cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Effects of Surface Heating and Topography on the Regional Severe Storm Environment. Part II: Two-Dimensional Idealized Experiments

Abstract A series of two-dimensional (2-D) numerical experiments has been conducted to examine the effects of differential surface heating on flow over a dry, 2000 km-wide plateau. Two effects, found by Benjamin and Carlson in three-dimensional simulations to be significant in the regional severe storm environment, also occur in these 2-D experiments. These effects are a diurnal variation in the intensity of the lee trough and the development of a low-level inversion downstream as the mixed layer, which developed over the hot plateau, is advected over potentially cooler air. When the plateau is strongly heated and surrounded by lowlands with no surface heating, the leeside pressure trough intensifies by an extra 1–3 mb. Subsequently, the low-level flow ahead of the lee trough also increases by several meters per second when surface heating is allowed. The diurnal modulation of this feature suggests that the low-level moist flow toward regions of potential convection in cases such as those modeled by Benja...
Evidence for a protein(s) bound to herpes simplex virus DNA

Abstract The Xba I cleavage pattern of highly purified, but not specifically deproteinized, herpes simplex virus DNA does not match published patterns. If the purified herpes simplex virus DNA is first extracted with phenol and then digested with Xba I, the cleavage pattern matches the published patterns. This comparison is taken as supportive of the hypothesis that there is a protein(s) bound to herpes simplex virus DNA.
For estimating creatinine clearance measuring muscle mass gives better results than those based on demographics

Estimation of creatinine clearance requires knowledge of creatinine generation which can vary in different groups of patients. Since the main source of creatinine is muscle we used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to measure the mass of muscle in a cohort of adult men and women in Rochester, Minnesota. Serum and 24 h urinary creatinines were measured directly. The urinary creatinine was estimated using equations based on age and gender and muscle mass in order to calculate creatinine clearance. Among 664 subjects with a mean age of 55±20 years, 51% of whom were women, the model fit for urinary creatinine estimated with age and gender ( R 2 =0.359) was similar to that estimated with measured muscle mass ( R 2 =0.359). The likelihood of chronic kidney disease (creatinine clearance of less than 60 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 ) in older subjects was highest with equations that used age, and likelihood of CKD in women was highest with equations that used gender. The outcomes of mortality and cardiovascular disease had stronger associations with decreased creatinine clearance calculated with age and gender than by the clearance calculated with muscle mass. This could be explained by age being a potent predictor of mortality and cardiovascular disease independent of urinary creatinine, muscle mass, and gender. Our study shows that the likelihood of chronic kidney disease in the elderly and in women and the risk of adverse outcomes may be inflated by equations that use patient demographics to estimate creatinine generation.
Genetic Sampling of Palmer's Chipmunks in the Spring Mountains, Nevada

Palmer's chipmunk (Neotamias palmeri) is a medium-sized chipmunk whose range is limited to the higherelevation areas of the Spring Mountain Range, Nevada. A second chipmunk species, the Panamint chipmunk (Neotamias panamintinus), is more broadly distributed and lives in lower-elevation, primarily pinyon-juniper (Pinus monophylla-Juniperus osteosperma) habitat types. Panamint chipmunks are not closely related to Palmer's, but field identification of the 2 species is unreliable. Palmer's chipmunk is a species of concern in the state of Nevada and is listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as endangered. As such, conservation of Palmer's chipmunks is a priority in the Spring Mountains National Recreation Area. We sampled putative Palmer's chipmunks from 13 sites distributed across the Spring Mountains during 2010–2011. We removed Panamint chipmunks by using DNA-based identifications and then analyzed the genetic population structure of Palmer's chipmunks by using a panel of 9 microsatellites. Of the 228 samples that were genotyped, 186 were Palmer's; there was no evidence of hybridization between species. Four sites had exclusively Panamint chipmunks, 5 had exclusively Palmer's chipmunks, and 3 had a mixture of the 2 species. In this study, Palmer's chipmunks were exclusively captured at sites above 2400 m elevation, and Panamint chipmunks were exclusively captured at sites below 2200 m. Panamint chipmunks were trapped in areas typed as pinyon-juniper, but they were also trapped at sites typed as ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and mixed conifer. Both species were trapped at 3 sites; at all 3 sites, the lowerelevation traps contained Panamint chipmunks and the higher ones Palmer's chipmunks. Population structure within Palmer's chipmunks was minimal: heterozygosity was relatively high, and the populations displayed no signs of recent bottlenecks. Indications are that the distribution of Palmer's chipmunk is limited to higher-elevation areas in the Spring Mountains, but within this area, Palmer's chipmunk occurs as a single, large, well-connected, and stable population.
The momentum of a population whose birth rates gradually change to replacement levels

Abstract A formula is given for computing the ultimate size of a population whose birth rates change over a finite time to replacement levels. This formula is derived in the context of the usual discrete-time version of the one-sex model of population growth and represents an extension of work by Keyfitz and others. When birth and death rates tend over an infinite time to replacement levels, necessary and sufficient conditions are investigated for the ultimate population size to be finite and nonzero.
Grammatical transformations and recognition memory of sentences

