cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depression in Children's Lives

Although childhood depressive disorders are relatively rare, the experience of depression in children's lives is not. Developmental contextual perspectives denote the importance of considering both depressive disorder and the experience of subclinical depressive symptoms in the child and the family to fully understand the implications of depressive experience for children's developmental well-being. This Element draws on basic emotion development and developmental psychopathology perspectives to address the nature of depressive experience in childhood, both symptoms and disorder, focusing on seminal and recent research that details critical issues regarding its phenomenology, epidemiology, continuity, etiology, consequences, and interventions to ameliorate the developmental challenges inherent in the experience. These issues are addressed within the context of the child's own experience and from the perspective of parent depression as a critical context that influences children's developmental well-being. Conclusions include suggestions for new directions in research on children's lives that focus on more systemic processes.
Next Generation of Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive HA Vaccines Elicited Cross-Reactive Immune Responses and Provided Protection against H1N1 Virus Infection

Vaccination is the best way to prevent influenza virus infections, but the diversity of antigenically distinct isolates is a persistent challenge for vaccine development. In order to conquer the antigenic variability and improve influenza virus vaccine efficacy, our research group has developed computationally optimized broadly reactive antigens (COBRAs) in the form of recombinant hemagglutinins (rHAs) to elicit broader immune responses. However, previous COBRA H1N1 vaccines do not elicit immune responses that neutralize H1N1 virus strains in circulation during the recent years. In order to update our COBRA vaccine, two new candidate COBRA HA vaccines, Y2 and Y4, were generated using a new seasonal-based COBRA methodology derived from H1N1 isolates that circulated during 2013–2019. In this study, the effectiveness of COBRA Y2 and Y4 vaccines were evaluated in mice, and the elicited immune responses were compared to those generated by historical H1 COBRA HA and wild-type H1N1 HA vaccines. Mice vaccinated with the next generation COBRA HA vaccines effectively protected against morbidity and mortality after infection with H1N1 influenza viruses. The antibodies elicited by the COBRA HA vaccines were highly cross-reactive with influenza A (H1N1) pdm09-like viruses isolated from 2009 to 2021, especially with the most recent circulating viruses from 2019 to 2021. Furthermore, viral loads in lungs of mice vaccinated with Y2 and Y4 were dramatically reduced to low or undetectable levels, resulting in minimal lung injury compared to wild-type HA vaccines following H1N1 influenza virus infection.
A Case Series of Patients with Neurofascin Associated Peripheral Neuropathies (P2.4-005)

Objective: To describe the clinical features, electrodiagnostic and sonographic findings, treatment, and patient outcomes in eleven patients with neuropathies associated with IgG antibodies against neurofascin-140 (NF140) and/or neurofascin-155 (NF155). Background: A subset of patients with inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy has been described to have auto-antibodies to various node of Ranvier proteins, including neurofascin-140 and neurofascin-155. Design/Methods: A retrospective chart review of eleven patients with NF140 and/or NF155 IgG antibodies who were seen in the Neuromuscular Clinic at Emory University. Results: There were five female and six male patients. Four patients had antibodies to both NF140 and NF155, four had antibodies to NF140, and three had antibodies to NF155. Ten of the eleven patients were diagnosed with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and one with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Average age of symptom onset was 43 years old. Symptom onset was acute/subacute in six of the patients and chronic in five. Symptoms most often started in the lower extremities, but in three the upper extremities were involved at onset. Six patients endorsed neuropathic pain, five had bulbar involvement, and six had tremor. Electrodiagnostic studies showed a mixed axonal/demyelinating pattern (8), an axonal pattern (2), and a pure demyelinating pattern (1). Nerve ultrasounds were obtained in four patients and all showed features consistent with acquired demyelination. Eight patients underwent treatment with IVIG; of these, two improved, two had partial response, and four had no response. Six patients received steroids; one improved, one had partial response, and four had no response. Two patients underwent plasma exchange; one had improvement and one had partial response. Two patients received rituximab; one had partial response and one did not respond. Conclusions: Patients with antibodies to neurofascin-140 and/or neurofascin-155 have variable presentations. These antibodies should be considered in patients who have demyelinating polyneuropathy with acute/subacute onset, bulbar involvement, and are resistant to treatment. Disclosure: Dr. Aziz-Donnelly has nothing to disclose. Dr. Monti has nothing to disclose. Dr. Garcia Santibanez has nothing to disclose.
Genes Involved in Indole Acetic Acid Production in Plant Pathogenic Bacteria

The mechanism of action for the phytohormones, auxin and cytokinins, are unknown. An intriguing aspect of phytohormones, and one which may provide insight into their mode of action in plants, is their synthesis in numerous species of microorganisms. In several plant pathogenic bacteria some phytohormone synthesis is directly involved in the features of the virulence response. In the case of olive and oleander knot, diseases caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi, the synthesis of indole acetic acid (IAA) is a major factor in the production of galls.
Effects of antioxidants on cerebrovascular hemodynamics during moderate and high intensity exercise (1183.6)

