cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bis-ketol nucleoside triesters as prodrugs of the antiviral nucleoside triphosphate analogues of 3'-deoxythymidine and 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine.

Derivatives of 3′‐deoxythymidine (ddT) and 3′‐deoxy‐2′,3′‐didehydrothymidine (d4T) were prepared in which the 5′‐hydroxyl group of the nucleoside was esterified to a bis‐ketol phosphate. The resulting phosphate triesters are postulated to be prodrugs of the corresponding 5′‐mononucleotides, which are formed intracellularly by the hydrolysis of the two ketol ester groups. The triesters were tested for anti‐HIV activity with the result that those derived from ddT showed enhanced antiviral activity when compared to the parent nucleoside.
The number of neighbors needed for connectivity of wireless networks

Unlike wired networks, wireless networks do not come with links. Rather, links have to be fashioned out of the ether by nodes choosing neighbors to connect to. Moreover the location of the nodes may be random.The question that we resolve is: How many neighbors should each node be connected to in order that the overall network is connected in a multi-hop fashion? We show that in a network with n randomly placed nodes, each node should be connected to Θ(log n) nearest neighbors. If each node is connected to less than 0.074 log n nearest neighbors then the network is asymptotically disconnected with probability one as n increases, while if each node is connected to more than 5.1774 log n nearest neighbors then the network is asymptotically connected with probability approaching one as n increases. It appears that the critical constant may be close to one, but that remains an open problem.These results should be contrasted with some works in the 1970s and 1980s which suggested that the "magic number" of nearest neighbors should be six or eight.
Minimal incision abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Purpose: The use of a limited incision for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair was evaluated, and its outcome was analyzed in comparison to laparoscopic-assisted and standard open repair. Methods: Eleven patients who had an AAA that required a tube graft underwent minimal incision (MINI) repair. The procedure consisted of a standard endoaneurysmorrhaphy performed through an 8- to 10-cm minilaparotomy. Clinical characteristics, in-hospital outcomes, and total in-hospital charges for this procedure were then compared with those of comparative groups of patients who had undergone repair of AAA by means of a laparoscopic-assisted (LAP) approach or a standard open (OPEN) technique. Results: MINI repair was successfully completed in all 11 patients. Patients in the three groups were comparable for age, sex, risk factors, and aortic dimensions. The mean values for operative time, blood loss, length of hospital stay, and total hospital charges for the three comparison groups were: 129.7 minutes (MINI) vs. 244.8 minutes (LAP)*, 209.9 minutes (OPEN)*; 522.7 mL (MINI) vs. 1214.7 mL (LAP), 1795.8 mL (OPEN)*; 5.18 days (MINI) vs. 18.7 days (LAP), 17.4 days (OPEN); $22,692 (MINI) vs. $59,922 (LAP)*, $62,324 (OPEN)* (*P < .05). Local complications occurred in 18.2% of patients who underwent MINI repair, 23.5% of patients who underwent LAP repair, and 29.7% of patients who underwent OPEN repair (P = not significant). Patients undergoing minilaparotomy demonstrated decreased compromise of gastrointestinal function, with a decreased need for postoperative fluid resuscitation (6799.7 mL [MINI], 7781.8 mL [LAP] vs. 11061.1 mL [OPEN]*) and shortened nasogastric tube decompression (1.6 days [MINI], 1.5 days [LAP] vs. 4.1 days [OPEN]*; *P < .05). Conclusion: MINI repair is a technically feasible technique that combines the benefits of minimally invasive surgery with those of conventional open repair with few, if any disadvantages. Facility of the procedure, combined with the potential cost benefits, encourages further study for consideration of this technique as a viable alternative for the management of AAAs. (J Vasc Surg 1999;30:977-84.)
An investigation of the effects of loading rate on resistance-curve behavior and toughening in cast lamellar gamma-based titanium aluminides

This article presents the results of a combined experimental and theoretical study of the effects of loading rate (1, 10, and 100 MPa√m · s−1) on the resistance-curve behavior and toughening in cast lamellar gamma-based titanium aluminides (Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb, Ti-45Al-2Mn-2Nb + 0.8 vol pct TiB2, and Ti-47Al-2Mn-2Nb + 0.8 vol pct TiB2). Note that compositions are quoted in at. pct unless stated otherwise. The fracture-initiation toughness and resistance-curve behavior in Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb are shown to be similar at the three loading rates examined. In the case of the Mn-containing alloys, stronger resistance-curve behavior is observed as the loading rate increases from 1 to 10 MPa√m · s−1. However, the fracture-initiation toughness and resistance-curve behavior of the Mn-containing alloys are similar at loading rates of 10 and 100 MPa√m · s−1. The observed resistance-curve behavior is attributed largely to the role of ligament bridging and, to a lesser extent, to the effects of cracktip plasticity. Small- and large-scale bridging models are also shown to predict the measured resistance curves when the observed/measured bridging parameters and material properties are used in the micromechanical modeling of crack bridging. The implications of the results are also discussed for the design of damage-tolerant gamma alloys and microstructures.
Hierarchical Radiosity for Dynamic Environments

