cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Into the West: The Story of Its People

When he was a teenager, growing up in New York, Walter Nugents only knowledge of the West came through Dragnet and B-movies, watching cops and villains speed along streets lined with palm trees. For many in the East, the Midwest, and the South, the Great West has remained terra incognita, a diverse, dynamic region with mythic origins and enormous influence over our culture and economics. With the benefit of an outsiders eyes, Nugent has constructed a new, unified history of the people of the West from earliest times to the present, answering why people came west and why, for the most part, they stayed. Because Nugent has conceived a social-demographic history ... a history of the people, not of their politics or other doings, he warns readers not to look for chapter breaks at 1776, 1865, or 1945--economic booms and depressions played a bigger role in the West than politicians and generals, it seems. Likewise, geography is contested, receiving knowing treatment as Nugent digs into whether the West is the Plains to the Pacific, or just Dodge City to the Sierras. Nugent successfully pursues broad themes, such as the regions rapid urbanization and its central role in the baby boom and the death of homesteading. But Into the West shows equal affection for the more personal stories, such as the extended conflict between Anglos and braceros in the Great Plains and the nascent rise of turn-of-the-century tourism (the Rock Island Railroad promised in 1903 that a month in California will do you more good than all the medicine in Christendom). -Paul Hughes
State-dependent learning with centrally and noncentrally active drugs

State-dependent learning has been studied in cases where differential responses are required under varying drug conditions and where some unitary response must be performed under varying conditions of drug and nondrug. In the former case, response dissociation is considered to be the result of the cue properties of drugs, while in the latter case it is believed to be a consequence of CNS modification of the neural circuits representing coded responses. The present study attempted to determine if the stimulus properties of a drug without direct CNS activities could produce dissociation in a nondifferential responses (conditioned avoidance) task. Results indicated that only with the centrally active agents chlorpromazine (2 mg/kg) and pentobarbital (20 mg/kg) could any appreciable dissociation be obtained. No dissociation was obtained with the ANS stimulant, 1-epinepherine, at dosages of either.125 mg/kg or.75 mg/kg. It, thus, appears that the production of state-dependent learning involving a unitary response depends on direct action of a drug on the CNS and not simply on the occurrence of some spectrum of peripheral nervous system reactions.
Mechanism of the Antipyretic Action of Glucocorticoids

These studies were designed to determine whether the antipyretic action of glucocorticoids is due 1) to inhibition of the formation or release of leukocytic pyrogen (L.P.) or 2) the suppression of the action of L.P. on the central nervous system. The pyrogenic response to endotoxin of adult New Zealand rabbits pretreated for 3 days with glucocorticoid is about that of saline controls. The pyrogenic response to L.P. of animals pretreated as above with glucocorticoidglucocorticoid is not significantly different from that of control animals. Rabbit buffy coat cells incubated with endotoxin and glucocorticoid produce significantly less L.P. than cells incubated with endotoxin alone. These studies suggest that glucocorticoids are antipyretic because they act on leukocytes to inhibit the formation and/or release of active leukocytic pyrogen. (Endocrinology 82: 195, 1968)
Interrelation of ethylene glycol, urea and water transport in the red cell

The reflection coefficient, sigma j, which measures the coupling between the jth solute and water transport across a semipermeable membrane, varies between 0 and 1.0. Values of sigma j significantly less than 1.0 provide irreversible thermodynamic proof that there is coupling between the transport of solute and solvent and thus that they share a common pathway. We have developed an improved method for measuring sigma and have used it to determine that sigma ethylene glycol = 0.71 +/- 0.03 and sigma urea = 0.65 +/- 0.03, in agreement with many, but not all, previous determinations. Since both of these values are significantly lower than 1.0, they show that there is a common ethylene glycol/water pathway and a common urea/water pathway. Addition of first one and then two methyl groups to urea increases sigma to 0.89 +/- 0.04 for methylurea and 0.98 +/- 0.4 for 1,3-dimethylurea, consistent with passage through an aqueous pore with a sharp cutoff in the 6-7 A region.
The maize epicuticular wax layer provides UV protection

As surface ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation levels increase due to the decline in the protective stratospheric ozone layer, ultraviolet radiation sunscreens will become more important for all plant species that grow in sunlight. Epicuticular waxes, which cover the aerial portions of all terrestrial plants, are ideally located to be sunscreens. The sun-screening ability of maize (Zea mays L.) epicuticular waxes was tested using the glossy1 mutant, which is specifically defective in juvenile wax production. A significant difference between the glossy1 mutant and wild type was seen in UV-induced leaf rolling and in some measurements of UV-induced DNA damage levels under enhanced UV. Isolated epicuticular wax layers absorbed significant amounts of UV, and leaves with wax absorbed more UV than leaves with little wax. Thus, by some measures, the epicuticular waxy layer acts as an ultraviolet radiation protectant in maize.
Genetic Effects on Postprandial Variations of Inflammatory Markers in Healthy Individuals