It has been identified that central reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenge nitric oxide (NO) and increase central sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) outflow. During dynamic exercise increases in ROS have been measured across the brain. We tested the hypothesis that during dynamic leg cycling exercise, antioxidants would increase middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) and cerebrovascular conductance (CVCi). Five healthy subjects performed back supported semi-recumbent dynamic leg cycling with antioxidant cocktail (AxT) and without AxT (placebo - Pl). Arterial pressures (AP) and MCAv were measured continuously during moderate intensity dynamic leg exercise at heart rates (HR) of 120 bpm (e120) and heavy intensity at HR of 150 bpm (e150). No differences in AP were observed between Pl and Axt at e120 and e150 (P蠅0.50). MCAv during AxT at e120 and e150 was increased above Pl (P=0.06). However, the calculated CVCi was significantly greater at e120 and e150 between CT and Pl (P=0.05). From these data we conc...
In plantabehaviour of bean pod mottle and cowpea mosaic comoviruses: Infectivity and structural alterations

Abstract The specific infectivity of bean pod mottle comovirus (BPMV) virions in the inoculated leaves of Canavalia ensiformis (jackbean), Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Pinto and Chenopodium quinoa declined progressively over time. This loss of infectivity was accompanied by a progressive degradation of encapsidated genomic RNA-1, while genomic RNA-2 breakdown was only marginal. Little or no loss of BPMV infectivity occurred over time in Pinto bean primary leaves that were sprayed regularly with kinetin or indole-3-acetic acid and virions purified from these leaves yielded structurally intact RNA-1. The decline in BPMV infectivity was accompanied by a limited proteolysis of small coat protein subunits and an alteration in the virion electrophoretic mobility pattern. Cowpea mosaic comovirus (CpMV; type member of comovirus group) virions isolated from Vigna unguiculata or Chenopodium quinoa leaves at different periods after infection exhibited capsid alterations that were analogous to those observed for BPMV. However, CpMV virions underwent no decline in specific infectivity in planta with time and both the genomic RNAs fully retained their structural integrities. Apparently, structural changes in BPMV or CpMV capsids neither contribute to nor are responsible for any infectivity loss or destabilization of virion RNAs. Furthermore, a progressive degradation of RNA-1 as virions age in planta is a consistent and unique BPMV characteristic.
Style as Emergence (from What

I argue that an exclusively formal description of a painting cannot provide an adequate description of its style, nor can it express its style so vividly that the description can generate objects stylistically similar to the originals. While the characteristics through which we identify style certainly involve the formal, physical presence of the work, this is not without reference to the mindset of the artist and to the history of decisions that result in the presence of the work. By way of example, I will examine some original work that was generated, not with a computer program, but by a computer program, named AARON. Its work has a distinctive appearance, but one that lacks an obvious formal organizing principle. It would be impossible to simulate AARON convincingly without access to its history because, as I will show, it did not arise through any primary interest in formal configuration. In fact, the argument for purely formal analysis does not require that it uncovers the true history of the original, simply that the presumptive history generates a convincing simulation. Should we conclude from that argument that any given configuration could have been the result of some number of alternative histories? A dubious conclusion: I will argue that AARON’s images result uniquely, not just from their making, but also from the long history of perceived goals and intentions, paths and detours, that resulted in the peculiarly idiosyncratic technology of their making.
Time-dependent phenomena in weakly-coupled superconductors

Two superconducting systems joined by a weak link present a great variety of phenomena which are not totally explained by the Josephson formulation. In this paper we give a general theory of the phenomena observed in these systems when time-dependent effects are taken into account. The formulation, presented as an application of the boson method in superconductivity, is derived from first principles in the framework of a microscopic theory. Our results show the appearance of harmonic and subharmonic steps in theI-V characteristic of the system; the presence or not of subharmonic steps is essentially determined by the geometry of the system. The existence of subharmonic terms in a.c. effects is shown to be strongly related to the diffraction pattern presented by theIc-H curves in d.c. experiments performed on the same sample. A comparison of the usual theory and the present formulation is discussed.
Distinguishing Nonpareil marketing group almond cultivars through multivariate analyses.

