cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effective recruitment of parents into family-focused prevention research: A comparison of two strategies.

Abstract Recent literature highlights the need for more effective recruitment and retention strategies in prevention research. This article reports an investigation of the effectiveness of two recruitment strategies for a family-focused substance abuse prevention study. The first strategy offered prospective participants two points at which they could make a decision about their level of involvement in the research project and required only a limited initial time commitment. The second strategy required an initial commitment to participate in all phases of the project. The investigation was conducted with 208 rural families participating in the pilot phase of a five-year prevention study. There were three primary findings. First, both strategies were effective, yielding higher recruitment rates than would be predicted from relevant literature. Second, the strategy requiring a limited time commitment showed significantly higher rates of recruitment into the pretest, but was associated with significantly lo...
HIGH DYNAMIC RANGE PASSIVE OPTICAL LIMITERS

We present results of optical limiting experiments designed to study optical geometries for increasing the dynamic range over which limiters function without incurring optical damage. Specifically, we investigate a tandem geometry with two passive nonlinear elements, one placed in the focal plane of a lens and the second placed “upstream” of the focal position to protect the material at focus from damage. To provide a proof-of-principle demonstration of this geometry, simple limiters consisting of combinations of reverse saturable absorber dyes and a carbon black suspension in thin cells were tested. Our results show that a substantial increase in device performance can be achieved by use of a tandem limiter geometry. Simple modelling predicts that the dynamic range of a separate-element tandem limiter is given by the product of the dynamic ranges of the individual component limiting elements, in agreement with our experimental results.
On the observed variability of the cross-polar cap potential

[1] A study of the cross–polar cap potential estimated by the HF Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) during periods of steady interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and solar wind velocity is presented. The potential estimates were examined as time series along with time series of the IMF and solar wind. In addition, the data were examined statistically to obtain a best fit linear expression for the potential as a function of the solar wind and IMF, which was used for comparison with observed potential values. It was found that the observed potential was significantly more variable than would have been predicted by the observed solar wind and IMF. The variability was found to be on the order of 20 kV, while the predicted variability would have been only 5 kV. Implications of these findings with regard to magnetospheric physics, ionospheric simulations, and space weather are discussed.
Sibling Relationships of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Context of Everyday Life and a Strength-Based Program

This research examined mothers’ and sisters’ perceptions of sibling relationships in families with a brother with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the context of a strengths-based, family-focused 3D technology program designed for youth on the spectrum. Seven sisters and six mothers participated in semi-structured interviews, which were coded for emergent themes. Both similarities and differences between sisters’ and mothers’ perceptions of the sibling relationship emerged from the narratives. Sisters and mothers framed the sibling relationship differently within the context of everyday life activities compared to the context of their brother’s involvement in the technology program that highlighted his skills and abilities. Within the context of everyday life, sisters described the dual nature of their relationships, involving both positive and negative qualities, whereas mothers focused on the challenges in the sibling relationship. Both mothers and sisters identified the “sister” role in the sibling relationship as that of a nurturer. Within the context of the technology program, mothers and sisters both perceived the boys’ roles as shifting positively relative to the context of everyday life. Sisters spoke of a sense of pride in their brother’s accomplishments in 3D design, whereas mothers spoke about their children being more engaged with one another because of their shared interests in the program. We discuss implications for interventions with families with a child with ASD.
The Effect of Tendon Surface Treatment on Cell Attachment for Potential Enhancement of Tendon Graft Healing: An Ex Vivo Model

Abstract For both tendon allografts and autografts, the surface, initially optimized for gliding, may not be ideal to facilitate tissue integration for graft healing to host tendon or bone. As a prelude to studying tendon–bone integration, we investigated the effect of surface treatments with trypsin or mechanical abrasion on cell attachment to the tendon surface in a canine ex vivo intrasynovial tendon tissue culture model. Intrasynovial tendon allograft surfaces were seeded with cells after the following treatments: (1) no treatment, (2) mechanical abrasion, (3) trypsin, and (4) abrasion and trypsin. The area covered by cells was determined using confocal laser microscopy at one and two weeks. Results were compared to untreated extrasynovial tendon. Additional tendons were characterized with scanning electron microscopy. Tendons with trypsin treatment had significantly more surface coverage with cells than the other groups, after both one and two weeks of culture. In terms of the cellular shape and size, cells on tendons with trypsin treatment spread more and were more polygonal in shape, whereas tendons with mechanical abrasion with/without trypsin treatment contained smaller, more spindle-like cells. Surface roughening can affect cell behavior with topographical stimulation. Trypsin surface digestion exposes a mesh-like structure on the tendon surface, which could enhance cell adherence and, possibly, tendon/bone healing.
Comparison of general circulation model outputs and ensemble assessment of climate change using a Bayesian approach

