cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Things that talk: using sound for device-to-device and device-to-human communication

Nonlexical sound is explored as both a device-to-device and device-to-human communication medium. Considerations for device-to-device communication include robustness in various environments, potential interference, frequency limitations of conventional and piezoelectric devices, computational complexity, and strategies for ultrasonic and humanaudible frequencies. Algorithms include modem protocols, information-hiding techniques, impulse coding, and dual-tone modulation. Considerations for device-to-human communication include the use of sounds that are unobtrusive in public settings and sounds that enable attention to be divided between the performance of complex tasks and real-time feedback.
Overexpression of phosphatase and tensin homolog improves fitness and decreases Plasmodium falciparum development in Anopheles stephensi

The insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) cascade is highly conserved and regulates diverse physiological processes such as metabolism, lifespan, reproduction and immunity. Transgenic overexpression of Akt, a critical regulator of IIS, was previously shown to shorten mosquito lifespan and increase resistance to the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. To further understand how IIS controls mosquito physiology and resistance to malaria parasite infection, we overexpressed an inhibitor of IIS, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), in the Anopheles stephensi midgut. PTEN overexpression inhibited phosphorylation of the IIS protein FOXO, an expected target for PTEN, in the midgut of A. stephensi. Further, PTEN overexpression extended mosquito lifespan and increased resistance to P. falciparum development. The reduction in parasite development did not appear to be due to alterations in an innate immune response, but rather was associated with increased expression of genes regulating autophagy and stem cell maintenance in the midgut and with enhanced midgut barrier integrity. In light of previous success in genetically targeting the IIS pathway to alter mosquito lifespan and malaria parasite transmission, these data confirm that multiple strategies to genetically manipulate IIS can be leveraged to generate fit, resistant mosquitoes for malaria control.
The Logic of the Tenure Decision: In Dubio Contra “Reum”

Since tenure decisions concern the award of an employment guarantee, the burden of proof ought to rest on the candidate; in cases of doubt, the vote should be negative. However, a number of corrosive tendencies often weaken the strict application of this principle. To counteract these tendencies, this article advocates a strategy of pre-commitment to fairly objective standards and reliance on the professional judgments of a variety of anonymous outside experts, as reflected in a candidate's success in the double-blind peer review process.
What makes distributed practice effective

The advantages provided to memory by the distribution of multiple practice or study opportunities are among the most powerful effects in memory research. In this paper, we critically review the class of theories that presume contextual or encoding variability as the sole basis for the advantages of distributed practice, and recommend an alternative approach based on the idea that some study events remind learners of other study events. Encoding variability theory encounters serious challenges in two important phenomena that we review here: superadditivity and nonmonotonicity. The bottleneck in such theories lies in the assumption that mnemonic benefits arise from the increasing independence, rather than interdependence, of study opportunities. The reminding model accounts for many basic results in the literature on distributed practice, readily handles data that are problematic for encoding variability theories, including superadditivity and nonmonotonicity, and provides a unified theoretical framework for understanding the effects of repetition and the effects of associative relationships on memory.
Comparison of Multiple-unit and Electroencephalogram Activity recorded from the same Brain Sites during Behavioural Conditioning

IN an attempt to find a more sensitive measure of brain activity than that yielded by EEG recordings, and sample more extensively than is possible with single unit, micro-electrode recordings, we have examined multiple-unit activity recorded and integrated from various brain sites in cats during behavioural conditioning procedures. Multiple-unit recordings of central activity have been made in acute1,2 and in chronic3 preparations, but this technique has not been used in learning experiments4. In the work reported here, multiple-unit discharge was picked up by chronically implanted stainless steel insectpin electrodes, amplified, and recorded on one beam of a Tektronix 502 oscilloscope. This unit activity was concurrently integrated and the output of the integration circuit recorded on the second beam of the oscilloscope. Simultaneously with these recordings, EEG activity was picked up through the same electrode and written out on a Grass model IIIG EEG machine. In this communication a comparison will be made between the multiple-unit and EEG activity recorded from the same brain sites during the acquisition and extinction of a conditioned hindleg flexion response.
Ultrathin films of amphiphilic ionic polyacetylenes

Thin films of amphiphilic ionic polyacetylenes based on poly(N-octadecyl-2-ethynylpyridinium bromide) were formed using the Langmuir-Blodgett and layer-by-layer deposition techniques. The surface pressure-molecular area isotherms of the monolayers of these polymers at the air-water interface indicate that the alkyl (octadecyl) chains of the repeating units are oriented perpendicularly to the water surface while the rigid conjugated polymer backbones are located within the planar layer of the interface. The molecular organization of transferred polymer multilayers has been also studied by FT-IR, ATR, GAR, and ellipsometry. As a result of this study, a model of the molecular organization of ultrathin films is proposed, in which the conjugated backbone chains of the polymer molecules are oriented parallel to the substrate and are sandwiched between layers of interdigitated octadecyl groups. The electrical conductivity of the polymer films was found to increase substantially upon doping with iodine. Enhanced gas permeability and permselectivity of membranes from Nafion were achieved by deposition of ultrathin films of the above polyacetylene on these membranes.
Bis(imidazolium 2,4,6-tricarboxypyridine) Metal(II) Complexes: Molecular Building Blocks that Generate Isomorphous Hydrogen-Bonded Frameworks

