cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conformation of Bovine Nerve Root P2 Protein: Characteristics of the Molecule from Circular Dichroism Spectra

Circular dichroism (CD) was used to study the conformations of bovine nerve root P2 basic protein, its reduced and carboxymethylated derivative (RCM-P2), and its large cyanogen bromide fragment (CN1). Data in the far UV show that both the parent protein and RCM-P2 have conformations dominated by a large amount of beta structure. However, the CN1 peptide appears to exist in a largely unordered conformation. Since CN1 lacks short (20 residue) amino- and carboxy-terminal segments of the P2 protein, the spectral data suggest that these regions are important for determining and/or maintaining folding of the P2 protein in aqueous solutions. The P2 protein was found to have a distinctive CD spectrum in the near UV. The characteristics of molar ellipticities indicate that the spectrum contains significant contributions from tyrosine residues, and that these contributions suggest different environments for the two tyrosines in P2 protein. Both environments depend on protein conformation, since CD side chain absorptions are lost when P2 protein is denatured with 5 M urea.
Resistance to evolutionary psychology as a continuation of conflicts over scientific integration

Abstract The history of scientific progress is marked by a process of conceptual integration: Different fields of inquiry become intertwined and interconsistent as they grow. Evolutionary psychology is a continuation of this process and, like previous integrations, has generated substantial resistance from different social and political circles. Looking into the future, we can outline the nature of the resistance from socio-political conservative and socio-political progressive forces. Such worldview conflicts can be particularly contentious on topics related to human behavior and human nature, as they tend to challenge the central tenants of these conflicting worldviews. There is also, however, a set of future conditions that would promote evolutionary psychology and the conceptual integration of behavioral science disciplines. These conditions include a strong understanding and value placed on scientific conceptual integration as well as support by science education that emphasizes critical thinking and inquiry. Evolutionary psychology would also be aided by hard protections (e.g., laws and regulations) against political interference in science. In addition to typical resistance to conceptual integrations, the success of evolutionary psychology depends on overcoming a number of counterintuitive aspects of how evolution by natural selection works. These include the difficulty of visualizing the evolutionary process, the long time scales involved in the evolution of complex adaptations, the seductiveness of mind/body dualism, and the human desire for immediate explanations of all phenomena.
Improved depth resolution in coded aperture γ-ray imaging systems

We derive a rigorous expression for the three-dimensional point response function associated with the combined encoding-decoding process of coded aperture imaging. From this general expression we derive the two-dimensional point response function appropriate to a coded aperture imaging system which images a two-dimensional slice through a, three-dimensional source distribution. This point response function is then calculated numerically for a number of different aperture coding functions and decoding functions. The graphed results suggest that simple modifications of the decoding function can lead to significant improvements in the depth resolving capability of a coded aperture imaging system. Suggestions for future research are given.
Variations in carbonyl mode intensities in inelastic electron tunneling and multiple reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy. Part III: effects due to surface coverage of adsorbates

In this paper, the last in the series of three articles, inelastic electron tunneling (IET) spectra are obtained for a series of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids of increasing chain length with one of the methylene groups substituted by a carbonyl group which is not involved in bonding with the alumina surface. The effect of surface coverage on the relative intensity of the carbonyl mode is discussed. For lower surface coverages, the number of possible configurations for the adsorbed molecules increases, and in certain cases, the carbonyl group is located closer to the lead cover film thereby attenuating its intensity. The effect of changing location of the carbonyl group within the molecule (and hence, the tunnel barrier) and increasing chain length on the relative intensity of the carbonyl mode is also discussed.
Can we define the ideal duration of antibiotic therapy

Background: Because of the increasing development of antimicrobial resistance, there is a greater responsibility within the medical community to limit the exposure of patients to antibiotics. We te...
Ximelagatran: Oral direct thrombin inhibition as anticoagulant therapy in atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) causes 50,000 to 100,000 ischemic strokes annually in the U.S., most of which could be prevented by oral anticoagulant treatment of the highest-risk patients. The greatest barrier to such treatment is the narrow therapeutic index of the vitamin K antagonists ([VKAs]: warfarin and related coumarin derivatives), the only oral anticoagulant agents currently available. Safe and effective treatment with the VKAs requires careful monitoring, because they interact with many other drugs and foods, and their anticoagulant action is unpredictable. Besides vitamin K, candidate targets for anticoagulant therapy include thrombin, a key prothrombotic mediator. Ximelagatran, the oral direct thrombin inhibitor at the most advanced stage of clinical development, is rapidly absorbed and bioconverted to its active moiety, melagatran—a potent, competitive inhibitor of both free and clot-bound thrombin. Two large clinical trials have demonstrated that fixed-dose oral ximelagatran, 36 mg twice daily, administered without coagulation monitoring, prevents stroke and systemic embolic events in patients with nonvalvular AF as effectively as well-controlled, adjusted-dose warfarin (international normalized ratio 2.0 to 3.0). The overall risk of bleeding was lower with ximelagatran than warfarin, although differences in rates of major hemorrhage were not statistically significant. Elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase levels above 3× the upper limit of normal occurred in approximately 6% of ximelagatran-treated patients but typically returned toward pretreatment levels without associated symptoms. In terms of preventing thromboembolism without hemorrhage, ximelagatran may have a more favorable benefit:risk profile than warfarin for patients with AF.
Psychiatric Vignettes from a Coronary Care Unit

