cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic costs of capital energy storage in a small-bodied ectotherm.

Reproduction is energetically financed using strategies that fall along a continuum from animals that rely on stored energy acquired prior to reproduction (i.e., capital breeders) to those that rely on energy acquired during reproduction (i.e., income breeders). Energy storage incurs a metabolic cost. However, previous studies suggest that this cost may be minimal for small-bodied ectotherms. Here I test this assumption. I use a laboratory feeding experiment with the European green crab Carcinus maenas to establish individuals with different amounts of energy storage. I then demonstrate that differences in energy storage account for 26% of the variation in basal metabolic costs. The magnitudes of these costs for any individual crab vary through time depending on the amount of energy it has stored, as well as on temperature-dependent metabolism. I use previously established relationships between temperature- and mass-dependent metabolic rates, combined with a feasible annual pattern of energy storage in the Gulf of Maine and annual sea surface temperature patterns in this region, to estimate potential annual metabolic costs expected for mature female green crabs. Results indicate that energy storage should incur an ~8% increase in metabolic costs for female crabs, relative to a hypothetical crab that did not store any energy. Translated into feeding, for a medium-sized mature female (45 mm carapace width), this requires the consumption of an additional ~156 mussels annually to support the metabolic cost of energy storage. These results indicate, contrary to previous assumptions, that the cost of energy storage for small-bodied ectotherms may represent a considerable portion of their basic operating energy budget. An inability to meet these additional costs of energy storage may help explain the recent decline of green crabs in the Gulf of Maine where reduced prey availability and increased consumer competition have combined to hamper green crab foraging success in recent years.
The image construction in computerized axial tomography

The purpose of computerized axial tomography is to approximate the distribution of the absorption density in a cross-section of a specimen probed by many X-rays in the plane of the cross-section. This approximation, which is a non-negative function on a circular domain, is called the “image” because it is usually displayed on a screen, brightness representing the function value.
Role of Human Intelligence in Domain Driven Data Mining

Data Mining is an iterative, multi-step process consisting of different phases such as domain (or business) understanding, data understanding, data preparation, modeling, evaluation and deployment. Various data mining tasks are dependent on the human user for their execution. These tasks and activities that require human intelligence are not amenable to automation like tasks in other phases such as data preparation or modeling are. Nearly all Data Mining methodologies acknowledge the importance of the human user but do not clearly delineate and explain the tasks where human intelligence should be leveraged or in what manner. In this chapter we propose to describe various tasks of the domain understanding phase which require human intelligence for their appropriate execution.
Structure Computer Automation Systems for Wide Hot Strip Mills

Abstract Hot strip mills provided one of the earliest opportunities for the application of process control computers. The large investment, operating complexity - particularly in the multi-stand finishing train, the high product volume coupled with the demand for accurate and uniform product dimensions created favorable economic conditions for computer automation as early as 1961. Since then computer automation systems in hot strip mills have advanced from a highly developmental creation of engineering art to a mature, predictable and repeatable engineering product. Shorter design and implementation cycles, as well as full operator acceptance of computer control of the hot strip mill process, are evidence of the maturity these systems have achieved. The paper describes advances in the structuring of computer automation systems for hot strip mills, which have enhanced or will further enhance system maturity. The structure of a computer system largely determines its ability to perform in the intended environment. While technical discussions of computer automation systems generally concentrate on individual functional components such as a control algorithm or a process model, the greatest progress in terms of cost, performance, and installation time can often be made through careful design of system structure. Experiences of a major computer systems supplier for the metal industry are explored. The structure of recent systems is compared with that of older systems. Differences are noted and resulting benefits are analyzed. For example, present day systems use highly modularized software to minimize the impact of changing equipment configurations. This technique reduces design and programming effort for a new system and increases flexibility of an existing system. Another example is the emergence of test, diagnostic and evaluation features as integral parts of modern hot strip mill computer systems. The paper concludes with a review of system evolution during the first ten years of computer process control in hot strip mills.
Novel TCR-Mediated Mechanisms of Notch Activation and Signaling.

