cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accurate Chemical Master Equation Solution Using Multi-Finite Buffers

The discrete chemical master equation (dCME) provides a fundamental framework for studying stochasticity in mesoscopic networks. Because of the multiscale nature of many networks where reaction rates have a large disparity, directly solving dCMEs is intractable due to the exploding size of the state space. It is important to truncate the state space effectively with quantified errors, so accurate solutions can be computed. It is also important to know if all major probabilistic peaks have been computed. Here we introduce the accurate CME (ACME) algorithm for obtaining direct solutions to dCMEs. With multifinite buffers for reducing the state space by $O(n!)$, exact steady-state and time-evolving network probability landscapes can be computed. We further describe a theoretical framework of aggregating microstates into a smaller number of macrostates by decomposing a network into independent aggregated birth and death processes and give an a priori method for rapidly determining steady-state truncation errors. The maximal sizes of the finite buffers for a given error tolerance can also be precomputed without costly trial solutions of dCMEs. We show exactly computed probability landscapes of three multiscale networks, namely, a 6-node toggle switch, 11-node phage-lambda epigenetic circuit, and 16-node MAPK cascade network, the latter two with no known solutions. We also show how probabilities of rare events can be computed from first-passage times, another class of unsolved problems challenging for simulation-based techniques due to large separations in time scales. Overall, the ACME method enables accurate and efficient solutions of the dCME for a large class of networks.
Tunneling in Axion Monodromy

The Coleman formula for vacuum decay and bubble nucleation has been used to estimate the tunneling rate in models of axion monodromy in recent literature. However, several of Coleman’s original assumptions do not hold for such models. Here we derive a new estimate with this in mind using a similar Euclidean procedure. We find that there are significant regions of parameter space for which the tunneling rate in axion monodromy is not well approximated by the Coleman formula. However, there is also a regime relevant to large field inflation in which both estimates parametrically agree. We also briefly comment on the applications of our results to the relaxion scenario.
Expert systems without computers or, theory and trust in artificial intelligence

Editors’ Note: In this provocative article Doyle suggests that many of the benefits of current expert systems technology could be achieved without computer-based implementations. Indeed, at one point he argues that expert systems technology should be put “on ice” until we can formally analyze their behaviour. However, most expert systems are several orders of magnitude more complex than the programs which theoretical computer science currently grapples with. And so if this advice were to be followed, this technology would be shelved indefinitely. Is there not an intermediary position? Namely, that the problems encountered by today’s expert systems might help guide the search for a much needed theoretical underpinning.
MECHANICALLY INDUCED OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERATIONS IN GENES REGULATING IL-6 SIGNALING? CELL DEATH AND OSTEOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION

Mechanical loading of bone is anabolic, while aseptic loosening of implants is catabolic. In a rat model of mechanically induced aseptic loosening, osteoclast differentiation is increased dramatically but the underlying mechanism is unknown. The objective was to profile molecular pathways in peri-implant bone resorption. Microarrays on cortical bone samples exposed to pressurized fluid flow were performed 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 hrs, using time 0 as controls. Of a total of 4093 genes that underwent a 1.25-fold change (p
Melanin from a physicochemical point of view

Melanin has an ambivalent nature; it can act as a protective or anti-protective agent, depending on its previous history. In this article we briefly review the current state of understanding of melanin structure and biosynthesis, its binding with drugs and metals, its adsorption and (photo)semiconductive properties, and its ability to couple redox reactions There is now a greater appreciation of the structural and spectroscopic differences between 5,6-dihydroxyindole and 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid melanins and a greater knowledge of the kinetics of eumelanin to pheomelanin and neuromelanin transformations and the molecular links among them. The scope of drug and metal binding to melanin has expanded. Recent work has shown that melanin can act as an electronic–ionic conductor. Melanin can couple redox reactions for biologically and commercially relevant solid and gaseous systems. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Unprotected Amino Acids as Stable Radical Precursors for Heterocycle C–H Functionalization

An efficient and general method for the C–H alkylation of heteroarenes using unprotected amino acids as stable alkyl radical precursors is reported. This one-pot procedure is performed open to air under aqueous conditions and is effective for several natural and unnatural amino acids. Heterocycles of varying structure are suitably functionalized, and reactivity trends reflect the nucleophilic character of the radical species generated.
Continuous-Time Marginal Pricing of Electricity

The current practice of discrete-time electricity pricing starts to fall short in providing an accurate economic signal reflecting the continuous-time variations of load and generation schedule in power systems. This paper introduces the fundamental mathematical theory of continuous-time marginal electricity pricing. We first formulate the continuous-time unit commitment problem as a constrained variational problem, and subsequently define the continuous-time economic dispatch (ED) problem where the binary commitment variables are fixed to their optimal values. We then prove that the continuous-time marginal electricity price equals to the Lagrange multiplier of the variational power balance constraint in the continuous-time ED problem. The proposed continuous-time marginal price is not only dependent to the incremental generation cost rate, but also to the incremental ramping cost rate of the units, thus embedding the ramping costs in calculation of the marginal electricity price. The numerical results demonstrate that the continuous-time marginal price manifests the behavior of the constantly varying load and generation schedule in power systems.
New Literacies: A Dual-Level Theory of the Changing Nature of Literacy, Instruction, and Assessment:

