cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybrid DNA/RNA nanostructures with 2′-5′ linkages

Nucleic acid nanostructures with different chemical compositions have shown utility in biological applications as they provide additional assembly parameters and enhanced stability. The naturally occurring 2'-5' linkage in RNA is thought to be a prebiotic analogue and has potential use in antisense therapeutics. Here, we report the first instance of DNA/RNA motifs containing 2'-5' linkages. We synthesized and incorporated RNA strands with 2'-5' linkages into different DNA motifs with varying number of branch points (a duplex, four arm junction, double crossover motif and tensegrity triangle motif). Using experimental characterization and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that hybrid DNA/RNA nanostructures can accommodate interspersed 2'-5' linkages with relatively minor effect on the formation of these structures. Further, the modified nanostructures showed improved resistance to ribonuclease cleavage, indicating their potential use in the construction of robust drug delivery vehicles with prolonged stability in physiological conditions.
Early Emergence of Solid Shape Coding in Natural and Deep Network Vision.

Summary Area V4 is the first object-specific processing stage in the ventral visual pathway, just as area MT is the first motion-specific processing stage in the dorsal pathway. For almost 50 years, coding of object shape in V4 has been studied and conceived in terms of flat pattern processing, given its early position in the transformation of 2D visual images. Here, however, in awake monkey recording experiments, we found that roughly half of V4 neurons are more tuned and responsive to solid, 3D shape-in-depth, as conveyed by shading, specularity, reflection, refraction, or disparity cues in images. Using 2-photon functional microscopy, we found that flat- and solid-preferring neurons were segregated into separate modules across the surface of area V4. These findings should impact early shape-processing theories and models, which have focused on 2D pattern processing. In fact, our analyses of early object processing in AlexNet, a standard visual deep network, revealed a similar distribution of sensitivities to flat and solid shape in layer 3. Early processing of solid shape, in parallel with flat shape, could represent a computational advantage discovered by both primate brain evolution and deep-network training.
A Hybrid Model for Wind Turbine Main Bearing Fatigue with Uncertainty in Grease Observations

Available historical field data shows that wind turbine main bearing failure can lead to major operation and maintenance costs due to unscheduled downtime. For legacy turbines, fa- tigue is one of the major failure modes and, to a degree, can be partially modeled with physics-based formulations. Unfor- tunately, existing bearing fatigue models can potentially be inaccurate due to lack of understanding of the lubricant degra- dation. One way to enhance these models is to track the grease damage along with the bearing fatigue damage. However, the need of grease degradation data can become an impedi- ment for such strategy. In this paper, we will demonstrate that it is possible to calibrate grease degradation models with cost-efficient periodic visual inspections. Knowing that such inspections introduce observation uncertainty to the model, we will use a hybrid physics-informed deep neural networks to quantify such uncertainties within our models. We built a hybrid model that fuses the physics-based understanding of the bearing fatigue failure with the ability of data-driven layers to compensate the missing physics, with respect to the grease degradation. The proposed hybrid model is also ca- pable of decoding uncertain visual grease inspections with a custom designed classifier. We illustrate the merits of the model with the support of case studies, where we test inspec- tion with different levels of conservatism to train the model and compare the predictions of these models on an artificial wind park. Results from the case studies indicate the success- ful prognostic performance of the trained with limited and noisy observations. While grease damage is predicted with 0.3% root mean square error as a result of baseline inspection campaign, bearing life is prediction is conservatively off only by months for aggressive turbines that have 10 years of life.
Natural Killer Cells Recognize Pulmonary Epithelial Stress Molecules during Primary Graft Dysfunction

Purpose Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) occurs in 1/3 of all lung transplants. It is defined by epithelial dysfunction and innate immune cell infiltration. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are activated by NKG2D receptor binding of specific stress molecules. We hypothesized that NK cells mediate PGD by recognizing stress molecules induced on lung epithelial cells and causing injury via direct cytotoxicity. Methods In an established experimental PGD model, left hilar clamp (HC) was compared to sham (S) surgery in C57BL/6 mice. Stress molecules (RAE-1, MULT1) and NK cell receptors were measured by flow cytometry median fluorescent intensity (MFI) on dissociated lung cells. Mice were given blocking anti-NKG2D or isotype control antibodies preceding HC. Human stress molecules (MICA, MICB, ULBP1, 3, and 2/5/6) were measured by flow cytometry on bronchial epithelial cells incubated for 4 hours in hypoxia (1% O2) versus normoxia conditions. The Mann-Whitney U test was applied for pairwise comparisons. Results NK cells were increased as a percent of lymphocytes (p = 0.008) and by count (p = 0.04) in HC (n = 5) versus S (n = 5) lungs and infiltrated airways (Figure 1A). The NKG2D receptor was increased on NK cells following HC (p = 0.005). The stress molecules MULT1 (p = 0.0002) and RAE-1 (Figure 1B, p = 0.002) were increased on epithelial cells in HC compared to S lungs. NKG2D blockade (n = 9) resulted in less pulmonary edema following HC compared to isotype control antibody (Figure 1C, n = 9, p = 0.04). Hypoxic human bronchial epithelial cells (n = 6) had increased MICB (p = 0.008), ULBP-1 (p = 0.05), and ULBP-2,5,6 (Figure 1 D, p = 0.004) compared to normoxic cells (n = 6). Conclusion PGD induces NK cell stress ligands leading to NK cell recruitment that contributes to PGD. NKG2D blockade, under investigation in clinical trials of other diseases, resulted in decreased lung injury. The induction of human NKG2D stress molecules during hypoxia suggests that this NK cell receptor-ligand interaction may mediate PGD.
The effect of anticoagulants in artificial blood meals on the mortality, fecundity, and fertility of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti (Culicidae)