This paper extends the hierarchical radiosity method to environments in which geometry and surface attributes can be changed dynamically. New algorithms are presented for maintaining an appropriately-sized mesh and speeding the construction of the corresponding linear system. Mesh folding, the unrefinement of a mesh, is used to optimize mesh size while maintaining a specified error tolerance. Two new interactions are introduced: shadow links guide local shadow clean up after a change in geometry and ghost links guide global mesh folding after a change in surface attributes. The algorithms stabilize the memory requirements of dynamic scenes. Different types of interactions are analyzed to determine how they are affected by changes in geometry. A dynamic scene-partitioning scheme called a motion volume, used in conjunction with a three-dimensional clipping algorithm, provides a fast way to cull interactions that do not need to be updated. The algorithms are demonstrated on several sample scenes.
Geometric hyperplanes of embeddable Grassmannians

Abstract It is proved that every geometric hyperplane of an embeddable Grassmann space of finite rank, arises from an embedding. An equivalent formulation of this result amounts to a geometric characterization of alternating k-linear forms.
Evidence for catecholamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in frog and rabbit corneal epithelium and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and its protein substrates in frog corneal epithelium

Evidence was obtained for catecholamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in particulate fractions of frog and rabbit corneal epithelium. Epinephrine (10−5 m) stimulated adenylate cyclase by 22 and 53% in the frog and rabbit, respectively. The corresponding changes were statistically significant (P < 0·01) when the data was analyzed using paired variates. Preincubation with 10−4 m propranolol eliminated any stimulatory effect by 10−5 m isoproterenol. Adenylate cyclase activity derived from either source was activated several fold by either 10 mm NaF or 10−5 mGpp (NH)p. Soluble fractions of homogenized frog corneal epithelium contained cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity which was half-maximally stimulated by about 6 nm cyclic AMP. Evidence was also obtained for the presence of protein substrates of cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase in frog corneal epithelium. With exogenous cyclic AMP and protein kinase, a rapid 32P labelling of proteins having approximate molecular weights of 56, 46, 23 and 21 K was obtained with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A less marked and slower increase in phosphoprotein formation was observed when corneal membranes were incubated with cyclic AMP in the absence of added protein kinase.
Nuclear Relaxation in Aluminum

Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation times ${T}_{1}$ and phase memory times ${T}_{2}$ have been measured in 99.99% pure aluminum foil from 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to the melting point by the spin-echo method. At high temperature the line narrows due to self-diffusion, as previously observed by Seymour. The temperature dependence of the narrowing gives an activation energy of self-diffusion ${E}_{D}$ of 1.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 ev. From the measured "narrowing temperature" and Nowick's theoretical estimate of ${D}_{0}$, the same value of ${E}_{D}$ is found. As predicted theoretically, measurements show that ${T}_{1}$ arises from interaction with conduction electrons and is inversely proportional to temperature from 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 930\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. At the highest temperatures, an unknown line broadening mechanism is found which is believed to represent quadrupole coupling to strain fields of dislocations. The measurements were made feasible only through the use of a phase-coherent detection system, a description of which is given.
New developments in the treatment of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors

Patients with metastatic gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors have traditionally been faced with few effective treatment options. Somatostatin analogs often successfully control symptoms of hormonal hypersecretion but seldom result in tumor regression. Some patients with hepatic metastases are also candidates for ablative therapies such as surgical debulking or embolization. The role of systemic agents such as interferon alfa or cytotoxic chemotherapy remains ill defined. The more prevalent use of these modalities has been restricted by low tumor response rates and the potential for toxicity. Novel agents, including radiolabeled somatostatin analogs, inhibitors of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway, and inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin, have shown promising activity in recent clinical studies. Continued investigation of these agents should render a better understanding of their efficacy in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors.
Influence of the Proximity Effect on the Electron Thermal Conductivity of Superconducting Thin-Film Sandwiches of Indium and Thallium

We have produced a proximity-effect sample by evaporating a layer of thallium and then a layer of indium onto an insulating substrate cooled to 3.5 K. We have measured the thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, transition temperature, and thickness of the sandwich sample and each of its components for various thicknesses of-indium and thallium. The thermal-conductivity results are compared with an effective-gap-parameter model. The agreement is good, but a more rigorous theoretioal treatment should be made.
DELAYED RESPONSE TO ANTIGEN CHALLENGE IN INDUCED DELAYED REACTIVITY. A CLINICAL AND CYTOLOGIC STUDY IN MAN.

