cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shadowing in/as work: ten recommendations for shadowing fieldwork practice

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide practical recommendations for shadowing as a method of organizational study with a focus on the situated processes and practices of shadowing fieldwork. Design/methodology/approach – This paper reflects on the shadowing experiences of three researchers – in a hospital emergency department, nuclear power plants, and entrepreneur workspaces – to generate recommendations by identifying and synthesizing solutions that emerged during the encounters with the challenges and opportunities in shadowing. Findings – Considering shadowing as an ongoing and emergent research process can be helpful to prepare for particular aspects of shadowing fieldwork. Shadowing presents research challenges that may emerge in the practice of fieldwork, including how to negotiate awkward conversations with participants, what to bring and wear, and how to take notes. Practical implications – Though the recommendations for shadowing are based on particular experiences and may not genera...
Scheduling with rollback constraints in high-level synthesis of self-recovering ASICs

The authors develop software mechanisms for incorporating on-chip self-recovery-using checkpointing and rollback-during high-level synthesis. They propose an algorithm for rollback point insertion to minimize rollback overhead. It identifies good rollback points by successively eliminating clock cycle boundaries that are either expensive or violate the recovery time constraint. Only the minimum number of rollback points are inserted. A flexible synthesis methodology is presented in which rollback point insertion can precede, succeed, or be intertwined with scheduling. A novel edge-based scheduling algorithm is described that schedules edges to clock cycle boundaries, in addition to scheduling nodes to clock cycles. The system has been used to schedule flow graphs from the literature. Experimental results are presented. >
3-Dimensional Facial Simulation in Orthognathic Surgery: Is It Accurate?

Purpose The purpose of this study was to measure the accuracy of 3D computer simulation of soft tissue changes after orthognathic surgery. Materials and Methods Consecutive patients who underwent orthognathic surgery were studied by photogrammetric facial scanning and cone-beam computed tomography before and after surgery. The photogrammetric scan was then fused to the cone-beam computed tomogram, creating a patient-specific image. The surgery was simulated in 3D form and the simulated soft tissue face was compared with the actual facial scan obtained 6 months postoperatively. Absolute millimeter differences between the simulated and actual postoperative changes in selected cephalometric skin markings were computed. Results The study was composed of 23 subjects (mean age, 31 yr; 13 women and 10 men). Eighteen different cephalometric landmarks were measured (total, 28). For 15 landmarks, the difference between actual and simulated measurements was smaller than 0.5 mm. Only 3 landmarks had a difference of 0.5 mm, and these were in the region of the labial landmarks. Conclusion Based on the present study, 3-dimensional computer surgical simulation of the soft tissue of the face for routine orthognathic surgery is accurate enough for routine clinical use.
Future of Securities Markets: Competition or Consolidation?

Although considerable consolidation has recently occurred among securities exchanges, the forces of competition remain strong because they have an ally in technology. Technology evens the playing field and makes the entry of new trading venues easier. Economies of scale and network externalities still have a centralizing tendency, but that tendency is weakened. Networks now extend beyond a single market, which allows venues to compete, and economies of scale can more readily be overcome by a technologically sophisticated competitor. Empirical evidence indicates that as markets become integrated, trading becomes dispersed.
Developing a two-step fishery-independent design to estimate the relative abundance of deepwater reef fish: Application to a marine protected area off the southeastern United States coast

Reliable data on reef fishes inhabiting the southeastern United States (North Carolina to Florida) continental shelf large marine ecosystem are difficult to obtain; catch quotas and time and area closures limit the collection of fishery-dependent samples. Further, unbiased fishery-independent samples are expensive to collect with conventional fishing gear. Consequently, stock assessments are often data-limited, especially for deepwater reef species. We estimated the relative abundance of deepwater reef fish with a double sampling approach using fisheries acoustics and conventional fishing gear (hook and line and chevron traps). Double sampling occurred within the newly-created Snowy Wreck Marine Protected Area and a nearby control site. Reef fish concentrations were identified by a single-beam Simrad ES60 transceiver with a transducer operating at 38 kHz. Hook and line samples were collected at 73 acoustic events, and chevron trap samples were collected at 20 acoustic events. The relationship between fisheries acoustic data and catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) data was examined to develop a model to predict species-generic CPUE at unfished locations. Akaike's Information Criteria (AIC) found equal support for linear, exponential, and power relationships between acoustic backscatter and CPUE for each conventional fishing gear. Further model development would be aided by refining acoustic target information and applying complimentary fish sampling gears (i.e., split-beam fisheries acoustics gear, underwater video). Given further development, a double sampling design should be useful to estimate the relative abundance of important deepwater reef species over a wide area of the shelf break off the southeastern United States, utilizing either survey vessels or vessels-of-opportunity to rapidly collect acoustic samples.
Electronic packaging and interconnection technology: state of the art and future developments

