cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obesity and stress urinary incontinence in women: compromised continence mechanism or excess bladder pressure during cough?

We compared two hypotheses as to why obesity is associated with stress urinary incontinence (SUI): (1) obesity increases demand on the continence system (e.g. higher cough pressure) and (2) obesity compromises urethral function and urethrovaginal support. A secondary analysis was performed using data from a case–control study of SUI in women. Measurements of urethrovaginal support (POP-Q point Aa, urethral axis), urethral function (maximal urethral closure pressure, MUCP), and measures of continence system demand (intravesical pressures at rest and during maximal cough) were analyzed. Cases and controls were divided into three body mass index (BMI) groups: normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2); overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2); and obese (≥30 kg/m2). Logistic regression models where created to investigate variables related to SUI for each BMI group. Structural equation modeling was used to test the direct and indirect relationships among BMI, SUI, maximal cough pressure, MUCP, and POP-Q point Aa. The study included 108 continent controls and 103 women with SUI. MUCP was the factor most strongly associated with SUI in all BMI groups. Maximal cough pressure was significantly associated with SUI in obese women (OR 3.191, 95% CI 1.326, 7.683; p < 0.01), but not in normal weight or overweight women. Path model analysis showed a significant relationship between BMI and SUI through maximal cough pressure (indirect effect, p = 0.038), but not through MUCP (indirect effect, p = 0.243) or POP-Q point Aa (indirect effect, p = 0.410). Our results support the first hypothesis that obesity is associated with SUI because of increased intravesical pressure, which therefore increases demand on the continence mechanism.
Phylogenetic study of recombinant strains of Potato virus Y

Potato virus Y (PVY) exists as a complex of strains, including a growing number of recombinants. Evolution of PVY proceeds through accumulation of mutations and more rapidly through recombination. Here, the role of recombination in PVY evolution and the origin of common PVY recombinants were studied through whole genome analysis of 119 newly sequenced PVY isolates largely from U.S. potato, and subsequent combined phylogenetic and recombination analyses with an additional 166 whole PVY genomes from the GenBank database. Two novel PVYC recombinants were sequenced and identified, along with one novel PVYN:O recombinant. Sequence diversity in the parental sequences made it possible to trace the origins of all recombinant types of PVY, which also showed remarkable sequence diversity in most cases. The results suggested that the common recombinant PVY strains originated more than once, from different parental sequences.
A Clinician's Guide to Systemic Sex Therapy

The second edition of A Clinician’s Guide to Systemic Sex Therapy has been completely revised, updated, and expanded. This volume is written for beginning psychotherapy practitioners in order to guide them through the complexities of sex therapy and help them to be more efficient in their treatment. The authors offer a unique theoretical approach to understanding and treating sexual problems from a systemic perspective, incorporating the multifaceted perspectives of the individual client, the couple, the family, and the other contextual factors. Both beginning and experienced sex/relationship therapists will broaden their perspectives with the Intersystem approach and gain information rarely seen in sex therapy texts such as: how to thoroughly assess each sexual disorder, the implementation of various treatment principles and techniques, how to incorporate homework, dealing with ethical dilemmas, understanding different expressions of sexual behavior, and addressing the impact of medical problems on sexuality. Aside from bringing the diagnostic criteria up-to-date with the DSM 5, this new edition contains a new chapter on sensate focus, an expanded section on assessment, more information about development across the lifespan, and more focus on diversity issues throughout the text.
Impact of Preoperative Weight Loss on Postoperative Weight Loss after Sleeve Gastrectomy

Introduction: There is controversy regarding preoperative weight loss and its impact on the outcomes of bariatric surgery. We used a prospectively collected database to determine the association be...
The Modified Telephone-Administered Minnesota Cognitive Acuity Screen for Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Objective:This study aimed to compare the sensitivity and specificity of a modified version of the Minnesota Cognitive Acuity Screen (MCAS-m), by adding learning and recognition memory components, ...
Endotracheal Intubation and In-Hospital Mortality after Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND Many patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhages (ICHs) undergo endotracheal intubation with subsequent mechanical ventilation (MV) for "airway protection" with the intent to prevent aspiration, pneumonias, and its related mortality. Conversely, these procedures may independently promote pneumonia, laryngeal trauma, dysphagia, and adversely affect patient outcomes. The net benefit of intubation and MV in this patient cohort has not been systematically investigated. METHODS We conducted a large single-center observational cohort study to examine the independent association between endotracheal intubation and MV, hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), and in-hospital mortality (HM) in patients with ICH. All consecutive patients admitted with a primary diagnosis of a spontaneous ICH to a tertiary care hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, from June 2000 through January 2014, who were ≥18 years of age and hospitalized for ≥2 days were eligible for inclusion. Patients with pneumonia on admission, or those having brain or lung neoplasms were excluded. Our exposure of interest was endotracheal intubation and MV during hospitalization; our primary outcomes were incidence of HAP and HM, ascertained using International Classification of Diseases-9 and administrative discharge disposition codes, respectively, in patients who underwent endotracheal intubation and MV versus those who did not. Multivariable logistic regression was used to control for confounders. RESULTS Of the 2,386 hospital admissions screened, 1,384 patients fulfilled study criteria and were included in the final analysis. A total of 507 (36.6%) patients were intubated. Overall 133 (26.23%) patients in the intubated group developed HAP versus 41 (4.67%) patients in the non-intubated group (p < 0.0001); 195 (38.5%) intubated patients died during hospitalization compared to 48 (5.5%) non-intubated patients (p < 0.0001). After confounder adjustments, OR for HAP and HM, were 4.23 (95% CI 2.48-7.22; p < 0.0001) and 4.32 (95% CI 2.5-7.49; p < 0.0001) with c-statistics of 0.79 and 0.89, in the intubated versus non-intubated patients, respectively. CONCLUSION In this large hospital-based cohort of patients presenting with an acute spontaneous ICH, endotracheal intubation and MV were associated with increased odds of HAP and HM. These findings urge further examination of the practice of intubation in prospective studies.
Laser Treatment of Esophageal and Gastric Lesions

