cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Bark Char Codes to Predict Post-fire Cambium Mortality

Cambium injury is an important factor in post-fire tree survival. Measurements that quantify the degree of bark charring on tree stems after fire are often used as surrogates for direct cambium injury because they are relatively easy to assign and are non-destructive. However, bark char codes based on these measurements have been inadequately tested to determine how well they relate to live or dead cambium. Methods for assessing cambium injury through direct sampling have also been questioned as a potential factor for increasing tree mortality. In this study we used data collected from 11 wildfires and 6 prescribed fires in California, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming to develop a relationship between bark char codes and cambium status for 14 coniferous species. Burned trees were assessed at groundline for bark char severity on each bole quadrant and then sampled at the center of each quadrant to determine cambium status (live or dead). We found that the moderate and deep bark char codes were strongly associated with dead cambium for thin-bark species: lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), whitebark pine (P. albicaulis), western white pine (P. monticola), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa). However, bark char codes were somewhat inaccurate in predicting cambium status of the thicker-bark species of white fir (Abies concolor), incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western larch (Larix occidentalis), and sugar pine (P. lambertiana). We also evaluated the effect of direct cambium sampling on ponderosa pine tree mortality in eastern Montana. Mortality rates were equivalent for eastern Montana ponderosa pines with and without cambium sampling. Our results support using bark char codes as surrogates for cambium sampling in tree species with thin bark, but bark char codes for thick-bark species, especially the moderate char code, are often not accurate fire-injury variables, as they do not correlate well with cambium status.
Management of the service-oriented-architecture life cycle

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) development and deployment generally builds on a service view of the world in which a set of services are assembled and reused to quickly adapt to new business needs. This flexibility is seen by many IT organizations as the core value of SOA and has been driving some deep transformations in the way software is being built. Although SOA technology addresses many of the traditional problems of integrating disparate business processes and applications, deploying service-based applications introduces new aspects of the information technology (IT) environment that must be managed. These new aspects include developing and testing applications composed of operational services, deploying and provisioning distributed service-based applications across organizational boundaries in a secure, reliable, and repeatable manner, and tracking the business impact of services on the business processes that those services support. This paper describes the management capabilities needed to ensure that an SOA fulfills its promise of increasing integration and improving business adaptability.
A STUDY OF SILICONE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS

Emulsions of silicone oil-in water were formed using a Brinkmann Polytron homogenizer with Igepal CO-530 as an emulsifier. Silicone viscosities ranged from 10 to 33,000 mPa.s at 25°C. Rheological characteristics and particle size analyses of silicone oil-in-water emulsions were studied. At high volume fraction of the dispersed phase (70%-75%), silicone oil-in-water emulsions were stable. At lower volume fractions (50%-60%), emulsions formed were less stable and the two phases easily separated in a few days. The emulsions formed with high volume fraction silicone oil show highly non-Newtonian behavior (shear thinning). Emulsions made with low viscosity oils had lower viscosities than those made from high viscosity oils. Relative viscosity-concentration data could be correlated by the Frankel and Acrivos Equation. Increasing the emulsifier concentration of 70% oil-in-water emulsions resulted in a decrease in mean droplet size and an increase in emulsion viscosity. Increasing the intensity of agitation also ...
Foundations of Feminism : How Philanthropic Patrons Shaped Gender Politics

Objectives. Although recent research has documented the contributions of philanthropic foundations as “patrons” of the major identity movements, scholars know very little about the specific ways foundations have influenced these movements' development and impact. This study examines the role of foundations in shaping the U.S. women's movement of the 1960s–1980s, in particular the role that foundations played in deciding which of its claimsmakers—and by extension, its claims—would be sustained. Methods. The study is based on an original data set of nearly 6,500 foundation grants to women's groups, or for women's causes, from 1970 to 1990. It examines shifts in the types of groups that received foundation grants and in the female interests that these groups represented. Results. Philanthropic patrons were central to transforming women from servants of society into claimants against the state. Likewise, foundations played a critical role in segmenting U.S. womanhood into politically relevant subgroups (civic stewards, battered women, lesbians, etc.) with ever narrower policy claims. Conclusions. By legitimizing identity subgroups and their policy agendas, foundations played an important role in the development of special interest politics in the second half of the 20th century. In this way, professional grantmakers have constituted a critical yet overlooked force behind the construction of U.S. hyperpluralism, in the process diminishing the capacity of gender to unite women in common cause.
Acute management of seizures in the syndromes of idiopathic generalized epilepsies

Three of the seizure types (myoclonic, absence, and generalized tonic-clonic) and syndromes associated with idiopathic generalized or genetic epilepsies can present an acute status epilepticus picture that requires acute therapy. These are not the usual seizures observed in status epilepticus because most of these patients have secondary generalized or symptomatic generalized convulsive seizures. In this review, I discuss the unique presentation and treatment options for the acute management of seizures in the syndromes of idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE), with special emphasis on the seizures of status epilepticus, which persist over time or occur in a series without recovery of consciousness.
Effect of fat pre-feeding on bile flow and composition in the rat.

