cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical Evaluation of Data Requires Rigorous but Broadly Based Statistical Inference.

The rampant misuse of the P value and of its stated meaning lead the American Statistical Association to comment, researchers often wish to turn a P value into a statement about the truth of a null hypothesis, or about the probability that random chance produced the observed data. The P value is neither. It is a statement about data in relation to a specified hypothetical explanation and is not a statement about the explanation itself.1 The American Statistical Association is not alone in its concern: a host of recent literature provides context for the desire to use statistical inference to reinforce rigor and reproducibility in scientific research.2–4 A central focus of this literature is the widely acknowledged and severe limitations we impose on ourselves with a blind and naive adherence to the exclusive use of P values for understanding significance of research findings. Counterpoint, see p 1046 Response by Moye and Cohen, see p 1051 The inadequacy of P values as a singular and standard criteria for significance in the analysis of clinical trials has been known and communicated by statisticians for >35 years.5 Given the limitations of significance testing, can we simply, as suggested by Moye and Cohen, resolve to walk away from P values? Many have argued the use of methods that emphasize estimation over testing, such as confidence, credibility, or prediction intervals that can be used in place of or in addition to P values.6–8 Others have lobbied for alternative measures of evidence, such as likelihood ratios or Bayesian methodologies, which leverage a priori information about the probability of different magnitudes of effect that result from the treatment and modify the estimation of the effects based on the observed data.9–11 Still, others propose approaches such as …
Financial Problems of the First Order: What Cuts to Make Before the District Runs Out of Cash:

This case provides a summary of a situation in which a newly appointed superintendent and his new chief financial officer of a midsized urban school district uncover a massive set of fiscal problem...
Composite solid electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries

Abstract Compared to currently used liquid-electrolyte lithium batteries, all-solid-state lithium batteries are safer and possess longer cycle life and have less requirements on packaging and state-of-charge monitoring circuits. Among various types of solid electrolytes, composite solid electrolytes, which are composed of active or passive inorganic fillers and polymer matrices, have been considered as promising electrolyte candidates for all-solid-state lithium batteries. Incorporation of inorganic fillers into the polymer matrices has been demonstrated as an effective method to achieve high ionic conductivity and excellent interfacial contact with the electrodes. In this review article, we first summarize the historical development of composite solid electrolytes. Contribution of both inert inorganic fillers and active Li-ion conductors to the ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability, and mechanical properties of the composite solid electrolytes are elaborated. Possible mechanisms of conductivity enhancement by inorganic fillers are broadly discussed. Examples of different composite solid electrolyte design concepts, such as inorganic nanoparticle/polymer, inorganic nanofiber/polymer, and other inorganic/polymer composite solid electrolytes, are introduced and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Inorganic filler/polymer composite solid electrolytes studied for use in various Li battery systems including Li-ion, Li-sulfur, and Li-metal batteries are evaluated. Promising designs of composite solid electrolytes and cathode materials used in all-solid-state Li batteries are also introduced. Finally, future perspectives on current requirements of composite solid electrolyte technologies are highlighted.
Effect of sildenafil and pimobendan on intracardiac heartworm infections in four dogs.

Abstract Four dogs, referred for management of heartworm (HW) disease, were found to have HWs entangled in their tricuspid valve apparatus. None of the dogs were actively hemolyzing or showed signs of acute cardiovascular collapse that would have necessitated emergency transvenous HW extraction, and surgery was not performed at time of presentation. The dogs received pimobendan and sildenafil within 24 h of identifying HW in the tricuspid valve apparatus, and the HW moved to the pulmonary arteries within 2 days in most cases (median 2 days, range 1–14 days). All dogs survived to discharge from the original hospital admission and were subsequently treated with adulticide (melarsomine) without complication. All dogs were HW antigen negative 6 months after their last melarsomine injection. Four dogs appeared to respond positively to medical management aimed at decreasing pulmonary arterial pressure and improving the right ventricular function, but movement of HW out of the heart for other reasons cannot be excluded. This therapeutic option is not advised when dogs with HW disease are presented for acute collapse, ongoing hemolysis, and hypotension as surgical extraction is still considered the best option in these cases. It remains unknown if medical management is a safe option for all dogs with intracardiac HW without clinical signs of caval syndrome. Controlled prospective studies are required to determine the efficacy and safety of this treatment regimen in comparison with surgical extraction.
Asymmetric Learning from Prices and Post-Earnings-Announcement Drift

