cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The conversion of Fe on W(110) from the low temperature to the high temperature form

Abstract In a previous investigation (T.-U. Nahm and R. Gomer, Surf. Sci. 373 (1997) 237) it was found that Fe exists in two forms on W(110), both having p(1 × 1) symmetry but very different work functions both at submonolayer and above monolayer coverages. The kinetics of the conversion of the 90 K form of Fe on W(110) to the high temperature form, which can be obtained either by adsorption at 300 K or by heating the 90 K layer to 300–600 K, depending on coverage, was studied by following work function changes with time at a series of temperatures for initial Fe deposits at 90 K of 0.1, 0.3, 0.8 and 1 monolayers. At low coverages and 160 ≤ T ≤ 220K the coverage of the high temperature form increases with t 1/3 . At higher temperatures and also at higher coverages growth is still algebraic but with much smaller exponents. These results suggest that the rate limiting step in the formation of the high temperature form is diffusion and that this form may exist only as closepacked (i.e. p(1 × 1)) patches.
Displacements of the North Circumpolar Vortex during El Niño, 1963–83

Abstract During the pronounced 1982–83 El Nino, the 300 mb north circumpolar vortex was displaced further toward Japan (from its mean seasonal locations) than observed since the beginning of the vortex record in 1963. However, during the strong 1972–73 El Nino, the vortex was displaced toward the 180th meridian, and during the weaker 1965–66 El Nino toward the eastern Pacific, so that vortex displacements are not indicated to have been the same for different El Nino episodes. Based on the full 21-year record, the vortex has tended to be displaced toward 90°W when sea surface temperature (SST) in the region 0°–10°S, 180–80°W was above average, but toward the 180th meridian when the magnitude of SST deviation from average is considered.
Black and white adolescent mothers' child‐rearing beliefs and behaviors

Un echantillon de 99 meres adolescentes noires et de 63 meres adolescentes blanches a participe a une etude sur les comportements et les opinions en ce qui concerne la maniere d'elever les enfants. Les attitudes envers la facon d'elever les enfants ont ete evaluees en utilisant une echelle developpee pour les meres adolescentes noires a revenus bas. La echelle «HOME» a ete utilisee par des observateurs qualifies pour enregistrer le comportement de parentage. Les echantillons noirs et blancs etaient comparables pour ce qui est du revenu, du statut de l'emploi, de l'education et de l'âge. Les meres noires etaient plus enclines que les meres blanches a faire valoir des techniques plus autoritaires pour ce qui est d'elever les enfants
Mechanics of linear cellular alloys

Mechanical and heat transfer behaviors of extruded metal honeycombs (linear cellular alloys or LCAs) are considered. Certain mechanical and thermal/heat transfer characteristics of this class of honeycomb materials are superior to those of open and closed cell stochastic metal foams of comparable relative density. Moreover, they are potentially well-suited to multifunctional applications that demand not only structural but some other performance attribute such as energy absorption, heat transfer or thermal protection. We first consider theoretical estimates for elastic stiffness and initial plastic buckling strength for a range of simple cell shapes under in-plane (IP) compression, including both cell wall bending- and extension-dominated cell shapes. Then, a series of experiments are presented regarding IP and out-of-plane compressive strength, collapse behavior and energy absorption for both quasistatic and dynamic loading conditions for extruded square cell maraging steel and nickel alloy honeycombs with approximately 25% relative density. Thermal properties and laminar flow heat transfer relations, including upper and lower bounds on total steady state heat transfer for a unidirectional forced flow LCA heat exchanger, are presented for the case of square cells.
High temperature processing effects on the properties of fowl meat gels

The effects of three moisture levels (0, 10, and 20% added water) and three processing temperatures (115.6, 121.1, and 126.7 C) on texture and collagen solubilization of fowl meat gels were examined. Meat gels were formulated from spent fowl breast meat that were cooked in water (71.1 C internal temperature) prior to heat processing. The water-cooked gels were heat processed at the three temperatures to an F0 value of 6.0 (Z value = 10 C). The addition of 20% water resulted in a reduction of the soluble collagen compared to the 10% water-added treatment. The lowest processing temperature increased the soluble collagen compared to the highest processing temperature. Shear stress and hardness decreased as the amount of added water was increased; and the lowest processing temperature resulted in the lowest hardness values. The increase in soluble collagen parallels the decrease in hardness in the samples processed at the lowest temperature. Because each sample was processed to equivalent F values, the lowest processing temperature had the longest exposure time (26 min at 115.6 C, 12 min at 121.1 C, and 6 min at 126.7 C). The longer exposure to moist heat allowed for greater collagen solubilization and lower hardness values. The 0% added-water treatment had the highest yield from before and after heat processing. However the 10% water-added samples had the greatest overall water retention when each treatment was placed on an equal level of initial water content. Furthermore, the highest processing temperature (shortest processing time) resulted in the greatest yield and moisture retention compared to the other processing temperatures.
Forecasting solar flares: Experts and artificial systems

