cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An X-ray Pulsar in the Crab Nebula

I wish to report the preliminary results obtained by Hale Bradt, William Mayer and Saul Rappaport of MIT in a recent rocket flight devoted entirely to the observation of the X-ray emission from the Crab Nebula. The flight had been planned originally for April 3. Because of administrative difficulties, it was delayed until April 26.
Family Support and Conflict: Prospective Relations to Adolescent Depression

The relations between family support, family conflict, and adolescent depressive symptomatology were examined longitudinally in a sample of 231 female and 189 male adolescents and their mothers. Structural equation models revealed that less supportive and more conflictual family environments were associated with greater depressive symptomatology both concurrently and prospectively over a 1-year period. Conversely, adolescent depressive symptomatology did not predict deterioration in family relationships. Depressive symptomatology and, to a greater extent, family characteristics showed high levels of stability over the 1-year period. Counter to our expectations, the relations between family variables and depressive symptomatology were similar for boys and girls. The results suggest that the quality of family interactions is relevant for understanding the development of depressive symptoms in adolescents.
Studies on the role of manganese in bone formation. II. Effect upon chondroitin sulfate synthesis in chick epiphyseal cartilage.

Abstract Several of the enzyme systems involved in chondroitin sulfate synthesis were examined in an attempt to explain the effect of manganese deficiency upon this polysaccharide in connective tissue. Two enzyme systems, found in 105,000g particulate fraction of epiphyseal cartilage homogenates, appear to be the critical sites of manganese function. These are as follows: (1) polymerase enzyme, which is responsible for the polymerization of UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine and UDP-glucuronic acid to form the polysaccharide, and (2) galactotransferase, an enzyme which incorporates galactose from UDP-galactose into the galactose-galactose-xylose trisaccharide which serves as the linkage between the polysaccharide and the protein associated with it. Evidence for this conclusion is based upon the following observations: (1) Mn2+ is required for the in vitro activity of these enzyme systems. (2) Preparations from Mn-deficient chicks incorporate considerably more substrate than do comparable preparations from normal chicks. The latter is interpreted as an indication of increased available acceptor sites in the deficient tissue reflecting suboptimal in vivo enzyme activity. This conclusion is supported by differences in the composition of particulate fractions from deficient and normal tissue. These results provide a biochemical explanation for the observed effects of manganese deficiency upon the composition and histopathology of connective tissue.
Design of the UMN Multi-Robot System

Robotic reconnaissance and search and rescue are daunting tasks, especially in unknown and dynamic environments. The Scout is a robotic platform that is robust and flexible to operate in adverse and changing situations without revealing itself or disturbing the environment. The Scout can complete these missions by utilizing its small form factor for effective deployment, placement, and concealment while being equipped with a variety of sensors to accommodate different objectives. Unfortunately, the Scout has a limited volume to share among power, locomotion, sensors, and communications. Several novel approaches addressing deficiencies in specific tasks have been implemented in specialized Scouts and will be discussed in this paper. By building a diverse team of specialized Scouts, the team’s strengths outweigh an individual weakness.
A fully resolved active musculo-mechanical model for esophageal transport

Esophageal transport is a physiological process that mechanically transports an ingested food bolus from the pharynx to the stomach via the esophagus, a multi-layered muscular tube. This process involves interactions between the bolus, the esophagus, and the neurally coordinated activation of the esophageal muscles. In this work, we use an immersed boundary (IB) approach to simulate peristaltic transport in the esophagus. The bolus is treated as a viscous fluid that is actively transported by the muscular esophagus, and the esophagus is modeled as an actively contracting, fiber-reinforced tube. Before considering the full model of the esophagus, however, we first consider a standard benchmark problem of flow past a cylinder. Next a simplified version of our model is verified by comparison to an analytic solution to the tube dilation problem. Finally, three different complex models of the multi-layered esophagus, which differ in their activation patterns and the layouts of the mucosal layers, are extensively tested. To our knowledge, these simulations are the first of their kind to incorporate the bolus, the multi-layered esophagus tube, and muscle activation into an integrated model. Consistent with experimental observations, our simulations capture the pressure peak generated by the muscle activation pulse that travels along the bolus tail. These fully resolved simulations provide new insights into roles of the mucosal layers during bolus transport. In addition, the information on pressure and the kinematics of the esophageal wall resulting from the coordination of muscle activation is provided, which may help relate clinical data from manometry and ultrasound images to the underlying esophageal motor function.
Activation of presynaptic cAMP-dependent protein kinase is required for induction of cerebellar long-term potentiation.

