cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approximate Michaelis-Menten kinetics displayed in a stochastic model of cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Abstract A nonlinear continuous-time Markov chain describing a two-step process of cytolytic cells binding to target and the subsequent lysis and release of label is shown to have kinetics which resemble standard enzyme-substrate kinetics. The Michaelis-Menten saturation function is found as a special case resulting when the target population is in excess. A comparison theorem for the pseudo-steady-state distribution Π is constructed to enable examination of that distribution whose expected value E and variance V satisfy − K m E + ( C T − E ) ( T T − E ) + V = 0 , where K m is the Michaelis half-saturation constant and C T and T T are the initial populations of the two cell types. Using Π as an initial condition, the release of label process is examined. The main result is that the fraction of specific release, f, has the approximate form f = E 1 − e − k 2 t f T T + Gaussian with mean zero , when T t is large, so that a nonlinear regression procedure is appropriate for the determination of the parameters.
A dual effect of repetitive stimulation on post-tetanic potentiation of transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction.

1. End-plate potentials (e.p.p.s) were recorded with a surface electrode from frog neuromuscular junctions blocked with high Mg and low Ca to study post-tetanic potentiation(potentiation). 2. Potentiation is found to decay exponentially over most of its time course. 3. The time constant tsu(H) characterizing this exponential decay is a function of the previous history (frequency and duration) of stimulation. For example, tsu(H) increased from about 20 sec following a few impulses to over 70 sec following more than 1000 impulses. 4. A new method is presented to obtain estimates of the rise of potentiation (uncontaminated by facilitation or an intermediate facilitatory process) during repetitive stimulation. It is found that potentiation is present following short trains of impulses and continually increases in magnitude with the duration of the conditioning stimulation. Potentiation was at a maximum immediately following the conditioning trains. 5. The relationship between P(T), the magnitude of potentiation immediately following repetitive stimulation, and tsu(H), the time constant for the decay of this potentiation, is given by tsu(H)=Ae-P(T)/B, where A=19-8 plus or minus 5-1 sec (mean plus or minus S.D. of an observation) and B increases from 2.2plus or minus 2-1 to 5-7 plus or minus 2-7 as the stimulation rate increases from 5 to 30/sec. 6. The value of A in the above equation can be considered to represent the minimal time constant for the decay of potentiation--that is, the time constant for decay after a simgle impulse. 7. Evidence is presented for a afacilitatory process with a time constant of decay of about 3 sec which is intermediate in duration between facilitation and potentiation. 8. It is suggested that repetitive stimulation has a dual effect on potentiation; each impulse (1) adds an increment of potentiation and (2) increases tsu(H), the time constant for the decay of potentiation.
Design of the University of New Orleans Ship-Offshore University Laboratory for Offshore Industry Support

Le laboratoire, mis en service le 23/7/1987 a l'Universite de la Nouvelle Orleans, comprend un bassin de 38,3 × 4,6 × 2,4 m, un simulateur de courant et de vagues. Il permet de poursuivre la recherche sur le comportement des bateaux en eaux profondes calmes ou agitees, en eaux peu profondes calmes, agitees ou en presence de courant et de tester les structures en mer en vue de leur amarrage
After ASTRAL and STAR — whither renal artery stenting?

Abstract ASTRAL and STAR, two recent prospective randomized trials to compare renal artery stenting with optimal medical management versus optimal medical management alone for patients with renal insufficiency and renal artery stenosis, have concluded that there was no additional benefit to stenting. Patient selection and methodological issues in these studies cast doubt on the validity of their results and conclusions for patients with renal insufficiency and physiologically (hemodynamically) significant renal artery stenosis, i.e. true ischemic nephropathy.
EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVE CONTROL OF AUTOMOTIVE DISC BRAKE ROTOR SQUEAL USING DITHER

Abstract This paper presents an experimental investigation into the application of “dither” control for the active control and suppression of automobile disc brake squeal. Dither control is characterized by the application of a control effort at a frequency higher than the disturbance to be controlled. In the particular system considered here, a vibro-acoustic analysis of a disc brake system during squeal determined the acoustic squeal signature to be emanating from the brake rotor. This squeal was eliminated, and could even be prevented from occurring, through the application of a harmonic force with a frequency higher than the squeal frequency. The harmonic force was generated by a stack of piezoelectric elements placed within the brake's caliper piston. The harmonic force represented a small variation about the mean clamping force exerted by the brake upon the rotor. The high-frequency vibration in the brake system due to the action of the control system was not heard if an ultrasonic control frequency was used. More importantly, the active control system is shown to be able to prevent squeal from even occurring. This gives rise to a possible active control system integrated into the brake system of automobiles to prevent squeal.
Prediction of the Quality and Quantity of Maramec Spring Water

