cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Policy Environment for Environment-Behavior Research

Environmental design is commonly defined as arranging the forces of nature to achieve the purposes of humans. The constructions manifesting that order, in turn, influence subsequent human activities, including the initiation of the next set of purposes. Thus, structural designers must take cognizance of the gravitational force, whereas lighting designers live intimately with the psychobiology of vision. These physical forces (mechanical, electromagnetic, and thermal, among others; the involuntary physiological reflexes; and the regularities of psychophysical responses) are universal, or nearly so, in their effect. To ignore them invites disaster, literally. But designers and managers of environments who operate in culturally complex societies have had to deal with an additional set of forces that, although frequently encountered, are neither as universal in their incidence nor as uniform in their efficacy as the physical, physiological, and psychophysical factors. These newer forces, no less real because they are analytically less tractable, are the institutions and policies that mediate human purposes and human action in the creation and operation of the built environment. Although academic analyses of these forces are comparatively recent emergents in policy studies, written buildjng regulatory precedents may be traced as far as the Code of Hammurabi (ca. 1955–1913 b.c.e.). Present-day public policies are, as in ancient Babylon, instruments for achieving social purposes, on the one hand, and, on the other, boundaries limiting individual action.
Protein and energy value of pearl millet grain for mature goats.

We conducted two studies to assess the protein and energy value of pearl millet grain (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.) for mature goats. In Exp. 1, 15 2-yr-old male castrated goats were gradually introduced over a 4-mo period to three all-grain diets consisting of 100% corn (Zea mays L.), 50:50 corn:pearl millet, and 100% pearl millet. After the adjustment to all-grain feeds, the goats were fed the diets in metabolism crates for 2-d adjustment and 7-d total collection periods. For Exp. 2, complete diets containing the three grain treatments (corn, 50:50 corn:pearl millet, and pearl millet) as 40% of the total DM as fed (the remainder was mainly alfalfa meal and mineral supplement) were balanced to contain 16% crude protein (CP) and 2.24 Mcal digestible energy (DE)/kg on an air-dry basis. Twelve mature (4- to 6-yr-old) buck goats were randomly assigned to diets and fed in pens for 14 d and then moved to metabolism crates for 10-d adjustment and 10-d total collection periods. In Exp. 1, DM intake was unaffected by dietary treatment, but digestibility of DM and organic matter was lowest (P < .10) in goats fed 100% pearl millet. Digestibility of complete diets also decreased (P < .10) as corn was replaced by 50 or 100% pearl millet, but DM intake increased (P < .10) on the 100% millet diet. In both experiments, substituting pearl millet for corn had no effect on nitrogen retained by the goats. Metabolizable energy of pearl millet was only 92% that of corn, but ME intake was similar when the grains were fed as 40% of the dietary DM. Pearl millet has potential as a major energy feed for goats in areas where it can be economically produced.
Bifurcation for One-Parameter Families of Scalar Maps: A Geometric Viewpoint

Using some elementary geometric ideas we provide (sufficient) transversality conditions for bifurcation of one-parameter families of scalar maps. The approach has two advantages: first, it shows how the conditions arise and, second, it provides very simple proofs of sufficiency.
Prevalence and Epidemiology of Injuries Among Elite Cyclists in the Tour de France.

Background:Cycling injuries are increasing, particularly among elite athletes during major events such as the Tour de France. Many athletes miss considerable time from sport and require surgical in...
Double hit and double expressors in lymphoma: Definition and treatment

Emerging biologic subsets and new prognostic markers are significantly and adversely affecting curability after standard chemoimmunotherapy for aggressive B-cell lymphomas. The identification of concurrent MYC and B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) deregulation, whether at a genomic or protein level, has opened a new era of investigation within the most common subtype of aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Double-hit lymphoma (DHL), defined as a dual rearrangement of MYC and BCL2 and/or B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6 (BCL6) genes, is an uncommon subset accounting for 5% to 7% of all diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs), and long-term survivors are rare. Double-expressor lymphoma (DEL), defined as overexpression of MYC and BCL2 proteins not related to underlying chromosomal rearrangements, is not a distinct entity in the current World Health Organization classification but accounts for 20% to 30% of DLBCL cases and also has poor outcomes. There are many practical considerations related to identifying, determining the prognosis of, and managing DHL and DEL.
Separating extracellular vesicles and lipoproteins via acoustofluidics

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and lipoproteins are abundant and co-exist in blood. Both have been proven to be valuable as diagnostic biomarkers and for therapeutics. However, EVs and lipoproteins are both on the submicron scale and overlap in size distributions. Conventional methods to separate EVs and lipoproteins are inefficient and time-consuming. Here we present an acoustofluidic-based separation technique that is based on the acoustic property differences of EVs and lipoproteins. By using the acoustofluidic technology, EVs and subgroups of lipoproteins are separated in a label-free, contact-free, and continuous manner. With its ability for simple, rapid, efficient, continuous-flow isolation, our acoustofluidic technology could be a valuable tool for health monitoring, disease diagnosis, and personalized medicine.
Subwavelength silicon photonics (Conference Presentation)