The supramolecular chemistry and crystal structures of four bis(imidazolium 2,4,6-tricarboxypyridine) metal(II) trihydrate complexes, where M = Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn (1-Co, 1-Ni, 1-Cu, and 1-Zn, respectively) are reported. Complexes 1-Co, 1-Ni, 1-Cu, and 1-Zn have similar molecular structures that crystallize to give the same packing pattern. 2,4,6-Tricarboxypyridine anions and imidazolium cations form strong N−H···O and O−H···O hydrogen bonds that dominate crystal packing by forming a three-dimensional network of molecules. These complexes form an isomorphous series with a single crystalline architecture that fits at least four different transition metals without changing molecular packing. Thus, these complexes are a family of modular materials in which the organic components define a single packing arrangement that persists over a range of structures and in which the metal serves as a component that can be changed. The molecular and crystal structures of bis(imidazolium 2,4,6-tricarboxypyridine) M(II) comp...
Effective HPLC method for the determination of aromatic Amadori compounds

An effective HPLC method was developed to separate and determine the phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine Amadori compounds in Maillard reaction mixtures. Using ammonium hydroxide as a major eluent component, the Maillard reaction mixtures of aromatic amino acid and glucose were separated in high resolution on an anion exchange column CarboPac PA-1. Aromatic amino acids and their Amadori compounds were determined by a UV detector at 260 nm. Glucose can be determined by a pulsed amperometric detector with the potentials and durations of E1 = 0.05 V (t = 360 ms) and E2 = 0.60 V (t = 120 ms). The effective gradient program was to increase the content of 0.5 mol/L sodium acetate from 0 to 100% in the 0.1 mol/L ammonium hydroxide solution. The separation was based on the acidity differences between the amino acid residues of amino acid and its Amadori compound. The method was simple and sensitive and was demonstrated to be applicable for the kinetic study of the Maillard reactions in aromatic amino acid and...
Expressive, but not neurotic hostility is related to cardiovascular reactivity during a hostile competitive task

Abstract Several dimensions of hostility have been related to coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular (CV) reactivity. Neuroticism and dimensions of hostility associated with neuroticism have generally been unrelated to CHD. The present study examined relationships between the expressive and neurotic hostility components of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) and CV reactivity in 25 men and 18 women undergraduate students. Subjects competed against and were harassed by a confederate during competition on a video game. Subjects with expressive hostility scores above the median had higher SBP and heart rate (HR) reactivity than subjects with scores below the median. Neurotic hostility was not related to CV reactivity. The results support the hypothesis that CV reactivity may be a risk factor in the development of CHD and suggest that attempts to relate dimensions of hostility to CV reactivity may be more successful if dimensions of hostility unrelated to neuroticism are studied.
The perchlorate anion is more effective than the trifluoroacetate anion as an ion-pairing reagent for reversed-phase chromatography of peptides

The addition of salts, specifically sodium perchlorate (NaClO4), to mobile phases at acidic pH as ion-pairing reagents for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) has been generally overlooked. To demonstrate the potential of NaClO4 as an effective anionic ion-pairing reagent, we applied RP-HPLC in the presence of 0-100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium trifluoroacetate (NaTFA) or NaClO4 to two mixtures of synthetic 18-residue peptides: a mixture of peptides with the same net positive charge (+4) and a mixture of four peptides of +1, +2, +3 and +4 net charge. Interestingly, the effect of increasing NaClO4 concentration on increasing peptide retention times and selectivity changes was more dramatic than that of either NaCl or NaTFA, with the order of increasing anion effectiveness being Cl- << TFA- < C104-. Such effects were more marked when salt addition was applied to eluents containing 10 mM phosphoric acid (H3PO4) compared to 10 mM trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) due to the lesser starting anion hydrophobicity of the former mobile phase (containing the phosphate ion) compared to the latter (containing the TFA- ion).
Quantum Spins Mixing in Spinor Bose-Einstein Condensates

A set of collective spin states is derived for a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate in which atoms have three internal hyperfine spins. These collective states minimize the interaction energy among condensate atoms, and they are characterized by strong spin correlations. We also examine the internal dynamics of an initially spin-polarized condensate. The time scale of spin mixing is predicted.
A lower bound on the eigenvalues of certain hamiltonian matrices

Abstract A lower bound is obtained for the eigenvalue of certain matrices arising from the application of the theory of the symmetric groups to the calculation of energy for n -electron systems.
Rearing experience and biogenic amine activity in infant rhesus monkeys

