cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of ETOH for the dilution of honey

Since the beginning of honey production, certain honey types are preferred because they taste better, are better for cooking, or do not rapidly crystallize. Pollen found in honey is used to determine the honey's type. Techniques used to extract pollen from honey vary in the amount of honey examined, the amount of water used to dilute the honey, and the time and speed of centrifugation. These variations address the disparity in pollen recovery that is due to the specific gravity and sinking rates of the different pollen types. Ethyl alcohol (ETOH) was used as a dilution liquid for honey and compared to two water-dilution techniques, one with a short centrifugation time (1 minute) and the other using a long centrifugation time (10 minutes). The ETOH samples were centrifuged for 3 minutes. All samples were centrifuged at 4000 r.p.m. Significantly higher pollen concentration values were found in the ETOH-diluted samples. Pollen concentration values of the ETOH-diluted samples were 5.26 times greater than wate...
Physical adsorption isotherms at extremely low pressures

Abstract Assuming a homogeneous model of adsorption and employing the results of the theory of imperfect gases. Henry's Law constant has been calculated quantum mechanically and classically for several potentials of interaction. The quantum mechanical treatment yields theoretical adsorption isotherms for the various interaction potentials which are very different from each other, while the isotherms calculated classically all fall within a relatively narrow range. These results are compared with the experimental data of Hobson for He on Pyrex glass at 4.2°K and with the data of Hobson and Armstrong for N 2 on Pyrex glass in the temperature range 63.3°K to 90.2°K. In all cases the agreement with experiment is poor. The present calculations based on the homogeneous model suggest that for the Morse potential, the simple harmonic oscillator approximation and the straight line approximation pressures outside of present research techniques in ultra high vacuum physics will have to be attained before adsorption isotherms are described by Henry's Law.
Air mass modification over Lake Michigan

The modification of a relatively cold air mass over the warm water of Lake Michigan is studied by using a two-dimensional nonlinear mesoscale model. Considerable amounts of heat and water vapor are supplied from the water surface to the lower atmosphere by turbulent eddies. A convective mixed layer develops and grows toward the downwind region with stratocumulus clouds over the lake. The model simulates the warming and moistening of the mixed layer, the development of a boundary layer, the divergence and convergence of wind near the coastlines, and the turbulent fluxes. The model warming of the mixed layer across the lake was about 2.2 °K and the moistening of the mixed layer was about 0.8 g kg−1, which are comparable to 2.7 °K and 0.8 g kg−1 observed by Lenschow (1973). The convective boundary layer, which includes the cloud layer, subcloud layer, and superadiabatic layer near the water surface, is well simulated. The tilt of the inversion which coincides with the cloud top is also well reproduced. When a prescribed cooling rate is applied at the cloud top, stronger turbulence and a deeper cloud layer are generated. Without the cooling, the cloud is shallow and the shape of the cloud base is determined by surface conditions. The rise of the inversion is due to upward vertical motion, and deepening of the convective layer in the downwind region.
A Sensitivity Analysis of Egocentric Measures of Peer Delinquency to Latent Homophily: A Research Note

Objectives Egocentric measures of peer delinquency, obtained through a census of a social network, have become the preferred operationalization for examining the relationships between social influence and delinquency. Studies regressing ego’s delinquency on the delinquency of nominated friend/s (i.e. alter/s) conclude that a statistically significant coefficient provides evidence of social influence. However, the inferences drawn from these studies may be biased by the introduction of artificial statistical dependence as a consequence of using social network data in a regression framework. Recent work (Shalizi and Thomas Sociol Methods Res 40:211–239, 2011) shows that latent homophily, or unmeasured confounding of observables, may lead to nonzero estimates of social influence, even if there is no causal significance. To examine this possibility, sensitivity analyses have been created (e.g. VanderWeele and Arah Epidemiology 22:42–52, 2011; VanderWeele Sociol Methods Res 40:240–255, 2011) to determine the robustness of an estimated coefficient to latent homophily.
Pyrolysis of perhydro[1,2-c][1,3]oxazines : a green method of synthesizing 2,3-dehydropiperidine enamines

Heat pyrolysis of the oxazines formed from 2-piperidineethanol produced 2,3-dehydropiperidine enamines. The same results were observed when these oxazines were irradiated with microwaves. Various 2-substituted perhydrooxazines were synthesized by allowing 2-piperidineethanol or 2-piperidinemethanol to react with aldehydes or ketones.
Global and situational meanings in the context of trauma: Relations with psychological well-being

Using the meaning making model as our framework, we examined relations among global and appraised meaning and well-being in a sample of 189 college students who had experienced a highly stressful event in the past 5 years. Results suggested that elements of both global meaning (especially self-esteem beliefs) and situational meaning (especially appraisals of the event as violating one's goals) were independently related to a range of well-being outcomes, including depression, anxiety, stress, subjective happiness, and life satisfaction. However, relations varied by specific aspect of well-being. Neither control nor religious beliefs were consistently related to well-being. These results demonstrate the importance of both global and situational meanings in adjusting to life stress. Counselors should attend to both global and situational meanings in the context of helping clients deal with stressful experiences; such attention may focus on bolstering adaptive global beliefs such as self-esteem while also re...
Female song sparrow, Melospiza melodia, response to simulated conspecific and heterospecific intrusion across three seasons

