cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AD-LIBS: inferring ancestry across hybrid genomes using low-coverage sequence data.

Inferring the ancestry of each region of admixed individuals’ genomes is useful in studies ranging from disease gene mapping to speciation genetics. Current methods require high-coverage genotype data and phased reference panels, and are therefore inappropriate for many data sets. We present a software application, AD-LIBS, that uses a hidden Markov model to infer ancestry across hybrid genomes without requiring variant calling or phasing. This approach is useful for non-model organisms and in cases of low-coverage data, such as ancient DNA. We demonstrate the utility of AD-LIBS with synthetic data. We then use AD-LIBS to infer ancestry in two published data sets: European human genomes with Neanderthal ancestry and brown bear genomes with polar bear ancestry. AD-LIBS correctly infers 87–91% of ancestry in simulations and produces ancestry maps that agree with published results and global ancestry estimates in humans. In brown bears, we find more polar bear ancestry than has been published previously, using both AD-LIBS and an existing software application for local ancestry inference, HAPMIX. We validate AD-LIBS polar bear ancestry maps by recovering a geographic signal within bears that mirrors what is seen in SNP data. Finally, we demonstrate that AD-LIBS is more effective than HAPMIX at inferring ancestry when preexisting phased reference data are unavailable and genomes are sequenced to low coverage. AD-LIBS is an effective tool for ancestry inference that can be used even when few individuals are available for comparison or when genomes are sequenced to low coverage. AD-LIBS is therefore likely to be useful in studies of non-model or ancient organisms that lack large amounts of genomic DNA. AD-LIBS can therefore expand the range of studies in which admixture mapping is a viable tool.
Memory, Oblivion, and the “Invisibility” of Monuments

The paper suggests three approaches to the problem of erecting believable contemporary monuments: 1 Modern monuments fail to achieve transcendence; 2 Monuments have ceased to engage our attention and have become, as it were, “invisible”; 3 The problem is illuminated by fictive monuments in art.
Prevention of Rh D Alloimmunization

Red cell alloimmunization refers to the production of maternal anti-red cell antibodies which can lead to fetal effects ranging from anemia to hydrops. With the use of anti-D immune globulin the incidence of red cell alloimmunization has decreased significantly. There are guidelines regarding prevention and management of pregnancies affected by the disease [1].
Activation of a Small Cluster of Excitatory Neurons in the Medial Medulla Induces a Phenotype that Resembles Cervical Dystonia (P4.323)

OBJECTIVE: Acute excitation of a small cluster of excitatory neurons in mouse ventral medial medulla (VMM) produces a phenotype resembling cervical dystonia. This study is to characterize and quantify these dystonia-like neck movements. BACKGROUND: Distinct groups of excitatory neurons in the medial medulla differentially affect gait parameters, skilled motor tasks, and posture. These neurons form a relay between forebrain/midbrain/cerebellum and spinal motoneurons that mediate these functions. Abnormal activity in these neurons may cause abnormal movements, including dystonia. DESIGN/METHODS: We inserted mutated hM3Dq receptors into small clusters of glutamatergic neurons in the VMM using an adeno-associated viral vector delivered stereotactically. Following transfection, the mutated receptors were selectively and reversibly activated through intraperitoneal injection of an otherwise inert ligand, clozapine-N-oxide (CNO). Movements were quantified with electromyography and video analysis. The location and projections of transfected neurons were determined histologically. RESULTS: Acute unilateral activation of VMM neurons induced slow, repetitive neck rotation towards the activated side. Rotation was prominent at rest but not during walking or grooming. Maximum rotation angle, mean duration of each rotation bout, and frequency of long-duration rotation bouts all increased markedly following CNO compared to saline. EMG activity increased in agonist and antagonist neck muscles, and irregular EMG bursts corresponded to fine, jerky movements. The severity of the phenotype correlated with the number of neurons projecting to the upper cervical cord. Wildtype mice and mice with more dorsal injections did not display this phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral activation of a small cluster of excitatory neurons in the VMM induces a phenotype strikingly similar to that observed in cervical dystonia patients. This cluster may represent an important relay in circuitries that mediate abnormal muscle activation in dystonic neck movements and may be a potential interventional target for cervical dystonia. Study Supported by: R01 NS079623; Bachman-Strauss Dystonia & Parkinson Foundation; Fellowship AAN Disclosure: Dr. Ellison has nothing to disclose. Dr. Worley has nothing to disclose. Dr. Samardzic has nothing to disclose. Dr. VanderHorst has nothing to disclose.
Techniques for Enucleation of Mammalian Cells

The purpose of this chapter is to summarize succinctly a few techniques for enucleating vertebrate cells. It is hoped that the information given will enable investigators to choose and apply a technique for enucleation that is suitable to their cell lines and the problems they wish to investigate. Therefore, I have avoided an exhaustive, critical review of the literature, especially that literature concerning the properties of the subcellular fractions obtained and the results of investigations employing those subcellular fractions.
The Fiscal Cost of Conflict: Evidence from Afghanistan 2005-2016

