cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxygen and carbon isotope studies of calcite from the Cerro Prieto geothermal field

Abstract The inferences derived from oxygen and carbon isotope data for calcite samples from the Cerro Prieto geothermal field depend on the sample type. The δ 18 O values for calcite in sandstone provide a reliable basis for estimating stable reservoir temperatures and the δ 18 O values for calcite in shale can be related to the extent and spatial distribution of subsurface flow. The δ 18 O values for vein calcite record short-lived polythermal fracture-filling episodes at temperatures that may differ from those in the adjacent stable reservoir. The oxygen isotope data for shales indicate a minimum water - rock volume ratio of 2:1. Even this high flow was greatly exceeded in sandstones, with the result that the reservoir fluids are isotopically well-mixed and of relatively low salinity.
Role of native soil biology in Brassicaceous seed meal-induced weed suppression.

Abstract Biologically based weed control strategies are needed in organic and low-input systems. One promising practice is the application of Brassicaceous seed meal (BSM) residue, a byproduct of biodiesel production. When applied as a soil amendment, BSM residue has exhibited potential bioherbicide activity. In this study, tree fruit orchard soils were treated with various BSMs and the impact of Pythium on weed suppression was examined in field and greenhouse studies. Although weed control obtained in response to Brassicaceous residue amendments has been repeatedly attributed solely to release of allelopathic phytochemicals, multiple lines of evidence acquired in these studies indicate the involvement of a microbiological component. Reduced weed emergence and increased weed seedling mortality were not related to BSM glucosinolate content but were correlated with significant increases in resident populations of Pythium spp. in three different orchard soils. Seed meal of Brassica juncea did not amplify resident Pythium populations and did not suppress weed emergence. Application of Glycine max SM did stimulate Pythium spp. populations and likewise suppressed weed emergence. Application of a mefenoxam drench to Pythium -enriched soil significantly reduced weed suppression. These studies indicate that a microbial mechanism is involved in SM-induced weed suppression and that selective enhancement of resident pathogenic Pythium spp. can be utilized for the purpose of weed control.
Variable Selection in Regression via Repeated Data Splitting

Abstract A new algorithm—backward elimination via repeated data splitting (BERDS)—is proposed for variable selection in regression. Initially, the data are partitioned into two sets {E, V}, and an exhaustive backward elimination (BE) is performed in E. For each p value cutoff α used in BE, the corresponding fitted model from E is validated in V by computing the sum of squared deviations of observed from predicted values. This is repeated m times, and the α minimizing the sum of the m sums of squares is used as the cutoff in a final BE on the entire data set. BERDS is a modification of the algorithm BECV proposed by Thall, Simon, and Grier (1992). An extensive simulation study shows that, compared to BECV, BERDS has a smaller model error and higher probabilities of excluding noise variables, of selecting each of several uncorrelated true predictors, and of selecting exactly one of two or three highly correlated true predictors. BERDS is also superior to standard BE with cutoffs .05 or .10, and this superio...
Identification of a Domain of Axin That Binds to the Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatase 2A and a Self-binding Domain

Axin is a negative regulator of embryonic axis formation in vertebrates, which acts through a Wnt signal transduction pathway involving the serine/threonine kinase GSK-3 and beta-catenin. Axin has been shown to have distinct binding sites for GSK-3 and beta-catenin and to promote the phosphorylation of beta-catenin and its consequent degradation. This provides an explanation for the ability of Axin to inhibit signaling through beta-catenin. In addition, a more N-terminal region of Axin binds to adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a tumor suppressor protein that also regulates levels of beta-catenin. Here, we report the results of a yeast two-hybrid screen for proteins that interact with the C-terminal third of Axin, a region in which no binding sites for other proteins have previously been identified. We found that Axin can bind to the catalytic subunit of the serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A through a domain between amino acids 632 and 836. This interaction was confirmed by in vitro binding studies as well as by co-immunoprecipitation of epitope-tagged proteins expressed in cultured cells. Our results suggest that protein phosphatase 2A might interact with the Axin.APC.GSK-3.beta-catenin complex, where it could modulate the effect of GSK-3 on beta-catenin or other proteins in the complex. We also identified a region of Axin that may allow it to form dimers or multimers. Through two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation studies, we demonstrated that the C-terminal 100 amino acids of Axin could bind to the same region as other Axin molecules.
Resource co-allocation using advance reservations with flexible time-windows

Co-allocations require the availability of more than one resource for utilization in a time interval. We show that co-allocations increase the blocking probability and analyze the use of flexible windows to lower blocking probability in spite of co-allocations.
Politicization of Science in the Public Sphere: A Study of Public Trust in the United States, 1974 to 2010

This study explores time trends in public trust in science in the United States from 1974 to 2010. More precisely, I test Mooney’s (2005) claim that conservatives in the United States have become i...
Convergence of the Secretory Pathways for Cholera Toxin and the Filamentous Phage, CTXϕ