Motivated by research in psychology and experimental economics, we assume that investors update their beliefs about an asset's value upon observing the price, but only when the price clearly reveals that others obtained private information that differs from their own private information. Specifically, we assume that investors learn from the price of an asset in an asymmetric manner—they learn from the price if they observe good (bad) private information and the price is worse (better) than what is justified based on public information alone. We show that asymmetric learning from an asset's price leads to post‐earnings‐announcement drift (PEAD), and that it generates arbitrage opportunities that are less attractive than alternative explanations of PEAD. In addition, our model predicts that PEAD will be concentrated in earnings surprises that are not dominated by accruals, and it also predicts that earnings response coefficients will decline in the magnitude of the earnings surprises. Asymetrie de l'enseignement tire des prix et mouvement reactif posterieur a l'annonce des resultats Les recherches en psychologie et en economie experimentale amenent les auteurs a poser l'hypothese selon laquelle les investisseurs mettent a jour leurs convictions quant a la valeur d'un actif en observant le prix, mais seulement si ce prix revele clairement que d'autres ont eu acces a de l'information privilegiee differente de celle dont eux disposent. Les auteurs supposent plus precisement que l'enseignement que tirent les investisseurs du prix d'un actif est asymetrique — il ne se concretise que si les investisseurs ont acces a de l'information privilegiee favorable (defavorable) et que le prix est moins avantageux (plus avantageux) que ne le justifie a elle seule l'information portee a la connaissance du public. Ils montrent que l'enseignement asymetrique tire du prix d'un actif mene a un mouvement reactif posterieur a l'annonce des resultats (MRPAR) et qu'il donne naissance a des occasions d'arbitrage qui sont moins interessantes que celles qui decoulent d'autres explications du MRPAR. De plus, les auteurs predisent, conformement a leur modele, que le MRPAR se manifestera surtout dans le cas de resultats inattendus dont les regularisations ne sont pas la principale explication, et que les coefficients de reaction aux resultats declinent avec l'ampleur de l'ecart par rapport aux attentes.
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor positive allosteric modulator prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced allodynia, hyperalgesia and TNF-α in the hippocampus in mice.

Previous studies have shown that α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) has a critical role in the regulation of pain sensitivity and neuroinflammation. However, pharmacological effects of α7 nAChR activation in the hippocampus on neuroinflammatory mechanisms associated with allodynia and hyperalgesia remain unknown. We have determined the effects of 3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-4-(l-naphthalenyl)-3H-cyclopentan[c]quinoline-8-sulfonamide (TQS), an α7 nAChR positive allosteric modulator, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia in mice. We also evaluated the effects of TQS on immunoreactivity of microglial marker ionized-calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1), phospho-nuclear factor-KB (p-NF-KB p65), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and norepinephrine (NE) level. Mice were treated with (0.25, 1 or 4 mg/kg, ip) followed by LPS (1 mg/kg, ip) administration. Allodynia and hyperalgesia were determined using von Frey filaments and hot plate respectively. Immunoreactivity of Iba-1, p-NF-KB p65, and TNF-a, were measured in the hippocampus using immunofluorescence assay. Hippocampal NE level was evaluated using high performance liquid chromatography. LPS administration resulted in allodynia and hyperalgesia in mice after six h. Systemic administration of TQS prevented LPS-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia. TQS pretreatment significantly decreased the immunoreactivity of Iba-1, p-NF-KB, and TNF-α in CA1 and DG regions of the hippocampus. In addition, TQS reversed LPS-induced NE reduction in the hippocampus. Taken together, our results suggest that TQS prevented LPS-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia, upregulation of TNF-α expression and NE level reduction involving microglial α7 nAChR in part in the hippocampus. Therefore, these findings highlight the important effects of α7 nAChR allosteric modulator against symptoms of inflammatory pain.
Effects of Al and Fe solubility on the magnetofunctional properties of AlFe 2 B 2

Bridgman single-crystal growth of ${\mathrm{AlFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ resulted in systematic Fe-Al lattice site substitution in the ${\mathrm{AlFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ (${\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}{\mathrm{AlB}}_{2}$-type structure, aka $1\text{\ensuremath{-}}2\text{\ensuremath{-}}2$) phase along the direction of solidification. The Fe:Al ratio varied from 1.94 to 2.06. The $1\text{\ensuremath{-}}2\text{\ensuremath{-}}2$ phase lattice parameters, magnetic transition temperatures (${T}_{t}$) $280\ensuremath{-}315$ K, magnetic entropy changes $(\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}S)2.3\ensuremath{-}4.0\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{kg}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, heat capacity (${C}_{p}$) $117\ensuremath{-}147\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{mol}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, and thermal conductivity $(\ensuremath{\kappa})\ensuremath{\sim}2.4\ensuremath{-}11.5\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{m}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ all varied monotonically across the region of solubility. These findings confirm the sensitivity of the magnetic and thermal properties of the ${\mathrm{AlFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ compound to antisite defects. The interplay between Al and Fe lattice site occupancy and the resultant magnetic and electronic responses facilitates tailoring the properties of the ${\mathrm{AlFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ system for potential functional applications, including magnetic cooling.
Effects of the mGluR2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 on the reinforcing strength of cocaine in rhesus monkeys

