cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of an Adhesion Site within the Syndecan-4 Extracellular Protein Domain

Abstract The syndecan family of cell surface proteoglycans regulates cell adhesion and growth factor signaling by binding components of the extracellular matrix and growth factors. To date, all known ligand interactions are via the covalently attached glycosaminoglycan chains. To assay for potential extracellular interactions via the core proteins directly, the recombinant extracellular domain of syndecan-4 (S4ED), one of the four syndecan family members, was tested as a substratum for the attachment of mammalian cells. Human foreskin fibroblasts bind to mouse S4ED, and both mouse and chicken S4ED can block this binding, with 50% inhibition observed between 0.1 and 1 × 10−7 m. The extracellular domain of another syndecan family member, syndecan-1, fails to compete for cell binding to mouse S4ED. Amino acids 56–109 of the 120-amino acid mouse S4ED compete fully, suggesting that the cell binding domain is within this region. The ability of syndecan-4 to interact with molecules at the cell surface via its core protein as well as its glycosaminoglycan chains may uniquely regulate the formation of cell surface signaling complexes following engagement of this proteoglycan with its extracellular ligands.
Normalization of venous pH, pCO2, and bicarbonate levels after blockade of panic attacks

Recent evidence suggests that hyperventilation may be associated with spontaneous panic attacks in patients with panic disorder. This is reflected in abnormal patterns of blood gas and blood pH levels in these patients. In this study, absolute levels and variances of pH, pCO2, and bicarbonate were compared between controlled patients before and after successful pharmacological treatment. The results indicate that successful treatment of panic disorder results in a normalization of pH, pCO2, and bicarbonate levels.
The form and distribution of GABAergic synapses on the principal cell types of the ventral cochlear nucleus of the cat

The distribution of GABAergic endings was examined histochemically in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) of the cat using an antibody to glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for GABA. Immunoreactive (GAD+) endings appeared in all subdivisions of the cat VCN. Each of the principal cell types had a characteristic labeling pattern, based on the size, concentration, and distribution of GAD+ endings on its soma. Spherical bushy cell somata were typically contacted by many small (less than 1.5 microns in diameter) and medium-sized (1.5-2 microns in diameter) endings, many of which aggregated into tight clusters. Globular bushy cells had a similar pattern, but the clusters of GAD+ endings were less tightly packed. Reactive endings on stellate cells were more evenly distributed. GAD+ endings on octopus cells were larger (up to 2.5 microns in diameter) than those on the bushy cells and tended to aggregate into small clusters or rows on the somata and dendrites. Reactive endings contained small pleomorphic vesicles and formed symmetrical synaptic contacts on each of the cell types examined. The patterns formed by GAD+ endings on each type of neuron resemble those of certain types of non-cochlear axons previously described with the Golgi methods as projecting from the dorsal cochlear nucleus and the trapezoid body.
Study of the Sasakawa approach to two-particle scattering

It is shown that the Kowalski formulation of the Sasakawa approach to potential scattering can be used as the basis for a momentum-space formulation of the theory of the Jost function. Two examples are presented for which the Kowalski equations can be solved in closed form. One example is a separable potential, and the other is the exponential potential. The separable potential illustrates the fact that the series obtained by iterating Kowalski's equations does not always converge. The exponential potential provides a verification of Coester's proof that the iteration series does converge for a certain class of local potentials of arbitrary strength. The practicality of Kowalski's equations are demonstrated by using them to calculate the phase shifts and half-off-shell $T$ matrix that are produced by the Reid potential in some of the uncoupled states of the two-nucleon system.
Role of GTP-binding protein in histamine release from mast cells.

It is my great pleasure and honor to participate in this special symposium in honor of Dr. Elmer Becker. On this memorable occasion I would like to present our recent studies on the possible role of guanine nucleotide (GTP)-binding protein in mediator release from mast cells. Mast cells and basophils are target cells for IgE and the reaction of cell-bound IgE antibodies with multivalent antigen results in the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators (1). The same mediators are also released by various IgEindependent stimuli (2). Analysis of biochemical events involved in the mediator release revealed that the activation of various membrane-associated enzymes appears to be involved in the transduction of triggering signals (3-7). The results also suggest that enzymes involved in the mediator release are different depending on stimuli (8). Recent studies on hormonal regulation of adenylate cyclase resulted in the discovery of a pair of GTP-binding regulatory proteins. Receptors for various hormones link to one of the two GTP-binding proteins Gs or Gi, which mediates either the activation (Gs) or inhibition (Gi) of adenylate cyclase (9). It was demonstrated that pertussis toxin (PT) induces the ADP ribosylation of the cx subunit of Gi (Gia ) (10, 1 l), while cholera toxin ADP ribosylates Gsa (12, 13). Accumulated evidence also suggests that GTP-binding regulatory proteins are involved in the signal transduction in various types of cells (14-17). In view of these observations, we studied the possible participation of GTPbinding proteins in the mediator release from mast cells and basophils.
Two-body recombination in a quantum-mechanical lattice gas: Entropy generation and probing of short-range magnetic correlations

