cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control by Gradient Collocation: Applications to optimal obstacle avoidance and minimum torque control

We present a new machine learning algorithm for learning optimal feedback control policies to guide a robot to a goal in the presence of obstacles. Our method works by first reducing the problem of obstacle avoidance to a continuous state, action, and time control problem, and then uses efficient collocation methods to solve for an optimal feedback control policy. This formulation of the obstacle avoidance problem improves over standard approaches, such as potential field methods, by being resistant to local minima, allowing for moving obstacles, handling stochastic systems, and computing feedback control strategies that take into account the robot's (possibly non-linear) dynamics. In addition to contributing a new method for obstacle avoidance, our work contributes to the state-of-the-art in collocation methods for non-linear stochastic optimal control problems in two important ways: (1) we show that taking into account local gradient and second-order derivative information of the optimal value function at the collocation points allows us to exploit knowledge of the derivative information about the system dynamics, and (2) we show that computational savings can be achieved by directly fitting the gradient of the optimal value function rather than the optimal value function itself. We validate our approach on three problems: non-convex obstacle avoidance of a point-mass robot, obstacle avoidance for a 2 degree of freedom robotic manipulator, and optimal control of a non-linear dynamical system.
Stresses in a long hollow cylindrically aeolotropic circular cylinder with plane ends subjected to surface forces

In this paper the stress distribution at a point in a long hollow cylindrically aeolotropic circular cylinder whose plane ends are subjected to systems of forces each of which is statically equivalent to a couple and a longitudinal force, and whose curved surface is subjected to a uniform normal pressure has been studied. The solution of this static mixed Saint-Venant type problem provides results from which the corresponding results of isotropic, transversely isotropic circular cylindrical bodies can be readily deduced. In the end a simple practical application has been made with regard to a similar problem of a long hollow wood pole made up of species walnut.
Error bars in CBED symmetry

Abstract Convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED) is a powerful tool in analytical electron microscopy. Analysis of the patterns may reveal the crystal structure of the specimen. However, if the crystal is not perfect in the region probed by the electron beam, patterns can be degraded and the analysis may be ambiguous. Convergent-beam diffraction patterns are never perfect, yet there has been little discussion, to date, of how far from a perfect symmetry a convergent-beam pattern may be and still be assigned that symmetry. The human eye is acutely sensitive to pattern recognition and it is often easy to spot small deviations from perfect symmetry. The question is, given a pattern that one knows is from a near-perfect crystal, how far can the symmetry deviate from perfection before one must say that a lower symmetry is observed? The aim of this work was to carefully analyze CBED patterns from a number of known materials and observe to what degree the pattern symmetries deviated from perfection. Analysis was carried out both manually and with the aid of a computer. An attempt has been made to establish confidence limits for use in CBED pattern analysis.
AN EVALUATION OF THREE MEASURES OF INFANT TEMPERAMENT

Despite the interest in characterizing the temperament of new-borns, there are a relatively small number of techniques available for assessing temperament. Using three approaches to assess temperament - naturalistic observation in the newborn nursery, the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale and Carey's Survey of Temperamental Characteristics, an attempt was made to determine the reliability and the profile of each instrument. One-hundred primiparous mothers and their infants participated in the study. Reliability data from nurses' ratings of infants in the newborn nursery were high and there were no differences in ratings over the five days the infants were in the nursery. A factor analysis of the scale yielded the following factors: I-Alertness-Activity, II-Contentedness-Soothability, III-Mother Interest and Skill, IV-Cuddliness, and V-Ease in Caretaking. Using two examiners and testing at seven and ten days of life, the interrater and test-retest reliabilities of the Brazelton were moderate. The three and six month testing with the Carey alao yielded moderate correlations. Comparing components of factors making up the various measures, an alertness, consolability and activity factor seemed to emerge on each instrument. Organization process measured by the Brazelton, including ratings of habituation, excitability, irritability, etc., were related to later evaluation by mood by the Carey.
Vapor density study of boron trifluoride-water mixtures☆

Abstract A simple apparatus was designed to determine the vapor density of BF 3 H 2 O mixtures at elevated temperatures. The compound BF 3 ·2H 2 O is completely dissociated above 200°C and pressures below one atmosphere. A set of saturation vapor pressures for BF 3 ·2H 2 O has been determined. Association between BF 3 and H 2 O can take place in the vapor phase under certain conditions.
Disturbed elastic fields in a circular 2D finite domain containing a circular inhomogeneity and a finite interfacial zone