This chapter suggests that a dual-level theory of new literacies is a useful approach to theory building in a world where the nature of literacy continuously changes. It begins by making a central point: Social contexts have always shaped both the function and form of literate practices and been shaped by them in return. The chapter discusses the social context of the current period and explain how this has produced new information and communication technologies, and the new literacies that the technologies demand. It explores several lowercase new literacies perspectives that are emerging. The chapter argues that a dual-level New Literacies theory is essential to take full advantage of this important and diverse work. It presents one lowercase theory of new literacies, the new literacies of online research and comprehension, to illustrate how a dual-level theory of new literacies can inform new literacies research that takes related but different theoretical perspectives.
Laser-Cooled Mercury Ion Frequency Standard

A stable and accurate frequency standard based on the 40.5 GHz ground-state hyperfine transition in 199Hg1 ions is described. The ions are confined in a cryogenic linear Paul (rf ) trap and laser cooled to form a linear crystal. With seven ions and a Ramsey interrogation time of 100 s, the fractional frequency stability is 3.3 s2d 3 10213t21y2 for measurement times t , 2 h. The ground-state hyperfine interval is measured to be 40 507 347 996.841 59 (14) (41) Hz, where the first number in the parentheses is the uncertainty due to statistical and systematic effects, and the second is the uncertainty in the frequency of the time scale to which our standard is compared. [S0031-9007(98)05392-7]
HoTTSQL: proving query rewrites with univalent SQL semantics

Every database system contains a query optimizer that performs query rewrites. Unfortunately, developing query optimizers remains a highly challenging task. Part of the challenges comes from the intricacies and rich features of query languages, which makes reasoning about rewrite rules difficult. In this paper, we propose a machine-checkable denotational semantics for SQL, the de facto language for relational database, for rigorously validating rewrite rules. Unlike previously proposed semantics that are either non-mechanized or only cover a small amount of SQL language features, our semantics covers all major features of SQL, including bags, correlated subqueries, aggregation, and indexes. Our mechanized semantics, called HoTT SQL, is based on K-Relations and homotopy type theory, where we denote relations as mathematical functions from tuples to univalent types. We have implemented HoTTSQL in Coq, which takes only fewer than 300 lines of code and have proved a wide range of SQL rewrite rules, including those from database research literature (e.g., magic set rewrites) and real-world query optimizers (e.g., subquery elimination). Several of these rewrite rules have never been previously proven correct. In addition, while query equivalence is generally undecidable, we have implemented an automated decision procedure using HoTTSQL for conjunctive queries: a well studied decidable fragment of SQL that encompasses many real-world queries.
SIMULTANEOUS-BILATERAL TKA: THE WHY'S AND HOW'S

To consider bilateral simultaneous knee replacement, both knees must have significant structural damage. It is best if the patient can9t decide which knee is more bothersome. In borderline cases, ask the patient to pretend that the worse knee is normal and if so, would they be seeing you for consideration of knee replacement on the less involved side. If the answer to this question is “yes,” consider the patient a potential candidate for bilateral knee replacement. If the answer is “no,” recommend operating only on the worse knee, and expect that the operation on the second knee can probably be delayed for a considerable period of time. Strong indications for bilateral simultaneous TKA are bilateral severe angular deformity, bilateral severe flexion contracture, and anesthesia difficulties, i.e., patients who are anatomically or medically difficult to anesthetise, such as some adult or juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients or patients with severe ankylosing spondylitis. Relative indications for bilateral simultaneous TKA include the need for multiple additional surgical procedures to achieve satisfactory function and financial or social considerations for the patient. Contraindications to bilateral TKA include medical infirmity (especially cardiac), a reluctant patient, and a patient with a very low pain threshold. When performing bilateral simultaneous TKA, both limbs are prepped and draped at the same time. An initial dose of an intravenous antibiotic is given (usually 1 gram of a cephalosporin) before inflation of the tourniquet. Surgery begins on the more symptomatic side or on either side if neither knee is significantly worse than the other. The reason for starting on the more symptomatic side is in case surgery has to be discontinued after only one procedure owing to anesthetic considerations. After the components have been implanted on the first side, the tourniquet is deflated and a second dose of intravenous antibiotic is administered (usually 500 mg of a cephalosporin). After the joint capsule is closed and flexion against gravity is measured, one team completes the subcutaneous and skin closure on the first side while the other team inflates the second tourniquet and begins the exposure of the second side. When the second tourniquet is deflated, a third dose of antibiotic is given (usually 500 mg of a cephalosporin for a total dose of 2 g for both knees). Because of concern about the potential for cross-contamination of the knee wounds when instruments used during the final stages of skin closure on the first knee are maintained on the field and used on the second knee, they should probably be handed off the field and outer surgical gloves changed. Most patients will report after their complete recovery that they are glad they did both knees at the same time. A patient who has any uncertainty about proceeding with bilateral surgery should have only one knee done at a time. In many cases, the second side receives a “reprieve,” becoming more tolerable after the first side has been operated on.
The fate of debris in the Pluto-Charon system

