cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short-term effects of controlling fossil-fuel soot, biofuel soot and gases, and methane on climate, Arctic ice, and air pollution health

[1] This study examines the short-term (∼15 year) effects of controlling fossil-fuel soot (FS) (black carbon (BC), primary organic matter (POM), and S(IV) (H 2 SO 4 (aq), HSO ― 4 , and SO 2― 4 ), solid-biofuel soot and gases (BSG) (BC, POM, S(IV), K + , Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , NH + 4 , NO ― 3 , Cl - and several dozen gases, including CO 2 and CH 4 ), and methane on global and Arctic temperatures, cloudiness, precipitation, and atmospheric composition. Climate response simulations were run with GATOR-GCMOM, accounting for both microphysical (indirect) and radiative effects of aerosols on clouds and precipitation. The model treated discrete size-resolved aging and internal mixing of aerosol soot, discrete size-resolved evolution of clouds/precipitation from externally and internally mixed aerosol particles, and soot absorption in aerosols, clouds/precipitation, and snow/sea ice. Eliminating FS, FS+BSG (FSBSG), and CH 4 in isolation were found to reduce global surface air temperatures by a statistically significant 0.3-0.5 K, 0.4-0.7 K, and 0.2-0.4 K, respectively, averaged over 15 years. As net global warming (0.7-0.8 K) is due mostly to gross pollutant warming from fossil-fuel greenhouse gases (2-2.4 K), and FSBSG (0.4-0.7 K) offset by cooling due to non-FSBSG aerosol particles (-1.7 to -2.3 K), removing FS and FSBSG may reduce 13-16% and 17-23%, respectively, of gross warming to date. Reducing FS, FSBSG, and CH 4 in isolation may reduce warming above the Arctic Circle by up to ∼1.2 K, ∼1.7 K, and ∼0.9 K, respectively. Both FS and BSG contribute to warming, but FS is a stronger contributor per unit mass emission. However, BSG may cause 8 times more mortality than FS. The global e-folding lifetime of emitted BC (from all fossil sources) against internal mixing by coagulation was ∼3 h, similar to data, and that of all BC against dry plus wet removal was ∼4.7 days. About 90% of emitted FS BC mass was lost to internal mixing by coagulation, ∼7% to wet removal, ∼3% to dry removal, and a residual remaining airborne. Of all emitted plus internally mixed BC, ∼92% was wet removed and ∼8% dry removed, with a residual remaining airborne. The 20 and 100 year surface temperature response per unit continuous emissions (STRE) (similar to global warming potentials (GWPs)) of BC in FS were 4500-7200 and 2900―4600, respectively; those of BC in BSG were 2100―4000 and 1060-2020, respectively; and those of CH 4 were 52-92 and 29-63, respectively. Thus, FSBSG may be the second leading cause of warming after CO 2 . Controlling FS and BSG may be a faster method of reducing Arctic ice loss and global warming than other options, including controlling CH 4 or CO 2 , although all controls are needed.
Unique and Shared Aspects of Affective Symptomatology: The Role of Parental Bonding in Depression and Anxiety Symptom Profiles

Prior research has found an association between parental bonding and depression and anxiety. Specifically, low levels of care and high levels of overprotection have been associated with increased risk for developing depression and anxiety. However little research has explored the relationship between factors of parental bonding and specific aspects of depression and anxiety. The present study investigated these relationships in a sample of undergraduate students (n = 680) who reported a range of affective symptomatology. Lower levels of maternal care were associated with negative beliefs about the self, negative interactions with others and fatigue; lower levels of maternal and paternal care were associated with generalized fear. Maternal overprotection was associated with physical symptoms of anxiety and a fear of dying, whereas paternal overprotection was a significant predictor of negative beliefs about the self and difficulty maintaining steadiness when anxious. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the role of parenting in the development of vulnerability to affective symptomatology.
Parental transfer of organic contaminants to young-of-the-year spottail shiners, Notropis hudsonius.

Notropis hudsonius were closen as biological indicators for measuring trends of contaminants at specific nearshore areas in the Great Lakes. However, a portion of the contaminant burden in young-of-the-year could be acquired from the parent by deposition in the egg. We conducted this study to determine what percentage of the contaminant burden in young-of-the-year could be attributable to parental transfer
Repatterning of the Karyotype in a Polyploid Dioecious Rumex

The basic karyotype of the hexaploid R. acetocella (2n=42) were compared with its progenitor diploid R. angiocarpus (2n=14). Both the species are dioecious. The sex chromosomes of R. acetosella were in active evolutionary state and a little differentiation had taken place in the autosomes. On the contrary, the sex chromosomes of R. angiocarpus have been reported to be stable while the autosomes show considerable repatterning.The basic karyotype of the two species resembled closely. The corresponding chromosome by chromosome and total chromosome length comparisons of the diploid and the hexaploid species revealed that chromatin loss, decrease of 19.62 precent from the expected, has occured during the evolution of R. acetosella subsequent to polyploidization. The chromatin loss had caused higher degree of karyotypic asymmetry in the polyploid. The evolutionary significances of the karyotype repatterning in R. acetocella have been discussed.
Use of the parenting stress index in mothers of preterm infants.

