cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 4808: Discovery of a phospho-signature predicting response to dasatinib in non-small cell lung cancer

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Since targeted drugs selectively block molecular pathways that are typically over-activated in tumour cells, they are more precise and show fewer adverse effects than traditional chemotherapeutic agents. At the same time the proportion of patients that benefit from targeted drugs is smaller. Therefore, predictive molecular markers are needed to confidently predict the patient's response to a specific therapy. Such markers would facilitate therapy personalization, where the selected therapy is based on the molecular profile of the patient. We sought to identify a signature of protein phosphorylations that predicts the response to dasatinb in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. A panel of cell lines were profiled in a global, unbiased, phosphoproteomics study yielding quantitative information for roughly 25,000 phosphorylation sites. The identical cell lines were tested for their response to dasatinib. From the phosphoproteome profiles, we identified a signature of twelve phosphorylation sites that can accurately predict dasatinib sensitivity. Four of the phosphorylation sites belong to integrin α4, a protein that mediates cell-matrix or cell-cell adhesion. We evaluated the performance of this signature in a cross-validation set-up and investigated the robustness of the selected predictive features. Finally, we confirmed the predictive power of the signature in an independent set of breast cancer cell lines. We showed that the phosphorylations of integrin β4 as well as eight further proteins are candidate biomarkers for predicting response to dasatinib in solid tumours. Furthermore, we demonstrated that identifying predictive phosphorylation signatures from global, quantitative phosphoproteomic data is possible, and opens a new path to discovering molecular markers for response prediction. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4808. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4808
Molecular cloning, genomic organization, and expression of three chicken 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase gamma subunit genes

The 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a key role in regulating cellular energy homeostasis. The AMPK is a heterotrimeric enzyme complex that consists of 1 catalytic (alpha) and 2 regulatory (beta and gamma) subunits. Mutations of the gamma subunit genes are known to affect AMPK functioning. In this study, we characterized the genomic organization and expression of 3 chicken AMPK gamma subunit genes (cPRKAG). Alternative splicing of the second exon of the cPRKAG1 gene resulted in 2 transcript variants that code for predicted proteins of 298 and 276 amino acids. Use of an alternate promoter and alternative splicing of the cPRKAG2 gene resulted in 4 transcript variants that code for predicted proteins of 567, 452, 328, and 158 amino acids. Alternative splicing of exon 3 of the cPRKAG3 gene resulted in the production of "long" and "short" transcript variants that code for predicted proteins of 382 and 378 amino acids, respectively. We found evidence for differential expression of individual gamma subunit gene transcript variants and, in some cases, tissue-specific expression was observed. The cPRKAG subunit genes displayed similar structural features and high sequence homology compared with corresponding mammalian gamma subunit gene homologues.
Role of hydrophobicity on self-assembly by peptide amphiphiles via molecular dynamics simulations.

Using a novel coarse-grained model, large-scale molecular dynamics simulations were performed to examine self-assembly of 800 peptide amphiphiles (sequence palmitoyl-V3A3E3). Under suitable physiological conditions, these molecules readily assemble into nanofibers leading to hydrogel construction as observed in experiments. Our simulations capture this spontaneous self-assembly process, including formation of secondary structure, to identify morphological transitions of distinctive nanostructures. As the hydrophobic interaction is increased, progression from open networks of secondary structures toward closed cylindrical nanostructures containing either β-sheets or random coils are observed. Moreover, temperature effects are also determined to play an important role in regulating formation of secondary structures within those nanostructures. These understandings of the molecular interactions involved and the role of environmental factors on hydrogel formation provide useful insight for development of inno...
Leucine aminotransferase. I. Colorimetric assays.

Abstract A simple colorimetric assay for measuring leucine-α-ketoglutarate transamination is described. It is reproducible, sensitive, and specific for α-ketoisocaproate. α-Ketoglutarate interferes only in that high concentrations decrease the color yield. This assay is suitable for detailed kinetic studies, even with crude tissue extracts, provided one corrects for this effect of α-ketoglutarate. A separate method was also described whereby transamination between isoleucine (or valine) and α-ketoglutarate can be measured, although this assay is not specific for the leucine transaminase in crude tissue extracts. The α-ketoisocaproate assay was used to examine subcellular fractions of pig heart muscle. Most of the activity was found in the soluble fraction.
100000+ gates on a chip: mastering the minutia. II. Needed: a `miracle slice' for VLSI fabrication

For pt.I see ibid., vol.16, no.3, p.42 (1979). To achieve VLSI means micron and submicron design rules. It means large chips containing perhaps 100000 to 500000 gates, and it means perhaps processing power of a million instructions per second on a single chip. Clearly further ground must be broken in materials, patterning, processing, layout, design and testing, as well as architecture. Requirements for resistivities of more than 100 Ω-cm or minority carrier lifetimes of 500 μs may not be met with conventional silicon boule growth techniques. Silicon device yield and performance are limited by defects and impurity centers in the bulk, surface, and interface regions of the device structure. These can be intrinsic to the starting wafer or process induced. A final requirement for the miracle slice is that it be optically flat with a structurally perfect surface for whatever noncontact lithography technique is used, whether optical projection, projection step-and-repeat, E-beam, or X-ray.
STATIC P-T-V MEASUREMENTS ON MgO: COMPARISON WITH SHOCK WAVE DATA

