cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Saturn’s upper atmosphere during the Voyager era: Reanalysis and modeling of the UVS occultations

Abstract The Voyager 1 and 2 Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) solar and stellar occultation dataset represents one of the primary, pre-Cassini sources of information that we have on the neutral upper atmosphere of Saturn. Despite its importance, however, the full set of occultations has never received a consistent, nor complete, analysis, and the results derived from the initial analyses over thirty years ago left questions about the temperature and density profiles unanswered. We have reanalyzed all six of the UVS occultations (three solar and three stellar) to provide an up-to-date, pre-Cassini view of Saturn’s upper atmosphere. From the Voyager UVS data, we have determined vertical profiles for H 2 , H, CH 4 , C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 4 , and C 2 H 6 , as well as temperature. Our analysis also provides explanations for the two different thermospheric temperatures derived in earlier analyses (400–450 K versus 800 K) and for the unusual shape of the total density profile noted by Hubbard et al. (1997) . Aside from inverting the occultation data to retrieve densities and temperatures, we have investigated the atmospheric structure through a series of photochemical models to infer the strength of atmospheric mixing and other physical and chemical properties of Saturn’s mesopause region during the Voyager flybys. We find that the data exhibit considerable variability in the vertical profiles for methane, suggesting variations in vertical winds or the eddy diffusion coefficient as a function of latitude and/or time in Saturn’s upper atmosphere. The results of our reanalysis will provide a useful baseline for interpreting new data from Cassini, particularly in the context of change over the past three decades.
Endovascular repair compared with surveillance for patients with small abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Background Although repair of large abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) is well accepted, randomized clinical trials have failed to demonstrate benefit for early surgical repair of small aneurysms compared with surveillance. Endovascular repair has been shown to be safer than open surgical repair in patients with large aneurysms, prompting a randomized trial of early endovascular repair vs surveillance in patients with small aneurysms. Methods We randomly assigned 728 patients (13.3% women; mean age, 71 ± 8 years) with 4 to 5 cm AAAs to early endovascular repair (366 patients) or ultrasound surveillance (362 patients). Rupture or aneurysm-related death and overall mortality in the two groups were compared during a mean follow-up of 20 ± 12 months. Results Among patients randomized to treatment, 89% underwent aneurysm repair. Among patients randomized to surveillance, 31% underwent aneurysm repair during the course of the study. After a mean follow-up of 20 ± 12 months (range, 0-41 months), 15 deaths had occurred in each group (4.1%). The unadjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for mortality after early endovascular repair was 1.01 (0.49-2.07, P = .98). Aneurysm rupture or aneurysm-related death occurred in two patients in each group (0.6%). The unadjusted hazard ratio was 0.99 (0.14-7.06, P = .99) for early endovascular repair. Conclusions Early treatment with endovascular repair and rigorous surveillance with selective aneurysm treatment as indicated both appear to be safe alternatives for patients with small AAAs, protecting the patient from rupture or aneurysm-related death for at least 3 years.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder

Major depressive disorder is a common illness, particularly in patients with medical and neurologic conditions. This article summarizes current data on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of major depression, with special emphasis on the diagnosis and treatment of depression in medical and neurologic patients. We reviewed the role of pharmacotherapies, psychotherapies, somatic treatments, and alternative remedies and we included practical advice for clinician regarding the timing and sequence of these treatments, the role of standardized depression scales, and the criteria for referrals to specialty consultants.
Infants' preferential response for mother versus an unfamiliar adult. Relationship to attachment.

Abstract Thirty-six infants were studied to assess the relationship between their reactions to a stranger as compared to their mothers, and their subsequent attachment behavior during separation and reunion. Significant relationships were found between the stranger/mother comparison classification, indices of attachment behavior, and indices of competent infant functioning. The results support the notion that it is important to study a constellation of infant behaviors to assess attachment rather than single behaviors alone.
Calculated Electronic Structure and Transport Properties of La .67 Ca .33 Mn O3

We have calculated the electronic structure, total energy, magnetic moments and electrical resistivities of La.67Ca.33MnO3 using mean field band theory. The magnetic and structural properties seem to be in good agreement with experiment. The calculations predict that La.67Ca.33MnO3 is metallic for the majority spins and semiconducting for the minority spins.
“The National Surgery Quality Improvement Project” (NSQIP): a new tool to increase patient safety and cost efficiency in a surgical intensive care unit