Circulating levels of inflammatory markers predict the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), mediated perhaps in part by dietary fat intake, through mechanisms only partially understood. To evaluate post-fat load changes in inflammatory markers and genetic influences on these changes, we administered a standardized high-fat meal to 838 related Amish subjects as part of the Heredity and Phenotype Intervention (HAPI) Heart Study and measured a panel of inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -9 (MMP-1 and MMP-9), and white blood cell (WBC) count, before and 4 h after fat challenge (CRP prechallenge only). Heritabilities (h(2) +/- s.d.) of basal inflammatory levels ranged from 16 +/- 8% for MMP-9 (P = 0.02) to 90 +/- 7% for MMP-1 (P < 0.0001). Post-fat load, circulating levels of WBC, MMP-1, and MMP-9 increased by 16, 32, and 43% (all P < 0.0001), with no significant changes in IL-1beta. Postprandial changes over the 4-h period were modestly heritable for WBC (age- and sex-adjusted h(2) = 14 +/- 9%, P = 0.04), but the larger MMP-1 and MMP-9 changes appeared to be independent of additive genetic effects. These results reveal that a high-fat meal induces a considerable inflammatory response. Genetic factors appear to play a significant role influencing basal inflammatory levels but to have minimal influence on post-fat intake inflammatory changes.
Experimental and Computational Studies of Jet Fuel Flow near the Freeze Point

To study the flow behavior of jet fuel at low temperatures, a wing-tank thermal simulator, which represents the fuel tank of a commercial aircraft, was fabricated. The simulator was subjected to cooling in an environmental chamber. Experimental results show that fuel flowability and pumpability decrease substantially as temperature is reduced. Time-dependent temperature and velocity distributions were numerically simulated for static cooling. Viscosities were obtained from viscometer measurements using different jet fuel samples. It was observed that near the freeze-point temperature, low freeze-point fuels tend to have higher viscosities than high freeze-point fuels. Measured viscosities were used in computational-fluid-dynamics simulations of jet fuel that was cooled. The calculations show that stringers, ribs, and other structures strongly promote fuel cooling. Also, the cooler, denser fuel resides near the bottom surface of the fuel tank simulator. The presence of an ullage space within the tank was found to strongly influence the fuel temperature profile by sometimes reducing cooling from the upper surface. In other instances, the ullage space enhanced cooling.
Disturbances of noradrenergic systems in normal weight bulimia: relationship to diet and menses.

Abstract Several lines of evidence suggest that noradrenergic (NE) disturbances occur in normal-weight bulimic patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that may be related to noradrenergic disturbances. First, we measured plasma NE during bingeing and vomiting. We found that this behavior activated the sympathetic nervous system. Bingeing produced a significant increase in the duration and the peak increase of plasma NE when compared with normal controls eating a large meal. Second, we assessed basal peripheral and central NE levels near in time (within several days of hospital admission) to chronic bingeing and vomiting. At this time, bulimics had normal basal plasma and CSF NE levels. Finally, we restudied the same patients after 30 days of inpacient hospitalization and observed abstinence from bingeing and vomiting. In this last state, bulimics had a reduction of basal plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NE levels compared with themselves on admission and compared with healthy controls. This study confirms that reduced noradrenergic activity occurs in normal-weight bulimic women and suggests that this abnormality may emerge during abstinence from bingeing. We hypothesize that dietary intake is related to noradrenergic activity, but cause and effect remain uncertain. Noradrenergic disturbances did not appear to be related to weight, depression, physical activity, or amino acid precursors. Lower CSF NE levels were found in amenorrheic bulimic women in both states, suggesting that a noradrenergic disturbance may be associated with the frequent incidence of amenorrhea in bulimic women.
Building a retinal mosaic: cell-fate decision in the fly eye.

Across the animal kingdom, color discrimination is achieved by comparing the outputs of photoreceptor cells (PRs) that have different spectral sensitivities. Much remains to be understood about how the pattern of these different PRs is generated and maintained. The Drosophila eye has long provided a beautiful system for understanding various aspects of retinal-cell differentiation. Recent progress in this field is revealing that a highly ordered series of events, involving cell–cell communication, localized signaling and stochastic choices, creates a complex mosaic of PRs that is reminiscent of the human retina. Notably, several of the factors used in generating the retinal mosaic of the fruitfly have corresponding functions in vertebrates that are likely to have similar roles.
Optimal control strategy for HVAC system in building energy management

Heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems have played an important role in building energy and comfort management. It is designed to provide a relatively constant and comfortable temperature in buildings and provide fresh and filtered air with a comfortable humidity level. In this paper, an optimal control strategy is proposed to control the HVAC system for maintaining building's indoor environment with high energy efficiency. The control strategy utilized swarm intelligence to determine the amount of energy dispatched to each equipment in the HVAC system. In order to study the impact of HVAC system operations in the indoor environment, both the building model and HVAC equipment models are developed. A case study is carried out to simulate the real time control process in a specified building environment.
Generalized form of Price's theorem and its converse

