cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Milling Bifurcations: A Numerical Study

In this work, a new model for predicting the dynamic behavior of the milling process is developed. Modeling of the discontinuous cutting forces now takes into account the motion of the cutting tool. The chip thickness is determined by using a search algorithm at each simulation step that determines when the tool cutting edge is in contact with the work piece and how far below the surface the cutting edge is. This new model has lead to a new, more precise, understanding of the stability of the dynamic milling system. For example, the new model is able to predict hysteresis effects in the point at which stability bifurcations occur. The bifurcation point depends on the direction of the change of the control parameter, depth of cut. The hysteresis effect was first seen in experimental results. The model details are presented with the aid programming flow charts. Simulation results show that the tool motion is unstable at large depth of cut and becomes stable as the depth of cut is slowly decreased. If the simulation begins with a small depth of cut stable behavior is exhibited. As the depth of cut slowly increases, the behavior becomes unstable. The depth of cut parameter value at which the bifurcation occurs depends on whether the depth of cut is increasing or decreasing. Simulation results show that an impulse can be given to the simulation to cause the system to jump from one attractor to another.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Optical design and performance of the Ultra-Compact Imaging Spectrometer

We present the optical design and performance of the Ultra-Compact Imaging Spectrometer (UCIS) currently under development at Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The new instrument demonstrates a low optical bench mass of less than 0.5 kg and compact size that enables Mars Rover or other in situ planetary applications. UCIS is an F/4, wide field (30°) design, covering the spectral range 600-2600 nm and is enabled by a simple all aluminum two-mirror telescope and Offner spectrometer. We discuss here the optical design and alignment method that enables this compact and low mass imaging spectrometer and demonstrate successful spectrometer alignment with smile and keystone levels at 2-3% of a pixel width.
Analyzing dexterous hands using a parallel robots framework

Dexterous, within-hand manipulation, in which an object held in the fingertips is manipulated by the fingers, shares many similarities with parallel robots. However, their mathematical formulations appear to be substantially different. This paper introduces a formulation typical from parallel manipulators to model the kinetostatics of a hand-plus-object system, including the fingertip forces formulation to describe a feasible grasp. The framework also includes compliance in the joint and considers pulling cable transmission mechanisms to model underactuated hands. The resultant static equilibrium equations are equivalent to the typical grasping formulation, but the involved matrices are different, allowing the interpretation of the resulting Jacobian matrix in terms of wrenches exerted by the joints.We primarily focus our efforts on describing in detail the theoretical framework, and follow this with an example application using a three-fingered underactuated hand. We show how the natural redundancy present in fully-actuated hands can be eliminated using underactuation, leading to simplified non-redundant systems that are easier to control. For the studied hand, we show how to use the framework to analyze the design parameters involved in the underactuation and their relationship with the resultant feasible workspace where the object can be manipulated.
A method for quadratic programming

On presente une solution a la programmation quadratique en presence de la contrainte de la forme Ax≤b en utilisant l'approche du probleme de complementarite lineaire
Absolute Change in Cause-Specific Infant Mortality for Blacks and Whites in the US: 1983–2002

This paper examines absolute change in infant mortality from 5 leading causes of death for whites and blacks over a 20 year period. Change in infant mortality varies by cause, race, and birth weight. Absolute decline in mortality from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in the overall study population has been more rapid for black infants during the period after specific technological innovations were approved and behavioral practices were recommended for these conditions. For low birth weight infants, blacks experienced greater decline in mortality from SIDS and whites experienced greater decline in RDS mortality. Despite remarkable declines in mortality from these causes, relative racial disparities have increased over this time period. For the overall study population, blacks and whites experienced similar rates of mortality decline from congenital anomalies. Mortality decline from this cause among low birth weight infants occurred at a faster pace for whites. Mortality from causes for which no specific innovations were developed increased for blacks but remained relatively constant for whites. An analysis of absolute change complements the relative disparities approach by revealing the dynamics of change, thus providing a more complete understanding of changing racial disparities in infant mortality.
Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 Induced by Wnt Signaling Increases the Proliferation and Migration of Embryonic Neural Stem Cells at Low O2 Levels *

Recent studies have shown that various neural and embryonic stem cells cultured in 1–8% oxygen (O2), levels lower than those typically used in cell culture (20.9%), displayed increased rates of proliferation; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes are largely undefined. In this study, using rigorously controlled O2 levels, we found that neural stem cells (NSCs) from embryonic day 15 rat cortex increased their rate of proliferation and migration in 1% O2 relative to 20% O2 without changes in viability. We sought to identify molecular changes in NSCs grown in 1% O2 that might account for these increases. In 1% O2, levels of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF-1α were transiently increased. Reduced adherence of NSCs in 1% O2 to basement membrane-coated plates was observed, and quantitative RT-PCR analysis confirmed that the levels of mRNA for an assortment of cell adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules were altered. Most notable was a 5-fold increase in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 mRNA. Specific inhibition of MMP-9 activity, verified using a fluorescent substrate assay, prevented the increase in proliferation and migration in 1% O2. The canonical Wnt pathway was recently shown to be activated in stem cells in low O2 via HIF-1α. Inhibition of Wnt signaling by DKK-1 also prevented the increase in proliferation, migration, and MMP-9 expression. Thus, MMP-9 is a key molecular effector, downstream of HIF-1α and Wnt activation, responsible for increased rates of NSC proliferation and migration in 1% O2.
The effect of solvent interactions and hydrogen bonding on 15N chemical shifts and 15NH coupling constants

