cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information used and perceived usefulness in evaluating web source code search results

Software developers frequently search for source code on the Web to solve problems. Their ability to correctly evaluate the matches returned by a source code search engine is key to the success of the search, and in turn the project. We conducted a laboratory experiment to gain understanding on the kinds of information used and their usefulness during the evaluation process. We found that the most used information was not perceived as the most useful information. We also identified three patterns for relationships among the frequency of information use, the likelihood of selecting the best match, and the time to complete a task.
Effects of feeding or infusing ammonium salts of volatile fatty acids on ruminal fermentation, plasma characteristics, and milk production of cows.

Eight rumen-fistulated Holstein cows, averaging 77 d postpartum, were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 28-d periods to investigate the effect of ammonium salts of isobutyrate, 2-methylbutyrate, isovalerate, and n-valerate on animal performance and their possible mechanism(s) and site(s) of action. Each cow was fed ad libitum a complete mixed diet of 55% corn silage and 45% concentrate on a dry basis that was supplemented with 1.8 kg of premix daily. Treatments were 1) control, 2) ammonium salts of volatile fatty acids in premix, 3) ammonium salts of volatile fatty acids ruminally infused, or 4) ammonium salts of volatile fatty acids abomasally infused. Mean ruminal fluid pH and concentrations of ammonia and volatile fatty acids for treatment comparisons were not different. Plasma concentrations of isobutyrate, 2-methylbutyrate, and valerate differed among treatments, but there was no significant effect on dry matter intake, milk production, milk composition, or efficiency of feed utilization. Apparent nutrient digestibility; disappearance of dry matter, cellulose, and nitrogen from polyester bags suspended in the rumen; and plasma concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids, and growth hormone also were not significantly affected by treatment.
Enhancement of transdermal delivery of progesterone using medium-chain mono and diglycerides as skin penetration enhancers

We evaluated whether medium-chain mono and diglycerides (MCG) can be utilized to optimize the transdermal delivery of progesterone (PGT). MCG was studied at 10-70% (w/w) in propylene glycol (a polar solvent) or Myvacet oil (nonpolar solvent); PGT was used at 1% (w/w). The topical (to the skin) and transdermal (across the skin) delivery of PGT were evaluated in vitro using porcine ear skin. When incorporated in propylene glycol, MCG at 10% enhanced the topical and transdermal delivery of PGT by 2.5- and 7-fold, respectively. At 20-50%, topical delivery was further enhanced while transdermal delivery gradually returned towards baseline. At 70%, MCG enhanced neither the delivery to viable skin nor the transdermal delivery of PGT. Similar concentration-dependent effects were observed when MCG was incorporated in Myvacet oil, but their magnitudes were 2- to 3-fold smaller. The relative safety of MCG was assessed in cultured fibroblasts and compared to propylene glycol (regarded as safe) and sodium lauryl sulfate (moderate-to-severe irritant). Both MCG and propylene glycol were substantially less cytotoxic than sodium lauryl sulfate. We conclude that formulations containing 10% MCG in propylene glycol may be a simple and safe method to improve the transdermal delivery of progesterone and promote its use in hormone replacement therapy.
The Microwave Processability of Semicrystalline Polymers

The overall objective of these studies was to investigate the relationship between polymer structure and microwave absorptivity. In this paper, the microwave processing of semicrystalline polymers such as poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), nylons, and polytethylene terephthalate) (PET), via a cylindrical resonance wave cavity and a rectangular standing wave applicator is described. These polymeric materials were irradiated in low power ( < 50W) electric fields at 2.45 GHz. Silicone flexible molds were necessary for improved processing of nylons and PEEK at temperatures below their T,. Rapid heating rates were observed between the glass transition temperature, Tg, and the melting temperature, T,, for all these polymers provided that T, was exceeded. Both dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and dielectric thermal analysis (DETA) spectra were utilized to predict the heating phenomena between amorphous and semicrystalline materials and to explain the rapid crystallizing rate of PEEK above its glass transition temperature. Correlations were drawn between a) the apparent activation energy and the critical temperature (T,) and b) the shape of the dielectric spectra at 2.45 GHz and its shape in kHz region.
Striatal opioid peptide gene expression differentially tracks short-term satiety but does not vary with negative energy balance in a manner opposite to hypothalamic NPY

It has long been known that central opioid systems play an important role in certain aspects of appetite and food intake, particularly with regard to the hedonic or rewarding impact of calorically ...
CXC Chemokines in Angiogenesis Related to Pulmonary Fibrosis

