cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-plane-aligned membranes of carbon nanotubes

We have produced the first macroscopic objects comprised of highly aligned single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). These objects are thin membranes prepared by producing a suspension of SWNT segments, introducing the suspension to a strong magnetic field to align the segments, and filtering the suspension in the magnetic field to produce an aligned membrane of SWNT. These membranes exhibited natural cleavage planes parallel to the magnetic field. This preparation of macroscopic samples of aligned single-wall nanotubes permits exploitation of their highly anisotropic properties, and will enable measurement of the electronic, thermal, magnetic, mechanical, and optical properties of bulk nanotube materials.
Effect of Hydration of Cowpea Meal on Physical and Sensory Attributes of a Traditional West African Food

Effects of water level (56, 58 and 60%) and hydration time (0, 30, and 60 min) on apparent viscosity of cowpea paste and physical-sensory attributes of akara, a finished food made from paste, were determined. Water level had a greater effect than hydration time on paste viscosity and on crude fat content, shear force, lightness (L), and saturation index (ΔE) of akara. Apparent viscosity of cowpea paste was the only parameter significantly affected by the interaction of water level and hydration time. Overall, the 60% water level produced paste with flow properties and akara with physical characteristics most like the traditional product. Sensory attributes of mealased products were acceptable.
Rural Mississippi Community College Students’ Perceptions of Employability Skills

On a survey, 100 community college students rated 10 employability skills as being important and indicated that they possessed all of the skills. No difference existed between academic and career-technical students on skills perceived to be of greatest importance, while career-technical students reported a higher competence level on two skills. Finally, while academic students rated importance and competence equally, career-technical students rated their competence at a higher level than they did the skills’ importance.
Isotope geochemistry of drainage from an acid mine impaired watershed, Oakland, California

Abstract Oxidation of sulfides at the Leona Heights Sulfur Mine has resulted in the liberation of acid, SO4 and metals to Leona Creek. Previous research at the site has indicated Fe(II) oxidation at rates faster than would be predicted by abiotic oxidation alone, particularly in the segment of stream between the Adit and Leona Street sample stations. In order to assess the mechanisms responsible for sulfide oxidation, samples were collected for isotopic analysis of water and SO4, the results of which were used to develop a stoichiometric isotope-balance model. This exercise indicated that the percentage of water-derived oxygen in SO4 increased spatially from between 56% and 64% at the Adit to between 71% and 72% at Leona Street, illustrating that increased sulfide oxidation via Fe(III) was occurring within, or as water flows over, the waste rock, relative to water emanating directly from the former mine. The incorporation of water-derived oxygen in SO4 during pyrite oxidation is a process controlled by Fe oxidizing bacteria such as A. ferrooxidans at low pH. The role of bacteria was further supported by estimates of the rate constant for Fe oxidation between sampling stations, yielding values that were approximately 106 faster than abiotic Fe oxidation alone. Stable isotopic analysis of water further indicates a close correlation of adit spring water to the local meteoric water line, while 3H data indicate a groundwater apparent age, or time of travel from its primary zone of recharge, of
An improved benzene extracted complement fixing antigen for certain neurotropic viruses.

SummaryA time saving and safer procedure for preparing benzene extracted brain antigens is described. The resultant antigen is more sensitive and more specific than others previously tested by us. In its final form it is a stable, lyophilized product that can be easily shipped and can be used without centrifugation after rehydration.
Generalized guidance for considering pore-size distribution in membrane distillation

Abstract Does pore-size distribution need to be considered to accurately model vapor transport in membrane distillation (MD)? This paper addresses that question from a theoretical perspective. Although some previous work has discussed pore-size distribution in MD, there has yet to be a comprehensive, general analysis of its effects on MD and its various configurations. In this work, a numerical model is used to calculate the flux through all pore sizes to estimate the effect of pore-size distribution on MD flux. The modeling shows that the error in the calculated flux incurred by neglecting pore-size distribution is largest for a microfiltration process, where viscous flow dominates, somewhat smaller for vacuum MD, where Knudsen flow dominates, smaller still for direct-contact MD, where molecular diffusion usually dominates, and smallest for air-gap MD, where the air gap dominates the overall mass transfer resistance. Considering a membrane with a mean pore size of at least 100 nm and a geometric standard deviation of the pore size of 1.2, the error is: 9% for vacuum MD, 3.5% for direct-contact MD, and less than 1% for air-gap MD.
An Investigation of the Effects of Grain Size and Hardness in Temper-Embrittled 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo Steel

Measurements of FATT as a function of hardness, grain size, and fracture surface impurity concentration were made on a 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel doped with Mn + Si + P in an effort to devise an embrittlement equation relating FATT to these variables, as done previously in NiCr and NiCrMoV steels. Observations of the hardness and grain size effects on an undoped steel were also made. The effects of variations of hardness and grain size were quite irregular, especially in the doped steel, and it was therefore not possible to develop the equation. The probable reasons for the inapplicability of this approach in the 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo type of steel are discussed.
Local-mode approximations in the Frenkel-Kontorova or sine-Gordon chain