Blood sources used for insect colonies and their effects on fecundity and fertility have been studied in multiple mosquito species, but the effect of anticoagulants that prevent clotting of blood has received minimal attention. Here, we identify the effect two anticoagulants have on the mortality, fecundity, and fertility of Culex quinquefasciatus (Sebring and BCS strains) and Aedes aegypti Liverpool. Each mosquito species was provided with one of three treatments: direct feeding on live chicken (LC), blood from freshly exsanguinated chicken treated with heparin (EXS) or commercially purchased chicken blood treated with Alsever's solution (ART). No significant effect of treatment on mortality was observed. Both Cx. quinquefasciatus Sebring and BCS strains demonstrated a significant effect of treatment type on fecundity with the number of eggs laid for LC being 1.40-fold higher than EXS and 2.14-fold higher than ART for Sebring. For BCS strain mosquitoes, LC was 1.55-fold higher than ART, and EXS was 1.57-fold higher than ART, but there was no significant difference between LC and EXS. For Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, only a significant difference in mean egg counts was observed between LC and ART treatments, with LC laying 1.46-fold more eggs. No significant effect on fertility was observed among any mosquitoes for any treatment. These results demonstrate the negative effect of anticoagulants on the fecundity for multiple mosquito taxa. This may affect the ability of labs to produce large numbers of mosquitoes or colonize wild mosquito populations and should be taken into account when considering colony maintenance or vector biology research.
Design of Low Power CMOS Read-Out with TDI Function for Infrared Linear Photodiode Array Detectors

A new low voltage CMOS infrared readout circuit using the buffer-direct injection method is presented. It uses a single supply voltage of 1.8 volts and a bias current of 1uA. The time-delay integration technique is used to increase the signal to noise ratio. A current memory circuit with faulty diode detection is used to remove dark current for background compensation and to disable a photodiode in a cell if detected as faulty. Simulations are shown that verify the circuit that is currently in fabrication in 0.5ym CMOS technology.
Assessing the Causes of Capital Account Liberalization: How Measurement Matters

Karcher, Sebastian and David A. Steinberg. (2012) Assessing the Causes of Capital Account Liberalization: How Measurement Matters. International Studies Quarterly, doi: 10.1111/isqu.12001 © 2012 International Studies Association Why do countries open their economies to global capital markets? A number of recent articles have found that two types of factors encourage politicians to liberalize their capital accounts: strong macroeconomic fundamentals and political pressure from proponents of open capital markets. However, these conclusions need to be re-evaluated because the most commonly used measure of capital account openness, Chinn and Ito’s (2002) Kaopen index, suffers from systematic measurement error. We modify the Chinn–Ito variable and replicate two studies (Brooks and Kurtz 2007; Chwieroth 2007) to demonstrate that our improved measure overturns some prior findings. Some political variables have stronger effects on capital account policy than previously recognized, while macroeconomic fundamentals are less important than previous research suggests.
Robert Dahl: scholar, teacher, and democrat

Robert Dahl’s greatness as a political scientist rested on three qualities: the analytic clarity of his definitions of democracy, his insistence on studying complex ideas such as ‘power’ in a systematic empirical manner, and his commitment to a moral or normative underpinning for one’s scholarship. He was a deep egalitarian intellectually and interpersonally. However, many of Dahl’s publications had a considerable blindspot; until late in life, he did not fully recognize how much racial hierarchy and discrimination undermined his and others’ claims that the United States has a reasonably well functioning and robust democracy. This blind spot teaches us to be intellectually humble, to recognize the defects of even the strongest methodological strategies, and to recognize our own mistakes, as Dahl did.
Pulmonary valvular dysfunction in children with ventriculovenous shunts for hydrocephalus: a previously unreported complication.