To investigate female responses to territorial intrusion I presented female song sparrows with either a simulated female song sparrow intrusion or a simulated spotted towhee, Pipilo maculatus, intrusion as a control during either the prebreeding, breeding or postmoult seasons. Aggressive and nonaggressive behaviours and vocalizations were compared between intrusion types and across seasons. Principle components analysis suggested that female responses fell into three categories: (1) responses directed towards the intruder, mostly aggressive; (2) responses directed towards the mate; and (3) lack of response to the intruder. In every season, females responded more aggressively to simulated female song sparrow intrusion than simulated towhee intrusion. Responses directed towards female song sparrow intruders dropped across the three seasons and were significantly higher in the prebreeding season than in the breeding or postmoult seasons.
MoTo DB: a metabolic database for tomato.

An organism's metabolome is the cataloguing of the entire set of metabolites found in the organism. It is dynamic and thus just a snapshot of the processes going on in the organism at one specific time point. When combined with other “omics” data, a more complete understanding of the organism
Non-Fermi liquid scaling in UPdxCu5−x (x = 1, 1.5)

Abstract We have determined the inelastic magnetic response S(ω) of UPdxCu5−x (x = 1, 1.5) for temperatures from 0.3 K to 300 K and energies between 0.5 meV and 100 meV using the neutron time of flight technique. S(ω) is virtually identical in the two compounds, displaying marginal Fermi liquid scaling over the entire range of temperatures, as well as scale invariant energetics.
Characterization of Human Glycoprotein VI Gene 5′ Regulatory and Promoter Regions

Objective— Platelet glycoprotein VI is a collagen receptor belonging to the immunoglobulin-like protein family that is essential for platelet interactions with collagen and is exclusively expressed in the megakaryocytic lineage. The objective of this study was to characterize the human glycoprotein VI gene (GP6) 5′ regulatory and promoter regions. Methods and Results— We first used 5′ RACE to establish experimentally that the major transcription start site lies 28 bp upstream from the start codon. We next subcloned the 5′ regulatory region of GP6 into pGL3-basic [pGL3(−1576)] and used deletion mutagenesis to identify important regulatory regions, comparing the activity of transiently expressed promoter-luciferase constructs in Dami and HeLa cells. We found that megakaryocyte lineage-specific transcription is largely controlled within the segment −191/−39. By site-directed mutagenesis, we confirmed that a GATA-1 site at −176 and an Ets-1 site at −45 play important roles in the regulation of GP6 transcripti...
Incorporation of 11,12-dihydroretinal into the retinae of vitamin a deprived rats.

— The incorporation of 11,12-[15–3H]-dihydroretinal, a retinal in which the crucial 11-ene is saturated, into the retinae of vitamin A deficient rats as a result of intraperitoneal injection of the corresponding alcohol was shown by the presence of the tritium label in the rod outer segments and by identification of the extracted retinals using high pressure liquid chromatography. The amplitude of the electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave, diminished as the result of vitamin A deprivation, was not affected by administration of the analogue, although similar treatment of deprived litter mates with trans retinal restored the ERG b-wave amplitude to a normal level. The evidence that the analogue is bound to opsin forming 11,12-dihydrorhodopsin is as follows: (1) when incubated with 11-cis retinal, extracts from vitamin A deficient rats regenerate 1.4 nmol rhodopsin while extracts from rats deficient in vitamin A and supplemented with 11,12-dihydroretinal regenerate 0.6 nmol rhodopsin indicating binding of the dihydroretinal blocks rhodopsin regeneration. (2) 11,12-dihydroretinal is shown to remain unchanged in hexane-washed retinae after extraction with methylene chloride and (3) injection of retinal into animals previously injected with 11,12-dihydroretinal also fails to restore visual sensitivity as measured by the ERG b-wave. Our results indicate that the dihydro-chromophore occupies the same binding site as the natural 11-cis retinal and that occupation of the chromophore binding site of opsin is not sufficient to restore the visual sensitivity in a vitamin-A-deprived animal.
Theoretical derivation of EMOTION-II model for happy and unhappy emotions

Article accompanying a poster presentation for the 2008 Computational Neuroscience Meeting. This article discusses the theoretical derivation of EMOTION-II model for happy and unhappy emotions.
Narrow linewidth volume Bragg grating stabilized Thulium fiber laser

A spectrometer resolution limited 300 pm linewidth is achieved in a volume Bragg grating stabilized Thulium fiber laser. Slope efficiency and output power are comparable to a similar resonator formed by a broadband high reflectivity mirror.
Authoring sensor-based interactions by demonstration with direct manipulation and pattern recognition