Abstract Studies were conducted in rats to determine if the increase in lymph triacylglycerol output on pre-feeding a 20% glyceryltrioleate diet (Mansbach, C.M., II and Arnold A. (1986) Am. J. Physiol. 251. G263–269) was due to an increase in phosphatidylcholine output into bile. Rats who were fed chow or pre-fed the 20% fat diet were equipped with biliary and duodenal cannulas and infused with glucose-saline while bile was collected hourly. The next day a taurocholate-glyceryltrioleate infusion was given and bile collected for 5 h. Bile flow, bile acid, phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol output were greater in the chow fed group than controls during the 6 h of the glucose saline period. Outputs were low overnight. During the taurocholate-glyceryltriolate infusion, bite flow, bile acid, phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol output were all greater in the fat pre-fed group than the chow fed controls. We conclude that fat pre-feeding profoundly influences biliary composition and flow. The 2-fold increase in biliary phosphatidylcholine output during duodenal lipid infusion offers a potential explanation for the increased delivery of triacylglycerol into the lymph in rats on a similar fat pre-feeding program.
Lattice Boltzmann simulation of asymmetric membrane formation by immersion precipitation

Abstract Lattice Boltzmann (LB) methods are employed to simulate the structural evolution of asymmetric membranes during the immersion precipitation fabrication process. A multi-phase, multi-component LB model is first developed, based on forcing interactions of the Flory–Huggins type. Boundary conditions specific to the process of immersion precipitation are then applied. Results of the time-dependent, two-dimensional simulation qualitatively capture major characteristics of asymmetric membrane formation such as membrane compaction and formation of a selective skin layer. Simulated effects of viscosity and forcing interactions on the final membrane structure agree qualitatively with experimental reports, suggesting the potential application of LB methods to process design for optimizing membrane morphology and performance.
Phycological notes III. New records of marine algae from the central tropical Pacific Ocean

Taxonomic and distributional notes are given for the following marine algae, which are reported for the first time from the central tropical Pacific Ocean:Dermocorynus occident alis, Ceramium paniculatum, C. hamatis pinum, Spirocladia barodensis, Symphyocladia marchantioides, Lophosiphonia cristata, L. prostrata, Exophyllum wentii. The ranges ofRalfsia pangoensis andMurrayella peridados are extended.Falkenbergiella caespitosa is shown to be referable toPolysiphonia caespitosa (Pocock) comb. nov.
Using landscape and depth gradients to decouple the impact of correlated environmental variables on soil microbial community composition

Simultaneously assessing shifts in microbial community composition along landscape and depth gradients allows us to decouple correlations among environmental variables, thus revealing underlying controls on microbial community composition. We examined how soil microbial community composition changed with depth and along a successional gradient of native prairie restoration. We predicted that carbon would be the primary control on both microbial biomass and community composition, and that deeper, low-carbon soils would be more similar to low-carbon agricultural soils than to high carbon remnant prairie soils. Soil microbial community composition was characterized using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, and explicitly linked to environmental data using structural equations modeling (SEM). We found that total microbial biomass declined strongly with depth, and increased with restoration age, and that changes in microbial biomass were largely attributable to changes in soil C and/or N concentrations, together with both direct and indirect impacts of root biomass and magnesium. Community composition also shifted with depth and age: the relative abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria increased with both depth and restoration age, while gram-negative bacteria declined with depth and age. In contrast to prediction, deeper, low-C soils were more similar to high-C remnant prairie soils than to low-C agricultural soils, suggesting that carbon is not the primary control on soil microbial community composition. Instead, the effects of depth and restoration age on microbial community composition were mediated via changes in available phosphorus, exchangeable calcium, and soil water, together with a large undetermined effect of depth. Only by examining soil microbial community composition shifts across sites and down the soil column simultaneously were we able to tease apart the impact of these correlates environmental variables.
A framework for the exact evaluation of expected cycle times in automated storage systems with full-turnover item allocation and random service requests

Abstract We present a new framework for obtaining analytic expressions of the expected throughput rate in Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (AS/RSs). The models developed consider generalized full-turnover item allocation policies and random storage and retrieval requests. Both single command and dual command operations are considered. A general expression for the expected cycle time in a single command class-based system is also developed. It is shown that some well known results are derived as special cases of our expression. These results provide for rapid performance evaluation of various operational policies in automated warehouses and in certain mass-storage information devices currently used by various computer systems. The potential for significant reductions in the expected cycle time is demonstrated in the case of full-turnover item allocation.
The Middle Atlantic Bight Cold Pool: Evolution of the Temperature Structure During Summer 1979

