cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence of a plasma-mediated "window" of immunodeficiency in rats following trauma.

The etiology of immunodeficiency following trauma was investigated. Plasma collected from Fischer rats 1–8 hr following a 40% surface area thermal injury (TI) displays immunosuppressive activity (ISA). Peak ISA (4 hr) exceeded 90% inhibition of Con A3-induced proliferation of normal spleen cells. Splenic macrophage IL-1 secretion and NK activity are also inhibited by 4-hr TI plasma. Most importantly, these same cellular immune functions decline in rats by 4 hr following TI. After a further decline by 16 hr (IL-1 = 19.8% and NK activity = 40% of normal), these cellular immune functions rebound toward normal values by 2 days following TI. Thus, ISA in plasma is both temporally and functionally linked to the cellular immune defects observed. Sham-treatment rats display a similar, although less marked, pattern of plasma-linked transient cellular immune defects indicating a role for stress in these responses. ISA is abolished by mild heat (56°C for 30 min) and wholly contained in the >10-kD fraction of plasma. Together, these results provide evidence that previously unrecognized molecules in plasma induce a “window” of immunodeficiency early following trauma.
Aspects of a zooplankton, phytoplankton, phosphorus system

Abstract In this paper a three-dimensional dynamical system which models the three-species system made up of phytoplankton, zooplankton and organic phosphorus nutrient in a lake environment is studied. The system is part of a more general limnological model for eutrophic lakes and impoundments which has been developed by Battelle Northwest Laboratories. It is shown that this system, henceforth referred to as Z-P-P, has a phase portrait comprised of a plane portrait embedded in the three-dimensional space R 3 as an “attractor”. ∗ Under a small perturbation of the nutrient equation it is shown that the system is essentially a classical Volterra-Lotka system embedded in a three-dimensional phase space R 3 . The system derived from Z-P-P by the addition of a term to the nutrient equation which represents the organic phosphorus contribution of dying phytoplankton is also considered. The equilibria of this system are studied and what can be deduced of the phase portrait is compared with that of the above systems. It is found that these phase portraits are qualitatively indifferent to the form of the growth rate functions for zooplankton and phytoplankton provided they are monotone increasing. Some discussion about the stability of these systems is included. Throughout this paper results are interpreted in limnological terms.
Prostate cancer communication strategies recommended by older African-American men in South Carolina: a qualitative analysis.

Background. Mortality from prostate cancer (PrCA) in African-American (AA) men is significantly higher than in European-American (EA) men. Methods. Purposive sampling identified 25 AA men ≥45 years for interviews/focus groups. Participants were asked about cancer information-seeking behaviors, capacity to use information, and recommendations for messages and message delivery. Transcripts were analyzed for themes about PrCA communication. Results. Barriers to information seeking were fear, poor resources, and limited family communication. Participants requested messages stressing men’s “ownership” of PrCA delivered “word-of-mouth” by clergymen, AA women, and AA PrCA survivors. Conclusions. Direct and timely messages about PrCA should be developed for AA men.
Farewell to McTaggart’s Argument?

Philosophers have responded to McTaggart’s famous argument for the unreality of time in a variety of ways. Some of those responses are not easy to evaluate, since they involve, for example, sometimes murky questions concerning whether a certain infinite regress is or is not vicious. In this paper I set out a response that has not, I think, been advanced by any other author, and which, if successful, is absolutely clear-cut. The basic idea is simply that a tensed approach to time can avoid McTaggart’s contradiction, and can also avoid any regress, vicious or otherwise, by specifying the times at which events have different tensed properties in a tenseless fashion — namely, by using dates. This answer to McTaggart’s argument is, however, open to four important objections. The first objection is that my answer to the second part of McTaggart’s argument is incompatible with something that McTaggart takes himself to have proved in the first part of his argument — the claim, namely, that “there can be no change unless some propositions are sometimes true and sometimes false.” The second objection is that the sentences that I claim can be used to specify when an event has a given tensed property do not in fact do so, since they turn out to be purely tenseless sentences. The third objection is that the sentences in question make use of tenseless verbs, and that it is not in fact possible to make sense of such verbs. The fourth and final objection is that it is not really possible to specify, in tenseless terms, when an event has a given tensed property, since dates have to be analyzed using the relation of temporal priority, and that relation, in turn, must be analyzed in terms of the tensed properties of pastness, presentness and futurity, so that the purportedly tenseless specification is implicitly tensed. I argue, however, that none of these four objections can be sustained.
Composition of Mixtures of Natural Gas Components Determined by Raman Spectrometry

The feasibility of using Raman spectrometry for determining the composition of mixtures of natural gas components was examined. Raman intensity measurements were carried out on eight, gravimetrically prepared, binary gas mixtures containing methane, nitrogen, and isobutane at ambient temperature and at pressures to 0.8 MPa. The repeatability of the molar intensity ratio, (I2/y2)/(I1/y1), where y1 is the concentration of component 1 in the mixture, and I1 is the intensity of the related line in the mixture spectrum, was examined. The compositions of two gravimetrically prepared methane-nitrogen-isobutane gas mixtures were determined spectrometrically with an estimated precision of about 0.001 in the mole fraction. Typical differences from the gravimetric concentrations were less than 0.002 in the mole fraction. The Raman spectrum of a gravimetrically prepared, eight component, hydrocarbon gas mixture was obtained to show that the Raman spectrometric method has potential for being applicable to natural gas type mixtures.
Microvascular ultrastructure in thermal injury: a reconsideration of the role of mediators.

