cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rat neural tissue cathepsin D: ultrastructural immunocytochemistry.

The cellular and subcellular localization of cathepsin D, an aspartyl endopeptidase, was investigated in the central and peripheral nervous systems of the rat by light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. The reaction of rabbit anti-rat brain cathepsin D within ventral cervical spinal cord, cerebellum, corpus callosum, caudate nucleus, optic nerve, trigeminal ganglion, fifth cranial nerve and sciatic nerve was localized with an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. A number of tissue processing methods were utilized, but only in tissues fixed in paraformaldehyde-lysine-periodate and sectioned at thicknesses of 25–50 μm could antibody penetration, enzyme protein immunoreactivity and intact morphology be reliably attained. Immunoreactive cathepsin D was present in lysosomes and pleomorphic dense bodies of neurons in the anterior horn of spinal cord, cerebellar Purkinje and granule cell layers, caudate nucleus and trigeminal ganglion. Lysosomal localization of cathepsin D was also documented in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, endothelial cells and Schwann cells. Reaction product was not observed in microglia although its presence there would be expected. With these methods, reaction product was not detected in the Golgi saccules of any cell type.
Adhesion Defects of Antibody-Mediated Target Cell Binding of Neonatal Natural Killer Cells

Neonates are unusually susceptible to herpes simplex virus infection, which may be explained in part by defects in killing of herpes simplex virus-infected cells by natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The mechanism for these defects remains poorly defined. We have for the first time used immunomagnetically enriched NK cells to explore neonatal NK cell phenotype and target cell adhesion. CD56-positive neonatal NK cells had markedly lower CD57 expression, but adult level expression of adhesive glycoproteins (CD18, CD44) and Fc receptor for IgG (CD16). Although the cells conjugated normally with target cells in the absence of antibody, antibody-mediated conjugation was significantly lower than that of NK cells from adults (p < 0.002). These results demonstrate intact adhesion in neonatal NK cell cytotoxicity. In contrast, defective neonatal antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is caused, in part, by an adhesion defect in the presence of antibody.
Statistics from dynamics in curved spacetime

We consider quantum fields of spin 0, (1/2, 1, (3/2, and 2 with a nonzero mass in curved spacetime. We show that the dynamical Bogolubov transformations associated with gravitationally induced particle creation imply the connection between spin and statistics: By embedding two flat regions in a curved spacetime, we find that only when one imposes Bose-Einstein statistics for an integer-spin field and Fermi-Dirac statistics for a half-integer-spin field in the first flat region is the same type of statistics propagated from the first to the second flat region. This derivation of the flat-spacetime spin-statistics theorem makes use of curved-spacetime dynamics and does not reduce to any proof given in flat spacetime. We also show in the same manner that parastatistics, up to the fourth order, are consistent with the dynamical evolution of curved spacetime.
Complications of colostomy closure

A series of 126 colostomy closures was analyzed to evaluate factors contributing to morbidity. There were no deaths, but there was a 33 percent complication rate. Patients with penetrating abdominal trauma and foreign-body rectal perforations had fewer serious complications following colostomy closures than patients with diverticulitis or cancer. No significant difference was found in the anastomotic leak rate, length of surgery or length of hospitalization in patients with sutured or stapled anastomoses. Most patients in this series had end colostomies that required limited resection and anastomoses. Complication rates were comparable with previous series, which consisted predominantly of loop colostomy closures. The incidence of surgical complications was not related to the time interval between colostomy formation and closure. Timing of closure, however, significantly influenced the complication rate in two specific patient groups: patients with intraperitoneal colon perforation at the initial procedure when closure was performed within four weeks, and patients with surgical complications at the time of colostomy creation if they underwent closure within eight weeks. Early closures in patients still recovering from colostomy complications were associated with the highest incidence of anastomotic leak. Wound infections at stoma sites were decreased by leaving the skin open. The average hospitalization was 11.1 days for patients without complications, 15.5 days for those with wound infection, 18.5 days for patients with ileus, and 20.4 days for patients with anastomotic leaks. This study illustrates that the optimal time for colostomy closure must be determined on an individual basis. The morbidity can be minimized by delaying closure in specific groups of patients for one to two months. Delaying closure for an arbitrary time interval in all patients, however, is not warranted.
Epitaxial growth of ferroelectric films for optoelectronic (SAW) applications

Abstract The crystal chemical approach has been shown to be succesful in improving the temperature stability of the ferroelectric LiNbO 3 and LiTaO 3 phases. Results of this investigation show that it is possible to reduce the temperature coefficient of SAW velocity for crystallized Li 0.99 Na 0.01 NbO 3 and Li 0.99 Na 0.01 TaO 3 thin films grown by the LPE technique. The improvement is approximately 40% for Na + -doped LiNbO 3 .
Effect of vanadium and titanium on mechanical properties of chromium-tungsten steels

