cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel deep-water spawning patterns of bonefish (Albula vulpes), a shallow water fish

Coastal marine fishes that form spawning aggregations most commonly exhibit a two-point movement pattern, with locations separated by migration: home range to spawning aggregation site and return to home range. However, the bonefish, Albula vulpes, partakes in a unique three-point spawning migration. Bonefish migrate up to 80 km from shallow water home flats to form nearshore pre-spawning aggregations (PSA) before moving offshore to spawn. Although these broad patterns have previously been documented, details of the offshore spawning-associated diving behavior have yet to be rigorously examined. Using active acoustic telemetry and sonar data in 2019 in Abaco, The Bahamas, we provide a complete account of bonefish offshore spawning movements and novel deep diving behavior to 137.9 m. Bonefish were continuously observed at depths ≥ 100 m for 2 h; a time period that included multiple depth changes and culminated in a spawning ascent to 67.3 m at 0.57 m s−1. These new data on bonefish offshore movements and deep dives, coupled with CTD data, suggest that bonefish actively spawn at pycnoclines and thermoclines. Two previous tracking attempts (2013, 2018) at this location reflect spatiotemporal plasticity in spawning, a behavior counter to other aggregation forming fishes. This is the first detailed documentation of such deep spawning for a shallow water coastal fish species. The ecological motivation for diving to the deepest depths remains speculative. Future work must examine the dynamic relationship between bonefish diving behavior, spawning site selection, and oceanographic features.
A Dynamic Stress-Scape Framework to Evaluate Potential Effects of Multiple Environmental Stressors on Gulf of Alaska Juvenile Pacific Cod

Quantifying the spatial and temporal footprint of multiple environmental stressors on marine fisheries is imperative to understanding the effects of changing ocean conditions on living marine resources. Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus), an important marine species in the Gulf of Alaska ecosystem, has declined dramatically in recent years, likely in response to extreme environmental variability in the Gulf of Alaska related to marine heatwave conditions in 2014-2016 and 2019. Here, we evaluate the effects of two potential environmental stressors, temperature variability and ocean acidification, on the growth of juvenile Pacific Cod in the Gulf of Alaska using a novel machine-learning framework called “stress-scapes,” which applies the fundamentals of dynamic seascape classification to both environmental and biological data. Stress-scapes apply a probabilistic self-organizing map (prSOM) machine learning algorithm and hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC) analysis to produce distinct, dynamic patches of the ocean that share similar environmental variability and Pacific Cod growth characteristics and are robust to nonlinear biological patterns. We then compare stress-scape output classes to Pacific Cod growth rates in the field using otolith increment analysis to contrast our classification output with observed growth. Our work resolved five dynamic stress-scapes in the coastal Gulf of Alaska ecosystem from 2010-2016. We utilized stress-scapes to compare conditions during the 2014-2016 marine heatwave to cooler years immediately prior and found that the stress-scapes captured distinct heatwave and non-heatwave classes, highlighting high juvenile Pacific Cod predicted growth and anomalous environmental conditions. Dominant stress-scapes underestimated juvenile Pacific Cod growth when compared to observed field growth estimates, suggesting potential for selective mortality or biological parameters currently missing in the stress-scape model. However, a sensitivity analysis of the stress-scape classification showed that by including growth rate data in the classification, the prSOM was better able to distinguish between heatwave and normal ocean conditions. Classifications that relied solely on environmental data failed to distinguish these changing ocean conditions. By incorporating environmental and physiological variables across a wide spatio-temporal scale, stress-scapes present an emerging methodology for evaluating a marine fisheries’ response to changing ocean conditions in any dynamic marine system where sufficient data are available.
Growth factor regulation of the cell Cycle in developing and mature inner ear sensory epithelia

Growth factors and other extracellular signals regulate cell division in many tissues. Consequently, growth factors may have therapeutic uses to stimulate the production of replacement sensory hair cells in damaged human inner ears, thereby assisting in alleviating hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. Assessment of the ability of growth factors to stimulate cell proliferation in inner ear sensory epithelia is at an early stage. This paper provides a brief account of what we know regarding growth factor regulation of cell proliferation in developing and mature inner ear sensory epithelia.
Monoamines and neuropeptides interact to inhibit aversive behaviour in Caenorhabditis elegans

Pain modulation is complex, but noradrenergic signalling promotes anti-nociception, with α(2)-adrenergic agonists used clinically. To better understand the noradrenergic/peptidergic modulation of nociception, we examined the octopaminergic inhibition of aversive behaviour initiated by the Caenorhabditis elegans nociceptive ASH sensory neurons. Octopamine (OA), the invertebrate counterpart of norepinephrine, modulates sensory-mediated reversal through three α-adrenergic-like OA receptors. OCTR-1 and SER-3 antagonistically modulate ASH signalling directly, with OCTR-1 signalling mediated by Gα(o). In contrast, SER-6 inhibits aversive responses by stimulating the release of an array of 'inhibitory' neuropeptides that activate receptors on sensory neurons mediating attraction or repulsion, suggesting that peptidergic signalling may integrate multiple sensory inputs to modulate locomotory transitions. These studies highlight the complexity of octopaminergic/peptidergic interactions, the role of OA in activating global peptidergic signalling cascades and the similarities of this modulatory network to the noradrenergic inhibition of nociception in mammals, where norepinephrine suppresses chronic pain through inhibitory α(2)-adrenoreceptors on afferent nociceptors and stimulatory α(1)-receptors on inhibitory peptidergic interneurons.
Copper(I) and Copper(II) Complexes of Creatinine

