cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular phylogeny revealed complex evolutionary process in Elymus species

Recent molecular phylogenetic studies on Elymus have added to our understanding of the origination of Elymus species. However, evolutionary dynamics and speciation of most species in Elymus are unclear. Molecular phylogeny has demonstrated that reticulate evolution has occurred extensively in the genus, as an example, the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (pepC) data revealed two versions of the St genome, St1 and St2 contributing to speciation of E. caninus. Phylogenetic analyses of E. pendulinus uncovered additional genome-level complexity. Our data indicated that both chloroplast and nuclear gene introgression have occurred in the evolutionary process of E. pendulinus. Non-donor species genomes have been detected in several Elymus species, such as in allohexaploid E. repens (StStStStHH), a Taeniatherum-like (Ta genome in Triticeae) GBSSI sequence, Bromus- (Bromeae) and Panicum-like (Paniceae) ITS sequences have been detected. The chloroplast DNA data indicated that Pseudoroegneria is the maternal genome donor to Elymus species, but whether different Elymus species originated from different St donors remains an open question. The origin of the Y genome in Elymus is puzzling. It is clear that the Y genome is distinct from the St genome, but unclear on the relationships of Y to other genomes in Triticeae. Introgressive hybridization may be an important factor complicating the evolutionary history of the species in Elymus. The extent of introgression and its role in creating diversity in Elymus species should be the objective of further investigations.
In vivo bioluminescence imaging for integrated studies of infection

Understanding biological processes in the context of intact organ systems with fine temporal resolution has required the development of imaging strategies that reveal cellular and molecular changes in the living body. Reporter genes that confer optical signatures on a given biological process have been used widely in cell biology and have been used more recently to interrogate biological processes in living animal models of human biology and disease. The use of internal biological sources of light, luciferases, to tag cells, pathogens, and genes has proved to be a versatile tool to provide in vivo indicators that can be detected externally. The application of this technology to the study of animal models of infectious disease has not only provided insights into disease processes, but has also revealed new mechanisms by which pathogens may avoid host defences during infection.
Antenatally detected pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction: concerns about conservative management

Objective To review the conservative management of antenatally detected pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction in children. Patients and methods The study included 121 children (142 kidneys) with antenatally diagnosed PUJ obstruction managed over an 8-year period, including 21 who were affected bilaterally; the main focus of the study was on the 100 children affected unilaterally. The intent was to manage these patients conservatively, with immediate surgery (early pyeloplasty) only if renal function was initially compromised (renographic function < 40%). The indications for surgery subsequently (delayed pyeloplasty) included either a deterioration in renal function, the onset of symptoms or increasing hydronephrosis. Results The anteroposterior diameter and renal function were weakly and negatively correlated. The kidneys in the delayed pyeloplasty group had a greater initial mean anteroposterior diameter than had those in the early or the conservative groups (P<0.05). The improvement in renal function was the lower in the delayed pyeloplasty group than in the early pyeloplasty group; the improvement was inversely related to the anteroposterior diameter. Conclusions The conservative management of some antenatally detected PUJ obstructions probably results in greater loss of function, which is not recovered after surgery.
Peripheral oxytocin administration reduces ethanol consumption in rats

Abstract The neuropeptide oxytocin interacts with mesolimbic dopamine neurons to mediate reward associated with filial behaviors, but also other rewarding behaviors such as eating or taking drugs of abuse. Based on its efficacy to decrease intake of other abused substances, oxytocin administration is implicated as a possible treatment for excessive alcohol consumption. We tested this hypothesis by measuring ethanol intake in male Sprague–Dawley rats injected with oxytocin or saline using two different ethanol self-administration paradigms. First, a dose–response curve was constructed for oxytocin inhibition of fluid intake using a modified drinking-in-the-dark model with three bottles containing .05% saccharine, 10% ethanol in saccharine, and 15% ethanol in saccharine. Doses of oxytocin tested were 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mg/kg (I.P.). Next, rats received 0.3 mg/kg oxytocin preceding operant sessions in which they were trained to lever-press for either plain gelatin or ethanol gelatin in order to compare oxytocin inhibition of ethanol intake versus caloric intake. For the three-bottle choice study, rats consumed significantly less ethanol when treated with the three higher doses of oxytocin on the injection day. In the operant study, 0.3 mg/kg oxytocin significantly decreased ethanol gel consumption to a greater extent than plain gel consumption, both in terms of the amount of gel eaten and calories consumed. These data affirm oxytocin's efficacy for decreasing ethanol intake in rats, and confirm clinical studies suggesting oxytocin as a potential treatment for alcoholism.
Stress exacerbates neuron loss and cytoskeletal pathology in the hippocampus

