cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parasitic castration of the marine prosobranch gastropod Nassarius obsoletus by sporocysts of Zoogonus rubellus (Trematoda): histopathology.

Abstract Nearly 2% of the specimens of the mudflat snail, Nassarius obsoletus, collected during June and July of 1972 from southern New Jersey has been found to be parasitized by sporocysts of the trematode Zoogonus rubellus. This parasite causes what is essentially total parasitic castration of this estuarine mollusc. The gonads of the hosts are almost completely absent and in their place, large, vacuolated Leydig cells fill the spaces not occupied by parasites on the periphery of the digestive glands. There is no doubt that the snails would have been sexually mature at the time of collection since all noninfected specimens included either fully developed ova or sperm. It is postulated that the destruction of the host's gonad has resulted from what is being designated as “direct chemical castration,” i.e., the sex cells are destroyed by some substance secreted by the parasite rather than as the result of direct mechanical damage. Since N. obsoletus also serves as the intermediate host for the avian schistosome Austrobilharzia variglandis, the etiologic agent for “swimmer's itch” in the same area, the potential importance of Z. rubellus as a biological control agent against A. variglandis is raised.
Bayesian Approach to Quantifying Epistemic Uncertainty in a Processor Availability Model

DOI: 10.2514/1.51352 It is often necessary to use a combination of testing and analysis to demonstrate compliance with quantitative performance requirements. Increasingly, the demonstration must establish that requirements are satisfied with a certain level of confidence. As an example, a processor intended for space applications may be required to have a certain reliability or availability (e.g., at least 99.9%) with high confidence (e.g., 95%). This paper examines the application of Bayesian statistics and Monte Carlo simulation to such situations, focusing on quantifying epistemic uncertainty associated with the quantity of available data, the validity of alternative models, probabilistically combining alternative models when appropriate, and estimating epistemic uncertainty associated with certain aspects of model completeness.
Biologic TNFα-inhibitors that cross the human blood-brain barrier.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors (TNFI) are a major class of biologic therapeutics, and include decoy receptor and monoclonal antibody (MAb) therapeutics that block TNFα action. TNFα is a pro-inflammatory cytokine in brain disease, such as stroke, brain or spinal cord injury, or Alzheimer’s disease. However, the biologic TNFIs cannot be developed for the brain, because these large molecules do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Brain penetrating forms of TNFα decoy receptors or anti-TNFα antibody therapeutics can be re-engineered as IgG fusion proteins with a BBB molecular Trojan horse, such as the MAb against the human insulin receptor (HIR). The HIRMAb undergoes receptor-mediated transport across the BBB via the endogenous insulin receptor, and carries into brain the fused biologic TNFI. A fusion protein of the HIRMAb and the type II TNF receptor (TNFR) extracellular domain, designated the HIRMAb-TNFR fusion protein, has been engineered and expressed in stably transfected ...
New class of 19F pH indicators: fluoroanilines

The pH dependence of the 19F chemical shift has been characterized for a number of fluorine-substituted aniline derivatives. These compounds constitute a new class of 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) pH indicators, characterized by single 19F resonance lines with sensitivities ranging from 2 to 7 ppm/pH unit near the aniline pKa; total shifts between conjugate acid and base of 5–15 ppm; and pKas ranging from 1 to 7. One compound, N,N-(methyl-2-carboxyisopropyl)-4-fluoroaniline, has a pKa of 6.8 and a sensitivity of 5 ppm/pH unit. This compound displays significant broadening of its 19F resonance near the aniline pKa (6.8), due to a decreased rate of exchange between conjugate acid and base species. Our results are consistent with slow dissociation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond in the zwitterionic species that limits the exchange rate between protonated and unprotonated forms for N,N-(methyl-2-carboxyisopropyl)-4-fluoroaniline.
CHARACTERIZING THE FACTORY SYSTEM: FACTORY SUBJECTIVITY IN HOUSEHOLD WORDS

Whereas opponents of the factory system like Thomas Carlyle in "Signs of the Times" (1829) and James Phillips Kay-Shuttleworth in The Moral and Physical Conditions of the Working Classes in Manchester (1832) argued that it manufactured monotony, homogeneity, and immorality, and also erased human spirituality and character in everything and everyone implicated in it; Martineau 's articles suggest that like the novel the factory system enriched the individuality of its operatives, consumers, and guests. Even as they purport to demystify those houses of business, then, Martineau and her colleagues mystify it with the inaccessible, private, mysterious, and moral character that fictional characters exhibit. This characterization and mystification of the factory system encouraged readers to fetishize industrial processes and products, and perhaps it even fed Marx's then-developing notion of commodity fetishism. I use "fetish" in two senses here, because Martineau 's articles mark a transition from one
Multilevel fault-tolerance for designing dependable wireless networks