Our ability to predict the response of large karstic basins to contaminant pulses and recharge events is limited due to an inability to model flow through these highly hetereogeneous and anisotropic basins. The linear systems technique is useful for simulating hydrologic processes occurring in karstic basins because detailed knowledge about the internal structure of the basin is not required. The objectives of this study were to predict changes in the quantity and quality of spring water in a large karstic basin using the linear systems approach. Using a dimensionless unit hydrograph, the change in quantity of spring water was predicted and the correlation coefficient, r, between predicted and observed discharges was 0.94. A nonpoint source kernel was used to predict the change in the specific conductance of the spring water (r = 0.97). A point-source kernel derived from a quantitative dye trace was used to predict the first arrival and dispersion of a contaminant at the spring (r = 0.11). Even though the correlation coefficient is low, the prediction matched the first and last appearances of the contaminant. Quantitative dye traces can be used to predict the movement of aqueous contaminants through karstic aquifers using the linear systems approach. Given the findings of this research, the linear systems approach is a useful predictive tool that would enable better management of ground water resources in karstic basins.
Preparation and crystallographic properties of the systems LaMn1-xMnxO3+λ and LaMn1-xNixO3+λ JA-1106

Abstract Lanthanum manganese oxides containing varying percentages of Mn+4 were prepared and their cell dimensions determined. Lanthanum manganese oxide, prepared under pure nitrogen, contained 0·02 per cent Mn+4. At room temperature it possessed orthorhombic symmetry and was the most distorted member of the series. The orthorhombic-to-rhombohedral transition points for members of this series have been determined, and the shape of the resulting curve interpreted on the basis of an ordering of four, coplanar empty orbitals of the Mn+3 ions and steric effects. The system LaNixMn1−xO3+λ has been prepared and its crystallographic properties studied. La2NiO4, LaNiO3 and an intermediate lanthanum nickel oxide were prepared and their X-ray data are given.
Dialoguing, Cultural Capital, and Student Engagement: Toward a Hip Hop Pedagogy in the High School and University Classroom

Hip hop culture is typically excluded from conventional educational spaces within the U.S. Drawing on the experiences of an educator who works with urban high school students and university level pre- and in-service educators, this article examines the role of hip hop culture for student engagement in two settings—an alternative high school setting and the university classroom. The article explores how dialogue, as a core element of hip hop culture, is used in disrupting traditional vehicles of engagement, particularly between youth connected to hip hop culture and educators who are traditionally disconnected from the culture. Drawing upon dialogical pedagogy and analyzing an actual dialogue between urban youth and preservice teachers, the author examines the ways in which the student-researchers were “dissed” (disrespected) during and after the dialogue. Implications for practice and policy are explored.
Emplacement, growth, and gravitational deformation of serpentinite seamounts on the Mariana forearc

SUMMARY Serpentinite seamounts, representing some of the first material outputs of the recycling process that takes place in subduction zones, are found on the outer Mariana forearc. Multichannel seismic (MCS) and bathymetric data collected in 2002 image the large-scale structures of five seamounts, as well as the pre-seamount basement geometry and sediment stratigraphy. We present data from three edifices that provide insights into seamount growth and internal deformation processes and allow us to support the interpretation that serpentinite mud volcanoes are formed by the episodic eruption of mud flows from a central region. The presence of thrust faulting at the base of Turquoise and Big Blue Seamounts, along with the low surface slopes (5°–18°) of all the seamounts studied, lead us to infer that these edifices spread laterally and are subject to gravitational deformation as they grow. Numerical simulations using the discrete element method (DEM) were used to model their growth and the origins of features that we see in MCS sections, such as basal thrusts, inward-dipping reflections and mid-flank benches. The DEM simulations successfully reproduced many of the observed features. Simulations employing very low basal and internal friction coefficients (∼0.1 and ∼0.4, respectively) provide the best match to the overall morphology and structures of the serpentinite seamounts. However the simulations do not capture all of the processes involved in seamount growth, such as withdrawal of material from a central conduit leading to summit deflation; compaction, dewatering and degassing of mud flows; mass wasting in the form of sector collapse and growth upon a dipping substrate. A strong reflection beneath the summit of Big Blue, the largest serpentinite seamount on the Mariana forearc, represents the floor of a summit depression that has been partially in-filled by younger muds, supporting the idea that serpentinite seamounts grow by episodic mud volcanism. Boundaries of mud-flow units are visible in bathymetric data and as normal polarity, subhorizontal reflections on seismic profiles. Big Blue Seamount displays complex nesting relationships as it merges with other seamounts to form a large, composite edifice. Flank flows of serpentinite muds on Big Blue and Celestial Seamounts downlap pre-existing forearc substrate. The interface between serpentinite seamounts and the underlying forearc sediments is represented by a reverse polarity reflection beneath Big Blue and Celestial Seamounts, suggesting that the substrate is undercompacted/overpressured and may be a zone of fluid migration. DEM simulations suggest that this boundary represents a distinct decollement along which the seamounts slide laterally. In contrast, Turquoise Seamount grows laterally, not by stable sliding along the top of forearc sediments, but by incorporating them into large basal thrusts.
Reduction of Image Noise in Elastography

