cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Holographic representation of local operators in de Sitter space

Assuming the existence of the dS/CFT correspondence, we construct local scalar fields with ${m}^{2}g{(\frac{d}{2})}^{2}$ in de Sitter space by smearing over conformal field theory operators on the future or past boundary. To maintain bulk microcausality and recover the bulk Wightman function in the Euclidean vacuum, the smearing prescription must involve two sets of single-trace operators with dimensions $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ and $d\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$. Thus the local operator prescription in de Sitter space differs from the analytic continuation from the prescription in anti--de Sitter space. Pushing a local operator in the global patch to future or past infinity is shown to lead to an operator relation between single-trace operators in conformal field theories at ${\mathcal{I}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, which can be interpreted as a basis transformation, also identified as the relation between an operator in CFT and its shadow operator. Construction of spin$\text{\ensuremath{-}}s$ gauge field operators is discussed, and it is shown that the construction of higher spin gauge fields in de Sitter space is equivalent to constructing scalar fields with specific values of mass parameter ${m}^{2}l{(\frac{d}{2})}^{2}$. An acausal higher spin bulk operator that matches onto boundary higher spin current is constructed. Implementation of the scalar operator constructions in AdS and dS with embedding formalism is briefly described.
A survey of Boolean matching techniques for library binding

When binding a logic network to a set of cells, a fundamental problem is recognizing whether a cell can implement a portion of the network. Boolean matching means solving this task using a formalism based on Boolean algebra. In its simplest form, Boolean matching can be posed as a tautology check. We review several approaches to Boolean matching as well as to its generalization to cases involving don't care conditions and its restriction to specific libraries such as those typical of anti-fuse based FPGAs. We then present a general formulation of Boolean matching supporting multiple-output logic cells.
Yeast as model T cells

The immunosuppressants cyclosporin A, FK-506, and rapamycin prevent T-cell activation by inhibiting intermediate signal transduction steps. Studies have focused on their mechanisms of action, with the aim of both designing novel immunosuppressants and understanding signal transduction. Biochemical studies first identified the primary drug targets, the immunophilins cyclophilin and FKBP. Genetic studies in yeast demonstrated that the active agents in vivo are toxic protein-drug complexes. The target of cyclophilin-CsA and FKBP12-FK-506, the calcium- and calmodulin-regulated phosphatase calcineurin, regulates nuclear import of a T-cell-specific transcription factor during response to antigen. In yeast, calcineurin is required for recovery from pheromone-induced cell cycle arrest. The challenges ahead are to understand the normal cellular roles of the immunophilins, to biochemically define the direct target of the FKBP12-rapamycin complex, and to translate recent advances into the design of novel immunosuppressants.
O-phenylenediamine oxidation by phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: characterization of two distinct oxidative mechanisms

O-Phenylenediamine (OPD) oxidation has been extensively utilized for the measurement of peroxidase-mediated catabolism of hydrogen peroxide. However, until now this system has not been evaluated for the measurement of hydrogen peroxide produced upon activation of the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). OPD oxidation by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated PMNs was mediated by both hydrogen peroxide and superoxide produced by the activation of the HMPS. Furthermore, OPD oxidation by an oxidative mechanism independent of the HMPS was observed by the PMA stimulation of PMNs obtained from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). This HMPS-independent OPD oxidation was inhibited by superoxide dismutase or 1 mM potassium cyanide (KCN). Superoxide dismutase, catalase, or 1 mM potassium cyanide inhibited 50% OPD oxidation obtained with PMA-stimulated normal PMNs. PMA treatment of purified human myeloperoxidase (MPO) produced OPD oxidation which is inhibited by superoxide dismutase or 1 mM KCN. These data indicate that OPD oxidation observed with CGD PMNs is mediated by a PMA-induced oxidase activity of myeloperoxidase. OPD oxidation in the presence of 1 mM KCN is a method comparable in sensitivity with ferricytochrome c reduction for the evaluation of HMPS activity. Furthermore, the OPD assay can measure myeloperoxidase oxidase activity in PMA-stimulated PMNs.
Analysis of the convergence behavior of the static localized nonlinear approximation for a problem in electromagnetism

A study of the convergence behavior of the static localized nonlinear approximation (SLN) introduced by Habashy et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 98 (1993) 1759) is furnished for a specific case of the time-harmonic Maxwell equations. Some asymptotics are used to explain the robustness of this scheme in the high-conductivity case.
Epilepsy in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1.

