cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response in production of cord grass,Spartina alterniflora, to inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer

Fertilization of a low marsh area inhabited by the cord grass,Spartina alterniflora, with inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus compounds was conducted on a monthly basis during the 1972 growing season. Yield of the cord grass, as measured by an increase in fresh weight after its harvest, was significantly higher in the nitrogen fertilized area when compared to the phosphorus fertilized site and a control area. No effect of phosphorus could be demonstrated. It was concluded that nitrogen supplies are limiting production of dwarf formS. alterniflora in the salt marsh under study, and further suggested that introduction of additional sources of inorganic nitrogen into a marsh deficient in nitrogen would tend to increase its productivity.
Early Intervention and Pediatrics: Current Status and Future Directions.

Significant changes in pediatric practice, thought, and education have led to increased involvement of pediatricians with young handicapped children and their families. This article examines the conditions that have led to these changes with special emphasis on the training needed by pediatricians to effectively serve handicapped children. Three national training programs are discussed to illustrate efforts in this area. Future directions and future problems regarding the physician-educator relationship are also considered.
How accurate are different arterial pressure-derived estimates of cardiac output and stroke volume variation measures in critically ill patients?

We compared the cross-correlation between estimates of cardiac output (CO) and left ventricular stroke volume variation (SVV) amongst three commercially available, minimally invasive devices. (LiDCOplus, FloTrac and PiCCO).
Optical probes of interlamellar redox chemistry: Intercalation of the Creutz-Taube complex into hydrogen uranyl phosphate

Hydrogen uranyl phosphate (HUP) can be intercalated by the Creutz-Taube (C-T) complex, {[Ru(NH3)5]2(μ-pyrazine)}5+, to yield hydrated, partially-substituted lamellar solids, H(C-T)UP, of approximate composition H1−5x(C-T)xUO2PO4 (0.001<x<0.01). The more crystalline samples exhibited an X-ray powder pattern similar to that of HUP: the structure can be indexed in tetragonal symmetry and possesses an interlamellar spacing of ∼8.69 A. The absorption spectrum of H(C-T) UP appears to be a simple superposition of bands due to the UO2+2 moiety and the C-T complex. Photoluminescence (PL) of H(C-T) UP is quenched relative to HUP; PL decay curves are nonexponential and span a shorter time domain relative to HUP. Exposure of H(C-T) UP to Br2 vapor causes the purple solid to become yellow. The spectral changes are consistent with redox chemistry wherein the intercalated C-T complex undergoes oxidation. For most samples examined, the PL decay times were enhanced upon oxidation.
C-peptide enhances insulin-mediated cell growth and protection against high glucose- induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells

Background We have previously reported that C-peptide exerts preventive and therapeutic effects on diabetic neuropathy in type 1 diabetic BB/Wor-rats and that it prevents duration-dependent hippocampal apoptosis in the same animal model. In the present study, we examined human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells to examine whether C-peptide stimulates cell proliferation/neurite outgrowth and whether it has antiapoptotic effects. Methods For neurite outgrowth, serum-starved cultures were treated with C-peptide and/or insulin or IGF-1. Neurites were visualized with NF-L antibody and measured morphometrically. Cell numbers were determined using an electronic cell counter. Scrambled C-peptide was used as a negative control. For assessment of apoptosis, SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with 100 mM glucose for 24 h, and the effects of C-peptide and/or insulin or IGF-1 were examined. Apoptosis was demonstrated by transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)/4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) stainings, flow cytometry and changes in the expression of Bcl2. Activation of insulin signaling intermediaries was determined by Western blots. Translocation of NF-κB was demonstrated immunocytochemically. Results C-peptide but not scrambled C-peptide stimulated cell proliferation and neurite outgrowth. In the presence of 4 nM insulin, 3 nM C-peptide significantly increased autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor (IR) but not that of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). It stimulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3 kinase) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation, enhanced the expression and translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), promoted the expression of Bcl2 and reduced c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation in excess of that of insulin alone. Conclusions C-peptide in the presence of insulin exerts synergistic effects on cell proliferation, neurite outgrowth and has in the presence of insulin an antiapoptotic effect on high glucose–induced apoptosis but less so on hyperosmolar-induced apoptosis. These effects are likely to be mediated via interactions with the insulin signaling pathway. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the 5' flanking region of the gene encoding rat liver glycogen phosphorylase

A genomic region encompassing 800 bp of the promoter-regulatory region and exon 1 of the gene (LGP) encoding rat liver glycogen phosphorylase has been isolated and characterized. Transcripts of the LGP gene initiate predominantly within an 8-bp region 48-bp upstream from the start codon. Additional transcripts were detected that initiate as far as 95 bp upstream from the start codon. To identify cis-acting sequences involved in regulating transcription, HepG2 cells were transfected with vectors containing serial deletions of the promoter-regulatory region of LGP ligated to the cat reporter gene. Two upstream regions were found to enhance transcription. One of these regions contains an alternating purine-pyrimidine sequence. LGP, which lacks a consensus TATA sequence, is like TATA-less and CAAT-less housekeeping genes in that it contains G + C-rich domains upstream from multiple transcription start points. Nuclear proteins from adult rat tissues bound in a tissue-specific fashion to one of these G + C-rich regions.
Fibrous papule of the nose.

