cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fifty Shades of Sexual Health and BDSM Identity Messaging: A Thematic Analysis of the Fifty Shades Series

The Fifty Shades book series is immensely popular, highly sexually explicit, and may offer an opportunity for sexual health education among readers. Past research has examined some of the messaging in the series from a variety of frameworks, but has not examined messages specific to sexual and reproductive health. Utilizing thematic analysis, the current paper aimed to examine the sexual health and BDSM (Bondage, Dominance, Sadism/Submission, Masochism) identity messaging presented within the Fifty Shades series in relation to optimal sexual well-being in the context of partnered sexual relationships. Sexual scenes (n = 44) revealed the following sexual health messages: sexual desire, orgasm, approach and avoidance goals, sexual and intimate communication, consent, contraception, and sexual/physical exploration. Trauma induced stigma and psychopathology were two additional themes identified specific to BDSM identities and practices. The findings are discussed within the context of the current sexuality literature, and opportunities for using the series as sexual health education are explored.
STRATEGIC RATIONALITY, SINCERE RATIONALITY, AND BOUNDED RATIONALITY ON THE U. S. SUPREME COURT: HOW CAN WE TELL THE DIFFERENCE? *

The recent judicial politics literature on the U.S. Supreme Court often presumes that the justices engage in "strategic" behavior. In particular, scholars are increasingly describing justices as making choices at the early stages of the Court's decision-making process that are intended to achieve their most-preferred outcomes at the final stage; the baseline comparison is usually taken to be the justices' non-strategic, or "sincere," behavior. However, this literature has paid insufficient attention to the fundamental conceptual problems of what strategic and sincere behavior should be expected to look like; that is; in an empirical study, how could we actually tell the difference? An important complicating factor is that assumptions can be made about how much information the justices have about other justices' most-preferred policies; it turns out that these informational assumptions can have a major impact on the kinds of behavior that should be expected from strategic justices. In thes paper, we explicate the concept of "strategic behavior" under conditions of both "perfect information" and "imperfect information" for the U.S. Supreme Court. We also explicate the concepts of "sincere rationality" and "bounded rationality" on the Court and explore the implications for judicial behavior. For each of these four sets of assumptions, we discuss what kinds of judicial behavior should be empirically observed. If these theoretical expectations are not taken into account in empirical research, tests of theories of what is alleged to be "strategically rational" behavior on the Court may be muddled and potentially misleading.
Characterization of Fouled Flat Sheet Membranes by Infrared Thermography

An Infrared thermography (IRT) technique for characterization of fouling on membrane surface has been developed. The emitted spectral power from the fouled membrane is a function of emissivity and surface morphology. In this work, a FLIR A320 IR camera was used to measure surface temperature and emissivity. The surface temperature and the corresponding emissivity value of various areas on the fouled membrane surface is measured by the infrared camera and recorded alongside its thermogram. Different fouling experiments were performed using different concentrations of aluminum oxide nanoparticle mixed with deionized water as feed solution (333 ppm, 1833 ppm and 3333 ppm) so as to investigate the effect of feed concentration on the degree of fouling and thus its effect on the emissivity values measured on the membrane surfaces. Surface plots in 3D and Line plots are obtained for the measured emissivity values and thickness of the fouling deposit on the membrane surface respectively. The results indicate that the IRT technique is sensitive to changes that occur on the membrane surface due to deposition of contaminants on the membrane surface and that emissivity is a function of temperature, surface roughness and thickness of the specimen under investigation.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The Transmission of Rhus Poison from Plant to Person Rhus Diversiloba T. and G.

Poison oak (Rhus diversiloba T. and G.), like its near relative poison ivy (Rhus toxicodendron L.), contains an irritant poison which is capable of affecting the human face so as to cause great discomfort and make recognition impossible. The poison affects different persons differently. Some assert themselves immune, others are poisoned by contact with the plant, and yet others believe that merely to pass the plant in an automobile is sufficient to give rise to an attack of poisoning. Believers in the toxicity of poison oak may be divided into 2 classes, those who believe the poison to be a gas, and those who consider contact with some part of the plant necessary for infection. These factions obviously cannot be reconciled. The following experiments were carried out to ascertain which opinion is correct.
Myrothecium Striatisporum: Its Occurrence in Arkansas Soil and its Cellulolytic Activity

In studies of the soil microflora in crop-rotation plots at Nodena, Arkansas, isolates of a fungus tentatively identified as M,yrotheciun1 striatisporum Preston were recovered from 5 different plots. This species was described by Preston (1948) from an isolate recovered from soil in New Zealand. Deighton (1954) reported the occurrence of M. striatisporum on rice in Sierra Leone in 1952 and Petersen (1960) isolated the fungus from soil of the south Pacific island of Moorea. We have not been able to find any reference to the occurrence of M. striatisporum, in the United States. For this reason, and because of the extensive use of the closely related M. verriucaria (Alb. & Schw.) Ditm. in experimental work on cellulose decomposition, it was decided to verify the identity of the Myrothecium isolates and to determine their cellulolytic activity.
Key Technologies in Lossless Ethernet Networks

