cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron microscopy of freeze-fractured rat peritoneal mast cells.

The structure of the rat peritoneal mast cell has been studied by the freeze-fracture technique. Obviously specialized sites in the plasma membrane of resting cells that might represent predetermined loci for secretion were not found. However, scattered aggregates of as many as 40 membrane-associated particles were evident in the A fracture face of the plasma membrane. Scattered small invaginations and larger depressions were also evident in the A face of the plasma membrane. The relationship of these structures to exocytic or endocytic activities of mast cells could not be determined from the observations. In confirmation of observations on sectioned cells, each granule was surrounded by a trilaminar membrane. The face of the outer leaflet appeared to correspond structurally to the face of the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane so that when fusion occurs during secretion, like membranes fuse. Also consistent with observations on sectioned material was the absence of organized structure in cross-fractures of granules.
Polymorphic Protein Crystal Growth: Influence of Hydration and Ions in Glucose Isomerase.

Crystal polymorphs of glucose isomerase were examined to characterize the properties and to quantify the energetics of protein crystal growth. Transitions of polymorph stability were measured in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)/NaCl solutions, and one transition point was singled out for more detailed quantitative analysis. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to confirm space groups and identify complementary crystal structures. Crystal polymorph stability was found to depend on the NaCl concentration, with stability transitions requiring >1 M NaCl combined with a low concentration of PEG. Both salting-in and salting-out behavior was observed and was found to differ for the two polymorphs. For NaCl concentrations above the observed polymorph transition, the increase in solubility of the less stable polymorph together with an increase in the osmotic second virial coefficient suggests that changes in protein hydration upon addition of salt may explain the experimental trends. A combination of atomistic and...
Toluene diisocyanate reactivity with glutathione across a vapor/liquid interface and subsequent transcarbamoylation of human albumin.

Glutathione has previously been identified as a reaction target for toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in vitro and in vivo, and has been suggested to contribute to toxic and allergic reactions to exposure...
Tissue-equivalent radiochromic waveguide dosimeters for X-and gamma rays and fast neutrons

Abstract Radiochromic waveguide dosimeters consist of small fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) tubing containing a radiation-sensitive organic liquid or gel, which, because of its higher refractive index, propagates light through the tubing as an optical waveguide. The measurement of dose is accomplished by reading radiation induced changes in the ratio of transmittances at two visible light wavelengths. These dosimeters read the gamma and neutron tissue doses. Real time dosimeters were built on this principle for use in radiation therapy.
Continuous delamination of sprayed deposits via applied curvature

Abstract In this work, the delamination of a bimaterial interface continuously subjected to an applied curvature is considered for direct application to the controlled debonding of sprayed metal deposits. Important to the success of some spraying applications is the ability to systematically remove sprayed deposits from their substrates. A method for doing so is described, in which the deposit is sprayed onto a relatively thin substrate, which is subsequently conveyed along a curved path so that the deposit is continuously delaminated from the substrate. In this work, the continuous delamination of a sprayed metal deposit via an applied curvature is studied as a two-dimensional interfacial fracture mechanics problem. A closed-form solution for the steadystate energy release rate governing interfacial fracture is determined. A finite element model is used to verify the analytical prediction, as well as to extract a measure of mode mix. For the case of a substrate that is both thin and stiff relative to the deposit, the mode-mix admits a simplified approach to measuring interfacial toughness values for prospective deposit/substrate combinations. Straightforward analytical design guidelines are presented and are used to investigate the feasibility of the delamination process.
A Metal Matrix Composite Prepared from Electrospun TiO2 Nanofibers and an Al 1100 Alloy via Friction Stir Processing

Electrospun TiO2 nanofibers, consisting of anatase phase TiO2 single-crystalline crystallites with sizes of ∼10 nm, were impregnated into an Al 1100 alloy by the technique of friction stir processing (FSP). The studies of the resulting TiO2−Al composite revealed that the electrospun TiO2 nanofibers with diameters of ∼200 nm were broken into nanoparticles during FSP; the in situ generated pristine surfaces led to the interfacial reaction between TiO2 and Al and resulted in the formation of strong interfaces between the electrospun TiO2 nanoparticles and the Al 1100 matrix. This was evidenced by the fact that the filler−matrix fracture always occurred on the Al matrix side in the interfacial region. Consequently, the TiO2−Al composite made from the electrospun TiO2 nanofibers possessed a significantly higher Vickers hardness than that made from a commercially available anatase phase TiO2 nanopowder, of which the organic and/or carbonaceous contaminants on the surface impeded the interfacial reaction between...
Calculation of asymmetric vortex separation on slender delta wings with a vortex-sheet model

An inviscid vortex-sheet model based on the slender wing theory is developed to examine asymmetric vortex separation at zero sideslip on delta wings. It is found that multiple asymmetric vortex configurations exist at a given angle of attack. Available data on rolling moment measurements and flow visualization are used for correlation to prove the concept. Nomenclature aspect ratio = sin a tan ALE an a-value to generate a vortex shape for the right wing as input in the asymmetrical calculation an a-value similar to al, but for the left wing span lift coefficient rolling moment coefficient normal force coefficient pressure coefficient root chord constants used in Eq. (17) = cotALE
Consumption of Cross-Linked Resistant Starch (RS4XL) on Glucose and Insulin Responses in Humans

