cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calibration of the plane-strain mixed-mode pullout delamination specimen

In an effort to develop simple model geometries which could be used to characterize fracture at higher mode mixities, the plain strain fiber pullout specimen has been analyzed. The specimen has been calibrated for the independent application of mechanical axial loads, and processing thermal loads. Coupled solutions were obtained via the principle of linear superposition. Trends in the energy release rate and associated near-tip phase angle have been obtained both analytically and numerically via the method of finite elements. The specimen has been found to be dominated by slightly higher mode II than mode I conditions with phase angles in the range of 50 degree(s) - 60 degree(s). Further phase angle increases were obtained by introducing symmetric stiffening layers. The solutions indicate that the plain strain pullout specimen offers an attractive experimental alternative for mixed mode fracture toughness calculations. Mode II interfacial fracture data can be obtained using the same specimen with either unabridged or bridge stiffening layers.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The effects of bottle volume, thallus weight, oxygen saturation levels, and water movement on apparent photosynthetic rates in marine algae

Abstract The importance of container volume, thallus weight, O, tension, and water motion to measurements of photosynthetic rates in Ulva lobata (Kutz.) Setchel & Gardner (a species with a relatively high photosynthetic rate) and Colpomenia sinuosa (Roth) Derb. & Sol. (relatively low photosynthetic rate) were examined by means of O 2 changes in bottles and through pH and O 2 flux in continuously monitored chambers. The photosynthetic rate of Ulva averaged 36% lower in 310-ml bottles than in 1220-ml jars. Apparent photosynthesis varied as a function of (1) the initial dissolved O 2 levels (regardless of bottle size), and (2) the particular metabolic reactions of the individual producers to different O 2 tensions. Although similar trends were observed for Colpomenia , the effects of bottle size and initial O 2 concentration were not as pronounced as for Ulva . The larger thallus weights of both species resulted in lower photosynthetic values, even in the large containers, due to clumping and self-shading of individual thalli. Mixing had a greater effect on apparent photosynthesis than on dark respiration, and was more critical for Ulva than for Colpomenia . Specific recommendations are put forth to deal with problems arising from the variations in methodology examined.
Combined optical and mechanical scanning in optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy

ABSTRACT Combined optical and mechanical scanning (COMS) in optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) has provided five scanning modes with fast imaging speed and wide field of view (FOV). With two-dimensional (2D) galvanometer-based optical scanning, we have achieved a 2 KHz B-scan rate and 50 Hz volumetric-scan rate, which enables real-time tracking of cell activities in vivo . With optical-mechanical hybrid 2D scanning, we are able to image a wide FOV (10×8 mm 2 ) within 150 seconds, which is 20 times faster than the conventional mechanical scan in our second-generation OR-PAM. With three-dimensional mechani cal-based contour scanning, we can maintain the optimal signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution of OR-PAM while imaging objects w ith uneven surfaces, which is ideal for fast and quantitative studies of tumors and the brain. Keywords: Medical and biological imaging, Photoacoustic imaging, Scanning microscopy, Three-dimensional microscopy. 1. INTRODUCTION Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM), based on the photoacoustic effect [1], detects optical absorption contrasts with greater sensitivity than all other optical imaging modalities [2]. The high detection efficiency of intrinsic optical absorbers (e.g., oxy-hemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxy-hemoglobin (HbR) [3, 4]) enables OR-PAM to provide label-free high-resolution [5, 6] functional imaging of fine structures [7]. OR-PAM has already demonstrated broad biomedical applications in the fields of neurology [8], ophthalmology [9-12], and vascular biology [13]. However, the imaging speed of second-generation (G2) OR-PAM is insufficient for tracking certain fast dynamic activities in vivo [14]. Here, we report a combination of optical and mechanical scanning OR -PAM (COMS-OR-PAM), which provides five scanning modes with fast imaging speed and a wide field of view (FOV).
Enabling routine fluorous capping in solid phase peptide synthesis

We describe here the use of polyfluorinated trivalent iodonium salts as efficient and robust capping reagents during solid phase peptide synthesis using either t-Boc or Fmoc chemistry. Standard protocols established for solid phase peptide synthesis can be utilized without any change in solvent or reagent conditions. The capping reaction was carried out at sites where amino acid coupling steps failed. At the termination of the synthesis, the crude peptide mixture obtained from release of materials from the resin, is either simply centrifuged in aqueous solution to yield pure peptide, or purified by passage through fluorous silica gel in solvents with high water content. We envision that the chemistry and reagents described here will find wide use in peptide and protein chemistry, and also in combinatorial library synthesis where terminal amines are coupled to reaction partners.
Canid Social Structure and Density Dependence Improve Predator-Prey Models of Canis latrans and Lepus californicus in Curlew Valley, UT

