cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linoleic Acid-Induced VCAM-1 Expression in Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells Is Mediated by the NF-κβ-Dependent Pathway

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) has been reported to play an important role in cancer metastasis via the adhesive interaction between tumor cells and endothelial cells. In this study, we examined the effects of linoleic acid on VCAM-1 expression and its transcriptional regulatory mechanism in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). Time- and dose-dependent increases of VCAM-1 mRNA levels were observed in linoleic acid-treated HMEC-1 as detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Flow cytometry analysis showed a significant and dose-dependent upregulation of VCAM-1 expression in HMEC-1 stimulated with linoleic acid compared with controls. To clarify the transcriptional regulatory pathway, we investigated the role of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) in the expression of VCAM-1 by linoleic acid in HMEC-1. Nuclear extracts from HMEC-1 stimulated with linoleic acid showed a dose-dependent increase in binding activity to the NF-kappa B consensus sequences. These effects were preventable by cotreatment with inhibitors of NF-kappa B activity, such as sodium salicylate, aspirin, or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. In addition, pretreatment with NF-kappa B inhibitors markedly suppressed the ability of linoleic acid to induce VCAM-1 gene expression. The role of NF-kappa B in linoleic acid-induced VCAM-1 expression was confirmed by functional promoter studies in HMEC-1 transfected with reporter constructs of the VCAM-1 promoter with or without mutated NF-kappa B binding site. These results indicate that linoleic acid upregulates VCAM-1 expression in HMEC-1 through the NF-kappa B-dependent pathway.
The attention schema theory: a mechanistic account of subjective awareness.

We recently proposed the attention schema theory, a novel way to explain the brain basis of subjective awareness in a mechanistic and scientifically testable manner. The theory begins with attention, the process by which signals compete for the brain’s limited computing resources. This internal signal competition is partly under a bottom-up influence and partly under top-down control. We propose that the top-down control of attention is improved when the brain has access to a simplified model of attention itself. The brain therefore constructs a schematic model of the process of attention, the ‘attention schema’, in much the same way that it constructs a schematic model of the body, the ‘body schema’. The content of this internal model leads a brain to conclude that it has a subjective experience. One advantage of this theory is that it explains how awareness and attention can sometimes become dissociated; the brain’s internal models are never perfect, and sometimes a model becomes dissociated from the object being modeled. A second advantage of this theory is that it explains how we can be aware of both internal and external events. The brain can apply attention to many types of information including external sensory information and internal information about emotions and cognitive states. If awareness is a model of attention, then this model should pertain to the same domains of information to which attention pertains. A third advantage of this theory is that it provides testable predictions. If awareness is the internal model of attention, used to help control attention, then without awareness, attention should still be possible but should suffer deficits in control. In this article, we review the existing literature on the relationship between attention and awareness, and suggest that at least some of the predictions of the theory are borne out by the evidence.
The Occurrence of Vascular Cavities and Specialized Parenchyma Cells in the Roots of Cool‐season Legumes

The seeds of 20 legume species were grown in the greenhouse or in growth chambers at different temperatures. Under warm temperature conditions (above 15 °C), six species, pea (Pisum sativum), broadbean (Vicia faba), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), lentil (Lens culinaris), wild lupine (Lupinus latifolius), and soybean (Glycine max), formed cavities in the vascular cylinder of their primary roots, which in turn became filled by the ingrowth of specialized parenchyma cells (SP cells). When these species were grown at low temperature (below 15 °C), however, a “normal” vascular cylinder formed in the primary roots with late-maturing metaxylem vessel members differentiating in the center. These species were all cool-season legumes except soybean, a warm-season legume, which sometimes also formed cavities and SP cell ingrowths. The occurrence of cavities and SP cells therefore was restricted to the cool-season legumes (except soybean) when they were grown under warm temperature conditions. The position and size of cavities varied among these species. Pea and broadbean usually formed large, axially elongated cavities in the central vascular cylinder, or in the xylem poles. Others formed smaller cavities of various lengths.
Determination of integrated plasma concentrations and true secretion rates of human growth hormone.

ABSTRACT A method has been described that permits the measurement of the integrated concentration of growth hormone or any substance whose concentration in blood fluctuates widely. This method employs a small portable constant withdrawal pump with heparin-coated plastic cannula and tubing that are inserted intravenously through a disposable needle. Similar metabolic clearance rates (MCR) of 131I-HGH and nonradioactive HGH were found using a constant infusion technique. Changes in position, except for standing totally immovable, did not significantly alter the MCR, nor did it change the concentration of HGH. The true secretion rate of HGH was calculated in 4 normal female volunteers by multiplying their individual MCR of HGH by their integrated concentration of HGH. The secretion rates of HGH in these subjects ranged from 0.65 to 1.51 mg/24 hr. The secretion rate of HGH in an acromegalic patient was found to be 8.08 mg in 24 hr.
Poster: H3N2 influenza vaccine: A historical perspective

