cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An architecture for personalized health information retrieval

With the rapid proliferation of the Internet, traditional Information Retrieval (IR) techniques need to address challenges that stem from information overload by filtering web documents and ranking them in an order that can be perceived to be more relevant and credible to the end-user. In the domain of health care, an increasing number of people turn to the Internet for their health and wellness concerns. The results returned by traditional search engines can therefore be overwhelming and, even worse, inaccurate. As a consequence there is a need to design more "intelligent" web services that pre-process and alter information on the user's behalf. Specifically, this paper describes the design of a personalized search engine that utilizes patient data (either stored in user-managed personal health records or in provider-managed electronic medical records) and couples this with a selective crawling of credible medical information to eliminate search results that appear irrelevant to the user (given the user's "health profile") and rank the remaining results in order of relevance based on the health conditions of users performing the searches. Toward this end, a new ranking algorithm that combines a user's search query and the user's health profile is introduced. Finally, comparisons of the search results for users with different health profiles and diverse queries are presented using this architecture.
Overview to special issue: Understanding emotions means crossing boundaries within psychology.

Emotional processes influence a wide range of mental and physical systems, which makes them difficult to understand from a single perspective. In this special issue of the Review of General Psychol...
Rank-related differences in cardiovascular function among wild baboons: role of sensitivity to glucocorticoids

In a population of wild baboons living in East Africa, we have observed endocrine differences among individuals as a function of dominance rank. Among these differences, we previously observed indirect evidence for dominant males being more. responsive to sympathetic catecholamines than were subordinate males. The present report tests this explicitly. Male baboons of known rank were anesthetized, and sympathetic and parasympathetic activity was pharmacologically inhibited. In experiment I, males were challenged with epinephrine; over a wide dose range, dominant males had the largest and fastest rises in systolic pressure, the greatest peak systolic pressure, and the most rapid recovery from the epinephrine challenge. Similar rank-related differences in heart rate response to epinephrine also occurred. Experiment II showed that this phenomenon probably reflects rank-related differences at both the heart and vasculature. As evidence, the same rank differences in systolic blood pressure responsiveness occurred when males were challenged with the alpha receptor agonist phenylephrine (which predominantly constricts systemic veins and arterioles), while the same rank differences in heart rate responses occurred following stimulation with the beta receptor agonist isoproterenol (which selectively works at the heart). These data were obtained from animals stressed by anesthetization, known to cause considerable glucocorticoid secretion in this population. Such steroids are well known for their capacity to augment catecholamine action. In experiment III, we blocked endogenous glucocorticoid secretion with the steroidogenesis inhibitor metyrapone, and repeated the epinephrine challenge. Under these conditions, the rank differences in epinephrine responsiveness were eliminated. Thus, dominant males are not so much preferentially sensitive to catecholamine action, as much as to the potentiating effects of glucocorticoids upon such action. In agreement, we have observed previously that dominant males are also more sensitive to glucocorticoid negative feedback regulation. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
p-Nitrobenzenesulfenate esters as precursors for laser flash photolysis studies of alkyl radicals

A series of p-nitrobenzenesulfenate esters was used in laser flash photolysis (LFP) studies to generate alkoxyl radicals that fragmented to give the (2,2-diphenylcyclopropyl)methyl radical. Rate constants for the beta-scission reactions increased as a function of the carbonyl compound produced in the fragmentation reaction in the order CH2O < MeCHO < Me2CO < PhCHO < Ph2CO and increased with increasing solvent polarity. For alkoxyl radicals that fragment to produce benzaldehyde and benzophenone, the beta-scission reactions are faster than 1,5-hydrogen atom abstractions when the incipient carbon radical is as stable as a secondary alkyl radical, and this entry to carbon radicals can be used in LFP kinetic studies.
Flowshop scheduling with dominant machines

This paper examines two special cases of the n-job, m-machine permutation scheduling flowshop problem. The first case assumes an increasing series of dominating machines; while the second case assumes a decreasing series of dominating machines. Efficient solution procedures for finding the optimal permutation schedules for various performance measures, including maximum flowtime, mean flowtime, mean completion time of machines, the number of tardy jobs, maximum lateness, and maximum tardiness, are developed.
On existence theorems for nonlinear equations involving noncompact mappings.