Abstract A Cu(II) complex of creatinine (creat) was prepared, with formula Cu(creat)2Cl2, as well as a Cu(I) creatinine complex, Cu(creat H_1)(EtNH2).H2O(EtNH2 = ethylamine). The Cu(II) adduct is complexed with neutral creatinine and IR evidence suggests a tetrahedral geometry for the complex with bonding to the ring amino nitrogen atom. Diamagnetic Cu(creat H_1)(EtNH2).H2O, formed from a redox reaction between Cu(II) and creatinine, is composed of Cu(I) atoms bonded to the deprotonated ring amino nitrogen, with the exocyclic carbonyl group hydrogen bonded to coordinated ethylamine molecules.
Learning 3D object templates by hierarchical quantization of geometry and appearance spaces

This paper presents a method for learning 3D object templates from view labeled object images. The 3D template is defined in a joint appearance and geometry space composed of deformable planar part templates placed at different 3D positions and orientations. Appearance of each part template is represented by Gabor filters, which are hierarchically grouped into line segments and geometric shapes. AND-OR trees are further used to quantize the possible geometry and appearance of part templates, so that learning can be done on a subsampled discrete space. Using information gain as a criterion, the best 3D template can be searched through the AND-OR trees using one bottom-up pass and one top-down pass. Experiments on a new car dataset with diverse views show that the proposed method can learn meaningful 3D car templates, and give satisfactory detection and view estimation performance. Experiments are also performed on a public car dataset, which show comparable performance with recent methods.
Infrared absorption in quantum wires: effects of impurities and external fields

Abstract In this work we show the calculations of the infrared spectrum of donor impurities in semiconductor quantum wires in the presence of an axial magnetic field and a transversal electric field. We use the effective mass approximation and an extended variational technique for calculating simultaneously the ground and excited impurity states. In this approach we expand the envelope function in terms of a product of two restricted sets of radial and z -dependent basis of Gaussian functions, taking into account the reflection symmetry in planes perpendicular to the wire axis. The parameters of the Gaussian functions are fixed a priori to cover the relevant physical region and assure convergence. The energy spectrum of the impurity in the quantum wire is obtained by solving a linear set of coupled equations for the expansion coefficients. To study the far-infrared absorption of the impurity confined in the wire, we obtain the absorption coefficient for transitions from ground to excited impurity states in the dipolar approximation. We calculate the selection rules for the allowed intra-donor transitions for circularly polarized radiation. We show the results for the absorption coefficient as a function of the photon energy for several external field strengths, arbitrary impurity positions and different geometric wire confinements.
Fatty acids and sterols of Cronartium fusiforme basidiospores.

The hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and sterols ofCronartium fusiforme basidiospores were examined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Trace quantities of aliphatic hydrocarbons were detected, but these were probably not fungal products. Principal nonsubstituted fatty acids were palmitic (11.7%), linoleic (17.2%), and linolenic (16.1%) acids; the predominant acid was 9,10-cis-epoxyoctadecanoic acid (40.7%). Four sterols were detected, three of which were identified as stigmast-7-enol (57.6%), stigmasta-5,7-dienol (22.7%), and ergost-7-enol (16.0%). The fourth sterol (4%) is a C28 diene. Lipids of the aeciospores and basidiospores ofC. fusiforme are compared.
Quantification and Perception of On-call Podiatric Surgical Resident Workload

The general assumption inherent to the design of podiatric surgical residency programs is that all residents will have comparable experiences in terms of patient care interactions and workload throughout their training. Despite this, there is usually the perception that certain residents consistently have greater or smaller workloads when on-call and are considered “black clouds” or “white clouds,” respectively. During a prospective investigational period of 1 year, on-call podiatric residents at a level 1 trauma center recorded their workload on a nightly basis in terms of three variables: pages/telephone calls, consultations, and hospital admissions. The results of these data suggest that all residents shared a similar workload during the study period without a clinically significant “black cloud” or “white cloud.” However, a difference was found in the perception of which resident was a “black cloud” or “white cloud.”
PAIRWISE RECOMBINATION IN THE DECAY OF PHOTOCHEMICAL HYDRATED ELECTRONS