Abstract A number of general circulation models (GCMs) have been developed to project future global climate change. Unfortunately, projected results are different and it is not known which set of GCM outputs are more creditable than the others. The objective of this work is to present a Bayesian approach to compare GCM outputs and make an ensemble assessment of climate change. This method is applied to Cannonsville Reservoir watershed, New York, USA. The GCM outputs under the 20C3M scenario for a historical time period of 1981–2000 are used to calculate posterior probabilities, and the outputs under the scenarios (A1B, A2 and B1) for the future time period of 2084–2100 are then processed using the Bayesian modeling averaging (BMA) which is a statistical procedure that infers a consensus prediction by weighing individual predictions based on the posterior probabilities, with the better performing predictions receiving higher weights. The obtained results reveal that the posterior probabilities are slightly different for four variables including average, maximum and minimum temperatures, and shortwave radiation, implying that the GCM outputs are qualitatively different for these four variables, but the distributions of posterior probabilities are flat for precipitation and wind speed, suggesting that the GCM outputs are qualitatively similar for these two variables. The results also show that no one set of GCM data are the best for all six meteorological variables. Furthermore, the results indicate that the projected changes are for regional warming, but the changes in precipitation, wind speed, and shortwave radiation depend on the emission scenarios and seasons. The application of the method demonstrates that the Bayesian approach is useful for the comparison of GCM outputs and making ensemble assessments of climate change.
Co-Teaching Experiences The Benefits and Problems That Teachers and Principals Report Over Time

This report describes a 3-year study of 18 elementary and 7 middle school teams involved in the development and implementation of building-level programs designed to support students with disabilities in mainstream classrooms. All of the teams used co-teaching as an integral part of their service delivery models. During the investigation, 119 teachers and 24 administrators participated in 1 or more years of data collection. The emerging benefits and persistent problems that participants identified in the development of their models are described.
Compartmental Isolation of Cholesterol Participating in the Cytoplasmic Cholesteryl Ester Cycle in Chinese Hamster Ovary 25-RA Cells

Abstract Using the Chinese hamster ovary cell line, 25-RA, we have demonstrated that lipoprotein-derived cholesterol and endogenously synthesized cholesterol are selectively differentiated with respect to their cellular locations. These cells lack sterol-mediated regulation, spontaneously storing large amounts of esterified cholesterol, which turns over with a half-time of 7.5 h. When [3H]cholesterol was provided to the cells in serum to trace cellular cholesterol, the specific activities of cellular free and esterified cholesterol (6238 ± 273 and 5128 ± 277 cpm/μg, respectively) failed to equilibrate, indicating that bulk cellular free cholesterol is isolated from that participating in the cholesteryl ester cycle. Using [3H]acetate to trace the fate of endogenously synthesized cholesterol, a failure of equilibration was also observed (specific activities of free and esterified cholesterol = 280 ± 37 and 458 ± 8 cpm/μg, respectively). The lower specific activity of the precursor indicates that endogenously synthesized cholesterol is preferentially esterified. When cells radiolabeled with [3H]acetate were post-incubated in the absence of radiolabel, the specific activity of the esterified cholesterol pool remained significantly higher than that of the free cholesterol, suggesting that cholesterol derived from hydrolysis of esterified cholesterol is preferentially re-esterified.
An ultrastructural study of cortical remodeling in cytosine arabinoside induced granuloprival cerebellum in tissue culture.

Abstract Mouse-derived cerebellar explants were exposed for 5 days to cytosine arabinoside, an inhibitor of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. They were then maintained in normal nutrient medium until fixation for electron microscopy at 15–20 days in vitro . The cerebellar cortex lacked granule cells, but Purkinje cells, Golgi neurons and a few basket and stellate cells survived. Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were diminished in number and myelination was absent. Purkinje cell recurrent axon collaterals increased in number and formed synapses with the surviving cortical neurons and their processes. The ultrastructural alterations that occurred in the cytosine arabinoside-treated cultures were consistent with an interpretation of cortical remodeling in which Purkinje cell axon collaterals were the dominant inhibitory elements.
On-line symbolic constraint embedding for simulation of hybrid dynamical systems

In this paper we present a simulator designed to handle multibody systems with changing constraints, wherein the equations of motion for each of its constraint configurations are formulated in minimal ODE form with constraints embedded before they are passed to an ODE solver. The constraint-embedded equations are formulated symbolically according to a re-combination of terms of the unconstrained equations, and this symbolic process is undertaken on-line by the simulator. Constraint-embedding undertaken on-the-fly enables the simulation of systems with an ODE solver for which constraints are not known prior to simulation start or for which the enumeration of all constraint conditions would be unwieldy because of their complexity or number. Issues of drift associated with DAE solvers that usually require stabilization are sidestepped with the constraint-embedding approach. We apply nomenclature developed for hybrid dynamical systems to describe the system with changing constraints and to distinguish the roles of the forward dynamics solver, a collision detector, and an impact resolver. We have prototyped the simulator in MATLAB and demonstrate the design using three representative examples.
Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort Study: a nested case-control study.

