cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical range evaluation using a diagonal flat plate

A novel technique is presented to image stray signals in RCS measurement ranges. In this technique, the scattered fields of a flat plate in the diagonal plane are measured in a range for various frequencies and look angles. The scattered field data are then processed to generate an inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) image of the diagonal flat plate. It is shown that scattering mechanisms associated with various stray signals can be identified by using the ISAR image. This leads to better understanding of the range and possible chamber improvements. Scattering mechanisms as small as 90 dB below the plate broadside scattered field level have been observed in the image domain due to the high directivity and low sidelobe characteristics associated with the diagonal flat plate backscattered fields. The results obtained from evaluating the two compact range facilities at the Ohio State University ElectroScience Laboratory are presented to illustrate the virtues of the range evaluation technique. >
Editing to improve online information

Online documentation has provided new challenges for information developers. At the IBM Toronto lab, those challenges have led editors to alter the work they do. They have found that the nonlinear nature of HTML information webs makes quality control more crucial and difficult than it was when information appeared in books. Editors provide both guidelines and quality assurance to try to maintain consistency. They have also redefined their role to include a number of information architecture activities in an effort to help writers create an information structure that makes sense to users. In the Toronto lab, editors are an essential part of the information development process.
Hemodynamic effect of lofexidine with a diuretic in hypertension.

We measured the first dosage effect and the long-term effect of lofexidine on blood pressure, heart rate, plasma catecholamines, and their major metabolites in 16 patients with primary hypertension who were receiving 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide twice a day while they were recumbent and upright and during isometric handgrip contraction. We also measured the first dosage effect of lofexidine on forearm blood flow and its long-term effect on plasma renin activity. Lofexidine, both in a single dose and after long-term therapy, induced a substantial fall in blood pressure of patients in recumbent and upright positions, whereas it decreased heart rate in both positions only during long-term dosing. Lofexidine did not prevent or diminish the pressure and heart rate rise by isometric handgrip contractions. Single and long-term lofexidine dosing induced a fall in plasma levels of catecholamines and their metabolites. There was a positive correlation between the fall in blood pressures and the reduction in plasma norepinephrine during long-term therapy. There was a positive correlation between the decrease in blood pressure induced by single doses and by long-term dosing, which suggests that lofexidine in a single dosage at the start of therapy may facilitate identification of responders. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1983) 34, 764–769; doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.247
Schizophrenia and the normal functional development of the prefrontal cortex

Schizophrenia is being increasingly viewed as a neurodevelopmental disorder, that is, one in which early, fixed pathology becomes manifest clinically during the normal course of maturation of the brain. Evidence for this position comes first from neuroimaging research, such as (1) studies that demonstrate morphologic brain changes (such as ventriculomegaly on CT scans) even in first break patients; and (2) a lack of correlation between these morphologic changes and duration of illness. Another source of evidence is studies of normal brain development in rodents and primates, including research that shows (1) the prefrontal cortex is a late maturing part of the brain, and (2) lesions of the prefrontal cortex may be initially silent and show delayed onset of dysfunction as the brain matures. A neurodevelopmental approach to schizophrenia, in turn, has stimulated further work into the normal development of brain regions implicated in the illness, such as the frontal cortex. Thus, the fields of neuropsychiatry and neurodevelopment have been mutually stimulated during the course of this work. In addition, viewing schizophrenia in developmental terms may have implications for the understanding of changes in cognition and behavior during normal adolescence.
The Synthesis Paradigm in Genetics

Experimental genetics with model organisms and mathematically explicit genetic theory are generally considered to be the major paradigms by which progress in genetics is achieved. Here I argue that this view is incomplete and that pivotal advances in genetics—and other fields of biology—are also made by synthesizing disparate threads of extant information rather than generating new information from experiments or formal theory. Because of the explosive expansion of information in numerous “-omics” data banks, and the fragmentation of genetics into numerous subdisciplines, the importance of the synthesis paradigm will likely expand with time.
National labor market projections for community college students

This chapter contains labor market projections from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data set out here are used as a basis for more specific projections in the next four chapters.
Estrogen Treatment Abrogates Neointima Formation in Human C-Reactive Protein Transgenic Mice

Objective— Previously we established that the vascular injury response was attenuated in ovariectomized wild-type rodents treated with 17β-estradiol (E2). We also showed that the response to acute vascular injury in transgenic mice expressing human C-reactive protein (CRPtg) is exaggerated compared with their nontransgenic (NTG) counterparts. Herein we tested the hypothesis that E2 modulates vascular injury in the CRPtg mouse. Methods and Results— Intact (INT) or ovariectomized (OVX) CRPtg and NTG, treated with E2 or vehicle, had their right common carotid artery ligated. Resultant neointima formation was exaggerated in CRPtg compared with NTG, whether INT or OVX, but was prevented in both genotypes by E2. Expression of human CRP protein (immunohistochemical analysis) and mRNA (laser microdissection followed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR) was detected in the neointima of OVX CRPtg and was greatly diminished by E2 treatment. CRP was not detected in uninjured arteries or in the media of injured arteries,...
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and the induction of prostaglandin E2 generation by human keratinocytes : a re-evaluation