Sensors are becoming increasingly important in interaction design. Authoring a sensor-based interaction comprises three steps: choosing and connecting the appropriate hardware, creating application logic, and specifying the relationship between sensor values and application logic. Recent research has successfully addressed the first two issues. However, linking sensor input data to application logic remains an exercise in patience and trial-and-error testing for most designers. This paper introduces techniques for authoring sensor-based interactions by demonstration. A combination of direct manipulation and pattern recognition techniques enables designers to control how demonstrated examples are generalized to interaction rules. This approach emphasizes design exploration by enabling very rapid iterative demonstrate-edit-review cycles. This paper describes the manifestation of these techniques in a design tool, Exemplar, and presents evaluations through a first-use lab study and a theoretical analysis using the Cognitive Dimensions of Notation framework.
Estrogen receptor-dependent proteasomal degradation of the glucocorticoid receptor is coupled to an increase in mdm2 protein expression.

Glucocorticoids and estrogens regulate a number of vital physiological processes. We developed a model breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 M, to examine potential mechanisms by which the ligand-bound estrogen receptor (ER) regulates glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated transcription. MCF-7 cells, which endogenously express ERα, were stably transfected with mouse mammary tumor virus promoter-luciferase (MMTV-LUC) reporter and GR expression constructs. Our results demonstrate that treatment with estrogen agonists (17β-estradiol [E2], diethylstilbestrol, genistein), but not antagonists (tamoxifen or raloxifene), for 48 h inhibits GR-mediated MMTV-LUC transcription and chromatin remodeling. Furthermore, estrogen agonists inhibit glucocorticoid induction of p21 mRNA and protein levels, suggesting that the repressive effect applies to other GR-regulated genes and proteins in MCF-7 cells. Importantly, GR transcriptional activity is compromised because treatment with estrogen agonists down regulates GR protein levels. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide and the proteasome inhibitor MG132 block E2-mediated decrease in GR protein levels, suggesting that estrogen agonists down regulate the GR via the proteasomal degradation pathway. In support of this, we demonstrate that E2-mediated GR degradation is coupled to an increase in p53 and its key regulator protein Mdm2 (murine double minute 2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase shown to target the GR for degradation. Using the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we demonstrate an E2-dependent recruitment of ERα to the Mdm2 promoter, suggesting a role of ER in the regulation of Mdm2 protein expression and hence the enhanced GR degradation in the presence of estrogen agonists. Our study shows that cross talk between the GR and ER involves multiple signaling pathways, indicative of the mechanistic diversity within steroid receptor-regulated transcription.
Communication Optimizations Used in the Paradigm Compiler for Distributed-Memory Multicomputers

The PARADIGM (PARAllelizing compiler for DIstributed-memory General-purpose Multicomputers) project at the University of Illinois provides a fully automated means to parallelize programs, written in a serial programming model, for execution on distributed-memory multicomputers. To provide efficient execution, PARADIGM automatically performs various optimizations to reduce the overhead and idle time caused by interprocessor communication. Optimizations studied in this paper include message coalescing, message vectorization, message aggregation, and coarse gram pipelining. To separate the optimization algorithms from machine-specific details, parameterized models are used to estimate communication and computation costs for a given machine. The models are also used in coarse gram pipelining to automatically select a task granularity that balances the available parallelism with the costs of communication. To determine the applicability of the optimizations on different machines, we analyzed their performance on an Intel iPSC/860, an Intel iPSC/2, and a Thinking Machines CM-5.
Challenges to Replicating Evidence-Based Research in Real-World Settings: Training African-American peers as Patient Navigators for Colon Cancer Screening

Many cancer-prevention interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in diverse populations, but these evidenced-based findings slowly disseminate into practice. The current study describes the process of disseminating and replicating research (i.e., peer patient navigation for colonoscopy screening) in real-world settings. Two large metropolitan hospitals collaborated to replicate a peer patient navigation model within their existing navigation systems. Six African-American peer volunteers were recruited and trained to navigate patients through colonoscopy scheduling and completion. Major challenges included: (1) operating within multiple institutional settings; (2) operating within nonacademic/research infrastructures; (3) integrating into an established navigation system; (4) obtaining support of hospital staff without overburdening; and (5) competing priorities and time commitments. Bridging the gap between evidence-based research and practice is critical to eliminating many cancer health disparities; therefore, it is crucial that researchers and practitioners continue to work to achieve both diffusion and fusion of evidence-based findings. Recommendations for addressing these challenges are discussed.
Abnormal EMG-force slope estimates in the first dorsal interosseous of hemiparetic stroke survivors