A recognition memory task was adapted for the measurement of rated similarity among members of a syntactically related sentence family. A prism model of these relationships was partially supported. An additional factor (paraphrasing) was shown to contribute to significant similarity ratings. Two advantages of the recognition memory technique are (1) the active role played by S in rating each sentence on a confidence scale; and (2) aural presentation.
The Plow, Female Contribution to Agricultural Subsistence and Polygyny: A Log Linear Analysis

Relationships among plow agriculture, female contributions to crop tending, and polygyny in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample are examined here. Without controlling for world regions, a log-linear analysis would suggest that each of these variables is related to the other two. Introducing a control for region with a four-way contingency table, we find significant relationships between region and each of the three variables. Furthermore, the control for region eliminates the relationship between plow agriculture and the female contribution to crop tending. Theorists such as Boserup have claimed that women do less agricultural labor with intensive agriculture. This relationship is apparently not a valid one, but simply a consequence of the joint diffusion of the three variables throughout the Old World.
Perturbative approach to potential surface inversion for bound and half-scattering problems

Abstract A recently proposed inverse perturbation with singular value decomposition (IPSVD) method to correct potential energy surfaces (PES) of bound molecular systems is generalized in two significant ways. Firstly, in the current generalization, any given primitive PES of a bound system can in principle serve as a zeroth order (starting) PES which can be corrected to approach the desired PES by successive use of the perturbative inversion method. Secondly, the perturbative approach is further generalized and the mathematical equations are derived for correcting dissociative PES of half-scattering problems by using experimentally measured product state distribution of the fragments or spectrum as input variables. The specific mathematical treatments for the above two generalizations are explicitly given and discussed in the paper. An example is shown by application to HCN bound state potential energy surface.
Magnetic resonance imaging of hyaline cartilage regeneration in neocartilage graft implantation.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the regenerative potential of hyaline cartilage in a neocartilage graft implant with the aid of MR cartilage imaging using a rabbit model. Methods Surgical osteochondral defects were created in the femoral condyles of 30 mature New Zealand rabbits. The findings of neocartilage in autologous cartilage grafts packed into osteochondral defects were compared with control group of no implant to the osteochondral defect. The outcome of the implantations was correlated with histologic and MR cartilage imaging findings over a 3-month interval. Results Neocartilage grafts packed into osteochondral defects showed regeneration of hyaline cartilage at the outer layer of the implant using MR cartilage imaging. Fibrosis of fibrocartilage developed at the outer layer of the autologous cartilage graft together with an inflammatory reaction within the osteochondral defect. Conclusion This animal study provides evidence of the regenerative ability of hyaline cartilage in neocartilage transplants to repair articular cartilage.
The Adipophilin C Terminus Is a Self-folding Membrane-binding Domain That Is Important for Milk Lipid Secretion

Cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLD) in mammary epithelial cells undergo secretion by a unique membrane envelopment process to produce milk lipids. Adipophilin (ADPH/Plin2), a member of the perilipin/PAT family of lipid droplet-associated proteins, is hypothesized to mediate CLD secretion through interactions with apical plasma membrane elements. We found that the secretion of CLD coated by truncated ADPH lacking the C-terminal region encoding a putative four-helix bundle structure was impaired relative to that of CLD coated by full-length ADPH. We used homology modeling and analyses of the solution and membrane binding properties of purified recombinant ADPH C terminus to understand how this region possibly mediates CLD secretion. Homology modeling supports the concept that the ADPH C terminus forms a four-helix bundle motif and suggests that this structure can form stable membrane bilayer interactions. Circular dichroism and protease mapping studies confirmed that the ADPH C terminus is an independently folding α-helical structure that is relatively resistant to urea denaturation. Liposome binding studies showed that the purified C terminus binds to phospholipid membranes through electrostatic dependent interactions, and cell culture studies documented that it localizes to the plasma membrane. Collectively, these data provide direct evidence that the ADPH C terminus forms a stable membrane binding helical structure that is important for CLD secretion. We speculate that interactions between the four-helix bundle of ADPH and membrane phospholipids may be an initial step in milk lipid secretion.
A systematic procedure for finding Perfect Bayesian Equilibria in Incomplete Information Games

This paper provides a non-technical introduction to a procedure to find Perfect Bayesian equilibria (PBEs) in incomplete information games. Despite the rapidly expanding literature on industrial organization that uses PBE as its main solution concept, most undergraduate and graduate textbooks still present a relatively theoretical introduction to PBEs. This paper offers a systematic five-step procedure that helps students find all pure-strategy PBEs in incomplete information games. Furthermore, it illustrates a step-by-step application of this procedure to a signaling game, using a worked-out example.
Rational design of a nanometre-sized covalent octahedron

