cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the origin of the hole pressure

One wall of a slit die apparatus contains a slot filled with the test liquid. Photographs of marked streamlines near the slot mouth show a pronounced curvature. A 0.5% aqueous solution of Separan AP 30 and molten polystyrene and polyethylene were investigated at low values of Reynolds number (Re < 1.0). In each case, streamlines are convex towards the slot mouth. This supports the hypothesis ofTanner andPipkin which attributes hole pressures in flowing viscoelastic liquids to the combined effect of holegenerated streamline curvature and shear-generated normal stress differences.
Thrombocytopenia associated with sodium valproate treatment

The administration of sodium valproate to 30 patients in daily doses of 1,200 to 3,000 mg was associated with a significant reduction of the platelet count. Thrombocytopenia without any concomitant bleeding abnormalities occurred in 10 of the patients. Platelet counts returned to baseline levels after withdrawal of the drug.
Anaphylaxis with use of eye-drops containing benzalkonium chloride preservative

Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a bactericidal preservative found commonly in cosmetics, disinfectants, nebuliser solutions, spermicides and eye-drops. BAC is reported as the most commonly used quaternary ammonium compound. Numerous cases of contact sensitivity have been reported, including alarming cases of paradoxical bronchoconstriction and anaphylaxis (an acute multi-system and very severe Type I hypersensitivity reaction) with BAC in nebuliser solutions. In 1997, Chiambaretta, Pouliquen and Rigal reported two cases of contact sensitivity and a third case of immediate hypersensitivity involving chemosis and angioneurotic oedema. Chemosis and angioneurotic oedema are associated with anaphylaxis but differ from our case because the patient had established anaphylaxis to another member of Figure 1. Skin testing to epinastine ophthalmic drops. Prick testing done on the left of the arm, while intradermal testing was done on the right. Results show wheal/flare in mm for each component and control: Histamine (H)prick 13/36, intradermal not performed; Saline and BAC (SB)prick 3/14, intradermal 15/>45; Epinastine ophthalmic (contains BAC) (EB)prick 0/0, intradermal not performed; Control (C)prick 0/0, intradermal 7/0. C L I N I C A L A N D E X P E R I M E N T A L
Testosterone Binding and Free Plasma Androgen Concentrations under Physiological Conditions: Characterization by Flow Dialysis Technique*

Testosterone binding to plasma has been analyzed under physiological conditions. Flow dialysis technique (FDT) has permitted precise studies of whole 37 C plasma with negligible disturbance of the equilibrium state. The information obtained by FDT was compared with that obtained by a charcoal adsorption assay (CA), which primarily assesses testosterone binding totestosterone-estradiol-binding globulin (TEBG). The results of the two methods correlated closely(r = 0.98). Consequently, the percentage of testosterone free in plasma under in vivo conditions could be readily calculated from data generated by the much easier CA technique. Plasma free androgenconcentrations were then computed for a large variety of sera. For example, the mean (±SDplasma free testosterone concentrations of normal men, hirsute women, normal women, and pregnant women were found to be 128 ± 57, 16.1 ± 11.7, 5.4 ± 2.7, and 4.6 ± 1.7 pg⁄ml, respectively. Theselevels are in close agreement with previous estimates. The plasma free testos...
Population and Evolutionary Dynamics of Helitron Transposable Elements in Arabidopsis thaliana

Helitrons, a recently discovered superfamily of DNA transposons that capture host gene fragments, constitute up to 2% of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. In this study, we identified 565 insertions of a family of nonautonomous Helitrons, known as Basho elements. We aligned subsets of these elements, estimated their phylogenetic relationships, and used branch lengths to yield insight into the age of each Basho insertion. The age distribution suggests that 87% of Bashos inserted within 5 Myr, subsequent to the divergence between A. thaliana and its sister species Arabidopsis lyrata. We screened 278 of these insertions for their presence or absence in a sample of 47 A. thaliana accessions. With both phylogenetic and population frequency data, we investigated the effects of gene density, recombination rate, and element length on Basho persistence. Our analyses suggested that longer Basho copies are less likely to persist in the genome, consistent with selection against the deleterious effects of ectopic recombination between Basho elements. Furthermore, we determined that 39% of Basho elements contain fragments of expressed protein-coding genes, but all of these fragments were explained by only 5 gene-capture events. Overall, the picture of A. thaliana Helitron evolution is one of rapid expansion, relatively few gene-capture events, and weak selection correlated with element length.
Counterion-mediated pattern formation in membranes containing anionic lipids