The Pluto-Charon system has come into sharper focus following the fly by of New Horizons. We use N-body simulations to probe the unique dynamical history of this binary dwarf planet system. We follow the evolution of the debris disc that might have formed during the Charon-forming giant impact. First, we note that in-situ formation of the four circumbinary moons is extremely difficult if Charon undergoes eccentric tidal evolution. We track collisions of disc debris with Charon, estimating that hundreds to hundreds of thousands of visible craters might arise from 0.3--5 km radius bodies. New Horizons data suggesting a dearth of these small craters may place constraints on the disc properties. While tidal heating will erase some of the cratering history, both tidal and radiogenic heating may also make it possible to differentiate disc debris craters from Kuiper belt object craters. We also track the debris ejected from the Pluto-Charon system into the Solar System; while most of this debris is ultimately lost from the Solar System, a few tens of 10--30 km radius bodies could survive as a Pluto-Charon collisional family. Most are plutinos in the 3:2 resonance with Neptune, while a small number populate nearby resonances. We show that migration of the giant planets early in the Solar System's history would not destroy this collisional family. Finally, we suggest that identification of such a family would likely need to be based on composition as they show minimal clustering in relevant orbital parameters.
Biopolarity: Coral Scientists Between Hope and Despair

On July 5, 2016, I returned from the International Coral Reef Symposium (ICRS) in Hawai'i. Some 2,500 coral scientists, managers and policy makers from 70 countries had convened there, as they do e...
What does nature have to do with it? Reconsidering distinctions in international disaster response frameworks in the Danube basin

Abstract. This article examines the international policy and institutional frameworks for response to natural and man-made disasters occurring in the Danube basin and the Tisza sub-basin, two transnational basins. Monitoring and response to these types of incidents have historically been managed separately. We discuss whether the policy distinctions in response to natural and man-made disasters remain functional given recent international trends toward holistic response to both kinds of disasters. We suggest that these distinctions are counterproductive, outdated, and ultimately flawed, illustrate some of the specific gaps in the Danube and the Tisza, and conclude by proposing an integrated framework for disaster response in the Danube basin and Tisza sub-basin.
Markov State Models of gene regulatory networks.

Gene regulatory networks with dynamics characterized by multiple stable states underlie cell fate-decisions. Quantitative models that can link molecular-level knowledge of gene regulation to a global understanding of network dynamics have the potential to guide cell-reprogramming strategies. Networks are often modeled by the stochastic Chemical Master Equation, but methods for systematic identification of key properties of the global dynamics are currently lacking. The method identifies the number, phenotypes, and lifetimes of long-lived states for a set of common gene regulatory network models. Application of transition path theory to the constructed Markov State Model decomposes global dynamics into a set of dominant transition paths and associated relative probabilities for stochastic state-switching. In this proof-of-concept study, we found that the Markov State Model provides a general framework for analyzing and visualizing stochastic multistability and state-transitions in gene networks. Our results suggest that this framework—adopted from the field of atomistic Molecular Dynamics—can be a useful tool for quantitative Systems Biology at the network scale.
Semi-Coupled Two-Stream Fusion ConvNets for Action Recognition at Extremely Low Resolutions

Deep convolutional neural networks (ConvNets) have been recently shown to attain state-of-the-art performance for action recognition on standard-resolution videos. However, less attention has been paid to recognition performance at extremely low resolutions (eLR) (e.g., 16 12 pixels). Reliable action recognition using eLR cameras would address privacy concerns in various application environments such as private homes, hospitals, nursing/rehabilitation facilities, etc. In this paper, we propose a semi-coupled, filter-sharing network that leverages highresolution (HR) videos during training in order to assist an eLR ConvNet. We also study methods for fusing spatial and temporal ConvNets customized for eLR videos in order to take advantage of appearance and motion information. Our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods at extremely low resolutions on IXMAS (93:7%) and HMDB (29:2%) datasets.
ACETABULAR CUP PLACEMENT: A SINE QUA NON OF THA LONGEVITY

