cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive stream resource management using Kalman Filters

To answer user queries efficiently, a stream management system must handle continuous, high-volume, possibly noisy, and time-varying data streams. One major research area in stream management seeks to allocate resources (such as network bandwidth and memory) to query plans, either to minimize resource usage under a precision requirement, or to maximize precision of results under resource constraints. To date, many solutions have been proposed; however, most solutions are ad hoc with hard-coded heuristics to generate query plans. In contrast, we perceive stream resource management as fundamentally a filtering problem, in which the objective is to filter out as much data as possible to conserve resources, provided that the precision standards can be met. We select the Kalman Filter as a general and adaptive filtering solution for conserving resources. The Kalman Filter has the ability to adapt to various stream characteristics, sensor noise, and time variance. Furthermore, we realize a significant performance boost by switching from traditional methods of caching static data (which can soon become stale) to our method of caching dynamic procedures that can predict data reliably at the server without the clients' involvement. In this work we focus on minimization of communication overhead for both synthetic and real-world streams. Through examples and empirical studies, we demonstrate the flexibility and effectiveness of using the Kalman Filter as a solution for managing trade-offs between precision of results and resources in satisfying stream queries.
Hymenolepis microstoma: Correlation of histopathological host response and organ hypertrophy

Abstract The histological host response of female CF-1 mice to Hymenolepis microstoma involves dramatic changes in the host's bile duct and liver. These changes are similar to those described by previous investigators using different strains of mice. The histological changes which occur in bile duct and liver tissues of female CF-1 mice are accompanied by a significant hypertrophy of these organs; the wet weights of the bile duct and liver increase almost 2000 and 50%, respectively, in infected mice. No significant histopathological changes are found in the spleen or small intestine tissues of infected mice, yet the wet weight of both of these organs increases almost 100%. The magnitude of the histopathological changes which occur in the bile duct could possibly account for the increase in wet weight, i.e., there is significant fibrosis, but the histological changes in the liver, spleen, and small intestine do not appear to be of sufficient magnitude to account for the increases in wet weight.
Balloon tamponade for the treatment of inadvertent subclavian arterial catheter placement.

Abbreviations: CFA common femoral artery, SCA subclavian artery THE routine placement of central venous access devices using bony landmarks is cost-effective and safe. Complications from “blind” subclavian vein access are uncommon, but they can occur and include pneumothorax, accidental puncture of the subclavian artery (SCA) with or without subsequent catheter placement, arteriovenous fistula formation, pseudoaneurysm formation, and “pinch-off syndrome” (1,2). Inadvertent catheterization of the SCA has been classically treated in one of two ways: (i) surgical catheter removal with repair of the arterial injury and (ii) uncontrolled catheter removal with simultaneous external compression. We relate our experience with a simple technique previously described for the controlled removal of inadvertently placed SCA catheters by endovascular balloon tamponade.
Design and analysis of techniques for mapping virtual networks to software-defined network substrates

Abstract Software-defined networking has emerged as a powerful approach to improve the customizability and flexibility of networks. In this work, we focus on virtualization in the realm of software-defined networking, and study how to embed virtual networks in this environment. Virtual network embedding is an important problem because intelligent embedding can lead to better performance and a more efficient allocation of network resources compared to random mapping. In software-defined networking, the presence of a central controller is a complicating factor, and customizable routing and differences in resource sharing present new opportunities and challenges. We identify two aspects of virtual network embedding in software-defined networks: virtual node and link mapping, and controller placement. We tackle these problems together, developing techniques to perform embedding with two goals: balancing the load on the substrate network and minimizing controller-to-switch delays. We evaluate our techniques with simulation and Mininet emulation, and show that they are able to optimize for one of the above objectives while keeping the other within reasonable bounds.
Rigid-Body Parameters for Molecular Docking Applications

In mechanisms and robotics it is common to describe motions relative to a ground link, or robot base, and the position and orientation of the distal link (or robot hand) is viewed as a rigid-body motion relative to this fixed world frame. Assessing preferred relative rigid-body position and orientation in interacting biomolecules (such as proteins) often uses this approach as well by artificially calling one molecule the ground, and considering the motions of another molecule relative to it. But since both molecules are floating, it is not as natural to take this perspective as it is in the field of mechanisms and robotics. Therefore, this paper introduces a ‘symmetrical’ parameterization of relative biomolecular motions in which the structure of the equations is the same when each molecule views the other. In this way, there is no bias in terms of labeling one molecule as being fixed and the other as moving. The properties of this new parameterization are evaluated and compared with traditional ones known to the kinematics community.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
A new approach for random key pre‐distribution in large‐scale wireless sensor networks

