cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of Chlamydomonas mastigonemes.

Publisher Summary Mastigonemes are “hairs” found covering the flagella of free-living protista. The morphologies of mastigonemes range from elaborate branched structures, composed of up to a dozen different proteins, to simple unbranched structures composed primarily of a single type of polypeptide. An organism may contain multiple types of mastigonemes on one flagellum. The major constituent of Chlamydomonas mastigonemes is a glycoprotein of approximately 200 kDa, and it is possible that the repeat unit of the Chlamydomonas mastigoneme stems from the ability of this protein to form filaments. Isolated flagella are the starting material of choice for mastigoneme isolation. Flagella should be detached by pH shock, as flagellar removal with dibucaine removes large portions of the flagellar membrane and, presumably, extracts mastigonemes as well. Mastigonemes can also be isolated from culture medium, where they are attached to flagellar membrane vesicles that are continually shed from the flagellar surface. The quantity of mastigonemes that can be isolated from the medium of a culture grown to 5x106cells/ml is approximately equal to that can be isolated from the flagella of the cells in the culture. Mastigoneme-containing vesicles in the culture medium are concentrated along with cells by the Pellicon filtration system. There is discussion on extraction of flagellar membranes. Mastigonemes are attached to the flagellar membrane and are released by either nonionic or ionic detergents. Because the mastigonemes are very stable to ionic detergent, axonemes can be dissociated with 0.7% Sarkosyl prior to obtaining an insoluble crude mastigoneme pellet. Axonemes are removed by a low-speed centrifugation and mastigonemes remain quantitatively in the low-speed supernatant. A crude mastigoneme pellet is then obtained by high-speed centrifugation. The resulting supernatant (soluble membrane/matrix fraction) can be used as starting material for isolation of other proteins. There is description of materials and methods for flagellar isolation and mastigoneme isolation.
Out of Poverty: Sweatshops in the Global Economy

This book provides a comprehensive defense of third-world sweatshops. It explains how these sweatshops provide the best available opportunity to workers and how they play an important role in the process of development that eventually leads to better wages and working conditions. Using economic theory, the author argues that much of what the anti-sweatshop movement has agitated for would actually harm the very workers they intend to help by creating less desirable alternatives and undermining the process of development. Nowhere does this book put 'profits' or 'economic efficiency' above people. Improving the welfare of poorer citizens of third world countries is the goal, and the book explores which methods best achieve that goal. Out of Poverty will help readers understand how activists and policy makers can help third world workers.
“Social” vs. Sozial: Reflections on German Society and Implications for the Social Studies

The ability to promote “global mindedness” in the social studies is often restricted by teachers’ own personal experiences and beliefs. The value of overseas travel and study tours in empowering teachers to promote a global perspective is well-established (Wilson, 1982, 1983, 1993a, 1993b; Germain, 1998; Kirkwood, 2002). This article is a reflection on a two-week study tour of Germany, of which I was a member in the summer of 2013. Sponsored by the Transatlantic Outreach Program, I visited German schools, met with German social studies teachers, and was exposed to the German commitment to national memory. This article promotes the value of such experiences for teachers to develop and promote “global-mindedness” in their own classes, as well as to incorporate elements of German sozial thinking into our concept of moral citizenship.
Solvent-Mediated Crystallization of CH3NH3SnI3 Films for Heterojunction Depleted Perovskite Solar Cells

Organo-lead halide perovskite solar cells have gained enormous significance and have now achieved power conversion efficiencies of ∼20%. However, the potential toxicity of lead in these systems raises environmental concerns for widespread deployment. Here we investigate solvent effects on the crystallization of the lead-free methylammonium tin triiodide (CH3NH3SnI3) perovskite films in a solution growth process. Highly uniform, pinhole-free perovskite films are obtained from a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution via a transitional SnI2·3DMSO intermediate phase. This high-quality perovskite film enables the realization of heterojunction depleted solar cells based on mesoporous TiO2 layer but in the absence of any hole-transporting material with an unprecedented photocurrent up to 21 mA cm–2. Charge extraction and transient photovoltage decay measurements reveal high carrier densities in the CH3NH3SnI3 perovskite device which are one order of magnitude larger than CH3NH3PbI3-based devices but with comparable...
Adrenalectomy Does Not Block the Inhibition of Mammary Carcinogenesis by Dietary Energy Restriction in Rats

