cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reprogramming development and aging: cell differentiation as a malleable process.

Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte received his PhD from the University of Bologna, Italy and the University of Valencia, Spain in 1987. After postdoctoral stages at the EMBL in Heidelberg, Germany, and UCLA, Los Angeles, USA, in 1993 he moved to the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California where he is currently a professor in the Gene Expression Laboratories. Since 2005 he is also the Director of the Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona. His lab studies how genes and molecules orchestrate the development of an embryo. His research has unveiled the function of transcription and growth factors required for proper tissue and organ morphogenesis and for their spatial disposition during vertebrate development. Dr. Izpisua Belmonte is helping to elucidate the cellular and molecular basis that allow for tissue-organ regeneration and has pioneered novel stem cell methodologies towards human regenerative medicine. During the development of an organism, a fertilized egg is able to generate all embryonic and extraembryonic material necessary for its own support and growth. Whereas different organisms might vary in the specific ways by which fertilization and/or implantation occurs, in all cases the fertilized egg represents a totipotent cellular state which will decreasingly lose its potency during tissue specification. As such, the traditional developmental view implies a somewhat deterministic approach by which cells progressively decrease in their capacity to differentiate and generate different cell and tissue types. Cell differentiation is a fascinating process that exemplifies the pleiomorphic nature of the mammalian genome and how its orchestrated regulation can lead to the specification of the plethora of the cell types that comprise an adult organism. Cell differentiation requires a dynamic control of the genetic information in a tightly regulated fashion occurring at the epigenetic level. Thus, epigenetic modifications regulate cell identity by imposing cell-specific patterns that ultimately define cell identity while hampering further differentiation to other cell types in what was believed to be a non-reversible process. Perhaps one of the best examples of this unidirectional specialization is represented by the Waddington landscape model, in which pluripotent cells at the top of a hill will progressively give rise to daughter cells in lower levels exemplifying reduced differentiation potential.
Effect of Hysteresis Type on Drift Limit for Global Collapse of Moment Frame Structures Under Seismic Loads

Seismic analyses of 3-, 9-, and 20-story moment resisting frame (MRF) buildings with 5 hysteresis models were conducted. The objectives of the study were to study the effect of the hysteresis type on the global collapse drift limit, seismic demand, and capacity/demand ratio for MRF structures under seismic loads. The results show that strength degradation significantly decreases the global drift limit and the safety of the structure, whereas, the existence of stiffness degradation or pinching has small effect. The results suggest that the global drift limit for a building is not likely to be the collapse limit state (CLS) which will most likely be governed by local collapse.
Effect of herbicide and cover crop on weed control in no-tillage jack-o-lantern pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) production

Abstract Field experiments were conducted to evaluate cover crop (none, winter wheat, or winter rye) and pre-emergence (PRE) applications of clomazone plus ethalfluralin alone or with halosulfuron [PRE or post-emergence (POST)] for smooth crabgrass [ Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb. ex Schweig) Schreb. ex Muhl.] and redroot pigweed ( Amaranthus retroflexus L.) control in no-tillage ‘Aspen’ jack-o-lantern pumpkin ( Cucurbita pepo L.). At pumpkin harvest, cover crops had reduced smooth crabgrass density, but not redroot pigweed. Although PRE or POST applications of halosulfuron alone were more effective at reducing redroot pigweed density than clomazone plus ethalfluralin PRE, the combination of halosulfuron plus clomazone and ethalfluralin PRE reduced redroot pigweed density to the greatest extent. Pumpkin yields were not affected by cover crop, although average pumpkin sizes were greater with the inclusion of cover crop residues. Pumpkin fruit sizes and yields were the greatest with clomazone and ethalfluralin PRE in combination with halosulfuron applied PRE or POST. Overall, cover crop had relatively little influence on pumpkin yields compared with herbicide treatments. The addition of halosulfuron to clomazone and ethalfluralin provided greater broadleaf weed control resulting in greater jack-o-lantern pumpkin yields.
Conversation thumbnails for large-scale discussions

We present a new interface for large-scale online conversations. Our technique, the Conversation Thumbnail, differs from existing discussion interfaces in two respects. First, it employs a focus+context visualization technique that exploits message-level metadata to provide an easily navigable overview of a discussion. Second, it helps reduce conversational redundancy and improve coherence via a fast automatic search mechanism that highlights related messages during message composition. The Conversation Thumbnail Viewer is currently implemented as a Java applet that can be applied to a variety of discussion data sources.
The Heterotrimeric G Protein Gαi2 Mediates Lysophosphatidic Acid-stimulated Induction of the c-fos Gene in Mouse Fibroblasts