More than 80% of the world's almonds are grown in California with several dozen almond cultivars available commercially. To facilitate promotion and sale, almond cultivars are categorized into marketing groups based on kernel shape and appearance. Several marketing groups are recognized, with the Nonpareil Marketing Group (NMG) demanding the highest prices. Placement of cultivars into the NMG is historical and no objective standards exist for deciding whether newly developed cultivars belong in the NMG. Principal component analyses (PCA) were used to identify nut and kernel characteristics best separating the 4 NMG cultivars (Nonpareil, Jeffries, Kapareil, and Milow) from a representative of the California Marketing Group (cultivar Carmel) and the Mission Marketing Group (cultivar Padre). In addition, discriminant analyses were used to determine cultivar misclassification rates between and within the marketing groups. All 19 evaluated carpological characters differed significantly among the 6 cultivars and during 2 harvest seasons. A clear distinction of NMG cultivars from representatives of the California and Mission Marketing Groups was evident from a PCA involving the 6 cultivars. Further, NMG kernels were successfully discriminated from kernels representing the California and Mission Marketing Groups with overall kernel misclassification of only 2% using 16 of the 19 evaluated characters. Pellicle luminosity was the most discriminating character, regardless of the character set used in analyses. Results provide an objective classification of NMG almond kernels, clearly distinguishing them from kernels of cultivars representing the California and Mission Marketing Groups. Practical Application A method to distinguish kernels from almond cultivars representing the Nonpareil, California, and Mission Marketing Groups was described. Kernels were categorized with less than 2% misclassification using multivariate statistics based on measurements involving weight, linear dimensions, and kernel skin color.
The Welfare State Adrift

From 1960 to 1980, the rapid expansion of welfare programs left planners little time to con front such broad issues as the purpose and design of the American welfare state. Liber al doctrine offered a meager defense against the attacks on social welfare and the pres sures to "privatize" the wel fare state that emerged in the 1980s. The author contends that neither the liberalism of the 1960s nor the views of privatization offers a social philosophy that clarifies the purpose of the welfare state. THERE HAS BEEN much talk late ly of a crisis in the welfare state. Learned gatherings have been sponsored by the United Nations European Centre for Social Welfare Training and Research, the Organization for Economic Coopera tion and Development, the Fabian Society, the National Conference on Social Welfare, and other interested organizations to pon der the future of social welfare in indus trial societies.1 Those who detect a crisis
Excitatory Influence of the Locus Coeruleus in Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis Responses to Stress

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a key brainstem region involved in arousal and is highly responsive to alerting/stressful stimuli, including those that activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. It is currently unclear whether the LC exerts any regulatory influence on the HPA axis and, consequently, on neuroendocrine responses to stress. The present studies were designed to test the hypothesis that the LC promotes HPA axis responses to acute and chronic stress. Adult male rats received bilateral (6-hydroxydopamine) lesions of the LC that produced severe cell loss in the LC and 80% depletion of noradrenaline in medial prefrontal cortex. Notably, lesions did not affect dopamine-beta-hydroxylase protein content in the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (PVN), indicating a lack of collateral damage to other ascending noradrenergic pathways. LC lesions significantly reduced peak adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone responses to 30 min acute restraint stress. However, LC lesions did not significantly attenuate neuroendocrine or other physiological responses to a 4-week chronic variable stress regimen. LC lesions did not substantially affect basal concentrations of plasma corticosterone or corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus following chronic stress. We conclude that the LC is a HPA-excitatory brain region, promoting neuroendocrine and physiological responses primarily to acute stress. However, a potential role for the LC in the induction of HPA axis hyperactivity following chronic stress can not be ruled out.
Optimal sequential detection in cognitive radio networks

Cognitive radio (CR) can successfully deal with the growing demand and the scarcity of the wireless spectrum. To increase the spectrum usage, CR technology allows secondary users to access licensed spectrum bands. Since licensed users have priorities to use the bands, the secondary users need to continuously monitor the activities of the licensed users to avoid interference and collisions. In this paper, we design sequential detection to maximize the throughput of secondary users for a given detection probability of the licensed users. We further investigate the impact of different system parameters on the performance. Numerical results are given to verify the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the performance.
The Price of Truth: Gift, Money, and Philosophy

By Marcel Hee naff [Translated by Jean-Louis Morhange], Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010, 458 pages, ISBN 978-0-8047-6082-9, US $29.95 The Price of Truth was originally published in Fr...
Private versus public production of information

Abstract This paper re-examines a recent article by Grossman and Stiglitz (1980) where information production is shown to be fundamentally incompatible with decentralized market systems. Based upon their model, public production of information is discussed as a natural alternative. Three main implications of the analysis are: (i) the market can be informationally efficient with public production of information, (ii) there exists an informational equilibrium and the resulting allocation is Pareto efficient, and (iii) although the optimal level of information critically depends upon information users' preferences and endowments, their complete knowledge t the societal level is not necessary for public production of information.
Mammalian reproductive strategies : genes, photoperiod and latitude

This paper considers how and why natural selection might promote or block the photoperiodic regulation of a mammal's reproduction. The factors most important in making this decision would seem to be the following: life expectancy, length of the female's cycle, feeding strategy, the presence or absence of survival mechanisms like hibernation, and the nature of the seasonal challenges offered by the mammal's habitat. A speculative scheme is offered for the potential utility of this type of regulation dependent upon life expectancy and latitude of residence.
Treatment of the Crigler–Najjar Syndrome Type I with Hepatocyte Transplantation

Crigler–Najjar syndrome type I is a recessively inherited disorder characterized by severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia beginning at birth. The syndrome results from an absence of hepatic uridine diphosphoglucuronate (UDP) glucuronosyltransferase activity, which is essential for the conjugation and excretion of bilirubin. Because of the accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin in plasma, patients are at risk for kernicterus.1 Although phototherapy successfully reduces serum bilirubin levels, patients are again at risk for kernicterus around the time of puberty, when phototherapy becomes less effective.2 The necessary daily duration of phototherapy often approaches 14 to 16 hours. At present, liver transplantation is the only definitive treatment. . . .
The electrical activity of canine cardiac Purkinje fibers in sodium-free, calcium-rich solutions.