Abstract This paper compares several forecasters, both human and computer-based, on the task of forecasting solar flares. One feature of this naturalistic task is that the event of interest occurs very infrequently: only 4% of sunspots produce significant solar flares. Using a large historical database, several artificial systems were trained and evaluated on their forecasting ability. These systems are shown to perform only slightly better than a “just-say-no” strategy. A judgment analysis of human forecasters produced approximately the same result. Predictions of both artificial systems and human judges are far more similar to one another than to the historical record of actual events. Our results reveal problems in some of the contemporary approaches to decision making when applied to a complex problem such as predicting solar flares. A stubborn problem arises when attempting to determine accuracy in predicting infrequent events. Some corrective procedures are developed, yet these procedures only partly mitigate the problems.
Faraday Rotation of Small Polarons

The Faraday rotation of small polarons is investigated. For three-site hopping the rotation angle has maxima located symmetrically about the frequency at which there is a maximum in the optical absorption. For four-site hopping, the rotation angle is found to exhibit an anomalous change in sign. Experimentally determined parameters for rutile (Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$) suggest that the anomalous four-site effect is observable.
Jarcho-Levin syndrome: two consecutive pregnancies in a Puerto Rican couple

This report describes two consecutive pregnancies in a Puerto Rican woman that were complicated by the autosomal recessive form of Jarcho-Levin syndrome (spondylothoracic dysplasia). This syndrome, with multiple vertebral and rib malformations, leads to respiratory insufficiency and early neonatal death. The prenatal sonographic appearance is characterized by the presence of fanned-out ribs from fused thoracic vertebral bodies. The features that distinguish spondylothoracic dysplasia and another subtype of Jarcho-Levin syndrome, spondylocostal dysplasia, are discussed. Prenatal diagnosis allows for parental counselling and the possibility of termination of pregnancy if the lethal type of spondylothoracic dysplasia is diagnosed prior to fetal viability.
Computation of tensile strength of syntactic foams

An analytical model is developed to characterise the strength of syntactic foams (hollow spherical inclusions typically embedded in a polymeric matrix) by analysing the state of stress around the inclusions with imperfect adhesion with the matrix. Using a three-phase model with imperfect interface between the inclusion and the matrix, the state of stress around the particle is determined. Employing the concept of stress concentration factor, a predictive model for computing the failure strength of syntactic foam is presented by considering the increase in stress concentration with volume fraction and the degree of interface bonding degradation. The theoretical predictions are compared with the test data available in the literature for hollow glass beads dispersed in polymeric matrices. The predicted strength values correlate well with the test data.
A computer-controlled titration--fluorescence spectrometer.

Abstract An automatic titration device coupled with a modified Perkin-Elmer MPF-2A fluorescence spectrometer has been interfaced to a PDP 11 34 computer. The combined instrument has been used to study the interaction of fluorescent probes with lipid bilayers. The system functions by filling a cuvette in the sample compartment of the spectrometer with approximately 2.5 ml of solution. This solution is then titrated with discrete 3-μl drops of probe and the fluorescent intensity corresponding to each drop is monitored by the computer. Both the filling of the cuvette and the dispensing of the 3-μl drops are performed with better than 1% reproducibility. Upon completion of the titration curve, the cuvette is evacuated, washed, and refilled and the temperature can be changed, all under computer control. Temperature-dependent spectrometer responses have largely been eliminated by the use of a new temperature-controlled cuvette holder. The dispensing of the various solutions, evacuation, washing of the cuvette, and mixing of titrant and solution are accomplished through a cuvette-titration device interface cap.
Bile acid malabsorption

Patients with bile acid malabsorption typically present with chronic, watery diarrhea. Bile acids recirculate between the liver and small intestine in the enterohepatic circulation. They are reabsorbed in the distal small intestine, and normally only a small fraction of the bile acid pool is lost to the colon during each cycle. In patients with bile acid malabsorption, a larger amount of bile acids is spilled into the colon, where the acids stimulate electrolyte and water secretion, which results in loose to watery stools. The common causes of bile acid malabsorption are ileal resection and diseases of the terminal ileum (Crohn's disease and radiation enteritis), which result in a loss of bile acid transporters and, consequently, diminished reabsorption. Bile acid malabsorption also has been documented in a small group of patients with chronic, watery diarrhea who have no demonstrable ileal disease (idiopathic bile acid malabsorption). The amount of bile acid loss to the colon determines the clinical presentation. Patients with mild to moderate bile acid malabsorption present with watery diarrhea and generally respond very well to treatment (with abolishment of diarrhea) with bile acid binders such as cholestyramine. Patients with more severe bile acid malabsorption have both diarrhea and steatorrhea. Treatment with cholestyramine is of no benefit in this group of patients and may, in fact, worsen steatorrhea. These patients are best treated with a low-fat diet supplemented with medium-chain triglycerides.
OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION OF SOME DEHYDROGENASES