SUMMARY.— A study has been made of 34 cases of fibrous papule of the nose presenting at St John's Hospital for Diseases of the Skin in the past decade, Histological sections from biopsies of these lesions were examined and compared with lesions of juvenile melanoma and naevus cell naevus arising on the face. In 2 patients fibrous papules were investigated by enzyme histochemical methods. Fibrous papules were usually single small nodules on the nose, often simulating angiomata, moles or pyogenic granulomata. The sexes were equally affected and most of the patients were in the third to the fifth decades. Although these lesions were not distinctive clinically, histologically they presented a characteristic appearance, which included a distinctive fibro-vascular component composed of broad bands of connective tissue orientated at right angles to the surface and interspersed with multinucleate cells and undoubted naevus cells, and an increased number of epidermal clear cells. A marked decrease in the elastic staining properties of the dermal connective tissue was characteristic of these lesions as was increased staining with P.A.S. The available evidence, including the enzyme histochemical findings, is consistent with this lesion being a member of the naevus cell spectrum of disorders.
Task switching in a hierarchical task structure: evidence for the fragility of the task repetition benefit

This study examined how task switching is affected by hierarchical task organization. Traditional task-switching studies, which use a constant temporal and spatial distance between each task element (defined as a stimulus requiring a response), promote a flat task structure. Using this approach, Experiment 1 revealed a large switch cost of 238 ms. In Experiments 2-5, adjacent task elements were grouped temporally and/or spatially (forming an ensemble) to create a hierarchical task organization. Results indicate that the effect of switching at the ensemble level dominated the effect of switching at the element level. Experiments 6 and 7, using an ensemble of 3 task elements, revealed that the element-level switch cost was virtually absent between ensembles but was large within an ensemble. The authors conclude that the element-level task repetition benefit is fragile and can be eliminated in a hierarchical task organization.
Assessing the reliability of the M5-120 on Amazon's Mechanical Turk.

Amazon’s online service, Mechanical Turk (MTurk) has become a popular option for data collection among social scientists. Early work (Buhrmester, Kwang, & Gosling, 2011) indicated that data collection through MTurk was faster and less expensive than traditional collection methods (undergraduate human subject pool), as well as being reliable when administered at different dates. Building on their work, we sought to extend this investigation of reliability to a larger measure. For the current research we chose a 120-item measure of personality. After collecting data through MTurk, it was determined that our MTurk sample had strong test–retest reliability, indicating that they did not significantly change between administration dates.
Cytochrome C oxidase: The effects of lipides and surface active agents on enzymic activity

Abstract Cytochrome c oxidase prepared by fractionation of DPNH oxidase loses up to 90% of its activity when suspended in 5% sucrose. This loss of activity can be restored by surface active agents, deoxycholate and unsaturated lysolecithin. When frozen cytochrome c oxidase is thawed it separates into three layers which have different original activities, but which can be reactivated to the same level by these compounds. Similarly particles can be separated by centrifugation which have different initial activities, but which can be stimulated by lysolecithin to the same final activity. Extraction of cytochrome c oxidase with acetone or mixtures of acetone and ethanol results in removal of some phosphorus and marked diminution of activity. This inactivation can be reversed to some degree by a number of phospholipides in the presence of deoxycholate. Much better reactivation is obtained with yeast lysolecithin. In no case is the degree of reactivation greater than the percentage of original phospholipide remaining in the preparations of enzyme.
Wave propagation in semilinear viscoelastic materials

Abstract A nonlinear viscoelastic material whose constitutive functional is represented by a multiple integral expansion, with the characteristic property that the instantaneous response is linear, is called semilinear. It is shown that, in a longitudinal impact on the end of a long bar of such a material, the velocity (or stress) is governed by a nonlinear integro-differential equation. If the velocity (or stress) is prescribed at the end of the bar, then the solution may be obtained in the form of a traveling wave, with the state variables behind the wave front expressed in the form of power series whose coefficients are obtainable by quadratures. A sample calculation exhibits the quantitative effects of nonlinear memory on wave propagation. The method used in the paper is also shown to be extendable to certain problems of three-dimensional wave propagation.
A simple pulse processing concept for a low-cost pulse-shape-based particle identification

Abstract A simple method of pulse processing is described, which allows one to achieve at a very low cost a high-quality pulse-shape discrimination, using two commonly gated current-integrating ADCs. Results of application tests for a liquid NE213 scintillator detector (neutron-γ discrimination), as well as for a CsI(Tl) detector (p, d, t, α discrimination) are presented.
A note on reversed Hardy inequalities and Gehring's lemma

