cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Kiss Your Period Good-Bye”: Menstrual Suppression in the Popular Press

The purpose of this study was to analyze the content of popular press articles about menstrual suppression, a relatively new and controversial health care option. Twenty-two American and Canadian articles, published before the FDA approval of Seasonale, were coded for basic information about and indications for menstrual suppression, viewpoints included, and coverage of risks and benefits. Menstrual suppression was most often recommended for women with menstrual disorders but was also recommended to menstruating women in general as a matter of convenience. Advocates of menstrual suppression were quoted twice as often as opponents. Monthly menstruation was frequently described as messy, inconvenient, bothersome, unhealthy, and unnecessary. From this analysis, we concluded that popular press coverage of menstrual suppression is insufficient and biased. The articles reflect and reinforce the taboo status and medicalization of menstruation. This coverage may have primed potential consumers to anticipate the FDA approval of Seasonale eagerly, to evaluate it uncritically, and to pursue it as a birth control and menstrual health option. Implications for research, health care providers, and menstrual activists are discussed.
Development and validation of a risk calculator predicting postoperative respiratory failure.

Background Postoperative respiratory failure (PRF) (requiring mechanical ventilation > 48 h after surgery or unplanned intubation within 30 days of surgery) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to identify preoperative factors associated with an increased risk of PRF and subsequently develop and validate a risk calculator. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP), a multicenter, prospective data set (2007-2008), was used. The 2007 data set (n = 211,410) served as the training set and the 2008 data set (n = 257,385) as the validation set. Results In the training set, 6,531 patients (3.1%) developed PRF. Patients who developed PRF had a significantly higher 30-day mortality (25.62% vs 0.98%, P Conclusions Preoperative variables associated with increased risk of PRF include type of surgery, emergency case, dependent functional status, sepsis, and higher ASA class. The validated risk calculator provides a risk estimate of PRF and is anticipated to aid in surgical decision making and informed patient consent.
Sources and Sinks of Diversification and Conservation Priorities for the Mexican Tropical Dry Forest

Elucidating the geographical history of diversification is critical for inferring where future diversification may occur and thus could be a valuable aid in determining conservation priorities. However, it has been difficult to recognize areas with a higher likelihood of promoting diversification. We reconstructed centres of origin of lineages and identified areas in the Mexican tropical dry forest that have been important centres of diversification (sources) and areas where species are maintained but where diversification is less likely to occur (diversity sinks). We used a molecular phylogeny of the genus Bursera, a dominant member of the forest, along with information on current species distributions. Results indicate that vast areas of the forest have historically functioned as diversity sinks, generating few or no extant Bursera lineages. Only a few areas have functioned as major engines of diversification. Long-term preservation of biodiversity may be promoted by incorporation of such knowledge in decision-making.
The expert Neandertal mind

Cognitive neuropsychology, cognitive anthropology, and cognitive archaeology are combined to yield a picture of Neandertal cognition in which expert performance via long-term working memory is the centerpiece of problem solving. This component of Neandertal cognition appears to have been modern in scope. However, Neandertals' working memory capacity, which is the ability to hold a variety of information in active attention, may not have been as large as that of modern humans. This characteristic helps us understand features of the archaeological record, such as the rarity of innovation, and allows us to make empirically based speculations about Neandertal personality.
Luck's Role in Business Success: Why It's Too Important to Leave to Chance

Luck is a complex concept that has received extensive exposure in the philosophical literature. However, as a variable relating to an individual’s professional success, it has seen little exposure in the management literature, and any previous work in that literature has defined luck only in the most general terms. Luck depends on many factors. Moral luck differs from epistemic luck, and each has complex sub-dimensions. These are explained, and in that explanation, four other constructs are shown to relate to luck, namely, attribution theory, locus of control theory, victimization and, finally, professional success. Several research hypotheses are offered, and possible explanatory models are presented relating these constructs. Purpose
Improved influenza vaccination in the skin using vaccine coated-microneedles

Easy and effective vaccination methods could reduce mortality rates and morbidity due to vaccine-preventable influenza infections. In this study, we examined the use of microneedle patches to increase patient coverage through possible self-administration and enhance vaccine immunogenicity by targeted delivery to skin. We carried out a detailed study of protective immune responses after a single influenza vaccination to the skin of mice with a novel microneedle patch designed to facilitate simple and reliable vaccine delivery. Skin vaccination with inactivated virus-coated microneedles provided superior protection against lethal challenge compared to intramuscular injection as evidenced by effective virus clearance in lungs. Detailed immunologic analysis suggests that induction of virus neutralizing antibodies as well as enhanced anamnestic humoral and cellular responses contributed to improved protection by microneedle vaccination to the skin. These findings suggest that vaccination in the skin using a microneedle patch can improve protective immunity, and simplify delivery of influenza and possibly other vaccines.
Attitudes of New York City high school students regarding firearm violence.