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) utilizes a heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide regulatory (G) protein-coupled receptor to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and induce mitogenesis in fibroblasts and other cells. A single cell assay system was used to examine the functional interaction of the LPA receptor with G proteins in intact mouse fibroblasts, by measuring LPA-stimulated induction of the immediate-early gene, c-fos, as read out by a stably expressed fos-lacZ reporter gene. Pretreatment of these cells with pertussis toxin at 100 ng/ml almost completely abolished LPA-stimulated c-fos induction. Western blotting revealed that two pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G proteins, Gαi2 and Gαi3, were present in membranes prepared from these cells, and Northern blotting confirmed the absence of message for other PTX-sensitive subunits. Microinjection of an αi1/αi2-specific antibody into living cells decreased LPA-stimulated induction of c-fos by 60%, whereas introduction of antibodies to either αi3 or α16, a subtype not present in these cells but used as a control, decreased LPA-stimulated c-fos induction by only 19%. In contrast, the αi1/αi2-specific antibody had no effect on insulin-induced c-fos expression, which is thought to utilize a G protein-independent mechanism of signaling. In addition, cellular expression of an epitope-tagged PTX-resistant mutant of Gαi2, but not PTX-resistant Gαi3, restored LPA-stimulated c-fos induction in cells in which endogenous G protein α subunits were uncoupled from the receptor by pretreatment with PTX. Together, these results provide conclusive in vivo evidence that Gαi2 is the PTX-sensitive G protein α subunit which mediates LPA-stimulated c-fos induction and perhaps mitogenesis in these cells.
A Protocol for Patients With Cardiovascular Implantable Devices Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Should Defibrillation Threshold Testing Be Performed post-(MRI)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIED) has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Recent data suggests MRI as a relative rather than absolute contraindication in CIED patients. Recently, the American Heart Association has recommended defibrillation threshold testing (DFTT) in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) patients undergoing MRI. We evaluated the feasibility and safety of a protocol for MRI in CIED patients, incorporating the new recommendations on DFTT. Consecutive patients with CIED undergoing MRI were included. The protocol consisted of continuous monitoring during imaging, device interrogation pre- and post-MRI, reprogramming of the pacemaker to an asynchronous mode in pacemaker-dependent (PMD) patients and a non-tracking/sensing mode for non-PMD patients. All tachyarrhythmia therapies were disabled. Devices were interrogated for lead impedance, battery life, pacing, and sensing thresholds. All patients with ICD underwent DFTT/defibrillator safety margin testing (DSMT) post-MRI. A total of 92 MRI’s at 1.5 Tesla were performed in 38 patients. A total of 13 PMD patients, ten ICD patients, four cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D) patients, and 11 non-PMD patients were scanned from four major manufacturers. No device circuitry damage, programming alterations, inappropriate shocks, failure to pace, or changes in sensing, pacing, or defibrillator thresholds were found on single or multiple MRI sessions. Our protocol for MRI in CIED patients appears safe, feasible, and reproducible. This is irrespective of the type of CIED, pacemaker dependancy or multiple 24-h scanning sessions. Our protocol addresses early detection of potential complications and establishes a response system for potential device-related complications. Our observation suggests that routine DFTT/DSMT post-MRI may not be necessary.
Solvent interactions with the active site of the pig heart cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase.

Abstract Aqueous solvent interactions with the chromophoric pyridoxal phosphate prosthetic group of aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) were analyzed quantitatively with ethylene glycol, glycerol, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), sucrose, and xylitol as cosolvents. The smaller cosolvents perturb the visible absorption and visible dichroic spectra of the free enzyme, but this solvent perturbation is not observed with the acidic enzymeglutarate complex. Addition of cosolvents caused an increase in the enzyme's affinity for glutarate. This increase in affinity resulted from an increase in the acidic dissociation constant (p K 2 ) of the enzyme-glutarate complex. The changes in the acidic dissociation constant of the enzyme-glutarate complex, upon addition of cosolvents, correlate well with the changes observed in the p K a 's of carboxylic acids in comparable solvents. Since these solvents have little effect on the p K a of the enzyme itself, it is concluded that the increase in affinity is due to a specific solvation effect on a carboxyl group of the enzymebound glutarate, rather than resulting from a conformational change in the protein.
A Stepping Motor Drive Circuit Using Magnetic Core Logic

A new magnetic core circuit that is used to supply power in the proper phase and time sequence to a bidirectional stepping motor is described. This circuit will power a standard voltage stepping motor from a nonstandard voltage power supply and includes a means for maintaining a constant energy pulse excitation over a wide range of dc power supply input voltage, a means for supplying power to the winding of the motor on pairs of isolated conductors, and a means for conductively isolating the low-level logic circuits from the high-level power circuits.
Widespread Natural Perchlorate in Unsaturated Zones of the Southwest United States

