cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emily Dickinson's MY LIFE HAD STOOD – A LOADED GUN –

“My Life had stood – a Loaded Gun –” is best understood as a metaphor for the union and subsequent lifelong relationship between a man and a woman. If we see the owner as a husband figure who is ex...
Toward a psychoanalytic theory of drive: REM Sleep, a CNS self-stimulation system

Abstract The present article attempts to briefly trace some of the difficulties that Freud faced constructing a drive theory. Although Freud's conceptions of the drives are central to some versions of psychoanalytic theory, it is rare for any author to demonstrate the empirical consequence of drive theory. In this article I attempt to show how both our animal and human studies are related to and amplify Freudian drive theory. Moreover, I discuss how some of our conceptions can explain aspects of infant development.
Anx2 Interacts with HIV-1 Gag at Phosphatidylinositol (4,5) Bisphosphate-Containing Lipid Rafts and Increases Viral Production in 293T Cells

The neuronal damage characteristic of HIV-1-mediated CNS diseases is inflicted by HIV-1 infected brain macrophages. Several steps of viral replication, including assembly and budding, differ between macrophages and T cells; it is likely that cell-specific host factors mediate these differences. We previously defined Annexin 2 (Anx2) as an HIV Gag binding partner in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) that promotes proper viral assembly. Anx2, a calcium-dependent membrane-binding protein that can aggregate phospholipid-containing lipid rafts, is expressed to high levels in macrophages, but not in T lymphocytes or the 293T cell line. Here, we use bimolecular fluorescence complementation in the 293T cell model to demonstrate that Anx2 and HIV-1 Gag interact at the phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate-containing lipid raft membrane domains at which Gag mediates viral assembly. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Anx2 expression in 293T cells increases Gag processing and HIV-1 production. These data provide new evidence that Anx2, by interacting with Gag at the membranes that support viral assembly, functions in the late stages of HIV-1 replication.
Abstract 573: 18alpha- glycyrrhetinic acid (AGA) inhibits advanced prostate cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis by downregulating inflammation-related cytokine growth factor genes

Glycyrrhetinic acid is an active triterpenoid metabolite of glycyrrhizin abundantly present in licorice roots. Glycyrrhetinic acid exists as alpha and beta stereo-isomeric forms. Both stereo-isomeric forms are known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity. However, the effects and anti-cancer mechanism of alpha glycyrrhetinic acid in prostate cancer cells is not yet evaluated. Therefore in this study, we have investigated the growth inhibition, induction of apoptosis and the anti-cancer mechanisms of 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid (AGA) on androgen independent metastatic prostate cell line DU-145. Our results showed that AGA inhibited proliferation and growth of these cells in a time and dose dependent manner. Induction of apoptosis was confirmed by Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide staining. Further analysis showed that AGA treatment activated caspase- 8 and −3 death related enzymes in DU-145 cells. Interestingly, AGA treatment also simultaneously down regulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokine/growth factor genes HMGB1, IL-6 and IL-8. This is the first report demonstrating that AGA could play a dual role as an inducer of apoptosis and suppressor of pro-inflammatory gene expression in DU-145 prostate cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 573.
Creative Coercion in Post-Katrina New Orleans: a Neighborhood Strategy to Address Conflict in Networks

The study of relationships within networks has traditionally focused on concepts such as cooperation, collaboration and other forms of partnership (Brown & Keast 2003). The assumption has been that actors in a network have shared vision and are working together. This study tests that idea by using mixed methods and ethnography to examine 15 neighborhood associations in post-Katrina New Orleans, and 71 of their relationships within policy networks. Contrary to our typical understanding of networks, neighborhood associations engage not just in partnership, but also in power struggles. When excluded from policy networks, neighborhood associations use creative coercion to ensure their voice is heard. Facing a power deficit, these associations look for informal levers to assert themselves into policy negotiation. The result is creative and coercive measures, such as co-opting elections, bribery, blackmail and what one neighborhood activist calls ‘guerrilla warfare.’ These conflicts force a reconsideration of networks. Networks are not solely homes of collaborative action; they are also the location of sharp power struggles over priorities.
Ontotheological Turnings? The Decentering of the Modern Subject in Recent French Phenomenology Joeri Schrijvers

(2013). Ontotheological Turnings? The Decentering of the Modern Subject in Recent French Phenomenology Joeri Schrijvers. Comparative and Continental Philosophy: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 107-108.
Innervated reverse digital artery flap through bilateral neurorrhaphy for pulp defects

To provide sensation to the reverse digital artery (RDA) flap, both the dorsal branch from the proper digital nerve and the superficial sensory branch from the corresponding radial or ulnar nerve are sectioned at their proximal ends and included with the RDA flap. These are then anastomosed with the distal ends of both radial and ulnar digital nerves at the recipient wound. Three cases of pulp defects reconstructed by this technique achieved very favourable functional and cosmetic results. The RDA flap, innervated through bilateral neurorrhaphy, seems to be an excellent option for one-stage reconstruction of major pulp defects.
A preliminary phytochemical investigation of Digitalis grandiflora.

