cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction and Vibrations of CN− Chemisorbed on Cu(100):Theoretical Studies

Abstract Cluster models have been used to study the interaction of CN− with Cu(100) at an on top site. The CN− inter-nuclear axis has been taken normal to the surface and orientations with both C nearest and N nearest the surface have been considered using a Cu5 substrate cluster. The electronic wave functions of the clusters were obtained with ab initio Hartree-Fock-LCAO methods. The Cu-CN− binding energy is found to be very similar for both CN− orientations. An analysis of the CN−-metal interaction shows that electrostatic and polarization contributions due to the charge of CN− are most important for the binding while σ charge transfer from CN− to the metal is the largest donation contribution. The effects of the CN−-metal interaction on the vibrational frequencies of CN−are similar for the two orientations but the effective charges of the vibrations are rather different. This can be explained on the basis of a detailed charge analysis in the clusters.
Novel 3D printed liquid-metal-alloy microfluidics-based zigzag and helical antennas for origami reconfigurable antenna “trees”

The first-of-its-kind origami antenna “tree” model is introduced in this paper, enabling the integration of multiple 3D antennas with a minimal interference and an on-demand reconfigurability of frequency, polarization and radiation pattern to optimize performance in dynamically changing environments. EGaIn, a liquid metal alloy(LMA) is used to switch between antennas and to enable flexible implementations. An origami structure, the zipper tube, coupled with Voronoi topology implementations is utilized as the scaffolding structure facilitating the mechanical tuning of the radiation pattern while minimizing storage requirements. The “tree” was fabricated by 3D printing, enabling on-demand fast-prototyping and low-cost manufacturing. A proof-of-concept two-antennas “tree” (zigzag/helical antenna) was presented, featuring a dual-band (3GHz/5GHz) operability and different polarizations (linear/circular) along with varying radiation patterns with “tree” compression. The “tree” can be applied to various dynamically changing scenaria such as wireless communications, collapsible/portable radars, satellite communications, while it can also realize numerous other reconfigurable RF components, such as filters, reflectors and shielding structures.
Change in Physical Activity During a Weight Management Intervention for Breast Cancer Survivors: Association with Weight Outcomes.

Objective This study examined the effects of a group phone-based weight management intervention on change in physical activity as measured via accelerometer and self-report in rural breast cancer survivors. The study also evaluated the role of physical activity on clinically meaningful cut points for weight loss (baseline to 6 months) and weight loss maintenance (6 to 18 months). Methods Participants were breast cancer survivors in a weight management intervention who provided valid weight and accelerometer data (N = 142). Participants were categorized into four groups based on weight loss ≥10% and weight regain ≥5% at 18 months. Results Accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) significantly increased from baseline to 6 months (+46.9 minutes). MVPA declined during maintenance but remained significantly greater than baseline. Self-reported MVPA followed a similar pattern as accelerometer MVPA, but estimates were significantly higher. Participants in the high loss, low regain group had significantly higher MVPA at all points. Conclusions A distance-based weight management intervention for survivors improved physical activity outcomes over 18 months. Self-reported physical activity was substantially higher than accelerometer measured. Findings highlight the importance of device-based measurement for characterizing the magnitude of physical activity change as well as the role of physical activity in weight management outcomes.
Racial/ethnic sexual health disparities among incarcerated women

Rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in women in U.S. corrections facilities are higher than rates in community samples. Research that combines behavioral correlates of STI with STI history by race/ethnicity has not been done in incarcerated women. The purpose of this study was to compare by race/ethnicity self-reported sexual risk behaviors with self-reported history of STI in an incarcerated sample. An interviewer administered a questionnaire to 428 incarcerated women. Blacks were more likely to report consistent condom use in the three months prior to incarceration (47% vs. 28%, p
Elevated O-GlcNAcylation Enhances Pro-Inflammatory Th17 Function by Altering the Lipid Microenvironment

Chronic, low-grade inflammation increases the risk of atherosclerosis, cancer, and autoimmunity in diseases like obesity and diabetes. Here, we show that increased levels of the nutrient-responsive, post-translational protein modification, O-GlcNAc (O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine) are present in naive CD4+ T cells from a diet-induced obesity murine model, and elevation in O-GlcNAc leads to increased pro-inflammatory IL-17A production. Importantly, CD4+ T helper 17 (Th17) cells, which secrete IL-17A, are increased in obesity and contribute to the inflammatory milieu. We found increased binding of the Th17 master transcription factor, RORγt, at the IL-17 locus and significant alterations in the lipid microenvironment, leading to increased ligands capable of increasing RORγt transcriptional activity. Importantly, the rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid biosynthesis, acetyl CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), is necessary for production of these RORγt activating ligands and is O-GlcNAcylated. Thus, we have identified O-GlcNAc as a critical link between excess nutrients and pathological inflammation.
Prior Puma Lentivirus Infection Modifies Early Immune Responses and Attenuates Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Cats