A substantial reservoir (up to 1 kg ha-1) of natural perchlorate is present in diverse unsaturated zones of the arid and semi-arid southwestern United States. The perchlorate co-occurs with meteoric chloride that has accumulated in these soils throughout the Holocene [0 to 10−15 ka (thousand years ago)] and possibly longer periods. Previously, natural perchlorate widely believed to be limited to the Atacama Desert, now appears widespread in steppe-to-desert ecoregions. The perchlorate reservoir becomes sufficiently large to affect groundwater when recharge from irrigation or climate change flushes accumulated salts from the unsaturated zone. This new source may help explain increasing reports of perchlorate in dry region agricultural products and should be considered when evaluating overall source contributions.
Relationships among attitudes toward children, women's liberation, and personality characteristics

Replication and extension of a 1973 article, Who Wants the Children?, were undertaken. Attitudes toward child rearing, one's own remembered childhood experiences, views of women's liberation, and personality characteristics were assessed for 76 college students and 63 community residents. Some of the earlier findings were replicated: individuals with highly positive attitudes toward child rearing considered it a more creative and socially valuable activity and anti-liberation women expressed greater personal interest in child rearing than pro-liberation women. The failure to replicate other results suggests that attitudes have changed, with attitudes of the sexes converging. The inclusion of a sample of community subjects here clearly points to the need to employ a representative sample when studying attitudes of far-reaching social significance. Analysis of personality differences between pro- and anti-liberation women revealed some differences but also pointed to contradictions in literature.
A semantics approach for KQML—a general purpose communication language for software agents

We investigate the semantics for Knowledge Query Manipulation Language (KQML) and we propose a semantic framework for the language. KQML is a language and a protocol to support communication between software agents. Based on ideas from speech act theory, we propose a semantic description for KQML that associates descriptions of the cognitive states of agents with the use of the language's primitives (performatives). We use this approach to describe the semantics for the basic set of KQML performatives. We also investigate implementation issues related to our semantic approach. We suggest that KQML can offer an all purpose communication language for software agents that requires no limiting pre-commitments on the agents' structure and implementation. KQML can provide the Distributed AI, Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving and Software Agents communities with an all purpose language and environment for intelligent inter-agent communication.
Behavioral genetic analyses of self-reported anxiety at 7 years of age.

ABSTRACT Objective To conduct behavioral genetic analyses of self-reported childhood anxiety at 7 years of age. Method Three hundred twenty-six same-sex twin pairs (174 monozygotic, 152 dizygotic) completed the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale at 7 years of age. Behavioral genetic analyses were conducted on the total and subscale scores. Results Monozygotic within-pair correlations were higher than dizygotic correlations for physiological and social anxiety symptoms, suggesting heritable influences on these aspects. These results were found to be statistically significant with structural equation modeling. Conclusion Certain symptoms of self-reported anxiety in children 7 years of age seem to result, at least in part, from genetic factors. Physiological and social anxiety symptoms, which may be related to behavioral inhibition, appear to be genetically influenced. These results are linked to previous findings in older children and adults.
Human disease, free radicals, and the oxidant/antioxidant balance.

Abstract The reduction of molecular oxygen by healthy cells is a finely tuned, tightly controlled process. When cells are sick or injured they make increased amounts of superoxide radical (O 2 .− ) and hydrogen peroxide. A few recurring basic mechanisms appear to be responsible for the free radical-mediated components of a broad spectrum of disease states. Recent research indicates that the relationship between superoxide radical and the enzymes responsible for its removal (the superoxide dismutases, SOD) reflects a much more delicate balance than was first envisioned. When used therapeutically at high doses, SOD either loses its ability to protect ischemically injured isolated hearts, or actually exacerbates the injury. This concept of a “downside” due to too much superoxide dismutase is strongly supported by other studies in which SOD is genetically overexpressed, causing a variety of metabolic problems.
Polypoid Lesions of the Gallbladder: Diagnosis and Followup

Background Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder (PLG) are commonly seen on ultrasonography (US), but optimal management of this problem is ill-defined. The aims of this study were to assess the natural history and the histologic characteristics of US-detected PLG. Study Design Patients with PLG detected by abdominal US were identified retrospectively. Patients with infiltrative masses suspicious for gallbladder cancer were not included. Histologic findings were analyzed in patients who underwent cholecystectomy, and change in polyp size was determined in patients who underwent serial US imaging. Results From 1996 through 2007, 417 patients with PLG detected on US were identified. Two hundred twenty-nine patients (55%) were women, and median age was 59 years (range 20 to 94 years). Two hundred sixty-five patients (64%) were found to have PLG on US during the workup of other unrelated disease; 94 patients (23%) had abdominal symptoms. Ninety-four percent of patients had PLG≤10 mm, and 7% had PLG>10 mm; 59% of patients had a single polyp and 12% had gallstones. Among 143 patients who had repeat US followup, growth was observed in only 8 patients (6%). Cholecystectomy (n=80) revealed that most patients had either pseudopolyps (58%) or no polyp (32%). Neoplastic polyps (adenoma) were found in 10% of patients. In situ cancer was seen in one patient with a 14-mm lesion. Conclusions Small PLG (≤10 mm in diameter) detected by US are infrequently associated with symptoms and can be safely observed. The risk of invasive cancer is very low, and was not seen in any patient in this study.
Temperature sensitivity of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus and its ability to establish persistent infection.

