cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Memory and the Cultural Reworking of Crisis: Racisms and the Current Moment of Danger in Sweden, or Wanting it like before:

Amidst a multitude of mutually compounding economic, political, and social crises, amidst the repeated shattering of everyday taken-for-granteds, amidst the repeated invalidation of meaning-memories, identity crises have come to abound in Sweden. For many Swedes perhaps nothing has become more disruptive of taken-for-granted meanings and identity than either the large-scale presence of non-Europeans and Muslims, or the assortment of racisms that have risen to the surface among extremist Others and—less consciously—themselves. The widespread occurrence of cultural racism runs counter to central images of self and nation held by most Swedes. That variety of racism and its attendant identity destabilization is generally denied and culturally reworked in two principal ways. (1) Through people comforting themselves with the belief that the country's racists are somebody else; through convincing themselves that only the physical violence and fascist symbolics of certain others have racist consequences; through ...
Predicting Interfacial Diffusion Coefficients for Fluxes across the Sediment-Water Interface

Calculations of interfacial diffusion coefficients are often based on tracer flux or penetration into permeable media or sediments. Based on previous investigations, a new empirical relationship for tracer-based interfacial diffusion coefficients is derived. This relationship is a powerful tool for estimating interfacial fluxes over a range of environmentally relevant conditions. Support for this relationship was found in experiments targeting the slip velocity at porous media–boundary layer interfaces. Slip measurements from flume experiments using flat permeable sediment beds and from previous studies using high permeability media were converted to interfacial diffusion coefficients based on the momentum flux needed to drive the observed interstitial flow. Slip-based estimates compared well with the tracer-based predictions over the entire range of flow-permeability conditions. This study presents a relationship for predicting fluxes across the sediment-water interface that is driven by permeability-sca...
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Associated with Bone Marrow Metastasis and Secondary Myelofibrosis in Cancer

To examine the relationship between cancer and development of thrombotic microangiopathy (TM), the medical records of patients with known TM were examined in one institution from January 1981 to December 2002. Nine out of 93 patients with the established diagnosis of TM had active cancer. All nine of those patients had thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Among those patients, two patients received chemotherapy prior to the development of TTP. Six of the seven patients who received no chemotherapy had extensive bone marrow metastasis and secondary myelofibrosis. There were two patients each with breast cancer, lung cancer, and stomach cancer. Severe anemia and thrombocytopenia with leukoerythroblastosis were prominent clinical features in all six patients. Four patients had neurological (mental) changes and three developed fever, but none had significant renal dysfunction. Upon establishing the diagnosis of TTP, four patients were treated with exchange plasmapheresis (EP) and two patients were treated with chemotherapy because there were no neurological changes. Three patients achieved complete remission of TTP, one with EP alone and two with chemotherapy. The one patient who achieved remission with EP alone was later treated with chemotherapy and survived for 2 1/2 years. The other three patients treated with EP alone died within 2 months after the diagnosis of TTP. Since TTP occurred in association with bone marrow metastasis and myelofibrosis in six patients among seven chemotherapy-untreated cancer patients, this marrow change was considered to be the possible cause of the development of TTP. It is recommended that all cancer patients with unexplained anemia and thrombocytopenia be evaluated for the coexistence of bone marrow metastasis and TTP. The Oncologist 2003;8:375-380
Screening of Si?H bonds during plasma processing

This work investigates the screening of Si–H bonds at the Si–SiO2 interface in an n-channel MOSFET due to plasma charging damage. Since CMOS devices are subjected to high field electron injection during plasma processing, this condition was emulated by subjecting the devices to current stress (both gate injection and substrate injection). With the source and drain terminals reverse biased by a screening potential during stress, representing the impact from source and drain antenna, a decrease in stress-induced interface state density formation was noticed. Observed interface state density Dit before and after the high field injection, therefore, demonstrates an effective screening of the source and the drain edges. During gate injection the Si–H bond concentration, estimated using a model based on a simple first order kinetic equation, is inversely proportional to measured Dit at effective screening potentials. In substrate injection, however, the Si–H concentration does not relate to Dit creation. Similar trends were observed for transistors with different antenna ratios. Subsequent hot carrier stress confirms that the screening is mainly due to protected drain edges. These results suggest that effective screening of Si–H bonds is possible during plasma processing.
Gender, Race, and Justifications for Group Exclusion Urban Black Students Bussed to Affluent Suburban Schools