Virulence of Vibrio cholerae depends on secretion of cholera toxin (CT), which is encoded within the genome of a filamentous phage, CTXphi. Release of CT is mediated by the extracellular protein secretion (eps) type II secretion system. Here, the outer membrane component of this system, EpsD, was shown to be required for secretion of the phage as well. Thus, EpsD plays a role both in pathogenicity and in horizontal transfer of a key virulence gene. Genomic analysis suggests that additional filamentous phages also exploit chromosome-encoded outer membrane channels.
Explanation of an apparent abnormality in fatigue crack growth rate curves in titanium alloys

Abstract A surprising phenomenon is investigated where titanium alloys exhibit no threshold fatigue crack growth value if K max in the K max -constant testing procedure exceeds a certain value. The crack growth rate increases with decreasing Δ K up to final fracture. The phenomenon was found repeatedly for Ti–6Al–2Sn–4Zr–6Mo above K max =21 MPa√m (equal to 72% of K IC ), and its causes were investigated. The same crack growth rates as in the K max -constant test were reproduced by two independent experimental procedures, the so-called “jump” test and sustained K cracking experiments along with a calculation. It is demonstrated that the observed phenomenon is not a special crack growth feature or a new phenomenon, but simply caused by time-dependent crack growth, which is known to exist in titanium alloys or steels. Fractographic work revealed that intergranular crack growth along α and transformed β grain boundaries increases with decreasing Δ K and increasing K max value, accompanied by creep deformation in the transformed β grains. The conditions for time-dependent cracking are believed to be a sufficiently high stress and strain field in the crack tip region, along with hydrogen-assisted cracking.
Making Sense of Hurtful Mother-in-law Messages: Applying Attribution Theory to the In-Law Triad

This study focused on hurtful messages daughters-in-law (DILs, N = 132) reported receiving from mothers-in-law (MILs). Results reveal various hurtful message types: under- and overinvolvement, personal attacks, and hurt communicated to or through a third party. Grounded in attribution theory, we examined DILs’ attributions for MILs’ hurtful messages and their perceived agreement with their husbands’ reasoning for the message. Our findings illuminate distress-maintaining and relationship-enhancing attribution biases for MILs’ behaviors, such that DILs who were less satisfied with their MILs tended to make more internal attributions for MIL hurtful behaviors, and more satisfied DILs tended to make more external attributions. The degree to which a DIL believed she and her husband interpreted his mother’s behavior similarly was also important and positively predicted marital satisfaction. Findings addto the growing portrait of in-law communication, offering directions for hurtful messages and attribution theo...
Friction and Wear of Ceramics

"Introduction Advanced Ceramics in Tribological Applications, Said Jahanmir Fundamental Mechanisms of Friction and Wear Wear Mechanisms of Aluminum Oxide Ceramics, Said Jahanmir and X. Dong Relation Between Surface Chemistry and Tribology of Ceramics, Traugott E. Fischer and William M. Mullins Friction and Wear of Silicon Nitride Exposed to Moisture at High Temperatures, Steven Danyluk, D. S. Park, and M. McNallan Surface Damage and Mechanics of Fretting Wear in Ceramics, P. J. Kennedy, A. A. Conte, Jr., E. P. Whitendon, L. K. Ives, and Marshall B. Peterson Abrasive Wear of Ceramics, Jorn Larsen-Basse Solid Lubrication and Composites A Review of the Lubrication of Ceramics with Thin Solid Films, Ali Erdemir Self-Lubricating Ceramic-Matrix Composites, Arup Gangopadhyay, Said Jahanmir, and Marshall B. Peterson Tribological Behavior of Whisker-Reinforced Ceramic Composite Materials, Charles S. Yust Tribological Characteristics of Silicon Carbide Whisker-Reinforced Alumina at Elevated Temperatures, Christopher DellaCorte Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Silicon Nitride Composites, Steven F. Wayne and S. T. Buljan Tribological Applications Ceramic Cutting Tools, Ranga Komanduri Ceramic Materials for Rolling Element Bearing Applications, R. Nathan Katz Tribological Performance of Ceramic Cam Roller Followers, Arup Gangopadhyay, H. S. Cheng, Joseph F. Braza, Stewart Harman, and John M. Corwin Ceramics in Mechanical Face Seal Applications, Ramesh Divakar Ceramics for Magnetic Recording Applications, S. Chandrasekar, T. N. Farris, and B. Bhushan "
Statistical characteristics for the strain-dependent density and the spatial position for deformation-induced cracks in columnar-grain ice

