cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A RING OF WARM DUST IN THE HD 32297 DEBRIS DISK

We report the detection of a ring of warm dust in the near-edge-on disk surrounding HD 32297 with the Gemini NorthMichellemid-infraredimager.OurN 0 -bandimageshowselongatedstructureconsistentwiththeorientationof the scattered-lightdisk.TheF! (11:2 " m) ! 49:9 " 2:1mJyfluxissignificantly abovethe28:2 " 0:6mJyphotosphere. Subtraction of the stellar point-spread function reveals a bilobed structure with peaks 0.5 00 Y0.6 00 from the star. The disk is detected out to the sensitivity limit at # 1 00 , and the flux in each lobe is symmetric to within 10%. An analysis of the stellar component of the spectral energy distribution (SED) suggests a spectral type later than A0, in contrast tocommonlycitedliteraturevalues.Wefitthree-dimensional,single-sizegrainmodelsof anopticallythindustringto our image and the SED using a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm in a Bayesian framework. The best-fit effective grain sizesare submicron, suggesting the samedust population isresponsible for the bulk of the scattered light. The innerboundaryofthewarmdustislocated0.5 00 Y0.7 00 (# 65AU)fromthestar,whichisapproximatelycospatialwiththe outerboundaryofthe scattered-light asymmetryinwardof 0.5 00 . Theadditionof aseparatecomponent of larger,cooler grainsthatprovideaportionof the60" mfluximprovesboththefidelityof themodelfitandconsistencywiththeslopes of the scattered-light brightness profiles. The peak vertical optical depths in our models [# (0:3Y1) ; 10 $ 2 ] imply that grain-grain collisions likely play a significant role in dust dynamics and evolution. Submicron grains can survive radiationpressureblowoutif theyareicyandporous.Similarly,theinferredwarmtemperatures(130Y200K)suggest that ice sublimation may play a role in truncating the inner disk. Subject headingg circumstellar matter — infrared: stars — planetary systems: protoplanetary disks — stars: formation — stars: individual (HD 32297)
Correlation of Photon and Neutrino Fluxes in Blazars and Gamma-Ray Bursts

Relativistic black hole jet sources are leading candidates for high-energy (TeV) neutrino production. The relations defining (1) efficient photopion losses of cosmic-ray protons on target photons and (2) γγ opacity of γ-rays through that same target photon field imply clear multiwavelength predictions for when and at what energies blazars and gamma-ray bursts should be most neutrino-bright and γ-ray-dim. The use of multiwavelength observations to test the standard relativistic jet model for these source is illustrated.
Cooler Injector Synchrotron control hardware at Indiana University Cyclotron Facility

This paper describes the control hardware at IUCF for the newly commissioned 200 MeV CIS ring. A combination of "commercial off the shelf" and custom "in house" hardware makes up DAC, ADC, and timing control for this synchrotron. The focus of this paper is on the custom designed hardware.
Is Addiction “Rational”? Theory and Evidence

This paper makes two contributions to the modeling of addiction. First, we provide new and convincing evidence that smokers are forward-looking in their smoking decisions, using state excise tax increases that have been legislatively enacted but are not yet effective, and monthly data on consumption. Second, we recognize the strong evidence that preferences with respect to smoking are time inconsistent, with individuals both not recognizing the true dife culty of quitting and searching for self-control devices to help them quit. We develop a new model of addictive behavior that takes as its starting point the standard “ rational addiction” model, but incorporates time-inconsistent preferences. This model also exhibits forward-looking behavior, but it has strikingly different normative implications; in this case optimal government policy should depend not only on the externalities that smokers impose on others but also on the “ internalities” imposed by smokers on themselves. We estimate that the optimal tax per pack of cigarettes should be at least one dollar higher under our formulation than in the rational addiction case.
Investigation of the double exponential in the current&#8212;Voltage characteristics of silicon solar cells

The influence of minority carrier recombination in the depletion region of silicon solar cells on their current-voltage characteristics has been investigated. Starting with cells which exhibited a clear double-exponential dark characteristic of the form j = j_{01}[\exp (\frac{qV}{(A_{1}kT})-1] + j_{02}[\exp (\frac{qV}{A_{2}kT})-1] + \frac{V}{R_{sh}} with values A_{1} \approx 1 , A_{2} \approx 2 , and R sh large, depletion region recombination was studied by subjecting the cells to proton irradiation of 20- to 80-MeV energy at fluences of 1012to 1015cm-2, so as to introduce further recombination centers in the depletion region. A significant change of j 01 resulted rather than the expected change in j 02 which would be caused by the introduction of deeplying levels. It could be shown that this effect, included inthe Sah, Noyce, Shockley formulation of diode current resulting from recombination in the depletion region, Was caused by the introduction of shallow levels in the depletion region by the proton irradiation. The analysis required an accurate measurement of the I-V Characteristics over a range of temperatures and an evaluation of them with a least squares Curve fitting computer program in order to separate the effects. As a result of this study it is found that the saturation current j 01 is not necessarily attributable Only to diffusion current from outside the depletion region and that solely its temperature dependence can clarify its origin.
A fireball in Jupiter's atmosphere