Summary In a wireless sensor network (WSN), pre-distribution of secret keys is possibly the most practical approach to protect network communications. To meet the stringent resource constraints of the sensor nodes, key pre-distribution schemes should be highly efficient, require as little storage space as possible, and at the same time, maintain a strong security strength, that is, high resilience against node capture. In this paper, a new approach for random key predistribution is proposed to achieve both efficiency and security goals. The novelty of this approach lies in that, instead of using a key pool consisting of random keys, a key generation technique is carefully designed such that a large number of random keys can be represented by a small number of key-generation keys. Then, instead of storing a big number of random keys, each sensor node stores a small number of key-generation keys while computing the shared secret keys during the bootstrapping phase on the fly using the computationally efficient hash function. The proposed scheme outperforms the previous random key pre-distribution schemes in that it reduces the storage requirement significantly while holding the comparable security strength, as shown by our thorough analysis and simulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dwelling within political violence: Palestinian women's narratives of home, mental health, and resilience.

Abstract Political violence is increasingly played out within everyday civilian environments, particularly family homes. Yet, within the literature on political violence and mental health, the role of threats to home remains under-explored. Using focus group data from 32 Palestinian women, this paper explores the implications of violations to the home within political violence. Threats to the privacy, control, and constancy of the family home – key dimensions of ontological security (Giddens, 1990) emerged as central themes in women’s narratives. Surveillance, home invasions, and actual or threatened destruction of women’s home environments provoked fear, anxiety, grief, humiliation, and helplessness, particularly as women struggled to protect their children. Women also described how they mobilized the home for economic, familial and cultural survival. Study findings illuminate the impact of threats to intimate environments on the well-being of women and their families living with chronic political violence, and underscore the importance of attention to violations of place and home in research on civilian experiences of and responses to political violence.
Preparation and some properties of isolated beating myocytes from adult rabbit heart

We have developed a convenient and simple technique for the preparation of isolated beating myocytes from adult rabbit heart. The suspension obtained, about 80% of heart weight, consists of well preserved beating myocardial cells with a viability of 80 to 90%. Isolated rabbit heart myocytes take up oxygen at a rate of 29±2 μmol/h/100 mg dry wt. Respiration is remarkably stimulated by glucose and various other substrates and appears to be coupled to phosphorylation as indicated by the use of inhibitors and uncouplers. In addition, isolated rabbit heart myocytes show a marked Pasteur effect, glycolysis being ten-fold stimulated under anaerobic conditions. The relations between metabolic activity and cell contraction are reported and briefly discussed.
Preparing for the early years of the Large Hadron Collider

The early years of the LHC will be ones of great challenge. I review some of the main issues I believe that all high-energy theorists, including string theorists, should be aware of.
Corporate Control and Capitalism: Reply

In commenting, by prearrangement, on my piece in the February Journal, Adolph Berle and Carl Kaysen widened somewhat the area of discussion; and in responding to Editor Smithies' invitation to reply, I shall do likewise.' My theme was the considerable package of implications, some pretty broad, that Berle and others have drawn from changes in the internal control of corporations, and my argument was that both changes and effects have been greatly exaggerated, especially in their bearing on the general operation of firms and the economy. In this argument I avoided discussing the larger control which operates outside the firm, through markets and otherwise, except as it bore directly on my theme, and similarly I avoided any fuller treatment of the economics of the firm. But ways of thinking about the firm and the economy were implicit in my argument, and it is well to state them affirmatively for any further significance they may have, connecting them with Berle's and Kaysen's observations in these areas. Behind my article was the conviction that our larger conceptions of the economy are of consequence. Economists devote more effort to writing books and articles for each other to read than for a wider audience, but in either case the pedagogic aspect is important, as well as the scientific. What is written molds the understanding of oncoming economists, affects the thinking of scholars outside of economics as well as in, and gradually influences the minds of editors, legislators, and others. It may be, as Keynes wrote, that "madmen in authority . . . are distilling their frenzy from some academic scribbler." A just view of current capitalism and its constituent elements is more to be sought than a novel or a dramatic view; and some of the writing in the area vaguely called "managerialism" seemed in need of sober appraisal. What follows fits into the general observation that the economy as a whole, the industry and market, and the individual firm are not really separate matters for analysis, but clear thinking and exposition require an integrated and harmonious handling of them. In comparing economic systems our own and Russia's, for instance -we ordinarily stress certain essentials of all systems, particularly
Control of Multiproduct Bulk Service Diffusion/Oxidation Processes