We study entropy generation in a one-dimensional (1D) model of bosons in an optical lattice experiencing two-particle losses. Such heating is a major impediment to observing exotic low temperature states, and ``simulating'' condensed matter systems. Developing intuition through numerical simulations, we present a simple empirical model for the entropy produced in this 1D setting. We also explore the time evolution of one- and two-particle correlation functions, showing that they are robust against two-particle loss. Because of this robustness, induced two-body losses can be used as a probe of short-range magnetic correlations.
Differential expression of cytokine genes and iNOS induced by nonviable nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae or its LOS mutants during acute otitis media in the rat

Summary Objective We have previously demonstrated that the disruptions of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) lipooligosaccharide (LOS) htrB and rfaD genes may play a role in the pathogenesis of otitis media (OM). The purpose of this study was to determine whether NTHi LOS gene disruptions influence the induction of gene expression for proinflammatory mediators in vivo using the rat model of acute OM. Methods At 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after transbullar inoculation with nonviable NTHi, expression of genes for the cytokines and chemolines; tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-lβ (IL-1β), and IL-6, IL-1α, IL-8, IL-10, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were quantitated by real-time PCR. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to confirm the gene expression data as determined by real-time PCR. The middle ear inflammatory responses were also evaluated. Results The NTHi 2019 parent and its isogenic LOS htrB (B29) and rfaD (DK-1) mutant strains induced a significant up-regulation in gene expression for the cytokines examined compared to the sham-inoculated controls at 3, 6 and 12 h post-inoculation ( P P Conclusions Data from this study indicate that the disruption of the NTHi htrB gene may impact the temporal mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators and inflammation within the middle ear.
INGESTION AND EXPECTORATION SAMPLING METHODS OF FOUR TASTES IN A MODEL SYSTEM USING TIME‐INTENSITY EVALUATIONS

. The objective of this investigation was to compare two sampling methods (expectoration and ingestion) of single component water solutions (sweet—5% sucrose, sour—0.006% citric acid, bitter—0.027% caffeine, salty—0.325% sodium chloride) using time-intensity (T-I) evaluations. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate significant differences. There were subject inconsistencies for the recording times (RT) of sucrose, caffeine and sodium chloride tastes among the sampling methods. No panel differences were found for citric acid duration (RT) between ingested or expectorated samples. Individual contradictions for amplitude sucrose and sodium chloride mixtures were apparent however, the panel demonstrated no differences among the amplitude means between the sampling methods for citric acid and caffeine solutions. Aftertastes for ingested sodium chloride solutions were significantly (P < 0.01) greater than for expectorated samples whereas sampling techniques had no effect upon caffeine aftertastes. Individual contradictions were apparent for citric acid and sucrose aftertastes between the sampling methods.
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Of Virus-like Particles And Virus Crystals

When two metallic particles are illuminated at their plasmon resonant frequency they undergo an attractive force which can be greater than van der Waals forces. We utilize this characteristic of gold nanoparticles in the study of the mechanical properties of viruses by encapsidating them in a brome mosaic virus shell, termed a virus-like particle (VLP). Quantification of the optically induced forces between adjacent VLPs can be done by photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS). In this technique light is used to alter the thermal state of VLPs in solution, or fixed in a crystal lattice, resulting in an acoustic wave. This wave can then be detected with an atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilever, which essentially functions as a highly sensitive microphone. The magnitude of the cantilever oscillations, due to the acoustic wave, provide a route through which a direct measurement of the force between particles can be determined. This force can further be directly related to the elastic properties of the constituent viruses of a crystal. By monitoring the elasticity as a function of the chemical cues (pH, temperature, ionic strength, etc.) in the local environment, information about the stability of viruses is obtained.
Simulation of Dislocation Dynamics in the Continuum Limit

Peach-Koehler theory is implemented to simulate the motion of three-dimensionally interacting dislocations, located on various glide planes and having any allowed Burgers vector. The self-interaction is regularized by a modified Brown procedure, which remains stable and loses accuracy in a well-controlled manner as atomic dimensions are approached. The method is illustrated by applying it to several problems involving interacting dislocations in an fcc slip system. The strong interaction of two dislocations on intersecting glide planes is investigated with a view towards developing a set of rules to describe the outcome of such interactions. The effect of Frank-Read sources in relaxing a strained layer are illustrated, both for sources on parallel and on intersecting glide planes.
Endurance training alters alanine and glutamine release from muscle during contractions

The release of alanine and glutamine from perfused muscle of trained and control animals was investigated. Release rates did not differ between trained and control muscle at rest. During contractions in trained muscle, alanine release was higher than at rest, while glutamine release was transiently increased. Phenylalanine release did not differ between trained and control muscle, implying that protein degradation was not increased in trained muscle. The muscle cellular adaptations to training include a selective modification of amino acid output, which could potentially influence gluconeogenic flux and alter muscle ammonia levels during contractions.
DANN: a deep learning approach for annotating the pathogenicity of genetic variants.