Modifications of previously published extraction methods as applied to the fresh first-year leaves of Digitalis grandiflora are described. These modifications gave better results when applied to this species of digitalis. New solvent systems employed in paper chromatographic studies showed the presence of α-acetyl digitoxin, digitoxin, digoxin, and a glycoside whose aglycon belongs to the gitoxigenin series. Crude saponins were present to the extent of two per cent of the dry weight of the leaves.
Jaw movements evoked by substantia nigra stimulation: Role of extranigral current spread

Electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra in cats elicits jaw movements. A variety of tests were performed to assess the contribution of current spread to this phenomenon. The results of these tests strongly suggest that stimulation-evoked movements are not due to activation of the substantia nigra but rather are the result of current spread to adjacent structures.
Modeling low-frequency fluctuation and hemodynamic response timecourse in event-related fMRI

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suffers from many problems that make signal estimation difficult. These include variation in the hemodynamic response across voxels and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We evaluate several analysis techniques that address these problems for event-related fMRI. (1) Many fMRI analyses assume a canonical hemodynamic response function, but this assumption may lead to inaccurate data models. By adopting the finite impulse response model, we show that voxel-specific hemodynamic response functions can be estimated directly from the data. (2) There is a large amount of low-frequency noise fluctuation (LFF) in blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) time-series data. To compensate for this problem, we use polynomials as regressors for LFF. We show that this technique substantially improves SNR and is more accurate than high-pass filtering of the data. (3) Model overfitting is a problem for the finite impulse response model because of the low SNR of the BOLD response. To reduce overfitting, we estimate a hemodynamic response timecourse for each voxel and incorporate the constraint of time-event separability, the constraint that hemodynamic responses across event types are identical up to a scale factor. We show that this technique substantially improves the accuracy of hemodynamic response estimates and can be computed efficiently. For the analysis techniques we present, we evaluate improvement in modeling accuracy via 10-fold cross-validation.
Growth of nitric acid hydrates on thin sulfuric acid films

Type I polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are thought to nucleate and grow on stratospheric sulfate aerosols (SSAs). To model this system, thin sulfuric acid films were exposed to water and nitric acid vapors (1-3 x 10(exp -4) Torr H2O and 1-2.5 x 10(exp -6) Torr HNO3) and subjected to cooling and heating cycles. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to probe the phase of the sulfuric acid and to identify the HNO3/H2O films that condensed. Nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) was observed to grow on crystalline sulfuric acid tetrahydrate (SAT) films. NAT also condensed in/on supercooled H2SO4 films without causing crystallization of the sulfuric acid. This growth is consistent with NAT nucleation from ternary solutions as the first step in PSC formation.
Ab Initio Investigation of the Temporary Anion States of Perfluoroethane

The stabilization method is used to characterize the temporary anion states of C2F6. Based on the theoretical results, we assign the lowest-energy feature in the electron transmission spectrum of C2F6 to the 2Eu ground-state anion and the second feature to overlapping 12Au, 12A1g, 22Au, and 12Eg anion states. It is also proposed that the bimodal kinetic energy distribution of the F- ions produced in the dissociative attachment of near 5 eV electrons on C2F6 is due to the Jahn−Teller effect.
An evidence-based systematic review of directional microphones and digital noise reduction hearing aids in school-age children with hearing loss.

Purpose The purpose of this evidence-based systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of digital noise reduction and directional microphones for outcome measures of audibility, speech recogniti...
Humidity Fluctuations over a Vegetated Surface Measured with a Lyman-Alpha Hygrometer and a Fine-Wire Thermocouple Psychrometer

Abstract Simultaneous measurements of humidity fluctuations over a crop made with a specially modified Lyman-alpha hygrometer and a fine-wire thermocouple psychrometer are compared. Standard deviations of the two sets of data are comparable except occasionally when wind speeds were low. The psychrometer appears to underestimate the vertical flux of water vapor due to its slow response. Analysis of humidity spectra and moisture flux cospectra shows that the Lyman-alpha hygrometer is superior to the psychrometer in response at high frequencies and low wind speeds.
Nonhippocampal Muscarinic Receptors Are Required for Nonspatial Working Memory

The effects of scopolamine on nonspatial working memory were examined in rats with hippocampal lesions and sham operations. Performance was examined using a continuous conditional discrimination task in an operant box. Choice accuracy measured nonspatial working memory. Response bias, delay interval responses, and response probability measured response preference, stimulus control, motivation, and sensorimotor ability. Scopolamine (0.05, 0.075, 0.1, and 0.15 mg/kg) or methylscopolamine (0.1 mg/kg) was injected (I.P.) 15 min prior to behavioral testing. In both control and hippocampal lesioned groups, choice accuracy declined as the delay interval increased. Scopolamine, but not methylscopolamine, produced a dose-dependent impairment of choice accuracy (interaction of Dose x Delay) in both groups. The scopolamine-induced impairment was not different between the control and hippocampally lesioned rats. Response bias, delay interval responses, and response probability were not affected by scopolamine except at the highest dose, which increased delay interval responses. The results suggest that central muscarinic receptors outside the hippocampus are important for working memory of nonspatial stimuli.
Children’s frequency-selective detection of signals in noise1