We analyzed the dN/dS ratios of the vaccine strains against the immuno-escape mutant strain circulatings. Our preliminary analysis suggested the following: (1) Using graphical technique (see figure), we use sites (blue) with highest dN/dS ratios within the hyper-variable regions (red) (sites 100–200) of each flu season plotted against vaccine introduction with new vaccines (green) and carried-over vaccines (black). Our result shows that the position of the antigenic sites are shifting to avoid mutation in previously targeted sites by the vaccine. This suggests that the influenza virus shows a first order memory effect from the previous exposure to the antibody immune response. (2) We see that the hyper-variability regions are under much larger mutation pressure than the rest of the sequence. (3) Synonymous mutation appears to be closing the gap on the non-synonymous mutation which suggests that synonymous changes may have a major impact on fitness, contrary to a base hypothesis of being selectively neutral.
THE BRIGHTNESS OF THE LIGHT OF THE WEST INDIAN ELATERID BEETLE, PYROPHORUS.

The maximum brightness of one of the prothoracic light organs of the West Indian elaterid beetles, Pyrophorus (measured at Princeton, New Jersey) was found to be .045 lambert, or .045 lumen per sq. cm. at 20°C. This corresponds to .0002 candle for one organ, or .0004 candle for the pair of prothoracic organs.
Application of a Probabilistic Microstructural Model to Determine Reference Length and Toe-to-Linear Region Transition in Fibrous Connective Tissue

This study shows how a probabilistic microstructural model for fibrous connective tissue behavior can be used to objectively describe soft tissue low-load behavior. More specifically, methods to determine tissue reference length and the transition from the strain-stiffening ‘‘toe-region’’ to the more linear region of the stress-strain curve of fibrous connective tissues are presented. According to a microstructural model for uniaxially loaded collagenous tissues, increasingly more fibers are recruited and bear load with increased tissue elongation. Fiber recruitment is represented statistically according to a Weibull probability density function (PDF). The Weibull PDF location parameter in this formulation corresponds to the stretch at which the first fibers begin to bear load and provides a convenient method of determining reference length. The toe-to-linear region transition is defined by utilizing the Weibull cumulative distribution function (CDF) which relates the fraction of loaded fibers to the tissue elongation. These techniques are illustrated using representative tendon and ligament data from the literature, and are shown to be applicable retrospectively to data from specimens that are not heavily preloaded. The reference length resulting from this technique provides an objective datum from which to calculate stretch, strain, and tangent modulus, while the Weibull CDF provides an objective parameter with which to characterize the limits of lowload behavior. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1579046#
Mapping of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Using Autonomous Underwater Vehicles in Nearshore Regions

The use of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) equipped with sidescan sonar was investigated for determining the boundaries of nearshore submerged aquatic vegetation beds, specifically eelgrass (Zostera marina). Shifts in eelgrass bed morphology, size, and distribution are used as indicators in monitoring programs to measure the impacts of coastal development and environmental stressors on nearshore ecosystem health and to establish the efficacy of restoration programs. However, many monitoring programs necessarily extend over multiple-year time periods. Therefore, techniques that are easily reproducible, accurate, and cost-effective can demonstrate distinct advantages over some of the more traditional and labor-intensive methods, such as diver assessments and transects of shoot counts. Remote monitoring of eelgrass beds using satellite and aerial imagery has been demonstrated with moderate success, but requires groundtruthing, which can be costly and which frequently cannot delineate the deeper boundaries of eelgrass beds. One possible means for low-cost mapping is the use of AUVs equipped with acoustic imaging hardware. AUVs provide an ideal platform, because they can be deployed by small teams (two people), they are highly maneuverable, they can cover large areas over a relatively short time period (3 knot operational speed), and they are equipped with multiple oceanographic instruments for correlated data collection. This paper describes the use of sidescan-equipped AUV technology deployed over multiple time periods at the same location where imagery of eelgrass beds was obtained and analyzed for comparative purposes.
The Strengths Perspective in Social Work Practice: Extensions and Cautions

The strengths perspective in social work practice continues to develop conceptually. The strengths-based approach to case management with people with severe mental illness is well established. More recently, there have been developments in strengths-based practice with other client groups and the emergence of strengths orientations in work with communities. To augment these developments, converging lines of thinking, research, and practice in areas such as developmental resilience, healing and wellness, and constructionist narrative and story have provided interesting supports and challenges to the strengths perspective. This article reviews some current thinking and research about using a strengths orientation and assesses conceptual endorsements and criticisms of the strengths perspective.
Demonstration of feedback using the MIT-SNL minimum time control laws for the rapid maneuvering of reactor power

Experiments are reported in which the efficacy of combining proportional-integral-derivative feedback methodologies with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Sandia National Laboratories (MIT-SNL) period-generated minimum time control laws was demonstrated for the safe maneuvering of reactor neutronic power on periods as short as 1.0 s under conditions of closed-loop digital control. It is shown that proportional feedback cannot compensate for errors in the measurement of reactivity and that the addition of integral action corrects for this deficiency. The need for controllers of safety-constrained systems to be capable of not only compensating for perturbations but also of diagnosing their cause is discussed. >
Performance on measures of executive function following pediatric traumatic brain injury.