• Psychic and social factors may playa significant role in the etiology and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction. In order to assess the importance of these factors in pa­ tients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit at our institution, we have conducted in depth psychiatric interviews with approximately 100 patients over a thirty-month period, during the course of weekly psychiatric medical bed­ side rounds. The aim of this report is to pre­ sent some of the insights gained, using brief reports ("vignettes") as examples. We believe that this study demonstrates the safety and dinical importance of psychiatric interviews during the early presence of acute myocardial infarction. This study is concerned mostly with patients who were not referred for psy­ chiatric consultation and who were literally chosen by a random process each week. Never­ theless, almost all the patients interviewed demonstrated significant emotional or psy­ chic factors which were the appropriate con­ cern of the psychiatric consultant, and whose elaboration frequently played a significant role in the patient's diagnosis and therapy. Thus we believe this report also demonstrates the degree to which clinically unsuspected psychological factors may be uncovered in acute cardiac patients. METHODS Weekly rounds were held during which at least one patient was interviewed in depth in the presence of three to six people, includ­ ing the authors and accompanied by the resi­ dent, intern, medical student, or, at times, one of the nurses in the unit. No attempt was made to select "suitable" patients beyond the
Biochemical and developmental studies of acetylcholine metabolism in the central nervous system of the moth Manduca sexta

Abstract 1. Acetylcholine and its biosynthetic and degradative enzymes (choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase, respectively) were quantified in several defined structures from the central nervous system of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta at various times during postembryonic development. 2. Activity of choline acetyltransferase, the key enzyme of the cholinergic pathway, changes roughly synchronously and similarly in the protocerebrum and subesophageal, prothoracic, and third abdominal ganglia, and it increases dramatically in developing antennal and optic lobes. 3. Levels of acetylcholine and of specific acetylcholinesterase, which is the principal cholinesterase in the nervous system, also rise greatly during metamorphosis of the central nervous regions. 4. The major changes in the activity of choline acetyltransferase correlate with known developmental endocrine events.
Molecular targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

A majority of patients with HCC present with advanced disease and are not candidates for liver transplantation, surgical resection, or regional therapy. Systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy agents are minimally effective, can have significant toxicity, and have not been shown to improve patient survival. Hepatocellular carcinomas are inherently chemotherapy-resistant tumors and are known to overexpress the multidrug resistance genes. Hepatocellular carcinoma is a very heterogeneous disease in terms of its etiology, molecular carcinogenic mechanisms, and biological behavior, which complicate our ability to identify rational molecular therapeutic “targets.” Nearly every pathway involved in carcinogenesis is altered to some degree in HCC. Changes in hepatocyte growth factor expression, intracellular signaling, protease and matrix metalloproteinase expression, and oncogene expression are seen in HCC. The recent demonstration, in randomized clinical trials, of survival benefit for HCC patients treated with the oral agent sorafenib is encouraging progress in the development of molecularly targeted anticancer agents in HCC.
Developmental changes in apportionment of study time among items in a multitrial free recall task

Abstract First grade, third grade, and college S s attempted to memorize a single set of items over the course of 5 trials, each trial consisting of a 45-sec study period followed by a free recall test. On all trials but the first, S was allowed to have available during his study period only half of the total set of items, but was free to select whichever items he wished to include in this half. Third grade and college S s were significantly more prone than first grade S s to select for study items not recalled in the immediately preceding recall test. The results suggest that the strategy of deliberately concentrating one's study activities on the less well mastered segments of materials to be learned, like other elementary memory strategies (e.g., rote rehearsal), cannot automatically be assumed to be part of a young child's repertoire of learning techniques.
The effective resistance to vertical flow in Dupuit models

Analytic solutions are developed for two-dimensional flow in the vertical plane in a stratified aquifer of two strata. Vertical flow in the aquifer is created by a discontinuous impermeable boundary separating the two aquifer layers. The solutions are compared to Dupuit solutions for a two-layer aquifer system in which the two layers are separated by a fictitious leaky layer; the resistivity of the fictitious leaky layer represents the average vertical resistance to flow in the aquifer. By comparison of the exact and Dupuit solutions, the appropriate characteristic length of the leaky system (the leakage factor) is evaluated, such that the discharges in the Dupuit and exact solutions are identical and the heads converge a short distance from the discontinuity in the impermeable boundary. It is shown, for this flow case, that the effective leakage factor is not a function of the flow field or the hydraulic conductivity of the two layers and that the effective resistivity is about 20% of the total resistance to vertical flow of the aquifer. The results provide guidance for selecting the resistance to vertical flow in numerical or analytical Dupuit models with coarse vertical discretization.
Radiation Heat Transfer Through Multiband Molecular Gases