Five children, median age 7 years, and six adults, median age 20 years, served as Os in a task requiring the detection of auditory signals presented against a continuous background of noise. Two-alternative, temporal-forced-choice trials of 5-sec duration were presented periodically in blocks of 50 during two or three 1-h sessions. During a block, some 70% of the signals were of 1,000 Hz and approximately 30% were probe signals of a frequency other than 1,000 Hz. After only rudimentary description of the task, the children and adults performed adequately. The results from the children and adults were similar, showing differential detection as a function of signal frequency. The demonstrated frequency selection is consistent with a sensory-filter model of the O’s auditory behavior.
Occipital Alpha and the Attributes of the “Alpha Experience”

The present research was designed to study to what extent occipital alpha strength is related to five subjective dimensions that are associated with the “alpha experience.” These are (1) the degree of oculomotor processing, (2) the degree of sensory awareness, (3) the degree of body awareness, (4) the deliberateness of thought, and (5) the pleasantness of emotional state. One experimental group of 8 persons was run for each of the above five dimensions. First, while an integrated amplitude measure of occipital alpha strength was recorded, our research participants practiced two “simple awareness techniques” (without feedback) corresponding to the two poles of their group's dimension. Later they were given the task of associating their two “awareness techniques” with occipital alpha strength by means of feedback-augmented alpha enhancement and suppression. The results showed that only the first two dimensions—the degree of oculomotor processing and the degree of sensory awareness—are significantly related to occipital alpha strength. These findings support the notion that the “alpha experience” as a whole is not intrinsically or directly associated with enhanced occipital alpha strength, and that occipital alpha strength is a direct function of only oculomotor processing.
Severe vitamin B12 deficiency mimicking thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

![Figure][1] A previously healthy 43-year-old man with chronic alcoholism presented to a rural medical center with a 2-week history of confusion, fever, dyspnea, dizziness, and fatigue associated with diarrhea and hematochezia. Laboratory results were notable for a platelet count of 19 × 109
Twin‐Screw Extrusion Processing of Feed Blends Containing Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS)

ABSTRACT Extrusion trials were conducted with varying levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) along with soy flour, corn flour, fish meal, vitamin mix, mineral mix, and net protein content adjusted to 28% using a Wenger TX-52 twin-screw extruder. The properties of extrudates were studied in experiments conducted using a full-factorial design with three levels of DDGS content, two levels of moisture content, and two levels of screw speed. Increasing the DDGS content from 20 to 60% resulted in a 36.7% decrease in the radial expansion, leading to a 159 and 61.4% increase in the unit density and bulk density of the extrudates, respectively. Increasing the DDGS content resulted in a significant increase in the water absorption index (WAI) but a significant decrease in the water solubility index (WSI) of the extrudates. Changing the screw speed and moisture content had no significant effect on the radial expansion ratio but resulted in a significant difference in the bulk density of the extrudate...
Stability of the Regulatory T Cell Lineage in Vivo

Tissue maintenance and homeostasis can be achieved through the replacement of dying cells by differentiating precursors or self-renewal of terminally differentiated cells or relies heavily on cellular longevity in poorly regenerating tissues. Regulatory T cells (T(reg) cells) represent an actively dividing cell population with critical function in suppression of lethal immune-mediated inflammation. The plasticity of T(reg) cells has been actively debated because it could factor importantly in protective immunity or autoimmunity. By using inducible labeling and tracking of T(reg) cell fate in vivo, or transfers of highly purified T(reg) cells, we have demonstrated notable stability of this cell population under physiologic and inflammatory conditions. Our results suggest that self-renewal of mature T(reg) cells serves as a major mechanism of maintenance of the T(reg) cell lineage in adult mice.
Prokaryotic expression of bone sialoprotein and identification of casein kinase II phosphorylation sites.

Bone sialoprotein is an extracellular noncollagenous acidic protein that plays a role in bone mineralization and remodeling. Its expression is restricted to mineralized tissues and is subjected to variety of posttranslational modifications including phosphorylation and glycosylation. We have expressed the full-length and half domains of bovine bone sialoprotein in a prokaryotic system and identified the phosphorylation sites of casein kinase II. The N-terminal automated solid-phase sequencing defined four phosphorylated peptides: residues 28–38 (LEDSPEENGVFK), 51–86 (FYPELKRFAVQSSSPDSPSPEENGNGDSPSPEEEEEEEETSP), 151–165 (EDESPDEEEEEEEEEE), and 295–305 (GRGYDSPYDGQD). Nine phosphoserines were identified within the four peptides. Seven of them were in the N-terminus (S31, S64, S66, S67, S75, S76, and S86) and two were in the C-terminus (S154 and S300) of the protein.
Characterization of cephalic arteriovenous LH differences by continuous sampling in ovariectomized sheep.

