cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A ZVS resonant receiver with maximum efficiency tracking for device-to-device wireless charging

A receiver for efficient wireless power delivery at 6.78MHz from smartphones to IoT devices has been designed in 0.18 µm CMOS. The receiver implements a technique to estimate the end-to-end efficiency and achieve maximum efficiency-point tracking (MEPT) across the charge cycle of a Li-ion battery without needing an explicit communication channel with the transmitter. The MEPT technique is tested using two rectifier topologies designed in the same process - the commonly used synchronous full-bridge and a resonant topology with ZVS for high efficiency. Adding MEPT to the full bridge receiver yields an estimated 7.9% savings in transmitter energy in fully charging a Li-ion battery on the receiver, while using the resonant rectifier with MEPT achieves 13.8% total savings in transmitter energy.
Measuring Membrane Protein Dimerization Equilibrium in Lipid Bilayers by Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy.

Abstract Dimerization of membrane protein interfaces occurs during membrane protein folding and cell receptor signaling. Here, we summarize a method that allows for measurement of equilibrium dimerization reactions of membrane proteins in lipid bilayers, by measuring the Poisson distribution of subunit capture into liposomes by single-molecule photobleaching analysis. This strategy is grounded in the fact that given a comparable labeling efficiency, monomeric or dimeric forms of a membrane protein will give rise to distinctly different photobleaching probability distributions. These methods have been used to verify the dimer stoichiometry of the Fluc F− ion channel and the dimerization equilibrium constant of the ClC-ec1 Cl−/H+ antiporter in lipid bilayers. This approach can be applied to any membrane protein system provided it can be purified, fluorescently labeled in a quantitative manner, and verified to be correctly folded by functional assays, even if the structure is not yet known.
Control‐oriented modeling and deployment of tensegrity–membrane systems

Summary This study addresses control-oriented modeling and control design of tensegrity–membrane systems. Lagrange's method is used to develop a control-oriented model for a generic system. The equations of motion are expressed as a set of differential-algebraic equations (DAEs). For control design, the DAEs are converted into second-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) based on coordinate partitioning and coordinate mapping. Because the number of inputs is less than the number of state variables, the system belongs to the class of underactuated nonlinear systems. A nonlinear adaptive controller based on the collocated partial feedback linearization (PFL) technique is designed for system deployment. The stability of the closed-loop system for the actuated coordinates is studied using the Lyapunov stability theory. Because of system complexity, numerical tests are used to conduct stability analysis for the dynamics of the underactuated coordinates, which represents the system's zero dynamics. For the tensegrity–membrane systems studied in this work, analytical proof of zero dynamics stability remains an open theoretical problem. An H∞ controller is implemented for rapid stabilization of the system at the final deployed configuration. Simulations are conducted to test the performance of the two controllers. The simulation results are presented and discussed in detail. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Human-centered design and social inventions to find the purposes in making

This research presents two case studies on how human-centered design process can help the students find their purpose in making and designing in a constructionist learning-environment. Human-centered design guides students to deeper understanding of others' needs and encourages them to think and act collaboratively and creatively. When the students are making prototypes, they are creating objects-to-think-with, which enables them to express themselves, learn, explore and experiment with new knowledge and boundaries. The research is implemented through the Little Builders program, a month long four-day program in Bangkok, Thailand. Its design builds upon the constructionist framework with the support of human-centered design process, providing 8th grade students in a Thai urban school the opportunity to design and build social innovations as a team in an after school setting.
An investigation of the efficacy of collaborative virtual reality systems for moderated remote usability testing

Collaborative virtual reality-based systems have integrated high fidelity voice-based communication, immersive audio and screen-sharing tools into virtual environments. Such three-dimensional collaborative virtual environments can mirror the collaboration among usability test participants and facilitators when they are physically collocated, potentially enabling moderated usability tests to be conducted effectively when the facilitator and participant are located in different places. We developed a virtual collaborative three-dimensional remote moderated usability testing laboratory and employed it in a controlled study to evaluate the effectiveness of moderated usability testing in a collaborative virtual reality-based environment with two other moderated usability testing methods: the traditional lab approach and Cisco WebEx, a web-based conferencing and screen sharing approach. Using a mixed methods experimental design, 36 test participants and 12 test facilitators were asked to complete representative tasks on a simulated online shopping website. The dependent variables included the time taken to complete the tasks; the usability defects identified and their severity; and the subjective ratings on the workload index, presence and satisfaction questionnaires. Remote moderated usability testing methodology using a collaborative virtual reality system performed similarly in terms of the total number of defects identified, the number of high severity defects identified and the time taken to complete the tasks with the other two methodologies. The overall workload experienced by the test participants and facilitators was the least with the traditional lab condition. No significant differences were identified for the workload experienced with the virtual reality and the WebEx conditions. However, test participants experienced greater involvement and a more immersive experience in the virtual environment than in the WebEx condition. The ratings for the virtual environment condition were not significantly different from those for the traditional lab condition. The results of this study suggest that participants were productive and enjoyed the virtual lab condition, indicating the potential of a virtual world based approach as an alternative to conventional approaches for synchronous usability testing.
On-chip microscopy and nano-particle detection using ultraviolet light