Hemispheric brain injury resulting from a stroke is often accompanied by weakness in contralateral limbs. Appropriate motoneuronal recruitment and rate modulation is necessary to optimize muscle force production utilizing residual neuromuscular elements. We sought to determine whether weakness in a hand muscle in stroke survivors is partially attributable to alterations in the control of the motor units in the affected muscles. Specifically, our goal was to characterize whether surface EMG amplitude, a gauge of neural input, was systematically larger as a function of force, in paretic muscles when compared to the contralateral muscles in the same subject, and to neurologically intact subjects. We tested the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) in five hemiparetic and six neurologically intact subjects. In four of the stroke subjects the EMG-force slope was significantly greater on the affected side as compared to the contralateral side as well as compared to neurologically intact subjects. We discuss possible experimental as well as physiological factors that may contribute to an increased slope, concluding that a combination of abnormal firing rate patterns and changes in MU control are the most likely reasons for the observed changes.
Comparing Compositions of Modern Cast Bronze Sculptures: Optical Emission Spectroscopy Versus x-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Bulk elemental compositions of 74 modern cast bronze sculptures from the collection at the Art Institute of Chicago, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and the Rodin Museum (Philadelphia, PA) were determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and a handheld x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. The elemental compositions of the cast sculptures as measured previously by ICP-OES and presently by XRF are compared: A good match is found between the two methods for the base metal (Cu) and the two majority alloying elements (Zn and Sn). For both ICP-OES and XRF data, when the Zn composition is plotted versus the Sn composition, three discernable clusters are found that are related to the artist, foundry, casting date, and casting method; they consist of (A) high-zinc brass, (B) low-zinc, low-tin brass, and (C) low-zinc, tin bronze. Thus, our study confirms that the relatively fast, nondestructive XRF spectrometry can be used effectively over slower and invasive, but more accurate, ICP-OES to help determine a sculpture’s artist, foundry, date of creation, date of casting, and casting method.
Original Sin and the Exchange Rate Regime Debate: Lessons from Latin American and Transition Countries

This paper discusses the implications of the collapse of Argentina's currency board arrangement on the debate about appropriate exchange rate regimes for emerging market countries (EMCs). It highlights the link between the inherent vulnerability of the EMCs (the so-called original sin hypothesis) and the operation of different exchange rate regimes. The structural weaknesses that typically make EMCs vulnerable to negative external shocks affect different currency regimes, as is illustrated using examples such as Argentina with its currency board arrangement, Brazil with its floating currency, and Panama with dollarisation. We contrast the experience of these countries with that of the accession countries in Central and Eastern Europe, which are much less sensitive to external shocks no matter what their exchange rate regime. It is argued that the main reasons for this difference are the smaller role of debt-creating flows in the financing of current account deficits, higher domestic savings, and – most important of all – the prospect of accession to the European Union and Economic and Monetary Union.
Applicability of Yeast Genetics to Neurologic Disease

As advances in gene mapping technology reveal genes associated with neurologic diseases, the need to identify a gene’s normal function arises often. Experimental genetics is very useful in identifying a gene’s function. It relies on model organisms both because it is not appropriate in humans, and because many processes are remarkably similar among eukaryotes. Many cellular processes have evolved once, and species differences are variations on a theme. Molecular genetic tools available in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae provide a means to more rapidly reach an understanding of gene function, yielding substantial insight into the same process in humans. Yeast will never complain of headache or “spells,” but do have expansions of trinucleotide repeats, prions, and other processes very much analogous to those underlying many neurologic diseases. In spite of the absence of a nervous system in yeast, yeast genetics has contributed substantial insight into neurologic diseases mechanisms. The real strength of yeast in studying human disease is in genetic analysis of gene function and in providing genetically powerful functional assays. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:1129-1134 The complete DNA sequence of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome contains approximately 6217 genes. The human genome is 100 times larger, but has only 10 to 12 times as many genes (YGs). Genes are far more tightly spaced in yeast. A third or more of yeast genes have robust homology, and two thirds have a domain with significant homology to human genes. These numbers will increase as more human genes (HGs) become known. Twenty percent of human disease genes found by positional cloning are similar to YGs, and many human genes function well in
Considerations on data compression of synthetic aperture radar images

This paper describes some analytical results relative to the effectiveness of applying data compression techniques for efficient transmission of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signals and images. A Rayleigh target model is assumed in the analysis. It is also assumed that all surface reflectivity information is of interest and needs to be transmitted. Spectral characteristics of radar echo signals and processed images are analyzed. Analytical results generally indicate that due to the lack of high spatial correlation in the Rayleigh distributed radar surface reflectivity, application of data compression to SAR signals and images under the square difference fidelity criterion may be less effective than its application to images obtained using incoherent illumination. On the other hand, if certain random variations in radar images are considered as undesirable, substantial compression ratio may be achieved by removing such variations.
Natural Histories of Discourse

Natural Histories of Discourse. MICHAEL SILVERSTEIN and GREG URBAN, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. ix + 352 pp., figures, notes, references, index.
Ultrastructure of developing Xenopus retina before and after ganglion cell specification.