This paper demonstrates how knowledge of future arrivals can be used to control bulk service diffusion and oxidation processes. The objective of the research reported herein is to reduce the average time that lots spend waiting to be processed. A review of the current literature reveals that several researchers have dealt with the control of bulk service queueing systems; however, only one has addressed the use of knowledge of future arrivals and it only considered the case of a single product and a single server. This research reexamines the single product-single server case, and men explores the multiple products-single server case. For both cases, a control strategy is devised and evaluated through the use of systems simulation. The steady-state performance of each control strategy is then compared to the steady-state performance of the theoretical optimal control strategy not considering the timing of any future arrivals (i.e. a Minimum Batch Size strategy). The experimental results indicate that the ...
Renormalization group and the infrared behavior of gauge theories

This paper discusses the application of renormalization-group techniques to the study of the near-mass-shell behavior in gauge theories with fermions. We critically review past work for the Abelian theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED), and also summarize what is known from perturbative analysis. We reformulate the renormalization-group equation in a way which is acceptable to the infrared region and discuss the subsidiary requirements necessary to obtain useful results from this equation. Our analysis is cast in a framework which avoids any dependence on the simple group structure of QED and is thus suitable for generalization to the non-Abelian case. A full discussion of that case is reserved for a later paper, but we present here some discussion of the differences which arise and the modifications which they necessitate in our analysis.
Ca2+, histamine antagonists and relaxation to electrical impulses in dog coronary artery.

Abstract Isolated dog coronary arteries relax in response to electrical stimulation (0.1–8.0 Hz, 9 V, 1.0 ms) following contraction induced by serotonin. Cimetidine, metiamide and ranitidine inhibited this relaxation. The relaxation was not blocked by pyrilamine. Reducing the concentration of Ca + (0.1 mM) decreased the rate of relaxation whereas relaxation was more rapid when the Ca 2+ concentration was increased (3.2 mM). These results suggest that relaxation to electrical stimulation is modulated by Ca 2+ and by the H 2 -subclass of histamine receptors.
β-lactams against emerging ‘superbugs’: progress and pitfalls

Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents is an ever-growing problem. So-called ‘superbugs’, such as multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa harboring multiple resistance determinants, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases, carbapenemases, efflux pumps and downregulated outer-membrane proteins or porins, are becoming more prevalent in hospital, intensive and long-term care settings. Enterobacteriaceae are also acquiring a myriad of β-lactamases, such as class A and D carbapenemases, and plasmid-borne class C cephalosporinases. Gram-positive superbugs, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-intermediate or heteroglycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant S. aureus and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP), are problematic pathogens, both in the hospital and in the community (e.g., community-acquired MRSA and PRSP). β-lactam antibiotics remain among the most effective and safest anti-infectives in use, altho...
Parallel and perpendicular hole transport in heterostructures with high AlAs mole‐fraction barriers

The potential advantages of high‐barrier quantum well structures for p‐channel field‐effect transistors are investigated in measurements of parallel and perpendicular hole transport in high AlAs mole fraction heterostructures. The hole mobility in GaAs and (In,Ga)As quantum wells confined by (Al,Ga)As barriers and current‐voltage characteristics of metal‐(Al,Ga)As/GaAs diodes are examined in structures with AlAs mole fractions as high as 0.85. Hole mobilities of nearly 5000 cm2/V s with a density of 1.0×1012 cm−2 are obtained at 77 K and reductions in perpendicular currents by several orders‐of‐magnitude are obtained at 300 and 77 K.
The boundaries of urban metabolism Towards a political–industrial ecology

This paper considers the limits and potential of ‘urban metabolism’ to conceptualize city processes. Three ‘ecologies’ of urban metabolism haveemerged. Eachprivilegesa particular dimension of urban space, shaped by epistemology, politics, and model-making. Marxist ecologies theorize urban metabolism as hybridized socionatures that (re)produce uneven outcomes; industrial ecology, as stocks and flows of materials and energy; and urbanecology,ascomplexsocio-ecologicalsystems.Wedemarcatethesescholarlyislandsthroughbibliometric analysis and literature review, and draw on cross-domain mapping theory to unveil how the metaphor has becomestagnantineach.Toreinvigoratethisresearch,thepaperproposesthedevelopmentofpolitical–industrial ecology, using urban metabolism as a boundary metaphor.
The discrete wavelet transform and the scale analysis of the surface properties of sea ice

The formalism of the one-dimensional discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based on Daubechies wavelet filters is outlined in terms of finite vectors and matrices. Both the scale-dependent wavelet variance and wavelet covariance are considered and confidence intervals for each are determined. The variance estimates are more accurately determined with a maximal-overlap version of the wavelet transform. The properties of several Daubechies wavelet filters and the associated basis vectors are discussed. Both the Mallat orthogonal-pyramid algorithm for determining the DWT and a pyramid algorithm for determining the maximal-overlap version of the transform are presented in terms of finite vectors. As an example, the authors investigate the scales of variability of the surface temperature and albedo of spring pack ice in the Beaufort Sea. The data analyzed are from individual lines of a Landsat TM image (25-m sample interval) and include both reflective (channel 3, 30-m resolution) and thermal (channel 6, 120-m resolution) data. The wavelet variance and covariance estimates are presented and more than half of the variance is accounted for by scales of less than 800 m. A wavelet-based technique for enhancing the lower-resolution thermal data using the reflected data is introduced. The simulated effects of poor instrument resolution on the estimated lead number density and the mean lead width are investigated using a wavelet-based smooth of the observations.
Design options and analysis of variable gravity systems in space