Simultaneous P-V-T measurements of MgO have been carried out at pressures to 20 GPa and simultaneously to 680 K in a high pressure-temperature diamond-anvil cell using the x-ray diffraction technique and the radiation source at Stanford Synchrotron Research Laboratory. The sample temperature was measured with a precalibrated Pt-Pt% Rh thermocouple and the pressure was determined from an internal Au standard by using the deduced shock wave data of Jamieson et al _. [1982]. The experimental P-V isotherms are approximately parallel, indicating the invariance of KT with temperature at a constant volume, as observed in alkali metals and alkali halides. At high temperatures, however, the present isothermal data yield consistently ˜0.5% higher compression (V/VO) values as compared to the deduced shock wave data, resulting in higher pressure values (˜1 GPa) from the gold standard than from MgO. Until this discrepancy is resolved, the suitability of MgO as a pressure calibrant at high temperatures cannot be established.
Metabolic Complications Precede Alloreactivity and Are Characterized by Changes in Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 Signaling

New-onset post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) occurs commonly after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and is associated with inferior survival. We hypothesize that PTDM and nonrelapse mortality (NRM) are related to IL-33/suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) signaling and that soluble ST2 (sST2) levels will predict PTDM diagnosis. sST2 was measured at engraftment and day +30 in 36 euglycemic HCT recipients followed prospectively for PTDM (cohort 1). Results were confirmed in a validation cohort of 26 patients without pre-existing diabetes analyzed retrospectively for PTDM (cohort 2). Twelve patients with established diabetes before HCT were analyzed in cohort 3. When compared with recipients without PTDM, patients developing PTDM (n = 24) from cohort 1 had elevated sST2 levels at engraftment (P = .02) and at day +30 (P < .01). Cohort 2 confirmed this finding at engraftment (P = .01). Cohort 3 patients with pretransplantation diabetes had higher sST2 at engraftment than patients maintaining euglycemia after HCT from cohort 2 (P = .03). Multivariate analysis of cohorts 1 and 2 showed high engraftment sST2 predicted increased PTDM and NRM risk, independent of conditioning and grades 3 to 4 acute graft-versus-host-disease. sST2 was elevated in PTDM, indicating a relationship between glucose homeostasis and the IL-33/ST2 axis after transplantation. Correction of metabolic complications may decrease sST2 and improve NRM.
Justices of the Peace and Medicolegal Death Investigation: A Situation Unique to Texas

Death investigation throughout the United States is conducted by medical examiners, coroners, or combined systems, based on the laws of individual states. Larger counties in Texas employ medical examiners, but smaller counties rely on justices of the peace. Texas is unique in the use of justices of the peace in the place of county coroners. These justices have multiple responsibilities, including small claims courts, civil marriages, and inquests and death certification. In Texas counties with medical examiner offices, the justice of the peace relinquishes the responsibilities of death investigation and certification.
A Transcriptome Survey Spanning Life Stages and Sexes of the Harlequin Bug, Murgantia histrionica.

The harlequin bug, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn), is an agricultural pest in the continental United States, particularly in southern states. Reliable gene sequence data are especially useful to the development of species-specific, environmentally friendly molecular biopesticides and effective biolures for this insect. Here, mRNAs were sampled from whole insects at the 2nd and 4th nymphal instars, as well as sexed adults, and sequenced using Illumina RNA-Seq technology. A global assembly of these data identified 72,540 putative unique transcripts bearing high levels of similarity to transcripts identified in other taxa, with over 99% of conserved single-copy orthologs among insects being detected. Gene ontology and protein family analyses were conducted to explore the functional potential of the harlequin bug’s gene repertoire, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted on gene families germane to xenobiotic detoxification, including glutathione S-transferases, carboxylesterases and cytochrome P450s. Genic content in harlequin bug was compared with that of the closely related invasive pest, the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal). Quantitative analyses of harlequin bug gene expression levels, experimentally validated using quantitative real-time PCR, identified genes differentially expressed between life stages and/or sexes.
Protein unfolding mechanisms and their effects on folding experiments

In this review, I discuss the various methods researchers use to unfold proteins in the lab in order to understand protein folding both in vitro and in vivo . The four main techniques, chemical-, heat-, pressure- and force-denaturation, produce distinctly different unfolded conformational ensembles. Recent measurements have revealed different folding kinetics from different unfolding mechanisms. Thus, comparing these distinct unfolded ensembles sheds light on the underlying free energy landscape of folding.
Physician service to the underserved.