In order to take into account the effect of a finite interfacial zone between the inhomogeneity and matrix in an inhomogeneous representative volume element (RVE), analytical solutions for a 3-phase inclusion problem are needed. In this study, the primary focus is placed on a 3-phase concentric configuration for a 2D RVE, for which the exterior matrix is bounded and different elastic properties are assigned to the interior inclusion, interfacial zone and exterior matrix. In addition to the inhomogeneity induced by material mismatch, arbitrary uniform eigenstrains are allowed to occur independently within the interfacial zone and inclusion, respectively. In this study, the analytical solution is pursued via the complex potential method with the aid of 2 auxiliary potential functions. Based on the Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem, the complex potentials in each phase are constructed to account for the eigenstrains existing in the inclusion and the interfacial zone, as well as the imposed boundary conditions on the exterior matrix. The identification of the coefficients in the complex potential functions gives the analytical expressions for the disturbance induced by the inhomogeneity and eigenstrains. When compared with FEM simulations, a firm agreement is achieved for 3-phase concentric 2D finite domains. Furthermore, if the exterior matrix is extended to infinity, the obtained analytical solution reproduces the results given by Luo and Weng for uniform eigenstrain within the inclusion and by Markenscoff and Dundurs for uniform eigenstrain in the interfacial zone.
BIOCHEMICAL AND GENETIC BASIS OF PALATAL SHELF FUSION IN MICE: H-2, CAMP-MEDIATED VERSOS H-2, CORTICOSTEROID MEDIATED EFFECTS

On a biochemical level, both steroids and CAMP are known to play a role in palate formation. CAMP levels rise prior to fusion, inducing epithelial cell death and adhesiveness. Steroid injections increase the incidence of palatal clefting; the magnitude of the effect is strain dependent, and strains which are less susceptible have been shown to have fewer steroid receptors. On a genetic level, susceptibility to steroid-induced cleft palate is H-2 linked. Basal CAMP levels in some tissues also appear to be H-2 determined. The mechanism by which steroids induce cleft palate is unknown, but CAMP may be involved. Premature cell death and/or glycocalyx formation as a result of abnormally high levels of CAMP might well prevent subsequent growth and fusion of shelves. H-2 might mediate its effect through control of basal or steroid-induced cAMP levels, through both, or neither. To determine the relationship between steroids, cAMP, palatal fusion, and H-2, we have been measuring the developmental curve of palatal shelf cAMP levels in congenic lines differing in both H-2 and cleft palate susceptibility, with and without steroid injections. To date, no difference in basal palatal shelf CAMP levels have been found. Steroid induced levels are significantly higher, but strain differences are not yet apparent. The results do not indicate whether steroids are exerting a permissive effect on cAMP levels or whether the more usual, transcriptional control mechanism is at work.
Leading strategic change : bridging theory and practice

List of exhibits Preface Part I. An Integrative Framework for Leading Strategic and Organizational Change: 1. Understanding organizational change 2. A framework for planning strategic and organizational change 3. Leading change Part II. Leading Strategic Change in Actual Organizations: 4. Leading strategic and organizational change at Countrywide Financial Corporation 5. Starbucks Coffee Company 6. Strategic marketing through HR interventions: a case study of Indian Oil Corporation 7. The evolution of Stan Tashman and Associates 8. Leading strategic and organizational change at IndyMac Bank 9. Leading strategic and organizational change at Infogix 10. Leading strategic and organizational change: the transformation of structure at Pardee Homes 11. Leading strategic and organizational change at Tata Steel: the role of culture 12. Leading strategic and organizational change at Westfield: transformation to a global enterprise Part III. Leading Strategic Change: Lessons Learned from Practice: 13. Lessons and insights from case studies of change Appendix A. References for further reading on leading change Index.
Ciprofloxacin, azlocilin, ceftizoxime and amikacin alone and in combination against Gram-negative bacilli in an infected chamber model

Ciprofloxacin, azlocillin, ceftizoxime, and amikacin were studied alone and in combination against six Enterobacteriaceae and six strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an infected chamber model in rabbits simulating a closed space infection. In-vivo results were compared with in-vitro tests of inhibition, killing and synergy. Ciprofloxacin was the most effective single agent, with efficacy against five of the six Enterobacteriaceae when used in low doses, and two of the six pseudomonads when used in high doses. The development of in-vitro resistance to ciprofloxacin was observed during therapy in strains which failed to be eradicated. Ciprofloxacin and azlocillin together was the most effective regimen, with efficacy against eleven of the twelve strains. Synergy, as determined by chequerboard testing, did not correlate with in-vivo outcome. Unlike mezlocillin, azlocillin, ceftizoxime or amikacin, MIC testing of ciprofloxacin was predictive of in-vivo success.
Fluctuations in granular superconductors.

By expanding the order parameter for an array of Josephson-coupled grains in powers of 1/z, where z is the number of nearest neighbors, I systematically incorporate the effect of phase fluctuations. The correction of order 1/z vanishes when the mean-field solution is known to be exact, for \ensuremath{\alpha}=zJ/U=\ensuremath{\infty} and ${T}^{\mathrm{*}}$=T/zJ=0. For larger ${T}^{\mathrm{*}}$ and smaller \ensuremath{\alpha}, the first-order correction increases until it diverges at the mean-field transition temperature.
Demystifying Disease, Democratizing Health Care

Unsustainable cost increases threaten the global health care system, and further progress is stymied more by societal than technological factors. Only by engaging health care consumers (that is, patients) as pioneers who provide both health-related data and insights into pathophysiology can we meet
Majorana zero modes in semiconductor nanowires in contact with higher- T c superconductors

We analyze the prospects for stabilizing Majorana zero modes in semiconductor nanowires that are proximity coupled to higher-temperature superconductors. We begin with the case of iron pnictides which, though they are $s$-wave superconductors, are believed to have superconducting gaps that change sign. We then consider the case of cuprate superconductors. We show that a nanowire on a steplike surface, especially in an orthorhombic material such as YBCO, can support Majorana zero modes at an elevated temperature.
Splicing in murine CABYR and its genomic structure.