SummaryThe Halle strain of SSPE virus was found to consist of a heterogeneous population with regard to temperature sensitivity. Ten of 16 purified virus populations isolated from this strain were temperature sensitive (ts). The Halle strain was able to initiate persistent infection (PI) of HEp-2 cells at restrictive temperature but not at permissive temperature. The proportion of virus with ts properties did not increase with the passage of the persistently infected cells. No ts virus was detected in a strain of Edmonston measles virus, and this strain did not initiate PI at any temperature.
Circumpolar Religion and Ecology: An Anthropology of the North

Circumpolar Religion and Ecology: An Anthropology of the North. TAKASHI IROMOTO and TAKAKO YAMADA, eds. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1994. xiv + 458 pp., figures, tables, notes, references, contributors, index.
Ultimate shear strengths of copper-silica and nickel-silica interfaces

Abstract A technique developed recently at Cornell University to measure the ultimate shear strength of metal-ceramic interfaces is used to measure the relative strength of the copper-silica and nickel-silica interfaces. The shear strength of the copper-silica interface is found to be 0.9 GPa in comparison with 1.4 GPa for the nickel-silica interface. The difference is significantly greater than the margin of error in the technique, which is estimated to be less than 20%. The technique consists of depositing a thin film of the ceramic on a thick metal substrate. When the metal is deformed plastically in tension, the ceramic film develops nearly equispaced cracks that are aligned normal to the loading axis. The spacing between the cracks is inversely proportional to the shear strength of the interface. For a given interfacial strength, the spacing varies linearly with the thickness of the film; data which confirm this relationship are also presented. The possible effect of film thickness on delamination vs. shear yielding at the interface is discussed.
Mechanical and thermal allodynia in chronic central pain following spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in variable motor recoveries and chronic central pain syndromes develop in the majority of SCI patients. To provide a basis for further studies, we report a new rodent model of chronic central pain following spinal cord trauma. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 10) were hemisectioned at T13 and were tested both preoperatively and postoperatively and compared to sham-operated controls (N = 10) for locomotor function, and mechanical and thermal thresholds of both paw withdrawal and supraspinal responses. Results support the development and persistence of allodynia which persists for 160 days. Locomotor function was tested using the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) open field test and only the limb ipsilateral to the hemisection was affected, demonstrating acute flaccid paralysis with motor recovery which approached normal values by postoperative day (POD) 15. Prior to the hemisection, the rats showed little to no paw withdrawal response to von Frey stimulation of 4.41 mN or 9.41 mN in both forelimbs and hindlimbs. Postoperatively, responses in both ipsilateral and contralateral forelimbs and hindlimbs increased over time and the increase was statistically significant compared to intra-animal presurgical and sham control values (P < 0.05). There were no significant side-to-side differences in limb responses preoperatively or beyond POD 15. The forelimbs and hindlimbs responded to von Frey hair strengths of 122 mN preoperatively and postoperatively with similar withdrawal frequencies that were not statistically significant. Preoperatively, the paw withdrawal latency to heat stimuli was 22.9 +/- 3.0 (mean +/- SE) and 20.1 +/- 3.1 sec for the hindlimbs and forelimbs, respectively. Postoperatively, the mean hindlimb and forelimb latency of paw withdrawals decreased to 11.9 +/- 1.8 and 9.2 +/- 2.5 sec, respectively. This decrease in thermal thresholds is statistically significant when compared to intra-animal preoperative and sham control values (P < 0.05). These data indicate that somatosensory thresholds for non-noxious mechanical and radiant heat which elicit paw withdrawal (flexor reflex) are significantly lowered following SCI. To further support the development and persistence of chronic pain following hemisection, supraspinal responses such as paw lick, head turns, attacking the stimulus, and vocalizations were elicited in response to mechanical and thermal stimuli and were statistically significant compared to presurgical intra-animal or sham control values (P < 0.05). Hemisected animals vocalized to von Frey hair bending forces of 49.8 with a mean of 6.0 +/- 1.2 times out of 10 stimuli compared to intra-animal presurgical and sham control values of zero. Supraspinal responses of hemisected animals to thermal stimuli occurred at lower temperatures that were statistically significant compared to sham control or preoperative values (P < 0.05). These chronic changes in thresholds to both mechanical and thermal stimuli represent the development and persistence of mechanical and thermal allodynia after SCI.
Pt submonolayers on metal nanoparticles—novel electrocatalysts for H2 oxidation and O2 reduction

