cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revision Stapedectomy in a Female Patient with Inner Ear Malformation

Objectives. We describe an unusual case of surgical management of congenital mixed hearing loss in a female patient with inner ear malformation. This report outlines the role of temporal bone imaging and previous surgical history in evaluating a patient's risk of perilymph gusher during stapes surgery. Methods. A 68-year-old female patient with a history of profound bilateral mixed hearing loss due to ossicular and cochlear malformation presented to our otology clinic. She had undergone multiple unsuccessful previous ear surgeries. Computed tomography revealed bilateral inner ear malformations. She elected to proceed with revision stapedectomy. Results. The patient received modest benefit to hearing, and no operative complications occurred. Conclusions. Although stapedectomy has been shown to improve hearing in patients with stapes fixation, there is risk of perilymph gusher in patients with inner ear abnormalities. Evaluation and counseling of the risk of gusher during stapes surgery should be done on a case-by-case basis.
NRT Rotor Structural / Aeroelastic Analysis for the Preliminary Design Review

This document describes the initial structural design for the National Rotor Testbed blade as presented during the preliminary design review at Sandia National Laboratories on October 28- 29, 2015. The document summarizes the structural and aeroelastic requirements placed on the NRT rotor for satisfactory deployment at the DOE/SNL SWiFT experimental facility to produce high-quality datasets for wind turbine model validation. The method and result of the NRT blade structural optimization is also presented within this report, along with analysis of its satisfaction of the design requirements.
Black Periodic and Black Bauer Methods for Tissue Polysaccharides

m-Aminophenol gives a more rapid and more complete blockage of the Schiff reaction of aldehydes produced in tissue by oxidation with periodic or chromic acid than does aniline. Moreover, the phenol thus attached to aldehyde sites in tissue can then be azo coupled with alkaline solutions of fresh or stabilized diazonium salts. When so used at pH 8, fast black K, C.I. 37190, shows glycogen, mucins, basement membranes, muscle stroma, fungus cell walls, etc. stained black, on a somewhat grayish pink to red background.
Relationship between alexithymia and coping styles in Chinese naval recruits

Objective To explore the relationship between alexithymia and coping styles of Chinese naval recruits,so as to provide evidence for psychological intervention. Methods TAS-20,CSQ and General Information Questionnaire were used to assess 521 recruits. One-way ANOVA and linear correlation analysis were used to calculate the result. Results Three groups of different degrees of Alexithymia showed significantly different level in all factors of CSQ( F = 21. 71,35. 78,21. 61,32. 54,29. 08,8. 96,all P 0. 01). Then scores of every two groups were compared,and there was statistically significant difference in each comparison( P 0. 01). Relationship between TAS scores and problem-solving factor,helpseeking factor was significantly negative( r =- 0. 114 ~- 0. 345,P 0. 01). Relationship between TAS scores and selfaccusation factor,fantasy factor,avoidance factor was significantly positive( r = 0. 087 ~ 0. 406,P 0. 01). Relationship between TAS、F1、F2 score and rationalization factor was significantly positive( r = 0. 208,0. 242,0. 210,P 0. 01).Conclusions Recruits with higher alexithymia was poorer in the ability of coping with stress,and tend to adopt less mature coping strategies of self-accusation,fantasy,avoidance and rationalization. The higher degree of alexithymia,the poorer ability in coping with stress management.
Development of S-C band microwave frequency synthesizer based on YIG-tuned oscillators

S-C band microwave frequency synthesizer plays local oscillator role in ultra-wideband superheterodyne receiver. The frequency synthesizer phase noise, frequency resolution and output power directly affect receiver sensitivity, dynamic target display ability and other important parameters of superheterodyne receiver. This paper introduces the S-C band microwave frequency synthesizer, uses YIG-tuned oscillator as microwave oscillation source, making full use of the broadband continuous tuning and low phase noise characteristics, based on F-N method monocyclic frequency synthesis technology. Research results show that this type microwave frequency synthesizer features ultra working bandwidth, low phase noise, high frequency resolution, etc. The working performance is stable and reliable, and can meet the demand of practical engineering application. In addition, the design method has a certain reference value on design of other YIG-tuned high performance microwave frequency synthesizers.
Regulated Binding of the Fanconi Anemia Proteins, FANCA and FANCC

To the Editor: In a recent article in BLOOD, Kruyt and Youssoufian[1][1] examined the cellular localization and possible interaction of the Fanconi anemia (FA) proteins, FANCA and FANCC. There are several inconsistencies between their data and our published work.[2][2] We would like to clarify our
Formulation of Objects and Processes