Abstract Temperature data spanning the entire Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) during 1979 are used to study the structure and evolution of the cold pool. The Nantucket Shoals and New England Shelf appear to be the source of the coldest water found in the MAB in late winter. During the spring and summer, water within the cold pool in the New York Bight north of Hudson Canyon remains colder than any shelf water either to the northeast or southwest. Thus the coldest cold-pool water persists there as a remnant of winter-cooled water rather than being replenished by a colder upstream source, and south of Hudson Canyon, cold-pool temperatures decrease in June and July as colder water from upstream is advected southwestward along the coast. Both temperature data and direct current measurements suggest that the mean alongshore current has a minimum between Nantucket Shoals and Hudson Canyon. The alongshore variation of shelf topography appears to be responsible for the spatial variation in both the alongshelf drift s...
Health literacy and antiretroviral adherence among HIV-infected adolescents.

Objective This study investigates HIV positive adolescents’ health literacy and whether factors associated with health literacy in HIV-positive adults are associated with health literacy among HIV-positive adolescents.
Number of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Doses and Condyloma

Dr Herweijer and colleagues1 presented short-term data on the association of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine with the risk of condyloma by number of vaccine doses. Their primary analysis showed that fewer doses may be associated with a reduction in condyloma risk, albeit with less reduction than 3 doses. Yet their supplemental data suggested that 1 and 2 doses may be associated with comparable risk reduction as 3 doses. We would like to address this inconsistency.
Rings with the Minimum Condition for Principal Right Ideals Have the Maximum Condition for Principal Left Ideals

Bass [1] called a ring perfect if each left R-module has a projective cover. He showed that a ring was perfect if and only if it satisfied the descending chain condition for principal right ideals; furthermore, he showed that this was equivalent to the Jacobson radical N being T-nilpotent and R/N having the descending chain condition. An ideal is called T-nilpotent if for each sequence {r,} of elements of the ideal there is an integer k such that the product r 1 r 2 ... r k is zero. Thus the rings with descending chain condition are perfect rings; in this case the radical is nilpotent. There are examples of perfect rings for which the radical is not nilpotent. The author is indebted to his colleague Richard Courter for many encouraging conversations; in particular, for his matrix proof that full matrix rings over perfect local rings have the maximum condition for left principal ideals. The corresponding property for perfect rings was a natural conjecture. An examination of the "matrix" rings
A Novel Test Method to Measure the Fracture Toughness of Ceramic Balls Used in Bearings

A novel mechanical test has been developed to measure the fracture toughness of the silicon-nitride balls used in modern hybrid bearings important for many defense, space and industrial applications. The ball is compressed diametrally between two hemispherical conforming dies, which causes the ball’s equator to bulge, generating a tensile hoop stress. Under applied load, a precrack placed at the equator grows. To calculate the ball’s fracture toughness at crack instability, finite element calculations of the applied stress field and an analytical solution for the stress intensity factor are used in the “two point plus semiellipse” method. The new technique appears more accurate than the indentation technique used to measure the toughness of ceramics.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Secondary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the colon

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)-type lymphomas most commonly occur in the stomach and have been associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. However, MALT-type lymphoma of the colon is a rare entity. It commonly manifests with symptoms of weight loss, low-grade fever, constipation, melena, and hematochezia. Unlike gastric lymphoma, it is difficult to detect MALT-type lymphoma of the colon by imaging. Colonoscopy may reveal lesions whose biopsy most commonly shows abundant B lymphocytes. There is no universal immunohistochemistry profile for MALT-type lymphoma but CD 20 staining is commonly seen. Trisomies and translocations have been described and their presence has been correlated with treatment response. Due to the rarity of colonic MALT-type lymphoma, no standard guidelines are available for its management. It often occurs individually and rarely occurs simultaneously with concurrent colon adenocarcinoma. This case report describes the presentation and clinical course of a secondary MALT-type lymphoma in a patient who underwent colectomy for a prior colon adenocarcinoma.
Subcortical electrical activity in the golden hamster during arousal from hibernation.

1. 1. Results of a systematic electrical exploration of cerebral hemispheres and brain stem in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) arousing from hibernation are presented. 2. 2. Three types of subcortical electrical activity were recorded during the process of arousal, namely (a) transient, regular, initially 17/sec. activity, (b) fairly continuous waves, and (c) activity in bursts. 3. 3. The electrical activity recorded was confined to components of the limbic system and its presumed descending efferents. Olfactory bulbs, corpus striatum, thalamus, and anterior hypothalamus were conspicuously quiescent. 4. 4. These findings appear consistent with contemporary theories of the function of the limbic system and would serve to account for the apparent agitated state of the hamster immediately upon full arousal from hibernation. 5. 5. It is concluded that the process of arousal in the golden hamster is initiated when the limbic system is activated either directly or indirectly by afferent impulses from the periphery.
Depolarized light scattering from liquid bromine