Abstract In this note we present two new theorems concerning the solvability of nonlinear equations in normed linear spaces involving either K-coercive pseudo-A-proper mappings (Theorem 1) or their uniform limits (Theorem 2). These theorems are then used to obtain certain known as well as new existence results for various special classes of equations involving, for example, A-proper and P-compact operators; K-monotone, quasi-K-monotone and pseudo-K-monotone operators; monotone and others.
Atomic coherence and interference in a coupled atom–cavity system

When a coherently prepared atomic medium is confined in an optical cavity, the atomic coherence and interference manifested by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) can be manipulated and enhanced by the collective atom–cavity coupling and the cavity feedback. We present an experimental study of the light transmission through an optical cavity coupled with coherently prepared cold Rb atoms. In the frequency domain, the cavity transmission spectrum exhibits spectral peaks representing the cavity normal modes associated with the multi-atom vacuum Rabi splitting and the intra-cavity dark state manifested by the combined EIT effects of the absorption suppression and the steep normal dispersion. In the time domain, a light pulse coupled into the cavity mode propagates with a slow group velocity and the propagation time delay is significantly increased by the cavity feedback.
Repair of DNA in replicated and unreplicated portions of the human genome

Abstract Portions of the human genome that have replicated after ultraviolet light irradiation and those that remain unreplicated have both been examined for the distribution of pyrimidine dimers and the extent of repair replication following their removal. The data indicate that the number of unrepaired dimers and the extent of repair replication seen after their excision are equal in the replicated and unreplicated DNA. Furthermore, the daughter strand of replicated DNA is larger than the average interdimer distance found in the parental strand. Hence, DNA replication in normal human fibroblasts is clearly capable of getting past pyrimidine dimers, and a preferential repair of such lesions in DNA that is about to be or has been replicated does not operate to any visible extent in these cells.
Early Macromolecular Syntheses in Cultured Mammary Tissue from Midpregnant Mice

Mammary tissue from midpregnant mice will undergo cytodifferentiation in vitro in completely defined medium when stimulated with insulin, hydrocortisone and prolactin (IHP). After a preliminary incubation without hormones (17–21 hr) the initial effects of these hormones on macromolecular synthesis were investigated. Addition of IHP enhances the incorporation of radioactive uridine, amino acids and galactose into trichloroacetic acidinsoluble material within 1 hr; thymidine incorporation is enhanced several hours later. By establishing a pool of radioactive uridine before the addition of the hormones, it was shown that at least part of the enhanced rate of uridine incorporation into acid-insoluble material was due to increased synthesis and not changes in the soluble pools. Of the 3 hormones, insulin alone produces the same augmentation of uridine and thymidine incorporation as IHP during the first 10 hr after the hormonal additions. The fact that the rise in thymidine incorporation is delayed is used alon...
Effects of transdermal and oral contraceptives on estrogen-sensitive hepatic proteins.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the contraceptive patch and an oral contraceptive (OC) on serum concentrations of estrogen-sensitive hepatic proteins, ethinyl estradiol (EE) and levonorgestrel (LNG). Methods Twenty-four women were randomized to receive three cycles of a contraceptive patch that delivers EE 20 μg/day and norelgestromin 150 μg/day or an OC that contains EE 35 μg and norgestimate 250 μg. Blood samples were taken at baseline and at the end of Cycle 3. Serum levels of sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were quantified by immunoassay methods. EE and LNG levels in patch users were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) assay. The paired t test and Student's t test were used for statistical analysis. Results Nineteen women completed the study (patch, n =10; OC, n =9). Treatment with both the patch and OC resulted in significant increases from baseline in SHBG, TBG and CBG. The increase in CRP was significant in the patch group and approached significance in the OC group. The increases in SHBG and TBG observed with the patch were significantly greater than those associated with the OC. By way of RIA and LC–MS/MS assay methods, the patch was associated with mean EE levels of 114 and 111 pg/mL, respectively. Conclusions The serum concentrations of estrogen-sensitive hepatic proteins and EE associated with the patch suggest that this new contraceptive system may have relatively large net estrogen effects.
SOCIOLOGY AS DISCIPLINE AND AS PROFESSION: A SOCIOLOGICAL SCRATCH FOR EVERY SOCIAL ITCH?

The relationship between research pursued in sociology as an academic discipline and sociological research undertaken as a contribution toward social policy formation is a somewhat uneasy one in the USA. The author undertakes to examine the evolving relationship between the disciplinary and professional thrusts of the American sociological enterprise.
Municipal solid waste in situ moisture content measurement using an electrical resistance sensor.

Moisture content (MC) is a crucial parameter for degradation of solid waste in landfills. Present MC measurement techniques suffer from several drawbacks. A moisture sensor for measurement of in situ moisture content of solid waste in landfills was developed. The sensor measures the electrical resistance across the granular matrix of the sensor, which in turn can be correlated to moisture content. The sensor was also equipped with a thermocouple and tubing that permits simultaneous measurement of temperature and gas sampling . The electrical conductivity of the surrounding moisture and the temperature in the matrix both affect the resistance measurements. This paper describes the results of laboratory experiments designed to select the appropriate granular media particle size, measure the influence of moisture electrical conductivity and temperature, and develop calibration relationships between measured resistance and gravimetrically determined moisture content. With a few limitations, the sensor is able to detect MC of solid waste under conditions allowing moisture movement into the sensor. The application of this technique shows promise for use in bioreactor landfills where high moisture contents are expected and desired.
Development of room temperature spin polarised emitters