Many physicians find it difficult to accept uninsured or Medicaid patients due to low level or lack of reimbursement. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Optimizing Research in Surgical Residents and Medical Students

Scientific research is the foundation of technological advancement. How does one kindle the flame of research curiosity in arguably some of our brightest minds? The fact that research is an outright requirement in US medical schools, surgical residencies, and fellowship programs is not enough. Difficulties are rested in finding research opportunities, incorporating them into an already full schedule of classes and clinical rotations, and following the protocols so as not to break any regulations along the way. This chapter hopes to inform the reader how to both effectively encourage research in surgical trainees and construct an effective and productive research program. Establishing a program that allows for direct oversight, coordination, and mentorship in conducting research with fellows, residents, and medical students creates a robust academic environment that is mutually beneficial for trainees, departments, and the advancement for medicine alike.
Highly sensitive fluorescence-based lateral flow platform for point-of-care detection of biomarkers in plasma

Point-of-Care (PoC) diagnostic devices, such as lateral flow tests, are often used in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) for low-cost disease detection. Most commercial lateral flow tests use colorimetric detection on a nitrocellulose substrate. In this paper, we present a multistep, fluorescence-based assay detection system, which can detect antibodies in plasma to recombinant protein. Fluorescence-based detection allows us to achieve higher sensitivity, while a nitrocellulose substrate enables fluid handling, high protein immobilization, rapid detection time, and affordability. As a proof-of-concept for detection of disease-specific biomarkers in plasma, we demonstrate the detection of antibodies in plasma to Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) recombinant protein and to human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E7 recombinant protein. We show that our detection system is able to detect EBNA-1-specific antibodies at a 1:10,000 plasma dilution and HPV 16 E7-specific antibodies at a 1:5,000 plasma dilution, indicating high sensitivity. This platform is a low-cost device that can detect fluorescence from labeled biomarkers on a lateral flow assay. Ultimately, we aim to adapt this system to detect HPV 16 and 18 biomarkers for cervical cancer screening in LMICs.
VIRMISCO - The Virtual Microscope Slide Collection

Digitisation allows scientists rapid access to research objects. For transparent to semi-transparent three-dimensional microscopic objects, such as microinvertebrates or small body parts of organisms, available databases are scarce. Most mounting media used for permanent microscope slides deteriorate after some years or decades, eventually leading to total damage and loss of the object. However, restoration is labour-intensive, and often the composition of the mounting media is not known. A digital preservation of important material, especially types, is important and an urgent need. The Virtual Microscope Slide Collection - VIRMISCO project has developed recommendations for taking microscopic image stacks of three-dimensional objects, depositing and presenting such series of digital image files or z-stacks as an online platform. The core of VIRMISCO is an online viewer, which enables the user to virtually focus through an object online as if using a real microscope. Additionally, VIRMISCO offers features such as search, rotating, zooming, measuring, changing brightness or contrast, taking snapshots, leaving feedback as well as downloading complete z-stacks as jpeg files or video file. The open source system can be installed by any institution and can be linked to common database or images can be sent to the Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Gorlitz. The benefits of VIRMISCO are the preservation of important or fragile material, to avoid loan, to act as a digital archive for image files and to allow determination by experts from the distance, as well as providing reference libraries for taxonomic research or education and providing image series as online supplementary material for publications or digital vouchers of specimens of molecular investigations are relevant applications for VIRMISCO.
Accounting education literature review (2010–2012)

Abstract This review of the accounting education literature includes 291 articles and 104 instructional cases published over the 3-year period, 2010–2012, in six journals: (1) Journal of Accounting Education, (2) Accounting Education: An International Journal, (3) Advances in Accounting Education, (4) Global Perspectives on Accounting Education, (4) Issues in Accounting Education, and (6) The Accounting Educators’ Journal. This article updates prior literature reviews by organizing and summarizing recent additions to the accounting education literature. These reviews are categorized into four sections corresponding to traditional lines of inquiry: (1) curriculum, assurance of learning (AOL), and instruction; (2) educational technology; (3) faculty issues; and (4) students. Suggestions for educational research in all content areas are presented. For the first time in this series of literature reviews, we assess the data collection and empirical analysis methods and recommend adoption of more rigorous techniques moving forward. Articles presenting teaching materials and educational cases published in the same six journals during 2010–2012 are presented in an appendix, categorized by the courses for which they are appropriate.
Stacking Interactions of Heterocyclic Drug Fragments with Protein Amide Backbones