Abstract The depolarized light scattering spectrum of liquid bromine is reported for frequency shifts of 0.4 to 150 cm-1. The line is composed of two lorentzian components with differing width, both centered at zero frequency shift. The wings of the line decay exponentially. A simple modification of the Volterra theory accounts for the data.
Phase Diagram of EC–DMC Binary System and Enthalpic Determination of Its Eutectic Composition

We construct with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) a phase diagram for the ethylene carbonate (EC)-dimethyl carbonate (DMC) binary system for its liquid-solid phase equilibria. We determine the eutectic composition of the binary system using an enthalpic method that we devised based on the composition dependence of the enthalpy of solidus melting, with highly consistent results. We also discuss the merits and limitations of this enthalpic method.
Hemodynamic responses to shock in young trauma patients: need for invasive monitoring.

Objective: To determine whether early invasive monitoring is necessary in young trauma patients. Design: A prospective study. Setting: Surgical intensive care unit (ICU) at an inner-city, Level I trauma center. Patients: Thirty-nine patients 6 units of intraoperative blood. Interventions: Invasive hemodynamic monitoring, with percutaneous insertion of arterial and pulmonary artery catheters. Vital signs, hemodynamic and oxygen transport values, and laboratory tests were obtained at 1, 8, and 24 hrs postoperatively. Oxygen delivery was increased until a normal serum lactate concentration and a state of nonflow-dependent oxygen consumption were achieved
Glutamate receptors as targets of protein kinase C in the pathophysiology and treatment of animal models of Mania

Considerable biochemical evidence suggests that the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling cascade may be a convergent point for the actions of anti-manic agents, and that excessive PKC activation can disrupt prefrontal cortical regulation of thinking and behavior. To date, however, brain protein targets of PKC's anti-manic effects have not been fully identified. Here we showed that PKC activity was enhanced in the prefrontal cortex of animals treated with the psychostimulant amphetamine. Phosphorylation of MARCKS, a marker of PKC activity, was increased in the prefrontal cortex of animals treated with the psychostimulant amphetamine, as well as in sleep-deprived animals (another animal model of mania), but decreased in lithium-treated animals. The antidepressant imipramine, which shows pro-manic properties in patients with bipolar disorder (BPD), also enhanced phospho-MARCKS in prefrontal cortex in vivo. We further explored the functional targets of PKC in mania-associated behaviors. Neurogranin is a brain-specific, postsynaptically located PKC substrate. PKC phosphorylation of neurogranin was robustly increased by pro-manic manipulations and decreased by anti-manic agents. PKC phosphorylation of the NMDA receptor site GluN1S896 and the AMPA receptor site GluA1T840 was also enhanced in the prefrontal cortex of animals treated with the antidepressant imipramine, as well as in behaviorally sleep-deprived animals, in striking contrast to the reduced activity seen in lithium-treated animals. These results suggest that PKC may play an important role in regulating NMDA and AMPA receptor functions. The biochemical profile of the PKC pathway thus encompasses both pro- and anti-manic effects on behavior. These results suggest that PKC modulators or their intracellular targets may ultimately represent novel avenues for the development of new therapeutics for mood disorders.
Host-pathogen interactions V. Comparison of the abilities of proteins isolated from three varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris to inhibit the endopolygalacturonases secreted by three races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

Abstract The alpha, gamma and delta races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum secrete endopolygalacturonases which behave in an identical manner during purification on several columnn materials. The endopolygalacturonase secreted by each of these races is completely inhibited by proteins associated with the cell walls of the Red Kidney, Small White and Pinto varieties of the true bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ). These three bean varieties differ in their response to the alpha, gamma and delta races of the pathogen. Crude extracts from the hypocotyl cell walls of each of the bean varieties possess approximately equal abilities to inhibit each of the endopolgalacturonases. The proteins from Red Kidney and Pinto beans, which inhibit the endopolygalacturonase, purify identically, and the purified protein preparations possess equal specific activities. These proteins, purified for their ability to inhibit the endopoly-galacturonase secreted by the alpha race, are equally able to inhibit the endopolygalacturonases from the gamma and delta races. The purified endopolygalacturonases from the three C. lindemuthianum races compete equally for inhibitor. It is concluded that the endopolygalacturonases secreted by the three races of C. lindemuthianum are identical, and that their inhibitor proteins present in the three bean varieties are also identical.
In Situ Real-Time Studies of Oxygen Incorporation in Complex Oxide Thin Films Using Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Ion Scattering and Recoil Spectrometry