Objective : To investigate the relationships among age at injury, neuroanatomic lesion location, and measures of executive function (EF) following paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods : EF was assessed in 68 children (aged 7-15) with moderate-to-severe TBI 1 year post-injury. EF tests included: (1) Tower of Hanoi (TOH), a measure of problem solving ability, (2) Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), a measure of categorization and ability to shift cognitive strategies, (3) Letter Fluency (LF), a measure of novel lexical search and rule-governed word generation. EF variables included number of moves needed to achieve a 3-ring solution on the TOH, number of perseverative and non-perseverative errors on the WCST, and number of words generated on LF. Intellectual functioning was also assessed using the Verbal Intellectual Quotient (VIQ) from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale from Children-3rd edn (WISC-III). Data from standardized MRIs, performed at 3-months post-injury, were available for all subjects...
Influence Of Breast-Feeding And Oral Poliovirus Vaccine On The Immunogenicity And Efficacy Of Rotavirus Vaccines

To be practical and cost effective, rotavirus vaccines will have to be administered to infants with routine childhood vaccinations. Rotavirus vaccine studies were reviewed to evaluate the effect of breast-feeding and concurrent oral poliovirus vaccination (OPV) on the immunogenicity and efficacy of oral rotavirus vaccines. Both breast-feeding and OPV appeared to interfere, to some degree, with the serum immune response to rotavirus vaccines; however, the effects were usually not statistically significant and were largely overcome by administering three doses of rotavirus vaccine rather than one. Available data show no decrease in the protective efficacy of rotavirus vaccine in breast-fed children or in children receiving concurrent OPV, but larger sample sizes will be required to definitely rule out any effect.
How best to design surgical comanagement services for pediatric surgical patients

In this issue of Hospital Pediatrics , Dr David Rappaport and colleagues report on the outcomes and costs associated with implementation of a surgical hospitalist comanagement service for medically complex children undergoing spine fusion surgery at Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children (duPont) that was started in September 2005.1 This report is of great personal interest because it is the first on the topic of pediatric hospitalist comanagement of spine fusion surgery patients after our study at Children’s Hospital in Denver at the same time.2 Since then, a substantial number of surgical hospitalist comanagement services have been initiated across the nation. Because very little evidence exists to guide the organization of such services, a diversity of approaches to comanagement have been implemented. As with the program at duPont, numerous surgical hospitalist comanagement services at tertiary care pediatric hospitals have been initiated after sentinel events. Although rare, sentinel events result in action and are frequently the most effective initiator for change in the real-world setting. However, the ability of these new services to reduce an already rare number of sentinel events is limited. Instead, we might expect surgical comanagement …
Are DNA patents bad for medicine

Abstract This paper considers the potential benefits and harms of DNA patenting for biomedical research and medical practice. It argues that, all things considered, the benefits of patenting DNA outweigh the harms, although societies should adopt policies designed to prevent or mitigate the harms associated with patenting. Some of these policies include: (1) reinforcing the research exemption for academic researchers, (2) raising the “bar” for the criteria of patentability, (3) restricting the scope of patents, (4) disclosing conflicts of interest related to DNA patents, (5) sharing the economic benefits of patenting with patients, and (6) providing insurance coverage for some types of genetic tests.
Progesterone improves cognitive performance and attenuates smoking urges in abstinent smokers

Summary Background Progesterone, a steroid hormone, has been implicated in many CNS functions including reward, cognition, and neuroprotection. The goal of this study was to examine the dose-dependent effects of progesterone on cognitive performance, smoking urges, and smoking behavior in smokers. Methods Thirty female and thirty-four male smokers participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Female smokers were in the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycle during study participation. Smokers were randomly assigned to either 200 or 400 mg/day of progesterone or placebo, given in two separate doses, during clinic visit. The first 3 days of the treatment period, smokers abstained from smoking, which was verified with breath CO levels. Smokers attended an experimental session on day 4 where the number of cigarettes smoked were recorded starting 2 h after the medication treatment. Results Progesterone treatment, 200 mg/day, significantly improved cognitive performance in the Stroop and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Progesterone at 400 mg/day was associated with reduced urges for smoking but did not change ad lib smoking behavior. Conclusions These findings suggest a potential therapeutic value of progesterone for smoking cessation.
Mirror-Reading Moral Issues in Paul's Letters