Prominent examples of predator-prey oscillations between prey-specific predators exist, but long-term data sets showing these oscillations are uncommon. We explored various models to describe the oscillating behavior of coyote (Canis latrans) and black-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) abundances in a sagebrush-steppe community in Curlew Valley, UT over a 31-year period between 1962 and 1993. We tested both continuous and discrete models which accounted for a variety of mechanisms to discriminate the most important factors affecting the time series. Both species displayed cycles in abundance with three distinct peaks at ten-year intervals. The coupled oscillations appear greater in the mid-seventies and a permanent increase in the coyote density seems apparent. Several factors could have influenced this predator-prey system including seasonality, predator satiation, density dependence, social structure among coyotes, and a change in the coyote bounty that took place during the course of data collection. Maximum likelihood estimation was used to obtain parameter values for the models, and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) values were used to compare models. Coyote social structure and limiting resources in the form of density-dependence and satiation seemed to be important factors affecting population dynamics.
A Fisher scoring algorithm for the weighted regression method of QTL mapping

An improved weighted least square (LS) method for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping using the estimating equation (EE) algorithm was developed recently. The method is more efficient than both the LS and the weighted LS methods and slightly less efficient than the mixture model maximum likelihood (ML) method. The iteration process of the EE algorithm is implicit. We developed a Fisher-scoring algorithm for the weighted LS method. The iteration process is explicit and easy to program. In addition, the method automatically provides an approximate variance–covariance matrix for the estimated QTL parameters as a by-product of the iteration process. As a consequence, a W-test statistic can be used for testing the significance of QTL. To compare the Fisher scoring algorithm with the expectation maximization (EM)-based ML method, we also developed a slightly simplified method to compute the variance–covariance matrix of the estimated parameters under the EM algorithm.
Semiconductors produced by doped oxide-glasses with Ir, Pd, Rh or Ru.

Abstract Semiconductors have been produced by diffusion doping of oxide glasses with more than 1 wt% of Ir, Pd, Rh or Ru and by implanting 40 kV Ir ions into several oxide glasses. The Hall mobility at 300°K and 78°K is less than 0.005 cm 2 /V sec. The mobility deduced from the impurity concentration and the conductivity is 0.001 cm 2 /V sec. The conductivity is not ionic; enough direct current was passed through one sample to have plated out a million times as many Ir ions as were in the sample with no change in conductivity. X-ray small angle scattering indicated that the conductivity is not due to electron hopping between conducting islands. The conductivity is ohmic at 300°K and is field dependent below 4°K. The thermoelectric power of 12 to 25 μV/deg relative to copper indicates hole conduction. The material absorbs throughout the visible region. If the firing temperature and time at a constant oxygen pressure are kept constant, the conductivity increases as the impurity concentration increases and varies from 10 −3 to 10 2 reciprocal ohm-cm. For a constant concentration of platinum-metal ions and for equilibrium firing, the conductivity is directly proportional to the oxygen pressure. Firing in hydrogen to remove oxygen reduces conductivity at the rate of two carriers per oxygen atom removed. These data indicate that the frozen-in valence states of the platinum-metal ions serve as the source of the carriers.
Chordoid glioma: A novel tumor of the third ventricle

Abstract Chordoid glioma of the third ventricle is a recently characterized primary neoplasm of the central nervous system. We present a case and discuss the pathologic and radiologic features. We are aware of only 16 other cases documented in the world literature. This radiologic-pathologic correlation alerts pathologists and radiologists to recognize chordoid glioma as a distinct clinicopathologic entity restricted to the third ventricular area of adult patients. Ann Diagn Pathol 4:373-378, 2000.
Comments on ‘Thermal and aerodynamic conditions in greenhouses in relation to estimation of heat flux and evapotranspiration’

Abstract This paper provides further analysis on the aerodynamic effect on greenhouse heat transfer and evapotranspiration, following the discussion of Stanghellini (1993, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 66: 111–117) and Zhang and Lemeur (1992, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 58: 209–228; 1993, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 66: 119–120). It is shown that the similarity numbers are locally defined, and must be evaluated using mean air velocity and temperature within the canopy, not above. The fluxes determined using similarity numbers are conceptually different from those measured above the canopy. The aerodynamic resistance determined via calibration through above-canopy measurements is merely a calibration constant, incapable of explaining the causality of interested variables, and incomparable with that obtained using similarity numbers.
Little Theories and Big Problems: Chicago Sociology and Ethnic Conflicts*

