cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Invisible Hand of Peace: American Grand Strategy and the Liberal Peace

The United States has a long history of responding to strategic challenges and opportunities by promoting the spread of its own political and economic institutions abroad. Rooted firmly in a political culture defined by its attachment to individual freedom, this penchant often manifests itself in foreign policies supporting democratic transitions and economic liberalization around the world. Democracy and trade are trumpeted for two key reasons: states that possess liberal political and economic institutions do not go to war with each other, and they also tend to share common national interests. As democracy and commerce proliferate around the world, the United States should face fewer enemies while cultivating more political allies. Many American political leaders over the past two centuries have reaffirmed these principles. Outlining the benefits of annexing Texas in his inaugural address, President Polk (1845) noted, “Foreign Powers do not seem to appreciate the true character of our Government … To enlarge its limits is to extend the dominions of peace over additional territories and increasing millions … While the Chief Magistrate and the popular branch of Congress are elected for short terms by the suffrages of those millions who must in their own persons bear all the burdens and miseries of war, our Government can not be otherwise than pacific.” At the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Woodrow Wilson launched a bold and revolutionary plan to end balance-of-power politics that seemed to lead to war by creating a democratic global political order.
Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy with Concurrent Exercise Training: Contrary Evidence for an Interference Effect

Over the last 30+ years, it has become axiomatic that performing aerobic exercise within the same training program as resistance exercise (termed concurrent exercise training) interferes with the hypertrophic adaptations associated with resistance exercise training. However, a close examination of the literature reveals that the interference effect of concurrent exercise training on muscle growth in humans is not as compelling as previously thought. Moreover, recent studies show that, under certain conditions, concurrent exercise may augment resistance exercise-induced hypertrophy in healthy human skeletal muscle. The purpose of this article is to outline the contrary evidence for an acute and chronic interference effect of concurrent exercise on skeletal muscle growth in humans and provide practical literature-based recommendations for maximizing hypertrophy when training concurrently.
“Network not Paperwork”: Political Parties, the Malkin, and Political Matronage in Western India

I heard Durva, a fearless leader in the Indian political party, Shiv Sena (Shivaji's Army) repeat this poetic refrain in many of her public speeches. She invariably received rousing applause and breathless admiration from the audiences she addressed. Many junior party workers and female constituents who listened in awe at the large women's rallies she organized around the elections began to repeat this in their own lives and in their political campaigns; and Durva's leadership style and the words uttered by her sharp but poetic and charismatic tongue traveled across the district helping the political careers and the self-confidence of many junior political hopefuls. It also brought hordes of new political constituents into the party's fold. Many of her constituents at these events, admitted me that “[Durva] is the malkin [landlady)] of us all.”
Abstract 759: Regulation of androgenic signaling by yes-associated protein, YAP, in prostate cancer cells.

Androgenic signaling plays a central role in prostate tumor development, progression, and metastasis. The molecular circuitry contributing to these pathological events is still a mystery. Previously, we reported that the hippo-like protein kinase Mst1/2 antagonized androgen receptor (AR) and prostate tumor cell growth (Cinar et al., Cancer Res., 2011). Here, we studied the role of yes-associated protein (YAP) oncogene, a prominent nuclear effector of the Mst/Hippo tumor suppressor network, in regulating AR and in prostate tumor cell growth in vitro. As revealed by co-immunoprecipitation (IP) and western blot experiments, we first showed that endogenous YAP formed protein complexes with endogenous AR. The complex formation between the two proteins mainly occurred in cell nuclei was further enhanced by androgen stimulation. Our luciferase-promoter reporter analysis demonstrated that enforced YAP expression increased the androgen-mediated and AR-responsive promoter reporter gene activation, and the carboxyl-terminal site of YAP, which consists of PDZ and coiled-coiled protein-protein interaction domains, appeared to be responsible for AR transactivation. Chromatin-IP and PCR analysis of the bound and uncross-linked genomic DNA revealed that YAP interacted with the DNA regions where AR also binds, and androgen enhanced the interaction between YAP and chromatin DNA. We also provided evidence that, compared to vector control, enforced YAP expression promoted androgen-dependent and independent cell growth, and silencing YAP by RNAi reduced the growth of castration-resistant prostate tumor cells in vitro. Our findings indicate that YAP is a physiologic binding partner and positive regulator of androgenic signaling, and suggest that the Hippo-YAP pathway plays a critical role in human prostate tumor progression. Citation Format: Ahmet Alptekin, Gamze Kuser Abali, Qiang Wang, Bekir Cinar. Regulation of androgenic signaling by yes-associated protein, YAP, in prostate cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 759. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-759
Polymorphism in Containerless Crystallization