(Invited) Subwavelength grating metamaterial waveguide devices are becoming established as key building blocks for silicon photonic integrated circuits. The novel optical properties found in these structures and ability to control their optical responses with unprecedented accuracy are opening new prospects for controlling and manipulating light in planar waveguides. Subwavelength grating metamaterial waveguides have attracted a strong research interest in academia and industry and many advanced devices with unprecedented performance have been demonstrated. The subwavelength engineered silicon waveguides have been adopted by industry for fiber-chip coupling and subwavelength engineered structures in general are likely to become key building blocks for the next generation of integrated photonic circuits. In this invited talk we will present an overview of our recent advances in this exciting field, including silicon-based subwavelength structures for highly efficient fiber-chip couplers, ultra-broadband waveguide devices, Bragg filters with high spectral sensitivity and nanophotonic waveguides with engineered anisotropy.
Family Medicine Patients Have Shorter Length of Stay When Cared for on a Family Medicine Inpatient Service.

Introduction: Hospitalists have been shown to have shorter lengths of stays than physicians with concurrent outpatient practices. However, hospitalists at academic medical centers may be less aware...
FDA analysis of depth of response (DpR) and survival across 10 randomized controlled trials in patients with previously untreated unresectable or metastatic melanoma (UMM) by therapy type.

9508Background: Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1 may not capture the full spectrum of benefit that patients with melanoma derive from targeted kinase inhibitors (TKI) or i...
Introducing Feminist Jurisprudence: An Analysis of Oklahoma's Seduction Statute

ions, devote time to this enterprise when there are so many more important things to do.109 I suppose we have not been able to shed completely our deeply ingrained training in patriarchal jurisprudence after
Building Domestic Support for West Germany's Integration into NATO, 1953–1955

Konrad Adenauer's government in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) engaged in a large-scale media campaign to create political consent for the FRG's integration into the West, a policy that rest...
Dorsal Oblique Hamate Fracture

Occasionally, a dorsal oblique hamate fracture will occur in association with a dorsal dislocation of the fifth metacarpal base. This fracture configuration renders the fracture- dislocation unstable. Routine posteroanterior, lateral, and oblique x-ray views of the hand should be obtained ((Figs. 14-1 A) (Figs. 14-1 B) Figs. 14-1 C). An anteroposterior full supination view and oblique views, especially a 30 Degrees pronated lateral view (Fig. 14-1 C), may better delineate the fracture and the amount of displacement. Ulnar nerve motor function should be assessed carefully before and after surgery because of the proximity of the deep motor branch to the ulnar side of the hamate. A dorsal incision is used over the metacarpal hamate joint.
Harvesting the radial artery

Abstract The radial artery (RA) has been used as a versatile graft for coronary revascularization for several decades. The durability of RA grafts depends on meticulous harvesting technique with careful attention to preserve its endothelial integrity. Prior to its harvest, appropriate ulnar collateral flow needs to be documented. The RA can be harvested equally effectively via a traditional open technique or alternatively via a minimally invasive endoscopic technique. Given the excellent clinical outcomes associated with the endoscopic technique and its superior cosmetic results, this technique has gained increased acceptance surgeons and patients.
Exposure to Terrorism-related News: Associations with Beliefs about Terrorism and Self-protective Action

This study examined how exposure to terrorism-related news is associated with perceived threat of terrorist attacks and self-protective actions taken in response to terrorism. Data were obtained fr...
"Wiring a City": A Sociotechnical Perspective on Deploying Urban Sensor Networks

We use a sociotechnical perspective to expand upon prior characterizations of deploying end-to-end urban sensor networks that focus primarily on the technical aspects of such systems. Via exploratory, semi-structured interviews with those deploying a number of urban sensor networks in a single American city, we identify ways that human decision-making and collaborative processes influence how these infrastructures are built. We synthesize these findings into a framework in which sociotechnical factors show up across the phases of data collection, management, analysis, and impacts within smart city projects. Each phase can display variability in immediacy, automation, geographic scope, and ownership. Finally, we use our situated work to discuss a generalizable tension within smart city projects between cross-domain data integration and fragmentation and provide implications for CSCW research, the design of smart city data platforms, and municipal policy.
Design and rationale of the colchicine/statin for the prevention of COVID-19 complications (COLSTAT) trial.