Observations on the spatial distribution and on the strain dependence of the crack density are given for cracks formed during compressive, unidirectional, constant-strain-rate deformation of columnar-grain ice. Specimens, in the grain-size range of about 2-9 mm, were strained at the nominal rates of 10 -3 , 10 -4 and 10 -3 s -1 at -10°C. The axis of hexagonal crystallographic symmetry of each specimen grain tended to be in the plane perpendicular to the long direction of the grains and to have a random orientation in that plane. For stress applied perpendicular to the long direction of the grains, the deformation was practically two-dimensional. It was found that the log-normal distribution function provided a good approximation to the strain dependence of the crack density. Statistical characteristics ofthe distribution had a maximum in the same range of strain rate as found for the strength of columnar-grain ice. Analysis of the spatial distribution of the cracks indicated some deviation from randomness for specimens of grain-size less than 5 mm and total strain less than 50 × 10 -4 . The observations provide further evidence that crack formation under the experimental conditions is a random process.
Continuous emergency department monitoring of arterial saturation in adult patients with respiratory distress

Continuous measurement of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) using pulse oximetry has become a common monitoring and management technique in critically ill hospitalized patients. To determine the impact of SaO2 monitoring on emergency patient management, we conducted a prospective uncontrolled clinical trial on 40 adult patients presenting to the emergency department with acute respiratory illness, such as emphysema, asthma, or pulmonary edema. Recorded data included hemograms, arterial blood gases, subsequent therapy, and response to treatment. Additionally, the "early warning" capability of SaO2 monitoring was analyzed by recording the severity and outcome of hypoxemic events during treatment. Mean duration of usage for the 40 oximeters in the ED was 1.8 hours; all probes functioned reliably over a wide range of systolic pressures (80 to 206 mm Hg), heart rates (40 to 180 beats per minute), and hematocrits (20% to 58%). There was good correlation between simultaneous pulse oximeter values and both directly measured SaO2 (r = 0.95) and saturations derived from measured arterial PaO2 (r = 0.94). The device detected several otherwise unrecognized drops in arterial saturation that were confirmed by laboratory analysis. Other clinical situations in which the pulse oximeter was found useful in the ED are reviewed. We conclude that continuous measurement of SaO2 can improve the monitoring of ED patients, increase the precision of therapy, detect hypoxemia during intubation, suctioning, and other treatments, and detect clinically unsuspected changes in arterial oxygenation.
The required technology for customized corneal ablation

The introduction of wavefront sensing technology and customized corneal ablation has revolutionized the field of refractive surgery. Yet, in order for customized laser vision correction to reach its full potential, a number of technological requirements must be addressed by the specific laser vision correction platform offering this customized procedure. At present,several different technology platforms exist. A more thorough understanding of these platforms will help in evaluating which system is best at eliminating aberrations. The following technology is required to provide what is considered optimal within the current state of knowledge in this field: (1) scanning spot laser delivery, (2) robust eye tracking,(3) an accurate wavefront device, and (4) the wavefront-laser interface.
Validation of a computerized QRS criterion for estimating myocardial infarction size and correlation with quantitative morphologic measurements

Abstract This replication study describes the relation of myocardial infarction (MI) size, measured at autopsy, to initial and late QRS abnormalities, measured by computerized spatial vectorcardlography. Thirty-one patients with MIs of differing ages and left ventricular locations and 24 patients with no evidence of heart disease were studied. The percent volume of MI was significantly estimated by the initial QRS abnormalities (r = 0.94, p
Radiance distribution over a ruffled sea: contributions from glitter, sky, and ocean.

The upward radiance just above the ocean surface and at the top of the atmosphere is calculated for a realistic model including an ocean surface with waves. The separate contributions of the sun glitter, the reflected sky radiance, and the upwelling photons from the ocean are calculated. The Monte Carlo method takes account of both Rayleigh scattering by the molecules and Mie scattering by the aerosols as well as molecular and aerosol absorption in the atmosphere. Similarly, in the ocean, both Rayleigh scattering by the water molecules and Mie scattering by the hydrosols as well as absorption by the water molecules and hydrosols are considered. Separate single-scattering functions are used for the aerosols and hydrosols calculated from the Mie theory. Both the reflected and refracted rays, as well as the rays that undergo total internal reflection, are followed at the ocean surface. The wave slope is chosen from the Cox-Munk distribution. The upward radiance just above the ocean surface outside of the sun glitter region is dominated by the reflected sky radiation from the horizon to a nadir angle of observation of from 68° to 23° depending on the azimuthal angle and the solar zenith angle; the upwelling photons from the ocean dominate over the remainder of the hemisphere, except in the region of the sun glitter which centers around the mirror image of the sun on a calm ocean. It is possible to answer various questions about the interaction of light with the ocean from the quantitative results presented here.
Stochastic Stability of Linear Gyroscopic Systems: Application to Pipes Conveying Fluid