Angiogenesis, defined as the growth of new capillaries from preexisting vessels, is a pervasive biological phenomenon that is at the core of many physiologic and pathologic processes. An opposing balance of angiogenic and angiostatic factors regulates angiogenesis. Examples of physiologic processes that depend on angiogenesis include embryogenesis, wound repair, and the ovarian/menstrual cycle. In contrast, chronic inflammation associated with chronic fibroproliferative disorders as well as growth and metastasis of solid tumors are associated with aberrant angiogenesis. CXC chemokines comprise a unique cytokine family that contains members that exhibit on a structural/functional basis either angiogenic or angiostatic biological activity. In this review, we will discuss the role of CXC chemokines and angiogenesis in pulmonary fibrosis.
The prediction of mineral solubilities in natural waters: A chemical equilibrium model for the Na-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O system, to high temperature and concentration

This paper describes a chemical equilibrium model for the Na-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O system which calculates solubilities from 25°C to 250°C and from zero to high concentration (I ~ 18. m) within experimental uncertainty. The concentration and temperature dependence of the model were established by fitting available activity (solubility, osmotic and emf) data. A single ion complex, CaSO04, which increases in strength with temperature, is included explicitly in the model. The validation of model accuracy by comparison to laboratory and field solubility data is included. Applications of the model are also given. Phase diagrams constructed for the Na-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O system and predicted solubilities of anhydrite and hemihydrate in concentrated seawater at high temperature are in very good agreement with the data. Calculations of the temperature of gypsum-anhydrite coexistence as a function of water activity are compared to reported values, and are used to estimate the composition-temperature relation for gypsum-anhydrite transition in a natural brine evaporation. A preliminary model for barite solubility in sodium chloride solutions at high temperature (100°C to 250°C), based on this parameterization of the CaSO4-NaCl-H2O system, gives good agreement with the data.
Near-Surface Topology of Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle Planform: Reynolds Number Dependence

The Reynolds number dependence of the near-surface flow structure and topology on a representative unmanned combat air vehicle planform is characterized using a technique of high-image-density particle image velocimetry, to complement classical dye visualization. Patterns of streamline topology, including bifurcation lines, as well as contours of streamwise and transverse velocity, surface-normal vorticity, and Reynolds stress correlation, all immediately adjacent to the surface of the planform, provide quantitative indicators
Methylation of human papillomavirus 16, 18, 31, and 45 L2 and L1 genes and the cellular DAPK gene: Considerations for use as biomarkers of the progression of cervical neoplasia

During progression of cervical cancer, human papillomavirus genomes and cellular tumor suppressor genes can become methylated. Toward a better understanding of these biomarkers, we studied 104 samples with HPV16, 18, 31, and 45 representing five pathological categories from asymptomatic infection to cancer. We grouped all samples by HPV type and pathology and measured the overall methylation of informative amplicons of HPV late genes and the cellular DAPK gene. Methylation of all four HPV types as well as of the DAPK gene is lowest in asymptomatic infection and increases successively in all four pathological categories during progression to cancer. 27 out of 28 cancer samples showed methylation both in the L2/L1 genes as well as in DAPK, but a much lower fraction in all other pathological categories. We discuss the problem to develop diagnostic tests based on complex methylation patterns that make it difficult to classify amplicons as “methylated” or “unmethylated”.
Some factors influencing mobbing behavior in Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica)

Mobbing responses were greater toward a taxidermic model of a Great Horned Owl than toward a model of a male Wood Duck or toward other artificial stimuli. Manipulating various anatomical parts of the models disclosed that mobbing was greater toward models with the owl head, beak, and/or eyes than toward models without these features. Mobbing was greater when stimuli were presented near the colony than when presented further away, but the swallows exhibited rapid habituation to models regardless of type of model or distance of presentation. Mobbing responses were more frequent when the first group of young were present than during pre- or postnesting phases, when eggs were present, or when the second group of young were present. These results suggest that recognition of avian predators by Barn Swallows is by key features of the predator and that responsiveness of the swallows depends on a balance between their reproductive phase and the proximity and behavior of the intruder vs the time and energy cost of sustained mobbing.
An analysis of the interference between two strains of tobacco mosaic virus on Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Abstract The common strain (U1) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) produces local necrotic lesions on the primary leaves of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Pinto) whereas the related TMV strain U2 does not. In addition, the U2 strain causes no demonstrable systemic symptoms in this host. Nevertheless, in a mixed inoculum containing both strains, U2 interference with U1 lesion formation is encountered and reduces the number of U1 lesions appearing. The inhibitory effect of U2 can be decreased by irradiating the U2 virus suspension with ultraviolet light before mixing with unirradiated U1. The degree of inhibition encountered after irradiation is directly proportional to the concentration of remaining viable U2 virus. Analysis of the effect of U2 on U1 lesion formation suggests that inhibition results from the competition of U1 and U2 for the same potentially infectible sites.
Comparison between observed and simulated wind-generated inertial oscillations

Abstract Inertial current oscillations are computed using a simple model of forcing by a wind stress. Surface wind data obtained from sensors mounted on a moored buoy are used to supply the forcing function, and the computed current is compared with the observed current measured by instruments close to the surface on the same mooring as the wind recorder. The phase, amplitude, and intermittency of bursts of inertial oscillations in the mixed layer are surprisingly well reproduced, considering the simplicity of the model, and one concludes that such oscillations are predominantly locally generated by surface winds.
Ductility of sintered unworked molybdenum-carbon alloys