SummaryPurpose To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and seizures in the largest cohort reported to date. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional review of 536 individuals with NF1 was performed, and clinical data from 51 individuals with a history of at least one seizure were analyzed. Key Findings In individuals with NF1, 9.5% had a history of at least one unprovoked seizure, and 6.5% had documented epilepsy. Individuals with seizures were more likely to have inherited NF1 from their mother (p = 0.001). Focal seizures were the most common type, occurring in 57% of individuals, although generalized seizures, specific electroclinical syndromes, and the presence of multiple seizure types were also noted. Moreover, in 21% of individuals with a previously unremarkable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study, neuroimaging at seizure onset revealed a new structural abnormality. In this population, 77% of individuals required multiple antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and some required epilepsy surgery, with the best results following temporal lobe glioma resection. Significance Compared to the general population, seizures are more common in individuals with NF1, where they are often focal and related to an intracranial neoplasm. These observations suggest that all individuals with NF1 and a new seizure should undergo MRI despite previous normal neuroimaging. Individuals with seizures and NF1 typically require more aggressive therapy than those without NF1 and should be considered for epilepsy surgery when appropriate.
Exploring consumer understanding and preferences for pharmacy quality information

Objective: To describe consumer understanding of pharmacy quality measures and consumer preferences for pharmacy quality information.Methods: Semi-structured focus group design was combined with survey methods. Adults who filled prescription medications for self-reported chronic illnesses at community pharmacies discussed their understanding of Pharmacy Quality Alliance approved quality measures. Questions examined preference of pharmacy quality information rating systems (e.g. stars versus percentages) and desired data display/formats. During the focus group, participants completed a survey examining their understanding of each pharmacy quality measure. All focus group discussions were transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis and descriptive statistics.Results: Thirty-four individuals participated (mean age= 62.85; SD=16.05). Participants were unfamiliar with quality measures information and their level of understanding differed for each quality measure. Surveys indicated 94.1% understood “Drug-Drug Interactions” and “Helping Patients Get Needed Medications” better than other measures (e.g., 76.5% understood “Suboptimal Treatment of Hypertension in Patients with Diabetes”). Qualitative analysis indicated participants preferred an overall pharmacy rating for quick access and use. However, participants also wanted quality measures information displayed by health conditions. Participants favored comparison of their pharmacy to city data instead of state data. Most participants liked star ratings better than percentages, letter grades, or numerical ratings.Conclusions: Individuals who have a chronic illness and regularly use community pharmacies are interested in pharmacy quality measures. However, specific quality measures were not understood by some participants. Participants had specific preferences for the display of pharmacy quality information which will be helpful in the design of appropriate quality report systems.
Investigational methods and radiological therapeutic approaches.

Progress in biomedical engineering technology has resulted in major advances in noninvasive cardiac imaging, with noninvasive techniques becoming a real alternative to invasive modalities for diagn...
Analgesic effects of carprofen and liposome-encapsulated butorphanol tartrate in Hispaniolan parrots (Amazona ventralis) with experimentally induced arthritis

Objective—To evaluate the microcrystalline sodium urate (MSU) method for inducing arthritis in parrots and to compare the analgesic efficacy of long-acting liposome-encapsulated butorphanol (LEBT), carprofen, or a combination of both. Animals—20 Hispaniolan parrots. Procedures—MSU was injected into a tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal (intertarsal) joint to induce arthritis (time 0). Four treatments were compared (LEBT [15 mg/kg, SC] administered once at time 0; injections of carprofen [3 mg/kg, IM, q 12 h] starting at time 0; administration of LEBT plus carprofen; and a control treatment of saline [0.9% NaCl] solution). Weight load testing and behavioral scoring were conducted at 0, 2, 6, 26, and 30 hours. Results—Injection of MSU into the intertarsal joint induced arthritis, which resolved within 30 hours. Treatment with LEBT or LEBT plus carprofen resulted in significantly greater weight-bearing load on the limb with induced arthritis, compared with the control treatment. Treatment with carprofen alone caused...
Phospholipase D activity in nontransformed and transformed fibroblasts

R~t embryo fibroblasts (REF$2 cells) and the simian virus 40 transformed derivative (WT6 Ag6) were employed to characterize phospholipase D (PLD) activity in normal and t~ansformed cells, in cells prelabeled with [3H]myristic acid or [3H]glycerol and treated with I2-O-tctrad¢canoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA, 50 ng/ml medium) or vasopressin (VP, 100 ng/ml medium) in the presence of ethanol, the formation of labeled phosphatkiylethanol (PEt) was 3- to 5-fold higher in REF52 cells than in the transformed cells. The transphosphatidylation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to PEt was further examined in cell-free assay systems. Results demonstrated that the formation of PEt in the cell-free assays was dependent on the mode of substrate presentation and the source of the PC. With endogenous membrane-bound substrate, the formation of [aH]myristoyi-PEt was 5-fold higher in homogenates derived from normal cells as compared to transformed cell homogenates. In experiments using exogenous labeled PC isolated from either REF52 or transformed cells as substrate, cell-free PLD activity differed greatly with regard to the source of the PC. The formation of PEt from REF52-derived PC was approx. 4-fold higher as compared to PEt formed with PC derived from the transformed cells, irrespective of enzyme source. The results demonstrate that PLD in intact nontransfotmed fibroblasts is activatable by TPA and VP to a greater extent than in the transformed counterpart. The results from cell-free assays suggest that PLD activity is more dependent on the type of PC substrate than on the source of the enzyme.
The creation of photonic orbital angular momentum in electromagnetic waves propagating through turbulence