A crucial aspect of the patient consultation is the exchange of technical information, and this chapter focuses on how the novice pharmacists and patients formulate referents and processes typically associated with pharmacy patient counseling primarily via lexical choices in turn design.1 Frequent referents and processes found in the recorded patient consultations include, but are not limited to, drugs, instruments to administer drugs, symptoms, illness conditions, drug administration method, and internal processes that take place inside the patient’s body either as a result of the prescribed medicine or as part of the patient’s illness conditions (see Chapter 4). How these referents and processes are formulated indicates the pharmacist’s and patient’s orientation to the institutional setting of the consultation, the activity at hand, and their perspectives and identities (e.g., Drew & Heritage, 1992; Jefferson, 1974; Schegloff, 1972).
From focal sepsis to periodontal medicine: a century of exploring the role of the oral microbiome in systemic disease

The oral microbiome is established within a few minutes after birth and consists of stable multi-species communities that engage in a dynamic equilibrium with the host immune system. Dental caries, endodontic infections and periodontal diseases are bacterially driven diseases that are caused by dysbiotic microbiomes. Over a century ago, the focal infection theory implicated these infections in the aetiology of several systemic diseases, ranging from arthritis to neurodegenerative diseases. However, a lack of concrete evidence, combined with the urgency with which clinicians embraced this approach without regard for appropriate case selection, led to its demise within 30 years. In the last decade of the 20th century, the concept of periodontal medicine was introduced to explain the correlations that were being observed between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, pulmonary disease, pre-term delivery of low birth weight infants and metabolic disease. It was proposed that periodontal pathobionts played a causal role in the initiating or exacerbating certain diseases either by direct invasion or by stimulating a florid immune-inflammatory response that extended into the systemic circulation. This review will examine the strength of current evidence in establishing a causal link between oral pathobionts and systemic disease.
Increase in moped injuries requiring emergency care

BACKGROUND: There has been a marked increased in moped use over the past few years. In addition, there has been an increase in moped-related injuries presenting to the emergency department (ED). The objective of this study is to characterize moped-related injuries presenting to US EDs and obtain national estimates of moped injury incidence over time. METHODS: Data regarding moped injuries were queried from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System from calendar year 2007 to 2015. Data included diagnosis, body part injured, ED disposition, and patient demographics. RESULTS: There were an estimated 114 729 moped-related injuries treated in US EDs from 2007 to 2015 (95% confidence interval, 102 156-127 302). In addition, there was an increase in the number of moped injuries annually (B = 762.1, P CONCLUSIONS: Moped injuries have increased since 2007 and mopeds are associated with severe injuries. Education and reexamination of current moped laws may decrease the number and severity of moped-related injuries.Published by Elsevier Inc. Language: en
Lorentz-violating spinor electrodynamics and Penning traps

The prospects are explored for testing Lorentz- and $CPT$-violating quantum electrodynamics in experiments with Penning traps. We present the Lagrange density of Lorentz-violating spinor electrodynamics with operators of mass dimensions up to 6, and we discuss some of its properties. The theory is used to derive Lorentz- and $CPT$-violating perturbative shifts of the energy levels of a particle confined to a Penning trap. Observable signals are discussed for trapped electrons, positrons, protons, and antiprotons. Existing experimental measurements on anomaly frequencies are used to extract new or improved bounds on numerous coefficients for Lorentz and $CPT$ violation, using sidereal variations of observables and comparisons between particles and antiparticles.
Effect of Breast Irradiation on Cardiac Disease in Women Enrolled in BCIRG-001 at 10-Year Follow-Up.

Purpose To investigate cardiac toxicity associated with breast radiation therapy (RT) at 10-year follow-up in BCIRG-001, a phase 3 trial comparing adjuvant anthracycline chemotherapy (fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide) with anthracycline–taxane chemotherapy (docetaxel, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide) in women with lymph node–positive early breast cancer. Methods and Materials Prospective data from all 746 patients in the control arm (fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide) of BCIRG-001 at 10-year follow-up were obtained from Project Data Sphere. Cardiac toxicities examined included myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF), arrhythmias, and relative and absolute left ventricular ejection fraction decrease of >20% from baseline. Toxicities were compared between patients who received RT versus no RT, left-sided RT versus no RT, and internal mammary nodal RT versus no RT. Results Of the 746 patients, 559 (75%) received RT to a median dose of 50 Gy. Myocardial infarction occurred in 3 RT patients (0.5%) versus 6 no-RT patients (3%) ( P =.01). Heart failure was seen in 15 RT patients (2.7%) versus 3 no-RT patients (1.6%) ( P =.6). Among these, 35 RT patients (18%) had a left ventricular ejection fraction relative decrease of >20% baseline versus 7 (10%) who did not receive RT ( P =.1). Arrhythmias were more common in RT patients (3.2%) versus no-RT patients (0%) ( P =.01). On univariable and multivariable analysis HF was not significantly associated with RT, and MI was negatively associated with RT. Conclusions In this retrospective analysis of prospective toxicity outcomes, there is an increased risk of arrhythmias but no clear evidence of significantly increased risk of MI or HF at 10 years in lymph node–positive women treated with breast RT and uniform adjuvant doxorubicin-based chemotherapy. Given the low incidence of these outcomes, studies with larger numbers are needed to confirm our findings.
Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Blockers for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States, and, to date, no pharmacological agents are known to improve neurological outcome following injury. TBI is associated with a severity-dependent accumulation of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) lasting hours-to-days postinjury and driving apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Pathological accumulation of calcium can also lead to breakdown of structural proteins and changes in gene expression resulting in long-term dysfunction of surviving cells. In in vitro models of TBI, L- and N-type voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) blockers reduced [Ca2+]i accumulation and glutamate release resulting in reduced cell death. In rodent models of TBI, administration of VGCC blockers reduced cell death and improved spatial learning and motor function. Based on these data, there is a clear role of VGCC in postinjury pathophysiology, and manipulation of these channels has the potential to improve neurological outcome following injury.
Patterns of Kratom use and health impact in the US-Results from an online survey