Elastography is a method for imaging the elastic properties of compliant tissues which produces gray scale elasticity images called elastograms. The elastograms of phantoms with homogeneous elastic properties exhibit a noisy appearance. We demonstrate that this noisy appearance of the elastograms is due to the nonstationary relationship between the pre- and postcompression signals that results in an artifactual modulation of the strain estimates by the amplitude variations of the envelope of the rf signal. We have identified two methods to reduce the strain modulation artifact. The first method consists of reducing the signal amplitude swings within the observation windows by logarithmically or otherwise compressing the rf signal. The sensitivity of this method to amplitude compression strength and the ability to reduce the noise in the elastograms without affecting the spatial resolution are investigated through simulations. The second method to reduce the strain modulation artifact consists of temporal stretching of the signal obtained after physical compression to approximate the shape of the signal obtained before compression. In this paper, we discuss the first method. The results show that significant improvement in image noise can be obtained with logarithmic amplitude compression. This improvement is obtained in conjunction with improved spatial resolution.
Multiwavelength discrimination and measurements of a two-gas mixture by use of a broadly tunable mid-infrared semiconductor laser

Spectroscopic detection of gases can be achieved by measuring a few species-specific absorption lines, requiring very accurate wavelength control. Alternatively, it can be achieved by using many wavelengths spread over a wide range; each wavelength need not be optimal spectroscopically, but all collectively form a unique fingerprint for the species of interest. Statistical regression can be used to quantify their concentrations. An experimental evaluation of this concept involved using a 3.1 µm broadly tunable Sb-based mid-IR laser to discriminate and measure mixtures of acetylene and water vapor with absorption spectral overlaps. As many as 30 wavelengths from ∼3200 to ∼3280 cm−1 were used to measure 5×5 combinations of the two-gas concentration. Statistical analysis of the results validates the concept. Each gas concentration was consistently and reliably measured without any problem of interference from the other. In addition, the method was sufficiently sensitivite to detect unusual discrepancies by use of statistical analysis. Optimization of the system's detection capability and its receiver-operating characteristics is demonstrated. The results suggest that the statistical multiwavelength broadband approach to detection of gas mixture can be a highly effective alternative to species-specific single-line spectroscopy.
Determination of the position of the Qi− quinone binding from the protein surface of the cytochrome bc1 complex in Rhodobacter capsulates chromatophores

The technique of distance measurement utilizing spin relaxation enhancement by an external probe has been extended to the study of intrinsic semiquinone radicals through the use of holmium-EDTA complexes and continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. This technique has been used to determine the distance of the semiquinone anion. Q1 (also designate as Qn− or Qc−), from the surface of the ubiquinone cytochrome c oxidoreductase, consisting of only three subunits, in membrane particles from Rhodobacter capsulates. The location of the semiquinone anion is 6–10Afrom the N side protein, establishing that there are two separate quinone reaction sites, i.e., ‘Q1’ and ‘Q0’, within this complex on opposite sides of the membrane. The results are discussed in relation to reported ENDOR, EPR, and optical studies of the mitochondrial counterpart.
Clozapine increases dopamine release in prefrontal cortex by 5-HT1A receptor activation

Clozapine (1–10 mg/kg s.c.) produces a selective increase in dopamine release in rat prefrontal cortex which is, in large part (~50%), mediated via activation of 5-HT1A receptors. Clozapine is a moderately potent, partial 5-HT1A receptor agonist and activation of 5-HT1A receptors may contribute to its efficacy against negative symptoms and reduced extrapyramidal side effect liability. Agonist affinity for 5-HT1A receptors could thus be a desirable feature in the design of new antipsychotics.
Factors That Influence Effect Size in15O PET Studies: A Meta-analytic Review

The PET literature is growing exponentially, creating a need and an opportunity to perform a meta-analytic review consolidating the published information. This study describes the use of effect size as an index in PET studies and discusses how this measure can be used for comparing findings across studies, laboratories, and paradigms. In comparing studies across laboratories it is essential to know how the methods employed affect the results and conclusions drawn. This study also compared effect size for two different methods of tracer delivery in 15O PET studies ([15O]H2O bolus injection versus inhalation of [15O]CO2), whether averaged versus single-scan conditions were used, and the data analytic strategy employed. The effect sizes observed across studies were consistently large with a median effect size of 8.55, indicating that the phenomena investigated in 15O PET studies are strong. The largest peak activation reported in a study was found to be affected by variability in sample size, data analytic strategy, and repeat versus single-scan conditions. However, the impact of these factors was not examined on smaller or less intense peaks. Minimal standards for reporting statistical results are discussed.
The Cost-Effectiveness of Public Postsecondary Education Subsidies

