cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anthropology: A Quaint Science

Many reviews of Freeman's book have already appeared; this will be one of a number published together. I have had the benefit of reading the reviews of Holmes, Levy, and Weiner' which are of particular value for their authors' direct knowledge (which I lack) of Polynesia (Levy 1973) or of Samoa. There are some topics that I will not cover or will mention only in passing that will be covered in the accompanying reviews. A review of Freeman's book must also reassess Mead's Samoan work, carried out in 1925 and published not only in that most well known of anthropological books Coming of Age in Samoa (1928b) but also in Social Organization in Manu'a (1969). From these books and dozens of Mead's articles appearing over many years, Freeman's "refutation" draws the most striking and therefore vulnerable of Mead's characterizations of the Samoans.
A comparison of excitation-contraction coupling in heart and skeletal muscle: an examination of "calcium-induced calcium-release".

Abstract Vascularly perfused guinea pig semimembranosus accessorius (SMA) and frog gastrocnemius (FG) muscles and perfused interventricular septa of guinea pig heart were used to examine the hypothesis which proposes the physiological regenerative release of Ca. Membrane resting potentials and excitability were maintained by including 100 μ m La in Ca-free perfusion media (0-Ca, 100-La). Tension decline in 0-Ca, 100-La was rapid in the heart with halftime (t 1 2 ) = 11 s and correlated with the most rapid component of 45Ca efflux. In contrast, decline of the major component of tension in SMA and FG muscles was much slower with t 1 2 = 22 to 33 min . The rate of tension decline was virtually identical to the t 1 2 of the slow component of 45Ca efflux from these muscles. Neither perfusion with 0-Ca, 2 m m EGTA solutions after 30 min 0-Ca exposure (at which time interstitial [Ca2+] was estimated m ) nor addition of 100 μ m La to 0-Ca, 100-La perfusates after 60 min (SMA) or 120 min (FG) significantly altered the rate of tension decline. The data emphasize the difference in source of contractile Ca in heart and skeletal muscle. It is concluded that in these physiologically perfused muscles with sarcolemma intact there is no evidence for a role of “trigger Ca” in the process of E-C coupling.
The second newtonian viscosity number

The second Newtonian viscosities η2 of solutions of polystyrene and polyisobutylene were determined in a coaxial cylinder viscometer at shear rates near 105 sec.−1. The second Newtonian viscosity numbers (η2 — ηs)/ηsc, where ηs is solvent viscosity and c is polymer concentration, were determined as a function of concentration. For polymer species of viscosity-average molecular weight appears almost identical to intrinsic viscosity [η]. Above Mv ⋍ 1 × 106, a plateau of constant (η2 — η2)/ηsc is found when this function is plotted against c. For good solvents the plateau value: {(η2 — ηs)/ηsc}p lies below [η], but in poor solvents (near the θ temperature) the opposite is true. Correlation of plateau values vs. Mv can be achieved in the manner of the Mark-Houwink equation: [η] = K′Mva, by writing: {(η2 — ηs)/ηsc}p = K″Mvb. The sum of a + b of any species in two given solvents is approximately unity. Though the data are inconclusive, it appears that even above Mv ⋍ 1 × 106, the second Newtonian viscosity number tends to approach [η] as c approaches zero.
Epilepsy and workplace discrimination: population characteristics and trends.

This study investigates the nature of allegations of workplace discrimination made by job seekers and workers with epilepsy. Demographic characteristics of individuals making allegations were consistent with those of individuals with epilepsy nationwide. Approximately three-fourths of allegations were related to post-hire issues, such as discrimination in promotion and termination, disciplinary actions, and harassment. The lowest rate of merit allegation was related to discrimination in hiring. Comparison of merit allegations before and after the U.S. Supreme Court’s Sutton decision revealed that claimants have had higher rates of success following the decision, suggesting that the Sutton decision has had no negative effect on claimants with epilepsy.
Unbalanced‐bridge Computational Techniques and Accuracy for Automated Multichannel Strain‐measuring Systems

While much of the current literature and practice is concerned with balance-bridge strain measurements, this paper outlines a straightforward method for measuring strain using unbalanced-bridge techniques. Exploiting the performance and stability available in today's digital voltmeters and low-cost computers, it will be shown that the use of unbalanced bridges is well suited to automated strain measurements. The paper also presents a method for assessing the accuracy of a strain-measurement system by using the specifications of the individual components. Additionally, a comparison of accuracy for balanced and unbalanced conditions is included in this assessment.
An Experimenter's History of Neutral Currents