Biblical interpreters have long recognized the need to engage in mirror-reading when it comes to studying the apostle Paul’s letters, as they are ‘occasional’ writings, where an understanding of th...
Optical absorption in an electric field in semi-insulating gallium arsenide

Optical absorption by semiconductors and insulators in electric fields has been of interest for several decades. Recently, Franz and, independently, Keldysh have presented theories which permit an estimation of the magnitude of effects observed. More recently, Callaway developed a more elaborate formulation which permits accurate computation of absorption coefficients. It is the purpose of this work to present the results of an investigation of Callaway's theory. Optical absorption in oriented single crystals of semi-insulating gallium arsenide was investigated over the temperature range 300°K to 85°K using non-ohmic contacts and a synchronized pulse train generator. The Cary 14R recording spectrophotometer was used with a spectral purity between 5 A to 9 A in the IR No. 1 mode of operation. The fields used varied between 1 × 104 to 1 × 105 Vcm.
Dynamic Biomechanical Strain Inhibits IL-1β–induced Inflammation in Vocal Fold Fibroblasts

Summary Despite the fact that vocal folds are subjected to extensive mechanical forces, the role of mechanical strain in vocal fold wound healing has been overlooked. Recent studies on other tissues have demonstrated that low physiological levels of mechanical forces are beneficial to injured tissues, reduce inflammation, and induce synthesis of matrix-associated proteins essential for enhanced wound healing. In this study, we speculated that mechanical strain of low magnitudes also attenuates the production of inflammatory mediators and alters the extracellular matrix synthesis to augment wound healing in cultured vocal fold fibroblasts. To test this hypothesis, fibroblasts from rabbit vocal folds were isolated and exposed to various magnitudes of cyclic tensile strain (CTS) in the presence or absence of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Results suggest that IL-1β activates proinflammatory gene transcription in vocal fold fibroblasts. Furthermore, CTS abrogates the IL-1β–induced proinflammatory gene induction in a magnitude-dependent manner. In addition, CTS blocks IL-1β–mediated inhibition of collagen type I synthesis, and thereby upregulates collagen synthesis in the presence of IL-1β. These findings are the first to reveal the potential utility of low levels of mechanical signals in vocal fold wound healing, and support the emerging on vivo data suggesting beneficial effects of vocal exercise on acute phonotrauma.
Percutaneous access for venovenous extracorporeal life support in neonates

Abstract Background: Although percutaneous cannulation has been previously described in adult and pediatric patients older than 3 years, its use in neonates for venovenous extracorporeal life support (ECLS) has not been previously described. Methods: Twenty neonates of weight 3.4 ± 0.6 kg (range, 2.3 to 4.9 kg.) with severe respiratory failure (meconium aspiration syndrome, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, sepsis) were managed with double-lumen venovenous ECLS. Percutaneous access via the right internal jugular (RIJ) vein with a 12F (n = 13) or 15F (n = 7) double-lumen ECLS cannula was obtained via a modified Seldinger technique. RIJ access was specifically obtained 2 to 3 cm above the clavicle with a 21-gauge needle and a 0.018-in guide wire followed by a technique that allowed insertion of the larger cannula guide wire. Decannulation simply involved removal of the cannula with hemostasis obtained by direct pressure. Results: Percutaneous cannulation was performed without difficulty in 11 infants. Conversion to an open technique for cannula placement was required in four patients early in our experience because percutaneous access to the RIJ with the 0.018-inch guide wire could not be achieved, and in one neonate because the 15F cannula could not be advanced into the RIJ and resulted in laceration of the vein. Inability to achieve RIJ access also led to use of an "exposure-assisted" percutaneous procedure in four patients later in our experience. Complications included a pneumothorax identified on chest radiograph 18 hours after cannulation in one infant and partial thrombotic occlusion of the cannula requiring a change over a guide wire in another. There were no problems associated with decannulation. Conclusions: This is the first description of percutaneous cannulation in neonates for venovenous ECLS. In the authors' early experience, percutaneous access using a 12F double lumen venovenous cannula may be efficiently performed especially in patients >3.0 kg in weight and has the potential for simplifying and reducing the cost of the ECLS technique.
The Role Of Focussing in Interpretation of Pronouns

In this p;,per I [ discuss the formal relationship between the process of focussing and interpret;ition of pronominal anaphora. The discussion of focussing extends the work of Grosz [1977]. Foct,ssing is defined algorithmical]y as a process which chooses a focus of attention in a discourse and moves it around as the speaker's focus ch'mges. The paper shows how to use the focussing algorithm by ;m extended example given below. DII Alfred a,ld Zohar liked to play baseball. 2 They played it everyday after school before dinner. 3 After their game, the two usually went for ice cream cones. 4 They tasted really good. 5 Alfred always had the vanilla super scooper, 6 while Zohar tried the flavor of the day cone. 7 After the cones had been eaten, 8 the boys went home to study. In this example, the discourse focusses initially on baseball. The focus moves in DI-3 to the ice cream cone. Using this example, I show how the formal algorithm computes focus and determines how the focus moves according to the signals which the speaker uses in discourse to indicate the movement.
Money Market Rate Variability And The Velocity Of Money: Some International Evidence

