cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Size Distribution and Growth in a Sample of Illinois Cash Grain Farms

Falling agricultural incomes, declining exports, and emerging biotechnologies have rekindled concern over farm structure and the viability of the medium-sized (often identified as the "family") farm. (See Stanton 1984 for a comprehensive discussion of farm structure issues.) Recent studies by Edwards, Smith, and Patterson; Zulauf; and the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) examine the changing nature of the size distribution of U.S. farms. Gardner and Pope and also Leiby and Sumner investigate forces affecting farm growth. These studies are difficult to compare because of differences in models, time periods, and size measures used in empirical analyses. For example, a comparison of the OTA and the Edwards, Smith, and Patterson studies leads to very different views of farm sector structure in 2000. The OTA results, based on analysis of deflated gross value of farm income from 1969 to 1982, suggest a movement towards a bimodal distribution of very small and very large farms. In contrast, the USDA study, using acreage to measure farm size over a shorter period, 1974 to 1978, predicts a more stable distribution similar to today's. Interpretation of these results is complicated by the difficulty of defining farm size for a heterogenous set of multiple enterprise farms, the limited range of categories used to describe farm growth, and the lack of microlevel evidence to corroborate findings based on aggregate agricultural census data. The purpose of this analysis is to assess evidence of change in the size distribution of a sample of 161 Illinois cash grain farms over the past decade. Three issues are addressed in the empirical investigation. Markov transition probability matrices are estimated first, to investigate changes in distribution of the sample over the period 1976 to 1985. Second, we consider whether the results of this analysis and our predictions of future farm structure are invariant with respect to the measure of size used. Third, discriminant analysis is applied to identify factors associated with change in farm size.
Strain difference in sex ratio response of mice to lactate dehydrogenase virus infection

Durch Infektion mit LDH-Virus wird bei Mausen, deren Nachkommen normalerweise ein Geschlechtsverhaltnis <1 aufweisen, ein solches von 1 erreicht. Da sich die Infektion der Eltern beider Stamme nicht in einer unterschiedlichen Zunahme der Serum-LDH, wohl aber in einer solchen der Spermien-LDH auswirkt, wird angenommen, dass die LDH-Aktivitat der Spermien sich in einer zwar noch unbekannten Weise auf das Geschlechtsverhaltnis der Nachkommen auswirkt.
Efficient frequency-offset estimation in OFDM-based WLAN systems

An efficient frequency-offset estimation scheme for the OFDM-based WLAN is presented. The approach efficiently utilises the IEEE 802.11a WLAN standard preamble with the aid of time synchronisation. Simulation results indicate that the algorithm can render the performance to be optimal with the partial data of the preamble.
Electron Microscopy of InN Films

This paper describes growth morphology and structure of rf-magnetron sputtered thin films of InN, studied by plan-view transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Films deposited on TEM grids, (0001) sapphire, (111) silicon and amorphous quartz were prepared for TEM by mechanical abrasion of the substrate followed by sputter etching. At low deposition temperatures (<400°C), films consisted of small, basal-oriented, columnar grains. Above 500°C, growth consisted of larger, faceted, basal-oriented, mesa-island grains. Observations of growth morphology and defect structure are correlated with structural, compositional and electrical properties.
What are logical notions

In this manuscript, published here for the first time, Tarski explores the concept of logical notion. He draws on Klein's Erlanger Programm to locate the logical notions of ordinary geometry as those invariant under all transformations of space. Generalizing, he explicates the concept of logical notion of an arbitrary discipline.
Thermodynamic properties of fcc transition metals as calculated with the embedded-atom method

Solid and liquid Gibbs free energies of Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, and Pt have been calculated through the use of the embedded-atom method, and the results are in good agreement with experiment. The melting points of the materials are calculated from the intersection of the solid and liquid free-energy curves. The values of the melting point are in excellent agreement for the noble metals and in reasonable agreement for Ni, Pd, and Pt. The thermal expansions of the solids are computed and the results are in excellent agreement with experiment over the entire temperature range.
Experiments on correcting iron deficiency in plants

Abstract Several approaches to correcting iron deficiency by soil application were studied. Application of chelating agents in simulated drip irrigation, application of sulfuric acid, of organic iron amendments, of crystaline iron ‐ H2SO4 products, and sulfur all have been subjected to experimentation. Most important results include that application via drip irrigation can greatly decrease the quantity of metal chelates needed to correct micronutrient deficiencies, FeDTPA will work on calcareous soils only if the soil is very sandy and if the soil pH is near 7, that zone acidification or zone application of iron amendments in which only part of the root system is adequately supplied with iron will provide a means of both correction of iron deficiency and preventing it for several years in perennial plants, that some H2SO4 to cause soil acidification will increase effectiveness of sulfur as a soil acidifier, that organic‐iron amendments placed in the root zone can provide protection to plants against iron ...
Academic Leadership in America's Public Schools.