Exact characterization of radiation heat transfer through multiband molecular gases is obtained in some limits of considerable importance. An approximate procedure based upon these results is also suggested.
Blood Loss in pediatric spine surgery

This article reviews the extent of blood loss in spine surgery for scoliosis corrections in the pediatric age group. An extensive literature review presents blood loss values in surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, cerebral palsy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, and myelomeningocoele. The underlying disorder plays a major role in determining the extent of blood loss. Blood loss is considerably higher in those patients with a neuromuscular scoliosis compared with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Within the neuromuscular group those with Duchenne muscular dystrophy demonstrate the highest mean levels of blood loss. Blood loss is also shown to be progressively greater with increasing numbers of vertebral levels incorporated into the fusion, with posterior fusions compared to anterior fusions, and in those patients having both anterior and posterior fusions.
Effects of interaural time differences on the responses of chinchilla inferior colliculus neurons to consonant-vowel syllables.

Abstract The responses of 100 inferior colliculus neurons to syllables differing in voice onset time (VOT) presented binaurally were studied. As in a previous study of monaural responses (Chen et al., 1996), the responses consisted of 1–3 response ‘components’, referred to as release responses, VOT responses or vowel responses. The discharge rate of all response components could vary cyclically with the interaural time difference (ITD). The maximal rate often occurred at an ITD around +0.2 ms (contralateral ear leading). Response frequencies (RF) based on the periodicity of the delay curves varied with the characteristic frequency (CF) and VOT. RF also varied across response components. Overall, RF was correlated with the ‘most effective frequency’, the spectral component with the highest amplitude, relative to the tuning curve. VOT response latency for a given syllable could change by a few ms with ITD, but those changes were small, relative to the range of latencies observed over the entire range of VOTs. Changes in ITD produced large changes in the overall shape of the peristimulus time histogram. There was no relation between the histogram shape and perceptual consonant categories.
Geospatial analysis of the association between bedrock fractures and vegetation in an arid environment

Remote sensing and GIS techniques were applied to a high resolution air photograph from Arches National Park, Utah in order to quantify the spatial correlation between bedrock fractures and the distribution of surface vegetation. Field surveys conducted on the north-east limb of Salt Valley anticline reveal four distinct fracture sets in massive sandstone beds of the Curtis Formation. The most pervasive fractures belong to two sets of mega-scale joints (J1 and J2) that trend NW-SE. Over 10 000 joint traces were digitized from the rectified air photographs encompassing an area of 0.72 km2. Joint orientations were extracted in the GIS, allowing for their division into discrete sets and the calculation of mean orientations. A raster map of vegetation was derived from unsupervised classification of the air photograph. Clusters of vegetation, enhanced by filtering, are preferentially aligned in linear trends that closely correspond to the NW-SE joints. Further, a buffer analysis applied to the J1 and J2 joint sets indicates a systematic decrease in vegetation with increasing distance from the mega-scale joints. Strong correlations in orientation and proximity demonstrate that bedrock fractures may strongly influence the distribution of vegetation in arid environments, especially where bedrock constitutes the majority of land cover and soils are thin.
Dabigatran Etexilate: A Possible Replacement for Heparinoids and Vitamin K Antagonists?

AbstractDabigatran etexilate is the first oral anticoagulant to be approved in the United States in decades. It works directly by inhibiting clot-bound and free factor IIa (ie, thrombin) and indirectly by inhibiting platelet aggregation induced by thrombin. It is approved in the United States for stroke prophylaxis in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. There is evidence to suggest that it is also effective for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism and venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after knee and hip replacement surgery. Dabigatran etexilate therapy does not require laboratory monitoring, an advantage over warfarin. Unlike the earlier direct thrombin inhibitor, ximelagatran, it has demonstrated no potential for serious hepatotoxicity. It is also subject to a much lower degree of interpatient variability in dose response, has no diet–drug interactions, and has fewer clinically significant drug–drug interactions compared with warfarin. Dabigatran etexilate appears to be a valuable addition to our ...
Offshore Wind Shear Estimations for Wind Power Assessment

Appropriate wind shear estimates are extremely important when assessing any regions’ wind power resource. Wind shear is used not only to estimate wind velocity at wind turbine hub heights other than the data collection height, but also as a siting tool to compare the wind resources in different locations when wind data are not available at a consistent height. Models for wind shear over land, as well as simple models for wind shear over open water have been found to correlate poorly with offshore wind data. This is thought to be partially due to the effect of changing wave conditions on wind shear as well as differences in thermal effects over bodies of water. In this study, offshore wind data from the South Atlantic Bight region is used to estimate the offshore wind shear conditions in this area. Data sets include collocated 10 m and 50 m meteorological data as well as wave data, all taken over a three and a half year time period. Offshore wind shear assessments from other studies are analyzed and compared to the current study as well.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Interaction of basement uplift and thin-skinned thrusting, Moxa arch and the Western Overthrust Belt, Wyoming: A hypothesis