The “National Surgical Quality Improvement Program” (NSQIP) is a nationally validated, risk-adjusted database tracking surgical outcomes. NSQIP has been demonstrated to decrease complications, expenses, and mortality. In the study institution, a high rate of nosocomial pneumonia (PNEU) and prolonged ventilator days ≥48 hours (V48) was observed on the surgical service. The hospital studied is a 500 bed university-affiliated teaching hospital performing approximately 20,000 surgical operations per year. A multidisciplinary team was formed and a series of interventions were implemented to address high pneumonia rates and prolonged intubation. Specific interventions included enforcement of protocols and adherence to the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) ventilator bundles, including head of bed elevation, sedation holidays, extubate when ready, and early nutrition. NSQIP collected pre-operative through 30-day postoperative data prospectively on 1,081 surgical patients in the intensive care unit from January 1, 2010 – July 31, 2012. The variables pneumonia and V48 undergo logistic regression and risk adjusted results of observed versus expected are calculated. Mean and confidence intervals are represented in caterpillar charts and bar graphs. Statistical analysis was via Fisher exact t-test. Progressive improvements were observed over a two-year period via three semiannual reports (SAR). Corrective measures showed a decrease in V48 with an observed to expected odds ratio (O: E) improving from 1.5 to 1.04, or 1.9% ( 7/368 patients) July 31, 2011 to 1.11% (12/1080 patients) July 31, 2012 respectively. Similarly, pneumonia rates decreased 1.36% (5/368 patients) July 31, 2011 to 1.2% ( 13/1081 patients) July 31, 2012 with O: E = 1.4 and 1.25 respectively. Statistical significance was achieved (p < .05). Given an estimated annual volume of 20,000 cases per year with a cost of $22,097 per episode of pneumonia and $27,654 per episode of prolonged intubation greater than 48 hours; a projected 32 avoided episodes of pneumonia and 160 avoided episodes of V48 could be realized with potential savings exceeding $5,000,000.
Attempted Treatment of Scoliosis by Unilateral Vertebral Epiphyseal Arrest

A series of four cases is reported in which an unsuccessful attempt was made to produce surgically a unilateral growth arrest of the vertebral bodies in an isolated area on the convex side of a lateral curvature of the spine. This surgery was performed on from three to four vertebrae at the level of the maximum thoracic curvature where there was evidence of early lateral wedging. The procedure consisted in excision of a block of bone from the side of convexity, further destruction of the adjacent epiphyseal cartilage by means of a curette, and the insertion of an inlay type of autogenous-bone graft taken from a rib on the convex side of the curve. In three of these patients, the deformity was associated with idiopathic scoliosis. In the fourth, the localized thoracic curvature had occurred in conjuction with an arrested neuroblastoma. Follow-up study of between two and one-half and three years in each patient indicated that the progression of the curve was not altered. Studies of the epiphyseal plates obtained at the time of surgery indicated that there exists a lack of organization and uniformity in the cartilage-cell columns in patients with scoliosis. These changes may be significant in explaining the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis.
A Calculating Device to Predict Individualized Outcomes in Adrenocortical Carcinoma.

A nomogram is a 2-dimensional calculating device or alignment chart designed to allow the approximate computation of a function. The use of such a mathematical model for treatment of aggressive and rare diseases is objective and individualized.Likeaslide rule, its accuracy is limited to the precision with which “markings” can be drawn and aligned. Kimand colleagues1 have precisely described a coordinate system that can be easily reproduced to predict disease-free and overall survival after intended curative resection of adrenocortical carcinoma. The constants chosen were independent prognostic variables specific to the patient and the tumor. This work is modeled after the concept introduced by Zini et al in 2009.2 At that time, Zini et al attempted to predict prognosis for adrenocortical carcinoma based on surgical vs nonsurgical management. Zini et al used 3 predictors of survival: grade, stage, and resection status. For validation of the model, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data were incorporated, and the endpoints had accuracy of 80%, 75%, 73%, and 71% at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Because those patients who underwent resection were expected to have a better prognosis, the work was limited. The work led by Kim et al1 differed in that the validation cohortwasa largemulti-institutional groupofpatients treated in the United States with an intention of complete resection. Thenomogrammodel allocatedpoints deemed significant by regression coefficients and applied them to survival. The “markings” of the nomogramcalculations centered on tumor size, lymphnodemetastases, andcomplete resection (R1). The model proved to have accurate discrimination capacity. The independent risk stratification would be useful for decision making pertaining to adjuvant treatment such asmitotane or cytotoxic chemotherapy. The oncologyworld has a paucity of durable solutions for cure of this rare tumor. This is a step forward toward selecting andguiding treatmentplans. Further discernment ofmultihormone production, which oncologic pathways and drivers are potentially targetable, and whether neoadjuvant therapy affects outcome will be important points for further dialogue.
Evaluating and addressing emotional risks in survey research

Survey research on emotionally distressing topics is common. While this research poses little risk to most human subjects, some individuals, such as those with pre-existing depression or PTSD, are more vulnerable to distress. In this paper, we review methods that can be used to enhance human subject protections in survey research on potentially upsetting topics. Specifically, we discuss the consent process, eligibility screening, strategies for use during administration of the survey (interviewer training, checks on respondent safety, and formal scripts to screen for needs), post-survey assessments and resources, and Data Safety Monitoring Boards. Our goal is to provide a summary of methods available for the protection of human subjects to allow researchers to select and adapt those most relevant for a specific study.
It's Not Whether You Win or Lose; It's How The Game is Played

The current research investigates the interplay of program suspense, game outcome, advertisement placement, and ad execution on viewer reactions to advertising embedded in sports programming. In support of excitation transfer theory, results indicate that ad emotional response, attitude toward the ad, and attitude toward the brand are heightened immediately following a suspenseful sporting event. In addition, when considering both program suspense and game outcome, only program suspense was found to influence ad responses. Findings also indicate that congruency between program suspense and ad suspense moderates the influence of programming on responses to advertising such that an effect is found only in the context of suspenseful programming with suspenseful advertising.
P1-12-26: Global Patterns of Care for HER2/Neu Overexpressing Breast Cancer.