Context. We have recently shown that the phenomenon known as “branch points” in AO are markers for photons carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM). In doing so, we have demonstrated that atmospheric turbulence creates well defined OAM states in beams propagating through it. Aims. In this paper, we extend our previous research to include any astrophysical turbulent assemblage of molecules or atoms (TAMA), demonstrating that these clouds, similar to Earth’s atmosphere, also create photonic orbital angular momentum (POAM) in electromagnetic waves propagating through them. A TAMA is any gaseous cloud with a varying density and therefore variation in its index of refraction, which includes but is not limited to stellar envelopes, circumstellar disks, molecular clouds, planetary atmospheres, and the interstellar medium. Methods. We applied our previous theoretical, simulation, and laboratory results to astrophysical TAMAs. Additionally, we demonstrated how sensors designed for AO can be used to measure this POAM flux. Results. Our results apply to light propagating through any TAMA. Since TAMA are ubiquitous in the cosmos, steady, long lasting POAM fluxes will be ubiquitous as well. Conclusions. Our results, which include theory, benchtop laboratory data, and wave optic simulation, indicate that, under the right conditions, POAM fluxes can reach over 50% of the total photon flux. An initial set of on-sky experimental observations appear to corroborate the laboratory results with two of the five stars, HR 1529 and HR 1577, showing POAM fluxes of 3% ± 1% and 2% ± 1% of the total flux, and a third, HR 1895, with a PAOM flux of up to 17% ± 2% of the total flux.
Fetuses and neonates have different heart rate responses to low-intensity stimulation in quiet sleep

Abstract A sustained heart rate (HR) deceleration, elicited by low-intensity stimulation, is considered part of Sokolov’s generalized orienting reflex and is a useful measure of information processing in nonverbal subjects. This study was undertaken to investigate developmental changes in the perinatal period in information processing during quiet sleep (QS). Twenty-six infants were tested as fetuses at 36–40 weeks and again as neonates at a postnatal age of 2 weeks. Quiet sleep was defined in the same way for fetuses and neonates, and the same airborne sound was used for fetal and neonatal testing. We found that stimulation elicited a sustained, monophasic HR deceleration in the majority of fetuses. However, the response was more heterogenous when these infants were tested after birth, with approximately half the 2-week-old infants exhibiting a prolonged HR deceleration and half exhibiting a HR acceleration. These data provide evidence that a developmental change may occur, between the prenatal and postnatal periods, in information processing during QS.
Measuring fluid and slurry density and solids concentration non-invasively

Staff at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have developed a highly sensitive, non-invasive, self-calibrating, on-line sensor to measure the density, speed of sound, and attenuation of ultrasound for a liquid or slurry flowing through a pipeline; the approach can also be applied for measurements made in vessels. The sensor transducers are mounted directly upon the stainless steel wall and the pipeline wall becomes part of the measurement system. Multiple reflections within the stainless steel wall are used to determine the acoustic impedance of the liquid, where the acoustic impedance is defined as the product of the density and the speed of sound. The probe becomes self-calibrating because variations in the pulser voltage do not affect the measurements. This feature leads to the stability of the measurements and the instrument requires much less time and effort to calibrate. Further, the calibration remains constant in time, because it does not depend upon the pulser voltage remaining at a given value. By basing the measurement upon multiple reflections, the sensitivity of the measurement is significantly increased. For slurries with wt% solids concentration of 1% or less, high sensitivity is gained by analyzing attenuation measurements obtained from multiple paths through the slurry. For slurries with higher concentrations of solids, sufficient sensitivity is obtained by analyzing data from a simple transmission. Data are presented that show probe performance for each of these cases: very dilute and highly concentrated kaolin clay slurries.
On the interpretation of “low-temperature” recovery phenomena in cold-worked metals

Abstract The “low-temperature” recovery range is defined as the range of temperatures in which equilibrium atomic diffusion is too slow to be the rate controlling process in recovery. A survey of various low-temperature recovery phenomena is carried out in order to determine to what extent effects due to point defects (vacancies, interstitial atoms, etc.) and to dislocations may be separated from one another. It is concluded that both annealing out of point defects and regrouping of dislocations occur in the very early stages of annealing. Of the various physical properties for which recovery data have been obtained, electrical resistivity seems to be the most sensitive to point defects, while internal friction and elastic modulus are affected most by the earliest stages of the rearrangement of dislocations. Studies of the latter properties show, in fact, that considerable dislocation recovery takes place at room temperature in very short times after deformation, even for high melting point metals. This recovery effect is believed to be the early stage of the same process that also leads to the release of stored energy and eventually to X-ray line sharpening. In the quantitative interpretation of recovery data it is convenient to regard recovery as a superposition of elementary first-order processes, each having a unique recovery time. The pre-exponential factor in the Boltzmann expression for the recovery time generally falls close to 10−11 sec. For point defect phenomena, this result implies that the mean lifetime of a defect in a cold worked lattice is of the order of 102 to 103 jumps.
Computational Analysis of Natural Convection in Inclined Rectangular Enclosures of Different Aspect Ratios