Relational theories of gender conceptualize masculinity and femininity as mutually constitutive. Using a relational approach, I analyzed ethnographic and interview data from male and female black adolescents in Grades 8 through 10 enrolled in ‘‘Diversify,’’ an urban-to-suburban racial integration program (n = 38).1 Suburban students (n = 7) and Diversify coordinators (n = 9) were also interviewed. All the bussed students, male and female, were racially stereotyped. Yet as a group, the Diversify boys were welcomed in suburban social cliques, even as they were constrained to enacting race and gender in narrow ways. In contrast, the Diversify girls were stereotyped as ‘‘ghetto’’ and ‘‘loud’’ and excluded. In discussing these findings, the current study extends previous research on black girls’ ‘‘loudness,’’ identifies processes of racialization and gendering within a set of wealthy suburban schools, and offers new theoretical directions for the study of racially integrated settings.
Adenoviral modulation of the tumor‐associated system L amino acid transporter, LAT1, alters amino acid transport, cell growth and 4F2/CD98 expressionwith cell‐type specific effects in cultured hepatic cells

Altered expression of metabolite transporters is observed frequently in tumor cell lines and primary neoplasms. The extent to which these may to contribute to the growth autonomy associated with cancer is not clear. LAT1 is a major L-type amino acid transporter over-expressed in a variety of cancer types and a light chain component of the CD98 heterodimer. We utilized an adenoviral expression system to modulate the level of LAT1 in a hepatic in vitro model to examine phenotypic changes associated with short-term exogenous and blocked expression. LAT1 levels were increased three fold and resulted in increased L-type amino acid transport as a result of adenoviral expression in murine hepatocytes. The protein was expressed on the cell surface and complexed with the CD98 heavy chain known as 4F2. Surprisingly, levels of the total CD98 protein complex were increased 2.4-fold as a result of adenoviral expression of light chain only, suggesting coordinate regulation. Exogenous overexpression was less effective in normal rat liver cells relative to mouse. LAT1 antisense expression in hepatic tumor cells resulted in a modest though statistically significant decrease in cell number, viability and S-phase cells over a 5-day period relative to controls despite the absence of a significant decrease in L-type transport over this period. These studies are preparatory to in vivo efforts focusing on LAT1/CD98 as a potential therapeutic target.
Semi-Active Suspension Using Dry Friction Energy Dissipation

This paper develops a semi-active dry friction damper for automotive suspension. The normal force to the frictional interface is controlled via a feedback of the relative velocity between the sprung and unsprung masses. It is seen that good damping and shock isolation are achieved with relatively low bandwidth controllers. Numerical simulations are included that demonstrate the damper's effectiveness.
Allocation of scarce resources after a nuclear detonation: setting the context.

The purpose of this article is to set the context for this special issue of Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness on the allocation of scarce resources in an improvised nuclear device incident. A nuclear detonation occurs when a sufficient amount of fissile material is brought suddenly together to reach critical mass and cause an explosion. Although the chance of a nuclear detonation is thought to be small, the consequences are potentially catastrophic, so planning for an effective medical response is necessary, albeit complex. A substantial nuclear detonation will result in physical effects and a great number of casualties that will require an organized medical response to save lives. With this type of incident, the demand for resources to treat casualties will far exceed what is available. To meet the goal of providing medical care (including symptomatic/palliative care) with fairness as the underlying ethical principle, planning for allocation of scarce resources among all involved sectors needs to be integrated and practiced. With thoughtful and realistic planning, the medical response in the chaotic environment may be made more effective and efficient for both victims and medical responders. Language: en
Obstacles and opportunities for understanding macrophage polarization

Macrophages are now routinely categorized into phenotypic subtypes based on gene expression induced in response to cytokine and pathogen-derived stimulation. In the broadest division, macrophages are described as being CAMs (M1 macrophages) or AAMs (M2 macrophages) based on their exposure to TLR and IFN signals or Th2 cytokines, respectively. Despite the prolific use of this simple classification scheme, little is known about the precise functions of effector molecules produced by AAMs, especially how representative the CAM and AAM subtypes are of tissue macrophages in homeostasis, infection, or tissue repair and how plasticity in gene expression regulates macrophage function in vivo. Furthermore, correlations between mouse and human tissue macrophages and their representative subtypes are lacking and are a major barrier to understanding human immunity. Here, we briefly summarize current features of macrophage polarization and discuss the roles of various macrophage subpopulations and macrophage-associated genes in health and disease.
Vascularized Composite Tissue Spare Part Transfer for Central Hand Defect Reconstruction: Case Report

