cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Centripetal Acceleration Reaction: An Effective and Robust Mechanism for Flapping Flight in Insects.

Despite intense study by physicists and biologists, we do not fully understand the unsteady aerodynamics that relate insect wing morphology and kinematics to lift generation. Here, we formulate a force partitioning method (FPM) and implement it within a computational fluid dynamic model to provide an unambiguous and physically insightful division of aerodynamic force into components associated with wing kinematics, vorticity, and viscosity. Application of the FPM to hawkmoth and fruit fly flight shows that the leading-edge vortex is the dominant mechanism for lift generation for both these insects and contributes between 72–85% of the net lift. However, there is another, previously unidentified mechanism, the centripetal acceleration reaction, which generates up to 17% of the net lift. The centripetal acceleration reaction is similar to the classical inviscid added-mass in that it depends only on the kinematics (i.e. accelerations) of the body, but is different in that it requires the satisfaction of the no-slip condition, and a combination of tangential motion and rotation of the wing surface. Furthermore, the classical added-mass force is identically zero for cyclic motion but this is not true of the centripetal acceleration reaction. Furthermore, unlike the lift due to vorticity, centripetal acceleration reaction lift is insensitive to Reynolds number and to environmental flow perturbations, making it an important contributor to insect flight stability and miniaturization. This force mechanism also has broad implications for flow-induced deformation and vibration, underwater locomotion and flows involving bubbles and droplets.
Penetrating Cardiac Injuries: A Prospective Study of Variables Predicting Outcomes

Abstract Background: Penetrating cardiac injuries are one of the leading causes of death from urban violence. Study Design: This is a prospective, 1-year study in a Level I Trauma Center with the objective of analyzing: (1) the parameters measuring the physiologic condition of patients sustaining penetrating cardiac injuries in the field during transport and on arrival, (2) the cardiovascular-respiratory score (CVRS) component of the trauma score, (3) the mechanism and anatomic site of injury, (4) the presence or absence of tamponade, and (5) the cardiac rhythm as a predictor of outcomes. We attempted to correlate cardiac injury grade (AAST-OIS) with mortality. Our main intervention was thoracotomy for resuscitation and definitive repair of cardiac injury. Main outcomes measures were all parameters measuring the physiologic condition of patients, CVRS, mechanism and anatomic site of injury, operative findings and maneuvers, mortality, and grade of injury. Results: The study consisted of 60 patients sustaining penetrating cardiac injuries, 35 gunshot wound (58%) and 25 stab wounds (42%). The injury severity score (ISS) was > 30 in 22 patients; overall survival was 22 of 60 (36.6%); gunshot wound (GSW) survival, 5 of 35 (14%); and stab wound (SW) survival, 17 of 25 (68%). An emergency department thoracotomy was performed in 37 of 60 (61.7%) with 6 of 37 survivors (16%). CVRS: 96% mortality (25 of 26) when CVRS=0; 67% mortality (6 of 9) when CVRS=1–3; and 25% mortality (7 of 25) when CVRS > 4 (p Mechanism of injury, and presence of sinus rhythm when pericardium opened predict outcomes (p AAST-OIS injury grade and mortality: grade IV, 31 of 60 (52%); grade V, 20 of 60 (75%), and grade VI, 6 of 60 (100%). Conclusions: Parameters measuring physiologic condition, CVRS, and mechanism of injury plus initial rhythm are significant predictors of outcomes in penetrating cardiac injuries. The need for aortic crossclamping and the inability to restore an organized rhythm or blood pressure after thoracotomy were also predictors of outcomes. The presence of pericardial tamponade was not.
Precipitation timing and grazer performance in a tallgrass prairie

Changes in precipitation amount and variability have the potential to alter the structure and function of grasslands, but we know little about how changes in the timing of precipitation might aff ect grasslands. Here, we analyze long-term records from a tallgrass prairie to show that shifts in the timing of precipitation during the growing season have little eff ect on primary productivity or grass reproduction, but can greatly aff ect grazer performance. While greater late-season precipitation increases the weight gain of adult and young bison, greater mid-season precipitation decreases their weight gain. In addition, calving rates are lower after years with greater mid-season precipitation and higher after years with greater lateseason precipitation. As well-timed drought can actually increase grazer weight gain and reproduction, it will be necessary to generate predictions of within-season distribution of precipitation to successfully forecast future grazer performance.
Measurement Characteristics of the Engagement in Meaningful Activities Survey in an Age-Diverse Sample