As wireless networks are increasingly deployed in the enterprise and other environments and such trends are expected to intensify with the emergence of high performance wireless networks, an important and emerging area of research is the dependability of wireless networks. Although, the dependability problem also arises in wireline counterparts, user mobility, location and link dependence, and fault propagation make dependability a challenging task in wireless networks. The main contribution of this paper is to propose a multilevel, fault-tolerant design for the emerging wireless networks. Extensive simulation results show that increased user mobility can be compensated by deploying multi-level redundancy and the performance of wireless link is not critical in the overall availability as long as the link availability stays above a certain threshold. One major contribution of our work is to demonstrate that optimal dependability performance can only be achieved by fault-tolerance at network level.
Linear rank tests for survival data : equivalence of two formulations

Abstract For time-to-event measurements with right censoring, the usual two-sample linear rank tests can be rewritten (asymptotically) as weighted Mantel-Haenszel statistics, and vice versa. This result follows from the articles by Prentice (1978), Mehrotra, Michalek, and Mihalko (1982), and Cuzick (1985). This article presents an elementary and heuristic argument for the equivalence of these two formulations.
Isolated Antibody to Hepatitis B Core Antigen in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1—Infected Individuals

We screened 651 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected subjects for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs). Of a total of 387 subjects who tested negative for both HBsAg and anti-HBs, 142 underwent further testing for isolated presence of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). Of these 142 subjects, 60 (42%) tested positive for anti-HBc (isolated anti-HBc). Individuals coinfected with HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus (HCV) were more likely to have isolated anti-HBc than were subjects with HIV-1 alone (80% vs. 16%, respectively). Our findings suggest that individuals with HIV-1/HCV coinfection for whom there is no serological evidence for hepatitis B virus when screened with HBsAg and anti-HBs will be positive for anti-HBc in >75% of cases. A screening strategy that tests only for HBsAg and anti-HBs in HIV-1-infected patients will miss a large number of individuals with isolated anti-HBc.
Evaluation of the analgesic properties of acepromazine maleate, oxymorphone, medetomidine and a combination of acepromazine-oxymorphone

Abstract Objective To determine the presence and duration of analgesia after oxymorphone, acepromazine maleate, acepromazine-oxymorphone combination and medetomidine administration in dogs. Study design Blinded, controlled study. Animals Six adult beagle dogs. Methods Each dog participated in five trials receiving acepromazine maleate (0.2 mg kg−1 IM), oxymorphone (0.2 mg kg−1 IM), acepromazine-oxymorphone drug combination (0.2 mg kg−1 each IM), medetomidine (20 μg kg−1 IM) and sterile saline (control). Two specially designed instruments were used for analgesia determination: a heat device (HD) utilized a linear ramped intensity incandescent bulb and a pressure device (PD) consisted of a pneumatic cylinder that protruded a 2.5-cm bolt. The minimum pressure and heat necessary to produce an avoidance response were determined. Analgesia testing was performed prior to and at 30-minute intervals for six hours after drug administration. Results Oxymorphone, acepromazine-oxymorphone and medetomidine significantly elevated both pressure and heat response thresholds compared to controls and acepromazine. Both medetomidine and acepromazine-oxymorphone provided a significantly longer duration of analgesia than oxymorphone. No adverse effects were observed at any of the thermal or pressure application sites. Conclusions Oxymorphone, medetomidine and acepromazine-oxymorphone produced significant analgesia with medetomidine and acepromazine-oxymorphone providing the longest duration of analgesia.
Controlled continuous flow method for transurethral resections.

Abstract Controlled continuous flow is a new method for performing transurethal resection. Pumps are guided by an intravesical solid state transducer designed into the instrument. There is computer control of pump balance with electronic shut-off at maximum pressure limits which are determined by the surgeon. This method was used successfully in 75 cases of transurethral resection of the prostate gland.
Myosin Phosphatase Regulatory Pathways: Different Functions or Redundant Functions?

In many ways, the smooth muscle cell (SMC) has been at the forefront in defining cellular signaling pathways. For example, the initial description of agonist-dependent intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) transients was made on vertebrate vascular SMC using aqueorin as the indicator.1 Delineation of nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP signaling was first accomplished in smooth muscle.2,3 And more recently, insights into the general mechanisms of gene transcription that dictate phenotypic traits of cells are being defined by smooth muscle specific gene expression.4,5 It should come as no surprise then that the interactions among many signaling pathways in cells should be explained first in the SMC. Perhaps the reason for the central position of the SMC in defining paradigms in cellular biology is that there are well-defined physiologic end points amenable to measurement (ie, contractile force) and even better described and easily quantified biochemical pathways that underlie said physiologic end points (ie, myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation). From a historical perspective, the role of protein phosphorylation in smooth muscle contraction as a paradigm for cell signaling follows only that for the control of glycogen metabolism (see 6,7 for reviews). Increases in the levels of cytosolic [Ca2+]i initiate smooth muscle contraction by binding to the universal intracellular Ca2+ receptor protein, calmodulin (CaM), which in turn binds to and activates smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Activated MLCK catalyzes the phosphorylation serine-19 of the regulatory myosin light chain (MLC) thereby increasing cross-bridge cycling and the rate of tension development. Dephosphorylation of MLC is catalyzed by smooth muscle specific myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP). Decreases in cytosolic [Ca2+]i and MLC dephosphorylation are considered salient events in smooth muscle relaxation. What has become apparent only within the last decade is the fact that …
Effects of restricted food intake and growth hormone on rat liver proteins and nucleic acids.

