cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 5 – Blood Flow in Arteries and Veins

In this chapter, we discuss blood flow through arteries and veins, making use of the fluid mechanics principles that were derived in earlier chapters. First we highlight the anatomy and physiology of arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules. The function of the venous valve system is discussed. The characteristics of different blood cells and plasma components are presented, so that discussions of blood function and blood rheology can be made. Various models, including the Casson model and the Hagen–Poiseuille formulation, are developed. Wave propagation, bifurcation optimization, flow separation pulsatility, and turbulence are all presented. The flow through tapering channels is also described. Common disease conditions that are related to the arterial and venous systems are discussed. The major goal of this chapter is to develop a basic understanding of the macrovascular portion of the cardiovascular system and relate this to conventional fluid mechanics principles.
Beamforming with deep learning from single plane wave RF data

Deep learning approaches for improving ultrasound image reconstruction have proven successful in both experimental and clinical settings. In this paper, we present an autoencoder-based deep learning framework for ultrasound beamforming from the radio-frequency (RF) data received after a single plane wave transmission. Motivated by U-Net, the network consists of an encoder and a decoder. The network was trained and evaluated on simulated, phantom, and in vivo datasets. When tested on simulated data, the mean SNR, contrast, and gCNR of the learned image results were 3.16, −35.96 dB and 1.0 respectively, as well as a mean PSNR of 18.61 dB when compared to enhanced B-mode images. Each of these metrics outperformed the standard delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming algorithm for the single plane wave image. In addition, the network was evaluated on an in vivo breast mass, achieving improved image quality compared to the corresponding single plane wave image. These results highlight the promise of exploring the proposed network to generate high quality ultrasound images from one plane wave, which could be applied to multiple ultrasound-based clinical tasks.
New Diagnostic Assays for Differential Diagnosis Between the Two Distinct Lineages of Bovine Influenza D Viruses and Human Influenza C Viruses

Influenza D virus (IDV), a novel orthomyxovirus, is currently emerging in cattle worldwide. It shares >50% sequence similarity with the human influenza C virus (HICV). Two clades of IDV are currently co-circulating in cattle herds in the U.S. New assays specific for each lineage are needed for accurate surveillance. Also, differential diagnosis between zoonotic human influenza C virus and the two clades of IDV are important to assess the zoonotic potential of IDV. We developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on two different epitopes HEF and NP and four peptides, and fluorescent focus neutralization assay to differentiate between IDV bovine and swine clades. Calf sera were obtained, and bovine samples underwent surveillance. Our results highlight the importance of position 215 with 212 in determining the heterogeneity between the two lineages. We needed IFA and FFN for tissue culture-based analysis and a BSL2 facility for analyzing virus interactions. Unfortunately, these are not available in many veterinary centers. Hence, our second aim was to develop an iELISA using specific epitopes to detect two lineages of IDVs simultaneously. Epitope-iELISA accurately detects neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies against the IDV in non-BSL2 laboratories and veterinary clinics and is cost-effective and sensitive. To differentiate between IDVs and HICVs, whole antigen blocking, polypeptides, and single-peptide ELISAs were developed. A panel of ferret sera against both viruses was used. Results suggested that both IDV and ICV had a common ancestor, and IDV poses a zoonotic risk to individuals with prior or current exposure to cattle. IDV peptides IANAGVK (286-292 aa), KTDSGR (423-428 aa), and RTLTPAT (448-455 aa) could differentiate between the two viruses, whereas peptide AESSVNPGAKPQV (203-215 aa) detected the presence of IDV in human sera but could not deny that it could be ICV, because the only two conserved influenza C peptides shared 52% sequence similarity with IDV and cross-reacted with IDV. However, blocking ELISAs differentiated between the two viruses. Diagnostic tools and assays to differentiate between ICV and IDV are required for serological and epidemiological analysis to clarify the complexity and evolution and eliminate misdiagnosis between ICV and IDV in human samples.
Oscar Is a Man: Sexism and the Academy Awards

This study analyzes the implicit bias of the Academy Awards and Oscar’s historic lack of gender equity. While there are awards for Best Actor and Actress, a comparative analysis of these awards and the Best Picture prize reveals that a man is more than twice as likely as a woman to receive an Oscar for leading work in a Best Picture. A man is also nearly twice as likely to be nominated as a leading performer in a Best Picture winner. Supporting women in Best Pictures fare a bit better with actual trophies, but, when considering nominations, a man is still more than oneand-a-half times as likely as a woman to be nominated for a supporting performance in a Best Picture winner. This research considers these factors, identifies potential reasons for them, and draws conclusions regarding the decades of gender bias in the Academy Awards. Further, this study investigates the dissolution of the Hollywood studio system and how, though brought on in part by two of the film industry’s leading ladies, the crumbling of that system ultimately hurt the industry’s women more than its men. Keywords: Oscars, Academy Awards, sexism, gender inequity, Best Picture.
Changing Mandible Contour Using Computer Designed/Computer Manufactured Alloplastic Implants.