Injuries to the hand with loss of joints, tendons, nerves, and soft tissue may require complex, innovative reconstructive techniques to achieve a favorable functional and aesthetic outcome. We present a case of a manual laborer who sustained a multifaceted injury from a metal press machine with loss of composite structures including the middle and ring finger metacarpophalangeal joints, flexor and extensor tendons, digital nerves, and dorsal/volar soft tissues. Reconstruction included using the spare parts technique for transferring his ring finger proximal interphalangeal joint as a pedicle to reconstitute the missing metacarpophalangeal joint of his middle finger. The soft tissue from the ring finger was rearranged to provide aesthetic coverage of the hand with like-to-like reconstruction of the glabrous and nonglabrous skin.
Modeling the Dependence Structure between Bonds and Stocks: A Multivariate Copula Approach

We apply a copula-GARCH approach to modeling the joint distribution of excess returns of four major assets: one year and ten year Treasury bonds and S&P 500 and Nasdaq indices. Three approaches are attempted in building the multivariate copula for the dependence structure of multiple assets: (1) n-dimensional normal copula and n-dimensional Student's t copula, (2) hierarchical Archimedean copula and (3) mixed copula. To ensure better convergence in estimation, we adopt a two-stage estimation procedure where marginal distributions are estimated separately in the first stage and then the copula is estimated in the second. Our results show that normal copula and Student's t copula yield higher log-likelihoods while hierarchical Archimedean copula and mixed copula yield lower log-likelihoods. We plot overall and rolling correlation, exceedance correlation and tail dependence of the data and find significant time-varying features with correlations between stocks and bonds, and with asymmetric exceedance correlation among all assets. With a time-varying dependence structure, our Student's t copula yields the highest log-likelihood and generates the most consistent dependence patterns with the data.
SAM Photovoltaic Model Technical Reference

This manual describes the photovoltaic performance model in the System Advisor Model (SAM). The U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory maintains and distributes SAM, which is available as a free download from https://sam.nrel.gov. These descriptions are based on SAM 2015.1.30 (SSC 41).
Memory Performance of Dataflow Programs

This chapter reports on the experience of writing numeric, scientific algorithms in a mostly functional style. One-dimensional FFT, three-dimensional FFT, Eigensolvers, and a Monte Carlo Photon Transport code are studied. While the functional paradigm is effective in the expression of these problems, their memory space use is poor as compared with imperative implementations. The focus is on the programming language Id and its Monsoon Dataflow Machine implementation, and the Id codes are sometimes compared to Haskell or SISAL versions. Each algorithm is informally described, and its performance is treated in a qualitative fashion. These studies show that there continue to be serious problems in the performance of functional languages, especially with respect to space use. (For work on profiling space use in functional language implementations, see Chapter 10. The designers of Id have recognised this problem and have proposed non-functional extensions to enhance the efficiency and expressiveness of the language. Such extensions do improve performance, but they exact a programming cost due to the very low-level, explicit parallel programming that is required.
De tandarts en de suikerspin

Ideaal zo’n situatie. Als uitvinder van het eerste suikerspinapparaat word je rijk – en dan krijg je als tandarts meer patienten om de met door jouw product veroorzaakte caries te behandelen.
Improved method for the recovery of Ascarus suum larvae from pig intestinal mucosa.

In the course of a comprehensive study on the population biology of Ascaris suum, it became necessary to determine quantitatively the migration of the larvae (L 2 ) through the pig intestine. Because no satisfactory methods for recovering these larvae from the intestinal mucosa were apparently available in the literature, we undertook the development of such a procedure. Direct Baermannization of the intestine proved inadequate, so a series of studies was undertaken to find a method to solubilize the mucosa and free the larvae. Both pepsin digestion and mucus reduction with N-acetyl cysteine were evaluated. The highest recovery rates were obtained with short-term pepsin digestion (45-90 min), followed by a specific settling and washing procedure. A third alternative, migration of larvae out of agar-gel, was also tested. Although the recovery efficiency was low (10% of pepsin digestion), the larvae recovered were clean, with good motility. The agar-gel procedure could be useful when L2 larvae are needed for other purposes, such as antigen preparation or cultivation.
The Role of Anions in Metal Chalcogenide Oxygen Evolution Catalysis: Electrodeposited Thin Films of Nickel Sulfide as “Pre-catalysts”

Oxygen evolution catalysts composed of a metal (Ni, Co, or Fe) and a pnictide or chalcogenide (P, S, or Se) counterion are a promising class of electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), an important reaction for the photoelectrochemical splitting of water. We synthesized a nickel-based oxygen evolution catalyst derived from pulse-electrodeposited nickel sulfide. This catalyst was found to produce current densities of 10 mA/cm2 at the relatively low overpotential of 320 mV in alkaline electrolyte (1 M KOH). Importantly, we found that the sulfur anion in the nickel sulfide is depleted in the active form of the electrocatalyst and that the NiS is converted into an amorphous nickel oxide in the potential range where water is oxidized to oxygen. The superior catalytic activity of this nickel sulfide is thus unrelated to the sulfur anions in the active catalyst but is instead related to the metal sulfide’s ability to act as a precursor to a highly active nickel oxide OER electrocatalyst. The nic...
Comparison of Etest, MicroScan, and Sensititre Assays for Determination of Vancomycin Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Against Clinical Isolates of Enterococci