Summary The optical rotatory dispersion of solutions of alcohol dehydrogenase (AD), glyceralde-hyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD), glutamic dehydrogenase (GAD), and malic dehydrogenase (MD) was investigated. The b, values of the native dehydrogenases were found to be between -170 and -450. GAD and MD were studied also with the short wave length ultraviolet light, and they both displayed strong Cotton effects at 230–245 mµ. The solutions of native GAD were found to be dextrorotatory, however, they became levorotatory on denaturation with alkali, urea, or sodium decyl sulfate. According to the rotatory dispersion data, the dehydrogenases belong to the α-helical globular proteins, although it seems premature to make quantitative estimates of the a-helix content from the rotatory dispersion data alone.
Fluoroscopy-induced chronic radiation dermatitis: a report of two additional cases and a brief review of the literature

Fluoroscopy-induced chronic radiation dermatitis (FICRD) can be a challenging diagnosis for the dermatopathologist, as often a history of radiation exposure is not provided. With the expanded use of minimally invasive procedures, there is increased fluoroscopic exposure and a high index of suspicion for FICRD is prudent. Recognition of characteristic clinical and histopathological features can be helpful in distinguishing chronic radiation dermatitis from entities in the histological differential diagnosis such as morphea and lichen sclerosus. We present a brief review of the literature as well as two additional cases of FICRD. Case 1 is a 44-year-old man with an atrophic lateral back patch for several years. Chart review revealed a history of cardiac radiofrequency ablation and congenital heart disease with correction. Case 2 is a 64-year-old woman with an ulcerated, atrophic left flank plaque, with a history of mesenteric artery angiography and stent placement. In our two cases, as well as the cases in the literature, a diagnosis of FICRD is associated with key features. In the evaluation of a sclerosing process, chronic radiation dermatitis should be suspected histologically by the findings of ulceration, prominent telangiectasias, atypical stellate fibroblasts, absence of a lymphocytic infiltrate/inflammation and/or presence of hyperkeratosis.
More on the inadmissibility of step-up

Cohen and Sackrowitz [Characterization of Bayes procedures for multiple endpoint problems and inadmissibility of the step-up procedure, Ann. Statist. 33 (2005) 145-158] proved that the step-up multiple testing procedure is inadmissible for a multivariate normal model with unknown mean vector and known intraclass covariance matrix. The hypotheses tested are each mean is zero vs. each mean is positive. The risk function is a 2x1 vector where one component is average size and the other component is one minus average power. In this paper, we extend the inadmissibility result to several different models, to two-sided alternatives, and to other risk functions. The models include one-parameter exponential families, independent t-variables, independent @g^2-variables, t-tests arising from the analysis of variance, and t-tests arising from testing treatments against a control. The additional risk functions are linear combinations where one component is the false discovery rate (FDR).
Acute toxicity of aflatoxins B1 and G1 in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

Abstract Nine-month-old Mt. Shasta strain rainbow trout averaging 60 g each were used to determine the median lethal doses (LD50) of aflatoxins B1 and G1. The toxins were isolated from cultures of Aspergillus flavus (ATCC 15517) grown on rice. Statistical treatment of mortality occurring during the 10-day period after intraperitoneal injection of the mycotoxins gave LD50 values of 0.81 mg/kg and 1.90 mg/kg for aflatoxin B1 and G1, respectively. Trout given oral doses of aflatoxins, or those given an LD50 ip dose, regurgitated their stomach contents. It is suggested that acute toxicity studies of aflatoxins given by the oral route in this manner are not practical in the case of the rainbow trout.
Area of acceptance for 3D self-aligning robotic connectors: Concepts, metrics, and designs.

Alignment of module connectors is a crucial component of self-reconfiguration in modular robotics. Accom- plishing this process using passive mechanical geometry saves resources such as space and power for the modular robot. We present concepts for evaluation of these geometries as well as a new 3D geometry, the 3D X-Face. For comparing different connectors independent of the rest of the robot, figures of merit are presented which are based on the ability for connectors to mate in the presence of position and orientation errors (offsets). Figures of merit for many current connectors are presented. The 3D X-Face alignment behavior is simulated in Gazebo over several sets of initial conditions to estimate the full area of acceptance, and the connector is tested on a CKBot robotic platform. For the situation without rotation, results indicate a 27% improvement over current gendered connectors and a 467% over ungendered connectors. The 3D X-Face is further simulated over a full five-dimensional set and metrics are estimated on that set.
Synthesis, characterization, and preliminary fluorescence study of a mixed-ligand bis(dicarbollyl)nickel complex bearing a tryptophan-BODIPY FRET couple