The Notch receptor is an evolutionarily highly conserved transmembrane protein that is essential to a wide spectrum of cellular systems. Notch signaling is especially important to T cell development, and its deregulation leads to leukemia. Although not well characterized, it continues to play an integral role in peripheral T cells, in which a unique mode of Notch activation can occur. In contrast to canonical Notch activation initiated by adjacent ligand-expressing cells, TCR stimulation is sufficient to induce Notch signaling. However, the interactions between these two pathways have not been defined. In this article, we show that Notch activation occurs in peripheral T cells within a few hours post–TCR stimulation and is required for optimal T cell activation. Using a panel of inhibitors against components of the TCR signaling cascade, we demonstrate that Notch activation is facilitated through initiation of protein kinase C–induced ADAM activity. Moreover, our data suggest that internalization of Notch via endocytosis plays a role in this process. Although ligand-mediated Notch stimulation relies on mechanical pulling forces that disrupt the autoinhibitory domain of Notch, we hypothesized that, in T cells in the absence of ligands, these conformational changes are induced through chemical adjustments in the endosome, causing alleviation of autoinhibition and receptor activation. Thus, T cells may have evolved a unique method of Notch receptor activation, which is described for the first time, to our knowledge, in this article.
Measuring PET Spatial Resolution Using a Cylinder Phantom Positioned at an Oblique Angle

A cylinder phantom positioned at a slightly oblique angle with respect to the z-axis of a PET scanner allows for fine sampling of the edge-spread function. We show how this technique can be used to measure the spatial resolution that can be expected with clinical PET protocols, potentially providing more relevant estimates than are typically obtained with established experimental procedures. Methods: A 20-cm-diameter water-filled cylinder phantom containing a uniform 18F solution was centrally positioned at a small angle with respect to the z-axis of a clinical PET/CT system. The oblique angle ensures that the phantom edge intersects the image matrix differently in different slices. Combining line profiles from multiple slices results in a composite profile with fine sampling. Spatial resolution was measured as the full width at half maximum (FWHM) by fitting a model to the finely sampled edge-spread functions in both radial and axial directions. The technique was validated by controlled modulation of image reconstruction parameters and by comparison with extended phantoms with fillable inserts. Separate experiments with uniform cylinders containing 18F, 11C, 13N, 68Ga, and 124I were used to further assess the proposed method. Results: Controlled adjustment of a gaussian postreconstruction filter was accurately reflected in the measured FWHM values. Recovery coefficients derived using the cylinder FWHM values agreed closely with recovery coefficients derived from physical phantoms over a range of insert-to-background ratios, phantom geometries, and reconstruction protocols. The effect of increasing positron energy was clearly reflected in the FWHM values measured with different isotopes. Conclusion: A method has been developed for measuring the spatial resolution that is achieved with clinical PET protocols, providing more relevant estimates than are typically obtained with established procedures. The proposed method requires no special equipment and is versatile, being capable of measuring resolution for different isotopes as well as for different reconstruction protocols. The new technique promises to aid standardization of PET data acquisition by allowing a more informed selection of reconstruction parameters.
Cellular and Non-Cellular Influences on Myelin-Forming Cells

Both the cause of the breakdown of the oligodendrocyte-myelin unit in multiple sclerosis lesions and the reasons for the failure of repair by remyelination are unknown. In many experimental demyelinating conditions of the central nervous system substantial remyelination by oligodendrocytes is observed, in others Schwann cells may provide myelin of the peripheral type within central neural tissues. The precise environmental requirements for the production of myelin by oligodendrocytes have not been defined. Studies utilizing separated (and recombined) populations of Schwann cells, sensory neurons, and fibroblasts in tissue culture indicate that: 1) axonal contact provides a mitogenic signal for Schwann cells, 2) axonal contact engenders Schwann cell production of certain collagenous products, 3) secretory activity by Schwann cells appears to be necessary for the expression of Schwann cell function, and 4) long-term cultures containing only neurons and Schwann cells in serum-containing medium will not myelinate unless embryo extract is added in the culture medium or a population of fibroblasts is present in the culture dish. These observations on Schwann cells suggest that the expression of oligodendrocyte function may also have complex, as yet undefined, microenvironmental requirements.
Regulation of islet glucagon secretion: Beyond calcium

The islet of Langerhans plays a key role in glucose homeostasis through regulated secretion of the hormones insulin and glucagon. Islet research has focused on the insulin-secreting β-cells, even though aberrant glucagon secretion from α-cells also contributes to the aetiology of diabetes. Despite its importance, the mechanisms controlling glucagon secretion remain controversial. Proper α-cell function requires the islet milieu, where β- and δ-cells drive and constrain α-cell dynamics. The response of glucagon to glucose is similar between isolated islets and that measured in vivo, so it appears that the glucose dependence requires only islet-intrinsic factors and not input from blood flow or the nervous system. Elevated intracellular free Ca2+ is needed for α-cell exocytosis, but interpreting Ca2+ data is tricky since it is heterogeneous among α-cells at all physiological glucose levels. Total Ca2+ activity in α-cells increases slightly with glucose, so Ca2+ may serve a permissive, rather than regulatory, role in glucagon secretion. On the other hand, cAMP is a more promising candidate for controlling glucagon secretion and is itself driven by paracrine signalling from β- and δ-cells. Another pathway, juxtacrine signalling through the α-cell EphA receptors, stimulated by β-cell ephrin ligands, leads to a tonic inhibition of glucagon secretion. We discuss potential combinations of Ca2+ , cAMP, paracrine and juxtacrine factors in the regulation of glucagon secretion, focusing on recent data in the literature that might unify the field towards a quantitative understanding of α-cell function.
Sonorous transits and embodied geographies in Latin American music studies

Sound studies has crossed the Rubicon: a growing corpus of interdisciplinary scholarship by and about underrepresented communities is eroding monolithic representations of “sound culture” that univ...
The intergenerational transmission of family meal practices: a mixed-methods study of parents of young children.