Abstract Data is presented to show that greatly improved ductility and strength can be obtained in unwrought sintered molybdenum by addition of carbon in amounts up to 5600 p.p.m. It is proposed that although carbon generally embrittles molybdenum it can be introduced in such a manner as to promote ductility in molybdenum by reducing its oxygen content. Molybdenum containing 3100 p.p.m. carbon has shown ultimate tensile strengths of 83,000 p.s.i. and elongations of 25% in the as-sintered condition at room temperature.
Boos receives 2010 James R. Holton Junior Scientist Award: citation

[1] William R. Boos received the 2010 James R. Holton Junior Scientist Award at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting, held 13–17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes outstanding research contributions by a junior atmospheric scientist within 3 years of his or her Ph.D.
Usefulness of rapid production model for pancreatic carcinoma in male hamsters.

Abstract The rapid production model of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma established previously in female Syrian hamsters was applied to male hamsters to confirm the efficacy of the “augmentation pressure” procedure and to reveal sex difference in response to this procedure. Hamsters received 70 mg/kg N-nitrosobis (2-oxopropyl) amine (BOP) as an initiation and two cycles of “augmentation pressure” consisting of ethionine on a choline-deficient diet, methionine and BOP and an additional 20 mg/kg BOP and were killed 10 weeks after the beginning of the experiment. During the experimental period, 28% of the hamsters died and severe body weight loss was observed, however, incidence of pancreatic carcinomas reached 50% which is a significantly higher level than that in hamsters which received BOP without “augmentation pressure”. A 66.7% yield of cholangiocellular tumors was also observed. The present result indicates that the “augmentation pressure” effected rapid production of pancreatic carcinoma in male hamsters in spite of sex difference in response.
Reprint of: Multi-fluid CFD modeling of biomass gasification in polydisperse fluidized-bed gasifiers☆

Abstract This work presents an Eulerian computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of biomass gasification for use in fluidized-bed gasifier (FBG) simulations. The physical and chemical processes of particle gasification and their interaction with the reactive gas flow are modeled within a multi-fluid framework derived from kinetic theory of granular flows. The transport equations of continuous solid phases and species mass fraction of CO, CO2, CH4, H2, H2O, O2, N2, tar, char, and ash are coupled with chemical kinetic models, which describe moisture vaporization, particle devolatilization, homogeneous volatile reaction, heterogeneous char oxidation and char gasification. Continuously variable particle density due to volatilization of lighter components and chemical reactions is implemented to account for the evolution of reacting particles' physical properties. A time-splitting method is employed for decoupling the chemical source from convection. A time-step adaption and restart procedure is implemented to provide the solution stability for strong chemical reaction and to achieve numerical solution efficiency for energy reactor simulations in the time-splitting approach. The chemical source terms based on chemical kinetics are implemented with first-order accuracy in the finite-volume framework. The CFD model is used to simulate wood gasification using air as a fluidization agent in a lab-scale FBG. The simulation results provide detailed information on the dynamic particle processes, char elutriation, and gas composition at the reactor outlet. Operating conditions of different air/biomass mass flow ratio, reactor temperature, and biomass moisture content are simulated and analyzed as to their influence on gas composition and product yields at the gasifier outlet.
A Review of Some Rock Mechanics Issues in Geothermal Reservoir Development

Rock mechanics and geomechanical studies can provide crucial information for economic geothermal reservoir development. Although significant progress has been made in reservoir geomechanics, technical challenges specific to the geothermal area (high temps, data collection, experimentation issues) have prevented widespread use of geomechanics in geothermal reservoir development. However, as the geothermal industry moves to develop more challenging resources using the concept of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), and to maximize productivity from conventional resources, the need for improved understanding of geomechanical issues and developing specific technologies for geothermal reservoirs has become critical. Rock mechanics research and improved technologies can impact areas related to in-situ stress characterization, initiation and propagation of artificial and natural fractures, and the effects of coupled hydro-thermo-chemo-mechanical processes on fracture permeability and induced seismicity. Rock mechanics/geomechanics research, including experimental and theoretical investigations as well as numerical and analytical solutions, has an important role in optimizing reservoir design and heat extraction strategies for sustainable geothermal energy development. A number of major areas where rock mechanics research can facilitate geothermal systems development are reviewed in this paper with particular emphasis on EGS design and management.
Responsive bureaus, equity, and regulatory negotiation: an empirical view