The effect of the ambient relative humidity (RH) on the crystallization of malonic and glutaric acid in aqueous microdroplets was investigated using an electrodynamic balance (EDB). Aqueous droplets containing a solute were injected into a chamber maintained at selected RH values, after which the RH was cycled to characterize crystallization and deliquescence behavior. Glutaric acid crystals that were formed at >40% RH deliquesced at 85 ± 2% RH, consistent with the metastable α polymorph. Glutaric acid crystals initially formed at ≤30% RH, however, deliquesced at 90 ± 2% RH, corresponding to the stable β polymorph. These polymorph identifications were confirmed using in situ Raman spectroscopy. In the case of malonic acid, the mass change measured with the EDB at deliquescence revealed the formation of a hydrate, C3H4O4·1.5H2O, when the crystals were initially formed at ≥20% RH. The EDB response for malonic acid crystals initially formed at ∼5% RH, however, corresponded to an anhydrous form. These observa...
QoS for Composite Web Services and Optimizing

The provision of guaranteed QoS is critical to the success of Web Services in business domains. Thus, how to make the Composite Web Services meet users' QoS requirement becomes a hot issue in the research field. For such reason, this paper proposes a hierarchical structure for Composite Web Service selection oriented QoS including QoS for assuring quality of basic Web services, QoS for evaluating relation degree between services and QoS for measuring the whole quality of Composite Web Services. Based on this, a selection algorithm for QoS-driven Composite Web Services selection is also proposed. The experiment result demonstrates its efficiency.
A Methodology for Assessing Extreme Precipitation Trends Applied to Three South Texas Basins, 1898–2011

A statistical scheme based on the Kendall $${\tau}$$ statistic, Fisher’s method, the modified Welch t test, and the Gumbel distribution as a special case of the general extreme value distribution was developed to explore the causes of the apparent trends in environmental variables. Daily precipitation data extending as far back as 1898 for gauges in the Nueces, Guadalupe, and San Antonio river basins indicate that the annual maximum daily precipitation depths and the annual 5-day maximum precipitation depth have been generally increasing. The statistical analysis reveals that urbanization, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and localized random effects do not contribute to these trends. The results indicate that climate change or other unknown regional phenomena would be the main cause for the increasing trend. The methodology developed can be employed in global change studies to identify the contribution of climate change and other factors, such as societal dynamics, on observed trends in environmental variables.
WE-DE-201-08: Multi-Source Rotating Shield Brachytherapy Apparatus for Prostate Cancer.

Purpose: To introduce a novel multi-source rotating shield brachytherapy (RSBT) apparatus for the precise simultaneous angular and linear positioning of all partially-shielded 153Gd radiation sources in interstitial needles for treating prostate cancer. The mechanism is designed to lower the detrimental dose to healthy tissues, the urethra in particular, relative to conventional high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) techniques. Methods: Following needle implantation, the delivery system is docked to the patient template. Each needle is coupled to a multi-source afterloader catheter by a connector passing through a shaft. The shafts are rotated by translating a moving template between two stationary templates. Shaft walls as well as moving template holes are threaded such that the resistive friction produced between the two parts exerts enough force on the shafts to bring about the rotation. Rotation of the shaft is then transmitted to the shielded source via several keys. Thus, shaft angular position is fully correlated with the position of the moving template. The catheter angles are simultaneously incremented throughout treatment as needed, and only a single 360° rotation of all catheters is needed for a full treatment. For each rotation angle, source depth in each needle is controlled by a multi-source afterloader, which is proposed as an array of belt-driven linear actuators, each of which drives a source wire. Results: Optimized treatment plans based on Monte Carlo dose calculations demonstrated RSBT with the proposed apparatus reduced urethral D1cc below that of conventional HDR-BT by 35% for urethral dose gradient volume within 3 mm of the urethra surface. Treatment time to deliver 20 Gy with multi-source RSBT apparatus using nineteen 62.4 GBq 153Gd sources is 117 min. Conclusions: The proposed RSBT delivery apparatus in conjunction with multiple nitinol catheter-mounted platinum-shielded 153Gd sources enables a mechanically feasible urethra-sparing treatment technique for prostate cancer in a clinically reasonable timeframe.
Collaborative innovation; a new lever in information technology development

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on collaborative innovation and its impact on information technology development. Some of the specific topics discussed include: the economics of collaborative technology development; CMOS scaling and processing capabilities; scaling performance, 2003 versus 2006; performance evaluation of processors with and without scaling; design considerations; power and thermal management; and key factors that will impact innovation in this field.
The effect of phenyramidol on the metabolism of diphenylhydantoin.