Abstract 15 N chemical shifts have been measured by heteronuclear double resonance for 15 N-enriched aniline, methylamine, N -methylacetamide, trimethylamine and quinoline. Change of solvent, and for methylamine conversion from liquid to gas phase, causes variation in chemical shifts—usually less than 10 ppm. While hydrogen bonding seems to contribute to the observed shifts, other, less well defined solvent interactions are also important. J 15NH in aniline increases regularly with increase in hydrogen bonding ability of the solvent.
Localization of basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA in melanocytic lesions by in situ hybridization.

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a mitogen for normal human melanocytes and keratinocytes in culture. Experiments in vitro suggest that keratinocytes supply bFGF to melanocytes through a paracrine mechanism and that the aberrant expression of bFGF in melanomas confers growth independence from bFGF-producing cells. To determine whether bFGF is expressed in vivo, we examined a series of benign and malignant melanocytic lesions in situ using bFGF riboprobes on tissue sections, and correlated bFGF expression with histologic phenotype. Seventeen melanocytic neoplasms were studied, including four common acquired nevi, four dysplastic nevi, four primary malignant melanomas, and five metastatic melanomas. Nevic cells in benign intradermal nevi showed low signal intensity (1+), whereas compound and dysplastic nevi showed 2+ to 3+ expression in the junctional nevic cell population and 1+ expression in the dermal nevic cell population. Melanocytes in primary melanomas had intermediate (2+) and those in metastatic melanomas had low (1+) levels of bFGF gene transcripts. Fibroblasts expressed high levels (3+) and epidermal and adnexal keratinocytes moderate (2+) levels of bFGF in all cases studied. Basic PGF expression in endothelial cells, known to produce and respond to this growth factor in vitro, was lower than that in the fibroblast and keratinocyte cell population and, in 10 of 17 cases, no bFGF mRNA was detectable. This study shows that bFGF is expressed in nevomelanocytes in vivo in all melanocytic lesions studied and thus cannot be used as a marker for transformation. The presence of bFGF gene transcripts in the various dermal cell types and in keratinocytes suggests that it may act as an autocrine and paracrine growth factor in regulating cellular proliferation in the skin.
Robinson’s critical appraisal appraised

The crucial difference between Robinson’s view of the world today and mine has to do with what has been happening in the last 30–50 years. Robinson sees ‘globalization’ as a new stage in capitalism...
The International Student Exchange Network: 1970 & 1989.

Using data published in UNESCO Statistical Yearbooks (1972 & 1991) on the 50 countries with the largest number of exchange students, this article describes the international student exchange network and its changes between 1970 and 1989. The results indicate that the network changed significantly over this 20-year period. While the United States and some Western developed countries have remained at the center of the network, Asian and Middle Eastern countries have become more central and African countries have become more peripheral. The role of colonial and linguistic factors has become less important, while economic development has a more important role in international student exchanges. The international student exchange network suggests an academic hegemony consistent with that of economics and politics. The changes of the network reflect the hierarchical structure of the hegemonic powers in the modem world system. The International Student Exchange Network: 1970 & 1989 In today's world of changing political and economic relations, the flow of international students has become increasingly important. Data on interna- tional students are self-explanatory. According to the United Nations Educa- tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), there were 107,589 overseas students in 1950. This number has increased to well over one mil- lion by 1989, at the higher education level only. International students, in fact, are not only at the center of the worldwide academic exchange but also actively involved in a larger and more complex network of global politi- cal and economic relationships. Historically, student mobility can be traced back as early as the medieval period. Until after World War II, international student exchanges were characterized mainly by a regional flow of students due to the relatively limited international scholarly interactions and means of transportation. For example, the traditional European university was always attended by students from many different regional backgrounds. Likewise, China in the medieval period also hosted many students from its neighboring Asian countries like Korea, Vietnam, and Japan. International student exchanges began to flourish only after the Second World War. The number of international students has increased steadily ever
Modification of the gerbil's taste behavior by the sucrose taste antagonist p-nitrophenyl α-d-glucopyranoside