Abstract Human calcium-binding tyrosine-phosphorylation regulated protein (CABYR) is a polymorphic, testis-specific, calcium binding protein that undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation during in vitro capacitation. A protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit type II alpha (RII-alpha) homologous domain in the N-terminus, phosphorylation dependent Ca++ binding isoforms, and localization to the principal piece of the human sperm tail suggest that CABYR may be involved in sperm motility. In this paper, four mouse orthologous cDNAs and the genomic DNA of CABYR were cloned, nucleotide and protein sequences of mouse and humans were compared, and the genomic organization of the mCABYR gene was analyzed. Human and mouse CABYR conserve potential functional motifs including a domain homologous to the dimerization interface of cyclic adenosine monophosphate dependent PKA RII-alpha, 14 PXXP motifs, and regions of homology with extensins and src homology-3-binding protein 1. mCABYR is arranged into six exons spanning about 14 kb of DNA. Mouse CABYR showed several similarities with human CABYR: (1) the protein was localized to the principal piece of mouse epididymal spermatozoa; (2) mouse CABYR has two coding regions (CR-A and CR-B), with 66 and 82% identity, respectively to human; and (3) mCABYR showed the presence of two testis-specific transcripts of ∼1.4 and ∼2.4 kb. Three murine splice variants were identified, two of which spliced into CR-B. Exon 4, present in all human and mouse variants and comprising 85% of CR-A appears suitable for targeted deletion. The overall 81% nucleotide identity between mouse and human CABYR, the common genomic organization, presence of similar testis-specific transcripts, localization in the principal piece of tail and occurrence of homologous splice variants indicate an authentic murine orthologue of CABYR has been identified.
The cardiovascular responses to the addition of nitrous oxide to diethyl ether in man

Chez des jeunes sujets en bonne sante, on a etudie oe qui se produit si on ajoute a une anesthesie a 1’ether bien etablie 70 pour cent de protoxyde d’azote ou d’azote. Le fait de changer la concentration d’oxygene en ajoutant de l’azote a 4.5 pour cent d’ether n’affecta que le rythme cardiaque, qui s’est legerement accelere. Le protoxyde d’azote ajoute a 3 pour cent d’ether ne produisit aucun effet, rnais ajoute a 4.5 pour cent d’ether, il augmenta la pression arterieUe moyenne, la resistance vasculaire systemique, le travail minute du ventricule gauche et l’index de tension. Les pupilles furent legerement dilatees. Ainsi, le protoxyde d’azote avec l’ether a produit des signes de stimulation du recepteur alpha-adrenergique, semblables a ceux qu’on observe avec l’halothane, mais ne presenta pas les effets beta qu’on observe avec le fluroxene-
Coin flipping by telephone (Corresp.)

Two parties, who do not trust each other, wish to agree on the result of a coin toss while they are conversing by telephone. A new protocol which solves this problem is proposed and compared with previous protocols.
Cavernous lymphohemangioendothelioma of the right atrium: a case report

The authors report a successful resection of a rare cystic tumor in the right atrium, discovered in an asymptomatic patient with atrial fibrillation. The cystic nature of the tumor was characterized by two-dimensional echocardiogram preoperatively. The site of attachment and movement of the tumor were clearly shown by cine computed tomography preoperatively. The tumor contained numerous endothelium-lined cavernous channels and groups of red blood cells. These features are distinctly different from those of other cystic tumors.
Quinine Induced HUS-TTP: An Unusual Presentation

A 67-year-old white woman developed severe nausea, vomiting, diffuse abdominal cramping pain, and blurred vision followed by a syncopal episode after taking 1 tablet of quinine for leg cramps. Examination was significant for fever, elevated blood pressure, and confusion without any focal neurological deficits. Laboratory studies showed markedly elevated liver enzymes, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. Peripheral smear showed many schistocytes and burr cells. She later recalled taking quinine more than 40 years before while on a trip to the Philippines. The patient was treated with 7 sessions of plasmapheresis with a rapid normalization of her hematological parameters. Three weeks of dialysis support were required before return of renal function to baseline. Re-exposure to quinine can cause a rapid onset of hemolytic uremic syndrome-like syndrome. We are not aware of any cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome-thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in response to re-exposure to a single tablet of the drug 40 years after first use.
PENmanship: Faking the P‐E‐N

