cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subsyndromal Psychiatric Disorders

Subsyndromal psychiatric disorders (SPD) are characterized by the presence of elevated psychiatric symptoms that do not meet full diagnostic criteria for a specific disorder. Also commonly known as subthreshold or minor psychiatric disorders, SPD are difficult to qualify and quantify given the current categorical taxonomy of mental health disorders. By definition, they are not formally recognized as a diagnosis yet share many common features with their formal diagnostic counterparts (e.g., major depressive disorder). SPD are best viewed within a dimensional approach, with symptoms being present yet falling slightly below clinical cutoff within a diagnostic spectrum, often due to not meeting diagnostic criteria for level of symptom severity, duration, or frequency of symptoms despite causing significant distress. Subsyndromal symptoms are fairly common in the general population, as well as in older adults, and are associated with a variety of negative factors including high cost to health care, poor physical health, poor quality of sleep, and a negative impact on the family. SPD is most commonly characterized and studied for depressionand anxiety-related symptoms, which will be the focus of this section. Description of psychological disorders and their associated criteria can be found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) (American Psychiatric Association 2013) and the International Classification of Disorders, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) (World Health Organization 2004).
Break-Even Analysis of Battery Energy Storage in Buildings Considering Time-of-Use Rates

As energy consumption in residential and commercial buildings continues to grow, demand-side management (DSM) for energy systems becomes crucial, because DSM can shift energy use from peak to off-peak hours. In order to realize peak load shifting, energy storage systems (ESSs) can be integrated into buildings to store energy during off-peak hours and discharge energy in peak hours. However, installing a large number of ESSs in individual buildings can complicate DSM and increase the overall capital cost. In this paper, a cost-effective DSM strategy is proposed to address this energy management challenge. The break-even cost of battery storage in a building is explored through a process of two-step optimization in conjunction with different tariff structures. A number of scenarios are performed to conduct cost analyses of the storage-based building energy system under different time-of-use rate structures. The performance of the DSM strategy in the battery break-even cost, is explored using a particle swarm optimization algorithm based on the size of energy storage and priced-based constraints of the energy system. Results of a case study show that the proposed approach can reduce the peak-to-average ratio of the total energy demand to the total energy costs. In addition, as the percentage reductions in yearly maximum energy peaks increase, the optimal battery cost becomes progressively more economical to building owners.
‘Factor Four’ and Sustainable Development in the Age of Globalization

The kickoff for global environmental concerns has surely been the publication in 1972 of the Limits to Growth Report to the Club of Rome. In brief, it said that there are natural limits to be observed and that humanity is doomed if it ignores these limits to economic growth. The Limits to Growth Report was indeed a milestone in the international debate on the future of mankind. But it has become remarkably quiet around the report since the early eighties, and one keeps wondering why. The main authors, the Meadows and Jorgen Randers wrote another book 20 years later (Meadows et al. 1992) where they deplore the neglect of their theme and essentially say that the situation has worsened more rapidly than they had predicted. The reason for the public neglect lies in the fact that the formula and some of the assumptions made in the Limits Report were faulty. As a scientist I was not the least surprised that well-founded critique was made and would never discard the Limits to Growth Report on these grounds as wrong in its core thrust. However, those who do not like the thrust at all are quick to jump on those few methodological deficiencies. Let me mention three of them: – Resource depletion: Some optimistic economists say that the ‘reach’ of depletable natural resources has always and for systematic reasons been in the vicinity of thirty years, because this is about the time span worth looking at for companies and states concerned with resource availability. They always look at the low hanging fruits and simply do not go to the trouble and costs of developing access to the higher hanging ones. Hence, such economists have considered the Limits Report’s assump
Explanation-based learning for image understanding

Existing prior domain knowledge represents a valuable source of information for image interpretation problems such as classifying handwritten characters. Such domain knowledge must be translated into a form understandable by the learner. Translation can be realized with Explanation-Based Learning (EBL) which provides a kind of dynamic inductive bias, combining domain knowledge and training examples. The dynamic bias formed by the interaction of domain knowledge with training examples can yield solution knowledge of potential higher quality than can be anticipated by the static bias designer without seeing training examples. We detail how EBL can be used to dynamically integrate domain knowledge, training examples, and the learning mechanism, and describe the two EBL approaches in (Sun & DeJong 2005a) and (Sun & DeJong 2005b).
Two Thousand Students, One Librarian: Balancing Depth and Breadth of Library Instruction for Online Graduate Students.

