cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Media Campaign Strategies in Communicating HIV/AIDS in Zambia: Comparing Risk and Crisis Communication Strategies in Mitigating Behavior Change Among Sex Workers

This study examined the effects of emotions on risk concerns and behavior change among sex workers in Zambia. The aim was to investigate which health communication ad campaigns elicit emotions that lead to behavior change. Two types of HIV/AIDS ads were used for the analysis: Those focusing on eradicating the scourge by evoking negative emotions versus those aimed at fighting stigma with positive messages. Findings suggest that participants exposed to negatively framed ad campaigns were more likely to quit their sex working profession at follow-up than those exposed to ads designed to fight social stigma. In other words, negatively framed ad campaigns that invoked fear about HIV/AIDS were more likely to encourage behavior change among female sex workers in Zambia. The study speaks to the issue of risk versus crisis communication as they relate to how the Global North and South respond to stigma.
Analysis of Data on Heavier Truck Weights: Case Study of Logging Trucks

Knowledge of truck axle weights and distribution is critical for assessing the damaging effects of loading on pavements. A study was initiated in Wisconsin to investigate the impact of a new law that allows vehicle combinations up to 98,000 lb on six axles to transport raw forest products during the spring thaw suspension period. Analysis of truck weight data collected at two logging industrial facilities was done to determine whether certain logging trucks were more damaging than others. The data collected included truck axle weight and spacing from platform scales at two logging industrial facilities, plus scale operators’ monthly supplied log truck reports covering the period of December 2011 to May 2012. Analysis revealed that a considerable proportion of trucks were overloaded at the two facilities, with overload averaging 31% and 24% in winter and 25% and 33% in spring. The magnitude of the overload, however, averaged less than 5% of the 98,000-lb limit permitted under the law for gross vehicle weig...
SU‐E‐J‐171: The Dosimetric Consequence of a Failed Breath Hold for Left‐Sided DIBH Breast Treatment

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to determine the dosimetric consequence of a failed breath hold which may arise out of failure to prompt the patient before initiating treatment or lack of compliance from the patient in taking or maintaining the breath hold. In this context, the patient is assumed to be aligned properly for treatment to the breath hold surface. Methods: Ten left-sided breast cancer patients were simulated for treatment in the free-breathing (FB-CT) and deep-inspiration breath hold (DIBH-CT) positions using a bellows device to monitor respiration. The CT scans were fused using a common rigid coordinate system in the underlying couch allowing the analysis of the identical setup position for either FB-CT or DIBH-CT. The breast tissue, lumpectomy cavity, heart, and lungs were contoured on each CT. Patients were planned for treatment to 50Gy using a tangent field-in-field technique on the DIBH CT scan. The treatment plan was subsequently copied to the free-breathing scan in the same geometric position and recalculated. Results: No statistically significant dose difference was found for the heart (V30, V20, mean, and maximum) or lumpectomy cavity (mean, maximum, minimum, and V95). However, in two cases, the lumpectomy cavity V95 was 20% less for FB-CT. The lung V20 decreased by an average of 3.7±1.0% (p=0.004) for FB-CT. No statistically significant dose difference was found for the mean and maximum breast dose. The minimum breast dose (16.9±3.4 for DIBH) decreased by an average of 11±3.4% (p=0.0001), and the breast V95 (84.7±2.0% for DIBH) decreased by an average of 13.9±7.2% (p=0.003). Conclusion: Our results show that a failed breath hold would not negatively affect the surrounding organs and increased lung sparing. In our study, the lumpectomy cavity remained satisfactorily targeted in 8 out of 10 cases. However, the minimum and V95 breast doses decreased considerably.
Cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes. VIII. Lymphotoxin activity in cell-free extracts of activated lymphocytes.

Abstract Cell-free extracts of human lymphocytes activated by PHA contain a cytotoxin that kills mouse L cells. Such cells elaborate two different kinds of toxins into the culture supernatant fluids, called α- and β-lymphotoxin (-LT), which differ in size, stability, and antigenicity. The amount of intracellular toxin is 1 to 24% of that found in supernatants of different tonsil donors. Equal amounts of intracellular toxin appear in both microsomal fraction (100,000g pellet) and soluble supernatant fractions of the cell-free extracts (CFE). The toxin can be solubilized from the membrane by digestion with papain or extraction with a nonionic detergent, but not by repeated sonication. The molecular weight of both the microsomal and soluble cellular cytotoxin is 45,000 ± 5000. The intracellular toxin differs from the extracellular toxins secreted by the same cells in two major characteristics: one, although its size approximates that of supernatant β-LT (and is smaller than the 76,000 M r α-LT), antibody-inhibiting α-LT but not β-LT inhibits both the microsomal and soluble CFE-LT. Two, the intracellular LT does not display the charge heterogeneity so characteristic of supernatant α-LT. Supernatant α-LT and CFE-LT are similar in their patterns of inactivation by heating to 80 °C and treatments with sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), guanidine, proteases, and heavy metal ions, and are similarly unaffected by treatment with 8 M urea, N -ethylmaleimide, and sodium periodate. These results suggest that the single polypeptide intracellular LT is the precursor of the more complex secreted α-LT molecule.
Maximum received power statistics within RF reflective enclosures for HERO/EMV testing

