Web. Areas of continued concern include design elements and more information about supportive behaviors and competing/ alternative treatments.
Remote Electrocardiographic in Acute Myocardial Monitoring Infarction: Integration Into the Overall System of Coronary Care

A system of continuous remote electrocardiographic monitoring, from four small hospitals to a central hospital coronary care unit, was applied to 130 patients with confirmed acute myocardial infarctions. The mortality survey of 19 months' experience with this system revealed a hospital mortality of 27%. An analysis of 149 consecutive myocardial infarctions in the same hospitals prior to the initiation of remote monitoring of the electrocardiogram showed a hospital mortality of 38%. Thirty-nine patients with myocardial infarctions who were treated concurrently with the monitored patients, but without remote monitoring, had a mortality of 44%. The two coronary care units, from which remote monitoring and medical support were provided, treated 516 cases of acute myocardial infarction during a similar interval, with a hospital mortality of 19%.
A decision-theoretical approach to the detection of ECG abnormalities: II. Approximate treatment of the detection of ventricular extrasystoles

Abstract An exact solution for the problem of detection of extrasystoles was obtained in a previous paper assuming an additive stochastic signal and noise model for the electrocardiogram. As the exact solution is not easy to implement in terms of present day hardware, an approximation procedure for the detection criterion based on minimum variance estimation procedure on a restricted class of estimators is presented in this paper. The relative performance of the approximation with respect to the exact solution is discussed.
From House to Poorhouse: An Analysis of Reverse Mortgage Portrayal in Selected Media Advertisements

Over the past decade, a growing number of older Americans have sought reverse mortgages as a means of converting home equity to cash. Although this model of using one’s home as a resource may benefit seniors experiencing financial crises, recent advertisements have portrayed mortgage reversion as a free cash-generating machine, dispensing large sums of money to all senior homeowners with no strings attached. This media analysis provides an historical backdrop against which 10 recent advertisements are reviewed, finding that most ads fail to provide a complete picture of mortgage reversion, thus preying upon older adults, especially those living in poverty.
A re-examination of the goldfish microhistometric assay method for thyrotropin.

1. The performance of the goldfish microhistometric assay method with bovine TSH has been studied under defined experimental conditions. 2. A linear relation between the log of the total dose of bovine TSH and the mean thyroid cell height of the pharyngeal thyroid has been found. 3. The sensitivity of this assay, under the experimental conditions, is, at least, 0.024 IU of TSH and the index of precision of the method is 0.362. 4. The possible influence of sex, duration of injection, photoperiod, temperature, nature of diet, and fasting on the characteristics of this assay are discussed.
Timing of Stroke After Cardiopulmonary Bypass Determines Mortality

Background Stroke is an important complication of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This study determined if the timing of stroke events after CPB predicted stroke-related mortality or rehabilitation needs at hospital discharge. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 7201 consecutive cardiac surgical patients during a 10-year period and identified 202 strokes. Postoperative stroke after CPB was classified as early (≤ 24 hours) or late (> 24 hours). Data were collected on patient characteristics, intraoperative variables and outcomes, postoperative course, stroke severity, and discharge status, including death from stroke. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between the timing of stroke and discharge status after adjusting for clinically relevant factors. Results The stroke incidence was 2.8%. Postoperative strokes occurred within 24 hours in 22.8% (46 of 202) and after 24 hours in 77.2% (156 of 202). Factors found in logistic regression analysis to be independently associated with stroke-related death included stroke within 24 hours postoperatively (odds ratio [OR], 9.16; p p = 0.01), and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (OR, 1.16 per NIHSS point increase; p p Conclusions Early stroke after CPB is independently associated with higher stroke-related death and is associated with increased need for skilled rehabilitation at discharge. Neuroprotective strategies aimed at reducing early postoperative stroke may positively impact death and neurologic disability after CPB.
Lithium reverses increased rates of cerebral protein synthesis in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome

Individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS), an inherited form of cognitive disability, have a wide range of symptoms including hyperactivity, autistic behavior, seizures and learning deficits. FXS is caused by silencing of FMR1 and the consequent absence of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP is an RNA-binding protein that associates with polyribosomes and negatively regulates translation. In a previous study of a mouse model of FXS (Fmr1 knockout (KO)) we demonstrated that in vivo rates of cerebral protein synthesis (rCPS) were elevated in selective brain regions suggesting that the absence of FMRP in FXS may result in dysregulation of cerebral protein synthesis. Lithium, a drug used clinically to treat bipolar disorder, has been used to improve mood dysregulation in individuals with FXS. We reported previously that in the Fmr1 KO mouse chronic dietary lithium treatment reversed or ameliorated both behavioral and morphological abnormalities. Herein we report that chronic dietary lithium treatment reversed the increased rCPS in Fmr1 KO mice with little effect on wild type mice. We also report our results of analyses of key signaling molecules involved in regulation of mRNA translation. Our analyses indicate that neither effects on the PI3K/Akt nor the MAPK/ERK 1/2 pathway fully account for the effects of lithium treatment on rCPS. Collectively our findings and those from other laboratories on the efficacy of lithium treatment in animal models support further studies in patients with FXS.
Preformulation studies on imexon.

Imexon is an aziridine containing iminopyrrolidone that, through aziridine ring opening, is able to induce oxidative stress resulting in apoptosis. The main objective of this research was to conduc...
Role of leukocytes in ethanol-induced microvascular injury in the rat brain in situ: potential role in alcohol brain pathology and stroke

Effects of acute and chronic alcohol ethanol administration on in vivo microvascular-leukocyte dynamics was studied in brains of naive and leukocyte-depleted rats by direct, quantitative intravital high-resolution TV microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and myeloperoxidase staining. Administration of alcohol produced dose-dependent venular vasospasm, and rolling and adherence of leukocytes to venular walls; leukocyte velocity concomitantly decreased. Intermediate to high doses of ethanol resulted in infiltration of leukocytes and macrophages across venular walls, and concentration-dependent increases in myeloperoxidase staining in parenchyma, and rupture of postcapillary venules with focal hemorrhages. Use of phosphorus 31-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on intact animals revealed that the latter were associated with whole brain losses in intracellular levels of ATP and phosphocreatine with concomitant rises in intracellular inorganic phosphate and hydrogen ion concentration. Vinblastine-depletion of circulating leukocytes prevented or ameliorated greatly the alcohol-induced microvascular damage and proinflammatory-like reactions. These new results, when viewed in light of other recent findings, suggest that alcohol-induced cerebral vascular and brain damage is dependent, to a large extent, on recruitment of leukocytes.
Synthesis and reactivity of anionic tetraosmium clusters on highly dehydroxylated MgO

Abstract The deprotonation of H4Os4(CO)12 on MgO gave the supported clusters [H3Os4(CO)12]− and [H2Os4(CO)12]2. The surface-bound anions were extracted from the support by cation metathesis and characterized in solution by infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopies. The anions on highly dehydroxylated MgO were examined by infrared, 13C MAS NMR and UV-vis spectroscopies. The 13C chemical shifts are consistent with a mixture of [H3Os4(CO)12]− and [H2Os4(CO)12]2− surface species. The v(CO) infrared spectrum of [H3Os4(CO)12]−/MgO suggests a simpler structure than the mixture of C2 and C3v isomers observed in solution. We speculate that the relatively nonpolar environment of the MgO surface strongly favors a nonpolar C3v isomer of [H3Os4(CO)12]− in which the negative charge is delocalized over a face of the Os4 tetrahedron. When water was co-adsorbed on the surface, the v(CO) infrared spectrum of [H3Os4(CO)12]− on MgO was brought into close agreement with that of its soluble analog. After treatment of the supported anions in CO + H2 at 200 °C and 1 atm, [H3Os4(CO)12]− and [H2Os4(CO)12]2− (trace) were the only osmium carbonyl species detected by infrared spectroscopy and extraction of surface-bound anions.
Analytical Lunar Descent Guidance Algorithm

The desire to return humans to the moon has motivated the evaluation of existing lunar descent guidance algorithms and the development of new ideas. This paper outlines a design for a targeting algorithm that quickly and reliably generates a two-dimensional reference trajectory and a real-time three-dimensional guidance algorithm that can use this or any reference trajectory as its basis. The targeting algorithm is analytical in nature and allows for updates to the reference in real time. Monte Carlo analysis demonstrates the reliable performance of the algorithms in both a general sense and for retargeting once the lunar descent has been initiated.
SU-GG-J-50: The Role of 4DCT Sorting in Treatment Planning for Image-Guided Radiation Therapy

