cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of nickel microstructure on methane steam-reforming activity of Ni–YSZ cermet anode catalyst

Abstract The activity of nickel–yttria stabilized zirconia (Ni–YSZ) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cermet anodes for the steam-reforming of methane has been investigated in the absence of electrochemical effects. The cermet was prepared by co-milling and sintering NiO and 5YSZ powders at 1375 °C in air. During the high-temperature sintering step, NiO dissolved into the YSZ particles to form a solid NiO–YSZ solution. During the subsequent catalyst reduction step, Ni exolved from the YSZ. As a result, many small Ni particles on the order of 10–20 nm formed at the surface of the YSZ. These small particles contributed significantly to the overall reforming activity, along with the large bulk Ni particles within the Ni–YSZ cermet. We observed high initial activity that decreased by as much as an order of magnitude with time on stream, until the anode catalyst reached a stable steady-state activity. The time to reach this stable activity was a function of the pretreatment and reaction conditions. Initial and lined-out activities and average turnover frequencies were obtained for both Ni–YSZ and bulk Ni, based on a rate expression that was first-order in methane and zero-order in steam. Comparative tests at 750 °C showed high initial activity on a per-Ni site basis with both materials, but these turnover rates declined over a period of a few hours. After lineout, there appeared to be a negligible effect of Ni particle size on turnover rate. These results indicate the presence of structure-sensitivity for methane reforming, but only with freshly calcined and reduced catalysts that may contain highly coordinatively unsaturated sites. There was an apparent structure-insensitivity with aged catalysts in which Ni particle sizes were generally ⩾30 nm. Under reaction conditions with high space velocities and low methane conversions, the water–gas shift reaction did not establish thermodynamic equilibrium.
Cardiovascular and sympathetic responses to PGF2α injection into hypothalamic nuclei

Injection of prostaglandin F2α (1 nmol/rat) into the paraventricular, dorsomedial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei of halothane anesthetized rats elicited rapid increases of heart rate and blood pressure. The injection of this same dose of prostaglandin F2α into the cerebroventricular system or intravenously had no effect on these parameters. The cardiovascular responses observed following prostaglandin F2α injection into these hypothalamic nuclei were accompanied by increases in plasma levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine, with peak levels at the maximal cardiovascular response. This study suggests a possible role for prostaglandin F2α in modulation of the cardiovascular system via specific hypothalamic nuclei.
Bacteria resistant to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline isolated from western Kansas feedlots

Abstract In the United States thousands of tons of antibiotics are annually administered in low doses to livestock, both as prophylactics and growth promoters. Mounting evidence has shown that the overuse of antibiotics in livestock might render them, or their structural analogs, less effective when needed in veterinary as well as human medicine. To examine antibiotic resistance trends in feedlot soil, we collected soil samples from pens at ten beef cattle feedlots across western Kansas. Soil samples were screened for bacteria resistant to the human broad spectrum antibiotics ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, by plating on them on Mueller-Hinton agar containing antibiotic concentrations of 100 μg mL−1. Resistant organisms were subcultured until axenic cultures were obtained. Bacteria were subsequently identified by submitting them to a commercial laboratory that utilizes 16S rRNA sequencing. We further assayed the organisms for resistance to more than one antibiotic. Some resistant isolate...
Substrate and position specificity of hematin-activated monooxygenation reactions.

Abstract Rates of hydroxylation of benzo[ a ]pyrene (BaP), benzo[ e ]pyrene (BeP), chrysene, acetanilide (AC), 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene (DMBA), and 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) in vitro could be increased by as much as 70-fold by additions of micromolar quantities of hematin. Such increases were observed primarily when extrahepatic tissues were utilized as the enzyme source; the greatest increases occurred with rabbit brain. Mixed-function oxygenations of aniline, ethylmorphine, benzphetamine, N -2-fluorenylacetamide (FAA), dibenz[ a , h ] anthracene(DBA), and benz[ a ] anthracene (BA), were affected minimally or not at all by hematin additions. Analyses of metabolites of BaP, AC and DMBA with high-pressure liquid chromatography revealed a high degree of position specificity for the hematinmediated reactions. This specificity was dependent upon the enzyme source, e.g. with rabbit kidney as enzyme source and AC as substrate, hematin additions resulted in only minor increases (30–40 per cent) in quantities of 3- and 4-hydroxylated metabolites and decreases (approximately 40–50 per cent; possibly a result of further degradation) in amounts of 2-hydroxylated AC. With hematin additions to rabbit brain homogenates, quantities of the measured 2-hydroxylated AC increased by 10 to 12-fold and of the 3-hydroxylated product by 3 to 4-fold, but no detectable changes in 4-hydroxylated AC were observed. With BaP as substrate, hematin elicited the formation of large quantities of an unidentified and hitherto undetected metabolite. Results of the study were consistent with the concept that hematin additions result in the reconstitution of a number of functionally distinct, tissue-specific cytochrome P-450 apoproteins.
Brain Plasticity, Sleep and Aging