In this report we present evidence that early social experience influences aspects of the function of brain biogenic amine systems, most notably the noradrenergic system. Biogenic amine activity was studied in mother- vs. peer-reared monkey infants over the first 6 months of life and in response to two housing transitions. Norepinephrine (NE), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured. Peer-reared monkeys showed significantly higher CSF levels of norepinephrine and MHPG than mother-reared animals over early development, but showed an attentuated NE response to separation and group formation compared to mother-reared animals. Peer-reared monkeys showed a greater developmental decline in 5-HIAA levels than mother-reared monkeys. There were no rearing effects for DOPAC or HVA over early development; however, peer-reared monkeys showed significantly lower HVA and DOPAC concentrations at 6–8 months of age. The results add to evidence for the influence of primate mothers on the psychobiological development of central nervous system neurotransmitter systems in their infants, and suggest that the noradrenergic system is among the more sensitive of these to early experience.
AACR2 to RDA: Is Knowledge of Both Needed during the Transition Period?

The cataloging community is at a crossroads. Will catalogers need to continue learning both Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition (AACR2) and Resource Description and Access (RDA), or will learning RDA alone be enough? Through a selective literature review and examining the RDA Toolkit, it seems that there is currently a collective need to have access to both codes. However, when considering both Library of Congress-Program for Cooperative Cataloging (LC-PCC) and OCLC initiatives and an example from this author's institution relating to authority control in RDA and bibliographic record hybridization, it may only be necessary to learn RDA in the future. Additional research into practitioner experience could be done in the future to further examine this.
Reduced calcium uptake by rat brain mitochondria and synaptosomes in response to aging

Abstract Synaptosomes were isolated from cerebral cortex of 3-, 18- and 24-month-old male, Fisher 344 rats and45Ca2+ uptake was measured at 1,3,5 and 30 s time periods following 65 mM KCl depolarization. Identical experiments were performed in which 5 mM KCl was added to examine age-related changes in resting45Ca2+ accumulation by synaptosomes. Both ‘fast-’ and ‘slow-phase’ voltage-dependent45Ca2+ uptake were significantly reduced in synaptosomes from 18- and 24- vs 3-month-old rats. No age-related change in resting (5 mM KCl)45Ca2+ accumulation was observed. ATP-dependent and respiration-linked45Ca2+ uptake was examined in mitochondria isolated from whole brains of 3- and 28-month-old male, hooded Long-Evans rats. Both ATP-dependent and glutamate-malate-ADP stimulated45Ca2+ uptake by mitochondria were markedly reduced in response to aging. Respiratory control ratios were the same for 3- and 28-month-old mitochondria, suggesting that the decrement in45Ca2+ uptake was not caused by an age-related decline in respiratory activity of mitochondria. The results of this study show that both voltage-dependent calcium entry into presynaptic nerve terminals and calcium uptake by mitochondria in brain decline with advanced aging. Age-related changes in cytosolic calcium levels could underlie, at least in part, cellular decrements in brain observed with aging.
The Social Construction of Injustice: Fairness Judgments in Response to Own and Others' Unfair Treatment by Authorities

The research literature in organizational justice has examined in some detail the dynamics and consequences of justice judgments based on direct experiences with fair and unfair authorities, but little is known about how people form justice judgments on the basis of reports of injustice by others or how group discussion changes justice judgments. The present study examined the consequences of distributed injustice, in which all members of a group experience some denial of voice, and concentrated injustice, in which one member experiences repeated denial of voice and others do not. It was predicted and found that mild personal experiences of injustice are a more potent source of group impressions of injustice than are reports of more severe injustice experienced by others. In both conditions, group ratings of unfairness were more extreme than were the mean of individual ratings either before or after discussion.
Evaluation of myocardial perfusion abnormalities with gadolinium-enhanced snapshot MR imaging in humans. Work in progress.

To determine whether myocardial perfusion abnormalities could be detected in patients with coronary artery disease by means of contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) images, a snapshot imaging technique was used in six patients with coronary artery disease and four healthy subjects in conjunction with pharmacologic stress (dipyridamole infusion) and bolus injection of gadopentetate dimeglumine. MR images from all patients and healthy subjects were quantitatively analyzed to define spatial changes in signal intensity after administration of dipyridamole and gadopentetate dimeglumine. The resultant findings were compared with findings on thallium-201 scintigrams obtained after administration of dipyridamole and on coronary arteriograms in all patients. Nine myocardial regions supplied by stenosed arteries showed diminished levels of signal intensity after infusion of the contrast agent compared with those of normally perfused regions. These findings were in agreement with those obtained with T1-...
Oxidative Inactivation of Mitochondrial Aconitase Results in Iron and H2O2-Mediated Neurotoxicity in Rat Primary Mesencephalic Cultures