The introduction of endoscopic lasers galvanized an awakening interest in the therapeutic uses of the endoscope. Lasers subsequently proved their usefulness in controlling hemorrhage and in relieving malignant obstructions but competition from other modalities has been vigorous. Comparative studies have demonstrated that current endoscopic lasers are most suitable for use in specialized centers and are best applied for specific indications, such as tumor ablation and the hemostasis of bleeding vascular malformations.
An Organoborane Vinyl Monomer with Styrene-like Radical Reactivity: Reactivity Ratios and Role of Aromaticity

BN 2-vinylnaphthalene (BN2VN) is a novel precursor to vinyl alcohol copolymers via sodium hydroperoxide oxidation. We show that the unusual aromaticity of the BN heterocycle leads to styrene-like reactivity. Computational data including structural parameters and nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) values support the aromaticity of the BN naphthalene side chain of BN2VN. Styrene (St) and BN2VN reactivity ratios (r1(BN2VN) = 0.423; r2(St) = 2.30; r1r2 = 0.97) were determined by nonlinear least-squares (NLLS) statistical methods. We demonstrate control of copolymer physical properties, including glass transition temperature. This work outlines design principles for the synthesis of tailored polymeric styrene–vinyl alcohol architectures.
Investigating the effects of fluid intrusion on Nomex® honeycomb sandwich structures with carbon fiber facesheets

Abstract Honeycomb sandwich construction is commonly used in aircraft structures to make parts with a superior strength to weight ratio. Nomex® honeycomb core is used extensively for flooring, skin panels, fairings, engine cowlings, and flight controls. Honeycomb sandwich structures are prone to fluid ingression due to their thin facesheets which get damaged easily by impact or erosion. The purpose of this research was to determine how the mechanical properties of honeycomb sandwich structures were affected if the structure was saturated by a fluid such as water, fuel, hydraulic fluid, or engine oil. The authors focused on the lasting effect on the sandwich structure when aircraft fluids ingress into the structure. The test panels were made of carbon fiber prepreg, and they were bonded to a 12.7 mm thick Nomex® honeycomb core material. The specimens were soaked in water, fuel, hydraulic fluid, or engine oil for 45 days. After the soak period, the specimens were removed from the fluids and left to drain for 30 days. The specimens including the control group were tested with a four-point loading test and impact test in accordance with ASTM standards.
Business Ethics in the Former Soviet Union: A Report

Transition from a planned command economy to a market economy means tearing down a socio-economic setting where everybody follows orders and nobody bears individual responsibility for anything. The absence of personal responsibility does not promote ethical behavior in any walk of life. Today, the malnourished business ethics in the former Soviet Union creates a critical obstacle to economic development. The paucity of new official rules governing the conduct of business makes the transition process painful and difficult to people habituated to numberless rules and regulations. The first part of this paper surveys the most visible unethical business practices that have been reported by the Western media and those that are causing the largest number of complaints by the local governments and businessmen. The second part of the paper looks at ethical problems that have been under-reported.
Sea Level Rise and the Dynamics of the Marsh-Upland Boundary

During sea level rise, salt marshes transgress inland invading low-lying forests, agricultural fields, and suburban areas. This transgression is a complex process regulated by infrequent storms that flood upland ecosystems increasing soil salinity. As a result upland vegetation is replaced by halophyte marsh plants. Here we present a review of the main processes and feedbacks regulating the transition from upland ecosystems to salt marshes. The goal is to provide a process-based framework that enables the development of quantitative models for the dynamics of the marsh-upland boundary. Particular emphasis is given to the concept of ecological ratchet, combining the press disturbance of sea level rise with the pulse disturbance of storms.
MODIFIED BODY MASS INDEX IN TRANSTHYRETIN CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS: ASSOCIATION WITH OUTCOMES AND THE CLINICAL PHENOTYPE

Patients with transthyretin (TTR) cardiac amyloidosis can demonstrate cardiac cachexia and malnutrition with progression of their cardiomyopathy. While lower body mass index (BMI) has been associated with mortality, it is often confounded by weight due to edema in advanced stages of heart failure.
Cytoplasmic male sterility in two wild Helianthus annuus L. accessions and their fertility restoration.