I use a monthly panel of provincially-collected central government revenues and conflict fatalities to estimate government revenues lost due to conflict in Afghanistan since 2005. I identify causal effects by instrumenting for conflict using pre-sample ethno-linguistic share. Headline estimates are very large, implying total revenue losses since 2005 of $3bn, and future revenue gains from peace of about 6 percent of GDP per year. Reduced collection efficiency, rather than lower economic activity, appears to be the key channel. OLS estimates understate the causal effect by a factor of four. Comparing to estimates from Powell’s (2017) generalized synthetic control method suggests that this bias results from omitted variables and measurement error in equal share. The findings underscore the considerable economic loss due to conflict, and the importance of careful identification in measuring this loss.
A comparative evaluation of systems for scalable linear algebra-based analytics

The growing use of statistical and machine learning (ML) algorithms to analyze large datasets has given rise to new systems to scale such algorithms. But implementing new scalable algorithms in low-level languages is a painful process, especially for enterprise and scientific users. To mitigate this issue, a new breed of systems expose high-level bulk linear algebra (LA) primitives that are scalable. By composing such LA primitives, users can write analysis algorithms in a higher-level language, while the system handles scalability issues. But there is little work on a unified comparative evaluation of the scalability, efficiency, and effectiveness of such "scalable LA systems." We take a major step towards filling this gap. We introduce a suite of LA-specific tests based on our analysis of the data access and communication patterns of LA workloads and their use cases. Using our tests, we perform a comprehensive empirical comparison of a few popular scalable LA systems: MADlib, MLlib, SystemML, ScaLAPACK, SciDB, and TensorFlow using both synthetic data and a large real-world dataset. Our study has revealed several scalability bottlenecks, unusual performance trends, and even bugs in some systems. Our findings have already led to improvements in SystemML, with other systems' developers also expressing interest. All of our code and data scripts are available for download at https://adalabucsd.github.io/slab.html.
Autonomous Intelligence for FMV ISR Sensors With A Human In The Loop Decision Support System

As the United States Air Force moves towards autonomous labelling of FMV from ISR sensors, it has experienced unforeseen technical and legal challenges. In terms of the technical challenges, this research effort identifies these obstacles and presents solutions for them with detailed step-by-step analysis of the processes, its testing and prototypes. In terms of the legal challenges, the USAF's goals of infusing artificial intelligence into autonomous labelling of FMV is also being challenged by a formidable, looming legal threat of new laws that will force the USAF to include 'humans in the loop' of its artificial intelligence and machine learning systems [20], [7], [15]. Again, we analyze these legal threats and present solutions to allow inclusion of a human in the loop. It is important to note that our solution to these technical and legal challenges form a two-pronged solution that yields a Bench to Battlefield, Government off-the-shelf (GOTS) autonomous FMV labelling system that will, as time goes by, learn and grow in its ISR identification abilities.
An Intelligent Energy Router for Managing Behind-the-Meter Resources and Assets

With increase in distributed energy resources (DERs) and smart loads, each energy resource and load need a separate power conversion system leading to complex coordination and interaction, reduced energy conversion efficiency, coordinating compliance to grid standards (IEEE 1547) from multiple sources, reduced security. Also, multiple vendors with legacy system designs and proprietary communications interfaces result in redundancy and increase in cost of power electronics systems. This paper presents an energy router concept for buildings applications which provides autonomous power flow between sources and loads with a novel agent-based software interface.
Survival characteristics of patients with first progression of glioblastoma at Cleveland Clinic Foundation.

e14526Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary central nervous system malignancy, with a median overall survival of 14 to 17 months. First progression refers to progressive disease...
Repurposing Best Teaching Practices for Remote Learning Environments: Chemistry in the News and Oral Examinations During COVID-19

The Spring 2020 semester will be marked in our history as one of the most challenging semesters for higher education, although through the adversity, we were presented with opportunities for classroom innovation. A reflective account of the teaching insights gained from implementing a COVID-19 miniunit and utilizing remote oral examinations is presented. In Physical Chemistry II, the best practices of context-based learning and oral examinations were repurposed to match our current pandemic and remote learning environments. A context-based unit inspired by Chemistry in the News projects was designed from open-source ACS COVID-19 resources, which addressed chemists’ role in the pandemic response, the efficiency of face masks, and treatment avenues. The teaching insight gained was that students truly appreciated discussing the relevance of science to current events. This miniunit will be improved by making explicit connections between course topics and the pandemic response in future semesters. Also, in Physical Chemistry II, individual and team remote oral exams were conducted over Microsoft Teams video conferencing software. The benefits from observing students’ thought processes and problem-solving strategies make up for the significant instructor time commitment, and oral exams will be utilized in future semesters. Last, a remote oral final exam was also utilized for General Chemistry II pass/fail students.
Robust mosaicking of maize fields from aerial imagery