Objective The current mixed-methods study explored qualitative accounts of prior childhood experiences and current contextual factors around family meals across three quantitatively informed categories of family meal frequency patterns from adolescence to parenthood: (i) 'maintainers' of family meals across generations; (ii) 'starters' of family meals in the next generation; and (iii) 'inconsistent' family meal patterns across generations. Design Quantitative survey data collected as part of the first (1998-1999) and fourth (2015-2016) waves of the longitudinal Project EAT (Eating and Activity in Adolescents and Young Adults) study and qualitative interviews conducted with a subset (n 40) of Project EAT parent participants in 2016-2017. Setting Surveys were completed in school (Wave 1) and online (Wave 4); qualitative interviews were completed in-person or over the telephone.ParticipantsParents of children of pre-school age (n 40) who had also completed Project EAT surveys at Wave 1 and Wave 4. Results Findings revealed salient variation within each overarching theme around family meal influences ('early childhood experiences', 'influence of partner', 'household skills' and 'family priorities') across the three intergenerational family meal patterns, in which 'maintainers' had numerous influences that supported the practice of family meals; 'starters' experienced some supports and some challenges; and 'inconsistents' experienced many barriers to making family meals a regular practice. Conclusions Family meal interventions should address differences in cooking and planning skills, aim to reach all adults in the home, and seek to help parents who did not eat family meals as a child develop an understanding of how and why they might start this tradition with their family.
Nested tandem duplications of the gene Melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells (Mlana) underlie the sexual dimorphism locus in domestic pigeons

Abstract Birds have classic examples of exaggerated sexually dimorphic traits, including colors. Sexes among the wild rock dove and its derived domestic breeds, however, are quite indistinguishable and sex can only be ascertained through genotyping or egg laying and successful hatching of eggs. Yet, the pigeon fancy has discovered sexually dimorphic traits and harnessed some of these traits in some auto-sexing breeds. Early genetics pioneers characterized the sex-linked Stipper locus and showed it to be linked to the pigeon Z linked B-locus (Tyrp1). The alleles of the Stipper locus have variable dominance relative to wild-type (more severe alleles are incompletely dominant, less severe alleles are reportedly fully dominant), characterized by a continuum of lightening in homozygotes and increased variegation in heterozygotes corresponding with severity. We leveraged this positional information and population structure among breeds in a candidate gene approach to identify the genetic mechanism of de novo pigeon sex dichromatism. A large tandem duplication (77 kb) centered on the gene Melanoma antigen recognized by T cells (Mlana) is completely associated with alleles of the Stipper locus. Copy number of the 77 kb genetic lesion was not correlated with allele severity suggesting that other mechanisms, including epigenetic regulation could underlie both allele severity and degree of variegation.
Dyadic Route Planning and Navigation in Collaborative Wayfinding

The great majority of work in spatial cognition has taken an individual approach to the study of wayfinding, isolating the planning and decision-making process of a single navigating entity. The study we present here expands our understanding of human navigation as it unfolds in a social context, common to real-world scenarios. We investigate pedestrian navigation by pairs of people (dyads) in an unfamiliar, real-world environment. Participants collaborated on a task to plan and enact a route between a given origin and destination. Each dyad had to devise and agree upon a route to take using a paper map of the environment, and was then taken to the environment and asked to navigate to the destination from memory alone. We video-recorded and tracked the dyad as they interacted during both planning and navigation. Our results examine explanations for successful route planning and sources of uncertainty in navigation. This includes differences between situated and prospective planning - participants often modify their route-following on the fly based on unexpected challenges. We also investigate strategies of social role-taking (leading and following) within dyads.
The emerging literature for the triad of health informatics, healthcare quality and safety, and healthcare simulation

The areas of health informatics, healthcare quality and safety, and healthcare simulation are often thought of as separate domains. The purpose of this position paper is to report on the interdepen...
Stability of Stochastic Dynamical Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the stability of stochastic dynamical systems. New theorems on the Liapunov theory of stochastic stability are proved. These results are for the continuous-time case only. The chapter discusses the usefulness and potential of the method by a number of examples. It discusses several techniques for determining and using stochastic Liapunov functions to obtain information about random trajectories. The chapter presents the derivation of useful bounds on the probability of certain important events. It discusses some special cases theorems that owe restrictions on the nature of the diffusion processes that are allowed. These restrictions are necessary for the partial-differential-equation approach but not for the martingale approach.
High resolution three-dimensional imaging of the ocular surface and intact eyeball using tissue clearing and light sheet microscopy.

