cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of acute potassium load on reabsorption in Henle's loop in chronic renal failure in the rat

Effect of acute potassium load on reabsorption in Henle's loop in chronic renal failure in the rat. To determine the effect of an acute load of potassium on potassium reabsorption by the loop of Henle in chronic renal failure, the right kidney was removed and branches of the left renal artery were ligated in 17 rats. One week later and after 2 days of a potassium-free diet, rats were studied before (period 1) and after (period 2) acute loads of potassium chloride (KCl group), equimolar sodium chloride (NaCl group) or no solute (time control). The KCl load increased urinary potassium excretion to a greater extent (from 5 to 50%, P Effet d'une surcharge potassique aigue sur la reabsorption dans l'anse de Henle lors de l'insuffisance renale chronique chez le rat. Afin de determiner l'effet d'une surcharge potassique aigue sur la reabsorption du potassium par l'anse de Henle en insuffisance renale chronique, le rein droit a ete enleve et des branches de l'artere renale gauche liees chez 17 rats. Une semaine plus tard, et apres 2 jours d'un regime sans potassium, les rats ont ete etudes avant (periode 1) et apres (periode 2) des surcharges aigues de potassium chloride (groupe KCl), de sodium chloride (groupe NaCl) ou sans solute (controle temps). La surcharge KCl a augmente l'excretion urinaire de K plus fortement (de 5 a 50%) que les controles NaCl (14 a 27%) ou temps (9 a 14%); et a entraine une diurese et une natriurese aussi importante que le NaCl. La fraction delivree d'eau, de Na et de K au tubule proximal terminal a augmente de facon identique dans les groupes NaCl et KCl, et legerement moins dans le groupe controle temps a la periode 2. Le resultat principal a ete une augmentation tres forte du potassium delivre au debut du tubule distal (de 17 a 37%) a la periode 2, lequel etait substantiellement plus eleve que dans les groupes controles combines (13 a 19%) (P
Laminar Channel Flow With Hydrodynamic Slip

A theoretical and experimental investigation of slip flow over an ultrahydrophobic surface in a rectangular cross-sectional channel was conducted. The experiments consisted of the flow of water over a LOTUS-paint coated surface in a rectangular channel. The tests included flows at three different Reynolds numbers, Re = 129.6, Re = 103.6, Re = 69.1. Velocity measurements were made using a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV). Velocity measurements for the no-slip conditions were also made for a flow rate of Re = 129.6 and compared with the slip profile. An uncoated surface was used for these measurements. The velocity profile and the flow rate for fully-developed channel flow were derived as a function of the slip length and slip velocity. The experimental data was used to determine the slip velocities and slip lengths for different Reynolds numbers from the theoretical equation. These quantities, used in the theoretical equation generated the necessary theoretical profiles for comparison with experiments. The slip velocities and slip lengths were evaluated by considering two locations, y = h and y = h/3. The profiles drawn from the theoretical equation evaluated from the slip velocities and lengths using the locations y = h and y = h/3 compared reasonably well with the experimental measurements. The volumetric flow rates computed theoretically using the slip lengths and slip velocities also compared well with the experimental values. The measurements highlight the effects of slip on one surface of the channel.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The fine structure of the nuclear apparatus in Saccharomyces.

The nuclear apparatus in Saccharomyces, grown on glucose nutrient agar medium, has been revealed by electron microscopy. Specimens were fixed in 2% aqueous potassium permanganate, postfixed in 1% uranyl acetate, and embedded in a methacrylate mixture. The nucleus of Saccharomyces is bounded by a continuous membrane consisting of two dense layers divided by a less dense osmiophobic interspace with pores. The nucleolus has been observed, with uranyl acetate staining, as an electron-dense region within the nucleus. The nucleus contained electron-transparent intranuclear areas. In our present state of knowledge as to the ultrastructure of nuclei, it is not possible to demonstrate any specific features of the nucleus of Saccharomyces which are clearly distinct from those of higher cells.
One-way avoidance acquisition as a function of intertrial interval and relative time in “safe” area

The rate of acquisition for a one-way, “jump-up” active avoidance response was positively cor-related with the proportion of the intertrial interval (ITI) spent in the “safe” region of the avoidance chamber, regardless of the length of the ITI. However, rats permitted only brief periods of removal from noxious stimuli (the grid floor) still learned the avoidance response, though less rapidly. This difference was discussed in terms of relief/relaxation following each response and a possible “flooding” (response prevention) effect on each trial.
What best predicts computer proficiency

Identifying variables that predict computer aptitude can help educators and employers target potential students and employees. The authors examine a number of possible explanatory variables including demographic profiles, high school achievements, prior computer training and experience, cognitive styles, and problem-solving abilities.
Network Exchange in Trust Networks