BACKGROUND The shape of the mandible is the fundamental determinant of the appearance and sexual dimorphism of the lower one-third of the face. Utilization of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufactured (CAD/CAM) alloplastic implants provides unparalleled planning and sophistication in the correction of skeletal deficiencies, irregularities, and asymmetry. OBJECTIVES This study presented the rationale, indications, techniques, and results of the senior author's (M.J.Y.) 15-year experience employing CAD/CAM alloplastic implants to correct deficiencies and asymmetries of the mandible. METHODS A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was reviewed of all patients who underwent aesthetic augmentation of the mandible employing CAD/CAM alloplastic implants by the senior author. RESULTS Over a 15-year period, 123 patients underwent mandibular augmentation utilizing CAD/CAM alloplastic implants. The majority of patients were men (76.4%) with an average age of 31 years (range, 24-63 years). All implants were bilateral. Complications included infection requiring implant removal (2.4%) and patient dissatisfaction resulting in either implant revision (4.1%) or implant removal (2.4%). CONCLUSIONS As described here, CAD/CAM alloplastic implants are an effective modality to augment aesthetic mandible contour deficiencies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4
Systemic risk analyses for potential impacts of onshore unconventional oil and gas development on public health and the environment: A critical review

Abstract Environmental and public health risks related to onshore unconventional oil and gas development (OUOGD) continue to be at the center of public concerns and policy discussions. Our work fills a research gap by critically reviewing the feasibility of applying systemic causation models to assess environmental and public health risks associated with OUOGD and provides a catalyst for future research. Our primary objectives are to further the conceptual OUOGD process model and increase stakeholder awareness of useful systemic risk assessment tools for deliberating, communicating, and managing potential hazards. After examining popular linear and systemic risk assessment methods, benefits, and limitations, we critically assess the value of systemic techniques in OUOGD. A three-level process model (field development, pad-well, and well-phase) is synthesized from incomplete models found in the literature. The Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Process (STAMP) is applied to elucidate a general risk control structure from diverse and multi-disciplinary references. Using this abstraction, we highlight the importance of leveraging systemic analysis approaches for environmental and public health risk management in OUOGD. The increasing significance of these methods given the adoption of new digital technology (e.g., drones, robotics, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, internet of things) to decision-making is evident. We recommend that researchers and practitioners (i.e., companies and regulators) thoughtfully embrace systemic risk analyses in their work to enhance the associated body of knowledge for understanding and preventing OUOGD accidents with potential impacts on public health and the environment.
Growth factors in the fetus and pre-adolescent offspring of hyperglycemic rats.

Background:Maternal hyperglycemia influences childhood metabolic syndrome, including obesity and hyperglycemia. We tested the hypothesis that the maternal hyperglycemia influences growth factors in...
Expected and Unexpected Risks for Canoe Travel in Flood Conditions

Flood conditions present dangers for canoe camping, with the highest risk for injury or death related to water submersion of paddlers. Other hazards can exist at high water stages as well. This essay discusses preparation for risks associated with canoe travel during record flood conditions in Alabama's Mobile-Tensaw River Delta. It examines the unique aspects of paddling through submerged forests, route detours necessitated by flooding, potential encounters with dangerous wildlife, and the case of a stinging ant attack on a paddler who unexpectedly comes in contact with a displaced ant colony.
Groups Associated with Holomorphic Mappings

We begin by discussing five groups one can associate with a mapping between domains with interesting automorphism groups. After providing many examples, we study these groups for rational sphere maps.
Integrated analysis toolset for defining and tracking alloreactive T-cell clones after human solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Abstract We have developed a suite of tools for integrated analysis of T-Cell-Receptor Sequencing data to define and track alloreactive T-cells in human transplant studies. This has enabled discovery of sequences and patterns of T-cell enrichment and deletion associated with clinical outcomes such as transplant rejection and tolerance. The codebase includes user-friendly default analyses with customizable parameters which greatly accelerate computational workflows and provide robust statistics comparing post-transplant specimens to pre-transplant baseline. It also includes helper functions for robust characterization of T-cell-repertoire diversity, sample-to-sample divergence, resolution of sample-of-origin ambiguity in pooled assays, and functions to output all sequences defined as alloreactive.
Advances in Surgical Techniques for Robotic Computer-Navigated Total and Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

Robotic-assisted knee arthroplasty has become increasingly commercially available as both technology developers and surgeons attempt to address specific limitations of conventional jig-based alignment techniques in order to improve resection accuracy and precision. Semi-active and passive systems predominate in the North American and European markets and can provide surgeons additional instruments for intraoperative calibration and balance assessment or directly assist in performing personalized resections. Recently published and ongoing clinical investigations seek to determine if robotic assistance may result in improved radiographic or clinical outcomes for patients undergoing either unicompartmental or total knee arthroplasty. A number of studies evaluating conventional and robotic-assisted knee arthroplasty did not identify significant radiographic or clinical outcome differences, though heterogeneity in robotic system design and application may limit the generalization of focused studies. Conversely, some studies that identified significant differences noted that robotic-assisted knee arthroplasty may be associated with fewer alignment outliers as well as increased surgical time—at least initially for unfamiliar surgeons. Further limitations include limited follow-up for newer systems on the market as well as the associated variety of arthroplasty implants and authors’ surgical techniques. Future studies will help surgeons and patients determine if intraoperative robotic assistance may be beneficial in total knee arthroplasty.
Getting Started With Microsoft Excel 5.0 For Windows