Background: Her2/neu overexpression is an independent adverse prognostic factor present in approximately 25% of invasive breast cancers. HER2−overexpressing breast cancer is particularly common in younger patients and therefore poses a significant public health burden. Anti-Her2/neu adjuvant trastuzumab significantly reduces the risk of recurrence as well as improves survival. In view of the serious potential ramifications of not receiving anti-Her2/neu therapy when appropriate, we undertook this international project to determine clinical access to Her2/neu testing and treatment patterns for women with HER2/neu-positive early breast cancer. Methods: A web-based survey was sent to 386 physicians from 33 countries who participated in the “TEACH” trial, a double blind placebo-controlled phase III study of a novel anti-Her2/neu therapy, lapatinib, in women with primary Her2/neu-positive breast cancer. The survey contained 27 questions addressing physician and patient demographics, access to Her-2/Neu testing in everyday clinical practice, and anti-Her2/neu treatment options in a variety of clinical scenarios. Results: One hundred and fifty one participants (39%) from 28 countries answered the survey. Ninety eight percent of the participants reported having Her2/neu tumor expression routinely measured for clinical practice in their institutions by immunohistochemistry (83%), FISH (78%) and other methods (17%). Among Asian physicians, 18% did not have routine testing available and sent primary tumors for central testing for TEACH eligibility. Forty eight percent of physicians surveyed reported instances when they had recommended adjuvant Her2-directed therapy to a patient who eventually did not receive it. The proportion of physicians from developing countries that reported patients not receiving therapy was higher than those from developed countries (68% vs. 38%, respectively). The main reason for not receiving trastuzumab was cost in developing countries, while in more developed countries patient refusal and co-morbidities were the main reasons. Discussion: This survey reflects availability of HER2 breast tumor testing and anti-Her2/neu therapy among physicians from 28 countries worldwide who participated in an anti-Her2/neu therapy clinical trial of a free anti-Her2/neu therapy. These results indicate that a high proportion of women with Her2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer may not receive standard anti-Her2/neu adjuvant therapy especially in developing countries, the barrier to treatment being cost of therapy. We are extending our access to care survey project to a more unselected diverse group of physicians in developing countries. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-12-26.
New and Noteworthy Marasmioid Fungi from California

Two new taxa of marasmioid fungi from California are described and illustrated: Marasmius thiersii (section Androsacei) and Marasmiellus ramealis var. californicus (section Rameales). Marasmius que...
Acoustic characteristics of counterrotating fans from model scale tests

B.A. Janardan and P . R . Gliebe Acoustics Systems Technology GE Aircraft Engines Cincinnati, Ohio Development of an acoustic technology that describes the noise characteristics of counterrotating fans is an important phase in the design of the fuel efficient UnDucted Fan engines. In order to obtain the needed data, measurements were made in aanechoic facility with approximately !-scale counterrotating model fan bkiades. Tests were conducted at simulated takeoff and cutback conditions to determine the effects on community noise characteristics of variations in blade numbers, tip speeds, and rotor-to-rotor spacings. Selected results are presented and discussed in this paper. The data measured with various blade number combinations indicated significant overall acoustic benefit with increase in blade number. Tests with a given configuration indicated the steady-loading noise, as represented by the levels at the blade passing frequencies, to decrease with the reduction in tip speed for a given thrust. The amount of acoustic benefit due to increased rotor-to-rotor spacing was significantly different for configurations with standard diameter aft blades vs. clipped aft blades. For the clipped configuration, t h e forward rotor tip-vortices did not interact as strongly with the short aft blade, and hence the tip-vortex to aft-rotor interaction noise did not mask the f u l l acoustic benefit of increased decay of the forward blade wakes with increase in rotor-to-rotor spacing. BPF D dBA f EPNL
Retrieval Atmospheric Aerosol Optical Depth over China from AVHRR by Multiple Regression Method