Dietary energy restriction (DER) has been shown to reproducibly inhibit chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis. The inhibitory activity of DER has been reported to be associated with an increase in circulating corticosterone as well as a decrease in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). To determine whether the adrenal glands are required for cancer inhibitory activity, the effects of DER were investigated in adrenalectomized (ADX) rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats, 29-31 per group, were injected with 0.05 g 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea/kg body wt at 21 d of age, sham operated (SHAM) or bilaterally ADX at 24 d of age, and after 3 d adapted to meal feeding during which rats ate ad libitum (AL) or were restricted to 60% of AL energy intake. ADX resulted in a marked reduction in serum corticosterone in both AL and DER rats. Whereas the carcinogenic response in the mammary gland was not statistically different in SHAM-AL and ADX-AL rats, ADX did not block the cancer inhibitory activity of DER. In fact, cancer inhibitory activity was greatest in ADX-DER rats. Circulating levels of glucose, insulin, IGF-1, and IGF binding protein 3 also were reduced in DER rats. Collectively, these findings indicate that adrenal glands are not required for manifestation of the cancer inhibitory activity of DER. If circulation-borne factors such as corticosterone or IGF-1 are involved in the inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis by DER, IGF-1 is likely to play a greater role than corticosterone.
Retinoic Acid Increases Cellular Retinol Binding Protein II mRNA and Retinol Uptake in the Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Line

Cellular retinol binding protein II (CRBPII) is an abundant small intestinal protein that facilitates vitamin A trafficking and metabolism. The magnitude of retinol uptake and metabolism correlate to CRBPII levels in the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line. To investigate the importance of retinoic acid receptor response elements in the promoter of the CRBPII gene, retinoic acid regulation of CRBPII expression and vitamin A absorption was studied in differentiated Caco-2 cells. All-trans- or 9-cis-retinoic acid increased CRBPII mRNA levels two- to threefold. This was associated with a 50% increase in retinol absorption. Retinoic acid receptor beta and apolipoprotein A1 regulatory protein-1, two nuclear receptors that bind to the CRBPII promoter, were also induced, whereas other retinoid and orphan receptors were not. Thus, retinoic acid may regulate CRBPII expression directly or by selectively changing levels of nuclear receptors or other factors. These studies are the first to demonstrate that retinoic acid can modulate endogenous CRBPII mRNA levels and retinol absorption in Caco-2 cells and suggest that human intestinal vitamin A absorption may be regulated by retinoids.
Endogenous Opiates and Behavioral Responses to Environmental Novelty

Endogenous opiates (endorphins) mediate a variety of motivational and behavioral states. We examined the possible contributions of endorphins to the exploratory behavior of mice. Naloxone, ablocker of opiate receptors, depressed hole board exploratory activity and entry into a novel environment. It also reduced responding for sensory stimulation. Finally, a direct correlation was demonstrated between exploratory behavior on the one hand, and enkephalininduced behavioral activation on the other. Several recently discovered peptides (enkephalins, endorphins) have been shown to possess significant in vivo psychobiological activity. The motivational effects demonstrated for these compounds include primarily changes in pleasure and pain, (Akil, 1976; Belluzzi et al., 1976; Belluzzi
Multi-agent Microgrid Power Management