This paper re-examines the Friedman hypothesis that uncertainty about the future course of money supply growth influences velocity by focusing on the relationship between interest rate variability and the income velocity of money in nine industrialized countries. As an indicator of the stance of monetary policy, we use the money market rate. Cointegration and error-correction modeling techniques are used to test the hypothesis that the variability of the money market rate impacts velocity. Eight of the nine countries studied exhibit a statistical relationship between the variability of the money market rate and the income velocity of money.
Seeking Environmental Equity and Justice

Just as law follows ethics, so should a system for ensuring environmental equity and justice come to fit the new shape of environmental ethics in our world. Such a system requires, most importantly, expanding the scope of those to whom we, as policy makers and administrators, owe obligations of fair treatment. But also, it requires a reexamination of the way in which we study and value things, and the way in which we manage and settle disputes that affect natural ecosystems and their uses. Issues of environmental equity and justice have much in common with issues of equity and justice in other policy and administrative arenas, but there are some fundamental differences. Similar principles are used for the just distribution of scarce resources and the benefits and burdens flowing from their use, as well as to condition the process for the making of the distribution. Still, there are substantial differences. Environmental justice issues involve measurement or manipulation of complicated ecosystems that are dynamic and interrelated to other systems, depend upon projections that go far into the future, and are invested with scientific
Fast leaf‐fitting with generalized underdose/overdose constraints for real‐time MLC tracking

Purpose: Real-time multileaf collimator (MLC) tracking is a promising approach to the management of intrafractional tumor motion during thoracic and abdominal radiotherapy. MLC tracking is typically performed in two steps: transforming a planned MLC aperture in response to patient motion and refitting the leaves to the newly generated aperture. One of the challenges of this approach is the inability to faithfully reproduce the desired motion-adapted aperture. This work presents an optimization-based framework with which to solve this leaf-fitting problem in real-time. Methods: This optimization framework is designed to facilitate the determination of leaf positions in real-time while accounting for the trade-off between coverage of the PTV and avoidance of organs at risk (OARs). Derived within this framework, an algorithm is presented that can account for general linear transformations of the planned MLC aperture, particularly 3D translations and in-plane rotations. This algorithm, together with algorithms presented in Sawant et al. [“Management of three-dimensional intrafraction motion through real-time DMLC tracking,” Med. Phys. 35, 2050–2061 (2008)] and Ruan and Keall [Presented at the 2011 IEEE Power Engineering and Automation Conference (PEAM) (2011) (unpublished)], was applied to apertures derived from eight lung intensity modulated radiotherapy plans subjected to six-degree-of-freedom motion traces acquired from lung cancer patients using the kilovoltage intrafraction monitoring system developed at the University of Sydney. A quality-of-fit metric was defined, and each algorithm was evaluated in terms of quality-of-fit and computation time. Results: This algorithm is shown to perform leaf-fittings of apertures, each with 80 leaf pairs, in 0.226 ms on average as compared to 0.082 and 64.2 ms for the algorithms of Sawant et al., Ruan, and Keall, respectively. The algorithm shows approximately 12% improvement in quality-of-fit over the Sawant et al. approach, while performing comparably to Ruan and Keall. Conclusions: This work improves upon the quality of the Sawant et al. approach, but does so without sacrificing run-time performance. In addition, using this framework allows for complex leaf-fitting strategies that can be used to account for PTV/OAR trade-off during real-time MLC tracking.
Calibrating Precision Orbit Derived Total Density

Atmospheric density modeling is the greatest uncertainty in the dynamics of low Earth satellite orbits. Accurate density calculations are required to provide meaningful estimates of the atmospheric drag perturbing satellite motion. This paper uses precision satellite orbits from the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) as measurements in an optimal orbit determination process to estimate total atmospheric density. The accuracy of the precision orbit derived density is compared to CHAMP accelerometer derived density for various filter/smoother settings to calibrate the precision orbit derived densities. Settings studied include the half-lives of the ballistic coefficient and density Gauss-Markov processes, solution spans, and baseline density models. The precision orbit derived densities are shown to more closely match the accelerometer derived densities than either empirical models or dynamic calibration of the atmosphere.
Large Igneous Provinces (R.E. Ernst)

