cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two and three dimensional display of myocardial ischemic "border zone" in dogs.

Abstract It is intuitively apparent that the ultimate fate of reversibly damaged, peri-ischemic “border zone” tissue should relate to individual patient survival. The purpose of this study was: (1) to describe a technique of assessing the adequacy of epicardial and myocardial oxygenation, and (2) to examine the extent and character of the peri-ischemic “border zone” in the dog after coronary arterial ligation. A diagonal branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated in four anesthetized open chest, neurohormonally intact dogs. The same diagonal coronary artery was ligated in six isolated perfused canine heart preparations in which coronary partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, pH, blood flow and temperature were fixed. The ischemic zones were rapidly frozen and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence photographs were taken of the epicardium and at 0.5 mm depths into the myocardium. The distinction between perfused and ischemic myocardium is not apparent with the naked eye or natural light photography. Epicardial and myocardial oxidation-reduction status is well seen with NADH fluorophotography. In both the intact and perfused heart preparations the NADH-fluorescent (ischemic) border is jagged along all edges. Islands of perfused nonfluorescent tissue appear within the ischemic border. The transition between NADH-fluorescent ischemic cells and adjacent nonfluorescent tissue is less than 0.1 mm. The ischemic border is narrow. The distance between homogeneously NADH-fluorescent tissue and homogeneously nonfluorescent tissue (across the zone of island normoxia or microheterogeneity) may be as wide as 6 to 8 mm.
Mental fatigue influence on effort-related cardiovascular response: difficulty effects and extension across cognitive performance domains

Two experiments investigated cardiovascular effects of mental fatigue as a function of (1) the difficulty of the cognitive challenge with which participants were confronted, and (2) the relevance of that challenge to the activity that instigated the fatigue. In the first, participants performed an easy (fatigue low) or difficult (fatigue high) counting task and then were presented an arithmetic challenge (task B relevance high) or a scanning challenge (task B relevance low) with instructions that they would avoid a noise if they attained a modest performance standard. Analysis of blood pressure responses assessed during the work periods revealed fatigue main effects, reflecting stronger responses for High Fatigue participants, regardless of the character of the second task. In the second, the procedure was the same except that it included a high performance standard and provided the chance to win a prize. Analysis of the pressure data revealed fatigue x work period interactions, reflecting relatively stronger responses among High Fatigue participants in work period 1, but relatively weaker responses among these participants in work period 2. Results confirm previous findings and support an analysis of fatigue influence on effort and associated cardiovascular responses. They also argue against the idea that mental fatigue influence may be confined to relevant cognitive performance realms.
Level statistics for quantum k-core percolation

Quantum $k$-core percolation is the study of quantum transport on $k$-core percolation clusters where each occupied bond must have at least $k$ occupied neighboring bonds. As the bond occupation probability $p$ is increased from zero to unity, the system undergoes a transition from an insulating phase to a metallic phase. When the length scale for the disorder ${l}_{d}$ is much greater than the coherence length ${l}_{c}$, earlier analytical calculations of quantum conduction on the Bethe lattice demonstrated that for $k=3$ the metal-insulator transition (MIT) is discontinuous, suggesting a new type of disorder-driven quantum MITs. Here, we numerically compute the level spacing distribution as a function of bond occupation probability $p$ and system size on a Bethe-like lattice. The level spacing analysis suggests that for $k=0$, ${p}_{q}$, the quantum percolation critical probability, is greater than ${p}_{c}$, the geometrical percolation critical probability, and the transition is continuous. In contrast, for $k=3$, ${p}_{q}={p}_{c}$, and the transition is discontinuous such that these numerical findings are consistent with our previous work to reiterate a new random first-order phase transition and therefore a new universality class of disorder-driven quantum MITs.
Similarity scaling applied to sodar observations of the convective boundary layer above an irregular hill

Nine profiles of the temperature structure parameter C T 2 and the standard deviation of vertical velocity fluctuations (Σw) in the convective boundary layer (CBL) were obtained with a monostatic Doppler sodar during the second intensive field campaign of the First ISLSCP Field Experiment in 1987. The results were analyzed by using local similarity theory. Local similarity curves depend on four parameters: the height of the mixed layer (z i ), the depth of the interfacial layer (δ), and the temperature fluxes at the top of the mixed layer (Q i ) and the surface (Qo). Values of these parameters were inferred from sodar data by using the similarity curve for C T 2 and observations at three points in its profile. The effects of entrainment processes on the profiles of C T 2 and Σwnear the top of the CBL appeared to be described well by local similarity theory. Inferred estimates of surface temperature flux, however, were underestimated in comparison to fluxes measured by eddy correlation. The measured values of Σwappeared to be slightly smaller than estimates based on available parmeterizations. These discrepancies might have been caused by experimental error or, more likely, by the distortion of turbulence structure above the site by flow over the nonuniform terrain at the observation site.
Investigation of Water-Swelling Packers