From the Publisher: Each Excel feature in this exceptional guide is described clearly in a bulleted list, which can be used for reference, then it is used in a hands-on activity. Numerous screen displays provide visual aids for learning and illustrate key steps. The convenient Feature Reference summarizes menu commands plus mouse and keyboard shortcuts for each of the features covered in the lessons.
Evaluation of two commercial lateral-flow test kits for detection of animal proteins in animal feed.

Performance characteristics were evaluated for two lateral-flow test kits, Reveal for Ruminant in Feed (Neogen Corporation) and FeedChek (Strategic Diagnostics Inc.), designed to detect ruminant or terrestrial animal proteins in feeds. The stringent acceptance criteria used were developed by the Center for Veterinary Medicine Office of Research to identify test kits with comparable selectivity and sensitivity to microscopy and PCR assay, the analytical methods used by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Guidelines were developed for evaluating the selectivity, sensitivity, ruggedness, and spec-ificity of these kits. These guidelines further stated that ruggedness and specificity testing would be performed only after a test passed both the selectivity and sensitivity assessments. Acceptance criteria for determining success were developed using a statistical approach requiring 90% probability of achieving the correct response, within a 95% confidence interval. A minimum detection level of 0.1% bovi...
Constructing the Team: Inter-Member Compositional Disagreement and its Effects on Team Dynamics and Performance

The organizational team is ubiquitous and membership therein has far-reaching effects on cognition, dynamics, processes, and performance. Typically considered straightforward and unambiguous, in this study I suggest that team members’ models of team membership are socially-constructed and – due to organizations’ reliance on short-term, fluid, and partially overlapping teams – increasingly disagreed upon. In a study of 38 formally-defined software and product development teams, I identify structural and emergent drivers of inter-member “compositional disagreement” and its effects on team dynamics and outcomes. I compare the effects of inter-member and member-manager compositional disagreement and discuss the implications of compositional disagreement for theory, methods and management practice.
Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using magnetic resonance imaging

Using noninvasive functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique, we analyzed the responses in human area MT with regard to visual motion, color, and luminance contrast sensitivity, and retinotopy. As in previous PET studies, we found that area MT responded selectively to moving (compared to stationary) stimuli. The location of human MT in the present fMRI results is consistent with that of MT in earlier PET and anatomical studies. In addition we found that area MT has a much higher contrast sensitivity than that in several other areas, including primary visual cortex (V1). Functional MRI half-amplitudes in V1 and MT occurred at approximately 15% and 1% luminance contrast, respectively. High sensitivity to contrast and motion in MT have been closely associated with magnocellular stream specialization in nonhuman primates. Human psychophysics indicates that visual motion appears to diminish when moving color-varying stimuli are equated in luminance. Electrophysiological results from macaque MT suggest that the human percept could be due to decreases in firing of area MT cells at equiluminance. We show here that fMRI activity in human MT does in fact decrease at and near individually measured equiluminance. Tests with visuotopically restricted stimuli in each hemifield produced spatial variations in fMRI activity consistent with retinotopy in human homologs of macaque areas V1, V2, V3, and VP. Such activity in area MT appeared much less retinotopic, as in macaque. However, it was possible to measure the interhemispheric spread of fMRI activity in human MT (half amplitude activation across the vertical meridian = approximately 15 degrees).
Assisting Human Decision Making with Intelligent Technologies

The human decision making process has been characterized as relatively sequential, limited by cognitive processes, and influenced by previous experience. Under conditions associated with real-time decisions, humans can experience emotional intensity, information overload, and other stressors that often affect their choices. Decision making becomes more complex with distributed teams, collaboration across global boundaries, the speed of information refresh, and the quantity of information available through networked sources. Intelligent decision support systems attempt to address these issues and assist human decision making by developing systems that integrate capabilities from the human user and computational intelligence. This keynote address presents background and research directions needed to advance intelligent decision support systems, and proposes an architectural framework to guide design and evaluation.
The conformation of thermolysin.