Objective This study evaluated the measurement characteristics of the Engagement in Meaningful Activities Survey (EMAS) in an age-diverse sample. Method The sample included 154 older adults and 122 college students (age range = 18-100 yr). A Rasch-Andrich rating scale model was used to evaluate the EMAS. Analyses addressed rating scale design, person and item fit, item hierarchy, model unidimensionality, and differential item functioning. Results Category functioning was improved by reducing the EMAS item responses to four categories. Adequate person response validity was established, and all but one EMAS item demonstrated an ideal fit to the Rasch measurement model. After establishing the item hierarchy, I found the EMAS to be a unidimensional measure. Differential item functioning was not detected using Bonferroni-adjusted statistical criteria. Conclusion The results confirm the potential to validly measure subjective qualities of meaningful activity participation. The EMAS can be used to evaluate processes and outcomes central to occupational therapy practice and to aid in the design of therapeutic occupations.
Rapid FDTD analysis of shielding enclosures

A numerical methodology is presented for fast broadband analysis of shielding enclosures. The methodology combines the standard finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method with a non-symmetric Lanczos eigenvalue algorithm to generate directly a Pade approximation of the electromagnetic response of the structure over the frequency range of interest. The numerical implementation is such that each iteration of the Lanczos algorithm is computationally equivalent to the update of the electromagnetic fields in the FDTD algorithm. However, no time stepping is required. Thus, both the time step-imposed numerical stability constraint of the FDTD algorithm and its time step-controlled frequency resolution are relaxed. The proposed methodology generates the continuous response of the system at a fraction of the computational cost required by the FDTD method. The effectiveness of the methodology is demonstrated through several numerical experiments.
Time-interleaved sigma-delta modulator using output prediction scheme

A time-interleaved sigma-delta modulator using the output prediction scheme is proposed. This approach uses only one integrator channel along with incomplete integrator output terms to eliminate the quantizer domino which is a key limit for practical circuit implementation of conventional time-interleaved sigma-delta modulators. In addition, channel mismatch effects due to mismatch within multiple integrator feedback paths can be reduced by optimizing the feedback path. An equivalent two-channel time-interleaved version of the conventional second-order sigma-delta modulator is realized to verify the proposed method.
Chondrocranium and ossification sequence of Hyla lanciformis.

Tadpoles of Hyla lanciformis live in midwater and have a normal, beaked, anteroventral, subterminal mouth. Overall, they are generalized pond-type anuran larvae that show no specific modification for a particular habitat. The chondrocranium and ossification sequences of this hylid frog were studied, utilizing cleared and Alcian blue-alizarin red-stained tadpoles. The chondrocranium is similar to that of other unspecialized tadpoles. No larval otic process was found and a large process projecting from the otic capsule is considered homologous with the larval crista parotica described for other anurans. The pattern of cranial and postcranial ossification is reported. The sequence of cranial ossification is explained in the framework of functional changes of the skull through metamorphosis. Comparison with the available information for other hylid frogs shows clear differences in the ossification sequences. The sequence of postcranial ossification is described for the first time for any species of hylid frog.
Min and Max Uniform Extreme Interval Values and Statistics

The min and max uniform extreme interval values and statistics; ie expected value, standard deviation, mode, median, and coefficient of variation, are discussed. An extreme interval value is defined as a numerical bound where a specified percentage α of the data is less than . A numerical example and an analysis of the min and max extreme interval values and statistics are provided. In addition, a procedure for finding the min and max extreme interval values for different uniform parameter values, and an application of this research are presented.
On the design of atropisomer-separable photochromic diarylethene-based metal–organic framework linkers

The relative stability and accessibility of atropisomers plays a prominent role in the efficacy of diarylethene-based photochromic materials. Herein, DFT methods, using the ωB97XD functional and a 6-31G(d) basis, are employed to determine the local energetic minima and maxima which describe the rotation of a thiophene group in derivatives of 9,10-bis(2-methyl-5-pheylthiophen-3-yl)phenanthrene-2,7-dicarboxylic acid, a photochromic linker molecule which exhibits atropisomer-formation-related fatigue when incorporated into a metal–organic framework. Results of these potential energy surface mapping calculations as well as their applications to atropisomer separability are discussed.
Toward an Evidence-Based Nonclinical Road Map for Evaluating the Efficacy of New Tuberculosis (TB) Drug Regimens: Proceedings of a Critical Path to TB Drug Regimens-National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases In Vivo Pharmacology Workshop for TB Drug Development

Novel tuberculosis (TB) drug regimens are urgently needed, and their development will be enabled by improved preclinical approaches that more effectively inform and ensure safe selection of clinical candidates and drug combination/regimens. An evidence-based approach for the assessment of nonclinical models supporting TB drug development has been proposed by a joint partnership between the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the Critical Path to TB Drug Regimens (CPTR) Consortium.
Caregiver Burden in End-Stage Ovarian Cancer.

