cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuous random variables

In Chapters 2 and 3, the only random variables we considered specifically were discrete ones such as the Bernoulli, binomial, Poisson, and geometric. In this chapter we consider a class of random variables allowed to take a continuum of values. These random variables are called continuous random variables and are introduced in Section 4.1. Continuous random variables are important models for integrator output voltages in communication receivers, file download times on the Internet, velocity and position of an airliner on radar, etc. Expectation and moments of continuous random variables are computed in Section 4.2. Section 4.3 develops the concepts of moment generating function (Laplace transform) and characteristic function (Fourier transform). In Section 4.4 expectation of multiple random variables is considered. Applications of characteristic functions to sums of independent random variables are illustrated. In Section 4.5 the Markov inequality, the Chebyshev inequality, and the Chernoff bound illustrate simple techniques for bounding probabilities in terms of expectations. Densities and probabilities Introduction Suppose that a random voltage in the range [0,1) is applied to a voltmeter with a one-digit display. Then the display output can be modeled by a discrete random variable Y taking values .0, .1, .2, …, .9 with P( Y = k /10) = 1/10 for k = 0, …, 9.
Incidence of contralateral–bilateral nodes in the human papillomavirus era

Objectives/Hypothesis HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma has a more favorable prognosis when compared to HPV-negative disease, regardless of the presence of nodal metastases. However, the importance of contralateral neck treatment based on HPV status has not been well studied. Given the historically poor prognostic implications of cervical nodal metastases, this study sought to elucidate the relationship between HPV status and contralateral/bilateral nodal metastasis in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Study Design Retrospective cohort analysis. Methods Data were collected on patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma from 2001 to 2014. Nodal status was determined by contrast-enhanced computed tomography, positron emission tomography, or surgical pathology when available. Survival rates and associations between HPV status and demographic/tumor characteristics were assessed. Results Of 178 total patients, 46 (26.0%) had contralateral/bilateral metastases. There was no significant difference in incidence of contralateral/bilateral nodal metastases between HPV-positive and HPV-negative patients (24.6% vs. 29.1%, P = .53). Tonsil primaries had significantly lower incidence of contralateral/bilateral nodal metastases compared to tongue base (20.9% vs. 34.3%, P = .048). On multivariate regression, tumor size was the only factor associated with contralateral/bilateral nodal metastases (T4 vs. T1–3 odds ratio = 5.15, 95% confidence interval: 2.4-11.2). Five-year overall survival among all patients with and without contralateral/bilateral nodal metastases was 45.4% and 65.2%, respectively (P = .007). Conclusions Our results did not show a significantly different incidence of contralateral/bilateral nodal metastases between HPV-positive and HPV-negative patients. T4 stage and tongue base location, however, were associated with contralateral disease. These data suggest treatment of bilateral necks might be warranted in these cases, regardless of HPV status. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 2016
Vocal fold paralysis in preterm infants: prevalence and analysis of risk factors.

To calculate the prevalence of vocal fold paralysis (VFP) in preterm (<37 weeks of gestation) infants at a single neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and identify risk factors for the development of VFP. This is a case control study of all surviving preterm infants admitted to the NICU at Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin from 2006 to 2012, comparing those with and without VFP. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify significant risk factors for VFP. Of the 2083 patients included, 73 (3.5%) had VFP, including 18% of those at <26 weeks of gestation. On multivariate analyses, VFP was associated with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ligation (P<0.001, odds ratio (OR) 15.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.9 to 28.1), history of invasive ventilation (P=0.008, OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.5 to 13.6) and black vs non-black race (P=0.001, OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.5 to 4.3). Given the prevalence of VFP and its associated morbidity, efforts to decrease PDA ligation and invasive ventilation in preterm infants are warranted.
Manganese-Mediated Homolytic Aromatic Substitution with Phosphinylidenes.

Carbon-phosphorus (C−P) bond-forming reactions via homolytic aromatic substitution (HAS) of non-functionalized substrates with phosphinylidene P(O)H compounds is becoming a useful synthetic tool for the preparation of aryl and heteroaryl phosphonates, phosphinates, and phosphine oxides. This review specifically covers recent work using manganese-mediated free radical processes. Several research groups employ expensive Mn(OAc)3, whereas our own contributions focus on the novel and inexpensive Mn(OAc)2/MnO2 system.
Optimal infinite-horizon control and the stabilization of linear discrete-time systems: State-control constraints and non-quadratic cost functions

Stability results are given for a class of feedback systems arising from the regulation of time-invariant, discrete-time linear systems using optimal infinite-horizon control laws. The class is characterized by joint constraints on the state and the control and a general nonlinear cost function. It is shown that weak conditions on the cost function and the constraints are sufficient to guarantee asymptotic stability of the optimal feedback systems. Prior results, which concern the linear quadratic regulator problem, are included as a special case. The proofs make no use of discrete-time Riccati equations and linearity of the feedback law; hence, they are intrinsically different from past proofs.
Chirp-partition based pre-distortion for reduced carrier leakage in circulator-based wide-band FMCW radar systems