Purpose This report describes parenting stress experienced by mothers of preterm infants following hospital discharge. Subjects Twenty-nine mothers and their preterm infants were included in the analysis. Design and methods The study was conducted using a descriptive and exploratory single group design. The analysis included 29 mothers of preterm infants, mean gestational age 33.14 weeks, mean postnatal age 78.59 days, 6 to 10 weeks after discharge. Mothers were administered the Parenting Stress Index (PSI), a 101-item questionnaire that includes a total score and Parent and Child Domains. It also includes the following 13 scales: Adaptability, Acceptability, Demandingness, Mood, Distractibility/Hyperactivity, Reinforces Parent, Depression, Attachment, Restriction of Role, Sense of Competence, Social Isolation, Relationship with Spouse, and Parent Health. Principal results A high rate of missing items was noted on the PSI. In particular, missing items occurred predominantly in the Child Domain. By following guidelines for scoring the PSI when items are missing, summary scores were calculated for 16 of the 29 participants. Total scores demonstrate the stress experienced by parents of preterm infants. Parent Domain scores were comparable with normative samples; however, Child Domain scores were above the 50th percentile for all child scales. Conclusions Mothers of preterm infants experience stress that is largely attributable to the particular characteristics of low gestation infants. The PSI may provide insight into parenting stress; however, future research should examine missing items more closely.
Wavelet-based filters for accurate computation of derivatives

Let f(x) be a smooth function whose derivative of a given order must be computed. The signal f(x) is affected by two kinds of perturbation. The perturbation caused by the presence of the machine epsilon ∈ M of the computer may be considered to be an extremely high-frequency noise of very small amplitude. The way to minimize its effect consists of choosing an appropriate value for the step size of the difference quotient. The second perturbation, caused by the presence of noise, requires first the signal to be treated in some way. It is the purpose of this work to construct a wavelet-based band-pass filter that deals with the two cited perturbations simultaneously. In effect our wavelet acts like a smoothed difference quotient whose stepsize is of the same order as that of the usual difference quotient. Moreover the wavelet effectively removes the noise and computes the derivative with an accuracy equal to the one obtained by the corresponding difference quotient in the absence of noise.
Studies in Pertussis Immunity. IV. Booster Response in Man induced by Various Fractions of H. pertussis.

SummaryA comparison has been made of the ability of 4 different pertussis antigens to produce a booster antibody response. Using increase of mouse protective antibody as measured by intranasal challenge as the criterion, excellent results were obtained with both soluble antigen and hemagglutinin. An explanation of the findings with the latter antigen is discussed.We gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of Dr. Harold H. Berman and Dr. Martin Lazar of the Willowbrook State School in planning and carrying out this study. We also wish to thank Dr. Robert Ward and Dr. L. Emmett Holt. Jr., of this department, for their help and encouragement. Loretta Brown gave excellent technical assistance.
Electron and Lattice Transport Phenomena in an Antimony Crystal at Liquid-He 4 Temperatures

In a very pure single crystal of antimony, a complete set of kinetic transport coefficients of the galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic effects was determined at each of the temperatures 1.6, 2.1, 3.0, and 4.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in fields up to 18 kG. Standard measuring techniques were employed. An electron-phonon normal process was found to dominate the scattering for both electronic and lattice conduction. The usual theories assuming a time of relaxation were applied to the gross coefficients, while the oscillations found at the higher fields were analyzed in terms of the several existing theories which take account of Landau quantization. Both the lattice thermal and ideal electrical conductivities appeared to be anomalous in magnitude and temperature dependence, but their ratio was very satisfactorily fitted to the relation expected for an $N$ process. A standard two-band model assuming a time of relaxation gave remarkably good agreement with data for the field dependence of the gross effects. The magnitude and large temperature dependence of the Nernst-Ettinghausen coefficient were satisfactorily explained by a simple theory of phonon drag. Since the lattice conductivity was limited by electron scattering, the oscillations in the lattice thermal resistivity were quantitatively shown to be a result of an oscillation in the density of scattering centers, as a consequence of Landau quantization.
Ethnic Minority Rule and Civil War Onset

Partly hidden beneath the complexities of N* and an attack on the supposedly individualist presumptions of ethnic fractionalization measures, a simple and valuable question lies implicit in Cederman and Girardin's (2007) article (henceforth, CG). Are countries at greater risk of civil war when the state is controlled by an ethnic minority?
The child group used as a reference system when analysing frequency of morbidity in day-care centres.