Abstract Background Kratom preparations have raised concerns of public health and safety in the US. Investigation into the demographics, perceived beneficial and detrimental effects of Kratom as well as common doses and purposes of its use are important to properly evaluate its potential health impact. Methods An anonymous cross-sectional online survey was conducted in October 2016 of 10,000 current Kratom users through available social media and online resources from the American Kratom Association. A total of 8049 respondents completed the survey. Results Kratom is primarily used by a middle-aged (31–50 years), middle-income ($35,000 and above) population for purposes of self-treating pain (68%) and emotional or mental conditions (66%). Kratom preparations present with a dose-dependent effect with negative effects, which were primarily gastrointestinal related including nausea and constipation, mainly presenting at high (5 g or more/dose) and more frequent (22 or more doses/week) dosing. Conclusions Kratom shows a dose-dependent opioid-like effect providing self-reported perceived beneficial effects in alleviating pain and relieving mood disorders. Kratom was primarily used for self-treatment of pain, mood disorders, and withdrawal symptoms associated with prescription opioid use.
Seasonal Abundance of Tabanus calens and Other Tabanidae (Diptera) Near Snake Mountain, Addison County, Vermont

Weekly collections, from May to September over 3 years from one 2-tier box trap in Addison, VT, totaled more than 29,000 tabanids representing 44 species and included 417 Tabanus calens. Seasonal succession was evident, with T. calens most numerous in the upper trap in August. This very large horse fly was easily collected around a bait horse with an aerial net. Other abundant horse fly species were Hybomitra lasiophthalma, T. quinquevittatus, T. lineola, and T. sackeni. The most abundant deer flies were Chrysops univittatus and C. vittatus. Most deer flies showed a preference for the upper trap, whereas horse flies showed a mixed preference. Tabanus quinquevittatus made up 60% of the collected horseflies in the trap. The trap collected 41% less horse flies (73% less T. calens) and 24% less deer flies with the trap in 2013 to compared to in 2015. Both the presence of T. calens and the use of the 2-tier box trap in Vermont at one site for 3 whole seasons were new events. Tabanus calens was not listed in the 1990 checklist of Vermont tabanids. These results are presented in the context of trap modifications, range extension, and polarized light.
Setup of a Tissue Culture Laboratory

Setting up a plant tissue culture laboratory is a process that requires one to consider the different work areas and the necessary equipment needed. Basically there are three main work areas. The first area is where media is prepared. This area also can be used to evaluate cultures and take notes. The second area is where the laminar flow hoods are kept and is a restricted clean area. The third area is also restricted. This is where the cultures are placed for growth and development with regulated photoperiod, light intensity and regulated temperature. This chapter discusses the equipment generally needed in these three areas.
Situating Remediation: Accommodating Success and Failure in Medical Education Systems

There has been a widespread shift to competency-based medical education (CBME) in the United States and Canada. Much of the CBME discourse has focused on the successful learner, with relatively little attention paid to what happens in CBME systems when learners stumble or fail. Emerging issues, such as the well-documented problem of "failure to fail" and concerns about litigious learners, have highlighted a need for well-defined and integrated frameworks to support and guide strategic approaches to the remediation of struggling medical learners.This Perspective sets out a conceptual review of current practices and an argument for a holistic approach to remediation in the context of their parent medical education systems. The authors propose parameters for integrating remediation into CBME and describe a model based on five zones of practice along with the rules of engagement associated with each zone. The zones are "normal" curriculum, corrective action, remediation, probation, and exclusion.The authors argue that, by linking and integrating theory and practice in remediation with CBME, a more integrated systems-level response to differing degrees of learner difficulty and failure can be developed. The proposed model demonstrates how educational practice in different zones is based on different rules, roles, responsibilities, and thresholds for moving between zones. A model such as this can help medical educators and medical education leaders take a more integrated approach to learners' failures as well as their successes by being more explicit about the rules of engagement that apply in different circumstances across the competency continuum.
Lenalidomide vs bortezomib maintenance choice post-autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for multiple myeloma