The package bottleneck developing because of the inability to densely wire single-chip modules together on printed circuit boards is examined. It is stressed that the performance and cost of future electronic systems will strongly depend on the right choice for the packaging approach. Expected multichip-module failure mechanisms are discussed. Material requirements anticipated for future electronic packaging strategies are examined. These include wafer-scale integration, assembly of discrete packages on printed wiring boards, multichip-modules, and higher packaging levels. >
Teaching students to write literature reviews: A meta-analytic model

We present an integrated model for teaching students to write psychology literature reviews. Students receive instruction in a sophomore-level research methods class about 5 writing tasks: (a) focu...
The excretion of theobromine in Thoroughbred racehorses after feeding compounded cubes containing cocoa husk-establishment of a threshold value in horse urine.

Thoroughbred geldings were fed racehorse cubes containing a predetermined concentration of theobromine in the form of cocoa husk. They were offered 7 kg of cubes per day, divided between morning and evening feed, and food consumption was monitored. Urinary concentrations of theobromine were determined following the consumption of cubes containing 11.5, 6.6, 2.0 and 1.2 mg per kg of theobromine, to verify whether or not such concentrations would produce positive urine tests. Pre-dose urine samples were collected to verify the absence of theobromine before each experiment. It became apparent from the results of the first three administrations that the limit of detection of theobromine, using such procedures, would be reached at a feed level of about 1 mg per kg theobromine. Therefore the final administration, using cubes containing 1.2 mg per kg theobromine, was singled out for additional analytical work and quantitative procedures were developed to measure urinary concentrations of theobromine. It was anticipated that the results would form a basis for discussions relating to the establishment of a threshold value for theobromine in horse urine. The Stewards of the Jockey Club subsequently gave notice that they had established a threshold level for theobromine in urine of 2 micrograms/ml.
Electrical Conducting Diamond Thin-Films: An Alternative Counter Electrode Material for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Carbon is a favorable alternative as counter electrode material for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) as compared to Pt. Various carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNT), activated carbon (AC) and carbon nanofibers have been investigated as counter electrodes for DSSC applications, based on their high electrochemical activity, high specific surface area, chemical inertness and high electrical conductivity. Among various phases of carbon, diamond is the most robust and chemical inert material that can be used for electrode application. It has band gap of 5.5 eV, high thermal conductivity. its electrical resistivity can be tuned by doping such as boron. In this work, we investigate boron doped diamond thin film electrode for DSSCs. The conductive diamond thin electrode films were grown using Blue Wave hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) system. The electrical resistance in diamond thin films was tuned by controlling grow temperature, filament power, dopant concentration and sp3/sp2 ratio in the film, it thickness, and initial seeding process. Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and electrical resistivity measurement were used to characterize morphology, diamond quality and electrode conductivity, respectively. Diamond film electrodes with optimized surface morphology and electrical characteristics were used for DSSC fabrication. We used nanocrystalline TiO2 paste (P25 Degussa) with average particle size of 25nm as an active layer, the electrolyte comprised of a LiI/I2 electrolyte in acetonitrile (CH3CN), a Ru based metal complex dye [cis-diisothiocyanato-bis(2,2’-bipyridyl-4,4’-dicarboxylato) ruthenium(II) bis(tetrabutylammonium)] OR N719 was used as sensitizer. The photovoltaic performance was determined using J-V characteristics under standard illumination conditions and was compared to a reference DSSC with Pt counter electrode. Results are discussed in the context of diamond electrical and durability and chemical stability of diamond films against most commonly used family of iodine based electrolytes.
Assessing Aggression Using Conditional Reasoning

In a time characterized by wars, students and employees being shot at their desks, and corporate executives raiding pension funds, aggression has taken on considerable prominence in our society. Aggressive people capture our interest because they are the ones who desire to harm others. Considerable progress has been made in recent years in understanding the aggressive personality. Psychology now has a much better idea of the defensive cognitive processes that aggressive people use to create a false sense of rationality for their aggressive acts. This knowledge of defensive processes was used to design a new measurement system to identify aggressive individuals. The new measurement system is based on a “cover” task in the form of an inductive reasoning problem. The use of reasoning to cover the measurement of aggression is made possible because aggressive people use the illusion of rational analyses to create defenses for their harming of others. The measurement system builds on this process by constructin...
Genetic - Based Assays of Viral Proteases