The link between sleep and aging is a hot topic of research. On the one hand, much attention has been paid to epidemiological studies showing that both short sleep and long sleep in humans are associated with reduced longevity. I will briefly review this literature and discuss recent experiments in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that may contribute to understanding this complicated association. On the other hand, other experiments have focused on age-related sleep changes. Sleep quantity and quality tend to decrease with age, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In young subjects, converging evidence from human and animal studies shows that the need for sleep is strongly modulated by the amount of brain plasticity during prior wake. In short, the more we learn and adapt our brain to an ever-changing environment, the more we need to sleep. If so, poor sleep in the elderly could be caused by a chronic decrease in sleep need due to reduced opportunity to learn and be exposed to novel experiences, rather than, or in addition to, an intrinsic problem in the neural circuits responsible for sleep regulation. This distinction has obvious practical implications. However, very little research has been done on this topic.
Calculations of optimum pharmacokinetic drug supply rates for maximum duration during multiple dose therapy by prodrug administration

Abstract For a drug that is repetitively dosed in order to maintain a certain minimum effective concentration in blood (MEC) there exists an optimum rate-determining drug input constant, (krds)opt, which will result in the maximum time between doses (τmax). By defining Q∞ = [Amax∞/(MEC)Vd)], where Amax∞ is the steady-state maximum amount in the site of administration and Vd is the volume of distribution of drug, the (krds)opt may be estimated from e/Q∞, provided Q∞ ⩾ 8. This estimate applies to all of the 1- and 2-compartment models considered in the report. The relative onset time is shown to be 4 to 5 times the rate-determining half-life defined as t0.5 = 0.693/krds. Thus, a prodrug with an ideal rate-limiting input constant will increase the onset time relative to the drug itself unless a compensatory loading dose is employed. Equations are provided for estimating the loading dose, maintenance dose, onset time, optimum krds and τ. The applicability and significance of the methods are discussed.
Micro estimation of RNA by the cupric ion catalyzed orcinol reaction.

Abstract A method for estimation of purified RNA using cupric ion catalyzed orcinol has been studied and improved. If such an assay is carried out under the optimal conditions described here it would appear to be the most sensitive, accurate, and rapid method for routine RNA estimation currently available. The improved conditions include a combination of several factors such as replacement of the usual FeCl3 by a copper salt, increasing the concentration of orcinol in the reaction mixture, and increasing the heating time from the commonly used 20 minutes to 35 minutes.
Conjunctivitis in birds

There are numerous causative agents of avian conjunctivitis, many of which are associated with systemic disease. A thorough evaluation of the patient's history and habitat is mandatory, and a complete physical examination and ophthalmic examination are required. The owner should be informed at the initial visit that an orderly sequential approach for obtaining diagnostic specimens is required and that a protracted course of treatment may be required to bring about complete, long-lasting resolution of clinical signs.
THE IRON ABUNDANCE OF IOTA HERCULIS

We have obtained coadded, high-resolution IUE spectra of Iota Herculis (B3 IV) in both the short-wavelength (SWP) and long-wavelength (LWP) regions. LTE synthetic spectra with a resolution identical to that of IUE were produced with the Kurucz model atmosphere and spectral synthesis codes ATLAS9/SYNTHE. Model parameters were chosen from the literature: Teff=17500 K, log g=3.75, v sin i = 11 km s-1, and vturb=0 km s-1. The abundance indicators were 53 lines of Fe II and 26 lines of Fe III whose atomic parameters have been measured in the laboratory. Using a method that compares synthetic equivalent widths with observed ones, we find that the abundances derived from the different ionization stages are in agreement: both Fe II and Fe III lines yield an abundance of [Fe/H]= -0.47 ± 0.13 relative to the Sun. A curve of growth analysis yields similar results. Due to our choice of a zero microturbulent velocity these results are upper limits, and we conclude that Iota Herculis is significantly underabundant in iron relative to the sun.
Effects of Parathyroid Hormone on Phosphate Turnover in Bone and Kidney

The effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on phosphate transport in bone cells and kidney tissue was studied using commercial PTH and P32O4. Newborn rats were injected intraperitoneally with 10 units of PTH 30 min prior to P32O4 injection. At 30 min, 1 hr, 1½ hr and 2 hr after P32 injection, the P32O4 content of the acid-soluble organic phosphate fraction of calvaria was higher in PTH-injected than in control animals. At 15 min, 45 min and 90 min after P32O4 injection, specific activity of the total renal phosphate was higher in PTH-injected rats than in controls despite similar blood disappearance curves in the 2 groups. Cortex showed a greater P32O4 uptake than medulla, but the relative increase caused by PTH was greater in medulla. These data suggest that PTH has some action on phosphate transport at the cellular level.
Intelligent advertising framework for digital signage