Since this society is oriented toward a specific theory, I thought I ought to say something about theories in general and our little theory in particular. Let me get that off of my chest. I am not overly fond of terms like “theory” and “theorist,” both of which seem to suggest the importance of the person who claims the identity more than anything else. They are pompous terms. To the extent that we are thoughtful about what we are doing and how we are going about it, all sociologists are theorists and methodologists. But if that is all we are, then we are literally people of no substance. We have no substantial knowledge of or concern for the empirical world. The little theory we share is extraordinarily empirical. It is, as one of its most prominent practitioners called it, a “grounded theory” (Glaser and Strauss 1967). I confess that several years after receiving my degree I had no real sense of what symbolic interaction was and how it might differ from other theoretical orientations. Arnold Rose enlightened me on this when he asked me to submit a paper for a new collection he was editing (Rose 1962). I was pleased and flattered. Rose was a mentor of mine, and I had never before been asked to contribute to an edited volume. But I was unsure of what would be appropriate for a book about symbolic interaction. I screwed up my courage and asked Arnold: “Exactly what is symbolic interaction”” He shrugged off my ignorance, turned on his heels, and muttered over his shoulder, “It is what they do at Chicago.”
Languages Defined with Modular Counting Quantifiers

We prove that a regular language defined by a boolean combination of generalized ?1-sentences built using modular counting quantifiers can be defined by a boolean combination of ?1-sentences in which only regular numerical predicates appear. The same statement, with “?1” replaced by “first-order,” is equivalent to the conjecture that the nonuniform circuit complexity class ACC is strictly contained in NC1. The argument introduces some new techniques, based on a combination of semigroup theory and Ramsey theory, which may shed some light on the general case.
Intensity landscape and the possibility of magic trapping of alkali-metal Rydberg atoms in infrared optical lattices

Motivated by compelling advances in manipulating cold Rydberg (Ry) atoms in optical traps, we consider the effect of the large extent of a Ry electron wave function on trapping potentials. We find that, when the Ry orbit lies outside inflection points in the laser intensity landscape, the atom can stably reside in laser intensity maxima. Effectively, the free-electron ac polarizability of the Ry electron is modulated by the intensity landscape and can accept both positive and negative values. We apply these insights to determining the magic wavelengths for Ry-ground-state transitions for alkali-metal atoms trapped in infrared optical lattices. We find magic wavelengths to be around $10\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ with exact values that depend on Ry-state quantum numbers.
A proposed secondary education computer science curriculum

(This paper has been accepted for publication in the Proceedings, but the photo-ready form was not delivered in time. Copies of the paper should be available upon request at the presentation.)
On the Granger Representation Theorem: a counter example?

Abstract This note provides an example in which a cointegrated time series does not have an error correction representation. In this example, the Granger Representation Theorem fails to hold because one of the conditions for the theorem is violated. Economists need to be careful about this possibility because a simple model of the uncovered interest parity and purchasing power parity conditions leads to this case in which the theorem fails.
Zeinoxanthin, a crystalline carotenol from corn gluten

Abstract A crystalline carotenol in yellow corn grain, which we have designated as zeinoxanthin, was prepared from corn gluten by extraction, chromatography, and crystallization from benzene and methanol. The pigment showed no provitamin A activity in assays with rats. Its spectral properties resembled those of α-carotene, while its partition coefficients were similar to those of cryptoxanthin. On magnesia chromatograms it adsorbed below cryptoxanthin and above the carotenes. The pigment appears to be a monohydroxycarotenol of the all-trans-α-carotene structure; thus, a deoxylutein. Its properties were found to differ from those of synthetic 4-hydroxy-α-carotene only in a lesser adsorptive affinity for lime and a negative test for allylic hydroxyl groups. Evidence indicates it is widely distributed among corn inbreds and quite abundant in some of them.
Evolution of the Brassica Self-Incompatibility Locus: A Look into S-Locus Gene Polymorphisms

If you can look into the seeds of time, and say which grain will grow and which will not, speak then to me … —William Shakespeare ( Macbeth , Act I, Scene 3) In the mustard family (Brassicaceae), pollen grains delivered to the stigma of a flower follow one of two possible fates: One, in which germination and growth of the pollen tube lead to fertilization and seed production; the other, in which activation, pollen tube development, and invasion of the stigma epidermis are aborted (Fig. 1) because of the operation of a genetic barrier to self-fertilization, termed self-incompatibility (SI). SI is based on the ability of cells of the stigma epidermis to discern the presence of self-pollen and to inhibit the germination or subsequent development of self-related, but not genetically unrelated, pollen. In the mustard family, SI occurs in nearly half of the species, and these must then rely on outcrossing via crosspollination by insect vectors to complete their life cycle in the wild. The genetics of SI in this family were deciphered in the early 1950s by Bateman (1) who described control by a single Mendelian locus, the S ( S terility) locus, which exists as multiple alleles or variants, each of which encodes a distinct mating specificity. In the self-incompatible plants of this family, pollen will not develop on a stigma that expresses the same alleles as the pollen parent. As expected for a system in which new alleles have a reproductive advantage and therefore will increase in frequency toward equilibrium, the number of S -locus alleles is usually large, being estimated at 22 in Iberis (1), 34 in Raphanus (2), 50 in Brassica oleracea (3) and 30 in B. campestris (4). Through the efforts of groups in the United Kingdom and Japan, the Brassica S -locus variants have been placed …
Inter-Layer Diffusion Model of Scalar Mixing in Homogeneous Turbulence