Many viruses code for specialized proteolytic enzymes which are essential for virus assembly (Korant, 1994). The viral enzymes appear to belong to one of the recognized protease classes, including serine, cysteine and aspartic active sites, but some novel combinations have also been identified, including a cysteine active site residue participating in a structure reminiscent of a serine protease fold (Bazan, 1989). In general, the viral proteases are able to discriminate and hydrolyze viral substrates with primary recognition involving five or more amino acids. This leads to rather limited proteolysis, even of viral precursors, and only rarely do the viral proteases preferentially attack a non-viral substrate.
Setting defensible performance standards on OSCEs and standardized patient examinations

Recently, standardized patient assessments and objective structured clinical examinations have been used for high-stakes certification and licensure decisions. In these testing situations, it is important that the assessments are standardized, the scores are accurate and reliable, and the resulting decisions regarding competence are equitable and defensible. For the decisions to be valid, justifiable standards, or cut-scores, must be set. Unfortunately, unlike the body of research specifically dedicated to multiple-choice examinations, relatively little research has been conducted on standard-setting methods appropriate for use with performance-based assessments. The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with some guidance on how to set defensible standards on performance assessments, especially those that utilize standardized patients in simulated medical encounters. Various methods are discussed and contrasted, highlighting the relevant strengths and weaknesses. In addition, based on the prev...
Mapping Mental Illness: A New Era

Where the telescope ends, the microscope begins. Which of the two has the grander view? Les Miserables, Victor Hugo, 1862 THIS ISSUE of theArchivesreflects the explosion of neuroimaging technologies and their application to clinical neuroscience, in this case, to the study of mental illness. Since the invention of x-ray computed tomography 20 years ago, 1 a progressive array of constantly improving structural and functional imaging techniques has been developed to study the human brain in vivo. The modern structural imaging methods include x-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetic resonance angiography. As discussed in several articles in this issue, 2-7 these techniques are of increasing value for investigating the morphometric structure of the human brain when it is healthy and diseased. Functional human brain imaging methods include single photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, optical intrinsic signal imaging, electroencephalography, and magnetoencephalography. These techniques provide
Optimal PI-lead controller design

The design of an optimal MIMO PI-lead controller is described for linear, time-invariant systems. The authors consider the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) design framework as a means of optimally selecting the gains of the controller. Therefore, the controller is designed by solving a steady state algebraic Riccati equation. The performance between the PID and optimal PI-lead controllers is illustrated and compared through an example. Simulations and implementations of the controllers are done using the MATLAB and SIMULINK software packages.
The meaning of 1970 for the acquisition of archaeological objects

Many museum and professional associations, particularly in the United States, have adopted a 1970 standard for the acquisition of archaeological materials–that is, in recognition of the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, archaeological objects should be documented has outside of their country of origin before 1970 or have been exported legally after 1970. This article explores the extent to which this standard has been adopted, its influence on restitutions and claims for restitution of archaeological objects, and the policies that this standard attempts to promote.
Biology and Seasonal Occurrence of Manduca quinquemaculata and M. sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in Southwestern Michigan

The seasonal occurrence and development of field populations of Manduca quinquemaculata (L.) and Manduca sexta (Haworth) were monitored at the Kellogg Biological Station in Barry County, Mich., from late June to early September during 1985 and 1986. Results indicated that initial and peak oviposition were variable between years for both species and were not predictable by accumulated degree-days (DD), base 10°C. In both years, initial egg deposition occurred slightly earlier for M. quinquemaculata than for M. sexta (DD 615 versus DD 728 in 1985 and DD 700 versus DD 742 in 1986), whereas peak oviposition was dependent upon the year in question. In 1985, oviposition for M. quinquemaculata peaked approximately 100 DD earlier than for M. sexta . In 1986, the reverse was observed. Larval development occurred at the same rate in both species and was closely associated with degree-day accumulation requiring, on the average, 39 DD per stadium. Monitoring data from both years indicated that M. quinquemaculata is likely univoltine in Michigan whereas M. sexta is probably bivoltine.
Price spread of coconut in the central region of Kerala

To understand the nature of the marketing channels, marketing costs, margins, price spread and producer’s share in the consumers’ price of coconut, a study was conducted in central Kerala. Results indicate that about 51% of the respondents sold coconuts in the non-husked form. Furthermore, most farmers (86%) traded it on-farm, and only about 14% of the respondents sold it outside. The most common marketing channel identified was the ‘producer—copra maker—oil miller—wholesaler—consumer’. The concept of concurrent margin, employed to find out the marketing margin showed that the producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was only 60.58%, implying a high price spread. Value addition at the farm-level, however, may help the producers to secure a higher proportion of the final product price and reduce the price spread.
Pituitary Apoplexy After Intravitreal Injection of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitor: A Novel Complication