Enterococci are important causes of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. Enterococci are inherently resistant to cephalosporins and aminoglycosides, and can acquire new resistance mechanisms during therapy. Vancomycin resistance occurs through acquisition of the vanA or vanB operons. Discrepancies in vancomycin resistance determination among different antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems have been reported. Erroneous identification of vancomycin susceptibility could lead to inappropriate antimicrobial therapy …
Preoperative and Postoperative Care

Despite the fact that the complex functions of the liver are poorly understood, certain basic functions can be measured with respect to level of present capacity and can, in turn, be temporarily supported by the administration of specific nutrients and/or exogenously produced active compounds.
A Graph-Based Global Router Algorithm

This chapter presents a general-purpose, graph-based global router algorithm. The quality of the solution produced by the global router is independent of the routing order of nets, a common limitation among previous algorithms. The global router is independent of the layout style since the only inputs to the algorithm are a net list and a channel graph (such as that generated by the algorithm of Chapter 7). In the input to the global router, each pin in the net list has been assigned to a specific position on a channel edge in the graph, including electrically equivalent pins. The global router makes full use of equivalent pins to minimize the routing length of a net. The global router minimizes the sum of the routing lengths of all of the nets subject to the satisfaction of the capacity constraints of the edges. The constraints result from the fixed widths of the channel edges.
The Poetry of Phillis Wheatley in Slavery’s Recollective Economies, 1773 to the Present

Like Claire Parfait in her essay for this volume, I will be stepping back to a point in time well before black publishing enterprises reached the advanced states of development to which most of the other essays are devoted. I am grateful to Parfait for having already done so much to help us establish that various twentieth- and twenty-first century developments - to which I myself will turn in my concluding remarks — have deep roots in black publishing enterprises of the mid-nineteenth century, such as those of Parfait’s subject, the early African American historian William Cooper Nell. My own chief endeavor has been to extend this view back to the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century — that is, to an even earlier phase of what we now often refer to as modern print culture, an era during which a new ideological emphasis on the relation of print and identity combined with the proliferation of advanced technologies of production and distribution of printed matter.
Reassurance Seeking and Negative Feedback Seeking

Publisher Summary The risk factor research approach elaborated by Kraemer and colleagues provides a method for systematically evaluating the status of a proposed risk factor through increasingly stringent empirical studies. By examining research on excessive reassurance seeking (ERS) and negative feedback seeking (NFS) within this context, the quality of the causal claims made about these proposed risk factors are tested, and areas in need of further research are identified. The study of ERS as a risk factor for depression grew from Coyne's initial presentation of an interpersonal description of depression, which described a process in which depressed individuals behave in a way that elicits negative information from the environment that then strengthens their depression. NFS—the opposite of reassurance seeking—has also been associated with depression. Depressive individuals actively seek negative feedback. Self-verification theory proposes that individuals are motivated to maintain consistent self-views, and that they will actively solicit, attend to, and recall feedback that confirms their self views. Additionally, individuals are more likely to believe feedback that they find to be self-verifying. The description of causal models with specific terminology clearly specifies the proposed pathways from the risk factor to the disorder, which can help to clarify the role of ERS and NFS in depression.
Multifeature, Sparse-Based Approach for Defects Detection and Classification in Semiconductor Units

Automated inspection systems play an important role in manufacturing to guarantee higher quality and reduce production costs. In the semiconductor manufacturing industry, assembly and testing processes are getting more complex, resulting in a greater tendency of defects to impact the production process. These defects can cause field failures and can result in customer dissatisfactions and returns. Currently available defect detection and classification systems are customized and hard-wired to the detection of particular classes of defects and cannot deal with new unknown classes of defects. This issue is aggravated by the very small sample size of available anomalies for learning, by the data imbalance problem, since the number of defective samples is significantly much smaller than the number of normal samples, and by the presence of noise. This paper presents a novel multifeature, sparse-based defect detection and classification approach that uses the stacking concept to enhance the classification accuracy. The stacking-based classifier is augmented with a novel adaptive over/downsampling technique to deal with the data imbalance problem. A new pruning technique is proposed to eliminate bad base learners. Shortage of defective units, similarities within different classes of defects, wide variation within the same defect class, and data imbalance are the basic challenges to deal with. Experimental results on real-world data from Intel show that the proposed approach results in a high classification accuracy as compared with the existing methods. Note to Practitioners —The basic motivation of this paper is to design an automated cost-effective, adaptive, and intelligent defect detection and classification system that is easy to train using a small-size sample set of defects and that is robust to noise. The system is scalable in terms of the numbers and types of defects and features, which leads to a shorter development cycle. The presented system is immediately applicable to different types of defects. Inputs of the system are grayscale images. These images are processed to perform defects detection, features extraction, and classification.
Degenerative Ataxic Disorders