Maintenance therapy post-autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) with either lenalidomide or bortezomib for multiple myeloma (MM) have separately been shown to improve progression-free survival (PFS), but have never been directly compared. We performed a retrospective study to investigate progression-free and overall survival outcomes and toxicities of lenalidomide maintenance therapy compared with bortezomib maintenance in MM patients post-AHCT. This study included 156 patients who received post-AHCT lenalidomide or bortezomib maintenance therapy for MM. The primary outcome was PFS. Ninety-two patients received lenalidomide maintenance and 64 received bortezomib maintenance post-AHCT. By multivariable analysis, maintenance therapy choice and cytogenetics risk did not impact PFS or OS. Staging by International Staging System and pre-maintenance disease response were the greatest predictors for PFS. Treatment-related toxicities were as anticipated with 5.4% of patients receiving maintenance lenalidomide experiencing secondary primary malignancies (SPMs) compared with 3% for bortezomib. These findings suggest there were no differences in PFS or OS between lenalidomide and bortezomib maintenance therapy options for post-transplantation MM patients. These data should be validated in a larger, prospective cohort to determine if maintenance choice should be guided by side effect profile and patient anticipated tolerance rather than by disease biology alone.
Sperm epigenetics and aging

Advanced paternal age has very real consequences in fertility, embryogenesis, and even offspring health. Specifically, advanced paternal age has been linked to delayed time to pregnancy and in some studies even appears to be linked to a decreased likelihood of achieving a pregnancy. Epidemiological and animal model evidence also suggests that the offspring of older fathers are at an elevated risk for neuropsychiatric disease. For these reasons it is essential that we have a comprehensive understanding of what actually occurs in the gametes of the aging male. Available data suggest that there are very clear patterns of aging in the sperm epigenome that can be directly detected in DNA methylation patterns. Importantly, these alterations are so consistent that a predictive model has been successfully generated to predict an individual’s age based only on sperm DNA methylation signatures. Because this metric is the most direct way to detect aging in sperm, it is logical that these signatures may offer predictive value for the offspring abnormalities that are also correlated with advanced paternal age and as such may offer a unique opportunity to generate diagnostic tools that can identify personalized risks for each couple hoping to achieve a pregnancy. While a great deal of work still needs to be performed to understand the real diagnostic utility of sperm epigenetic marks, the potential is real and warrants further investigation particularly in the context of advanced paternal age.
A heuristic search approach to planning and scheduling software manufacturing projects

In today’s highly competitive and constantly growing market for software products, planning and scheduling of software projects has become a bottleneck to increasing software production productivity [20]. There are several reasons why software manufacturing planning/scheduling is hard: 1. Even idealized formulations of the problem are NP-hard in the general case [8]. 2. It involves face-to-face human negotiation between multiple agents to resolve the scheduling conflicts (i.e. unsatisfiable resource requests) that arise due to differences in goals, technical judgements, etc [6]. 3. There is typically considerable uncertainty in budget (i.e. resource requirement) estimates and other project planning/scheduling constraints that must be accounted for [3, 11]. 4. Software project planning and scheduling is not a static problem. Schedules must be continually revised over the course of the project as changes in planning/scheduling assumptions become known [7].
EVIDENCE THAT MORE THAN ONE GENE LOCUS CONTROLS EXPRESSION OF HUMAN B-CELL ALLOANTIGENS

ABSTRACT Human B-cell alloantigens (DRw) are thought to be the serologic correlate of the Dw antigens defined in MLR. The latter are under genetic control of the MHC with a number of alleles at a single locus. In family studies where inheritance of DRw antigens was determined, it was observed on several occasions that “DRw” specificities were found to be inherited with the same HLA haplotype. In sequential immunoprecipitation studies of soluble B-cell alloantigens, 3 molecular components having the electrophoretic characteristics of human “Ia-like” antigen were found. The results indicate that 2 loci control the expression of human B-cell alloantigens.
Machine Learning Applied to Point-of-Sale Fraud Detection

This paper applies machine learning (ML) techniques including neural networks, support vector machines Random Forest, and Adaboost to detecting insider fraud in restaurant point-of-sales data. With considerable engineering of the features, and by applying under-sampling techniques we show that ML techniques deliver very high fraud-detection performance. In particular, RandomForest can achieve 91% or better across all metrics when using a model trained on one restaurant to detect fraud in a separate restaurant. However, there must be sufficient fraud samples in the model for this to occur. Knowledge and techniques from this research could be used to develop a low-cost product to automate fraud detection for restaurant owners.
Getting into Shape: Limb Bone Strength in Perinatal Lemur catta and Propithecus coquereli

