cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Food-Energy-Water Nexus, Regional Sustainability, and Hydraulic Fracturing: An Integrated Assessment of the Denver Region

Intersections of food, energy, and water systems (also termed as the FEW nexus) pose many sustainability and governance challenges for urban areas, including risks to ecosystems, inequitable distribution of benefits and harms across populations, and reliance on distant sources for food, energy, and water. This case study provides an integrated assessment of the FEW nexus at the city and regional scale in ten contiguous counties encompassing the rapidly growing Denver region in the United States. Spatial patterns in FEW consumption, production, trans-boundary flows, embodied FEW inputs, and impacts on FEW systems were assessed using an urban systems framework for the trans-boundary food-energy-water nexus. The Denver region is an instructive case study of the FEW nexus for multiple reasons: it is rapidly growing, is semi-arid, faces a large projected water shortfall, and is a major fossil fuel and agricultural producer. The rapid uptake of high-volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) combined with horizontal drilling in populated areas poses ongoing risks to regional water quality. Through this case study, fracking is identified as a major topic for FEW nexus inquiry, with intensifying impacts on water quantity and quality that reflect nationwide trends. Key data gaps are also identified, including energy for water use and food preparation. This case study is relevant to water and sustainability planners, energy regulators, communities impacted by hydraulic fracturing, and consumers of energy and food produced in the Denver region. It is applicable beyond Denver to dry areas with growing populations, agricultural activity, and the potential for shale development.
Chapter 6 – Food Processing

Food processing requires a knowledge of the chemistry, microbiology, and physical composition of foods. Early types of food processing included cooking, smoking, fermentation, and drying. These methods have been refined but are still in use today. New technologies have been developed, including irradiation, high-pressure, extrusion, and freeze-drying, that have generated new products and enhanced food safety and quality. The reasons for processing foods and the role of additives, preservatives, and packaging are presented. Government regulations and food industry procedures that assure food safety and labeling requirements are explained. The benefits and concerns surrounding food processing in the context of human health are addressed, including the role of artificial colors, salt, sugar, and fats in processed foods.
Clinically indicated ibrutinib dose interruptions and reductions do not compromise long-term outcomes in CLL.

TO THE EDITOR: Ibrutinib is approved for all lines of therapy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in the United States. Randomized studies have consistently demonstrated superior progression-free survival (PFS) in relapsed/refractory[1][1],[2][2] and treatment-naive CLL patients
Effect of Formulation, Droplet Size, and Spatial Distribution on Dose Transfer of Pesticides

Spray application is a complex and dynamic process involving many interdependent components. Improvements in pesticide use efficiency will require a more intensive study of the physical and physiochemical parameters controlling droplet dynamics, deposition on defined targets and biological response. The biological effect depends on the toxicological properties of the active ingredient (AI), its formulation, the concentration and pattern of the dose at the point of action. Changes in formulation of a pesticide may result in significant changes in pest response to and hence transfer of a toxin. Encapsulation of insecticides showed significant changes in avoidance/irritant reactions by certain pests vs that recorded for standard formulations. Droplet size also affected the performance of materials tested. Separation of drop (and particle) size, concentration, and formulation effects can be useful in understanding toxin activity and developing accurate parameters for specific targets and crop protection agents.
Essay: The Case for an International Court of Civil Justice

This Essay aims to start a conversation on a novel institutional solution to the problem that de facto (not de jure) there is today no forum in which foreign plaintiffs can obtain enforceable judgments against American corporations that commit mass torts overseas. That solution is the establishment of an International Court of Civil Justice (ICCJ). The Essay starts by describing what the author refers to as “the problem of the missing forum” – the global absence of an effective court for cross-border mass torts. It then provides a blueprint for an ICCJ. In so doing, it explains why an ICCJ is politically viable and may, specifically, appeal to rather than repel corporate America.
Will Whitcomb: Entomologist and Old-School Naturalist

Pioneer Lecture Pp 660-664 Will Whitcomb: Entomologist and Old-School Naturalist John Ruberson University of Nebraska Entomology Department Lincoln, Nebraska, USA jruberson2@unl.edu View this article in BioOne
Acute modulation of the limbic network with low and high-frequency stimulation of the human fornix.