Background Caregiver burden associated with caring for women with ovarian cancer has received limited focus. However, these patients often have complex needs, requiring a high level of care at home and imposing substantial burdens on caregivers. Objectives This pilot study assessed the level of caregiver burden experienced by the primary caregivers of patients with end-stage ovarian cancer and identified variables associated with caregiver burden. Methods Caregiver burden was assessed using the Caregiver Reaction Assessment. Fifty caregivers completed an anonymous and voluntary survey. Pearson correlations and independent samples t tests were used to analyze data. Findings Most participants were Caucasian, married or living with a partner, and college graduates, with an annual household income of less than $90,000. Caregiver ages ranged from 29-81 years. Participants agreed most with the self-esteem scale, indicating they had pride in caring for their loved ones. Disrupted schedules and financial problems were the most burdensome factors in providing care. Because financial issues affected caregiver burden, nurses should facilitate interdisciplinary support. Future research is needed to determine the impact of nurse-led interventions to reduce caregiver burden.
The Resilience of the American Federal System

Federal systems of governance have the capacity to be robust— meaning that despite internal and external changing circumstances, they can continue to produce the benefits of a decentralized but internally coordinated polity. Whether or not a federal system is robust is a function of its institutional design and federal culture. The American federal system, distributing authority between levels of government, has been remarkably resilient, failing only once during the past two centuries. Its resilience surprises many who keep expecting it to wither away as the national government grows. In this chapter I make two contributions. In the first part, I review the claims of the American federation’s inherent centralization, and suggest the evidence as well as institutional and cultural reasons why federalism may still be meaningful in the American context. Second, I present the science of federal robustness: its key is its adaptability, provided by a set of safeguards that jointly protect federalism’s boundaries while permitting experimentation around the edges. Future progress in the study of federalism obliges us to move beyond the standard equlibrium-based analysis to take a more dynamic view of federal system design and
CORR Insights (®) : Higher Pavlik Harness Treatment Failure Is Seen in Graf Type IV Ortolani-Positive Hips in Males.

W hen treating patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), the goal is to get the hip concentrically reduced and stable as early as possible with the easiestand safest-possible means. The Pavlik harness has enjoyed great success in the treatment of DDH, often meeting this essential objective. In fact, the success of the harness can be as high as 95% in patients with dysplasia, subluxation, persistent laxity, and Barlow positive dislocatable hips [2]. However, the Pavlik harness is not without its limitations. The harness is purely dependent on the cooperation of parents, as well as on its proper application. Additionally, treating the dislocated hip with the Pavlik harness is quite challenging. Novais and colleagues confirmed that the success of the Pavlik harness is considerably lower in children with dislocated hips [5, 6, 8, 9] compared to those with subluxated and dislocatable hips. Similarly to previously published studies [5, 8, 9], the current study also confirmed that Graf Type IV hips (defined as an alpha angle less than 43 and a downward-displaced labrum) are at higher risk of failing to achieve and maintain concentric hip reduction compared to subluxated and dislocatable hips.
The MIMO Technology in WiMAX System

The theory of the MIMO technology and the different implementation methods of the MIMO technology are discussed in this paper,and also discussed the MIMO codes that we adopted according to the protocol of IEEE 802.16d(e),and has carried on the contrast with the smart antenna technology,finally detailed analysis of the reasons for MIMO mode switching,and proposed the decision-making arithmetic of the multi-mode antenna selection.
On Faust's Life Tragedy and Modern People's Spiritual Dilemma

It is not only feasible but aslo valuable to analyze modern people's spiritual world from the character of Faust who represents universal meanings of humankind.This paper analyses the logical revolution and its milarities and differences between Faust's life tragedy and modern people's spiritual dilemma from perspectives of truth,goodness and beauty by the method of historical comparison
Radiographic and radioisotopic methods of evaluation of the kidneys and urinary tract.

A discussion of specific areas, such as infection of the urinary tract, trauma to the kidneys, and renal masses, in which diagnostic approach and interpretation are in a state of change, and in which new diagnostic techniques are available.
Diagnosis and Management of Attention Deficit Disorder: A Pediatric Perspective

Recent progress in the nosology of neuropsychiatric disorders in general, and attention deficit disorder in particular, have produced parallel advances in our understanding of the etiology of these disorders, enhanced their accurate recognition, and clarified appropriate management strategies. This article provides a detailed overview of these advances.
Towards integrative systematics of Anthozoa (Cnidaria): evolution of form in the order Zoanthidea

