cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generating Multivariate Categorical Variates Using the Iterative Proportional Fitting Algorithm

Abstract Two recent papers have suggested methods for generating correlated binary data with fixed marginal distributions and specified degrees of pairwise association. Emrich and Piedmonte suggested a method based on the existence of a multivariate normal distribution, while Lee suggested methods based on linear programming and Archimedian copulas. In this paper, a simpler method is described using the iterative proportional fitting algorithm for generating an n-dimensional distribution of correlated categorical data with specified margins of dimension 1, 2, …, k < n. An example of generating a distribution for a generalized estimating equations (GEE) model is discussed.
Ecological Consequences of Foraging Mode

Desert lizards are typically either widely foraging or sit-and-wait predators, and these foraging modes are correlated with major differences in ecology. Foraging mode is related to the type of prey eaten by lizards. Widely foraging lizards in the Kalahari desert, the Western Australian desert, and the North American desert generally eat more prey that are sedentary, unpredictably distributed, and clumped (e.g., termites) or that are large and inaccessible (inactive scorpions) than do sit-and- wait lizards. In contrast, sit-and-wait lizards eat more prey that are active. Foraging mode also appears to influence the types of predators that in turn eat the lizards. For example, a sit-and-wait snake eats predominately widely foraging lizards. Crossovers in foraging mode thus exist between trophic levels. Widely foraging lizards may also encounter predators more frequently, as suggested by analyses of relative tail lengths; but tail break frequencies are ambiguous. Daily maintenance energetic expen- ditures of widely foraging lizards appear to be about 1.3-1.5 times greater than those of sit-and-wait lizards in the same habitats, but gross food gains are about 1.3-2.1 times greater. Widely foraging species also have lower relative clutch volumes, apparently in response to enhanced risks of predation. Foraging mode within one species varies with changes in food availability. Physiology, morphology, and risk of predation might generally restrict the flexibility of foraging mode. Because foraging mode constrains numerous important aspects of ecology, any general model of foraging velocity must be complex.
Watsuji Tetsuro, Fudo, and climate change

In this paper, I wish to consider Watsuji Tetsuro's (1889–1960) concept of climate (fudo), and consider whether it contributes anything to the relationship between climate change and ethics. I will argue that superficially it seems that fudo tells us little about the ethics of climate change, but if considered more carefully, and through the lens of thinkers such as Deleuze and Heidegger, there is ethical insight in Watsuji's approach. Watsuji's major work in ethics, Rinrigaku, provides concepts such as between-ness and trust that enable his philosophy of climate to move from a theory of national characters (as Fudo is often seen to be) to an approach to living well within one's milieu.
Entrepreneurial entry by people with disabilities

This article investigates the effect of disability on progress in the start-up process. One person out of 10 has a disability, yet entrepreneurship literature remains silent on the contributions of this population. This is surprising given that people with disabilities are more likely to be self-employed than the general population. Results from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics show that start-up efforts by nascent entrepreneurs with disabilities are less likely to result in the emergence of a viable organization, indicating that nascent entrepreneurs with disabilities face particular challenges.
FACULTY ATTITUDES TOWARD THE MIXED‐AGE COLLEGE CLASSROOM

With the number of nontraditional students on college campuses continuing to increase, college educators need to become aware of issues regarding the mixed‐age classroom. Part of this awareness should be an understanding of how faculty perceive different‐aged students and their mixed‐age classroom experiences. Through telephone interviews with approximately 100 faculty, we investigate attitudes about the professor‐student relationship, views toward teaching in a mixed‐age classroom, and beliefs about both older and younger students.
Proportional basal area method for implementing selection silviculture systems in longleaf pine forests

Proportional basal area (Pro-B) was developed as an accurate, easy-to-use method for making uneven-aged silviculture a practical management option. Following less than 3 h of training, forest staff...
Changes of Luteinizing Hormone and Progesterone for Dairy Cows After Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone at First Postpartum Breeding

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone administered at breeding enhances fertility of dairy cows, so a study was designed to evaluate the mechanism for enhanced fertility following administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone at first postpartum breeding. Twenty-four cows were assigned randomly to one of two treatments, 100 micrograms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone intramuscular or saline vehicle intramuscular at insemination. Blood samples for luteinizing hormone assay were taken at 2-h intervals prior to breeding and .5-h intervals for 3 h after insemination. Composite morning milk samples for progesterone assay were collected for 30 days after insemination or until next estrus. Cows given gonadotropin-releasing hormone had higher luteinizing hormone concentrations in blood serum following treatment than cows given saline, 13.2 versus 3.0 ng/ml. There was no relationship between luteinizing hormone and subsequent conception. Progesterone for cows that became pregnant was higher throughout sampling days. Mean progesterone concentrations were 4.6 versus 2.2 ng/ml in pregnant and nonpregnant cows during the first 4 days after insemination. Cows treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone that conceived had higher progesterone than other cows, and that was evident at the first 4 days postbreeding.
The effect of L-aspartic acid, L-alanine, and hemoglobin on trypan blue-induced embryolethality and gross fetal malformations in gestating albino mice.