A hitherto unreported cardiovascular complication of ventriculovenous shunts for hydrocephalus, involving the pulmonary valve apparatus, is described in two boys. This complication was the result of catheter migration with its proximal end interfering with pulmonary valve function. In one case the embolized catheter was removed by thoracotomy resulting in disappearance of the cardiac findings, whereas in the other case the catheter was in situ because of its peripheral position in the lung and the relatively insignificant hemodynamic disturbance of the pulmonary valve. The pertinent literature on the cardiovascular complications of ventriculovenous shunts for hydrocephalus is also reviewed.
Large deviations of the magnetic field from the Parker spiral in CRRs: Validity of the Schwadron model

[1] A difference in solar wind speed inside and outside a Coronal Hole Boundary (CHB) causes the field and solar wind to expand rapidly with distance to form a Corotating Rarefaction Region (CRR). In the Parker model, field lines inside the CRR form spirals determined by the local solar wind speed. Observationally, however, CRR fields often diverge from the Parker spiral by tens of degrees and in a more radial direction. In a model developed by Schwadron (2002), in addition to the velocity gradient, the field lines rotate differentially across the CHB. The solar wind speed then varies along the field lines rather than remaining constant as in the Parker model. The plausibility of the model is supported by calculations using nominal model parameters that reproduce the systematic deviations from the Parker spiral. The present study establishes the validity of the model by comparing observations of nine CRRs between 1 and 4 AU with model predictions. Estimates are obtained for the width, velocity gradient, differential velocity of the CRR, and the transit time of the magnetic field. These parameters are obtained at the surface near 10 solar radii where the pressure of the coronal magnetic field first becomes balanced.
Design and Control Principles of Flexible Workforce in Manufacturing Systems

Agile (flexible) manufacturing, a natural successor to lean manufacturing, emphasizes customized products, efficiency (as pursued through lean manufacturing and other methods for making more with less), and responsiveness for meeting diverse customer requirements in a prompt and personalized manner. Unlike lean manufacturing, which emphasizes mass production in large-scale corporate structures, agile manufacturing is better suited to smaller scale and modular flexible production facilities. In this environment, flexible resources such as a flexible (cross-trained) workforce will become increasingly essential. In this article we show how worker cross-training can improve the performance of manufacturing systems through capacity balancing and variability buffering. We also present effective design and control principles to utilize the potential benefits of a flexible workforce. Keywords: flexible workforce; agile manufacturing; single-worker push lines; variability buffering; CONWIP
Lack of effect of hyperglycemia on lipolysis in humans.

Controversy exists regarding whether plasma glucose concentrations are independently involved in the regulation of adipose tissue lipolysis. In the present study, six subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes and six nondiabetic volunteers were studied during infusion of somatostatin, growth hormone, and insulin at rates designed to maintain basal rates of lipolysis, which was traced using a constant infusion of [1-14C]palmitate. A euglycemic (approximately 5 mmol/l) clamp was performed for 3 h, followed by 3 h of hyperglycemia (approximately 9 and approximately 11 mmol/l in nondiabetic and diabetic subjects, respectively). Ten nondiabetic subjects were studied during 6 h of euglycemia to exclude time-dependent changes in lipolysis. The results showed that palmitate concentrations did not change between euglycemia and hyperglycemia in either group [118 +/- 10 vs. 132 +/- 14 mumol/l and 145 +/- 21 vs. 134 +/- 15 mumol/l in nondiabetic and diabetic subjects, respectively; both P = not significant (NS)]. Similarly, palmitate rate of appearance (Ra) did not change during hyperglycemia (1.0 +/- 0.1 and 1.7 +/- 0.4 mumol.kg-1.min-1 in nondiabetic and diabetic subjects, respectively) compared with euglycemia (1.0 +/- 0.1 and 1.6 +/- 0.4 mumol.kg-1.min-1 in nondiabetic and diabetic subjects, respectively; P = NS). Palmitate concentrations and Ra did not change during 6 h of euglycemia in nondiabetic volunteers. Thus hyperglycemia per se has no effect on free fatty acid turnover. Changes in lipolysis that occur coincident with hyperglycemia are probably due to changes in other circulating substrates or hormones known to affect lipolysis.
Real-Time Multibody System Dynamic Simulation: Part II. A Parallel Algorithm and Numerical Results

ABSTRACT This paper presents a computational algorithm that exploits inherent parallelism in the modified recursive formulation presented in Part I of the paper. Computational data flows to implement the algorithm are defined. By combining the topological analysis method presented in Part 1 of the paper, an efficient general purpose dynamic simulation algorithm is developed. Examples using the code developed show that real-time simulation can be achieved for moderately complex mechanical systems using a shared memory multiprocessor.
Mechanisms of change in the treatment of panic

A growing body of research indicates that cognitive-behavioral (CB) treatments are superior to no treatment for panic. However, few compelling differences exist between treatments, questioning whether the addition of CB elements is necessary for effective treatments. The current study examined two questions. First, does the addition to treatment of CB elements enhance outcome? Second, can a more general construct such as self-efficacy account for treatment outcome? Nineteen subjects with panic disorder were assigned to one of two treatments (panic education or guided imaginal coping). There were minimal differences in outcome between groups. Subjects became more efficacious and efficacy appeared to lead to reductions in catastrophic thoughts, but not panic symptoms. Results are discussed in terms of the potential role of personal control in the treatment of panic and in terms of the necessity to conduct more powerful comparisons to clarify the role of CB strategies in the treatment of panic.
Gas-phase IR spectra of substituted alkylamides.