— The decays of hydrated electrons generated by 265 nm laser flash photolysis of aqueous I-, tyrosine, tryptophan, lysozyrne. and ribonuclease have been analyzed by numerical computing. Homogeneous reactions do not explain the data without e-aq—radical back reactions significantly faster than diffusion limited. The results are explained by postulating pairwise recombination persists at times where conventional diffusion theory predicts randomization, particularly at low intensities and in the absence of effective e-aq scavengers. The physical mechanisms responsible for these effects are considered.
Triplet-Triplet Absorption Spectrum (4500-3800 A) of Perdeuteronaphthalene in Polymethylmethacrylate under Very High Pressures

The absorption spectrum between 4500 and 3800 A of the triplet–triplet transition of perdeuteronaphthalene dissolved in polymethylmethacrylate has been studied at pressures as great as 40 kbar. The energies of the absorption maxima of this transition decrease with increasing pressure, and, between 7 and 40 kbar, the decrease is approximately linear with pressure at the rate −15±1 cm−1/kbar. This rate is about twice as great as the rate at which the fluorescence and phosphorescence of perdeuteronaphthalene in polymethylmethacrylate shift with pressure.
One-pot, glycine-assisted combustion synthesis and characterization of nanoporous LiFePO4/C composite cathodes for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract Nanoporous LiFePO 4 /C composite cathodes have been synthesized by a novel one-pot, glycine-assisted combustion (GAC) method in presence of 2 wt.% Super P carbon in both Ar and 90% Ar–10% H 2 atmospheres at 750 °C for a short time of 6 h. While the Ar atmosphere offers phase pure samples, the Ar–H 2 atmosphere leads to the formation of impurity phases as indicated by X-ray diffraction data. The combustion-initiated expulsion of gases aids the formation of a nanoporous LiFePO 4 /C composite structure as evident from electron microscopic analysis, which could allow easy penetration of the electrolyte and realization of an electronic–ionic 3D network. The nanoporous LiFePO 4 /C sample synthesized in Ar atmosphere exhibits a high discharge capacity of 160 mAh g −1 with 3% capacity fade in 50 cycles and high rate capability. With a short reaction time, the GAC method offers an energy efficient approach to synthesize high performance olivine LiFePO 4 /C composite cathodes.
Two cDNAs from Arabidopsis thaliana encode putative RNA binding proteins containing glycine-rich domains

Two related DNA sequences encoding small (-17kDa) glycine-rich proteins (GRPs) have been isolated from an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA library. AtGRP7 and AtGRP8 encode proteins with a bipartite structure consisting of an amino-terminal putative RNA-binding domain and a carboxyl-terminal domain composed of stretches of glycines and serines with interspersed hydrophilic residues. These cDNAs exhibit structural similarity to a class of stress-induced transcripts found in other plant species. The proteins encoded by AtGRP7 and AtGRP8 may be members of a family of proteins which serve a vital role in RNA transcription or processing during stress.
Nonparametric functional central limit theorem for time series regression with application to self-normalized confidence interval

This paper is concerned with the inference of nonparametric mean function in a time series context. The commonly used kernel smoothing estimate is asymptotically normal and the traditional inference procedure then consistently estimates the asymptotic variance function and relies upon normal approximation. Consistent estimation of the asymptotic variance function involves another level of nonparametric smoothing. In practice, the choice of the extra bandwidth parameter can be difficult, the inference results can be sensitive to bandwidth selection and the normal approximation can be quite unsatisfactory in small samples leading to poor coverage. To alleviate the problem, we propose to extend the recently developed self-normalized approach, which is a bandwidth free inference procedure developed for parametric inference, to construct point-wise confidence interval for nonparametric mean function. To justify asymptotic validity of the self-normalized approach, we establish a functional central limit theorem for recursive nonparametric mean regression function estimates under primitive conditions and show that the limiting process is a Gaussian process with non-stationary and dependent increments. The superior finite sample performance of the new approach is demonstrated through simulation studies.
A road careened into the woods: Comments on Dr. Morrison's commentary

Abstract Morrison's commentary on the paper entitled “Social Competence as a Developmental Construct” E. Waters & L. A. Sroufe Developmental Review 1983 3 79–97 focused primarily on the relevance of grand theory to contemporary issues in developmental psychology. The present comments reiterate central themes in the Waters and Sroufe paper that were either misconstrued or not discussed in the commentary. Waters and Sroufe offered (1) a definitional sketch rather than a grand theory, (2) a discussion of the need to employ diverse measures in order to assess a single construct at different ages, (3) much more extensive reference to empirical evidence than indicated in the commentary, and (4) a detailed discussion of assessment strategies common to various projects in which the coherence of individual development has been most evident in empirical data.
Data-stream-based global event monitoring using pairwise interactions