Abstract Since the gerbil's chorda tympani nerve response to sucrose is antagonized by p-nitrophenyl α- d -glucopyransoide (PNP-Glu), the present taste aversion behavioral experiments sought to determine whether the gerbil's behavioral gustatory responses could be modified by adding PNP-Glu to taste solutions. Results demonstrated that the gerbil's aversion to sucrose was affected by the addition of PNP-Glu, but that the avoidance was overcome by the addition of high enough concentrations of the antagonist. When mixtures of sucrose and quinine were tested, the gerbil's sucrose aversion was unaffected, nor was any change noted in the taste behavior of gerbils trained to avoid 0.1 M sodium chloride after the addition of PNP-Glu.
40Ar/39Ar evidence for ca. 1800 Ma tectonothermal activity along the Great Falls tectonic zone, central Montana

Late Paleoproterozoic (19001600 Ma) tectonothermal activity on all borders of the Archean Wyoming Province has long been established by low-precision KAr and RbSr studies. However, recent tectonic models advanced for supercontinent aggregation require improved constraints on the timing of tectonothermal activity along major boundaries. On its northwestern boundary, the Great Falls tectonic zone separates the Archean Wyoming and Hearne provinces. Recently published U/Pb ages and geochemical data reveal the presence of a Paleoproterozoic (ca. 1860 Ma) marginal-arc magmatic complex along a portion of the Great Falls tectonic zone in central Montana. We present nine new 40Ar/39Ar mineral ages (on hornblende and biotite) from these same arc rocks, which indicate ca. 1800 Ma thermal activity (>500°C) and subsequent rapid cooling to below 300°C by 1775 Ma. This new data set constrains the timing of WyomingHearne collision to between 1860 and 1800 Ma and the timing of last significant tectonothermal activity ...
Cholesterol‐based personal risk assessment in coronary heart disease

Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) 1976-1980, we demonstrate how cross-sectional total serum cholesterol surveillance data can be used by an individual to assess current and future personal cholesterol risk status. We propose statistical models, based on a person's current measured cholesterol level and the relationship between cross-sectional age and cholesterol percentile estimates, that will allow prediction of future cholesterol levels or the age at which specified cholesterol risk levels will be reached if no cholesterol-altering intervention is taken. These models incorporate the observed variation in the NHANES II data and expected intraperson biological variation and intralaboratory analytical variation. We illustrate the adequacy of the models using data from the longitudinal Framingham Study.
Electronic Excitations Preceding Shock Initiation in Explosives

Electronic excitations which precede and can facilitate chemical reactivity of explosive molecules during shock passage will be discussed. The structurally similar family of explosives, TATB, DATB, Picramide and TNB were the focus of this work. It has been found that the energy of shake-up transitions observed in x-ray photoelectron spectra of these molecules shows a linear relation with the explosive sensitivity. To the contrary, optical absorption maxima, dependant upon dipole selection rules display a trend opposite that intuitively expected in relation to ease of initiation. The shake-up transitions are governed by monopole selection rules, so that the transitions between initial and final states of the same symmetry are allowed. The forbiddeness of the excited state may favor proton transfer, bond breakage and free radical formation relative to de-excitation by returning to the ground state. Electronic excitations of this type are believed to be important to multiphonon up pumping. The 1s core hole resulting from photoionization creates a central coulomb force that shrinks the orbitals, simulating conditions similar to those of high pressure or shock passage. These factors may be at the heart of the correlation between the shake-up promotion energy and explosive sensitivity.This work has evolved from research supported by the Independent Research(IR) program of Naval Surface Warfare Center.
Prosecutorial Charging Decisions in Sexual Assault Cases: Examining the Impact of a Specialized Prosecution Unit

Although the criminal justice system has undergone reform to eliminate sexual assault case attrition and to improve the overall treatment of sexual assault victims, few studies have examined the effect of these reforms. In this study, the authors examine prosecutorial charging decisions across two unique jurisdictions: Kansas City, Missouri, which utilizes a specialized unit for sexual assault cases, and Miami, Florida, which does not use a specialized unit to determine the effect of prosecutorial specialization on case outcomes. The findings of the study reveal that, despite differences in departmental policies and rates of plea bargaining and trials, prosecutors’ charging decisions and the predictors of charging are similar in the two jurisdictions. The authors conclude that, regardless of whether decisions are made in a specialized unit or not, victim credibility is a real “focal concern” of the prosecutor in sexual assault cases.
On lightning forecasting

An exact forecasting of lightning is not possible so far. On the other hand situations occur to-day more often than in earlier times in which the best lightning protection is not sufficient to prevent harmful effects of lightning strokes. For this reason it should be attempted to use informations from the field of atmospheric electricity to improve the existing possibilities of lightning forecasting. These improvements are shortly pointed out, further experiments are under way.
Polyamine metabolism in tumor, spleen and liver of tumor-bearing rats.