Academic leadership directly helps faculty members, administrative leaders, and professional support persons improve the quantity and quality of student learning. Those who regularly lead decision-making and action-taking processes in curriculum, instruction, and assessment of student learning can be called academic leaders. This article focuses on the need for improved academic leadership and examines models suggested by the Curriculum Leadership Institute, Southern Regional Education Board, and the Boston School Leadership Institute.
Urbanization as the Cause of Cities: Notes from the Near East and the Northeast

The concept of urbanization has long been used to refer to the growth of cities in a particular region. The definition of a city is notoriously vague, however, and as such using their growth as a mechanism for understanding urbanization is highly problematic. In addition, the sequence of events leading to the urbanization of a region does not indicate that cities necessarily lead to the effects with which urbanization is commonly associated, but rather these “effects” predate and even facilitate the growth of cities. This paper discusses the concept of urbanization in light of two very distinct case studies of the sequence leading to the growth of cities: that of “pristine urbanization” in the ancient Fertile Crescent and of later urbanization in the American Northeast.
Reception and Variations of Classical Narratology in Chinese Scholarship

In his article "Reception and Variations of Classical Narratology in Chinese Scholarship" Biwu Shang discusses the field's impact starting in the 1970s to today. Shang's survey includes translations of Western frameworks including introductions published during three waves (the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s respectively). While Shang posits that Chinese narratology owes a debt to English-language Western scholarship, as it stands in the last decades this is counterbalanced with the development of Chinese narratology and Western scholarship started to show interest in Chinese scholarship: indeed, the more exchanges between Chinese scholarship and that of the West develop, the more beneficial the dialogue will prove for both. Biwu Shang, "Reception and Variations of Classical Narratology in Chinese Scholarship" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 16.6 (2014): Special Issue Western Canons in a Changing East Asia. Ed. Simon C. Estok
Severe preeclampsia and maternal self-report of oral health, hygiene, and dental care.

Background: Maternal periodontal disease diagnosed by a detailed oral health examination is associated with preeclampsia. Our objective was to measure the association between maternal self-report of oral symptoms/problems, oral hygiene practices, and/or dental service use before or during pregnancy and severe preeclampsia.Methods: A written questionnaire was administered to pregnant females at the time of prenatal ultrasound and outcomes were ascertained by chart abstraction. The χ2 test compared maternal oral symptoms/problems, hygiene practices, and dental service use between females with severe preeclampsia versus normotensive females. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for severe preeclampsia.Results: A total of 48 (10%) of 470 females reported ≥2 oral symptoms/problems in the 6 months before pregnancy and 77 (16%) since pregnancy. Fifty-one (11%) reported previous periodontal treatment. Twenty-eight (6%) of 470 develo...
Magnetic field of a nerve impulse: first measurements

The magnetic field of the action potential from an isolated frog sciatic nerve was measured by a SQUID magnetometer with a novel room-temperature pickup coil. The 1.2 x 10(-10) tesla field was measured 1.3 millimeters from the nerve with a signal-to-noise ratio of 40 to 1.
Eicosanoids in experimental and human renal disease

The renal prostaglandins and thromboxanes are powerful autacoids with potential effects on renal hemodynamics, salt and water metabolism, and the immune system. The possibility of adverse effects on renal function in certain patients with renal disease due to cyclooxygenase inhibition with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has long been appreciated. Experimental evidence indicates that renal prostaglandin and thromboxane production is increased in several models of renal disease and that similar decrements in renal function occur with cyclooxygenase inhibition and may be due to inhibition of vasodilator prostaglandins. Additionally, several investigators have shown that administration of prostaglandins may be therapeutic in some forms of renal disease, particularly immunologically mediated diseases. Dietary modification to affect prostaglandin production has also been promising in certain experimental models. In contrast to vasodilator prostaglandins, thromboxane is a potent vasoconstrictor and would be expected to have adverse effects on renal function. Despite demonstration of elevated glomerular thromboxane, studies using inhibitors of thromboxane synthesis in immunologically mediated glomerular disease have been disappointing. There is some evidence, however, that these drugs may be of benefit in ureteric obstruction and renal transplant rejection.
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF HALO-/ARYL SULFIDE-SUBSTITUTED ALKYL PHENYLGLYOXYLATE, AN ASSESSMENT OF THE LIFETIME OF THE INTERMEDIATE 1,4-BIRADICAL

Photochemical reactions of several halo/aryl sulfide-substituted alkyl phenylglyoxylates (1) were studied. For 2‘-bromo- (1b), 2‘-iodo- (1c), 2‘-(phenylthio)- (1d), and 2‘-(phenylsulfinyl)- (1e) ethyl phenylglyoxylate, vinyl phenylglyoxylate (2), proposed to be the result of β-elimination from the 1,4-biradical formed by triplet state γ-hydrogen abstraction, is the dominant photoproduct. In the cases 1b and 1d Norrish Type II products were also observed. Vinyl phenylglyoxylate (2) was not observed with 2‘-chloroethyl (1a), 3‘-bromopropyl (1f), and 3‘-(phenylthio)propyl (1g) phenylglyoxylate. The lifetime of the 1,4-biradical intermediate is deduced from the competition between the β-elimination of the monoradical and the normal biradical decay. The triplet lifetime and the photoreaction efficiency of 1 were not significantly affected by halogen-substitution.
Computer-aided detection of clustered microcalcifications in multiscale bilateral filtering regularized reconstructed digital breast tomosynthesis volume

