cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of herbaceous vegetation recovery on Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA, after a volcanic eruption

Recovery of herbaceous vegetation on Mount St. Helens was studied annually after the massive lateral eruption of May 18, 1980. Measures such as species richness, cover, and diversity were combined with detrended correspondence analysis to describe vegetation recovery rates under different combinations of initial impact intensity and degree of isolation from recolonization sources. A major key to recovery is whether any plants survived the devastation. Survival of even a few individuals markedly accelerated recovery. Where no plants survived, the degree of isolation becomes paramount. New, barren substrates, a few meters from undisturbed sites, have begun to develop some vegetation, while more isolated sites have scarcely any subalpine plants present. On any site, plant-mediated processes that improve conditions for growth and the invasion of other species predominate in the early stages, but as vegetation develops, biotic inhibition and establishment of seedlings from adults already in the habitat gain importance. The rate at which this conversion occurs is a function of the size and intensity of the initial impact.
Cultural perceptions of public relations gender roles in Romania

Abstract This study examines attitudes about gender roles and their implications for public relations practice in Romania. Results reveal Romanians still hold traditional views, but women held a more liberal view of their role in society and in the workplace. The study supports that history and socio-cultural values are important factors in understanding the context in which attitudes about workplace roles are formed, which can increase understanding of public relations in transitional countries in Europe.
Student teachers’ reflection during practicum: plenty on action, few in action

This study describes student teachers’ reflective practices during practicum in a physical education teacher education program. An instructor and her 12 student teachers were the participants. Data were collected using non-participant observations, semi-structured interviews and student artifacts. I analyzed the data using constant comparison with open and axial coding based on Schon and van Manen’s reflection model. Two salient themes emerged. First, student teachers tapped into different types of experiences during practicum for reflection, primarily reflection on action. Second, reflection in action appeared to be vague and difficult for student teachers due to ‘too many things going on’ in teaching. Plenty of opportunities for reflection on action were reported, yet few for reflection in action were identified. There is a need for more experiences to engage student teachers in reflection in action and deeper reflective practices.
Dopant particle characterization and bubble evolution in aluminum-potassium-silicon-doped molybdenum wire

The present article describes the creation of dopant inclusions in aluminum-potassium-silicon (AKS)-doped molybdenum powder and the generation of potassium bubbles in doped molybdenum wire. Molybdenum wire is used extensively in the incandescent lamp industry for coiling mandrels, filament support wires, and foil seals. The AKS-doped molybdenum wire is an important product, because it possesses greater high-temperature strength and a higher recrystallization temperature than undoped molybdenum; both of these properties are important for structural applications in lamps. The AKS-doped molybdenum wire is produced in a similar manner to AKS-doped tungsten wire, but lower processing temperatures are typically used for the production of molybdenum wire. Previous studies on AKS-doped tungsten wire have shown that the dispersion which provides the interlocking grain structure in recrystallized tungsten wire is bubbles of elemental potassium; these enhance incandescent lamp filament life. However, there is little previous work on the potassium-containing dispersion in AKS-doped molybdenum wire. In AKS-doped molybdenum, the dispersion can be either potassium bubbles, or solid oxide particles, depending on the processing method. This article will describe a series of analyses of doped molybdenum wire and its precursors, namely, doped powder and sintered ingots. The roles of high- and low-temperature sintering are also described.
Employment Risk and Optimal Trade Policies

This paper considers trade policies and welfare in a Harris–Todaro model with risk-averse workers. Workers are assumed to have identical and homothetic preferences, but their incomes differ, depending on whether and where they are employed. When workers are equally valued, maximizing social utility is equivalent to maximizing the utility of a rural worker. An optimal policy consists of a production subsidy on the exportable and an import tariff. This model explains the widespread use of import tariffs on manufactured goods along with production subsidies on the export sectors in many LDCs. JEL Classification Numbers: F13, D8.
Electrochemical determination of triple helices: electrocatalytic oxidation of guanine in an intramolecular triplex.

Electrocatalytic oxidation of the oligonucleotide 5‘- GAA GAG GTT TTT CCT CTT CTT TTT CTT CTC C (TS) by Ru(bpy)32+ was studied by cyclic voltammetry. This oligonucleotide forms either an intramolecular triplex, hairpin, or single strand, depending on the pH (Plum, G. E.; Breslauer, K. J. J. Mol. Biol. 1995, 248, 679−695). In the triplex form, the guanine doublet in TS is buried inside the folded structure, and as such is less susceptible to oxidation by electrogenerated Ru(bpy)33+. Digital simulations of the catalytic voltammograms gave a rate constant of 3.5 ± 0.2 × 102 M-1 s-1 for oxidation of the triplex form, while oxidation of the duplex and single-stranded forms occurred with much faster rate constants of (3.5−9.1) × 104 M-1 s-1. Experiments using a truncated form of TS that lacked the third strand of the triplex were consistent with these measurements. The Ru(bpy)33+ complex was also generated by photolyzing Ru(bpy)32+ in the presence of Fe(CN)63-. This reaction produced strand scission following p...
Recognizing trade‐offs in multi‐objective land management