How to realize targeted advertising in digital signage is an interesting question. This paper proposed an Intelligent Advertising Framework (IAF), which pioneers the integration of Anonymous Viewer Analytics (AVA) and Data Mining technologies to achieve Targeted and interactive Advertising. IAF correlates AVA viewership information with point-of-sale (POS) data, and establishes a link between the response time to an ad by a certain demographic group and the effect on the sale of the advertised product. With the advertising models learned based on this correlation, IAF can provide advertisers and retailers with intelligence to show the right ads to right audience in right location at right time. Preliminary results indicate that IAF will greatly improve the effect and utility of advertising and maximize the Return on Investment (ROI) of advertisers and retailers. The demo shows Intel's leadership regarding intelligent advertising in the Digital Signage industry.
Presynaptic facilitation as a mechanism for behavioral sensitization in Aplysia

Sensitization is an elementary form of nonassociative learning, related to behavioral arousal, in which a strong stimulus facilitates a reflex response. Studies of the neural circuit of the gill-withdrawal reflex in the isolated abdominal ganglion on Aplysia indicate that short-term sensitization is due to presynaptic facilitation. The facilitation results in a sudden increase in the amount of neurotransmitter released by the sensory neurons at their synapses with motor neurons.
TURBULENT FLOW OF MILDLY VISCOELASTIC LIQUIDS IN CURVED TUBES

The turbulent flow of mildly viscoelastic liquids in curved lubes is analyzed using boundary layer approximations. The momentum integral approach is used and the governing equations are solved numerically by the Runge-Kutta-Merson technique. The influence of Deborah number on the velocity distribution and the boundary layer thickness has been studied for the first time. The theoretically developed expression for frictional losses was checked with available experimental data and sound agreement was found. The results of this analysis are likely to find application in the biomedical fluid mechanics and in the analysis of the flow with so-called “drag reducing” additives.
Rationalized M.K.S. units in electrical engineering education

The paper describes the principles on which the various systems of electrotechnical units (C.G.S., M.K.S., both unrationalized and rationalized) are based. A suggested teaching sequence using M.K.S. rationalized units is outlined, in which the metre, second, ampere and volt are used in the elementary stages to obtain the dimensions and units of other electrical quantities.Analogies between the conduction circuit and field on the one hand, and electric and magnetic circuits and fields on the other, are considered helpful, since the conduction case rests on familiar ideas of current and voltage and permits of experimental illustration by field plotting.
Photooxidase Activity of Heated Chromatophores of Rhodospirillum Rubrum

\Tan Niel's classical (listinction between bacterial andl green plant photosyntheses is based on the differences in the metabolism of the photooxidant (16). But direct measurement of the oxidizing power in bacterial photosynthesis is, at best, difficult with the -usual spectrophotometric equipment. Light-induced oxidations of endogenous cytochromes have been demonstrated in whole cells and extracts of Rhodospirillini rubruzn (2, 4, 15), but special spectrophotometers were always require(l. The oxidizing power generated by light was easily measured by Vernon and Kamen using as the assay the photooxidation of re(luced indophenol or exogenous mammalian cytochrome c (18,19). However, this photooxidation of exogenous indicators was oxygen dependent and heat resistant causing Smith to doubt its physiological significance (14). The photooxidation of reduced indophenol could merely represent a manifestation of the wvell-known ability of bacteriochlorophyll to mediate a sensitized photooxidation (7). Mild heat has been shown to destroy two absorption bands characteristic of the spectrum of bacteriochlorophyll in the chromatophore of R. rubrumn (3. 8) while the photooxidase assay is relatively heat insensitive (10, 18). By comparing the effect of mild heat treatments on both the spectrum and on the photoxidase activity of the chromatophore, a validation was sought of the photooxidase assay using reduced indophenol. The rate of photooxidation of indophenol was not related to the strength of any absorption peak of bacteriochlorophyll. This participation of other heatlabile factors suggested that this in vitro assay is related to the in vivo metabolism of the oxidant.
Soft computing: the convergence of emerging reasoning technologies

The term Soft Computing (SC) represents the combination of emerging problem-solving technologies such as Fuzzy Logic (FL), Probabilistic Reasoning (PR), Neural Networks (NNs), and Genetic Algorithms (GAs). Each of these technologies provide us with complementary reasoning and searching methods to solve complex, real-world problems. After a brief description of each of these technologies, we will analyze some of their most useful combinations, such as the use of FL to control GAs and NNs parameters; the application of GAs to evolve NNs (topologies or weights) or to tune FL controllers; and the implementation of FL controllers as NNs tuned by backpropagation-type algorithms.
The effect of acute hypoxia on synaptosomes from rat brain.