Abstract Increasing the vanadium content from 0.1 to 0.50% in a 2.25Cr-2W-0.1C steel (all concentrations are in wt%) increased the yield stress 20% and resulted in a higher ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT). When vanadium was increased to 0.5%, a further slight increase in strength occurred with a large increase in DBTT. Thus, optimum strength and impact toughness is achieved at an intermediate vanadium concentration. With the addition of 0.02% Ti to 2.25Cr-0.25V-0.1C, 2.25Cr-2W-0.1C, and 2.25Cr-2W-0.25V-0.1C steels, yield stress decreased 10 to 30%. An increase in impact toughness accompanied the strength loss. The toughness may have been affected by a decrease in the prior austenite grain size. There was little difference in the DBTT of the Ti-modified steels tempered at 700 or 750°C. The use of a Ti-modified steel tempered at 700°C might offset the strength advantage of steels without titanium, which have to be tempered at the higher temperature.
The evolution of IT (computer) personnel research: more theory, more understanding, more questions

Scholars have been publishing research on IT work and workers since at least 1965. The work is a testimony to the longevity and importance of topics concerning computer personnel, human resource management, and the information technology workforce. Human resources have consistently been noted as a top concern of MIS leaders through a series of "key issues" studies (Brancheau et al., 1996; Niederman et al., 1991; Brancheau & Wetherbe, 1987; Dickson & Wetherbe, 1984; and Ball & Harris, 1982). The research also shows that along with the evolution of information technology there is a parallel evolution of skills and capabilities; that allows IT specialists to continue designing and implementing new technologies, which enable users to introduce them into business, science, and other environments to create value. A review of the original proceedings of the special interest group on computer personnel research from 1965, shows that the field has also progressed substantially.Almost four decades ago, scholars began by producing very basic descriptive research on job analysis and job description, how to train personnel, assessment techniques, and the effects of attitudes on learning. As the old saying goes, the more things change the more they stay the same. A look at the state of IT personnel in the early part of the 21st century shows that we continue to research similar problems such as periods of high demand for IT workers punctuated with periods of slowdown (remember the doldrums of the early 1990s?), investigate approaches and techniques for increasing IT worker productivity (remember the introductions of COBOL, CASE tools, and more recently extreme programming?), and struggle with issues of diversity in the IT workplace. Even the issue of outsourcing is not new. One of the authors recalls serving as discussant in 1992 on a computer personnel research conference paper challenging IT workers to increase productivity or face the prospect of having their job outsourced!Although some of the major issues of the day seem to recur at regular intervals, others seem new or at least manifested in a new way. We believe that scholars are facing significant challenges in addressing at least four major issues that confront IT personnel:
Injection Laryngoplasty: Techniques and Choices of Fillers

Since it was first introduced in 1911, injection laryngoplasty has evolved into a versatile technique for the treatment of dysphonia in patients with a glottic insufficiency. Currently, there are a number of materials available for injection augmentation with duration of efficacy that may last from weeks to years. Furthermore, the various approaches available for injection have provided for injection laryngoplasty to be performed accurately in both the office and operating room.
Chemical dissociation in adults sexually victimized as children: alcohol and drug use in adult survivors

Using a structured diagnostic interview, 65.9% of a clinical group of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse met DSM-III-R criteria for lifetime prevalence of drug or alcohol abuse or dependence. Only 4.6% of the total were still using drugs or alcohol at the time of testing. Childhood risk factors predicted those survivors who used drugs or alcohol with users coming from more chaotic home environments. The data supports the hypothesis that many adults sexually victimized as children use substances to "chemically dissociate." Language: en
Comet 81P/Wild 2 size, shape, and orientation

[1] Spectacular images, taken during the flyby of 81P/Wild 2 by the NASA Stardust spacecraft, were used to determine that the shape of the comet 81P/Wild 2 nucleus can be reasonably modeled as a triaxial ellipse having radii 1.65 × 2.00 × 2.75 km ± 0.05 km (1σ). The shortest axis, considered the rotational axis, has a right ascension of 110° and a declination of −13°. The longest axis, used to define zero longitude, has an argument of prime meridian angle of 155°. All angles use the IAU definitions, are relative to the Earth Mean Equator and Vernal Equinox of J2000 and have uncertainties of ±3° (1σ). The rotational axis was pointed 65° from the sun during the Stardust encounter of 81P/Wild 2, making an area within 25° of the spin axis in continual sunlight and the apparent source of a few major jets.
Plasma renin activity as a marker for growth failure due to sodium deficiency in young rats