One fireball was photographed during two encounters with Jupiter. Its total luminosity was 120,000 0 mag s (at standard range 100 km). If the luminous efficiency proposed by Cook et al. (1981) for slip flow of a meteoroid in its own vapors is employed, an estimated mass of 11 kg is obtained. A rough absolute magnitude is -12.5. If it is noted that the search was conducted for a total of 223 s during two exposures, a number density near Jupiter of 10 to the -28th/cu cm is estimated for masses of meteoroids of 3 kg and greater. This value is about a factor of six smaller than a rough upper limit reached from an extrapolation from terrestrial observations of meteors and comets.
α-Discounting Method for Multi-Criteria Decision Making (α-D MCDM)

In this paper we introduce a new procedure called α-Discounting Method for Multi-Criteria Decision Making (α-D MCDM), which is as an alternative and extension of Saaty's Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). It works for any set of preferences that can be transformed into a system of homogeneous linear equations. A degree of consistency (and implicitly a degree of inconsistency) of a decision-making problem are defined. α-D MCDM is generalized to a set of preferences that can be transformed into a system of linear and/or nonlinear homogeneous and/or non-homogeneous equations and/or inequalities. Consistent, weak consistent, and strong consistent examples are presented in the sequel for linear and non-linear decision making problems.
High-pressure infrared spectra of talc and lawsonite

We present high-pressure infrared spectra of two geologically important hydrous minerals: talc, Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 and lawsonite, CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O,·at room temperature. For lawsonite, our data span the far infrared region from 150 to 550 cm−1 and extend to 25 GPa. We combine our new spectroscopic data with previously published high-pressure mid-infrared and Raman data to constrain the Gruneisen parameter and vibrational density of states under pressure. In the case of talc, we present high-pressure infrared data that span both the mid and far infrared from 150 to 3800 cm−1 covering lattice, silicate, and hydroxyl stretching vibrations to a maximum pressure of 30 GPa. Both phases show remarkable metastability well beyond their nominal maximum thermodynamic stability at simultaneous high-pressure and high-temperature conditions.
Oil and Revolutionary Governments: Fuel for International Conflict

Oil-exporting states, or petrostates, engage in militarized interstate disputes (MIDs) at a much higher rate on average than nonpetrostates. Why is this so? Further, what explains the variation among the petrostates in adopting aggressive foreign policies and engaging in MIDs on that basis? This article develops a theory that proposes that revolutionary petrostates have a higher propensity to launch MIDs than comparable nonpetrostates. This theory is tested with statistical analysis using a new quantitative data set that identifies revolutionary governments in the period 1945–2001. The results show that petro-revolutionary governments constitute a special threat to international peace and security. This evidence of resource-backed aggression challenges the conventional view of petrostates as the targets of international competition for resources.
Walks along braids and the colored Jones polynomial

Using the Huynh and Le quantum determinant description of the colored Jones polynomial, we construct a new combinatorial description of the colored Jones polynomial in terms of walks along a braid. We then use this description to show that for a knot which is the closure of a positive braid, the first N coefficients of the Nth colored Jones polynomial are trivial.
Fluorine chemistry at the millennium

Abstract In this “perspective” paper, some of the landmark discoveries and accomplishments of the past within the field of fluorine chemistry will be reviewed. Within this review, the dramatic changes (and growth in size and diversity) that the field has undergone, particularly over the last 50 years, will also be discussed. Then finally, where fluorine chemistry is and where it appears to be going will be briefly discussed. The future of fluorine chemistry indeed appears bright, with fluorine chemistry set to play a role, and usually a significant role in most important areas of technology of the 21st century. New perspectives will be required, but then, fluorine chemists have been providing such “new perspectives” to this ever-changing field for the last 75 years.
Large eddy simulations of jet flow interaction within staggered rod bundles

Abstract This work is a numerical investigation of experimental work on dual isothermal jet injection into a staggered rod bundle, mimicking phenomena present in the lower plenum of the very high temperature gas cooled reactor. Large eddy simulations were used to model the unsteady flow of the experimental conditions. As a basis, steady state simulations as well as time averaged comparisons were made with the standard and realizable k – ɛ formulations. Grid sensitivity studies were performed over six grids with the most refined grid comprised of roughly 26.5 million semi-structured polyhedral cells. The continuous wavelet transform was used for instantaneous signal decomposition of results taken within the domain in an effort to devise a better approach to validating CFD predictions of the complex flows in the lower plenum of the VHTR.
Object Identification From Images Of Variable Scale

