cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THE FREE AMINO ACIDS IN THE PLASMA OF THE NEWBORN INFANT.

1. A micromethod for the determination of amino acids by ion exchange chromatography was applied to the quantitative determination of the free amino acids in 0.1 ml of plasma of the newborn infant. The precision of the method was in general within the range ± 5%. An interpretive analysis of a typical chromatogram is given. 2. Plasma was best stored at -68°C pending analysis; errors likely to arise on storage at -20°C and higher temperatures are pointed out. Some errors likely to arise in the preparation and storage of plasma protein free filtrates are also indicated. 3. Comparison of the free amino acids in the femoral vein plasma of 25 newborn infants was made with the literature values of the free amino acids in the plasma of adults. The differences noted were not great, but were apparently characteristic. On comparing heel puncture plasma, some amino acids were higher than in femoral vein plasma, but it was concluded that heel puncture plasma would be satisfactory for routine clinical purposes. Some possible sources of error which might explain the elevated amino acids in the heel puncture plasma were noted. 4. On comparison of newborn with 3-day-old infants, some changes in amino acid levels were noted. The changes were not great, but seemed to be characteristic and consistent. 5. A number of small peaks which have not been noted previously in plasma have been indicated on the chromatogram. They were not identified, but were mentioned to draw attention to the possibilities of hitherto unrecognized ninhydrin-positive components of plasma.
Dental students' and faculty members' perceptions of incivility in the classroom.

The purpose of this study was to compare dental students’ and faculty members’ perceptions of classroom incivility and to determine how many students willingly engage in uncivil behavior in the classroom. A web-based survey research design was used to obtain information regarding uncivil classroom behaviors from dental students and full- and part-time dental faculty members at a midwestern U.S. dental school. Responses were received from sixty-eight dental faculty members and 127 third- and fourth-year students. The perceptions of faculty members about what constitutes uncivil classroom behavior differed from those of students. In fact, of the eighteen questions asked of both groups, statistical differences were found for eleven (61 percent).
Optical waveguides with embedded air-gap cladding integrated within a sea-of-leads (SoL) wafer-level package

Optical waveguides are integrated into a Sea-of-Leads (SoL) wafer-level package. A photosensitive polycarbonate composite is incorporated to provide a buried air-gap cladding that allows a refractive index contrast, /spl Delta/n, between waveguide core and cladding regions of /spl Delta/n = 0.52. The final package contains 1000 electrical input/output (I/O) interconnects and 32 large-area optical waveguides for electrical chip-to-chip and optical intra-chip clock or data interconnection, respectively. Monolithic fabrication of passive optical interconnect components is described.
Changing social and built environments to promote physical activity: recommendations from low income, urban women.

BACKGROUND: Middle age and older (mean = 58.7 y), racial/ethnic minority women report low levels of physical activity. Recommendations to change the social and built environments to promote physical activity in this group are underdeveloped. Two research questions guided this study: What environmental changes are recommended by racial/ethnic minority women? What policies are related to the environmental changes? METHODS: The findings from nine Nominal Group Technique sessions with 45 subjects were analyzed. RESULTS: More police protection, cleaner streets, removal of drugs from streets, more street lights, walking groups, and free gyms were prioritized by subjects as the most important recommendations. The relevant policies included municipal, police department, sanitation department, public works, and transportation department. CONCLUSIONS: Racial/ethnic minority women living in low income, urban areas recommend improvements that affect overall quality of life. Meeting basic needs may be a prerequisite for use of physical activity resources. Language: en
Relationship of calcaneal and iliac apophyseal ossification to peak height velocity timing in children.

Background: Ossification of the calcaneal apophysis has never been fully characterized. We examined the ossification sequence of the calcaneus in relation to ossification of the iliac apophysis and the timing of the peak height velocity (PHV). Methods: Ninety-four healthy children (forty-nine girls and forty-five boys), from three to eighteen years old, were followed longitudinally through growth with annual serial radiographs and physical examinations. These were done at least annually from ten to fifteen years of age. The PHV was calculated using the height measurements of each child. We measured and compared calcaneal and iliac crest apophyseal ossification using foot and pelvic radiographs made on the same day. We correlated the PHV with the degree of calcaneal and iliac ossification. Results: Ossification of the calcaneal apophysis occurred in an orderly fashion, with the ossification center first appearing a mean of 4.7 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.2 to 4.2 years) before the PHV. The apophysis spread across the plantar surface more quickly than the dorsal surface. The apophysis extended completely over the plantar surface a mean of 0.86 year (95% CI, 1.0 to 0.7 year) before the PHV. Fusion of the apophysis followed complete plantar extension over the next two years and was typically complete a mean of 2.1 years (95% CI, 2.0 to 2.2 years) after the PHV. Fusion began in the middle of the apophysis and proceeded outward. Iliac apophyseal ossification did not appear prior to the PHV in any subject. Conclusions: The calcaneal apophysis ossifies in a consistent fashion characterized by six different stages. The calcaneal stages occur during narrow intervals in relation to the PHV, allowing the calcaneal system to be used for assessment of skeletal maturity. The PHV occurs prior to iliac ossification, whereas the calcaneal apophysis has four stages of ossification before and two stages after the PHV.
Microstrip antenna tuning using variable reactive microelectromechanical systems

