cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Key Constraints and Monotonic Aggregates in Deductive Databases

We extend the fixpoint and model-theoretic semantics of logic programs to include unique key constraints in derived relations. This extension increases the expressive power of Datalog programs, while preserving their declarative semantics and efficient implementation. The greater expressive power yields a simple characterization for the notion of set aggregates, including the identification of aggregates that are monotonic with respect to set containment and can thus be used in recursive logic programs. These new constructs are critical in many applications, and produce simple logic-based formulations for complex algorithms that were previously believed to be beyond the realm of declarative logic.
Evaluation of Green Dot: An Active Bystander Intervention to Reduce Sexual Violence on College Campuses:

Using a cross-sectional survey of a random sample of 7,945 college undergraduates, we report on the association between having received Green Dot active bystander behavior training and the frequency of actual and observed self-reported active bystander behaviors as well as violence acceptance norms. Of 2,504 students aged 18 to 26 who completed the survey, 46% had heard a Green Dot speech on campus, and 14% had received active bystander training during the past 2 years. Trained students had significantly lower rape myth acceptance scores than did students with no training. Trained students also reported engaging in significantly more bystander behaviors and observing more self-reported active bystander behaviors when compared with nontrained students. When comparing selfreported active bystander behavior scores of students trained with students hearing a Green Dot speech alone, the training was associated with significantly higher active bystander behavior scores. Those receiving bystander training appeared to report more active bystander behaviors than those simply hearing a Green Dot speech, and both intervention groups reported more observed and active bystander behaviors than nonexposed students.
The Onset of Gravisensitivity in the Embryonic Root of Flax

Vertical orientation of emerging roots typically is the first response of plants to gravity. Although root gravitropism has been studied extensively, no conclusive data on the onset of gravisensing exist. We determined the inception of gravisensitivity in flax (Linum usitatissimum) roots by clinorotating germinating seeds after various periods of static orientation (gravistimulation) of imbibed seeds. Gravitropic competency was established about 8 h after imbibition, 11 h prior to germination. The time was determined based on 50% of the newly emerged roots curving in the direction of the gravity vector during static imbibition, despite subsequent clinorotation. The threshold value was affected by the orientation of the seeds. Upward orientation of the micropyle/radicle reduced the number of graviresponding roots to about one-half. Prolonged clinorotation weakened the graviresponse. Gravisensing was accompanied by the development of amyloplasts, but the actin cytoskeleton was not involved because imbibition in Latrunculin B did not affect the onset of gravisensitivity or germination, and the development of F-actin in untreated controls was observed only after the onset of gravisensitivity.
STUDIES ON THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON : I. DETOXIFICATION OF MENINGOCOCCUS CULTURE FILTRATES.

Formalin induces a considerable change in meningococcus culture filtrates. This consists of a marked decrease in toxidty as concerns both the Shwartzman phenomenon and the lethal effect, with relative preservation of the antibody-combining capacity and antigenicity. A similar modification occurs spontaneously in meningococcus culture filtrates on standing. Inasmuch as these changes parallel those occurring in the conversion of diphtheria toxin into toxoid, it is justifiable to consider such altered meningococcus toxin as meningococcus toxoid.
A 2 GHz cycle, 430 ps access time 34 Kb L1 directory SRAM in 1.5 V, 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS bulk technology

This paper describes a high speed L1 directory (34 Kb) with read access time below 430 ps and a cycle of 2 GHz in 1.5 V, 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS bulk technology. The key features of this high performance dynamic design are fast static input/output interface with the provision of converting internal signals from static to dynamic and then back to static at the output, L1/L2 latches at the input, modular building blocks, pseudo-static circuits, robust timing plan and capability for extensive test pattern coverage and access time evaluation using a programmable "Array-Built-In-Self-Test" (ABIST).
Load adaptive, high efficiency, switched capacitor intermediate bus converter

A new non-isolated Intermediate Bus Converter is proposed using a divide-by-4 switched capacitor network. A load adaptive scheme is designed that maximizes the efficiency for all load currents. Detailed analysis using steady-state charge transfer is provided with a static charge constraint concept for degenerate switched capacitor networks. Simple average models for output impedance, capacitor and switch RMS currents, and efficiency are defined. A bus stability criterion is established, and a novel current splitting technique is introduced that reduces the capacitors' RMS currents. A 300 W 48 V to 12 V prototype is designed using a provided efficiency-specified design procedure that achieves 96%-97% over the full range of load current, 1 A-25 A.
On peer-to-peer media streaming

In this paper, we study a peer-to-peer media streaming system with the following characteristics: (1) its streaming capacity grows dynamically; (2) peers do not exhibit server-like behavior; (3) peers are heterogeneous in their bandwidth contribution; and (4) each streaming session may involve multiple supplying peers. Based on these characteristics, we investigate two problems: (1) how to assign media data to multiple supplying peers in one streaming session and (2) how to quickly amplify the system's total streaming capacity. Our solution to the first problem is an optimal media data assignment algorithm OTS/sub p2p/, which results in minimum buffering delay in the consequent streaming session. Our solution to the second problem is a distributed differentiated admission control protocol DAC/sub p2p/. By differentiating between requesting peers with different outbound bandwidth, DAC/sub p2p/ achieves fast system capacity amplification; benefits all requesting peers in admission rate, waiting time, and buffering delay; and creates an incentive for peers to offer their truly available out-bound bandwidth.
Self-reported quality of life among inner-city youth with asthma: an empirical examination of the PedsQL 3.0 Asthma Module.