The source of the splittings observed in the amide A, I, II, and III absorption bands of N-methylacetamide (NMA) have been determined by high-resolution gas-phase FTIR. Analysis of isotopically labeled NMA, along with simpler amides (formamide, acetamide) show that the observed splitting arise from rotational transitions within the vibrational manifold. The ir spectra of a homologous series of monosubstituted alkylamides are also examined. The observed effects on the ir spectra from incorporating substituents from methyl to t-butyl on both sides of the amide linkage are discussed in terms of rotational transitions and coupled oscillations. During these studies we did not observe any evidence for the presence of cis conformations of the amide bond.
X-Ray and Fluorescent Molecular Tomography Image Fusion

This paper describes a new method developed for fusion of X-ray and fluorescent molecular tomography (FMT) images. For easier diagnostics, images obtained from X-ray and FMT sources are fused to generate perceptibly informative image display using the spatial and spectral domain properties of the images. The basic premise in this research originates from the fact that in medical imaging not all the spatial and spectral properties are present in different image sensing modalities. X-ray images are inherently in grayscale with no color information and soft tissues being transparent. This makes it difficult to localize tissue anomalies while the FMT provides a finer scanning result that yields higher resolution images showing the details of soft tissues. Fusing these two imaging modalities is expected to create visually distinctive results than each source provides alone. In particular, for color images of fluorescent molecular tomography, color clustering can play a significant role in improving the visual quality by means of segmentation. To obtain better matching shapes, X-ray and fluorescent molecular tomography images are fused using edge detection and color clustering methods. Experimental results obtained are highly promising with much improved visual image quality for more accurate diagnostic assessments.
Interface between steel rebar and concrete, studied by electromechanical pull-out testing

The interface between concrete and steel rebar was evaluated by electromechanical pull-out testing, which involved measuring the shear bond strength and contact electrical resistivity of each sample. The bond strength was increased by steel rebar surface treatment (acetone, water, ozone or sand blasting, with ozone being most effective and acetone being least effective), polymer addition to concrete (methylcellulose or latex), increase in water/cement ratio of concrete (particularly from 0.45 to 0.50), and decrease in curing age (particularly from 14 to 7 days). The origins of these effects are rebar cleansing for acetone treatment, rebar surface oxide film formation for water and ozone treatments, rebar surface roughening for sand blasting, polymer interface layer formation for polymer addition, and decreased interfacial void content for water/cement ratio increase and for curing age decrease.
Complex period-1 motions in a periodically forced, quadratic nonlinear oscillator:

In this paper, analytical solutions for complex period-1 motions in a periodically forced, quadratic nonlinear oscillator are presented through the Fourier series solutions with finite harmonic ter...
Growth inhibition by exogenous proline and its metabolism in saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) suspension cultures

The growth of Distichlis spicata suspension cultures in LS medium without NaCl was inhibited 54% by 2 mM proline. In medium containing 260 mM NaCl, 10 mM proline inhibited growth by only 22%. The uptake and metabolism of 10 mM L-[1-(13)C] proline was followed by (13)C NMR and ninhydrin analyses of suspensions cultured in the presence of 0 or 260 mM NaCl. Uptake of 85 to 92% of the exogenous proline occurred within 72 h in all media. In 10 mM proline and no NaCl, cellular proline reached a maximm of 51.5 μmoles/g FW compared to 1.9 μmoles/g FW in suspensions not grown on proline. In medium containing 260 mM NaCl and proline, cellular proline reached 59-65 μmoles/g FW compared to 30-40 μmoles/g FW in controls grown without proline. The (13)C-label in the proline-C1 was either retained in proline or disappeared, presumably released as carbon dioxide, by catabolism through the TCA cycle. Since no metabolite of (13)C-proline was detected by NMR, proline was considered to be the molecule which inhibited the suspension culture growth.
Compact joint transform correlator with a thick photorefractive crystal.

A compactjoint transform correlator with a thick photorefractive crystal is presented. We demonstrate that Bragg diffraction severely limits the correlation performance in a thick crystal. To relax the Bragg limitation of the crystal a Galilean telescopic beam compression technique is used in the joint transform correlator.
Fish Consumers: Environmental Attitudes and Purchasing Behavior

The objective of this study was to expand on the limited awareness of the U.S. fish consumer. Measures were tested through a Web-based national survey. The final survey consisted of 40 questions, including environmental awareness, food neophobia, fish consumption, reasons for consuming fish, and demographic variables. Correlations and t tests were used to analyze relationships between eating fish in restaurants and other variables. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to segment respondents into two groups based on their environmental awareness and neophylic/neophobic attitudes. EcoFish consumers were more likely to be male, eat fish for health and the environment, and eat fish at restaurants significantly more than the Indifferent Fish consumers. Restaurants can use these results to market to eco-friendly, health-conscious fish consumers.
Complete Six-Degrees-of-Freedom Nonlinear Ship Rolling Motion