Objective. The objective was to compare the postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses to nutrition bars containing either cross-linked RS type 4 () or standard wheat starch in normoglycemic adults ( = 13; age = 275 years; BMI = 253&#x2009;kg/). Methods. Volunteers completed three trials during which they consumed a glucose beverage (GLU), a puffed wheat control bar (PWB), and a bar containing cross-linked RS4 () matched for available carbohydrate content. Serial blood samples were collected over two hours and glucose and insulin concentrations were determined and the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was calculated. Results. The peak glucose and insulin concentrations were lower than the GLU and PWB (). The iAUC for glucose and insulin were lower following ingestion of RS4 compared with the GLU and PWB trials. Conclusions. These data illustrate, for the first time, that directly substituting standard starch with , while matched for available carbohydrates, attenuated postprandial glucose and insulin levels in humans. It remains to be determined whether this response was due to the dietary fiber and/or resistant starch aspects of the bar.
The High Energy Telescope for STEREO

The IMPACT investigation for the STEREO Mission includes a complement of Solar Energetic Particle instruments on each of the two STEREO spacecraft. Of these instruments, the High Energy Telescopes (HETs) provide the highest energy measurements. This paper describes the HETs in detail, including the scientific objectives, the sensors, the overall mechanical and electrical design, and the on-board software. The HETs are designed to measure the abundances and energy spectra of electrons, protons, He, and heavier nuclei up to Fe in interplanetary space. For protons and He that stop in the HET, the kinetic energy range corresponds to ∼13 to 40 MeV/n. Protons that do not stop in the telescope (referred to as penetrating protons) are measured up to ∼100 MeV/n, as are penetrating He. For stopping He, the individual isotopes 3He and 4He can be distinguished. Stopping electrons are measured in the energy range ∼0.7–6 MeV.
Mitral Insufficiency Resulting from "Overshooting" of Leaflets

Mitral insufficiency may result from abnormal degrees of upward extension of valvular tissue, a condition which may be termed "overshooting." This condition may result either from rupture of elements in the papillary musclechordal mechanism or from inadequate support of leaflets without rupture. The latter may occur in myocardial infarction or in instances of intrinsic weakness of connective tissues of leaflets and/or chordae tendineae.
Intestinal mucosal transport of insulin

Abstract The development of an oral dosage form rendering adequate bioavailability (10–20%) of insulin would simplify the lives of diabetics and make intensive treatment easier. Provided that a dosage form is developed to selectively release insulin, it is still likely that intestinal membrane transport and metabolism would remain as barriers to oral insulin delivery. Since the cellular morphology and the enzymatic make-up of the brush-border region vary along the length of the intestine, everted gut sac experiments were performed using segments of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of the rat small intestine to determine the site(s) where insulin absorption would be optimal. No evidence of active transport processes for insulin was observed. Experiments with intact gut sacs showed no significant degradation of insulin exposed to either the mucosal or serosal tissues. Whole tissue homogenates, however, quickly produced significant losses of insulin. According to the measured flux of insulin across the intestinal mucosa, the duodenum showed very little or no absorption of insulin, while the jejunum and the ileum absorbed low, but significantly greater, amounts of insulin. Mixed micelle solutions, used as absorption enhancers, significantly increased the amount of insulin transported across the intestinal mucosa. Further optimization of the insulin/mixed micelle solutions will be necessary to provide optimal absorption of intact insulin.
Comparison of three high affinity SPECT radiotracers for the dopamine D2 receptor

Abstract The regional brain distribution and pharmacological specificity of three high affinity tracers for the dopamine (DA) D 2 receptor: [ 123 I]IBF, [ 123 I]epidepride, and [ 123 I]2′-ISP were assessed by SPECT imaging of non-human primates. The ratios of striatal-to-occipital activities at the time of peak striatal uptake were 2.2, 6.3 and 1.7, respectively. From the peak striatal activities, washout rates were 33, 4 and 16%/h for [ 123 I]IBF, [ 123 I]epidepride and [ 123 I]2′-ISP, respectively. The reversibility of the striatal uptake of all three agents was demonstrated by the rapid displacement induced by the dopamine D 2 selective antipsychotic agent raclopride, which increased washout rates to 96, 58 and 43%/h. The administration of d -amphetamine, which induces release of dopamine, had no noticeable effect on [ 123 I]epidepride but increased the washout rate of [ 123 I]IBF. These results suggest that, among these three agents, [ 123 I]epidepride is the superior tracer for in vivo displacement studies because of its slow washout and high target-to-background ratios. However, for tracer kinetic modeling, [ 123 I]IBF may be the superior agent because of its early time of peak uptake and its higher target-to-background ratios than [ 123 I]2′-ISP.
Land, power and commercialization in lower Iraq, 1850–1958: A case of ‘blocked transition’