Abstract Microgrids are a promising means to broadly integrate distributed energy resource (DER) systems. Seen as an enabling technology within smart grid infrastructure, microgrids offer solutions for both customers and system operators of future power networks. However, the optimal management and control of many generation, load, and storage assets local to a microgrid presents as a daunting challenge. In this paper, an agent-based control architecture for microgrids, capable of coordinating and cooperatively achieving multiple user-defined objectives in real-time is presented. Herein, the authors present fundamental properties required by a decentralized microgrid multi-agent system (MAS), define agent capabilities that support resilient operations, and discuss aspects of the microgrid MAS necessary to smoothly transition between system states. The microgrid MAS developed allows control decision-making to be shifted to a lower hierarchical level, capitalizing on the ability of distributed agents to self-order and cooperate towards an optimal power management solution, given assigned goals. As smart grid technologies continue to evolve, the microgrid operational concepts discussed, along with robust power management and control issues, will play an increasingly significant role.
Cadmium telluride films and solar cells

CdTe thin films for solar cell applications have been deposited by close-spaced vapor transport and by hot-wall vacuum evaporation. As-deposited films are p-type with hole densities that increase to values of 1 × 1016cm-3with increasing substrate temperature. A variety of experimental results can be interpreted either in terms of doping by native defects such as cadmium vacancies or doping by diffusion from the graphite substrate, with evidence for self-compensation. Many CdS/CdTe/graphite solar cells have been prepared by vacuum evaporation of CdS onto thin-film CdTe, which have low values of J_{O} \sim 10^{-9} A/cm2and high values of J_{SC} \sim 17 mA/cm2. The open-circuit voltage is low at 0.48 V for CdS deposition at 300° C, but increases with decreasing CdS deposition temperature. The highest efficiency prepared to date is 6.4 percent. Tile efficiency is limited at present by the fill factor, associated with a total series resistivity in the light of the order of 10 Ω-cm2. Supporting research on low-resistance contacts to p-type CdTe, grain boundary properties and passivation in p-type CdTe bicrystals and thin films, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy of junction interfaces is briefly described.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Night Sweats in a Primary Care Population

Objective Several small published case reports have suggested that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can cause night sweats. The purpose of this study was to investigate this possibility further and to explore possible associations between night sweats and other commonly prescribed medications.
Dynamic Cues in Binaural Perception

The binaural system is exquisitely sensitive in its ability to resolve very small interaural differences of arrival time for signals presented to the two ears. It is at first surprising, then, that the system is relatively poor at processing temporal changes in these interaural time differences. In recent years there has been an increased interest in the perception of binaural stimuli with time varying interaural time delays (ITDs), interaural intensity differences (IIDs), and interaural correlation. In this paper we review some of the results of psychoacoustical experiments using stimuli with time-varying interaural differences, and we present some new theoretical predictions to describe some of these data.
The epoxide in HC-toxin is required for activity against susceptible maize

When the host-specific toxin from Helminthosporium (Cochliobolus) carbonum race 1, cyclo([ L -2-amino-8-oxo-9, 10-epoxydecanoyl]- D -prolyl- L -alanyl- D -alanyl) (HC-toxin) was subjected to mild acid conditions (1 N HCl, 40 rain, 23 °C), biological activity in the standard maize root growth bioassay was lost in all concentrations tested. Mass spectrometry of acid-degraded toxin indicated that only the terminal epoxide moiety was altered. Acid-degraded HC-toxin had the same uv spectrum as undegraded toxin. Acid-degraded HC-toxin could not protect maize roots against inhibition by undegraded HC-toxin, even when given at a 16-fold higher concentration.
Hepatotoxicity of α-naphthylisothiocyanate congeners with particular emphasis on phenylisothiocyanate

Abstract A structure-action study of compounds related to the hepatotoxic agent, α-naphthylisothiocyanate indicates that an aryl compound of planar configuration with a substituent radical containing N, C, and S are the probable necessary conditions for production of hyperbilirubinemia. Of sixteen congeners, only one, phenylisothiocyanate, was found to exhibit this action. Phenylisothiocyanate qualitatively and quantitatively affects liver function in mice in the same manner as α-naphthylisothiocyanate, as shown by increases in plasma bilirubin and sulfobromophthalein retention. The effects of a single oral treatment with phenylisothiocyanate persist for about 10 days. This action is similar to that of α-naphthylisothiocyanate. Effects due to phenylisothiocyanate treatment develop more slowly than effects due to α-naphthylisothiocyanate treatment.
Intervention and Collective Self-Determination