Introduction Assessments by the handful of prospective studies of the association of serum antioxidants and breast cancer risk have yielded inconsistent results. This multiethnic nested case-control study sought to examine the association of plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols with postmenopausal breast cancer risk.
Motion-Based Shape Deformation of Solid Models

Mechanical designs undergo numerous geometric changes throughout the design process. Performing these changes relies, whenever possible, on the parametric models used to create the initial geometry. However, a number of open issues prevent the current parametric modeling systems to support many practical design situations, which, in turn, forces the geometry to evolve independently of the original parametric model. The fact that every parametric update can be expressed in terms of a sequence of shape deformations implies that the same geometric updates could be obtained, at least in principle, via shape deformation procedures that parameterize the deformation itself. In this paper we propose a new approach to create and edit solid models by introducing a geometric deformation procedure that relies on motion interpolation. We show that the proposed approach induces a parametrization of the deformation that allows direct control and editing of the deformation, is capable of preserving important geometric invariants such as constant cross-sectional properties of the deformed models, and maintains the ability to perform parametric optimization of the associated solid models. We conclude by discussing advantages and limitations of this approach as well as a number of important research directions that we will pursue in the near future.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Recovery from schizophrenia: A challenge for the 21st century.

While much professional interest, public advocacy and media attention accompanied the neuroscientific research advances of the Decade of the Brain, much less prominence was accorded to the very considerable progress in psychiatric treatment, rehabilitation and community-based services for persons with schizophrenia. The increasing availability of evidence-based practices and more optimistic views of optimal outcomes possible in schizophrenia are of much practical importance to consumers and practitioners alike. Expectations for substantial improvements in a larger proportion of individuals with schizophrenia than heretofore are emerging on psychiatry's radar screen, especially in symptom control, psychosocial functioning and quality of life. We believe that it is now realistic to set as a goal for professionals and consumers the feasibility of recovery from schizophrenia for half or more of individuals with the first episode of schizophrenia. In this issue of the International Review of Psychiatry, we aim...
Number bias for the discrimination of large visual sets in infancy

This brief report attempts to resolve the claim that infants preferentially attend to continuous variables over number [e.g. Psychol. Sci. 10 (1999) 408; Cognit. Psychol.44 (2002) 33] with the finding that when continuous variables are controlled, infants as young as 6-months of age discriminate large numerical values [e.g. Psychol. Sci. 14 (2003) 396; Cognition 89 (2003) B15; Cognition 74 (2000) B1]. In two parallel experiments, we compare 6-month-old infants' ability to discriminate number and ignore continuous variables with their ability to form a representation of a cumulative surface area and ignore number. We find that infants discriminate a 2-fold change in number but fail to discriminate a 2-fold change in cumulative surface area. The results point to a more complicated relationship between discrete and continuous dimensions than implied by previous literature.
Radiation-coupled front-tracking simulations for laser-driven shock experiments

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to develop a numerical algorithm to track the preheat interface motion driven by radiation transfer in high-intensity laser experiments. Our front-tracking algorithm is coupled to a radiation process through an inter-package coupling by connecting the output from a radhydro code HYADES to the input of FronTier code of front tracking. Our coupled algorithm is validated by comparing simulation results from both codes in both low and high radiation cases. Significant interface motion and deformation of the harmonic perturbation due to radiation preheat are observed in high radiation heat case.
Variational principles in nonlinear viscoelasticity

Abstract A general variational principle is presented for the dynamic behavior of nonlinearly viscoelastic solids. Several alternate principles are also presented.
ACID DESTABILIZATION OF A TRIPLE-HELICAL PEPTIDE MODEL OF THE MACROPHAGE SCAVENGER RECEPTOR

Electrostatic interactions were studied in a triple-helical peptide, (POG)3PKGQKGEKG(POG)4, which contains a lysine-rich 9 residue sequence from the collagen-like domain of the macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR). This peptide adopts a stable triple-helical conformation only when the pH is higher than 4.5, corresponding to ionization of the Glu side chain. Modeling shows Glu forms ion pairs with one of the Lys residues, stabilizing the structure. Previously studied collagen-like peptides show relatively small contributions of electrostatic interactions to stability. The large magnitude of the pH mediated structural changes seen for this peptide suggests that specific placement of charged residues in the triple-helix conformation can generate strong electrostatic interactions.
Eigenvalue problems for the p-Laplacian

Abstract We study nonlinear eigenvalue problems for the p -Laplace operator subject to different kinds of boundary conditions on a bounded domain. Using the Ljusternik–Schnirelman principle, we show the existence of a nondecreasing sequence of nonnegative eigenvalues. We prove the simplicity and isolation of the principal eigenvalue and give a characterization for the second eigenvalue.
Telomerase RNA structure and function: implications for dyskeratosis congenita.