Purpose: Deformable image registration (DIR) is an integral component of adaptive radiotherapy, however reconstruction artifacts induced from improper 4DCT sorting can be detrimental to DIR performance. This study evaluated, both in phantom and patient, the impact of a novel hybrid amplitude‐based 4DCT sorting algorithm on DIR quality, and the results were compared with conventional phase‐based sorting. Method and Materials: A series of phantom experiments were performed using a respiratory motion platform programmed with phantom ((1−cos2), 5 second cycle) and patient (abdomen displacement from RPM data) breathing curves with lung‐tumor excursion in S‐I direction. 4DCT images were acquired, and corresponding datasets were sorted (10 phases) using both phase and hybrid amplitude‐based sorting algorithms. DIR was performed between phases using a Diffeomorphic Demon's algorithm and the resultant displacement vector fields (DVFs) were analyzed. The unbalanced energy (UE), a metric proven to detect registration errors, was assessed between sorting techniques, with high UE values indicating regions of non‐physical deformation. Our approach was further validated through retrospective evaluation of a lung cancer patient's 4DCT. Results: A marked improvement in 4DCT sorting with the hybrid amplitude gating approach and the resulting UE was observed for all phantom experiments. An average decrease in UE of 34.0% (range: 19.7 – 43.2%) and 31.5% (range: 25.0 – 42.9%) for the mean and maximum, respectively, were observed. The retrospective patient study revealed significant improvement in DIR performance; the hybrid amplitude approach reduced the average UE magnitude ∼30%, particularly near the diaphragm‐lung interface. Conclusion: We have demonstrated the potential improvement in DIR performance offered by hybrid amplitude‐based 4DCT sorting. An improvement in DIR quality, both visually and as quantified by UE, was observed for both phantom and patient. By describing the applicability of this technique, improvements in 4D dose calculation may be realized, potentially streamlining adaptive radiotherapy into clinical practice.
Development of early bovine embryos in co-culture with KSOM and taurine, superoxide dismutase or insulin

Three experiments, utilizing 2578 embryos, were designed to test the effects of media, taurine, Superoxide dismutase and insulin on the development of embryos produced by in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization (IVM/IVF). Embryos showing at least 1 cleavage during culture for 40 to 44 h after IVM/IVF were selected for further culture under various conditions for 6 d at 39 degrees C in 5% C0(2):95% air. A Buffalo rat liver (BRL) cell co-culture was used in all 3 experiments. Experiment 1 was a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement with KSOM (a high potassium simplex optimization-derived medium containing only 12 ingredients), Menezo B(2) and TCM-199 media with or without 7 mM taurine. Blastocyst production in the 3 media, respectively, was 48, 36 and 29% (P 0.05). In Experiment 3, insulin (75 ng/ml) added to KSOM resulted in 46% morulae plus blastocysts compared with 35% for the control (P<0.05). These results indicate that the co-culture of embryos in KSOM with taurine or insulin added is superior to commonly used complex media for efficient production of blastocysts following IVM/IVF.
Mechanisms for maintaining extracellular glutamate levels in the anoxic turtle striatum.

The turtle Trachemys scriptais one of a limited group of vertebrates that can withstand hours to days without oxygen. One facet of anoxic survival is the turtle's ability to maintain basal extracel...
Structure and Nanocrystallites of Ni and NiO Three Dimensional Ordered Macromeshes

Three dimensional Ni and NiO inverse opal macromeshes were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (SEM). The octahedral cubes of the macroporous Ni were found mostly grown as single crystals with staking faults and microtwins. There was no preferential growth of these cubes as determined by selected area diffraction pattern (SADP). Some NiO nanocrystals with size of about 5 nm were formed on the surface of inverse Ni opal membrane during etching away of silica spheres. The oxidation of Ni mesh turned it into NiO macromesh with grain size of about 20 nm at 550°C. The nanocrystalline NiO mesh is suitable for further fabrication of three dimensional nanobeads. By annealing the meshes at 650°C, the NiO nanograins grew to a size of over 50 nm. This three dimensional ordered macroporous structure with higher temperature treatment is considered as stable and important for further application.
The measurement of local velocity of solid particles

Abstract Methods for measuring the local solid-particle velocity inside equipment for very high solid loadings are reviewed, and the underlying principles of these methods are discussed in terms of their signal flow diagrams. The fiber optic method as well as a low cost correlator developed by the present authors for use in signal processing are discussed in detail. The choice of any specific measuring method for maximum efficiency is contingent upon its characteristics and the given flow systems. However, the use of the correlation method in conjunction with a fiber optic probe appears to be a promising and simple approach because of the availability of low cost signal processing devices.
Effects of Electrode Microstructure on Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Performance

