cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CDKN2A mutations with p14 loss predisposing to multiple nerve sheath tumours, melanoma, dysplastic naevi and internal malignancies: a case series and review of the literature

An inherited germline mutation in CDKN2A is the most common cause of familial atypical multiple mole melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome. Although it is well known that CDKN2A mutations confer an increased risk for melanoma and pancreatic carcinoma, the association with an increased risk for nerve sheath tumours and other tumour types is under-recognized. We report a family with a missense mutation (c.151-1G>C) at the acceptor splice site of intron 1 of CDKN2A, resulting in loss of function of both tumour suppressor proteins p16(INK) (4) and p14(ARF) . This mutation is associated with a clinical phenotype of FAMMM syndrome in which patients develop numerous benign and malignant mutations, brain tumours, sarcomas and other solid tumours, in addition to melanoma and dysplastic naevi. Our proband initially presented with multiple nerve sheath tumours, leading to diagnostic confusion with Neurofibromatosis type 1. Loss of p14 expression results in increased MDM2-mediated degradation of the tumour suppressor protein p53, and predisposes mutation carriers to multiple benign and malignant neoplasms. This article highlights the importance of considering CDKN2A mutations in patients with dysplastic naevi, melanoma and multiple nerve sheath tumours, specifically those with histological features of both neurofibromas and schwannomas. We also present a discussion of medical management for patients with this high-risk cancer susceptibility syndrome.
Protection of gastric mucosa of the rat against ulceration by prefeeding with protein hydrolysates.

SummaryThe supplementing of an already adequate diet with protein hydrolysates in amounts equivalent to 25% of additional protein produced in rats a marked increase in the resistance of the gastric rumen to peptic ulceration without concurrent changes in the volume, the acidity, or the peptic power of the gastric contents. This protective effect was not accompanied by any significant changes in the rate of growth of these animals as compared with animals on a control diet supplemented with sucrose alone.
Assortment Choice in Wholesale and Retail Marketing

THE theoretical rule that an enterprise should sell any additional commodity for which expected incremental revenues exceed expected incremental costs is often of limited assistance to wholesale and retail managements. Demand responses to additional commodities are complicated and hard to measure. On the cost side, joint costs are common and marketing capacity limitations are not clearly defined. The modified theory of assortment choice suggested here is based upon the character of demand responses made by customer prospects. Qualitative differences in assortment partly define the customer group, and nonprice inducements partly define the market. Problems of strategy under limited competition are omitted from the discussion. Variations in merchandise assortments are also
The Application of Role-based Access Control in Management Information System

The security of management information system is paid more and more attention, as one of the safety precautions,access control is adopted more frequently. Role-based access control(RBAC) was introduced,and the principium and thinking of RBAC were analyzed.A development instance of aircraft maintenance management information system was presented,and the design and application of RBAC in enterprise information management system was introduced.
Applying three models of learning to individual student log data.

Normally, when considering a model of learning, one compares the model to some measure of learning that has been aggregated over students. What happens if one is interested in individual differences? For instance, different students may have received different help, or may have behaved differently. In that case, one is interested in comparing the model to the individual learner. In this study, we investigate three models of learning and compare them to student log data with the goal of seeing which model best describes individual student learning of a particular skill. The log data is from students who used the Andes intelligent tutor system for an entire semester of introductory physics. We discover that, in this context, the ”best fitting model” is not necessarily the ”correct model” in the usual sense.
Propagation of Four Underused Native Species from Softwood Cuttings

Interest in native plants for landscaping is increasing and nursery growers must expand their product offerings by adding new native species. Softwood stem cutting propagation of four underused northeastern U.S. native species (Ceanothus americanus (L.), Corylus cornuta (Marsh.), Lonicera canadensis (Bartr.), Viburnum acerifolium (L.)) was studied. V. acerifolium cuttings containing two nodes taken mid-June to mid-August rooted at nearly 100% with at least 15 roots per cutting. Exogenous auxin application did not enhance rooting of two-node V. acerifolium cuttings. Single-node V. acerifolium cutting success and quality of rooting increased with increasing concentration of auxin applied and reached a maximum of 80% rooting, whereas untreated cuttings only rooted at 53%. C. cornuta cuttings taken mid-June to mid-August rooted at greater than 85%. Hormone concentration did not affect rooting percentage for C. cornuta; however, cuttings treated with 3000 and 8000 ppm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) had more and longer roots than untreated cuttings. June was the optimal time to collect cuttings of C. americanus (57% rooting) and L. canadensis (49% rooting), and rooting hormone did not significantly impact propagation success. C. cornuta and V. acerifolium could be propagated at a level necessary for consideration as a new commercial crop by general wholesale nurseries looking to add select native shrubs to their product lines. All four species evaluated could be viable commercial crops for nurseries that specialize in native plants.
Small strongyles. Recent advances.