Immediately north of Big Piney in western Wyoming, the Moxa arch is modeled as emplaced during the Late Cretaceous along an east-dipping, low-angle thrust (Moxa thrust) that has Precambrian basement and Paleozoic and younger cover rocks in the hanging wall. The west-verging Moxa thrust cut up-section from the basement-cover contact and flattened to the west along a detachment in Lower Triassic rocks (Thaynes detachment). During motion on the Moxa thrust, the leading edge of the hanging wall wedged westward along the Thaynes detachment, peeling back Triassic and younger rocks and thrusting them relatively eastward along the ancestral Prospect thrust. The 5.3 km of westward movement along the Moxa thrust was matched by eastward movement along the west-dipping ancestral Prospect thrust. The ancestral Prospect thrust moved an additional 5.1 km during the late Paleocene when thrust-belt deformation progressed eastward to the Moxa arch. It appears that in the Snider Basin area, the Prospect thrust does not share a ramp with the Darby thrust and that the emplacement of the Moxa arch and Prospect thrust determined the position of the later and more westerly Darby thrust.
Curves with zero derivative in F -spaces

Let X be an F-space (complete metric linear space) and suppose g:[0, 1] → X is a continuous map. Suppose that g has zero derivative on [0, 1], i.e.for 0≤t≤1 (we take the left and right derivatives at the end points). Then, if X is locally convex or even if it merely possesses a separating family of continuous linear functionals, we can conclude that g is constant by using the Mean Value Theorem. If however X* = {0} then it may happen that g is not constant; for example, let X = Lp(0, 1) (0≤p≤1) and g(t) = l[0,t] (0≤t≤1) (the characteristic function of [0, t]). This example is due to Rolewicz [6], [7; p. 116].
Quality assurance in nurse education

Nurse education in common with all areas of health is undergoing rapid and wide-ranging change. The selection and implementation of quality assurance strategies is now very much a current issue in colleges of nursing up and down the United Kingdom. In this article the author examines one model of quality assurance and looks at possible strategies for success.
Optical Properties of Strongly Coupled Quantum Dot-Ligand Systems.

This Perspective describes the mechanisms by which organic surfactants, in particular, phenyldithiocarbamates (PTCs), couple electronically to the delocalized states of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). This coupling reduces the confinement energies of excitonic carriers and, in the case of PTC, the optical band gap of metal chalcogenide QDs by up to 1 eV by selectively delocalizing the excitonic hole. The reduction of confinement energy for the hole is enabled by the creation of interfacial electronic states near the valence band edge of the QD. The PTC case illuminates the general minimal requirements for surfactants to achieve observable bathochromic or hypsochromic shifts of the optical band gap of QDs; these include frontier orbitals with energies near the relevant semiconductor band edge, the correct symmetry to mix with the orbitals of the relevant band, and an adsorption geometry that permits spatial overlap between the orbitals of the ligand and those of the relevant band (Se 4p orbitals for CdSe...
The clinical identification of root caries.

This paper discusses a variety of considerations associated with the clinical identification of root caries. While focusing upon this clinical identification process from the perspective of the clinical researcher, the differing diagnostic needs between the clinical researcher and the dental practitioner are frequently addressed. The topic of the identification of untreated root caries lesions includes a presentation of both existing definitions and a proposed set of diagnostic criteria. The presentation of the topic on the identification of arrested and treated root caries lesions emphasizes the diagnostic challenge that will occur due to the newly introduced chemotherapeutic treatments that have been proposed for the control of root caries. The influence of varying examination conditions, techniques and instruments on the reliability and validity of the clinical identification of root caries are also considered. Finally, a preliminary set of clinical research diagnostic conventions, which would both aid the researcher in “grey zone decisions” and enhance comparability of findings across studies, are proposed.
CHOICE OF STRATEGIES FOR ATTITUDE CHANGE: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS

Responses of 194 adults involved in changing others' attitudes about environmental issues were solicited to examine the cognitive processes and determine the persuasive strategies of the sender of a persuasive message.
The Orange Evolution? The "Orange Revolution" and Political Changes in Ukraine

Have there been changes in political institutions, parties, leaders, and regional political orientations in Ukraine after the "Orange Revolution"? If so, are the changes revolutionary or evolutionary? Most previous studies refer to the 2004 presidential elections and mass protest actions as a revolution. To test this claim, this article analyzes political changes in Ukraine. Survey data are used to compare changes in pro-Russian and pro-Western orientation, support for major parties in the 2002, 2006, and 2007 parliamentary elections, and support for leading presidential candidates since the 2004 presidential elections. The implications of these changes for development of democracy in Ukraine are also considered.
Monoclonal antibodies to epitopes on different regions of the 200 00 dalton neurofilament protein: Probes for the geometry of the filament