A decade of research inferring evolutionary relationships from nucleotide sequences has demonstrated a fundamental misconception of the evolution of form in Zoanthidea. Morphological features that define current taxa are plesiomorphic or homoplastic and do not circumscribe clades of species delineated by ecological and molecular characters. Although molecular data have been critical in exposing this deficiency, their parataxonomic application to Zoanthidea has created a barrier to comprehensive revision within the order. Species descriptions and higher taxon definitions based on nucleotide sequences isolate new taxa from the existing taxonomic system and restrict the application of novel systematics hypotheses to a fraction of the known diversity of taxa. This creates competing taxonomic systems that do not benefit from the knowledge contained in the opposing system. To enable the integration of modern molecular data with more than a century of morphological research, characters that can simultaneously span the parataxonomy barrier, existing taxonomic system and historical record must be identified. Here, we test the utility of morphological characters for integrative systematics by reviewing commonly described and novel morphological characters, assessing independence of character components and analysing character homoplasy and ancestral states on the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny available. The results indicate a rich diversity of form that span the full range of homoplasy values, including more than a dozen independent characters useful to systematics or differentiating closely related species. The least homoplasious characters include traditionally targeted (fifth mesenteries, marginal muscle arrangement, encircling sinus) and novel (fissure morphology, basal canals of the mesenteries) features. These analyses represent a first step in identifying characters necessary for reunification and revision of Zoanthidea systematics.
L'espace symétrique de Drinfeld et correspondance de Langlands locale II

We study the geometry and the cohomology of the tamely ramified cover of Drinfeld’s p-adic symmetric space over a p-adic field K. For this tame level, we prove, in a purely local way, most of a conjecture of Harris on the form of the $$\ell $$ -adic cohomologies, as well as the torsion freeness of the integral cohomology. In this paper, we also compute the $$\ell $$ -adic cohomology of Coxeter Deligne–Lusztig variety associated to $$\mathrm{GL}_d,$$ and some results of independent interest on the coefficient systems over the Bruhat–Tits building associated to $$\mathrm{GL}_d(K)$$ have been established.
A Three-Phase Microgrid Restoration Model Considering Unbalanced Operation of Distributed Generation

Recent severe outages highlight the urgency of improving grid resiliency in the U.S. microgrid formation schemes are proposed to restore critical loads after outages occur. Most distribution networks have unbalanced configurations that are not represented in sufficient detail by single-phase models. This paper provides a microgrid formation plan that adopts a three-phase network model to represent unbalanced distribution networks. The problem formulation has a quadratic objective function with mixed-integer linear constraints. The three-phase network model enables us to examine the three-phase power outputs of distributed generators (DGs), preventing unbalanced operation that might trip DGs. Because the DG unbalanced operation constraint is non-convex, an iterative process is presented that checks whether the unbalanced operation limits for DGs are satisfied after each iteration of optimization. We also develop a relatively conservative linear approximation on the unbalanced operation constraint to handle larger networks. Compared with the iterative solution process, the conservative linear approximation is able to accelerate the solution process at the cost of sacrificing optimality to a limited extent. Simulation in the IEEE 34 node and IEEE 123 test feeders indicate that the proposed method yields more practical microgrid formations results. In addition, this paper explores the coordinated operation of DGs and energy storage (ES) installations. The unbalanced three-phase outputs of ESs combined with the relatively balanced outputs of DGs could supply unbalanced loads. The case study also validates the DG-ES coordination.
Evaluation of 124I-NM404 as a universal agent for the detection and surveillance of intracranial malignancies.

B10 Objectives: Gliomas are uniformly lethal with average survival following diagnosis of 12 to 18 months. Biological markers coupled with techniques in molecular imaging might aid to selectively visualize intracranial gliomas. This new feasibility is important in the diagnoses, treatment, and surveillance of these lethal tumors. NM404, a novel phospholipid ether analog currently in clinical Phase 1 trials for human lung cancer, demonstrates striking tumor avidity in 32 rodent models of human cancer. The primary aim of this study was to examine the multi-modal imaging characteristics of intracranial rat gliomas by comparing 124I-NM404 with microPET and microCT against the current gold standard of gadolinium enhanced microMRI. Secondary aims are to evaluate signal to background noise in tumor versus normal brain tissue, and corroborate imaging with histology. Our goal is to determine whether NM404 might be useful in the treatment of patients with gliomas. Methods: The frontal lobes of five Fischer rats weighing between 125-150g were inoculated with 1.5x106 RG2 rat glioma cells in 5ul of methylcellulose. Seven days after inoculation, 124I-NM404 was injected intravenously (80-100μCi/0.2ml) into rats bearing tumors with maximum diameters of 7-12mm. Serial PET scans were obtained at 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 hours and at 12 days. Signal intensity was assessed by comparing the tumor-bearing side to the opposite hemisphere in the same animal. All five rats displayed signs of neurological deterioration by 12 days after inoculation. Animals were scanned using PET, MRI with gadolinium and CT and then sacrificed. Brains were harvested, digitally photographed and sent for histological analysis including microglial studies in another laboratory. Results: 124I-NM404 with PET provided a more accurate image of the tumor than MRI with gadolinium indicating the new imaging modality is better than the current gold standard. Fused CT and PET images provided an accurate three-dimensional anatomical model. NM404 uptake corresponded to tumor location by histology. Tumor signal intensity was significantly higher than background and persisted for 12 days after inoculation. Uptake of NM404 tightly correlated with tumor location as determined by histology. Interestingly, the number of viable cells within a tumor appeared to decline, indicating radiolabeled NM404 might have a therapeutic effect. Conclusion: Preliminary results indicate NM404 displays an intense avidity to gliomas. 124I-NM404 might have utility in diagnoses, treatment and surveillance of gliomas. Further studies utilizing 125I and 124I with NM404 need to be completed in order to fully characterize the imaging and therapeutic potential prior to clinical application.
Spinning a Complex Web: Links between Strategic Decision Making Context, Content, Process, and Outcome