The case of n unity-variance random variables x_{1}, x_{2},\cdots, x_{n} governed by the joint probability density w(x_{1}, x_{2}, \cdots x_{n}) is considered, where the density depends on the (normalized) cross-covariances \rho_{ij} = E [(x_{i}- \bar{x}_{i})(x_{j} - \bar{x}_{j})] . It is shown that the condition (^{\ast}) \frac{\delta}{\delta \rho_{ij}}\{E[f(x_{1}, x_{2}, \cdots , x_{n})\} = E|\frac{\delta^{2}}{\delta x_{i} \delta x_{j}}f(x_{1}, x_{2}, \cdots , x_{n})| \mbox{(i\neq j)} holds for an "arbitrary" function f(x_{1}, x_{2}, \cdots , x_{n}) of n variables if and only if the underlying density w(x_{1}, x_{2}, \cdots , x_{n}) is the usual n -dimensional Gaussian density for correlated random variables. This result establishes a generalized form of Price's theorem in which: 1) the relevant condition (^{\ast}) subsumes Price's original condition; 2) the proof is accomplished without appeal to Laplace integral expansions; and 3) conditions referring to derivatives with respect to diagonal terms \rho_{ij} are avoided, so that the unity variance assumption can be retained.
Fever and malnutrition: endogenous pyrogen/interleukin-1 in malnourished patients

The effect of protein-calorie malnutrition on the release of endogenous pyrogen/ interleukin-l (EP/IL-l), the protein responsible for the induction of fever, was investigated in 18 hospitalized patients with chronic malnutrition. Monocytes from the 18 patients and from 19 healthy controls were cultured overnight after stimulation with Staphylococcus epidermidis. The presence of EP/IL-1 was tested by injecting culture into rabbits and measuring the maximum febrile response (�Tmax). Malnourished patients produced significantly less EP/IL-l than controls (iTmax = 0.27 ± 0.04#{176}C for patients vs 0.49 ± 0.03#{176}C for controls, p <0.001). The poor febrile response in the malnourished patients was related to low serum albumin and retinol-binding protein, but not to thyroxine-binding albumin or lymphocyte number. This abnormality may help explain the poor febrile response often noted in hospitalized debilitated patients. Am J C/inNuir 1986;44: 449-452.
Extremely high coupling and transmission of high-powered-femtosecond pulses in hollow-core photonic

Amplified femtosecond laser pulses are coupled through a hollow-core photonic band-gap fiber with efficiencies greater than 98%. Peak power intensities greater than 1014 W/cm2 are achieved inside the fiber core.
An Event-related fMRI Study of Artificial Grammar Learning in a Balanced Chunk Strength Design

Artificial grammar learning (Reber, 1967) is a form of implicit learning in which cognitive, rather than motor, implicit learning has been found. After viewing a series of letter strings formed according to a finite state rule system, people are able to classify new letter strings as to whether or not they are formed according to these grammatical rules despite little conscious insight into the rule structure. Previous research has shown that these classification judgments are based on knowledge of abstract rules as well as superficial similarity ("chunk strength") to training strings. Here we used event-related fMRI to identify neural regions involved in using both sources of information as test stimuli were designed to unconfound chunk strength from rule use. Using functional connectivity analyses, the extent to which the sources of information are complementary or competitive was also assessed. Activation in the right caudate was associated with rule adherence, whereas medial temporal lobe activations were associated with chunk strength. Additionally, functional connectivity analyses revealed caudate and medial temporal lobe activations to be strongly negatively correlated (r= -.88) with one another during the performance of this task.
A Novel Phytase with Sequence Similarity to Purple Acid Phosphatases Is Expressed in Cotyledons of Germinating Soybean Seedlings

Phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) is the major storage form of phosphorus in plant seeds. During germination, stored reserves are used as a source of nutrients by the plant seedling. Phytic acid is degraded by the activity of phytases to yield inositol and free phosphate. Due to the lack of phytases in the non-ruminant digestive tract, monogastric animals cannot utilize dietary phytic acid and it is excreted into manure. High phytic acid content in manure results in elevated phosphorus levels in soil and water and accompanying environmental concerns. The use of phytases to degrade seed phytic acid has potential for reducing the negative environmental impact of livestock production. A phytase was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from cotyledons of germinated soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.). Peptide sequence data generated from the purified enzyme facilitated the cloning of the phytase sequence (GmPhy) employing a polymerase chain reaction strategy. The introduction of GmPhy into soybean tissue culture resulted in increased phytase activity in transformed cells, which confirmed the identity of the phytase gene. It is surprising that the soybean phytase was unrelated to previously characterized microbial or maize (Zea mays) phytases, which were classified as histidine acid phosphatases. The soybean phytase sequence exhibited a high degree of similarity to purple acid phosphatases, a class of metallophosphoesterases.
Antibody library screens using detergent-solubilized mammalian cell lysates as antigen sources