AbstractMany librarians struggle with how to balance scalable instructional offerings with more personalized instruction for online students—scale tends to come at the cost of personalization and v...
The Development of a Mathematical Human Thermal Model

Human thermal behavior is determined by the combined effect of physiological and physical phenomena. Physiological factors discussed separately in previous chapters, act in a coordinated complementary manner to regulate bodily temperature. Institution provides qualitative understanding of some interactions, but an analytical approach is required to develop a quantitative understanding of human thermal regulation.
Antimicrobial polypropylene with ε-poly(lysine): Effectiveness under UV-A light and food storage applications

Abstract Polypropylene (PP) was mixed with polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) to obtain a reactive blend (PP/PP-g-MA) and render it antimicrobial by the application of e-poly(lysine) and styrene maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) onto its surface through reactive blending. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed covalent attachment through imide ring coupling between e-poly(lysine), SMA, and PP/PP-g-MA. The resulting antimicrobial plastic (PP-SMA-PL) was effective in aqueous suspensions against Escherichia coli K12 ATCC 47009 with or without UV-A light irradiation providing > 99.99% reduction, and against the same bacterium in apple juice providing ∼ 90% reduction under UV-A light. Fluorometric assays suggested that this enhanced effect may be caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In addition, PP-SMA-PL showed effectiveness against Listeria innocua L2 inoculated in milk in a storage study under refrigeration for 21 days, providing ∼90% reduction as compared to the starting level of inoculum and 99.99%–99.999% lower microbial load as compared to the control inoculated milk at the end of the storage study. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and colorimetric analyses confirmed no deposition of bacteria or organic matter onto PP-SMA-PL during the storage period with milk, as well as no release of e-poly(lysine) from the surface of PP-SMA-PL.
Will of Fortune: New York Will Drafting ─ Part 1

This article explains how to write in New York will. The first of this two-part column outlines how intestacy laws affect an estate, what every will should include, how to avoid some common mistakes, and how to execute a will properly. Part 2 will outline some areas in a will that require special consideration and, therefore, special clarity.
Bracketing in the comparative interrupted time-series design to address concerns about history interacting with group: Evaluating missouri handgun purchaser law

In the comparative interrupted time series design (also called the method of difference-in-differences), the change in outcome in a group exposed to treatment in the periods before and after the exposure is compared to the change in outcome in a control group not exposed to treatment in either period. The standard difference-in-difference estimator for a comparative interrupted time series design will be biased for estimating the causal effect of the treatment if there is an interaction between history in the after period and the groups; for example, there is a historical event besides the start of the treatment in the after period that benefits the treated group more than the control group. We present a bracketing method for bounding the effect of an interaction between history and the groups that arises from a time-invariant unmeasured confounder having a different effect in the after period than the before period. The method is applied to a study of the effect of the repeal of Missouri's permit-to-purchase handgun law on its firearm homicide rate. We estimate that the effect of the permit-to-purchase repeal on Missouri's firearm homicide rate is bracketed between 0.9 and 1.3 homicides per 100,000 people, corresponding to a percentage increase of 17% to 27% (95% confidence interval: [0.6,1.7] or [11%,35%]). A placebo study provides additional support for the hypothesis that the repeal has a causal effect of increasing the rate of state-wide firearm homicides.
Reliability Estimation in Longitudinal Studies Using Latent Growth Curve Modeling

Longitudinal data analysis has received widespread interest throughout educational, behavioral, and social science research, with latent growth curve modeling currently being one of the most popula...
False Starts, Suspicious Interviewees and Nearly Impossible Tasks: Some Reflections on the Difficulty of Conducting Field Research Abroad

In this article, I discuss some of the problems I have encountered in conducting field research abroad, specifically in England, South Africa, Russia and China – a broad variety of societies ranging from free to not free societies. I discuss the problems I encountered and how I overcame some of them and was stymied by others. I have had problems gaining access to interviewees; establishing rapport with interviewees from different societies; and have had my motives questioned. Nevertheless, my research has been rewarding and has resulted in a number of serendipitous discoveries. Key Words: Field research, open-ended interviewing, research abroad, reflexivity, serendipity, South Africa, Russia, China and England.
The clinical utility of laboratory monitoring during isotretinoin therapy for acne and changes to monitoring practices over time