Because chronic cocaine exposure produces profound effects on brain glutamate function, this system has been investigated as a target for novel medications for cocaine use disorder. Studies in animal models have provided encouraging results for drugs that target metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR), particularly group II mGluRs which includes mGluR2 and mGluR3 receptors. The present study examined the effects of the mGluR2/3 receptor-selective agonist, (-)-2-oxa-4-aminobicylco hexane-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY379268), in male rhesus monkeys self-administering cocaine under two procedures that assess the strength of cocaine as a reinforcer. In four monkeys, acute effects of LY379268 on food and cocaine self-administration were characterized using a multiple 10-response fixed-ratio food, progressive-ratio cocaine schedule of reinforcement. Maximum injections were delivered when the available cocaine dose was 0.01-0.1 mg/kg. When monkeys self-administered 0.03 mg/kg per injection cocaine, LY379268 (0.001–0.56 mg/kg, i.v.), increased cocaine injections and disrupted food-maintained responding. Another group of monkeys (n = 3) responded under a food-cocaine choice procedure in which a dose-effect curve for self-administered cocaine (0.0, 0.003–0.1 mg/kg per injection) was generated daily. Acute LY379268 (0.01–0.1 mg.kg, i.v.) produced a shift in allocation of responding towards cocaine without affecting the total reinforcers delivered. When treatment was extended to 5 consecutive days, tolerance developed to LY379268-induced increases in cocaine choice. These data from two complimentary nonhuman primate models of cocaine use disorder are consistently negative with respect to the potential of LY379268 as a pharmacotherapy for reducing ongoing cocaine use.
Holistically understanding and supporting bereaved emerging adults

This study examined the grief experiences of 236 emerging adults using the Holistic Impact of Bereavement Model and Transition Theory. Participants shared information about their losses, grief effe...
Effect of Statins on the Risk of Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Statins have been proven to be cytotoxic to human cholangiocarcinoma cells by inhibiting cell division and inducing apoptosis. We aimed to determine the effect of statin use on the risk of cancer development and survival in patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC), including perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) and distal cholangiocarcinoma (dCCA). APPROACH AND RESULTS A total of 394 patients with ECC and hyperlipidemia who received care at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 2005 and 2015 were matched by age, sex, race, ethnicity, and residency to 788 controls with hyperlipidemia. Clinical and outcome data were abstracted. The odds ratios (ORs) for risk and hazard ratios for outcomes were calculated. The mean age and standard deviation (SD) for cases and controls was 65.6 years (13.8). The number of statin users in cases and controls was 73 (19%) and 403 (51%), respectively. Hepatitis C virus infection (OR, 15.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.06-61.87; P < 0.001) was the most significant risk factor for pCCA followed by inflammatory bowel disease and cirrhosis, whereas other liver disease, including biliary stone disease (OR, 4.06; CI, 2.24-7.36; P < 0.001), was the only significant risk factor for dCCA. Statin use was associated with significantly reduced risk for all ECC (OR, 0.22; CI, 0.16-0.29) as well as for the subtypes pCCA (OR, 0.3; CI, 0.21-0.41) and dCCA (OR, 0.06; CI, 0.03-0.14), all P < 0.0001. Moderate-intensity dosage was found to decrease the risk of ECC (OR, 0.48; CI, 0.34-0.67; P < 0.001). Comparing statin ever users to nonusers, patients with dCCA who used statins had significantly overall better survival (hazard ratio = 0.53; CI, 0.29-0.97; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS This case-control study suggests that statins decrease the risk of ECC and may improve survival in patients with dCCA. Additional validation studies are warranted.
Oral misoprostol versus intravaginal dinoprostone for labor induction: a comparison study.

Background Induction of labor (IOL) is one of the most common procedures performed in obstetrics, accounting for about the 20% of deliveries in the developed countries and it still represents a challenge to obstetricians. The aim of this study is the comparison between two techniques for IOL: oral misoprostol and Propess®. Methods A retrospective study has been carried out in a single tertiary referral center. Clinical maternal, fetal and neonatal information was recorded. Results A total of 863 women were included. the vaginal delivery (VD) rate was significantly higher in the misoprostol group. The cesarean section rate was comparable between groups. Adverse events and neonatal outcomes were comparable between groups. Conclusions Misoprostol shows a higher VD rate with fewer patients needing a second type of induction and a shorter time to the onset of active labor and to VD.
The Great Masquerader: Syphilis Mimicking Papilledema and Traction Alopecia.