Abstract An improved electron density map has been obtained for the thermostable protease thermolysin. The map, calculated at a nominal resolution of 2.3 A, was based on the three heavy atom isomorphs described previously and on data for the zinc-free and europium-substituted enzyme. The zinc-free and native enzymes are closely isomorphous, and the difference in electron density between them shows that the only structural changes which occur on the removal of the zinc ion are slight adjustments in residues in the immediate vicinity of the metal ion. The approximate conformation of most of the thermolysin molecule is revealed without ambiguity, and preliminary atomic coordinates are presented. Some aspects of the molecular stereochemistry are discussed, including tertiary folding, helices, turns, and calcium binding sites. The peptide dihedral angles for most of the residues lie within or near the "allowed" regions for an empirical hard sphere model, but the conformations of a few residues lie in "disallowed" regions. There are several indications that the angle τ at the α carbon atom must be significantly greater than the tetrahedral for a number of residues. With the possible exception of the four calcium binding sites, there is nothing particularly unusual in the thermolysin conformation to which one might attribute the thermostability of the molecule. It is suggested that the enhanced stability of thermostable proteins relative to thermolabile ones cannot be attributed to a common determinant such as metal ion or hydrophobic stabilization, but in a given instance may be due to rather subtle differences in hydrophobic character, metal binding, hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, or a combination of all of these.
Deep-Water Ambient Noise Profiling; Marine Sediment Acoustics; and Doppler Geo-Acoustic Spectroscopy

Abstract : Deep-water ambient noise profiling Profile the spectral, temporal and spatial properties of broadband (3 Hz 30 kHz) ambient noise from the sea surface to the bottom of the deepest ocean. Develop theoretical models of the second-order spatial statistics of the noise. Marine sediment acoustics Develop a unified, physics-based model of sound wave and shear wave propagation in saturated, unconsolidated marine sediments. New focus is on very finegrained sediments (silt and clay). Doppler geo-spectroscopy Develop the use of a light aircraft as a sound source for performing inversions for the geo-acoustic parameters of the seabed in shallow water. New focus is on helicopter noise. 1) The scientific objective of the deep-water ambient noise research is to measure the second-order spatial statistics of the ambient noise in the deepest oceans as a function of depth, from the sea surface to the seabed. Regions of interest include the Mariana Trench, notably the Challenger Deep (11 km), the Tonga Trench (9 km), and the Puerto Rico Trench (8 km). Environmental and system data will also be depth-profiled, including temperature, salinity, pressure and (directly measured) sound speed, along with all system motions (translational and rotational). Theoretical modeling of the spectral, spatial and temporal properties of the ambient noise will also be performed. 2) The sediment acoustics research is aimed at developing a unified theory of wave propagation in marine sediments in the form of the dispersion relations for the compressional and shear waves. Besides the frequency dependencies of the wave speeds and attenuations, these expressions will also return the dependence of the wave parameters on the mechanical properties of the sediment, namely porosity, density, grain size and overburden pressure. A new focus is on the inter-granular forces in silts and clays and their role in controlling wave speeds and attenuations.
Acute pancreatitis in a 12-year-old girl after an erythromycin overdose.

A variety of drugs including certain antibiotics have been implicated in causing acute pancreatitis.1 So far, there have been three reported cases in adults in which erythromycin was identified as a possible cause of acute pancreatitis.2-4 We report the first case of erythromycin-induced acute pancreatitis in childhood. We suggest a possible pathophysiological mechanism based on the known motilin agonist properties of erythromycin. CASE REPORT A 12-year-old girl was brought to the Emergency and Trauma Unit, with acute, crampy abdominal pain and vomiting. These symptoms had started 1 hour earlier, approximately 30 minutes after the deliberate ingestion of 20 tablets of erythromycin (Erythromycin Base Filmtab, 250 mg, Abbot Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Products Division, North Chicago, IL) after an argument with her parents and her boyfriend.
Revisiting Connectivity in Copular Sentences

The received wisdom is illustrated by (3). (3a), where the post-copular phrase contains no “bindable” expressions, is ambiguous. By contrast, (3b), whose post-copular phrase contains a bound pronoun is unambiguously specificational. (3c) is ambiguous just like (3a). This means that only on the specificational reading of The only thing no woman wants to be is a parody of her mother can her be interpreted as a variable bound by no woman, as if it were c-commanded by no woman. On the predicational of this sentence, her is interpreted referentially.
Derivative spectrum of indirect excitons in AlSb

Abstract Structure due to phonon-assisted exciton transitions has been observed in AlSb at 77°K using a double-beam wavelength modulation spectrometer. The exciton energy gap and the energies of the TA, LA, and LO Phonons at the X-point of the Brillouin zone have been determined. These results are consistent with the valence and conduction band extrema having Γ 15 and X 1 symmetries respectively. The systematics of the phonon energies at the X point of zinc-blende-type materials is discussed.
Detection of hemoglobin S polymerization in intact red cells by P-31 NMR.