We evaluated the effect of feeding diets of varying sodium content on growth and plasma renin activity (PRA) in young rats. In the first study, four groups of rats were offered 10 g/100 g body weight per day of diets containing either 0.005%, 0.015%, 0.03%, or 0.3% sodium; weight gain per day of each rat was followed for 10-14 days and PRA was then measured. A control group was fed a sodium-replete tryptophan-deficient diet which caused protein calorie malnutrition and inhibited growth. Weight gain (g/day) among the rats on the sodium-deficient diets varied directly (r = 0.81, P < 0.001) and PRA inversely (r = -0.82, P < 0.001) with dietary sodium content. PRA varied inversely with weight gain (r = -0.84, P < 0.001). Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which is depressed in calorie-deficient growth failure, was depressed in all the rats on the low-sodium intakes relative to ad libitum-fed controls, but did not vary in relation to dietary sodium or weight gain within those groups. In rats fed the tryptophan-deficient diet, both IGF-1 and weight gain were severely depressed; PRA was normal. In the second study, rats in each of two groups were pair fed, the diet containing either 0.03% or 0.3% sodium matched to rats fed the 0.005% sodium diet; weight gain was followed for 28 days. Both length and weight gain were retarded; PRA again varied inversely with dietary sodium content and with weight gain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of anaerobiosis on photosynthetic reactions and nitrogen metabolism of algae with and without hydrogenase

The effect of anaerobic (N2+CO2) pre-incubation in the dark on photosynthetic reactions (O2 evolution, measured manometrically and with the oxygraph; fluorescence; and photoproduction of H2, measured with the mass spectrometer) was studied in algae with hydrogenase (strains of Chlorella fusca, C. kessleri, C. vulgaris f. tertia, and Ankistrodesmus braunii) and in algae without hydrogenase (strains of Chlorella vulgaris, C. saccharophila, and C. minutissima).
Kinetics of emulsion polymerization

The quantitative theory of free radical mechanisms in emulsion polymerizations is reexamined. It is suggested that existing descriptions are not entirely consistent with physically realizable situations. The proposed modifications result in a closer resemblance to homogeneous systems. Explicit expressions for the distribution of radicals are also given. The importance of interphase transfer is emphasized.
Is it an inside job? An examination of internal affairs complaint investigation files and the production of nonsustained findings

Data concerning the internal investigation of complaints against police have rarely been available to researchers. The present study uses information derived through an examination of Internal Affa...
Modeling of irradiation hardening of iron after low-dose and low-temperature neutron irradiation

Irradiation hardening is a prominent low-temperature degradation phenomena in materials, and is characterized both by an irradiation-induced increase in yield strength along with the loss of ductility. In this paper, a reaction?diffusion cluster dynamics model is used to predict the distribution of vacancy and interstitial clusters in iron following low-temperature (<373?K) and low-dose (<0.1?dpa) neutron irradiation. The predicted microstructure evolutions of high-purity iron samples are compared to published experimental data (positron annihilation spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy) and show good agreement for neutron irradiation in this regime. The defect cluster distributions are then coupled to a dispersed barrier hardening model that assumes a strength factor, ?, which varies with cluster type and size to compute the yield strength increase; the results of which agree reasonably well with tensile tests performed in previous studies. The modeling results presented here compare quite well to the experimental observations in the low-dose regime, and provide insight into the underlying microstructure?property relationships and the need for spatially dependent modeling to accurately predict the saturation behavior of yield strength changes observed experimentally at higher dose levels.
Analysis of simulated upper airway breathing.

Abstract There is substantial disagreement among clinicians concerning the etiologic significance of impaired nasal respiration. Conflicting views concerning the effects of breathing on facial growth suggest the need for a more quantitative approach to this important question. This investigation is the first in a series of studies representing a new direction for objectively assessing airway breathing. A model of the upper airway was used to study air movement under controlled conditions. The specific objectives were to determine the effects of airway size and shape on the aerodynamics of simulated breathing and develop a theoretical basis for predicting when breathing mode will change from nasal to predominantly oral. The following theoretical predictions are made on the basis of data generated from the model: 1. 1. A nasal airway cross-sectional area of less than 0.4 cm 2 may represent an inadequate airway in adults and some mouth breathing would be expected. 2. 2. The amount of adenoid obstruction must be very large to affect airway resistance. However, if airway resistance in the nose is high, large adenoids would present a serious airway problem and cause predominantly mouth breathing. 3. 3. When nasal airway resistance is high, the mouth will open approximately 0.4 to 0.6 cm 2 . This shifts a significant amount of air orally and reduces airway resistance to a normal level. 4. 4. If morphologic changes are caused by airway impairment, other factors such as a large tongue, large tonsils, or a long, draping velum are probably significant contributing factors.
ENHANCING THE INTERPRETATION OF A NORM‐REFERENCED SECOND‐LANGUAGE TEST THROUGH CRITERION‐REFERENCING: A RESEARCH ASSESSMENT OF EXPERIENCE IN THE TOEIC TESTING CONTEXT