This paper presents a digital pre-distortion scheme to reduce carrier-leakage in wideband FMCW radars that use a circulator to provide isolation between the transmitter and receiver. The proposed digital pre-distortion technique first power combines the leakage signal with a second pre-distorting signal prior to entering the radar receiver. The Phase & amplitude of this pre-distorting signal are adjusted for partitions of the FMCW chirp to provide cancellation. Transitions between sections are pulse shaped to eliminate broadband frequency content.
Enhancing Renal Lymphatic Expansion Prevents Hypertension in Mice

Rationale: Hypertension is associated with renal infiltration of activated immune cells; however, the role of renal lymphatics and immune cell exfiltration is unknown. Objective: We tested the hypo...
Dementia and Capacity: Still Alice (2014)

Still Alice is a gripping film about early onset dementia and the gradual loss of autonomy and decision-making capacity. It is the ideal film for any neurology or gerontology unit because it confronts everyday issues in these fields. The film challenges conceptions of personhood, and when we determine that someone is non-autonomous, as there is no bright line in this portrayal—just as there is no bright line in many cases.
Differences in the Induction of Autoimmune Responses in A.SW/SnJ Mice by Various Agents

Susceptibility to certain drug-induced immunological reactions is under the genetic control of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Previously, ten inbred murine strains bearing different H-2 (murine MHC) haplotypes were screened for autoimmune responses to HgC12, gold sodium thiomalate (GST) and D-penicillamine. Only one of these strains, A.SW/SnJ (H-2s), developed antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in response to treatment with all three agents. In the present study the ability of this strain to develop ANA in response to treatment with procainamide (P) and hydralazine (H), two drugs which frequently induce ANA in humans, was examined Groups of 4-to 5-month-old A.SW/SnJ and C3H/HeSnJ (a resistant strain) mice of both sexes were given daily P (200 mg/kg) or H (40 mg/kg) in drinking water, or GST weekly (10 mg/kg im; positive control) with appropriate controls. After 4 months of treatment, A.SW mice were given the lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide (Lipid A-LPS), a polyclonal B cell activator, 25 μg ip twice weekly for an additional 4 months along with the drug treatments. Induction of ANA occurred only in GST-treated A.SW/SnJ mice, regardless of Lipid A-LPS treatment. These results suggest that the H-2 controlled sensitivity of A.SW strain is antigen-specific.
Abstract CN01-02: Chromosomal instability as a driver of tumor metastasis

Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer, and it results from ongoing errors in chromosome segregation during mitosis. While CIN is a major driver of tumor evolution, its role in metastasis has not been established. Here we show that CIN promotes metastasis by sustaining a tumor-cell autonomous response to cytosolic DNA. Errors in chromosome segregation create a preponderance of rupture-prone micronuclei that expose their DNA content to the cytosol. This leads to the activation of the cGAS-STING cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway and downstream noncanonical NF-κB signaling. Genetic suppression of CIN significantly delays metastasis even in highly aneuploid tumor models, whereas inducing continuous chromosome segregation errors promotes cellular invasion and metastasis in a STING-dependent manner. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we uncover a CIN-induced transcriptional switch from a proliferative and metabolically active state to a mesenchymal phenotype associated with inflammatory pathways, offering an opportunity to target chromosome segregation errors for therapeutic benefit. Citation Format: Samuel F. Bakhoum. Chromosomal instability as a driver of tumor metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2017 Oct 26-30; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2018;17(1 Suppl):Abstract nr CN01-02.
Specific oral immunotherapy in food allergic patients: transient or persistent tolerance?

Introduction The first therapeutic choice for food allergy is avoidance of the responsible food, but when this approach is not possible, specific oral desensitization could be considered as a good alternative. It is not clear yet whether the acquired tolerance is transient or persistent. Aim We report on a subset of 13 patients of a larger study, treated successfully with specific oral tolerance induction who experienced secondary loss of tolerance after a period of allergen avoidance. Material and methods Thirteen patients affected by IgE-mediated food allergy: to cow milk (3 patients), to hen egg (3 patients), to cod fish (2 patients), to peanuts (1 patient) and to corn (1 patient) confirmed by a complete allergological workup and a double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC), were treated with sublingual-oral desensitization. After the interruption of the maintenance phase, the laboratory tests were performed and 12 of 13 patients underwent DBPCFC. Results Oral specific desensitization was completed successfully in all the 13 reported patients. At different times after the end of treatment, they decided, on their own initiative, to stop the ingestion of incriminated food. A new food allergen re-exposure caused adverse reactions in 12 of 13 patients. The detection of specific IgE and IgG4 during the period of allergen avoidance showed an increase in or a stable level of specific IgE and a decrease in specific IgG4 in 8 patients. Conclusions According to our experience, the tolerance obtained through the desensitizing treatment is transient and so the regular allergen intake is necessary for its maintenance.
Advance care planning: Meeting a crucial need.