Morbidity frequency was analysed among children attending six day-care centres in a suburb of Stockholm, Sweden. Absence due to illness was calculated annually for each child and correlated with each child's own group. Thus a child was classified as "often sick" or "mainly healthy" in relation to the other children in the child's own group, constituting a reference system. In almost every group a "sick third" was found, whose absence due to illness was twice that of the rest of the group. Children from families of lower social standing, those with a relatively large number of siblings and those living in poor social conditions were found to be among those most often reported as sick. In such families, smoking was more commonplace. These parents more often lived in a rented apartment than in a single detached owner house. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that young mothers and children with several siblings had the strongest correlation with absence due to illness of the proband child. Increasing maternal age revealed improvement vis-a-vis all socioeconomic parameters investigated, reflecting an improvement in standing correlated to less sick children.
Escaping ALK Inhibition: Mechanisms of and Strategies to Overcome Resistance

Mutated anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) drives the development of multiple tumor types, and ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as crizotinib have been validated as targeted therapeutics. Unfortunately, as with other oncogene-driven tumors, therapeutic resistance invariably develops. In Science Translational Medicine, two recent studies provide new insight into mechanisms of resistance to ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors and possible strategies to overcome this resistance.
Segmentation of prostatic glands in histology images

We describe a technique for segmenting individual prostatic glands in hematoxylin-and-eosin stained prostatic tissue images. The method begins with image artifact correction, then segments the image into four tissue components using principal component analysis and k-means clustering, and finally identifies glands using a region-growing algorithm. We calculated the average gland size to distinguish cancer glands from non-cancer glands. Quantitative comparison between computer and manual outlines of glands based on 62 images (25 containing cancer) indicated an agreement of up to 67%, which approached the inter-observer agreement. Subjective evaluation corroborated these quantitative results and indicated that the technique segmented benign glands more accurately than malignant glands. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the average-gland-size feature was 0.92 in distinguishing prostate cancer from non-cancer glands.
Image compression with best local cosine bases

We apply the framework of multitree dictionaries introduced in Y. Huang et al. (2005, 2003), to design a novel image coder based on lapped orthogonal bases of local cosines. We show that our image coder outperforms both the quadtree-based approach of F. Meyer (2002) and SPIHT (A. Said and W.A. Pearlman, 1996) for textured images
Standardized Mississippi Protocol treatment of 190 patients with HELLP syndrome: slowing disease progression and preventing new major maternal morbidity.

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of the Mississippi Protocol (MP) to treat HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) syndrome. Methods. Uniform early initiation of MP (corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, systolic blood pressure control) was studied prospectively in patients admitted with severe preeclampsia/class 1 or class 2 HELLP syndrome. Results. One hundred and ninety patients between 2000 and 2007 received MP without suffering maternal death, stroke, or liver rupture. Only 39 of 163 patients (24%) not class 1 when MP began progressed to class 1 disease; only 18.2% of class 1 and 2.4% of class 2 subsequently developed major maternal morbidity. Conclusion. Early initiation of MP inhibits HELLP syndrome disease progression and severity.
Search Space Reduction for MRF Stereo

We present an algorithm to reduce per-pixel search ranges for Markov Random Fields-based stereo algorithms. Our algorithm is based on the intuitions that reliably matched pixels need less regularization in the energy minimization and neighboring pixels should have similar disparity search ranges if their pixel values are similar. We propose a novel bi-labeling process to classify reliable and unreliable pixels that incorporate left-right consistency checks. We then propagate the reliable disparities into unreliable regions to form a complete disparity map and construct per-pixel search ranges based on the difference between the disparity map after propagation and the one computed from a winner-take-all method. Experimental results evaluated on the Middlebury stereo benchmark show our proposed algorithm is able to achieve 77% average reduction rate while preserving satisfactory accuracy.
The knowledge society as pleonasm: towards mobilisation of social intelligence in the agricultural and food domain