Abstract l -Aspartic acid and l -Alanine did not exhibit any antiteratogenic activity against trypan blue-induced gross congenital malformations in gestating Swiss ICR:Ha albino mice. Animals in the alamine-treated group, however, did show a significant increase in the incidence of congenital cleft palate, while those in the aspartic acidtreated group exhibited a significant degree of protection against trypan blue-induced embryolethality. Administration of desiccated bovine hemoglobin produced a significant reduction in the number of fetuses that were born with their eyes open but had no effect on the incidence of dead embryos and resorptions. The resuls obtained in this study suggest that the antiteratogenic activity previously observed with l -glutamic acid was probably not mediated through the formation of l -aspartic acid, l -alanine, or one of their metabolites following biotransformation via the aspartate-glutamate or glutamate-pyruvate transmainase enzyme systems. The results support the hypothesis that the activity previously exhibited by l -glutamic acid against trypan blue-induced exencephaly and otocephaly and cortisone- and caffeine-induced cleft palate was probably a reflection of the glutamic acid content per se or the result of the synthesis of one or more intermediary metabolites, e.g., glutathione, that require l -glutamic acid.
Geometric design of RRP, RPR and PRR serial chains

This paper formulates and solves the design equations for three degree-of-freedom spatial serial chains constructed with two revolute (R) joints and one prismatic (P) joint. Previous work has shown that equating the kinematics equations of the chain to a set of end-effector positions yields 24 equations in 25 unknowns, which means one of the design parameters can be chosen arbitrarily. Here it is shown that by specifying one of the directional parameters of the R-joints the design equations can be partitioned and solved separately. The derivation is presented in detail for the RRP chain, and the calculations are essentially identical for the RPR and PRR chains. The special case in which the axes of the two R-joints are perpendicular and intersect, forming a T-joint, is also presented. This chain has a spherical workspace and is often used as the shoulder joint of a robot. Example calculations are presented.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediments of the Great Lakes. 4. Influencing factors, trends, and implications

A total of 199 sediment samples were collected from 16 locations in the five Laurentian Great Lakes, and each was analyzed for 10 congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as well as selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This paper presents a comprehensive analysis on previously published results for individual lakes. The total accumulation of nine tri- to hepta-PBDE congeners (∑9BDEs) in the sediments of all the Great Lakes was estimated to be approximately 5.2 ± 1.1 tonnes, and that of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) was 92 ± 13 tonnes, around year 2002. The inventories of ∑9BDEs and major individual PBDE congeners show strong dependence on the latitude of sampling sites, and such dependence is believed to reflect both the influence of urbanization, which shows south-to-north gradient in the region, and the general direction of long-range transport of airborne pollutants in the northern hemisphere. From the 1970s to 2002, the increases in PBDE input flux to the sediments are exponential ...
PSEUDORABIES VIRUS INFECTION IN RACCOONS: A REVIEW

Pseudorabies is a rarely reported disease of raccoons. Laboratory and field evidence of PRV infection suggests the raccoon is a "dead end" host with little opportunity for raccoon-to-raccoon spread of virus. All reported field cases have been associated closely with infected swine and swine have been considered the source of the raccoon infection. The clinical signs of PRV in raccoons closely resembles those of canine distemper and rabies virus infections. Infection with the latter viruses are considered more prevalent and likely to be mistaken for PRV infection. Both CD and rabies virus may be maintained in raccoon populations with raccoon-to-raccoon transfer while PRV may not. Differentiation of PRV, CD and rabies infections is best achieved by histopathologic analysis of lung and brain tissue, together with virus isolation. It is of utmost public health importance that wildlife authorities recognize the similarities between these diseases, together with the different epidemiologic behavior of the viruses and the means to differentiate clinical cases.
Adaptations in motor unit discharge activity with force control training in young and older human adults.