Abstract The delayed sensitivity mechanism was investigated as a possible factor in the production of rhinitis. The influence of the nasal route of sensitization on the intradermal reaction and the influence of the intradermal sensitization on the nasal reaction to guinea pig serum were observed in atopic and nonatopic subjects. In natural immediate reactors and those with induced delayed reactions to pollen antigens, clinical and cytologic comparisons were made. The results indicate that nasal blocking and rhinorrhea, associated with cytologic changes in the mucosa compatible with a delayed hypersensitivity state, can be produced in the presence of delayed, and in the absence of immediate, skin reactivity. The clinical significance of these findings is not yet certain.
SensorFly: a controlled-mobile aerial sensor network

The SensorFly system is a novel, low-cost, miniature controlled-mobile aerial sensor network. Mobility permits the network to be autonomous in deployment, maintenance and adapting to the environment, overcoming the reliance of traditionally fixed networks on human intervention, large infrastructure or inefficient random methods. We wish to demonstrate the novel hardware design, flight control and collaborative localization capabilities of the SensorFly system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the lightest realized flying sensor system in existence, with a weight of 30g and low mass production cost of ~$100. Developed under severe weight, cost, energy and processing power constraints, we show that this system is a viable and capable mobile sensor network platform.
Long bone growth variation among Arikara skeletal populations

Long bone growth variation among skeletal samples has had limited application to ecological studies of archaeological groups, in spite of its well-known sensitivity to health and nutritional status. In this study, long bone growth variation was examined among 10 samples of Arikara skeletal groups, all located in the Middle Missouri subarea of South Dakota and ranging in time from 1600 to 1832. The samples are analyzed by variant, an archaeological taxonomic unit below Tradition. Children's long bones between about 0. 5 and 11. 9 years of age were analyzed by means of regression using the model, bone length = b 0 + b 1 (age) + b 2 (log 10 age). The three variants, Extended Coalescent, Postcontact Coalescent, and Disorganized Coalescent, differ from one another with regard to health and nutritional status. Extended Coalescent groups probably experienced periods of undernutrition due to unfavorable climatic conditions prevailing at the time. Postcontact Coalescent groups experienced more favorable health and nutrition due to the improved climatic conditions and introduction of the horse. Disorganized Coalescent groups were exposed to undernutrition and high levels of morbidity, due to introduction of epidemic diseases, depopulation, and intertribal conflict. Analysis of slopes shows significant heterogeneity among variants for humerus, radius, and tibia, but not femur. In general, the Postcontact Coalescent is characterized by slightly greater rates of increase with age and longer bone lengths for each age than is Extended Coalescent. Disorganized Coalescent exhibits lower rates of increase, particularly in later childhood, with shorter bone lengths in late childhood. Disorganized Coalescent also presents longer radius and humerus lengths than the other two variants in early childhood, an unexpected finding. This may be partly, but not entirely, explained by differential bone response to stress along the lines of maturity gradients.
Mechanism of Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer Sensitization of Olefin Trans-to-Cis Isomerization in the fac-[ReI(phen)(CO)3(1,2-bpe)]+ Cation

Near-UV, largely ReI → phen, bpe metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excitation of fac-[ReI(phen)(CO)3(trans-bpe)]+ [where phen is 1,10-phenanthroline and bpe is 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene] in CH3CN results in isomerization at the bpe ligand and formation of fac-[ReI(phen)(CO)3(cis-bpe)]+. Time-resolved absorption and infrared (TRIR) measurements reveal the existence of an intermediate with a lifetime of ∼28 ns (k = 3.6 × 107 s-1). According to the results of the transient IR measurements, the intermediate is ligand-based, presumably the olefin-localized twisted triplet 3p. TRIR measurements in the ν(CC) region point to a significant twisting around the CC bond in 3p.
Beyond Competence: Fostering LGBTQQI Ally Development Through Supervision

In this critical literature review, the authors examine how counseling supervisors can ethically and effectively foster supervisees’ lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, intersex (LGBTQQI) ally development. Synthesis of the integrated developmental model of supervision with a framework for affirming LGBTQQI case conceptualization is described. Practical examples are provided for each component of the proposed model, and a case study is provided to illustrate application of LGBTQQI ally supervision.
Simplicial Dijkstra and A∗ Algorithms: From Graphs to Continuous Spaces

Abstract This paper considers the optimal feedback planning problem of a point robot among polygonal obstacles in . In this problem, the Euclidean distance traveled by the robot is minimized. The approximate optimal feedback plan is computed using a piecewise linear approximation of the cost-to-go function. The approximate cost-to-go function, in turn, satisfies the discrete version of dynamic programming principle defined using a simplicial decomposition of the environment. Adaptations of Dijkstra’s and A∗ algorithms are introduced that solve the nonlinear system of discrete dynamic programming equations. Interpolation methods are carefully designed and analyzed so that they are proven to converge numerically. As a result, the computed feedback plan produces approximately optimal trajectories. The methods are implemented and demonstrated on 2D and 3D examples. As expected, the simplicial A∗ algorithm significantly improves performance over the simplicial Dijkstra’s algorithm.
Multiple reference networks improve accuracy of signaling network construction