Numerical investigations are conducted for free convective flow of a fluid with or without internal heat generation in rectangular enclosures of different aspect ratios and at various angles of inclination. Two principal parameters for this problem are the external Rayleigh number, RaE , which represents the effect due to the differential heating of the sidewalls and the internal Rayleigh number, RaI , which represents the strength of the internal heat generation. Results are obtained for a fixed external Rayleigh number, RaE = 2×105 with internal Rayleigh number, RaI = 0 (without internal heat generation) and also with RaI = 2×105 (with internal heat generation). Flow patterns and isotherms do not show any significant difference between the cases with and without internal heat generation other than slight shift and changes in stream function and isotherm values as long as the internal Rayleigh number RaI is less than or equal to the external Rayleigh number RaE . Local heat flux ratios along the hot and the cold wall decrease monotonically in the flow direction for a major downstream portion. At certain inclinations the local heat flux ratios increase initially and then decrease. The variation of average heat flux ratio is similar for cases with and without internal heat source situation but the corresponding amount of heat transfer is higher through the hot wall and lower through the cold wall with internal heat generation. On the other hand, the convection strength increases as the enclosure shape changes from slender through square to shallow at any particular inclination but does not vary significantly with inclination at a particular aspect ratio.© 2002 ASME
Black mothers’ experiences of violence in Rio de Janeiro:

This exploratory essay approaches gendered aspects of anti-black violence through the experiences of black mothers whose children were the victims of homicide in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Commonly un...
Defect Structure of Macromolecular Crystals

Disorder in macromolecular crystals arises from several sources. Among the most important are thermal motion and the inherent mobility of the molecules. These cause statistical misalignment about mean lattice points and structural heterogeneity of the molecules. Defects in the crystal lattice, however, could also significantly affect the resolution and quality of diffraction data collected from some crystals. There is a considerable diversity in the sources of defects found in crystals, such as impurity incorporation and fluctuations of growth conditions, and the defects occur in a variety of structural forms. We have usedin situatomic force microscopy to visualize examples of several of the different classes of defects that occur in protein and virus crystals, ranging from unoccupied lattice sites (vacancies) to linear defects to stacking faults. In addition, we have calculated the defect density in several different macromolecular crystals and found that it varied in the range of 104–106cm−2. Indeed, some preliminary evidence suggests that the ultimate resolution to which a crystal diffracts may be a composite function of its inherent statistical disorder and its defect structure, density, and distribu tion.
Modeling direct detection and coherent-detection lightwave communication systems that utilize cascaded erbium-doped fiber amplifiers

A theoretical model has been applied to predict the performance of lightwave communication systems which incorporate cascaded erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). The model has been applied to direct and coherent detection systems. We have used the model to predict the performance of new direct-detection system configurations which demonstrate the limits of bandwidth x length products which can be obtained in future experimental systems. We have carried out a sensitivity analysis of direct and coherent lightwave communication systems incorporating EDFAs to variations in critical system parameters. These include: optical bandwidth electrical bandwidth bit-rate spontaneous emission factor fiber chromatic dispersion number of cascacTed EDFAS splice efficiency and source laser linewidth. We have also developed a model for a direct-detection system which uses distributed erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (DEDFAS) and used the model to predict the performance of such a system. Results indicate that a high Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) ratio can be maintained throughout the system if the gain per unit length is held at a fairly low level. Compared with a " lumped" amplifier approach we find that the distributed fiber amplifier approach yields a 14 dB improvement in SNR.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Video Texture and Motion based Modeling of Rate Variability-Distortion (VD) Curves of I, P, and B Frames

We examine the bit rate variability-distortion (VD) curve of I, P, and B frames of MPEG-4 VBR encoded video sequences. We show that the concave VD curve shape at high compression ratios or large quantization scales, is influenced by both the texture and the motion information. We use linear and quadratic models for the texture and motion bits statistics and devise accurate VD curve models. The model parameters are obtained from statistics that are estimated from two encodings. This work extends our previous work on modeling the VD curve, which has applications for optimal statistical multiplexing of VBR streaming video.
Design and implementation of a secure social network system