Design options for tethered systems which can produce a variable gravity living environment in space are discussed. Parameters of rotating systems are reviewed, and early studies of rotating systems are recalled. Artificial gravity configurations are shown and their individual advantages and disadvantages are examined.
True and Apparent Retention of Nutrients in Hamburger Patties Made from Beef or Beef Extended with Three Different Soy Proteins

Hamburger patties containing all beef or beef extended (20% reconstituted soy product, 80% beef) with soy isolate, soy concentrate or textured soy flour, or beef extended with one of the three soy products fortified with iron (60 mg/100g soy protein) and zinc (25 mg/100g soy protein), were analyzed in both the raw and cooked states for moisture, protein, fat, Ca, P, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn. The percent true nutrient retentions (% TR) and percent apparent nutrient retentions (% AR) were calculated. The % TR was not significantly different for any of the patties for protein, fat, total ash, Ca, or Cu. The % TR of moisture decreased as the refinement of the soy added to the patties increased. The % AR was higher than the % TR for all nutrients examined.
Constraints on the composition of the Venus atmosphere from microwave measurements near 1.35 cm wavelength

The determination of the brightness temperature of Venus near 1.35 cm wavelength is reviewed. The observed brightness temperature is compared with models for the microwave emission based on the physical and chemical structure of the atmosphere as obtained from spacecraft. Upper limits are set on the concentrations of microwave-absorbing minor constituents. In particular, upper limits are determined for SO2 (180 ppm) and H2O (0.3%) for a mixing-ratio profile that is uniformly mixed up to the cloud bottom at 50 km and is rapidly depleted (scale height, approximately 1 km) at higher altitudes. The total optical depth of the cloud region at or above 50 km is less than 0.17 at 1.35 cm wavelength. The SO2 upper limit is only in marginal agreement with the spacecraft results, and it may be that the latter have been overestimated, or that the distribution of SO2 is more complex than given by the uniform mixing model.
Analysis Of A Cassegrain Solar Furnace

AbstractA solar furnace consisting of a paraboloid of revolution which tracks the sun andreflects radiation to a hyperboloid of revolution having a common focus with the paraboloidis analyzed to determine the concentration available, using various eccentricities. Thehyperboloid, in turn, reflects radiation to a focal plane placed at various distances fromthe vertex of the paraboloid. The ideal concentration is determined using the largestradius of all the rays from the sun falling on the paraboloid, this radius being the dis-tance from the pierce point of the ray, in the focal plane, to the hyperboloid focal point.The concentrations can be augmented using a compound paraboloidal concentrator, and theideal augmented concentration is developed for various combinations of eccentricity andvertex distances. The effect of scattering angles for the paraboloid and hyperboloid onthe ideal concentration is shown separately and jointly.IntroductionFigure 1 shows a schematic view of the problem to be considered. The paraboloid tracksthe sun, and the sun's image, having a half angle a /2, is reflected from the paraboloidalsurface to the hyperboloid surface, and then re- refllected to the focal plane.Three dimensional ray tracing shows that the r from the right limb for the view inFigure 1 gives the largest radius for its pierce point of all rays coming from the sun.
Phosphorylation of Calcium Calmodulin—Dependent Protein Kinase II following Lateral Fluid Percussion Brain Injury in Rats

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can dramatically increase levels of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). One consequence of increased [Ca2+]i would be altered activity and function of calcium-regulated proteins, including calcium-calmodulin–dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), which is autophosphorylated on Thr286(pCaMKII286) in the presence of calcium and calmodulin. Therefore, we hypothesized that TBI would result in increased levels of pCaMKII286, and that such increases would occur early after injury in brain regions known to be damaged following lateral fluid percussion TBI (i.e., hippocampus and cortex). In order to test this hypothesis, immunostaining of CaMKII was examined in rat hippocampus and cortex after lateral fluid percussion (LFP) injury using an antibody directed against pCaMKII286. LFP injury produced a marked increase in pCaMKII286 immunostaining in the hippocampus and overlying cortex 30 min after TBI. The pattern of increased immunostaining was uneven, and unexpectedly absent in some hippoc...
Immunosuppression Therapy for Pediatric Heart Transplantation