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induces prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis in mouse keratinocytes and is associated with the induction of keratinocyte proliferation as well as accelerated differentiation. In human keratinocytes, TPA has been reported not to induce the release of either 3H-labeled arachidonic acid or 3H-labeled prostaglandins, even though cell differentiation is stimulated. Because PGE2 has been associated with the modulation of cell differentiation and because of technical problems inherent in evaluating arachidonic acid metabolism using only radiolabeled substrates, we evaluated the ability of TPA to induce endogenous PGE2 generation by cultured human keratinocytes using a specific and sensitive enzyme immunoassay. With this technique, TPA was found to induce a dose-dependent (1.6 x 10(-12)-1.6 x 10(-8) M) increase in PGE2 generation. These results are consistent with observations made not only in mouse keratinocytes but in other mammalian and human cell types. Documenting the ability of TPA to stimulate PGE2 production in human keratinocytes is very relevant to current theories regarding the role of PGE2 in keratinocyte differentiation as well as to establishing parallels between the murine and human skin models.
Lacustrine Carbonates From Lake Turkana, Kenya: A Depositional Model of Carbonates In An Extensional Basin

Abstract Lake Turkana, northern Kenya, serves as a long-lived end-member extensional basin that preserves a volcanically mediated, mixed siliciclastic and carbonate system. Stratigraphic data from the southeastern margin of Lake Turkana reveal a suite of carbonate facies assemblages. Lithologies of this system include mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate, diatomite, carbonate mudstone, wackestone, grainstone, packstone, and boundstone. The boundstones are subdivided into framestones (stromatolites or oncoids) and display upward growth from a nucleus where found in association with cobbles and shells and bindstones (laminar tufa) where not. Three discrete, large (up to 7.5 m high), stacked, mounded boundstones are interpreted as subaerial spring deposits based upon overall shape, surficial texture, and orientation with respect to mapped faults and the distribution of modern springs. Petrographic analysis reveals peloids, ostracods, microbial sheaths, gastropods, pelecypods, diatoms, and detrital grains that include quartz, volcanic glass, and volcanic lithic fragments. All grains are micritized, and fossils tend not to retain their original microstructure. Some lithologies have porosities as high as 39%, and permeability averages 4 mD as a result of the dominance of moldic porosity and microporosity. The combination of lithologic data and facies associations is combined to produce a depositional model that is useful for comparison with ancient rift basins that host economic quantities of hydrocarbons. The controlling factors for carbonate development in Lake Turkana include the structural framework, water depth, and lake chemistry.
Infection, Sepsis, and Immune Function in the Older Adult Receiving Critical Care

Abstract The elderly are vulnerable to developing sepsis due to functional and immune changes, and frequent instrumentation and contact with the health care system. Those infected often present with nonspecific complaints and are at risk for underrecognition and undertreatment, with greater likelihood of rapid progression to severe sepsis and septic shock; however, often respond well to early, organized, and aggressive interventions. Survivors may not return to baseline level of function and may require long-term care facilities after discharge from the hospital. Patient and family preferences for goals of care should be explored as early as possible and incorporated into treatment plans.
Municipal Service Provision Choices within a Metropolitan Area

The authors investigate the decision of municipal governments to out source the provision of public services during the 1980s and 1990s—a period of increased responsibility for municipalities. This study extends previous empirical work on outsourcing by distinguishing the type of outsourcing used (e.g., public, private, or other types of providers) and treating the out sourcing decision as a dynamic choice. Institutional characteristics and fiscal stress are found to play an important role in explaining service choices. Multinomial logistic regressions indicate that outsourcing was more common for poor cities than for wealthier ones, with the former often relying on government agencies and the latter opting for privatization. Throughout time, these choices are likely to reinforce interjurisdictional patterns of disparity in service quality and costs.
Examining the Potential of Handheld Computers: Findings from the Ohio PEP Project

Handheld devices have the potential to make a large impact on K-12 educational settings, due to their relative low cost, high mobility, and interactive learning capabilities. This article, the outcome of a large-scale project examining the use of handheld computers, examines how handheld computers can improve teaching and learning, what educational activities are possible, and what is still missing in this new technology. Data collected from student and teacher surveys indicate that immediate accessibility for all students, possibilities for student collaboration, and the use of technology as an integrated (not separate) part of the curriculum as the strong points of handheld devices in K-12, while there is a need to resolve specific hardware/software issues, develop handheld pedagogy and professional development, as well as handheld-related research to inform teaching practices.
Modeling the diurnal variability of effective albedo for cities