Background Mitochondrial oxidative stress is a contributing factor in the etiology of numerous neuronal disorders. However, the precise mechanism(s) by which mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) modify cellular targets to induce the death of neurons remains unknown. The goal of this study was to determine if oxidative inactivation of mitochondrial aconitase (m-aconitase) resulted in the release of redox-active iron (Fe2+) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and whether this contributes to cell death. Methodology/Principal Findings Incubation of rat primary mesencephalic cultures with the redox cycling herbicide paraquat (PQ2+) resulted in increased production of H2O2 and Fe2+ at times preceding cell death. To confirm the role of m-aconitase as a source of Fenton reagents and death, we overexpressed m-aconitase using an adenoviral construct thereby increasing the target available for inactivation by ROS. Co-labeling studies identified astrocytes as the predominant cell type expressing transduced m-aconitase although neurons were identified as the primary cell type dying. Oxidative inactivation of m-aconitase overexpressing cultures resulted in exacerbation of H2O2 production, Fe2+ accumulation and increased neuronal death. Increased cell death in m-aconitase overexpressing cultures was attenuated by addition of catalase and/or a cell permeable iron chelator suggesting that neuronal death occurred in part via astrocyte-derived H2O2. Conclusions These results suggest a role of ROS-sensitive m-aconitase as a source of Fe2+ and H2O2 and as a contributing factor to neurotoxicity.
Structural correlations in the ac conductivity of ion-containing glasses

Abstract The power law dispersion of the conductivity in most ion-containing oxide glasses appears to be universal. This universality indicates that no correspondence exists between the degree of non-Debye behavior and the microscopic structure of a glass host. Despite its universal frequency dependence, we demonstrate how the ac conductivity defines a special length scale, L , that represents average diffusional displacement of an ion per activated jump and which can be correlated to properties of the glass host. We compare this length scale to the inter-ionic spacing and demonstrate how both increase with decreasing ion concentration. Although there is much evidence for universality, we suggest that the conductivity exponent may in fact be influenced by the ‘dimensionality’ of the conduction process.
Cerebral Cortical Atrophy in Pediatric Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease

Computed tomography of the head in 15 children with end-stage renal disease revealed cerebral cortical atrophy in eight and ventricular enlargement in an additional two. These changes were not necessarily associated with any clinical signs or symptoms. Although high doses of steroids may have been responsible for some of the lesions, alternate etiologies are required to explain the abnormality in others cases. The mean length of time the patients received chronic hemodialysis was twice as long in patients with atrophy as in those with normal scans. However, possible causative factorls related to dialysis could not be identified. The high incidence of cerebral atrophy is cause for concern and indicates the need for further study of this phenomenon.
An Evaluation of the Annual Meeting of The American Rheumatism Association

Members of the American Rheumatism Association (ARA) were surveyed to determine their views on the content and quality of their annual meeting. Responses were received from 1,208 members. ARA members were generally positive about the major components of the annual meeting program, but there were significant differences in opinion between practitioners and academicians. Practitioners favored a reduction in basic science material and an increase in didactic clinical sessions. Academicians were more likely to feel that recent annual meetings have adequately addressed their educational needs. These findings have implications for the planning of future annual meetings of the ARA.
Topic in Music: An Empirical Study of Memorability, Openness, and Emotion in Mozart's String Quintet in C Major and Beethoven's String Quartet in A Minor

This study examines possible parallels between large-scale organization in music and discourse structure. Two experiments examine the psychological reality of topics in the first movements of W. A. Mozart9s String Quintet No. 3 in C major, K. 515, and L. van Beethoven9s String Quartet No. 15 in A minor, Op. 132. Listeners made real-time judgments on three continuous scales: memorability, openness, and amount of emotion. All three kinds of judgments could be accounted for by the topics identified in these pieces by Agawu (1991) independently of the listeners9 musical training. The results showed hierarchies of topics. However, these differed for the three tasks and for the two pieces. The topics in the Mozart piece appear to function as a way of establishing the musical form, whereas the topics in the Beethoven piece are more strongly associated with emotional content.
An Exploration of a Set Entropy-Based Hybrid Splitting Methods for Decision Tree Induction

Decision tree (DT) induction is among the more popular of the data mining techniques. An important component of DT induction algorithms is the splitting method, with the most commonly used method being based on the Conditional Entropy family. However, it is well known that there is no single splitting method that will give the best performance for all problem instances. In this paper, we develop and explore hybrid splitting methods from two entropy-based families: the Conditional Entropy family and another family that is based on the Class-Attribute Mutual Information (CAMI). We compare conventional splitting methods based on single measures with hybrid splitting methods based on multiple measures. The results suggest that the hybrid methods could be competitive in terms of classification accuracy and are thus worthy of future research.
Characterization of the Semiconductor Electrolyte Interface of p-GaAs/GaInP2 Electrodes in Acetonitrile Solutions

The interfacial properties at a rotated p-GaAs/GaInP2 electrode were investigated in acetonitrile solutions of metallocene redox couples. Current−voltage and interfacial capacitance measurements display minimal band edge movement with changes in solution potential, indicating a well-passivated surface with few surface states within 1 eV above the valence band edge. However, analysis of the shape of the current−voltage curves and the Mott−Schottky plots obtained in the light indicates a negative potential shift in the position of the band edges upon illumination. The extent of band edge movement depends on the concentration of the oxidized form of the redox couple in solution. Greater band edge movement upon illumination was observed at low concentrations, while less movement was observed at higher concentrations, indicating the accumulation of photogenerated electrons. Possibilities for the existence of the accumulated charge in states just below the conduction band are discussed.
Transradial approach for vertebral artery stenting: technical case report.