As natural resource management and conservation goals expand and evolve, practitioners and policy makers are increasingly seeking options that optimize benefits among multiple, often contradictory objectives. Here, we describe a simple approach for quantifying the consequences of alternative management options in terms of benefits and trade-offs among multiple objectives. We examine two long-term forest management experiments that span several decades of stand (forest tree community) development and identify substantial trade-offs among carbon cycling and ecological complexity objectives. In addition to providing improved understanding of the long-term consequences of various management options, the results of these experiments show that positive benefits resulting from some management options are often associated with large trade-offs among individual objectives. The approach to understanding benefits and trade-offs presented here provides a simple yet flexible framework for quantitatively assessing the ...
An anti-idiotypic antibody against Graves' IgG

Abstract Rabbit antibodies were raised against Graves' IgG adsorbed onto a TSH-receptor affinity and eluted thereof by [ 3 H]NaCl. The rabbit serum absorbed against normal human IgG (ARI) still bound to Graves', control and Hashimoto's IgG preparations but in the latter two, binding was inhibited by bTSH (10 mU/ml). In addition, ARI stimulated thyroid cell cyclic AMP accumulation in both human and rat thyroid cells. The ARI preparation may, therefore, contain (1) an “internal image” anti-idiotype causing thyroid (Ab2) stimulation, (2) a Graves' disease specific anti-idiotype whose binding with Ab2 inhibits its ability to bind TSH and (3) anti-anti-idiotype (Ab3) to “internal image” Ab2. In further studies, Graves' specific cross-reactive idiotype was found in 10/11 IgGs from patients with active Graves' disease. This study emphasizes the workings of Jerne's immunologic network and the complexity of polyclonal “anti-idiotypic” antibodies.
Selenium-vitamin E supplementation and production efficiency in ewes marginally deficient in selenium

The influence of supplemental selenium and vitamin E (Se-E) on production efficiency of Suffolk crossbred ewes and lambs was evaluated in an area of the U.S.A. considered marginally deficient in Se. In Experiment I, Se-E treated ewes (n = 51) received 15 mg of Se and 204 i.u. of vitamin E; control ewes (n = 51) received saline at 30-day intervals beginning 90 days before mating and continuing until weaning of the lambs (90 days of age). In Experiment II, treated ewes (n = 34) received Se-E and control ewes (n = 39) received saline at 30 and 15 days before mating and lambing seasons, with lambs born from treated ewes receiving 2 mg of Se and 136 i.u. of vitamin E and lambs from control ewes receiving saline at 30-day intervals until weaning. In Experiment I, mean serum Se concentrations for control and Se-E treated ewes at mating were 0.034 and 0.122 p.p.m., respectively (P<0.0001), and concentrations at lambing were 0.041 and 0.122 p.p.m., respectively (P<0.0001). In Experiment II, concentrations for control and Se-E treated ewes at lambing were 0.061 and 0.154 p.p.m., respectively (P<0.0001), while concentrations for control and Se-E treated lambs at birth were 0.054 and 0.096 p.p.m., respectively (P<0.0001). For control and Se-E treated ewes in Experiment I, there were trends in mean numbers of lambs born alive (1.61 and 1.81, respectively, P<0.1) and lambs weaned per ewe lambing (1.1 and 1.5, respectively, P<0.12); however, the incidence of stillborns per ewe lambing was greater for control than treated ewes (0.34 and 0.05, respectively, P<0.025). These performance characteristics were not affected by treatment in Experiment II. Mean birth weights for control and Se-E treated lambs in Experiment I were 3.49 and 3.67 kg, respectively (P<0.025), and for Experiment II mean weights were 3.87 and 4.3 kg, respectively (P<0.025).
Pollination of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid-containing Plants by Male Lepidoptera

Certain plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids attract numerous Lepidoptera (Danainae, Ithomiinae, Ctenuchidae, Arctiidae) which congregate on dead shoots and inflorescences to feed. In many species, visitors are nearly all males. It is established that male Ithomiinae and Danainae ingest alkaloidal precursors for sex pheromones. Various parts of the live plants Heliotropium indicum L. and Eupatorium xestolepis Robinson are also attractive to these Lepidoptera and form the basis of an unusual relationship. H. indicum has a number of pollinators that visit the plant primarily for the purpose of obtaining pheromone precursors, spending much of their time at ripe seeds. In E. xestolepis , the floral fragrance may contain some of the volatile compounds typical of dead plant tissue which attract male Ithomiinae and Ctenuchidae. These insects constitute nearly 100% of the pollinators. In addition, this plant shows ecological specialization for subsisting in the habitat of its pollinators.
Superconducting fibers from organometallic precursors. Part II: Chemistry and low temperature processing1

