cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of target elevation in prey selection by tiger beetles(Carabidae: Cicindela spp.)

SUMMARY The elevation of objects in the visual field has long been recognized as a potential distance cue, but it has been demonstrated to a reasonable extent in only four species: humans, frogs, fiddler crabs and backswimmers. Many tiger beetles hunt in flat, sandy areas, and their eyes show `flat-world9 adaptations, such as an extended visual streak of higher acuity that corresponds to the horizon. They are therefore possible candidates for the use of elevation as a cue for distance. We tested this empirically and with simulation. In a behavioral prey selection paradigm, in which starved beetles were presented moving prey-targets having different size, speed and elevation, the beetles showed a strong preference for large targets when these were low in the visual field and a weaker preference for small targets when these were near the horizon. Striking of targets above the horizon was reduced compared to sub-horizontal targets, and lacked the size-elevation interaction. We simulated these empirical results with a model that converted elevation to distance, and used distance to estimate the absolute size of the targets. Simulated strike probability was then determined by the similarity between this absolute size and an independently confirmed preferred prey size. The results of the simulation model matched the empirical data as well as the best statistical model of the behavioral results. While some aspects of the model, and the beetles9 behavior, differ from the strict geometry of the `elevation hypothesis9, our results nevertheless indicate that tiger beetles use elevation to estimate distance to prey, and that it is therefore one of the determinants of prey selection.
Agonist-induced Desensitization of the Mu Opioid Receptor-coupled Potassium Channel (GIRK1)

In Xenopus oocytes expressing the rat mu receptor and the G protein-gated, inwardly rectifying K+ channel (known as KGA or GIRK1), application of [D-Ala2,MePhe4,Glyol5]enkephalin) a mu opioid agonist, evoked a dose-dependent increase in K+ conductance. With sustained agonist exposure, the amplitude of the response decayed with a t1/2 of 8 +/- 2 min. In oocytes coexpressing the mu and 5HT1A receptors with GIRK1, stimulation of either receptor resulted in heterologous desensitization of the subsequent response to the other. Injection of guanosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate) (1 mM) increased the basal GIRK1 activity and the total response to the application of agonist, but did not affect the rate of desensitization. Basal channel activity in the absence of agonist also desensitized at the same rate when the oocytes were exposed to high K+ (96 mM) solution. The above results indicate that the desensitization of the response occurred at a site downstream of the receptor, possibly at the channel. The rate of desensitization was not significantly altered by any of the following treatments: removal of external Ca2+, preloading the oocytes with 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-tetra-(acetoxymethyl)-ester (0.5-1 mM), elevation of cAMP levels, treatment with phorbol esters (1 microM), staurosporine (0.5 microM), okadaic acid (1 microM), or cytochalasin B (0.5 microM). These results suggest that desensitization may not involve a calcium or phosphorylation-dependent mechanism.
Fault-tolerant cube graphs and coding theory

Hypercubes, meshes, tori, and Omega networks are well-known interconnection networks for parallel computers. The structure of those graphs can be described in a more general framework called cube graphs. The idea is to assume that every node in a graph with q/sup l/ nodes is represented by a unique string of l symbols over GF(q). The edges are specified by a set of offsets, those are vectors of length l over GF(q), where the two endpoints of an edge are an offset apart. We study techniques for tolerating edge faults in cube graphs that are based on adding redundant edges. The redundant graph has the property that the structure of the original graph can be maintained in the presence of edge faults. Our main contribution is a technique for adding the redundant edges that utilizes constructions of error-correcting codes and generalizes existing ad hoc techniques.
Coupled rolling circle amplification loop-mediated amplification for rapid detection of short DNA sequences

Circularizable oligonucleotide probes can detect short DNA sequences with single-base resolution at the site of ligation and can be amplified by rolling circle amplification (RCA) using strand displacing polymerases. A secondary amplification scheme was developed that uses the loop-mediated amplification reaction concurrent with RCA to achieve rapid signal development from the starting circular molecules. This isothermal reaction was found to be significantly faster than the comparable hyperbranching amplification method and could detect 100 circular copies in less than 1 h.
Electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon

The physical interpretation of the electromagnetic form factors is discussed with special reference to the gauge invariance of particular theories. A distinction is made between the condition that the one nucleon matrix element satisfy the equation of continuity ("weak gauge invariance") and the stronger condition imposed by the generalized Ward identity ("strong gauge invariance"). The former is shown to be a consequence of covariance under the improper Lorentz transformations, and hence it has no new content concerning the functional behavior of the form factors. The latter implies restrictions on the current operator which may have an important effect on the results of calculations of form factors.In connection with the physical interpretation, it is noted that the moments of the charge and current distribution are determined by ${F}_{\mathrm{eh}}={F}_{1}\ensuremath{-}(\frac{{q}^{2}}{2M}){F}_{2}$ and ${F}_{\mathrm{mag}}=(\frac{1}{2M}){F}_{1}+{F}_{2}$. Specifically the second moment of the charge distribution, $\ensuremath{-}6{{F}_{\mathrm{ch}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(0)$, is found, in the case of the neutron, to be directly measured by the neutron-electron interaction without the intervening subtraction of the Foldy term.These matters are investigated in detail by means of a specific model of the nucleon which is a covariant generalization of the fixed source static model having the property that it gives results identical with the static model in the limit $M\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. It is found that strong gauge invariance requires the addition of line currents which make significant contributions to the form factors in general and, in particular, to the proton charge radius even in the static approximation. This suggests that as a consequence of strong gauge invariance, important contributions to the charge radius must arise in any theory from intermediate states of large mass. The model also provides a means of consistently calculating recoil corrections to the static model. They are found to be large.
Participation of Women as Authors and Participants in Articles Published in the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management

Abstract Every article published in the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, since its inception, was evaluated to determine trends in gender representation for authors and participants. Data were recorded for first authors and total authors. The number of articles describing study participants' gender also was tabulated, as was the number of females on the editorial board each year. From 1977 to 1997, the percentage of articles with a female first author increased from 7 to 43, and the percentage of total authors who were women increased from 10 to 33%. For editors, the percentage of females increased from 7 in 1977 to 11 in 1997. The increasing participation of women evident in the present data parallels findings in other areas of behavior analysis, although women continue to be underrepresented in those areas, as well as in organizational behavior management research. Across years, the percentage of articles that provided information about the gender of study participants varied widely, from ...
A Unique Microprcessor Instruction Set

New instruction sets have been based on traditather than on the application of scientific method. Here, the latter has yielded a simple, optimal, en-member instruction set.
Cycle-time computation, and dedicated storage assignment, for AS/R systems

A computerized algorithm is presented for investigating dedicated storage allocation alternatives for automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS). It facilitates the investigation of space/speed/storage allocation relationships and their combined and individual impact on the system's performance.
A review of time–dose effects in radiation therapy

A historical review of conventional fractionation offers little confidence that such treatment is optimal for all tumors. Thus manipulation of time-dose schedules may provide a relatively inexpensive yet potentially useful technique for improving therapeutic results in radiation therapy. Consideration of basic radiobiological principles and animal model data illustrates the complex and heterogeneous nature of normal tissue and tumor response to time-dose effects and supports the hypothesis that better time-dose prescriptions can be found in clinical practice. The number of possible time-dose prescriptions is very large, and a review of the clinical trials using nonconventional fractionation demonstrates that the sampled portion of the total three-dimensional space of time, fraction number, and dose has been very small. Only carefully designed clinical trials can establish the therapeutic advantage of a new treatment schedule, and methods for selecting the most promising schedules are discussed. The use of simple data reduction formulas for time-dose effects should be discarded since they ignore the very complexity and heterogeneity of tissues and tumors which may form the basis of improved clinical results.
Glint system integration into an IFE target tracking and engagement demonstration

In the High Average Power Laser (HAPL) program, we are developing an integrated target tracking and engagement system designed to track in three dimensions an IFE target traveling 50-100 m/s and to steer simulated driver beams so as to engage it at chamber center with ±20 μm accuracy. The system consists of separate axial and transverse target detection techniques, and a short-pulse 'glint' laser to provide final steering instructions for beamlet alignment and target engagement by using the target itself as the final reference point. The glint laser overfills the target with a pulsed illumination beam 1-2 ms before chamber center, thus reflecting a 'glint' off the target in all directions. The glint return propagates back through the driver beamline and is collinear to the outgoing driver beam except for an offset determined by a wedged dichroic mirror. The wedged mirror accounts for the predefined transit distance of the target between the glint location and the driver beam arrival. This technique allows both the glint return and the driver beam to share a common path. Thus, the glint return represents the target's final position, but at a small discrete offset from chamber center, and therefore can be used to steer the driver beams to intercept the target at chamber center. We are currently prototyping this tracking and engagement system on the tabletop at reduced speeds and dimensions to verify feasibility. All subsystems have been characterized and currently we are integrating the glint system into the tabletop demo and using the glint return signal to provide the final steering instructions for the mirror. The glint system's integration into the tracking and engagement demo and current engagement results are reported.
A Study of Bismuth Induced Levels in CZT Using TEES/TSC