Most lipid components of cell membranes are either neutral, like cholesterol, or zwitterionic, like phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. Very few lipids, such as sphingosine, are cationic at physiological pH. These generally interact only transiently with the lipid bilayer, and their synthetic analogs are often designed to destabilize the membrane for drug or DNA delivery. However, anionic lipids are common in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes. The net charge per anionic phospholipid ranges from -1 for the most abundant anionic lipids such as phosphatidylserine, to near -7 for phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 trisphosphate, although the effective charge depends on many environmental factors. Anionic phospholipids and other negatively charged lipids such as lipopolysaccharides are not randomly distributed in the lipid bilayer, but are highly restricted to specific leaflets of the bilayer and to regions near transmembrane proteins or other organized structures within the plane of the membrane. This review highlights some recent evidence that counterions, in the form of monovalent or divalent metal ions, polyamines, or cationic protein domains, have a large influence on the lateral distribution of anionic lipids within the membrane, and that lateral demixing of anionic lipids has effects on membrane curvature and protein function that are important for biological control.
Changes in the Content of Free Amino Acids During Roasting of Cocoa Beans

SUMMARY The major changes noted in the roasting of cocoa beans are the destruction of amino acids and reducing sugars, followed by the production of volatile earbonyl compounds. The relation between these reactions was demonstrated by means of amino acid analysis, titrimetric determination of the reducing sugars, and gas chromatography. It is postulated that the majority of the earbonyl compounds produced during the course of the roasting process are the result of the oxidative deamination of free amino acids.
High Thermoelectric Performance of p-Type SnTe via a Synergistic Band Engineering and Nanostructuring Approach

SnTe is a potentially attractive thermoelectric because it is the lead-free rock-salt analogue of PbTe. However, SnTe is a poor thermoelectric material because of its high hole concentration arising from inherent Sn vacancies in the lattice and its very high electrical and thermal conductivity. In this study, we demonstrate that SnTe-based materials can be controlled to become excellent thermoelectrics for power generation via the successful application of several key concepts that obviate the well-known disadvantages of SnTe. First, we show that Sn self-compensation can effectively reduce the Sn vacancies and decrease the hole carrier density. For example, a 3 mol % self-compensation of Sn results in a 50% improvement in the figure of merit ZT. In addition, we reveal that Cd, nominally isoelectronic with Sn, favorably impacts the electronic band structure by (a) diminishing the energy separation between the light-hole and heavy-hole valence bands in the material, leading to an enhanced Seebeck coefficien...
Interface-related reliability challenges in 3-D interconnect systems with through-silicon vias

During service, through-silicon vias (TSVs) in vertically stacked-die microelectronic packages are subjected to both thermo-mechanical cycling as well as electromigration. The disparate properties of Cu-filled TSVs and the Si chip induce substantial residual stresses in both components, as well as at the interface. These stresses may drive interfacial sliding with the interface serving as a rapid diffusion path, resulting in significant interfacial strain incompatibilities. In addition, by acting as short-circuit paths for diffusion, the interfaces may carry significant electromigration fluxes, further exacerbating interfacial sliding. The results of recent experiments and modeling are presented to illustrate these effects, and related reliability issues are discussed.
Expression of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Human Lung Carcinomas

Background The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are phytogenetically conserved proteins, which are essential for embryonic development. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was recently shown to be expressed in a small sample of lung carcinomas. Studies have suggested that BMP-2 may enhance tumor growth. The present study examined which BMP family members are expressed in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). Furthermore, the frequency of BMP-2 overexpression and the types of lung carcinomas expressing BMP-2 were determined. Methods Tissue samples were obtained from the operating room and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Samples included metastatic NSCLC, benign lung tumors, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, bronchioloalveolar, and neuroendocrine carcinomas. Paired normal lung tissues served as the controls. The BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, BMP-7, and growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) expressions were examined by Western blot analysis. Results The BMP-4, BMP-6, BMP-7, and GDF-5 were infrequently expressed in NSCLC. The BMP-2 was expressed in 41 of 42 NSCLC with minimal expression in normal lung tissue; BMP-2 was expressed 17 fold higher than that of normal lung tissue. The BMP-2 was over-expressed in all subtypes of NSCLC, including neuroendocrine carcinomas. The BMP-2 expression was similar between squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas; however, bronchioloalveolar carcinomas tended to have a lower level of expression. The BMP-2 was not significantly expressed in benign lung tumors. Conclusions Bone morphogenetic protein-2 is the predominant family member expressed in NSCLC. The BMP-2 is overexpressed in the majority of human lung carcinomas independent of cell type.
Young, Black (& Brown) and Don't Give a Fuck: Virtual Gangstas in the Era of State Violence

The popularity and visibility of video games within American popular culture is prompted debates within from a spectrum of institutions, ranging from the media and the academy to Main Street and the political sphere. Erasing the complexity, much of the discourse focuses instead on questions of violence and the impact of gaming culture on (White) American youth. While focusing on Grand Theft: San Andreas specifically, this essay explores the culture wars surrounding American video game culture, arguing that the moral panics directed at video games and the defenses/celebrations of virtual reality operate through dominant discourses and hegemonic ideologies of race. Erasing their racial content and textual support for state violence directed at communities of color, the dominant discourse concerning youth and video games rationalizes the fear and policing of Black and Brown communities.
Mitral Annular Growth in Children Following Early Mechanical Mitral Valve Replacement