The problem of global state observation is fundamental to distributed systems and to the analysis of data streams. Many interactions in distributed systems can be analyzed in terms of the building block formed by the pairwise interactions of intervals at two processes. Considering causality-based pairwise interactions by which two processes may interact with each other, there are 40 orthogonal interaction types. For each pair of processes (P"i,P"j), let interaction type r"i","j be of interest. This paper examines the problem: ''If a global state of interest to an application is specified in terms of such pairwise interaction types, one per pair of processes, how can such a global state be detected?'' A solution identifies a global state in which the interaction type specified for each process pair is satisfied. This paper formulates the specific conditions on the communication structures to determine which of the intervals being examined at any time may never satisfy the stipulated interaction type for that pair of processes, and therefore that interval(s) need no longer be considered as forming a part of any solution. Based on this theory, the paper proposes two on-line distributed algorithms to solve the problem.
A scattering model for thin dielectric cylinders of arbitrary cross section and electrical length

A scattering solution for long, thin, dielectric cylinders of arbitrary cross section and electrical length is presented. The infinite-cylinder scattering formulation is shown to be an asymptotic solution for the finite-cylinder case, regardless of cylinder electrical length or cross section. The generalized Rayleigh-Gans (GRG) approximation for circular cylinders is shown to be a specific case of this general formulation, and therefore, the assertions of GRG are explicitly proven. A moment-method (MM) solution for thin circular cylinders is likewise presented and is used to examine and quantify the asymptotic errors associated with this solution.
Spontaneous echo contrast following delivery of a shock from a transvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillator.

Spontaneous Echo Contrast. Spontaneous echo contrast has never been described in association with cardiac defibrillation. In this report, we present a patient who developed dense echo contrast as a result of a shock delivered from a transvenous defibrillator system.
Effects of canavanine on the secretion of plasma proteins by Hep G2 cells

Abstract Many secretory proteins contain an amino-terminal propeptide extension which is removed prior to secretion. The point of cleavage is usually marked by a basic pair of amino acids containing arginine. Canavanine, an analogue of arginine, is incorporated into protein and has been shown to inhibit the proteolytic processing of several of these prosecretory proteins. The addition of 3 mM canavanine to Hep G2 cells incubated with l -[ 35 S]methionine inhibited the secretion of 11 plasma proteins studied. Of the secretory proteins studied only albumin is thought to contain a propeptide, which is marked by a pair of arginine residues at its point of proteolytic processing. Canavanine had varying effects on the secretion of plasma proteins; ranging from a 43–53% inhibition of secretion of α 1 antitrypsin and α 1 anti-chrymotrypsin to nearly abolishing (93% inhibition) secretion of transferrin. Canavanine also caused most of the proteins studied to migrate slower on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two of the canavanine-treated proteins (albumin and transferrin) which underwent marked changes in electrophoretic mobility were more sensitive than untreated proteins to proteolysis by Staphylococcus Aureus V8 proteinase. The slower electrophoretic migration and the greater sensitivity to proteolysis of these proteins may be attributed to marked structural changes caused by the incorporation of canavanine. This suggests that the inhibition of plasma protein secretion by canavanine is not only due to an inhibition of the processing of proteins but may be caused by structural distortions of the secretory proteins.
Assessing Stakeholder Perspectives on the Impacts of a Decade of Collaborative Fisheries Research in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank

Abstract Analysis of the perceptions of commercial fishermen, marine scientists, and other stakeholders of the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank ecosystem regarding collaborative fisheries research revealed that the benefits of collaboration have been extensive and that a loss of further research opportunities would be consequential. To date, more than 1,000 individuals have participated in research initiatives dedicated to promoting collaboration between scientists and fishermen. A series of eight public meetings were held in the summer of 2008 to determine from fishermen, scientists, and others how this collaboration has affected them, their communities, and the management of important marine resources. Of the 142 attendees, participation was greatest among fishermen (28%) and scientists (24%). The impact of collaborative fisheries research most frequently cited was an increase in the regional capacity to conduct research, utilizing the knowledge and expertise of fishermen and industry vessels as research ...
Expressways before the Interstates: The Case of Detroit, 1945–1956

After the Second World War, city halls and local business communities cooperated to forestall urban decline in the face of population, industry, and retail loss to the suburbs and the Sunbelt. Before the U.S. Congress passed laws that established national housing programs, pro-growth coalitions in threatened cities launched programs designed to revitalize central business districts and lobbied in state capitals for legislation authorizing redevelopment efforts. In some notable cases, path-breaking measures crafted at the local and state levels served as models for the national initiatives that followed. Believing in the centrality of improved automobile access to their downtown redevelopment efforts, city leaders and business interests followed the same path in transportation as they had in housing. The case of Detroit illustrates how the drive for downtown renewal began before the federal government assumed the primary role with the passage of the 1956 Interstate Highway Act.
Morphological differences between hydrogen-loaded and deuterium-loaded palladium as observed by scanning electron microscopy

Etude de la difference structurale et intergranulaire resultant du chargement d'hydrogene ou de deuterium sur une electrode de palladium
Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of efaproxiral in cancer patients receiving radiation therapy