: Synaptosomes have been isolated from the brains of nonanesthetized and nembutal-anesthetized rats subjected to 30 min hypoxia induced by breathing 7% oxygen in nitrogen. The respiratory rate was depressed in synaptosomes from starved hypoxic animals but was not significantly different from the respective control values in preparations from fed hypoxic animals, anesthetized animals, and hypoxic nonanesthetized animals allowed to recover from the hypoxic episode by 60 min of normoxic conditions. Observations are also reported concerning the levels of various metabolites in the synaptosomes isolated from the brains of the same groups of animals. It is suggested that hypoxia results in damage to the synaptosomal and/or mitochondrial membrane, which modifies substrate oxidation in the mitochondria and decreases availability of reducing equivalents for the respiratory chain. Results obtained on afflicted and recovered animals indicate that synaptosomal preparations provide a useful model for the study of hypoxic damage.
Root-Knot Nematodes Exhibit Strain-Specific Clumping Behavior That Is Inherited as a Simple Genetic Trait

Root-knot nematodes are obligate parasites of a wide range of plant species and can feed only on the cytoplasm of living plant cells. In the absence of a suitable plant host, infective juveniles of strain VW9 of the Northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, when dispersed in Pluronic F-127 gel, aggregate into tight, spherical clumps containing thousands of worms. Aggregation or clumping behavior has been observed in diverse genera in the phylum Nematoda spanning free-living species such as Caenorhabditis elegans as well as both plant and animal parasites. Clumping behavior differs between strains of M. hapla and occurs with other species within this genus where strain-specific differences in clumping ability are also apparent. Exposure of M. hapla juveniles to a gradient formed using low levels of cyanide promotes formation of clumps at a preferred cyanide level. Analysis of F2 lines from a cross of M. hapla strains that differ in clump-forming behavior reveals that the behavior segregates as a single, major locus that can be positioned on the genetic map of this nematode. Clumping behavior may be a survival strategy whose importance and function depend on the niche of the nematode strain or species.
Control-Relevant Intervention in the Treatment of Minor and Major Depression in a Long-Term Care Facility

The authors assessed the effect of a control-relevant psychosocial intervention in 31 nursing home residents with either major depressive episode or minor depression. An initial group of 22 residents were randomized to either active treatment or waiting list. Four of 11 residents randomized to active treatment were deemed Responders, compared with 0 of 11 on the waiting list (P
Ethicians, ethicists and the goals of clinical ethics consultation.

We believe that clinical ethics consultation (CEC) has as its goal the delivery of healthcare in a manner consistent with the moral rules and the moral ideals. Towards this end, CEC pursues the instrumental ends of clarifying the limits of acceptable ethical disagreement and facilitating a choice among ethically acceptable alternatives. In pursuing these ends, healthcare ethics consultation (HEC) and CEC services confront three broad categories of questions; 1) questions of professional duty; 2) questions of law; and 3) questions of general morality. Professional duty questions concern what has been referred to as the “internal morality of medicine”, and include questions such as the medical legitimacy of the goal(s) being pursued, or the acceptability of the means being employed. Questions of law concern themselves with what the law requires, permits or prohibits. Questions of general morality include all those not falling within the scope of the above categories. We submit that this has implications for the organization and structure of consultation services and HEC and for the methodology and processes employed in CEC. Thus:
Photoionization of beam ions

Abstract In addition to the role of photoionization in the context of ionizing the gas in the target chamber, the possible importance of photoionization of the
Finite-temperature and dynamical properties of the random transverse-field Ising spin chain

We study numerically the paramagnetic phase of the spin-$1/2$ random transverse-field Ising chain, using a mapping to noninteracting fermions. We extend our earlier work, Phys. Rev. B 53, 8486 (1996), to finite temperatures and to dynamical properties. Our results are consistent with the idea that there are Griffiths-McCoy singularities in the paramagnetic phase described by a continuously varying exponent $z(\ensuremath{\delta}),$ where \ensuremath{\delta} measures the deviation from criticality. There are some discrepancies between the values of $z(\ensuremath{\delta})$ obtained from different quantities, but this may be due to corrections to scaling. The average on-site time dependent correlation function decays with a power law in the paramagnetic phase, namely, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}1/z(\ensuremath{\delta})},$ where \ensuremath{\tau} is imaginary time. However, the typical value decays with a stretched exponential behavior, $\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}c{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{1/\ensuremath{\mu}}),$ where \ensuremath{\mu} may be related to $z(\ensuremath{\delta}).$ We also obtain results for the full probability distribution of time dependent correlation functions at different points in the paramagnetic phase.
Buckling of columns constructed of bimodular materials

Abstract The problem treated here is the bifurcation buckling of a uniform, slender, cantilever column constructed of a bimodular material, which has a different Young's modulus in tension than it has in compression. Solution is obtained by three different approximate techniques: finite difference, segmentation (transfer matrix), and energy. The numerical results are found to be in very close agreement with each other.
Giardiasis Causing Urticaria in a Child

• We report an association between giardiasis and chronic urticaria and review the few previous cases in the literature. An unusual aspect of our case was the intensification of the urticarial response with antiprotozoal chemotherapy. We discuss the clinical features in terms of the limited current knowledge concerning immunologic mechanisms in giardiasis and the antigenic structure of Giardia lamblia . ( Am J Dis Child 1983;137:761-763)
NSAIDs and the Elderly Toxicity and Economic Implications