Ultraviolet light enhances particle imaging capabilities of on-chip microscopy, increasing the detection sensitivity to sub-30 nm particles. Ultraviolet illumination also enables high contrast imaging of biomolecules, e.g., protein aggregates, over a large field-of-view.
Impact of the Montreal Protocol on Antarctic Surface Mass Balance and Implications for Global Sea Level Rise

AbstractThe Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, adopted in 1987, is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out emissions of chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). A growing body of scientific evidence now suggests that the implementation of the Montreal Protocol will have significant effects on climate over the next several decades, both by enabling stratospheric ozone recovery and by decreasing atmospheric concentrations of ODSs, which are greenhouse gases. Here, using a state-of-the-art chemistry–climate model, the Community Earth System Model (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model) [CESM(WACCM)], it is shown that the Montreal Protocol, through its impact on atmospheric ODS concentrations, leads to a substantial decrease in Antarctic surface mass balance (SMB) over the period 2006–65 relative to a hypothetical “World Avoided” scenario in which the Montreal Protocol has not been implemented. This SMB decrease produces ...
Introduction: Politics, Religion and Political Theology: Historical and Contemporary Questions

This volume had its origin in two lecture series hosted by the Institute for Philosophy and Religion at Boston University: one devoted to the issue of toleration and the other to varying appropriations of the notion of political theology. In the time since those series, the urgent and animating questions that connect these two important theologico-political conceptions—along with many relevant cognate notions, such as those of secularism and the post-secular, individual claims of conscientious conviction as well as the larger institutional frameworks within which such claims are articulated (church-state relations, the establishment of sharī‘a law, etc.)—have only gotten more pressing.
Containment Rhetoric and the Redefinition of Third-Parties in the Equal Time Debates of 1959

This article suggests that the shortcomings of third-party presidential campaigns stem partially from a culture of rhetorical containment tracing back to a redefinition of third-parties during the ...
Ribavirin Aerosol Treatment of Influenza, Respiratory Syncytial and Parainfluenza Virus Infections of Man

Ribavirin aerosol treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants has recently been approved in the United States and Canada. Much of the clinical data which supported the approval is summarized in this chapter. We believe that compelling evidence is also presented for the activity of ribavirin aerosol in the treatment of influenza A and B infections. Limited data suggest that parainfluenza virus infections might also respond to the treatment. The chapter also describes the aerobiologic principles as well as practical information which underlie aerosol treatment. We shall follow with great interest the future experience with this new antiviral, ribavirin, and its administration in small particle aerosol.
Application-specific Delta-encoding via Resemblance Detection.

Many objects, such as files, electronic messages, and web pages, contain overlapping content. Numerous past research projects have observed that one can compress one object relative to another one by computing the differences between the two, but these delta-encoding systems have almost invariably required knowledge of a specific relationship between them—most commonly, two versions using the same name at different points in time. We consider cases in which this relationship is determined dynamically, by efficiently determining when a sufficient resemblance exists between two objects in a relatively large collection. We look at specific examples of this technique, namely web pages, email, and files in a file system, and evaluate the potential data reduction and the factors that influence this reduction. We find that delta-encoding using this resemblance detection technique can improve on simple compression by up to a factor of two, depending on workload, and that a small fraction of objects can potentially account for a large portion of these savings.
Graph spectra, connectivity, and spin glass models of associative memory

A neural network is a graph with vertices designated as synapses. Denote the set of neurons by G and its elements by 1, 2,. . ., N. For each i ∈ G. we introduce a spin s i with values in {−1, 1}; the neuron is “on” if s i = 1 and “off” if s i = −1. We also define couplings J ij between spins s i and s j and call them synaptic weights.
Mission Assurance: Beyond Secure Processing