The neuroretina of Xenopus laevis was examined at embryonic stages 28 and 32 to determine whether the specification of the ganglion cells is accompanied by morphological changes detectable with the light and electron microscopes. Two changes were noted: an apparent increase in the length of polysome helices, and an apparent reduction in the number of pigment granules. The significance of these changes is discussed. In addition to the morphological features common to undifferentiated cells generally, the cells of the neuroretina also exhibit subsurface cisternae, granulo-filamentous inclusions, and membranous organelles resembling the “spine apparatus.” These structures may be useful in identifying presumptive nerve cells in the proliferative state.
SPECT region of interest reconstruction with truncated transmission and emission data.

Purpose: The aim of this article is to propose an exact SPECT region of interest (ROI) reconstruction method using truncated transmission and truncated emission data. Methods: Recently, the authors published two articles in Physics in Medicine and Biology with two results in SPECT ROI emission image reconstruction. The first result states that if the transmission data are truncated but the emission data are not truncated, the emission image can be exactly reconstructed, provided the entire emission image is inside the region where the transmission data are not truncated. The second result states that if the transmission data are not truncated, the emission ROI can be exactly reconstructed with truncated emission data. This article combines these two results and obtains a new result that the emission ROI can be exactly reconstructed if both transmission and emission data are truncated. Results: Computer simulations are performed to verify the proposed ROI image reconstruction algorithm. Conclusions: Exact SPECT ROI image reconstruction is possible using truncated transmission and emission projections with some prior information about the attenuator and the emission distribution.
Endocrine disruptors and falling sperm counts: lessons learned or not!

In summary, it has become evident that multiple factors can affect sperm counts and quality. Most reports indicate that there has not been a worldwide decrease in sperm counts over the past 20 or 50 years, and the validity of the endocrine disruptor hypothesis or testicular dysgenesis syndrome with respect to sperm counts is highly questionable.
Primary and prosthetic repair of acquired chest wall hernias: a 20-year experience.

Background Chest wall herniation has been described after thoracotomy, trauma, and violent coughing episodes. Few studies have examined risk factors associated with chest wall herniation or predictors of complications after surgical repair. Methods A divisional database identified all patients who underwent chest wall herniorrhaphy between 1992 and 2011. Data were collected on patient age, sex, body mass index (BMI), cause and location of hernia, comorbidities, duration and technique of herniorrhaphy, postoperative complications, and hospital length of stay. Risk factors for chest wall herniation were then examined, and primary repair was compared with prosthetic repair for differences in postoperative morbidity. Results Twenty-seven consecutive patients underwent chest wall herniorrhaphy. Hernias most commonly occurred on the right side, in the fifth intercostal space, contained lung, and were chronic in nature. Pain was the presenting symptom in all but 4 patients. The most frequently observed comorbidities were obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), oral steroid use, and diabetes mellitus. Primary repair was performed in 18 patients and mesh repair in 9 patients, with a median operative time of 116 minutes. Excluding the 4 acute hernias repaired during the same admission as the initial thoracotomy, postoperative complications occurred in 22% of patients who underwent prosthetic repair and 42% of patients who underwent primary repair ( p = 0.4). Median hospital stay did not differ between herniorrhaphy techniques. Conclusions Previous thoracotomy, obesity, COPD, steroid use, and diabetes mellitus are common in patients in whom chest wall hernias develop. Prosthetic herniorrhaphy is not associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications relative to primary repair.
Reliability of the box and block test of manual dexterity for use with patients with fibromyalgia.

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of the Box and Block (B&B) Test of Manual Dexterity for upper-extremity function in patients with fibromyalgia and to compare their results with those of healthy control participants. Method We assessed reliability of the B&B Test within and between testers using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). We compared fibromyalgia patient (n = 30) and control group (n = 30) scores using analysis of variance and population-based normative data. Results The B&B Test was reliable with ICCs of .90 to .85. Fibromyalgia patients' B&B Test scores were significantly lower (more impaired) than those of the control group and standardized norms. Conclusions The B&B Test is a reliable measure of upper-extremity function in fibromyalgia patients and is able to reveal a reduction in upper-extremity function in these patients compared with both healthy control participants and normative scores.
Association of Plasma γ′ Fibrinogen With Incident Cardiovascular Disease The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Objectives—To prospectively examine the association of plasma γ′ fibrinogen with the incidence of multiple cardiovascular disease (CVD) end points, independent of established CVD risk factors, total fibrinogen, and other inflammatory markers. Approach and Results—The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study measured γ′ fibrinogen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in stored plasma samples from 1993 to 1995 and related levels in 10 601 adults to incident CVD end points (coronary heart disease [n=1603], ischemic stroke [n=548], peripheral artery disease [n=599], heart failure [n=1411], and CVD mortality [n=705]) through 2012 (median follow-up, 18 years). In Cox models accounting for established CVD risk factors and total fibrinogen levels, γ′ fibrinogen was associated positively with peripheral artery disease (hazard ratio [HR] per 1-SD [8.80 mg/dL] increment, 1.14 [1.04–1.24]), heart failure (HR, 1.06 [1.01–1.13]), and CVD deaths (HR, 1.12 [1.04–1.21]) but not with incident coronary heart disease...
Cell volume regulation by skate erythrocytes: role of potassium