Pituitary adenomas are common in the general population. They can be complicated by intratumoral hemorrhage, otherwise known as apoplexy, which frequently presents with neurologic deficits that may necessitate urgent surgical decompression. Many risk factors for pituitary apoplexy have been suggested in the literature. We present a case of symptomatic apoplexy in a woman following the intravitreal administration of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor ranibizumab. Ophthalmoplegia resolved and visual acuity significantly improved following gross total resection of the tumor via an endoscopic endonasal surgical approach. The association between intravitreal injection of a VEGF inhibitor and pituitary apoplexy has not been previously described, but physicians performing these procedures should be aware of this potential complication.
Multiple Configuration Analysis of Structures

A reanalysis procedure is given, which, for few structural changes, is a superposition procedure and for many changes is a rapidly converging approximate analysis method. The mathematical basis is defined for the procedure using the complementary energy approach. The results are summarized in applying the procedure to the multiple configuration analysis of trusses. The essential highlights of the paper are given in the summary.
Utilizing drupal for the implementation of a dublin core-based data catalog

To create a data catalog suitable for use within the context of biomedical and health sciences research. The ideal catalog would allow researchers to easily describe their data using Dublin Core Metadata Terms and subject-appropriate controlled vocabularies, as well as provide search and browse capabilities for end users to enable data discovery and facilitate re-use.
Development of a Comparison Index and a Database for Sea Model Results

This study analyzes methods of comparing SEA model results with experimental results for key traits. These qualitative traits provide the basis for correlation of model results with experimental results through the development of a comparison index. This paper formulates a comparison index and illustrates the application to SEA models. A customized data structure was designed around the comparison index to store all necessary aspects of the modeling, experiment and comparison results. This data structure was then implemented using relational database software. These new tools; the comparison index and the SEA database, will create a common language and a forum for SEA model results that will aid and stimulate dialog in the SEA modeling community and in tern, advance the science of SEA modeling.
Pathogenesis of atoxinogenic strains of gram--negative bacteria--a hypothesis.

Textbooks of medical microbiology attribute to endotoxin a primary pathogenic role in diseases caused by nontoxinogenic gram negative bacteria. There is little expeirmental data to support this claim while some observations indicate the contrary. The possibility cannot be ignored that our understanding of the biological effects of endotoxin is based on the administration of endotoxin as a bolus rather than as a continuous release in small amounts over a period of hours or days as probably occurs during an infection. Results are described that clearly show how different the response can be under the two conditions. It is suggested, moreover, that mediators formed primarily by macrophages stimulated by endotoxin may contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of these diseases.
Halide localization in the teleost chloride cell and its identification by selected area electron diffraction

Further evidence defining an active role for the chloride cell in teleost osmoregulation is presented in this study. Gill filaments from salt water adaptedFundulus heteroclitus were fixed in a solution of silver acetate-osmium tetroxide in an attempt to localize chloride at the level of light and electron microscopes. Characteristically, a reaction product in the form of dense granules appeared concentrated and localized near the margin of the chloride cell apical cavity. Selected area electron diffraction patterns obtained from the localized accumulations of reaction product match diffraction patterns from control (known) silver chloride preparations. It should be emphasized that since the reaction product is not concentrated in other regions of the branchial epithelium, these observations strongly support an electrolyte regulating function for the chloride cell.
Comprehensive Seismic Survey Database for Developing Three-Dimensional Models of the Earth's Crust

INTRODUCTION In recent years, data from geophysical and laboratory physics gravity experiments suggested the existence of an anomalous gravitational or “fifth” force (Stacey et al. , 1987; Boynton et al. , 1987; Thieberger, 1987; Fischbach and Talmadge, 1992). However, it appears that these data are better explained by improving the models of the Earth's gravitational field instead of making major adjustments in the basic theories of physics (Kim, 1988; Kim, 1989; Braswell, 1992). Detailed modeling of the Earth's gravitational field requires a knowledge of variations in density within the Earth as well as a knowledge of the shape of the Earth (Chulick et al. , 1990). This in part is facilitated by the inclusion of a detailed model of the three-dimensional density structure of the Earth's crust. Such a model can be constructed by using the velocity and layer thickness data collected from various types of seismic surveys (Christiansen and Mooney, 1995). This...
Questioning the merits and demerits of electronic communication in Social Work

This paper examines the social dynamics of electronic exchanges in the human services, particularly in social work. It focuses on the observable effects that email and texting have on the linguistic, relational and clinical rather than managerial aspects of the profession. It highlights how electronic communication is affecting professionals in their practice and learners as they become acculturated to social work. What are the gains and losses of the broad use of electronic devices in daily lay and professional, verbal and non-verbal communication? Will our current situation be seriously detrimental to the demeanor of future practitioners, their use of language, and their ability to establish close personal relationships? The paper analyzes social work linguistic and behavioral changes in light of the growth of electronic communication and offers a summary of merits and demerits viewed through a prism emerging from Baron’s (2000) analysis of human communication.
Accessing spin-crossover behaviour in iron(II) complexes of N-confused scorpionate ligands