A brain tumor, originally induced by weekly IV injections of N-nitro-somethylurea in CD Fisher rats and subsequently carried in serial subcultures, was inoculated SC in the flank of CD Fisher rats. The synthesis and concentrations of the polyamines were studied at various times after the beginning of tumor growth. Higher activities of ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and higher concentrations of putrescine, spermidine and spermine were observed in the periphery when compared to the center of the solid tumor, and correlated with a higher growth rate in the periphery of the tumor. In the serum of rats with advanced tumors the concentration of spermidine was higher than in the serum of normal rats. Furthermore, putrescine was detectable in the serum of tumor-bearing rats but not in normal rats. The tumor, which grows in a well-defined non-invasive manner, caused increased concentrations of putrescine and spermidine in spleen, and of spermidine in liver, at the time of most rapid growth. The increased polyamine concentrations may denote increased proliferation in the spleen and liver and are presumably part of an immunological response of the host animal to the growing tumor.
Enhancing security of cookie-based sessions in mobile networks using sparse caching

The exponential growth in the use of mobile phones and tablets to gain wireless access to the Internet has been accompanied by a similar growth in cyber attacks over wireless links to steal session cookies and compromise private users' accounts. The popular one-way hash chain authentication technique in its conventional format is not optimal for mobile phones and other handheld devices due to its high computational overhead. In this paper, we propose and evaluate the use of sparse caching techniques to reduce the overhead of one-way hash chain authentication. Sparse caching schemes with uniform spacing, non-uniform spacing and geometric spacing are designed and analyzed. A Weighted Overhead formula is used to obtain insight into the suitable cache size for different classes of mobile devices. Additionally, the scheme is evaluated from an energy consumption perspective. We show that sparse caching can also be effective in the case of uncertainty in the number of transactions per user session. Our extensive performance tests have shown the significant improvement achieved by the sparse caching schemes.
Nonlinear programming solutions to the nonstationary Markov model

A nonstationary Markov process model with embedded explanatory variables offers a means to account for underlying causal factors while retaining unrestrictive assumptions and the predictive ability of a stochastic framework. We find that a direct search algorithm requiring minimal user preparation is a feasible computational procedure for estimating such a model. We compare this method with several others using factorially designed Monte Carlo simulations and find evidence that a small state space and a long time series lead to better algorithmic performance.
Effects of lymphocytes from the thymus and lymph nodes on differentiation of hemopoietic spleen colonies in irradiated mice.

Hemopoietic colonies were counted macroscopically and microscopically in spleens of hybrid mice seven or eight days after they had been irradiated and given parental bone marrow in donor-host combinations exhibiting poor growth. Colonies counted microscopically were classified as to differentiation pathway. Lymphocytes from the thymus or lymph nodes were injected into some recipients at several different dosages and lymphocyte: bone marrow (L:B) ratios. In confirmation of earlier work it was found that thymocytes increased the number and size of colonies in recipients of marrow. A shift of differentiation toward granulopoiesis was also seen when thymocytes were given, although erythropoietic colonies were still the most frequently seen type except at very high L:B ratios. Lymph node lymphocytes shifted the pattern more markedly toward granulopoiesis, even at low L:B ratios. When lymphocytes from either source were given without marrow, only a few colonies could be found in recipients, and if differentiated they were almost exclusively granulopoietic. Irradiation (900 R) of lymphocyte donors reversed the shift so that a normal pattern of differentiation, like that resulting from marrow alone, was seen; irradiated lymphocytes were nonetheless capable of augmenting the size and total number of hemopoietic colonies.
Detecting and quantifying envelope singularities in the plane

Abstract The mathematical envelopes of families of both rigid and non-rigid moving shapes play a fundamental role in a variety of problems from very diverse application domains, from engineering design and manufacturing to computer graphics and computer assisted surgery. Geometric singularities in these envelopes are known to induce malfunctions or unintended system behavior, and the corresponding theoretical and computational difficulties induced by these singularities are not only massive, but also well documented. We describe a new approach to detect and quantify the envelope singularities induced by 2-dimensional shapes of arbitrary complexity moving according to general non-periodic and non-singular planar affine motions. Our approach, which does not require any envelope computations , is reframing the problem in terms of “fold points” and “fold regions” in the neighborhood of geometric singularities, and we show that the existence of these fold points is a necessary condition for the existence of singularities. We establish a mathematically well defined duality between the 2-dimensional Euclidean space in which the motion takes place and a 2+1 spacetime domain. Based on this duality, we recast the problem of detecting and quantifying geometric singularities into inherently parallel tests against the original geometric representation in the 2-dimensional Euclidean space. We conclude by discussing the significance of our results, and the extension of our approach to 3-dimensional moving shapes.
Allelic losses at chromosome 3p are seen in human papilloma virus 16 associated transitional cell carcinoma of the cervix