Introduction Cup positioning in total hip arthroplasty (THA) is an important variable for short and long term durability of any hip implant. This novel method utilises internal and external bony landmarks, and the transverse acetabular ligament for positioning the acetabular component. Methods The cup is placed parallel and superior to the transverse ligament and inside the anterior wall notch of the true acetabulum, and then adjusted for femoral version and pelvic tilt, fixed obliquity, and transverse rotational deformity based on weight bearing pre-operative radiographs. Seventy consecutive THRs (68 patients) were performed using the above technique. The cup radiographic and functional anteversion and abduction angle were measured on post-operative weight bearing pelvic radiographs using EBRA software. Results The mean follow-up was 8.1 ± 2.4 months (4.3 – 11.8 months). There were no dislocations. The mean anteversion and abduction angle was 41.8 degrees ± 4.6 degrees and 18.5 degrees ± 4.4 degrees, respectively. In 3 hips, the radiographic abduction angle was slightly outside the safe zone of Lewinnek as measured based on the inter-teardrop line. However, when using a weight bearing AP pelvis radiograph to measure functional abduction angle using a horizontal line as a reference, they were all within the normal range. Discussion and Conclusion The proposed technique utilises intra- and extra-articular bony landmarks, allows for adjustment for lumbosacral angle, abnormal femoral anteversion, and excessive acetabular version. The proposed technique is a reproducible and accurate method for cup placement with posterior exposure.
DOCK2 interacts with FLT3 and modulates the survival of FLT3-expressing leukemia cells

The FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) gene is the most commonly mutated gene in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and patients carrying internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations have a poor prognosis. Long-term inhibition of FLT3 activity in these patients has been elusive. To provide a more complete understanding of FLT3 biology, a mass spectroscopy-based screen was performed to search for FLT3-interacting proteins. The screen identified dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2), which is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho GTPases, and its expression is limited to hematolymphoid cells. We show that DOCK2 is expressed in leukemia cell lines and primary AML samples, and DOCK2 co-immunoprecipitates with wild-type FLT3 and FLT3/ITD. Knockdown (KD) of DOCK2 by shRNA selectively reduced cell proliferation and colony formation in leukemia cell lines with increased FLT3 activity, and greatly sensitized these cells to cytarabine treatment, alone and in combination with FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors. DOCK2 KD in an FLT3/ITD-positive leukemia cell line also significantly prolonged survival in a mouse xenograft model. These findings suggest that DOCK2 is a potential therapeutic target for novel AML treatments, as this protein regulates the survival of leukemia cells with elevated FLT3 activity and sensitizes FLT3/ITD leukemic cells to conventional antileukemic agents.
On the Price of Stability of Undirected Multicast Games

In multicast network design games, a set of agents choose paths from their source locations to a common sink with the goal of minimizing their individual costs, where the cost of an edge is divided equally among the agents using it. Since the work of Anshelevich et al. FOCS 2004 that introduced network design games, the main open problem in this field has been the price of stability PoS of multicast games. For the special case of broadcast games every vertex is a terminal, i.e., has an agent, a series of works has culminated in a constant upper bound on the PoS Bilo et al., FOCS 2013. However, no significantly sub-logarithmic bound is known for multicast games. In this paper, we make progress toward resolving this question by showing a constant upper bound on the PoS of multicast games for quasi-bipartite graphs. These are graphs where all edges are between two terminals as in broadcast games or between a terminal and a nonterminal, but there is no edge between nonterminals. This represents a natural class of intermediate generality between broadcast and multicast games. In addition to the result itself, our techniques overcome some of the fundamental difficulties of analyzing the PoS of general multicast games, and are a promising step toward resolving this major open problem.
A Theoretical Framework for Law and Macroeconomics

This article considers the effects of law within a Keynesian macroeconomic model. Using the investment-savings and liquidity-money (IS/LM) model at the heart of “short-run” macroeconomics, I argue that law affects spending (“aggregate demand”) and that the changes in spending induced by law can affect output. I contrast the law and macroeconomic perspective with the law and microeconomic approach that has dominated law and economics. I demonstrate that law’s effects on aggregate demand, invariably ignored in law and economics, become particularly important when monetary policy is constrained by the “zero lower bound” (ZLB) on nominal interest rates. At the ZLB, interest rates cannot adjust to bring aggregate demand into balance with the economy’s supply potential. Economic output falls short of its potential due to inadequate demand. At the ZLB, I argue that some micro-economically disfavored legal instruments, such as command and control regulation crafted to increase spending, become appealing relative to seemingly superior alternative instruments such as Pigovian taxation. I conclude by arguing that law offers a potentially important but unexplored instrument of macroeconomic policy.
Fashion and Sustainability: Increasing Knowledge About Slow Fashion Through an Educational Module