Much insight into the mechanism of increased vascular permeability in thermal and other injury has resulted from experiments which combine economy and elegance of design. The dye-tracer method has been used to identify areas of vascular leakage to the naked eye, and in some cases to quantify leakage. The carbon-labeling method, as used by Schoefl and others, in some instances identifies leaking vessels topographically as venules even by light microscopy, and has led to the discovery by electron microscopy of the morphologic basis of this leakage—gaps appearing between intact endothelial cells. Such gaps appear in response to histamine-like mediators. Such mediators are associated with the earliest permeability responses to mild thermal injury, but the delayed, prolonged increase in microvascular permeability is associated with carbon labeling of both capillaries and venules, raising also the possibility of direct cellular injury. Nevertheless, the inhibition of edema by anti-inflammatory drugs suggests that much of the leakage of the delayed response also may be mediated, and presumably venular. Some recent reports on the pharmacology of the “local hormones”, the kinins and prostaglandins, are considered in relation to this assumption, and in relation to their bearing on ultrastructural studies of leakage, and possibly on therapy.
Leader Expertise as a Moderator of the Effects of Instrumental and Supportive Leader Behaviors

Recently, both Hollander (1978) and House and Baetz (1979) have stressed the importance that a leader's competence or expertise has on a leader's effectiveness. Despite this, however, few empirical studies have been conducted in the past decade to examine the potential impact of leader expertise. The present study was designed to test for the moderating effects of leader expertise on the relation-ships between instrumental and supportive leader behaviors and subordinates' perceived role ambiguity. The results show that leader expertise moderated the effects of both instrumental and supportive leader behavior on role ambiguity.
Midwife: CPU Cluster Load Distribution of Virtual Agent AIs

This describes a CPU cluster load distribution algorithm that may be helpful when simulating crowds of artificially intelligent Virtual Agents. The cluster load distribution algorithm was instantiated in Java code, demonstrated successful execution on a small cluster of inexpensive CPUs, and supported the simulation of Virtual Agents within a readily available, open source, Virtual World client-server toolset. The client-server toolset used was the network-enabled, multi-user virtual environment (s) of Open Simulator and OpenMetaverse operating together. Although these Virtual World tools are well known, this experiment was unique in that the psycho-socially significant small-group oriented crowds of Virtual Agents in the simulation enjoyed interacting, individual, cognitive, affective, and behavioral Agent controllers executing entirely client-side. In this Artificial Life experiment, each CPU in a scalable CPU cluster controlled up to fifteen, individual, C#-based Agent controllers. This argues for and demonstrates how disembodied computational Agencies can be executed in distal computer environments when network-coupled to convenient Host embodiments in a Virtual World. There are implications in general here for a paradigm shift in Virtual Agents/Virtual Worlds modeling and in specific for positive computational load distribution of artificial intelligence in Virtual Agents inhabiting complex, emergent, crowd-scene models just by using more effective tools and modeling methodologies.
Semantic analysis of mobile eyetracking data

Researchers using laboratory-based eyetracking systems now have access to sophisticated data-analysis tools to reduce raw gaze data, but the huge data sets coming from wearable eyetrackers cannot be analyzed with the same tools. The lack of constraints that make mobile systems such powerful tools prevent the analysis tools designed for static or tracked observers from working with freely moving observers.Proposed solutions have included infrared markers hidden in the scene to provide reference points, Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM), and multi-view geometry techniques that build models from multiple views of a scene. These methods map fixations onto predefined or extracted 3D scene models, allowing traditional static-scene analysis tools to be used.Another approach to analysis of mobile eyetracking data is to code fixations with semantically meaningful labels rather than mapping the fixations to fixed 3D locations. This offers two important advantages over the model-based methods; semantic mapping allows coding of dynamic scenes without the need to explicitly track objects, and it provides an inherently flexible and extensible object-based coding scheme.
Teaching Milton: Some Thoughts on Manipulation and Mapping

Two readings of Paradise Lost are an obligatory minimum before the parts of that complex poem can begin to make sense, and the pattern of the whole shades into view for new explorers. I like to teach the poem in the last half of a semester. During the first half we read and discuss the shorter poems while students give Paradise Lost a first, independent read-through. After that we seem to be ready for an intensive, book-by-book rereading and a close discussion of parts and patterns.
Single ectopic ureter inserting into a duplicated imperforate hemivagina: a rare cause of a fetal abdominal mass