In this study, the effects of electrode microstructure and electrolyte parameters on intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (ITSOFC) performance were investigated using a one-dimensional solid oxide fuel cell model from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). The activation overpotential was investigated through the exchange current density term, which is dependent on the cathode activation energy, the cathode porosity and the pore size and grain size at the cathode triple phase boundary The cathode pore size, grain size, and porosity were not integrated in the PNNL model, therefore, an analytical solution for exchange current density from Deng and Petric (2005, "Geometric Modeling of the Triple-Phase Boundary in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells," J. Power Sources, 140, pp. 297-303) was utilized to optimize their effects on performance. Through parametric evaluation and optimization of the electrode microstructure parameters, the activation overpotential was decreased by 29% and the overall ITSOFC maximum power density was increased by almost 400% from the benchmark PNNL case. The effects and importance of electrode microstructure parameters on ITSOFC performance were defined. Optimization of such parameters will be the key in creating viable ITSOFC systems. Although this was deemed successful for this project, future research should be focused on numerically quantifying and modeling the electrode microstructure in two-and three-dimensions for more accurate results, as the electrode microstructure may be highly multidimensional in nature.
Alternative analysis of the R measurements: Resonance parameters of the higher vector states of charmonium

The existing experimental data on total cross sections for hadron production in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation in the resonance region $\sqrt{s}=3.8\ensuremath{-}4.8\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, usually presented in terms of the parameter $R$, are critically examined. It is shown that the Crystal Ball and BES measurements are in excellent agreement, and their analysis leads to consistent resonance parameters for the three vector resonances above the $D\overline{D}$ threshold. The results for the widths are found to be considerably different from the presently adopted values, and have much smaller errors.
Can Cirrus Clouds Produce Glories

A vague glory display was photographed over central Utah from an airplane beginning its descent through a cirrus cloud layer with an estimated cloud top temperature of 245 and 255 °C. Photographic analysis reveals a single reddish-brown ring of 2.5‐3.0° radius around the antisolar point, although a second ring appeared visually to have been present over the brief observation period. Mie and approximate nonspherical theory scattering simulations predict a population of particles with modal diameters between 9 and 15 mm. Although it is concluded that multiple-ringed glories can be accounted for only through the backscattering of light from particles that are strictly spherical in shape, the poor glory colorization in this case could imply the presence of slightly aspherical ice particles. The location of this display over mountainous terrain suggests that it was generated by an orographic wave cloud, which we speculate produced numerous frozen cloud droplets that only gradually took on crystalline characteristics during growth. © 1998 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 010.1290, 010.1310.
Developmental toxicity following oral administration of a high‐boiling coal liquid to pregnant rats

Heavy distillate (HD), the highest-boiling coal liquid from the solvent-refined coal-II process (SRC-II), was administered by intragastric (IG) intubation to pregnant rats. Five dose levels of HD (0.09, 0.14, 0.18, 0.36 and 0.74 g kg-1), were given daily from 12 to 16 days of gestation and the rats were killed at 20 days of gestation. Maternal body weights and weights of the liver, kidneys, spleen, adrenals, thymus, ovaries and the gravid uterus were obtained. Gravid uteri were evaluated for prenatal mortality. Live fetuses were examined for malformations and weighed; fetal lungs were excised and weighed. Maternal (extragestational) weight gains and thymic weights diminished in all groups that received the SRC material. Adrenal weights were increased in all treated animals, except for those in the lowest-dose group (0.9 g kg-1). There was significant maternal mortality at 0.74 g kg-1 and increased intrauterine mortality at doses of 0.37 and 0.74 g kg-1. Placental weight was depressed, and the incidence of fetal anomalies was increased at 0.14 g kg-1 and all higher dose levels.
ADHD and Suicidal Ideation: The Roles of Emotion Regulation and Depressive Symptoms Among College Students

Objective: ADHD appears to increase risk for both depression and suicidal ideation, while ADHD and depression are also associated with emotion regulation deficits. Thus, we evaluated the degree to ...
Neural regulation of the structure of myosin.