In this paper we study the problem of network exchange in trust based social networks. Network exchange is of two types: Specialized Exchange and Generalized Exchange, this can be characterized in terms of reciprocity, triads, graph motifs across these networks. Given the lack of standard metrics for Generalized Exchange, we propose a metric to quantify generalized exchange. We observe that the phenomenon of exchange can be used to differentiate networks. A key finding is that the manner in which the network is operationalized i.e., as cumulative network vs. active networks affects the measurement of exchange. Lastly we propose generative mechanisms for exchange in trust networks.
Clinical Predictors and Outcomes of Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Retained Lens Material After Cataract Extraction

Purpose To determine current clinical predictors and visual outcomes of patients who undergo pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for retained lens material. Design Retrospective, noncomparative, consecutive case series. Methods Medical records of 166 patients with complicated cataract surgery who underwent PPV for retained lens material at Retina Vitreous Consultants of Pittsburgh between January 1, 2001 and January 1, 2007 were reviewed. Main outcome measures include final visual acuity, development of glaucoma, retinal detachments, and cystoid macular edema. Results At the final examination, 120 patients (72.3%) had a visual outcome of 20/40 or better and 18 patients (10.8%) had a visual outcome of 20/200 or worse. In patients without any preoperative eye conditions, 82.6% achieved a final vision of 20/40 or better. Multivariable analysis showed that predictors for visual outcomes of 20/40 or better were better presenting vision ( P = .001), insertion of a posterior chamber lens ( P = .005), and absence of preoperative eye disease ( P = .001). Predictors for visual outcomes of 20/200 or worse were the absence of an anterior vitrectomy at cataract surgery ( P = .005), absence of a sulcus lens ( P = .011), presence of preexisting eye disease ( P = .02), and development of glaucoma ( P = .001). Performing a PPV within 7 days of cataract surgery was associated with a lower risk of developing glaucoma ( P = .005). Conclusions Current techniques for management of retained lens material may contribute to improved visual outcomes based on our series. We recommend that the cataract surgeon perform an anterior vitrectomy, place a posterior chamber lens if possible, and consult a retina specialist for a PPV within 7 days to decrease the risk of developing secondary glaucoma.
Fixation techniques for cranial flap replacement

Techniques for cranial flap replacement have undergone a steady evolution from the initial use of wire-and-suture fixation to current cranial plaxe-fixation systems. Technology borrowed from craniofacial surgeons is now available for the replacement of cranial bone flaps. This article describes a variety of systems available for bone flap replacement and outlines their advantages and disadvantages. The standard method used in cranial plate fixation is described. Titanium screws and plates offer superior healing and cosmesis and reduced postoperative artifacts on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. These advantages are of considerable benefit to neurosurgical patients.
Approximation for age-structured population models using projection methods.

Abstract In this paper we present a class of rapidly convergent numerical schemes to solve the Sharpe-Lotka model equation from age-dependent population dynamics. This work is based on spline approximation techniques described by Banks and Kappel [3] for functional differential equations. We provide a motivation for and description of a generalized problem which under suitable conditions is equivalent to the Sharpe-Lotka problem, we describe approximation in general which exploits the Hilbert space structure in which the generalized problem is set, and for a particular space of approximating functions we obtains estimates on the rates of convergence.
Technology diffusion in a centralized MIS environment

Abstract Creating user awareness of new technology and managing its organizational diffusion effectively is a major objective of many contemporary MIS organizations. In a centralized MIS environment, the onus of technology introduction and diffusion often falls upon the MIS function. This article recounts the experiences of the MIS department of the Carrier Corporation in introducing expert systems technology to its users. These experiences highlight the importance of effective management of the process, of tempering user enthusiasm so that expectations remain realistic, and of ensuring that the ultimate adoption of the technology can be adequately cost-justified. Lessons learned at Carrier from the technology introduction effort are presented.
Symptomatic and Incidental Venous Thromboembolic Disease Are Both Associated with Mortality in Patients with Prostate Cancer

Introduction The association between malignancy and venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) is well established. The independent impact of VTE, both symptomatic and incidental, on survival in patients with prostate cancer is not known. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the effect of VTE of survival in prostate cancer. Methods Data regarding clinical characteristics, treatment and outcomes of 453 consecutive prostate cancer patients were collected. Fisher exact (categorical variables) and t-test (continuous variables) were utilized to test associations with VTE and mortality. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan Meier method. A Cox regression model was used to model the mortality hazard ratio (HR). Results At diagnosis, 358 (83%) patients had early stage disease, 43 (10%) had locally advanced disease and 32 (7%) had metastatic disease. During the follow up period, 122 (27%) patients died and 41 (9%) developed VTE (33 deep vein thrombosis, 5 pulmonary embolism, and 3 patients with both DVT and PE). Twenty-five VTE events were symptomatic and 16 were incidentally diagnosed on CT scans obtained for other reasons. VTE was associated with increased mortality [HR 6.89 (4.29–11.08), p<0.001] in a multivariable analysis adjusted for cancer stage, performance status, treatments and co-morbidities. There was no difference in survival between patients who had symptomatic and incidental VTE. Conclusion Venous thromboembolic disease, both symptomatic and incidental, is a predictor of poor survival in patients with prostate cancer, especially those with advanced disease. Further studies are needed to evaluate the benefit of prophylactic and therapeutic anticoagulation in this population.
Photographic Recording of Spatially Modulated Coherent Light