Background As a result of concerns about hypertriglyceridemia, liver enzyme abnormalities, and leukopenia during isotretinoin therapy for acne, patients are often monitored closely with routine laboratory assessments, although the value of this practice has been questioned. Methods We conducted a cohort study of patients receiving isotretinoin for acne between January 1, 2008, and June 30, 2017, using the OptumInsights Electronic Health Record Database (Optum, Eden Prairie, MN) to evaluate the frequency of laboratory abnormalities. Poisson regression was used to evaluate for changes to the frequency of routine laboratory monitoring over time. Results Among 1863 patients treated with isotretinoin, grade 3 or greater triglyceride and liver function testing abnormalities were noted in fewer than 1% and 0.5% of patients screened, respectively. No grade 3 or greater cholesterol or complete blood count abnormalities were observed. There were no meaningful changes in the frequency of laboratory monitoring over time. Limitations Limitations include that we are unable to evaluate the clinical notes to understand the exact clinical decision making when clinicians encountered abnormal laboratory values. Conclusion Although laboratory abnormalities are rare and often do not influence management, frequent laboratory monitoring remains a common practice. There are opportunities to improve the quality of care among patients being treated with isotretinoin for acne by reducing the frequency of lipid and liver function monitoring and by eliminating complete blood count monitoring.
Hack.VR: A Programming Game in Virtual Reality.

In this article we describe Hack.VR, an object-oriented programming game in virtual reality. Hack.VR uses a VR programming language in which nodes represent functions and node connections represent data flow. Using this programming framework, players reprogram VR objects such as elevators, robots, and switches. Hack.VR has been designed to be highly interactable both physically and semantically.
Assessment of Retinoblastoma Capacity in the Middle East, North Africa, and West Asia Region.

PURPOSEWe aimed to evaluate the capacity to treat retinoblastoma in the Middle East, North Africa, and West Asia region.METHODSA Web-based assessment that investigated retinoblastoma-related pediat...
A Sparse Tensor Benchmark Suite for CPUs and GPUs

Tensor computations present significant performance challenges that impact a wide spectrum of applications ranging from machine learning, healthcare analytics, social network analysis, data mining to quantum chemistry and signal processing. Efforts to improve the performance of tensor computations include exploring data layout, execution scheduling, and parallelism in common tensor kernels. This work presents a benchmark suite for arbitrary-order sparse tensor kernels using state-of-the-art tensor formats: coordinate (COO) and hierarchical coordinate (HiCOO) on CPUs and GPUs. It presents a set of reference tensor kernel implementations that are compatible with real-world tensors and power law tensors extended from synthetic graph generation techniques. We also propose Roofline performance models for these kernels to provide insights of computer platforms from sparse tensor view. This benchmark suite along with the synthetic tensor generator is publicly available.
RILM Music Encyclopedias, Rme.RILM.org

At a time when the need for remote access to content is at an all-time high, it is advantageous to have available plentiful high-quality online resources. RILM Music Encyclopedias (RME) is a cross-...
Protective Measures against COVID-19: Dental Practice and Infection Control

The onset of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has challenged the worldwide healthcare sector, including dentistry. The highly infectious nature of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus and risk of transmission through aerosol generating procedures has profoundly impacted the delivery of dental care services globally. As dental practices with renewed infection control strategies and preventive measures are re-opening in the “new normal” period, it is the responsibility of healthcare professionals to constantly analyze new data and limit the spread of COVID-19 in dental care settings. In the light of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 rapidly emerging in different geographic locations, there is an urgent need to comply more than ever with the rigorous public health measures to mitigate COVID-19 transmission. The aim of this article is to provide dental clinicians with essential information regarding the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus and protective measures against COVID-19 transmission in dental facilities. We complied and provided guidance and standard protocols recommended by credible national and international organizations. This review will serve as an aid to navigating through this unprecedented time with ease. Here we reviewed the available literature recommended for the best current practices that must be taken for a dental office to function safely and successfully.
Social Marginalization Motivates Indiscriminate Sharing of COVID-19 News on Social Media

We find that people who experience social marginalization are more likely to share COVID-19 news indiscriminately, that is, sharing news that is factually untrue and true, as well as news that seems surprising and unsurprising. This effect, driven by their general motivation to seek meaning, holds when people self-identify as being socially marginalized (i.e., experiencing frequent feelings of discrimination) and when they are situationally induced to feel marginalized. We demonstrate that an intervention to help people obtain a temporary sense of meaning by having high (vs. low) power can reduce indiscriminate news sharing. For socially marginalized individuals, sharing news on social media appears to reflect a need to make sense of their world and comprehend it.
Foolish Crowds Support Benign Overfitting.