Propagated action potentials can be obtained in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers exposed to Na-free solutions containing no inorganic cation other than Ca and K. Essentially similar action potentials are obtained if Na is replaced by tetraethylammonium (TEA), tetramethylammonium (TMA), or choline. In a solution containing 128 mM TEA and 16.2 mM Ca the characteristics of these electrical responses were: maximum diastolic potential, -59 ± 3.3 mV; overshoot, 20 ± 6.8 mV; maximum upstroke velocity, 3.7 ± 2.3 V/s; conduction velocity, 0.1 m/s; and action potential duration, 360 ± 45 ms. The magnitude of the overshoot varied with log Cao with a slope of about 30 mV/10-fold concentration change. The upstroke velocity was an approximately linear function of Cao. The active response was greatly diminished or abolished by Mn and D-600 but was unaffected by tetrodotoxin. These Ca-dependent responses appeared in a region of transmembrane potential (about -50 mV) at which the rapid Na-dependent upstroke is abolished even when Na is present.
Socio-demographic predictors of high support needs in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients

GRIESSER A.-C., VLASTOS G., MOREL L., BEAUME C., SAPPINO A.-P. & HALLER G. (2010) European Journal of Cancer Care Socio-demographic predictors of high support needs in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients This study aimed to identify high support needs and their socio-demographic predictors to improve supportive care for newly diagnosed breast cancer patients. A cross-sectional study measured patients' needs and unsatisfied support needs by the supportive care needs survey (SCNS-34), administered after surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Socio-demographic, disease and treatment characteristics completed data collection. A total of 308 questionnaires were completed with a response rate of 88%. The most frequent support needs (73.3% of patients) related to information and the highest unsatisfied support needs to the management of emotions and daily life (36.3–39.6% of patients). Younger age predicted high and dissatisfied support needs (P < 0.05). Patients born outside Switzerland or with a lower level of education had more needs in daily living and psychological domains (P < 0.05). Being born outside Switzerland also predicted dissatisfaction with information provided. Being parent was a predictor of significant needs in the daily living domain after adjusting for disease and treatment characteristics (P= 0.01). Therefore, information, psychological and daily living support for newly diagnosed breast cancer patients should be strongly reinforced, particularly in patients being born outside Switzerland, those with children or being younger. For the latter, support in sexuality domain should also be emphasised.
The effect of some antihistamines upon the respiration of rat heart homogenates

Conventional manometric techniques were used to investigate the effects of some antihistamines upon the respiration of rat heart homogenates. The study was undertaken because it has been reported that these drugs exert effects on cardiac arrhythmias but little is known relative to the mechanisms by which these effects are produced. The antihistamines which were studied were promethazine HCl, phenindamine tartrate, methapyrilene HCl, antazoline HCl, dipnenhydramine HCl, tripellenamine HCl, prophenpyridamine maleate, and pyrilamine maleate. Each of these drugs, in 0.007 M concentration, inhibited endogenous respiration as well as respiration in the presence of glucose or pyruvate. Both promethazine HCl and phenindamine tartrate markedly inhibited respiration in the presence of succinate. None of the other antihistamines included in the study produced any significant effect upon respiration in the presence of succinate. The effects elicited by the antihistamines could not be significantly altered by the addition of histamine to the Warburg vessels.
Social anxiety and interpersonal perception: a social relations model analysis.

Abstract Cognitive models of social phobia posit that an individual’s negative beliefs about the way he or she is perceived by others (metaperceptions) are a core feature of the disorder. The social relations model ( Kenny, 1994) Interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis. New York: Guildford ) was used to analyze interpersonal perception data collected following unstructured social interactions in 62 socially anxious (SA) and 62 not socially anxious (NSA) individuals. Using this model, the interpersonal perceptions were analyzed to evaluate whether pathological levels of social anxiety are associated with self-perceptions, metaperceptions, and perceptions from others. SA participants saw themselves negatively and believed others saw them negatively. Although seen as more nervous by others, SA participants were not seen as less likeable. A mediational model demonstrated that the negative metaperceptions of SA individuals were more a function of their own self-perceptions than the negative perceptions of others. These findings were not attributable to depressive symptoms. Implications for theory and treatment of social phobia are discussed.
A Magnetohydrodynamic Description of Coronal Helmet Streamers Containing a Cavity