Syphilis is often referred to as "the great masquerader," as it may present with a wide array of clinical symptoms and may mimic a variety of other diseases making diagnosis challenging. We report the case of a young, married woman who presented with a one-month history of significant hair loss, unintentional weight loss, blurred vision, and intermittent headaches. In addition, she endorsed positional dizziness and intermittent arthralgias. Physical exam was only remarkable for a non-scarring alopecia over the frontal marginal hairline and optic disc edema on fundoscopic exam. Laboratory tests were largely unremarkable except for a rapid plasma reagin titer of 1:128 and a positive confirmatory treponemal test. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed lymphocytic pleocytosis and negative Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test. Opening pressure was 15 cm H2O twice, ruling out papilledema. She was treated with 4 million units of intravenous penicillin every four hours for 14 days, and her symptoms improved. A diagnosis of syphilis should remain high on the differential diagnosis in patients with unexplained hair loss or ocular abnormalities.
Analysis of RF Photonic Link using Silicon Photonic Ring-Assisted Mach Zehnder Modulator

Recent developments in silicon photonic (SiP) integrated circuits have opened new avenues for analog circuit designers to explore hybrid integration of photonic with standard CMOS electronics. SiP platforms provide the opportunity to realize these systems in a compact chip-scale form factor and alleviate long-standing challenges with the optical devices. In this work, we analyze analog RF photonic link using Ring-Assisted Mach Zehnder Modulator (RAMZM) for high linearity. We analyze the gain, noise figure, and linearity metrics associated with the RAMZM based link and present design trade-offs.
Parameter Sensitivity Analysis of the SparTen High Performance Sparse Tensor Decomposition Software

Tensor decomposition models play an increasingly important role in modern data science applications. One problem of particular interest is fitting a low-rank Canonical Polyadic (CP) tensor decomposition model when the tensor has sparse structure and the tensor elements are nonnegative count data. SparTen is a high-performance C++ library which computes a low-rank decomposition using different solvers: a first-order quasi-Newton or a second-order damped Newton method, along with the appropriate choice of runtime parameters. Since default parameters in SparTen are tuned to experimental results in prior published work on a single real-world dataset conducted using MATLAB implementations of these methods, it remains unclear if the parameter defaults in SparTen are appropriate for general tensor data. Furthermore, it is unknown how sensitive algorithm convergence is to changes in the input parameter values. This report addresses these unresolved issues with large-scale experimentation on three benchmark tensor data sets. Experiments were conducted on several different CPU architectures and replicated with many initial states to establish generalized profiles of algorithm convergence behavior.
Rapid rehousing for persons experiencing homelessness: a systematic review of the evidence

Rapid rehousing (RRH), a programmatic approach that seeks to help households currently experiencing homelessness quickly regain stable housing, has garnered increasing attention over the past decad...
Calibration of a Dual-Polarized Probe Using the 16-Term Calibration Model

A calibration method for square or circular waveguide-based dual-polarized probes is proposed based on the 16-term network analyzer calibration model, allowing systematic errors, such as polarization impurity and mismatches to be corrected. The unique issues associated with such a dual-polarized probe are discussed, namely, the difficulty in creating thru or delay calibration standards and known asymmetric reflect standards. A novel calibration procedure solving the 16-term calibration model is developed and proposed, which overcomes these issues by utilizing three known symmetric reflect standards, one unknown asymmetric reflect standard, and an optional unknown but reciprocal standard. Subsequently, two Ka -band (26.5–40 GHz), square-waveguide-based dual-circularly polarized probes are fabricated along with the required calibration standards, and the proposed calibration method is then applied and its efficacy verified. In addition, the ability of the calibration algorithm to correct for polarization impurity is demonstrated through synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements in conjunction with a sample containing a plurality of identical targets with different relative orientations.
Noninvasive identification of emergent mutations following cytotoxic therapy for lung cancer.

8533Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death world-wide, and chemotherapy and radiation remain backbones of therapy for patients with locoregionally advanced and metastatic dise...
Prediction of Liver Transplant Rejection with a Biologically Relevant Gene Expression Signature.

Background Noninvasive biomarkers distinguishing early immune activation before acute rejection (AR) could more objectively inform immunosuppression management in liver transplant recipients (LTR). We previously reported a genomic profile distinguishing LTR with AR vs. stable graft function.1 This current study includes key phenotypes with other causes of graft dysfunction and utilizes a novel random forest approach to augment the specificity of predicting and diagnosing AR. Methods Gene expression results in LTR with AR vs. non-AR (combination of other causes of graft dysfunction and normal function) were analyzed from single and multicenter cohorts. A 70:30 approach (61 AR; 162 non-AR) was used for training and testing sets. Microarray data was normalized utilizing a liver transplant-specific vector. Results Random forest modeling on the training set generated a 59-probe classifier distinguishing AR vs. non-AR (AUC 0.83; accuracy 0.78, sensitivity 0.70, specificity 0.81, PPV 0.54, NPV 0.89; F-score .61). Using a locked threshold, the classifier performed well on the testing set (accuracy 0.72, sensitivity 0.67, specificity 0.73, PPV 0.48, NPV 0.86; F-score 0.56). Probability scores increased in samples preceding AR vs. non-AR, when liver function tests were normal, and decreased following AR treatment (p<0.001). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of the genes revealed a high percentage related to immune responses and liver injury. Conclusions We have developed a blood-based biologically relevant biomarker that can be detected prior to AR-associated graft injury distinct from LTR never developing AR. Given its high NPV ("rule out AR"), the biomarker has the potential to inform precision-guided immunosuppression minimization in LTR.
Meeting our students’ educational needs during a global pandemic: creating online clinical learning experiences