AbstractPurpose.To improve the healthcare team's comfort and efficacy with end-of-life conversations at a 474-licensed bed community acute care hospital through training on advance care planning (ACP) and advance directives (ADs).Methods.This instructional program utilized training sessions, includi
Effect of yoga on physical and psychological outcomes in patients on chronic hemodialysis.

Abstract Introduction Patients on chronic hemodialysis suffer from a myriad of problems associated with dialysis including increased cardiovascular disease, deconditioning, fatigue, sleep disturbances, anxiety and depression, and decreased health related quality of life. Yoga has been reported to have positive effects on distress and functional performance in patients with chronic diseases. The effect of yoga in patients on chronic hemodialysis is unknown. For the purpose of this study, papers were reviewed to determine the effect of intradialysis yoga on distress and functional performance in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Methods This integrative review examined studies published in Pubmed, CINAHL and PsychINFO. The search terms included: yoga, hemodialysis, dialysis. Results Two RCTs met the criteria. Yoga showed improvement in several outcomes including: quality of life, pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance, physical function as well as a number of biochemical variables. Further well designed RCTs need to be conducted.
Neurotoxins in Management of Pain Disorders- New Encouraging Data

Botulinum toxins after injection into the muscle or skin block the release of pain transmitters and modulators and lead to reduction of pain perception. High quality studies have shown efficacy of botulinum toxins in several pain syndromes including local pain after shingles (post-herpetic neuralgia), pain after trauma to the limb, face pain in trigeminal neuralgia, pain of diabetic neuropathy, heal pain in plantar fasciitis, deep bottuck pain in piriformis syndrome and certain types of low back pain. Preliminary studies in several other pain syndrome have also demonstrated encouraging results.
A MEDIA FRAMING ANALYSIS: THE COVERAGE OF RAPE IN INDIAN AND WESTERN NEWS SOURCES

The media is an integral segment of public knowledge sources and can wield powerful influence, particularly in the dissemination of political and legislative information. The purpose of this study is to acknowledge the essential nature of the media, and to provide awareness that all media information contains subjective judgments, some of these judgments arising from media framing techniques, or the context and rationale provided by news sources that account for and help explain the purpose for the event that is being reported or commented upon. This investigation analyzes a selection of news sources from within India as well as correlating western sources (United Kingdom, United States) from December 2012 (starting with the original reporting of the New Delhi rape case) to February 2014, for the purpose of identifying the media framing techniques that were developed during and after the New Delhi case. This paper also asks how those techniques have contributed to progressive legislative reform in India; continued pressure that media has been placing on the Indian government in regard to violence against women; and political protections and reforms that have been deemed necessary.
Abstract P134: Greater Burden of Cardiovascular Disease Among Incarcerated Women of Color Compared to Whites

Background: Although non-institutionalized black American and Latino adults exhibit a disproportionate burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to US whites, racial/ethnic disparities are no...
Improving the Accuracy of Diffusion for Inorganic 15N Analyses of Soil Extracts and Water

ABSTRACTSequential diffusion techniques used to speciate inorganic nitrogen-15 (15N) during soil or water analysis are complicated by incomplete recovery of ammonium (NH4+)-N, introducing error in the subsequent determination of nitrate (NO3–)-N. Based on studies to evaluate different strategies for minimizing cross-contamination error in Mason-jar diffusions, a simple cleaning technique was developed that involves an additional 6-h diffusion using 0.6 M boric acid (H3BO3) at room temperature following the recovery of NH4+-N. This technique was 60–87% effective for reducing cross-contamination of unlabeled NO3–-N by labeled NH4+-N and became more effective for controlling analytical error with decreasing sample volumes, lower NH4+-N enrichment, and larger quantities of NO3–-N. When used with the cleaning technique described, sequential diffusions were far superior for 15N analysis of NO3–-N, as compared to the nonsequential approach that involves an isotope dilution calculation after separate diffusions t...
Autoimmune hepatitis associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia and anticardiolipin antibody syndrome.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a disorder characterized by continuing hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation, usually with fibrosis, which tends to progress to cirrhosis and liver failure. The diagnosis of AIH depends on the exclusion of other causes of chronic hepatitis and the presence of an autoimmune response, namely anti-smooth muscle antibodies (ASMA), anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), antibodies to liver–kidney microsomes (anti-LKM), antibodies to soluble liver antigen (anti-SLA), elevated aminotransferases, hypergammaglobulinemia and a response to immunosupressive therapy (1). Several autoimmune disorders, such as thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, ulcerative colitis, proliferative glomerulonephritis, juvenile diabetes mellitus, and Sjogren’s syndrome, occur with increased frequency in patients with AIH and in their relatives (2). There are a few reports of a possible association between anti-phospholipid antibodies and AIH in the literature (3–6). We report a case of AIH associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, and sickle cell trait. CASE REPORT
Placing Intentional Communities in Geography.