Telomerase RNA is an intrinsic component of the telomerase enzyme. A short template sequence in the telomerase RNA is copied by the catalytic telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) to synthesize telomere repeats to chromosome ends. In addition to the template, other conserved RNA structural elements play important parts in catalysis as well as localization, maturation and assembly of telomerase. Telomerase RNA is mutated in the autosomal dominant form of the disease dyskeratosis congenita. Recent studies of telomerase RNA function and telomerase biogenesis have provided a basis for understanding the role of telomerase in this disease.
Use of Doppler-derived left ventricular time intervals for noninvasive assessment of systolic function

Abstract Historically, left ventricular (LV) systolic time intervals obtained using an electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram and carotid arterial pulse tracing have been used to assess LV function noninvasively. Although these intervals can be derived from Doppler data, 1 there are few studies validating this approach. 2 The ratio of the preejection period (PEP) to LV ejection time (LVET) has provided the most useful index of systolic function. 3 In patients with systolic dysfunction, PEP lengthens due to a reduction in LV pressure development during isovolumic contraction, whereas LVET shortens due to a decrease in the extent of fiber shortening, in some cases with a reduced stroke volume. These changes cause an increase in the PEP/LVET ratio. 3 Theoretically, a ratio that also includes the isovolumic relaxation period would improve noninvasive assessment by encompassing LV pressure decay, which also is prolonged in patients with systolic dysfunction. Many patients with systolic LV dysfunction have mitral regurgitation (MR), which encompasses periods of isovolumic contraction, ejection and isovolumic relaxation. Therefore, we postulated that the ratio of LVET to MR duration would provide a useful and potentially better index of systolic function than do conventional systolic time intervals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of Doppler-derived time intervals, including the LVET/MR duration ratio, in assessing LV systolic function.
C++ dynamic arrays vs. linked lists

Dynamically allocated linked lists are generally portrayed as a more flexible structure than arrays. However, dynamically allocated arrays, as available in C++, can be just as flexible and easier to use. This paper compares the use of dynamically allocated linked lists to dynamically allocated arrays as available in C++.
Test Results for a Reciprocating Pump Powered by Decomposed Hydrogen Peroxide

A four-chamber piston pump has been tested in several evolving configurations. A significant improvement over an earlier hydrazine pump is the elimination of warm gas leakage in the powerhead. This has been achieved through the used of soft seals for the power piston and intakeexhaust valves, with gas temperatures approaching 800 K (980 F). The pumped fluid serves as a coolant, and the cylinder walls and heads are made of aluminum for high thermal conductivity, low mass, and affordability.
LabEvolution: What's the Next Mutation?

As an organization focused on the application of science to the automation of science, ALA seeks to create an autocatalytic ecosystem where technology providers and technology users compete and collaborate. In some sense, we are creating the primordial ooze from which new systems of discovery science will emerge. It is our emphasis on informatics, tying together automation systems with the data that they generate, that distinguishes the field of laboratory automation from traditional methods of hypothesis-driven science and the more recent discovery science.
Radiation dosage to medical personnel.

A survey was made to evaluate exposure to those physicians and dentists employing radiation. Many medical personnel other than radiologists employ radiation such as the general practitioner, surgeon, urologist, and the dentist. It is emphasised that among the various specialty groups varied factors of kilovoltage, current filter, technique, etc., will result in completely different values of exposure both to the patient and worker. In the National Bureau of Standards Handbook X-ray Protection, recommendations as to total filter in the diagnostic x-ray beam are made. The 2.5 mm of aluminum recommended in medical- diagnostic units greatly reduces the exposure to patients and personnel. The use of lead-rubber aprons during fluoroscopy is also recommended. This paper presents figures on protection afforded by such aprons. Other specialists can reduce their exposure considerdbly by keeping their hands out of the primary beam. Dentists sometimes hold film in place. By avoiding this procedure and by utilizing a total of 1.5 mm of aluminum in the beam, they can reduce exposure to themselves and to the patient. Exposure values are presented for different techniques employed by specialists., A summary of film badge data is presented. (auth)
Flavor hierarchy in SO(10) grand unified theories via 5-dimensional wave-function localization

A mechanism to generate fermion-mass hierarchy in SO(10) grand unified theories is considered. We find that the lopsided family structure, which is suitable to the large angle Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein solution to solar neutrino oscillation, is realized without introducing extra matter fields if the hierarchy originates from the wave-function profile in an extra dimension. Unlike the Froggatt-Nielsen mechanism, the SO(10) breaking effect may directly contribute to the source of the hierarchy, i.e., the bulk mass terms. It naturally explains the difference of the hierarchical patterns between the quark and the lepton sectors. We also find the possibility of horizontal unification, in which three generations of matter fields are unified to a $3$-dimensional representation of an SU(2) gauge group.
Impacts on the Earth by asteroids and comets: assessing the hazard