The emphasis of this paper is on nonlinear ship roll motion, because roll is the most critical ship motion of all six modes of motion. However, coupling between roll and the other modes of motion may be important and substantially affect the roll. Therefore, the complete six-degrees-of-freedom Euler’s equations of motion are studied. In previous work (Falzarano et al., 1990, 1991), roll linearly coupled to sway and yaw was studied. Continuing in this direction, this work extends that analysis to consider the dynamically more exact six-degrees-of-freedom Euler’s equations of motion and associated Euler angle kinematics. A combination of numerical path-following techniques and numerical integrations are utilized to study the steady-state response determined using this more exact modeling. The hydrodynamic forces are: linear frequency-dependent added-mass, damping, and wave-exciting, which are varied on a frequency-by-frequency basis. The linearized GM approximation to the roll-restoring moment is replaced with the nonlinear roll-restoring moment curve GZ(φ), and the linear roll wave damping is supplemented by an empirically derived linear and nonlinear viscous damping. A particularly interesting aspect of this modeling is the asymmetric nonlinearity associated with the heave and pitch hydrostatics. This asymmetric nonlinearity results in distinctive “dynamic bias,” i.e., a nonzero mean in heave and pitch time histories for a zero mean periodic forcing, and a substantial second harmonic. A Fourier analysis of the nonlinear response indicates that the harmonic response is similar to the linear motion response.
Developmental potential of bovine oocytes cultured in different maturation and culture conditions.

Diverse groups of chemicals in culture media are needed for successful bovine oocyte maturation and embryo development during which dramatic cytoplasmic and nuclear reprogramming events take place. In vitro embryo production (IVP) procedures frequently include supplements such as serum and/or co-culture with various types of somatic cells. However, the presence of undefined serum in culture media introduces a variation from batch to batch, increases viral or prion contamination risk, and leads to problems during fetal development. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility of using chemically defined-synthetic serum substitute (SSS) in place of fetal calf serum (FCS) during maturation and long-term culture to stimulate in vitro maturation (IVM), fertilization (IVF) and subsequent embryo development. In Experiment I, the effect of the protein source on in vitro maturation was tested by maturing oocytes in culture media supplemented with 10% FCS (Control Group), 10% SSS (Group I) and 10% SSS + 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF) (Group II). In Experiment II, effects of SSS on both oocyte maturation and embryo development during in vitro culture (IVC) were tested by maturing oocytes in media supplemented with 10% FCS (FCS Group) or 10% SSS + 10 ng/ml EGF (SSS Group), followed by IVF and IVC in SOF media supplemented with 10% FCS and 10% SSS on day 4 for FCS and SSS Groups, respectively. Even though rates for cleavage and development to blastocyst stage were not different, blastocyst cell numbers were higher in Group II containing SSS and EGF. The SSS supplementation group had higher apoptotic nuclei as compared to the FCS Group in Experiment II. Transcripts for heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), interferon tau (IF-τ), DNA methyltransferase 3a (Dnmt3a), desmosomal glycoprotein desmocollin III (DcIII) and insulin-like growth factor II receptor (Igf-2r) were altered in different culture conditions in Experiment I. However, only glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1) mRNA was different in the SSS and FCS Groups in the second experiment. In summary, SSS and EGF in maturation medium and replacement of FCS with SSS alone in culture medium on day 4 of IVC support oocyte maturation and embryo development in vitro. However, significance of culture condition induced changes on the genome-wide abundance of messenger ribonucleic acid and the significance of the apoptotic nuclei during fetal development still remain to be determined.
Test results for sawtooth-pattern damper seals - Leakage and rotordynamic coefficients

Test results consisting of direct and transverse force coefficients are presented for eleven sawtooth-pattern damper-seal configurations. The designation 'damper' seal refers to a seal which uses a deliberately roughened stator and smooth rotor to increase the net seal damping force. The designation 'sawtooth-pattern' refers to a stator-roughness pattern whose cross section normal to the axis of the seal resembles saw teeth with the teeth direction opposing fluid motion in the direction of shaft rotation. The sawtooth pattern yields axial grooves in the stator which are interrupted by spacer elements which act as flow constrictions or 'dams'. Sawtooth-pattern seals had more damping than smooth seals but less than the round-hole-pattern seals tested previously. If damping is sacrificed, sawtooth-pattern seals can be designed to leak less than round-hole-pattern seals.
Chemical, Physical, and Functional Properties of Cod Proteins Modified by a Nonenzymic Free-Radical-Generating System

Chelated ferric iron, hydrogen peroxide, and ascorbate were used to generate hydroxyl radical in washed, minced cod muscle. Protein carbonyl content increased between 2 and 24 h of storage at 5 °C on treatment with the free-radical-generating system (FRGS); it increased less if that storage period included a freeze/thaw process. There was an equal loss of sulfhydryl groups on treatment with the FRGS for 2 or 24 h with or without a freeze/thaw treatment. Electrophoretic results suggested disulfide formation. Treatment with the FRGS and a freeze/thaw process decreased protein solubility; a combination of the two was synergistic. Washed, minced cod muscle had improved gelation and emulsification characteristics when treated with the FRGS if the muscle tissue was not frozen but had poorer qualities if it was frozen. A model is proposed to explain the improvement of gelation and emulsification properties on exposure to the FRGS as well as its loss when exposed to a freeze/thaw process. Keywords: Proteins; free...
Biangular reflectance for an absorbing and isotropically scattering medium