Abstract Mammalian skeletal muscle responds metabolically both to neural influences and to the demands of work. For example, the soleus exhibits increased speed of contraction when reinnervated by the peroneal nerve that normally supplies fast muscles, but this change can also be brought about merely by peroneal transection (a procedure which denervates the muscles antagonistic to soleus). We have investigated the effects of these two operative procedures on soleus myosin. Seven to eight months after reinnervation of rat soleus with peroneal nerve, the myosin Ca 2+ -ATPase had increased in specific activity, alkaline stability, and susceptibility to tryptic digestion. Tryptic digestion (25 C, 10 min, myosin: trypsin = 200:1) followed by SDS-gel electrophoresis produces seven distinct peptide bands in the case of normal soleus myosin. An additional peptide band (88,000 daltons) is characteristic of fast muscle myosin. This 88,000 dalton band is demonstrable in myosin prepared from cross-reinnervated soleus muscles. Qualitatively identical changes were produced in all of these properties of soleus myosin by transecting the peroneal nerves 7–8 months previously. However, the magnitudes of the changes were less than those occurring after cross-reinnervation. Cross-reinnervation experiments have been used as evidence for neurotrophic control of skeletal muscle myosin; however, the conversion of slow myosin to fast myosin when the peroneal nerve is merely transected renders this argument questionable. Since fast and slow muscle myosin heavy chains differ in primary or tertiary structure (or both), their changes after cross-reinnervation or after inactivation of antagonistic muscles must result from a qualitative transformation of myosin which is presumably accomplished by the regulation of myosin biosynthesis.
Secretory processes in follicular cells of the bat thyroid. II. The occurrence of organelle-associated intercellular junctions during late hibernation.

The fine structure of bat thyroid follicular cells was examined throughout the late hibernation period (January 17 to April 1), when thyroid gland function undergoes marked increase. The follicular cells during this period are squamous and possess few microvilli, an inconspicuous Golgi complex, scanty rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and a small number of mitochondria. The cells also exhibit conspicuous membrane-limited dense bodies and atypical intercellular contacts. The atypical junctional complexes are characterized by a localized dense thickening of the apposed lateral plasma membranes which run parallel to each other for approximately 1 μ. The two dense membranes are separated by an intercellular space 75 A wide and there is close apposition of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The occurrence of these unusual junctional complexes during late hibernation is discussed in relation to the known increase in thyroid function which occurs at this time.
Upstream sequences modulate the internal promoter of the human 7SL RNA gene

The human genome is rich in sequences which are structurally related to the 7SL RNA component of the signal recognition particle. The 7SL DNA sequence family consists of four 7SL genes, 500 7SL pseudogenes (which are truncated at one or both ends of the 7SL sequence) and 500,000 Alu sequences. Both 7SL genes and Alu elements are transcribed by RNA polymerase III, and we show here that the internal 7SL promoter lies within the Alu-like part of the 7SL gene. Why then does RNA polymerase III transcribe the few 7SL genes so efficiently, while transcripts from the far more abundant Alu elements are not readily detectable? We find that a human 7SL gene and a synthetic Alu sequence derived from it are expressed 50-100-fold more efficiently in vitro than either a representative Alu element or two 7SL pseudogenes. 5' Deletion and insertion mutants of the 7SL gene demonstrate that, in conjunction with the internal promoter, the first 37 nucleotides upstream from the transcription start site are essential for efficient and accurate initiation in vitro. We suggest that the genomic sequences upstream from most Alu elements and 7SL pseudogenes do not contain this element, and consequently that only a small subset of such sequences can be transcribed in vivo. This may help to explain the homogeneity of the Alu family within each mammalian genome, as well as the species-specific differences between mammalian Alu families.
Genetically engineered antibodies and their application to brain delivery

Abstract Techniques of genetic engineering and expression have been applied to the production of antibodies in a variety of expression systems. Combinatorial libraries produced in bacteriophage may present an alternative to animal immunization as a source of antigen-binding specificities. Transfectomas which express genetically engineered antibody genes provide one approach to overcoming some of the limitations inherent in classical monoclonal antibodies. Novel antibodies have been produced with a variety of modifications: as chimeric antibodies, as ‘humanized’ antibodies, with catalytic groups, as bifunctional or fusion proteins and as functional fragments such as Fabs or Fvs. The domain structure of the antibody is favorable to such manipulation; the novel proteins often retain their antibody-derived activity and acquire new properties as well. Chimeric and CDR-grafted antibodies have been effective in immunotherapy, but problems of immunogenicity remain. Careful analysis and comparison of effector functions among immunoglobulin isotypes may be applied to the design of effective therapeutic antibodies. In addition, antibody combining specificities can be joined with non-immunoglobulin sequences thereby providing properties not usually found in antibodies. In particular, antibodies fused with the growth factors insulin-like growth factor(IGF)-1, IGF-2 and transferrin have shown increased uptake into the brain parenchyma. These fusion proteins provide a family of reagents with many potential applications.
Study of Possible Complex Formation BetweenMacromolecules and Certain Pharmaceuticals IX: Formation of Iodine-Iodide Complexes with Polyethylene Glycol: Formation of Iodine-Iodi de Complexes with Polyethylene Glycol