Cerebellar long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent increase in the strength of the granule cell–Purkinje neuron synapse that occurs after brief stimulation of granule cell axons at 2–8 Hz. Previous work has indicated that cerebellar LTP induction requires presynaptic Ca influx, stimulation of Ca-sensitive adenylyl cyclase, and activation of PKA. The evidence implicating PKA has come from bath application of drugs during LTP induction, an approach that does not distinguish between PKA activation in the presynaptic or postsynaptic cell. Although bath application of PKA inhibitor drugs (KT5720, Rp-8CPT-cAMP-S) blocked LTP induction in granule cell–Purkinje neuron pairs in culture, selective application to granule cell or Purkinje neuron somata via patch pipettes did not. We hypothesized that presynaptic PKA activation is required for LTP induction but that drugs applied to the granule cell soma cannot diffuse to the terminal within this timescale. To test this hypothesis, we transfected cerebellar cultures with an expression vector encoding a peptide inhibitor of PKA [Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-protein kinase A inhibitor (PKI)]. Transfection of RSV-PKI into presynaptic granule cells, but not postsynaptic Purkinje neurons or glial cells, blocked LTP induction produced by either synaptic stimulation or an exogenous cAMP analog. An expression vector encoding a control peptide with no PKA inhibitory activity was ineffective. These results show that induction of cerebellar LTP requires a presynaptic signaling cascade, including Ca influx, stimulation of Ca-sensitive adenylyl cyclase, and activation of PKA, and argue against a requirement for postsynaptic Ca signals or their sequelae.
Popular and Smart: Why Scholarship on the Women’s Suffrage Movement in Britain Still Matters

The history of the women’s suffrage movement in the British Isles suffers from the perception that little new is left to be said. However, more than a dozen new books demonstrate that the field is still vibrant. This new scholarship illuminates not only the historical contours of feminism, but also the complex, changing political cultures of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Historians have reworked the usual chronologies to reveal the long trajectory and shifting dynamics of women’s political participation in the 19th and 20th centuries. They remain sensitive to class dynamics, but also explore how region, ethnicity, religious affiliation and social networks made a difference to the way in which women conceptualized citizenship and exercised political agency. Increasingly, suffrage historians define the movement broadly and view feminism as a shifting discourse, so that even anti-suffragists are included among these categories. This new crop of books contributes to the field’s ever-expanding empirical sophistication, and the best make eminently clear why the study of women’s suffrage is still relevant and popular, among both scholars and the broader public.
Laser-induced photoemission as a probe of slip band formation in single crystal and polycrystalline aluminum during uniaxial deformation

We report measurements of laser-induced photoelectron emission (LIPEE) from single crystal aluminum (99.999%) and high purity polycrystalline aluminum (>99.9%) during uniaxial tensile deformation. A 248-nm excimer laser (5-eV photon energy) was used as a light source. Deformation was performed on a tensile stage in ultra-high vacuum at an initial strain rate of 1 × 10−3 s−1. Photoelectron intensities are sensitive to changes in surface morphology accompanying deformation, including slip line and band formation. In the single crystal material, LIPEE intensity initially increases linearly with strain followed by a monotonically decreasing slope at larger strain. In the polycrystalline material, LIPEE intensities increase linearly with strain in two segments. Slip bands on the deformed surfaces were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Mechanisms of Polar Lobe Formation in Fertilized Eggs of Molluscsab

Polar lobe formation in the marine mudsnail, Ilyanassa obsoleta, involves formation of a microtubule-, microfilament-dependent furrow that constricts at two rates, then stops and relaxes. Some artificial seawater mixtures allow relatively normal development, facilitate insertion of microelectrode tips, and prevent artifactual bleb formation during such punctures. Membrane events may affect formation of polar lobe constrictions: (1) Brief treatment with digitonin prevents constrictions, but not cytokinesis per se, and the suppression of constrictions is permanent. Tomatine (but not tomatidine) and filipin act similarly, although filipin often also stops cytokinesis as well. (2) Responses to digitonin, tomatine, and filipin occur with little change in membrane potential. (3) Adhesion to substrata in response to brief treatment at low pH prevents both constrictions and cytokinesis. (4) Adhesion to substrata via polylysine allows both constrictions and cytokinesis, but embryos are smaller in volume and develop abnormally. Formation of lobe constrictions may be sensitive to perturbations of the plasma membrane.
Chronopotentiometry of plutonium in mineral acid media

Abstract The chronopotentiometric behavior of plutonium(III), plutonium(IV), and plutonium(VI) at a platinum electrode in various mineral acid media has been studied in order to determine the diffusion coefficients of the different plutonium species, the effects of surface oxidation of the platinum electrode, and the possible analytical usefulness of chronopotentiometry for the determination of plutonium. The reduction of plutonium(IV) to plutonium(III) at a platinum wire cathode in perchloric, sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acid solutions has been investigated. The relatively small diffusion coefficient of plutonium(IV) in each of these media plus the spontaneous chemical oxidation of the platinum electrode by plutonium(IV) result in a significant positive error in chronopotentiometry with concentrations of plutonium(IV) below O–O1 M . Chronopotentiograms for the oxidation of plutonium(III) to plutonium(IV) in sulfuric acid show one wave due to oxidation of plutonium(III) followed by a second wave attributable to the formation of a platinum oxide film. Plutonium(III) in sulfuric acid medium, chemically reduces the oxide film. The electro-oxidation of plutonium(III) in perchloric acid medium gives a well-defined chronopotentiogram at either pro-reduced or pre-oxidized electrodes. The chronopotentiometric reduction of plutonium(VI) in a 1 F perchloric acid solition proceeds, in a step-wise fashion, first to plutonium (V) and then to plutonium(III). For the experimental conditions employed, there was no evidence to show that plutonium(V) undergoes significant disproportionation in the perchloric acid medium.
Tensile Deformation of a Nickel-Base Superalloy for Application in Hydrogen Generation