We give a new approach to Gehring's lemma using reversed Hardy inequalities. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A framework for cost-effective dependence-based dynamic impact analysis

Dynamic impact analysis can greatly assist developers with managing software changes by focusing their attention on the effects of potential changes relative to concrete program executions. While dependence-based dynamic impact analysis (DDIA) provides finer-grained results than traceability-based approaches, traditional DDIA techniques often produce imprecise results, incurring excessive costs thus hindering their adoption in many practical situations. In this paper, we present the design and evaluation of a DDIA framework and its three new instances that offer not only much more precise impact sets but also flexible cost-effectiveness options to meet diverse application needs such as different budgets and levels of detail of results. By exploiting both static dependencies and various dynamic information including method-execution traces, statement coverage, and dynamic points-to data, our techniques achieve that goal at reasonable costs according to our experiment results. Our study also suggests that statement coverage has generally stronger effects on the precision and cost-effectiveness of DDIA than dynamic points-to data.
A Comparison of Design-Based and Model-Based Analysis of Sample Surveys in Geography

Sample surveys are routinely used to gather primary data in human geography research. We highlight the difference between design-based analysis and model-based analysis of sample surveys and emphasize the advantages of using the design-based approach with these data. As an example, we demonstrate differences in results from model-based and design-based analyses of cancer prevalence in a population of predominantly minority women in North Carolina and South Carolina. The results from the two approaches reveal differences in population estimates of numerous variables and a different conclusion regarding the significance of an explanatory variable in a logistic regression model to explain colon cancer prevalence.
Comparison of 7-Day Recall and Daily Diary Reports of COPD Symptoms and Impacts

Abstract Objective Patient reporting of symptoms in a questionnaire with a 7-day recall period was expected to differ from symptom reporting in a 7-day symptom diary on the basis of cognitive theory of memory processes and several studies of symptoms and health behaviors. Methods A total of 101 adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) completed a daily diary of items measuring symptoms and impacts of COPD for 7 days, and on the seventh day they completed a questionnaire of the same items with a 7-day recall period. The analysis examined concordance of 7-day recall with summary descriptors of the daily responses, examined the magnitude and covariates (patient characteristics and response patterns) of the difference between 7-day recall and mean of daily responses, and compared the discriminant ability and ability to detect change of 7-day recall and mean of daily responses. Results A 7-day recall was moderately concordant with the mean and maximum of daily responses and was 0.34 to 0.50 SDs higher than the mean of daily responses. Only the weekly report itself was a covariate of the difference. The discriminant ability and ability to detect change were equivalent. Conclusions In measuring the weeklong experience of COPD symptoms and impacts on groups of patients, the 7-day recall scores were higher than the daily diary scores, but equivalent in detecting change over time.
Low-Affinity Ligands for the TCR Drive Proliferation of Mature CD8+ T Cells in Lymphopenic Hosts

In the absence of thymic emigration, the peripheral T cell pool is maintained by division of mature lymphocytes. We have examined the molecular interactions required for peripheral CD8+ T cell expansion in lymphopenic mice without conventional antigenic stimulation. Expansion of CD8+ T cells in lymphopenic hosts was found to be peptide specific. An antagonist peptide known to serve as a ligand for positive selection of these T cells promoted expansion; however, a control peptide that binds the same class I molecule did not. Surprisingly, the cells undergoing proliferation in lymphopenic hosts did not mature to cytotoxic effectors and displayed a partially activated surface phenotype. These data suggest that division of T cells in the periphery of lymphopenic hosts requires specific recognition of self-peptide/MHC complexes, similar to the signal for thymocyte maturation.
Home, Bitter Sweet Home. A Psychoanalytic Reading

The paper offers a psychoanalytic reading of the popular TV series “Homeland.” The series’ manifest content centers on terrorism and counterterrorism. From a dynamic perspective, the viewer is invited to mistrust what is represented, and focus on the tension between what is projected on the screen and what remains hidden in the narrative’s intriguing subtexts. These are: the choreography of internal and external reality, a recurrent theme of longing for the absent, idealized pre-Oedipal father, and attempts to transform memories of horror.
Two novel three-dimensional Nd-adipates: influence of hydrothermal reaction temperature on framework topology

Abstract Two novel three dimensional neodymium adipates have been synthesized through hydrothermal techniques. Both GWMOF-1 ((C6H8O4)3Nd2(H2O)2) and GWMOF-2 ((C6H8O4)3Nd2(H2O)2 · H2O) are constructed of chains of edge-shared NdO8(H2O) polyhedra that are cross-linked by adipic acid molecules to form framework structures. The structures differ in the conformations of the acid chains and the resulting framework topologies. Both materials are thermally stable to approximately 370 °C.
Cross-Polarized Fabry-Perot Scatterometer Resonator