OBJECTIVE We report the technique of transradial vertebral artery stenting for two patients in whom severe supra-aortic ectasia prevented ready access to the right vertebral artery origin. METHODS An Allen test was performed to verify ulnar artery collateral flow in the hand. After the administration of local anesthesia, a 6-French sheath was introduced into the radial artery. To allay induced spasm, a mixture of heparin (5000 IU/ml), verapamil (2.5 mg), nitroglycerine (400 microg/ml, 0.25 ml), and lidocaine (2%, 1.0 ml) was infused through the introducer sheath. A microguidewire was positioned across the vertebral artery lesion, followed by placement of a balloon-expandable stent. RESULTS Postdeployment angiography revealed improved vertebrobasilar system flow. There were no complications related to the radial artery. The patients tolerated the procedure without difficulty and were immediately ambulatory. CONCLUSION This novel approach should be considered for endovascular procedures for which access to the vertebral artery origin via the femoral approach is limited.
Molecular basis of lipid antigen presentation by CD1d and recognition by natural killer T cells.

Together with peptides, T lymphocytes respond to hydrophobic molecules, mostly lipids, presented by the non-classical CD1 family (CD1a-e). These molecules have evolved complex and diverse binding grooves in order to survey different cellular compartments for self and exogenous antigens, which are then presented for recognition to T-cell receptors (TCRs) on the surface of T cells. In particular, most CD1d-presented antigens are recognized by a population of lymphocytes denominated natural killer T (NKT) cells, characterized by a strong immunomodulatory potential. Among NKT cells, two major subsets (type I and type II NKT cells) have been described, based on their TCR repertoire and antigen specificity. Here we review recent structural and biochemical studies that have shed light on the molecular details of CD1d-mediated antigen recognition by type I and II NKT cells, which are in many aspects distinct from what has been observed for peptide MHC-reactive TCRs.
Calcification of the pancreas

All cases of disseminated calcification of the pancreas reported in the literature are presented in brief. The 13th case is herewith reported in detail. It presents several characteristic features in etiology, symptomatology, and roentgen and laboratory findings.
Method for the rapid and atraumatic insertion of permanent endocardial pacemaker electrodes through the subclavian vein

One hundred sixty-four permanent pacemaker implantations through the subclavian vein were accomplished by 17 different physicians at four institutions utilizing a specially constructed peel-away introducer. Fourteen attempts (8.3 percent) to cannulate the subclavian vein were unsuccessful. There were four cases of pneumothorax (2.4 percent) and two cases of hematoma formation (1.2 percent). The procedure has the advantage of a rapid and atraumatic insertion of a variety of transvenous pacemaker electrodes, and the avoidance of surgical dissection for a venous entrance site.
PROXIMAL REALIGNMENT AND MEDIAL TIBIAL TUBERCLE TRANSFER

Abstract Patella realignment may be necessary for successful treatment of recurrent patella dislocation. Both proximal and distal realignment procedures have been used. Proximal realignment of the patella involves medial realignment of the quadriceps mechanism, restoring normal patellofemoral congruence. Medial tibial tubercle transfer realigns the tubercle sulcus angle, restoring normal patellofemoral tracking. Combined proximal distal procedures are sometimes required.
Work in Progress: Redesigning the EE Service Course

The traditional EE service course has been redesigned to focus more precisely on the needs of the other engineering majors. Experiences at the University of Kansas described in this paper appear to be applicable as well to a large number of mid-size engineering programs. Previously, a single four-hour comprehensive EE service course had been taught for many years in both Fall and Spring semesters as either a required or elective course for students in aerospace, architectural, chemical, petroleum, civil, and mechanical engineering. Course objectives included preparing students for the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) examination for professional licensing and providing background EE material for advanced courses in other engineering curricula. The redesigned format features multiple courses that would be offered only once during each academic year and tailored to the needs of specific engineering majors. Without additional faculty allocation, a three-hour course on circuits and machines would be offered in Fall semesters and a three-hour course on circuits, electronics and instrumentation (including a two-hour subset version) plus a separate one-hour laboratory in Spring semesters. The new format replaces the previous single EE service course beginning in Fall 2006.
Complex susceptibility of type II superconductors in swept fields

Abstract An equation is derived for the complex a.c. susceptibility for a type II superconductor in the presence of a swept field. The result compares favorably with experiment.
Biochemistry: Breaking methane.