Background Asthma disproportionately affects African American youth and may significantly impair their daily functioning. Although a number of self-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures have been developed, many rely on parent proxy report rather than youth self-report. Few validity studies have been undertaken to evaluate youth self-report instruments, and studies of economically disadvantaged ethnic minority populations are particularly lacking. Objective To examine the psychometric properties of the PedsQL 3.0 Asthma Module, a widely available self-report index of HRQoL in a sample of inner-city African American youth. Methods Seventy African American youth with asthma (age range, 9-17 years) and their primary caregivers participated. Youth completed the PedsQL 3.0 Asthma Module (developed for youth aged 5-18 years), whereas caregivers provided reports of youth HRQoL, asthma symptoms, health care use, and school absences. Ratings of asthma severity were obtained via physician rating and spirometry. Results The PedsQL 3.0 Asthma Module total and subscale scores evidenced adequate internal consistency (α values >.70), convergent validity with parent proxy ratings of HRQoL and other indexes of functional impairment and differentiated between youth with greater and lesser disease severity. Conclusion HRQoL can be reliably assessed using the self-report form of the PedsQL 3.0 Asthma Module among 9- to 17-year-old African American youth from economically disadvantaged backgrounds.
Knowledge discovery from multiple databases

Knowledge discovery systems for databases are employed to provide valuable insights into characteristics and relationships that may exist in the data, but are unknown to the user. This paper describes a methodology and system for performing knowledge discovery across multiple databases. These enhancements have been integrated into the prototype knowledge discovery system called INLEN. The enhancements include the incorporation of primary and foreign keys as well as the development and processing of knowledge segments.
Effective Use of Psychoacoustics in Motion-Tracked Binaural Audio

Binaural sound capture and reproduction can produce sound of remarkable quality and realism over headphones. It also suffers from shortcomings that have hindered its widespread usage. Most notably, it does not eliminate the in-head localization that is also experienced with stereo recordings. Motion-tracking that restores the dynamic cues caused by normal movements of the head is necessary to externalize binaural sounds, but its computational requirements may be heavy. We have developed practical methods that realize motion-tracked binaural sound (MTB) both in capture and reproduction. In this paper, we review briefly the research on the effect of head motion on the perception of spatial sound, describe MTB and its variants, compare it to HTRF-based rendering, and discuss our experience with binaural motion tracked sound.
Ghrelin improves burn-induced delayed gastrointestinal transit in rats.

Delayed gastrointestinal transit is common in patients with severe burn. Ghrelin is a potent prokinetic peptide. We aimed at testing the effect of ghrelin on burn-induced delayed gastrointestinal t...
Environmental Adaptations for Older Adults and Their Families in the Home and Community

Environmental adaptation is an important intervention to help older adults remain at home independently and ease the burden of care on their families. A range of adaptations can be considered, including removing or rearranging objects, special equipment, and adaptive tools. Providing an environmental adaptation involves assessment of a person’s needs and capabilities and the environment’s physical properties; choosing an adaptation; ordering and installing it; and training the older adult and family member in its use. This chapter provides an overview of environmental adaptation as an intervention for the elderly, clinical principles, and the evidence to support this approach.
Electrical Conductivity as a Function of Temperature of Diamond films Grown by Downstream Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition

Electrical conductivity measurements were used to study the effects that sample distance from the plasma during growth has on the carrier transport properties of undoped CVD diamond. The films were grown by downstream microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition at distances from 0.5 to 2.0 cm from the edge of plasma glow. Electrical conductivity measurements were performed between room temperature and 1000 °C to gain a better understanding of the CVD growth process and the resulting electrical properties of the diamond film's. Room temperature electrical conductivity was found to vary by over 5 orders of magnitude with increasing growth distance from the plasma, and this is attributed to decreasing hydrogen incorporation efficiencies at further distances from the plasma.
Pecan Weevil Infestation of Pecans of Various Sizes and Infestations

The number of pecan weevil larvae per infested pecan is apparently independent of nut size and weight, kernel weight and the infestation level of the nuts in the tree. Consequently, yield losses sustained by the larger fruited improved cultivars exceed those in native groves exposed to the same level of weevil infestation.
Quantification of apo(a) and apoB in human atherosclerotic lesions