Outcomes following cardiac transplantation in childhood continue to improve. Advances in immunosuppressive therapy over the past two decades likely have contributed to this trend. The evolution in the management of immunosuppression in children has been based on clinical experience rather than on evidence-based medicine; indeed, there have been no pivotal randomized controlled trials of any form of immunosuppression in pediatric thoracic transplantation. Important trends in immunosuppressive therapy and transplant outcomes have been obtained from large transplant registries. Several trends have been identified since the last review of this topic in this journal. First, there is increased knowledge of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressive drugs in children, with notable advances in the field of pharmacogenomics. These studies help explain individual variations in drug exposure, efficacy, and adverse events. They also help explain racial and ethnic variations in drug metabolism and efficacy. Second, there have been clear trends in the use of specific immunosuppressive medications. Use of induction therapy, especially polyclonal T cell–depleting antibody preparations, has increased significantly in recent years. The calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) tacrolimus is being used as the cornerstone of maintenance therapy in lieu of cyclosporine in more and more centers. Mounting evidence suggests that use of adjunctive agents (notably mycophenolate mofetil [MMF]) may improve outcomes, including survival, suggesting that monotherapy with CNIs is not the ideal maintenance therapy. Despite its increased cost, MMF has largely replaced azathioprine as the adjunctive agent of choice. Inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (i.e., sirolimus and everolimus) have not yet assumed a major place as adjunctive agents, as their safety and efficacy have not been well established in children. With the improvements in immunosuppressive therapy, the justification for routine corticosteroid use is far from clear, and many centers have shown excellent outcomes with complete steroid avoidance. Third, there is increasing interest in the importance of anti-HLA antibodies as important risk factors for adverse graft and patient outcomes. This is generating intense interest in treatments that target B cells and plasma cells. Finally, there is increasing realization that the “one size fits all” approach to immunosuppressive therapy is an obsolete concept and that the ultimate goal is to tailor immunosuppressive therapy to the needs of the individual patient. The development of reliable biomarkers of the patient’s immune response to the allograft will be essential for optimal individualized immunosuppressive management.
Three-dimensional initial data for the collision of two black holes.

We describe three numerical approaches to the construction of three-dimensional initial data for the collision of two black holes. The first of our approaches involves finite differencing the 3 + 1 Hamiltonian constraint equation on a \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}ade\ifmmode \check{z}\else \v{z}\fi{} coordinate grid. The difference equations are then solved via the multigrid algorithm. The second approach also uses finite-difference techniques, but this time on a regular Cartesian coordinate grid. A Cartesian grid has the advantage of having no coordinate singularities. However, constant coordinate lines are not coincident with the throats of the black holes and, therefore, special treatment of the difference equations at these boundaries is required. The resulting equations are solved using a variant of line-successive overrelaxation. The third and final approach we use is a global, spectral-like method known as the multiquadric approximation scheme. In this case functions are approximated by a finite sum of weighted quadric basis functions which are continuously differentiable. We discuss particular advantages and disadvantages of each method and compare their performances on a set of test problems.
Differences in proliferation and invasion by normal, transformed and NF1 Schwann cell cultures are influenced by matrix metalloproteinase expression

Loss of negative growth regulation and high invasive potential are neoplastic traits often associated with abnormal expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We previously found MMP-3 (stromelysin/transin) was secreted by quiescent rat Schwann cell cultures and expressed potent antiproliferative activity. In the present study we observed that human Schwann cells and cutaneous neurofibroma Schwann cell cultures secreted abundant MMP-3 and their proliferation was inhibited by autologous and rat Schwann cell conditioned media. Antiproliferative activities were depleted by immunoadsorption with anti-stromelysin antibodies. In contrast, plexiform neurofibroma cultures did not secrete MMP-3 and failed to respond to Schwann cell antiproliferative activities associated with MMP-3. Quiescent Schwann cells constitutively secreted low levels of MMP-2 (gelatinase A) and showed a low invasion potential in filter-based assays of basement membrane invasion. Cyclic AMP elevation, which profoundly influences cell differentiation, increased the invasion potential of rat Schwann cells and caused a corresponding increase in secretion of MMP-2. Schwann cells immortalized by protracted elevation of cAMP, as well as a schwannoma cell line (D6P2T), also rapidly invaded a reconstituted basement membrane and over-expressed MMP-2. Similarly, neurofibroma Schwann cells were highly invasive and secreted up to 10-fold more MMP-2 than normal human Schwann cells. Additionally, only cutaneous neurofibroma Schwann cell cultures secreted MMP-9 (gelatinase B) and MMP-1 (interstitial collagenase) and also invaded native type I collagen barriers. Cultures of normal Schwann cells and plexiform neurofibroma tumor expressed little or no MMP-1 and did not invade type I collagen barriers. These results suggest a role for MMPs in the control of proliferation and invasion by Schwann cells and in the formation of peripheral nerve sheath tumors.
Synergistic Effects of Proline and Inorganic Micronutrients and Effects of Individual Micronutrients on Soybean (Glycine max) Shoot Regeneration In Vitro