We prove a lower bound on the excess risk of sparse interpolating procedures for linear regression with Gaussian data in the overparameterized regime. We work in a setting where the covariance structure has previously been shown to be compatible with benign overfitting with fast convergence to the Bayes risk. We apply the general bound to obtain a lower bound for basis pursuit (the minimum $\ell_1$-norm interpolant) that implies that its excess risk can converge at an exponentially slower rate than OLS (the minimum $\ell_2$-norm interpolant), even when the ground truth is sparse. Our analysis exposes the benefit of an effect analogous to the "wisdom of the crowd", except here the harm arising from fitting the noise is ameliorated by spreading it among many directions - the variance reduction arises from a foolish crowd.
Derived emergence of WH question–answers in children with autism

Abstract Children with autism spectrum disorder often struggle to respond to conversational questions involving words such as “who,” “what,” and “where.” One reason for this may be that answering these types of questions requires a repertoire of relational responding in which the individual must select an answer based on the class memberships of stimuli found in the question. For example, answering the question, “Who do you see at the hospital?” requires identifying a potential response that is in coordination with both “who” and “hospital,” e.g., a doctor. The present study sought to examine this premise by providing training designed to promote relational responding to community associations, associations of noun types, and associations between wh- words and noun types. Three participants diagnosed with autism, between the ages of 10 and 12, were exposed to a multi-phase relational training sequence designed to establish equivalence class membership between community helper stimuli, noun-class stimuli, and wh- word relations using protocols from the PEAK Relational Training System (Dixon, 2015. PEAK relational training system: Equivalence module . Shawnee Scientific Press: Carbondale, IL; Dixon, in press. PEAK relational training system: Transformation module . Shawnee Scientific Press: Carbondale, IL). A concurrent multiple baseline across skills and participants design was used to evaluate the functional relationship between the establishment of these relations and the emergence of correct responding to wh- questions. Results indicated that for two of the three participants, mastery of these relations was functionally related to the emergence of accurate responding to untrained intraverbal wh- questions.
A Microprocessor-Based Corrosion Measurement System

An instrument for the performance of electrochemical corrosion measurements has been developed, which includes a 16-bit built-in microprocessor. Electrochemical corrosion measurements, by their very nature, benefit by being placed under microprocessor control. These measurements include pretimed equilibration periods, examination of corrosion potentials for stability, initiation of scans at potentials relative to the corrosion potential, and reversal of scans at selected potentials or current densities or both. Similarly, the calculations usually performed on electrochemical corrosion rate data can be performed and even optimized through the use of a built-in microprocessor. The instrument described here utilizes the microprocessor as completely as possible-to define the measurement, perform the experiment, and replay the data in a format that is most meaningful to the operator. This paper will describe in detail how the microprocessor is utilized to set up an experiment, acquire, validate, and store the experimental data, and then recall all, or selected portions, of that data. Typical applications of the instrument will be described in detail showing how the device can be used for the evaluation of potentiodynamic polarizations, cyclic polarizations, Tafel plots, polarization resistance plots, galvanic corrosion measurements, corrosion behavior diagrams, sensitization tests, and current integration measurements of a number of typical alloys in a variety of corrosive environments. The advantages enjoyed by a microprocessor-based device as compared to an analog instrument will be described.
Notes: Football Officials Time-Expense-Income Study

(1957). Notes: Football Officials Time-Expense-Income Study. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 422-424.
Perforation of the stomach in the neonatal period

Summary 1. A case of rupture of the stomach in a 5-day-old premature infant, who survived, is presented. 2. Causes of perforation of the stomach are discussed and aids in diagnosis, including x-ray, are given. The treatment and pathological findings are included in the discussion.
Chapter 12 Specification and estimation of intertemporal asset pricing models

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses recent econometric work on dynamic, equilibrium asset-pricing models, reviews the specifications of econometric models of asset price determination, and explores the properties of several extensions of these models. It focuses on the tradeoffs involved in achieving econometric identification, both in terms of the economic and statistical assumptions, which must be made, and the limitations of the requisite data, which are used in implementing alternative models. The increased interest in the econometric implications of intertemporal asset pricing relations is traced to several important developments in economic theory and econometric method. The chapter discusses the relation between consumption and asset returns implied by the representative agent models. It describes the representation of asset prices in terms of a linear functional on a space of random payoffs. When agents can trade a complete set of contingent claims to goods in the future, the benchmark payoff that defines this function can be identified with the intertemporal marginal rate of substitution of a numeraire good.
Ideology and Empire in Eighteenth-Century India: Warren Hastings and ‘the legal forms of Mogul government’, 1772–1774