Abstract Purpose High resolution visualization of the ocular surface and intact eyeball is critical and essential for our understanding and treatment of eye diseases. This study is to achieve this goal using advanced tissue clearing and three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies. Methods Wild type and fluorescently labeled transgenic mice of Prox-1-GFP (green fluorescent protein) or Thy1-YFP (yellow fluorescent protein) were used in the study. Eyeballs were harvested from normal or a disease model of corneal inflammation. Samples were infused with hydrogel monomers and heated for polymerization. Lipids were removed by electrophoresis. The transparent tissue-hydrogel hybrids of the anterior segments or intact eyeballs with immunolabeling or endogenous fluorescence were imaged by an advanced light sheet fluorescent microscope. High resolution 3D images and videos were captured for a wide array of structures and cell types. Results Optical transparency was achieved from intact eyeballs of both normal and diseased conditions. A variety of important structures and cell types, such as blood and lymphatic vessels, Schlemm's canal, nerves and endothelial cells, were detected with their natural morphology, location and organizational network. Conclusions This study provides the first comprehensive and 3D high resolution imaging of the intact eyeball using tissue clearing and advanced light sheet microscopy. Given that the eye is the window of the body, we anticipate this advanced technology will facilitate diverse applications in biomedical research inside and outside the eye.
Exploring the potential moderating role of self-compassion on the relationships between event centrality and post-assault psychological outcomes

Objective The present study examined whether post-assault internal processes (i.e., present control, event centrality, and compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding) were associated with distress and resilience among women who have experienced adult sexual assault. The authors also tested whether compassionate and uncompassionate self-responses would moderate the relationships between event centrality and outcomes. Method A convenience sample of women who had experienced sexual assault during adulthood (N = 253) completed an anonymous online survey. Results Regression analyses showed that lower present control, higher event centrality, and higher uncompassionate responses to the self were associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. Additionally, higher present control and higher compassionate responses to the self were associated with resilience. Moderation analyses were not significant. Conclusions Endorsing greater levels of uncompassionate responses was associated with greater distress while engaging in greater compassionate responses was associated with greater resilience, even when accounting for levels of present control and event centrality.
Characterization and Modeling of Two-Port Wideband Resistance Calibration Standards

We report a single broadband on-wafer resistance calibration standard fabricated with a 15-nm-thick gold resistor on an alumina substrate. Because the resistor film is much smaller than the skin depth at microwave frequencies, this proposed standard demonstrates excellent stability over both frequency and temperature when compared to traditional calibration resistors. A variety of resistors were fabricated, demonstrating resistances of 41– $167~\Omega $ in the frequency range of 10 MHz to 30 GHz. This resistance standard exhibits less than 2 K of heating when tested with 0 dBm of applied power and shows less than 0.2-dB difference in its resistance response across the measured frequency band. This work presents a significant step toward establishing the traceability of resistance standards over a wide frequency range.
Americans Performing Afro-Brazilian Maracatu and Afoxé:

Austin, Texas is home to one of the largest Brazilian music scenes in North America. Significantly, the vast majority of participants are white Americans and the genres performed are almost entirely Afro-Brazilian. This setting presents a unique opportunity for Performance-as-Research into the embodied performance of transnational racial formations. This article examines teaching, learning, and performing maracatu-nacao and afoxe, musics explicitly linked to Afro-matrix religions. I ask what Austinites typically learn about Brazilian society and the religious significance of the music they perform, highlighting the disjuncture that exists between the commonly held view of Brazilian genres as fun and sexy dance music, and the social justice concerns—racism, cultural appropriation, and religious intolerance to name a few—at the core of maracatu and afoxe. I trace how performers navigate their own concerns about religious expression and respectful engagement, including debates around the cultural appropriation of maracatu-nacao in Brazil. I argue that experiences gained in performance are essential components in implementing anti-racist pedagogies that advance efforts to optimize cross-cultural understanding and sustain engagement with communities by facilitating collaborations between culture-bearers, academics, and artists.
Crowdfunding & Architectural Practice. A Testing Ground for Homestay-Hotel in China