The purpose of this study was to understand whether exposure to education about slow fashion regarding its environmental benefits would influence consumers' knowledge, attitudes, and purchase intentions toward slow fashion apparel. College-aged students were recruited for this study as they were the target market of fast fashion retailers. A mixed-method approach with three phases of data collection was implemented. A total of 163 participants participated in the study. Findings have suggested that a 30 minute educational module consisting of mostly text-based information with supplementary images made a significant, positive impact on young adult consumersâ€™ knowledge of and attitudes toward slow fashion. Unexpectedly, purchase intentions toward slow fashion among the participants did not increase. Financial restrictions experienced by university students could have minimized their purchase intentions toward slow fashion apparel which tends to be more expensive than fast fashion. Discussion and Implications are included.
Electrokinetic flows in liquid crystal thin films with fixed anchoring

We study ionic and mass transport in a liquid crystalline fluid film in its nematic phase under an applied electrostatic field. Both analytic and numerical solutions are given for some prototypical configurations of interest in electrokinetics: thin films with spatially nonuniform nematic director that are either periodic or comprise a set of isolated disclinations. We present a quantitative description of the mechanisms inducing spatial charge separation in the nematic, and of the structure and magnitude of the resulting flows. The fundamental solutions for the charge distribution and flow velocities induced by disclinations of topological charge m = −1/2, 1/2 and 1 are given. These solutions allow the analysis of several designer flows, such as “pusher” flows created by three colinear disclinations, the flow induced by an immersed spherical particle (equivalent to an m = 1 defect) and its accompanying m = −1 hyperbolic hedgehog defect, and the mechanism behind nonlinear ionic mobilities when the imposed field is perpendicular to the line joining the defects.
WATCH: WiFi in Active TV Channels

The “white space” model allows TV channels not being used regionally by a TV broadcaster to be re-purposed for secondary access. Unfortunately, populated areas have few unused channels. Nonetheless, Nielsen data show severe under-utilization with vast regions in range of TV transmitters having no active TV receivers even at peak TV viewing time. In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of WiFi in active TV channels (WATCH), the first system to enable secondary WiFi transmission in the presence of kilowatt-scale TV transmitters. To protect active TV receivers, WATCH includes a smartphone-based TV remote controller or an Internet-connected TV to inform WATCH controller of TV receivers’ spatial-spectral requirements. To enable WiFi transmission in UHF bands, we design WATCH-interference cancellation and constructive addition transmission to 1) exploit the unique environment of asynchronous WiFi transmission in the presence of a strong streaming interferer, and 2) require no coordination with legacy TV transmitters. With FCC permission to test our implementation, we show that WATCH can provide at least six times the total achievable rate to 4 watt secondary devices compared to current TV white space systems, while limiting the increase in TV channel switching time to less than 5%.
Methylphenidate and Memory and Attention Adaptation Training for persistent cognitive symptoms after traumatic brain injury: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial

The purpose of this multicenter, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of two cognitive rehabilitation interventions (Memory and Attention Adaptation Training (MAAT) and Attention Builders Training (ABT)), with and without pharmacological enhancement (ie, with methylphenidate (MPH) or placebo), for treating persistent cognitive problems after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Adults with a history of TBI at least 4 months before study enrollment with either objective cognitive deficits or subjective cognitive complaints were randomized to receive MPH or placebo and MAAT or ABT, yielding four treatment combinations: MAAT/MPH (N=17), ABT/MPH (N=19), MAAT/placebo (N=17), and ABT/placebo (N=18). Assessments were conducted pre-treatment (baseline) and after 6 weeks of treatment (post treatment). Outcome measures included scores on neuropsychological measures and subjective rating scales. Statistical analyses used linear regression models to predict post-treatment scores for each outcome variable by treatment type, adjusting for relevant covariates. Statistically significant (P ABT/placebo), nonverbal learning (MAAT/MPH>MAAT/placebo and MAAT/MPH>ABT/MPH), and auditory working memory and divided attention (MAAT/MPH>ABT/MPH). These results suggest that combined treatment with metacognitive rehabilitation (MAAT) and pharmacotherapy (MPH) can improve aspects of attention, episodic and working memory, and executive functioning after TBI.
The ExAC browser: displaying reference data information from over 60 000 exomes

Worldwide, hundreds of thousands of humans have had their genomes or exomes sequenced, and access to the resulting data sets can provide valuable information for variant interpretation and understanding gene function. Here, we present a lightweight, flexible browser framework to display large population datasets of genetic variation. We demonstrate its use for exome sequence data from 60 706 individuals in the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC). The ExAC browser provides gene- and transcript-centric displays of variation, a critical view for clinical applications. Additionally, we provide a variant display, which includes population frequency and functional annotation data as well as short read support for the called variant. This browser is open-source, freely available at http://exac.broadinstitute.org, and has already been used extensively by clinical laboratories worldwide.
A New variable temperature solution-solid interface scanning tunneling microscope

