cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eight lessons learned about non-verbal interactions through robot theater

Robot Theater is a fairly new arena for researching Human Robot Interaction, however, in surveying research already conducted, we have identified eight lessons from Robot Theater that inform the design of social robots today. As an interdisciplinary field, we include examples spanning robotics researchers, acting theorists, cognitive neuroscientists, behavioral psychologists and dramaturgy literature. Lessons learned include (1) the importance of intentionality in action; (2)(3)(4) the relationship between embodiment, gesture, and emotional expression; (5) the bipolar sociability categorization between machine and agent; (6) the power of interaction partners to shape robot attributions; (7) the role of audience acknowledgement and feedback; (8) the power of humor to enhance interaction. Robotics has had a long history with the field of entertainment; even the word ‘robot' comes from the 1921 Czech play ‘R.U.R.' - we look forward to rigorous and continued research and cross-pollination between these domains.
Unprovable Security of Two-Message Zero Knowledge

Abstract : Goldreich and Oren (JoC '94) show that only trivial languages have 2-message zero-knowledge arguments. In this note we consider weaker, super-polynomial-time simulation (SPS), notions of zero-knowledge. We present barriers to using black-box reductions for demonstrating soundness of 2-message protocols with efficient prover strategies satisfying SPS zero-knowledge. More precisely, we show that assuming the existence of poly(T(n))-hard one-way functions, the following holds For sub-exponential (or smaller) T(.), polynomial-time black-box reductions cannot be used to prove soundness of 2-message T(.)-simulatable arguments based on any polynomial- time intractability assumption. This matches known 2-message quasi-polynomial-time simulatable arguments using a quasi-polynomial-time reduction (Pass '03), and 2-message exponential-time simulatable proofs using a polynomial-time reduction (Dwork-Naor '00 Pass '03). poly(T(.))-time black-box reductions cannot be used to prove soundness of 2-message strong T(.)-simulatable (efficient prover) arguments based on any poly(T(.))-time intractability assumption; strong T(.)-simulatability means that the output of the simulator is indistinguishable also for poly(T(.))-size circuits. This matches known 3-message strong quasi-polynomial-time simulatable proofs (Blum '86, Canetti et al. '00).
Hypothalamic stimulation: a biphasic influence on copulation of the male rat.

Electrical stimulation of hypothalamic sites in male rats accelerated copulatory behavior leading to an ejaculation. Resumption of copulation after ejaculation was also facilitated. Terminating the stimulation temporarily depressed the behavior.
Evaluation of potential models for imprinted and nonimprinted components of human chromosome 15q11-q13 syndromes by fine-structure homology mapping in the mouse.

Abstract Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes are complex neurobehavioral contiguous gene syndromes whose expression depends on the unmasking of genomic imprinting for different genetic loci in human chromosome 15q11-q13. The homologous chromosomal region in the mouse genome has been fine-mapped by using interspecific (Mus spretus) crosses and overlapping, radiation-induced deletions to evaluate potential animal models for both imprinted and nonimprinted components of these syndromes. Four evolutionarily conserved sequences from human 15q11-q13, including two cDNAs from fetal brain (DN10, D15S12h; DN34, D15S9h-1), a microdissected clone (MN7; D15F37S1h) expressed in mouse brain, and the gene for the beta 3 subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (Gabrb3), were mapped in mouse chromosome 7 by analysis of deletions at the pink-eyed dilution (p) locus. Three of these loci are deleted in pre- and postnatally lethal p-locus mutations, which extend up to 5.5 +/- 1.7 centimorgans (cM) proximal to p; D15S9h-1, which maps 1.1 +/- 0.8 cM distal to p and is the mouse homolog of the human gene D15S9 (which shows a DNA methylation imprint), is not deleted in any of the p-locus deletion series. A transcript from the Gabrb3 gene, but not the transcript detected by MN7 at the D15F37S1h locus, is expressed in mice homozygous for the p6H deletion, which have an abnormal neurological phenotype. Furthermore, the Gabrb3 transcript is expressed equally well from the maternal or paternal chromosome 7 and, therefore, its expression is not imprinted in mouse brain. Deletions at the mouse p locus should serve as intermediate genetic reagents and models with which to analyze the genetics and etiology of individual components of human 15q11-q13 disorders.
Reflections on archaeology, poverty and tourism in the Bolivian Amazon