There is a 1-in-10,000 chance that a large (∼2-km diameter) asteroid or comet will collide with the Earth during the next century, disrupting the ecosphere and killing a large fraction of the world's population. Although impacts of this magnitude are so infrequent as to be beyond our personal experience, the long-term statistical hazard is comparable to that of many other, more familiar natural disasters, raising the question of whether mitigation measures should be considered.
Anomalous double-crowned primary teeth from Pre-Columbian Tennessee: A meta-analysis of hunter–gatherer and agriculturalist samples

Abstract Few cases of double-crowned deciduous teeth are reported in the paleopathological literature. Therefore, temporal and spatial patterns as well as research utility of this presumptive epigenetic trait are unknown. A ten site subadult sample (N = 245) from Pre-Columbian Tennessee is canvassed for primary double teeth. No twinned (geminated) teeth but nine cases of fused adjacent deciduous teeth are identified. Consistent with clinical and population prevalence, all cases display mandibular fusions with one individual additionally exhibiting fusion of the maxillary central incisors. The frequency of bilaterality and which teeth fuse (i.e., Ldi1 + Rdi1, di1 + di2, di2 + dc1) in this archaeological sample differs from world-wide clinical and population based studies. The uniqueness of the Amerindian pattern needs to be affirmed. The case prevalence of a Late Archaic Period (2500–1000 bc ) hunter–gatherer subsistence sample (4/44, 9.1%) and a late prehistoric ( ad 1300–1550) intensive agriculturalist sample (5/201, 2.5%) is not quite statistically significant (p = 0.0576). Prevalence also does not unequivocally co-associate with subadult morbidity. However, dental fusion may link to the health of the reproductive age female. Future assessment should explore this and other avenues of community health as well as the genetic basis of tooth fusion by assessing the cranial and dental discrete traits in this Tennessee sample.
Disaster response. Natural disaster: Katrina

The aftermath and response to a disaster can be divided into four phases. The importance of each depends on the length of time without resupply and the resources that are required. This in turn depends on the time span of the disaster; the area involved; the number of the population affected; the resupply available; the extent of the devastation; and the size of the evacuation. The above phases are discussed using hurricane Katrina as an example. The phases are as follows: immediate response, evacuation, backfill and resupply, and restoration. The restoration phase is usually the longest and requires the most resources. This article addresses the situation of Katrina, the mistakes that were made, the lessons that were learned, and the solutions that are needed. Appropriate training and practice are required for all participants using realistic scenarios.
Comparison of Urban Cooperative Delivery and Direct Delivery Strategies

Urban cooperative delivery is a truck demand management strategy that can significantly reduce urban congestion and emissions by consolidating deliveries of goods at a facility outside urban areas. Although the economy of scale from load and route consolidations could bring companies improvement of service range and routes, such benefits depend on the additional terminal operation costs. This study evaluated the effectiveness of urban cooperative delivery strategy in terms of the monetary cost by comparing the total logistics cost under several settings defined by a number of key factors of interest (e.g., customer density, demand quantity, facility location, and vehicle type). The use of the continuous approximation method was extended to modeling the urban cooperative delivery problem. The results demonstrated that there was no one-size-fits-all solution to the problem. The study evaluated the circumstances under which the urban cooperative strategies were favorable and unfavorable. The study findings p...
Combined high-performance liquid chromatographic-continuous-flow fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric analysis of acylcoenzyme A compounds.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of coenzyme A thioesters which employs continuous-flow fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric detection is presented. The chromatographic system utilizes gradient elution with reversed-phase conditions using ammonium acetate-acetonitrile from both standard analytical (3.9 mm I.D.) and microbore (1 mm I.D.) columns. Applications to coenzyme A thioesters of various acyl group chain length (C2-C18) and functionality (-COOH, -OH, -CC-) are described. The system is also applied to an in vitro enzyme reaction (crotonase) to directly follow the disappearance of substrate and appearance of product. The mass spectrometry of coenzyme A thioesters, their chromatographic behavior, system stability, and sensitivity of detection are discussed.
Migration networks: a case study in the Philippines.

International labor migration has been a major feature of the Philippine political economy the past twenty years. Originally envisioned by the government as a temporary measure to ease domestic employment pressure and stimulate industrialization, migration has persisted in the face of declining wages and abusive recruitment practices. Dynamic movement patterns have emerged that include a variety of destinations and occupations, drawing both males and females from widely diverse backgrounds. Focusing upon the experiences of a small community, this study suggests that contract labor is best understood within the migration process, linking global economic formations and domestic policy to internal structures in sending communities. The community experience reveals that economic forces and government policy are necessary conditions to establish potential migration, but actual flows are initiated and shaped by a migration system consisting of interpersonal relationships. What becomes more visible at the commun...
Structure-function of the factor VIII complex studied with an immobilized heteroantisera to VIII:C.