The processor of a drone runs essential functions of sensing, communications, coordination, and control. This is the conventional view. But in today's cyber environment, the processor must also provide security to assure mission completion. We have been developing a secure processing architecture for mission assurance. A study on state-of-the-art secure processing technologies has revealed that no one-size-fits-all solution can fully meet our requirements. In fact, we have concluded that the provision of a secure processor as a mission assurance foundation must be holistic and should be approached from a systems perspective. We have thus applied a systems analysis approach to create a secure base for the system. This paper describes our journey of adapting and synergizing various secure processing technologies into a baseline asymmetric multicore processing architecture. We will also describe a functional and security co-design environment, created to customize and optimize the architecture in a design space consisting of hardware, software, performance, and assurance.
Körper, Leib, Gemüt, Seele, Geist: Conceptions of the Self in Early Phenomenology

This chapter considers conceptions of the self in three early phenomenological thinkers: Hedwig Conrad-Martius, Edith Stein, and Gerda Walther. Although colleagues or students of Husserl and influenced by his phenomenology, they developed their own phenomenology of the human person in explicit opposition to Husserl’s more “idealist” turn. They remain, however, virtually unknown today in philosophical circles. This chapter seeks to retrieve their philosophies of the human being and suggests that their particular phenomenological approach still has much to teach us, especially in the context of the conversation about the “self after the subject” and the question of inter-subjectivity.
Modeling of Unmanned Underwater Vehicle with Rotating Thrusters for Offshore Rig Inspection

the offshore rig preservation and inspection are critical tasks conducted to accomplish the safety standards followed by the rig contractors and operators. The underwater vehicles can help the oil companies to inspect and keep the system safe for operations and maintenances. Controllability and maneuverability of the vehicles depends on various forces including hydrodynamic forces applied on them. This paper investigates the modeling of an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) in virtual 3D platform and conducts analysis on horizontal and vertical rotating thrusters. It also highlights the challenges involved in balancing the thrusters against the forces during execution of safety inspections. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Finite Element Method (FEM) were carried out in propellers to confirm the effect of forces. The structure of the full model of the thrusters was analyzed with and without nozzles. The thrust force generated by horizontal and vertical thrusters was compared to identify the optimum performance. The roles of vehicle size, weight and operating depth in the design of UUV were also considered. It was observed that UUV equipped with camera and sensor can detect any kind of oil spillage and monitor the health of the underwater structure of the offshore rigs.
Major polyadenylated transcripts of cassava latent virus and location of the gene encoding coat protein.

Abstract The nucleotide sequences of infectious cloned DNAs 1 and 2 of a Kenyan isolate of cassava latent virus (CLV) have been determined. Five virus-specific polyadenylated transcripts have been identified and mapped either to the viral or complementary sense DNAs of both components of the CLV genome, confirming that transcription is bidirectional on both DNAs. A major mRNA has been translated in vitro to yield a 30 000 mol. wt. product, which is precipitated by antibodies raised against whole virus, and has been mapped by both the S1 nuclease procedure and hybrid-arrested translation to the long open reading frame (ORF) in the viral sense of DNA 1 which encodes the coat protein. Other transcripts were of sufficient size and appropriate origin to encode at least five potential products.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Herbicides on Insect Herbivores in Rice, Oryza sativa

Densities of insect pests in agricultural communities may be affected by herbicides commonly used for weed management via several routes. First, herbicides may cause direct mortality to insects present both during and immediately following application. Second, herbicides may induce plant defenses that increase resistance to insect herbivores. Third, herbicides may alter the quantity and composition of weed populations, which in turn may change the structure of insect communities found subsequently in the crop. This study was designed to investigate the effects of an array of herbicides on the densities of several major pests found in rice in the southern United States. These pests included the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the rice stinkbug, Oebalus pugnax (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), and a stemborer complex comprised of three lepidopteran species (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Insects directly exposed to herbicides experienced high mortality; while those fed leaf material that had been exposed to herbicides did not. Herbicide application did not significantly increase resistance in rice to subsequent herbivore infestation. Results provided modest support for the third hypothesis represented by positive correlations between weed densities and insect pest densities.
Analysis of "never events" following adult cardiac surgical procedures in the United States.

Background This study was conducted to determine the risk factors, nature, and outcomes of "never events" following open adult cardiac surgical procedures. Understanding of these events can reduce their occurrence, and thereby improve patient care, quality metrics, and cost reduction. Methods "Never events" for patients included in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample who underwent coronary artery bypass graft, heart valve repair/replacement, or thoracic aneurysm repair between 2003-2011 were documented. These events included air embolism, catheter-based urinary tract infection (UTI), pressure ulcer, falls/trauma, blood incompatibility, vascular catheter infection, poor glucose control, foreign object retention, wrong site surgery and mediastinitis. Analysis included characterization of preoperative demographics, comorbidities and outcomes for patients sustaining never events, and multivariate analysis of predictive risk factors and outcomes. Results A total of 588,417 patients meeting inclusion criteria were identified. Of these, never events occurred in 4377 cases. The majority of events were in-hospital falls, vascular catheter infections, and complications of poor glucose control. Rates of falls, catheter based UTIs, and glucose control complications increased between 2009-2011 as compared to 2003-2008. Analysis revealed increased hospital length of stay, hospital charges, and mortality in patients who suffered a never event as compared to those that did not. Conclusions This study establishes a baseline never event rate after cardiac surgery. Adverse patient outcomes and increased resource utilization resulting from never events emphasizes the need for quality improvement surrounding them. A better understanding of individual patient characteristics for those at risk can help in developing protocols to decrease occurrence rates.
Biochemical Characteristics of Microbial Enzymes and Their Significance from Industrial Perspectives