We previously showed that cats that were infected with non-pathogenic Puma lentivirus (PLV) and then infected with pathogenic feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) (co-infection with the host adapted/pathogenic virus) had delayed FIV proviral and RNA viral loads in blood, with viral set-points that were lower than cats infected solely with FIV. This difference was associated with global CD4+ T cell preservation, greater interferon gamma (IFN-γ) mRNA expression, and no cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in co-infected cats relative to cats with a single FIV infection. In this study, we reinforced previous observations that prior exposure to an apathogenic lentivirus infection can diminish the effects of acute infection with a second, more virulent, viral exposure. In addition, we investigated whether the viral load differences that were observed between PLV/FIV and FIV infected cats were associated with different immunocyte phenotypes and cytokines. We found that the immune landscape at the time of FIV infection influences the infection outcome. The novel findings in this study advance our knowledge about early immune correlates and documents an immune state that is associated with PLV/FIV co-infection that has positive outcomes for lentiviral diseases.
Egalitarianism and oppression in marriage : The effects of research on researchers

In this paper, we explored the effects of doing research on seven researchers engaged in a study of couple decision-making. While not focused on oppression of women in marital decision-mak- ing, our interviews revealed a great deal of it. The seven members of our research team were affected, with age, marital status, and prior attitudes accounting for much of the variation in how deeply research- ers were affected. This study explores these issues and makes practi- cal and theoretical points about their importance.
Summary and Generalizations of Multivariate Quantitative Procedures

Research problems lend themselves to analysis by a number of multivariate statistical applications. This text has attempted to address some of the applications and underlying basis for choosing a procedure or technique. Scientific parsimony is the essence of scientific reasoning and should always be adhered to. The explained variance in a dataset is a significant aspect of any structural analysis whether it be the explained variance of a row, explained variance of a group of measurements, or the explained variance of a factor or column. In any situation, if we can reduce the number of “explainer” variables or reduce the number of measurements to attain a true value or estimate, we have fulfilled the task of multivariate statistics. The examples chosen for review represent a broad spectrum of methodologies and techniques, by which scientific data can be parsimoniously analysed using model building and model fitting strategies.
Association between sedentary life style and risks of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus type 2

Objective To explore the association of sedentary life style with risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM).Methods A total of 6 016 local residents aged 18 years or older in Fujian province were recruited by multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method in 2010-2011.Data,including demographic information,physical activity and sedentary time were collected.Indices related to height,weight,waist circumference,blood pressure and blood lipid were determined while MS and T2DM were diagnosed by IDF (2005) and WHO (1999) criteria.Logistic regression was used to estimate the correlations between sedentary behavior and MS or T2DM.Results The prevalence rates of MS and T2DM were 19.0％ and 8.0％ respectively,in local residents aged 18 years or older,in Fujian province.The overall rate of sedentary behavior was 18.1％,with the mean sedentary time as 4.3 hours.Both data showed significantly differences (P＜0.001) among control group,MS without T2DM group,MS with T2DM group and T2DM without MS group.Compared with the group of sedentary time ＜2.0 h/d,1) the group with 2.0-3.5 h/d was significantly correlated with MT group (OR=1.44,95％ CI:1.03-2.03,P＜0.05),2) groups of 3.5-6.0 h/d and ≥6.0 h/d were significantly correlated with M,T,MT group,respectively (OR:1.49-1.76 and 1.28-1.58 respectively,95％ CI:1.19-2.45 and 1.02-2.23 respectively,P＜ 0.05),and 3) sedentary behavior was independently associated with an increased risk of MT group (OR=1.82,95％ CI:1.33-2.48,P＜0.01) and M group (OR=1.43,95％CI:1.14-1.78,P＜0.01),after the adjustment for factors as age,sex,cigarette smoking,alcohol drinking,BMI,education,occupation,sedentary behavior/sedentary time.Conclusion MS and T2DM were associated with sedentary lifestyle,but these findings should be confirmed through further longitudinal studies. Key words: Sedentary behaviors; Metabolic syndrome; Diabetes mellitus, type 2
Targeted Delivery and Controlled Release of a Small Molecule Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitor Using a Self-Assembling Hydrogel Following Myocardial Infarction

