cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic gradient preemphasis adjustment: a 15-minute journey to improved diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging.

Image distortion caused by gradient eddy currents is a major problem in the use of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), as using the uncorrected images for calculation of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and diffusion anisotropy will result in areas of artificially increased anisotropy and ADC at the edge of the images, as well as decreased spatial resolution and accuracy in ADC computations overall. This distortion may be substantially reduced by careful adjustment of the gradient preemphasis unit. A completely automatic method of adjusting the preemphasis unit is proposed which finds the optimal settings for all three gradient directions in approximately 15 min by estimating the magnitudes of the eddy currents at various delay times after a test gradient. The pixel shifts in a 64 x 128 echo-planar diffusion-weighted image with a diffusion gradient strength of 30 mT/m were reduced to less than 0.2.
Quantitative kinetic analysis of DNA nanocomplex self-assembly with Quantum Dots FRET in a microfluidic device

The demand for safer and more efficient non-viral gene vectors has increased with the recent progress of genetic medicine. Appropriate nanocomplex assembly of DNA and gene carriers is critical for successful cellular entry and transfection. However, there is a lack of knowledge on this self-assembly process, let alone the controllability of monodisperse nanocomplexes. This paper describes a novel platform integrating nanobiophotonics (quantum dots-mediated FRET) and microfluidic technology to determine binding kinetics that govern the structural and chemical properties of DNA nanocomplexes. We anticipate that this method will elucidate mechanistic and kinetic insights into the self-assembly process of nanocomplexes which may facilitate the rational design of more efficient gene carriers. In addition, a microfluidic platform offers many advantages, including small volume, fast response to external stimulations, continuous monitoring and real-time control of reaction environments, which may be potentially used to generate more monodisperse complexes.
Veterinary epidemiology and its economic importance in A.D. 2000

Abstract The interaction of veterinary epidemiology and agricultural economics has helped to focus epidemiologists, and veterinarians in general, on the economic importance of animal diseases. From now to the year 2000, it is predicted that a more global economy will develop, extensive livestock production will shift to more intensive production, animal disease problems will be less tolerated by producers and consumers, the humane movement will change animal production and animal health programs, and the livestock industries will expect a rapid veterinary response to new animal health threats. Modern veterinary epidemiology encompasses tools and knowledge that are needed in responding to these changes.
From Swagger to Self-Advocacy: India’s Postgraduate “Transition” in the World Bank

The International Development Association (IDA), the World Bank's facility for low-income countries, has granted India an unprecedented exception to its usual “graduation” policy—extending transitional support to its largest borrower, even though it has crossed the normal eligibility cutoff for IDA’s soft loans (based on per capita income). Before 2012, some Indian officials had called for a “graceful graduation,” believing that India did not need concessionary development assistance any longer. But with IDA graduation imminent in 2013 and facing a limit on borrowing from the Bank’s other window for middle-income countries, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, India successfully appealed for continued IDA access. This article draws on official interviews and documents to show how India secured post-graduation transitional support from IDA—suggesting that while India’s leaders seek to present their country as a rising power with influence in multilateral institutions, they can also be...
Platelet leukocyte interactions. II. In-vivo correction of Chediak-Higashi leukocyte function with serotonin or normal platelets.

The formed elements of the peripheral blood often are characterized according to their separate primary functions in homeostasis. While these elements perform independently of each other, there is increasing evidence documenting an essential interaction between these formed elements. Some of these interactions, for example, have been shown to involve lymphocyte subtypes or lymphocytes and macrophages in cellular and humoral immunity1, and more recently, the relationship of neutrophilic metabolic activation to the platelet release reaction has been demonstrated2–7. We recently have presented evidence for the reversed interaction between neutrophils and platelets where a component of platelet dense bodies affects neutrophil function8. In these studies, platelet-leukocyte interactions were evaluated in-vitro, using the beige mouse, an animal model of the Chediak-Higashi (CH) syndrome, where both platelet and leukocyte function are defective. These studies demonstrated that normal platelets, or serotonin, a constituent of normal platelet-dense bodies which is absent in CH platelets, corrects the abnormal microbicidal activity of CH peripheral blood leukocytes. The present study further tests the hypothesis that platelet serotonin acts as an effector of PMN function be evaluating the effect of intravenous administration of normal platelets or of serotonin on CH leukocyte microbicidal activity, relating our findings to resulting platelet and plasma serotonin levels. The fate of the injected serotonin also was determined, and it was demonstrated that large amounts of the metabolite 5 hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) are formed. This substance, however, has no effect on leukocyte function. These studies confirmed our initial in-vitro observations and showed that CH leukocyte function may be corrected in-vivo by normal platelets or serotonin but not by serotonin breakdown products.
Muscarine-gated K+ channel: subunit stoichiometry and structural domains essential for G protein stimulation