The article takes to task both modernisation and neo‐Marxist interpretations for ascribing societal change to external forces. Taking the case of agrarian change in lower Iraq, it posits that the dominant class structure, not the encroachment of the international market, was responsible for blocking the development of capitalist agriculture. The particular response to changing market conditions was shaped by the existing socio‐economic organisation of the region, which was rooted in a tribal social organisation and economy. Commercialisation of agriculture did not itself create the ‘iqta” system based on large estates worked by peasant sharecroppers. Rather, the emergence of this agrarian system was the outcome of the successful effort of the tribal ruling groups to take advantage of the new political and market opportunities. Once in power, the new class of tribal landowners pursued income maximising policies that undermined long‐term agricultural growth.
Linear shrinkage of metal powder compacts during sintering

The influence exerted by various factors (particle size, particle size distribution, ultrafine powder addition, sintering temperature, etc.) on the linear shrinkage ratio during sintering was examined. Electrolytic, atomized, and ultrafine copper powders, as well as electrolytic iron powder, were used.
Mucous Cell Metaplasia in the Airways of Rats Exposed to Machining Fluids

Abstract Mucous Cell Metaplasia in the Airways of Rats Exposed to Machining Fluids. Gordon, T., and Harkema, J. R. (1995). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol 28, 274-282. Occupational exposure to microbial-contaminated machining fluids is associated with a variety of adverse pulmonary effects including chronic bronchitis and increased sputum production. We have previously demonstrated in F344 rats that inhaled endotoxin can increase the amount of stored intraepithelial mucosubstances (Vs) in the respiratory tract. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of endotoxin-contaminated machining fluid aerosols on mucous production. Rats were exposed to aerosols of pyrogen-free water, 1 or 10 mg/m3 used machining fluid, or 10 mg/m3 unused machining fluid for 3 hr/day for 3 days. Twenty-four hours after the final exposure, right lung lobes were lavaged and the nasal cavity and left lung were fixed in formalin. The amount of Alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff-stained mucosubstances was determined by morphometry. Exposure to 10 mg/m3 used machining fluid (equivalent to 0.8 μg/m3 endotoxin) produced a significant increase in Vs in the epithelial lining of both the nasal septum and intrapulmonary airways. These changes in Vs were accompanied by a significant increase in total cells and neutrophils in the lavage fluid. No changes in stored mucosubstances or lavage parameters were found in animals exposed to 1 mg/m3 used machining fluid aerosols. A significant increase in Vs was observed in the nasal septum but not in the intrapulmonary airways of animals exposed to 10 mg/m3 unused machining fluids (no measurable endotoxin). These results suggest that in addition to endotoxin, nonendotoxin components of machining fluids may contribute to the increase in sputum and chronic bronchitis reported for workers exposed to machining fluid aerosols.
Microbial changes associated with advancing periodontitis in STR/N mice.

Subgingival bacteria in STR/N periodontitis-susceptible mice and Swiss-Webster nonperiodontitis-susceptible mice were evaluated. STR/N or Swiss-Webster mice with an age of 3, 8, or 13 months were sacrificed. Cultivable microorganisms and alveolar bone loss were correlated with the age of the mice. The proportion of Veillonella spp. were significantly higher in STR/N mice when compared with Swiss-Webster mice at 3, 8, and 13 months of age. In addition, Haemophilus spp. were found to be significantly higher at 8 and 13 months and Streptococcus spp. at 13 months in STR/N mice. With increasing age, STR/N mice exhibited a progressive increase in bone loss and this correlated with a significant increase in the proportion of Streptococcus spp., Neisseria spp., Actinomyces spp., and Haemophilus species. On the other hand, Swiss-Webster mice did not exhibit significant bone loss over 13 months and only Actinomyces spp. significantly increased between 3 and 13 months. The following microorganisms were not observed in any of the plaque samples; spirochetes, Lactobacillus spp., Eikenella corrodens, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Actinomyces viscosus, Actinomyces naeslundii, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans, dark-pigmented Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium spp., Capnocytophaga spp., and Branhamella species.
Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation in Primary Cervical Dystonia with Phasic Type : Clinical Outcome and Postoperative Course

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to analyze in detail the relationship between outcome and time course of effect in medically refractory primary cervical dystonia (CD) with phasic type that was treated by bilateral globus pallidus internus (Gpi) deep brain stimulation (DBS). METHODS Six patients underwent bilateral implantation of DBS into the Gpi under the guide of microelectrode recording and were followed for 18.7 +/- 11.1 months. The mean duration of the CD was 5.8 +/- 3.4 years. The mean age at time of surgery was 54.2 +/- 10.2 years. Patients were evaluated with the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS) and relief scale using patient self-reporting. RESULTS The TWSTRS total scores improved by 64.5%, 65.5%, 75.8%, and 76.0% at 3, 6, 12 months, and at the last available follow-up after surgery, respectively. Statistically significant improvements in the TWSTRS scores were observed 3 months after surgery (p = 0.028) with gradual improvement up to 12 months after surgery, thereafter, the improvement was sustained. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the scores at 3 and 12 months. Subjective improvement reported averaged 81.7 +/- 6.8% at last follow-up. Mild dysarthria, the most frequent adverse event, occurred in 3 patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the bilateral Gpi-DBS can offer a significant therapeutic effect from 3 months postoperatively in patients with primary CD with phasic type, without significant side effects.
Development and characterization of a variable turbulence generation system