Abstract Background. Although educational attainment is a well-recognized covariate of health status, it is rarely thought of as a tool to be used to improve health. Since fewer than 40% of U.S. citizens have a college degree, it may be possible for the government to improve the health status of the population by assuming a larger burden of the cost of postsecondary education. This paper examines the costs and health effects of a government subsidy for public postsecondary education institutions. Methods. All high school graduates in 1997 were included in a decision analysis model as a hypothetical cohort. Data from the U.S. Department of Education, the World Health Organization, and the National Center for Health Statistics were used as model inputs. Results. Relative to the present educational system, a federal subsidy for public and private colleges equal to the amount now paid by students for tuition and living expenses would save $6,176 and avert 0.0018 of a disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) per person annually if enrollment increased 5%. The overall savings among 1997 high school graduates would be $17.1 bil lion and 4,992 DALYs would be averted per year relative to the present educational system. If enrollment increased by just 3%, $3,743 would be saved and 0.0011 DALYs would be averted per person. An enrollment increase of 7% would lead to savings of $8,610 and 0.0025 DALYs would be averted per person relative to the present educational system. Conclusions. If the government were to offer a full subsidy for college tuition at public universities, both lives and money would be saved, so long as enrollment levels increased. Providing a free postsecondary education for students attending public schools may be more cost-effective than most health investments.
Extracellular DNA in cord blood plasma and applications in cord blood banking for sample identification.

BACKGROUND: Human cord blood (CB) units donated for transplantation require testing for various markers in blood and plasma aliquots. Although the identity link between the CB unit and the labeled aliquots with the same identifiers can be confirmed by HLA-DNA assays, these methods have not been used for CB plasma. We have previously reported that viral DNA sequences are present in the CB plasma of carrier babies and now hypothesize that human genomic DNA may also be present in CB plasma. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The aim of the study was to determine whether human genomic DNA is also present in CB plasma in quality and quantity able to support human genetic identification by short tandem repeat analysis (STR). RESULTS: The presence of extracellular DNA (EC-DNA) in CB and adult peripheral blood plasma was confirmed by HLA-DR polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR of Alu (SB2) genes. High concentrations were seen in CB plasma (0.131 ng/µL vs. adult 0.005 ng/µL; p < 0.001). EC-DNA increased over time while CB was stored at room temperature; this increase was associated with decreasing cell viability. STR-PCR of EC-DNA showed good signal strength and accurate allele calling so that linkage between the infant donor, the collected CB unit, and CB plasma aliquots could be established. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that infant-derived EC-DNA is present in CB plasma and provides a useful tool for the unambiguous confirmation of plasma aliquot identity, as routinely used in CB banking, by the use of a sensitive and highly accurate DNA assay.
Investigating the Molecular Interactions of Oxytetracycline in Clay and Organic Matter: Insights on Factors Affecting Its Mobility in Soil

The interactions of oxytetracycline with model clay adsorbents were investigated as a function of suspension pH. The clay adsorbents used were native montmorillonite (SWy-2), Na-montmorillonite (Na-SWy-2), and hexadecyl trimethylammonium-montmorillonite (HDTMA-montmorillonite). The adsorption of oxytetracycline to the clay could be described by Freundlich-type adsorption isotherms. It was observed that the adsorption of oxytetracycline in the native and sodium forms of montmorillonite decreases with increasing pH in the order pH 1.5 > 5.0 > 8.7 > 11.0. This trend is consistent with cationic exchange interactions that are dominant at lower pH values when oxytetracycline has a net positive charge. On the other hand, hydrophobic interactions when oxytetracycline is zwitterionic (at pH 5.0) are predominant over other mechanisms, as evident from the FT-IR spectrum of the HDTMA-montmorillonite and humic acid-montmorillonite adsorbed with oxytetracycline. The presence of a large amount of dissolved organic matter (DOM) was also found to decrease the sorption of oxytetracycline to clay, suggesting that DOM may increase its mobility in the natural environment. Several mechanisms of interaction of oxytetracycline in clay are proposed based on the adsorption isotherms and the results from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) analyses.
Live Television: Time, Space and the Broadcast Event

Marriott, S. (2007). Live television: Time, space and the broadcast event. Los Angeles: Sage. 137 pages. Starting with the Langs' famed study of the 1951 MacArthur Day parade, scholars have been fa...
RIBOSOMES BOUND TO CHLOROPLAST MEMBRANES IN CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII

The amount of chloroplast ribosomal RNAs of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii which sediment at 15,000 g is increased when cells are treated with chloramphenicol. Preparations of chloroplast membranes from chloramphenicol-treated cells contain more chloroplast ribosomal RNAs than preparations from untreated cells. The membranes from treated cells also contain more ribosome-like particles, some of which appear in polysome-like arrangements. About 50% of chloroplast ribosomes are released from membranes in vitro as subunits by 1 mM puromycin in 500 mM KCl. A portion of chloroplast ribosomal subunits is released by 500 mM KCl alone, a portion by 1 mM puromycin alone, and a portion by 1 mM puromycin in 500 mM KCl. Ribosomes are not released from isolated membranes by treatment with ribonuclease. Membranes in chloroplasts of chloramphenicol-treated cells show many ribosomes associated with membranes, some of which are present in polysome-like arrangements. This type of organization is less frequent in chloroplasts of untreated cells. Streptogramin, an inhibitor of initiation, prevents chloramphenicol from acting to permit isolation of membrane-bound ribosomes. Membrane-bound chloroplast ribosomes are probably a normal component of actively growing cells. The ability to isolate membrane-bound ribosomes from chloramphenicol-treated cells is probably due to chloramphenicol-prevented completion of nascent chains during harvesting of cells. Since chloroplasts synthesize some of their membrane proteins, and a portion of chloroplast ribosomes is bound to chloroplast membranes through nascent protein chains, it is suggested that the membrane-bound ribosomes are synthesizing membrane protein.
Constancy scaling theory and the Mueller-Lyer illusion: More disconfirming evidence

Length and width judgments were made for modified Mueller-Lyer figures (the center shaft of each of the two figures was replaced by a rectangle). The rectangle with outgoing fins was judged longer and wider than a control rectangle of equal size with no fins, but longer and narrower than the rectangle with ingoing fins. The rectangle with ingoing fins was judged shorter and wider than the control rectangle. These results did not support Gregory’s inappropriate constancy scaling explanation of the Mueller-Lyer illusion.
Investigating Portugueseness: Reflections on Recent Ethnographic Approaches

The works under consideration in this essay all explore identi- ties, relationships, and ways of life that have intersected, in one way or another, with Portugal's intertwined history of emigration, empire, and nation-making. Two of them—Portuguese Women in Toronto: Gender, Immigration, and Nationalism, by Wenona Giles, and The Portuguese in Canada: From the Sea to the City, edited by Carlos Teixeira and Victor M.P. Da Rosa—focus on a relatively recent component of Portugal's diaspora. The other two—D'Albu- querque's Children: Performing Tradition in Malaysia's Portuguese Settlement, by Margaret Sarkissian, and "Brazilians in Portugal, Portuguese in Brazil: Constructions of Sameness and Difference," by Bela Feldman-Bianco—explore contemporary manifestations of Portugal's history as a colonial power. In this discussion, I reflect on how the authors approach agendas central to contemporary notions of how culture, and more specifi- cally, identity, works. The theoretical positions I am about to lay out are widely shared amongst present-day ethnographers, includ- ing, I would venture to say, those whose work is the focus of the following discussion. However, the ways in which these authors deal with this set of issues in their accounts of Portugueseness xxxxxxxxxxxx 277
Excel: An intensive and structured program of advising and academic support to assist minority freshmen to succeed at a large state university

It is a consistent observation that minority students graduate at much lower rates than majority students at our large state colleges and universities. The Excel program was designed to assist ethnic minority students adjust to the demands of university life and succeed both academically and personally. The program has three major components: a two semester two credit core seminar, weekly instructional support groups, and peer led tutorial/discussion groups. The results of the first two years of the program were evaluated in a number of studies comparing the performance of the Excel students to other minority and majority freshmen at the university. In all comparisons the Excel students were found to have performed significantly better than other minority groups and equal to or better than majority students. The results are discussed in terms of the variables that appear to affect minority student success at large universities.
Morphine-withdrawal aggression: sensitization by amphetamines

Aggressive behaviors during the withdrawal from morphine sulfate (400 mg/kg/day), were potentiated by methylphenidate or d and l isomers of amphetamine. d-Amphetamine was most active, while hydroxyamphetamine was without any effect. Optimum effect of the drugs depended upon the drug dose and the time of morphine withdrawal.
A POSITIVE NOTE ON A COUNTEREXAMPLE BY ARENS

In his seminal paper [2], Arens gave an example of a positive bilinear map P : l 1 × l 1 → R that is not regular. In this note we show that for Banach lattices E such a bilinear non-regular map E × E → R exists if and only if l 1 does not embed into E.
Functional characterization of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor on Jurkat T cells

Abstract Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been shown to be important in the maintenance, development, and proliferation of various types of leukocytes, particularly T cells. Radio-receptor binding assays demonstrate that Jurkat T cells bind 125 I-IGF-I with an affinity of 1.77 n M ( K d ) and express approximately 230 receptors/cell. Specificity studies show insulin also binds the IGF-I receptor with an affinity 20-fold lower than that of IGF-I. Interaction of IGF-I with its receptor on Jurkat T cells induces the phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase which is detectable by Western blotting. The 95,000 MW protein detected is equivalent to the molecular weight of the β chain of the IGF-I receptor described in other types of cells. These studies characterize the binding of IGF-I to its receptor on Jurkat T cells, demonstrate that IGF-I binding induces tyrosine phosphorylation, and support the hypothesis that IGF-I is important in the induction of T cell activation.
Detection of bone erosions in early rheumatoid arthritis: 3D ultrasonography versus computed tomography