Blood from the external carotid artery and from the external jugular vein were collected simultaneously, and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were measured in order to determine the temporal pattern of the large episodic pulses of LH secretion which are characteristic of ovariectomized sheep. Collection of paired arterial and venous samples at 5-min intervals did not provide adequate resolution of arteriovenous LH changes which accompany these pulses. Therefore, a continuous blood sampling system was developed which permitted collection of paired arterial and venous samples over 20-second intervals throughout a sampling period of approximately 45 min. One large pulse of LH secretion was detected in 6 of 9 trials, and each pulse was characterized by a brief period (2–6 min) when venous concentrations of LH were much higher than corresponding arterial concentrations. Periods of considerable release of LH from the head were usually followed by a period when arterial LH levels were greater than the venous levels, indicating that LH was being removed from the circulation by the tissues of the head. Administration of synthetic GnRH pulses (17.5–35 ng) through the arterial cannulae of halothane-anesthetized ewes produced in different trials arteriovenous LH concentration differences ranging from no discharge of LH to discharges much larger and more prolonged than those occurring spontaneously in conscious ewes. These results suggest that individual episodes of spontaneous pulsatile discharge of LH in ovariectomized sheep last 2–6 min and probably result from episodic secretion of LH-releasing hormone by the hypothalamus. Profiles of circulating LH also appear to be modified by extravascular sequestration of LH.
Prediction versus Independence in Contingency Tables

Summary Although Chi-square analysis of contingency tables is almost always taught in introductory courses students often show little understanding. The authors here introduce a method to remedy this.
Field flow fractionation for assessing neonatal Fc receptor and Fcγ receptor binding to monoclonal antibodies in solution

Analysis of the strength and stoichiometry of immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding to neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and Fcγ receptor (FcγR) is important for evaluating the pharmacokinetics and effector functions of therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) products, respectively. The current standard for assessing FcγR and FcRn binding is composed of cell-based and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays. In this work, asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (AF4) was evaluated to establish the true stoichiometry of IgG binding in solution. AF4 and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) were applied to directly observe IgG/FcγR and IgG/FcRn complexes, which were not observed using nonequilibrium size exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis. Human serum albumin (HSA), an abundant component of human blood and capable of binding FcRn, was studied in combination with FcRn and IgG. AF4 demonstrated that the majority of large complexes of IgG/FcRn/HSA were at an approximate 1:2:1 molar ratio. In addition, affinity measurements of the complex were performed in the sub-micromolar affinity range. A significant decrease in binding was detected for IgG molecules with increased oxidation in the Fc region. AF4 was useful in detecting weak binding between full-length IgG/Fc fragments and Fc receptors and the effect of chemical modifications on binding. AF4 is a useful technique in the assessment of mAb product quality attributes.
Climatic controls on frost cracking and implications for the evolution of bedrock landscapes

[1] In mountainous landscapes the role of periglacial processes in producing sediment is poorly defined, despite evidence of abundant talus slopes. Ice growth in rock has long been recognized as an efficient erosion mechanism, but the effects have not been readily applied to landscape evolution in response to tectonic and climatic forcing. Here, we quantify how and where ice-driven mechanical erosion occurs in cold, bedrock-dominated landscapes using a simple one-dimensional numerical heat flow model. In our model, ice grows by water migration to colder regions in shallow rock by the reduction in chemical potential associated with intermolecular forces between ice and mineral surfaces, a process called segregation ice growth. The depth and intensity of frost cracking is primarily dependent on mean annual temperature (MAT), with positive MAT sites characterized by intense cracking in the top meter of the rock mass and a maximum frost penetration of ∼4 m. In contrast, negative MAT areas have less intense cracking that primarily occurs at depths between 50 and 800 cm. We compare the depth and intensity of frost cracking predicted by our model with measures of the intensity of frost processes determined in three studies: The first measured the timing of rockfall in the Canadian Rockies, Niagara Escarpment, and Japanese Alps; the second analyzed scree deposits in the Southern Alps, New Zealand; and the third documented rockfall frequency in Utah. These natural examples show that rockfalls tend to nucleate at elevations that coincide with zones of intense frost cracking predicted by our model. As such, climatic variations associated with interglacial-glacial cycles may impart a significant influence on the denudation of mountainous landscapes.
Initial Cell-Type Choice in a Simple Eukaryote: Cell-Autonomous or Morphogen-Gradient Dependent?

