cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluid drag reduction and efficient self-cleaning with rice leaf and butterfly wing bioinspired surfaces

Researchers are continually inspired by living nature to solve complex challenges. For example, unique surface characteristics of rice leaves and butterfly wings combine the shark skin (anisotropic flow leading to low drag) and lotus leaf (superhydrophobic and self-cleaning) effects, producing the so-called rice and butterfly wing effect. In this paper, we present an overview of rice leaf and butterfly wing fluid drag and self-cleaning studies. In addition, we examine two other promising aquatic surfaces in nature known for such properties, including fish scales and shark skin. Morphology, drag, self-cleaning, contact angle, and contact angle hysteresis data are presented to understand the role of wettability, viscosity, and velocity. Liquid repellent coatings are utilized to recreate or combine various effects. Discussion is provided along with conceptual models describing the role of surface structures related to low drag, self-cleaning, and antifouling properties. Modeling provides design guidance when developing novel low drag and self-cleaning surfaces for applications in the medical, marine, and industrial fields.
Proctoclysis: emergency rectal fluid infusion.

&Summary This article describes the use and effectiveness of proctoclysis (rectal fluid infusion) in providing fluid resuscitation in the absence of intravenous access in rural and remote environments.
Antimicrobial Peptides: An Emerging Concept in Cutaneous Biology

Antimicrobial peptides are part of the host defense systems of plants, insects, fish, amphibia, birds, and mammals. These small proteins were previously thought of as an evolutionarily ancient system of immune protection with little relevance to the normal function of human skin. Recent developments have found that mammalian skin expresses these gene-encoded peptide antibiotics during inflammatory events such as wound repair, contact dermatitis, and psoriasis. The presence of these peptides in the skin forms a barrier for innate host protection against microbial pathogenesis. Furthermore, antimicrobial peptides also act on animal cells by stimulating them to change behaviors such as syndecan expression, chemotaxis, and chloride secretion. The combination of effects on host cells with antimicrobial action in a single molecule represents an efficient defense and response system against injury. Understanding the action of antimicrobial peptides in skin may yield further insight into the mechanism of innate cutaneous disease control and provide new approaches to therapy of wounds and inflammatory dermatitis.
Speaking Truth to Power: Jane Addams's Values Base for Peacemaking

Jane Addams is known for founding Hull-House and for her leadership in the emerging social work profession. But little scholarly attention has centered on the values that influenced her emergence as an internationally known social activist and pacifist. The findings include a congruity with Quaker beliefs and early social work values but no attempt to identify herself as a member of either group. Despite intense opposition, Addams led the early 20th-century women's peace movement, unwavering in her belief that women's nurturing experiences led them to value life deeply and that women's involvement in world political affairs would bring about a more humane and peaceful society.
On Linear Programming in a Markov Decision Problem

This paper treats a Markov decision problem with an infinite planning horizon and no discounting. This model is analyzed by application, perhaps repeated, of a simple linear program.
Dual Heat Pulse, Dual Layer Thermal Protection System Sizing Analysis and Trade Studies for Human Mars Entry Descent and Landing

NASA has been recently updating design reference missions for the human exploration of Mars and evaluating the technology investments required to do so. The first of these started in January 2007 and developed the Mars Design Reference Architecture 5.0 (DRA5). As part of DRA5, Thermal Protection System (TPS) sizing analysis was performed on a mid L/D rigid aeroshell undergoing a dual heat pulse (aerocapture and atmospheric entry) trajectory. The DRA5 TPS subteam determined that using traditional monolithic ablator systems would be mass expensive. They proposed a new dual-layer TPS concept utilizing an ablator atop a low thermal conductivity insulative substrate to address the issue. Using existing thermal response models for an ablator and insulative tile, preliminary hand analysis of the dual layer concept at a few key heating points indicated that the concept showed potential to reduce TPS masses and warranted further study. In FY09, the followon Entry, Descent and Landing Systems Analysis (EDL-SA) project continued by focusing on Exploration-class cargo or crewed missions requiring 10 to 50 metric tons of landed payload. The TPS subteam advanced the preliminary dual-layer TPS analysis by developing a new process and updated TPS sizing code to rapidly evaluate mass-optimized, full body sizing for a dual layer TPS that is capable of dual heat pulse performance. This paper describes the process and presents the results of the EDL-SA FY09 dual-layer TPS analyses on the rigid mid L/D aeroshell. Additionally, several trade studies were conducted with the sizing code to evaluate the impact of various design factors, assumptions and margins.
Effect of intravenous fat emulsion on experimental acute pancreatitis.