Abstract As applied to urban domains, traditional representations of surface albedo do not adequately account for the complex radiative exchange within the urban canopy. In this paper, we present a simple radiation model that takes into account the diurnal variation of short-wave radiation, including the effects of surface shading and radiation exchange among surfaces within the urban canopy. The model has been validated using prior observational studies and used to calculate the time-dependent effective short-wave reflectivity of hypothetical and case study urbanized grid cells, as well as the daily energy-weighted average of these parameters. Monte Carlo style simulations for four distinct urban land use categories indicate that the nadir-view albedo (NVA) typically underestimates daily solar radiative loads by 11–22%, depending upon the land use. We have also found that fairly detailed land-use classification schemes introduce large uncertainties in NVA. In fact, the uncertainty in albedo values for any urban land use category is comparable to the albedo variability across the various urban land use classifications. Furthermore, the magnitude of the diurnal variability of effective albedo for cities is large enough that neglecting it could adversely impact the ability to resolve the energy balance and circulation patterns associated with the urban heat island.
T2 selective scanning vibrational echo spectroscopy

Abstract Experiments are presented on a mixture of tungsten hexacarbonyl (W(CO) 6 ) and (acetylacetonato)dicarbonylrhodium(I) (Rh(CO) 2 acac) in liquid dibutylphthalate (DBP) in which the spectrum of the asymmetric CO stretching modes (∼2000 cm −1 ) is taken by continuously scanning the frequency of a ps vibrational echo pulse sequence and observing the vibrational echo intensity. While the absorption spectrum shows a large solvent background with DBP vibrational peaks, the vibrational echo spectrum is background free and contains only the W(CO) 6 and Rh(CO) 2 acac peaks. When the delay between the vibrational echo pulses is changed, the ratio of the W(CO) 6 and Rh(CO) 2 acac peaks changes because of differences in their homogeneous dephasing times.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Rearrangements of ortho-Cyclophane Cyclotetraveratrylene (CTTV) tetraketone

Oxidation of cyclotetraveratrylene (CTTV) with potassium permanganate in pyridine under reflux gave tetraketone (the [14]ketonand) 3 which exists as a previously unobserved barrel conformation with S4 symmetry in the crystal structure, although the more familiar ‘boat’ conformer was shown by semi-empirical AM1 calculations to be 3.03 kcal/mol lower in energy. In addition to CTTV tetraketone 3, an isomeric bis-spirolactone 4 was isolated from the basic oxidation conditions, analogous to the product of trans-annular attack and rearrangement observed with oxidation of cyclotriveratrylene, whereas in acid at elevated temperatures, tetraketone 3 underwent a very efficient rearrangement and decarboxylation to afford the highly symmetric spirobi[anthracene]-10,10′-dione derivative 5.
Abstract A58: Cul3‐mediated Nrf2 ubiquitination and ARE activation are dependent on the partial molar volume at position 151 of Keap1

Nrf2 is a transcription factor that activates transcription of a battery of cytoprotective genes by binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE). Nrf2 is repressed by the cysteine‐rich Keap1 protein, which targets Nrf2 for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by a Cul3‐mediated ubiquitination complex. Several promising chemopreventive agents, including sulforaphane, activate Nrf2 in Keap1 C151‐dependent manner. We find that modification of C151 of human Keap1 by mutation to a tryptophan relieves the repression by Keap1 and allows activation of the ARE by Nrf2. Keap1 C151W has a decreased affinity for Cul3, and can no longer serve to target Nrf2 for ubiquitination, though it retains its affinity for Nrf2. A series of 12 mutant Keap1 proteins, each containing a different residue at position 151, was constructed to explore the chemistry required for the effect. The series reveals that the extent to which Keap1 loses the ability to target Nrf2 for degradation, and hence the ability to repress ARE activation, correlates well with the partial molar volume of the residue. Other physico‐chemical properties do not appear to contribute significantly to the effect. Based on this finding, a structural model of the Keap1‐Cul3 binding interface was constructed to investigate the potential mechanism of action of a tryptophan or other group at position 151. Several residues surrounding position 151, K131, R135 and K150, were observed in the model to be close enough to be involved in a steric clash with the tryptophan. Keap1 proteins containing these residues mutated to alanine, along with C151W, were evaluated for their ability to repress Nrf2. We find that none of mutations were able to restore the ability of Keap1 C151W to repress Nrf2. Additional residues are being investigated in effort to determine which residue(s) might be responsible for translating the increase in partial molar volume at position 151 to a lack of Nrf2 repression. This work has significant implications for how chemopreventive electrophiles that modify C151 disrupt the repressive function of Keap1. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A58.
Development of a modified gentamicin resistance cassette for genetic manipulation of the oral spirochete Treponema denticola