An algorithm was developed to retrieve aerosol optical depth(AOD) from AVHRR over land for climate change studies.The multiple regression method was employed by using spatially and temporally collocated MODIS AOD and AVHRR Level lb measurements to generate regression coefficients from 2008 to 2011.Validation with AERONET AOD measurements and comparison with MODIS AOD product have been conducted to evaluate the uncertainty of AVHRR AOD retrievals over land from 2003 to 2007.It is found that the distribution pattern of the seasonal mean AOD is reasonable.The AOD from AVHRR has a tendency to be consistent with that from MYD04.Compared AVHRR with AERONET in Beijing and Xianghe,the correlation coefficients are larger than 0.6.These results show that the multiple regression method has the potential to retrieve a long-term AOD climatology data from AVHRR over land.Error sources about this retrieving algorithm were also discussed.
Analysis and Improvement of NVH Performance based on the Dynamic Stiffness of Powertrain Mount Bracket

The index of dynamic stiffness is the important assessment for the performance evaluation system of the chassis parts such as powertrain mount bracket,based on method of finite element analysis,the modal frequency response method of Altair RADIOSS software is used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of the critical points of the mount bracket.Dynamic stiffness analysis is done through the critical points,which can provide the theoretical reference for the vehicle NVH performance,shorten the development cycle and reduce development costs.It has the great significance for improving the design capability of vehicle NVH performance.
Learning phrase patterns for text classification using a knowledge graph and unlabeled data.

This paper explores a novel method for learning phrase pattern features for text classification, employing a mapping of selected words into a knowledge graph and self-training over unlabeled data. Using Support Vector Machine classification, we obtain improvements over lexical and fully-supervised phrase pattern features in domain and intent detection for language understanding, particularly in conjunction with the use of unlabeled data. Our best results are obtained using unlabeled data filtered for both model training and feature learning based on the confidence of the baseline classifiers.
Teachers’ use of educative curriculum materials to engage students in science practices

ABSTRACTNew reform documents underscore the importance of integrating science practices into the learning of science. This integration requires sophisticated teaching that does not often happen. Educative curriculum materials – materials explicitly designed to support teacher and student learning – have been posited as a way to support teachers to achieve these ambitious goals, yet little is known about how elementary teachers actually use educative curriculum materials to support student engagement in science practices. To address this gap, this study investigated how five upper elementary teachers supported students to engage in science practices during an enactment of two curriculum units. Three of the teachers had units enhanced with educative features, informed by current research and reforms, while two of the teachers had units without these features. The teachers varied in how they supported students in the science practices of justifying predictions, constructing evidence-based claims, recording o...
Self-channeling of intense femtosecond laser pulses in air

For the first time, the propagation properties of intense, ultrashort pulses through air are being studied. The propagation of these pulses have interesting applications.1 When the pulsewidths are as short as 100 fs, laser pulses with less than 1 mJ of energy have peak powers exceeding the critical power for self-focusing. Therefore in high peak-power, femtosecond laser systems, self-focusing is a key consideration.
Nudging Mobile Customers with Real-Time Social Dynamics

The proliferation of mobile and sensor technologies has contributed to the rise of location-based mobile targeting. Beyond the location, time and spatial context of individuals, the social context wherein they are embedded can reveal rich information about individual behavior. In this study, we automatically detected the real-time social contexts of customers based on their detailed GPS trajectories using machine-learning methods. To evaluate the effectiveness of mobile targeting under different social contexts, we designed a randomized field experiment in a large shopping mall in 2015. Our analyses indicated significant heterogeneity in consumer behavior under different social contexts. We found a customer in a group with others is on average 1.5 times more responsive to mobile promotions than is a solo shopper, and this impact increases with increased group size (from dyad to triad). We also found significant heterogeneous interactions between mobile promotion design and social contexts. Overall, our study demonstrates the potential of inferring individuals’ social contexts from their movement trajectories and the value of leveraging such real-time social dynamics for improved mobile-targeting effectiveness.
pKa-Dependent Facilitated Transport of CO2 across Hyperthin Polyelectrolyte Multilayers

Hyperthin (ca. 20–30 nm thick) polyelectrolyte multilayers have been fabricated that are capable of facilitated transport of CO2. These membranes were fabricated from polycations bearing pendant groups of varying basicity plus poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) as a polycounterion. A strong dependency of such transport on the basicity of the pendant groups (i.e., fixed carrier sites) has been found, where pKa values in the range of ca. 5–7 appear optimal.
Lavender and red: liberation and solidarity in the gay and lesbian left

Emily Hobson’s outstanding new book joins a proliferation of recent scholarship that rethinks prevailing accounts of 1960s social movements. Lavender and Red looks closely at gay and lesbian radica...
Partitioning of the effects of plant trash on sweet sorghum biomass yield, fiber content and juice quality parameters.