Background Strategic delivery of biomaterials to the newly formed myocardial infarction (MI) continues to be an area of active investigation and offers the opportunity to reappraise the use of small molecule therapeutics that hold high target specificity but are problematic when systemically delivered. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of late post-MI delivery (3 days post-MI) of a self-assembling hydrogel (SAgel), which had been loaded with a previously characterized matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (MMPi). Hypothesis Using a minimally invasive (mini-thoracotomy) and an SAgel allowing for targeted myocardial injection array within the MI region of a large animal model as well as localized release of an MMPi, improved LV function and geometry would be demonstrated up to 28 days post-MI. Methods and Results MI was induced in adult pigs (25 kg) by left anterior descending (LAD) catheter balloon occlusion (90 min/then reperfusion) and at 3 days post-MI randomized to MI-SAgel/SD7300 (500 μg/mL; n=7) or saline (MI saline; n=8), whereby the injections were performed in a 9 point 100 uL array within the targeted LAD region. The SAgel adapts fluid-like properties to flow through the syringe (21 Gauge) due to shear forces during injection and rapidly reassembles with encapsulated SD7300 following injection into the MI region. LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) were measured at Baseline (pre-MI) and at 14 and 28 days post-MI by echocardiography. LVEF fell post-MI but was significantly attenuated by SAgel/SD7300 injections. LVEDV increased from Baseline (35±2 mL) in the MI-saline (84+6) and MI-SAgel/SD7300 (64+4 mL groups at 28 days post-MI (p Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of targeted delivery of a self-assembling injectable gel using a minimally invasive surgical approach at a relevant post-MI time point. Second, targeted delivery of this gel containing an MMPi for sustained local release demonstrated sustained beneficial effects on post-MI remodeling.
Crop growth rate and the establishment of sink size: a comparison of maize and soybean.

ABSTRACTThe effect of species-specific reproductive characteristics on the relationship between seeds per unit area and crop growth rate (CGR) was evaluated by comparing maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill). CGR, seeds m−2, and seed size (mg seed−1) data from the literature (maize, N = 61; soybean N = 115) were used. Adjusting seed number for differences in seed size [mean 301 (maize) and 162 (soybean) mg seed−1] and the higher energy content of soybean seed resulted in a single linear relationship between CGR and seed number across both species (N = 176, r2 = 0.58, p < 0.0001). Apparently, CGR is more important than other reproductive characteristics in determining seed number. The consistency of the CGR – seed number relationship may be a result of long-term selection by evolution and plant breeders for maximum productivity (i.e. seed number per unit CGR) in both crops.
Financial toxicity in gynecologic oncology

Abstract Objectives Financial toxicity is increasingly recognized as an adverse outcome of cancer treatment. Our objective was to measure financial toxicity among gynecologic oncology patients and its association with demographic and disease-related characteristics; self-reported overall health; and cost-coping strategies. Methods Follow-up patients at a gynecologic oncology practice completed a survey including the COmprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity (COST) tool and a self-reported overall health assessment, the EQ-VAS. We abstracted disease and treatment characteristics from medical records. We dichotomized COST scores into low and high financial toxicity and assessed the correlation (r) between COST scores and self-reported health. We calculated risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations of demographic and disease-related characteristics with high financial toxicity, as well as the associations between high financial toxicity and cost-coping strategies. Results Among 240 respondents, median COST score was 29. Greater financial toxicity was correlated with worse self-reported health (r = 0.47; p Conclusions Among highly-insured gynecologic oncology patients, many respondents reported high levels of financial toxicity. High financial toxicity was significantly associated with worse self-reported overall health and cost-coping strategies, including delaying or avoiding care.
Orthostatic Hypotension: An Important Risk Factor for Clinical Progression to Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia. The Amsterdam Dementia Cohort

Background Orthostatic hypotension (OH) has been cross-sectionally and longitudinally related to dementia in the general population. Whether OH contributes to clinical progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia is less certain. Also, differences in risk of progression between patients with early OH (EOH) versus delayed and/or prolonged OH (DPOH) are unclear. Objective Assess the prevalence of EOH and DPOH, investigate the longitudinal association between EOH and DPOH and either incident MCI or dementia. Methods 1,882 patients from the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort [64±8 years; 43% female; n = 500 with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), n = 341 MCI, n = 758 Alzheimer's disease (AD), n = 49 vascular dementia (VaD), n = 146 frontotemporal dementia (FTD), n = 88 Lewy body dementia (DLB)]. Definition OH: systolic blood pressure (BP) drop≥20 mmHg and/or a diastolic BP drop≥10 mmHg at 1 and/or 3 minutes after standing. EOH: OH only at 1 minute, DPOH: OH at (1 and) 3 minutes. Results Prevalence OH: 19% SCD, 28% MCI, 41% dementia. Compared to SCD, odds of having OH were highest in patients with VaD and DLB; ORs (95% CI) were 2.6 (1.4-4.7) and 5.1 (3.1-8.4), respectively. After a mean (SD) follow-up of 2.2 (1.4) years, 105 (22%) of SCD or MCI patients showed clinical progression. Compared to patients without OH, those with DPOH had an increased risk of progression; hazard ratio (95% CI) was 1.7 (1.1-2.7), and those with EOH did not; 0.8 (0.3-1.9). Conclusion Compared to SCD, prevalence of OH was higher in MCI and highest in dementia, particularly in VaD and DLB. DPOH, more likely associated with autonomic dysfunction, is a risk factor for incident MCI or dementia.
Dietary Patterns and Renal Health Outcomes in the General Population: A Review Focusing on Prospective Studies.