Experimental turbulent combustion studies require systems that can simulate the turbulence intensities [u′/U 0 ~ 20–30% (Koutmos and McGuirk in Exp Fluids 7(5):344–354, 1989)] and operating conditions of real systems. Furthermore, it is important to have systems where turbulence intensity can be varied independently of mean flow velocity, as quantities such as turbulent flame speed and turbulent flame brush thickness exhibit complex and not yet fully understood dependencies upon both U 0 and u′. Finally, high pressure operation in a highly pre-heated environment requires systems that can be sealed, withstand high gas temperatures, and have remotely variable turbulence intensity that does not require system shut down and disassembly. This paper describes the development and characterization of a variable turbulence generation system for turbulent combustion studies. The system is capable of a wide range of turbulence intensities (10–30%) and turbulent Reynolds numbers (140–2,200) over a range of flow velocities. An important aspect of this system is the ability to vary the turbulence intensity remotely, without changing the mean flow velocity. This system is similar to the turbulence generators described by Videto and Santavicca (Combust Sci Technol 76(1):159–164, 1991) and Coppola and Gomez (Exp Therm Fluid Sci 33(7):1037–1048, 2009), where variable blockage ratio slots are located upstream of a contoured nozzle. Vortical structures from the slots impinge on the walls of the contoured nozzle to produce fine-scale turbulence. The flow field was characterized for two nozzle diameters using three-component Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) and hotwire anemometry for mean flow velocities from 4 to 50 m/s. This paper describes the key design features of the system, as well as the variation of mean and RMS velocity, integral length scales, and spectra with nozzle diameter, flow velocity, and turbulence generator blockage ratio.
Punching Shear Enhancement of Flat Slabs with Partial Use of Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete

AbstractPrevious studies have clearly shown that flat slabs made of ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) have considerably higher punching shear strength than their counterparts made of conventional concrete. However, it may not be economically feasible to construct an entire slab out of UHPC. As such, the objective of the research reported in this paper was to determine the optimal use of UHPC within the critical punching shear area, while the remainder of the slab is made of normal concrete. Ten flat slab specimens with two different steel reinforcement ratios and three different areas (or depths) of UHPC were tested under a concentric load to study the effect of UHPC on punching shear capacity of flat slabs. Test results showed that full-depth application of UHPC within the area enclosed by a perimeter located at a distance equal to the slab thickness from the column face could enhance punching shear capacity of the slab by 70%. This configuration was deemed to be the optimal application of UHPC in fl...
Scientific and common sense reasoning: A comparison

An ethnomethodological approach to human activity focuses on how members accomplish some sense of orderly reality through interpretive creation. Moving from a flexible theoretical base made possible by the radical ?poque and its suspension of a given, fixed reality with attendent features such as subject-object dualism, perceptual processing, and iionreciprocal causal sequences, the ethnomethodologist argues that all reality, rather than being merely perceived, must be constructed by the member via certain standard methods and practices. While not necessarily at odds with other contemporary approaches such as social psychology's attribution theory (Heider, 1958) and recent work in cognitive psychology (e.g., Neisser, 1967), the stress that is placed on the denial of perceived reality as given makes ethnomethodology an information "doing" model rather than an information processing one. This central concern with reality construction shifts the emphasis to how members accomplish meanings and information rather than what reality is done. Of particular interest are the empirically verifiable ways in which people accomplish meanings through the construction of a reality which organizes and "glosses" inconsistencies in the observed phenomena of the world. Individuals' accounts of their social environment are viewed as
Continuous aerobic conversion of poultry waste into single‐cell protein using a single reactor: Kinetic analysis and determination of optimal conditions

A single-stage aerobic continuous process for the conversion of poultry waste into single-cell protein is described. The slurried manure was supplemented by molasses. Kinetics and possible mechanisms for the suggested conversion scheme have been investigated. A Box-Wilson experimental design has been employed to elucidate the effect of environmental conditions on reactor performance. Temperature, pH, and percent solids concentration in the feed (media composition) were the independent process variables, while the minimum residence time for the nearly complete utilization of total uric acid and ammonia nitrogen, the amount of carbon required per gram of nitrogen consumed, and protein content of the product were considered as dependent variables. Optimal environmental conditions for the mimimum raw material cost and for the maximum percent protein, lysine, and methionine content of the product were determined. The operating conditions of 25 degrees C, pH 7.5, 1.5% solids in the feed, and a residence time of 8.1 hr were found to be the most appropriate conditions maximizing the ''profit'' function, which is defined as the difference between the product value and raw material cost.
Uncertain about Uncertainty