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe the conversion of in-person simulations into online evolving case study activities in an undergraduate nursing curriculum as a result of COVID-19 precautions. The School of Nursing at Eastern Kentucky University utilized technological resources to provide meaningful online learning activities to meet student learning outcomes. The key teaching strategies to maintain were application and synthesis of knowledge through guided reflective activities and discussion. Interactive evolving case studies were selected with critical thinking questions and video clips to promote student engagement. The curricular concepts were medication administration, prioritization of patient care, communication, patient safety, and clinical judgment. Student and faculty evaluations were overwhelmingly positive, resulting in sustained use of these teaching strategies within the curriculum.
Performance of Reinforced–Stabilized Unpaved Test Sections Built over Native Soft Soil Under Full-Scale Moving Wheel Loads

This paper presents the findings from an ongoing research study that evaluated two recently developed geosynthetic products: a triaxial geogrid and a high-strength woven geotextile for reinforcing or stabilizing roads constructed over native soft soil in the state of Louisiana. Six full-scale test lane sections were constructed: two were reinforced by one and two layers of triaxial geogrids, respectively, while high-strength geotextile was used to reinforce two of the other sections with aggregate layers of different thicknesses. The remaining two sections were left as controls: one was constructed over a sand embankment 30 cm thick representing the common practice in southern Louisiana. The unpaved test sections were subjected to a full-scale moving wheel load applied by the accelerated loading facility. A variety of instrumentation was used to measure the load-associated and the environment-associated pavement responses and performance. Results of the full-scale testing on the unpaved test sections demo...
Removal of chromium, nickel and cadmium from clays by in‐situ electrokinetic remediation

This article presents the results of a research study that investigated the use of the in situ electrokinetic process for removing chromium, nickel, and cadmium from contaminated clays. For this study, electrokinetic experiments were conducted on two types of clays: kaolin, a commercial‐grade soil consisting mainly of kaolinite clay mineral, and glacial till, a field derived clay that possesses a complex mineralogical composition. Two sets of experiments were performed. The first set of experiments consisted of clays contaminated with both chromium in its hexavalent form, Cr(VI), and nickel, Ni(II). Each of these contaminants was in a concentration of 500 mg/kg. The second set of experiments consisted of clays contaminated with Cr(VI), Ni(II), and cadmium, Cd(II), In concentrations of 500 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 250 mg/kg, respectively. These specific contaminants and contaminant concentration levels were selected to simulate typical electroplating waste conditions. In each test, the contaminated clay was s...
E2, M1 multipole mixing ratios: Supplement and corrections through December 1979

Abstract Presented here is an updated compilation of E2, M1 multipole mixing ratios based on analysis of angular distribution and correlation data from the literature. The present compilation includes data which have appeared in the literature subsequent to the publication of previous compilations of this series, and also includes data for odd-Z, odd-N nuclei which have not been previously surveyed. Several cases are noted in which previously accepted spin assignments or multipole mixing ratios have been shown by more recent data to be incorrect. The present compilation includes data from the literature up to December 1979.
The Climate-G Testbed

Grid portals are web gateways aiming at concealing the underlying infrastructure through a pervasive, transparent, userfriendly, ubiquitous and seamless access to heterogeneous and geographical spread resources (i.e. storage, computational facilities, services, sensors, network, databases). The main goal of this report is to present the ClimateG Portal providing a complete understanding of the international context, discussing its main requirements, challenges, architecture and key functionalities.
Lobbying and Cournot-Nash competition

Abstract Arguments for strategic trade intervention with Cournot duopolists are reconsidered in a model where domestic firms can lobby for increased subsidies. An export subsidy may not improve national welfare if lobbying costs are included. Even if an optimal positive subsidy exists, the government needs information about lobbying effectiveness in order to correctly implement the program.
Reading Thurgood Marshall as a Liberal Democratic Theorist: Race, School Finance, and the Courts