This paper presents a vision on the future of research and innovation. The kernel of this vision is that the knowledge society of the twenty-first century evolves towards an integration of science and society. Therefore, the word pair ‘knowledge society’ becomes a pleonasm. Times pass for the situation in which knowledge and society are distanced from each other, the knowledge community is only populated by scientists, and the fruits of these bright minds serve the interests of the academic world. This aristocratic episode gets competition from a perspective on research and innovation in which knowledge is not a freestanding goal but a means towards economic growth and corporate competitive power. This ‘American’ approach is present in European research and innovation policies that focus on public-private partnerships in science funding. However, this ‘American’ approach is only an intermediate episode towards a situation in which the distance between science and society is bridged at a more fundamental level. Bridging this distance between science and society is particularly pivotal in the domain of agriculture and food, since food scandals, ethical consumer concerns and the gap between production and consumption call upon socially integrated research and innovation. This urgency is fuelled by the profound nutritional, emotional and ethical values of food for experts and lay people as the co-creators of ethical food consumption. Attention economics calls upon research and innovation to aim at improving present and prospective chances and choices of people and society at large. In the attention economy research and innovation not only serve societal issues but are co-created by societal beneficiaries. This democratisation of research and innovation implies that the knowledge community is fully opened up. Hence, the mobilisation of social intelligence is fundamental to responsible research and innovation in the knowledge society as a learning society. This implies that reducing government intervention in research and innovation processes is a pretty unwise idea.
MADGiC: a model-based approach for identifying driver genes in cancer.

Motivation: Identifying and prioritizing somatic mutations is an important and challenging area of cancer research that can provide new insights into gene function as well as new targets for drug development. Most methods for prioritizing mutations rely primarily on frequency-based criteria, where a gene is identified as having a driver mutation if it is altered in significantly more samples than expected according to a background model. Although useful, frequency-based methods are limited in that all mutations are treated equally. It is well known, however, that some mutations have no functional consequence, while others may have a major deleterious impact. The spatial pattern of mutations within a gene provides further insight into their functional consequence. Properly accounting for these factors improves both the power and accuracy of inference. Also important is an accurate background model. Results: Here, we develop a Model-based Approach for identifying Driver Genes in Cancer (termed MADGiC) that incorporates both frequency and functional impact criteria and accommodates a number of factors to improve the background model. Simulation studies demonstrate advantages of the approach, including a substantial increase in power over competing methods. Further advantages are illustrated in an analysis of ovarian and lung cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. Availability and implementation: R code to implement this method is available at http://www.biostat.wisc.edu/ kendzior/MADGiC/. Contact: ude.csiw.tatsoib@roizdnek Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Evaluation of alternative interpolation techniques for the mapping of remotely-sensed submersed vegetation abundance

New remote sensing technologies have emerged to quantitatively assess submersed aquatic vegetation abundance and distribution. We evaluated a hydroacoustics global positioning system to map the percent of the water column occupied by submersed vegetation (referred to here as biovolume) in three Minnesota (USA) lakes. We evaluated the relative accuracy and precision of digital biovolume maps produced by three interpolation methods (inverse distance weighted (IDW), kriging and spline) after using a non-parametric regression smoother to remove a non-linear depth trend. Interpolated predictions with all methods were relatively accurate in all lakes; however, precision varied among lakes. In all cases, kriging interpolation produced the best predictions when compared with observations in independent verification data sets. However, IDW predictions were only slightly less precise. Map detail was lost when sampling effort was reduced from 10 m transect spacing to 20 or 40 m, although estimates of littoral-wide means did not change appreciably. We concluded that hydroacoustics combined with geostatistics and interpolation in GIS can accurately and precisely display multi-scale patterns in biovolume. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Pitting in Aluminum Thin Films Supersaturation and Effects of Dichromate Ions

The growth of pits in 209 nm thick Al films in chloride solutions with and without dichromate ions was examined using image analysis of the growing pits to determine pit current density. In pure chloride solutions, the pit current density decreased at high potentials after reaching a maximum value, and then was almost independent of applied potential. A hysteresis in the pit current density-potential behavior was observed during downward stepping of the potential from high values. This is a result of a combination of supersaturation of the pit electrolyte followed by salt film formation, and changes in mass transport from hydrogen bubbles that increase convection and lift the remnant passive film away from the dissolving surface. In solutions containing dichromate ions, the corrosion and repassivation potentials shifted in the noble direction, and rather large metastable pits formed at the open circuit. A large concentration of dichromate ions was needed to inhibit pit growth. In dichromate solutions, subsequent pit growth at higher potentials often initiated at the edge of the open-circuit pits. The rate of pit growth was lower for these pits because the remnant passive film layer was not easily lifted up at these sites, and thus created a barrier for mass transport away from the dissolving pit edge.
Leverhulme Lecture: Regulating Complexity in Financial Markets

Complexity is the greatest challenge to 21st Century financial regulation, having the potential to impair markets and investments in several interrelated ways. Furthermore, complexity can cause failures that individual market participants cannot, or will not have incentive to, remedy. These failures are driven by information uncertainty, misalignment of interests and incentives among market participants, and nonlinear feedback and tight coupling that result in sudden unexpected market changes. These are the same types of failures that engineers have long faced when working with complex engineering systems. The lecture uses engineering solutions such as chaos theory to examine how financial regulation should be structured to correct those failures.
Global reaction rates from local cluster distributions