Photographic recording of spatially modulated coherent light, such as is encountered in wavefront reconstruction or coherent optical data processing, is described in terms of the amplitude transmittance (Ta) vs exposure (E) curve of the film. It is proposed that the Ta−E curve is more appropriate for this application than the D−log E curve. The nonlinear effects of recording are analyzed in this context using a nonlinear “circuit” model. A general expression for the resulting amplitude transmittance is derived by use of a Fourier-transform technique. A specific nonlinearity, the error-function limiter, is analyzed in detail to illustrate the effects of the film nonlinearity.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF “CAREER CRIMINALS” FROM “CHRONIC OFFENDERS” IN A COHORT

The findings by Wolfgang et al. that 6.3% of their cohort had 52% of the recorded police contacts is well known. This retrospective analysis has been used to suggest that imprisoning these “chronic” offenders will avert a correspondingly disproportionate amount of crime. On prospective analysis of the arrest histories, however, the recidivism probability is found to be constant after the third contact, suggesting that prior record has little predictive value regarding future criminality. These observations raise important questions about the benefits of “career criminal” programs and their incapacitative effects.
CT diagnosis of cerebrovascular disorders--a review.

Abstract During the past few years CT has emerged as an unsurpassed diagnostic modality in cerebrovascular disease. CT is of limited value in TIA, but reveals a wide variety of findings in completed infarcts. Ischemic, petechial, and hemorrhagic infarcts can be distinguished. Contrast enhancement, varying with the age of the infarct, is frequent. Also the general density of the infarct varies with time. Differential diagnosis, primarily infarct vs tumor, is made by angiography or by followup CT scans. Saccular aneurysms are directly demonstrable by CT if larger than 0.5 cm in diamater. Sequelae of ruptured aneurysm—hematoma, hydrocephalus, ischemia—are consistently visible. This generally also applies to arteriovenous malformations. Angiography is necessary to clarify anatomical details of aneurysms and vascular malformations, and is often indispensable for differential diagnosis.
How rare are multiple eigenvalues

Let A(q) be a differentiable family of self-adjoint operators on a Hilbert space H, indexed by a parameter q that belongs to a separable Banach manifold X. Assume that the spectrum of each operator A(q) is discrete, of finite multiplicity, and with no finite accumulation points. We introduce a new concept of codimension in infinite-dimensional space and then prove that under an appropriate transversality condition, related to the strong Arnold hypothesis, the members of the family A(q) having multiple eigenvalues form a set of codimension at least 2. Using this, we show that a generic member of the family A(q) has a simple spectrum (i.e., no repeated eigenvalues) and that any two values q1 and q2 of the parameter can be connected by an analytic curve γ in X such that A(q) has a simple spectrum for all q in the interior of γ. We then apply these results in two cases of physical interest: to the Laplace operator with the domain as parameter and to the Schrodinger operator with a symmetric potential as parameter. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Differentiation state-dependent effects of in vitro exposure to atrazine or its metabolite diaminochlorotriazine in a dopaminergic cell line

Abstract Aims This study sought to determine the impact of in vitro exposure to the herbicide atrazine (ATR) or its major mammalian metabolite diaminochlorotriazine (DACT) on dopaminergic cell differentiation. Main methods N27 dopaminergic cells were exposed for 24 or 48 h to ATR or DACT (12–300 μM) and their effects on cell viability, ATP levels, ADP:ATP ratio and differentiation markers, such as soma size and neurite outgrowth, were assessed. Key findings Overall, intracellular ATP levels and soma size (decreased by ATR at ≥ 12 μM; 48 h) were the two parameters most sensitive to ATR exposure in undifferentiated and differentiating dopaminergic cells, respectively. At the morphological level, ATR, but not DACT, increased the percentage of morphologically abnormal undifferentiated N27 cells. On the other hand, exposure to DACT (300 μM; 48 h), but not ATR, increased the ADP:ATP ratio regardless of the differentiation state and it moderately disrupted thin neurite outgrowth. Only the highest concentration of ATR or DACT (300 μM) was cytotoxic after a longer exposure (48 h) and undifferentiated N27 cells were the least sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of ATR or DACT. Significance Our results suggest that the energy perturbation and morphological disruption of dopaminergic neuronal differentiation induced by ATR and, to a lesser extent, DACT, may be associated with reported neurological deficits caused by developmental ATR exposure in rodents.
Coumarins and the vitamin K-K epoxide cycle. Lack of resistance to coumatetralyl in warfarin-resistant rats