Purpose – This paper aims to argue that one of the ways of enabling tourism to become sustainable is for archaeologists to relate archaeology to poverty, while being aware of the process of heritage production. It proposes that one way to engage with issues of poverty is to talk to people who are trying to get out of poverty. Many archaeologists are already at work using a similar perspective not just to integrate international scholarship with local interests, but to hand over authority relating to aspects of research to the local community. Design/methodology/approach – This paper reviews literature about and archaeological study in the Bolivian Amazon region. Here, all-weather roads are scarce and unreliable. Scholars are beginning to document and analyze the archaeological record of this region, and as lowland Bolivians develop tourism, the article considers how archaeology could help connect the Bolivian Amazon to an international audience. Findings – An anthropological perspective suggests that projects in which local people are connected to decision-making will have long-term effects. Without such integration, cycles of boom and bust are likely to repeat. The article cites two examples: the inscription of the Ichapekene Piesta Moxos on the UNESCO Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, and the Museo Yacuma, in Santa Ana del Yacuma. Community archaeology, in which the community makes decisions about how research will proceed, is a developing trend, which stands to benefit local people, archaeologists and tourists. Originality/value – The paper outlines how community archaeology in the Beni region of Bolivia can be built on a strong foundation: first, by a community of Benianos that are ready, willing and able to be a part of both the development of tourism and of archaeology and second, via its long and varied archaeological record, providing plenty of material for the development of heritage. The question is whether a community archaeology can generate and sustain archaeological heritage as part of a tourism industry?
Contemporary outcomes of total pelvic exenteration in the treatment of colorectal cancer.

Total pelvic exenteration is performed infrequently in selected patients with locally advanced or recurrent colorectal cancer. We reviewed our contemporary experience with pelvic exenteration for colorectal cancer to identify selection criteria and prognostic factors for longterm survival. METHODS: Between 1991 and 2000, 55 patients (males, 29; median age, 62 years) undergoing total pelvic exenteration for colorectal cancer were identified from a prospective database. Clinicopathologic variables were evaluated as prognostic indicators of long-term survival by log-rank test and multivariate Cox regression. RESULTS: Indications for surgery were recurrent colorectal cancer in 71 percent and primary colorectal cancer in 29 percent. Of 39 patients with recurrent colorectal cancer, 85 percent had previous radiotherapy, and 64 percent had previous abdominoperineal resection. At the time of pelvic exenteration, 49 percent of patients received intraoperative radiation, and 20 percent required sacrectomy. Complete resection with negative margins was achieved in 73 percent. Perioperative mortality after pelvic exenteration was 5.5 percent, and complications included perineal wound infection (40 percent), pelvic abscess (20 percent), abdominal wound infection (18 percent), and cardiopulmonary events (18 percent). Median disease-specific survival for all patients was 48.9 (range, 3.2-105.6) months. Univariate analysis identified five factors associated with decreased survival: male gender, recurrent colorectal cancer, previous abdominoperineal resection, positive surgical margin, and administration of intraoperative radiation. On multivariate analysis, only previous abdominoperineal resection was an independent predictor of unfavorable outcome (P < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Total pelvic exenteration can be performed safely in highly selected patients with colorectal cancer and can result in significantly prolonged survival. Less satisfactory outcomes are observed in patients whose indication for pelvic exenteration is recurrent colorectal cancer after abdominoperineal resection.
Controlled endocyclic and exocyclic γ-metalations of β-substituted cyclohexenyl sulfones. Regiospecific syntheses of γ-oxygenated cyclohexenyl sulfones.

β-Substituted cyclohexenyl sulfones may be regiospecifically isomerized to either endocyclic or exocyclic allyl sulfones. Epoxidation of these materials followed by a second metalation yields γ-hydroxy cyclohexenyl sulfones 6 and 7. Subjection of either of these materials to a second oxidation/isomerization sequence smoothly provides the bis γ-hydroxylated cyclohexenyl sulfone 10 in excellent overall yield.
Perception of the Mueller-Lyer illusion in normal and aphasic adults.

Sammary.-12 aphasic and 12 normal adults were tested on an adjustable Mueller-Lyer Illusion and a comparison Line-match Test. While the aphasic Ss showed more illusory effect, there were no statistically significant differences between groups. The effects of starting pos~rion and side of presentation were significant. Some implications of these findings are discussed. Although in recent years there has been an increasing emphasis on research into the nature of the language disorder of aphasics, relatively little study has been made of other than linguistic functions in these individuals. The need for broader exploration of concomitant deficits in aphasia has been stressed recently by Weinstein (1964), who has indicated that aphasics are more impaired than non-aphasic brain-injured Ss in tests involving such functions as: knowledge of the body, location of embedded figures, complex visual problem-solving ability, and spatial orientation. According to Weinscein, the finding that these impairments are specific to aphasia alone mitigates against interpretations of the aphasias as solely linguistic disturbances. On the other hand, many deficits which frequently accompany an aphasia are not necessarily concomitants of this impairment. For example, Goodglass and Kaplan (1963) showed that disturbances such as those of gesture and pantomime in aphasia may be best understood as an apraxic disorder specific to left-hemisphere lesion and are not necessarily related to the'severity of aphasia. In addition, Matthews and Reitan (1964), Weinstein (1964), and others, also point out that there are deficits in the ability to perform many simple and complex tasks that are not necessarily specific to aphasia but rather to lesions of the right or left hemisphere. It is obvious that, while some non-linguistic disturbances may be closely associated with the linguistic disorder in aphasia, others are undoubtedly spared. Only further and more intense study of a variety of related phenomena will eventually reveal the total picture. The present study was undertaken to examine further aspects of perceptual functioning in aphasics. Perception of a visual illusion, and in particular the Mueller-Lyer illusion, was chosen in that it can be used to look at a variety of processes which are reported to be sensitive to change as the result of braindamage. For example, in 1904 Benussi showed that a "whole-perceiving attitude" as compared co a "part-isolating attitude" increases the magnitude of the illusion (Woodworth, 1738). The decrease in the magnitude of the illusion in
Interactive foundations of computing