Six young (aged 18–22 years) and six older (aged 66–76 years) healthy humans participated in a visually guided isometric force modulation training program designed to improve accurate control of force during ankle dorsiflexion. Isometric force and the discharge activity of motor units (MU) supplying the tibialis anterior muscle were sampled concurrently at the beginning of the study, following 2 weeks of force modulation training and again after a 4 week retention period which followed immediately. The initial maximal voluntary force (MVC) and MU discharge rates were similar between young and older adults at 10–60% MVC while MU discharge rates during maximal effort were significantly reduced in older adults. Following the 2 weeks of force modulation training, both young and older adults demonstrated significant improvements in force accuracy (44% young, 48% older) and significantly reduced MU discharge rates at 30%, 40%, and 60% MVC. Young adults also demonstrated increased MVC force (11%), while older adults demonstrated significantly increased (30%) maximal MU discharge rate. Thus, following 2 weeks of force modulation training, young and older individuals demonstrated similar MU discharge rates at all force levels. The MU discharge rate adaptations were retained after the 4 week retention period. In young adults, improved force accuracy and increased MVC force were accompanied by significantly reduced MU recruitment thresholds. In the older subjects, improved force accuracy was accompanied by an increase in the difference between the recruitment-derecruitment force threshold and significantly reduced antagonist co-contraction. Age-related alterations in force regulation and MU discharge activity cannot be explained solely on the basis of contractile changes in senescent muscle. Rather, reliance on compensatory neuromuscular changes including antagonist muscle co-contraction is suggested.
Two- and three-dimensional 31P-driven NMR procedures for complete assignment of backbone resonances in oligodeoxyribonucleotides.

We describe a strategy for sequential assignment of 31P and deoxyribose 1H NMR resonances in oligode-oxyribonucleotides. The approach is based on 31P-1H J-cross-polarization (hetero TOCSY) experiments, recently demonstrated for the assignment of resonances in RNA [Kellogg, G.W. (1992) J. Magn. Reson., 98, 176; Kellogg, G.W. et al. (1992) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114, 2727]. Two-dimensional heteroTOCSY and heteroTOCSY-NOESY experiments are used to connect proton spin systems from adjacent nucleotides in the dodecamer d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 entirely on the basis of through-bond scalar connectivities. All phosphorus resonances of the dodecamer are assigned by this method, and many deoxyribose 1H resonances can be assigned as well. A new three-dimensional heteroTOCSY-NOESY experiment is used for backbone proton 4', 5' and 5" resonance assignments, completing assignments begun on this molecule in 1983 [Hare, D.R. et al. (1983) J. Mol. Biol., 171, 319]. Numerical simulations of the time dependence of coherence transfer aid in the interpretation of heteroTOCSY spectra of oligonucleotides and address the dependence of heteroTOCSY and related spectra on structural features of nucleic acids. The possibility of a generalized backbone-driven 1H and 31P resonance-assignment strategy for oligonucleotides is discussed.
Extrapolated fields in the formulation of the assumed strain elements Part II: Three-dimensional problems

Abstract Assumed strain eight-node hexahedral elements with significantly extended range of applicability are presented. These elements are formulated using only standard translational displacements at each of their eight nodes and provide accurate solutions for a variety of benchmark problems such as spacial beams, plates, shells as well as general three-dimensional elasticity problems. The elements with such characteristics are particularly useful to model problems of complex geometry, where different regions of the domain might impose entirely different modeling requirements. The formulation starts with introduction of a parallelepiped domain associated with the given eight-node hexahedral element. Then, the assumed strain field is constructed for that associated parallelepiped domain. It is done by identification of various modes of its deformation and by proper modification of the strain field in the constant and linear bending modes. Strain and displacement extrapolation from the associated parallelepiped to the original hexahedral domain is subsequently used to establish the assumed strain field for the given element. Solutions to some popular benchmark problems demonstrate that the proposed assumed strain hexahedral elements exhibit remarkably high accuracy even when severely distorted and high aspect ratio meshes are used. Another advantage of the present elements is that locking for nearly incompressible materials is also mitigated. Unfortunately, the elements pass the patch test only when their shapes are parallelopipeds.
Bone segmentation and 3D visualization of CT images for traumatic pelvic injuries

Pelvic bone segmentation is a vital step in analyzing pelvic CT images, which assists physicians with diagnostic decision making in cases of traumatic pelvic injuries. Due to the limited resolution of the original CT images and the complexity of pelvic structures and their possible fractures, automatic pelvic bone segmentation in multiple CT slices is very difficult. In this study, an automatic pelvic bone segmentation approach is proposed using the combination of anatomical knowledge and computational techniques. It is developed for solving the problem of accurate and efficient bone segmentation using multiple consecutive pelvic CT slices obtained from each patient. Our proposed segmentation method is able to handle variation of bone shapes between slices there by making it less susceptible to inter-personal variability between different patients' data. Moreover, the designed training models are validated using a cross-validation process to demonstrate the effectiveness. The algorithm's capability is tested on a set of 20 CT data sets. Successful segmentation results and quantitative evaluations are present to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of proposed algorithm, well suited for pelvic bone segmentation purposes.
Promoter Methylation and Tissue-Specific Transcription of the α7 Nicotinic Receptor Gene, CHRNA7