Austenitic Alloy C-22 has been proposed to be a structural material in sulfuric acid decomposition process related to a thermochemical cycle associated with hydrogen generation using nuclear heat. In view of unusually high operating temperatures associated with this cycle, tensile properties of this alloy have been determined as functions of temperature and strain rate. A mechanistic understanding of tensile deformation based on activation energy, work-hardening index and dislocation density has been presented. Furthermore, the results of fractographic evaluations of the tested specimens have been included.
Characteristics of wave fronts during ventricular fibrillation in human hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy: role of increased fibrosis in the generation of reentry

Abstract Objectives. We sought to evaluate the characteristics of wave fronts during ventricular fibrillation (VF) in human hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and to determine the role of increased fibrosis in the generation of reentry during VF. Background. The role of increased fibrosis in reentry formation during human VF is unclear. Methods. Five hearts from transplant recipients with DCM were supported by Langendorff perfusion and were mapped during VF. A plaque electrode array with 477 bipolar electrodes (1.6-mm resolution) was used for epicardial mapping. In heart no. 5, we also used 440 transmural bipolar recordings. Each mapped area was analyzed histologically. Results. Fifteen runs of VF (8 s/run) recorded from the epicardium were analyzed, and 55 episodes of reentry were observed. The life span of reentry was short (one to four cycles), and the mean cycle length was 172 ± 24 ms. In heart no. 5, transmural scroll waves were demonstrated. The most common mode of initiation of reentry was epicardial breakthrough, followed by a line of conduction block parallel to the epicardial fiber orientation (34 [62%] of 55 episodes). In the areas with lines of block, histologic examination showed significant fibrosis separating the epicardial muscle fibers and bundles along the longitudinal axis of fiber orientation. The mean percent fibrous tissue in these areas (n = 20) was significantly higher than that in the areas without block (n = 28) (24 ± 7.5% vs. 10 ± 3.8%, p Conclusions. In human hearts with DCM, epicardial reentrant wave fronts and transmural scroll waves were present during VF. Increased fibrosis provides a site for conduction block, leading to the continuous generation of reentry.
Strictness analysis in the Imperative Lambda Calculus

Concerns over efficiency and expressiveness of functional languages have motivated the study of languages that allow state and pure functionality to coexist peacefully. However, state-oriented features complicate the static analyses which are essential for efficient compilation of these languages. The problem is an interesting one because it combines traditional strictness analysis with the abstract storage structure analysis familiar from imperative languages. We apply the technique of abstract interpretation to perform strictness analysis in the Imperative Lambda Calculus of Swarup, Reddy, and Ireland. A basic analysis is presented, along with some extensions to handle certain evident weaknesses; proofs for these analyses are discussed in some detail.
Effects of ambient bicarbonate, phosphate and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on fluid transport across rabbit corneal endothelium

Abstract Bicarbonate has been long held to be indispensable for fluid pumping by the endothelium; however, such need has been disputed recently. We investigated this issue and found that: (1) the corneal endothelium pumps fluid equally well (at 6–8 μl hr−1 cm−2) whether the bathing solution contains 43 m m bicarbonate or 10 m m phosphate, (2) if bicarbonate and most of the phosphate are absent, fluid pumping is noticeably lowered (2–4 μl hr−1 cm−2), (3) carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (5 m m acetazolamide; 0·1, 0·2 and 0·3 m m ethoxzolamide) block this lowered fluid pumping, and (4) in the absence of external bicarbonate, 20 m m HEPES is insufficient to preserve adequate fluid pumping. These results are consistent with existing models for endothelial transport in which exogenous and endogenous CO2 are converted to HCO 3 − by carbonic anhydrase, with HCO 3 − fueling the transport mechanism and therefore the fluid pump.
Evaluation of Maximum Likelihood Procedures To Estimate Left Censored Observations