Abstract In continuation of our work on nickelacarborane-based nanomolecular devices, the design and synthesis of a bis(dicarbollyl)nickel complex, in both formal Ni(III) and Ni(IV) oxidation states, bearing two fluorophore molecules capable of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was performed. The FRET couple with a small Forster radius (R0 of 26 A) consisted of tryptophan and 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY). Each fluorophore was connected to the nickelacarborane core by a rigid linker containing two pairs of alternating ethynyl and para-phenylene groups, which created a specific distance (l) between the fluorophore molecules depending on the conformation of the nickelacarborane core. The presence (13 A 39 A) of energy transfer in the designed system provides insight into the conformational changes of nickelacarboranes in solution. The target nickelacarboranes were prepared via a multistep organic/organometallic synthesis. The structures and compositions of the intermediates and final products were established by a combination of spectroscopic methods and X-ray structure analysis. A preliminary fluorescence study of the prepared nickelacarboranes was performed.
Principled Sampling for Anomaly Detection

To address this issue we present a technique and implemented system, Fortuna, for obtaining probabilistic bounds on false positive rates for anomaly detectors that process Internet data. Using a probability distribution based on PageRank and an efficient algorithm to draw samples from the distribution, Fortuna computes an estimated false positive rate and a probabilistic bound on the estimate’s accuracy. By drawing test samples from a well defined distribution that correlates well with data seen in practice, Fortuna improves on ad hoc methods for estimating false positive rate, giving bounds that are reproducible, comparable across different anomaly detectors, and theoretically sound. Experimental evaluations of three anomaly detectors (SIFT, SOAP, and JSAND) show that Fortuna is efficient enough to use in practice — it can sample enough inputs to obtain tight false positive rate bounds in less than 10 hours for all three detectors. These results indicate that Fortuna can, in practice, help place anomaly detection on a stronger theoretical foundation and help practitioners better understand the behavior and consequences of the anomaly detectors that they deploy. As part of our work, we obtain a theoretical result that may be of independent interest: We give a simple analysis of the convergence rate of the random surfer process defining PageRank that guarantees the same rate as the standard, second-eigenvalue analysis, but does not rely on any assumptions about the link structure of the web.
Intermediates in dioxygen activation by methane monooxygenase: a QM/MM study.

Protein effects in the activation of dioxygen by methane monooxygenase (MMO) were investigated by using combined QM/MM and broken-symmetry Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods. The effects of a novel empirical scheme recently developed by our group on the relative DFT energies of the various intermediates in the catalytic cycle are investigated. Inclusion of the protein leads to much better agreement between the experimental and computed geometric structures for the reduced form (MMOHred). Analysis of the electronic structure of MMOHred reveals that the two iron atoms have distinct environments. Different coordination geometries tested for the MMOHperoxo intermediate reveal that, in the protein environment, the μ-η2,η2 structure is more stable than the others. Our analysis also shows that the protein helps to drive reactants toward products along the reaction path. Furthermore, these results demonstrate the importance of including the protein environment in our models and the usefulness of the QM/MM ap...
Design decisions for a volume renderer user interface: some whys and hows

In designing a graphical user interface (G.U.I.) for our curvilinear volume renderer qp (quick projection), we made design decisions based upon experience in implementing several other visualization programs. As we gradually refined our vision of an appropriate interface, our programs have become more modular as well as easier to use, and often parts of the interface can be directly ported for use with other software. We present an overview of the interface with an explanation of design decisions. While we don't claim this is any sense the 'ultimate user interface', we hope this may help others avoid time- consuming experimentation in interface design.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An iterative approach to verification of real-time systems

Verification of real-time systems is a complex problem, requiring construction of aregion automaton with a state space growing exponentially in the number of timing constraints and the sizes of constants in those constraints. However, some properties can be verified even when some quantitative timing information is abstracted. We propose a new verification procedure, where increasingly more complex abstractions of the region automaton are iteratively constructed. In many cases, the procedure can be stopped early, and thus can avoid the state space explosion problem.
Endogenous opioid peptides and the menstrual cycle

This article will review present evidence for a role of endogenous opioid peptides (and more specifically β-endorphin) on gonadotropin release in the primate, and postulate mechanisms through which these compounds may affect the reproductive process and the menstrual cycle in particular.
Exon shuffling: mapping polymorphic determinants on hybrid mouse transplantation antigens