Coexpression in Xenopus oocytes of the cloned cardiac inward rectifier subunits Kir 3.1 and Kir 3.4 results in G protein-stimulated channel activity closely resembling the muscarinic channel underlying the inwardly rectifying K+ current in atrial myocytes. To determine the stoichiometry and relative subunit positions within the channel, Kir 3.1 and Kir 3.4 were coexpressed in varying ratios with cloned G beta 1 gamma 2 subunits and also as tandemly linked tetramers with different relative subunit positions. The results reveal that the most efficient channel comprises two subunits of each type in an alternating array within the tetramer. To localize regions important for subunit coassembly and G protein sensitivity, chimeric subunits containing domains from either Kir 3.1, Kir 3.4, or the G protein-insensitive subunit Kir 4.1 were expressed. The results demonstrate that the transmembrane domains dictate the potentiation of the coassembled channels and that, although the NH4- or COOH-termini of both subunits alone can confer G protein sensitivity, both termini are required for maximal stimulation by G beta 1 gamma 2.
Mechanism of action of insulin on pancreatic exocrine secretion in perfused rat pancreas

In conscious rats, we have previously shown that immunoneutralization of circulating insulin with a rabbit anti-insulin serum abolished the pancreatic exocrine secretion stimulated by a meal or a combination of exogenous secretin and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8). To investigate the mechanism of endogenous insulin action on the exocrine pancreas, isolated rat pancreata were perfused with intra-arterial infusion of Krebs-Henseleit solution (37 degrees C) at 1.2 ml/min, whereas both pancreatic juice and portal venous effluent were collected separately in 15-min samples. Simultaneous intra-arterial infusion of secretin and CCK-8 in doses of 0.75 and 4.2 pmol/h; respectively, significantly increased volume, bicarbonate, and protein output in 7 rat pancreata (P < 0.01). When a rabbit anti-insulin serum was administered intra-arterially (0.1-ml bolus followed by 0.1 ml for 10 min), pancreatic secretion of volume, bicarbonate, and protein output was profoundly suppressed (n = 7, P < 0.01), whereas a normal rabbit serum failed to influence pancreatic secretion. The decrease in pancreatic secretion by the antiserum coincided with a significant increase in somatostatin in portal venous effluent from 1.4 +/- 0.2 to 4.1 +/- 0.8 pM (n = 6, P < 0.05). The combined administration of a rabbit antisomatostatin serum (0.4 ml) and the anti-insulin serum partially reversed the effect of the anti-insulin serum alone. Thus the pancreatic secretion was significantly greater than that achieved by the anti-insulin serum alone (P < 0.05). These observations strongly suggest that the action of insulin on exocrine pancreas is mediated by its local or paracrine action.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Penalized Expectation Propagation for Graphical Models over Strings

We present penalized expectation propagation (PEP), a novel algorithm for approximate inference in graphical models. Expectation propagation is a variant of loopy belief propagation that keeps messages tractable by projecting them back into a given family of functions. Our extension, PEP, uses a structuredsparsity penalty to encourage simple messages, thus balancing speed and accuracy. We specifically show how to instantiate PEP in the case of string-valued random variables, where we adaptively approximate finite-state distributions by variable-order n-gram models. On phonological inference problems, we obtain substantial speedup over previous related algorithms with no significant loss in accuracy.
Protecting Popular Self-Government from the People? New Normative Perspectives on Militant Democracy

This article assesses recent normative theorizing on militant democracy—the idea that, to protect themselves, democracies might under some circumstances have to restrict the rights of those set on undermining or outright destroying democracy. Particular attention is paid to new justifications of militant democracy that seek to avoid the danger of militant democracy itself damaging democracy, as well as to the question of who the agent deciding on implementing militant democracy ought to be. Three new challenges for thinking about militant democracy are identified: certain forms of religious belief and practice, new varieties of authoritarianism that include elections and some limited freedoms, and the question of whether international and supranational institutions can play a role in protecting democracies.
The Stiff Left Atrium Is to Atrial Fibrillation as the Stiff Left Ventricle Is to Diastolic Heart Failure