Signaling networks play a key role in almost all cellular functions and cell's response to extracellular stimuli. Constructing the topology of interactions that make up signaling networks is of utmost importance to understand how these networks function. Knockdown assays, such as RNA interference (RNAi) technology, provides us hints about the roles of individual genes involved in these networks. However, determining the correct topology of interactions between these genes remains to be challenging. Existing computational approaches are either not scalable to large networks, or they have low accuracies. In this study, we consider that problem of constructing signaling network topology from single gene knockdown experiments. We formulate this mathematically as a network editing problem and develop an efficient algorithm to solve this problem. The key contribution in this paper is that our formulation can integrate the knowledge available in the form of the topologies of an arbitrary number of reference networks. Our experiments on synthetic, semi-synthetic and real datasets demonstrate that the proposed method greatly outperforms the state of the art methods, which are limited to a single reference network, in terms of accuracy with negligible increase in computational cost. Furthermore, our experiments suggest that the accuracy of our method remains high even when evolutionarily distant reference networks are used. Application of our method to the Apoptosis and Wnt signaling pathways recovers a large number of known protein-protein interactions.
Charge Confinement by Classical Instabilities

The theory of classical massless scalar electrodynamics in the presence of a large external source is examined in both one and three spatial dimensions. In three dimensions the Coulomb solution is shown to be unstable above a critical coupling strength; the one-dimensional Coulomb solution is shown to be unstable for any value of the coupling. Finite-energy solutions of the one-dimensional problem are explicitly exhibited. In these solutions, the external charge is completely screened by the charged scalar field, and no trace remains of the original long-range potential.
On the role of quantum tunneling phenomena in the catalytic power of enzymes

Abstract Vibrational-analysis modeling techniques have been applied to the hydride transfer step in dehydrogenase-catalyzed reactions which exhibit exalted α-secondary deuterium isotope effects, leading to the conclusion that non-resonant tunneling occurs in these reactions. Details of the calculations are presented. The calculations also indicate that tunneling is responsible for the violations of the Rule of the Geometric Mean observed in dehydrogenase reactions (i.e., the magnitude of the α-secondary isotope effect for hydride transfer from NADH is smaller when deuterium is transferred than when protium is transferred), and that such violations are diagnostic of tunneling. The observation of Hermes et al. [J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106 (1984) 5479] (Ref. 1 in the list) that the violations of the Rule disappear as the cofactor is altered m structure and k cal /Km drops by 300-fold can be interpreted as indicating that, for formate dehydrogenase, non-resonant tunneling is associated with 2–3 orders of magnitude of the enzymic acceleration. The temperature dependence of the solvent isotope effect is employed as a probe for tunneling phenomena in reactions of the serine proteases. For chymotrypsin with Suc-Phe-NHNp, trypsin and thrombin with Bz-Arg-OEt, elastase and subtilisin with DFP (irreversible inhibition with catalytic recruitment), with all enzymes in homogeneous buffered solution, the solvent isotope effects exhibit the temperature dependence expected either for simple hydrogen bridging in a semiclassical transition state or for non-resonant transition-state tunneling. These results contrast with the findings of Khoshtariya et al. [Bioorg. Khim., 5 (1979) 1243, and preceding papers] (Ref. 17 in the list) with the same enzymes studied under different conditions, in which solvent isotope effects were temperature-independent, indicative of the importance of resonant tunneling. The evidence for tunneling in the acid-base component of serine-protease catalysis is therefore ambiguous, and specification of its role must await further study.
Prevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 among children and adolescents attending a sexual abuse clinic.

BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents with a history of sexual abuse are at risk for acquiring herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2. We evaluated the prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 and the usefulness for this population of 2 commercially available tests. METHODS: Sera from 150 children seen in a sexual abuse clinic were analyzed for type-specific HSV antibodies using Focus HerpeSelect HSV-2 ELISA (Focus), Biokit HSV-2 Rapid Test (Biokit), and by Western blot (WB). RESULTS: The patient sample was 81% female, had a mean age of 11.6 years (range, 1 to 18 years), and was 46% Caucasian, 28% Hispanic, 25% African American, and 2% other. According to WB, 77 (51%) of the children were HSV-1 seropositive. For HSV-2, there was 1 "true positive" (positive by all 3 tests) and 1 patient whose serum had atypical HSV-2 bands by WB but was positive by Focus. There were 6 sera that were positive by Focus and negative by WB. Index values of these 6 Focus tests were not predictive of WB status. For the 105 samples for which Biokit data were available, all samples were concordant with WB. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that routine screening for HSV-2 in sexually abused children does not have a high yield. The Focus test has an unacceptably high rate of false-positive results in children; however, Biokit may be an acceptable substitute for WB in evaluating children for HSV-2 antibodies. Language: en
Physical Structure of Asphaltenes