Rulemaking agencies commonly delegate the implementation and enforcement of rules to affected parties, but they rarely delegate rulemaking authority. Regulatory negotiation is an example of this uncommon behavior. Compared to conventional rulemaking, regulatory negotiation is thought to be an attempt to make bureaucracy more responsive to affected stakeholders, especially when the rulemaking concerns politically complicated and technical issues. However, negotiation, while it may make bureaucrats more responsive, may also be less fair in that it is likely to result in relatively more responsiveness to interests supported by those with greater resources. This study presents empirical evidence that compares negotiated to conventional rulemaking processes at the Environmental Protection Agency in respect to both responsiveness and equality. The results uphold the expectation that negotiating rules appears more responsive than the conventional rule-writing process. Furthermore, the results show inequality in both processes; outcomes of negotiated rules may be more unequal than outcomes of conventionally written rules. © 2002 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
On the Relationships between Clustering and Spatial Co-location Pattern Mining

The goal of spatial co-location pattern mining is to find subsets of spatial features frequently located together in spatial proximity. Example co-location patterns include services requested frequently and located together from mobile devices (e.g., PDAs and cellular phones) and symbiotic species in ecology (e.g., Nile crocodile and Egyptian plover). Spatial clustering groups similar spatial objects together. Reusing research results in clustering, e.g. algorithms and visualization techniques, by mapping co-location mining problem into a clustering problem would be very useful. However, directly clustering spatial objects from various spatial features may not yield well-defined co-location patterns. Clustering spatial objects in each layer followed by overlaying the layers of clusters may not applicable to many application domains where the spatial objects in some layers are not clustered. In this paper, we propose a new approach to the problem of mining co-location patterns using clustering techniques. First, we propose a novel framework for co-location mining using clustering techniques. We show that the proximity of two spatial features can be captured by summarizing their spatial objects embedded in a continuous space via various techniques. We define the desired properties of proximity functions compared to similarity functions in clustering. Furthermore, we summarize the properties of a list of popular spatial statistical measures as the proximity functions. Finally, we show that clustering techniques can be applied to reveal the rich structure formed by co-located spatial features. A case study on real datasets shows that our method is effective for mining co-locations from large spatial datasets
Ethical Community-Engaged Research: A Literature Review

Health research has relied on ethical principles, such as those of the Belmont Report, to protect the rights and well-being of research participants. Community-based participatory research (CBPR), however, must also consider the rights and well-being of communities. This requires additional ethical considerations that have been extensively discussed but not synthesized in the CBPR literature. We conducted a comprehensive thematic literature review and summarized empirically grounded discussions of ethics in CBPR, with a focus on the value of the Belmont principles in CBPR, additional essential components of ethical CBPR, the ethical challenges CBPR practitioners face, and strategies to ensure that CBPR meets ethical standards. Our study provides a foundation for developing a working definition and a conceptual model of ethical CBPR.
CONVERGENCE OF CERTAIN TRAFFIC AND LAND-USE EQUILIBRIUM ASSIGNMENT MODELS

In this paper are described and tested three heuristic algorithms for finding the solution to highly complex land-use models that incorporate the effects of traffic congestion. Two of the algorithms are modifications of Evans's algorithm for elastic-demand traffic assignment. The third algorithm is a variation of incremental assignment that is closely related to Frank—Wolfe decomposition. These algorithms are applied to an elaborate implementation of the Lowry—Garin model of land use. Tests of these algorithms show that they all converge toward a predetermined, precise solution, and they do so at a rate that is similar to Frank-Wolfe decomposition.
Gravity observations at sea in USS Corsair

In 1952, gravity observations at sea were made in USS Corsair (SS 435) with the Vening Meinesz pendulum apparatus at 31 positions from New London, Connecticut, to Nassau, Bahama Islands. The principal facts for these observations, including free-air and simple Bouguer anomalies, are presented in this paper. Isostatic corrections are being computed by the Mapping and Charting Research Laboratory, Ohio State University, under the direction of W. A. Heiskanen.
Hürthle Cell Neoplasms: Malignant Potential

• We studied the records of patients with Hurthle cell neoplasms seen at the University of California at San Francisco, from 1943 to 1982, because of controversy concerning the malignant potential of these tumors. Of our 84 patients, 71 had Hurthle cell adenomas (HCAs), nine had Hurthle cell change in chronic thyroiditis, and four had Hurthle cell carcinomas. Coexisting papillary thyroid carcinoma occurred in three patients with HCA. Twelve patients with HCAs had multiple lesions, five of which were bilateral. Patients with HCA were followed up for 675 patient-years, 45 for four years or more (maximum duration, 36 years). There were no recurrences or deaths among the patients with benign Hurthle cell tumors. Thus, patients with HCA had a benign course, and histologic examination results accurately reflected malignant potential. ( Arch Surg 1984;119:515-519)
Characteristics of organizational climate and perceived wrongdoing associated with whistle-blowing decisions.