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiovascular disorder present in as many as 9% of subjects aged ≥65 years and costing the United States >26 billion dollars a year. It causes significant morbidity and mortality with 750 000 hospitalizations each year and contributing to an estimated 130 000 deaths each year.1 Risk factors for AF such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, heart failure, renal disease, heavy alcohol use, sleep apnea, and untreated or uncontrolled hypertension are also the risk factors for both systolic and diastolic heart failure.1 See Article by Khurram et al Therapeutic challenges can be appreciated from a recent trial in patients with paroxysmal AF that found antiarrhythmic therapy to be only 46% effective in preventing recurrence at 6 to 12 months compared with catheter ablation that had a 60% efficacy after the first ablation procedure.2 However, AF recurrences following pulmonary vein isolation procedure are less symptomatic.3 Multiple ablation procedures are also often required. Therefore, guidelines recommend left atrial (LA) ablation for paroxysmal AF after failure of at least 1 antiarrhythmic therapy.4 Atrial fibrosis contributes to AF probably because of disruption of normal electric conduction allowing establishment of the reentry circuit substrate. LA fibrosis can be detected by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging as delayed gadolinium enhancement.5 Increased LA scar burden also predicts recurrence of AF. However, development of focally placed LA scar after ablation is associated with reduced LA function.6 LA scar burden is likely associated with increased LA stiffness similar to the decreased compliance of a scarred left ventricle (LV) both in ischemic cardiomyopathy as well as in nonischemic cardiomyopathy and in infiltrative/restrictive cardiomyopathy.7 Earlier studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship …
Ultrafiltration of the Virus of Vesicular Stomatitis

SummaryThe filtration end-point of the virus of vesicular stomatitis, or the average pore diameter of the finest membrane passing the virus, was found to be approximately 140 mμ. Two im-munologically distinct strains of the virus, the “Indiana” and the “New Jersey” maintained either in tissue culture or in mouse brain, were studied, and the filtration end-point was found to be the same irrespective of the source or serological type of the virus.Our results confirm those of Galloway and El ford, who found that the virus passes through collodion membranes which have an average pore diameter of 160 mμ. but is held back by those of 130 mμ. From their results they estimated the particle size of the virus to be between 70 and 100 mμ.
Building a Terminal: Mechanisms of Presynaptic Development in the CNS

To create a presynaptic terminal, molecular signaling events must be orchestrated across a number of subcellular compartments. In the soma, presynaptic proteins need to be synthesized, packaged together, and attached to microtubule motors for shipment through the axon. Within the axon, transport of presynaptic packages is regulated to ensure that developing synapses receive an adequate supply of components. At individual axonal sites, extracellular interactions must be translated into intracellular signals that can incorporate mobile transport vesicles into the nascent presynaptic terminal. Even once the initial recruitment process is complete, the components and subsequent functionality of presynaptic terminals need to constantly be remodeled. Perhaps most remarkably, all of these processes need to be coordinated in space and time. In this review, we discuss how these dynamic cellular processes occur in neurons of the central nervous system in order to generate presynaptic terminals in the brain.
An Organic Carbon Rich Surface and the Source of Primitive tRNA on Earth

Modern tRNA has a shape that gives it the ability to carry out translation of genetic code to yield polypeptides (proteins). Prebiotic tRNA, if it existed, must have acquired this shape for other reasons, the most likely of which would be relative chemical stability. The nucleotide sequence of tRNA allows for multiple base-pairings that result in the peculiar shape of tRNA, but probably also leads to shielding of potential hydrolysis sites by enclosing them within the folded molecule. It may also be that attachment of an amino acid at one end of the tRNA polymer adds to chemical stability. The result would be accumulation of tRNA-like polymers in a reacting primordial soup in preference to similar sized RNA polymers lacking sequences that allow multiple base-pairing. The less stable RNA are continually broken down into smaller pieces, perhaps monomers, while the more stable polymers survive. This constraint on which RNA polymers survive and accumulate means that a relatively small amount of nucleotide material is required to synthesize all possible tRNA. This assumes that prebiotic RNA polymerization and duplication is possible, but there are laboratory experiments suggesting just that. The organic-compound-rich environment envisioned in previous chapters has enough material to allow synthesis of even multiple copies of tRNA. In order for primitive tRNA life to emerge, however, requires that enough different types of tRNA (coding for different amino acids) are somehow packaged together. This may be accomplished, in principle, by encapsulating tRNA (and other prebiotic raw materials) in organic “bags” similar to micelles or liposomes. The scenario already described provides enough additional organic material to produce enormous numbers of liposomes in addition to the tRNA. Exchange of contents between these primitive packages during fusion/breakup/refusion means that a huge number of combinations of components can take place under prebiotic conditions. The number of “experiments” is virtually uncountable, but a successful package that has the necessary components to carry out polypeptide synthesis of a “multimer” having some catalytic activity only has to happen once to form the first feedback hypercycle. Once this occurs, the package can capture energy, reproduce itself and essentially take over the available food supply (which is what the prebiotic soup would have become). The lack of selection pressure means that variations in the specific makeup of these reproducing “proto-bacteria” would rapidly spread. Some would develop slightly more efficient biochemical systems and these would survive at the expense of the less efficient, the first stage of biological, as opposed to chemical, evolution.
Model depicting aspects of audit and feedback that impact physicians' acceptance of clinical performance feedback.