Statistical models for maximum electromagnetic fields within RF reflective enclosures (i.e. complex cavities) have historically been derived from parent distributions obtained from the central limit theorem applied to sums of random variables. However, recent work has been done to apply the Fisher-Tippett theorem and its associated generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution to model enclosure maximums directly. The purpose of this paper is to experimentally validate the GEV distribution to model maximum received power measurements within a complex cavity for use in Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO) and Electromagnetic Vulnerability (EMV) testing. Distribution parameters and associated confidence intervals are statistically determined through maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) methods.
Lysosomal Lipases of Rat Liver and Kidney

Abstract The subcellular distribution in rat liver and rat kidney of the enzymes hydrolyzing triglycerides at acid pH has been studied. The lipase was shown to be lysosomal by the purification of lysosomes and by the isolation of Triton WR 1339-filled liver lysosomes. The lipase was found to be bound to the lysosomal membranes, had a pH optimum of 4.2, and required Triton X-100 in the reaction mixture for maximum activity. The lysosomal lipase had maximum activity against glycerol tridecanoate but had considerable activity against other long chain triglycerides. The lipase was inhibited by NaCl, NaF, iodoacetate, and Hg++ ions and was not affected by Ca++, Mg++, ethylenediamine tetraacetate, protamine sulfate, and sodium taurocholate. This is the first clear demonstration of a lipase in lysosomes. It is suggested that the lipase is involved in the intralysosomal digestion of triglycerides entering lysosomes by autophagy.
Cellular differentiation regulates expression of Cl- transport and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mRNA in human intestinal cells.

Abstract The gene defective in cystic fibrosis has recently been shown to code for a membrane protein designated the "cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator" (CFTR) protein. While it has been shown that detectable levels of the mRNA for the normal CFTR protein are present in epithelial cells from different tissues, factors which regulate CFTR expression have not been identified. A clonal cell line originating from a human colon adenocarcinoma (HT29-18) differentiates to multiple epithelial cell types when deprived of glucose in the culture medium. In these studies, mRNA isolated from these cells was examined by hybridization to a 1.45-kilobase cDNA probe which encodes transmembrane portions of the CFTR protein between exons 13 and 19. Cellular differentiation of HT29-18 causes a 9-18-fold increase in CFTR mRNA abundance versus the mRNA for the structural proteins actin and tubulin. Cellular differentiation also causes a 5-fold increase in second messenger-regulated Cl- transport which is sensitive to a Cl- channel blocker (diphenylamine 2-carboxylate). Subclones of HT29-18 which are committed to differentiate to either a mucin-secreting (HT29-18-N2) or an "enterocyte-like" (HT29-18-C1) phenotype have also been examined. In both subclones, elevated levels of CFTR mRNA are observed when compared with undifferentiated HT29-18 cells. However, during cellular differentiation, the regulation of CFTR mRNA abundance and membrane enzyme expression by the subclones is different from HT29-18. The results show that elevated CFTR mRNA occurs in multiple differentiated intestinal epithelial cell types, despite a phenotype-specific regulation of membrane protein expression. This suggests that CFTR expression plays a role in the differentiated functions of multiple epithelial phenotypes and that both cellular differentiation and cellular phenotypes are factors which regulate CFTR expression.
Humidity and Frictional Performance of C/C Composites

This paper focuses on friction and wear of the carbon-carbon composite materials tested at different simulated landing energy and humidity conditions. The strong influence of humidity was visible at the low landing energy conditions. Temperature on the friction surface is insufficient for the evaporation of moisture, and the average coefficient of friction is low (μ 0.15). At higher energy, the average μ increases to 0.4. However, the friction becomes unstable and depending on time. Similar frictional response was detected for both, 2D and 3D materials, however the effect is more pronounced in 3D composites. Wear of 2D material is sensitive to the level of the moisture and less sensitive to energy dissipated in friction process. As the humidity increases, wear of 2D material decreases proportionally. Wear data of 3D material demonstrated considerable sensitivity to humidity and to braking energy levels. At low energy braking simulations, wear of 3D composite is significantly higher compared to 2D samples. Opposite tendency was observed at 100% normal landing energy (NLE) simulations and wear is similar for 3D and 2D tested at 50% NLE. Microstructural studies showed that the friction layer was developed on the rubbing surface during all braking simulations. The proportion of the area covered by the friction layer is markedly influencing the frictional properties of C/C composite materials. TEM analysis revealed that at small energies, the friction layer was always amorphous. At highest energy simulations, a mixture of amorphous and highly crystalline carbons was detected in the friction layer. No direct correlation between crystal order of friction film and frictional performance was found.
A graphical simulation software for predicting IEEE 802.5 token-ring performances

GRASP (Graphical Ring Access Simulation Program) is a graphical simulation software created specifically for analysing the performance of computer communications networks conforming to the IEEE802.5 local area networking standard. The performance parameters evaluated by the software are: the maximum, and the average, achieveable data rate of each node; the maximum, and the average, message queueing delay; as well as, the maximum number of data bits at the output buffer of each node. All these results are provided by GRASP in evaluating the performance of a token-ring network.
Prolonged exposure to hyperthermic stress augments neutrophil recruitment to lung during the post-exposure recovery period