The fakeability of the PEN was tested experimentally in 108 college students using instructional sets of best impression (social desirability), worst impression (psychiatrically ill) and normal instructions. The response set most important to the invalidity of the PEN – the best impression set – had significant effects only on neuroticism (N) and lie scores. It was suggested that this and previous work have identified N as being particularly susceptible to social desirability responding, and that further psychometric work on this dimension may be in order. The ‘psychiatrically ill’ set significantly influenced all scales, in the direction of increased psychoticism, neuroticism and introversion. Significant effects of instructions on scale reliabilities were also obtained for the psychoticism (P) and lie scales. Many of the reliability effects could be attributed to the low P reliability on this sample. Caveats to the present findings were considered, and further research at the item level was proposed.
Glycoside and aglycone inotropism: Influence of temperature on the rate of onset

Abstract The onset of inotropism of a cardiac glycoside (strophanthin) and an aglycone (acetylstrophanthidin) was examined at three different temperatures (27, 32 and 37° C) in isolated rabbit left atria driven at a beat interval of 10 sec. The rate of onset of glycoside inotropism was highly dependent on temperature (the higher the temperature the faster the onset), while that of the aglycone was not. It is suggested that cardiac glycosides and aglycones may gain access to the “digitalis inotropic receptor” via different processes: glycosides via a highly temperature-dependent, and presumably active, process and aglycones via a temperature-insensitive, and presumably passive, process.
Analytic Distorted-Wave Approximation for High-Energy Electron Scattering Calculations

A three-dimensional WKB approximation for high-energy electron scattering on nuclei is derived and approximated analytically in the vicinity of the nucleus. This approximation contains five parameters which can be calculated from the charge distribution and are not adjustable. It is applied here to calculations of elastic scattering and monopole and quadrupole excitation; the method employed involves an asymptotic expansion in inverse powers of $\mathrm{qR}$, where $q$ is the momentum transfer and $R$ is the nuclear radius. In spite of the several approximations, the calculations reproduce qualitatively all the features of the exact results, such as position and filling in of diffraction minima, and they are quantitatively very good as well. Although the charge and excitation distributions treated here are somewhat idealized, it should be straightforward to extend the results to more realistic situations.
The Genetics of Fish Diseases

Abstract The clearest evidence for the hereditary determination of diseases in fishes comes from the genetic studies of melanomas. This neoplastic disease in platyfish-swordtail hybrids is initiated, intensified, or inhibited by genetic factors. The development of melanomas depends upon the interaction of a sex-linked, dominant gene obtained from the platyfish and a number of dominant modifying genes obtained from the swordtail. During the past 5 years, evidence has been discovered for the hereditary influence in the development of thyroid tumors in a species of Mexican swordtails. The disease closely resembles the well known thyroid tumors in trout, described about 50 years ago. Kidney tumors of thyroid-cell origin have been detected in several strains of platyfish. In other strains of the same species, living under similar conditions and diets, the kidney tumors have not developed. Several examples are presented of death of fish embryos from hereditary causes. Some skeletal abnormalities of fishes may b...
The Immune System in Human Milk and the Developing Infant

The concept of the immune system in human milk emerged in the 1970s from clinical and laboratory observations made between the late 18th through the mid-20th centuries. The discovery of living leukocytes in human milk in 1970 was the final link to the chain of evidence that culminated in the concept. The concept was later expanded to include not only antimicrobial but also anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory agents. These agents evolved to compensate for developmental delays in the immune system during infancy. Indeed, that explains the defense by human milk against common infectious diseases in infancy, necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants, and immune-mediated disorders such as Crohn's disease in later childhood. These diverse evolutionary outcomes underscore the superiority of human milk for the nutrition of human infants. Finally, other components of the immune system in human milk and their fate and functions in the developing infant may well be discovered in the near future.
Large-scale plasticity in barrel cortex following repeated whisker trimming in young adult hamsters

Using the 2DG/immunostaining method [McCasland, J.S., Graczyk, G.M., 2000. Metabolic mapping—Unit 1.6. In: Gerfen, C.R. (Ed.), Current Protocols in Neuroscience. Wiley, New York, pp 1.6.1–1.6.15], we have previously demonstrated large-scale plasticity in whisker/barrel fields of young adult hamsters subject to follicle ablation on postnatal day 7 (P7) [Somatosens. Motor Res. 13 (1996) 245]. This plasticity occurs after the barrel field has formed, but before neuronal differentiation and synaptogenesis are complete. The present study tested for similar large-scale plasticity following whisker deprivation in young adult hamsters, when neuronal and synaptic development are more mature. Beginning around P40, animals had all whiskers except row C trimmed on alternating days for periods ranging from 1 h to 2 weeks, after which they were administered 3H 2DG (i.p.) and allowed to explore a fresh empty cage. Autoradiograms from these animals showed a clear expansion in the zone of heavy 2DG labeling with continued whisker trimming. Hamsters with row C spared overnight showed markedly higher labeling in the row C barrels, as expected. After 2 weeks of repeated trimming, the pattern of 2DG labeling in the barrel field ranged from complete activation of all large-whisker columns, as in a previous study of P7 follicle ablation, down to a more localized activation of rows B, C, and D. Intermediate periods of trimming produced more localized label in the region of row C. There was a clear trend toward larger areas of activation with longer periods of trimming. Because inhibitory neurons are strongly activated in all cases, this large-scale neuronal plasticity must take place in the presence of strong inhibition. The data show that simple trimming of all but a few whiskers in normally reared adults leads to abnormally widespread metabolic labeling encompassing virtually the entire barrel field. Taken together, our findings suggest that a large-scale synaptic reorganization occurs in barrel fields deprived of normal sensory input in the adult as well as during postnatal development.
Inhibin B: comparison with indexes of fertility among formerly cryptorchid and control men.