This study was undertaken to develop guidelines for making interpretive inferences from scores on the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC), a norm-referenced test of English-language listening comprehension (LC) and reading (R) skills, about level of ability to use English in face-to-face conversation, indexed by performance in the Language Proficiency Interview (LPI) situation. LPI performance, rated according to behaviorally defined levels on the LPI/ILR/FSI quasi-absolute proficiency scale, was treated as a context-independent criterion, using the familiar regression model in an apparently novel application (for such criterion-referencing purposes) in the context of a large-scale ESL-testing program. The study employed TOEIC/LPI data-sets generated during operational ESL assessments in representative TOEIC-use settings (places of work or work-related ESL training) in Japan, France, Mexico, and Saudia Arabia, involving samples of adult, educated ESL users/learners in or preparing for ESL-essential positions with companies engaged in international commerce. The pattern of TOEIC/LPI concurrent correlations was consistent across samples and there was relatively close fit between sample LPI means and estimates from TOEIC scores, especially TOEIC-LC, using combined-sample regression equations. Theoretical and pragmatic implications of the findings are discussed. General guidelines are provided for making inferences about LPI-assessed level of oral English proficiency from TOEIC scores. Directions are suggested for further research and development activities in the TOEIC testing context.
Is it time to pull the plug on the hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy

Psychologists have often categorized human aggression as hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is "hot," impulsive behavior that is motivated by a desire to hurt someone; instrumental aggression is "cold," premeditated behavior used as a means to some other end. This dichotomy was useful to the early development of aggression theories and continues to capture important features of nonhuman aggression, but it has outlived its usefulness as a descriptor of fundamentally different kinds of human aggression. It is confounded with the automatic-controlled information-processing dichotomy, and it fails to consider aggressive acts with multiple motives. Knowledge structure models of aggression easily handle these problems. Taking extreme measures to preserve the hostile-instrumental dichotomy will delay further advances in understanding and controlling human aggression. Therefore, this seems a proper time to "pull the plug" and allow the hostile-instrumental aggression dichotomy a dignified death. Language: en
Tuning breadth and sex-specific sensitivity in chemosensory neurons of male and female Uca pugnax

Chemosensory neurons of female fiddler crabs (genus Uca) display greater sensitivity to mixtures of food-related stimuli than do neurons in males. This phenomenon represents an interesting contrast to other sex-specific systems, which tend to be in response to cues associated with mating and parental care. This study examined the responses of chemosensory neurons in males and females to ten individual stimuli to determine if sex-specific responses were restricted to a few key compounds, or if the heightened sensitivity of females was broadly distributed. Neurons in males and females responded well to all stimuli, and although fiddler crabs are primarily herbivorous, highly efficacious physiological stimulants included amino acids and amines as well as carbohydrates most closely associated with plant material. The chemosensory neurons are characterized by broad tuning and relatively high response thresholds, when compared to other crustaceans. Most importantly, the investigations revealed a robust pattern in which female neurons displayed elevated responses to all stimuli. Tuning breadth was not shown to be sex-specific, nor were there detectable differences in over-all response profiles. The most likely explanation for these patterns is that the broad sex-specificity in Uca is produced via fundamental alterations in cellular properties associated with chemosensory transduction.
Anomalous two-phonon (p,t) transitions in cadmium

Data were obtained for ($p,t$) reactions on ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{112,114,116}$, with ${E}_{p}=27.9$ MeV. The angular distributions for ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={0}^{+} \mathrm{and} {2}^{+}$ two-phonon states differ markedly in phase from zero-and one-phonon transitions. The ratios of cross sections to the ${2}^{+}$ states are systematically an order of magnitude larger than expected from $B(E2)$ ratios. Two-step mechanisms are suggested.
Impact of progressive resistance training on lipids and lipoproteins in adults: another look at a meta-analysis using prediction intervals.

Abstract Objective Given recently developed prediction intervals (PIs) in which a random mean effect for a new study is estimated from meta-analytic data, we used the results from our previously published meta-analysis to calculate PIs for changes in lipids and lipoproteins as a result of progressive resistance training (PRT) in adults. Methods Twenty-nine studies representing 1329 men and women (676 exercise, 653 control) were included. The primary outcomes included total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C,) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG). Separate PIs (95%) were calculated for all lipids and lipoproteins. Results The expected outcomes of a new study on this topic were as follows: TC, − 5.5 (− 24.0, 13.0) mg/dl; HDL-C, 0.7 (− 8.9, 10.4) mg/dl; TC/HDL-C, − 0.5 (− 1.8, 0.8); non-HDL-C, − 8.7 (− 35.7, 18.3) mg/dl; LDL-C, − 6.1 (− 28.9, 16.4) mg/dl; TG, − 8.1 (− 34.5, 18.3) mg/dl. Conclusions Caution may be warranted in recommending that PRT improves TC, HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, non-HDL-C, LDL-C, and TG in adults. Future research should continue to examine the effects of PRT on lipids and lipoproteins in adults so as to determine optimal programs and populations in which PRT may have a positive effect.
Disorder and superconductivity in YBa2Cu3O7−δ/GdBa2Cu3O7-δ superlattices