Working principles are developed as guidelines for the selection and/or design of organometallic polymers for processing fiber precursors to metal oxide fibers. These principles form the basis for the selection of metal carboxylate preceramics as an optimal approach to processing yttrium barium cuprate (123) ceramic superconducting fibers. A variety of candidate yttrium, barium, calcium, strontium, bismuth, and copper metal carboxylates were synthesized. Solubility and empirical rheology tests were conducted to screen these compounds to choose spinnable precursor systems. Simple extrusion studies confirmed that THF solutions of mixtures of yttrium, barium, and copper isobutyrates with some quantity of barium 2-ethyl-hexanoates can be used to successfully form 60–70 μm diameter 123 precursor fibers.
Cerebral aneurysm thrombosis, shrinkage, then disappearance after subarachnoid hemorrhage

The case is presented of a 37-year-old man with spontaneous thrombosis of a 10-mm left posterior communicating artery aneurysm, following presumed subarachnoid hemorrhage with negative angiography. Sequential magnetic resonance angiography and magnetic resonance source imaging (at 2 weeks, 3 months, 2 years, and 2 years, 5 months) showed progressive shrinkage and disappearance of the aneurysm.
Protective immunity and susceptibility to infectious diseases: lessons from the 1918 influenza pandemic

The influenza pandemic of 1918 killed nearly 50 million people worldwide and was characterized by an atypical W-shaped mortality curve, where adults between the ages of 30–60 years fared better than younger adults aged 18–30 years. In this review, we will discuss why this influenza virus strain was so virulent and how immunological memory to the 1918 virus may have shaped the W mortality curve. We will end on the topic of the 'honeymoon' period of infectious diseases—the clinically documented period between the ages of 4–13 years during which children demonstrate less morbidity and/or mortality to infectious diseases, in general, compared with young adults.
Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteremia in adults with AIDS and at risk for AIDS.

Abstract purpose: Our objective was to determine the number of cases of Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteremia in patients with and at risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) from January 1983 to June 1991 at a municipal hospital in Bronx, New York. patients and methods: We reviewed blood culture records of adult patients admitted to North Central Bronx Hospital from January 1983 to June 1991 to identify cases of bacteremic H. influenzae type b disease. The hospital charts and admission chest radiographs of bacteremic patients were then reviewed. results: Ten of 15 cases of adult H. influenzae type b bacteremia occurred in patients with AIDS or who were at risk for AIDS. Seven had AIDS at presentation. Nine were active or former intravenous drug users (IVDUs). All 10 cases were associated with a respiratory source, and five of the 10 patients also had H. influenzae type b isolated from sputum. All H. influenzae type b strains were negative for β-lactamase. conclusions: Human immunodeficiency virus-positive IVDUs may be at increased risk for bacteremic H. influenzae type b infections. Empiric antibiotic regimens for community-acquired pneumonia in these patients should include appropriate antibiotics for the treatment of H. influenzae type b. In addition, these patients may be candidates for conjugate H. influenzae type b vaccine trials.
Design principles of the first 4x fixed solar concentrator

We discuss the theoretical limits of concentration for stationary solar concentrators allowed by the law of thermodynamics. The principles to design systems that approach the theoretical limits are then presented followed by a few examples, including the first 4x fixed solar concentrator.
RNA and Protein Synthesis during Progesterone-Induced Germinal Vesicle Breakdown in R. pipiens Ovarian Tissue

Rana pipiens oocytes with intact follicle cells were induced to undergo meiotic maturation in vitro under the influence of progesterone or related steroids or with pituitary extract. Uptake and incorporation of 3H-uridine and 14C-leucine were measured using pulse-labelling techniques. A transient increase in uridine incorporation (expressed as percent intracellular acid soluble pool) occurred 1–4 h after exposure to inducing levels of progesterone with both amino acid-containing and amino acid-free incubation media; but total incorporation was greatest in amino acid-containing medium. Nanomolar concentrations of a single amino acid such as leucine, tryptophan, or arginine (but not glycine) stimulated uridine incorporation into TCA precipitable material 8–10-fold in non-induced follicles, but had little effect on total uridine uptake. Hydrocortisone or testosterone also induced germinal vesicle breakdown, but did not stimulate uridine incorporation above the control level. A comparison of pulse-labelled RNA recovered in ovulated eggs with that in follicular tissue indicated that progesterone-induced RNA synthesis occurred primarily in the oocyte. Induction in Cal+-free Ringer's solution inhibited uridine incorporation more than 95%, with no effect on total uridine uptake and only 30% inhibition of germinal vesicle breakdown. Twenty μg/ml ethidium bromide inhibited uridine incorporation about 70% in non-induced follicles and only about 30% in progesterone-induced follicles, with no effect on germinal vesicle breakdown. 10–40 μg/ml actinomycin D did not significantly effect either uridine incorporation or germinal vesicle breakdown in non-induced or progesterone-induced follicles. These findings suggest that progesterone (or its metabolites) may act at a transcriptional as well as a post transcriptional level and confirm that the induction of germinal vesicle breakdown is post-transcriptional.
Formation and function of compression wood in gymnosperms