The purposes of this article are to relate important research discoveries, particularly new information published since 1978, and to provide the reader with information that will be of practical use in the control of small strongyles.
Nutritional support in liver disease.

The etiology of hepatic encephalopathy and the nutritional support of patients with hepatic encephalopathy and hepatic insufficiency are discussed.
Modern Under-Keel Clearance Management

This paper provides an overview of recent technological developments that have improved the ability to manage under-keel clearance (UKC) in ports. The inaccurate determination of the UKC of large-draft ships entering or leaving depthlimited ports can have serious safety, economic, and environmental consequences. A ship's master can manage his ship's UKC by: (1 ) taking actions that affect the ship's dynamic draft (such as changing the ship's speed) and (2) scheduling his ship's transit of the planned route to ensure that there will be sufficient water level for safe passage when the ship reaches locations with controlling depths. To do this, however, he must have accurate real-time and forecast environmental information along his route, as well as a validated method of predicting his ship's motion (and thus dynamic draft) for various situations. At a minimum, this information must include accurate charted depths and underwater hazards, water levels, and ship-specific channel-specific prediction formulas for dynamic draft (based on ship speed, static draft, and water depth). The dynamic draft calculation may also require information on currents, water density, and waves, swell, and/or seiching. Recently developed systems that can provide the necessary information for UKC management include: nowcast/forecast oceanographic model systems (a necessary step beyond real-time oceanographic systems); on-the-fly GPS systems to provide accurate ship motion data for calibrating dynamic-draft prediction systems; modern hydrographic measurement systems (such as shallowwater multibeam and side-scan sonar systems); and modern electronic nautical chart systems (and their supporting rapid update services). This paper includes discussion of what further improvements to these systems are needed to make effective UKC management a reality.
Modulation of Proprioceptive Information in Crustacea

Several studies of locomotion and postural regulation in different Crustacea indicate that utilization of the sensory information in apparently simple proprioceptive reflexes is subject to considerable variability during both centrally and peripherally commanded changes in motor output. Proprioception in Crustacea is mediated primarily by sensory cells whose dendritic processes insert into connective tissue associated with joints between limb or body segments. These systems generally signal movement or position. In a few instances, the sensory structures are mechanically linked to specialized receptor muscles or to the muscles involved in locomotion and can thus serve to monitor muscle length or tension, as in vertebrates. Other mechanoreceptors signal deformation of the somewhat elastic exoskeleton or of the nerve cord sheath. Activation of these receptors may evoke reflex feedback to the segment of origin or may influence motor outputs in other segments. Consideration will be given to the roles that these receptors play in naturally occurring motor response and to interactions between centrally initiated motor activity and proprioceptive reflexes.
A Network of Playwrights

During the 1960s, while the women’s movement was gradually emerging in the United States and Britain, and while Megan Terry in New York and Caryl Churchill in London were giving shape to two distinct visions of feminist drama, a number of other women were writing plays that were unhesitantly informed by their consciousness of women as women. At first, most of these playwrights were Americans, and few thought of themselves as forging a new genre of drama. Between the late sixties and early seventies, however, as each new ‘feminist’ play appeared, often in New York at the Judson Poets’ Theatre or Cafe La Mama, a network evolved of women playwrights who recognised in each other’s work a common cause and struggle. Six of these women — Maria Irene Fornes, Adrienne Kennedy, Rochelle Owens, Julie Bovasso, Rosalyn Drexler and Megan Terry — formalised their mutual support in 1972 with the formation of the Women’s Theater Council, an organisation intended to encourage and support productions of new plays by women. Simultaneously, other threads were being woven by new women’s theatre companies and playwrights whose work was inspired by both the Black Arts renaissance and the women’s movement.
Virginia Woolf, ‘Patriotism’, and ‘our prostituted fact-purveyors’

In her 1916 letter to Margaret Davies, Virginia Woolf expressed her feelings regarding World War I: ‘I become steadily more feminist, owing to the Times, which I read at breakfast and wonder how this preposterous masculine fiction [the war] keeps going a day longer [ … ] Do you see any sense in it?’ (L2, p. 76). Woolf’s question has been with us for the last four years, as we struggle, in this age of ‘information’, with our expanded media: newspapers, magazines, television, radio and Internet ‘blog’ sites. How did the United States — with major support from Great Britain — undertake this unfathomable pre-emptive war in Iraq? And if Woolf became ‘steadily more feminist, owing to the Times’, how have we been transformed by our news media’s coverage of the Iraq war? As we re-read Virginia Woolf’s Three Guineas in 2006, permeated as it is by repeated references to ‘patriotism’, ‘prostituted fact-purveyors’, and ‘photographs of dead bodies and ruined houses’, we are deeply saddened by the familiarity of it all — and outraged that this text is so very relevant to the state of our world today.
Bond Requirements on State-Owned Forest Land in the Western United States