High-throughput generation of antibodies against cellular components is currently a challenge in proteomics, therapeutic development and other biological applications. It is particularly challenging to raise antibodies that target membrane proteins due to their insolubility in aqueous solutions. To address these issues, a yeast display library of human single-chain antibody fragments (scFvs) was efficiently screened directly against detergent-solubilized and biotinylated lysates of a target cell line, thereby avoiding issues with membrane protein insolubility and eliminating the need for heterologous expression or purification of antigens. Antibody clones that specifically bind plasma membrane proteins or intracellular proteins were identified, depending on the biotinylation method applied. Antibodies against a predetermined target could also be identified using cell lysate as an antigen source as demonstrated by selecting an scFv against the transferrin receptor (TfR). When secreted from yeast and purified, the selected scFvs are active under physiological conditions in the absence of detergents. In addition, this method allows facile characterization of target antigens because it is compatible with yeast display immunoprecipitation. We expect that this method will prove useful for multiplex affinity reagent generation and in targeted antibody screens.
Molecular control of vertebrate iron homeostasis by iron regulatory proteins

Both deficiencies and excesses of iron represent major public health problems throughout the world. Understanding the cellular and organismal processes controlling iron homeostasis is critical for identifying iron-related diseases and in advancing the clinical treatments for such disorders of iron metabolism. Iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) 1 and 2 are key regulators of vertebrate iron metabolism. These RNA binding proteins post-transcriptionally control the stability or translation of mRNAs encoding proteins involved in iron homeostasis thereby controlling the uptake, utilization, storage or export of iron. Recent evidence provides insight into how IRPs selectively control the translation or stability of target mRNAs, how IRP RNA binding activity is controlled by iron-dependent and iron-independent effectors, and the pathological consequences of dysregulation of the IRP system.
NGS Second Generation ASCII and Binary Orbit Formats and Associated Interpolation Studies

In 1985 the NGS introduced GPS orbit formats and weekly orbit products based on those formats. The products are very specific regarding contents, epoch interval, and arc length; however, the formats are general. The formats permit any start time, any epoch interval, any number of epochs, and any number of satellites. These formats also accommodate partial orbital data for one or more satellites. These formats come In ASCII and binary and comprise either position data or position and velocity data. Although these formats have been used for 6–7 years and have been well received by the GPS community, it was decided that they would be enhanced to include satellite clock information. The 1985 (first generation) orbital formats and products will continue to be valid.
Sudden Unexpected Infant Death: A Compassionate Forensic Approach to Care

Sudden unexpected infant death (SUID), and more specifically sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), is the leading cause of death of infants outside of the neonatal period in the United States. In approximately 10%-20% of cases of SUID a specific cause of death is identified. In the majority of cases, however, a thorough investigation including autopsy, examination of the death scene and a review of the clinical history fails to identify a specific cause of death and a diagnosis of SIDS is made. The possible causes of SIDS are numerous, and to date, there is no adequate unifying pathological or genetic explanation. All families of young infants should be counseled on the known modifiable risk factors of SIDS and SUIDS including safe sleep environment, smoking, and pacifier use. Responding to a SUID in the emergency department presents challenges from an emotional, cultural, procedural and legal perspective. A team-based approach to provide family-centered care that is personal, individualized, compassionate and culturally sensitive is recommended.
Robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: an athermal anterior approach to the seminal vesicle dissection

The seminal vesicles, particularly the lateral aspect and tips, are among the closest structures to the cavernous nerves and pelvic plexus. Given this proximity it is essential that the seminal vesicle dissection be performed in an athermal and atraumatic fashion during robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP). Traditionally the seminal vesicle dissection during RALP is performed by dividing the vas deferens and following it proximally to locate the tip of the seminal vesicle. Here we describe a modification to the traditional anterior approach to seminal vesicle dissection. Our modification allows the dissection to be performed athermally and efficiently with use of minimal traction. The dissection proceeds medially between the two terminal vas deferens to identify the medial surface of one of the seminal vesicles. This medial surface is avascular and can be developed easily along the length of the vesicle using blunt dissection. Once its tip is identified it is elevated with the fourth arm medially between the two vas deferens. The ipsilateral vas can then be clipped and divided below the level of the elevated seminal vesicle. The vascular supply to the seminal vesicle is then simply identified entering the lateral aspect of its tip. A hemolock clip is placed directly beneath the tip of the seminal vesicle to control its vasculature. The remainder of the dissection can be performed with sharp dissection. Using this technique the seminal vesicle can be excised entirely with minimal traction and no thermal energy. By elevating the tip medially away from the location of the pelvic plexus and cavernous nerves, inadvertent damage to these neural structures is avoided when placing the hemolock clips.
Reactive ion etching of PbZr1−x TixO3 and RuO2 films by environmentally safe gases