The most powerful oxidant found in nature is compound Q, an enzymatic intermediate that oxidizes methane. New spectroscopic data have resolved the long-running controversy about Q's chemical structure. See Letter p.431
Late onset of mandibular and lingual dysesthesia secondary to postextraction infection

A ltered or impaired sensation of the distribution of the inferior alveolar and lingual branches of the trigeminal nerve is most commonly associated with complications of mandibular third molar surgery. Numerous reports and reviews of this problem reveal, however, that the late onset of impaired sensation is uncommon and that nerve dysfunction related to postsurgical infection is unusual. Three cases will be reported in this article, with a discussion of the possible pathophysiologic mechanism of injury, Therapy and prognosis for recovery will also be discussed.
Neural dynamics of adaptive timing temporal discrimination during associative learning

Abstract A neural network model that controls behavioral timing is described and simulated. This model, called the Spectral Timing Model, controls a type of timing whereby an animal or robot can learn to wait for an expected goal by discounting expected nonoccurrences of a goal object until the expected time of arrival of the goal. If the goal object does not then materialize, the animal can respond to unexpected nonoccurrences of the goal with appropriate changes in information processing and exploratory behavior. The model is a variant of the gated dipole model of opponent processing. When the gated dipole model is generalized to include a spectrum of cellular response rates within a large population of cells, the model's total output signal generates accurate learned timing properties that collectively provide a good quantitative fit to animal learning data. In particular, the Spectral Timing Model utilizes the habituative transmitter gates and adaptive long-term memory traces that are characteristic of gated dipole models. The Spectral Timing Model is embedded into an Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) neural architecture for the learning of correlations between internal representations of recognition codes and reinforcement codes. This type of learning is called conditioned reinforcer learning. The two types of internal representations are called sensory representations (S) and drive representations (D). Activation of a drive representation D by the Spectral Timing Model inhibits output signals from the orienting subsystem (A) of the ART architecture and activates a motor response. The inhibitory pathway helps to prevent spurious resets of short-term memory, forgetting, and orienting responses from being caused by events other than the goal object prior to the expected arrival time of the goal. Simulated data properties include the inverted U in learning as a function of the interstimulus interval (ISI) that occurs between onset of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US); correlations of peak time, standard deviation, Weber fraction, and peak amplitude of the conditioned response as a function of the ISI; increase of conditioned response amplitude, but not its timing, with US intensity; speed-up of the timing circuit by an increase in CS intensity or by drugs that increase concentrations of brain dopamine or acetylcholine; multiple timing peaks in response to learning conditions using multiple ISIs; and conditioned timing of cell activation within the hippocampus and of the contingent negative variation (CNV) event-related potential. The results on speed-up by drugs that increase brain concentrations of dopamine and acetylcholine support a 1972 prediction that the gated dipole habituative transmitter is a catecholamine and its long-term memory trace transmitter is acetylcholine. It is noted that the timing circuit described herein is only one of several functionally distinct neural circuits for governing different types of timed behavior competence.
Alienation and Marital Adjustment

IN 1953 NISBET stated: "At the present time, in all the social sciences, the various synonyms of alienation have a foremost place in studies of human relations. Investigations of the 'unattached,' the 'marginal,' the 'obsessive,' the 'normless,' and the 'isolated individual' all testify to the central place occupied by the hypothesis of alienation in contemporary social science .... It has become nearly as prevalent as the doctrine of enlightened self-interest was two generations ago. It is more than a hypothesis; it is a perspective."1 There has, since that date, been a slowly growing body of literature and empirical research. Theorists have suggested numerous possible correlates or results of Alienation, such as Apathy, Authoritarianism, Conformity, Cynicism, Hoboism, Political Apathy, Political Hyperactivity, Personalization of Politics, Prejudice, Privatization, Psychosis, Regression, and Suicide.2 However, as Aiken and Hage have noted, "social scientists have become enamored, perhaps inebriated, with the idea of alienation in modern society and have attempted to forge indices of man's sense of malaise. One major fault of most of these discussions is that alienation has been defined, measured, and discussed as if it represents some 'free floating' human condition irrespective of specific social contexts which produce such mental states."3 But recently there has been a focusing of interest on the relationship of alienation in regard to a specific social institution, rather than society at large. Lefcourt and Ladwig, for example, compared the Powerlessness and Normlessness scores of Negro and white prisoners and both of these
A new method of preparation of pyocyanin and demonstration of an unusual bacterial sensitivity.

Abstract Pyocyanin was prepared in 60% yield from phenazine methoxysulfate by a photooxidation procedure and purification by silica gel chromatography. Monitoring was performed by thin-layer chromatography. Approximately 50% of clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were found to produce pyocyanin at 37°C. Among Proteus strains, P. morganii strains were sensitive to concentrations of pyocyanin 16 to 64 times lower than concentrations that inhibited the growth of P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris strains.
The use of hormonal therapy with radiotherapy for prostate cancer: analysis of prospective randomised trials.