The mechanism leading to RT ferromagnetism in Gd-doped GaN is not well understood. Oxygen impurities have been proposed as a possible contributor to ferromagnetic behavior in Ga 1−x Gd x N films but the physical mechanism is not clear. In this work, Ga 1−x Gd x N thin films were grown by MOCVD using two different metalorganic Gd precursors (TMHD) 3 Gd and Cp 3 Gd. Samples grown with (TMHD) 3 Gd, which contains oxygen, exhibited much higher magnetic moments. Co-doping of the Ga 1−x Gd x N films with Si produced conductive n-type material, while co-doping with Mg produced compensated p-type material. Si and Mg co-doped films exhibited room temperature ferromagnetism and this material was then incorporated into a room temperature spin-polarized LED. Electroluminescence from this device had a degree of polarization of 14.6% at 5000 Gauss and retained a degree of polarization of 9.3% after removal of the applied magnetic field.
Effect of some experimental parameters on the oxyluminescence curves of selected materials

Abstract The effects of changes of sample particle size, oxygen flow rate, heating rate, and diluent on the OL curves of various polymers are described. The experimental changes all affect the Tmax and/or intensity of the OL curve peaks in a manner similar to other thermal analysis techniques. Thus, the technique of OL in the non-isothermal mode may be considered as another thermal analysis method.
Estimating Winter Design Temperatures from Daily Minimum Temperatures

Abstract A methodology has been developed to estimate winter design temperatures (temperatures exceeded a specific number of hours during the December through February winter season-an important design parameter in building construction) from synthetic distributions of hourly temperatures for locations where only daily maximum and minimum temperatures are observed. Cumulative distributions of hourly temperatures and daily minimum temperatures were examined at seven different locations in Colorado having 10 or more consecutive years of complete hourly data. A consistent relationship between the two distributions was found for these stations by representing the lower half of each distribution with a best-fit power curve and relating the fitting coefficients. From these relationships an equation was derived that generated the shape of the lower half of the cumulative distribution of hourly temperatures. The only required input parameters are the regression coefficients resulting from the power curve fitting ...
The differential role of instrumentality, expressivity, and social support in predicting problem-solving appraisal in men and women

This study examined the role of instrumentality, expressivity, satisfaction with social support, and size of the social network in predicting problem-solving appraisal in both male and female college students. Two-hundred fifteen primarily white undergraduates (137 female, 78 male) completed the Problem Solving Inventory, Social Support Inventory, Personal Attribute Questionnaire, and Social Network. Simultaneous regression analyses revealed that for both men and women, instrumentality was related to all three factors of the PSI, and expressivity was related to approaching problems. Satisfaction with social support, however, was related to different PSI factors for men and women. As more information is acquired about how men and women each learn gender-related traits and obtain various problem-solving skills, we will be able to assist people in acquiring new perspectives and adaptive problem-solving activities.
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis – case report and review of literature

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a severe fungal infection with a high mortality rate. The incidence of IPA is on the rise due to an increase in the number of patients undergoing transplants and receiving chemotherapy and immunosuppressive therapy. Diagnosis is challenging due to the non-specific nature of symptoms. Voriconazole is the mainstay of therapy. We present a case of an elderly woman presenting with acute bronchitis and asthma exacerbation, who succumbed to overwhelming IPA. It is uncommon for IPA to develop in patients on short-term steroid therapy for asthma exacerbation. The possibility of aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients should be considered in those on systemic steroids and deteriorating pulmonary functions.
What can graph theory tell us about word learning and lexical retrieval

Purpose Graph theory and the new science of networks provide a mathematically rigorous approach to examine the development and organization of complex systems. These tools were applied to the menta...
Sexual abuse in the preschool years: Blending ideas from object relations theory, ego psychology, and biology

This paper uses concepts from relational psychodynamic theories and findings from neurobiology to conceptualize a young child’s experience of sexual abuse. Selected developmental tasks are discussed using an integrated theoretical framework. Literature which highlights the importance of the child’s environment is reviewed. A case of a sexually abused 5-year-old girl demonstrates consequences of sexual abuse using ideas from psychodynamic theories and neurobiology. It is recommended that social work practitioners expand on the biology domain when conducting a bio-psycho-social assessment. Social work students may benefit from additional content on biology in social work curricula.
COMPOSITION OF CELLULAR MEMBRANES IN THE PANCREAS OF THE GUINEA PIG : III. Enzymatic Activities

A comparative study of the enzymic activities of membrane fractions derived from guinea pig pancreatic homogenates has yielded the following results: Rough microsomal membranes (derived from the rough ER) have the reductase activities of the two microsomal electron transport systems but lack enzyme activities of Golgi-type (TPPase) and plasmalemmal-type (59-nucleotidase, s-leucyl naphthylamidase, Mg-ATPase). Smooth microsomal membranes (derived primarily from the Golgi complex), zymogen granule membranes, and plasmalemmal fractions possess overlapping enzyme activities of plasmalemmal type, in different relative concentrations for each fraction. In addition, the smooth microsomal membranes exhibit TPPase and ADPase activity and share with rough microsomes the reductase activities of the two electron transport chains. Taken together with recent data on the lipid composition of the same fractions (2), these results indicate that the membranes of the pancreatic exocrine cell are chemically and functionally distinct, and hence do not mix with one another during the transport of secretory products.
Demonstration of cobamide coenzyme in Ascaris suum.