Healthy dietary patterns may promote kidney health and prevent adverse renal outcomes. Although reviews have summarized the findings from studies on dietary patterns for chronic kidney disease (CKD) management, less is known about dietary patterns for maintaining kidney health prior to CKD development. The current review summarized the results from observational studies from March 2009 to March 2019 investigating associations between dietary patterns and renal outcomes in the general population. The main renal outcome assessed was CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). A total of twenty-six research articles met the inclusion criteria. Adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and Mediterranean diets were significantly associated with a decreased risk of CKD in the majority of the studies. Furthermore, a posteriori “unhealthy” dietary patterns were associated with an increased risk of CKD. In conclusion, the findings from this review suggest that adherence to DASH and Mediterranean dietary patterns may be useful in promoting kidney health and preventing CKD in the general population. More studies, in particular among minorities, are warranted to investigate the role of diet, a potentially modifiable factor, in promoting kidney health.
Rounding versus truncation estimates in difference calculations

Two common methods of approximating difference problems are by rounding or truncating the minuend and the subtrahend before calculating the difference. Since rounding generally gives a better approximation of a number than truncation, one might expect that rounding also generally gives a better approximation in difference problems. We show that intuition to be false.
Does Seeking Audit Evidence Impede the Willingness to Impose Audit Adjustments

In two incentivized auditing experiments, participants specify lower adjustments when they choose to generate evidence than when the same evidence is provided without investigative action. This finding is consistent with theory from mental accounting and information choice, which in combination predict that choosing to undertake effortful investigation can magnify aversion to costly adjustments. Supporting this theory, we do not observe an effort choice effect if we separate investigative and adjustment decisions in noninteractive pairs in our first experiment. In our second experiment, we allow all participants to interact in pairs, observing a negative effect of effort choice only when participants responsible for evidence perceive high involvement in the adjustment decisions made by their paired counterparts. Our study provides insight into why auditors exert diligent effort only to waive the adjustments implied by that effort. A potential implication is that technological advances that facilitate evidence collection could enhance auditor independence.
The Zoom Picture Book Game: A Creative Way to Promote Teamwork in Undergraduate Medical Education.

Effective team building and leadership are crucial in running an effective and safe healthcare system with improved patient care and clinical outcomes. Currently, there is a great demand for formal leadership training throughout the extensive medical education curriculum. We constructed an interactive team-building activity utilizing gamification-theory with the Zoom game. The Zoom activity requires a team of learners to organize a set of sequential images, each of which contains a "zoomed out" section from the previous image, into the correct order within a set time frame. Given the unique and approachable nature of this team-based activity, we propose the following: 1) to introduce the Zoom game as a team-building and communication fostering exercise in undergraduate medical education and 2) to assess baseline teamwork skills of first-year medical students through an immersive gaming experience. With this in mind, 260 first-year medical students (class of 2020) at an urban-city medical school were enrolled in the Zoom Team Building Activity as part of their orientation. The students were randomly assigned to 11 teams, comprising 23-24 students and two faculty facilitators per team and completed the activity in the allotted time frame. The average time to complete the Zoom game was 24 minutes, and all the teams successfully placed the pictures in the correct order. Facilitators noted that the Zoom game strongly encouraged friendly interactions, intercollegiate high values, mutual respect, confidence, and trust among each other. Students observed take-home points such as selecting a leader, designating specific roles, and encouraging closed-loop communication. Overall, the Zoom activity game is an interactive, fun, and easily accessible team-building and communication fostering exercise in undergraduate medical education. Further studies on the Zoom game exercise would be essential to determine whether it has a continuous and enduring effect on developing team building among medical students.
Feminism Without Metaphysics or a Deflationary Account of Gender

I argue for a deflationary answer to the question, “What is it to be a woman?” Prior attempts by feminist theorists to provide a metaphysical account of what all and only women have in common have all failed for the same reason: there is nothing women have in common beyond being women. Although the social kinds man and woman are primitive, their existence can be explained. I say that human sex difference is the material ground of systems of gender; gender systems serve to enable male control of female reproductive capacities. This explains the fact that most women are female, but it does not entail that all women are female or that all females are women. To clarify my position, I draw an analogy between the kind woman and the kind parent. While it is difficult to come up with necessary and sufficient conditions for being a parent, it is clear that the social institution or practice of parenting has its material ground in the biological facts about human reproduction together with facts about infantile dependency. Saying this does not entail that all and only biological progenitors are parents.
Conceptualizing the Active Audience: Rhetoric and Practice in “Engaged Journalism”:

A constellation of journalistic tools, platforms, companies and nonprofit funding has recently emerged, promoting the idea that allowing the audience to contribute to the news agenda is a promising...
Shoulder motion decreases as body mass increases in patients with asymptomatic shoulders.