Warren Hastings (governor of Bengal from 1772 and governor-general of the British territories in India from 1774 to 1785) stands not least among those ‘imperial icons’ that dominated old pro-consular histories, and his dramatic career has launched a large shelf-full of biographies. Hastings' particular genius, in some old versions, was for seeing beyond the vacillations and hesitations of his colleagues, and masterfully grasping Britain's historic destiny as an imperial power. For others, following the famous attacks on his character by Edmund Burke and Lord Macaulay, Hastings' career stood as a horrifying example of the dangers of imperial hubris and brutality. Another durable and more sympathetic tradition has cast Hastings as an enlightened cosmopolitan and ‘orientalist’ in the non-pejorative, pre-Saidian sense of that word – a notable patron of Indian arts and scholarship. This chapter tries to understand Hastings' governorship against the swirling backdrop of Company politics in the 1760s and early 1770s. It argues that Warren Hastings' attempts to reform the Bengal government in the early 1770s did indeed constitute a critical moment in the refashioning of the English East India Company as a branch of empire. This was not, however, because Hastings had visions, as if through a crystal ball, of the later history of British India. Hastings' reforms were part of a wider pattern of crisis management, as the East India Company confronted the aftermath of the Bengal famine and growing financial and political problems in Britain.
LUGANDA VERB MORPHOLOGY: A NEW ANALYSIS OF THE SUFFIXES [-YE] AND [-A] AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION ACROSS THE INDICATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE MOODS

In this paper, I propose a novel morphological analysis of the Luganda (ISO 639 3: lug) verbal suffixes [-YE] and [-A]. I argue that the suffix [-YE] is bi-morphemic: [-Y] is a Perfective aspect morpheme, while [-E] is a functional suffix found in linguistic contexts indicating a change of state in the immediate past or in the immediate future. The data analysis further suggests that suffix [-A] is a default marker used as phonological filler. Finally, I show that the different linguistic contexts of use of the markers [-Y] [-A] and [-E] explain their distribution across the Indicative, Subjunctive and Imperative moods.
Empirical Evidence that Formative Assessments Improve Law Students' Final Exam Performance

Despite the recent widespread call for law professors to incorporate more feedback during the semester, there is a relative dearth of empirical evidence about the impact of practice materials and feedback on law student performance. This study begins to fill that gap. Using five ungraded quizzes, a graded midterm, and reflection exercises, this study shows that feedback improved student performance on a cumulative final exam up to a full letter grade compared to a cohort with only a traditional end-of-semester final exam. The study confirms an earlier study showing that learning gains from formative assessments concentrate among those with stronger LSAT scores and UGPAs. The study discovers that, due to the weak correlation between LSAT scores and UGPAs and first year law grades, the benefit of formative assessments reaches students with both above and below the median first year law grades. This article discusses the formative assessment methodology that led to significant final exam performance improvement for two-thirds of a large-section Evidence course. It also explores reasons why one-third of the students, those with weaker LSAT or UGPAs, did not get a discernible benefit from the practice materials and suggests areas for future work.
Is Free Will Necessary for Moral Responsibility?: A Case for Rethinking Their Relationship and the Design of Experimental Studies in Moral Psychology

Philosophical tradition has long held that free will is necessary for moral responsibility. We report experimental results that show that the folk do not think free will is necessary for moral responsibility. Our results also suggest that experimental investigation of the relationship is ill served by a focus on incompatibilism versus compatibilism. We propose an alternative framework for empirical moral psychology in which judgments of free will and moral responsibility can vary independently in response to many factors (including beliefs about determinism). We also suggest that, in response to some factors, the necessity relation may run from responsibility to free will.
Family, Society, and Tradition in Jin Ping Mei:

Family life has been a prominent theme in Chinese literature for several centuries. Well-known novels and plays of the Republican era, like Ba Jin's Family and Cao Yu's Spring Thunder, are very accessible to Western readers, describing Chinese families in terms that we can easily understand. Especially in Family, an illusion of reportage is created, a sense that this is how a Chinese family would have met the stresses of that era. But there is no reportage unmediated by the expectations of writer and reader, and in these two cases our very sense of familiarity can help us to understand the expectations of Ba Jin and Cao Yu and their public. This particular novel and play (and many like them) look familiar to Westerners because their authors adopted the conventions of Western fiction and drama. (Spring Thunder makes recognizable use of the Oedipus myth.) This adoption of Western literary forms does not make Family or Spring Thunder "inaccurate" as depictions of the Chinese family, but it does add a dimension to which the historian as well as the literary specialist should pay heed. The "data" in these novels are not simply data about family composition; they are also data about cultural self-confidence. The Chinese families in these two works are drawn in Western perspective, with a resultant shift in the explanation given for each family's decline. The drama of the
A wetland–aquifer interaction test

An understanding of the hydraulic connectivity between an isolated wetland and its underlying groundwater is required to help assess the ecological impact that changes in the groundwater level may induce. Literature values for the hydraulic conductivity of peat vary up to ten orders of magnitude, indicating the absolute necessity of obtaining site-specific information. Horizontal and vertical variability in peat layers makes the process of extrapolating point-based measurements to predict system-level behavior difficult. By inducing or augmenting a flow up from the underlying aquifer into the wetland through a rapid lowering of wetland water level, the system-level hydraulic connectivity of a wetland to the groundwater may be directly measured. At a study site, a small, seasonally flooded depression mash wetland in Florida, the method and subsequent analysis yielded a value for the hydraulic resistance of the organic layer of 6 days, indicating a significant connection between the wetland and the aquifer.
The Process of Constitution Making in Latin America

