cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparing the Next Generation of Institutional Leaders: Strategic Supports for Mid-Career Faculty

Calls for leadership development and associated supports for faculty members are growing in prominence in higher education. Yet, traditional leadership development efforts in higher education fail to account for both individual and institutional needs as critical to fostering a leadership pipeline with multiple entry points. This manuscript offers succession management and onboarding as important and necessary steps to facilitating a more deliberate, strategic approach to supporting the next generation of institutional leaders – mid-career faculty members.
What to Do About Federal Agency Science: Some Doubts About Regulatory Daubert

It is tempting to think that because the Daubert/Rule 702 reliability test has improved the quality of expert evidence in toxic tort and other cases, applying that test to federal agency decision making would also improve the quality of scientific evidence relied upon by agencies. As this Article shows, however, that supposition is likely wrong, because (a) there is little reason to think that courts have more institutional competence to deal with scientific issues than do agencies; (b) much of the criticism of agency reliance on science is based on the regulatory standard the agency is using, which is not a “Daubert” issue; and (c) while Rule 702 requires courts to exclude speculative evidence about past events, the regulatory mission of agencies often requires them to engage in speculation about prospective risk. Courts have other mechanisms they can use to nudge agencies toward better scientific decision making, but “regulatory Daubert” should be a non-starter. There is one major exception: because Rule 702 evolved to deal with the specific problem of adversarial bias by expert witnesses, applying Rule 702’s reliability standards is appropriate when considering expert evidence of causation of individual injury in a hearing with adversarial experts, as in claims arising under the Vaccine Act.
A strange pigeon-hole principle

Using Ramsey theory, we establish the following pigeon-hole type principle: From a large number of random variables (functions, vectors, etc.) one can always select two, X and Y, such that P(X < Y) ∼ 1/2. We apply the principle for a poset problem.
Dispersion characteristics of multilayer microstrip lines with thin metal ground

The dispersion characteristics of multilayer open microstrip lines with a substrate of thin metal ground in the middle are studied using the spectral domain approach (SDA). The thin metal ground is treated as a dielectric layer with complex permittivity. Numerical results show that, when the inside metal ground is very thin, an electromagnetic field can penetrate it and interact with layers underneath. Additionally the metal layer has a great impact on the propagation phase constant even when thickness is much less than the skin depth. And the microstrip lines with the thin metal ground in both lossy and lossless substrates excite a slow wave.
Biogeochemistry of Desertification and Woody Encroachment in Grazing Systems

Grazing systems occupy more of the terrestrial biosphere than any other form of land use, with arid and semi-arid regions supporting disproportionately larger grazing area than other biomes. Two common responses of dryland ecosystems to grazing practices are desertification and woody encroachment, with the former occurring in more arid zones and the latter becoming prevalent in mesic areas. Desertification and woody encroachment are linked to ecosystem impoverishment and land-use abandonment. Desertification leads to fragmented ecosystem structure and decreased carbon storage. Woody encroachment results in increased structural heterogeneity of the landscape, elevated carbon stores aboveground, and variable belowground carbon responses. Nitrogen accumulates under woody plants in both desertification and woody encroachment scenarios, but large-scale changes in nitrogen stocks and trace gas fluxes differ substantially between these types of land degradation. New remote sensing approaches based on imaging spectroscopy allow regional-scale estimates of carbon and nitrogen dynamics that will increase our understanding of desertification and woody encroachment in global grazing systems.
Insurgency defensive posture under extreme duress

Insurgent guerrilla groups are on occasion faced with difficult decisions: whether and when to become a conventional force, and whether to defend an operational base or fixed site. Standard doctrine suggests that to achieve state capture or acquire autonomous status apart from a central authority, the ability to successfully engage in conventional warfare may became necessary. A conventional force must be capable of defending territory, a defined space. Accompanying the decision to defend territory is a certain level of risk. This article examines the decision by four insurgent organizations to defend ‘operational hubs’, territory deemed worthy of a defense. The analysis herein submits that in insurgent warfare the utility of the territory being defended often supersedes the likelihood of a successful defense, on occasion generating negative outcomes for the insurgent forces.
Carbohydrate Accumulation and Metabolism in Escherichia coli: Characteristics of the Reversions of ctr Mutations

The reversion behavior of pleiotropic carbohydrate mutants, previously designated as ctr, was studied. The mutants revert to complete restoration of the wild-type phenotype, as well as to a spectrum of partial wild-type phenotypes. Lac(+) reversions were found in the lac region (11 min) and some Mal(+) reversions occurred at malB (79 min), at a distance from the site of the ctr mutations (46 to 47 min). About one-third of Lac(+) and Mal(+) revertants were constitutive for uptake of their respective substrates, and one-third modified for inducibility. The remaining third were not distinguishable from wild type. Induction of a ctr mutation in a lac constitutive strain, either operator or repressor mutant, did not affect lactose metabolism. A polar-like ctr mutant, deficient in both enzyme I and heat-stable protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase strain was also described. Partial revertants of ctr were still found to lack enzyme I.
Separation of powers and the national security state