The thermodynamically controlled reaction of six tetraformylcavitands with twelve rigid, linear diamines yields quantitatively polyimine octahedrons with diameters of up to 5 nm. The cavitands are optimized to match the ideal geometry of a 60° tetratopic vertex unit and are connected along the octahedron edges with the diamines through 24 newly formed imine bonds.
Reaction of 4-acetoxy-2-azetidinone with tertiary carbanions: Preparation of 4-alkyl- and 4-alkylidene-2-azetidinones

Abstract Reaction of 4-acetoxy-2-azetidinone with tertiary stablished carbanions gives carbon-substituted 2-azetidinones which have transformed into 4-alkyliden
Hemiparasitic Flowering Plants: Phenotypic Canalization by Hosts

THE idea of combining the desired qualities of two distinct genotypes is old and universally appreciated. The genetic information can be brought together in two ways: within the same zygote through hybridization; or, for example, in higher plants, by grafting the stem of a superior fruit onto a particularly hardy root system. It is increasingly clear that the phenomenon of grafting (like hybridization) is a common natural process in which the root systems (and stems) of genetically distinct individuals become functionally interconnected.
Imaging Evaluation of Pediatric Extremity Trauma, Part III: Lower Extremity and Soft Tissues:

Lower extremity injuries are slightly less common than upper extremity injuries in children, and the structures below the knee are more often involved. Impaction injuries are often associated with twisting forces which can result in subtle buckle and hairline types of fractures, particularly in young children. Epiphyseal-metaphyseal injuries are especially common at the ankle. A variety of avulsion fractures also occur in the lower extremities, often associated with injury to nearby cartilaginous and ligamentous structures. This article reviews the important plain radiograph findings of lower extremity injuries in children as well as indications for special imaging such as ultrasound and MRI.
Advanced quadratures for three-dimensional discrete ordinate transport simulations: A comparative study

Abstract Three-dimensional radiation transport simulations play a key role in a number of problems found in nuclear science and engineering. When considering deterministic methods for solving the three-dimensional radiation transport equation, the S n method of Carlson and Lee is one of the most commonly found techniques. The S n method relies on a given set of “discrete ordinates” or discrete directions in which radiation streams. This set of discrete ordinates also must form a quadrature (numerical integration) so that the angular flux moments can be estimated and the scattering source calculated. In this paper we review a number of recently developed angular quadrature sets and compare their performance on a number of reactor physics problems.
BIOSOCIAL INFLUENCES ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Some biosocial correlates of race and social class are reviewed, with the purpose of demonstrating that multidisciplinary approaches to problems of human potential may be the most promising.
Method for evaluation of antireflection coatings

Abstract A new method is described to provide quantitative evaluation of the overall effectiveness of antireflection coatings on optical detectors and solar cells in terms of a single parameter. This parameter 〈 R 〉 is the weighted average reflectance of the device, with the weighting factor being the product of the incident light flux density and the internal quantum efficiency of the device. Knowledge of 〈 R 〉 also permits the evaluation of the internal electrical properties of the device, independent of the surface reflectance. A simple procedure is given for the measurement of 〈 R 〉 to a good degree of accuracy. The simplicity and accuracy of the method were confirmed by experiments and calculations.
Dispersion and ultra-fast reaction of calcium-based sorbent powders for SO2 and air toxics removal in coal combustion☆

Abstract This paper addresses the various fundamental issues related to the reaction and dispersion of sorbents, and the impact of developments in the sorbent science and technology on the design and operation of CFB combustors. The central role of sorbents in fluidized-bed combustors, the current state of the art in sorbents for SO2 capture, and their influence on NOx and other pollutant removal are highlighted. The existing CFB designs and the current sorbent technology are capable of achieving up to 90% sulfur capture. Sulfur removals of greater than 93%, expected to be mandated in the near future, require considerable increase in Ca/S ratios and lead to increased NOx, reduced combustion efficiency, and other operating problems. The current CFB combustor design and operating parameters such as temperature, sorbent particle size etc., can be optimized for best possible sulfur and NOx control using limestone sorbent. There is a need, and a definite scope for improving the sorbents to augment sulfur capture without increasing sorbent consumption. This paper also elaborates the development of high reactivity limestone sorbents and their exceptionally high sulfur capture rate and capacity. The kinetics of sulfur capture dictates smaller particle sizes for higher rate of reaction. Thus, the analyses of sorbents of size less than 50 μm with consideration of their application towards sulfur capture during coal combustion is attempted. A viable option for operating CFBs with smaller sorbent particles at higher temperatures is examined. Current challenges such as improved sorbents development for advanced combustion/gasification systems, capture of trace air toxics and other metallic species, and improved particle separation systems for CFB operation, are also discussed.
Reverse-phase HPLC method for measuring polarity distributions of natural organic matter.

A reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed to measure the polarity distribution of natural organic matter (NOM) samples. The polarity distribution is obtained by calibrating an octadecyl bonded silica phase column and polar eluent with compounds of known octanol−water partition coefficient (Kow) and using this calibration curve to transform NOM retention times into an equivalent Kow. Polarity distributions treat the NOM samples as a complex mixture rather than summarizing the polarity in a single number. The method is sensitive, with UV detection allowing quantitation of samples with <5 mg of C/L. Individual chromatograms are acquired in <20 min, allowing much faster analysis on smaller samples than XAD resin separation or 13C NMR. Polarity distributions of 10 representative NOM isolates and 2 whole water samples indicate that NOM is generally hydrophilic in nature (log Kow < 2), although XAD-8 isolates are more hydrophobic than RO isolates from the same source. Hyd...
A microfluidic device for practical label-free CD4+ T cell counting of HIV-infected subjects

Practical HIV diagnostics are urgently needed in resource-limited settings. While HIV infection can be diagnosed using simple, rapid, lateral flow immunoassays, HIV disease staging and treatment monitoring require accurate counting of a particular white blood cell subset, the CD4+ T lymphocyte. To address the limitations of current expensive, technically demanding and/or time-consuming approaches, we have developed a simple CD4 counting microfluidic device. This device uses cell affinity chromatography operated under differential shear flow to specifically isolate CD4+ T lymphocytes with high efficiency directly from 10 microlitres of unprocessed, unlabeled whole blood. CD4 counts are obtained under an optical microscope in a rapid, simple and label-free fashion. CD4 counts determined in our device matched measurements by conventional flow cytometry among HIV-positive subjects over a wide range of absolute CD4 counts (R2 = 0.93). This CD4 counting microdevice can be used for simple, rapid and affordable CD4 counting in point-of-care and resource-limited settings.
Experimental Internet Haptic Collaboration using Virtual Coupling Schemes

In this paper we present the results from several global-scale haptic collaboration experiments that were performed using the Internet. These experiments consist of three virtual coupling schemes proposed to maintain position coherency in a networked haptic virtual environment (NHVE). We compared two of our virtual coupling schemes - which represent a peer-to-peer architecture - to the third - with a client-server architecture. We set up a packet reflector network at our collaborator servers (Italy, Canada and North Carolina, USA) to perform the experiments with subjects located within the same laboratory. Our largest one-way latency was in the order of 200 ms for the packet reflector situated in Italy. The virtual coupling parameters were chosen so that it resulted in stable operation for all the delay values that were tested. User datagram protocol (UDP) was used for haptic data communication because of the high transmission rate requirement for NHVEs. There were three experiments carried out in total: two of them at the packet transmission rate of 1000 Hz with a change in the virtual coupling parameters in scheme 2, and the third one, which tested the three virtual coupling schemes at two fixed transmission rates of 500 Hz and 100 Hz. Locally, the haptic update rate was maintained at 1000 Hz during all the experiments. Our results demonstrate that the peer-to-peer virtual coupling schemes can be used for maintaining position coherency in a NHVE. We also show that the position error and the force rendered to the users increase with the reduction in the packet transmission rate. Given that these experiments were performed through the actual Internet, this work proves valuable for global-scale stable haptic collaboration using the Internet.
HISTORICAL PRESERVATION AND IDENTITY: THE ALAMO AND THE PRODUCTION OF A CONSUMER LANDSCAPE

Historical preservation often reveals more about contemporary culture than about history. The Alamo in San Antonio, Texas, is just such a case. No other large US city is so dominated by a single historical event, and the Alamo plays a central role as a cultural icon for regional Anglo identity, a symbol of the Anglo-dominated social hierarchy. Its preservation and restoration have coincided with modern identity formation contextualized by commodities. Thus, a critical part of this project is the development of a consumer landscape as an economic extension of the Alamo that promotes consumption by harmonizing with prevailing Anglo conceptions of ethnic identities; not simply a strategically located commercial zone, but an integral part of the pilgrimage to the monument, providing a mechanism for socialization, including “racialization”, contextualized by commodities.
Looking at Records

In the not-too-distant future a person will listen to any music she desires by subscribing to a “celestial jukebox”—a satellite system serving selections from a vast storehouse. But even as the physical embodiments of music disappear, Auslander wonders, “What does it mean to look at records”—as material objects.
Vascular Injury Induces Posttranscriptional Regulation of the Id3 Gene Cloning of a Novel Id3 Isoform Expressed During Vascular Lesion Formation in Rat and Human Atherosclerosis