Latin America as an area would yield to few if any other regions of the world in its devotion to what it considers the constitutional process and, indeed, the supremacy of constitutions in establishing and ordering the political life of the several states. If the mere number of excursions into the practical exercise of constitution-making were to be considered significant-which it probably is at most only in a limited way-it might lead to the conclusion that the Latins were affected by some form of legomania. A compilation of Latin America constitutions published a little more than a decade ago indicated that as of the beginning of 1948 the twenty states had written a total of 200 basic laws since their respective achievements of independence. Several additional ones have since been drafted. This is evidence, or at least a straw showing the direction of the wind, but it needs to be evaluated. By itself it means little. The segment of the highly stratified society which inherited the task of writing the new constitutions at the time Latin American independence was won was the creole, and within the creole fraction the pensadores or philosophers. They were a well, even if somewhat artificially, educated group and their intellectual interests and enthusiasm were beyond question. The chief intellectual inheritance of the pensadores was Gallic. They admired and imitated the French penchant for logic and symmetry. In the absence of any large or significant experience with the hard realities of government through an apprenticeship during the colonial period they could make of constitution-writing only an intellectual exercise and in it they reveled and gave free rein to their love of high-flown rhetoric, philosophizing, and the devising of beautifully symmetrical even if impractical and unrealistic governmental machinery. "The early constituent assemblies", I have written elsewhere, "were devoted to symbol words-the French trinity of liberty, equality, and fraternity, of course, and federalism, democracy, unity, and others-and these were clothed with an almost sacramental virtue; in other words, the approach was ritualistic.... There long prevailed the unconscious feeling that a written constitution was the panacea for all political ills, and that if one proved unsatisfactory all that needed to be done was to draft another." The situation in the early years of independence was, then, roughly this:
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. 58. Application of a Micropipet-Supported ITIES Tip To Detect Ag + and Study Its Effect on Fibroblast Cells

We report the use of a micropipet-supported ITIES (interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions, also called a liquid/liquid (L/L) or water/oil (W/O) interface) as a scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) tip to detect silver ion and explore Ag+ toxicity in living cells. A 1,2-dichloroethane solution containing a commercially available calixarene-based Ag+ ionophore (IV) was injected into a micrometer-size glass pipet to construct an Ag+-selective SECM tip. The local Ag+ concentration, down to the micromolar level, in the vicinity of living fibroblast cells, was monitored by SECM approach curves and through imaging of the uptake and efflux of Ag+ by living fibroblast cells in real time. The results show that several stages of interaction between Ag+ and fibroblast cells exist. Since a number of biological processes of cells are involved with non-redox-active ions, the work presented here provides a new way to explore cell metabolism, drug delivery, and toxicity assessment by SECM.
Is strong inference really superior to simple inference

The method of strong inference, wherein multiple hypotheses are constructed and a crucial experiment is carried out, is said to have special status in science because it guarantees falsifying results. However, the proposition that strong inference is in any way superior to the method of constructing and testing a single hypothesis is contradicted both by close rational analysis and by the empirical evidence. An experiment is reviewed in which subjects who conduct strong tests are much less likely to discover or approximate the truth than subjects who conduct simple tests of a false hypothesis. It is concluded that a potential to falsify is necessary for a test to have corroborative value; however, arguments as to the general superiority of one type of potentially falsifying test over another have no logical basis. Any claim as to a general superiority of strong tests over simple tests would require access to information about the probability of each strategy to produce various relationships between the truth and whatever explanations are most accessible, and such information is not knowable, even in principle.
Navy ship power system restoration using multi-agent approach

This paper presents a multi-agent system framework that performs system restoration for Navy ship. If Navy surface combatants' electric power supply interruption is caused by a fault, it is important to restore the power system as soon as possible to a target network configuration after the fault. The system views the problem as the interaction of simple independent agents. The approach is implemented using visual C++/JAVA and KQML programming languages. Simulation results have demonstrated that this method is able to reach target configurations.
Constructing a doctoral program in rhetoric and composition

(1994). Constructing a doctoral program in rhetoric and composition. Rhetoric Review: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 392-397.
Regulating the Digestive System Naturally: Tummy Medicine for Cows

Unless you have been stranded on a desert island, live at the North Pole, or just don't watch television, you have most likely seen the commercials with the famous actress who talks about the yogur...
The range-effect in the gamma-neutrino angular correlation experiment

