cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple intracellular contributions to light adaptation in Limulus ommatidia.

Abstract During light adaptation, intracellular recordings from the photoreceptor cells of the lateral eye of Limulus exhibit signs of both receptor adaptation and adaptation at neural locations proximal to the receptors. The net effect of the adaptive processes that operate between the photoreceptor transducer and the eccentric cell spike generator is a reduction in the portion of the receptor potential which is effective in driving the spike generator. This effect can be described as an increase in the “peripheral threshold” for spike generation. As a result of this increase, the time course of the more sustained dark-adapted optic nerve fiber response becomes more transient in the light-adapted state. The sensitivity changes produced by adaptation can be described by stating that light adaptation causes an increase in the absolute threshold, an increase in the half-saturation constant, and a decrease in the saturated response amplitude (for the optic nerve fiber sensitivity function). The central adaptive changes that are expressed peripherally as changes in the peripheral threshold can be treated by linear transformations of the generator potential that reaches the optic nerve pacemaker.
Structure and mechanism of action of riboflavin-binding protein: Small-angle X-ray scattering, sedimentation, and circular dichroism studies on the holo- and apoproteins☆

Riboflavin-binding protein, a transport protein occurring in egg whites, binds riboflavin tightly at pH values above 4.5 but releases it readily at pH values below 4.0. Structural aspects of this biologically important binding were studied by several methods. Analysis of sedimentation equilibrium data gave an average molecular weight of 32,500 ± 1000 for all forms of the protein and showed the absence of changes in quaternary structure when riboflavin was bound at neutral pH or released at pH 3.7. Sedimentation velocity showed no change in tertiary structure on binding at pH 7.0 but revealed a significant change in sedimentation constant at pH 3.7. While circular dichroism showed no appreciable change in secondary structure, it gave evidence of a marked change in the aromatic region at the lower pH. Small-angle X-ray scattering, going from the holoprotein at neutral pH to the apoprotein at low pH, showed a small but significant increase in radius of gyration (19.8 ± 0.2 vs 20.6 ± 0.1 A) with slightly decreased anisotropy and with substantial increases in molecular volume (55,600 ± 530 vs 66,500 ± 240 A3), surface (11,840 ± 120 vs 13,470 ± 140 A), and hydration (0.27 ± 0.01 vs 0.38 ± 0.01 g H2O/g dry protein). Hydration values were obtained from small-angle X-ray scattering in two different ways for comparison with those calculated from sedimentation coefficients by way of frictional coefficients (derived from two different dimensionless ratios based independently on the structural small-angle X-ray scattering data). For either form of the protein, the surface calculated from an ellipsoidal model could account for only about 62% of the surface found experimentally. The excess surface was ascribed to topographic features of the molecule. Relative changes in this new parameter, together with the circular dichroism data and the known association of riboflavin binding with aromatic residues, suggested the opening of an aromatic-rich cleft concomitant with the release of riboflavin as a consequence of lowered pH.
Laboratory testing for systemic rheumatic diseases

A number of tests are available for diagnosis and follow-up evaluation of systemic rheumatic diseases. How accurate are they and when should they be used? Dr Ward discusses the specificity, sensitivity, and predictive values of various tests and explains which are most helpful for specific situations.
Wafer-Level Integration of High-Quality Bulk Piezoelectric Ceramics on Silicon

In this paper, we present a new post-CMOS-compatible piezoelectric thin/thick film technology that allows wafer-level integration of bulk piezoelectric ceramics such as lead zirconium titanate (PZT) and lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) on silicon substrates with precisely determined final film thickness of 5-100 μm while preserving the original material quality. We bond commercially available bulk piezoelectric substrates to silicon using reliable and low-temperature (200°C) gold-indium (Au-In) diffusion bonding or parylene bonding. An enhanced fixed-abrasive lapping/polishing process thins the piezoelectric layer to the desired thickness with high precision and wafer-level uniformity (±0.5 μm). The fabricated films have bond interface shear strength of 1.5-4.5 MPa and average surface roughness of 43 nm, with bulk ferroelectric/piezoelectric properties preserved, such as remnant polarization (37.7 μC/cm2), coercive field (1.95 kV/mm), and effective longitudinal piezoelectric strain coefficients (140-840 pm/V). In addition, extensions of this process show the feasibility of fabricating bimorph layers via successive bonding/thinning, and of forming suspended structures on silicon via surface micromachining. The flexible process can easily be adapted for batch-mode silicon integration of a variety of other electroceramics.
S-CAS: Smart channel assignment scheme for wireless sensor networks