Abstract In female warfarin-resistant rats, coumatetralyl at 0.5 mg/100 g body wt blocked prothrombin synthesis and interrupted the vitamin K1-K1 epoxide cycle by almost completely blocking the conversion of epoxide to vitamin K1. In contrast, prothrombin synthesis and the epoxide-K1 conversion were unaffected by warfarin at the same dose, although at 2 mg/100 g body wt warfarin also blocked prothrombin synthesis and the conversion. In Sprague-Dawley rats, the anticoagulants inhibited prothrombin synthesis about equally well over a range of doses. At 0.05 mg/100 g body wt or greater, warfarin and coumatetralyl severely inhibited both prothromhin synthesis and the reduction of the epoxide to K1, while at 0.01 mg/100 g body wt the anticoagulants had little effect. Metabolic studies with tracer doses of [3H]K1 and [3H]epoxide indicated that resistant rats have hepatic epoxide: K1 ratios 5–6-fold greater than in Sprague-Dawley animals. The hepatic concentrations of [3H]K1 in male and female resistant rats were 41 and 26 per cent, and plasma prothrombin concentrations 17 and 39 per cent respectively, of those values in Sprague-Dawley rats. When resistant rats were injected with vitamin K1 plasma, prothrombin increased while the hepatic epoxide: K1 ration decreased. Two days later prothrombin and the ration had returned to their original values. These results are consistent with the idea that the K1-epoxide cycle is involved in clotting protein synthesis and that the site of action of coumarins is the epoxide-K1 conversion. The impaired epoxide-K1 conversion may explain why warfarin-resistant rats have a lowered rate of prothrombin synthesis.
Multiphase Foamlike Structure of Exploding Wire Cores

X-ray backlighter images (radiographs) of current-induced explosions of 7.5-25 {mu}m diam metal wires show for the first time {mu}m scale, time-resolved details of a persistent foamlike liquid-vapor structure of the expanded wire core. Experiments with refractory and highly resistive metals, with current rising to 2-5 kA per wire in 350 ns, show that a substantial portion of the wire material is not vaporized but remains in a condensed state. As the current damps out, the remaining liquid phase material coalesces into separate droplets. (c) 1999 The American Physical Society.
An Iterative Technique for Determining Inverse Filters

It is the objective of much geophysical research to increase the resolution of signals recorded on a sluggish measuring device. The approach genreally followed is to use inverse digital filters. This treatment presents an iterative technique for obtaining "stable inverse digital filters." A stable inverse filter is one whose impulse response decays to zero with increasing time. An optimum inverse filter R(?) is defined here as R(?)=1/H(?), where H(?)?0; R(?)=0, where H(?)=0. It is shown that one can converge to this solution by operating in the time domain using the method of successive substitution. This approach to inverse filtering is unique in that the inverse filter is obtained by an iterative technique, thereby eliminating the dependence on computer limitations, as indicated in some reported techniques. In addition, a method of handling the zero crossings of H(?) is posed. A smoothing technique to modify these filters for inverse filtering in the presence of noise is also presented.
Psychological Interventions in the Era of Managed Competition

The importance of psychological treatments in forthcoming national health care plans has been deempha-sized in federally sponsored clinical practice guidelines published to date, and questioned by certain policymakers and consumer groups. Many critics impugn the clinical efficacy and effectiveness of psychological treatment compared to drug treatments. This article reviews evidence suggesting that psychological interventions from a variety of theoretical perspectives have demonstrated effectiveness for a wide range of disorders—either alone or, in some cases, in combination with medications. In most cases these treatments are more effective and often longer lasting than credible alternative psychological interventions serving as “psychological placebos.” Political and public relations issues, as well as problems with dissemination, must be overcome if the public is to benefit fully from powerful and effective psychological interventions in any national health care plan.
High-Energy Cosmic-Ray Electrons: A New Measurement Using Transition-Radiation Detectors*

A new detector for cosmic-ray electrons, consisting of a combination of a transition-radiation detector and a shower detector, has been constructed, calibrated at accelerator beams, and exposed in a balloon flight under 5 g/sq cm of atmosphere. The design of this instrument and the methods of data analysis are described. Preliminary results in the energy range 9-300 GeV are presented. The energy spectrum of electrons is found to be significantly steeper than that of protons, consistent with a long escape lifetime of cosmic rays in the galaxy.
Effect of Microstructure in Metal Reinforced Composite CVD Diamond Films on Mechanical Properties

Comparison of behavior observed during deadhesion of CVD diamond films and compositional analysis of their microstructure allows a correlation between microstructure and mechanical behavior to be made. Diamond films were grown in a DC Triple Torch Reactor using a mixture of methane and hydrogen on molybdenum substrates. To address the issue of voids at the interface, a metal binder was electroplated after the nucleation of individual diamond crystals on the substrates. The films were completed by growing a layer of diamond upon the composite layer. Interfacial composition and structure of the films are characterized by a x-ray, Auger, and Raman spectroscopy. A carbide may act to enhance the adhesion via chemical bonding between the substrate and film. Diffusion of the binder into the substrate and film is also important for mechanical properties and is confirmed by x-ray mapping. It is suggested that a diamond like carbon layer acts to enhance the adhesion of the film to the substrate.
Airway management in pediatric patients at referring hospitals compared to a receiving tertiary pediatric ICU.