Three-dimensional (3D) volumetric ultrasonography (US) is an interesting tool that could improve the traditional approach to musculoskeletal US in rheumatology, due to its virtual operator independence and reduced examination time. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of 3DUS in the detection of bone erosions in hand and wrist joints of early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA) patients, with computed tomography (CT) as the reference method. Twenty ERA patients without erosions on standard radiography of hands and wrists underwent 3DUS and CT evaluation of eleven joints: radiocarpal, intercarpal, ulnocarpal, second to fifth metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP), and second to fifth proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints of dominant hand. Eleven (55.0%) patients were erosive with CT and ten of them were erosive also at 3DUS evaluation. In five patients, 3DUS identified cortical breaks that were not erosions at CT evaluation. Considering CT as the gold standard to identify erosive patients, the 3DUS sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 0.9, 0.55, 0.71, and 0.83, respectively. A total of 32 erosions were detected with CT, 15 of them were also observed at the same sites with 3DUS, whereas 17 were not seen on 3DUS evaluation. The majority of these 3DUS false-negative erosions were in the wrist joints. Furthermore, 18 erosions recorded by 3DUS were false positive. The majority of these 3DUS false-positive erosions were located at PIP joints. This study underlines the limits of 3DUS in detecting individual bone erosion, mostly at the wrist, despite the good sensitivity in identifying erosive patients.
Measurements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a single drop of blood.

Abstract A quantitative method that requires only a small volume (50 μL) of blood has been developed for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Target analytes in both plasma sample (DBSV) and dried blood spot (DBS) were analyzed by a gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometer (GC/HRMS). Measurements of standard reference materials by the developed method were in agreement with those certified values. Linear correlation coefficients were found to be 0.9984 and 0.9965 for DBS and DBSV analysis, respectively. Other analytical criteria, such as limits of detection, recoveries, precision, accuracy and linearity of the proposed method are also reported. From recovery studies, the addition of formic acid to the extraction solvent was found to be effective in extracting PBDEs and PCBs from filter paper. The PBDE and PCB levels in spiked DBS were monitored at room temperature for up to 30 days and the variations of target analytes were found to be insignificant. Our results suggest that DBS sampling technique is feasible for PBDE and PCBs biomonitoring in human population.
Roller coaster-associated retinal detachments.

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to report two cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment noted immediately after roller coaster riding in an at-risk population.Methods:In separate incidents, a 35-year-old woman and a 45-year-old woman, both significantly myopic, presented with visual symptoms
Polarization fields for understanding polarization aberrations in optical imaging systems

This paper provides a set of polarization aberration fields that are useful for understanding polarization aberrations in optical imaging systems. The aberration function of a plane symmetric system is used to build the polarization fields. Polarization aberration coefficients for a system of spherical surfaces are also given.
Indian women's experience of a narrative intervention using art and writing

International and minority populations tend to underutilize mental health services, including marriage and family therapy. Models of marriage and family therapy developed in the West may reflect Western values and norms inappropriate for diverse cultural contexts. This article presents an exploratory, qualitative study of a narrative therapy approach with Asian Indian women. This study adds to the small body of narrative-based empirical studies, and has a unique focus on intercultural applications and the experience of participants. Participant experience was examined along four phenomenological dimensions. Findings indicate the suitability of narrative interventions and nontraditional treatment delivery for this population.
Development and application of composite complexity models and a relative complexity metric in a software maintenance environment

A great deal of effort is now being devoted to the study, analysis, prediction, and minimization of expected software maintenance cost, long before software is delivered to users or customers. It had been estimated that, on the average, the effort spent on software maintenance is as costly as the effort spent on all other software stages. Ways to alleviate software maintenance complexity and high costs should originate in software design. Two aspects of maintenance deserve attention: protocols for locating and rectifying defects and ensuring that no new defects are introduced in the development phase of the software process, and development of protocols for increasing the quality and reducing the costs associated with modification, enhancement, and upgrading of software. This article focuses on the second aspect and puts forward newly developed parsimonious models and a relative complexity metric for complexity measurement of software that were used to rank the modules in the system relative to each other. Significant success was achieved by use of the models and relative metric to identify maintenance-prone modules.
Urban Design: Is there a Distinctive View from the Bicycle?