Background Higher complication rates are reported after shoulder arthroplasty in obese patients. Understanding the effect of body mass index (BMI) on range of motion (ROM) in asymptomatic shoulders may be useful in evaluating clinical outcomes for patients of varying BMIs presenting with shoulder pathology. The purpose of this study is to investigate patient characteristics, in particular BMI, that may affect ROM outcomes after shoulder arthroplasty. Methods Individuals aged 18 years or older (mean 57.21 ± 16.27 years) were recruited with asymptomatic shoulder presentation and without history of shoulder injury. A total of 224 shoulders were grouped into 4 BMI categories, and ROM was measured with a goniometer. Analysis was performed between patient demographics and ROM. Results Analyzed continuously, BMI negatively correlated with ROM for internal rotation (IR; r = -0.511, P < .01), forward elevation (FE; r = -0.418, P < .01), and external rotation (ER; r = -0.328, P < .01). ROM analyzed by BMI category revealed a dose effect of BMI vs ROM. Obese patients demonstrated a significant decrease in IR whereas morbidly obese patients had significant decreases for all ranges: IR (r = -0.469, P < .01), FE (r = -0.452, P < .01), and ER (r = -0.33, P < .01). Normal- and overweight patients revealed no significant correlations with ROM. Conclusion As BMI is negatively correlated with ROM of the asymptomatic shoulder, patients with higher BMIs may be predisposed to diminished outcomes postoperatively. These baseline correlations will allow surgeons to make postoperative expectations and anticipate poorer outcomes of shoulder ROM in obese patients.
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) & youth sports participation: Does a gradient exist?

Abstract Background Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may be an important factor in understanding sport participation in youth. Yet, very little research has examined this relationship directly using nationally representative data from the United States. Objective This study aimed to examine the associations between ACEs and sport participation in adolescents. Methods Using a 2017–2018 pooled dataset of the National Survey of Children’s Health [NSCH], survey weighted chi-squared analysis and multivariable logistic regressions were implemented to assess the association between ACEs and sport participation among youth aged 10–17 years, comparing those without reports of ACEs (ref) to those reporting ACEs. The sample was also stratified to examine gendered differences. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic and child health covariates (physical activity, gender, age, BMI, race/ethnicity, parent reported child health, parental educational attainment, family structure, health insurance coverage, year and mental health conditions). Results Of 23,557 youth included in our study (12,454 boys [51%], 11,303 girls [49%]; 21.9% reported 1 ACE, 10.1% reported 2 ACEs, and 14.3% reported 3 or more ACEs. In fully adjusted models, we observed significant associations between all levels of ACE exposure and decreased sport participation. When examined by gender, adjusted models revealed that only boys reporting 1ACE exhibited decreased odds of participating in sport OR = 0.70 (95% CI: 0.56, 0.89). Conclusions ACE exposure in adolescents is associated with reduced odds of sport participation. While sport is traditionally seen as an intervention for youth to build resilience, it may be prudent to consider targeted interventions that encourage sport participation in youth who experience ACEs. Special consideration may be needed for boys who experience ACEs. Additionally, the results suggest that utilising a trauma informed framework within the world of youth sport and sports medicine may be of value overall.
The effect of a middle grades STEM initiative on students’ cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes

Abstract This study is an evaluation of a STEM initiative in one school district with five participating middle schools. I used two quasi-experimental methods including instrumental variables and inverse propensity score weights to test the effect of the initiative on students’ cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes. Overall, students at STEM schools demonstrated lower science achievement (p
Cognitive and Affective Mediators of Alcohol-Facilitated Intimate-Partner Aggression:

In this multisite study, we examined whether aggressive cognitions and facial displays of negative affect and anger experienced during provocation mediated the association between alcohol intoxicat...
Segmentation of both reviewers and businesses on social media

Abstract Employing online consumer reviews, this research develops a market segmentation procedure that is feasible to businesses present on social media. Because online reviews typically encompass large numbers of both reviewers and businesses, this data structure allows for both reviewer segmentation and business segmentation. This two-side segmentation approach segments not only reviewers in the preferences expressed in their reviews, but also businesses in their business practices specified in the reviews. Whereas common existing segmentation approaches predominantly use survey and transaction data, the proposed procedure uses publicly available and detailed consumption information in such reviews. A large number of product features elicited from such reviews lead to rich and detailed profiling of both reviewer segments and business segments. Using restaurant reviews on Yelp, this research demonstrates how the proposed procedure can help businesses develop segmentation strategies on social media.
When People Want Punishment: Retributive Justice and the Puzzle of Authoritarian Popularity