Audit and feedback (AF (2) determine actions physicians take when receiving feedback; and (3) determine if feedback impacts physicians’ patient-management behavior. In this qualitative study, we employed grounded theory methods to perform a secondary analysis of semi-structured interviews with 12 VA primary care physicians. We analyzed a subset of interview questions from the primary study, which aimed to determine how providers of high, low and moderately performing VA medical centers use performance feedback to maintain and improve quality of care, and determine perceived utility of performance feedback. Based on the themes emergent from our analysis and their observed relationships, we developed a model depicting aspects of the A&F process that impact feedback acceptance and physicians’ patient-management behavior. The model is comprised of three core components – Reaction, Action and Impact – and depicts elements associated with feedback recipients’ reaction to feedback, action taken when feedback is received, and physicians modifying their patient-management behavior. Feedback characteristics, the environment, external locus-of-control components, core values, emotion and the assessment process induce or deter reaction, action and impact. Feedback characteristics (content and timeliness), and the procedural justice of the assessment process (unjust penalties) impact feedback acceptance. External locus-of-control elements (financial incentives, competition), the environment (patient volume, time constraints) and emotion impact patient-management behavior. Receiving feedback generated intense emotion within physicians. The underlying source of the emotion was the assessment process, not the feedback. The emotional response impacted acceptance, impelled action or inaction, and impacted patient-management behavior. Emotion intensity was associated with type of action taken (defensive, proactive, retroactive). Feedback acceptance and impact have as much to do with the performance assessment process as it does the feedback. In order to enhance feedback acceptance and the impact of feedback, developers of clinical performance systems and feedback interventions should consider multiple design elements.
An Equilibrium Model of Income Distribution

Considering the critique of existing research work as expressed in the previous pages, the model presented here should incorporate at least the following features.
NONLINEAR RESPONSE AND METASTABILITY OF COULOMB SYSTEMS NEAR THE PERCOLATION THRESHOLD

Publisher Summary The response of metal-insulator mixtures to external electrical fields is of both theoretical and experimental interest. This chapter discusses the problem of charges moving on percolation clusters, subject to both an external field and Coulomb interactions among them. It reports some preliminary results of Monte Carlo simulations of such systems. In a study described in the chapter, in the presence of interactions, a behavior was obtained that was quite different from that of noninteracting charges in an external field. In particular, a very long relaxation time was found in the simulations. The existence of metastable charge configurations in the absence of an external field cannot be excluded.
COMPARISON OF SKIMMILK FAT TESTS AND NEW VERMONT METHOD1,2

A comparative study of skimmilk fat tests indicated the need for a more accurate method. Such a method was developed at the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station. Called the Vermont method, this uses Patton's aqueous reagent of n-butylamine and n-butanol, Babcock equipment and glassware, and the TeSa water bath. This Vermont method is simple, inexpensive, and no more time cousuming than the Babcock procedure. Twenty-two trials were performed whereby skimmilk samples were collected weekly from 6 milk dealers and tested by 5 or 6 methods. Several milk dealers sold skimmilk that consistently tested higher than 0.50% fat as determined by the Mojonnier procedure. It was apparent that results obtained with the Babcock, Wildasin Babcock (use of a quaternary ammonium compound), and American Association (modified Babcock using n-butanol) methods showed poor fat percentage agreement over the legal fat range, compared with the Mojonnier procedure. Data from the Gerber and Vermont methods showed very close agreemen...
West Indian Pentecostals: living their faith in New York and London

As a teenager growing up in Springfield, Illinois, I remember attending Tuesday evening, Friday night, and Sunday services and hearing mothers sing after the opening prayer, “This is the church of ...
Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in Nongynecologic Cancers

Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) + hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has had a significant impact in the management of peritoneal surface malignancies of nongynecologic origin. It has improved the quality and quantity of life for these patients. Evidence of improved median survival has been observed independent of the origin of the carcinomatosis, and this treatment paradigm resulted in measurable 5-yr survival in diseases where it did not exist before the use of CRS + HIPEC.
Genetic sexing of pinnipeds: a real-time, single step qPCR technique

Existing molecular techniques to determine sex of pinnipeds rely on multiplex PCR amplification and gel electrophoresis, and are consequently expensive, time consuming, insensitive and involve handling hazardous DNA-binding dyes. We developed a qPCR high resolution melt assay that involves a single multiplex PCR with dissociation/melting-curve analysis to determine the melting point temperatures (Tm) of two PCR products. Two sets of primers were selected to amplify short regions of the SRY and ZFX/ZFY loci for molecular sex identification. Primers were designed based on alignment of a broad range of pinniped species to maximize applicability for most or all of the 33 species representing two complete superfamilies in the sub-order Caniformia. The assay was validated using 15 pinniped species totaling 122 animals of known sex. The co-amplification of short products also demonstrated improved results for sex determination of degraded samples. The use of a single step qPCR saves time and reduces the cost of running sex determination tests through reduction of labor and supply costs. This new technique will generate results more quickly and reliably, aiding in the study of population health and sex-specific dispersal and behavior patterns.
Prognostic and predictive biomarkers post curative intent therapy