We present a new solution-solid (SS) interface scanning tunneling microscope design that enables imaging at high temperatures with low thermal drift and with volatile solvents. In this new design, distinct from the conventional designs, the entire microscope is surrounded in a controlled-temperature and controlled-atmosphere chamber. This allows users to take measurements at high temperatures while minimizing thermal drift. By incorporating an open solution reservoir in the chamber, solvent evaporation from the sample is minimized; allowing users to use volatile solvents for temperature dependent studies at high temperatures. The new design enables the user to image at the SS interface with some volatile solvents for long periods of time (>24 h). An increase in the nonlinearity of the piezoelectric scanner in the lateral direction as a function of temperature is addressed. A temperature dependent study of cobalt(II) octaethylporphyrin (CoOEP) at the toluene/Au(111) interface has been performed with this instrument. It is demonstrated that the lattice parameters remain constant within experimental error from 24 °C to 75 °C. Similar quality images were obtained over the entire temperature range. We report the unit cell of CoOEP at the toluene/Au(111) interface (based on two molecules per unit cell) to be A = (1.36 ± 0.04) nm, B = (2.51 ± 0.04) nm, and α = 97° ± 2°.
Some properties of the higher spin Laplace operator

The higher spin Laplace operator has been constructed recently as the generalization of the Laplacian in higher spin theory. This acts on functions taking values in arbitrary irreducible representations of the Spin group. In this paper, we first provide a decomposition of the higher spin Laplace operator in terms of Rrita-Schwinger operators. With such a decomposition, a connection between the fundamental solutions for the higher spin Laplace operator and the fundamental solutions for the Rarita-Schwinger operators is provided. Further, we show that the two components in this decomposition are conformally invariant differential operators. An alternative proof for the conformally invariance property is also pointed out, which can be connected to Knapp-Stein intertwining operators. Last but not least, we establish a Borel-Pompeiu type formula for the higher spin Laplace operator. As an application, we give a Green type integral formula.
An Ultra-Low-Power Injection Locked Transmitter for Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents the principles for designing low-power transmitters for wireless sensor networks. Based on these principles, an injection-locked transmitter is implemented in a standard 0.13-mum CMOS process and packaged using chip-on-board assembly. The transmitter utilizes a film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) to obtain a stable carrier at 1.9 GHz. At 0 dBm output power, the transmitter achieves an efficiency of 32% at 50 kb/s and 28% at 156 kb/s. With 50% on-off keying, the transmitter consumes 1.6 and 1.8 mW, respectively
Understanding MOSFET mismatch for analog design

Despite the significance of matched devices in analog circuit design, mismatch modeling for design application has been lacking. This paper addresses misconceptions about MOSFET mismatch for analog design. V/sub t/ mismatch does not follow a simplistic 1/(/spl radic/area) law, especially for wide/short and narrow/long devices, which are common geometries in analog circuits. Further, V/sub t/ and gain factor are not appropriate parameters for modeling mismatch. A physically based mismatch model can be used to obtain dramatic improvements in prediction of mismatch. This model is applied to MOSFET current mirrors to show some nonobvious effects over bias, geometry, and multiple-unit devices.
If asimo thinks, does roomba feel?: the legal implications of attributing agency to technology

Just as our interactions with other people are shaped by our concepts about their beliefs, desires, and goals (i.e., "theory of mind"), our interactions with intelligent technologies such as robots are shaped by our concepts about their internal operations. Multiple studies have demonstrated that people attribute anthropomorphic features to technological agents in certain contexts, but researchers remain divided on how these attributions arise: What default assumptions do people make about the internal operations of intelligent technology, and what events or additional information cause us to alter those default assumptions? This article explores these open questions and some of their implications for law and policy. First, we review psychological research exploring people's attributions of agency, with particular focus on attributions to technological entities. Next, we define and describe one popular account of this research---a "promiscuous agency" account that assumes a reflexive tendency to broadly attribute humanlike properties to technological agents. We then summarize mounting evidence that people are often more cautious in attributing human properties than the promiscuous agency account suggests. We seek to integrate the mounting evidence for a "selective agency" account with the promiscuous agency account through the transition model of agency. Finally, we explore how selective agency, promiscuous agency, and the transition model relate to a sample of robotics law and policy issues. We address, in turn, issues related to Fourth Amendment protection, copyright law, statutory and regulatory interpretation, and negligence litigation, identifying specific implications of the transition model of agency for each issue.
SPECTROSCOPIC AND PHOTOMETRIC VARIABILITY IN THE A0 SUPERGIANT HR 1040