Irreparable mitral pathology may lead to early mitral valve replacement (MVR) in children. Often, a small mechanical prosthesis (<23 mm) is required, raising concerns about annular growth in patients who may eventually require subsequent mitral valve re-replacement (MVRR). The aim of this study was to evaluate interval mitral annular growth in this cohort. Between January 1972 and December 2006, 164 children underwent MVR with a mechanical prosthesis; 110 of these children (median age, 4 years; range, 7 days to 14 years) received a small mechanical prosthesis (<23 mm). The most common diagnoses were congenital mitral stenosis (10%), regurgitation (46%), and left atrioventricular valve dysfunction after previous atrioventricular septal defect repair (44%). The cohort was analyzed for age, body surface area (BSA), prosthesis size, and Z score at the time of MVR and MVRR. At the time of MVR, 78 patients had a BSA of 0.77 ± 0.06 m(2), had an annular size of 24 ± 0.62 mm (Z score, 2.91 ± 0.23), and ultimately did not require MVRR. Another cohort, who eventually did require MVRR (n = 24), had an initial BSA at the time of MVR of 0.62 ± 0.05 m(2) (P = NS vs MVR only) and an annular size of 20 ± 0.49 mm (Z score, 1.85 ± 0.22) (P = .008 vs MVR only). In the interval between MVR and MVRR (7.8 ± 1.1 years), BSA increased to 1.12 ± 0.07 m(2), and annulus size increased to 24 ± 0.47 mm (Z score, 1.80 ± 0.28). These data suggest growth of the mitral annulus following MVR with a small mechanical prosthesis, as evidenced by an unchanged Z score in the setting of normal interval increase in BSA. Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference in initial Z scores between the cohorts requiring MVRR and those who have not needed re-replacement, suggesting that the feasibility of placement of a slightly larger prosthesis may be associated with a decreased need for MVRR.
Dynamic Stresses and Displacements Around Cylindrical Discontinuities Due to Plane Harmonic Shear Waves

Abstract : The problem of dynamic stresses and displacements around a cavity and rigid inclusion of arbitrary density is examined for an elastic medium during the passage of a plane shear wave. In the cavity case, the dynamic stresses and displacements are found to be dependent upon the incident wave number and Poisson's ratio of the medium. In the rigid inclusion case, it is found that dynamic stresses and the rigid body rotation and translation are dependent upon the incident wave numbers, the Poisson's ratio, and the density ratio of the medium and the insert. Close coupling is observed between the stresses and the rigid body motion of the insert.
Adaptive significance of polymorphic life cycles in Protozoa: responses to starvation and refeeding in two species of marine ciliates

The life cycles of two related marine ciliates, Uronema marinum and Pseudocohnilembus pusillus were studied. Both species are adapted to exploit patches with high densities of bacteria such as decaying particulate matter. When growing cells of Uronema are deprived of food, the cells undergo from one to three cell divisions and form motile swarmer cells. These have a high motility and a long survival, but when refed they need a long lag time before they resume cell divisions. This reflects cell physiological change and reduction in metabolic rate during starvation and so the cost of long term survival. This ciliate is particularly adapted to exploit food resources with a patchy spatial distribution. Pseudocohnilembus cells do not divide when starved; instead they form motile swarmer cells and these can resume cell divisions quickly when food is available, but their survival time is only ≈ 13 of that of Uronema cells. However, about half of the Pseudocohnilembus swarmers are capable of forming resting cysts 10–30 h after the onset of starvation. These cysts remain viable for several months and depend on episodic food supply; the delay in cyst formation and the fact that only some cells produce cysts underscores the adaptive significance of dispersal in this species as well. The findings are discussed in terms of a generalised ciliate life cycle; traits found in individual species reflect the degree of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of their habitats and their resources.
Sliding Tractions on a Deformable Porous Layer

The problem of sliding surface tractions on a porous biphasic layer with viscous interstitial fluid is solved, which can serve as the basis for solving problems of elastohydrodynamic lubrication of deformable porous layers bonded to a rigid substrate. A general small strain solution is derived for a layer of arbitrary thickness, using Fourier transform methods. The applied tractions, consisting of two normal components and two shear components, have arbitrary distributions and are assumed to slide at a constant speed along the layer surface. It is found that the solution to this problem is dependent on five nondimensional parameters; one of these. R b , is the ratio of the sliding speed to the characteristic speed of fluid flow within the porous layer ; another, T f , controls the transition between Darcy-like and Navier-Stokes flow. Results are presented for various values of these parameters, particularly in relation to the flux offluid relative to the solid phase along the tangential and normal directions to the layer surface. Discussion of these results and their potential effect on the analysis of elastohydrodynamic lubrication of deformable porous bearings is provided.
Drosophila E-Cadherin Functions in Hematopoietic Progenitors to Maintain Multipotency and Block Differentiation