6. 5.1. Savannah River reactor experiment 5.2. LOS Alamos (LAMPFtUCI exnerimeot 5.3. CERN Proton Synchrbtron (PSj (a) Gargamelle bubble chamber (b) Aachen-Padova counter experiment 5.4. Brookhaven Alternate Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) (a) Seven-foot bubble chamber (b) Harvard-Pennsylvania-Wisconsin (HPW) collaboration (c) Columbia-Illinois-Rockefeller (CIR) collaboration 5.5. Argonne National Laboratory-twelve-foot bubble chamber 5.6. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) (a) VPI-ASFGxford-Maryland collaboration (b) Caltech-Fermilab (CITF) collaboration (c) Harvard-Pennsylvania-Wisconsin-Fermilab (HPWF) collaboration (d) Fifteen-foot bubble chamber 5.7. CERN Super Proton Synchrotroo (SPS) (a) CERN-Dortmuod-Heidelberg-&clay (CDHS) collaboration (b) Aachen-Bono-Loodoo-Gxford-Saclay collaboration (BEBC) (c) Aacheo-CERN-Frascati-Hamburg-Moscow-Napoli-Roma collaboration SOME GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL COMMENTS AN EXPERIMENTER’S HISTORY OF NEUTRAL CURRENTS?
Advancing English Language Learning in China through Multimodal Content Area Teaching

During a ten-day teaching abroad experience in China, eight teachers from the United States implemented an interactive curriculum focusing on disciplinary literacy and authentic tasks. Employing multiliteracies and kidwatching, teachers encouraged Chinese students to compose while focusing primarily on communicating ideas rather than grammatical correctness. This article provides a one-student case study that serves as a representative example of the growth of 50 elementary-level students involved in the experience. Initially, Paul focused on writing correctness in response to prompts; his compositions were short and provided little detail. After we provided multimodal and interactive authentic experiences and encouraged risk-taking, Paul's representative compositions became more detailed and complex. The implications for engaging in this type of teaching experience underscore the benefits of providing students with authentic experiences that are multimodal and interactive while simultaneously encouraging risk-taking. The pedagogical growth that teachers made working with ELL students is also discussed. Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE
Probing the nano-bio interface with nanoplasmonic optical probes

ABSTRACT Noble metal nanoparticles have large cross-sections in both optical and electron microscopy and plasmon coupling between noble metal nanoparticles facilitate the characterization of subdiffraction limit separations through spectral analysis of the scattered light in Plasmon Coupling Microscopy (PCM). The size compatibility of noble metal nanoparticles together with the ability to encode specific functi onality in a rational fashion by control of the nanoparticle surface makes noble metal nanoparticles uni que probes for a broad range of biologi cal processes. Recent applications of the technology include i.) characterization of cellular heterogeneity in nanomaterial uptake and processing through macrophages, ii.) testing the role of viral membrane lipids in mediating viral binding and trafficking, and iii.) characterizing the spatial organization of cancer biomarkers in plasma membranes. This paper reviews some of these applications and introduces the physical and material science principles underlying them. We will also introduce the use of membrane wrapped noble metal nanoparticles, which combine the superb photophysical properties of a nanoparticle core with the biological functionality of a membrane, as probes in PCM. Keywords: Plasmon Coupling Microscopy, Plasmon Ruler, Gold Nanoparticle, Silver Nanoparticle, Smart Nanoparticle, Artificial Virus Nanoparticle, Subdiffraction Limit Imaging, Bioplasmonics
Getting more from private health care in poor countries: a missed opportunity.

Following Indias independence from British rule its government proposed a national health service that would provide tax-financed comprehensive health care for the population. Although this strategy was inadequately funded or implemented the Indian government continues to focus on the role of the public sector in health care financing and delivery. Consequently the countrys health care system developed differently from what was envisioned. Indias health care system is highly privatized in terms of both finance and delivery among low-income countries. However the countrys not-for-profit sector such as charitable institutions like LV Prasad Eye Institute (LVPEI) makes an immense and important contribution to its health and health care. Institutions such as LVPEI offer the best opportunity to develop and test appropriate solutions to problems faced in delivering good quality care to those in need in low-income countries. There is a barrier of mistrust and disinterest between the private and public sector that limits taking full advantage of the health resource. Hence the situation indicates an urgent need for new initiatives of public-private collaboration such as partnerships for problem-solving at both the policy and practice levels collaboration on documenting successful innovation and dissemination of lesson learned and joint efforts at education and training of administrators and clinicians.
Identification of germline genetic variations in the 5' region of the estrogen receptor beta gene

Background Tamoxifen therapy causes variable phenotypic effects on target tissues. Currently, there is no way to predict which patients will have beneficial or harmful side effects from it. Germline genetic polymorphisms in the estrogen receptors (ERs) are associated with altered responses to estrogenic therapies and baseline parameters (e.g. bone mineral density and serum lipids). Little information is available on the germline genetic variations in the estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) gene. We hypothesize that genetic variations in the ERs may account for part of the variability in the tamoxifen induced side effects. The aim of this study was to identify genetic polymorphisms in the promoter of the ERβ gene. Methods Using a bioinformatic approach, we compared the promoter sequences of the human, chimpanzee, rat and mouse ERβ genes. We found a region of strong homology immediately upstream of the exon 0N. This region has also been shown to be a site of in vivo methylation. Therefore, we resequenced approximately 1.6 kb of the ERβ promoter, exon 0N and intron 1 in 50 African-American (AA) and 50 Caucasian (Cau) subjects. Results In AA samples, we found 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter, one of which altered the predicted TATA box in the promoter. We also found a SNP in intron 1 that was observed in both Cau and AA. There were no SNPs detected in the exon 0N. Conclusion The promoter of the ERβ gene contains at least one SNP that may alter its transcriptional activity and tamoxifen responses. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P63–P63; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.131
Treatment of insomnia associated with clinical depression