Abstract 1. 1. Cobamide coenzyme was extracted from the body wall of adult female Ascaris suum maintained in Ellison's medium containing vitamin B 12 . 2. 2. The identification of the coenzyme in purified fractions was based on (a) specific spectral changes following treatment of the preparation with light and cyanide, (b) coenzyme activity in the glutamate mutase reaction and (c) inactivation of the coenzyme activity by light. 3. 3. A fivefold increase in coenzyme occurred in worms maintained in Ellison's medium plus vitamin B 12 , compared to the endogenous value. The data indicate that vitamin B 12 is converted by A. suum into the metabolically active coenzyme.
Compact optical gimbal as a conformal beam director for large field-of-regard lasercom applications

Laser communication offers advantages over traditional RF communication, including reduced size, weight, and power, higher data rates, and resistance to jamming. However, existing beam directors used for large field-of-regard lasercom terminals have limitations. Traditional gimbals require either domes or large conformal windows to achieve large fields of regard. Risley prism-based beam directors have temperature- and wavelength-dependent pointing necessitating tight temperature control and pointing correction techniques. Other methods, like liquid crystal optical phased array beam directors, have low transmittance and low technology readiness levels (TRLs). This paper presents a detailed design and preliminary performance results of a prototype Compact Optical Gimbal (COG) beam director that provides a 2 inch beam over a +/- 65o field-of-regard through a small (~12 inch) flat window. The COG differs from the traditional gimbal in that it includes three-axis steering with off-axis elevation and dither control, and a folded refractive afocal telescope incorporated into the body of the gimbal to minimize size. The COG’s optical system does not have the pointing challenges characteristic of Risley prisms, and it utilizes high TRL components, including many commercial off-theshelf parts, to simplify implementation. The compact size and performance support a variety of beam steering applications and platforms.
Thermal management of high power LEDs: Impact of die attach materials

Thermal management plays an important role in high power light emitting diodes (LEDs). The physical properties, such as light output, dominate wavelength and life span of LEDs are affected adversely by the junction temperature. As the result, heat flow path in LEDs becomes more and more important with increasing input power. The packaging materials including the die attach materials can decide heat flow rate from junction to board. However, die attach materials have far lower thermal conductivities compared to other packaging materials. The thermal conductivity of die attach materials thus can be reflected by the thermal resistance from junction to board. We developed an in situ measurement method after LEDs packaged incorporated with the measurement of junction temperature, light output and input power to exactly determine thermal resistance from junction to board. The results provide a reference in the selection and development of die attach materials for high power LEDs.
EMOTIONAL LABOR AND PUBLIC SERVICE : DO WE RECOGNIZE EMOTIONAL LABOR IN PUBLIC WORKPLACES?

(2008). Emotional Labor and Public Service: Do we Recognize Emotional Labor in Public Workplaces? International Review of Public Administration: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 137-138.
Determination of mixed polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the vapor phase by laser-induced fluorescence spectrometry

Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence spectromety is shown to be a viable technique for quantifying polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the vapor phase. Mixtures of anthracene, fluoranthene, and phenanthrene were analyzed in a vapor cell at temperatures ranging from 50° to 90°C. The individual concentrations of PAH's in these mixtures were calculated by a least-squares matrix technique and were accurate to within 3–5% at levels of about 5 × 1012−3 × 1015 molecules cm−3.
Simultaneous identification of estrogen and progesterone receptors by HPLC using a double isotope assay