Abstract The structure of c oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ /GdBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ superlattices is analyzed throug refinement of the X-ray diffraction spectrum. This novel technique, similar in spirit to the well known Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray diffraction spectra, allows quantitative determination of the interfacial roughness. The results show that for these superlattices the roughness consists in step disorder of one unit cell around the average thickness of the layer and interdiffusion of 15 to 25% between the Y and Gd sites within one unit cell from the interface.
Modeling foundation species in food webs

Foundation species are basal species that play an important role in determining community composition by physically structuring ecosystems and modulating ecosystem processes. Foundation species largely operate via non-trophic interactions, presenting a challenge to incorporating them into food web models. Here, we used non-linear, bioenergetic predator-prey models to explore the role of foundation species and their non-trophic effects. We explored four types of models in which the foundation species reduced the metabolic rates of species in a specific trophic position. We examined the outcomes of each of these models for six metabolic rate “treatments” in which the foundation species altered the metabolic rates of associated species by one-tenth to ten times their allometric baseline metabolic rates. For each model simulation, we looked at how foundation species influenced food web structure during community assembly and the subsequent change in food web structure when the foundation species was removed. When a foundation species lowered the metabolic rate of only basal species, the resultant webs were complex, species-rich, and robust to foundation species removals. On the other hand, when a foundation species lowered the metabolic rate of only consumer species, all species, or no species, the resultant webs were species-poor and the subsequent removal of the foundation species resulted in the further loss of species and complexity. This suggests that in nature we should look for foundation species to predominantly facilitate basal species.
Effect of detergents on the enzyme activities of the rat liver plasma membrane.

Abstract The anionic detergents sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Alipal CO-433 and the non-ionic detergent Trition X-100 at concentrations of 0.02–0.10% cause a more rapid solubilization of phospholipid than proteins in isolated rat liver plasma membranes. All three detergents cause an increase in membrane turbidity at low detergent concentration (0.01–0.04%) but then decrease the turbidity at higher detergent concentration (0.04–0.10%). Each detergent gives a characteristic turbidity-detergent concentration profile which is pH dependent. The activities of the membrane-bound enzymes Mg2+ ATPase, 5′-nucleotidase and acid and aklaline phosphatase were influenced by each detergent to a different extent. Each enzyme gave a characteristic activity-detergent concentration profile. Mg2+ ATPase was inhibited by all detergents. 5′-Nucleotidase was stimulated by Triton and Alipal but inhibited by SDS. Alkaline phosphatase was stimulated by Alipal and SDS and not influenced by Triton. Acid phosphatase was stimulated by Triton and inhibited by Alipal and SDS. 56% of the total membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase and 23% of the total membrane-bound 5′-nucleotidase was solubilized in an active form by 0.06% and 0.05% SDS respectively.
Waves and Electrons Traveling Together A Comparison between Traveling Wave Tubes and Linear Accelerators

A general theory is needed that would include both extreme cases of traveling wave amplitiers and linear accelerators without introducing any restriction on the magnitudes of either fields or space charge. A special case is given as an example and represents a curious sort of electromagnetic shock waves.
Natural premature protein synthesis termination can be reduced in Escherichia coli by decreased translation rates.

Peptidyl tRNA hydrolase is an essential enzyme for normal growth inasmuch as a mutant strain of Escherichia coli with a temperature-sensitive hydrolase cannot continue protein synthesis at the non-permissive temperature. In the absence of hydrolase peptidyl tRNA rapidly accumulates. Why peptidyl tRNA should be formed is the subject of this report. The rapid rate of protein synthesis is likely one mechanism of formation of peptidyl tRNA. A strA mutant of the hydrolase (pth-1) mutant strain that has a 40% reduction in amino acid polymerization rate can grow at 42° C. StrA mutants with normal polymerization rates, however, cannot grow at 42° C when pth-1 is present. Furthermore, addition of low levels of chloramphenicol (2–4 μg/ml) but not several other tested drugs, phenotypically suppressed pth-1 at 42° C. Chloramphenicol, at these concentrations, was found to reduce the amino acid polymerization rate 30–40%. On the other hand, no evidence could be found that amino acyl tRNA selection errors are incorporated into pseudo revertants of the pth-1 strain.
Use of Guidelines in the Management of Patients With Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a leading cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide, especially among the elderly. While there are many forms of glaucoma, there are 2 major groups: ‘open-angle’ (OAG) and ‘angle closure’. The latter is now successfully treated by laser iridotomy. The former, OAG, is a chronic condition that accounts for the majority of glaucomas in developed countries. For both major groups of glaucoma, different management guidelines exist.
Loss of Intraspecific Aggression in the Success of a Widespread Invasive Social Insect

Despite the innumerable ecological problems and large economic costs associated with biological invasions, the proximate causes of invasion success are often poorly understood. Here, evidence is provided that reduced intraspecific aggression and the concomitant abandonment of territorial behavior unique to introduced populations of the Argentine ant contribute to the elevated population densities directly responsible for its widespread success as an invader. In the laboratory, nonaggressive pairs of colonies experienced lower mortality and greater foraging activity relative to aggressive pairs. These differences translated into higher rates of resource retrieval, greater brood production, and larger worker populations.
Interleukin-12 treatment restores normal resistance to bacterial challenge after burn injury