Abstract A method for handling the range-effect in the gamma-neutrino angular correlation experiment is being discussed. The behaviour of the modified gamma-neutrino angular correlation expression is studied under different lifetime conditions of the excited state of the recoiling nucleus.
Measurements of lightning rod responses to nearby strikes

Following Benjamin Franklin's invention of the lightning rod, based on his discovery that electrified objects could be discharged by approaching them with a metal needle in hand, conventional lightning rods in the U.S. have had sharp tips. In recent years, the role of the sharp tip in causing a lightning rod to act as a strike receptor has been questioned leading to experiments in which pairs of various sharp-tipped and blunt rods have been exposed beneath thunderclouds to determine the better strike receptor. After seven years of tests, none of the sharp Franklin rods or of the so-called "early streamer emitters'' has been struck, but 12 blunt rods with tip diameters ranging from 12.7 mm to 25.4 mm have taken strikes. Our field experiments and our analyses indicate that the strike-reception probabilities of Franklin's rods are greatly increased when their tips are made moderately blunt.
Changes in Prairie Stream Fish Assemblages Restricted to Isolated Streambed Pools

Abstract We examined fish assemblages in isolated streambed pools in an intermittent portion of the Brazos River drainage in Texas to determine whether communities were structured in a predictable fashion by changing environmental conditions. Specific conductance, pool volume, and turbidity were significant predictors of species presence in isolated pools. The presence of the Red River pupfish Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis increased with specific conductance and decreased with turbidity. The presence of the western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis, red shiner Cyprinella lutrensis, plains minnow Hybognathus placitus, smalleye shiner Notropis buccula, and sharpnose shiner N. oxyrhynchus decreased as specific conductance increased and as volume and turbidity decreased. Pools sampled through time showed progressive, predictable changes in environmental conditions. As pools evaporated, specific conductance increased and volume and turbidity decreased. Decreases in cyprinid presence and abundance occurred concurrent...
A two-layer model of the atmosphere indicating the effects of mixing between the surface layer and the air aloft

Abstract A two-layer air pollution model is developed for the case when inter-layer mixing is continuous, but slower than intra-layer vertical mixing. The model was designed to examine the implications of inter-layer transport for ground-level impacts. The model equations, consisting of two coupled partial differential equations, are solved numerically by the method of characteristics. In the case of first order chemical reactions, the zero and first order moments are computed in order to determine the locations of the centroids of pollutant mass. The model indicated that a pulse of pollutants emitted at ground level can result in bifurcation of a pollutant plume due to the wind directional shear between the two atmospheric layers. The residual concentrations due to the transport between layers can move upwind, downwind or remain stationary with respect to the ground level winds, depending on the speed and orientation of the winds aloft. Several specific cases are described, and, in each case, the behavior of the residual plume would not be expected from the surface layer winds that are normally used to predict the transport and dispersion of pollutants. In addition, it appears that the characteristic exchange rate between the air aloft and the surface mixing layer is large enough that the winds aloft must be considered when describing long range transport or the multi-day impacts of a pollutant.
Neutral theory (communication arising): The stability of forest biodiversity

The neutral model says that the relative abundance of a species is as likely to increase as it is to decrease, because species are ecologically identical1. This hypothesis can be rejected if variance does not increase over time2. We used a more powerful test, based on comparisons among locations, to show that variability stabilizes and, for most species, decreases over thousands of years3. The neutral model also predicts that after a perturbation, relative abundance is as likely to increase as it is to decrease.
Hybrid Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm Repair With Antegrade Visceral Debranching From the Ascending Aorta: Concomitant Cardiac Surgery and Stent-Grafting

Patients with thoracoabdominal aneurysm that require concomitant cardiac surgery present a complex surgical challenge. A staged hybrid technique including combined cardiac surgery and visceral revascularization from the ascending aorta, followed by endovascular aneurysmal exclusion is reported in four patients. No perioperative death and no neurological complications were observed. The surgical technique is described.
The future as information

Abstract Based on the notion that a society can be simplified to the sum of information communicable among its members, the development of information is then one of the most decisive, formative factors for the future. This essay examines the implications of information and information technologies for American social dynamics of the future. The political potentialities of new means of communication and of information manipulation are discussed in particular.
Histologic effects of intracervical chlormadinone impregnated silastic devices in rabbits.