Infertility may be a consequence of cryptorchidism. We previously reported, using a large study cohort, that 38% of formerly bilateral cryptorchid men, 10% of unilateral cryptorchid men, and 5% of the control group were infertile. Men from this cohort donated blood and semen samples for inhibin B, FSH, LH, testosterone, free testosterone, and semen analyses. Results are reported comparing the entire group; some comparisons are based on normal or low sperm density. Data are also presented for men who had fathered children or had unsuccessfully attempted paternity. Mean (±sd) inhibin B levels were lower for the cryptorchid men (109 ± 59 pg/mL) than the control men (153 ± 60; P < 0.001), and FSH levels were higher (7.4± 6.2 and 4.0 ± 3.2; P < 0.0001). Inhibin B levels correlated with all other parameters for the cryptorchid group; however, correlations for the control group were only found with gonadotropins. Among the cryptorchid men, levels were significantly greater among men with normal sperm counts than...
Mapuche Protest, Environmental Conflict and Social Movement Linkage in Chile

Abstract This article chronicles the promise and limitations of social movement networks as mechanisms of political voice in Mapuche Chile. Although protest has largely fallen from favour in post-authoritarian Chile, environmental conflicts have shaken the southern territories of the Mapuche Indians since redemocratisation. State promises of indigenous recognition and state access have clashed headlong with ambitious regional development priorities in hydropower and forestry. To resolve claims of injustice over ancestral land and resource rights, Mapuche leaders have forged sophisticated links with environmental organisations, human rights activists, scholars and other indigenous groups. Linkage politics in Chile presents a vital test of civil society development and Latin American democratic consolidation.
The Headache Self-Efficacy Scale: Adaptation to Recurrent Headaches

SYNOPSISThis paper describes the development, construct and discriminant validity, and incremental utility of a headache self-efficacy scale. The Headache Self-Efficacy Scale is a 51 item scale designed specifically for recurrent headache sufferers. It assesses individuals' belief that they are able to do the things necessary to prevent a moderately painful headache when confronted with personally relevant headache precipitants. High self-efficacy was associated with less depression, anxiety, and physical symptoms, and less use of passive coping strategies (P<.01), even when headache frequency, intensity and chronicity were controlled statistically. Self-efficacy also explained unique variance in psychological and somatic symptoms beyond that explained by locus of control and general self-efficacy. These findings suggest that adaptation to headaches is influenced by self-efficacy beliefs, and that the assessment of self-efficacy may provide useful information in the evaluation of recurrent headache sufferers.
Charge compensation and optimal stoichiometry in superconducting (Ca x La 1 − x )(Ba 1.75 − x La 0.25 + x )Cu 3 O y

The superconductive and magnetic properties of charge-compensated (Ca${}_{x}$La${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$)(Ba${}_{1.75\ensuremath{-}x}$La${}_{0.25+x}$)Cu${}_{3}$O${}_{y}$ (normally denoted as CLBLCO) are considered through quantitative examination of data for electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, transition width, muon-spin rotation, x-ray absorption, and crystal structure. A derivative of LaBa${}_{2}$Cu${}_{3}$O${}_{y}$, cation doping of this unique tetragonal cuprate is constrained by compensating La substitution for Ba with Ca substitution for La, where for 0 \ensuremath{\le} $x$ \ensuremath{\le} 0.5 local maxima in ${T}_{C}$ occur for $y$ near 7.15. It is shown that optimum superconductivity occurs for 0.4 \ensuremath{\le} $x$ \ensuremath{\le} 0.5, that the superconductivity and magnetism observed are nonsymbiotic phenomena, and that charge-compensated doping leaves the carrier density in the cuprate planes nearly invariant with $x$, implying that only a small fraction of superconducting condensate resides therein. Applying a model of electronic interactions between physically separated charges in adjacent layers, the mean in-plane spacing between interacting charges, $\ensuremath{\ell}=7.1206$ \AA{}, and the distance between interacting layers, \ensuremath{\zeta} = 2.1297 \AA{}, are determined for $x$ = 0.45. The theoretical optimal ${T}_{C0}\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{\ensuremath{\zeta}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of 82.3 K is in excellent agreement with experiment (\ensuremath{\approx}80.5 K), bringing the number of compounds for which ${T}_{C}$${}_{0}$ is accurately predicted to 37 from six different superconductor families (overall accuracy of $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$1.35 K).
The use of multiple-item scales for pain intensity measurement in chronic pain patients