An interpretation of Justice Thurgood Marshall’s theory of liberal democracy, drawn principally from his dissenting opinions in two landmark education cases: Milliken v. Bradley (1974) and San Antonio v. Rodriguez (1973). Milliken held that because the white-majority suburban districts in the greater Detroit area had not engaged in proven de jure racial discrimination, the federal court could not impose a multi-district remedy upon them. In his dissent, Marshall argues that the Milliken decision represents a “giant step backwards,” away from the desegregative and egalitarian orientation of Brown v. Board of Education (1954.) Marshall recites Brown’s holdings on violative stigmatic injury, and reasons that the multi-district remedy would have provided relief to Detroit’s African-American schoolchildren. Although Rodriguez dealt with the constitutionality of state school funding scheme, rather than racially segregative public school policies, Marshall sounded similar themes in his 1973 dissent. In Rodriguez, the Court decided that the Texan scheme met its rational basis test since it promoted “local control,” a permissible governmental purpose. Marshall reasoned that the Texan law was impermissibly arbitrary: its heavy reliance on property-tax based local contributions meant that the pupils living in property-poor districts were denied equal educational opportunity. Marshall argues that the right to education is implicitly guaranteed by the federal constitution, given the fact that access to an adequate education is indispensable for the exercise of protected political rights, including free speech and voting. Marshall defines education rights as an entitlement to a unique public good, insofar as securing access to an adequate and equitably funded education for the least advantaged children places them on the path to equal citizenship. Extending beyond Marshall’s actual opinions, the chapter argues that Marshall would argue that Parents Involved v. Seattle School District (2007), which struck down voluntary integrative pupil assignment, was wrongly decided. However, the spirit of Marshall’s theory lives on in the state courts’ decisions favoring the plaintiffs in state school finance case. There are particularly close parallels between Marshall’s discourse and the New York state court decision, Campaign for Fiscal Equity (2003), given the latter’s definition of the adequate education guaranteed under the New York constitution with reference to the high school graduate’s preparation for voting and jury service.
Global and intercultural user-interface design

Aesthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Language and verbal style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Globalization Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Planet Sabre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Culture Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Introduction to Culture Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Culture: An Additional Issue for GloballyOriented UI Designers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Hofstede’s Dimensions of Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Power Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Individualism versus Collectivism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Uncertainty Avoidance (UA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Long-versus Short-Term Time Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Design Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Conclusions and Future ResearchIssues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49User interfaces (UIs) for successful products and services enable users around the world to access complex data and functions. Solutions to global user interface design consist of partially universal and partially local solutions to the design of metaphors, mental models, navigation, appearance, and interaction. The UI development process must account for many complex localization issues, in particular, the user group’s culture. Culture dimensions, i.e., those proposed by anthropologists and other analysts of culture, can provide insight into how designers can/should adjust UIs to better serve users. By managing users’ experiences of familiar structures and processes, the UI designer can achieve compelling solutions that enable the UI to be more useful and appealing. Users across the globe will be more productive and engaged with the products and services.
Knowledge-based spatial reasoning for scene generation from text descriptions

This system translates basic English descriptions of a wide range of objects in a simplistic zoo environment into plausible, three-dimensional, interactive visualizations of their positions, orientations, and dimensions. It combines a semantic network and contextually sensitive knowledge base as representations for explicit and implicit spatial knowledge, respectively. Its linguistic aspects address underspecification, vagueness, uncertainty, and context with respect to intrinsic, extrinsic, and deictic frames of spatial reference. The underlying, commonsense reasoning fomlalism is probability-based geometric fields that are solved through constraint satisfaction. The architecture serves as an extensible test-and-evaluation framework for a multitude of linguistic and artificial-intelligence investigations.
The mimetic nature of left atrial myxomas. Report of a case presenting as a severe systemic illness and simulating massive mitral insufficiency at cardiac catheterization.

Abstract A case of left atrial myxoma presenting the features of a severe systemic disease is described. Transseptal catheterization revealed left atrial hypertension and an enormous V peak. These hemodynamic alterations are ascribed in part to a mechanically inefficient atrial diastole produced by the huge myxomatous mass but more importantly to massive mitral insufficiency which may be created by herniation of the tumor through the mitral valve orifice. It is emphasized that left atrial myxomas may produce the signs of a multisystemic disease in the absence of embolic phenomena. The etiology of this diffuse response is unknown. A systemic reaction to the degenerative changes in the tumor is an attractive hypothesis. Recognition of the varied clinical manifestations of left atrial myxomas and greater suspicion of the presence of this lesion will indicate the need for more immediate and definitive angiocardiographic study in cases of obscure heart disease.
Messenger RNA Expression of IL-8, FOXP3, and IL-12β Differentiates Latent Tuberculosis Infection from Disease