When objects must be identified from distorted imagery, a choice must be made between feature sets that are invariant to the distortion and those that are not. Sets of invariants almost always contain less information, resulting in classification error rates that are higher under distortion-free conditions, but which are no larger when distortion is present. The choice can be evaluated by calculating error rates as a function of the eigenvalues of the correlation matrix, noise, number of classes, and a distortion parameter. An example of this evaluation is given by comparing identification of ships by using a subtraction correlator and moment features. The distortion parameter is scale, to which the correlator is sensitive and the moment comparison is invariant.
Speculations on a Strongly Interacting Higgs Sector

Using the 1/ N expansion, we argue that the O 2 N Higgs-Goldstone model may be a good indicator of the behavior of the standard SU 2 ⊗ U 1 electroweak model in the non-perturbative limit of a strongly interacting Higgs sector. We emphasize that there remains a physical scalar particle or resonance σ (Higgs remnant), whose mass (and width) will be set by the weak scale. However, its coupling to vector bosons is expected to be much stronger than the standard model Higgs of comparable mass. This provides evidence that there is an upper limit to the Higgs mass in the hundreds of GeV, regardless of whether naturalness constraints are imposed on the parameters of the effective lagrangian. We conclude with some comments about the possible relevance of this particle to the radiative events observed at the CERN q ¯ p collider.
A position paper on computing and communications

The effective operation of free enterprise in creating the envisioned information service industry is dependent on three accomplishments: 1. The restructuring of our information processing industry to provide a clear separation among costs for computing, communications, and the development of information services. 2. The wide use of multi-access system concepts so that information services may share in the use of computer installations, and so their cost of construction is reasonable. 3. The development of public, message-switched communications services with adaquate provisions for information security.
Novel pyrrolyllactone and pyrrolyllactam indolinones as potent cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitors

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are essential in the control of cell cycle progression. Inhibition of CDKs represents a new approach for pharmacological intervention in the treatment of a variety of proliferative diseases, especially cancer. Based on the crystal structure of CDK2 in complex with an imidazole indolinone compound 1 (SU9516), lead optimization through modeling, synthesis, and SAR studies has led to the discovery of a novel series of pyrrolyllactone and pyrrolyllactam indolinones as potent CDK2 inhibitors.
My Life with Quarks

This is a personal, anecdotal and autobiographical account of my early endeavors in particle physics, emphasizing how they interwove with the conception and eventual acceptance of the quark hypothesis. I focus on the years from 1958, when my doctoral work at Harvard was completed, to 1970, when John Iliopoulos, Luciano Maiani and I introduced the GIM mechanism, thereby extending the electroweak model to include all known particles, and some that were not then known. I have not described the profound advances in quantum field theory and the many difficult and ingenious experimental efforts that undergird my story which is not intended to be an inclusive record of this exciting decade of my discipline. My tale begins almost two years before I met Murray and over five years before the invention of quarks…
Molecules-in-molecule estimation of the extent of localization of Kekuléan substructures in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

This article first revises graph-theoretical (local aromaticity and overall molecular) indices, introduced by M. Randic in 1975, for benzenoid hydrocarbons and somewhat improves them for computer enumeration. This goes beyond total Kekule structure enumeration, yielding an index calculation useful for the quantitative estimation of localization of different Kekulean substructures (including ethylene-, benzene-, annulene-, and radialene-units). This may be viewed as a “molecules-in molecule” approach to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons within the context of graph theoretical partitioning.
False alarms: How early warning signals falsely predict abrupt sea ice loss

© 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Uncovering universal early warning signals for critical transitions has become a coveted goal in diverse scientific disciplines, ranging from climate science to financial mathematics. There has been a flurry of recent research proposing such signals, with increasing autocorrelation and increasing variance being among the most widely discussed candidates. A number of studies have suggested that increasing autocorrelation alone may suffice to signal an impending transition, although some others have questioned this. Here we consider variance and autocorrelation in the context of sea ice loss in an idealized model of the global climate system. The model features no bifurcation, nor increased rate of retreat, as the ice disappears. Nonetheless, the autocorrelation of summer sea ice area is found to increase in a global warming scenario. The variance, by contrast, decreases. A simple physical mechanism is proposed to explain the occurrence of increasing autocorrelation but not variance when there is no approaching bifurcation. Additionally, a similar mechanism is shown to allow an increase in both indicators with no physically attainable bifurcation. This implies that relying on autocorrelation and variance as early warning signals can raise false alarms in the climate system, warning of tipping points that are not actually there.
Transition fronts for inhomogeneous Fisher-KPP reactions and non-local diffusion

We prove existence of and construct transition fronts for a class of reaction- diffusion equations with spatially inhomogeneous Fisher-KPP type reactions and non-local diffusion. Our approach is based on finding these solutions as perturbations of appropriate solutions to the linearization of the PDE at zero. Our work extends a method introduced by one of us to study such questions in the case of classical diffusion.
Lower extremity arterial reconstruction in patients with diabetes mellitus