The effects of heat, especially long-term heat exposure, are complex and incompletely understood and few studies have analysed the immunological consequences of such exposures. In the present study we analysed how long-term hyperthermia modified the pulmonary immune responses, especially recruitment of neutrophils to sites of inflammation, infection and injury. Using our mouse model of long-term whole body hyperthermia (continuous 5-day passive febrile range hyperthermia (5d-FRH)) we found that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge greatly increased neutrophil accumulation in bronchoalveolar lavage and lung parenchyma in 5d-FRH exposed mice in comparison to LPS-treated controls. Moreover, the effect was sustained, and persisted during the post-exposure recovery period, and LPS challenge on days 5–7 post-recovery also exhibited similarly augmented neutrophil response. Lung lavage from 5d-FRH mice, either immediately or up to 7 days post-exposure, showed significantly increased levels of ELR + CXC ch...
Object orientation in RF field determines thermoacoustic contrast

As in MRI, orientation of the patient relative to field lines significantly impacts signal generated. Oblong inclusions generate far less thermoacoustic signal when oriented with long axis perpendicular to E field lines of radiofrequency excitation. We present simulated and low-power measured results below.
A new stroboscopy rating form.

Summary A newly developed stroboscopy rating form is presented. The evolution of the new form is discussed by focusing on how problems with another commonly used form led to its development. Interjudge agreement and intrajudge reliability data for the new rating form reveal that the parameters of phase closure, phase symmetry, and phase regularity remain difficult to rate even with the revised rating form.
Bi 2 O 3 -Y 2 O 3 -CeO 2 Solid Solution Oxide-Ion Electrolyte

Abstract The Bi 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 CeO 2 solid solution with oxygen-deficient fluorite structure is shown to have an oxide-ion conductivity σ 0 = 0.1 S cm −1 at 600 °C without degradation after annealing at 650 °C for over 300 h. The oxygen-deficient perovskite La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3 − δ proves to be an excellent cathode for an air or O 2 oxidant. With an appropriate strategy for the anode, this electrolyte may be used in a solid oxide fuel cell.
Self-Reported Health Status, Prophylactic Medication Use, and Healthcare Costs in Older Adults with Asthma

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between self-reported health status, prophylactic medication use, and healthcare service use in older adults with asthma. DESIGN: A prospective longitudinal cohort study was conducted over a 2-year postenrollment period in a population of asthmatic older adults enrolled in managed care. Patients completed a comprehensive health-risk screen at time of enrollment in the plan. SETTING: A Medicare health maintenance organization (HMO) in the southeastern United States with prescription benefit. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred twenty-nine older adults with asthma using inhaled corticosteroid therapy as prophylaxis and enrolled in a Medicare HMO were available for complete follow-up. MEASUREMENTS: We measured self-reported health perception, falls, lifestyle, depressive symptomatology, and pre-enrollment healthcare service use using a comprehensive risk screen. We used the Med-Total index and total annual healthcare charges as measures of postenrollment inhaled corticosteroid and healthcare service use. RESULTS: After adjusting for the effects of other variables, we found that depressive symptomatology at baseline and increased comorbidity severity (using the Charlson comorbidity index) were associated with significant reductions in prophylactic medication possession (27% with depressive symptomatology and 6% with unit increase in Charlson's index, P < .05). Additionally, after adjusting for the effects of baseline health status, we found that a 10% increase in prophylactic medication possession was associated with a nearly 5% decrease in total annual healthcare charges in this population (P < .01). CONCLUSION: There are strong but not fully explained associations between depressive symptoms at time of enrollment, decreased postenrollment prophylactic medication use and increased postenrollment healthcare service use in older adults with asthma.
Automatic analysis of EMG during clonus.

Clonus can disrupt daily activities after spinal cord injury. Here an algorithm was developed to automatically detect contractions during clonus in 24-hour electromyographic (EMG) records. Filters were created by non-linearly scaling a Mother (Morlet) wavelet to envelope the EMG using different frequency bands. The envelope for the intermediate band followed the EMG best (74.8–193.9 Hz). Threshold and time constraints were used to reduce the envelope peaks to one per contraction. Energy in the EMG was measured 50 ms either side of each envelope (contraction) peak. Energy values at 5 % and 95 % maximal defined EMG start and end time, respectively. The algorithm was as good as a person at identifying contractions during clonus (p = 0.946, n=31 spasms, 7 subjects with cervical spinal cord injury), and marking start and end times to determine clonus frequency (intra class correlation coefficient, α: 0.949), contraction intensity using root mean square EMG (α: 0.997) and EMG duration (α: 0.852). On average the algorithm was 574 times faster than manual analysis performed independently by two people (p≤ 0.001). This algorithm is an important tool for characterization of clonus in long-term EMG records.
Antioxidant and DNA methylation-related nutrients and risk of distal colorectal cancer