A comparison between theory and actual data is presented for the biangular reflectance of a thin cryodeposit formed on a cryogenically cooled substrate. The analytical model employed the discrete ordinate formulation to the radiative transport equation, and a numerical finite difference scheme was employed for solution. The participating medium was considered to be an absorbing and isotropically scattering medium bounded by a semitransparent refracting and reflecting top interface and a specular (Fresnel) opaque substrate. Because these deposits are highly scattering in the solar wavelength region, the results are presented for an albedo value of unity.
Normative Visual Development: efficient coding principles for adult V1 predict properties of LGN waves prior to eye opening

We present a novel approach to understanding spontaneous activity in the LGN and V1 prior to natural visual experience. Patterned, spontaneous neural activity has been measured in these areas but is poorly understood in comparison to work on retinal waves [1]. Our predictions about LGN/V1 spontaneous activity not only have implications for future experiments, but provide an additional computational-level interpretation. In the same way that V1 can be understood through neural network receptive field models (Marr's algorithmic level) as well as an efficient coding of natural images (Marr's computational level), we propose that early visual spontaneous activity can be understood not only through neural network models of receptive field and map formation, as in many previous approaches [2,3], but also by how this activity relates to the high-level coding objectives of V1. The key insight in this work is that the form of spontaneous activity in the early visual system can be constrained by these normative principles to resemble measured spontaneous activity patterns. The neural code in fully-developed adult primary visual cortex (V1) is presumed to be an efficient code; by encoding images of our natural visual environment, techniques such as sparse coding [4] and independent components analysis [5] have produced linear filters which resemble experimentally measured receptive fields in V1. Our simulations show how patterns which qualitatively resemble such activity are capable of producing these V1-like visual codes by using the same learning algorithms. The spontaneous activity model is similar to a previous abstracted version of retinal wave generation [6] with the addition of multiple eye-layers and correlated interaction between the layers as has been measured experimentally [7]. All model parameters have a direct physiological interpretation and also relate to theoretical models used in the physics of critical phenomena (e.g. percolation networks). This normative approach demonstrates that binocular disparity-selective cells can be refined by spontaneous activity in a way that promotes early stereopsis. This unique, normative approach to visual development provides a way of applying the tools of efficient coding used in the adult visual system to better understand how the how V1 refines prior to visual experience.
The Fifth Monarchy Men: Politics and the Millennium

Of the Puritan sects which proliferated in Cromwellian England, the Fifth Monarchy Men were distinctive because of the extreme political implications which they drew from their deep commitment to millennialism. Sometimes called “millenaries” by their fellow countrymen, or “anabaptists” by continental observers, this sects wanted to set up the kingdom of Jesus Christ for His thousand-year rule by the Saints. Its members hoped to realize their quest for a religious utopia by making the old kingdoms of the Stuarts into new saintly kingdoms of the Lord. In order to carry out this idea, several of the leading Fifth Monarchy spokesmen urged Oliver Cromwell to convoke a “Jewish Sanhedrin” or Parliament of Saints which first assembled in June, 1653.
The Use of the Alkali Metal Dianion of Methallyl Alcohol in the Synthesis of α-Methylene-δ-Valerolactones

Abstract Recent efforts in our laboratory have focused on the generation of synthetically useful dianions in which an alkoxide is used to uniquely direct subsequent carbanion formation away from the allylic carbon bearing the charged oxygen.1–5
THE WATERGATE SCANDAL AND THE MASS MEDIA: THE EARLY PHASES

(1974). THE WATERGATE SCANDAL AND THE MASS MEDIA: THE EARLY PHASES. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 54-63.
p53 and Metabolism: Inside the TIGAR

The p53 tumor suppressor pathway coordinates DNA repair, cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence to preserve genomic stability and prevent tumor formation. The discovery of three new target genes for p53 reveals unexpected functions for this tumor suppressor in the regulation of glucose metabolism and autophagy.
HOME AND IMAGINED STAGE IN DING YAOKANG’S HUAREN YOU (Ramblings with Magicians): THE COMMUNAL READING OF A SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY PLAY

Ding Yaokang’s 丁耀亢 (1599–1669) ten-act southern zaju 雜劇1 Ramblings with Magicians (Huaren you 化人遊)2 presents a most intriguing story. The hero He sheng 何生 (literally “Mr. Who”), presumably a contem...
Kinetic Rates for Gas-Phase Chemistry of Phenolic-Based Carbon Ablator in Atmospheric Air

A comparison between three chemistry models used for the aerothermodynamic modeling of carbon-based phenolic ablative heat shields in atmospheric air is presented. The differences between the models, as well as the results they produced for the boundary-layer composition and prediction of convective and radiative heat fluxes, are put forward. A new model, built by optimizing and reducing a baseline model constructed using kinetic rates from a combustion database, is presented. Some of the important reactions, such as the CN/CO exchange, are highlighted, and their effects on surface heating are discussed. The resulting model comprises an extensive set of reactions that are relevant to carbon-phenolic ablators in high-enthalpy re-entry environments. The analysis presented in this paper shows that this model preserves the important features of the three existing chemistry models while correcting their deficiencies for a more accurate description pertinent to re-entry conditions.
Successful targeting of ErbB2 receptors-is PTEN the key?