The known relationship of hyperlipidemia and pancreatitis raises the question whether intravenous fat emulsion is detrimental in acute pancreatitis. Pancreatitis was induced in 52 male Sprague-Dawley rats followed by placement of a jugular catheter which was anchored to the back with a Teflon button. The animals were placed NPO in metabolic cages and continuously infused, initially with normal saline. The 37 animals surviving 24 hr were randomly assigned to group I (mean iv intake: glucose 222 kcal/kg/day; amino acids 13.1 g/kg/day) or group II (glucose 191 kcal/kg/day; intravenous fat emulsion 10% 47 kcal/kg/day; amino acids 12.9 g/kg/day). Nine animals were eliminated from the study because of mechanical problems leaving 14 in each group for analysis. Per cent survival on days 3, 5, and 7 was 64, 50 and 36 in group I, and 50, 36 and 36 in group II. Mean urinary amylase excretion was 244 ± 185 units/day in group I and 262 ± 127 units/day in group II. There was no significant difference in survival or uri...
Which dressings reduce inflammation and improve venous leg ulcer healing

Chronic venous leg ulcers (VLU) affect around 1% of the adult population in the Western world. The impact of VLU is both social and economic, with significant expenditures on active venous ulcers to provide medical treatment and eventual healing. At the core of VLU is venous hypertension which affects the venous macrocirculation. The changes incurred in venous hemodynamics leads to microcirculatory changes affecting the postcapillary venule and surrounding tissues. Inflammation by leukocytes affecting the venous endothelium, promotes a complex cascade and activation of adhesion molecules expression, chemokines and cytokines released, altered growth factor responses, and activation of protease (e.g. tPA) and proteinase (e.g. MMPs) activity that causes dysregulation and compromise of tissue integrity with eventual dermal damage and ulcer development. A critical component to treating VLU is correcting the abnormal venous hemodynamics and compression therapy. Unfortunately, VLU recurrence ranges between 30-70%, and other modalities in therapy along with compression are required. The goal for adjuvant products is to restore the balance from an inflammatory chronic wound to that of a reparative wound that will promote provisional matrix and epithelialization. There are many products on the market that can be used as adjuvant to compression therapy, but it must be recognized that there is a paucity of clinical trials that have evaluated the clinical effectiveness of specific products with clearly defined end points, and most importantly a healed VLU with a low recurrence rate. This review will discuss the fundamentals of VLU inflammation, and evaluate the available literature that may have benefit in reducing inflammation and lead to effective VLU healing.
Non-work-related movements in machine-paced and self-paced work: An industrial study

Non-work related movements (NWRM) of 10 experienced industrial workers performing light repetitive work were observed under a variety of conditions. More NWRM were observed for (1) machine-paced versus self-paced operations; and (2) a task with high mental load versus one with a low mental load. In addition, the age of the worker was found to be negatively correlated with NWRM.
Delivering I/T value in three easy steps

This article is the first to appear in our new Technology Update column that will become a regular feature in future issues. The information is based on an ongoing benchmarking study involving several Fortune 200 companies to identify best practices world‐wide and across industries for managing information technology priorities and measurements. Anyone interested in this study may contact Ms. Pumo at janetp@vnet.ibm.com.
Surgical treatment of thoracic outlet compression syndromes: diagnostic considerations and transaxillary first rib resection.

The thoracic outlet encompasses a unique anatomic region dominated by the first rib, the anterior and middle scalene muscles, and their associated structures. Within this relatively confined space, the subclavian artery, the subclavian vein, and the five nerve roots of the brachial plexus are all potentially subject to extrinsic compression (Fig. 1). Vascular lesions associated with thoracic outlet compression typically give rise to easily recognized syndromes, such as effort thrombosis of the subclavian vein or poststenotic aneurysms of the subclavian artery complicated by thromboembolism. In contrast, the diagnosis of neurogenic thoracic outlet compression syndrome (TOS) often remains difficult, confusing, and elusive. An increasing body of experience demonstrates that excellent results can be achieved by a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to neurogenic TOS, including a prominent role for surgical treatment in well-selected patients.’ Nonetheless, uncertainty in diagnosis and disappointing results of teatment have led some to question the very existence of neurogenic TOS, adding to the many controversies surrounding this condition.* The purpose of this two-part series is to outline the current management strategies and surgical
Prediagnostic Commentary in Veterinarian-Client Interaction

(1998). Prediagnostic Commentary in Veterinarian-Client Interaction. Research on Language and Social Interaction: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 241-277.
Effect of ozone exposure and infection on bronchoalveolar lavage: sex differences in response patterns.