Differentiation of active from latent tuberculosis (TB) is a major challenge in the control of TB. In this study, PBMC from latent TB-infected subjects, TB patients, and tuberculin skin test-negative donors stimulated with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific Ag, early secretory antigenic target 6, and mRNA for 45 immune-related genes was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Univariate analysis showed significant differences in the expression of 10 genes (IFN-gamma, FOXP3, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12alpha, IL-12beta, and IL-24) in PBMC from TB patients vs latent TB-infected subjects (p < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression and classification and regression tree analyses revealed that expression of three genes, IL-8, FOXP3, and IL-12beta, is predictive for TB vs latent Mtb infection. Thus, measurement of Ag-specific expression of these three genes may offer a specific and noninvasive means of differentiating between latent Mtb infection and TB.
General Treatment of Stroke in Intensive Care Settings

This chapter discusses general treatment of stroke in intensive care settings. Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is a delayed complication of stroke that may result from different etiologies such as the development of edema in an area of infarction, expansion of a hematoma, or the development of hydrocephalus. Treatment of the patient with malignant increased ICP requires multimodality treatment with rapid onset measures followed by longer acting treatments. Hyperventilation is the most rapidly acting of the ICP treatments. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are used to increase a patient's minute ventilation. Surgical treatment of supratentorial stroke is primarily carried out to reduce the harmful effects of increased ICP. The placement of a ventricular drain, lobectomy, and hemicraniectomy are all strategies for reducing increased ICP refractory to medical therapies. In cerebellar stroke treatment, surgery has a well-defined role. Stress ulcer prophylaxis should be considered in most stroke patients. Patients with strokes severe enough to be in an ICU or those patients on mechanical ventilation should receive stress ulcer prophylaxis. However, the resultant increase in gastric pH allows increased numbers of bacteria to survive in the stomach, increasing the risk for aspiration pneumonia. In aspiration prone patients, sucralfate may be a better choice.
An in vitro preparation for eliciting and recording feeding motor programs with physiological movements in Aplysia californica.

Multifunctionality, the ability of one peripheral structure to generate multiple, distinct behaviors1, allows animals to rapidly adapt their behaviors to changing environments. The marine mollusk Aplysia californica provides a tractable system for the study of multifunctionality. During feeding, Aplysia generates several distinct types of behaviors using the same feeding apparatus, the buccal mass. The ganglia that control these behaviors contain a number of large, identified neurons that are accessible to electrophysiological study. The activity of these neurons has been described in motor programs that can be divided into two types, ingestive and egestive programs, based on the timing of neural activity that closes the food grasper relative to the neural activity that protracts or retracts the grasper2. However, in isolated ganglia, the muscle movements that would produce these behaviors are absent, making it harder to be certain whether the motor programs observed are correlates of real behaviors. In vivo, nerve and muscle recordings have been obtained corresponding to feeding programs2,3,4, but it is very difficult to directly record from individual neurons5. Additionally, in vivo, ingestive programs can be further divided into bites and swallows1,2, a distinction that is difficult to make in most previously described in vitro preparations. The suspended buccal mass preparation (Figure 1) bridges the gap between isolated ganglia and intact animals. In this preparation, ingestive behaviors - including both biting and swallowing - and egestive behaviors (rejection) can be elicited, at the same time as individual neurons can be recorded from and stimulated using extracellular electrodes6. The feeding movements associated with these different behaviors can be recorded, quantified, and related directly to the motor programs. The motor programs in the suspended buccal mass preparation appear to be more similar to those observed in vivo than are motor programs elicited in isolated ganglia. Thus, the motor programs in this preparation can be more directly related to in vivo behavior; at the same time, individual neurons are more accessible to recording and stimulation than in intact animals. Additionally, as an intermediate step between isolated ganglia and intact animals, findings from the suspended buccal mass can aid in interpretation of data obtained in both more reduced and more intact settings. The suspended buccal mass preparation is a useful tool for characterizing the neural control of multifunctionality in Aplysia.
K-i obstructions to factoring an open manifold

Let Mn+k be an open PL manifold of dimension n+k>5, let X be a finite polyhedron, and suppose ƒ:Mn+k→X×RK is a bounded homotopy equivalence. If k⩾1, we use radial engulfing and Siebenmann's twist-gluing (twist=id.) to construct a manifold M1 with infinite cyclic cover M and a bounded homotopy equivalence ƒ1:M1→X×RK−1. By iterating this construction we obtain a manifold Mk-1 and a bounded homotopy equivalence ƒk−1:Mk−1→X×S1×…×S1×R. We show that the Siebenmann obstruction σ1 in K0(Zπ1Mk−1) to factoring Mk−1=N1×R is an element of K−k+1Zπ1X. If σ1=0, let β be the automorphism of K0 induced by mapping the class of a projective P to the class of the projective P consisting of antihomomorphisms from P into the coefficient ring Zπ(X×S1×…×X1) (k-2S1 factors). Then subsequent obstructions lie in the quotients K-1/image(1+β). That is, if σ1 vanishes, there exists a sequence of obstructions σi in K−k+1(Zπ1X) /image(1+β), i=2,…,s, such that M=Ns×Rs, for some PL manifold Ns if and only if each σi vanishes.
Falling Stereotypes and New Cell Models in Neurobiology