Before converging Ethernet in data centers,it is necessary to improve the performance of existing Ethernet so that low-delay,lossless enhanced Ethernet can be achieved.In this paper,we introduce the key technologies in lossless Ethernet networks,including quantized congestion notification,priority-based flow control,enhanced transmission selection,and data-center bridging exchange.We analyze protocol compatibility between these technologies and predict the future of these technologies.Lossless Ethernet technologies are central in creating low-delay,lossless data-center networks and will be supported in all future data-center products.
Icing Thickness Measuring Based on Improved Canny Operator

Transmission line icing threat the safe operation of the grid seriously. In order to monitor the transmission line icing conditions reliably, using the optimal threshold gray segmentation and Canny edge detection technology, put forward an icing thickness measurement method based on improved Canny operator. First, use the optimal threshold gray segmentation to determine the Canny high threshold Th, which play a decisive role in edge detection; and use the corresponding relation to determine low threshold Tl, which Play a supplemental role in edge detection, Canny operator can be achieved automatically identify conductor icing thickness within the target area. Finally, verify the method of validity and accuracy by processing the scene icing image and analog test image, provide a reference for engineering application.
Physician-Assisted Suicide and the Right to Care.

In the same week that Dr Jack Kevorkian was acquitted for assisting in two suicides in Michigan,[1] the US Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit made a more critical judgment. On March 6, 1996, that federal court found that Washington State's law prohibiting physician-assisted suicide was unconstitutional.[2] Overturning their colleagues who sat on a three-judge Court of Appeals panel,[3] the full Circuit decided 8-3 that there is a constitutional right to die. For the majority, Judge Stephen Reinhardt wrote that:
Isolation of Mycobacterium Species Genomic DNA

A myriad of methods has been reported for the isolation of genomic DNA from Mycobacterium spp.; some methods use mechanical disruption of the bacterial cells, whereas others use some form of chemical or enzymatic lysis. Regardless of the approach, the end points remain efficient breaking of the complex mycobacterial cell wall and release of high-quality DNA that is suitable for manipulation and analyses by molecular genetic techniques. This chapter providers detailed methods for the large and small isolation of mycobacterial genomic DNA.
Juvenile Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Four cases of JFALS in a family, with mean age at onset of 15.7 years and exceptionally long survival (mean, 27 years), are reported from the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City.
The Equity Mix in Executive Compensation: An Investigation of Cross-Country Differences

Why do firms from some countries use no equity in the compensation mix, while others use amounts equivalent to that observed in the U.S.? We examine this issue by investigating compensation data from 317 firms in 43 countries over the 1996 to 2000 period. We find that firms from countries with equity-oriented capital markets, and from countries where shareholder rights are strong, tend to use more equity in the compensation mix. After controlling for these country-level macro-factors, we also find that firms with higher growth opportunities use more equity in the compensation mix. This is consistent with the predictions of contracting theory. However, unlike previous findings for U.S. firms, equity compensation for the foreign firms in our sample is unrelated to proxies for asset substitution, event risk, firm size, or the difficulty in monitoring a firm's activities.
Reducing the Functionality Gap Between Auto-Vectorization and Explicit Vectorization Compress/Expand and Histogram

Explicit vectorization of C/C++ and FORTRAN application pro- grams are pioneered by Intel® Cilk™ Plus and then inherited and enhanced by OpenMP 4.0 and 4.5 standardization. There is a known functionality gap, where some auto-vectorizable code does not have adequate syntax support for explicit vector programming. In this paper, we propose and discuss a few syntax extensions to reduce the gap for compress/expand and histogram idioms, which are commonly seen in high performance computing.
Everybody’s Going Surfing: The Third Circuit Approves the Warrantless Use of Internet Tracking Devices in United States v. Stanley

On June 11, 2014, in United States v. Stanley, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held that the warrantless use of a tracking device to detect the location of a wireless signal was not a search in violation of the Fourth Amendment. The court reasoned that because the defendant was using his neighbor’s open wireless network, the defendant did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy. The court’s reasoning was based on a belief that the use of an open wireless network, which is not password protected, is “likely illegal.” This comment argues that the Third Circuit erred in refusing to recognize the applicability of the test for “sense-enhancing devices” derived from the 2001 U.S. Supreme Court decision Kyllo v. United States. Further, the Third Circuit’s holding imperils an activity that many law-abiding citizens engage in daily.
Case Study: Differences in social behaviors and mortality among piglets housed in alternative lactational systems