A Fabry-Perot interferometer is used to observe the extinction cross-section of water droplets in the mm spectal range. The size ranges over that of interest in atmospheric propagation.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Repetition effects in a lexical decision task : the role of episodic memory in the performance of alcoholic Korsakoff patients

Abstract To examine the contribution of episodic memory to the successful verbal priming performance of Korsakoff patients, we adapted a lexical decision task which holds contstants the processing demands during study and testing. Words and nonwords were repeated at a lag of 0, 1, 3, 8 and 15 items and the decrease in response latency was taken as a measure of priming. In Experiment 1, Korsakoff patients showed repitition priming of a magnitude similar to that obtained by alcoholic controls, even at a lag of 15 intervening items. Experiment 2 explored the effect of word frequency on repetition priming. Korsakoff patients again showed normal priming up to lags of 15, and, as expected, these repetition effects were larger for low frequency than for high frequency words. This outcome was felt to be more consistent with an episodically based familiarity account than with a semantic activation account. Finally, Korsakoff patients were found to be impaired in their ability to use episodic memory in an explicit memory task that used the same material under comparable presentation conditions (Experiment 3). Contemporary processing models of episodic memory are discussed as possible explanation for the successful implicit memory performance by amnesic patients on this task.
The Spectrum of Gallium Oxide

The spectrum of gallium oxide has been photographed with a 21-foot grating. A band system lying in the region 3800-4200A has been identified as a $^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ transition and a vibrational quantum analysis is given. The band-heads are approximately located by the equation $\ensuremath{\nu}=\left({25,706.43}{25,709.04}}+763.63({v}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})\ensuremath{-}3.89{({v}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})}^{2}\ensuremath{-}767.69({v}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})+6.34{({v}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})}^{2}.$ The spectrum of indium oxide is briefly discussed.
High-fat, low-carbohydrate diet alters myocardial oxidative stress and impairs recovery of cardiac function after ischemia and reperfusion in obese rats

Obesity is associated with elevated risk of heart disease. A solid understanding of the safety and potential adverse effects of high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet (HFLCD) similar to that used by humans for weight loss on the heart is crucial. High fat intake is known to promote increases in reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial damage. We hypothesized that there would be adverse effects of HFLCD on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through enhancing oxidative stress injury and impairing mitochondrial biogenesis in a nongenetic, diet-induced rat model of obesity. To test the hypothesis, 250-g male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an obesity-promoting diet for 7 weeks to induce obesity, then switched to HFLCD or a low-fat control diet for 2 weeks. Isolated hearts underwent global low flow ischemia for 60 minutes and reperfusion for 60 minutes. High-fat, low-carbohydrate diet resulted in greater weight gain and lower myocardial glycogen, plasma adiponectin, and insulin. Myocardial antioxidant gene transcript and protein expression of superoxide dismutase and catalase were reduced in HFLCD, along with increased oxidative gene NADPH oxidase-4 transcript and xanthine oxidase activity, and a 37% increase in nitrated protein (nitrotyrosine) in HFLCD hearts. The cardiac expression of key mitochondrial regulatory factors such as nuclear respiratory factor-1 and transcription factor A-mitochondrial were inhibited and myocardial mitochondrial DNA copy number decreased. The cardiac expression of adiponectin and its receptors was down-regulated in HFLCD. High-fat, low-carbohydrate diet impaired recovery of left ventricular rate-pressure product after ischemia/reperfusion and led to 3.5-fold increased injury as measured by lactate dehydrogenase release. In conclusion, HFLCD leads to increased ischemic myocardial injury and impaired recovery of function after reperfusion and was associated with attenuation of mitochondrial biogenesis and enhanced oxidative stress in obese rats. These findings may have important implications for diet selection in obese patients with ischemic heart disease.
A Decade of Clinical Trial Developments in Postmyocardial Infarction, Congestive Heart Failure, and Sustained Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia Patients: From CAST to AVID and Beyond

A Decade of Clinical Trials. Multiple trials using antiarrhythmic drugs, pharmacologic therapy, and implantable cardioverter defibrillators have been performed in an attempt to improve survival in patients: (1) postmyocardial infarction; (2) with congestive heart failure, with and without nonsustained ventricular tachycardia; and (3) with sustained ventricular tachycardia and those who have survived an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. This article reviews some of the key findings and limitations of completed and ongoing trials. We also make recommendations for the current treatment of such patients based on the results of these trials.
An experiment on the stability of small disturbances in a stratified free shear layer

A statically stable stratified free shear layer was formed within the test section of a wind tunnel by merging two uniform streams of air after uniformly heating the top stream. The two streams were accelerated side by side in a contraction section. The resulting sheared thermocline thickened gradually as a result of molecular diffusion and was characterized by nearly self-similar temperature (odd), velocity (odd) and Richardson number (even) profiles. The minimum Richardson number J0 could be adjusted over the range 0·07 ≥ J0 ≥ 0·76; the Reynolds number Re varied between 30 and 70. Small periodic disturbances were introduced upstream of the test section by a fine wire oscillating in the thermocline. The wire generated a narrow horizontal beam of internal waves, which propagated downstream and remained confined within the thermocline. The growth or decay of these waves was observed in the test section. The results confirm the existence of a critical Richardson number the value of which is in plausible agreement with theoretical predictions (J0 ≅ 0·22 for the Reynolds number of the experiment). The growth rate is a function of the wavenumber and is somewhat different from that computed for the same Reynolds and Richardson numbers, but the calculation assumed velocity and density profiles which were also somewhat different.
Nephropathy in patients with drug addiction. Evolution of pathological and clinical features.