The potential explanations of why some observers report organizational wrongdoing, whereas others do not, are considered in this study. Nearly 8,600 randomly selected employees of 15 organizations completed questionnaires concerning whistle-blowing. Archival data and aggregate measures of organizational climate were also used. Discriminant analysis revealed that organization members who had observed alleged wrongdoing were more likely to blow the whistle if they had convincing evidence of wrongdoing, if the wrongdoing was serious, and if it directly affected them. Further, where the organization appeared to be dependent on the wrongdoing and threatened retaliation, whistle-blowers were more likely to report it to someone outside the organization. Implications for management practice and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The relationship between nasalance scores and nasality ratings obtained with equal appearing interval and direct magnitude estimation scaling methods.

Abstract Objectives: To assess the nasalance/nasality relationship and Nasometer test sensitivity and specificity when nasality ratings are obtained with both equal appearing interval (EAI) and direct magnitude estimation (DME) scaling procedures. To test the linearity of the relationship between nasality ratings obtained from different perceptual scales. Stimuli: Audio recordings of the Turtle Passage. Design: Participants' nasalance scores and audio recordings were obtained simultaneously. A single judge rated the samples for nasality using both EAI and DME scaling procedures. Participants: Thirty-nine participants 3 to 17 years of age. Across participants, resonance ranged from normal to severely hypernasal. Main Outcome Measures: Nasalance scores and two nasality ratings. Results: The magnitude of the correlation between nasalance scores and EAI ratings of nasality (r = .63) and between nasalance and DME ratings of nasality (r = .59) was not significantly different. Nasometer test sensitivity and ...
Susceptibility of lesser mealworm (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae) adults and larvae exposed to two commercial insecticides on unpainted plywood panels

BACKGROUND: The susceptibilities of adult and larval lesser mealworms, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), to two commercially formulated insecticides, cyfluthrin and tetrachlorvinphos, were examined through exposure on treated plywood panels. Lesser mealworms were collected from four caged-layer poultry farms, three in New York and one in Maine. An additional strain was obtained from an infestation occurring in a cricket colony. RESULTS: In all poultry farm derived strains, a portion of the population (1.8‐16.2%) survived cyfluthrin exposure. The Maine and cricket colony strains were tolerant of tetrachlorvinphos exposure as both larvae and adults, with 55‐74% mortality, whereas nearly 100% mortality was observed with New York strains. The cricket colony adult beetles were highly susceptible to cyfluthrin, with 100% mortality following exposure, but larvae were considerably less susceptible (87.7%). Pesticide use histories for the poultry farms and their impact on the results are discussed. CONCLUSION: The results document that tetrachlorvinphos, an active ingredient with a long use history, may be losing its effectiveness against lesser mealworms in some poultry operations; however, it is still effective in many others.  2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of surface modes on photon propagation through dielectric bandgaps

We investigate Hartman saturation effect in multilayer dielectric stacks. We show that the experimentally observed jumps of photon transversal times due to adding single quarter-wave layers to structures is caused by appearance of surface modes.
The Small GTPase Rsg1 is important for the cytoplasmic localization and axonemal dynamics of intraflagellar transport proteins

Cilia are small, microtubule-based protrusions important for development and homeostasis. We recently demonstrated that the planar cell polarity effector protein Fuz is a critical regulator of axonemal intraflagellar transport dynamics and localization. Here, we report our findings on the role of the small GTPase Rsg1, a known binding partner of Fuz, and its role in the dynamics and cytoplasmic localization of intraflagellar transport proteins. We find that Rsg1 loss of function leads to impaired axonemal IFT dynamics in multiciliated cells. We further show that Rsg1 is required for appropriate cytoplasmic localization of the retrograde IFT-A protein IFT43. Finally, we show that Rsg1 governs the apical localization of basal bodies, the anchoring structures of cilia. Our data suggest that Rsg1 is a regulator of multiple aspects of ciliogenesis, including apical trafficking of basal bodies and the localization and dynamics intraflagellar transport proteins.
Control of Macrophage Activation and Function by PPARs

Abstract: Macrophages, a key component of the innate defense against pathogens, participate in the initiation and resolution of inflammation, and in the maintenance of tissues. These diverse and at times antithetical functions of macrophages are executed via distinct activation states, ranging from classical to alternative to deactivation. Because the dysregulation of macrophage activation is pathogenically linked to various metabolic, inflammatory and immune disorders, regulatory proteins controlling macrophage activation have emerged as important new therapeutic targets. Here, the mechanisms by which peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) transcriptionally regulate macrophage activation in health and disease states, including obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, are reviewed.
Achieving maximum regions of attraction for unstable linear systems with control constraints

For unstable linear systems with actuator magnitude constraints, we present a method for designing smooth feedback control laws which yield maximal regions of attraction. The designed feedback control law produces a closed-loop region of attraction identical to the open-loop region of asymptotic null-controllability. We apply the result to the problem of stabilizing a statically unstable aircraft in the longitudinal direction.
Predictors of English reading comprehension: Cantonese-speaking English language learners in the U.S.