State forestry agencies typically require forestry contractors to furnish several types of bonds before beginning work on state land. Required bonds often include: performance bonds that help ensure contract provisions are followed satisfactorily, bid bonds that guarantee follow-through by the winning contractor, and payment bonds that guarantee payment for timber before cutting. Much variety exists both in the types of bonds that are required and the form of payment that state forestry agencies will accept. However, no single source for this information exists in the literature. Such a resource can help assist state foresters when determining bond requirements for their own state, as well as providing a comparison with other state policies. To meet this need, a literature review and telephone survey of state forestry agencies was conducted. The literature review revealed varying statutory requirements and an absence of research on bonding practices in the forestry industry. Survey respondents reported performance bond requirements, when in effect, ranging from 5 % to 100 % of the contract price in service contracts, and from 5 % to 20 % in timber sale contracts. Bid guarantees, if required by state agencies, range from 2 % to 10 % of the contract price. The unique conditions involved in forest management require flexibility when it comes to bonding policies to avoid burdening agencies and contractors with unnecessary constraints.
Inkjet-Printed Flexible Biosensor Based on Graphene Field Effect Transistor

In this paper, we present a graphene field effect transistor (FET) fabricated on a flexible Kapton substrate using 3-D inkjet printing for use as a biosensor to detect infectious organisms. Inkjet printing process of graphene film is described with sheet resistance as low as 110 $\Omega $ /sq. To suppress background noises, the biosensors are based on intensity changes of the ac signal as a function of the biological agents’ concentration. Using the foodborne pathogen, Norovirus, as a proof-of-concept disease target, the value of S12 (i.e., the voltage gain from source to drain) at 10 GHz generates a linear response from 0.07 to 3.70 dB when the concentration of Norovirus protein increases from 0.1 to 100 $\mu \text{g}$ /ml. While further studies are needed to improve surface functionalization and sensitivity, the current study establishes a linear response over three orders of magnitude indicating that the flexible graphene FET sensor has a wide dynamic range for detection of biological targets that could ultimately be applied for detection of a variety of disease-causing pathogens.
Language Has a Spirit: Sakha (Yakut) Language Ideologies and Aesthetics of Sustenance

Since the end of the Soviet period, usage of the Sakha (Yakut) language has become once again more widespread in its usage in both the public and private spheres in the Republic of Sakha-Yakutia. Language ideologies that circulated in the Soviet era focused on the rodnoi iazyk (Russian: native language); this paper examines the contact and interplay of these ideologies with indigenous Sakha beliefs about the nature of language and the reciprocal relationship between a speaker and their language(s), which involves mutual sustenance and protection. The concept of agency in language is discussed, in light of both the belief in the agentive powers possessed by the tyl ichichite (Sakha: spirit of language), and in terms of how bilingual Sakha-Russian speakers make choices about their communicative practices in terms of style and register, which has repercussions for the sustainability of the Sakha language as a whole.
EventFlowSlicer: goal based test generation for graphical user interfaces

Automated test generation techniques for graphical user interfaces include model-based approaches that generate tests from a graph or state machine model, capture-replay methods that require the user to demonstrate each test case, and pattern-based approaches that provide templates for abstract test cases. There has been little work, however, in automated goal-based testing, where the goal is a realistic user task, a function, or an abstract behavior. Recent work in human performance regression testing has shown that there is a need for generating multiple test cases that execute the same user task in different ways, however that work does not have an efficient way to generate tests and only a single type of goal has been considered. In this paper we expand the notion of goal based interface testing to generate tests for a variety of goals. We develop a direct test generation technique, EventFlowSlicer, that is more efficient than that used in human performance regression testing, reducing run times by 92.5
A map of binding cavity conformations reveals differences in binding specificity

Protein structure comparison algorithms are useful for predicting aspects of protein function. Some algorithms identify remote homologs, while others distinguish closely related proteins that prefer different substrates. Most of these methods assume that proteins are rigid in order to perform comparisons more rapidly, while others compensate for flexibility by representing proteins as a connected group of rigid components. To consider the motion of individual atoms, this paper presents a method for generating a map of binding cavity conformations based on conformational snapshots. We use clusters of protein conformations to distinguish proteins that have different binding preferences. Our results, on the serine proteases and enolase superfamilies show that, despite structural flexibility in binding sites, our methods correctly classify proteins with different binding specificities both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Modeling Williams syndrome with induced pluripotent stem cells