Functional studies of skeletal anatomy are predicated on the fundamental assumption that form will follow function. For instance, previous studies have shown that the femora of specialized leaping primates are more robust than those of more generalized primate quadrupeds. Are such differences solely a plastic response to differential loading patterns during postnatal life, or might they also reflect more canalized developmental mechanisms present at birth? Here, we show that perinatal Lemur catta, an arboreal/terrestrial quadruped, have less robust femora than perinatal Propithecus coquereli, a closely related species specialized for vertical clinging and leaping (a highly unusual locomotor mode in which the hindlimbs are used to launch the animal between vertical tree trunks). These results suggest that functional differences in long bone cross-sectional dimensions are manifest at birth, belying simple interpretations of adult postcranial form as a direct record of loading patterns during postnatal life. Despite these significant differences in bone robusticity, we find that hindlimb bone mineralization, material properties, and measures of whole-bone strength generally overlap in perinatal L. catta and P. coquereli, indicating little differentiation in postcranial maturity at birth despite known differences in the pace of craniodental development between the species. In a broader perspective, our results likely reflect evolution acting during prenatal ontogeny. Even though primates are notable for relatively prolonged gestation and postnatal parental care, neonates are not buffered from selection, perhaps especially in the unpredictable and volatile environment of Madagascar. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 303:250-264, 2020. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy.
UNIT 9.4 Confocal Microscopy

This overview covers the two main types of confocal scanner. Point scanners are more flexible and give the best resolution, while camera-based systems can be more sensitive, faster, and more automated. The procedure for setting up and using these instruments is described in sufficient depth for basic operation. Beyond collecting single images, a Z-series, which captures a volume of data, a kinetics series, collecting a sequence of images, and generation of a large montage image are all described. Confocal is an extension of regular fluorescence microscopy, with the ability to handle thicker and more heavily stained specimens and to work more precisely with physiological markers in live samples and organelle stains. Such techniques are highly divergent, depending on specimen type, so they cannot be covered in any detail here, but a general idea will give the user confidence to explore the literature and collect good data on their own systems. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 7:9.4.1-9.4.36. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: confocal; imaging; laser scanning; Z-series; kinetics; montage
E0771 and 4T1 murine breast cancer cells and interleukin 6 alter gene expression patterns but do not induce browning in cultured white adipocytes.

Abstract Breast cancer remains a substantial clinical problem worldwide, and cancer-associated cachexia is a condition associated with poor prognosis in this and other malignancies. Adipose tissue is involved in the development and progression of cancer-associated cachexia, but its various roles and mechanisms of action are not completely defined, especially as it relates to breast cancer. Interleukin 6 has been implicated in several mechanisms contributing to increased breast cancer tumorigenesis, as well as a net-negative energy balance and cancer-associated cachexia via adipose tissue remodeling in other models of cancer; however, its potential role in breast cancer-associated white adipose browning has not been explored. In this study, we demonstrate localized white adipose tissue browning in a spontaneous model of murine mammary cancer. We then used an in vitro murine adipocyte culture system with the E0771 and 4T1 cell lines as models of breast cancer. We demonstrate that while the E0771 and 4T1 secretomes and cross-talk with white adipocytes alter white adipocyte mRNA expression, they do not directly induce white adipocyte browning. Additionally, we show that neither exogenous administration of interleukin 6 alone or with its soluble receptor directly induce white adipocyte browning. Together, these results demonstrate that neither the E0771 or 4T1 murine breast cancer cell lines, nor interleukin 6, directly cause browning of cultured white adipocytes. This suggests that their roles in adipose tissue remodeling are more complex and indirect in nature.
3D-printed diffractive terahertz optical elements through computational design

This manuscript reviews our previously reported progress on the computational design of terahertz diffractive optical elements (DOEs). A scalar diffraction approach is advantageous due to its ease of modeling and fabrication which renders it to be ultra-thin (1.5-3λ0), and relatively error-tolerant. In the recent past, there have been several reports in the literature on the design and fabrication of various terahertz DOEs; primarily; in the area of diffractive terahertz lens design, where a demonstration of compact, large aperture, and aberration-free lenses had already been shown. However, the biggest challenge is the lack of a systematic framework towards the design of DOEs at terahertz wavelengths. In this manuscript, we highlight our recent findings on that by enabling a computational design -based approach towards the modeling of terahertz DOEs; optimal DOE solutions with reduced (up to > 10X-100X time faster convergence) computational costs are indeed possible. This is enabled by the careful utilization of a robust scalar diffraction -based wave propagation model in combination with an optimization-based search algorithm; namely, the Gradient Descent Assisted Binary Search (GDABS) algorithm.
Human — Machine — Design Matrix