Stacking interactions can be important enthalpic contributors to drug binding. Among the less well-studied stacking interactions are those occurring between an arene and the π-face of an amide group. Given the ubiquity of heterocycles in drugs, combined with the abundance of amides in the protein backbone, optimizing these noncovalent interactions can provide a potential route to enhanced drug binding. Previously, Diederich et al. (ChemMedChem 2013, 8, 397-404) studied stacked dimers of a model amide with a set of 18 heterocycles, showing that computed interaction energies correlate with the dipole moments of the heterocycles and providing guidelines for the optimization of these interactions. We considered stacked dimers of the same model amide with a larger set of 28 heterocycles common in pharmaceuticals, by using more robust ab initio methods. While the overall trends in these new data corroborate many of the results of Diederich et al., these data provide a more refined view of the nature of amide stacking interactions. We present a robust scoring function for amide stacking interaction energies based on the molecular dipole moment and strength of the electric field above the arene.
Determination of Velocity and Attenuation Using Broadband Pulse Technique

Velocity and attenuation of ultrasound are the two most important properties of materials used in ultrasonic applications. Many techniques (Sachse and Pao, 1978; Kline, 1984; Bamber, 1986; Zeqiri, 1988) have been developed for measuring velocity and attenuation of longitudinal waves at frequencies ranging from 1 to 10 MHz. Among them, two methods are popular. One is the so-called discrete frequency method; the other is the broadband pulse technique or the ultrasonic spectroscopy method.
Screening for cognitive dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus: the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire and the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly:

BackgroundCognitive dysfunction (CD) is among the most common neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Traditional neuropsychological testing and the Automated Neurops...
P67 Adolescence, pregnancy, and OUD: creating a clinical decision tree that guides providers through mat for a high-risk obstetrical population

Opioid use in pregnancy is on the rise in the United States. There is limited data regarding management for pregnant adolescents with opioid use disorder (OUD). However, there are best practice recommendations for management of OUD in pregnancy that has been demonstrated to improve maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. Aim The aim of this presentation is to highlight the demographics of pregnant adolescents with OUD, discuss risk and protective factors, and introduce a clinical decision tree for management of OUD in the inpatient obstetrical setting. According to SAMHSA guidelines, adolescents who are pregnant are more likely than their adult counterparts to have past month opioid use. Many inpatient obstetrical providers do not feel comfortable managing pregnant adolescents with OUD and need additional guidance to provide care according to best practice recommendations. Methods A literature review has been completed regarding adolescents, pregnancy, and OUD. A clinical decision tree was created by a DNP student and a MFM mentor for an inpatient setting and listeners will be guided through continuation or management of MAT for pregnant adolescents with OUD. Results The clinical decision tree will be reviewed during the presentation. Conclusion Knowledge regarding adolescents, OUD, and pregnancy can help adolescent health and obstetrical providers improve maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes that are linked to lifelong improvementin health outcomees for both mothers and infants.
Multi-Trait Genome-Wide Association Studies Reveal Loci Associated with Maize Inflorescence and Leaf Architecture.

Maize inflorescence is a complex phenotype that involves the physical and developmental interplay of multiple traits. Given the evidence that genes could pleiotropically contribute to several of these traits, we used publicly available maize data to assess the ability of multivariate genome-wide association study (GWAS) approaches to identify pleiotropic quantitative trait loci (pQTL). Our analysis of 23 publicly available inflorescence and leaf-related traits in a diversity panel of n = 281 maize lines genotyped with 376,336 markers revealed that the two multivariate GWAS approaches we tested were capable of identifying pQTL in genomic regions coinciding with similar associations found in previous studies. We then conducted a parallel simulation study on the same individuals, where it was shown that multivariate GWAS approaches yielded a higher true-positive quantitative trait nucleotide (QTN) detection rate than comparable univariate approaches for all evaluated simulation settings except for when the correlated simulated traits had a heritability of 0.9. We therefore conclude that the implementation of state-of-the-art multivariate GWAS approaches is a useful tool for dissecting pleiotropy and their more widespread implementation could facilitate the discovery of genes and other biological mechanisms underlying maize inflorescence.
How Should the Recovery Process Be Shared Between Patients and Clinicians

Illness and injury often entail lasting health and social consequences beyond the acute event. During the immediate and long-term recovery period, consequences of illness or injury can often be mitigated and addressed. As patients and their clinicians discuss care decisions, whether for initial or ongoing management of illness or injury, they must consider patients' personal goals of recovery alongside possible clinical outcomes to choose the best path forward. Understanding the recovery process and patients' and clinicians' decision making requires clarifying the concept of recovery and its significance. This article will describe how shared decision making can support the recovery process using a case example of brachial plexus injury.
Updates on Lobular Neoplasms, Papillary, Adenomyoepithelial, and Fibroepithelial Lesions of the Breast.