Abstract Objective. Transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) of the cervix are rare neoplasms of the female genital tract. Although these tumors display urothelial differentiation, there is controversy regarding their histogenetic relationship to squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the cervix versus transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder. Methods. We performed partial allelotyping of five TCCs of the cervix using 23 polymorphic markers located on chromosomes 3p and 9, which demonstrate frequent and early losses in cervical SCC and urothelial TCC, respectively. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction was used on DNA extracted from archival paraffin-embedded tissue using precise microdissection. Additionally, P53 gene mutation analysis was performed using single-strand confirmation polymorphism (SSCP) and the presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) sequences was analyzed using general and specific (types 16 and 18) primers. Results. General HPV sequences were demonstrated in all cases, but the oncogenic strain HPV 16 was present in only three (60%) of the five tumors; no HPV 18 was detected in any sample. Three of five TCCs, all harboring HPV 16 sequences, demonstrated concurrent allelic losses at several 3p loci (specifically 3p12, 3p14.2 [the FHIT gene locus], 3p21.3, and 3p22–24.2). LOH at a single locus on 9q32–qter was demonstrated in one tumor; no other deletions were seen on chromosome 9. P53 gene mutations in exons 5–8 were absent by SSCP analysis. Conclusions. The infrequent involvement of chromosome 9 in TCCs of the cervix, along with the concurrent presence of 3p LOH and oncogenic HPV 16 in a subset of tumors, suggests a closer histogenetic relationship of this neoplasm to cervical SCCs rather than urothelial TCCs.
Nitrogen‐form and endophyte‐Infection effects on growth, nitrogen uptake, and alkaloid content of chewings fescue turf grass

Abstract Chewings fescue (Festuca rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud) is naturally infected by an endophyte, however, little is known about the biology of this association and the effects on host fitness. A hydroponic study was conducted in the greenhouse to determine if endophyte and/or nitrogen (N) form influenced growth, N accumulation and alkaloid production in ‘Jamestown II’ Chewings fescue. Endophyte‐infected and non‐infected grasses were established in solution culture for 5 weeks using a 1/4 strength modified Hoagland solution, and then grown for 15 d in similar solutions containing 50 mg L‐1 of N as either NH4‐N, NO3 ‐N or a 1:1 mixture of NH4‐N and NO3 ‐N. The presence of the endophyte increased total biomass 54% in this grass, but growth was unaffected by N source. Nitrogen uptake was 58% higher in endophytic grasses, but no differences were observed in N use efficiency with respect to non‐endophytic grasses. Nitrogen form affected both N uptake and N use efficiency, with significantly higher values ...
Massive hemoptysis in cystic fibrosis

Massive hemoptysis is occurring with increasing frequency in older patients with cystic fibrosis; it signifies a poor prognosis. Twenty-nine episodes occurring in 19 patients are analyzed. Thirteen of the 19 patients died within 6 months of the initial episode. No single aspect of the pulmonary treatment program has been incriminated. Half of the episodes were associated with a significant exacerbation of pulmonary symptomatology. Active bronchiectasis with blood vessel invasion was felt to be the pathologic process in all cases. Treatment consisted of transfusions and supportive care. Surgical resection was performed on one patient. In view of the poor response to medical therapy, a more aggressive surgical approach might be justified in selected patients.
Formation and dispersion of ropes in pneumatic conveying

Abstract In this study, the solid flow nonuniformities which develop in lean phase upward flow in a vertical pneumatic conveying line following a horizontal-to-vertical elbow were investigated. Laboratory experiments were conducted in 154 and 203 mm I.D. test sections using pulverized-coal particles (90% less than 75 μm) for two different 90° circular elbows having pipe bend radius to pipe diameter ratios of 1.5 and 3.0. The experiments covered a range of conveying air velocities and solids mass loadings. Experimental measurements of time-average local particle velocities, concentrations, and mass fluxes were obtained using a fiber-optic probe which was traversed over the cross-section of the pipe. The measurements indicate a continuous rope-like structure forms within the elbow. The rope maintains its continuous structure until it disintegrates into large discontinuous clusters at downstream locations. Comparisons of the results of CFD simulations of turbulent gas-particle flow and time-average experimental data were used to explain rope formation and dispersion. The CFD simulations, based on the Lagrangian particle-source-in-cell method, predict a denser particle rope as the nondimensional radius of curvature (R/D) is increased, agreeing with trends in experimental data. The individual effects of secondary flows and turbulence on axial dispersion of the rope were studied computationally and the results show both mechanisms are important.
Standardized Assessments and the Flow of Students Into the College Admission Pool

For many, merit, defined by test scores, is a readily accessible representation of academic ability, and both the K-12 and postsecondary systems have used such scores as a guide at multiple levels of decision making and accountability. In assessing the strengths and limitations of increasingly test-defined efforts to improve K-12 education and, ultimately, to expand diversity on college campuses through such a purely merit-based system, this article seeks to lay out key considerations that ought to be examined. Acknowledging that many confounding influences, including housing and school segregation, resource inequities, support services, and social factors outside the walls of the school impact those who ultimately flow through the pipeline to the college admission process, this article also focuses on how testing influences that pipeline.
Immune response modulation in acutely ethanol-intoxicated, acutely diabetic male and female rats.