Objective To investigate the relationship between antioxidant nutrients (vitamins C and E, β-carotene, selenium) and DNA methylation-related nutrients (folate, vitamins B6 and B12) and distal colorectal cancer risk in whites and African Americans and to examine intakes from food only versus total (food plus dietary supplements) intakes.
Cognitive self-instruction in process and reactive schizophrenics: A failure to replicate

Cognitive self-instructional training was studied in process and reactive schizophrenics. The data revealed no significant difference between the self-instructional group and the practice controls, and no significant difference between the process and reactive schizophrenics. Thus, an attempt to replicate the Meichenbaum and Cameron study (1973—Study 1) failed. Possible reasons for this failure are discussed.
X-Ray crystallographic and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,4-oxadiazin-2-ones derived from ephedrine and pseudoephedrine

Abstract 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-2H-1,3,4-oxadiazin-2-ones derived from (1R,2S)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine have been synthesized and their conformational properties have been examined. The ephedrine heterocycles 5–7a appear to favor one set of equilibrating conformers while the pseudoephedrine heterocycles 5–7b exist as multiple conformers at room temperature. The observed conformational behavior of these heterocycles is attributed to allylic strain and a gauche effect arising from the torsional energy barrier between the lone pair electrons of the N3- and N4-nitrogens.
Ionic displacements and spontaneous polarization in displacive ferroelectrics

Abstract A simple relationship between the spontaneous polarization and ionic displacements of the ferroelectric phase, involving the infrared dielectric response of the paraelectric phase, is derived. The relationship is shown to be valid for BaTiO3. An estimate of the spontaneous polarization of LiNbO3 is made.
Black Racial Identity Attitudes and Stages of the Life Span: An Exploratory Investigation:

This article explores the construction of Black racial identity attitudes during three stages of the life span. Participants were 476 African Americans between the ages of 14 and 59. Each completed the Racial Identity Attitude Scale-B (RIAS-B) and a demographic survey. A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed pattern differences across age groups, with the young adulthood stage differing from adolescence and middle adulthood. A correlation analysis revealed that the older the respondents were, the less likely they were to endorse immersion attitudes (strong attachment to Black culture and its expression). Adolescents reported predominantly internalization attitudes (racial expressions of comfort) mirroring almost exactly the middle-adulthood group. Young adults reportedpredominantly encounterattitudes (experiencing a critical incident regarding race). These findings point to the imperative needfor longitudinal racial identity studies and contemporary measurements of racial identity attitu...
Quantitation of 5-methylcytosine by one-dimensional high-performance thin-layer chromatography

A method for the quantitative analysis of DNA 5-methylcytosine by one-dimensional high-performance thin-layer chromatography using alkylamino modified silica (HPTLC-NH2) plates is described. The preparative method is simple, involving enzymatic digestion of DNA with micrococcal nuclease and phosphodiesterase II to 3'-monophosphate nucleosides, conversion by T4 polynucleotide kinase to 32P-labeled 3',5'-bisphosphate nucleosides, and chromatographic separation of nuclease P1-cleaved 5'-monophosphate nucleosides. The weak, basic anion exchanger property of the HPTLC-NH2 plate enables separation of multiple samples in one dimension, whereas traditional polyethyleneimine cellulose plates require development of individual samples in two dimensions for analysis of 5'-methylcytosine.
Oxygen transport in zeolite Y measured by quenching of encapsulated tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium

Abstract This study deals with emission quenching of zeolite encapsulated trisbipyridyl ruthenium (II) (Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ) by oxygen. Oxygen saturated solutions of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ typically show about 70% quenching ( I 0 / I =3.3), where I 0 and I are the peak intensities of the emission in N 2 and O 2 , respectively. However, an aqueous suspension of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ -zeolite Na–Y (Si/Al = 2.5) (abbreviated as Ru–Na–Y) showed no quenching at all. This observation motivated us to analyze how the transport of O 2 is occurring in the zeolite. Upon exposure of solid Ru–Na–Y (99% of intrazeolitic water) to N 2 /O 2 dry gases, quenching in oxygen was found to be 5% ( I 0 / I =1.07). Partial dehydration at room temperature with loss of 33% of the water molecules from the zeolite led to 66% ( I 0 / I =2.96) quenching. Dehydration of Ru–Na–Y at 250 °C under vacuum overnight led to complete loss of intrazeolitic water and increased quenching to 90% ( I 0 / I =10.7). Nanocrystalline Ru(bpy) 3 2+ -zeolite Y upon vacuum dehydration lost 55% of the intrazeolitic water and showed 96% ( I 0 / I =25.3) quenching. The extent of quenching of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ in zeolites by O 2 is by far the largest as compared to previously studied matrices, and is being attributed to confinement of O 2 in the supercages, which leads to increase in number of collisions with Ru(bpy) 3 2+ and enhanced quenching. However, these samples showed complete lack of sensitivity ( I 0 / I =1) to oxygen upon exposure to water saturated gas or dissolved gas. Dealumination of zeolite framework by treatment with (NH 4 ) 2 SiF 6 produced a framework of Si/Al = 9.5, and with SiCl 4 a framework of Si/Al > 100. With increasing dealumination, the extent of quenching by dissolved O 2 increased.
Nuzzling in the gray short-tailed opossum II : familiarity and individual recognition