The well-known model reactions A+A⇢0 and A+B⇢0 are examined in terms of the microscopic geometric arrangements of the reactants that may possibly lead to reaction. The reaction takes place only upon physical short-ranged collision of the reactants. Different dimensionalities are examined, and for each one of these arrangements all possible arrangements of the reactants are enumarated. Then, the frequency (probability) is taken into account, and an overall rate is formed. This rate is monitored in the course of the reaction in the simulation calculation and compared to the overall rate derived the traditional way from the densities. These two rates agree very well. Finally, the pair correlation functions are calculated as a function of time from the simulation data, and they are also in good agreement with previous studies.
The 3-Hydroxy Group and 4,5-trans Double Bond of Sphingomyelin Are Essential for Modulation of Galactosylceramide Transmembrane Asymmetry

The structural features of SPM that control the transbilayer distribution of b-GalCer in POPC vesicles were investigated by 13 C- and 31 P-NMR spectroscopy using lipid analogs that share physical similarities with GalCer or SPM. The SPM analogs included N-palmitoyl-4,5-dihydro-SPM, 3-deoxy-SPM, 1-alkyl-2-amidophosphatidylcholine, and dipalmitoylphos- phatidylcholine, a popular model ''raft lipid''. The transbilayer distributions of the SPM analogs and SPM in POPC vesicles were similar by 31 P-NMR. To observe the dramatic change in GalCer transbilayer distribution that occurs when SPM is included in POPC vesicles, the 3-OH group, 4,5-trans double bond, and amide linkage all were required in SPM. However, inclusion of 2 and 10 mol % dihydroSPM in SPM/POPC (1:1) vesicles mitigated and completely abrogated the effect of SPM on the transbilayer distribution of GalCer. Despite sharing some structural features with GalCer and localizing preferentially to the inner leaflet of POPC vesicles, dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine did not undergo a change in transbilayer distribution when SPM was incorporated into the vesicles. The results support the hypothesis that specific interactions may be favored among select sphingolipids in curvature-stressed membranes and emphasize the potential importance of the SPM-dihydroSPM ratio in membrane fission and fusion processes associated with vesicle biogenesis and trafficking.
Photocrosslinkable and elastomeric hydrogels for bone regeneration

Nanocomposite biomaterials are extensively investigated for cell and tissue engineering applications due their unique physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Here, we investigated the mechanical, rheological, and degradation properties of photocrosslinkable and elastomeric nanocomposite hydrogels from nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) and gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA). The addition of nHAp resulted in a significant increase in mechanical stiffness and physiological stability. Cells readily adhere and proliferate on the nanocomposite surfaces. Cyclic stretching of cells on the elastomeric nanocomposites revealed that nHAp elicited a stronger alignment response in the direction of strain. In vitro studies highlight enhanced bioactivity of nanocomposites as determined by alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity. Overall, the elastomeric and photocrosslinkable nanocomposite hydrogels can be used for minimally invasive therapy for bone regeneration.
The Art of Urban Engagement

Digital media artists have exploited pervasive technologies to explore urban ecology. Through their interventions, they challenge a city’s inhabitants to consider and experience their local communities in alternate ways that may lead to new approaches by citizens for sustaining and enhancing their living conditions. This chapter reviews a breadth of digital-based work including graffiti, cartography, and security.
Abstract 14: Central Nervous System Deletion of the Bbs1 Gene Causes Obesity and Hypertension in Mice

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a pleiotropic autosomal recessive disorder with several features including obesity and hypertension. Systemic knock-out mouse models lacking expression of Bbs2, Bbs4 and Bbs6 genes, and Bbs1M390R knock-in recapitulated many of the BBS phenotypes including obesity. However, the role and contribution of different tissues to the various phenotypes associated with BBS including obesity and hypertension remains unclear. To address this, we generated a new conditional knockout mouse where exon 3 of the Bbs1 gene is floxed. Cre-mediated recombination causes a frame shift resulting in a premature stop. We assessed whether deletion of the Bbs1 gene in the central nervous system (CNS) affects body weight and arterial pressure. Breeding Bbs1flox with nestinCre mice created mice deficient in Bbs1 gene only in the CNS as indicated by the loss of Bbs1 gene expression (by RT-PCR) in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, cortex and brainstem, but not in peripheral tissues such as adipose tissue, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle. Importantly, Bbs1flox/nestinCre mice display an obesity phenotype as indicated by the increased (P<0.05) body weight (40±1 g vs. 31±1 g in controls) and fat mass measured by MRI (23±2 g vs. 9±1 g in controls) in 25 weeks old mice. We found that the obesity phenotype in Bbs1flox/nestinCre mice is due to both an increase (P<0.05) in food intake (4.0±0.2 g vs. 3.1±0.3 g in controls) and reduction in energy expenditure as indicated by the decreased (P<0.05) O2 consumption (2.8±0.3 mL/100g/min vs. 3.2±0.2 mL/100g/min in controls) and heat production (8.3±0.8 kcal/kg/h vs. 9.4±0.7 kcal/kg/h in controls). These results indicate that hyperphagia and low metabolic rate explain the development of obesity in Bbs1flox/nestinCre mice. Finally, we assessed by radiotelemetry the consequence on arterial pressure of ablating the Bbs1 gene throughout the CNS. Interestingly, CNS deletion of the Bbs1 gene recapitulates the hypertension phenotype of BBS as indicated by the elevated mean arterial pressure in Bbs1flox/nestinCre (123±3 mmHg) relative to littermate controls (112±4 mmHg, P=0.02). These findings demonstrate that Bbs genes in the CNS are critical for energy homeostasis and arterial pressure regulation.
The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same: In Search of a Just Public Housing Policy Post-Katrina