Background. Preliminary studies in this laboratory have shown that treatment with interleukin-12 (IL-12), a cytokine that induces expression of the T-helper-1 lymphocyte phenotype, in an animal model of burn injury increased survival after a septic challenge. The purpose of this study was to define the efficacy of IL-12 therapy and to explore its mechanism of action. Methods. Adult male A/J mice were subjected to 25% full-thickness scald or sham burn. Starting on day 3 after burn, groups of mice received five daily injections of IL-12, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), or saline solution. Some animals received anti-IFN-γ monoclonal antibody. At day 10 most animals underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and were observed for survival. Some animals were killed at day 10, and CD4-enriched splenocytes were stimulated with anti-CD3 antibody or concanavalin A and were studied for cytokine production and mRNA expression. Result. IL-12 treatment, 25 ng daily for 5 days, increased survival of the burn group after CLP to that of the sham burn control group. Anti-IFN-γ antibody, 500 μg, administered 1 day before IL-12 treatment, reduced the efficacy of IL-12. IFN-γ treatment, 7000 units, moderately increased survival. IL-12 had no effect on survival of the sham burn group. At the time of CLP IL-12 therapy had induced a marked decrease in CD4+ lymphocyte IL-4 and a moderate increase in IFN-γ production and mRNA expression without affecting IL-2. Conclusions. IL-12 is the most effective therapy so far tested in this burn plus CLP model. It acts at least in part through IFN-γ. However, IFN-γ therapy was not as effective IL-12.
Isotopic composition of primordial helium in carbonaceous chondrites

Abstract The He 3 He 4 ratio of primordial He in carbonaceous chondrites varies with the Ne 20 Ne 22 ratio, according to the relation: He 3 He 4 = (6.87 ± 0.72) × 10 −5 ( Ne 20 Ne 22 ) − (4.38 ± 0.76) × 10 −4 . Apparently primordial He, like Ne, consists of at least two distinct components, of He 3 He 4 = (1.25 ± 0.76) × 10 −4 and (4.20 ± 0.76) × 10−4.
Integrating culture and community into environmental policy: community tradition and farm size in conservation decision making

Community research by anthropologists and sociologists details the effects that centralization of decision making has on local communities. As governance and regulation move toward global scales, conservation policy has devolved to the local levels, creating tensions in resource management and protection. Centralization without local participation can place communities at risk by eroding the environmental knowledge and decision making capacity of local people. Environmental problems such as water quality impairments require perception, interpretation, and ability to act locally. Through a presentation of findings from farm communities in the Sugar Creek Watershed (Northeast Ohio, USA), this paper examines tradition, social scale, and land use among Anabaptist and other farm households, and refocuses on-farm conversation away from conventional individual metric-based studies and toward a systems approach. This new approach frames conservation behavior in a socio-cultural system that is influenced by tradition in on-farm decision making. Data from four subwatersheds are used to probe the effects of these variables on conservation adoption, explore the optimal farm size concept, and discus the roles of tradition and local and non-local knowledge in sustainability.
Anisotropic electrical conductivity of the solid electrolyte Rb 4 Cu 9 Cl 13

Results of measurements of electrical conductivity of single crystals of ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{9}$${\mathrm{Cl}}_{13}$ (space group R3\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}c) confirm the proposed structural model for ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{+}$ ion conduction. The work on ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{9}$${\mathrm{Cl}}_{13}$ shows that considerations of the crystal structure of solid electrolytes can, in some cases, lead to quantitative predictions of the relative directional conductivities. The principle conductivities perpendicular and parallel to the 3\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} axis are ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{1}$=5.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{3}$=3.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, respectively, at 300 K. At 420 K, the values are ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{1}$=4.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{3}$=2.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. Previously, based on the pathways through the crystal, the ratio of the principle conductivities ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{3}$/${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{1}$ was predicted to be near 0.4. The measured ratio is near 0.5 over the entire measured temperature range. The enthalpies of activation of motion are 0.21 and 0.20 eV, perpendicular and parallel to the 3\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} axis, respectively. The average conductivities calculated from the measured anisotropic conductivities are \ensuremath{\sim}10% higher than the analogous measured conductivities of polycrystalline samples.
ACTH and the corticosteroids in themanagement of allergic disorders in children

Summary The steroids and ACTH have become extremelyhelpful adjuncts in the management of allergic disorders in children. Although the exact mode of action of the steroids remains obscure, there is sufficient knowledge of these hormones' physiopharmacologic effects to provide a rational basis for their administration. They should always be administered while the patient is under strict surveillance and be reserved for those patients who have failed to respond to orthodox allergic management.
Hugh E. Huxley: birth of the filament sliding model of muscle contraction