Achieving successful zonal isolation during well completion is critical to minimize early water production. Currently, cementing is the only method used in Saudi Arabian fields to provide zonal isolation. In horizontal sections, cementing becomes a challenge and excessive water production can occur due to channeling. Another method for zonal isolation is to use a rubber elastomer bonded onto a base pipe. The rubber swells in water and provides a seal between the base pipe and the open hole. This article outlines step-by-step qualification testing that was carried out in Saudi Aramco facilities in an attempt to improve zonal isolation in horizontal and multilateral wells. In this study, we present lab evaluation of elastomers at 190 oF using brines of different ionic strengths and pH values. The evaluation involved examining the effect of salinity and pH on the rate of swelling of elastomers. Also, the study investigated the effect of 15 weight-percent (wt%) hydrochloric (HCl) acid on the swelled elastomers, and whether or not the exposure to water after the acid exposure will restore their size. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no previous work was conducted to examine the impact of these factors on water swelling packers. The elastomer bonded in pipes was tested in autoclaves. The pressure drop across the pipe was measured as a function of time. The influences of pH and divalent cations on water swelling packers were investigated using elastomer samples. Swelling was related to fluid characteristics. Some water swelling elastomers withstood pressures up to 5,000 psi at 190 oF after placing the elastomers in brines with salinities up to 200,000 mg/l. The swelled elastomers shrank in 15 wt% HCl. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) completion fluids at 72 pounds per cubic foot (pcf) failed to swell the elastomers. The swelled elastomers shrank in 15 wt% HCl acid and their swelled size was not regained after soaking in water. This article discusses the advantages and limitations of swelling elastomers and gives recommendations for field application.
A paramyxovirus isolated from human atheromatous lesion

Abstract A survey of viruses in human atheromatous lesions was made. A single agent was isolated in green monkey kidney cell cultures from one specimen of 60 atheromatous lesions studied. The virus, labeled AT-7, was found to be closely related antigenically to the SA-DA-SV5 group of paramyxoviruses. The patient who yielded the virus was found to have both neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against AT-7 virus. The virus produced no cytopathic changes in green monkey kidney cultures, but it could be recognized in such infected cultures by the hemagglutinin produced in the course of its multiplication. The virus was studied in the electron microscope and found to be a typical paramyxovirus. The virus particles, pleomorphic in shape, range from 70 to 250 mμ in diameter with internal nucleoprotein helices measuring about 18 mμ in diameter.
Inhibition of Cl−-stimulated ATPase activity in isolated basolateral membranes from Aplysia gut

Abstract A Cl−-stimulated ATPase activity, which is sensitive to both N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate, has been localized to the basolateral membrane of Aplysia enterocytes. Dithiothreitol reversed the inhibition of Cl−-stimulated ATPase induced by p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate. These results suggest that surface sulfhydryl ligands of the ATPase participate in the catalytic activity of the enzyme.
Age-related changes in contextual associative learning.

The hippocampus plays a critical role in processing contextual information. Although age-related changes in the hippocampus are well documented in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents, few studies have examined contextual learning deficits in old rats. The present study investigated age-related differences in contextual associative learning in young (6 mo) and old (24 mo) rats using olfactory stimuli. Stimuli consisted of common odors mixed in sand and placed in clear plastic cups. Testing was conducted in two boxes that represented two different contexts (Context 1 and Context 2). The contexts varied based on environmental features of the box such as color (black vs. white), visual cues on the walls of the box, and flooring texture. Each rat was simultaneously presented with two cups, one filled with Odor A and one filled with Odor B in each context. In Context 1, the rat received a food reward for digging in the cup containing Odor A, but did not receive a food reward for digging in the cup containing Odor B. In Context 2, the rat was rewarded for digging in the cup containing Odor B, but did receive a reward for digging in the cup containing Odor A. Therefore, the rat learned to associate Context 1 with Odor A and Context 2 with Odor B. The rat was tested for eight days using the same odor problem throughout all days of testing. The results showed no significant difference between young and old rats on the first two days of testing; however, young rats significantly outperformed old rats on Day 3. Young rats continued to maintain superior performance compared to old rats on Days 4–8. The results suggest that aging results in functional impairments in brain regions that support memory for associations between specific cues and their respective context.
Radiation signatures of laser driven wakes in plasmas

In laser driven accelerators, the interaction of laser radiation with plasma leads to a variety of scattering mechansims. The scattered radiation can be used to understand the wake structure and its effect on electron acceleration. In the case of a resonantly driven quasi-linear wake, spectral broadening due to photon acceleration and deceleration is related to the coupling of energy into plasma waves. Simultaneous time and frequency analysis of the laser fields produces distinctive features in the photon phase space that give information on wake generation in long plasma channels. The ponderomotive guiding center algorithm is advantageous for modeling such interactions because it allows for averaging over optical cycles, and can be implemented in axisymmetric geometry. In the case of the nonlinear wakes that are driven in the self-guided regime, a region of electron cavitation is formed, which emits electro-optic shocks at the second harmonic of the drive laser. The form of this radiation can be correlated with electron trapping.
Unshackling expression profiling arrays

Two enzymes, a microtiter plate and a hexamer oligonucleotide chip decouple microarrays from specific biological systems.
Trace element zoning in garnet from the Kwoiek Area, British Columbia: disequilibrium partitioning during garnet growth?