Purpose: Develop a computer-aided detection (CADe) system for clustered microcalcifications in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) volume enhanced with multiscale bilateral filtering (MSBF) regularization. Methods: With Institutional Review Board approval and written informed consent, two-view DBT of 154 breasts, of which 116 had biopsy-proven microcalcification (MC) clusters and 38 were free of MCs, was imaged with a General Electric GEN2 prototype DBT system. The DBT volumes were reconstructed with MSBF-regularized simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) that was designed to enhance MCs and reduce background noise while preserving the quality of other tissue structures. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of MCs was further improved with enhancement-modulated calcification response (EMCR) preprocessing, which combined multiscale Hessian response to enhance MCs by shape and bandpass filtering to remove the low-frequency structured background. MC candidates were then located in the EMCR volume using iterative thresholding and segmented by adaptive region growing. Two sets of potential MC objects, cluster centroid objects and MC seed objects, were generated and the CNR of each object was calculated. The number of candidates in each set was controlled based on the breast volume. Dynamic clustering around the centroid objects grouped the MC candidates to form clusters. Adaptive criteria were designed to reduce false positive (FP) clusters based on the size, CNR values and the number of MCs in the cluster, cluster shape, and cluster based maximum intensity projection. Free-response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) and jackknife alternative FROC (JAFROC) analyses were used to assess the performance and compare with that of a previous study. Results: Unpaired two-tailed t-test showed a significant increase (p < 0.0001) in the ratio of CNRs for MCs with and without MSBF regularization compared to similar ratios for FPs. For view-based detection, a sensitivity of 85% was achieved at an FP rate of 2.16 per DBT volume. For case-based detection, a sensitivity of 85% was achieved at an FP rate of 0.85 per DBT volume. JAFROC analysis showed a significant improvement in the performance of the current CADe system compared to that of our previous system (p = 0.003). Conclusions: MBSF regularized SART reconstruction enhances MCs. The enhancement in the signals, in combination with properly designed adaptive threshold criteria, effective MC feature analysis, and false positive reduction techniques, leads to a significant improvement in the detection of clustered MCs in DBT.
Computational methods in drug design: modeling G protein-coupled receptor monomers, dimers, and oligomers.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that serve as very important links through which cellular signal transduction mechanisms are activated. Many vital physiological events such as sensory perception, immune defense, cell communication, chemotaxis, and neuro-transmission are mediated by GPCRs. Not surprisingly, GPCRs are major targets for drug development today. Most modeling studies in the GPCR field have focused upon the creation of a model of a single GPCR (ie, a GPCR monomer) based upon the crystal structure of the Class A GPCR, rhodopsin. However, the emerging concept of GPCR dimerization has challenged our notions of the monomeric GPCR as functional unit. Recent work has shown not only that many GPCRs exist as homo- and heterodimers but also that GPCR oligomeric assembly may have important functional roles. This review focuses first on methodology for the creation of monomeric GPCR models. Special emphasis is given to the identification of localized regions where the structure of a GPCR may diverge from that of bovine rhodopsin. The review then focuses on GPCR dimers and oligomers and the bioinformatics methods available for identifying homo- and heterodimer interfaces.
Partitioning of a Patient Population with Respect to Different Mortality Risks

Abstract Three non-parametric models are presented for describing the survival experience of patients with chronic disease. Model I assumes that two independent forces of mortality (disease specific and normal) act simultaneously on the total patient population. If after a number of intervals the observed survival experience approximates a normal level, a cure rate can be estimated and the survival pattern described according to Model II: a c-fraction subject only to normal mortality and a (1–c)-fraction subject to an additional mortality risk. If the observed survival appears to be stabilizing at a level somewhat lower than normal, the data fit Model III: a c′-fraction subject to a mortality risk somewhat higher than normal, and a (1–c′)-fraction subject to a high additional mortality risk. When there is no evidence of stabilization of interval survival rates, no cure rate can be estimated and only Model I is applicable. Models I and II can be considered as special cases of Model III. Comparisons are mad...
Simplicity/complexity as a dimension of strategic focus: effect on performance in different organisational domains

Questions whether companies are in danger of becoming too narrow in their focus making their views too simplistic and perhaps ignoring other strategic factors which may be important. Lists arguments for a more focused simplistic strategy but then states that as organizations become more complex a wider view is required. Presents the results of a survey of 156 US chief executives suggesting that vertically integrated companies need a more complex strategy but product diversity leads to a more simplistic strategy and international scope appeared to have little effect. Concludes further research is required but initial findings suggest that a company’s structure and market may define the optimum simplicity of its strategic view.
Maturation of Dengue Virus Nonstructural Protein 4B in Monocytes Enhances Production of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever-Associated Chemokines and Cytokines