The optimal procedure for estimating chemical levels below the limit of detection (LOD) remains a topic of interest when working with ultratrace analysis of environmental or clinical specimens. Unique to this investigation, we evaluated the performance of three maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) procedures to estimate the population mean and standard deviation from chemical data with 10−40% observations below the LOD. Randomly drawn observations from the normal distributions with these parameter estimates were used to replace censored observations. Final estimates of the mean and standard deviation (SD) were obtained from these full samples and compared to actual population mean μ and SD σ. The study demonstrated that the average percent relative bias for both the mean and SD increased as the sample size decreased and the percent observations below the LOD increased. The MLE procedure with multiple imputations almost always had acceptable coverage rates for both the mean and the SD. These findings suppor...
Śiva’s Demon Devotee: Kāraikkāl Ammaiyār, by Elaine Craddock, State University of New York Press: Albany, NY, 2010, xii + 205 pp. ISBN 978 1 4384 3087 6, US$75 (cloth), ISBN 978 1 4384 3087 4, US$23.95 (paper)

Śiva's Demon Devotee: Kāraikkāl Ammaiyār, by Elaine Craddock, State University of New York Press: Albany, NY, 2010, xii + 205 pp. ISBN 978 1 4384 3087 6, US$75 (cloth), ISBN 978 1 4384 3087 4, US$2...
In search of the language switch: An fMRI study of picture naming in Spanish-English bilinguals.

For many years, researchers investigating the brain bases of bilingualism have concentrated on two basic questions. The first concerns the nature of language representation. That is, are a bilinguals' two languages represented in distinct or overlapping areas of the brain. The second basic question in the neuropsychology of bilingualism concerns the neural correlates of language switching, that is, the areas that are active when bilinguals switch from one language to the other. Performance between single-language and dual-language picture naming was compared in a group of six Spanish-English bilinguals using behavioral measures and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants showed slower reaction times and increased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the mixed language condition relative to single language condition. There was no evidence that each language was represented in different areas of the brain. Results are consistent with the view that language switching is a part of a general executive attentional system and that languages are represented in overlapping areas of the brain in early bilinguals.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (a luteinizing hormone homologue) decreases spatial memory and increases brain amyloid-β levels in female rats

Numerous studies have suggested that estradiol (E) improves spatial memory as female rats with E perform better than those without E. However there is an inverse relationship between E and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and LH could play a role. We examined whether treatment with the LH homologue human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), would impair spatial memory of adult E-treated female rats. In the object location memory task, ovariectomized (ovxed) rats treated with E and either a single high dose (400 IU/kg) or a lower repeated dose of hCG (75 IU/kg hourly for 8 h) showed spatial memory disruption compared to ovxed rats treated with estradiol alone. Impairment was attributed to memory disruption as performance improved with shortened delay between task exposure and testing. Tests on another spatial memory task, the Barnes maze, confirmed that hCG (400 IU/kg) can impair memory: although E+veh treated animals made significantly fewer hole errors across time, E+hCG-treated did not. In humans, high LH levels have been correlated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because brain amyloid-beta (Abeta) species have been implicated as a toxic factor thought to cause memory loss in AD, we analyzed whether hCG-treated animals had increased Abeta levels. Levels of Abeta from whole brains or hippocampi were assessed by Western blot. hCG treatment to E-implanted females significantly increased soluble Abeta40 and Abeta42 levels. These results indicate that high levels of LH/hCG can impair spatial memory, and an increase in brain Abeta species may account for the memory impairment in hCG-treated rats.
Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid and some metabolites in man

The pharmacokinetics of isoniazid and its metabolites acetylisoniazid, isonicotinic acid, and isonicotinuric acid were investigated in man by administering each compound intravenously to a rapid and slow isoniazid acetylator. Isoniazid was measured in blood, and the metabolites were determined in urine. Appropriate models are formulated, with the overall model describing isoniazid and metabolite disposition consisting of 12 compartments.
Localization of N6-methyladenosine in the Rous sarcoma virus genome.

Abstract The 10,000-nucleotide RNA genome of the Prague strain, subgroup B (PR-B) of Rous sarcoma virus, was found to contain 11.6 ± 0.5 residues of m 6 Ap by quantitative analysis of 32 P-labeled virion RNA after complete RNAase digestion. Approximately ten of the m 6 Ap residues are located, without obvious clustering, in that region of the genome between 500 and 4000 nucleotides from the 3′ poly(A) end. The src gene, which is required for transformation, and part of the env gene, which codes for the major viral envelope glycoprotein, have previously been mapped in this region of the viral genome. A transformation-defective deletion mutant of PR-B Rous sarcoma virus, which lacks the src gene, has 7.0 ± 0.2 m 6 Ap residues per RNA subunit. This supports our mapping of a portion of the m 6 A residues in src and suggests that this methylation is specific to certain regions of the genome. The possible significance of this result for Rous sarcoma virus RNA processing and translation is discussed.
Heat- and mass-exchange characteristics of condensation plates in vacuum columns