This study examined the relative predictive validities of several measures of pain intensity. Forty chronic pain patients completed 6-14 days worth of hourly pain ratings, which were averaged to obtain a measure of actual average pain intensity. These patients then made ratings, on 101-point numerical rating scales, of worst, least, and usual pain during the previous 2 wks, and of their current pain. A series of correlation coefficients were computed and regression analyses were performed to determine the individual or composite measures that best predicted actual average pain intensity. Consistent with previous research, the best single predictor of actual average pain intensity was patient rating of least pain in the previous 2 wks. Of all possible composites of usual, least, worst, and current pain ratings, the arithmetic mean of least and usual pain had the strongest relationship to actual average pain. The inclusion of ratings of most pain or current pain in any composite score actually weakened the relationship between the composite score and actual average pain intensity. These results suggest that, when clinicians or researchers wish to assess average pain among chronic pain patients, but cannot obtain multiple measures of pain over time, the most valid measure would be the arithmetic mean of patient-recalled least and usual pain.
Regulation of insulin secretion in islets of Langerhans by Ca(2+)channels.

Insulin secretion from β-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans is triggered by Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Electrophysiological and molecular studies indicate that β-cells express several subtypes of these channels. This review discusses their roles in regulating insulin secretion, focusing on recent studies using β-cells, exogenous expression systems, and Ca2+ channel knockout mice. These investigations reveal that L-type Ca2+ channels in the β-cell physically interact with the secretory apparatus by binding to synaptic proteins on the plasma membrane and insulin granule. As a result, Ca2+ influx through L-type channels efficiently and rapidly stimulates release of a pool of insulin granules in close contact with the channels. Thus, L-type Ca2+ channel activity is preferentially coupled to exocytosis in the β-cell, and plays a critical role in regulating the dynamics of insulin secretion. Non-L-type channels carry a significant portion of the total voltage-dependent Ca2+ current in β-cells and cell lines from some species, but nevertheless account for only a small fraction of insulin secretion. These channels may regulate exocytosis indirectly by affecting membrane potential or second messenger signaling pathways. Finally, voltage-independent Ca2+ entry pathways and their potential roles in β-cell function are discussed. The emerging picture is that Ca2+ channels regulate insulin secretion at multiple sites in the stimulus-secretion coupling pathway, with the specific role of each channel determined by its biophysical and structural properties.
Chancery standard and modern written English

(1979). Chancery standard and modern written English. Journal of the Society of Archivists: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 136-144.
B-type natriuretic peptide trends after pediatric heart transplantation.

BNP is increasingly utilized in the management of pediatric HT recipients. Performing a retrospective single-center chart review, we sought to describe BNP changes during the first year after HT and identify factors that affect its trend. After exclusion for rejection, 316 BNP levels from 50 patients were evaluated. BNP underwent an exponential decline 120 days after HT followed by a plateau. Log10 BNP decline strongly correlated with time (r = -0.70, p 4 h, and those bridged medically were associated with higher plateau BNP. Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated IT >4 h independently predicted plateau BNP in the upper quartile (OR 7.1, p = 0.02). No significant change in BNP coincided with rejection (N = 6 patients) without severe hemodynamic compromise. BNP correlated modestly with right atrial pressure (r = 0.4652, p 4 h independently predicted higher plateau BNP and may reflect subtle changes in graft performance.
Continuity of the Norm of a Composition Operator

We explore the continuity of the map which, given an analytic selfmap of the disk, takes as its value the norm of the associated composition operator on the Hardy space \( H^{2} \). We also examine the continuity the functions which assign to a self-map of the disk the Hilbert-Schmidt norm or the essential norm of the associated composition operator and show these to be discontinuous. Additionally, we characterize when the norm of a composition operator is minimal.
Knowledge and Database Management

Artificial intelligence techniques are effective in dealing with the complexity of large databases. Their use can move well-understood human decision-making processes into the computer system.
Complex demodulation of visual evoked responses.

Abstract Complex demodulation is applied to decompose the after-discharge of a visual evoked response. The initiation and cessation times of the after-discharge are estimated along with the envelope and frequency of oscillation.
Fallibilism, coherence and realism