Lipoprotein[a] or Lp[a] is a cholesterol-rich plasma lipoprotein that is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. To better understand this association we determined the amount of apo[a] and apoB as possible estimates for Lp[a] and low density lipoprotein (LDL) accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions and in plasma, from patients undergoing vascular surgery, using specific radioimmunoassays for apolipoprotein[a] and apolipoprotein B. Apo[a] and apoB were operationally divided into a loosely bound fraction obtained by extracting minced samples of plaque with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and a tightly bound fraction obtained by extracting the residual tissue with 6 M guanidine-HCl (GuHCl). We found that 83% of all apo[a] but only 32% of all apoB in lesions was in the tightly bound fraction. When normalized for corresponding plasma levels, apo[a] accumulation in plaques was more than twice that of apoB. All fractions of tissue apo[a], loosely bound, tightly bound, and total, correlated significantly with plasma apo[a]. However, no significant correlations were found between any of the tissue fractions and plasma apoB. If all apo[a] and apoB had been associated with intact Lp[a] or LDL particles, the calculated mass of tightly bound Lp[a] would actually have exceeded that of tightly bound LDL in five cases with plasma Lp[a] levels above 5 mg apo[a] protein/dl. When PBS and GuHCl extracts of lesions were subjected to one-dimensional electrophoresis, the major band stained for lipid and immunoblotted positively for apo[a] and apoB, suggesting the presence of some intact Lp[a] in these extracts. These results suggest that Lp[a] accumulates preferentially to LDL in plaques, and that plaque apo[a] is directly associated with plasma apo[a] levels and is in a form that is less easily removable than most of the apoB. This preferential accumulation of apo[a] as a tightly bound fraction in lesions, could be responsible for the independent association of Lp[a] with cardiovascular disease in humans.
Recruitment of family child care homes for an obesity prevention intervention study

Abstract Objective Critical to the success of any intervention study is successful recruitment. The aim of this paper was to examine the recruitment process of a randomized controlled trial evaluating an intervention conducted with family child care home providers. Specifically, the recruitment challenges, the efforts employed to address the challenges, and their impact on participant recruitment are discussed. Methods The study’s original recruitment protocol was employed during waves 1 and 2 (out of 5). However, recruitment tracking showed a failure to meet enrollment targets, particularly in wave 2. Low enrollment prompted an all-day retreat to discuss potential revisions and enhancements to recruitment strategies. Four strategies to enhance the recruitment protocol emerged from the retreat: improving recruitment materials to enhance communication, increasing engagement with community partners, addressing provider concerns about participation and study burden, and facilitating parent engagement. Results The study successfully recruited 166 family child care home providers across the 5 waves. There was a significant impact on the recruitment of waves 3–5 versus waves 1–2 using the enhanced recruitment protocol. There was a dramatic increase in those who “consented” (43% vs. 60%, respectively) and a corresponding decrease in the percent of “interested and eligible” who then “failed to consent” (57% vs. 40%, respectively). Conclusion Results of these enhanced recruitment strategies demonstrate the many lessons learned about successful recruitment of a difficult-to-reach population, family child care homes; specifically, the importance of building relationships, communicating clearly, and identifying key motivators.
Behavior modification in a self-help group.

Can self-help groups, with trained lay leaders, be successful in applying behavior modification therapy for weight reduction?
Cardiovascular disease in women: implications of hormone replacement therapy.

Arterial dysfunction and disease affect a majority of women during their life time. Ovarian hormones inhibit the development of atherosclerosis and play an integral role in the maintenance of normal arterial function. Estrogens act in the liver to improve and maintain lipid profiles and also act in the walls of arteries and in cardiac myocytes to maintain function and prevent disease. Death from cardiovascular disease is reduced in women receiving estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). Ten-year follow-up studies of women with advanced coronary artery disease (CAD) show a marked reduction in fatalities among the women receiving estrogens compared with untreated women. Sublingual estradiol-17β compared with placebo results in improved exercise tolerance and reduced ischemia during exercise in women with CAD. Estradiol-17β infused into the coronary arteries in women with CAD leads to improved arterial function. Estrogen deficiency has been reported in women with angina pectoris who have normal coronary arteries, and these women respond to estrogen treatment. HRT implies the use of ERT with the addition of a progestin. Progestins oppose the actions of estrogens. Counter-effects of lipid metabolism appear to be minimal with progestins currently in use. Oppositional effects of progestins on hemodynamic actions of estrogens may be significant, as progestins appear to induce vasoconstriction of estrogenized vessels.
Lysyl oxidase isoforms in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most frequent cancer in the world and shows the highest incidence in Latin America and Asia. An increasing amount of evidence demonstrates that lysyl oxidase isoforms, a group of extracellular matrix crosslinking enzymes, should be considered as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in GC. In this review, we focus on the expression levels of lysyl oxidase isoforms, its functions and the clinical implications in GC. Finding novel proteins related to the processing of these extracellular matrix enzymes might be helpful in the design of new therapies, which, in combination with classic pharmacology, could be used to delay the progress of this aggressive cancer and offer a wider temporal window for clinical intervention.
Antigen presentation by dendritic cells in the aortic wall triggers T helper immune responses in atherosclerosis (54.16)