Abstract Novel electrocatalysts based on Pt submonolayer deposits on Ru and Au nanoparticles, and on a Au(1 1 1) surface, have been prepared by two new methods for noble metal monolayer deposition. These were tested for H 2 and H 2 /CO oxidation and O 2 reduction kinetics. Our recently reported methods for controlled submonolayer-to-multilayer deposition of Pt involve spontaneous deposition of Pt on Ru and Pt deposition by redox replacement of a Cu upd monolayer on Au. The Pt mass-specific activity for H 2 oxidation of the PtRu 20 electrocatalyst was found to be three to four times higher than that of commercial catalysts at 25 °C. The CO tolerance appears to be also higher than those of commercial catalysts under conditions of rotating disk experiments. Fuel cell tests at 80 °C have shown practically the same activity of the PtRu 20 electrocatalyst for H 2 oxidation as that of the catalyst containing a 10× larger Pt loading. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy measurements showed that Pt is coordinated with three to four Ru atoms in this catalyst, with a bond length of 2.68 A between Pt and Ru as in PtRu alloys. A Pt 0.75 Pd 0.25 monolayer on Au/C is a very active electrocatalyst for O 2 reduction that equals the activity of a Pt/C catalyst with a 2.5 times larger Pt loading. The activity of a Pt monolayer on Au(1 1 1) is also considerable. A single Tafel slope of −110 mV for the Pt 0.75 Pd 0.25 /Au/C catalyst, and a −120 mV for Au(1 1 1), may indicate a smaller adsorption of OH on Pt and Pt 0.75 Pd 0.25 on Au in comparison with bulk or nano Pt. Further work utilizing a Pt monolayer on metal nanoparticles seems to be a promising approach for both reduction of noble metal loading and designing electrocatalysts with improved properties.
Immigration and Trade Creation for the United States: Role of Immigrant Occupation

Using a sample of 63 U.S. trading partners that constitute the major immigrant sending countries over the years 1991–2000 and using instrumental variable estimation this paper finds that the immigrant trade elasticity varies with the share of the immigrants in various occupation groups. The share of professional immigrants significantly increases the immigrant trade elasticity for all types of trade due to their ability to effectively use their network for trade creation. This effect is strongest for the Rauch’s differentiated imports where the immigrant specific home country information and immigrant demand for goods play a key role in increasing trade.
Expression and functional significance of tumor necrosis factor receptors in human myocardium.

Background Tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α), a proinflammatory cytokine with potent negative inotropic properties, is elaborated in septic shock, acute myocarditis, reperfusion injury, and congestive heart failure. TNF-α acts by binding to two specific receptors: TNFR1 and TNFR2. However, neither the presence nor the significance of TNF receptors has been studied in the adult mammalian heart. Methods and Results In the present study, we showed that the adult heart expresses mRNA and receptor proteins for TNFR1 and TNFR2. Moreover, immunohistochemical staining studies localized TNFR1 and TNFR2 to the cardiac myocyte, providing a potential signaling pathway for the deleterious effects of TNF-α. The functional significance of the expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2 was explored with the use of a simple cell motion assay in which we assessed the effect(s) of TNF-α mutants known to bind selectively to human TNFR1 and TNFR2. We showed that the negative inotropic effect of wild-type TNF-α in isolated feline cardiac myo...
Theoretical electronic specific heat of nickel

Abstract The electronic specific heat of nickel from 0 to 300°K is calculated on the basis of the density of states functions derived from energy band calculations. The calculations indicate that the electronic specific heat at 300°K may deviate by as much as 30% from the low temperature linear extrapolation.
Logical properties of name restriction

We extend the modal logic of ambients described in [7] to the full ambient calculus, including name restriction. We introduce logical operators that can be used to make assertions about restricted names, and we study their properties.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MAIL SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN STUDIES OF SEMIPROFESSIONAL WORK GROUPS: RESPONSE RATES OF VOCATIONAL‐TECHNICAL TEACHERS

Survey research is threatened by increasing costs due to high rates of nonresponse. Because of this, there is renewed interest in determining which factors operate to influence response rates. These factors include instruments used, SES of subjects, personality characteristics, and job characteristics. This paper examines response rates to a mailed questionnaire in a sample of vocational‐technical teachers. In addition to variables typically studied, response rates of directors, and several organizational characteristics are examined as they relate to. response rates of teachers. Suggestions are offered for improving response rates in semiprofessional work groups.
Generalized entropy measures of mobility for different sexes and income levels

Abstract A family of mobility measures is investigated using the Michigan panel data on income dynamics, These measures are decomposed in order to learn about components that are due to differences in gender and income groups, on the one hand, and within-group components which are free of such group characteristics. These measures compute the degree of equalization over time of the distribution of ‘permanent incomes’. Permanent or average income of an individual is computed over an increasing number of points within a time interval of interest. This degree of equality is compared (as a ratio) to the equality of incomes at any reference point of interest in order to give us a measure of stability in the size distribution of incomes. We take an average of inequality values over the time interval as our reference value for ‘short-run’ inequality. Mobility is greater the greater this degree of relative equalization. Several aggregator functions have been used to compute the ‘permanent income’ variable. Their justification and role in robustifying our inferences is briefly discussed. The mobility profiles here suggest that there has not been much equalization between different sexes, but there is not a lot of inequality between these groups in our sample. Most of the inequality is within groups where the annual distributional changes belie the relative stability of the permanent income distribution.
Accurate measurement of fourth order dispersion coefficient in short highly nonlinear fibers