Large-scale screening trials have demonstrated that early diagnosis of lung cancer results in a significant reduction in lung cancer mortality. Despite improvements in detecting more lung cancers at early stages, the 5-year survival rates of lung cancers diagnosed before widespread disease is only 30-50%. High rates of recurrence, despite early diagnosis, suggest the need to improve treatment strategies based on the likelihood of recurrence in patient subsets, as well as explore the role of predictive markers for therapy selection in the adjuvant setting. In the era of personalized medicine, there have been a wide array of molecular alterations and signatures studied for their potential prognostic and predictive utility, however most have failed to translate into clinical tools. This review will discuss progress made in clinical management of lung cancer, and recent progress in the development of patient selection tools for the refinement of early stage lung cancers.
Optic Disc and Cup Segmentation from Color Fundus Photograph Using Graph Cut with Priors

For automatic segmentation of optic disc and cup from color fundus photograph, we describe a fairly general energy function that can naturally fit into a global optimization framework with graph cut. Distinguished from most previous work, our energy function includes priors on the shape & location of disc & cup, the rim thickness and the geometric interaction of “disc contains cup”. These priors together with the effective optimization of graph cut enable our algorithm to generate reliable and robust solutions. Our approach is able to outperform several state-of-the-art segmentation methods, as shown by a set of experimental comparisons with manual delineations and a series of results of correlations with the assessments of a merchant-provided software from Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) regarding several cup and disc parameters.
The Four Factors of Workplace Resilience

An interconnected world places high expectations on individuals. Working effectively to meet these expectations requires resilience, among other attributes. Thus, resilience has entered into the realm of organizational and engineering management. However, there are considerable differences among the several definitions and research streams concerning resilience. This paper uses case studies and empirical data to inform the study of workplace resilience. Much of the resilience research to date has focused on patients and individuals under the care of clinical professionals for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), adolescent mental health, and coping skills. Recently, interest in studying resilience in the workplace has necessitated the need for models and instruments validated with the general workforce population. One instrument-the Workplace Resilience Instrument (WRI)-has been developed and validated with several segments of the U.S. workforce. The WRI produced four factors: Active Problem-Solving, Team Efficacy, Confident Sense-Making, and Bricolage. These four factors provide insight to the effective functioning of individuals within engineering management organizations and have implications for organizational performance. The meaning and implications of these four resilience factors are shared using case studies, examples, and findings from the research to date.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN OUTCOMES FOLLOWING MITRAL VALVE SURGERY

While gender disparities in other areas of cardiac surgery are known, there are few large studies examining the influence of gender on outcomes following mitral valve surgery. We retrospectively analyzed the impact of gender on outcomes of patients who underwent primary mitral valve surgery at the
Formation and polymerization of cyclic disilsesquioxanes

Under acidic sol-gel polymerization conditions, 1,3-bis(triethoxysilyl)-propane 1 and 1,4-bis(triethoxysilyl)butane 2 were shown to preferentially form cyclic disilsesquioxanes 3 and 4 rather than the expected 1,3-propylene- and 1,4-butylene-bridged polysilsesquioxane gels. Formation of 3 and 4 is driven by a combination of an intramolecular cyclization to six and seven membered rings, and a pronounced reduction in reactivity under acidic conditions as a function of increasing degree of condensation. The stability of cyclic disilsesquioxanes was confirmed with the synthesis of 3 and 4 in gram quantities; the cyclic disilsesquioxanes react slowly to give tricyclic dimers containing a thermodynamically stable eight membered siloxane ring. Continued reactions were shown to perserve the cyclic structure, opening up the possibility of utilizing cyclic disilsesquioxanes as sol-gel monomers. Preliminary polymerization studies with these new, carbohydrate-like monomers revealed the formation of network poly(cyclic disilsesquioxanes) under acidic conditions and polymerization with ring-opening under basic conditions.
Image Reconstruction Using A Priori Boundary Information

We describe a Bayesian model for the reconstruction of images based on projection data. The model incorporates a boundary process to sever correlations between neighboring regions within images, and the prior distribution of the boundary process can be modified easily in situations in which precise boundary information is available a priori. An example of a positron emission tomography image reconstructed using boundaries obtained from a high resolution magnetic resonance image is provided.
Alcohol Use, Mental Health Disability, and Violence Victimization in College Women: Exploring Connections