Foot problems remain the most common reason for hospitalization for patients with diabetes mellitus (1,2). Approximately 20% of the 12–15 million patients with diabetes in the United States can expect to be hospitalized for a foot problem at least once during their lifetime, and account for an annual health care cost for this problem alone in excess of one billion dollars (3). The primary pathological mechanisms of neuropathy and ischemia set the stage for pressure necrosis, ulceration, and multimicrobial infection, which if improperly treated ultimately leads to gangrene and amputation (4). Understanding how the factors of neuropathy, ischemia, and infection are impacting on an individual patient with a foot complication and simultaneously effecting proper treatment for all factors present is essential to foot salvage. Although this chapter focuses on the treatment of ischemia owing to arterial insufficiency, it is important to remember that ischemia is accompanied by infection in approx 50% of patients in our experience (5), and that most, if not all, patients will have peripheral neuropathy present as well. Although focusing on correction of ischemia, often by operative reconstruction or percutaneous intervention, the vascular surgeon cannot ignore these other factors if foot salvage is ultimately to be successful.
Another Subexponential-time Quantum Algorithm for the Dihedral Hidden Subgroup Problem

We give an algorithm for the hidden subgroup problem for the dihedral group D_N, or equivalently the cyclic hidden shift problem, that supersedes our first algorithm and is suggested by Regev's algorithm. It runs in exp(O(sqrt(log N))) quantum time and uses exp(O(sqrt(log N))) classical space, but only O(log N) quantum space. The algorithm also runs faster with quantumly addressable classical space than with fully classical space. In the hidden shift form, which is more natural for this algorithm regardless, it can also make use of multiple hidden shifts. It can also be extended with two parameters that trade classical space and classical time for quantum time. At the extreme space-saving end, the algorithm becomes Regev's algorithm. At the other end, if the algorithm is allowed classical memory with quantum random access, then many trade-offs between classical and quantum time are possible.
The Pain Experience of Hispanic Americans: A Critical Literature Review and Conceptual Model.

Abstract Although the Hispanic population is a burgeoning ethnic group in the United States, little is known about their pain-related experience. To address this gap, we critically reviewed the existing literature on pain experience and management among Hispanic Americans (HAs). We focused our review on the literature on nonmalignant pain, pain behaviors, and pain treatment seeking among HAs. Pain management experiences were examined from HA patients' and health care providers' perspectives. Our literature search included variations of the term "Hispanic" with "AND pain" in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and PsycINFO databases. A total of 117 studies met our inclusion criteria. We organized the results into a conceptual model with separate categories for biological and/or psychological and sociocultural and/or systems-level influences on HAs' pain experience, response to pain, and seeking and receiving pain care. We also included information on health care providers' experience of treating HA patients with pain. For each category, we identified future areas of research. We conclude with a discussion of limitations and clinical implications. Perspective In this critical review of the literature we examined the pain and management experiences of the HA population. We propose a conceptual model, which highlights findings from the existing literature and future areas of research.
Financial Frictions and Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Emerging Economies

Estimated dynamic models of business cycles in emerging markets deliver counterfactual predictions for the country risk premium. In particular, the country interest rate predicted by these models is acyclical or procyclical, whereas it is countercyclical in the data. This paper proposes and estimates a small open economy model of the emerging-market business cycle in which a time-varying country risk premium emerges endogenously. In the proposed model, a firm's borrowing rate adjusts countercyclically as the default threshold of the firm depends on the state of the macroeconomy.I econometrically estimate the proposed model and find that it can account for the volatility and the countercyclicality of country risk premium as well as for other key emerging market business cycle moments. Time varying uncertainty in firm specific productivity contributes to delivering a countercyclical default rate and explains more than 70 percent of the variances in the trade balance and in the country risk premium. Finally, I find the predicted contribution of nonstationary productivity shocks in explaining output variations falls between the extremely high and extremely low values reported in the literature.
Teacher Effects on Student Achievement and Height: A Cautionary Tale.

We apply “value-added” models to estimate the effects of teachers on an outcome they cannot plausibly affect: student height. When fitting the relatively simple models that are widely used in educa...
Metamorphosis of images in reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces

Metamorphosis is a method for diffeomorphic matching of shapes, with many potential applications for anatomical shape comparison in medical imagery, a problem which is central to the field of computational anatomy. An important tool for the practical application of metamorphosis is a numerical method based on shooting from the initial momentum, as this would enable the use of statistical methods based on this momentum, as well as the estimation of templates from hyper-templates using morphing. In this paper we introduce a shooting method, in the particular case of morphing images that lie in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS). We derive the relevant shooting equations from a Lagrangian frame of reference, present the details of the numerical approach, and illustrate the method through morphing of some simple images.
Can quantum transition state theory be defined as an exact t = 0+ limit?