This article situates intentional communities (ICs) in the discipline of geography, and outlines an agenda for further research into the geographies and experiences of ICs, insofar as such spaces m...
Stem Cell Transplantation for Hemoglobinopathies

In 1982, Thomas, et al. reported the successful marrow transplantation of an infant with thalassemia [1]. Shortly thereafter, in 1984, Johnson, et al. described a child with acute myelogenous leukemia, carrying the concurrent diagnosis of sickle cell disease (SCD), who achieved full donor hematopoiesis with successful replacement of the patient’s sickled erythrocytes with donorderived red blood cells following transplantation of bone marrow derived from her sibling donor who had sickle trait. These early reports raised the tantalizing possibility that these highly morbid genetic nonmalignant diseases could be cured by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Today, conventional myeloablative transplantation is considered an established treatment option for thalassemia and SCD. More than 2,400 transplants have been performed worldwide for thalassemia, and over 300 worldwide for SCD (personal communication, Statistical Center of the CIBMTR), with a reported overall (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) rate of 79–93 percent/58–91percent, and 94 percent/84 percent for thalassemia and SCD, respectively [2, 3]. Despite these overall excellent results, debate continues regarding the optimal timing of this intensive therapy for patients with sickle cell disease, given the heterogeneity of its clinical phenotype; and for both diseases, because of the overall poor availability of matched related donors. This chapter reviews the results and controversies surrounding myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation for the hemoglobinopathies. In addition, newer promising developments in the field will be discussed, including the use of lower intensity preparative regimens and alternative sources of donor hematopoietic stem cells that have been generated in the hope of establishing curative therapy for these diseases under conditions of acceptable toxicity.
Attitudes, Expectations, and the Future

In this chapter, we return to psychological ideas, portraying the future as a tension between our expectations and unfolding realities. Discussed are the “singularity,” the expected end of Moore’s Law, technological transitions, and the changing role of brands.
Dynamic nuclear polarization in a charged quantum dot induced by the AC Stark effect

The energy levels of an optically active quantum system can be shifted via the AC Stark effect by applying a strong, far-detuned laser. In addition to achieving a spin-selective AC Stark shift larger than 20 GHz, we observe a small Overhauser shift of approximately 1 GHz in a single negatively charged InGaAs quantum dot. We attribute this small shift to dynamic nuclear polarization via electron spin pumping induced by the high power, although far-detuned AC Stark laser. Low power scans reveal two regimes: high power where the frequency shift is linear in AC Stark laser power, and low power where the behavior is non-linear. Linewidth analysis provides a method to quantify the effect of the AC Stark laser on the nuclear spin environment, which in turn affects the quantum dot transitions.
Study of Smart Grid Protection Challenges with High Photovoltaic Penetration

The rise in the electricity demand and growing environmental concerns have led to more demand for the use of renewable energy resources, especially Photovoltaic (PV) systems. The immense environmental benefits of the use of large grid-tied PV systems come with some enormous technical challenges on the distribution network. The evolving conventional grid to a smart one makes these challenges more complicated. These challenges, though still at the incipient stage, would become aggravated as the level of penetration of PV systems increases. This paper takes a holistic look at the various protection issues resulting as a consequence of high Photovoltaic (PV) penetration, presents some practical case studies and proffers some solutions to help mitigate these challenges in the future smart grids.
Post Circumcision Intraperitoneal Rupture of the Urinary Bladder: A Rare Complication

Circumcision is one of the most common pediatric surgical procedures performed all over the world and especially in Arab and Islamic countries. Many complications have been documented following this maneuver. We report on a rare case of intraperitoneal bladder rupture in a 7-day-old baby who was circumcised on his second day using the guillotine method. He presented to us with gangrene of the tip of the penis and a failure to void urine associated with progressive abdominal distension. Ultrasound revealed severe ascites. Aspiration and analysis confirmed the fluid to be urine. Ascending cystourethrogram was performed revealing a perforation of the posterior bladder wall near the trigone. Exploration was performed and repair done. Postoperative course was uneventful.
Male Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) respond with greater intensity to epaulets with UV reflectance

ABSTRACT Male Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) have red epaulets that are used as badges for intrasexual competition for territory acquisition and defense. Red epaulets reflect very litt...
Chaperone-mediated autophagy regulates the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem cells can propagate indefinitely in a pluripotent state, able to differentiate into all types of specialized cells when restored to the embryo. What sustains their pluripotency during propagation remains unclear. Here, we show that core pluripotency factors OCT4 and SOX2 suppress chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), a selective form of autophagy, until the initiation of differentiation. Low CMA activity promotes embryonic stem cell self-renewal, whereas its up-regulation enhances differentiation. CMA degrades isocitrate dehydrogenases IDH1 and IDH2 and reduces levels of intracellular α-ketoglutarate, an obligatory cofactor for various histone and DNA demethylases involved in pluripotency. These findings suggest that CMA mediates the effect of core pluripotency factors on metabolism, shaping the epigenetic landscape of stem cells and governing the balance between self-renewal and differentiation.
Sirius: A Flat Datacenter Network with Nanosecond Optical Switching