Premise Aerial imagery from small unmanned aerial vehicle systems is a promising approach for high-throughput phenotyping and precision agriculture. A key requirement for both applications is to create a field-scale mosaic of the aerial imagery sequence so that the same features are in registration, a very challenging problem for crop imagery. Methods We have developed an improved mosaicking pipeline, Video Mosaicking and summariZation (VMZ), which uses a novel two-dimensional mosaicking algorithm that minimizes errors in estimating the transformations between successive frames during registration. The VMZ pipeline uses only the imagery, rather than relying on vehicle telemetry, ground control points, or global positioning system data, to estimate the frame-to-frame homographies. It exploits the spatiotemporal ordering of the image frames to reduce the computational complexity of finding corresponding features between frames using feature descriptors. We compared the performance of VMZ to a standard two-dimensional mosaicking algorithm (AutoStitch) by mosaicking imagery of two maize (Zea mays) research nurseries freely flown with a variety of trajectories. Results The VMZ pipeline produces superior mosaics faster. Using the speeded up robust features (SURF) descriptor, VMZ produces the highest-quality mosaics. Discussion Our results demonstrate the value of VMZ for the future automated extraction of plant phenotypes and dynamic scouting for crop management.
An Assets-Based Response to the Digital Divide: Success for One Summer Youth Employment Program Serving a Minoritized Community During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the impact of the digital divide on student success in the United States. With almost zero preparation, programs serving young people completely restructured moving from face-to-face engagement to entirely virtual platforms. This study details discoveries made during a 2020 summer youth employment program for adolescent-aged interns that quickly pivoted to virtual program delivery. The study reveals an assets-based philosophy applied to the practice of the program and how that approach mitigated the consequences of the face-to-face to a virtual switch. Highlighted are ways that Yosso’s (2005) Community Cultural Wealth framework describes how the program staff created success in the unexpectedly virtual workspaces. Lastly, recommendations for facilitating virtual summer youth employment programming are provided.
Channelopathies of the Nervous System

Ion channels are integral membrane proteins that form water-filled pores and allow the rapid passage of ions across cell membranes. The importance of ion-channel function in health and disease states has long been recognized, particularly in medical therapeutics. Many drugs act directly on ion channels, including local anesthetic agents, antiarrhythmics, antihypertensives, most antiepileptic drugs, and many psychoactive medications. Mutations of ion-channel genes have been established as the cause of several human diseases, including more than 30 disorders affecting excitability in nerve, muscle, or special sensory organs and disorders of epithelial transport affecting kidney, lung, or gut.
Relationships of Strength and Anthropometric Measures to Physical Performances Involving the Trunk and Legs

Abstract In this study, 16 strength and 10 anthropometric tests were related by correlational methods to 8 trunk and leg measures, involving dynamometric strength, muscular endurance, agility, and power. The intercorrelations among some of the anthropometric variables were especially high: .91, standing height with leg length; .88, foot length with leg length; and .87, body weight with both hip width and thigh girth. The highest strength test intercorrelation was .65 between trunk flexion and extension. Significant multiple correlations obtained were: .74 for leg lift with body weight, ankle dorsal flexion strength, and trunk flexion strength; .71 for back lift with knee extension strength, hip width, trunk flexion strength, and knee flexion strength; and .66 for standing broad jump with adipose tissue over the abdomen (negative) and hip extension strength (positive).
Diagnostic criteria and classification of diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with pathognomonic changes and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Individuals with hyperglycemia are also subject to the accelerated cardiovascular disease that causes premature morbidity and mortality. Pathogenic processes involved in the development of diabetes range from autoimmune destruction of the β-cells of the pancreas with consequent insulin deficiency, to abnormalities in insulin signaling that result in resistance to insulin action. The vast majority of cases of diabetes fall into two broad etiopathogenetic groups. In one group (type 1 diabetes), the cause is an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion. Individuals at increased risk of developing this type of diabetes can often be identified by serological evidence of an autoimmune process of the pancreatic islets and by genetic markers. In the second and more prevalent group (type 2 diabetes), the cause is a combination of resistance to insulin action with inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response.
Obsessive-Compulsive Features in Pathological Lottery and Scratch-Ticket Gamblers

The results of this study support the notion that pathological gamblers drawn from the community would score higher on all three scores from the YBOCS than light gamblers. Consistent with hypotheses, pathological gamblers (lottery and scratch ticket) reported more obsessions, compulsions, and avoidance behavior than the light gamblers, and also reported having more urges to engage in injurious behaviors to themselves and others. These findings provide evidence that pathological gambling falls in a spectrum or family of disorders which have obsessive-compulsive disorder at its core. These findings support McElroy, Hudson, Philips, et al.'s (1993) suggestions of similarities between OCD and Impulse Control Disorders, and extend Blaszczynski (1999) findings of overlap between pathological gamblers and OCD in a treatment population. Heavy gamblers also reported significantly more hoarding symptoms and compulsive buying than light gamblers. More research in this area may show further evidence of a spectrum of disorders with obsessive compulsive disorder at its core, and show further links between impulse control disorders (such as pathological gambling) and OCD.
Lasting local impacts of an economywide crisis