A model of human-machine design interaction is presented. The model is based on synchrony of actions [Mitchell95a] as it relates to designing, presenting, and discussing a design object over an electronic medium. The model descriptively accommodates existing technologies and areas of CAD research. The model prescriptively illuminates future CAD vis. the Web. The model is based on 3 factors: synchrony, presence, activity; and 2 players: human and machine. Future technologies are considered in terms of the a shifting role of the machine (the computer and the net) from server to agent to actor.
NMR Studies of the Dynamics of 1D $$^3\hbox {He}$$3He in $$^4\hbox {He}$$4He Plated MCM-41

Pulsed NMR techniques have been used to study the dynamics of $$^3\hbox {He}$$ confined to the interior of the hexagonal nanochannels of MCM-41 for which the walls were coated with a monolayer of $$^4\hbox {He}$$ as determined by isotherm measurements. The $$^3\hbox {He}$$ was added afterward to form a 1D $$^3\hbox {He}$$ line density of about 0.1 $$\hbox {A}^{-1}$$ , corresponding to a Fermi temperature of $$T_{\mathrm{F}} \sim$$ 120 mK. A distinct and appreciable departure from the Curie law was observed for the nuclear spin magnetization below 0.5 K. The temperature dependence of the nuclear spin–lattice relaxation times, $$T_1$$ , for temperatures $$0.05<T<2.5$$ K, followed the expected linear behavior at low temperatures, and a peak was observed at $$T\sim 2T_{\mathrm{F}}$$ consistent with the Luttinger liquid theory as predicted by Polini et al. (Phys Rev Lett 98:266403, 2007). The observed temperature dependence of the nuclear spin–spin relaxation times, $$T_2$$ , differed considerably from that observed for $$T_1$$ , with a minimum at $$T= 0.8$$ K, similar to the tendency reported by Matsushita and colleagues.
1 – TRANSPORT EQUATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the transport equations of balances that consist of a sufficient number of particles so that discontinuities can be smoothed out. In single-phase fluid mechanics and in multicomponent mechanics, it is customary to write an energy balance for the sum of internal and kinetic energies. Such a balance would then be combined with the equation of motion dotted with the velocity vector for phase i. The entropy form of the energy equation can be obtained by using the fact that the internal energy of phase i depends upon the entropy of phase i and upon the specific volume of phase i for a onecomponent system. The mixture equation shows that the momentum balance moving along the weighted average velocity contains contributions because of the relative phase velocities. The design of fluidized bed reactors and other contacting devices in which chemical reactions occur involves the solution of multicomponent equations of change with reaction. To apply the present hydrodynamic theory to such situations, multicomponent, multiphase equations must be derived.
Shift in electrocorticography electrode locations after surgical implantation in children

Interpreting electrocorticography (ECoG) in the context of neuroimaging requires that multimodal information be integrated accurately. However, the implantation of ECoG electrodes can shift the brain impacting the spatial interpretation of electrode locations in the context of pre-implant imaging. We characterized the amount of shift in ECoG electrode locations immediately after implant in a pediatric population. Electrode-shift was quantified as the difference in the electrode locations immediately after surgery (via post-operation CT) compared to the brain surface before the operation (pre-implant T1 MRI). A total of 1140 ECoG contracts were assessed across 18 patients ranging from 3 to 19 (12.1 ± 4.8) years of age who underwent intracranial monitoring in preparation for epilepsy resection surgery. Patients had an average of 63 channels assessed with an average of 5.64 ± 3.27 mm shift from the pre-implant brain surface within 24 h of implant. This shift significantly increased with estimated intracranial volume, but not age. Shift also varied significantly depending of the lobe the contact was over; where contacts on the temporal and frontal lobe had less shift than the parietal. Furthermore, contacts on strips had significantly less shift than those on grids. The shift in the brain surface due to ECoG implantation could lead to a misinterpretation of contact location particularly in patients with larger intracranial volume and for grid contacts over the parietal lobes.
Security in terahertz WLANs with Leaky wave antennas

This paper presents the first security study of THz networks with Leaky Wave Antennas (LWAs). We employ a mix of analytical models and over-the-air experiments to explore the unique security properties of LWA links. We show via both models and experiments that the LWA's angle-frequency coupling leads to non-uniform secrecy capacity across sub-channels yielding advantages to an eavesdropper at edge frequencies. Yet, because different frequencies emit energy at different angles, the eavesdropper is thwarted from easily intercepting an entire wideband transmission. The experiments diverge from the analytical model in that the model underpredicts the eavesdropper's advantage at angles smaller than the target user and subsequent asymmetric performance across angles. Nonetheless, both the model and measurements show that increasingly wide bandwidth and correspondingly wide beams have only a modest marginal security penalty.
An Introduction to Criminological Theory and Popular Culture