Abstract We examined how acute diabetes mellitus and acute ethanol intoxication modulate factors that mediate immune responses as a basis for explaining the increased susceptibility to infection in these two conditions. Our working hypothesis is that ethanol intoxication in diabetes compromises host defense mechanisms to a greater extent than observed in each condition alone. Male and female rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, i.p.). Forty-eight hours after administration of streptozotocin, rats either received no treatment (control group) or were treated with (1) ethanol (bolus injection of 1.75 g/kg, followed by a 3-h infusion at the rate of 300 mg/kg/h), (2) lipopolysaccharide [(LPS); 0.9 mg/kg], or (3) a combination of LPS+ethanol. At the end of 3 h, rats were killed, and the livers were digested by perfusion with collagenase-containing Hanks' balanced salt solution to isolate hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. To measure chemokine generation, hepatocytes (2.5×10 5 cells per well) and Kupffer cells (1×10 6 cells per well) were cultured for 20 h, and the supernatant was used to measure cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) chemokines. Phagocytosis by Kupffer cells was measured by flow cytometry and expressed as mean channel fluorescence intensity (MCF). Induction of diabetes as well as treatment of nondiabetic rats with LPS, ethanol, or LPS+ethanol caused depression of MCF values of Kupffer cells. However, treatment of the diabetic male and female rats with LPS and LPS+ethanol increased the MCF values relative to those of Kupffer cells obtained from untreated diabetic rats, but administration of ethanol to diabetic rats did not have a similar effect. The induction of diabetes caused an increase in CINC generation by Kupffer cells obtained from male rats, but not from female rats. This diabetes-induced elevation of chemoattractant factor was decreased when diabetic animals were treated with LPS, ethanol, or LPS+ethanol, and the sex difference was obliterated. Thus, the induction of diabetes as well as treatment with LPS, ethanol, or LPS+ethanol in nondiabetic rats depressed the phagocytic capability of Kupffer cells, whereas the presence of endotoxemia (administration of the endotoxin LPS) or administration of LPS+ethanol reversed the diabetic effect, but ethanol intoxication did not. These findings seem to indicate a persistence of depression of host defense capacity in the ethanol-intoxicated diabetic condition. This is further reinforced by the depression of the diabetes-induced enhancement of chemotaxis when the diabetic rats became intoxicated.
Intracerebral Monitoring of Silent Infarcts After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background Silent infarction is common in poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients and associated with poor outcome. Invasive neuromonitoring devices may detect changes in cerebral metabolism and oxygenation.
GENETICS OF GLOMERELLA. II. FERTILIZATION BETWEEN STRAINS

FROM STUDIES which have been made on certain fungi belonging to the genus Glomerella, the evidence supports the conclusion that there is a close association between two distinct strains or strain types which have been designated as plus and minus. The plus strain is the one ordinarily picked up and cultured. When ascospores are isolated from this strain, cultures of both the plus and minus strains are readily obtained. It is also known that when the plus and minus strains are grown in the same plate, a ridge of perithecia forms very rapidly on the line wlhere they come together. The perithecia develop more rapidly in this ridge than they do in the small glomerate masses which are produced by a plus culture growing by itself. When the ascospores from a ridge are cultured, it has been found that ordinarily the asci contain either four plus and four minus spores or else eight minus spores. As the same segregation occurs in the plus strain alone, it has not been possible to prove definitely that the ridge of perithecia on the line of contact follows a fertilization between the two strains as was suggested in an early paper (Edgerton, 1914), or is merely due to some stimulus. The object of this paper is to present evidence to show that a fertilization does take place between the plus and minus strains. A culture of the plus type from Ipomoea has provided the way for obtaining such evidence. As reported in a previous paper (Lucas, Chilton, and Edgerton, 1944), from this culture and its plus and minus progeny several variants were obtained which were definitely distinct from the plus and minus strains usually isolated from ascospores. Certain of these when grown in plates with other strains produced perithecial ridges on lines of contact. From these ridges it was again possible to isolate ascospores and identify the cultures developing from them. Among the variants obtained from the Ipomoea culture were two strains which were of great aid in the present investigations. These were a strain definitely of the plus type but differing in certain respects from the original better-known one and a culture of the minus type distinct from the original. These two variants and the common plus and minus strains have been grown in plates in all possible combinations. The term type is introduced in this paper in order to group strains which differ in some respects but in general are similar. There are strains of the plus type which are unlike in certain characteristics, and similarly there are different strains of the minus type. For the present no other types are being considered. DESCRIPTIONS OF CULTURES USED.-Cultures of the ordinary plus and minus strains and of the two
Giant infectious intracavernous carotid artery aneurysm presenting as intractable epistaxis