Abstract Women with ErbB2-positive breast cancer have a poor prognosis, and frequently, chemotherapy treatment is ineffective. The ErbB2-targeted antibody trastuzumab improves survival when given with chemotherapy to patients with ErbB2-overexpressing metastatic disease, but treatment is not curative, and primary resistance is common. Postulated mechanisms of action for trastuzumab include immune-mediated cytotoxicity and receptor downmodulation. A study in this issue of Cancer Cell suggests that trastuzumab causes rapid activation of the PTEN lipid phosphatase, which in turn downregulates the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Resistance to trastuzumab occurs when PTEN function is lost, suggesting that PTEN activation is a critical component of the therapeutic effect.
A posterior error estimate for finite volume methods of the second order elliptic problem

We establish a posteriori error analysis for finite volume methods of a second-order elliptic problem based on the framework developed by Chou and Ye [SIAM Numer Anal, 45 (2007), 1639–1653]. This residual type estimators can be applied to different finite volume methods associated with different trial functions including conforming, nonconforming and totally discontinuous trial functions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 27: 1165–1178, 2011
Carrying a Weapon to School: The Influence of Youth Assets at Home and School.

Eighth and tenth grade students (n = 1,619) reported on exposure to risk and protective assets in their day-to-day lives. The relationship between carrying a weapon to school and risk and protective factors in the home and school ecological domains was explored through logistic regression conducted separately by gender. Environmental control in the home, one factor previously unexplored in the context of resiliency to interpersonal violence-related risk behavior, was incorporated into the analysis. Results support previous research that suggests school violence prevention efforts should address both risk and protective factors in multiple ecological domains. Further, results suggest violence prevention efforts should be sensitive to gender differences, and that additional research is necessary to clarify the role of environmental control as a factor influencing youth resiliency to violence.
Effect of the bacterium Serratia marcescens SCBI on the longevity and reproduction of the nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae KT0001

Background Extensive research effort has advanced our understanding of Caenorhabditis as a model system, but its natural association with bacteria remains to be explored in an ecological context. Explored associations vary vastly from mutualistic to parasitic. Serratia marcescens has been shown to be pathogenic to Caenorhabditis with a fitness cost. The recent isolation of an entomopathogenic Caenorhabditis briggsae KT0001/S. marcescens SCBI association from the wild has allowed us to examine under laboratory conditions whether such an association poses a serious cost to Caenorhabditis as previously surmised for other Serratia.
Weathering of polystyrene foam on exposure in air and in seawater

Expanded extruded polystyrene foam was exposed outdoors in air and floating in seawater. The degradation of the materials was determined by ultraviolet spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and measurement of yellowness, viscosity, and tensile properties. The samples underwent extensive yellowing, reduction in average molecular weight, and embrittlement in the exposed surface layer. Furthermore, the rate of deterioration was shown to be faster in seawater than in air, possibly due to the removal by the seawater of the outer protective yellow-colored layer formed during early exposure to sunlight.
Assessing optimality and robustness for the control of dynamical systems

This work presents a general framework for assessing the quality and robustness of control over a deterministic system described by a state vector $\mathbf{x}(t)$ under external manipulation via a control vector $\mathbf{u}(t).$ The control process is expressed in terms of a cost functional, including the physical objective, penalties, and constraints. The notions of optimality and robustness are expressed in terms of the sign and the magnitude of the cost functional curvature with respect to the controls. Both issues may be assessed from the eigenvalues of the stability operator S whose kernel $\mathbf{K}(t,\ensuremath{\tau})$ is determined by $\overline{\ensuremath{\delta}\mathbf{u}(t)}/\overline{\ensuremath{\delta}\mathbf{u}(\ensuremath{\tau})}$ for ${t}_{0}lt,$ $\ensuremath{\tau}l~{t}_{f},$ where ${t}_{0}$ and ${t}_{f}$ are the initial and final times of the control interval. The overbar denotes the constraint that the control satisfies the optimization conditions from minimizing the cost functional. The eigenvalues \ensuremath{\sigma} of S satisfying $\ensuremath{\sigma}l1$ assure local optimality of a control solution, with $\ensuremath{\sigma}=1$ being the critical value separating optimal solutions from false solutions (i.e., those with negative second variational curvature of the cost functional). In turn, the maximally robust control solutions with the least sensitivity to field errors also correspond to $\ensuremath{\sigma}=1.$ Thus, sufficiently high sensitivity of the field at one time t to the field at another time \ensuremath{\tau} (i.e., $\ensuremath{\sigma}g1)$ will lead to a loss of local optimality. A simple illustrative example is given from a linear dynamical system, and a bound for the eigenvalue spectrum of the stability operator is presented. The bound is employed to qualitatively analyze control optimality and robustness behavior. A second example of a nonlinear quartic anharmonic oscillator is also presented for stability and robustness analysis. In this case it is proved that the control system kernel is negative definite, implying full stability but only marginal robustness.
Selective Splenocaval Shunt: Report of 26 Cases and Review of the Literature