Abstract Background Despite improvement in the standard of care (SOC) for hospitalized COVID-19 patients, rates of morbidity and mortality remain high. There continues to be a need for easily available and cost-effective treatments. Colchicine and rosuvastatin are both safe and well-studied medications with anti-inflammatory and other pleiotropic effects that may provide additional benefits to hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods and results The Colchicine/Statin for the Prevention of COVID-19 Complications (COLSTAT) trial is a pragmatic, open-label, multicenter, randomized trial comparing the combination of colchicine and rosuvastatin in addition to SOC to SOC alone in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Four centers in the Yale New Haven Health network will enroll a total of 466 patients with 1:1 randomization. The trial will utilize the electronic health record (Epic® Systems, Verona, Wisconsin, USA) at all stages including screening, randomization, intervention, event ascertainment, and follow-up. The primary endpoint is the 30-day composite of progression to severe COVID-19 disease as defined by the World Health Organization ordinal scale of clinical improvement and arterial/venous thromboembolic events. The secondary powered endpoint is the 30-day composite of death, respiratory failure requiring intubation, and myocardial injury. Conclusions The COLSTAT trial will provide evidence on the efficacy of repurposing colchicine and rosuvastatin for the treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Moreover, it is designed to be a pragmatic trial that will demonstrate the power of using electronic health records to improve efficiency and enrollment in clinical trials in an adapting landscape. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04472611 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04472611 ).
Mercury distribution in an Upper St. Lawrence River wetland dominated by cattail (Typha angustifolia)

Legacy mercury (Hg) exists in Upper St. Lawrence River wetland hydric soils and is impacted by a new water level management plan (established in 2017) implemented to restore biodiversity and reduce the monotypic nature of riparian wetlands, currently dominated by Typha spp.. The distribution of Hg within the various components of a riparian wetland provides insight into potential impacts of water level fluctuations. Hydric soil represents 83% of the wetland Hg burden while wetland plant biomass contributed 17%, mostly due to organic detritus (13%). Although Typha roots had a bioconcentration factor of 1.2 (relative to hydric soils) and had the highest total Hg among living tissues (25 ± 9.3 ng/g dry wt.), detritus had the highest overall Hg content (110 ± 53 ng/g dry wt.). While root tissue Hg correlated significantly with soil Hg (p = 0.045), it was determined here that Typha spp. has limited use as a biomonitor in wetlands with low levels of Hg contamination, as in this ecosystem. Hg contained within the organic detritus contributed more to the overall Hg burden in these monotypic Typha wetlands than any other tissue or biomass component analyzed. Consequently, shifts in the plant community that are expected to result from a new water level management plan may alter Hg storage within these wetlands and affect its mobility in this ecosystem.
Benefit of the Doubt: Obstacles to Discovery in Claims Against Chinese Counterfeiters

What is the proper method for U.S. litigants to obtain evidence located in a foreign country for trademark litigation in the United States? The Lanham Act authorizes trademark owners to recover profits made from the sale of goods that infringe on their trademarks. In order to account for and ultimately recover these profits, trademark owners need access to the infringers’ bank records. But access to such records can be a challenge when the infringers and their banks are located outside the United States. In recent years, several brand owners have instituted a series of trademark infringement lawsuits in the Southern District of New York against Chinese vendors selling counterfeit goods online. This Note focuses on the conflict within the Southern District of New York over whether the Hague Convention or the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is the appropriate method for obtaining bank records from Chinese banks. At issue is the lack of transparency in the Chinese legal system, leaving the U.S. courts in need of guidance. Ultimately, this Note endorses a presumption against the Hague Convention whenever cooperation from the foreign sovereign is unclear. This Note argues that this policy will incentivize sovereign states to be more accomodating with their handling of foreign requests for evidence and any conflicting laws that might hinder such production.
Using Text Categorization Techniques for Intrusion Detection

A new approach, based on the k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) classifier, is used to classify program behavior as normal or intrusive. Short sequences of system calls have been used by others to characterize a program’s normal behavior before. However, separate databases of short system call sequences have to be built for different programs, and learning program profiles involves time-consuming training and testing processes. With the kNN classifier, the frequencies of system calls are used to describe the program behavior. Text categorization techniques are adopted to convert each process to a vector and calculate the similarity between two program activities. Since there is no need to learn individual program profiles separately, the calculation involved is largely reduced. Preliminary experiments with 1998 DARPA BSM audit data show that the kNN classifier can effectively detect intrusive attacks and achieve a low false positive rate.
The lost millennium: Psychology during the middle ages

The medieval period—roughly the 1,000 years from the classical Greco-Roman age to the Renaissance and modern era—has long been neglected in the history of psychology. Various reasons have been offered for why this period is treated so lightly, for example, that it was a Dark Age, or that it was dominated by anti-intellectual Christian thought. This essay challenges such reasoning and, in conjunction with critiquing these obstacles to inquiry, provides a cursory sketch of some of the more interesting figures of this millennium to stimulate psychologists to reconsider this era.
Polio Voices: An Oral History from the American Polio Epidemics and Worldwide Eradication Efforts

Incorporating many rare photographs from the family albums of survivors who tell their stories, Harvard professor Julie Silver, M.D., and historian Daniel Wilson help readers understand the sheer terror that gripped parents of young children every spring and summer during the first half of the 20th century as polio epidemics ran rampant. Interviewed as part of the Polio Oral History Project directed by Silver and funded by Harvard, foundations, and private donors, the people featured in this book describe what is arguably the most feared scourge of modern times. Testimonies are included from people who worked in polio wards, as well as from those involved in worldwide eradication efforts. The book also addresses the emergence of the polio and disability rights movement, the challenges of post-polio syndrome, and the state of polio research and developments today. And it explores the concern that polio could return in an even more vicious form as a result of bioterrorism.
Hard-scattering and Jets from RHIC to LHC: a critical review