Young architectural practices are short of building opportunities, with limited knowledges of the production chain and access to potential investors among the relevant monetary aspects that deprive them from the practice of architecture as “the act of construction” (Bernstein, 2014: 19). Mobile Internet platforms, however, may provide new frames to reimagine responsibilities and risks of the profession. Wee Studio experimented architectural crowdfunding in China as a financial model that questions the need for a conventional client, supporting instead architectural projects by means of individual investments in small amounts of money. Crowdfunding initiatives spread rapidly among Chinese social network users, thanks to the WeChat platform – whose power in multiplying the popularity of the idea and easiness of online payment made the Treehouse project possible. Design and construction of a pair of wooden huts that complement a homestay-hotel in Miyun (Beijing) were completed between November 2015 and September 2016.
Voting Together: Economic Adversity and Voter Turnout in Authoritarian Elections

Why do constituents regularly vote in elections that are not competitive, or lack real choice on the ballot? Existing explanations of voting under such conditions emphasize the role of machine politics, patronage and clientelism. In contrast, we go beyond the explanations based on machine politics, and argue that under electoral authoritarianism patterns of collective voting among the electorate can motivate voter turnout, and such mobilizing effects are more apparent in larger polls. Against the predictions of the logic of patronage, economic adversity in the form of unemployment, is shown to have increased turnout in authoritarian presidential elections, but not in parliamentary ones. Furthermore, conformity tendencies in collective voting show signs of increase in support for status quo, under economic duress.
Cost-Effectiveness of a Shared-Management Delivery System for the Care of Children with Cancer

Costs of two alternative methods for obtaining comparable quality outpatient care for pediatric cancer patients were examined. Costs incurred in obtaining care from specialists, "specialist-management," were compared to costs incurred in obtaining "shared-management," care provided by specialists and primary physicians combined. Shared-management medical costs for outpatient care were 10% less than they would have been had the care been obtained from specialists. The nonmedical costs of transportation, parking, food away from home, and lost productivity or income were all less under the shared-management medical care delivery system than they would have been had specialist management been utilized. The total estimated cost differences between the alternative systems for the delivery of outpatient care ($2,191.34) represents for shared management a mean saving per patient of approximately 29% in direct out-of-pocket expenses and a 59% savings in the indirect costs of lost income or productivity. A total theoretical mean 41% saving per patient was shown to accrue through the use of shared management.
Rotary Bayonets for Cryogenic and Vacuum Service

Rotary bayonets were designed, tested, and installed for liquid nitrogen, liquid argon, and vacuum service. This paper will present the design, testing, and service record for two sizes of vacuum jacketed cryogenic rotary bayonets and two sizes of vacuum service rotary bayonets. Materials used in construction provide electrical isolation across the bayonet joint. The joint permits 360 degrees of rotation between the male and female pipe sections while maintaining integrity of service. Assemblies using three such joints were built to allow end connection points to be translated through at least 1 meter of horizontal travel while kept in service. Vacuum jacketed sizes built in-house at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory are 1-1/2 in. inner pipe size, 3 in. vacuum jacket, and 4 in. inner pipe size, 6 in. vacuum jacket The single wall vacuum service bayonets are in 4 in. and 6 in. pipe sizes. The bayonets have successfully been in active service for over one year.
Intrinsic hyporesponsiveness of invariant natural killer T cells precedes the onset of lupus.

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) display reduced numbers and functions of invariant natural killer T (iNK T) cells, which are restored upon treatment with corticosteroids and rituximab. It is unclear whether the iNK T cell insufficiency is a consequence of disease or is a primary abnormality that precedes the onset of disease. To address this, we analysed iNK T cell function at different stages of disease development using the genetically lupus-susceptible NZB × NZW F1 (BWF(1)) model. We found that iNK T cell in-vivo cytokine responses to an iNK T cell ligand α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) were lower in BWF(1) mice than in non-autoimmune BALB/c and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched NZB × N/B10.PL F1 mice, although iNK T cell numbers in the periphery were unchanged in BWF(1) mice compared to control mice. Such iNK T cell hyporesponsiveness in BWF(1) mice was detected at a young age long before the animals exhibited any sign of autoimmunity. In-vivo activation of iNK T cells is known to transactivate other immune cells. Such transactivated T and B cell activation markers and/or cytokine responses were also lower in BWF(1) mice than in BALB/c controls. Finally, we show that iNK T cell responses were markedly deficient in the NZB parent but not in NZW parent of BWF(1) mice, suggesting that BWF(1) might inherit the iNK T cell defect from NZB mice. Thus, iNK T cells are functionally insufficient in lupus-prone BWF(1) mice. Such iNK T cell insufficiency precedes the onset of disease and may play a pathogenic role during early stages of disease development in SLE.
A phylogenomic gene cluster resource: the Phylogenetically Inferred Groups (PhIGs) database