Abstract Investigation of the complexing reaction between polyethylene glycol and iodine in an iodine-potassium iodide aqueous system has shown that at high triodide ion concentrations and low free iodine concentrations an insoluble complex having a stoichiometric ratio of one mole of potassium triodide to approximately 10 monomeric units of the polymer is reversibly formed. Potassium ion is apparently a prerequisite for formation of this complex. At much higher free iodine concentrations a second insoluble complex containing a considerable amount of iodine per se is reversibly formed from the first. The stoichiometry of the second complex formed appears to be such that one molecule of iodine is taken up by two monomeric units of ethylene oxide in the polymeric chain. The concentration dependencies of both complexing reactions on iodide, potassium ion and free iodine are presented in this report. The interaction in a sodium iodide-iodine system also results in the formation of an insoluble complex. This interaction does not appear to be analagous to that in the potassium iodide-iodine system. Bromine in the presence of bromide ion has also been shown to form a reversible insoluble complex with polyethylene
Coherent control of H- photodetachment in parallel static electric and magnetic fields.

Theoretical calculations of quantum interference effects occurring in photodetachement of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ with short-pulse lasers in the presence of a uniform static electric field [Q. Wang and A. F. Starace, Phys. Rev. A 48, R1741 (1993)] are examined in more detail and extended to the case of parallel static electric and magnetic fields. We show that modulation factors characterizing near-threshold cross sections resulting from detachment by relatively long laser pulses may be employed to set the parameters that are most effective for control of detachment cross-section magnitudes with short coherent laser pulses. Use of a static magnetic field to control detached electron wave-packet motion perpendicular to the static field axis is shown to increase greatly the magnitude of quantum interference effects on the cross sections (from 10% of the field-free cross section in an optimized static electric-field case to 50% in a parallel static electric and magnetic-field case). Theoretical dependence of calculated cross sections on laser pulse lengths, time delays, relative phases, frequencies, and classical electron orbit times are presented and discussed in detail.
Engineering parameter selection for design optimization during preliminary design

Matrix methods such as the House of Quality are useful as a first step in organizing the information relating product attributes to engineering parameters. However, they frequently result in a large number of elements, making it very difficult to focus attention on elements that bring maximum benefits. This paper presents a method for reducing a large set of engineering parameters to a more efficient subset. The method proposed first quantifies the values in the relationship matrix using indifference statements. A set of rules is then applied to the relationship matrix to redefine, separate, combine and eliminate some engineering parameters and to account for the controllability and quantifiability of engineering parameters. These adjusted values are then used in an integer programming formulation to identify the subset of engineering parameters that offers the greatest potential for cost control. This is where product development, experimental and optimization efforts should be focused. An example of a n...
Epileptic seizures caused by inactivation of a novel gene, jerky, related to centromere binding protein-B in transgenic mice.

Epidemiological data and genetic studies indicate that certain forms of human epilepsy are inherited. Based on the similarity between the human and mouse genomes, mouse models of epilepsy could facilitate the discovery of genes associated with epilepsy syndromes. Here, we report an insertional murine mutation that inactivates a novel gene and results in whole body jerks, generalized clonic seizures, and epileptic brain activity in transgenic mice. The gene, named jerky, encodes a putative 1.7 kD protein displaying homology to a number of nuclear regulatory proteins, suggesting that perhaps the jerky protein is able to bind DNA.
Fractionization of the witten index

Abstract We study the regularization dependence of Witten's index for supersymmetric theories. We show that on a non compact space the index in general depends on how it is regulated. Also there is a dependence on the parameters of the theory. In a theory with an energy gap between the ground state and the first excited state, an integer valued index can be obtained by taking an appropriate limit of the regulators. However we find that this procedure yields a fractional result if the energy spectrum of a theory has a continuum component extending to zero.
Typing of Propionibacterium acnes: a review of methods and comparative analysis