Local-mode-approximation methods previously developed for the study of dislocation or kink dynamics in the modified Frenkel-Kontorova model or sine-Gordon chain in the absence of viscosity are here extended to the case in which viscous forces are present. It is found that the effect of viscosity is to increase the accuracy of the local-mode approximation at $T=0$ K. Computer simulation results are presented for the average dislocation velocity as a function of applied stress for $Tg0$ K as well as for $T=0$ K. The local-mode approximation leads to a pendulum analogy, involving inelastic collisions between successive pendulums, which shows a close relation between the Brownian motion of kinks in the sine-Gordon chain and the motion of a single Brownian particle in a periodic potential.
Chronically elevating plasma Mg2+ improves hippocampal frequency potentiation and reversal learning in aged and young rats

One prediction of the hypothesis that the capacity for hippocampal frequency potentiation is relevant to behavioral plasticity is tested in this study, by chronically elevating magnesium in intact aged and young rats. Elevated extracellular Mg2+ specifically improves frequency potentiation in hippocampal slices, and chronic alterations in plasma Mg2+ can increase brain Mg2+ in intact animals. Aged and young rats on a diet that elevated plasma Mg2+ exhibited stronger frequency potentiation under urethane anesthesia, and showed improved maze reversal learning.
The Busignies vision of communications and navigation in 2012 AD and beyond

In his essay entitled "Communication and Navigation" (see Proc. IRE, vol.49, p.592, 1961), H. Busignies foresaw booming businesses in each field leading up to 2012. His visions have been largely fulfilled earlier than he expected, which is typical of forecasting the future. He envisioned satellite communication, worldwide electronic mail, waveguides at optical frequencies (fiber optics), newspapers and magazines without paper, hand-carried wireless radio, all-weather flying, and anti-collision systems for aircraft-a remarkable list from a remarkable engineer. The author expands on his list, makes some comments on his essay, and then tries to look beyond 2012.
Scientific Standards of Practice in School Psychology An Emerging Perspective

This article challenges the discipline of school psychology to begin to ensure that scientific knowledge is actually used by practitioners. Topics and related issues and recommendations discussed include: the dialectics of science and practice; what is wanted from standards; standards as a basis of practice; how standards can be created; role of the practitioner in implementing standards; and some of the problems to be solved and pitfalls to be avoided. In essence, scientific standards of practice are examined as a method of linking practical psychological work to contemporary scientific knowledge.
Simple method to make asymptotic series of Feynman diagrams converge

We show that, for two nontrivial lambda phi(4) problems (the anharmonic oscillator and the Landau-Ginzburg hierarchical model), improved perturbative series can be obtained by cutting off the large field contributions. The modified series converge to values exponentially close to the exact ones. For lambda larger than some critical value, the method outperforms Pade's approximants and Borel summations. The method can also be used for series which are not Borel summable such as the double-well potential series. We show that semiclassical methods can be used to calculate the modified Feynman rules, estimate the error, and optimize the field cutoff.
Recent magnetic studies of complex metal hydrides

Abstract The electronic characteristics of intermetallic compounds are significantly altered when they are hydrogenated. This is reflected in the change of their magnetic properties. Various effects are noted such as the conversion of Pauli paramagnets into ferrimagnets, conversion of ferrimagnets into antiferromagnets, enhancement of ferromagnetism, alteration of magnetic anisotropy, development of spin-glass structures, suppression of superconductivity and suppression of valence fluctuations. These effects are illustrated using the systems Th 6 Mn 23 , Y 6 Mn 23 , Ho 6 Fe 23 , R 2 Fe 14 B (R ≡ a rare earth), ZrCrFeT 0.8 (T ≡ Mn, Fe, Co or Ni), Zr(Fe 1− x V x ) 2 , CeNi 5− x Cu x and their hydrides. Of particular interest is the enhancement of the iron moment and the increase of the magnetic ordering temperature in rare earth-iron compounds by hydrogenation.
Sacrificial layers for air gaps in NEMS using alucone molecular layer deposition

Abstract A molecular layer deposition approach is reported that produces a new class of hybrid organic–inorganic thin films. These films have very low densities, and display typical atomic layer deposition characteristics: controllable linear growth, conformality, low roughness, and uniform composition. Because of their aluminum content, the alucone films cannot be dry etched with oxygen plasma. In accordance with their molecular structure, the new materials are completely removed in hydrochloric acid solutions. Since they can be etched with accurate control in acidic solutions, these hybrid materials are promising for the fabrication of MEMS/NEMS (Micro/Nano Electro Mechanical Systems) devices. Doubly supported structures with 120 nm air gaps are demonstrated using alucone materials as sacrificial layers.
Birthweight of Children of Immigrants by Maternal Duration of Residence in the United States