Due to their small size, low loss, and compatibility with integrated circuits, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have been the focus of recent efforts at developing frequency reconfigurable patch antennas able to operate at a number of different user-selected frequencies. Although reactive loading with MEMS variable capacitors is a well-documented method in reconfigurable antenna design [1], MEMS variable inductors have not received the same attention in that role. Designs for frequency tunable patch antennas using MEMS variable inductors and capacitors are presented here. Variations on previous thermally actuated MEMS variable inductors [2] and electrostatically actuated MEMS variable capacitors fabricated through a multi-user surface micromachining process are tested and shown to successfully vary reactance when actuated. Microstriped patch antennas loaded with discrete surface-mount reactive components were successfully tested to demonstrate the principle of this MEMS application.
Morphology, phylogeny, and systematic revision of genera in the Dimyidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Pteriomorphia)

Differences in the mineralogy of hinge teeth and inner shell layers in the family Dimyidae form the basis for a revision of genera. The stem genus Atreta (Late Triassic to Late Cretaceous) has aragonitic denticulate hinge teeth on the right valve articulating with pitted sockets on the left valve. The same arrangement is present in Neoatreta n. gen. (Paleocene? Miocene to Recent) but with the appearance of extensive calcitic overarching of the resilifer. In Dimyella (Eocene to Recent), aragonitic teeth and sockets are still present but are modified into hook shaped denticulate teeth with corresponding sockets. All three of these genera have inner aragonitic crossed-lamellar shell layers that extend well outside the pallial line. In contrast, Dimya (Eocene to Recent) and Basiliomya (Pliocene to Recent) comprise a second clade in which aragonitic hinge teeth are absent and hinge articulation is calcitic, derived from the calcitic rim. Dimya has only weak hinge articulation and has an aragonitic inner shell layer delimited by the pallial line; in Basiliomya calcitic hinge teeth are more prominent and the entire inner shell layer inside the pallial line is foliated calcite. Diploschiza (Cretaceous, Albian to Maastrichtian), here reinstated from synonymy with Atreta, is probably a precursor of the Dimya-Basiliomya clade based on incipient calcitic hinge teeth. Predation pressures probably drove the evolution of this cemented family from its original habitat on hardgrounds in moderately deep water into much greater depths or into cryptic habitats, including submarine caves.New combinations are Dimyella malnatrensis (Corselli and Bernocchi), D. molokaia (Dall, Bartsch, and Rehder), D. similis (v. Koenen), Neoatreta dissimilis (Tate), N. filipina (Bartsch), N. kaiparaensis (Laws), N. phaidra (Woodring), and N. plana (Martin).
MR imaging of the abnormal sternoclavicular joint— A pictorial essay

The sternoclavicular (SC) joint can be affected by a wide variety of pathologic conditions. Imaging is usually needed for diagnosis and staging. Although the use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has become indispensable in the evaluation of most joints, MR has received little attention in SC joint evaluation. Recently, however, it has been shown that detailed MR images of the normal SC joint can be obtained. This pictorial essay explores the differential diagnosis of the abnormal SC joint and helps to determine the role of MR imaging in the SC joint imaging algorithm.
From Micro to Macro: Stakeholders and Institutions:

This article introduces the special section of ‘‘Extending Service-Dominant Logic’’ in this journal, which is part of jointly published special sections in the Australasian Marketing Journal, European Journal of Marketing, Journal of Macromarketing, and Marketing Theory on the same topic, all based on articles developed from manuscripts submitted to the Forum on Markets and Marketing in Sydney, Australia. It links the three articles in this issue and also links the associated macro-, meso-, and microperspectives.
Computation and Computational Thinking

We recommend using the term Computation in conjunction with a well-defined model of computation whose semantics is clear and which matches the problem being investigated. Computer science already has a number of useful clearly defined models of computation whose behaviors and capabilities are well understood. We should use such models as part of any definition of the term computation. However, for new domains of investigation where there are no appropriate models it may be necessary to invent new formalisms to represent the systems under study.
The Social Practice of Independent Inventing

The history of modern innovation is primarily that of the industrial research laboratory, but the demise of the independent inventor —like that of the entrepreneur —has been much exaggerated. Independent inventing, in fact, continues to flourish as a cultural and technical practice in the contemporary United States. There are, however, a number of structural and cultural impediments in the way of independent inventors who seek to translate their invention into a commercial innovation. By drawing a comparison with the art world, this article explores these impediments and argues that their existence is revealing of the deep social embeddedness of the invention and innovation process.
Effect of chiropractic care on heart rate variability and pain in a multisite clinical study.

Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of chiropractic care in a multiclinic setting on sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activities using heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Methods Physicians of chiropractic in private practice were provided with an HRV device to perform analysis before and after chiropractic adjustments on 10 subjects. At each site, 8 subjects were monitored before and after a single chiropractic adjustment, and 2 additional patients were followed for a 4-week period with 2 HRV recordings per week. Patient information forms and a visual analog scale (VAS) questionnaire were completed both before and after each chiropractic adjustment. Results Data from 96 physicians were divided into single-visit and 4-week groups. After 1 chiropractic adjustment, pain as analyzed by VAS was reduced significantly from 3.7 ± 2.2 to 2.1 ± 2.0 ( P P P P P P t tests, but the significant changes were not found using analysis of variance analysis. The reduction of pain from each treatment was not maintained over the 4 weeks of study period. The analysis of variance on the HRV 4-week data found that changes in the SD of normal-to-normal QRS, total power, and low-frequency components reached statistically significant levels ( P P > .05). Conclusion In this study, HRV and VAS changed in patients as a result of chiropractic care.
Kinetics of non-equilibrium lithium incorporation in LiFePO4

Lithium-ion batteries are a key technology for multiple clean energy applications. Their energy and power density is largely determined by the cathode materials, which store Li by incorporation into their crystal structure. Most commercialized cathode materials, such as LiCoO(2) (ref. 1), LiMn(2)O(4) (ref. 2), Li(Ni,Co,Al)O(2) or Li(Ni,Co,Mn)O(2) (ref. 3), form solid solutions over a large concentration range, with occasional weak first-order transitions as a result of ordering of Li or electronic effects. An exception is LiFePO(4), which stores Li through a two-phase transformation between FePO(4) and LiFePO(4) (refs 5-8). Notwithstanding having to overcome extra kinetic barriers, such as nucleation of the second phase and growth through interface motion, the observed rate capability of LiFePO(4) has become remarkably high. In particular, once transport limitations at the electrode level are removed through carbon addition and particle size reduction, the innate rate capability of LiFePO(4) is revealed to be very high. We demonstrate that the reason LiFePO(4) functions as a cathode at reasonable rate is the availability of a single-phase transformation path at very low overpotential, allowing the system to bypass nucleation and growth of a second phase. The Li(x)FePO(4) system is an example where the kinetic transformation path between LiFePO(4) and FePO(4) is fundamentally different from the path deduced from its equilibrium phase diagram.
Site-specific proteasome phosphorylation controls cell proliferation and tumorigenesis

Despite the fundamental importance of proteasomal degradation in cells, little is known about whether and how the 26S proteasome itself is regulated in coordination with various physiological processes. Here we show that the proteasome is dynamically phosphorylated during the cell cycle at Thr 25 of the 19S subunit Rpt3. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, RNA interference and biochemical studies demonstrate that blocking Rpt3-Thr25 phosphorylation markedly impairs proteasome activity and impedes cell proliferation. Through a kinome-wide screen, we have identified dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 2 (DYRK2) as the primary kinase that phosphorylates Rpt3-Thr25, leading to enhanced substrate translocation and degradation. Importantly, loss of the single phosphorylation of Rpt3-Thr25 or knockout of DYRK2 significantly inhibits tumour formation by proteasome-addicted human breast cancer cells in mice. These findings define an important mechanism for proteasome regulation and demonstrate the biological significance of proteasome phosphorylation in regulating cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.
The Significant Advances of the Past Fifty Years in Poultry Nutrition

ABSTRACT EARLY DEVELOPMENTS AT THE time the Poultry Science Association was organized at Cornell University in 1908, the science of poultry nutrition as it is known today had been born but had made little growth. The birth was attended by Eijkman (1897), a Dutch physician at the Institute of Pathology, Batavia, Java, who observed during controlled experimentation with chickens a syndrome similar to beri-beri in humans which he designated polyneuritis gallinarum. The syndrome was caused by the continued consumption of polished rice but failed to develop when unpolished rice or rice polishings were fed. Eijkman believed that the factor causing polyneuritis was a toxic substance formed in the digestive tract in the absence of a preventive factor in rice polishings. Grijns (1901), Eijkman’s successor at Batavia, in further work with chickens concluded that rice polishings contain very small quantities of an essential nutrient of unknown composition which, when present in the . . .
The Saint Lawrence Island Polynya: A 25-Year Evaluation of an Analogue for Climate Change in Polar Regions