In this paper, first language (L1) and second language (L2) oral language and word reading skills were used as predictors to devise a model of reading comprehension in young Cantonese-speaking English language learners (ELLs) in the United States. L1 and L2 language and literacy measures were collected from a total of 101 Cantonese-speaking ELLs during the early spring of second grade. Results show that English vocabulary and English word decoding, as measured with real and nonsense words, played significant roles in English reading comprehension. In particular, results highlight the crucial role of English vocabulary in the development of L2 English literacy skills. English listening comprehension did not predict English reading comprehension. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Expression of a DNA Replication Gene Cluster in Bacteriophage T4: Genetic Linkage and the Control of Gene Product Interactions

ABSTRACT The results of this study bear on the relationship between genetic linkage and control of interactions between the protein products of different cistrons. In T4 bacteriophage, genes 45 and 44 encode essential components of the phage DNA replication multiprotein complex. T4 gene 45 maps directly upstream of gene 44 relative to the overall direction of reading of this region of the phage chromosome, but it is not known whether these two genes are cotranscribed. It has been shown that a nonsense lesion of T4 gene 45 exerts a cis -dominant inhibitory effect on growth of a missense mutant of gene 44 but not on growth of phage carrying the wild-type gene 44 allele. In previous work, we confirmed these observations on polarity of the gene 45 mutation but detected no polar effects by this lesion on synthesis of either mutant or wild-type gene 44 protein. In the present study, we demonstrate that mRNA for gene 44 protein is separable by gel electrophoresis from gene 45 -protein-encoding mRNA. That is, the two proteins are not synthesized from one polycistronic message, and the cis -dominant inhibitory effect of the gene 45 mutation on gene 44 function is probably expressed at a posttranslational stage. We propose that close genetic linkage, whether or not it provides shared transcriptional and translational regulatory signals for certain clusters of functionally related cistrons, may determine the intracellular compartmentalization for synthesis of proteins encoded by these clusters. In prokaryotes, such linkage-dependent compartmentation may minimize the diffusion distances between gene products that are synthesized at low levels and are destined to interact.
Development of a hyperelastic material model of subsynovial connective tissue using finite element modeling

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is one of the most common disorders of the hand. Assessment of carpal tunnel tissue mechanical behavior, especially that of the subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT), is important to better understand the mechanisms of CTS. The aim of this study was to develop a hyperelastic material model of human SSCT using mechanical test data and finite element modeling (FEM). Experimental shear test data of SSCT from 7 normal subjects and 7 CTS patients collected in a prior study was used to define material response. Hyperelastic coefficients (μ and α) from the first-order Ogden material property definition were iteratively solved using specimen-specific FEM models simulating the mechanical test conditions. A typical Ogden hyperelastic response for the normal and CTS SSCT was characterized by doing the same with data from all samples averaged together. The mean Ogden coefficients (μ/α) for the normal cadaver and CTS patient SSCT were 1.25×10(-5)MPa/4.51 and 1.99×10(-6)MPa/10.6, respectively when evaluating coefficients for individual specimens. The Ogden coefficients for the typical (averaged data) model for normal cadaver and CTS patient SSCT were 1.63×10(-5)MPa/3.93 and 5.00×10(-7)MPa/9.55, respectively. Assessment of SSCT mechanical response with a hyperelastic material model demonstrated significant differences between patient and normal cadaver. The refined assessment of these differences with this model may be important for future model development and in understanding clinical presentation of CTS.
DRESS syndrome presenting after initiation of mycobacterium avium complex osteomyelitis treatment

Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is characterised by fever, rash, eosinophilia and organ damage that develops 2–6 weeks after the initiation of a medication. We report a case of DRESS syndrome in a 79-year-old man that developed after the introduction of rifabutin, ethambutol and clarithromycin used to treat Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) vertebral osteomyelitis. This case highlights treatment and management challenges in a patient with known MAC vertebral osteomyelitis requiring prolonged steroids. Steroids are the mainstays of treatment for moderate to severe cases of DRESS syndrome. Initiation of steroids for the treatment of DRESS syndrome among patients with concomitant infections requires multidisciplinary collaboration for optimal management.
Revisiting Linguistic Approximation for Computing with Words.

Any computing with words (CW) system is required to assign a phrase in natural language to the fuzzy values it provides as its output. This paper explores different linguistic approximation methods for CW systems. The outputs of these methods are evaluated through various measures such as fuzziness, specificity, validity, and sigma-count. We illustrate that certain linguistic methods may result in complex and incomprehensible phrases in natural language. Some might even include an invalid linguistic term in their linguistic approximation.
Some aspects of lymph production in the rat.