Objectives. To assess prevalence of gun possession, attitudes regarding gun possession and gun violence, knowledge and influences of gun violence, and the potential role of physicians in gun violence prevention education among adolescents. Methods. An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to 9th through 12th grade high school students at 3 public high schools in New York City. Results. Three hundred forty-two surveys were distributed and returned. The prevalence of guns in the homes was 19.6%. Of respondents, 43.2% thought it was okay for anyone to have guns, and 57.3% had been injured or have had a relative injured by a gun. Although 11.6% of adolescents had felt the need to talk to an adult about guns, only 3.0% listed their physicians as one of these adults. However, if asked by their physician, 63.8% would discuss the issue with them. Only 5.7% of adolescents have had a physician speak to them about guns. Conclusions. The adolescent population surveyed is frequently exposed to gun violence. Although physicians rarely counsel adolescents regarding gun violence and firearm safety, many adolescents would be receptive to this mode of intervention.adolescence, attitude, firearm ownership, firearm violence, physician role.
Chromatin remodeling by ATP-dependent molecular machines.

The eukaryotic genome is packaged into a periodic nucleoprotein structure termed chromatin. The repeating unit of chromatin, the nucleosome, consists of DNA that is wound nearly two times around an octamer of histone proteins. To facilitate DNA-directed processes in chromatin, it is often necessary to rearrange or to mobilize the nucleosomes. This remodeling of the nucleosomes is achieved by the action of chromatin-remodeling complexes, which are a family of ATP-dependent molecular machines. Chromatin-remodeling factors share a related ATPase subunit and participate in transcriptional regulation, DNA repair, homologous recombination and chromatin assembly. In this review, we provide an overview of chromatin-remodeling enzymes and discuss two possible mechanisms by which these factors might act to reorganize nucleosome structure.
Tumor Marker Levels in Post-Chemotherapy Cystic Masses:: Clinical Implications for Patients With Germ Cell Tumors

ABSTRACTPurpose: Increased tumor markers after induction chemotherapy for patients with germ cell tumor usually represent systemic disease and consequently second line chemotherapy is instituted, while retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) is reserved for patients with marker normalization. We report the concentration of α-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in the fluid of post-chemotherapy cystic masses to evaluate this as a potential source for serum marker elevation.Materials and Methods: From March 2002 to December 2002, 11 consecutive patients with post-chemotherapy cystic masses underwent RPLND. Following resection, aspirated fluid was analyzed for AFP and HCG. Only 5 post-chemotherapy RPLNDs were performed in patients with increased serum tumor markers, including the 3 patients in our study. Patients with increasing tumor markers and/or multifocal disease with noncystic residual masses after induction chemotherapy underwent salvage chemotherapy despite teratomatous ele...
Relations between NDVI, Grassland Production, and Crop Yield in the Central Great Plains

Abstract Satellite remote sensing of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) provides a means for characterizing landscape level patterns of net primary productivity (NPP). Within the Great Plains, landscapes are dominated by grassland and agricultural ecosystems. We demonstrated that NDVI integrated over time is an excellent measure of prevailing patterns of NPP, which can be measured as biomass production in local‐scale native grasslands (tallgrass prairie), as well as landscape and regional scale yield of corn and wheat. Within the growing season, the temporal pattern of grassland biomass production covaries with NDVI, with a four‐week lag time. Across years, grassland biomass production covaries with NDVI integrated over appropriate time intervals, which can range from part to all of the current growing season. For calculation of landscape patterns of crop production, regional maps (masks) for corn and wheat field identification can be constructed by analysis of temporal patterns of NDVI. Calcul...
The structure of invention

This paper explores the process by which radically novel technologies – ones such as radar, the turbojet, or the polymerase chain reaction – come into being. It shows that this process – “invention” – has a certain logical structure common to all cases. Invention is a process of linking some purpose or need with an effect that can be exploited to satisfy it. It may begin with a purpose or need for which existing methods are not satisfactory; this forces the seeking of a new principle (the idea of an effect in action). Or it may begin with a phenomenon or effect itself – usually a freshly discovered one – for which some associated principle of use suggests itself. Either way, translating this base principle into physical reality requires the creation of suitable working parts and supporting technologies. These raise their own challenges or problems, the solution of which may raise further challenges. As a result, invention is a recursive process: it repeats until each challenge or problem (and subproblem, and sub-subproblem) resolves itself into one that can be physically dealt with. It is challenging, usually lengthy, part-conceptual, and part-experimental. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Assessment of Software for Blast Loading and Structural Response Analysis Using a Lightweight Steel-Joist Roof as a Test Case