Although the constitutional struggles of the Bush administration now seem to be in our proverbial “rearview mirror,” the constitutional questions that these struggles brought to the surface will surely reappear. At the heart of these struggles was a nagging but crucially important question concerning the relative weight and importance that the government had to place on questions of national security. For the Bush administration, the preeminent importance of maintaining national security continually trumped other concerns. And, if we are to be fair, this attitude made some sense for an administration that presided in its first year over an attack that killed so many citizens on domestic soil. As Jack Goldsmith says in his important and thoughtful book on the Bush administration: “It is hard to overstate the impact that the incessant waves of threat reports have on the judgment of people inside the executive branch who are responsible for protecting American lives” (Goldsmith 2007, 72). Although Goldsmith’s account, based in part on his own experience in the administration, ends up being critical, this criticism is mixed with a fair-minded awareness that the threat of another attack may have overwhelmed their better judgment. He claims that the reactions of the administration were “natural responses by an executive branch entirely responsible for protecting the safety of Americans but largely in the dark about where or how the next terrorist attack will occur.” In fact, for Goldsmith, the reaction of the administration was not unique: “Its source lies deeper, and is not unique to this presidency” (Goldsmith 2007, 75).
Respiratory activity in retrotrapezoid nucleus in cat.

An anatomic projection from the retrotrapezoid nucleus to the ventral respiratory group in cat was previously reported by our laboratory (J. C. Smith, D. E. Morrison, H. H. Ellenberger, M. R. Otto,...
Fast atmosphere‐ocean model runs with large changes in CO2

How does climate sensitivity vary with the magnitude of climate forcing? This question was investigated with the use of a modified coupled atmosphere-ocean model, whose stability was improved so that the model would accommodate large radiative forcings yet be fast enough to reach rapid equilibrium. Experiments were performed in which atmospheric CO2 was multiplied by powers of 2, from 1/64 to 256 times the 1950 value. From 8 to 32 times, the 1950 CO2, climate sensitivity for doubling CO2 reaches 8 C due to increases in water vapor absorption and cloud top height and to reductions in low level cloud cover. As CO2 amount increases further, sensitivity drops as cloud cover and planetary albedo stabilize. No water vapor-induced runaway greenhouse caused by increased CO2 was found for the range of CO2 examined. With CO2 at or below 1/8 of the 1950 value, runaway sea ice does occur as the planet cascades to a snowball Earth climate with fully ice covered oceans and global mean surface temperatures near 30 C.
Increased blood viscosity: Disease, adaptation or treatment?

The editorial by Forconi and Gori [1] challenges a cornerstone of cardiovascular physiology in questioning the interpretation of Hagen–Poiseuille’s law for viscous liquid flow in tubes in making the link between the fluid mechanical properties of blood and how these translate into physiological effects, which ultimately set peripheral vascular resistance, blood pressure and cardiac output. Application of this law is deceptively simple: it characterizes cardiovascular regulation through the relationship between the viscosity of blood, and the diameter of the vessels through which it flows, which determine the flow resistance to the delivery of oxygenated blood by the heart. However, this simplicity is now irremediably broken since we know that in the circulation geometry (vessel diameter) is a function of blood viscosity, or more correctly vessel wall shear stress, directly related to the product of blood viscosity and blood flow. The relationship between vessel diameter and blood viscosity and shear stress is governed by the shear stress dependant release of vasoactive mediator such as prostacyclin and nitric oxide (NO). These effects mostly seen in endothelial cell cultures and as the reaction of the inhibition to the production of NO in intact vascular beds, have now been demonstrated in intact organisms, and even man. In essence we are presented with the counterintuitive concept that increasing blood viscosity in an intact organism may lower systemic vascular resistance. A minor acute increase in hematocrit, and therefore blood viscosity significantly reduces blood pressure and increases cardiac output, an effect not related to the improvement of oxygen carrying capacity [2]. A corollary to the prevailing view of the consequences Hagen–Poiseuille’s law is that increased blood viscosity is necessarily detrimental, since it increases vascular resistance. Again Forconi and Gori [1], challenge this concept pointing out that the opposite, namely lowering blood viscosity via for instance hemodilution, has not been demonstrated to provide a benefit. In fact the tendency to anemia, at levels that do not impact oxygen carrying capacity is shown to be associated with risk of hypertension [3], while erythrocytosis consequent to adaptation to altitude, does little to change oxygen carrying capacity, but may be involved in providing significant compensatory vasodilatation. These considerations lead to the emergence of increased viscosity as an adaptive mechanism, particularly effective on the healthy individual exposed to unusual challenges. We refer in general to changes in blood viscosity, a process that has two components, one the changes in blood itself, and the second the changes in plasma viscosity. It is comparatively simple to lower blood viscosity by hemodilution, and blood transfusion restore blood viscosity providing beneficial effects
Real Options Approach to Inter-Sectoral Migration of U.S. Farm Labor