We present a unique case of obstructed vaginal duplication with ectopic ureteral drainage of an ectopic dysplastic kidney presenting as an antenatal diagnosis of a pelvic mass.
RF MEMS capacitive switch with isolation valley at lower frequency band

Micro-fabricated RF-MEMS shunt switches on microwave printed circuit boards (PCB) with high dielectric materials are presented. The copper oxide is used as the switch's dielectric layer. The use of copper oxide has a couple of advantages. Firstly, the high dielectric constant of copper oxide (e r ≈18.1) provides higher down state capacitance, which can re-position the isolation valley at the lower frequency band. Secondly, the fabrication steps to grow copper oxide layer becomes relatively straightforward as opposed to the deposition of silicon nitride. To improve the switching performance by achieving a desirable high capacitance ratio, the down state capacitance must be as high as possible. The down state capacitance and capacitance ratio of copper oxide is found to be higher than with silicon nitride for the same size of overlapping area, between membrane and bottom electrode. A switch with copper oxide is shown to have a lower isolation valley frequency as opposed to that with a silicon nitride layer.
Nucleation and stability of twins in hcp metals

We propose a three-dimensional model for twin nucleation in hcp materials based on the nonplanar dissociation of the leading dislocation in a pile-up of $⟨a⟩$ slip dislocations. Continuum linear elastic dislocation theory is used to calculate the change in free energy with extension of the dissociated configuration, consisting of a stair rod and glissile twinning dislocation loops. The model is applied to Mg, which deforms primarily by basal slip, and to Zr, which deforms primarily by prismatic slip. It is found that dissociations from an isolated $⟨a⟩$ slip dislocation are energetically unable to produce a stable twin fault loop, at least larger than $2{r}_{0}$, the core width of the initial $⟨a⟩$ slip dislocation. For some reactions, dissociations of the lead dislocation in a basal or prismatic dislocation pile-up can, however, lead to a stable and sizable twin loop. In these, the loop size is found to increase with decreasing twin boundary energy and increasing number of dislocations in the pile-up.
Acoustic redundancy and the perception of time-compressed speech.

An experiment is reported in which time-compressed sentences were heard spoken either in normal intonation or in intonation patterns that conflicted with their underlying syntactic structure. Altho...
Minimizing downtime in seamless migrations of mobile applications

Application migration is a key enabling technology component of mobile computing that allows rich semantics involving location awareness, trust and timeliness of information processing by moving the application where the data is. Seamlessness is one of the key properties of mobile computing and downtime must be eliminated/minimized during the migration to achieve seamlessness. But migration involves large overheads, dominant of which are the overheads due to serialization and de-serialization [1]. To achieve seamless migration, an application state could be pre-serialized during the program's execution, and upon migration, the serialized data could be transmitted and de-serialized to get the execution started. Previous approach to this problem [1] removed dead state but still suffered from large migration overheads due to serialization on-demand that could lead to an unacceptable downtime.In this work, we develop a static compiler analysis plus runtime assisted framework to decrease the migration overhead to almost zero while minimizing the degradation in the program's performance. We achieve such a goal by deciding which data to be pre-serialized through analysis, and pre-serializing the state in the program. A safe state is kept that would allow immediate migration upon the arrival of an interrupt while minimizing frequent pre-serialization. When the migration interrupt comes in, the serialized data can be transmitted directly to the destination machine. This allows an application to resume its execution at the destination machine with almost no interruption (only a small amount of non-serialized data needs to be serialized during migration). The optimization serializes the data in such a way that a maximal number of functions can execute without interruption after migration. Our experiments with multimedia applications show that the migration latency is significantly reduced leading to a small downtime. Thus, the contribution of the paper is to provide an efficient methodology to perform seamless migration while limiting the overhead.
Insertional mutagenesis and rapid cloning of essential genes in zebrafish

Large-scale chemical mutagenesis screens in zebrafish have led to the isolation of thousands of lethal mutations in genes that are essential for embryonic development. However, the cloning of these mutated genes is difficult at present as it requires positional cloning methods. In Drosophila, chemical mutagenesis screens were complemented with P-element insertional mutagenesis which facilitated the cloning of many genes that had been identified by chemical lesions. To facilitate the cloning of vertebrate genes that are important during embryogenesis, we have developed an insertional mutagenesis strategy in zebrafish using a retroviral vector. Here, in a pilot screen of 217 proviral insertions, we obtained three insertional mutants with embryonic lethal phenotypes, and identified two of the disrupted genes. One of these, no arches, is essential for normal pharyngeal arch development, and is homologous to the recently characterized Drosophila zinc-finger gene, clipper, which encodes a novel type of ribonuclease. As it is easy to generate tens to hundreds of thousands of proviral transgenes in zebrafish, it should now be possible to use this screening method to mutate and then rapidly clone a large number of genes affecting vertebrate developmental and cellular processes.
Tissue culture and long-term regeneration of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.