Herein, we report that a modified gentamicin cassette and a PCR-based method can be used for targeted mutagenesis of the oral spirochete Treponema denticola. This approach minimizes polar effects and spontaneous antibiotic resistance. Therefore, it can serve as a reliable tool for genetic manipulation of T. denticola.
Industrial Control System Cyber Attacks

This paper presents a set of attacks against SCADA control systems. The attacks are grouped into 4 classes; reconnaissance, response and measurement injection, command injection and denial of service. The 4 classes are defined and each attack is described in detail. The response and measurement injection and command injection classes are subdivided into sub-classes based on attack complexity. Each attack described in this paper has been exercised against industrial control systems in a laboratory setting.
State-of-the-Science: The Evolution of Occupational Exposure Limit Derivation and Application

Occupational exposure limits (OELs) are a critical component of the risk assessment and risk management process and their use remains a staple of occupational hygiene practice. There are dozens of ...
Phase-shifting effects of acute increases in activity on circadian locomotor rhythms in hamsters

Experiments were conducted in golden hamsters to examine the relationship between induced acute increases in locomotor activity and phase shifts in the circadian clock underlying the rhythm of activity. Injections of the short-acting benzodiazepine triazolam (TZ) 6 h before the onset of activity resulted in an acute increase in activity and a phase advance in the rhythm of activity; injections of TZ induced larger phase shifts in animals housed without running wheels than in those housed with wheels. Transfer to a cage with access to a running wheel for 1 h at different circadian times induced large phase advances (mean of 2 h) and small phase delays depending on the circadian time of transfer. Maximal mean phase advances resulted when animals were transferred to a cage with wheel 3 h before activity onset, and at this circadian time there was a significant correlation between the magnitude of the phase shift and the amount of increase over baseline activity for the first hour after transfer. These results indicate that access to a running wheel in animals housed without wheels can be a significant phase-shifting stimulus to the circadian clock and that the phase shifts induced by injection of TZ or transfer to a new cage with wheel are related to the activity state of the animal or to the amount of locomotor activity that is induced at particular times.
Nitrite and Nitrate in Cancer

Studies in animal models established the feasibility of sodium nitrite contributing to gastric carcinogenesis primarily via conversion to nitrosamines. Most animal studies did not corroborate this assumption. Exposure of humans to nitrates is primarily from vegetables. Since a fraction of nitrate is reduced to nitrite by oral bacteria, the largest source of nitrite exposure is also from vegetables. Meat processed with nitrite has reducing agents added that virtually eliminate the formation of nitrosamines. Existing epidemiological studies are not definitive and it is likely that additional studies of the same type will not clarify any putative relationship, due to the inherent weaknesses in epidemiological studies. Nitrate and nitrite use has clear benefits for food preservation and only theoretical long-term risk that remains unproven.
User experience: a complete HCI conversation

When you think of creating a product, what is the first thing that comes to mind? Well, depending on who you are, that framing can be totally different. For an engineer it is all about the technology, for a planner it is all about the roadmap, for marketing it is all about the sale, for validation it is all about reliable functionality, and for the social scientists it is all about whether the product will serve user needs and meet the expectations of the experience.Within the general area of social science, again the framing can be different. Human Computer Interaction is more than designing interfaces based in software. HCI is also the ability to develop and standardize techniques for evaluating and comparing interfaces. It is also the development of predictive models that are built around the theories of interaction. In reality HCI is not one tool but a complex kit of tools that enables the creation of a fantastic user experience.Broadening the HCI conversation to include Ethnography and Human Factors allows an even more compelling toolkit to create the user experience. Ethnography allows us to discover the unmet needs for our future products. Human Factors methods apply rigor to the development process to ensure we stay on target for a complete user experience.When you lift the hood of user experience you find what can be a well oiled machine of social science components that can ultimately discover, define, develop and deploy something that is fascinating. Regardless of whether you are designing for a productive environment like the cockpit of a plane, the control machinery for a factory, or a consumer product like a 3D television, the experience should come first. What does the well-oiled machine look like when all the pillars of social science are included in the HCI conversation?Combining the skills and results of all of the social science disciplines creates the pillars of a foundation upon which any product can be developed.Today we look under the hood of user experience at Intel.
Salt Storage and Runoff in Urban Watershed

Street salting studies in the Meadowbrook Watershed, Syracuse, N.Y., are described. Over a 3yr study period 81.5% of the salts applied left the watershed in runoff waters. Considering the suburban nature of the basin, this is in consonance with results found elsewhere. Chloride concentrations in the low flow months of April-October were found to increase with time, suggesting that salt is accumulating in the local ground water, which is a source of supply for these low flows.
Power and Culture