Abstract Female mice exhibit a better survival rate than males after infection, but if infection follows an ozone-induced oxidative stress, male survival exceeds that of females. Our goal was to study bronchoalveolar lavage factors that contribute to these sex differences in outcome. We studied parameters at 4, 24, and 48 h after ozone exposure and infection, including markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue damage, and surfactant phospholipids and surfactant protein A (SP-A). A multianalyte immunoassay at the 4 h time point measured 59 different cytokines, chemokines, and other proteins. We found that: (1) Although some parameters studied revealed sex differences, no sex differences were observed in LDH, total protein, MIP-2, and SP-A. Males showed more intragroup significant differences in SP-A between filtered air- and ozone-exposed mice compared to females. (2) Oxidized dimeric SP-A was higher in FA-exposed female mice. (3) Surfactant phospholipids were typically higher in males. (4) The multianalyte data revealed differences in the exuberance of responses under different conditions – males in response to infection and females in response to oxidative stress. These more exuberant, and presumably less well-controlled responses associate with the poorer survival. We postulate that the collective effects of these sex differences in response patterns of lung immune cells may contribute to the clinical outcomes previously observed.
Antibody formation after murine injury

To determine the effect of burn injury on humoral immunity, we followed the murine primary and secondary antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), a T-cell dependent antigen, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a T-cell-independent antigen, after 25% TBSA burn. Splenic B-cell-specific antibody synthesis was measured by a hemolytic plaque assay. Simultaneous measurements of specific and nonspecific immunoglobulins were performed by a hemagglutination assay and radial immunodiffusion, respectively. Numbers of splenic primary anti-SRBC-plaque forming cells (PFC) were generally equal in burn and control groups. Numbers of splenic secondary IgG anti-SRBC and anti-LPS PFCs were significantly increased in the burn group with a peak at 5 and 16 days after secondary immunization. There were no differences in serum anti-SRBC or anti-LPS antibody titers between burn-injured and control mice. Nonspecific serum IgG levels were depressed on Days 5 and 10 following injury but had returned to normal by Day 10. Due to the discrepancy between increased secondary PFCs and normal or decreased serum immunoglobulin levels, we measured clearance of exogenously administered IgG. The half-life of IgG in burn mice was 2.5 days compared to 7.1 days in control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the antibody response is enhanced after burn injury in the mouse, but this is not reflected in serum levels of specific antibody or immunoglobulins probably due to increased clearance from the circulation.
Herbert Agar and Free America: A Jeffersonian Alternative to the New Deal

In analyzing the thought of the 1930s, historians have usually concentrated on the reactions of various liberal and leftist critics of Roosevelt's New Deal reform programs. A few, however, have stressed that in opposition both to the New Deal's regulated welfare capitalism and to the left's many-faceted demands for a more openly radical program, the period also witnessed some significant theorizing that remained conservative and even reactionary. Considerable attention, for instance, has been given to the Nashville Agrarians who in November 1930 published I'll Take My Stand, their ardent manifesto of Southern cultural independence from the capitalistic, urban-industrial north. Yet it is not so well known that the Jeffersonian social theory they espoused was the basis for a broader, national effort to promote the decentralization of American government and industry and to foster greater economic self-sufficiency through a wider distribution of property. For ten years, 1937–1947, the journal Free America served as an organ for this “decentralist” movement.
Uncertainty in the oceanic heat and carbon uptake and its impact on climate projections

The impact of uncertainty in the rate of heat and carbon uptake by the deep ocean on climate response to increases in greenhouse gas concentrations is studied by means of simulations with a two-dimensional climate-chemistry model. We assume that mixing of both heat perturbations and carbon into the deep ocean can be parameterized by effective diffusion. Comparison of two-dimensional model and coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM simulations justifies such an approach for projections 100–150 years ahead. Rates of vertical mixing for temperature perturbations and carbon are assumed to be positively correlated. We consider the uncertainty range of transient projections of climate change when the above correlation is taken into account. Compared to taking into account changes just in the rate of heat uptake, we find that the range of projections of global surface warming is increased, but the range of projections of sea level rise due to thermal expansion is decreased.
Mutagenesis of histidinol dehydrogenase reveals roles for conserved histidine residues.

The dimeric zinc metalloenzyme l-histidinol dehydrogenase (HDH) catalyzes an unusual four-electron oxidation of the amino alcohol histidinol via the histidinaldehyde intermediate to the acid product histidine with the reduction of two molecules of NAD. An essential base, with pKa about 8, is involved in catalysis. Here we report site-directed mutagenesis studies to replace each of the five histidine residues (His-98, His-261, His-326, His-366, and His-418) in Salmonella typhimurium with either asparagine or glutamine. In all cases, the overexpressed enzymes were readily purified and behaved as dimers. Substitution of His-261 and His-326 by asparagine caused about 7000- and 500-fold decreases in kcat, respectively, with little change in KM values. Similar loss of activity was also reported for a H261N mutant Brassica HDH [Nagai, A., and Ohta, D. (1994) J. Biochem. 115, 22−25]. Kinetic isotope effects, pH profiles, substrate rescue, and stopped-flow experiments suggested that His-261 and His-326 are involve...
Local unorthodox healers of cancer in the Appalachian South