Polymorphism of estrogen (ER) and progestin receptors (PR) was analyzed simultaneously using high performance hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HPHIC). HPHIC was used previously to characterize four ER isoforms [Hyder et al., J. Chromat. 397 (1987) 251] based on retention times on Synchropak propyl (100 x 6 mm) HPLC columns (Synchrom, Inc.). ER and PR were prepared from human breast cancer. ER was labeled with 3 nM of either [3H]estradiol-17 beta ([3H]E) or [125I]iodoestradiol-17 beta ([125I]E) while PR was associated with 5 nM of either [3H]R5020 ([3H]R) or [125I]iodovinylnortestosterone ([125I]V). ER was resolved by HPHIC into isoforms MI (Rt = 11 min), I(Rt = 16 min), and II (Rt = 24 min). Isoforms I and II each accounted for ca 45% of specific binding. PR separated into isoforms MI (Rt = 14 min) and I (Rt = 21 min, 80% of specific binding) when eluted with the same gradient used for ER chromatography. Upon inclusion of 10 mM molybdate ER resolved into isoforms MI and MII (Rt = 16 min) and PR into isoforms MI and I (here however isoform MI represented 80-95% of specific binding). Elution patterns were preserved with different batches of stationary phase suggesting the integrity of the isoform distribution. HPLC profiles of ER isoforms labeled with earlier [125I]E or [3H]E were identical as were PR isoform profiles labeled with either [3H]R or [125I]V. Pairs of 125I- and 3H-labeled ligands were used in either combination to monitor ER and PR profiles simultaneously. Isoforms analyzed in 50 biopsies gave reproducible retention times, however the ratio between I and II for ER and MI and I for PR varied. This method allows rapid, simultaneous monitoring of the chromatographic behavior of ER and PR isoforms or other associating proteins or nucleotides. One may now better elucidate their interrelationship as it relates to the hormone-response mechanism.
Solid-State NMR Studies of a Diverged Microsomal Amino-Proximate Δ12 Desaturase Peptide Reveal Causes of Stability in Bilayer: Tyrosine Anchoring and Arginine Snorkeling

This study reports the solid-state NMR spectroscopic characterization of the amino-proximate transmembrane domain (TM-A) of a diverged microsomal Δ12-desaturase (CREP-1) in a phospholipid bilayer. A series of TM-A peptides were synthesized with 2H-labeled side chains (Ala-53, -56, and -63, Leu-62, Val-50), and their dynamic properties were studied in 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayers at various temperatures. At 6 mol % peptide to lipid, 31P NMR spectra indicated that the peptides did not significantly disrupt the phospholipid bilayer in the Lα phase. The 2H NMR spectra from Ala-53 and Ala-56 samples revealed broad Pake patterns with quadrupolar splittings of 16.9 kHz and 13.3 kHz, respectively, indicating restricted motion confined within the hydrocarbon core of the phospholipid bilayer. Conversely, the deuterated Ala-63 sample revealed a peak centered at 0 kHz with a linewidth of 1.9 kHz, indicating increased side-chain motion and solvent exposure relative to the spectra of the other Ala residues. Val-50 and Leu-62 showed Pake patterns, with quadrupolar splittings of 3.5 kHz and 3.7 kHz, respectively, intermediate to Ala-53/Ala-56 and Ala-63. This indicates partial motional averaging and supports a model with the Val and Leu residues embedded inside the lipid bilayer. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy performed on the 2H-labeled Ala-56 TM-A peptide incorporated into magnetically aligned phospholipid bilayers indicated that the peptide is tilted 8° with respect to the membrane normal of the lipid bilayer. Snorkeling and anchoring interactions of Arg-44 and Tyr-60, respectively, with the polar region or polar hydrophobic interface of the lipid bilayer are suggested as control elements for insertional depth and orientation of the helix in the lipid matrix. Thus, this study defines the location of key residues in TM-A with respect to the lipid bilayer, describes the conformation of TM-A in a biomembrane mimic, presents a peptide-bilayer model useful in the consideration of local protein folding in the microsomal desaturases, and presents a model of arginine and tyrosine control of transmembrane protein stability and insertion.
Population Decline in a Long-Lived Species: The Wood Turtle in Michigan

Abstract: Populations of Wood Turtles, Glyptemys insculpta, have steadily decreased over the past 30 yr because of habitat destruction and degradation. We sampled Wood Turtles from three areas in Michigan, USA, to characterize populations, quantify demographic trends, and measure the effect of declining population size on genetic diversity. Wood Turtle samples (n = 68) were collected from three rivers in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and analyzed at nine microsatellite loci. Bayesian clustering programs identified two populations that split the three sampling sites into North and South populations. In both populations, analysis of genealogies estimated r < 0, indicating population decline. However, no evidence of a bottleneck was detected (P = 0.30 North, P = 0.29 South), and little evidence of inbreeding was observed (average North FIS = 0.25, average South FIS = 0.23), relative to other Emydidae populations. The high genetic diversity observed in the North and South populations is likely due to immigr...
Design and Implementation of a System-Based Course in Musculoskeletal Medicine for Medical Students