Commercial sunflower hybrids have been produced by means of a single male-sterile Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. cytoplasm and a few fertility restoration genes. The objectives of this study were to characterize cytoplasmic male-sterility (cms) systems in wild H. annuus L. accessions (PI413178 and PI 413180) and to determine the inheritance of fertility restoration. Male-sterile plants were identified and maintained by backcrossing with inbred line HA89. Male-fertile progenies from crosses between cms plants of the two PIs and USDA inbred lines indicated the presence of fertility restoration genes in P21, RMAX1, and PI 413178 for cms PI 413178 (cms-ANN2), and P21, RHA280, RHA801, RPET2, and PI 413180 for cms PI 413180 (cms-ANN3). All heterozygous male-fertile plants of backcross progenies, except for RHA280, crossed to cms plants resulted in a segregation ratio of one male-fertile to one male sterile, indicating a single dominant gene controlling fertility restoration. The backcross progeny of cms PI 413180/HA89//cms PI 413180/RHA280 had a segregation ratio of one male-fertile to three male sterile, suggesting two complementary dominant genes for fertility restoration. Pollinating male-fertile plants of both accessions with HA89 pollen resulted in male-fertile and male-sterile F 1 plants, suggesting the existence of male-sterile cytoplasm and heterozygosity for restoration genes in the male-fertile plants. In field tests, male-sterile PI 413178/4 * HA89 and PI 413180/ 4 * HA89 plants produced no seed after self-pollination, and 95 and 98% seed set, respectively, under open-pollination indicating complete male-sterility and female fertility. The new cms sources from wild H. annuus and corresponding fertility restoration genes provide diversity for sunflower hybrid production.
Impacting Satisfaction, Learning, and Efficiency Through Structured Interdisciplinary Rounding in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: A Quality Improvement Project.

Background Daily rounds in many pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) vary in quality, duration, and participation. We hypothesized that implementing structured interdisciplinary bedside rounds (SIBR®) would improve our rounding process. Methods This was a quality improvement initiative in a 25-bed multidisciplinary PICU in a tertiary children's hospital. Baseline data included rounding duration; participation of nurses, respiratory care practitioners (RCP), parents; and physician order read-back practices. Interventions were implementing pre-rounding huddles, changing the start of the rounding week, and instituting a SIBR model. All staff, consecutive patients and parents participated over 18 months. We used Mann-Whitney, z-test, and t-tests for statistical analysis with a significance level of 0.05. We tracked data with a statistical process control chart. Results Rounds participation increased for nurses (88% to 100%), RCPs (13% to 61%), and families (24% to 49%) (all p <0.001). Physician order read-back increased (41% to 79%) (p<0.001). The median length of stay (LOS) decreased from 2.1 to 1.9 days (p=0.004) with no changes in mortality or readmissions. The proportion of top responses from family surveys increased from 0.69 to 0.76 (p<0.001). PICU rounding duration (minutes/patient) decreased from 17.1 to 11.3. Most resident physicians felt SIBR positively impacted their education (70%), was more effective than rounds without structure (97%), and that family presence positively impacted learning (70%). Conclusions Implementing a SIBR process in our PICU resulted in greater family and staff satisfaction, improved workflow and decreased rounding time by 34% without compromising education. LOS decreased significantly with no increases in mortality or readmissions.
Hawaiian Islands Streams