Summary. An antibody was raised in rabbits to the small active fragment of human factor VIII, obtained by Ca2+ dissociation of a human factor VIII preparation made from a multidonor plasma pool. After absorption, the antibody neutralized the factor VIII coagulant activity of normal human plasma, but did not precipitate with any plasma or plasma fractions or neutralize von Willebrand factor (vWF) activity as measured by ristocetin aggregation of fixed washed platelets. Immune beads were prepared by CNBr binding of the partially purified rabbit antibody to 1% agarose beads. Non-immune beads were prepared with IgG fractions obtained from the rabbits before immunization and used throughout as a control. The amount of factor VIII coagulant activity (VIII:C) removed from plasma by immune beads was time-dependent and proportional to the amount of beads used, but all of the VIII:C could not be readily removed. Removal of VIII:C by immune beads parallelled removal of factor VIII:antigen, but less vWF activity was removed. Immune beads could be blocked or saturated by treatment with large amounts of normal plasma, but not by von Willebrand disease plasma and only by some haemophilic plasmas.
Alkyl halide induced solvolysis of Cr(CN)5NO3− in DMSO

Abstract Cr(CN)5NO3− in DMSO solution reacts with alkyl halides such as methyl iodide or tertiary butyl chloride to yield, ultimately, Cr(DMSO)5NO2+. Cyanide ligands are removed in five consecutive steps and replaced by DMSO to form a series of intermediates with the general formula Cr(CN)5−n(DMSO)nNOn−3, but other intermediates are also present. Extensive ESR data are presented and used to identify the intermediate species. Kinetic evidence suggests a nucleophilic substitution reaction followed by loss of coordinated isocyanide.
Anomalous dispersion corrections to surface and interface EXAFS measurements made using glancing angles

Extended x-ray absorption fine structure studies using glancing angle fluorescence on the interface of the Cu-Al thin film system show that the sputtering process generates a different interface structure than for an evaporated one. To obtain quantitative information, the anomalous dispersion effects have to be considered. Simple model calculations are presented for the correction factor which yield good results for Au thin film data. Extension of this model to bilayer systems is discussed. 7 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Energy and mass analysis of secondary ions sputtered from metallic targets by MeV heavy ions

Abstract The success of heavy ion induced desorption mass spectrometry and the discovery of anomalously high sputtering yields in some dielectric substances underscore the need for a more complete understanding of the interaction of MeV heavy ions with surfaces. Here, we report initial results of a study of the interaction of MeV ions with the surfaces of elemental metallic targets. Secondary ion mass and energy spectra have been measured for Cu, Nb, and Ta targets bombarded by 75 MeV 79 Br 8+ ions. Sputtered metal ions and surface contaminants have been observed. The energies of the emitted ions are, on average, lower than for keV ion bombardment.
Reprocessing of hemodialyzers: a critical appraisal.

The reprocessing of hemodialysis equipment was originally developed to conserve scarce resources. and to reduce the time necessary to construct early dialyzers. Although most dialyzers in current use are marketed as disposable items, the majority of dialysis facilities in the United States reprocess these devices and use them multiple times on the same patient. Recent studies have shown that certain reprocessing techniques confer improved biological properties on dialyzers compared with new membranes as prepared by manufacturers. Several studies have suggested that these biological properties may lead to improved clinical outcomes. However, critics of dialyzer reprocessing argue that it may expose patients to risks that produce increased morbidity and mortality. This article critically reviews the available scientific information regarding reprocessing hemodialyzers.
Perfection and power

The traditional theistic conception of God, captured well by St. Anselm, is that of a greatest possible or maximally perfect being. God is thought of as necessarily exemplifying a maximally compossible collection of greatmaking properties, properties that, roughly, it is intrinsically better to have than to lack. On a standard explication of this conception of deity, an explication informed by value intuitions concerning what properties are greatmaking properties, God is said to be, of necessity, omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent and incorporeal. Among other things, he is also said to be impeccable, or essentially good such that it is not possible that he sin or do evil. In a recent paper entitled "Impeccability Revisited" {Analysis 45.1, January 1985), W.R. Carter has criticized this conception of deity, saying in particular of any being who is essentially sinless that:
REPORT ON FURTHER STUDIES BY THE LARVAL FEED PROGRAM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, COLLEGE OF FISHERIES

In addition to the digestibility studies reported in the previous paper (Gabaudan et al. 1980), amino acid analyses were conducted on the protein feed ingredients and test diets utilizing these ingredients. Triplicate samples were hydrolyzed and analyzed on a Beckman 120C model amino acid analyzer. Results are shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3. As with the digestibility studies, no significant differences in amino acid profiles were found between acidic or neutralized fish protein hydrolysate. The profiles of brine shrimp and krill show significant differences in essential amino acids only with oven drying. Lysine, in particular, is decreased. Although preparatory hydrolysis could interfere with detection of processing damage, these data do correlate with the digestibility data.
The metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by English sole (Parophrys vetulus): comparison between isolated hepatocytes in vitro and liver in vivo.