This paper considers structural issues underlying sampling and analysis in studies of strategic decision making. It develops a model of the overall structure of the research problem in strategic decision-making and derives a number of implications of the model for future research.
Generating testable hypotheses for schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis by integrating epidemiological, genomic, and protein interaction data

Patients with schizophrenia and their relatives have reduced prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis. Schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis genome-wide association studies also indicate negative genetic correlations, suggesting that there may be shared pathogenesis at the DNA level or downstream. A portion of the inverse prevalence could be attributed to pleiotropy, i.e., variants of a single nucleotide polymorphism that could confer differential risk for these disorders. To study the basis for such an interrelationship, we initially compared lists of single nucleotide polymorphisms with significant genetic associations (p < 1e-8) for schizophrenia or rheumatoid arthritis, evaluating patterns of linkage disequilibrium and apparent pleiotropic risk profiles. Single nucleotide polymorphisms that conferred risk for both schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis were localized solely to the extended HLA region. Among single nucleotide polymorphisms that conferred differential risk for schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis, the majority were localized to HLA-B, TNXB, NOTCH4, HLA-C, HCP5, MICB, PSORS1C1, and C6orf10; published functional data indicate that HLA-B and HLA-C have the most plausible pathogenic roles in both disorders. Interactomes of these eight genes were constructed from protein–protein interaction information using publicly available databases and novel computational predictions. The genes harboring apparently pleiotropic single nucleotide polymorphisms are closely connected to rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenia associated genes through common interacting partners. A separate and independent analysis of the interactomes of rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenia genes showed a significant overlap between the two interactomes and that they share several common pathways, motivating functional studies suggesting a relationship in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia/rheumatoid arthritis. Researchers in the USA identify variations in eight genes that potentially confer differential risk for schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis. Previous studies have shown that patients with schizophrenia (and their relatives) have a reduced risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis and vice versa. Vishwajit Nimgaonkar, Madhavi Ganapathiraju and colleagues at the University of Pittsburgh compared single nucleotide variations in the genetic code that are significantly associated with these diseases. They found that the inverse risk between these disorders could be due to differences harbored in eight genes. Computational analyses of the protein interactomes of genes associated exclusively with rheumatoid arthritis and those with schizophrenia revealed common interacting partners that are known to be involved in immune and inflammatory responses, and shared disease pathways. Additional investigation of these proteins could shed further light on shared disease mechanisms.
Hands-on Cybersecurity Exercises That are Easy to Access and Assess (Abstract Only)

Cybersecurity is a topic of growing interest for CS educators. The goal of this workshop is to empower faculty to add hands-on security exercises to their courses. We introduce EDURange, a framework for accessing, developing and assessing interactive cybersecurity exercises. We want to reach and engage all students. The first step is to have interesting challenges that are easy to access. EDURange uses VMs in a public cloud, which also provides flexible resources. No software needs to be installed - students only need an ssh client. Another step is to give students feedback on how they are doing. This is an important role for faculty and is not something to automate. Instead, EDURange provides basic tools to visualize what students are doing as they work on the exercises. This allows instructors to more easily see when students are stuck or heading in the wrong direction. Since cybersecurity exercises are often easy to understand but hard to solve, guidance is especially important so that students don't become frustrated. In this workshop, participants will get to try EDURange and several exercises, including an introduction to ssh. Participants don't need to be security experts. We will provide sample syllabuses for an introductory security course as well as an interdisciplinary security course, and we will show how our exercises can be integrated into these courses. More information at http://www.edurange.org. Laptop required.
Activation Mechanisms of Shape-Memory Polymers

Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) attract significant attention from both industrial and academic due to their mechanical functionality. Selecting an appropriate stimulus for SMPs is essential to their implementation in any design applications. This chapter summarizes existing activation techniques for SMPs. Following a brief introduction of the conventional shape-memory effects, the thermal, solvent, and mechanical actuation methods are reviewed. General descriptions of the theoretical basis of SMPs are also presented. Finally, the recently emerged innovative SMPs with photo- or thermal-sensitive dynamic covalent bonds are introduced. This chapter contains techniques for SMP designs requiring either passive adaptation to changing environmental conditions or active response to applied stimuli.
KOMPOSISI DAN DOMINASI PATOTIPE Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, PENYEBAB PENYAKIT HAWAR DAUN BAKTERI PADA TANAMAN PADI DENGAN SISTEM PENGAIRAN BERBEDA DI KABUPATEN KARAWANG

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) is the major disease of rice caused by the bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), that has various pathotypes making it difficult to control. This research was aimed to determine Xoo pathotype group in irrigated paddy fields with different of planting time based on differences of irrigation system in Jatiluhur Reservoir. The research was conducted in Karawang District the wet season (WS) of 2013/2014 and dry season (DS) of 2014 through survey and sampling of infected rice leaves of BLB. Isolation of Xoo bacte-ria was done in the laboratory by using dilution methods. Xoo pathotype test was carried out by inoculating Xoo isolate on five different varieties in Indonesian Center for Rice Research’s green house, West Java. Observation of disease severity was done by measuring symp-toms of the disease that appeared at two and four weeks after inoculation. The disease severity of ?11% was classified as resistant (R), and for the disease severity of >11% was classified as susceptible (S). The results obtained a total of 602 Xoo isolates from rice plant samplings of irrigated rice fields in Karawang with irrigation systems I, II, III, and IV. At WS 2013/2014 was obtained 448 Xoo isolates consists of 29.69% of pathotype III; 40.85% of pathotype IV, and 29.46% of pathotype VIII. While, at DS 2014 was obtained 154 Xoo isolates consists of 1.95% of pathotype III, 53.25% of pathotype IV, and 44.80% of pathotype VIII. The areas with Type I of irrigation systems were domi-nated by Xoo pathotype IV in two cropping seasons. The areas with Type II of irrigation system dominated by Xoo pathotype IV in the wet season, while the dry season was dominated by Xoo pathotype VIII. The areas with Type III of irrigation system were dominated by Xoo pathotype III in the wet season, whereas during dry season was dominated by Xoo pathotype IV. The areas with Type IV of irrigation sys-tem were dominated by Xoo pathotype IV during wet season. Over all, in the dry season, Xoo pathotype IV was the dominant pathotype especially in irrigation systems Type I and IV. The dominance of Xoo pathotype can determine the resistant varieties that grown in the areas with different planting times on different irrigation systems.
Skin cancer prevention and early detection intentions and behavior.

This longitudinal study examined predictors of (1) skin cancer prevention and early detection intentions and (2) compliance with recommendation for medical follow-up for suspicious skin lesions. Subjects were 324 hospital employees who were at increased risk for skin cancer and who participated in a worksite skin cancer screening program. Based on behavioral self-regulation theory and the Health Belief Model, multivariate analyses showed that optimism, perceived risk, reasons for doing skin self-examination (SSE), and SSE frequency prior to screen ing were the best predictors of intentions to engage in future health promotion behaviors (i.e., monthly SSE, regular sunscreen use, and participation in a skin cancer screening program the following year). Although our results also showed that optimism, reasons for doing SSE, and SSE frequency were the best predictors of compliance with medical follow-up, these three variables accounted for only a small amount of the variance in compliance with recommended follow-up care.
Autism and rhetoric

Public awareness and public discourse about autism are approaching critical mass. April 2, 2008, was the first World Autism Awareness Day, which was voted into existence by the United Nations General Assembly. CNN marked the occasion by launching one of its "worldwide investigations," devoting the entire day's programming to discussions of autism. Three recent documentary films, Autism Every Day, Autism: The Musical, and Her Name Is Sabine, all attempt to broaden the public's understanding of the condition. A 2009 feature film, Adam, depicts the awkward love story of an autistic man and his nonautistic neighbor. In 2010, HBO produced a biopic on autistic author Temple Grandin, portrayed by Claire Danes. Parenthood, a new, high-profile drama on the NBC television net work, features a story line about a family with an autistic child. Generation Rescue has purchased significant ad space annually for the past several years in USA Today, imploring lawmakers to "green our vaccines," and a multi-year Autism Speaks tele vision campaign compares autism incidence with statistics on lightning strikes, car crashes, and the likelihood of becoming a professional athlete (AutismSpeaksVids; Autism Speaks, "Learn the Signs—Ad Council Campaign"). In the past two years, corporations such as Barnes & Noble, Toys"R"Us, Lindt chocolates, and Starbucks have publicly promoted the fight against autism—with $1 paper puzzle pieces sold in the checkout lane, with pithy coffee-cup quotes and book promotions, and with
Illness Behaviour: An Overview