Nuzzling is a chemosensory exploratory behavior that enables South American gray short-tailed opossums to dissolved dry conspecific odor deposits in naso-oral secretions and incorporate them into their vomeronasal organs. This report documents that male opossums nuzzle novel (unfamiliar conspecific) male odors significantly longer than familiar (own of familiar conspecific) male odors or clean substrates. Such findings suggest that an important ethological function of nuzzling behavior involves individual recognition of conspecifics. The first experiment demonstrates that a very short (3-min) exposure to a conspecific odor is sufficient to establish familiarity. The second experiment reveals that a brief exposure results in prolonged (at least 2 h) odor retention. Both experiments establish that nuzzling by males is normally followed by scent marking; thus, novel male odors also elicit increased scent marking. We have identified four novel forms of scent marking by male Monodelphis domestica (ventral, chin, anal/cloacal, and neck) and our data suggest that marking style may be at least partially dependent on the physical properties of the substrata.
The kinematics and dynamics of vorticity in the inertial range: a possible scenario

The evolution of initially weak structures of vorticity as they evolve in an incompressible turbulent flow is investigated. Such objects are candidates for being important structures in the inertial range and in the dissipation range of scales. Initially, these structures evolve passively as a result of the induced velocity field of the large-scale vorticity field. This field is three dimensional and time dependent, so these objects are subjected to straining apropos of Lagrangian chaos, characterized by a distribution of finite-time Lyapunov exponents.
Control in a dynamic village economy: The reforms and unbalanced development in China's rural economy

Abstract A dynamic control framework is used to model the Chinese village economy in order to explain the rural sector's unbalanced growth in the post reform period. Village leaders are assumed to maximize a multi-attribute utility function by manipulating local policy instruments subject to the structural relationships in the economy. The model's parameters are estimated econometrically using a data set from forty villages in eastern China. The empirical results identify important linkages between agriculture and rural industry in village economies. Unbalanced growth can partially be explained by the way economic incentives induce individuals in rural areas to move resources toward the rural industrial sector and away from agriculture.
Data mining with local model specification uncertainty: a discussion of Hoover and Perez

Hoover and Perez’s results show that the general-to-specific approach performs well if the search for a linear and stable model specification is conducted in a local neighborhood around the truth. However, non-linearities, outliers, parameter instability and the absence of even approximate knowledge of the true data generating process means that in practice this approach is unlikely to perform up to the standards reported in the papers.
Nonlinear interferometric vibrational imaging: optical ranging and spatial localization of CARS

Diagnostic imaging trends are progressing toward the molecular level with the advent of molecular imaging techniques. Optical molecular imaging techniques that utilize targeted exogenous contrast agents or detect endogenous molecular signatures will significantly extend our ability to detect early pathological changes in biological tissue, and treat diseases early when they are most amenable to be cured. We have developed a technique called Nonlinear Interferometric Vibrational Imaging (NIVI) that takes advantage of the coherent nature of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) processes and the coherent optical ranging and imaging capabilities of optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT uses interferometry and heterodyne detection in the time or spectral domain to localize reflections of near-infrared light deep from within highly-scattering tissues. OCT has found wide biological and medical applications, and recently, molecular imaging methods have been developed. By utilizing the molecular-sensitivity of CARS, NIVI performs optical ranging and multi-dimensional molecular imaging with OCT-like optical systems, enabling the retrieval of not only χ(3) [chi(3)] amplitude but also phase information, the rejection of problematic non-resonant background four-wave-mixing signals, enhanced sensitivity from heterodyne detection, and a relaxation of the high-numerical aperture focusing requirements present in CARS microscopy. We present recent progress and advances in NIVI, including depth-ranging capabilities that extend significantly deeper than current CARS microscopy methods and are potentially more suitable for cross-sectional deep-tissue in vivo imaging.
Hole Mobilities and the Physics of Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells

Abstract The effects of low hole mobilities in the intrinsic layer of pin solar cells are illustrated using general computer modeling; in these models electron mobilities are assumed to be much larger than hole values. The models reveal that a low hole mobility can be the most important photocarrier transport parameter in determining the output power of the cell, and that the effects of recombination parameters are much weaker. Recent hole drift-mobility measurements in a-Si:H are compared. While hole drift mobilities in intrinsic a-Si:H are now up to tenfold larger than two decades ago, even with recent materials a-Si:H cells are low-mobility cells. Computer modeling of solar cells with parameters that are consistent with drift-mobility measurements give a good account for the published initial power output of cells from United Solar Ovonic Corp.; deep levels (dangling bonds) in the intrinsic layer were not included in this calculation. Light-soaking creates a sufficient density of dangling bonds to lower the power from cells below the mobility limit, but in contemporary a-Si:H solar cells degradation is not large. We discuss the speculation that light-soaking is ‘self-limiting’ in such cells.
A selected bibliography on the fair employment practice movement, title VII, and the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission—1942 through 1984 with related executive orders and federal legislation