The northern Bering Sea in the Pacific Arctic is seasonally ice covered, and includes winter polynyas (open areas in ice-covered seas). Overall, this marine system climatically in the winter is little different from the ice-covered Arctic Ocean proper. The macrofauna living in the sediments in this region provide prey for sentinel benthivores in the Arctic, including walrus, gray whales, bearded seals, and diving sea ducks. We have been evaluating the area south of St. Lawrence Island (SLI) for the last 25 years (1990–2015) and this chapter provides a synthesis and overview of ecosystem dynamics in this region seasonally. We initiated our studies during the spring-summer sea ice transition to open water period (May–August) for a decade from 1988 to 1998, but had the opportunity from 1999 to 2007 to use icebreakers for research cruises in the late winter to early spring transition period (March–June), as well as for late winter observations (March–April) from 2008 to 2010. In 2010 we facilitated the development of the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO), a national and international network of coordinated cruises at five latitudinally arrayed transect lines from south of SLI (DBO1) north to Barrow, Alaska (DBO5). DBO1 includes five time series stations that have been sampled over two decades. The opportunity to sample in different seasons has allowed us to evaluate the phenology of physical, chemical, and biological patterns using an ecosystem approach to understand the transitions. The overall picture that emerges from these seasonal observations is of a biologically active system with strong atmospheric and hydrographic controls that predetermine nutrient distributions and water column mixing through brine rejection. These processes ultimately influence the intensity of seasonal productivity and associated activities of biological components from ice algae to zooplankton to the benthos, and to apex predators that are emblematic features of this subpolar ecosystem that is a sentinel for Arctic-subarctic interactions.
Efficient Queries of Stand-off Annotations for Natural Language Processing on Electronic Medical Records

In natural language processing, stand-off annotation uses the starting and ending positions of an annotation to anchor it to the text and stores the annotation content separately from the text. We address the fundamental problem of efficiently storing stand-off annotations when applying natural language processing on narrative clinical notes in electronic medical records (EMRs) and efficiently retrieving such annotations that satisfy position constraints. Efficient storage and retrieval of stand-off annotations can facilitate tasks such as mapping unstructured text to electronic medical record ontologies. We first formulate this problem into the interval query problem, for which optimal query/update time is in general logarithm. We next perform a tight time complexity analysis on the basic interval tree query algorithm and show its nonoptimality when being applied to a collection of 13 query types from Allen's interval algebra. We then study two closely related state-of-the-art interval query algorithms, proposed query reformulations, and augmentations to the second algorithm. Our proposed algorithm achieves logarithmic time stabbing-max query time complexity and solves the stabbing-interval query tasks on all of Allen's relations in logarithmic time, attaining the theoretic lower bound. Updating time is kept logarithmic and the space requirement is kept linear at the same time. We also discuss interval management in external memory models and higher dimensions.
The Degrees of Freedom Concept – Extending the Domain

The degrees of freedom (DOF) concept is a powerful tool that has been taught since at least the '70s in undergraduate curriculum, typically introduced in the context of a first course on material and energy balances. The concept, however, has not been widely applied beyond the material balance domain and in general is not taught as a unified approach to problem solving across the curriculum. This, mainly because the generalized statement for solvability of an equation set has been reduced to specialized forms which either work only for macroscopic flow problems, or closed systems at thermodynamic phase equilibrium (The Gibbs Phase Rule). Furthermore, such specialized forms, are in general, not derivable, one from the other. To alleviate these limitations, a formalism is proposed that unifies the macroscopic approaches with the Gibbs Phase Rule and extends the domain to include a wide range of closed and dynamic systems. Student feedback regarding the use of this extended formalism is also provided as an indicator of pedagogical effectiveness.
Traditional and novel tools to probe the mitochondrial metabolism in health and disease

Mitochondrial metabolism links energy production to other essential cellular processes such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and apoptosis. In addition to producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an energy source, mitochondria are responsible for the synthesis of a myriad of important metabolites and cofactors such as tetrahydrofolate, α-ketoacids, steroids, aminolevulinic acid, biotin, lipoic acid, acetyl-CoA, iron-sulfur clusters, heme, and ubiquinone. Furthermore, mitochondria and their metabolism have been implicated in aging and several human diseases, including inherited mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, heart failure, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Therefore, there is great interest in understanding mitochondrial metabolism and the complex relationship it has with other cellular processes. A large number of studies on mitochondrial metabolism have been conducted in the last 50 years, taking a broad range of approaches. In this review, we summarize and discuss the most commonly used tools that have been used to study different aspects of the metabolism of mitochondria: ranging from dyes that monitor changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential and pharmacological tools to study respiration or ATP synthesis, to more modern tools such as genetically encoded biosensors and trans-omic approaches enabled by recent advances in mass spectrometry, computation, and other technologies. These tools have allowed the large number of studies that have shaped our current understanding of mitochondrial metabolism. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2017, 9:e1373. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1373 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Sexuality, Sexual Dysfunction, and Menopause