High levels of viremia and chemokines and cytokines underlie the progression of severe dengue disease. Dengue virus (DENV) preferentially infects peripheral blood monocytes, which secrete elevated levels of immunomediators in patients with severe disease. Further, DENV nonstructural proteins (NS) are capable of modifying intracellular signaling, including interferon inhibition. We demonstrate that peak secretions of immunomediators such as IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, TNFα or IFNγ in DENV-infected monocytes correlate with maximum virus production and NS4B and NS5 are primarily responsible for the induction of immunomediators. Furthermore, we demonstrate that sequential NS4AB processing initiated by the viral protease NS2B3(pro) and via the intermediate 2KNS4B significantly enhances immunomediator induction. While the 2K-signal peptide is not essential for immunomediator induction, it plays a synergistic role with NS4B. These data suggest that NS4B maturation is important during innate immune signaling in DENV-infected monocytes. Given similar NS4B topologies and polyprotein processing across flaviviruses, NS4B may be an attractive target for developing Flavivirus-wide therapeutic interventions.
Incident management systems in disaster management

Particularly since the 11 September terrorist attacks in the USA, much attention has been given to the development and implementation of incident management systems (IMS). The IMS is a tool for marshalling pre‐identified and pre‐assembled resources to respond to an emergency or disaster. IMS is particularly useful when personnel and resources from many agencies and jurisdictions are required to manage large incidents successfully. While many IMS have been devised over the years, their use remains intermittent. This paper traces the evolution of IMS, reviews how it can be integrated into jurisdictional emergency and disaster management, and specifies the structures that are used in most incident management systems at the municipal level.
Abstract 914: Ciclopirox olamine (CPX) inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation by blocking the formation of a PEAK1-Src-eIF5a protein complex

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL The antimycotic drug ciclopirox olamine (CPX) is being evaluated in clinical trials as a re-positioned anti-cancer agent. Although low micromolar concentrations of CPX have been shown to inhibit cell proliferation and solid tumor growth in preclinical models, the mechanism of action remains poorly characterized. In the present study, we demonstrated that CPX treatment potently inhibits cell proliferation and protein expression of the novel tyrosine kinase pseudopodium-enriched atypical kinase 1 (PEAK1) in several breast cancer cell lines, whereas forced overexpression of PEAK1 results in decreased sensitivity to CPX treatment and increased proliferation. PEAK1 protein expression modulates Src kinase activity in proliferating cancer cells and is upregulated in a number of human malignancies, but the mechanisms that regulate its expression have not been characterized (PNAS, 107(24), 10920-5). Here we demonstrate that CPX treatment inhibits the hypusination of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5a (eIF5a), leading to decreased PEAK1 protein expression and Src kinase activity. siRNA knockdown of eIF5a inhibited PEAK1 expression and Src activity. Likewise, inhibition of Src kinase in cancer cells prevented eIF5a and PEAK1 protein expression, indicating that these proteins tightly regulate one another. Further investigation revealed that in breast cancer cells PEAK1, Src, and eIF5a form a complex which is disassociated by CPX treatment. These findings support a model in which PEAK1 amplification in malignant cells promotes increased Src kinase activity thereby leading to increased eIF5a-mediated PEAK1 protein expression levels. Taken together, these data indicate that CPX has significant potential as a repositioned therapeutic to combat PEAK1 and Src driven human cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 914. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-914
Lipid bilayer electrostatic energy, curvature stress, and assembly of gramicidin channels.

Hydrophobic interactions between lipid bilayers and imbedded membrane proteins couple protein conformation to the mechanical properties of the bilayer. This coupling is widely assumed to account for the regulation of membrane protein function by the membrane lipids' propensity to form nonbilayer phases, which will produce a curvature stress in the bilayer. Nevertheless, there is only limited experimental evidence for an effect of bilayer curvature stress on membrane protein structure. We show that alterations in curvature stress, due to alterations in the electrostatic energy of dioleoylphosphatidylserine bilayers, modulate the structurally well-defined gramicidin A monomer ↔ dimer reaction. Maneuvers that decrease the electrostatic energy of the unperturbed bilayer promote channel dissociation; we measure the change in interaction energy. The bilayer electrostatic energy thus can affect membrane protein structure by a mechanism that does not involve the electrostatic field across the bilayer, but rather ...
Immunocytochemical study of PC12 cells grafted to the brain of immature rats.