The mouse major transplantation antigens H–2K, H–2D and H–2L are highly polymorphic cell-surface glycoproteins which may serve as recognition elements in cell–cell interactions1. Each antigen possesses a number of alloantigenic determinants defined by antisera of various specificities. Recently, monoclonal antibodies have been produced which redefine and extend our knowledge of these determinants2,3, but structural information has not yet been correlated with the serological definition of the antigens. We have previously reported the molecular cloning of genes for H–2Ld and H–2Dd transplantation antigens from the BALB/c mouse and the expression of these genes in mouse L cells4,5. To localize the serological determinants to discrete regions of the H–2 protein, we have now constructed new H–2 antigen genes by joining together fragments of the H–2Ld and H–2Dd genes. In L cells, these genes direct the synthesis of hybrid H–2 proteins and by using monoclonal antibodies of defined specificities, we have mapped classically defined serological specificities to structurally defined domains of the transplantation antigen protein. We conclude that polymorphic determinants recognized by monoclonal antibodies are located in functionally distinct portions of the protein.
Spacecraft Charging Probabilities as a Function of Altitude

Nearly all of the available information on spacecraft charging due to hot (keV) plasma pertains to geosynchronous altitude. An altitude-dependent model is therefore necessary for estimating charging parameters for spacecraft at other altitudes (e.g., GPS). This paper describes a probability model which is an extension of altitude-dependent calculations previously published (Reference 1). The probability of hot plasma with a given energy density being formed in the geomagnetic tail was calculated from the probabilities of various solar wind parameters (the "tube-of-toothpaste" model). The lowest altitude which the plasma could reach was calculated by equating its energy density to that of a dipole-approximated geomagnetic field. The probabilities thus calculated decrease from ~10 percent (at geomagnetic altitude) to <0.1 percent (for GPS altitudes) to <10-4 percent (at 3.5 RE altitude, measured from the center of the earth).
Biosynthesis of membrane glycoproteins in rat hepatoma tissue culture cells.

The early steps in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins associated with the plasma membranes of rat hepatoma tissue culture cells has been analyzed. By measuring the effect of tunicamycin on the incorporation of [3H] mannose and [3H] fucose into cell glycoproteins, it was determined that an interval of about 1 h was required to transfer the glycoprotein from the site of mannosylation to the site of fucosylation. This result was corroborated by an analysis of the time required for the appearance of either mannose or fucose-labeled glycoproteins at the cell surface. The separation of membrane glycoproteins by a two-dimensional gel system allowed the visualization of the modifications leading to both size and charge heterogeneity of these proteins. By following the changes in electrophoretic mobility introduced into membrane glycoproteins during a chase period after a pulse labeling, the time course of these molecular alterations could be estimated. Several glycoproteins have apparently higher rates of synthesis than the bulk of membrane-associated glycoproteins. Most of these glycoproteins were released within 2 h after biosynthesis from the intracellular membrane fraction and appear after 3 h in the medium. In addition to the glycoproteins that contain both mannose and fucose and that show a high degree of charge heterogeneity, there are other membrane-bound species that are not noticeably modified by the in corporation of fucose or sialic acids. These glycoproteins could represent constituents limited to the internal membrane system of the HTC cell.
Analysis of the radiation patterns and transmission for a subsurface object detection system

This paper explores the transmission between a horn and a microstrip patch antenna with the existence of a single layer or a dual layer infinite planar earth model. At different distances between the transmitter and the receiver, the results are compared to free space transmission. The purpose is to understand the wave propagation process with application in landmine detection.
The effect of managed care on use of health care services: results from two contemporaneous household surveys

This paper estimates treatment effects of managed care plans on the utilization of health care services using data from two contemporaneous, nationally representative household surveys from the USA. The paper exploits recent advances in simulation-based econometrics to take the endogeneity of enrollment into managed care plans into account and identify the causal relationship between managed care enrollment and utilization. Overall, results from the two surveys are remarkably similar, lending credibility to their external validity and to the econometric model and estimation methods. There is significant evidence of self-selection into managed care plans. After accounting for selection, an individual enrolled in an health maintenance organization (HMO) plan has 2 more visits to a doctor and has 0.1 more visits to the emergency room per year than would the same individual enrolled in a nonmanaged care plan.
Renal Response After High-Dose Melphalan and Stem Cell Transplantation Is a Favorable Marker in Patients With Primary Systemic Amyloidosis

Background: Primary systemic (AL) amyloidosis is a rare plasma cell disorder characterized by soft-tissue deposition of monoclonal light chain fragments. High-dose melphalan followed by autologous stem cell transplantation currently has become the treatment of choice. Favorable outcome is ensured with achievement of hematologic response, but little is known about organ response. This study was undertaken to determine the prognostic importance of renal response after high-dose melphalan and stem cell transplantation. Methods: All patients with AL amyloidosis who underwent autologous stem cell transplantation between 1996 and December 2002 were selected for study. Renal response is defined as a 50% or greater reduction in proteinuria with less than 25% decline in renal function. Exclusion criteria included pretransplantation dialysis therapy or dialysis dependence posttransplantation, treatment mortality, lack of proteinuria assessment posttransplantation, and baseline proteinuria with protein less than 1 g/d. Results: Of 105 patients, 47 were excluded for stated reasons. Renal response was achieved in 60.3% of evaluated patients. Proteinuria was reduced by greater than 90% in 37.9% and returned to normal in 15.5%. Median response time was 12 months. Renal response was associated with a greater increase in serum albumin level ( P = 0.001), maintenance of renal function ( P P = 0.0003). Renal responders had better survival regardless of hematologic response ( P = 0.01 to 0.05). Conclusion: Currently, high-dose melphalan followed by stem cell transplantation is the most effective treatment for AL amyloidosis for those who are eligible. Our data show that renal response after high-dose melphalan followed by stem cell transplantation is associated with improved survival. Renal response is an independent marker of treatment success and can be used in cases in which determination of hematologic response is difficult.
Adult and juvenile paddlefish in floodplain lakes along the lower White River, Arkansas