A 55-year-old postmenopausal woman complains of complete sexual disinterest. We have taken care of her for many years. She had a fairly uneventful menopause, with some vasomotor symptoms (VMS); her last menstrual period was 4 years ago. The vasomotor symptoms are mostly resolved at this point. She has been married for 30 years; she has two children who have both graduated from college and are out of the house. She is a high school teacher in the neighboring town. Upon investigating her brother, she does note that once she starts participating in sexual activities (or as she states, “once she gets going”), she gets interested, but she could care less about “getting going in the first place.” She has recently heard about a new medication, which she has heard referred to as “the female Viagra,” and has also recently read an article on the promise of testosterone for sexual health in women. She is coming in to ask whether we thought that might help her situation. Her physical examination is unremarkable except for evidence of vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), which is a significant change since her last exam a year prior. Her vagina now shows pallor and a loss of rugae. When we checked her vaginal pH, it is now 5.5.
STAT3 as a Multi-organ Target for Tissue Fibrosis

Despite recent therapeutic developments, pulmonary fibrosis remains a debilitating disease with poor prognosis. In order to create effective treatments, promising molecular targets need to be ident...
Patient Perspectives on Accessing Acute Illness Care.

Introduction: Older adults use the emergency department (ED) at high rates, including for illnesses that could be managed by their primary care providers (PCP). Policymakers have implemented barriers and incentives, often financial, to try to modify use patterns but with limited success. This study aims to understand the factors that influence older adults’ decision to obtain acute illness care from the ED rather than from their PCPs. Methods: We performed a qualitative study using a directed content analysis approach from February to October 2013. Fifteen community-dwelling older adults age≥65 years who presented to the ED of an academic medical center hospital for care and who were discharged home were enrolled. Semi-structured interviews were conducted initially in the ED and subsequently in patients’ homes over the following six weeks. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, verified, and coded. The study team jointly analyzed the data and identified themes that emerged from the interviews. Results: The average age of study participants was 74 years (standard deviation ±7.2 years); 53% were female; 80% were white. We found five themes that influenced participants’ decisions to obtain acute illness care from the ED: limited availability of PCP-based care, variable interactions with healthcare providers and systems, limited availability of transportation for illness care, desire to avoid burdening friends and family, and previous experiences with illnesses. Conclusion: Community-dwelling older adults integrate multiple factors when deciding to obtain care from an ED rather than their PCPs. These factors relate to personal and social considerations, practical issues, and individual perceptions based on previous experiences. If these findings are validated in confirmatory studies, policymakers wishing to modify where older adults receive care should consider person-centered interventions at the system and individual level, such as decision support, telemedicine, improved transport services, enhancing PCPs’ capabilities, and enhancing EDs’ resources to care for older patients.
Combination of Resistance and Aerobic Exercise Best for Older Persons with Obese.

In older patients with obesity embarking on a program to improve their health, weight loss accompanied by resistance training and aerobic training resulted in the biggest gains in functional status and physical performance.
Excitatory Amino Acid Release in Dorsal Root Ganglion Cultures

The mechanisms underlying chemical transmission at Aδ and C fiber synapses in the dorsal horn are not resolved. A great deal of interest has been directed towards excitatory amino acids (EAA), L-aspartate (Asp) and L-glutamate (Glu), as sensory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord. Chemical10 and immunocytochemical studies have shown that 15–30% of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were immunoreactive to Glu.2 Furthermore, Asp- and Glu-like immunoreactivity are contained in 15% and 8.2% of unmyelinated and 4% and 2.3% of myelinated dorsal root (DR) axons, respectively.22,23 Electrophysiological studies provided the evidence that EAA depolarise spinal neurons and excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP), evoked by primary afferent stimulation, are blocked by EAA antagonists.10,14,21 More recent evidence suggests a role for EAAs in pain transmission as nociceptive stimulation produces a significant increase in the apparent release of Asp and Glu in the dorsal spinal cord of awake rats.15 The presence of EAAs in neurons and glia intrinsic to the spinal dorsal horn as well as descending spinal projections could be responsible for release of EAA in the dorsal horn area in response to DR stimulation. In light of that uncertainty, the specific objective of the present study was to determine whether EAAs are released specifically from primary afferent neurons. We used high K+ and chemical irritants capsaicin17,19 and bradykinin6,8,16 to evoke EAA release from organotypic DRG cultures which offer several advantages over in vivo and in vitro slice preparations.
Phase II trial of pembrolizumab (P) in patients (pts) with previously-treated mesothelioma (MM).