Summary: Annotating genetic variants, especially non-coding variants, for the purpose of identifying pathogenic variants remains a challenge. Combined annotation-dependent depletion (CADD) is an algorithm designed to annotate both coding and non-coding variants, and has been shown to outperform other annotation algorithms. CADD trains a linear kernel support vector machine (SVM) to differentiate evolutionarily derived, likely benign, alleles from simulated, likely deleterious, variants. However, SVMs cannot capture non-linear relationships among the features, which can limit performance. To address this issue, we have developed DANN. DANN uses the same feature set and training data as CADD to train a deep neural network (DNN). DNNs can capture non-linear relationships among features and are better suited than SVMs for problems with a large number of samples and features. We exploit Compute Unified Device Architecture-compatible graphics processing units and deep learning techniques such as dropout and momentum training to accelerate the DNN training. DANN achieves about a 19% relative reduction in the error rate and about a 14% relative increase in the area under the curve (AUC) metric over CADD’s SVM methodology. Availability and implementation: All data and source code are available at https://cbcl.ics.uci.edu/public_data/DANN/. Contact: ude.icu.sci@xhx
Protein and Lipid Content of Chlorella vulgaris in Relation to Light

INCIDENTAL to other work, we have observed an effect of light on Chlorella vulgaris which can be interpreted as indicating an influence of different spectral regions on the synthesis of protein and lipid.
A note on asymptotics for quantile smoothing splines

When cubic smoothing splines are used to estimate the conditional quantile function, thereby balancing fidelity to the data with a smoothness requirement, the resulting curve is the solution to a quadratic program. Using this quadratic characterization and through comparison with the sample conditional quan-tiles, we show strong consistency and asymptotic normality for the quantile smoothing spline.
A Chimpanzee-Origin Adenovirus Vector Expressing the Rabies Virus Glycoprotein as an Oral Vaccine against Inhalation Infection with Rabies Virus

Rabies has the highest fatality rate of all human viral infections and the virus could potentially be disseminated through aerosols. Currently licensed vaccines to rabies virus are highly effective but it is unknown if they would provide reliable protection to rabies virus transmitted through inhalation, which allows rapid access to the central nervous system upon entering olfactory nerve endings. Here we describe preclinical data with a novel vaccine to rabies virus based on a recombinant replication-defective chimpanzee-origin adenovirus vector expressing the glycoprotein of the Evelyn Rokitniki Abelseth strain of rabies virus. This vaccine, termed AdC68rab.gp, induces sustained central and mucosal antibody responses to rabies virus after oral application and provides complete protection against rabies virus acquired through inhalation even if given at a moderate dose.
25-Hydroxycholecalciferol: stimulation of bone resorption in tissue culture.

25-Hydroxycholecalciferol stimulates release of previously incorporated calcium-45 from fetal rat bones in doses of 0.9 to 27 units per milliliter. This effect cannot be produced by much larger doses of vitamin D3. Comparison of stimulation of bone resorption by 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and parathyroid hormone reveals similarities with respect to time course, dose-response slope, and inhibition by calcitonin.
Papilloma on core biopsy: excision vs. observation.

Intraductal papillomas (IPs) are commonly seen breast lesions with variable clinical presentation. For a palpable lesion and/or evidence of cellular atypia and/or pathologic nipple discharge, excision is warranted to rule out adjacent carcinoma, while for asymptomatic IPs lacking atypia current data for excision vs. observation are controversial. We reviewed outcomes of IPs diagnosed at our institution. With IRB approval, we reviewed consecutive patients with IPs seen on core biopsy (CBx) between 2005 and 2013. All patients had an excision, with subspecialty breast pathology review of CBx and excisions. The rate of upgrade to cancer on excision was recorded. Differences between atypia and no-atypia groups were determined by two-tailed t test and Fisher’s exact test. We identified 97 patients (age range 31–83 years) with IPs on CBx. Among 52 atypical IPs, DCIS was seen in 11 (upgrade 21 %). In 45 IPs without atypia, 3 cancers were seen (upgrade 6. %): 2 had palpable lesions and were found to have DCIS, and 1 invasive cancer was found in a non-palpable mammographically detected BIRADS 4C lesion, whose Cbx result was discordant. If the 2 palpable lesions are excluded, the upgrade rate for IPs without atypia is 2.2 %. This series shows a low upgrade rate for IP without atypia seen on CBx in the absence of a palpable mass and radiographic/pathologic discordance, suggesting that a surgical biopsy may not be necessary. Further prospective studies to better estimate the upgrade rate for IPs without atypia may be helpful.
Bias-corrected random forests in regression

It is well known that random forests reduce the variance of the regression predictors compared to a single tree, while leaving the bias unchanged. In many situations, the dominating component in the risk turns out to be the squared bias, which leads to the necessity of bias correction. In this paper, random forests are used to estimate the regression function. Five different methods for estimating bias are proposed and discussed. Simulated and real data are used to study the performance of these methods. Our proposed methods are significantly effective in reducing bias in regression context.
Data qualification: Logic analysis applied toward neural network training