Atherosclerosis is an immune-mediated disease associated with lipid accumulation and formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the major arteries of the body. Vascular dendritic cells (DC) are present throughout the adventitia of the normal mouse aorta and expand under atherosclerotic conditions, but their function remains incompletely understood. To test whether DC can mediate productive antigen presentation directly in the aortic wall, we used two-photon microscopy. CD11cYFP tagged DC were motile in mouse aortas and interacted with T cells in an antigen dependent manner. In atherosclerotic Apoe-/- CD11cYFP mice, DC interacted with transferred T cells from Apoe-/-, but not C57BL/6 mice. Interaction with DC decreased T cell migration velocity and induced secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17, which enhanced oxLDL uptake by primary macrophages. Using flow cytometry of digested whole aorta from C57BL/6 and Apoe-/- mice fed either Western diet or regular chow diet, we found CD11b+CD11c+ and CD11b-CD11c+ DC in the aortic wall of C57BL/6 mice, and this population expanded in Apoe-/- mice on western diet. Under these conditions, CD8a+ and CD103 DC appear among the CD11c+ DC population. Taken together, our data show the emergence of distinct subsets of DC in the mouse aorta during the progression of atherosclerosis and demonstrate that the aortic wall can be a site of active antigen presentation leading to the induction of a pro-atherogenic immune response.
Tariffs as a Form of Taxation: Is Evasion Unethical?

Tariffs are a form of sales or excise taxation in the sense that they force people to pay more for a product than would be the case in a free market. Just as one can avoid a sales tax by not making a purchase, one may avoid a tariff by not purchasing the product on which the tariff is placed. However, there may be ways to purchase a product and avoid the tariff. In such cases, is evasion unethical? The author explores this question from several economic, ethical and religious perspectives.
DIRSIG5: Next-Generation Remote Sensing Data and Image Simulation Framework

The digital imaging and remote sensing image generation model is a physics-based image and data simulation model that is primarily used to generate synthetic imagery across the visible to thermal infrared regions using engineering-driven descriptions of remote sensing systems. The model recently went through a major redesign and reimplementation effort to address changes in user requirements and numerical computation trends that have emerged in the 15 years since the last major development effort. The new model architecture adopts some of the latest light transport algorithms matured by the computer graphics community and features a framework that is easily parallelized at the microscale (multithreading) and macroscale (cluster-based computing). A detailed description of the framework is provided, including a novel method for efficiently storing, evaluating, integrating, and sampling spherical and hemispherical datasets appropriate for the representation of modeled or measured bidirectional scattering, reflectance, and transmission distribution functions. The capabilities of the model are then briefly demonstrated and cross-verified with scenarios of interest to the remote sensing community.
Recurrent selection increases seed germination in little bluestem ( Schizachyrium scoparium )

Rainfall is often inadequate for satisfactory seed germination and emergence under field conditions. This research was designed to improve the seed germination of six experimental populations of little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash]. Two cycle of recurrent selection were used to develop Syn-1 and Syn-2 populations from six experimental Syn-0 populations. Cycle 1 consisted of germinating 3500 open-pollinated seeds of each Syn-0 population in water of − 0.8 MPa potential for 7-day. All germinated seeds (approximately 250 for each of the six populations) were selected to create six Syn-1 populations. Cycle 2 selection was similar to Cycle 1, except that Syn-1 populations were used to create six Syn-2 populations. To test the effects of selection, four 50-spikelet samples of the 18 populations were germinated in water of − 0.8 MPa potential for 7-day for two consecutive harvest years. Germination of Syn-1 seeds was 3.7% higher than Syn-0 seeds, and Syn-2 seeds were 16.2% higher than Syn-1 seeds. Thus, it was possible to increase the seed germination of the six little bluestem populations at the water potential used with recurrent selection.
A Reactive Manganese(IV)–Hydroxide Complex: A Missing Intermediate in Hydrogen Atom Transfer by High-Valent Metal-Oxo Porphyrinoid Compounds

High-valent metal-hydroxide species are invoked as critical intermediates in both catalytic, metal-mediated O2 activation (e.g., by Fe porphyrin in Cytochrome P450) and O2 production (e.g., by the Mn cluster in Photosystem II). However, well-characterized mononuclear MIV(OH) complexes remain a rarity. Herein we describe the synthesis of MnIV(OH)(ttppc) (3) (ttppc = tris(2,4,6-triphenylphenyl) corrole), which has been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The large steric encumbrance of the ttppc ligand allowed for isolation of 3. The complexes MnV(O)(ttppc) (4) and MnIII(H2O)(ttppc) (1·H2O) were also synthesized and structurally characterized, providing a series of Mn complexes related only by the transfer of hydrogen atoms. Both 3 and 4 abstract an H atom from the O–H bond of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) to give a radical coupling product in good yield (3 = 90(2)%, 4 = 91(5)%). Complex 3 reacts with 2,4-DTBP with a rate constant of k2 = 2.73(12) × 104 M–1 s–1, which is ∼3 orders of magnitude la...
Public and National Imagination of the Arctic