8565Background: We conducted a phase II trial (NCT02399371) of P in previously treated MM to characterize activity in a non-selected population and determine a PD-L1 expression threshold Methods: E...
Role of heat shock proteins in bladder cancer: potential biomarkers for treatment response and oncological prognosis

Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and BCG intravesical instillation have been the gold standard for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) treatment in patients with intermediate and high-risk disease (1,2). However, patients with T1 high grade (T1HG) disease still have relatively poor outcomes with 11.4 and 19.8% of patients experiencing disease progression at 1 and 5 years, respectively and disease specific mortality rates of 4.8% and 11.2%, respectively (3). The identification of biomarkers that could appropriately select patients who will benefit from BCG therapy would be greatly beneficial for optimizing outcomes and minimizing overtreatment.
Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of the active commuting behaviors of U.S. Department of the Interior employees.

Despite evolving evidence of the health and economic benefits of active transportation (AT) to work, few studies have examined the determinants of AT in large organizations with multiple worksites nor how trends in commuting change over time. The data were obtained from the U.S. Department of the Interior Employee Commuting Census of 2010 (n = 23,230), and 2012–2016 (n = 21,725-25,974). The respondents were grouped into four commuting categories: non-active mode, walking, biking, and mixed-mode. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was utilized to examine the correlates of choosing AT to work for the 2010 data. Next, a repeated cross-sectional analysis was completed for all six years of data. In 2010, AT modes were only chosen by approximately 10% of respondents. Employees who lived farther from work and did not have a public transit station within 0.5 miles from home were generally less likely to choose AT. Respondents working in non-metro workplaces were less likely to bike or take mixed-modes to work, but more likely to walk. Men were more likely to choose AT modes, particularly biking. Respondents aged ≤30 yrs. were less likely to bike than those 31 to 40 yrs., but more likely than those ≥61 yrs. In 2010, the number of respondents that walked was higher, and biked and took mixed-modes was lower when compared to 2016, while the choice to take mixed-modes was higher in 2012 and 2013 when compared to 2016. Daily commuting distances in 2016 tended to be lower than 2010 and 2012, and higher than 2013. However, overall AT choice and commute distance remained reasonably stable over time. Respondents who lived close to their workplace and a public transportation station, worked in a metro location, were male and younger were more likely to choose AT modes to work. The results provide insight for the U.S. Department of the Interior and other large organizations to develop intervention strategies that support AT to work. Further research is warranted to understand the concurrent individual, social, and environmental barriers and facilitators for choosing AT to work.
HIV therapy-the state of art.

Open image in new window HIV Attachment. In this cross section, HIV is shown at the top and a target cell is shown at the bottom in blues. HIV envelope protein (A) has bound to the receptor CD4 (B) and then to coreceptor CCR5 (C), causing a change in conformation that inserts fusion peptides into the cellular membrane
Assessment of pediatric residents' attitudes toward anticipatory counseling on gun safety

Introduction: Guns remain a major cause of injury and death among children. We determined pediatric residents’ familiarity with gun safety campaigns and their gun safety counseling practices. We determined pediatric residents’ comfort with the Asking Saves Kids (ASK) campaign, which recommends that parents ask about gun safety and storage where their children play. Methods: Cross-sectional 27-item electronic survey was distributed to three pediatric residency programs in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Residents were asked to respond to statements using a seven-point Likert scale on familiarity with three gun safety campaigns and their attitudes toward gun safety counseling. Results: 82% of respondents were not familiar with gun safety programs. 23% reported not counseling. 87% believed it is a good idea to ask about guns in a home but only 64% were comfortable recommending their patients’ parents to ask about guns. 59% were personally comfortable asking about guns in the home. 15% believed their patients’ parents would be comfortable asking about guns in the homes of friends and families. Conclusions: The residents in this survey supported the idea of gun safety anticipatory guidance but discussing firearms can be problematic. Educational programs and strategies are needed to support physicians’ counselling on gun safety.
Induction Machines limits Identification During Abnormal Conditions Using an Optimization Algorithm

Steady-state calculation for a system with induction motor loads is challenging due to motor loads' characteristics. The objective of this paper is to find steady-state variables and operation limits of a system with induction motors using advanced computing tools, e.g., YALMIP. This is achieved through optimization problem formulating and solving. The proposed formulations can accurately identify the maximum load torque limit for induction motor during the occurrence of balanced and unbalanced voltage dip, the minimal voltage level a motor can handle for a given load torque, and state variables of a system under certain operating conditions. Solutions from the optimization problems are validated using electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation results.
The Total Synthesis of (-)-Scabrolide A

The first total synthesis of the norcembranoid diterpenoid scabrolide A is disclosed. The route begins with the synthesis of two chiral pool-derived fragments, which undergo a convergent coupling to expediently introduce all 19 carbon atoms of the natural product. An intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction and an enone-olefin cycloaddition/fragmentation sequence are then employed to construct the fused [5-6-7] linear carbocyclic core of the molecule and complete the total synthesis.
Large-Field-of-View Visualization with Small Blind Spots Utilizing Tilted Micro-Camera Array for Laparoscopic Surgery