While colloidal models of asphaltenes were extremely beneficial in the early stages of understanding asphaltene behavior, these analogies are often overused. The evidence often cited showing asphaltenes to be particles several nanometers in size is small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering (SANS and SAXS) results. Data from other techniques are often interpreted with the assumption that the asphaltenes form colloids or micelles. Asphaltenes are molecules which can undergo a thermodynamic liquid−liquid phase separation from solution. The asphaltene-rich phase is often below its glass transition and therefore appears solid, exhibiting a fractal-like morphology only because of the kinetic inability for the “droplets” to coalesce. Its colloidal appearance at micrometer to millimeter lengths should not be confused with or be used to imply such colloidal structure for solvated asphaltenes at nanometer length scales. From SAXS and SANS we show that the scattering often attributed to asphaltene colloidal aggregate...
Magnetic collective mode dispersion in high-temperature superconductors

Recent neutron-scattering experiments in the superconducting state of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{6+\mathrm{x}}$ have been interpreted in terms of a magnetic collective mode whose dispersion relative to the commensurate wave vector has a curvature opposite in sign to a conventional magnon dispersion. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that simple linear-response calculations are in support of a collective-mode interpretation, and to explain why the dispersion has the curvature it does.
Gender Differences in the Growing, Abnormal, and Aging Jaw

Despite wide variations in the size and shape of the human face, head, and body, there is remarkable consistency for quantifiable gender-specific facial traits. The relationships between the growing jaws and tooth eruption are complex, but they show gender-specific trajectories in children and adolescents. Disturbances in genetic, endocrine, and nutritional regulatory controls result in gender-specific and nonspecific disorders. Gender-specific differences are also apparent in the aging jaw, with the acceleration of jawbone atrophy upon loss of teeth, especially in women.
Avoidance behavior of Morone americana, Leiostomus xanthurus and Brevoortia tyrannus to strobe light as a method of impingement mitigation

Abstract The use of strobe lights and strobe light-bubble curtain combinations were evaluated as behavioral guidance systems to reduce impingement via avoidance behavior by estuarine fish. White perch (Morone americana), spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) and menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) were tested in an experimental flume for avoidance to strobe lights, bubble curtains and strobe light-bubble curtain combinations at different water velocities, strobe flash rates and light acclimation (light and dark). The possible accommodation of fish to strobe light was also tested using a microcomputer and on-line biomonitoring chamber examining alterations in breathing rates over time. Avoidance of strobe light ranged from 8–36% for white perch, 8–100% for spot and 8–68% for menhaden depending on the conditions tested. Statistical analyses indicated significant avoidance by white perch at most flash rates with a 0.2 ms−1 flow rate and at 120 and 300 flashes min−1 with 0.3 and 0.5 ms−1 flows. Spot had significant avoidance under most conditions. Menhaden had significant avoidance for all flash rates at 0.2 ms−1 flows and for 300 and 600 flashes min−1 at flows of 0.3 and 0.5 ms−1. All species exhibited little avoidance of bubble curtains alone. Strobe light-bubble curtain combinations had avoidance results of 3–58% for white perch, 21–85% for spot and 9–81% for menhaden. Spot and menhaden exhibited significant avoidance for most conditions at 0.2 and 0.5 ms−1 flows. White perch had significant avoidance for most conditions at 0.2 ms−1 flows, but no avoidance at 0.5 ms−1. The biomonitoring system indicated that little, if any, accommodation took place during 24 h. Strobe light and strobe-bubble curtain combinations elicited the highest avoidance results at flash rates ≥300 min−1 and low water velocities. Strobe light systems may reduce impingement rates but must be evaluated on site specific needs and conditions.
Household Equivalence Scales and Interpersonal Comparisons

Recent papers have used household equivalence scales to construct measures of welfare inequality. This procedure rests on an often implicit value judgement, namely, that if, after adjustment for demographic characteristics, two households are on the same indifference curve, they are equally well off. That value judgement is not compelling, and there are situations in which it is ethically repugnant. This is particularly likely if tastes are functions of past experience and income.
Feed-Value Approach for Establishing Economic-Injury Levels

Forage pest management has been less amenable to the use of economic-injury levels as decision guides than have cash crops. One reason for this incompatibility is the lack of a common exchange market for forages and their on-farm production as a nutrient source for livestock or dairy production. Least-cost rationing (based on linear programming techniques), however, provides a method of estimating the utility of forages within a multi-feed ration to provide a representative monetary value for use in calculating feed-value economic-injury levels. Because animals differ in their ability to physiologically utilize forages as feed, specific economic-injury levels can be determined for specialized dairy or livestock production circumstances. Least-cost rations were calculated using data for feed nutrition and animal requirements based on representative production goals for dairy cows (3 types), beef cows and steers, sheep, and horses. The objective was to determine the relative value of alfalfa to the total feed ration for each animal class and thereby design a production-specific forage pest management system. Least-cost rations selected from 6 possible feed choices determined the feed-value of alfalfa grown on-farm, and these data were used to calculate economic-injury levels for potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), for each animal production system. Results demonstrate that horse and sheep production have the lowest economic-injury levels, whereas beef steers have the highest. The magnitude of difference was 129%, with dairy- and beef-producing cows having intermediate levels. The magnitude of difference in the economic-injury levels among animal types clearly demonstrates the need to refine forage economic-injury levels based on the utility of the crop to the final feed-value to the animal consumer. Least-cost rationing provides one way of accomplishing this refinement.
Fine scale population genetic structure of pumas in the Intermountain West