Abstract Dictyostelium discoideumis a simple eukaryote that lives as an amoeba until starvation triggers aggregation. The aggregate forms a slug which then develops into a fruiting body with two main cell types, stalk and spore cells. Two mechanisms have been proposed to explain cell-type differentiation. Studies using expression of theecmAgene as a prestalk cell marker indicated that gradients of morphogens determine cell fate in the slug. However, studies using dyes or the cysteine proteinase 2 (CP2) gene product as a prestalk cell marker indicated that cell autonomous factors such as cell-cycle phase at the time of starvation cause an initial choice of cell fate. To help resolve these differences, we have used transformed cells containing the promoter of the prestalk geneecmAfused to β-galactosidase (Jermyn and Williams, 1991) to study the differentiation ofDictyosteliumcells at low cell density, at which cell-to-cell interactions and morphogen gradients are minimal. We find that under all conditions of low cell density in which expression of theecmAfusion gene occurs, it is invariably detected in less than 25% of the cells from a clonal population. This suggests that a cell-autonomous mechanism is involved inecmAexpression. We then used double-labeled immunofluorescence to examine the ontogeny of the CP2-positive and theecmA-positive cells. In developing aggregates, 9 to 12% of the cells are CP2-positive from 12 to 24 hr of development. TheecmA-positive cells are first detected at 16 hr as a subset of the CP2-positive cells and then increase in number. At approximately 20 hr, the CP2-positive cells and theecmA-positive cells are almost completely overlapping sets. By late development, all of the CP2-positive cells areecmA-positive and an additional 10% of the CP2-negative cells are alsoecmA-positive. This indicates that up to 20 hr of development,ecmAis expressed only in CP2-positive cells. The data thus suggest that cell-cycle phase at the time of starvation causes an initial choice of cell type and that during later development other factors influence cell fate.
Selectivity of intracellular proteolysis: protein substrates activate the ATP-dependent protease (La)

A critical enzyme in protein breakdown in Escherichia coli is protease La (the lon gene product), which hydrolyzes proteins and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a coupled process. The mechanism of this process was studied with fluorogenic tripeptides. Although proteins and peptides are degraded at the same active site, protein substrates enhance the ability of the enzyme to degrade these peptides two- to tenfold. Proteins that are not substrates had little or no effect. Thus, protein substrates must bind to protease La at two sites, the active site and an allosteric site whose occupancy enhances proteolytic activity. This effect did not require that the proteins themselves be degraded. Proteins could induce peptide breakdown even in the absence of ATP, and proteins and ATP had additive effects in stimulating peptidase activity. A multistep cyclical mechanism is proposed in which the binding of the substrate and ATP activates the protease. The enzyme can then cleave a peptide bond, but is inactivated through ATP hydrolysis. Such a mechanism may help account for the selectivity of protein breakdown and prevent inappropriate or excessive proteolysis in vivo.
Effect of Substation Network on Transformer PD Monitoring

In this paper, a simulation model for the propagation of transformer PD pulse has been constructed,and the propagation of PD in a real substation were investigated. We also studied the frequency characteristics of currents at different detection positions, and the influences of substation network are analyzed in aspects of system resonant frequency. The optimal detection position and the optimal measuring band are proposed. The results show that, the calculated range of substation network and capacitive apparatus play the key roles in impedance characteristics.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Self-Regulation in Early Childhood

In preschool, Ethan was known as “a hitter.” If another child took a toy from him, Ethan's impulse was to hit. Ethan would hit his classmates if they bumped into him on the playground or stood too ...
Difference threshold for intensity of tactile stimuli

The difference threshold (DL) for brief tactile stimuli (taps) and vibrotactile stimuli was determined using a 2IFC procedure. The measurements were made at several intensities both in quiet and in the presence of a background vibration. The results show that in the absence of background vibration the DLs for higher intensity stimuli are similar for both taps and vibration, whereas at lower intensities the DL is larger for taps. In the presence of background vibration the DL for vibratory stimuli is elevated to a much greater extent than it is for tap stimuli. The DL is affected by both the intensity of the signal and the intensity of the background vibration.
Reconstructing the Genome of the Vertebrate Ancestor

The assembly of fish gene maps primarily during the last two decades has resulted in important new insights into the evolution of vertebrate chromosomes and karyotypes. While mammalian karyotypes apparently have evolved rapidly to generate haploid chromosome numbers from 40, teleost fish karyotypes have exhibited remarkable conservatism with more than half the karyotyped species possessing a presumably primitive constellation of 24 acrocentric or telocentric chromosome pairs. For this reason, I hypothesized many years ago (Morizot and Siciliano, 1984) that gene arrangements in fishes should have diverged relatively slowly from those of the vertebrate ancestor and therefore, that comparisons with other vertebrate gene maps should permit reconstruction of gene arrangements in the ancestor of all vertebrates. This prediction not only has been verified by new gene map assignments in fishes, but comparison of fish gene maps with those of other vertebrates has identified chromosomal segments whose gene content has been evolutionarily conserved through the >400 million years since divergence of fishes and mammals. Linkage of duplicated genes in fishes, which are more frequently expressed than in mammals, further identifies sets of paralogous chromosomes derived from two or three rounds of tetraploidization in vertebrate ancestors (Lundin, 1993; Morizot, 1994; Postlethwait et al, 1998).
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms, Stress Coping Strategies, and Social Dominance: Comparative Lessons about Leadership Potential