When phenyramidol was given to subiects taking diphenylhydantoin, the mean biologic alf-life of diphenylhydantoin increased from 25 hours to 55 hours. In patients taking both drugs simultaneously, elevated plasma concentrations of diphenylhydantoin could account for the increased anticonvulsant effects observed.
Components of Adenovirus Genome Packaging

Adenoviruses (AdVs) are icosahedral viruses with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. Genome packaging in AdV is thought to be similar to that seen in dsDNA containing icosahedral bacteriophages and herpesviruses. Specific recognition of the AdV genome is mediated by a packaging domain located close to the left end of the viral genome and is mediated by the viral packaging machinery. Our understanding of the role of various components of the viral packaging machinery in AdV genome packaging has greatly advanced in recent years. Characterization of empty capsids assembled in the absence of one or more components involved in packaging, identification of the unique vertex, and demonstration of the role of IVa2, the putative packaging ATPase, in genome packaging have provided compelling evidence that AdVs follow a sequential assembly pathway. This review provides a detailed discussion on the functions of the various viral and cellular factors involved in AdV genome packaging. We conclude by briefly discussing the roles of the empty capsids, assembly intermediates, scaffolding proteins, portal vertex and DNA encapsidating enzymes in AdV assembly and packaging.
Alienation: Marx's critique of bourgeois ideology

The discussion of religious alienation in the previous chapter clearly illustrates the main characteristic Marx finds in ideology, and particularly in bourgeois ideology, which is its back to front picture of how things actually happen. In religion, this is seen in the belief that god creates man rather than the reverse. In ethics, people are said to derive judgements from an absolute moral principle of some sort, whereas it is their judgements, reflecting their class conditions and interests, that have constructed over time (and through generations) this principle. In politics, we found the belief that the state grants its citizens certain rights, whereas it is really the people who have abnegated their social power to the state. Also in this sphere, there is the apparently contradictory but really complementary view that the government is elected by the people, whereas people are manipulated in their electoral choices by their rulers. In history, there is the belief that ‘great men’ and ideas decide the course of events, whereas events, together with their underlying conditions, establish the limitations and opportunities which determine in broad outline who shall be ‘great men’ and which ideas will triumph. In economics, people think they decide where they work and what they buy, but in actuality the jobs and commodities available determine both.
Misoprostol in Abortion Care: Review and Update

We seek to update readers on misoprostol use in abortion care. We discuss literature on misoprostol use in first trimester medication abortion, second trimester induction abortion, management of early pregnancy loss, and first and second trimester surgical abortion. We review publications investigating efficacy, acceptability, and safety of misoprostol doses, routes of administration, use with mifepristone and osmotic dilators, and timing in relation to mifepristone or surgery. In 2016, the Food and Drug Administration approved updated labeling for medication abortion: mifepristone 200 mg oral followed in 24–48 h by misoprostol 800 mcg buccal through 70 days gestation. Intervals less than 24 h decrease efficacy. The addition of mifepristone to misoprostol for second trimester induction abortion decreases time from misoprostol to complete uterine evacuation. Misoprostol may be used alone or in combination with osmotic dilators or mifepristone for cervical preparation for surgical abortion. Routine cervical priming with misoprostol is not recommended in the first trimester. Same-day cervical preparation with misoprostol may be used from the late first trimester through 18–20 weeks, although additional mechanical dilation may be required. After 18–20 weeks, misoprostol may be used with overnight osmotic dilators, although mifepristone may be preferred to avoid misoprostol side effects and enhance ease of the surgical procedure. Misoprostol plays an indispensable role in abortion care and may be administered in doses of 400–800 mcg by oral, buccal, vaginal, and sublingual routes. More studies are needed to assess variations in dose and timing and to determine upper gestational age limits for same-day preparation.
Primary Modes of Global Drop Size Distributions

AbstractUnderstanding drop size distribution (DSD) variability has important implications for remote sensing and numerical modeling applications. Twelve disdrometer datasets across three latitude b...
The Design of Thermal Regenerators for Stirling-Type Refrigerators

In the traditional analyses of Stirling-type cycles, the effect of pressure drop and imperfect heat transfer in the various components are considered as coupled [1]. This approach requires that all components be considered simultaneously in the design of a system.
Fabrication of Two-Dimensional Organic Spin Systems on Gold

In this chapter, fabrication of monolayers of organic molecules with unpaired spins on a thin gold film is described. XPS and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements showed the existence of unpaired spins on gold surface. In a number of systems with diluted monolayers, electrical transport measurements showed an increase of the gold film sheet resistance for temperatures below ~20 K for some examples, possibly implying Kondo physics.
Intra-Arterial versus Intravenous Contrast and Renal Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Propensity-Matched Analysis.