The concept of illness or disease refers to limited scientific models for characterizing constellations of symptoms and the conditions underlying them. The concept of illness behaviour, in contrast, describes the ways persons respond to bodily indications and the conditions under which they come to view them as abnormal. Illness behaviour thus involves the manner in which persons monitor their bodies, define and interpret their symptoms, take remedial action, and utilize various sources of help as well as the more formal health-care system. It also is concerned with how people monitor and respond to symptoms and symptom change over the course of an illness and how this affects behaviour, remedial actions taken, and response to treatment. The different perceptions, evaluations and responses to illness have, at times, dramatic impact on the extent to which symptoms interfere with usual life routines, chronicity, attainment of appropriate care and co-operation of the patient in treatment. Variables affecting illness behaviour usually come into play well before any medical scrutiny and treatment (Mechanic, 1978a).
Temperature Dependence of Yielding in Austenitic Stainless Steels

The tensile properties of stable austenitic stainless steels such as AISI 310 (Fe-25Cr-20Ni-2Mn-0.08C) have a regular temperature dependence with trends similar to the classical behavior expected for metals and alloys having the facecentered cubic structure [1]. The classical behavior consists of a smooth monotonic increase of yield stress as temperature is lowered to about 60 K. In contrast, metastable stainless steels such as AISI 304L (Fe-18Cr-9Ni-2Mn-0.03C) have yield-stress (σy)-vs.-temperature anomalies that are believed to be associated with low-temperature martensitic transformations to body-centered cubic (α′) and hexagonal close-packed (e) phases [2], In addition, both the stable and metastable alloys are capable of anomalous behavior at extreme cryogenic temperatures (below 60 K) owing to deformation mode changes associated with dislocation tunneling or magnetic transitions [3].
The Endonucleolytic RNA Cleavage Function of nsp1 of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Promotes the Production of Infectious Virus Particles in Specific Human Cell Lines

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) nsp1 suppresses host gene expression in expressed cells by inhibiting translation and inducing endonucleolytic cleavage of host mRNAs, the latter of which leads to mRNA decay. We examined the biological functions of nsp1 in infected cells and its role in virus replication by using wild-type MERS-CoV and two mutant viruses with specific mutations in the nsp1; one mutant lacked both biological functions, while the other lacked the RNA cleavage function but retained the translation inhibition function. In Vero cells, all three viruses replicated efficiently with similar replication kinetics, while wild-type virus induced stronger host translational suppression and host mRNA degradation than the mutants, demonstrating that nsp1 suppressed host gene expression in infected cells. The mutant viruses replicated less efficiently than wild-type virus in Huh-7 cells, HeLa-derived cells, and 293-derived cells, the latter two of which stably expressed a viral receptor protein. In 293-derived cells, the three viruses accumulated similar levels of nsp1 and major viral structural proteins and did not induce IFN-β and IFN-λ mRNAs; however, both mutants were unable to generate intracellular virus particles as efficiently as wild-type virus, leading to inefficient production of infectious viruses. These data strongly suggest that the endonucleolytic RNA cleavage function of the nsp1 promoted MERS-CoV assembly and/or budding in a 293-derived cell line. MERS-CoV nsp1 represents the first CoV gene 1 protein that plays an important role in virus assembly/budding and is the first identified viral protein whose RNA cleavage-inducing function promotes virus assembly/budding.IMPORTANCE MERS-CoV represents a high public health threat. Because CoV nsp1 is a major viral virulence factor, uncovering the biological functions of MERS-CoV nsp1 could contribute to our understanding of MERS-CoV pathogenicity and spur development of medical countermeasures. Expressed MERS-CoV nsp1 suppresses host gene expression, but its biological functions for virus replication and effects on host gene expression in infected cells are largely unexplored. We found that nsp1 suppressed host gene expression in infected cells. Our data further demonstrated that nsp1, which was not detected in virus particles, promoted virus assembly or budding in a 293-derived cell line, leading to efficient virus replication. These data suggest that nsp1 plays an important role in MERS-CoV replication and possibly affects virus-induced diseases by promoting virus particle production in infected hosts. Our data, which uncovered an unexpected novel biological function of nsp1 in virus replication, contribute to further understanding of the MERS-CoV replication strategies.
Abstract TP348: Quantitative Serial Neuroimaging of Iron in the Intracerebral Hemorrhage Pig Model

Objective: To serially quantify changes of iron concentration within hematomas in the intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) pig model using non-invasive R2* and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) M...
Potassium Homeostasis, Chronic Kidney Disease, and the Plant-Enriched Diets