Students in many elementary science courses are taught a little neurophysiology. This may be the only knowledge of working neurones and of the nervous system such students will encounter as their education progresses in social science and humanities. In teaching the spinal motoneurone as a model nerve cell and the frog myoneural junction as a model synapse we offer such students an overly simplistic and misleading view of functioning nerves. This picture leads to a stimulus-response or Pavlovian mechanistic view of behavior, even of human behavior. A better teaching method, beginning with a description of an endogenously active neurone is suggested. Such neurones are commonly encountered in all animals. In vertebrates endogenously active cells give rise to the electroencephalogram, a phenomenon clinically associated with a functioning central nervous system. Somewhat more elaborate views of synapses based on electron micrographs, patch clamping studies of channels and studies of calcium flux at endings is recommended even for elementary students. Nerve endings which contain and release more than one transmitter should be offered as a physiological example of how the brain works. Only thus can the flexible behavior of both the nerve cells and the organism they contain be understood. Development of nerve cells and their migration and possible destiny should be discussed, particularly for the student for whom this may be a last course in biological science. An appreciation of the process and timing of the development of the human nervous system may help such students in later life in making personal and political decisions about human reproduction.
Spatioselective Modification of Bicompartmental Polymer Particles and Fibers via Huisgen 1, 3-Dipolar Cycloaddition

Precise nano- and microscale control of the architecture of biodegradable biomaterials is desirable for several biotechnological applications such as drug delivery, diagnostics, and medical imaging. Herein, we combine electrohydrodynamic co-jetting and highly specific surface modification (via Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition) to prepare particles and fibers with spatioselective surface modification. We first prepared biphasic particles and fibers from commercial poly(lactide-co-glycolide) copolymers via electrohydrodynamic co-jetting of two organic solutions loaded with fluorescent macromolecules and acetylene-modified PLGA derivatives. (i) Spatially controlled reaction of poly[lactide-co-(propargyl glycolide)] with O-(2-aminoethyl)-O'-(2-azidoethyl)heptaethylene glycol and (ii) subsequent conversion of the newly introduced amino groups with fluorescence probes resulted in particles and fibers with surface modification of one hemisphere only.
Evidence for ponding and catastrophic floods in central Valles Marineris, Mars

Abstract The Valles Marineris canyon system of Mars is closely related to large flood channels, some of which emerge full born from chaotic terrain in canyon floors. Coprates Chasma, one of the largest Valles Marineris canyons, is connected at its west end to Melas Chasma and on its east end to chaotic terrain-filled Capri and Eos Chasmata. The area from central Melas to Eos Chasmata contains a 1500 km long and about 1 km deep depression in its floor. Despite the large volumes of groundwater that likely discharged from chaotic terrain in this depression, no evidence of related fluvial activity has thus far been reported. We present an analysis of the regional topography which, together with photogeologic interpretation of available imagery, suggests that ponding due to late Hesperian discharge of water possibly produced a lake (mean depth 842 m) spanning parts of the Valles Marineris depression (VMD). Overflow of this lake at its eastern end resulted in delivery of water to downstream chaos regions and outflow channels. Our ponding hypothesis is motivated primarily by the identification of scarp and terrace features which, despite a lateral spread of about 1500 km, have similar elevations. Furthermore, these elevations correspond to the maximum ponding elevation of the region (−3560 m). Simulated ponding in the VMD yields an overflow point at its eastern extremity, in Eos Chasma. The neighborhood of this overflow point contains clear indicators of fluvial erosion in a consistent east–west orientation.
Behavioral effects of prematurity

This report reviews the evidence for an increased incidence of behavior and social problems in infants and children born prematurely. The contribution of biological and social factors to the development of behavior problems in this population is also examined. The available evidence indicates that preterms more often than full-terms exhibit negative temperament characteristics, symptoms of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and lower levels of social competence. The risk for these problems appears to be limited to those infants with a birth weight of less than 1,500 g. Adverse social conditions also impact the expression of these problems. Preterms do not appear to be at as much risk for emotional or conduct problems or abnormal attachment to their mothers. Both the experience of a preterm birth and the characteristics of the infant can alter the perceptions and behavior of parents. Appropriate interventions should involve the child, the parents, and the school.
A crystalline trypsine inhibitor from swine colostrum

Abstract Swine colostrum contains a trypsin inhibitor in much higher concentration than that previously reported in human or bovine colostrum. The concentration was highest (1 ml inhibited 2 mg of trypsin) on the first day after birth and fell gradually almost to zero by the fifth day. Like the majority of naturally occurring trypsin inhibitors of animal origin, the swine colostrum inhibitor is a small protein. Both the free inhibitor-trypsin complex were obtained in crystalline form; the method of purification is described.