Summary We reported earlier that adding 2g·L -1 L-proline and raising fourfold the level of inorganic micronutrients in a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium enhances shoot regeneration from primary-leafnode explants of 7-d-old soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.) seedlings. These findings are here extended to regeneration from explants consisting of a cotyledon cut from a 7-d-old soybean seedling. For both kinds of explant, a synergistic, approximately threefold stimulation of shoot regeneration by these two supplements in combination is documented. Proline increased number but decreased length of regenerated shoots, whereas raising micronutrient level generally increased both shoot number and length and, thus, partly overcame the effect of proline on length. Examining the effects of singly including, omitting, raising the levels of, and lowering the levels of the seven different micronutrient elements of the original MS medium provides evidence that the supply of cobalt is near-optimal at the original MS concentration but the other six elements are in less than optimal supply. Altering the zinc supply had the strongest effects overall.
Measuring inter-racial friendships☆

Different methods of measuring inter-racial contacts produce large differences in the level of the same. Experiments conducted on the 1998 General Social Survey indicate that estimates of how many people have inter-racial friends are much higher when a direct question is asked, intermediate when a three-step procedure is used, and the least when a name-generator, network approach is used. Cognitive and social desirability reasons for these effects are discussed.
Translational control of protein synthesis: the early years

For the past fifty-five years, much of my research has focused on the function and biogenesis of red blood cells, including the cloning and study of many membrane proteins such as glucose and anion transporters and the erythropoietin receptor. We have also elucidated the mechanisms of membrane insertion, folding, and maturation of many plasma membrane and secreted proteins. Despite all of this work and more, I remain extremely proud of our very early work on the regulation of mRNA translation: work on bacteriophage f2 RNA in the 1960s and on translation of α- and β-globin mRNAs in the early 1970s. Using techniques hopelessly antiquated by today's standards, we correctly elucidated many important aspects of translational control, and I thought readers would be interested in learning how we did these experiments.
The Nature of Oxide Films on Ni(110) Electrodes

Electropolished Ni(110) electrodes have a highly epitaxed 4 to 6 A thick NiO surface film which is cathodically reduced in pH 2.8 Na2SO4 solution with a current efficiency of ∼ 60%. This oxide breaks down rapidly on open circuit in the same solution giving an arrest structure which, in conjunction with surface activity measurements, indicates localized removal of a very defective film. The open-circuit breakdown characteristics of anodically formed passive oxide films indicate that these films contain a localized distribution of defects within the oxide. The number of defects and their stability is found to be highly dependent upon the condition of anodization. With increasing time of anodization at potentials in the passive region, the number of defect sites decreases and/or their stability increases, i.e. the film becomes more perfect The corresponding decrease in anodic current with increasing time of anodization indicates a correlation between this current and the electrochemical reactions at the defect sites. The anodic current is due mainly to nickel dissolution which occurs after breakdown and during inefficient repair of the defect oxide. Analysis of the passive oxide film indicates the presence of 9 to 12 A of NiO. The time and potential of anodization has little effect on the average thickness or stoichiometry of the passive film, the condition of anodization only influencing the small (≦2%) coverage of defect sites on the surface. The passive film can be cathodically reduced but with only a very low current efficiency. The results obtained with the Ni(110) surface are in general agreement with those previously obtained for Ni(111) and Ni(100) electrodes.
Thomson-scattering detection of plasma waves excited by two laser beams

Electron plasma waves excited by optical mixing of two antiparallel CO/sub 2/ laser beams have been detected by ruby-laser Thomson scattering. The density resonance is confirmed by two separate methods.
Ensemble-based chemical data assimilation. I: General approach

Data assimilation is the process of integrating observational data and model predictions to obtain an optimal representation of the state of the atmosphere. As more chemical observations in the troposphere are becoming available, chemical data assimilation is expected to play an essential role in air-quality forecasting, similar to the role it has in numerical weather prediction. Considerable progress has been made recently in the development of variational tools for chemical data assimilation. In this paper we assess the performance of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and compare it with a state-of-the-art 4D-Var approach. We analyse different aspects that affect the assimilation process, and investigate several ways to avoid filter divergence. Results with a real model and real observations show that EnKF is a promising approach for chemical data assimilation. The results also point to several issues on which further research is necessary. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
On the eigenvectors of p-Laplacian