Westing, Arthur H. (Middlebury Coll., Vt.). 1965.Formation and function of compression wood in gymnosperms. Bot. Rev. 31: 381–480 A review with ca. 575 references. The world literature pertaining to the biology of compression wood (Rotholz; reaction wood) is evaluated critically. Compression wood is a geotropic reaction to an inertial force and is peculiar to the Coniferales, Ginkgoales, and Taxales. It is formed by the cambium (or cambial derivatives) of the lower side of inclined stems and branches, where it expandsin situ thereby tending to right the former and maintain (or restore) the inherent angle of the latter. Compression wood is stimulated to form by applications of indoleacetic acid, but under natural conditions is interpreted to result from an increased sensitization of cells on the lower side to an insignificantly changed level of endogenous auxin. A theoretical model of the perception (susception) mechanism is advanced. The mechanics of righting is discussed and the forces involved are estimated. Frequent reference is made to other geotropic phenomena of the higher plants, particularly to tension wood, the analogue of compression wood in the arborescent Dicotyledoneae. Much pertaining to the perception, formation, and function of compression wood remains to be elucidated
Ionic Interaction with Bone Mineral. III. Reversible Calcium Exchange with Bone Powder

SummaryThe curve describing the uptake of 45Ca by bone powder or by synthetic hydroxyapatite shows an initial rapid fall in radioactivity of solution followed by a mono-exponential decline at a slower rate. Wash-out experiments were performed on the labelled crystals before and during the period of mono-exponential fall by resuspending the crystals, collected by filtration, in medium free of isotope. More than 80% of radiocalcium could be removed from the crystal phase by this procedure regardless of the period of labelling. Results from published reports are interpreted to show that “back-diffusion” of isotope from bone into solution is operative only at a certain region of the uptake curve; our studies contradict this interpretation.
On Transport Protocol Performance Measurement over 10Gbps High Speed Optical Networks

With the integration of IP and optical technology, fast optical network (of the order of 10Gbps) has emerged to support international research cooperation such as massive scientific data transfer and next generation Internet related research. Therefore, it is important to analyze the measurement issues to guide the high speed transport protocol research for high speed optical network of the order of 10Gbps. The objectives of this paper are as follows: i) determine the suitability of TCP parameters such as Jumbo Frame size, TCP sender and receiver buffer sizes; ii) evaluate TCP performance measurement tools and emulation tools over 10Gbps high speed optical networks; and iii) Compare performance of TCP variants with different metrics, such as throughput and fairness, by varying delays and randomized losses controlled with software emulators. Index Terms—congestion control, transport protocol, high- speed networks, Linux TCP/IP stack tuning
Ultrasound phased arrays for noninvasive myocardial ablation: initial studies

Catheter based ablation of cardiac tissue has been shown to provide an immediate and long lasting cure for cardiac arrhythmia. However, the procedure does not always allow placing the catheter in close proximity to the pathological tissues requiring ablation. Use of non-invasive focused ultrasound ablation in the moving heart is an attractive potential alternative to catheter based ablative therapy. In this paper, initial studies have been performed to explore the feasibility of using ultrasound phased array technology for this application. A 3-D treatment planning software package was developed to study the available acoustic windows allowing ultrasound to be focused on the myocardium. Numerical simulation studies of the feasibility of precise beam forming by propagating ultrasound around the ribs shows that the beam, even though formed by an irregularly shaped subset of phased array elements not blocked by ribs and air, was very sharply focused at the target. Using invasive phase aberration correction algorithms developed in the authors' lab, experiments with pork and human rib phantoms confirm the ability to precisely form beams with phased array through the available noncontiguous windows.
Human Development in Time and Place

The study of the life course and human development has evolved rapidly over the past quarter century, extending across substantive boundaries of the social, behavioral, and medical sciences. These advances have coincided with the spread of life course studies across diverse societies, as scholars draw on long-term longitudinal archives to examine the implications of social change for human development. Viewed collectively, these cutting-edge studies tell us much about the dimensions of historical time and place and their importance in shaping biographical pathways. The chapter begins with the theoretical traditions that have formed an interdisciplinary life course perspective on human development, one that views the person as embedded in a life-long pattern of social roles, age distinctions, and relationships, processes that are themselves responsive to place and time. In the second section, elementary concepts (e.g., trajectories, transitions) and paradigmatic principles are introduced as a theoretical map of the life course. These concepts and principles have been applied in longitudinal studies of lives across societies (e.g., China, Germany, and Russia) and, within societies, by geographic distinctions (e.g., states, regions, and communities/neighborhoods). The chapter concludes by noting important advances in studying the impact of historical time and place. Keywords: birth cohorts; cross-national; cumulative process; history; life course sociology; neighborhoods; pathways; social change; social ecology; social history; trajectories and transitions
Biodegradable Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Hydrogels Based on a Self-Elimination Degradation Mechanism