The first examples of a class of N-confused tris(pyrazolyl)methane 'scorpionate' ligands have been prepared. The magnetic properties of their iron(ii) tetrafluoroborate complexes are dictated by changing one substituent per ligand rather than three as is typical for normal scorpionate ligands.
An effective educational module for Booth's multiplication algorithm

We have developed a free online module for the self-study of Booth's multiplication algorithm. This module includes an algorithm visualization tool that displays both the pseudo-code and the contents of hardware registers during execution. This tool accepts user-generated inputs, randomly generates questions to foster active learning and comes with a user guide and a standalone hyper-textbook chapter that explains the algorithm, justifies it mathematically and includes exercises that are integrated with our visualization tool. Student grades and feedback suggest that this module is an effective platform for self-study.
Special Issue on Multicultural Marketing Comments from the Editor

(1997). Special Issue on Multicultural Marketing Comments from the Editor. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. vi-viii.
The Geochemistry of Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids

Abstract The inorganic geochemistry of hydraulic fracturing fluids is reviewed with new insights on the role of entrapped formation waters in unconventional shale gas and tight sand formations on the quality of flowback and produced waters that are extracted with hydrocarbons. The rapid increase of the salinity of flowback fluids during production, combined with geochemical and isotopic changes, indicate mixing of the highly saline formation water with the injected water. The salinity increase suggests that the volume of the injected water that is returned to the surface with the flowback water is much smaller than previous estimates, and thus the majority of the injected water is retained within the shale formations. The high salinity of the flowback and produced water is associated with high concentrations of halides, ammonium, metals, metalloids, and radium nuclides that pose environmental and human health risks upon the release of the hydraulic fracturing fluids to the environment.
Venous collateral drainage patterns predict clinical worsening in dural venous sinus thrombosis

Background Dural venous sinus thrombosis (DVST) is an increasingly recognized cause of a wide array of neurological symptoms, with outcomes that range from complete recovery to death. The condition of approximately 23% of patients with DVST will worsen after initial presentation, as a result of restricted venous outflow and venous hypertension, but early identification of this subset is challenging. A venous collateral scale (VCS) that grades alternative drainage routes may improve prediction of clinical deterioration. Objective To examine the ability of the VCS system to accurately identify patients with DVST who will experience clinical worsening, based on their imaging at presentation. Methods From our institutional database, we identified patients with DVST on dedicated venous imaging between January 2010 and July 2016. A VCS was created and calculated from venous imaging at presentation by two reviewers blinded to subsequent data. Results The 27 patients who met the inclusion criteria for this study had a median age of 42 years and 14 (52%) were female. Initial symptoms included headache without hemorrhage in 30% and focal deficit in 30%. Transverse sinus occlusion was present in 70% and superior sagittal sinus occlusion in 41%. VCS was 0 in 11%, 1 in 37%, and 2 in 52%. A lower VCS was significantly associated with clinical worsening both from time of initial symptom onset (77% vs 29%, VCS 0–1 vs 2, p Conclusions The type and quality of venous collaterals influence outcome in DVST. VCS helps to identify patients whose condition is likely to deteriorate and may need additional aggressive interventions.
Operative Distal Humerus Fractures in Older Patients: Predictors for Early Complications Based on a National Database:

BackgroundOpen reduction internal fixation (ORIF) and total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) have both been utilized in the treatment of distal humerus fractures in patients over 65 years of age. Compariso...
Advance Directives in Hospice Healthcare Providers: A Clinical Challenge.

Abstract Background On a daily basis, healthcare providers, especially those dealing with terminally ill patients, such as hospice workers, witness how advance directives help ensure the wishes of patients. They also witness the deleterious consequences when patients fail to document the care they desire at their end of life. To the best of our knowledge there are no data concerning the prevalence of advance directives among hospice healthcare providers. We therefore explored the prevalence and factors influencing completion rates in a survey of hospice healthcare providers. Methods Surveys that included 32 items to explore completion rates, as well as barriers, knowledge, and demographics, were e-mailed to 2097 healthcare providers, including employees and volunteers, at a nonprofit hospice. Results Of 890 respondents, 44% reported having completed an advance directive. Ethnicity, age, relationship status, and perceived knowledge were all significant factors influencing the completion rates, whereas years of experience or working directly with patients had no effect. Procrastination, fear of the subject, and costs were common reasons reported as barriers. Upon completion of the survey, 43% said they will now complete an advance directive, and 45% will talk to patients and families about their wishes. Conclusion The majority of hospice healthcare providers have not completed an advance directive. These results are very similar to those for other healthcare providers treating patients with terminal diseases, specifically oncologists. Because, at completion, 43% said that they would now complete an advance directive, such a survey of healthcare providers may help increase completion rates.
STUDIES ON THE TOXIC PRINCIPLE OF Asclepias eriocarpa AND Asclepias labriformis