Spectral analysis approaches have been actively studied in machine learning and data mining areas, due to their generality, efficiency, and rich theoretical foundations. As a natural non-linear generalization of Graph Laplacian, p-Laplacian has recently been proposed, which interpolates between a relaxation of normalized cut and the Cheeger cut. However, the relaxation can only be applied to two-class cases. In this paper, we propose full eigenvector analysis of p-Laplacian and obtain a natural global embedding for multi-class clustering problems, instead of using greedy search strategy implemented by previous researchers. An efficient gradient descend optimization approach is introduced to obtain the p-Laplacian embedding space, which is guaranteed to converge to feasible local solutions. Empirical results suggest that the greedy search method often fails in many real-world applications with non-trivial data structures, but our approach consistently gets robust clustering results. Visualizations of experimental results also indicate our embedding space preserves the local smooth manifold structures existing in real-world data.
Clinical characteristics associated with isolated unilateral utricular dysfunction

Abstract Purpose The ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP) represents the sound-induced activation of extraocular muscles and is believed to originate from the utricle and superior vestibular nerve. Isolated unilateral oVEMP abnormalities with otherwise normal balance function test (BFT) results have not yet been characterized in a large patient series, and their clinical significance remains unclear. Materials and Methods Retrospective review of adult patients with vestibular complaints at a tertiary academic neurotologic referral center was performed. Patients with isolated unilateral oVEMP abnormalities were identified. The prevalence of vestibular symptoms and results of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were compared between these patients and those with normal BFT results. Results Thirty-one adult patients with isolated unilateral oVEMP abnormalities were identified (71% female, mean age 48 ± 14 years). Presenting complaints included vertigo in 53%, non-vertiginous dizziness in 68%, postural instability in 52%, and swaying/rocking sensation in 13%. Significant differences were observed in the percentage of patients with postural instability (p = 0.046) and swaying/rocking sensation (p = 0.04) when comparing the abnormal oVEMP group to patients with a normal BFT battery. No differences were observed when comparing other symptoms, age, gender, diagnoses, and DHI/HADS scores between groups. Conclusion This is the largest series to date reporting on patients with isolated unilateral oVEMP abnormalities. Our results suggest this population may demonstrate an increased prevalence of postural instability and swaying/rocking sensation. Other measures of postural stability may further characterize the vestibular impairments associated with isolated unilateral utricular dysfunction.
Pulmonary Function following Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

The recognized incidence of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has increased. While the etiology can be variable, the common denominators are usually an acute loss of pulmonary surfactant and an increase in pulmonary water, which result in a large intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt Treatment usually consists of continuous positive pressure ventilation (CPPV) and intravenous administration of corticosteroid drugs. With careful management, survival frequently results and arterial oxygenation returns to normal. This report indicates that residual pulmonary damage may persist for many months following ARDS, despite a return to normal arterial oxygenation.
Management of massive diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in a child with systemic lupus erythematosus

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. We report the case of a 14-year-old female with SLE who developed hypoxia and shock secondary to severe alveolar hemorrhage. She was successfully managed by placement on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) followed by emergent pulmonary lobectomy and medical treatment including high-dose methylprednisolone, cyclophosphamide, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasmapheresis.
On the crystal size intensity function and interpreting population density data from crystallizers

Anderson, R. J., and T. W. F. Russell, “Designing for TwoPhase Flow,” Chem. Eng. (Dec. 6, 1965). BandYoPadhyayy B., “Development Of a Technique for Measuring Volumetric Oxygen Transfer Rates in Aerobic Fermentations-Its Utility and Limitations,” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia ( 1969). Koch, c. M., “Design and Operation of an Experimental Facility for the Measurement of Mass Transfer Properties in Pipeline Reactors,” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Pennsylvania, philadelphia (1972). ., and I. Zandi, “Use of Pipeline as Aerobic Biological Reactor for Waste Treatment,” J. Water Pollu. Control Fed., in press.
Social interaction plays a critical role in neurogenesis and recovery after stroke

Stroke survivors often experience social isolation. Social interaction improves quality of life and decreases mortality after stroke. Male mice (20–25 g; C57BL/6N), all initially pair housed, were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Mice were subsequently assigned into one of three housing conditions: (1) Isolated (SI); (2) Paired with their original cage mate who was also subjected to stroke (stroke partner (PH-SP)); or (3) Paired with their original cage mate who underwent sham surgery (healthy partner (PH-HP)). Infarct analysis was performed 72 h after stroke and chronic survival was assessed at day 30. Immediate post-stroke isolation led to a significant increase in infarct size and mortality. Interestingly, mice paired with a healthy partner had significantly lower mortality than mice paired with a stroke partner, despite equivalent infarct damage. To control for changes in infarct size induced by immediate post-stroke isolation, additional cohorts were assessed that remained pair housed for three days after stroke prior to randomization. Levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were assessed at 90 days and cell proliferation (in cohorts injected with 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine, BrdU) was evaluated at 8 and 90 days after stroke. All mice in the delayed housing protocol had equivalent infarct volumes (SI, PH-HP and PH-SP). Mice paired with a healthy partner showed enhanced behavioral recovery compared with either isolated mice or mice paired with a stroke partner. Behavioral improvements paralleled changes in BDNF levels and neurogenesis. These findings suggest that the social environment has an important role in recovery after ischemic brain injury.
Rat Strain Ontology: structured controlled vocabulary designed to facilitate access to strain data at RGD