An improved four-wave-mixing method capable of measuring ultra-low values of the fourth-order dispersion coefficient in short highly nonlinear fibers is introduced and validated experimentally.
Seasonal patterns of photosynthetic response and acclimation to elevated carbon dioxide in field-grown strawberry

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) plants were grown in field plots at the current ambient [CO2], and at ambient + 300 and ambient + 600 μmol mol−1 [CO2]. Approximately weekly measurements were made of single leaf gas exchange of upper canopy leaves from early spring through fall of two years, in order to determine the temperature dependence of the stimulation of photosynthesis by elevated [CO2], whether growth at elevated [CO2] resulted in acclimation of photosynthesis, and whether any photosynthetic acclimation was reduced when fruiting created additional demand for the products of photosynthesis. Stimulation of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation by short-term increases in [CO2] increased strongly with measurement temperature. The stimulation exceeded that predicted from the kinetic characteristics of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase at all temperatures. Acclimation of photosynthesis to growth at elevated [CO2] was evident from early spring through summer, including the fruiting period in early summer, with lower rates under standard measurement conditions in plants grown at elevated [CO2]. The degree of acclimation increased with growth [CO2]. However, there were no significant differences between [CO2] treatments in total nitrogen per leaf area, and photosynthetic acclimation was reversed one day after switching the [CO2] treatments. Tests showed that acclimation did not result from a limitation of photosynthesis by triose phosphate utilization rate at elevated [CO2]. Photosynthetic acclimation was not evident during dry periods in midsummer, when the elevated [CO2] treatments conserved soil water and photosynthesis declined more at ambient than at elevated [CO2]. Acclimation was also not evident during the fall, when plants were vegetative, despite wet conditions and continued higher leaf starch content at elevated [CO2]. Stomatal conductance responded little to short-term changes in [CO2] except during drought, and changed in parallel with photosynthetic acclimation through the seasons in response to the long-term [CO2] treatments. The data do not support the hypothesis that source-sink balance controls the seasonal occurrence of photosynthetic acclimation to elevated [CO2] in this species.
A structural phase diagram for model aqueous organic nanodroplets

Our density functional theory calculations predict that model aqueous organic nanodroplets have either well mixed or core-shell structures, depending on the state of the metastable binary vapor and that, furthermore, there is a broad transition region in the phase diagram where both structures can occur at the same vapor state.
Nephrotic syndrome and kidney failure due to immunocomplex-mediated renal damage in a patient with Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia: a case report.

Unlike the quite frequent renal involvement seen in cases of Multiple Myeloma, the kidney is hardly ever compromised in patients with Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia. Nephrotic range proteinuria is a very unusual manifestation of renal injury in these patients and when present it is due to amyloid light-chain deposition most of the times. A 60-year-old male patient presented to the hospital with nephrotic syndrome, renal insufficiency, hypertension and lymphadenopathy. The investigations led to the diagnosis of Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia with associated nephrotic syndrome and chronic kidney disease due to an unusual form of hypocomplementemic glomerulopathy with histopathological features similar to those seen in mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type III, but lacking proliferative changes. We present an unusual case of immunologically-mediated renal damage in a patient with Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia, leading to non-amyloid nephrotic syndrome and chronic renal insufficiency.
Mutations in CD2BP1 disrupt binding to PTP PEST and are responsible for PAPA syndrome, an autoinflammatory disorder

PAPA syndrome (pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne, OMIM #604416) and familial recurrent arthritis (FRA) are rare inherited disorders of early onset, primarily affecting skin and joint tissues. Recurring inflammatory episodes lead to accumulation of sterile, pyogenic, neutrophil-rich material within the affected joints, ultimately resulting in significant destruction. We recently localized the genes for PAPA syndrome and FRA to chromosome 15q and suggested that they are the same disorder. We have now established this by the identification of co-segregating disease-causing mutations in the CD2-binding protein 1 (CD2BP1; GenBank accession no XM 044569) gene in the two reported families with this disorder. E250Q or A230T amino acid substitutions occur within a domain highly homologous to yeast cleavage furrow-associated protein CDC15. CD2BP1 and its murine ortholog, proline-serine-threonine phosphatase interacting protein (PSTPIP1), are adaptor proteins known to interact with PEST-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP). Yeast two-hybrid assays demonstrate severely reduced binding between PTP PEST and both the E250Q and A230T mutant proteins. Previous evidence supports the integral role of CD2BP1 and its interacting proteins in actin reorganization during cytoskeletal-mediated events. We hypothesize that the disease-causing mutations that we have identified compromise physiologic signaling necessary for the maintenance of proper inflammatory response. Accordingly we suggest classification of PAPA syndrome as an autoinflammatory disease. This CD2BP1-mediated biochemical pathway(s) may function in common inflammatory disorders with apparent etiological overlap, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
Optical Flow-Based Transport on Image Manifolds