The definition of the classical transition state theory (TST) as a t → 0+ limit of the flux-side time correlation function relies on the assumption that simultaneous measurement of population and flux is a well defined physical process. However, the noncommutativity of the two measurements in quantum mechanics makes the extension of such a concept to the quantum regime impossible. For this reason, quantum TST (QTST) has been generally accepted as any kind of quantum rate theory reproducing the TST in the classical limit, and there has been a broad consensus that no unique QTST retaining all the properties of TST can be defined. Contrary to this widely held view, Hele and Althorpe (HA) [J. Chem. Phys. 138, 084108 (2013)] recently suggested that a true QTST can be defined as the exact t → 0+ limit of a certain kind of quantum flux-side time correlation function and that it is equivalent to the ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) TST. This work seeks to question and clarify certain assumptions underlying ...
Reduced U.S. funding of public agricultural research and extension risks lowering future agricultural productivity growth prospects

The objective of this paper is to provide policymakers with new estimates of the separate returns to public agricultural research and extension and a perspective on future agricultural productivity growth. This requires fitting an econometric model that contains separate regressors for the stock of public agricultural research and public agricultural extension. We use net measures to create our public agricultural research and extension variables. Our model is fitted to data for the U.S. contiguous 48 states, 1970-2004. It yields statistically significant estimates of within-state and spillin stocks of public agricultural research and of within-state agricultural extension. The econometric model of state agricultural TFP yields somewhat optimistic forecasts for agricultural total factor productivity over 2004-2010. The social rate of return to public investments in agricultural research and extension are shown to remain largeâ€”both are in excess of 60 percent, which is large by any standard.
Buying Your Way into a Healthier Lifestyle: A Latent Class Analysis of Healthy Food Purchases

ABSTRACTA nonhypothetical second-price Vickrey auction was conducted to elicit consumer preferences and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for vegetable attributes, including production technique, origin, taste and health benefits. Using a latent class analysis (LCA) we segmented participants based on health-driven motivations, WTP estimates and socio-economic characteristics. Two latent classes were found and characterized as: ‘Health Conscious’ and ‘Health Redeemers’. In particular, the ‘Health Conscious’ consumers presented healthy lifestyle habits, expressed price premiums for domestic and local-specialty food products after a blind tasting treatment, but they did not have price premiums for health benefits of the products. On the contrary, the ‘Health Redeemers’ presented unhealthy lifestyles but they were willing to pay more for healthy food products, perhaps in an attempt to make up for their unhealthy habits.
Down the rabbit hole with theories of class S

We review some of the properties of 3d $$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$ theories obtained by dimensionally reducing theories of class $$ \mathcal{S} $$ . We study 3d partition functions, and certain limits thereof, for such theories, and the properties implied for these by 3d mirror symmetry.
Feature Improvement and Cost Reduction of Baitcasting Fishing Reels for Emerging Markets

Baitcasting fishing reels are a challenging product to sell to new users in emerging markets. Their complex and less-than-intuitive design make them poor candidates for a novice fisherman selecting his or her first fishing reel. Based upon manufacturer constraints and design requirements, our team lowered the price point and improved the usability of the Okuma Cerros baitcasting fishing reel to make it more appealing to a wider range of consumers, especially in emerging markets. This project resulted in a three-phase redesign: reducing cost via alternative materials and replacing bearings with bushings; prototyping a simplified cast control system; and proposing an improved user interface.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Through the twitter glass: detecting questions in micro-text

In a separate study, we were interested in understanding people's Q&A habits on Twitter. Finding questions within Twitter turned out to be a difficult challenge, so we considered applying some traditional NLP approaches to the problem. On the one hand, Twitter is full of idiosyncrasies, which make processing it difficult. On the other it is very restricted in length and tends to employ simple syntactic constructions, which could help the performance of NLP processing. In order to find out the viability of NLP and Twitter, we built a pipeline of tools to work specifically with Twitter input for the task of finding questions in tweets. This work is still preliminary, but in this paper we discuss the techniques we used and the lessons we learned.
Ni(bpy)(cod): A Convenient Entryway into the Efficient Hydroboration of Ketones, Aldehydes, and Imines

The catalytic hydroboration of ketones, aldehydes, and imines with pinacol borane and Ni(bpy)(cod) has been demonstrated in benzene at room temperature and low catalyst loadings (0.03–0.3 mol-%). Spectroscopic and structural evidence support the formulation of Ni(bpy)(cod) as containing a NiI cation and a bpy·– ligand. The Ni(bpy)(cod) complex reacts quickly with ketonic substrates to form an adduct that appears to function as an entryway into catalytic activity.
Injury Surveillance and Safety Considerations for Large-Format Lead-Acid Batteries Used in Mining Applications