This paper proposes a smart channel assignment scheme (S-CAS) for wireless sensor networks. S-CAS performs statistical analysis of load pattern of the individual cluster and adjusts channel assignment dynamically as per requirement generated by the current traffic load. It follows a static schedule during infrastructure establishment based on initial traffic conditions and previous history and later, it utilizes dynamic schedule for channel adjustments. Over a period of time, learning efficiency of the load prediction increases due to availability of more traffic patterns, in turn, reduces transmission delay and improves the system throughput and network life significantly. It provides seamless data transmission even in peak hours and is highly immune to random traffic change. This algorithm optimizes the channel utilization by best-of-four strategies and meets real time sensor network applications requirement. This algorithm is distributed at clusters level and central at node level i.e. it collectively possesses the advantages of all four: static, dynamic, central, and distributed channel assignment approaches. The simulation for 100 nodes network is done and results are discussed. This paper ends with planned future work on traffic prediction accuracy.
Parabolized Navier-Stokes Algorithm for Solving Supersonic Flows with Upstream Influences

A new parabolized Navier ‐Stokes (PNS) algorithm has been developed to efe ciently compute supersonic e ows with embedded regions that produce upstream effects. Innovative techniques are used to automatically detect and measure the extent of the embedded regions. Within the embedded regions, the PNS equations are globally iterated to duplicate the results that would be obtained with the complete Navier ‐Stokes (NS) equations. Once an embedded region is computed, the algorithm returns to the standard space-marching PNS mode until the next embedded region is encountered. This procedure has been successfully incorporated into NASA’ s upwind PNS code and it has been validated by its application to several two-dimensional test cases. All of these test cases include embedded regions that produce signie cant upstream effects. The present numerical results arein excellent agreement with previous NS computations and experimental data. In addition, these calculations demonstrate the signie cant reduction in computer time and storage that can be achieved by the use of this approach.
Religiousness and College Student Alcohol Use: Examining the Role of Social Support

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of social support in the relationship between religiousness and alcohol use in a sample of college students. Two dimensions of religiousness: religious commitment and religious coping were examined as predictors of alcohol use. Participants were male and female college students (N = 221); the majority of the sample was Christian (73.8%). Emotional social support was tested as a mediator. Both religiousness dimensions and emotional social support were related to less frequent alcohol use; however, mediation was not supported. These findings indicate that religious commitment and dispositional religious coping are protective against alcohol use, yet social support does not account for this relationship.
Choosing Our Futures … Still!

ABSTRACT In 1997 the Association of College and Research Libraries held a national conference on “Choosing Our Futures.” The conference challenged libraries to make changes and shape their own destinies. Fifteen years later, it is no less imperative for academic libraries to evolve, adapt, and transform. This article examines the dynamics of change and what makes it so challenging to accomplish. It looks to the business world for ideas, inspiration, and innovations. It examines what libraries can proactively do to lead change and to choose their futures.
Progressive supranuclear palsy phenotype secondary to CADASIL.

Abstract Background and purpose . To report a unique case of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy manifesting as a progressive supranuclear palsy phenotype, thereby expanding its recognized presentations. Methods . Review of the pertinent literature from MEDLINE, cross-referencing cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and parkinsonism. Description of a 60-year-old woman who presented with a several year history of step-wise, progressive parkinsonism secondary to cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy. Results . Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy may present with a progressive supranuclear phenotype. Conclusion . Parkinsonism, including a progressive supranuclear palsy phenotype, is one of a growing number of recognized ways that cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy may present.
Do Parental Bonds Break Anti-fat Stereotyping?: Parental Work Ethic Ideology and Disease Concerns Predict Bias Against Heavyweight Children

This study examined whether and under what conditions parents might stereotype their own heavyweight children. Parents completed a survey assessing their beliefs about their 9- to 11-year-old child...
Identification of haemocytes and their role in clotting in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus

Three types of haemocyte — hyaline cells, small granule and large granule haemocytes — have been identified in the circulation of blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, that were collected and processed in North Carolina, USA in February 1991. Differentiation of haemocytes begins in the haematopoietic tissue and continues in the circulation. Hyaline cells are distinguished morphologically by their relatively small size, high nucleocytoplasmic ratio and sparse cytoplasmic granule content. Small and large granule haemocytes are distinguished, respectively, by a preponderance of small and large electron dense granules in their cytoplasm. Furthermore, a light and electron microscopic examination of the clotting process performed in July 1991 revealed that hyaline cells initiated coagulation when exposed to seawater, whereas granular haemocytes did not undergo marked changes when so treated. These distinct functional and morphologic features suggest that the hyaline cell and granular haemocytes represent distinct cell lines. It remains unclear whether small granule haemocytes differentiate into large granule haemocytes.
Brief physician advice for problem drinking among older adults: an economic analysis of costs and benefits.