I. ABSTRACT Some milkweeds native to the western United States are extremely toxic to range animals. As little as 0.8 ounce of Asclepias labriformis and 4 ounces of Asclepias eriocarpa, for example, can be lethal to a 100 pound sheep. The cardiac glycosides (cardenolides) in these species have been implicated as toxic principles. Experiments were conducted to verify this, and to determine the toxicity of three individual cardenolides common to both plant species. Four preparations were tested: dried, ground A. labriformis and A. eriocarpa plants, an ethanolic A. eriocarpa extract, and an extract from which pigments and fats had been removed. In addition, a purified cardenolide present in A. labriformis and A. eriocarpa, labriformin, and digitoxin, a clinically important cardenolide, were administered. Toxic symptoms and gross and histopathologic lesions were qualitatively similar in sheep regardless of whether plants, extracts, labriformin, or digitoxin were administered. Three cardenolides, labriformin, labriformidin, and eriocarpin, have been isolated from A. labriformis and A. eriocarpa and chemically characterized. They represent a new series of cardenolides similar, but not identical to those present in A. curassavica, a species whose cardenolides have undergone some toxicological investigation. Acute toxicity studies on these A. labriformis and A. eriocarpa cardenolides and uscharidin and calotropin from A. curassavica were performed using male Swiss Webster mice. Each LDSO is below 15 mg/kg. These cardenolides were also assayed for their ability to inhibit Na + −K + -ATPase, the proposed pharmacological receptor for cardiac glycosides in the heart. The milkweed cardenolides were comparable to ouabain in ability to inhibit lamb heart ATPase in vitro. Cardiac glycosides present in A. eriocarpa and A. labriformis represent a highly toxic group of compounds that account for the effects of these plants on sheep.
Measurement of carbon-14 and tritium in the effluent of a gas chromatography column

Several methods of measuring radioactivity in the effluent of a gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) column are reviewed. If there is sufficient radioactivity in individual compounds to be measurable with acceptable precision in less than 15–20 see, the effluent of a GLC column can be assayed for radioactivity during the course of an analysis. The effluent can be passed directly through a heated ionization chamber or proportional counter but both of these are some-what sensitive to changes in the composition of the gas. The effluent can also be combusted to carbon dioxide and water, and the water then converted to HT for tritium assay. These gases can then be assayed in an ionization chamber, proportional counter or flow-through scintillation counter at ambient temperature. The detector volume and gas flow rate can then be large so that changes in gas composition that occur during the course of an analysis are minimized. The gas flow is adjusted for optimal speed of response. Combustion trains have been developed that minimize memory effects in tritium assays that otherwise can cause difficulties. Convenient calibration methods are available for setting up the methods and for determining their efficiencies. When there is insufficient radioactivity in the sample to be measurable during a short time interval, the effluent can be fractionated, high boiling material in each fraction can be condensed out and assayed for radioactivity for longer periods. Automatic and quantitative fraction collecting devices have been developed for use with liquid scintillation counters that make this method of radioassay accurate as well as highly sensitive.
Investigating Everyday Information Behavior of Using Ambient Displays: A Case of Indoor Air Quality Monitors

With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), people are increasingly gathering and using information through ambient displays every day. While this everyday information behavior has become a common mode of human information behavior, little is known about the factors that constitute such practices to inform the design of information dashboards. Drawing from 729 user reviews of indoor air quality monitoring stations posted to Amazon.com as a case, this study investigates the process through which people gather and use information from an ambient display as everyday information behavior. By using sense-making theory as an analytical framework, we illustrate key themes that constitute ways in which people make sense of information through everyday information behaviors of ambient display use.
Models from an Implicit Operator Describing a Large Mass-Spring-Damper Network

Abstract This paper considers the dynamics of a type of complex mechanical network of masses, springs, and dampers. A network of this type is cast in the form of a graph with branches consisting of massless linear springs and dampers, while masses are located at the nodes. Finite and infinite systems in ladder-type configurations are considered, and it is shown that the overall dynamics of the infinite system with self-similarity is represented using an implicitly defined integro-differential operator.
Sowing Seeds of Democracy