Aims Efaproxiral (EFP), a synthetic allosteric modifier of hemoglobin (Hb), reduces O2-binding affinity in blood (p50) and is investigated as a radiation therapy sensitizer. The goal of this work was to describe the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of EFP in cancer (CA) patients. Methods Pooled data from 6 phase I -III trials included: 451 patients, 2582 plasma and 2881 RBC concentrations, and 2483 p50 values. Covariates were age, weight, height, sex, concomitant medications, CA type, Hb, albumin, creatinine clearance, body surface area (BSA) and dose. Data were analyzed using NONMEM. Results A linear, 2-compartment model with RBC:plasma proportionality constant and a linear RBC-p50 model described the PK-PD relationship. Parameters were consistent with previously reported values (%SE): CL=1.88 L/hr (8%), V1=10.5 L (2%), Q=2.58 L/hr (12%), V2=18.1 L (10%), SLPRBC=0.982 (1%), INTp50=26.9 mmHg (~0%), SLPp50=0.0193 mmHg/(μg/mL) (5%). The inclusion of covariates resulted in improvements in goodness of fit and decreases in the estimated inter-individual variances. The final model adequately described the central tendency and population variability for the observed data. Conclusions Differences in PK-PD response due to CA type were small, may have been study-related and were probably not clinically relevant. EFP exposure increased with age, but the clinical relevance of this effect was unknown. BSA was the most important predictor of EFP disposition. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P89–P89; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.233
Effects of Temper and Potential on Localized Corrosion Kinetics of Aluminum Alloy 7075

Abstract The effects of temper and potential on localized corrosion kinetics of aluminum alloy (AA)7075 (UNS A97075) were studied using the foil penetration technique. Specimens were heat-treated t...
Combating Drought through Preparedness

Drought is a complex, slow–onset phenomenon that affects more people than any other natural hazard and results in serious economic, social, and environmental impacts. Although drought affects virtually all climatic regimes and has significant consequences in both developed and developing countries, its impacts are especially serious in developing countries where dryland agriculture predominates. The impacts of drought are often an indicator of unsustainable land and water management practices, and drought assistance or relief provided by governments and donors encourages land managers and others to continue these practices. This often results in a greater dependence on government and a decline in self–reliance. Moving from crisis to risk management will require the adoption of a new paradigm for land managers, governments, international and regional development organizations, and non–governmental organizations. This approach emphasizes preparedness, mitigation, and improved early warning systems (EWS) over emergency response and assistance measures. Article 10 of the Convention to Combat Desertification states that national action programmes should be established to identify the factors contributing to desertification and practical measures necessary to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought. In the past 10 years, there has been considerable recognition by governments of the need to develop drought preparedness plans and policies to reduce the impacts of drought. Unfortunately, progress in drought preparedness during the last decade has been slow because most nations lack the institutional capacity and human and financial resources necessary to develop comprehensive drought plans and policies. Recent commitments by governments and international organizations and new drought monitoring technologies and planning and mitigation methodologies are cause for optimism. The challenge is the implementation of these new technologies and methodologies. It is critical for governments that possess this experience to share it with others through regional and global networks. One way to accomplish this goal is to create a network of regional networks on drought preparedness to expedite the adoption of drought preparedness tools to lessen the hardships associated with severe and extended drought episodes.
Dynamical ensembles in statistical mechanics

Abstract A distribution function, using dynamical weights, proposed previously to describe statistical mechanical systems in stationary states, is discussed from a physical point of view. The distribution function correctly describes certain large current fluctuations far from equilibrium, observed in two computer simulations, which model a shearing fluid and a conducting solid, respectively.
CH vibrational mode-softening in alkyl groups bound to Cu(111)

Abstract The surface vibrations of C 1 C 3 alkyl groups bound to a Cu(111) surface have been studied by high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. The alkyl groups were generated by the dissociative adsorption of alkyl iodides and bromides. All of the adsorbed alkyls show CH stretching mode-softening, and isotope labelling studies indicate that the softened CH bonds are those at the α-carbon (the one bonded to the surface). Our results suggest that charge donation from the metal to the antibonding orbital of the alkyl groups is the cause of the CH stretching mode-softening.
Finite-difference time-domain model for elastic waves in the ground

A 2D finite-difference model for elastic waves in the ground has been developed. The model uses the equation of motion and the stress-strain relation, form which a first order stress-velocity formulation is obtained. The resulting system of equations is discretized using centered finite- differences. A perfectly matched layer surrounds the discretized solution space and absorbs the outward traveling waves. The numerical model is validated by comparison to an analytical solution. The numerical model is then sued to study the interaction of elastic waves with buried land miens. Results are presented for a buried antipersonnel mine. It can be seen, that an air-chamber within the mine is excited to resonant oscillations, which are clearly visible on the surface above the mine. The simulation results agree fairly well with experimental observations. Differences are mainly due to the numerical model being 2D. Currently, the finite-difference model is being extended to 3D.
Feasible specifications in azeotropic distillation

Feasible operating conditions are obtained for an azeotropic distillation tower using a nonlinear programming algorithm. The boil-up rate, fractional recovery of product, and bottoms purities of entrainer and by-product are adjusted to locate an overhead vapor stream that condenses into two liquid phases, but is in equilibrium with a single liquid phase on the top tray. A new objective function is introduced and minimized, subject to inequality constraints, using Powell's algorithm (1977). Results are obtained for dehydration of alcohol with benzene.
Biomedical Applications of Medium Energy Particle Beams at LAMPF