Summary Phosphorus-31 NMR has been used to observe 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) in intact human red cells containing hemoglobin AA or hemoglobin SS, in the oxygenated and deoxygenated state. When hemoglobin A cells are deoxygenated, the 2,3-DPG P-31 resonances broaden and shift. However, in cells containing hemoglobin S, a striking pattern of superimposed broad and narrow P-31 resonances is observed. This pattern can also be observed in fractionated cell preparations from which both irreversibly sickled cells and reticulocytes have been removed and in hemoglobin S solutions above the minimum gelling concentration. We conclude that 2,3-DPG is incorporated in the polymer phase, and that the broad and narrow peaks seen in deoxy S cell suspensions represent 2,3-DPG bound to hemoglobin S in the polymer and tetramer states respectively.
Distinct response of liver myeloid dendritic cells to endotoxin is mediated by IL-27

Background/Aims The liver lies downstream of the gut, and is constantly exposed to bacteria. Liver dendritic cells (DC) are known to possess properties of tolerance, and respond to LPS differently when compared to conventional DC, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate liver DC response to LPS stimulation. Methods Liver or spleen derived DC were isoloated from mice treated with plasmid-GM-CSF hydrodynamic injection. The surface molecules and TLR4 expression on DC and cytokine productions of LPS stimulated DC were determinded by FACS analysis, ELISA and qPCR. The ability of DC to elicit T cell responses and differentiation were examined by MLR/CTL assay and qPCR for molecular markers related to Th1/Th2/Treg. Results In this study, we demonstrated that the threshold of LPS stimulation for liver DC was markedly higher than spleen DC, even though the expression of TLR4 on both DCs was comparable. In contrast to spleen DC that produced high levels of IL-12 and induced Th1 response upon LPS stimulation, LPS-liver DC preferentially produced IL-10 and IL-27, instead of IL-12. In addition, liver DC induced T cell hyporesponsiveness, associated with selective expansion of CD4 + Foxp3 + T regulatory cells. Addition of exogenous IL-12 only slightly enhanced liver DC-induced T cell response. Interestingly, abrogation of IL-27 ligation by using IL-27R −/− T cells synergistically augmented the effect of IL-12, suggesting that IL-27 produced by liver DC plays a crucial role in induction of T cell hyporesponsiveness. Conclusions Liver DC respond distinctly to LPS stimulation by secreting IL-27 which synergizes with silencing of bioactive IL-12 activity leading to profound T cell inhibition.
Computation of residence time in the simulation of pulsatile ventricular assist devices

A continuum-based model of particle residence time for moving-domain fluid mechanics and fluid---structure interaction (FSI) computations is proposed, analyzed, and applied to the simulation of an adult pulsatile ventricular assist device (PVAD). Residence time is a quantity of clinical interest for blood pumps because it correlates with thrombotic risk. The proposed technique may be easily implemented in any flow or FSI solver. In the context of PVADs the results of the model may be used to assess how efficiently the pump moves the blood through its interior. Three scalar measures of particle residence time are also proposed. These scalar quantities may be used in the PVAD design with the goal of reducing thrombotic risk.
Digitally controlled recorder-driver for ESR/ENDOR experiments

Abstract The device described in this paper will provide a 0-10-V output to drive an x-y recorder for ESR magnetic field sweeps of 100, 250, 500 or 1,000 G or for ENDOR frequency sweeps of 1, 2.5, 5 or 10 MHz. The input to the device is either a frequency from a field-tracking NMR oscillator, or a frequency from an ENDOR rf sweep oscillator. The output of the device can be set to zero for any initial value of the magnetic field or rf oscillator sweep. An auxiliary frequency counter is used to display a digital magnetic field or rf frequency reading for any setting of the x-y recorder.
Neuronal spike activity in the nucleus accumbens of behaving rats during ethanol self-administration.

Many lines of evidence support the importance of the nucleus accumbens (NAC) for ethanol-reinforced behavior. The nature of the neuronal activity that occurs in this region during ethanol self-administration is not known. We recorded from ensembles of single-units primarily located within the shell of the NAC during operant responding for oral ethanol solutions by well-trained rats. Of 90 units recorded from seven sessions from seven rats, 41 (46%) did not exhibit significant changes in relation to the experimental events. Of the 49 units (54%) that did exhibit significant phasic changes, alterations in firing rate occurred in relation to the following experimental events: operant response (63%), tone stimulus (20%), and ethanol delivery (63%). In addition, changes in spike activity during the intervals between the three experimental events were noted in 33% of the units. Most units (55% of responsive units) responded to multiple experimental events. Thus different but overlapping populations of neurons in the NAC represent each event that occurs along the temporal dimension of a single trial performed to obtain ethanol reward. The data suggest that the NAC plays a crucial role in linking together conditioned and unconditioned internal and external stimuli with motor plans to allow for ethanol-seeking behavior to occur.
Traffic flow wide-area surveillance system