Background/aims contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is well described following an administration of intraarterial contrast, but its occurrence after intravenous (IV) contrast is being questioned. We evaluated the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), post-contrast AKI (PC-AKI), CIN, dialysis and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) or contrast CT (CCT) or coronary angiography (CoA). Methods We identified individuals who had CoA or CCT or NCCT between 2010 and 2015 in the Cleveland Clinic CKD registry. We used propensity scores to match patients in the 3 groups. We evaluated the proportion of patients that developed AKI and CIN across the groups with chi-square tests. We generated Kaplan-Meier plots comparing mortality and ESRD among patients who developed AKI (in the NCCT group), PC (multifactorial AKI, CIN) AKI and no AKI. Results Out of 251 eligible patients, 200 who had CoA were matched to each of the other CT scan groups. The incidence of AKI was 27% in CoA, 24% in CCT and 24% in NCCT (p = 0.72). The incidence of CIN AKI was 16.5% in CoA and 12.5% in CCT (p = 0.26). The Kaplan-Meier survival at 2 years was 74.8 (95% CI 63.8-87.7) for those with CIN and 53.2 (95% CI 39.7-71.4) for those with multifactorial AKI and 56.5 (95% CI 43.4-73.6) for those with AKI-NCCT and 71.4 (95% CI 67.2-76.0) for those without AKI. The Kaplan-Meier ESRD-free estimates at 2 years were 89.9 (95% CI 80.8-100) for those with CIN and 89.4 (95% CI 78.7-100) for those with multifactorial AKI and 77.4 (95% CI 63.6-94.3) for those with AKI-NCCT and 94.4 (95% CI 91.9-97.1) for those without AKI. Conclusion The administration of both IV and intra-arterial contrast is associated with a risk of AKI. Multifactorial AKI was associated with worse outcomes, while CIN was associated with better outcomes.
Applied Theater and Mixed-Status Families: A Collaborative Self-Study with Teacher Education Candidates

In this article, we narrate a self-study that emerged through a collaborative, arts-based inquiry around Latinx diversity, especially those arising from citizenship status at the individual and fam...
Information Transmission Through Solids Using Ultrasound Invited Paper

Ultrasonic signals can be utilized as a viable communication method to transmit information through gas, liquid, and solid channels or a mixed media consisting of a solid interfaced with liquid and/or gas. Underwater communication channels using sound waves cause many challenges, often unforeseen, due to absorption, scattering, refractions, reverberations, multipaths, doppler shifts, temperature, salinity, and acoustic scintillation. Ultrasonic communication through the air is less prone to the environmental challenges that are often encountered in the underwater communications. Ultrasonic communication in solid channels is also adversely affected by absorption, scattering, refractions, reverberations, beam skewing, dispersion, mode conversation, multipaths, and above all these challenges are compounded by the geometrical structure of solids and type of ultrasonic waves. With solid structures many different ultrasonic wave types can be generated including Longitudinal (Compressional), Shear (Transverse), Surface-Rayleigh, Plate-Lamb (Symmetrical or Extensional Mode and Asymmetric or Flexural Mode), Plate-Love, and Stoneley (Leaky Rayleigh). The type of waves is governed by the frequency and angle of the incident waves on a solid structure where the quality of the signal for communication is limited by the composition and geometrical shape of the solids. For this study we have developed a testbed platform using the ZYNQ SoC (System-on-Chip) FPGA by Xilinx which offers reconfigurability and high-performance computational capability, high speed signal converters, power amplifiers for excitation of transducers, low noise receiving amplifiers and high frequency ultrasonic transducers for transmitting and receiving information. Theoretically, ASK (amplitude shift keying) or any form of digital modulation can be realized with the system using the concept of the software-defined ultrasonic communications (SDUC). In practice, the received signal is very complex, primarily caused by dispersion, reverberation, and multipath effects. We have examined SDUC system using AM (Amplitude Modulation), OOK (on and off keying), BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying), QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying), and OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing). This system is tested using differently structured solid channels (such as blocks, plates and pipes); and bitrates and bit rate errors are compared using 2.5 MHz ultrasonic transducers. Furthermore, this paper presents an overview of using EMAT for ultrasonic communications in metal channels.
Building a K-12 community of practice

The field of computer science has spread globally over the past 25 years. Propelling and then riding the wave of the Internet's growth, it has weaved its way into all facets of our lives. Oddly, there remains at least one area where it is largely absent: K-12 classrooms. This paper traces a year-long program attempting to jump-start this much needed change in classrooms in rural Northwest Missouri. Over a one-year period, 19 middle and high school teachers gathered together on a monthly basis to discuss their most recent discoveries, share best practices, learn new tricks of the trade, and cheer each other on. For far too long, computer science has been an outsider in K-12 curricula, and set aside by school districts that can barely meet the basic needs of their students due to both staffing and financial constraints. The topic has been shunned by legislators who have only recently begun to recognize the need for computing at all levels of education. However, the tide is beginning to turn, and even these teachers, from rural school districts in Northwest Missouri, are beginning to see opportunities to share the field with their students. This paper documents the work of these 19 teachers and their 4 faculty "'guides'" along the journey to introduce computer science into their schools.
Optical Redox Imaging Detects the Effects of DEK Oncogene Knockdown on the Redox State of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells

Optical redox imaging (ORI), based on collecting the endogenous fluorescence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and oxidized flavoproteins (Fp) containing a redox cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), provides sensitive indicators of cellular metabolism and redox status. ORI indices (such as NADH, FAD, and their ratio) have been under investigation as potential progression/prognosis biomarkers for cancer. Higher FAD redox ratio (i.e., FAD/(FAD + NADH)) has been associated with higher invasive/metastatic potential in tumor xenografts and cultured cells. This study is to examine whether ORI indices can respond to the modulation of oncogene DEK activities that change cancer cell invasive/metastatic potential. Using lentiviral shRNA, DEK gene expression was efficiently knocked down in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (DEKsh). These DEKsh cells, along with scrambled shRNA-transduced control cells (NTsh), were imaged with a fluorescence microscope. In vitro invasive potential of the DEKsh cells and NTsh cells was also measured in parallel using the transwell assay. FAD and FAD redox ratios in polyclonal cells with DEKsh were significantly lower than that in NTsh control cells. Consistently, the DEKsh cells demonstrated decreased invasive potential than their non-knockdown counterparts NTsh cells. This study provides direct evidence that oncogene activities could mediate ORI-detected cellular redox state.
GPCRomics: An Approach to Discover GPCR Drug Targets

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are targets for ∼35% of approved drugs but only ∼15% of the ∼800 human GPCRs are currently such targets. GPCRomics, the use of unbiased, hypothesis-generating methods [e.g., RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq)], with tissues and cell types to identify and quantify GPCR expression, has led to the discovery of previously unrecognized GPCRs that contribute to functional responses and pathophysiology and that may be therapeutic targets. The combination of GPCR expression data with validation studies (e.g., signaling and functional activities) provides opportunities for the discovery of disease-relevant GPCR targets and therapeutics. Here, we review insights from GPCRomic approaches, gaps in knowledge, and future directions by which GPCRomics can advance GPCR biology and the discovery of new GPCR-targeted drugs.
Applying Support Vector Machine to Electronic Health Records for Cancer Classification

An electronic health record (EHR) is a digital record of patients’ clinic information and medical records. The EHRs have been receiving more attentions, due to the extensive amount of valuable medical data, which is able to help medical providers and researchers diagnose and analyze the diseases and healthcare. Cancer diagnosis is very critical to potential patients since finding and treating cancers at an early stage can improve the survival rates. In this study, we use the EHRs obtained in clinics in New York City to classify the cancers. We train the support vector machine (SVM) model with medical records extracted from the EHRs for cancer classification. The model trained with 100 pieces of medical records per cancer, can achieve the prediction accuracy as 86.2% for 10 different types of cancers, and 97.33% for 3 types of cancers if trained with 400 pieces of medical records per cancer.
How People Experience Autonomous Intersections: Taking a First-Person Perspective

Top-down simulations of autonomous intersections neglect considerations for the human experience of being in cars driving through these autonomous intersections. To understand the impact that perspective has on perception of autonomous intersections, we conducted a driving simulator experiment and studied the experience in terms of perception, feelings, and pleasure. Based on this data, we discuss experiential factors of autonomous intersections that are perceived as beneficial or detrimental for the future driver. Furthermore, we present what the change of perspective implies for designing intersection models, future in-car interfaces and simulation techniques.
Is Incitement on the Internet Easier to Punish than Incitement on Television? A Case Study of the Koran-Burning of Florida Pastor Terry Jones

This paper considers the case of Terry Jones, the controversial Florida pastor who, beginning in 2010, threatened to burn, and eventually did burn, copies of the Koran, the holy book of Muslims. Taking advantage of newer media technology, Jones live-streamed his performance on the Internet, thus making the performance available around the planet, and his Koran-burning drew international attention. The actions of Jones began at a time when politicians in numerous states were trying to capitalize on and exacerbate a wave of anti-Muslim sentiment. The paper tentatively concludes that, under United States law, Internet-based incitement may be somewhat easier to punish than TV-based incitement. The paper unfolds initially with a summary of the Terry Jones case and then continues with a constitutional analysis of that case, noting how this type of case might be different depending whether the speech involved appeared via Internet or TV. In cases of Internet communication, as opposed to cases of TV communication, the likelihood of inciting or producing lawless action probably is higher because accessing the Internet to send messages is so easy for so many people, and a very large potential audience can receive those messages whenever convenient.
The effect of perceived risk on the combined used of alcohol and marijuana: Results from daily surveys

Background Studies looking at the association between perceived risk and simultaneous use of alcohol and marijuana are scarce. The present study has three purposes: (1) to examine the association between alcohol and marijuana use at the daily level; (2) to document how this association varies by the perceived risk of using alcohol and marijuana simultaneously; (3) to test whether the association varies by college attendance.
Synthesis of 5-substituted tetrazoles via DNA-conjugated nitrile