Farrowing crate alternatives allow greater sow locomotion and behavioral expression but may affect piglet welfare. This study compared productivity and piglet behavior in 3 lactational housing systems: a pen (PN, n = 30); a closed crate (CC, n = 19); and a hinged crate (OC, n = 19). Until piglets reached 2 wk of age, CC and OC were identical with sows fixed in a crate within a pen (CRT). After 2 wk, OC sows were released. At 27 d of age, 2 female and 2 male pigs per litter were observed separately in an exploratory behavior test and a different, but equivalent, set of 4 pigs were observed with an unfamiliar pig in a social test. In the social test, PN (P < 0.001) and CC (P = 0.02) pigs spent longer in nonaggressive touch than OC pigs. Housing also affected pig productivity. Prior to d 15, pig weight was 9% and daily gain was 7% greater in CRT than PN (both, P < 0.001). Concurrently, PN mortality (27%) was greater than CRT (13%; P = 0.006). However, from d 16 to weaning, pig weight (P = 0.55), gain (P = 0.75), and mortality (P = 0.98) did not differ between systems. Overall, housing had little effect on piglet behavior but affected productivity and welfare. Pigs from the PN treatment had decreased early growth and increased mortality, but pigs from OC and CC crates did not differ. In sum, although limited to the study farm, the findings of this investigation suggest that the OC crate appears to provide the best balance of the sow and piglet needs.
Muriel’s Claims on Psychoanalysis (and Me)

ABSTRACTThis essay memorializes Muriel Dimen and her creative and generative claims on the future of psychoanalysis. The essay goes over her early ideas about gender and sexuality as well as her keen feminist analyses of the everyday that continue to fuel my own standards as a feminist psychoanalytic theorist.
A Relational View of Accounting Information Sharing.

Today’s organizations are characterized by a network of relationships with various customers and suppliers. As such, the critical resources leading to competitive advantage may no longer reside within a firm’s own boundaries and instead be a part of the network of relationships. This perspective, known as the relational view of the firm, suggests that a firm’s critical resources may be embedded in the routines and processes associated with inter-firm relationships. One such inter-firm process is the sharing of accounting information. Using the relational view of the firm, this study develops a research model with three antecedent factors of accounting information-sharing (electronic integration systems, trust, and knowledge-sharing routines) which can lead to benefits associated with inter-organizational competitive advantage. We find that the factors of trust and knowledge-sharing have direct effects on accounting information-sharing, while the factor of electronic integration has an indirect effect through the enabling of knowledge-sharing routines.
Care of the critically ill surgical patient (CCrISP)

The CCrISP course is taught by the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Designed to develop skills that are necessary in the management of critically ill patients, it integrates knowledge, practical skills, communication, and leadership. The course aims to instil a system of assessment, institute basic treatment, and recognise when and who to call for help when faced with a critically ill surgical patient. All surgical trainees are encouraged …
Les femmes musulmanes et le « droit de choisir librement »

Tout en soulignant qu’il s’avere illusoire de vouloir separer les situations personnelles des conditions historiques et politiques de leur emergence, cet article propose une reflexion critique de la notion de libre choix, que l’auteure inscrit dans un reseau de facteurs macrosociaux tels que les tensions internationales ou encore la violence et la pauvrete structurelles. La notion de « libre choix » possede une charge ideologique qui se reflete dans la distinction souvent etablie entre les femmes occidentales liberees et la femme musulmane depourvue de libre choix et victime passive de l’oppression patriarcale. Le libre choix tend aujourd’hui a (re)devenir un critere discriminatoire permettant de distinguer les societes les « plus civilisees » (choix et liberte pour les « Occidentales ») de celles qui le sont moins (contrainte et servitude pour les « Orientales »). La violation du libre choix des femmes peut alors contribuer a legitimer l’intervention des industries humanitaire et militaire pour « sauver les musulmanes », comme cela a ete le cas dans la guerre d’Afghanistan, a la suite des evenements tragiques du 11 septembre 2001. Qui a le pouvoir de reduire « l’Autre », et particulierement les musulmanes, a des sujets assujettis incapables d’emerger comme sujets agissants ? Des musulmanes souffrent d’un libre choix limite, mais ceci est-il reductible a l’islam ? Le libre choix des Occidentales releve-t-il d’un ideal fantasme ? Faudrait-il plutot investiguer la notion de libre choix dans sa complexite intrinseque reliee aux relations de pouvoir ? Reduire les vies poignantes et tellement complexes des femmes musulmanes a une question de choix plus ou moins libre et eclaire est d’une totale insatisfaction pour l’anthropologue. Afin de mieux saisir cette complexite, l’auteure puise dans son travail ethnographique s’echelonnant sur une vingtaine d’annees en milieu rural egyptien pour souligner l’importance du travail (micro)ethnographique qui permet de depasser les generalites et les simplicites galvaudees par certains medias et romans a sensation (« pulp nonfiction ») qui font et defont l’opinion publique. L’auteure compare ces generalites essentialisantes avec des exemples de vies socialement complexes et ethnographiquement riches de villageoises egyptiennes.
Marie Curie, Ethics and Research

Recently Chemistry and Engineering News (Bard, Prestwich, Wight, Heller, & Zimmerman, 2010) carried a series of commentaries on the culture of academic research in chemistry with a focus on the role of funding in research. Initially, Alan Bard decried how decisions about tenure seem more and more to focus on grant getting rather than consideration of the applicant’s accomplishments generated because of access to this funding. Bard argued further that often this funding was based, not on the quality of the proposed research but on a researcher’s ability to “hype their research” and damming truth in the process (Bard et al., 2010, p. 27). According to him, there was a disturbing trend in universities for researchers to be encouraged, almost expected, to generate patents and from there, even to be involved in initiating “start up” companies. Other researchers responded.
Recent Studies on the Metabolic Defect in Tangier Disease