A new process for the reactive ion etching (RIE) of both PbZr1−x TixO3 (PZT) thin films and RuO2 electrodes is presented, employing etching gases with low ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP). The etching process has been investigated as a function of etching time, discharge power density, chamber pressure, and additive gas. Etch rates were in the range of 250–650 A/min and 100–400 A/min for PZT and RuO2, respectively. A large etch selectivity between PZT and RuO2 was optimized. Etched surfaces exhibited smooth morphologies. Furthermore, the ferroelectric properties of PZT were not altered significantly by the etching process. A surface residue containing Cl and F was found after etching, but this organic substance was totally removed by an after-etch bake. In addition, the etched profile of the PZT films was studied through SEM.
Tree mortality in the eastern and central United States: patterns and drivers

Substantial uncertainty surrounds how forest ecosystems will respond to the simultaneous impacts of multiple global change drivers. Long-term forest dynamics are sensitive to changes in tree mortality rates; however, we lack an understanding of the relative importance of the factors that affect tree mortality across different spatial and temporal scales. We used the US Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis database to evaluate the drivers of tree mortality for eastern temperate forest at the individual-level across spatial scales from tree to landscape to region. We investigated 13 covariates in four categories: climate, air pollutants, topography, and stand characteristics. Overall, we found that tree mortality was most sensitive to stand characteristics and air pollutants. Different functional groups also varied considerably in their sensitivity to environmental drivers. This research highlights the importance of considering the interactions among multiple global change agents in shaping forest ecosystems.
Parenting style, gender, beer drinking and drinking problems of college students

Background and Purpose . Many college students and young adults in various parts of the world have difficulty with drinking too much alcohol and are at-risk for alcohol use disorders. A permissive parenting style and beer drinking are risk factors for alcohol abuse among late adolescents and young adults. Methods. This study examined the indirect relations between permissive parenting (measured with the Parental Authority Questionnaire, PAQ) and Alcohol Use Identification Test (AUDIT, 2 nd edition) scores via beer drinking frequency (measured with the Student Alcohol Questionnaire, SAQ) among a sample of college students (ages 18 to 23) in the North-east region of the United States. In addition, the indirect relation between gender and AUDIT scores via beer drinking frequency were also examined through Structural Equation Modeling. Results. As predicted, students of permissive parents drank more beer and this was associated with more alcohol related problems. Likewise, young women drank significantly less beer than young men and this was associated with fewer alcohol dependence symptoms and healthier drinking habits. Conclusion . This study builds upon a number of studies that have found that beer drinking is potentially more problematic than wine drinking (and to some extent, liquor drinking) among young adults. Findings suggest that reducing beer drinking frequency, especially among boys, may be an intermediate target for future parenting intervention studies that aim to prevent alcohol use disorders.Â
Muscles of mice deficient in α-sarcoglycan maintain large masses and near control force values throughout the life span

α-Sarcoglycan-deficient (Sgca-null) mice provide potential for elucidating the pathogenesis of limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2D (LGMD 2D) as well as for studying the effectiveness of therapeu...
A novel role for histone chaperones CAF‐1 and Rtt106p in heterochromatin silencing

The histone chaperones CAF-1 and Rtt106p are required for heterochromatin silencing in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although it has been suggested that CAF-1 is involved in the maintenance of heterochromatin silencing, their exact functions during this process are not well understood. Here, we show that CAF-1 and Rtt106p are involved in the early stages of heterochromatin formation. The binding of Sir proteins to telomeric heterochromatin is significantly reduced and, additionally, Sir proteins are mislocalized in cells lacking CAF-1 and Rtt106p. At the HMR locus, CAF-1 and Rtt106p are required for the initial recruitment of Sir2p and Sir3p, but not Sir4p, to the HMR-E silencer, where silencing initiates, as well as the efficient spreading of all of these Sir proteins to the distal a1 gene. Moreover, silencing at the HMR locus is dramatically reduced in cells lacking CAF-1, Rtt106p, and Sir1p. Thus, these studies reveal a novel role for CAF-1 and Rtt106p in epigenetic silencing and indicate that the spreading of heterochromatin, a poorly understood process, requires histone chaperones.
Accurate frequency-domain modeling and efficient circuit simulation of high-speed packaging interconnects

The paper describes an efficient frequency-domain modeling and simulation method of a coupled interconnect system using scattering parameters. First, low-order rational approximations of the multiport scattering parameters are derived over a wide frequency range using a robust interpolation technique. The method applies frequency normalization, shift, and Householder QR orthogonalization to improve the stability and the accuracy when solving the resulting systems of equations. For interconnects characterized with frequency-dependent parasitic parameters, the order of the rational of approximation is reduced by using appropriate reference system. Then, the generated multiport pole-residue models are incorporated into a circuit simulator using recursive convolution. Thus, the method avoids explicit convolution, numerical transform, and artificial filtering of a large number of points that are often necessary in conventional approaches. Examples with experimental and simulated results are given to illustrate the method.
Challenges and opportunities for transportation: Implementation of the clean air act amendments of 1990 and the intermodal surface transportation efficiency act of 1991

The Federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) may be the most powerful of all environmental laws affecting transportation. They are intended to significantly affect transportation decision-making, not only to achieve air quality goals but also to affect broader environmental goals related to land use, travel mode choice, and reductions in vehicle miles traveled. The CAAA require greater integration of transportation and air quality planning, and assign a greater responsibility to transportation plans and programs for reducing mobile source emissions. By expanding the requirements for determining the conformity of transportation plans, programs, and projects with State Implementation Plans for air quality, and by expanding the use of highway funding sanctions to enforce those requirements, the CAAA ensure a continuing linkage between transportation and environmental goals.
Mitochondrial disease genes COA6, COX6B and SCO2 have overlapping roles in COX2 biogenesis

Biogenesis of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, is a complex process facilitated by several assembly factors. Pathogenic mutations were recently reported in one such assembly factor, COA6, and our previous work linked Coa6 function to mitochondrial copper metabolism and expression of Cox2, a copper-containing subunit of CcO. However, the precise role of Coa6 in Cox2 biogenesis remained unknown. Here we show that yeast Coa6 is an orthologue of human COA6, and like Cox2, is regulated by copper availability, further implicating it in copper delivery to Cox2. In order to place Coa6 in the Cox2 copper delivery pathway, we performed a comprehensive genetic epistasis analysis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and found that simultaneous deletion of Coa6 and Sco2, a mitochondrial copper metallochaperone, or Coa6 and Cox12/COX6B, a structural subunit of CcO, completely abrogates Cox2 biogenesis. Unlike Coa6 deficient cells, copper supplementation fails to rescue Cox2 levels of these double mutants. Overexpression of Cox12 or Sco proteins partially rescues the coa6Δ phenotype, suggesting their overlapping but non-redundant roles in copper delivery to Cox2. These genetic data are strongly corroborated by biochemical studies demonstrating physical interactions between Coa6, Cox2, Cox12 and Sco proteins. Furthermore, we show that patient mutations in Coa6 disrupt Coa6-Cox2 interaction, providing the biochemical basis for disease pathogenesis. Taken together, these results place COA6 in the copper delivery pathway to CcO and, surprisingly, link it to a previously unidentified function of CcO subunit Cox12 in Cox2 biogenesis.
Optimality and D’arcy Thompson’s Theory of Transformations

In the last chapter of his monumental book On Growth and Form, to which extensive reference has already been made, D’Arcy Thompson put forward what he considered to be a general analytical approach to the study of organic form in closely related species. His approach is very easy to state, and was basically this: if one begins with a given kind of biological form as an initial standard of reference, and regards this initial form as being embedded in a system of rectangular cartesian coordinates, then each form sufficiently closely related to the first can be considered as arising from a continuous deformation of the original co-ordinate system.
Clusters of Bibliographic References: A Brief Case Study

Hans—Hermann Bock’s work includes many summaries and reviews of his own and others’ work in classification and clustering. These summaries are uniformly thorough, well-organized, and elegantly written. Many authors find the process of organizing such summaries and reviews frustrating and difficult. In this article we explore via a case study whether some sort of clustering process could help organize reviews and review sections of papers, perhaps to raise questions, suggest categories, or otherwise facilitate the development of papers. Professor Bock evidently has no need of such a tool, but the rest of us may find the possibility intriguing.
Nonequilibrium Atomic Limit for Transport and Optical Response of Molecular Junctions

Theoretical tools employed in ab initio simulations in the field of molecular electronics combine methods of quantum chemistry and mesoscopic physics. Traditionally these methods are formulated in the language of effective single-particle orbitals. We argue that in many cases of practical importance a formulation in the language of many-body states is preferable. We review methods of the nonequilibrium atomic limit and our contributions to their development and applications. In particular, model and ab initio simulations of quantum transport and optical response in molecular junctions illustrate the convenience and importance of the methodology. Results of ab initio simulations are compared with experimental data.
Why Do Countries Differ in Their Rates of Outbound Student Mobility

International student mobility has increased rapidly since 1975. This article examined country differences in outbound student mobility and the correlates of those differences. Previous studies have addressed this question but differ in their conclusions depending on whether they focus on factors associated with student outflows or inflows. UNESCO data were used to examine student outflows from 190 countries and evaluate the merits of the constrained-schooling thesis, which holds that students go abroad because they lack study opportunities at home. Ordinary least squares regression models estimated the relative importance of country structural factors in shaping the country’s outbound mobility ratios. The models showed that outbound student mobility was negatively and significantly related to sending country tertiary supply but not to tertiary demand net of other factors. Countries with large populations had fewer students abroad, but small ones had significantly more students abroad if they had less ter...
Collaboration, Interruptions and Setup Times: Model and Empirical Study of Hospitalist Workload