Context.— This review article is a result of the breast pathology lectures given at the Sixth Chinese American Pathologists Association annual diagnostic pathology course in October 2020 (held virtually due to the coronavirus disease 2019). Objective.— To update recent developments, in this review article, the authors wrote minireviews in the following 4 areas: lobular neoplasm, adenomyoepithelial lesions, papillary lesions, and fibroepithelial lesions. Data sources.— The sources include extensive literature review, personal research, and experience. Conclusions.— With the wide practice of screening mammography, these lesions are not uncommon in image-guided core biopsies and excisional specimens. Many recent developments have emerged in understanding these lesions. We aim to provide readers with concise updates for each of these lesions with a focus on recent updates in definitions, diagnostic criteria, management, and molecular profiles that are most relevant to the daily practice of pathology and patient management.
“C’est mon stile qui change”: Clément Marot’s Lyrical Turn in Renée de France’s Pays Italique

Twentieth-century scholars of Marot’s work tended to emphasize the religious undertones of Marot’s poetry composed in Ferrara, dwelling on the poet’s self-presentation as a dejected exile. However, in this chapter, Robert Hudson highlights the blithesome side of the tone, language, and style of Marot’s works written during this period. It was from Renee’s court, after all, that the poet launched a contest of blazons of female body parts and penned the first French sonnet dedicated to “Madame de Ferrare.” Hudson considers the physical surroundings of Renee’s court and argues that the gardens of her Belvedere, an island retreat on the Po river, represent a veritable locus amoenus. For Marot, this lush Italian backdrop inspired a lyrical evolution, a self-professed shift in poetic style that was made possible by Renee’s patronage and protection.
Top-10 Recent Texas Civil Procedure Cases

This short survey catalogues ten notable Texas civil procedure decisions, including nine from the Supreme Court of Texas’ 2016 term. The term included several important opinions, particularly in the discovery arena. The cases cover many procedure or procedure-related issues, including pleading, preservation, immunity, judgment finality, privilege, summary judgment, and personal jurisdiction. The decisions were not selected scientifically, nor do they appear in any specific order. Rather, they represent interesting developments civil practitioners might find helpful.
Tonic-Clonic Epilepsy in Animals

The tonic-clonic seizure (grand mal) is one of the most dramatic seizures, lasts several minutes, and is what is commonly associated with a “seizure.” It is a generalized seizure in that consciousness is lost, and if standing, the patient falls to the ground (the falling sickness). The seizure originates, or is immediately a bilateral phenomenon. There is frequently, but not always, an aura, and the patient might emit a moan, or scream just as the seizure begins. Following the seizure (5 min or more) there is an obvious and significant post ictal depression period, in which the patient may sleep for over an hour. Incontinence is common, and the patient should only be prevented from hurting himself, never restrained. Moving the patient onto his/her side helps prevent aspiration of vomit.
Optic Nerve Lesions

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study on optic nerve lesions, cranial nerves and brain stem. Damage to optic nerve classically causes an abnormality in visual sensory function, which is a relative afferent pupillary defect, and a change in the appearance of the optic nerve occurs. The chapter discusses anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, toxic/nutritional optic neuropathy, hereditary optic neuropathies, traumatic optic neuropathy, and others. Acquired optic neuropathies can produce any kind of visual field defect, including a central scotoma, cecocentral scotoma, arcuate visual field defect, altitudinal defect, or even a temporal or nasal hemianopic defect. Unless the optic neuropathy is bilateral or the lesion is located near the chiasm, the field defect produced by an optic nerve lesion is always monocular. The visual field defects that occur with various optic neuropathies are not themselves localizing. The optic disc has only two ways to respond to the many acquired pathologic processes that may affect the optic nerve. Optic neuropathies are best approached by considering the category of disease and the clinical entities therein. Optic neuritis is an inflammatory disorder of the optic nerve that typically occurs in young adults. It is characterized by a sub acute, painful loss of central vision that may progress for 7 to 10 days. Visual acuity varies from a mild reduction to severe loss. Pain is usually exacerbated by eye movement and may precede or coincide with visual loss. The condition of patients with any cause of increased intracranial pressure resulting in optic disc swelling is called papilledema.
Entrepreneurs, Firms and Global Wealth since 1850

This working paper integrates the role of entrepreneurship and firms into debates on why Asia, Latin America and Africa was slow to catch up with the West following the Industrial Revolution and the advent of modern economic growth. It argues that the currently dominant explanations, which focus on deficient institutions, poor human capital development, geography and culture are important, but not sufficient. This is partly because recent research in business history has shown that several of the arguments are not empirically proved, but especially because the impact of these factors on the creation and performance of innovative business enterprises is not clearly specified. Modern economic growth diffused from its origins in the North Sea region to elsewhere in western and northern Europe, across the Atlantic, and later to Japan, but struggled to get traction elsewhere. The societal and cultural embeddedness of the new technologies posed significant entrepreneurial challenges. The best equipped to overcome these challenges were often entrepreneurs based in minorities who held significant advantages in capital-raising and trust levels. By the interwar years productive modern business enterprise was emerging across the non-Western world. Often local and Western managerial practices were combined to produce hybrid forms of business enterprise. After 1945 many governmental policies designed to facilitate catch-up ended up crippling these emergent business enterprises without putting effective alternatives in place. The second global economy has provided more opportunities for catch up from the Rest, and has seen the rapid growth of globally competitive businesses in Asia, Latin America and Africa. This is explained not only by institutional reforms, but by new ways for business in the Rest to access knowledge and capital, including returning diaspora, business schools and management consultancies. Smarter state capitalism was also a greater source of international competitive advantage than the state intervention often seen in the past.
Calcium-activated Cl− conductance in the airway epithelium