Sleep disturbances are almost always present in patients with depression. Though sleep disturbances generally abate with the resolution of depression, some patients continue to report poor sleep. Since a number of studies have demonstrated that insomnia increases the risk of new-onset depression and recurrence of depression, optimal management of insomnia associated with depression becomes an important clinical goal. Antidepressant agents have variable effects on sleep and in fact, some antidepressants seem to worsen sleep in patients with depression. This article reviews various treatment options in the management of patients presenting with insomnia and depression, including single agents, combination strategies and behavioral interventions.
Sonar target detection and classification against non-stationary interference using dynamic time-frequency localization

We address the well-known challenge of detecting a target in non-stationary clutter in active sonar using dynamic time-frequency localization. The challenge is to track a target against non-stationary reverberation from the bottom and sea surface, as well as backscatter from biologics. Definition of "target" is application-specific, e.g. in a Naval application the target would typically be a submarine or mine, in another application the target is an environmental AUV sensor tracing pollutant flow along the coast. Examples of non-targets include bathymetric features, wrecks, fish schools, other AUVs, etc. We present a concept for an adaptive subspace-tracking algorithm that navigates the time-frequency space of the target echo dynamically to provide enhanced target detection and classification. Simulation results are presented.
SCATTERING OF SLOW NEUTRONS BY A LIQUID

The differential cross section for coherent scattering of thermal neutrons by a liquid is given in general by the Fourier transform of a time-displaced radial density function. It is suggested here that, to an adequate degree of approximation, this time-displaced function can be expressed as a convolution of the ordinary radial density function with a self-diffusion function describing the wandering of an atom from an arbitrary initial position. The neutron scattering cross section then becomes the product of the Fourier transforms of these two functions. One of the transforms is the differential cross section for x-ray scattering and describes interference effects, the other governs the energy changes upon scattering. In this development the scatterer can be treated either quantum mechanically or classically. Recoil effects are not provided by the classical treatment, but this is a significant deficiency only in liquids of low atomic weight. Several models for calculating the self-diffusion function are considered, and from these it is suggested that a Gaussian function with a time-dependent width is a reasonable approximation for the case of a simple liquid. The principal features of the width are deduced. Quantization of the scatterer effects the width at small times. At large times the width depends only on the coefficient of self-diffusion of the liquid, and inelastic scattering is suggested as a means of determining this coefficient, as well as other features of atomic movement. The accuracy of the static approximation for determining liquid structures by neutron diffraction is assessed by considering the typical case of liquid lead near its melting point, and is found to be moderately good. The extension of the entire formalism to the case of polyatomic liquids is outlined.
Effect of Sulfonamides on Coenzyme I-Linked Enzyme Systems.∗:

SummaryOur results indicate that sulfonamides do not interfere directly with the functioning of coenzyme I in yeast fermentation or in several systems in normal rat liver. The available experimental evidence does suggest the possibility that the drugs may inhibit the synthesis of the coenzymes.
Family dinner and disordered eating behaviors in a large cohort of adolescents.

We aimed to examine longitudinal associations between family dinner and disordered eating behaviors among adolescents. We studied 7535 females and 5913 males, 9 to 14 years of age in 1996. We performed multivariable logistic regression to assess the associations of previous year family dinner with 1-year incidence of each of 3 outcomes: purging, binge eating, and frequent dieting. Compared to those who ate family dinner “never or some days,” female adolescents who ate family dinner at least most days were less likely to initiate purging, binge eating, and frequent dieting. Estimates of association among males were similar in direction and magnitude, although lower frequency of the outcomes resulted in less precise estimates and fewer statistically significant results.
Spatio-temporal overlap between Yellowstone bison and elk – implications of wolf restoration and other factors for brucellosis transmission risk