For neural networks to develop good internal representations for pattern mapping, noise in the training set data must be controlled. Because of the many difficulties associated with manually validating training data, we have focused on using decision table techniques as a practical, domain-independent means of optimizing training set formulation. Decision tables provide a variety of mechanisms whereby training set data can be processed to remove ambiguity, contradictions, and other noise. In addition to serving as data filters, decision tables can be used in the evaluation of neural network training.
TOPOLOGY WITHOUT POINTS

Abstract Other theories that develop topology without points are either excessively artificial or suffer from a lack of rigor. In this paper it is assumed that worlds W are composed of parts that form a complete Boolean algebra [xbar] and that the collection [Wbar] of all points of W is a certain subcollection of all filters defined over [xbar]. Two axioms are given for points which, given suitable definitions, convert [Wbar] into a compact Hausdorff space. Nearness collections of parts of W are defined which satisfy all the axioms of Herrlich for nearness except that closure is defined without mentioning points and consequently one may define closed and open parts. A category of worlds is defined in which the objects are lattices of closed parts of a world and the arrows are roughly speaking the far-preserving mps. It is shown that the category of compact T1-spaces is a reflective subcategory of the category of worlds.
High-performance liquid chromatographic fractionation and partial characterization of cystic fibrosis serum ultrafiltrates.

Abstract Analytical separation of serum ultrafiltrates by high-performance liquid chromatography produces a distinctive peak with a retention time of 18.5–21 min (subfraction 18.5) from cystic fibrosis serum ultrafiltrates and obligate heterozygote serum ultrafiltrates, but not in significant concentrations from control or asthmatic serum ultrafiltrates. Semipreparative separation of control serum ultrafiltrates produced a small peak with similar retention time that was approximately 1% of the arbitrary absorbance units found in this cystic fibrosis subfraction. Subfraction 18.5 had biological activity only when separated from cystic fibrosis serum ultrafiltrate, but did not contain measurable amounts of C3a des-arginine and C4a des-arginine. Subfraction 18.5 is a low-molecular-weight material (1000–1400 daltons) that contains 14.9 μg orcinol positive material per 50 μg protein. The spectrum of subfraction 18.5 indicates that it has to be purified to homogeneity.
Subunit characterization of lens intermediate filaments

Summary The intermediate filaments from the bovine ocular lens can be fractionated into three 54 000 dalton polypeptides (α, β and γ) which are present in equimolar quantities and differ from one another with respect to isoelectric point, two-dimensional peptide map pattern and total amino acid composition. The polypeptides, for which the name lentin is proposed, were purified from the 8 M urea extract of the water-insoluble residue of the cortical fiber cells by ion-exchange chromatography on DE- and CM-cellulose. The regeneration of native-appearance filaments from each purified fraction, or combinations thereof, definitively established the three polypeptides as the subunit species. Additionally, small diameter ‘protofilaments’ were regenerated when one or two fractions were utilized, but not when all three fractions were combined. This, together with the fact that the stoichiometric yield of the three species was invariably equimolar, suggests that α, β and γ may be distinct entities not related by artifactual interconversion.
Investigations of the Mechanism of the “Proline Effect” in Tandem Mass Spectrometry Experiments: The “Pipecolic Acid Effect”

The fragmentation behavior of a set of model peptides containing proline, its four-membered ring analog azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (Aze), its six-membered ring analog pipecolic acid (Pip), an acyclic secondary amine residue N-methyl-alanine (NMeA), and the D stereoisomers of Pro and Pip has been determined using collision-induced dissociation in ESI-tandem mass spectrometers. Experimental results for AAXAA, AVXLG, AAAXA, AGXGA, and AXPAA peptides are presented, where X represents Pro, Aze, Pip, or NMeA. Aze- and Pro-containing peptides fragment according to the well-established "proline effect" through selective cleavage of the amide bond N-terminal to the Aze/Pro residue to give yn (+) ions. In contrast, Pip- and NMA-fragment through a different mechanism, the "pipecolic acid effect," selectively at the amide bond C-terminal to the Pip/NMA residue to give bn (+) ions. Calculations of the relative basicities of various sites in model peptide molecules containing Aze, Pro, Pip, or NMeA indicate that whereas the "proline effect' can in part be rationalized by the increased basicity of the prolyl-amide site, the "pipecolic acid effect" cannot be justified through the basicity of the residue. Rather, the increased flexibility of the Pip and NMeA residues allow for conformations of the peptide for which transfer of the mobile proton to the amide site C-terminal to the Pip/NMeA becomes energetically favorable. This argument is supported by the differing results obtained for AAPAA versus AA(D-Pro)AA, a result that can best be explained by steric effects. Fragmentation of pentapeptides containing both Pro and Pip indicate that the "pipecolic acid effect" is stronger than the "proline effect."
Radical radiation therapy of advanced lung cancer evaluation of prognostic factors and results of continuous and split course treatment