1. Metabolites and DNA adducts of 3H-benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) formed by isolated hepatocytes from English sole (Parophrys vetulus) in vitro were compared to those in bile and liver of sole exposed i.m. to 3H-BaP.2. English sole liver was perfused with a collagenase solution and hepatocytes were isolated with greater than 95% viability. Determination of kinetic parameters for metabolism of 3H-BaP showed a Km of 29 ± 10 μM and an apparent Vmax of 1300 pmol BaP metabolized/106 cells per h.3. Analysis of medium from hepatocyte cultures and bile by ion-pair h.p.l.c. showed significant amounts of radioactivity in regions where glucuronide and glutathione conjugates of BaP metabolites elutc. No sulphate conjugates of BaP metabolites were detected. The major unconjugated metabolite formed by hepatocytes was the BaP-9,10-dihydrodiol.4. Hydrolysis of glucuronide conjugates by β-glucuronidase and reversed-phase h.p.l.c. analysis of chloroform-soluble metabolites showed the presence of BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol, 1-hydroxyBaP a...
Line Insertions in Totally Positive Matrices

It is obvious that between any two rows (columns) of an m-by-n totally nonnegative matrix a new row (column) may be inserted to form an (m+1)-by-n (m-by-(n+1)) totally nonnegative matrix. The analogous question, in which ''totally nonnegative'' is replaced by ''totally positive'' arises, for example, in completion problems and in extension of collocation matrices, and its answer is not obvious. Here, the totally positive case is answered affirmatively, and in the process an analysis of totally positive linear systems, that may be of independent interest, is used.
Stages of drug market change during disaster: Hurricane Katrina and reformulation of the New Orleans drug market

Abstract Background In recent years, numerous weather disasters have crippled many cities and towns across the United States of America. Such disasters present a unique opportunity for analyses of the disintegration and reformulation of drug markets. Disasters present new facts which cannot be "explained" by existing theories. Recent and continuing disasters present a radically different picture from that of police crack downs where market disruptions are carried out on a limited basis (both use and sales). Generally, users and sellers move to other locations and business continues as usual. Methods The Katrina Disaster in 2005 offered a larger opportunity to understand the functioning and processes by which drug markets may or may not survive. Utilizing a variety of qualitative data including ethnographic field notes, in-depth interview transcripts, and focus group transcripts, we investigate the operation of the New Orleans drug market before, during, and after Hurricane Katrina. Results Our data clearly indicate that drug markets go through a series of stages in the wake of disaster in which they disintegrate and then reconstitute themselves. In the case of New Orleans, the post-Katrina drug market was radically different from the pre-Katrina drug market. Conclusion Ultimately this manuscript presents a paradigm which uses stages as a testable concept to scientifically examine the disintegration and reformulation of drug markets during disaster or crisis situations. It describes the specific processes – referred to as stages – which drug markets must go through in order to function and survive during and after a natural disaster.
A film recording radiation-event monitor for pulsed X and gamma radiation

Abstract A “sentinel-type” radiation detection device was developed to provide time stamped records of exposure to rapid pulses of X or gamma radiation. Radiation is detected by a CsI(Tl) scintillation crystal. Visible light generated in the scintillator is transmitted to a photographic film through a moving aperture in a mercury micro-coulometer and time reference scale to record the time of exposure. The detector responds satisfactorily to radiation pulses ranging from ∼ 0.2 to ∼ 50 mR with time durations from several nsec to several min. Full-scale timing intervals can be adjusted from a few hours to several months. Exposure records can be read to within 0.1% of the full-scale timing interval.
Chiral organolanthanide complexes for enantioselective olefin hydrogenation

Organolanthanides with Cp{prime}{sub 2}Ln, R{sub 2}SiCp{double_prime} {sub 2}Ln, and R{sub 2}SiCpCp{double_prime}Ln supporting ligation (Cp{prime}={eta}{sup 5}-Me{sub 5}C{sub 5}; R = alkyl; Cp {double_prime} = {eta}{sup 5}-Me{sub 4}C{sub 5}){sup 1{minus}} catalyze olefin transformations. These characteristics caused the authors to investigate the question of whether f-element coordination geometries can elicit asymmetric transformations. A chelating ligand system designed to preserve Cp{prime}{sub 2}Ln stereoelectronic properties is presented by the authors. This system provides a rigid, chiral template for lateral/transverse substrate enantioface discrimination (A,B). Four related enantioselective organosamarium hydrogenation catalysts are considered. 25 refs., 1 fig.
SU-FF-T-64: Characterization of MOSFET Dosimetry System for Source Position Verification in HDR Brachytherapy