Abstract 1985 marked the twentieth anniversary of the establishment of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This selected bibliography traces the development of the Fair Labor Practice movement that led to a two decade-long campaign for a permanent federal agency to prohibit discrimination in the area of employment. Listings of selected federal legislation and Executive Orders are included.
Conformational inhibition of the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site RNA

The internal ribosome entry site (IRES), a highly conserved structured element of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genomic RNA, is an attractive target for antiviral drugs. Here we show that benzimidazole inhibitors of the HCV replicon act by conformational induction of a widened interhelical angle in the IRES subdomain IIa, which facilitates the undocking of subdomain IIb from the ribosome and ultimately leads to inhibition of IRES-driven translation in HCV-infected cells.
rough deal: a gene required for proper mitotic segregation in Drosophila.

We describe a genetic locus rough deal (rod) in Drosophila melanogaster, identified by mutations that interfere with the faithful transmission of chromosomes to daughter cells during mitosis. Five mutant alleles were isolated, each associated with a similar set of mitotic abnormalities in the dividing neuroblasts of homozygous mutant larvae: high frequencies of aneuploid cells and abnormal anaphase figures, in which chromatids may lag, form bridges, or completely fail to separate. Surviving homozygous adults are sterile, and show cuticular defects associated with cell death, i.e., roughened eyes, sparse abdominal bristles, and notched wing margins. The morphological process of spermatogenesis is largely unaffected and motile sperm are produced, but meiocyte aneuploidy is common. The nature of the observed abnormalities in mitotic cells suggests that the reduced fidelity of chromosome transmission to the daughter cells is due to a failure in a mechanism involved in assuring the proper release of sister chromatids.
Principal component analysis of Quaternary planktic foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico: Paleoclimatic applications

Abstract Principal component analyses of the percentages of 19 species of planktic foraminifera in 22 Gulf of Mexico deep-sea cores of late Quaternary age show that the first component for each core generates an approximate paleotemperature curve. The first component contrasts a warm-water assemblage composed of Globorotalia menardii, Pulleniatina obliquiloculata, Globorotalia truncatulinoides and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei , and a cold-water assemblage composed of Globorotalia inflata, Globigerina falconensis, Hastigerina aequilateralis , and Orbulina universa . The late Quaternary paleotemperature curves, plotted along the axes of this principal component, show a general similarity to those previously established. The principal component curves are highly significantly correlated with oxygen isotopic curves for the two cores where such data are available.
Attenuation of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus: Loss of the defective transforming component during serial passage of oncogenic virus in fibroblasts

Abstract Oncogenic preparations of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, consisting of REV and its associated helper virus REV-A, were found to lose transforming activity during serial passage in fibroblast cultures. Electrophoretic analyses of virion RNA suggested that this loss of transforming activity results from loss of REV from the virus population. Attenuation of viral oncogenicity was not observed during passage in hematopoietic cell cultures. The different effects of virus passage in fibroblasts and hematopoietic cells are discussed.
Quenching methods for Ti-325 alloy

Abstract The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of two different cooling procedures on the room temperature mechanical properties of AMS 4943 Ti-325 alloy. The samples were annealed at 1170 °F (632 °C), 1200 °F (649 °C) and 1230 °F (666 °C), half of the samples were water quenched and the other half were furnace cooled to room temperature. The yield strength, ultimate strength and percent elongation as a function of quenching media were determined.
EXOTIC METAL MOLECULES IN OXYGEN-RICH ENVELOPES: DETECTION OF AlOH (X1Σ+) IN VY CANIS MAJORIS

A new interstellar molecule, AlOH, has been detected toward the envelope of VY Canis Majoris (VY CMa), an oxygen-rich red supergiant. Three rotational transitions of AlOH were observed using the facilities of the Arizona Radio Observatory (ARO). The J = 9 ? 8 and J = 7 ? 6 lines at 1?mm were measured with the ARO Submillimeter Telescope, while the J = 5 ? 4 transition at 2?mm was observed with the ARO 12?m antenna on Kitt Peak. The AlOH spectra exhibit quite narrow line widths of 16-23?km?s?1, as found for NaCl in this source, indicating that the emission arises from within the dust acceleration zone of the central circumstellar outflow. From a radiative transfer analysis, the abundance of AlOH relative to H2 was found to be ~1 ? 10?7 for a source size of 0.26'' or 22 R* . In contrast, AlCl was not detected with f ? 5 ? 10?8. AlOH is likely formed just beyond the photosphere via thermodynamic equilibrium chemistry and then disappears due to dust condensation. The AlOH/AlO abundance ratio found in VY CMa is ~17. Therefore, AlOH appears to be the dominant gas-phase molecular carrier of aluminum in this oxygen-rich shell. Local thermodynamic equilibrium calculations predict that the monohydroxides should be the major carriers of Al, Ca, and Mg in O-rich envelopes, as opposed to the oxides or halides. The apparent predominance of aluminum-bearing molecules in VY CMa may reflect proton addition processes in H-shell burning.
Doppler mitral pressure half-time: A clinical tool in search of theoretical justification