Against the backdrop of rising populism around the world and democratic backsliding in countries with robust, multiparty elections, this book asks why ordinary people favor authoritarian leaders. Much of the existing scholarship on illiberal regimes and authoritarian durability focuses on institutional explanations, but Tsai argues that, to better understand these issues, we need to examine public opinion and citizens' concerns about retributive justice. Government authorities uphold retributive justice - and are viewed by citizens as fair and committed to public good - when they affirm society's basic values by punishing wrongdoers who act against these values. Tsai argues that the production of retributive justice and moral order is a central function of the state and an important component of state building. Drawing on rich empirical evidence from in-depth fieldwork, original surveys, and innovative experiments, the book provides a new framework for understanding authoritarian resilience and democratic fragility.
Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Low-Income, Latinx Children in Immigrant Families: Comparison of Children in Rural Farmworker and Urban Non-Farmworker Communities.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are stressors that can have lifelong detrimental health effects. ACEs are a concern for children of immigrant parents. The low-income mothers of 75 rural farmworker and 63 urban non-farmworker 8-year old Latinx children in immigrant families completed a standardized ACEs inventory. 47.1% of mothers reported no ACEs, 33.3% reported 1, 8.7% reported 2, and 10.9% reported 3 or more. A logistic regression model indicated that urban versus rural children had a higher odds (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.01, 5.48) of at least one ACE. Children living in families with 2 versus 1 adults (OR = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.02, 0.49) and 3 versus 1 adults (OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.02, 0.78) had a lower odds of at least one ACE. ACEs prevalence was similar to other children in immigrant families, with children living in urban communities having twice the likelihood of experiencing an ACE. Detailed research is needed on locality-based ACEs prevalence.
PORE PRESSURE MEASUREMENT IN SATURATED STIFF SOILS

Errors associated with the measurement of pore water pressures in saturated cemented soils during undrained triaxial shear are presented. Methods of modifying standard testing equipment to minimize these errors are described and experimentally evaluated. Replacing the null indicator with a pressure transducer of low compressibility and minimizing the volume of water in the pore water lines will reduce the error in measuring pore pressures from over 15% to less than 3%. Volume changes due to leakage and operation of the drainage valves can significantly alter the measured pore pressures. However, the volume changes can be minimized by enclosing the test specimens in thick rubber membranes and by using no-volume change ball type valves. In undrained triaxial compression at low consolidation pressures cemented soils create a film of water between the sample and membrane, and the lateral effective stress becomes zero.
Cardiovascular and Renal Actions of Leptin

Leptin is a recently isolated circulating peptide hormone that is primarily synthesized and secreted by the adipocytes. A major function of this hormone is the control of energy balance by binding to receptors in the hypothalamus, leading to reduction in food intake, as well as elevation in temperature and energy expenditure. In addition, increasing pharmacological evidence suggests that leptin, through its direct and indirect actions, may play an important role in cardiovascular and renal functions. While the relevance of endogenous leptin needs further clarification, it appears to be a potential pressure and volume regulating factor, and may function pathophysiological as a common link to obesity and hypertension.
Cracking behavior of thermally aged and irradiated CF-8 cast austenitic stainless steel

Abstract To assess the combined effect of thermal aging and neutron irradiation on the cracking behavior of CF-8 cast austenitic stainless steel, crack growth rate (CGR) and fracture toughness J-R curve tests were carried out on compact-tension specimens in high-purity water with low dissolved oxygen. Both unaged and thermally aged specimens were irradiated at ∼320 °C to 0.08 dpa. Thermal aging at 400 °C for 10,000 h apparently had no effect on the corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking behavior in the test environment. The cracking susceptibility of CF-8 was not elevated significantly by neutron irradiation at 0.08 dpa. Transgranular cleavage-like cracking was the main fracture mode during the CGR tests, and a brittle morphology of delta ferrite was often seen on the fracture surfaces at the end of CGR tests. The fracture toughness J-R curve tests showed that both thermal aging and neutron irradiation can induce significant embrittlement. The loss of fracture toughness due to neutron irradiation was more pronounced in the unaged than aged specimens. After neutron irradiation, the fracture toughness values of the unaged and aged specimens were reduced to a similar level. G-phase precipitates were observed in the aged and irradiated specimens with or without prior aging. The similar microstructural changes resulting from thermal aging and irradiation suggest a common microstructural mechanism of inducing embrittlement in CF-8.
Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea: Green Light for Humanitarian Intervention