Trace element zoning in garnets from two contact-metamorphosed rocks from the Kwoiek area, British Columbia (Hollister 1969a), was measured with an ion microprobe. Zoning profiles have three distinct parts with chemical breaks defined by co-variation of major and trace elements. Important features of the trace element zoning profiles are: (1) roughly ‘bell-shaped’ zoning profiles for Y and the HREEs, (2) an abrupt increase in Ti at a point midway through each garnet with inflections in the zoning profiles of other elements (Li, Na, Cr, V, Y, Zr, and the HREE), and (3) irregular Cr and V profiles. Unlike Mn zoning, the zoning profiles of most other trace elements cannot be easily modeled using simple Rayleigh fractionation models. Ti activity in the two samples is buffered by phase relations with ilmenite. Garnets from a continuously heated contact metamorphic environment should display continuous Ti zoning profiles if equilibrium was maintained and provided the Ti buffering assemblage did not change during garnet growth. The irregular Ti profiles suggest disequilibrium behavior. Several elements (Cr, V) may indicate breakdown of a phase enriched in trace elements during metamorphism. The source for the mass excess of these elements is probably the refractory cores of ilmenite grains. Either differing matrix transport rates of trace lements or interface kinetic controlled segregation could explain the unusual trace element behavior at the element inflection point. The preferred explanation involves segregation of elements at the interface of the garnet that were trapped during episodes of rapid garnet growth.
Electrospray-assisted nanocalorimetry measurements

Abstract The deposition of uniform, small and properly located samples onto micro- and nano-calorimetry sensors remains a challenge and is a critical aspect of performing these measurements. Here, we describe an electrospray method to deposit a variety of materials over a well-defined area of a chip-based calorimeter for small scale thermal measurements. Electrospray provides a versatile technique for sample deposition. In this work, we demonstrate the deposition of a number of samples, including insoluble inorganic materials (aluminum nanoparticles and Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST)), soluble inorganic materials (ammonium nitrate), biomaterials (lipids) and soluble organic materials (polyethylene oxide films and polyacrylonitrile formed into fibers) onto chip nanocalorimeters. This technique greatly simplifies sample deposition and expands applications for chip-based calorimetry.
Dynamics of a passive sliding particle on a randomly fluctuating surface.

We study the motion of a particle sliding under the action of an external field on a stochastically fluctuating one-dimensional Edwards-Wilkinson surface. Numerical simulations using the single-step model shows that the mean-square displacement of the sliding particle shows distinct dynamic scaling behavior, depending on whether the surface fluctuates faster or slower than the motion of the particle. When the surface fluctuations occur on a time scale much smaller than the particle motion, we find that the characteristic length scale shows anomalous diffusion with $\ensuremath{\xi}(t)\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{2\ensuremath{\varphi}},$ where $\ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{\approx}0.67$ from numerical data. On the other hand, when the particle moves faster than the surface, its dynamics is controlled by the surface fluctuations and $\ensuremath{\xi}(t)\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{1/2}.$ A self-consistent approximation predicts that the anomalous diffusion exponent is $\ensuremath{\varphi}=2/3,$ in good agreement with simulation results. We also discuss the possibility of a slow crossover toward asymptotic diffusive behavior. The probability distribution of the displacement has a Gaussian form in both the cases.
Analysis of oxygen diffusion to a measuring probe in animal tissue.

Abstract A characterization of the diffusive flux of oxygen to a measuring device implanted in animal tissue is presented. Cardiovascular and metabolic activity in the tissue is accounted for by insertion of supply and consumption terms into the equations of change for the system. Reasonable values of the system parameters are used to determine expected responses. Considerable error in the determination of oxygen partial pressure with open and high permeability probes is predicted if supply and consumption are ignored. The effects of various parameters on the predicted probe response are discussed.
Lap-band failures: conversion to gastric bypass and their preliminary outcomes.

Abstract Background. The LAP-BAND is designed to be an adjustable laparoscopically placed gastric restriction device for the treatment of severe obesity. The purpose of this study was to assess the outcome in patients who had failed to effectively lose weight with this device and were converted to a gastric bypass. Methods. A retrospective chart review was performed of all LAP-BANDS placed in patients at our institution from March 1996 to June 1998. Results. 36 LAP-BANDS were placed. To date, 18 of 36 (50%) have been removed. Fourteen of 18 were simultaneously converted to a gastric bypass. Indications for conversion included: failed weight loss (5), failed weight loss with esophageal dilatation (5), failed weight loss with leaking band (2), and symptomatic esophageal dilatation (1). Median time to conversion after LAP-BAND placement was 38.2 months. Median follow-up after conversion to gastric bypass was 8.3 months. Nineteen percent excess weight loss occurred after LAP-BAND placement. Forty-three percent excess weight loss occurred after conversion to gastric bypass (P = .025). Conclusions. In our experience, the LAP-BAND is associated with a high frequency of inadequate weight loss. Conversion to gastric bypass in this subset of patients is technically challenging but results in superior weight loss in a shorter time period. (Surgery 2002;131:625-9.)
An ab initio molecular orbital study of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in ortho-substituted arylamides: implications for the parameterization of molecular mechanics force fields.