A study was made to determine the part played by food intake on differences observed in rat liver cells of hypophysectomized and growth hormone treated hypophysectomized rats. It was found that: (1) neither restricted food intake nor growth hormone has any effect on the average DNA content of liver nuclei within a given class of ploidy; (2) restricted food intake does play some part in the degree of ploidy shift in the intact as well as in the growth hormone treated hypophysectomized animals. In order to obtain the full shift, both the presence of the pituitary (growth hormone) and an unrestricted food intake are necessary; (3) the inhibitory effect of restricted diet and the stimulatory effect of growth hormone on nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA and protein have been shown. A differential effect of hypophysectomy on decreased nuclear RNA between diploid and tetraploid nuclei has been demonstrated, and a possible explanation for this effect has been offered. An attempt has been made to relate these findings t...
Better by a HAIR: hardware-amenable Internet routing

Higher-level Internet protocols are typically designed to be implemented in software. As scaling challenges increase, however, conventional software-based protocol processor architectures start to hit performance walls. Recent advances in programmable hardware and high-level hardware description languages provide the opportunity to implement some of these protocols directly in hardware. Such implementations allow designs to take advantage of the parallelization and customizability of the underlying hardware to improve performance, however, these potential performance gains are reliant on being able to efficiently and effectively process the protocol in hardware. In this paper, we suggest that hardware-based implementations should be considered while designing such protocols. To demonstrate the benefits in this, we study Internet routing, using BGP as a case study. We propose an architecture and logical design for processing BGP in hardware and enumerate sources of complexity and performance bottlenecks. We then compare this to our modified version of BGP which retains the features of BGP but is designed with a hardware implementation in mind. We show that a few changes to the protocol improve processing time and throughput by an order of magnitude.
Linear and nonlinear optical properties of Bragg and off-Bragg periodic quantum well structures

Summary form only given. When quantum wells are grown as periodic structures, the radiative properties of the composite system can be very different from those of a single quantum well. The composite radiative decay can be either enhanced or inhibited by the radiative couplings between all of the wells. In order to study the intrinsic behavior in linear and nonlinear experiments, we grew a series of multiple quantum well structures containing up to 200 85-/spl Aring/ thick In/sub 0.04/Ga/sub 0.96/As quantum wells embedded in GaAs barriers, providing almost ideal realizations of such one-dimensional optical lattices.
The Field of a Dipole with a Tuned Parasite at Constant Power

Theoretical curves are shown of the electric field in the forward direction and in the backward direction for a center-driven half-wave dipole in the presence of a parallel center-tuned parasite of the same length and radius. The ratio of the electric field of the two-antenna array to the field of the driven unit alone at constant power is given as a function of the distance b between the antennas in the range from b = 0 to b = λ 0 , for both the forward direction (the parasite is a reflector) and the backward direction (the parasite is a director). The total reactance of the parasitic antenna is used as a parameter in the form X 22 = X s2 + X 2 where X s2 = X s1 , is the self-reactance of the parasite in the presence of the identical, driven dipole and X 2 is the tuning reactance at the center of the parasite. Values for which curves are shown are X 22 = 20, 10, 0, -10, -20 ohms and X 22 = X s2 or X 2 = 0. Reactances and resistances used are those of the first-order King-Middleton-Tai theory.
Sensor location selection for structures via identifiability analysis in the time-scale domain

Sensor location selection for structures is demonstrated via identifiability analysis. The sensitivities of sensor outputs to structural stiffness coefficients are computed by a model and transformed via continuous wavelet transforms into the time-scale domain to characterize their shape attributes and accentuate their differences. Regions are then sought in the time-scale plane wherein the wavelet coefficient of an output sensitivity surpasses all the others’ as indication of the sensitivity's uniqueness. This yields a comprehensive account of identifiability by each output for individual stiffness coefficients as the basis for output selection. The proposed output selection strategy is demonstrated for an eight-storey building frame model.
Learning Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance for a Robot Arm Using Neuroevolution