Context-based anomaly tracking represents a new approach to security enhancement of communication streams. By creating a system that develops an understanding of normal and abnormal based on communication history, it is possible to detect fluctuations in an evolving social network. Although more research is necessary to overcome current obstacles, the combination of social network analysis and anomaly detection techniques yields a promising set of applications for enhancing communication security. In this paper we will describe a system for context-based anomaly detection and then describe experiments for message surveillance application.
Reduction of 14-3-3 Proteins Correlates with Increased Sensitivity to Killing of Human Lung Cancer Cells by Ionizing Radiation

Abstract Qi, W. and Martinez J. D. Reduction of 14-3-3 Proteins Correlates with Increased Sensitivity to Killing of Human Lung Cancer Cells by Ionizing Radiation. Radiat. Res. 160, 217–223 (2003). The 14-3-3 proteins have a wide range of ligands and are involved in a variety of biological pathways. Importantly, 14-3-3 proteins are known to be overexpressed in some human lung cancers, suggesting that they may play a role in tumorigenesis. Here we examined 14-3-3 expression in several lung cancer-derived cell lines and found that four of the seven 14-3-3 isoforms, β, e, θ and ζ, were highly expressed in both lung cancer cell lines and normal lung fibroblasts. Two isoforms, σ and γ, were present only at very low levels. Immunoprecipitation data showed 14-3-3ζ could bind to CDC25C in irradiated A549 cells, and suppression of 14-3-3ζ in A549 cells with antisense resulted in a decrease in CDC25C localization in cytoplasm and CDC2 phosphorylation on Tyr15. As a consequence, CDC2 activity remained elevated which ...
A Pilot Study of the Effect of Inhaled Buffered Reduced Glutathione on the Clinical Status of Patients With Cystic Fibrosis

Study objectives To assess the impact of inhaled, buffered reduced glutathione (GSH) on clinical indicators of cystic fibrosis (CF) pathophysiology. Design and patients A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study was conducted over an 8-week period. Nineteen subjects, age 6 to 19 years, with CF status documented by positive sweat chloride test results (> 60 mEq/L) were recruited for the trial. After matching on age and sex, 10 patients were randomly assigned to the treatment group and 9 patients to the placebo group. Primary outcomes were FEV 1 , FVC, forced expiratory flow at 25 to 75% of vital capacity, and peak flow; secondary outcomes were body mass index, 6-min walk distance, and self-reported cough frequency, mucus production/viscosity/color, wellness, improvement, and stamina. Interventions and analysis Treatment was buffered GSH, and placebo was sodium chloride with a hint of quinine. The total daily dose of buffered GSH was approximately 66 mg/kg of body weight, and the total daily dose of placebo was approximately 15 mg/kg of body weight (quinine, 25 to 30 μg/kg). Doses were distributed across four inhalation sessions per day and spaced 3- to 4-h apart. General linear mixed models were used to analyze the data. The final sample size was nine subjects in the treatment group and seven subjects in the placebo group. Results Mean change for peak flow was − 6.5 L/min for the placebo group and + 33.7 L/min for the GSH group (p = 0.04), and self-reported average improvement on a scale from 1 to 5 (1 being much worse and 5 being much better) was 2.8 for placebo and 4.7 for GSH (p = 0.004). Of the 13 primary and secondary outcomes examined, 11 outcomes favored the treatment group over the placebo group (p = 0.002), indicating a general tendency of improvement in the GSH group. No adverse events in the treatment group were noted. Conclusion This pilot study indicates the promise of nebulized buffered GSH to ameliorate CF disease, and longer, larger, and improved studies of inhaled GSH are warranted.
The short-term stability of student ratings of instruction in medical school.

Summary. The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of consistency in student ratings of teacher effectiveness during the first year of medical school. Student ratings of teaching effectiveness represent a commonly used source of information that enters into the academic decision-making process. In medical school, student evaluations often represent a major source of information that is used in promotion and tenure decisions. It is essential that the precision of such ratings be ascertained so that decision-makers will know how much confidence to place in this source of information on teaching effectiveness. In this study, each member of a first-year medical school class was randomly assigned a two-digit identification number at the beginning of the spring semester, 1986. As the semester progressed students were asked to evaluate each fulltime teacher in three major courses. Multiple instructors were utilized in each course (n = 10). Each teacher was evaluated immediately after lectures during the first (T1) and second (T2) halves of the course. Students evaluated the teacher a third time (T3) as part of the end-of-semester overall course evaluation. The teachers were evaluated on a short eight-item Likert-type scale that identified several key indicators of effective teaching. Students attached their anonymous identification numbers to individual ratings so that their responses could be matched in the analysis. The results indicate that medical students are only moderately consistent in the extent to which they evaluate teachers. This inconsistency varied by course and by instructors within courses. Student perceptions of teaching effectiveness changed over the course of the semester, although the extent and direction of change varied by course. The results highlight a major difficulty in using end-of-semester student evaluations as a factor in academic decision-making. Student ratings of effectiveness may vary considerably from one time period to another and may be influenced by many different factors. Decision-makers should exercise caution in interpreting one-shot student evaluations of instructional effectiveness.
Aggression, depression, and stressful life events predicting peer rejection in children