Collaboration is important in services, but may lead to interruptions. Professionals exercise discretion on whether to preempt individual tasks to switch to collaborative tasks. Task switching can introduce setup times, often mental and unobservable, when resuming the preempted task and thus can increase workload.We analyze and quantify how collaboration, through interruptions and setup times, affects workload. We introduce an episodal workflow model that captures the interruption dynamics — each switch and the episode of work it preempts — present in settings where collaboration and multitasking is paramount. We then deploy the model in a field study of hospital medicine physicians — “hospitalists.” A hospitalist’s patient-care routine includes visiting patients and consulting with other caregivers to guide patient diagnosis and treatment.A rigorous empirical analysis is presented using a dataset assembled from direct observation of physician activity and pager-log data. We estimate that a hospitalist incurs a total setup time of 5min per patient per day, which represents a significant 20% of the workload: caring for 14 patients per day, a hospitalist spends more than one hour each day on setups. Switches causally lead to longer documentation time in general but the magnitude of the effect depends on the trigger: when the switch is triggered by the hospitalist the setup time is smaller.
To Improve Driveability of the Vehicle with Electronic Throttle Control by Calibraiton

Mechanical throttle body models,a stepper motor on the mechanical throttle body.Calibration function of the drivability module ANTI-JEK and DASHPOT,need to adjust the ignition angle to achieve fast response,this method is low efficiency of the ignition and fuel economy is poor.Engine management system through the electronic throttle body control to adjust the feed rate,the torque can quickly respond to demand.Meanwhile,the ignition angle set for best value,can be reaching good driveability while increasing fuel economy.This method has very good effect in the real vehicle drivability calibration.
Fossil Giraffidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Lee Adoyta, Ledi-Geraru, and Late Pliocene Dietary Evolution in Giraffids from the Lower Awash Valley, Ethiopia

The giraffid fossils recovered from ~ 2.8–2.6 million year old (Ma) sediments from Lee Adoyta, Ledi-Geraru, Ethiopia, are described here. Sivatherium maurusium and Giraffa cf. G. gracilis are the two identified taxa, with the former being more abundant than the latter. We interpret this skew of relative abundance to be of paleoenvironmental significance, as Sivatherium is rare and Giraffa is common in the adjacent, but older sediments of the Hadar Formation at Hadar (~ 3.4 to 2.95 Ma), which was characterized by wooded and well-watered habitats through most of its sequence. Stable carbon isotope analyses show that Giraffa remained an obligate browser throughout the lower Awash Valley (LAV) sequence while Sivatherium underwent a dietary transition from a browser in the Hadar Formation to a grazer at Lee Adoyta. This dietary shift in Sivatherium reflects local environmental change through time in the LAV as open habitats spread during the late Pliocene. A compilation of isotopic data from other sites in eastern Africa shows that the LAV dietary shift in Sivatherium occurred roughly one million years earlier than in the Turkana Basin, Kenya, reflecting a spatiotemporally staggered expansion of C4 vegetation across eastern Africa.
Multilayered Ferromagnetic Polymer Composite Structures for High-Density Power Inductors

This paper presents the modeling, design, processing, and characterization of a new class of multilayered ferromagnetic polymer composite structures for high-density power inductor applications. The multilayered composite structures comprise high-permeability, high saturation magnetization ( $M_{s} > 0.5$ T), and low-coercivity magnetic layers stacked with ultra-thin polymer adhesives. The adhesive acts as an an insulating layer to reduce eddy current losses while also enabling high permeabilities at higher operating frequencies. Fundamental material models were used to design the composite structures to achieve a permeability of above 500 in the frequency range of 1–10 MHz. A new adhesive coating and layering process was developed to achieve thicker composite structures in a single lamination step for increasing the inductance density and power handling. The frequency-dependent effective permeability of the composite structure was estimated from the measurement and analysis of $S_{11}$ parameters from a shorted strip transmission line using a vector network analyzer. The fabricated composite structures showed a permeability of $\sim 500$ , saturation magnetization of 0.6 T, and a coercivity of 4.4 Oe at 10 MHz. Such composite structures with excellent magnetic properties can be used to design power inductors in the 1–10-MHz frequency range.
Design of Clinical Development Programs

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the clinical drug development process, which includes the clinical proof of mechanism, the clinical proof of concept, and the characterization of clinical safety. Phase I includes first-in-human trials that provide information about the safety (tolerability) and pharmacokinetics (PK) of a new drug. Phase II consists of small trials in individuals with the illness to be treated. The goals of Phase II trials are to provide either a proof of mechanism or a proof of the hypothesized therapeutic concept, identify the patient population in which the new drug appears to work, and determine an appropriate dose regimen for subsequent large-scale trials. Two key resources for input into the design of a successful clinical development program are the corresponding therapeutic Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Guidance and the publicly available reviews by FDA reviewers for previously approved drugs. Objective 1 of clinical development focuses on understanding the factors that influence the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of a new drug, as well as the relationship between drug concentrations in various body fluids or organs and the observed pharmacological effects. Objective 2 entails the assessment of a new drug to determine what types of clinical side effects can be expected and in which patient populations, at what doses and dose durations, and whether the side effects are reversible and, if so, after how long. The critical clinical drug development decision points are also elaborated in the chapter.
Overview of Serum Uric Acid Treatment Targets in Gout: Why Less Than 6 mg/dL?