Summary 1. In the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, bison Bison bison and elk Cervus canadensis nelsoni act as hosts for Brucella abortus. The presence of B. abortus within wildlife populations is an important conservation issue because of the risk of brucellosis transmission from wildlife to cattle. 2. We investigated conditions facilitating contact between bison (40–60% seroprevalence) and elk on a shared winter range in the Madison headwaters area of Yellowstone National Park. We evaluated the effects of snow pack, season, elk and bison population sizes, and wolf Canis lupus predation risk on the degree of spatial overlap between bison and elk from 1991 to 2006. 3. Sixty-eight per cent of 10 093 independent elk observations occurred within the known bison wintering range, 29% occurred within the distribution of bison within the winter range at the time of sampling and 14% occurred within 100 m of bison. Spatial overlap between bison and elk measured across these three spatial scales increased with week of the season, snow pack, and on days when wolves were within the same drainage area as elk, but decreased with cumulative levels of wolf predation risk. 4. Wolves contributed to immediate, short-term responses by elk that increased spatial overlap with bison, but longer-term responses to wolves resulted in elk distributions that reduced spatial overlap with bison. Spatial overlap increased through the winter and peaked when late-term abortion events and parturition occurred for bison. 5. Synthesis and applications. Despite this high level of association, elk exposure to B. abortus in the Madison headwaters (2–4%) was similar to those in free-ranging elk populations that do not intermingle with bison (1–3%), suggesting that B. abortus transmission from bison-to-elk under natural conditions is rare. Our results suggest that risk-driven elk behavioural responses to wolves are unlikely to have important disease implications. Management of brucellosis in greater yellow stone ecosystem elk populations should focus on reducing elk-to-elk transmission risk and, wherever possible, curtailing practices that increase elk density and group sizes during the potential abortion period.
Short-wavelength light reduces circadian elevation of intraocular pressure in rabbits.

Abstract In light-dark entrained rabbits, the intraocular pressure (IOP) increases around the onset of dark due to the increased activities of ocular sympathetic nerves. This circadian elevation of IOP can be eliminated by exposing the rabbits to constant white light in the early subjective dark phase. The spectral effectiveness of light causing the reduction in IOP was studied using lights selectively filtered through various optic filters. Light which passed through a long-pass filter, with a cut-on wavelength at 570 nm or 530 nm, caused no change of the circadian IOP elevation. A significant reduction of the IOP elevation was observed with filtered light via the 495 nm long-pass filter and, to a larger extent, with light via the 475 nm long-pass filter. Short-wavelength light (380–480 nm, peak at 432 nm) passed through a band-pass filter completely eliminated the circadian IOP elevation. The aqueous humor concentration of norepinephrine (NE) under the short-wavelength light was significantly lower than the NE concentration under the filtered light via the 530 nm long-pass filter. Sensation of the short-wavelength light plays an important role in synchronizing the circadian elevation of IOP in rabbits.
Endothelin-1 synthesis and secretion in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19): differential regulation by cholinergics and TNF-alpha.

Purpose Endothelin (ET)-1 can produce nerve damage analogous to that in optic neuropathies such as glaucoma. The precise source of endothelin in the posterior segment of the eye remains unclear. The present study was conducted to determine whether the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which helps maintain the outer blood-retinal barrier, is a local source for ET-1 and whether the amount of ET-1 secreted by the RPE is be differentially regulated by cholinergics and the cytokine TNF-alpha. Methods Human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) were cultured either to a mature state (mRPE) for 4 weeks, with well-defined tight junctions, or to a young state (yRPE) for 4 days, with incompletely formed tight junctions. ET-1-like immunoreactivity was determined by immunocytochemistry, and secreted ET-1 was quantified by radioimmunoassay in both cell types. Cells were stimulated with the cholinergic agonist carbachol or with the cytokine TNF-alpha for specific periods. The expression of muscarinic receptor subtypes M1 and M3 and the peripheral membrane protein ZO-1 were analyzed by immunoblot and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Expression of preproendothelin-1 (ppET-1) mRNA after application of different stimuli at specific time points was determined by real-time RT-PCR. Carbachol-mediated elevation in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) was also measured in the presence or absence of a selective muscarinic receptor antagonist. Results Constitutive synthesis and secretion of ET-1 was greater in mRPE than in yRPE cells. TNF-alpha caused a significant increase in ppET-1 mRNA levels and ET-1 secretion in both phenotypes. The disruption and subsequent breakdown of the tight junction barrier was evident in either phenotype after treatments with TNF-alpha. There was a concentration-dependent increase in [Ca2+]i in both y- and mRPE cells in response to CCh. CCh at 1 microM significantly increased ET-1 secretion, a response observed in yRPE but not in mRPE cells. This effect may be mediated primarily by the M3 receptor subtype and is phospholipase C (PLC) dependent. Conclusions Regulation of ET-1 release in ARPE-19 cells was differentially regulated by TNF-alpha and CCh and was dependent on the age of the culture. RPE may be a source for ET-1 in the retina, and its increased release may become more important during breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, as seen after TNF-alpha treatment.
Protein kinase D3 activation and phosphorylation by signaling through Gαq

PKD is the founding member of a novel protein kinase family that also includes PKD2 and PKD3. PKD has been the focus of most studies up to date, but little is known about the mechanisms that mediate PKD3 activation. Here, we demonstrate that PKD3 immunoprecipitated from COS-7 cells transfected with a constitutively active G alpha q subunit (alpha(q)Q209L) exhibited a marked increase in basal activity. Addition of aluminum fluoride to cells co-transfected with PKD3 and wild type G alpha(q) also induced PKD3 activation. G alpha(q)-mediated PKD3 activation is associated with persistent translocation of PKD3 from both cytosol and nucleus to plasma membrane. Expression of a COOH-terminal fragment of G alpha q that acts in a dominant-negative fashion attenuated PKD3 activation in response to bombesin receptor stimulation. Our results indicate that G alpha q activation is sufficient to stimulate sustained PKD3 activation and show that the endogenous G alpha q is a major component in the signaling pathway that mediates bombesin-induced PKD3 activation.
Radiative Effects of Elevated Pollutant Layers on Temperature Structure and Dispersion in an Urban Atmosphere