The Rat Genome Database (RGD) ( http://rgd.mcw.edu/ ) is the premier site for comprehensive data on the different strains of the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus). The strain data are collected from various publications, direct submissions from individual researchers, and rat providers worldwide. Rat strain, substrain designation and nomenclature follow the Guidelines for Nomenclature of Mouse and Rat Strains, instituted by the International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice. While symbols and names aid in identifying strains correctly, the flat nature of this information prohibits easy search and retrieval, as well as other data mining functions. In order to improve these functionalities, particularly in ontology-based tools, the Rat Strain Ontology (RS) was developed. The Rat Strain Ontology (RS) reflects the breeding history, parental background, and genetic manipulation of rat strains. This controlled vocabulary organizes strains by type: inbred, outbred, chromosome altered, congenic, mutant and so on. In addition, under the chromosome altered category, strains are organized by chromosome, and further by type of manipulations, such as mutant or congenic. This allows users to easily retrieve strains of interest with modifications in specific genomic regions. The ontology was developed using the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontology (OBO) file format, and is organized on the Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) structure. Rat Strain Ontology IDs are included as part of the strain report (RS: ######). As rat researchers are often unaware of the number of substrains or altered strains within a breeding line, this vocabulary now provides an easy way to retrieve all substrains and accompanying information. Its usefulness is particularly evident in tools such as the PhenoMiner at RGD, where users can now easily retrieve phenotype measurement data for related strains, strains with similar backgrounds or those with similar introgressed regions. This controlled vocabulary also allows better retrieval and filtering for QTLs and in genomic tools such as the GViewer. The Rat Strain Ontology has been incorporated into the RGD Ontology Browser ( http://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/ontology/view.html?acc_id=RS:0000457#s ) and is available through the National Center for Biomedical Ontology ( http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/1150 ) or the RGD ftp site ( ftp://rgd.mcw.edu/pub/ontology/rat_strain/ ).
Multi-level simulation of large analog systems containing behavioral models

The trend towards integration of analog and digital components on the same chip is creating a need for simulators capable of handling high-level analog behavioral models. This paper presents a multi-level simulation algorithm that accepts analog behavioral models written in the C programming language. The portions of the circuit described at the behavioral level are treated as if they were individual devices with their own stamps. There are two main advantages to this approach: on one hand, it creates a seamless environment where there is no need to use different algorithms to simulate different parts of the same circuit. On the other hand, the proposed algorithm gets around the problem of having to come up with a reliable and efficient way to differentiate the behavioral equations, because the stamps for the elements described at the behavioral level are generated using Broyden's method, which does not require evaluation of derivatives. Numerical results show that the algorithm offers a viable, efficient approach to multi-level analog simulation. >
A comparison of pedigree- and DNA-based measures for identifying inbreeding depression in the critically endangered Attwater's Prairie-chicken

The primary goal of captive breeding programmes for endangered species is to prevent extinction, a component of which includes the preservation of genetic diversity and avoidance of inbreeding. This is typically accomplished by minimizing mean kinship in the population, thereby maintaining equal representation of the genetic founders used to initiate the captive population. If errors in the pedigree do exist, such an approach becomes less effective for minimizing inbreeding depression. In this study, both pedigree- and DNA-based methods were used to assess whether inbreeding depression existed in the captive population of the critically endangered Attwater's Prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri), a subspecies of prairie grouse that has experienced a significant decline in abundance and concurrent reduction in neutral genetic diversity. When examining the captive population for signs of inbreeding, variation in pedigree-based inbreeding coefficients (f(pedigree)) was less than that obtained from DNA-based methods (f(DNA)). Mortality of chicks and adults in captivity were also positively correlated with parental relatedness (r(DNA)) and f(DNA), respectively, while no correlation was observed with pedigree-based measures when controlling for additional variables such as age, breeding facility, gender and captive/release status. Further, individual homozygosity by loci (HL) and parental rDNA values were positively correlated with adult mortality in captivity and the occurrence of a lethal congenital defect in chicks, respectively, suggesting that inbreeding may be a contributing factor increasing the frequency of this condition among Attwater's Prairie-chickens. This study highlights the importance of using DNA-based methods to better inform management decisions when pedigrees are incomplete or errors may exist due to uncertainty in pairings.