Despite their propensity to cause toxicity, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are routinely prescribed for older patients for painful musculoskeletal conditions, many of which are noninflammatory in nature. In some settings, simple analgesia with paracetamol (acetaminophen) or tramadol may be just as effective as NSAIDs. The benefits of therapy with NSAIDs must be weighed against their potential risks. With the anticipated growth of the elderly population, the economic implications of NSAID use in older patients are staggering. Estimates of the total cost of prescribing NSAIDs to the elderly must include the additional costs of gastroprotective agents, prophylaxis, laboratory monitoring, physician evaluations and interventions for adverse effects. Misoprostol may be cost effective as primary prophylaxis of NSAID-induced ulcer disease in some elderly patients. NSAIDs may reduce disability and improve quality of life, thereby offsetting their costs. To date, the direct, indirect and intangible cost of NSAIDs and cost offsets have not been systematically evaluated in the elderly. At this juncture, NSAIDs may be used judiciously in older patients, and misoprostol should be considered in high risk patients. Further studies to assess the economics of NSAIDs in the elderly population are warranted.
Differing attitudes toward virtual and conventional colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening: surveys among primary care physicians and potential patients

Differing attitudes toward virtual and conventional colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening: surveys among primary care physicians and potential patients
Network distance estimation with dynamic landmark triangles

This paper describes an efficient and accurate approach to estimate the network distance between arbitrary Internet hosts. We use three landmark hosts forming a triangle in two-dimensional space to estimate the distance between arbitrary hosts with simple trigonometrical calculations. To improve the accuracy of estimation, we dynamically choose the "best" triangle for a given pair of hosts using a heuristic algorithm. Our experiments show that this approach achieves both lower computational and network probing cost over the classic landmarks-based approach while producing more accurate estimates.
A diagnostic framework for measuring Web‐site localization

This study provides a framework for analyzing the extent of a company's Web localization efforts based on four constructs that capture the overall quality of Web localization: content localization, cultural customization, local gateways, and translation quality. The framework is used to measure Web-site localization efforts directed toward the U.S. Hispanic online market. The results show that most U.S. Web sites emphasize translation of the Web content from English to Spanish without localizing the site in terms of navigation, graphics, colors, and other culturally relevant content. A scorecard is provided for practitioners to use in assessing and enhancing their companies' Web-site localization efforts. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A National Survey of School-Based, Adolescent Suicide Prevention Programs

Abstract A national survey of suicide prevention programs was conducted to determine the number, distribution and content of school-based, curriculum programs for adolescents. One hundred fifteen programs were identified. The total number of students and schools targeted for prevention efforts more than doubled during the academic years 1984/1985 to 1986/1987. Content of the programs was similar, with nearly all including information on suicide warning signs and other facts, as well as on accessing community mental health resources. Most included a separate component for school staff and parents. Ninety-five percent subscribed to the view that suicide is most commonly a response to extreme stress or pressure and could happen to anyone. Possible negative implications of this “stress model” of suicide were discussed. While this survey plays an important first step in providing a description of these programs, more evaluative research is needed to determine what effect, if any, these programs have on suicidal behavior.
Missing the Revolution: Anthropologists and the War in Peru

On 17 May 1980, Shining Path guerrillas burned ballot boxes in the Andean village of Chuschi and proclaimed their intention to overthrow the Peruvian state. Playing on the Inkarri myth of Andean resurrection from the cataclysm of conquest, the revolutionaries had chosen the 199th anniversary of the execution by the Spanish colonizers of the neo-Inca rebel Tupac Amaru. Chuschi, though, prefigured not rebirth but a decade of death. It opened a savage war between the guerrillas and government that would claim more than 15,000 lives during the 1980s.
Reconfigurable WDM networks: systems and enabling technologies research

Summary form only given. Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a scheme in which many independent wavelength channels are simultaneously transmitted on a single fiber, with each channel located at a unique wavelength. Such a transmission scheme efficiently utilizes the available fiber bandwidth, increasing the aggregate system capacity and throughput over that of existing fiber systems and networks. Furthermore, local- and wide-area networks can achieve increased capacity and functionality by incorporating wavelength-dependent routing. In this presentation, recent progress in dynamically reconfigurable WDM networks will be described.
The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia

Avijit Gupta, ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. xxiii and 440 pp., figs., plates, tables, and index. $225.00 cloth (ISBN 0-19-924802-8).
Does the central nervous system learn to plan bimanual movements based on its expectation of availability of visual feedback