Traffic management can be thought of as a stochastic queuing process where the serving time at one of its control points is dynamically linked to the global traffic pattern, which is, in turn, dynamically linked to the control point. For this closed-loop system to be effective, the traffic management system must sense and interpret a large spatial projection of data originating from multiple sensor suites. This concept is the basis for the development of a traffic flow wide-area surveillance (TFWAS) system. This paper presents the results of a study by Oak Ridge National Laboratory to define the operational specifications and characteristics, to determine the constraints, and to examine the state of technology of a TFWAS system in terms of traffic management and control. In doing so, the functions and attributes of a TFWAS system are mapped into an operational structure consistent with the Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) concept and the existing highway infrastructure. This mapping includes identifying candidate sensor suites and establishing criteria, requirements, and performance measures by which these systems can be graded in their ability and practicality to meet the operational requirements of a TFWAS system. In light of this, issues such as system integration, applicable technologies, impact on traffic management and control, and public acceptance are addressed.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Necessity and Rigidly Designating Kind Terms

Kripke claims that certainkind terms, particularly natural kind terms,are, like names, rigid designators. However,kind terms are more complicated than names aseach is connected both to a principle ofinclusion and an extension. So, there is aquestion regarding what it is that rigidlydesignating kind terms rigidly designate. Inthis paper, I assume that there are rigidlydesignating kind terms and attempt to answerthe question as to what it is that they rigidlydesignate. I then use this analysis of rigidlydesignating kind terms to show how Kripke'sreasoning regarding the necessity of `Hesperusis Phosphorus' can be extended to statementsinvolving kind terms like `Water is H2O'and `Tigers are mammals'.
Characterization and evaluation of Ag-Pt/SiO2 catalysts prepared by electroless deposition

Abstract A series of Ag–Pt/SiO2 catalysts have been prepared by the electroless deposition of Ag onto a Pt/SiO2 catalyst. Results indicate that Ag deposition does not readily occur on the SiO2 support, but is essentially restricted to the Pt surface. The Ag–Pt catalysts have been characterized by FTIR of adsorbed 12CO and 13CO, which suggest that Ag is preferentially located on Pt(111) sites rather than the more coordinatively-unsaturated corner and edge sites. Hydrogenation of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EpB), a multifunctional olefin, was chosen as a probe reaction. Reaction data indicate that ED-derived catalysts provide a more targeted Ag placement on the Pt surface than traditional incipient wetness catalysts. EpB conversion increased dramatically ( ∼ 3 × ) with the addition of sub-monolayer coverages of Ag on the Pt surface. Conversely, activity for propylene hydrogenation decreased with increasing Ag coverages. The enhanced EpB hydrogenation appears to be due to a Ag-induced decrease in EpB adsorption energy on surface Pt sites.
Migration of a Proton as a Function of Solvation within {ROH}n{H2O}H+Cluster Ions: Experiment and Theory

Metastable and collision-induced decompositions of mass-selected {ROH}n{H2O}H+ cluster ions (where R ≡ CH3−, CH3CH2−, CH3CH2CH2−, and (CH3)2CH−) were observed to exhibit distinct size-dependent beh...
Theoretical calculations of phase transitions in the megabar regime

There is a delicate balance between the various components of the Coulomb energy which hold crystalline solids together. These components depend sensitively on the structural arrangements of the atoms and their separations. High pressure experiments provide a useful probe of the interactions since volumes and, in turn, lattice constants are varied in a manner which can be simulated theoretically. Hence, various properties and phase transitions can be examined as a function of pressure. Some of the most dramatic of these include structural, insulator-metal, and superconducting transitions. Theoretical approaches such as the pseudopotential method are capable of explaining and predicting pressure-dependent properties using only information about the constituent atoms composing the solid. In particular, for the calculations described here, only the atomic numbers and masses are used to test the energies and properties of candidate crystal structures.
Antiepileptic drug use and rates of hip bone loss in older men: A prospective study

Objective: To test the hypotheses that older community dwelling men taking non–enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs (NEIAEDs) and those taking enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs (EIAEDs) have increased rates of hip bone loss. Methods: We ascertained antiepileptic drug (AED) use (interviewer-administered questionnaire with verification of use by containers) and measured hip bone mineral density (BMD) (using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) at baseline and an average of 4.6 years later in a cohort of 4,222 older community-dwelling men enrolled in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men study. Men were categorized as nonusers (no AED use at either examination, n = 4060), NEIAED user (use of NEIAED only at either examination, n = 100), or EIAED user (use of EIAED only at either examination, n = 62). Results: After adjustment for multiple potential confounders (age, race, clinic site, health status, pain interfering with work or activity, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use, total calcium intake, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, vitamin D supplement use, bisphosphonate use, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use, inability to rise from a chair, body mass index, and baseline BMD), the average rate of decline in total hip BMD was −0.35%/year among nonusers compared with −0.53%/year among NEIAED users ( p = 0.04) and −0.46%/year among EIAED users ( p = 0.31). Multivariable adjusted rate of loss was −0.60%/year among men taking NEIAED at both examinations, −0.51%/year among men taking NEIAED at one examination only, and −0.35%/year among nonusers ( p for trend = 0.03). Findings were similar at hip subregions. Conclusion: Use of non–enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs was independently associated with increased rates of hip bone loss in this cohort of older community-dwelling men.
Defining subsets of naive and memory B cells based on the ability of their progeny to somatically mutate in vitro