Harding AE at the Institute of Neurology, London, author of the Hereditary Ataxias and Related Disorders (Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone, 1984) reviews the classification, causes, clinical characteristics and treatment of degenerative ataxias.
A Containerized Mesoscale Model and Analysis Toolkit to Accelerate Classroom Learning, Collaborative Research, and Uncertainty Quantification

AbstractNumerical weather prediction (NWP) experiments can be complex and time consuming; results depend on computational environments and numerous input parameters. Delays in learning and obtaining research results are inevitable. Students face disproportionate effort in the classroom or beginning graduate-level NWP research. Published NWP research is generally not reproducible, introducing uncertainty and slowing efforts that build on past results. This work exploits the rapid emergence of software container technology to produce a transformative research and education environment. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model anchors a set of linked Linux-based containers, which include software to initialize and run the model, to analyze results, and to serve output to collaborators. The containers are demonstrated with a WRF simulation of Hurricane Sandy. The demonstration illustrates the following: 1) how the often-difficult exercise in compiling the WRF and its many dependencies is eliminated, 2...
Exploring Moral Desert

In The Geometry of Desert I used graphs to explore two common ideas about moral desert, namely, that people differ in terms of how deserving they are, and that it is a good thing if people get what they deserve. I argued that desert is a more complex value than we normally recognize, and I laid out a number of alternative possible views, defending some of them. In a pair of critical discussions published in this journal, Victor Tadros and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen offer a variety of objections to several of the ideas I have put forward. In this essay I welcome their criticisms and respond to some of the main points they raise.
Resource Allocation and Coordination for Critical Messages Using Finite Memory Learning

In this paper, a novel framework for enabling machine-to-machine (M2M) communications between machine type devices (MTDs) having heterogeneous message types and under stringent resource constraints is proposed. In particular, an M2M communication system is considered in which two types of messages must seamlessly coexist: periodic, delay tolerant messages, such as meter readings, and critical, real-time messages that indicate the occurrence of critical events, such as a fire or a demand response. Due to the unpredictable occurrence of the critical messages, the MTDs must autonomously learn how to adjust their transmission parameters to ensure the timely delivery of the critical messages to the base station (BS). To address this problem, a novel approach based on the framework of sequential learning with finite memory is proposed. In this approach, the MTDs can learn how many critical messages exist, and collectively allocate the uplink transmission resources needed for the critical messages. Moreover, the proposed learning approach does not require the MTDs to be omniscient and only requires partial, finite information. The bounds on effectiveness of the proposed learning algorithm are derived. Simulation results show that, using the proposed scheme, the probability of successful transmission can quickly reach 99% with minimal memory requirement. The results also show that the proposed learning framework can quickly coordinate the MTDs with critical messages and prevent repeated transmission failures.
Family Attitudes and Reactions toward Pregnancy among Women with Physical Disabilities

Abstract Background Historically, people with disabilities who become parents have confronted discriminatory societal attitudes and public policies. Today, although more women with disabilities are bearing children, little is known about the perceptions of their pregnancies, even among their family members. In addition, little is understood about how family members’ attitudes and reactions affect women with physical disabilities around the time of pregnancy. Method This qualitative study involved interviews with 25 women with physical disabilities from across the United States who had a baby within the past 10 years. Semistructured telephone interviews were conducted. Interviews were audio-recorded, professionally transcribed, and analyzed using an iterative, interpretive process. Findings Women reported a wide range of physical disabilities. Before, during, and after pregnancy, participants reported experiencing wide-ranging attitudes and reactions from family members concerning their pregnancies. These responses fell into six categories: 1) initial negative reactions, 2) concern about mother's well-being, 3) questioning of parenting capability, 4) negative perceptions of disability, 5) genetic concerns, and 6) excited and supportive. Conclusions This study sheds light on the attitudes and reactions toward pregnancy that women with physical disabilities experience from family members. Our findings suggest the need for increased social support and family education. Greater availability of peer supports as well as information for women with disabilities considering pregnancy is also needed.
Non-ionising UV light increases the optical density of hygroscopic self assembled DNA crystal films.