Abstract The claim that interactive systems have richer behavior than algorithms is surprisingly easy to prove. Turing machines cannot model interaction machines (which extend Turing machines with interactive input/output) because interaction is not expressible by a finite initial input string. Interaction machines extend the Chomsky hierarchy, are modeled by interaction grammars, and precisely capture fuzzy concepts like open systems and empirical computer science. Computable functions cannot model real-world behavior because functions are too strong an abstraction, sacrificing the ability to model time and other real-world properties to realize formal tractability. Part I of this paper examines extensions to interactive models for algorithms, machines, grammars, and semantics, while Part II considers the expressiveness of different forms of interaction. Interactive identity machines are already more powerful than Turing machines, while noninteractive parallelism and distribution are algorithmic. The extension of Turing to interaction machines parallels that of the lambda to the pi calculus. Asynchronous and nonserializable interaction are shown to be more expressive than sequential interaction (multiple streams are more expressive than a single stream). In Part III, it is shown that interaction machines cannot be described by sound and complete first-order logics (a form of Godel incompleteness), and that incompleteness is inherently necessary to realize greater expressiveness. In the final section the robustness of interactive models in expressing open systems, programming in the large, graphical user interfaces, and agent-oriented artificial intelligence is compared to the robustness of Turing machines. Less technical discussion of these ideas may be found in [25–27]. Applications of interactive models to coordination, objects and components, patterns and frameworks, software engineering, and AI are examined elsewhere [28,29]. The propositions P1-P36 embody the principal claims, while observations 01 through 040 provide additional insights.
Scaling of self and Fickian diffusion coefficients in the critical region

Abstract The behavior of diffusion coefficients in the critical region is important to understanding transport phenomena in supercritical fluids. For example, it is often claimed that mass transfer rates are high in the critical region. However, it is also generally accepted that diffusion processes slow down dramatically as the critical point is approached, although there appear to be conflicting results on this point in the literature. From published experimental data for the self-diffusion constant of pure fluids in the critical region one could conclude that this property: (1) approaches zero at the critical point (Cini-Castagnoli et al. Physica 48 (1970) 153), (2) remains finite there, showing no anomalous behavior (Etesse et al. Physica B 183 (1993) 45) or (3) displays singular behavior, approaching infinity, at the critical point itself (Duffield and Harris, Ber.Bunsenges-Gesellschaft 80 (1976) 157). We discuss these and related issues from the vantage point of dynamic scaling theory and the Onsager regression hypothesis. We conclude that while self-diffusion coefficients are not predicted to show anomalous behavior at the critical point, consistent with much of the available data, Fickian (transport) diffusion coefficients are predicted to approach zero there. We are unaware of any measurements of this latter property in a pure fluid consistent with scaling predictions.
Ultracentrifugal Study of Effect of Sodium Chloride on Micelle Size of Fusidate Sodium

Apparent micellar molecular weights were determined with the antibiotic fusidate sodium by ultracentrifugation in varying counterion concentrations (Na+). The effects of buffer salts, pH, sodium chloride concentration, and drug concentration were studied. The results strongly support the concept of the formation of primary micelles composed of five monomer units, followed by aggregation of the pentomers into larger micelles as salt concentration increases.
Understanding the power of conspiratorial rhetoric: A case study of the protocols of the elders of Zion

This essay provides an example of how communication scholars interested in rhetorical criticism can apply the notion of fragments” in studies of influential discursive fabrications. The essay illuminates the ways in which conspiracy rhetorics like The Protocols of the Elders of Zion have been strategically deployed by many communities in Europe and the United States. By studying the structural relationships that exist between apparently finished texts (McGee, 1990) and their origins, cultures, and influences, we can gain a better appreciation of the ways that these anti‐Semitic documents appeal to multiple audiences. At the same time, we can better understand how some communities have created counterarguments to combat anti‐Semitism.
Family History for Middle School Age Youth: A Multidisciplinary Enrichment Program

As a proponent of efforts to bring anthropology to a wider audience, especially through pre-college education, I have worked with education faculty on my own campus to expose more teachers-in-training to anthropology; organized in-service workshops for pre-college teacher; compiled and edited materials for pre-college teachers and for interested anthropologists (see "For Further Reading"); and urged our professional organizations to provide more support services for pre-college teachers. Since 1985 I have been exploring yet another approach—working directly with pre-college youth in a summer program and academic year follow-up activities. Intensive, and therefore time-consuming, often tiring, and sometimes frustrating, the experience has nevertheless been are warding one. Such direct contact with youth—and with associated parents, teachers, school administrators, and community resource persons—can provide anthropologists with a means to influence education and to enhance the image of anthropology—a means ...
Reductive amination of 12-ketostearic acid.