The development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) like never before has opened novel opportunity to study diseases in relevant cell types. In our recent study, Williams syndrome (WS), a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder, that is caused by hemizygous deletion of 25-28 genes on chromosome 7, is of interest because of its unique cognitive and social profiles. Little is known about haploinsufficiency effect of those deleted genes on molecular and cellular phenotypes at the neural level due to the lack of relevant human cellular model. Using the cellular reprogramming approach, we reported that WS iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) has increased apoptosis and therefore increased doubling time, which could be rescued by complementation of frizzled 9, one of the genes typically deleted in WS. Moreover, WS iPSC-derived CTIP2-positive pyramidal neurons exhibit morphologic alterations including longer total dendrites and increasing dendritic spine number. In addition, WS iPSC-derived neurons show an increase in calcium transient frequency and synchronized activity likely due to increased number of dendritic spines and synapses. Our work integrated cross-level data from genetics to behavior of WS individuals and revealed altered cellular phenotypes in WS human NPCs and neurons that could be validated in other model systems such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in live subjects and postmortem brain tissues.
From Pressure Group to Political Party: The Case of the American Anti‐Slavery Society and the Liberty Party*

Objective This study evaluates how the leaders in the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) either aided or hindered the formation of the Liberty Party, thus building on Bawn et al.’s (2012) theory of political party formation. Methods Regression models are used to study how the presence of AASS organizations affected Liberty Party voting in the early 1840s. Results The findings show that AASS organizations had little to no effect on Liberty voting in New England, where AASS leadership was opposed to the idea of a third party, but that a stronger AASS group presence helped the Liberty Party form outside New England, where leaders were more supportive of an anti-slavery third party. Conclusion Interest groups do matter for the formation of political parties, but this is dependent on the support provided by, or the opposition put up by, group leaders.
Endoscopic grading of myochosis and its association with colonic obstructive symptoms.

Prominent colonic mucosal folds are referred as myochosis. Myochosis results from shortening of taeniae from elastosis, squishing together of the sigmoid like an accordion, creating deep recesses between prominent folds.(1) These changes are often under-reported in endoscopy notes. Here, we report development of an endoscopic classification system for diagnosis, grading and reporting of myochosis. We also evaluated the obstructive nature of myochosis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Introduction to High-Functioning Individuals with Autism

When Kanner (1943) first described autism, he recognized that individuals with this disability could be high-functioning in terms of their language and intellectual skills. Not only did Kanner recognize this possibility, he believed that all people with autism were within the normal range of intelligence with the potential for average language skills. The 11 children in Kanner’s original sample were, in fact, above average in intelligence. As the investigation and treatment of autism progressed, however, this high-functioning group did not get the same attention as the more common clients with autism who were functioning intellectually in the retarded range with severe communication handicaps.
Prometheus Unbound? A New World in the Making

The second half of the twentieth century seems to mark another turning point in the history of humanity. Whether the decades ahead of us will raise the world to a higher level of civilization or throw it back into an era of primitive savagery or even destroy humankind physically, we cannot know. But this very ignorance reveals more than the trivial fact that in some manner the future is always unknown. This ignorance itself is a consequence of the transformation which is upon us. Less and less, the future will be dominated by impersonal natural and social processes, the course of which we could anticipate by extrapolating past experience. In quite a new sense it will be the product of human choices — even if we choose to remain passive.
Exploring causes and effects of automated vehicle disengagement using statistical modeling and classification tree based on field test data.

Abstract Automated vehicles (AV) testing on the public roads is ongoing in several states in the US as well as in Europe and Asia. As long as the automated vehicle technology has not achieved full automation (Level 5), human drivers are still expected to take over the steering wheel and throttles when there is an automated vehicle disengagement. However, contributing factors and the mechanism about automated vehicle-initiated disengagement has not been quantitatively and comprehensively explored and investigated due to the lack of field test data. Besides, understanding human drivers’ perception and promptness of reaction to the AV disengagement is essential to ensure safety transition between automated and manual driving. By harnessing California’s Autonomous Vehicle Disengagement Report Database, which includes the AV disengagement data from field tests in 2016–2017, this paper quantitatively investigated the AV disengagement using multiple statistical modeling approaches that involve statistical modeling and classification tree. Specifically, the paper identifies the contributing factors impacting human drivers’ promptness to AV disengagements, and quantitatively investigates the underlying causes to AV disengagements. Results indicate that current AV disengagement on public roads is dominated by causes due to a planning issue. The cause of an AV disengagement is significantly induced by lacking certain numbers of radar and LiDAR sensors installed on the automated vehicles. These thresholds of these sensors needed are revealed. Cause of disengagement and roadway characteristics significantly impact drivers’ take-over time when facing an AV disengagement. AV perception or control issue-based disengagement can significantly extend drivers’ perception-reaction time to take over the driving. The quantitative knowledge obtained ultimately facilitates revealing the mechanisms of the automated vehicle disengagements to ensure safe AV operations on public roads.
Abstract 890: Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) promotes oxidative stress adaptation and survivorship