Considering the desirable effects of doping CdTe with heavy elements like Bi, we have grown a Cadmium Zinc Telluride (Zn=10%) ingot with Bi (doping levels ∼1014 to 1015 at/cm3) as the heavy element dopant for use as a room temperature radiation detector, using the Bridgman method. In-spite of a high bulk resitivity (∼1010?cm), and the ability to hold high electric field (>2000 V/cm), these lightly doped crystals had a poor spectral resolution for the Co-57 photo peaks and ??e measurements were so low that these measurement were not reliable. Thermo electric effect spectroscopy (TEES) and thermally stimulated current (TSC) experiments on samples C and F (single crystals close to the tip and the heel of the ingot respectively) have revealed various defect levels in the band gap. Among these defect levels, we have identified and characterized two Bi-related deep levels namely a deep donor level L5 (thermal ionization energy: 0.33[5] to 0.39[5] eV and trap cross-section: 7.1[5] × 10-17 to 2.54 [5] × 10-16 cm2), and a deep acceptor level L8 (thermal ionization energy of 0.82 [5] eV and trap cross-section of 2.59 [5] × 10-12 cm2). These levels were responsible for the observed high electrical resistivity (∼1010 ?*cm) in the CdZnTe samples. From a comparison to studies on Bi doped CdTe samples, level L8 was tentatively associated with the (0/-) transition of (BiCd- - OTe) complex, however is still under study. Since these defect levels also act as trapping centers for charge carriers, in spite of the semi-insulating behavior the samples are poor radiation detectors.
Differential display and gene arrays to examine auditory plasticity

Differential gene expression forms the basis for development, differentiation, regeneration, and plasticity of tissues and organs. We describe two methods to identify differentially expressed genes. Differential display, a PCR-based approach, compares the expression of subsets of genes under two or more conditions. Gene arrays, or DNA microarrays, contain cDNAs from both known genes and novel genes spotted on a solid support (nylon membranes or glass slides). Hybridization of the arrays with RNA isolated from two different experimental conditions allows the simultaneous analysis of large numbers of genes, from hundreds to thousands to whole genomes. Using differential display to examine differential gene expression after noise trauma in the chick basilar papilla, we identified the UBE3B gene that encodes a new member of the E3 ubiquitin ligase family (UBE3B). UBE3B is highly expressed immediately after noise in the lesion, but not in the undamaged ends, of the chick basilar papilla. UBE3B is most similar to a ubiquitin ligase gene from Caenorhabditis elegans, suggesting that this gene has been conserved throughout evolution. We also describe preliminary experiments to profile gene expression in the cochlea and brain with commercially available low density gene arrays on nylon membranes and discuss potential applications of this and DNA microarray technology to the auditory system.
Flexible and tunable metamaterials at terahertz frequencies

In this paper, we present novel optically tunable metamaterials (MMs) on flexible polymer sheet operating at terahertz (THz) frequencies. The flexible MMs, consisting of electric split-ring resonators (ESRRs) on GaAs patches, were fabricated on a polyimide thin layer using the developed transfer technique. Our experimental results revealed that with increasing fluence of the incident excitation beam, the transmission amplitude increases from 24% to 40% at 0.98 THz yet decreases from 78% to 25% at 1.25 THz. Our flexible tunable device enables potential applications for terahertz sensing, modulation and perfect absorption not only on rigid flat surfaces but also on curved surfaces.
Sensitivity Analysis for Coupled Atomistic and Continuum Simulations Using Bridging Scale Decomposition

This paper presents sensitivity analysis methods for coupled atomistic and continuum problems. Many bridging methods, which couple atomistic simulations to continuum simulations, have been proposed. They offers the ability to examine atomistic-scale dynamics in great detail, and yet keep the computation affordable by only using molecular dynamics (MD) in localized regions and a continuum simulation method everywhere else. Among the many excellent methods developed, the bridging scale decomposition is, in our opinion, the most advanced and is inherently geared for dynamic problems. We are investigating the impact of design changes at the macrolevel; including material, sizing, and shape, to the responses at the atomistic level. This paper focuses on sensitivity analysis for one-dimensional (1D) problems, where responses of atomistic motion to the changes in design variables are formulated analytically. These formulations are then implemented numerically in Matlab. Accuracy of the sensitivity coefficients a...
Subdirectly Irreducible Residuated Semilattices and Positive Universal Classes

CRS(fc) denotes the variety of commutative residuated semilattice-ordered monoids that satisfy (x ⋀ e)k ≤ (x ⋀ e)k+1. A structural characterization of the subdi-rectly irreducible members of CRS(k) is proved, and is then used to provide a constructive approach to the axiomatization of varieties generated by positive universal subclasses of CRS(k).
The Measurement of Radiative Lifetimes Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence: Experimental Review and Astrophysical Application