Aggregated PC12 cells were transplanted to the brain of infant Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and grown for up to two months. Histochemical and immunocytochemical methods served to identify and characterize the grafted PC12 cells. It was found that PC12 cells persist and continue to proliferate within the brain of SD rats whereas it has previously been reported that grafts placed into peripheral sites do not proliferate. Dispersed and aggregated PC12 cell grafts contained immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, but failed to express phenylethanolamine n-methyltransferase. Acetylcholinesterase activity was below histochemical detection levels in grafts of all ages. In aggregate grafts most PC12 cells were round but some small clusters of PC12 cells formed short processes. Process-forming PC12 cells were most prominent when positioned adjacent to deep layers of the cerebral cortex in one month old grafts. Hostderived capillaries and astroglia became incorporated into the PC12 aggregate grafts at successive stages. The blood brain barrier of the grafts was incomplete. This study indicates that grafted PC12 cells have some potential to restore function in brains that exhibit an endogenous dopamine deficiency, providing that mitosis in PC12 cells can be inhibited.
Safety and efficacy of varenicline to reduce positive subjective effects produced by methamphetamine in methamphetamine-dependent volunteers

AbstractMethamphetamine use is increasing in the US. Although there are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications for methamphetamine dependence, preclinical and clinical studies suggest that metham-phetamine users may beneﬁt from treatments that enhance cholinergic neurotransmission. Consequently, wedetermined the safety and the efﬁcacy of varenicline treatment, a partial agonist at α4β2 and a full agonist atα7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, to reduce positive subjective effects produced by smoked methamphetamine.Additionally, the effects of treatment with varenicline on the cardiovascular and reinforcing effects of metham-phetamine were determined. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects trial of vareni-cline vs. placebo in methamphetamine-dependent volunteers who were not seeking treatment. Participantswere randomly assigned to receive one dose of varenicline (0, 1, or 2mg) po BID, titrated up to the targetdose over days 1–7, during each of three separate inpatient phases. Safety measures included the frequency, dur-ation, severity, and relatedness of adverse events reported. Positive subjective effects included ‘Any drug effect’,‘High’, ‘Good effects’, ‘Stimulated’, and ‘Drug liking’, which were rated by participants before and for 1hafter smoking methamphetamine (0, 10, and 30mg). There were no serious adverse events and no differencesin adverse events reported during the three phases. Varenicline (2mg) signiﬁcantly reduced ratings of‘Any drug effect’ and ‘Stimulated’, as well as attenuated ratings of ‘High’, ‘Drug liking’, and ‘Good effects’, pro-duced by methamphetamine (30mg). The ability of varenicline to attenuate the positive subjective effects ofmethamphetamine in the laboratory suggests that varenicline should continue to be explored as a treatmentfor methamphetamine dependence.Received 27 June 2013; Reviewed 16 July 2013; Revised 18 September 2013; Accepted 16 October 2013Key words: Acetylcholine, addiction, methamphetamine, varenicline.
Relaxation training as a treatment for chronic pain caused by ulcerative colitis

Relaxation training was found to be highly successful in ameliorating pain in a population that has not been studied before--individuals with ulcerative colitis. Twenty subjects with chronic pain due to ulcerative colitis received 6 weekly training sessions of 75 min duration in the technique of progressive relaxation, and another 20 subjects with the same condition constituted an attention control group. There were no significant differences between experimental and control subjects before treatment but, immediately after treatment and also at the 6-week follow-up, experimental and control subjects differed significantly on 6 of 7 measures. By comparison with control subjects, experimental subjects: used significantly fewer words on the McGill Pain Questionnaire to describe their pain (P less than 0.001); rated their pain, on a scale of 1-10, as less intense (P less than 0.02); said that their pain was less frequent (P less than 0.04); rated their pain relief, on a scale of 1-10, as greater (P less than 0.001); reported, on the Zung Pain and Distress Scale, less distress due to pain (P less than 0.001). After treatment but not before there were significantly fewer experimental than control subjects taking anti-inflammatory drugs (P less than 0.03).
Ultrastructural observations of the muscle insertion and modified branchiostegite epidermis in the larval brown shrimp, Penaeus aztecus

Abstract Fine structural observations on muscle insertion in arthropods are extended to the order Decapoda. The three regions of a muscle insertion (cuticle, epidermis and muscle) are discussed for the larval forms of the decapod, Penaeus aztecus . These regions are contrasted to muscle insertions of insects and arachnids which have been previously reported in the literature. In addition, a modified epidermal cell located in the branchiostegite of the larval shrimp is discussed. The epidermal cell of the branchiostegite is modified in a manner similar to the epidermis of the muscle insertion. The two epidermal cell types are contrasted and the significance of their modifications is discussed.
The logic of power in the Hill‐Thomas hearings: A rhetorical analysis

The Hill‐Thomas hearings pit the logic of freedom against the logic of power. Members of the Senate Judiciary Committee and many observers assumed that potential victims of sexual harassment feel free to protest and to move beyond the reach of their assailants. Failure to exercise these freedoms casts doubt on their charges of victimization. Such an interpretation of events ignores the logic of power that paralyzes victims. Victims have learned that it is ultimately safer and more advantageous to tolerate abuse than to fight a losing battle against powerful individuals who are likely to prevail.
Combinations in fixed-removable prostheses.