At LAMPF an 800-MeV proton accelerator is used to produce intense beams of secondary protons, pi mesons, and muons which are being employed in several areas of biomedical research. The primary proton beam is used to produce short-lived radioisotopes of clinical interest. Carefully tailored secondary proton beams are used to obtain density reconstructions of samples with a dose much less than that required by x-ray CT scanners. The elemental composition of tissue samples is being determined non-destructively with muonic x-ray analysis. Finally, an extensive program, with physical, biological, and clinical components, is underway to evaluate negative pi mesons for use in cancer radiotherapy. The techniques used in these experiments and recent results are described.
Impact Extrusion—Upper Bound Analysis of the Early Stage

The upper bound approach is used to analyze the early stage of impact extrusion of a thin or thick-walled cup. It is shown that during the early stage of extrusion with a flat ram the ram pressure increases linearly with increasing penetration of the ram, increased area of contact between the tool and the workpiece, and poorer lubrication. With the same friction and process geometry the early stage of extrusion is made easier by using a nosed ram instead of a flat one. The optimum nose contour can be determined by a minimization technique.
Electric birefringence studies of rabbit skeletal tropomyosin.

The electric birefringence of rabbit skeletal tropomyosin and its nonpolymerizable derivative was studied as a function of protein concentration, pulse length, and electric field strength. Analyses of the zero field birefringence decay curves show that nonpolymerizable tropomyosin, which has had on average six C-terminal residues removed, and tropomyosin are both well approximated by rigid cylinders in solution at low salt concentrations at 20°C. The measured relaxation times for the monomers of polymerizable and nonpolymerizable tropomyosin are 1.5 ± 0.4 μs and 1.30 ± 0.2 μs, respectively, in good agreement with the values calculated from the known dimensions. For tropomyosin the electrical pulse induces the formation of linear dimers. Orientation occurs primarily by a permanent dipole mechanism. Permanent and induced dipole moments were calculated from reversing field experiments and from the saturation of the birefringence. Removal of the six C-terminal residues decreases the measured permanent dipole moment by 9.5%, from 6300 to 5700 Debyes, which is in good agreement with the 7% decrease calculated for permanent dipole contributions arising from the peptide dipoles and from the asymmetric distribution of the formal charges. This change is due primarily to the removal of Asp 280.
Darstellung und Eigenschaften chloridfreier Eisenoxydhydrosole

1. Chloridfreie Eisenoxydhydrosole wurden aus Eisenchlorid durch Hochtemperaturhydrolyse und -dialyse dargestellt. 2. Es wurde gefunden, das die chloridfreien Eisenoxydsole sich darin von ahnlich dargestellten und von anderen Forschern untersuchten Solen unterschieden, das sie der Burton-Bishop'schen Flockungsregel folgten. Ferner gaben sie gleichmasig niedrigere Flockungswerte als diese klassischen Sole. Elektrolytzusatz zu den chloridfreien Solen konnte ihr Verhalten mit dem von anderen Autoren berichteten ahnlicher Sole in Einklang bringen. Es ergab sich die Folgerung, das das uberraschende Verhalten dieser Sole auf die Abwesenheit nachweisbaren Chlorids zuruckzufuhren ist. Dieses Verhalten scheint darauf hinzudeuten, das die Anderung des Flockungswertes einwertiger Ionen mit der Verdunnung des Sols eine Funktion der Reinheit des Sols ist. 3. Dehydratation von Eisenoxydsolen verschiedenen Reinheitsgrades durch Erhitzen in einem Hochdruckautoklaven und durch Behandeln mit Alkohol und Azeton scheint zu beweisen, das die Hydratation ein fur die Stabilitat dieser Sole wichtiger Faktor ist. Hochgereinigte Sole mit niedrigen Flockungswerten konnen durch Alkohol- oder Azetonzusatz vollstandig geflockt werden. Diese hochgereinigten Sole stellen offenbar besondere Falle einer auf Hydratation beruhenden Stabilitat in Abwesenheit oder zum mindesten beinahe Abwesenheit von elektrischer Ladung, die adsorbierten Elektrolyten zuzuschreiben ware, dar.
Grab Sampling for the Determination of Sulfur Dioxide and Dimethyl Sulfide in Air by Isotope Dilution Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry

Developments allowing the direct determination of sulfur dioxide and dimethyl sulfide in grab samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with isotopically labeled standards (GC/MS/ILS) are reported. Isotopomers of DMS and SO2 are used as internal standards. Spiked air samples are dried to a dew point of <−60 °C and trapped cryogenically in loops of Teflon tubing. Sealed samples are transported to the laboratory under liquid nitrogen and later subjected to GC/MS analysis. Holding times of up to one month do not result in significant sample loss. For samples collected in a clean marine environment, concentrations of SO2 and DMS greater than 5 and 8 pptv, respectively, are significantly different from blanks at the 95% confidence level. Average measurement precision derived from a propagation of errors are 9% for SO2 and 42% for DMS at concentrations from 5–15 pptv.
Dynamical symmetry breakdown at the two-dressed-loop level and beyond