Would urban design considerations and practices be different if the experience of bicycling was given a more central place? Drawing on a review of international literature and practice, this paper compares the characteristics of cyclists with those of pedestrians and motorists, showing that cyclists have a substantial number of unique characteristics that warrant further investigation in terms of a special urban design response. Focusing on four issues—community layout, cycling facilities, analysis and design processes, and detailed design—the paper offers a framework and central considerations for cycling-oriented urban design. It concludes with a call to take the experience of cycling seriously in urban design. This involves moving beyond a concern with safe and convenient facilities and complete networks to a more substantial interest in the experience of the environment from a cyclist's point of view.
Sewage disposal in the turkish straits

Abstract The stable two-layer current system of the Turkish Straits makes it possible for Istanbul and nearby communities to safely discharge, after flotation, sewage into the lower layer where it will mix with Mediterranean waters flowing into the anaerobic lower portion of the Black Sea.
Antimicrobial stewardship: Shepherding precious resources

Purpose. Differences in antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) strategies, evidences supporting the benefits of ASPs, barriers to implementing ASPs, and suggestions for overcoming the barriers are discussed. Summary. Developing and implementing an ASP can facilitate more judicious use of antimicrobials. Prior authorization and prospective audit with feedback are two distinct methods of ASPs. Supplemental and combined strategies of ASPs also exist. Tangible benefits have been demonstrated with using ASPs, such as a reduction in antimicrobial consumption and reductions in costs. In addition, reduced use of certain antimicrobial agents has been correlated with reduction in antimicrobial resistance. Most importantly, ASP implementation may increase patient safety with minimization of antimicrobial-related medication errors such as unnecessary or duplicate antimicrobial use. However, barriers to ASP implementation exist such as acquiring funding for an ASP, a lack of pharmacy leadership supporting ASPs, a shortage of adequately trained infectious disease physicians and pharmacists, competition for funding with other programs in the hospital, and communicating with antagonizing colleagues. Conclusion. In the setting of increasing antimicrobial resistance, ASPs provide a formalized, practical, and manageable approach to improving the use of antimicrobials in our health care systems where their use is widespread and often suboptimal. Governmental agencies that require institutions to practice some form of antimicrobial stewardship can be the means to incentivize institutions to allocate resources for such programs.
Reversal of outflow tract ventricular premature depolarization–induced cardiomyopathy with ablation: Effect of residual arrhythmia burden and preexisting cardiomyopathy on outcome

Background Outflow tract ventricular premature depolarizations (VPDs) can be associated with reversible left ventricular cardiomyopathy (LVCM). Limited data exist regarding the outcome after ablation of outflow tract VPDs from the LV and the impact of residual VPDs or preexisting LVCM prior to the diagnosis of VPDs on recovery of LV function. Objective To examine the safety, efficacy, and long-term effect of radiofrequency ablation on LV function in patients with LVCM and frequent outflow tract VPDs and examine the effect of ablation in patients with LVCM known to precede the onset of VPDs and the impact of residual VPD frequency on recovery of LV function. Methods Sixty-nine patients (43 men; age 51 ± 16 years) with nonischemic LVCM (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 35% ± 9%, left ventricular diastolic diameter [LVDD] 5.8 ± 0.7 cm) were referred for ablation of frequent outflow tract VPDs (29% ± 13%). Results VPDs originated in the right ventricular outflow tract in 27 (39%) patients and the left ventricular outflow tract in 42 (61%) patients. After follow-up of 11 ± 6 months, 44 (66%) patients had rare ( 80% reduction and always Conclusion Frequent outflow tract VPDs are associated with LVCM regardless of ventricle of origin. Significant (>80%) reduction in VPD burden has comparable improvement in LV function to complete VPD elimination. Successful VPD ablation may be beneficial even in patients with preexisting LVCM.
Late preconditioning elicited by activation of adenosine A(3) receptor in heart: role of NF- kappa B, iNOS and mitochondrial K(ATP) channel.

Activation of adenosine A(3) receptor (A(3)AR) protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in the heart. However, the downstream signaling mechanisms leading to its delayed anti-ischemic effects remain unclear. We hypothesized that A(3)AR stimulation protects the heart via activation of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) and synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Mice were treated with selective A(3)AR agonist, N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl) adenosine-5;-N-methyluronamide (IB-MECA). Twenty-four h later, hearts were perfused in Langendorff mode and subjected to 30 min of global ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion. IB-MECA caused post-ischemic reduction in necrosis and improvement in myocardial performance which was abolished by A(3)AR antagonist, MRS1191. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated increased NF-kappa B binding in nuclear extracts following A(3)AR stimulation, which was diminished by MRS1191 and NF-kappa B inhibitor, pyrrolidinediethyldithiocarbamate (PDTC). The cardioprotection was abrogated by PDTC and targeted ablation of p50 subunit of NF-kappa B in mice. The inhibition of iNOS with S-methylisothiourea and targeted disruption of the iNOS gene also abolished the protective effect of A(3)AR stimulation. Expression of iNOS mRNA and NO production were enhanced after 6 and 24 h respectively of IB-MECA treatment. MRS1191 and PDTC blocked IB-MECA induced NO production after A(3)AR stimulation. MitoK(ATP) channel blocker, 5-hydroxydecanoate abolished the protective effect of A(3)AR. For the first time, we have provided direct evidence of an essential role of NF- kappa B activation and iNOS in A(3)AR-induced late preconditioning. Selective activation of A(3)AR with IB-MECA can be used to trigger long-lasting ischemic protection in the heart.
Surgical treatment of nutcracker esophagus.