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the current multihazard loading environments when future blast loadings are included. While most of the currently available software programs for the physical testing of normal design loading conditions have been validated, the testing does not include the blast environment. It has not been determined whether these programs can be used when blast loads are included. Currently, designers use multiple software packages to perform multihazard analyses when blast loads are involved, making it difficult to compare the results. This analysis has as major topics air-blast and structural responses. The three standard air-blast codes used are ConWep, BlastX, and SBEDS, and the four structural response codes used are SBEDS, STAAD, ADINA, and DYNA3D. All analyses are compared against a test series that loaded standard open web steel joist sections dynamically with an air-blast load. This paper compares the output and results of each program against the test results to...
Performance analysis of coherent DS-CDMA systems in a Nakagami fading channel with arbitrary parameters

A new expression for the bit error rate (BER) of an asynchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) system with coherent BPSK demodulation in a multipath Nakagami (1960) fading channel is derived. The analysis assumes an arbitrary number of independent, but nonidentical resolvable paths combined by the RAKE receiver. The results obtained show that in such systems, the effect of nonidentical fading on system performance cannot be ignored.
Who SoTLs Where? Publishing the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Political Science

ABSTRACT Political science, as a discipline, is a relative newcomer to the Scholarship ofTeaching and Learning (SoTL).We examine authorship patterns of SoTL articles in PS:PoliticalSciencePGlassick,Huber,andMaeroﬀ1997).TheScholarshipofTeachingandLearningisnotconﬁnedtotheU.S.;infact,SoTLisgainingrelevanceinternationally.Forexample,intheUK,theResearchAssessmentExercise(anassessmentofuni-versities’researchactivitiesthatisacrucialcomponentforuni-versityrankingandfunding)statesthatforthe2008assessmentround,“highereducationpedagogicresearchwillbejudgedbythestandardsappliedtoallformsofresearchoutput”while“teach-ingmaterialsandsubject-relatedpedagogy...willbetreatedinthesamewayastextbooks”(RAE2008).Thus,insomecountriesSoTLworkisoﬃciallygainingequalstatustothatofothersub-stantivedisciplinaryresearch.AsigniﬁcantshareofSoTLstudiesispublishedinjournalsintheﬁeldofeducation.
A 37-year-old woman with dural-based intracranial masses.

37-year-old woman presented with visual changes, headaches, numbness of the right side of the face, and difficulty swallowing due to numbness of the throat. The patient was 8 months pregnant and had a history of gestational diabetes. Following an uneventful delivery, imaging studies of the brain (computed tomographic scan and magnetic resonance imaging) demonstrated 2 masses. The first was a focally enhancing extra-axial mass, measuring 3.3 3 3.2 3 1.5 cm, which was found overlying the convexities of the right posterior frontoparietal regions. The second was a focal extra-axial mass located posteriorly in the midline, measuring 4.6 3 4.1 3 2.5 cm; this mass compressed both occipital lobes. These findings were interpreted as being compatible with meningiomas. An abnormal signal also appeared in the calvarium adjacent to the second mass, consistent with hyperostosis of the adjacent bone. The patient’s preoperative neurological
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depressed Adolescents

This article reviews interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents (IPT-A). IPT-A is a time-limited, evidence-based psychotherapy for depressed, nonbipolar, nonpsychotic adolescents. The article focuses on goals and phases of IPT-A, identifies problem areas and core components of treatment, and discusses specific therapeutic techniques. Efficacy research and effectiveness studies of IPT-A are discussed. The limitations of the current knowledge and directions for future research are highlighted.
Internal structure and mode of growth of elongate calcite concretions: Evidence for small-scale, microbially induced, chemical heterogeneity in groundwater

Elongate calcite concretions are thought to form parallel to the direction of groundwater flow at the time of their precipitation, and are potentially very useful in determining the nature of paleogroundwater flow and geological variables that influence flow. This study focuses on the mode of growth of such concretions, which has not been previously investigated in detail. Most of the concretions examined are from the Oligocene to Pliocene-Pleistocene, Santa Fe Group of New Mexico, which is the synrifting basin fill of the Rio Grande rift. Based upon their macroscopic characteristics, elongate concretions can be classified into three main types: uniform, composite, and zoned. The uniform and zoned concretions have similar, relatively smooth exteriors, but differ internally, with the zoned variety displaying internal concentric zonation on broken surfaces. Uniform concretions consist of mixtures of early micrite/microspar and later sparite that have different elemental chemistry (mainly Mg variation) and are present throughout the concretion. Petrographic examination reveals significant porosity (up to 15%) in the interiors of some uniform concretions. Zoned concretions consist mainly of sparite, which commonly varies both texturally and in elemental composition in a concentric manner. The composite variety has a rough “warty” exterior and consists of an amalgamation of pea-sized, spherical poikilotopic crystals of calcite. Uniform and composite concretions appear to have formed from the simultaneous precipitation of calcite throughout the volume of the concretions (i.e., early and later stage cements are present throughout). Zoned concretions appear to have formed from concentric growth in which early calcite precipitated at several interior sites (core zones) and was covered by successive layers of younger calcite. Most of these sites of inferred initial precipitation occur preferentially near the up-gradient ends of the concretions, which suggests that the zoned concretions grew in part through preferential precipitation in the direction of flow. The observed petrographic and geochemical characteristics indicate that the elongation is the result of growth within elongate zones of favorable pore-water chemistry (e.g., zones of elevated carbonate alkalinity). Such zones probably formed down-gradient of fragments of organic matter undergoing microbial decay.
Enabling Location-Based Services in Data Centers