The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is known to regulate a wide variety of developmental and secretory functions in neural and non-neural tissues. The mechanisms that regulate its transcription in these varied tissues are not well understood. Epigenetic processes may play a role in the tissue-specific regulation of mRNA expression from the α7 nicotinic receptor subunit gene, CHRNA7. Promoter methylation was correlated with CHRNA7 mRNA expression in various tissue types and the role of DNA methylation in regulating transcription from the gene was tested by using DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1) inhibitors and methyl donors. CHRNA7 mRNA expression was silenced in SH-EP1 cells and bisulfite sequencing PCR revealed the CHRNA7 proximal promoter was hypermethylated. The proximal promoter was hypomethylated in the cell lines HeLa, SH-SY5Y, and SK-N-BE which express varying levels of CHRNA7 mRNA. Expression of CHRNA7 mRNA was present in SH-EP1 cells after treatment with the methylation inhibitor, 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR), and increased in SH-EP1 and HeLa cells using another methylation inhibitor, zebularine (ZEB). Transcription from the CHRNA7 promoter in HeLa cells was increased when the methyl donor methionine (MET) was absent from the media. Using methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme analysis (MSRE), there was a strong inverse correlation between CHRNA7 mRNA levels and promoter DNA methylation across several human tissue types. The results support a role for DNA methylation of the proximal promoter in regulation of CHRNA7 transcription.
Early History of Blood Substitutes: Transfusion of Milk

In the final quarter of the 19th century, dissatisfaction with blood transfusion prompted a brief wave of enthusiasm for transfusion of milk as a blood substitute. Although transfusion of cow's milk was first attempted in Canada in 1854, this form of treatment achieved its greatest popularity in the United States between 1873 and 1880. During this interval, transfusion of milk from cows, goats and humans was attempted. However, adverse effects, as well as the advent of isotonic saline solutions, prompted its discontinuance.
Which Weights on $\r$ Admit $L_p$ Jackson Theorems?

Let W : R ! (0;1) be continuous. Does W admit a classical Jackson Theorem? That is, does there exist a sequence f ngn=1 of positive numbers with limit 0 such that for 1 p 1, inf deg(P ) n k(f P )WkLp(R) nkf WkLp(R) for all absolutely continuous f with kf WkLp(R) nite? We show that such a theorem is true i¤ both
Operation Stacking for Ensemble Computations With Variable Convergence

Sparse matrix operations achieve only small fractions of peak CPU speeds because of the use of specialized, index-based matrix representations, which degrade cache utilization by imposing irregular memory accesses and increasing the number of overall accesses. Compounding the problem, the small number of floating-point operations in a single sparse iteration leads to low floating-point pipeline utilization. Operation stacking addresses these problems for large ensemble computations that solve multiple systems of linear equations with identical sparsity structure. By combining the data of multiple problems and solving them as one, operation stacking improves locality, reduces cache misses, and increases floating-point pipeline utilization. Operation stacking also requires less memory bandwidth because it involves fewer index array accesses. In this paper we present the Operation Stacking Framework OSF, an object-oriented framework that provides runtime and code generation support for the development of stacked iterative solvers. OSF's runtime component provides an iteration engine that supports efficient ejection of converged problems from the stack. It separates the specific solver algorithm from the coding conventions and data representations that are necessary to implement stacking. Stacked solvers created with OSF can be used transparently without requiring significant changes to existing applications. Our results show that stacking can provide speedups up to 1.94× with an average of 1.46×, even in scenarios in which the number of iterations required to converge varies widely within a stack of problems. Our evaluation shows that these improvements correlate with better cache utilization, improved floating-point utilization, and reduced memory accesses.
The Effects of Selective Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Lesions and Aging upon Expectancy in the Rat

The effects of selective cholinergic cell loss within the basal forebrain (BF) were determined using a task that requires shifting of attention between two visual stimuli. Discriminability between two stimuli and response bias were determined in young and old F-344 rats given BF injections of IgG-192 saporin (100 ng). The lesion reduced ChAT activity in the frontal and parietal cortices, hippocampus, and olfactory bulbs. The lesion did not significantly alter Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity in cortex, hippocampus, or olfactory bulbs, or endogenous levels of neuropeptide Y and neurokinin B within the BF. The BF lesions impaired both stimulus discriminability and response bias in young and old rats. The BF lesions had a significantly greater effect upon stimulus discriminability and response bias in aged rats, compared to young rats, only when the stimulus duration was very brief, i.e., when the task was most difficult to solve. At longer stimulus durations, aging and lesions showed no interaction. The results suggest that the selective loss of cholinergic cells in the BF, but not normal aging, impairs the ability to discriminate between independent sensory stimuli. The loss of these cells confers a response bias in simple operant tasks involving motor responses to reward-related visual stimuli.
Action of 5-Bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil on Escherichia coli 15T