The core of the literature on inter‐sectoral labor migration is based on net present value models of investment in which individuals are assumed to migrate to take advantage of positive wage differentials. In this article, we argue that a real options approach, taken together with the adjustment costs associated with sectoral relocation, may provide a basis for explaining the migration of farm labor out of the agricultural sector. Given the irreversibility of migration decisions and uncertainty in the economy, potential migrants might choose to postpone migration, even in the face of positive wage differentials. Using annual U.S. employment data from between 1948 and 2009, our results indicate that large elasticities between economic incentives and out‐farm migration are observed after a high threshold of wage differentials between farm and off‐farm sectors is surpassed.
FATIGUE STRENGTH OF STEEL PIPE-BASE PLATE CONNECTIONS

Abstract The comparative fatigue resistance of two types of steel light poles is investigated, both experimentally and analytically. The fatigue tests were performed on test specimens designed and proportioned by the California Department of Transportation. The constant amplitude fatigue behaviour wa was obtained at several levels of stress range. Exposed fatigue crack surfaces were studied theascertain the nature of the crack initiation and propagation. Theoretical fatigue life estimates were also made using an existing fracture mechanics model, thought to simulate the geometric condition represented by the wclded pipe-base plate connection. The fatigue resistance of the two series of specimens was much lower than originally anticipated. The fatigue resistance was found to be comparable to either category E or E', depending on the weld contact angle.
EFFECTS OF DESENSITIZATION OF PREJUDICED WHITES TO BLACKS UPON SUBJECTS' STEREOTYPES OF BLACKS

O'Donnell and Wore11 (1973) found that desensitization reduced the anxiety and disgust experienced by prejudiced whites in interracial siruations. The present study investigated the effect of such desensitization upon subjects' racial stereotypes. The concept of stimulus generalization suggests that those traits which comprise the stereotype might be evaluated more positively following desensitization. If true, this would suggest that desensitization produces unplanned "side effects" which go beyond the specific goals of treatment. Subjects were 16 white male college student volunteers who were in the most prejudiced half of the population on Adorno's Ethnocentrism scale. All subjects were randomly assigned to one of four therapists. Each subject, with the aide of his therapist, constructed a 10-item hierarchy involving racial situations for use during desensitization. Half of the subjects were put through a standard desensitization procedure similar to that described by Paul (1966) except that the relaxation instructions were taped. The remaining subjects, in a placebo control group, were treated identically except that they received no relaxation induction but were simply exposed to the items in the hierarchy. All subjects received 5 treatment sessions over 18 days. All subjects took a semantic differential about 2 wk. before treatment and again during the week after the completion of treatment. This measure asked subjects to rate 28 trait-adjectives selected from previous stereotype studies on 10 separate bipolar scales. One scale was "good-bad," another was "characteristic-uncharacteriscic of Negroes." The remaining scales were for filler purposes. The 10 traits rated as most characteristic of blacks were considered to comprise a subject's stereotype. The average good-bad ratings of the stereotype adjectives were computed before and after treatment for all subjects. The average rating of the stereotype adjectives shifted in the good direction from 3.900 to 4.431 for the desensitization group and from 3.279 to 3.291 for the placebo group. Th~s shift was significantly greater for the desensitization group than for the placebo group (r = 2.37, 14 df, p = .05). Apparently subjects continued to think of blacks as, for instance, "aggressive" following treatment, but now regarded the trait "aggressive" more positively. This could have important implications for both client and therapist, who need to be informed of all of the effects of a therapeutic procedure before deciding whether to use it.
A contribution to the mathematical biophycics of visual perception and aesthetics

In continuation of previous studies of the mathematical biophysics of visual perception in relation to the aesthetic evaluation of visual patterns, an expression for the total intensity of excitation in a discriminating center as a function of the intensity of the peripheral stimulus is derived. This expression is applied to the case of aesthetic judgments of similar polygons of different sizes. The theoretical conclusions are tested experimentally by use of standard psychological scaling methods. The theoretical predictions are found to be in agreement with the experimental results.
Does cyclic GMP hydrolysis control visual transduction in rods

Abstract Based on accumulating evidence, it is suggested that the depolarization of rods in darkness is mediated by cyclic GMP and that the hyperpolarizing receptor potential that represents visual transduction in these photoreceptors for dim light is controlled by light-activated cyclic GMP hydrolysis.
Theta_JC Metrology Development: Fixture Design Modeling