Abstract Objective To describe the current practice of pediatric airway management at referring hospitals and the associated adverse events compared to a receiving tertiary pediatric ICU. Method Retrospective chart and transport record review of all emergency critical care transports to our Pediatric ICU over 3 years. Data regarding tracheal intubation procedure, pre-defined adverse Tracheal Intubation Associated Events ( TIAE s), and airway events before, during, and after the inter-hospital transport were collected using a standard National Emergency Airway Registry for children (NEAR4KIDS) definition. Tracheal intubation outcomes were compared to in-hospital P ICU intubations. Results 253/1489 (17%) of critical care transports had airway management, all by tracheal intubation. The most common condition was seizure (34%), followed by pulmonary/lower airway disease (16%). 49 (19%) had TIAEs; the most common event was mainstem bronchial intubation (13%). Incidence of TIAEs was similar to PICU ( p =0.69). Thirteen had an inappropriate tracheal tube position upon PICU arrival, but none experienced accidental extubation during transport. An uncuffed tracheal tube was used in 108/172 (63%) of patients p Conclusion Provider reported adverse TIAEs are common during airway management in children requiring critical care transport, but not higher compared to PICU intubations. Most inter-hospital transport patients are intubated with an uncuffed tracheal tube. Subsequent tracheal tube change from uncuffed to cuffed tube is rarely required.
A direct blind receiver for SIMO and MIMO OFDM systems subject to unknown frequency offset and multipath

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an appealing modulation and multiplexing technique for frequency-selective wireless channels. OFDM is sensitive to carrier frequency offset (CFO), arising due to oscillator mismatch, drift, or mobility-induced Doppler. This is because CFO destroys subcarrier orthogonality. Pilot symbols, repetition coding, or (possibly hopped) null subcarriers; have been proposed and exploited for CFO estimation, but all sacrifice data rate. In this paper, we show that employing two or more antennas at the receiver affords not only a direct receive-diversity benefit, but also important side-benefits as well: in fact CFO can be blindly estimated and the transmitted symbols can be directly recovered, under very relaxed blind identifiability conditions. This follows by recognizing that the resulting baseband model is suitable for parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis. The results are general enough to cover both single input multiple output (SIMO) and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) OFDM systems with multiple users or multiple transmit antennas. Computer simulation results show that the proposed PARAFAC receiver can achieve performance that is only a few dB away from the non-blind minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) receiver and works well for a wide range of carrier frequency offsets.
Human Performance Models for Response to Alarm Notifications in the Process Industries: An Industrial Case Study:

The Engineering Equipment and Materials User Association (EEMUA) recently published recommendations for average and peak alarm rates of 1 alarm per 10 minutes during normal operations and no more than 10 alarms per 10 minutes following an upset condition, respectively. However, these recommendations have been made in the absence of human performance studies or theory. This paper presents two studies –an analytical Keystroke-Level Modeling study and a Markov modeling study– that provide an initial human performance context for the EEMUA recommendations. Results suggest that these EEMUA recommendations are in line with human performance limits. Several limitations of the two studies for generalizing from either the KLM or Markov modeling results are discussed. Practical implications presented include the need for advanced alarm reduction techniques and consideration of peak alarm rates for upset conditions during the alarm rationalization process. Future research directions are also discussed, such as estab...
AcrySof Natural filter decreases blue light-induced apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelium.

The effect of AcrySof filter (UV light-filtering chromophore; Alcon) and AcrySof Natural filter (UV- and blue light-filtering chromophores) on blue light-induced apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells was evaluated. Laboratory investigation Acrysof Natural filter reduces the blue-light toxicity in RPE cells and may have a positive impact on age-related macular degeneration (AMD). RPE cells were exposed to blue light (430–450 nm) in the presence of either the AcrySof (UV only) filter or Acrysof Natural (UV and blue light) filter for 10 days. The rate of apoptosis was analyzed. Blue light induced significant apoptosis in RPE cells. AcrySof Natural filter significantly reduced the blue light-induced apoptosis when compared to AcrySof filter. The amount of blue-light energy reaching the cells with the AcrySof filter was 4.25 mW/cm2 and with the AcrySof Natural filter was 2.5 mW/cm2. AcrySof Natural filter significantly reduced blue light-induced apoptosis. This was most likely due to its filtering effect on blue wavelength light, which reduces the energy that reaches the cells. In patients with cataract who are at a high risk for AMD, the implantation of a blue light-filtering intraocular lens may be considered.
The Lodging Velocity for Emergent Aquatic Plants in Open Channels