SummaryThese in vivo studies were made possible by a modification of Bollman's technique for the cannulation of the abdominal thoracic duct of the rat. Thus, by combining a thoracic duct fistula with a stomach fistula, the influence of several substances on lymph flow was studied. Infusion with an isotonic solution of NaCl has a marked influence on lymph flow but it is not diuretic. Protein, carbohydrate, triglyceride, vasopressin, oxytocin, and Doca increased lymph flow only when accompanied by infusion with saline. Triglyceride emulsions had a pronounced lymphagogic effect even without infusion with saline. It is proposed that a unique mechanism is evoked by all substances tested that influence lymph flow; this mechanism involves electrolytes, and more specifically, the sodium ion. The findings reported here are in support of Crane's theory of Na+-dependent transport of water by the small intestine.
Optimal screening and diagnosis of microsporida in tissue sections: a comparison of polarization, special stains, and molecular techniques

With improving therapeutic protocols, confirmation of microsporidiosis has become increasingly important. We designed a study to determine the best screening method(s) for microsporidian detection in biopsy specimens. Forty-two small intestinal biopsy specimens from 31 immunocompromised patients (68% AIDS) were stained (hematoxylin-eosin [H & E], modified trichrome, Warthin-Starry, and Brown-Brenn) and polarized. Polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot assays were performed on all positive cases. Microsporida were detected in nine cases (21%) by modified trichrome (all patients with AIDS). Of these, seven were Brown-Brenn positive, and five Warthin-Starry positive. Two cases polarized on H & E and three on special stains. Four of nine positive cases were confirmed by molecular studies. We found polarization to be the least sensitive screening method. The modified trichrome was the most sensitive when screening for microsporidiosis in paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens. Furthermore, combining Brown-Brenn or Warthin-Starry with the trichrome stain helps exclude false-positive results due to granular artifacts (eg, eosinophils, Paneth cells).
Regionalism and Fiction

some of the causes of economic insecurity. Table II suggests (rough estimates as hitherto described) the magnitude of the problem of economic insecurity. Table III suggests the additions to purchasing power, if we had a complete system of social insurance, and assumes that one-third of the loss in wages could be provided annually out of insurance reserve funds. To get the full return to the insured the cost of medical care should be added to this sum, or a total cost to the social insurance system of about 4.6 billions. In I93I the income of the German social insurance system was 4.5 per cent greater than the outgo. If premiums for an American system were provided so as to accumulate a reserve at this rate, another 230 millions should be added to this total to make the estimated income of the system. It is not contended that these estimates are correct; they are given only to suggest the magnitude of the problem of achieving a measure of economic security for the lower income classes. III
Severe, Infantile-Onset Seizure Pattern in Sturge-Weber Syndrome

Researchers at the Hunter Nelson Sturge-Weber Center, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, reviewed the records of 100 consecutive children and adults with confirmed Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) to determine the nature and prognosis of associated seizures.
Surveillance on Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Longitudinal Surveillance Sites of Chongqing City in 2012

Objective To understand the prevention and control effects of iodine deficiency disorders and its progression trend of disease condition in Chongqing. Methods One primary school was randomly selected as longitudinal surveillance sites in each of 4 counties in Chongqing city. A total of 90 children aged 8 to 10 years were randomly selected in each school with goiter, salt iodine, urinary iodine and intelligence detected. Meanwhile, in the four sites, urinary iodine of pregnant women and nursing women was tested. The goiter was examined by B-ultrasonograghy, urinary iodine by Ce arsenic acid digestion, and salt iodine by direct drop methods. Results A total of 360 children aged 8 to 10 years were investigated surveillance sites. The total goiter rate was 5.28%. There was no significant difference in the total goiter rate among different counties(P0.05). The median of iodized salt was 26.65 mg/kg. The coverage rate of iodized salt, consumption rate of qualified iodized salt and intake rate of qualified iodized salt was 99.72%, 91.09% and 97.04%, respectively. The medians of urine iodine of children, pregnant and nursing women were 238.15 μg/L, 218.15 μg/L and 252.90 μg/L, respectively. The cases with urine iodine lower than 100 μg/L accounted for 11.94%, 32.93% and 13.75%, respectively. The cases with urine iodine above 300 μg/L accounted for 34.17%, 13.41% and 43.75%, respectively. The mean intelligence quotient of children was 112.57. Conclusion The goiter rate of schoolchildren in Chongqing city is relatively high and the population's iodine nutrition level is stable. However, the shortage and overdose of iodine still exist in Chongqing city.
What Is the Significance of Masked Hypertension Versus Incident Hypertension in Blacks