Neural networks can be evolved to control robot manipulators in tasks like target tracking and obstacle avoidance in complex environments. Neurocontrollers are robust to noise and can be adapted to different environments and robot configurations. In this paper, neurocontrollers were evolved to position the end effector of a robot arm close to a target in three different environments: environments without obstacles, environments with stationary obstacles, and environments with moving obstacles. The evolved neurocontrollers perform qualitatively like inverse kinematic controllers in environments with no obstacles and like path-planning controllers based on Rapidly-exploring random trees in environments with obstacles. Unlike inverse kinematic controllers and path planners, the approach reliably generalizes to environments with moving obstacles, making it possible to use it in natural environments.
A microfluidic “baby machine” for cell synchronization

Common techniques used to synchronize eukaryotic cells in the cell cycle often impose metabolic stress on the cells or physically select for size rather than age. To address these deficiencies, a minimally perturbing method known as the “baby machine” was developed previously. In the technique, suspension cells are attached to a membrane, and as the cells divide, the newborn cells are eluted to produce a synchronous population of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. However, the existing “baby machine” is only suitable for cells which can be chemically attached to a surface. Here, we present a microfluidic “baby machine” in which cells are held onto a surface by pressure differences rather than chemical attachment. As a result, our method can in principle be used to synchronize a variety of cell types, including cells which may have weak or unknown surface attachment chemistries. We validate our microfluidic “baby machine” by using it to produce a synchronous population of newborn L1210 mouse lymphocytic leukemia cells in G1 phase.
Cigarette smoking among immigrant salvadoreans in washington, dc: Behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs

Abstract There has been an influx of immigrants from El Salvador to the Washington, DC (DC) area, but little is known about the health behaviors of this population. This study was conducted to describe the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adult Salvadorean immigrants to the DC area. Bilingual interviewers administered a face-to-face interview to participants recruited from throughout the community. Complete data were available for 1,458 participants; 10.8% of those surveyed were current smokers and 11.7% were former smokers. Men were significantly more likely than women to have ever smoked either in the past (adjusted prevalence difference [PD = 21.0%] or currently (PD = 21.2%). The respondents tended to believe that smoking was a “habit” rather than an addition. Only 16% lived in households where smoking was permitted, and the majority supported smoke-free policies in public places, with men and current smokers being less permissive. The smoking behavior exclusively represented the smoking pattern that the Salvadoreans had adopted before immigration. The data suggest that smoking control strategies aimed at this population should seek to reduce the onset of smoking among men and continue to keep smoking among women rare.
Perceived Constituency Linkages and Dimensions of Representation among Racial Minorities in Subnational Levels of Office

This research seeks to understand the implications of the increased presence of women and men of color in elected offices for improving the political representation and well-being of the intersectionally disadvantaged. Our study explores the contours, interrelations, and impacts of the descriptive and symbolic dimensions of representation through the perceived constituency linkages reported by the representatives themselves. Focusing on the attitudes and opinions of the representatives themselves, we explore how their perceptions of constituencies may be influenced by personal background and values which, in turn, may influence their concepts of representational role, evaluations of descriptive representation, and policy opinions on protecting minority rights. Our data come from the 2006-2007 Gender and Multicultural Leadership survey, which is a large-scale telephone survey of African American, Latino, and Asian American male and female elected officials serving at subnational offices as state legislators, county commissioners, mayors or city/town council members, and local school board members. The richness of this one-of-a-kind dataset enables us not only to empirically study the dimensions of representation from the perspectives of women and men of color serving at the subnational levels of office themselves, but to help deconstruct the complexities of the relationships from the intersecting angles of race, gender, and level of office.
Childbearing Among Cohabiting Women: Race, Pregnancy, and Union Transitions

The current economic downturn – a coda on the slow economic growth period of the 2000s – has prompted new questions about the current state of America’s families, including its fragile families. This chapter argues that the issues and policy raised by the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) are more important than ever. America’s rapidly changing ethnoracial composition is giving demographic impetus to new fragile families. Newly released data from the 2006–2008 National Survey of Family Growth now show that nearly 60% of nonmarital births are to unmarried couples living together. Nonmarital births to cohabiting couples are overrepresented among historically disadvantaged populations. Finally, previous research from the FFCWS typically emphasizes the prospective transitions of new mothers among singlehood, cohabitation, and marriage over successive survey waves. This chapter provides new estimates of the incidence of relationship transitions among pregnant women, i.e., evidence on how nonmarital pregnancies segue into cohabitation and marriage. The past decade has brought significant growth in “shot-gun cohabitations” – the so-called fragile families – and a continuing movement away from “shot-gun marriages.”
(E)-5-Bromo-3-(2,6-dichloro-benzyl-idene)indolin-2-one.

The title compound, C15H8BrCl2NO, crystallizes with two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. The dihedral angles between the two aromatic rings are 62.74 (9) and 63.50 (6)° in the two independent molecules. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are connected by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming two centrosymmetric dimers.
Distribution and valence state of radiochromium in intracellularly labeled Ehrlich mouse ascites carcinoma cells.