Glucocorticoids (GCs), the adrenal steroids secreted during stress, endanger the hippocampus, compromising its ability to survive neurological insults. GCs probably do so by disrupting energetics in the hippocampus, thus impairing its ability to contain damaging fluxes of excitatory amino acids and calcium. Superficially, these observations suggest that stress itself should also exacerbate the toxicity of neurological insults. However, most studies have involved unphysiologic GC manipulations, limiting speculations about the endangering effects of stress. In this study, rats were infused with the excitotoxin kainic acid (KA) after either having been adrenalectomized and replaced with a range of physiologic concentrations of GCs, or having been stressed intermittently. We observed that within the CA3 region, increasing CORT concentrations exacerbated the KA-induced neuron loss, the extent of tau immunoreactivity, and of spectrin proteolysis. The transitions from low to high basal GC concentrations and from high basal to stress GC values were both associated with significant exacerbation of neuron loss and tau immunoreactivity; the extent of spectrin proteolysis was less sensitive to increments in GCs. As would be expected from these data, exposure to intermittent stress prior to KA infusion also exacerbated neuron loss, tau immunoreactivity, and spectrin proteolysis in CA3. Thus, physiological elevations of GCs, and stress itself, can exacerbate hippocampal neuron loss and the attendant degenerative markers following an excitotoxic insult. Of significance, seizure and hypoxia-ischemia provoke considerable GC stress responses, which may thus worsen the resultant damage. Furthermore, a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as aging, are associated with elevated basal GC concentrations, which may endanger the hippocampus in the event of neurological insult.
Modeling and Simulation of Terahertz Devices

Research and development in the exploitation of millimeter and submillimeter waves has undergone impressive growth during the last decade due to the potential technological uses of the terahertz (THz) portion of the spectrum with its unique location between the microwave (i.e., electronic) and the optical domains, which nominally corresponds to the frequency range from 300 GHz (submillimeter wave) to 10 THz. There are a number of important applications in the THz band, including atmospheric science, biodetection and imaging, THz spectroscopy, threat detection, broadband communications, and the detection of bioagents relevant to battlefield defense. Due to the sensitivity of THz radiation to the configuration of large organic molecules, THz spectroscopy will support and sustain new technologies for the remote detection of potentially harmful bioagents [1], [2]. Furthermore, the possibility to fabricate solid-state sources and detectors will allow the production of fully integrated biosensors [3]. Wireless communication is another promising application of THz technology. In particular, mobile videophones and highspeed mobile Internet access would be greatly facilitated if THz carriers would be used at least in some links of the cellular network. All solid-state THz communication systems can be envisioned [4] that supply a valid alternative to the expensive and less-developed all-optical communication technology.
Roundsmanship: inherent control on a medical teaching ward.

Abstract Instead of focusing on the “outcomes” of imposed regulatory mechanisms in medical settings, this article describes the operation of an inherent control mechanism—roundsmanship—that exists as a natural and emergent feature of medical work and instruction in teaching hospitals. Qualitative research findings used in this article are based on field observations of and interviews with medical staff in three teaching hospitals. The first section of the article examines the nature of roundsmanship. As a control mechanism, it is viewed by physicians in training as an academic game that approximates the use of tests in schools. The second section of the article examines the uses of roundsmanship to physicians in training. It is used to establish trust among peers on the ward, to control instruction by attending physicians, to control supervision by attending physicians, and to establish temporary status in a setting where competence and ability are unclear. Finally, implications of studying inherent control mechanisms for conventional thinking about supervision and regulation in medicine are reviewed.
Autonomous navigation in a dynamic environment

Navigation of a mobile robot in the presence of dynamic obstacles requires fast data collection routemonitoring and route replanning. A method for route replanning in the presence of dynamic obstacles and an extendible autonomous vehicle navigation architecture based on this method is presented. At the center of our architecture is the Dynamic World Modeling subsystem which maintains an internal representation of the environment. It continuously assimilates time-varying stereo-based range data to build an accurate model of the world. The primary user of this information the Navigator subsystem plans a path for the vehicle to follow and insures that this path remains valid by computing detours when environmental changes block the planned path. A preliminary version of our autonomous navigation system utilizing a near real-time stereo range detection module is operational in our laboratory. It is used to navigate a Denning MIRV-2 mobile platform and executes in a distributed fashion on a network of Sun workstations.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ACUTE EFFECT OF DEXAMETHASONE(DEX) ON RENAL HANDLING OF CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS IN THE MICROPREMIES. † 1078

Steriod is known to effect renal handling and gut absorption of calcium(Ca) and Phosphorus (P). The present study is designed to examine the acute effect of DEX on renal excretion of Ca & P in preterm infants born at 0.1). Urinary fractional excretion of Ca was variable, but fractional excretion of phosphorus increased from 0.17±0.05 to 0.33±0.13. (p=0.01). BUN uniformely increased post DEX, from 6.3±3.0 to 14.9±6.9 mg/dl (p < 0.01). Conclusion: DEX induces significant phosphosturia acutely in the very low birth weight infants. This is likely to be the direct effect of DEX on the kidney. Decrease in serum Ca concentration after DEX cannot be explained by renal Ca loss, probably represents the effect of DEX on intestinal absorption of calcium. Increase in BUN is likely due to the catabolic effect of Dexamethasone.
A Trivalent System from Vancomycin·d-Ala-d-Ala with Higher Affinity Than Avidin·Biotin