Abstract A Habitat Status Assessment (HSA) was completed for streams, including rivers and seeps, for the state of Hawaiʻi. This stream HSA defines what Hawaiian streams are, what the ideal stream conditions were prior to human arrival, the current stream condition based on human and climatic stressors, and what streams may become from an analysis of four future scenarios. Hawaiʻi currently has 376 perennial streams and less than 15% of those streams are classified as pristine, typically having clear, cold water, and a strong flow all year round ( U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1978a , U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1978b ). Rainfall is the primary source that feeds the streams from the headwaters beginning in the mountains and flowing toward the sea. With the lack of references and descriptions available, we are only able to infer how Hawaiian streams functioned under ideal conditions prior to human contact approximately 1500 years ago. Stream viability from pre-human contact to current condition was assessed based on the resiliency of a stream to withstand stochastic environmental events, redundancy to withstand a catastrophic event, and the representation of streams to adapt to a changing environment over time. Current condition of Hawaiʻi streams was assessed from when the first Polynesians arrived up to 2018. Streams were important to Hawaiian Society as land divisions called Ahupuaʻa were established based on local watershed boundaries from mountains to the sea. Within each Ahupuaʻa, streams were utilized by Native Hawaiians for agriculture and aquaculture ( CWRM, 1993 ). Presently, about 50% of all Hawaiian streams are diverted and highly altered through agricultural use and urban developments ( U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1978a , U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1978b ; Oki, 2003 ). Hawaiian streams continue to degrade due to pressures from anthropogenic, stochastic, and climatic events. These include development, channelization, water diversion, human recreation, pollution, climatic events such as drought, erosion and sedimentation, and invasive species. Current conservation efforts for restoration and management, policy and laws, education and outreach, and creation of protected natural reserves are ongoing, and these efforts aid in continuing the protection of Hawaiian streams from further decline in functionality from listed stressors. This HSA for Hawaiian streams analyzed four future scenarios all differing in their levels of natural resource management from 2018 to the foreseeable future of 2035. The three variable conservation management parameters for each future scenario are conservation values, laws and biosecurity, and development or conservation planning. The four future scenarios analyzed for Hawaiian streams are status quo, slightly improved conservation measures, substantially decreased conservation measures, and substantially improved conservation measures which are all based on varying degrees of conservation management. Based on these analyses, we anticipate that stream habitats will continue to decline unless there is a significant increase in the conservation management parameters.
Protein antigens of Plasmodium knowlesi clones of different variant antigen phenotype

Mature asexual stages of the malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi synthesize proteins of M r 180 000–225 000 that are expressed on the outer membrane of infected erythrocytes and which vary antigenically such that different parasite clones are specifically agglutinated with homologous antibody. Other non-agglutinable clones have been prepared which fail to express variant antigen on infected cells. Two agglutinable clones of different variant antigen phenotypes and a non-agglutinable clone were examined to determine the proportion of total malarial proteins represented by variant antigens. Malarial proteins were labelled with various radioactive amino acids and the sodium dodecyl sulphate—polyacrylamide gel patterns for the three clones compared by fluorography. The patterns were indistinguishable, the variant antigens being undetectable in analyses of total malarial proteins. Furthermore, these antigens were not detected by Coomassie Blue-staining of total cellular proteins after electrophoresis. Sodium dodecyl sulphate and Triton X-100 extracts of labelled cells were immunoprecipitated using a panel of sera of defined agglutination specificity. The variant antigens could not be detected in the fluorographic patterns of total malarial antigens immuno-precipitated by these sera. In contrast, after lactoperoxidase catalysed radio-iodination of intact schizont-infected cells, the 125 I-variant antigens on the cell surface were identified by demonstrating their accessibility both to antibody and to trypsin with intact cells. Thus, the variant antigens are quantitatively very minor malarial proteins that can only be detected by methods which selectively analyse the subset of proteins on the erythrocyte surface.
Swimming in and through whiteness: Antiracism in social studies teacher education

In this study, the author examined how five white preservice teachers in a secondary social studies teacher education program embodied, wrestled with, and resisted whiteness. Drawing on literature ...
Economic analysis of electrodialysis, denitrification, and anammox for nitrogen removal in municipal wastewater treatment

Abstract Technologies to remove nitrogen from wastewater are employed to preserve drinking water and prevent environmental damage. Nitrification/denitrification and partial nitrification-anammox are two accepted nitrogen removal techniques for wastewater treatment plants. These processes require energy for aeration and can release fugitive greenhouse gases in the form of nitrous oxide. Electrodialysis could potentially be used as an alternative to remove ammonium from waste streams, but previous experimentation has concluded that concentrate streams experience rapid scaling and fouling of membranes. This analysis compiles literature values to compare the state-of-the-art of municipal nitrogen removal to the new electrodialysis technique on an economic basis. Results show that nitrogen removal and recovery by electrodialysis is estimated to lower both initial capital costs and subsequent operation costs than traditional N removal technologies.
Characterization of the sensory, chemical, and microbial quality of microwave-assisted, thermally pasteurized fried rice during storage.

Companies producing ready-to-eat (RTE) meals are looking for processing alternatives that allow them to gain presence in the supermarket chill section. Microwave-assisted pasteurization systems (MAPS) offer the potential to produce safe, high-quality foods. This research examined sensory, physical, chemical, and microbial changes in fried rice processed with MAPS and stored at 7 °C over a 6-week storage period. Additional fried rice samples (cooked but not MAPS-processed) were stored at -31 °C and were used as the control. Randomly selected trays of each type of rice were analyzed at 1, 4, and 6 weeks of storage. Aroma, appearance, taste/flavor, texture, mouthfeel, and aftertaste were evaluated by a semitrained sensory panel with rate-all-that-apply questions. The type of rice treatment (MAPS or control) significantly influenced sensory attributes (P < 0.05), with firm texture attribute of the egg being more intense in the MAPS-rice compared to the control. In addition, storage time affected the sensory modalities of both rice samples, including aroma, appearance, and taste/flavor (P < 0.05). No spoilage-associated sensory attributes were detected in the MAPS-rice during storage. At each examination point, various physical, chemical, and microbial analyses were conducted for the MAPS- and control rice. From the physical and chemical perspective, the MAPS-rice did not present relevant changes over the period tested. Microbial growth was the main cause of spoilage of the MAPS-rice; however, MAPS was able to extend the regular 5-day shelf life of a chilled fried rice meal to 6 weeks, demonstrating the potential of this technology for the RTE industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The findings of this study indicate that, by applying microwave technology to RTE fried rice, the shelf life can be extended from 5 to 7 days up to 42 days (6 weeks) when stored at 7 °C. This temperature closely mimics that of consumers' refrigerators in the United States. This study also shows the potential of working with a semitrained panel and RATA questions when characterizing sensory changes during storage.
What's Fear Got to Do with it?: The 'Armed and Dangerous' Requirement of Terry