Tangier disease is a rare familial dyslipoproteinemia characterized by hypocholesterolemia, moderate hypertriglyceridemia, abnormal chylomicron remnants, low levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL), and a marked deficiency of high density lipoproteins (HDL) (1–4). Clinically these patients are characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, recurrent transient neuropathy, lymphadenopa-thy, and orange tonsils (1–4). The characteristic apolipoprotein profile present in Tangier disease is a severe reduction in apolipoproteins (apo) A-I and apoA-II. Previous studies have established that the reduced plasma levels of apoA-I and apoA-II in Tangier disease are due to increased catabolism rather than reduced synthesis of the A-I and A-II apolipoproteins (5). In the present report, we will review our recent studies on the molecular defect in Tangier disease.
Practical Use of the Information-Theoretic Approach

Model building and data analysis in the biological sciences somewhat presupposes that the person has some advanced education in the quantitative sciences, and statistics in particular. This requirement also implies that a person has substantial knowledge of statistical hypothesis-testing approaches. Such people, including ourselves over the past several years, often find it difficult to understand the information-theoretic approach, only because it is conceptually so very different from the testing approach that is so familiar. Relatively speaking, the concepts and practical use of the information-theoretic approach are much simpler than those of statistical hypothesis testing, and very much simpler than some of the various Bayesian approaches to data analysis (e.g., Laud and Ibrahim 1995 and Carlin and Chib 1995).
Einige Lücken in Grünbaums Kritik der Psychoanalyse

In seinem Buch Die Grundlagen der Psychoanalyse liefert Grunbaum die bis heute erschopfendste und starkste Kritik der Psychoanalyse. Grunbaum attackiert sowohl die hermeneutischen Interpretationen der Psychoanalyse als auch Interpretationen, in denen die Psychoanalyse als Wissenschaft behandelt wird. Seine Strategie ist eindeutig. Wenn er beide Verteidigungsrichtungen zerstort, dann gibt es fur die Psychoanalyse keinen Platz mehr; sie verliert notgedrungen jede Legitimitat oder den grosten Teil davon. In einem einfuhrenden Kapitel weist Grunbaum die hermeneutische Schule vernichtend zuruck und kritisiert dann eingehend, das die Psychoanalyse einen wissenschaftlichen Status fur sich beansprucht.
Regional employment and housing impacts of tax increment financing districts

This paper estimates the impacts of tax increment financing (TIF) districts on employment and residential development in Polk County, Iowa, using quasi-experimental methods. A spatially lagged-adju...
FirePerf: FPGA-Accelerated Full-System Hardware/Software Performance Profiling and Co-Design

Achieving high-performance when developing specialized hardware/software systems requires understanding and improving not only core compute kernels, but also intricate and elusive system-level bottlenecks. Profiling these bottlenecks requires both high-fidelity introspection and the ability to run sufficiently many cycles to execute complex software stacks, a challenging combination. In this work, we enable agile full-system performance optimization for hardware/software systems with FirePerf, a set of novel out-of-band system-level performance profiling capabilities integrated into the open-source FireSim FPGA-accelerated hardware simulation platform. Using out-of-band call stack reconstruction and automatic performance counter insertion, FirePerf enables introspecting into hardware and software at appropriate abstraction levels to rapidly identify opportunities for software optimization and hardware specialization, without disrupting end-to-end system behavior like traditional profiling tools. We demonstrate the capabilities of FirePerf with a case study that optimizes the hardware/software stack of an open-source RISC-V SoC with an Ethernet NIC to achieve 8x end-to-end improvement in achievable bandwidth for networking applications running on Linux. We also deploy a RISC-V Linux kernel optimization discovered with FirePerf on commercial RISC-V silicon, resulting in up to 1.72x improvement in network performance.
The impact of surgery refusal on thyroid cancer survival: a SEER-based analysis.