Background: The amount of time devoted to musculoskeletal medicine in the typical undergraduate curriculum is disproportionately low compared with the frequency of musculoskeletal complaints that occur in a general practice. Consequently, whether because of the quantity or quality of the education, the competence level of graduating physicians regarding musculoskeletal problems is inadequate. Our purposes were to design a self-contained, system-based course in musculoskeletal medicine for medical students in the preclinical years and to measure the level of competence achieved by a class of first-year medical students who took the course. Methods: The course was formulated by faculty from the departments of orthopaedic surgery, anatomy, and rheumatology and included elements of both objectives-based and problem-centered curricular models. The clinical lectures were preceded by pertinent anatomy lectures and dissections to provide a context for the clinical information. The lectures on basic science were designed to rationalize and explicate clinical practices. Small-group activities were incorporated to permit engagement of the students in critical thinking and problem-solving. A general musculoskeletal physical examination was taught in two two-hour-long small-group sessions with the orthopaedic residents serving as instructors. Cognitive competency was evaluated with use of comprehensive anatomy laboratory and written examinations, the latter of which included a validated basic competency examination in musculoskeletal medicine. Process-based skills were evaluated in the small-group meetings and in a timed, mock patient encounter in which each student's ability to perform the general musculoskeletal physical examination was assessed. Results: The course lasted six weeks and consisted of forty-four lecture hours, seventeen hours of small-group meetings, and twenty-eight hours of anatomy laboratory. The average student score on the basic competency examination was 77.8%, compared with 59.6% for a historical comparison group (p < 0.05). Each student demonstrated the ability to adequately perform a general musculoskeletal physical examination in twenty minutes. The survey of student opinion after the course indicated a high level of student satisfaction. Conclusions: The main features of the course were: (1) an emphasis on both cognitive and process-based knowledge; (2) more contact hours and broader content than in previously described courses in musculoskeletal medicine; (3) the use of small groups to focus on problem-solving and physical examination competencies; (4) basic-science content directly related to clinical goals. These features might be used at other institutions that employ a system-based curriculum for the preclinical years to help improve competence in musculoskeletal medicine.
Interactive schema translation with instance-level mappings

We demonstrate a prototype that translates schemas from a source metamodel (e.g., OO, relational, XML) to a target metamodel. The prototype is integrated with Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 to generate relational schemas from an object-oriented design. It has four novel features. First, it produces instance mappings to round-trip the data between the source schema and the generated target schema. It compiles the instance mappings into SQL views to reassemble the objects stored in relational tables. Second, it offers interactive editing, i.e., incremental modifications of the source schema yield incremental modifications of the target schema. Third, it incorporates a novel mechanism for mapping inheritance hierarchies to relations, which supports all known strategies and their combinations. Fourth, it is integrated with a commercial product featuring a high-quality user interface. The schema translation process is driven by high-level rules that eliminate constructs that are absent from the target metamodel.
The Interaction of Two Homeobox Genes, BREVIPEDICELLUS and PENNYWISE, Regulates Internode Patterning in the Arabidopsis Inflorescence

Plant architecture results from the activity of the shoot apical meristem, which initiates leaves, internodes, and axillary meristems. KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) genes are expressed in specific patterns in the shoot apical meristem and play important roles in plant architecture. KNOX proteins interact with BEL1-like (BELL) homeodomain proteins and together bind a target sequence with high affinity. We have obtained a mutation in one of the Arabidopsis BELL genes, PENNYWISE (PNY), that appears phenotypically similar to the KNOX mutant brevipedicellus (bp). Both bp and pny have randomly shorter internodes and display a slight increase in the number of axillary branches. The double mutant shows a synergistic phenotype of extremely short internodes interspersed with long internodes and increased branching. PNY is expressed in inflorescence and floral meristems and overlaps with BP in a discrete domain of the inflorescence meristem where we propose the internode is patterned. The physical association of the PNY and BP proteins suggests that they participate in a complex that regulates early patterning events in the inflorescence meristem.
Multiparameter Radar and Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer Observations of Tropical Convection

Combinations of both active and passive microwave sensors have been proposed for experiments such as the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM). During the summer 1991 Convection and Precipitation/Electrification Experiment (CaPE) in central Florida, both cold- and warm-rain precipitation processes were studied with the NCAR CP-2 multiparameter radar, operating at 3 and 10 GHz. The Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR), which operates at 10.7, 19.35, 37.1, and 85.5 GHz, was flown aboard NASA's ER-2 high-altitude aircraft over storms being scanned by the CP-2 radar. Top-of-atmosphere multifrequency TB from the AMPR is presented along with coincident CP-2 radar observations. Joint analysis of both radar and radiometer data sets allows refinement of new and existing precipitation retrieval techniques which will utilize the multifrequency TB from an integrated spaceborne microwave radiometer/radar system.
Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Rationality