The circulating reflux in a rectificationcoiumn is used for removal of heat along the height and for rational distribution of the plate vapor load. Since the total number of plates in rectification columns (especially vacuum columns) is limited, the choice of the number of plates occupied by circulating reflux should be justified. An increase in the number of plates increases the total column height, while a reduction results in a deterioration in the operation of the rectification plates lying below. In order to make a more correct choice of the number of condensation plates, we need to know in each specific case the distribution of heat loads in the condensation section as a function of the number of plates in it and the nature of the heatand mass-exchange processes taking place on them.
Effect of Intraspecimen Spatial Variation in Tissue Mineral Density on the Apparent Stiffness of Trabecular Bone

The mechanical behavior of human trabecular bone plays an important role in the load-bearing function of the skeleton and is significantly impacted in common medical conditions such as osteoporosis. The mechanical behavior of trabecular bone is determined by several factors including bone volume fraction (BV/TV), microstructure, and—the main topic of this study—the material properties of the bone tissue. The effect of microstructure on the overall “apparent-level” mechanical behavior of trabecular bone specimens (typically at the scale of 5–10 mm) has been investigated in several computational studies [1–5]. However, these studies typically assume homogeneous material properties for the bone tissue at the “tissue level” (typically at the scale of 100 μm or less), neglecting to account for any spatial variations in the TMD. These variations are the result of normal bone remodeling [6,7], can be altered by osteoporosis treatments [6,8–10], and have been shown to directly influence the mechanical properties of bone tissue [11–17]. Previous studies have attempted to quantify the effect of TMD variation on the mechanical properties of bone tissue. These studies have incorporated spatial variations in TMD by creating heterogeneous high-resolution μCT-based FE models. FE models with applied variations in mineralization based on different algorithms [17,18] as well as FE models where the heterogeneity in the mineralization is measured from high-resolution μCT images of the trabecular bone [11,14–17,19] have been investigated. These studies all demonstrated that a trabecular bone model that accounts for TMD heterogeneity will predict lower apparent stiffness than a model with homogeneous TMD. However, these studies were limited by the resolution and quality of the μCT images and therefore capture only the TMD variations detectable by μCT. In fact, μCT-based TMD measurement is influenced by substantial artifacts resulting from the polychromatic X-ray source and cone-shaped beam [20]. High energy, parallel-beam, monochromatic SRμCT is considered the gold standard in assessing TMD variation in trabecular bone. Addressing these limitations of conventional μCT imaging, the goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of TMD variation in μCT-based FE models compared to gold standard SRμCT-based FE models. The results derived from this work improve understanding of how spatial variations in tissue material properties can influence apparent level properties and provide insight into the imaging methodologies used to assess the microstructure and micromechanics of trabecular bone.
Sample sizes and negative studies in clinical vaccine research

Negative studies of vaccine adverse events occur with some frequency in the published literature. They serve important roles in fending off claims posed by the anti-vaccine movement and in reinforcing public health efforts to prevent diseases. Still, negative studies frequently suffer from concerns of adequate sample size. The double-significance Neyman-Pearson formula for sample size calculation that is now in vogue results in immense sample sizes that can lead to illogical interpretations. The late Professor Alvan R. Feinstein, the father of quantitative clinical epidemiology, proposed a more logical approach that would reduce the confusion and call for more moderate sample sizes. Understanding the issues involved in sample size calculations is important to those who design clinical vaccine studies. The implications of the calculations have far-reaching effects upon elements of feasibility such as the expense of the study, the ability to recruit adequate numbers, and even whether the study will be done at all.
Interparticle chiral recognition of enantiomers: a nanoparticle-based regulation strategy.

The ability to regulate how molecular chirality of enantiomeric amino acids operates in biological systems constitutes the basis of drug design for specific targeting. We report herein a nanoparticle-based strategy to regulate interparticle chiral recognition of enantiomers using enantiomeric cysteines (l and d) and gold nanoparticles as a model system. A key element of this strategy is the creation of a nanoscale environment either favoring or not favoring the preferential configuration of the pairwise zwitterionic dimerization of the enantiomeric cysteines adsorbed on gold nanoparticles as a footprint for interparticle chiral recognition. This recognition leads to interparticle assembly of the nanoparticles which is determined by the change in the nanoparticle surface plasmonic resonance. While the surface density and functionality of cysteines on gold nanoparticles are independent of chirality, the interparticle chiral recognition is evidenced by the sharp contrast between the interparticle homochiral ...
The last sexual encounter: the contextualization of sexual risk behaviour