This study explores how the Japanese government endeavored to shape American public opinion through the promotion of Japanese aesthetics in the several years following the Manchurian crisis—and, importantly, how this “cultural diplomacy” was received by Americans. At the center of Japan’s state-sponsored cultural initiative was the Society for International Cultural Relations ( Kokusai Bunka Shinkōkai , or KBS). By drawing attention to Japan’s historically esteemed cultural traditions, Japan’s leaders hoped to improve the nation’s image and leverage international power. Critical American reviews and general-interest articles on KBS programs proffered images of a society imbued with a profound sense of artistic sophistication. To this end, the KBS’s cultural diplomacy tended to reinforce a popular assumption among Americans that Japan’s body politic in the 1930s was meaningfully divided between “moderates” and “militarists.” Japan’s cultural diplomacy, however, was undermined from the start by an irreconcilable tension: to simultaneously legitimize regional expansionism and advance internationalist cooperation. After the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in the summer of 1937 and subsequent proclamations that presumed Japanese hegemony in Asia, naked aggression rendered any lighthearted cultural exchange increasingly irrelevant. Indeed, KBS activities in the United States dwindled—a point that made clear the limits of cultural diplomacy.
Population Behavior and Adult Feeding Capability in Lepidoptera

Population behavior in Lepidoptera is increasingly being shown to correlate with life-system or intrinsic factors. Two examples of such factors are larval gregariousness (and associated egg clustering) and overwintering stage (and associated larval feeding phenology). Adult feeding capability, also an intrinsic factor, has received scant attention in Lepidoptera population studies. It varies from species that are incapable of feeding to species that feed daily or hourly. Because adult feeding capability determines reproductive duration, it could affect vulnerability to mortality agents during a critical period and thereby influence population behavior. Using comparative methodology, I tested whether long-term population density and variability are related to adult feeding capability. Test data were published density records for >200 species in 16 families during 10–60 yr in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Germany, with species assigned to low, medium, and high classes of adult feeding capability. Mean logarithmic population densities, as well as standard deviations, were inversely related to degree of adult feeding capability. I also indirectly explored history of phenotypic variation through evolutionary time in the 3 intrinsic factors. Results suggested that adult feeding capability diverged earlier and was evolutionarily tracked by larval gregariousness and overwintering stage. Among 29 phylogenetically independent lineages of outbreak Lepidoptera, there was a significant association with low adult feeding capability. Study results lead to the conclusion that adult feeding capability is a primary intrinsic factor that influences population behavior more than has hitherto been recognized.
Trichogramma pretiosum : Effect of Prerelease Parasitization Experience on Retention in Release Areas and Efficiency

Failure of released parasitoids to assume a host-seeking behavior often contributes to their premature dispersal and subsequent failure to adequately control target species. Results of laboratory and field studies conducted at Tifton, Ga., in 1979 showed that prerelease exposure of female Trichogramma pretiosum Riley to host Heliothis zea (Boddie) eggs resulted in significantly more time (ca. sixfold) spent in host-seeking behavior in a laboratory release area and significantly higher subsequent rates of parasitization of H. zea eggs on peas and cotton.
Confined aquifer head measurements and storage properties in the San Luis Valley, Colorado, from spaceborne InSAR observations

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), a remote sensing technique for measuring centimeter-level surface deformation, is used to estimate hydraulic head in the confined aquifer of the San Luis Valley (SLV), Colorado. Reconstructing head measurements from InSAR in agricultural regions can be difficult, as InSAR phase data are often decorrelated due to vegetation growth. Analysis of 17 L-band ALOS PALSAR scenes, acquired between January 2007 and March 2011, demonstrates that comprehensive InSAR deformation measurements can be recovered over the vegetated groundwater basin with an improved processing strategy. Local skeletal storage coefficients and time delays between the head change and deformation are estimated through a joint InSAR-well data analysis. InSAR subsidence estimates are transformed to head changes with finer temporal and spatial resolution than is possible using existing well records alone. Both InSAR and well data suggest that little long-term water-storage loss occurred in the SLV over the study period and that inelastic compaction was negligible. The seasonal head variations derived from InSAR are consistent with the existing well data at most locations where confined aquifer pumping activity dominates. Our results demonstrate the advantages of InSAR measurements for basin-wide characterization of aquifer storage properties and groundwater levels over agricultural regions.
Biased Impact of Foreclosures on Housing Prices: Evidence from a Downward Spiraling Market

This paper contributes to the literature focusing on the impact of foreclosure status on single family house prices during a housing market collapse when foreclosures and distressed sales become the majority of recorded transactions. While it is generally possible to identify Real-estate owned (REO) transactions in publicly available data, other forms of distressed sales such as short sales are generally not identified. In a healthy market where both foreclosures and distressed sales are a small fraction of the transactions, omitting these observations from the analyzed sample likely introduces minor sample selection bias. However, when distressed sales become commonplace, failing to identify them introduces an omitted variable bias. We propose a matching methodology to create proxies for distressed and arms-length sales. We show that during the market collapse in Las Vegas (NV) from 2008q1 through 2011q2, the price impact associated with foreclosure status converged to that associated with distressed (short) sales.
Preparation of vanadium-titanium acid-polyaniline film modified electrode and electrochemical properties