The role of K transport during cell volume regulation in response to extracellular osmolality, protein kinase C activation, and cellular Ca was examined in skate (Raja erinacea) red blood cells (RBC). Reduction of medium osmolality from 960 to 660 mosmol/kgH2O had no effect on K uptake or efflux despite a 25% increase in cell volume. Further reduction to 460 mosmol/kgH2O caused K uptake to double and K efflux to triple resulting in net K loss. Net K efflux in 460 mosmol/kgH2O medium was correlated with the presence of a regulatory volume decrease, which was sensitive to the anion transport inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) and insensitive to chloride replacement. K-K exchange was absent in both isotonic and hypotonic media. Treatment with the Ca ionophore A23187 in the presence of Ca had no effect on either cell volume or K efflux in isotonic medium, indicating the absence of Ca-activated K transport. In contrast, phorbol ester treatment caused cell volume, Na content, and proton and K efflux to increase. Consistent with activation of Na-H exchange, phorbol ester effects were inhibited by dimethylamiloride. This study constitutes the first demonstration of volume-sensitive K transport in RBC from the most primitive vertebrate studied to date.
Diketopiperazine-Based Peptide Mimic Scaffolds

2,5-Diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs) are heterocyclic molecules cyclized from two alpha amino acids. Their ease of synthesis, ability to display up to six functional groups, and pre-organization all led 2,5-DKPs to be utilized in drug discovery, catalysis, and material science. This review focuses on recent developments and applications of the diketopiperazine motif as a rigid scaffold in peptide science to mimic protein secondary structures and in crystal engineering to organize functional groups in three-dimensional space, as well as in molecular recognition and catalysis.
Relationships among research design choices and psychometric properties of rating scales: A meta-analysis.

The purpose of the article is to propose and empirically test a model of the relationships among research design variables and the psychometric criteria of reliability, convergent validity, discrim...
Early Proterozoic Sedimentary Basins of the Lake Superior Region

Studies of the complexly folded and metamorphosed early Proterozoic strata (1.8 to 2.1 b.y. B.P.; Van Schmus, 1976) of the Lake Superior region (Fig. 1) have revealed features indicating a complex sedimentary-tectonic evolution. These rocks, termed “the Marquette Range Supergroup,” and which include stratigraphic equivalents in Minnesota and Ontario (Cannon and Gair, 1970), have been divided into four groups (James, 1958), which, in ascending order, are the Chocolay, Menominee, Baraga, and Paint River Groups. In Minnesota and Ontario, the stratigraphic equivalents of the Chocolay, Menominee, and Baraga Groups are the Mille Lacs (Chocolay Group equivalent in the Cuyuna area), and lower (Menominee Group equivalent) and upper (Baraga Group equivalent) Animikie Group (Morey, 1978a) (Table 1). The stratified rocks of the Marquette Range Supergroup and stratigraphic equivalents occur in four structural settings (Fig. 1A): (1) elongate, generally synclinal, structural troughs bounded by Archean rocks; (2) extensive homoclines; (3) outliers on granitic basement; and (4) mantling rims around early Proterozoic gneiss domes (Sims, 1976). Some rims also form steep narrow troughs (for example, the Michigan River trough; Klasner and Cannon, 1974), which are here grouped with gneiss-dome rims as opposed to the other structural troughs (type 1 above) which appear to show no genetic relation to gneiss domes. Most of the data discussed herein concern the first two types of structural settings. It is the purpose of this paper to suggest a relationship between the four types of structural settings and the mode of original sedimentation. Specifically, we propose that elongate early Proterozoic sedimentary basins existed in eastern Upper Michigan at the sites of what became structural troughs later in the early Proterozoic; that is, the eastern Upper Michigan structural troughs are simply appressed sedimentary basins. As will be discussed, the Animikie basin (as reported by Morey, 1967; Morey and Ojakangas, 1970; and Alwin, 1979) represents a more “stable” type of sediment receptacle (types 1, 2 structural exposure) with a sedimentary history broadly comparable to the eastern Upper Michigan basins. Finally, it is noted that individual basin history was complex, with some more areas showing evidence of both basinal and platformal sedimentation.
Esophageal Cancer: Treatment

Esophageal cancer is an uncommon cancer in the U.S., although the incidence of adenocarcinomas of the lower esophagus and gastroesophageal junction has steadily increased since the 1970s. Globally, esophageal cancer (mostly squamous cell carcinomas) is endemic in parts of the world, such as East Asia. In this review article, we discuss chemotherapy options in the metastatic setting as well as targeted agents that are currently approved. We then focus on validated pre-, peri- or post-operative strategies for locally advanced disease, which include chemotherapy and/or chemoradiation.
Effect analysis of tuberculosis prevention and control program implementation in Urumqi city from2001 to 2009