A zinc bromide-catalyzed synthesis of 5-substituted tetrazoles via DNA-conjugated nitriles using sodium azide has been developed. The protocol offered moderate to excellent yields of tetrazoles with a broad range of substrates, including a variety of functionalized aromatic, heterocyclic, and aliphatic nitriles. In addition, the electronic effect within the substrate scope was evaluated. DNA fidelity was assessed by ligation efficiency and amplifiability analysis. The ability to generate tetrazoles expands the diversity of heterocycles in the preparation of DNA-encoded chemical libraries.
Design of Advance Market Commitment Contracts

(1) Problem Definition: Pharmaceutical companies are reluctant to invest in production capacity for vaccines and therapeutic drugs to combat diseases prevalent in developing countries because demand is uncertain and the affected countries have limited ability-to-pay to cover product development and capacity infrastructure costs. (2) Academic/Practical Relevance: We derive equilibrium decisions of pharmaceutical manufacturers and global health agencies within the framework of an advance market commitment (AMC) contract via formal models. We also compare several variants of the AMC contract that global health agencies have considered implementing. (3) Methodology: We formulate and solve Stackelberg games between a global health agency and either one or two manufacturers. Our two-manufacturer model also involves a simultaneous capacity game between the manufacturers, embedded in a leader-follower setting involving the global health agency and the manufacturers. (4) Results: We derive contract terms that induce a single manufacturer with a late-stage product to invest in an amount of capacity that maximizes the number of doses supplied. We also show that among variants of the base AMC contract, minimum capacity requirement contract outperforms the minimum purchase guarantee contract. When there are two manufacturers, we demonstrate that demand allocation rules matter. Also, if both manufacturers' products meet the necessary functional requirements, it may not be optimal for the global health agency to strictly prioritize one manufacturer over the other for demand allocation. (5) Managerial Implications: Global health agencies have considered proposals to offer purchase guarantees as part of AMC contracts. We show that a better alternative might be to require minimum capacity investments from manufacturers. Similarly, with two manufacturers, it might be beneficial for the health agency to consider allocating demand proportional to each manufacturer's capacity investment.
ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE OF CAST Ni-BASE SUPERALLOY K17

Rupture and tensile properties of K17 before and after thermal expo- sure in vacuum, air and hot corrosion environments have been investigated. The results show that vacuum exposure essentially does not affect the rupture lives, but it results in the decrease of high temperature tensile strength and increases of rup- ture and high temperature tensile ductilities; air or hot corrosion environmental ex- posure make the alloy degradation: severely reduce the rupture and high temperature tensile properties, hot corrosion environmental exposure being more harmful. The former causes grain boundary oxidation and depletion of Cr, and the later makes the sulphurization at grain boundaries. That results in the concentration of S and depletion of Cr at grain boundaries and, consequently, weakens the grain bounda- ries.
Deep learning-based visual crack detection using Google Street View images

In this study, the utility of using Google Street View (GSV) for evaluating the quality of pavement is investigated. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is developed to perform image classification on GSV pavement images. Pavement images are extracted from GSV and then divided into smaller image patches to form data sets. Each image patch is visually classified into different categories of pavement cracks based on the standard practice. A comparative study of pavement quality assessment is conducted between the results of the CNN classified image patches obtained from GSV and those from a sophisticated commercial visual inspection company. The result of the comparison indicates the feasibility and effectiveness of using GSV images for pavement evaluation. The trained network is then tested on a new data set. This study shows that the designed CNN helps classify the pavement images into different defined crack categories.
Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intraamniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Genistein

Objectives Assess the effects of intraamniotic genistein administration on brush border membrane (BBM) functionality, intestinal morphology, cecal microbiome and Fe status in-vivo (Gallus gallus).
Can Schedule Reduction Initiatives Reduce Delay Volatility? A Case Study of Chicago O'Hare International Airport

Chicago O’Hare International Airport (ORD) represents a key node in the National Airspace System (NAS) network and a major hub for two of the largest U.S. carriers (American Airlines and United Air...
Stereospecificity of the transfer of hydrogen from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate to the acyl chain in the dehydrogenase-catalyzed reactions of fatty acid synthesis.