One hundred patients with inoperable (80) or unresectable (20) bronchogenic carcinoma without evidence of spread beyond the thorax and supraclavicular nodes were planned for radical radiotherapy. Seventy-six patients received continuous irradiation (6000 rads in 30 treatments in 6 weeks, TDF 99) and 24 received split course therapy (2 courses of 2500 rads in 10 treatments with a 3 week break between courses, TDF 88). Forty-three patients had squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma and were considered to have favorable prognostic factors, while 57 patients had unfavorable prognostic factors: undifferentiated large cell or small cell carcinoma, supraclavicular metastases, SVC obstruction, superior sulcus tumors, or bone erosion in continuity with the tumor. Ninety-two patients completed the planned course of treatment. In patients completing treatment, local control of cancer within the irradiated volume was achieved in 58.5% of continuously irradiated patients and 45.4% of patients receiving split course therapy. Median survival was 1.2 months in patients not completing treatment and 12 months for the patients who completed treatment; 19% of the total group survived 3 years. Median and 3 year survivals of 14 months and 20.4% and of 9 months and 11% were observed for patients treated continuously and by the split course techniques, respectively. Corresponding survival figures for patients with favorable and unfavorable prognostic signs were 21 months and 26%, and 4 months and 11%, respectively. Implications of these data for treatment planning and patient selection for radical radiotherapy in bronchogenic carcinoma are discussed.
Slow bursting thermal sensitive neurons in the preoptic area of the rabbit.

Abstract Recent data have shown the presence of some hypothalamic neurons with a slow bursting activity. This study reports the interactions of slow bursting neurons with thermoregulatory control in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus (POAH). Ninety-seven single units studied with direct thermal stimulation and with central injections of norepinephrine (NE) or serotonin (5-HT) were assessed for slow bursting activity. Twenty-one percent of the neurons had slow bursting activity patterns with frequencies ranging from 0.02–0.10 Hz. Intraventricular or direct POAH injected monoamines frequently inhibited bursting activity during normothermia and/or POAH thermal stimulation. Slow bursting neurons may elicit rhythmic thermoregulatory motor outputs, neurosecretion, and infraslow DC potentials in the central nervous system.
Abstract B94: Pharmacogenetics of retinoid chemoprevention in head and neck cancer patients: Modulation of response by common genetic variation in the mTOR signaling pathway

Patients diagnosed with early stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have a high risk of developing second primary tumors (SPT) or recurrence following curative purpose therapy. To prevent these occurrences, several chemoprevention agents have been developed, including 13‐cis‐retinoid acid (13‐cRA). However, results from clinical trials have remained inconclusive and suggest that biomarkers may be needed to select patients who will receive benefit from therapy. The mTOR signaling pathway plays a major role in the regulation of cell growth, cell survival, and apoptosis. We hypothesized that genetic variation in this pathway may serve as prognostic factors for the development of SPT/recurrence and affect response to chemoprevention therapy. We genotyped 137 SNPs from genes within this pathway in 450 HNSCC patients who received 13-cRA or placebo as part of the Retinoid Head and Neck Second Primary Trial. Genotypes were then analyzed for association with risk of SPT/recurrence to identify biomarkers for prognosis and treatment response. Twenty‐two genetic loci were significant prognostic factors for SPT/recurrence in the placebo treatment group. Of these, nine were SNPs within the tuberous sclerosis 1 (TSC1) gene and most often resulted in an increased SPT/recurrence risk for the majority of patients carrying the wild‐type genotype. Two of these alleles (rs4962225 and rs7035940) were in strong linkage disequilibrium and resulted in a high risk of SPT/recurrence (HR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.15–3.23) and a significant 18 month survival disadvantage (Log‐rank P = 0.026) in those carrying the wild‐type genotype. These results indicate that this locus may be a potential target for chemoprevention. Intriguingly, although 13‐cRA did not show a reduction in SPT/recurrence risk overall, response to this therapy was significantly different depending on the patient9s genetic background for these potential targets. A significant modulation of SPT/recurrence risk in those who received 13‐cRA was observed for seven of the prognostic TSC1 SNPs. The majority of the population with the wild‐type genotype were conferred the protective effect of 13‐cRA, indicating that the high‐risk group for SPT/recurrence were being effectively treated by this chemoprevention intervention. Individuals carrying the wild‐type genotype for either TSC1 rs4962225 or rs7035940 were at a 43% reduced risk (95% CI: 0.37–0.88). However those who carried at least one variant allele did not receive the benefit of 13‐cRA treatment and were at an increased risk (HR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.10–3.32). These results indicate that genetic variation within the mTOR pathway, particularly TSC1, could potentially be used to better identify patients who are at high‐risk of SPT/recurrence and also those who are candidates for chemoprevention therapy based on their favorable genetic background. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B94.
Texture of cellulose crystallized from hydrazine