A three-dimensional axisymmetric time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic model has been used to obtain quasi-static helmet-streamer solutions that contain a cavity flux rope in their closed field region. The dynamical equilibrium of the cavity flux rope inside the closed region of the streamer can be described as the partial balance between the outward acting magnetic force and the pressure and gravity forces inside the flux rope, which, in addition, is held down by the helmet dome above. Our solutions indicate that the helmet streamer containing a cavity flux rope has more magnetic energy than the corresponding open field configuration, which means that the state transition from the former to the latter is permitted energetically. These solutions may serve as pre-event coronae for studying the initiation of coronal mass ejections.
Repair of lost 5′ terminal sequences in tombusviruses: Rapid recovery of promoter- and enhancer-like sequences in recombinant RNAs

Maintenance of genome integrity is of major importance for plus-stranded RNA viruses that are vulnerable to degradation by host ribonucleases or to replicase errors. We demonstrate that short truncations at the 5' end of a model Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) RNA could be repaired during replication in yeast and plant cells. Although the truncations led to the loss of important cis-regulatory elements, the genome repair mechanisms led to the recovery of promoter and enhancer-like sequences in 92% of TBSV progeny. Using in vitro approaches, we demonstrate that the repaired TBSV RNAs are replication-competent. We propose three different mechanisms for genome repair: initiation of RNA synthesis from internal sequences and addition of nonviral nucleotides by the tombusvirus replicase; and via RNA recombination. The ability to repair cis-sequences makes the tombusvirus genome more flexible, which could be beneficial to increase the virus fitness and adaptation to new hosts.
The solar corona as seen from SKYLAB

The white light coronagraph (WLC) experiment of the Skylab/ATM obtained an unprecedented series of observations of the solar corona from 1.5 to 6 solar radii for approximately eight and one-half months. Coronal evolution and disruptions seen by the WLC occur on many different time scales. Some illustrative examples will be shown. The characteristics of mass ejection coronal transients - as we presently know them - will be given. These include: the greater than expected frequency of occurrence; the correlation with solar activity; the quantity of mass and energy contained in a transient; etc.
Glutathione S-aryl transferase in the metabolism of parathion and its analogs.

Abstract A soluble enzyme (glutathione S-aryl transferase) which converts parathion and related insecticidal organophosphorus triesters to S- p -nitrophenylglutathione and the corresponding dialkyl phosphorothioic or phosphoric acid has been identified and assayed in vertebrate liver. The activity of this enzyme can be differentiated from that of the analogous glutathione S-alkyl transferase also present in rat tissues. Its relationship to other known glutathione S-aryl transferases remains to be established but considerable differences in optimum pH have been observed.
Coccidioidomycosis in Pregnancy: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Abstract Background Coccidioidomycosis is an uncommon fungal infection during pregnancy. We report a case and review the literature on coccidioidomycosis in pregnancy. Methods We searched MEDLINE (1966-2005), PubMed (1950-2005), Embase (1974-2005), the Cochrane Library, and the Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office United States Army (1880-1961) for cases of coccidioidomycosis occurring during pregnancy. We describe a woman with disseminated coccidioidomycosis during the last trimester of pregnancy with fungemia, respiratory failure, a miliary pattern on chest radiograph, and skin and bony involvement. Results We identified 80 additional cases of coccidioidomycosis occurring with pregnancy in the literature. The mean age of patients was 26 years (range 16-38 years). Disseminated disease was strongly associated with the trimester of pregnancy; 40% of the cases diagnosed before pregnancy, 50% of the cases diagnosed in the first trimester, 62% of the cases diagnosed in the second trimester, and 96% of the cases diagnosed in the third trimester had dissemination ( P P =.007). Conclusions Mortality rates have improved over time in association with the timely administration of antifungal therapy. Disseminated coccidioidomycosis may occur during pregnancy, especially during the third trimester. Improved maternal and fetal survival is associated with early disease recognition and administration of amphotericin B.
Rebuttal of a Book Review

To the Editors: When a medical book reviewer gets too emotional and gives advice more suitable to playgoers than to medical students or practitioners, then the "review" requires a rebuttal. Hodgkin...
Cellulase Production by Trichoderma viride on Feedlot Waste

Feedlot waste contains essentially all the necessary nutrients for batch fermentation with the fungus Trichoderma viride. The organism utilizes two-thirds of the carbohydrate in feedlot waste while elaborating cellulase in quantities comparable to commercial preparations. Essentially odor-free, the fermented waste contains all of the original nitrogen but has 24% less organic matter.
Structured nonconvex optimization of large-scale energy systems using PIPS-NLP

We present PIPS-NLP, a software library for the solution of large-scale structured nonconvex optimization problems on high-performance computers. We discuss the features of the implementation in the context of electrical power and gas network systems. We illustrate how different model structures arise in these domains and how these can be exploited to achieve high computational efficiency. Using computational studies from security-constrained ACOPF and line-pack dispatch in natural gas networks, we demonstrate robustness and scalability.
Does the size of a binge matter