The objectives of this research were to measure the amounts of biomass and sugar yields and proportionality of sugars in juice of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) harvested and processed with different sources of vegetative material, i.e., stalks with panicles and leaves intact; stalks with only leaves intact; stalks with only panicles intact; and stalks with leaves and panicles removed. Early- and medium-maturity hybrids planted at the optimum time provided plant material for sampling at the hard-dough stage of seed maturation. Data were recorded for juice brix and purity, sugars in juice, fiber, ash and weight of juice, biomass and total fermentable sugar. Increasing levels of trashy material generally resulted in higher fiber, but lower brix and purity. Clean samples and samples with just panicles produced lower fresh and dry weight and juice yield compared to the trashier samples. Fermentable sugar yield did not vary among treatments. While treatment differences for fermentable sugar yield in Mg ha−1 were not significant, comparisons made on a g of sugars in juice g drywt−1 basis produced sizeable reductions in total fermentable sugar. Samples of stalks with both panicles and leaves intact contained 25.6% less total fermentable sugar than stripped stalks. Sucrose was the dominant sugar for both clean and trashy stalks. Levels of glucose and fructose were considerably lower than that of sucrose. In general, the order in which trash adversely affected juice quality parameters was stalks with leaves and panicles > stalks with leaves > stalks with panicles > stripped stalks.
Intrinsic Limits to Contact Resistivity in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

Two-dimensional semiconductors provide excellent electrostatic control that is critical for scaled nodes. However, due to their lower dimensionality, contact resistance can be a limiting factor for performance of devices based on these materials. In this letter, we examine the intrinsic limits to contact resistance in 2-D semiconductors based on their band structure. It is found that for large enough doping concentration, contact resistance as outlined in the International Technology Road-map for Semiconductors road-map for high performance transistors can indeed be achieved.
Is that Gun for the Bears? The National Park Service Ranger as a Historically Contradictory Figure

The “Yellowstone Model” of exclusionary, or fortress conservation, has spread widely across the globe since 1872. While in many other countries there has been a concomitant ever-increasing militarisation of park guards, the history of the United States (US) Park Ranger offers an alternative narrative. This paper traces the complex history of the US Park ranger through time to show how the Ranger as an outward embodiment of state power has been contradicted by administrative and practical logics directing rangers to educate, welcome, and guide park visitors. Rangers' work as territorial enforcers, and as strong-arms of the state has been tempered and defined by multiple disciplining forces over time. Using a political ecology approach, this paper examines how shifting political economic contexts, shifts in park use and park visitors, and a changing national law enforcement milieu influenced how and in what ways National Park Rangers have performed law enforcement in US parks over the past 100 years. The paper concludes by laying out why comparisons between US National Park Rangers and park guards in other parts of the world may be troubled by a number of socioeconomic and political factors.
Embodying law in Diderot’s La Religieuse

Although Diderot never wrote an openly political treatise like those of his philosophe counterparts, his dramatic and fictional emphasis on bodily gesture serves to illuminate his legal conceptions...
Multisite emergency department inpatient collaborative to reduce unnecessary bronchiolitis care

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There is high variation in the care of acute viral bronchiolitis. We sought to promote collaboration between emergency department (ED) and inpatient (IP) units with the goal of reducing unnecessary testing and treatment. METHODS: Multisite collaborative with improvement teams co-led by ED and IP physicians and a 1-year period of active participation. The intervention consisted of a multicomponent change package, regular webinars, and optional coaching. Data were collected by chart review for December 2014 through March 2015 (baseline) and December 2015 to March 2016 (improvement period). Patients RESULTS: Thirty-five hospitals with 5078 ED patients and 4389 IPs participated. Use of bronchodilators demonstrated special cause for the ED (mean centerline shift: 37.1%–24.5%, benchmark 5.8%) and IP (28.4%–17.7%, benchmark 9.1%). Project mean ED viral testing decreased from 42.6% to 25.4% after revealing special cause with a 3.9% benchmark, whereas chest radiography (30.9%), antibiotic use (6.2%), and steroid use (7.6%) in the ED units did not change. IP steroid use decreased from 7.2% to 4.0% after special cause with 0.0% as the benchmark. Within-site ED and IP performance was modestly correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Collaboration between ED and IP units was associated with a decreased use of unnecessary tests and therapies in bronchiolitis; top performers used few unnecessary tests or treatments.
Construction and Engineering of Large Biochemical Pathways via DNA Assembler

DNA assembler enables rapid construction and engineering of biochemical pathways in a one-step fashion by exploitation of the in vivo homologous recombination mechanism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has many applications in pathway engineering, metabolic engineering, combinatorial biology, and synthetic biology. Here we use two examples including the zeaxanthin biosynthetic pathway and the aureothin biosynthetic gene cluster to describe the key steps in the construction of pathways containing multiple genes using the DNA assembler approach. Methods for construct design, pathway assembly, pathway confirmation, and functional analysis are shown. The protocol for fine genetic modifications such as site-directed mutagenesis for engineering the aureothin gene cluster is also illustrated.
Size-Mismatch Effects in Alloys

In these lectures, we will discuss how to describe solid structures composed of atoms with different sizes. The concepts we will develop are quite general and have important implications in many areas of condensed matter physics. It was first pointed out by Pauling [1] that atoms and ions have certain natural radii that are determined by the local chemistry. For example in semiconductors with the zincblende structure, the ions form sp3 orbitals that bond with one another to give the solid its cohesive energy.
Imaging by random coverage