The aromatic oligoamide (arylamide) foldamer class, characterized by the repetitive aromatic-amide pattern, is one of the most intensively studied foldamer families. In this article, the potential energy profiles with regard to torsional motions around the two types of aromatic-amide bonds (CaCp and CaN) are obtained at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. The effect of ortho substituents with different hydrogen bonding abilities (OCH3 vs. SCH3) on the torsional potential profiles is analyzed in detail. There are several findings that have implications in foldamer design. The ortho-SCH3 substituent on the benzene ring produces a much more flexible arylamide backbone with respect to the OCH3 substituent, as it restricts the CaCp torsion to a lesser extent. Interestingly, the rigidifying effect of the ortho-SCH3 substituent on the CaN torsion is very similar to that of the OCH3 substituent on the same linkage type. In addition, the SCH3 substituent prefers a perpendicular orientation with respect to the benzene ring to the in-plane one. It is also found that reparameterization of the corresponding torsional parameters, sometimes specific to the ortho substituent type, in the general amber force field is necessary for an accurate description of the backbone torsions in arylamides. Six sets of partial charge/torsional parameters for each linkage (CaCp or CaN)/substituent (OCH3 or SCH3) combination are obtained based on the ab initio torsional profiles. Initial assessments of these parameters show good agreement with the ab initio results. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Shaping up to Climb a New Corporate Ladder

(1984). Shaping up to Climb a New Corporate Ladder … Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 55, No. 7, pp. 12-14.
Addictive agents and intracranial stimulation: Self­ stimulation under morphine, amphetamine, and chlorpromazine

Rats fixed with chronically indwelling electrodes for intracranial stimulation (ICS) of the hypothalamus pressed daily for ICS. Some rats were exposed to ICS of 50, 75, and l00 microA (60-Hz sine waves of .3 sec), while others responded for ICS of 40 microA or less. Exposure to the higher ICS reduced pressing previously sustained by lower ICS. Morphine, amphetamine, and chlorpromazine were tested for their effects on pressing for both groups. Similar drug effects were found for the lower and higher intensity groups.
Coronary artery reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction: beneficial effects of intracoronary streptokinase on left ventricular salvage and performance.

Abstract Coronary angiography was performed on hospital admission in 37 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Thirty patients had total occlusion of the infarct-related coronary artery and seven patients had severe proximal stenoses with poor distal flow. In 20 of 30 patients with total occlusion, intracoronary (IC) infusion of streptokinase (SK) resulted in reperfusion of the distal coronary artery. Left ventricular (LV) performance was assessed before coronary angiography and at discharge from the hospital by use of gated cardiac blood pool imaging techniques. In patients evidencing reperfusion of the infarct-related coronary artery, mean (± SD) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) increased from admission through discharge (46% ± 15% to 55% ± 10%, p = 0.002). In contrast, LVEF did not change from admission through discharge in patients with severe proximal stenoses alone or in patients with total occlusion who did not demonstrate reperfusion following SK administration (47% ± 17% vs 49% ± 18%, p = ns). In an additional 14 control patients with AMI who were not evaluated with coronary angiography, LVEF did not change from admission through discharge (46% ± 12% vs 48% ± 14%, p = ns). Quantitative thallium-201 perfusion imaging demonstrated an increase ( p p = ns) in the infarct segment in patients not evidencing angiographic coronary artery reperfusion. These data support the following: (1) Coronary artery thrombus occurs frequently in AMI and can be lysed by IC SK, and (2) reperfusion with IC SK in patients with evolving myocardial infarction results in myocardial salvage and improved LV performance through hospital discharge.
Care arrangement choices for older widows: decision participants' perspectives.

This research examines how a wide range of care arrangement decisions for frail older women are made. Interviews were conducted with 11 older women (ten of whom are widows), nine of their family members, and six professional service providers. Maintaining the older woman's independence was identified as a major theme. While all decision participants identified it as an explicit or implicit decision-making goal, their meanings of independence were different. The older women's meanings were flexible, changing in response to changes in their physical condition and need for assistance. Adult children tended to identify their mothers as independent when they did not actually need assistance, or when they received help from other sources (e.g., home health care). Professional service providers were inclined to define independence narrowly, as avoiding nursing home placement. Minor themes associated with independence include responsibility, reciprocity, and the family's importance in maintaining independence. These themes help to clarify the complex dynamics that take place during care arrangement decisions and explain how care arrangement choices are made.
Elderly woman with orange urine and purple hands.