Abstract Tritium from NADP3H was incorporated into the fatty acids (mainly palmitic acid) synthesized from acetyl and malonyl coenzyme A by purified pigeon and rat liver fatty acid synthetases. The quantity of tritium incorporated into the product was nearly the same from the A and B forms of NADP3H. These compounds were prepared from tritiated isocitric and glutamic acids, respectively. The quantity of radioactivity incorporated into fatty acids per mole of NADPH oxidized was slightly less than half the quantity of radioactivity present per mole of isocitric or glutamic acid. On the assumption that the two types of reduction in fatty acid synthesis (β-ketoacyl-enzyme and α,β-unsaturated acyl-enzyme) proceed stereospecifically, as do all other pyridine nucleotide dehydrogenase reactions, these results indicate that one reduction proceeds by the transfer of hydrogen from the A side of position 4 of the pyridine ring of NADPH, and the other reduction proceeds by transfer from the B side. This deduction was confirmed by the performance of partial reactions with model substrates. When acetoacetyl coenzyme A or S-acetoacetyl-N-acetylcysteamine was reduced to the β-hydroxybutyryl ester with fatty acid synthetase and tritiated NADPH, tritium was incorporated into the product only from the B form of the coenzyme. When S-crotonyl-N-acetylcysteamine was similarly reduced to the butyryl ester, tritium was incorporated into product only from the A form of NADPH. Thus, the reduction of β-ketoacyl-enzyme in fatty acid synthesis results in the transfer of hydrogen from the B side of NADPH, and the reduction of α,β-unsaturated acyl-enzyme results in the transfer of hydrogen from the A side of NADPH.
Passage to 'Franco-Asia', on East-West Encounters: Franco-Asian Cinema and Literature by Sylvie Blum-Reid

Sylvie Blum-Reid _East-West Encounters: Franco-Asian Cinema and Literature_ London and New York: Wallflower Press, 2003 ISBN 1-903364-67-1 179 pp.
Investigation of a stall deterrent system utilizing an acoustic stall sensor

A simple rugged acoustic stall sensor which has an output proportional to angle of attack near wing stall has been evaluated on a Cessna 319 aircraft. A sensor position has been found on the wing where the sensor output is only slightly affected by engine power level, yaw angle, flap position and wing roughness. The NASA LRC General Aviation Simulator has been used to evaluate the acoustic sensor output as a control signal for active stall deterrent systems. It has been found that a simple control algorithm is sufficient for stall deterrence.
Dynamics of Gradient Sensing and Chemotaxis

Chemotaxis, the ability of cells to sense external chemical gradients in order to direct movement is essential for the survival of all organisms, from bacteria and amoebae to humans. It requires the coordinated action of several processes, from the sensing of the external chemical to the interpretation of the gradient, to the steering of the cell’s motion. Here we review a number of strategies used by cells that allow them to perform these various tasks successfully.
A primer on phonemic awareness: What it is, why it's important, and how to teach it.

This article defines and describes phonemic awareness, summarizes the research regarding its importance for success in reading, and reviews the literature on teaching phonemic awareness. A synthesi...
Continued Utility of Single-Lung Transplantation in Select Populations: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background The use of single lung transplantation (SLTx) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is often viewed as inferior therapy compared with bilateral lung transplantation (BLTx). We hypothesized from our experience that subpopulations of recipients with emphysema exist in which SLTx represents therapy that is equivalent to BLTx, therefore allowing more patients access to transplantation. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing LTx for emphysema between 1992 and 2012 at a single institution were identified and analyzed retrospectively. A similar cohort from the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) national database was identified for comparison. Five-year survival in patients receiving SLTx and those receiving BLTx were compared using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank tests. Results Two hundred thirty-six patients meeting criteria were identified from our institution. Two hundred six underwent SLTx, and 30 underwent BLTx. Five-year survival for single-center SLTx (53.2% ± 3.6%) and BLTx (56.7% ± 10.2%) was not significantly different ( p = 0.753). The national database included 7,256 patients meeting selection criteria, with 4,408 undergoing SLTx and 2,848 undergoing BLTx. Five-year survival among the national cohorts was lower for SLTx (46.4% ± 0.8%) compared with BLTx (55.9% ± 1.1%) ( p p = 0.539). Conclusions Five-year survival after SLTx for emphysema was comparable to that for BLTx in cohorts from our institution and from the UNOS national database. Further study should focus on the mechanism behind these improved outcomes. Given the potential for a larger number of life-years saved, SLTx should continue to be considered a therapeutic option in appropriately selected patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
A Scale-Space Based Approach for Deformable Contour Optimization

Multiresolution techniques are often used to shorten the execution times of dynamic programming based deformable contour optimization methods by decreasing the image resolution. However, the speedup comes at the expense of contour optimality due to the loss of details and insufficient usage of the external energy in decreased resolutions. In this paper, we present a new scale-space based technique for deformable contour optimization, which achieves faster optimization times and performs better than the current multiresolution methods. The technique employs a multiscale representation of the underlying images to analyze the behavior of the external energy of the deformable contour with respect to the change in the scale dimension. The result of this analysis, which involves information theoretic comparisons between scales, is used in segmentation of the original images. Later, an exhaustive search on these segments is carried out by dynamic programming to optimize the contour energy. A novel gradient descent algorithm is employed to find optimal internal energy for large image segments, where the external energy remains constant due to segmentation. We present the results of our contour tracking experiments performed on medical images. We also demonstrate the efficiency and the performance of our system by quantitatively comparing the results with the multiresolution methods, which confirm the effectiveness and the accuracy of our method.
The effect of habitat on modern shark diversification