The molecular mechanisms that regulate the proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the vasculature in response to injury are poorly understood. Members of the inhibitor of DNA binding (Id) class of helix-loop-helix transcription factors are known to regulate the growth of a variety of cell types; however, the expression of the various Id genes in SMCs and in vascular lesions has not been examined. In the present study, the yeast 2-hybrid system was used to clone Id genes from a cultured rat aortic SMC library. By use of ubiquitous E proteins as bait, Id3 and a novel isoform of Id3 (Id3a) were cloned. Id3a is the product of alternative splicing of the Id3 gene, resulting in inclusion of a 115-bp "coding intron," which encodes a unique 29-amino acid carboxyl terminus for the Id3a protein. Unlike Id3, Id3a mRNA was not detected in the normal rat carotid artery. However, after balloon injury, Id3a was abundantly expressed throughout the neointimal layer. In addition, mRNA of the human homologue of Id3a (Id3L) was detected in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of these Id3 isoforms in cultured rat aortic SMCs revealed that infection of SMCs with an adenovirus overexpressing Id3a (in contrast to Id3) resulted in a significant decrease in cell number versus AdLacZ-infected cells. DNA fragmentation analysis suggested that this decrease in SMC viability was due to increased apoptotic activity in cells infected with adenovirus overexpressing Id3a. These results provide evidence that alternative splicing of the Id3 gene may represent an important mechanism by which neointimal SMC growth is attenuated during vascular lesion formation.
Pre-operative versus postoperative administration of morphine: impact on the neuroendocrine, behavioural, and metastatic-enhancing effects of surgery.

We have previously shown that the pre- and postoperative administration of an analgesic dose of morphine attenuated the tumour-enhancing effects of surgery. This study was undertaken to assess the relative role and exclusive importance of pre- versus postoperative morphine administration on neuroendocrine, metastatic, and behavioural outcomes of surgery in Fischer 344 rats. The natural killer (NK) sensitive mammary adenocarcinoma cell line, MADB106, was used in a lung clearance assay to assess host resistance to metastasis. Either morphine or its vehicle was administered to all rats at three times: (1) 30 min before surgery (8 mg kg-1, in saline); (2) immediately after surgery in a slow release suspension (SRS, 4 mg kg-1); and (3) 5 h after surgery at the time of tumour cell inoculation (2 mg kg-1, in SRS). Five surgery groups underwent an experimental laparotomy with halothane anaesthesia and received either the vehicle at all three times or morphine in one of four different regimens: before surgery only, at all three times, after surgery only at times 2 and 3, and after surgery total at times 2 and 3 with the preoperative dose added at time 2. Two control groups underwent anaesthesia alone and received either morphine or the vehicle at all three times. Surgery resulted in a twofold increase in tumour cell retention, which was significantly attenuated by all four morphine treatment regimens (P
Apnea in acute bilirubin encephalopathy.

Abstract Central apnea, defined as cessation of breathing for ≥20 s, is frequent in premature infants born at 0/7 –36 6/7 weeks׳ gestation) and term (≥37 weeks׳ gestation) infants, where it is usually a clinical manifestation of a neurological or metabolic problem. There is growing evidence that marked unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is associated with central apnea in neonates. This article explores the reported association between acute bilirubin encephalopathy and symptomatic apneic events in newborns and the possible mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this phenomenon. The prevalence of symptomatic apneic events in reports of acute bilirubin encephalopathy suggests this clinical finding should be considered a sign of bilirubin neurotoxicity.
Going Full Circle with Teacher Feedback: Conducting Responsive Evaluations in Urban Pre-K Classrooms.

1. Jo-Anne L. Manswell Butty[1][1] 2. Lucy A. Wakiaga[1][1] 3. Brooke K. McKie[1][1] 4. Veronica G. Thomas[1][1] 5. Rodney D. Green[1][1] 6. Neilabh Avasthi[1][1] 7. Caryn L. Swierzbin[1][1] 1. 1Howard University, Washington, DC, USA 1. Jo-Anne L. Manswell Butty, Center for Urban Progress, Howard University, 1840 7th Street NW, Rm. 145, Washington, DC 20001, USA. Email: jmanswell-butty{at}howard.edu Research on the evaluation of early childhood programs focuses mainly on its outcomes rather than its process with often little attention given to the role that feedback to teachers in pre-kindergarten (pre-k) programs plays in the larger cycle of the evaluation process. This article provides a case example of a multiyear evaluation of community-based pre-k programs serving about 360 three- and four-year old children over a 5-year period in the District of Columbia. The Closing the Loop Evaluation Model proposed represents a responsive evaluation approach that illustrates the interconnected interactions between teacher feedback during the evaluation process and two supporting evaluation methodologies that emphasize social justice and utility. Findings from the case example highlight the responsive evaluation approach, feedback process, and ensuing conceptual and instrumental changes that occurred among stakeholders from whole-group feedback to small-group “report card” meetings with add-ons such as technical assistance, teacher-generated action plans, and teacher follow-up and feedback to close the evaluation loop. The authors discuss lessons learned about the evaluation process from the case example around aspects of feedback, including timing, audience, and function. Findings highlight the importance of feedback being timely and prompt, high quality in focus and content, non-punitive, collaborative, concise, and useful. The authors conclude that an evaluation process that includes teacher feedback, couched in social justice and utility, can have positive outcomes for all stakeholders and will likely lead to higher quality early childhood education programs. [1]: #aff-1
A model for estimating the anisotropy of the conduction velocity in cardiac tissue based on the tissue morphology