The course of the nephropathy in patients with drug addiction has been studied in six subjects. The nephrotic syndrome was the presenting feature in all, with two progressing to terminal renal failure in less than a year.
Fatty acids and sterols as source markers of organic matter in sediments of the North Carolina continental slope

Abstract To estimate the source and diagenetic state of organic matter reaching bottom sediments, fatty acids and sterols were measured in unconsolidated surface material (flocs) at 12 sites ranging from 600 to 2000 m across the mid-Atlantic continental slope off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Total free and esterefied fatty acids were similar in distribution and concentration to other coastal systems, with values ranging from 0.64 to 46.52 μg mg −1 organic carbon (1.10–68.85 μg g −1 dry sediment). Although shallow (600 m) stations contained significantly greater fatty acid concentrations than deep (> 1400m) stations, high variability observed at mid-depth (800 m) collections precluded a consistent relationship between total fatty acid concentration and station depth. At three sites where underlying sediments were also collected, decreases in total fatty acids, reduced amounts of polyenoic acids and significant presence of bacterial fatty acid suggest rapid reworking of labile organic material that reaches the sediment surface. The distribution of sterols was remarkably consistent among all sites even though there were large variations in concentrations (1.8–20.7 μg mg −1 organic carbon). Sterol composition indicated phytoplankton, principally diatoms and dinoflagellates, as the principal source of labile organic matter to sediments, together with a significant input of cholest-5-en-3β-ol typical of zooplankton and their feeding activity. A minor but widespread terrigenous input was also evident based upon significant concentrations of sterols dominant in vascular plants.
An Efficient Multipollutant System for Measuring Real-World Emissions from Stationary and Mobile Sources

A portable dilution sampling and measurement system was developed for measuring multipollutant emissions from stationary and mobile sources under real-world operating conditions. This system draws a sample of exhaust gas from the source, dilutes it with filtered air and quantifies total volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxygen (O2), particle size distribution, particle number and mass concentrations, and black carbon (BC) concentration at 1-6 sec interval. Integrated samples by canisters and filter packs are acquired for laboratory analyses of VOC speciation, particle mass concentration, light absorption, elements, isotopes, ions, ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon, and organic compounds. Experiments were carried out to evaluate this system. The accuracy of key real-time instruments were found to deviate ＜ ± 12% from references. CO2 was used as the tracer gas to verify the concentration uniformity in the three measurement modules and relative concentration difference was ＜ 5.1%. Instrument response time was tested by emissions from lighting and burning matches. The DustTrak DRX and optical particle counter (OPC) had the fastest response time, while other instruments had 3.5-21.5 sec delay from the DustTrak DRX and OPC. This system was applied to measure emissions from burning pine logs in a wood stove. The real-time data showed flaming, transition, and smoldering phases, and allowed real-time emission ratios to be calculated. Combing real-time data and laboratory analysis, this measurement system allows the development of multipollutant emission factors and source profiles.
Duality of the optimal distributed control for spatially invariant systems

We consider the problem of optimal distributed control of spatially invariant systems. We develop an inputoutput framework for problems of this class. Spatially invariant systems are viewed as multiplication operators from a particular Hilbert function space into itself in the Fourier domain. Optimal distributed performance is then posed as a distance minimization in a general L-infinity space from a vector function to a subspace with a mixed L1 and H1 space structure. In this framework, a generalized version of the Youla parametrization plays a central role. The duality structure of the problem is characterized by computing various dual and pre-dual spaces. The annihilator and preannihilator subspaces are also calculated for the dual and predual problems. Furthermore, the latter is used to show the existence of optimal distributed controllers and dual extremal functions under certain conditions. The dual and pre-dual formulations lead to finite dimensional convex optimizations which approximate the optimal solution within desired accuracy. These optimizations can be solved using convex programming methods. Our approach is purely input-output and does not use any state space realization.
Seasonal variation of global surface pressure and water vapor

Previous studies have shown that the seasonal variation of global-mean surface pressure ( p s ) results from variation of global-mean water vapor pressure ( p w ). The current study, employing the global data generated by Version 1 of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-1) Data Assimilation System, shows that seasonal variations of regional p s and p w tend to be out of phase (particularly in the subtropics of the two hemispheres) and that the magnitude of the former variation is generally much larger than that of the latter. The seasonal variations of these two quantities are maintained by airmass and water vapor transports by the global divergent circulation, which is driven by the latent heat released by cumulus convection over the water vapor sink, as the “water mass forcing” mechanism predicted. Since p w and p s are used often in depicting the climate system, assessments of climate change in terms of the global-mean and regional variations of these two variables should be interpreted with caution. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1997.t01-4-00007.x
Electrical energy constraints on lightning