Neurofilaments in mammalian nervous tissues have three subunit proteins. These subunit proteins have apparent molecular masses of 200 (NF200), 150 (NF150) and 68 (NF68) kD. Biochemical assembly studies have indicated that the NF68 protein forms the core of the filament and that the other two proteins are associated proteins. Electron microscopy immunolocalization studies have been performed previously on isolated filaments and on filaments from neurons in culture, and have confirmed the localization of NF68 as a core filament protein and NF200 as a peripheral protein. We have raised two monoclonal antibodies to the NF200 components. Using immunogold labelled protein A, we have been able to localize these antibodies to tissue sections of adult cerebellum at the EM level. With this method, we have found that one of the monoclonal antibodies (NF2) shows a linear arrangement of gold particles directly on the filament, whereas the second monoclonal antibody (NF111) reacts with the filaments to give a periodic arrangement of gold particles. By immunoblotting against chymotryptic fragments of the NF200 protein, we have found that the mAB-NF111 reacts solely with a 160 kD piece, whereas the other monoclonal antibody reacts with both the 160 kD piece and the 40 kD piece. The latter piece was shown to be associated to the filament by binding studies with iodinated NF68. Thus the EM localization studies and the biochemical studies indicate that the two monoclonal antibodies react with different parts of the NF200 molecule, one binding to a part of the molecule which is located closer to the filament, and one to a more peripheral part of the molecule.
PLOTTING FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS OF PHYLOGENETIC GROUPINGS FOUND AMONG SETS OF MOST PARSIMONIOUS TREES

\If any d a ta sets used in phylogenetic ana lysis yield more than one mos t pa rsimonious tree (\i!PT). Indeed , when a la rge num ber of taxa a re exam ined and mul tistate unordered characters a re used , severa l thousand M PTs can be produced. T he nature a nd ex tent of the va riat ion in tree st ructure a mong MPTs is often difficult to summarize . T his note is in tended to bring attention to a g ra phical method tha t makes the task less cumbersome. The method is a lso proposed as a useful ped agogical tool. Th e method is stra ightforwa rd . C lades are ra nked in descending o rder acco rding to the freq uency with which they occur in a set of M PTs. T he ra nked clad es a re then plo tted against their respec tive frequencies. T he resul tant ra nked frequency profi le, hereafter referred to as the " hiera rchic signa l", cha rac terizes topological variation withi n the MPT set. T he method is illustra ted using MPTs d erived from an a llozyme stud y of 37 carcha rhinid sha rk species (Naylor, submitted ). Seventeen loci conta ini ng 201 a ll eles we re scored . Loc i were treated as cha racte rs while a ll eles within loci were trea ted as unordered cha racter states. 32 767 most pa rsimonious trees were genera ted using the heuristic sea rch procedure (TBR ) of the computer progra m PAU P 3.0 (Swofford , 1990) . [This number of trees (2 1 5 I ) represents the maximum tha t can be genera ted in any single run using Pi\ U P 3.0. I t a lmost cer tainly does not represent a ll of the most parsimonious trees that a rise from this pa rticula r data se t.] i\ frequency plot of the clades found among the 32 767 MPTs was generated [Fig. I (A)] by ta king advantage of the 'show dot plo t of g roup freq uencies' option ofPAU P 3.0. T he da ta were then subjected to successive we ighting (Farris, 1969) using the rescaled consistency index (Fa rris, 1989) to determine new weights a t each ite ration . Weights stabili zed a fter three heuristic search itera tions producing a new se t of21 145 trees. The clades present a mong the successively weigh ted MPTs were compared with those found in the origina l se t of MPTs. The frequency histogram of the clad es fo und aft er successive weighting is shown in Fig. I (B). Gra phica lly the effect of successive weighting on this d a ta se t can be seen a t a glance. The " pla teau" region of the "sigmoida l" distribu tion is extended while the " ta il" region is truncated . T his corresponds to a n increase in the number of clad es found in high frequencies with a concomitant dec rease in the number of clades found in low frequencies. Ths histogram method also provides insight into the workings of strict (Nelson, 1979; R ohlf, 1982) a nd majority rule (M argush a nd M cM orris, 198 1) consensus trees. Strict consensus trees summari ze onl y those groupings that a re found in 100% of MPTs, whereas majority rule consensus trees summa rize groupings tha t a re found in more tha n 50% ofMPTs. Thus, for the sha rk d a ta above the histogram conveys an immediate sense
Developing Buy-In for Positive Behavior Support in Secondary Settings.