Tris(vancomycin carboxamide) binds a trivalent ligand derived from D-Ala-D-Ala with very high affinity: dissociation constant (Kd) approximately 4 x 10(-17) +/- 1 x 10(-17) M. High-affinity trivalent binding and monovalent binding are fundamentally different. In trivalent (and more generally, polyvalent) binding, dissociation occurs in stages, and its rate can be accelerated by monovalent ligand at sufficiently high concentrations. In monovalent binding, dissociation is determined solely by the rate constant for dissociation and cannot be accelerated by added monomer. Calorimetric measurements for the trivalent system indicate an approximately additive gain in enthalpy relative to the corresponding monomers. This system is one of the most stable organic receptor-ligand pairs involving small molecules that is known. It illustrates the practicality of designing very high-affinity systems based on polyvalency.
Quantum dots in photonic crystals: From quantum information processing to single photon nonlinear optics

Quantum dots in photonic crystals are interesting both as a testbed for fundamental cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) experiments and as a platform for quantum and classical information processing. We describe a technique to coherently access the QD-cavity system by resonant light scattering. Among other things, the coherent access enables a giant optical nonlinearity associated with the saturation of a single quantum dot strongly coupled to a photonic crystal cavity. We explore this nonlinearity to implement controlled phase and amplitude modulation between two modes of light at the single photon level—a nonlinearity observed so far only in atomic physics systems. We also measured the photon statistics of the reflected beam at various detunings with the QD/cavity system. These measurements reveal effects such as photon blockade and photon-induced tunneling, for the first time in solid state. These demonstrations lie at the core of a number of proposals for quantum information processing, and could also be employed to build novel devices, such as optical switches controlled at the single photon level.
Classical linear algebra inequalities for the Jordan models of C0 operators

Abstract We extend to the class C 0 certain inequalities, relating the sizes of the Jordan blocks of a matrix with those of a restriction/compression of the matrix. The proofs seem to be more natural than those in the original linear algebra approach.
GeneScissors: A comprehensive approach to detecting and correcting spurious transcriptome inference owing to RNA-seq reads misalignment

Motivation: RNA-seq techniques provide an unparalleled means for exploring a transcriptome with deep coverage and base pair level resolution. Various analysis tools have been developed to align and assemble RNA-seq data, such as the widely used TopHat/Cufflinks pipeline. A common observation is that a sizable fraction of the fragments/reads align to multiple locations of the genome. These multiple alignments pose substantial challenges to existing RNA-seq analysis tools. Inappropriate treatment may result in reporting spurious expressed genes (false positives) and missing the real expressed genes (false negatives). Such errors impact the subsequent analysis, such as differential expression analysis. In our study, we observe that � 3.5% of transcripts reported by TopHat/Cufflinks pipeline correspond to annotated nonfunctional pseudogenes. Moreover, � 10.0% of reported transcripts are not annotated in the Ensembl database. These genes could be either novel expressed genes or false discoveries. Results: We examine the underlying genomic features that lead to multiple alignments and investigate how they generate systematic errors in RNA-seq analysis. We develop a general tool, GeneScissors, which exploits machine learning techniques guided by biological knowledge to detect and correct spurious transcriptome inference by existing RNA-seq analysis methods. In our simulated study, GeneScissors can predict spurious transcriptome calls owing to misalignment with an accuracy close to 90%. It provides substantial improvement over the widely used TopHat/Cufflinks or MapSplice/ Cufflinks pipelines in both precision and F-measurement. On real data, GeneScissors reports 53.6% less pseudogenes and 0.97% more expressed and annotated transcripts, when compared with the TopHat/Cufflinks pipeline. In addition, among the 10.0% unannotated transcripts reported by TopHat/Cufflinks, GeneScissors finds that 416.3% of them are false positives. Availability: The software can be downloaded at http://csbio.unc.edu/ genescissors/
Review Essay: Which Way Psychology? A Discussion of Barbara Held’s Psychology’s Interpretative Turn: The Search for Truth and Agency in Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology

Some psychologists have recently tried to develop new approaches to psychology incompatible with both natural-science views of the discipline and basic tenets of postmodernism. In her new book on psychology’s interpretative turn, Barbara Held refers to these thinkers as “middleground theorists” or MGTs. Most of the MGTs reject psychological laws, defend free choice and agency, stress the role of values in psychological inquiry, and argue for a hermeneutical methodology. Some reject scientific realism and embrace epistemological relativism. Both Held and I express doubts about some of these views.
Direction-finding array of crossed dipoles