Abstract Infectious intracavernous carotid artery aneurysms usually present with ophthalmoplegia and/or signs of cavernous sinus thrombosis. We report an unusual case in which a patient with AIDS presented with intractable epistaxis secondary to rupture of a giant infectious intra-cavernous carotid artery aneurysm. Culture of the aneurysm grew mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI). The patient was treated successfully by excision of the aneurysm and reconstruction of the internal carotid artery with a saphenous vein interposition graft.
Man & machine: I wonder if we can coexist

We have always had some fear of our machines. During the Industrial Revolution, for instance, we developed machines fueled by steam and oil to assist us in our labour-intensive tasks, and saw dramatic increases in our productivity. But we worried, maybe rightfully so, because we saw machines that outpaced us physically and we knew that we could not compete. After a while, we learned to accept them. It has been our nature to accept new technologies after we have seen how they can improve our way of life—at least up to now. Today we have a new type of machine to worry about. This one is powered not by steam but by knowledge, and is designed to aid us in our mental tasks. It is this design goal that troubles us the most. Perhaps it stems from the notion that although we can now accept being surpassed by machines in mechanical tasks, we consider mental creativity to be the province of humanity. The development of an intelligent machine, therefore, stirs our emotions. This paper looks at our emotional relationship with intelligent machines. It considers questions, both old and new, that may have concerned us about our machines and ourselves. To focus the discussion on this introspection, the paper takes a close look at the films "2001: A Space Odyssey" and "Artificial Intelligence: A.I." By no means does this paper answer the questions that we have lived with when building intelligent machines. It simply casts the questions in a light that we should consider.
A comparative study of acute myocardial infarction in the rabbit, cat and man.

Abstract 1. 1. A striking difference in the metabolic response to myocardial infarction is demonstrated when dog and cat are compared histochemically with rabbit and man. 2. 2. Morphological alterations are identical but the former two species produce an infarct plasmalogen which the latter two fail to demonstrate. 3. 3. Intermediate lyso derivatives of cardiolipin and the other major phosphatides are produced in all species.
Provenance in High-Energy Physics Workflows

The adoption of large-scale distributed computing presents new opportunities and challenges for the physicists analyzing data from the Large Hadron Collider experiments. With petabytes of data to manage, effective use of provenance is critical to understanding the results.
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF LANDFORMS

ABSTRACT Variance spectrum analysis is adapted to topographic profiles obtained from 1:24,000 contour maps for five contrasting areas in the United States. The one-dimensional spectrum describes four independent aspects of topography: magnitude of landform periodicities, spacing of periodicities, overall roughness, and contrast between slopes of large and small features. The latter three attributes are expressed numerically for landform classification and other geomorphic problems. The digital filter and sample design used here limited resolution of the technique to 240–3,700 meters, although longer wave lengths at 1:24,000 are added easily. Some sampling problems remain unsolved. Linear regressions of spectral functions on logarithmic scales facilitate subsequent analysis. Spectra of apparently random topography can show marked periodicities, especially in areas of dendritic drainage.
Measuring tools for gastrointestinal toxicity.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review is timely owing to the previous paucity of biomarkers, particularly functional noninvasive tests, to evaluate the extent and severity of gastrointestinal toxicity in both animal models of chemotherapy and in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. RECENT FINDINGS The most recent findings using noninvasive functional biomarkers now allow longitudinal monitoring of the time course of damage and repair that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract following radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This monitoring has in turn enabled collection of objective evidence for efficacy of new antimucositis agents using animal models and, more importantly, for use in future randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. SUMMARY In the past 12 months the C sucrose breath test has been applied to a series of animal models of chemotherapeutic damage, showing rapid monitoring of the efficacy of particular bioactive molecules is now possible at different stages of the damage and repair cycle. This biomarker has also been applied to childhood cancer studies of mucositis and now needs to be used in adult cancers for eventual adoption in routine clinical management of mucositis. An exciting possibility would be extension of the biomarker use to predict damage in other regions of the gastrointestinal tract, including oral mucosa.
Drug management of the cardiac transplant patient

Drug or pharmacologic management of patients with cardiac allografts is an area of clinical cardiology that is quite different from most pharmacological management invoived in caring for patients with cardiac disease. In transplant patients one is dealing with a heart that is not stunned, ischemic, infarcted, hypertrophied, dilated, or in any way weak or structurally abnormal. The patient has a perfectly healthy heart, usually chronologically younger than the patient, the only flaw of which is its antigenic dissimilarity from tissue of the patient. This dissimilarity, of course, leads to the need to suppress the normal immune response and make the patient at least relatively immunologically tolerant of his or her solid organ allograft. Problems inherent in the induction and maintenance of immune tolerance in cardiac allograft patients are no different than those encountered in the more widely practiced field of renal transplantation. The major obvious difference is that of the more disastrous consequence of graft “loss” in cardiac transplant recipients since no cardiac equivalent of chronic hemodialysis exists to be resorted to. Thus, immunosuppressive regimens used in cardiac transplant programs tend to err (if they err) on the side of heavier suppression and accept the consequences of this choice.
Plume motion and large-scale circulation in a cylindrical Rayleigh-Bénard cell.