The authors examine dominance and subordination in the social psychology, political science, and biology literatures. Using Summers and Winberg (2006) as a guide, the authors suggest that extreme dominance or subordination phenotypes—including social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism—are determined by an organism's genetic predispositions, motivations, stress responses, and long-term hormone release and uptake states. The authors offer hypotheses about the likely neurochemical profiles for each of these extreme dominance and subordination phenotypes and suggest two designs that begin to test these hypotheses.
Degradation of rat liver metallothioneins in vitro

Abstract The degradation of zinc and cadmium-induced hepatic metallothionineins was investigated in vitro. Both zinc-thionein and cadmium-thionein were labeled in vivo with [35S]cystine. The labeled proteins were isolated and purified by gel filtration and DEAE-ion exchange chromatography. Purified zinc-[35S]thionein and cadmium[35S]thionein were incubated with trypsin, chymotrypsin and pronase for varying times up to 24 h. The rate of degradation of zinc-thionen was twice that of cadmium-thionein when the proteins were incubated with trypsin. Virtually no digestion occurred when the proteins were incubated with chymotrypsin, whereas the rates of degradation were about equal when they were incubated with pronase. In contrast, degradation of zinc-thionein was twice that observed with cadmium-thionein when the proteins were incubated at pH 5.0 with a purified lysomal extract. Degradation of these proteins by the lysosomal proteases was 77 and 46% within 3 h for zinc-thionein and cadmium-thionein, respectively. Thionein, the metal-free from of metallothionein, was degraded extremely rapidly by both neutral and lysosomal proteases. Chromatography of the digestion products on Sephadex G-25 demonstrated that all three forms of metallothionein were degraded to species of approximately 100–300 daltons. These data indicate that metals stabilize thionein polypeptides and suggest that the degradation of metallothionein in vivo is regulated in part by the speciec of metal bound.
The effect of wound severity, type of tissue, and use of the tuber disk model system on arachidonic acid-induced rishitin accumulation in potato tuber

The wound response within damaged potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) must be a coordination of suberization with other resistance responses if infection is to be avoided. Previously, we showed that wound healing was affected by wound severity and consequently the type of tissue damaged within the tuber. Using arachidonic acid-induced accumulation of rishitin as a model for phytoalexin accumulation, we now demonstrate that this tuber resistance response is also influenced by wound severity and the type of tissue exposed to the elicitor. Kennebec and Reddale tubers that were superficially wounded by removing a thin tissue slice (0.75 mm thick) from the surface and then treated with the elicitor arachidonic acid produced significantly less rishitin than more severely wounded tubers (e.g., tubers cut in half) and excised tuber tissue disks (17 mm × 4 mm). Excised, elicitortreated tuber tissues accumulated significantly more rishitin in cortical cells than in perimedullary and pith cells. Rishitin accumulation was routinely measured 96 h after wounding and was found to be declining by 144 h regardless of wound severity. Induction of rishitin accumulation was very localized with more than 80 % of the rishitin found within 0.75 mm of the treated wound. These results indicate that excised tuber tissue disks, often used as models in wound research, are not fully representative of intact tubers. Perhaps more important, the results show that superficial wounds of intact tubers, i.e., similar to shallow nick and abrasion type wounds typically incurred during harvest, accumulate very little rishitin. However, rishitin accumulation in the tuber disk model system is much greater than that found in superficially wounded tubers, but is similar to the accumulation that could be elicited in cut (seed) tubers. The complications contributed by these wound-related and tissue-specific interactions must be factored into the model system(s) used in describing the role(s) of phytoalexins in the broad framework of disease resistance for stored potatoes and cut seed.
Improved error mitigation in endmember unmixing of hyperspectral images via image partitioning of targetlike spectral anomalies

Hyperspectral images can be conveniently and quickly interpreted by detecting spectral endmembers present in the image and unmixing the image in terms of those endmembers. However, spectral diversity common in hyperspectral images leads to high errors in the unmixing process by increasing the likelihood that spectral anomalies will be detected as endmembers. We have developed an algorithm to detect target-like spectral anomalies in the image which are likely to detrimentally interfere with the endmember detection process. The hyperspectral image is preprocessed by detecting target-like spectra and masking them from the subsequent endmember detection analysis. By partitioning target-like spectra from the scene, a set of spectral endmembers is detected which can be used to more accurately unmix the image. The vast majority of data in the original image can be interpreted in terms of these detected spectral endmembers. The few spectra which represent the bulk of the spectral diversity in the scene can then be interpreted individually.
Phosphorescent lifetime and quantum yield measurements of K4Pt2(H2P2O5)4 from 1.6 to 300 K