This paper examines the local popular tradition of unorthodox cancer healers and treatments in the Appalachian South. An indepth case study of an unorthodox cancer healer is presented which focuses on his recruitment to the role of healer, the origin and method of his cancer treatment, and a profile of his client population. The case study is followed by a discussion of other unorthodox healers of cancer in the region for the purpose of elucidating the distinction between the local and mass popular traditions of unorthodox cancer medicine. There is an historically deep and enduring tradition of unorthodox cancer treatments in the Appalachian South, and no doubt other regions of the U.S. as well, which should be considered for a better understanding of the health care alternatives available and the health seeking behavior of individuals who use them.
Instabilities as a measurement tool for soft materials

Mechanical instabilities such as wrinkles, creases, and folds have long been viewed as a source of frustration for engineers and often a point of curiosity among scientists. Scientists aspire to understand the underlying physics behind the formation of mechanical instabilities and how to manipulate them for various endeavours, while engineers use this same understanding to design materials that inhibit or impede the formation of instabilities in critical applications. In recent years, a new movement in this community has emerged: harnessing these instabilities to provide critical insight into the properties of soft materials. We describe here the foundation of one particular analytical tool based on surface wrinkling and how this approach has been used to measure materials and systems that are inherently difficult to characterize. We also highlight some of the specific challenges and opportunities we envision for this measurement tool. Within this framework, we believe that there is great potential for broadening the capabilities of wrinkling metrology as the field of instability-engineering continues to mature.
Converging on an HIV Vaccine

Three decades after the discovery of AIDS we still do not have a vaccine against the causative agent, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Multidrug therapy can extend life and health for those with HIV, but only holds the virus at bay, making treatment a lifetime proposition. Access to treatment or other promising infection prevention measures such as topical microbicides ( 1 ) are an economic and social challenge ( 2 ). A vaccine would be a simple and direct strategy for prevention. On pages 1593 and 1633 of this issue, Wu et al. ( 3 ) and Scheid et al. ( 4 ) detail the trajectory of an immune response to natural HIV infection that may provide a path to a vaccine.
Why Libraries Persist: Hermits, Clouds, Confucius, Bubbles, and Hortense Foglesong

ABSTRACT This article is a look at hermits, cowgirls, pioneer librarians, information habits, and how networks are changing the information supply chain. The Internet operating as a ruthlessly effective supply chain direct from the cloud to the individual poses a fundamental risk to libraries. Libraries have to adapt, as they have successfully done in the past, or follow the well-documented pathway to institutional failure. Adaptation is difficult and requires a reexamination of core values and the processes by which those values are implemented, including questioning the concept of what constitutes research, information, and customer service.
Fiber optic sensors for environmental monitoring

Abstract Due to decades of neglect as well as ever-increasing industrial activity, environmental monitoring has become an important issue. Given the expense and time constraints associated with classical laboratory analysis, there exists a growing interest in cost-effective and real-time technologies suited to environmental monitoring applications. Recent advances in fiber optic technology and miniaturized optical instrumentation, as well as increasing environmental regulations, are driving an expanded interest in fiber optic sensors for environmental applications. This review of current literature will provide information concerning some of the recent advances in this area.
Management of patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia undergoing general anesthesia: a cohort from a single academic center’s experience

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by capillary malformation leading to multisite cutaneomucosal telangiectasias and multiorgan arteriovenous malformations, which can present challenges to anesthetic care. The primary aim of this report is to present a large cohort of patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia undergoing general anesthesia at our institution in regard to comorbid conditions and complications of surgical and anesthetic management. A computerized search from January 1, 2002 through December 31, 2011 of the Mayo Clinic medical records database was performed for patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia who underwent general anesthesia. Medical records were reviewed. Eligibility criteria included patients with definite or suspected hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia based on the Curacao diagnostic criteria who underwent general anesthesia during the study period. We identified 74 patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia who underwent 163 surgeries. The majority had pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (56.7 %) and iron deficiency anemia (64.7 %), and high levels of disease burden with a median American Society of Anesthesiologist Physical Status score of 3. Most surgeries were related to treating conditions associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, with the majority being procedures to the nasal mucosa for recurrent epistaxis (47.2 %). A sizeable proportion of procedures to the nasal mucosa required transfusion of blood (12/77). One case of epistaxis required 11 units of blood until it was successfully controlled. Another notable complication included migration of a coil to pulmonary arteriovenous malformations into the cerebral circulation. Surgical patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia often present with multiorgan involvement. The anesthesia provider needs to be aware of the high prevalence of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, which may be asymptomatic but can lead to embolic complications. Hemorrhage from epistaxis can be severe, and relatively focal procedures to the nasal mucosa can require blood transfusions.
Electron microscopy of developing plant cell walls.