The Doppler determination of the mitral pressure half-time has gained widespread acceptance as a reliable estimate for mitral valve area, despite little theoretical basis for its “independence” of other hemodynamic variables. A simple model of the left atrium and mitral valve has been developed and a governing equation derived from fluid dynamics fundamentals. Solution of this equation indicates that the pressure half-time should vary inversely with mitral valve area, but also proportionally to net left atrial and ventricular compliance and to the square root of the peak transmitral gradient. This complex relation is apparently masked in the typical clinical situation because pressure and compliance tend to change in opposite directions, thereby partly offsetting each other. In several clinical settings, such as balloon mitral valvotomy, left ventricular hypertrophy and aortic regurgitation, changes in initial pressure and compliance may be large enough to alter the relation between mitral area and pressure half-time. This study reviews the development of the pressure half-time concept, presents an overall method for studying mitral valve flow using mathematical modeling and describes the effects of factors other than mitral valve area on pressure half-time.
An approach to the assessment of high-level radioactive waste containment - II : radionuclide releases from an engineered barrier system

Abstract This paper is the second in a series describing the models used in the Engineered Barrier System Performance Assessment Code (EBSPAC) to represent processes that govern the failure of waste packages (WPs) and the release of radionuclides from the engineered barrier system (EBS). These models are specifically adapted to the US Department of Energy (DOE) WP design, adopted in 1996, for the proposed high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repository at Yucca Mountain (YM). The design consists of a double-wall overpack composed of two concentric containers of different metallic materials in a horizontal drift emplacement. EBSPAC was developed to deterministically evaluate the performance of the engineered barriers and to be used as the source term module in the Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses (CNWRA)/Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Total-system Performance Assessment (TPA) code. EBSPAC has two distinct parts. The part dealing with the radionuclide release subsequent to WP failure is the focus of this paper in which various models (i.e. dry-air oxidation and aqueous dissolution of spent fuel (SF), gaseous and aqueous release of radionuclides) are presented, whereas modeling of the WP failure is described in a companion paper. An example problem is presented to illustrate computational results obtained with the code analyzing the influence of several critical input parameters for the source term related to the repository and EBS designs and resulting environmental conditions. The source term calculations are confined to the radionuclides being released just outside of the WP. Both gaseous and aqueous release calculations are performed using models in which radionuclide decay, in-growth of daughter products in the chains, degradation process of SF, temporal variation of inventory in the WP, and spatial variations in the properties of the surrounding material are included. The degree of complexity varies from model to model as necessary simplifications are made, while ensuring conservatism.
Handedness: basic physics

In the News & Comment article "Genetic testing set for takeoff" by Rachel Nowak (22 July, p. 464), Michael Liskay of Oregon Health Sciences University in Portland should have been named as the senior scientist on one of the teams that identified MLH1. The test for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease detects the duplication of the PMP22 gene, not a deletion, as stated in the table accompanying the article (p. 466).
Alpha-lipoic acid modulates ovarian surface epithelial cell growth.

Abstract Objective. The intracellular redox state plays an important role in controlling inflammation. Clinical and laboratory data suggest that inflammation can lead to tumor progression. We hypothesized that restoring intracellular redox control would inhibit inflammation and subsequently tumor progression. Our studies were designed to investigate the effect of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a naturally occurring antioxidant, on a key inflammatory signaling pathway and cell proliferation in normal and tumorigenic ovarian surface epithelial cells. Methods. Normal and tumorigenic ovarian surface epithelial cells were isolated as described by Roby and coworkers [Roby KF, Taylor CC, Sweetwood JP, Cheng Y, Pace JL, Tawpik O, Persons DL, Smith PG, Terranova PF, Development of a syngeneic mouse model for events related to ovarian cancer. Carcinogen 2000;21 (4):585. [1]]. The effect of ALA on cellular function was measured in cell proliferation and apoptosis assays. p27 kip1 protein levels were measured by Western analysis. Activation of NF-κB dependent transcription was assessed in cell cultures transiently transfected with NF-κB controlled reporter constructs. Results. Our results reveal that ALA selectively inhibits the growth of tumorigenic as compared to non-tumorigenic ovarian surface epithelial cells. The growth inhibitory effect of ALA is not due to induction of apoptosis but instead is associated with an increase in the half-life of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27 kip1 . In parallel to the growth inhibitory effect, ALA also affects a key inflammatory signaling pathway by inhibiting TNFα-induced NF-κB signaling activity. Conclusions. Our studies are the first to show that ALA treatment has a growth inhibitory effect on malignant surface epithelial cells of ovarian origin. We have also confirmed the reproducibility of the immunocompetent mouse ovarian cancer model originally described by Roby and coworkers [Roby KF, Taylor CC, Sweetwood JP, Cheng Y, Pace JL, Tawpik O, Persons DL, Smith PG, Terranova PF, Development of a syngeneic mouse model for events related to ovarian cancer. Carcinogen 2000;21 (4):585. [1]].
Visual masking during pursuit eye movements.