Why do we have so many ethnic partisans in the world ready to die as suicide bombers? Does a rational calculus lie beneath the nationalist pride and passions? Can it be discovered if only we apply our understanding of rationality more creatively? This article seeks to answer these questions by focusing on the nationalism of resistance. It argues that a focus on dignity, self-respect, and recognition, rather than a straightforward notion of self-interest, is a better prism for understanding ethnic and nationalist behavior, although self-interest is not entirely absent as a motivation in ethnic conflict. In the process of developing this argument, a distinction once made by Max Weber—between instrumental rationality and value rationality—is recovered and refined further. No more arresting emblems of the modern culture of nationalism exist than cenotaphs and tombs of Unknown Soldiers …. They are either deliberately empty or no one knows who lies inside them …. The cultural significance of such monuments becomes even clearer if one tries to imagine, say, a Tomb of the Unknown Marxist or a cenotaph for fallen Liberals. Is a sense of absurdity avoidable? The reason is that neither Marxism nor Liberalism is much concerned with death and immortality. If the nationalist imagining is so concerned, this suggests a strong affinity with religious imaginings ….—Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, 1983He received many helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. He would especially like to acknowledge the criticisms and suggestions of Gabriel Almond, Benedict Anderson, Robert Bates, Morris Fiorina, Ira Katznelson, Pratap Mehta, Vibha Pingle, Ronald Rogowski, James Scott, Kenneth Shepsle, Jack Snyder, Sidney Verba, the late Myron Weiner, Elisabeth Wood, Crawford Young, and three anonymous reviewers of this journal. Needless to add, not all of them agreed, so the standard disclaimers apply.
The WeFold gateway: Enabling large-scale science coopetition

This paper describes the WeFold gateway that provides a social and technical environment for the first large-scale attempt at collaboration within the context of the Critical Assessment of techniques for protein Structure Prediction (CASP) competition. CASP is a biennial worldwide experiment created 20 years ago to advance the field of protein folding, one of the grand challenges in modern science. The WeFold experiment was started in CASP10 (the 10th CASP) to bring together scientists from different disciplines to brainstorm online, share ideas and codes, and synergistically develop new methodologies. The goal is to positively shake up the field to stimulate breakthrough advances.
Expression of phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6) in human breast cancer cells

Considerable epidemiological evidence demonstrates a positive association between artificial light at night (LAN) levels and incidence rates of breast cancer, suggesting that exposure to LAN is a risk factor for breast cancer. There is a 30-50% higher risk of breast cancer in the highest LAN exposed countries compared to the lowest LAN countries, and studies showing higher incidence of breast cancer among shift workers exposed to more LAN have led the International Agency for Research on Cancer to classify shift work as a probable human carcinogen. Nevertheless, the means by which light can affect breast cancer is still unknown. In this study we examined established human breast cancer cell lines and patients’ primary breast cancer tissues for expression of genetic components of phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6), a cGMP-specific PDE involved in transduction of the light signal, and previously thought to be selectively expressed in photoreceptors. By microarray analysis we find highly significant expression of mRNA for the PDE6B, PDE6C, and PDE6D genes in both the cell lines and patients’ tissues, minimal expression of PDE6A and PDE6G and no expression of PDE6H. Using antibody specific for PDE6β, we find expression of PDE6B protein in a wide range of patients’ tissues by immunohistochemistry, and in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. Considerable expression of key circadian genes, PERIOD 2, CLOCK, TIMELESS, CRYPTOCHROME 1, and CRYPTOCHROME 2 was also seen in all breast cancer cell lines and all patients’ breast cancer tissues. These studies indicate that genes for PDE6 and control of circadian rhythm are expressed in human breast cancer cells and tissues and may play a role in transducing the effects of light on breast cancer.
XV*—HOW TO DECIDE IF RACES EXIST

Through most of the twentieth century, life scientists grew increasingly sceptical of the biological significance of folk classifications of people by race. New work on the human genome has raised the possibility of a resurgence of scientific interest in human races. This paper aims to show that the racial sceptics are right, while also granting that biological information associated with racial categories may be useful.
Clonidine for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: I. Efficacy and Tolerability Outcomes

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of clonidine, used alone or in combination with methylphenidate, in treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: A 16-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in 122 children, ages 7 to 12, with any subtype of ADHD, randomly assigned to clonidine, methylphenidate, clonidine in combination with methylphenidate, or placebo according to a 2 × 2 factorial design. In two successive 4-week titration periods, clonidine (or matching placebo) and added methylphenidate (or matching placebo) were adjusted to optimal doses and then continued for 8 weeks. The primary efficacy outcome was changed from baseline to week 16 on the Conners Teachers Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes included the Conners Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire for Parents and the Children's Global Assessment Scale. Results: On the Conners Teachers Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire, clonidine was not found to improve ADHD symptoms, whereas subjects treated with methylphenidate showed significant improvement compared to those not treated with methylphenidate. Subjects treated with clonidine had greater improvements on the Conners Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire for Parents and Children's Global Assessment Scale, but also a higher rate of sedation compared with subjects not treated with clonidine. Conclusions: Based on the Conners Teachers Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire, methylphenidate offers the best combination of efficacy and tolerability for ADHD. Clonidine was well tolerated despite the frequency of sedation and did offer some benefit.
Structure of Sierra Madera, Texas, as a Guide to Central Peaks of Lunar Craters