Cellular oxidative stress is one of the several hallmarks of the aggressive phenotypes observed in prostate cancer. As levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase, oxidative stressors activate mechanisms allowing cancer cells to adapt and survive. It is unclear how cancer cells adapt and survive oxidative stress; however, literature demonstrates that the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) contributes to survival during oxidative stress. In cancer, several factors resulting in oxidative stress, including chemotherapy, correlate with NF-κB expression and transcriptional activity, enhancing tumor survivorship and resistance to therapies. We examined adaptability and survivorship to oxidative stress in two common prostate cancer models, DU145 and PC3, which display varying degrees of tumorigenicity, respectively. We observed that serum-starvation induced ROS, stimulating an early oxidative stress environment, and cells further conferred adaptability with the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H202). Measurement of cell viability demonstrated a low death profile in stressed cells, while cell proliferation was stagnant. Quantitative measurement of apoptosis showed no significant cell death in stressed cells suggesting an adaptive mechanism to oxidative stress survival. Consistent with stress adaptation, we observed NF-κB in nuclear fractionations of cell lines which were consistent with nuclear localization observed in other diseases in literature that adapt to oxidative stress. Adaptability to oxidative stress may be a precursor to the inflammatory response in prostate tumor tissues, and/or a general survival mechanism to anti-tumorigenic agents. Acknowledgements: These studies were supported by the NIH/NIGMS/RISE #5R25GM060414-15 and NIH/NIHMD/RCMI #5G12MD007590. Citation Format: Elshaddai White, Jada R. Carter, Cimona V. Hinton. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) promotes oxidative stress adaptation and survivorship [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 890.
Exploring economic anomalies in the S&P500 index

Abstract We examine anomalies in the S&P500 index, an equity-based proxy for the U.S. economy, from January 1957 until December 2018. We use the LOcally wEighted Scatterplot Smoothing (LOESS) nonlinear regression model with various smoothing degrees and identify high and low extreme values in the S&P500 index upon contrasting it with nine U.S. macroeconomic indicators. We find that high and low anomalies occur with cyclicality patterns with respect to the production rate, the inflation rate, the U.S. workforce, and the private consumption rate. A sharp distinction between earlier low anomalies and later high anomalies arises with respect to the interest rate and the U.S. trade price balance. Unusual recent high anomalies appear, however, with respect to the U.S. currency, the market sentiment, and the unemployment rate. We detect robust concentration of high economic anomalies in the S&P500 index (42 in the year of 2017 and 74 in the year of 2018) along eight (out of the nine) macroeconomic indicators. This realization can serve as a warning sign for market participants.
Characterization of Dialkyldithiophosphates as Slow Hydrogen Sulfide Releasing Chemicals and Their Effect on the Growth of Maize.

Hydrogen sulfide is a key gasotransmitter for plants and has been shown to greatly increase their growth and survival in the presence of environmental stressors. Current methods for slowly releasin...
Nursing Care Guidelines for Reducing Hospital-Acquired Nasogastric Tube-Related Pressure Injuries.

Background Nurses certified in wound, ostomy, and continence monitored an increasing incidence of hospital-acquired pressure injury of the nares due to medical devices, specifically nasogastric tubes, in a metropolitan hospital. A majority of these pressure injuries occurred in patients in the intensive care unit. The organization lacked formal guidelines for preventing such injuries. Objective To decrease the incidence of nasogastric tube-related hospital-acquired pressure injury. Methods The organization's process improvement model, comprising steps to define, measure, analyze, improve, and control, guided the project. The incidence rate of nasogastric tube-related hospital-acquired pressure injury before the intervention was determined for calendar year 2015 and compared with data obtained after the intervention, for calendar year 2016. An interprofessional team created, implemented, and evaluated the effectiveness of evidence-based guidelines and surveillance strategies for preventing nasogastric tube-related hospital-acquired pressure injury. The team implemented guidelines using the simple mnemonic "CLEAN": correct tube position, stabilize tube, evaluate area under/near tube, alleviate pressure, note date and time. Results The incidence rate of nasogastric tube-related hospital-acquired pressure injury (0.13 per 1000 patient days in 2015) decreased 100% (0.0 per 1000 patient days in 2016) after the guidelines were implemented in the organization. This rate was sustained for a full year, after which it increased slightly because temporary and new staff lacked knowledge of the guidelines. Conclusions The creation and implementation of clear and specific guidelines for assessing and securing nasogastric tubes successfully reduced nasogastric tube-related hospital-acquired pressure injury.
Nonlinear Input-Output Functions of Motoneurons.