In the current era of de-escalation of surgical treatment for low-risk thyroid cancer, it is important to ensure that the natural history of thyroid cancer is as benign as has been suggested previously. We therefore compared the impact of surgery refusal and surgery on disease-specific survival (DSS) in patients with local or regional, papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Local and regional stage PTC patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (1988–2015) were included. Cox proportional hazard modeling and propensity score matching were conducted to evaluate DSS. There were 45,136 patients who received surgery and 146 patients who had surgery recommended but refused. Adjusted analysis showed a significantly better DSS for the surgery group compared with the refusal group (HRadj: 3.07 (95% CI: 1.54–6.11). After stratification for stage, no statistically significant difference in DSS was found (HRadj: 3.03 (0.89–10.35) when including only local stage PTC. Propensity matching showed a 10-year DSS of 94.0% (95% CI: 87.7–97.1%) and 96.4% (95% CI: 93.2–98.1%) for the refusal and surgery group (p = 0.060). Propensity matching of local stage PTC showed a 10-year DSS of 96.7% (95% CI: 89.9–98.9%) and 100%, respectively (p = 0.002). Although no significant difference in survival was found between surgery and no surgery in local stage PTC, a 3.3% improvement of 10-year DSS was found in the surgery group. Overall, these results suggest that local stage PTC has a benign natural history, and that conservative management strategies such as active surveillance may be appropriate.
Optimal Imaging Strategy for Suspected Acute Cranial Shunt Failure: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Objective: We compared cost-effectiveness of cranial computed tomography (CT), fast sequence magnetic resonance imaging (fsMRI), and ultra sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter, for suspected acute shunt failure, from a healthcare organizational perspective. Methods: We modeled 4 diagnostic imaging strategies: 1) CT scan; 2) fsMRI; 3) screening optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) using point of …
Familial factors may not explain the effect of moderate‐to‐heavy cannabis use on cognitive functioning in adolescents: a sibling‐comparison study

Aims To examine whether moderate adolescent cannabis use has neurocognitive effects that are unexplained by familial confounds, which prior family-controlled studies may not have identified. Design A quasi-experimental, sibling-comparison design was applied to a prospective, observational study of adolescents with moderate cannabis use. Participants were recruited from 2001 to 2006 (mean age = 17 years). A second wave of data was collected from 2008 to 2013 (mean age = 24 years). Setting Two US metropolitan communities. Participants A total of 1192 adolescents from 596 families participated in this study. Participants were primarily male (64%) and racially and ethnically diverse (non-Hispanic white = 45%). A sibling in each family was a clinical proband identified due to delinquent behaviors. Whereas prior family-controlled studies have used samples of primarily infrequent cannabis users (mean = 1-2 days/month), participants here endorsed levels of cannabis use comparable to findings from epidemiological cohort studies (mean = 7-9 days/month). Measurements Semi-structured clinical interviews assessed drug use, and a neuropsychological battery assessed cognitive abilities. Covariates included age at assessment, gender and alcohol use. Findings After correcting for multiple testing, a greater frequency and earlier onset of regular cannabis use were associated with poorer cognitive performance, specifically on tests of verbal memory. Further, after accounting for familial factors shared by siblings and alcohol use, poorer verbal memory performance was still associated with greater life-time frequency of cannabis use at wave 1 [b = -0.007 (-0.002, -0.012), adjusted P = 0.036]; earlier cannabis use at wave 2 [b = -0.12 (-0.05, -0.19), adjusted P = 0.006; b = -0.14 (-0.06, -0.23), adjusted P = 0.006]; and greater frequency of past 6 months use at wave 2 [b = -0.02 (-0.01, -0.03), adjusted P = 0.002; b = -0.02 (-0.01, -0.03), adjusted P = 0.008]. Conclusions Moderate adolescent cannabis use may have adverse effects on cognitive functioning, specifically verbal memory, that cannot be explained by familial factors.
Student-To-Workforce Pipeline: Are Your Faculties' Future Cloudy?

With the leverage of funding and academia-industry partnership for broader impact and student success, Miami Dade College created new educational pathways in cloud computing, which are unique in its state. The Dade Enterprise Cloud Computing Initiative provides students with project-based learning opportunities and access to leading cloud technology, giving them a competitive advantage by strengthening academic offerings that lead to not only an academic credential, but also industry certifications to meet the workforce demand. In this Work-In-Progress paper, we highlight the key findings specifically related to teaching the cloud courses from a focus group with the faculty members.
Equilibrium of an Arbitrary Bunch Train in the Presence of Multiple Resonator Wake Fields.

A higher harmonic cavity (HHC), used to cause bunch lengthening for an increase in the Touschek lifetime, is a feature of several fourth generation synchrotron light sources. The desired bunch lengthening is complicated by the presence of required gaps in the bunch train. In a recent paper the author and Venturini studied the effect of various fill patterns by calculating the charge densities in the equilibrium state, through coupled Haissinski equations. We assumed that the only collective force was from the beam loading (wake field) of the harmonic cavity in its lowest mode. The present paper improves the notation and organization of the equations so as to allow an easy inclusion of multiple resonator wake fields. This allows one to study the effects of beam loading of the main accelerating cavity, higher order modes of the cavities, and short range geometric wakes represented by low-$Q$ resonators. As an example these effects are explored for ALS-U. The compensation of the induced voltage in the main cavity, achieved in practice by a feedback system, is modeled by adjustment of the generator voltage through a new iterative scheme. Except in the case of a complete fill, the compensated main cavity beam loading has a substantial effect on the bunch profiles and the Touschek lifetimes. A $Q=6$ resonator, approximating the effect of a realistic short range wake, is also consequential for the bunch forms.
Spatial variation in shared ride-hail trip demand and factors contributing to sharing: Lessons from Chicago