One of the standard methods for determining atomic transition probabilities is to combine branching fractions measured using Fourier-transform spectrometry with radiative lifetimes measurements using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). This combination of techniques provides an efficient method for measuring large sets of accurate, absolute transition probabilities. The radiative lifetimes, which provide the overall scaling for the transition probabilities, can be measured routinely to ± 5% accuracy using time-resolved LIF. Although the time-resolved LIF technique we use does not achieve the accuracy of fast-beam LIF, the time-resolved technique does enable us to make measurements at a far greater rate (hundreds of level lifetimes per year). Care must be taken, however, to understand and control the systematic effects in time-resolved LIF measurements to maintain ± 5% accuracy over a wide dynamic range and hundreds of lifetime measurements. Over the last 25 years, we have measured lifetimes for 47 spectra using time-resolved LIF. Our atomic beam source can produce a slow beam of neutral and singly ionized atoms of nearly any element. Lifetimes from 2 ns to ~2 µs can be measured for energy levels ranging from 15,000 to ~60,000 cm-1. In this review we will describe our method of measuring radiative lifetimes with an emphasis on possible errors and techniques used for controlling them. The electronic bandwidth, linearity, and overall fidelity of the fast photomultiplier, cable connections, and transient waveform digitizer are concerns. Possible errors from atomic collisions, radiation trapping, Zeeman quantum beats, hyperfine quantum beats, atoms/ions escaping from the observation region before radiating, and from radiative cascade through lower levels must be understood and controlled. We will then present a recent example of the application of our transition probability data to abundance determinations in the sun and in metal-poor halo stars (Den Hartog E A et al 2003 Astrophys. J. Suppl. 148 543). Our results have significantly reduced the uncertainty of abundance determinations for many elements including the rare-earths: La, Nd, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, and Lu. Better laboratory data have made it possible to cleanly separate the enhanced abundance of r(apid)-process neutron capture elements in metal poor Galactic halo stars. The long-term scientific payoff from this attention to detail in laboratory experiments is a better understanding of the r-process, of the Galactic chemical evolution, of the age of the oldest stars in the Galaxy, and indeed of the origins of the non-primordial chemical elements.
Epistemology of Environmental Microbiology

Despite critical geochemical roles of microorganisms in biosphere maintenance, knowledge of microorganisms as they function in soils, sediments, and waters is limited. Constraints on knowledge are caused largely by methodolo gies that do not contend well with the complexity of field sites, with the scale differential between microorganisms and humans, and with artifacts that may arise in characterizing microorganisms using laboratory-based physiological, biochemical, genetic, and molecular biological assays. A paradigm describing how knowledge is obtained in environmental microbiology suggests that the constraints on knowledge will yield to relationships developing between methodological innovations and their iterative application to naturally occurring microorganisms in field sites.
Effect of ridge planting and N-application methods on wheat grown in somewhat poorly drained soils☆

Abstract Wheat is grown in many areas of the world with environmental conditions similar to those in southeastern Kansas. Rainfall averages 100 cm year −1 and the subsoil has a high clay content, which probably impedes percolation and drainage. Much of the rainfall occurs over winter when the wheat is transpiring at low rates. Thus, saturated soil-moisture conditions may develop and persist for extended periods. This study was designed as two experiments to examine the response of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) planted on ridges to facilitate drainage as compared with other tillage systems. In two site-years for Experiment 1, ridge:skipfurrow (wheat planted 25-cm apart, i.e., paired rows straddling small ridges that are on 76-cm centers) resulted in 15–30% higher yields than either non-ridged reduced or no-tillage systems. Intermediate yields were obtained with ridge: no-skip (one row of wheat planted in the furrows as well as two rows on each ridge). In two site-years for Experiment 2, ridge: no-skip resulted in higher yields than either reduced or conventional tillage, with intermediate yields from ridge: skip-furrow. Rainfall patterns may account for the differences in ridge system responses. Gravimetric soil moisture was lower in ridge systems than in “flat” reduced, conventional, or no-tillage systems. Yield tended to be greater with dribble than broadcast applications of urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution as a spring topdress, especially for ‘Arkan’ variety wheat. Grain N content was 3–8% higher with dribble than broadcast UAN applications.
Nucleotide sequence of bovine parathyroid hormone messenger RNA.

Abstract The sequence of bovine parathyroid hormone mRNA has been determined by sequence analysis of near full-length cloned DNA complementary to the mRNA. Restriction fragments hybridized to the mRNA and extended toward the 5' terminus with reverse transcriptase were analyzed to derive the sequence not present in cDNA. The reverse transcripts were heterogeneous in length with three major stopping points within 8 nucleotides of each other and a minor stop about 30 bases further toward the 5' terminus of the mRNA. The sequence of the gene corresponding to the minor reverse transcript begins with the sequence 5' XXXATATATAAAA which contains the consensus sequence for a TATA box, a putative eukaryotic promoter sequence. Assuming that the major reverse transcriptase stop nearest the 5' terminus of the mRNA, which is 24 bases downstream from the TATA box, represents the beginning of bovine PTH mRNA, the mRNA contains 672 nucleotides, 100 in the 5' noncoding region, 348 in the coding region and 224 in the 3' noncoding region. Bovine PTH mRNA contains 38% G and C bases. The 3' noncoding region is particularly rich in A and U bases with the last 100 nucleotides of the molecules containing 46% U and 32% A. As with other mRNAs, the sequences CO and UAG occur much less than expected. The 5' noncoding region does not contain an AUG before the initiator codon and contains two potential regions that could base-pair with sequences near the 3' terminus of 18S ribosomal RNA. The sequence AAUAAA is present 14 nucleotides from the polyadenylic acid at the 3' terminus. Bovine PTH mRNA exhibits extensive homology with human PTH mRNA.
An ultrastructural and histochemical study of autoimmune aspermatogenesis in the rat testis.