Objective: Problem alcohol use among elderly persons can have a variety of health-related consequences, complicating management of chronic illnesses and increasing health care utilization and costs. This study evaluates the economic cost and benefits of brief intervention for at-risk drinking older adults. Method: A controlled clinical trial with 24-month follow-up tested effectiveness of brief physician advice in reducing alcohol use, health care utilization and other consequences among older (age 65 or older) adult problem drinkers. Of 6,073 patients screened for problem drinking in 24 community-based primary care practices in Wisconsin, 158 patients met inclusion criteria and were randomized into control (n = 71) or intervention (n = 87) groups. Intervention group patients received two 10- to 15-minute physician-delivered counseling sessions including professional advice, education and contracting using scripted workbooks. Results: The intervention group demonstrated significant reductions in alcohol u...
BER of Noncoherent MFSK with Postdetection Switch-and-Stay Combining in TWDP Fading

The performance of noncoherent M-ary frequency-shift keying (MFSK) with dual-branch postdetection switch and stay combining (SSC) in two-wave with diffuse power (TWDP) fading is studied. A closed- form expression for the average bit error rate (BER) of noncoherent MFSK with dual-branch postdetection SSC is derived. Monte carlo simulation results are presented to verify the validity of the obtained analytical expressions. The effects of TWDP fading parameters on the relative performances of postdetection and predetection SSC receivers are studied. It is shown that postdetection SSC has superior performance over predetection SSC.
Ego Identity Status as an Indicator of Peer Court Efficacy

Peer courts are an alternative to juvenile court, intended to provide less stigmatizing and more individually responsive dispositions for first-time and early youthful offenders. This study examined the potential usefulness of assessing ego identity status for peer courts. Mailed surveys were sent to attendees of seven Utah peer courts who had their cases reviewed between August 1998 and January 1999. Thirty-seven percent (N = 120) responded. Chi Square analysis showed that ego identity statuses were related to drug use and previous delinquent behavior, but not recidivism. Foreclosed status youths were statistically unlikely to recidivate, use drugs, and reported fewer previous offenses.
Atmospheric studies from the Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent and Landing atmospheric structure reconstruction

Abstract The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) entered the martian atmosphere on Aug. 6, 2012 landing in Gale crater (4.6°S, 137.4°E) in the local mid-afternoon. Aerodynamic accelerations were measured during descent and atmospheric density, pressure and temperature profiles have been calculated from this data. Using an averaging technique developed for the NASA Phoenix Mars mission, the profiles are extended to 134.1 km, twice that of the engineering reconstruction. Large-scale temperature oscillations in the MSL temperature profile are suggestive of thermal tides. Comparing the MSL temperature profile with measured Mars Climate Sounder temperature profiles and Mars Climate Database model output highlights the presence of diurnal tides. Derived vertical wavelengths for the diurnal migrating tide are larger than predicted from idealized tidal theory, indicating an added presence of nonmigrating diurnal tides. Sub-CO 2 condensation mesospheric temperatures, very similar to the Pathfinder temperature profile, allude to the possibility of CO 2 clouds. This is however not supported by recent observations and models.
Bartonella Osteomyelitis of the Acetabulum: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Abstract Introduction: Bartonella henselae commonly involves the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), and its most common presentation is lymphadenitis. Rarely, it can cause isolated osteomyelitis. We present a case of a 3 year old with constitutional symptoms and new onset of limp. Previously reported cases of osteomyelitis due to B. henselae are also reviewed here, keeping the index case in mind. Methods: We conducted a Medline search using MeSH subject headings Bartonella and osteomyelitis, limited to humans. Results: The index case is a 3-year-old female who had a subacute presentation with new-onset leg pain and fever. Subsequent imaging demonstrated osteomyelitis of the acetabulum. Multiple diagnostic attempts were unsuccessful, and the patient did not respond to empiric therapy. Despite indeterminate serology, the diagnosis of Bartonella osteomyelitis was eventually confirmed by PCR on bone biopsy of the lesion. The literature search revealed 48 publications, which were reduced to 28 when limiting a...
Experimental evaluation of a compiler-based cache energy optimization strategy

In this paper, we present experimental results from an optimization strategy that aims at reducing the per access energy cost for direct-mapped data caches. We have developed a compiler algorithm that uses access pattern analysis to determine those references that are certain to result in cache hits (called 'certain hits') in a virtually-addressed, direct-mapped data cache. After detecting such references, the compiler substitutes the corresponding load operations with 'energy-efficient loads' that access only the data array of the cache instead of both tag and data arrays. This tag access elimination, in turn, reduces the per access energy consumption for data accesses. Our experimental results indicate that certain hits constitute a large percentage of total hits. They also show that even our most conservative strategy improves the data cache energy consumption by 11% on the average.
Nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium in wild avocado (Persea americana Mill.)