The increasing gap between the growth of datacenter traffic and electrical switch capacity is expected to worsen due to the slowdown of Moore's law, motivating the need for a new switching technology for the post-Moore's law era that can meet the increasingly stringent requirements of hardware-driven cloud workloads. We propose Sirius, an optically-switched network for datacenters providing the abstraction of a single, high-radix switch that can connect thousands of nodes---racks or servers---in a datacenter while achieving nanosecond-granularity reconfiguration. At its core, Sirius uses a combination of tunable lasers and simple, passive gratings that route light based on its wavelength. Sirius' switching technology and topology is tightly codesigned with its routing and scheduling and with novel congestion-control and time-synchronization mechanisms to achieve a scalable yet flat network that can offer high bandwidth and very low end-to-end latency. Through a small-scale prototype using a custom tunable laser chip that can tune in less than 912 ps, we demonstrate 3.84 ns end-to-end reconfiguration atop 50 Gbps channels. Through large-scale simulations, we show that Sirius can approximate the performance of an ideal, electrically-switched non-blocking network with up to 74-77% lower power.
Design issues and solutions for stop-signal data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development [ABCD] study

Abstract The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study is an unprecedented longitudinal neuroimaging sample that tracks the brain development of over 10,000 9-10 year olds through adolescence. At the core of this study are the three tasks that are completed repeatedly within the fMRI scanner, one of which is the stop-signal task. In analyzing the available stopping experimental code and data, we identified a set of design issues that we believe significantly limit its value. These issues include but are not limited to: variable stimulus durations that violate basic assumptions of dominant stopping models, trials in which stimuli are incorrectly not presented, and faulty stop-signal delays. We present eight issues, show their effect on the existing ABCD data, suggest prospective solutions to the study organizers including task changes for future data collection, and suggest retrospective solutions for data users who wish to make the most of the existing data.
Model-free control for frequency response support in microgrids utilizing wind turbines

Abstract Islanded microgrids integrated with renewable energy resources bring additional challenges to the primary frequency control due to their power-electronic interfaced generations. Developing an efficient control strategy for inertia emulation and frequency response support of microgrids is becoming an important issue. Wind turbine dynamics, however, will degrade the emulated inertial and primary responses with most traditional control strategies. On the other hand, compensation methods often require the knowledge of system models at the design stage and state estimation for feedback once deployed online. To overcome these challenges, this paper explores a model-free control (MFC) strategy to emulate the desired inertia and support the frequency response of a diesel-wind microgrid system. The proposed MFC strategy utilizes a model reference concept to obtain guaranteed inertial response and improve the frequency response of microgrids. This work considers different control strategies with different operating points. The proposed controller is implemented and verified using the modified 33-bus full nonlinear model of the three-phase diesel-wind system in Simulink. Simulation results demonstrate the improved frequency response by precisely emulating the desired inertia using the MFC strategy.
A revised synonymy, typification, and key to species of Cleome sensu stricto (Cleomaceae)

Cleome s.s. includes 22 species of herbs and shrubs with a center of distribution in southwest Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. The limits of Cleome s.s. and significant nomenclatural problems are addressed, with 21 lectotypifications (including two Linnaeus names), one significant syn. nov. designation, and treatment of 50 nomenclatural synonyms of the 22 species recognized. Two incertae sedis names are also discussed. A key to species and discussion of species complexes and particularly complicated nomenclatural problems are presented.
The Americanization of the Holocaust: Expressions of Cultural and Political Memorialization

Demsky analyzes the Americanization of the Holocaust. This memorializing construct finds Americans remembering the Nazis’ crimes against Jews as a predicate for celebrating their rectitude in helping to end them. Demsky unpacks a bifurcated survey that considers cultural and political expressions of this practice. Spanning Anne Frank’s story to Maus, he elucidates cultural representations’ substantial memorializing power. Next, turning to an analysis of the US Holocaust Memorial Museum’s founding, as well as the NATO air campaign against Serbia, Demsky demonstrates American politicians bolstering their domestic positions via Holocaust memorialization. If influential, Americanized remembrance sometimes complicates the history it aims to consecrate. Demsky unpacks the intricacies of pop culture and politicized remembrance, explaining how this past can change when placed in service of the present.
Genetic and environmental contributions to IQ in adoptive and biological families with 30-year-old offspring.