Immune aspermatogenesis was induced in young rats by the method of Freundet al. (1954) and testes were studied by electron microscopic and histochemical methods. At time of sacrifice the testes of several animals were markedly atrophic as demonstrated by reduction in weight. Sections of seminiferous tubules exhibited primarily profiles of Sertoli cells but germinal elements were sparse or absent. The ultrastructure of Sertoli cells appeared to be normal except for the presence of areas of dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum and fragments of phagocytized germ cells in the cytoplasm. Light microscopic sections showed an apparent hyperplasia of intertubular tissue. Electron micrographs revealed a moderate to extreme vesiculation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in many interstitial cells. Macrophages and lymphocytes were often observed in contact with these cells. There was increased localization of non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase associated with lipid bodies of the tubules and in intertubular areas.
Outcomes of a small group educational intervention for urinary incontinence: episodes of incontinence and other urinary symptoms.

Objectives:This community-based intervention to reduce urinary incontinence (UI) in elderly women used a small group educational approach. This article reports on change in episodes of incontinence and other urinary symptoms. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to intervention orwait control condition. This article is restricted to 49 intervention and 59 control participants with acceptable diaries. Results:There was a significant treatment effect for a number of incontinent episodes. In the intervention group, 61% had a 50% or greater reduction in episodes, with more than one third having 100% reduction; 38% of the control group had a reduction of 50% or greater. One year postprogram, 75% of treated women reported subjective improvement. Therewas a reduction in frequency of daily, but not nocturnal, micturition. Discussion:This community-based intervention is an encouraging option for behavioral treatment of UI. Public health models may be particularly appropriate with moderate levels of urinary...
Reactions at Oxide Surfaces. 1. Oxidation of As(III) by Synthetic Birnessite.

The rates and mechanisms of the reactions between aqueous As(III) and synthetic birnessite (δ-MnO_2) particles were studied. The experimental results at pH 4 indicate that the depletion of As(III) from solution is rapid, with a time scale of minutes. The oxidation product As(V) is released almost as quickly, while the release of the reduction product Mn(II) is slightly slower. The results also show that the concentration of dissolved oxygen has no effect on the rate of reaction. These observations suggestthat (i) birnessite directly oxidizes As(III) through a surface mechanism, (ii) the adsorption of As(III) is the slowest step in the production of As(V), and (iii) the reaction products As- (V) and Mn(II) are released via different mechanisms. The time-dependent behavior of the aqueous reactants and products over a pH range from 4 to 8.2, and a temperature range from 15 to 35 °C is also discussed. The rates of As(III) oxidation by inorganic redox reactions with manganese dioxides are compared to observed As(III) oxidation rates in natural aquatic systems.
Evidence for Eocene mafic underplating during fore-arc intrusive activity, eastern Chugach Mountains, Alaska

Felsic intrusive rocks in the Chugach metamorphic complex (Alaska) have clear geochemical signatures indicating mixing of magmas from different sources. In this region, the relative sequence of intrusion for four generations of these rocks is well constrained by crosscutting relations. They were intruded during a four-phase deformational history that may be related to changes in the Kula–North America–Farallon plate configuration and subduction of a ridge axis. The felsic intrusions are predominantly tonalitic; some have adakite-like geochemical signatures. Both rare earth element (REE) abundance and initial Sr and Nd isotopic ratios vary, from values similar to metasedimentary rock to more isotopically depleted values with lower REE abundance. This evidence suggests two sources for the Chugach metamorphic complex magmas: metasedimentary rocks of the accretionary prism and a mafic (mantle-derived) source, possibly underplated oceanic material. Furthermore, the adakite-like magmas probably did not form in response to melting of the slab.
Aerodynamic Flow-Vectoring of a Planar Jet in a Co- Flowing Stream

The vectoring of a two-dimensional jet of incompressible fluid in a co-flowing stream is investigated by means of direct numerical simulation. The work builds on and extends an earlier study by Lim 3 , where the vectoring of a plane jet was accomplished by the application of distributed suction through the blunt-based lips at the jet exit. The earlier study employed a push-pull control stimulus to initiate and sustain vectoring. The present work shows that there are decided advantages to using a push-only control stimulus. The primary advantages derived from this simplified control strategy include a dramatically reduced amplitude of the unsteady vectored lift force. Also, the push-only control scenario virtually avoids any jet fluid being ingested into the suction ports.
Rapid analysis of energetic and geo-materials using LIBS

The laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique has been used to analyze a diverse array of materials for several decades. LIBS is ideal for rapid materials analysis since data can be collected in real time with no sample preparation. The coupling of LIBS with multivariate analysis has increased in recent years and allows for rapid processing of spectral information for qualitative or quantitative analysis. We will discuss several examples of how LIBS and multivariate analysis has been used to classify geological and energetic materials at the United States Army Research Laboratory. It is important to understand the parameters that influence the results and the limitations of multivariate analysis for LIBS applications.
Joint time-frequency optimized reference for surface wave reflectometry-based insulation health assessment

In this paper, we present a time-frequency based reflectometry solution that focuses on the practical implementation of in-situ and non-destructive cable diagnostic tests. Towards this ideal health monitoring approach, we have explored the implementation of alternative monitoring techniques using surface wave injection for monitoring of cable insulation health toward nondestructive tests. Through use of surface wave propagation, a diagnostic signal can be injected in control, instrumentation, and power cable without removing installed samples under test. However, in practical implementation of surface wave tests through antenna, problems are presented in the form of dispersive media distorting the response of the frequency sweeping reference signal in either frequency or time-frequency domains. We present an optimal reference signal and time-frequency cross correlation diagnostic and prognostic algorithm to allow for implementation of joint time-frequency domain reflectometry (JTFDR) in minimal bandwidth to reduce attenuation in surface wave reflectometry.
Hazards in the Use of Clinical Techniques in Vocational Counseling

Two approaches to vocational counseling, the trait-factor model and the dynamic model are contrasted. The failure to obtain positive results in several now classic investigations involving the use of clinical techniques to predict occupational success and adjustment compared with the success of more traditional predictors suggests that uncritical utilization of the dynamic model is ill advised at the present time. Until some convincing evidence of the validity of the application of clinical techniques is available, it is recommended that the more economical and empirically validated techniques of the trait-factor approach be relied upon.
IPR: an integrated placement and routing algorithm

In nanometer-scale VLSI technologies, several interconnect issues like routing congestion and interconnect delay have become the main concerns in placement. However, all previous placement approaches optimize some very primitive interconnect models during placement. These models are far from the actual interconnect implementation in the routing stage. As a result, placement solution considered to be good by primitive interconnect models may turn out to be poor after routing. In addition, the placement may not even be routable and timing closure may not be achievable.In this paper, we propose to address the inconsistency between the placement and routing objectives by fully integrating global routing into placement. As a first attempt to this novel approach, we focus on routability issue. We call the proposed algorithm for routing congestion minimization IPR (Integrated Placement and Routing). To ensure the algorithm to be computationally efficient, efficient placement and routing algorithms FastPlace, FastDP and FastRoute are integrated, and well-designed methods are proposed to integrate them efficiently and effectively. Experimental results show that IPR reduces overflow by 36%, global routing wirelength by 3.6%, and runtime by 36% comparing to ROOSTER [5], which is the previous best academic routability-driven placer.
Splice: A Standardized Peripheral Logic and Interface Creation Engine

Recent advancements in FPGA technology have allowed manufacturers to place general-purpose processors alongside user-configurable logic gates on a single chip. At first glance, these integrated devices would seem to be the ideal deployment platform for hardware-software co-designed systems, but some issues, such as incompatibility across vendors and confusion over which bus interfaces to support, have impeded adoption of these platforms. This paper describes the design and operation of Splice, a software-based code generation tool designed to address these types of issues by providing a bus-independent structure that allows end-users to integrate their customized peripheral logic easily into embedded systems.
A hybrid tree approach for efficient image database retrieval with dynamic feedback

The need always exists for indexing mechanisms that can precisely retrieve imagery from a database, as well as maintain certain efficiencies for large-scale image database search. To achieve this, we developed a hybrid search tree called SKD-Metric tree. This novel approach merges the classification power of the statistical k-dimensional tree and the efficiency of computation of the Metric-tree for nearest neighbor (NN) search. Another feature of SKD-Metric tree is its flexibility to formulate a new metric function while the retrieval system utilizes user's feedback to improve accuracy. In addition, unlike traditional relevance feedback approaches that, in most cases, sequentially search the entire database to obtain new retrieval results, SKD-Metric tree features a fast retrieval refinement procedure that needs to update only a small portion of the database. An extensive study, based on experiments performed for evaluating retrieval precision and computational efficiencies, is presented. We have applied our approach to a large-scale medical image database. The experimental results show that SKD-Metric tree can achieve a high accuracy rate with dynamic relevance feedback that requires much less computation than existing techniques.
Random and systematic CO2 flux sampling errors for tower measurements over forests in the convective boundary layer