In the preparation of 12-aminostearic acid by reductive amination of 12-ketostearic acid, the keto acid is first contacted with ammonia under pressure to produce an intermediate, not isolated, which is then hydrogenated to give the product. Variables such as time and temperature of reaction, hydrogen pressure, and amount and type of catalyst were examined to find optimum conditions for high yield and purity of 12-amino-stearic acid. With a hydrogenation pressure of 500 psi and 10% Raney nickel catalyst an essentially quantitative yield of product was obtained having a purity of 94%. With 34% catalyst and 260 psi hydrogen, a 98% yield of 98% pure product was obtained.
Predictability of Warfarin Dose Requirements: Theoretical Considerations

The theoretical basis of the predictability of warfarin maintenance dose requirements was evaluated using computer-generated hypothetical patient responses to a 10-mg/day “loading” dose regimen. Correlations between these responses and projected maintenance dose requirements were evaluated statistically, and a significant relationship was identified.
Chain stores and local economies: a case study of a rural county in New York

Retailing in rural America has been transformed over the last several decades by the explosive growth of retail chains. Cortland County, a rural county in central New York State, is examined to assess the effect of chain stores en masse on a rural county. Data on individual establishments were generated by an original census of all the chain stores in the county. Additional data came from the Economic Census and other sources. Results show that chains account for about two-thirds of sales in the county. The percentage of the proceeds of the sales at chain stores that leaves the county, and thus is not available to be recirculated locally, is estimated to be approximately 14%. It is argued that the contribution of chain stores to the local economy is less than that of local independent merchants. Chains, furthermore, have problematic implications for social capital, political capital, and other aspects of community development.
Superconducting infrared detectors fabricated by Granular YBaCuO thin films

Abstract We have fabricated superconducting infrared detectors using granular YBaCuO thin films and measured their response to infrared radiation with wavelengths in the ranges 3–5 mm and 8–14 mm. For a typical detector fabricated on a ZrO 2 (100) substrate at an operation temperature of 83 K, the NEP was 2.5 × 10 −9 W and the D∗ was 1.6 × 10 8 cmHz 1 2 W −1 for wavelengths from 8 to 14 mm with a chopping frequency of 50 Hz. The effects of the chopping frequency, bias current and different methods for fabricating films on the device properties have been investigated. In addition, we have discussed methods for distinguishing equilibrium from non-equilibrium response mechanisms.
Financing low-income communities: models, obstacles, and future directions

Financing low-income communities: models, obstacles, and future directions, edited by J.S. Rubin, New York, NY, Russell Sage Foundation, 2007, 328 pp., US$42.50 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-87154-711-8. ...
On the ergodic capacity of cooperative-diversity networks with decode-and-forward relaying over Nakagami-m fading channels

Cooperative diversity techniques have emerged as promising solutions to combat the deleterious effects caused by multipath fading. The main advantage of this technique is that the diversity gain can be achieved without installing multiple antennas at the transmitter or the receiver. In this paper, we study the ergodic capacity performance of cooperative communication systems with decode-and-forward (DF) relaying protocol over Nakagami-m fading channels. Specifically, the ergodic capacity over both independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) fading channels and independent non-identically distributed (i.n.d.) fading channels are investigated. We first explore the ergodic capacity over i.i.d. fading channels, and then derive the tight bounds for the ergodic capacity at the regime of low signal-to-noise (SNR) and high SNR, respectively. Further, we obtain an exact closed-form analytical expression of the ergodic capacity over i.n.d. fading channels. Finally, the Monte-Carlo simulations are provided to verify the tightness of the proposed bounds. The theoretical results obtained are instrumental to the future cooperative-diversity network modeling and design.
Response of the Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate to Real Disturbances in Developing Countries

Using a simple dependent-economy framework, this paper outlines the links between the equilibrium real exchange rate and some of its fundamental exogenous determinants, mainly terms of trade movements and commercial policy changes. Drawing on existing studies of trade flows in developing countries, it is possible to derive plausible quantitative ranges for the response of the equilibrium real exchange rate to both external and policy-induced shocks. The results should be particularly relevant in designing real exchange rate targets and rules that allow for movements in the equilibrium real exchange rate in response to various shocks.
Observations of equatorial spread‐F from Haleakala, Hawaii

[1] Since the 1920s it has been known that the equatorial ionosphere can become highly disturbed in the post-sunset period. We have placed a new array of instruments on top of the Haleakala Volcano in Hawaii to study these disturbances from midlatitudes. Two airglow imagers provide two-dimensional snapshots of the development of these disturbances during the night, while two GPS receivers can quantify their severity. Here we report on the spectacular February 16–17, 2002 disturbance, which reached an altitude of 1500 km over the magnetic equator and mapped magnetically to latitudes well north of Hawaii. The signals from every Global Positioning System satellite in the field of view from Maui were severely disturbed whenever the corresponding look direction passed through one of the turbulent features. We also present an example from March 19, 2002 in which the spread-F activity is not as severe to demonstrate that the instrumentation still provides valuable information.
Metacontrast and paracontrast suppression of a contourless area

Abstract Metacontrast is usually explained as a suppression of target contour. Here we demonstrate brightness suppression of a contourless area of a target by an adjacent mask. This “area suppression” cannot be due to contour suppression. Nevertheless, it follows a U-shaped function of time similar to those obtained in traditional metacontrast, except that “forward masking” is equal in strength to backward masking. An explanation in terms of interference with a “filling-in” process is proposed.
Hepatitis C virus-associated primary hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic patients.