Abstract Targeted stimulation of white matter has opened newer perspectives in the field of neuromodulation, towards an attempt to improve memory or as a therapy for epilepsy. Stimulation of the fornix, being a part of the Papez circuit, is likely to modulate the limbic network excitability. However, the stimulation-frequency dependent variability in network excitability is unknown. In the case study, which involved stereo electroencephalographic (SEEG) recording of field potentials in a 48-year old left-handed woman with suspected temporal lobe epilepsy, we demonstrated the network effects of acute low (1 and 10 Hz) and high (50 Hz) frequency electrical stimulation of fornix. Mapping the short-latency evoked responses to forniceal stimulation confirmed the SEEG target localization within the Papez circuit. Low and high-frequency stimulation of the fornix produced opposite effects in the post-stimuli excitability, with the latter causing increased excitability in the limbic network that culminated in a clinical seizure. A distinct spectral peak around 8 Hz confirmed that sensing field potentials from the forniceal white matter is feasible. This is the first case study that provided an insight into how the temporal patterning of forniceal stimulation altered the downstream limbic network excitability.
Introduction: Term Limits

(1995). Introduction: Term Limits. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 10, Terms of Identity: Essays on the Theoretical Terminology of Lifewriting, pp. 1-4.
Climate Change Communication: Examining the Social and Cognitive Barriers to Productive Environmental Communication

Objectives. This study explores the efficacy of visual appeals that may be used to communicate environmental risk.Methods. To better understand the social and cognitive barriers present in environmental risk communication associated with climate change, we conducted a series of six focus groups. Groups were asked to view images of environmental issues and select the best representation of their feelings out of a range of preselected emotions. While further research is required, preliminary investigation based on the focus groups suggests several themes. Results. First, an individual's familiarity with both an area and an event will decrease the individual's perception of urgency; conversely, the participants expressed greater concern for events that were local and new—in other words, familiarity diminishes urgency, while emergent problems create alacrity. Second, participants expressed a sentiment of tacit blame, in which the participant's own contribution to the issue received less emphasis when ascribing fault. Last, the participants reacted positively toward messages that emphasized a hopeful and solution‐based narrative and were seemingly less motivated by images that relied on fear‐based messaging. Conclusions. Preliminary findings suggest that hopeful, solution‐based messaging may be more effective in facilitating pro‐environmental behavior than either fear‐ or guilt‐based appeals.
Pharmacotherapy for Insomnia

Insomnia presents with difficulty in getting to or staying asleep or early morning awakening and is associated with unpleasant daytime consequences. Divided into subtypes, the current classification labels short-term vs. more chronic versions. Before prescribing clinical interventions, the clinician needs to consider potential etiologies for dysfunctional sleep, such as those induced by pharmaceuticals, substance usages, medical and/or psychiatric disorders. Addressing underlying factors is the initial treatment, along with education about sleep hygiene is important. Psychotherapy can be helpful to combat insomnia. Pharmacotherapy is best applied in short-term applications and at the lowest effective dose. Medicinal selection is individualized, with patients well-informed and remaining in follow-up. Elderly people are more vulnerable to side effects, prolonged pharmacological durations, and/or related issues. Oversedation, cognitive decline, and/or gait disturbances are the biggest problems and these often can make people prone to the danger of falling down.
Central and peripheral modulation of exercise pressor reflex sensitivity after nonfatiguing work

Autonomic blood pressure control is fundamentally altered during a single bout of exercise, as evidenced by the downward resetting of the baroreflex following exercise (postexercise hypotension). H...
Rational Selection of CRISPR-Cas9 Guide RNAs for Homology-Directed Genome Editing.

Homology-directed repair (HDR) of a DNA break allows copying of genetic material from an exogenous DNA template and is frequently exploited in CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. However, HDR is in competition with other DNA repair pathways, including non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), and the efficiency of HDR outcomes is not predictable. Consequently, to optimize HDR editing, panels of CRISPR-Cas9 guide RNAs (gRNAs) and matched homology templates must be evaluated. We report here that CRISPR-Cas9 indel signatures can instead be used to identify gRNAs that maximize HDR outcomes. Specifically, we show that the frequency of deletions resulting from MMEJ repair, characterized as deletions greater than or equal to 3 bp, better predicts HDR frequency than consideration of total indel frequency. We further demonstrate that tools that predict gRNA indel signatures can be repurposed to identify gRNAs to promote HDR. Finally, by comparing indels generated by S. aureus and S. pyogenes Cas9 targeted to the same site, we add to the growing body of data that the targeted DNA sequence is a major factor governing genome editing outcomes.
Determining student-level characteristics predictive of successful matching in PGY1 community-based residency programs: A curriculum vitae analysis.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this analysis was to determine which characteristics increase a candidate's likelihood of matching with a post-graduate year 1 (PGY1) community-based residency program (CBRP). Methods Current and former CBRP residents' curriculum vitae (CVs) were collected and reviewed utilizing a survey and standardized rubric. Eligible participants were current PGY1 CBRP residents or had completed a PGY1 program no earlier than 2015. Primary endpoints included number of participants with extensive leadership experience, relevant experiential rotations, presentation history, and involvement in pharmacy organizations. Descriptive statistics were performed to identify the most common characteristics and their relative quantities. Results A total of 50 eligible CVs were submitted and reviewed. The majority of participants had extensive (defined as four or more) presentation experiences, at least three mid- to high-level leadership experiences, multiple ambulatory/outpatient pharmacy experiential rotations, and involvement in pharmacy organizations. Few participants (26%) had previous teaching experience. Conclusions Residency candidates who matched with CBRPs tended to have extensive mid- to high-level leadership experiences and presentation experience. Based on these findings, additional studies are warranted to compare existing and/or redesigned postgraduate training preparation curricula and their impact on residency match rates.
Sea-level, storms, and sedimentation - Controls on the architecture of the Andros tidal flats (Great Bahama Bank)