We present here the PhIGs database, a phylogenomic resource for sequenced genomes. Although many methods exist for clustering gene families, very few attempt to create truly orthologous clusters sharing descent from a single ancestral gene across a range of evolutionary depths. Although these non-phylogenetic gene family clusters have been used broadly for gene annotation, errors are known to be introduced by the artifactual association of slowly evolving paralogs and lack of annotation for those more rapidly evolving. A full phylogenetic framework is necessary for accurate inference of function and for many studies that address pattern and mechanism of the evolution of the genome. The automated generation of evolutionary gene clusters, creation of gene trees, determination of orthology and paralogy relationships, and the correlation of this information with gene annotations, expression information, and genomic context is an important resource to the scientific community.
A new performance driven placement algorithm

The authors present a novel performance driven placement algorithm. They use a convex programming algorithm to compute a set of upper bounds on the net wire lengths. A modified min-cut algorithm is then used to generate a placement with the objective of minimizing the number of nets, the wire lengths of which exceed their corresponding upper bounds. The situation in which the modified min-cut algorithm fails to generate a placement that satisfies the timing requirements is addressed, and an iterative approach is used to modify the set of upper bounds making use of information from previous placements. The algorithm was implemented in C and tested on eight problems on a Sparc 2 workstation. >
Nonlinear dynamics of domain walls and vortices in two-dimensional systems

We discuss analytic and numerical studies of experimentally accessible 2-dimensional condensed matter systems which support nonlinear domain wall and vortex structures. These systems include quasi-2-dimensional magnets and 2-dimensional arrays of Josephson junctions. We emphasize the importance of these systems for investigating: complex (frustrated) ground states, dynamics (including “glassy” dynamics), interactions between domain walls and vortices, and phase transitions at finite temperature accompanied by these excitations.
Distributed Modal Identification and Vibration Control of Continua: Piezoelectric Finite Element Formulation and Analysis

"Smart" continua with integrated sensor/actuator for structural identification and control have drawn much attention in recent years due to the rapid development of high-performance "smart" structures. The continua are distributed and flexible in nature. Thus, distributed dynamic measurement and active vibration control are of importance to their high-demanding performance. In this paper, continua (shell or plate) integrated with distributed piezoelectric sensors and actuators are studied using a finite element technique. A new piezoelectric finite element with internal degrees of freedom is derived. Two control algorithms, namely, constant gain feedback control and constant amplitude feedback control, are implemented. Structural identification and control of a plate model with distributed piezoelectric sensor/actuator is studied. Distributed modal voltage and control effectiveness of mono- and bi-axially polarized piezoelectric actuators are evaluted.
Reading for gender

This essay serves to introduce the collection of articles in the present issue on the subject of the ‘History of Early Modern Masculinities’. It addresses the place of masculinity in early-modern historiography, highlights neglected areas of research, outlines methodological challenges and suggests new directions in the study of gender.
Coordinate Up-Regulation of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-1α and HIF-1 Target Genes during Multi-Stage Epidermal Carcinogenesis and Wound Healing

Both carcinogenesis and wound healing proceed through stages of proliferation and tissue remodeling. Here, using either a model of multistage epidermal carcinogenesis in K14-HPV16 transgenic mice or creation of full-thickness back wounds in nontransgenic mice, we determined patterns of expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha, and three targets of the heterodimeric transcription factor HIF-1, glucose transporter (GLUT)-1, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK)-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in skin. Neither HIF-1alpha, GLUT-1, PGK-1, nor VEGF mRNA was detectable in unwounded nontransgenic skin. In epidermal carcinogenesis, HIF-1alpha, GLUT-1, PGK-1, and VEGF mRNAs were just detectable in early-stage hyperplasia, markedly increased in high-grade epidermal chest dysplasias, and further increased in invasive squamous carcinomas. In neoplastic skin, HIF-1alpha, GLUT-1, and PGK-1 mRNAs localized in the basal and immediate suprabasal epidermal layers, whereas VEGF mRNA was predominantly expressed in the more superior spinous and granular epidermal layers. Immediately after wounding, HIF-1alpha, GLUT-1, and PGK-1 mRNAs were detectable in basal keratinocytes at the wound edge. Expression of all three genes increased to maximum levels in reepithelializing basal keratinocytes and then diminished to near undetectable levels after wound epithelialization. Although VEGF mRNA similarly increased and decreased during wound healing, its expression pattern was more punctate; the most intense hybridization signals were detected in the upper spinous and granular layers of reepithelializing keratinocytes and in dermal cells morphologically similar to macrophages. These data suggest stage-specific and spatio-temporal control of HIF-1alpha and HIF-1 target gene expression in both multistage epithelial carcinogenesis and wound healing.
SCHOOL‐TO‐WORK PLANNING: CAREER GUIDANCE AND DEVELOPMENT FUNCTIONS AT WYOMING COMMUNITY COLLEGES