Summary1. Ehrlich mouse ascites carcinoma cells were labeled with radiochromate (Na2Cr51O4), and the intracellular distribution and valence state of radiochromium studied. 2. Of the total intracellular radioactivity, 71% was associated with the soluble cytoplasmic fraction; of radioactivity of this fraction, ethanol precipitated 52% with the proteins, and 46% remained in the supernate from ethanol precipitation in dialyzable form. 3. Hexavalent chromium (Cr51O4) appeared to be intracellularly reduced to the trivalent state (Cr51+++). 4. The results suggest that the cell membrane of the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell is impermeable to intracellular Cr+++ ions, and that stability of the intracellular label is not dependent on protein binding alone.
Abstract LB-118: 17AAG, through hydrophobic binding, targets mitochondrial VDAC and inhibits cell invasion

17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG) is a member of the geldanamycin (GA) benzoquinone ansamycin family of anticancer drugs that is in clinical trials against several types of cancer. GA compounds bind to the ATP pocket of HSP90, and block its chaperone function resulting in the degradation of a wide variety of substrate oncoproteins, thereby providing a powerful “multi-target therapy”. GA compounds, however, are highly hydrophobic, requiring complicated drug vehicle formulation. In attempting to understand the influence of the hydrophobicity of GA drugs in vitro, we discovered that the hydrophobic molecules, GA or 17AAG, can bind directly to the highly hydrophobic voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) or to purified mitochondria where VDAC resides. Moreover, 17AAG binds to purified mitochondria prepared from all tissues and cells tested and compete with HSP90. Consistent with benzoquinone-ubiquinones functioning as classical Ca2+ mitochondrial regulators we associated the benzoquinone ring which all members of the GA family of drugs have as the responsible GA binding moiety with mitochondria. We show that both the ubiquinone, UbO, and GA drugs increase intracellular Ca2+, most likely through intracellular mitochondrial stores and both drugs diminish the plasma cationic current. By contrast, radicicol, with only an ansamycin ring, binds tightly to HSP90, but lacking the benzoquinone ring, has no measurable effect on cationic current or intercellular Ca2+ concentration. Thus, we propose that benzoquinone mitochondria binding through hydrophobic VDAC represents an alternative mode of action of GA drugs that can either alter HSP90 activity or be responsible for toxicity. Both activities must be considered when novel GA derivatives are developed as therapeutics. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-118.
Rapid-onset hypoglycemia suppresses Fos expression in discrete parts of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

The consensus view of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) is that it is a key node in the rodent brain network controlling sympathoadrenal counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia. To identify the location of hypoglycemia-responsive neurons in the VMH, we performed a high spatial resolution Fos analysis in the VMH of rats made hypoglycemic with intraperitoneal injections of insulin. We examined Fos expression in the four constituent parts of VMH throughout its rostrocaudal extent and determined their relationship to blood glucose concentrations. Hypoglycemia significantly decreased Fos expression only in the dorsomedial and central parts of the VMH, but not its anterior or ventrolateral parts. Moreover, the number of Fos-expressing neurons was significantly and positively correlated in the two responsive regions with terminal blood glucose concentrations. We also measured Fos responses in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) and in several levels of the periaqueductal gray (PAG), which receives strong projections from the VMH. We found the expected and highly significant increase in Fos in the neuroendocrine PVH, which was negatively correlated to terminal blood glucose concentrations, but no significant differences were seen in any part of the PAG. Our results show that there are distinct populations of VMH neurons whose Fos expression is suppressed by hypoglycemia, and their numbers correlate with blood glucose. These findings support a clear division of glycemic control functions within the different parts of the VMH.
Abstract 45: Dynamic biochemical tissue analysis of P-selectin ligands expressed on colon cancer.