Microbes are ubiquitously distributed in nature and are a critical part of the holobiont fitness. They are perceived as the most potential biochemical reservoir of inordinately diverse and multi-functional enzymes. The robust nature of the microbial enzymes with thermostability, pH stability and multi-functionality make them potential candidates for the efficient biotechnological processes under diverse physio-chemical conditions. The need for sustainable solutions to various environmental challenges has further surged the demand for industrial enzymes. Fueled by the recent advent of recombinant DNA technology, genetic engineering, and high-throughput sequencing and omics techniques, numerous microbial enzymes have been developed and further exploited for various industrial and therapeutic applications. Most of the hydrolytic enzymes (protease being the dominant hydrolytic enzyme) have broad range of industrial uses such as food and feed processing, polymer synthesis, production of pharmaceuticals, manufactures of detergents, paper and textiles, and bio-fuel refinery. In this review article, after a short overview of microbial enzymes, an approach has been made to highlight and discuss their potential relevance in biotechnological applications and industrial bio-processes, significant biochemical characteristics of the microbial enzymes, and various tools that are revitalizing the novel enzymes discovery.
Stability Analysis of a Control-Theoretic Work System Model

Abstract Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS), with their features such as distributed organization, autonomous control, real-time capability, and intelligent data processing, provide new production planning and control (PPC) capabilities. These possibilities are decisive in a market environment with characterised by smaller batch sizes, a large number of variants and shorter delivery times. However, it is necessary to have early-warning markers to take any measures. In this paper, we deal with a particular control-theoretic model that is capable of simulating a work system, e.g.; a production machine. In particular, the model is able to predict the production duration of all incoming orders and, thus, serves the purpose of improving adherence to schedule of an arbitrary production environment. This paper aims to establish an appropriate stability analysis concept for this specific model. As it turns out, due to the nonlinearity of the model, we want to introduce a mathematically more challenging stability notion, the so-called input-to-state stability.
Parents' reports of barriers to care for pediatric otolaryngology patients.

Abstract Objective To understand parent perceptions of types and severity of barriers to care within the pediatric otolaryngology patient population in WV. Study design Descriptive survey. Setting University pediatric otolaryngology clinic, Morgantown, WV. Subjects and methods Subjects were caretakers of pediatric patients in clinic. Subjects were asked to complete the modified validated Barriers to Care Questionnaire (BCQ) and to provide some demographic details.Each BCQ question response was reported as a Mean Total Score (MTS), ranging from 0 (complete barrier) to 100 (no barrier) and they were grouped into 5 BTC subscales. Demographic question responses were used to establish subgroups. Data for subscale groups was compared across the demographic subgroups using non-parametric methods. Results 301 parents provided responses. The overall mean BTC was 91.59 (95% CI 90.12–93.05). The Expectations and Pragmatics subscales were the two greatest barriers at 88.56 and 90.80, respectively. 26.7% reported no barriers to care. No statistically significant association was found among subscale scores and demographic subgroups. Conclusions Parents of pediatric otolaryngology patients in WV demonstrate low expectations of the healthcare system. There are concerns about pragmatics that could create barriers. Our hope is to spur scientific interest in this understudied healthcare topic. Future studies should be conducted to identify association/causation and help establish a framework for addressing potential barriers to care in the pediatric population.
Simulations of post-recrystallization grain growth in monolithic U-10Mo fuel processing

Abstract The Potts Model was used to simulate the post-recrystallization grain growth behavior of U-10 wt% Mo (U–10Mo). The fabrication process for monolithic U–10Mo fuels involves multiple stages of rolling, during which spatially heterogeneous distributions of second phase particles form in the alloy microstructure. These particles can strongly affect the post-recrystallization grain growth process. Absent particle dissolution effects, U–10Mo grain growth has been observed stagnating at increasing grain size with increasing annealing temperature. In this work, we simulate this effect in the Potts Model by making adjustments to the non-physical Monte Carlo temperature. This modification was used to account for the weakening pinning effect of the second phases with elevated annealing temperature. Simulated average grain sizes and grain size distributions were compared with experimentally obtained results for 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C anneals of duration up to 240 h. These simulations achieved reasonable agreement with experimentally observed grain growth behavior, but showed narrower grain size distributions. It is believed that this disagreement originates from the formation of bands of second-phase particles during rolling. These results demonstrate the capability to evaluate the post-recrystallization grain growth behavior for U–10Mo as a function of previous homogenization, rolling, and annealing treatments.
Representations of Finite Groups