A direction-finding array system which uses a plurality of hydrophones in a crossed dipole configuration and a phase-detection system. It is basically a time-of-arrival (TOA) system which is modified to act like a phase-detection system and is able to share much of the electronics of existing acoustic intercept receivers. Acoustic signals of a high frequency generated by an acoustic target under investigation are apparently heterodyned to obtain corresponding signals of an appropriate lower frequency. The apparently heterodyned signals are then processed in two identical processors giving rise to two outputs which are applied to X- and Y- axes of a cathode ray of oscilloscope or the like to obtain unambiguous bearing information about the acoustic target. Three dimensional bearing angle information is obtained by using a third processor which is identical to the two processors used in a two dimensional case.
Effects of in-row and interrow subsoiling and time of nitrogen application on growth, stomatal conductance and yield of strip-tilled corn

The use of in-row subsoilers in conservation tillage systems in soils underlaid by tillage pans increases rooting depth, root proliferation and water infiltration. Interrow subsoiling 5 weeks after planting, to coincide with sidedress nitrogen applications, might be a practical method for further increasing infiltration of water from irrigation and high-intensity showers. Corn (Zea mays L.) was strip-till planted and grown under irrigation for 2 years at one location and 1 year at another to study the effects of subsoiling, placement and timing of nitrogen application (157 kg ha−1) on plant growth, stomatal conductance and yield. Treatments included (1) not subsoiled, N applied at planting; (2) subsoiled in-row at planting, N applied at planting; (3) not subsoiled, N applied 5 weeks after planting; (4) subsoiled in-row at planting, N applied 5 weeks after planting; (5) subsoiled interrow, and N applied 5 weeks after planting; and (6) subsoiled in-row at planting and interrow 5 weeks after planting, N applied 5 weeks after planting. Nitrogen applied 5 weeks after planting resulted in higher yields than when applied at planting. In-row subsoiling at planting, interrow subsoiling 5 weeks after planting and subsoiling in-row at planting plus interrow 5 weeks later resulted in increased stomatal conductance between irrigations. Delaying N application resulted in decreased stomatal conductance in treatments that were in-row subsoiled at planting. Grain yields were lower without than with subsoiling, especially when N was applied at planting. When water was not limiting, subsoiling interrow 5 weeks after planting was as effective in increasing grain yield as in-row subsoiling at planting. In one test, the highest grain yield (9.96 t ha−1) resulted from the cumulative effect of subsoiling in-row at planting plus interrow 5 weeks later.
Differential binding between volatile ligands and major urinary proteins due to genetic variation in mice

Two different structural classes of chemical signals in mouse urine, i.e., volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the major urinary proteins (MUPs), interact closely because MUPs sequester VOCs. Although qualitative and/or quantitative differences in each chemical class have been reported, previous studies have examined only one of the classes at a time. No study has analyzed these two sets simultaneously, and consequently binding interactions between volatile ligands and proteins in urines of different strains have not been compared. Here, we compared the release of VOCs in male urines of three different inbred strains (C57BL/6J, BALB/b and AKR) before and after denaturation of urinary proteins, mainly MUPs. Both MUP and VOC profiles were distinctive in the intact urine of each strain. Upon denaturation, each of the VOC profiles changed due to the release of ligands previously bound to MUPs. The results indicate that large amounts of numerous ligands are bound to MUPs and that these ligands represent a variety of different structural classes of VOCs. Furthermore, the degree of release in each ligand was different in each strain, indicating that different ligands are differentially bound to proteins in the urines of different strains. Therefore, these data suggest that binding interactions in ligands and MUPs differ between strains, adding yet another layer of complexity to chemical communication in mice.
A multiscale dynamic model of DNA supercoil relaxation by topoisomerase IB.

In this study, we report what we believe to be the first multiscale simulation of the dynamic relaxation of DNA supercoils by human topoisomerase IB (topo IB). We leverage our previous molecular dynamics calculations of the free energy landscape describing the interaction between a short DNA fragment and topo IB. Herein, this landscape is used to prescribe boundary conditions for a computational, elastodynamic continuum rod model of a long length of supercoiled DNA. The rod model, which accounts for the nonlinear bending, twisting, and electrostatic interaction of the (negatively charged) DNA backbone, is extended to include the hydrodynamic drag induced by the surrounding physiological buffer. Simulations for a 200-bp-long DNA supercoil in complex with topo IB reveal a relaxation timescale of ∼0.1–1.0 μs. The relaxation follows a sequence of cascading reductions in the supercoil linking number (Lk), twist (Tw), and writhe (Wr) that follow companion cascading reductions in the supercoil elastic and electrostatic energies. The novel (to our knowledge) multiscale modeling method may enable simulations of the entire experimental setup that measures DNA supercoiling and relaxation via single molecule magnetic trapping.
Determination Of The Minimal Carcinogenic Dose50 Of Methylcholanthrene On Mouse Epidermis

The minimal carcinogenic dose 50 (MCD 50 ) of methylcholanthrene necessary to induce squamous cell carcinomas on the epidermis of CF-1 mice was found to be 504 micrograms applied through 21 biweekly applications of 0.02 milliliter of a 0.12 per cent solution of methylcholanthrene. The MCD 50 was confirmed by a second experiment which yielded similar results.
Investigating Microadaptation in One-to-One Human Tutoring.