Reason to believe a person may be involved in criminal activity is not necessarily also reason to believe that person is armed and dangerous. "Stop and frisk," therefore, more accurately should be thought of as "stop and maybe frisk." But courts have conflated or ignored these two distinctive kinds of suspicion, inviting police officers to frisk automatically during an investigative detention, a practice that ignores the reasonableness requirement of the Fourth Amendment and subjects suspects to the indignity and intrusion of a search unsupported by any level of suspicion. This article explores some of the ways in which this undermining of Terry v. Ohio has occurred, and why the important values achieved by prudence should not be used casually to trump individual freedom from search.
A National Survey of Challenges Faced by Hospices During the Opioid Crisis: Estimates of Pain Medication Shortages, Missing Medications, and Opioids Left in the Home Post-Death.

Abstract Context No national data exist on hospice medication shortages, the frequency that opioid medications go missing, and drug disposal practices. Objectives To provide national estimates for hospices on: drug shortages; frequency of missing medications; and opioids left in the home post-death. Methods A national survey of 600 randomly selected hospices stratified by state and profit status (data collection 2018). Sample weights were applied to adjust for non-response. Respondents were hospice representatives knowledgeable about agency policies and practices. Participants reported their knowledge and perceptions about medication shortages, frequency that opioid medications go missing, and the proportion of hospice deaths in which opioids are left in the home. Findings were stratified by agency size. Results 371 hospices completed surveys (response rate = 62%), half (50%) of which were mid-sized (26-100 patients), and not-for-profit. Respondents had 7.5 years (SD = 7.7) of agency experience. 42% of hospices – and 61% of large hospices – reported medication shortages. Among the full sample, 28% of agencies indicated shortages of morphine; 20% reported shortages of hydromorphone. Nearly half (43%) of hospice representatives reported that missing opioid medications occurred within the last 90 days. 52% of representatives reported employees are not allowed to dispose of medications after a home death; and, among home deaths, unused opioids were left in the home 32% of the time. This suggests opioid medications are frequently left in U.S. households after a hospice home death. Conclusion Hospices face numerous challenges during the national opioid crisis. Interventions are needed to ensure access to needed treatments, mitigation of diversion, and safe medication disposal.
Reducing the Burden of Texas' State Liabilities on Current and Future Generations

Texas has a proven record of financial stability. Ranking 16th nationwide in fiscal health, 7th in lowest state debt per capita, and with historically high population growth rates accompanied by economic growth, these factors have kept Texas steadfast even during times of economic uncertainty. Relatively sound fiscal management has provided Texans a certain level of comfort, but increasingly evident signs of vulnerability are raising concerns about the state’s financial health.
Impact of a Workflow-Integrated Web Tool on Resource Utilization and Information-Seeking Behavior in an Academic Anesthesiology Department: Longitudinal Cohort Survey Study.

Background: Medical resident reading and information-seeking behavior is limited by time constraints as well as comfort in accessing and assessing evidence-based resources. Educational technology interventions, as the preferred method for millennial leaners, can reduce these barriers. We implemented an educational web tool, consisting of peer-reviewed articles as well as local and national protocols and policies, built into the daily workflow of a university-based anesthesiology department. We hypothesized that this web tool would increase resource utilization and overall perceptions of the educational environment. Objective: The goal of this study was to demonstrate that an educational web tool designed and built into the daily workflow of an academic anesthesia department for trainees could significantly decrease barriers to resource utilization, improve faculty-trainee teaching interactions, and improve the perceptions of the educational environment. Methods: Following Institutional Review Board approval, a longitudinal cohort survey study was conducted to assess trainee resource utilization, faculty evaluation of trainees’ resource utilization, and trainee and faculty perceptions about the educational environment. The survey study was conducted in a pre-post fashion 3 months prior to web tool implementation and 3 months following implementation. Data were deidentified and analyzed unpaired using Student t tests for continuous data and chi-square tests for ordinal data. Results: Survey response rates were greater than 50% in all groups: of the 43 trainees, we obtained 27 (63%) preimplementation surveys and 22 (51%) postimplementation surveys; of the 46 faculty members, we obtained 25 (54%) preimplementation surveys and 23 (50%) postimplementation surveys. Trainees showed a significant improvement in utilization of peer-reviewed articles (preimplementation mean 8.67, SD 6.45; postimplementation mean 18.27, SD 12.23; P=.02), national guidelines (preimplementation mean 2.3, SD 2.40; postimplementation mean 6.14, SD 5.01; P<.001), and local policies and protocols (preimplementation mean 2.23, SD 2.72; postimplementation mean 6.95, SD 6.09; P=.02). There was significant improvement in faculty-trainee educational interactions (preimplementation mean 1.67, SD 1.33; postimplementation mean 6.05, SD 8.74; P=.01). Faculty assessment of trainee resource utilization also demonstrated statistically significant improvements across all resource categories. Subgroups among trainees and faculty showed similar trends toward improvement. Conclusions: Learning technology interventions significantly decrease the barriers to resource utilization, particularly among millennial learners. Further investigation has been undertaken to assess how this may impact learning, knowledge retention, and patient outcomes.
How voluntary and involuntary attention differentially shape spatial resolution