Phragmites australis tissue cultures were initiated from mature seeds on MS medium supplemented with 1 mgl-1 each of 2,4-D and IAA. Cultures displayed typical embryogenic callus that was compact and bright yellow. Selection for embryogenic callus established long-term regenerable cultures. Removal of auxin from the basal medium allowed numerous complete plants to be recovered from the cultures. Histological study indicated both the presence of embryogenic-type cells and the bipolar development of regenerated plants.
A development of nonlinear transparency display algorithm

This paper introduces the simple liner transparent model and nonlinear transparency model which based on Z component. It analyses the disadvantage which existed in the Z component and brings forward an algorithm of nonlinear transparent display model which based on bounding box. The experiment shows that we can conquer the shortcoming which generated by nonlinear transparent model that based on Z component. This algorithm resolves the problem, which brings great variety on the grads and the edge of the contour becomes too bright, during the object's displaying. Then we can gain better 3D transparency display effect.
Elastic proton scattering of medium mass nuclei from coupled-cluster theory

Using coupled-cluster theory and interactions from chiral effective field theory, we compute overlap functions for transfer and scattering of low-energy protons on the target nucleus 40Ca. Effects of three-nucleon forces are included phenomenologically as in-medium two-nucleon interactions. Using known asymptotic forms for one-nucleon overlap functions we derive a simple and intuitive way of computing scattering observables such as elastic scattering phase shifts and cross sections. As a first application and proof of principle, we compute phase shifts and differential interaction cross sections at energies of 9.6 and 12.44 MeV and compare with experimental data. Our computed diffraction minima are in fair agreement with experimental results, while we tend to overestimate the cross sections at large scattering angles.
Taste and smell perception in aging.

The taste and smell experience of other human beings cannot be known directly. Thus our understanding of age-related changes in the perception of taste and smell is derived inferentially. Inferences based on verbal reports and on the performance of tasks involving taste and smell stimuli suggest that some older individuals are impaired. The perceptual disadvantage of older adults appears to be more marked or more easily measured for complex than for simple stimuli. Some difference between older and younger adults may not be primarily sensory; others may arise from differences only incidentally associated with aging. The study of taste and smell perception in aging continues to challenge the psychophysical investigator to define the nature and extent of age-related change and to demonstrate its underlying mechanisms.
Organizational Adaptation: Bridging the Research to Practice Gap

Currently, the children's mental health system appears dysfunctional and in need of serious attention. A possible remedy for this disarray would be for researchers and providers to establish integrated management systems which include mutual, cross organizational learning, and reciprocal feedback mechanisms. This type of adaptive co-management to organizational governance would fully integrate research and practice at the community level. Using a public health service model, this organizational management approach to research and practice would harvest diverse scientific knowledge and disseminate that knowledge through the natural occurring culture and practice of each community. Organizational and clinical knowledge acquisition, as well as practice improvements would necessarily occur over time and across institutions.
A mod l Atkin-Lehner theorem and applications

If f(z) is a weight $${k\in \frac{1}{2}\mathbb {Z}}$$ meromorphic modular form on Γ0(N) satisfying $$f(z)=\sum_{n\geq n_0} a_ne^{2\pi i mnz}, $$ where $${m \nmid N,}$$ then f is constant. If k ≠ 0, then f = 0. Atkin and Lehner [2] derived the theory of integer weight newforms from this fact. We use the geometric theory of modular forms to prove the analog of this fact for modular forms modulo l. We show that the same conclusion holds if gcd(N l,m) = 1 and the nebentypus character is trivial at l. We use this to study the parity of the partition function and the coefficients of Klein’s j-function.
Synthesis, Characterization, Photophysics, and Photosensitization Studies of Squaraine−Bipyridinium Diads

Two squaraine−bipyridinium diads designed to study electron transfer between the squaraine chromophore and the bipyridinium group have been synthesized. The two diads, denoted as C4Sq−By and C12Sq−...
Resolving the aluminum ordering in aluminosilicates by a combined experimental/theoretical study of 27Al electric field gradients.

The discrimination between atomic species in light-element materials is a challenging question. An archetypal example is the resolution of the Al/Si ordering in aluminosilicates. Only an average lo...
STUDIES OF PPLO INFECTION : IV. THE NEUROTOXICITY OF INTACT MYCOPLASMAS, AND THEIR PRODUCTION OF TOXIN IN VIVO AND IN VITRO