The present study is an analysis of in-depth interviews with college women reporting a mental health disability and at least one experience of intimate partner violence (IPV) or sexual violence (SV) to elucidate how alcohol use is associated with both violence victimization and mental health symptoms. Our findings underscore salient alcohol-related themes in college women with histories of IPV/SV and mental health disability: alcohol use in their family of origin and/or with intimate partners, partying and heavy drinking as a normal college social context, abusive partners and SV perpetrators using alcohol as a mechanism for control and targeted rape, and worsening mental health symptoms after violence exposure, which prompted alcohol use to cope and was associated with vulnerability to more violence.
2388 Utilizing a reviewer database to facilitate integration of an investigator-focused translational research and career development program across the state of Indiana

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The Indiana CTSI is investigating innovative approaches to integrate resources that will enrich scientific investigators. Our goals are to enhance the availability and communication among CTSI resources, for example internal funding, and to expand existing mentorship. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Developed a reviewer database that serves to streamline reviewer identification, decrease reviewer fatigue, and promote collaboration among disciplines. We started with a pool of NIH-funded investigators from across the Indiana CTSI core institutions and merged this list with previous CTSI reviewers and internal funding awardees. To expand this list, names and expertise from new faculty hires were added. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Though this tool is relatively new, we have already observed an increase in junior faculty awareness and engagement with the CTSI. This database allows for increased opportunities of junior faculty to serve as reviewers and to refine grant writing skills and provides a platform for networking and collaborating across disciplines. It also allows for increased integration of programs with a shared reviewer database and promotes grant review standardization. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our database utilization seeks to decrease the time for junior faculty to obtain their first extramural grant, to enhance promotion and tenure packages, strengthen integration among CTSI programs, increase interactions between clinical and basic science investigators, and promote team science.
A Multi-Campus Pilot Feasibility Evaluation of a Bystander-Based Sexual Violence Prevention Program: Exploring the Influence of Drinking Behaviors on Bystander Behavior.

Researchers and policy makers are devoting considerable attention to the development and evaluation of sexual violence prevention programming for college campuses. Although several programs have be...
Social comparison-related emotional and enjoyment responses to entertainment television characters

ABSTRACTThis study examines social comparison-related emotional and enjoyment responses to entertainment television characters. Participants (N = 294) were presented with eight possible programs an...
Eric Voegelin and the Natural Law Tradition

AbstractEric Voegelin’s criticism of Hans Kelsen’s legal positivism places him closer to the natural law tradition than to other legal traditions. This proximity could be interpreted as a defense o...
New Religious Movements and Food

This special issue of Nova Religio brings together four articles that examine particular intersections of new religious movements and food. Dan McKanan examines spiritual food practices within the loose network of spiritual movements associated with Anthroposophy, the turn of the century “spiritual science” developed by Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925) that continues to have resonance today. Susannah Crockford contributes an article on fasting traditions in the contemporary New Age movement, based on her ethnographic fieldwork in Sedona, Arizona. Dusty Hoesly writes on the countercultural California group the Brotherhood of the Sun, which operated a series of highly successful food businesses in the 1970s and 1980s, and which he situates within a tradition of mindful food production and consumption. Constance Elsberg’s study of food practices and food entrepreneurship in Yogi Bhajan’s (1929–2004) Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization (3HO) movement uses the lens of food to examine the group’s growth, institutionalization, and subsequent struggles. This introduction contextualizes these four movements, and other new religious movements, in terms of their engagement with food, using the lenses of social, cultural, economic, and structural factors.
Neighborhood immigrant density and population health among native-born Americans

Abstract The healthy immigrant effect—whereby immigrants are on average healthier than the native-born—have been well studied. However, little is known about the relationship between immigration and the health of the native-born. This study fills this important research gap by examining the association between neighborhood immigrant density and several population health measures among native-born Americans. We used data from the Los Angeles County Health Survey to analyze four individual-level health behaviors and outcomes, including regular fast food consumption, fruit and vegetable consumption, body mass index, and hypertension. We conducted multilevel logistic regressions to assess the association between neighborhood immigrant density and the four health behaviors and outcomes. The results showed that neighborhood immigrant density was negatively associated with regular fast food consumption (OR = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.18–0.59), BMI (β = −2.16, 95% CI, −3.13 to −1.19), and hypertension (OR = 0.58; 95% CI, 0.38–0.89), and positively associated with fruit/vegetable consumption (OR = 1.64; 95% CI, 1.01–2.66) among native-born Americans. In conclusion, native-born Americans who lived in a neighborhood with a high density of immigrants had healthier behaviors and better health outcomes compared to those who lived in a neighborhood with a low density of immigrants.
Text Mining Methods Applied to Insurance Company Customer Calls: A Case Study