The “nutcracker esophagus” has become a commonly diagnosed esophageal motility disorder due to the advent of the more accurate low-compliance perfusion system. The disorder is characterized by high-amplitude peristaltic contractions often of prolonged duration and manifested by dysphagia and chest pain. Typically, symptomatic control is achieved with medical management. We report a case of “nutcracker esophagus” that was refractory to conventional modes of treatment but responded with symptomatic and manometric resolution after an extended esophagomyotomy.
The Rise and Fall of Isle Royale Wolves, 1975–1986

The wolf ( Canis lupus ) population in Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, increased steadily in the 1970s, reaching a peak of 50 wolves (91 wolves/1,000 km2) in 1980. A population crash followed in 1980–1982, then wolf numbers stabilized at 20–24, the same level as during the 1960s. After a lag of 2–3 years, wolf density followed trends in moose ( Alces alces ) mortality rate, which was correlated with wolf-pack food supply. The increase in numbers of wolves resulted from proliferation of reproducing packs when food became more abundant in the early to mid-1970s. During the increase phase, pack size averaged 9.5 wolves, with annual survival of 84–87%, but during the crash, pack size dropped to 4.7 and survival was only 49%. Equilibrium was reached in 1983–1986, with average pack size of 6.5 and annual survival of 66– 67%, coupled with annual recruitment of two pups/pack. For 2 years before the 1980–1982 crash, dispersal of individuals from packs was high, resulting in smaller pack size. Known mortality during the decline took the form of starvation and intraspecific killing, direct and indirect manifestations of reduced food supply.
The slit sense organs of spiders

Although there has been much dispute in the past concerning the structure and function of the slit sense organs it is highly probable that they are chemoreceptors somewhat analogous to the pore-plate organs on the antennae of insects. The cuticular portion of a compound organ is made up of a number of more or less parallel slits in the outer cuticula. These slits are separated by thick laminae arranged as in a grid. A thin epicuticular membrane covers both laminae and slits between, while a thinner membrane is present at the inner ends of the slits. The hypodermal portion is composed of tall cells with a granular basal and a fibrillar distal cytoplasm. The sense cells are typical bipolar neurones, one for each slit of the organ. The distal sensory fiber traverses the fluid filled slit and ends at the epicuticula. It is never exposed directly to the outside. The structure of single slits is essentially similar to that of compound organs. In accordance with Schenk's well-known system of nomenclature for analogous structures in insects the term sensilla tomosa is suggested for both. The results of this study in fifteen species from nine families indicate that these organs are the same in all spiders, and that they are adapted for the function of chemoperception.
Toward an understanding of social consequences of “feminine immodesty” about personal achievements

Two studies examine the hypothesis that females who are immodest about their achievements are perceived more negatively than are males who are immodest. The assumptions that there are social consequences of immodesty, and that women and girls believe there to be such consequences, have been raised in self-presentational explanations of women's tendencies to undervaluate and underestimate their performances. This study provides a test of this assumption is a sample of 236 high school students and 144 teachers. Each judged the intelligence, personality, popularity, and adjustment of a very successful (hypothetical) high school student who was presented as male or female, mdoest or immodest. Two replications allowed this assumptions to be tested for diverse areas of success. Results showed consistent and negative social consequences of immodesty, which were, however, differentially worse for girls in only one of four tests. Other significant effects revealed that the characteristics of the judges was a factor. The findings are interpreted in the context of assumptions in both the popular culture and the research literature that “feminine immodesty” may be perceived differently than immodesty on the part of males. Directions for future research to elucidate these findings are offered.
The Problem Problem and Other Oddities of Academic Discourse

Habits of thinking and writing that are so familiar to academics that we hardly recognize them often seem counter-intuitive to high school and college students. These habits include the search for ...
Appendix A—Observations of rainfall, runoff, and sedimentation of United States Soil Conservation Service

Following are data on watersheds and fields with supplementary plots and lysimeters for surface-runoff, operated by the Soil Conservation Service through its Division of Research or as designated in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. Tables 1 to 10 show that hydrologic research is being conducted on surface-areas covering a wide range. The size of the areas varies from approximately 700 square miles to a few square feet in area for lysimeters. Conservation Experiment Stations Division—This Division is making surface-runoff measurements on 27 experimental farms distributed in 20 States and on which are made measurements of hydrologic factors as follows: (1) On about 50 small watersheds or fields from 3/4 to 68 acres; (2) on about 170 terraces from approximately 0.05 to seven acres; (3) on about 560 plots ranging in size from 0.005 to two acres.