We used the time correlation of shadowgraph images to determine the angle Theta of the horizontal component of the plume velocity above (below) the center of the bottom (top) plate of a cylindrical Rayleigh-Benard cell of aspect ratio Gamma identical with D/L=1 (D is the diameter and L approximately 87 mm is the height) in the Rayleigh-number range 7 x 10(7)</=R</=3 x 10(9) for a Prandtl number sigma=6. We expect that Theta gives the direction of the large-scale circulation. It oscillates time periodically. Near the top and bottom plates Theta(t) has the same frequency but is anticorrelated.
Talking, Television, and Voter Indecision

Two characteristics distinguished decided from undecided voters: frequency of discussing the candidates and viewing national network-TV news.
Survey Interviews and New Communication Technologies

How people communicate with each other today—at least those with access to new technologies—is enormously different from how they communicated with each other even ten years ago. Internet-based cell phones, desktop videoconferencing, mobile instant messaging, blogs, podcasts, and other current modes of communication would have been unimaginable, or the stuff of science fiction, for prior generations. And the pace of change only seems to be increasing, with new generations embracing and creating newer forms of communication. The pace of this change poses a substantial challenge to one of the institutions on which modern societies rest: the collection of data in survey interviews. It is through individual survey interviews that societies track their employment, health, crime, demographic shifts, and citizens’ opinions about controversies of the day, among many other social phenomena. The moment in which a survey respondent provides an answer to a survey question is thus far more consequential than it might at first seem, and what takes place at that moment is in a state of major transition. Changes in communication technology have already led to questions about the accuracy and generalizability of large-scale survey data. For example, as cell phone adoption increases,
Electrophysiological consequences of acute regional ischemia/reperfusion in neonatal rat ventricular myocyte monolayers

Background—Electrophysiological changes promoting arrhythmias during acute regional ischemia/reperfusion are challenging to study in intact cardiac tissue because of complex 3-dimensional myocardial and vascular geometry. We characterized electrophysiological alterations and arrhythmias during regional ischemia/reperfusion in a simpler 2-dimensional geometry of cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocyte monolayers. Methods and Results—Optical mapping of intracellular Ca (Cai) and voltage was performed with the use of Rhod 2-AM and Rh-237, respectively. Regional ischemia was mimicked by covering the central portion of monolayer with a glass coverslip, and reperfusion was mimicked by removing the coverslip. Monolayers were stained with fluorescent antibodies to detect total and dephosphorylated connexin-43 at various time points. During coverslip ischemia, action potential duration shortened, Cai transient duration was prolonged, and local conduction velocity (CV) slowed progressively, with loss of excitability after 10.63.6 minutes. CV slowing was accompanied by connexin-43 dephosphorylation. During ischemia, spontaneous reentry occurred in 5 of 11 monolayers, initiated by extrasystoles arising from the border zone or unidirectional conduction block of paced beats. On reperfusion, excitability recovered within 1.00.8 minutes, but CV remained depressed for 9.03.0 minutes, promoting reentry in the reperfused zone. As connexin-43 phosphorylation recovered in the reperfused zone, CV normalized, and arrhythmias resolved. Conclusions—Acute regional ischemia/reperfusion in neonatal rat ventricular myocyte monolayers recapitulates electrophysiological alterations and arrhythmias similar to those observed during acute coronary occlusion/reperfusion in intact hearts. During early reperfusion, slow recovery from connexin-43 dephosphorylation leads to persistent CV slowing, creating a highly arrhythmogenic substrate. (Circulation. 2008;118:2330-2337.)
The Early Years of the Freedom of Information Act—1955 to 1974

The Freedom of Information Act was conceived in partisan planning, went through its gestation period immersed in public relations and saw the light of day in 1966 because of a political deal. But that's all right. The same process 200 years ago developed the Bill of Rights with its First Amendment guarantee of freedom of expression—a freedom which becomes an effective tool of democracy when citizens, using the Freedom of Information Act, can find out what their government is doing.A bill of rights to protect citizens against government excesses was proposed in the closing days of the Constitutional Convention but was voted down by those delegates, including James Madison, who saw the move as a political ploy to block the plan for a strong federal government (Madison 1987, 630).Madison almost lost his race for a House of Representatives seat in the 1st Congress because his opponent, James Monroe, raised the issue of Madison's vote against a bill of rights in the Constitutional Convention (Rutland 1987, 308). Madison promised to work for a bill of rights if he was elected; he kept his promise, demanding that the 1st Congress give as much attention to protecting citizens' rights as to creating the agencies of the new government and solving its monetary problems.