Jets in hadron collisions are very complicated with a long learning curve replete with errors. In relativistic heavy ion (RHI) collisions, it is likely that jets will be much more complicated with an even longer and more difficult learning curve. Hard scattering is more easily observed via single particle and few particle correlation measurements. The main advantage of jets is higher rate at large $p_T$, plus the possibility of detailed studies of soft fragmentation if the soft fragments can be separated from the background. A critical review of the possibility of using jets as a probe of hard-scattering in RHI collisions is presented along with other probes and measurements which the author considers much more likely to reveal the interesting physics in Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC. Finally, a list of unanswered questions raised by results at RHIC is presented.
Effects of arginine-free meals on ureagenesis in cats

Cats given a single arginine-free meal have been reported to develop severe hyperammonemia, attributed to impaired function of ornithine aminotransferase (OAT). We found that cats that developed hyperammonemia following an arginine-free meal had low hepatic ornithine levels. However, the average sum of hepatic ornithine plus arginine plus citrulline rose, indicating that some ornithine synthesis via OAT took place, and hyperammonemia failed to occur in cats with higher hepatic ornithine levels. OAT activity and kinetic constants were comparable to values reported in the rat. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with ornithine caused only occasional and transient hyperornithinemia. Thus, OAT can function in the cat. The Ka of N-acetylglutamate (AGA) synthetase for arginine was 5 times higher in cats than in rats, but AGA content and citrullinogenesis by intact mitochondria were the same following arginine-free or arginine-containing meals. Other kinetic parameters of AGA synthetase and carbamoylphosphate synthetase were similar to values in the rat. We conclude that low levels of hepatic ornithine are probably responsible for making some cats susceptible to hyperammonemia following this stimulus.
Diffusion-weighted imaging volume as the best predictor of the diffusion-perfusion mismatch in acute stroke patients within 8 hours of onset.

BACKGROUND Diagnostic accuracies of standard NCCT, CTA, CTA-SI, FLAIR, and DWI to detect the diffusion‐perfusion mismatch (DPM) were compared. METHODS Stroke patients considered for endovascular therapy within 8 hours of onset were enrolled. DPM was defined as at least 160% mismatch between DWI and PWI volume. RESULTS DPM was seen in 35 (71%) of 49 patients. ASPECTS on NCCT, CTA-SI, and DWI was 9 (8-9), 8 (6-9), and 7 (5-9) in mismatch group, and 6 (4-9), 6 (2-7), 5 (2-6) in nonmismatch group, respectively (P = .027, .006, and .001). Ischemic volume on CTA-SI and DWI was 4.6 (.2-13.0) cm 3 and 21.5 (9.7-44.0) cm 3 in mismatch group, and 61.5 (6.6-101.1) cm 3 and 94.9 (45.7-139.8) cm 3 in nonmismatch group (P = .003 and <.001). Significant collateralization on CTA-SI and FLAIR was seen in 80% and 88% in mismatch group, and 42% and 58% in nonmismatch group (P = .026 and .039). Odds ratios (95% CI) of DWI volume of 70 cm 3 to predict the mismatch was 30.17 (2.06-442.41) after adjusting for ASPECTSs on NCCT, CTA-SI, and DWI, 44.90 (2.75-732.73) for ischemic volume on CTA-SI, and 42.80 (3.05-601.41) for significant collateralization on CTA-SI and FLAIR (P = .013, .008, and .005). CONCLUSIONS DWI volume was the best predictor of DPM.
State and immigration regulations: shared experiences of foreign domestics in Singapore, Saudi Arabia, and Canada

This paper examines female migrant domestic workers in Singapore, Saudi Arabia, and Canada, and the way the foreign labor policy of these countries shapes these women’s experiences of migration and employment. It demonstrates that tying live-in domestics to their employers for employment and immigration status makes these women vulnerable to potential abuse and exploitation. The passage of both state and international labor standards demonstrates the success of domestic workers’ decades-long activism at local, national, and transnational levels.
Characterizing Inland Pacific Northwest American Viticultural Areas with Geospatial Data

American Viticultural Areas are officially recognized appellations for wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). They represent not only geographic identification for growers, but also economic significance through price premiums for grapes from desirable appellations and wines sourcing grapes from such appellations. Petitions for establishment and official descriptions of American Viticultural Areas in the inland Pacific Northwest have traditionally relied on general descriptions of physical attributes and data from point measurements, namely weather stations. Examination of spatial datasets in a geographic information system provides a more holistic means of assessing viticultural areas and a spatially continuous representation of an area. Comparison of spatial datasets to official appellation descriptions largely corroborate petitioners' claims, often with greater detail, but also highlight some shortcomings of official appellation descriptions. By focusing on spatial data representing environmental factors most important to wine grape production, viticultural areas can be described more thoroughly and accurately and appellations may be more appropriately delineated. We examined inland Pacific Northwest American Viticultural Areas with a geographic information system approach, illustrating the utility of spatial datasets in characterization and delineation of American Viticultural Areas.
Automated wafer production