Abstract A large literature on immigrant health in the U.S. has shown that immigrants tend to be healthier and live longer than both individuals who remain in their countries of origin and natives of their host countries who are of the same race or ethnicity. However, this immigrant health advantage appears to diminish with duration of residence in the U.S. Few studies of the effects of immigrants’ exposure to the U.S. have focused on perinatal health. This study used three contemporary national datasets to describe patterns in infant birthweight by maternal duration of residence in the U.S. For both immigrants overall and Hispanic immigrants in particular, rates of low birthweight appeared to decline over the first few years in the U.S. and increase thereafter. This curvilinear association was robust across the three datasets and deviates somewhat from the prevailing notion that immigrant health declines monotonically over time. Additionally, we found no evidence that prenatal substance use increased with duration of residence in the U.S.
Productivity through automated tools

Of late, there have been several discussions of various methodologies and techniques for improving software development productivity. Current methodologies include executable specification languages, integrated software environments, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) based shells. The following discussion addresses various contexts in which advanced software tools can promote software productivity.
Stepwise Parameter Estimations in a Time-Variant Similarity Transformation

A classic seven-parameter similarity transformation is typically applied in reference frame transformations. For modern day global applications with a higher accuracy requirement, this model is extended to accommodate time-dependent positional variations. The time-variant transformation, however, also brings a new problem—rank deficiency—while performing parameter estimations. In this paper, a stepwise parameter estimation approach is proposed to overcome this problem and give a reliable solution. It also enables one to investigate different types of transformation parameters independently. To prove its feasibility on present day global datum applications, this approach is applied to the reference frame transformation between ITRF2000 and ITRF97 at epoch 1997.0. In addition, a simulation test is performed to show the advantages of the proposed approach against other parameter estimation approaches currently in use, for its wider range of applications in science and engineering.
A novel trench Schottky rectifier structure with controlled conductivity modulation

A Trench MOS Barrier Schottky rectifier (TMBS) structure with a novel conductivity modulation scheme has been presented. The conductivity modulation in the structure is achieved by using remote conductivity modulation (RCM) centers in the mesa regions, with varying frequency and doping profiles to achieve the desired trade-off between forward voltage drop and switching speed of the device. Using the new modulation scheme, devices with low forward voltage drop or low switching speeds can be obtained without the need for any lifetime control in the drift region. The RCM scheme has been implemented in a 200 V, 30 A trench Schottky device, and it has been demonstrated experimentally that by employing the RCM scheme, best-in-class forward voltage drop, breakdown voltage and switching speed are achieved.
Nicotine consumption and dependence: Genetic and environmental risk factors show indirect effects through nicotine craving

Aims: Although about 45% of women stop or reduce smoking during pregnancy, over half relapse to smoking after child birth. Though it is clear that there are individual differences in trajectories of smoking postpartum, the goal of this study was to identify predictors of these individual differences in relapse trajectories. Methods: Smoking (n=163) and demographically similar nonsmoking (n=80) pregnant women were recruited prenatally. Maternal smoking was assessed through a combination of selfreport, cotinine in saliva, and infant meconium at delivery. We used multilevel models to analyze changes in average number of cigarettes per day across four time points (preconception, 3rd trimester, 2 and 9 months postpartum). Results: On average, women nearly returned to their levels of preconception smoking (M=7.69, sd =8.33) by 9 months postpartum (M=4.58, sd =5.25). Time accounted for 55% of individual differences in smoking. Though themodel includedmaternal anger, race, marijuana and alcohol use as well as child’s gestational age, the only significant predictor of changes in smoking postpartum was partner smoking status. Relative to women with no partner, women with non-smoking partners had lower rates of change in smoking (B=−0.59, SE = .28, p= .035), but having a smoking partner was virtually the same as having no partner (B=0.09, SE = .38, p= .816). Average marijuana use predicted smoking at the 3rd trimester (B=0.59, SE = .21, p= .006), but did not predict change in smoking from 3rd trimester to 9 months postpartum. Conclusions:Our results suggest that timing of relapse prevention interventions for pregnant and postpartum smokers is crucial. With women nearly returning to preconception smoking levels by 9months postpartum, interventions should be targeted early in the postnatal period. In addition, having a non-smoking partner seems to be a protective factor against increases in smoking postpartum, so interventions should includepartners tomaximizeeffectiveness. Financial support: R01DA019632 (RDE).
Comparing Self-reported Burnout of Pharmacy Students on the Founding Campus With Those at Distance Campuses

Objectives. To compare burnout among students: (1) assigned to the founding campus and those assigned to distance campuses and (2) in different academic years of the curriculum. The third objective...
Optimum Sensor Density in Distortion-Tolerant Wireless Sensor Networks

The optimum sensor node density for one- and two-dimensional (1-D and 2-D) wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with spatial source correlation is studied in this paper. The WSN attempts to reconstruct a spatially correlated signal field by collecting the location-dependent measurements from the distributed sensor nodes. The WSN is designed to minimize the mean square error (MSE) distortion between the original and the reconstructed signals under the constraint of a fixed power per unit area. The impacts of node density and spatial data correlation on the network performance are investigated for both small networks with finite number of nodes, and large networks with infinite area, infinite number of nodes, but finite node density through asymptotic analysis. The interactions among the various network parameters and their impacts on the system performance are quantitatively identified with exact analytical expressions, many of which are in closed-forms. The results provide guidelines on the design of practical WSNs.
Neural mechanisms in cardiac arrhythmias associated with epileptogenic activity: the effect of phenobarbital in the cat.