Recent UN Human Rights Council mandated commission was established in order to examine grave and systematic human rights violations by the government of North Korea. The report included evidence on violation of fundamental human rights, such as the right to life, right to food, freedom of expression and freedom from torture. Michael Kirby, Chair of the Commission, while presenting the Report to the UN Human Rights Council said: "At the end of the Second World War, so many people said 'if only we had known. If only we had known the wrongs that were done in the countries of the hostile forces. If only we had known that.' Well now the international community does know, the international community will know, there will be no excusing of failure of action because we didn’t know, we do know." Now, a publicly available comprehensive report on North Korea's violations of human rights is available, and the subsequent questions that arise are on the legality and legitimacy of possible humanitarian intervention with the objective to cease the ongoing human rights violations in North Korea. This paper will examine the key findings from the Report, as well as the likelihood of international joint intervention in North Korea and the legal framework to justify such intervention.
A Framework for In-House Prediction Markets

In-house prediction markets are a new method for collecting and aggregating information dispersed throughout an organization. This method is capable of accessing and aggregating certain organizational information that has previously not been attainable via traditional methods such as surveys, polls, group meetings, or suggestion boxes. Such information is often of great tactical and/or strategic value. Existing in-house prediction markets, which are either opened to all members of the organization or to pre-selected groups of experts within the organization, base participant’s power to influence the market strictly on the amount of their assets (usually in mock currency). We propose a more nuanced design approach that considers additional factors for determining the participant’s influence on the market over the long term. The goal of this design approach is to improve the accuracy and decision-support viability of in-house prediction markets.
An Implementation of an Applicative File System

A purely functional file system has been built on top of pure Scheme. It provides persistent structures and massive storage expected of file systems, without explicit side-effects like read and write. The file system becomes an additional, lazy argument to programs that would read from it, and an additional result from functions that would alter it.
Materials Spaceflight Experiments

Space environmental effects on spacecraft materials can be severe due to individual and synergistic interactions of orbital environments such as solar ultraviolet radiation, charged particle radiation, temperature extremes and thermal cycling, impacts from micrometeoroids and orbital debris, environment induced contamination, and low Earth orbital atomic oxygen. Space environmental threats vary greatly based on spacecraft materials, thicknesses and stress levels, and the mission environment and duration. Materials spaceflight experiments have been conducted since the early 1970s to help understand the effects of the space environment on spacecraft materials, components and devices. Materials experiments have been flown on Skylab, Salyut and Mir, the space shuttle, and the International Space Station. In addition, there have been free-flyer experiments such as the Long Duration Exposure Facility. In addition to being critical for understanding the engineering performance of materials exposed to specific space environments, data from spaceflight experiments can be used to determine correlations between exposures in ground-test facilities and space, thus allowing more accurate in-space materials performance predictions to be made based on ground-facility testing. This chapter reviews most major materials spaceflight experiments along with some of the lessons learned from the experiments, and how the results have influenced materials use and selection. Keywords: spaceflight experiment; spacecraft; materials; low Earth orbit; atomic oxygen; ultraviolet radiation; charged particle radiation; environmental degradation; contamination; International Space Station
The Supreme Court as (Anti-)Magisterium

Scholars have resorted to various comparisons in attempting to understand the role and function of the United States Supreme Court: they have compared the Justices to third-branch legislators, scholars, Platonic guardians, prophets, princes, "robed masters," and aristocrats. This essay proposes a different and hopefully illuminating comparison: the Court can profitably be regarded as an (anti-)magisterium. A "magisterium" - a term usually used in Catholic contexts - is the teaching authority in a hierarchical church. This essay describes the Supreme Court as an "(anti-)magisterium" in two senses. First, the Court is a species of magisterium, except that it is an inverted one - a sort of upside-down magisterium; it is thus a particular if peculiar type of magisterium, much in the way that an anti-hero is a type of hero and anti-matter is a type of matter. Second, the Court casts itself as an institution that is opposed to and that protects citizens against magisteria - against institutions that impose orthodoxies. This comparison is developed in three sections. The first section discusses the ways in which the United States can be thought of as, in Chesterton's description, "a nation with the soul of a church." The second section discusses the historic Catholic/Protestant division over the necessity of a magisterium in a church - a division growing out of the painful choice between an imposed (and sometimes resented) unity and a more freely-arrived at fragmentation; and it shows how this same division arises in the American political community and provides perhaps the most influential justification for judicial review. The third section examines the famous Joint Opinion in Planned Parenthood v. Casey, showing how the opinion comes down squarely on both sides of the Catholic/Protestant divide: the Casey Joint Opinion both aggressively Catholic and radically Protestant in its presentation of itself, the nation-church, and the constitutional orthodoxy. Casey thus nicely exemplifies the Court's effort to serve as an (anti-)magisterium.
What Does the Evidence Reveal Regarding Home- and Community-Based Nutrition Services for Older Adults?