Student affairs professionals at 7 Wyoming community colleges and at 3 outreach campuses were interviewed regarding the career guidance and development functions at their institutions. This inventory was performed for the Wyoming School‐to‐Work Management Team to be used in the development of the state's school‐to‐work plan. Based on a taxonomy of increasing quantity of services, 2 of the campuses provide Level I career center services, 4 maintain Level II services, and 4 provide Level III services. Interviewees suggest closer examination and change in the areas of resources, career guidance and development services, collaboration with the business community, promotion of services, and collaboration with secondary schools. Specifically, the Wyoming School‐to‐Work Management Team might assist the community colleges to improve their career guidance and development services by (a) providing colleges with Wyoming labor market projections by county; (b) coordinating cooperative education programs statewide usi...
Analysis of Shrimp Hemolymph and Ionic Modification of a Penaeus Cell Culture Formulation

Abstract The levels of 19 constituents of penaeid shrimp hemolymph were analytically determined. Ionic components of hemolymph were influenced by water salinity but not by water pH or temperature. Levels of hemolymph metabolites varied from sample to sample; the differences were possibly generated by variations in diet and stress. Enzymatic measurements were reported for possible comparison with future studies on stress, health, or immune status of cultured penaeid populations. Data were also used to determine an appropriate ionic mixture for shrimp cell culture.
Characterization of ZnSe/Ge material growth using the atomic force microscope

Abstract ZnSe has been grown on (1 0 0)p-Ge substrates using atmospheric pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (AP-MOCVD). The quality of the grown materials has been investigated using the atomic force microscope (AFM). This study has shown that high-quality ZnSe materials can be deposited on p-Ge wafers if pre-growth surface treatment is performed.
Hemolymph constituents of normal and Proctoeces maculatus infected Mytilus edulis

1. 1. Hemolymph components of normal and Proctoeces maculatus infected Mytilus edulis were monitored over an annual cycle. 2. 2. Hemolymph carbohydrate content of the normal and infected mussels showed a marked temporal variation with peak concentration occurring in July. 3. 3. The magnitude of the peak for the infected animals was much greater than the normal mussels. 4. 4. Hemolymph protein was reduced in infected mussels relative to that of normal individuals. 5. 5. Total free amino acid content of normal and infected mussels was similar but normal individuals underwent significant fluctuations in the concentration of some of the major amino acids (taurine. alanine, glycine and serine) while infected mussels maintained more constant levels.
Nutritional Value of Habitat for Moose on Urban and Military Lands

Abstract Moose Alces alces are large and conspicuous animals valued for wildlife watching and hunting opportunities. However, near urban areas they can cause collisions with vehicles and damage to garden and ornamental plants. We studied a population of adult female moose that lives in and around both urban and industrial development on an active Army and Air Force base adjacent to Anchorage, Alaska, to evaluate nutrition and diet, map habitat quality, and model how habitat development affects the number of moose the landscape can support. Population density was moderate and hunter harvest was high in our study area, so we hypothesized that moose in our study area would be in similar condition to other healthy populations in Alaska. We also hypothesized that, in our study area, shrublands would support more moose than any other habitat type and that areas disturbed for urban development would be crucial to maintaining the local moose population. Rump fat depths, blood chemistries, and pregnancy rates in N...
Preservation of natural frontal sinus outflow in the management of frontal sinus osteomas.

INTRODUCTION: Management of frontal sinus tumors has traditionally been through open approaches with obliteration of the sinus. Recently, increased comfort with endoscopic techniques has made endoscopic resection an alternative to more morbid approaches. However, many skilled endoscopists still champion obliteration of the frontal sinus after the open treatment of large osteomas.METHODS: A retrospective review of the senior author's experience with frontal sinus osteomas was performed.RESULTS: Twelve frontal sinus osteomas were treated surgically without obliteration. All patients with greater than 2 cm vertical extension of their tumor into the frontal sinus required an open approach (n = 4), whereas the remainder (n = 8) were treated endoscopically. Frontal ostia were stented if greater that 40% of the mucosa of the frontal recess was denuded. Eleven of 12 patients had patent, functional frontal sinuses.CONCLUSION: Successful resection of frontal sinus osteomas can be performed with preservation of the ...
Enhancing interactive particle visualization with advanced shading models