Objective The aim of this study was to examine whether objective and subjective binges differ significantly from each other in relation to measures of psychopathology in a sample of women who meet DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa. Method: Baseline data from the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) were analyzed and the average of the sum of and the difference between objective and subjective binge episodes were converted to z scores. Regressions were run with other baseline measures including the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnosis of DSM-III-R (SCID) I and II disorders, EDE subscales, and psychological measures. Results: We found no significant difference between the two types of binges on all but one measure, the “Can Do” subscale of the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, in a regression with the z score of total binges. Discussion: The lack of significant findings questions the diagnostic validity of the “large amount of food” criterion used to define binge eating in the DSM-IV. © 1998 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 24: 307–312, 1998.
Rate and determinants of progression of atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective. To determine the rate of atherosclerosis progression as well as the relationship of traditional risk factors, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)– related factors, and treatment to atherosis progression in SLE patients. Methods. Outpatients in the Hospital for Special Surgery SLE Registry underwent serial carotid ultrasound and clinical assessment in a longitudinal study. Results. Among 158 patients, 77 (49%) had persistent absence of atherosclerosis (carotid plaque), 36 (23%) had unchanged atherosclerosis, and 45 (28%) had progressive atherosclerosis, defined as a higher plaque score (new plaque in 25 patients and more extensive plaque in 20 patients) after a mean SD interval of 34 9 months. Multivariate determinants of atherosclerosis progression were age at diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] 2.75, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.67–4.54 per 10 years, P < 0.001), duration of SLE (OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.64–6.07 per 10 years, P < 0.001), and baseline homocysteine concentration (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.06–1.44 per moles/liter, P 0.006). SLE patients with stable plaque and progressive plaque differed only in baseline homocysteine concentration. Atherosclerosis progression was increased across tertiles of homocysteine concentration (16.2%, 36.4%, and 56.1%; P 0.001), and homocysteine tertile was independently related to progression of atherosclerosis (OR 3.14, 95% CI 1.65–5.95 per tertile, P < 0.001). Less aggressive immunosuppressive therapy and lower average prednisone dose were associated with progression of atherosclerosis in univariate, but not multivariate, analyses. Inflammatory markers and lipids were not related to atherosclerosis progression. Conclusion. Atherosclerosis develops or progresses in a substantial minority of SLE patients during short-term followup (10% per year on average). Older age at diagnosis, longer duration of SLE, and higher homocysteine concentration are independently related to progression of atherosclerosis. These findings show that aggressive control of SLE and lowering of homocysteine concentrations are potential means to retard the development and progression of atherosclerosis in SLE.
Phase Shifts for Relativistic Corrections in High-Energy p − p Scattering

Scattering phase shifts for the relativistic corrections to the ordinary Coulomb interaction between two protons are calculated in the first Born approximation. The scattering matrix resulting from these phase shifts is obtained and shown to agree with the results of the preceding paper.
Ways of meaning: Exploring cultural differences in students' written compositions

This article explores differences in discourse styles in the written compositions of students from two distinct cultural backgrounds. The study reported here involved a linguistic analysis of 40 persuasive essays written by sixth-grade students from Appalachian rural and non-Appalachian urban populations. Several discourse features were examined and compared in the analysis, which included the use of exophoric devices, the use of colloquial vocabulary, and variations in certain structural elements. Results show that the Appalachian students write in a more personal style than the non-Appalachian students and tend to have a different sense of audience, as evidenced by their greater use of exophora, colloquial vocabulary, additive conjunctions and question-response adjacency pairs. It is argued that, because language is acquired in rich sociolinguistic contexts, children develop different “ways of meaning” within their own culture, which is reflected in the communicative strategies used in both written and oral expression.
Antibody responses to protein, polysaccharide, and ΦX174 antigens in the hyperimmunoglobulinemia E (hyper-IgE) syndrome

Abstract To investigate whether an underlying defect in antibody (Ab)-forming capacity could contribute to the infection susceptibility of patients with hyper-IgE syndrome, we evaluated 11 such patients for their responses to bacteriophage ΦX174 (ΦX174), diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and pneumococcal (Pneumovax) and Hemophilias influenzae vaccines. Three of nine patients immunized with ΦX174 had normal primary and secondary Ab responses, five had accelerated declines in their titers after initially normal primary Ab responses and lower than normal secondary Ab responses, and two of the latter patients failed to switch normally from IgM to IgG Ab production. Only one of 10 patients tested had normal Ab responses to diphtheria toxoid, and postimmunization antitetanus titers were abnormally low in five of the 10 patients tested. Serum Abs to H. influenzae polyribose phosphate were protective in seven of the eight immunized patients. Five of the nine patients administered Pneumovax had poor Ab responses to at least one of the pneumococcal serotypes 7, 9, or 14. Abnormal antipolysaccharide responses did not correlate with IgG 2 deficiency. All patients responded with protective Ab levels to type 3. Thus, patients with hyper-IgE syndrome are heterogeneous with respect to their Ab-forming capacities. Ab deficiency may contribute to infection susceptibility in some of these patients.
MILO: a microarchitecture and logic optimizer