Explores the concept of uncertainty in marketing decision making. Offers a structure of a decision dilemma with advice on how to evaluate possible scenarios arising from it. Examines the significance of probability, demonstrating the combination of probability and economic consequences into a comparison between two courses of action, risky and conservative. Argues that such an approach is preferable to hesitating due to fear of uncertainty.
RNA truncation by premature polyadenylation attenuates human mobile element activity

Long interspersed elements (LINE-1s, also called L1s) are the only active members of the autonomous, non-long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon family, which reshapes mammalian genomes in many different ways. LINE-1 expression is low in most differentiated cells but high in some cancer cells, in testis and during embryonic development. To minimize the negative impact on their hosts' genomes, many mobile elements strategically limit their amplification potential, particularly in somatic cells. Here we show that the A-rich coding strand of the human LINE-1 contains multiple functional canonical and noncanonical polyadenylation (poly(A)) signals, resulting in truncation of full-length transcripts by premature polyadenylation. This attenuation lowers the rate of retrotransposition in assays using HeLa cells. It probably also increases the negative effects of LINE-1 insertions into genes.
Electrochemical synthesis of bis(trifluoromethyl)alicyclic compounds

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of trifluoroacetic acid anion in the presence of activated dienes, ROOCCH CH(CH 2 ) n ChCHCOOR, gives bis(trifluoromethyl) alicyclic products. The ring size of the products was determined by comparing the fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the protonated compounds with the corresponding α,α′-dideuterated analogues. The results can be explained by an intramolecular radical addition and by an intramolecular coupling of a biradical intermediate.
Effect of pH on the Kinetics of Soybean Lipoxygenase‐1

The influence of pH on the kinetics of soybean lipoxygenase-1 was examined. Lipoxygenase-1 was stable when preincubated in the pH range from 3.2 to 9.2 but was irreversibly denatured at pH 3.0 and below. Double reciprocal plots for undenatured enzyme in the pH range 5.6 to 9.2 showed that the enzyme obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics in this pH range. The Dixon plot (log Vmax/Km vs pH) indicated an active site of the free enzyme to be a histidine residue with a pK of about 7.3.
Experimental results of the erosion of molybdenum due to blistering by He + bombardment

We report some preliminary measurement of the erosion rate of plasma dumps when bombarded with 100 keV He+ ions at high power density (∼ 1 MW/m2). The expected erosion rates, based on measurements of He blistering that were made at lower power density (∼ 0.3 MW/m2), indicate a potentially serious problem for fusion reactors. Our tests use a reactorlike power density and produce He blisters at a rate that is slower than predicted by 2 to 4 orders of magnitude, depending on the temperature of the molybdenum target.
The relationship of the nonstress test to gestational age.

Abstract Five hundred ninety-three nonstress tests were performed on 41 obstetric patients, at gestational ages ranging from 20 to 40 weeks. Diagnoses included 10 cases of prematurity, six cases of diabetes mellitus, five cases of collagen-vascular disease, five cases of poor obstetric history, three cases of cardiac arrhythmia, and one case each of asthma, polyhydramnios, leukemia, nonimmune fetal hydrops; and eight volunteers were without high-risk factors. All neonates had a 5-minute Apgar score >8; 29 neonates weighed ≥2500 gm, 12 weighed
Unoccupied surface-state band on Si(111) 2×1

Employing k-resolved inverse-photoemission spectroscopy, we have measured the dispersion of the unoccupied electronic surface-state band of cleaved single-domain Si(111) 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 along the \ensuremath{\Gamma}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\char21{}J\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} and \ensuremath{\Gamma}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\char21{}J\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}' symmetry directions. The energy dispersion and general shape of the measured surface-state band agree well with the calculated band of the \ensuremath{\pi}-bonded chain model.
Extreme Responses of Bilinear Stiff Systems

A single-point mooring system is modeled as a bilinear-stiff system. Long-term statistics of the nonlinear mooring system are estimated by Monte Carlo computer simulation. In an effort to generate an extreme event in a short time period (as opposed to lengthy Monte Carlo simulations), an equivalent linear system is devised along with an excitation designed to elicit a large, linear response. This design wave and the resulting system excitation are used in simulations to generate both the design nonlinear and equivalent linear responses.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The crystal structure of (C2H5NH3)2CuCl4

Abstract The structure of the complex salt (C2H5NH3)2CuCl4 has been determined by conventional X-ray diffraction techniques. The space group is Pbca with lattice constants a = 21.18 A b = 7.47 A, and c = 7.35 A. A square planar CuCl42− ion was found with CuCl distances of 2.28 A. The coordination sphere about each copper atom is completed by sharing additional chlorine atoms from adjacent CuCl42− ions yielding two CuCl distance of 2.98 A. This ties the CuCl42− groups into a two-dimensional framework lying in the yz plane. The nitrogen atom is located in a « hole » formed by the chlorine atoms in this framework. Several short NCl distances are found which are presumably associated with hydrogen bonds. The ethyl groups are disordered in this structure.
Age-dependent activation of glucocorticoid receptors in the cerebral hemispheres of male rats