Large Igneous Provinces. Richard E. Ernst. Pp. 653. Cambridge University Press. 2014. ISBN 978-0-521-87177-8: Hardcover. Price $130. This book presents a comprehensive compilation of all aspects of large igneous provinces (LIPs). Published in 2014, the book is now the definitive source of information on the petrogenesis of this type of globally important, voluminous magmatic activity. In the first few pages, LIPs are characterized as magmatic provinces with areal extents >0.1 Mkm2 that are dominated by mafic magmas emplaced or erupted in intraplate settings during relatively short (1–5 m.y.) time intervals. Given these parameters, particularly areal extent, LIPs clearly represent significant contributions to global geologic evolution through time. This point is underscored, also in the introductory chapter, by a series of figures that aptly characterize the global time-space distribution of LIPs; an accompanying, particularly useful table identifies individual LIPs, quantifies their basic characteristics, and enumerates pertinent references. Accordingly, this compilation is a welcome addition to the geologic literature. As portrayed in this volume, the number and extent of LIPs globally require that processes responsible for the associated magmatism be documented and placed in a modern petrogenetic context to enhance our understanding of the geospatial and temporal aspects of global geologic evolution. The book includes many well-prepared black-and-white illustrations that document essential aspects of LIPs, including geologic setting, important petrogenetic processes, and geochemical relations. Ernst, who has spent a career studying LIPs, is well qualified to have assembled the basic observational data and interpretations contained in this book because of his profound, …
The Role of Cultural Contexts in Explaining Cross-National Gender Gaps in STEM Expectations

In recent decades, women have made impressive inroads in education and the labour market in most countries; yet, they often remain under-represented in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) professions. One way to understand women’s under-representation in STEM is to examine how boys and girls develop their career expectations during adolescence, as this is a critical time when individuals begin to plan their futures. Prior cross-national research finds that gender stratification in education, work, and politics in a country affects the size of male-favourable gender gaps on math and science achievement tests for adolescents. Countries with more gender equality have smaller gender gaps in math and science. But, it is unknown how gender stratification or cultural ideologies impact the development of boys’ and girls’ STEM career expectations. Do countries with less gender equality have smaller male-favourable gender gaps in STEM career expectations? Do countries with less gender egalitarian have larger male-favourable gender gaps in STEM career expectations? Using data on student’s occupational expectations from the 2006 Program for International Student Assessment and data on country-level gender stratification and genderegalitarian ideologies from the World Bank and European Values Survey, I study the gender gap in 15-yearolds’ expectations to enter a STEM career across 24 countries. Women’s under-representation in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields is a continuing concern for scholars, educators, and policymakers, who repeatedly ask, why do so few women enter STEM (Rossi, 1965; Hill, Corbett and St. Rose, 2010)? Women have made impressive gains in education in recent decades. Girls and boys are near parity in math performance (Hyde et al., 2008); girls take as rigorous math and science courses in high school as boys while earning better grades (Buchmann et al., 2008), and more women complete college than men throughout much of the world (UNESCO, 2012a). Despite women’s tremendous success in education, sex segregation in fields of study and occupations persists (Charles and Grusky, 2004; Charles and Bradley, 2009). Across countries, women remain under-represented in STEM fields of study (Hanson, Schaub and Baker, 1996; van Langen and Dekkers, 2005). This is a pressing concern because increasing women’s participation in STEM matters for reaching gender equality in societies more broadly, but also has implications for countries hoping to retain a qualified STEM labour force, which is thought to be crucial for VC The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com European Sociological Review, 2016, Vol. 32, No. 1, 122–133 doi: 10.1093/esr/jcv078 Advance Access Publication Date: 13 August 2015
Anti-oxidants for the treatment and the prevention of atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis with its major clinical sequela, coronary heart disease (CHD), is the major cause of death in the industrialized world. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is a complicated disease process that is characterized by the accumulation of lipids, mainly cholesteryl esters, and by smooth-musclecell proliferation. Clinical studies have shown the importance of high levels of serum total cholesterol and of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) as being risk factors for CHD; low levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are inversely related to the occurrence of the disease. Although cholesterol, LDL and HDL have been implicated as risk factors, the aetiology of atherogenesis and a detailed understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying the disease process remain largely unknown. The hypotheses that have received the most attention are shown in Table 1.
Performance Analysis on Closed Hydrostatic Guideway

The closed hydrostatic guideway is an important component for high-precision lathe. The models of its key parts are established by using Solidworks software,and the finite element analysis,including static analysis and modal analysis are obtained by using Workbench. In addition,maximum deformation and stress value are got from deformation map and stress distribution map under working condition during static analysis,and natural frequency and vibration mode are obtained during modal analysis. What is more,natural frequency of these key parts is significantly larger than the one during lathe working,and therefore resonance will not happen and they satisfy the demands for lathe.
Making the Grade: The U.S. Tip Report & the Fight Against Domestic Child Sex Trafficking