Abstract Sudden unexplained death accounts for 5–17% of mortality in epileptic persons; autonomic dysfunction is thought to be a contributing factor. This paper describes the effect of phenobarbital (PB) pretreatment (20 mg/kg, i.v.) one hour prior to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 2000 mg/kg, i.v. given at ten minute intervals on autonomic parameters in the cat. PB depressed heart rate, blood pressure, and postganglionic cardiac sympathetic neural discharge, but did not significantly alter vagal discharge. PB shifted the peak duration of interictal activity from a lower to a higher dose of PTZ without affecting the average duration across doses. PB also significantly diminished the increases in heart rate and blood pressure induced by PTZ but altered neither the occurrence of arrhytmias nor the changes in cardiac autonomic neural discharge. Thus, PB appears to prevent only some forms of autonomic dysfunction associated with epileptogenic activity in this model.
Positron emission tomography and interventional cardiology

Current noninvasive diagnostic techniques have limited accuracy for detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) in symptomatic and (particularly) asymptomatic patients with silent disease. Furthermore, no standard noninvasive method provides reliable diagnostic information on the location of the coronary arteries involved, the severity of stenosis, the presence of collaterals and myocardial viability. Based on greater than 1,000 cardiac studies at the University of Texas, cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) with either generator-produced rubidium-82, cyclotron-produced N-13 ammonia, or F-18 deoxyglucose is suitable for 4 routine diagnostic purposes: (1) noninvasive diagnosis of CAD in either symptomatic or asymptomatic subjects with a sensitivity of 95 to 98% and specificity of 95 to 100%. This accuracy is now sufficient to schedule diagnostic catheterization and multivessel angioplasty with surgical backup on the basis of the PET scan. At the University of Texas we carry out PET in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients to direct those with mild disease to cholesterol-lowering reversal therapy and those with severe disease to percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA); (2) assessment of physiologic severity of coronary artery stenosis as compared to automated quantitative coronary arteriographic analysis. Changes in stenosis severity are followed before and after interventions including PTCA, bypass surgery, vasodilator drugs and cholesterol control regimens for reversal of coronary atherosclerosis; (3) imaging myocardial infarction, ischemia, viability, zone at risk and sizing of these pathophysiologic processes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Women and Men Have Different Discourse Biases for Pronoun Interpretation.

Two experiments examine how men and women interpret pronouns in discourse. Adults are known to show a strong “first-mention bias”: When two characters are mentioned (Michael played with William…), comprehenders tend to interpret subsequent pronouns as coreferential with the first of the two characters and to find pronouns more natural than names for reference to the first character. However, this bias is not absolute. Experiment 1 demonstrates a stronger first-mention bias for women than men in their naturalness ratings for short stories. Experiment 2 monitors eye movements during story comprehension and finds that women are more likely than men to consider the first-mentioned character as the pronoun referent. These findings reveal the first known gender difference in reference processing and reinforce the view that reference processing is driven by more than the discourse context alone.
Recurrent neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma of the skin presenting as marrow failure in a man with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin, Merkel cell carcinoma, is an aggressive malignancy with a high indidence of local recurrence and metastasis. We describe a case of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin with unusual metastatic spread to the bone marrow in a 55-year-old man with systemic lupus erythematosus. Following resection of a left temporal subcutaneous nodule and complete left parotidectomy and radical lymph node dissection, the patient presented with pancytopenia. Although focal bony metastatic disease was not identified, his bone marrow was diffusely replaced by metastatic carcinoma. High-dose chemotherapy allowed a brief remission; however, the patient subsequently died with central nervous system metastases. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electron spin resonance and structure of the radical cation of 3-methylpentane

Abstract The ESR spectrum of the radical cation of 3-methylpentane (3-MP) in CFCl2CF2Cl has been obtained. The spectrum is almost identical to that for the 2-methylbutane radical cation. From the spectral analysis it is concluded that 3-MP+ has a GT skeletal conformation and the unpaired electron is confined to the C3-C4 bond giving rise to large hyperfine couplings for the trans C-Hβ protons attached to the C2,C5 and C6 atoms, where C6, is on the side of the 3-methyl carbon atom. The results are totally consistent with concepts previously established from studies on the methyl-substituted propane and butane radical cations.
Chemistry of the body fluids of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae.

The coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae, possesses a blood chemistry that is nearly identical to that of the elasmobranch fishes and contrasts with that of the bony fishes and tetrapods. Especially notable is the retention of high concentrations of urea (377 mM) and of trimethylamine oxide (122 mM), which aid in raising the blood osmolarity (942 mosm/l) to close to that of the sea water environment. These features also characterize other coelacanth body fluids, such as the notochordal fluid, aqueous and vitreous humours, ventricular fluid, coelomic fluid and bile. The tissues of Latimeria, such as muscle, are also characterized by high urea concentrations. The osmotic balance between extracellular fluids and tissues seems to be achieved by the presence of very high tissue levels of trimethylamine oxide (ca. 300 mmol/(kg H$_{2}$O)), which counteract the low ion concentrations found in tissue. Renal function in Latimeria seems to involve the selective elimination of certain divalent ions (magnesium, phosphate and sulphate) and of organic substances (glucuronate, creatine and some amino acids). Unlike other ureosmotic fishes, the coelacanth does not possess the renal capacity to reabsorb urea. Evidence suggests that the rectal gland, structurally much like those of chondrichthyians, functions to excrete excess sodium chloride. Since the blood osmolarity of Latimeria is somewhat lower than that of sea water (942 cf. 1026 mosm/l), it is in negative water balance. Some evidence suggests that this is overcome by drinking sea water in a manner similar to that of the teleosts. The problem of whether ureosmotic regulation is homologous in Latimeria and the chondrichthyians is moot, although we favour the possibility that it was independently acquired for the following reasons. (1) Renal urea reabsorbtion is absent in Latimeria although it is crucial to ureosmotic regulation in the chondrichthyians. (2) Internal fertilization and development are necessary concomitants of ureosmotic regulation in fishes and internal fertilization in the two groups is achieved by non-homologous mechanisms. (3) Ureosmotic regulation has been evolved independently in a third vertebrate group, the euryhaline amphibian Rana cancrivora.
Electrophysiology of growth control and acupuncture.

Abstract Bioelectric fields have been shown to interact with morphogens and guide growth control. The morphogenetic singularity theory published a decade ago suggests that organizing centers have high density of gap junctions and high electrical conductance. They are the singular points in morphogen gradient and bioelectric field. A growth control system originates from a network of organizing centers containing under-differentiated cells and retains its regulatory functions after embryogenesis. The formation and maintenance of all the physiological systems are directly dependent on the activity of the growth control system. The evolutionary origin of the growth control system is likely to have preceded all the other physiological systems. Its genetic blueprint might have served as a template from which the newer systems evolved. The growth control signal transduction is embedded in the activity of the function-based physiological systems. The regulation of most physiological processes is through growth control mechanisms such as hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and apoptosis. Acupuncture points, which also have high electrical conductance and high density of gap junctions, originate from organizing centers. This theory can explain the distribution and non-specific activation of organizing centers and many research results in acupuncture. In several ‘prospective blind trials’, recent research results have supported its corollary on the role of singularity and separatrix in morphogenesis, the predictions on the high electric conductance and the high density of gap junctions at the organizing centers. These advances have broad implications in biomedical sciences.
Modification to the Ross procedure to prevent autograft dilatation

Dilatation of the pulmonary autograft is a problem described following Ross procedure for aortic valve replacement. Patients at risk seem to be those with aortic insufficiency, bicuspid aortic valves, and those with aneurismal ascending aortas. We describe a technique for encasing the pulmonary autograft in a Dacron tube to prevent dilatation in these patients. This technique is reproducible and includes sewing the coronary arteries to all layers of the autograft and Dacron construct. Short-term follow-up shows excellent outcomes with respect to autograft valve function and lack of annular or sinotubular dilatation. This procedure may be useful for extending the Ross procedure to young adults, where autograft growth is no longer needed, to provide a non-dilatable neoaortic root.
Levels of Representation and Units of Access Relevant to Agrammatism

The paper differentiates argument structure from other levels of representation and uses linguistic analysis of aphasic narrative production to support an enriched lexical entry for verbs that includes the d-structure representation of the configuration of the verb, its arguments, and any other lexically selected material. A single narrative production study and portions of two follow-up studies are presented. The argument structure distributions for two agrammatics (with varying degrees of fluency) and a nonagrammatic conduction aphasic with anomia are compared and contrasted with both matched controls and each other.
Enhancements After Premium IOL Cataract Surgery: Tips, Tricks, and Outcomes

Surgeons utilize enhancement procedures following premium IOL cataract surgery to reduce or eliminate residual refractive error and improve spectacle independence for their patients. The decision to perform an enhancement and the timing of enhancement surgery are often highly individualized and depend on the expectations and specific goals of the patient. Surgeons can maximize outcomes by understanding the multiple factors impacting patient satisfaction, maintaining a commitment to effective counseling, performing meticulous pre-operative diagnostic testing, adhering to the highest standards of surgical practice and honestly evaluating their surgical results.
Neurohypophyseal peptides in hypothyroid rats: Plasma levels and kidney response☆