With aniline and self-made vanadium-titanium acid as raw materials,ITO conductive glass as basal electrode,the vanadium-titanium acid-PANI films modified electrodes is prepared by one-step and two-step methods.The mechanism and electrochemical behavior of the composite films are investigated systematically.The results show that the preparation process of one-step is simple,and vanadium-titanium acid fix in the PAn thin films layer by layer.The modified electrodes not only maintain the electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties of vanadium-titanium acid,but also have good stability.The modified electrodes show high catalytic activity towards the iodate ions in acidic aqueous solution.
Implementation and Application of the Integrated Supervisory Control System for Water Diversion Projects

The research work presented in this paper is focused on the basic details and characteristics,as well as the structure and function of the integrated supervisory control system,and the implementation of the system is also introduced.Finally,the application of the integrated supervisory control system for water diversion projects to practical engineering is also illustrated.
Walking Field:National Region and Realistic Observation

This article is based on author's observations after a journey of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, attempting to explore anthropology in national region in form of literature. Though expressed on text, the horizon of this article derives and extends from field bearing human beings and the living.
Neural Crest Cells in Ear Development

The ear is the vertebrate sense organ of hearing and balance. Neural crest cells (NCC), notable for varied contributions to other parts of the head and body, contribute multiple tissues to the ear. In higher vertebrates the ear is composed of three distinct compartments, the inner, middle, and outer ear, each requiring developmental contribution from NCC. Within the inner ear, NCC are progenitors of Schwann cells of the cochleovestibular nerve and melanocytes of the cochlea. For the middle ear and outer ear, NCC produce bone and cartilage and, by developmental remodeling, the air-filled cavities essential for hearing. Abnormalities of NCC cause hearing loss, sensorineural in the case of inner ear NCC, or conductive in the case of middle and outer ear NCC. Middle ear, outer ear, and jaw elements of different vertebrates exhibit key evolutionary variation, a result of alterations in derivatives of first and second pharyngeal arch NCC.
Mutagen Synergy: Hypermutability Generated by Specific Pairs of Base Analogs.

UNLABELLED We tested pairwise combinations of classical base analog mutagens in Escherichia coli to study possible mutagen synergies. We examined the cytidine analogs zebularine (ZEB) and 5-azacytidine (5AZ), the adenine analog 2-aminopurine (2AP), and the uridine/thymidine analog 5-bromodeoxyuridine (5BrdU). We detected a striking synergy with the 2AP plus ZEB combination, resulting in hypermutability, a 35-fold increase in mutation frequency (to 53,000 × 10(-8)) in the rpoB gene over that with either mutagen alone. A weak synergy was also detected with 2AP plus 5AZ and with 5BrdU plus ZEB. The pairing of 2AP and 5BrdU resulted in suppression, lowering the mutation frequency of 5BrdU alone by 6.5-fold. Sequencing the mutations from the 2AP plus ZEB combination showed the predominance of two new hot spots for A·T→G·C transitions that are not well represented in either single mutagen spectrum, and one of which is not found even in the spectrum of a mismatch repair-deficient strain. The strong synergy between 2AP and ZEB could be explained by changes in the dinucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools. IMPORTANCE Although mutagens have been widely studied, the mutagenic effects of combinations of mutagens have not been fully researched. Here, we show that certain pairwise combinations of base analog mutagens display synergy or suppression. In particular, the combination of 2-aminopurine and zebularine, analogs of adenine and cytidine, respectively, shows a 35-fold increased mutation frequency compared with that of either mutagen alone. Understanding the mechanism of synergy can lead to increased understanding of mutagenic processes. As combinations of base analogs are used in certain chemotherapy regimens, including those involving ZEB and 5AZ, these results indicate that testing the mutagenicity of all drug combinations is prudent.
Kinetic Theory and Reaction Kinetics

While reaction rates are empirical in nature, collision theory does provide a means to estimate the reaction rate. Collision theory gives rise to the correct reaction rate dependence on concentrations and temperature. Based on collision theory, most viable reactions are bimolecular. Reactions with more than three molecules are unfavorable. Therefore, an elementary reaction usually involves three or less molecules on either side of the reaction. Nonelementary reactions can be decoupled into elementary reaction steps or reaction pathways. The reaction system that forms a nonelementary reaction can be analyzed as one were dealing with a multiple reaction system. In many occasions, we find that simplification of the nonelementary reaction is necessary. Some reaction steps are fast than others. Some or all the reaction intermediates are present in the reaction system in only trace amount. These observations lead to two methods of simplifying reaction rate expressions: FES and PSSH. FES stands for fast equilibrium step approximation, while PSSH stands for pseudosteady state hypothesis. Active reaction intermediates are common as they are means to overcome the activation energies. Active intermediates can be active complex, transitional state (or activated molecules), and free radicals. Nonelementary reactions usually have complicated reaction rate expressions than the simple power law form. Fractional order (1/2, 3/2, ..) can be observed for free-radical reactions. Simple kinetic expressions can be obtained for otherwise a complicated problem when proper assumptions are made. For acid hydrolysis of polymers, the reaction kinetics may be approximated by three “first order reaction rate” relationships of lumped components despite a complicated composition of the reaction mixture.
Institutions, actors, and change in Morocco