ABSTRACT A field-parametrized model termed the Inter-Layer Diffusion Model (ILDM) is developed and is implemented for the probabilistic description of scalar mixing in homogeneous turbulent flows. The essential element of the model is based on the lamellar theory of mixing in the context developed by Kerstein (199 la), and proposes that there are two coupled mechanisms by which the mixing process is described. These mechanisms are due to: (1) local events and (2) integrated global events. The mathematical formalities by which the closure is invoked are described and it is shown that the conditional expected diffusion of the scalar field depicted by the model depends more directly on the local events. With the manipulation of each of these two mechanisms, several families of scalar probability density functions (pdf's) are generated. These families include some of the distributions generated by other mixing closures. The similarity of local events imply the similarity of the conditional expected diffusion ...
Stress increases voluntary alcohol intake, but does not alter established drinking habits in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder.

BACKGROUND: Life-altering anxiety disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), can co-occur at high rates with substance use disorders. Alcoholism, compared with other substance use disorders, is particularly common. Rodent studies of acute stress effects on alcohol consumption show that stress can alter ethanol (EtOH) consumption. This study examined voluntary EtOH consumption in male Long-Evans rats that had undergone a stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) procedure. METHODS: Adult Long-Evans rats were exposed to a stress that consisted of 15 inescapable foot-shocks (1 mA, 1 second) known to cause a long-lasting nonassociative enhancement of subsequent fear learning. Control animals received no shock. One day later, animals were placed in a novel and very different context and received a single foot-shock. On day 3, animals were returned to the single shock context and freezing was used as a measure of learned fear. The intermittent access 2-bottle choice (2BC) regimen consisted of 1 bottle of water and 1 bottle of experimental solution, either 19% EtOH or 28.4% sucrose-0.08% quinine, for a 24-hour period, 3 days a week, and all other times 2 water bottles. This regimen lasted until stable levels of experimental solution drinking were reached, at which point the experimental solution was removed for 40 days and then returned to measure the resumption of consumption. RESULTS: Rats that received stress prior to EtOH consumed significantly more EtOH than control rats before and after reinstatement. Rats that received stress after drinking was established did not consume significantly more EtOH when the drug was returned. Stress had no significant effect on sucrose-quinine drinking, our calorie and taste control for EtOH. CONCLUSIONS: A single traumatic event sufficient to produce long-lasting enhancement of fear learning increases voluntary EtOH consumption, but does not alter previously acquired EtOH drinking habits or alter the consumption of a calorically equivalent sweet-bitter-tasting solution. Language: en
TOPICAL MINOXIDIL THERAPY FOR ANDROGENIC ALOPECIA IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Background. A 48-week open label trial was conducted in five Middle-Eastern countries (Lebanon, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and the United Arab Emirates) to determine the safety and efficacy of 2% minoxidil in the treatment of early androgenic alopecia and to compare the response with Western countries. Methods. One hundred and ninety-five men aged between 19 and 47 years were enrolled. The duration of their baldness varied from 6 months to 10 years, and they all showed a type III vertex or type IV of the modified Hamilton scale. Baldness pattern, diameter of the balding area, hair counting within a 2.5 cm bald patch as well as investigator's and patient's evaluation were regularly noted. Results. No significant changes were observed in vital signs or laboratory parameters. Of the 161 patients considered evaluable at 48 weeks, 80% showed moderate to dense growth. The mean increase in nonvellus hair at 12 months was 234. Conclusions. The age of the patient and the type of baldness rather than its duration affected the final outcome.
Investigation of the plasma bullets generated by low temperature plasma jets

It has recently been reported by several investigators that low temperature plasma jets are not continuous plasma plumes but in fact are made of small plasma packets/bullets traveling at high velocities . This is a rather interesting phenomenon especially in the case when the plasma jet is launched in a region where there is no externally applied electric field. ICCD images show that as it moves forward, the jet is indeed a small confined volume of plasma that is disconnected from the electrodes. The bullet travels for a certain distance and eventually the plasma quenches, ending the propagation process. In this paper, along with experimental results we propose a preliminary model that describes the bullet characteristics and its propagation dynamics. The model is based on a streamer approach with photoionization playing an important role in providing the seed electrons in front of the streamer head. Comparison between experimental results and the simulations will be presented and discussed.
User-driven flow control of video imagery for a mobile information processing architecture