Eleven floodplain lakes in the lower White River, Arkansas were sampled using a boat electrofisher and gill nets during periods of river connection (April–May 2004) and disconnection (June–July 2004 and 2005). Environmental characteristics, including water quality and lake morphometrics were concurrently measured in each lake. Average measures of connectivity were calculated for the preceding 5-year period. Of the 11 lakes sampled, 7 lakes contained paddlefish. A total of 44 paddlefish were observed during the study, but only 1 was observed during the period of river connection. Eye-fork lengths ranged from 348– 1040 mm (n = 38). Paddlefish ranged in age from 3–19 years (n = 27). Paddlefish were more likely to be found in long narrow floodplain lakes that connected to the river early in the year. Paddlefish catch per unit effort increased as lake surface area, dissolved oxygen level, and variability in the start date of connection increased. Our research indicated that both juvenile and adult paddlefish use White River floodplain lakes, despite the risk of being isolated in lakes for long periods or being prevented from accessing riverine spawning habitat.
“Peace is Our Only Shelter”: Questioning Domesticities of Militarization and White Privilege

: This paper traces how Los Angeles peace activists tried to make visible the grave domestic effects of Cold War militarization. Women Strike for Peace went beyond a focus on the productive relations between the state, military and industry captured by the term “military–industrial complex” to analyze how reproductive spaces were part of this complex. In opposing war, they challenged what I am calling militarized domesticities: how war-making shapes the ‘home front’ and home as the spaces national security states claim to protect. I build on feminist antiracist intersectionality theories to situate the military–industrial complex per se within broader processes of the militarization of society and daily life. The questions become how do gendered processes of militarization—that work in conjunction with relations of white privilege—produce and connect differently situated “private” spaces or home places? How might strategies for dismantling the military–industrial complex emerge from the contradictions of these processes?
Opitz GBBB syndrome and the 22q11.2 deletion

Recently, McDonald-McGinn et al. reported the presence of a deletion 22q11.2 in a family with autosomal dominant inheritance and in a sporadic case with the Opitz GBBB syndrome. The presence of a vascular ring in these patients prompted them to look for this deletion, since this anomaly may be associated with the 22q11.2 deletion. They reviewed the Opitz GBBB syndrome and the 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome, finding considerable overlap of manifestations. They proposed that, in some patients, the Opitz GBBB syndrome may be due to a 22q11.2 deletion. We recently examined a newborn boy referred because of MCA. The cardinal findings in this patient (hypertelorism, hypospadias with descended testicles, characteristic nose and truncus arteriosus type I) were suggestive of the Opitz GBBB syndrome and of the velocardiofacial syndrome. The chromosomes were apparently normal (46,XY), but the FISH study showed a 22q11.2 deletion. The patient developed hypocalcemia with very low level of PTH and heart failure requiring surgery. His immunological status was normal except that CD4 cells were mildly low and natural killer cells were increased in number. The family history was noncontributory, but the full evaluation of the family is pending. The mother at first glance presents apparent hypertelorism. 3 refs.
Rates of magma emplacement and volcanic output

This study includes a compilation of about one hundred estimates of volumetric rates of magma emplacement and volcanic output that are average rates for durations of igneous activity greater than 300 yrs. These data indicate that the rate of volcanic output is about 10−1 km3 yr−1 in regions that are the most active magmatically. Factors that correlate with rates of magma emplacement and volcanic output are: magma composition, crustal thickness, tectonic setting, and regional stress. Of the ninety rates of magma emplacement and volcanic output that were studied, the highest for basaltic magmas are greater than the highest for silicic magmas, regardless of the volumes erupted or areal extent of magmatism. Rates of volcanic output for oceanic areas tend to be greater than rates in continental areas, perhaps because of thinner crust, a predominance of basaltic magma, and higher rates of magma generation. Ratios of intrusive to extrusive volumes are typically about 5 to 1 for oceanic localities and 10 to 1 for continental localities. This difference apparently reflects dissimilar rates of magma ascent related to different crustal thicknesses and magma compositions. The total rate of magma emplacement and volcanic output for the Earth, averaged over the last 180 m.y., is between about 26 and 34 km3 yr−1. About 75% of this total is contributed by ocean-ridge magmatism. Oceanic intraplate magmatism contributes about 5%. Igneous activity in subduction zones, about half of which is continental, adds about 20%. Intracontinental magmatism, more than 95% of which is flood and plains basalts, provides less than 5% of the total global rate of magma emplacement and volcanic output.
Reliability of diagnostic ultrasonography for identification and measurement of follicles and detecting the corpus luteum in heifers