The authors investigated whether some advantages of tutoring over other instructional methods are due to microadaptation, or, tutors basing their actions on assessments of tutees they develop during tutoring. In a 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment, independent variables were shared experience (tutors either worked with the same or a different tutee in each of four segment of the tutoring session) and communication context (face-to-face or computer-mediated). Although there were no overall learning differences across experience conditions, tutees who worked with the same tutor demonstrated better learning of concepts initially discussed during the final tutoring segment. Shared experience led to accurate competence assessments only in the computer-mediated context, suggesting that cognitive load influences assessment development. However, there was no evidence of micro-adaptation.
Plasma-modified interlayers applied to processing of polymer electronic materials

Summary form only given. Intrinsic conducting polymer (ICP) is a new class of material. Fabrication of devices from ICP is a rapidly growing industry that has the potential to facilitate major changes in products such as flexible displays, RFID tags, sensors, smart packaging, electronic paper, membrane keyboards, smart fabrics (electronic textiles), and solar cells. Low-cost, high-speed, high-resolution ink jet printing will expedite the marketing of polymer electronics fabricated from ICP inks. Two issues associated with polymer electronic inks are: 1) the materials are new and little is known regarding their electrical properties and 2) wettability of the previously deposited dry polymer layer has a major influence on the coverage and adhesion properties of the liquid polymer being printed to the surface. Surface wettability is characterized by terms such as hydrophilic, hydrophobic, contact angle, surface tension, and surface energy. Many ICPs are classified by polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline and their derivatives. The most important feature in ICPs is the presence of pi-conjugated molecules. Plasma-processed interlayers are known to effectively control wettability and other properties of polymer surfaces. Plasma will be used to etch the existing dry polymer electronic surface before the subsequent layer of polymer electronic material is deposited in the liquid phase. Plasma-polymerization will also be used to deposit interlayers during these processing steps. Influence of plasma-processed interlayers on electrical properties of sandwich structures will be measured. The HP4145B transistor parameter analyzer and the HP4192LF impedance analyzer will be used. The former will measure current-voltage (IV) characteristics while the latter will measure impedance spectra. From IV data, emission and conduction phenomena such as Schottky current, Poole-Frenkel conduction, field emission, space-charge-limited emissions, ohmic conduction, and percolation can be identified. From impedance spectra, AC permittivity and AC conductivity will be measured as functions of frequency. Impedance spectra can also identify phenomenon such as conduction via hopping. Recent experimental results will be presented
Entry and market share success of new brands in concentrated markets

Abstract Two hypotheses related to the concentration/entry issue were tested. Unlike previous studies that have approached the issue from the standpoint of the number of firms that enter concentrated versus relatively nonconcentrated industries, the concentration/entry issue was studied at the brand level. Specifically, two hypotheses were tested: 1) an inverse relationship exists between brand concentration and number of brand entrants, and 2) an inverse relationship exists between brand concentration and success of brand entrants. Whereas the results did reveal the existence of an inverse relationship between concentration and number of entrants, it was extremely weak. The second hypothesis that the market share success of new brand entrants is inversely related to brand concentration was not supported by test results.
The structure of Co+·OCO

Abstract Rotationally-resolved resonant photodissociation of isolated Co·OCO+ ions has been observed for the first time. Analysis of low energy A 3 Φ 4 ← X 3 Δ 3 and a 1 Δ 2 ← X 3 Δ 3 electronic transitions confirm the linear geometry for at least these three electronic states of the complex. The zero-point level of the ground 3 Δ 3 state exhibits a rotational constant of 0.05699±0.0005 cm−1 consistent with a center-to-center distance between the metal atom and the ligand (the Co+–C distance) of 3.17±0.01 A. This experimental result agrees completely with recent ab initio predictions of the ground-state geometry of this molecule.
Fast directional multilevel computation for problems with oscillatory kernels

This paper describes a new directional multilevel algorithm for solving N -body or N -point problems resulted from integral formulations of wave scattering applications. These problems are difficult since the kernel involved is oscillatory. The starting point of our approach is the observation that the interaction between two point sets has a low rank separable representation as long as they follow an angular separation condition. In order to construct the separable representations numerically, we introduce an efficient procedure based on random sampling. Finally, the resulting low rank representations are embedded in a hierarchical multiscale and multidirectional framework to accelerate the far field computation in an optimal way. This new algorithm has O (N log N) complexity, and the numerical results demonstrate its effectiveness in engineering examples. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The involvement of selectins in cell adhesion, tumor progression, and metastasis.