Selectin ligands are known to be upregulated in metastatic tumor cell lines, and growing evidence suggests selectin/selectin-ligand interactions mediate the adhesion of circulating tumor cells to distant sites. Thus, novel methods of characterizing selectin ligands expressed on human tissue may serve as valuable assays with significant diagnostic and prognostic potential. Because the kinetic and tensile properties of selectin/selectin-ligand bonds are influenced by local physiological conditions, i.e., wall shear stress due to hydrodynamic force, traditional immunohistochemical approaches cannot adequately detect selectin ligands. That is, though immunohistochemistry is very successful in identifying high affinity interactions, selectin/selectin-ligand interactions exhibit high affinity only when the external force applied on the bond is at an optimal value. This affinity is considerably weaker when applied force on the bond is significantly larger than this optimal value, or else is low or zero, as in traditional immunohistochemistry. Therefore, we have developed a method for detecting selectin ligands expressed on human tissue using a dynamic approach that allows for precise control of the force applied to the bonds between probe and target molecules. More specifically, we conjugated recombinant P-selectin to polystyrene microspheres and perfused this probe over tissue sections of colon cancer - which is known to express P-selectin ligands. Selectin/selectin-ligand adhesive interaction in the form of microsphere rolling on tissue was observed, and specific interaction was confirmed using 10 mM EDTA as a negative control. Increased probe surface coverage (i.e., higher density of P-selectin molecules coated on the surface of the microspheres) resulted in increased interaction with colon cancer tissue. In addition, rolling velocities measured between physiological wall shear stresses 0.25-2.0 dyne/cm 2 indicated adhesive interaction of the selectin-conjugated probe with ligands in colon cancer tissues was stabilized at 0.75 dyne/cm 2 . Analysis of distinct regions within colon cancer tissue sections subjected to this dynamic biochemical tissue analysis revealed different levels of microsphere adhesion in discrete areas, evidence of heterogeneous cellular expression of P-selectin ligands. Taken together, these results demonstrate that functional P-selectin ligands are detectable using dynamic biochemical tissue analysis. Citation Format: Eric W. Martin, Venktesh S. Shirure, Ramiro Malgor, Vicente A. Resto, Douglas J. Goetz, Monica M. Burdick. Dynamic biochemical tissue analysis of P-selectin ligands expressed on colon cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 45. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-45
Could Biomarkers Direct Therapy for the Septic Patient

Sepsis is a serious medical condition caused by a severe systemic inflammatory response to a bacterial, fungal, or viral infection that most commonly affects neonates and the elderly. Advances in understanding the pathophysiology of sepsis have resulted in guidelines for care that have helped reduce the risk of dying from sepsis for both children and older adults. Still, over the past three decades, a large number of clinical trials have been undertaken to evaluate pharmacological agents for sepsis. Unfortunately, all of these trials have failed, with the use of some agents even shown to be harmful. One key issue in these trials was the heterogeneity of the patient population that participated. What has emerged is the need to target therapeutic interventions to the specific patient’s underlying pathophysiological processes, rather than looking for a universal therapy that would be effective in a “typical” septic patient, who does not exist. This review supports the concept that identification of the right biomarkers that can direct therapy and provide timely feedback on its effectiveness will enable critical care physicians to decrease mortality of patients with sepsis and improve the quality of life of survivors.
Regression of Abdominal Fat in Broilers on Abdominal Fat in Spent Parents on Severe Feed Restriction

Abstract A commercial meat-type female line was maintained on the restricted feeding program recommended by the breeder to 5 months of age. Sixty-five pullets were then placed in individual cages and fed throughout laying to 14 months of age at the rate of 12.75 kg of feed per 100 hens per day. Egg production was measured per hen between 7 and 9 months of age. A total of 418 male and 359 female pedigreed progeny were produced by artificially inseminating the hens using semen from a commercial meat-type male line. The male broilers averaged .98 ± .02 abdominal fat percentage body weight with a coefficient of variation of 50%. The female broilers averaged 1.25 ± .03 abdominal fat percentage body weight with a coefficient of variation of 48%. Heritability estimates for abdominal fat percentage body weight of broilers were .72 ± .21 for males and .23 ± .20 for females. Genetic correlations between body weight and abdominal fat weight in broilers were .23 for males and .64 for females, but there was essentially no genetic correlation between body weight and abdominal fat percentage body weight, which was 0 for males and −.12 for females. The spent dams and sires were sacrificed at 14 months of age. The dams averaged 2.43 ± .20 abdominal fat percentage body weight with a coefficient of variation of 63%. The sires had no abdominal fat. The regression of abdominal fat percentage body weight of daughters at 8 weeks of age on percentage abdominal fat in dams at 14 months age was −.071 + .042 and for sons on dams was −.03 ± .035.
Radiosurgery using a modified linear accelerator.

Modified linear accelerators offer a relatively inexpensive technique for performing stereotactic radiosurgery to treat intracranial vascular and neoplastic lesions. They also provide technical advantages over other photon-based radiosurgical techniques, thus enabling improved treatment of large, irregularly-shaped lesions. Their proliferation will enable widespread availability of the benefits of radiosurgery to the patient population at large. The safety and effectiveness of radiosurgery in treating cerebral vascular and neoplastic lesions have led to its popularity among neurosurgeons and ensure its importance in the neurosurgical armamentarium.
Molecular Mechanisms of Enzyme Activation by Monovalent Cations

Regulation of enzymes through metal ion complexation is widespread in biology and underscores a physiological need for stability and high catalytic activity that likely predated proteins in the RNA world. In addition to divalent metals such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+, monovalent cations often function as efficient and selective promoters of catalysis. Advances in structural biology unravel a rich repertoire of molecular mechanisms for enzyme activation by Na+ and K+ Strategies range from short-range effects mediated by direct participation in substrate binding, to more distributed effects that propagate long-range to catalytic residues. This review addresses general considerations and examples.
A Process for Evaluating the Gender and Professionalism of Web Design Elements