ABSTRACTGout is a progressive, painful, debilitating form of inflammatory arthritis. It is caused by factors that elevate the concentration of serum uric acid (sUA), leading to hyperuricemia (sUA >6.8 mg/dL). Continued elevated sUA can result in monosodium urate (MSU) crystal deposition in joints and soft tissues, and can cause acute and chronic inflammation. The prevalence of hyperuricemia and gout has increased over the last few decades, likely due to an aging population, changes in lifestyles and diet, and an increase in gout-associated comorbidities. Untreated or improperly treated gout can lead to chronic manifestation of the disease, including persistent inflammation, increased number of flares, development of tophi, and structural joint damage. Data show that even when patients are asymptomatic, ongoing inflammation and subsequent damage occurs locally at the joint and systemically. The aim of long-term treatment of gout is to reduce sUA levels to <6 mg/dL, which is below the saturation point of MS...
Use of Welch-Satterthwaite Approximation in Calibration of Voltage Standards

Equations that predict mean voltage and uncertainty in voltage are used in certifying banks of solid state voltage standards. Application of the Welch-Satterthwaite Approximation can greatly decrease the number of calibrations required to provide satisf..
Reaping the benefits of meaningful work: The mediating versus moderating role of work engagement.

This study examined whether meaningful work may improve one's quality of life outside of the workplace (i.e., work-to-life enrichment). More importantly, we proposed and tested competing hypotheses regarding the role of work engagement in the relationship between meaningful work and work-to-life enrichment. Specifically, we investigated whether work engagement served as a mediator of this relationship, as suggested by the job demands-resources model, or instead a moderator, as suggested by conservation of resources theory. Two-wave survey data were collected from 194 respondents recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Analyses showed that meaningful work was positively related to work-to-life enrichment over time (i.e., 3 months later). Additionally, work engagement mediated but did not moderate the relationship between meaningful work at Time 1 and work-to-life enrichment at Time 2. We suggest that organizations foster a sense of meaningfulness in employees to facilitate engagement and in turn enrich employees' lives beyond the workplace. Therefore, not only organizations, but individuals as well may reap the benefits of meaningful work.
Molecular Insights into Glass Transition in Condensed Core Asphaltenes

Glass transition in a condensed core asphaltene model was investigated using molecular dynamics simulations performed in the isobaric–isothermal ensemble. Glass transition temperature obtained from the discontinuities in the slope of specific volume versus temperature plots was in close agreement with experimental results reported in the literature. These discontinuities also correspond to those in isothermal compressibility versus temperature plots. In this paper, we separate the contributions of aliphatic and aromatic regions of the asphaltene molecule to the glass transition behavior. We demonstrate that the aliphatic chains contribute significantly to volumetric changes and impose restrictions to the molecular orientations. Glass transition is accompanied by breaking of π–π stacking of the asphaltene molecule. Therefore, the size of the fused aromatic region in the condensed core determines the strength of intermolecular interactions and the glass transition temperature Tg.
Design of a linearly polarized K/Ka/V-band high power feed manifold for Luneburg lens

This paper presents design and experimental characterization of a compact quad ridged horn antenna operating over 18–45 GHz with a stabilized phase center position. Compact aperture enables assembling into a feed manifold for the less than 3″ diameter Luneburg lens. Phase center is stabilized by using sin2 ridges profile. The horn is fabricated by means of additive direct metal laser sintering method. Measurements of stand-alone and curvilinear manifold configurations confirm expected performance.
Trust-region methods for nonconvex sparse recovery optimization

We solve the l 2 -l p sparse recovery problem by transforming the objective function into an unconstrained differentiable function and apply a limited-memory trust-region method. Unlike gradient projection-type methods, which uses only the current gradient, our approach uses gradients from previous iterations to obtain a more accurate Hessian approximation. Preliminary numerical experiments with simulated compressive sensing 1D data are provided to illustrate that our proposed approach eliminates spurious solutions more effectively while improving the computational time to converge in comparison to standard approaches.
Preliminary Validation of the Subjective Academic Problems Scale: A New Tool to Aid in Triaging School Mental Health Screening Results:

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the preliminary structural, convergent, and incremental classification validity of responses to the Subjective Academic Problems Scale (SAPS), wh...