Existing laparoscopic surgery systems use a single laparoscope to visualize the surgical area with a limited field of view (FoV), necessitating maneuvering the laparoscope to search a target region. In some cases, the laparoscope needs to be moved from one surgical port to another one to detect target organs. These maneuvers would cause longer surgical time and degrade the efficiency of operation. We hypothesize that if an array of cameras can be deployed to provide a stitched video with an expanded FoV and small blind spots, the time required to perform multiple tasks at different sites can be significantly reduced. We developed a micro-camera array that can enlarge the FoV and reduce blind spots between the cameras by optimizing the angle of cameras. The video stream of this micro-camera array was designed to be processed in real-time to provide a stitched video with the expanded FoV. We mounted this micro-camera array to a Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) laparoscopic trainer box and designed an experiment to validate the hypothesis above. Surgeons, residents, and a medical student were recruited to perform a modified bean drop task, and the completion time was compared against that measured using a traditional single-camera laparoscope. It was observed that utilizing the micro-camera array, the completion time of the modified bean drop task was 203 ± 55 s while using the laparoscope, the completion time was 245 ± 114 s, with a p-value of 0.00097. It is also observed that the benefit of using an FoV-expanded camera array does not diminish for subjects who are more experienced. This test provides convincing evidence and validates the hypothesis that expanded FoV with small blind spots can reduce the operation time for laparoscopic surgical tasks.
India’s Agricultural Markets: Regulation and Revitalization

Agricultural marketing has been regulated from colonial times to minimize exploitation of farmers by traders and other powerful entities in interlocked markets. India is on the threshold of a change in the regulatory regime that allows more space for private sector and farmer’s participation in the market, but political realities of the states along with developments in the managerial and information fronts determine the pace of change.
Pooling of Upper Respiratory Specimens Using a SARS-CoV-2 Real Time RT-PCR Assay Authorized for Emergency Use in Low Prevalence Populations for High-Throughput Testing

Background Nucleic acid amplification testing is a critical tool for addressing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Specimen pooling can increase throughput and conserve testing resources but requires validation to ensure that reduced sensitivity does not increase the false-negative rate. We evaluated the performance of a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test authorized by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for emergency use for pooled testing of upper respiratory specimens. Methods Positive specimens were selected from 3 prevalence groups, 1%-3%, >3%-6%, and >6%-10%. Positive percent agreement (PPA) was assessed by pooling single-positive specimens with 3 negative specimens; performance was assessed using Passing-Bablok regression. Additionally, we assessed the distributions of RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values for 3091 positive specimens. Results PPA was 100% for the 101 pooled specimens. There was a linear relationship between Ct values for pooled and single-tested specimens (r = 0.96-0.99; slope ≈ 1). The mean pooled Ct shifts at 40 cycles were 2.38 and 1.90, respectively, for the N1 and N3 targets. The median Cts for 3091 positive specimens were 25.9 (N1) and 24.7 (N3). The percentage of positive specimens with Cts between 40 and the shifted Ct was 1.42% (N1) and 0.0% (N3). Conclusions Pooled and individual testing of specimens positive for SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated 100% agreement, which demonstrates the viability of pooled specimens for SARS-COV-2 testing using a dual-target RT-PCR system. Pooled specimen testing can help increase testing capacity for SARS-CoV-2 with a low risk of false-negative results.
Provider Perspectives on Latino Immigrants’ Access to Resources for Syndemic Health Issues

Introduction:Latino immigrants to the United States experience disproportionate impacts from the syndemic formed by substance abuse, violence victimization, HIV/AIDS, and mental health (SAVAME). Th...
Transparency and bypass in electronic financial markets

Electronic financial markers use information technology to disseminate prices, quantities, and buyer and supplier identities. In spite of their recognized benefits, increased visibility and transparency may introduce imperfections, and create profitable opportunities to bypass markets. In the US, dissemination of market data has equipped several firms to develop competing, off-exchange trading mechanisms that rely on central market price data, but whose transactions bypass the established market. Significant trading away from the principal market may reduce market quality, and increase transaction costs. A simulation model of trading in a continuous auction market (similar to the market structure of the New York Stock Exchange) is used to examine the effects of increasing levels of trading activity through an off-exchange dealer. The results indicate that competition from an alternative trading venue reduces some trading costs borne by some investors. Contrary to regulatory goals however, off-market trading expands the role of profit-seeking dealers, and lowers the probability that some investors' orders will execute. >
Does verbal encouragement change dynamic balance? The effect of verbal encouragement on Star Excursion Balance Test performance in chronic ankle Instability.