Large lead-acid batteries are predominantly used throughout the mining industry to power haulage, utility, and personnel-carrier vehicles. Without proper operation and maintenance, the use of these batteries can introduce mechanical and electrical hazards, particularly in the confined, and potentially dangerous, environment of an underground coal mine. A review of the Mine Safety and Health Administration accident/illness/injury database reveals that a significant number of injuries occur during the maintenance and repair of lead-acid batteries. These injuries include burns from electrical arcing and acid exposure, as well as strained muscles and crushed hands. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health investigated the design and implementation of these batteries to identify safety interventions that can mitigate these inherent hazards. This paper promotes practical design modifications, such as reducing the size and weight of battery assembly lids in conjunction with lift assists, as well as using five-pole cable connectors to improve safety.
NK Cells in HIV Disease

Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in viral immunity. In the setting of HIV infection, epidemiologic and functional evidence support a role for NK cells in both protection from new infection and in viral control. Specifically, NK cells directly mediate immune pressure leading to virus evolution, and NK cell receptor genotypic profiles, clonal repertoires, and functional capacity have all been implicated in virus containment. In addition, indirect NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity has been linked to vaccine-induced protective immunity against HIV infection. With recent advances in our understanding of NK cell deficiency, development, memory-like responses, and editing of the adaptive immune system, the opportunities to direct and exploit NK cell antiviral immunity to target HIV have exponentially grown. In this review, we seek to highlight the intersections between discoveries in basic NK cell biology and the challenges of HIV chronic infection, vaccine development, and cure/eradication strategies.
Crowdsourcing City Government: Using Tournaments to Improve Inspection Accuracy †

Can open tournaments improve the quality of city services? The proliferation of big data makes it possible to use predictive analytics to better target services like hygiene inspections, but city governments rarely have the in-house talent needed for developing prediction algorithms. Cities could hire consultants, but a cheaper alternative is to crowdsource competence by making data public and offering a reward for the best algorithm. This paper provides a simple model suggesting that open tournaments dominate consulting contracts when cities have a reasonable tolerance for risk and when there is enough labor with low opportunity costs of time. We also illustrate how tournaments can be successful, by reporting on a Boston-based restaurant hygiene prediction tournament that we helped coordinate. The Boston tournament yielded algorithms—at low cost—that proved reasonably accurate when tested “out-of-sample” on hygiene inspections occurring after the algorithms were submitted. We draw upon our experience in working with Boston to provide practical suggestions for governments and other organizations seeking to run prediction tournaments in the future.
PROSPECTIVE EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF SIDE-HOLES AND GUIDE CATHETER DISENGAGEMENT FROM THE CORONARY OSTIUM ON FRACTIONAL FLOW RESERVE MEASUREMENTS

We prospectively examined the impact of side-holes and guide catheter disengagement on fractional flow reserve (FFR) measurements. Twenty-five patients undergoing clinically-indicated FFR measurement for intermediate coronary artery stenosis were enrolled. Four FFR measurements were made in random
Si/SiC UHV Direct Wafer Bonded Interface Structure

Planar (001)Si/(0001) Si-terminated 6H-SiC interfaces were synthesized by UHV diffusion bonding of cleaned, on-axis and vicinal wafers at 1100°C for 5 hours, at MPa pressure. The interfaces were crystalline up to their defining plane, without nanospectroscopically detectable impurities. The crack opening tests showed the interfaces were stronger than the Si substrates. Oxygen on the substrate surfaces resulted in silicon carbide on insulator (SiCOI) interface formation.
Characterization of Pulsed Laser Deposited Zinc Oxide

The pulsed laser deposition of zinc oxide films (ZnO) has been studied as a function of laser wavelength, and substrate temperature. The deposited films were characterized by x-ray diffractometry, Auger electron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Highly textured (002) ZnO films have been deposited at substrate temperatures of 300 C with laser wavelengths of 532 nm and 248 nm. However, the energy fluence of 248 nm radiation controls the degree of texturing, allowing highly textured films to be deposited at room temperature. Smart structures based on embedded, textured ZnO coated fibers, and wires exhibit excellent piezoelectric response to external stress.
The Relation Between Bank Resolutions and Information Environment: Evidence from the Auctions for Failed Banks

This study examines the impact of disclosure requirements on the resolution costs of failed banks. Consistent with the hypothesis that disclosure requirements mitigate information asymmetries in the auctions for failed banks, I find that, when failed banks are subject to more comprehensive disclosure requirements, regulators incur lower costs of closing a bank and retain a lower portion of the failed bank's assets, while bidders that are geographically more distant are more likely to participate in the bidding for the failed bank. The paper provides new insights into the relation between disclosure and the reorganization of a banking system when the regulators' preferred plan of action is to promote the acquisition of undercapitalized banks by healthy ones. The results suggest that disclosure regulation policy influences the cost of resolution of a bank and, as a result, could be an important factor in the definition of the optimal resolution strategy during a banking crisis event.
HMM-Based Acoustic Event Detection with AdaBoost Feature Selection

Because of the spectral difference between speech and acous- tic events, we propose using Kullback-Leibler distance to quantify the discriminant capability of all speech feature components in acoustic event detection. Based on these distances, we use AdaBoost to select a discriminant feature set and demonstrate that this feature set outperforms classical speech feature set such as MFCC in one-pass HMM-based acoustic event detection. We implement an HMM-based acoustic events detection system with lattice rescoring using a feature set selected by the above AdaBoost based approach.
Change of Volume of Rubber on Stretching: Effects of Time, Elongation, and Temperature