[1] We use a one-dimensional model to calculate the electrostatic energy of several horizontally extensive, electrified clouds. The model calculation is initiated with known charge distributions. By making an assumption of the way in which a hypothetical lightning flash changes the charge distribution, we use the model to determine if this flash is energetically allowed. The model shows that the charge structure in the cloud can constrain the types of lightning flashes that occur. A single-charge cloud-to-ground flash of one polarity can be absolutely prohibited, while the opposite polarity flash is allowed. Discharging a screening charge layer may require another charge region of the opposite polarity to be involved in the flash. Small reductions in the charge density of a region often can provide a relatively large amount of energy to drive a flash. Certain intracloud flashes are always allowed. Model calculations suggest that positive cloud-to-ground flashes that produce Q-bursts have energies of about 1 × 1010 J and discharge an area of about 40 km × 40 km. Model estimates of the total electrostatic energy stored in two stratiform clouds of mesoscale convective systems were 5 × 1011 J and 2 × 1012 J. These energies are sufficient to support hundreds or thousands of typical lightning flashes, but only 10–100 of the energetic positive cloud-to-ground flashes with associated Q-bursts.
A fractal model for crustal deformation

It is hypothesized that crustal deformation occurs on a scale-invariant matrix of faults. For simplicity, a two-dimensional pattern of hexagons on which strike-slip faulting occurs is considered. The behavior of the system is controlled by a single parameter, the fractal dimension. Deformation occurs on all scales of faults. The fractal dimension determines the fraction of the total displacement that occurs on the first-order or primary faults. The value of the fractal dimension can be obtained from the frequency-magnitude relation for earthquakes. The results are applied to the San Andreas fault system in central California. Earthquake studies give D = 1.90. The main strand of the San Andreas fault is associated with the primary faults of the fractal system. It is predicted that the relative velocity across the main strand is 2.93 cm/yr. The remainder of the relative velocity of 5.5 cm/yr between the Pacific and North American plates occurs on higher-order faults. The predicted value is in reasonably good agreement with the value 3.39 + or - 0.29 cm/yr obtained from geological studies.
Appendix: Definitions of typed feature structures

The LinGO grammar consists of a specification of a type system and of various typed feature structures which are well-formed according to the type system. The typed feature structures function as grammar rules, lexical rules and lexical entries. There are several variant typed feature structure formalisms, with different computational properties, so in this appendix we very briefly specify the version assumed by the LinGO grammar.This appendix is necessarily terse, and is only intended to allow a reader who already has a knowledge of typed feature structures to understand the specific formalism used in the LinGO grammar. The definitions given below basically follow Carpenter (1992), with the notion of type constraint from Copestake (1992). For formal details of typed feature structures in general see Carpenter (1992). A detailed account of the specific assumptions made here is given in Copestake (1999) (See Chapter 4 for an introduction, and Chapter 5 for a semi-formal account.)Note that the LinGO grammar uses a very restricted formalism. For instance, it does not utilize disjunctive feature structures, negation, implication, inequalities, defaults, set-valued features, extensionality or relational constraints. Constraint resolution does not require that every type be made maximally specific, and the type inference system is essentially non-recursive. The recursive power necessary in grammars is explicitly encoded via rules, which are expressed as typed feature structures, but interpreted as phrase structure rules.
Assessment of backside processes through die strength evaluation

While trends in semiconductor packages continue toward a decrease in overall package size and an increase in functionality and performance requirements, the challenge of maintaining and improving reliability is a critical aspect. In practice, die strength can be adversely affected during various manufacturing processes. The process of die thinning can significantly affect the material's characteristics and reliability. A realistic understanding of the significance of processing on die strength is gained through the study of the actual, processed component. This work outlines a comparative analysis of various thinning processes and their effects on die strength. Characterization of die damage resulting from processing is followed by experimentation utilizing the ball-breaker test methodology to determine die strength with respect to die surface conditions. Through failure analysis of fractured dies, the root causes of die fracture are detected. This information serves as a basis for process selection to meet the trends and needs of a reliable package, and for the development and improvement of existing processes.
Effect of high axial velocity on performance of cellulose acetate hyperfiltration membranes

Abstract The effect of axial velocity on performance characteristics of a commercial cellulose acetate membrane was determined in a parallel plate test channel over a 270-fold velocity range, from 0.09 to 24 ft/sec and an applied pressure range of 200 to 1200 psig. Feed was demineralized water or untreated river water spiked with MgCl 2 to give solution concentrations of 0.04 to 0.08 M . At 800 psig system pressure and 24 ft/sec circulation velocity, intrinsic rejection was ∼ 97% and permeability was 0.6 gal/day · ft 2 · atm with demineralized water feed spiked with MgCl 2 . Substantially no flux decline was observed with demineralized water feed in a 93-hour run at 24 ft/sec. Even with untreated river water feed containing 10–100 ppm suspended solids, flux decline was relatively modest (a slope of -0.03 on a plot of log flux vs . log time) at a circulation velocity of 24 ft/sec. Reduction of circulation velocity to 1.64 ft/sec resulted in a marked decline in flux with time.
Campus Career Collaboration: “Do the Research. Land the Job.”