The junction-to-case thermal resistance or Theta_JC is one of the important metrics used to evaluate the performance and reliability of a particular electronic package. Currently, there is no established JEDEC standard for a Theta_JC test fixture. This paper presents the results of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling studies carried out to propose a simple and robust Theta_JC fixture. The theoretical Theta_JC value for a particular package was first obtained assuming idealized conditions. The model was then modified to incorporate actual fixture conditions. The objective is to design a tester fixture that reduces the Theta_JC measurement error, i.e. ideal vs. fixture. The effect of various design parameters on the measured Theta_JC value was investigated. Sensitivity studies included cavity or insulation configuration, cold plate size, thermocouple probe orientation, thermal interface materials, and applied power. Modeling results showed that, regardless of the insulation design, there was considerable heat loss through the test board on which the package was mounted. This resulted in a lower Theta_JC value measured, with errors up to 30%. To reduce the heat loss and measurement error, a heater was mounted at the bottom of the board and maintained at a temperature within 1 to 2°C of the junction temperature. Using this simple approach, the measurement error was reduced to around 6%. From the results of the study, an optimized prototype fixture design is proposed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
'Nerves': folk idiom for anxiety and depression?

This study suggests that 'nerves' as presented in a primary care clinic is a lay idiom for emotional distress and documents a relationship between the folk ailment 'nerves' and anxiety and depression. One hundred and forty-nine patients at a Virginia clinic were studied, 47 with 'nerves', and 102 controls. Testing with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) showed 'nerves' patients to be more anxious and depressed than controls. 'Nerves' patients had a mean GHQ score of 13.0 compared to 5.8 for controls (P less than 0.0001) and a BDI score of 7.6 compared to 2.5 for controls (P less than 0.0001). Testing with the Holmes-Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale showed 'nerves' patients to suffer more recent life stresses than controls: 'nerves' patients had a mean score of 187.1 compared to 119.3 for controls (P less than 0.05). 'Nerves' patients had somatic symptoms including gastrointestinal disturbances, headaches and shaking. 'Nerves' is most common among women and housewives, and is often attributed to misfortune and tragedy. The ethnomedical illness 'nerves' encompasses a rich array of cultural meanings reflecting the lifestyle and worldview of its sufferers. Despite its chronic debilitating nature, it is rarely recognized by physicians; it is, however, treated by alternative healers. Clinical implications are discussed and recommendations advanced, among them that physicians work with such healers in the recognition and treatment of 'nerves'.
Static and Dynamic Performance of Pressure Dam Bearings With Dam Steps That Are (I) Square and (II) Filleted

Measured rotordynamic force coefficients (stiffness, damping, and added-mass) and static characteristics (eccentricity and attitude angle) are presented for two nearly identical pressure-dam bearings. One bearing has a square step at the dam; the other has a filleted step. Because of reduced manufacturing costs, the filleted-step design is used widely. The bearings’ groove dimensions are close to the optimum predictions of Nicholas and Allaire [2] and are consistent with current field applications. The bearings have a diameter of 117.1 mm (4.61 in), a length-to-diameter ratio of 0.655, and a nominal radial clearance of 0.133 mm (5.25 mils). The bottom pad has a deep, centered relief track over 25% of the pad’s axial length. The upper pad for both bearings has a step located at 130° from the horizontal and a 0.620 mm (15.75 mils) deep dam. The dam on the upper pad of one bearing has a square step; the other bearing has a filleted step. Test conditions include four shaft speeds (4000, 6000, 8000 and 10000 rpm) and bearing unit loads from 0 to 1034 kPa (150 psi). Laminar flow was produced for all test conditions within the bearing lands. For the same operating conditions, the filleted step bearing operates at a lower eccentricity ratio (has a larger minimum film thickness). The filleted step design has higher direct stiffness coefficients. Both cross-coupled stiffness coefficients are positive (favorable for stability) for both designs but the filleted design produces higher values. In regard to direct damping, the filleted-step design has higher damping in the load direction and comparable values in the unloaded direction. Hence, for the same operating conditions, a filleted step design should produce reduced amplitudes at or near a critical speed. With respect to stability as defined by WFR, the filleted design is consistently better (lower value) than the square step design, resulting in an elevated onset speed of instability for the filleted-step design.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The Impact of Use of Dual Monitor Screens on 3D Head–Neck Posture and Activity of Neck Muscles

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS Computers with dual monitor screens are being increasingly used at many workplaces. Altered screen layout and increased viewing space associated with dual monitor screens may affect head–neck working postures and the activity of neck muscles. However, this problem has not been investigated in the past, and standard guidelines based on empirical data are not available for setting up a computer workstation with dual monitor screens. The present study compared the effects of single versus dual monitor screens on 3D head–neck postures and the activity of neck muscles in computer users. The results of this study have demonstrated that working on a video display unit workstation with dual monitor screens involved more rotated, asymmetric head–neck postures and higher activation of the anterior neck muscles than a video display unit workstation with a single monitor screen. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Among workstation design factors, placement of the computer monitor screen is the m...
Application of interval Newton's method to chemical engineering problems