The immediate welfare costs of an economywide crisis can be high, but are there also lasting impacts? And are they greater in some geographic areas than others? The authors study Indonesias severe financial crisis of 1998. They use 10 national surveys spanning 19932002, each covering 200,000 randomly sampled households, to estimate the impacts on mean consumption and the incidence of poverty across each of 260 districts. Counterfactual analyses indicate geographically diverse impacts years after the crisis. Proportionate impacts on the poverty rate were greater in initially better off and less unequal areas. In the aggregate, a large share - possibly the majority - of those Indonesians who were still poor in 2002 would not have been so without the 1998 crisis.
Sites of deamidation and methylation in Tsr, a bacterial chemotaxis sensory transducer

The sensory transducer proteins in bacterial chemotaxis undergo two covalent modifications, deamidation and reversible methylation, in response to attractants and repellents. Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was used to alter putative methylation and deamidation sites in one of the transducers to further define these sites and their role in chemotaxis. The mutations, in combination with peptide maps and Edman analysis, have clarified the sites of covalent modification in Tsr. Tsr contains six specific glutamates and glutamines that serve as methyl-accepting sites. An arginine-containing tryptic peptide (R1) has two sites, one at glutamate 493 and a newly located site at glutamate 502. A lysine-containing peptide (K1) has four methyl-accepting sites. Two of the lysine peptide sites are glutamates and can accept methyl groups without deamidation. The other two sites are glutamines and two methyl-accepting sites are created by two distinct deamidations. Both deamidations can occur on the same polypeptide chain. Single glutamate mutants have shown that one deamidation (at glutamine 311) proceeds rapidly, while the other deamidation (at glutamine 297) has a half-life of approximately 60 min under our experimental conditions.
Scattering by polar-optical phonons in a quasi-two-dimensional semiconductor☆

Abstract The scattering rate and momentum relaxation time for scattering of electrons in the quasi-two-dimensional quantized levels of an inversion or accumulation layer on a semiconductor surface is calculated for interactions via the polar-optical phonon. This interaction represents an important scattering mechanism in compound semiconcudctors. The quantization of the motion perpendicular to the surface enhances the scattering by this process over the bulk scattering.
Nocturnal production of solar distillers

Abstract The accumulated production of the deep-basin solar still and that of the tilted-tray solar still with longitudinal baffles are compared. The comparisons show that evaporation in the deep-basin still continues during the entire 24-hour period while the tilted-tray still ceases to produce a relatively short time after sunset. Thus, nocturanal production is a maximum for the deep-basin type and nearly zero for the tilted-tray type. A small experimental still was constructed to determine the factors affecting the nocturnal production of solar stills. The experimental results indicate that a substantial increase of product water could be obtained from the continuous addition of warm water to the still. This increase was found to be a function of flow rate, feed-water temperature, evaporating and condensing areas, and ambient temperature. Using this data, an atmospheric still was laid out to use waste heat from a diesel-electric generator.
Reversible strain in Ni-Mn-Ga with collinear field and stress

Our previous work on ferromagnetic shape memory Ni50Mn28.7Ga21.3 demonstrates reversible compressive strains of -4100 microstrain along the [001] direction under the application of a magnetic field also along the [001] direction with no external orthogonal restoring force. The reversibility of the strains is due to internal bias stresses oriented orthogonal to the field. These results show promise for the use of Ni-Mn-Ga as the core material in solenoid transducers. In this paper, the reversible strains are explained by considering pinning sites as the source of the internal bias stresses in the material. Following prior work by Kiefer and Lagoudas, a phenomenological model is constructed for the motion of twin variants in the presence of an orthogonal pair formed by a magnetic field and an internal bias stress. The model is formulated by considering the Zeeman, elastic, and pinning energies, from which an appropriate Gibbs energy function is constructed. Minimization of the Gibbs function then yields a constitutive model for the strain. The accuracy of this model is studied and its implementation as a hysteresis kernel in homogenization theories is discussed.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterization of DNA glycosylase activity by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