Several crucial features of dynamical symmetry breakdown (that is, without elementary scalar fields) cannot be fully understood from calculations of anomalous dimensions and linearized symmetry-breaking Dyson equations. In particular, the usual criterion of positive anomalous dimensions for the symmetry-breaking operators allows arbitrary $\mathrm{CP}$ violation in the linearized theory. It is also impossible at this level to determine all the parameters of the effective (Ginzburg-Landau) Lagrangian for composite Higgs fields. Instead, one must study the nonlinearities of the effective action in the dressed-loop expansion. We first show that, because the loop expansion of the effective action (sum of connected vacuum graphs) deals with dressed lines and vertices (skeletons with no self-energy insertions), it is possible to order the expansion in powers of the renormalized coupling constant, even though inverse powers of $g$ appear (signaling nonperturbative effects in the symmetry-breaking sector). Symmetric corrections to symmetry-breaking effects are ordered in positive powers of $g$. These results hold for both Abelian and non-Abelian gauge theories. Then we show that, for an Abelian gauge theory, $\mathrm{CP}$ violation does not occur at the level of two dressed loops in the effective action. We compute all masses and coupling constants appearing in he Ginzburg-Landau Lagrangian in terms of the coupling constants and masses of the symmetric theory, again at the two-loop level. A mass hierarchy appears, much like that of Coleman and Weinberg, in which the scalar mass is $O(g)$ times the vector mass.
Protein malnutrition induced during gestation: Its effect on pup development and maternal behavior

Repeated time-lapse photographic observations were used to examine the ontogeny of behavioral development in prenatally malnourished rat pups following birth. Pups born to dams receiving a low protein diet (7% casein by weight) were fostered at birth to well-nourished dams and behavioral observations were made at 4-day intervals. Dams nursing gestationally malnourished pups were observed to spend more time in the nesting area with their pups towards the end of lactation. Moreover, the behavioral development (locomotion, feeding, and rearing and climbing activity) of gestationally malnourished offspring was depressed when compared to their controls. The results indicate that prenatal undernutrition alters the behavioral development of the offspring and maternal behavior of the dam in a manner which reduces the exposure of the pup to the immediate environment.
Exploring Alternative Sources of Bibliographic Information

The relocation of the Serials department at Hofstra University's Axinn Library triggered a reevaluation of standard practices of bibliographic verification. This paper discusses the results of an experiment conducted to determine the most cost-effective and efficient method of accessing bibliographic information for serials processing.
Blending Hippo and WNT: Sharing Messengers and Regulation

Two new studies reveal ways in which the Wnt pathway commandeers Hippo components for signaling. Azzolin et al. show how the Hippo transcription factor TAZ mediates Wnt signals, and Rosenbluh et al. show how β-catenin and YAP1 form a kinase-regulated complex with transcription factor TBX5.
Improving data resolution and statistical rigor in the analysis of bivalve shells as environmental archives

Bivalves secrete their shells in an annual fashion, resulting in discrete bands of growth within each shell. In doing so, they may incorporate trace elements in concentrations reflecting exposure. This may make it possible to use them as archives of environmental information, such as contamination events. In this study, we used laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry to analyze trace elements (Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) on a fly-scanning transect perpendicular to the growth annuli of the freshwater bivalve Elliptio hopetonensis collected from the Altamaha river system. Concentrations of Mn from multiple shells at each site were correlated and average Mn data series were formed. Periodicity of Mn data was determined and sampling errors removed using an autoregression model. The Mn data series at each site were shown to have regular fluctuations of high and low concentrations. Fluctuations were similar between the shells from the same site but different between shells from different sites, demonstrating that Mn deposition in the shells of E. hopetonensis follows a regular, seasonal pattern but that growth differs between sites with different environments. Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn could not be analyzed in a statistically robust manner. This is the first study to attempt to improve data resolution by using the fly-scanning approach and, additionally, the first to apply an autoregression model to Mn data from bivalve annuli. Further study is required to develop this approach for environmental monitoring.
Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles Spur and noise reduction techniques in ring oscillator based frequency synthesizers for broadcast receiver SoCs

This paper presents a multi-regulator ring- oscillator based frequency synthesizer for broadcast satellite TV receiver applications. High reverse-PSRR shunt regulators were used to close locally the noise of the digital blocks and prevent its coupling to the sensitive analog blocks, while high forward-PSRR series regulators reduce the supply injected spurs. A high amplitude XTAL oscillator and a VT biased squaring buffer with input RC filter were used to reduce the digital spur coupling to the crystal bondwire. The loop filter was integrated on-chip by using a noiseless resistor multiplication architecture, while the equivalent VCO gain was reduced using a noise attenuating resistor divider. The VCO supply pushing was minimized using a low noise dual series regulator, while the digital divider supply current ripple was prevented from getting into the supply bondwire by a series-shunt regulator.PLL performance includes: 0.9-2.2 GHz frequency range, <1deg quadrature outputs phase mismatch, <1.4degrms integrated phase noise, <50dBc coupled spurs and <-60dBc reference spurs, 130mW power and 0.3mm2 die
Circanian rhythms—I. Reproduction in the cave crayfish, Orconectes pellucidus inermis