Which factor was responsible for institutional change in Morocco? This chapter illustrates institutions and actors within Morocco and their characteristics in regards to processes of institutional change as endogenous variables. The ACE meets an empirical environment, where a set of informal institutions often outweighs formal ones and where transparent and predictable mechanisms of institutional change are absent and political stability is favored by a small circle of influential and politically relevant actors over change. The goal of this chapter is to unravel the characteristics of institutions, actors and institutional change in Morocco. This characteristic interplay between actors and institutions is referred back to in the analysis of economic and environmental institutional change in Chapter 6.
Continuous Kernel Learning

Kernel learning is the problem of determining the best kernel (either from a dictionary of fixed kernels, or from a smooth space of kernel representations) for a given task. In this paper, we describe a new approach to kernel learning that establishes connections between the Fourier-analytic representation of kernels arising out of Bochner’s theorem and a specific kind of feed-forward network using cosine activations. We analyze the complexity of this space of hypotheses and demonstrate empirically that our approach provides scalable kernel learning superior in quality to prior approaches.
Beyond PKI: The Biocryptographic Key Infrastructure

Public Key Infrastructure is a widely deployed security technology for handling key distribution and validation in computer security. Despite PKI's popularity as a security solution, Phishing and other Man-in-the-Middle related network attacks are accomplished with ease. The major problems with PKI come down to trust, and largely, how much faith we must place in cryptographic keys alone to establish authenticity and identity. In this paper, we look at a novel biometric solution that mitigates this problem at both the user and certificate authority levels. More importantly, we examine the trouble with the placement of unprotected biometric features directly into PKI, and propose the integration of a secure, revocable biometric template protection technology that supports transactional key release. A detailed explanation of this new Biocryptographic Key Infrastructure is provided, including composition, enrollment, authentication, and revocation details.
Applying Social Capital Theory to Needs Assessment, Social Program Development, and Evaluation: A Practitioner’s Perspective

What is the utility of the concept of social capital? The quest for illusive social capital may not be for the practitioner to find the single culprit responsible for a decline in social capital or...
Dynamic bus voltage control for light load efficiency improvement of two-stage voltage regulator

The two-stage 48V-12V-1.8V Voltage Regulator Module (VRM) structure is gaining more and more attention in high-end server applications. The LLC converter is the preferred choice for the first conversion stage because it provides the isolated 12V output efficiently, which is then converted to 1.8V by the multi-phase Buck converter. Since the CPU works in sleep-mode most of the time, the light load efficiency is very important for energy saving. This paper proposes to change the primary side of the LLC converter from the full-bridge configuration into the half-bridge configuration dynamically in the light load condition, so that the output of the LLC DC Transformer (DCX) can be changed from 12V to 6V. This will increase the overall light load efficiency significantly due to the reduced core loss of the LLC DCX and the reduced switching loss of the multi-phase Buck converter. To achieve a fast transition of the bus voltage between 12V and 6V, the capacitance for the intermediate bus is properly selected and the Optimal Trajectory Control (OTC) for transition between the full-bridge and half-bridge is proposed. A high-efficiency, high-density 48V–12V/6V LLC DCX is designed, and experimental results on the two-stage VRM demonstrate that there is a fast transient response and a more than 10% light load efficiency improvement.
SAT0234 Prospective single centre study of effectiveness of upfront rituximab and mycophenolate with minimum steroid in sle

Background Treatment options for SLE have significant morbidity and mortality. Side effects from corticosteroid usage limit patient adherence and treatment efficacy. B cell depletion appears to target a critical pathophysiological pathway in SLE. Trails with rituximab have shown mixed results. Rituxilup study demonstrated efficacy and steroid sparing action of rituximab and mycophenolate (1) Objectives We aim to analyse our experience of using rituximab and mycophenolate upfront on presentation with minimum oral steroids. Methods 12 patients with SLE, seen between Jan 2015 to march 2016, were included in the study. All patients completed 6 months of follow-up. Patients were treated with 2 doses of rituximab (1 g) and methyl prednisolone (500 mg) on days 1 and 15, and maintenance treatment of mycophenolate mofetil (2000mg) and low dose prednisolone ( Results 10 were females and 2 males. Mean age of the patients is 24.5. 9 had lupus nephritis, 1 mesenteric vasculitis, 1 CNS vasculitis and 1 severe cutaneous vasculitis with pancytopenia. Average SLEDAI improved from 14 to 4. 6/9 LN attained complete renal remission and 2 partial remission. one patient died due to infection and renal disease 15 days after infusion. 2 vasculitis and one NPSLE patient improved completely. Two patients had infection requiring hospitalization with in 8 weeks of infusion and one patient had severe bradycardia during the infusion and received only 1000mg rituximab. Steroid was stopped by 6 months in 6 patients and in the dose was below 5 mg in rest. Conclusions Early Rituximab and mycophenolate is an effective option for treating severe lupus and has steroid sparing property. References Condon MB, Ashby D, Pepper RJ, et al. Prospective observational single-centre cohort study to evaluate the effectiveness of treating lupus nephritis with rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil but no oral steroids. Ann Rheum Dis (2013) 72:1280–1286. Disclosure of Interest None declared
The Allure and the Paucity of Design: Cultures of Design and Design in Culture