It is tempting to view Hurricane Katrina as the singular force behind the current affordable housing crisis in the greater New Orleans area. But other enduring forces are at work. Much like in the early days of affordable housing development, we confront a false dichotomy that would have us choose between affordable housing supplied on a segregated basis or none at all. In other words, we may reopen public housing exactly as it existed before the storm or adopt a redevelopment agenda that would be focused primarily on blight removal and result in a drastic reduction in the number of affordable units available to low-income people. We must reject the false dichotomy and embrace a just public housing policy - one that would be resident conscious, be focused on one-for-one replacement, promote inclusionary zoning, and include both project-based replacement as well as vouchers.
First occurrence of Orthotheca Novák, 1886 (Hyolitha, Early Devonian) in North America

Abstract Family Orthothecidae Sysoev, 1958 is herein emended to encompass only hyoliths that possess a very shallow longitudinal ventral concavity and a tightly rounded dorsum, resulting in a near-triangular to only slightly kidney-shaped cross section. OrthothecaNovak, 1886 is restricted to orthothecids that possess longitudinal ornamentation on the dorsum, with Cryptocaris suavisBarrande, 1872 now recognized as the type species of that genus. Based on the revised generic concept, orthothecids from the Lower Devonian (Emsian) Shriver Chert of northeastern Pennsylvania are here included within the genus as Orthotheca shriveri n. sp., making this the first occurrence of the genus in North America. The Orthothecida were a group of sessile, benthic hyoliths that ranged from Early Cambrian to Early Devonian. Their life habit appeared to have included filter-feeding. Their ability to retract the operculum into the shell when closed probably aided in preventing sediment influx, and the ventral furrow may have b...
Subjective Organization Calculator for Free Recall

1. Olesya Senkova[1][1] 2. Hajime Otani[1][1][⇑][2] 1. 1Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, USA 1. Hajime Otani, Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA. Email: otani1h{at}cmich.edu The free recall measure has an advantage over other memory measures because the free recall measure can provide organization measures, which can reveal the strategies participants used to maximize recall. For instance, even when a study list does not show a clear organizational scheme, recall outputs are often far from random, evidenced by participants recalling the same two or more items together repeatedly across multiple test trials. Unfortunately, computing organizational measures is laborious. The present article introduces a calculator to compute subjective organization (SO) measures. The calculator is based on a popular platform accessible to most researchers and is designed to compute commonly used SO measures for each participant. [1]: #aff-1 [2]: #corresp-1
Role for sulfur-containing groups in the Na+-Ca2+ exchange of cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles.

Different amino acid residues in cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles were modified by incubation with various chemical reagents. The effects of these modifications on sarcolemmal Na+−Ca2+ exchange were examined. Dithiothreitol, an agent that maintains sulfur-containing residues in a reduced state, caused a time- and concentration-dependent decrease in Na+−Ca2+ exchange. The treatment with dithiothreitol resulted in a decrease inVmax values but did not alter theKm for Ca2+ for the Na2+−Ca2+ exchange reaction. If Na+ replaced K+ as the ion present during the modification of sarcolemmal membranes with dithiothreitol, there was substantially less of an inhibitor effect on Na+−Ca2+ exchange. Similar results were obtained with reduced glutathione, a reagent that also maintains sulfur-containing residues in a reduced state. Two sulfhydryl modifying reagents, methylmethanethiosulfonate and N′-ethylmaleimide, were capable of altering Na+−Ca2+ exchange, and the type of ion present during modification significantly affected the extent of this alteration. Almost all of the chemical reagents investigated that modified other amino acid resides (carboxyl, lysyl, histidyl, tyrosyl, tryptophanyl, arginyl and hydroxyl) had the capacity to alter Na+−Ca2+ exchange after preincubation with the sarcolemmal membrane vesicles. However, the sulfur residue-modifying reagents were the only compounds to exhibit significant differences in their action on Na+−Ca2+ exchange, depending on whether Na+ or K+ was present in the preincubation modification medium. The tryptophan modifier, N-bromosuccinimide, was the sole reagent that elicited a substantial increase in membrane permeability. The evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that sulfurcontaining residues interact with a Na+-binding site for Na+−Ca2+ exchange in cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles.
A Report on Arabia Provincia