Abstract As ride-hailing becomes more common in cities, public agencies increasingly seek transportation network company (TNC) service data to understand (and potentially regulate) demand and service response. Despite the increase in ride-hailing or TNC demand and subsequent research into its determinants, there remains little research on shared TNC trips and the spatial distribution of trip demand across demographic and land use variables. Using Chicago as a case study, shared TNC trip data from 2019 was used to estimate the count and ratio of shared ride services, based on built environment, demographic, location, time of day, and trip details. Findings reveal that trip length, day of week designation, density of pedestrian and multi-modal infrastructure, and underlying socioeconomic characteristics of the origin zones influence the proportion and count of shared ride-hail trips. Of concern is that those using transit or active modes may be taking more ride-hailing trips, but these Chicago-region results indicate that the provision of pedestrian infrastructure and remoteness to transit stops result in fewer shared trips.
Preliminary exploration of molybdenum isotope fractionation during coprecipitation of molybdate with abiotic and microbial calcite

Abstract Molybdenum isotopes in marine carbonates have been proposed to track the redox conditions of oceans through time. Large variations of Mo concentration and isotopic composition were observed in primary biogenic carbonates and shallow-water carbonate sediments from modern oceans. However, it remains unknown whether the abiotic calcium carbonate precipitation process fractionates Mo isotopes and affects Mo isotopic composition in marine carbonates. To better understand carbonate Mo isotope proxy, we conducted abiotic calcite coprecipitation experiment to determine Mo partition coefficient in calcite and Mo isotope fractionation during molybdate incorporation into calcite. We also investigated Mo isotopic compositions in microbial calcite induced by photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria and diatoms in the surface water of Fayetteville Green Lake (FGL), New York, USA. Our calcite coprecipitation experiment, for the first time, determined the Mo partition coefficient K d = Mo Ca calcite / MoO 4 2 − CO 3 2 − solution = 1.49 × 10−5 in calcite at pH ~8.3. We observed a relatively small Mo isotope fractionation of 0.15 ± 0.06‰ with light Mo isotopes preferentially incorporated into calcite. The Mo isotope fractionation observed in our experiment most likely results from equilibrium isotope fractionation among different Mo species and preferential incorporation of the isotopically light Mo(VI) species (MoO42−) into calcite. Microbial calcite formed in FGL fractionated Mo isotopes in the same direction as abiotic calcite coprecipitation experiment but with significantly larger isotope fractionations (0.82–2.45‰) and significantly higher Mo concentrations (0.04–0.28 ppm vs. the inferred 0.002 ppm Mo from our abiotic calcite coprecipitation experiment). Molybdenum isotopic composition decreased with Mn/Fe ratios from +1.56 to −0.07‰, suggesting that Fe and Mn oxides dominantly control Mo isotope fractionation in these microbial calcite samples. Additionally, isotopically light Mo associated with organic matter (e.g., live or dead microorganisms like cyanobacteria) might also contribute to the light Mo isotopic composition in microbial calcite. The relatively small Mo isotope fractionation (0.15 ± 0.06‰) and Mo partition coefficient (1.49 × 10−5) in our abiotic calcite coprecipitation experiment indicate that calcite precipitation process has negligible effects on Mo isotopic composition in primary biogenic calcite precipitates. In contrast, Mo associated with organic matter, detrital particles, and Fe and Mn oxides, and carbonate diagenesis strongly affect Mo isotopic compositions in calcium carbonate precipitates in nature. Caution should be taken when applying Mo isotopes in ancient carbonates rocks to track seawater redox conditions.
The impact of thermal history on the structure of glycylalanylglycine ethanol/water gels

This work revisits several open questions regarding the mechanisms of GAG fibril formation and structure as a function of temperature. The authors recently hypothesized that there is a solubility limit of GAG in ethanol/water that induces self-assembly. In other words, not all peptides can participate in fibrillization and some fraction is still soluble in solution. We show via FTIR spectroscopy that, indeed, free peptides are still present in solution after fibril formation, strongly supporting the solubility model. Furthermore, previous work showed GAG self-assembled into right-handed (phase I) or left-handed (phase II) chiral structures depending on temperature. In this study, we analyze the crystalline structure of phase I and II gels via WAXS and SAXS to compare their crystalline structures and order. Rheological measurements were used to investigate the response of the fibrillar network to temperature. They reveal that the ability of the peptide to self-assemble depends on the solubility at a given temperature and not on thermal history. Furthermore, the gel softening point, the linear viscoelastic gel microstructure, and relaxation spectrum are very similar between phase I and phase II. Overall, the temperature only affects the chirality of the fibrils and the formation kinetics.
Evaluating evaluation frameworks: a scoping review of frameworks for assessing health apps.