Criminology aims to understand and explain criminal behavior and crime through observation and extensive research. The overarching idea is that in understanding criminal behavior, criminologists can better construct programs and policies and suggest changes that will prove beneficial in reducing or eliminating crime. As crime evolves and changes, so do the approaches to studying it. As such, criminology is always a growing field, with new information and insights developing every day.
The suburbanization of poverty and changes in access to public transportation in the Triangle Region, NC

Abstract During the last 50 years, a number of economic forces led to noteworthy changes in the geography of poverty in the US. Employment decentralization and lack of affordable housing have resulted in many low-income households migrating to suburban areas, and as of today, the majority of the low-income population of metropolitan regions resides in the suburbs. Focusing on the Triangle Region, NC, this study systematically explores the changes in the geography of poverty and transit access over time to better understand how accessibility to transit has changed for the low-income residents. Spatial panel data models are also estimated to investigate the relationship between poverty and transit access at the neighborhood level and how it varies spatially and temporally, while accounting for unobserved heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation. Results indicate that between 1990 and 2015, the outer-ring suburbs experienced the highest increase in both poverty and transit access, although improvements in transit access were lower in the recently urbanized areas within the outer-ring suburbs. Inner-ring suburbs experienced a substantial rise in poverty rate and low-income population, and a comparable increase in transit access. Central cities remained the areas with the highest poverty rate and transit access in the Triangle Region but experienced smaller changes over time compared to suburban areas. The findings of the econometric analysis suggest that poverty rate and transit access are not significantly related at the neighborhood level when time-invariant unobservable characteristics are accounted for.
Implication of Mechanical Properties of Li-S Binary Compounds Obtained from the First-Principles Study

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are one of the most promising substitutes for the current Li-ion battery system as a next-generation storage system because of their high theoretical energy density ...
A Nation of White Immigrants: State and Federal Racial Preferences for White Noncitizens

U.S. law, of course, drew many lines based on race from the earliest days of slavery and colonialism. It is also well known that the government discriminated against noncitizens in favor of citizens in areas such as licensing and land ownership. This Article proposes that during the long Jim Crow era, there was an additional body of racially discriminatory state and federal law that discriminated against noncitizens of particular disfavored races. This body of law has not been fully recognized or described. Because the federal government and many state governments had policies encouraging white immigration, they sought methods to discriminate against nonwhite noncitizens, primarily Asians, without also burdening white noncitizens. The “declaration of intention” to naturalize, a required part of the naturalization process, was a key device used to effectuate this policy. Between 1790 and 1952, eligibility for nationalization was racially restricted, such that only members of preferred races could file a declaration of intent. Therefore, offering benefits to so-called “declarants” intentionally and effectively favored white immigrants. Hundreds of state and federal laws offered benefits to declarants with respect to a wide range of opportunities, including voting, land ownership, public benefits, military service, public employment, government contracting, and occupational licensing. This combination of state and federal law offered white immigrants in many parts of the United States an opportunity for substantial equality with white citizens from the moment they arrived in the United States, while it simultaneously restricted competition from—and maintained the subordinated status of—noncitizens of color. This body of law should be considered when evaluating the history of racial discrimination in this country and its present effects.
Exploring communication framing methods that link changes in air pollution exposure and COVID-19 to promote post-pandemic sustainability policy

This is a stock-taking piece on the role of COVID-19 social distancing measures in reducing urban air pollution and subsequent policy changes to reduce air toxics emissions from road traffic or energy production in dense urban areas. In particular, this chapter examines the use of multiple methods of communicating the benefits of reduced air pollution. Using a case study approach, the chapter identifies innovative sustainability programs championed by cities, in response to COVID-19. Creative and resourceful approaches to air pollution and COVID-19 by environmental justice organizations are also compared. By identifying and discussing intersectional work on air pollution and COVID-19, this chapter offers a diverse set of examples for how sustainability programming can emerge during and after the COVID-19 pandemic to reduce air pollution and improve wellbeing.
Understanding the Development of the Central Nervous System and Its Relationship to Clinical Practice

The goal of this chapter is to review the basic development of the central nervous system and to relate this development to clinical practice. The chapter will begin with a basic neuroanatomy of the brain starting with a discussion of the structure and function of the four brain lobes. In addition, this structure and function will be discussed as it relates to stages within a neurotypical child’s development. Maternal stress, alcoholism, and other substances, and poverty can cause significant disruption to the developing brain and result in lifelong disabilities. These disabilities can be cognitive, behavioral, and/or emotional in nature. Particular structures that are vulnerable are in the limbic system, the language system, and the prefrontal cortex. These structures basically allow the child to adapt to his/her environment and the changing requirements of that environment. When these structures are compromised, the resulting adaptation of the child and eventually the adult is less than optimal. Support of children, and their families, who are in adverse situations can improve their future. It is sobering to recall that continued stress over long periods of time can result in genetic transformation of the telomeres of the chromosomes that is then transmitted to the next generation. Multicultural and ethnic differences will be discussed as they relate to neuroanatomy. Finally, a foundation for later chapters on errors in neurodevelopment will be provided to assist the clinical, school, and counseling psychologist in understanding why this neurodevelopment is crucial for the child’s adjustment.
Understanding chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis and strategies to improve gut resilience