In 1901, Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen won the Nobel prize in Physics for his discovery of the Rontgen rays or, as he himself called them, X-rays. In 1966, Dr Charles Brenton Higgins won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his breakthroughs concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer. After 31 years, in 1997, the first prospective randomised trials of the combination of hormonal therapy and radiation therapy were published, showing increased survival when compared to radiation therapy alone for patients with prostate cancer. Since 1997, many investigators have published trials combining hormonal and radiation therapy for prostate cancer. This minireview will address the largest and most influential of these trials, and attempt to guide physicians in selecting the appropriate patients for this combined approach.
Nonviolent Action from a Social‐psychological Perspective*

A social-psychological perspective, used in the analysis of three cases of nonviolent direct action, combines the “exchange theory” of Homans and the two and three dimensional approaches for the analysis of interpersonal behavior suggested by Leary and Bales. The three dimensions are: dominance-submission, positive-negative, and goal, oriented-deviant. Once the behavior of a nonviolent actor has been identified in this three dimensional space, the expected behavior of his opponent can be predicted.
A review of supercell and tornado dynamics

Abstract Thunderstorms that form in strong vertical wind shear often evolve into supercell storms. Supercells are well-organized, monolithic units of vigorous long-lasting convection. A classic supercell in its mature stage consists of a rotating updraft (mid-altitude mesocyclone) and a downdraft that coexists symbiotically with the updraft in an almost steady state. Doppler-radar and visual observations along with computer simulations reveal that tornadic supercells evolve through three stages. Firstly, the updraft starts rotating and a mesocyclone forms aloft, secondly a narrower vortex develops near the ground (thus completing a rotating column that extends from the ground to upper levels), and lastly a tornado forms from contraction of the near-ground cyclone. The updraft tilts environmental horizontal vorticity upwards. The updraft rotates cyclonically as a whole if this vorticity is streamwise in the updrafts' reference frame (i.e., in the direction of the storm-relative wind). Updraft rotation and motion are linked so a complete theory of mid-altitude mesocyclones requires an understanding of how supercells propagate. There are two principle propagation mechanisms; one is linear and the other is nonlinear. The process whereby rotation develops in rising air cannot explain how cyclonic rotation starts near the ground where updrafts and background vertical vorticity are normally weak. A near-ground cyclone does not form without a downdraft. In computer simulations, low-altitude air parcels with cyclonic vorticity have previously subsided in horizontal gradients of buoyancy that generate horizontal vorticity. During an air parcel's descent, its horizontal vorticity is first tipped downward into anticyclonic vorticity, but then upwards into cyclonic vorticity before it reaches the nadir of its trajectory because the vorticity vector is inclined upward relative to the velocity vector. The parcel then flows close to the ground into the updraft where its cyclonic vorticity is greatly amplified as it is stretched vertically. In simulations, this near-ground cyclone collapses into a tornado only if the model includes surface friction, which paradoxically causes the extreme upward and rotary winds. With friction, inflowing air parcels near the ground penetrate much closer to the rotation axis and revolve much faster despite some loss of angular momentum to the ground. Their extra kinetic energy comes from a further loss in their enthalpy.
Brief report: effect of ambrisentan treatment on exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension in systemic sclerosis: a prospective single-center, open-label pilot study.

Objective Exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension (ePH) may represent an early, clinically relevant phase in the spectrum of pulmonary vascular disease. The purpose of this pilot study was to describe the changes in hemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) spectrum–associated ePH treated with open-label daily ambrisentan. Methods Patients were treated with ambrisentan, 5 mg or 10 mg once daily, for 24 weeks. At baseline and 24 weeks, patients with SSc spectrum disorders exercised in a supine position, on a lower extremity cycle ergometer. All patients had normal hemodynamics at rest. We defined baseline ePH as a mean pulmonary artery pressure of >30 mm Hg with maximum exercise and a transpulmonary gradient (TPG) of >15 mm Hg. The primary end point was change in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) with exercise. Secondary end points included an improvement from baseline in 6-minute walking distance, health-related quality of life assessments, and cardiopulmonary hemodynamics. Results Of the 12 enrolled patients, 11 completed the study. At 24 weeks there were improvements in mean exercise PVR (85.8 dynes × second/cm5; P = 0.003) and mean distance covered during 6-minute walk (44.5 meters; P = 0.0007). Improvements were also observed in mean exercise cardiac output (1.4 liters/minute; P = 0.006), mean pulmonary artery pressure (−4.1 mm Hg; P = 0.02), and total pulmonary resistance (−93.0 dynes × seconds/cm5; P = 0.0008). Three patients developed resting pulmonary arterial hypertension during the 24 weeks. Conclusion Exercise hemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with SSc spectrum–associated ePH improved over 24 weeks with exposure to ambrisentan. Placebo-controlled studies are needed to confirm whether this is a drug-related effect and to determine optimal therapeutic regimens for patients with ePH.
Estrogen and Androgen Receptors in Sertoli, Leydig, Myoid, and Epithelial Cells: Effects of Time in Culture and Cell Density*