Abstract Phosphorescent lifetime measurements were performed on K 4 Pt 2 (H 2 P 2 O 5 ) 4 in 2/1 ethylene glycol/water solution, as well as on green and brown crystalline forms, front 1.6 to 300 K. Quantum yield measurements on K 4 Pt 2 (H 2 P 2 O 5 ) 4 in solution were performed over the same temperature range. Data for the dissolved sample were fit to yield a 41.8 cm −1 energy splitting of the assumed 3 A 2u excited term into E u (τ = 4.2 μs) and A 1u (τ = 6.06 ms) components. The Quantum yield for this sample varied from 0.13 at 4.2 K to 0.43 at 77 K. The green and brown crystalline form showed similar behavior. with somewhat shorter lifetimes. A purple crystalline form showed no detectable luminescence from 1.6 to 300 K.
PaRS: Parallel and Near-Optimal Grid-Based Cell Sizing for Library-Based Design

We propose Parallel and Randomized cell Sizing (PaRS), a parallel and randomized algorithm and tool to solve the discrete gate sizing (cell sizing) problem on a grid. PaRS is formulated based on an optimization framework known as nested partitions which we adopt for the first time in the computer-aided design area. PaRS uses parallelism from a novel perspective to better identify the optimization direction. It achieves near-optimal solutions (under 1%) for minimizing the total power subject to meeting a delay constraint. The embarrassingly parallel nature of PaRS makes it highly scalable. We show small algorithm runtimes, in at most minutes for large benchmarks featuring over 47 000 cells. We make comparison with the optimal solution which we are able to generate using customized and parallel branch-and-bound implementation on a grid. Consequently, we are able to generate the optimal solution within hours. While the optimal algorithm uses up to 200 central processing units (CPUs) on our grid, PaRS achieves significant speedups and near-optimal solutions using only 20 CPUs. We also study the impact of varying number of CPUs in PaRS. Finally, we discuss a grid-based implementation using the ldquomaster-workerrdquo framework.
Platelets contain releasable coagulation factor IX antigen

Platelets take up plasma proteins into their alpha granules. Platelet activation releases the alpha granule contents. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that human platelets also contain some coagulation factor IX in their alpha granules. Platelets were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Activated and unactivated platelets were quick frozen on to slides and dehydrated in situ to preserve optimal morphology. The slides were stained by indirect immunofluorescence for factors V and IX. Unactivated platelets showed coarsely granular staining for factor V and finely granular staining for factor IX. Staining for factor V was diffuse after activation, while staining for factor IX disappeared. Thus, the results support the conclusion that platelets contain factor IX which can be released upon activation. Immunoelectron microscopic studies were conducted to more precisely localize the site of the platelet factor IX. As expected, factor V was primarily localized in the alpha granules of unactivated platelets. By contrast, factor IX was observed both in alpha granules and diffusely in the platelet cytoplasm and membrane-bounded vesicles. After activation, staining for both factors V and IX was primarily in the open canalicular system. The physiological importance of this small amount of factor IX is unknown. However, it may be significant since only a few percent of normal IX levels are required to support haemostasis in the absence of trauma, and platelet factor IX could be released at sites of active coagulation.
Isolation of virus during the incubation period of mumps infection

Summary Mumps virus was isolated from the saliva 7 days prior to the onset of parotitis in a boy with natural mumps infection. This report of the isolation of mumps virus during the incubation period of natural infection agrees with the finding of salivary shedding of virus following experimental infection with a low egg passage, virulent strain of mumps virus. 5
GALACTOSE INTOXICATION. PATHOLOGIC STUDY IN THE CHICK.

Des poussins nourris avec une ration contenant plus de 10% de galactose developpent des tremblements, des convulsions et meurent. Une degeneration des neurons et de l'oedema peri-cellulaire se presente dans la zone des ganglions basals, dans la zone medullaire et dans les lobes optiques.
SPERM WHALE PHYLOGENY REVISITED: ANALYSIS OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

Some recent analyses of three mitochondrial DNA regions suggest that sperm whales are the sister group to baleen whales and, therefore, the suborder Odontoceti (toothed whales) constitutes a paraphyletic group. I cladistically analyzed the available morphological data, including that from relevant fossil taxa, for all families of extant cetaceans to test this hypothesis. The results of this analysis unambiguously support a monophyletic Odontoceti including the sperm whales. All synapomorphies that support the Odontoceti node are decisive, not related to the evolution of highly correlated characters, and provide the same result regardless of what order of mammals is used as an outgroup. These numerous, anatomically diverse, and unambiguous characters make this clade one of the best-supported higher-level groupings among mammals. In addition, the fossil evidence refutes a sperm whale/baleen whale clade. Both the molecular and morphological data produce the same unrooted tree. The improper rooting of the molecular tree appears to be producing these seemingly incongruent phylogenies.
Truly high-order FDTD method for inhomogeneous electromagnetic media