It is not surprising that fallibilists invariably adopt a coherence theory of truth rather than some classical form of the correspondence theory of truth. After all, it is understandably difficult to see how what we regard as a true statement can succeed in describing the world if there is some real probability that the truth value assigned to that statement will be withdrawn as human knowledge advances in evolutionary ways. For a fallibilist, assigning truth values to a statement is the equivalent of saying that either the statement is or is not warrantedly assertible or authorizable under public and communal standards of evidence. But between a statement's being fully authorized for acceptance, or being warrantedly assertible, and its "corresponding" to the facts, or being a picture of the way the real world is, there is an important and infamous logical gap. The presence of this well-known gap implies that at any given time, statements legitimately assigned "true" may not in fact be saying the way the real world is. Hence apart from inherent difficulties present in explicating the concept of "correspondence", it is tempting for the fallibilist to regard true statements as statements that are fully warrantedly assertible, and the less said about whether true sentences could correspond to some extra-linguistic state of affairs the better. Coherence theorists need not deny that people generally regard "true" as meaning something like "corresponds with the facts", or "says the way things are". It's just that, given the conditions under which we warrant truth-value assignments to sentences or statements, there is no good reason to think that, even under the most careful conditions of assignment, true statements say the way the world is. The question is whether any statement assigned "true" need be viewed as saying the way the world is, or as corresponding to the facts. If not, then there may well be nothing in the extensional domain of "true" when defined as the correspondence theorist defines it. For this reason, coherence theorists should be viewed as making a semantic recom mendation on how we should define "true". Typically, what bothers the coherence theorist is that the world may be quite different than the way we assert it is when we are maximally justified in our assertions; and if
Optical gray-scale morphology for target detection

The use of the optical hit-or-miss (HOM) morphological operation for target detection in automatic target detection (ATR) imagery is considered. Formal gray-scale morphology can be implemented with a number of binary morphological operations. Each binary morphological operation can be implemented on a binary optical correlator at very high speeds with very large structuring elements (SEs). A modified HOM algorithm is advanced and demonstrated on ATR gray-scale imagery for target detection. The algorithm is very attractive for implementation on a binary optical correlator.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Agenda 2000 — Social judgment and attitudes: warmer, more social, and less conscious

Developments in social judgment research during the last two decades have broadened the explanatory power of the information processing perspective by paying attention to the social context of human judgment, the importance of ‘warm' cognition, and the role of nonconscious processes. The application of social cognition theorizing to the formation of attitude judgments provided new insights into classic issues of attitude research, suggesting that attitudes may be fruitfully conceptualized as temporary constructions. Implications of these developments, open issues, and potentially fruitful avenues for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of the Environment on the Initiation of Precipitation in Tropical Cumuli over the Ocean

An analysis has been made of the day-to-day variation of the likelihood of precipitation in cumulus clouds observed over the ocean in the vicinity of Puerto Rico. It is shown that the probability of rain in a cloud having a particular height depends on environmental conditions, and that the principal factors governing precipitation initiation are stability, vertical wind shear and depth of the moist layer. On the west side of polar troughs moving into the tropics, these parameters have values which make precipitation likelihood small. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1958.tb02034.x
Elliptic curve cryptography-based access control in sensor networks

Access control in sensor networks is used to authorise and grant users the right to access the network and data collected by sensors. Different users have different access right due to the access restriction implicated by the data security and confidentiality. Even though symmetric-key scheme, which has been investigated extensively for sensor networks, can fulfil the requirement, public-key cryptography is more flexible and simple rendering a clean interface for the security component. Against the popular belief that a public key scheme is not practical for sensor networks, this paper describes a public-key implementation of access control in a sensor network. We detail the implementation of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) over primary field, a public-key cryptography scheme, on TelosB, which is the latest sensor network platform. We evaluate the performance of our implementation and compare with other implementations we have ported to TelosB.
Minor constituents in the stratosphere and mesosphere

This paper is a brief survey of a portion of the research on trace constituents in the stratosphere and mesosphere between 1971 and 1974. A primary motivation for much of the stratospheric research came from the realization that man's activities may influence global climate and the atmospheric ozone content, our shield against certain UV wavelengths. A great deal of progress has been reported in understanding both the present background stratosphere and the responses to be expected from additions of nitrogen oxides, water, and chlorine oxides, especially with respect to ozone. Trace constituents in the mesosphere have been modeled and measured to increase our understanding of the physics and chemistry of the mesosphere but also to relate mesospheric composition and transport to ionospheric processes at higher altitudes, to D region ion chemistry, and to upper stratospheric composition.
Do equilibrium conditions exist during sediment transport studies on continental margins? An example from the East China Sea

Analysis of high-resolution (<1 m) GeoPulse seismic reflection and Chirp sonar data from the continental margin of the East China Sea reveals the presence of a thin (1- to 5-m-thick) sediment veneer over a highly reflective transgressive surface. Due to reverberation of the output signal and the effect of the bubble pulse, this veneer may erroneously be interpreted as a laterally continuous feature. Sonar data, which does not suffer from these ghosting effects, reveals that the sea bottom is often an erosional surface that exposes older, relict sediments, which were deposited under a radically different hydrodynamic regime than exists in these locations today.
Full wave analysis of coplanar phase shifter printed on high purity ferroelectric material