The correlation between gaze strategy and kinematics of bimanual movements was assessed using repetitive bimanual object transfers as an experimental paradigm. The hypothesis was that visual demand in such tasks is a critical bottleneck in determining bimanual coordination. Kinematics and eye movements were compared before and after practice of this repetitive task. New eye-hand coordination strategies emerged with practice. Also, with practice a systematic prioritization of the left hand movement to be 'primary' and the right hand movement to be 'secondary' emerged. This choice implied that the left hand movement kinematics was similar to that of the unimanual left hand movements, whereas the performance of the right hand task was contingent on successful completion of the primary task. This was revealed by 'anticipatory adjustments' of the right hand kinematics (right-hand peak velocity ranged from 100-70% of the left-hand, and the scaling was dependent on task conditions and the corresponding eye-hand coordination strategies used). We used this evidence to argue that the CNS, aware of an inherent asymmetry between the two hand systems, learns to anticipate the need and availability of visual feedback for successful task completion, and uses this knowledge to optimize movement coordination, specifically such that the right-hand control was modulated to take visual constraints into account.
AWARENESS OF AGGRESSIVE RESPONSE CONTINGENCIES WHEN USING THE REACTION-TIME RESEARCH TASK

College students interacted via the Taylor reaction-time method of studying aggression with an opponent who attacked the subject with maximum shocks for six trials and switched to a matching strategy for 1, 6, or 12 additional trials. At the end of the task, subjects responded to a questionnaire that measured awareness of their own shock settings, the opponent's shock settings, and the relationship between shock settings made by the subject and those made by the opponent. While a statistically significant proportion of subjects correctly recalled the shock settings and relationships between shock settings, a substantial proportion of subjects did not. Results were discussed in relation to a “trade-off” between the use of “masking” tasks, such as the reaction-time procedure, to control subjects' response bias, and the risk that stimulus contingencies may be obscured by such “masking” tasks. One solution to the dilemma may be to replicate the findings both with and without a “masking” task.
In Situ polymerization functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with polystyrene

The in situ polymerization functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) with polystyrene (PS) is demonstrated utilizing stabilized nanotubes reduced by dissolution of excess lithium in ammonia. Short PS chains are tethered to SWNT sidewalls to facilitate a robust compatibilization strategy for nanotube dispersion. To augment extents of functionalization, while maintaining in situ dispersion stability, the effects of multiple monomer addition steps and varied carbon to lithium ratio are studied. The developed functionalization scheme is also effective for the reductive alkylation of SWNT with dodecyl surface groups. By studying the dodecylated SWNT, the molecular weight of grafted PS chains is estimated. The discovery of a general experimental artifact has implications for all functionalization routes utilizing reduction with lithium in ammonia. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3716–3725
The reaction of alkyl halides with the bis(1,2-dicyanoethylenedithiolato)lead(II) ion

Abstract The reaction of the bis(1,2-dicyanoethylenedithiolato)lead(II) ion, Pb(mnt) 2 − 2 , with various organohalides has been examined and found to yield the halo(1,2-dicyanoethylenedithiolato)lead(II) ion Pb(mnt)X − (X = Br, I) and the 1,2-di(alkylmercapto) 1,2-dicyanoethylene, R 2 mnt (R = 1°, 2° alkyl). Qualitative rate studies have shown that the alkylation proceeds much faster for Pb(mnt) − 2 than for Na 2 mnt.
Using Milk Fat to Reduce the Irritation and Bitter Taste of Ibuprofen

Bitterness and irritation elicited by pharmaceutically active molecules remain problematic for pediatric medications, fortified foods, and dietary supplements. Few effective methods exist for reducing these unpalatable sensations, negatively impacting medication compliance and intake of beneficial phytonutrients. A physicochemical approach to masking these sensations may be the most successful approach for generalizability to a wide range of structurally and functionally unique compounds. Here, solutions of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ibuprofen, were prepared in milk products with varying fat content. Our hypothesis, based on other reports of similar phenomena, was that increasing the fat content would cause ibuprofen to selectively partition into the fat phase, thereby reducing interaction with sensory receptors and decreasing adversive sensations. Quantification of the aqueous concentration of ibuprofen was performed using an isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method coupled with an external standard curve. Sensory testing showed a modest but significant decrease (~20 %) in irritation ratings between the skim milk (0 % fat) and the half-and-half (11 % fat) samples, indicating that increased fat may contribute to a reduced sensory response. Bitterness was not reduced, remaining constant over all fat levels. The HPLC results indicate a constant amount of ibuprofen remained in the aqueous phase regardless of fat level, so a simple partitioning hypothesis cannot explain the reduced irritancy ratings. Association of ionized ibuprofen with continuous phase solutes, such as unabsorbed protein, should be explored in future work.
Engineering vascular networks in porous polymer matrices.