A fundamental question in stem cell biology concerns the regulatory strategies that control the choice between multipotency and differentiation. Drosophila blood progenitors or prohemocytes exhibit key stem cell characteristics, including multipotency, quiescence, and niche dependence. As a result, studies of Drosophila hematopoiesis have provided important insights into the molecular mechanisms that control these processes. Here, we show that E-cadherin is an important regulator of prohemocyte fate choice, maintaining prohemocyte multipotency and blocking differentiation. These functions are reminiscent of the role of E-cadherin in mammalian embryonic stem cells. We also show that mis-expression of E-cadherin in differentiating hemocytes disrupts the boundary between these cells and undifferentiated prohemocytes. Additionally, upregulation of E-cadherin in differentiating hemocytes increases the number of intermediate cell types expressing the prohemocyte marker, Patched. Furthermore, our studies indicate that the Drosophila GATA transcriptional co-factor, U-shaped, is required for E-cadherin expression. Consequently, E-cadherin is a downstream target of U-shaped in the maintenance of prohemocyte multipotency. In contrast, we showed that forced expression of the U-shaped GATA-binding partner, Serpent, repressed E-cadherin expression and promoted lamellocyte differentiation. Thus, U-shaped may maintain E-cadherin expression by blocking the inhibitory activity of Serpent. Collectively, these observations suggest that GATA:FOG complex formation regulates E-cadherin levels and, thereby, the choice between multipotency and differentiation. The work presented in this report further defines the molecular basis of prohemocyte cell fate choice, which will provide important insights into the mechanisms that govern stem cell biology.
A Gaussian potential function network with hierarchically self-organizing learning

Abstract This article presents a design principle of a neural network using Gaussian activation functions, referred to as a Gaussian Potential Function Network (GPFN), and explores the capability of a GPFN in learning a continuous input-output mapping from a given set of teaching patterns. The design principle is highlighted by a Hierarchically Self-Organizing Learning (HSOL) algorithm featuring the automatic recruitment of hidden units under the paradigm of hierarchical learning. A GPFN generates an arbitrary shape of a potential field over the domain of the input space, as an input-output mapping, by synthesizing a number of Gaussian potential functions provided by individual hidden units referred to as Gaussian Potential Function Units (GPFUs). The construction of a GPFN is carried out by the HSOL algorithm which incrementally recruits the minimum necessary number of GPFUs based on the control of the effective radii of individual GPFUs, and trains the locations (mean vectors) and shapes (variances) of individual Gaussian potential functions, as well as their summation weights, based on the Backpropagation algorithm. Simulations were conducted for the demonstration and evaluation of the GPFNs constructed based on the HSOL algorithm for several sets of teaching patterns.
Formation of aegirine‐augite and arfvedsonite by reaction

On the northern border of the granite mass of Ear Mountain, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, a thin sill of alaskitic composition has intruded a diopside-bearing metamorphosed sediment. The diopside has been taken up by the sill, and has reacted with it to form aegirine-augite. The aegirine-augite has been preserved unchanged in the fine-grained margin of the sill, but in the coarser part it has been attacked, presumably by deuteric fluids, to form arfvedsonite.
A state-shared model predictive control approach to transition control of a multi-input multi-output system

Transition control over a large operating space presents a challenging problem, especially for nonlinear multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) constrained systems. This work proposes and develops a transition control approach based on the development of a state-shared model in a model-predictive control (MPC) framework. The genesis of the state-shared model is based on an identifier-based nonlinear realization. The method is demonstrated on a nonlinear physiological system that transitions from a pathological state to a normal state.
Dynamical evolutionary psychology: individual decision rules and emergent social norms.

A new theory integrating evolutionary and dynamical approaches is proposed. Following evolutionary models, psychological mechanisms are conceived as conditional decision rules designed to address fundamental problems confronted by human ancestors, with qualitatively different decision rules serving different problem domains and individual differences in decision rules as a function of adaptive and random variation. Following dynamical models, decision mechanisms within individuals are assumed to unfold in dynamic interplay with decision mechanisms of others in social networks. Decision mechanisms in different domains have different dynamic outcomes and lead to different sociospatial geometries. Three series of simulations examining trade-offs in cooperation and mating decisions illustrate how individual decision mechanisms and group dynamics mutually constrain one another, and offer insights about gene– culture interactions.
Decomposing School Resegregation Social Closure, Racial Imbalance, and Racial Isolation

Today’s typical minority student attends school with fewer whites than his counterpart in 1970. This apparent resegregation of U.S. schools has sparked outrage and debate. Some blame a rollback of desegregation policies designed to distribute students more evenly among schools; others blame the changing racial composition of the student population. This study clarifies the link between distributive processes of segregation, population change, and school racial composition by framing school segregation as a mode of social closure. I use a novel decomposition approach to determine the relative contributions of distributive processes and compositional change in the apparent resegregation of schools from 1993 to 2010. For the most part, compositional changes are to blame for the declining presence of whites in minorities’ schools. During this period, whites and minorities actually became more evenly distributed across schools, helping increase minority students’ exposure to whites. Further decompositions reve...
Bayesian Semi- and Non-parametric Models for Longitudinal Data with Multiple Membership Effects in R