This article argues that the Trafficking in Persons Report (“TIP Report”) has had a moderate impact on United States’ efforts to address child sex trafficking, but efforts toward more effective compliance are increasing. On the one hand, the TIP Report has yet to persuade the United States to develop an effective uniform legal response to its epidemic of child sex trafficking. On the other hand, recent federal initiatives suggest that the United States is strengthening its efforts to comply TIP standards to address the issue of child sex trafficking. This article further argues that the United States’ inconsistent legal responses to child sex trafficking undermine the United States’ compliance with the TIP Report’s 4P standards. On the one hand, the Obama administration has taken further steps to combat human trafficking on both the federal and state level, including supporting the passage of the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA) in 2013. On the other hand, state child sex trafficking laws do not consistently meet the TIP Report’s 4P standards. Two particular policies are problematic. First, state laws that require proof of force, fraud, or coercion in child sex trafficking cases contravene the Department of State’s minimum standards for effective anti-trafficking laws. Second, state laws that allow prostituted minors to be treated as criminals rather than crime victims contravene the TIP’s minimum standards. The Department of State must develop new strategies to compel state and local governments to fully comply with the TIP standards at home.
Provider Advice and Women's Intentions to Meet Weight Gain, Physical Activity, and Nutrition Guidelines During Pregnancy.

Objectives To determine the prevalence and accuracy of patient-reported provider advice on weight gain, physical activity, and nutrition during prenatal visits and to examine the associations of provider advice with women’s behavioral intentions toward weight gain, physical activity, and nutrition.
Information Quality on Yahoo! Answers

Along with the proliferation of the social web, question and answer (QA) sites attract millions of users around the globe. On these sites, users ask questions while others provide answers. These QA sites vary by their scope, size, and quality of answers; the most popular QA site is Yahoo! Answers. This chapter aims to examine the quality of information produced by the crowd on Yahoo! Answers, assuming that given enough eyeballs all questions can get good answers. Findings illustrate a process of answer quality improvement through crowd-sourcing questions. Improvement is achieved by having multiple answers to any given question instead of a singe answer, and through a mechanism of answer evaluation, by which users rank the best answer to any given question. Both processes contribute significantly to the quality of answers one can expect to find on Yahoo! Answers.
Perception, culture, and science: A framework to identify in-home heating options to improve indoor air quality in the Navajo Nation

A 2010 study identified higher than average incidence of respiratory disease in Shiprock, NM, the largest city in the Navajo Nation. That study suggested that the potential cause was the combustion of solid fuels in in-home heating stoves and that respiratory disease could be greatly reduced by changing indoor heating behaviors and improving heating stove quality. Since the Navajo people are deeply embedded in culture and traditions that strongly influence their daily lives, a new framework was needed to identify feasible heating alternatives that could reduce the negative environmental and health impacts related to solid fuel use while respecting the culture of the Navajo people. The resulting Navajo framework included perception, cultural, and technical assessments to evaluate seven heating alternatives perceived viable by Navajo stakeholders. Cultural experts at the Dine Policy Institute identified potential cultural limitations and motivating factors for each alternative. A limited technical assessment of the health benefits of these options was conducted and integrated into the process. A parallel convergent mixed-methods approach was employed to integrate qualitative and quantitative results. The results and framework developed and presented here may be useful for decision makers in communities heavily reliant on solid fuels for heat, especially Native Nations, where culture plays an important role in the success of any intervention.
MEMS-based beam-steerable free-space optical communication link for reconfigurable wireless data center

Flexible wireless datacenter networks based on free space optical communication (FSO) links are being considered as promising solutions to meet the future datacenter demands of high throughput, robustness to dynamic traffic patterns, cabling complexity and energy efficiency. Robust and precise steerable FSO links over dynamic traffic play a key role in the reconfigurable optical wireless datacenter inter-rack network. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a reconfigurable 10Gbps FSO system incorporated with smart beam acquisition and tracking mechanism based on gimballess two-axis MEMS micro-mirror and retro-reflective film marked aperture. The fast MEMS-based beam acquisition switches laser beam of FSO terminal from one rack to the next for reconfigurable networks, and the precise beam tracking makes FSO device auto-correct the misalignment in real-time. We evaluate the optical power loss and bit error rate performance of steerable FSO links at various directions. Experimental results suggest that the MEMS based beam steerable FSO links hold considerable promise for the future reconfigurable wireless datacenter networks.
Redefining the Republic of Letters: The Literary Public and Mudie’s Circulating Library

In late 1860, Charles Mudie’s plans to expand his circulating library inspired his detractors and competitors to challenge the validity of his ‘right to selection’ – the process by which he chose which texts he would loan from his library. Over the next few months, prominent periodicals featured correspondence and editorials that decried or supported Mudie’s ostensible monopoly over literary exchange. While the initial argument was economic, the dispute extended beyond economics to religion, literary quality and culture. To connect these disparate fields, writers turned to the politics of interpretation: that is, whether specialists should define literary culture, or if a public comprised of individual, ‘common’ readers should determine their own standards for books. Mudie’s opponents advocated for individual readers’ right to read what they liked, how they liked. His supporters argued that the public needed specialists to guide their literary tastes. The resulting exchange about what I call the ‘literary...
Diffraction from Disordered Surfaces: An Overview

Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is just one of several diffraction techniques (electron, atom, or x-ray) that have the capability for investigating the crystallography and microstructure of surfaces and very thin films. Diffraction gives a statistical view of disorder rather than a local picture, as would be obtained, for example, in a scanning tunneling microscope. Many processes occurring at surfaces, such as growth, phase transformations, the formation of steps, and so on, involve deviations from perfect order that are stochastic in nature. For such processes a statistical view is appropriate and is directly relatable in a quantitative way to the mechanisms that are involved. All such phenomena can be broadly classified under surface disorder. This paper attempts to review how diffraction, and in particular RHEED, can be used to investigate surface disorder. The intent here is to provide a simple, physically reasonable, pedagogical approach to this subject.[1] We somewhat artificially divide the paper into static phenomena (Sec. II), time-dependent phenomena (Sec. III), and (Sec. IV) issues that complicate the simple picture presented in Secs. II and III. In this section we treat preliminary topics.
Annals for Hospitalists: Celebrating the One-Year Anniversary of an Easier Way for Hospitalists to Access Annals

The editorialists discuss the 1-year anniversary of Annals for Hospitalists, which highlights hospitalist-relevant content from Annals and brings perspectives from leaders in the field.
Electrochemical double layer capacitors containing carbon black additives for improved capacitance and cycle life

Abstract Carbon black additive, which combines high specific surface area and high purity, was designed to improve gravimetric capacitance and cycle life of electrochemical double layer capacitors. In this study, acid extraction method is employed to remove the impurities in the base carbon black (SC2) and the electrochemical performance of the product materials (SC2A) are evaluated in comparison with other commercially available conductive additives. Results suggest that carbon black with high purity and optimized morphology can not only provide desired electrical conductivity but also improve capacitance and cycle life of the electrochemical cells made with this material.
Proximal versus Distal Recipient Vessels in Lower Extremity Reconstruction: A Retrospective Series and Systematic Review.

Background Recipient vessels proximal to the zone of injury have traditionally been preferred for lower extremity reconstruction. However, more recent data have shown mixed outcomes when performing anastomoses distal to the zone of injury. We investigated the impact of recipient vessel location on free flap outcomes. Methods Retrospective review (1979–2016); 312 soft tissue free flaps for open tibia fractures met inclusion criteria. Flap characteristics and perioperative outcomes were examined. Systematic review identified articles evaluating anastomosis location and flap outcomes; pooled data analysis was performed. Results More anastomoses were performed proximal to the zone of injury (80.7%) than distal (19.3%). Distal anastomoses were not associated with increased take back rates (19.6%) compared with proximal (23.8%) anastomoses (p = 0.356). Regression analysis comparing proximal and distal anastomoses found no difference in partial flap failures (7.4% vs 11.9%; p = 0.978) or total flap failures (9.3% vs 9.3%; p = 0.815) when controlling for the presence of arterial injury, flap type, and time from injury to coverage. Systematic review yielded 11 articles with 1,245 proximal and 127 distal anastomoses for comparison. Pooled analysis (p = 0.58) and weighted comparative analysis (p = 0.39) found no difference in flap failure rates between proximal and distal groups. Conclusion Our results are congruent with the current lower extremity literature and demonstrate no difference in perioperative complication rates between anastomoses performed proximal or distal to the zone of injury. These findings suggest that anastomotic location choice should be based primarily on recipient vessel quality/flow and ease of access/exposure rather than orientation relative to the zone of injury.
Evaluation of dystonia in children and adolescents treated with atomoxetine within the Truven MarketScan database: a retrospective cohort study.

Objective: Atomoxetine is a non-stimulant drug indicated for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children aged ≥6 years, adolescents, and adults. In this retrospective cohort study, the incidence and risk of dystonia in children and adolescents treated with atomoxetine was compared to a propensity score-matched cohort of stimulant users.Methods: Data between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2014 from patients aged 6–17 years in the Truven Health Analytics MarketScan database were used to generate two cohorts of patients: (1) atomoxetine users and (2) stimulant (methylphenidates or amphetamines) users. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to compare incidence of dystonia across propensity score-matched cohorts.Results: Of the 70,657 atomoxetine users, 70,655 users were propensity score-matched to a stimulant user. In the atomoxetine- and stimulant-treated cohorts, the crude incidence rates of dystonia were 54.9 (95% CI: 27.1–82.7) and 77.9 (95% CI: 49.1–106.8)...
A research and Demonstration Project of Protective Services

Some of the data pertaining to factors predictive of institutionalization or survival suggest that changes may be introduced in lives least able to bear them