In this paper we discuss strengths and weaknesses of logic synthesis systems and present a system for microarchitecture and logic optimization. Our system uses a set of algorithms for synthesizing SSI/MSI cells from parameterized microarchitecture components. In addition, it uses rules for optimizing both at the microarchitecture and logic level. The system increases designer productivity and requires less design knowledge and experience from circuit engineers.
Beginning L2 production errors in ASL lexical phonology: A cognitive phonology model

This study examines production errors in ASL lexical phonology by beginning L2 adult learners, more particularly the handshape, location, movement, palm orientation, and nonmanual phonological segments. Studies in L2 adult learning of ASL are scant. For possible analytical models, first and second language acquisition models such as L1 transfer, Universal Grammar, and L1 child development are examined. The models do not capture the essence of phonology production errors in L2 ASL. A Cognitive Phonology Model is proposed to account for the errors. The errors are shaped by perception of sign formulation and poor motor dexterity. Production errors that are influenced by poor motor dexterity by adult L2 learners consist of substitutions, displacements, switches, additions, deletions, and incompletions of features within segments. Production errors that are shaped by perception of sign formulation consist of mirrorization, parallelization, addition, and deletion of features within segments.
Consider the lawyers: Law school’s lessons for criminal justice education

For two disciplines interested in similar issues, law schools and criminal justice programs may as well be on different sides of the moon when it comes to pedagogy. Undoubtedly, criminal justice has lessons to share with law, but legal instruction also offers innovations for justice education. The following essay presents my experience from both law school and criminal justice programs, offering recommendations to improve criminal justice teaching. I offer the suggestions not under any brazen notion that I have discovered the secrets to ideal pedagogy, but rather to suggest that many of law's methods would benefit criminal justice as well.
Cost-effectiveness of automated external defibrillators in public places: pro.

Purpose of review Placement of automated external defibrillators in public facilities is a cost-effective treatment for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. This review describes the literature citing the benefits of early defibrillation, ease of use, and relative cost of automated external defibrillators. Recent findings Placement of automated external defibrillators in public places was recommended by the American Heart Association in the early 1990s. Compared with waiting for traditional emergency medical services, immediate use of automated external defibrillators by laypersons can dramatically increase survival to hospital discharge rates. Placement of automated external defibrillators at locations such as casinos, airports, and airplanes that are frequented by large numbers of at-risk people is cost-effective compared with other economically acceptable health measures. Studies using simulations to predict numbers of quality-adjusted life years that would be gained from implementation of public access defibrillation programs in high-incidence locations find that the cost would be less than the typically acceptable 50,000 dollars per quality-adjusted life year. The cost estimates, however, depend on the incidence of cardiac arrest at the sites, with low-incidence sites being prohibitively expensive. Summary Automated external defibrillators appear to be cost-effective in locations with high incidences of cardiac arrest.
Electric shock titration: Effects of meperidine, anileridine and alphaprodine☆

Abstract The effects of meperidine, anileridine and alphaprodine were studied in the squirrel monkey whose behavior was maintained under a 2.0-sec schedule of shock increment. Low doses of all three drugs had no effect, whereas higher doses decreased responding at the zero shock intensity. Slightly higher doses of meperidine and anileridine increased responding at the zero shock intensity and produced convulsions.
Factor analysis of the McCarthy scales for groups of white and Mexican-American children

Abstract Factor analyses of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (McCarthy Scales) were performed on separate groups of Anglo (N = 186) and Mexican-American (N = 126) children to determine the comparability of underlying structures and to examine the construct validity of the McCarthy Scales for each ethnic group. The subjects, ranging in age from 5.6 to 7.6 years, were randomly selected from school enrollment rosters and stratified by age, sex, and ethnicity. A principal component analysis produced three factors for the Anglo as well as the Mexican-American groups. Examination of the coefficients of congruence indicated a close similarity among the matching factors. Additionally, the factors which emerged for the Anglos and Mexican-Americans corresponded to the scales constituting the McCarthy Scales. The results of the study provide evidence for the construct validity of the McCarthy Scales for children of two ethnic groups.
Influence of zirconium additions on the mechanical properties of A Ni-Mo-Cr alloy in the irradiated and unirradiated conditions

Abstract We have studied the effects of zirconium additions on the mechanical properties of alloys having the base composition Ni-12 wt% Mo-7 wt% Cr-0.2 wt% Mn-0.05 wt% C. Zirconium levels studied ranged from 0 to 1.18 wt% and included small laboratory melts and three 45-kg (100-lb) commercial melts. Generally, zirconium improved the strength and the fracture strain in both the irradiated and unirradiated conditions. The most dramatic effects were noted in the postirradiation creep tests, where as little as 0.05 wt% zirconium improved the rupture life and the fracture strain. This improvement is attributed to the formation of very fine MC-type carbides in the alloys containing zirconium. Zirconium addition of only 0.05 wt% led to weld metal cracking.
Ionic permeability of epithelial tissues.