This paper describes a modeling technique for studying propagation in cardiac tissue at a microscopic level. The model consisted of realistically shaped myocytes embedded in an extracellular matrix and coupled by means of gap junctions. The model was used to estimate propagation velocities along and across the fiber structure of the myocardium, specifically to estimate the effects of altering the amount of extracellular space that separates the myocytes. The model shows that shrinking the extracellular space causes propagation to slow down along the fiber, but to speed up across the fiber structure of cardiac tissue.
Enlargement of Beam Coverage in FSO Mobile Network

Pointing, acquisition and tracking of a free-space optical node in a mobile network experiencing misalignment due to adverse factors including vibration, motion and atmospheric turbulence requires a different approach than traditional free-space optical transceivers. A recent fiber-bundle approach for beam steering at the transmitter was investigated to provide continuous beam coverage at the receiver without the application of mechanical devices. Utilizing multiple fibers-lenses sets at the receiver was also proposed to enhance the tolerance of optical link misalignment. This paper investigates the feasibility of applying multiple fibers with a single lens at the transmitter and multiple fiber-lenses sets at the receiver to improve the transmission performance on tolerating link misalignment. Two series of laboratorial experiments were implemented to compare the optical link robustness for different transceiver setups as the fiber-lens distance (zfl) was varied to modify the beam divergence: multi-fiber transmitter working with single-fiber-lens receiver and multi-fiber transmitter working with multi-fiber-lens receiver. The results showed that using multiple fibers in both the transmitter and the receiver reveals significant potential to maximize the up time of the link.
An Atmospheric Correction Algorithm for Remote Sensing of Bright Coastal Waters Using MODIS Land and Ocean Channels in the Solar Spectral Region

The present operational atmospheric correction algorithm for multichannel remote sensing of ocean color using imaging data acquired with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) works well over clear ocean but can give incorrect results over brighter coastal waters. This is because: 1) the turbid waters are not dark for the two atmospheric correction channels centered near 0.75 and 0.86 mum; and 2) the ocean color channels (0.488, 0.531, and 0.551 mum) often saturate over bright coastal waters. Here, we describe an atmospheric correction algorithm for multichannel remote sensing of coastal waters. This algorithm is a modification of our previously developed atmospheric correction algorithm for hyperspectral data that uses lookup tables generated with a vector radiative transfer code and multilayered atmospheric models. Aerosol models and optical depths are determined by a spectrum-matching technique utilizing channels located at wavelengths longer than 0.86 mum, where the ocean surface is dark. The aerosol information in the visible spectral region is estimated based on the derived aerosol models and optical depths. Water-leaving radiances in the visible spectral region are obtained by subtracting out the atmospheric path radiances from the satellite-measured total radiances. Applications of the algorithm to two MODIS data sets are presented and compared to field measurements. The water-leaving reflectances retrieved with this algorithm over brighter shallow coastal waters compare closely with those from field measurements. In addition, the retrieved water-leaving reflectances over deeper ocean waters compare well with those derived with the MODIS operational algorithm
New Experiences Enhance Coordinated Neural Activity in the Hippocampus

SUMMARY The acquisition of new memories for places and events requires synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus,andplasticitydependsontemporalcoordination among neurons. Spatial activity in the hippocampus is relatively disorganizedduring the initial exploration of a novel environment, however, and it is unclear howneuralactivityduringtheinitialstagesoflearning drives synaptic plasticity. Here we show that pairs of CA1 cells that represent overlapping novel locations are initially more coactive and more precisely coordinatedthan arecells representing overlappingfamiliar locations. This increased coordination occurrs specifically during brief, high-frequency events (HFEs) in the local field potential that are similar to ripples and is not associated with better coordination of place-specific neural activity outside of HFEs. As novel locations become more familiar, correlations betweencellpairsdecrease.Thus,hippocampalneural activity during learning has a unique structure that iswellsuitedtoinducesynapticplasticityandtoallow for rapid storage of new memories.
The neural control of swimmeret beating in the lobster.

1. The neural basis of swimmeret beating in the lobster Homarus americanus was studied by recording the cyclic motor output to the swimmeret muscles of intact, unrestrained specimens. 2. The force produced by each swimmeret is regulated by changes in the number of impulses within single motoneurones during each movement cycle, and by changes in the number of motoneurones which discharge during each cycle. Both of these parameters increase with the frequency of swimmeret beating. 3. The burst duration of single swimmeret motoneurones is independent of the frequency of swimmeret beating. The duration of the total electrical activity of each muscle nevertheless increases with the cycle duration, owing to changes in the relative timing of the activities of the motoneurones which innervate the muscle. By this method the forces produced by each muscle are presumably distributed evenly throughout cycles of variable duration. 4. As the frequency of swimmeret beating increases, the movement response progressively lags behind the motor nerve activity. At high frequencies of beating powerstroke motoneurones fire during the returnstroke of the preceding movement cycle because of this phase change, thereby actively braking the swimmeret. 5. Tilting the lobster to one side changes the direction of the powerstroke of each swimmeret on the side tilted upward. This change is achieved by an increase in the activity of muscles which rotate the appendage outward on its long axis, by an increase in the activity of a muscle which directs the powerstroke out toward the side, and by a decrease in the activity of a muscle which directs the powerstroke to the rear. The latter decrease is accomplished through the use of a peripheral inhibitor axon. 6. Under some conditions individual swimmeret motoneurones discharge in continuous trains rather than in bursts. This tonic activity is characterized by the occurrence of a disproportionate number of impulse pairs and triplets, a pattern to which the swimmeret muscles may be especially sensitive. 7. During swimmeret beating, all of the swimmeret motoneurones discharge in cyclic bursts. The temporal structure of the bursts suggests that the underlying excitatory input oscillates sinusoidally with time at the same frequency as that of swimmeret beating.
Solid-state lighting: an energy-economics perspective