This short-term prospective study examined the contribution of aggression and depression, stressful life events, and their interactions to the prediction of peer rejection. Subjects were 497 fifth- and sixth-grade children who completed questionnaires at two time points separated by approximately 3 months. Levels of peer rejection and aggression were assessed by peer nominations; level of depressive symptoms and number of stressful life events were measured by self-report questionnaires. Controlling for sex and baseline level of peer rejection, aggression directly predicted peer rejection. In contrast, depressive symptoms interacted with life stress to predict peer rejection. Examination of the Depression × Stress interaction revealed that depressive symptoms in children who had experienced high levels of life stress were not associated with increased levels of peer rejection, whereas depressive symptoms in children with low levels of stress were predictive of subsequent peer rejection. Several interpretations of these findings and directions for future research are suggested.
Video activity recognition in the real world

With recent advances in motion detection and tracking in video, more efforts are being directed at higher-level video analysis such as recognizing actions, events and activities. One of the more challenging problems is recognizing activities that involve multiple people and/or vehicles, whose relationships change over time, when motion detection and tracking are unreliable, as commonly occurs in busy scenes. We describe an approach to this problem based on Dynamic Bayesian Networks, and show how DBNs can be extended to compensate for track failures. We also show that defining DBNs with semantic concepts improves robustness vs. direct observable, and discuss implications and ideas for incorporating semantic, symbolic knowledge into the perceptual domain of activity recognition.
Neonatal outcomes at the threshold of viability

MATTHEW SAXONHOUSE, RODNEY EDWARDS, University of Florida, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gainesville, Florida, University of Florida, Pediatrics, Gainesville, Florida OBJECTIVE: To estimate survival and intact survival of infants based on best obstetric estimate of gestational age (GA) and ultrasound estimate of fetal weight (EFW). STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of all deliveries at Shands Hospital at the University of Florida from 01/99-12/03. Mother-infant pairs were included if delivery occurred at 23-26 weeks GA or EFW less than 1000 g. Exclusion criteria were: either the medical staff or the pregnant considered the fetus non-viable prior to delivery, no timely delivery for fetal indications, multiple gestation, congenital anomalies or ‘‘TORCH’’ infection, chromosomal abnormality or genetic syndrome, or EFW not done within 7 days of delivery. Survival was defined as being alive at hospital discharge. ‘‘Intact’’ survival signified the absence of all of the following: oxygen requirement at O36 weeks corrected GA, grade III or IV intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, retinopathy of prematurity requiring laser treatment, necrotizing enterocolitis requiring surgical intervention, or evidence of hearing dysfunction. RESULTS: There were 112 mother-infant pairs included. Overall and intact survival stratified by GA and EFW are presented in the tables [n (%; 95% CI)]. The only infant surviving at 23 weeks and the only infant with intact survival less than 25 weeks had birth weights over 700 g. CONCLUSION: Even with timely delivery for fetal indications, intact survival is infrequent with either GA !25 weeks or EFW !700g.
Response of the Internal Electric Field in CdZnTe to Illumination at Multiple Optical Powers

Manipulation of CdZnTe (CZT) crystals using illumination is a useful tool for altering the internal electric field present under normal bias conditions. The interactions with carriers that are trapped at either terminal are visualized by the electric field distribution through polarization. In this report, we demonstrate an ability to selectively manipulate the internal electric field of CZT using multiple-wavelength light illumination at various optical powers. The internal electric field polarization can be controlled using changes in optical power. We also investigate the electric field distributions using multiple optical powers to examine the light response as a function of light penetration depth.
Three cell wall mannoproteins facilitate the uptake of iron in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Analysis of iron-regulated gene expression inSaccharomyces cerevisiae using cDNA microarrays has identified three putative cell wall proteins that are directly regulated by Aft1p, the major iron-dependent transcription factor in yeast. FIT1, FIT2, andFIT3 (for facilitator of irontransport) were more highly expressed in strains grown in low concentrations of iron and in strains in whichAFT1–1up , a constitutively active allele ofAFT1, was expressed. Northern blot analysis confirmed thatFIT1, FIT2, and FIT3 mRNA transcript levels were increased 60–230-fold in response to iron deprivation in an Aft1p-dependent manner. Fit1p was localized exclusively to the cell wall by indirect immunofluorescence. Deletion of the FIT genes, individually or in combination, resulted in diminished uptake of iron bound to the siderophores ferrioxamine B and ferrichrome, without diminishing the uptake of ferric iron salts, or the siderophores triacetylfusarinine C and enterobactin. FIT-deletion strains exhibited increased expression of Aft1p target genes as measured by a FET3-lacZreporter gene or by Arn1p Western blotting, indicating that cells respond to the absence of FIT genes by up-regulating systems of iron uptake. Aft1p activation in FIT-deleted strains occurred when either ferrichrome or ferric salts were used as sources of iron during growth, suggesting that the FITgenes enhance uptake of iron from both sources. Enzymatic digestion of the cell wall resulted in the release of significant amounts of iron from cells, and the relative quantity of iron released was reduced inFIT-deletion strains. Fit1p, Fit2p, and Fit3p may function by increasing the amount of iron associated with the cell wall and periplasmic space.
Analysis and design of anisotropic diffusion for image processing