Abstract 1. 1. The cave crayfish, Orconectes pellucidus inermis , has a circanian rhythm since (a) under constant laboratory conditions the twelve animals that lived more than a year continued to show cycles of molt and reproduction and (b) the periodicity of the cycles ranged from 338 to 396 days and so the individuals drifted out of phase with each other and the calendar year. 2. 2. Field evidence suggests that some event associated with heavy run-off from surface precipitation triggers egg-laying and synchronizes the individuals' circannian rhythms in the cave.
Use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in dentistry

The literature on the use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in dentistry is reviewed, and what effect, if any, this method has on the dentist's ability to control pain is considered.
Effects of crater development on fractionation and signal intensity during laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Abstract The effects of crater development on ICP-MS signal intensities and elemental fractionation have been presented in this work. Craters formed after repetitive 266-nm Nd/YAG laser ablation with 1.0-mJ pulses had a cone-like shape. The laser ablation rate (ng/s) depended on the laser irradiance (laser pulse energy per unit time and unit area), decreasing as irradiance increased. In contrast, the particle entrainment/transport efficiency did not significantly change with irradiance. As the crater-aspect ratio (depth/diameter) increased above some threshold value of six, the Pb/U elemental ratio departed from the stoichiometric value. However, good stoichiometry of ablated mass could be achieved when experimental conditions were carefully selected. The exact mechanism of how crater development affects fractionation is not well understood. In this work, actual irradiance was introduced instead of a nominal value. Actual irradiance decreased as the crater deepened due to changes of the effective area, sampled by the laser beam.
Mapping sedimentary and volcanic units within and surrounding Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, using Landsat-5 and SPOT panchromatic data

Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and SPOT panchromatic data were analysed to determine the lateral variation of the sedimentary and volcanic formations within and surrounding the Petrified Forest National Park in northeastern Arizona. Detailed geological mapping of portions of Petrified Forest National Park allowed for a correlation between TM images and the geological formations that aided in identifying these formations in unmapped areas outside and inside the park. A variety of image processing techniques, including band ratios, RGB composite images, selective principal component analysis and Brovey transformations were used in distinguishing these geological formations. Newly determined regions of the Lower and Upper parts of the Petrified Forest Member of the Chinle Formation were identified south of Pilot Rock and east of the Blue Mesa region. A final spectral reflectance-based geological map created by a maximum likelihood supervised classification algorithm provides a first-order approximation to the ...
Supporting low-income homeowners: lessons from a program to coordinate weatherization and rehabilitation services

Homeownership is the primary way most families build wealth in this country. Low-income homeowners are less likely to get that benefit because they are more likely to own older houses that are more costly to operate and need more essential maintenance. Rapidly escalating home energy costs are straining the budgets of many low-income homeowners, increasing the likelihood of under maintenance and mortgage default. This paper presents an evaluation of a demonstration program designed to coordinate weatherization and rehabilitation programs in order to assist low-income households, decrease energy costs, and to improve the condition and value of their homes. The experience of 11 local non-profit organizations, funded to develop programs to coordinate weatherization and housing rehabilitation services, were studied over a five-year period. The results of the evaluation indicate that there are many obstacles to coordinating weatherization and rehabilitation programs, but that it can be accomplished under the ri...
Tests for heavier gauge bosons in theSP(6) L ⊗U(1) Y model

Small deviations from the standard model may exist in the hadronic and leptonic cross sections at KEK. We explore the possibility that these may be accounted for by the extra gauge bosonsZ′ andW′ in theSP(6)L⊗U(1)Y model, with its parameters constrained by the LEP data.
Collagen arthritis in rats, arthritogenic lymphokines and other aspects.

This review will mainly highlight data from selected, independent studies which collectively implicate a primary role for T cells in the pathogenesis of collagen arthritis in rats. Conferring insusceptibility to this experimental disease with the use of polyclonal, T cell specific antiserum provided direct initial evidence for this conclusion. Substantiation for the theory of a dominant T cell role in collagen arthritis was afforded by T cell line vaccination; scrutiny showed that the mechanism accounting for this protection was a specific down-regulation of the cellular response to collagen. Additional support came from experiments which showed that as few as 103 type II collagen specific T line cells were capable of provoking a sustained proliferative synovitis when instilled into the knee joint cavity of syngeneic naive rats. Further analysis of this phenomenon revealed that the arthritogenic capacity of various collagen-reactive line cells correlated with their ability to release a 65-Kd, collagen-bin...