Objectives Despite an estimated 300 000 mobile health apps on the market, there remains no consensus around helping patients and clinicians select safe and effective apps. In 2018, our team drew on existing evaluation frameworks to identify salient categories and create a new framework endorsed by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). We have since created a more expanded and operational framework Mhealth Index and Navigation Database (MIND) that aligns with the APA categories but includes objective and auditable questions (105). We sought to survey the existing space, conducting a review of all mobile health app evaluation frameworks published since 2018, and demonstrate the comprehensiveness of this new model by comparing it to existing and emerging frameworks. Design We conducted a scoping review of mobile health app evaluation frameworks. Data sources References were identified through searches of PubMed, EMBASE and PsychINFO with publication date between January 2018 and October 2020. Eligibility criteria Papers were selected for inclusion if they meet the predetermined eligibility criteria—presenting an evaluation framework for mobile health apps with patient, clinician or end user-facing questions. Data extraction and synthesis Two reviewers screened the literature separately and applied the inclusion criteria. The data extracted from the papers included: author and dates of publication, source affiliation, country of origin, name of framework, study design, description of framework, intended audience/user and framework scoring system. We then compiled a collection of more than 1701 questions across 79 frameworks. We compared and grouped these questions using the MIND framework as a reference. We sought to identify the most common domains of evaluation while assessing the comprehensiveness and flexibility—as well as any potential gaps—of MIND. Results New app evaluation frameworks continue to emerge and expand. Since our 2019 review of the app evaluation framework space, more frameworks include questions around privacy (43) and clinical foundation (57), reflecting an increased focus on issues of app security and evidence base. The majority of mapped frameworks overlapped with at least half of the MIND categories. The results of this search have informed a database (apps.digitalpsych.org) that users can access today. Conclusion As the number of app evaluation frameworks continues to rise, it is becoming difficult for users to select both an appropriate evaluation tool and to find an appropriate health app. This review provides a comparison of what different app evaluation frameworks are offering, where the field is converging and new priorities for improving clinical guidance.
'Race, Racism, and American Law: A Seminar from the Indigenous, Black, and Immigrant Legal Perspectives'

Flagrant racism has characterized the Trump era from the onset. Beginning with the 2016 presidential campaign, Trump has inflamed long-festering racial wounds and unleashed white supremacist reaction to the nation’s first black President, in the process destabilizing our sense of the nation’s racial progress and upending core principles of legality, equality, and justice. As law professors, we sought to rise to these challenges and prepare the next generation of lawyers to succeed in a different and more polarized future. Our shared commitment resulted in a new course, “Race, Racism, and American Law,” in which we sought to explore the roots of race and racism and the legal system’s treatment of Native Americans, African-Americans, and immigrants. While we remain uncertain of the success or efficacy of our efforts, this article describes the course, our approach, and some lessons we learned in hopes of promoting additional thought, discussion, and work toward eradicating racism. Perhaps most importantly, our experience demonstrated the limits of traditional legal pedagogy to effectively address these topics. Instead, we found that new approaches—relying on personal disclosure, collaboration, and work across the arbitrary divisions between areas of the law—provided firmer bases for empowering our students to deal with and move beyond America’s ongoing legacy of race and racism.
Predictive value of the Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire-7 for identifying obstructive Eustachian tube dysfunction: A systematic review

Objective To perform a systematic review to determine if a total score of ≥14.5 (mean score ≥ 2.1) on the ETDQ-7 accurately identifies patients with obstructive Eustachian tube dysfunction (OETD) on impedance tympanometry (peak compliance <0.2 mL or middle ear pressure of -100 daPa) or other objective measures of OETD. Methods A systematic review without a meta-analysis was performed of studies in four electronic databases (Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus) that used the ETDQ-7 and at least one objective measure of OETD. Results Six-hundred and fifty-two studies were identified in the initial literature search. Abstracts from 337 studies were screened, followed by full-text review of 61 studies, and qualitative synthesis of 12 studies. Tympanometry was used as an objective measure in ten studies. Eight of the 12 included studies had patient cohort selection bias. Eight studies administered the ETDQ-7 in cohorts of patients with or without OETD, already confirmed on tympanometry, and found a sensitivity of 91%-100% and specificity of 67%-100%. Four studies administered the ETDQ-7 to patients who had not previously undergone objective testing and found a sensitivity of 49%-80% and specificity of 24%-78%. Conclusions The ETDQ-7 is an important patient-reported outcome measure. However, based upon existing literature, the ETDQ-7 appears limited as a diagnostic tool for OETD or as an objective measure of Eustachian tube function.
Single-level awake transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a Mayo Clinic institutional experience and national analysis.

OBJECTIVE Awake transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is a novel technique for performing spinal fusions in patients under conscious sedation. Whether awake TLIF can reduce operative times and decrease the hospital length of stay (LOS) remains to be shown. In this study, the authors sought to assess the differences in clinical outcomes between patients who underwent awake TLIF and those who underwent TLIF under general anesthesia by using institutional experience at the Mayo Clinic and the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. METHODS Chart review was performed for a consecutive series of patients who underwent single-level minimally invasive surgery (MIS)-TLIF performed by a single surgeon (K.A.I.) at a single institution. Additionally, the NSQIP database was queried from 2016 to 2019 for patients who underwent awake TLIF as well as propensity score-matched patients who underwent TLIF under general anesthesia. RESULTS A total of 20 patients at Mayo Clinic underwent awake single-level MIS-TLIF. The mean operative time was 122 ± 16.68 minutes, and the mean estimated blood loss was 39 ± 30.24 ml. No intraoperative complications were reported. A total of 96 patients who underwent TLIF (24 awake and 72 under general anesthesia) were analyzed from the NSQIP database. The mean LOS was less in the awake cohort (1.4 ± 1.381 days) than the general anesthesia cohort (3 ± 2.274 days) (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Evidence from the authors' institutional experience and national analysis has demonstrated that awake MIS-TLIF is efficient and can reduce hospital LOS.
Life Cycle of Parasites