Abstract A degree of impairment of water excretion may be associated with hypothyroidism. The involvement of vasopressin has been suggested, but its role continues to be debated because of lack of studies where vasopressin was directly assayed. In this study, water excretion was assessed and arginine vasopressin was directly measured in unanesthetized and nonstressed normal and thyroidectomized rats at a basal state and after water loading. Following water load, both groups decreased their plasma osmolality. Plasma vasopressin demonstrated an elevated level in hypothyroid rats compared to control (2.04 and 1.04 μU/ml), respectively, at baseline and (1.32 and 0.68 μU/ml), respectively, after water loading. There was a significant and similar correlation between plasma vasopressin and plasma osmolality in both groups. The regression lines for urine osmolality and plasma vasopressin of the two groups were parallel but with a significantly greater vasopressin level for the hypothyroid rats at any given urine osmolality. This suggested that circulating plasma vasopressin was less active in hypothyroid than control rats; a hypothesis that was tested by measuring the responsiveness of renal medullary adenylate cyclase to vasopressin. Both basal and vasopressin stimulated cyclic AMP levels were less in hypothyroid than control rats. Thus, these studies demonstrate that hypothyroidism in the rat was associated with an elevated plasma vasopressin that did not appear to be fully effective in inducing an antidiuresis. Factors other than vasopressin may be more important in the water imbalance of hypothyroidism.
Radar subsurface mapping of the polar layered deposits on Mars

[1] Determining the three-dimensional (3-D) structure of the Martian polar caps is fundamental to understanding their hydrologic history, dynamic behavior, past climatic changes, and the underlying lithosphere, and radar sounding is the most promising technique to do so. We model the dielectric profile of the Martian polar layered deposits (PLD), apply it to a 1-D electromagnetic plane wave propagation model, and calculate the relative strength of radar reflections produced by layering within these deposits. Variations in dust fraction with depth derive from albedo profiles of a northern polar trough and a radiative transfer model. Detection of the fine-scale layering present in the polar deposits with SHARAD is likely under a wide range of possible dielectric properties of the ice and silicate inclusions as long as minimum inclusion volumetric fractions are larger than 10−3. Our models indicate also that stratigraphic mapping of the PLD is feasible with a vertical resolution of ∼20 m under ideal conditions. Penetration depths depend greatly on the dielectric properties of silicate inclusions, reaching at least 250 m for ice rich in highly conductive altered basaltic dust to at least 2 km for weakly conducting silicate inclusions. Because of the wide parameter space and unconstrained composition, interpretation of polar radar data will be best accomplished in conjunction with updated thermal models and other data sets, such as the recently published results from orbital infrared remote sensing that impose limits on ice grain size and dust.
Overactive Bladder and Outlet Obstruction in Men

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), overactive bladder, (OAB), and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are very commonly experienced in men. The mainstay of pharmacotherapy for OAB is the antimuscarinic class of drugs. There has been reluctance to prescribe these agents to men with BPH due to the risk of precipitating urinary retention. Several trials have supported the efficacy and safety of antimuscarinics in treating men with LUTS, alone, or in combination with α-blocker therapy. The combination of 5-α-reductase inhibitors with antimuscarinic agents or surgery are other effective treatments for men with BPH and OAB.
Evaluation of a novel UHMWPE bearing for applications in precision slideways

Abstract This paper presents a novel slideway bearing design comprised of a thin-film (0.1–0.2 mm) ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) bound to a rigid hemispherical substrate. Two prototype bearing designs were fabricated and tested to characterize the coefficient of friction (dynamic and static) and wear of the polymer. In addition, similar bearings were incorporated into a kinematically constrained rectilinear carriage to determine the repeatability of motion during multiple traverses. The first bearing had a radius of curvature on the order of 2.38 mm incorporating an UHMWPE film thickness between 0.1 and 0.2 mm. The friction coefficient was measured to be 0.16 at a normal load of 11.5 N while changing to 0.19 as the normal load is decreased to 2.2 N, at a surface speed of 4.2 mm s −1 . This bearing failed after a traverse of approximately 700 m at a load of 11.5 N. A similar evaluation procedure was carried out on a bearing of radius 6.35 mm resulting in a friction coefficient of 0.13 at a normal load of 27.8 N while changing to 0.19 as the load is decreased to 2.2 N, and the bearing endured a traverse of over 2.2 km at a load of approximately 28 N (in both air and vacuum conditions) with a surface speed of 4.2 mm s −1 . The second bearing prototype was further subjected to a repeatability test. In this set-up, a carriage incorporating five bearings was traversed in a nominally linear path while vertical deviations for multiple traverses were measured by a custom built displacement sensor. Deviations from a linear path were observed to repeat to within a few nanometers about nominal variations of less than 10 nm for a traverse distance of 10 mm. This system and other subsystems used to characterize the friction coefficient and noise of the polymer bearing are presented.
The effects of glutaraldehyde cross-linking on the function of the adenylate cyclase complex of turkey erythrocytes.