Abstract The perturbation timescale-dependences of the CO2 flux and the random flux sampling error are evaluated from eddy-covariance tower observations in the mid-day convective boundary layer over mid-latitude conifer forests. The perturbation timescale is the timescale used in the standard Reynolds decomposition to define mean and perturbations quantities. The random error due to inadequate sampling of the turbulence is estimated using two different approaches (traditional and daily-differencing). A fixed record length of 3.6 h (dyadic timescale) is used for all results, where the record length is the timescale over which the products of perturbations are averaged (flux averaging timescale). Long multiple-hour records are required to evaluate the sampling errors. When high temporal resolution flux estimates are of interest (e.g., sub-daily timescales), including incremental contributions to the flux from transport on timescales longer than 10 min cannot be justified based on the magnitude of the incremental increase in the random sampling error. That is, the additional flux obtained by increasing the perturbation timescale beyond 10 min is dominated by random sampling error. This result is supported by both the traditional and daily-differencing approaches. For a perturbation timescale of 30 min, the relative random error (random error divided by the flux) is 38% at the taller tower and 27% at the shorter tower, and increases with increasing perturbation timescale. The cost associated with reducing the random error by using the shorter 10 min perturbation timescale, compared to the standard practice of 30 min, is an increase in the systematic flux error from 3% to 7% (averaged over three sites). Such error, while systematic, may be small in comparison to other sources of uncertainty. The choice of the perturbation timescale, and the trade-offs between reducing systematic or random errors, may depend on the intended application of the flux data. When only longer term flux estimates (e.g., monthly or annual averages) are of interest the random sampling error tends to cancel because of the larger number of samples, and the perturbation timescale can be increased to further reduce the systematic flux error.
POSTCRANIAL SKELETON OF UKHAATHERIUM NESSOVI (EUTHERIA, MAMMALIA) FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF MONGOLIA

The postcranial skeleton of Ukhaatherium nessovi, a eutherian mammal from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert, Mongolia, is described. Nearly the entire skeleton is represented by three skeletal assemblages asso- ciated with each other, found at Ukhaa Tolgod, a locality in the Nemegt Basin. Morphological comparisons of Ukhaath- erium are made with several other mammals, including placentals, marsupials, and Asioryctes, another Cretaceous eutherian from Mongolia. As has been previously pointed out, Ukhaatherium and Asioryctes possess a number of characters that suggest they occupy a basal position in the eutherian evolutionary tree. Ukhaatherium has epipubic bones, an unexcavated astragalar trochlea, and a depressed calcaneum, among other primitive characters. Derived characters that link it with eutherians include an upper ankle joint which is more restricted to the parasagittal plane than in basal marsupials and other outgroups, and an astragalar neck that is superimposed on the sustentacular facet, as opposed to the condition found in metatherians and other outgroups, in which the sustentacular facet is either medial to the astragalus, or it is ventral to the astragalar neck but the latter overhangs the sustentacular facet medially. Ukhaatherium offers some intermediate conditions between placentals and its outgroups which facilitate a better un- derstanding of character evolution at the root of Placentalia.
Common physiological changes in anorexia nervosa

A variety of physiological abnormalities are associated with the disorder, anorexia nervosa. In this study 40 anorexia patients were studied for hematological, electrolyte, lipid, and serum enzyme aberrations when they entered a treatment study in the emaciated state and again after nutritional rehabilitation. This article discusses all those metabolic aberrations which revert to normal with nutritional rehabilitation and those aberrations which occur in the course of weight gain.
Clustering-Based Active Learning for CPSGrader

In this work, we propose and evaluate an active learning algorithm in context of CPSGrader, an automatic grading and feedback generation tool for laboratory-based courses in the area of cyber-physical systems. CPSGrader detects the presence of certain classes of mistakes using test benches that are generated in part via machine learning from solutions that have the fault and those that do not (positive and negative examples). We develop a clustering-based active learning technique that selects from a large database of unlabeled solutions, a small number of reference solutions for the expert to label that will be used as training data. The goal is to achieve better accuracy of fault identification with fewer reference solutions as compared to random selection. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm using data obtained from an on-campus laboratory-based course at UC Berkeley.
Special feature: Historical. Collision‐induced dissociation: Readings and commentary

Collision-induced dissociation (CID), also known as collision-activated dissociation (CAD), is now central to the practice of mass spectrometry. The story of its discovery, fundamental basis, and its development as a technique applicable to different types of instruments has evolved over many decades. In this paper, these topics are explored by reference to and commentary on particular texts, chosen to represent milestones in the development of CID over the period 1910–1970.
Modeling Large Cortical Networks With Growing Self-Organizing Maps