Purdue University's Management and Economics Library (MEL) recognized a unique opportunity to build a strong collaboration among campus units in the career development area, enhancing students’ interviewing abilities and employment opportunities. The products and services presented in this article focus on MEL's unique campuswide collaboration with twelve campus libraries and thus far eight career units in the creation and implementation of a Career Wiki. The Career Wiki, both a library product and service, offers electronic access to career resources, and it effectively increases use of all library collections and information resources, thereby adding to the services each career unit offers.
The effect of carbide volume fraction on the low stress abrasion resistance of high Cr-Mo white cast irons☆

Abstract High chromium white cast irons display a number of advantages in abrasive wear applications. Their composition may be adjusted so that they contain moderate amounts of chromium yet solidify to produce massive chromium-rich carbides in an austenitic matrix of sufficient hardenability to be transformed to martensite with relatively simple heat treatment. In this study the role of carbide volume fraction (CVF) in developing abrasion resistance was investigated using a series of alloys with varying CVF but with constant matrix and carbide compositions. The low stress abrasion resistance of the alloys against quartz and Al 2 O 3 was measured with a dry abrasive rubber wheel abrasion test. The abrasion resistance passed through a maximum at an intermediate CVF, near the eutectic composition, for the softer quartz, while the abrasion resistance increased monotonically with the CVF for tests against the harder Al 2 O 3 . Scanning electron microscopy showed that for quartz abrasion the reversal in the trend of wear versus CVF which occurred at the eutectic composition was caused by spalling and pitting of the massive primary M 7 C 3 carbides in the hypereutectic alloys. This phenomenon did not occur in the Al 2 O 3 abrasive tests, in which a monotonic increase in wear resistance with CVF was observed.
Solution of three‐dimensional natural convection about a vertical square rod in a cylindrical enclosure

SUMMARY The problem of three-dimensional laminar natural convection in a vertical enclosure with an inner square rod is treated by a numerical method in boundary-fitted co-ordinates. The inner and outer cylinders are heated and cooled, respectively, to maintain different constant surface temperatures. The horizontal enclosure surfaces are maintained at adiabatic conditions. The Prandtl number is that of air, 0.703, and the Rayleigh numbers span the conduction, transition and boundary layer regimes of flow. The radius ratio is 1, and the aspect ratio (cylinder length divided by maximum annular gap) is 1. The results of the study provide data useful in the design and performance assessment of nuclear reactor spent fuel shipping casks.
Plasma, follicular, and uterine levels of prostaglandins in chickens laying soft-shelled and shell-less eggs.

Not all eggs produced by chickens are laid at the expected time of oviposition. Some eggs are laid prematurely, which result in inadequate shells. These uncollectible eggs are referred to as soft-shelled (partial calcification) or shell-less (no calcification) eggs. Of all soft-shelled or shell-less eggs that were laid in the present study, 57% were expelled prematurely. To determine whether prostaglandins were correlated with the expulsion of soft-shelled or shell-less eggs, prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), 13,14-dihydro-15 keto prostaglandin F2alpha (PGFM), and 13-14-dihydro-15 keto prostaglandin E2 (PGEM) were measured in the peripheral plasma and follicular and uterine tissues of hens laying soft-shelled eggs and shell-less eggs. Controls were represented by hens laying hard-shelled eggs (normal calcification). Plasma concentrations of PGFM increased (P less than .01) upon the premature oviposition of soft-shelled eggs but not shell-less eggs. The source of the peripheral PGFM may have been the preovulatory follicle, because PGF2alpha levels were higher (P less than .07) in the soft-shelled or shell-less egg layers when compared with the controls. Plasma and tissue levels of PGEM did not differ between hens laying soft-shelled or shell-less eggs versus hard-shelled eggs. These results suggest that PGF2alpha and PGFM are involved in the premature oviposition of some chicken eggs.
Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System for Wildlife Radio Collar Tracking

This paper describes a low cost system for tracking wildlife that is equipped with radio collars. Currently, researchers have to physically go into the field with a directional antenna to try to pinpoint the VHF (very high frequency) signal originating from a wildlife tracking collar. Depending on the terrain, it could take an entire day to locate a single animal. To vastly improve upon this traditional approach, the system proposed here utilizes a small fixed-wing aircraft drone with a simple radio on-board, flying an automated mission. Received signal strength is recorded, and used to create a heat map that shows the collar's position. A prototype of this system was built using off-the-shelf hardware and custom signal processing algorithms. Initial field tests confirm the systems capabilities and its promise for wildlife tracking.
Reliability of automatic 3D mesh generation