(1998). The Involvement of Selectins in Cell Adhesion, Tumor Progression, and Metastasis. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 322-328.
Housing Cost Burden, Poverty Status, and Economic Hardship among Low-income Families

This study examined the relative effects of housing cost burden versus poverty thresholds to explain the economic hardship of low-income families and compared the differences in these effects among White, Black, and Hispanic families with children in the United States of America. The findings from the multivariate analyses indicate that poverty status better explains variations in economic hardship than housing cost burden status. In respect to group differences, association between poverty status and economic hardship score are different between White and Black families. The results of this study raise the issues of housing cost burden and economic hardship that the country’s low-income Black families disproportionately experience relative to their White and Hispanic counterparts.
Alveolar Bone Grafting and Reconstruction Procedures Prior to Implant Placement

Before implant placement, adequate bone must be present; this is a fundamental step in treatment planning for implants. Understanding the basics of bone grafting and reconstruction techniques is critical for successful implant placement. Alveolar bone grafting can be very intimidating when first attempted. With careful instruction, education, and practice, grafting can be accomplished by many practitioners. Different methods incorporate similar surgical principles while leading to the development of more advanced grafting techniques.
Relations between tooth positions and focal troughs of panoramic machines

A comparison of the established focal troughs of three panoramic machines with positions of the teeth in the dental arches of 240 patients. The patients, divided into twelve cells, were selected on the basis of race, sex, age, number of teeth, and occlusion. Occlusal registrations were made in fast-set acrylic. Tooth centers were identified and, with the midline-incisal point as a reference point, various composite drawings of tooth positions of patients were made. The total composite of all teeth revealed the striking similarity of the arches. Superimposition on the focal troughs showed that the focal trough of the Panorex easily encompassed all tooth positions. The focal trough of the Orthopantomograph encompassed all tooth positions, although tooth centers lie on the edges of the trough. The focal trough of the GE-3000 with profile index 10 extended so far buccally that many teeth are positioned lingual to the trough. The focal trough of the GE-3000, when reduced uniformly to profile index 7.5, encompasses all tooth positions although some positions fall quite near the borders of the trough.
Impact ionization in Ga 1-x Al x Sb: An alternative interpretation

The existence of the recently proposed resonance impact ionization process in gallium aluminum antimonide is questioned. An alternative interpretation of the data originally used to support the claim for a resonant process is presented which invokes only conventional, well-established processes.
Ion concentration and charge adjacent to electrically charged cell membrane.

Abstract Equations describing ion concentration profiles and electric charge in electrolyte solutions adjacent to an electrically charged cell membrane model in the electrochemical equilibrium state are developed and completely solved. The membrane system model consists of an infinitely large planar sheet of finite thickness separating two electrolyte solutions. Electric charges in the membrane model consist of planes of charge parallel to the surfaces of the planar sheet. The charge in solution adjacent to each surface of the membrane is due to differences in the total anion and cation concentrations in each solution. Expressions of concentration and charge are functions of the quantity and location of charge in the membrane, the various permittivities and thickness of the membrane, and the ionic compositions, permittivities, and temperature of the electrolyte solutions. The validity and relation of the model to real membranes are discussed.
The coulometric titration of bromate with cuprous copper

Abstract A coulometric procedure has been developed by which 18 to 240 μg quantities of bromate may be determined to within 0.3 μg. The bromate is allowed to react with bromide in an acid solution and electrolytically generated cuprous copper is used for the titration. A dual platinum electrode indicator system is used in an amperometric end-point procedure
Freud's Ironically Jewish Science: Commentary on Paper by Jill Salberg

In his commentary on Jill Salberg's integrative and contextualizing article, “Hidden in Plain Sight: Freud's Jewish Identity Revisited,” Aron examines several ideas related to Freud's ironically “Jewish science.” First, this commentary takes up the question of what it has meant to speak of a “Jewish science” historically, and what it might mean today. Shockingly, Aron shows that the rise and fall of psychoanalysis has been traced to Jewish influence. He then expands on Salberg's article by reviewing the relationship between circumcision and castration and considers the impact of Freud's Jewish identity and his anxiety about anti-Semitism on the structure of the psychoanalytic method and specifically on Freud's discovery of the “royal road.”
DOES GASTRIC TONOMETRY WORK? NO

Gastrointestinal tonometry is supposed to diagnose gut mucosal hypoxia using gastric luminal PCO2 and arterial bicarbonatemia, which are substituted in a modified Henderson-Hasselbach equation. This article reviews some of the problems inherent to the multiple assumptions underlying this technique. Tonometry is influenced by several local factors and by systemic acid-base imbalances that are unrelated to oxygenation. Tonometry is a rather crude and cumbersome method of gut capnometry, a technology that may provide valuable information regarding visceral perfusion, but not necessarily oxygenation.
Strategic Planning for Distribution

During the past few decades there has been increased interest in the concept of planning by all segments of the corporate enterprise. The concept of long-range planning has been formally recognized as an important function by many business and government organizations through the creation of long-range planning staffs or departments.
Secretion of unhydroxylated chick tendon procollagen.