In order to deliver streaming video effectively to users in a resource-limited environment, the processing and networking requirements of these services need to be constrained autonomously and methodically for on-the-fly prioritization. To serve this purpose, a carefully designed system will incorporate dynamic changes in multiple user preferences, video stream priorities, and bandwidth loads. The difficulty of this problem is primarily concerned with the live adaptation of the system to the changing resource demands of each user and of any associated streams, in order to maximize the total utility delivered to all users in the system. Developing a utility algorithm for evaluating resource requests, creating an interface for clarifying user interests of important image aspects per stream, and interpreting and predicting live behavior encapsulated in video according to gathered intelligence will create a system for dictating the necessary actions for distributing bandwidth to users. By implementing the evaluation and information gathering components of the intelligence gathering process as modular improvements, the solution concepts may be used in future allocation problems.
Non-optimality of the myopic decision rule: The case of a two-sector open economy

Abstract This paper is concerned with optimal allocation of investment in a two-sector open economy with non-shiftable capital. We have assumed a stationary population and fixed terms of trade. It has been shown that, if the economy starts with a small amount of capital in each sector, the myopic decision rule under static expectations will not be compatible with the conditions of optimal investment allocation.
A simple method for the collection of Necator americanus larvae

A simple method for the collection of third-stage larvae of Necator americanus has been described. This technique provides repeated recovery of very clean larvae from cultures in moderate numbers.
Adapting to complexity during search in combinatorial landscapes

Fitness landscape complexity in the context of evolutionary algorithms can be considered to be a relative term due to the complex interaction between search strategy, problem difficulty and problem representation. A new paradigm for genetic search referred to as the Collective Learning Genetic Algorithm (CLGA) has been demonstrated for combinatorial optimization problems which utilizes genotypic learning to do recombination based on a cooperative exchange of knowledge (instead of symbols) between interacting chromosomes. There is evidence to suggest that the CLGA is able to modify its recombinative behavior based on the consistency of the information in its environment, specifically, the observed fitness landscape. By analyzing the structure of the evolving individuals, a landscape-complexity measure is extracted a posteriori and then plotted for various types of example problems. This paper presents preliminary results that show that the CLGA appears to adapt its search strategy to the fitness landscape induced by the CLGA itself, and hence relative to the landscape being searched.
Over‐expression of TGA5, which encodes a bZIP transcription factor that interacts with NIM1/NPR1, confers SAR‐independent resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana to Peronospora parasitica

Summary The Arabidopsis thaliana NIM1/NPR1 gene product is required for induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) by pathogens, salicylic acid (SA) or synthetic SA analogs. We identified, in a yeast two-hybrid screen, two NIM1/NPR1 interacting proteins, TGA2 and TGA5, which belong to the basic region, leucine zipper (bZIP) family of transcription factors. Both TGA2 and TGA5 strongly interact with NIM1/NPR1 in yeast and in vitro, and recognize the as-1 cis element found within the promoter of several pathogenesis-related genes, such as PR-1. To determine the role TGA2 and TGA5 may play in NIM1/NPR1-mediated disease resistance, we introduced sense and antisense versions of both genes into transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Characterization of TGA2 transgenic plants revealed that inhibition or overexpression of TGA2 does not significantly affect PR-1 expression or induction of SAR after pathogen infection or INA treatment. Surprisingly, all TGA5-antisense transgenic plants produced showed increased accumulation of TGA5 transcripts compared with untransformed control plants, while the TGA5-sense lines showed no significant increase in TGA5 mRNA levels. Interestingly, the high level of TGA5 mRNA in the antisense lines was accompanied by significant resistance to a highly virulent isolate of the oomycete pathogen Peronospora parasitica. Further, resistance was not coupled to accumulation of products from the SAR-linked PR-1 gene following inoculation with P. parasitica or treatment with INA, indicating that these plants express a robust, PR-1-independent resistance mechanism. Resistance was retained when a TGA5-accumulating line was combined genetically with a nim1-1 mutation or nahG (salicylate hydroxylase) transgene, indicating that resistance in these plants is due to an SA and SAR-independent mechanism.
Scientific literacy: Another look at its historical and contemporary meanings and its relationship to science education reform

Scientific literacy is a term that has been used since the late 1950s to describe a desired familiarity with science on the part of the general public. A review of the history of science education shows that there have been at least nine separate and distinct goals of science education that are related to the larger goal of scientific literacy. It is argued in this paper that instead of defining scientific literacy in terms of specifically prescribed learning outcomes, scientific literacy should be conceptualized broadly enough for local school districts and individual classroom teachers to pursue the goals that are most suitable for their particular situations along with the content and methodologies that are most appropriate for them and their students. This would do more to enhance the public's understanding and appreciation of science than will current efforts that are too narrowly aimed at increasing scores on international tests of science knowledge. A broad and open-ended approach to scientific literacy would free teachers and students to develop a wide variety of innovative responses to the call for an increased understanding of science for all. fl 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 37: 582 - 601, 2000
Probing the determinants of the metal binding specificity in HDAC8 (768.7)