An image articulation manifold (IAM) is the collection of images formed by imaging an object that is subject to continuously changing imaging parameters. IAMs arise in a variety of image processing and computer vision applications, where they support a natural low-dimensional embedding of the collection of high-dimensional images. To date IAMs have been studied as embedded submanifolds of Euclidean spaces. Unfortunately, their promise has not been realized in practice, because real world imagery typically contains sharp edges that render IAMs non-differentiable. Moreover, IAMs are also non-isometric to the lowdimensional parameter space under the Euclidean metric. As a result, the standard tools from differential geometry, in particular using linear tangent spaces to transport along the IAM, have limited utility. In this paper, we explore a nonlinear transport operator for IAMs based on the optical flow between images and develop new analytical tools reminiscent of those from differential geometry using the idea of optical flow manifolds (OFMs). We define a new metric for IAMs that satisfies certain local isometry conditions, and we show how to use this metric to develop new tools such as flow fields on IAMs, parallel flow fields, parallel transport, as well as a intuitive notion of curvature. The space of optical flow fields along a path of constant curvature has a natural multi-scale structure via a monoid structure on the space of all flow fields along a path. We also develop lower bounds on approximation errors while approximating non-parallel flow fields by parallel flow fields.
The Seers of Menlo Park: The Discourse of Heroic Consumption in the ‘Whole Earth Catalog’

This article considers the emergence of the postmodern reflexive consumer through an archival case study of one particularly influential lifestyle magazine, the Whole Earth Catalog. This publication is read in the context of the cultural and lifestyle innovations of the ‘new cultural intermediaries’ (Bourdieu, Featherstone) of the 1970s, expressed in a new print media of lifestyle advice. In this print culture, consumers were taught to cultivate a reflexive awareness of their lifestyles through an enhanced sensitivity to the deeper meanings of market messages and consumer choices. On the basis of the advice of non-traditional lifestyle intellectuals, market choices acquired a sense of ‘deep play’ (Geertz) in which the well-being of the self and the planet emerged as the specific stake of lifestyle choices. Combining archival research with theoretical and historical analysis, the findings of this study offer an alternative to postmodern studies of the new consumer culture, which focus on the depthlessnesso...
Growing Minds: The Development of an Instrument to Measure Parental Attitude Toward Nature and Their Child's Outdoor Recreation

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Dillman method, play, people/plant interactions, survey research, social learning theory, primary socialization theory SUMMARY. The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure parental attitude toward nature (PAN) and parental attitude toward their child’s outdoor recreation (PACOR) to allow researchers to better understand the factors influencing children’s outdoor recreation and suggest programs for changing the recent decline in outdoor activity in children. The construction of this instrument followed the Dillman method of constructing survey instruments to improve response rates and to ensure higher quality results. Two scales were developed in three phases. In the first phase, an initial set of instrument questions were developed by adapting questions from previous research. The accumulated questions were then pilot tested and revised based on feedback and reliability. Each inventory was then tested following Dillman’s four stages of survey pretest procedures: stage 1—review by knowledgeable colleagues and analysts, stage 2—interviews to evaluate understanding of instructions and questions, stage 3—pilot testing, and stage 4—a final check. The final Cronbach’s alpha reliability analyses of the PAN scale and the PACOR scale indicated high levels of internal consistency. The number of questions was reduced following the results of an ‘‘alpha if item deleted’’ tool within SPSS statistical analysis software to improve internal consistency and to reduce load on participants.
Potassium in histamine-stimulated gastric secretion in man.

Summary 1.Shortly after the stimulation by histamine of gastric acid secretion in man there is a consistent and significant rise in the potassium concentration of the gastric contents. 2.This rise in potassium concentration usually precedes that for acid and then falls to sub-baseline levels without regard to changes in acid concentration. 3.The changes in potassium concentration are not correlated, in time with the changes in concentration of acid, sodium, or total chloride. 4.Since the potassium concentration of gastric juice is not constant, potassium is not necessarily secreted by the cellular source of the primary acid secretion, as proposed by previous investigators. The absence of correlation between concentrations of potassium and acid suggests that the movement of potassium into the gastric lumen is not an integral part of the primary acid secretion of the stomach.
Pathogenic superoxide dismutase structure, folding, aggregation and turnover

Significant advances have been made during the past two years toward an understanding of the molecular basis for how mutations in human cytosolic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause the inherited form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Biophysical studies suggest that the pathogenic mutations destabilize loop or β-barrel structural elements of the protein. With few exceptions, the loss of metal ions and reduction of the intrasubunit disulfide bond enhance this destabilization. In mouse models of the disease, the formation of visible aggregates containing mutant SOD1 occurs relatively late in the lifespan, hinting that the quality control and protein turnover systems of motor neurons eventually become overwhelmed or compromised. Studies probing SOD1 turnover have suggested the possibility that proteolytic breakdown products may play a role in pathogenesis.
Fast Automated Decoupling at RHIC