Abstract While adoption studies have provided key insights into the influence of the familial environment on IQ scores of adolescents and children, few have followed adopted offspring long past the time spent living in the family home. To improve confidence about the extent to which shared environment exerts enduring effects on IQ, we estimated genetic and environmental effects on adulthood IQ in a unique sample of 486 biological and adoptive families. These families, tested previously on measures of IQ when offspring averaged age 15, were assessed a second time nearly two decades later (M offspring age = 32 years). We estimated the proportions of the variance in IQ attributable to environmentally mediated effects of parental IQs, sibling-specific shared environment, and gene-environment covariance to be 0.01 [95% CI 0.00, 0.02], 0.04 [95% CI 0.00, 0.15], and 0.03 [95% CI 0.00, 0.07] respectively; these components jointly accounted for 8% of the IQ variance in adulthood. The heritability was estimated to be 0.42 [95% CI 0.21, 0.64]. Together, these findings provide further evidence for the predominance of genetic influences on adult intelligence over any other systematic source of variation.
Public Opinions on Applying Adult Sex Offender Legislation to Minors Convicted of Sex Crimes

A controversial part of the Adam Walsh Act (AWA) mandates that states require minors adjudicated of certain sexual offenses to be on the sex offender registry, but not all states have complied. Our...
Critical local well-posedness for the fully nonlinear Peskin problem

We study the problem where a one-dimensional elastic string is immersed in a two-dimensional steady Stokes fluid. This is known as the Stokes immersed boundary problem and also as the Peskin problem. We consider the case with equal viscosities and with a fully non-linear tension law; this model has been called the fully nonlinear Peskin problem. In this case we prove local in time well-posedness for arbitrary initial data in the scaling critical Besov space $\dot{B}^{3/2}_{2,1}(\mathbb{T} ; \mathbb{R}^2)$. We additionally prove the optimal higher order smoothing effects for the solution. To prove this result we derive a new formulation of the boundary integral equation that describes the parametrization of the string, and we crucially utilize a new cancellation structure.
Audio Coding for Representation in MIDI via Pitch Detection Using Harmonic Dictionaries

The search for a flexible and concise alternate representation for digital musical sound leads to the proposal for the use of the MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) protocol. The problem becomes one of automating the conversion process from sound to MIDI. This requires processing musical sound and extracting the information necessary to represent the sound as MIDI data. We have conducted studies which have led to algorithms for segmentation of the sound and pitch detection of the individual notes. We describe a novel method for pitch detection using subset selection with dictionaries containing harmonic spectra from samples of musical sounds. Examples demonstrating applicability to monophonic sounds as well as signals with multiple sound sources are given, including detection of objects in a complex background scene.
Exploring mentoring and leadership development in health care organizations

Purpose – To improve understanding of mentoring and other leadership development practices in health care organizations, focusing on three questions: What has been done? What is being done? What should be done?Design/methodology/approach – First, 160 key informant interviews explored mentoring and leadership development practices in health care between September 2003 and December 2004. Second, all US hospital chief executives were surveyed between August‐December 2004 (844 respondents) and asked about mentoring and leadership development.Findings – No interviewed executives and fewer than one‐quarter of chief executive respondents reported participating in formal mentoring programs as a protege. Nearly one in three executives surveyed reported that a formal mentoring program was available within their organizations; however, only three key informants described programs in existence longer than five years. Issues such as assuring senior leadership support, sustaining budgetary commitment, and dedicating qu...
Multiple GABA receptor subtypes mediate inhibition of calcium influx at rat retinal bipolar cell terminals

Inhibitory effects of GABA on K(+)-evoked Ca2+ influx into rat retinal bipolar cell terminals were studied using calcium imaging methods. Application of high K+ evokes a sustained, reversible increase in [Ca2+]i at bipolar cell terminals, which occurs mainly via dihydropyridine-sensitive (L-type) Ca2+ channels. There are at least two GABA receptor subtypes coexisting at bipolar cell terminals: a conventional GABAA receptor and a bicuculline/baclofen-insensitive GABA receptor. Activation of either GABA receptor inhibited the K(+)-evoked Ca2+ response. However, these two GABA receptor subtypes have distinct properties. GABAA receptors suppress the Ca2+ response only at relatively high concentrations of agonist, and with fas kinetics and a narrow dynamic range. In contrast, the bicuculline/baclofen-insensitive GABA receptors produce inhibition on the Ca2+ response at a much lower concentration of agonist, and with slow onset and a wider dynamic range. The pharmacologic profile of the bicuculline/baclofen- insensitive GABA receptor at bipolar cell terminals is most similar to the GABAC receptor reported by Feigenspan et al. (1993). Unlike the GABAC receptors described in other species, it is extremely insensitive to picrotoxin. Therefore, it may be appropriate to refer to this receptor as a picrotoxin-insensitive GABAc receptor. 3- Aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid (3-APMPA) and 3- aminopropylphosphonic (3-APA), two phosphate analogs of GABA, selectively antagonize the picrotoxin-insensitive GABAc receptors but not the GABAA receptors in this system. These results imply a functional role for multiple GABA receptors in regulating synaptic transmission at bipolar cell terminals.
The Market Reaction to Warrant Calls: An Agency Cost Explanation