Two vinyl sulfone functionalized crosslinkers were developed for the purpose of preparing degradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels (EMXL and GABA-EMXL hydrogels). A self-elimination degradation mechanism in which an N-terminal residue of a glutamine is converted to pyroglutamic acid with subsequent release of diamino PEG (DAP) is proposed. The hydrogels were formed via Michael addition by mixing degradable or nondegradable crosslinkers and copolymer {4% w/v; poly[PEG-alt-poly(mercapto-succinic acid)]} at room temperature in phosphate buffer (PB, pH = 7.4). Hydrogel degradation was characterized by assessing diamino PEG release and examining morphological changes as well as the swelling and weight loss ratio under physiological conditions (37 degrees C). Degradation of EMXL and GABA-EMXL hydrogels occurred by surface erosion (confirmed by SEM). GABA-EMXL degradation was significantly faster (approximately 3-fold) than EMXL; however, the degradation of both hydrogels in mouse plasma was 12-times slower than in PBS. The slower degradation rate in plasma as compared to buffer is consistent with the presence of gamma-glutamyltransferase, gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase and/or glutaminyl cyclase (QC), which have been shown to suppress pyroglutamic acid formation. The current studies suggest that EMXL and GABA-EMXL hydrogels may have biomedical applications where 1-2 week degradation timeframes are optimal.
Emergency Care of Patients with Pacemakers and Defibrillators

Devices such as pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are commonly inserted to treat unstable cardiac rhythm disturbances. Despite the benefits of these devices on mortality and morbidity rates, patients often present to the emergency department with complaints related to device insertion or malfunction. Emergency physicians must be able to rapidly identify potential life threats caused by pacemaker malfunction, ICD firing, and complications associated with implantation of the devices.
The transition from infertility to adoption: Perceptions of lesbian and heterosexual couples

This study explores how lesbian and heterosexual pre-adoptive couples experience and construct the transition from infertility to adoption as a means to becoming parents. Thirty lesbian couples and 30 heterosexual couples were interviewed about the challenges and benefits they perceived in attempting conception and then later choosing adoption. Although similarities in perspectives emerged between heterosexual and lesbian participants (e.g., regarding the factors that led couples to pursue adoption), lesbians often felt less committed to having a biological child and perceived an easier transition from trying to conceive to adopting. Findings support the notion that, due to their unique relational context, lesbian women may embody more expansive notions about how to create a family that are not predicated on biological relations.
Isolation and assessment of gut bacteria from the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), for paratransgenesis research and application

Paratransgenesis targeting the gut protozoa is being developed as an alternative method for the control of the Formosan subterranean termite (FST). This method involves killing the cellulose-digesting gut protozoa using a previously developed antiprotozoal peptide consisting of a target specific ligand coupled to an antimicrobial peptide (Hecate). In the future, we intend to genetically engineer termite gut bacteria as "Trojan Horses" to express and spread ligand-Hecate in the termite colony. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of bacteria strains isolated from the gut of FST as "Trojan Horses." We isolated 135 bacteria from the guts of workers from 3 termite colonies. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene identified 20 species. We tested 5 bacteria species that were previously described as part of the termite gut community for their tolerance against Hecate and ligand-Hecate. Results showed that the minimum concentration required to inhibit bacteria growth was always higher than the concentration required to kill the gut protozoa. Out of the 5 bacteria tested, we engineered Trabulsiella odontotermitis, a termite specific bacterium, to express green fluorescent protein as a proof of concept that the bacteria can be engineered to express foreign proteins. Engineered T. odontotermitis was fed to FST to study if the bacteria are ingested. This feeding experiment confirmed that engineered T. odontotermitis is ingested by termites and can survive in the gut for at least 48 h. Here we report that T. odontotermitis is a suitable delivery and expression system for paratransgenesis in a termite species.
What Is in a Name

The creation of an institutional identity is an essential process in the development of a successful product, business, or organization. Efforts to link a product or service to a specific brand name identity can be critical in obtaining consumer acceptance, and is often easier said than done. When successful, a brand name becomes synonymous with the organization, process, or product formulating a unique public awareness. Classic examples include Xerox, Heimlich maneuver, and the AMA. Although not specifically descriptive to the process or product, the names call to mind clear images and meaning. As an organization, the American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM) has struggled to create a unique identity for pain medicine. The AAPM was originally founded as the American Academy of Algology. The origins of the name derive from algos, the Greek word for pain. Derivations of this word include algesia, a commonly used …
Feature based retrieval in neural networks

A model of a neural system is presented that, achieves feature based retrieval. It establishes the principle that any final state of the system can be uniquely determined by a subset of initially active neurons provided this uniqueness is preserved throughout the evaluation of the quiescent neurons. A method that finds distinguishing features chooses the initial neurons. Loosely ordering the spread of activation preserves uniqueness by maintaining the information conveyed by the growing active set. Finally, proper ordering is achieved under semi-random and asynchronous conditions using a function implemented locally by each neuron that minimizes the energy a newly activated neuron contributes. This is significant if such a system is fabricated since it avoids global control. >
The psychopharmacological management of RLS in psychiatric conditions: a review of the literature.