Abstract 1. Two dilatometers have been described which are suitable for measuring the change of volume of rubber on stretching. 2. The volume of pure gum rubber remains constant up to a critical elongation, above which it decreases. Coarse fillers and other inhomogeneities tend to increase the volume because of the formation of vacuoles on stretching. Carbon-black compounds, however, decrease in volume above a critical elongation, which is lower than for pure gum. 3. The decrease in volume of rubber on stretching is greater the higher the elongation, the lower the temperature, or the longer the time the rubber is kept stretched. 4. After the first few minutes the volume of stretched rubber decreases at an approximately uniform rate with the logarithm of the time. No final or equilibrium state was attained in periods up to 3 or 4 weeks. 5. Stretched rubber shows a greater coefficient of expansion than unstretched rubber. 6. Poisson's ratio for rubber in the absence of coarse fillers is 0.5 or greater, the ...
Diastereoselectivity Control in Formal Nucleophilic Substitution of Bromocyclopropanes with Oxygen- and Sulfur-Based Nucleophiles

A diastereoconvergent formal nucleophilic substitution of bromocyclopropanes with oxygen- and sulfur-based nucleophiles is described. The reaction proceeds via in situ formation of a highly reactive cyclopropene intermediate and subsequent diastereoselective addition of a nucleophile across the strained C═C bond. Three alternative means of controlling the diastereoselectivity of addition have been demonstrated: (1) thermodynamically driven epimerization of enolizable carboxamides, (2) steric control by bulky substituents, and (3) directing effect of carboxamide or carboxylate functions.
Environmental dependence of atomic-scale friction at graphite surface steps

Atomic force microscopy experiments and molecular dynamics simulations show that friction between a nanoscale tip and atomically stepped surfaces of graphite is influenced by the environment. The presence of a small amount of water increases friction at atomic steps, but does not strongly influence friction on flat terraces.
Observable signatures of extreme mass-ratio inspiral black hole binaries embedded in thin accretion disks

We examine the electromagnetic and gravitational wave (GW) signatures of stellar-mass compact objects (COs) spiraling into a supermassive black hole (extreme mass-ratio inspirals), embedded in a thin, radiation-pressure dominated, accretion disk. At large separations, the tidal effect of the secondary CO clears a gap. We derive the conditions necessary for gap opening in a radiation-pressure dominated disk and show that the gap refills during the late GW-driven phase of the inspiral, leading to a sudden electromagnetic brightening of the source. The accretion disk leaves an imprint on the GW through its angular momentum exchange with the binary, the mass increase of the binary members due to accretion, and its gravity. We compute the disk-modified GWs both in an analytical Newtonian approximation and in a numerical effective-one-body approach. We find that disk-induced migration provides the dominant perturbation to the inspiral, with weaker effects from the mass accretion onto the CO and hydrodynamic drag. Depending on whether a gap is present, the perturbation of the GW phase is between 10 and 1000 rad per year, detectable with the future Laser Interferometer Space Antenna at high significance. The perturbation is significant for disk models with an effective viscosity proportional to gas pressure but much less so if proportional to the total pressure. The Fourier transform of the disk-modified GW in the stationary phase approximation is sensitive to disk parameters with a frequency trend different from post-Newtonian vacuum corrections. Our results suggest that observations of extreme mass-ratio inspirals may place new sensitive constraints on the physics of accretion disks.
High-pressure phases of cordierite from single-crystal X-ray diffraction to 15 GPa

High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments were conducted on natural cordierite crystals with composition Mg 1.907(18) Fe 0.127(6) Al 4.01(2) Si 4.96(3) Na 0.026(3) O 18.12(9) using a synchrotron X-ray source. The samples were compressed at 300 K in a diamond-anvil cell to a maximum pressure of 15.22(15) GPa with a neon pressure-transmitting medium and a gold pressure calibrant. We observed a recently described orthorhombic to phase transition, as well as a further transition to a second triclinic phase. We solved and refined both new triclinic phases in space group P 1, and designate them cordierite II and III. The structures of cordierite II and III were refined at 7.52(3) and 15.22(15) GPa, respectively. The lattice parameters at these pressures are a = 15.567(3), b = 9.6235(4), c = 9.0658(6) A, α = 89.963(5)°, β = 86.252(10)°, and γ = 90.974(8)° for cordierite II, and a = 8.5191(19), b = 8.2448(3), c = 9.1627(4) A, α = 85.672(4)°, β = 85.986(7)°, and γ = 70.839(10)° for cordierite III. Across the phase transitions there is a significant reduction in the length of the a- axis (~2 A per phase transition), whereas both the b- and c -axis remain largely unchanged. Cordierite II has fourfold- and fivefold-coordinated Si and Al, while cordierite III has fourfold-, fivefold-, and sixfold-coordinated Si, fourfold- and fivefold-coordinated Al, and fivefold- and sixfold-coordinated Mg. The sequence of high-pressure phases shows increasing polymerization of coordination polyhedra. These results, together with other recent studies, suggest that mixed four-, five-, and sixfold coordination states may occur more commonly in silicate structures compressed at 300 K than previously recognized.
Is climate sensitivity related to dynamical sensitivity