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the calcium-activated Cl – conductance in the airway epithelium. The human airway epithelium serves as both a barrier to the entry of debris, virus, and bacteria and as a secretory tissue capable of releasing macromolecules and fluid into the lumen. Ion channels located in the apical membrane of the epithelial cells are responsible for modifying and regulating fluid secretion across the epithelia. The airway epithelium is primarily thought to be an absorptive epithelium with Na + channels, ENaC, playing a dominant role in coordinating ion and fluid absorption. Under certain circumstances, the same epithelial cells can also become secretory by activating Cl – channels. There are two primary Cl – channels that respond to agonists in the airway lumen—namely, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) responds to the agents that elevate cAMP and calcium-activated Cl – channels (CaCC) that respond to an increase in intracellular Ca 2+ . The chapter also presents evidence for the presence of CaCC in the airway epithelium and describes the mechanisms that might regulate the transport pathway.
A History of Nerve Functions: Wallerian Degeneration: Early and Late Phases

The loss of sensation and muscle power after a nerve transection has been known from antiquity. In the nineteenth century, when the microscopic structure of the nerve fiber became known, the amputated stump of transected nerves was seen to undergo the characteristic breakdown called Wallerian degeneration . The phenomenon led to a major advance in understanding the different functions of the spinal cord roots; sensory fibers carried in the dorsal roots, motor fibers in the ventral roots, the Bell-Magendie law . On cutting a root, degeneration was seen only in that portion of its fibers separated from the cells in the ganglia. The inference of these results was that the cell bodies are required to maintain viability of their fibers. The pursuit of how this comes about led to the recognition of the neuron doctrine and the need for some means by which materials from the cells are carried out into their fibers, the mechanism of axoplasmic transport, which will be discussed in detail in Chapters 11 and 12. In this chapter, the analysis of Wallerian degeneration is presented and shown to be a two-stage process in which the earliest phase is a beading of the fibers. THE BELL-MAGENDIE LAW In a paper he had privately printed in 1811 and that was privately circulated, and only much later publically revealed, the famous English anatomist Charles Bell (1774–1842) reported that injury to the anterior (ventral) portion of the spinal cord marrow caused convulsive muscular movements in vivisected animals, more so than an injury to the posterior (dorsal) portions of the cord.
Changes in liver xanthine dehydrogenase and uric acid excretion in chicks during adaptation to a high protein diet.

Liver xanthine dehydrogenase change relation to uric acid excretion during adaptation period in chicks fed 25-75 percent isolated soybean protein
Decay studies of neutron-deficient nuclei near the Z=64 subshell: 141 Dy, 141 Tb, 141 Gd g+m , and 141 Eu m

The {beta}/{gamma} and delayed proton decays of mass separated {ital A}=141 isotopes with {ital Z}=63--66 were investigated with an on-line mass separator. Branching ratios have been redetermined for the total {beta} decay of the 2.7(3) s, (11/2){sup {minus}} isomer {sup 141}Eu{sup {ital m}} at 96.5 keV (13{sub {minus}2}{sup +4}%), and for the direct {beta} feeding of the 1.58 keV (3/2){sup +} level of {sup 141}Sm in the decay of 40-s {sup 141}Eu{sup {ital g}} (73(5)%). Detailed decay schemes have been constructed for the decays of the (11/2){sup {minus}} isomer {sup 141}Gd{sup {ital m}} (11(2)% isomeric transition) and the (1/2){sup +} ground state, {sup 141}Gd{sup {ital g}}. Half-lives of 24.5(5) s and 14(4) s, respectively, have been determined for these isomers. A delayed proton branch of 0.03(1)% was identified in the decay of {sup 141}Gd{sup {ital g}}. A detailed decay scheme was also constructed for 3.5(2)-s {sup 141}Tb and a {ital J}{sup {pi}}=(5/2{sup {minus}} ) was assigned to its ground state, at variance with the systematics of heavier, odd-mass Tb isotopes. All {gamma}-ray assignments to the various isotopes are based on {ital x}{gamma} and {gamma}{gamma} coincidences and on half-life measurements. A 0.9(2)-s half-life for {sup 141}Dy was determined from its delayedmore » proton decay. All spin assignments proposed in this paper are discussed in terms of Nilsson level diagrams and nuclear shapes.« less
Generation of Text Search Applications for Databases. An Exercise on Domain Engineering