Anisotropic diffusion is posed as a process of minimizing an energy function. Its global convergence behavior is determined by the shape of the energy surface, and its local behavior is described by an orthogonal decomposition with the decomposition coefficients being the eigenvalues of the local energy function. A sufficient condition for its convergence to a global minimum is given and is identified to be the same as the condition previously proposed for the well-posedness of 1-D diffusions. Some behavior conjectures are made for anisotropic diffusions not satisfying the sufficient condition. Finally, some well-behaved anisotropic diffusions are proposed and simulation results are shown. >
Calculation and Digital Display of Whole Blood Oxygen Saturation by Analog Techniques

An electronic analog system has been developed which performs the double scale calculation from the Wood oximeter and gives a single output as a log ratio and also gives a digital display of oxygen saturation, with simultaneous recording of these parameters if desired. This system, built of commercially available analog components, consists of operational amplifiers to amplify the output of the red and infrared photocells, logarithmic devices to calculate the optical density as sensed by these two photocells, a division circuit to calculate the log ratio, a scaling circuit to facilitate digital display in percent oxygen saturation, and a digital voltmeter.
A REGIONAL ECONOMETRIC MODEL OF U.S. APPLE SUPPLY AND DEMAND

Estimation of consumer and producer surplus changes that are caused by technology shifts requires knowledge of demand and supply elasticities in the markets in questions. Because apple production systems are very heterogeneous across the United States, growers' abilities to respond to technology changes and market forces differ widely. To capture the dispersion of responses, estimates of elasticities are needed for the different grower groups. To this end, a model of U.S. apple production was estimated at a regional level.
Quantitative physiological and morphological aspects of microvascular permeability changes induced by histamine and inhibited by terbutaline

Histamine induced changes in microvascular permeability to macromolecules were studied in two models, the hamster cheek pouch and the canine forelimb preparation. Fluoresceinlabelled dextran FITC-dextran. Mw=70000 and 150000 was used as tracer of permeability increases. Studies in the hamster showed that morphological changes as indicated by intravital microscopy of FITC-dextran leakage at postcapillary venules were accompanied by an increased concentration of FITC-dextran in the superfusion solution for the cheek pouch. Following histamine challenge during 4 min the cheek pouch microcirculation was normalized 30 min later both with regard to number of leakage sites and the concentration of FITC-dextran in the superfusion solution. Pretreatment of the cheek pouch with terbutaline (3.6 × 10-6 M) for 1 h resulted in total inhibition of both morphologically and fluorometrically recorded changes from continuous histamine superfusion. When terbutaline and histamine were given at the same time, there was a significant inhibition of the histamine induced increase in the number of leakage sites to 10% of the pre-terbutaline response. The fluorometrically detected efflux of FITC-dextran was 65% of the preterbutaline value. The dynamics of interendothelial cell gap formation and closure was also studied in the dog. Intra-arterial infusions of histamine into forelimbs perfused at a constant pump controlled flow rate produced decreases in perfusion pressure, increases in lymph flow, lymph protein concentration, total protein transport and weight. FITC-dextran was given as an i. v. injection 30 min before and 0, 30 and 60 min after the start of a 90 min arterial infusion of histamine into the brachial artery of the forelimb. Lymph (CL) and plasma (Cp) concentrations of FITC-dextran were determined and CL/Cp-ratios showed that the permeability increasing effect lasted less than 30 min although histamine was given for further 60 min. The results of both hamster and forelimb experiments suggest that leakage sites or interendothelial cell gaps in postcapillary venules are closed within 30 min from the first exposure to histamine, probably within 15 min and that there is little indication of any remaining increase in macromolecular permeability via any other route (vesicular) following closure of gaps.
First report of oil cavities in Scrophulariaceae and reinvestigation of air spaces in leaves of Leucophyllum frutescens