In this study, I examined the population genetic structure of subpopulations of pumas (Pumaconcolor) in Idaho and surrounding states. Patterns of genetic diversity, population structure, levels of inbreeding, and the relationship between genetic differentiation and dispersal distance within and between 15 subpopulations of pumas were compared. Spatial analyses revealed that the Snake River plain was an important barrier to movement between northern and southern regions of Idaho. In addition, subpopulations south of the Snake River plain exhibited lower levels of genetic diversity, higher levels of inbreeding, and a stronger pattern of isolation by distance relative to subpopulations north of the Snake River plain. Lower levels of diversity and restricted gene flow are likely the result of historically lower population sizes in conjunction with more recent changes in habitat use and available dispersal corridors for movement. The subdivision of puma populations north and south of the Snake River plain, along with the patterns of genetic diversity within regions, indicate that landscape features are affecting the population genetic structure of pumas in Idaho. These results indicate that information about the effects of landscape features on the distribution of genetic diversity should be considered when designing plans for the management and conservation of pumas.
Impact of Embryonic Vocalizations On the Incubation Behaviour of Eared Grebes

Two experiments were performed during the summers of 1991 and 1992 to determine whether embryonic vocalizations cause changes in the behaviour of adult eared grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) during late incubation. In Experiment 1, a vocalizing egg was substituted in 14 nests, two days before the first egg in that nest was to begin vocalizing. Parents reduced the amount of rising and resettling and the time spent off the nest while incubating and increased the frequency of egg turning, nest building, and percent of time the 'off-duty' parent spent near the nest. Only nest builds per h in the pre-peep period differed between the sexes in Experiment 1. For Experiment 2, the incubation period was extended by two days. At that time a vocalizing egg was substituted in 15 nests. Males reduced the amount of rising and resettling, whereas there was no difference between periods for females. Males and females reduced the amount of time spent off the nest while incubating. Egg turns per h, nest builds per h, and the percent time the off-duty parent spent near the nest increased for both sexes. No differences between males and females were detected except for egg turns per h during the peeping egg stage of Experiment 2. Parents also brought food to the nest in response to embryonic vocalizations. The behavioural changes by eared grebes during late incubation appear to be due to embryonic vocalizations. Several changes in behaviour are consistent with the care-soliciting hypothesis, such as reduction in exposure time of the embryo and possibly shortening of the incubation time of the embryo by an increased egg turning rate. Presenting food at the nest and possible acceptance of the young are further adaptive features of embryonic vocalizations.
Climate change impact on California on-road mobile source emissions

Continued climate change could have widespread impacts on California’s economy and ecosystems, and on the health of its citizens. Climate change can impact meteorology, emissions, and chemical processing and thereby influence air quality and its associated effects on public health and welfare. Some mobile source emission control technologies in the distant future are likely to be very different than current ones; it is not possible to make quantitative predictions of California’s mobile source emissions inventory for 2050 and 2100. However, investigating the response of the current on-road mobile source inventory to possible future temperatures can provide insights for the near future and suggest actions which are needed to protect California’s air quality. The results of this study indicate that for California surface temperatures predicted by the B1 and A2 IPCC-carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions scenarios, summer-time on-road total (exhaust plus evaporative) reactive organic gases (ROG) emissions from the 2005 motor vehicle fleet will increase by 4 to 5% using temperature projections for mid-century and by 13 to 16% for end-of-century temperature projections. Increases of as much as 30% are seen in evaporative emissions in 2100. California Air Resources Board’s (CARB) mobile source emission factor model (EMFAC) predicts decreases of similar magnitudes for oxides of nitrogen (NOX) emissions. The medium-high emissions scenario results in a positive feedback loop for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from on-road motor vehicles, with 4 to 5% increase in methane and 8 to 9% increases in CO2 by 2100. These emissions estimates are strictly a test of the sensitivity of the current California mobile sources emission inventory model to temperature increases, as they do not take into account future growth in mobile source activity, new control regulations, or possible vehicle or fuel technological advances.
An explanation-centric approach for personalizing intelligent agents

Intelligent agents are becoming ubiquitous in the lives of users, but the research community has only recently begun to study how people establish trust in and communicate with such agents. I plan to design an explanation-centric approach to support end users in personalizing their intelligent agents and in assessing their strengths and weaknesses. My goal is to define an approach that helps people understand when they can rely on their intelligent agents' decisions, and allows them to directly debug their agents' reasoning when it does not align with their own.
Novel anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: safety issues in the elderly.

Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) are the most widely used anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Recently, the US FDA approved three novel anticoagulants that work through inhibition of coagulation cascade independent of Vitamin K-dependent enzymatic reactions and, therefore, should have less food–drug interactions. Since AF is a disease of the aging heart, it is important to assess safety and efficacy of these new anticoagulants in elderly patients. We reviewed age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics observed with senescence and the effects of these changes on novel anticoagulants, known and anticipated drug and food interactions, and challenges related to bleeding complications and temporary discontinuation prior to surgery or interventional procedure. Although advantageous to VKA in age groups represented in trials, there are lack of data on VKA usage in older–elderly patients; additional research and post-marketing analysis in older–elderly pat...
Validation of Aging Techniques and Growth of the River Redhorse, Moxostoma carinatum, in the James River, Missouri

Abstract We compared otoliths, opercles, and scales for precision and reliability for estimating age of the river redhorse Moxostoma carinatum in the James River, Missouri. Opercles and otoliths showed the greatest agreement, lowest variability, and most precision in comparisons of ages obtained from counts of annuli of scales. Scales tended to underestimate age relative to other structures. Analyses of edges of opercles and otoliths sampled monthly indicated formation of a single annulus concurrently in each structure in May–June. Opercles and otoliths, but not scales, were validated as reliable estimators of age in the river redhorse. Trajectories of growth from length-at-age data indicated a declining rate of growth with age, but continuous growth to a maximum age of 15 years. Fish of ages 3 and 4 years were 47% of the population.
The Relation Between Factor Score Estimates, Image Scores, and Principal Component Scores

Theoretical problems with the factor analysis model, such as the factor indeterminacy issue, have resulted in increased interest in component analysis as an alternative. Indeed, component analysis ...
Differential growth of Phytophthoras under the action of malachite green.

Differential growth is often employed to identify strains of certain difficult species of bacteria and fungi. While not always a sure criterion, such growth reactions may often possess a pertinent cumulative value, provided that the right sort of inhibitive substances be used. If the critical concentration of such substances happens to be rather rigid and narrow, permitting no large numbers of dilutions at which members of a given group of organisms may grow or fail to grow, less satisfactory results can be expected, whereas a relatively broader margin of growth tolerance is conducive to more clear-cut differentiations. Malachite green is a substance of the latter type, as it is able to induce differential growth in Phytophthora when its concentration is varied from one part of the dye in one million parts of nutrient solution to one part in sixteen million. Such a comparatively wide margin tends to create some fairly well-defined spheres where numerous species and strains may aggregate themselves into tentative groups. The toxic effect of malachite green upon certain fungi was tested by Coons 2 who found that this dye in dilutions of I part in 40,000 was able to prevent growth in a number of species. The writer 3, working with 220 different cultures of Fusarium, found that a number of them failed to grow in presence of 0.0002 percent malachite green, and only three organisms were able to make any growth when the concentration of this dye was increased to O.OI percent. It is the purpose of this paper to present the effects of malachite green upon the species of Phytophthora, tracing their fluctuating limits on the one hand and their possible interspecific relationships on the other. A taxonomic work constructed upon the morphology or the physiology of a single organism may prove highly inadequate and misleading. With this idea in view, the writer endeavored to secure as many different strains of Phytophthora species as possible; but, with the exception of P. cactorum and
End-current injection contacts for anisotropic materials: Fabrication and application to the quasi-one-dimensional conductor Nb Se 3

We have developed a technique for making low-resistance end-current injection contacts to geometrically, electronically, and mechanically anisotropic crystals of charge-density-wave (CDW) conductors. Transport measurements on $\mathrm{Nb}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ show that contact resistances are reduced by nearly 2 orders of magnitude compared with the standard side-contact geometry, and yield qualitatively similar results for the contact-sensitive phase-slip process. This end-contact technique should be useful for characterizing collective transport in fully gapped CDW conductors such as $\mathrm{Ta}{\mathrm{S}}_{3}$, for studying CDW physics on scales smaller than $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$, and more broadly for characterizing other materials with large electronic and mechanical anisotropies.
Post-Pericardiotomy Syndrome in Pediatric Patients Following Surgical Closure of Secundum Atrial Septal Defects: Incidence and Risk Factors