Abstract Integrated time-separated remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), microbiology, and carbonate sedimentology of the tidal-flat portion of Andros Island (Great Bahama Bank) quantify the geomorphologic change of tidal-flat facies through time and illustrate how sea-level rise, among other controls, is recorded within these deposits. In the 75 years spanned by the remote-sensing datasets, sea level has risen by approximately 10 cm. In the face of this change: a) the seaward margin of the tidal flats has remained static, while b) the internal boundary, which separates the channelized and supratidal marsh deposits, retrograded up to 220 m, broadening the channelized zone, and c) in unison to the broadening of the channelized zone, the abundance of laminated (Scytonema) cyanobacterial fabrics decreased, d) accompanied by the lengthening and avulsion of the network of tidal channels that traverse this zone. Given the amount of sea level rise during the period of observation, such broad-scale restructuring of the Andros tidal-flat architecture is surprising. The muddy tidal flats did not prograde, but instead aggraded and locally retrograded. Whereas retrogradation was minimal at the coastline, the channelized zone retrograded substantially over the more landward supratidal inland marsh. These results question aspects of the autocyclic model for the development of peritidal carbonate cycles, which is underpinned by a dominant behavior of tidal-flat progradation. Whereas other controls cannot be explicitly excluded, sea-level oscillations seemingly exerted considerably more impact on the Andros tidal flat in the last decades than did major storm events.
Capacitive Link for Data Communication Between Free Floating mm-sized Brain Implants

Establishing communication between free floating brain implants is critical in applications that require a population of implants to operate in an organized manner or in a real-time feedback loop. We present a feasibility study of a data transmission link between mm-sized free floating brain implants through capacitive coupling. The proposed capacitive link utilizes metal plates integrated on a bottom and a sidewall of the implant. We demonstrate that the minimum required input power for establishing the data link is 31 nW at the operating frequency of 915 MHz. We demonstrate the feasibility of the data link up to a distance of 2 mm between the implants.
Hierarchical clustering optimizes the tradeoff between compositionality and expressivity of task structures in reinforcement learning

Abstract A hallmark of human intelligence is our ability to compositionally generalise: that is, to recompose familiar knowledge components in novel ways to solve new problems. For instance, a talented musician can conceivably transfer her knowledge of flute fingerings and guitar songs to play guitar music on a piccolo for the first time. Yet there are also instances where it can be helpful to learn and transfer not just individual task components, but entire structures or substructures, particularly whenever these recur in natural tasks (e.g., in bluegrass music one might transfer the joint structure of finger movements and musical scales from one stringed instrument to another). Prior theoretical work has explored how agents can learn and generalize task components or entire latent structures, but a satisfactory account for how a single agent can simultaneously satisfy the two competing demands is still lacking. Here, we propose a hierarchical model-based agent that learns and transfers individual task components as well as entire structures by inferring both through a non-parametric Bayesian model of the task. It maintains a factorised representation of task components through a hierarchical Dirichlet process, but it also represents different possible covariances between these components through a standard Dirichlet process. We validate our approach on a variety of navigation tasks covering a wide range of statistical correlations between task components and show that this hierarchical framework can also be applied to improve generalisation and transfer in hierarchical tasks with goal/subgoal structures.
Numerical Study on Transient Smelting Process for Manganese-Silicon Production in a Submerged Arc Furnace

The manganese-silicon is mainly used as deoxidizer in the steel production and intermediate material of alloying agent. It is obtained by smelting in a submerged arc furnace, which the main furnace materials are manganese ore and coke. Two significant aspects affect ore smelting. One is the power supply, which a three-phase alternating electric energy is transferred to the furnace through electrodes. The other is the furnace smelting state, which encompasses the ore, slag, alloy, and gas phases. In the present paper, a systematic furnace melting model has been developed for ore smelting, which is dominated jointly by electrical control and metallurgical control. The 36 MW furnace for manganese-silicon production has been investigated during the production period. The reduction reactions and associated magneto-hydrodynamic flow are also considered in the three-dimensional transient model. The arc plasma and furnace lining sub-models are simulated. The arc heat and Joule heat by electrothermal conversion raise the temperature in the furnace. The temperature distribution has a great influence on the electrode current and the alloy yield. The output of alloy can be obtained in real time. The numerical results provide valuable insights for the interactions between multi-physics field in the submerged arc furnace. A better understanding of ore smelting process will improve the smelting efficiency and furnace control.
Anomaly detection of subsurface objects using handheld ground-penetrating radar