THIS communication presents work comparing the incorporation of 5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil (I) (this compound, suitably formulated, is being offered for sale as a non-selective herbicide for non-cropland use; the generic name ‘Bromacil’ has been proposed for this compound; a paper, showing the antiphotosynthetic activity of 5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil and related compounds, is in preparation) and 5-bromouracil (II) into the DNA of a thymine-requiring strain (15T−) of Escherichia coli.
PTSD plus depression are comorbid conditions but depression can occur independently in the acute aftermath of trauma.

O’Donnell ML, Creamer M, Pattison P. Posttraurnatic stress disorder and depression following trauma: understanding comorbidity. Am J Psychiatr 2004;161:1390–6. [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Q Following trauma, are depression and post-traumatic stress disorder separate conditions, or are they a single traumatic stress construct? ### ![Graphic][5] Design: Prospective longitudinal study. ### ![Graphic][6] Setting: Victoria, Australia; timeframe not stated. ### ![Graphic][7] Population: 363 people aged 18–70 years admitted to a level 1 trauma service with injuries requiring hospital stays of >1 day who were stable and without pain. Exclusions included severe brain injury or recent opioid analgesia. ### ![Graphic][8] Assessment: The relations between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and predictor variables were examined using canonical correlations and multinomial logistic regression. ### ![Graphic][9] Outcomes: PTSD was assessed with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (DSM-IV). Participants were subsyndromal if they met re-experiencing symptoms and either avoidance or arousal symptoms criteria. Depression and minor depression were diagnosed with the Structured Clinical Interview (DSM-IV). People in the comorbid PTSD/depression category met full or subsyndrome criteria for both. Trauma characteristics, including admission to … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAmerican%2BJournal%2Bof%2BPsychiatry%26rft.stitle%253DAm.%2BJ.%2BPsychiatry%26rft.issn%253D0002-953X%26rft.aulast%253DO%2527Donnell%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%2BL.%26rft.volume%253D161%26rft.issue%253D8%26rft.spage%253D1390%26rft.epage%253D1396%26rft.atitle%253DPosttraumatic%2BStress%2BDisorder%2Band%2BDepression%2BFollowing%2BTrauma%253A%2BUnderstanding%2BComorbidity%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1176%252Fappi.ajp.161.8.1390%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15285964%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1390&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=15285964&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmental%2F8%2F1%2F27.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000222976400011&link_type=ISI [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [8]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [9]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif
Preliminary Psychometric Evaluation of a New Self-Efficacy Scale and Its Relationship to Treatment Outcome in Social Anxiety Disorder

The concept of self-efficacy as applied to individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) represents a person's confidence in being able to convey a favorable impression to others. The current study investigated the psychometric properties and clinical usefulness of a new measure called the Self-Efficacy for Social Situations (SESS) Scale. Results provide preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of the SESS in a clinical sample of individuals with SAD. Pre- to posttreatment change in self-efficacy was a significant and independent predictor of change in social anxiety symptoms. Implications for treatment are discussed.
Methodology: Art, Science, Technology, Law, and the Means of Innovation

The book recharacterizes innovation as the context-dependent design of new methods to solve problems for a given time and place. It also broadens innovation and the notion of methods to cover all fields of human activity, categorized under the abstract meta methods of art, science, technology, and law. Artifacts such as machines or manufactures are also recharacterized as part of overarching methods to address some human need or want through their use. Methods are thus also classed into different orders of abstraction, with the higher orders covering multiple lower order methods, or even entire categories of lower order methods. The highest orders of methods serve as design principles for innovation in mid to lower order methods. An Aristotelian framework for knowledge, production, and action is developed that then guides the introduction of an arc of innovation, similar to the arc of science, and the role of an innovation entrepreneur, who envisions, marshals resources for, and then manages a particular arc. This account of what constitutes the means of innovation is embedded into an evolutionary construct which rejects a teleological notion of "progress" for any field of human activity in favor of a story of innovation as simply ongoing Darwinian adaptation to constantly changing human and natural environments. Trade, commerce, and entrepreneurship are posited as prime drivers of both changes in the environment and responsive innovation. At the same time, the question of the need for, and nature of, artificial incentives for innovation (such as intellectual property systems) is addressed by arguing that incentives are not needed for innovation itself, but rather for its sharing, application, or distribution of resultant benefits. This leads to a focus on law as itself a set of mid to high order context-dependent innovative methods for the ordering of human society and our relationship with the natural world. Finally, a new field of methodology is proposed that will make both an art and science out of methods in and across all fields of human activity. The insights from this field will guide not only its own development, but also that of teaching, research, and practice in many other fields.
Stability of Physical Activity across the Lifespan