Surgical repair for atrial septal defects (ASD) generally occurs during childhood. Post-pericardiotomy syndrome (PPS) after cardiac surgery has a reported incidence of 1–40 %. We focused exclusively on secundum ASD repair to evaluate the incidence of PPS. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of PPS after surgical repair of secundum ASD and investigate what risk factors may be predictive of its development. A retrospective study was performed, and 97 patients who underwent surgical closure of a secundum ASD were identified. 27 (28 %) were diagnosed with PPS within the first postoperative year. Diagnosis was made if they had evidence of new or worsening pericardial effusion and the presence of ≥2 of the following criteria: fever >72 h postoperatively, irritability, pleuritic chest pain, or pericardial friction rub. Closure of secundum ASDs was performed at a median age of 3.8 years (Interquartile Range (IQR): 2.2–6.0 years) and a median weight of 14.3 kilograms (IQR: 10.9–19.3 kilograms). The median time for development of PPS was 8 days post-op (IQR: 5–14). Significantly, 19 (27 %) of 70 patients in the non-PPS group had a small pericardial effusion on their discharge echocardiogram, while of the 27 patients who developed PPS, 17 (63 %) had a small pericardial effusion on their discharge echocardiogram (p = 0.001). PPS is relatively common following surgical closure of secundum ASDs. A small pericardial effusion on discharge echocardiogram is predictive of development of PPS postoperatively. In patients who develop PPS, there is a good response to therapy with a benign course.
Towards the synthesis of streptovaricin D: Synthesis of fully elaborated aromatic precursors and coupling with ansa chain fragments

Abstract The highly functionalized streptovaricin-damavaricin D aromatic precursors 12 and 15 have been prepared and coupled with propionaldehyde or unsaturated aldehydes 16 and 18 via aryllithium intermediates to give 2, 3 and 19.
The improvement of traps for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae)

Based on previous studies of the trap-orientated behaviour of Diptera, a variety of new traps was designed to maximise the speed and probability of capturing Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. arriving near traps, and to minimise the probability of capturing other flies. In Zimbabwe, catches were made with these traps in the presence and absence of carbon dioxide and acetone as odour attractants, leading to the identification of a simple trap for which the probability of capturing Glossina spp. was up to twice as great as it was for a standard biconi-cal trap, and for which the probability of capturing other Diptera was very much less than it was for the biconical trap. The probability of capture by the simple trap was 100% for G. pallidipes, 51% for G. m. morsitans, 6% for Stomoxyinae and 1% for non-biting Muscidae. Half the tsetse that arrived near the simple trap were captured within 5 min of arrival. The number of tsetse that contacted simple targets designed to expose flies to insecticide amounted to 32–263% of the catches of a biconical trap. The use of traps and targets for tsetse control, and the procedures for trap improvement, are discussed.
Stress-strain relationship of the spinal cord of anesthetized cats.

Abstract An in vivo experimental method was developed to measure the mechanical or rheological properties of the spinal cord of anesthetized cats. This novel approach resulted in the measurements of the tensile force in the cord and the modulus of the spinal cord tissue under longitudinal elongation.
Description of 12 Cases of Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy and Review of the Literature

OBJECTIVES To review the clinical and laboratory features of 12 cases of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD) studied at our institution and of 70 previously described cases in the literature. METHODS Clinical evaluation and laboratory studies of 12 patients with NFD associated with chronic hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis for end-stage renal disease and a review of 23 previous publications describing 70 patients with this disease. RESULTS Eleven patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis and 1 patient undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis for end-stage renal failure developed a severe and progressive cutaneous fibrotic process with woody induration of legs, thighs, hands, and forearms, and severe loss of motion and flexion contractures in multiple joints. Several patients displayed systemic involvement including fibrosis of muscles, myocardium, and lungs and marked elevations of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and/or C-reactive protein. Three patients died within 2 years of symptom onset. A review of previously published reports of this disorder confirmed the presence of systemic involvement and a poor prognosis with a high mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS NFD is a severe and usually progressive systemic fibrotic disease affecting the dermis, subcutaneous fascia, and striated muscles. It also appears that the disease can cause fibrosis of lungs, myocardium, and other organs.
Thermal Buckling of a Fire-Damaged Composite Column Exposed to Heat Flux

This paper deals with the thermal buckling of a fire-damaged composite column, which is exposed to heat flux from one side. The column is composed of an undamaged layer and a fire-damaged layer (char layer), which is due to the resin material decomposition during fire. Two end fixity cases are considered: an axially restrained column (constrained, immovable ends case) and a column free to move axially (unconstrained case). The column is exposed to heat flux from the fire-damaged layer side, and this results in a nonuniform transient temperature distribution. To simplify the thermal conduction problem, we treat it as one-dimensional in the direction of thickness. For the thermal buckling analysis, the mechanical properties of the fire-damaged region (char) are considered negligible; the degradation of the elastic properties with temperature in the undamaged layer (especially near the glass transition temperature of the matrix) is accounted for, by using experimental data for the elastic modulus of the glass/vinylester material as a function of temperature. Furthermore, the formulation includes transverse shear. Because of the nonuniform stiffness, the effect of the ensuing thermal strains and the resulting eccentric loading, the structure behaves like an imperfect column and responds by bending rather than buckling in the classical bifurcation (Euler) sense. Simple equations for the response of the column are derived and numerical results are presented for the deflection with the variation of time. Two possible transverse deformation modes are identified, one is the column bending toward the heat source, and the other is the column bending away from the heat source. Which direction the column bends is determined by the competition between the thermal moment and the eccentricity moment. Finally, the effect of the fire-damaged (char) layer is assessed by comparison with the original (without fire-damage) column.