Granularity is a measure of fluctuations in light transmittance through an aperture as it is scanned over an image. The quality of an image depends upon its granularity. For images captured on photographic film the underlying image structure is that of a random medium whose properties fluctuate from point to point. One is interested in analyzing the transport, scattering and absorbtion of light in such media. In an attempt to understand and quantify granularity of film images, Peter Castro from the Eastman Kodak Company presented, on October 19, 1991, a probabilistic approach based on imaging by random coverage of planar areas.
Wind Tunnel Simulation of Convective Boundary Layer Phenomena

The operating ranges of meteorological wind tunnels for convective boundary-layer (CBL) simulation are defined in this paper based on a review of the theoretical and practical limitations of the flow phenomena and the facilities available. Wind-tunnel operating ranges are limited by the dimensions of the simulated circulations and of the tunnel itself, the tunnel flow speed and turbulence processes, and the characteristics of the measurement instrumentation.
Psychological Factors Affecting Acceptance or Rejection of Kidney Transplants

The Downstate Medical Center has had continuing interest in behavioral observations of patients with end-stage renal disease.1 With the development of an active renal transplant program here four years ago, members of the Medical Psychiatric Liaison Service extended their activity to the study of the issues facing both transplant recipients and donors. Initially, we met regularly to listen to and to discuss the tape-recorded interviews that one of us (J.S.) had with these patients. From these weekly meetings, a more formal study ensued in which we addressed ourselves to investigating several issues: How do recipients and donors perceive the transplanted organ? What are the major stresses facing these patients? Do psychological factors affect the success or failure of renal transplantation?
A Quiet Disquiet: Anxiety and Risk Avoidance due to Nonconscious Auditory Priming

Hearing is our highly sensitive warning system. As a sense, hearing has uniquely evolved to perform this alerting function and is perceptive to subtle ambient cues that are associated with threat. We propose that one aspect of sound that may cue such associations is pitch, such that low-pitch (vs. moderate pitch) background sound nonconsciously primes a threat response resulting in heightened anxiety among consumers. Furthermore, this emotional response manifests itself in the form of increased risk avoidance. Seven studies in varied domains demonstrate that low- (vs. moderate-) pitch background sound results in higher anxiety, which leads to risk-avoidant consumer choices—for instance, being willing to pay more for car insurance or choosing a food option with lower taste uncertainty.
Acute aerobic exercise improves memory across intensity and fitness levels.

The present study was designed to examine the impact of exercise intensity and aerobic fitness on free recall, judgments of learning (JOLs), and metacognitive accuracy. In Experiment 1, 30 college students engaged in either (1) no exercise, (2) light exercise (55% of predicted maximal heart rate), or (3) moderate exercise (75% of predicted maximal heart rate) on three different days. In Experiment 2, 29 high-fit students (VO2 max ≥ 70th percentile) and 28 low-fit students (VO2 max ≤ 50th percentile) completed sedentary and light exercise conditions. In both experiments, free recall scores significantly increased in the exercise conditions compared with the sedentary condition, but JOL magnitude and metacognitive accuracy were largely unaffected. These results demonstrate that exercise can improve recall at both light and high intensities, and that the benefit can be obtained by individuals regardless of their fitness level.
Droplet Size Impact on Efficacy of a Dicamba-plus-Glyphosate Mixture

Chemical weed control remains a widely used component of integrated weed management strategies because of its cost-effectiveness and rapid removal of crop pests. Additionally, dicamba-plus-glyphosate mixtures are a commonly recommended herbicide combination to combat herbicide resistance, specifically in recently commercially released dicamba-tolerant soybean and cotton. However, increased spray drift concerns and antagonistic interactions require that the application process be optimized to maximize biological efficacy while minimizing environmental contamination potential. Field research was conducted in 2016, 2017, and 2018 across three locations (Mississippi, Nebraska, and North Dakota) for a total of six site-years. The objectives were to characterize the efficacy of a range of droplet sizes [150 μm (Fine) to 900 μm (Ultra Coarse)] using a dicamba-plus-glyphosate mixture and to create novel weed management recommendations utilizing pulse-width modulation (PWM) sprayer technology. Results across pooled site-years indicated that a droplet size of 395 μm (Coarse) maximized weed mortality from a dicamba-plus-glyphosate mixture at 94 L ha–1. However, droplet size could be increased to 620 μm (Extremely Coarse) to maintain 90% of the maximum weed mortality while further mitigating particle drift potential. Although generalized droplet size recommendations could be created across site-years, optimum droplet sizes within each site-year varied considerably and may be dependent on weed species, geographic location, weather conditions, and herbicide resistance(s) present in the field. The precise, site-specific application of a dicamba-plus-glyphosate mixture using the results of this research will allow applicators to more effectively utilize PWM sprayers, reduce particle drift potential, maintain biological efficacy, and reduce the selection pressure for the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds.
Kelsen's Objectivity in International Law