Background:Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a movement disorder treated with dopamine agonists. RLS is often diagnosed as a comorbid condition with psychiatric disorders, which are treated with dopamine antagonists or antidepressants resulting in onset or exacerbation of RLS symptoms.Objectives:The objectives of this article are to provide a review of the literature to (a) describe the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders associated with RLS, (b) identify the treatment of psychiatric disorders that cause or exacerbate symptoms of RLS, and (c) provide clinical recommendations for psychiatric health care providers.Design:A review of the literature of English articles included the databases of Medline, Pubmed, PsychINFO, and CINAHL for “Restless Legs Syndrome” with major psychiatric disorders including mood disorders (depression and bipolar), schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders (anxiety, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder). The PRISMA guidelines were used to improve the reporting of the review of ...
Parametric study of the performance of a turbocharged compression ignition engine

In this study, the thermodynamic performance of a turbocharged compression ignition engine with heat transfer and friction term losses was analyzed. The purpose of this work was to provide a flexible thermodynamic model based on the filling-and-emptying approach for the performance prediction of a four-stroke turbocharged compression ignition engine. To validate the model, comparisons were made between results from a computer program developed using FORTRAN language and the commercial GT-Power software operating under different conditions. The comparisons showed that there was a good concurrence between the developed program and the commercial GT-Power software. We also studied the influence of several engine parameters on brake power and effective efficiency. The range of variation of the rotational speed of the diesel engine chosen extended from 800 to 2100 rpm. By analyzing these parameters with regard to two optimal points in the engine, one relative to maximum power and another to maximum efficiency, it was found that if the injection timing is advanced, so the maximum levels of pressure and temperature in the cylinder are high.
The ecology of action selection: insights from artificial life.

The problem of action selection has two components: What is selected? How is it selected? To understand what is selected, it is necessary to distinguish between behavioural and mechanistic levels of description. Animals do not choose between behaviours per se; rather, behaviour reflects interactions among brains, bodies, and environments. To understand what guides selection, it is useful to take a normative perspective that evaluates behaviour in terms of a fitness metric. This perspective, rooted in behavioural ecology, can be especially useful for understanding apparently irrational choice behaviour. This paper describes a series of models that use artificial life techniques to address the above issues. We show that successful action selection can arise from the joint activity of parallel, loosely coupled sensorimotor processes. We define a class of artificial life models that help bridge the ecological approaches of normative modelling and agent-based or individual-based modelling. Finally, we show how an instance of apparently suboptimal decision making (the matching law) can be accounted for by adaptation to competitive foraging environments.
New Paradigms for Organic Catalysts: The First Organocatalytic Living Polymerization

A metal-free approach to the living ring-opening polymerization (ROP, shown schematically) of lactide has been developed using strongly basic amines such as 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine as transesterification catalysts. These organic catalysts must be used in combination with a nucleophile such as an alcohol, which is the actual initiating species.
A cell-based model of endothelial cell migration, proliferation and maturation during corneal angiogenesis.

In this chapter, we present a cell-based model of angiogenesis that operates at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. In this new modeling framework, each endothelial cell is regarded as a viscoelastic spring and thus the vasculature is modeled as a spring network. Endothelial cells (ECs) located at the sprout tip lead the extension of blood vessels, and the endothelial cell proliferative activity is regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietins. This angiogenesis model allows for a detailed study of the relative roles of EC migration, proliferation, and maturation during blood vessel development.
Residual Life Assessment of Steam Generators With Alloy 600TT Tubing: Methods and Application

The aim of the paper is to introduce methods to estimate the residual life of steam generators with alloy 600TT (thermally treated) tubing, taking into account PWSCC as the main contributor damage. The methods take into account both initiation and propagation of PWSCC cracks in the expansion transition zone of SG tubes, as well as the state of damage (cracking and plugging) of the tube bundle, at a given time, known from inspection results. A probabilistic model is used to treat initiation, while propagation stage is treated in a deterministic way based on inspection data. After introducing the methods used to assess the residual life, a brief parametric study will be shown, to illustrate the effects of initiation versus propagation. Eventually, the cases of a few actual steam generators with tubing made of alloy 600TT, showing different situations of present damage and damage evolution rates will be presented.© 2009 ASME
The Crisis Years

In the transition economies the period from independence through 1994 was identified with crisis in earlier chapters, and those who lived through it will certainly agree. The crisis period was characterized by extreme economic collapse throughout the former Soviet Union. Table V.1) provides annual economic growth figures for the period 1991–1994, and highlights the message of chapter I: while there is variation across countries, every one of the transition economies experienced a significant fall in production that persisted and intensified through this period
Introduction to the Tribute to Victor L. Streib: An Ideal Role Model

This article is the Introduction to a law review tribute to Professor Victor L. Streib, one of the leading authorities in the United States on capital punishment and a scholar whose work has been cited 28 times by the U.S. Supreme Court.
Alternative Bone Graft Sources and Techniques for Tibiofibular Synostosis Creation Following Transtibial Amputation: A Report of Two Cases.