We report on ultraviolet (UV) light induced increases in the UV optical density of thin and optically transparent crystalline DNA films formed through self assembly. The films are comprised of closely packed, multi-faceted and sub micron sized crystals. UV-Vis spectrophotometry reveals that DNA films with surface densities up to 0.031 mg/mm2 can reduce the transmittance of incident UVC and UVB light by up to 90%, and UVA transmittance by up to 20%. Subsequent and independent film irradiation with either UVA or UVB dosages upwards of 80 J/cm2 both reduce UV transmittance, with reductions scaling monotonically with UV dosage. To date the induction of a hyperchromic effect has been demonstrated using heat, pH, high salt mediums, and high energy ionising radiation. Both hyperchromicity and increased light scattering could account for the increased film optical density after UV irradiation. Additional characterisation of the films reveal they are highly absorbent and hygroscopic. When coated on human skin, they are capable of slowing water evaporation and keeping the tissue hydrated for extended periods of time.
Abstract #2345: Comparative oncology modeling of rapalog development

Signaling through the mTOR pathway has been shown to contribute to the growth, progression and chemoresistance of several cancers. Accordingly, agents that inhibit this pathway have been developed as potentially valuable therapeutics for cancer. Preclinical studies of rapamycin in mice as well as recent data using novel rapalogs in human patients suggest that mTOR blockade may be efficacious in several cancers including osteosarcoma. The development of mTOR inhibitors as cancer agents will require optimization of dose and regimen as well rationale selection of appropriate agents to be used in combination therapies. The NCI-directed and centrally managed, Comparative Oncology Trials Consortium (COTC), provides the advanced infrastructure, via electronically reported data and serial tumor and surrogate biomarker collections, to ask biologically intensive mechanistic questions in a clinically relevant population of dogs with naturally occurring cancers. To this end, in a recently completed dose escalation study, COTC003, with doses ranging from 0.01 mg/kg to 0.08 mg/kg we demonstrated that dogs with osteosarcoma could receive rapamycin safely and yield pharmacokinetic exposures similar to those seen in human patients. The study period was 15 days, with dogs receiving seven consecutive IM doses of rapamycin then having limb removal surgery on day 8. A serial PK assessment over the initial 48 hours was completed, as well as trough levels on Day 8, 9 and 15. These doses were well tolerated through seven consecutive doses of rapamycin and no MTD was reached. Pharmacokinetic data from this study showed a dose dependent relationship with exposure, reaching exposures similar to those seen in human patients. Tumor biopsies were obtained pre-treatment and post-treatment on the day of surgery. Furthermore, at these exposures, modulation of mTOR targets (pS6RP/S6RP) in matched tumor tissue and PBMCs was demonstrated. However modulation of these conventional mTOR targets was not dose-dependent and occurred at even the lowest exposures. Ongoing studies will now use these tissue reagents to identify pharmacodynamic targets that are reflective of relevant exposures to mTOR inhibitors like rapamycin. Results from this study provide the basis for now ongoing studies that will identify optimal rapamycin treatment schedules using novel pharmacodynamic profiles, assessment of immunosuppression, and pharmacokinetic exposures. Future efforts for this comparative oncology approach that includes pet dogs with cancer are to assess rapamycin in combination with targeted and cytotoxic agents in microscopic disease to evaluate its activity in the most likely effective setting. These data will collectively inform the development path of rapamycin and rapalogs for human sarcoma patients. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 2345.
Mesenchymal stem cell-macrophage crosstalk and bone healing

Recent research has brought about a clear understanding that successful fracture healing is based on carefully coordinated cross-talk between inflammatory and bone forming cells. In particular, the key role that macrophages play in the recruitment and regulation of the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) during bone regeneration has been brought to focus. Indeed, animal studies have comprehensively demonstrated that fractures do not heal without the direct involvement of macrophages. Yet the exact mechanisms by which macrophages contribute to bone regeneration remain to be elucidated. Macrophage-derived paracrine signaling molecules such as Oncostatin M, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP2) have been shown to play critical roles; however the relative importance of inflammatory (M1) and tissue regenerative (M2) macrophages in guiding MSC differentiation along the osteogenic pathway remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the interaction of macrophages and MSCs during bone regeneration, with the emphasis on the role of macrophages in regulating bone formation. The potential implications of aging to this cellular cross-talk are reviewed. Emerging treatment options to improve facture healing by utilizing or targeting MSC-macrophage crosstalk are also discussed.
Is infertility as visible as it needs to be given its importance to women’s health? Results from a review of women’s health journals