Abstract Some obvious considerations of denture design have been reviewed, and some less obvious points have been emphasized. All of these are of importance to the total treatment plan and to the total prosthodontic service we owe to our patients.
Attitude sensor calibration for the ocean topography experiment satellite

A ground-based software system to calibrate the attitude control sensors for the Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX) spacecraft is described. The algorithm determines sensor misalignment, bias and scale factor errors from gyro, sun sensor and star tracker measurements. The inherent yaw slew motion of the spacecraft during normal mission mode is exploited to make the error parameters observable. A two loop recursive least-squares algorithm is implemented with the feature of inhibiting the update of the error parameter state until all of the available data has been processed. This feature eliminates the estimation state feedback typical of other algorithms which can cause instability and convergence problems.
Adding Home Health Care to the Discussion on Health Information Technology Policy

The potential for health information technology to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of health care has resulted in several U.S. policy initiatives aimed at integrating health information technology into health care systems. However, home health care agencies have been excluded from incentive programs established through policies, raising concerns on the extent to which health information technology may be used to improve the quality of care for older adults with chronic illness and disabilities. This analysis examines the potential issues stemming from this exclusion and explores potential opportunities of integrating home health care into larger initiatives aimed at establishing health information technology systems for meaningful use.
A soft-recovery plate impact experiment for studying microcracking in ceramics

Plate impact experiments are presented for generating microcracks in ceramics under well-characterized loading conditions which also allow recovery of the specimen to examine the induced microcracking. A star-shaped aluminum flyer plate impacts a ceramic plate backed up by a steel plate. Compressive stress pulses and reflected tensile pulses propagate through these plates and eventually leave the aluminum and ceramic plates at rest while the steel plate carries away the momentum. The central region of the specimen is loaded by plane waves which are monitored by means of laser interferometry. The recorded velocity-time profiles provide an indication of the evolution of microcracking in the ceramic. Electron microscopy of the recovered specimens shows microcracks along grain boundaries in the ceramic. Their lengths can be measured easily and accurately with a transmission electron microscope. These experiments have proven to be successful in causing controlled microcracking in α-Al_2O_3 under well known stress conditions, while still allowing microstructural examination of the specimen. The information obtained from the experiments is used to evaluate a simple model for predicting the cracks resulting from the tensile interval of the stress history, showing that these tests can be used to develop a stress dependent theory of microcracking. Such a theory would contribute to a fundamental understanding of the phenomenon of microcracking in ceramics and thereby allow further progress towards toughening these highly brittle materials.
A redetermination of the half-life of scandium-47

Abstract It has been possible to synthesize samples of 47Sc of high isotopic purity. The beta and gamma decay of 47Sc was followed for periods of from seven to seventeen half-lives. The half-life was determined to be 3·345±0·003 days.
Standard enthalpies of formation for some samarium alloys, Sm + Me (Me = Ni, Rh, Pd, Pt), determined by high-temperature direct synthesis calorimetry

The standard enthalpies of formation of eight samarium alloys with late transition metals have been determined by direct synthesis calorimetry at 1273±2 K. The following values of ΔHf0, in kJ·(mole atom)−, are reported: SmNi5, −27.4±0.5; Sm5Rh4, −66.5±1.0; SmRh2, −65.5±1.2; SmPd, −82.4±2.0; Sm3Pd4, −87.2±2.5; SmPd3, −82.9±2.5; SmPt, −108.7±3.5; and SmPt2, −100.2±2.6. The results are compared with predicted values from the Miedema model, with available literature data for SmNi5, SmPd, and SmPt, and with earlier values for similar compounds formed by other lanthanide metals reported by this laboratory. The observed relationships between the enthalpies of formation and the number of f-electrons in the considered binary alloys REnMem (RE=lanthanide elements; and Me=Group VIII elements) are discussed.
Expansion Theorems for Magnetic-Resonance Line Shapes

We have found an exact expression or expansion theorem for a free-induction-decay (FID) curve which involves all the moments of the corresponding cw absorption line as well as two arbitrary scale factors or parameters which may be chosen to optimize the convergence which is necessarily uniform. The expression obtained is a generalization of Taylor's theorem known as a Newmann expansion, and it gives an FID curve as either an exponential or Gaussian damping factor times an infinite series of Bessel functions which may describe the oscillations characteristic of certain FID shapes. Any one of the (infinitely) many Bessel-function expansions may be used to represent a particular FID curve, although there will be one which requires the fewest terms for a specified accuracy of approximation. Application of these expansions to FID curves from calcium fluoride shows that it is possible to obtain an excellent fit to the data, using only the theoretical second and fourth moments for the expansion whose leading term corresponds to Abragam's trial function. Furthermore, when several exact but different expansions were truncated to only three terms it was found that they were nearly equal to each other and to the data over a major portion of the decay for the optimum choice of the two scale factors. Another application of these expansions would be the determination of the moments of a given FID curve, using the orthogonality integral for Bessel functions.
Temperature rise in tumor tissue during high-dose-rate photoradiation