Abstract X-ray diffraction studies of cellulose fibres extruded from hydrazine solution indicate that the chain axes are arranged perpendicular to the fibre direction. The observed Bragg reflections index in the cellulose II lattice and the data is consistent with ribbon-like lamellae which have their (110) surfaces parallel to the fibre axis. The implication of these results to chain folding are commented upon.
Intellectual stability in children with unilateral brain lesions

In this paper we report on the longitudinal stability of IQ in 26 children with unilateral left (LLN=18) or right (RLN=8) hemisphere damage. Results revealed (i) normal or near normal levels of intellectual performance in both LL and RL groups, and, (ii) hemispheric differences in the level and stability of intellectual performance. RL children achieved lower IQ scores than LL children and were more likely to decrease in VIQ over time. Cross-sectional analyses revealed a tendency for injury sustained earlier (e.g. during the first 5 years of age), rather than later in development to be associated with lower IQ scores.
Seymour S. Kety and the Genetics of Schizophrenia

For those who never had the opportunity to know him, I can attest that Seymour Kety was an approachable person with a droll sense of humor. My colleague Steven Matthysse tells the story of his first contact with Seymour, a story that has no relation to the issue of Seymour's work on the genetics of schizophrenia. The story began in 1961, when Steve was a graduate student in theoretical physics at Yale. Seymour had been the scientific director of the NIH's Mental Health Institute and was now the chief of its Laboratory of Clinical Science. He had already published his influential critiques of the biological studies of schizophrenia, and followed them with a paper called A Biologist Examines the Mind and Behavior, which was published in 1960 in Science. In that paper Seymour discussed aspects of the problem of consciousness, and Steve wrote to him about his gloss on some of Seymour's arguments. He received no reply at the time, but nine years later when Steve was working for Seymour at the Massachusetts General Hospital, to his delight, he received this letter: “Thank you for your recent letter. Although I regret the delay in this reply (I have been away from my desk too frequently), I usually make it a firm policy to answer my correspondence within a week or at the latest within a decade … Sometime when you are in the neighborhood, I would be delighted to have a visit from you to learn more about your very worthwhile suggestion …”
Defects in GaN based transistors

Electrically active defects in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are the source of intense study due to their linkage to the mechanisms for GaN HEMT degradation upon a variety of stress conditions. The ability to directly characterize traps and identify their sources in GaN HEMTs is challenging, however, and this is due to a combination of the large bandgap of these materials and the complex electrostatics present in these device structures. Furthermore, the targeted extreme operating conditions intended for GaN HEMTs, whether designed for RF or power applications, greatly exacerbate the ability to identify those defects that are most relevant to device degradation under actual operation. Over the past few years, however, we have developed several electronic defect characterization methods based on deep level optical spectroscopy (DLOS) and thermally-based deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), which have been adapted from basic studies of defects in GaN and AlGaN to become applicable to working HEMTs. These so-called constant drain current (CID) DLOS/DLTS methods are able to directly provide individual trap concentrations and energy levels for traps that may exist throughout the AlGaN/GaN HEMT bandgap, and can discern between traps under the gate or in the transistor access regions. This talk will first review the CID-DLOS/DLTS methodology and then will focus on the application of these methods to stressed and un-stressed AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. Direct correlations of the formation of several specific traps are made with a variety of HEMT degradation mechanisms induced by stresses that include RF, DC and also proton irradiation
Injectable multiple sclerosis medications: a patient survey of factors associated with injection-site reactions.

Although injection-site reactions (ISRs) occur with US Food and Drug Administration–approved injectable disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis, there are currently few reports of real-world data on ISR management strategies or possible correlations between ISRs and patient demographics, disease characteristics, and missed injections. Patient-reported data on the use of DMTs, patient demographic and disease characteristics, missed injections, and ISR reduction strategies were collected via e-mail, a patient registry (www.ms-cam.org), and a Web-based survey. Of the 1380 respondents, 1201 (87%) indicated that they had used injectable DMTs, of whom 377 (31%) had used intramuscular (IM) interferon beta-1a (IFNβ-1a), 172 (14%) had used subcutaneous (SC) IFNβ-1a, 183 (15%) had used SC IFNβ-1b, and 469 (39%) had used glatiramer acetate (GA). The majority of respondents were older (73% were ≥40 years), female (79%), married or living with a partner (72%), white (94%), and nonsmoking (82%). Injec...
Test–retest reliability of the Salutogenic Wellness Promotion Scale (SWPS):

Objective:This study examined the temporal stability (i.e. test–retest reliability) of the Salutogenic Wellness Promotion Scale (SWPS) using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Current intraclass results were also compared to previously published interclass correlations to support the use of the intraclass method for test–retest analyses.Method:One thousand, one hundred and thirty-one participants completed the SWPS twice, two weeks apart. ICC and descriptive statistics were calculated.Results:Test–retest reliability was moderate to high for 23 of 25 SWPS items in males and 25 of 25 SWPS items in females. Differences in reliability across the seven SWPS dimensions were observed.Conclusions:The reliability of the SWPS suits it well for further refinement. Intraclass correlation procedures likely detect more error, when compared to interclass correlation analyses, in the examination of temporal stability of measures.
IN VITRO CULTURE OF SOMATIC WHEAT CALLUS TISSUE