Papers related to this article can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2606351; http://ssrn.com/abstract=2606362; http://ssrn.com/abstract=2606389Kelsen asserts that morality, justice, fairness, and equity are not in the law but rather are commentaries upon the law. They belong not to law but to “religion or social metaphysics.” Law as pure science has neither room nor occasion for those subjectivities. The present essay finds this harsh objectivity useful in analyzing the behavioral patterns we call law.
Insomnia and cardiovascular autonomic control

Insomnia is the most prevalent sleep disorder, particularly among middle and older aged adults, and is associated with a variety of negative health consequences, including higher risk for cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, the mechanisms linking insomnia with cardiovascular risk remain largely unknown, thus limiting targeted therapeutic interventions. The hyperarousal hypothesis has attracted the most support, positing that insomnia is a result of multisystem over-activation, including sympathetic hyperactivity, which promotes wakefulness and blocks the occurrence of sleep at the desired time. The results from literature in support of this hypothesis are inconclusive and mainly relay on studies that used methods to assess sympathetic activity lacking in specificity and reproducibility. The present review aims at summarizing the primary findings on autonomic nervous system regulation in insomnia while highlighting the advantages and limitations of the methods mainly used to support the increase in sympathetic function in insomnia. Collectively, this review aims to provide novel perspectives on conceptualizing insomnia and suggest innovative approaches to help elucidate the relationship between insomnia and autonomic nervous system activity.
Systematic Review of Geospatial Approaches to Breast Cancer Epidemiology

In recent years, the application of spatial analysis in the context of epidemiologic surveillance and research has increased exponentially. Today, the use of spatial statistics extend beyond descriptive mapping to analyze and visualize the underlying spatial patterns of human dynamics; offering epidemiologists and public health researchers new and richer ways to visualize illness, and understand of the underlying spatial dynamics of cancer. For cancer prevention and control, such methods facilitate visualization of high risk areas and identification of spatially heterogeneous risk factors, both of which aid in prioritizing regions that would benefit from additional health resources, such as screening programs and treatment services. Although these sophisticated spatial methodologies are widely available, they have been slow to adoption in the field of cancer epidemiology, and conventional “nonspatial” statistical methods are still most commonly used to describe and understand the burden of breast cancer, and the relative contribution of social and geographic disparities. In this chapter, we seek to better understand how geospatial methods are being applied to understand the epidemiology of breast cancer. We conducted a systematic literature review to describe the contexts in which geospatial methods have been employed, including the types of research questions, populations studied, sophistication of the techniques employed, and disciplinary composition of the author groups. We assess the strengths and limitations of these approaches and offer guidance on future directions with spatial breast cancer epidemiology.
Investigation of parameters governing damage resistance of nematic liquid crystals for high-power or peak-intensity laser applications

We investigate the damage resistance of saturated and unsaturated liquid crystals (LC’s) under a wide range of laser excitation conditions, including 1053-nm pulse durations between 600 fs and 1.5 ns and nanosecond pulse excitation at 351 nm and 532 nm. This study explores the relationship between the LC’s resistance to laser-induced breakdown (damage) and the electronic structure (π-electron delocalization) of the constituent molecules. The laser-induced damage threshold at all wavelengths and pulse durations was consistently higher in saturated materials than in their unsaturated counterparts. The wavelength’s dependence in the results suggests that the energy coupling process that leads to laser-induced breakdown is governed by the energy separation between the ground state and the first and second excited states, while the pulse duration’s dependence in the results reveals the important role of electron relaxation between the excited states. A qualitative description was developed to interpret the experimental observations.
Controlling the Crown: Legal Efforts to Professionalize Black Hair:

Similar to other aspects of life, White cultural norms influence the evaluations and expectations placed on Black women in the workplace. Even though Bo Derek inspired many White women to wear brai...
Hymenolepis microstoma: Interference microscopy of embryonic lateral hooks: I. Effects of temperature and reagent concentration on reaction with 2-mercaptoethanol☆

Abstract A technique utilizing interference microscopy is described for the study of the chemistry and structure of hooks of Hymenolepis microstoma (Dujardin, 1845) embryos. The mass measurements of individual hooks exposed to 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) were used as a basis for kinetic and thermodynamic calculations. The overall reaction of hooks exposed to 2-ME obeys second-order kinetics at low 2-ME concentrations and first-order kinetics at high 2-ME concentrations. A possible mechanism is proposed to explain this action. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the reaction of hooks with 2-ME shows that there is a marked transition of the hook protein molecules from order to disorder. The resulting high entropy change facilitates dissolution of the hooks with 2-ME.
Affective reactions to foreign language listening: Retrospective interviews with Korean EFL students

Non-native phoneme perception can be challenging for adult learners. This article explores two routes to strengthening early representations of non-native targets: perceptual training, which focuse...
Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists to Improve the Productivity and Health of Early-Weaned Pigs: What Is the Best Method of Delivery?