Estrogen and androgen receptors were measured in the cytosol prepared from established cell lines of Sertoli, Leydig, myoid, and endothelial cells as well as in primary Sertoli cell-enriched cultures. Estradiol-binding sites with characteristics of estrogen receptors were identified in established lines of Sertoli cells from rat [43 +/- 7 (mean +/- SEM) fmol/mg protein; Kd = 1.1 nM] and mouse (34 +/- 4 fmol/mg protein; Kd = 0.9 nM). The binding sites were estrogen specific, since only estradiol and diethylstilbestrol, but not testosterone, progesterone, or dexamethasone, competed with [3H]estradiol for binding sites in the cytosol prepared from the cell lines. Exposure of the cells to estradiol (10 nM) resulted in accumulation of estrogen receptors in nuclei, with maximal uptake by 30 min. The estrogen receptor concentration was very low or undetectable (less than 10 fmol/mg protein) in primary cultures of rat Sertoli cells that were cultured for 3 days. However, after 15 days in culture, the estrogen receptor concentration increased and reached levels similar to those in the established Sertoli cell lines. No estrogen receptors were measurable in myoid or endothelial cells. By contrast, androgen receptors were identified in all five cell lines and in primary Sertoli cells cultured for 3 and 15 days. The content of both estrogen and androgen receptors in the mouse Sertoli cell line increased as a function of cell density. We conclude from these studies that androgen receptors are present in all of the testicular somatic cell lines examined and in primary Sertoli cells; estrogen receptors are present in Sertoli cell and Leydig cell lines, but not in myoid and endothelial cell lines; the low estrogen receptor concentration in Sertoli cells cultured for 3 days increases 4-fold after 15 days in culture; and cell density is a major regulator of the concentrations of estrogen and androgen receptors in the Sertoli cell line.
Small-size probe-fed notched patch antenna with a shorting post

Simulation results for a small-size probe-fed notched patch antenna with a shorting post are presented. The area of the patch has been reduced by 94%, while the antenna maintains a bandwidth of 13.2%. The antenna can be designed to operate in the dual-band mode. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 377–379, 2001.
Persons, behaviors and situations: An agenda for personality psychology in the postwar era

Abstract The internecine war over the relative importance of persons and situations, triggered 40 years ago by Walter Mischel’s Personality and Assessment, is largely over, so it is time for researchers to develop an agenda for personality psychology in the postwar era. The possibilities include a return to the status quo ante characterized by questionnaire-based research, focusing on narrower trait constructs than the “global” traits that have undergone so much criticism, and concentrating upon within-person variance (as well as or even instead of between person variance) in behavior. Each of these possibilities offers some promise but also hazards that may be under-appreciated. The present article suggests that personality theory and research be re-organized in terms of the personality triad of persons, behaviors, and situations. A precondition for understanding the elements of this triad is better conceptualization and measurement of behavior and, especially, situations. While the interactions among these elements may turn out to be important, a first order of business is to understand the main effects of each element, a formidable but exciting research agenda that will entail a turn to broadly descriptive research rather than the testing of narrow, isolated hypotheses. Looking further ahead, a post-interactionist personality psychology may someday recognize that personality is a latent construct only indirectly indicated through behavior, and the ultimate understanding of that construct will be empirically tested by the ability to predict behavior in new and unique situations.
Routine endocrine screening in impotence

Abstract Routine hormonal screening (serum testosterone and prolactin) of 300 men presenting with a primary complaint of impotence resulted in detection of endocrine dysfunction in 5 men (1. 7 %). Four patients had hypogonadism, and 1 patient had a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma. The cost of screening these men for endocrine dysfunction was $34,722.00. Despite this cost and the low yield of endocrine disease detection, routine determination of serum testosterone and prolactin provides useful information to the clinician evaluating impotent men and when abnormal, indicates the need for thorough endocrine evaluation.
Brazed joints for electric conductors

Electric resistance brazing produces in electric conductors joints which possess several distinct advantages over equivalent soldered joints, and in addition can be made at a lower cost. A description of the equipment and process is given with comparative results between the two types of joints.
The nipple and the areola of the human female breast.

The nipple is covered by an epidermis with a characteristically intricate understructure of ridges. There are numerous, large sebaceous glands in the nipple, some opening inside the milk ducts. The terminal segments of the milk ducts are surrounded by bundles of smooth muscle arranged in sphincter-like patterns. There are relatively few nerve endings in the epidermis of the nipple and areola; these are Krause-like endings, and a number of non-descript nerve endings are found around the epidermal ridges. All of these nerves, and those around the apocrine and eccrine sweat glands in the areola, contain acetylcholinesterase. The tubercles of Montgomery are accessory mammary glands. Though mammary glands are said to be modified apocrine sweat glands, the two have neither gross, nor histological and histochemical resemblances.