The surface termination of c-axis oriented YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}} (YBCO) and the oxygen incorporation mechanism has been investigated using a unique combination of spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and time of flight ion scattering and recoil spectrometry (ToF-ISARS). The high surface sensitivity of the ToF-ISARS technique combined with the bulk oxygen sensitivity of SE are shown to yield complimentary information. The SE provided the film orientation and quality, while ToF-ISARS supplied surface compositional and structural information and enabled isotopic {sup 18}O tracer studies. It was determined that the O content of the film had little effect on the surface termination of the film, indicating a lack of labile Cu(1) sites at the c-axis oriented YBCO surface. Also, strong evidence for a Ba or BaO terminated structure is shown. The data related to the {sup 18}O tracer studies indicate that O from the reaction ambient incorporates only into the labile Cu(1) sites during both deposition and annealing, while stable O sites were populated with O from the sputtered target, indicating either the need for sputtered atomic O or sputtered YCuO complexes to occupy the stable Cu(2) sites.
Preventing Alcohol Abuse Among Early Adolescents Through Family and Computer-Based Interventions: Four-Year Outcomes and Mediating Variables

III-timed and excessive use of alcohol is associated with multiple and irreversible disabilities. The relationship between perinatal alcohol use and developmental disabilities, including fetal alcohol syndrome, is well documented. Empirical evidence also links alcohol use to a host of other developmental and physical problems among the offspring of drinkers and among drinkers themselves. Toward advancing the science of how to reduce alcohol abuse risks, this study developed and tested family and computer-based approaches for preventing alcohol use among a community sample of inner-city minority youth. Original findings from 4-year follow-up data obtained from over 90% of the study sample document continued positive program outcomes and shed light on cognitive problem solving, peer, and family mediators of alcohol use risk and protective factors among target youth.
Biochemical markers of ethanol effects on brain

Because sialic acid is a potential biochemical marker of membrane development or alteration, we compared acute and chronic ethanol effects on sialic acid. Experiments were conducted with 50 adult male Wistar rats (approximately 400 gm), housed in groups of five. Rats drank ad libitum a vitamin-fortified diet (Nutrament) that was adulterated with ethanol; ethanol intake averaged for each rat 10-18 gm/kg/day. Controls were fed an equal total volume, made isocaloric with sucrose. Rats were sacrificed weekly for four weeks, and an acute challenge dose of ethanol (2 gm/kg, intraperitoneally) was given 45 minutes before sacrifice of both control and ethanol-consuming rats. Some controls were challenged only with saline. We replicated our earlier findings of regional differences in sialic acid and in cerebellar deoxyribose (measured as a necessary adjunct in the autoanalyzer modification of the Warren-Delmotte methods). In the saline-challenged controls, levels of both compounds were higher at four weeks than after one week. Similar increases occurred also in the chronic ethanol-consuming group, but not in the ethanol-challenged controls, which had significantly lower values. Results in saline-challenged controls suggest that the chronic treatment either 1) created a tolerance which protected cells from damage by the challenge dose of ethanol, or 2) killed neurons, thus promoting proliferation of glial cells. Language: en
Diagnosis of histoplasmosis by antigen detection based upon experience at the histoplasmosis reference laboratory.

Histoplasmosis is a common infection in endemic regions of North and Latin America, causing a broad spectrum of clinical findings. The diagnosis may be missed or delayed because histoplasmosis is not considered in the differential. A battery of serologic and mycologic tests may be used for the diagnosis, but each has advantages and limitations. Antigen detection may be particularly helpful for making a rapid diagnosis in patients with more extensive infection. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive discussion of the role of antigen detection in the diagnosis of histoplasmosis, to provide the clincian and laboratory worker with a fuller understanding of the benefits and limitations of this useful laboratory method. This report is based soley upon the experience at the Histoplasmosis Reference Laboratory, and can not be used in interpretation of results of Histoplasma antigen testing done at other laboratories.
Hazardous air pollutants and flooding: a comparative interurban study of environmental injustice

The environmental justice literature, which finds that lower status groups tend to experience disproportionate exposure to environmental hazards, has underemphasized natural hazards, the benefits that accompany exposure to environmental risks, and comparative analytical frameworks. This study addresses these limitations by assessing patterns of environmental injustice with respect to economic deprivation (insecurity and instability), race, and ethnicity at the census tract level in the Miami and Houston Metropolitan Statistical Areas for 100-year flood risk and cancer risk from exposure to air toxics. When predicting air toxic exposure using spatial error regression models, instability was positive and significant in both cities; proportion Hispanic was significantly positive in Houston and significantly negative in Miami; neighborhood economic insecurity was positive and significant in Miami; and proportion black was not significant in either city. For flooding, spatial error regression models showed that proportion black was negative and significant in both cities; proportion Hispanic was significantly negative in Houston and nearly significantly positive in Miami; insecurity was negative and significant in Miami; and instability was not significant in either city. Results demonstrate that environments present benefits as well as risks and that this shapes patterns of environmental injustice in urban areas. The divergent findings for Hispanic suggest that analyzing Hispanic as a monolithic category of social disadvantage in the US context may not be useful in diverse cities with large Hispanic populations. More comparative studies are needed to disentangle the roles of hazard characteristics (frequency/magnitude, suddenness of onset, and divisibility) in shaping patterns of environmental injustice.
Electron-impact excitation along an isoelectronic sequence: B-like ions.