Concentrated suspensions of washed Mycoplasma neurolyticum produce rolling disease in mice and rats, with neurological manifestations and pathological lesions similar to those seen with the exotoxin of this organism. Pretreatment of animals with tetracycline protects completely against the toxic effects of washed suspensions of mycoplasmas, while tetracycline affords no protection against the exotoxin. Freeze-thawing disruption of mycoplasma suspensions eliminates their neurotoxicity, while the same treatment does not affect exotoxin. The toxicity of intact organisms is not affected by exposure to the sedimentable component of brain, nor to ganglioside. These observations are interpreted to indicate that the neurotoxicity of living mycoplasmas must be due to their production of toxin after they have been injected into the animal. Resting mycoplasmas, suspended in Ringer's solution in dialysis sacs submerged in PPLO broth) produce considerable amounts of toxin within 15 min of incubation at 37°C. Toxin is also produced, although in somewhat less amount, by washed organisms suspended in phosphate buffer containing glucose. The formation of toxin is prevented by the presence of puromycin, but not by the aminonucleoside analogue of puromycin, indicating that active protein synthesis is involved in the elaboration of toxin. The similarities between the neurotoxicity of the intact organisms of M. neurolyticum and Mycoplasma gallisepticum are discussed.
Focused Ion-Beam Based Nanohole Modeling, Simulation, Fabrication, and Application

The idea of using nanometer-sized holes to characterize biological macromolecule and other polymer molecules has been around for quite a few years, with the most exciting prospect of developing an ultrafast method for DNA sequencing 1. To date, most work done in this area has used a protein channel in a lipid bilayer 2, and a limited amount of work has been reported on fabricating and using nanoholes in a solid-state thin film 3. The benefits of protein nanopores include well-defined size/shape and well established procedure for their synthesis. However, these natural nanopores have several drawbacks for the purpose of characterizing DNA and other macromolecules. The most severe of these limitations are the instability, both mechanical and chemical, and toxicity of the protein nanopores. The use of solid-state nanopores mitigates these problems, and offers the additional advantage of tunable pore size. However, the fabrication of these nanometer-sized holes on solid-state materials imposes a great challenge, especially in the control and reproducibility of the size and shape of the nanoholes. The previously reported methods 3‐5, which will be discussed in detail in Sec. 2.3, involved sophisticated instruments and complicated procedures, and the mechanisms for the hole formation in these procedures are not well understood, thus making them difficult to follow and repeat. A reliable control over the size and shape of the nanoholes has not been achieved. In the work here, we will employ a two-step approach, using both standard and innovative techniques, to fabricate nanoholes on a free-standing solid-state thin film. Theoretical modeling and Monte Carlo simulation will be carried out to elucidate the physical principles governing the nanohole fabrication process. With these concerted efforts, we will develop protocols for fabrication of solid-state nanoholes with more consistency and better control over their size and shape. Using these nanoholes, we will, through a novel approach, characterize the structural and dynamic properties of DNA and RNA molecules at the single molecule scale. Detailed nanohole applications and nanofabrication methods have been reviewed in Sec. 2. In Sec. 3, focused ion-beam FIB process modeling and simulation for nanohole fabrication, thin film preparation, nanohole fabrication using FIB, and setup for DNA/RNA characterization were all discussed. Some preliminary study results were shown in Sec. 4.
A Quality-Distinction Model of IT Capabilities: Conceptualization and Two-Stage Empirical Validation Using CMMi Processes

In this paper, we develop a model of information technology (IT) service provider capabilities termed the quality distinction (QD) model that is theoretically rooted in the resource-based view and quality management literatures, and operationalized using the widely used capability maturity model (CMM) framework. The QD model is theorized to consist of one dynamic capability (i.e., process adaptation capability) and three operational capabilities (i.e., life cycle, prevention quality, and appraisal quality capabilities). These four capabilities are initially operationalized using definitions of the 22 processes in the CMM integration framework. A panel of experts is used to assign the 22 processes to the four capabilities in the QD model. Rigorous scale-refinement procedures are used and 15 CMM processes are retained as a result. Survey data collected from IT service providers are, then, used to compare the theorized QD model with the staged and continuous models in the CMM framework. Results from a covariance-based structural equation modeling analysis provide good support to the hypothesis that the QD model is superior to the two CMM models (the staged and continuous representations), with the theorized model showing high fit indices and high psychometric properties. Results also provide support for the hypothesis that processes should be operationalized as routines with a combination of both ostensive and performative aspects.
Anterior Chamber Cell Grading by Optical Coherence Tomography

Purpose To quantify cells in the ocular anterior chamber (AC) by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods A time-domain anterior segment OCT system was used to image latex microsphere suspensions in vitro and the AC of uveitis and normal subjects in vivo. The OCT scan pattern, consisting of 2- and 4-mm-diameter concentric circular scans, was divided into central, superior, and inferior regions. A computer algorithm was developed to automatically identify particles in OCT images. A uveitis specialist used slit-lamp biomicroscopy to grade the AC cells on a scale of 0 to 4+. Results Latex microspheres and ac cells were visualized as reflective spots in oct images. OCT latex microsphere concentration measurements were highly correlated to known particle concentrations (r = 1.000) and had an efficiency of 0.72. in 30 nongranulomatous and 12 granulomatous eyes, the OCT cell counts correlated well with slit-lamp grades in all three regions (Spearman's rho coefficient: >0.63). The average OCT cell count was 3.7 cells/grade in nongranulomatous eyes and 2.0 cells/grade in granulomatous eyes. OCT revealed significant amounts of inferior AC cells in 5 of 16 quiescent uveitis eyes (mean ± SD: 19.9 ± 7.4 cells). OCT captured rare cells in normal eyes (1.1 ± 1.1 cells centrally). Conclusions OCT provided quantitative information on AC inflammatory cells. The OCT cell counts correlated well with clinical grading, and particles in the inferior AC that were missed by slit-lamp examination were detected by OCT. OCT could be a valuable tool for the diagnosis and management of anterior uveitis.
Analysis of views of ACM and IEEE members concerning professionalism in the computing field