The interval Newton's method in conjunction with generalized bisection, as implemented in the public domain software program INTBIS by Kearfott and Novoa, is a method of solving single and simultaneous nonlinear equations. In this paper, this method is used to solve 15 test problems from different chemical engineering application areas, and an ill-scaled transcendental equation. The interval method as implemented in INTBIS is capable of finding all the real roots of an equation within a specified domain. The complex roots were found by representing every complex variablez=x+iy by two real-valued variablesx andy. For polynomial equations, the computer time for INTBIS is compared to that of the parallel-path continuation method of Morgan as implemented in the public domain software program CONSOL8.
The cost of cutting out convex n -gons

Given a convex n-gon P drawn on a piece of paper Q of unit diameter we prove that it can be cut with a total cost of O(log n). This bound is shown to be asymptotically tight: a regular n-gon (whose circumscribed circle has radius, say, 1/3) drawn on a square piece of paper of unit diameter requires a cut cost of Ω(log n).
In Situ Evaluation of Layer Stiffnesses of Airport Pavements by Crosshole Seismic Tests

Many runways and taxiways in major international airports have been in service for 20 years or more. To manage this pavement system effectively, it is important to determine existing pavement conditions and to predict remaining service life. These two aspects are some of the challenges facing airport and highway engineers alike. By knowing the rate of change since the commissioning of the runway, one may be able to predict the remaining life of the pavement. Optimizing the useful life of the pavement is an effective way of managing the pavement and maximizing the benefit of the capital investment. To evaluate existing pavement conditions at the Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) International Airport, a testing procedure was used that had been developed at The University of Texas at Austin using seismic waves. This procedure involves performing crosshole seismic tests with a system tailored to perform independent measurements in all layers of the pavement profile, that is, independent stiffness measurements in the s...
BROADENING THE APPLICATION OF EVOLUTIONARILY BASED GENETIC PEST MANAGEMENT

Insect- and tick-vectored diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Lyme disease cause human suffering, and current approaches for prevention are not adequate. Invasive plants and animals such as Scotch broom, zebra mussels, and gypsy moths continue to cause environmental damage and economic losses in agriculture and forestry. Rodents transmit diseases and cause major pre- and postharvest losses, especially in less affluent countries. Each of these problems might benefit from the developing field of Genetic Pest Management that is conceptually based on principles of evolutionary biology. This article briefly describes the history of this field, new molecular tools in this field, and potential applications of those tools. There will be a need for evolutionary biologists to interact with researchers and practitioners in a variety of other fields to determine the most appropriate targets for genetic pest management, the most appropriate methods for specific targets, and the potential of natural selection to diminish the effectiveness of genetic pest management. In addition to producing environmentally sustainable pest management solutions, research efforts in this area could lead to new insights about the evolution of selfish genetic elements in natural systems and will provide students with the opportunity to develop a more sophisticated understanding of the role of evolutionary biology in solving societal problems.
Software safety analysis: The characteristics of efficient technical walkthroughs

Abstract Software safety is a relatively new concept in the software reliability and quality assurance disciplines. Several techniques for conducting software safety analysis are available, and include the following: Peer Circuit Analysis, Software Fault Trees, Nuclear Safety Cross-Check and Petri Nets. This paper puts forward Technical Walkthroughs as an effective method of the Peer Circuit Analysis technique. The paper emphasizes the characteristics of efficient technical walkthroughs that improve the safety and quality assurance function of software in each phase of its life cycle development process. The paper identifies walkthroughs objectives, responsibilities, participants, rules agendas and feedback protocols.
Analytical Methods for the Evaluation of Melamine Contamination

Abstract There is an urgent need for the analysis of melamine in the global pharmaceutical supply chain to detect economically motivated adulteration or unintentional contamination using a simple, nondestructive analytical technique that confirms the extent of adulteration in a shorter time period. In this work, different analytical techniques (thermal analysis, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), FT‐Raman, and near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy) were evaluated for their ability to detect a range of melamine levels in gelatin. While FT‐IR and FT‐Raman provided qualitative assessment of melamine contamination or adulteration, powder X‐ray diffraction and NIR were able to detect and quantify the presence of melamine at levels as low as 1.0% w/w . Multivariate analysis of the NIR data yielded the most accurate model when three principal components were used. Data were pretreated using standard normal variate transformation to remove multiplicative interferences of scatter and particle size. The model had a root‐mean‐square error of calibration of 2.4 ( R 2 = 0.99) and root‐mean square error of prediction of 2.5 ( R 2 = 0.96). The value of the paired t test for actual and predicted samples (1%–50% w/w ) was 0.448 ( p
Theory of droplet growth in clouds. I. The transient stage of the boundary-coupled simultaneous heat and mass transport in cloud formation☆