This paper develops an anomaly detection algorithm for subsurface object detection using the handheld ground penetrating radar. The algorithm is based on the Mahalanobis distance measure with adaptive update of the background statistics. It processes the data sequentially for each data sample in a causal manner to generate detection confidences. The algorithm is applied to process the data from two different radars, an impulse and a step-frequency, for performance evaluation.
Right atrial pressure may impact early survival of patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation

Purpose. To elucidate the impact of right atrial (RA) pressure on early mortality after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Material and methods. In this single institution retrospective study, 125 patients (M:F = 75:50, mean age 55 years) who underwent TIPS with recorded intra-procedural RA pressures between 1999-2012 were studied. Demographic (age, gender), liver disease (Child-Pugh, Model for End Stage Liver Disease or MELD score), and procedure (indication, urgency, Stent type, portosystemic gradient or PSG reduction, baseline and post-TIPS RA pressure) data were identified, and the influence of these parameters on 30- and 90-day mortality was assessed using binary logistic regression. Results. TIPS were created for variceal hemorrhage (n = 55) and ascites (n = 70). Hemodynamic success rate was 99% (124/125) and mean PSG reduction was 13 mmHg. 30- and 90-day mortality rates were 18% (19/106) and 28% (29/106). Baseline and final RA pressure were significantly associated with 30- (12 vs. 15 mmHg, P = 0.021; 18 vs. 21 mmHg, P = 0.035) and 90-day (12 vs. 14 mmHg, P = 0.022; 18 vs. 20 mmHg, P = 0.024) survival on univariate analysis. Predictive usefulness of RA pressure was not confirmed in multivariate analyses. Area under receiver operator characteristic (AUROC) curve analysis revealed good pre- and post-TIPS RA pressure predictive capacity for 30- (0.779, 0.810) and 90-day (0.813, 0.788) mortality among variceal hemorrhage patients at 14.5 and 21.5 mm Hg thresholds. Conclusion. Intra-procedural RA pressure may have predictive value for early post-TIPS mortality. Pre-procedure consideration and optimization of patient cardiac status may enhance candidate selection, risk stratification, and clinical outcomes, particularly in variceal hemorrhage patients.
Acceleration of Sugar Transport in Avian Erythrocytes by Catecholamines

Epinephrine accelerated the carrier-mediated transport of 3-O-methylglucose and galactose into avian erythrocytes. The magnitude of the effect was dependent upon the period of exposure and the concentration of epinephrine. With 0.1 m m epinephrine, 45 min were required for a significant increase in rate. After 60 min of exposure, a maximal effect was obtained with 0.4 m m epinephrine. Catechol, dopamine, norepinephrine, dl -isoproterenol, and ephedrine also increased transport rate. The stimulatory effect of epinephrine was partially blocked by desmethylimipramine and omission of extracellular potassium, but was unaffected by iproniazid (10 m m ), β-thujaplicin (0.2 m m ), propranolol (0.1 m m ), or phentolamine (0.1 m m ). Addition of a higher concentration (1 m m ) of propranolol accelerated 3-O-methylglucose transport. Cyclic adenosine 3′ : 5′-monophosphate or its dibutyryl derivative did not increase transport rate when added to the incubation medium. Addition of 1 m m propranolol lowered levels of cyclic adenosine 3′ : 5′-monophosphate in control and epinephrine-treated cells, but stimulated the control rate of sugar entry. In contrast to the stimulatory effects on transport of nonmetabolized sugars, epinephrine was ineffective in accelerating glucose uptake. Incubation of avian erythrocytes in buffer containing epinephrine, but not glucose, led to more rapid consumption of ATP, while inclusion of glucose maintained ATP levels either in the presence or absence of the catecholamine. These studies indicate that the acceleration of sugar transport in avian erythrocytes by epinephrine may be related to depletion of cellular ATP.
A computationally-efficient, CRLB-achieving range estimation algorithm

Range splitting algorithms are used in radar signal processing to accurately estimate the range of a detected target by “splitting” the range bin and estimating where within the range bin the target is located. This paper presents a computationally-efficient range estimation algorithm that is empirically proven to achieve the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB), while incuring minimal computational complexity. The algorithm calibrates the response in the mainlobe of the matched filter to incremental delays and is referred to as the calibration range estimation (CRE) algorithm. CRE then accurately estimates the target's range from the received signal by linear interpolation of the calibration curve. We used both a stand-alone and a high-fidelity simulation to compare the range estimation error against the theoretical CRLB result. Using the stand-alone simulation, we showed that the CRE range estimate achieves the CRLB using at least twice the Nyquist sampling rate, and that it is moderately worse than the CRLB with the high-fidelity model. We also provide a brief discussion of the high-fidelity simulation, which captures antenna design and radar signal processing taper losses that the stand-alone simulation does not model.
Metaphor and Gesture edited by Alan Cienki and Cornelia Mueller