The DNA of all organisms is persistently damaged by endogenous reactive molecules. Most of the single-base endogenous damage is repaired through the base excision repair (BER) pathway that is initiated by members of the DNA glycosylase family. Although the BER pathway is often considered to proceed through a common abasic site intermediate, emerging evidence indicates that there are likely distinct branches reflected by the multitude of chemically different 3' and 5' ends generated at the repair site. In this study, we have applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) to the analysis of model DNA substrates acted on by recombinant glycosylases. We examine the chemical identity of several possible abasic site and nicked intermediates generated by monofunctional and bifunctional glycosylases. Our results suggest that the intermediate from endoIII/Nth might not be a simple beta-elimination product as described previously. On the basis of (18)O incorporation experiments, we propose a new mechanism for the endoIII/Nth family of glycosylases that may resolve several of the previous controversies. We further demonstrate that the use of an array of lesion-containing oligonucleotides can be used to rapidly examine the substrate preferences of a given glycosylase. Some of the lesions examined here can be acted on by more than one glycosylase, resulting in a spectrum of damaged intermediates for each lesion, suggesting that the sequence and coordination of repair activities that act on these lesions may influence the biological outcome of damage repair.
The commensality of ‘contact’, ‘pacification’, and inter‐ethnic relations in the Amazon: Kayabi autobiographical perspectives

This article builds upon research that calls for seeing the historically specific processes often labelled as ‘contact’ and ‘acculturation’ in Amazonia from indigenous perspectives, perspectives that focus on the centrality of the body and bodily transformations. Through a discussion of two Tupi-speaking Kayabi men's accounts of their own and their relatives' relations with non-indigenous Brazilians over the course of the twentieth century, I argue that autobiographical and biographical narratives provide a privileged means for understanding how these processes are conceptualized. They also offer a sense for the uneven, reversible nature of these processes as they focus on the experiences of particular persons' bodies over many years. In these two men's accounts, gifts of food and commensality are featured as key activities that transform self and other over a variety of inter-ethnic, interpersonal interactions. Resume Le present article s’appuie sur des recherches qui invitent a considerer du point de vue autochtone les processus historiquement specifiques que l’on appelle souvent « contact » et « acculturation » en Amazonie. Ce point de vue se fonde sur la place centrale du corps et de ses transformations. Par le biais d’une discussion des recits faits par deux Kayabis, locuteurs du tupi, a propos de leurs relations et de celles de leurs proches avec les Bresiliens non autochtones au fil du XXeme siecle, l’auteure avance que les narrations autobiographiques et biographiques constituent un moyen privilegie de comprendre comment ces processus sont conceptualises. Ils font egalement toucher du doigt la nature irreguliere et reversible de ces processus, en cela qu’ils sont centres sur l’experience des corps de certaines personnes au fil de plusieurs annees. Dans les recits de ces deux hommes, les offrandes de nourriture et la commensalite sont presentees comme des activites essentielles, qui transforment soi-meme et l’autre par le biais de diverses interactions interethniques et interpersonnelles.
Thiocapsa floridana; a cytological, physical and chemical characterization. II. Physical and chemical characteristics of isolated and reconstituted chromatophores

Equilibrium sucrose density gradient centrifugation of chromatophore membranes from Thiocapsa floridana resulted in the formation of a single pigmented band, having a density of 1.14 g/cm3. The chromatophore membranes contain 49% protein, 47% lipid and 3% chlorophyll. Small quantities of carbohydrate, but no nucleic acids were found. Complete membrane solubilization resulted in the release of small membrane subunits. Dialysis of the solubilized preparation against buffer containing Mg2+, resulted in the reassociation of the subunits into structures that resembled the original complex not only in morphology but also in their ability to catalyze photophosphorylation.
Multiple phase transitions in Ce(Rh, Ir, Co)In5

Abstract Magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity and heat capacity data for single crystals of Ce(Rh,Ir)1−x(Co,Ir)xIn5 (0⩽x⩽1) have allowed us to construct a detailed phase diagram for this new family of heavy-fermion superconductors. CeRh1−xIrxIn5 displays superconductivity(SC) (T c ≲1 K ) over a wide range of composition, which develops out of and coexists (0.30≲x≲0.5) with a magnetically ordered state, with T N ∼4 K . For CeCo1−xRhxIn5, the superconducting state ( T c ∼2.3 K for x=0) becomes a magnetic state ( T N ∼4 K , for x=1) with two phase transitions observed for 0.40≲x≲0.25. CeCo1−xIrxIn5 also shows two transitions for 0.30≲x≲0.75. For those alloys in which SC is found, a roughly linear relationship between Tc and the lattice parameter ratio c/a, was found, with composition as the implicit parameter. The interplay between magnetism and SC for CeRh1−x(Ir,Co)xIn5 and the possibility of two distinct superconducting states in CeCo1−xIrxIn5 are discussed.
Influence of Antithrombotics on the Etiology of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background To determine the influence of antithrombotic use on the etiology of primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods We conducted a retrospective review of consecutive patients admitted with primary ICH from 2009 to 2012. Data recorded included age, history of hypertension, and use of antithrombotic medications. Imaging was reviewed to determine hemorrhage location and the presence and the location of any microhemorrhages. Etiologies were classified using a predetermined algorithm, which was based on existing literature. Results In total, 292 patients were included. Median age was 74 years (range, 18-101), and 52% were male (n = 151). Hemorrhage etiology was hypertension in 50.6% (n = 148), indeterminate in 29.5% (n = 86), and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in 19.9% (n = 58). Most patients were on antithrombotics (61.3%, n = 179). Nearly half of the patients (49%) were 75 years of age or older, and the most common etiology in this group was hypertension (n = 77, 53%). There was a nonsignificant trend toward older age and CAA–ICH (median age, 77 years; interquartile range [IQR], 70-82 years) compared with other causes (median age, 74 years; IQR, 61-82 years; P = .07). There was no difference between CAA–ICH and other-cause ICH with respect to proportion of patients on antithrombotics in general (67% versus 60%; P = .367) or anticoagulants in particular (24% versus 25%; P = 1.000). Conclusions The most common ICH etiology in this study was hypertension, regardless of age. Our findings do not suggest that the higher occurrence of ICH in older patients or in patients with CAA-associated ICH is because of a higher frequency of anticoagulant use.
A non‐linear model of an open flow adsorption process