Abstract The development of the walls of meristematic cells (maize and oat coleoptiles) has been studied with the electron microscope. It has been found that the growing primary wall appears first as a loose framework which changes quickly into a dense network by the deposition of fresh cellulose fibrils. By the time the cell has reached its final size, deposition of a secondary wall has begun. The fibrils in its several layers are not interwoven but are deposited more or less parallel to one another. A discussion is given of the bearing of these results on previous knowledge of the mechanism. of growth of cell walls
Gate-to-Gate Sustainability Assessment for Small-Scale Manufacturing Businesses: Caddisfly Jewelry Production

Recent manufacturing research has focused attention on methods for improving the sustainability performance of high-volume manufacturing. Most manufacturing businesses operate at the small to medium scale, however, and would benefit from the transfer of knowledge gained from this work to lower volume production. To demonstrate an example of this knowledge transfer, the sustainability performance of two manufacturing strategies is investigated for small-scale caddisfly jewelry production. Control over the aesthetics of the end product is an important feature of jewelry manufacturing. In this case, however, increasing product quality control can have life cycle impacts which are unaccounted for in typical decision making. To make a decision between two caddisfly jewelry manufacturing strategies, a comparative gate-to-gate sustainability assessment was performed. The method combines life cycle inventory analysis, life cycle costing, and worker injury risk assessment to develop a holistic comparison encompassing the three pillars of sustainability. The assessment revealed tradeoffs between environmental impacts, costs, and social impacts for the two scenarios. Thus, hierarchical importance of the three sustainability pillars is needed to make stakeholder decisions. In this small-scale manufacturing case, such decision-making is found to be primarily driven by the personal values of the business owners.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Lexical Retrieval Behaviors of Subjects With Aphasia and Subjects Without Brain Damage on a Rebus Riddle Task

This study compared the lexical retrieval behaviors of subjects with aphasia (APH) and subjects with no brain damage (NBD) on a Rebus Riddle task. Most differences between the groups were quantitat...
Estimation of toxicity to marine species with structure-activity models developed to estimate toxicity to freshwater fish☆

Abstract Structure-activity models which were developed to estimate toxicity of chemicals to freshwater fish were tested for use with an estuarine fish ( Cyprinodon variegatus ) and mysids ( Mysidopsis bahia ). Significant linear and polynomial relationships that correlated well existed between reported 96-h LC 50 values for each marine species and log P (log octanol/water partition coefficient). Good linear relationships were obtained when the 96-h LC 50 values for C. variegatus and M. bahia were regressed on water solubility (μmol/l). These models were compared to models developed for freshwater fish using log P and log S . Models using log P to estimate acute toxicity for two freshwater fish produced 96-h LC 50 values similar to those measured for C. variegatus and M. bahia , whereas, those models developed with water solubility produced 96-h LC 50 values similar to those for C. variegatus , but not for M. bahia . The data indicated that models developed with log P for freshwater fish can be used to estimate toxicity to C. variegatus for a minimum of 58% of the chemicals, whereas models using water solubility estimated toxicity to C. variegatus for a minimum of 77% of the chemicals within an order of magnitude for screening purposes. The calculated 96-h LC 50 values were compared to the measured values for each marine species and those measured for Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) and Poecilia reticulata (guppy). Tests indicated generally that calculated 96-h LC 50 values were overestimates of the measured 96-h LC 50 values when models for freshwater fish were used to estimate toxicity to each marine species. More data are required for marine species to determine if highly significant relationships between marine and freshwater fish exist with comparisons using larger sample sizes.
Visual Sequencing Performance of Aphasic Children

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the visual sequencing abilities of aphasic children. Aphasic children averaged about 75% correct on a task that required them to press three panels in...
Standardized Mean Regional Method for Calculating Global Positron Emission Tomographic Measurements

A new "mean regional" method for calculating global hemispheric values of blood flow, blood volume, and metabolism with positron emission tomography is presented. It is based on a standardized set of regions defined according to coordinates in a stereotactic atlas of the brain. Region locations in each individual scan were determined by a localization technique that is independent of the appearance of the physiological images. Measurements obtained with this mean regional method minimize contributions from nonbrain structures such as ventricles or venous sinuses and provide the necessary basis for comparisons among different subjects and laboratories.
Sarcoidosis, "Sarcoid-like lymphadenopathy," and testicular germ cell tumors.

An increased incidence of cancer in patients with sarcoidosis reported to the Danish Institute of Clinical Epidemiology was described by Brincker and Wilbek [1] in 1974. They found 48 patients who developed a malignancy among 2,544 patients with sarcoidosis. There was a higher frequency of lung cancer and lymphoma compared with that expected in the general population and the higher incidence only occurred in the first 4 years after the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. No cases of testicular neoplasms were reported. It was suggested that the development of malignancy may be related to immunologic defects in these patients. Indeed, multiple immunologic abnormalities associated with sarcoidosis have been studied [2]. These include impaired systemic cell-mediated immunity which may improve after resolution of the sarcoidosis [2]. The findings of Brincker and Wilbek were challenged after review of the case records of the 48 patients identified [3,4]. Fourteen patients were believed to have not been correctly diagnosed and in particular some of them were thought to have a regional sarcoid-like reaction to a malignancy. After exclusion of the 14 patients, the incidence of malignancy in patients with sarcoidosis was the same as expected in the general population [3,4]. There has, however, been continued speculation in the medical literature regarding a possible association of sarcoidosis and malignancy
Regenerative Simulation for Estimating Extreme Values