All movements are generated by the activation of motoneurons, and hence their input-output properties define the final step in processing of all motor commands. A major challenge to understanding t...
Upper Elementary and Middle Grade Teachers' Perceptions, Concerns, and Goals for Integrating CS into Classrooms

As efforts to integrate computer science into K-8 teaching in the US are dramatically rising, professional development workshops for teachers are becoming widespread. An open challenge for the CS education community is to understand teachers' needs and develop empirically grounded best practices for professional development. This experience report describes a five-day professional development workshop in which 22 third through eighth grade teachers learned about fundamental CS concepts, practiced coding, and created lesson plans for integrating what they learned into their classroom. We describe the professional development workshop including its modules and sequencing, and present teachers' perception of CS and how to integrate it into their classrooms. Teachers achieved significant gains in technical knowledge and improvements in attitude toward computer science. In initial focus groups, teachers reported that limited exposure to CS, time constraints, and lack of understanding of CS are barriers to integrating it into their classrooms. After the workshop, focus group feedback indicated that the workshop provided teachers a clearer sense of the potential of CS to enhance their classroom plans. Teachers noted that they felt able to use CS to help students learn critical thinking, prepare them for their futures, and address their individual needs. The results of this experience can inform future workshops that address the needs of teachers and students.
Steps to Take During a Crisis

The Bible does not direct Christians to be meek and simply take the consequences of whatever crisis occurs. Instead, we are told to act in response to a crisis knowing that God is by our side. This chapter will provide a concrete method for dealing with a crisis while also stressing the importance of planning and practicing crisis response procedures. The steps below are loosely based upon on Crisis Action Planning (CAP) procedures used by the military when they plan for and respond to a crisis. The steps are simple and are sequenced to ensure that a leader can step through them at a pace that is both deliberate and that allows for rapid response as needed. Before discussing the specific steps to take when dealing with a crisis this chapter will focus on the importance of having a crisis response plan that is assessed and exercised regularly to ensure the plan is up to date and employees are familiar with it. First, I will present an overview of what crisis management researchers have presented as possible models to use for the life cycle of a crisis.
Screening for Anxiety in Adolescent and Adult Women: A Systematic Review for the Women's Preventive Services Initiative.

This systematic review of 171 studies of screening methods and 8 systematic reviews (372 trials) of treatments underpins recommendations from the Women's Preventive Services Initiative about screen...
The role of schools: Middle eastern and North African newcomers’ challenges in restorative versus non-Restorative ethea high schools

Students who are newcomers to the United States – as English Learners (ELs) – face barriers to learning, and their academic success often lags behind their native-English-speaking peers. Notably, t...
Folate fortification and supplementation in prevention of folate-sensitive neural tube defects: a systematic review of policy.

OBJECTIVE Neural tube defects (NTDs) are common congenital neurological defects, resulting in mortality, morbidity, and impaired quality of life for patients and caregivers. While public health interventions that increase folate consumption among women who are or plan to become pregnant are shown to reduce folate-sensitive NTDs, public health policy reflecting the scientific evidence lags behind. The authors aimed to identify the types of policies applied, associated outcomes, and impact of folate fortification and supplementation on NTDs worldwide. By identifying effective legislation, the authors aim to focus advocacy efforts to more broadly effect change, reducing the burden of NTDs in neurosurgery. METHODS A systematic review was conducted exploring folate fortification and supplementation policies using the PubMed and Scopus databases. Titles and abstracts from articles identified were read and selected for full-text review. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were reviewed in full and analyzed for study design, aim, population, interventions, and outcomes. RESULTS Of 1637 resultant articles, 54 were included. Mandatory folate fortification was effective at reducing folate-sensitive NTDs. Mandatory fortification also decreased hospitalization rates and deaths after discharge and increased 1st-year survival for infants with NTDs. Recommended folate supplementation also resulted in decreased NTDs; however, issues with compliance and adherence were a concern and impacted effectiveness. Folate fortification and/or supplementation resulted in decreased NTD prevalence, although more change was attributed to fortification. Dual policies may hold the most promise. Furthermore, reductions in NTDs were associated with significant cost savings over time. CONCLUSIONS Both mandatory folate fortification and recommended supplementation policies were found to effectively decrease folate-sensitive NTD rates when applied. A comprehensive approach incorporating mandatory folate fortification, appropriate folate supplementation, and improved infrastructure and access to prenatal care may lead to decreased NTDs worldwide. This approach should be context-specific, emphasize education, and account for regional access to healthcare and social determinants of health. With wide implications for NTDs, associated health outcomes, quality of life of patients and caregivers, and economic impacts, policy changes can drastically improve global NTD outcomes. As caretakers of children with NTDs, the authors as neurosurgeons advocate for a comprehensive policy, the engagement of stakeholders, and a broader global impact.
‘Never so at home’: Charles Elton and the Woods of Wytham