Physical activity is associated with various health-relevant psychosocial and physiological processes, but activity stability across extended time periods is inadequately understood. This lifespan longitudinal cohort study examined activity levels of 723 males and 554 females. Associations across time were computed and structural equation modeling compared a one factor model and a simplex model. Results showed activity levels are somewhat stable from childhood through middle and late adulthood. Further, a simplex model provided a better fit than a one factor model. Successful models and interventions to improve health will likely require a more nuanced, pattern-sensitive understanding of physical activity across time.
Incorporating morale into a classical agency model: implications for incentives, effort, and organization

This paper incorporates morale into a standard principal-agent model. When morale is observable, the worker’s effort level, the optimal piece rate, and the firm’s expected profits are all generally increasing in the worker’s level of morale. Furthermore, under reasonable conditions, higher-morale individuals are more responsive to incentives. Finally, when considering morale interdependence, conditions are derived which determine optimal organization strategies in terms of pooling or separating workers, and corresponding staffing policies are discussed.
Regulatory Networks Revealed by Transcriptional Profiling of Damaged Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells: Rpn4 Links Base Excision Repair with Proteasomes

Exposure to carcinogenic alkylating agents, oxidizing agents, and ionizing radiation modulates transcript levels for over one third of Saccharomyces cerevisiae's 6,200 genes. Computational analysis delineates groups of coregulated genes whose upstream regions bear known and novel regulatory sequence motifs. One group of coregulated genes contain a number of DNA excision repair genes (including the MAG1 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase gene) and a large selection of protein degradation genes. Moreover, transcription of these genes is modulated by the proteasome-associated protein Rpn4, most likely via its binding to MAG1 upstream repressor sequence 2-like elements, that turn out to be almost identical to the recently identified proteasome-associated control element (G. Mannhaupt, R. Schnall, V. Karpov, I. Vetter, and H. Feldmann, FEBS Lett. 450:27–34, 1999). We have identified a large number of genes whose transcription is influenced by Rpn4p.
Engineering time: inventing the quartz wristwatch

Clocks and watches stand at an important crossroads where science, technology and society intersect. Changes in timekeeping technology, beginning with the invention of the mechanical clock around AD 1300, have influenced the character of scientific observation, aided the development of other machine technologies and brought significant revisions to the way people think about and behave in time. One of the most recent episodes in this long history is the invention of the electronic wristwatch. What follows is a brief summary of a larger work in progress. This preview introduces the engineers who completely reinvented the wristwatch with all new electronic components thirty years ago, considers the contexts in which they worked, and analyzes consumer reception, especially the lively public debate over the comparative benefits of digital versus analog watch displays.
Understanding and Reporting Qualitative Research An Analytical Review and Recommendations for Submitting Authors

Qualitative research methodology is an often misunderstood and underutilized set of philosophies, approaches, and procedures that lends itself quite readily to the study of phenomena of substantial...
Importations in Preschoolers' Emergent Readings

Emergent readers draw on a variety of information sources, most notably book illustrations and memory for text that has been read aloud by adults. The present study examines material imported into emergent readings—material that is not contained in the original written text of a book—as evidence of the types of information emergent readers use. Emergent readings of three different books were collected from 33 preschool children after they had heard the stories read repeatedly in class. Imported information in emergent readings was identified, classified, and counted. Results showed four sources of nontext importations in the emergent readings: material from illustrations, from prior read-aloud sessions, from personal experience and background knowledge, and from other texts. Furthermore, readings that were closest to the original text language and content contained the most, rather than the fewest, importations, suggesting that importation of nontextual information is not an indicator of immature emergent reading. Emergent readers' integration of visual and nonvisual sources of information highlights the continuity from emergent to alphabetic reading. A call is made for further research on importations in emergent and alphabetic reading. Jill, a five-year-old child in a Head Start program, was reading aloud from Just Me and My Dad, one of the popular "little critter" picture books (1977) by Mercer Mayer. She had heard the book read aloud three times by her teacher in class. As she read the book, Jill produced her own version of the text language: for example, "I took the bricks [sticks, wood], and dad fired it [lit the fire]." But in addition to text information, she also brought information from other sources. She brought in information from the pictures, which provide an extension of the written text: "He got locked up," while pointing to the picture of the little critter tangled
Household income differences in food sources and food items purchased

Background The present study examined income-related household food purchases among a sample of 90 households from the community.
Salt, shake, fuse--giant hybrid polymer/lipid vesicles through mechanically activated fusion.