There are data demonstrating that ingestion of potassium-rich foods reduces the incidence of stroke, hypertension, nephrolithiasis, and osteoporosis. Dietary-consumption data indicate Westernized diets are high in processed foods, high in sodium content, and low in potassium. In fact, there are data suggesting individuals are not consuming enough potassium in their diet. Although consumption of diets high in plant proteins, fruits, and vegetables—which are excellent sources of potassium—is recognized as healthy and beneficial, individuals with decrements in their kidney function have been advised to avoid these foods. In reviewing the literature that provides the rationale for potassium restriction in patients with reductions in kidney function, it appears there is little direct evidence to support the levels of restriction which are now prescribed. Additionally, there are two new potassium-binding agents which are well tolerated and have been documented to be effective in controlling serum potassium. Therefore, with the new binding agents and the lack of empirical evidence supporting the stringent dietary potassium restrictions, the authors conclude by indicating the pressing need for further research focusing on dietary liberalization of potassium in patients with reductions in kidney function to enhance overall health and well being, to provide them cardiovascular benefits, and to reduce overall risk of mortality through the incorporation of potassium-enriched foods.
Strategies to Promote Social Connections Among Older Adults During 'Social Distancing' Restrictions.

Older age and medical comorbidity are factors associated with more severe illness and risk of death due to COVID-19 infection. Social distancing is an important public health strategy for controlling the spread of the virus and minimizing its impact on the older adult population. It comes at a cost, however. Loneliness is associated with myriad adverse health outcomes, one of which is impaired immune functioning, which adds even greater risk for coronavirus infection, complications and death. Older adults, therefore, are at compound risk, making effective management of loneliness and social isolation in our older patients a high priority target for preventive intervention. In this paper, the authors describe a cognitive-behavioral framework for social connectedness, including evidence-informed strategies clinicians can use to help patients develop a "Connections Plan" to stay connected and promote their social, mental, and physical health during "social distancing" restrictions. This set of strategies can be provided during brief (30 minute) telephone sessions and is analogous to creating a "Safety Plan" for suicide risk. The approach is illustrated with three case examples.
Single Institution Trial Comparing Whole Blood vs Balanced Component Therapy: 50 Years Later.

Background Early close ratio transfusion with balanced component therapy (BCT) has been associated with improved outcomes in patients with severe hemorrhage; however, this modality is not comparable with whole blood (WB) constituents. We compared use of BCT vs WB to determine if one yielded superior outcomes in patients with severe hemorrhage. We hypothesized that WB would lead to reduced in-hospital mortality and blood product volume if given in the first 24 hours of admission. Study design This was a 1-year, single institution, prospective, observational study comparing BCT with WB in adult (18+y) trauma patients with active hemorrhage who required blood transfusion upon arrival at the emergency department. Primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Secondary endpoints included 24-hour transfusion volumes, in-hospital clinical outcomes, and complications. Results A total of 253 patients were included; 71.1% received BCT and 29.9% WB. The WB cohort had significantly more penetrating trauma (64.4% vs 48.9%; p = 0.03) and higher Shock Index (1.12 vs 0.92; p = 0.04). WB patients received significantly fewer units of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) (p Conclusions There was no difference in survival rates when comparing BCT with WB. In the WB group, the incidence of ARDS, duration of mechanical ventilation, massive transfusion protocol (MTP) activation, and transfusion volumes were significantly reduced. Further research should be directed at analyzing whether there is a true hemorrhage-related pathophysiologic benefit of WB when compared with BCT.
The Anna Karenina model of beta cell maturation in development and their dedifferentiation in type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Loss of mature {beta} cell function and identity, or {beta} cell dedifferentiation, is seen in all types of diabetes mellitus. Two competing models explain {beta} cell dedifferentiation in diabetes. In the first model, {beta} cells dedifferentiate in the reverse order of their developmental ontogeny. This model predicts that dedifferentiated {beta} cells resemble {beta} cell progenitors. In the second model, {beta} cell dedifferentiation depends on the type of diabetogenic stress. This model, which we call the "Anna Karenina" model, predicts that in each type of diabetes, {beta} cells dedifferentiate in their own way, depending on how their mature identity is disrupted by any particular diabetogenic stress. We directly tested the two models using a {beta} cell-specific lineage-tracing system coupled with RNA-sequencing in mice. We constructed a multidimensional map of {beta} cell transcriptional trajectories during the normal course of {beta} cell postnatal development and during their dedifferentiation in models of both type 1 diabetes (NOD) and type 2 diabetes (BTBR-Lepob/ob). Using this unbiased approach, we show here that despite some similarities between immature and dedifferentiated {beta} cells, {beta} cells dedifferentiation in the two mouse models is not a reversal of developmental ontogeny and is different between different types of diabetes.