A probabilistic model is developed that describes the dynamics of adsorption in open flow reactors in the case of non-linear adsorption kinetics. The model accounts for the movement of solute molecules in the liquid phase, for the exchange of solute molecules between the liquid and outer layer (or compartment) of the solid phase and for movement of solute molecules between the outer and inner layers of the solid phase. From this model, one can predict the concentration of solute molecules in the exit stream of the reactor (breakthrough curve) over time. The model was applied to breakthrough curve data for trichloroethylene adsorption from water onto activated carbon. Model prediction was in good agreement with experimental data.
DO RESPONDENTS REALLY “MARK ALL THAT APPLY” ON SELF-ADMINISTERED QUESTIONS?

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of using "mark all that apply" question instructions on survey re- porting as part of the field test for the Second Follow-up of the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 Eighth Graders (NELS:88). Mark-all-that-apply instructions were compared with instructions asking respondents to indicate "yes" or "no" to each response option on responses to three items dispersed throughout the questionnaire and consisting of different topics and numbers of response options. For the three items, signifi- cantly fewer response options were selected with the mark-all- that-apply instructions than with the yes/no instructions, but be- cause external validity criteria were not available, overreporting to the yes/no instructions cannot be ruled out. Instruction- dependent primacy effects, predicted under the hypothesis that respondents would engage in more superficial processing when given the mark-all-that-apply instructions, were not found. In an attempt to reduce response burden, designers of self-admin- istered survey questionnaires often use the technique of asking respon- dents to examine a list and mark, circle, or check all the items on the list that apply. The mark-all-that-apply instructions have been used in many circumstances. One application is in questions asking about a set of respondent behaviors. For example, respondents might be asked, "Which of the following have you done in order to finance your child's education after high school? (Mark all that apply.)" or "To KENNETH A. RASINSKI is a National Opinion Research Center (NORC) senior survey methodologist, DAVID MINGAY is a survey methodologist at NORC, and NORMAN M. BRADBURN is NORC senior vice president for research and Tiffany and Margaret Blake
Time series analysis of open-source software projects

Open-source software projects are characterized by their loose management property. Most of the activities of their developers are voluntary instead of mandatory. Compared to closed-source software projects, open-source projects are less dependent on external turbulence, but more on its own structure and operation mechanism. In this paper, we assume that the activities of open-source software projects are only dependent on time. We use time series analysis techniques to study the time dependence of open-source software activities. The activities of open-source Software projects are extracted from mailing lists, bug reports, and revision history. Three mailing list (Linux, FreeBSD, and Apache HTTP), two bug archives (Eclipse and Apache Software Foundation), and one revision history (Apache Software Foundation) are mined. Various time series analysis techniques are used. We find that some activities of some open-source projects are cyclic and seasonally dependent, some are cyclic but seasonally independent, and some are acyclic. We build regression models for cyclic activities and analyzed their model accuracy.
The Intricate Role of Growth Hormone in Metabolism

Growth hormone (GH), a master regulator of somatic growth, also regulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism via complex interactions with insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Data from human and rodent studies reveal the importance of GH in insulin synthesis and secretion, lipid metabolism and body fat remodeling. In this review, we will summarize the tissue-specific metabolic effects of GH, with emphasis on recent targets identified to mediate these effects. Furthermore, we will discuss what role GH plays in obesity and present possible mechanisms by which this may occur.
European and american perspectives on corporate social responsibility.