As computers become more of an indispensable part of everyday life, there is a growing feeling that those who design, program, build, and manage these machines should be professionals, in the same sense that lawyers, doctors, accountants and architects are professional. One criterion (perhaps the most important) of a true profession is that it be represented by a strong professional society. One reason perhaps why the computer field has not developed to the status of a true profession is that it does not as yet have this prerequisite professional society. The ACM and IEEE are the two largest of the many associations in the computer field that purport to be professional societies. Information from the members of these two organizations concerning their views on professionalism in the computer field should be useful in determining why there is still not the strong professional computer society that is needed. This paper presents preliminary data drawn from an ongoing study of the opinions of ACM and IEEE members concerning aspects of professionalism in the computer field.
Write-N-Speak: Authoring Multimodal Digital-Paper Materials for Speech-Language Therapy

Aphasia is characterized by a reduced ability to understand and/or generate speech and language. Speech-language therapy helps individuals with aphasia regain language and cope with changes in their communication abilities. The therapy process is largely paper-based, making multimodal digital pen technology a promising tool for supporting therapy activities. We report on ten months of field research where we examine the practice of speech-language therapy, implement Write-N-Speak, a digital-paper toolkit for end-user creation of custom therapy materials, and deploy this system for 12 weeks with one therapist-client dyad in a clinical setting. The therapist used Write-N-Speak to create a range of materials including custom interactive worksheets, photographs programmed with the client’s voice, and interactive stickers on household items to aid object recognition and naming. We conclude with a discussion of multimodal digital pen technology for this and other therapy activities.
Optically detected electron-nuclear double resonance of the S=1 excited state of the PGa-YP defect in GaP: The neighboring 31P and 69Ga and 71Ga shells.

Optical detection of electron-nuclear double resonance (ODENDOR) is used to investigate the 1.1-eV photoluminescence of a phosphorus-antisite-related defect in as-grown p-type GaP. We establish that the observed ODENDOR spectra arise from the ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{S}}$=0 state of a spin S=1 excited-state system in which there are no first-order magnetic hyperfine contributions. Nevertheless, including higher-order effects via matrix diagonalization, hyperfine interactions are extracted for the central P and several shells of both P and Ga neighbors, confirming that the defect has a ${\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{Ga}}$-${\mathit{Y}}_{\mathrm{P}}$ structure, where ${\mathit{Y}}_{\mathrm{P}}$ denotes an impurity or vacancy at a nearest-neighbor P site. In the case of the Ga neighbors, first-order electric quadrupole interactions are present in the ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{S}}$=0 manifold and serve to distinguish the three neighbor shells. The excited-state wave function of the defect is highly localized, essentially all of it accounted for within the first-nearest P shell. No ODENDOR signals are observed that can be attributed to ${\mathit{Y}}_{\mathrm{P}}$, and its identity remains undetermined.
Impact of parent monitoring on initiation of drug use through late childhood.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine whether parental supervision and monitoring in middle childhood might have a sustained impact on risk of drug use later in childhood and adolescence. Method An epidemiological sample of 926 urban-dwelling youths were individually interviewed annually, beginning in 1989 when the children were 8 to 10 years old, continuing through 1992. Standardized questions measured drug use, parenting behaviors, and other suspected determinants of drug use. Results Survival analysis estimates indicated that children in the lowest quartile of parent monitoring initiated drug use at earlier ages. The contrast in risk of initiating alcohol, tobacco, or other drug use across levels of parent monitoring was greatest when children were under 11 years old; at older ages there was no difference in risk. However, in analyses focused specifically on marijuana, cocaine, and inhalant drugs, we observed a sustained higher risk of starting to use these drugs among youths who had been monitored at the lowest levels in middle childhood. Conclusions These results add to the chain of inference that effective supervision and monitoring in middle childhood by parents or guardians might induce a delay or prevent onset of drug use among youths living in urban areas, a hypothesis that now ought to be tested in rigorous field experiments.
Competitive, non-competitive, and mixed format cleavable tag immunoassays.