A systematic study of collision strengths for the electron-impact excitation of ions along an isoelec- tronic sequence is presented. 105 excitation transitions between 15 fine-structure levels of the eight [ital LS] terms 2[ital s][sup 2]2[ital p]([sup 2][ital P][sup [ital o]]), 2[ital s]2[ital p][sup 2]([sup 4][ital P],[sup 2][ital D],[sup 2][ital S],[sup 2][ital P]), and 2[ital p][sup 3]([sup 4][ital S][sup [ital o]],[sup 2][ital D][sup [ital o]],[sup 2][ital P][sup [ital o]]) in boronlike ions are considered. The calculations include O IV, Ne VI, Mg VIII, Al IX, Si X, S XII, Ar XIV, Ca XVI, and Fe XXII in an eight-term close-coupling expansion, using the [ital R]-matrix method [H. L. Zhang, M. Graziani, and A. K. Pradhan, Astron. Astrophys. 283, 319 (1994)]. An 11-term expansion, including some [ital n]=3 states, is also carried out for Ne VI to study the effect of the coupling to higher-[ital n] complexes. The results were compared with those with a fully relativistic distorted-wave method by Zhang and Sampson [At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 56, 41 (1994)]. The study shows that the coupling effects and the resonance effects are still pronounced for highly charged ions, even up to Fe XXII. The relativistic effects, which are incorporated into themore » [ital R]-matrix calculations through the term-coupling method [W. Eissner, M. Jones, and H. Nussbaumer, Comput. Phys. Commun. 8, 270 (1974)], begin to manifest themselves for [ital Z][ge]16. This study should provide some guidelines for future [ital R]-matrix calculations for other isoelectronic sequences.« less
Pediatric trauma patients with isolated airway compromise or Glasgow Coma Scale less than 8: does immediate attending surgeon's presence upon arrival make a difference?

Abstract Background/Purpose Optimal trauma care requires an attending pediatric surgeon to head a trauma team for the most severely injured patients. Recently, the American College of Surgeons-Committee on Trauma has added "Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Methods The trauma registry of this level I trauma center was queried for all pediatric patients with GCS Results Over a 5-year period, 2895 trauma patients (aged 0-16 years) were admitted. One hundred fifteen patients had a GCS 0.5 (mean, 0.697). All 4 had an Injury Severity Score >25 and a GCS ≤4. All deaths were reviewed through a quality improvement program and were deemed nonpreventable by objective reviewers. Patient outcome was not affected by the presence or absence of an attending surgeon upon patient arrival. Conclusions Outcome of severely injured children with GCS
On the Preparation of Thin Single-Crystal Films of BaTiO3

A study was made of the growth of very thin crystals of BaTiO3 on platinum substrates by means of evaporation of KF from a KF-BaTiO3 solution. Crystals as thin as 300 A were obtained, but the areal extent was very small (0.2 mm2) for a uniform thickness. The random nucleation on defects located on the substrate appears to be a serious limitation on producing large film area. Growth in a direction resulted in more uniform thickness than growth in the direction. The technique does provide a useful way of retrieving small single-domain crystals with one electrode attached and may have useful application in microminiature devices.
Relation of Depression and Dysfunctional Career Thinking to Career Indecision.

Abstract Depression and dysfunctional career thinking were investigated as components of the state of career indecision. The participants were 215 undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory psychology course at a large southeastern university. The Career Decision Scale was used to measure career indecision, whereas the Beck Depression Inventory and Career Thoughts Inventory were used to measure depression and dysfunctional career thinking respectively. The relative contribution of depression, dysfunctional career thoughts, and selected control variables were ascertained through hierarchical regression. Results support the existence of dysfunctional career thoughts as a significant component of career indecision. Depression associated significantly with career indecision yet captured no significant independent variation in the regression model. Implications for career assessment and career counseling are discussed.
Beta-galactosidase in tissue culture derived from human skin and bone marrow. Enzyme defect in GM1 gangliosidosis.

β-Galactosidase in Tissue Culture Derived from Human Skin and Bone Marrow: Enzyme defect in G M1 Gangliosidosis
A discussion of the relationship between the second moment of the absorption and the Van Vleck second moment

Abstract Previous derivations of the equivalence of the Van Vleck second moment to the second moment of the true line shape have been marred by approximations. In this note a correct derivation is given and the lowest order correction term is shown to be negligible in the limit of high magnetic fields and temperatures.
Chemical cytometry: the chemical analysis of single cells.