HDACs catalyze the hydrolysis of e-N-acetyl lysine residues on proteins acetylated by histone acetyltransferases. Upon their discovery, this enzyme was identified as Zn2+-dependent metalloenzymes. However, current activity and binding affinity studies suggest that Fe2+ could be the native metal cofactor in vivo. This has a number of biologically relevant implications, including 1) metal switching regulatory mechanism, 2) substrate specificity based on the identity of metal status. Therefore I am presenting the determinants of metal selectivity in HDAC8 in vitro to provide insight into the intracellular metal specificity in vivo. In HDAC8, the second shell of amino acid surrounding the metal coordinating side chains is predominantly hydrophobic. This is contrary to many prototypical metalloenzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase II (CAII). The lack of second shell hydrogen bonds may be an important factor contributing to the weaker Zn2+ affinity of HDAC8 compared to CAII, allowing facile switching between Zn2+...
A technique for measurement of the extent of spatial organization of atrial activation during atrial fibrillation in the intact human heart

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common clinical problem, associated with considerable morbidity and motility, for which effective management strategies have yet to be devised. The absence of objective measures to guide selection of antiarrhythmic drug therapy for maintenance of sinus rhythm leaves only clinical endpoints (either beneficial or detrimental) for assessment of drug action, with occasional catastrophic consequences. As part of an attempt to provide an objective framework for the assessment of antiarrhythmic drug action on the electrophysiologic determinants of atrial fibrillation, the authors have developed a measure of the spatial organization of atrial activation processes during atrial fibrillation. By recording activation sequences at multiple equally spaced locations on the endocardial surface of the atrial during atrial fibrillation in humans and determining the degree of correlation between these activation sequences as a function of distance, the authors have been able to construct spatial correlation functions for atrial activation. They have found that atrial activation remains well-correlated, independent of distance during normal sinus rhythm and atrial flutter. During atrial fibrillation, correlation decays monotonically with distance and the space-constant for this decay may be used to describe the relative spatial organization of atrial fibrillation. The authors provide examples of the impact of antiarrhythmic agents on the space-constant and suggest that assessment of the relative spatial organization of atrial activation using this methodology may potentially provide an objective framework to guide therapy in patients with AF. >
Legal Accountability in the Service‐Based Welfare State: Lessons from Child Welfare Reform

Current trends intensify the longstanding problem of how the rule of law should be institutionalized in the welfare state. Welfare programs are being redesigned to increase their capacities to adapt to rapidly changing conditions and to tailor their responses to diverse clienteles. These developments challenge the understanding of legal accountability developed in the Warren Court era. This article reports on an emerging model of accountable administration that strives to reconcile programmatic flexibility with rule-of-law values. The model has been developed in the reform of state child protective services systems, but it has potentially broad application to public law. It also has novel implications for such basic rule-of-law issues as the choice between rules and standards, the relation of bureaucratic and judicial control, the proper scope of judicial intervention into dysfunctional public agencies, and the justiciability of “positive” (or social and economic) rights.
Novel Methods of Monitoring the Feeding Behavior of Homalodisca coagulata (Say) (Hemiptera; Cicadellidae)

Abstract The glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata (Say), is an important agricultural pest because it is an effective vector of Xylella fastidiosa, the pathogen that causes Pierce’s disease in grapevines. Knowledge of the feeding behavior of H. coagulata is important in understanding pathogen transmission, and this knowledge is important in developing innovative pathogen control strategies. Ingestion of fluid by sharpshooters was monitored as movement of fluid from reservoirs connected to short stems of plant tissue. We quantified the amount of fluid processed while the insects were freely moving on the plants stems offered for feeding. Females fed longer than males, and both ingested large amounts of plant fluid and both excreted large amounts of fluid. Excreta droplets were often actively flung from the body by flicking the abdomen. While actively ingesting, the abdomen made exaggerated movements that stopped during excretion. These movements only appeared after mouthparts penetrated the pl...
El método IBI en la enseñanza del léxico: teoría, investigación y nuevas perspectivas

Este articulo presenta un resumen actualizado de la teoria, la investigacion y asuntos practicos relacionados con el metodo IBI (input-based incremental) de ensenanza de vocabulario, que consiste en la presentacion de palabras meta en el input y el desarrollo progresivo (y completo) de varios aspectos del conocimiento lexico. El articulo se divide en cinco partes principales. Despues de la introduccion, en la segunda parte se aborda la teoria e investigacion y se enfatiza como el metodo IBI esta vinculado al procesamiento del input lexico y a estudios sobre (a) diferentes maneras de presentar palabras meta como input y (b) diferentes tareas (tasks) que se pueden asignar al trabajar con vocabulario. Se ha demostrado, por ejemplo, que la presencia de diferentes hablantes, estilos de habla y velocidades de habla produce efectos positivos en el aprendizaje de nuevas palabras (Barcroft y Sommers 2005; Sommers y Barcroft 2007). La tercera parte se centra en como implementar el metodo IBI a partir de diez princi...
Software Defect Prediction Using Exception Handling Call Graphs: A Case Study