The central peaks of Copernicus or a similar lunar crater have been considered as a target for manned exploration, partly on the supposition that the peaks expose rock uplifted from beneath the crater floor. This supposition is based on an analogy with central uplifts of terrestrial cryptoexplosion structures. Sierra Madera in west Texas is one of these structures. The structure of its central uplift is described as a proposed analog of the central peaks of large lunar impact craters. Setting and stratigraphy of the Sierra Madera are discussed together with structural framework, the central uplift, fold patterns, and fault patterns. It is concluded that the central uplifts of Sierra Madera and similar cryptoexplosion structures appear to be analogous to central peaks of large lunar impact craters.
Effect of Angiotensin II Antagonist Eprosartan on Hyperglycemia-Induced Activation of Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin System in Healthy Humans

Abstract —We have previously reported that hyperglycemia in healthy human subjects increased the renal vasodilator response to the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril. This observation raised intriguing possibilities relevant to the pathogenesis of nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus. To ascertain whether the effect of captopril was indeed mediated by a reduction in angiotensin II (Ang II) formation, we performed another study in which an Ang II antagonist, eprosartan, was used in place of captopril. Nine healthy subjects were studied in high sodium balance (ie, sodium intake 200 mmol/d). On the first day, the subjects received 600 mg eprosartan orally, and renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured. Glucose was infused intravenously on the second and third study days to increase plasma glucose to a level below the threshold for glycosuria (≈8.8 mmol/L). Eprosartan at a dose of 600 mg or placebo was administered randomly on the second or third study day 1 hour after initiation of glucose infusion. RPF increased (by 76±7 mL · min −1 · 1.73 m −2 , P −1 · 1.73 m −2 , P
Adsorption of Particulate Solids on Textiles1

Adsorption uf particulate solids and synthetic soil on cellulose and synthetic fabrics has been studied by a dynamic method involving high speed rotation of the solid and the substrate in a closed chamber. The results confirm that adhesion, and not mechanical entrapment, is the dominant soiling mechanism. Adsorption of particulate matter on the fiber surface increases with increasing pressure and mechanical work done during the soiling process. Some desorption of already adsorbed solid particles occurs because of abrasion; fibers with a higher toughness index retain adsorbed particles more firmly. The amount of particulate matter adsorbed on the fabric increases with the increasing amount of soil contacted with the fabric. A linear log-log plot of the two amounts resembles formally the Freundlich adsorption iso therm. The amount of soil adsorbed increases linearly with the logarithm of soiling time; the kinetics are apparently of second order. A linear relationship exists also between the amount of soil a...
Generating isomorphous heavy-atom derivatives by a quick-soak method. Part I: test cases

Screening for heavy-atom derivatives remains a time-consuming and cumbersome process that often results in non-isomorphous derivatives whose phases cannot be combined. Using lysozyme and FcγRIII receptor crystals as test cases, an improved soaking method for the generation of conventional heavy-atom derivatives has been developed. The method is based on soaking crystals in heavy-atom compounds for a very brief time at near-saturation concentrations. Compared with the current heavy-atom soaking method, which often takes days to achieve a derivatization, the quick-soak method completes a derivatization within 10 min to 2 h. The bound heavy-atom sites display higher peak heights from quick soaks than from overnight soaks in all cases tested. The quick-soak derivatives also preserved native-like diffraction resolution and data quality that was better than the prolonged-soak derivatives. Furthermore, derivatives generated by brief soaks are more isomorphous to the native than those generated by overnight soaks. Short soaks not only increase the likelihood of success in heavy-atom screening by reducing the pitfalls associated with prolonged soaks, such as lack of isomorphism and overall lattice disorder, but also have the potential to transform a time-consuming derivative screening into an `on-the-fly' real-time derivatization process.
Some general observations of physiographic and climatic influences on floods

The magnitude of flood-runoff and the degree to which it concentrates in river-channels with respect to time is known to vary within wide limits. To a considerable extent these variations relate to the physiographic and edaphlc features of the drainage-basins as they have been developed by the geologic and climatic history of the particular province in which they are located. Although storms of high intensity occur throughout the United States, the runoff therefrom has been observed to have certain inherent characteristics in wet or humid areas that are different from those in arid or semiarld regions even though the laws governing the flow of water either over ground or in river-channels are universal in application. Essential features of flood-behavior in wet or humid areas where stream-flow is sustained throughout the year and river-channels and valleys are comparatively well defined and permanent, differ from those in arid or semiarld regions where stream-flow is very erratic and flashy and the channels are formed largely by occasional intense runoff rather than the slow and orderly development by the continuous occupancy by flowing water. Moreover the flood-problem in areas where a part of the precipitation occurs as snow differs from that in areas where all the precipitation occurs as rain. Furthermore, in areas where snow does occur there seems to be a wide range in flood-runoff characteristics depending upon the temperature in and altitude of the particular zone. Some of the different flood-characteristics as they relate to total runoff and the concentration thereof are described herein and possible reasons therefor are related to conditions which seem to be more or less inherent in particular physiographic and climatic provinces.