Resequencing studies provide the ultimate resolution of genetic diversity because they identify all mutations in a gene that are present within the sampled individuals. We report a resequencing study of Persea americana, a subtropical tree species native to Meso- and Central America and the progenitor of cultivated avocado. The sample includes 21 wild accessions from Mexico, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and the Dominican Republic. Estimated levels of nucleotide polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium (LD) are obtained from fully resolved haplotype data from 4 nuclear loci that span 5960 nucleotide sites. Results show that, although avocado is a subtropical tree crop and a predominantly outcrossing plant, the overall level of genetic variation is not exceptionally high (nucleotide diversity at silent sites, pi(sil) = 0.0102) compared with available estimates from temperate plant species. Intralocus LD decays rapidly to half the initial value within about 1 kb. Estimates of recombination rate (based on the sequence data) show that the rate is not exceptionally high when compared with annual plants such as wild barley or maize. Interlocus LD is significant owing to substantial population structure induced by mixing of the 3 botanical races of avocado.
Measurements of [O I] λ6300/Hα Line Intensity Ratios for Four O Star H II Regions

We have used the Wisconsin Hα Mapper facility to measure the [O I] λ6300/Hα line intensity ratios for four O star H II regions: S27 (observation coordinates l = 63, b = +236), S252 (l = 1901, b = +06), S261 (l = 1941, b = -19), and S264 (l = 1951, b = -120). We find that the ratios range from 0.0015 to 0.0053. These results are roughly a factor of 10 lower than measured [O I]/Hα ratios in directions that sample the warm ionized component of the interstellar medium. This difference implies a significantly lower hydrogen ionization ratio n(H+)/n(H0) or higher electron temperature in the diffuse ionized gas compared with that in the bright discrete O star H II regions.
Determination of the glyceride structure of fats: Gas liquid chromatography of oxidized glycendes

A method has been developed for the determination of glyceride composition of natural fats, which involves oxidation of the fat by permanganate-periodate, esterification of the oxidized glycerides, and subsequent GLC using a flame ionization detector. Quantitative analyses, requiring about 4 hr and 20 mg of sample, are reported. The method gives the distribution of individual saturated acids within the glycerides. Glyceride composition of four vegetable oils has been determined, using the above procedure.
Nurse‐Physician Relationships in Ambulatory Oncology Settings

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore nurses’ perceptions of nurse-physician relationships in ambulatory oncology settings, which are linked to patient safety. Design: This cross-sectional, descriptive study analyzed survey data collected in 2010 from oncology nurses employed in ambulatory settings. The sampling frame was the nurse licensure database in one state in the Southeastern United States. Nurses completed the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI), reported on the quality of care in their setting, and commented on factors that promoted or inhibited high-quality care delivery. Methods: Data analysis used three study variables: empirically derived values from the PES-NWI, a scale of nurse-reported quality of care in their setting, and open-text comments about features in their workplace that promoted or hindered high-quality care. After categorizing open-text comments, analysis of variance was used to evaluate differences in PES-NWI subscales by comment category. Chi-square test statistics were calculated to examine differences in overall practice environment and quality of care by comment category. Results: Nurses reported their relationships with physicians as generally favorable. Qualitative findings suggest two themes that influence how nurses characterize their working relationships with physicians: (a) physician behaviors and (b) structural factors. Both PES-NWI scores and quality of care were rated significantly higher by nurses who wrote favorably about physicians. Conclusions: Favorable nurse-physician relationships in ambulatory settings may reflect positive workplaces and promote high-quality care. Clinical Relevance: Consistent with findings from inpatient units, nursephysician relationships are important to the quality of ambulatory oncology care. Systematic measurement and attention to reported deficits in these relationships may promote higher quality care.
Adverse drug events in children: the US Food and Drug Administration perspective

Abstract Background: Adverse events are unwelcome occurrences associated with drug use. Some of these events are predictable or preventable, whereas others are idiosyncratic. The "off-label" use of drugs in pediatric patients further complicates the assessment of adverse events because pediatric dosing based on recommended adult doses may not be appropriate. Adverse events often occur in pediatric patients in an environment of incomplete information about the drug's pharmacokinetics in the pediatric population, and the inherent metabolic differences between adults and children may not be detected with extrapolating maneuvers. Adverse event information may be acquired during the drug development process, including the preclinical, preapproval, and postapproval processes. However, the lack of clinical trials in pediatric patients indicates that such information is not available. Objective: This paper reviews the pharmacologic basis for the different types of adverse events in children and adults and provides examples of the differences between these 2 groups. Methods: Data from spontaneous reports of adverse events that support a trend may assist with initiating and identifying an early signal for an adverse event and an assessment of its occurrence. We summarized our experience with the exclusivity initiative aimed at improving the acquisition of knowledge about use of drugs in children. We also summarized the data available from some spontaneous adverse event reports as well as examined pertinent literature to provide state-of-knowledge information on the specific adverse events. Results: Of the first 16 products that were subsequently studied in children, 6 (37.5%) had significant changes in labeling that had an impact on safety or efficacy. Specifically, we were able to identify situations in which proposed dosing could have led to overdosing or underdosing. We also identified situations in which adverse events, previously undescribed, could be expected. Conclusions: This information provides a better understanding of potential reasons for adverse events and defines unique pediatric adverse events. The exclusivity initiative supports the need for formal studies in the pediatric population if the therapy is to be used in children.
Mechanisms influencing competition between hatchery and wild juvenile anadromous Pacific salmonids in fresh water and their relative competitive abilities