: The growth of aquatic plants in open-channels has many adverse environmental effects including, but not limited to, impeding the transport of water, hindering navigation, increasing flood elevations, increasing sediment deposition, and degrading water quality. Existing control strategies include physical removal and chemical treatment. Physical removal is only a temporary solution and chemical treatment is unacceptable if the water will be consumed by humans. The hydrodynamic method can wash out the encroached aquatic plants by keeping flow velocity higher than the critical velocity required to bend and rupture (lodge) their stems. This approach is a promising, physically-based, efficient, economic, and permanent solution for this problem. However, the success of this approach requires the accurate prediction of the critical lodging velocity. This paper presents an analytic study of the lodging velocity for the submerged portion of aquatic plants of narrow leaved emergent stems that are wider at bottom than the top. Based on the principles of engineering materials and the theory of turbulent flow, a semi-empirical formula is derived for the prediction of the critical lodging velocity. It indicates that the lodging of aquatic plants is controlled not only by flow conditions but also the geometric and mechanical characteristics of the plants. These analytic results provide a satisfactory explanation of the lodging phenomena observed in the field and are verified by the available experimental data.
Integrating document and data retrieval based on XML

For querying structured and semistructured data, data retrieval and document retrieval are two valuable and complementary techniques that have not yet been fully integrated. In this paper, we introduce integrated information retrieval (IIR), an XML-based retrieval approach that closes this gap. We introduce the syntax and semantics of an extension of the XQuery language called XQuery/IR. The extended language realizes IIR and thereby allows users to formulate new kinds of queries by nesting ranked document retrieval and precise data retrieval queries. Furthermore, we detail index structures and efficient query processing approaches for implementing XQuery/IR. Based on a new identification scheme for nodes in node-labeled tree structures, the extended index structures require only a fraction of the space of comparable index structures that only support data retrieval.
Gamma Knife radiosurgery after radiation therapy as an adjunctive treatment for glioblastoma

Despite a randomized trial showing no benefit of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) prior to radiation therapy (RT), the benefits of SRS after RT and at the time of progression require further characterization. We retrospectively reviewed 48 patients with histopathological diagnoses of glioblastoma (GBM) that were treated with SRS over a 16-year period (1991-2007). Twenty-two were treated as part of their initial treatment paradigm and 26 were treated at the time of progression. The primary endpoints studied were overall survival (OS), survival after SRS and time-to-progression (TTP). Patients treated at the time of progression had significantly longer OS than those treated on initial presentation (17.4 vs. 15.1 months, P = 0.003). On multivariate analysis, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) class III patients, those with more extensive resections, and those who were not on steroids at the time of SRS had significantly improved OS. SRS margin dose was a significant prognostic factor for TTP on multivariate analysis (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.62-0.98). In the subgroup of patients treated with GKS as part of their initial treatment, an increasing number of weeks between surgical resection and GKS was a poor prognostic factor on multivariate analysis (HR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01-1.23). In patients who were treated with SRS at the time of progression, chemotherapy was associated with a longer TTP (P = 0.028). Our results suggest that SRS provides a survival advantage when delivered after RT. This benefit may be best appreciated in RTOG class III patients. Moreover, SRS may be a viable alternative to open surgery for aggressive management of GBM at the time of recurrence. Prospective studies of SRS for GBM should focus on these two groups of patients.
Analysis of listeners' favorite music by music features

The relationship between listeners' favorite music and the music features was analyzed. Music was classified on the basis of a rating system performed by listeners, and the music features were analyzed. The analysis showed that the listeners' favorite music tended to concentrate along certain music feature axes. In addition, the concentrated music feature axis varies with the pairs of listeners and artists.
Trichomonas vaginalis Lipophosphoglycan Triggers a Selective Upregulation of Cytokines by Human Female Reproductive Tract Epithelial Cells

Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common nonviral sexually transmitted human infections and, worldwide, has been linked to increased incidence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission, preterm delivery, low birth weight, cervical cancer, and vaginitis. The molecular pathways that are important in initiating host inflammatory and immune responses to T. vaginalis are poorly understood. Here we report interactions of human cervicovaginal epithelial cells with the most abundant cell surface glycoconjugate of the parasite, the T. vaginalis lipophosphoglycan (LPG). Purified LPG mediated the adhesion of parasites to human vaginal epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, T. vaginalis LPG (but not LPG from Tritrichomonas foetus, the causative agent of bovine trichomoniasis) induced a selective upregulation of chemotactic cytokines by human endocervical, ectocervical, and vaginal epithelial cells, which do not express Toll-like receptor 4/MD2. The T. vaginalis LPG triggered interleukin 8 (IL-8), which promotes the adhesion and transmigration of neutrophils across the endothelium, and macrophage inflammatory protein 3α, which is a chemoattractant for immune cells and is essential for dendritic cell maturation. These effects were dose dependent and sustained in the absence of cytotoxicity and IL-1β release and utilized, at least in part, a signaling pathway independent from the Toll-like/IL-1 receptor adaptor protein MyD88.
Actitud de los estudiantes en tres facultades de odontología en Santiago de Cali, Colombia, frente a pacientes con VIH