Let Xt denote the regenerative process being simulated and assume that it converges in distribution to a steady state random variable. This paper considers estimating the extreme values of the regenerative process. Suppose we are interested in the largest value attained in the interval [0, t], call it X*t. The paper develops a method for estimating the distribution of X*t. When the regenerative process is either the GI/G/1 queue or a birth-death process, theoretical results are available for the distribution of X*t. Our development simulated the waiting time, queue length, and virtual waiting time for an M/M/1 queue, employed the method for estimating the distribution of X*t, and compared the simulation results with the theoretical results.
Cyclic thrombocytopenia. Case report and review of literature.

A patient with cyclic changes in circulating platelet level is reported, and the literature on this cyclic phenomenon is discussed. Platelet and menstrual cycles occurred independently. In our patient and several others reviewed herein, the cycling of the platelet level is probably related to cyclic changes in platelet production. We speculate that these production changes result from the action of a normal regulatory mechanism on a depressed bone marrow.
Equation of state and melting properties of He 4 from measurements to 20 kbar

We measured simultaneously the pressure, volume, temperature, and ultrasonic longitudinal velocity in fluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ from 75 to 300 K and 2 to 20 kbar. The data were fitted to a Benedict-type equation of state from which various thermodynamic quantities were calculated. From 75 to 97 K the measurements extended into the solid region, yielding values of the melting properties and new constants for the Simon melting equation. We used the Lindemann relation to determine a Debye temperature from which the ultrasonic transverse velocity of solid. $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ was estimated. The melting entropy was analyzed to determine the contribution due to disordering of the atoms.
Astrophysics: Quasar complexity simplified.

An analysis of a sample comprising some 20,000 mass-accreting supermassive black holes, known as quasars, shows that most of the diverse properties of these cosmic beacons are explained by only two quantities. See Letter p.210 Quasars are powered by the accretion of material onto supermassive black holes in the centres of galaxies. Here, Yue Shen and Luis Ho tackle a long-standing question, the physical basis for the remarkable spectroscopic diversity displayed by quasars. Based on data from a large uniform sample of quasars, the authors demonstrate that the variations in the observed quasars' properties can be attributed to two basic parameters — the accretion rate onto the central black hole (measured as the Eddington ratio, luminosity divided by black hole mass) and the orientation of a disk-like distribution of the gas clouds orbiting close to the hole.
Relationship between blood cadmium, lead, and serum thyroid measures in US adults – the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2010

Experimental studies have shown that both cadmium (Cd) and lead have potent endocrine disrupting activity. However, studies on whether these heavy metals disrupt thyroid system in humans, especially in general populations with low levels of exposure, are sparse. The study analyzed 6,231 participants aged 20 and older with measurements from 2007-2010 of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to investigate whether whole blood Cd and lead level are associated with serum thyroid hormones measures. Our study suggests that thyroid function may be disrupted by both Cd and lead exposures in the general population and the specific roles of Cd and lead exposure on thyroid axis may differ by sex. However, the mechanisms by which these heavy metals may disrupt thyroid system function in general population needs to be further investigated.
Cooperative Binding of Midazolam with Testosterone and α-Naphthoflavone within the CYP3A4 Active Site: A NMR T1 Paramagnetic Relaxation Study†

Recent studies have indicated that CYP3A4 exhibits non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics for numerous substrates. Both homo- and heterotropic activation have been reported, and kinetic models have suggested multiple substrates within the active site. We provide some of the first physicochemical data supporting the hypothesis of allosteric substrate binding within the CYP3A4 active site. Midazolam (MDZ) is metabolized by CYP3A4 to two hydroxylated metabolites, 1'- and 4-hydroxymidazolam. Incubations using purified CYP3A4 and MDZ showed that both alpha-naphthoflavone (alpha-NF) and testosterone affect the ratio of formation rates of 1'- and 4-hydroxymidazolam. Similar to previous reports, alpha-NF was found to promote formation of 1'-hydroxymidazolam, while testosterone stimulated formation of 4-hydroxymidazolam. NMR was used to measure the closest approach of individual MDZ protons to the paramagnetic heme iron of CYP3A4 using paramagnetic T(1) relaxation measurements. Solutions of 0.2 microM CYP3A4 with 500 microM MDZ resulted in calculated distances between 7.4 and 8.3 A for all monitored MDZ protons. The distances were statistically equivalent for all protons except C3-H and were consistent with the rotation within the active site or sliding parallel to the heme plane. When 50 microM alpha-NF was added, proton-heme iron distances ranged from 7.3 to 10.0 A. Consistent with kinetics of activation, the 1' position was situated closest to the heme, while the fluorophenyl 5-H proton was the furthest. Proton-heme iron distances for MDZ with CYP3A4 and 50 microM testosterone ranged from 7.7 to 9.0 A, with the flourophenyl 5-H proton furthest from the heme iron and the C4-H closest to the heme, also consistent with kinetic observations. When titrated with CYP3A4 in the presence of MDZ, testosterone and alpha-NF resonances themselves exhibited significant broadening and enhanced relaxation rates, indicating that these effector molecules were also bound within the CYP3A4 active site near the paramagnetic heme iron. These results suggest that the effector exerts its cooperative effects on MDZ metabolism through simultaneous binding of MDZ and effector near the CYP3A4 heme.
Emotions, conflicts and aggression during preschoolers' freeplay