Purpose: To test the Metal‐Oxide‐Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)‐based method for HDR Brachytherapy source tracking and to assess how accuracy and precision of the method changes with the MOSFET reading fluctuations and the number of dosimeters.Methods and Materials: Three standard MOSFETdosimeters connected to a high sensitivity bias supply were placed at fixed positions, 3 to 7 cm from the Ir‐192 source, driven by a Remote Afterloader (VariSource iX, Varian Medical Systems Inc.), within a solid water phantom. Six source dwell positions were planned. MOSFETscalibration was performed at a distance of 3 cm from source. MOSFET characteristics, including energy and angular dependence, dose linearity and reading variation in time, were established. A Matlab optimization code, based on the minimizing the sum of the normalized squared differences between the measured and analytically calculated dose values, was developed for source position calculation. Randomly generated measurement errors 1 to 8% were added to MOSFET readings to assess the method accuracy and precision degradation. The effect of the MOSFETs number on the system performance was also studied. Results: Measurements with three MOSFETs result in 0.2 to 1.9 mm deviations between calculated and actual source positions, with average of 0.8 mm. If fluctuations added to the MOSFET readings are of 1% of the reading value, accuracy of (0.7±0.3) mm is achieved, while fluctuations of 8% result in (5.2±2.6) mm accuracy. Increase in the number of MOSFETs until 12 results in improved accuracy of (0.3±0.2) mm and (2.9±1.5) mm for 1% and 8% high fluctuations, correspondingly. Conclusions: The study showed the potential of the method to verify the position the HDR Ir‐192 and to improve the quality control in HRD Brachytherapy. Increasing the number of MOSFET detectors improves the accuracy of the method even for higher MOSFET reading uncertainties.
Myostatin maps to porcine chromosome 15 by linkage and physical analyses

Myostatin belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, and is expressed specifically in developing and mature skeletal muscle. Myostatin appears to act as a negative regulator of muscle development, since mice with targeted disruption of this gene display a large increase in muscle mass. In this study, the porcine myostatin gene was mapped to chromosome 15q2.3 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Myostatin was also positioned within the chromosome 15 linkage group using both a polymorphism located in the second intron and an associated microsatellite. The development of highly polymorphic markers associated with myostatin will support population studies to identify alleles of this gene that affects muscle mass and/or fat deposition in swine.
Taking the Byte Out of Internet Anxiety: Instructional Techniques that Reduce Computer/Internet Anxiety in the Classroom

The purpose of this study was to determine the instructional techniques and behaviors that either reduced or exacerbated anxiety in an Internet class for novice adult students. Through qualitative ...
Hybrid fusion approach based on fuzzy feature and evidential reasoning

An approach to fuse multiple images based on fuzzy feature representation and evidential reasoning is proposed in this article. Fuzzy set and Dempster-Shafer theory provides a complete framework to describe information naturally and combine weak evidence from multiple sources. Such situations typically arise in the image fusion problems, where a 'real scene' image has to be estimated from incomplete and unreliable observations. By converting images from their spatial domain into the fuzzy evidential representations, decisions are made to aggregate evidence such that a fused image is generated. The proposed fusion approach is evaluated on a broad set of images and promising results are given.
Role of glycine-33 and methionine-35 in Alzheimer’s amyloid β-peptide 1–42-associated oxidative stress and neurotoxicity

Abstract Recent theoretical calculations predicted that Gly33 of one molecule of amyloid β-peptide (1–42) (Aβ(1–42)) is attacked by a putative sulfur-based free radical of methionine residue 35 of an adjacent peptide. This would lead to a carbon-centered free radical on Gly33 that would immediately bind oxygen to form a peroxyl free radical. Such peroxyl free radicals could contribute to the reported Aβ(1–42)-induced lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and neurotoxicity, all of which are prevented by the chain-breaking antioxidant vitamin E. In the theoretical calculations, it was shown that no other amino acid, only Gly, could undergo such a reaction. To test this prediction we studied the effects of substitution of Gly33 of Aβ(1–42) on protein oxidation and neurotoxicity of hippocampal neurons and free radical formation in synaptosomes and in solution. Gly33 of Aβ(1–42) was substituted by Val (Aβ(1–42G33V)). The substituted peptide showed almost no neuronal toxicity compared to the native Aβ(1–42) as well as significantly lowered levels of oxidized proteins. In addition, synaptosomes subjected to Aβ(1–42G33V) showed considerably lower dichlorofluorescein-dependent fluorescence – a measure of reactive oxygen species (ROS) – in comparison to native Aβ(1–42) treatment. The ability of the peptides to generate ROS was also evaluated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping methods using the ultrapure spin trap N - tert -butyl-α-phenylnitrone (PBN). While Aβ(1–42) gave a strong mixture of four- and six-line PBN-derived spectra, the intensity of the EPR signal generated by Aβ(1–42G33V) was far less. Finally, the ability of the peptides to form fibrils was evaluated by electron microscopy. Aβ(1–42G33V) does not form fibrils nearly as well as Aβ(1–42) after 48 h of incubation. The results suggest that Gly33 may be a possible site of free radical propagation processes that are initiated on Met35 of Aβ(1–42) and that contribute to the peptide’s toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease brain.