A B S T R A C T Sterile culture of excised wheat tissue, Triticum vulgare Vill., was attempted on 20 different media. Most tissue explants did not grow. Endosperm tissue did not grow on any of the media. Callus tissue from intercalary meristems grew for several weeks but gradually became necrotic. Callus tissue derived from the cotyledonary node grew well and produced branching and enlarging root systems when placed on different media. Shoot primordia were not observed. Callus tissue derived from 13 varieties of wheat was cultured. These unique somatic tissues are interesting experimental materials for a study of the developmental biology of wheat.
A Welfare Analysis of Capital Insurance

This paper presents a welfare analysis of several capital insurance programs in a rational expectation equilibrium setting. We first explicitly characterize the equilibrium of each capital insurance program. Then, we demonstrate that a capital insurance program based on aggregate loss is better than classical insurance, when big financial institutions have similar expected loss exposures. By contrast, classical insurance is more desirable when the bank’s individual risk is consistent with the expected loss in a precise way. Our analysis shows that a capital insurance program is a useful tool to hedge systemic risk from the regulatory perspective.
Repeated quantum measurements on a single-harmonic oscillator

Repeated quantum measurements on the intracavity field of a lossless micromaser are discussed. The effect of the associated quantum state reductions is to generate photon statistics bearing little relation to the original ones or to those obtained if no measurement is performed.
Recall of grammatical relations within clause-containing sentences.

Two major findings were obtained in a study of college students' recall of meaningful grammatical relations within sentences: (1) verb-object relations in object focus relative clauses were recalled less accurately than verb-object relations in subject focus relative clauses, thus supporting the hypothesis that permuted word order in certain relative clauses interferes with adequate encoding of underlying grammatical relations, and (2) subject-verb relations in nested sentences in which a relative clause intervened between subject and verb (nested sentences) were retained in memory as accurately as uninterrupted subject-verb relations (not nested sentences).
THREE RADICAL QUIBBLES WITH THE “PROLEGOMENA…“

From my perspective as a mechanical designer and developer of theory and computation tools for mechanical design, Sacks and Doyle have provided a convincing and overdue challenge to qualitative simulation. SPQR is interesting, but involves a reduction from the expressive power of differential equations. Engineers generally need more rather than less expressive power; I am unaware of any successful applications of qualitative simulation in mechanical design. “Prolegomena . . .” explains why in clear and wellsupported terms. Sacks and Doyle rightly restrict themselves to conclusions for which they have evidence; having been asked for my opinion, I feel no such constraint. The following sections argue that Sacks and Doyle are in three ways too conservative. First, they seek only to reform qualitative physics, but no purely qualitative automated physics can be of much value to mechanical designers. Second, they underestimate the extent to which computational capabilities are a potential source of new mathematics. Finally, they do not go far enough in calling for a fusion between A1 and non-A1 fields.
PROGESTERONE METABOLISM IN LIVER DISEASE

It Has been established, chiefly by animal experimentation, that the liver is the site of conversion of progesterone to pregnanediol. The methods employed have been based on the lessening of progestational effect observed on implanting progesterone pellets into the spleen (1) or mesentery (2) or on the altered effects noted after partial hepatectomy (3, 4). Pregnanediol has been found in the bile following administration of Δ5-pregnenol-3-β-one-20 to a postmenopausal woman (5) and following administration of progesterone in large amounts to patients with T-tube biliary drainage (6). Relatively few studies of progesterone metabolism have been reported in human subjects with hepatic disease (7, 8).
Advancements in PV multicrystalline silicon solar cells from 1980 to 2010 — An overview

The use of multicrystalline silicon solar cells has increased in the past decade because of its associated reduced cost and high efficiency. This paper discusses the various fabrication and characterization techniques that have been utilized in the advancement of multicrystalline silicon solar cells. The scientific understandings which helped to improve the cell efficiency from approximately 7% in 1980 to 20.3% in 2004 are discussed in this work. Additionally, this study provides an analysis of results of mc-Si solar cells that may lead to efficiency >18% in industrial mc-Si solar cells. An extensive evaluation from material growth to cell processing is also discussed. Although there is no direct relation between the influence of grain boundary or dislocation and solar cell performance, the understanding of its influence on various solar cell parameters has led to improvement in its performance.
Fréchet differentiability for a damped sine-Gordon equation

Abstract We consider a damped sine-Gordon equation with a variable diffusion coefficient. The goal is to derive necessary conditions for the optimal set of parameters minimizing the objective function J . First, we show that the solution map is continuous under a weak assumption on the topology of the admissible set P . Then the solution map is shown to be weakly Gâteux differentiable on P , implying the Gâteux differentiability of the objective function. Finally we show the Frechet differentiability of J . The optimal set of parameters is shown to satisfy a bang–bang control law.
Flavor Components and Factors Associated with the Development of Off‐Flavors in Cooked Turkey Rolls

The influence of storage and roll position on the development of warmed-over flavors in cooked turkey rolls was investigated. Following cooking the rolls were refrigerated for 0, 2 and 4 days and analyzed by headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, TBA numbers, flavor profile analysis, and sensory category scaling. TBA numbers increased significantly by 52 and 165% after 4 days in the interior and exterior portions of the rolls, respectively, and were correlated with flavor deteriorations. Thirty-two compounds were identified, 30 of which are potential products of fatty acid autoxidation. In general, their concentrations were influenced by storage and roll position and correlated to TBA numbers and off-odor and flavor notes.
Lesion artifact in brain stimulation experiments.