Abstract The binding of [3H]dexamethasone-receptor complexes to purified nuclei was studied in the cerebral hemispheres of immature (3-week-old) and mature (26-week-old) Long-Evans male rats to determine the age-related changes, if any, in the physicochemical properties of glucocorticoid receptors. Our data show that heat activation (for 45 min at 25 °C) significantly the nuclear binding of [3H]dexamethasone-receptor complexes in rats of both ages, with a greater magnitude in immature ratrs. Ca2+ activation (20mM Ca2+ for 45 min at 0°C) also enhances the nuclear binding of bound receptor complexes but to a similar extent at both ages. These findings indicate that some of the physicochemical properties (e.g. heat activation) of glucocorticoid receptor change, while others (e.g. Ca2+ activation) remain unchanged at different phases of the lifespan.
Collision of a DNA Polymer with a Small Obstacle

Using single molecule fluorescence microscopy, we study the dynamics of an electric-field-driven DNA molecule colliding with a single stationary post. The radius of the obstacle is small compared to the contour length of the molecules. Molecules that achieve hooked configurations which span the obstacle were chosen for study. Four different types of hooked configurations were found: symmetric hairpins with constant extension during unhooking, asymmetric hairpins with constant extension during unhooking, asymmetric hairpins with increasing extension during unhooking, and rare multiply looped entangled configurations. The important physics describing the unhooking dynamics for each classification differ and models are proposed to predict unhooking times. Surprisingly, we find that most collisions do not follow classic rope-on-pulley motion but instead form hairpins with increasing total extension during the unhooking process (called X collisions). Last, we show that unraveling to form a hairpin and center-...
Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by aqueous extracts of Prunella vulgaris L.

Background: The mint family (Lamiaceae) produces a wide variety of constituents with medicinal properties. Several family members have been reported to have antiviral activity, including lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), sage (Salvia spp.), peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), basil (Ocimum spp.) and selfheal (Prunella vulgaris L.). To further characterize the anti-lentiviral activities of Prunella vulgaris, water and ethanol extracts were tested for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 infection. Results: Aqueous extracts contained more anti-viral activity than did ethanol extracts, displaying potent antiviral activity against HIV-1 at sub μg/mL concentrations with little to no cellular cytotoxicity at concentrations more than 100-fold higher. Time-of-addition studies demonstrated that aqueous extracts were effective when added during the first five hours following initiation of infection, suggesting that the botanical constituents were targeting entry events. Further analysis revealed that extracts inhibited both virus/cell interactions and post-binding events. While only 40% inhibition was maximally achieved in our virus/cell interaction studies, extract effectively blocked post-binding events at concentrations similar to those that blocked infection, suggesting that it was targeting of these latter steps that was most important for mediating inhibition of virus infectivity. Conclusions: We demonstrate that aqueous P. vulgaris extracts inhibited HIV-1 infectivity. Our studies suggest that inhibition occurs primarily by interference of early, post-virion binding events. The ability of aqueous extracts to inhibit early events within the HIV life cycle suggests that these extracts, or purified constituents responsible for the antiviral activity, are promising microbicides and/or antivirals against HIV-1.
Trichinella spiralis: migration of larvae in the rat.

Abstract Counts were made of Trichinella spiralis “migratory” larvae recovered from blood, abdominal cavity, lungs, liver, kidneys, and thoracic duct lymph of male albino rats from 4–15 days postinoculation. From these data, the pathways the larvae utilized to travel from the small intestine to skeletal muscle were determined. Approximately 70% of the encysted muscle larvae were accounted for by the lymph-blood circulatory system pathway. The data indicate that the other 30% probably migrated by way of both (a) the hepatic portal circulatory system to the heart and then to the general circulation and skeletal muscle; and (b) the abdominal cavity and/or abdominal fluids to skeletal muscle.
Forest defoliators and climatic change: Potential changes in spatial distribution of outbreaks of western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

Changes in geographical ranges and spatial extent of outbreaks of pest species are likely consequences of climatic change. We investigated potential changes in spatial distribution of outbreaks of western spmce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, and gypsy moth, Lynumtria dispar (L.), in Oregon and Pennsylvania, respectively, using maps of historical defoliation, climate, and forest type in a geographic information system. Maps of defoliation frequency at a resolution of 2 × 2 km were assembled from historical aerial survey data. Weather maps for mean monthly temperature maxima and minima and precipitation over 30 yr were developed by interpolation. Relationships between defoliation status and environmental variables were estimated using linear discriminant analysis. Five climatic change scenarios were investigated: an increase of 2°C, a 2°C increase with a small increase and a small decrease in precipitation, and projections of two general circulation models (GCMs) after 100 yr at doubled carbon dioxide. With an increase in temperature alone, the projected defoliated area decreased relative to ambient conditions for budworm and increased slightly for gypsy moth. With an increase in temperature and precipitation, defoliated area increased for both species. Conversely, defoliated area decreased for both when temperature increased and precipitation decreased. Results for the GCM scenarios contrasted sharply. For the other, defoliation by budworm was projected to cover Oregon completely, whereas no defoliation was projected by gypsy moth in Pennsylvania. For the other, defoliation disappeared completely for budworm and slightly exceeded that under ambient conditions for gypsy moth. The results are discussed in terms of current forest composition and its potential changes.
Degree of effort and attitude change under forced-compliance