In three experiments, targets and masking stimuli were briefly flashce while observers visually tracked a moving dot. Masking stimuli were more effective when they appeared to be in the same place as the target but stimulated different parts of the retina than when they stimulated the same parts of the retina but appeared displaced because of of an intervening pursuit eye movement. Visual masking during pursuit eye movements thus depended on the apparent position of the stimuli, not their retinal positions as such, which is in disagreement with previous studies of visual masking during saccadic eye movements. The apparent conflict can be explained in terms of the functional significance of visual masking in tracking and saccardic movements: Retinal position masking after saccadic eye movements may erase previous images, and apparent position masking during pursuit eye movements may make moving targets more visible. Language: en
Complexity-Simplicity and Persuasibility.

In order to test the generality of a previous finding concerning the way Ss who preferred simplicity reacted to threatening information, the present investigation studied 88 high school students, half of whom were given a positive discussion about paintings and half of whom were given a negative discussion. Categorization by complexity vs simplicity preferences for polygons showed that Ss who preferred simplicity significantly differed in their ratings of the paintings, depending upon whether they were in the positive or negative orientation group. In addition, demographic correlates of age, sex, birth order, and family size are considered.
In situ ellipsometric studies of optical and surface properties of GaAs(100) at elevated temperatures

A rotating-polarizer ellipsometer was attached to an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) chamber. A GaAs(100) sample was introduced into the UHV chamber and heated at anumber of fixed elevated temperatures, without arsenic overpressure. In-situ spectroscopic ellipsometric (SE) measurements were taken, through a pair of low-strain quartz windows, to monitor the surface changes and measure the pseudodielectric functions at elevated temperatures. Real-time data from GaAs surface covered with native oxide showed clearly the evolution of oxide desorption at approximately 580 C. In addition, surface degradation was found before and after the oxide desorption. An oxide free and smooth GaAs surface was obtained by depositing an arsenic protective coating onto a molecular beam epitaxy grown GaAs surface. The arsenic coating was evaporated immediately prior to SE measurements. A comparison showed that our room temperature data from this GaAs surface, measured in the UHV, are in good agreement with those in the literature obtained by wet-chemical etching. The surface also remained clean and smooth at higher temperatures, so that reliable temperature-dependent dielectric functions were obtained.
The importance of fundamental reference data in analytical atomic spectroscopic simulations

Abstract The influence of the quality and extent of fundamental reference data on simulations of atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma emission is evaluated. In particular, the importance of knowing the hyperfine structure of transitions is demonstrated for AAS; the breadth of available atomic transition probabilities is shown to influence plasma simulations and the quality of such data for the Sr I460.7 nm spectral line is shown to be important for collisional-radiatively controlled systems.
Identifying risk factors in developmentof clinically significant post-shock-wave lithotripsy subcapsular hematomas

Abstract A retrospective study of 1,012 shock-wave lithotripsy treatmentswas performed to identify and analyze the risk factors for the development of six clinically significant post-extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) subcapsular hematomas. The patients studied had clinical signs and symptoms that on evaluation were confirmed as originating from a subcapsular hematoma. Common factors identified which we believe may put patients at increased risk for the development of subcapsular hematoma included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and obesity.
Heinrich Manns Auseinandersetzung mit dem Haß: Eine Analyse der Henri Quatre‐Romane im Rahmen der exilbedingten Haßliteratur

Die Funktion des Hasses als Schreibmotor in der deutschen Exilliteratur wird anhand der Henri Quatre-Romane von Heinrich Mann untersucht. Henris Has gegen die katholische Liga entspricht dem der Exilanten gegen das nationalsozialistische Deutschland. Wie sein Geschopf Henri, mus auch Heinrich Mann mit diesem erst lahmenden Gefuhl des Hasses fertig werden, um produktiv gegen den Feind (wenn auch nur publizistisch) vorzugehen. Henris destruktiver Has wird allmahlich durch die Liebe zu Gabriele und zum franzosischen Volk uberwunden. Diese Spannung zwischen Liebe und Has ist ein wichtiges Problem nicht nur in den Henri Quatre-Romanen, sondern durchzieht das Gesamtschaffen Heinrich Manns, vom fruhen Professor Unrat bis hin zum Spatwerk Lidice. Zum Schlus zeigt eine vergleichende Analyse mit anderen zeitgenossischen Autoren (Thomas und Klaus Mann, Lion Feuchtwanger, u.a.), das die Liebe/Has-Dialektik einen zentralen Platz in der Exilliteratur einnimmt und somit eine grosere literarhistorische Thematik bildet.
Interferometric technique to measure shock-induced surface velocities in tissues for the determination of dynamic mechanical properties

We present an interferometric technique to measure free surface velocities of a tissue phantom when subjected to a high power laser pulse. Such information is useful for the determination of the dynamic mechanical properties of tissues and tissue phantoms. We deliver a 4-nanosecond doubled Nd:YAG laser pulse to a tamped surface of a slab sample and probe the opposite free surface with a HeNe laser beam. The stress-wave induced motion of the rear-surface imparts a Doppler shift to the reflected HeNe probe. We monitor the Doppler shift with a velocity interferometer sensitive to velocities as low as 1 - 2 m/s.