Human–computer interaction (HCI) has traditionally framed itself as a design-oriented discipline. This position, in turn, frames design as HCI’s primary tool for intervening or producing change in ...
Regulation of alternative mRNA splicing: old players and new perspectives

Nearly all human multiexon genes are subject to alternative splicing in one or more cell types. The splicing machinery therefore has to select between multiple splice sites in a context-dependent manner, relying on sequence features in cis- and trans-acting splicing regulators that either promote or repress splice site recognition and spliceosome assembly. However, the functional coupling between multiple gene regulatory layers signifies that splicing can also be modulated by transcriptional or epigenetic characteristics. Other, less obvious, aspects of alternative splicing have come to light in recent years, often involving core components of the spliceosome previously thought to perform a basal rather than a regulatory role in splicing. Together this paints a highly dynamic picture of splicing regulation, where the final splice site choice is governed by the entire transcriptional environment of a gene and its cellular context.
The New Rivalry in Infrastructure

Chapter 1 explains the basic economic models that economists use to analyze utility markets. These models focus on how customer preferences, customer income, firm costs, and in-market strategic interactions constrain the choices firms make and determine the effects of firms’ choices. Chapter 1 concludes by illustrating that all of these models, with the primary exception of the Hotelling circle model, exclude strategic interactions outside the markets of the firm of interest. This exclusion affects the usefulness of these models for today’s utility markets because, as this chapter illustrates, today’s utilities operate in diverse markets and often face different sets of actual and potential rivals in each market. These diverse patterns of actual and potential rivalry, which I identify as multilateral rivalry or MLR in Chapter 1, affect firms’ choices of markets, products, quality, and prices. As I explain in Chapters 3–6, the effects on economic models are particularly pronounced in competition for the market, where policy makers have applied contestable market theory.
Photogrammetry and Design Workflows

This chapter illustrates a new paradigm in realistic 3D modeling; combining the ability of hardware and software to handle millions of polygons with the ability of digital photography and photogrammetry to produce these high-density models. Various processes are now accessible to smaller studios and universities, and this new paradigm is further easing the technological constraints presented to digital artists.
Put Away Your No. 2 Pencils—Reconceptualizing School Accountability Through EcoJustice

The regime of school accountability in the U.S. is largely a manifestation of dominant social and cultural norms of individualism, competition, uncritical economic growth, and a consumerist orientation. Current school accountability practices, centered on homogenizing and restrictive standardized testing practices, are deeply incongruent with fundamental aspects of ecojustice. If the ultimate purpose of school accountability is to ensure children’s readiness for future success, can there be a more important goal than to assure a viable ecological future for individuals, communities, and natural systems? This chapter explores an alternative vision for school accountability, one that seeks to ensure schools are engaging children with the Earth in local, meaningful, and respectful ways, and are equipping students for complex decision-making.
Stress Process Applications in Child Victimization Research

The victimization of children remains a substantial problem in the United States. Past studies have documented both a high prevalence of victimization exposure (Finkelhor and Dziuba-Leatherman 1994; Hashima and Finkelhor 1999) and damaging mental health consequences of victimization among youth (Augoustinos 1987; Beitchman et al. 1991; Kaufman 1991; National Research Council 1993; Wolfe 1987).
Neural-Cognitive Effects of Stress in the Hippocampus

It is now well-accepted that uncontrollable (i.e., acute traumatic, prolonged) stress can have lingering effects on the hippocampus. At the behavioral level, evidence from human and animal studies indicates that stress generally impedes performance in a variety of hippocampal-dependent memory tasks. At the neural level, animal studies have shown that stress impairs induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity, in the hippocampus. Because the hippocampus is important for certain forms of long-term memory and because LTP has properties desirable of an information storage mechanism, it has been hypothesized that stress-induced alterations in hippocampal plasticity contribute to decreased memory functioning following stress exposure. This chapter reviews the effects of stress on three vertically related levels of hippocampal functions-synaptic plasticity, neural activity and memory-and the recent evidence implicating the amygdala as a crucial component of the central stress mechanism.