Conspicuous air spaces in Leucophyllum (Scrophulariaceae; Leucophylleae) leaves have been suggested to be developmentally transformed secretory cavities. We reinvestigated air space development in Leucophyllum frutescens, using freehand sections of mature fresh leaves and paraffin sections of several leaf stages. Each of the numerous air spaces per leaf forms because greater separation occurs within a local group of spongy mesophyll cells than in the developing spongy mesophyll elsewhere. We found no anatomical evidence of transitory epithelial cells or lysis of cells in developing air spaces, thus the hypothesis that air spaces are transformed secretory cavities is not supported. However, an important finding was that all leaves had one pair of conspicuous true secretory cavities flanking the midvein at the apex, each lined by an epithelium and filled with oil. We also found conspicuous apical cavities in freehand sections of herbarium specimens of this and three other Leucophyllum species. Cavities were not seen in L. revolutum or in the related Eremogeton grandiflorus. This is the first report and description of a true internal secretory cavity in Scrophulariaceae. In the related family Myoporaceae, we found epithelium-lined cavities scattered abundantly in leaves of cleared samples of three genera.
Do Style-Goods Retailers' Demands for Guaranteed Profit Margins Unfairly Exploit Vendors?

Retailers, particularly those in the style-goods and fashion apparel industry, are increasingly demanding guaranteed profit margins (GPMs) from their vendors. Under a GPM stipulation, a vendor has to offer a rebate to maintain the retailer’s target margin on the item if the retailer is compelled to take a markdown from the initial price to sell out the ordered quantity for the season. Vendors dispute retailers’ claim that a GPM is a “win-win” mechanism for both parties. They rather view it as a coercive device. The authors examine this issue in a multistage game with demand uncertainty. Interestingly, the analysis shows that depending on the level of demand uncertainty, it may be optimal for the vendor to lower rather than raise his wholesale price upon being asked for a GPM. Further, the analysis shows that under conditions of low demand uncertainty the provision of a GPM by the vendor to the retailer can indeed yield higher profits for both parties than in the NO GPM case.
Minimum variance signal estimation with adaptive order statistic filters

The authors consider the estimation of a locally constant signal embedded in stationary noise with unknown statistics. They develop iterative algorithms, dubbed adaptive order statistic filters, designed to approximate the minimum variance unbiased order statistic estimator for the signal. The authors give conditions for convergence in the mean to the optimal estimator, discuss convergence rates, and present supporting simulations. >
Aorticopulmonary Paraganglioma (Aortic Body Tumor): Report of a Case

A case of aorticopulmonary paraganglioma in a 57-year-old man is described. The tumor comprised nests of uniform cells in a fibrovascular stroma. Electron microscopy revealed abundant neurosecretory granules, and S-100 protein staining demonstrated scattered sustentacular cells at the periphery of typical zellballen. The findings in this case correlated with those of studies on the prognosis for extraadrenal paragangliomas.
Synaptotagmins I and II mediate entry of botulinum neurotoxin B into cells

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause botulism by entering neurons and cleaving proteins that mediate neurotransmitter release; disruption of exocytosis results in paralysis and death. The receptors for BoNTs are thought to be composed of both proteins and gangliosides; however, protein components that mediate toxin entry have not been identified. Using gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches, we report here that the secretory vesicle proteins, synaptotagmins (syts) I and II, mediate the entry of BoNT/B (but not BoNT/A or E) into PC12 cells. Further, we demonstrate that BoNT/B entry into PC12 cells and rat diaphragm motor nerve terminals was activity dependent and can be blocked using fragments of syt II that contain the BoNT/B-binding domain. Finally, we show that syt II fragments, in conjunction with gangliosides, neutralized BoNT/B in intact mice. These findings establish that syts I and II can function as protein receptors for BoNT/B.
Mechanical properties of fine grained polysilicon-the repeatability issue

Calculation and measurements of Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, and internal strain for fine-grained polysilicon as a function of processing conditions are presented. Calculations are based on appropriate averaging of single-crystal silicon properties, taking into account the film morphology. Experimental data are taken from strain diagnostic and resonant beam structures. It is found that polysilicon films can be in tension and that the intrinsic quality factor is approaching 75000. >
PRADA: Pipeline for RNA sequencing Data Analysis

Summary: Technological advances in high-throughput sequencing necessitate improved computational tools for processing and analyzing large-scale datasets in a systematic automated manner. For that purpose, we have developed PRADA (Pipeline for RNA-Sequencing Data Analysis), a flexible, modular and highly scalable software platform that provides many different types of information available by multifaceted analysis starting from raw paired-end RNA-seq data: gene expression levels, quality metrics, detection of unsupervised and supervised fusion transcripts, detection of intragenic fusion variants, homology scores and fusion frame classification. PRADA uses a dual-mapping strategy that increases sensitivity and refines the analytical endpoints. PRADA has been used extensively and successfully in the glioblastoma and renal clear cell projects of The Cancer Genome Atlas program. Availability and implementation: http://sourceforge.net/projects/prada/ Contact: gro.etutitsnidaorb@ztegdag or gro.nosrednadm@kaahrevr Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.