A 79-year-old woman with recurrent urinary tract infections presented with complaints of “purple” hands. Bluish-purple discoloration of skin involved her earlobes and hands. The pulse oximeter read 80% to 84% saturation while 100% oxygen was administered at a flow of 15 L/min. Her urine was deep orange, and arterial blood appeared dark brown. Arterial blood oximetry showed a PO 2 of 200 mm Hg, with 87.5% oxyhemoglobin and 11.8% methemoglobin. She had normal glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase levels, and intravenous methylene blue improved her cyanosis; her methemoglobin levels decreased to 0.3%. Apparently, acquired methemoglobinemia and urine discoloration had been induced by 10 days of phenazopyridine use (200 mg 3 times daily) for urinary tract infection. Urine returned to normal color within 3 days of discontinuing phenazopyridine. This azo dye, often used as a topical urinary tract analgesic, should not be administered for more than 2 days because of potential adverse effects (cytopenias, methemoglobinemia, nephrotoxicity, orange urine discoloration, and transaminitis). Methemoglobinemia is caused by excess methemoglobin (normal ≤1% of total hemoglobin) that is formed by oxidation of the iron moiety of hemoglobin from ferrous (normal) to ferric state. Drugs or chemicals, hemoglobin M variants, and congenital diminished activity of erythrocytic NADH-cytochrome-b5 reductase are associated with methemoglobinemia. Avoidance or discontinuation of offending drugs and use of methylene blue (once normal glucose6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels have been confirmed) constitute the main management options.
Integrated Total Internal Reflection (TIR) Spatial Light Modulator For Laser Printing

An integrated version of a total internal reflection (TIR) electrooptic spatial light modulator is described which utilizes a silicon integrated circuit as the drive electronics to address a 5376 element device. The integrated driver includes the addressing electronics, electrode drive circuitry, and electrodes, and is proximity coupled to the electrooptic crystal by pressing it against the crystal surface. The fringing fields from the electrodes on the silicon integrated circuit penetrate the electrooptic crystal, producing a line image with individually controlled intensity modulation between adjacent electrodes. This modulator, when coupled with an appropriate light source, can be used as an element for a xerographic printer or for writing on photographic film.
Polymorphisms near SOCS3 are associated with obesity and glucose homeostasis traits in Hispanic Americans from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study

The SOCS3 gene product participates in the feedback inhibition of a range of cytokine signals. Most notably, SOCS3 inhibits the functioning of leptin and downstream steps in insulin signaling after being expressed by terminal transcription factors, such as STAT3 and c-fos. The SOCS3 gene is located in the chromosome region 17q24-17q25, previously linked to body mass index (BMI), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and waist circumference (WAIST) in Hispanic families in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study (IRASFS). A high density map of 1,536 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was constructed to cover a portion of the 17q linkage interval in 1,425 Hispanic subjects from 90 extended families in IRASFS. Analysis of this dense SNP map data revealed evidence of association of rs9914220 (located 10 kb 5′ of the SOCS3 gene) with BMI, VAT, and WAIST (P-value ranging from 0.003 to 0.017). Using a tagging SNP approach, rs9914220 and 22 additional SOCS3 SNPs were genotyped for genetic association analysis with measures of adiposity and glucose homeostasis. The adiposity phenotypes utilized in association analyses included BMI, WAIST, waist to hip ratio (WHR), subcutaneous adipose tissue, VAT, and visceral to subcutaneous ratio (VSR). Linkage disequilibrium calculations revealed three haplotype blocks near SOCS3. Haplotype Block 3 (5′ of SOCS3) contained SNPs consistently associated with BMI, WAIST, WHR, and VAT (P-values ranging from 2.00 × 10−4 to 0.036). Haplotype Block 1 contained single-SNPs that were associated with most adiposity traits except for VSR (P-values ranging from 0.002 to 0.047). When trait associated SNPs were included in linkage analyses as covariates, a reduction of VAT LOD score from 1.26 to 0.76 above the SOCS3 locus (110 cM) was observed. Multi-SNP haplotype testing using the quantitative pedigree disequilibrium test was broadly consistent with the single-SNP associations. In conclusion, these results support a role for SOCS3 genetic variants in human obesity.
Fetal breathing characteristics and postnatal outcome in cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to determine characteristics of fetal breathing activity by recording fetal nasal fluid flow velocity in cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Study Design: Fetal breathing-related nasal fluid flow was studied in 47 patients at 34 to 41 weeks of gestation, 16 cases of antenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia and 31 cases of uncomplicated pregnancy. The examination was performed by ultrasonography combined with color-flow and spectral Doppler analysis. An average of 25 breath cycles from each case was determined for each of the following timing parameters: breath-to-breath interval, time of inspiration, time of expiration, and ratio of time of inspiration and time of expiration. Results: In all cases with uncomplicated pregnancy fetal breathing-related nasal fluid flow was seen at the level of the nose, and the timing components of this flow were determined as control values. In two cases with diaphragmatic hernia no perinasal flow was demonstrated, although fetal breathing movements observed as chest wall movements were present. The other 14 cases with congenital diaphragmatic hernia who demonstrated perinasal flow had the following postnatal outcome: one stillbirth, five neonatal deaths (group I), and eight survived and were discharged (group II). The study revealed that the time of expiration (in milliseconds) in group II (493.2 ± 34.3 SEM) was significantly ( p = 0.0030) shorter than in group I (653.4 ± 38.4) and in cases of uncomplicated pregnancy (633.6 ± 18.5). The value of the time of inspiration/time of expiration ratio in group II was approximately 15% higher than in group I and approximately 30% higher than in cases of uncomplicated pregnancies. Conclusions: Observation of fetal breathing-related nasal fluid flow velocity in cases of antenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia provides a rationale for the hypothesis that time of expiration and the time of inspiration/time of expiration ratio may be useful in the prediction of postnatal outcome. We speculate that the changes in the group of survivors may represent a compensatory phenomenon by causing intermittent changes in the volume of fluid within the lungs.
Replication protein A stimulates proliferating cell nuclear antigen-dependent repair of abasic sites in DNA by human cell extracts.