Avoiding negative effects of competition from released hatchery salmonids on wild fish is a primary concern for recovery efforts and fisheries management. Several factors affect competition among juvenile salmonids including: (1) whether competition is intra- or interspecific, (2) duration of freshwater cohabitation of hatchery and wild fish, (3) relative body size, (4) prior residence, (5) environmentally induced developmental differences, and (6) fish density. Intraspecific competition is expected to be greater than interspecific because of greater niche overlap between conspecific hatchery and wild fish. Competition is expected to increase with prolonged freshwater cohabitation. Hatchery smolts are often larger than wild, and larger fish are usually superior competitors. However, wild fish have the advantage of prior residence when defending territories and resources in natural streams. Hatchery-induced developmental differences are variable and can favor both hatchery and wild fish. Although all these factors influence competitive interactions, fish density of the composite population (wild + hatchery fish) in relation to habitat carrying capacity likely exerts the greatest influence. The extent of competition and relative competitive ability of wild and hatchery fish can be determined by additive and substitutive experimental designs, respectively, and the limited body of substitutive experiments suggests that the relative competitive ability of hatchery and wild fish is approximately equal when measured as growth. Conducting substitutive experiments becomes difficult as the spatial and temporal scales increase. Large-scale experiments comparing supplemented and control reaches or streams hold some promise for quantifying the effects of released hatchery fish on wild fish behavior, growth and survival.
Doping fluctuation induced performance variation in SiNW biosensors

We analyze the doping fluctuation induced stochastic performance variation in charge based Si nanowire (SiNW) biosensors. We show that for given doping statistics and system topology configuration, electrostatic biasing condition can be tuned to optimize overall sensor sensitivity. Systems that utilize NW arrays may achieve optimal sensitivity at different biasing condition than that for individual NW sensors.
Spaces of Transference: The New Transnational Politics of Secular Stagnation

This paper reevaluates recent work on deterritorialization in so far as it relates to transnationalization and the emergence of new forms of nomadic politics. Place has been crucial in the formation of social relationships, the interactive construction of political identities and the emergence of a public sphere.Contemporary forms of deterritorialization tend to disrupt two fundamental conceptions of the modern understanding of democratic politics: the fellowship of citizens and the fiduciary nature of the relationship between political power and those represented.Building on Kevin Cox’s distinction between spaces of dependence and spaces of engagement, the paper argues that spaces of transference emerge as a vital component of today’s political relating.Scale becomes important in the spaces of transference: the shifting of attitudes and emotions involves larger spaces and ever more distant templates.
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition and endothelial function: enough with the surrogates

This editorial refers to ‘Vascular effects and safety of dalcetrapib in patients with or at risk of coronary heart disease: the dal-VESSEL randomized clinical trial’, by T.F. Luscher et al. , doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs019 Statins significantly reduce cardiovascular events in a broad category of patients at risk for or with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; however, a substantial residual risk remains even when LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are lowered to 70 mg/dL.1 A part of this residual risk is related to low HDL-C levels.1 Epidemiological studies, the known favourable biological actions of HDL and its key constituents, as well as experimental studies have suggested beneficial athero-protective effects of HDL, making HDL a suitable therapeutic target.2 However, unlike LDL-C lowering, HDL-C-raising interventions with currently available agents, such as niacin, fibrates, or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists, have not been conclusively or consistently demonstrated to reduce cardiovascular events.3 In the last several years, inhibition of a key enzyme, CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein), involved in HDL metabolism, has become a focus of attention since CETP inhibition leads to increases in HDL-C levels.4 CETP is a glycoprotein, present in humans, rabbits, primates, and hamsters, but absent in rodents, dogs, horses, cows, and pigs, that facilitates transfer of cholesterol ester from HDL particles to LDL/very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles in exchange for triglycerides, thereby participating in reverse cholesterol transport and regulating circulating HDL-C levels.4 Recent observations have also highlighted the fact that CETP remodels HDL particles to generate pre-β-HDL particles that participate as initial acceptors of ABCA-1-mediated cholesterol transfer from peripheral tissues.5 Despite the inverse relationship between CETP activity and HDL-C levels, epidemiological and genetic association studies have provided somewhat conflicting and inconsistent results with respect to the relationship between CETP activity and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk.4,6 Therefore, …
Non-linearities in the blood-oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) response measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A central question in the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (IMRI) data is whether the measured fMRI signal summates in a linear fashion over repeated inputs. Most fMRI studies collect images sensitive to blood-oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) contrast, which measures the local amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin (dHb). When neurons are active, more oxygenated hemoglobin is supplied than is needed for their metabolic demands, resulting in a decrease in dHb and an increase in MR signal. For analysis of fMRI data, researchers must therefore create experimental hypotheses of the measurable BOLD response based upon the predicted neuronal activity. An influential early model of the fMRI BOLD response assumes that BOLD activity is a linear transformation of neuronal input, representing the filtering effects of the vascular system. Recent studies have called this interpretation into question, due to observed differences in the pattern of linearity across brain regions that serve distinct functions.
Characteristics of a multicolor InGaAs-GaAs quantum-dot infrared photodetector