Hugh E. Huxley used a combination of X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy to define the structural basis for muscle contraction. He developed the entirely new concept of movement based on the relative motion of two elongated protein polymers powered by the action of independent molecular motors. The concept applies to a large number of cell motility mechanisms.
Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry of Birds: an Examination of Excised Skeletal Specimens

The ability of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to measure bone mineral content and density of bird bones has received little attention. This paper represents the first comprehensive study of the methods, precision, and reproducibility of DXA (GE-Lunar DPX-L) for the uniquely shaped, thin and pneumatic bones of birds. Skeletal elements and portions represented by 26 regions of interest (ROIs) are presented and evaluated for the gallinaceous bird species, wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) and bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Using Lunar small animal software and the methods described in this paper, photodensitometry of bird bones is possible and opens new opportunities for using birds in clinical models in veterinarian science, osteoporosis studies, space biology, and even archaeological and paleontological research.
Tunable Assembly of Peptide-coated Gold Nanoparticles

The interaction between peptides and gold surfaces has increasingly been of interest for bionanotechnology applications. To more fully understand how to control such interactions, we have studied the optical properties of peptide-modified gold nanoparticles as a function of peptide composition, pH of the surrounding medium, and peptide concentration. We show using localized surface plasmon resonance, transmission electron microscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) that selected “gold-binding peptides” (GBPs), similar to those isolated for binding to gold films using yeast display, can bind to gold nanoparticles at a variety of pHs. Peptide modifications of nanoparticles can lead to irreversible particle aggregation when the pH of the solution is kept below the isoelectric point (pI) of the peptide. However, at pHs above the peptide’s pI, particles remain stable in solution, and peptides remain bound to the particles possibly through amine coordination of gold. Additionally, we demonstrate the potential in using SERS for the direct detection of GBPs on gold-silica nanoshells, eliminating the need for indirect labeling methods.
Impact of intrauterine tobacco exposure on fetal telomere length

Objective We sought to investigate whether maternal smoking during pregnancy affects telomere length of the fetus. Study Design Pregnant women were recruited on hospital admission at delivery. A self-report questionnaire and salivary cotinine test were used to confirm tobacco exposure. Neonatal umbilical cord blood samples were collected, and genomic DNA was isolated from cord blood leukocytes and was analyzed for fetal telomere length based on quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A ratio of relative telomere length was determined by telomere repeat copy number and single copy gene copy number (T/S ratio) and used to compare the telomere length of active, passive, and nonsmokers. Bootstrap and analysis of variance statistical methods were used to evaluate the relationship between prenatal smoking status and fetal telomere length. Results Of the 86 women who were included in this study, approximately 69.8% of the participants were covered by Medicaid, and 55.8% of the participants were black or Hispanic. The overall mean T/S ratio was 0.8608 ± 1.0442. We noted an inverse relationship between smoking and fetal telomere length in a dose-response pattern (T/S ratio of nonsmokers that was more than passive smokers that was more than active smokers). Telomere length was significantly different for each pairwise comparison, and the greatest difference was between active and nonsmokers. Conclusion Our results provide the first evidence to demonstrate a positive association between shortened fetal telomere length and smoking during pregnancy. Our findings suggest the possibility of early intrauterine programming for accelerated aging that is the result of tobacco exposure.
Rent‐Seeking and U.S. Corporate Income Tax Laws*

. Rent-seeking by U.S. corporations, through tax accounting rules, is examined with respect to tax law changes in the 1980s. Results are supportive of theory. Campaign contributions by firms' Political Action Committees (and by their officers, directors, and employees) to tax-writing members of Congress, prior to two tax law changes, are functions of industry concentration and anticipated (specific) tax accounting rule changes, the latter were drawn from footnotes of firms' financial statements. Other uses of the data for financial accounting research are discussed. Resume. Les auteurs se penchent sur le cas des societes qui, aux Etats-Unis, cherchent a promouvoir leurs propres interets, en s'efforcant d'influer sur le contenu des regles de comptabilite fiscale, relativement aux modifications qui ont ete apportees a la loi fiscale dans les annees 80. Les resultats obtenus confirment la theorie. Les contributions versees aux campagnes par les comites d'action politique des entreprises (et par leurs dirigeants, leurs administrateurs et leurs employes) aux membres du Congres responsables de l'elaboration de la loi fiscale, avant les deux modifications apportees a cette loi, sont fonction de la concentration sectorielle et des changements anticipes dans l'apport de modifications (precises) des regles de comptabilite fiscale. Les mesures de cet apport ont ete tirees des notes aux etats financiers des entreprises. Les auteurs etudient d'autres usages possibles des donnees recueillies aux fins de la recherche en comptabilite financiere.
Nerve growth factor receptors in rat spinal cord: An autoradiographic and immunohistochemical study