There is limited literature on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the absence of cirrhosis. To investigate the relationship between HCV and HCC in the absence of cirrhosis and to characterize patients with HCV infection presenting with HCC in the absence of cirrhosis. We identified all adult patients with histological confirmation of HCC between 1994 and 2007 (404 patients). A case–control design (four controls for each case with non-cirrhotic HCC) was chosen to compare characteristics and survival of HCV in HCC patients without (cases) and with (controls) cirrhosis. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors independently associated with HCV in non-cirrhotic HCC. Eighty-seven patients with non-cirrhotic HCC were identified, six (7 %) had HCV infection in comparison with 107 of 317 (55.7 %) with cirrhotic HCC (P 5 cm) (100 vs. 16.7 %), and macrovascular invasion (66.7 vs. 17.4 %) at time of diagnosis. Four of six patients with HCV-associated HCC in the absence of cirrhosis where alive at three years (all had resection), which was better survival than for HCC arising in cirrhotic livers of HCV-infected individuals (66.7 vs. 39.1 %). We found that HCV is responsible for a small minority of non-cirrhotic HCC cases representing an uncommon and poorly defined subgroup of HCC.
Lectotypification of Aristolochia alpestris (Aristolochiaceae) and Monostychosepalum Monanthum (Burmanniaceae): Two Obscure Brazilian Species Described By João Barbosa Rodrigues (1842–1909)

Abstract Lectotypifications are proposed for two obscure names published by the Brazilian botanist Joao Barbosa Rodrigues: Aristholochia alpestris and Monostychosepalum monanthum.
Mixture of D-vine copulas for modeling dependence

The identification of an appropriate multivariate copula for capturing the dependence structure in multivariate data is not straightforward. The reason is because standard multivariate copulas (such as the multivariate Gaussian, Student-t, and exchangeable Archimedean copulas) lack flexibility to model dependence and have other limitations, such as parameter restrictions. To overcome these problems, vine copulas have been developed and applied to many applications. In order to reveal and fully understand the complex and hidden dependence patterns in multivariate data, a mixture of D-vine copulas is proposed incorporating D-vine copulas into a finite mixture model. As a D-vine copula has multiple parameters capturing the dependence through iterative construction of pair-copulas, the proposed model can facilitate a comprehensive study of complex and hidden dependence patterns in multivariate data. The proposed mixture of D-vine copulas is applied to simulated and real data to illustrate its performance and benefits.
Current diagnosis of acromegaly

Acromegaly is a rare and chronic condition that is characterized by sustained unregulated hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH). More than 99% of the cases of acromegaly are due to a pathologic proliferation of pituitary somatotrophs presenting in the form of a pituitary adenoma. The excessive amounts of GH and its target hormone, insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) cause metabolic changes and tissue enlargement that, collectively, lead to significant morbidity and a two to threefold increase in mortality. Thus, early diagnosis has proved to be crucial to improve survival and quality of life in this condition. The development of radioimmunoassay (RIA) in the 1960s provided clinicians with a biochemical tool to diagnose acromegaly. Many limitations were inherent to this methodology which necessitated the development of more sensitive tools, such as immunoradiometric (IRMA) or immunoluminometric (ILMA) assays for GH and IGF-1 measurements. These newer assays have not come without imperfections. The reference ranges to describe normalcy of the somatotropic axis and the biochemical criteria of “cure” of acromegaly are areas of great debate. Nevertheless, the current international consensus agrees that the diagnosis of acromegaly should be based on both clinical presentation and biochemical data.
Determinants of 1980 to 1990 net migration in Texas counties: the role of sustenance specialization and dominance in international ecosystems.

The authors examine migration in Texas by county. "Counties with key functions which operate in international ecosystems in which the United States is dominant are hypothesized to control more resources and to have the highest net inmigration. Hypotheses are tested using regression analyses of 1980-1990 net migration for Texas 254 counties. The results generally confirm that key functional activities were related to migration but less so in non-metropolitan areas." (EXCERPT)
Whales and nations: environmental diplomacy on the high seas

In March 2014, a few weeks after Dorsey’s terrific new book hit the shelves, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on a case brought by Australia against Japan’s annual whaling expeditions...
Low sulfide concentrations affect nitrate transformations in freshwater and saline coastal retention pond sediments.