A three-color quantum-dot infrared photodetector has been fabricated and characterized. The active absorption region consists of undoped In/sub 0.4/Ga/sub 0.6/As quantum dots separated by GaAs barriers. Intersublevel transitions of electrons in the quantum dots results in absorption peaks at /spl sim/3.5, 7.5, and 22 /spl mu/m. The devices were characterized at 80 K and 120 K. The dark current density is 10/sup -6/ A/cm/sup 2/ at 120 K for an applied bias of 1 V. The responsivity and specific detectivity D/sup */ are 0.07 A/W and 4.8/spl times/10/sup 10/ cm/spl middot/Hz/sup 1/2//W for the 7.5-/spl mu/m response at 80 K for an applied bias of 3 V.
Microwave superconductivity Part 2: Current and future applications

The 100th anniversary of superconductivity will be celebrated during 2011. As part of this celebration, a Special Historic Session has been scheduled for IMS 2011 to commemorate this event and highlight the potential impact of superconductivity on electronic technologies, especially in the microwave and terahertz frequencies regimes. In Part 1, a very brief overview of superconductivity and its unique properties was presented along with a summary of some of the early rf and microwave applications. In Part 2, we will describe some of the current applications of superconductivity especially those employing high temperature superconducting (HTS) materials.
Economic Impacts of a National Deposit Law: Cost Estimates and Policy Questions

This paper uses available evidence to project the impacts of national mandatory deposit legislation for beverage containers. Container litter should decline by 70 percent with 70 percent of redeemed containers recycled. This comes at an estimated cost of over $3 billion annually. Due to these high costs, alternative approaches should be evaluated first, with a national bottle bill adopted only as a last resort and then only with broad public support. Along with the impacts of the law, its operational characteristics require more research attention. Several directions for policy analysis are identified.
A new mechanism for stable viscous remanent magnetization and overprinting during long magnetic polarity intervals

A new mechanism by which viscous remanent magnetization, VRM, can be acquired is proposed. This VRM probably is the major cause of overprinting during long mag- netic polarity intervals.
Adaptive enhancement of 3D scenes using hierarchical registration of texture-mapped 3D models

Adaptive fusion of new information in a 3D urban scene is an important goal to achieve in computer vision, graphics, and visualization. We acquire new image pairs of a scene from closer distances and extract 3D models of successively higher resolutions. We present a new hierarchical approach to register these texture-mapped 3D models with a coarse 3D texture mapped model of an urban scene. First, we use the standard reconstruction algorithm to construct 3D models after establishing 1-1 correspondence between the feature points of two images at same resolution. Next, a subset of these feature points is used to register the higher resolution image with the lower resolution image using a scale-sensitive algorithm. Finally we register and consistently merge the 3D models at different resolutions. We present the results of our hierarchical algorithm for adaptive enhancement of a mural inside the UCSC Campus by registering data that differ in scale by a ratio of 1:15. Results indicate that the proposed hierarchical registration technique effectively utilizes the intermediate models to enable the smooth registration of the high resolution models on the coarser models.
Codex Telleriano-Remensis: Ritual, Divination, and History in a Pictorial Aztec Manuscript