We introduce growcurves for R that performs analysis of repeated measures multiple membership (MM) data. This data structure arises in studies under which an intervention is delivered to each subject through the subject's participation in a set of multiple elements that characterize the intervention. In our motivating study design under which subjects receive a group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment, an element is a group CBT session and each subject attends multiple sessions that, together, comprise the treatment. The sets of elements, or group CBT sessions, attended by subjects will partly overlap with some of those from other subjects to induce a dependence in their responses. The growcurves package offers two alternative sets of hierarchical models: 1. Separate terms are specified for multivariate subject and MM element random effects, where the subject effects are modeled under a Dirichlet process prior to produce a semi-parametric construction; 2. A single term is employed to model joint subject-by-MM effects. A fully non-parametric dependent Dirichlet process formulation allows exploration of differences in subject responses across different MM elements. This model allows for borrowing information among subjects who express similar longitudinal trajectories for flexible estimation. growcurves deploys "estimation" functions to perform posterior sampling under a suite of prior options. An accompanying set of "plot" functions allow the user to readily extract by-subject growth curves. The design approach intends to anticipate inferential goals with tools that fully extract information from repeated measures data. Computational efficiency is achieved by performing the sampling for estimation functions using compiled C++.
Adaptive Delay Tracking with a Varying SNR

An adaptive delay element has been shown to perform well when tracking the delay between two narrowband signals when the SNR is constant. This paper considers a configuration where both the SNR and the delay between the two signals are varying. To handle this additional change in the system, an adaptive gain is added to the adaptive delay. An LMS algorithm is developed for adjusting the real-time estimate of the gain. Computer simulations are included to evaluate the performance of the adaptive delay/gain element.
Synergistic inhibition of the calcification of glutaraldehyde pretreated bovine pericardium in a rat subdermal model by FeCl3 and ethanehydroxydiphosphonate: pre-incubation and polymeric controlled release studies

Calcification is a frequent cause of the clinical failure of bioprosthetic heart valves fabricated from glutaraldehyde-pretreated porcine aortic valves or glutaraldehyde-pretreated bovine pericardium (GPBP). We investigated the hypothesis that ferric chloride (FeCI,) and sodiumethanehydroxydiphosphonate (EHDP) may act synergistically to prevent bioprosthetic tissue calcification. Pre-incubations and controlled release systems were studied individually. FeC13EHDP polymeric controlled release matrices were formulated using silicone rubber and evaluated for in vitro release kinetics at pH 7.4 and 37°C. The effects of Fe-EHDP synergism on GPBP calcification were investigated with 21 d subdermal implants in 3 wk-old male rats. Results demonstrated that levels of Fe3+ and EHDP uptake, measured in GPBP tissues pre-incubated first in an FeCI, solution (10e5 M) followed by an EHDP solution (0.1 M), were higher than in the reverse order of incubation. In the first series of rat implants, GPBP was pre-incubated in either FeCI, or Na,EHDP solutions, or sequential pre-incubations of first FeCI, and then Na,EHDP solutions, or the reverse. The inhibition of calcification was greatest when FeC13 (first preincubation, 10e5 M) was combined with Na*EHDP (second pre-incubation, 0.1 M) (1.78 f 0.2pg of Ca*+/mg of dried tissue) compared with the other pre-incubation groups: EHDP (first preincubation) combined with FeCI, (second pre-incubation) (21.7 k 6.4) FeCI, solution alone at 10m5 M (27.9 + 10.7), Na2EHDP solution alone at 0.1 M (52.3 + 11.9) and the control group (72.3 + 10.2). In a second series of implants, G.PBP specimens were co-implanted with individual controlled release systems containing one of the following formulations (weight percentage in silicone rubber): 1% FeCI,, 20% CaEHDP, 20% protamine sulphate, 1% FeCI,-20% CaEHDP, and 1% FeCI,-20% protamine sulphate. The 1% FeC13-20% CaEHDP silicone-rubber matrices were the most effective for inhibiting GPBP mineralization (13.7 t 3.0,ag Ca*+/mg of dried tissue) compared with non-drug silicone co-implant controls (74.7 f 5.56 pg Ca*+/mg of dried tissue) and other polymeric treatment groups (32.3 + 2.3-80.0 Ifr 19.7). No adverse effects on bone or overall growth of any treatment protocols were noted. Thus, combinations of FeC13 and EHDP, using either pre-incubations or polymeric controlled release, were synergistic for inhibiting GPBP calcification.
Forwarding state reduction for delay-constrained multicasting in IP networks