Maintaining a healthy and fully replete nutritional status is critical for optimal aging, for quick and full recovery after acute illnesses, and for successful management of chronic conditions for ...
North American velvet ants form one of the world’s largest known Müllerian mimicry complexes

Color mimicry is often celebrated as one of the most straightforward examples of evolution by natural selection, as striking morphological similarity between species evolves in response to a shared predation pressure. Recently, a large North American mimetic complex was described that included 65 species of Dasymutilla velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). Beyond those 65 species, little is known about how many species participate in this unique Mullerian complex, though several other arthropods are thought to be involved as Mullerian mimics (spider wasps) and Batesian mimics (beetles, antlions, and spiders; see references in). Mullerian mimicry is similarity in appearance or phenotype among harmful species, while Batesian mimicry is similarity in which not all species are harmful. Here, we investigate the extent of the velvet ant mimicry complex beyond Dasymutilla by examining distributional and color pattern similarities in all of the 21 North American diurnal velvet ant genera, including 302 of the 361 named species (nearly 84%), as well as 16 polymorphic color forms and an additional 33 undescribed species. Of the 351 species and color forms that were analyzed (including undescribed species), 336 exhibit some morphological similarities and we hypothesize that they form eight distinct mimicry rings (Figure 1A; Supplemental Information). Two of these eight mimicry rings, red-headed Timulla and black-headed Timulla, were not documented in earlier assessments of mimicry in velvet ants, and are newly described here. These findings identify one of the largest known Mullerian mimicry systems worldwide and provide a novel system to test hypotheses about aposematism and mimicry, especially those regarding the evolution of imperfect mimicry.
Child Custody Determination

Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were completed with eleven legal service professionals including District Court judges, attorneys, guardian ad litems, and court evaluators in Denver, Colorado to explore the issues lcsbian mothers face in child custody cases. Respondents agreed that in Colorado courts, even though a mother's sexual orientation should only be treated as an issue when it creates adverse effects on the child's mental and emotional well-being (the nexus approach), in many cases judges decide against thesc mothers solely based on their sexual orientation without taking any evidence into account (per se approach). Future research focusing on custody standards and the legal obstacles these mothers are facing is proposed.
Marketers Understanding Engineers and Engineers Understanding Marketers: The Opportunities and Constraints of a Cross-Discipline Course Using 3D Printing to Develop Marketable Innovations

Marketers are criticized for not understanding the steps in the engineering research and development process and the challenges of manufacturing a new product at a profit. Engineers are criticized for not considering the marketability of and customer interest in such a product during the planning stages. With the development of 3D printing, rapid prototyping at a reasonable cost may help to overcome the “sound barriers” between the two disciplines. We report on how a cross-discipline class team, using the stage gate model taught by an engineering professor and a marketing professor, helped both groups of students acquire cross-functional knowledge of marketing and engineering design to hear the voice of the customer while creating and prototyping an innovative new product. We provide in detail the work students completed at each stage and explain how developing rough prototypes and testing customer reaction to them lead to 3D printing of an alpha prototype. With an alpha prototype, which looks and functio...
Photopolymerizable chitosan–collagen hydrogels for bone tissue engineering

Photopolymerizable hydrogels derived from naturally occurring polymers have attracted significant interest in tissue-engineering applications due to their excellent biocompatibility, hydrophilic nature favourable for cell ingrowth and ability to be cured in situ through a minimally invasive procedure. In this study, we developed a composite hydrogel consisting of photocrosslinkable methacrylated glycol chitosan (MeGC) and semi-interpenetrating collagen (Col) with a riboflavin photoinitiator under blue light. The incorporation of Col in MeGC hydrogels enhanced the compressive modulus and slowed the degradation rate of the hydrogels. MeGC-Col composite hydrogels significantly enhanced cellular attachment, spreading, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mouse bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) seeded on the hydrogels compared with pure MeGC hydrogels, as observed by upregulated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity as well as increased mineralization. Similarly, when cells were encapsulated within hydrogels, BMSCs exhibited greater proliferation, ALP activity and mineral deposits in the presence of Col. These findings demonstrate that MeGC-Col composite hydrogels may be useful in promoting bone regeneration. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Alloy Composition in the GaAs–InAs System by Reflectivity

The composition of GaAs–InAs alloys can be determined by measuring the position of the E1 reflection maximum in the visible spectrum range. The composition is directly related to the energy value associated with the reflection peak. The reflection technique is rapid and nondestructive. The precision and accuracy of the method is good.
Abstracted workflow framework with a structure from motion application

It is common for many disparate software tools to be developed in both open source and proprietary environments, which are incompatible and leave the community with disposable software. As such, a processing workflow has been abstracted and implemented in a generic fashion, where the core engine can be easily extended into domains for applications that require functionality from many independent components. Specifically, there have been a host of tools developed to address the structure from motion (SfM) domain that require interfacing in order to create a functional system. Many application-specific solutions have been constructed that are inflexible and repeatedly duplicated. The theory of operation behind the core framework and components for the SfM application are presented to demonstrate how the abstracted workflow can be easily applied to generate 3D models from 2D imagery of a scene captured from multiple cameras and varying perspectives.