Abstract Two solutions to the system of equations describing the simultaneous heat and mass transport involved in the condensational growth of a droplet in a supersaturated atmosphere are presented. The first, valid for very short times, describes the transient stage of such growth; the second, valid for longer times, presupposes the establishment of a steady-state condition. The two are shown to be complementary for the cases examined. The equations examined satisfy the usual boundary conditions imposed on a drop in a concentric sphere as required by the cellular model for cloud formation. Hence our results can be immediately extended to the treatment of the growth rate of drops in assemblage.
Solvation structure, hydrogen bonding, and ion pairing in dilute supercritical aqueous NaCl mixtures

We review molecular dynamics simulations of infinitely dilute supercritical aqueous NaCl solutions to determine the solvation structure and the soluteinduced effect on water water hydrogen bonding and report new simulation results On the extent of the ion pairing. Our simulation studies indicate that Na+ and Cl ions as a pair or its isolated infinitely dilute ions form strong solvation structures in SCW. even though the water eater hydrogen bonding is not affected Within the context of the models we are using. there is strong indication of a high degree of Na+ CI ion pairing.
Instrumental Variables for Logistic Regression: An Illustration ☆ ☆☆ ★

Abstract The estimated effect of a regressor on an outcome is inconsistent when that regressor is determined simultaneously with that outcome. Instrumental variables estimation is a means of obtaining consistent parameter estimates in this situation. The best-known form of instrumental variables is two-stage least squares; unfortunately, this procedure cannot be simply extended to non-linear models such as logistic regression. Instrumental variables estimation, however, is still possible, and using the Generalized Method of Moments, this paper is the first to produce instrumental variables estimates for logistic regression. Obtaining these estimates is easy using widely available software. An illustrative example is provided. This methodology should be useful to social scientists familiar with 2SLS and logistic regression.
Elevation of inner ear antibody levels following direct antigen challenge of the endolymphatic sac.

The effect of direct antigen challenge of the endolymphatic sac (e.sac) on inner ear antibody levels was investigated in guinea pigs. Two weeks following e.sac antigen inoculation, perilymph antibody levels to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were found to be significantly elevated in the challenged ear of those animals compared to the unchallenged, opposite ear. Moreover, when the endolymphatic duct (e.duct) in a group of animals were obstructed prior to antigen challenge of their e.sac then the rise in perilymph antibody was prevented. The local accumulation of plasma cells and lymphocytes in the perisaccular space and e.sac lumen was seen following these antigen injections. These experiments suggest that inner ear antibody emanates from the e.sac and reaches the perilymphatic compartment along the route of the e.duct. Furthermore, these findings emphasize the central role of the e.sac in inner ear immunity.
S-asteroids 387 Aquitania and 980 Anacostia - Possible fragments of the breakup of a spinel-bearing parent body with CO3/CV3 affinities

Asteroids 387 Aquitania and 980 Anacostia are anomalous members of the S-class. Their reflectance spectra exhibit a strong broad absorption feature longwards of 1.5 micron and no significant feature near 1 micron. Their spectra indicate the presence of spinel, an aluminum-magnesium oxide mineral commonly present in inclusions in CV3 and CO3 meteorites. Spinel probably makes up only a small percentage of the surface assemblages of these asteroids, but its spectral effect may be enhanced by its presence in fine-grained white inclusions in immature asteroid regoliths. It is speculated that Aquitania and Anacostia represent material formed in the same nebular zone as the CV3 and CO3 chondrites but either: (A) at an earlier time in the nebula when such inclusions might have been a relatively larger fraction of the nebular grain population; or (B) in local regions where nebular processes (e.g., settling to the midplane) had concentrated such inclusions. The close similarity of two orbital elements (a, i) suggests that Aquitania and Anacostia may be members of a partially dispersed asteroid family produced by the early disruption of a spinel-bearing parent body.
Electronic measurements of single-molecule processing by DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment).

Bioconjugating single molecules of the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I into electronic nanocircuits allowed electrical recordings of enzymatic function and dynamic variability with the resolution of individual nucleotide incorporation events. Continuous recordings of DNA polymerase processing multiple homopolymeric DNA templates extended over 600 s and through >10 000 bond-forming events. An enzymatic processivity of 42 nucleotides for a template of the same length was directly observed. Statistical analysis determined key kinetic parameters for the enzyme’s open and closed conformations. Consistent with these nanocircuit-based observations, the enzyme’s closed complex forms a phosphodiester bond in a highly efficient process >99.8% of the time, with a mean duration of only 0.3 ms for all four dNTPs. The rate-limiting step for catalysis occurs during the enzyme’s open state, but with a nearly 2-fold longer duration for dATP or dTTP incorporation than for dCTP or dGTP into complementary, homopolymeric ...
Reliable preparation of 99mTc (V) DMSA by a simple modified method using a commercial kit for 99mTc (III) DMSA.