Attention shapes spatial resolution across the visual field, with different perceptual consequences by voluntary and involuntary attention. Extant models of visual attention cannot explain these differences. Here, we develop a model of spatial resolution that explains the differential effects of attention. Our model emulates sensory encoding to segment figures from their background in grayscale images. To explain behavior, each attention type requires separate operating regimes across visual detail (spatial frequency). We focus on texture-based segmentation, which has revealed a clear dissociation between both attention types. The model reproduces segmentation performance across several experiments and simultaneously resolves three unexplained phenomena: (1) the parafoveal advantage in segmentation, (2) the peripheral improvements and foveal impairments by involuntary attention and (3) the uniform improvements across eccentricity by voluntary attention. Our model unveils fundamental differences between voluntary and involuntary attention and provides a generalizable quantitative framework for predicting their effects across the visual field.
Large and Robust Charge-to-Spin Conversion in Sputtered Disordered WTe x

Topological insulators have recently shown great promise for ultralow-power spin-orbit torque (SOT) devices thanks to their large charge-to-spin conversion efficiency originating from the spin-momentum-locked surface states. Recently, Weyl semimetals emerge as an alternative SOT source with spin-polarized surface as well as bulk states, robustness against magnetic and structural disorder, and higher electrical conductivity for integration in metallic magnetic tunnel junctions. Here, we report that long-range disordered sputtered WTex thin films exhibit local chemical and structural order as those of Weyl semimetal WTe2 and conduction behavior that is consistent with semi-metallic Weyl fermion. We find large charge-to-spin conversion properties in thermally annealed sputtered WTex films that are comparable with those in crystalline WTe2 flakes. Besides, the strength of unidirectional spin Hall magnetoresistance in annealed WTex/Mo/CoFeB heterostructure is 5 to 20 times larger than typical SOT/ferromagnet bilayers reported at room temperature. We further demonstrate room temperature field-free magnetization switching at a current density of 1 – 2 MA/cm2. These large charge-to-spin conversion properties that are robust in the presence of long-range disorder and thermal annealing pave the way for industrial integration of such topological materials. Our results open a new class of sputtered semimetals for memory and computing based on magnetic tunnel junctions as well as broader planar heterostructures consisting of SOT layer/ferromagnet interfaces.
Better off with you: Exploring congruity between caregivers’ and Veterans’ experience of efforts to cope with suicide

The interpersonal theory of suicide posits people are more likely to consider suicide when they perceive themselves as alone and as a burden. However, there is limited research on whether these sel...
Understanding the exploratory/confirmatory data analysis continuum: Moving beyond the "replication crisis".

In light of the "replication crisis," some advocate for stricter standards and greater transparency in research methods. These efforts push toward a data analysis approach called "confirmatory data analysis" (CDA; see Wagenmakers et al., 2012). However, some (e.g., Baumeister, 2016; Goldin-Meadow, 2016) suggest that emphasizing CDA may restrict creativity and discovery. These scholars argued (sometimes inadvertently) for greater freedom to pursue "exploratory data analysis" (EDA; see Tukey, 1977). Ironically and unfortunately, many who push against stricter CDA standards do not realize EDA exists, or misunderstand the philosophy and proper tools for exploration. In this article, the meaning, tools, philosophy, and ethics associated with EDA, CDA, and a relatively unknown but important approach called "rough CDA" are clarified. Important distinctions are developed between EDA/rough CDA/CDA and other (some problematic) analysis activities including p-hacking, HARKing, and data mining, which are situated in a (graphical) framework that clarifies relationships and ethical boundaries with each. In short, the proper data analytic approach depends on (a) intentions and (b) transparency. Most psychological research is not at a maturity level to justify CDA; researchers have historically used tools mismatched to their research agenda. In the conclusion, recommendations are presented about how these typologies can be integrated into graduate training programs and how a cumulative research program can help psychology move beyond the replication crisis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
III Interaction of Light and Acoustic Surface Waves