Focusing on the history of an ecological site northwest of Oxford, UK, this essay explores the people, research and values behind the development of Wytham Woods as a scientific environment. A smal...
What Will It Take

The questionm of what it will take for policy makers to take cybersecurity seriously enough to enact substantive legislative changes that would address the problems is discussed. The author feels that policy makers need to know that there are engineering fixes - and that's something our community can provide. For the average nonexpert — and in this category the author includes every lawmaker — to push for change, they not only need to believe that the present situation is intolerable, they also need to believe that an alternative is possible. Real legislative change requires a belief that the never-ending stream of hacks and attacks is not inevitable, that we can do better. And that will require creating working examples of secure, dependable, resilient systems.
Opposition Coalition Signaling and Its Limits: Evidence from Survey Data in Malaysia

Existing analyses of opposition pre-electoral coalition formation in autocracies emphasize the precariousness of bargaining between opposition elites to nominate a single challenger against the dominant incumbent. This paper argues that how opposition parties coordinate to send anti-regime signals exhibiting their unity and ideological compromise is equally if not more important. These signals aim to encourage opposition voters to engage in strategic voting - persuade opposition voters to vote for candidates from candidates from other opposition parties that they may disdain, rather than for the incumbent autocrat. I provide evidence of strategic voting through two sets of survey data from Malaysia, one of the most robust electoral authoritarian regimes in the world. First, a survey experiment finds that a coalition common policy platform increases opposition voter support for candidates from coalition partners. This effect, however, is limited to moderate and politically knowledgeable voters. Second, I present evidence from the Asian Barometer survey demonstrating that opposition voters exhibit stronger commitments to anti-regime issues as compared to incumbent voters.
Initial investigation of test-retest reliability of home-to-home teleneuropsychological assessment in healthy, English-speaking adults.

Prior teleneuropsychological research has assessed the reliability between in-person and remote administration of cognitive assessments. Few, if any, studies have examined the test-retest reliability of cognitive assessments conducted in sequential clinic-to-home or home-to-home teleneuropsychological evaluations - a critical issue given the state of clinical practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined this key psychometric question for several cognitive tests administered over repeated videoconferencing visits 4-6 months apart in a sample of healthy English-speaking adults.A total of 44 participants (ages 18-75) completed baseline and follow-up cognitive testing 4-6 months apart. Testing was conducted in a home-to-home setting over HIPAA-compliant videoconferencing meetings on participants' audio-visual enabled laptop or desktop computers. The following measures were repeated at both virtual visits: the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (FAS), Category Fluency (Animals), and Digit Span Forward and Backward from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Pearson correlations, root mean square difference (RMSD), and concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) were calculated as test-retest reliability metrics, and practice effects were assessed using paired-samples t-tests.Some tests exhibited small practice effects, and test-retest reliability was marginal or worse for all measures except FAS, which had adequate reliability (based on ICC and r). Reliability estimates with RMSD suggested that change within +/- 1 SD on these measures may reflect typical test-retest variability.The included cognitive measures exhibited questionable reliability over repeated home-to-home videoconferencing evaluations. Future teleneuropsychology test-retest reliability research is needed with larger, more diverse samples and in clinical populations.
Microbiome Studies in Non-human Primates.

Observations of differing bacterial, intestinal microbiomes in people living with HIV have propelled interest in contributions of the microbiome to HIV disease. Non-human primate (NHP) models of HIV infection provide a controlled setting for assessing contributions of the microbiome by standardizing environmental confounders. We provide an overview of the findings of microbiome contributions to aspects of HIV disease derived from these animal models. Observations of differing bacterial, intestinal microbiomes are inconsistently observed in the NHP model following SIV infection. Differences in lentiviral susceptibility and vaccine efficacy have been attributed to variations in the intestinal microbiome; however, by-and-large, these differences have not been experimentally assessed. Although compelling associations exist, clearly defined contributions of the microbiome to HIV and SIV disease are lacking. The empirical use of comprehensive multi-omics assessments and longitudinal and interventional study designs in NHP models is necessary to define this contribution more clearly.
Atom Probe Tomography for Nanomodified Portland Cement