The increased affinity of memory antibody responses is due largely to the generation and selection of memory B cells that accumulate somatic mutations after initial antigenic stimulation. Further affinity maturation and mutation also accompany subsequent immunizations. Previous studies have suggested that, like primary antibody-forming cell (AFC) clones, secondary AFC do not accumulate further mutations and, therefore, the origins of progressive affinity maturation remain controversial. Here, we report the generation of somatically mutated memory B cell clones in vitro. Our findings confirm the existence of a naive B cell subset whose progeny, rather than generating AFC, somatically mutate and respond to subsequent antigenic stimulation. Interestingly, upon stimulation, a subset of memory B cells also generates antigen-responsive cells that accumulate further somatic mutations.
Child and adolescent anxiety disorders and early attachment

ABSTRACT Objective The major aim of this research is to determine whether infants who were anxiously/resistantly attached in infancy develop more anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence than infants who were securely attached. To test different theories of anxiety disorders, newborn temperament and maternal anxiety were included in multiple regression analyses. Method Infants participated in Ainsworth's Strange Situation Procedure at 12 months of age. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children was administered to the 172 children when they reached 17.5 years of age. Maternal anxiety and infant temperament were assessed near the time of birth. Results The hypothesized relation between anxious/resistant attachment and later anxiety disorders was confirmed. No relations with maternal anxiety and the variables indexing temperament were discovered, except for a composite score of nurses' ratings designed to access "high reactivity," and the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale clusters of newborn range of state and inability to habituate to stimuli. Anxious/resistant attachment continued to significantly predict child/adolescent anxiety disorders, even when entered last, after maternal anxiety and temperament, in multiple regression analyses. Conclusion The attachment relationship appears to play an important role in the development of anxiety disorders. Newborn temperament may also contribute. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1997, 36(5):637–644.
Cell therapy with a tissue-engineered kidney reduces the multiple-organ consequences of septic shock.

OBJECTIVE: Gram-negative septic shock has a clinical mortality rate approaching 50%. The cause of death is secondary to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome with resulting cardiovascular collapse, ischemic damage to vital organs, and multiple-organ systems failure. Renal tubule cell injury occurs early in septic shock but is not clinically appreciated. Since renal tubule cells appear to play a critical role in the immunoregulation of stress states, renal cell therapy during septic shock may alter the detrimental multiple-organ consequences of systemic Gram-negative infection. The development of a tissue-engineered bioartificial kidney consisting of a conventional hemofiltration cartridge in series with a renal tubule assist device (RAD) containing 109 renal proximal tubule cells may be a new therapeutic approach to this clinical disorder. DESIGN: Laboratory study. SETTING: University medical school. SUBJECTS: Pigs weighing 30-35 kg. INTERVENTIONS: To assess the effect of the bioartificial kidney and the RAD in septic shock, pigs were administered 30 x 10(10) bacteria/kg body weight of Escherichia coli into the peritoneal cavity and within 1 hr were immediately placed in a continuous venovenous hemofiltration extracorporeal circuit with either a sham RAD without cells or a RAD with cells. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In this animal model, septic shock resulted within hours in acute tubule necrosis in the kidneys of all animals. Renal cell therapy resulted in significantly higher cardiac outputs and renal blood flow rates in treated animals compared with sham controls. RAD treatment also was associated with significantly lower plasma circulating concentrations of interleukin-6 and interferon-gamma compared with sham-treated animals. IL-6 release rates from peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from RAD-treated animals were significantly higher after endotoxin stimulation than those isolated from control animals. These physiologic and molecular alterations were associated with nearly a doubling of the average survival time in the RAD-treated group compared with the sham control group. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that renal cell therapy ameliorates cardiac and vascular dysfunction, alters systemic cytokine abnormalities, and improves survival time in a large animal model of Gram-negative septic shock. A cell therapeutic approach with a tissue-engineered bioartificial kidney may be a new treatment modality for this current unmet medical need.
A Modification of the Fabry-Perot Interferometer

A Fabry-Perot interferometer is described in which one of the plates is silvered to opacity and the film then ruled with parallel slits. It is demonstrated that by this means either the resolving power or the intensity of the fringes can be materially increased as compared with the conventional interferometer. The influence of the rulings upon the resolving power and intensity is discussed and the possible spurious effects considered. A manner in which the film may be r uled without damage to the plate is described. The question of the appropriate width and spacing of the rulings is also discussed.
Molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter spp. isolated from poultry