Infertility is a disease of the reproductive system. It has profound social, economic, psychological, and physical consequences, particularly for women. Given the persistence of preventable or untreated infertility, we assessed the level of attention women's health journals have given to infertility-related concerns. We found a minimal number of articles on infertility in the past 15 years of four women's health scientific journals. We encourage more submissions and subsequent publications on infertility to women's health journals in order to enhance the ability of health educators and women's healthcare providers to promote knowledge and advance awareness of this public health issue.
Uncertainty quantification for modeling night-time ventilation in Stanford’s Y2E2 building

Abstract Natural ventilation can significantly reduce the energy consumption of modern buildings, but robust design is challenging because of the many uncertainties involved. The present work aims to predict the 4-hour nightflush in Stanford’s Y2E2 building during 4 different nights. We employ an uncertainty quantification (UQ) framework that combines an integral model and a computational fluid-dynamics (CFD) model and propagate the uncertainty in the inputs using a polynomial chaos expansion method. The integral model solves a one-dimensional equation for the thermal mass temperature and an equation for the volume-averaged air temperature inside the building. The CFD instead solves for the three-dimensional flow and temperature field in the building, hence enabling direct computation of the heat transfer and discharge coefficients. We first performed a UQ study of the integral model and found that the measured air temperature is inside the 95% confidence interval of the mean prediction ∼80% of the times. Subsequently we employed CFD to improve the accuracy of the probability distributions for the heat transfer and discharge coefficients. In the final step we updated the integral model with these new probability distributions and showed that the standard deviation of the indoor temperature could be reduced up to ∼40%. These results demonstrate that the proposed framework can effectively quantify and reduce uncertainty in models used for the design of natural ventilation systems.
Experience Over 10 Years with a New Implanting Polymer “Osteomesh” Used with Bone Grafts in Craniomaxillofacial Rehabilitation

The best possible implantable biomaterial for bony contour abnormalities is autogenous bone grafts. However, some conditions may be present that alloplastic materials have to be utilized; such alloplastic material had to be inert and there should be no reaction to it in the body. The composite graft is a combination of the two different materials described. To have a better take, the bone graft used is grinded with a craniotome, and then mixed with blood. This produces an inductive matrix that promotes osteogenesis. The alloplastic material is a tray or a template where the bone is placed, in or on, to allow for complete solidification and better healing. The material used is polyetherurethane impregnated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (Dacron) which is known as osteomesh. In few instances, the osteomesh was removed with complete solidification of the bone, resembling the skull in the case of a skull defect. For over 10 years, since the success in experimental animals (1), this composite graft has been used in clinical situations with varying degrees of success (2).
Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes and Applications

A brief overview will be given of the remarkable structural and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes, which are tiny structures of molecular dimensions in the form of hollow cylinders with about 20 carbon atoms around the circumference of the cylinders and microns in length. Unusual properties follow as a consequence of quantum mechanical phenomena associated with this one-dimensional system. The unique electronic properties of these carbon nanotubes are that they can be either semiconducting or metallic depending on their geometry. From this, stem other remarkable and unique properties, as observed in their vibrational spectra and in their strength and stiffness. Though less than a decade since their discovery, carbon nanotubes are already finding practical applications based on their unique properties.
Mechanisms of cholesterol transport, uptake and tissue distribution in miniature pigs fed two proteins and two fats

36 INTRODUCTION 37 MATERIALS AND ttETHODS 39 RESULTS 45 DISCUSSION 60 REFERENCES 61* SECTION II. HECHANIŜ tS OF CHOLESTEROL ENTRY INTO 68 TISSUES OF mmPIGS FED VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL FATS AND PROTEINS ABSTRACT 69 INTRODUCTION 70 MATERIALS AND METHODS 72 RESULTS 79 DISCUSSION 86
High-statistics measurement of g a g v in Λ → p + e − + ν ¯

The analysis of 37 286 $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decays yields the axial-vector-to-vector coupling ratio $\frac{{g}_{a}(0)}{{g}_{v}(0)}=+0.731\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.016$, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{e\ensuremath{\nu}}=\ensuremath{-}0.27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.013$ with the weak-magnetism coupling $w=\frac{{g}_{w}(0)}{{g}_{v}(0)}=0.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.30$. The error is statistical only and there is no evidence for any significant systematic error. A new method is presented for resolving problems arising from the quadratic ambiguity in the analysis of this decay process. The ${q}^{2}$ dependence of the form factors has been included. Both the internal and external radiative corrections have been made. If $w$ is constrained to be 0.97, the conserved-vector-current value, $\frac{{g}_{a}(0)}{{g}_{v}(0)}=+0.719\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.016\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012$, where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. The corresponding value of the electron-neutrino correlation is ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{e\ensuremath{\nu}}=\ensuremath{-}0.017\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.013\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010$.
Targeted Learning of Optimal Individualized Treatment Rules Under Cost Constraints