Enhanced vascularization is critical to the treatment of ischemic tissues and the engineering of new tissues and organs. We have investigated whether sustained and localized delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) combined with transplantation of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) can be used to engineer new vascular networks. VEGF was incorporated and released in a sustained manner from porous poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLG) matrices to promote angiogenesis at the transplantation site. VEGF could be incorporated and released in a biologically active form from PLG matrices, with the majority of VEGF release (64%) occurring within 2 weeks. These matrices promoted a 260% increase in the density of host SCID mouse-derived capillaries invading the matrices after 7 days of implantation, confirming the activity of the released VEGF. HMVECs were transplanted into SCID mice on PLG matrices, and organized to form immature human-derived vessels within 3 days. Functional vessels were observed within 7 days. Importantly, when HMVECs were transplanted on VEGF-releasing matrices, a 160% increase in the density of human-derived blood vessels was observed after 14 days. These findings suggest that combining elements of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis provides a viable and novel approach to enhancing local vascularization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 668–678, 2002
Operator-stable Lévy motions and renormalizing the chaotic dynamics of microbes in anisotropic porous media

Self-motile particles, such as microbes, that can preferentially orient their microscale movement are embedded in a multiscale anisotropic porous medium. Such an environment is consistent with most natural geological systems. The preferential directional orientation and position of the self-motile particles at the microscale is accounted for with an operator-stable Levy process. The anisotropy of the porous medium on the mesoscale is accounted for with an operator-stable velocity with either finite or infinite second moments. Upscaling is accomplished with generalized central limit theorems which can be shown to be equivalent to a renormalized group approach. If the mesoscale drift is operator-stable Levy (fractal), then the macroscale Fokker–Planck equation has time-dependent diffusion tensor and fractional derivatives which are directionally dependent.
Optimal liability with stochastic harms, judgement-proof injurers, and asymmetric information

Abstract This paper studies the use of ex post liability to regulate unilateral accidents when injurers have (1) different probability distributions for accident damages and, as a result, different optimal levels of accident prevention effort, (2) private information about their damage distributions, and (3) liability that is limited to the injurer’s available assets. When the asset bound on liability is in a plausible range, an optimal damage-contingent legal rule is shown to take a threshold form, assessing maximal liability when ex post damages are above a given threshold and zero liability otherwise.
On heterochrony in heterodonty: A review of some problems in tooth morphogenesis and evolution

Although initial discussions and speculations about the role of acceleration and retardation in the relative timing of ontogenetic events associated with dental evolution, dental development, and heterodonty can be found in the literature as early as a century ago, morphogenetic processes and mechanisms remain elusive and formal heterochronic and mechanistic models employing mathematical principles, especially those that are testable, have only recently begun to appear. Even the seemingly simplest of developmental problems, such as primate canine tooth size variation in ontogeny and phylogeny, continue to be the subject of much controversy and debate. At least part of the problem, as well as its solution, may be found in the uniqueness of the process of amelogenesis during tooth formation and the dichotomy between inner enamel epithelium growth parameters and those dealing with ameloblast secretory functions, including duration and rate. Certain aspects of the life cycle of the inner enamel epithelium lend themselves to mathematical analysis and can be visualized graphically as a morphogenetic triangle, which illustrates the relationship between proliferation and differentiation during tooth crown formation. Components of the triangle model include the times of onset of proliferation (P), onset of differentiation (D), and crown completion (C), which provide the basis for calculations of rate of proliferation (RP) and rate of differentiation (Rd) during the attainment of final crown height measured at the dentinoenamel junction. Thus, tooth crown size is partially controlled by a “framework” established by the proliferating cells of the inner enamel epithelium, and partially by the variable thickness of enamel matrix produced by functional ameloblasts and laid down on the “framework” following their terminal differentiation. From a developmental point of view, it would seem appropriate to consider tooth size (inner enamel epithelium, morphogenetic triangle) and enamel thickness (secretory ameloblasts) as independent parameters of growth that contribute differentially to external crown dimensions. Morphogenetic triangle parameters that are actually related to real ontogenetic events during tooth formation facilitate heterochronic analysis and modelling and provide a theoretical basis for a broader understanding of basic mechanisms involved in certain troublesome size and shape problems in dental morphogenesis and evolution.
Implicit, explicit, and internalized weight bias and psychosocial maladjustment among treatment-seeking adults.

Abstract Objective Weight bias among weight loss treatment-seeking adults has been understudied. This investigation examined the 1) levels of implicit, explicit, and internalized weight bias among overweight/obese treatment-seeking adults, 2) association between weight bias and psychosocial maladjustment (binge eating, body image, depression), and 3) association between participation in weight loss treatment and changes in weight bias. Methods Fifty-four overweight and obese individuals (BMI ≥ 27) recruited for a weight loss intervention completed measures of depression, body image, binge eating, and implicit, explicit, and internalized weight bias. Results Participants evidenced significant implicit, explicit, and internalized weight bias. Greater weight bias was associated with greater depression, poorer body image, and increased binge eating. Despite significant reductions in negative internalized and explicit weight bias following treatment, weight bias remained strong. Conclusions Weight bias among treatment-seeking adults is associated with greater psychological maladjustment and may interfere with their ability to achieve optimal health and well-being.
Amplitude-modulated laser-driven fiber-optic RF interferometric strain sensor