We aim to apply critical incident methodology to details of respondents' last sexual encounter to provide contextualized data on sexual behaviour and alleviate the problem of recall bias. In areas of Houston, Texas, registering high prevalence rates of syphilis, we elicited information from 400 men and women about the last time they had sex. Details of time, place, partner, activities, and situational circumstances were collected in street intercept interviews. Nearly 50% of men and 30% of women were drunk or high the last time they had sex, and more than one-quarter of last encounters occurred in hotel or motel rooms. Drug use was not related to condom use. Both men and women were more likely to use condoms with new than with more familiar sex partners; however, women were less likely than men to report condom use across all types of sexual activity, and particularly for anal sex. The findings are being used to design a syphilis prevention intervention in the study communities.
Operative Management of the Calcified Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A technique in which the calcified adult patent ductus arteriosus can be safely divided using a left-sided thoracotomy approach without the need for transient aortic cross-clamping or cardiopulmonary bypass is described. Concentric, nested vascular clamps are placed on the noncalcified pulmonary artery side of the ductus, so that dissection and clamping of the heavily calcified ductus-aortic junction are unnecessary. The pulmonary artery rim surrounding the insertion of the ductus can be divided between the two clamps and oversewn.
Reduction of Insect Infestation and Fungal Infection by Cultural Practice in Date Gardens

‘Deglet Noor’ date gardens were subjected to various degrees of sanitation of damaged dates to observe effects on infestation of a carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller), raisin moth, Cadra figulilella (Gregson), four species of nitidulid beetles, and fungal infection. In a year of above average rainfall, 1984, infestation by carob math, raisin moth, and nitidulid beetles was significantly reduced at harvest ( P < 0.05) in areas sanitized by the weekly removal of damaged dates from the ground. Fallen dates consisted of “Junedrop” and khalal stage dates, many of which had been infected by fungi (chiefly Aspergillus and Alternaria spp.) as a result of rain. These provided a substrate conducive for the buildup of insect populations in July and August. However, in a year of no summer rainfall and above-average summer temperatures (1985), June-drop dates became completely desiccated in the palms and on the ground, and fungal infection of khalal stage dates was inhibited. Consequently, populations of E. ceratoniae , raisin moth, and nitidulid beetle were greatly suppressed by the lack of suitable substrates and no benefit by sanitation was indicated.
PROTON ELASTIC SCATTERING AT 61.4 MeV.

Abstract Differential cross sections for elastic scattering of 61.4 MeV protons by 27 Al, 58 Ni, 90 Zr, 116 Sn and 208 Pb were measured at 2° intervals between 20° and 112°. Some results of optical model analysis of these data are discussed.
A Place to Speak Our Minds Locating Women's Activism Where North Meets South:

Eighty years ago, a sizable cohort of activists, scholars and labor organizers argued that the future of the North American labor movement depended on the successful organization of women workers in the US South. In 2005, activists, scholars and labor organizers make markedly similar arguments about the important role being played by young women entering ‘maquiladoras’ in the Global South. Divided by time and place, these two groups of workers share the legacy of paying the human costs of industrialization and globalization. In both groups, a significant minority of women responded to the economic and social changes confronting them by turning to activism and fighting back. Collective organization, workers’ education and feminist cooperation were hallmarks of women's activism for social and economic justice in the US South in the mid-20th century. The success of these efforts depended on women locating places where they could develop historical consciousness, find their voices and openly ‘speak their mind...
Developmentally regulated changes in cellular compartmentation and synaptic distribution of actin in hippocampal neurons

Actin dynamics and actin-based motility are important for neurite outgrowth and synapse plasticity. Recent work implicates actin in synapse assembly, but the morphological relationship between actin and synapses during development is unclear. Here we used developing hippocampal neurons grown in culture to examine the relationship between F- and G-actin and clusters of synaptic proteins. Both F- and G-actin are most enriched in dendritic and axonal growth cones, but only G-actin is present within the distal tips of filopodia. Outside of growth cones, F-actin levels are greater in dendrites than in axons, whereas G-actin levels are slightly greater in axons than in dendrites. The distribution of both F- and G-actin is consistent with their presence at synapses, but only F-actin levels become detectably enhanced at synaptic sites. Quantitative analyses suggest that first-forming synapses are associated with enhanced levels of pre- and postsynaptic F-actin that do not necessarily remain elevated during synapse maturation. However, nearly all mature excitatory synapses become associated with high, mostly postsynaptic concentrations of F-actin contained principally within dendritic spines. Mature shaft and GABAergic synapses are also associated with enhanced levels of F-actin, but to a lesser degree. Thus, although F-actin is essential for function and maintenance of young synapses, it need not be highly concentrated at every site. The large increase in postsynaptic F-actin concentration observed in mature neurons is likely to reflect actin's role in dendritic spine morphology and in synapse plasticity.
Vibrational spectroscopy of ldll-mixtures of amino acids

Abstract In equimolar mixtures of l - and dl -proline, the vibrational spectra of the ldll -mixture is not an average between that of the l - and the dl -isomers. Instead the dl -mixture is clearly intermediate between the l - and the ldll -spectra. Adding l -isomer to the dl -isomer, the solid state spectra becomes less similar to that of the l -isomer. Replacing respectively the ll -half and the dl -half with a second amino acid, each set can significantly alter the conformation of proline and/or the second amino acid, even though both sets ( ldll - and lldl -mixtures) have identical structural composition. Large changes in spectral properties between ldll - and lldl -amino acids are consistent with diastereoismeric interactions between isomers. Infrared frequencies for chiral structures in an achiral localized environment are not predictive of the frequencies for the same chemical structures in a chiral environment.
Effective arabic-english cross-language information retrieval via machine-readable dictionaries and machine translation