Objective To know the implementation situation and effect of《Urumuqi tuberculosis prevention and control program(2001-2009)》,to give the recommendation for sustainable development of TB prevention and control work,and to provide the scientific basis for the next 10 years project.Methods According to the questionnaire of TB prevention and control program terminal evaluation,collected information from 8 counties of Urumuqi city,the material include the tuberculosis prevalence rate,epidemic character,and execution situation of DOTS strategy.We evaluated implement effect and society benefit of DOTS strategy.Results From 2001 to 2009,The tuberculosis registration prevalence rate was 39.59/100 000,new smear positive registering rate was 19.74/100 000,the 2 months negative conversion rate of new smear positive patients was 82.68%,the cure rate was 82.12%;25 871 person were avoided infected tuberculosis,2 587 person were avoided developing into TB,and 1 834 patients were avoided death;so its saved$1761 713 medical expenditure, and redeemed disease loss about$723 805 377 for society.Conclusion The government of Urumqi city carried out the modern TB prevention and control strategy actively,and accomplished the assignment of TB project completely.Achieved remarkable society and economic benefits,but still have some new problems and challenges.
Regulation of acute and chronic opioid receptor functions by OBCAM, a cell adhesion-like molecule.

Opioid receptors were one of the first class of cell surface receptors to be identified using in vitro binding assays with brain tissue, but for many years efforts to purify and clone them were unsuccessful because of their sensitivity to detergents, their heterogeneity, and the lack of a simple biochemical assay for their function (Loh and Smith 1990). Several laboratories, including the authors’ own, reported purification of opioid-binding proteins (Cho et al. 1986; Gioannini et al. 1985; Maneckjee et al. 1985; Newman and Barnard 1984), but were unable to demonstrate unequivocally that they possessed all the pharmacological properties of in vivo receptors.
Bleeding complications with Drotrecogin alfa activated (Xigris): a retrospective review of 31 operative and 68 non-operative patients with severe sepsis.

We reviewed 100 consecutive patients who received Drotrecogin alfa (activated) (DAA) (Xigris®, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN) for the treatment of severe sepsis and compared the incidence of bleeding complications in surgical (n = 30) and nonsurgical cohorts (n = 70). Thirty patients who received DAA therapy for severe sepsis underwent one or more contemporaneous surgical procedures. These were compared with 70 DAA patients who did not undergo surgery. During the course of DAA administration, transfusion of greater than three units of blood, an intracranial hemorrhage, or other bleeding serious adverse event were qualified as bleeding complications. Overall, we identified seven patients who fulfilled the designated bleeding complication criteria, four in the surgical cohort, and three in the nonsurgical cohort. There was no significant difference in the rate of bleeding complications between surgical and nonsurgical cohorts (P = 0.1063). Moreover, there were no mortalities ascribed to bleeding and there were no intracranial hemorrhage events. All bleeding complications were due to a drop in hemoglobin or platelets only, and were treated with transfusion. Our experience demonstrates that there is an equivalent risk of bleeding for surgical patients treated with DAA compared with nonsurgical patients. Additionally, all bleeding complications were amenable to simple transfusion.
Conclusion: Policy Prescriptions for a Brave New World

If the various threats and influences outlined in the previous six chapters are taken seriously, then it is evident that notions of national and international security will have to be reformulated and extended beyond the strictures of conventional political thinking. As noted in the Introduction, traditional spatial conceptions of security – defined in terms of territorial sovereignty and a clear internal/external, military/ non military ‘division of labour’ – simply do not work in response to the GAP challenges of today. Threats are often internal but typically have external ramifications. They tend to cross military, law and order and civilian jurisdictions and, in many cases, have debilitating effects that directly feed off one another.
Electronic and Nuclear States

Abstract The marriage of special relativity and quantum mechanics led to the theory of the electron in which “spin” is a quantum effect. With the set of quantum numbers n, l, ml, and ms, now on sound theoretical ground, the structure of the Periodic Table of the Elements is fully explained. The Hamiltonian for the many-electron problem is set up in general, with the interaction between the electrons grouped together as a perturbation term for the one-electron Hamiltonian of Bohr. The correction to the ground state of helium is explored on theoretical grounds and examined on the basis of known electron ionization energies. The ionization comparison is used to obtain experimental values of the electron–electron energy to the lithium atom. The first excited state of helium is also examined. The 2p orbitals obtained from the Schrodinger equation are independent of the angle ϕ. To give direction to orbitals, the hybrid orbitals 2px and 2py are constructed along the respective axes. These hybrid orbitals, in turn, are used to construct the hybrid bonding orbitals sp, sp2, and sp3. The valence bond and molecular orbital theories of chemical bonding are discussed and compared. The Huckel molecular orbital theory is used to characterize the electronic states of benzene. The Einstein transition model for electron between states is solved for the steady state, leading to Planck's law of radiation. The last part of this chapter is devoted to the structure of the nucleus. The relationships between forces and particles are discussed in detail. The Eightfold Way and the Standard Model are discussed in terms of a periodic table of the nucleons.
Online self-disclosure