99m Tc pentavalent dimercaptosuccinic acid [ 99m Tc (V) DMSA], a useful agent for imaging thyroid medullary carcinoma and other tumors, can be reliably prepared by addition of NaHCO 3 and then Na 99m TcO 4 to a commercial kit for 99m Tc trivalent DMSA [ 99m Tc (III) DMSA], followed by bubbling oxygen through the solution for 10 min. 99m Tc (V) DMSA made by this method is radiochemically pure and stable for 24 h, and it gives a rat biodistribution similar to that of the agent made by previous methods. Clinical biodistribution and radiation dosimetry studies are planned.
A coupled dinuclear iron cluster that is perturbed by substrate binding in myo-inositol oxygenase.

myo-Inositol oxygenase (MIOX) uses iron as its cofactor and dioxygen as its cosubstrate to effect the unique, ring-cleaving, four-electron oxidation of its cyclohexan-(1,2,3,4,5,6-hexa)-ol substrate to d-glucuronate. The nature of the iron cofactor and its interaction with the substrate, myo-inositol (MI), have been probed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Mossbauer spectroscopies. The data demonstrate the formation of an antiferromagnetically coupled, high-spin diiron(III/III) cluster upon treatment of solutions of Fe(II) and MIOX with excess O2 or H2O2 and the formation of an antiferromagnetically coupled, valence-localized, high-spin diiron(II/III) cluster upon treatment with either limiting O2 or excess O2 in the presence of a mild reductant (e.g., ascorbate). Marked changes to the spectra of both redox forms upon addition of MI and analogy to changes induced by binding of phosphate to the diiron(II/III) cluster of the protein phosphatase, uteroferrin, suggest that MI coordinates directly t...
REGULATION OF GONADAL STEROID RHYTHMS IN RATS

Abstract This review clearly demonstrates the coupling of the adrenal and gonadal hormone rhythmicities. The physiological significance of this coupling is subject to considerable speculation. It is possible that adrenal secretions provide a transient period of quiescence or heightened gonadal secretion which may be important in reproductive performance and synchronization with other biological clocks. A breakdown in this interrelationship between the endocrine glands due to factors such as environment, stress (internal or external) or others may herald reproductive senescence. These studies also firmly establish the concept that gonadal steroids are able to modify hypothalamic LHRH activity. In this respect, while androgens and oestrogens were equipotent there was an indication that the central field of androgen action as compared to that of oestrogen may be restricted to the basal hypothalamus. The preoptic area (POA) LHRH neurons and their innervation to the organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis (OVLT) were resistant to steroid action. This raised the possibility of the existence of more than one population of LHRH neurons. Our studies suggest that only those LHRH neurons which project into the median eminence possess the ability to respond to changes in steroid titre.
Linkage analysis of candidate genes in autoimmune thyroid disease. II. Selected gender-related genes and the X-chromosome

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD) are autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) in which multiple genetic factors are suspected to play an important role. Until now, only a few minor risk factors for these diseases have been identified. Susceptibility seems to be stronger in women, pointing toward a possible role for genes related to sex steroid action or mechanisms related to genes on the X-chromosome. We have studied a total of 45 multiplex families, each containing at least 2 members affected with either GD (55 patients) or HT (72 patients), and used linkage analysis to target as candidate susceptibility loci genes involved in estrogen activity, such as the estrogen receptor α and β and the aromatase genes. We then screened the entire X-chromosome using a set of polymorphic microsatellite markers spanning the whole chromosome. We found a region of the X-chromosome (Xq21.33-22) giving positive logarithm of odds (LOD) scores and then reanalyzed this area with dense markers in a multipoint an...
Assessment of RNA in human breast tissue sampled by random periareolar fine needle aspiration and ductal lavage and processed as fixed or frozen specimens.

Abstract Ductal lavage (DL) and random periareolar fine needle aspiration (RPFNA) have both been proposed as minimally invasive techniques to sample breast tissue during breast cancer prevention trials. Laser capture microdissection (LCM), linear RNA amplification and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) theoretically overcome the limitations of small specimen size obtained with DL and RPFNA. In order to test the yield, relative stability and amplifiability of RNA from fixed and archived RPFNA and DL specimens, breast tissue was sampled from individual high risk women ( n = 9) by both DL and RPFNA. RPFNA samples showed good RNA/cDNA yield and amplification while only 2 of 9 of the paired DL specimens had cDNA of adequate quality for subsequent PCR. One and two rounds of linear amplification provided approximately a 200- and 20,000-fold enrichment of RNA, respectively. PCR analysis consistently detected ER and COX-1 mRNA in the majority of RPFNA samples examined while pS2, PCNA, VEGF and survivin expression varied with subject. RNA yield and/or stability was greater for fixed and archived RPFNA than DL specimens of breast tissue. In a subsequent study examining an expanded biomarker gene panel in fixed vs. frozen RPFNA samples, mRNA profiles and ranked relative mRNA abundance were similar ( r = 0.89) for frozen and fixed RPFNA specimens. In summary, frozen RPFNA samples may be optimal for RNA endpoints in human breast cancer prevention trials but fixed RPFNA specimens allow similar analyses with greater convenience.
Seasonal variation in foliar composition of black walnut trees