In this article, we explore services and capabilities that can be enabled by the localization of various assets in a data center or IT environment. We also describe the underlying location estimation method and the protocol to enable localization. Finally, we present a management framework for these services and present a few case studies to assess benefits of location-based services in data centers.
Progesterone receptor regulation in T47D human breast cancer cells: analysis by density labeling of progesterone receptor synthesis and degradation and their modulation by progestin.

We have examined the effect of progestin on the regulation of cellular progesterone receptor (PR) levels and have used dense amino acid-density shift experiments to determine the mechanism by which progestin markedly decreases PR. We have utilized T47D human breast cancer cells which contain high levels of PR and are progestin responsive. When these cells are exposed to the progestin R5020, there is a timeand concentration-dependent decrease in PR levels. Experiments with different concentrations of R5020 reveal that the rate and extent of PR decrease reflect the time course of receptor occupancy and the fractional saturation of receptor. With a high concentration of ligand (20 nM) that labels all receptors rapidly, reductions in PR levels (processing) occur immediately and proceed rapidly to levels that are 15–20% of the initial; at lower concentrations (5 nM), where it takes several hours to achieve full saturation of receptors, there is a delay before the maximal rate of processing develops and then co...
Metachronous medulloblastoma and glioblastoma: Implications for clinical and technical aspects of re-irradiation.

Abstract A seven-year-old male underwent surgical resection and chemoradiation for average risk medulloblastoma; twelve years later, the presence of a necrotic and infiltrative mass in the same area and invading the brainstem prompted a subtotal resection. Pathology was indicative of glioblastoma. He was then treated with concurrent temozolomide and using biologically effective dose calculations for gross residual tumor tissue in the brainstem as well as brainstem tolerance, a radiotherapy dose of 3750 cGy was chosen, fractionated in twice-daily fractions of 125 cGy each. The gross tumor volume was expanded with a 5 mm margin to the planning target volume, which was also judiciously subtracted from the normal brainstem. He completed his radiotherapy course with subsequent imaging free of residual tumor and continued adjuvant temozolomide and remains under follow-up surveillance. This case underscores the rarity of metachronous medulloblastoma and glioblastoma, of which only five known cases heretofore have been described. We discuss the technicalities of radiotherapy planning in this patient, including common hurdles for radiation oncologists in similar patients.
Interim results of protracted low doses of temozolomide in high-risk acute myeloid leukemia

7052 Background: High treatment-related mortality and low response rates often discourage elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia from receiving treatment. Previous data demonstrate that only ...
Large databases of real and synthetic images for feature evaluation and prediction

Image features are widely used in computer vision applications from stereo matching to panorama stitching to object and scene recognition. They exploit image regularities to capture structure in images both locally, using a patch around an interest point, and globally, over the entire image. Image features need to be distinctive and robust toward variations in scene content, camera viewpoint and illumination conditions. Common tasks are matching local features across images and finding semantically meaningful matches amongst a large set of images. If there is enough structure or regularity in the images, we should be able not only to find good matches but also to predict parts of the objects or the scene that were not directly captured by the camera. One of the difficulties in evaluating the performance of image features in both the prediction and matching tasks is the availability of ground truth data. In this dissertation, we take two different approaches. First, we propose using a photorealistic virtual world for evaluating local feature descriptors and learning new feature detectors. Acquiring ground truth data and, in particular pixel to pixel correspondences between images, in complex 3D scenes under different viewpoint and illumination conditions in a controlled way is nearly impossible in a real world setting. Instead, we use a high-resolution 3D model of a city to gain complete and repeatable control of the environment. We calibrate our virtual world evaluations by comparing against feature rankings made from photographic data of the same subject matter (the Statue of Liberty). We then use our virtual world to study the effects on descriptor performance of controlled changes in viewpoint and illumination. We further employ machine learning techniques to train a model that would recognize visually rich interest points and optimize the performance of a given descriptor. In the latter part of the thesis, we take advantage of the large amounts of image data available on the Internet to explore the regularities in outdoor scenes and, more specifically, the matching and prediction tasks in street level images. Generally, people are very adept at predicting what they might encounter as they navigate through the world. They use all of their prior experience to make such predictions even when placed in unfamiliar environment. We propose a system that can predict what lies just beyond the boundaries of the image using a large photo collection of images of the same class, but not from the same location in the real world. We evaluate the performance of the system using different global or quantized densely extracted local features. We demonstrate how to build seamless transitions between the query and prediction images, thus creating a photorealistic virtual space from real world images.
Bioelectrical impedance and ultrasound to assess body composition in college-aged adults