This study addressed the connections among preschoolers' emotion displays and their aggressive and non-aggressive peer disputes. Observers recorded 37 4 &1/2; to 5&1/2;-year-olds' discrete emotion displays and emotional intensity, and several aspects of their dispute-related behaviour during freeplay using standardized checklists. Overall, children's baseline emotions (i.e. outside of disputes) and their emotions during disputes were somewhat interrelated, and these emotion displays were associated with children's participation in disputes with their peers, and to a lesser degree their continued post-dispute interactions. Emotion intensity was also related to rates of peer disputes. These findings were qualified, however, by the type of dispute (aggressive vs. non-aggressive conflicts) and the context of participants' emotions (baseline vs. dispute-related emotions). Overall, emotions were most clearly linked with children's initiation of aggression, and a combination of percentage baseline anger, aggression-related anger, and aggression-related happiness predicted nearly a quarter of the variance in children's initiation of aggression.
Intrastriatal Transplantation of Rat Adrenal Chromaffin Cells Seeded on Microcarrier Beads Promote Long-Term Functional Recovery in Hemiparkinsonian Rats

Possible biologic treatments for Parkinson's disease, a disorder caused by the deterioration of dopaminergic neurons bridging the nigrostriatal system, have recently focused on fetal cell transplantation. Because of ethical and tissue availability issues concerning fetal cell transplantation, alternative cell sources are being developed. The adrenal medulla has been used as a cell transplant source because of the capacity of the cells to provide catecholamines and to transform into a neuronal phenotype. However, adrenal tissue transplants have shown limited success, primarily because of their lack of long-term viability. Recently, seeding adrenal chromaffin cells on microcarrier beads has been shown to enhance the cell viability following neural transplantation. In the present study, we further investigated whether transplantation of rat adrenal chromaffin cells seeded on microcarrier beads into the striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hemiparkinsonian rats would result in a sustained functional recovery. Behavioral tests using the apomorphine-induced rotational and elevated body swing tests up to 12 months posttransplantation revealed a significant behavioral recovery in animals that received adrenal chromaffin cells seeded on microcarrier beads compared to animals that received adrenal chromaffin cells alone, medium alone, or beads alone. Histological examination of tissue at 14 months posttransplantation revealed evidence of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells and an on-going glial response in animals transplanted with adrenal chromaffin cells seeded on microcarrier beads, in contrast to absence of such immunoreactive responses in the other groups. These findings support a facilitator role for microcarrier beads in transplantation of adrenal chromaffin cells or other cells that are easily rejected by the CNS.
Self-determination, perceived approval, and drinking: Differences between Asian Americans and Whites

The present research assessed racial differences in the associations among controlled orientation, injunctive norms, and increased drinking by White and Asian American college students. Previous research has noted racial differences in drinking, but reasons have not been considered in the context of individual differences in self-determination or responses to social influences. The authors evaluated perceived parental and peer injunctive norms as mediators of the relationship between controlled orientation and number of drinks consumed per week. The association between controlled orientation and drinking was further expected to be moderated by race. This study consisted of 534 White and 198 Asian American participants who had at least one heavy drinking episode in the month prior to assessment. Participants completed self-report measures assessing self-determination, perceived parental/peer injunctive norms, and drinking. Results indicated that peer injunctive norms served as a mediator between controlled orientation and greater number of drinks consumed per week for Whites only. Although Asian Americans were significantly higher in controlled orientation than Whites, they drank less and perceived their peers to be less approving of drinking. In contrast, Whites who were high in controlled orientation viewed their friends as being significantly more approving of alcohol and consumed significantly more drinks per week. Results provide unique considerations for understanding cultural differences in drinking among White and Asian American young adults.
Timing of buprenorphine adoption by privately funded substance abuse treatment programs: The role of institutional and resource-based interorganizational linkages