Abstract The accuracy of diagnostic ultrasonography for assessment of ovarian structures was examined by comparing results of in vivo ultrasonography and slices of the excised ovaries. Follicular numbers and diameters, location (right versus left ovary) of the corpus leteum, and presence of fluid-filled cavities within the corpus luteum were evaluated in 23 Holstein heifers on Days 12 or 14 postovulation. The following endpoints were used for each ovary (n = 46): number of follicles 2 to 3 mm, ≥4 mm, ≥7 mm, and ≥11 mm and diameter of largest follicle. Heifers were slaughtered within 4 hours of ultrasound examination. Ovaries were collected and placed in 10% formalin for 12 hours to prevent collapse of the follicles. Slices 2 mm thick were made to expose the follicles. Slicing determinations were made without knowledge of ultrasound results. Comparisons were done by regression and correlation analyses and paired t-tests. The 95% confidence intervals revealed a tendency to slightly overestimate the number of 2 to 3 mm follicles (ultrasonography, 16.4 ± 0.7 SEM; slicing, 15.5 ± 0.8). Zero was centered within the confidence intervals for the number of follicles ≥4 mm, ≥7 mm, and ≥11 mm and diameter of largest follicle. Slopes of the regressions for number of follicles determined by ultrasonography versus slicing ranged from 0.83 for number of follicles ≥4 mm to 1.03 for number of follicles ≥2 mm. Regression R 2 values were from 64.5% to 84.9% for various categories and 94.5% for diameter of largest follicle. Correlation coefficients between ultrasonography and slicing results were highly significant (number of follicles 2 to 3 mm, 0.90; ≥4 mm, 0.80; ≥7 mm, 0.89; ≥11 mm, 0.85; ≥2 mm, 0.92 and diameter of largest follicle, 0.97). There was 100% agreement between ultrasound and slicing results for identification of the corpus luteum bearing ovary and presence of cavities within the luteal gland. Diagnostic ultrasonography was determined to be a reliable method of identifying and measuring follicles and detecting mature corpora lutea and luteal cavities in heifers.
Using career nurse mentors to support minority nursing students and facilitate their transition to practice.

The Clinical Leadership Collaborative for Diversity in Nursing was developed through an academe–service partnership focused on supporting minority nursing students and facilitating transition to practice. A key program element is mentoring. Students are paired with an experienced, minority clinical nurse or nurse leader from one of the partnering agencies, who helps guide the student throughout the junior and senior year of school and first year of employment. The mentoring component was evaluated through surveys in which mentors and mentees rated one another and offered open-ended comments on the program's impact. Aspects of mentees rated highest by mentors include manner (courteous and professional), ability to communicate and get along with others, preparation for meetings, and fully utilizing their time with mentors. Aspects of mentors rated highest by mentees include warmth, encouragement, and willingness to listen; enthusiasm for nursing and how they sparked the mentee's interest; and clarity regarding expectations for mentees and how they pushed mentees to achieve high standards. In the open-ended comments, mentees consistently identified mentoring as the program's strongest component. Sixty-four minority students have participated to date with a zero rate of attrition and very low job turnover among graduates.
AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR SCORING ADAPTIVE TESTS1

Modern applications of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) are typically grounded in Item Response Theory (IRT; Lord, 1980). While the IRT foundations of adaptive testing provide a number of approaches to adaptive test scoring that may seem natural and efficient to psychometricians, these approaches may be more demanding for test-takers, test score users, interested regulatory institutions, and so forth, to comprehend. An alternative method, based on more familiar equated number-correct scores and identical to that used to score and equate many conventional tests, is explored and compared with one that relies more directly on IRT. The conclusion is reached that scoring adaptive tests using the familiar number-correct score, accompanied by the necessary equating to adjust for the intentional differences in adaptive test difficulty, is a statistically viable, although slightly less efficient, method of adaptive test scoring. To enhance the prospects for enlightened public debate about adaptive testing, it may be preferable to use this more familiar approach. Public attention would then likely be focussed on issues more central to adaptive testing, namely the adaptive nature of the test.
An Overview of Ultraviolet B Radiation-Induced Skin Cancer Chemoprevention by Silibinin