Abstract An unsteady two-dimensional transport model has been used to study the short-term effects of elevated pollutant layers on the temperature structure and pollutant dispersion in an urban planetary boundary layer. The effects of radiatively interacting pollutants on radiative transfer have been accounted for and the variation of the physical properties of the soil, the radiation characteristics of the earth's surface, and the urban heat and pollutant emissions along the city were included. The results of the numerical experiments performed with the model showed that the aerosol-induced heating during daylight hours increases the temperature, while the cooling associated with gaseous pollutants decreases the temperature during the night in the elevated pollutant layer. The net effect of air pollution was to hinder the mixed-layer growth during the day. The results obtained show that the maximum impact of air pollution on the urban PBL is on the evolution of temperature and pollutant concentration pro...
Electron-spin-resonance investigation of ferroelectric lead titanate

Electron-spin-resonance measurements have been made on axially symmetric spectra of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ in ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$. Two spectral systems corresponding to two different environments of the ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ ion replacing a ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{4+}$ ion have been found. The spin-Hamiltonian constants $D=1.187\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $a=0.020\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $F=\ensuremath{-}0.017\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the system with narrow linewidth (\ensuremath{\sim} 100 G) and $D=1.150\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $a=0.022\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $F=\ensuremath{-}0.02\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the system with wide linewidth (\ensuremath{\sim} 300 G) have been found at -188\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The temperature dependence of the spin-Hamiltonian constants $D$ have been measured between liquid-nitrogen and room temperatures. The wide-line spectrum has been identified to be due to ferroelectric distortion whereas the narrow-line spectrum arises from a missing oxygen ion due to charge compensation. These results have been compared with an equivalent study in barium titanate; the major intent being to relate the magnitude of polarization to spin-Hamiltonian constants.
Compression of the ECG by Prediction or Interpolation and Entropy Encoding

Compression of digital electrocardiogram (ECG) signals is desirable for two reasons: economic use of storage space for data bases and reduction of the data transmission rate for compatibility with telephone lines. In a sample of 220 Frank4ead ECG's the removal of signal redundancy by second-order prediction or interpolation with subsequent entropy encoding of the respective residual errors was investigated. At the sampling rate of 200 Hz, interpolation provided a 6 dB smaller residual error variance than prediction. A near-optimal value for the interpolation coefficients is 0.5, permitting simple implementation of the algorithm and requiring a word length for arithmetic processing of only 2 bits in extent of the signal precision. For linear prediction, the effects of occasional transmission errors decay exponentially, whereas for interpolation they do not, necessitating error control in certain applications. Encoding of the interpolation errors by a Huffman code truncated to ±5 quantization levels of 30 ?V, required an average word length of 2.21 bits/sample (upper 96 percentile 3 bits/sample), resulting in data transmission rates of 1327 bits/s (1800 bits/s) for three simultaneous leads sampled at the rate of 200 Hz. Thus, compared with the original signal of 8 bit samples at 500 Hz, the average compression is 9:1. Encoding of the prediction errors required an average wordlength of 2.67 bits/sample with a 96 percentile of 5.5 bits/sample, making this method less suitable for synchronous transmission.
Development of Bonded Joint Technology for a Rigidizable-Inflatable Deployable Truss

Microwave and Synthetic Aperture Radar antenna systems have been developed as instrument systems using truss structures as their primary support and deployment mechanism for over a decade. NASA Langley Research Center has been investigating fabrication, modular assembly, and deployment methods of lightweight rigidizable/inflatable linear truss structures during that time for large spacecraft systems. The primary goal of the research at Langley Research Center is to advance these existing state-of-the-art joining and deployment concepts to achieve prototype system performance in a relevant space environment. During 2005, the development, fabrication, and testing of a 6.7 meter multi-bay, deployable linear truss was conducted at Langley Research Center to demonstrate functional and precision metrics of a rigidizable/inflatable truss structure. The present paper is intended to summarize aspects of bonded joint technology developed for the 6.7 meter deployable linear truss structure while providing a brief overview of the entire truss fabrication, assembly, and deployment methodology. A description of the basic joint design, surface preparation investigations, and experimental joint testing of component joint test articles will be described. Specifically, the performance of two room temperature adhesives were investigated to obtain qualitative data related to tube folding testing and quantitative data related to tensile shear strength testing. It was determined from the testing that a polyurethane-based adhesive best met the rigidizable/inflatable truss project requirements.
Tissue transglutaminase mediates activation of RhoA and MAP kinase pathways during retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells

All-trans-retinoic acid (RA) plays a crucial role in survival and differentiation of neurons. For elucidating signaling mechanisms involved in RA-induced neuronal differentiation, we have selected SH-SY5Y cells, which are an established in vitro cell model for studying RA signaling. Here we report that RA-induced neuronal differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells is coupled with increased expression/activation of TGase andin vivo transamidation and activation of RhoA. In addition, RA promotes formation of stress fibers and focal adhesion complexes, and activation of ERK1/2, JNK1, and p38α/β/γ MAP kinases. Using C-3 exoenzyme (RhoA inhibitor) or monodansylcadaverine (TGase inhibitor), we show that transamidated RhoA regulates cytoskeletal rearrangement and activation of ERK1/2 and p38γ MAP kinases. Further, by using stable SH-SY5Y cell lines (overexpressing wild-type, C277S mutant, and antisense TGase), we demonstrate that transglutaminase activity is required for activation of RhoA, ERK1/2, JNK1, and p38γ MAP kinases. Activated MAP kinases differentially regulate RA-induced neurite outgrowth and neuronal marker expression. The results of our studies suggest a novel mechanism of RA signaling, which involves activation of TGase and transamidation of RhoA. RA-induced activation of TGase is proposed to induce multiple signaling pathways that regulate neuronal differentiation.
Synthesis and Polymerization of Fused-Ring Thienodipyrrole Monomers

The synthesis and polymerization of fused-ring 1,7-didodecyl-1,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-b:4,5-b′]dipyrrole monomer are reported. The FeCl3-mediated oxidative polymerization and Stille coupling polymerization of the thienodipyrrole monomer were employed to generate homopolymers and an alternating copolymer with thiophene. The synthesized polymers have molecular weights ranging from 1600 to 6500 g mol−1 and display the absorption maxima at ≈355 nm.
Preparation and properties of an antibody-selective membrane electrode

Abstract A membrane electrode with selective response for the antibodies of the antigenic determinant dinitrophenol (DNP) has been devised by incorporating DNP—ion carrier conjugates in a polyvinyl chloride membrane matrix. Details of the preparative and immobilization procedures are provided along with an evaluation of optimum solution conditions for electrode use. The response mechanism of the antibody electrode is postulated to involve a “selectivity shift” effect.
Dissociation of Molecular Oxygen in the Schumann-Runge Bands

Oscillator strengths and predissociation linewidths deduced in recent studies predict a dissociation rate for O2 in the Schumann-Runge bands which is significantly larger in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere than previously believed. Error bars on molecular parameters required in the cross-section calculation translate into uncertainties in the dissociation rate which are less than plus or minus 10% at all altitudes where the Schumann-Runge bands are aeronomically significant.
Measuring Word Learning Ability in Sequential Bilingual Children

Abstract The purpose of this article is to look at the word learning skills in sequential bilingual children—children who learn two languages (L1 and L2) at different times in their childhood. Lear...
Theory of transient multicomponent droplet vaporization in a convective field

The evaporation of a multicomponent droplet in a convective field is analyzed at sufficently high Reynolds number so that internal circulation is fast with respect to diffusion. The theory is an extension of a previous single component analysis1,2,3 to the case of any number of miscible components. The solution of the equations are shown for several two-component cases. It is found that the transient behavior prevails for both heat and mass transfer under the conditions analyzed. Even though circulation time is fast, gradients of both temperature and mass are significant, in discrepancy with the usual assumptions in this so-called “rapid mixing” limit. The more volatile component evaporates first from the surface, yet remains inside the core; the temperature history is then controlled by the heavy component, exceeding after some time the boiling point of the light component.
Regarding comparison of different techniques of cataract surgery in bacterial contamination of the anterior chamber in diabetic and non-diabetic population.

Dear Editor, We read with great interest the authors’ recent report on pre-operative povidone-iodine and ofloxacin instillation in diabetics and non-diabetic patients prior to cataract surgery.[1] The evaluation of antiseptic techniques is particularly important in diabetic patients who may have an increased predisposition to post-operative infection. Evaluating povidone-iodine in diabetic patients is particularly interesting because both can prove to be individually toxic to the cornea. We were interested if the authors did a systematic corneal evaluation as part of their pre-operative and post-operative examination as we did not notice this documented in the study? Diabetes mellitus has been associated with corneal epitheliopathy, decreased corneal oxygen uptake, and altered corneal hysteresis with some evidence suggesting a positive weak correlation with elevated serum glucose levels.[2,3] Povidone-iodine (5%) (PI) has also been associated with toxic corneal epitheliopathy including induction of epithelial cell death and delayed corneal epithelial healing.[4,5] Following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy in poorly controlled diabetics, we have noted a particularly high incidence of peri-operative corneal epitheliopathy. We have speculated that PI and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus may have a synergistic effect in compounding post-operative corneal epitheliopathy. To evaluate this, a retrospective study was conducted of 68 patients who underwent PPV for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Each patient had thorough pre-operative and post-operative corneal examination, including documentation of fluorescein staining pattern, tear-film breakup time, punctuate epithelial erosions, and epithelial defects. All patients underwent pre-operative preparation with 5% PI to the eyelids, eyelashes, and by flushing the conjunctival fornices with mean contact time of 5 minutes. Fifty percent of eyes developed post-operative corneal epitheliopathy (34 eyes). The average HbA1c for the epitheliopathy group was 8.01% while the average for the non-epitheliopathy group was 8.44%, and this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.45). There was no statistically significant difference in surgical duration (mean 55 minutes) between patients developing corneal epitheliopathy and not developing corneal epitheliopathy, and there were no cases of endophthalmitis. This study demonstrates a high incidence of corneal epitheliopathy in diabetic patients who underwent PPV for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. There was no correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin levels and corneal epitheliopathy. Further formal studies are warranted to fully investigate this. We would be interested in the authors’ experiences of post-operative corneal evaluation and glycosylated hemoglobin levels from their study, if available.
Cross-Cultural Aspects of Depression Management in Primary Care