Identifying facilitators of more rapid buprenorphine adoption may increase access to this effective treatment for opioid dependence. Using a diffusion of innovations theoretical framework, we examine the extent to which programs' interorganizational institutional and resource-based linkages predict the likelihood of being an earlier adopter, later adopter, or nonadopter of buprenorphine. Data were derived from face-to-face interviews with administrators of 345 privately funded substance abuse treatment programs in 2007-2008. Results of multinomial logistic regression models show that interorganizational and resource linkages were associated with timing of adoption. Programs reporting membership in provider associations were more likely to be earlier adopters of buprenorphine. Programs that relied more on resource linkages, such as detailing activities by pharmaceutical companies and the National Institute on Drug Abuse website, were more likely to be earlier adopters of buprenorphine. These findings suggest that institutional and resource-based interorganizational linkages may expose programs to effective treatments, thereby facilitating more rapid and sustained adoption of innovative treatment techniques.
A sampling theorem for wavelet subspaces

The classical Shannon sampling theorem is extended to the subspaces used in the multiresolution analysis in wavelet theory. Under weak hypotheses, these subspaces are first shown to have a Riesz basis formed from the reproducing kernels. These in turn are used to construct the sampling sequences. Examples are given. >
Food Storability and the Foraging Behavior of Fox Squirrels (Sciurus niger)

Abstract Food storage in animals allows foragers to reap when food is plentiful and costs are low and eat when food is scarce and costs are high, thus shifting resources from periods of low value or high availability to periods of high value or low availability. To a caching animal, a food item has two components: its present value for immediate consumption and its future value if stored. We explored some properties of caching in the context of a food's future value using free-living fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) and manipulations of cacheability of supplemental food. We assessed squirrel behavior using giving-up densities (GUDS) of noncacheable food in artificial food patches. Squirrels had higher GUDs in assessment trays when given noncacheable supplemental food than when food was not augmented; when given supplemental food in a highly storable form, squirrels had intermediate GUDs. Thus, future value of food affects the foraging behavior of squirrels through the balancing of present and future needs.
Catalyzing bacterial speciation: correlating lateral transfer with genetic headroom.

Unlike crown eukaryotic species, microbial species are created by continual processes of gene loss and acquisition promoted by horizontal genetic transfer. The amounts of foreign DNA in bacterial genomes, and the rate at which this is acquired, are consistent with gene transfer as the pri- mary catalyst formicrobialdifferentiation.However, therateof successfulgenetransfervaries among bacterial lineages. The heterogeneity in foreign DNA content is directly correlated with amount of genetic headroom intrinsic to a bacterial species. Genetic headroom reeects the amount of poten- tially dispensable information—reeected in codon usage bias and codon context bias—that can be transiently sacrieced to allow experimentation with functions introduced by gene transfer. In this way, genetic headroom offers a potential metric for assessing the propensity of a lineage to speciate. (Bacteria; codon usage bias; compositional bias; evolution; genome; horizontal transfer; speciation.) The majority of free-living organisms in the biosphere are Bacteria and Archaea, which comprise the two domains of "prokaryotic" microbes. Among extant or- ganisms,themajorityofthegeneticvariation at loci encoding rRNA, ATPase, elongation factors, aminoacyl-tRNA synthases, the pro- tein export translocon, and other universally distributed and functionally constrained molecules is found within the prokaryotic domains (Gogarten et al., 1989; Iwabe
Critical illness associated with 2013-2014 influenza A (H1N1): Postpandemic characteristics, presentation and outcomes

Introduction: The United States experienced a postpandemic outbreak of H1N1 influenza in 2013-2014. Unlike the pandemic in 2009 clinical course and outcomes associated with critical illness in this postpandemic outbreak has been only sparsely described. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients admitted to the Medical Intensive Care Unit with H1N1 influenza infection in 2009-2010 (pandemic) and 2013-2014 (postpandemic). Results: Patients admitted in the postpandemic period were older (55 ± 13 vs. 45 ± 12, P = 0.002), and had a higher incidence of underlying pulmonary (17 vs. 7, P = 0.0007) and cardiac (16 vs. 8, P = 0.005) disease. Mechanical ventilation was initiated in most patients in both groups (27 vs. 21, P = 1.00). The PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio was significantly higher in the pandemic group on days 1 (216 vs. 81, P = 0.0009), 3 (202 ± 99 vs. 100 ± 46, P = 0.002) and 7 (199 ± 103 vs. 113 ± 44, P = 0.019) but by day 14 no difference was seen between the groups. Rescue therapies were used in more patients in the postpandemic period (48% vs. 20%, P = 0.028), including more frequent use of prone ventilation (10 vs. 3, P = 0.015), inhaled vasodilator therapy (11 vs. 4, P = 0.015) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (4 vs. 2, P = NS). No significant differences in mortality were seen between the two cohorts. Conclusions: Compared to the 2009-2010 pandemic, the 2013-2014 H1N1 strain affected older patients with more underlying co-morbid cardio-pulmonary diseases. The patients had worse oxygenation indices and rescue modalities such as prone ventilation, inhaled epoprostenol and ECMO, were used more consistently as compared to the 2009 pandemic.