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the interaction of light and acoustic surface waves. It discusses two major areas in the interaction of light and acoustic surface waves. One is the light diffraction by acoustic surface waves and the other is the interactions of optical guided waves and acoustic surface waves. The study of light diffraction by acoustic surface waves results in a convenient optical probing technique to study the propagation characteristics of acoustic surface waves that are needed for the design and utilization of acoustic surface wave devices. The interest in the interaction of light and acoustic surface waves began after the recent advance of acoustic surface technology. In designing acoustic surface wave devices, it is necessary to have a detailed knowledge of the propagation characteristics of these waves on any isotropic or anisotropic substrate. Optical probing of acoustic surface waves based on the light diffraction by acoustic surface waves has become a convenient tool in studying and utilizing these waves.
The Measurement of Firm Information About Product Demand

The role of firm information about product and financial markets is the subject of considerable research. Typically empirical research measures information through price dispersion. However, the dispersion represents an imperfect measure of information. Several studies utilize stochastic frontier estimation techniques to measure worker information about the labor market. This paper determines whether the frontier information measure can be applied to the measurement of firm information about product markets. Several intuitive hypotheses are tested concerning the relationship between firm characteristics and information investments. The results are consistent with expectations and provide support for using stochastic frontier techniques to measure firm information.
On the performance of the successive interference canceler for DS/CDMA signals

We investigate the steady-state properties of the adaptive successive interference canceler (ASIC) for direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) signals. The ASIC is a multistage structure that sequentially detects and removes cochannel users from the received signal impinging on a single antenna element. In order to reliably remove a user, the corresponding multiple access interference (MAI) must be regenerated and subtracted from the received signal. This requires an accurate estimate of the user's signal amplitude, which is provided by an adaptive weight that is updated at the chip rate.
The Health Care Cases and the New Meaning of Commandeering

The Supreme Court’s decision in the Health Care Cases to sustain the central provisions of the Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) was hugely important in several ways. Most commentators have focused on the Court’s upholding of the ACA’s minimum coverage provision. But the Court’s Medicaid holding—that the ACA coerced (and thus commandeered) the states by making their preexisting Medicaid funds contingent on the states expanding their programs—may actually be more significant as a matter of constitutional law.
Molecular Recombination Between R-Factor Deoxyribonucleic Acid Molecules in Escherichia coli Host Cells

THREE PREVIOUSLY STUDIED R FACTORS WERE USED: 222/R4, controlling transmissible resistance to sulfonamide, streptomycin, chloromycetin, and tetracycline (SU(r) SM(r) CM(r) TC(r)); 222/R3, a derivative of 222/R4 (now termed 222/R3W) having lost TC(r); and R15, controlling infectious resistance to SU and SM only. Two types of derivative R factors were isolated from 222/R4 by serial subculture in Salmonella species. One derivative, termed 222/R1, lost resistance to SU, SM, and CM, and the other, termed 222/R3N, lost only TC(r). Each factor was transferred to a standard Escherichia coli K-12 host. Recombinant factors of 222/R4 phenotype were isolated by selection after mixed culture of E. coli (222/R1)(+) and (222/R3N)(+) strains. Density-gradient equilibrium centrifugation of lysates of E. coli R(+) hosts in the presence of ethidium bromide separated R-factor deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as a heavy satellite peak which was subjected to electron microscopy or analytical density gradient centrifugation. Each DNA comprised a unimolecular species of circular DNA. The contour of R15 measured 22.3 mum [equivalent to 46 x 10(6) atomic mass units (AMU)], and that of 222/R4 measured 33.6 mum (70 x 10(6) AMU). 222/R3W appeared to be a point mutant or small deletion of 222/R4 with an almost identical size, whereas 222/R3N had lost a DNA segment of about 3 mum, and measured 30.3 mum or 63 x 10(6) AMU. The 222/R1 factors also appeared to have arisen by loss of DNA from 222/R4, 222/R1A being 22.3 mum or 46 x 10(6) AMU, whereas all other 222/R1 factors appeared to be duplicates, measuring 25.6 mum or 53 x 10(6) AMU. The DNA from six recombinant factors of R4 phenotype was indistinguishable in size and configuration from the parental 222/R4. In most cases, the number of R-factor copies (present as covalently closed circular molecules) per copy of the E. coli chromosome was less than 2, ranging from 1.2 to 3.3.
Semidefinite Programming Relaxations of Non-Convex Problems in Control and Combinatorial Optimization

We point out some connections between applications of semidefinite programming in control and in combinatorial optimization. In both fields semidefinite programs arise as convex relaxations of NP-hard quadratic optimization problems. We also show that these relaxations are readily extended to optimization problems over bilinear matrix inequalities.
Law and the Liberal Transformation of the Northeast Asian Legal Complex in Korea and Taiwan