In this paper we present an example of a software infrastructure to support domain engineering activities. An important piece of the infrastructure is the ability to connect the outputs of the domain analysis to the inputs of the domain implementation. The combination of XML and Java provides a very interesting alternative to classical parser generation tools. XML can be used as a specification language to describe programs. In this paper we will describe how to connect the output of a domain analysis tool to a program generator. We will also describe how to use Java and XML tools to write program generators in Oracle9i. We will show how we can specify a search engine application in XML and how the generator can produce code for three different languages: Java Server Pages, PL/SQL, and PL/SQL Server Pages.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Bed-Sharing Among Black and White Infants in Georgia

Objectives To examine: (1) the prevalence and characteristics of bed-sharing among non-Hispanic Black and White infants in Georgia, and (2) differences in bed-sharing and sleep position behaviors prior to and after the American Academy of Pediatrics’ 2005 recommendations against bed-sharing. Methods Georgia Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data were obtained from the Georgia Department of Public Health. Analysis was guided by the socioecological model levels of: Infant, Maternal, Family, and Community/Society within the context of race. Data from 2004 to 2011 were analyzed to address the first objective and from 2000 to 2004 and 2006 to 2011 to address the second objective. Rao–Scott Chi square tests and backward selection unconditional logistic regression models for weighted data were built separately by race; odds ratios (OR) and 95 % Confidence Intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results A total of 6595 (3528 Black and 3067 White) cases were analyzed between 2004 and 2011. Significantly more Black mothers (81.9 %) reported “ever” bed-sharing compared to White mothers (56 %), p < 0.001. Logistic regression results indicated that the most parsimonious model included variables from all socioecological levels. For Blacks, the final model included infant age, pregnancy intention, number of dependents, and use of Women, Infant and Children (WIC) Services. For Whites, the final model included infant age, maternal age, financial stress, partner-related stress, and WIC. When comparing the period 2000–2004 to 2006–2011, a total of 10,015 (5373 Black and 4642 White cases) were analyzed. A significant decrease in bedsharing was found for both Blacks and Whites; rates of non-supine sleep position decreased significantly for Blacks but not Whites. Conclusions for Practice Continued high rates of bed-sharing and non-supine sleep position for both Blacks and Whites demonstrate an ongoing need for safe infant sleep messaging. Risk profiles for Black and White mothers differed, suggesting the importance of tailored messaging. Specific research and practice implications are identified and described.
Recent Use of Behavioral Genetics in Criminal Cases

• A handful of criminal defendants have claimed their criminal act arose from a genetic predisposition to addiction, violence, impulsivity, or other behavioral traits, much like a reflex or convulsion, rather than a determination of their will• The majority of courts to have wrestled with the defense that “ because of overpowering compulsion,” the defendant should be excused from criminal liability, have rejected it
The role of noncognitive factors in the cognitive performance of older adults

Abstract This review examines the available evidence on the impact of noncognitive factors on the cognitive performance of young and older adults. After considering studies organized around a framework of cohort-associated modifiers, motive states, task and measurement factors, and environmental effects, the observation is offered that noncognitive factors and age-related deficits in cognitive processes are related and account, in part, for age differences in cognitive performance. It is argued that the time may be ripe for educational psychologists to renew and to expand their contributions to the adult development literature. Several areas of research pertinent to educational psychologists are identified.
On a Berry‐Esséen theorem for a Studentized jackknife L‐estimate

Consider a linear function of order statistics (“L-estimate”) which can be expressed as a statistical function T(Fn) based on the sample cumulative distribution function Fn. Let T*(Fn) be the corresponding jackknifed version of T(Fn), and let V2n be the jackknife estimate of the asymptotic variance of n 1/2T(Fn) or n 1/2T*(Fn). In this paper, we provide a Berry-Esseen rate of the normal approximation for a Studentized jackknife L-estimate n1/2[T*(Fn) - T(F)]/Vn, where T(F) is the basic functional associated with the L-estimate. Soient une fonction lineaire des statistiques d'ordre (L-estimateur) qui peut ětre exprimee come une fonction statistique T(Fn de la fonction de repartition empirique Fn, T*(Fn) la version jackknife de T(Fn) et V2n l'estimateur jackknife de la variance asymptotique de n1/2 T(Fn) et n 1/2T*(Fn). Dans cet article, on obtient le taux Berry-Esseen pour l'approximation normale de la distribution du L-estimateur jackknife studentise n1/2[T*(Fn) - T(F)]/Vn.
How accelerated atherosclerosis in SLE has changed our management of the disorder

Basic science insights along with the assessment of risk factors so clearly documented by the Canadian and Hopkins cohorts in earlier papers of this special issue have clearly led to a change in the way rheumatologists manage SLE. This review will highlight specific ways it should alter our day to day treatment of lupus patients.
Anterior Chamber Angle Anomalies Associated with Signs of Pigment Dispersion in a Group of Black Probands and Their First-degree Relatives