This work lays the foundation for creating gender neutral web design guidelines by determining the following: the gendering of web design element examples (including whether some examples are distinctly masculine or feminine), the perceived professionalism of design elements, and whether there is an interaction between gender and professionalism. Designing for a particular gender is common in both product and web design, but in many situations is exclusionary. In the study, participants rated a series of graphical element examples in six categories: Font, Color, Image, Shape, Texture and Mixed Elements. Participants rated each element on their femininity, masculinity and professionalism. Some element examples were found to be strongly feminine or masculine, while others were neutral. In three of the six elements (Color, Shape, Mixed Elements), there was a positive correlation between professionalism and masculinity. Similarly, in the same three elements, there was a negative correlation between profession...
Experimental determination of CO 2 content at graphite saturation along a natural basalt-peridotite melt join: Implications for the fate of carbon in terrestrial magma oceans

Abstract Knowledge of the carbon carrying capacity of peridotite melt at reducing conditions is critical to constrain the mantle budget and planet-scale distribution of carbon set at early stage of differentiation. Yet, neither measurements of CO2 content in reduced peridotite melt nor a reliable model to extrapolate the known solubility of CO2 in basaltic (mafic) melt to solubility in peridotitic (ultramafic) melt exist. There are several reasons for this gap; one reason is due to the unknown relative contributions of individual network modifying cations, such as Ca2+ versus Mg2+, on carbonate dissolution particularly at reducing conditions. Here we conducted high pressure, temperature experiments to estimate the CO2 contents in silicate melts at graphite saturation over a compositional range from natural basalts toward peridotite at a fixed pressure (P) of 1.0 GPa, temperature (T) of 1600 °C, and oxygen fugacity ( log ⁡ f O 2 ∼ IW + 1.6 ). We also conducted experiments to determine the relative effects of variable Ca and Mg contents in mafic compositions on the dissolution of carbonate. Carbon in quenched glasses was measured and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopy and was found to be dissolved as carbonate (CO32−). The FTIR spectra showed CO32− doublets that shifted systematically with the MgO and CaO content of silicate melts. Using our data and previous work we constructed a new composition-based model to determine the CO2 content of ultramafic (peridotitic) melt representative of an early Earth, magma ocean composition at graphite saturation. Our data and model suggest that the dissolved CO2 content of reduced, peridotite melt is significantly higher than that of basaltic melt at shallow magma ocean conditions; however, the difference in C content between the basaltic and peridotitic melts may diminish with depth as the more depolymerized peridotite melt is more compressible. Using our model of CO2 content at graphite saturation as a function of P–T–fO2-melt composition, we predict that a superliquidus shallow magma ocean should degas CO2. Whereas if the increase of f O 2 with depth is weak, a magma ocean may ingas a modest amount of carbon during crystallization. Further, using the carbon content of peridotite melt at log ⁡ f O 2 of IW and the knowledge of C content of Fe-rich alloy melt, we also consider the core–mantle partitioning of carbon, showing that D C metal/peridotite of a shallow magma ocean is generally higher than previously estimated.
Preparing to Lead: A Leadership Philosophy Exercise for Business Students:

This article introduces a leadership philosophy exercise where students reflect on their values and prepare a statement of what they intend to do as a leader in their careers. This exercise has the...
Physical modelling of multidirectional waves

A sixty-segment wave generator has been used since 1985 at the Coastal Engineering Laboratory of the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada to generate multidirectional waves, and study their effects on coastal and ocean structures. The multidirectional wave-maker is installed on one side of a rectangular wave basin that is 30 m wide, 20 m long, and 3 m deep. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the synthesis, generation measurement and analysis techniques that have been developed at NRC improve the physical modelling of multidirectional seas.
Implementation of Semi-Active Control Using Magneto-Rheological Fluids

Abstract A variety of robust, high-strength, magnetorheological fluids and devices that enable the benefits of controllable fluid technology are now commercially available. The key to success in all of these implementations is the ability of magnetorheological fluid to rapidly change its rheological properties upon exposure to an applied magnetic field. Examples of three different implementations of magnetorheological fluid for semi-active control are described.
Biologic Fistula Plugs

Numerous biologic agents have been employed over the last 2 decades to aid in the closure of anal fistulae. The general principles in their use remain constant: closure of the internal opening and separation of the fistulous tract. Biologic glues have been used to promote fistula closure, however, over time they have not proven effective. More recently, a variety of allograft, xenograft, and other manufactured acellular matrices have also been employed as plugs to aid in anal fistula closure. This field is still in its infancy and preliminary data has been mixed. Fistula plugs have a place in recurrent and difficult-to-treat fistulae; however more data is needed to determine their true effectiveness.
Neural representations of the concepts in simple sentences: Concept activation prediction and context effects.