In this timely volume, researchers in metaphor and gesture address questions at the confluence of the two topics. In addition to the obvious questions, whether (and how) gestures can express metaph...
Preparation and properties of La2−xBixCuO4 (0.1 ≧ x ≧ 0)

Abstract Samples of La2−xBixCuO4 were prepared by codecomposition of the nitrates in air. Single-phase products were obtained for x ≦ 0.10. The substitution of bismuth for lanthanum resulted in an increase in delocalization of holes, as indicated by increased conductivity and a decrease in the Neel temperature. Samples were also annealed in argon at 600°C and their properties compared with the samples as prepared in air.
Educational interventions for asthma in children.

Background Self-management education programs have been developed for children with asthma, but it is unclear whether such programs improve outcomes. Objectives To determine the efficacy of asthma self-management education on health outcomes in children. Search methods Systematic search of the Cochrane Airways Group's Special Register of Controlled Trials and PSYCHLIT, and hand searches of the reference lists of relevant review articles. Selection criteria Randomized and controlled clinical trials of asthma self-management education programs in children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years. Data collection and analysis All studies were assessed independently by two reviewers. Disagreements were settled by consensus. Study authors were contacted for missing data or to verify methods. Subgroup analyses examined the impact of type and intensity of educational intervention, self-management strategy, trial type, asthma severity, adequacy of follow-up, and study quality. Main results Of 45 trials identified, 32 studies involving 3706 patients were eligible. Asthma education programs were associated with moderate improvement in measures of airflow (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.25 to 0.75) and self-efficacy scales (SMD 0.36, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.57). Education programs were associated with modest reductions in days of school absence (SMD -0.14, 95% CI -0.23 to -0.04), days of restricted activity (SMD -0.29, 95% CI -0.49 to -0.08), and emergency room visits (SMD -0.21, 95% CI -0.33 to -0.09). There was a reduction in nights disturbed by asthma when pooled using a fixed-effects but not a random-effects model. Effects of education were greater for most outcomes in moderate-severe, compared with mild-moderate asthma, and among studies employing peak flow versus symptom-based strategies. Effects were evident within the first six months, but for measures of morbidity and health care utilization, were more evident by 12 months. Authors' conclusions Asthma self-management education programs in children improve a wide range of measures of outcome. Self-management education directed to prevention and management of attacks should be incorporated into routine asthma care. Conclusions about the relative effectiveness of the various components are limited by the lack of direct comparisons. Future trials of asthma education programs should focus on morbidity and functional status outcomes, including quality of life, and involve direct comparisons of the various components of interventions.
Exercise-induced lung cancer regression: Mechanistic findings from a mouse model

BACKGROUND It has been demonstrated that regular exercise improves the quality of life in patients undergoing treatment for lung cancer and has been associated with reductions in cancer-specific mortality in patients with colon and breast cancer. The direct effects of cardiovascular exercise on lung cancer tumor biology, however, remain unknown. The authors evaluated the effects of cardiovascular exercise in a mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS Luciferase-tagged A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells were injected through the tail vein of nude male mice. Then, the mice underwent weekly bioluminescent imaging until lung tumors were clearly identified. After lung tumors were identified, the mice were randomized to daily wheel running versus no wheel running, and they were imaged weekly. After 4 weeks, all mice were killed, and the lung tumors were harvested. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted on tumor tissues to identify potential differences in protein expression levels in exercising mice versus sedentary mice. RESULTS Lung tumors in exercising mice grew significantly more slowly relative to sedentary mice. There was no change in the development of metastatic lesions between the 2 groups. Protein analysis by Western blot or immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated increased p53 protein levels in exercising mice relative to sedentary mice as well as increased mediators of apoptosis, including Bax and active caspase 3, in tumor tissues. In both groups of mice, no normal tissue toxicity was observed in other organs. CONCLUSIONS Daily cardiovascular exercise appears to mitigate the growth of lung adenocarcinoma tumors, possibly by activation of the p53 tumor suppressor function and increased apoptosis. Cancer 2014;120:3302–3310. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Gout, Urate-Lowering Therapy, and Uric Acid Levels Among Adults in the United States

Objective Evidence strongly suggests the delivery of gout care is suboptimal. The 2012 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guidelines emphasize a serum uric acid (SUA) target of <6 mg/dl when utilizing urate lowering therapy (ULT). However, the proportion and characteristics of Americans with gout on ULT, or with a ULT indication, achieving this target is unknown.
Evaluating Access to Prehospital Care for Traumatic Brain Injury Patients in a Resource Limited Setting: Focus on Prehospital Transport