The bioheat transfer equation and optical diffusion theory are used to develop a mathematical model for describing the thermal field in a spherical tumor and its surrounding normal tissue resulting from photoradiation. Analytical solutions to the model equations are presented for determining both the steady-state and transient temperature profiles. The effect of the optical and thermal properties of the surrounding normal tissue on the thermal field generated within the tumor is explored.
Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of insulin, insulin A-chain, insulin B-chain and glucagon

Fast atom bombardment mass spectral data are presented for the polypeptides insulin, oxidized insulin A-chain, carboxymethylated insulin B-chain, and glucagon. The doubly-charged molecular ion of the intact insulin molecule produced with fast atom bombardment with xenon atoms is observed at a reduced accelerating voltage (4 kV).
Interaction of mercurials with salmon serum lipoproteins.

ALTHOUGH the toxic effects of mercury and its derivatives are well known1–7 relatively little is known about the transport mechanisms involved in its distribution throughout the body. One possible means could be the serum lipoproteins through reactions involving lipids and proteins. Various metal ions bind with phospholipids8; for example, calcium ions bind to anionic sites of phospholipids in lipid monolayers9. In addition, phospholipids provide negatively charged sites for calcium ion exchanges in biomembranes10 and contribute to the transport of ferrous ions in biphasic systems11. These findings, together with the fact that mercurials bind with negative sites of proteins, led us to explore the possibility that mercurials are actively sequestered by the serum lipoproteins.
Monte Carlo study of tracer and chemical diffusion of oxygen in YBa2Cu3O6+2c.

Tracer and chemical diffusion of oxygen in YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 6+2{ital c}} has been studied by Monte Carlo simulations of an asymmetric next-nearest-neighbor Ising model. Striking differences between tracer and chemical diffusion are found and explained by the effect of the thermodynamic factor, which is determined also by Monte Carlo simulation. Especially for {ital c}=0.5, the effect of the thermodynamic factor is large. It is also found that tracer diffusion in the ordered orthorhombic phase of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 6+2{ital c}} is strongly anisotropic, which is explained in terms of different diffusion mechanisms.
μ-Opioid receptor gene expression: The role of NCAM

Abstract We have investigated the mechanisms regulating the expression of the μ-opioid receptor, using P19 mouse embryonal carcinoma cells, which normally lack this receptor, but which can be induced to express it in aggregated cells by retinoic acid treatment. The expression level of μ-opioid receptor mRNA was found to be closely correlated with aggregation status, and more specifically by cell to cell interaction requiring neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM). We showed that NCAM activates the μ-opioid receptor gene through a pathway involving phospholipase C–arachidonic acid–calcium channel–calcium/calmodulin kinase II. A similar pathway was previously shown to promote neurite outgrowth, however, with distinct specificity, including the role of calcium channels. Activation of L-type calcium channels elevated μ-opioid receptor expression, while N-type-channel activity had the opposite effect. The effect of anti-NCAM-antibody treatment was not due to retardation of general neural development and was specific to the μ-opioid receptor gene. Our results indicate that the P19 system is an useful model to study the expression of the μ-opioid receptor gene.
Female Headship and Schooling Outcomes in Rural India

Summary Using nationally representative data from rural India, this study contributes to the limited literature on the educational outcomes of children living in female-headed households. Those heads can be either widows or married women; unlike most prior studies, this one controls for such heterogeneity by separately analyzing data from the two types of households. Like earlier studies, it compares the absolute differences in children’s schooling outcomes across household types. Unlike earlier studies, however, it also attempts to quantify the relative improvements in children’s schooling outcomes within different households that correspond to marginal improvements in households’ educational and economic status. Finally, using household fixed effects, it investigates the differences in the schooling outcomes of boys and girls across the different household types. The findings concur with those of recent studies in other South Asian countries. Controlling for family background, in absolute terms, children in widow-headed households are no worse off than are those in male-headed households, and children in households headed by married females may enjoy even better schooling outcomes. It is in widow-headed households that a marginal gain in the household’s condition is reflected most positively in the children’s schooling outcomes. Moreover, these households do not discriminate between boys and girls.
Transient complete esophageal obstruction after pneumatic dilation of the lower esophageal sphincter for achalasia

We report this case to draw to the attention of others another, albeit unusual, cause of dysphagia in patients with esophageal endoprosthesis in situ. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dysphagia in this group of patients, particularly if the dysphagia is unexplained or occurs after the endoprosthesis has been in situ for some months as in this case. Keymed, the manufacturer of the Atkinson tube, stated they were aware of only one other instance of this type of structural fatigue in the 9 years that this product has been on the market, but to our knowledge this has not been reported in the literature. Structural endoprosthesis fatigue has been de-
Transient abnormal myelopoiesis in a cytogenetically normal neonate

We present a cytogenetically normal neonate who developed transient abnormal myelopoiesis. The blasts showed trisomy 21. In contrast, fibroblasts, and PHA-stimulated peripheral blood demonstrated normal diploid line on extensive karyotyping. Direct sequencing of the DNA derived from the peripheral blood at overt disease revealed splice site mutation in the boundary of GATA1 exon 2. The patient received three courses of chemotherapy leading to complete remission. During the complete remission, there was neither mutation of GATA1 exon 2 nor trisomy 21, confirming somatic nature of both abnormalities. The patient is now free from the disease 12 months after remission. This case emphasizes the significance of trisomy 21 as the cause of transient abnormal myelopoiesis in Down syndrome.
A proposed classification scheme for Xiphophorus melanomas based on histopathologic analyses.