"In this magnificently illustrated work with a facsimile reproduction of the Codex Telleriano-Remensis, Eloise Quin ones Keber has presented an invaluable first-time publication of the entire codex along with an extensive scholarly commentary, sixteenth-century Spanish annotations, and an English translation of its texts.... This volume is highly recommended as an important acquisition for any research library on colonial Mexican history." -- Colonial Latin American Historical Review As one of the finest surviving examples of the art of Aztec manuscript painting, the Codex Telleriano-Remensis provides invaluable information about the core of Aztec culture. In this landmark publication, Eloise Quin ones Keber presents the first photographic color facsimile of the entire codex, accompanied by the most extensive commentary ever undertaken on its abundant images and Spanish annotations and the first English translation of its texts. Produced in sixteenth-century colonial Mexico, the codex consists of a ceremonial calendar of the "months" of the year, a divinatory almanac featuring the deities that determined the fates of the days, and a history of the Aztecs from their legendary migration in the twelfth century through the first decades of Spanish occupation. Dr. Quin ones Keber's commentary offers new data and hypotheses regarding the physical features of the manuscript, its origins, dating, authorship, prototypes, Spanish influence, and relationship to its partial cognate, the Codex Vaticanus A. Now owned by the Bibliothe que Nationale of Paris, the Codex Telleriano-Remensis offers a rare visual example of the cultural encounter between the "old"and "new" worlds as European practices mingled with indigenous traditions to produce an expression unique to its time and place. It is thus a key document for understanding not only ancient Mexico and New Spain but also the processes of cultural persistence and accommodation that shaped them both.
Using full motion 3D Flash LIDAR video for target detection, segmentation, and tracking

It is now the case that well-performing flash LIDAR focal plane array devices are commercially available. Such devices give us the ability to measure and record registered 3D point cloud sequences at video frame rates. For target detection and tracking applications this allows the processes of structure from motion or multi-view stereo reconstruction to be circumvented. This allows us to construct simple and robust real-time 3D detection and tracking systems. The goal of this work is to demonstrate for the first time a proof-of-concept system using a commercial 3D Flash LIDAR camera. The system will accomplish the detection, segmentation, and tracking of human sized objects using a combination of fundamental point cloud processing algorithms. With marginal refinement efforts the result of this work is directly applicable to perimeter surveillance and site security.
Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of evolving focal cerebral ischemia. Comparison with histopathology in rats.

Background and Purpose This study was performed to document the progression of ischemic brain damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat using magnetic resonance imaging and histopathologic methods.Methods Cerebral ischemia was induced through permanent tandem occlusion of ipsilateral middle cerebral and common carotid arteries. The evolution of magnetic resonance imaging and histopathologic parameter changes was studied, both short term (1.5 to 8 hours) and long term (24 to 168 hours), in five specific brain regions within the middle cerebral artery territory.Results Significant changes in proton nuclear magnetic resonance spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times and the ''apparent'' diffusion coefficient of water could be detected within hours after the onset of permanent focal cerebral ischemia, whereas significant alterations in proton spin-density ratios were not apparent until approximately 48 hours. Histological changes were evident within 12 hours, with a significant loss of neurons seen in the most severely damaged regions at 7 days. Diffusion-weighted imaging was the most sensitive technique for visualizing acute ischemic alterations. The water diffusion coefficient was the only magnetic resonance imaging parameter studied to indicate significant alterations within the first 4 hours after arterial occlusion in all five brain regions.Conclusions The degree of change for a particular magnetic resonance imaging parameter appeared to be related to the location and extent of neuronal injury, with the most dramatic changes occurring within the areas displaying the most severe histological damage. These results indicate that complete specification of all brain regions affected by ischemic brain injury may require a combination of imaging strategies applied over a period of days and suggest the possibility of using magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between permanent and reversible cell damage.
Chloro(trimethylsilylmethyl)ketene

[89121-60-8] C6H11ClOSi (MW 162.67) InChI = 1S/C6H11ClOSi/c1-9(2,3)5-6(7)4-8/h5H2,1-3H3 InChIKey = HCLUMFAVWLSAAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (intermediate capable of cycloadding to activated alkenes1 for direct conversion to α-methylenecyclobutanones and -cyclopentanones2) Solubility: sol nonpolar organic solvents usually employed for [2 + 2] cycloadditions. Form Supplied in: generated in situ by dehydrochlorination of the acid chloride precursor.
Linearization of F-1 curves by adaptation

We show that negative feedback to highly nonlinear frequency-current (F-I) curves results in an effective linearization. (By highly nonlinear we mean that the slope at threshold is infinite or very steep.) We then apply this to a specific model for spiking neurons and show that the details of the adaptation mechanism do not affect the results. The crucial points are that the adaptation is slow compared to other processes and the unadapted F-I curve is highly nonlinear.
Al l Optical Solution for Free Space Optics Point to Point Links

� Abstract - The focus of this paper is to eliminate t he electrical devices for FSO point to point links by replacing them with optical devices. The concept is similar to an extended beam connector. The aim is to achieve a detectable signal of 1nW at a distance of 500 meters at a wavelength of 1500- 1600nm. This leads to application in building to building links and mobile networks. The research examines the design of the system in terms of generating the wave, the properties of the fiber feeding the wave, and the power necessary to achieve a usable distance. The simulation is executed in Code V by Synopsys, which is an industry standard to analyze optical systems.
15.5 A 930mW 69dB-DR 465MHz-BW CT 1–2 MASH ADC in 28nm CMOS