The ability to predict which modules are fault-prone can assist in directing quality enhancement efforts to modules at risk. This is especially critical for high-assurance systems where software failures may have severe consequences. While the field of defect rediction based on software metrics is mature, no study has addressed the use of metrics for predicting faults related to exception handling. In this paper, we propose exception-based software metrics that are based on the structural attributes of exception handling call graphs. We empirically validate the proposed metrics through a case study of Hadoop Core using data mined from software repositories and defect reports. The results of our case study are comparable to the results of other software metric studies in the literature. We also show that our exception-based software metrics can be better predictors of fault-proneness of exception classes compared to conventional software metrics.
A study of the bi-refringence of agar agar.

Many gels when subjected to strain become anisotropic. A film of gelatin or colloid dried on glass is anisotropic with one optical axis normal to the surface of the film.1 With the removal of the strain as by moistening the film, the anisotropy largely disappears. The writers undertook to determine whether or not in the case of agar agar this property is inherent in the colloid itself or exhibited by it only in the gel state. To this end anisotropy was looked for in agar that had been dried in the gel form and in agar that had been dried in the sol form.To obtain dried agar gel for examination under the microscope, drops of agar solutions ranging up to one per cent were placed on glass slides and dried in a vacuum desiccator at room temperature.To obtain agar preparations dried in the sol form, drops of the same solutions were dried in a thermostat at 35°. That the agar agar preparation used in this work exists in the sol form at this temperature appears from a study of the viscosity of the solutions as t...
Efficient modulation of 1.55 μm radiation with gated graphene on a silicon microring resonator.

The gate-controllability of the Fermi-edge onset of interband absorption in graphene can be utilized to modulate near-infrared radiation in the telecommunication band. However, a high modulation efficiency has not been demonstrated to date, because of the small amount of light absorption in graphene. Here, we demonstrate a ∼40% amplitude modulation of 1.55 μm radiation with gated single-layer graphene that is coupled with a silicon microring resonator. Both the quality factor and resonance wavelength of the silicon microring resonator were strongly modulated through gate tuning of the Fermi level in graphene. These results promise an efficient electro-optic modulator, ideal for applications in large-scale on-chip optical interconnects that are compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology.
Genic Differentiation of two Chromosome Races of the Geomys bursarius Complex

Electrophoretic variation in proteins encoded by 21 loci was analyzed for 37 populations of Geomys bursarius sampled across the ranges and at two contact zones of chromosomal races D (2N = 72, FN = 70) and E (2N = 74, FN = 72). Previous electrophoretic studies at a contact zone of these races in central Texas indicated a high degree of genic differentiation between the two forms. Four loci, ADH-1, MDH-2, LDH-1, and IDH-1, exhibited patterns of alternately fixed or predominant alleles between the races. This pattern was consistent across the ranges of both races and at a contact zone near Norman, Oklahoma. Genic identities among populations of chromosomal races D and E were 0.938 and 0.953, respectively, while interracial genic identity was 0.685. Additionally, the races have significantly different levels of heterozygosity, along with differences in interpopulation heterogeneity. Intensive study of the contact zone near Norman, Oklahoma, revealed the chromosomal races are generally parapatric, except in one area where a local population was comprised of both races and a F1 hybrid. No backcross individuals were found. It is concluded that the two races are maintaining separate gene pools and that chromosomal race E be recognized as a separate species, Geomys breviceps .
3D-KM: Die drei Dimensionen der Transformation

Wenn es um mehr als die Einfuhrung eines IT-Tools geht, sondern um eine Transformation, bzw. Weiterentwicklung der Organisation, dann sind immer drei Dimensionen zu betrachten. Die Grundidee geht zuruck auf mein Modell der „drei Dimensionen des Wissensmanagements“ („3D-KM “) aus dem Jahr 2003. Auch damals ging es schon nicht um die Implementierung eines IT-Werkzeugs, wie die sogenannten Wissensdatenbanken, sondern um die Einfuhrung eines Wissensmanagements nach Peter Drucker, bei dem es immer um die ganzheitliche Produktivitatssteigerung von Wissensarbeitern ging. Damit behalt das Modell auch bei einer internen Transformation zu einem Social Business seine volle Bedeutung.
A Critical Assessment of ICT Infrastructures for Certain Demand Response Applications in Smart Grid