The theory of group representations occurs in many contexts. First, it is developed for its own sake: determine all irreducible representations of a given group. See for instance Curtis-Reiner’s Methods of Representation Theory (Wiley-Interscience, 1981). It is also used in classifying finite simple groups. But already in this book we have seen applications of representations to Galois theory and the determination of the Galois group over the rationals. In addition, there is an analogous theory for topological groups. In this case, the closest analogy is with compact groups, and the reader will find a self-contained treatment of the compact case entirely similar to §5 of this chapter in my book SL 2(R) (Springer Verlag), Chapter II, §2. Essentially, finite sums are replaced by integrals, otherwise the formalism is the same. The analysis comes only in two places. One of them is to show that every irreducible representation of a compact group is finite dimensional; the other is Schur’s lemma. The details of these extra considerations are carried out completely in the above-mentioned reference. I was careful to write up §5 with the analogy in mind.
Engineering a Unified Dielectric Solution for AlGaN/GaN MOS-HFET Gate and Access Regions

Typically GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor heterojunction-field-effect transistors (MOS-HFETs) have used two separate dielectrics for the gate and access regions. However, as this article shows, with proper gate-stack engineering, a unified dielectric solution can be achieved for the transistor. HfO2 dielectrics were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Two types of oxidants were investigated, namely, water (H2O) and ozone (O3). It was found that MOS-HFETs with O3 oxidant yielded lower threshold voltage ( ${V}_{\text {TH}}$ ) shifts, higher maximum drain current ( ${I}_{\text {DS,max}}$ ) of 340 mA/mm, 20% lower ON-resistance ( ${R}_{ {\mathrm {\scriptscriptstyle {ON}}}}$ ), higher peak transconductance at 112.66 mS/mm, lower hysteresis, and lower gate leakage ( ${5.4} \times {10}^{-{6}}$ A/cm2) compared to water oxidant based MOS-HFETs with ${I}_{\text {DS},\text {max}}$ of 240 mA/mm, 81.38 mS/mm peak transconductance, and ${1.7} \times {10}^{-{4}}$ A/cm2 gate leakage. DC/RF dispersion tests showed MOS-HFETs with O3 oxidant had ~200 $\times $ better current collapse recovery. Temperature characterization and reliability test results, such as high-temperature reverse bias (HTRB), are published for the first time on ALD-HfO2/AlGaN/GaN MOS-HFETs using tetrakis(dimethylamino)hafnium (TDMAH) and O3 precursor. Using an ozone oxidant provided more stability (i.e., less variability in ${R}_{ {\mathrm {\scriptscriptstyle {ON}}}}$ and ${V}_{\text {TH}}$ ) as a function of temperature. Finally, when devices were electrically stressed in the OFF-state, the HTRB test showed minimal ${V}_{\text {TH}}$ drift ( ${V}_{\text {TH}}$ drift (2.5 V) in the case of H2O oxidant.
Industrial cluster involvement, organizational learning, and organizational adaptation: an exploratory study in high technology industrial districts

Purpose The primary purpose of this study is to examine the relationships among organizational learning, inter-firm trust and a firm’s ability to successfully adapt to external environment. Design/methodology/approach Field survey research method was used and data were collected from 943 high technology companies in US, China, Taiwan and Sweden. Multiple regression analysis as well as mediation test were conducted to analyze the data. Findings The study finds that being positioned in an industrial cluster enhances a firm’s learning and further leads to a firm’s desired adaptive outcomes. Research limitations/implications Using self-reported data could be a potential limitation of this study. It would be preferable to have other forms of data for a study. Further, cross-cultural comparisons are needed to enhance our understandings in this multicultural setting. Practical implications The findings provide business executives as well as policy makers a new way of thinking in respect to how to develop a holis...
Results of a Questionnaire on Secondary Mathematics Teacher-Education Programs.