Intestinal mucositis, or damage to the intestinal mucosa, is a common side effect of chemotherapy. In this review, we describe the pathobiology of intestinal mucositis that is associated with chemo...
Sensitivity of Multi-frequency Polarimetric SAR Data to Post-Fire Permafrost Changes and Recovery Processes in Arctic Tundra

We used full polarimetric L-band and P-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data collected from the recent NASA Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) airborne campaign and Sentinel-1 C-band dual-polarization data to understand the sensitivity of radar backscatter intensity and phase to fire-induced changes in the surface and subsurface soil processes in Arctic tundra underlain by permafrost. The 2007 Anaktuvuk River fire on the Alaska North Slope was used as a case study. At ~10-year post-fire, we observed strong increases (> ~3-4 dB) in the low frequency radar backscatter in severely burned areas during the thaw season, in contrast to limited ( 1 dB) in burned areas than adjacent unburned areas. Polarimetric decomposition analysis indicated a general trend towards more random surface scattering, and strong increases in double-bounce and volume scattering power at both P- and L-band in the burned areas. The ice-rich yedoma region shows largest backscatter increases in burned areas, and the highest correlation with burn severity and microtopography changes. The above backscatter changes are attributed to increasing surface roughness and microtopography due to ice wedge degradation and thermokarst development, and increasing subsurface scattering due to an overall drier and deeper active layer in burned areas. Among all frequencies, P-band shows consistently larger contrast in backscatter power and phase between burned and unburned areas, which makes it potentially more useful to study fire-permafrost interactions in the Arctic over decadal time scales.
The Power of a Democratic Education

Nearly one hundred years ago John Dewey published Democracy and Education (1916), arguing that a democratic education was invaluable for imparting democratic values and practices. Now, a century later, when dozens of countries representing a myriad of ethnic communities, religious traditions, and historical experiences have established democratic governments, we can test his assertions. This article uses World Values Survey (WVS) data to test how educational experience in a democracy affects political values and behavior at individual and country levels of analysis. It offers strong evidence that Dewey was correct. Of all of the factors tested, education in a democratic country is the most powerful predictor of democratic political values and behavior for both individuals and broader societies. Furthermore, the findings show a collective effect that occurs once the majority of society has known only democracy. The results offer important insights into democratic transition and consolidation processes.
An investigation of the reaction branching ratio

Abstract The branching ratio of the 10 B(n, α) 7 Li ∗ , 7 Li reaction was measured at thermal neutron energies by irradiating a 10 B film and measuring the relative number of α-particles in the peaks associated with the ground state and the first excited level. Detection was by a silicon surface barrier detector. The percent of reactions going to the ground state was found to be 6.43±0.11.
Metabolic Adaptations to Prolonged Food-Deprivation by the American Badger Taxidea-Taxus

Energy expenditures for food processing, maintenance, and activity requirements were determined in the laboratory on the American badger, Taxidea taxus, both with ad lib. food and starved for 7, 20, and 30 days. Body weight decreased at about 76 g per day, resulting in a respiratory quotient (RQ) of 0.83 after 30 days of starvation. Energy requirements were calculated from $\dot{V}_{O_{2}}$, values. A 24.2%, 19.7%, and 26.3% reduction in total metabolism was observed at 7, 20, and 30 days, respectively, without food because of reduced maintenance and activity requirements. As a result, badgers were able to conserve approximately 17 g of tissue per day after 30 days without food. Part of the lower maintenance metabolism was accounted for by a 1.7 C reduction in body temperature. Activity was most depressed the first week of starvation but progressively increased after 20 and 30 days without food.
MELCOR modeling of the national research universal full-length high-temperature 2 experiment

The MELCOR computer code has been used to simulate the National Research Universal full-length high-temperature 2 (FLHT-2) test. Input data for the analysis were obtained from the FLHT-2 test Data Report and from SCDAP input. In this paper results are presented for the transient liquid level in the test bundle, heat transfer to the bypass flow, cladding and shroud temperatures, and hydrogen generation. Comparisons are made with experimental data and with SCDAP calculations. Several sensitivity calculations with MELCOR, which explore the impact of varying user-input modeling and time-step control parameters on the predicted behavior, were also carried out.
The Trials of Laura Fair: Sex, Murder, and Insanity in the Victorian West. By Carole Haber. (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. Pp. 310. $39.95.)

Laura Fair, a widow with one child, was a beautiful woman who ran a boarding house at which A. P. Crittenden, a prominent—and, it turns out, married—businessman took meals. Mr. Crittenden took more...