Artificial light has long been a significant factor contributing to the quality and productivity of human life. As a consequence, we are willing to use huge amounts of energy to produce it. Solid-state lighting (SSL) is an emerging technology that promises performance features and efficiencies well beyond those of traditional artificial lighting, accompanied by potentially massive shifts in (a) the consumption of light, (b) the human productivity and energy use associated with that consumption and (c) the semiconductor chip area inventory and turnover required to support that consumption. In this paper, we provide estimates of the baseline magnitudes of these shifts using simple extrapolations of past behaviour into the future. For past behaviour, we use recent studies of historical and contemporary consumption patterns analysed within a simple energy-economics framework (a Cobb‐Douglas production function and profit maximization). For extrapolations into the future, we use recent reviews of believed-achievable long-term performance targets for SSL. We also discuss ways in which the actual magnitudes could differ from the baseline magnitudes of these shifts. These include: changes in human societal demand for light; possible demand for features beyond lumens; and guidelines and regulations aimed at economizing on consumption of light and associated energy. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Proactive stability control while carrying loads and negotiating an elevated surface

In this study, proactive stability control while handling loads and negotiating an elevated surface was examined. Ten young healthy males completed two gait-mode conditions—level walking and negotiating a raised surface. Load-handling conditions were: no load, empty box (reduced visual information), and loaded box (reduced visual information combined with increased inertial load). The lower limb trajectory in the sagittal plane was not modified as a function of reduced visual information or increased inertial load. The step width decreased while stepping over the surface and carrying the loaded box. The trunk pitch angle was biased backwards for both the empty box and the loaded box. When carrying the empty box and negotiating the surface, the trunk pitch range of motion (ROM) increased which may have been a strategy to increase visual exteroceptive information. As increased net trunk pitch could destabilize the system, concurrent stabilizing strategies—decreased gait velocity and reduced net trunk roll velocity—were observed. To meet the equilibrium goals when carrying the loaded box, the trunk pitch ROM and net pitch velocity were reduced during both level walking and surface accommodation. Trunk roll ROM was reduced when carrying the load and negotiating the surface. This study extends our knowledge regarding whole body coordination strategies during anticipatory locomotor adaptations.
A BioMEMS review: MEMS technology for physiologically integrated devices

MEMS devices are manufactured using similar microfabrication techniques as those used to create integrated circuits. They often, however, have moving components that allow physical or analytical functions to be performed by the device. Although MEMS can be aseptically fabricated and hermetically sealed, biocompatibility of the component materials is a key issue for MEMS used in vivo. Interest in MEMS for biological applications (BioMEMS) is growing rapidly, with opportunities in areas such as biosensors, pacemakers, immunoisolation capsules, and drug delivery. The key to many of these applications lies in the leveraging of features unique to MEMS (for example, analyte sensitivity, electrical responsiveness, temporal control, and feature sizes similar to cells and organelles) for maximum impact. In this paper, we focus on how the biological integration of MEMS and other implantable devices can be improved through the application of microfabrication technology and concepts. Innovative approaches for improved physical and chemical integration of systems with the body are reviewed. An untapped potential for MEMS may lie in the area of nervous and endocrine system actuation, whereby the ability of MEMS to deliver potent drugs or hormones, combined with their precise temporal control, may provide new treatments for disorders of these systems.
Enhancement of recall within technology-mediated teams through the use of online visual artifacts

Given the distributed nature of modern organizations, the use of technology-mediated teams is a critical aspect of their success. These teams use various media that are arguably less personal than face-to-face communication. One factor influencing the success of these teams is their ability to develop an understanding of who knows what during the initial team development stage. However, this development of understanding within dispersed teams may be impeded because of the limitations of technology-enabled communication environments. Past research has found that a limited understanding of team member capabilities hinders team performance. As such, this article investigates mechanisms for improving the recall of individuals within dispersed teams. Utilizing the input-process-output model to conceptualize the group interaction process, three input factors—visual artifacts (i.e., a computer-generated image of each team member), team size, and work interruptions—are manipulated to assess their influence on a person's ability to recall important characteristics of their virtual team members. Results show that visual artifacts significantly increase the recall of individuals' information. However, high-urgency interruptions significantly deteriorate the recall of individuals, regardless of the visual artifact or team size. These findings provide theoretical and practical implications on knowledge acquisition and project success within technology-mediated teams.
Iterative image processing using a cavity with a phase-conjugate mirror.