Abstract Although it has been possible to identify individual concepts from a concept's brain activation pattern, there have been significant obstacles to identifying a proposition from its fMRI signature. Here we demonstrate the ability to decode individual prototype sentences from readers’ brain activation patterns, by using theory-driven regions of interest and semantic properties. It is possible to predict the fMRI brain activation patterns evoked by propositions and words which are entirely new to the model with reliably above-chance rank accuracy. The two core components implemented in the model that reflect the theory were the choice of intermediate semantic features and the brain regions associated with the neurosemantic dimensions. This approach also predicts the neural representation of object nouns across participants, studies, and sentence contexts. Moreover, we find that the neural representation of an agent-verb-object proto-sentence is more accurately characterized by the neural signatures of its components as they occur in a similar context than by the neural signatures of these components as they occur in isolation.
Thankfulness and Hope as the Driving Emotions in Mommy Blogs: An Abstract

Women, as a market, are larger than both India and China combined, and yet many companies are not adequately understanding women (Silverstein & Sayre, 2009). This is especially true for working women. Approximately 57% of American women worked outside of the home in 2015; 24 million were mothers to at least one child under the age of 18 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2015, 2016). The idea that women who work outside the home face unique challenges compared to their male counterparts is frequently the subject of feminist theorizing. The concept of equality between the sexes is often cited in this context: from early movements to allow women into various professions to contemporary conceptions of breaking the glass ceiling and receiving equal pay for equal work (Evans, 1994; Hughes, 2002). Workplace gender equality has often been based on minimizing differences between the sexes by ensuring women are “equal” to men. As such it has been critiqued for denying women the space to express the unique challenges they often face that are different from men because this illuminates, rather than reduces, gendered differences (Smithson & Stokoe, 2005). It is crucial to understand their psychology.
Responsive Regulation and Resiliency: The Renewable Fuel Standard and Advanced Biofuels

Responsive regulation embodies a multiple stakeholder approach to creating flexible choices for regulatory regimes, ranging from the less interventionist form of self-regulation to more stringent, networked regulation. This Article addresses emerging approaches to responsive regulation, drawing examples from the current U.S. regulatory landscape. This landscape includes the Renewable Fuel Standard (“RFS”) and other futures markets. The RFS has not only guaranteed a marketplace for biofuels in the United States, but also catalyzed the rapid scale-up of biofuel use globally. Although the volatility of the market economy and disruption of emerging technologies complicate the implementation and enforcement of the national biofuel mandate, biofuels remain the most viable way to bring about a clean energy future. Evidence suggests that the U.S. government—which has increased its biofuel mandate to 19.28 billion gallons in 2017, more than a six percent increase from 2016 levels—agrees. This fact is evidence of Big Corn’s silent revolution, which it has achieved at the expense of Big Oil, largely through responsive regulation and the rise of advanced biofuels.
Motion resolved quantitative phase imaging (Conference Presentation)

Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy (FPM) and Differential Phase Contrast (DPC) are quantitative phase imaging (QPI) methods that recover the complex transmittance function of a sample through coded illumination measurements and phase retrieval optimization. The successes of these methods rely upon acquiring several or possibly hundreds of illumination-encoded measurements. The multi-shot nature of such methods limits their temporal resolution. Similar to motion-induced blur during a long photographic exposure, motion occurring during these acquisitions causes spatial distortion and errors in the reconstructed phase, which inhibits these methods' ability to image fast moving live samples. Here we present a novel approach to correct for motion during QPI capture that relies on motion navigation to register measurements together prior to phase retrieval. The different illumination patterns required for QPI cause the measurements to have a different contrasts. This makes it difficult to use standard registration approaches to estimate complex sample motion directly from the measurements. Instead, we use a color-multiplexed navigator signal (red) that is comprised of a constant illumination pattern and leverage a color camera to separate it from the primary QPI information (green). The reliable motion estimate allows measurements to be shared across time points through image registration. This enables a full set of measurements for a phase retrieval problem to be solved at each time point. We demonstrate proof-of-concept experimental results in which blurring due to live sample motion (swimming Zebra fish, cell motion, and organelle movement) is reduced.
Porcine Acellular Lung Matrix in Wound Healing and Hernia Repair

The introduction of synthetic polypropylene mesh in hernia repair has improved the results of herniorrhaphy. To introduce mesh is to introduce foreign bodies that can impact the human body and may lead to inflammation, infection, fibrosis, calcification, seromas, or adhesions to vital organs such as the bowel. Bioprosthetic meshes, generated from source organs source such as the dermis or small intestine, have emerged as commercially available products for use in hernia repair. The authors discuss the ideal mesh, tissue engineering and hernia repair, bioprosthetic mesh and use in the contaminated field, and porcine acellular lung matrix (PALM) as a natural scaffold capable of cell attachment, while maintaining cell viability was investigated as a novel prosthetic for repair and has demonstrated enhanced incorporation and short-term mechanical stability in a chronic ventral incisional hernia model with bridging repair.