Large (200 nm) poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(butadiene) polymer vesicles fuse into giant (>1 μm) vesicles with mild agitation in dilute aqueous NaCl solutions. This unusual effect is attributed to the salt-induced contraction of the poly(ethylene oxide) corona, reducing steric resistance between vesicles and, with agitation, increasing the probability of contact between the hydrophobic cores of adjacent membranes. In addition, NaCl and agitation facilitated the creation of giant hybrid vesicles from much smaller homogeneous polymersomes and liposomes. Whereas lipid vesicles do not readily fuse with each other under the same circumstances, they did fuse with polymersomes to produce hybrid polymer/lipid vesicles.
Electromagnetic scattering from a conducting circular cylinder covered with a circumferentially magnetized ferrite

The geometry considered is an infinite conducting circular cylinder carrying a steady current and surrounded by an annulus of circumferentially magnetized ferrite. Plane wave scattering is treated for both E - and H -polarized incident waves yielding scattered fields which contain both polarizations. The scattered fields for the ferrite structure, and in fact for a general class of radially inhomogeneous and anisotropic structures, are shown to be symmetrical. The cross polarized scattered fields are shown to exhibit nulls in the forward and backward scattering directions. Numerical results are presented for the scattering cross section and the relative energy in each polarization. It is seen that considerable control of the scattered fields can be exercised by varying the steady current in the conducting cylinder.
A note on stability robustness computation

Stability robustness computations for polynomials with coefficients which are affine functions of perturbations are presented. In the case when the perturbation is of a delay type, a necessary and sufficient condition for use in stability testing independent of delay is given. The authors then discuss whether a given polynomial of this kind is stable (all roots are in the open left half plane) without delays. As an application, the formula derived for polynomials can be used to calculate the delay margin for a control system since the calculation of delay margin in control theory can be converted to the calculation of the stability margins of polynomials as defined in the paper. Based on a similar idea, it is possible to calculate gain and phase margins as well as a combined gain and phase margin. Therefore, the proposed approach provides a unified way of calculating gain and/or phase and delay stability margins. >
Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Subcounty Population Forecasts

Small-area population forecasts are used for a wide variety of planning and budgeting purposes. Using 1970 to 2005 data for incorporated places and unincorporated areas in Florida, we evaluate the accuracy of forecasts made with several extrapolation techniques, averages, and composite methods, and we assess the effects of differences in population size, growth rate, and length of forecast horizon on forecast errors. We further investigate the impact of adjusting forecasts to account for changes in special populations and annexations. The findings presented in this study will help practitioners make informed decisions when they construct and analyze small-area population forecasts.
Disciplined Bodies: Women's Embodied Identities at Work

This study employs a Foucauldian feminist lens to analyze how organizational and gendered discourses are quite literally written upon women's bodies in ways that often constrain women's professional identities. Nineteen professional women were interviewed about their definitions and experiences of their professional bodies. The interview data are summarized in the following three emergent and telling themes: (1) a professional body is a fit body; (2) a professional body (purpose-fully) emits signs and messages through bodily comportment, nonverbal behaviours, and performances. Thus, the body is conceived as a text to be read; and, (3) a professional woman's body is positioned as excessively) sexual. The task of controlling the female body is made more difficult because the female body has a tendency to overflow. The undisciplined, excessive body points to the female body's otherness. These three themes indicate how professional women's bodies are normalized and made docile in organizational contexts. Addi...
Glycoinositol phospholipid anchor and protein C-terminus of bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase: analysis by mass spectrometry and by protein and DNA sequencing.