A new fiber optic sensor for use in flexible structures is reported. The sensor is based on an extension of Rogowski's design, in which the laser-driven optical beam in the fiber is modulated at radio frequency and strain is detected by a shift in the phase delay as the fiber dimension is strained with the structure. This sensor -- FORISS -- differs in that it consists of an embedded closed loop of fiber coupled to a laser/detector/fiber optic delay line circuit through a 2 X 2 coupler. The closed loop has the characteristics of a Fabry-Perot cavity operating at radio frequency wavelengths within the fiber. A parametric model of the sensor that enables both physical characterization of prototype sensors and insights which guide design optimization of the sensor is described. Experiments were performed on fiber- embedded composite specimens tension-stressed to failure at 26 kpsi and 7400 microstrains. The sensor survived to the point of coupon failure. The data indicates that the sensor possesses the properties predicted by the theory.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Generalization of adult's stimulus control of children's behavior.

Abstract Four severely retarded boys, each a member of a different play group, experienced either contingent or a combination of both contingent and noncontingent reinforcement from adults for cooperative play. After the contingent adults acquired stimulus control of the children's behavior, four stimulus control probes were conducted. The contingent adult's control was maintained in a nonexperimental setting. Play was evoked when both adults entered the experimental playroom together. The contingent adult did not control responding when he entered without the cup which held the reinforcement candy. For those Ss who had experienced only contingent reinforcement from adults, stimulus control generalized to novel adults; whereas for Ss who had experienced both contingent and noncontingent reinforcement, control did not generalize.
Isolated left carotid artery in CHARGE association: Diagnosis and repair

Isolation of the left carotid artery is extremely rare. We report a case of isolation of the left carotid artery with CHARGE association. Aortic arch abnormalities should be looked for in all children with CHARGE association. The technique of repair involved implantation of the isolated left carotid artery to the ascending aorta.
The concept of the hall in Old English poetry

The range of cultural assumptions underlying Old English poetry and the sentiments and sources which inspired it, not to mention the methods of composition – oral or written – are subjects of vigorous dispute. Much that was once considered indigenous and Germanic is now being revalued in the light of Latin analogues and works accepted for a century as secular are being treated by many as Christian doctrinal discourses. Since the intellectual milieu is so uncertain a basis for interpreting controversial poems, other approaches are needed. One that suggests itself is the exploration of idea-complexes. When a theme or situation recurs in a number of poems, in widely differing contexts, patterns of association can be isolated and analysed. The theme of exile, for example, is a centre of a cluster of ideas. Another is the concept of the hall: what is looked to for safety and what is feared as a threat to that security make apt points of departure for a study of a culture's major assumptions. Moreover, because the hall is the focus for conflicting attitudes, the array of associations proves useful to a more general understanding of the nature of Old English poetry.
Social Factors Related to Smoking among Rural, Low-Income Women: Findings from a Systematic Review.

Objective This systematic review of the literature assesses congruency of findings from descriptive, qualitative, and association studies focusing on factors influencing smoking and smoking cessation with findings from smoking cessation interventions that included low-income rural women. Design and Sample Six databases relevant to the health and social sciences were searched in this systematic review using combinations of select keyword terms, specific inclusion criteria, and studies between 1997 and 2012. Results Descriptive studies on this population of smokers provide economic, environmental, and social factors related to smoking patterns. Qualitative studies found social support received from an individual's social network was viewed as most beneficial when considering or maintaining smoking cessation while randomized controlled trials included in this review implemented social support through peripheral resources or resources with little personal connection to the sample and failed to produce significant results. Conclusions Few studies have focused on the specific needs and difficulties of smoking cessation among rural low-income women and interventions have not targeted the complex social network of this population. Incongruence in study findings supports the need for smoking assessment and cessation interventions that incorporates the unique social and cultural meanings of smoking in rural low-income women.
Interaction of molybdenum hexacarbonyl with hydroxylated alumina thin films at high temperatures: Formation and removal of surface carbides

Abstract The chemistry of Mo(CO) 6 is studied on a thin hydroxylated alumina (HA) film grown in ultrahigh vacuum on a Mo(1 0 0) substrate using temperature-programmed desorption, and X-ray and Auger spectroscopies. The uptake of molybdenum on HA at ∼700 K is about six times larger than on a dehydroxylated surface and this is ascribed to a combination of a higher surface area for the hydroxylated alumina film and the presence of surface hydroxyl groups. This reaction results in the formation of molybdenum carbides where the stoichiometry is close to MoC at low exposures, while it approaches Mo 2 C as the exposure increases. The carbide incorporates a small amount of oxygen and measuring the Mo 3d 5/2 chemical shifts suggests that the carbides are present as small particles at low Mo(CO) 6 exposures. With increasing exposure, the surface carbide forms a thin film. Heating the surface evolves predominantly carbon monoxide due to alumina reduction to form metallic aluminum and, at high Mo(CO) 6 exposures, the molybdenum diffuses into the bulk while, at lower Mo(CO) 6 exposures, a surface MoAl alloy is formed.