The distribution of nerve growth factor receptors in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat was studied with autoradiographic and immunohistochemical techniques: [125I]nerve growth factor and specific monoclonal antibody (Mab 192) against nerve growth factor receptor were used to localize nerve growth factor binding sites. The distributions of nerve growth factor binding sites with highest density within the superficial layers (laminae I and II) of the dorsal gray matter were virtually identical as demonstrated by these two ligands; this suggests that Mab 192 can be used as a specific probe to identify nerve growth factor receptors in rat nervous system. Nerve growth factor receptor binding sites, as demonstrated by autoradiography, were also found in longitudinal bundles of fibers running dorsolaterally in the lateral funiculus. However, no immunoreactivity was detected in these areas by immunohistochemistry. No specific binding was found in the dorsal horn when [125I]nerve growth factor was co-injected with unlabeled nerve growth factor or after incubation with nonspecific monoclonal antibody. Dorsal root section produced a complete loss of nerve growth factor-specific labeling pattern throughout laminae I-II of the spinal cord. This suggests that nerve growth factor receptors are localized on the nerve terminals of primary afferent fibers which synapse in the region of the spinal cord. The presence of nerve growth factor binding sites in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord is consistent with the possibility that nerve growth factor, or a nerve growth factor-like substance, derived from the central nervous system, may have a role in trophic support of dorsal root ganglion neurons.
Between Scylla and Charybdis: Designing, Implementing, and Assessing Innovations in the Annual PSA Meetings

For the 2013 meeting cycle, the Pacific Sociological Association (PSA) implemented subtle but important changes in the processes by which the program is constituted – centralizing the processes of review and assignment, and making distinctions between presentation types. Those changes, the product of several years of discussions, were designed to address member concerns about the uneven quality of presentations, as well as shifts in membership composition which had led to a predominance of student members and a shrinking proportion of faculty members from doctoral-granting institutions. The changes were intended to increase the overall quality of presentations (and reestablish PSA’s reputation as a venue for disciplinary leading research) while retaining the programmatic diversity and culture of inclusion so valued by PSA members. Assessment of annual member survey data suggests that members across all membership components evaluated the changes positively. Specific patterns suggest that while the creation of research-in-progress sessions was seen as an inclusionary change, the centralization of program development processes was seen as exclusionary. We discuss the implications of the data for considering the contemporary role of regional sociological associations.
Spontaneous symmetry breaking for zero mass

Abstract We investigate spontaneous symmetry breaking of a zero mass free Lagrangian within a functional formalism. We find that the boundary conditions of field solutions are responsible for the spontaneous symmetry breaking and this can be incorporated naturally in a functional method.
Simulation analysis of a pitch trim actuator

This paper describes the architecture and modeling of a pitch trim actuator servo drive system designed by Woodward Inc. for a typical midsize business jet aircraft. The PTA system provides secondary pitch control by adjusting a set of trim tabs located on the trailing edge of the elevator surface. Trim tab commands are issued by the trim wheel or the trim switches located on the control stick in the cockpit. Thrust compensation commands and flap position commands may also be sent by the flight computer directly to the PTA system for appropriate pitch corrections. The solution consists of a linear actuator and two electronic control units. Simulation results are presented that demonstrate the accuracy and dynamic performance of the speed control system.
Applications of thermally reversible polymers and hydrogels in therapeutics and diagnostics

Abstract Polymers and hydrogels have been synthesized which phase separate from aqueous solutions when the temperature is raised through a critical temperature region (LCST). These polymeric systems may be used for the delivery or removal of drugs or other selected molecules and biomolecules. Enzymes immobilized on LCST polymers or within LCST hydrogels may be used in diagnostic assays, biochemical processes or in therapeutics for physiological conditions associated with temperature changes. Antibodies and other binding ligands may also be immobilized on LCST polymers or within LCST hydrogels for therapeutic, diagnostic or separation purposes. This paper describes our ongoing work on these interesting polymers and hydrogels.
Unified Description of Aging and Rate Effects in Yield of Glassy Solids

The competing effects of slow structural relaxations (aging) and deformation at constant strain rate on the shear yield stress ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{y}$ of simple model glasses are examined using molecular simulations. At long times, aging leads to a logarithmic increase in density and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{y}$. The yield stress also rises logarithmically with rate but shows a sharp transition in slope at a rate that decreases with increasing age. We present a simple phenomenological model that includes both intrinsic rate dependence and the change in properties with the total age of the system at yield. As predicted by the model, all data for each temperature collapse onto a universal curve.
Chilean glacial chronology 20,000 to 11,000 carbon-14 years ago: some global comparisons.

Chilean glaciers at a latitude of 41°S reached a maximum extent about 19,400 carbon-14 years before the present (B. P.), shrank 50 percent by 16,000 years B. P., and readvanced to a smaller maximum after 14,800 years B. P. These fluctuations were closely in step with those of the Laurentide ice sheet east of the Mississippi River but differ somewhat from the accepted sequence in New Zealand. A corresponding pattern is not apparent in the Antarctic paleotemperature curve deduced from changes in oxygen isotope ratios.