On the basis of the implementation of Schoolwide Positive Behavior Supports in high schools, the present study examined the effect of supporting buy-in through conducting needs assessments and focused professional development for high school staff when implementing Schoolwide Positive Behavior Supports. The effectiveness of the 2 additional items was investigated using 2 treatment schools and 2 comparison schools. The hypothesis was that schools with enhanced support would implement Schoolwide Positive Behavior Supports better and student office discipline referrals would drop as a result of the better implementation. Overall, the results showed the treatment schools improved in fidelity and demonstrated significant improvement in numbers of office discipline referrals. In contrast, both comparison schools decreased in fidelity, and none demonstrated significant changes in office discipline referrals. Suggestions for practice and future research are provided.
The effect of parental treatment with one child on an untreated sibling

Time-out for noncompliance and praise for compliance were used by a mother to modify the task completion times of her child. The effect on the task completion times of a sibling, who was present during treatment of his brother, was examined. Although the untreated child's behavior changed, these changes depended upon the similarity of the tasks assigned to the two children and the time at which the tasks were performed.
New Experimental Proposal for 235 U PFNS Measurement to Answer a Fifty Year Old Question

The Prompt Fission Neutron Spectrum (PFNS) from 235U(n,f) is very important for various nuclear applications. It has been investigated in different experiments. In spite of ∼50 years of experimental efforts, a continuing conflict exists at thermal neutron energy. Microscopic experimental PFNS cannot describe macroscopic data. In this report we discuss the current status of this problem and suggest a new experiment, which could possibly resolve this problem.
Nanofibers and spheres by polymerization of cyanoacrylate monomer

A unique method for creating polymer nanofibers and spheres on a variety of substrates is described. Cyanoacrylate monomer vapor was collected on a solid surface and polymerized to form nanofibers. Tiny spots of initiator on the surface of a substrate and small monomer droplets in a monomer vapor appear to be required for the growth of the polycyanoacrylate nanofibers. The polycyanoacrylate nanofibers create a network and increase the specific surface area significantly.
Infrared and Dielectric Studies of Chloroform as Proton Donor in Hydrogen‐Bond Formation

Hydrogen bonding in deuterochloroform studied using IR spectra and dielectric constant methods, calculating equilibrium constants and heat of formation
The Anti-Tumor Effect of Motesanib in Pre-Clinical Models of Human Basal-Like Breast Cancer.

Background: Growth of breast cancer is dependent upon sustained angiogenesis, of which vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major stimulant. Increased expression of VEGF in breast cancers is associated with poor prognosis and disease recurrence, and anti-angiogenic agents are being developed as potential new therapies. Motesanib is an oral inhibitor of VEGF receptors 1, 2 and 3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and stem cell factor receptor (c-Kit). This study determined the effects of motesanib on the growth of human basal-like breast cancer cell lines in immunodeficient mice, alone and in combination with paclitaxel.Materials and Methods: Breast cancer cells BT-549 and GILM2 were injected into the mammary fatpad (MFP) of mice; HCC1187 cells were injected on the subcutaneous flank. Mice with established tumors (150-200 mm 3 ) received motesanib orally BID, at 7.5, 25 or 75 mg/kg for three weeks. Tumors were collected for analysis of blood vessels (CD-31 staining), viable tumor area, and for markers of proliferation (Ki67) and apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3). GILM2 cells were injected into the tibia of mice to model growth in bone; mice with GILM2 MFP or tibia tumors received motesanib (25 mg/kg BID) or paclitaxel (24 mg/kg Q4Dx5), or the combination. Intratibial GILM2 tumors expressing luciferase were monitored by bioluminescence and radiography to evaluate osteolysis. Analyses of tumor size were assessed by ANOVA, and immunohistochemical tests by Student9s t tests.Results: Motesanib produced dose-dependent inhibition of growth of BT-549, GILM2 and HCC1187 tumors. All doses of motesanib significantly inhibited the growth of BT-549 tumors (>55% inhibition, P 25mg/kg had smaller viable tissue areas (P Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 5057.
GLUCOSE TRANSPORT IN DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN : GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER PROTEINS, RATE CONSTANTS AND CEREBRAL GLUCOSE UTILIZATION

Developing rat brain undergoes a series of functional and anatomic changes which affect its rate of cerebral glucose utilization (CGU). These changes include increases in the levels of the glucose transporter proteins, GLUT1 and GLUT3, in the blood-brain barrier as well as in the neurons and glia. 55 kDa GLUT1 is concentrated in endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier, whereas GLUT3 is the predominant neuronal transporter. 45 kDa GLUT1 is in non-vascular brain, probably glia. Studies of glucose utilization with the 2-14C-deoxyglucose method of Sokoloffet al., (1977), rely on glucose transport rate constants, k1 and k2, which have been determined in the adult rat brain. The determination of these constants directly in immature brain, in association with the measurement of GLUT1, GLUT3 and cerebral glucose utilization suggests that the observed increases in the rate constants for the transport of glucose into (k1) and out of (k2) brain correspond to the increases in 55 kDa GLUT1 in the blood-brain barrier. The maturational increases in cerebral glucose utilization, however, more closely relate to the pattern of expression of non-vascular GLUT1 (45 kDa), and more specifically GLUT3, suggesting that the cellular expression of the glucose transporter proteins is rate limiting for cerebral glucose utilization during early postnatal development in the rat.
Driver distraction detection for vehicular monitoring