With the increasing sophistication of excavation and exploration our knowledge of the provinces of Rome has grown stunningly in recent years. It will, one may hope, continue to grow; but the prospect of further advances ought not to be a deterrent to periodic reassessment and synthesis. Specialization, inevitable and productive, nevertheless runs the risk of a loss of perspective. The study of the Roman provinces involves widely divergent skills, and this is especially true for regions at the fringes of the empire. The pages which follow constitute a gathering together of new material on the history of Roman Arabia. Incorporated in this report are various observations and discoveries of my own,—some the result of a profitable visit to the Middle East in January of 1970. In writing I have had particularly in mind the needs of Roman historians, including myself: this paper represents a preliminary stage in the preparation of a history of the province of Arabia. Obviously there can be no continuous narrative history here or a balanced consideration of all aspects of the province. New evidence and important problems (old or new) are at issue.
Influence of monensin on Holstein steers fed high-concentrate diets containing soybean meal or urea

We conducted two growth trials to evaluate the effects of monensin on amino acid sparing. When Holstein steers were fed a 90% concentrate diet supplemented with soybean meal (13.5% CP), the DMI, ADG, and efficiencies of feed and nitrogen utilization were greater than with urea (P .10). Monensin always increased the efficiencies of feed and nitrogen utilization (P < .05), but these trends were greater for diets with 16.7 than for those with 13.5% CP. Overall, monensin decreased DMI (P < .01), but this effect was greater for 16.7% than for 13.5% CP. Because the positive effects of monensin on diet NEg (P = .16) and efficiency of nitrogen utilization (P = .26) were greater for soybean meal than for urea, it seemed that monensin was sparing amino acids.
Almost a fifth of children admitted to Dutch hospitals have acute or chronic malnutrition; risk factors include underlying disease and non-white ethnicity.

This very important study examined the prevalence of malnutrition in children in Dutch hospitals. Malnutrition includes disorders of nutrition status resulting from a defi ciency of nutrient intake, impaired nutrient metabolism, or overnutrition.1 In this article, the authors specifi cally examined undernutrition. Undernutrition in children is a common problem around the world. In low-income countries, the prevalence of undernutrition is estimated at 8–43%.2 In hospitals, the rate is even higher. In high-income countries, the prevalence of undernutrition in hospitalized children is around 6–19%.3,4 Undernourished children are at higher risk for improper physical and psychological development2,5 and may have permanent mental and physical disabilities as they age.6
Hypercholesterolemia - Concepts and controversies

Hypercholesterolemia has been identified as an important risk factor for the development of obstructive coronary artery disease, and studies have shown that a reduction in the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with a reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This paper reviews the current approach to hyperlipidemia for primary and secondary prevention of coronary disease and identifies important questions that remain to be answered.
Stability, Change, and Complexity in Later-Life Families

Family relations in later life have been an issue of concern throughout recorded history. In fact, intergenerational roles, responsibilities, and conflict have permeated both legend and literature from Greek mythology to the Bible and through Shakespeare to the modern age. These deeply human and highly salient relationships have drawn significant scientific interest as well. The dramatic increase in life expectancy across the twentieth century, combined with more recent changes in patterns of marriage and divorce, childbearing, and women’s employment, have created ever-increasing complexity in individuals’ personal and family lives. In this chapter, we identify and discuss changing patterns of intergenerational relations emanating from these sociodemographic transitions and their consequences on family members.
Synthesis and crystal structure of tri-carbonyl-chlorido-{1-[(pyridin-2-yl-methyl-idene)amino]-adamantane}rhenium(I).

The title compound, [ReCl(pyAm)(CO)3], where pyAm is 1-[(pyridin-2-yl­methyl­idene)amino]­adamantane (C16H20N2), was synthesized from the reaction of [ReCl(CO)5] and pyAm in an equimolar ratio. The ReI atom resides in an octa­hedral C3ClN2 coordination sphere. The Re—C bond trans to the chloride ligand is noticeably longer compared to the other two Re—C distances. Weak C—H⋯Cl hydrogen-bonding inter­actions consoldiate the packing of the mol­ecules. In this design, the pyAm ligand was employed due to its well-known pharmacokinetic properties.
Ornithine Decarboxylase Is Sufficient for Prostate Tumorigenesis via Androgen Receptor Signaling