Abstract Immunoassays are one of the most useful diagnostic techniques in disease assessment, drug metabolite analysis, and environmental applications due largely in part to the selectivity and sensitivity provided by antibody–antigen interactions. Here, a multiplexed immunoassay termed cleavable tag immunoassay (CTI) was performed in competitive, non-competitive, and mixed formats for the analysis of proteins and small molecule biomarkers of inflammation and tissue damage. Microchip capillary electrophoresis (MCE) with fluorescence detection was employed for the analysis of fluorescently labeled tags corresponding to the analytes of interest cleaved from the detection antibodies. For this work we have selected 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) a molecule indicative of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), thyroxine (T4) a molecule used to monitor thyroid gland function, and C-reactive protein (CRP) a marker of chronic inflammation as model analytes to demonstrate the assay principles. The simultaneous detection of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and thyroxine (T4) was carried out as a proof-of-principle for the competitive CTI while non-competitive CTI performance was demonstrated via the analysis of C-reactive protein (CRP). Limit of detections (LOD) and dynamic ranges were investigated. LOD for 3-NT, T4, and CRP were 0.5 μg/mL, 23 nM, and 5 μg/mL, respectively thus demonstrating the ability of the CTI to detect proteins and small molecules within clinical reference ranges. Moreover, this is the first report of the use of mixed format CTI chemistry for the simultaneous detection of proteins (CRP) and small molecules (3-NT) in a single assay. The success of this work demonstrates the ability of CTI to analyze intact proteins and small molecule biomarkers simultaneously.
Chloroplast Genetics of Chlamydomonas. II. Mapping by Cosegregation Frequency Analysis.

ABSTRACT This paper presents segregation and cosegregation data for a set of 15 chloroplast genes of Chlamydomonas, and uses these data to generate a linear map of the chloroplast genome. The data were derived from pedigree analysis of a total of 1596 zoospore clones resulting from 12 crosses in each of which 4 to 7 pairs of chloroplast alleles were segregating. The crosses are a subset of those previously described (Sager and Ramanis 1976). By means of pedigree analysis, Type II segregations (nonreciprocal conversion-like events) were distinguished from Type III segregations (reciprocal events). The average frequency of Type II segregation was found to be the same for all 15 genes, indicating randomness of this event with respect to map location (Figure 1). Type III segregations occurred with a different and characteristic frequency for each gene, and were interpreted as a measure of the distance of each gene from the postulated centromere-like attachment point. Cosegregations, involving two or more genes, occurred with frequencies characteristic of the particular genes and much lower than expected for the product of single-gene events, indicating strong positive interference. Pairwise cosegregation frequencies provided unambiguous data for the gene order, confirmed by cosegregation runs of three or more genes. Apparent lengths of cosegregation runs, as fractions of the total map, indicate much longer stretches of gene conversion-like events than have been reported for other genetic systems. Comparisons of cosegregation frequencies in cross 20 after 15˝, 30˝ and 15˝ UV irradiation of the mt + before mating, indicate little if any consistent effect of this irradiation on segregation events.
Structural Examination of Supramolecular Architectures by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Reversibly self-assembling host–guest complexes of the softball type are characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Quaternary ammonium ions serve simultaneously as guests and ion labels. Isotope pattern analysis, inclusion of labeled guests, heterodimer experiments, size and shape dependence, and collision-induced fragmentation reveal that the capsular structure of these hydrogen-bonded complexes is retained in the gas phase with the guests inside their cavity. The results parallel findings from solution-phase NMR experiments and show that the guests are encapsulated inside the cavity. These results also demonstrate the value of mass spectrometry for high-order structural examination of supramolecular architecture.
Novel molecular targets for prevention of obesity and osteoporosis

Evidence from both epidemiological studies and basic research suggests that obesity and osteoporosis are interrelated. Though there is an increase in the prevalence of these disorders, a limited number of treatments are available, one of the reasons being the complexity of the pathways involved and difficulty in identifying a single molecular target. Due to adverse effects of pharmaceuticals, intake of herbal drugs by patients without a physician's recommendation is increasing globally. Lack of success with targeted monotherapy has encouraged scientists to determine whether combinations of phytochemicals that interfere with numerous cell-signaling pathways can be a more effective approach to treat complex diseases. For example, evidence is emerging that specific combinations of phytochemicals are far more effective than single compounds in decreasing adipogenesis and promoting bone formation. Since multiple pathways are dysfunctional in obesity and osteoporosis, an ideal approach for preventing and treating these diseases may be to use a combination of phytochemicals to address several targets simultaneously.
Patients' attitudes associated with cesarean delivery on maternal request in an urban population

Objective To explore patient attitudes related to cesarean delivery on maternal request (CDMR). Study Design Questionnaires were distributed to patients in mid-trimester. Questions assessed patient demographics, knowledge, perceived risks, and attitudes about CDMR. Results Three hundred and fourteen questionnaires and 188 written responses were used for analysis. Most patients (95%) did not believe that CDMR was advisable and felt that vaginal delivery (VD) was safer for both mother (93%) and baby (88%). Of patients who did not believe CDMR was advisable, the most common explanations were classified into categories of “normal is better,” “risk of complications” (67%), only 1% of this group felt that the decision should be left up to the individual. Of the remaining patients (5%) who supported CDMR, 75% believed that the decision should be left up to the individual. Conclusion The majority of women in our population do not think that CDMR is advisable.
Massively Parallel Solution Of Entropy Optimization Problems