A warrant call should only elicit a stock price reaction when there are agency costs of managerial discretion, because in this case the gains to shareholders from expropriating the time premium of the warrants may be offset by the losses when managers invest the proceeds in negative NPV projects. We relate warrant call announcement returns to proxies for the costs of managerial discretion and find support for this argument. We observe lower announcement returns among firms that have low leverage and are inefficient. All other things equal, announcement returns are lower among inefficient firms that invested heavily in the year after the warrant call and among high leverage firms that reduced their debt levels.
Studies of the Electron Transport Chain of Extremely Halophilic Bacteria VI. SALT-DEPENDENT DISSOLUTION OF THE CELL ENVELOPE

Abstract The disintegration of Halobacterium cutirubrum cell envelope vesicles at lowered salt concentrations has been followed by electron microscopy, light scattering, and the sedimentation properties of total protein, phospholipids, flavoproteins, and cytochromes. As NaCl concentration is lowered these components are released from the membranes in roughly sequential fashion. Thus, flavoproteins are solubilized at 1.0 to 2.2 m NaCl, the outer envelope at 0.7 to 0.9 m NaCl, cytochrome b and phospholipids at 0 to 1.2 m NaCl, and cytochrome oxidase at 0 to 0.5 m NaCl. Comparison of the effects of NaCl, NaNO3, and NaClO4 revealed that those components which require more than 0.6 to 0.7 m NaCl for stabilization in the membrane exhibited marked specificity among these salts, the order of preference being NaCl g NaNO3 g NaClO4, whereas those components which were stabilized at lower NaCl concentrations showed little salt specificity. The correlation of the effectiveness of these salts in maintaining the integrity of the membrane with salting out character indicates that the binding of the former components is predominantly hydrophobic, while the binding of the latter components is primarily ionic. Evidence consistent with this pattern of binding forces was obtained from the solubilization of membrane proteins with hydrophobic bond-breaking agents.
Injuries to children younger than 1 year of age

The circumstances and characteristics of emergency room-treated injuries in children younger than 1 year of age were studied and unintentional injuries were compared with those caused by abuse. Unintentional injuries were seen 15 times more frequently in an emergency room than injuries caused by abuse. The majority of unintentional injuries were minor, although skull fractures and fractures of the clavicle did occur. In contrast, injuries caused by abuse were commonly multiple and severe and were more likely to result in long-term disability. Results of this study indicate that unintentional injuries are rarely serious and that closed head injury, rib or lower extremity fractures, and abdominal injuries are usually indicative of abuse.
Controlling Non-Covalent Interactions to Modulate the Dispersion of Fullerenes in Polymer Nanocomposites

Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) are materials based on a class of filled plastics that contain relatively small amounts of nanoparticles, which can impart improved structural, mechanical, and thermal properties relative to the neat polymer. However, the homogeneous dispersion of the nanoparticles into a polymer matrix is critical and an impeding factor for the controlled enhancement of PNC properties. In this work, we provide new insight into the importance of polymer chain connectivity and nanoparticle shape and curvature on the formation of noncovalent electron donor–acceptor (EDA) interactions between polymers and nanoparticles. This is accomplished by experimentally monitoring the dispersion of nanoparticles in copolymers containing varying amounts of functional moieties that can form noncovalent interactions with carbon nanoparticles with corroboration through density functional calculations. The results show that the presence of a minority of interacting functional groups within a polymer chain leads ...
Slip analysis in a Ni-base superalloy

A Ni-base superalloy single crystal with Gamma/Gamma' structure was tested at room temperature along the , and directions. Consistent with previously reported investigations, this alloy did not obey the Schmid law and the CRSS (critical resolved shear stress) was noticeably lower for the -oriented samples. Furthermore, the strain hardening rate decreased and the degree of deformation localization increased in the order of , and orientations. The appearance and orientation of deformation traces were found to depend on the loading orientation as well as the amount of strain. In general, when Gamma'-particles were sheared, the traces followed the expected octahedral shear planes. It is demonstrated that the wavy deformation traces that do not follow the {111} planes are associated with changes in the gamma-channels width and the falling off of the gamma-particles. In this paper the evolution of deformation bands are discussed in terms of plastic localization at microscopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic levels.
Noncanonical activation of Notch1 protein by membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) controls melanoma cell proliferation.