Propionibacterium acnes is a major commensal of the human skin. However, it is also the pathogen responsible for acne vulgaris and other diseases, such as medical-device infections. Strains of Propionibacterium acnes have long been classified into several different types. Recently, typing systems for this bacterium have taken on an increased importance as different types of P. acnes have been found to be associated with different disease states, including acne. Genetic approaches based on individual or multiple genes have classified P. acnes into types, which have been supported by the sequencing of nearly 100 P. acnes genomes. These types have distinct genetic, transcriptomic and proteomic differences. Additionally, they may have different immune response profiles. Taken together, these factors may account for the different disease associations of P. acnes types.
MDR gene transfer into live mice

Stable integration of the human MDR gene into the HSC of animals has been used to study the biological properties of the totipotent stem cell. The site of proviral integration of the MDR gene provides a clonal marker that can be used to follow the progeny of transduced HSC throughout differentiation and over time. The expressed protein product, p-glycoprotein, has also been assessed in these studies. MDR gene transfer has potential therapeutic applications in cancer therapy by providing resistance to a number of commonly used chemotherapeutic agents, and as a selection for a cotransduced nonselectable gene. Promising results in the murine system indicate that the transfer and expression of the human MDR gene may prove to be valuable in human gene therapy.
Traveling waves in a magnetized Taylor-Couette flow

We investigate numerically a traveling wave pattern observed in experimental magnetized Taylor-Couette flow at low magnetic Reynolds number. By accurately modeling viscous and magnetic boundaries in all directions, we reproduce the experimentally measured wave patterns and their amplitudes. Contrary to previous claims, the waves are shown to be transiently amplified disturbances launched by viscous boundary layers, rather than globally unstable magnetorotational modes.
Adding contextual specificity to the technology acceptance model

This paper examines the influence of contextual specificity when describing technology acceptance. Social cognitive theory provides the basis for adding several independent variables (computer anxiety, prior experience, other's use, organizational support, task structure, and system quality) and one intervening variable (computer-efficacy) to the technology acceptance model (TAM). This extended model was tested using a mail survey and the results are tabulated using partial least squares. The results show that system usage is strongly influenced by computer anxiety, prior experience, other's use, organizational support, task structure, system quality, and perceived usefulness. In addition, perceived usefulness is the strongest mediator in determining system usage.
Fine Grain Barium Ferrite Thin Films With Perpendicular C-axis Orientation

Perpendicular barium hexaferrite thin films were fabricated using ex-situ and in-situ annealing. Our experimental results suggest that there are two different types of nucleation processes during the ex-situ annealing of the amorphous barium ferrite thin films. The nucleation within the film “bulk” tends to form crystallites with random c-axis orientations, whereas the nucleation at the interface(s) with the substrates or underlayers forms crystallites with the c-axis predominantly perpendicularly oriented. A Pt underlayer was shown to promote the interface nucleation which results in better perpendicular orientation. The barium ferrite films with Ba content higher than stoichiometry which were previously shown to have finer grain size, however, tend to grow grains of random orientation even on Pt underlayers due to the much enhanced “bulk” nucleation. Nearly perfect perpendicular orientation can be achieved in the high Ba content films if the films are made to be thin
Optimization of carbon-capture-enabled coal-gas-solar power generation

Abstract Computational optimization is used to determine the optimal design and time-varying operations of a carbon dioxide capture retrofit to a coal-fired power plant. The retrofit consists of an amine-based temperature-swing absorption system, to which process steam is supplied from an auxiliary unit. Two candidate auxiliary heat sources are explored: natural gas and solar thermal. The NPV (net present value) of the retrofitted facility is maximized to determine which auxiliary system is preferable, under a variety of economic conditions. Optimized NPV is found to be most sensitive to the price of natural gas and the electricity price. At an 8% real discount rate, without renewable energy incentives, natural gas prices must be high (in excess of 10 USD/GJ) for a solar thermal design to be preferable, and electricity prices must reach ≈55 USD/MWh in order for solar-thermal-based designs to have a positive NPV. Incentives such as investment tax credits and solar power purchase agreements can make solar-thermal-based designs preferable to natural-gas-based designs under certain circumstances.
Application of particle methods to reliable identification of groundwater pollution sources

An alternative strategy for identifying sources of contamination in groundwater systems is presented. Under the assumption that the remediation cost is affected by the level of contamination, the proposed scheme provides probabilistic estimates of source locations and spill-time histories. Moreover, the method successfully assesses the relative importance of each potential source.
Assessment of Fault Ride Through Requirement for Distributed Generators