To help meet increased in-house requirements for fabricating LSI logic circuits, quick turn around time is essential for wafer processing and production. This paper will describe a sensor-based computer-controlled line that also affords automated collection and analysis, and contamination control.
Metabolic Flux in Both the Purine Mononucleotide and Histidine Biosynthetic Pathways Can Influence Synthesis of the Hydroxymethyl Pyrimidine Moiety of Thiamine in Salmonella enterica

Together, the biosyntheses of histidine, purines, and thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) contain examples of convergent, divergent, and regulatory pathway integration. Mutations in two purine biosynthetic genes (purI and purH) affect TPP biosynthesis due to flux through the purine and histidine pathways. The molecular genetic characterization of purI mutants and their respective pseudorevertants resulted in the conclusion that <1% of the wild-type activity of the PurI enzyme was sufficient for thiamine but not for purine synthesis. The respective pseudorevertants were found to be informational suppressors. In addition, it was shown that accumulation of the purine intermediate aminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide inhibits thiamine synthesis, specifically affecting the conversion of aminoimidazole ribotide to hydroxymethyl pyrimidine.
An Economic Analysis of the Atorvastatin Comparative Cholesterol Efficacy and Safety Study (ACCESS)

Introduction: The objective of the Atorvastatin Comparative Cholesterol Efficacy and Safety Study (ACCESS) was to compare the efficacy and safety of the five 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors in a randomised, controlled, yet large-scale study. ACCESS also produced data that permitted comparative analysis of the cost to achieve National Cholesterol Education Panel (NCEP) II low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) targets. Study Design: A 54-week, multicentre, open-label, randomised, parallel-arm, active-control study in men and women with or without documented coronary heart disease or peripheral vascular disease. Data included medication use, clinic visits, adverse events, LDL-C and other laboratory measures. Analyses of resource use and cost are reported from a third-party payer perspective. Methods: Patients were randomly assigned to receive one of the following treatments: atorvastatin (10–80 mg/day); fluvastatin (20–40 mg/day, or 40mg twice daily); lovastatin (20–40 mg/day, or 40mg twice daily); pravastatin (10–40 mg/day); or simvastatin (10–40 mg/day). Patients were started at the lowest available dose and titrated to higher doses at 6-week intervals until they achieved the NCEP II LDL-C target or reached the highest available dose of medication. Patients: A total of 153 centres enrolled 3887 patients: atorvastatin (n = 1944); fluvastatin (n = 493); lovastatin (n = 494); pravastatin (n = 478); and simvastatin (n = 478). Inclusion criteria included LDL-C ≥ 30 mg/dL higher than NCEP II LDL-C target (stratified by risk factors), fasting triglyceride values 80 years or < 18 years were among the exclusion criteria. Results: Mean total treatment costs to reach LDL-C targets for patients receiving atorvastatin ($US683.37 in 2001) were significantly less than mean total treatment costs for patients receiving fluvastatin (difference = $US211.35, p < 0.01), lovastatin ($US607.96, p < 0.01), pravastatin ($US424.60, p < 0.01) and simvastatin ($US95.74, p < 0.01). Results were robust to sensitivity analyses using alternative definitions of the patient population (randomised, intent-to-treat, completers) and cost measures (50th percentile charges, 95th percentile charges, Medicare prices). Conclusions: Compared with the other statins studied, atorvastatin was associated with the lowest resource use and costs when used to treat patients to their NCEP II LDL-C targets. Atorvastatin was also associated with the highest percentage of patients achieving their desired clinical outcomes. Therefore, in cost-effectiveness terms, it dominated the four other statins.
The September 11 attacks as viewed from Quebec: the small-nation code in geopolitical discourse

Abstract Public opinion polls from before and after 2001 in Quebec (Canada) reveal a marked shift during that year in attitudes about the US. Quebecois opinions of the US fell to the least favorable rating they had had in 15 years. A “fair weather friend” phenomenon based on fear of association with a target state does not fully explain Quebec’s reaction. Consideration of Quebec’s historical geographical situation as a small nation without a sovereign state suggests deeper reasons for the shift in perspective, which are confirmed by quantitative and qualitative analysis of letters to the editor of daily newspapers. Quebecois letters about the attacks of September 11 were inclined to frame these attacks in terms of a battle between a large and powerful state and various small and weak nations, and subsequently to find common cause with the small nations. This particular framing of the 9-11 events according to a “small-nation” code reflected fundamental elements of the historical–geographical situation of Quebec as constructed in Quebecois discourses. The activation of a set of key associations from the national past to understand international relations in the present is an example of what Gertjan Dijkink calls the “national reflex”. The activation of the reflex by an attack on the US points out how a hegemonic state can be vulnerable, paradoxically, as a result of its own supremacy.
Acquisition‐Based Assessment and Property Tax Inequalities after California's 1978 Proposition Thirteen