Ultrasound techniques are emerging as a cost-effective alternative to body composition analysis. However, ultrasound wanding at seven sites used for the Jackson and Pollock has not been investigated in comparison to bio-electrical impedance (BIA) body composition analysis (BCA) techniques. A convenience sample ( N = 48; Male n = 19, Female n = 29) volunteered and completed the study. Body fat percentage was assessed using the multi-frequency InBody 520 octopolar BIA (MF- BIA) and the BodyMetrix ® BX2000 Ultrasound system within 10 minutes of one another. Agreement was assessed using a paired-sample t -test, correlation, Bland and Altman plot, and frequencies of grouped individual differences . There was no significant difference in body fat percentage estimates between ultrasound and BIA ( p = 0.143). The Bland and Altman plot revealed than 95% of ultrasound estimates fell within ± 9.7% of MF-BIA estimates. Additionally, 68.8% of ultrasound estimates were within ± 5% of MF-BIA estimates. The results of this investigation are applicable to both practitioners and professionals working in the wellness/fitness industry as well as for health screenings and obesity prevention. Over the past three decades, BIA has been commonly used in wellness and fitness consultations to provide accurate, quick, and cost-effective results . Ultrasound body composition techniques using the seven-site Jackson Pollock methodology were not statistically different than MF-BIA suggesting their interchangeability for a sample similar to ours.
Size-Dependent Charge Transfer Yields in Conjugated Polymer/Quantum Dot Blends

We investigate the effect of quantum dot size on photocurrent and photoinduced charge transfer yields in blends of the conjugated polymer, poly((4,8-bis(octyloxy)benzo(1,2-b:4,5-b′)dithiophene-2,6-diyl)(2-((dodecyloxy)carbonyl)thieno(3,4-b)thiophenediyl)) (PTB1), with PbS nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs). These hybrid solar cells exhibit external quantum efficiencies of over 70% and power conversion efficiencies of up to 2.8%. We use photoinduced absorption (PIA) spectroscopy and device EQE measurements to probe long-lived charge transfer at the polymer/QD interface as a function of QD size. We observe that both the PIA signal associated with charge formation on the polymer, as well as the external quantum efficiency of the hybrid photovoltaic devices decrease in magnitude with increasing quantum dot size, despite the broader absorption spectrum of the larger dots. We interpret these results as evidence that PTB1/PbS blends behave at least partially as bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells, and conclude tha...
Abstract 4447: Nanoformulation of lapatinib for HER2-positive breast cancer patients with brain metastasis

Despite HER2-targeting agents having a reduced risk of distant relapse in early-stage breast cancer and improved systemic control in metastatic breast cancer, relapse or progression in the brain is a common and serious concern for mortality and morbidity in these HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Currently, radiation is the only effective therapy for these patients with various clinical outcomes. Thus, there is a significant unmet need to develop new therapeutic modalities to improve treatment efficacy for these patients, especially for patients who have failed radiation therapy. The objective of this project is to develop a novel nanoformulation of lapatinib for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer patients with brain metastasis. Lapatinib is the only FDA-approved small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting both HER2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Lapatinib anecdotally induces objective response in HER2-positive breast cancer patients with brain metastasis. Current preclinical and clinic data suggest that lapatinib has limited and variable penetration through the blood-brain barrier, which is also affected by large inter-patient variations in the bioavailability of oral formulation of lapatinib. Dr. Lam9s laboratory has developed a novel nanoparticle technology using oligocholic acid based micelles (telodendrimers) to load a high dose of hydrophobic drugs for cancer treatment. We have generated a stable nanoformulation of lapatinib with drug loading up to 10 mg per mL. The average particle size is less than 20 nm in diameter, which is desirable for tumor targeting due to the preferential drug accumulation at the tumor site via the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect. We are currently optimizing and characterizing the physicochemical properties of several lapatinib-loaded nanoformulations. The most stable and efficacious nanoformulation of lapatinib will be selected for further preclinical testing using in vitro and in vivo models of HER2+ breast cancer. This nanoformulation of lapatinoib will be suitable for intrathecal injection as it is not affected by individual variations in oral bioavailability and penetration through the blood brain barrier. If successful, we would design a phase I/II clinical study to determine the safety and efficacy of this new nanoformulation of lapatinib for HER2+ breast cancer patients with refractory brain metastasis or meningeal disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4447. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4447
Coming Out of the Coffin Queer Historicity and Occult Sexualities on ABC’s Dark Shadows