In this paper we obtain asymptotic approximations for the moment Lyapunov exponent, g(p), and the Lyapunov exponent,λ, for a two-degree-of-freedom gyroscopic system close to a double zero resonance and subjected to small damping and noisy disturbances. Using a perturbation approach, we show analytically that the moment and the top Lyapunov exponent grow in proportion to e1/3 when the damping and noise respectively are of O(e) and O(e). These results, pertaining to pth moment stability and almost-sure stability of the trivial solution, are applied to study the stochastic stability of a pipe conveying pulsating fluid.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Endogenous Fluorophores in Histopathology Sections Reveals Differences Between Normal and Tumor Epithelium in Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast

The classical examination of histology slides from a mouse model of breast cancer has been extended in this study to incorporate modern multiphoton excitation and photon-counting techniques. The advantage of such approaches is quantification of potential diagnostic parameters from the fluorescence emission signal, whereby the traditional descriptive staging process is complemented by measurements of fluorescence intensity, lifetime, and spectra. We explored whether the clinical “gold standard” of eosin and hematoxylin stained histology slides would provide optical biomarker signatures of diagnostic value. Alternatively, we examined unstained slides for changes in intensity and/or fluorescence lifetime of relevant endogenous fluorophores. Although eosin provided a strong emission signal and had distinct spectra and lifetime, we found that it was not useful as a fluorescent biological marker, particularly when combined with hematoxylin. Instead, we found that the properties of the fluorescence from the endogenous fluorophores NADH and FAD were indicative of the pathological state of the tissue. Comparing regions of carcinoma in situ to adjacent histologically normal regions, we found that tumor cells produced higher intensity and had a longer fluorescence lifetime. By imaging at 780 nm and 890 nm excitation, we were able to differentiate the fluorescence of FAD from NADH by separating the emission spectra. The shift to a longer lifetime in tumor cells was independent of the free or bound state of FAD and NADH, and of the excitation wavelength. Most forms of cancer have altered metabolism and redox ratios; here we present a method that has potential for early detection of these changes, which are preserved in fixed tissue samples such as classic histopathology slides.
Crystal structure of calcium-free human sorcin: A member of the penta-EF-hand protein family

Sorcin is a 22 kD calcium-binding protein that is found in a wide variety of cell types, such as heart, muscle, brain and adrenal medulla. It belongs to the penta-EF-hand (PEF) protein family, which contains five EF-hand motifs that associate with membranes in a calcium-dependent manner. Prototypic members of this family are the calcium-binding domains of calpain, such as calpain dVI. Full-length human sorcin has been crystallized in the absence of calcium and the structure determined at 2.2 A resolution. Apart from an extended N-terminal portion, the sorcin molecule has a globular shape. The C-terminal domain is predominantly alpha-helical, containing eight alpha-helices and connecting loops incorporating five EF hands. Sorcin forms dimers through the association of the unpaired EF5, confirming this as the mode of association in the dimerization of PEF proteins. Comparison with calpain dVI reveals that the general folds of the individual EF-hand motifs are conserved, especially that of EF1, the novel EF-hand motif characteristic of the family. Detailed structural comparisons of sorcin with other members of PEF indicate that the EF-hand pair EF1-EF2 is likely to correspond to the two physiologically relevant calcium-binding sites and that the calcium-induced conformational change may be modest and localized within this pair of EF-hands. Overall, the results derived from the structural observations support the view that, in sorcin, calcium signaling takes place through the first pair of EF-hands.
Effect of bacterial meningitis complicating severe head trauma upon brain microdialysis and cerebral perfusion.

Introduction: This article describes changes in regional cerebral perfusion and brain metabolism in a case of bacterial meningitis complicating severe traumatic brain injury. Case report: As part of clinical monitoring of patients with severe head injury, cerebral microdialysis was performed and extracellular concentration of glucose, lactate, glutamate, and pyruvate was determined. A thermal diffusion probe was used for bedside monitoring of cerebral blood flow. A cinetobacter meningitis complicated the clinical course on the seventh post-admission day and dramatically altered the neurochemistry. Microdialy sate analysis showed glucose under the detection limit, lactate at moderately high levels, and a marked increase in glutamate and pyruvate levels. A reduction of cerebral perfusion was detected in the early phase of meningitis, probably secondary to vascular complications related to the inflammatory process. Discussion: This case describes an emerging area of study and practice in patients with brain injury. It demonstrates how cerebral perfusion monitoring and study of brain metabolism can provide an early detection of secondary events that complicate severe head injury and can contribute to a better understanding of the complex pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for neuronal damage.
Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease using neuropsychological testing improved by multivariate analyses