Increased polyamine synthesis is known to play an important role in prostate cancer. We aimed to explore its functional significance in prostate tumor initiation and its link to androgen receptor (AR) signaling. For this purpose, we generated a new cell line derived from normal epithelial prostate cells (RWPE-1) with overexpression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and used it for in vitro and in vivo experiments. We then comprehensively analyzed the expression of the main metabolic enzymes of the polyamine pathway and spermine abundance in 120 well-characterized cases of human prostate cancer and high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). Herein, we show that the ODC-overexpressing prostate cells underwent malignant transformation, revealing that ODC is sufficient for de novo tumor initiation in 94% of injected mice. This oncogenic capacity was acquired through alteration of critical signaling networks, including AR , EIF2 , and mTOR/MAPK . RNA silencing experiments revealed the link between AR signaling and polyamine metabolism. Human prostate cancers consistently demonstrated up-regulation of the main polyamine enzymes analyzed (ODC, polyamine oxidase, and spermine synthase) and reduction of spermine. This phenotype was also dominant in HGPIN, rendering it a new biomarker of malignant transformation. In summary, we report that ODC plays a key role in prostate tumorigenesis and that the polyamine pathway is altered as early as HGPIN.
It’s 10 pm; Do You Know Where Your Data Are?: Data Provenance, Curation, and Storage

High integrity data retention and curation are critical for preserving the scientific record and informing future discovery.1 However, these steps are often neglected or inadequate because of lack of a tractable, easily operated approach. We offer general guidelines and an exemplar method that is applicable to many, but by no means all, laboratories. Data generated from National Institutes of Health funding should be stored for 3 years after the end of the last competitive renewal. In some cases, data related to patients and patents has longer storage obligations. Data storage rules are in evolution and may differ among various funding agencies, institutions, and journals. The data belong to the host institution, but the responsibility for storage (ie, stewardship) is typically transferred to individual investigators, many of whom have insufficient understanding of or infrastructure for this important role.2 While authors are routinely asked to affirm their accountability for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved,3 there is no standard infrastructure for sharing all primary data among all authors concurrently during drafting of an article, much less after publication. If you have worked in a laboratory for much time, you will know it is sometimes difficult to locate original data. Some of these challenges are magnified by moving laboratory locations, storing data on proprietary and outmoded platforms, lack of a clear paper trail after laboratory personnel move on, or multiple collaborators generating data at various sites. In general, older data are harder to follow compared with newer data. These truths became starkly evident to me (M.E. Anderson) after a former laboratory member was discovered to have engaged in scientific misconduct. While there was no doubt about his transgressions involving manipulated …
Incorporating the geomagnetic disturbance models into the existing power system test cases

Realistic public test cases can facilitate the studies on the GMDs impacts on the power system by providing a benchmark to validate the related analysis tools. Many standard test cases are available for different aspects of power system analysis. These cases are designed for ac analysis and do not contain the necessary inputs such as the substation grounding resistances and the geographic coordinates which are essential for GMD studies. In this paper, a framework is proposed to generate GMD-related parameters for the existing standard power system test cases. The substation geographic coordinates are the key parameters which are missing in the existing cases. The Kamada and Kawai algorithm and the Force-directed method are presented as two effective graph drawing algorithms to generate the geographic layout and determine the coordinates. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is evaluated through numerical results using the 20-bus system and the IEEE 24-bus system.
A new troubled-cell indicator for discontinuous Galerkin methods for hyperbolic conservation laws

Abstract We introduce a new troubled-cell indicator for the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods for solving hyperbolic conservation laws. This indicator can be defined on unstructured meshes for high order DG methods and depends only on data from the target cell and its immediate neighbors. It is able to identify shocks without PDE sensitive parameters to tune. Extensive one- and two-dimensional simulations on the hyperbolic systems of Euler equations indicate the good performance of this new troubled-cell indicator coupled with a simple minmod-type TVD limiter for the Runge–Kutta DG (RKDG) methods.
Synthesis, Assembly, and Applications of Hybrid Nanostructures for Biosensing

The robust, sensitive, and selective detection of targeted biomolecules in their native environment by prospective nanostructures holds much promise for real-time, accurate, and high throughput biosensing. However, in order to be competitive, current biosensor nanotechnologies need significant improvements, especially in specificity, integration, throughput rate, and long-term stability in complex bioenvironments. Advancing biosensing nanotechnologies in chemically “noisy” bioenvironments require careful engineering of nanoscale components that are highly sensitive, biorecognition ligands that are capable of exquisite selective binding, and seamless integration at a level current devices have yet to achieve. This review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis, assembly, and applications of nanoengineered reporting and transducing components critical for efficient biosensing. First, major classes of nanostructured components, both inorganic reporters and organic transducers, are discussed in the contex...