Campylobacteriosis, an infectious disease caused by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, is treated by fluoroquinolone antibiotics in clinical practices. However, use of these drugs in animal husbandry may select for fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacters and, thereby, compromise the clinical treatment of infection. In this study, 21 fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacters were isolated from poultry samples. Morphological and biochemical characteristics indicated that 19 isolates were C. jejuni and two were C. coli. All isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics but sensitive to chloramphenicol and gentamicin. These isolates were characterized at the molecular level by amplifying the flagellin gene (flaA) by PCR. The PCR protocol amplified a 1.7-kb flaA gene from all isolates. RFLP analysis of the 1.7-kb amplicons after digestion with DdeI yielded four distinct patterns. The 21 fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacter isolates were further characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and compared with the PFGE patterns of nine fluoroquinolone-sensitive campylobacter strains. Four of the 21 fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates were untypable by the PFGE protocol. The PFGE analysis with SalI or SmaI indicated that seven or five, respectively, of the 17 resistant isolates had identical macrorestriction profiles (mrps). However, PFGE analysis with a combination of SalI and SmaI indicated that four of the 17 isolates had similar macrorestriction profiles. The PFGE patterns of the 17 fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates were different from the nine sensitive campylobacter strains.
Step-Cut Bone-Graft Technique for Osteoarthritis with Severe Glenoid Bone Loss

[Introduction][1] We describe a bone-graft technique, for shoulder arthroplasty in patients with severe glenoid bone loss, that utilizes a “step cut,” a trapezoidal bone wedge from the resected humeral head, and graft fixation with screws placed from posterior to anterior through the graft. [Step 1: Preoperative Planning][2] Carry out preoperative planning for the step-cut procedure. [Step 2: Surgical Approach and Preparation of the Glenoid][3] Expose the glenoid for bone graft insertion, taking care to avoid excessive reaming. [Step 3: Prepare the Glenoid Bone Graft][4] Cut the appropriately sized glenoid bone graft from the resected humeral head. [Step 4: Insert and Fix the Glenoid Bone Graft][5] Position the bone graft in the glenoid defect and stabilize it with screws. [Step 5: Prepare the Glenoid Surface][6] Create an even concave surface between the anterior aspect of the glenoid and the posterior aspect of the graft. [Step 6: Place the Glenoid Implant][7] Position the glenoid component following step-cut graft implantation. [Postoperative Rehabilitation][8] Postoperative rehabilitation is mostly the same as that for standard total shoulder replacement without bone-grafting. [Results][9] The range of motion improved significantly in our study of twelve patients (p < 0.001). [Indications][10] [Contraindications][11] [Pitfalls & Challenges][12] [Introduction][1] We describe a bone-graft technique, for shoulder arthroplasty in patients with severe glenoid bone loss, that utilizes a “step cut,” a trapezoidal bone wedge from the resected humeral head, and graft fixation with screws placed from posterior to anterior through the graft. [Step 1: Preoperative Planning][2] Carry out preoperative planning for the step-cut procedure. [Step 2: Surgical Approach and Preparation of the Glenoid][3] Expose the glenoid for bone graft insertion, taking care to avoid excessive reaming. [Step 3: Prepare the Glenoid Bone Graft][4] Cut the appropriately sized glenoid bone graft from the resected humeral head. [Step 4: Insert and Fix the Glenoid Bone Graft][5] Position the bone graft in the glenoid defect and stabilize it with screws. [Step 5: Prepare the Glenoid Surface][6] Create an even concave surface between the anterior aspect of the glenoid and the posterior aspect of the graft. [Step 6: Place the Glenoid Implant][7] Position the glenoid component following step-cut graft implantation. [Postoperative Rehabilitation][8] Postoperative rehabilitation is mostly the same as that for standard total shoulder replacement without bone-grafting. [Results][9] The range of motion improved significantly in our study of twelve patients (p < 0.001). [Indications][10] [Contraindications][11] [Pitfalls & Challenges][12] [1]: #sec-11 [2]: #sec-12 [3]: #sec-13 [4]: #sec-14 [5]: #sec-15 [6]: #sec-16 [7]: #sec-17 [8]: #sec-18 [9]: #sec-19 [10]: #sec-21 [11]: #sec-22 [12]: #sec-23
Fission hindrance in hot 216 Th : Evaporation residue measurements

The fusion evaporation-residue cross sections for {sup 32}S+{sup 184}W have been measured at beam energies of E{sub beam}=165, 174, 185, 196, 205, 215, 225, 236, 246, and 257 MeV using the ATLAS Fragment Mass Analyzer. The data are compared with statistical model calculations and it is found that a nuclear dissipation strength, which increases with the excitation energy, is required to reproduce the excitation function. A comparison with previously published data shows that the dissipation strength depends strongly on the shell structure of the nuclear system. thinsp {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Characteristics of moving visual scenes influencing spatial orientation.

A visual display rotating in a frontal plane induces effects equivalent to a change in the apparent direction of gravity. Magnitude of visual tilt was measured as a function of time from onset of rotation, velocity of rotation, and area and retinal location of the stimulating field. The mejor part of the tilt occurs within 30 sec from onset of stimulation. It increases with angular velocity, but independently of area and location of field, up to about 30 to 40 deg of rotation per sec and then levels off. Tilt increases with field size but the effect of thin ring-fields increases with retinal eccentricity. The interaction of visual and nonvisual determinants of the induced effects is discussed.