The purpose of the current study was to determine the best method of delivery for glucocorticoid receptor agonist (GRA) treatment. A total of 167 Pig Improvement Company (PIC) piglets (body weight (BW) 7.35 ± 1.24 kg) were weaned at 25.0 ± 0.81 days of age and randomly assigned to 14 treatment groups based on a 2 × 7 factorial arrangement with sex (gilts vs. barrows), in-feed antibiotic (ANT; 110 mg/kg in-feed tylosin), repeated intramuscular (I.M.) injection of GRA (two injections, 0.2 mg/kg BW dexamethasone (DEX)), low dose in-feed GRA (LF, 2.5 mg/kg diet DEX ), high dose in-feed GRA (HF, 5 mg/kg diet DEX), low dose in-water GRA (LW, 0.8 mg/L DEX ), high dose in-water GRA (HW, 1.6 mg/L DEX ), and no treatment control (CON) as the main factors. Body weight and feed intake were measured daily from days 0 to 7 and weekly from days 7 to 28 post-weaning. The interaction effect for average daily gain (ADG) was significant with gilts performing better in the I.M., ANT, and LF groups (p = 0.05). All treatment groups, with the exception of the HW group, had a higher ADG than the CON group. Gilts in the I.M., LF, and HF groups had the highest ADG compared to other treatment groups (p ≤ 0.05). Sex and the interaction between sex and treatments had no effect on the gain-to-feed ratio (G:F; p ≥ 0.21). All treatment groups had a higher G:F than the CON group (p ≥ 0.04). These results suggest that the low-dose, in-feed GRA treatment is the best GRA delivery method and is a suitable alternative to in-feed sub-therapeutic antibiotics.
Surviving Job Loss Stress: Examining Dyadic Coping Process across Time

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate how couples cope with the stress of job loss. We examined dyadic coping processes of social support and undermining over time for couples experi...
Amethyrin-type expanded porphyrins that display anti-aromatic character upon protonation.

The use of protonation to switch nonaromatic expanded porphyrins to their corresponding anti-aromatic forms has not been widely explored. Here, we show that free-base pyriamethyrin and dipyriamethyrin display nonaromatic character, as inferred from NMR spectroscopic analyses, their optical properties, and theoretical calculations. Addition of two protons extends the π – conjugation of these amethyrin analogues and yields formally anti-aromatic systems.
The December 1960 demonstrations in Algiers: spontaneity and organisation of mass action

This article examines the mass demonstrations that rocked Algiers in December 1960, a major turning point in the Algerian Revolution that precipitated negotiations for independence. The (rather lim...
Lefschetz fibrations on compact Stein surfaces: erratum

Sections 3 and 4 of “Lefschetz fibrations on compact Stein surfaces” [Geometry and Topology 5 (2001) 319–334] contained errors due to insufficient care with framing conventions. This note corrects these errors. The following material is a verbatim substitute for half of section 3 and section 4 starting at the heading “General case” on page 330.
A Randomized Trial of Strategies Using Darbepoetin Alfa To Avoid Transfusions in CKD.

Background Exposure to high doses or a high cumulative dose of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) may contribute to cardiovascular events in patients with CKD and anemia. Whether using a low fixed ESA dose versus dosing based on a hemoglobin-based, titration-dose algorithm in such patients might reduce risks associated with high ESA doses and decrease the cumulative exposure-while reducing the need for red blood cell transfusions-is unknown. Methods In this phase-3, randomized trial involving 756 adults with stage-3 to -5 CKD and anemia, we evaluated incidence of red blood cell transfusions for participants randomized to receive darbepoetin given as a fixed dose (0.45 µg/kg every 4 weeks) versus administered according to a hemoglobin-based, titration-dose algorithm, for up to 2 years. Participants received transfusions as deemed necessary by the treating physician. Results There were 379 patients randomized to the fixed-dose group, and 377 to the titration-dose group. The percentage of participants transfused did not differ (24.1% and 24.4% for the fixed-dose and titration-dose group, respectively), with similar time to first transfusion. The titration-dose group achieved significantly higher median hemoglobin (9.9 g/dl) compared with the fixed-dose group (9.4 g/dl). The fixed-dose group had a significantly lower median cumulative dose of darbepoetin (median monthly dose of 30.9 µg) compared with the titration-dose group (53.6 µg median monthly dose). The FD and TD group received a median (Q1, Q3) cumulative dose per 4 weeks of darbepoetin of 30.9 (21.8, 40.0) µg and 53.6 (31.1, 89.9) µg, respectively; the median of the difference between treatment groups was -22.1 (95% CI, -26.1 to -18.1) µg. Conclusions These findings indicate no evidence of difference in incidence of red blood cell transfusion for a titration-dose strategy versus a fixed-dose strategy for darbepoetin. This suggests that a low fixed dose of darbepoetin may be used as an alternative to a dose-titration approach to minimize transfusions, with less cumulative dosing.