For much of the 20th century, developmental states in capitalist Northeast Asia featured a peculiar complex of mutually reinforcing institutions. The three basic components were a relatively autonomous judiciary operating in a narrowly defined role, a miniscule private legal profession, and large degrees of administrative discretion vested in meritocratic bureaucracies. This Northeast Asian Legal Complex was nsulated from outside forces and internally stable. In the late 1980s, it came under serious pressure in Korea and Taiwan as a result of new internal and external pressures, particularly political democratization. As a central part of the democratization movement, a group of activist lawyers in each country sought to utilize law for a liberal social transformation; the extent of their success can be seen in the fact that the two countries are now governed by Presidents who were former activist lawyers. This paper, prepared for a conference on liberalism and law, traces these developments and speculates on the implications of the story for general theories of law and social transformation.
Abstract 71: Endothelium-specific Deficiency of PPARδ Selectively Decreases Level of sAPPα in Hippocampus

We tested the hypothesis that endothelial PPARδ plays an important role in the protection of neurovascular unit. Cerebral microvessels were isolated from mice with endothelium-specific deficiency of PPARδ (ePPARδ-/-) and littermate wild type (WT) mice. After ex vivo incubation of cerebral microvessels for 24 h, supernatant was collected and levels of soluble amyloid precursor protein α [sAPPα, a product of non-amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP)] were measured using an ELISA kit. The production of sAPPα in cerebral microvessels of ePPARδ-/- mice was reduced by 54%, as compared to WT mice (n=6-7, P<0.05). Western blot analysis demonstrated that microvascular expression of ADAM10 was reduced in ePPARδ-/- mice (80%) (n=18, P<0.05), while ADAM17 protein level was increased in by 132% (n=4, P<0.05), as compared to WT mice. Protein expressions of APP, ADAM9, and BACE1 were not significantly different between cerebral microvessels derived from ePPARδ-/- mice and WT mice. Real-time RT-PCR ...
Predefined path selection methods for dynamic routing and wavelength assignment in WDM networks

We present new predefined path selection methods for dynamic routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) in wavelength-routed WDM networks. Toward the goal of optimizing the performance, we formulate the predefined path selection problems as integer linear programming (ILP) problems.
Influence of gold nanoparticles on collagen fibril morphology quantified using transmission electron microscopy and image analysis

Development of implantable biosensors for disease detection is challenging because of poor biocompatibility of synthetic materials. A possible solution involves engineering interface materials that promote selfassembly and adhesion of autologous cells on sensor surfaces. Crosslinked type-I collagen is an acceptable material for developing engineered basement membranes. In this study, we used functionalized gold nanoparticles as the crosslinking agent. Functionalized nanoparticles provide sites for crosslinking collagen as well as sites to deliver signaling compounds that direct selfassembly and reduce inflammation. The goal of this study was to obtain a quantitative parameter to objectively determine the presence of crosslinks. We analyzed TEM images of collagen fibrils by two methods: Run length analysis and topology analysis after medial axis transform. Run length analysis showed a significant reduction of the interfibril spaces in the presence of nanoparticles (change of 40%, P < 0.05), whereas the fibril thickness remained unchanged. In the topological network, the number of elements, number of branches and number of sides increased significantly in the presence of nanoparticles (P < 0.05). Other parameters, especially the number of loops showed only a minimal and nonsignificant change. We chose a ratiometric parameter of the number of branches normalized by the number of loops to achieve independence from gross fibril density. This parameter is lower by a factor of 2.8 in the presence of nanoparticles (P < 0.05). The numerical parameters presented herein allow not only to quantify fibril mesh complexity and crosslinking, but also to help quantitatively compare cell growth and adhesion on collagen matrices of different degree of crosslinking in further studies.
Predicting Support From an Intimate Partner After a Traumatic Injury1

Support from an intimate partner predicts recovery in individuals who have survived a traumatic injury, but not all partners are willing or able to provide support. To account for support provision after a traumatic injury, both members of 58 young couples were interviewed shortly after one member experienced a traumatic injury. Characteristics of the situation, the support recipient, and the support provider accounted for unique variance in support provision. Specifically, partners of trauma survivors reported providing more support when the injury was more severe, they were more religious, and their partners were higher in neuroticism. Contrary to expectations, no relationship variables were significantly associated with support provision. Results highlight the need to examine predictors of support in real-world contexts.
Fusing heterogeneous data for detection under non-stationary dependence

In this paper, we consider the problem of detection for dependent, non-stationary signals where the non-stationarity is encoded in the dependence structure. We employ copula theory, which allows for a general parametric characterization of the joint distribution of sensor observations and, hence, allows for a more general description of inter-sensor dependence. We design a copula-based detector using the Neyman-Pearson framework. Our approach involves a sample-wise copula selection scheme, which for a simple hypothesis test, is proved to perform better than previously used single copula selection schemes. We demonstrate the utility of our copula-based approach on simulated data, and also for outdoor sensor data collected by the Army Research Laboratory at the US southwest border.