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) currently has a global incidence rate of 200 per 100 000 people per year. A growing public health issue, the burden of TBI is distributed disproportionately with the highest incidence rates of 170 per 100 000 people per year in Sub Saharan Africa. The young productive population between the ages of 15 and 45, particularly males have been shown to be at a significantly higher risk for TBI. When strategizing resource allocation in limited resource settings it is important to understand the current capacity of the system and where the barriers to access to care lie to improve outcomes and lower the socioeconomic burden of TBI. This is a prospective cohort study to understand the state of pre-hospital care available and barriers to care for patients presenting at a major referral hospital with neurosurgical capacity over 4 months, in Moshi Tanzania. Preliminary results show that of 337 patients enrolled none received pre-hospital care including first aid, 63% of patients use more than one mode of transport to reach the hospital with the private car being the mode on the first leg and ambulance being the mode on the second leg. The mean time to reach the hospital is 55 min after departure from point of injury. The average patient arrives at the hospital just within the golden hour where treatment has been shown to have a significant effect on outcome yet mortality is high. Contributing factors are analysed using multivariable regression for association to worse outcome measured by Glasgow Outcome Score. Consideration is taken to control for variables such as age and presenting Glasgow Coma Score. Following the descriptive analysis of barriers to care ore TBI patients in this setting recommendations are made for policy and clinical practice guidelines to improve outcomes.
Effects of fetal number and multifetal reduction on length of in vitro fertilization pregnancies

Objective To determine the effects of multifetal reduction and other variables on the duration of gestation of in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancies. Methods All 274 IVF pregnancies from the inception of the Women and Infants' Hospital IVF Program on May 26, 1988, until December 31, 1993, were evaluated. Results Spontaneous reduction occurred in ten pregnancies, and multifetal reduction was elected in 28 multiple gestations. Among 260 pregnancies that remained viable beyond 20 weeks, 162 singletons (37.9 ± 0.29 weeks; mean ±standard error) had a longer mean gestation than did 64 twins (34.6 ± 0.61 weeks), 25 pregnancies reduced to twins (33.4 ± 1.0 weeks), or nine triplets (29.7 ± 1.9 weeks). Triplets delivered 4.9 weeks earlier than nonreduced twins (P Conclusion Multifetal reduction of pregnancies with three or more fetuses was beneficial and increased the duration of gestation.
Synthesis and characterization of functionalized mesoporous silica by aerosol-assisted self-assembly

An efficient, productive, and low-cost aerosol-assisted self-assembly process has been developed to produce organically modified mesoporous silica particles via a direct co-condensation of silicate species and organosilicates that contain nonhydrolyzable functional groups in the presence of templating surfactant molecules. Different surfactants including cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, nonionic surfactant Brij-56, and triblock copolymer P123 have been used as the structure-directing agents. The organosilanes used in this study include tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyltriethoxysilane, methytriethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, and 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies indicate the formation of particles with various mesostructures. Fourier transform infrared and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra confirm the organic ligands are covalently bound to the surface of the silica framework. The porosity, pore size, and surface area...
Demultiplexing and phase-locking via a self-pumped phase-conjugate mirror

We demonstrate a new type of time-integrative photorefractive device using self-pumped phase conjugation. This device can be used for most of the applications related to time-integrative devices, such as demultiplexors and phase-sensitive detectors. A new device for angular multiplexing-to-frequency multiplexing conversion is proposed. By combining this new device with frequency demultiplexing, we show a new architecture for retrieving holograms from different holographic storages and for performing various arithmetic operations on the retrieved information.
A bimetallic oxide hybrid material constructed from a coordination complex polymer and molybdenum oxide subunits, [Ni(3,4'-bipyridine)2MoO4].3H2O

Abstract The hydrothermal reaction of NiCl2·6H2O, MoO3, 3,4′-bipyridine (3,4′-bpy) and H2O in the mole ratio 1.0:1.0:2.1:1500 yields [Ni(3,4′-bpy)2MoO4]·3H2O (1·3H2O) in 80% yield. The structure of 1·3H2O consists of a three-dimensional coordination polymer {Ni(3,4′-bpy)2}n2n+ with entrained {MoO4}2− tetrahedra and with water molecules of crystallization occupying channels within the bimetallic oxide–ligand framework. Crystal data: C20H16N4O4NiMo·3H2O (1·3H2O), tetragonal P41212, a=13.1866(5) A, c=29.458(2) A, V=5122.3(4) A3, Z=8, Dcalc=1.532 g cm−3.
the influence of treatment and slope length on rate of runoff from Collington sandy loam