In Cross-Language Information Retrieval (CLIR), queries in one language retrieve relevant documents in other languages Machine-Readable Dictionary (MRD) and Machine Translation (MT) are important resources for query translation in CLIR. We investigate MT and MRD to Arabic-English CLIR. The translation ambiguity associated with these resources is the key problem. We present three methods of query translation using a bilingual dictionary for Arabic-English CLIR. First, we present the Every-Match (EM) method. This method yields ambiguous translations since many extraneous terms are added to the original query. To disambiguate the query translation, we present the First-Match (FM) method that considers the first match in the dictionary as the candidate term. Finally, we present the Two-Phase (TP) method. We show that good retrieval effectiveness can be achieved without complex resources using the Two-Phase method for Arabic-English CLIR. We also empirically evaluate the effectiveness of the MT-based method using short, medium, and long queries from TREC. The effects of the query length on the quality of the MT-based CLIR are investigated.
Can wind-induced resuspension of meroplankton affect phytoplankton dynamics?

Data from Lake Apopka, Florida, are presented to illustrate the importance of wind-induced resuspension of sediments in a shallow, subtropical, hypereutrophic lake. Wind-induced resuspension of meroplankton, primarily planktonic diatoms that settle to the benthic environment, accounts for a large component of the temporal variation in phytoplankton biomass. Chlorophyll concentrations >100 μg/L are highly correlated with wind speed, and the regression of wind speed on chlorophyll accounts for 53% of the temporal variability in chlorophyll. Resting cells of diatoms are also resuspended with the meroplanktonic community. Induction of resting cells that are physiologically dormant occurs in darkness; but within a few hours after exposure to the water-column light and nutrient environment, resting cells become physiologically active. Other types of resting propagules in addition to diatom resting cells also may be resuspended from sediments and affect phytoplankton dynamics. Data from Lake Apopka and other sys...
Wanted: a physically possible theory of physics

The ability to predict the nature of physics in great detail depends upon the ultimate capabilities of information processing systems. Computing must be carried out in real systems, subject to physical laws. Thus an intertwining between the ultimate versions of the laws of physics and the computer is created. In order to satisfy this ``want ad'' for a unified theory, two conditions must be met: The type of information processing required in the study of physics must be recognized; and the physical laws governing information processing must be defined.
Abstract 3068: Hedgehog signaling regulates drug sensitivity by targeting ABC transporters in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC)

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL A major challenge of successful chemotherapy in treatment of ovarian cancer is overcoming intrinsic or acquired multi-drug resistance caused mostly by the active efflux mediated by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. The regulation of these transporters in ovarian cancer is poorly understood. Our research shows that in ovarian cancer, abnormal regulation of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is involved in regulation of ABC transporters. Hh is a known regulator of cancer cell proliferation and differentiation in several other types of invasive and metastatic malignancies. Our work on Gli1, a key Hh downstream signaling gene, has shown frequent activation of the Hh pathway in ovarian cancer. Inhibition of the Hh signaling pathway by inhibitors or Gli1 siRNA increases ABC gene expression levels and the response of ovarian cancer cells to certain chemotherapeutic drugs. The mechanism underlying is a direct association of Gli1 with a specific consensus sequence located in the promoter region of ABC genes. This study provides new information in the knowledge of ABC gene regulation and will contribute to generating new targets/markers to detect and anticipate ovarian cancer patient chemotherapy drug sensitivity which could lead to more effective treatments and improved survival. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3068. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3068
Topology optimization of electrostatically actuated microsystems

This study addresses the design of electrostatically actuated microelectromechanical systems by topology optimization. The layout of the structure and the electrode are simultaneously optimized. A novel, continuous, material-based description of the interface between the structural and electrostatic domains is presented that allows the optimization of the interface topology. The resulting topology optimization problem is solved by a gradient-based algorithm. The electromechanical system response is determined by a coupled high-fidelity finite element model and a staggered solution procedure. An adjoint formulation of the coupled electromechanical design sensitivity analysis is introduced, and the global sensitivity equations are solved by a staggered method. The proposed topology optimization method is applied to the design of mechanisms. The optimization results show the significant advantages of varying the interface topology and the layout of the electrode versus conventional approaches optimizing the structural layout only.
The Effects of Intraventricular/Periventricular Blood on Cerebral 3′,5′-Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Concentration and Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Newborn Pigs

The Effects of Intraventricular/Periventricular Blood on Cerebral 3′,5′-Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Concentration and Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Newborn Pigs
Chemical vapor deposition of novel carbon materials