The purpose of this case study is to develop a process for a U.S. personal lines insurance company to improve its customer service, make call center operations more efficient, and reduce costs by a...
Integrated transport and land use planning aiming to reduce GHG emissions: International comparisons

Abstract This chapter presents an international scan of efforts to reduce transport emissions through integrated land use and transport planning in Germany, the Netherlands, France, England, Canada, and Australia. The scan reveals a variety of efforts at the national, regional, and local scale. In most cases, national policy sets planning frameworks and goals, while actions are carried out at the regional and local level on a more or less voluntary basis. Current approaches to integrated planning are reviewed and an overview is given of how the regional planning context in these countries differs from the United States. In general, planning is more often centralized in the European context and is increasingly driven by environmental concerns, while planning in the United States is highly devolved to the local level and remains principally driven by fiscal considerations. In all contexts, barriers to implementation of integrated transportation and land use planning at the local level include funding shortages, lack of analytical capabilities, institutional complexities preventing collaboration, and uncertain public acceptance.
Multidirectional UV-LED lithography using an array of high-intensity UV-LEDs and tilt-rotational sample holder for 3-D microfabrication

This paper presents a computer-controlled multidirectional UV-LED lithography system for 3-D microfabrication. The presented UV-LED system has adopted adjustable or programmable high-intensity UV-LEDs as a light source enabling for photopatterning both thin and thick SU-8 photoresist process. The prototype of the proposed system comprises 5-by-5 surface-mounted type LEDs with customized collimation lens, a tilt-rotational sample holder for introducing multidirectional light exposure, and a computer-control asset for synchronized controls of the light source and the sample holder. An adjustable light intensity provides an ease of lithography both for a few micron feature size patterning and a millimeter thick photopatterning by providing optimal light exposure condition by considering diffraction, and absorption of the UV light. Together with the tilt-rotational sample holder, the multidirectional UV-LED lithography can fabricate various 3-D microstructures in a wide range of the photoresist film thickness. The 3-D fabrications include an array of micro triangle slabs, 1-mm tall pillar array, the different scale same 3-D geometry structures on the same substrate.
Book Review: The Politics of Constructing the International Criminal Court, by Michael J. Struett

This Review examines the most interesting question that the book seeks to answer: why were so many nation states willing to reduce their own sovereignties by granting significant authority to a strong, independent international tribunal during the construction and ratification of the International Criminal Court? In answering this question, Struett places unique emphasis on the discourse by various NGO advocates during the ratification process; his most valuable contribution to existing scholarship in the field lies not only in highlighting the results of the NGOs’ dialogue, but also in explaining the discursive role that NGOs can play in forming international policy consensus between sovereign nations.
Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise and Acute Partial Sleep Deprivation on Cardiac Autonomic Modulation.

Sleep deprivation in healthy adults has been associated with disrupted autonomic nervous system function, which in turn has been linked to cardiovascular health. High-intensity interval exercise (H...
Swarm Foraging Review: Closing the Gap Between Proof and Practice

We review recent research on swarm robot foraging and contextualize it with foundational work. Recent work can be divided into two complementary camps: self-organizing algorithms that provide practical gains and analytical research focus on theoretical proofs. Encouragingly, the convergence between theory and practice is evident in analytical work on the scaling of transportation networks and in behavioral grammars that give formal insight into emergent properties of foraging. Augmented reality has enabled virtual pheromones to be used with hardware, blurring the line between physical and simulation experiments. In this review we highlight bio-inspired and self-organizing approaches to swarm foraging and contrast them with approaches that can provide theoretical proofs, but which abstract away important features from foraging in real-world environments.
Bench Research, Human Milk, and SARS-CoV-2.

* Abbreviations: ACE2 — : angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 COVID-19 — : coronavirus disease 2019 SARS-CoV-2 — : severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 In this issue of Pediatrics , Conzelmann et al1 examined whether Holder pasteurization of human milk, that is, heating to 62.5°C for 30 minutes, can inactivate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In the laboratory, the authors “spiked” 5 individual women’s expressed milk samples with 5 different SARS-CoV-2 isolates, conducted Holder pasteurization (to 63°C), and then assessed tissue culture infectious dose 50 by infecting susceptible cells and monitoring the cytopathic effect. Holder pasteurization effectively inactivated SARS-CoV-2, and additionally, they noted a 40.9% to 92.8% viral titer decrease in human milk as compared with the control medium, confirming human milk’s unique antiviral properties. This important study adds to the limited evidence that pasteurized donor human milk is safe,2 but placing it within the clinical context is key.3 Providers and parents should not leap to any of several possible unfounded conclusions: (1) that the milk of a mother who has SARS-CoV-2 infection will be infected, (2) that her milk must be expressed to be fed to her infant, or (3) that her milk should be Holder pasteurized before feeding. Although much remains to … Address correspondence to Lydia Furman, MD, Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106. E-mail: lydia.furman{at}uhhospitals.org
Evaluation of Empirical Evidence Against Zone Models for Smoke Detector Activation Prediction