Bernard Forrest, Joshua. (1998). Namibia's Post-Apartheid Regional Institutions: The Founding Year. University of Rochester Press, 408 pages.
Future Directions for a More Multiculturally Competent (and Humble) Positive Psychology

A multiculturally inclusive positive psychology requires not only extending positive psychology to groups that have been ignored or marginalized. It also requires critically examining the values and assumptions that underlie the field of positive psychology to prevent perpetuating the socioeconomic and political status quo. Using hermeneutic analysis we show that, despite claims of universality, positive psychology is unduly influenced by an individualistic cultural orientation. In particular, positive psychology presupposes both an individualistic view of the nature of the self and of the nature of values and virtues. To redress this cultural myopia and hegemonic potential, a positive psychology that is multiculturally sensitive and informed needs to take seriously the understandings of the positive that are inherent in diverse cultural traditions.
Abstract IA24: Making immunotherapy work in prostate cancer

Immunotherapeutic approaches can only be successful when the immune system recognizes the tumor and generates a response that causes immune effector cells to seek out and destroy the tumor. Recent clinical advances in immunotherapy have capitalized on tumors that the immune system has developed an immune response to, but is prevented from killing by specific immune checkpoints that protect normal tissue from autoimmune attack. Tumor cells use these checkpoints to escape immune attack. However, many tumors, including the vast majority of prostate tumors, do not have an underlying immune response. A variety of modalities, some more efficient than others, can lead to immune recognition, but cannot be fully effective when used as monotherapies. Optimal clinical benefit will be achieved with rational combination therapies that generate a robust immune response and allow those generated effector cells to remain functional within the tumor microenvironment. Citation Format: James L. Gulley. Making immunotherapy work in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Prostate Cancer: Advances in Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research; 2017 Dec 2-5; Orlando, Florida. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(16 Suppl):Abstract nr IA24.
Migratory patterns and connectivity of two North American grassland bird species.

Effective management and conservation of migratory bird populations require knowledge and incorporation of their movement patterns and space use throughout the annual cycle. To investigate the little-known migratory patterns of two grassland bird species, we deployed 180 light-level geolocators on Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) and 29 Argos-GPS tags on Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) at Konza Prairie, Kansas, USA, and six US Department of Defense (DoD) installations distributed across the species' breeding ranges. We analyzed location data from 34 light-level geolocators and five Argos-GPS tags attached for 1 year to Grasshopper Sparrows and Eastern Meadowlarks, respectively. Grasshopper Sparrows were present on the breeding grounds from mid-April through early October, substantially longer than previously estimated, and migrated on average ~2,500 km over ~30 days. Grasshopper Sparrows exhibited strong migratory connectivity only at a continental scale. The North American Great Lakes region likely serves as a migratory divide for Midwest and East Coast Grasshopper Sparrows; Midwest populations (Kansas, Wisconsin, and North Dakota; n = 13) largely wintered in Texas or Mexico, whereas East Coast populations (Maryland and Massachusetts, n = 20) wintered in the northern Caribbean or Florida. Our data from Eastern Meadowlarks provided evidence for a diversity of stationary and short- and long-distance migration strategies. By providing the most extensive examination of the nonbreeding movement ecology for these two North American grassland bird species to date, we refine information gaps and provide key insight for their management and conservation.
Confronting Misrepresentative Political Messages: The Klan’s 19th- and Early 20th-Century Manifestations

Over the last couple of years, White nationalist groups have been at the forefront of American political life, especially with the events in Charlottesville, Virginia. The historical roots of White...
A Simple and Fast Algorithm for L1-Norm Kernel PCA

We present an algorithm for L1-norm kernel PCA and provide a convergence analysis for it. While an optimal solution of L2-norm kernel PCA can be obtained through matrix decomposition, finding that of L1-norm kernel PCA is not trivial due to its non-convexity and non-smoothness. We provide a novel reformulation through which an equivalent, geometrically interpretable problem is obtained. Based on the geometric interpretation of the reformulated problem, we present a “fixed-point” type algorithm that iteratively computes a binary weight for each observation. As the algorithm requires only inner products of data vectors, it is computationally efficient and the kernel trick is applicable. In the convergence analysis, we show that the algorithm converges to a local optimal solution in a finite number of steps. Moreover, we provide a rate of convergence analysis, which has been never done for any L1-norm PCA algorithm, proving that the sequence of objective values converges at a linear rate. In numerical experiments, we show that the algorithm is robust in the presence of entry-wise perturbations and computationally scalable, especially in a large-scale setting. Lastly, we introduce an application to outlier detection where the model based on the proposed algorithm outperforms the benchmark algorithms.
Abstract P408: Ischemic Stroke Risk Factor Differences and Their Changes Over Time Among Young (45 Years or Less) Persons in a Rural State: 2012-2017

Introduction: A positive public health trend in Iowa in the last decade has been the decreasing mortality by stroke. However, there has been an alarming trend in the increased occurrence of stroke ...
Geographic, Temporal, and Sociodemographic Differences in Opioid Poisoning.