One of the biggest changes the power industry will encounter over the next twenty years will be the significant increase of embedded generation connecting directly to the distribution system. Amongst various generator connection requirements required to ensure network resilience, Fault Ride Through requirement may be one of the key areas which requires further assessment. Providing the capability within embedded generators to remain connected to the system during voltage disturbances ensures the grid will not face significant reduction in the generation following a disturbance. The purpose of this paper is to describe the methodology to study the impact of transmission networks' disturbances on distribution networks as well as to what degree embedded generation is predicted to support the system against such disturbances.
Basic representations of some affine Lie algebras and generalized Euler identities

We consider certain affine Kac-Moody Lie algebras. We give a Lie theoretic interpretation of the generalized Euler identities by showing that they are associated with certain filtrations of the basic representations of these algebras. In the case when the algebras have prime rank, we also give algebraic proofs of the corresponding identities.
Two-stage coal liquefaction using sequential mineral and hydrotreating catalysts

Abstract Two-stage coal liquefaction offers significant improvements over single-stage processing in terms of product yields. The proposed two-stage operation utilizes an inexpensive and readily available mineral or disposable catalyst in the first stage followed by a commercial hydrotreating catalyst in the second stage. Single stage processing at 450°C and 425°C both show metal sulfides, i.e. pyrite, to be effective in increasing oil yields. In two-stage processing at 450°/410°C the sequence of pyrite followed by NiMo/Al2O3 is the most effective combination for producing oil (pentane soluble materials). Two stage processing at 425°/425°C utilizing sulfided liquefaction residue ash or pyrite as first-stage catalysts yields the highest percentage of oil. The improvements shown by solubility product distributions are verified by distillation curves of the reaction product. Evidence of pore diffusion limitation is apparent in the pelletized NiMo/Al2O3. Changes in catalyst morphology may be necessary to achieve maximum yields.
Wavelength-Resolved Single-Spark Emission Images with the Use of a Charge Coupled Device Detector:

With the use of charge coupled device observation technology, single spark data have shown a limitation of current sample introduction models for the high-voltage atmospheric pressure spark. Two-dimensional spatial Images of wavelength-resolved data show that atomic emission varies not only in position but also in amplitude. Vapor jets are not observed, but rather nebulous clouds of emission, greatly varying in intensity, are seen.
Factors associated with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and its effect on assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment and outcome

Objective To evaluate factors associated with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and its effect on assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment and outcome. Design Historic cohort study. Setting Clinic-based data. Patient(s) The population included 214,219 ART cycles performed during 2004 to 2006 and reported to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcomes Reporting System Online database. The study population was limited to cycles of autologous, fresh embryo transfers to women without any treatment complications (212,041), and those developing moderate (1,523) or severe (655) OHSS. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Risk factors for developing OHSS, and its effect on achieving a pregnancy and live birth, as adjusted odds ratios. Result(s) Compared with white women, the risk of developing OHSS was increased for Black women (any OHSS, 1.88; severe OHSS, 2.93) and decreased for Hispanic women (any OHSS, 0.79). Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome was associated with ovulation disorders (2.01), tubal factors (1.24), and unexplained factors (1.36). Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome increased the odds of achieving a pregnancy (1.98 with any OHSS, 2.68 with severe), a live birth (any OHSS, 1.86), and a multiple live birth (1.58 with any OHSS, 1.86 with severe). The presence of any OHSS increased the risk of an adverse pregnancy outcome (stillbirth, low birthweight, or preterm birth) by 26% and low birthweight among singletons by 40%. Conclusion(s) Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is associated with a higher likelihood of pregnancy, and multiple gestations, but also greater risks for adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Oceanic thermal and biological responses to Santa Ana winds

[1] Ocean surface wind vectors with improved spatial resolutions were derived from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) satellite. They allow us to examine the details and extent of oceanic influence of a Santa Ana event - a strong offshore and downslope wind in southern California that may spread wide fires, damage properties, and endanger aviation. The oceanic thermal and biological responses to the surface wind jets were observed with other spaceborne sensors. It is found that surface wind jets reduce sea surface temperatures and increase biological productivities. Spacebased measurements demonstrate the inadequacy of current operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models to accurately and consistently predict the characteristics of Santa Ana winds over the coastal ocean.