A time-series analysis of spectroscopic and photometric observables of the A0 Ia supergiant HR 1040 has been performed, including equivalent widths, radial velocities, and Stromgren photometric indices. The data, obtained from 1993 through 2007, include 152 spectroscopic observations from the Ritter Observatory 1 m telescope and 269 Stromgren photometric observations from the Four College Automated Photoelectric Telescope. Typical of late B- and early A-type supergiants, HR 1040 has a highly variable Hα profile. The star was found to have an intermittent active phase marked by correlation between the Hα absorption equivalent width and blue-edge radial velocity and by photospheric connections observed in correlations to equivalent width, second moment and radial velocity in Si ii λλ6347, 6371. High-velocity absorption (HVA) events were observed only during this active phase. HVA events in the wind were preceded by photospheric activity, including Si ii radial velocity oscillations 19–42 days prior to onset of an HVA event and correlated increases in Si ii Wλ and second moment from 13 to 23 days before the start of the HVA event. While increases in various line equivalent widths in the wind prior to HVA events have been reported in the past in other stars, our finding of precursors in enhanced radial velocity variations in the wind and at the photosphere is a new result.
Pricing Strategies under Behavioral Observational Learning in Social Networks

The increasing pervasiveness of social networks allows users to share purchase behaviors with their online friends. In the present study, we examine optimal pricing strategies of a monopolistic firm using an analytical model that accounts for behavioral observational learning in social networks. We show that a seller could potentially control the information available to future customers and induce behavioral observational learning by using an information-revealing pricing strategy. This result suggests that offering introductory discounts is not always an effective method to boost purchases in social networks. It could prevent the behavioral observational learning that would increase future customers’ willingness to pay. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Development of methods for detecting viruses in solid waste landfill leachates

Methods were developed for detecting and concentrating enteric viruses in municipal solid waste landfill leachates. Poliovirus added to a leachate was not readily detectable, possibly because the virus was adsorbed to the leachate particulates. The masking effects associated with suspended solids in the leachate were overcome by adding a final 0.1 M sodium (tetra)ethylenediaminetetraacetate concentration to the leachate. A sodium (tetra)ethylenediaminetetraacetate-treated leachate could be clarified by filtration at pH 8.0 without a loss of virus. The clarified and sodium (tetra)ethylenediaminetetraacetate-treated leachate contained interfering materials of an anionic nature which prevented virus adsorption to epoxy-fiber glass filters. This interfering effect was overcome by treating the leachate with an anion-exchange resin. Viruses in the resin-treated leachate were concentrated by adjusting the leachate to pH 3.5, adding AlCl3 to a final 0.005 M concentration, adsorbing the viruses to an epoxy-fiber glass virus adsorbent, and eluting the adsorbed viruses in a small volume. When this method was used to concentrate poliovirus 100-fold in a variety of leachates, the average virus recovery efficiency was 37%. With the methods described in this study, it should be possible to efficiently monitor solid waste disposal site leachates for enteric viruses.
THE TOURNIQUETLESS TKA: LET IT BLEED – AFFIRMS

The major benefit of TKA with tourniquet is operating in a bloodless field. A possible secondary benefit is a better cement bone interface for fixation. The disadvantages of tourniquet use for TKA include multiple risk factors both local and systemic - Nerve damage; Altered hemodynamics with limb exsanguinations (15‐20% increase in circulatory volume) and reactive hyperemia with tourniquet release (10% increase in limb size increasing soft tissue tension and secondary pain); Delay in recovery of muscle function; Increased risk of DVT with direct trauma to vessel walls and increased levels of thrombin-antithrombin complexes; A 5.3x greater risk for large venous emboli propagation and transesophageal echogenic particles; Vascular injury with higher risk in atherosclerotic, calcified arteries; Increase in wound healing disturbances. Our initial experience with TKA without tourniquet was in high risk patients with previous DVT or PE, multiple scarring, or compromised cardiovascular status. We have used this method on all patients for the last eight years. The protocol includes regional anesthesia, incision and approach made with 90-degree knee flexion, meticulous hemostasis, jet lavage and filtered carbon dioxide delivered to dry and prepare bone beds for cementation, application of topical tranexamic acid and routine closure. We have encountered no differences in blood loss or transfusion rates, less postoperative pain, faster straight leg raise and knee flexion gains, and fewer wound healing disturbances. We recommend TKA sans tourniquet. Let it bleed!
SUSTAINABLE IMPROVEMENTS IN CLINICAL FUNCTION, PAIN RELIEF, AND HEALTH UTILITY IN REVISION CASES WITH PAPROSKY 3A AND 3B ACETABULAR DEFECTS IMPLANTED WITH A POROUS TITANIUM ACETABULAR COMPONENT