Abstract This paper considers issues critical to ensuring the reliability of automatic three-dimensional mesh generators. Building on basic concepts from geometric modeling, consideration is given to (i) the definition and assurance of a valid finite element mesh, (ii) the use of topological adjacency information to improve the reliability and efficiency of a meshing process, and (iii) how the geometric approximations used during the construction of a geometric model must be explicitly considered if the mesh generator's reliability is to be ensured.
Raman spectroscopic differentiation of activated versus non-activated T lymphocytes: an in vitro study of an acute allograft rejection model.

Abstract Acute rejection (AR) remains a significant complication in renal transplant patients. Using serum creatinine for AR screening has proven problematic, and thus a noninvasive, highly sensitive and specific test is needed. T cells from human peripheral blood were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy. Fifty-one Mixed Lymphocyte Culture (MLC) activated T cells (ATC), 28 Mitomycin C inactivated T cells (ITC), and 35 resting T cells (RTC), were studied utilizing 785 and 514.5 nm wavelengths. Statistical analysis following subtraction of fluorescence used Student's t test to quantify peak ratio differences and discriminant function analysis (DFA), with three distinct sectors assigned for grouping purposes: Sector I, ITC; Sector II, ATC; Sector III, RTC. Differences between ATC and non-activated T cells (ITC and RTC) were found at 1182 and 1195 cm-1 peak positions for both wavelengths. Significant differences in peak ratios for 785 and 514.5 nm wavelengths existed between ATC and RTC ( p = 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively) and ATC and ITC ( p = 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively), with a trend in differences observed between ITC and RTC ( p = 0.07 and p = 0.08, respectively). Analysis of the DFA-derived sector distribution for the 785 and 514.5 nm wavelengths revealed a sensitivity of 95.7% and 89.3%, respectively, and a specificity of 100% and 93.8%, respectively. This data suggests that Raman spectroscopy can detect significant differences between activated and nonactivated T cells based upon cell-surface receptor expression, thereby establishing unique signatures that can aid in the development of a noninvasive AR screening tool with high sensitivity and specificity.
Membranes: Shaping biological matter.

Biological membranes form an extremely complex and dynamic network in cells, guided by specialized protein machinery. A new algorithm analyses membrane shape to extract forces applied by proteins controlling the membranes.
Effects of imipramine on circadian rhythms in the golden hamster.

Abstract The effects of the antidepressant imipramine on circadian organization were studied in wild-type and tau-mutant golden hamsters. Chronic imipramine treatment in doses ranging from 0–50 mg kg −1 ·day −1 depressed general activity and body temperature and caused a reduction in body weight but had no significant effect on circadian organization. Imipramine treatment did not affect the rate of reentrainment after a 6-h advance in the light-dark cycle, did not alter the advanced-phase angle of entrainment of tau-mutant hamsters, did not affect the free-running period of wild type hamsters, and did not alter the phase-response curve to light pulses. Because imipramine, a clinically effective antidepressant, did not have any measurable effect on the circadian system in these experiments, our results do not provide support for the hypothesis that the antidepressant action of imipramine is mediated by alterations in the circadian system.
TEMPORAL REFERENCE OF MANIFEST DREAM CONTENT.

210 EEG Stage 1 rapid eye movement period (REMP) awakenings were made during 40 nights of sleep to study the relationship between variations in dream reports and hypothesized correlates of such var...
Collapse of Archean orogens and the generation of late- to postkinematic granitoids

Intrusion of late-stage granitoids into Archean granite-greenstone terranes may be spatially and temporally related to late-orogenic upper-crustal extensional collapse and formation of metamorphic core complexes. The late- to postkinematic granitoid magmas are derived through partial melting of upper mantle and lower crustal sources, and are locally associated with late-stage extensional structures. Thick roots of depleted lithospheric mantle of Archean age (tectosphere) beneath Archean cratons makes melting of the upper mantle difficult. It is proposed that the Archean tectosphere is made of imbricated slabs of buoyant Archean oceanic crust and lithosphere, together with trapped wedges of "fertile" mantle; this would explain several seemingly contradictory phenomena. Decompression from upper crustal extension generates significant amounts of basaltic melts from the trapped wedges of fertile mantle. These basaltic magmas intrude and partially melt the lower crust; becoming more silicic in composition, they migrate upward to solidify in the middle and upper crust, forming the late- to postkinematic granitoid suite. The tectosphere in this model is less dense and colder than surrounding asthenosphere and is consistent with eclogitic xenoliths from subducted oceanic lithosphere found entrained in kimberlites. The direction and magnitude of shear-wave anisotropy in the upper mantle is also explained in this model through the orientation of olivine crystals in the underplated slabs of oceanic lithosphere.