Neuropsychological assessment aids in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by objectively establishing cognitive impairment from standardized tests. We present new criteria for diagnosis that use weighted combined scores from multiple tests. Our method employs two multivariate analyses: principal components analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis. PCA (N = 216 participants) created more interpretable cognitive dimensions by resolving 49 test measures in our neuropsychological battery to 13 component scores for each participant. The component scores were used to build discriminant functions that classified each participant as either an early-stage AD (N = 55) or normal elderly (N = 78). Our discriminant function performed with high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity (nearly all >90%) in the development, a cross-validation, and a new-subjects validation. When contrasted to two different traditional empirical methods for diagnosis (using cutscores and defining AD as falling below 5% on two or more test domains), our results suggested that the multivariate method was superior in classification (approximately 20% more accurate).
Gender and Conduct Problems Predict Peer Functioning among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often have poor relationships with peers. However, research on this topic has predominantly focused on boys. This study considered child gender, ADHD status, and dimensionally assessed conduct problems as predictors of peer relationship difficulties. Participants were 125 children (ages 6–10; 67% male), 63 with clinical diagnoses of ADHD and 62 non-ADHD comparison youth. Conduct problems were reported by teachers and observed in a lab playgroup. Peer relationships were assessed by parent report, teacher report, and peer sociometric nominations in the playgroup. Results suggested that children with ADHD, as well as those with high conduct problems, displayed more impaired peer relationships than did comparison children and those with low conduct problems, but overall there were no gender differences in social functioning. However, statistical interactions appeared such that the negative impact of conduct problems on peer relationships was strong...
Exchange of Na+ for the silanolic protons of silica

Abstract It has been shown that a single mass-action law expression is inadequate for prediction of the amount of exchange of simple metal ions for H+ on a silica surface above pH 5·5. This paper examines mathematical treatments based on three different models for the exchange of cations with silanolic protons. In the first model the surface is assumed to consist initially of two types of silanol groups with widely different reactivities. In the second the apparent equilibrium constant for the exchange process is assumed to vary as the reaction progresses. The third model combines the assumptions of the first and second and appears to be the most successful.
CRT-107 Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Short Term Mortality (30 Days) in Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Due to Acute ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

The elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte (N/L) ratio is believed to be an inflammatory marker that has been shown to be an independent predictor of mortality in patients with CAD, including patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We analyzed 246 consecutive patients, who
Interactions of Illinois No. 6 Bituminous Coal with Solvents: A Review of Solvent Swelling and Extraction Literature

There has been copious research exploring the interactions between coal and various solvents either for coal structural investigations using coal swelling or industrial consideration exploring extraction yields. Here, the literature is reviewed for Illinois No. 6 coal. This is the most well-studied coal in existence and therefore offers an opportunity to reveal a wealth of information with a wide variety of solvents and extractions. This coal swells extensively (raw) in a good solvent such as pyridine (Q-factors of 2.2) and to lesser degrees in benzene (Q-factor of 1.1). However, if first extracted, the extent of swelling can be greater. The swelling process is typically slow, sometimes taking days with anisotropic swelling being evident on the first exposure but absent from subsequent exposures. Overshoot phenomena, similar to polymer swelling, is also observed for some particles. These behaviors are related to the complex interactions of solvent diffusion and coal “relaxation” that is related to the nat...
Mechanisms of human facial recognition

This paper presents an extension and refinement of the author's theory for human visual information processing, which is then applied to the problem of human facial recognition. Several fundamental processes are implicated: encoding of visual images into neural patterns, detection of simple facial features, size standardization, reduction of the neural patterns in dimensionality, and finally correlation of the resulting sequence of patterns with all visual patterns already stored in memory. In the theory presented here, this entire process is automatically "driven" by the storage system in what amounts to an hypothesis verification paradigm. Neural networks for carrying out these processes are presented and syndromes resulting from damage to the proposed system are analyzed. A correspondence between system component and brain anatomy is suggested, with particular emphasis on the role of the primary visual cortex in this process. The correspondence is supported by structural and electrophysiological properties of the primary visual cortex and other related structures. The logical (computational) role suggested for the primary visual cortex has several components: size standardization, size reduction, and object extraction. The result of processing by the primary visual cortex, it is suggested, is a neural encoding of the visual pattern at a size suitable for storage. (In this context, object extraction is the isolation of regions in the visual field having the same color, texture, or spatial extent.) It is shown in detail how the topology of the mapping from retina to cortex, the connections between retina, lateral geniculate bodies and primary visual cortex, and the local structure of the cortex itself may combine to encode the visual patterns. Aspects of this theory are illustrated graphically with human faces as the primary stimulus. However, the theory is not limited to facial recognition but pertains to Gestalt recognition of any class of familiar objects or scenes.
Semifluorinated Aromatic Side-Group Polystyrene-Based Block Copolymers: Bulk Structure and Surface Orientation Studies

Two families of narrow polydispersity poly(styrene)-based block copolymers bearing side groups containing both a phenyl ring and a para-linked semifluorinated side group were designed to produce stable low energy surfaces. The effects of the phenyl ring on the surface and bulk structure of the materials were investigated. The semifluorinated side chains were found to self-assemble into liquid-crystalline smectic layers within the microphase domains. An unexpected enhancement of surface organization by the aromatic group was observed. The bulk morphology and the interplay between microphase separation and liquid crystalline self-assembly were examined using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray scattering. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) studies were used to probe the surface coverage of the fluorinated segments. NEXAFS also allowed the determination of the orientation parameters (SC-F and Sπ*) of the C−F bond and phenyl ring of the semifluorinated side groups at the surface. On the...
Patient readiness to adhere to HAART.