The long-term goal of systems biology is to predict the response of an organism to a genetic or environmental change. However, such predictions are extremely challenging for whole organisms, even for the simplest organism. Instead, it is common to consider the response of a cellular population, such as a culture, tissue, or organ, as a simplifying approximation. In most systems biology studies, the ensemble of cells is homogenized, and the composition of the homogenate is analyzed, which provides information on the average composition of the ensemble. Software combines this compositional information with kinetic and thermodynamic constants for enzymes and receptors, in an attempt to mimic the function and behavior of the organism. Clearly, analysis of a cellular homogenate is an approximation. In some cases, such an approximation is appropriate. The composition of cells in a healthy tissue does not appear to change significantly across the population. Similarly, many cell cultures appear to be relatively homogeneous, particularly if the cells are synchronized at a particular phase of the cell cycle. In contrast, study of homogenized cells is inappropriate whenever there is a large cell-to-cell variation in composition. Consider the case of two cellular populations (Fig. 1). In one case, the population is homogeneous, where each cell contains a small fraction of some particular component. In this case, analysis of the homogenized culture provides an accurate reproduction of the original population. In the other case, most cells lack the component of interest, which is only found is a small subset of the population. Homogenization destroys all information on the distribution of the component in the population. Accurate reproduction of the composition, and accurate modeling of the behavior of the population, requires analysis of the population on a cellby-cell basis.
Body-image conffict following trauma and surgery

Abstract Problems of emotional conflict related to body image have become more common for two reasons: more patients are surviving mutilating injuries and diseases that would formerly have been fatal; and modern technologies make possible more drastic surgical procedures, with resulting body modifications that require personal adjustment. The author reviews his experience with hospital patients who required psychiatric help for body image-related problems and provides guidelines for therapy with such patients.
Disparate chromatin landscapes and kinetics of inactivation impact differential regulation of p53 target genes

The p53 transcription factor regulates the expression of genes involved in cellular responses to stress, including cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The p53 transcriptional program is extremely malleable, with target gene expression varying in a stress- and cell type-specific fashion. The molecular mechanisms underlying differential p53 target gene expression remain elusive. Here we provide evidence for gene-specific mechanisms affecting expression of three important p53 target genes. First we show that transcription of the apoptotic gene PUMA is regulated through intragenic chromatin boundaries, as revealed by distinct histone modification territories that correlate with binding of the insulator factors CTCF, Cohesins and USF1/2. Interestingly, this mode of regulation produces an evolutionary conserved long non-coding RNA of unknown function. Second, we demonstrate that the kinetics of transcriptional competence of the cell cycle arrest gene p21 and the apoptotic gene FAS are markedly different in vivo, as predicted by recent biochemical dissection of their core promoter elements in vitro. After a pulse of p53 activity in cells, assembly of the transcriptional apparatus on p21 is rapidly reversed, while FAS transcriptional activation is more sustained. Collectively these data add to a growing list of p53-autonomous mechanisms that impact differential regulation of p53 target genes.
Mount Pinatubo aerosols, chlorofluorocarbons, and ozone depletion

The injection into the stratosphere of large quantities of sulfur during the June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo (Philippines) and the subsequent formation of sulfate aerosol particles have generated a number of perturbations in the atmosphere with potential effects on the Earth's climate. Changes in the solar and infrared radiation budget caused by the eruption should produce a cooling of the troposphere and a warming of the lower stratosphere. These changes could affect atmospheric circulation. In addition, heterogeneous chemical reactions on the surface of sulfate aerosol particles render the ozone molecules more vulnerable to atmospheric chlorine and hence to man-made chlorofluorocarbons.
Stack Compression of PEM Fuel Cells

The effect of dimensional changes of fuel cell components from temperature and hydration cycles on the stack compression is investigated in this paper. Using a simple spring model including the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), gas diffusion layers (GDL), bipolar plates, seal gaskets, current collectors, insulation plates, end plates, and side plates, we find significant compression changes from 30% over-compression to 23% compression loss from both temperature and humidity changes. The wide range of variation in stack compression is attributed to the swelling behavior of polymer electrolyte membranes, the compression behavior of gas diffusion layers, and the design of stack assembly. This paper also reports the use of finite element method to investigate the compression of MEA and GDL over the channel area where MEA buckling from membrane swelling can result in separation of MEA and GDL. It is suggested that the compression over channels can be improved with higher transverse shear modulus in the GDL in addition to the use of narrower channels. In this paper, we will also discuss the challenges facing the fuel cell manufacturers and component suppliers on the needs for new materials with improved mechanical properties and better testing/modeling techniques to help achieving stable compression and better fuel cell stack designs.© 2004 ASME
Effect of rotor slip on the gear ratio of harmonic side-drive micromotors