This essay investigates a significant illustration of American network television’s mediation of queer occultism during the 1960s and 1970s through sociocultural, industrial, and textual analyses o...
Monitoring and analyzing of the influenza A(H1N1) surveillance in Nantong

Objective:To understand the epidemiologic characters of influenza to provide scientific evidence for early detecting and controlling of epidemic situation.Methods:Throat swab samples were collected at surveillance sites for detecting the H1N1 RNA via real-time PCR.Epidemiologic data were analyzed among the outpatients caused by influenza.Results:2646 samples were tested and 679(25.66%) among them were influenza A(H1N1) positive.Of these,337 were influenza A H1N1 positive cases in 1377 male specimens(24.47%) and 342 were influenza A H1N1 positive cases in 1269 female specimens,(26.95%).1582 cases,among which 435 cases of influenza were H1N1-positive(27.50%),were students.Cases of other occupations were 1064,among which 244 were influenza A H1N1 positive cases(22.93%).The infection rates in age groups above 0,5,15,25 and 60 years old were 10.65%(64/601),25.97%(309/1190),61.60%(154/250),27.16%(135/497) and 15.74%(17/108) respectively.From June to December in 2009,the positive rate of influenza type A H1N1 had a continuously increased trend,from1.87% to 57.14%,and then it descended sharply to 4.44% till February 2010.Conclusion:The quite moderate influenza A(H1N1) pandemic has faded away gradually.However,an alarm should be given to another outbreak of this type of influenza in the large scope.
5-Carboxamido-5-formamido-2-iminohydantoin, in Addition to 8-oxo-7,8-Dihydroguanine, Is the Major Product of the Iron-Fenton or X-ray Radiation-Induced Oxidation of Guanine under Aerobic Reducing Conditions in Nucleoside and DNA Contexts.

Exogenously and endogenously produced reactive oxygen species attack the base and sugar moieties of DNA showing a preference for reaction at 2′-deoxyguanosine (dG) sites. In the present work, dG was oxidized by HO• via the Fe(II)-Fenton reaction or by X-ray radiolysis of water. The oxidized lesions observed include the 2′-deoxynucleosides of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (dOG), spiroiminodihydantoin (dSp), 5-guanidinohydantoin (dGh), oxazolone (dZ), 5-carboxamido-5-formamido-2-iminohydantoin (d2Ih), 5′,8-cyclo-2′-deoxyguanosine (cyclo-dG), and the free base guanine (Gua). Reactions conducted with ascorbate or N-acetylcysteine as a reductant under aerobic conditions identified d2Ih as the major lesion formed. Studies were conducted to identify the role of O2 and the reductant in product formation. From these studies, mechanisms are proposed to support d2Ih as a major oxidation product detected under aerobic conditions in the presence of the reductant. These nucleoside observations were then validated in oxidati...
High-Risk Populations

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to discuss high-risk populations. Identifying high-risk groups for suicidal behavior is an important way to tailor prevention and intervention efforts. Preventive efforts can be applied to the groups as a whole to help reduce the onset of suicidal behavior, and high-risk populations can be screened to identify those adolescents in need of intervention. This chapter reviews six high-risk groups for adolescent suicidal behavior: gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth, homeless, runaway, and delinquent youth, incarcerated youth, youth, exposed to suicidal behavior, multiple attempters, and adolescents with self-mutilative behavior. This chapter addresses specific implications for the assessment and treatment of the various high-risk groups. Certain high-risk adolescents, such as those from the groups that are described in this chapter, warrant particular attention from clinicians due to increased risk of suicidal behavior. Clinicians working with adolescent suicide attempters therefore should be sure to inquire whether the adolescent falls into one of these groups. The risk for continued suicidal behavior may be elevated, and monitoring of suicidality is particularly important among these adolescents.
Estrogen Deficiency, Postmenopausal Osteoporosis, and Age-Related Bone Loss

Abstract Estrogen deficiency is a pivotal cause of postmenopausal bone loss and contributes to age-related bone loss in both sexes. At the cellular level, estrogen acts on multiple cell types, including T cells. Estrogen deficiency is associated with increased production of tumor necrosis factor by bone marrow T cells, which augments receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, estrogen deficiency alters the regulatory cross-talk between T cells and stromal cells (SC), resulting in enhanced production of osteoclastogenic cytokines by SCs. Estrogen also has indirect positive effects on calcium metabolism and its deficiency reduces both intestinal and renal calcium absorption. In addition, estrogen is a major regulator of bone metabolism in men, and low estrogen levels are associated with increased fracture risk, even in the setting of normal testosterone levels. Thus, although the causes of osteoporotic fractures are multifactorial, estrogen deficiency plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in both sexes.
Standard bearers: Qualitative sociologists' experiences with IRB regulation