Abstract Self-organizing computational models with specific intracortical connections can explain many features of visual cortex. However, due to their computation and memory requirements, it is difficult to use such detailed models to study large-scale object segmentation and recognition. This paper describes GLISSOM, a method for scaling a small RF-LISSOM model network into a larger one during self-organization, dramatically reducing time and memory needs while obtaining equivalent results. With GLISSOM it should be possible to simulate all of human V1 at the single-column level using existing supercomputers. The scaling equations GLISSOM uses also allow comparison of biological maps and parameters between individuals and species with different brain region sizes.
Identification of Glycosylated 38-kDa Connective Tissue Growth Factor (IGFBP-Related Protein 2) and Proteolytic Fragments in Human Biological Fluids, and Up-Regulation of IGFBP-rP2 Expression by TGF-β in Hs578T Human Breast Cancer Cells

Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF) is a cysteine-rich peptide involved in human atherosclerosis and fibrotic disorders such as scleroderma. CTGF has considerable N-terminal sequence similarity with the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), including preservation of cysteines, and has been postulated to be a member of the IGFBP superfamily. Indeed, recent studies have shown that baculovirus generated CTGF, a secreted 38-kDa protein, binds IGFs in a specific manner, leading to the provisional renaming of CTGF as IGFbP-8 (or IGFBP-rP2). With immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting, using polyclonal anti-IGFBP-rP2 antibody generated against recombinant human IGFBP-rP2bac, IGFBP-rP2 can be identified in the serum-free conditioned media of Hs578T human breast cancer cells, as well as in various human biological fluids, such as normal sera, pregnancy sera, and cerebrospinal, amniotic, follicular and peritoneal fluids. Glycosylation studies with endoglycosidase F reveal that endogenous human IG...
The role of mentoring on research productivity among occupational therapy faculty

This study surveyed junior and senior occupational therapy faculty in order to further understand the role that mentoring plays in research productivity. Junior faculty with and without mentors were compared in terms of their overall research productivity, and the senior faculty who served as mentors were compared with senior faculty who were not mentors. The role of institutional support factors on research productivity was also examined. The results of this survey suggest that mentoring plays an important role in increasing research productivity in junior faculty in the field of occupational therapy. Also, senior faculty mentors perceived their mentoring experience to enhance their research productivity. A general profile of an occupational therapy mentor and mentee has emerged from the results. Analyses showed a low to moderate positive correlation between faculty research productivity and a number of institutional support factors. Availability of intramural funds, release time, chair and dean support for research, grant writing seminars, and availability of statistical and computing help correlated with research productivity. The authors recommend the need for mentoring in occupational therapy academia. New faculty should have a mentor or mentors to help them succeed in research, teaching and service goals. Developing short-term and long-term goals with the mentor and periodic evaluation of goals will help new faculty to keep pace with the demands and requirements of their academic positions.
Response of wild bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) to surrounding land cover in Wisconsin pickling cucumber.

ABSTRACT Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is among the plants highly dependent on insectmediated pollination, but little is known about its unmanaged pollinators. Both domestic and wild bee populations in central Wisconsin pickling cucumber fields were assessed using a combination of pan trapping and floral observations before and during bloom. Together with land cover analyses extending 2,000 m from field centers, the relationship of land cover components and bee abundance and diversity were examined. Over a 2-yr sample interval distributed among 18 experimental sites, 3,185 wild bees were collected representing >60 species. A positive association was found between both noncrop and herbaceous areas with bee abundance and diversity only during bloom. Response of bee abundance and diversity to land cover was strongest at larger buffers presumably because of the heterogeneous nature of the landscape and connectivity between crop and noncrop areas. These results are consistent with previous research that has fo...
Acyclic colorings of planar graphs

A coloring of the vertices of a graph byk colors is called acyclic provided that no circuit is bichromatic. We prove that every planar graph has an acyclic coloring with nine colors, and conjecture that five colors are sufficient. Other results on related types of colorings are also obtained; some of them generalize known facts about “point-arboricity”.
THE MARKETPLACE OF IDEAS METAPHOR IN COMMUNICATIONS REGULATION

The ‘marketplace of ideas’ metaphor has been interpreted from democratic and economic theory perspectives. These different interpretive approaches emphasize different policy objectives and have been associated with divergent regulatory philosophies. To reach a deeper understanding of how regulators have interpreted and applied the marketplace of ideas metaphor, I analyzed the use of the metaphor over the past 33 years by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). I conducted content analysis on each FCC decision, from mid-1965 through mid-1998, in which the ‘marketplace of ideas’ terminology was used. The results suggest that the metaphor typically has been used within the context of deregulatory actions, and that, in recent years, the Commission increasingly has focused on the economic theory dimension of the metaphor. However, the results for the 33-year period indicate no significant relationship between the type of regulatory action taken and the theoretical interpretation of the marketplace of ideas metaphor employed.