Abstract Coastal areas in the southeastern USA are prone to hurricanes and strong storms that may cause salt-water influx to freshwater aquatic sediments. These changes in environmental conditions may impact sediment processes including nitrogen (N) cycling. The relative abilities of sediment microbial communities from two freshwater golf course retention ponds that drain into the adjacent wetlands, and two proximal saline wetland ponds, to remove nitrate (NO 3 − ) were compared to assess whether low concentrations of sulfide changed N-transformation processes. Microcosms were incubated with NO 3 -N (300 μg g dw −1 ) alone, and with NO 3 -N and sulfide (H 2 S) (100 and 200 μg g dw −1 ). Nitrous oxide (N 2 O), nitrite (NO 2 − ), NO 3 − , ammonium (NH 4 + ), SO 4 2− and acid volatile sulfides were analyzed over time. The acetylene block technique was used to measure denitrification in sediment microcosms with no added H 2 S. Denitrification was measured without acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) addition in microcosms with added H 2 S. With no added H 2 S, denitrification was greater in the freshwater retention ponds than in the wetland ponds. Although low H 2 S concentrations generally increased NO 3 -N removal rates at all sites, lag periods were increased and denitrification was inhibited by low sulfide in the freshwater sediments, as evidenced by the greater concentrations of N 2 O that accumulated compared to those in the wetland sediments. In addition to the inability of the freshwater sediments to convert N 2 O to N 2 in the absence of C 2 H 2 , anomalously high transient NO 2 -N concentrations accumulated in the retention pond samples. NH 4 -N formation generally decreased due to H 2 S addition at the freshwater sites; NH 4 -N formation increased initially at the wetland sites, but was greater when no H 2 S was added. Storm events that allow influx of SO 4 2− -containing seawater into freshwater systems may change the dominant N species produced from nitrate reduction. Even low concentrations of sulfide produced incomplete denitrification and decreased formation of NH 4 + in these coastal freshwater sediments.
Use of Boosted Protease Inhibitors Reduces Kaposi Sarcoma Incidence Among Male Veterans With HIV Infection

The introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) revolutionized human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection management, resulting in improved outcomes and survival [1]. However, compared with the general population, HIV-infected individuals continue to experience increased risk for developing AIDS-defining cancers such as Kaposi sarcoma (KS) [2]. In the United States, KS incidence has significantly decreased since widespread cART use, but KS remains the most common HIV-associated malignancy [2–6]. cART use alone has been suggested to prolong survival [7–9] and often leads to resolution of KS in HIV-positive patients [10]. These improved outcomes have been widely attributed to immune restoration and virologic suppression following cART use; however, the effects of specific cART classes on KS incidence have not been well described. Previous reports have suggested that protease inhibitors (PIs), a class of antiretrovirals, may be effective in controlling KS independently of immune reconstitution and virologic suppression [11]. In vitro studies have demonstrated that PIs such as ritonavir, saquinavir, nelfinavir, and indinavir have direct effects on angiogenesis and tumor growth and on KS–herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) replication [12]. However, clinical studies evaluating the effect of PIs on KS incidence have primarily been small case series or observational studies with poorly defined outcomes that have not indicated clear treatment benefit [13]. Furthermore, several recent studies have shown that KS incidence and progression may be affected by immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), a paradoxical worsening of clinical status despite immune recovery [14–17]. IRIS results from an exaggerated activation of the immune system against persistent antigen or viable pathogens during immune restoration following cART initiation. IRIS clinically occurs with almost any opportunistic infection and some malignancies after cART initiation. Thus, evaluating the impact of specific antiretroviral therapies on KS incidence may be biased by the IRIS effect of cART initiation on KS development and progression. Our aim in this study was to better account for the influence of timing after cART initiation in order to more robustly evaluate the effect of specific cART medication classes on KS incidence among a large, national sample of HIV-infected male veterans.
Qualitative exploration of relationships with important non-parental adults in the lives of youth in foster care

Foster youth are at risk of poor adult outcomes. Research on the role of mentoring relationships for this population suggests the value of strategies that increase their access to adult sources of support, both while in foster care and as they reach adulthood. We conducted semi-structured, individual qualitative interviews with 23 former foster youth ages 18-25 regarding their relationships with supportive non-parental adults. We sought to identify factors that influence the formation, quality, and duration of these relationships and to develop testable hypotheses for intervention strategies. Findings suggest several themes related to relationship formation with non-parental adults, including barriers (e.g., youth's fears of being hurt) and facilitators (e.g., patience from the adult). Distinct themes were also identified relating to the ongoing development and longevity of these relationships. Youth also described multiple types of support and positive contributions to their development. Proposed intervention strategies include systematic incorporation of important non-parental adults into transition planning, enhanced training and matching procedures within formal mentoring programs, assistance for youth to strengthen their interpersonal awareness and skills, and the targeting of specific periods of need when linking youth to sources of adult support. Recommended research includes the development, pilot-testing, and evaluation of proposed strategies.
Design fluency among normals and patients with closed head injury.