Skin cancer incidences are rising worldwide, and one of the major causative factors is excessive exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Annually, ∼5 million skin cancer patients are treated in USA, mostly with nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), which is also frequent in other Western countries. As sunscreens do not provide adequate protection against deleterious effects of UVR, additional and alternative chemoprevention strategies are urgently needed to reduce skin cancer burden. Over the last couple of decades, extensive research has been conducted to understand the molecular basis of skin carcinogenesis, and to identifying novel agents which could be useful in the chemoprevention of skin cancer. In this regard, several natural nontoxic compounds have shown promising efficacy in preventing skin carcinogenesis at initiation, promotion, and progression stages and are considered important in better management of skin cancer. Consistent with this, we and others have studied and established the notable efficacy of natural flavonolignan silibinin against UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis. Extensive preclinical animal and cell culture studies report strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, DNA damage repair, immune modulatory, and antiproliferative properties of silibinin. Molecular studies have identified that silibinin targets pleotropic signaling pathways including mitogenic, cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, p53, NF-κB, etc. Overall, the skin cancer chemopreventive potential of silibinin is well supported by comprehensive mechanistic studies, suggesting its greater use against UV-induced cellular damages and photocarcinogenesis.
Using a large display in the periphery to support children learning through design

Learners benefit from creating personally meaningful artifacts for an audience, especially when those artifacts embody the concepts that the learners aim to understand. Our past work examined artistic design as an anchor for mathematical discussions between learners as they explored concepts like symmetry and fractions. In this paper, we present the work from two field studies where we explored ways to expand opportunities for mathematical discussions with a larger audience (beyond learners seated next to each other) by incorporating structured ways to share finished and in-progress work on a large display that all participants could view peripherally. We observed that the large display provided support for sharing designs with children anywhere in the room. The large display increased the students' awareness of their peers' designs, and the displayed designs became an anchor for their discussions. More work remains to increase the frequency of discussions about mathematical aspects of their artifacts.
Film analysis or film therapy: To step beyond semiotics

(1977). Film analysis or film therapy: To step beyond semiotics. Quarterly Review of Film Studies: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 33-41.
How multiagency partnerships can successfully address large-scale pollution problems: a Hawaii case study

Oceanic circulation patterns deposit significant amounts of marine pollution, including derelict fishing gear from North Pacific Ocean fisheries, in the Hawaiian Archipelago [Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42(12) (2001) 1301]. Management responsibility for these islands and their associated natural resources is shared by several government authorities. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and private industry also have interests in the archipelago. Since the marine debris problem in this region is too large for any single agency to manage, a multiagency marine debris working group (group) was established in 1998 to improve marine debris mitigation in Hawaii. To date, 16 federal, state, and local agencies, working with industry and NGOs, have removed 195 tons of derelict fishing gear from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. This review details the evolution of the partnership, notes its challenges and rewards, and advocates its continued use as an effective resource management tool.
Combined use of PDE5 inhibitors and nitrates in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with heart failure.

Abstract Background Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors, which induce relaxation of smooth muscle with some selectivity for the pulmonary vasculature, are used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. In some patients, the use of PDE5 inhibitors does not result in the desired magnitude of pulmonary vasodilation. The use of additional vasodilators to further reduce pulmonary vascular resistance is often accompanied by unacceptable reductions in systemic arterial pressure. Methods and Results In 3 patients with heart failure, pulmonary hypertension and low systemic arterial pressures treated with sildenafil, systemic nitrates were added to reduce pulmonary hypertension further. Hemodynamic measurements were made before and after addition of nitrates. Addition of systemic nitrates to sildenafil led to a reduction in mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 11 mm Hg, from 37 mm Hg to 26 mm Hg ( P = .06), whereas mean systemic arterial pressure decreased by only 4 mm Hg, from 77 mm Hg to 73 mm Hg ( P = .53). The ratio of pulmonary vascular resistance to systemic vascular resistance was reduced by 45% ( P = .1). Treatment with sildenafil and nitrates was continued for two to eight months, with no episodes of marked systemic hypotension, syncope, or lightheadedness. Conclusions These results suggest that addition of systemic nitrates to sildenafil results in a potentiation of vasodilation that is relatively selective for the pulmonary vasculature, and that this combination may be safe and effective in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in patients with low systemic arterial pressures.
Compaction equations for strain hardening porous materials

Abstract Theoretical compaction equations for strain hardening porous materials are obtained by solving the problem of external pressurization of a hollow sphere of incompressible, rigid-plastic hardening material, for various forms of the hardening law. These hardening laws are chosen so that the integral expression for the pressure in the compaction problem can be evaluated in terms of elementary functions. This approach was adopted previously for a particular stress-strain response—the saturation hardening model of Voce and Palm—gave some theoretical compaction equations, including the empirical equation of Konopicky and Shapiro and Kolthoff. The present work treats nonsaturation models for which the ultimate strength is unbounded. The models presented here afford a much improved capability of fitting experimental strain hardening and compaction curves for harder materials. The theoretical predictions are compared with experimental data for sintered and unsintered porous beryllium, tungsten powder and alumina powder.