Purpose To evaluate the presence of iridocorneal angle anomalies associated with signs of pigment dispersion among a group of black probands and their first-degree relatives. Methods Eleven blacks who exhibited pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) signs, including Krukenberg's spindles, moderate-to-heavy trabecular meshwork pigmentation, and peripheral lenticular/zonular pigmentation, received a complete eye examination that included gonioscopy. Overt iridocorneal angle abnormalities other than pigment deposition were photo-documented. Twenty-two first-degree relatives (6 siblings, 15 children, and 1 parent) of these probands underwent similar examination. Results Among the subjects, 5 of 11 probands (age range 13 to 59 years) and 4 of 22 relatives (age range 14 to 51 years) exhibited definite angle anomalies. The nine subjects with angle anomalies belonged to 7 of 11 separate families. The four relatives with angle anomalies did not have PDS according to our criteria, but two other relatives from two additional families did have signs consistent with clinical PDS. Types of angle anomalies included (1) peripheral anterior synechia-like lesions; (2) a prominent concavity of the peripheral iris at the 6-o'clock meridian; (3) a whitish, thread-like band of tissue near the iris base; (4) a prominent, externally-visible Schwalbe's line at the 6-o'clock meridian; and (5) a prominent, web-like confluence of exaggerated iris processes 360 degrees along the angle wall. Iris processes and prominent Schwalbe's lines were not considered abnormal or anomalous unless they were clearly atypical. Conclusions Iridocorneal angle anomalies, other than pigment deposition, were common among our black group who exhibited signs of pigment dispersion as well as among their first-degree relatives. Further consideration should be given to the possibility that among some patient groups, overt goniodysgenesis could be part of a constellation of signs indicative of a pigment dispersion syndrome. Potentially, clinically detectable goniodysgenesis could prove to be a useful marker to identify certain subjects who carry PDS genetic traits but who have not expressed complete phenotypical disease.
“Listen Then, or, Rather, Answer”: Contemporary Challenges to Socratic Education

The popularity of Jacques Ranciere in recent work in educational philosophy has rejuvenated discussion of the merits and weaknesses of Socratic education, both in Plato's dialogues and in invocations of Socrates in contemporary educational practice. In this essay Jordan Fullam explores the implications of this trend through comparing Ranciere's educational thought to an analysis of the relationship between dialectic and stultification in Plato's Republic. This task clarifies what is useful in the recent wave of scholarship that brings Ranciere's work to bear upon Socratic education, and what we might redeem in the practice of teaching that Plato assigns to the character of Socrates in the Republic. Fullam also draws on the educational literature on Socratic education to provide further context to explore the usefulness of both Ranciere and Socrates for contemporary teaching.
Locating facial features for age classification

In this paper, we outline computations for visual age classification from facial images. For now, input images can only be classified into one of three age-groups: babies, adults, and senior adults. The computations are based on cranio-facial development theory, and wrinkle analysis. In the implementation, first primary features of the face are found, followed by secondary feature analyses. Preliminary results with real data are presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Patterns of Epithelial Metaplasia in Malignant Gliomas I. Papillary Formations Mimicking Medulloepithelioma

Adenoid-like formations resembling ducts and glands or forming a cribriform pattern have previously been described in malignant gliomas, resulting in some cases in a confusion with metastatic adenocarcinoma. The interpretation of these structures as being composed of anaplastic glial cells rests partly on the presence of transitions to more differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and partly on the positivity of some of these cells for glial fibrillary acidic protein. In this report two cases are presented in which the adenoid pattern was associated with papillary formations mimicking the arrangement of a medulloepithelioma. These structures represent a form of aberrant neoplastic differentiation in a malignant glioma rather than the expression of an embryonal neuroepithelial neoplasm.
Finitary codes between one-sided Bernoulli shifts

If p and q are probability vectors of equal entropy each having at least three non-zero components then there exists a finitary homomorphism between the corresponding one-sided Bernoulli shifts.
Characterization of bacterial spore germination using phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and optical tweezers

This protocol describes a method combining phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and optical tweezers to characterize the germination of single bacterial spores. The characterization consists of the following steps: (i) loading heat-activated dormant spores into a temperature-controlled microscope sample holder containing a germinant solution plus a nucleic acid stain; (ii) capturing a single spore with optical tweezers; (iii) simultaneously measuring phase-contrast images, Raman spectra and fluorescence images of the optically captured spore at 2- to 10-s intervals; and (iv) analyzing the acquired data for the loss of spore refractility, changes in spore-specific molecules (in particular, dipicolinic acid) and uptake of the nucleic acid stain. This information leads to precise correlations between various germination events, and takes 1–2 h to complete. The method can also be adapted to use multi-trap Raman spectroscopy or phase-contrast microscopy of spores adhered on a cover slip to simultaneously obtain germination parameters for multiple individual spores.
Automobile Paint Effective as an Insect Attractant

Two acrylic auto paints were effective attractants for sap beetles, Stelidota geminata (Say) and Glischrochilus fasciatus (Oliver). Response to the synthetic lures was sufficient to encourage additional testing of their potential in survey and control programs.