This chapter examines how the Arctic has acted as a source of inspiration and how this plays into larger political challenges of the region today. The long history of southern perceptions and engagement with the Arctic is mainly a catalogue of fantastic thinking and fraught endeavor. Unprecedented climate change, technology, geopolitics, and global markets have conspired to a decade of renewed fascination with the Arctic. But our knowledge of its space, environmental conditions, ecology, and human culture remains inchoate. To a large extent, the USA and Canada have—like their circum-Arctic neighbor, Russia—inherited particular orientations toward the Arctic. Today, new threats emerge to Arctic ecology and the peoples of the circum-Arctic, and sovereignty disputes with Russia and others excite anxiety of renewed geopolitical conflict.
Advancing a Multimodal Real-Time Affective Sensing Research Platform

Expert human tutors focus approximately half of their interactions on the affective and motivational engagement of their students (Lepper, Woolverton, Mumme, & Gurtner, 1993). In stark contrast, the vast majority of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) pay little or no attention to students’ emotional experiences. To redress this, the Affective Agent Research Platform has been advanced, demonstrating the ability to sense elements of student frustration and respond in real time with affective support. While the work has been advanced within the context of a challenging educational activity, the architecture and lessons from its implementation are broadly applicable and readily deployable within a wide range of settings, e.g., workplace, automotive, assistive care, etc.
Zemaphyte Phytopharm plc.

Zemaphyte, a Chinese herbal extract, is under development by Phytopharm as a potential therapy for severe atopic eczema.
Determination of Body Fluid Compartments with Multiple Frequency Bioelectric Impedance

Almost all current usage of bioelectric impedance is at a frequency of 50 kHz. However, body composition estimates from total body impedance measures at 50 kHz do not account for differences in the distribution of body fluids among extracellular spaces and in levels of hydration of tissues among individuals. Bioelectric impedance measurements at different current frequencies may provide new and improved body composition estimates.1–3 Bioelectric impedance at separate frequencies can differentiate the proportion of extra-cellular fluid volume (ECF) in the body.4,5 At low frequencies ( 100 kHz), the current completely penetrates all body tissues and reactance is supposedly minimal 6 The ratio of the impedance at low frequency to the impedance at high frequency is supposed to provide estimates of the proportion of total body water (TBW) in extracellular fluids, and could clarify the possible effects of different levels of hydration on estimates of fat-free mass (FFM) among individuals.3,7 The differentiation of extracellular and total fluid compartments by bioelectric impedance at low and high frequencies has considerable potential for exploring variations within and between individuals and samples in levels of hydration.
Introduction to Research in Nutrition and Health

Research is simply a way of solving problems, and it is defined as planned studious and critical inquiry and examination aimed at the discovery and interpretation of new knowledge or expansion on a topic or idea. Quality assurance, surveys, new product evaluation, and case report are all examples of research. The purpose of these activities is to document “what works and what does not work,” which answers particular research questions. Useful research studies may be done to substantiate other previous investigations. Studies of diet and disease relationship and studies of various nutrition therapies are absolutely indispensable in substantiating the value of nutrition in the health care environment.
Secondary interventions in patients with implantable cardiac devices and ipsilateral arteriovenous access

Abstract Objective The number of patients with end-stage renal disease who require implantable cardiac devices is increasing. Rates of secondary interventions or fistula failure are not well studied in patients who have arteriovenous fistula (AVF) access placed on the ipsilateral side as a pacemaker. This study aimed to compare central vein–related interventions and failure rates of arteriovenous access in patients with pacemakers placed on the ipsilateral vs contralateral side. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively collected database at a single high-volume dialysis institution was performed; all patients 18 years or older who had both arteriovenous access and a pacemaker were included. Data points included the number of interventions such as thrombectomy, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, and stent placement, as well as time to first intervention and failure of the fistula or graft. Patients with an implantable cardiac device who had contralateral AVF access were compared with AVF ipsilateral access using a t-test and Kaplan-Meier curves for primary patency. Outcomes evaluated included number of interventions and time to intervention from access creation. Results A total of 32 patients were identified; 20 had arteriovenous access on the contralateral side from the pacemaker and 12 had access on the ipsilateral side. In the contralateral group, there were a mean of 3.6 percutaneous transluminal angioplasties per patient (range, 1-12). In the ipsilateral group, there were an average of 2.8 percutaneous transluminal angioplasties per patient (range, 1-6). There was no difference in intervention rates between these cohorts; however, the time to intervention was increased in patients who had arteriovenous access on the contralateral side to their pacemaker (9.5 vs 19.5 months; P Conclusions There was no difference in intervention rates between ipsilateral and contralateral patients; however, the time to intervention was increased in patients who had arteriovenous access on the contralateral side to their pacemaker (9.5 months vs 19.5 months). This study was limited by its lack of power. Patency rates did not differ (P = .068). Ipsilateral access placement should be considered rather than abandoning access in that extremity.
Whence Paradox? Framing Away the Potential Challenges of Doing Well by Doing Good in Social Enterprise Organizations:

Scholars and critics tend to regard social enterprise as a paradoxical organizational form. And yet those who are closest to the apparent paradox in at least two prominent social enterprise industr...
Intergroup Inequality Heightens Reports of Discrimination Along Alternative Identity Dimensions

How do members of societally valued (dominant) groups respond when considering inequality? Prior research suggests that salient inequality may be viewed as a threat to dominant-group members' self and collective moral character. However, people possess multiple social identities and may be advantaged in one domain (e.g., White) while concurrently disadvantaged in another domain (e.g., sexual minority). The present research tests whether individuals may reduce the moral-image threat of being societally advantaged in one domain by highlighting discrimination they face in other domains. Four experiments with individuals advantaged along different dimensions of inequality (race, social class, sexuality) reveal that making such inequality salient evokes greater perceived discrimination faced by oneself and one's ingroups along other identity dimensions.
Disaster experiences and terrorism news exposure: effects on perceptions of police and trust in local government in the United States

Given inconsistency across studies, it remains unclear how direct and vicarious experience with disaster shape views of police and views of local government. This study investigated the views of th...
Newborn screening alone insufficient to improve pulmonary outcomes for cystic fibrosis.

Abstract Background The Wisconsin Cystic Fibrosis Neonatal Screening Project was a randomized clinical trial (RCT) revealing that children receiving an early diagnosis of CF via newborn screening (NBS) had improved nutritional outcomes but similar lung disease severity compared to those who presented clinically. Because the evaluations of these subjects by protocol ended in 2012, our objective was to assess long-term pulmonary and mortality outcomes. Methods Retrospective analysis of the RCT cohort utilized longitudinal outcome measures obtained from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry (CFFPR). Data included screening assignment, clinical characteristics, percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (ppFEV1) and mortality. A random intercept model was used to compare the ppFEV1 decline of subjects between the two groups up to age 26 years. Mortality was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Of the 145 subjects who consented to the original study, 104 subjects met inclusion criteria and had adequate data in the CFFPR. Of 57 subjects in the screened group and 47 in the control group, the rates of ppFEV1 decline were 1.76%/year (95% CI 1.62 to 1.91%) and 1.43%/year (95% CI 1.26 to 1.60%), respectively (p Conclusions NBS alone does not improve pulmonary outcomes in CF, particularly when other risk factors supervene. In an era prior to strict infection control and current therapies, NBS for CF may be associated with worse pulmonary outcomes.
Addressing Challenging Mathematics Standards with At-Risk Learners: A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effects of Fractions Intervention at Third Grade.

The purposes of this study were to assess the effects of fractions intervention for students who are at risk for poor outcomes and to examine whether a component that combines self-regulated learni...
Electrical impedance detection of sickle cell vaso-occlusion in microfluidic capillary structures

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is primarily associated with episodic vaso-occlusive events. Poorly deformable sickle cells may get stuck in small blood vessels, slow down or block blood flow, leading to local hypoxia that damages tissues and organs. In this paper, we present a novel electrical impedance sensing technique for detection of the progressive occlusion by sickle cells in microfluidic capillary structures. Changes in both resistance and reactance of the sickle blood flow were observed at multiple low frequencies (
Search for non-Newtonian gravity with optically levitated microspheres

The universal law of gravitation has undergone stringent tests for many decades over a significant range of length scales, from atomic to planetary. Of particular interest is the short distance regime, where modifications to Newtonian gravity may arise from axion-like particles or extra dimensions. We have constructed an ultra-sensitive force sensor based on optically-levitated microspheres with a force sensitivity of $10^{-17}$ N/$sqrt{rm Hz}$ for the purpose of investigating non-Newtonian forces in the 1-100 $mu$m range. Microspheres interact with a variable-density attractor mass made by alternating silicon and gold segments with periodicity of 50 $mu$m. The attractor can be located as close as 10 $mu$m from a microsphere. I describe the characterization of this system, its sensitivity, and some preliminary results. Further technological developments to reduce background are expected to provide orders of magnitude improvement in the sensitivity, probing beyond current constraints on non-Newtonian interactions.
Cross-sectional validation of the PROMIS-Preference scoring system by its association with social determinants of health.