We describe an optical image processing system with regenerative feedback that utilizes a cavity with a phase-conjugate mirror. The system’s characteristics and limitations are discussed, and its application to the implementation of iterative recovery algorithms (e.g., Gerchberg algorithm) is considered and demonstrated experimentally.
Perceived Effects of Exercise and Sport in a Population Defined by Their Injection Drug Use

The role of exercise and sport in the lives of intravenous drug users (n = 45) was assessed, using an interviewer-administered open-ended questionnaire. Results demonstrated a high level of exercise and sport interest in this population (64%). Being a sports fan was also found in most of the responses (72%). This study on the role of exercise and sport in an intravenous drug-using population could be considered when developing rehabilitation measures or as an addition to present therapeutic interventions.
Psychoactive compounds and audiogenic seizure susceptibility

Abstract The purpose of these experiments was to gain comparative information about psychoactive compounds on experimental convulsions, a phenomenon that has been used as an index of CNS excitability. LSD, mescaline, d- and 1-amphetamine, cocaine and morphine were all effective in blocking audiogenic seizure susceptibility. None of the compounds were effective in blocking the priming of a non-susceptible strain of mice. This latter finding differentiates these compounds from Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol which has been previously reported to block priming.
End of war games criteria for the meta model constraint removal protocol: the intersection of self organized criticality, self similarity and wavelet theory

The basic meta model protocol concept developed for SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative) architecture simulation in the national test bed protocol was the generation and/or verification of system operational timelines in closed-loop (bidirectional) source-to-destination interactive data links as a fundamental requirement. In the synthetic theatre of war (STOW) data for war game exercises, both the data compression covered by the self organization theory within the two person zero sum game theory, and the bursty data referenced in the self similarity theory and the Hurst theory were contained in the meta model constraint removal (MMCR) protocol. The components of the STOW games are exercises containing entities and communicating with the internetwork or the defense simulation internetwork via protocol data units (PDU). The theory of wavelets and its connection to boundary value problems and their algorithms, enables the mathematical formalization of the hierarchical structure of the exercise optimization equations, i.e., partial differential equation constraint equations, and the end of each game equation modeled by the MMCR protocol. The computer networking interpretation of the Hausdorff dimension, i.e. the criteria for the message rate and time representing the end of games, the self criticality is the determination that the total number of active messages in a computer network, or active quanta in a neural network must exceed the number of computer nodes or neurons in the topology being considered for simulation, performance evaluation or forecast.
RsmC of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora Negatively Controls Motility, Extracellular Protein Production, and Virulence by Binding FlhD and Modulating Transcriptional Activity of the Master Regulator, FlhDC

RsmC and FlhDC are global regulators controlling extracellular proteins/enzymes, rsmB RNA, motility, and virulence of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. FlhDC, the master regulator of flagellar genes, controls these traits by positively regulating gacA, fliA, and rsmC and negatively regulating hexA. RsmC, on the other hand, is a negative regulator of extracellular proteins/enzymes, motility, and virulence since the deficiency of RsmC in FlhDC+ strain results in overproduction of extracellular proteins/enzymes, hypermotility, and hypervirulence. These phenotypes are abolished in an RsmC− FlhDC− double mutant. We show that RsmC interferes with FlhDC action. Indeed, the expression of all three targets (i.e., gacA, rsmC, and fliA) positively regulated in E. carotovora subsp. carotovora by FlhDC is inhibited by RsmC. RsmC also partly relieves the inhibition of hexA expression by FlhDC. The results of yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed that RsmC binds FlhD and FlhDC, but not FlhC. We propose that binding of RsmC with FlhD/FlhDC interferes with its regulatory functions and that RsmC acts as an anti-FlhD4FlhC2 factor. We document here for the first time that RsmC interferes with activation of fliA and motility in several members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. The extent of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora RsmC-mediated inhibition of FlhDC-dependent expression of fliA and motility varies depending upon enterobacterial species. The data presented here support the idea that differences in structural features in enterobacterial FlhD are responsible for differential susceptibility to E. carotovora subsp. carotovora RsmC action.
[O-Ethyl N-(4-nitro­phen­yl)thio­carbam­ato-κS](tri-p-tolyl­phosphine-κP)gold(I)

A nearly linear coordination geometry for Au is found in the title compound, [Au(C9H9N2O3S)(C21H21P)]. The thio­carbamate ligand is orientated so that the aryl group is in close proximity to the Au atom, consistent with an Au⋯π contact [Au⋯Cg = 3.351 (5) A; Cg is the centroid of the aromatic ring].