In considering the similarities and differences among European and American perspectives on organizational ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR), I am forced to the conclusion that the categories are far less useful than is often assumed. The similarities between - and diversity within - the proposed geographic categories match or exceed their differences. In other words, my (admittedly idiosyncratic) observation suggests more similarities than differences between the perspectives of Americans and those of other Western European nationalities.
Ion cyclotron heating and RF propagation in the Proto-Cleo stellarator

Ion cyclotron waves are used to heat hydrogen plasma in the Proto-Cleo l = 3, seven-field-period stellarator. RF power is coupled to the net current-free plasma by a singleturn magnetic dipole antenna oriented to produce RF magnetic flux from the high-field side of the plasma. Both ion and electron heating are observed – from 50 to 150 eV and 6 to 15 eV, respectively. RF probes show radial and toroidal penetration of the RF magnetic fields. Particle confinement is not reduced by the RF for densities higher than 1012 cm−3. Thermal loss rates increase, however, with RF heating, though the reduction in energy confinement seems to be a result of particle heating and not of RF-enhanced diffusion.
Liquid crystallinity in flexible and rigid rod polymers

We apply an anisotropic version of the polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM) integral equation description of flexible polymers to analyze athermal liquid crystallinity. The polymers are characterized by a statistical segment length, σo, and by a physical hard-core thickness, d, that prevents the overlap of monomers on different chains. At small segment densities, ρ, the microscopic length scale d is irrelevant (as it must be in the universal semidilute regime), but becomes important in concentrated solutions and melts. Under the influence of the excluded volume interactions alone, the chains undergo a lyotropic, first-order isotropic–nematic transition at a concentration dependent upon the dimensionless “aspect ratio,” σo/d. The transition becomes weaker as d→0, becoming second order, as has been previously shown. We extend the theory to describe the transition of rigid, thin rods, and discuss the evolution of the anisotropic liquid structure in the ordered phase.
Human Immunity to Group B Streptococci Measured by Indirect Immunofluorescence: Correlation with Protection in Chick Embryos

An indirect immunofluorescence (IF) assay has been developed as a useful semiquantitative method for determination of type-specific IgG antibody in human sera to the five serotypes of group B Streptococcus. Antibody titers measured by IF correlated with passive protection in chick embryos, and antibody titers associated with chick embryo protection were delineated. Except for types Ia and Ic, IF antibody to each of the streptococcal types was completely absorbed by homologous strains, and antibody titers were unchanged by incubation with heterologous bacteria. For types Ia and Ic, IF antibody was absorbed by either the Ia or the Ic strain and by native Ia carbohydrate antigen. Antibody titers measured by IF and chick embryo protection against types Ia and Ic were similar, but were divergent for Ib and Ic, a finding suggesting that antibody is predominantly directed to the major carbohydrate determinants. In addition, 29 of 31 sera that had been tested in chick embryos yielded comparable results in mice against challenge with type Ia group B Streptococcus, a finding further validating the chick embryo assay. Sera from all of 43 mothers of infants infected with group B streptococci had antibody titers by IF that were less than titers associated with protection in chick embryos.
Immunodiagnostic methods for detection of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase in Roundup Ready® soybeans

Abstract We have developed immunological-based detection methods to support labeling of protein-containing food fractions derived from Roundup Ready® soybeans. Western blotting and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedures were developed to measure the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (CP4 EPSPS) protein derived from the Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4 in the major processed fractions derived from Roundup Ready soybean. Expression of the CP4 EPSPS protein confers tolerance to Roundup® herbicide. The western blotting method utilizes a polyclonal goat anti-CP4 EPSPS antibody which specifically binds to CP4 EPSPS followed by detection of bound goat antibody with biotinylated Protein-G. Detection of this complex is accomplished using horseradish-peroxidase (HRP) labeled NeutrAvidin™ and signal development by enhanced chemiluminesence. Data from western blot analyses of these fractions establish that stable epitopes remain after the seed has been subjected to processing conditions typically employed by the food industry, thereby enabling development of an ELISA method. The ELISA for measurement of CP4 EPSPS is a triple antibody sandwich procedure utilizing a monoclonal capture antibody and a polyclonal detection antibody followed by a third biotin labeled monoclonal anti-rabbit antibody. Sandwich formation is detected using HRP labeled NeutrAvidin™ with color development using TMB substrate. In the sandwich ELISA, the immunological activity of CP4 EPSPS was reduced by the extraction method required to solubilize CP4 EPSPS protein from processed fractions. Sensitivity of the CP4 EPSPS ELISA was sufficient to detect CP4 EPSPS protein in processed soybean fractions that contained 2% Roundup Ready soybean mixed with conventional processed soybean fractions, thereby making the ELISA an acceptable method to assess CP4 EPSPS protein in processed soybean fractions. Data on sensitivity, accuracy, precision and specificity, established that the western blot and ELISA methods are appropriate for compliance with the EC Novel Foods Regulation.
Challenges of detecting EGFR T790M in gefitinib/erlotinib-resistant tumours

For patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the introduction of the epi- dermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), gefitinib and erlotinib, into clinical practice was promising. Treatment with either of these agents is associated with an objective response in 10-20% of patients. Subsequent studies have shown that patients responsive to gefitinib/erlotinib have tumours containing somatic activating mutations in the EGFR gene. Although impressive clinical and radiological responses have been observed in these patients, tumour progression occurs after the prolonged administration of gefitinib/erlotinib as acquired resistance develops. In order to combat acquired resistance, research has been largely focused on determining the factors underlying it. Two resistance mechanisms have so far been identified: a secondary mutation in the EGFR gene, T790M, and amplification of the MET proto-oncogene. This review will centre on T790M, which is thought to cause steric hindrance and impair the binding of gefitinib/erlotinib. A novel class of irreversible TKIs currently under development may retain activity against some common resistance mechanisms, including T790M. The next challenge is to identify accurately the subgroup of patients with NSCLC whose tumours harbour EGFR T790M. To this end, post-treatment tumour specimens will be needed to establish molecular profiles for each patient. In addition, novel, highly sensitive technology will be required to detect these mutations. This is because allelic dilution, whereby the EGFR gene is amplified but only a few copies of the T790M allele are needed to confer resistance, may obscure results of conventional sequencing methods. The importance of identifying patients who harbour T790M cannot be overstated; the development of irreversible TKIs will have profound implications for their treatment. In this way, treatment strategies in NSCLC are becoming increasingly tailored to the individual, and may set an example for other areas of oncology.
Estimation of the volume under the ROC surface with three ordinal diagnostic categories

With three ordinal diagnostic categories, the most commonly used measure for the overall diagnostic accuracy is the volume under the ROC surface (VUS), which is the extension of the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for binary diagnostic outcomes. This article proposes two kernel smoothing based approaches for estimation of the VUS. In an extensive simulation study, the proposed estimators are compared with the existing parametric and nonparametric estimators in terms of bias and root mean square error. A real data example of 203 participants from a cohort study for the detection of Glycan biomarkers for liver cancer is discussed.
Birth of bitangencies in a family of surfaces in R4

Abstract In this paper we study transitions in the number of bitangencies in a one-parameter family of closed surfaces immersed in R 4 . We begin by calculating the linking number between the parabolic curve of the surface and a particular normal vector field along the curve, known as the flecnodal normals. We find that there is a global formula relating the linking number to the number of bitangencies, the number of double points, and the normal Euler number of the surface. Then we calculate all possible transitions in the number of bitangencies. The transitions split into two types, local and multi-local, which we look at separately. The transitions occur at codimension 1 points, specifically full flecnodal points, degenerate bitangencies and degenerate double points. In all cases, we calculate how changes in the set of bitangencies correspond to changes in the geometry of the surface.
Dry eyes and superficial punctate keratitis: A complication of treatment of glabelar dynamic rhytides with botulinum exotoxin A

Background. Dry eyes and superficial punctate keratitis are potential complications of periocular botulinum exotoxin A treatment. Objective. To report a patient who had these side effects after being treated with botulinum exotoxin A for glabelar rhytides and discuss possible causes including excessive paralysis of the orbicularis oculi leading to lagophthalmos and direct paralysis of the lacrimal gland. Methods. A case report and brief literature review is presented. Conclusion. Paralytic lagophthalmos caused dry eyes and superficial punctate keratitis in our patient. To avoid this complication, if an injection is to be done in the lateral brow area, it should be done 1 cm above the orbital rim.
Locomotor impact of beneficial or nonbeneficial H-reflex conditioning after spinal cord injury

When new motor learning changes neurons and synapses in the spinal cord, it may affect previously learned behaviors that depend on the same spinal neurons and synapses. To explore these effects, we used operant conditioning to strengthen or weaken the right soleus H-reflex pathway in rats in which a right spinal cord contusion had impaired locomotion. When up-conditioning increased the H-reflex, locomotion improved. Steps became longer, and step-cycle asymmetry (i.e., limping) disappeared. In contrast, when down-conditioning decreased the H-reflex, locomotion did not worsen. Steps did not become shorter, and asymmetry did not increase. Electromyographic and kinematic analyses explained how H-reflex increase improved locomotion and why H-reflex decrease did not further impair it. Although the impact of up-conditioning or down-conditioning on the H-reflex pathway was still present during locomotion, only up-conditioning affected the soleus locomotor burst. Additionally, compensatory plasticity apparently prevented the weaker H-reflex pathway caused by down-conditioning from weakening the locomotor burst and further impairing locomotion. The results support the hypothesis that the state of the spinal cord is a “negotiated equilibrium” that serves all the behaviors that depend on it. When new learning changes the spinal cord, old behaviors undergo concurrent relearning that preserves or improves their key features. Thus, if an old behavior has been impaired by trauma or disease, spinal reflex conditioning, by changing a specific pathway and triggering a new negotiation, may enable recovery beyond that achieved simply by practicing the old behavior. Spinal reflex conditioning protocols might complement other neurorehabilitation methods and enhance recovery.