We studied the histopathologic characteristics of melanomas induced in the Xiphophorus model. This fish model has been used for several decades to study the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying its susceptibility to melanoma induction. Numerous distinct interspecific hybrid crosses currently are being used in research on carcinogenesis. We previously reported that tumors were induced in such hybrid crosses after treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or UV radiation. In this report, we describe the histopathologic features of Xiphophorus melanomas and propose a new classification system. We suggest that melanomas in these fishes can be classified as follows: melanocytic melanomas; melanophorous–macromelanophorous polymorphic melanomas; spindle cell type melanomas; epithelioid cell melanomas; and amelanotic melanomas. The new classification of Xiphophorus melanomas should allow correlations between histopathologic characteristics and carcinogen treatment, and between histopathologic characteristics and the genetic background of the hybrid fish.
Geochemistry of early Precambrian graywackes from Wyoming

Abstract Twenty-three samples of slightly metamorphosed early Precambrian graywackes from the southern Wind River Mountains in Wyoming have been analyzed for Si, Al, Ti, Fe, Mg, K, Ca, Rb, Sr, Zr and Ni by X-ray fluorescence and for Na and Mn by neutron activation; modal analyses have also been made of these samples. These graywackes, which possess well preserved primary textures and structures, are composed chiefly of quartz and biotite with lesser amounts of plagioclase. Most of the matrix minerals appear to have formed during metamor- phism. Significant compositional differences, especially in Rb concentration and in Rb:Sr and Na:K ratios, occur between individual graywacke beds. The original chemical composition of the graywackes appears not to have been greatly affected by diagenesis and metamorphism. The rock and mineral fragments in the graywackes indicate a source area composed chiefly of quartz-rich metasedimentary rocks with lesser amounts of granitic rock. The chemical composition of the graywackes indicates that the source area was predominantly quartz diorite to granodiorite in composition. Relatively large amounts of Fe, Mg and Ni and a high Mg: Fe ratio in some of the graywackes suggest a minor mafic component in the source area. The relatively low Ca and high Na contents of many of the graywackes may have resulted from the reaction of calcic plagioclase with sea water producing a more sodic plagioclase and releasing Ca2+ ions. The composition of the Wyoming Precambrian graywackes is not unlike that of most pre- Cretaceous graywackes. If diagenetic and low-grade metamorphic compositional changes have been small, pre-Cretaceous graywackes may represent nearly unmodified samples of continental crust over the last 3.0−3.5 × 109 yr.
Chemical characterization of ambient particulate matter near the World Trade Center: Source apportionment using organic and inorganic source markers

Abstract Concentrations of alkanes (C20–C35), 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH ketones, and three hopanes are reported from four locations near the World Trade Center (WTC) (three of the locations within 300 m of the debris pile). The highest concentrations of individual PAHs across the four locations were for fluoranthene (10.3 ng/m3 at site W), pyrene (8.7 ng/m3 at site W), and chrysene (6.2 ng/m3 at site W). The EPA Unmix Version 6.0 receptor model was used to estimate the impact of WTC fires and recovery efforts on ambient PM2.5 concentrations. Five factors were identified: open burning of building debris, smoldering fires from building debris, a mixed recovery source, a sulfate/debris removal source, and motor vehicle exhaust.
Apoptosis and Delayed Neuronal Damage after Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in the Rat

Delayed neurological damage after CO hypoxia was studied in rats to determine whether programmed cell death (PCD), in addition to necrosis, is involved in neuronal death. In rats exposed to either air or CO (2500 ppm), microdialysis in brain cortex and hippocampus was performed to determine the extent of glutamate release and hydroxyl radical generation during the exposures. Groups of control and CO-exposed rats also were tested in a radial maze to assess the effects of the CO exposures on learning and memory. At 3, 7, and 21 days after CO exposure brains were perfusion-fixed and hematoxylin-eosin (HE the damage was slight at Day 3, increased at Day 7, and persistent at Day 21 after CO exposure. TUNEL staining was positive at all three time points, and TUNEL-labeled cells were distributed similarly to eosinophilic cells. The number of cells stained by TUNEL was less than by H&E and amounted to 2 to 5% of all cell nuclei in regions of injury. Ultrastructural features of both neuronal necrosis and apoptosis also were observed readily by electron microscopy. These findings indicate that both necrosis and apoptosis (PCD) contribute to CO poisoning-induced brain cell death.