In response to the system for regulating research with human subjects, researchers have raised two apparently contradictory concerns: that IRBs are excessively inconsistent (often raised by biomedical researchers), and that they are excessively standardizing (often raised by qualitative interview researchers). Why does standardization appear as the dominant theme in qualitative researchers’ experiences with their IRBs? And how do qualitative researchers experience standardization in their IRB encounters? We focus on IRBs role as regulatory bureaucracies, which typically rely heavily on standardized communication and decisions to process information and make large numbers of decisions in a timely manner. We explore the role of standardization in IRB regulation of qualitative research in an analysis of semi-structured interviews with 26 qualitative sociologists from six research universities and three liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States. In a regulatory regime oriented toward the norms of experimental research, these frictions resulted partly from a lack of appropriate standardized language and decision-templates, but also from the inherent difficulties of applying standardized decisions to work that is unpredictable, unique, and difficult to routinize.
β-Lactam Therapy for Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A Comparative Review of Cefazolin versus Antistaphylococcal Penicillins

Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Traditionally, antistaphylococcal penicillins (ASPs) have been considered the agents of choice for the treatment of MSSA bacteremia. Vancomycin has been demonstrated to have poorer outcomes in several studies and is only recommended for patients with severe penicillin allergies. Although cefazolin is considered as an alternative to the ASPs for patients with nonsevere penicillin allergies, cefazolin offers several pharmacologic advantages over ASPs, such as more convenient dosing regimens, and antimicrobial stewardship programs are increasingly using cefazolin as the preferential agent for MSSA infections as part of cost-saving initiatives. Concerns about susceptibility to hydrolysis by type A β-lactamases, particularly at high inocula seen in deep-seated infections such as endocarditis; selective pressures from unnecessary gram-negative coverage; and lack of comparative clinical data have precluded recommending cefazolin as a first-line therapy for MSSA bacteremia. Recent clinical studies, however, have suggested similar clinical efficacy but better tolerability, with lower rates of discontinuation due to adverse drug reactions, of cefazolin compared with ASPs. Other variables, such as adequate source control (e.g., intravascular catheter removal, debridement, or drainage) and enhanced pharmacodynamics through aggressive cefazolin dosing, may mitigate the role of cefazolin inoculum effect and factor into determining improved clinical outcomes. In this review, we highlight the utility of cefazolin versus ASPs in the treatment of MSSA bacteremia with a focus on clinical efficacy and safety.
Cognitive emotion regulation in adulthood and old age: positive gaze preferences across two strategies.

ABSTRACTWhile positive emotional functioning may be enhanced across adulthood and old age, research is mixed as to the types of regulatory strategies that are more or less beneficial for facilitating well-being. The goal of the present study was to examine how specific cognitive emotion regulation strategies assumed to rely on varying levels of effortful processing (selective attention vs. reappraisal) would impact regulatory behaviors (via eye gaze deployment) and resultant affective outcomes. Participants viewed a series of positive, negative, and neutral film clips while their eyes were tracked across three conditions: passive viewing, selective attention, and reappraisal. Results revealed that (a) both younger and older adults displayed positive fixation preferences and showed mood improvement across both regulatory conditions and (b) there was a marginal association between positive fixation and post-regulation mood. Implications for linking positivity to emotion regulation and well-being across adul...
Eutectics of Erythritol Tetranitrate

With the recent availability of erythritol as an artificial sweetener, the synthesis of erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) has become economically feasible. This paper examines the eutectics of ETN, to see if it can be a useful component in melt-casted explosive formulations. To this end, we report several novel ETN–energetic eutectics, correct ratios, and melt-temperature for a previously reported eutectic, and we examine a new eutectic composed of insensitive explosives.
Interaction and cross-talk between non-coding RNAs

Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) has been shown to regulate diverse cellular processes and functions through controlling gene expression. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) act as a competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) where microRNAs (miRNAs) and lncRNAs regulate each other through their biding sites. Interactions of miRNAs and lncRNAs have been reported to trigger decay of the targeted lncRNAs and have important roles in target gene regulation. These interactions form complicated and intertwined networks. Certain lncRNAs encode miRNAs and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), and may regulate expression of these small RNAs as precursors. SnoRNAs have also been reported to be precursors for PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and thus may regulate the piRNAs as a precursor. These miRNAs and piRNAs target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and regulate gene expression. In this review, we will present and discuss these interactions, cross-talk, and co-regulation of ncRNAs and gene regulation due to these interactions.
Lightweight Emulation of Virtual Channels using Swaps