This paper describes a driver distraction detection scenario which is important to enhance driving safety. We employ data obtained by a GPS to reproduce the driver behavior. Gaussian Mixture model (GMM) is used to capture the sequence of driving characteristics according to the reconstructed vehicle's information and it is also used as a classifier to assign the driving behavior to normal or distraction category. In our work, we consider using a low cost 1Hz GPS receiver as the vehicle data acquisition equipment instead of the costly sensors (steering angle sensor, throttle/brake position sensor, etc). The nonlinear extended 2-wheel vehicle dynamic model is adopted in this study. Firstly, two states, i.e. the sideslip angle and the yaw rate are calculated since they are not available from GPS measurements. Secondly, a piecewise optimization scheme is proposed to reconstruct the driving behaviors which include the steering angle and the longitude force. Finally, a GMM classifier is applied to identify whether the driver is under distraction.
Potential role of ixekizumab in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis

Background Psoriasis is a debilitating autoimmune skin disease that affects 2%–3% of the world’s population. Patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis suffer from a decreased quality of life as well as comorbidities. Newer biological agents have been shown to be more effective than traditional therapies. In this article, we assess the potential role of ixekizumab, an anti-interleukin (IL)-17 antibody, in treating moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis.
On the Connection Between the Spin and Statistics of Elementary Particles

It is shown that Fermi-Dirac quantization by the procedure of Heisenberg and Pauli cannot be carried out for tensor wave equations. Since the general wave equations for particles with integral spin are tensor equations, it follows that for these integral spin equations Fermi-Dirac quantization cannot be carried out. During the course of the discussion it appears that for equations derived from Lagrangians which are nonlinear in the derivatives of the functions, Fermi-Dirac quantization cannot be carried out. Since the Heisenberg-Pauli theory applies only to nonlinear Lagrangians, a special discussion of linear Lagrangians (linear in the derivatives of the functions) is given. It is shown how equations derived from such Lagrangians can be put into Hamiltonian form. Lagrangians of this type occur for the equations for half-odd spin.
Location-based scheduling and pricing for energy and reserves: a responsive reserve market proposal

It is well known that given a network that can become constrained on voltage or real power flows, reserves must also be spatially located in order to handle all credible contingencies. However, to date, there is no credible science-based method for assigning and pricing reserves in this way. Presented in this paper is a responsive-reserve scheduling algorithm incorporating constraints imposed by grid security considerations, which include one base case (intact system) and a list of credible contingencies (line out, unit lost, and load growth) of the system. By following a cost-minimizing co-optimization procedure, both power and reserves are allocated spatially for the combined energy and reserve markets. With the Lagrange multipliers obtained, the scheduling algorithm also reveals the locational shadow prices for the reserve and energy requirements. Unlike other pricing and scheduling methods in use, which are usually ad hoc and are based on engineering judgment and experience, this proposed formulation is likely to perform better in restructured markets when market power is a potential problem. An illustrative example of a modified IEEE 30-bus system is used to introduce concepts and present results.
Effect of Hematin Upon Stability of Thiochrome in Solutions of Alkaline Ferricyanide.

SummaryHematin markedly accelerates the destruction of thiochrome in solutions containing alkaline ferricyanide.
Synthesis and crystal structure of Ba[V2(HPO4)4](H2O)

Abstract A new vanadium(III) phosphate, Ba[VIII2(HPO4)4](H2O), has been synthesized by hydrothermal methods, and its structure solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This vanadium phosphate crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21. The cell parameters are a = 9.441(2), b = 7.913(2), c = 9.521(2) A ; β = 117.91(2)°; V= 628.5(3) A 3 ; Z = 2; Dcalc = 3.387 mg mm−3; R = 0.055 and Rw = 0.065 for 1885 reflections with F > 6.0σ(F). The threedimensional [V2(HPO4)4(H2O)]2− lattice can be described as being built up of chains of eight-membered rings along the c axis, formed by corner-shared VO6 octahedra and HPO4 tetrahedra (-V-O-P-O-), which are crosslinked via interchain V-O-P bonding to produce a three-dimensional lattice. The crosslinking interaction produces 16-membered rings. Contrary to other low-valent vanadium phosphates, cavities are found in the solid,rather than tunnels. The Ba2+ and H2O are located in these cavities.
Cognitive reserve and brain volumes in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is associated with long-term, progressive cognitive deficits and white matter injury. We measured global and regional white and gray matter as well as cognitive function and examined relationships between these variables and cognitive reserve, as indicated by maternal education level, in 28 young survivors of ALL and 31 healthy controls. Results indicated significantly reduced white matter volumes and cognitive testing scores in the ALL group compared to controls. Maternal education was inversely related to both global and regional white matter and directly related to gray matter in ALL and was directly related to both gray and white matter in controls, consistent with the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Cognitive performance was associated with different brain regions in ALL compared to controls. Maternal education was significantly positively correlated with working and verbal memory in ALL as well as processing speed and verbal memory in controls, improving models of cognitive outcome over medical and/or demographic predictors. Our findings suggest that cognitive reserve may be an important factor in brain injury and cognitive outcome in ALL. Additionally, children with ALL may experience some neural reorganization related to cognitive outcome.
Urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolism of the rhesus monkey.