Case: Alternative methods of the modified Ertl osteomyoplasty with use of two different tibial grafts for synostosis are presented in two patients who underwent revision transtibial amputation. Conclusion: These two techniques spare residual limb length relative to other described local techniques, avoid the morbidity of remote autograft harvest, and may be attempted in patients with inadequate residual limb lengths or in those who have tibiofibular length mismatch to achieve stable bridge synostosis.
High-Performance Bioassisted Nanophotocatalyst for Hydrogen Production

Nanophotocatalysis is one of the potentially efficient ways of capturing and storing solar energy. Biological energy systems that are intrinsically nanoscaled can be employed as building blocks for engineering nanobio-photocatalysts with tunable properties. Here, we report upon the application of light harvesting proton pump bacteriorhodopsin (bR) assembled on Pt/TiO2 nanocatalyst for visible light-driven hydrogen generation. The hybrid system produces 5275 μmole of H2 (μmole protein)(-1) h(-1) at pH 7 in the presence of methanol as a sacrificial electron donor under white light. Photoelectrochemical and transient absorption studies indicate efficient charge transfer between bR protein molecules and TiO2 nanoparticles.
Isolated Abdominal Circumference < 5% or Estimated Fetal Weight 10 to 19% as Predictors of Small for Gestational Age Infants

OBJECTIVES To determine whether (1) isolated fetal abdominal circumference < 5% (AC5) in absence of growth restriction (estimated fetal weight < 10% [EFW10]) or (2) borderline fetal growth 10 to 19% (EFW10-19) predicts subsequent fetal and/or neonatal growth restriction. STUDY DESIGN The authors performed a retrospective cohort study (January 2008 to December 2011) of women with singleton pregnancies between 26 and 36 weeks who had ≥ 1 growth ultrasound. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to determine the association between isolated AC5 or EFW10-19 with both subsequent sonographic diagnosis of EFW10 and neonatal diagnosis of small for gestational age (SGA). Test characteristics were calculated. RESULTS Out of the 10,642 pregnancies, prevalence of isolated AC5, EFW10-19, EFW10, and SGA were as follows: AC5, 5.31%; EFW10-19, 13.30%; EFW10, 7.95%; and SGA, 17.63%. While screening for SGA using EFW10 alone would miss 68.34% of SGA neonates, using isolated AC5 would identify an additional 16.15% of SGA neonates with a 3.7% false positive rate. Using EFW10-19 would identify an additional 40.20% of SGA neonates with a 9.0% false positive rate. CONCLUSION Fetuses with isolated AC5 or EFW10-19 are at an increased risk of growth restriction. Using isolated AC5 or composite EFW10-19 would identify SGA neonates that are missed using conventional sonographic definitions of growth restriction alone.
Intraplant Distribution of Three Nabis Species (Hemiptera: Nabidae), and Impact of N. roseipennis on Green Cloverworm Populations in Soybean

The within-plant distributions of Nabis americoferus (Carayon), N. roseipennis Reuter, and N. rufusculus Reuter differ in soybean. N. americoferus adults are located in the upper canopy, whereas adults of the other two species are located lower in the plant canopy. Early-instar nymphs of all three species are vertically separated from their respective adult stages. Nabids were observed to feed on a wide variety of arthropods including pest, beneficial, and innocuous species. The seasonal abundance of nymphal N. roseipennis and the within-plant overlap of its distribution with early instars of the green cloverworm suggested that it may be an effective predator on this pest species. N. roseipennis nymphs were successful in reducing numbers of green cloverworm larvae in the field in the presence of other predators and alternative prey under minimally modified conditions. Starting densities of 20–25 third instars per 0.9-m plot resulted in up to 50% reduction in subsequent green cloverworm populations.
The Underwater Effects of High Power, High Frequency Acoustic Noise on MEMS Gyroscopes

Unlike their macroscale counterparts, MEMS gyroscopes use a vibrating proof mass rather than a rotational mass to sense changes in angular rate. They are also smaller and less expensive than traditional gyroscopes. For this reason, MEMS gyroscopes are being used in many new applications, some of which include operation in harsh environments. There has been much research on the negative effects of the performance of MEMS gyroscopes in environments that experience mechanical shock, high frequency vibration, and high frequency acoustic noise in air. However, MEMS gyroscopes are beginning to be used in underwater applications such as autonomous underwater vehicles, digital compasses, and torpedo guidance systems. The results of this experiment demonstrate that MEMS gyroscopes submerged in water are susceptible to high power, high frequency acoustic noise at and near the resonant frequency of the proof mass. These effects are demonstrated using the ADXRS300 MEMS gyroscope.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Abstract 21: Selective and potent inhibitors of the mutant B-Raf pathway paradoxically stimulate the MAPK pathway in wild-type B-Raf cells