The multicast forwarding state scalability issue is one of the critical issues that delay the deployment of IP multicast in the global Internet. With traditional protocols, each router is required to maintain a forwarding entry locally for each group whose distribution tree passes through the router itself. Consequently, the number of forwarding entries at routers increases linearly with the number of concurrent ongoing multicast sessions. This can pose the forwarding state scalability issue when the number of multicast sessions is very large. The paper addresses this scalability issue in providing efficient delay-constrained multicasting in IP networks. We propose a scalable multicast routing heuristic. Its computational complexity is deduced to be O(m|V|/sup 2/), where m is the size of the multicast group and |V| is the size of the network. In particular, if the heuristic is executed online, its computational complexity can be further reduced to O(m/sup 2/). This property makes the heuristic scale well with the number of concurrent sessions since multicasting subject to a delay constraint is typically executed on a per-session basis. Simulation results show that the proposed heuristic can achieve high performance in reducing the forwarding state at routers and in utilizing network resources efficiently.
Behavioral and Temporal Pattern Detection within Financial Data with Hidden Information

Abstract : This paper describes a technique for behavioral and temporal pattern detection within financial data, such as credit card and bank account data, where the required information is only partially visible. Typically, transaction amount, transaction date, merchant name and type, and location of transaction are all visible data items, i.e., they are readily available in the financial institutions database. In contrast, the transaction status as a business transaction (using a personal card), a personal transaction, an investment related transaction, or perhaps a suspicious transaction, is information not explicitly available in the database. Our behavioral pattern detection technique combines well-known Hidden Markov Model (HMM) techniques for learning and subsequent identification of hidden artifacts, with run-time pattern detection of probabilistic UML-based formal specifications. The proposed approach entails a process in which the end-user first develops his or her deterministic patterns, s/he then identifies hidden artifacts in those patterns. Those artifacts induce the state set of the identifying HMM, whose remaining parameters are learned using standard frequency analysis techniques. In the run-time pattern detection phase, the system emits visible information, used by the HMM to deduce invisible information, and sequences thereof; both types of information are then used by a probabilistic pattern detector to monitor the pattern.
Encoding substrates with mass tags to resolve stereospecific reactions using Nimzyme

RATIONALE The nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry based enzyme assay (Nimzyme) provides a rapid method for screening glycan modifying reactions. However, this approach cannot resolve stereospecific reactions which are common in glycobiology and are typically assayed using lower-throughput methods (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis) often in conjunction with stable isotopically labeled reactants. However, in many applications, library size necessitates the development of higher-throughput screening approaches of stereospecific reactions from crude sample preparations. Therefore, here we test the approach of utilizing Nimzyme linkers with unique masses to encode substrate identity such that this assay can resolve stereospecific reactions. METHODS We utilize the nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS) enzyme assay in conjuction with an accurate mass tagging approach where each reactant is tagged with a unique perfluoronated tail. Mass spectrometric analysis was conducted using conventional MALDI-TOF instrumentation. RESULTS Stereospecific reaction pathways of three stereoisomers (maltose, lactose and cellobiose) to afford the same product glucose were resolved simutaneously due to the presence of unique fluorous tags on both reactants and products. Not only purified enzymes, but also crude cell lysates can be used in this assay. CONCLUSIONS The Nimzyme assay with accurate mass tagging provides a rapid method for screening for targeted stereospecific reactions using mass spectrometry and may be useful for high-throughput screening and functional annotation of a wide range of glycan-modifying enzymes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
p53-Independent Apoptosis Limits DNA Damage-Induced Aneuploidy

DNA damage or unprotected telomeres can trigger apoptosis via signaling pathways that directly sense abnormal DNA structures and activate the p53 transcription factor. We describe a p53-independent mechanism that acts in parallel to the canonical DNA damage response pathway in Drosophila to induce apoptosis after exposure to ionizing radiation. Following recovery from damage-induced cell cycle arrest, p53 mutant cells activate the JNK pathway and expression of the pro-apoptotic gene hid. Mutations in grp, a cell cycle checkpoint gene, and puc, a negative regulator of the JNK pathway, sensitize p53 mutant cells to ionizing radiation (IR)-induced apoptosis. Induction of chromosome aberrations by DNA damage generates cells with segmental aneuploidy and heterozygous for mutations in ribosomal protein genes. p53-independent apoptosis limits the formation of these aneuploid cells following DNA damage. We propose that reduced copy number of haploinsufficient genes following chromosome damage activates apoptosis and helps maintain genomic integrity.
The ontogeny of cardio-respiratory function under chronically altered gas compositions in Xenopus laevis

The importance of diffusion and perfusion in terms of oxygen transport was evaluated by chronically altering environmental O2 availability (hypoxia or hyperoxia) and blood O2 content (carbon monoxide) through development in Xenopus lae6is. Oxygen consumption (M: O2 ), individual wet mass, heart rate (fH), and stroke volume (SV) were measured in animals raised from eggs to pre-metamorphic climax while maintained at 11, 21 and 35 kPa O2, combined with and without 2 kPa carbon monoxide. Additionally, cardiac output (Q: ), and a recently defined O2 consumption:transport quotient (M: O2 ·Q : 1 O2 ) were calculated. Wet mass, M: O2 , and fH, were not significantly different between controls and experimental treatments at any developmental stage. However, with hemoglobin oxygen transport blocked by carbon monoxide, the exposed larvae showed an increased SV, Q: and M: O2 ·Q : 1 O2 . Combined, these data suggest that in spite of impaired blood O2 convection, normal aerobic metabolism was maintained, indicating that direct diffusion of O2 plays an important role in supplying oxygen during early development. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Power control error in a CDMA satellite communication system