Radiolabeled estrogens were isolated from the urine of two rhesus monkeys after iv injections of estrone–6,7–3H and estradiol–17β–6, 7–3H. The injection was given on day 12 of the individual menstrual cycle. The following estrogen metabolites were isolated from the urine: estrone (E1) estradiol–17β (E2), estriol (E3) and 16–epiestriol (16–epi E3). In both animals, estrone was found to be the major urinary metabolite during the first 24–hr collection period. On days 2, 3, 4, and 5 after the injection, the relative amount of E1 decreased while the 16–epi E3 fraction was increasing to levels of 33–52% of the identified estrogens. The 16–epi E3 was identified by four thin—layer chromatographies, one paper chromatography, two derivative formations and recrystalization to constant specific activity. It is concluded that the metabolism of E1 and E2 to 16–epi E3 is a major pathway in the rhesus monkey. This conclusion is supported by the determination of endogenous levels of this urinary estrogen fraction in a go...
Technology CAD challenges of modeling multi-gate transistors

As the economics of Moores law drives transistor feature scaling, multiple gate devices such as Tri-gate and FinFET transistors have been adopted to control short channel effects. As the device pitch is scaled, traditional strain engineering methods lose effectiveness and parasitics can increase, forcing technologists to evaluate disruptive solutions. Moreover, many local continuum models can no longer accurately describe device behaviour at these scaled dimensions and more advanced models must be adopted to guide process and device development. The challenges of present and future multi-gate device development and the role of technology computer aided design in addressing those challenges are discussed.
An example of thermal regulation of a two dimensional non-isothermal incompressible flow

In this paper we consider a tracking/disturbance rejection problem for a nonlinear infinite dimensional control system using boundary control and sensing. The controlled plant consists of a two dimensional Boussinesq approximation of the non-isothermal incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in a box region. The signal to be tracked and disturbance (which enters as a forcing term on the boundary of the region) are time dependent periodic step functions. While the method described in this work is based on the geometric theory of output regulation, the usual assumptions for that theory do not apply. Nevertheless, we show that the regulator equations used to design the control laws for the geometric methodology can be adapted to handle this case, as an extension of a set point tracking problem. The objective in this example is to force the average temperature on an internal boundary to track a prescribed reference signal, while rejecting a disturbance given as a hot surface on a portion of the boundary. The methodology used in this work provides an example of the design and then discretize methodology as opposed to the usual discretize and then design philosophy.
Valley receives 2003 N.L. Bowen award

John W. Valley received the Bowen Award, presented by the Volcanology Geochemistry, and Petrology Section at the 2003 Fall Meeting in San Francisco, California, last December.
Transfer from discrimination under hunger to discrimination under thirst: The role of expectancy and habit

Abstract The experimental group (Group HA-TA) received food (F) and water (W) rewarded trials in an alternating sequence under hunger in Phase 1 and under thirst in Phase 2. Group HA-TA ran faster on F than on W trials in Phase 1, and faster on W than on F trials in Phase 2. Early in Phase 2 the difference between speeds on W and F trials was larger for Group HA-TA than for a group which received no runway training in Phase 1 (Group HO-TA), but later in Phase 2 this difference was larger for Group HO-TA than for Group HA-TA. Also in Phase 2 the difference between speeds on W and F trials was larger for Group HA-TA than for a group which received a random sequence of F and W trials under hunger in Phase 1, and smaller for Group HA-TA than for a group which received alternating F and W trials under thirst in both phases. To interpret these results it was assumed that for Group HA-TA the expectancies of reward formed in Phase 1 facilitated development of alternation performance in Phase 2, but that the S-R associative connections formed in Phase 1 inhibited ultimate development of alternation performance in Phase 2.
Exchanging double-lumen for single-lumen endotracheal tubes after thoracotomy

Abstract Three practical methods are described that allow the exchange of a double-lumen for a single-lumen endotracheal tube in patients in whom continued ventilatory support is necessary after thoracotomy.
Role of Nonreceptor Protein Tyrosine Kinases During Phospholipase C-γ1-related Uterine Contractions in the Rat:

Activated phospholipase C1, produced in response to tyrosine phosphorylation, appears to play an important role during uterine contractions. These studies sought to determine which non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases are involved in the activation of phospholipase C1 in rat uterine tissue. In vitro contraction studies were performed utilizing isoform specific protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Western blots were performed utilizing antibodies to phosphotyrosine-phospholipase C1, total phospholipase C1, c-Src kinase and Lck kinase. Spontaneous, stretch-stimulated, and bpV(phen) (tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor) enhanced uterine contractions were significantly suppressed in response to Damnacanthal (Lck kinase inhibitor) and PP1 (c-Src kinase inhibitor). Damnacanthal and PP1 also significantly suppressed bpV(phen)-enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C1. Western blots confirmed expression of Lck kinase and c-Src kinase in uterine tissue. In conclusion, the Lck and c-Src kinases appear to play an important role in regulating tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C1 and contractile activity in the rat uterus.