A series of experiments were conducted in a large room to generate data to assess the accuracy of computer fire model predictions of detector activation time. A comparison between experimental measurements and zone model predictions of the detector activation in the Consolidated Fire and Smoke Transport model (CFAST) version 7.4.3 were made. The experimental room was 11.0 m by 7.3 m by 3.7 m high with a single opening 2.44 m high and 1.83 m wide centered in a short wall. Two ceiling configurations were examined, a flat ceiling and a flat ceiling with two 0.30 m wide and 0.30 m deep solid beams. The fire source was a gaseous fuel burner fed with different mixtures of propane and propene that produced soot yields ranging from 0.010 gsoot/gfuel to 0.072 gsoot/gfuel and a fuel flow ramp time that ranged from 30 s to 1800 s. The heat release rate profile reached a nominal maximum value of 30 kW. The activations of two different models of photoelectric smoke detectors and a single ionization smoke detector, each with a range of alarm set points and installed at various locations on the ceiling, were recorded. Predictions of the various smoke detector activation times were made in CFAST with the temperature approximation method, and a fixed smoke detector concentration method for photoelectric detector activations. Predictions with the smoke detection method were better than the temperature approximation method over the range of fire scenarios examined. Predictions of smooth ceiling experiments were generally better than the beamed ceiling experiments.
Wherefore Art Though Romeo : Revitalizing Youngberg's Protection of Liberty for the Civilly Committed

Thirty years ago, in Youngberg v. Romeo, the U.S. Supreme Court recognized that those who are involuntarily committed in a state institution enjoy a constitutionally protected liberty interest, which protects the right to reasonably safe conditions of confinement, freedom from unreasonable restraint, and minimally adequate training sufficient to ensure these liberty interests. In a unanimous decision, the Court held that when government officials make decisions that constitute a substantial departure from professional judgment, causing injury to these liberty interests, the officials violate the substantive due process guarantee of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Despite the Supreme Court’s admonition that those who are civilly committed in state institutions do not lose their core liberty interests and that they enjoy greater protection than convicted criminals, many lower courts have seriously eroded the substantive due process protection recognized in Youngberg. Two Supreme Court decisions, DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services and County of Sacramento v. Lewis, have fueled this erosion. This Article seeks to revitalize Youngberg’s protection of liberty for the civilly committed by explaining why neither DeShaney nor Lewis should be interpreted to limit the fundamental liberty interests recognized in Young-
A Survey of Sensing Methodologies in Smart Grids

The operation of smart power grids is supported by interconnected sensors and devices that provide real-time monitoring. Smart grids provide more secure and dependable electricity than traditional grids because of constant monitoring. This paper reviews the technology used in smart grids, specifically sensors and communication technologies. It also talks about the challenges that smart grids face, such as providing power to the network's sensors, islanding, cyber-security, and issues that occur when using distributed generators. Current solutions for sensing changes and communication of sensed data in smart grid networks are also discussed.
Growth-Oriented Adjustment Programs: A Conceptual Framework

This paper suggests a conceptual framework that can serve as a basis for the design of growth-oriented adjustment programs. The two building blocks of the model are the well-known monetary approach to the balance of payments, and a variant of the open-economy neoclassical growth model. The integrated model combines growth, inflation, and the balance of payments, and links these objectives to government policies and the availability of foreign financing. The principal advantage of the proposed framework is its simplicity, which enables it to be applied relatively easily to a variety of developing countries.
Private Clean-Up Causes of Action and Federal Preemption

Analysis of how the United States Supreme Court decision in CTS v Waldburger will apply to toxic tort actions California.The biggest problem that California practitioners will have with the new decision by the United States Supreme Court in CTS Corp. v Waldburger, is that it comes out of North Carolina. It gives no California reference for its holding that §309 of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (42 USC §9258) preempts state statutes of limitations that apply to common law actions by private individuals for toxic torts and replaces their normal triggering event (the date the cause of action accrues) with a “federally required commencement date” starting when “the plaintiff knew (or reasonably should have known)” that his personal injuries or property damage were caused by the defendant’s release of hazardous substances, but is subject to an express exception for time limits based on state statutes of repose rather than on statutes of limitations, according to the majority opinion (joined in by all but Justices Ginsburg and Breyer). Which do we have in California: limitations or repose periods?