Abstract Background The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) is commonly used for testing dynamic balance in chronic ankle instability (CAI) in both clinical and research settings. However, the effect of verbal encouragement (VE) on the SEBT performance is not known. Objective To investigate the effects of VE on maximum reach distance performance between CAI and healthy participants on the SEBT. Method Thirty-four college-aged adults, 17 with CAI and 17 healthy controls, performed the SEBT in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral reach directions. Independent variables (VE versus No-VE) and group (CAI versus healthy) were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine whether VE and group affected reach performance. Results There was a significant group-by-condition interaction (p = 0.02) for the anterior as well as for the posteromedial reach (p = 0.04). There was no statistically significant interaction (p = 0.48) for the posterolateral reach. There were moderate to large effect sizes in the reach distances found in the No-VE condition between the CAI and healthy controls, but with VE, the range of effect sizes from No-VE to VE were diminished. Conclusion There was a significant group by condition interaction for anterior and posteromedial reaches which shows that providing VE resulted in a greater increase in performance for participants with CAI compared to healthy controls. Psychological constraints need to be considered while performing and interpreting the results of the SEBT.
Modeling electromechanical coupling of liquid metal embedded elastomers while accounting stochasticity in 3D percolation

Abstract Liquid metal embedded elastomers (LMEEs) have attracted interest from researchers on account of their combination of low elastic modulus, high flexibility, and tunable electrical and/or thermal conductivity. One interesting feature of LMEEs is that their electrical resistance remains constant when stretched, which is desirable in many real-world applications. This work aims to investigate this unique electromechanical coupling behavior of LMEEs with three-dimensional deterministic and statistical modeling. We first performed finite element analysis (FEA) of the electromechanical coupling response of a percolated liquid metal droplet repeating in the conductive network. Next, we modeled the internal conductive network of LMEE as a simple cubic structure and introduced stochasticity in representing the droplet–droplet connectivity. This combined approach allows us to calculate relative changes in resistance with stretch that are in reasonable agreement with experimental findings. Our analysis provides new theoretical insights that can guide efforts to tailor the electromechanical coupling behavior of LMEEs.
Relief of frustration through spin disorder in multiferroicHo1−xYxMnO3

The magnetic phase diagram of single crystalline ${\mathrm{Ho}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Y}}_{x}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ below ${T}_{N}$ is determined by measuring the magnetic susceptibility $(\ensuremath{\chi})$, specific heat $({C}_{p})$, dielectric constant $(\ensuremath{\epsilon})$, and thermal conductivity $(\ensuremath{\kappa})$. Y doping enhances the $P{\underset{}{6}}_{3}c\underset{}{m}$ magnetic phase below ${T}_{\mathrm{SR}}$ and therefore increases ${T}_{\mathrm{SR}}$; only the $P{\underset{}{6}}_{3}c\underset{}{m}$ phase exists below ${T}_{N}$ for $x\ensuremath{\geqslant}0.9$ samples. Y doping also reduces the $P{6}_{3}cm$ phase below ${T}_{2}$. The anomaly around ${T}_{\mathrm{SR}}$ appears in the dielectric constant but is absent in $\ensuremath{\chi}$ and ${C}_{p}$ for ${\mathrm{Ho}}_{0.3}{\mathrm{Y}}_{0.7}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Ho}}_{0.2}{\mathrm{Y}}_{0.8}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ samples, which indicates that the multiferroicity at ${T}_{\mathrm{SR}}$ for $\mathrm{Ho}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is not necessarily related to the ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{3+}$ spin ordering. Specific heat measurements show that the large electronic specific heat $(\ensuremath{\gamma})$ of $\mathrm{Ho}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is related to the disorder of ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{3+}$ spins, and is correlated with the relief of frustration in the Mn sublattice. The thermal conductivity data support an enhanced spin-lattice interaction due to strong spin fluctuations in the geometrically frustrated Mn-spin system.
Integrating Foreign Policy Analysis and International Relations through Role Theory

We argue that role theory offers the possibility of integrating Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) and International Relations (IR) theory. While role theory was originally adapted for use by U.S.-based FPA scholars, it was later picked up by European scholars as well as the Constructivist IR community. The ISA Workshop that generated this special journal issue was designed to bring together scholars from these various research traditions to pursue integration and synthesis. The resulting papers contained in this issue have set the stage for a productive conversation that has continued well beyond the initial workshop. Role theory does appear to offer the possibility of integration and even synthesis across FPA and IR as demonstrated in the following papers. We believe that this special issue highlights numerous avenues to continue the fruitful development of this research program.
Examining the Relationship Between Interstellar Turbulence and Star Formation

We assess the role of interstellar turbulence in regulating the rate and efficiency of star formation within the interstellar medium using millimeter wave and far infrared observations of 25 molecular clouds. The velocity structure functions, δv = v◦L γ , derived for this sample of clouds are described by a narrow range of scaling exponents, γ, and coefficients, v◦, that demonstrate the near universality of turbulence within the molecular interstellar medium. In contrast to predictions of turbulent fragmentation models, no relationship is identified between turbulent gas properties and the star formation rate and efficiency.