See related article, pp 220–226 Treatment-naive masked hypertension has been defined as discordant in-office normotension (<140/<90 mm Hg) versus out-of-office hypertension (≥135/85 mm Hg) for either home blood pressure (BP) monitoring (HBPM) or ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) of daytime ABPM (≥135/85 mm Hg), night-time ABPM (≥120/70 mm Hg), 24-hour ABPM (≥130/80 mm Hg), or a combination of these out-of-office BP subtypes. Masked hypertension may be a precursor of sustained hypertension, remain masked hypertension for a prolonged period of time, and occasionally revert to normotension.1 However, there are at least 5 other aspects of masked hypertension of clinical importance: (1) it has been considered an intermediate phenotype between sustained normotension and sustained hypertension, which most frequently arises from antecedent high-normal BP (130–139/85–89 mm Hg), less frequently from antecedent normal BP (120–129/80–84 mm Hg); and least frequently from antecedent optimal BP (<120/<80 mm Hg)1 (note that normal and high-normal BP when combined are called prehypertension); (2) it frequently is associated with hypertensive target organ damage even without progressing to hypertension, perhaps because of increased pressure burden in daily life, and despite a long-dormant period before transitioning to sustained hypertension1; (3) it has been associated with many cardiometabolic abnormalities, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea, and chronic renal disease1; (4) it frequently has been associated with nocturnal hypertension and impaired nocturnal dipping of BP—a particularly high-risk phenotype2; and (5) there is an especially high prevalence of masked hypertension in people of African descent, approaching 30% to 50% in some series.3–6 It is with this background that the present investigators used ABPM to define …
Physiological aspects of synaptic plasticity: the Ia/motoneuron connection as a model.

Damage to peripheral nerves results in substantial changes in the function of spinal synapses that mediate the monosynaptic reflex. These alterations consist independently of those caused by axotomy of the postsynaptic neuron and those produced by axotomy of the presynaptic neuron. Synaptic transmission is depressed following interruption of either limb of the segmental reflex loop. These reductions in EPSP amplitude are largely reversed following reinnervation of the peripheral tissue by the cut fibers, whether or not the regenerating fiber finds the correct muscle. Alterations in synaptic transmission following damage to the spinal cord itself are more variable than those noted after peripheral nerve damage. Although segmental EPSPs are generally enhanced following spinal injury (if in fact changes do occur), these increases are superimposed on motoneuron hyperpolarization, making the net changes in reflex transmission unpredictable. Furthermore, the extent of motoneuron depolarization is also influenced by the amount of temporal summation of EPSPs during the high-frequency activation of group Ia fibers known to occur, for example, during normal walking. Because EPSP amplitude is not constant during such activation and is modulated differently at connections on different motoneurons, changes in effective levels of synaptic transmission after such lesions are very difficult to predict. Thus it is not surprising that it is not possible to make close correlations between changes in amplitude of EPSPs and reflex behavior following injury (but see chapter by M.E. Goldberger and M. Murray, this volume). These alterations in synaptic transmission can occur at a considerable physical distance from the site of injury, peripheral or central. They illustrate the interdependence in elements of the nervous system, which can also be seen as changes in properties of motoneurons themselves (e.g., input resistance, after-hyperpolarization, rheobase) following many of these injuries. Altered cell properties complicate the functional interpretation of synaptic changes obtained after injury but must be considered in evaluating the sequelae of lesions in the peripheral and central nervous system.
Worldwide earthquake forecasts

We review global earthquake forecast as it was developed by our UCLA Group since 1970s. We discuss the new results on earthquake magnitude/moment distribution, especially the determination of maximum/corner moment magnitude. Recent successes of global geodetic surveys allow us to construct a high resolution map of the Earth surface displacement and, after converting this map to earthquake rate, combine these maps with those based on seismicity smoothing. Thus we are constructing and testing a global earthquake activity rate (GEAR) model as a function of the magnitude at 0.1 by 0.1 $$^{\circ }$$ resolution. Nicknamed “GEAR”, the model relies on a global strain rate model and the instrumental earthquake catalogs. Thus, for our forecast we use datasets that provide uniform global coverage: seismic catalogs, global plate boundary models, and global positioning system geodetic velocities. After testing, the model can be used by Global Earthquake Model (GEM) Foundation and others in seismic hazard estimation. GEAR covers magnitudes 5.8 and larger, the periods are from years to decades with no explicit time-dependence. The normalized magnitude distribution at each location is a combination of the tapered Gutenberg–Richter distributions with b-values and the corner magnitudes determined by a few global parameters that depend on the tectonic style and the focal mechanism properties. The seismic and strain-rate components of the model are specified separately and then combined optimally to fit an earthquake occurrence over the last several years. GEAR performs well in quasi-prospective tests using the global centroid–moment–tensor catalog after 2005 and the GEM catalog from 1918 to 1976; GEAR will be rigorously tested prospectively against future earthquakes. Because of its simplicity, GEAR can serve as a well-vetted reference model and as a null-hypothesis against which more complex models can be tested. With its high spatial resolution, GEAR can also be compared to detailed regional models. We also discuss potential methods to improve and extend the forecasts. Such methods include extending the forecast to lower magnitudes, introducing focal mechanisms into prediction methods, and making the short-term forecast an integral part of the practical forecast implementation.
Idealized Visions from Outside: Homeless Perspectives on School Change.

This article presents findings from a qualitative exploration of homeless individuals’ experiences and their perspectives on ideal designs of schools. The article is part of a larger research proje...