Abstract Glutaraldehyde appears to preferentially effect the activation processes of the adenylate cyclase complex of turkey erythrocyte membranes. The primary effect of low concentration (0.01 percent, 0.05 percent, and 0.1 percent) glutaryldehyde membrane treatment is to decrease catecholamine-stimulated cAMP formation. The effect can be blocked by prior activation of the system with isoproterenol + p[NH]ppG. 0.6 percent glutaraldehyde treatment of membranes has substantial effects on both F − - and catecholamine-stimulated cAMP production. The effects are blocked by prior activation of the adenylate cyclase complex with NaF, but not by isoproterenol + p[NH]ppG. Glutaraldehyde at these concentrations has no effect on Mn ++ -stimulated cAMP formation. The data is discussed with respect to the organization of the major macromolecular components of the adenylate cyclase complex as it exists within the native membrane prior to and following activation of the system.
The Influence of Habitat Characteristics on the Longitudinal Distribution of Brook, Brown, and Rainbow Trout in a Small Midwestern Stream

ABSTRACT Previous research describing the distribution of sympatric native and non-native trout have centered on mountain stream habitats where gradient and elevation are more pronounced. To determine if this pattern is similar in other stream habitats, we described the distribution of sympatric brook (Salvelinus fontinalis), brown (Salmo trutta), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a low gradient, low elevation, spring-fed Minnesota stream, and used canonical correspondence analysis to evaluate the relationship between trout distribution and physical habitat variables. Brook, brown, and rainbow trout exhibited a longitudinal gradient in Valley Creek, Minnesota, similar to other trout distribution studies in mountain streams. Temperature and gradient were not strongly correlated with trout abundance in Valley Creek, however elevation explained a substantial amount of variation. Our analysis suggests that brook and rainbow trout were utilizing habitat with similar physical characteristics, but were ...
Differential Effects of Different Peers: Further Evidence of the Peer Proximity Thesis in Perceived Peer Influence on College Students' Smoking

This study tests the extent to which people’s different conceptions of peers have differential effects on college students’ smoking intention. These prominent peer perceptions (i.e., descriptive and injunctive norms, perceived positive and negative media influence on peers) are drawn from normative theories in social psychology and communication literature. Analysis of a cross-sectional survey among current nonsmokers (N = 519) suggests that injunctive norms and perceived influence of cigarette ads on peers seem to be significant predictors of college students’ smoking intention. In addition, the roles of peer perceptions appear significant only for those who thought about ‘‘close peers,’’ which supports the peer proximity hypothesis. Respondents’ self-reported exposure to cigarette ads (but not antismoking campaigns) appears to have indirect effects on their smoking intention by forming perceptions that their peers are influenced by cigarette ads. Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications are further discussed.
Highly-accelerated Bloch-Siegert |B1+| mapping using joint autocalibrated parallel image reconstruction.

Purpose To reconstruct accurate single- and multichannel Bloch–Siegert transmit radiofrequency () field maps from highly accelerated data. Theory and Methods The approach is based on the fact that the -to-phase encoding pulse for each transmit coil and off-resonance frequency applies a unique phase shift to the same underlying image. This enables joint reconstruction of all images in a Bloch–Siegert acquisition from an augmented set of virtual receive coils, using any autocalibrated parallel imaging reconstruction method. Results Simulations with an eight channel transmit/receive array head coil at 7T show that accurate maps can be produced at acceleration factors of 16× and 6× for Cartesian and spiral sampling, respectively. A phantom experiment with a six channel transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transceive array coil allowed accurate reconstruction at 16× acceleration. 7T in vivo experiments performed using 32 channel receive and two-channel transmit coils further demonstrate the proposed method's ability to produce high-quality maps at accelerations of 32× and 8× for Cartesian and spiral trajectories, respectively. Reconstruction accuracy is improved using disjoint k-space sampling patterns between acquisitions. Conclusion The proposed approach allows high acceleration factors in Bloch–Siegert mapping and can significantly reduce the scan time requirements for mapping the fields of transmit arrays. Magn Reson Med 71:1470–1477, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allergen-specific T cell reactivity in cord blood: the influence of maternal cytokine production