The survey reported here was conducted for the purpose of obtaining information about the status of secondary school mathematics teacher-education programs. The dearth of information about teacher education programs was emphasized in the NACOME report (1975). The NACOME report particularly pointed out that little evidence exists on activities oriented to ward preparation of mathematics teachers. This report represents an attempt to pro vide such information. In reporting the re sults, questions will be identified that need to be asked in order to obtain a clearer pic ture of the dynamics of a teacher-education program. We regret that we did not ask these questions. The data for this survey were obtained from questionnaires sent to individuals Usted in the membership directory of the Special Interest Group, Research in Mathematics Education (SIG/RME), Feb ruary 1975, who were associated with four year colleges or universities. This source was used because of its availability and the obvious cross-section of colleges and uni versities represented. The institutions rep resented included a broad range of public and private, small and large colleges and universities distributed over a wide geo graphic area. One hundred twenty-five questionnaires were mailed during the second week of Oc tober 1976. A second mailing was con
Risk Factors for Wire Fracture or Tethering in Deep Brain Stimulation: A 15-Year Experience

Background In deep brain stimulation (DBS), tunneled lead and extension wires connect the implantable pulse generator to the subcortical electrode, but circuit discontinuity and wire revision compromise a significant portion of treatments. Objective To identify factors predisposing to fracture or tethering of the lead or extension wire in patients undergoing DBS. Method Retrospective review of wire-related complications was performed in a consecutive series of patients treated with DBS at a tertiary academic medical center over 15 yr. Results A total of 275 patients had 513 extension wires implanted or revised. There were 258 extensions of 40 cm implanted with a postauricular connector (50.3%), 229 extensions of 60 cm with a parietal connector (44.6%), and 26 extensions 40 cm with a parietal connector (5.1%). In total, 26 lead or extension wires (5.1%) were replaced for fracture. Fracture rates for 60 cm extensions with a parietal connector, 40 cm wires with a postauricular connector, and 40 cm extensions with a parietal connector were 0.2, 1.4, and 12.9 fractures per 100 wire-years, significantly different on log-rank test. Total 16 (89%) 40 cm extension wires with a postauricular connector had fracture implicating the lead wire. Tethering occurred only in patients with 60 cm extensions with parietal connectors (1.14 tetherings per 100 wire-years). Reoperation rate correlated with younger age, dystonia, and target in the GPI. Conclusion The 40 cm extensions with parietal connectors have the highest fracture risk and should be avoided. Postauricular connectors risk lead wire fracture and should be employed cautiously. The 60 cm parietal wires may reduce fracture risk but increase tethering risk.
Multicomponent transport of alcohols in Nafion 117 measured by in situ ATR FTIR spectroscopy

Abstract Proton exchange membranes are vital components for many applications including energy applications such as fuel cells and electrolyzers. Artificial photosynthesis devices are one type of fuel cell which converts CO2 into useful high-value products via catalytic reduction. In this, and other, applications the transport behavior of small molecules and ions through the polymeric membrane is critical. In this work, the transport behavior of the commercial cation exchange membrane Nafion® 117 is examined to four CO2 reduction products (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, and acetone) and their complex mixtures. Here, we use in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR FTIR) spectroscopy to characterize the co-transport behavior of complex solute mixtures without the need for aliquotic sampling and ex situ analysis. Methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), n-propanol (PrOH), and acetone (Ace) permeabilities are determined via a custom-built diffusion cell in single, double, triple and quadruple component aqueous permeability experiments. Overall, differences in solute transport behavior are observed across these complex mixtures. Importantly, the relative permeability (permselectivity) of Nafion® to solute pairs was found to vary by up to 60% when comparing the multicomponent selectivity to the single component selectivity for solute pairs. Changes in solute permeabilities are discussed in the context of measured solute solubilities and calculated solute diffusivities in Nafion® 117. The observed large changes in permeability and, consequently, permselectivity for multicomponent mixtures highlights the importance of directly investigating transport behavior for complex systems.
The Effect of Temperature on COVID-19 Confirmed Cases: Evidence from US Counties

This paper studies the effect of air temperature on the transmission of COVID-19 in the U S using daily observations across counties This study uses various o
An Image-based Method to Predict Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Sensor Quality

Image-based quality control is a powerful tool for nondestructive testing of product quality. Machine vision systems (MVS) often implement image-based machine learning algorithms in an attempt to match human level accuracy in detecting product defects for better efficiency and repeatability. Plasmonic sensors, such as those used in Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), present a unique challenge for image-based quality control, because in addition to obvious defects such as scratches and missing areas, subtle color changes can also indicate significant changes in sensor performance. As a further challenge, it is not straightforward for even a human expert to distinguish between high- and lowquality sensors based on these subtle color changes on the sensors. In this paper we show that by extracting image features according to the domain knowledge, we can build an imagebased method that outperforms human expert prediction. This method enables automated non-destructive SERS sensor quality control and has been implemented successfully on our server.
Corporate Criminal Law Is Too Broad—Worse, It's Too Narrow