This paper examines the shift from current market value assessment to acquisition-based assessment as mandated by a little-noticed provision of California's 1978 Proposition Thirteen. The distributional effects of the reformed property tax system are studied for a 300-house, ten-neighborhood sample in Davis, California. Micro-area tax inequalities for similar properties greatly increased from 1978 to 1985. By 1988, however, intra-area and inter-area inequalities in tax payments were diminishing slightly due to a low inflation rate and increased property turnover (resales). Because of its social policy consequences, acquisition-based assessment is an element of California's tax revolt that other jurisdictions should not emulate.
Laser-Generated Localized Freestream Perturbations in Supersonic and Hypersonic Flows

An optical method for generating localized, controlled perturbations has been developed for use in supersonic and hypersonic flowfields. The thermal spot disturbance is generated when the pulsed beam from a laser is focused at the desired origin and a small region of the gas is ionized. After recombination, the thermal spot persists as a region of heated gas that convects with the local flow velocity. The perturbation is approximately spherical and several millimeters in diameter, with the size dependent on the flow density. Optimal formation of the perturbation is achieved with large-F-number focusing systems. To date, the disturbance has been used as a freestream perturbation for supersonic receptivity experiments as well as forward-facing cavity and blunt-body shock oscillation studies
Lesbians, bisexual women, and body image: an investigation of gender roles and social group affiliation

Objective This study examined the effects of considering oneself to be masculine, feminine, or androgynous in appearance, of having friends who share one's gender and sexual orientation, and of affiliating with three subcommunities within the lesbian society on various aspects of body image. Method Self-report measures were obtained from 188 lesbian and bisexual females. Results Feminine women reported lower body satisfaction than did androgynous or masculine identified subjects. Those whose friends shared their sexual orientation and gender had more positive body images than those whose friends shared only gender. In contrast, community affiliation was unrelated to body satisfaction. Discussion Within-group differences among lesbians may be central to understanding body image in this group. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 25:89–97, 1999.
Mechanisms underlying uridine adenosine tetraphosphate-induced vascular contraction in mouse aorta: Role of thromboxane and purinergic receptors

Uridine adenosine tetraphosphate (Up4A), a novel endothelium-derived vasoactive agent, is proposed to play a role in cardiovascular disorders and induces aortic contraction through activation of cyclooxygenases (COXs). We and others demonstrated that activation of A1 or A3 adenosine receptors (ARs) results in vascular contraction via thromboxane (TX) A2 production. However, the mechanisms of Up4A-induced vascular contraction in mouse aorta are not understood. We hypothesize that Up4A-induced aortic contraction is through COX-derived TXA2 production, which requires activation of A1 and/or A3AR. Concentration responses to Up4A were conducted in isolated aorta. The TXB2 production, a metabolite of TXA2, was also measured. Up4A (10(-9)-10(-5)M) produced a concentration-dependent contraction >70%, which was markedly attenuated by COX and COX1 but not by COX2 inhibition. Notably, Up4A-induced aortic contraction was blunted by both TX synthase inhibitor ozagrel and TXA2 receptor (TP) antagonist SQ29548. Surprisingly, A3AR deletion had no effect on Up4A-induced contraction. Moreover, A1AR deletion or antagonism as well as A1/A3AR deletion potentiated Up4A-induced aortic contraction, suggesting a vasodilator influence of A1AR. In contrast, non-selective purinergic P2 receptor antagonist PPADS significantly blunted Up4A-induced aortic contraction to a similar extent as selective P2X1R antagonist MRS2159, the latter of which was further reduced by addition of ozagrel. Endothelial denudation almost fully attenuated Up4A-induced contraction. Furthermore, Up4A (3μM) increased TXB2 formation, which was inhibited by either MRS2159 or ozagrel. In conclusion, Up4A-induced aortic contraction depends on activation of TX synthase and TP, which partially requires the activation of P2X1R but not A1 or A3AR through an endothelium-dependent mechanism.
Activation of amiloride-sensitive sodium transport in C6 glioma cells.