In conjunction with the measurement of total soil and water losses from different soil treatments and slope lengths, data were also collected on rate of runoff from four plot areas. These included three 70-foot slope lengths consisting of untreated, annual cover crop, and annual manure treatments, and one 210-foot slope on an untreated area. Tabular data are presented for five representative storms showing maximum rates of precipitation and runoff, and the total periods of time during which rain fell and runoff occurred at rates exceeding 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 in/hr. The data indicate that: (1) The rate of runoff from any particular condition varies with rainfall intensity and with season. (2) Increased slope length under conditions of this study had no consistent effect on rate of runoff. (3) Soil organic matter additions either from cover crop or manure were effective in reducing runoff rate during the growing season. (4) The relative effectiveness of organic matter treatments decreased as rainfall intensity increased. (5) Winter cover crops, under certain conditions, may greatly increase runoff rate from winter storms. (6) Soil-moisture content at the beginning of the storm has much less influence of rate and amount of runoff from this sandy soil than is the case on many other soil areas.
Idiopathic urethritis in young men in the United States: prevalence and comparison to infections with known sexually transmitted pathogens.

Abstract Purpose Urethritis is the most common male reproductive tract disease syndrome; yet 20–50% of diagnosed cases have no defined etiology, and few population-level data exist on the prevalence or etiology of the syndrome. We estimated the prevalence of urethritis among young men in the United States and compared correlates of idiopathic cases to correlates of detected infections with sexually transmitted pathogens. Methods Questionnaire data and urine specimens from 5,447 men aged 18–27 years participating in Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were analyzed. Symptomatic urethritis was defined as self-reported dysuria or urethral discharge in the past 24hours. Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Chlamydia trachomatis , Trichomonas vaginalis , and Mycoplasma genitalium were identified using nucleic acid amplification tests. Idiopathic urethritis (IU) was defined as urethral symptoms in the absence of these four pathogens. Stratified weighted analyses generated population-based estimates. Results Urethritis was reported by 1.2% (95% CI=.8–1.6%) of men, of whom 82.4% (61.1–93.3%) had IU. Men with previous STD diagnoses (aOR=9.3 [95% CI=3.0–28.7]), or fewer (1–4) or no lifetime vaginal sex partners (aOR=7.5 [2.9–19.3] and aOR=7.2 [1.9–27.4]), were more likely to have IU compared with men without urethral symptoms or identified pathogens, whereas men of Native American or Asian/Pacific Islander descent (aOR=.04 [.01–.2]) and heavy drinkers (aOR=.08 [.03–.2]) were less likely to have IU. Unlike infection with known pathogens, IU was not associated with black race, Hispanic ethnicity, or age at sexual debut. Conclusions Urethral symptoms were rarely associated with known pathogens. IU and known pathogens were associated with distinct characteristics.
The metabolism of 5-ribosyluracil.

Abstract A dialyzed homogenate has been prepared from a pseudomand that has been isolated from creek-mud and shown to contain enzymes which catalyze the following reactions: 5-ribosyluracil → uridine → uracil Treatment of the cell-free extract with ammonium sulfate yields a fraction between 40% to 60% saturation in which only the enzymic transformation of 5-ribosyluracil → uridine is obtained. The enzymic reaction requires phosphate and has a broad band type of optimum at pH 6.8 ± 0.5. In contrast to known phosphorylase reactions the activity is inhibited by arsenate. The data so far obtained do not conform to that expected for either of the two pathways known for the degradation of nucleosides. A mechanism of the type catalyzed by a mutase is postulated. In this mechanism the intermediary substance as cofactor is postulated to be 3,5-diribosyluracil, an as yet unknown substance. Certain analogues such as 5-methyluracil and 5-hydroxymethyluracil strongly inhibit the enzymic reaction while others such as 5-bromouracil, 5-aminouracil, and 5-hydroxydeoxyuridine are inert. 4-methyluracil is also inert. The influence which the carbon to carbon substituted analogues have on the enzymic reaction is strong evidence in favor of the allocation of ribose to position 5 in 5-ribosyluracil, an allocation which has been done on the basis of analogy rather than synthesis.
On the cohomology of the Lie algebra of hamiltonian vector fields

Abstract The work of Gelfand and Fuks concerning the cohomology of the Lie algebra of all vector fields on a manifold is extended to the cohomology of the Lie algebra of all hamiltonian vector fields on a symplectic manifold. The case of an even-dimensional algebraic torus is treated in detail.
A Comparison of Runoff Quality and Quantity from a Urban Commercial Infill Low Impact Development and a Traditional Development