Nanocrystalline diamond thin films have been prepared using hot filament CVD technique with a mixture of CH4/H2/Ar as the reactant gas. We demonstrated that the ratio of H2 to Ar in the reactant gas plays an important role in control of the grain size of diamonds and the growth of the nanocrystalline diamonds. In addition, we have investigated the growth of carbon nanotubes from catalytic CVD using a hydrocarbon as the reactant gas. Furthermore, focused ion beam technique has been developed to control the growth of carbon nanotubes individually.
Seasonal variations in the radiation regime within an oak-hickory forest

Abstract Seasonal variations in solar elevation, canopy phenology and leaf pigmentation result in a dynamic variation in the radiation regime within a deciduous forest. Measurements of several insolation components taken within an east Tennessee oak-hickory forest during eight combinations of season and phenological conditions of the canopy are presented. Insolation measurements were made with instruments mounted on a moving tram system at seven levels within, and at one level above the canopy. The attenuation of solar radiation is least during the leafless phenoseason since only woody biomass is present to intercept and absorb it. Net radiation is attenuated to a greater extent than shortwave and photosynthetically active radiation, which are attenuated to a similar degree, since the sparse woody biomass does not effectively trap the outgoing reflected and radiated radiation. Solar elevation did not influence the attenuation of insolation within the leafless forest under the conditions studied. The attenuation of insolation within the leafing, spring canopy increases progressively with increasing leaf area. The attenuation among the components, however, varies. Shortwave attenuation progresses at a faster rate with expanding leaf area than photosynthetically active radiation since newly expanded leaves are low in chlorophyll. The penetration of light into the leafing canopy is independent of solar elevations less than 40° and increases linearly with greater solar elevations. The radiation regime within the fully-leafed canopy is rather static. For daily mean values, no effects of leaf age or seasonal variation in solar elevation are evident. Penetration of light into the canopy, however, increases when solar elevation exceeds 65°. The attenuation of insolation components diminishes during the autumnal senescence—abscission phenoseason, in response to changes in leaf pigment and loss of foliage. Attenuation of insolation is greater in the autumn than during spring periods with similar leaf area since the sun is lower in the sky in the autumn. The depletion of photosynthetically active radiation with depth is minimal during the leafless, early leafing and autumnal phenoseasons. Moderate depletion occurs during the late leafing period and maximal depletion occurs during the fully-leafed phenoseason.
Siblings of patients with Haemophilus meningitis have impaired anticapsular antibody responses to Haemophilus vaccine.

Siblings of patients with type b Haemophilus influenzae meningitis are at increased risk of developing Haemophilus disease. We immunized 26 healthy siblings and 25 control subjects using a vaccine containing the type b polysaccharide capsule (10 μg PRP) and pertussis vaccine (4 opacity units) (Lederle Laboratories) to determine whether siblings of patients with Haemophilus meningitis had an impaired antibody response to PRP. Using two intramuscular injections one month apart, we found that the siblings had a lower response to PRP. One month after the second injection, 12 of 24 of the siblings had serum concentrations of anticapsular (PRP) antibody though to be sufficient to confer protection against Haemophilus disease (≥300 ng/ml), compared with 19 of 24 of the control children tested (50% vs 79%, P=0.035 by chi-square analysis). In comparison with the normal controls, the siblings produced significantly less IgG anti-PRP antibody but similar amounts of IgM. The impaired responsiveness to PRP was most evident among the 16 children born after their sibling had meningitis and who were not known to have been exposed to type b Haemophilus infection previously. These data indicate that siblings of some patients with type b Haemophilus meningitis have reduced ability to form IgG anti-PRP antibody, which may be associated with increased susceptibility to Haemophilus disease.
Speculation in international money markets

The results of this study suggest that speculative gains are achievable from borrowing a low interest rate currency and depositing the proceeds in a high interest rate currency. Furthermore, the exchange rate risk from speculating can be reduced by diversifying among borrowed and deposited currencies. This analysis concentrated on three low interest rate currencies and two high interest rate currencies, which is sufficient to demonstrate the speculative gains and risk reduction through diversification. However, in a practical setting, a manager should consider all available currencies as borrowing and depositing mediums, which would enhance the speculative gains and degree of risk reduction.
Estradiol-mediated endothelial nitric oxide synthase association with heat shock protein 90 requires adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase

Background— Estradiol activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by mechanisms that involve estrogen receptor-α (ERα), protein kinase B/Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). Recently, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an enzyme that plays a crucial role in cellular adaptation to metabolic stress, has been implicated in physiological eNOS activation by the hormones adiponectin and insulin. We therefore investigated whether AMPK is activated by estradiol in endothelial cells and plays a role in estradiol-induced eNOS activation. Methods and Results— Porcine aortic endothelial cells exhibited time- and concentration-dependent AMPK activation as determined by phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase in response to estradiol (1 nmol/L to 10 μmol/L, 1 to 30 minutes). AMPK activation by estradiol was independent of both AMP levels and ERα but required estradiol conversion to its catechol metabolites. Estradiol treatment increa...