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent illness in minority populations. Minority patients with MDD are often unrecognized and untreated. This review examines promising interventions to address MDD in primary care settings, where minority groups are more likely to seek care. Since 2010, eleven interventions have been developed to address patient-specific and provider-specific barriers, many of which are adaptations of the collaborative care model. Other promising interventions include cultural tailoring of the collaborative care model, as well as the addition of telepsychiatry, motivational interviewing, cultural consultation, and innovations in interpreting. Overall, collaborative care was found feasible and improved satisfaction and treatment engagement of depressed minority patients in primary care. It remains inconclusive whether these newer intervention models improve MDD treatment outcomes. Future research will be needed to establish the effectiveness of these intervention models in improving the treatment outcomes of minority populations with MDD.
Ganglion cell responses of the mudpuppy retina to flashing and moving stimuli

Abstract The impulse discharges of over 300 ganglion cells were studied in the mudpuppy retina. By using flashing and moving stimuli, four cell types were recognized: sustained-ON, sustained-OFF. transient-ON/OFF, and directionally selective (DS). None of these characteristically exhibited spontaneous activity. Surround inhibition was demonstrable with only suprathreshold stimuli in ON-celLs. whereas it was also revealed with threshold stimuli in OFF- and ON/OFF-cells. Sensitization (the lowering of test-flash threshold as background diameter is increased) is found in OFF- and ON/OFFcells, but not in ON-cells. The directionality of DS-cells is independent of stimulus contrast and thus it constitutes the first unequivocal demonstration of directional cells in an amphibian visual system.
On the Margolis 'thought experiment,' and the applicability of demand-revealing mechanisms to large-group decisions

In Dr. Howard Margolis' recent provocative 'thought experiment,' he argues, in effect, that the demand-revealing mechanism (DRM) reverses the essential opportunities available to a participant in a 'large-group' decision about the size of a public good. Normally, the essence of such a decision is that each individual has no opportunity to affect perceptibly the good's size even by reporting a demand implying a personal valuation amounting to a considerable fraction of his own income. Margolis claims that under the DRM, an altruistic individual can, to the contrary, affect dramatically the size of the good at the cost of an essentially imperceptible net loss in direct personal material welfare. The purposes of this note are to argue: (1) that even if we accept the Margolis definition of demands, such manipulation would require incredible misrepresentations, and (2) that the case establishing strict material incentive for accurate disclosure in a large group under the Clarke and Groves mechanisms is unconvincing. Margolis argues the case for his thesis by providing the following numerical example. Given are:
Effects of Variable Recruitment on Catch‐Curve Analysis for Crappie Populations

Abstract Catch-curve analysis is frequently used to estimate total annual mortality (A) of exploited fishes, but the method assumes constant recruitment. Because populations of crappie Pomoxis spp. have exhibited large fluctuations in recruitment, I conducted simulations to assess the amount of variability in recruitment that precludes the use of a catch curve and compared results to recruitment dynamics in six crappie populations. Coefficients of variation (CV = 100.SD/mean) in recruitment to age 1 ranged from 55% to 84% among the six crappie populations. Simulations suggested that recruitment variability in these ranges would likely allow estimation of A within ± 10%, but the probability of obtaining estimates of A that were ±5% or more of the true A would exceed 0.15. 1 suggest that catch curves may be used to approximate A in crappie populations but that managers should consider the effects on management recommendations if A were ± 10% of the estimated A.
Introducing a Caring/Relational Framework for Building Relationships With Addicted Mothers

Health care practice with addicted mothers requires health professionals to both desire and acquire knowledge, skills, and attitudes geared toward developing relationships that foster trust. In this article, nursing and social work theories are used to offer an integrated and interdisciplinary framework for building relationships with addicted mothers in health care settings. Embracing and utilizing caring/relational concepts serve as an impetus to the development of effective relationships with this vulnerable population.
A study in evolution: The histidine utilization genes of enteric bacteria