Purified bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was radiomethylated on its amine groups and incubated with bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C to remove the lipid portion of the AChE glycoinositol phospholipid (GPI) anchor, and a C-terminal tryptic fragment that contained the residual GPI glycan was isolated by HPLC. Analysis by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry revealed a parent ion of m/z 3798. The fragmentation patterns produced by collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry of the +4 and +5 states of the parent ion indicated a 23-amino acid peptide in amide linkage to ethanolamine-P04-Hex-Hex-Hex(PO4-ethanolamine)(HexNAc)-Hex N(Me)2-inositol phosphate. The glycan structure is completely consistent with that obtained previously for the GPI anchor of human erythrocyte AChE except for the addition of the HexNAc substituent. A nearly complete peptide sequence was deduced from the fragmentation patterns, although four assignments were based only on single fragments of very low abundance. To resolve this uncertainty, a segment of bovine genomic DNA corresponding to the C-terminal AChE sequence was amplified by PCR. DNA sequencing established the 23-amino acid peptide sequence to be FLPKLLSATASEAPCTCSGPAHG, in agreement with the MS data and consistent with results from Edman protein sequencing. Dimerization of AChE polypeptides is mediated by intersubunit disulphide bonding in this C-terminal segment, but the bovine AChE contained two cysteine residues in a ...CTC... motif, in contrast with human AChE which contains only a single cysteine in this segment. Although bovine AChE contained no free thiol groups reactive with iodo[14C]acetamide, partial reduction and alkylation with iodo[14C]acetamide revealed that conversion into monomers occurred with an overall incorporation of only one alkyl group per monomer. An identical level of alkylation was observed when dimeric human AChE was converted into monomers by partial reduction. The question of whether the bovine AChE contains one or two intersubunit disulphide linkages is considered.
Illuminating the Vulnerability of Hegemonic Masculinity through a Performance Analysis of Physically Disabled Men’s Personal Narratives

This performance analysis traces the emergence of masculinity in the open-ended narratives of 14 men who self identify as “physically disabled.” The participants range in physical ability, age, relationship status, build, and socioeconomic status. They also range in their responses to the interaction of their ability and gender: mourning, resisting, accepting, and/or embracing their daily performances of physically disabled masculinity. Through bodies defined as the negation of ‘normal,’ they attend to and expose the nuances of the interacting cultural components of hegemonic masculinity that all human beings negotiate, interpret, create and re-create through our interactions. Their stories and insights offer opportunities for us to understand the impossibilities of ideal gender performance all humans co-imagine, reiterate, and pursue but can never realize. Keywords: Performance Analysis, Masculinity, Physical Disability, Personal Narrative
Equation of State Experiments and Theory Relevant to Planetary Modelling

In recent years there have been a number of static and shockwave experiments on the properties of planetary materials. The highest pressure measurements, and the ones most relevant to planetary modelling, have been obtained by shock compression. Of particular interest to the Jovian group are results for H$\_{2}$, H$\_{2}$O, CH$\_{4}$ and NH$\_{3}$. Although the properties of metallic hydrogen have not been measured, they have been the subject of extensive calculations. In addition recent shock wave experiments on iron report to have detected melting under Earth core conditions. From this data theoretical models have been developed for computing the equations of state of materials used in planetary studies. A compelling feature that has followed from the use of improved material properties is a simplification in the planetary models.
Comparison of two- and three-layer restacked Dion-Jacobson phase niobate nanosheets as catalysts for photochemical hydrogen evolution†

Restacked niobate nanosheets were prepared by exfoliation of the corresponding Dion–Jacobson type layered perovskites (HCa2Nb3O10, HSr2Nb3O10 and HLaNb2O7) with tetra(n-butyl)ammonium hydroxide and subsequent treatment with hydrochloric acid. The nanosheets were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. With modification by platinum nanoparticles as additional catalysts, these nanosheet materials were tested as photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution from water containing 2-propanol as an electron donor under ultraviolet irradiation (λ > 300 nm). The activity of a triple-layered nanosheet (HSr2Nb3O10) was an order of magnitude higher than that of the HLaNb2O7nanosheet with double perovskite layers, despite their physicochemical similarity. Physicochemical analyses suggested that in triple-layered perovskite nanosheets, photocatalytic activity is influenced by several factors including the conduction band potential and the band-gap energy (the number of available photons), which are derived from the distortion of perovskite blocks consisting of NbO6 octahedra.
Computation of Pre- and Post-Stall Flows over Single and Multi-Element Airfoils

The Navier-Stokes equations were used to predict the stall and post-stall behavior of five single element airfoils and a multi-element airfoil at low freestream Mach numbers. Results from a comprehensive numerical investigation are presented and compared with experimental force and pressure data. Two numerical schemes were used to integrate the governing equations and three turbulence models were applied to compute turbulent flow properties. The effect of grid resolution on the computational results is discussed. In most cases, the computed force and pressure coefficients obtained for a modified NACA 2412, a NACA 4412, a NLF 0414, a GA(W)-2, and an NREL S809 airfoil with 40% chord vented aileron and 40% chord spoiler flap, were in acceptable agreement with experimental data. These models, however, have shown limited success and cannot be easily extended to three-dimensi onal flows. Navier-Stokes based computer programs can be used to predict flows with large separation, such as near or even post-stall flow. The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavior of pre- and post-stall flow over single and multi-element airfoils by using two NavierStokes computer codes. Computational results presented include force coefficients, pressure and skin friction distributions and for selected cases Mach number contours which are used to identify regions of separated flow. In all cases the computational results are compared with available experimental data.