Abstract Intracervical silastic devices impregnated with chlormadinone acetate caused gross enlargement of the rabbit cervix. Histologic changes included stromal and intercellular degeneration, as well as blunting of normal columnar epithelium. Similar but less marked histologic changes were also noted on occasion in does without any treatment.
Far-infrared laser emission from deuterated ammonia

By optically pumping the deuterated isotopomers of 14NH3 and 15NH3 using 12C16O2, 13C16O2, 12C18O2, and 13C18O2 lasers, several new far-infrared (FIR) emission lines between 65 μm and 125 μm have been detected. The existing spectroscopy of 14N-ammonia isotopomers has been used to identify many of these lines, as well as some previously observed but unidentified. The spectroscopic data have been analyzed to predict over 20 additional FIR laser lines that could be pumped by a more capable CO2 laser. This effort was motivated by a need for strong laser lines in frequency coincidence with molecular transitions of astrophysical interest. Of particularnote is the measurement of the 2680-GHz line of 14NHD2, whose frequency is 4.9 GHz higher than that of the important J=1-0 line of interstellar HD.
Characteristics of the Prolactin Stimulation of Iodide Uptake into Mouse Mammary Gland Explants

We have recently reported that prolactin (PRL) stimulates iodide uptake into cultured mouse mammary tissues. This effect occurs in both TCA soluble and insoluble tissue fractions. The effect of PRL apparently involves an RNA-DNA-dependent mechanism, since actinomycin D and cyclohexamide abolish the PRL stimulation of iodide uptake and its incorporation into protein. Perchlorate and thiocyanate, inhibitors of the iodide transporter, also abolish the PRL effects on iodide uptake and incorporation. Similarly, propylthiouracil and aminotriazole, inhibitors of peroxidase, abolish both effects of PRL. Finally, the extent of iodide uptake in mammary cells is suppressed by about 50% in sodium-free medium. These studies thus suggest the existence of a sodium-iodide symporter in the mammary gland which has characteristics similar to the iodide transporter in the thyroid gland-that is, it is sodium dependent and is inhibited by perchlorate and thiocyanate. The fact that both iodide transporter inhibitors and peroxidase inhibitors abolish PRL-stimulated iodide uptake and incorporation suggests that there may be a coupled mechanism involving the iodide transporter and the peroxidase enzyme.
Behavioral treatment of symptoms of childhood illness

Abstract Behavioral treatment of somatic symptoms is gaining increasing acceptance in pediatric medicine. In this article, behavioral treatment will be referred to in the broadest sense to include behavior therapy procedures, biofeedback training, and relaxation techniques. In a number of disorders common to childhood, behavioral treatment of the symptoms is considered a primary intervention following medical diagnosis. Migraine, recurrent abdominal pain, and urinary and fecal incontinence are disorders in which this is most likely to be the case (Varni, 1983; Masek, Russo, & Varni, 1984). Behavioral treatment procedures are also finding wide application as an adjunct to medical management of symptoms of disease. Chronic pain associated with hemophilia, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and sickle cell disease has been responsive to behavioral treatment in a limited number of patients and further evaluation is warranted (Varni, 1983). Juvenile primary hypertension is another disorder in which behavioral treatment is considered as a potential adjunctive therapeutic (Croates & Masek, 1982). With chronic illness such as cystic fibrosis, asthma, and some types of childhood cancer, symptoms can arise from the stress of coping with the cardinal manifestations of the illness and the threat to life. In turn, these symptoms (e.g., hypcrventilation, gastrointestinal distress, lowered pain tolerance, sleep disturbance, and anxiety) can interfere with medical management and even exacerbate the illness. Behavioral treatment of secondary symptoms is aimed at reducing arousal and developing more effective coping strategies. The distinction between primary and adjunctive roles for behavioral treatment of symptoms of illness is an important one in terms of the points of interaction with medicine. There are also practical differences in the provision of treatment under these two conditions and the degree to which empirical evaluation of the effects of treatment is possible. To illustrate this distinction in clinical practice, behavioral treatment as a primary intervention for symptoms of asthma and cystic fibrosis are discussed. Medical aspects of these illnesses and relevant behavioral research are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the process of implementing behavioral treatment procedures that are effective and complimentary to medical care.
Theoretical Fermi-Surface Properties and Superconducting Parameters for K3C60.

Quantitative theories of superconductivity in alkali-doped C 60 require an accurate and detailed description of the Fermi surface. First-principles calculations of Fermi-surface properties and electronic parameters for K 3 C 60 , the prototype fulleride-superconductor, are reported. The Fermi surface has two sheets; the first is free-electron-like, and the second is multiply-connected, forming two interlocked symmetry-equivalent pieces that never touch. The calculated (clean limit) London penetration depth is Λ = 1600 A. Comparing the Fermi velocity with the experimental coherence length leads to a superconducting pairing strength λ ∼ 5, indicating very strong coupling. Partial nesting in the second Fermi-surface sheet may favor coupling to short-wavelength q ,0,0 optic modes.