Objectives: to determine 1) whether patients’ statements of readiness to take HAART predicted adherence and 2) whether previous experience with HAART enabled patients to better predict adherence. Method: Thirty-nine patients (24 naive to HAART and 15 reinitiating HAART after a hiatus of >6 months) indicated readiness to take HAART on a Likert scale and a visual analog scale (VAS). Adherence was measured by prescription renewals. Results: Participants were 72% male; 62% African/American; 23% Anglo-White, and 13% Hispanic. Patients considered themselves quite ready to initiate therapy on both scales. Adherence for 5 months ranged from 24% to 100%; mean = 68%; median = 78%. Adherence was not associated with readiness as measured by the Likert scale (F = .15, p = .86) or the VAS (r = -.078, p = .64). VAS readiness scores did not correlate with adherence for naive (r = -.16; p = .47) or experienced (r = .09; p = .76) patients. Conclusions: Patients’ statements of readiness to take HAART do not predict their ad...
Revenge without responsibility? Judgments about collective punishment in baseball

Abstract Many cultures practice collective punishment; that is, they will punish one person for another's transgression, based solely on shared group membership. This practice is difficult to reconcile with the theories of moral responsibility that dominate in contemporary Western psychology, philosophy and law. Yet, we demonstrate a context in which many American participants do endorse collective punishment: retaliatory “beaning” in baseball. Notably, individuals who endorse this form of collective punishment tend not to hold the target of retaliation to be morally responsible. In other words, the psychological mechanisms underlying such “vicarious” forms of collective punishment appear to be distinct from the evaluation of moral responsibility. Consequently, the observation of collective punishment in non-Western cultures may not indicate the operation of fundamentally different conceptions of moral responsibility.
The Use of a Fixed-Bed Reactor to Evaluate the Interactions of Catalysts and Promoters in the Methyl Chlorosilane Reaction and to Determine the Effect of Cu in the Form of the Eta Phase on This Reaction

A fixed-bed reactor was employed to study the methylchlorosilane (MCS) reaction, also called the direct process. We used a copper−silicon contact mass as the main MCS catalyst. The copper−silicon contact mass was prepared by the reaction of CuCl with silicon. The effect of added zinc and phosphorus to the MCS reaction was explored, and we found that, at Cu/Zn ratios > 30, phosphorus addition resulted in an increase in selectivity for dimethyldichlorosilane (Di) at the expense of methyltrichlorosilane (Tri) and residue. Addition of tin to the MCS reaction resulted in an increased overall rate but with a decrease in Di and an increase in disilane formation. Addition of phosphorus and high tin levels resulted in a high rate but with a high selectivity for Di; phosphorus negated the selectivity penalty caused by the addition of tin alone. Phosphorus appeared to cause an increase in formation of the eta phase (Cu3Si), as determined by analysis of MCS beds formed under different conditions. Previously reported ...
Endothelium-dependent vasodilation is attenuated in patients with heart failure.

BACKGROUNDEndothelial cells produce a number of substances, collectively termed endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), that promote local relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. Although studies have demonstrated defects in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in animal models of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure, there are only limited data from human subjects because of the difficulty in obtaining fresh vascular segments.METHODS AND RESULTSTo address the hypothesis that endothelium-dependent vasodilation is attenuated in patients with heart failure, we measured forearm blood flow responses to the intra-arterial administration of methacholine, a known stimulus of EDRF release through muscarinic receptors. In 14 normal subjects, a dosage range of methacholine increased forearm blood flow by 5.26 +/- 0.63, 10.50 +/- 0.63, and 13.22 +/- 0.86 ml/min/100 ml forearm volume (FAV); these responses were 1.98 +/- 0.46, 5.48 +/- 0.79, and 8.50 +/- 1.53 ml/min/100 ml FAV in 14 patients with heart fai...
A multi-test alcoholic taxonomy: canonical coefficient clusters.

Little convergence has been found in the area of subtyping alcoholic per sonalities. Prior work has suffered from the use of single inventories, inventories with large distress factors, or inventories that lack broad theoretical appeal. The present work (N = 89) transcends idiosyncratic cluster solutions through the use of canonical correlation of the Basic Personality Inventory and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. The resulting global canonical variates are cluster analyzed to a six-cluster solution. These subtypes are described through their scores on the canonical variates and the underlying psychometric inventories.
Women in GRSS and Awards [Women in GRS]

Discusses the state of the IEEE GRSS and the nomination and presentation of awards for its women members.
Canine ocular gliomas: a retrospective study.