Urbanization and its associated increased impervious footprint lead to stream impairment through erosion, flooding, and augmented pollutant loads. Low Impact Development (LID), an alternative approach to stormwater management, focuses on disconnecting impervious areas, increasing infiltration, and reusing stormwater on site through the use of stormwater control measures (SCMs). These SCMs, such as bioretention, rainwater harvesting, and permeable pavement are used independently or in series to mimic pre-development hydrology. In this study, a traditionally developed centralized commercial site and a nearby infiltration-based LID commercial site in Raleigh, North Carolina, are compared with respect to stormwater quality and quantity. A dry detention basin, which mitigates peak flow rate increases, treats the traditional development. The LID site consists of an 11,700-gallon aboveground cistern, two underground cisterns (15,300 gallons and 16,000 gallons used for landscape irrigation and toilet flushing), and an underground detention system overflowing into a series of infiltration galleries beneath the parking lot of the shopping center. The LID shopping center is intended to mimic pre-development hydrology from a runoff perspective. Data collection is underway at both the LID and traditional developments, with hydrologic measurements to be gathered for one year. Preliminary results of winter data show a runoff reduction of 98.0% at the LID site, and a 47.8% runoff reduction at the traditional site. Flow proportional, composite water quality samples will be analyzed for total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonium (NH4-N), nitrite-nitrate (NO2+3-N), orthophosphate (PO4-3) and total suspended solids (TSS). Comparisons will be made between normalized pollutant loads from the LID and traditional developments. Preliminary results of winter data show the LID site nutrient loadings for all species studied to be less than 9% of nutrient loadings of the traditional site. Results from this innovative combined detention, stormwater reuse, and infiltration LID system will provide space-saving solutions for areas where aboveground SCMs, such as bioretention and constructed stormwater wetlands, are not be feasible due to high land costs and constricted spaces in urban areas. Moreover, whether a site in a clay-based underlying soil can truly meet strict LID hydrologic criteria will be evaluated.
The fabrication and deformation capabilities of two dimensionally graded DEPP FGP

Piezoceramic functional grading methods, such as the Dual Electro/Piezo Property (DEPP) technique, can successfully produce monolithic actuators which generate higher order deformations when activated (bending, twisting, etc.) while simultaneously increasing reliability by eliminating bonding layers. By synergistically combining ceramic powder with elevated piezoelectric coefficients with a high permittivity dielectric, DEPP actuators are not constrained to the one dimensional property variations as other grading methods. This paper explores the new capability of producing multi-dimensionally graded piezoceramics via the DEPP technique coupled with the Micro-Fabrication by Co-eXtrusion (MFCX) process. It also presents a modeling technique based upon transfer matrix method that builds up the full actuator performance model from elemental beam models derived using an energy approach which captures all the material variations and the resulting complex electric fields. To validate both the fabrication and modeling techniques, a rippling DEPP FGP actuator was fabricated and tested with three oppositely graded regions, demonstrating two dimensional gradients through the length and thickness. This work sets the foundation for monolithic multi-dimensional FGP opening the door to a new class of applications.
PHOTON-INDUCED REACTIONS

A detailed derivation is given of the Breit-Wigner formula for the case where one particle is a photon. The half-width ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ is found to have all the qualitative properties of a heavy particle half-width: It is proportional to the level spacing $D$ and to $X{P}_{l}(X)$ where $X=\ensuremath{\kappa}R$ and ${P}_{l}$ is the penetration probability for an uncharged particle. ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ also depends explicitly on the details of the many-particle structure of the compound state, so that single-particle estimates of ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ appear to be of limited applicability.The formulas are applied to recent $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}n$ measurements on ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$, and ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$. The breaks in the ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ excitation curve are due to resonances in ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$, except for the threshold, which presumably does not represent a resonance. At higher energies the giant $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}n$ electric dipole resonances are interpreted as indicating a certain "coherence" in the motion of the compound state, classically represented as countercurrent neutrons and protons. It is suggested that a flat shoulder in the excitation curves below the giant resonance may represent incoherent electric dipole excitation rather than coherent magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole excitation. The matrix elements necessary to fit the measured magnitudes are surprisingly large, which suggests that the one-particle wave functions have quite similar shapes in the ground state and in highly excited states.
LIDAR density and linear interpolator effects on elevation estimates

Linear interpolation of irregularly spaced LIDAR elevation data sets is needed to develop realistic spatial models. We evaluated inverse distance weighting (IDW) and ordinary kriging (OK) interpolation techniques and the effects of LIDAR data density on the statistical validity of the linear interpolators. A series of 10 forested 1000‐ha LIDAR tiles on the Lower Coastal Plain of eastern North Carolina was used. An exploratory analysis of the spatial correlation structure of the LIDAR data set was performed. Weighted non‐linear least squares (WNLS) analysis was used to parameterize best‐fit theoretical semivariograms on the empirical data. Tile data were sequentially reduced through random selection of a predetermined percentage of the original LIDAR data set, resulting in data sets with 50%, 25%, 10%, 5% and 1% of their original densities. Cross‐validation and independent validation procedures were used to evaluate root mean square error (RMSE) and kriging standard error (SE) differences between interpola...