Introduction Not enough is known about the epidemiology of opioid poisoning to tailor interventions to help address the growing opioid crisis in the U.S. The objective of this study is to expand the current understanding of opioid poisoning through the use of data analytics to evaluate geographic, temporal, and sociodemographic differences of opioid poisoning– related hospital visits in a region of New York State with high opioid poisoning rates. Methods This retrospective cohort study utilized patient-level New York State all-payer hospital data (2010–2016) combined with Census data to evaluate geographic, patient, and community factors for 9,714 Long Island residents with an opioid poisoning–related inpatient or outpatient hospital facility discharge. Temporal, 7-year opioid poisoning rates and trends were evaluated, and geographic maps were generated. Overall, significance tests and tests for linear trend were based upon logistic regression. Analyses were completed between 2017 and 2018. Results Since 2010, Long Island and New York State opioid poisoning hospital visit rates have increased 2.5- to 2.7-fold (p Conclusions Findings highlight the changing demographics of the opioid poisoning epidemic and utility of data analytics tools to identify regions and patient populations to focus interventions. These population identification techniques can be applied in other communities and interventions.
MRI of Whole Rat Brain Perivascular Network Reveals Role for Ventricles in Brain Waste Clearance.

Investigating the mechanisms by which metabolic wastes are cleared from nervous tissue is important for understanding natural function and the pathophysiology of several neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease. Recent evidence suggests clearance may be the function of annular spaces around cerebral blood vessels, called perivascular spaces (PVS), through which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is transported from the subarachnoid space into brain parenchyma to exchange with interstitial fluid (also known as the glymphatic system). In this work, an MRI-based methodology was developed to reconstruct the PVS network in whole rat brain to better elucidate both PVS uptake and clearance pathways. MR visible tracer (Gd-albumin) was infused in vivo into the CSF-filled lateral ventricle followed by ex vivo high-resolution MR imaging at 17.6 T with an image voxel volume two orders of magnitude smaller than previously reported. Imaged tracer distribution patterns were reconstructed to obtain a more complete brain PVS network. Several PVS connections were repeatedly highlighted across different animals, and new PVS connections between ventricles and different parts of the brain parenchyma were revealed suggesting a possible role for the ventricles as a source or sink for solutes in the brain. In the future, this methodology may be applied to understand changes in the PVS network with disease.
Light Modulates Ethylene Synthesis, Signaling, and Downstream Transcriptional Networks to Control Plant Development.

The inhibition of hypocotyl elongation by ethylene in dark-grown seedlings was the basis of elegant screens that identified ethylene-insensitive Arabidopsis mutants, which remained tall even when treated with high concentrations of ethylene. This simple approach proved invaluable for identification and molecular characterization of major players in the ethylene signaling and response pathway, including receptors and downstream signaling proteins, as well as transcription factors that mediate the extensive transcriptional remodeling observed in response to elevated ethylene. However, the dark-adapted early developmental stage used in these experiments represents only a small segment of a plant’s life cycle. After a seedling’s emergence from the soil, light signaling pathways elicit a switch in developmental programming and the hormonal circuitry that controls it. Accordingly, ethylene levels and responses diverge under these different environmental conditions. In this review, we compare and contrast ethylene synthesis, perception, and response in light and dark contexts, including the molecular mechanisms linking light responses to ethylene biology. One powerful method to identify similarities and differences in these important regulatory processes is through comparison of transcriptomic datasets resulting from manipulation of ethylene levels or signaling under varying light conditions. We performed a meta-analysis of multiple transcriptomic datasets to uncover transcriptional responses to ethylene that are both light-dependent and light-independent. We identified a core set of 139 transcripts with robust and consistent responses to elevated ethylene across three root-specific datasets. This “gold standard” group of ethylene-regulated transcripts includes mRNAs encoding numerous proteins that function in ethylene signaling and synthesis, but also reveals a number of previously uncharacterized gene products that may contribute to ethylene response phenotypes. Understanding these light-dependent differences in ethylene signaling and synthesis will provide greater insight into the roles of ethylene in growth and development across the entire plant life cycle.
BMI and Pregnancy/Childbirth: Risk Reduction or Fat Shaming?

This is a commentary on Ward and McPhail’s (2019) article “Fat Shame and Blame in Reproductive Care: Implications for Ethical Health Care Interactions.” Here I discuss my own experiences as a midwi...