Sharks occupy marine habitats ranging from shallow, inshore environments to pelagic, and deepwaters, and thus provide a model system for testing how gross habitat differences have shaped vertebrate macroevolution. Palaeontological studies have shown that onshore lineages diversify more quickly than offshore taxa. Among onshore habitats, coral reef-association has been shown to increase speciation rates in several groups of fishes and invertebrates. In this study, we investigated whether speciation rates are habitat dependent by generating the first comprehensive molecular timescale for shark divergence. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we rejected the hypothesis that shelf (i.e. onshore) lineages have higher speciation rates compared to those occupying deepwater and oceanic (i.e. offshore) habitats. Our results, however, support the hypothesis of increased speciation rates in coral reef-associated lineages within the Carcharhinidae. Our new timetree suggests that the two major shark lineages leading to the extant shark diversity began diversifying mostly after the end-Permian mass extinction: the squalimorphs into deepwater and the galeomorphs into shelf habitats. We suggest that the breakdown of the onshore–offshore speciation rate pattern in sharks is mediated by success in deepwater environments through ecological partitioning, and in some cases, the evolution of morphological novelty.
Response Manipulation on the Depression Adjective Check List.

Explored response manipulation on the Depression Adjective Check List (DACL) in a 2 (trials) x 3 (instructions to fake) x 2 (sex) x 2 (order) mixed factorial, counterbalanced design in which 240 college students, 120 males and 120 females, were assigned randomly to one of six conditions with 20 males and 20 females per condition. For conditions 1, 2, and 3, each session consisted of two trials. In trial 1, Ss completed DACL, E, F, and G as they actually felt and in trial 2 they were instructed to either "fake good," "fake bad," or "fake average." The order of "actual" and "faked" trials was reversed for conditions 4, 5, and 6. The significant findings for "fake bad" and "fake good" were discussed in terms of the ability of an examiner to detect the manipulative set by means of the grossly deviant scores.
Applications for an engineered Protein-G variant with a pH controllable affinity to antibody fragments

Immunoglobulin binding proteins (IBPs) are broadly used as reagents for the purification and detection of antibodies. Among the IBPs, the most widely used are Protein-A and Protein-G. The C2 domain of Protein-G from Streptococcus is a multi-specific protein domain; it possesses a high affinity (K(D) ~10 nM) for the Fc region of the IgG, but a much lower affinity (KD~low μM) for the constant domain of the antibody fragment (Fab), which limits some of its applications. Here, we describe the engineering of the Protein-G interface using phage display to create Protein-G-A1, a variant with 8 point mutations and an approximately 100-fold improved affinity over the parent domain for the 4D5 Fab scaffold. Protein-G-A1 is capable of robust binding to Fab fragments for numerous applications. Furthermore, we isolated a variant with pH-dependent affinity, demonstrating a 1,000-fold change in affinity from pH7 to 4. Additional rational mutagenesis endowed Protein-G with significantly enhanced stability in basic conditions relative to the parent domain while maintaining high affinity to the Fab. This property is particularly useful to regenerate Protein-G affinity columns. Lastly, the affinity-matured Protein-G-A1 variant was tethered together to produce dimers capable of providing multivalent affinity enhancement to a low affinity antibody fragment-antigen interaction. Engineered Protein-G variants should find widespread application in the use of Fab-based affinity reagents.
The effects of certain psychopharmacologic drugs on conditioning in the rat I. Avoidance-escape conditioning

This study compares the effects on conditioning of well-known classes of tranquilizers both with themselves and with other centrally active drugs. On the basis of certain chemical structure relationships, 2-ethyl-2-(3-methyl)-butylmalondiamide, 2-ethyl-2-(3-methyl)-butylmalonic acid diethylester, and ethyl-2,4-toluene dicarbamate were included for study. The results which were analyzed statistically by means of an analysis of variance technique and t tests demonstrated significant differences between drugs and between drugs and controls from both dosage and trial aspects. Because of the nature of the test, these differences cannot be ascribed only to an interference with normal motor activity.
A Study of Classroom-Based Phonological Awareness Training for Preschoolers With Speech and/or Language Disorders

Sixteen preschool children with speech and/or language disorders received phonological awareness training for a period of 9 months. Eight children attended a preschool classroom, and 8 children attended a pre-kindergarten classroom. The classrooms were located in a private school for children with speech and language disorders. A group of older children with speech and/or language disorders served as a nontreatment comparison group. Children in the treatment groups received 15 minutes of small-group lessons twice each week for two semesters. Classroom-based treatment focused on rhyming the first semester and on phoneme awareness the second semester. Rhyming and phoneme awareness activities were adapted from the literature on the development of phonological awareness in typically-achieving children. Results revealed that preschool children with speech and/or language disorders made significant improvement in rhyming and phoneme awareness. Comparisons with the non-treatment group indicated that gains in pho...