Abstract A Design Fluency task was administered to 86 patients who had suffered closed head injury (CHI) with loss of consciousness and 87 normal control subjects. Subjects were asked to draw as many novel designs as they could in 5 minutes without scribbling, drawing a nameable object, or repeating a design that had been drawn previously. The mean performance of the CHI group was significantly poorer than that of the control group, with 47% of head injured performing defectively (below the 5th percentile of controls There was no significant relationship between Design Fluency and prorated IQ, psychomotor speed, or Word Fluency. The findings demonstrate that a standardized version of the “free condition” of Design Fluency is likely to be useful in the evaluation of patients with closed head injury.
Al-26: A galactic source of gamma ray line emission

A detectable gamma-ray line at 1.809 MeV results from the decay of Al-26 in the interstellar medium if this isotope is synthesized in supernovae with abundance of about 0.001 relative to Mg-26. The expected intensity from the direction of the galactic center is approximately 0.0001 photon/sq cm/sec per sr, and the line width is less than 3 keV. This intensity is comparable to the intensities of the other strongest gamma-ray lines resulting from processes of nucleosynthesis at 0.847 MeV from Fe-56, 1.156 MeV from Ca-44, and 1.173 and 1.332 MeV from Ni-60. But the width of the line from Al-26 decay is an order of magnitude smaller than that of either the 0.847- or the 1.156-MeV lines, and hence this line should be much more easily observable with high-resolution detectors.
Understanding Experiential Authenticity through the Best Tourism Places

Abstract How do we define the ‘best tourism places’? Based on presentations in a ‘Pecha-Kucha’-style panel presentation on the ‘Best Tourism Places’ at the annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers (2011), it was evident that the definition of ‘best’ is grounded primarily in existential authenticity. The deepest experiences of existential authenticity came from examples that included physical challenges and sensory stimulation. Touristic communitas was also significant in defining many of the best tourism places, though sometimes having no tourists can make a place special. A review of ‘best places’ lists leads to conclusions that there are two types of best tourism places based on objective measures and experientially defined. Tourism places and researchers both need to be aware of the role that these two different understandings of place present.
Guanosine Production and Purine Nucleotide Biosynthetic Enzymes in Guanosine-Producing Mutants of Bacillus subtilis

Additions of methionine sulfoxide, psicofuranine and decoyinine resistances against an inosine-producing strain of Bacillus subtilis, 1411, were carried out successively. Finally, strain MG–1 that produced guanosine exclusively in a high yield was obtained. The correlations among these resistances, guanosine productivity, and regulatory mechanism of enzymes such as inosine 5′-monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase, guanosine 5′-monophosphate (GMP) synthetase, 5′-nucleotidase, phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase and succino-adenosine 5′-monophosphate (succino-AMP) lyase were investigated.Methionine sulfoxide resistance mainly caused decrease of specific activity of 5′-nucleotidase and partial losses of inhibition and repression of IMP dehydrogenase by GMP. Furthermore, repression and inhibition of PRPP amidotransferase by GMP, and repression of succino-AMP lyase by GMP were also lost.Psicofuranine resistance mainly caused variation of GMP synthetase, and partial loss of inhibition of succino-AMP...
Accuracy and reliability of haptic spasticity assessment using HESS (Haptic Elbow Spasticity Simulator)

Clinical assessment of spasticity tends to be subjective because of the nature of the in-person assessment; severity of spasticity is judged based on the muscle tone felt by a clinician during manual manipulation of a patient's limb. As an attempt to standardize the clinical assessment of spasticity, we developed HESS (Haptic Elbow Spasticity Simulator), a programmable robotic system that can provide accurate and consistent haptic responses of spasticity and thus can be used as a training tool for clinicians. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the recreated haptic responses. Based on clinical data collected from children with cerebral palsy, four levels of elbow spasticity (1, 1+, 2, and 3 in the Modified Ashworth Scale [MAS]) were recreated by HESS. Seven experienced clinicians manipulated HESS to score the recreated haptic responses. The accuracy of the recreation was assessed by the percent agreement between intended and determined MAS scores. The inter-rater reliability among the clinicians was analyzed by using Fleiss's kappa. In addition, the level of realism with the recreation was evaluated by a questionnaire on “how realistic” this felt in a qualitative way. The percent agreement was high (85.7±11.7%), and for inter-rater reliability, there was substantial agreement (κ=0.646) among the seven clinicians. The level of realism was 7.71±0.95 out of 10. These results show that the haptic recreation of spasticity by HESS has the potential to be used as a training tool for standardizing and enhancing reliability of clinical assessment.
Influenza A whole virion vaccine induces a rapid reduction of peripheral blood leukocytes via interferon-α-dependent apoptosis