Virtual Channels (VCs) are a fundamental design feature across networks, both on-chip and off-chip. They provide two key benefits - deadlock avoidance and head-of-line (HoL) blocking mitigation. However, VCs increase the router critical path, and add significant area and power overheads compared to simple wormhole routers. This is especially challenging in the era of energy-constrained many-core chips. The number of VCs required for deadlock avoidance is unavoidable, but those required for mitigating HoL depend on runtime factors such as the distribution and size of single and multi-flit packets, and their intended destinations. In some cases more VCs are beneficial, while in others they may actually harm performance, as we demonstrate. In this work, we provide a low-cost microarchitectural technique to emulate the HoL mitigation behavior of VCs inside routers, without requiring the expensive data path or control path (vc state and vc allocation) for VCs. We augment wormhole routers with the ability to do an in-place swap of blocked packets to the head of the queue. Our design (SwapNoC) can operate at low area and power specs like wormhole designs, without incurring their HoL challenges.
Should “big food” companies introduce healthier options? The effect of new product announcements on shareholder value

In recent years, big food companies, such as Kellogg, PepsiCo, and Kraft have been under increasing pressure to introduce more healthful offerings to their existing product portfolio. Our research seeks to understand if such announcements are viewed favorably by the stock market. Are firms rewarded for introducing healthy new products? Using established methodologies, we are able to isolate what percent of an increase or decrease in a firm’s stock price can be attributed from such an announcement. Our analysis reveals some interesting results on how healthy new product announcements impact shareholder value. Findings suggest that big food companies are indeed rewarded financially for introducing healthy new products into the marketplace, and this increase is higher than when introducing less healthy products. We also find that positive ingredient additions (e.g., added fiber) are more highly valued than negative ingredient reductions (e.g., reduced sugar). We discuss the significant implications of our findings and provide managerial recommendations.
The Effect of Local Decodability Constraints on Variable-Length Compression

We consider a variable-length source coding problem subject to local decodability constraints. In particular, we investigate the blocklength scaling behavior attainable by encodings of $r$ -sparse binary sequences, under the constraint that any source bit can be correctly decoded upon probing at most $d$ codeword bits. We consider both adaptive and non-adaptive access models, and derive upper and lower bounds that often coincide up to constant factors. Such a characterization for the fixed-blocklength analog of our problem, known as the bit probe complexity of static membership, remains unknown despite considerable attention from researchers over the last few decades. We also show that locally decodable schemes for sparse sequences are able to decode 0s (frequent source symbols) of the source with far fewer probes on average than they can decode 1s (infrequent source symbols), thus rigorizing the notion that infrequent symbols require high probe complexity, even on average. Connections to the fixed-blocklength model and to communication complexity are also briefly discussed.
Renal insufficiency and worsened prognosis with STEMI: a call for action.

Clinical studies have greatly expanded efforts to recognize the importance of gender, and more recently the role of diabetes and obesity, as significant co-morbidities for coronary artery disease (CAD) [(1,2)][1]. However, renal disease, which appears endemic in the U.S., has not received the same
Total Nonnegativity of Moment Matrices and its Application to E-Optimal Designs in Polynomial Regression

E-optimality of approximate experimental designs in heteroscedastic polynomial regression is paired with a nonlinear approximation problem of Chebyshev type. Based on total nonnegativity of (Schur complements in) moment matrices of the designs, in some cases the solution to the approximation problem turns out to be the square of an equioscillating generalized polynomial. Thereby explicit formulae for Eoptimal designs are obtained.
BioKeySpotter: An Unsupervised Keyphrase Extraction Technique in the Biomedical Full-Text Collection

Extracting keyphrases from full-text is a daunting task in that many different concepts and themes are intertwined and extensive term variations exist in full-text. In this chapter, we proposes a novel unsupervised keyphrase extraction system, BioKeySpotter, which incorporates lexical syntactic features to weigh candidate keyphrases. The main contribution of our study is that BioKeySpotter is an innovative approach for combining Natural Language Processing (NLP), information extraction, and integration techniques into extracting keyphrases from full-text. The results of the experiment demonstrate that BioKeySpotter generates a higher performance, in terms of accuracy, compared to other supervised learning algorithms.
Cushing’s Syndrome and Disease

Cushing’s syndrome and disease are conditions of cortisol excess (hypercortisolism). In Cushing’s syndrome, either one or both of the adrenal glands autonomously hypersecrete cortisol. In Cushing’s disease, a pituitary adenoma hypersecretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which in turn stimulates both adrenal glands to release excess cortisol. Therefore, Cushing’s disease is also known as ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. It is also important to recognize the paraneoplastic syndrome of ectopic ACTH production from neuroendocrine tumors such as small-cell lung carcinoma.