Objetivos: Conocer la actitud de estudiantes de odontologia de Cali respecto del manejo de personas con diag- nostico de VIH/SIDA. Metodo: Estudio observacional descriptivo mediante aplicacion de una encuesta aplicada en 1.173 estudiantes de tres facultades de odontologia de Cali, clasificados en tres grupos (preclinica, clinica inicial y clinica final). Resultados: participo un 63,4%; 50% tenia menos de 20 anos, 68% mujeres. 92% solteros y 82% catolicos. Se encontro ac- titud positiva entre 86% y 92%, la disposicion de atender pacientes fue mas favorable en preclinica (p=0.03). Aunque 88,7% mostro disposicion de atender pacientes VIH+; entre los que pensaban que seria dificil hacerlo para su personal auxiliar, se encontro 33% de estudiantes con probabilidad de hacerlo, (p= 0.03). Cuando se interrogo sobre conocimientos acerca del VIH/SIDA, 66,7% (clinica final) y 82,2% (preclinica) percibian que no habian recibido entrenamiento previo (p<0,001). Conclusiones: Se evidencio que la intencion de atender pacientes VIH+ era similar a lo reportado en otros paises americanos e Irlanda. Los estudiantes necesitan recibir un mejor entrenamiento con el fin de disminuir sus temores y mejorar su actitud para atenderlos.
Discrete self-focusing in nonlinear arrays of coupled waveguides.

We show that a nonlinear array of coupled waveguides can exhibit discrete self-focusing that in the continuum approximation obeys the so-called nonlinear Schrodinger equation. This process has much in common with the biophysical model of Davydov.
Should All Children Receive Two Measles Vaccinations? A Study of Measles Susceptibility in a Suburban New Jersey Private Practice

Because of the rising incidence of rubeola, we tested all our patients who were vaccinated prior to 15 months of age and those vaccinated after 15 months, if requested, for susceptibility to measles (IgG, ELISA). Those found to be susceptible were revaccinated. Of 1,228 tested, 264 (21.5%) were susceptible. In the group vaccinated before 1980, 237 of 901 (26.3%) were susceptible, whereas only 27 of 327 (8.3%) vaccinated after 1980 were not immune. Susceptibility was sharply divided by month of age at vaccination at the 14-month mark. Less than 5% of those vaccinated after age 15 months in the 1980s (one of 22, or 4.5%) were susceptible. Waning immunity (secondary vaccine failure) was not found to be a factor in our patients. Despite outbreaks of measles in surrounding communities and in our area, none of our patients developed measles. Identification of high-risk groups and selective measles revaccination should be considered as an alternative to universal revaccination in populations such as ours, since ...
An Assessment of Publisher Quality by Political Science Librarians

Publisher quality is one criterion used by collection development librarians in making book selection decisions. Few studies have assessed the perceptions subject specialist librarians have about the quality of academic publishers’ output in specific disciplines. The author surveyed a sample of members of the Association of College and Research Libraries Law & Political Science Section, asking them to assess the overall quality of political science books published by sixty-two academic presses and imprints. The results are reported, analyzed, and compared to a similar survey of members of the American Political Science Association. Many similarities are seen in the rankings, although, on the whole, librarians ranked university presses higher and commercial publishers lower than did political scientists.
Meteorological Analysis of an Oahu Flood

Abstract A detailed study has been made of the severe Oahu rainstorm 19 April 1974 and its implications for the Hawaii flood forecast problem. Data from Qahu's extensive recording raingage network were analyzed to determine the mesoscale structure of the precipitating cloud systems. Study of a special rain and stream gage network in Moanalua Valley showed that the current Hawaiian detection scheme based on one telemetered raingage per watershed is inadequate. Raingage data were incorporated with available conventional meteorological observations to construct a conceptual model of the flood-producing convective regime of 19 April. It was concluded that orography played an essential role in the persistence of major thunderstorm activity.
Brief paper: Solutions and properties of multi-stage stackelberg games

The inducible region concept is used to solve multistage, deterministic Stackelberg games, and to study properties of the solutions. We first delineate the inducible region by using a process similar to dynamic programming. A desired outcome is then selected from the region. To construct a Stackelberg strategy, we move forwards in time to cover various contingent situations. This approach gives a distinct picture about the nature of the problem. In particular, two aspects of the principle of the optimality are discussed. A design procedure is presented to construct a relatively robust Stackelberg strategy. The issue of credibility is also addressed.
Excess Commuting in U.S. Metropolitan Areas

Most social scientists in U.S. universities (not to mention federal, state and local government agencies) believe that workers in U.S. metropolitan areas make excessive use of cars for commuting.
Media Framing and the Dynamics of Racial Policy Preferences