The width of RF bands commonly used for cellular telecommunications has grown from 35-to-75MHz for 2G/3G/4G platforms to 100-to-200MHz for today's LTE, and the desire for relaxed image-rejection filtering has pushed the direct IF sampling frequencies to 300+ MHz. This paper presents a continuous-time (CT) multi-stage noise-shaping (MASH) ADC IC that achieves 69dB of DR over a 465MHz signal bandwidth with a combined power consumption of 930mW from ±1.0V/1.8V supplies. The ADC IC is implemented in 28nm CMOS and achieves a peak SNDR of 65dB, a small-signal noise-spectral density (NSD) of −156dBFS/Hz, and a figure-of-merit (FOM) of 156dB over a signal bandwidth of 465MHz.
Automatic assessment of online fashion shopping photo aesthetic quality

Photo aesthetic quality assessment is a challenging task. In this paper we propose a framework to automatically assess the aesthetic quality of online shopping photos. Novel image features that indicate photo aesthetic quality are introduced. We further investigate the relevance between our image features and photo aesthetic quality with the elastic net. A ranking of features in the order of their relevance to photo aesthetic quality is thus obtained. Moreover, we apply the wrapper feature selection methodology with the best-first searching algorithm to establish an optimal feature subset that yields best prediction accuracy. With a photo database, we adopt the support vector regression (SVR) technique to train an aesthetic quality predictor using the selected optimal feature subset. Promising prediction accuracy is obtained with cross-validation.
Compressive response of sandwich plates to water-based impulsive loading

Abstract The compressive response of sandwich plates with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam cores and aluminum facesheets to water-based impulsive loading is analyzed using an instrumented impulsive loading apparatus called the underwater shock loading simulator (USLS) and a fully-dynamic 3-D computational framework. The loading conditions analyzed are similar to those in underwater blasts. The study focuses on the overall deformation, strain recovery and impulse transmission which are quantified as functions of structural attributes such as core density, front and backface masses, and incident impulsive load intensity. Measurements obtained using high-speed digital imaging and pressure and force sensors allow the computational models to be calibrated and verified. Quantitative loading–structure–performance maps are developed between the response variables and structural and load attributes. The results reveal that core density has the most pronounced influence on core compressive strain and impulse transmission. Specifically, for severe impulse intensities, a 100% increase in core density leads to a 200% decrease in compressive strain and a 500% increase in normalized transmitted impulse. On the other hand, structures with low density cores are susceptible to collapse at high impulse intensities. Additionally, the compressive strains and transmitted impulses increase monotonically as the mass of the frontface increases, but are unaffected by backface mass. For the same core density, a 100% increase in facesheet thickness leads to a 25% and 50% increase in the core strain and normalized transmitted impulse, respectively. The results and performance maps are useful for designing marine structures with restricts, such as hull sections and pipelines backed by water or machinery.
Comparing Multistep Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography and Multistep TiO2 Methods for Phosphopeptide Enrichment

Phosphopeptide enrichment from complicated peptide mixtures is an essential step for mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic studies to reduce sample complexity and ionization suppression effects. Typical methods for enriching phosphopeptides include immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) or titanium dioxide (TiO2) beads, which have selective affinity and can interact with phosphopeptides. In this study, the IMAC enrichment method was compared with the TiO2 enrichment method, using a multistep enrichment strategy from whole cell lysate, to evaluate their abilities to enrich for different types of phosphopeptides. The peptide-to-beads ratios were optimized for both IMAC and TiO2 beads. Both IMAC and TiO2 enrichments were performed for three rounds to enable the maximum extraction of phosphopeptides from the whole cell lysates. The phosphopeptides that are unique to IMAC enrichment, unique to TiO2 enrichment, and identified with both IMAC and TiO2 enrichment were analyzed for their characteristic...
Were the Anti-Federalists Right? Judicial Activism and the Problem of Consolidated Government

There is no denying that, in many respects, the United States Constitution of 1980 is not quite the same document that was ratified in 1789. Beyond its relatively few formal amendments, the federal judiciary, with the Supreme Court at its apex, has transformed the Constitution in various ways; most importantly, it has tended to enhance federal power over state power.' Granting this subsequent judicial transformation, a fundamental question emerges. Were the Anti-Federalists, who predicted such a transformation, correct? Did they see more deeply into human nature and the limits of republican politics than did their more successful adversaries, the Federalists? The answer seems to be yes-at least in part. The basic Anti-Federalist objection to the Constitution was its perceived tendency toward "consolidation." They feared that the states,