Abstract Leaf samples were collected from upper and lower crown positions at three times during the 1971 and 1972 growing seasons for planted black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) trees on the Kaskaskia Experimental Forest in Hardin County, Illinois. The average dry weight of leaves was affected by crown position and time of year. Foliar concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were affected by season, but not by crown position. The content of all elements tested and the concentrations of Ca and Mg increased with season while concentrations of N, P, and K decreased as the season progressed. Suggestions for sampling dates are given.
Gender-specific and developmental differences in protein kinase C isozyme expression in rat liver

Protein kinase C (PKC) activity is important in regulating cellular growth and differentiation and is believed to play a role in the promotional stage of carcinogenesis. To determine the effects of age and gender on PKC expression, isozyme-specific antibodies and immunoblot analyses were employed to examine the expression of PKC alpha, PKC beta, PKC gamma, PKC delta and PKC epsilon in the cytosolic and membrane fractions isolated from hepatic tissue of 1, 3, 5 and 12 week old male or female rats. PKC alpha levels were comparable at 1 week of age in the respective male and female hepatic fractions. In contrast, at 3, 5 and 12 weeks of age, cytosolic PKC alpha levels were approximately 2-, 5- and 7-fold greater, respectively, in females than in males. At 5 weeks of age, cytosolic levels of PKC delta were approximately 2-fold higher in females than in males. Other PKC isozymes were either below the limit of detection (PKC gamma), or failed to exhibit any gender-related differences (PKC beta and PKC epsilon). At 12 weeks of age, PKC activity was 1.7- or 2.4-fold greater in hepatic cytosol and membrane fractions, respectively, from females than in male samples. These results show distinct gender-specific and developmental differences in hepatic PKC isozyme expression, which may play a role in susceptibility to cancer.
The neural substrates of recollection and familiarity

Aggleton & Brown argue that a hippocampal-anterior thalamic system supports the “recollection” of contextual information about previous events, and that a separate perirhinal-medial dorsal thalamic system supports detection of stimulus “familiarity.” Although there is a growing body of human literature that is in agreement with these claims, when recollection and familiarity have been examined in amnesics using the process dissociation or the remember/know procedures, the results do not seem to provide consistent support. We reexamine these studies and describe the results of an additional experiment using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) technique. The results of the reanalysis and the ROC experiment are consistent with Aggleton & Brown's proposal. Patients with damage to both regions exhibit severe deficits in recollection and smaller, but consistent, deficits in familiarity.
Charge transfer reactions between D+, O+, Ar+, Kr+ and Xe+ with CH4, C2H6 and C3H8 at relative energies 1–10 eV

Abstract Fifteen asymmetric resonant charge transfer reactions, involving the five title atomic ions A+ and the three title molecules B have been studied in the relative (center-of-mass) energy range 1–10 eV. Two different tandem mass spectrometers were used to measure limiting cross-sections at the highest energies. Time-of-flight and retarding-potential-analysis techniques were used to characterize the contribution from non-resonant processes, occurring with momentum transfer at low impact parameters. An attempt is made to correlate the magnitudes of the cross-sections for A+ + B → products with molecular parameters of the original reactants: (i) the Franck—Condon factors for B → B+, and (ii) the cross-section for A+ + A → A + A+. The Franck—Condon factors for B → B+ are shown not to correlate quantitatively, although a propensity rule — low factors legislate low cross-sections — does apply. The dependence of the cross-section on the nature of A correlates qualitatively with the square root of the symmetric charge transfer cross-section for A+ + A → A + A+. The incorporation of all these factors, within the context of Forster theory (which treats the transfer of excitation energy A ∗ + A → A + A ∗ ), is considered for charge transfer. Qualitative but not quantitative correlations are found, and a formal justification for this is noted. The implications of these results for the mechanism of these reactions at thermal energies are briefly considered.
Wyatt, the Heart's Forest, and the Ancient Savings

My Lord, I see I must be your homager and hold land of your gift; but do you know the manner ofdoing homage in law? Always it is with a saving of his faith to the King and his other lords; and therefore, my Lord, I can be no more yours than I was, and it must be with the ancient savings.
The GIFT program for major depression

Research suggests that group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can be an efficacious and potentially cost-effective treatment for major depression. Yet despite evidence of efficacy, there may be limitations to the effectiveness of group CBT in actual clinical practice. We introduce the Group, Individual, and Family Treatment (GIFT) program that builds upon current CBT theory and technology, but has been modified to create a potentially more effective version of group CBT. In this article, we describe the emotional fitness model of mental health upon which the GIFT program is based. We then describe how the GIFT program attempts to build upon existing group CBT programs by using an open-group format and repeated-group session format, and by the integration of individual and family-based interventions.