The atmospheric response to increasing CO2 concentrations is often described in terms of the equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS). Yet the response to CO2 forcing in global climate models is not limited to an increase in global-mean surface temperature: for example, the midlatitude jets shift poleward, the Hadley circulation expands, and the subtropical dry zones are altered. These changes, which are referred to here as “dynamical sensitivity,” may be more important in practice than the global-mean surface temperature. This study examines to what degree the intermodel spread in the dynamical sensitivity of 23 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models is captured by ECS. In the Southern Hemisphere, intermodel differences in the value of ECS explain ~60% of the intermodel variance in the annual-mean Hadley cell expansion but just ~20% of the variance in the annual-mean midlatitude jet response. In the Northern Hemisphere, models with larger values of ECS significantly expand the Hadley circulation more during winter months but contract the Hadley circulation more during summer months. Intermodel differences in ECS provide little significant information about the behavior of the Northern Hemisphere subtropical dry zones or midlatitude jets. The components of dynamical sensitivity correlated with ECS appear to be driven largely by increasing sea surface temperatures, whereas the components of dynamical sensitivity independent of ECS are related in part to changes in surface temperature gradients. These results suggest that efforts to narrow the spread in dynamical sensitivity across global climate models must also consider factors that are independent of global-mean surface temperature.
Highly anisotropic electronic transport properties of monolayer and bilayer phosphorene from first principles

The intrinsic carrier transport dynamics in phosphorene is theoretically examined. Utilizing a density functional theory treatment, the low-field mobility and the saturation velocity are characterized for both electrons and holes in the monolayer and bilayer structures. The analysis clearly elucidates the crystal orientation dependence manifested through the anisotropic band structure and the carrier-phonon scattering rates. In the monolayer, the hole mobility in the armchair direction is estimated to be approximately five times larger than in the zigzag direction at room temperature (460 cm2/V s vs. 90 cm2/V s). The bilayer transport, on the other hand, exhibits a more modest anisotropy with substantially higher mobilities (1610 cm2/V s and 760 cm2/V s, respectively). The calculations on the conduction-band electrons indicate a comparable dependence while the characteristic values are generally smaller by about a factor of two. The variation in the saturation velocity is found to be less pronounced. With the anticipated superior performance and the diminished anisotropy, few-layer phosphorene offers a promising opportunity particularly in p-type applications.
The “Veblen” effect, targeted advertising and consumer welfare ☆

The technology of advertising in the twenty-first century allows for better targeting of consumers and better identification of consumer subgroups in the population. This makes it easier for firms to create in their advertising a desire to belong to the group identified with a product. We explore this kind of advertising in a monopoly model. The firm has an incentive to target this kind of advertising to the most lucrative segment of a particular social grouping and while advertising does create value for the consumer, it leads to an outcome where less output is sold at a higher price in a narrower or more segmented market than in the standard monopoly model. As a result even though consumers value the identification effect they are worse off. This is because the firm uses advertising to exploit a form of price discrimination and appropriate more surplus.
A Qualitative Examination of Pain Centrality Among Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Conflicts.

Objective. Centrality of pain refers to the degree to which a patient views chronic pain as integral to his or her life or identity. The purpose of this study was to gain a richer understanding of pain centrality from the perspective of patients who live with chronic pain. Methods. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 26 Veterans with chronic and disabling musculoskeletal pain after completing a stepped care intervention within a randomized controlled trial. Qualitative data were analyzed using an immersion/crystallization approach. We evaluated the role centrality plays in Veterans’ lives and examined whether and how their narratives differ when centrality either significantly decreases or increases after participation in a stepped care intervention for chronic pain. Results. Our data identified three emergent themes that characterized pain centrality: 1) control, 2) acceptance, and 3) preoccupation. We identified five characteristics that distinguished patients’ changes in centrality from baseline: 1) biopsychosocial viewpoint, 2) activity level, 3) pain communication, 4) participation in managing own pain, and 5) social support. Conclusions. This study highlights centrality of pain as an important construct to consider within the overall patient experience of chronic pain.
The living human ovum

Abstract Living human follicular and tubal ova have been studied by means of phase contrast microscopy, with special reference to the cytology and physiology of the corona radiata cells, polar body formation, cytoplasmic and nuclear constituents, spermatozoan behavior about and penetration of the ovum, and early cleavage. The ooplasm and polar body cytoplasm have been found to be yellow in color.