Ss were tested on attitudes toward censorship before and one week after writing essays defending it. Those opposed to censorship (hence, playing a discrepant role) and above median perceived effort on the verbalization task became less opposed, whereas those below median effort “boomeranged.” Also, perceived effort was shown to be relative to initial discrepancy.
Personality and respiratory responses to sound and light

Ego strength relationship to respiration in response to sound and light simulation tested in subjects balanced for alertness-drowsiness by EEG criteria
Effective storytelling: strategic business narrative techniques

Purpose – As more and more firms grasp that narrative is central to addressing many of today's key leadership challenges – for example, articulating the risks and opportunities identified by strategic management tools like strategic plans, scenario analysis, and dilemma resolution – the question becomes: how is a CEO to make effective use of storytelling?Design/methodology/approach – Narrative – also known as storytelling – comprises an array of tools, each suitable to a different business purpose. The author lists these tools and summarizes how to use them effectively.Findings – Even executives who are naturally talented at narrative also need to learn to target their approach to the particular issue facing the company.Practical implications – While leading companies increasingly recognize the need to train leaders to use artful narrative to inspire and guide their organization to respond effectively to these strategic challenges, the reality is that most organizations need help to get the full benefits ...
Thera-Band Tubing

To the Editor: I was pleased to read the article by Patterson et al titled “Material Properties of Thera-Band Tubing” in the August 2001 issue. I feel the article is a valuable addition to our knowledge base for one of the most commonly applied resistive training modalities in physical therapy. Much of the clinical application of elastic resistance is guided only by experience rather than research, due to a lack of basic science literature on elastic resistance. Although the article by Patterson et al significantly adds to our knowledge of elastic resistance, I feel several points in the article should be addressed. The most common misconception regarding elastic resistance exercise is propagated in the first paragraph of the article when the authors state, “Near the end of the range of the motion, an individual may not be able to complete the desired motion, as muscles may be weaker because they may be in a shortened position at the point at which the resistance is greatest.” Although it is true that the elastic resistance increases in force with elongation, the actual torque production of the joint using elastic resistance has been shown to accommodate for the typical “ascending-descending” characteristics of most strength curves of joints in the body.1,2 When applied to the dynamics of a joint, the torque curve of elastic resistance also provides its lowest torque at the beginning and at end range, with peak torque occurring near midrange due to the changing interaction of the lever arm and resistance …
Diffusion–Drift Modeling of a Growing Breast Cancerous Cell

This paper presents a 2-D model to calculate the electric current densities and the biopotential differences generated due to a breast cancerous cell during the hyperpolarization of the G1/synthesis (G1/S) transition. The proposed model is based on semiconductor diffusion-drift analysis, and aims to understand the biophysics associated with growing breast cancerous cells. The effect of the duration of the G1/S transition, and the diffusivity and the mobility of the cancerous cell boundary is investigated. The results show that shorter G1/S transition durations, and higher diffusivity and mobility at the cell boundary provide higher magnitude of the electric signals.
Practical geriatric assessment

Preserving function is a priority in caring for older patients. In geriatrics, the focus of care shifts from the treatment of multiple chronic diseases to the impact of these chronic diseases on function. Clinicians must conduct functional assessments in order to establish a baseline and identify changes over time. This article gives the healthcare provider practical tools to assess function and conditions that impact function in a busy clinic setting. Since functional abilities represent the integration of the effects of multiple, complex disease states, it is important to perform a comprehensive assessment of key domains, including physical, cognitive, psychological and social domains. For each domain, we will present practical tools for screening (<2 min) as well as tools for more in-depth assessments (<10 min). Healthcare providers are encouraged to use these tools to help care for their older patients, all while keeping in mind individual patient function, safety and goals of care.
Locally Invasive Lymphangiosarcoma in a Young Domestic Shorthair

A 2-year-old, female spayed, domestic shorthair cat presented to the University of Missouri-Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (UMC-VMTH) with an approximately 11-month history of fluid-draining pockets along her ventral thorax and axillae. The skin in these regions was erythematous, and multiple areas drained a serous to serosanguinous fluid. Fluid-filled, nodules formed along the ventrum, but these nodules disappeared as fluid drained spontaneously. Histologic assessment of skin biopsies revealed areas of vascular proliferation extending along the deep margin of the section and rare instances of invasion into the superficial dermis. These vascular channels were devoid of cells, lined by variably pleomorphic endothelial cells which had a low mitotic index. Based on the mild to moderate pleomorphism, positive staining with prospero-related homeobox gene-1 (PROX-1), and the locally aggressive nature of the tumor, a final diagnosis of lymphangiosarcoma was made.
This Old Life