Minimize: c $ijX: + CijXij (5) i=l j=1 In this paper we show that certain instances of entropy optimization problems are well suited for massively parallel implementations. This observation also extends to quadratic optimization problems. The The choice between (1) or (5) is usually based on instances we consider can be used as sub-problems in axiomatic principles (in the economics or solving image reconstruction problems in the fully transportation literature) or physical considerations in discretized form. Numerical results on a Connection the medical imaging literature. Machine CM-2 are reported.
Geo-strategy and the persistence of antiquity: surveying mythical hydrographies in the eastern Mediterranean, 1784–1869

Abstract This paper explores late eighteenth-century and nineteenth-century mappings of three strategic sites in the Eastern Mediterranean, each with a notable ancient history: the Straits of the Dardanelles, and the isthmuses of Suez and Mount Athos. Considering mapping as a culturally and historically situated cognitive practice, the paper focuses on the rhetorical use of Classical antiquity (the Persian Wars) in the geopolitical discourse of that period and in the legitimization of great hydraulic projects, like the Suez Canal. At the same time, it also seeks to re-evaluate Mediterranean straits and isthmuses in their geographical specificity, as physical and imaginative ‘gateways’ to the Orient, as ‘connecting points’ and boundaries between the Self and the Other.
An applicator for high viscosity semiochemical products and intentional treatment gaps for mating disruption of Phyllocnistis citrella.

The leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is a global pest of citrus, and contributes to the incidence and severity of citrus bacterial canker, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. SPLAT-CLM� (ISCA Technologies) is an emulsified wax product that provides sustained release of (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal, the major component of the P. citrella sex pheromone. Here, we report success in development of a mechanized and automated applicator of SPLAT and other high viscosity products on a large scale in tree crops, and progress in optimization of coverage patterns to minimize the cost of disruption of P. citrella. The applicator (IFM-5051; International Fly Masters) delivered 1 g dollops of SPLAT-CLM into a citrus grove canopy within 2% of the targeted application rate. A field trial conducted in Florida (USA) demonstrated effective disruption (>90%) of male moth catch in traps baited with pheromone lures characterized by high potency following each of four applications of 250 or 500 g ha )1 of SPLAT-CLM containing 0.15% (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13hexadecatrienal. Catch of male moths in pheromone traps deployed as a transect across the border between treated and untreated plots was analyzed to describe the rate of loss of disruption as a function of distance from a treated area. The model was used to estimate a maximum gap of 65 m consisting of untreated rows bounded on both sides by treated rows that could be incorporated into coverage patterns without a significant loss of disruption. A second field trial was conducted to test the feasibility of leaving intentional coverage gaps. No difference in trap catch disruption was observed between plots uniformly treated with SPLAT-CLM and plots where every fifth row (80% coverage) or every fifth and sixth rows (67% coverage) were left untreated. Incorporation of coverage gaps should be effective in reducing product use and overall cost of mating disruption for P. citrella in citrus and other species for which mating disruption occurs by a non-competitive mechanism.
Hydrogen Sulfide Levels and Nuclear Factor‐Erythroid 2‐Related Factor 2 (NRF2) Activity Are Attenuated in the Setting of Critical Limb Ischemia (CLI)

Background Cystathionine γ‐lyase, cystathionine β‐synthase, and 3‐mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase are endogenous enzymatic sources of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Functions of H2S are mediated by several targets including ion channels and signaling proteins. Nuclear factor‐erythroid 2‐related factor 2 is responsible for the expression of antioxidant response element–regulated genes and is known to be upregulated by H2S. We examined the levels of H2S, H2S‐producing enzymes, and nuclear factor‐erythroid 2‐related factor 2 activation status in skeletal muscle obtained from critical limb ischemia (CLI) patients. Methods and Results Gastrocnemius tissues were attained postamputation from human CLI and healthy control patients. We found mRNA and protein levels of cystathionine γ‐lyase, cystathionine β‐synthase, and 3‐mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase were significantly decreased in skeletal muscle of CLI patients as compared to control. H2S and sulfane sulfur levels were significantly decreased in skeletal muscle of CLI patients. We also observed significant reductions in nuclear factor‐erythroid 2‐related factor 2 activation as well as antioxidant proteins, such as Cu, Zn‐superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in skeletal muscle of CLI patients. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, such as malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl formation, were significantly increased in skeletal muscle of CLI patients as compared to healthy controls. Conclusions The data demonstrate that H2S bioavailability and nuclear factor‐erythroid 2‐related factor 2 activation are both attenuated in CLI tissues concomitant with significantly increased oxidative stress. Reductions in the activity of H2S‐producing enzymes may contribute to the pathogenesis of CLI.