Base excision repair (BER) pathway is the major cellular process for removal of endogenous base lesions and apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in DNA. There are two base excision repair subpathways in mammalian cells, characterized by the number of nucleotides synthesized into the excision patch. They are the “single-nucleotide” (one nucleotide incorporated) and the “long-patch” (several nucleotides incorporated) BER pathways. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is known to be an essential factor in long-patch base excision repair. We have studied the role of replication protein A (RPA) in PCNA-dependent, long-patch BER of AP sites in human cell extracts. PCNA and RPA were separated from the other BER proteins by fractionation of human whole-cell extract on a phosphocellulose column. The protein fraction PC-FII (phosphocellulose fraction II), which does not contain RPA and PCNA but otherwise contains all core BER proteins required for PCNA-dependent BER (AP endonuclease, DNA polymerases δ, β and DNA l...
Prevalence of Intubation Rescue by Air Medical Personnel During Transfers From Rural Emergency Departments

Abstract Objective Non–emergency-trained providers in rural emergency departments (ED) often lack the skills required for emergency resuscitations and rely on air medical transport teams to provide the initial airway stabilization of these patients. In this study, we determined the prevalence with which endotracheal intubations are required of air medical personnel upon arrival to rural EDs including intubations that were first attempted by the local provider. Methods A retrospective database review was conducted of all air medical transfers from rural hospitals for a 28-month period. Those patients requiring an airway were categorized according to which provider initiated the intubation procedure. The prevalence of intubations performed by air medical and local providers was recorded as the percent of the total number of intubations. Results There were a total of 217 patients from 11 rural EDs requiring airway support. Air medical personnel were responsible for 85% of the intubations. Alternative airway support was necessary in 5% of the patients after unsuccessful intubation attempts. The failed intubations tended to be slightly older and female. Conclusion Our study suggests that the vast majority of the intubations for patients requiring a helicopter evacuation from these rural settings are performed by the air medical personnel.
Swimming behavior of juvenile anchovies ( Anchoa spp.) in an episodically hypoxic estuary: implications for individual energetics and trophic dynamics

Diel swimming behaviors of juvenile anchovies (Anchoa spp.) were observed using stationary hydroacoustics and synoptic physicochemical and zooplankton profiles during four unique water quality scenarios in the Neuse River Estuary, NC, USA. Vertical distribution of fish was restricted to waters with DO greater than 2.5 mg O2 l−1, except when greater than 70% of the water column was hypoxic and a subset of fish were occupying water with 1 mg O2 l−1. We made the prediction that an individual fish would select a swim speed that would maximize net energy gain given the abundance and availability of prey in the normoxic waters. During the day, fish adopted swim speeds between 7 and 8.8 bl s−1 that were near the theoretical optimum speeds between 7.0 and 8.0 bl s−1. An exception was found during severe hypoxia, when fish were swimming at 60% above the optimum speed (observed speed = 10.6 bl s−1, expected = 6.4 bl s−1). The anchovy is a visual planktivore; therefore, we expected a diel activity pattern characteristic of a diurnal species, with quiescence at night to minimize energetic costs. Under stratified and hypoxic conditions with high fish density coupled with limited prey availability, anchovies sustained high swimming speeds at night. The sustained nighttime activity resulted in estimated daily energy expenditure over 20% greater than fish that adopted a diurnal activity pattern. We provide evidence that the sustained nighttime activity patterns are a result of foraging at night due to a lower ration achieved during the day. During severe hypoxic events, we also observed individual fish making brief forays into the hypoxic hypolimnion. These bottom waters generally contained higher prey (copepod) concentrations than the surface waters. The bay anchovy, a facultative particle forager, adopts a range of behaviors to compensate for the effects of increased conspecific density and reduced prey availability in the presence of stratification-induced hypoxia.
In vitro precipitation of calcium phosphate under intracellular conditions: formation of brushite from an amorphous precursor in the absence of ATP