As we might in a rehearsal, let’s begin where we left off: “Do you smell a fault?” If not in the stars, or “the sacred radiance of the sun,” it may be in the “liability of too much life,” what’s past, and passing, and whether more or less, whatever’s yet to come. Some months ago, in the last meeting of a seminar, with the oxymoronic title, “Traditions of the Avant-Garde,” I announced that after nearly sixty-four years of teaching I had decided to retire. And as I sit here now confronting the rest of this life, and what I might write about it — how long? how much? the dire prospect that keeps us guessing — my wife reminds me that we must see a lawyer to revise our wills. My will, of course, was nothing like the aged King’s when, more than half a century ago, I was staging Shakespeare’s play, nor was there anything, then or now, like that kingdom to divide, unless it be life itself. But as we return to where we left him, with the “dark energies” there, it’s as if — by some conjunctive link to that sovereign power — we share the “fast intent / To shake all cares and business from our age. . . .” And then, of course, there’s that other, periodic meaning of age, that ancient time, this imperiled now, in which the faults abound — “World, world, O world!” — with some transhistorical, inexpungeable madness.
Causal FIR matrices with anticausal FIR inverses, and application in characterization of biorthonormal filter banks

Causal FIR matrices with anticausal FIR inverses have a key role in the theory of FIR perfect reconstruction filter banks. The author explores the theory of such matrices. Some general results on nature of inverses of first order causal FIR matrices are then presented. This leads, in particular, to a complete parameterization of the biorthonormal lapped transform (BOLT) reported in Vaidyanathan [1993]. >
Tautochondria dolichoura n. g., n. sp., a copepod parasitic on the bathypelagic fish Anoplogaster cornuta (Valenciennes) in the western North Atlantic

Tautochondria dolichoura is described based on a specimen taken from a bathypelagic fish, Anoplogaster cornuta (Valenciennes), collected near the Grand Banks, southeast of Newfoundland. It is a siphonostome copepod of the family Hyponeoidae. The appendages of Hyponeo australis Heegaard taken from Paralepis rissoi off the Kuril Islands are compared with the new form from the North Atlantic. A discussion on the affinity of this rarely known family is also given. ac]19860428
Micro-rewiring as a substrate for learning

How does the brain encode life experiences? Recent results derived from vital imaging, computational modeling, cellular physiology and systems neuroscience have pointed to local changes in synaptic connectivity as a powerful substrate, here termed micro-rewiring. To examine this hypothesis, I first review findings on micro-structural dynamics with focus on the extension and retraction of dendritic spines. Although these observations demonstrate a biological mechanism, they do not inform us of the specific changes in circuit configuration that might occur during learning. Here, computational models have made testable predictions for both the neuronal and circuit levels. Integrative approaches in the mammalian neocortex and the barn owl auditory localization pathway provide some of the first direct evidence in support of these ‘synaptic-clustering’ mechanisms. The implications of these data and the challenges for future research are discussed.
The Application of a Coupled Chemical Transport Model in a Trial Assessment of Deep Disposal of Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste

A series of trial assessments are being undertaken within the United Kingdom to rehearse procedures for post-closure radiological risk analysis of low and intermediate level radioactive waste disposal sites. These trial or “Dry Run” studies draw together workers from a variety of scientific disciplines allowing simultaneous rather than isolated development of assessment procedures. This paper illustrates the use of chemical codes and data within a probabilistic risk assessment framework through a demonstration exercise performed on a hypothetical repository located beneath Harwell, Oxfordshire. The implications for risk assessment practices reliant on the assumption of “conservative” parameters are highlighted by comparison with a more mechanistic approach which takes into account competitive effects.
Phenotypic selection for seed dormancy in white snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum).

Eupatorium rugosum (Ageratina altissima), commonly known as white snakeroot, is a weedy plant that invades woodland areas in North America, Korea, and Japan. In order to examine the inheritance of seed dormancy in this species, seeds from a single population were screened for their differential germination response to stratification. After two cycles of recurrent selection, the seed from the shallow–dormant lines had 4.4 times greater germination prior to stratification than did the seed from the deep–dormant lines. The seed from the deep–dormant lines showed 3.4 times greater germination after stratification, compared to the seed from the shallow–dormant selections. This suggests that primary dormancy in the seed of white snakeroot is under some degree of genetic control. This perennial species produces overwintering rhizomes that give rise to adventitious, vegetative buds each spring. The plants selected for the production of seeds with lower levels of dormancy in the fall were observed to generate rhizomatous buds that were released from dormancy earlier in spring, compared to the plants that produced seeds with higher levels of dormancy. A statistically significant positive correlation also was observed between seed and bud dormancy in a naturally occurring population of white snakeroot. Common regulatory elements might be influencing dormancy in both the seeds and vegetative buds of this species.