PROMIS-Preference (PROPr) is a generic, societal, preference-based summary score that uses seven domains from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). This report evaluates construct validity of PROPr by its association with social determinants of health (SDoH). An online panel survey of the US adult population included PROPr, SDoH, demographics, chronic conditions, and four other scores: the EuroQol-5D-5L (EQ-5D-5L), Health Utilities Index (HUI) Mark 2 and Mark 3, and the Short Form-6D (SF-6D). Each score was regressed on age, gender, health conditions, and a single SDoH. The SDoH coefficient represents the strength of its association to PROPr and was used to assess known-groups validity. Convergent validity was evaluated using Pearson correlations between different summary scores and Spearman correlations between SDoH coefficients from different summary scores. From 4142 participants, all summary scores had statistically significant differences for variables related to education, income, food and financial insecurity, and social interactions. Of the 42 SDoH variables tested, the number of statistically significant variables was 27 for EQ-5D-5L, 17 for HUI Mark 2, 23 for HUI Mark 3, 27 for PROPr, and 27 for SF-6D. The average SDoH coefficients were − 0.086 for EQ-5D-5L, − 0.039 for HUI Mark 2, − 0.063 for HUI Mark 3, − 0.064 for PROPr, and − 0.037 for SF-6D. Despite the difference in magnitude across the measures, Pearson correlations were 0.60 to 0.76 and Spearman correlations were 0.74 to 0.87. These results provide evidence of construct validity supporting the use of PROPr monitor population health in the general US population.
The Cost of Clipping-How Much Does Price Matter?

ABSTRACT Clip closure is effective for large (≥ 20 mm) nonpedunculated polyps in the proximal colon. The cost-effectiveness analysis by Albeniz et al. found that selective clipping of polyps at a minimum risk (>13% in the United States, >10% in Spain) is worthwhile clipping. Although such model is theoretically sound, clinical practice should be primarily guided by efficacy data. Moreover, the analysis is very sensitive to the high price of clips, which is likely to reduce in the foreseeable future.
Stationary equilibrium in stochastic dynamic models: Semi-Markov strategies

We show here that a stationary equilibrium in Semi-Markov strategies exists for stochastic games under just the condition of norm continuity of the transition probability that are absolutely continuous with respect to a fixed measure on the state space. We also show that the result can be extended to the case of generalized games in which the feasible action correspondences depend on the action of the other players. We show that the generalization allows one to directly apply the results to general dynamic models.
Political Foundations of Judicial Supremacy: The Presidency, the Supreme Court, and Constitutional Leadership in U.S. History

Preface xi Chapter 1: The Politics of Constitutional Meaning 1 Chapter 2: The Construction of Constitutional Regimes 28 Chapter 3: The Reconstruction of Judicial Authority 82 Chapter 4: The Judiciary in the Politics of Opposition 161 Chapter 5: The Growth of Judicial Authority 230 Chapter 6: The Dynamics of Constitutional Authority 285 Index 297
Adjuvant Studies in Gastric Cancer in the United States

For reasons yet unknown, there has been a steady decrease in the rate of gastric cancer in the United States for the past four decades. Despite this providential decline, however, the estimated 1979 incidence of 23 000 new cases and 14 000 deaths continues to place gastric malignancy high on the list of formidable problems facing American oncologists. The World Health Statistics Manual shows a highly variable worldwide incidence rate, the most prevalent areas of gastric cancer being geographically widely separated countries such as Japan, Chile, Costa Rica, and Hungary. Among the 44 countries from which statistics have been compiled, the United States ranks No. 40 in males and No. 43 in females; and with few exceptions, the incidence in males is considerably higher than in females in the countries surveyed. The overall adjusted 5-year survival rates in the United States remain distressingly low, being 12% in males and 13% in females. However, in those patients with localized disease and hence favorable for surgical resection, the adjusted survival rates are approximately 40% [7]. Unfortunately the symptoms of gastric cancer are nonspecific and all too often appear late in the course of the disease, with only 18% of patients having a localized stage of disease at the time of diagnosis. Even when all obvious malignancy has been removed following surgical resection, appearance of recurrent or persistent disease remains a frequent and discouraging problem. This presentation will be concerned with a review of the clinical trials conducted in the United States in which other modalities of therapy have been combined with surgery in an attempt to prolong and augment the postoperative survival rate.
Chapter 9 Trapped ion electron diffraction: structural evolution of silver and gold clusters

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses structural evolution of silver and gold clusters. A series of unique structural transitions in gold anion clusters throughout the size range of n=11–24 atoms is observed. The identification of these are accomplished through direct structural determination – that is, the comparison of electron diffraction data from trapped clusters with density functional calculations of structural isomers for each cluster size. These transitions exhibit changes in form and symmetry evolving from planar species at n=11 to hollow cages, and finally to a highly symmetric, tube-like structure at n = 24 observed in these diffraction measurements for the first time. The rich array of size-dependent structural motifs described in this study is specific to gold clusters, and it is likely to originate from the relativistically enhanced s–d hybridization of gold bonding orbitals. The determination of these cluster structures, achieved through joint electron diffraction measurements and first principles calculations, adds to the published plethora of gold structures. Most importantly, the determination of these cluster structures is essential to an understanding of the size-dependent evolution of cluster properties, for example, assisting a more complete understanding of the mechanisms that control the chemical reactivity and catalytic activity of gold clusters.
The Chondroitin 4-Sulfate-Protein Linkage