Release of mitochondrial calcium has been shown to occur concomitant with mineral ion loading of matrix vesicles at the onset of mineralization in epiphyseal growth plate cartilage. Matrix vesicles contain amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), a mineral form that usually results from rapid precipitation at high initial levels of Ca2+ and/or inorganic P (Pi). Since the cytosol of growth plate chondrocytes has been found to contain high levels of Pi, rapid release of mitochondrial Ca2+ into the cytosol may cause local precipitation of calcium phosphate and thus be coupled with matrix vesicle formation. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics and nature of mineral formation that occur when small amounts of Ca2+ are added under various conditions to a Pi buffer composed of electrolytes matched in concentrations and pH to that of the cytosol of epiphyseal chondrocytes. Depending on the manner in which Ca2+ was added, ACP, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), or apatite (HA) first formed. In the presence of ATP, ACP was the only solid phase detected, being stable for at least 24 h. However, in its absence, ACP rapidly transformed into DCPD. Increasing the pH of the reaction buffer from 6.9 to 7.5 increased the amount of ACP initially formed, but DCPD was consistently found upon ACP transformation. Yet at pH 8.0, ACP persisted for at least 24 h. The amount of precipitate formed was proportional to the level of added Ca2+; precipitates formed when as little as 1.0 mmole was added per liter of buffer. Our findings support the possibility that rapid release of mitochondrial Ca2+ may cause localized intracellular precipitation of ACP. Since nascent ACP is known to stimulate membrane fusion and blebbing of vesicles, these findings may explain the presence of ACP in matrix vesicles. The rapid conversion of ACP to DCPD in the absence of ATP under these conditions may also explain the reported occurrence of DCPD in samples of early mineralizing tissue.
Solvent peak suppression in high resolution NMR

Abstract The solvent proton nuclear magnetic resonance peak may be suppressed to arbitrarily low levels ( −4 ) by exploiting the effects of paramagnetic relaxation reagents on the solvent transverse relaxation rates. Specifically, we demonstrate successful elimination of the water peak in aqueous solutions with retention of solute resolution by application of the Meiboom-Gill modification of the Carr-Purcell spin-echo sequence used in combination with several classes of paramagnetic relaxation agents that are added at low concentrations ( M ). We show that the method is quite general and that its use permits observation of solute resonances otherwise obscured by the water resonance.
Atypical development and behaviour in some non-verbal children.

(1967). Atypical Development and Behaviour in some Non-Verbal Children. British Journal of Disorders of Communication: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 146-151.
Electrical Distribution Systems for Commercial Reference Building Models

AbstractCommercial and residential buildings consume approximately 40% of the total energy in the United States and use approximately 70% of the electricity. The electrical energy efficiency of the buildings sector thus plays a vital role in reducing energy use, peak demand, and greenhouse gas emissions. Maximizing the efficiency of electricity use is a key priority for high-performance buildings; however, to date, electrical distribution systems have received little attention. Rather, the focus has been on broad categories of end-use devices. As a result, a relatively small body of literature relates to the energy efficiency of electrical distribution in commercial buildings. Understanding this system and its components will help us examine its efficiency in significantly more detail. This paper describes the determination of an electrical distribution system for a commercial reference building model (CRBM). The purpose of the CRBM project was to develop standard or reference building energy models for t...
Developmental isolation and subsequent adult behavior of Drosophila paulistorum . II. Prior experience

Preadult seclusion imposed upon members of theDrosophila paulistorum complex of intersterile semispecies significantly decreased sexual isolation between adults of the semispecies. While seclusion at any developmental stage had this effect, there were quantitative variations correlated with the stage at which seclusion had been initiated: the earlier the stage at which seclusion began, the more frequent were the heterogamic matings. All the stages of development seemed to contribute to final adult sexual behavior, with no single stage emerging as the most important experiential phase. Seclusion also significantly affected intrasemispecific matings, in that flies were more likely to mate with partners having similar experiences.
Treatment of Aspergillus fumigatus Keratitis in Rabbits with Oral and Topical Ketoconazole

Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis was established in rabbits by intrastromal injection of a suspension containing 5,000 spores. After a 48-hour incubation period, the animals were treated with oral and topical ketoconazole alone and in combination with topical natamycin for five days. Colony counts per cornea were obtained at the conclusion of the treatment period. Based on these colony counts, neither oral nor topical ketoconazole was effective despite moderate in vitro sensitivity of the fungus to ketoconazole. Oral and topical ketoconazole used in conjunction with natamycin, however, appeared to augment sterilization of A. fumigatus in this model of fungal keratitis.
Structure and Governance in American Higher Education: Historical and Comparative Analysis in State Policy