Coupling correction is essential for the operational performance of RHIC. The independence of the transverse degrees of freedom makes diagnostics and tune control easier, and it is advantageous to operate an accelerator close to the coupling resonance to minimize nearby nonlinear sidebands. An automated coupling correction application has been developed for RHIC routine operations. The application decouples RHIC globally by minimizing the tune separation through finding the optimal settings of two orthogonal skew quadrupole families. The program provides options of automatic, semi-automatic and manual decoupling operations. It accesses tune information from all RHIC tune measurement systems: the PLL (phase lock loop), the high frequency Schottky system, and the tune meter. It also supplies tune and skew quadrupole scans, finding the minimum tune separation, display the real time results and interface with the RHIC control system. We summarize the capabilities of the coupling correction application, and discuss the operational protections incorporated in the program.
Multiplexed electrical detection of cancer markers with nanowire sensor arrays.

We describe highly sensitive, label-free, multiplexed electrical detection of cancer markers using silicon-nanowire field-effect devices in which distinct nanowires and surface receptors are incorporated into arrays. Protein markers were routinely detected at femtomolar concentrations with high selectivity, and simultaneous incorporation of control nanowires enabled discrimination against false positives. Nanowire arrays allowed highly selective and sensitive multiplexed detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA), PSA-a1-antichymotrypsin, carcinoembryonic antigen and mucin-1, including detection to at least 0.9 pg/ml in undiluted serum samples. In addition, nucleic acid receptors enabled real-time assays of the binding, activity and small-molecule inhibition of telomerase using unamplified extracts from as few as ten tumor cells. The capability for multiplexed real-time monitoring of protein markers and telomerase activity with high sensitivity and selectivity in clinically relevant samples opens up substantial possibilities for diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other complex diseases.
Analysis of the functional specificity of RS domains in vivo

A number of splicing factors contain extensive regions that are rich in arginine and serine (RS domains). These domains are thought to facilitate protein-protein interactions that are critical in the regulation of alternative splicing. Using a domain swap strategy, we have tested the ability of RS domains from several proteins to substitute in vivo for an essential RS domain in the Drosophila splicing regulator TRA-2. By several criteria, RS domains were found to vary significantly in their ability to support the splicing regulation functions of TRA-2. The RS domain of dU2AF50 functioned efficiently, while that of the dSRp55 protein did not. Moreover, we find similar differences in the ability of RS domains to direct fusion proteins to discrete subnuclear sites at which TRA-2 associates with spermatocyte chromosomes. These results indicate that RS domains are not all functionally equivalent in vivo.
Evaluation of an electromechanical model for a Corbin Sparrow electric vehicle

An electromechanical model of a Corbin Sparrow, a small electric vehicle, is evaluated using a collection of experimental drive data. The vehicle's stock electromechanical drive train and a custom-designed data logging system are presented, and the model equations and parameters are summarized. The experimental results demonstrate that the model can deliver promising accuracy when estimating the vehicle power versus time as a function of the vehicle's velocity, acceleration, and vertical velocity. A single drive trip and a collection of drive trips are analyzed, and the model is shown to have a typical error range of approx. −5%/+20%. Statistics for the collected drive data are also provided, including the vehicle's measured energy consumption per mile, motor efficiency, and motor controller efficiency. Finally, the Sparrow's energy consumption is compared to that of electric vehicles tested by the US Department of Energy, and the Sparrow performance is predicted with installation of regenerative braking, a more efficient motor and controller, and a lithium-ion battery pack.
Biomechanical Fixation in Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair

Rotator cuff repair remains a challenging and rapidly evolving field. Several recent studies have shown that arthroscopic repair yields functional results similar to those of mini-open and open procedures, with all of the benefits of minimally invasive surgery. However, the "best" repair construct remains relatively unknown, with wide variations in surgeon preference and conflicting evidence in the literature. The most recent developments in basic science, suture and suture anchor technology, and innovative prospects for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair are reviewed.
Economic Insecurity and Social Stratification

Economic insecurity describes the risk of economic loss faced by workers and households as they encounter the unpredictable events of social life. Our review suggests a four-part framework for studying the distribution and trends in these economic risks. First, a focus on households rather than workers captures the microlevel risk pooling that can smooth income flows and stabilize economic well-being. Second, insecurity is related to income volatility and the risk of downward mobility into poverty. Third, adverse events such as unemployment, family dissolution, or poor health commonly trigger income losses. Fourth, the effects of adverse events are mitigated by insurance relationships provided by government programs, employer benefits, and the informal support of families. Empirical research in these areas reveals high levels of economic insecurity among low-income households and suggests an increase in economic insecurity with the growth in economic inequality in the United States.