Abstract The secretion of unhydroxylated procollagen at 37° by isolated chick tendon fibroblasts independent of protein synthesis was examined. The data showed that intact molecules were secreted and that their degradation was an extracellular event. The kinetics of secretion indicated that most of the secreted procollagen appeared in the medium during the initial 30 min following inhibition of protein synthesis and only an additional 35% reached the extracellular space in the subsequent 90 min. The pattern of secretion suggested the existence of an intracellular binding site for the unhydroxylated molecules which was saturated during the early period of secretion. It is speculated that such a binding site could be the enzyme prolyl hydroxylase which has a high affinity for unhydroxylated procollagen at 37°.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of adenosine kinase inhibitors in acute and chronic inflammation

Adenosine (Ado) exhibits a variety of anti-inflammatory activities, including inhibition of neutrophil oxygen radical production, adhesion to vascular endothelium and macrophage TNF-alpha gene expression. The therapeutic uses of Ado and its analogues, however, are limited by severe side effects like hypotension and bradycardia. Therefore, adenosine regulating agents with site and event specificity have been developed to enhance endogenous adenosine production. Adenosine kinase inhibitors were especially active anti-inflammatory agents and demonstrated efficacy in several models, including carrageenan paw edema, carrageenan air pouch, and adjuvant arthritis in rats. These studies suggest that adenosine kinase inhibitors have potential utility in diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
Analytical models to characterise crack growth in asphaltic materials and healing in asphalt binders

Cracking is a prevalent form of distress in flexible pavements. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms that lead to fatigue cracking and self-healing in bituminous materials is the essential and first step towards improving the performance of pavements and the bituminous materials used to construct these pavements. During the last two decades, several researchers have addressed the problem of understanding and modelling fracture and self-healing in bituminous materials at several different length scales. The first part of this paper presents a comprehensive review of the development of an energy-based fracture mechanics model to characterise the crack growth in bituminous materials. A few other approaches to model crack growth in viscoelastic materials that have not been widely used with bituminous materials are also briefly discussed. The second part of this paper presents a comprehensive review of an analytical model that can be used to represent self-healing in asphalt binders. The advantages, limi...
Pressure broadening of vibrational Raman lines in N2 at temperatures below 300 K

Using quasi-cw stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy, the pressure broadening coefficients for the N2 vibrational Q-branch transitions have been measured over the temperature range 113-297 K for the rotational components J = 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12. The experimental results are fit to a simple power law to give an empirical formula for the temperature dependence of the pressure broadening over the 100-300 K range. These results are also compared to previously published scaling laws that are based on collision induced rotational transition rates.
Insecticide studies on the maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller), in East Africa.

Trials in East Africa (chiefly in Tanganyika) are described to show that the time taken for first-instar larvae of Busseola fusca (Fuller) to reach the more closely packed young leaves in the central axis of the maize plant is about ten days, and that insecticides are effective up to the end of this period. Results show that the best time for control is as near hatching of the eggs as possible, but with more persistent insecticides such as endrin, economic control is possible up to five days later. A method of testing insecticides as residual deposits, by allowing first-instar larvae to walk on them, is given, and it was found that isodrin, DDT, endrin and γ BHC are highly effective as residual films. The MLD's for one minute in contact are 1·8 mg./sq.m. for isodrin, 4–7 mg. for DDT, 8·3 mg. for endrin and about 20 mg. for γ BHC. Derris emulsion has no residual effect after drying and is only effective in the liquid state after contact with larvae for several minutes. In a series of field trials over three years, increases in yield of up to 2·6 times the control yields were shown to be possible, and averaged twice the control yield. Endrin was the most consistently effective insecticide, applied as a 2 per cent, dust and as a 0·03–0·04 per cent, emulsion spray. Two applications of endrin at an interval of two weeks were effective, but, for DDT, three applications of an emulsion containing 0·05 per cent. DDT at nine-day intervals were more effective than two while one may be of little value. An application of 2·5 oz./acre of DDT can be effective for 7–10 days, while 1·5 oz./acre of endrin can be effective for 14 days. In general, however, rates per application should not fall below 3·5 oz. DDT or 2 oz. endrin per acre, overall. The superiority of a 5 per cent. DDT dust over one of 2·5 or 1 per cent, makes it more economical in a high-yielding, heavily attacked area. Diazinon and malathion in emulsion sprays are less persistent than DDT. Trials with 4 per cent, malathion dust and 0·15 per cent, malathion emulsion spray were inconclusive on account of heavy damage by Spodoptera sp. Attempts to increase the persistence of malathion and γ BHC by the addition of chlorinated terphenyl resins were also inconclusive, but DDT in emulsion, with resin, appeared more effective than DDT alone. The economics of successful control measures at the prices obtaining at the time are discussed under the various trials. Chemical estimations of the deposits of insecticides retained on the plants showed that between 1·4 and 3·7 per cent, of the quantity applied per unit area can be recovered in this way. In a discussion of the significance of the results in control, it is suggested that spraying the stems only is half as effective as spraying the whole plant. The conditions and results relating to two aerial spray trials are given. The place of control of Busseola in agricultural practice is described, and some of the present results are quoted to show that yields can be increased by good farming practice as much as by control of Busseola .
Mechanism for activation of mutated epidermal growth factor receptors in lung cancer.