Historians of public policy, who typically share a conviction that historical analysis can clarify the options available to policymakers, have witnessed this decade's quickening debate over the role and control of American higher education with, in one of Yogi Berra's immortal phrases, a sense of “deja vu all over again.” Political leaders have continued, in a near vacuum of historical knowledge, to manipulate present variables and project them into the future with little awareness, beyond current political memory, of their past consequences, or of a legacy of political and cultural tradition that would constrain their manipulation. At the national level of debate, which is not where educational policy in the United States historically has been made, the level of historical awareness generally has been greater than at the state level. In the flurry of national commissions and foundation reports that probed the deficiencies of American higher education in 1984–85, the historical evolution of the college curriculum was addressed in reasonably informed historical terms.1 Even though the urgency of debate in the 1980s was fueled by the common pain of recession and post-baby-boom retrenchment, and also by fears of increasing vulnerability to oil boycotts and Japanese economic competition, the national elites who wrote the reports were mindful of the roots of Big Science in the Manhattan Project. Their ties to the academic establishment were intimate, and their historical memories embraced the wisdom of the liberal arts as well as the efficacy of land-grant agriculture and Silicon Valley.
Response Interference vs. Stimulus Interference in Rote Learning

It has long been known that increasing the rate at which successive items of rote material are presented tends to increase the difficulry of the task (e.g., Hovland, 1938). This fact has been used as one of the primary empirical supports of theories involving serial interference effects. The present experiment is a variation on the classical experimental approach; classically the independent variable has been the time interval between the initiation of each syllable presentation. The purpose is to demonstrate that this stimulus interval is not the only critical factor, but that the interval between responses may also be a determinant of difficulty. Of course, inter-response interval is usually largely determined by the inter-stimulus interval, but the former may be manipulated semi-independently. METHOD Two separate experiments were conducted, the second being a replication of three of the six treatment groups of the first experiment. Szd~jects.-Ss were all students from the author's sections of the elementary psychology course. Serving as S was part of the course requirement, and all of the students were told at the beginning of the semester that they would receive credit for serving as experimental Ss only if they were cooperative with E. A#parrttus and procedure.-In both experiments 18 Ss were randomly assigned to each treatment group. Each S was given a single learning trial on a list of 10 nonsense syllables selected from Hilgard's list of items of low association value (Hilgard, 1951, p. 545). There were three permutations of this list, each presented to six Ss in each treatment group. In the original randomization, Ss were assigned to one of the three permutations, as well as to one of the six major treatment groups. S was seated in front of a slightly modified Ranschburg memory drum, which was set to move every 6 sec. For half of the Ss each syllable was presented for 6 sec. with a 6-sec. blank interval between syllables. For the other half of the Ss, each syllable was presented during rwo successive 6-sec. intervals. Each of these two main treatment groups was subdivided into three further groups. For those Ss receiving the blank between syllables the first (B) of three subgroups were told only that they would be required to write down all they could recall after 1 min.; the second subgroup (BPI) was insuucted 'Supporred by Grant M 4987 from The National Institutes of Health.
Extrinsic cues, intrinsic cues and microfilaments regulate asymmetric protein localization in Drosophila neuroblasts

Abstract Background: The Drosophila central nervous system develops from stem cell like precursors called neuroblasts, which divide unequally to bud off a series of smaller daughter cells called ganglion mother cells. Neuroblasts show cell-cycle-specific asymmetric localization of both RNA and proteins: at late interphase, prospero RNA and Inscuteable, Prospero and Staufen proteins are all apically localized; at mitosis, Inscuteable remains apical whereas prospero RNA, Prospero protein and Staufen protein form basal cortical crescents. Here we use in vitro culture of neuroblasts to investigate the role of intrinsic and extrinsic cues and the cytoskeleton in asymmetric localization of Inscuteable, Prospero and Staufen proteins. Results: Neuroblast cytokinesis is normal in vitro , producing a larger neuroblast and a smaller ganglion mother cell. Apical localization of Inscuteable, Prospero and Staufen in interphase neuroblasts is reduced or eliminated in vitro , but all three proteins are localized normally during mitosis (apical Inscuteable, basal Prospero and Staufen). Microfilament inhibitors result in delocalization of all three proteins. Inscuteable becomes uniform at the cortex, whereas Prospero and Staufen become cytoplasmic; inhibitor washout leads to recovery of microfilaments and asymmetric localization of all three proteins. Microtubule disruption has no effect on protein localization, but disruption of both microtubules and microfilaments results in cytoplasmic localization of Inscuteable. Conclusions: Both extrinsic and intrinsic cues regulate protein localization in neuroblasts. Microfilaments, but not microtubules, are essential for asymmetric protein anchoring (and possibly localization) in mitotic neuroblasts. Our results highlight the similarity between Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans , vertebrates, plants and yeast: in all organisms, asymmetric protein or RNA localization and/or anchoring requires microfilaments.