Abstract Infection with single strand RNA (ssRNA) viruses, such as influenza A virus, is known to induce protective acquired immune responses, including the production of neutralizing antibodies. Vaccination also causes a reduction in the number of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) shortly after inoculation, a result which may have undesirable adverse effects. The cellular mechanisms for this response have not been elucidated so far. Here we report that formalin-inactivated influenza A whole virus vaccine (whole virion) induces a significant decrease in PBL in mice 5–16 h after administration, whereas an ether-split vaccine (HA split) made from the same influenza virus strain does not induce a similar loss of PBL. Concordant with this reduction in the number of PBL, a rapidly induced and massive production of interferon (IFN)-α is observed when mice are injected with whole virion, but not with HA split vaccines. The role of Toll-like receptors (TLR), which are involved in signal transduction of influenza virus, and the subsequent induction of IFNα were confirmed using mice lacking TLR7, MyD-88, or IFNα/β receptor. We further demonstrated that the observed PBL loss is caused by apoptosis in an IFNα-dependent manner, and not by leukocyte redistribution due to chemokine signaling failure. These findings indicate that RNA-encapsulated whole virion vaccines can rapidly induce a loss of leukocytes from peripheral blood by apoptosis, which may modulate the subsequent immune response.
Reprogramming Cellular Behavior with RNA Controllers Responsive to Endogenous Proteins

Synthetic genetic devices that interface with native cellular pathways can be used to change natural networks to implement new forms of control and behavior. The engineering of gene networks has been limited by an inability to interface with native components. We describe a class of RNA control devices that overcome these limitations by coupling increased abundance of particular proteins to targeted gene expression events through the regulation of alternative RNA splicing. We engineered RNA devices that detect signaling through the nuclear factor κB and Wnt signaling pathways in human cells and rewire these pathways to produce new behaviors, thereby linking disease markers to noninvasive sensing and reprogrammed cellular fates. Our work provides a genetic platform that can build programmable sensing-actuation devices enabling autonomous control over cellular behavior.
DENERVATION POTENTIALS OF THE EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES OF CATS AND MONKEYS.

The denervation potentials of the extraocular muscles of cats and monkeys were recorded for 12 weeks after intracranial section of the oculomotor nerve. Spontaneous and the so-called insertion type of denervation potentials were obtained from the 7th day after the operation. These potentials showed various forms (monophasic, diphasic, triphasic and polyphasic). The amplitude and the duration of the spikes were similar to the normal. There were regular and irregular frequency patterns. Long-interval tonic discharges similar to those observed in patients with peripheral ophthalmoplegia were recorded and may be classified as one of the denervation potentials. The effect of edrophonium bromide (Tensilon) on denervated muscle was observed 12 days after denervation.
The perspective of GABA replenishment therapy in the epilepsies: A critical evaluation of hopes and concerns

Impaired GABA-mediated inhibition is probably one of the cellular abnormalities leading to Focal Epilepsy. The role of GABA in generalized seizures, particularly of Petit Mal type, is unknown. Various approaches are available to potentiate GABA function. Merits and flaws of each one of them are critically evaluated. In some forms of epilepsy, GABA agonists may replenish depleted pools, and in some others may nonspecifically raise the general excitability threshold of the brain, yet in other forms they may exert a glutamate/aspartate antagonistic effect. The available experimental evidence suggests that in bilaterally synchronous spike and wave epilepsies, GABA agonists are either ineffective or pejorative.
High-resolution electron-energy-loss study of the surfaces and energy gaps of cleaved high-temperature superconductors.

Caracterisation de la structure electronique, vibrationnelle et de resistivite de monocristaux de TiS 2 , Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 et YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 dans l'ultra-vide. Les surfaces clivees presentent des fortes inhomogeneites laterales et une variete de terminaisons ayant des proprietes differentes. Mise en evidence d'une bande interdite. Comparaison avec l'analyse des donnees de reflexion IR. On suggere que la transition supraconductrice est due a une condensation Bose-Einstein des paires d'espace
Epinephrine absorption following endotracheal administration: effects of hypoxia-induced low pulmonary blood flow

To investigate the effects of hypoxia-induced decreased pulmonary blood flow on the trans-pulmonary absorption of epinephrine, we measured pulmonary blood flow and arterial plasma tritium counts per minute following endotracheal [3H]epinephrine administration in six chronically instrumented newborn lambs. The lambs were ventilated alternately with room air and with an hypoxic gas mixture sufficient to decrease pulmonary blood flow to approximately 50% of baseline values. Using this model, we found that hypoxia-induced low pulmonary blood flow did not lead to lower concentrations of epinephrine following endotracheal administration, but rather higher concentrations (P < 0.03). In all six lambs, counts per minute of tritium were higher following administration during low pulmonary blood flow. There was a negative correlation between pulmonary blood flow and arterial plasma tritium counts per minute (r = -0.64, P < 0.03). We conclude that trans-pulmonary absorption of epinephrine is not decreased during times of hypoxia-induced low pulmonary blood flow. These data lend support to the clinical practice of intratracheal epinephrine administration during neonatal resuscitation.
Rectification models in cochlear transduction.

It has been customary to treat it as a static half-wave rectifier of the acoustic signal. In many models, this memoryless element is appended to a linear oscillator which provides the tuning for the system. In this paper we extend this model by considering clipping at an arbitary level rather than at the half-way point