Abstract The nature of the carbohydrate-protein linkage in the chondroitin 4-sulfate-protein complex of bovine nasal septum has been investigated. Two carbohydrate-serine compounds, xylosylserine and galactosylxylosylserine, were isolated from the complex by enzymatic degradation followed by mild acid hydrolysis. Their structures were established as O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-l-serine and 4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-l-serine. These findings show that the carbohydrate-protein linkage in the chondroitin 4-sulfate-protein complex is a glycosidic linkage between xylose and the hydroxyl group of serine.
Band structure and optical properties of Si-Si1-xGex superlattices.

We report the band structure and optical properties of Si-Si1-xGex superlattices calculated by k⋅p theory using the envelope-function approximation. In this paper we have demonstrated that direct-band-gap Si-Si1-xGex superlattices can be achieved by a suitable choice of layer thicknesses. We have presented detailed results for Si-Si0.5Ge0.5 superlattices grown on Si0.75Ge0.25 buffer layers with layer thicknesses in the range from 4 to 24 monolayers. Our calculations indicate that the optical absorption strengths can vary by 3–4 orders of magnitude even for layer thickness variations as small as 1–2 monolayers. Thus, it is important to control the layer thicknesses to a monolayer accuracy to obtain the enhanced optical absorption strengths. Although these optical absorption strengths are 3–4 orders of magnitude larger than bulk Si or Ge, they are still 3 orders of magnitude smaller than the absorption strengths due to direct transitions in materials such as GaAs.
Toward Asking the Right Questions: The Beautiful, the Pretty, and the Big Messy Ones

(1988). Toward Asking the Right Questions. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 61, No. 6, pp. 245-248.
Effects of ketoconazole and valproic acid on the pharmacokinetics of the next generation NNRTI, lersivirine (UK‐453,061), in healthy adult subjects

AIMS To investigate the effect of inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and glucuronidation (UGT2B7) on the pharmacokinetics of lersivirine (UK-453,061), a next generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with a unique resistance profile, and to investigate the safety and tolerability of co-administration of lersivirine with these inhibitors.
Immunoglobulin classes and IgG subclasses of human antinuclear antibodies. A correlation of complement fixation and the nephritis of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Abstract The immunoglobulin class, IgG subclass, and light chain types of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were determined in 26 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. In most instances ANAs were heterogeneous in immunoglobulin composition with IgG1 and IgG3 predominating. The ability of ANA to fix C3 and C4 in vitro correlated well with previous reports of complement fixing ability of purified myeloma proteins of each of the IgG subclasses; however, some variability in low titer IgG1 ANA complement fixation was noted. Patients with positive ANA C3 fixation at the time of initial assessment either presented with nephritis (12 patients) or developed nephritis or necrotizing vasculitis (6 patients) within 1 yr. Six patients whose ANA failed to fix complement have had a benign clinical course. Thus, in vitro assessment of C3 fixation by ANA correlated closely with the presence of nephritis, and also appeared to have prognostic value.
Centrifuge Testing of Model Levees atop Peat: Experimental Data

Four large-scale centrifuge tests were performed at the NEES@UCDavis equipment site to study the cyclic behavior of levee structures resting atop soft organic peat. The model configurations using a...
Training Librarians as Qualitative Researchers: Developing Skills and Knowledge

Preparing library and information science (LIS) professionals for the changing contexts in which they work requires them to understand qualitative research methods. Finding appropriate theories and approaches to teaching qualitative research methods is essential to develop librarians and other graduate students as qualitative researchers. The purpose of this article is to examine and discuss these and other learning theories as well as additional strategies and methods for teaching qualitative research methodology to librarians and novice researchers.
Far-field momentum flux of high-frequency axisymmetric synthetic jets

This study focuses on predicting the far-field momentum flux for axisymmetric synthetic jets, which is an important parameter that characterizes the performance of such jets in flow-control applications. Previous researchers have found that a negative pressure gradient near the jet orifice is responsible for the observed decrease in the momentum flux in the streamwise direction. As a result, prediction of the far field momentum flux of synthetic jets has encountered serious challenges. In this paper, the far-field momentum flux is modeled by calculating the hydrodynamic impulse of the vortical structure formed during one actuation cycle, under the assumption that the jet is fully developed and periodic. In this manner, the complex near-field effect of a synthetic jet is explicitly captured by the interactions between the vortices and the actuator. Furthermore, the impulse of these vortical structures is predicted using only the actuation parameters of the synthetic jet, namely, the stroke length, L, the o...