Splenocaval shunting was performed in 26 patients for the treatment of variceal bleeding. The indications for this alternative selective shunt were congenital anomalies of the left renal vein, inadequate outflow from the left renal vein on preoperative venography, or an anatomic relationship of the splenic vein favoring direct splenocaval rather than splenorenal anastomosis. Technical considerations in which splenocaval shunts differ from distal splenorenal shunting relate to exposure of the vena cava. Operative mortality was 7.7% (2/26). Immediate shunt patency was documented in 23 of 24 patients studied, and all 14 shunts studied at 13 to 57 months were patent. Portal perfusion was maintained in 95% (20/21) of the patients when studied at 7 to 10 days after shunting and in 57% (8/14) at late follow-up. This experience with distal splenocaval shunting has reaffirmed its place as an alternative technique to selective distal splenorenal shunts, particularly when the left renal vein is abnormal.
P02.125. Group acupuncture in an inpatient Joint Replacement Center provides innovative and effective intervention for post-operative pain relief

Methods In a large midwestern hospital, group physical therapy is provided to joint replacement patients. Orthopedic surgeons added acupuncture to the standard post-operative care for total knee and hip replacements provided through the Joint Replacement Center (JRC). Acupuncture is introduced in the pre-hospital class for surgery preparation and provided immediately after physical therapy on postoperative days one and two. Preand post-acupuncture treatment scores for pain are recorded in the electronic medical record. Mean differences in self-reported pain scores were analyzed using a two-tailed t-test.
The Fatal Enteric Cholera Infection in the Guinea Pig, Achieved by Inhibition of Normal Enteric Flora

the diffusion of fluid through living semipermeable membranes. Later, Burnet and Stone (1947) found that vibrio mucinase desquamates guinea pig intestine in vitro, and the possible role of this enzyme in the pathogenicity of cholera has also been discussed (Jensen, 1953; Raffel, 1953). Intensive studies have been done by others on the pharmacological action of bacterial endotoxins (literature summarized lately by Burrows, 1951). All these workers, however, used the parenteral injection of endotoxin preparation into animals. Their results are for this reason only partly applicable to conditions in the actual diseases, especially cholera, where endotoxin is liberated mainly into the lumen of the bowel. The relative sever-
The multimedia computer for office-based patient education: a systematic review

Use of the multimedia computer for education is widespread in schools and businesses, and yet computer-assisted patient education is rare. In order to explore the potential use of computer-assisted patient education in the office setting, we performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (search date April 2004 using MEDLINE and Cochrane databases). Of the 26 trials identified, outcome measures included clinical indicators (12/26, 46.1%), knowledge retention (12/26, 46.1%), health attitudes (15/26, 57.7%), level of shared decision-making (5/26, 19.2%), health services utilization (4/26, 17.6%), and costs (5/26, 19.2%), respectively. Four trials targeted patients with breast cancer, but the clinical issues were otherwise diverse. Reporting of the testing of randomization (76.9%) and appropriate analysis of main effect variables (70.6%) were more common than reporting of a reliable randomization process (35.3%), blinding of outcomes assessment (17.6%), or sample size definition (29.4%). We concluded that the potential for improving the efficiency of the office through computer-assisted patient education has been demonstrated, but better proof of the impact on clinical outcomes is warranted before this strategy is accepted in the office setting.
XYLAZINE AND KETAMINE-INDUCED GLYCOSURIA IN WHITE-TAILED DEER

This study documents glycosuria effects of xylazine and ketamine in eight captive and 19 free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from January to April 1985. Mean urinary glucose: creatinine ratios in two groups of deer fed high protein-high energy and low protein-low energy diets and in free-ranging deer were 1,000, 719, and 259, respectively. Glucose did not occur in urine of deer immobilized by physical restraint. Glucose: creatinine increased with the time interval between xylazine injection and urine collection in the two groups of captive deer.
Distributing versus focusing attention in visual short-term memory

Visual short-term memory (VSTM) is traditionally considered a robust form of visual memory resistant to interference from subsequent visual input. This study shows that the robustness of VSTM depends on the way attention is allocated in VSTM. When attention is distributed across multiple memory items, VSTM for these items is vulnerable to interference from subsequent input, including passively viewed images and the postchange testing displays. Yet attention can readjust its focus in VSTM on the basis of an attentional orienting cue presented long after encoding. When attention is oriented to a particular memorized item, the memory is resistant to subsequent interference. This effect, however, is eliminated when the subset of items demanding focal attention exceeds one, suggesting that orienting attention in VSTM is less flexible than orienting attention in perception. We propose that the robustness of VSTM is influenced by whether attention is focused or distributed in VSTM.