Abstract Unstimulated rats with chronically implanted electrodes in the medial septal region exhibited a pattern of activity almost identical to electrolytically lesioned animals but significantly different from controls. Since the implantation procedure alone produced this effect, it constitutes a significant artifact in the interpretation of stimulation experiments.
The effect of novel antipsychotics in rat oral Dyskinesia

Abstract Rosengarten, Helen, Jack W. Schweitzer and Arnold J. Friedhoff: The Effect of Novel Antipsychotics in Rat Oral Dyskinesia. Prog. Neuro. Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat 1999, 23, pp. 1389–1404. 1. 1. The effect of the D1 agonist SKF38393 and the 5HT 2 C agonist m-CPP on repetitive jaw movements (RJM) was studied in rats. Acute administration of SKF38393 and/or m-CPP induced RJM in a dose dependent manner. In rats treated with both drugs, RJM responses were about equal to the sum of those obtained with each drug alone. 2. 2. The induction of RJM by SKF38393 was somewhat lower in rats pretreated with 5HT 2 C receptor antagonist, mianserin, whereas mianserin severely reduced RJM induced by m-CPP alone. 3. 3. D1 antagonist SCH23390 inhibited SKF38393 induced RJM but had no effect on m-CPP induced chewing behavior. 4. 4. The present study confirms earlier evidence that D1 agonists used at optimal doses for the induction of RJM do not involve the serotonergic system in a significant way. It does, however, implicate the system in the emergence of drug induced oral behavior in rats. 5. 5. The effect of the atypical antipsychotics , clozapine, olanzapine and risperidone was studied on SKF38393 and m-CPP induced RJM. Pretreatment with the atypical antipsychotics clozapine and olanzapine inhibit SKF38393 and m-CPP induced RJM. Pretreatment with risperidone inhibits m- CPP induced oral behavior in rats while increases dose dependently SKF38393 induced RJM.
HDAC4 integrates PTH and sympathetic signaling in osteoblasts

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the sympathetic tone promote Rankl expression in osteoblasts and osteoclast differentiation by enhancing cyclic adenosine monophosphate production through an unidentified transcription factor for PTH and through ATF4 for the sympathetic tone. How two extracellular cues using the same second messenger in the same cell elicit different transcriptional events is unknown. In this paper, we show that PTH favors Rankl expression by triggering the ubiquitination of HDAC4, a class II histone deacetylase, via Smurf2. HDAC4 degradation releases MEF2c, which transactivates the Rankl promoter. Conversely, sympathetic signaling in osteoblasts favors the accumulation of HDAC4 in the nucleus and its association with ATF4. In this context, HDAC4 increases Rankl expression. Because of its ability to differentially connect two extracellular cues to the genome of osteoblasts, HDAC4 is a critical regulator of osteoclast differentiation.
Trichilemmal horn: cutaneous horn showing trichilemmal keratinization

A unique and distinctive clinicopathological entity occurred in nineteen patients who ranged in age from 16 to 72 (median 50) years. Clinically, these were solitary cutaneous horns. Nine were on the limbs, four on the back, two on the face, three on the scalp, and in one the site was not known; the median duration was 2 years. Histologically, there was a benign picture with a protrusion of massive horn and trichilemmal keratinization at the base. This tumour, which I have named trichilemmal horn, must be differentiated from other lesions that show trichilemmal keratinization (trichilemmal cyst, proliferating trichilemmal cyst, keratoacanthoma) and from other cutaneous horns, including trichilemmomal horn (cutaneous horn overlying trichilemmoma).
An Efficient and Scalable One-Pot Double Michael Addition-Dieckmann Condensation for the Synthesis of 4,4-Disubstituted Cyclohexane β-Keto Esters

A simple, scalable, and efficient one-pot methodology for the synthesis of 4,4-disubstituted cyclohexane β-keto esters from benzylic nitriles or esters and methyl acrylate promoted by potassium tert-butoxide is described. The process relies on a tandem double Michael addition-Dieckmann condensation reaction, which results in the formation of three discrete carbon−carbon bonds in a single pot, including a quaternary center. The method allows for the convenient and rapid synthesis of a variety of 4-aryl-4-cyano-2-carbomethoxycyclohexanone and 4-aryl-2,4-biscarbomethoxycyclohexanone building blocks for use in natural products synthesis and medicinal chemistry.