Objective The purpose of this paper is to classify glial tumors observed in the canine retina and optic nerve, describe the histopathological features and provide prognostic information on these neoplasms. Methods The database of the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW) was searched to collect canine glioma cases. Clinical and follow-up information was gathered from submission forms and an extensive follow-up survey. Slides were reviewed to describe the histopathological characteristics of the neoplasm and classify them. Immunohistochemistry for Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) was performed in all cases. Results 18 canine glioma cases were found in the COPLOW database. There was no breed or gender predilection. The mean age was 9.33 ± 3.67 years. Follow-up information was available for 12 dogs, 8 of which were dead at the time of most recent contact, with a survival time ranging from 0 days (globes received after euthanasia) up to 20 months post-enucleation. In 6 of the 8 dogs that had died during this stud), tumor extended to the margin where the optic nerve had been sectioned. Light microscopic examination of the optic nerve of the affected eyes of four dogs that were still alive during this study revealed no tumor at this surgical margin. One neoplasm was classified as low-grade astrocytoma, 5 tumors as medium-grade astrocytoma, 11 tumors as high grade-astrocytoma and 1 tumor as oligodendroglioma. GFAP was positive in all but two tumors. Conclusion Retinal and optic nerve gliomas may be considered as differential diagnoses of intraocular and orbital masses. The metastatic potential appears to be low, but ascending invasion into the ventral aspect of the brain is possible.
Adolescents' Cortisol Reactivity and Subjective Distress in Response to Family Conflict: The Moderating Role of Internalizing Symptoms

Abstract Purpose Internalizing symptoms have been associated with both higher and blunted cortisol responses in adolescents. Little attention has been paid to subjective experiences of distress in conjunction with internalizing symptoms in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis responses to laboratory stressors. The present study examines whether adolescents' internalizing symptoms moderate the association between cortisol responses and distress in response to a common stressor in adolescence: family conflict. Differences are also examined between adolescents with current, past only, and no history of internalizing symptoms. Methods Adolescents (N = 70) discussed areas of conflict with their parents and subsequently reported on distress experienced during the discussion. Baseline and five poststressor saliva samples were collected. Adolescents' internalizing symptoms were assessed concurrently with the discussion and at three previous time-points. Results Internalizing symptoms moderated the association between distress reported by the adolescents and cortisol reactivity in response to family conflict. Adolescents with current and past internalizing symptoms had a blunted cortisol response, whereas adolescents with no history of internalizing symptoms showed greater cortisol reactivity when reporting greater distress. Conclusions This study expands the understanding of how current and remitted internalizing symptoms are related to adolescents' responses to everyday family conflicts. Adolescents with current and past internalizing symptoms demonstrated a lack of correspondence between psychological and physiological stress, whereas adolescents with no history of internalizing symptoms showed the anticipated correspondence. This study has important implications for understanding the link between internalizing symptoms and adolescents' hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal functioning in response to common social stressors.
Detection of esophageal motor disorders by radionuclide transit studies. A reappraisal.

Radionuclide measurement of esophageal transit has been proposed as a screening test for esophageal motor dysfunction. In this study we evaluated the radionuclide esophageal transit test in 49 consecutive patients undergoing esophageal manometry for esophageal motor disorders. Esophageal transit was assessed using a 10-ml water bolus labeled with 250 μCi technetium-99m sulfur colloid. In preliminary studies in 14 healthy controls, mean transit time was 9.6±2.1 (SD) sec. Prolonged transit (>15 sec) was observed in two of 28 swallow sequences in the control subjects. Transit times were prolonged in all patients with achalasia or diffuse esophageal spasm, and in five of seven patients with nonspecific abnormalities of peristaltic progression. The test was abnormal in only three of seven patients with high-amplitude peristalsis (nutcracker esophagus) and in none of three patients with hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter. Additionally, prolonged transit was seen in two of 18 patients with normal manometry. We conclude that the radionuclide transit test using a liquid bolus successfully identifies motor disorders characterized by defective peristaltic progression but not disorders in which peristalsis is intact. A major limiting factor appears to be the small number of swallow sequences tested. The test may not, therefore, be accurate enough to consider adopting as a sensitive and noninvasive screening test in the evaluation of patients with suspected esophageal motor disorders.
Tai chi/yoga effects on anxiety, heartrate, EEG and math computations

Abstract Objective To determine the immediate effects of a combined form of Tai chi/yoga. Design 38 adults participated in a 20-min Tai chi/yoga class. The session was comprised of standing Tai chi movements, balancing poses and a short Tai chi form and 10 min of standing, sitting and lying down yoga poses. Main outcome measures The pre- and post- Tai chi/yoga effects were assessed using the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI), EKG, EEG and math computations. Results Heartrate increased during the session, as would be expected for this moderate-intensity exercise. Changes from pre to post-session assessments suggested increased relaxation including decreased anxiety and a trend for increased EEG theta activity. Conclusions The increased relaxation may have contributed to the increased speed and accuracy noted on math computations following the Tai chi/yoga class.
Bounded Model Checking of Hybrid Systems for Control