The initiation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase activity proceeds via an asymmetric dimerization mechanism in which a “donor” tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) contacts an “acceptor” TKD, leading to its activation. In the context of a ligand-induced dimer, identical wild-type EGFR TKDs are thought to assume the donor or acceptor roles in a random manner. Here, we present biochemical reconstitution data demonstrating that activated EGFR mutants found in lung cancer preferentially assume the acceptor role when coexpressed with WT EGFR. Mutated EGFRs show enhanced association with WT EGFR, leading to hyperphosphorylation of the WT counterpart. Mutated EGFRs also hyperphosphorylate the related erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene (ErbB) family member, ErbB-2, in a similar manner. This directional “superacceptor activity” is particularly pronounced in the drug-resistant L834R/T766M mutant. A 4-A crystal structure of this mutant in the active conformation reveals an asymmetric dimer interface that is essentially the same as that in WT EGFR. Asymmetric dimer formation induces an allosteric conformational change in the acceptor subunit. Thus, superacceptor activity likely arises simply from a lower energetic cost associated with this conformational change in the mutant EGFR compared with WT, rather than from any structural alteration that impairs the donor role of the mutant. Collectively, these findings define a previously unrecognized mode of mutant-specific intermolecular regulation for ErbB receptors, knowledge of which could potentially be exploited for therapeutic benefit.
A comparison of medical and surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in severely retarded children

Of 31 severely mentally and physically handicapped children with gastroesophageal reflux treated with a standard medical regimen, only eight (26%) had complete or partial therapeutic response. Fourteen of 23 medical failures underwent Nissen fundoplication with a good therapeutic response in 12. There were 12 intra- and postoperative complications in six surgical patients. Two late postoperative deaths from pulmonary aspiration occurred in the surgical group (14%), both of whom had abnormal deglutition preoperatively. In nine patients who failed on medical management but in whom surgery was not performed there was continuing morbidity from emesis (88%), anemia (44%), and pulmonary disease (33%), and two deaths (22%) resulting from pulmonary aspiration. We conclude that conventional medical therapy of GER is less effective in retarded than in normal infants and children, and that surgical treatment is associated with high operative risk but has an ultimately acceptable outcome. Continued medical therapy after initial failure to control symptoms is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
Automated determination of metastases in unstructured radiology reports for eligibility screening in oncology clinical trials.

Enrolling adequate numbers of patients that meet protocol eligibility criteria in a timely manner is critical, yet clinical trial accrual continues to be problematic. One approach to meet these accrual challenges is to utilize technology to automatically screen patients for clinical trial eligibility. This manuscript reports on the evaluation of different automated approaches to determine the metastatic status from unstructured radiology reports using the Clinical Trials Eligibility Database Integrated System (CTED). The study sample included all patients (N = 5,523) with radiologic diagnostic studies (N = 10,492) completed in a two-week period. Eight search algorithms (queries) within CTED were developed and applied to radiology reports. The performance of each algorithm was compared to a reference standard which consisted of a physician’s review of the radiology reports. Sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predicted values were calculated for each algorithm. The number of patients identifie...
Complications of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for nonseminomatous tumors of testis

We present 4 patients with serious complications after retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Chylothorax developed in the first patient; hypertension, blindness, and paralysis of the lower extremities in the second; volvulus and necrosis around an adhesion in the right upper quadrant in the third; and small-bowel obstruction and radiation myelitis in the fourth patient. These complications and modes of treatment and prevention are discussed.
Oncologists’ recommendations of clinical trial participation to patients

Objective To describe the frequency, context and type of oncologists’ recommendations to patients that they participate in a clinical trial and to analyze the relationship between recommendations and patients’ decisions to participate.
The islamic economic system

Abstract The Islamic economic system is a theoretical construct of an industrial economy whose members follow the Islamic faith. This essay surveys the elements of such a system, as presented in a series of recent books on Islamic economics. Particular attention is paid to the injunction against interest payments and to the requirement of paying a wealth tax with regard to aggregate saving.