Smart Grid (SG) technology highly thrives on the use of sophisticated Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). In this paper we present a few recently popular use cases from within the smart grid parlance and demonstrate how ICT technologies are intricately woven around such cutting edge applications. Since, there exists a wide range of sub domains for energy management archetypes within the SG domain, we restrict ourselves to such applications that deal with energy management of residential consumers only. We present the high level architecture for these applications, highlight the variety of ICT innovations required by them. In this paper, the applications dealt with range from a stringent direct load control (DLC) scheme that offers a centralized grid-side control for power management to two schemes that are much customer-premise oriented, market-driven that provide application-level scheduling, one extracted from literature and another being a modified version which we proposed in an earlier work. This paper also provides intuitive comparison of ICT facilities required for these related applications.
An Anti-deficit Perspective on Black Female Scholar-Athletes’ Achievement Experiences at a Division I Historically White Institution (HWI)

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of Black female scholar-athletes at a Division I historically White institution (HWI) and identify key influences they attributed to their academic achievement and positive transitional experiences in college. A single focus group and five individual interviews were conducted with five Black female scholar-athletes enrolled at a Division I HWI. An anti-deficit achievement framework and attribution theory were incorporated to highlight key facilitators for their achievement experiences. Findings revealed participants attributed their achievement outcomes and positive college experiences to their educationally-focused family members, intrinsic motivation, academic self-efficacy, positive relationships with teammates, and unique benefits associated with being a Division I student-athlete. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Selectable bandwidth filter formed from perfect reconstruction polyphase filter bank

There are many applications for digital filters that require or desire operator selectable bandwidths over a wide range of fractional bandwidth [1, 2]. Implementation considerations guide us to favor filters with fixed coefficients that are implemented with hardwired multipliers rather than with arbitrary multipliers. The technique described here uses only fixed, hardwired multipliers to form a pair of M-path analysis and synthesis filters. A selectable bandwidth filter is formed by masking, enabling or disabling, the connections between the output ports of the analysis filter and the input ports of the synthesis filter.
Architecture dependence of photon antibunching in cavity quantum electrodynamics

We investigate numerically the architecture dependence of the characteristics of antibunched photons generated in cavity quantum electrodynamic systems. We show that the quality of antibunching [the smallness of the second-order intensity correlation function at zero time ${g}^{(2)}(0)$] and the generation efficiency significantly depend on the configurations: the arrangements of single-mode optical cavities and waveguides. We found that for certain class of architecture, when the Jaynes-Cummings system (the atom-cavity system) couples to two terminated waveguides, there exists a fundamental tradeoff between high transmission and low ${g}^{(2)}(0)$, and is sensitive to dissipation. We further show that optimal antibunching can be achieved in two alternative cavity quantum electrodynamic configurations operating in the dissipatively weak coupling regime such that the two-photon transmission can be two orders of magnitude higher for the same ${g}^{(2)}(0)$.
Mathematical Modeling to Improve Control of Mesh Body for Peristaltic Locomotion

In this work, we built a kinematic simulation model for our worm robot, which does peristaltic locomotion. We studied the construction of our robot’s mesh-rhombus structure and the structural behavior in response to the actuator controls and simulated them in MATLAB. With some kinematic assumptions, we can model changes in body shape. Friction, gravity, internal forces are not directly modeled, however a single correction factor can be used to align the simulation and hardware progress. New control methods are found based on this model, which reduced the motion slip on the robot. In future work, this simulation can help us control and design future mesh-based robots.
The Competitive Environment of Community Banking: Impact on Microenterprise access to Bank Financing

Currently, community banks hold only 14% of bank assets in the US; nonetheless, they play an important role in the US economy because they continue to provide the majority of funding to small busin...
Sequential feature-density doubling for ultraviolet plasmonics

Patterning of nanostructures with sub-200 nm periodicities over cm2-scale areas is challenging using standard approaches. This paper demonstrates a scalable technique for feature-density doubling that can generate nanopatterned lines with periodicities down to 100 nm covering >3 cm2. We developed a process based on controlled wet overetching of atomic-layer deposited alumina to tune feature sizes of alumina masks down to several nm. These features transferred into silicon served as masters for template-stripping aluminum nanogratings with three different periodicities. The aluminum nanogratings supported surface plasmon polariton modes at ultraviolet wavelengths that, in agreement with calculations, depended on periodicity and incident excitation angle.
Serialita genderu: úvahy nad ženami jako sociálním kolektivem

Tento clanek rozviji nový teoretický přistup k genderu jako k socialni kolektivitě. Je zaměřen na nedostatky v konceptualizacich genderu v důsledku poststrukturalistických kritik esencialistických pohledů na gender. Snaži se vyhnout esencialismu, aniž by přitom přehližel skutecnost, že gender je socialně strukturovanou charakteristikou. Inspirovan Sartrem navrhuje koncept seriality a jeho odliseni od konceptu socialni skupiny, a tim posun od zjednodusujiciho pojeti genderu jako individualni identity směrem ke komplexnimu pochopeni socialnich zakladů ženstvi.