Abstract This paper presents a preliminary model of the gear ratio of center-pin bearing harmonic (or wobble) side-drive micromotors, accounting for finite friction in the bearing and at the bushing contacts. The gear ratio of a wobble micromotor is affected by rotor slip, which is a function of motive torque, excitation angle, and friction torque. The gear ratio of a wobble micromotor can be expressed as a constant term plus a term that accounts for rotor slip. The constant term is the ideal or nominal gear ratio and is equal to the bearing radius divided by the bearing clearance. The rotor-slip term is shown to be directly proportional to the bushing friction torque and inversely proportional to the square of the excitation voltage. The derived model is used to study the operation of wobble micromotors in nitrogen through gear-ratio measurements. The model fit of the experimental results is within 10%.
Core effects on molecular structure

Abstract The method of pseudopotentials is employed to examine the effects of core electrons on molecular structure. A model pseudopotential is used to analyze the trends in bond angles and bond lengths of compounds which have the same number of valence electrons.
Size of place in relation to community attachment and satisfaction with community services

A general problem in the area of urban studies has been the determination of factors significantly related to community attachment. Louis Wirth had argued that with increasing community size the level of community attachment diminishes. However, Kasarda and Janowitz employed British data and found that the length of residence in the community was a more important determinant of community attachment. Buttel et al. re-examined the question and found that the size of the community was the most important determiner of community attachment. This study analyzes the question employing national survey data collected in 1971 in the Quality of American Life study. Employing variables comparable to those of the Buttel et al. study, similar results are obtained, except that race, a variable not included in the previous study, is found to be quite significant for determining levels of community attachment. However, when urban density is introduced as a variable for the urban areas in the sample, it is found to be the most important determiner of community attachment.
Technique for stabilizing the presentation of auditory stimuli in the freely behaving rat

Abstract A miniature speaker system which is rigidly mounted in the external auditory meatus has been developed to solve the problem of presenting a constant auditory stimulus to freely behaving rats. Intensity across frequencies is maintained at constant levels with an easily constructed programmable attenuator.
CT Perfusion Characteristics Identify Metastatic Sites in Liver

Tissue perfusion plays a critical role in oncology because growth and migration of cancerous cells require proliferation of new blood vessels through the process of tumor angiogenesis. Computed tomography (CT) perfusion is an emerging functional imaging modality that measures tissue perfusion through dynamic CT scanning following intravenous administration of contrast medium. This noninvasive technique provides a quantitative basis for assessing tumor angiogenesis. CT perfusion has been utilized on a variety of organs including lung, prostate, liver, and brain, with promising results in cancer diagnosis, disease prognostication, prediction, and treatment monitoring. In this paper, we focus on assessing the extent to which CT perfusion characteristics can be used to discriminate liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumors from normal liver tissues. The neuroendocrine liver metastases were analyzed by distributed parameter modeling to yield tissue blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), mean transit time (MTT), permeability (PS), and hepatic arterial fraction (HAF), for tumor and normal liver. The result reveals the potential of CT perfusion as a tool for constructing biomarkers from features of the hepatic vasculature for guiding cancer detection, prognostication, and treatment selection.
Use of hydroethidine and flow cytometry to assess the effects of leukocytes on the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum

Flow cytometry was evaluated as a method of assessing in vitro the effects of leukocytes on blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum. Hydroethidine is converted by metabolizing cells to ethidium, a nucleic acid fluorochrome. After incubation with hydroethidine, viable and dead leukocytes and parasitized and uninfected erthrocytes could all be identified on the basis of fluorescence intensity and size. Leukocytes can therefore be eliminated from further analysis; this allows assessment, at any parasite developmental stage, of the level of parasitemia within erythrocytes in the presence of any of several types of leukocytes. Whether leukocytes actually kill intraerythrocytic parasites can therefore be determined and the level of cytotoxicity can be assessed. The ability of leukocytes to prevent merozoites from invading new erythrocytes, i.e., inhibition of parasite invasion, can also be assessed by this method. When erythrocytes containing schizont-stage parasites were cocultured with different leukocyte populations and the level of parasitemia was determined after merozoite release and invasion, only cultures containing gamma delta T cells inhibited parasite invasion. The different blood-stage forms of the parasite vary in nucleic acid content, which allows each of the developmental stages to be distinguished by flow cytometry; this permits assessment of changes in parasite development in the presence of leukocytes. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) appeared to have an effect on parasite development. In this instance, when erythrocytes containing ring-form parasites were cocultured with MDMs and harvested 24 h later, the parasites in cultures containing MDMs were at the late schizont stage, whereas parasites in control cultures were early trophozoites; this finding suggests that MDMs accelerate parasite development. Together, these results indicate that flow cytometry is potentially useful for measuring the following effects mediated by leukocytes: (i) level of cytotoxicity, (ii) changes in parasite development, and (iii) inhibition of parasite invasion.