Abstract The histidine utilization (hut) system, MIGCPUH, comprises two operons, whose promoters are M and P. The DNA segments of phage λ vectors coding for the hut genes of Salmonella typhimurium and Klebsiella aerogenes were compared by using electron microscopy to study the nature of the hut DNA homology. The hut S. typhimurium/hut K. aerogenes DNA heteroduplexes were spread and mounted for electron microscopy under more and more denaturing conditions. The homology between hut S. typhimurium and hut K. aerogenes is extensive but, as denaturing conditions make base-pairing more difficult, the regions of lower homology are melted, while the regions of higher homology remain base-paired. The denaturation map could be correlated with the genetic map by the use of λhut S. typhimurium phages carrying different portions of the hut genome. The sequences with the highest homology are in the structural genes for the four enzymes, while the regulatory regions, the promoters and the hut repressor gene, are much less homologous.
Computational 3D displays

Compressive displays explore the co-design of optics, electronics, applied mathematics, and real-time computing. Existing device limitations in 3D image display as well as 2D resolution and contrast can be overcome.
Colonialism Continued African Students in an Urban High School in America

According to a group of recently arrived students from eight different countries on the continent of Africa, schooling in America has not been a positive experience. The colonial mentality that deg...
Inhibition in the polymerization of N-carboxyglycine anhydride†

The conversion of N-carboxyglycine anhydride in dioxane to polyglycine has been completely inhibited with as little as 0.2 mole-%, based on monomer, of acetyl chloride, thionyl chloride, 2,2′-dichloro-N-methyldiethylamine hydrochloride, and AlCl3. Phenyl isocyanate and acetic anhydride also show strong inhibition. Myleran, and especially its 1,9-relative, 1,9-dimethylsulfonyloxynonane, show similar action at slightly higher concentrations. The most active inhibitors have in common a strong tendency to react with initiators such as water, alcohols, or amines.
Optical and infrared studies of [111] InGaAs/AlGaAs strained-layer superlattices

Abstract Low temperature far infrared magnetotransmission and near infrared magnetoreflectivity and photoluminescence measurements have been carried out on two [111] InxGa1−xAs/AlyGa1−yAs 70 A 140 A strained-layer superlattices (x∼0.1 and y=0. and ∼0.2). Hole cyclotron resonance was observed in both samples with effective masses of 0.068mo and 0.113mo for y=0 and y=0.2 respectively. Magnetoreflectivity spectra show features whose magnetic field dependence demonstrates their excitonic origin. A doublet structure observed in the reflectivity spectra for the y=0 superlattice is correlated with Landau-level-confinement-subband coupling experiments in a tilted magnetic field. Results provide direct evidence for the predicted large built-in electric fields in these novel structures.
B-mode, real-time ultrasound for estimating carcass measures in live sheep: accuracy of ultrasound measures and their relationships with carcass yield and value.

Accuracy and repeatability of live-animal ultrasound measures, and the relationships of these measures with subprimal yields and carcass value, were investigated using data from 172 wethers. Wethers were F 1 progeny from the mating of 4 terminal sire breeds to Rambouillet ewes and were finished in a feedlot to a mean BW of 62.9 kg (SD = 9.5 kg). Before transport to slaughter, LM area, LM depth, and backfat thickness were measured from transverse ultrasound images taken between the 12th and 13th ribs. After slaughter, these measures were taken on each carcass. Carcasses were fabricated into subprimal cuts, and weights were recorded. Ultrasound accuracy and repeatability were assessed using bias, SE of prediction, SE of repeatability, and simple correlations. Relationships among ultrasound and carcass measures, and between these measures and carcass yield and value, were evaluated using residual correlations and linear prediction models. Ultrasound bias approached 0 for LM area, and backfat thickness was overestimated by only 0.69 mm. The SE of prediction and r were 1.55 cm 2 and 0.75 for LM area, and 1.4 mm and 0.81 for backfat thickness, respectively. The SE of repeatability was 1.31 cm 2 and 0.75 mm for LM area and backfat thickness, respectively. At a standardized BW and backfat thickness, wethers with larger LM area and LM depth yielded larger and more valuable carcasses, and these relationships were detectable with ultrasound. For each SD increase in carcass LM area, dressing percentage increased 1.57 percentage points, gross carcass value increased US$5.12, and boxed carcass value increased US$6.84 (P < 0.001). For each SD increase in ultrasound LM area, dressing percentage increased 0.95 percentage points, gross carcass value increased US$3.15, and boxed carcass value increased US$3.86 (P < 0.001). When LM area effects were adjusted for carcass weight, the response in boxed carcass value attributed to disproportionate increases in high-value subprimal cut weights was small. Associations of dressing percentage and carcass value with ultrasound and carcass LM depth were significant (P < 0.01) but smaller than corresponding associations with LM area. These data indicate biological and economical incentives for increasing LM area in wethers, and live-animal ultrasound can provide reliable estimates of carcass measures. These results are applicable to terminal sire breeders and producers who market sheep using carcass-merit pricing systems.