Introduction Acetabular revision surgery remains a technically demanding procedure with higher failure rates than primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). An acetabular component with three dimensional porous titanium and anatomic screw holes (Figure 1) was designed to allow the cup to be positioned anatomically and provide reliable fixation. Methods A prospective multicenter study of 193 cases (190 patients) was conducted to assess the midterm clinical outcomes of the revision titanium acetabular shell. Radiographs, demographics, Harris Hip Score (HHS), and Short Form 36 (SF-36) were collected preoperatively, at 6 weeks, 3 months, and annually thereafter to 5 years. The mean duration of follow-up was 3.36 years. The Paprosky classification was assessed intraoperatively. Short Form 6D (SF-6D) utility values were obtained by transforming SF-36 scores through the Brazier method and were analyzed for effect size. Results At time of surgery, mean patient age was 63.5 years and mean BMI was 28.1. 69 of the 193 cases were graded as 3A or 3B according to the Paprosky classification method. For all cases, Harris Hip Scores improved significantly (p Among the radiographs independently reviewed to date, no cup migration or unstable cups have been identified. There were 12 acetabular shell re-revisions reported, for infection (7), aseptic loosening (4) and recurrent dislocation (1). Three of the cases revised for aseptic loosening were Paprosky type 3A, and one was 3B. For all cases, a clinically significant improvement in health utility was achieved by 3 months postoperative, with an effect size of 0.54. Clinically significant scores were maintained throughout the follow-up period, reaching an effect size of 0.64 at 5 years. Effect sizes were larger for cases with Paprosky classifications of 3A and 3B than the overall study population at all time points, reaching clinical significance at 3 months with an effect size of 0.64, and continuing to increase to an effect size of 1.19 at 5 years. Conclusion Even in patients with severe acetabular defects, next generation highly porous acetabular components with three dimensional porous titanium and anatomic screw holes provide excellent stability, predictable midterm biologic fixation, pain, and reduction, and improved clinical function and health utility.
Hydrogel Nanocomposites with Independently Tunable Rheology and Mechanics

Hydrogels are an attractive class of biomaterials for minimally invasive local drug delivery given their injectability, tunability, high water content, and biocompatibility. Broad applicability though is challenged: relatively modest mechanical properties restrict use to soft tissues, while flow properties necessary for injectability limit implantation to dried, enclosed tissues to minimize material migration during gelation. To address these dual concerns, we designed an injectable nanocomposite hydrogel based on dextran aldehyde and a poly(amido amine) dendrimer doped with phyllosilicate nanoplatelet fillers. Balance of components allows for exfoliation of nanoplatelets, significantly changing macromer solution flow, facilitating injection and manipulation in a wide variety of implantation contexts while enhancing compressive modulus of hydrogels at low loading. Importantly, rheological and mechanical effects were dependent on aspect ratio, with high aspect ratio nanoplatelets having much stronger effec...
CONSTRAINED LINERS: YESTERDAY'S SOLUTION?

In the revision situation in general and for recurrent dislocation specifically, it is important to have all options available including tripolar constrained liners in order to optimise the potential for hip stability as well as function. Even with the newer options available, dislocation rates of higher than 5% have been reported in the first two years following revision surgery at institutions where high volumes of revision surgery are performed (Wera et al). Because of the deficient abductors, other soft tissue laxity and the requirement for large diameter cups, revision cases will always have more potential for dislocation. In these situations, in the lower demand patient, tripolar constrained liners provided excellent success in terms of preventing dislocation and maintaining implant construct fixation to bone at intermediate term follow-up. Hence in these situations, tripolar with constraint remains the option we utilise in many cases. We are also confident in using this device in cases with instability or laxity where there is a secure well positioned acetabular shell. We cement a tripolar constrained liner in these situations using the technique described below. Present indication for tripolar constrained liners: low demand patient, abductor muscle deficiency or soft tissue laxity, large outer diameter cups, multiple operations for instability, instability with well-fixed shells that are adequately positioned Technique of cementing liner into shell: score acetabular shell if no holes, score liner in spider web configuration, all one or two millimeters of cement mantle Results: Constrained Tripolar Liner - For Dislocation: 56 Hips; 10 year average f/u; 7% failure of device, 5% femoral loosening, 4% acetabular loosening Constrained Tripolar Liner - For Difficult Revisions: 101 hips; 10 year average f/u; 6% failure of device, 4% femoral loosening, 4% acetabular loosening Cementing Liner into Shell: 31 hips; 3.6 year average f/u (2–10 years); 2 of 31 failures We, like others, are trying to define cases where dual mobility will be as successful or more successful than tripolar constrained liners.
Differential equations on unitarity cut surfaces

We reformulate differential equations (DEs) for Feynman integrals to avoid doubled propagators in intermediate steps. External momentum derivatives are dressed with loop momentum derivatives to form tangent vectors to unitarity cut surfaces, in a way inspired by unitarity-compatible IBP reduction. For the one-loop box, our method directly produces the final DEs without any integration-by-parts reduction. We further illustrate the method by deriving maximal-cut level differential equations for two-loop nonplanar five-point integrals, whose exact expressions are yet unknown. We speed up the computation using finite field techniques and rational function reconstruction.
Analytical structure, dynamics, and coarse-graining of a kinetic model of an active fluid

Starting with Doi-Onsager kinetic theory, an active nematic ''$Q$-tensor'' model is built from the bottom up for suspensions of immotile, but mobile, particles exerting active extensile dipolar stresses on the fluid. The model exhibits collective dynamics and active flows, especially in confined domains.