: We have characterized, in C6 cells, an amiloride-sensitive Na+ entry pathway that can exchange for H+. In this report we demonstrate that this cation-exchange system can be induced within 24–36 h by either serum removal or by dibutyryl cyclic AMP; however, these modes of induction are not additive and are manifest only after activation by serum. In these glioma cells we found that activation by serum can be mimicked in part by specific serum factors, i.e., epidermal growth factor and bradykinin. We attempted to characterize this activation process further using several cell biologic probes. We had previously shown that that activation process involves a calcium-dependent step with full activation obtained in the presence of the calcium iono-phore A23187. The activation by serum was inhibited by preincubation with colchicine but not with dihydrocyto-chalasin B, suggesting a cytoskeletal involvement in the activation process. Activation by epidermal growth factor and bradykinin was found to be unaffected by colchicine, suggesting that other factors must be present in serum that confer sensitivity to colchicine. Incubation of the cells with phorbol myristoyl acetate results in the activation of amiloride-sensitive transport, suggesting that stimulation of protein kinase C may be integral to the activation process. Unlike the effects of serum, activation by phorbol myristoyl acetate is not inhibited by colchicine, indicating that this drug works in a way that bypasses the cytoskeletal-dependent step. Since diacyl-glycerol is the presumed endogenous activator of protein kinase C., we studied the effects of dioleylglycerol. This intermediate of phosphoUpid turnover was found to increase specifically the amiloride-sensitive sodium pathway. We feel therefore that Na+-H+ exchange in glial cells as well as in other cells may be tightly linked to phospholipid turnover and to calcium flux and that these two processes are integral to glial cell acidification and ion homeostasis.
The complex responses of social stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) to tropical deforestation

Abstract Despite concern over a putative “global pollination crisis”, we still have an incomplete understanding of how bee communities respond to land-use change. I studied the responses of social stingless (or “meliponine”) bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) to surrounding forest cover and floral resources in 35 sites in a largely deforested landscape in Costa Rica over three years, sampling bees with a standardized netting protocol. I recorded a diverse fauna of meliponines, comprised of 20 species and nine genera. I found that meliponine species richness and abundance are strongly related to forest cover, but not floral resource variables (blooming plant species richness and abundance). The effect of forest on meliponine abundance, but not diversity, disappeared when the most common meliponine species, Trigona fulviventris (which comprised ∼45% of sampled individuals), was excluded from analyses. Meliponine community composition, by contrast, was related most strongly to plant species richness, only weakly to forest cover, and not related to blooming plant abundance. This work differs from past work in the same landscape, which did not find evidence of changes in species richness or abundance of meliponines and forest-related variables (distance to forest or forest fragment size), but did find shifts toward meliponine-dominated communities near forests, especially larger ones. The larger true sample size (i.e. number of sample sites) of the present work likely improved the statistical power to detect these relationships. While meliponines are forest dependent, I recorded some species in the smallest forest fragments in the landscape, and as a group they respond strongly to overall forest cover in the landscape (i.e. including both small and large patches of forest). Both of these observations support arguments for preserving even small fragments of forest in agricultural landscapes. Given the ecological and economic importance of meliponine bees, it is imperative that we better understand their long-term conservation needs in the changing tropical landscapes of the world.
Selective Reduction of Doxyl and Proxyl Nitroxide Carboxylic Acids to the Corresponding Alcohols with Borane Methyl Sulfide

Abstract Doxyl2 (4,4-dimethyloxazolidine-N-oxy1) nitroxides and the more recently introduced proxyl3 (for example, 8) nitroxides are important stable free radicals for the study of biological systems using the spin labeling technique.4 Chemical transformations on molecules already bearing a nitroxide grouping lead to new nitroxide spin labels, providing of course, that the synthetic steps do not destroy the somewhat sensitive nitroxide grouping.4 We wish to report that nitroxide carboxylic acids can be smoothly reduced to the corresponding nitroxide alcohols in high yield using borane methyl sulfide5 in ether solution at 25°C. Heretofore, LiAlH4 has been employed for this reduction.6 Since borane methyl sulfide and LiAlH4 differ considerably in their reactivity toward other functional groups5, the borane methyl sulfide reagent constitutes a valuable alternative to LiAlH4 for chemically modifying nitroxide carboxylic acids which also bear other functional groups susceptible toward reduction by LiAlH4.
Shrinkage of cement paste and concrete modelled by a multiscale effective homogeneous theory

A multiscale model for shrinkage of cement paste and concrete that links properties at the nanometer, micrometer and millimeter level is proposed. Each parameter of the model at a particular scale level has fundamental physical meaning. The model is used to determine values of shrinkage, bulk modulus, and volume fraction of the constituent phases, and these values are then used to model shrinkage of concrete. Agreement with experimental results is satisfactory and new insight into properties of paste is gained at the micron level.
Definitional Issues in Bipolar Disorder Across the Life Cycle

This article reviews the current diagnostic criteria for bipolar mood episodes and disorders, emphasizing gaps and limitations in the current definitions. The review also discusses terms that have been perceived as inconsistent between child versus adult presentations of bipolar disorders, such as “rapid cycling.” The review links the DSM diagnoses to broader discussions of a bipolar spectrum, and to alternate definitions of “narrow,”“intermediate,” and “broad” phenotypes. Strengths and limitations of dimensional models of bipolar disorder are discussed. The bulk of the evidence suggests that research and clinical practice will advance more rapidly by using a consistent set of definitions for bipolar disorder across the life cycle.
Radioimmunoassay estimates of plasma gonadotropin levels in the spawning pink salmon