We consider a general resource-allocation problem, namely, to maximize a mean outcome given a cost constraint, through the choice of a treatment rule that is a function of an arbitrary fixed subset of an individual’s covariates.
Booting Into AI: Startup Instructions for Teaching Artificial Intelligence

This tutorial will provide a foundation for faculty members either teaching a course in artificial intelligence for the first time or renewing a course that has been dormant. The growing ubiquity of AI and machine learning dictates that departments offer a course in this area, regardless of whether any such expertise exists locally. Furthermore, there are many possible approaches, from a general overview to a tight focus on a particular application area, either as a single elective or a specialization area within an undergraduate degree. An increasingly wide range of resources is available, but intelligent selection from the plethora of information can be a challenge, particularly in smaller programs where no local expertise is available. The tutorial is in two parts. Part 1 focuses on background knowledge, discussing major divisions within the broad field of AI, research trends and application areas, and commonly used tools. Part 2 addresses classroom implementation, assessment, textbook options, and online resources including code libraries, free-to-use data sets, development environments, and visualization tools. Participants will have the opportunity to brainstorm and discuss options for course focus. Sample syllabi using differing course approaches, sample exams and assignments, and a non-exhaustive list of useful resources will be provided.
Smart is the new sexy: female mountain chickadees increase reproductive investment when mated to males with better spatial cognition

Understanding the evolution of inter and intraspecific variation in cognitive abilities is one of the main goals in cognitive ecology. In scatter-caching species, spatial memory is critical for the recovery of food caches and overwinter survival, but its effects on reproduction are less clear. Better spatial cognition may improve pre-breeding condition allowing for earlier reproduction. Alternatively, when mated to males with better spatial memory, females may be able to invest more in reproduction which may allow increased offspring survival and hence higher fitness. Using wild food-caching mountain chickadees, we found that when environmental conditions were favourable for breeding, females mated to males with better spatial cognition laid larger clutches and fledged larger broods than females mated to males with worse cognitive performance. Our results support the hypothesis that females may increase their reproductive investment to gain indirect, genetic benefits when mated to high-quality males with better spatial cognitive abilities.
Proteomics in the Evaluation of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods

Nutraceuticals and functional foods are used in veterinary medicine as preventative or supportive treatments for disease and to improve animal health. Although the purported health benefits of nutraceuticals and functional foods in animals is well-documented, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the nutritive health benefits and disease outcome on a cellular level is warranted. Proteomics-based techniques are evolving as a promising tool that may provide the scientific knowledge to link diet and disease in nutritional research. The use of proteomics in nutrition research has transformed into the disciplines of nutriproteomics and foodomics. Although more studies are warranted to garner a deeper understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the health benefits of these nutritive substances in animals, nutriproteomics and foodomics applications have offered new insights into the molecular mechanisms of action and changes in protein expression of a variety of nutritive substances.
“Regardless, you are not the first woman”: an illustrative case study of contextual risk factors impacting sexual and reproductive health and rights in Nicaragua

Rape, unintended pregnancy, and abortion are among the most controversial and stigmatized topics facing sexual and reproductive health researchers, advocates, and the public today. Over the past three decades, public health practicioners and human rights advocates have made great strides to advance our understanding of sexual and reproductive rights and how they should be protected. The overall aim of the study was to understand young women’s personal experiences of unintended pregnancy in the context of Nicaragua’s repressive legal and sociocultural landscape. Ten in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with women ages 16–23 in a city in North Central Nicaragua, from June to July 2014. This case study focuses on the story of a 19-year-old Nicaraguan woman who was raped, became pregnant, and almost died from complications resulting from an unsafe abortion. Her case, detailed under the pseudonym Ana Maria, presents unique challenges related to the fulfillment of sexual and reproductive rights due to the restrictive social norms related to sexual health, ubiquitous violence against women (VAW) and the total ban on abortion in Nicaragua. The case also provides a useful lens through which to examine individual sexual and reproductive health (SRH) experiences, particularly those of rape, unintended pregnancy, and unsafe abortion; this in-depth analysis identifies the contextual risk factors that contributed to Ana Maria’s experience. Far too many women experience their sexuality in the context of individual and structural violence. Ana Maria’s case provides several important lessons for the realization of sexual and reproductive health and rights in countries with restrictive legal policies and conservative cultural norms around sexuality. Ana Maria’s experience demonstrates that an individual’s health decisions are not made in isolation, free from the influence of social norms and national laws. We present an overview of the key risk and contextual factors that contributed to Ana Maria’s experience of violence, unintended pregnancy, and unsafe abortion.