B-Raf is a member of the Raf family of serine/threonine kinases, which also include A-Raf and C-Raf. While all 3 Raf kinases stimulate the MAPK signaling cascade, B-Raf is the most catalytically active. B-Raf hyperactivity through mutation or over-expression is reported in many solid and hematologic malignancies. An especially high frequency (60%) of activating B-Raf mutations is found in melanoma, with the kinase domain mutant (V600E) accounting for greater than 95% of these. The identification and development of B-Raf inhibitors that selectively block signaling of the V600E B-Raf dependent MAPK pathway may have therapeutic value in these and other malignancies driven by activation of B-Raf. We report here on the characterization of novel, potent and selective small molecule Raf kinase inhibitors demonstrating potent cellular activity. Compound 1 (Smith, DeMorin et al. 2009) exhibits excellent potency in cells harboring V600E B-Raf (P-ERK IC 50 ranging from 1-14nM) however, cells that contain wild type B-Raf are significantly less sensitive to inhibition of MAPK signaling by compound 1 (P-ERK IC 50 ranging from 260nM to > 1μM). This shift in potency between V600E B-Raf versus wt B-Raf cell lines is also observed with cellular viability. In contrast to cells harboring B-Raf mutation, exposure to selected Raf inhibitors resulted in a dose-dependent, and sustained activation of MAPK signaling, increased Raf basal kinase activity and heterodimer stabilization in all wild type B-Raf cell lines examined . In the mutant KRAS MIA PaCa-2 and A549, Raf inhibition by selected compounds led to entry into the cell cycle, 80% increased proliferation, 40% increased colony formation and significantly stimulated tumor growth in vivo (Beltran et al, AACR 2010). Inhibition with structurally distinct Raf inhibitors or isoform specific siRNA knock-down of Raf demonstrated that these effects were mediated directly through Raf. Either A-Raf or C-Raf, mediated the Raf-inhibitor-induced MAPK pathway activation in an inhibitor-specific manner. These paradoxical effects of Raf inhibition were seen in both malignant and normal cells such as HUVEC cells. Indeed mouse treatment with any of the efficacious inhibitors resulted in hyperplasia observed in the epithelial layer of mouse esophagus and stomach. These data suggest that mutant versus wild type B-Raf MAPK pathways are distinctly regulated in cells. An implication of these results is that certain Raf inhibitors may induce unexpected normal cell and tumor tissue proliferation in patients. Smith, A. L., F. F. DeMorin, et al. (2009). “Selective Inhibitors of the Mutant B-Raf Pathway: Discovery of a Potent and Orally Bioavailable Aminoisoquinoline.” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 52(20): 6189-6192. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 21.
On the Nature of Specialty Goods

Among the three classic categories of consumers’ goods—shopping, convenience, and specialty goods—the “specialty” category sometimes has been relegated to minor importance.This article vigorously d...
Defect Engineering of BiI3 Single Crystals: Enhanced Electrical and Radiation Performance for Room Temperature Gamma-Ray Detection

Undoped and Sb-doped BiI3 (SBI) single crystals are grown via the vertical Bridgman growth technique. Electrical properties, such as resistivity and leakage current, in addition to radiation response measurements are performed on both BiI3 and SBI single crystal detectors. The resistivity of SBI (2.63109 Ω·cm) increases by an order of magnitude compared to that of BiI3 (1.45 × 108 Ω·cm). Furthermore, leakage currents of SBI (10–2 μA/cm2) decrease by four orders magnitude relative to BiI3. The radiation response of the SBI indicates that less polarization exists under bias for prolonged periods of time, making SBI a promising material for use in gamma-ray detector applications. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict that Sb forms strong covalent bonds with neighboring iodine ions and that the Sb–I dimer can be formed when Sb is doped into the BiI3 lattice. In addition, defect modeling verifies that substitution of Bi ions with Sb and incorporation of Sb in iodine vacancy sites can effectively...
A Conceptual Model for Parent Involvement in Secondary Special Education

Parent educational involvement has been demonstrated to be a predictor of in-school and post-school success for all students, including students with disabilities. However, traditional models of parent involvement tend to focus on academic-oriented indicators of success whereas transition models tend to focus on post-school outcomes with limited parent roles. The purpose of this article is to propose a model of parent involvement that addresses the limitations of current approaches by (a) integrating transition and traditional academic-focused models of parent involvement, (b) incorporating predictors of post-school success, and (c) accounting for the continued role parents play in the lives of their adult children.
Drinking Water Microbiology

One of the Millennium Development Goals is to halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of the population that does not have sustainable access to safe drinking water, which would increase the coverage from 76% to 88% ( 1 ). This goal was met in 2010, with 116 countries meeting the target ( 2 ). Since 1990, more than two billion people have gained access to improved drinking water sources, with 89% of the population covered. There were only three countries (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, and Papua New Guinea) where less than half the population had access to an improved drinking water source, and 35 countries (26 of which are in sub-Saharan Africa) in which only 50–75% of the population has access to an improved source of drinking water. Although this represents a substantial improvement, more than 700 million people still lack access to improved sources of drinking water, almost half of which are in sub-Saharan Africa ( 2 ). It is predicted that there will still be more than half a billion people without access to an improved drinking water supply by 2015.