Abstract A radioimmunoassay technique for measuring salmon gonadotropin is described. The method has been validated by comparing relative potency values of pituitary preparations in both bioassay and radioimmunoassay systems as well as establishing parallelism of dose-response curves obtained for standard salmon gonadotropin, pituitary, and plasma samples. A preliminary study to determine the plasma gonadotropin levels in pink salmon during the period of gonadal growth and development indicated that sexual maturity, including the events of ovulation or spermiation, is associated with an increased secretion of gonadotropin.
Renormalized mean-field theory of flux phases

A renormalized Hamiltonian approach is applied to construct commensurate flux phases for the {ital t}-{ital J} model. The assumption of nonuniform phases and modulus for the bond hopping amplitudes is necessary and (sufficient) condition of self-consistency. The supercell of the modulation is closely related to the filling. The self-consistent coupled equations are solved numerically on finite square clusters of sizes as large as 20{times}20. The differences in kinetic energy and in spin-spin correlation with respect to the {ital t}=0 uniform commensurate flux state show {similar to}{minus}({ital t}/{ital J}){sup 1/2} and {similar to}{ital t}/{ital J} behaviors, respectively. When {ital t}/{ital J}{ge}1, time-reversal symmetry is only weakly broken'' and the Fermi level lies in a pseudogap with a depressed density of state.
A Classification of Configuration Spaces of Planar Robot Arms for a Continuous Inverse Kinematics Problem

Using results on the topology of moduli space of polygons (Jaggi, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bern, 1992; Kapovich and Millson, J. Differ. Geom. 42:133---164, 1994), it can be shown that for a planar robot arm with n segments there are some values of the base-length, z (i.e., length of line joining the base of the arm with its end-effector), at which the configuration space of the constrained arm (arm with its end effector fixed) has two disconnected components, while at other values it has one connected component. We first review some of these known results relating the value of z with the connectivity of the constrained configuration space. Then the main design problem addressed in this paper is the construction of pairs of continuous inverse kinematics for arbitrary robot arms, with the property that the two inverse kinematics agree (i.e. return the same configuration) when the constrained configuration space has a single connected component, but they give distinct configurations (one in each connected component) when the configuration space of the constrained arm has two components. This design is made possible by a fundamental theoretical contribution in this paper--a classification of configuration spaces of robot arms such that the type of path that the system (robot arm) takes through certain critical values of the forward kinematics function is completely determined by the class to which the configuration space of the arm belongs. This classification result makes the aforesaid design problem tractable, making it sufficient to design a pair of inverse kinematics for each class of configuration spaces (three of them in total). The motivation for this work comes from a more extensive problem of motion planning for the end effector of a robot arm, in which the ability to continuously sample one configuration from each connected component of the constrained configuration spaces of the arm enables us to dramatically reduce the dimensionality of the space in which the planning has to be performed, without sacrificing algorithmic completeness. We start the paper with the general motivation, but address only the problem of sampling such configurations when there is no obstacle in the environment--a problem that in itself is non-trivial. We demonstrate the simplicity and the low complexity of the presented algorithm through a Javascript + HTML5 based implementation available at http://hans.math.upenn.edu/~subhrabh/nowiki/robot_arm_JS-HTML5/arm.html.
"Stemness": Transcriptional Profiling of Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells

The transcriptional profiles of mouse embryonic, neural, and hematopoietic stem cells were compared to define a genetic program for stem cells. A total of 216 genes are enriched in all three types of stem cells, and several of these genes are clustered in the genome. When compared to differentiated cell types, stem cells express a significantly higher number of genes (represented by expressed sequence tags) whose functions are unknown. Embryonic and neural stem cells have many similarities at the transcriptional level. These results provide a foundation for a more detailed understanding of stem cell biology.
The impact of awareness and accessibility on expertise retrieval: A multilevel network perspective

Building on the major premises of transactive memory (TM) theory as well as the recent multilevel extension to the original theory, this study examined the influence of perceived social accessibility of expertise providers, technological accessibility, and awareness of expertise distribution on expertise retrieval. Using social network data collected from a large global sales team, the study found that all three variables had significant impact on expertise retrieval at both the dyadic and individual levels. Our study confirmed the conceptual and theoretical value of approaching TM from a multilevel network perspective. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parent training: Acquisition and generalization of discrete trials teaching skills with parents of children with autism

This study examined the effects of an intensive parent training program on the acquisition and generalization of discrete trial teaching (DTT) procedures with two parents of children with autism. Over the course of the program, parents applied the DTT procedures to teach four different functional skills to their children, which allowed for an assessment of "free" and programmed generalization across stimulus exemplars. Parent training was conducted by the first author utilizing instructions, demonstrations, role-play, and practice with feedback. Parents' use of DTT skills and children's correct and incorrect responding were measured. A within-subject multiple-baseline across stimulus exemplars (functional skills taught) design was employed both to demonstrate control of the training program over parents' correct use of DTT, and to allow a preliminary investigation of the generalized effects of training to multiple stimulus exemplars. Results demonstrate initial control of the training program over parent responding, and the extent to which each parent extended her use of DTT procedures across untrained and topographically different child skills. The potential for designing more generalizable and thus more cost-effective parent training programs is discussed.