An adaptive power control (APC) scheme is essential to overcome shadowing and distance losses in a land mobile satellite system. Such a scheme, implemented on the uplink, ensures that all users' signals arrive at the base station with equal average power as they move within the satellite spot beam-an important requirement in a CDMA system. Because of the lengthy round-trip delay on a satellite link, closed-loop power control systems are only of marginal benefit. Monk et al (1994) proposed an open-loop APC scheme to counteract the effects of large scale losses. A model was developed to characterize the performance of the APC. In this paper, we use the model to derive the overall system performance of shadowed users on the uplink of a coherent, asynchronous, coded CDMA system, on a land mobile satellite link. >
Associations among cranial traits.

Multivariate analysis of associations among seven cranial characteristics originally presented by Hertzog ('68) suggests that the appearance of the circumparietal accessory ossicles, parietal foramina, and form of the fronto-temporal suture are largely independent of each other both within and across geographical races.
Structural Validation of the Holistic Wellness Assessment

The Holistic Wellness Assessment (HWA) is a relatively new assessment instrument based on an emergent transdisciplinary model of wellness. This study validated the factor structure identified via e...
Anchoring in the interpretation of probability expressions

Abstract Prior research has demonstrated that people's interpretations of nonnumerical probability expressions (e.g. slight chance, probably ) are sensitive to contextual factors such as event base rate. The present study examines the contextual role that numerical anchors may play in interpretation of these expressions. Participants read a series of vignettes describing fictitious doctor-patient communications in which the doctor used a nonnumerical probability expression to describe the likelihood of an illness given certain symptoms. Participants interpreted this expression (i.e. made a percentage probability estimate of the illness likelihood) in the context of a numerical anchor which they were led to believe was arbitrarily chosen. Despite the ostensible arbitrariness of the numerical anchors, interpretations of the probability expressions were systematically influenced by anchor value. These results are consistent with previous demonstrations of the ‘anchoring-and-adjustment’ heuristic and offer further evidence of the context sensitivity of probability expressions.
Inheritance of Fatty Acid Content in Peanut Oil1

Abstract The stability or shelf-life of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) oil is related to the fatty acid content of the oil, with the major factor being the ratio of oleic (C18:1) to linoleic (C18:2) acid (O/L ratio). To obtain information needed for development of cultivars with improved oil quality, eight parents representing a range in oleic and linoleic content were crossed in diallel. Individual F1 seeds (F1 embryos) from the greenhouse and F2 bulk seed from the 56 crosses grown in the field were analyzed to determine levels of the eight major fatty acids. General combining ability (GCA) was consistently more important than specific combining ability (SCA) in both generations, suggesting that additive effects are important in the inheritance of fatty acid composition. Maternal effects were significant in the F1 but dissipated in the F2; thus the differences in the environment provided by the maternal parent was more critical to oil composition than heritable extranuclear factors. Reciprocal effects were...
Scenario based robust control design for uninterruptible power supplies

The paper presents the designing of a robust control scheme for uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) by implementing scenario based approach which is a probabilistic solution framework to synthesize and analyze the problems that can be expressed in the form of minimization of a linear objective subject to convex constraints parameterized by uncertainty terms. The scenario based problem being a standard convex optimization problem possesses the solution which is approximately feasible for the infinite set of constraints and is obtained by appropriate sampling of uncertain constraints. The load variation of UPS affects the output voltage and hence is considered as a linear uncertain parameter with a known range in the dynamic model of UPS. An LPV H-infinity optimization problem is formulated in the presence of load variations maintaining the output voltage to the desired value. To design the control problem guaranteeing an a-priori particular probabilistic robustness we use the scenario based approach by randomly selecting the finite number of uncertain scenarios for the load variations instead of using conventional ploytopic approach which covers and comments on the entire uncertainty set for UPS and the solution of scenario problem is computed efficiently by solving the optimization problem using linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Numerical simulations and comparisons with LPV H-infinity and with linear PID control design shows the proposed scheme makes the system more robust towards uncertainties as well as exogenous disturbances to make it stable and improving its THD and transient performance.
Accurate characterization of the variability in power consumption in modern mobile processors

The variability in performance and power consumption is slated to grow further with continued scaling of process technologies. While this variability has been studied and modeled before, there is lack of empirical data on its extent, as well as the factors affecting it, especially for modern general purpose microprocessors. Using detailed power measurements we show that the part to part variability for modern processors utilizing the Nehalem microarchitecture is indeed significant. We chose six Core i5-540M laptop processors marketed in the same frequency bins - thus presumed to be identical - and characterized their power consumption for a variety of representative single-threaded and multithreaded application workloads. Our data shows processor power variation ranging from 7%-17% across different applications and configuration options such as Hyper-Threading and Turbo Boost. We present our hypotheses on the underlying causes of this observed power variation and discuss its potential implications.
Censorship, Propaganda, and the Production of 'Shell Shock' in World War I