Particle-based simulation methods are used to model a wide range of complex phenomena and to solve time-dependent problems of various scales. Effective visualization of the resulting state should communicate subtle changes in the three-dimensional structure, spatial organization, and qualitative trends within a simulation as it evolves. We take steps toward understanding and using advanced shading models in the context of interactive particle visualization. Specifically, the impact of ambient occlusion and physically based diffuse interreflection is investigated using a formal user study. We find that these shading models provide additional visual cues that enable viewers to better understand subtle features within particle datasets. We also describe a visualization process that enables interactive navigation and exploration of large particle datasets, rendered with illumination effects from advanced shading models. Informal feedback from application scientists indicates that the results of this process enhance the data analysis tasks necessary for understanding complex particle datasets.
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE MAGNITUDE OF GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES AND THE DURATION OF EQUITY

I examine the relation between the magnitude of growth opportunities in a firm and the duration of the firm's equity. Conventional wisdom holds that because cash flows from growth opportunities occur late relative to cash flows from existing projects, firms that can be characterized as growth firms have a higher duration. I adopt the real option approach to the valuation of growth opportunities and show that under certain circumstances the opposite can be true; equity duration can be lower for growth firms. I further show that the relation between equity duration and the magnitude of growth opportunities depends on (a) the magnitude of the duration of assets in place, (b) dominance of the firm in its industry, (c) the magnitude of R&D expenditure, and (d) the volatility of expected cash flows generated by the investment project underlying the growth opportunity. I empirically test these predictions and find the predictions are not rejected, particularly for the utility and banking industries. JEL classification: G31, G12.
Effect of Optical Thickness on the Directional Transmittance and Emittance of a Dielectric

A study is made of the directional transmittance of an isothermal dielectric surrounded by air. The dielectric sheet studied is assumed to be infinite in extent but of finite thickness much greater than one wavelength with plane parallel reflecting surfaces. The dielectric–air interfaces are assumed to be smooth, and therefore, reflect specularly according to Fresnel’s law. Interference is not considered in the solution. The approach to the problem is through the solution of the transport equation with boundary conditions considering refraction, total reflection beyond the critical angle, and directional irradiance. The results are plotted as the directional monochromatic transmittance for various optical depths with diffuse irradiance. The same curves may be read at a discrete direction to determine the monochromatic transmittance for mon-directional irradiance. The same procedure is followed to determine the directional emittance.
Metallization of Fe0.94O at elevated pressures and temperatures observed by shock-wave electrical resistivity measurements

Abstract The electrical resistivity of Fe0.94O (wustite) has been measured under shock-wave conditions to pressures between 72 and 155 GPa (0.72 to 1.55 Mbar). The resistivity of FeO at these pressures is approximately 1 (+/-0.6) × 10-6 ohm-m, as compared with 1.7(+/-0.3) × 10-3 ohm-m at ambient conditions. The absolute value of the electrical resistivity and the increase in resistivity with pressure along the Hugoniot (i.e. the shock compression curve) are consistent with FeO becoming metallic at high pressures and temperatures.
System Structure and the Existence of a System Life

The reliability at time t of a system in sustained operation is often taken to be the probability that it functions continuously during the time interval [0, t]. The standard computation of system reliability finds the probability that the system functions at time t in terms of the probabilities that its components function at time t. This procedure is relevant only if the system, and its components, have lives (roughly speaking, a device has a life if it functions continuously until some time of failure, and remains failed thereafter). We show that if each component of a coherent system has a life, then the system has a life (again roughly, a system is coherent if its performance is not impaired by an improvement in the performance of its components). Our principal results are that, under reasonable conditions, converses are true. If a system has a life, only a very weak condition is needed to show that the system is coherent. With a somewhat stronger condition, we show that not only must the system be c...
Phason elasticity of a three-dimensional quasicrystal: A transfer-matrix method

We introduce a transfer-matrix method for calculating the thermodynamic properties of random-tiling models of quasicrystals in any number of dimensions, and describe how it may be used to calculate the phason elastic properties of these models, which are related to experimental measurables such as phason Debye-Waller factors, and diffuse scattering wings near Bragg peaks. We apply our method to the canonical-cell model of the icosahedral phase, making use of results from a previously presented calculation in which the possible structures for this model under specific periodic boundary conditions were cataloged using a computational technique. We give results for the configurational entropy density and the two fundamental elastic constants for a range of system sizes. The method is general enough to allow a similar calculation to be performed for any other random tiling model.
The Tennessee Valley Authority's (TVA's) experience and action plans with freestanding oil-filled current transformers (CTs)

Historical background data are provided on current transformer (CT) failures, and some initial, unsuccessful attempts to correct the problem are discussed. Attempts to detect incipient failures by sampling the oil periodically revealed the weaknesses and hazards in the initial program. A task force was established to develop safety procedures that would minimize hazards to personnel working in the areas of suspect oil-filled CTs. The task force also developed an online monitoring device that detects incipient failures so that CTs can be removed from service before catastrophic failures occur. >