Notch1 is an evolutionarily conserved signaling molecule required for stem cell maintenance that is inappropriately reactivated in several cancers. We have previously shown that melanomas reactivate Notch1 and require its function for growth and survival. However, no Notch1-activating mutations have been observed in melanoma, suggesting the involvement of other activating mechanisms. Notch1 activation requires two cleavage steps: first by a protease and then by γ-secretase, which releases the active intracellular domain (Notch1NIC). Interestingly, although ADAM10 and -17 are generally accepted as the proteases responsible of Notch1 cleavage, here we show that MT1-MMP, a membrane-tethered matrix metalloproteinase involved in the pathogenesis of a number of tumors, is a novel protease required for the cleavage of Notch1 in melanoma cells. We find that active Notch1 and MT1-MMP expression correlate significantly in over 70% of melanoma tumors and 80% of melanoma cell lines, whereas such correlation does not exist between Notch1NIC and ADAM10 or -17. Modulation of MT1-MMP expression in melanoma cells affects Notch1 cleavage, whereas MT1-MMP expression in ADAM10/17 double knock-out fibroblasts restores the processing of Notch1, indicating that MT1-MMP is sufficient to promote Notch1 activation independently of the canonical proteases. Importantly, we find that MT1-MMP interacts with Notch1 at the cell membrane, supporting a potential direct cleavage mechanism of MT1-MMP on Notch1, and that MT1-MMP-dependent activation of Notch1 sustains melanoma cell growth. Together, the data highlight a novel mechanism of activation of Notch1 in melanoma cells and identify Notch1 as a new MT1-MMP substrate that plays important biological roles in melanoma.
Estéticas enraizadas: aproximaciones al video indígena en América Latina

Este ensayo examina las formas en que el audiovisual de origen indigena es producido y circulado en America Latina, ofreciendo una discusion sobre los conceptos claves y definiciones que se le ha dado a este cuerpo de obra, y sobre sus practicas especificas.
The Development of the Social Cognition of Social Status

Abstract This study examined the development of the cognition of social status in the early elementary years. Measures of perceived social status and sociometric awareness were derived from a sociometric interview that asked children to identify their own “best friends” and the friendship choices of their peers. The accuracy of status concepts was determined by comparing perceptions of status with conventional status measures (sociometric nomination and social acceptance). Perceptions of peers' status were fairly accurate by first grade and remained stable through third grade. In contrast, accurate self-perceptions of status were delayed until third grade. Children who were more accurate in identifying the friends of their friends were more popular than their less sociometrically aware peers in first through third grade. Sociometric awareness of nonfriends was unrelated to social status at all grade levels.
SU‐E‐T‐608: Feasibility Study of Stereotactic Radiosurgery Using a Non‐Commercial VMAT Treatment Planning System with a Non‐Coplanar Delivery Technique

Purpose: Conventional beamlet‐based SRS procedures have several fundamental deficiencies. To address these issues, we recently conducted a study to explore the feasibility of implementing SRS using our newly‐developed VMAT treatment planning system. Our goal was to investigate the possibility of replacing IMRT with VMAT using a non‐coplanar delivery technique for intracranial SRS. Methods: A commercial SRS head phantom was CT‐scanned. The hypothetical PTV and OARs were delineated on the CT scan. Other optimization‐related dose tuning structures were also delineated. The VMAT plan was optimized with one coplanar full arc and two non‐coplanar partial arcs. Our VMAT adopts an aperture‐based technique to optimize both MLC apertures and MU weights simultaneously. The MLC interdigitation modulation was employed to increase the MLC relative speed and the dose gradient. For the comparison purpose, the conventional IMRT plan with 7 beams was also computed with the same optimization constraints. Results: VMAT‐SRS plan exhibits superior target conformity compared to the IMRT plan. The conformity index PITV, defined as the volume covered by the prescription isodose surface (PI) divided by the planning target volume (TV): PITV = PI/TV, were 0.9713 and 0.9416, respectively. VMAT plan was also found to present a huge advantage over IMRT plan in delivery efficiency. The Monitor Units (MU) for the VMAT and IMRT plans were 2706 and 4296, respectively, for a prescription dose of 1800 cGy/fraction. The MU‐to‐cGy coefficient was 1.537 for the VMAT plan and 2.388 for the IMRT plan. The VMAT plan demonstrated superiority in sparing the OARs. The dose to the brainstem was reduced by 31.63% and the dose to the scalp was reduced by 19.79. Conclusion: Non‐coplanar VMAT should replace the conventional IMRT to become the treatment of the choice for intracranial SRS procedures.
Layered point clouds: a simple and efficient multiresolution structure for distributing and rendering gigantic point-sampled models

We recently introduced an efficient multiresolution structure for distributing and rendering very large point sampled models on consumer graphics platforms [1]. The structure is based on a hierarchy of precomputed object-space point clouds, that are combined coarse-to-fine at rendering time to locally adapt sample densities according to the projected size in the image. The progressive block based refinement nature of the rendering traversal exploits on-board caching and object based rendering APIs, hides out-of-core data access latency through speculative prefetching, and lends itself well to incorporate backface, view frustum, and occlusion culling, as well as compression and view-dependent progressive transmission. The resulting system allows rendering of complex out-of-core models at high frame rates (over 60M rendered points/second), supports network streaming, and is fundamentally simple to implement. We demonstrate the efficiency of the approach on a number of very large models, stored on local disks or accessed through a consumer level broadband network, including a massive 234M samples isosurface generated by a compressible turbulence simulation and a 167M samples model of Michelangelo's St. Matthew. Many of the details of our framework were presented in a previous study. We here provide a more thorough exposition, but also significant new material, including the presentation of a higher quality bottom-up construction method and additional qualitative and quantitative results.