In discussing warfare we tend to maintain a theoretical cleavage between the "home front" and the "battle front" that is supposed to parallel the physical distance that separates them. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the academic literature that surrounds World War I, with each discipline for decades having studied its correspondent aspect of the war. While this has provided us with incredibly detailed research into the minutiae of battles and the changing attitudes of the masses, it has done little to help us combine these details into a full-scale picture of what was actually experienced by civilians and soldiers alike. Therefore this paper will instead attempt an interdisciplinary approach to understanding this war by looking at the alarmism that helped lead to the war and the censorship and propaganda campaigns that helped shape it. Thus it will be shown that only by returning to the concerted efforts of politicians and journalists years before the war can we see how the "war to end all war" eventually led to the creation of "shell shock" and the loss of a generation.
Monoanionic bis(carbene) pincer complexes featuring cobalt(I–III) oxidation states

The synthesis and characterization of a series of cobalt complexes featuring a pincer bis(carbene) ligand of the meta-phenylene-bridged bis-N-heterocyclic carbene (ArCCC, Ar = 2,6-diispropylphenyl or mesityl) are reported. Cleavage of the aryl C–H bond of the ligand was achieved in a one-pot metalation procedure using Co(N(SiMe3)2)2(py)2, an equivalent of exogenous base, and trityl chloride to form the (DIPPCCC)CoCl2py complex. This species could be reduced to the Co(II) and Co(I)–N2 molecules with the appropriate equivalents of reductant. Subsequent generation of (MesCCC)CoI–III derivatives with the mesityl ligand proceeded in good yields. A suite of characterization techniques and the interconversion between all three oxidation states of the cobalt complexes is described.
Solvent Effects on Kinetic Mechanisms of Self-Assembly by Peptide Amphiphiles via Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Peptide amphiphiles are known to form a variety of distinctive self-assembled nanostructures (including cylindrical nanofibers in hydrogels) dependent upon the solvent conditions. Using a novel coarse-grained model, large-scale molecular dynamics simulations are performed on a system of 800 peptide amphiphiles (sequence, palmitoyl-Val3Ala3Glu3) to elucidate kinetic mechanisms of molecular assembly as a function of the solvent conditions. The assembly process is found to occur via a multistep process with transient intermediates that ultimately leads to the stabilized nanostructures including open networks of β-sheets, cylindrical nanofibers, and elongated micelles. Different kinetic mechanisms are compared in terms of peptide secondary structures, solvent-accessible surface area, radius of gyration, relative shape anisotropy, intra/intermolecular interactions, and aggregate size dynamics to provide insightful information for the design of functional biomaterials.
DEVELOPMENTAL QUANTITATIVE GENETICS AND THE EVOLUTION OF ONTOGENIES.

A model is presented which permits integration of developmental information into genetic discussions about evolutionary change in morphology. Development of a trait is described in terms of an ontogenetic trajectory whose properties are defined by a small number of parameters. Some evolutionary aspects of development are examined from the perspective of this quantitative genetic model. Particular attention is given to the developmental origin of pleiotropic effects, developmental constraints, heterochrony, and the growth and morphogenesis of complex morphologies. The role of genetic maternal effects in mammalian development is briefly examined, particularly as it relates to selection on developmental traits.
Predicting dispersal spectra: A minimal set of hypotheses based on plant attributes

1 The dispersal mode adopted by a plant species is frequently associated with other attributes of the plant and its habitat. In this paper we review these associations and present a set of hypotheses which, when considered together, make a probabilistic prediction of the dispersal mode adopted by a plant species. When applied to a species list, the hypotheses can be used to generate a prediction of its dispersal spectrum, i.e. the percentages of different dispersal modes that have been adopted. 2 The formulation of such a set of hypotheses has several purposes: (i) to summarize existing knowledge about dispersal adaptations and their interrelations with other attributes of plants and their habitats; (ii) to couch that knowledge in such a way that falsifiable predictions can be made; (iii) to arrive at provisional conclusions about which factors are the most important in shaping the evolution of dispersal mode in different plants or different environments. 3 The review of relationships between dispersal mode and other attributes of plants and their habitats lead to the following provisional conclusions; (i) seeds larger than 100 mg tend to be adapted for dispersal by vertebrates while those smaller than 0.1 mg tend to be unassisted; most seeds, however, are between 0.1 and 100 mg, and in this range all of the dispersal modes are feasible; (ii) plant growth form and stature (sometimes in relation to the canopy height of the vegetation) seem to exclude certain dispersal modes; (iii) the availability of specific dispersal vectors seems rarely to be an important determinant of dispersal mode; (iv) attributes of the physical environment also seem rarely to be important, except indirectly through their influence on plant stature and seed size.