Background Successful pregnancy is dependent upon T helper (Th)2-type-dominated immunological responsiveness in gestation-associated compartments. Objective In our study we observed the influence of the maternal Th2-associated cytokine pattern on the naive fetal T cell phenotype and asked if circulating Th2 cytokines of atopic mothers affects the Th1/Th2 differentiation of the fetus. Methods Cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of the corresponding mothers were isolated. The proliferative response of CBMC and PBMC to Betalactoglobulin (BLG) was assessed by liquid scintillation counting. The cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-5, IL-10 and IL-13 in the cell culture supernatants were measured using the ELISA technique. We then defined two subgroups based on maternal levels of specific IgE against aeroallergens: sensitized mothers (MA+) and their neonates (NMA+) (n = 18) and non-sensitized mothers (MA−) and their neonates (NMA−) (n = 29). Results Nearly all mothers (98%) and neonates (92%) had a positive proliferation response after stimulation with BLG (mean stimulation index (10–90 percentile): neonates: 7 (2–15); mothers 14 (5–29)). In supernatants of BLG-stimulated cell cultures, sensitized mothers showed a significantly lower IFN-γ concentration in comparison to non-sensitized mothers (MA+ = 25; MA− = 123 IU/L; P < 0,05), whereas the neonates did not differ significantly (NMA+ = 306; NMA− = 224 IU/L; n. s.). Nor was any difference found in the IL-13 concentration between the two groups of sensitized and non-sensitized mothers (MA+ = 48; MA− = 125 pg/mL; n. s.). CBMC of neonates with a sensitized mother showed significantly higher IL-13 concentrations in response to BLG than neonates of non-sensitized mothers (NMA+ = 1442, NMA− 738 pg/mL; P < 0.05). The IL-5 and IL-10 concentrations did not differ significantly within the neonatal and the maternal subgroups. Conclusions Our data suggests that maternal sensitization to allergens is associated with the reduced maternal production of the Th2 antagonist IFN-γ and elevated production of the Th2 cytokine IL-13 in the offspring.
Further studies on in vitro steroidogenesis by luteal cells from long-term hypophysectomized rats.

Immature pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin-treated rats were hypophysectomized on the day of ovulation (Day 1 of luteal function), and luteal steroidogenesis and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and prolactin (Prl) binding sites were determined on Days 5, 10, 20 and 30 (H5- H30 ) compared with intact rats on Days 5 or 10 (C5 or C10). On H5, dispersed luteal cells secreted large amounts of progesterone (P), 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20 alpha-DHP), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17 alpha-OHP), and small amounts of testosterone (T) and estradiol-17 beta (E2), but between H10 and H30 , reduced levels of all steroids were produced except for 20 alpha-DHP. Addition of large amount of pregnenolone (P5) or P (100-1000 ng) to dispersed luteal cells increased production of P and 20 alpha-DHP in C5 and H5 rats. The higher serum levels and basal in vitro production of 20 alpha-DHP from H5 to H30 indicates that 20 alpha-oxidoreductase persists in the corpora lutea (CL) at high levels and that 3 beta-ol-dehydrogenase is also present but with P rapidly shunted into its principal metabolite. From H5 to H30 , addition of 10 ng P to luteal cells increased the production of 17 alpha-OHP and addition of 10 ng androstenedione (A) or T enhanced production of T and E2, indicating that 17 alpha-oxidoreductase, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and aromatase also persist in the CL. In vitro addition of 10 ng LH significantly stimulated production of P from luteal cells on C5 and H5, whereas on C10 and H10, 100 ng LH was required and on H20 and H30 , 1 microgram LH produced a minimal increase in P.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lee C. Nehrt (1926‐): a pioneering international business scholar

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to present a biographical sketch of Lee C. Nehrt, who, in 1962, became the first person to obtain a PhD in International Business.Design/methodology/approach – This study is mainly based on an in‐depth interview of Lee Nehrt followed up by several telephone and e‐mail interviews as well as e‐mail interviews of a number of Nehrt's former colleagues and students. In addition, Nehrt's published works were extensively reviewed and utilized.Findings – The findings are reported in the form of a biography. In particular, the paper documents Nehrt's contribution to the emergence of international business as an important field of study, his role in internationalizing business curricula within the USA and in popularizing the American model of business education across the world. The paper also reflects on Nehrt's contribution to the Academy of International Business and his efforts in forging closer ties between international business academics and practitioners.Originality/...
Equity, Accessibility, and Ethical Issues: Is the U.S. Health Care Reform Debate Asking the Right Questions?

This article argues that the focus and scope of the current U.S. health care reform debate are too narrowly defined and the answers being offered are therefore inadequate. The question implicitly or explicitly being addressed is how to assure more universal access to medical care. An alternative focus for an informed health policy debate is how best to assure more universal access to health. Fundamental investments in enhancing the economic and social well-being of American families and neighborhoods may offer the greatest long-term possibilities for improving their physical, psychological, and social health and well-being. Providing more universal access to medical care may have some, but a more limited, effect in terms of improving individuals' and the nation's health. Competing universal health insurance proposals should be evaluated in terms of these effectiveness, as well as equity and efficiency, criteria. Ultimately, this article argues that a coherent and effective policy framework for improving t...
The Potential of Intermittent Renewables to Meet Electric Power Demand: Current Methods and Emerging Analytical Techniques

Renewable electric power sources like wind and solar have been shown from a resource perspective to have significant potential to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions associated with the electric power sector. However, the intermittency of these resources is often cited as a barrier to their large scale integration into the grid. In this review, we provide a framework for understanding the body of literature that has been devoted to the behavior and reliability of intermittent renewables and discuss recent grid integration analyses within this framework. The modeling approaches required for system characterization are found to depend on the energy penetration of the intermittent technology and recent simulations reveal substantially different behavior in low- and high-penetration regimes. We describe an analytical approach that addresses both penetration regimes and can be used to incorporate the results of grid integration studies into decarbonization strategy analyses.