Technological innovations are increasingly helping people expand their social capital through online networks by offering new opportunities for sharing personal information. Online social networks are perceived to provide individuals new benefits and have led to a surge of personal data uploaded, stored, and shared. While privacy concerns are a major issue for many users of social networking sites, studies have shown that their information disclosing behavior does not align with their concerns. This gap between behavior and concern is called the privacy paradox. Several theories have been explored to explain this, but with inconsistent and incomplete results. This study investigates the paradox using a construal level theory lens. We show how a privacy breach, not yet experienced and psychologically distant, has less weight in everyday choices than more concrete and psychologically-near social networking activities and discuss the implications for research and practice. An explanation of the information privacy paradox using Construal Level Theory.Intentions mediate the relationship between privacy concerns and self-disclosure behavior.Social Rewards predict online behavior through near-future intentions.Privacy Concerns relate to distant-future intentions, but do not directly affect the online behavior.Privacy concerns indirectly affect online behavior through near-future intentions.
Microbiological Quality of Cream-Type Pies During Processing.

In-line samples of crust, filling and topping were collected from pies being prepared by all U.S. firms making frozen cream-type pies for interstate distribution. All firms adhered to Good Manufacturing Practices, as determined by visual inspection. Geometric mean aerobic plate count values were generally low for crust, filling and topping, ranging from 49 CFU/g for topping containing dairy ingredients as it was deposited onto the pie filling to 2400 CFU/g for filling containing dairy ingredients as it was deposited into the crust of the pie. Geometric mean coliform, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus values were generally lower than the limits of detection, which were 3/g for coliforms and E. coli and 10/g for S. aureus .
Protecting Plastic: Credit Card Fraud in Historical Perspective

This chapter offers a glimpse at the early history of credit card fraud in the USA. It argues that fraud became prevalent when travel and bank card issuers disembedded cards from their original department store context. It then provides three interrelated frameworks for understanding the challenges fraud posed to issuers—as a network problem, a cultural problem, and a legal problem. Though travel and bank card firms eventually overcame these challenges, card fraud continued (and continues) to plague the industry, suggesting fraud may be endemic to payment card systems.
Descriptions of Two New Species of Ecdytolopha Zeller, 1875 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), One from the Southwestern U.S. and One from Venezuela, with Comments on Ecdytolopha Barcodes

Abstract. The genus Ecdytolopha Zeller, 1875 includes 14 described species whose geographic distributions encompass most of temperate North America and a large part of the northern Neotropics. Two new species are described: Ecdytolopha nigrita Brown, new species, from southeastern Arizona, U.S.A.; and Ecdytolopha meridana Brown, new species, from Merida, Venezuela. A neighbor-joining tree based on COI sequences of Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zeller, E. mana (Kearfott), E. occidentana Adamski and Brown, E. nigrita, and E. fabivora (Meyrick) is presented. Although percent divergence within species is typical for Lepidoptera, divergences between species of Ecdytolopha are fairly large, with the most similar pair (i.e., E. insiticiana and E. mana) 9.1% different.
Enhancing the Acylation Activity of Acetic Acid by Formation of an Intermediate Aromatic Ester.

Acylation is an effective C-C bond-forming reaction to condense acetic acid and lignin-derived aromatic compounds into acetophenones, valuable precursors to fuels and chemicals. However, acetic acid is intrinsically an ineffective acylating agent. Here, we report that its acylation activity can be greatly enhanced by forming intermediate aromatic esters directly derived from acetic acid and phenolic compounds. Additionally, the acylation reaction was studied in the liquid phase over acid zeolites and was found to happen in two steps: 1) formation of an acylium ion and 2) C-C bond formation between the acylium ion and the aromatic substrate. Each of these steps may be rate-limiting, depending on the type of acylating agent and the aromatic substrate. Oxygen-containing substituents, such as -OH and -OCH3 , can activate aromatic substrates for step 2, with -OH> -OCH3 , whereas alkyl substituent -R cannot. At the same time, aromatic esters can rearrange to acetophenones by both an intramolecular pathway and, preferentially, an intermolecular one.
A qualitative examination of factors shaping high and low exposures to hazardous air pollutants among Hispanic households in Miami

ABSTRACTHispanic residents suffer disproportionately from exposure to toxic pollution hazards, but little is known about why some Hispanic residents live in high-risk neighbourhoods while others are protected from similar risks. This study uses comparative interview-based methods to further understanding of Hispanic people’s residential decision-making and their associated exposures to hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in the Miami Metropolitan Statistical Area (Florida), which is home to one of the most diverse Hispanic populations in the U.S. We use 22 in-depth interviews conducted with Hispanic householders living at high and low risk to HAPs, selected from a larger representative phone survey of 650 local residents. For Hispanic households at high risk, economic constraints, family ties, desiring a central location, a sense of community, and comfort in a shared culture contributed to their residences in high risk locations. In contrast, protective factors for Hispanic households living at low risk inclu...