… the symbols of revolt are not drawn like musty costumes from a cultural closet and arrayed before the public. Nor are meanings unrolled out of whole cloth. The costumes of revolt are woven from a blend of inherited and invented fibers into collective action frames…. – Sidney Tarrow (1998) After at least a decade of leftward drift, racial policy preferences reached a liberal peak in the mid-1960s. But, as we have seen, the era of liberalism was not sustainable in the long run. After a reversal and a long slow but steady march to the right, the public reached a conservative zenith in policy preferences on racial matters around 1980. That conservatism, too, was short-lived, though few observers have noted this fact: opposition to government activism on race eroded steadily throughout the 1980s. And again, in the early 1990s, the public hit a liberal high, but – in what is by now a familiar pattern – support for liberalism has been waning since then. Why? In search of an explanation, ought we to open the historian's toolkit and point to particular dates, identify “critical moments” in our history where we, like a sailboat, changed tack? Ought we to search through the records of speeches by influential politicians and societal leaders – for surely the eloquence attained in the pursuit of racial equality, with its rich biblical imagery, is among the pinnacles of rhetorical splendor in the history of the republic – to discover how a particular presidential candidate or movement activist stated something with a new and profound kind of power and persuaded plain folk to change their minds?
The Measurement of Dynamic Shear Properties of Polymer Melts with a Rheovibron Viscoelastometer

The Rheovibron viscoelastometer is useful for obtaining dynamic tensile mechanical properties of films and fiber over a wide temperature range of -160°C to 250°C in an atmosphere at 0% relative humidity. In recent years a modification which makes possible measurement on materials in the shear and bending mode has been reported.
A Common Sense Understanding of Inevitable Discovery: Why Nix v. Williams Does Not Require Active Pursuit in the Application of the Inevitable Discovery Doctrine

Suppose that an officer has the requisite probable cause necessary to obtain a search warrant to seize evidence, but seizes the evidence that a search warrant would have rendered before obtaining the warrant. Should the evidence that was seized be admissible under the theory of inevitable discovery? This question's answer ultimately depends on the jurisdiction’s position on “active pursuit.” The idea of active pursuit was born out of the facts of Nix v. Williams, and has caused a divide amongst the various circuits of the United States Court of Appeals. Some have required it while others have expressly held it unnecessary. This article is the first to draw upon the Court’s dicta from Hudson v. Michigan to advance the argument that active pursuit should not be required and that the inevitable discovery doctrine should be analyzed through a “but-for” causal analysis. But-for causation is required in order to exclude evidence, and if police misconduct is not a but-for cause of the discovery of evidence the evidence should be admitted regardless of whether there was active pursuit. This article is also the first to break down the three different approaches taken at the circuit court level to resolve this issue, and then explain why the but-for causal analysis best effectuates the Court’s holding from Nix v. Williams as well as the Court’s recent exclusionary rule jurisprudence.
Provider communication and HPV vaccination: The impact of recommendation quality.

Abstract Background Receiving a healthcare provider's recommendation is a strong predictor of HPV vaccination, but little is known empirically about which types of recommendation are most influential. Thus, we sought to investigate the relationship between recommendation quality and HPV vaccination among U.S. adolescents. Methods In 2014, we conducted a national, online survey of 1495 parents of 11–17-year-old adolescents. Parents reported whether providers endorsed HPV vaccination strongly, encouraged same-day vaccination, and discussed cancer prevention. Using an index of these quality indicators, we categorized parents as having received no, low-quality, or high-quality recommendations for HPV vaccination. Separate multivariable logistic regression models assessed associations between recommendation quality and HPV vaccine initiation (≥1 dose), follow through (3 doses, among initiators), refusal, and delay. Results Almost half (48%) of parents reported no provider recommendation for HPV vaccination, while 16% received low-quality recommendations and 36% received high-quality recommendations. Compared to no recommendation, high-quality recommendations were associated with over nine times the odds of HPV vaccine initiation (23% vs. 74%, OR = 9.31, 95% CI, 7.10–12.22) and over three times the odds of follow through (17% vs. 44%, OR = 3.82, 95% CI, 2.39–6.11). Low-quality recommendations were more modestly associated with initiation (OR = 4.13, 95% CI, 2.99–5.70), but not follow through. Parents who received high- versus low-quality recommendations less often reported HPV vaccine refusal or delay. Conclusions High-quality recommendations were strongly associated with HPV vaccination behavior, but only about one-third of parents received them. Interventions are needed to improve not only whether, but how providers recommend HPV vaccination for adolescents.
Production Planning of a Multi-Item-Single-Facility System with Non-Stationary Demands

We consider a single production facility capable of producing N products each demanded at a varying rate throughout the planning horizon. The production facility makes a fixed lot in a given period. No more than one product can be produced in a period. Given the initial inventory for each product and a finite planning horizon, the objective is to identify the production schedule with the minimum total inventory holding and backordering costs. Dominance relations between the products are derived, and strong dynamic lower bounds on the optimal cost are developed. Together, they are used in an efficient dynamic branch and bound algorithm to generate the optimal schedule. The computational results show that the proposed branch and bound is effective in reducing the CPU time, hence allowing for the solution of large size problems which is not possible by using other methods.