A bounded LTL model checking algorithm to check the properties of hybrid systems is presented. The proposed algorithm can also be applied to control systems as counterexamples of a negated goal contain information to achieve the original goal. This approach is different than existing abstraction-based techniques. While many of the latter approaches build a control strategy after partitioning a state space, the proposed approach constructs a necessary set of constraints and computes a possibly optimal control input on the fly. The bounded LTL semantics of this paper is more expressive than those of bounded reachability: in addition to the finite computation paths that the reachability checkers can handle, the proposed algorithm can check infinite paths ending with a loop. Furthermore, the LTL operators provide a convenient and expressive way of writing complicated specifications.
Impact of preprocedural imaging on outcomes of catheter ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation

Purpose This study aims to determine the impact of preprocedural imaging using computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with 3-D reconstruction on procedural efficiency, efficacy, complications and clinical outcome in patients who undergo radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) to eliminate atrial fibrillation (AF).
ENDOWMENT FUNDING IN ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: Pitfalls and Potential

Fiscal support from endowments is a longstanding tradition in many institutions of higher education. The first known endowment in an American academic library resulted from a bequest of £500 from Thomas Hollis to the Harvard College Library in 1774. The number of endowments grew steadily in the 1800s, and by the turn of the century there were significant endowments in many libraries, including Yale, Columbia, the University of Pennsylvania, Brown, the University of Virginia, and the University of North Carolina. Some institutions came to be heavily dependent on trusts for library funding. Between 1928 and 1956, for example, endowment supplied the total budgetary allocation for acquisitions at the Dartmouth College Library. Similarly, as late as the early 1950s, all of the book funds for the Harvard College Library came from its endowment.
Communication Characteristics of Recommended and Non‐Recommended Nutrition Books

This research was undertaken to examine how “recommended” and “non-recom mended” nutrition books differ in terms of message content and writing style. Seventeen nutrition books were classified into either a “recommended” or “non-recommended” category according to specified criteria. Several characteristics of each type of book were ex amined: authors' credentials and qualifications for writing in the field of nutrition, persuasibility of message content (determined primarily by content analysis procedures), writing style as determined by the type of sentences used, readability analyses, and exam ination of the structural appearance and characteristics of the books. The results showed that there were essentially no differences in regard to the authors' credentials or the structural characteristics of the books themselves. The most salient finding was that “non-recommended” books were more likely to use fear arousing appeals and more emotional, personal referents. In terms of writing style, the authors of “non-rec ommended” books used more personal interpretation and subjective opinions, while the writers of the “recommended” books contained more factual statements which report verifiable information. The “recommended” books scored slightly higher on “reading ease” and the “non-recommended” books slightly higher on “human interest,” but both types of books seemed to present information in an interesting style but at a reading level that could be described as “fairly difficult.”
Characteristics and Sequelae of Intracranial Hypertension After Intracerebral Hemorrhage

The characteristics and sequelae of intracranial hypertension after ICH are unclear. In a cohort of patients with spontaneous ICH, we obtained ICP values from nursing documentation of hourly vital signs and reviewed charts to rule out spurious ICP recordings. We used multiple logistic regression to explore factors associated with intracranial hypertension, and ordinal logistic regression controlling for the ICH score to examine the relationship between intracranial hypertension and the mRS score at 12 months. Among 243 patients, 57 (24 %) underwent ICP monitoring, of whom 40 (70 %; 95 % CI 57–82 %) had an episode of ICP > 20 mmHg. Intracranial hypertension was less likely in older patients (OR per decade 0.6, 95 % CI 0.3–0.9) and after infratentorial hemorrhage (OR 0.1, 95 % CI 0–0.7). Intracranial hypertension was not independently associated with mRS scores (OR 0.8, 95 % CI 0.3–2.3); this remained true for a threshold of >25 mmHg (OR 0.5, 95 % CI 0.2–1.5), number of elevations (OR 0.98 per elevation, 95 % CI 0.96–1.00), or area under the curve (OR 1.00 per mmHg × h, 95 % CI 0.99–1.01). Among patients with intracranial hypertension, seven (18 %) were functionally independent (mRS 0–2) at 12 months. Our results were not significantly changed after excluding patients with early DNR orders. Intracranial hypertension is common after ICH, especially in younger patients with supratentorial hemorrhage. Given active treatment of elevated ICP, intracranial hypertension does not appear associated with long-term outcomes, suggesting that ICP elevations should not necessarily be taken to signify a poor prognosis.