The paper introduces a series of novel hierarchical implicit derivative matching methods to restore the accuracy of high-order finite difference time-domain (FDTD) schemes of computational electromagnetics (CEM) with material interfaces in one and two spatial dimensions (1D and 2D). By making use of fictitious points, systematic approaches are proposed to enforce locally the physical jump conditions at material interfaces in a preprocessing stage, to arbitrarily high orders of accuracy in principle. While often limited by numerical instability, orders up to 16 and 10 are achieved, respectively, in 1D and 2D. Numerical experiments on both 1D and 2D problems indicate that the proposed approaches might lead to practical high order schemes for CEM.
Unanticipated Lessening of the Rise in Extracellular Potassium During Ischemia by Pinacidil

Background The efflux of potassium (K) through the ATP- sensitive K channel is considered an important cause of the rise in extracellular K ([K+]e ) during no-flow ischemia. We postulated that agents that enhance K conductance in this channel would enhance the rise in [K+]e. Methods and Results We studied the effects of 10 and 25 μmol/L pinacidil, an ATP-sensitive K channel opener that provides metabolic protection to the ischemic myocardium, on the rise in [K+]e recorded by K-sensitive electrodes, the change in action potential duration (APD) recorded by microelectrodes, and the changes in activation during ischemia in in situ pig hearts and Tyrode-perfused rabbit interventricular septa. Pinacidil 25 μmol/L unexpectedly lessened the rise in [K+]e and the activation delay in both preparations. Pinacidil 10 μmol/L had no effect in the rabbit and only a slight effect in the pig. Both concentrations significantly exaggerated the APD shortening induced by ischemia. By varying stimulation frequency, we demonstrated that the rise in [K+]e during ischemia, both before and after pinacidil, correlated with the time that the action potential was at its plateau voltage. Conclusions Our results indicate that the rise in [K+]e during ischemia is due to multiple factors, including K conductance across membrane channels, K driving force as reflected by the time that the action potential is at its plateau voltage, and the metabolic effects of ischemia. The unanticipated lessening of the rise in [K+]e by pinacidil reflects the balance of its effects on these several parameters.
Youth Tobacco Use: A Global Perspective for Child Health Care Clinicians

Tobacco dependence, responsible for approximately 4 million annual deaths worldwide, is considered to be a "pediatric disease." The smoking epidemic is spreading rapidly in developing countries. Factors contributing to youth smoking in developing countries include cultural traditions, tobacco's easy accessibility and moderate pricing, peer and family influences, and tobacco companies' advertisements and promotional activities. Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure is a substantial problem that causes increased rates of pneumonia, otitis media, asthma, and other short- and long-term pediatric conditions. Parental tobacco use results in children's deprivation of essential needs such as nutrition and education. In this article we review contemporary evidence with respect to the etiology of nicotine dependence among youth, the forms of youth tobacco products worldwide, global youth tobacco-control efforts to date, medical education efforts, and child health care clinicians' special role in youth tobacco-control strategies. In addition, we provide a review of currently available funding opportunities for development and implementation of youth tobacco-control programs.
Emerging roles of cardiolipin remodeling in mitochondrial dysfunction associated with diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases

Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid exclusively localized in inner mitochondrial membrane where it is required for oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis, and mitochondrial bioenergetics. The biological functions of CL are thought to depend on its acyl chain composition which is dominated by linoleic acids in metabolically active tissues. This unique feature is not derived from the de novo biosynthesis of CL, rather from a remodeling process that involves in phospholipases and transacylase/acyltransferase. The remodeling process is also believed to be responsible for generation of CL species that causes oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. CL is highly sensitive to oxidative damages by reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to its high content in polyunsaturated fatty acids and location near the site of ROS production. Consequently, pathological remodeling of CL has been implicated in the etiology of mitochondrial dysfunction commonly associated with diabetes, obesity, heart failure, neurodegeneration, and aging that are characterized by oxidative stress, CL deficiency, and abnormal CL species. This review summarizes recent progresses in molecular, enzymatic, lipidomic, and metabolic studies that support a critical regulatory role of pathological CL remodeling as a missing link between oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic diseases and aging.
The representation of debate as a basis for information storage and retrieval

Interactive computer networks offer the potential for creating a body of information on any given topic that combines the best available contributions from a large number of users. This paper describes a system for cooperatively structuring and evaluating information through well-specified interactions by many users with a common database. At the heart of the system is a structured representation for debate, in which conclusions are explicitly justified or negated by individual items of evidence. Through debates on the accuracy of information and on aspects of the structures themselves, a large number of users can rank cooperatively all available items of information in terms of significance and relevance to each topic. Individual users can then choose the depth to which they wish to examine these structures for the purposes at hand. The function of the debate is not to arrive at specific conclusions, but rather to collect and order the best available evidence on each topic. This use of an interactive system for structuring information offers many further opportunities for improving the accuracy, currency, and accessibility of information.