Corporate criminal law is built atop the doctrine of respondeat superior, whereby a business organization can be convicted for virtually any crime committed by its employee. Critics have noted for more than a century that this rule of attribution exposes businesses to the prospect of more criminal liability than is either just or efficient—in short, respondeat superior is overbroad. By contrast, comparatively little attention has been paid to fact that this same doctrine is also underbroad; in addition to including too much conduct under its ambit, respondeat superior also captures too little misconduct. Moreover, this formal symmetry belies a deep, substantive asymmetry. The ambition of this project is to show that respondeat superior’s underbreadth problems are—or, at the very least, are becoming—both more serious, and more intractable, than its overbreadth problems. There are several reasons to worry about underbreadth more, and at least one reason to worry about overbreadth less, than we do now. First, because respondeat superior treats an individual employee’s liability as a predicate to corporate liability, the doctrine reliably excludes from the criminal law predictable swaths of cases where, in our ordinary lives, we would be disposed to attribute responsibility to an organization rather than to any individual. Second, respondeat superior is not generically underinclusive—that is, it is not failing to capture just any random instances of wrongdoing. Rather, the stronger the normative basis is for assigning responsibility to an organization, the less well-equipped the doctrine is to assign it. As a result, respondeat superior risks focusing corporate criminal law on peripheral cases of organizational wrongdoing while excluding paradigmatic ones. Third, this disconnect between normative practice and legal doctrine is poised to grow ever starker as machine learning and other algorithmic decisionmaking processes further confound the criminal law’s attempts to trace corporate misconduct to a single, predicate offender. Finally, the past three decades have seen laudable, successful efforts to mitigate the risks associated with respondeat superior’s overbreadth. However, those mechanisms ameliorating the problems associated with overbreadth do nothing to manage underbreadth—and, if anything, are likely to make the aforementioned problems with underbreadth even worse.
Should CBA's Include a Correction for the Marginal Excess Burden of Taxation?

According to economic theory, taxation drives a wedge between private and public benefits, which distorts labour supply, consumption and investment and leads to loss of welfare. One would therefore expect that in cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of public expenditure a correction is made for the costs of taxation, i.e. for the marginal excess burden of taxation (MEB). However, looking at CBA practice all over the world, textbooks on CBA and various specific CBA guidelines no consensus exists about such a correction. This paper provides for the first time an overview of the theoretical, empirical and practical arguments in favor or against a MEB correction. It argues that in general the best approach for CBA’s is to assume that the MEB is broadly counterbalanced by the benefits of redistribution of these taxes. This assumption is consistent with the preferences for equality in a country’s current tax system and is a simple, pragmatic and politically neutral assumption. This assumption does not imply that the tax system is optimal or that CBA’s should be distributionally weighted. As a consequence, the preferred approach is to assume in general that the marginal cost of public funds is equal to one and then no correction is needed in CBAs for the MEB. Choosing an alternative source of financing, i.e. other than general tax revenues, should be regarded as a separate policy measure that should be analysed separately in a CBA.
Waiting for Players: Rooms, Lobbies, and Hosting Experiences

Beginning with the concept of a gaming lobby in which players are invited into a game but are also given a space to exert some agency in shaping the experience, Saenz describes a writing assignment in which students invented a parking game to address the problems of parking at their university. In three iterations of the assignment, student agency and teacher perspective shifted, and the fun or efficacy of the game assignment were challenged. Only after Saenz “returned to the lobby” and built in a richer narrative did the assignment allow for the type of intellectual work that he had hoped the game would provide.
Four-dimensional toric code with non-Clifford transversal gates

This article constructs an explicit four-dimensional topological quantum error correcting code that allows for a transversal implementation of a multi-controlled-Z gate.
Finding and Fixing Spurious Patterns with Explanations.

Machine learning models often use spurious patterns such as "relying on the presence of a person to detect a tennis racket," which do not generalize. In this work, we present an end-to-end pipeline for identifying and mitigating spurious patterns for image classifiers. We start by finding patterns such as "the model's prediction for tennis racket changes 63% of the time if we hide the people." Then, if a pattern is spurious, we mitigate it via a novel form of data augmentation. We demonstrate that this approach identifies a diverse set of spurious patterns and that it mitigates them by producing a model that is both more accurate on a distribution where the spurious pattern is not helpful and more robust to distribution shift.
Perches as Cooling Devices for Reducing Heat Stress in Caged Laying Hens: A Review