The study presents the use of Atom Probe Tomography (APT) to investigate the interaction between nanolimestone and Portland cement. APT is an analytical imaging technique that generates a three-dimensional atom-by-atom image of a specimen, with sub-nanometer spatial resolution. For the APT tests, a polished Portland cement clinker with nanolimestone on the surface was hydrated between 2 and 4 h. The hydrated Portland cement clinker was then imaged with a scanning electron microscope to visually determine the degree of hydration. Tip specimens for APT were then formed by FIB lift-out in a FEI Helios Nanolab, followed by annular ion-beam milling to form APT tips targeted on the nanolimestone/cement clinker interface, so that the nanolimestone is located at the apex of the specimen. The results show that the nanolimestone had reacted with the cement clinker. This demonstrates that the use of nanolimestone may not be only providing nucleation sites for cement hydration but is also chemically reacting with the Portland cement clinker within the first few hours of hydration.
Acute Cardiovascular Exercise Counteracts the Effect of Ego-Depletion on Attention: How Ego-Depletion Increases Boredom and Compromises Directed Attention

Prior research implicates ego-depletion in directed-attention failure, but provides few explanations for the effect. I theorize that ego-depletion weakens ones ability to maintain cognitive-arousal in non-stimulating situations, which increases proneness to boredom. In one study, 90 participants first either underwent ego-depletion (white-bear thought-suppression) or a non-depleting control activity (solved arithmetic problems). They then had their arousal manipulated by either performing an arousal-bolstering physical exercise or waited sitting for an equivalent amount of time in a quite room to facilitate low arousal. All participants then completed the continuous performance task (CPT) as a measure of directed-attention. Attention was measured in terms of accuracy (number of errors) on the CPT. Results revealed a moderated-mediation such that without an arousal-inducing exercise, ego-depleted participants experienced greater boredom and performed worse on the CPT. However, with an arousal-inducing exercise, the effect of ego-depletion on CPT performance disappeared and the effect on boredom was reversed.
Abnormal sinus node function in clinical arrhythmias.

Abnormal Sinus Node Function. To understand abnormal sinus node function in clinical atrial arrhythmias, it is essential to understand the normal function of the sinus node. Much of our understanding of the sinus node comes from work done in rabbits. In small animals, the node is a thin structure and can be modeled in two dimensions. However, in canines and humans, the node is a more complex structure completely surrounded by myocytes. Recent data suggest that the node may be insulated from the surrounding atrial myocytes, except at a limited number of exit sites. A model of the node with discrete exit sites explains how atrial activation can be initiated from multiple sites simultaneously. Within the node there may exist specialized pathways that explain the complex conduction within the node. Multiple cell types, with different intrinsic rates, combined with the nonuniform distribution of autonomic receptors, provide a basis for understanding the dynamics of heart rate control and the initiation of atrial activation. In addition, this model of the sinus node provides a framework to propose novel mechanisms underlying various atrial arrhythmias, such as atrial premature depolarizations or sinus node reentry. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 14, pp. 215-217, February 2003)
American colonial incomes, 1650-1774: American Colonial Incomes, 1650-1774

New data now allow conjectures on the levels of real and nominal incomes in the 13 American colonies. New England was the poorest region, and the South was the richest. Colonial per capita incomes rose only very slowly if at all, for five reasons: productivity growth was slow; population in the low‐income (but subsistence‐plus) frontier grew much faster than that in the high‐income coastal settlements; child dependency rates were high and probably even rising; the terms of trade were extremely volatile, presumably suppressing investment in export sectors; and the terms of trade rose very slowly, if at all, in the North, although faster in the South. All of this checked the growth of colony‐wide per capita income after a seventeenth‐century boom. The American colonies led Great Britain in purchasing power per capita from 1700, and possibly from 1650, until 1774, even counting slaves in the population. That is, average purchasing power in America led Britain early, when Americans were British. The common view that American per capita income did not overtake that of Britain until the start of the twentieth century appears to be off the mark by two centuries or more.
Thermoplastic properties of coals at elevated pressures: 3. Effects of low-temperature preoxidation and subsequent heat-treatment on behaviour in H2 and He

The thermoplastic properties of a mildly preoxidized Lower Kittanning seam low volatile coal have been examined at elevated pressures of H2 and He utilizing a high-pressure microdilatometer. It was observed that the maximum swelling parameter (Vs, vol%) of the preoxidized coal was significantly restored at elevated pressures of He. The thermoplastic properties of the preoxidized coal were even further restored at high pressures of H2. The results indicate that carbonization of this coal at elevated H2 pressures reduces the effect of preoxidation by removing some of the oxygen introduced during preoxidation and replacing it with reactive donatable hydrogen. It was shown that subsequent heat-treatment of the preoxidized coal at a relatively mild condition (in vacuum at 403 K) results in dramatic reductions in the thermoplastic behaviour of coal when subsequently carbonized at elevated pressures of H2 or He.