In this paper a detailed analysis of coplanar phase shifters which use ferroelectric material (FEM) as active tuning element is performed, and results are compared with measured data. The phase-shift capability of the FEM results from the fact that the dielectric constant of such a material can be changed under the effect of an electric static bias field. Because of the nonlinear nature of these materials and the tensor property of their dielectric constant, a static analysis is performed to obtain the spatial dependence of the permittivity using an iterative numerical technique. Once the spatial dielectric tensor profile of the material for the specific structure is obtained, a full wave analysis based on a time domain technique is conducted to obtain the return loss and insertion loss of the phase shifter.
Calorimetric Investigation of the Pyridine — Chloroform Complex

Heats of solution of small amounts of pyridine have been measured in mixtures of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride at 25°C. This data has been interpreted in terms of a complex between chloroform and pyridine with simultaneous solution for Kf and ΔHf% using both the ideal dilute solution approximation and a second approximation which attempts to account for the effects of nonideality. The “best” values determined with the ideal dilute solution approximation are Kf = 0.28 l/mole, ΔHf° = -3.3 kcal/mole; and Kf = 0.28 l/mole, ΔHf° = -2.8 kcal/mole determined with the second approximation.
Continued favorable results with open surgical repair of type IV thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.

Objectives Type IV thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair, despite low risk of spinal cord ischemia (SCI), is reported to have significant morbidity and mortality. This has led some to apply adjuncts (eg, extracorporeal circulation) used in more extensive TAAA repair or to consider alternative approaches, such as hybrid operations. We have used a consistent, simplified surgical approach to type IV TAAA, and the goal of the present study is to review experience over 2 decades with such treatment and to identify correlates of surgical morbidity. Methods All type IV repairs at Massachusetts General Hospital from January 1989 through September 2009 were evaluated for clinical features, technical operative details, and 30-day outcomes. Logistic regression identified predictors of morbidity. Survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results A total of 179 patients underwent type IV repair, with elective repair in 156 (87%) and urgent in 23 (13%). The clamp-and-sew technique was used for all operations, with routine hypothermic renal perfusion. Clinical features were age 73 ± 8 years, coronary artery disease in 89 (50%), and creatinine level >1.8 mg/dL defining chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) in 32 (18%). Operative reconstruction in 166 (93%) consisted of one beveled proximal anastomosis incorporating the descending thoracic aorta, celiac, superior mesenteric artery, and right renal arteries origins (mean visceral clamp time, 36 ± 12 minutes) and a side-arm graft to the left renal artery. Technical details included previous abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair in 52 (29%), operative time of 290 ± 90 min, estimated blood loss of 2.7 ± 1.4 L, and splenectomy in 57 (32%). The 30-day outcomes were death in 5 (2.8%), myocardial infarction in 6 (3.4%), hemodialysis in 5 (2.8%), and any degree of SCI in 4 (2.2%). Regression analysis identified a history of CRI as an independent predictor of postoperative complication or death (odds ratio, 3.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-8). Survival rates at 1, 5, and 10 years were 89% ± 2%, 62% ± 4%, and 36% ± 5%, respectively. Conclusions A simplified operative approach for type IV TAAA repair is associated with favorable perioperative results. These data refute the need for surgical adjuncts commonly applied in more extensive TAAA and indicate that the hybrid operation is an illogical posture. CRI should figure prominently in clinical decision making. Long-term survival equates that observed after routine AAA repair.
Postnatal development of prefrontal inhibitory circuits and the pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.

: The typical appearance of the clinical features of schizophrenia during late adolescence or early adulthood suggests that adolescence-related neurodevelopmental events may contribute to the pathophysiology of this disorder. Here the role that GABA-mediated inhibition in the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays in regulating working memory, a core cognitive process that matures late and that is disturbed in schizophrenia, is reviewed. Recent studies are summarized that demonstrate (1) that certain pre- and postsynaptic markers of GABA neurotransmission in the monkey DLPFC exhibit striking changes during adolescence, and (2) that these same markers are markedly altered in the DLPFC of subjects with schizophrenia. The implications of these findings for treatment and prevention strategies are discussed.
Donepezil in the treatment of ADHD-like symptoms in youths with pervasive developmental disorder: a case series.

Background: Recent studies reported ADHD-like symptoms and cognitive deficits in pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Because work in dementia documents improvement in executive function deficit...
Water-Induced Reorganization of Ultrathin Nitrate Films on NaCl: Implications for the Tropospheric Chemistry of Sea Salt Particles

Reactions of sodium chloride, a major constituent of atmospheric sea salt particles which have been observed in the marine boundary layer as well as inland, and nitrogen oxides are known to form gas-phase chlorine species that may ultimately influence tropospheric ozone levels. Therefore, studies were carried out on sodium chloride single crystals which were exposed to nitric acid vapor at ∼298 K to form surface bonded nitrate. Upon exposure to water vapor pressures below the bulk dissolution (deliquescence) of sodium chloride and sodium nitrate, two-dimensional nitrate layers on the surface of sodium chloride crystals reorganized to form separate three-dimensional microcrystallites of sodium nitrate which were observed using transmission electron microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show that the reorganization of the surface, and the regeneration of a fresh NaCl surface, also takes place under conditions where only 1−2 nitrate monolayers initially existed. These results explain atmospher...