A parasite is an organism that lives in or on a host, and gets its nutrition usually at the expense of its host. Pathogenic protozoa and helminths, affect millions of people worldwide. Parasite life cycles all involve the exploitation of one of more hosts and many are very complex. To design drugs to treat these parasites, it is important to know their specific life cycles. Listed in this article are a select group of parasites, the diseases they cause, and a brief description of their life cycles.
VCU-TASA — Tolerance Approach to Sensitivity Analysis

Consider the linear programming problem: 1. Maximize the objective function $$ Z = cx $$ 2. subject to constraints $$ Ax \leqslant b,x \leqslant 0 $$
Rapid decay of tumoricidal activity and loss of responsiveness to lymphokines in inflammatory macrophages.

The ability of inflammatory tissue macrophages harvested on glass coverslips implanted in the s.c. tissue of C57BL/6 mice to kill tumor cells in vitro has been examined. Macrophage present on coverslips implanted for less than 4 days are devoid of spontaneous tumoricidal activity but can be rendered cytotoxic for syngeneic and allogeneic tumor cells in vitro by incubation in vitro with lymphokines release by mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. Inflammatory macrophages on coverslips implanted for 4 to 7 days show significant spontaneous cytotoxicity for tumor cells in vitro, and their tumoricidal activity is further increased by additional incubation in vitro with lymphokines. With progression, the inflammatory macrophages harvested on coverslips implanted for longer than 7 days lack spontaneous cytotoxic activity and are also resistant to activation by lymphokines in vitro. These alterations in tumoricidal activity and responsiveness to lymphokines are accompanied by a marked reduction in the number of peroxidase-positive macrophages within the population, suggesting that maintenance of tumoricidal activity requires continuous influx of new peroxidase-positive macrophages from the circulation. Previously activated macrophages which have lost their tumoricidal activity and become refractory to reactivation by lymphokines in the extracellular environment can be reactivated by treatment in vitro with liposomes containing encapsulated lymphokines.
Effects of dietary protein-energy interrelationships on Holstein steer performance and ruminal bacterial fermentation in continuous culture

In vivo and in vitro 3 x 2 factorial experiments were conducted concurrently to evaluate the incorporation of 0, 15, or 30% sugar beet pulp (SBP) as an energy source in diets fed to growing Holstein steers with either soybean meal (SBM) or alcohol-treated, defatted soybean flakes (ATSBF) as primary supplemental protein sources. Three groups of 42 Holstein steers each were fed six different diets from 54 kg initial BW to 320 kg in three experimental periods. There were no overall SBP level x protein source interactions (P greater than .05). Beet pulp level tended to decrease ADG (linear, P = .05) and increase feed/gain (linear, P less than .05) and DMI (quadratic, P less than .05). Each grower diet was used in a substrate for ruminal microbial metabolism in six dual-flow, continuous-culture fermenters. Organic matter and carbohydrate digestion were similar (P greater than .05) among diets. Increasing dietary levels of SBP caused a concomitant increase (P less than .05) in acetate and decrease (P less than .05) in butyrate and isobutyrate concentrations. Beet pulp level x protein source interactions (P less than .05) were observed for CP degradation, ammonia and nonammonia N, and dietary N flow. Crude protein degradation was higher (P less than .05) for the 0% SBP with SBM diet (81.3%) than for the 30% SBP with ATSBF diet (64.4%). Efficiency of bacterial synthesis was similar (P greater than .05) among diets. Results indicated that SBP is an effective dietary energy source for high-energy grower diets at 15 or 30% of the DM but may cause a decrease in some performance traits. There were no nutritional benefits of using ATSBF vs SBM as the supplemental N source.
Group Practice in a University-Based General Pediatric Clinic: A Preliminary Report

The format for health-care delivery has changed from a solo to a group model at the General Pediatric Clinic of Chicago Wyler Children9s Hospital. Evaluation of the new model after the first year has demonstrated a significant improvement in the attitudes of house staff toward their experience in primary-care delivery.
A spin-parity test for four-pion resonances

A method is presented to help determine the spin-parities of zero-isospin meson resonances which are produced with no net polarization and which decay directly into four pions. The number of decay events is considered as a function of the angle between the planes of the two emerging dipions, and it is found that the form of this function depends somewhat on the spin-parity of the resonance. Results are given forJP=0±, 1±, 2± and 3−; each of the two admissible types of symmetries in the momenta, or energies, of the four pions is treated. Although some spin-parities are found to give the same type of angular dependence, the use of this method could eliminate certainJP assignments from consideration, for a given resonance.