The overall permeability of epithelial tissues to solutes is generally determined by analyzing net or unidirectional transepithelial fluxes in response to transepithelial differences of concentration and/or electrical potential using relations that describe diffusional movements across a single membrane. If the solute is uncharged and diffusional movements are transcellular, the overall transepithelial permeability coefficient is determined by the permeabilities of the two limiting cell membranes combinded in series. However, if the solute is charged and the pathway for transepithelial movement involves diffusional flows across at least two membranes arranged in series (i.e. transcellular transport), the value of the overall transepithelial permeability coefficient determined using relations that describe ionic diffusion across a single membrane is not an accurate measure of the permeabilities of the two limiting membranes combined in series. Further, if ionic diffusion is transcellular, permeability coefficients determined from studies of transepithelial fluxes are not only quantitatively incorrect but can also result in grossly erroneous interpretations of changes in transepithelial permeabilities and faulty inferences regarding the route of transepithelial ionic diffusion.
COMPARISON OF THE STRESSORS AND COPING BEHAVIORS OF HOMELESS, PREVIOUSLY HOMELESS, AND NEVER HOMELESS POOR CHILDREN

The purpose of this study was to compare the stressors and coping behaviors of homeless, previously homeless, and never homeless poor school-aged children. Content analyses of interview data from 132 children were used. Forty-four (68%) of the homeless children identified at least one stressor related to being homeless. The three groups of children were similar in regard to stressors related to the family, self, peers, health, school, and environment. In regard to the violent behavior category, significantly more of the previously homeless and never homeless children expressed stressors compared to the homeless children. Significantly more previously homeless and never homeless children identified more social support coping behaviors compared to the homeless children. The three groups of children did not differ in regard to the use of behavioral and cognitive coping strategies.
Measuring the Rate of Conjugal Plasmid Transfer in a Bacterial Population Using Quantitative PCR

Horizontal transfer of genes between species is an important mechanism for bacterial genome evolution. In Escherichia coli, conjugation is the transfer from a donor (F(+)) to a recipient (F(-)) cell through cell-to-cell contact. We demonstrate what we believe to be a novel qPCR method for quantifying the transfer kinetics of the F plasmid in a population by enumerating the relative abundance of genetic loci unique to the plasmid and the chromosome. This approach allows us to query the plasmid transfer rate without the need for selective culturing with unprecedented single locus resolution. We fit the results to a mass action model where the rate of plasmid growth includes the lag time of newly formed F(+) transconjugants and the recovery time between successive conjugation events of the F(+) donors. By assaying defined mixtures of genotypically identical donor and recipient cells at constant inoculation densities, we extract an F plasmid transfer rate of 5 × 10(-10) (cells/mL · min)(-1). We confirm a plasmid/chromosome ratio of 1:1 in homogenous F(+) populations throughout batch growth. Surprisingly, in some mixture experiments we observe an excess of F plasmid in the early saturation phase that equilibrates to a final ratio of one plasmid per chromosome.
Humane issues surrounding decapitation reconsidered.

The controversy surrounding the use of decapitation in biomedical research as a method of euthanasia for rodents has now largely faded from memory. But an intense debate about its humaneness was conducted in the pages of various professional journals in the 1970s 1,2 and 1980s 3–7 and into the 1990s. 8–10 Although the belief that decapitation is humane seems widely accepted within the scientific community, newer research findings challenge that view. Euthanasia means literally a good death. When used in terms of humans, the word ordinarily refers to mercy killing of the terminally ill; in the animal context, however, euthanasia is typically defined as a painless, stress-free death irrespective of the reasons for bringing that death about. 11 Unfortunately, over the years, the word has come to be used in biomedical research circles as roughly synonymous with killing or sacrificing laboratory animals for some higher purpose, without regard to the method. By forgetting the original meaning of euthanasia and using the term as an euphemism for simply killing animals used for biomedical research, the term has become debased. Therefore, it bears repeating that true euthanasia (ie, a good death) only occurs when an animal is painlessly rendered unconscious before its life is extinguished. Decapitation of unanesthetized, conscious animals has been and still is widely practiced in biomedical research. The reason generally given for use of this procedure is the need to obtain tissue samples not contaminated by chemical agents, injectable or inhalant, used in anesthesia. No accurate statistics are available on exactly how many laboratory animals are killed each year through decapitation, but the figure is likely sub stantial. 12 The historical debate surrounding decapitation has been recounted in detail. 12,13