Heat stress is one of the most detrimental environmental challenges affecting the biological process and the related production performance of farm animals, especially in poultry. Commercial laying hens have been bred (selected) for high egg production, resulting in increased sensitivity to heat stress due to breeding-linked metabolic heat production. In addition, laying hens are prone to heat stress due to their inadequate species-specific cooling mechanisms resulting in low heat tolerance. In addition, hens have no sweat glands and feathering covers almost their entire body to minimize body heat loss. The poultry industry and scientists are developing cooling methods to prevent or reduce heat stress-caused damage to chicken health, welfare, and economic losses. We have designed and tested a cooling system using perches, in which chilled water (10 °C) circulates through a conventional perch passing through the layer cages to offer the cooling potential to improve hen health, welfare, and performance during acute and chronic periods of heat stress (35 °C). This review summarizes the outcomes of a multi-year study using the designed cooled perch system. The results indicate that conducting heat from perching hens directly onto the cooled perch system efficiently reduces heat stress and related damage in laying hens. It provides a novel strategy: perches, one key furnishment in cage-free and enriched colony facilities, could be modified as cooling devices to improve thermal comfort for hens during hot seasons, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions.
A Real-time Operational Cost Minimization Strategy for Energy Management of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

One of the major barriers to successful commercialization of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) is the high operational cost incurred by the hydrogen consumption and energy source degradation. To directly reduce the operational cost of FCEVs, this paper presents an operational cost minimization strategy (OCMS) for the energy management of FCEVs. The onboard energy system of the studied FCEV includes fuel cell, battery, and supercapacitor. Distinguished from previous studies, two discrete decision variables are introduced in the OCMS to optimize the operating modes of the battery and supercapacitor. Then, the proposed OCMS formulates the energy management problem of the FCEV as a mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problem. The optimal current reference for each energy source is obtained by solving this optimization problem online. The real-time performance of the OCMS is evaluated on a real-time digital simulator. Compared to a rule-based EMS, the OCMS demonstrates better cost performance by saving around 7% operational expenses under typical driving cycles.
The practice of functional analytic psychotherapy

to the Practice of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy.- to the Practice of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy.- FAP and Psychotherapy Integration.- FAP and Cognitive Behavior TherapyCognitive Behavior Therapy .- FAP and Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACTAcceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT ): Similarities, Divergence, and Integration.- FAP and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) .- FAP and Behavioral ActivationBehavioral Activation .- FAP and Psychodynamic TherapiesPsychodynamic Therapies .- FAP and Feminist TherapiesFeminist Therapies : Confronting Power and Privilege in Therapy.- FAP Across Settings and Populations.- FAP-Enhanced Couple TherapyFAP-Enhanced Couple Therapy : Perspectives and Possibilities.- FAP with Sexual MinoritiesSexual Minorities .- Transcultural FAP.- FAP Strategies and Ideas for Working with AdolescentsAdolescents .- The Application of FAP to Persons with Serious Mental IllnessMental Illness .- FAP with People Convicted of Sexual OffensesSexual Offenses .- FAP for Interpersonal Process GroupsInterpersonal Process Groups .
Dissipation in a Superconducting Indium Wire

A superconducting device which has evolved into several useful forms is the persistatron.1 Recently the persistatron has been modified into a coupled superconducting circuit in which the two branches of the device are deliberately made interacting.2 This multiply connected, self-interacting superconducting circuit is referred to as a “coupled persistatron.” A current i s in a coil of inductance L produces a field H s at a wire centered in the coil. Thus a transport current i w carried by the wire is influenced by i s . The behavior of the system, that is, the apportionment of the currents i s and i w between the two branches, can be predicted by using only the princples that (a) a dissipation-producing flow apportionment is dynamically unstable against a lossless apportionment whenever the latter is possible for a given total current, and (b) the quantization of system energy due to flux conservation when the multiply connected system is in the superfluid state prevents any further current changes once a lossless flow pattern has been attained. Previous experimental results in this laboratory for i s and i w as a function of input current I = i s + i w agree very well with the theoretical predictions.2
Time, temporality and consumer behaviour: A review of the literature and implications for certain financial services

Time as a dependent (temporal patterning or allocation) or independent (temporal context) variable in the study of marketing problems has attracted a range of researchers who use a variety of paradigms. Common to the majority of approaches is the notion of an abstract, absolute, linear, irreversible, monotonic, homogeneous and divisible structure of time, into which consumer behaviour is set. In particular, current consumer models pay little attention to the phenomenological experience of both time and temporality. The perceived and experienced duration over which events can occur draws attention to notions of time beyond normal temporal horizons. This is illustrated through the example of certain financial service products where the expansion of everyday time horizons is required to understand the total consumption act. It is proposed that an understanding of the consumption act requires an insight into the consumer′s own temporality and that embedded in the product or service being consumed. Further, there needs to be harmony between these temporalities to optimise the utility to be gained from the transaction.