Intervention often violates both respect for state sovereignty and the right to self-determination. McMahan focuses on the latter ethical dimension rather than the former political and legal one, although his claims have important implications for issues of state sovereignty. He challenges the common assumption that respect for self-determination requires an almost exceptionless doctrine of nonintervention by first defining the notions of “intervention” and “self-determination,” and then analyzing Walzer's doctrine of nonintervention. The recognition that there are different ideals of self-determination results in a less rigid and more permissive doctrine of nonintervention.
Localization and interaction effects in CdTeBi superlattices

Abstract The transport properties of CdTeBi superlattice have been measured as a function of the modulation wavelength. A logarithmic dependence with temperature was observed for the resistance at low temperature. The resistivity varied from 0.1 to 3.9 mΩcm at 1.7 K as the modulation wavelength varied from 177 to 81 A. A logarithmic behavior with H was observed for the transverse (longitudinal) magnetoresistance for low (high) fields. Samples were studied at temperatures down to 1.7 K and in magnetic fields up to 5 Tesla. No negative magnetoresistance as predicted by weak localization theory was observed. Hall coefficient measurements showed a logarithmic dependence with temperature which is indicative of Coulomb correlation effects (interaction theory). All measurements indicate that the transport behavior of CdTeBi superlattices is dominated by spin-orbit and/or interaction effects while weak localization plays a minimal role.
Critical Role of a Lipoyl Cofactor of the Dihydrolipoyl Acetyltransferase in the Binding and Enhanced Function of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase

Mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase binds to the lipoyl domain region of the core structure forming dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase (E2) subunits. The bound kinase has a greatly enhanced rate in phosphorylating E2-bound pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) tetramers versus the rate at which resolved kinase phosphorylates dissociated E1. This E2-activated kinase function was completely prevented by selective alkylation of reduced lipoyl groups while kinase and E1 binding to the E2 core were retained. Selective removal of lipoyl cofactors from intact E2 by treatment with Enterococcus faecalis lipoamidase decreased kinase activity by 4-fold and caused selective release of a major portion of the kinase from E2 in a sucrose-step gradient procedure. Selective and reversible modification of the lipoyl groups of E2 subunits also allowed the kinase to be dissociated under mildly chaotropic conditions. Thus, the lipoyl prosthetic group on one of the two lipoyl domains of E2 subunits is critically important for maintaining E2-activated kinase function and contributes to binding of the kinase to E2. Since removal of the lipoyl group weakened kinase binding to E2 more than modifying lipoyl thiols, it is suggested that the hydrophobic inner portion of the lipoyl conjugate (i.e., lysine carbons and C1 to C5 of the lipoic acid) is important in the binding of the kinase.
A preliminary study of D-cycloserine augmentation of cognitive-behavioral therapy in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Background Research on the neural circuitry underlying fear extinction has led to the examination of D-cycloserine (DCS), a partial agonist at the N- methyl-D-aspartate receptor in the amygdala, as a method to enhance exposure therapy outcome. Preliminary results have supported the use of DCS to augment exposure therapy in adult anxiety disorders; however, no data have been reported in any childhood anxiety disorder. Thus, we sought to preliminarily examine whether weight-adjusted DCS doses (25 or 50 mg) enhanced the overall efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Method Participants were 30 youth (aged 8–17) with a primary diagnosis of OCD. The study design was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled augmentation trial examining CBT + DCS versus CBT + Placebo (15 youth per group). All patients received seven exposure and response prevention sessions paired with DCS or placebo taken 1 hour before sessions. Results Although not significantly different, compared with the CBT + Placebo group, youth in the CBT + DCS arm showed small-to-moderate treatment effects ( d = .31–.47 on primary outcomes). No adverse events were recorded. Conclusions These results complement findings in adult OCD and non-OCD anxiety disorders and provide initial support for a more extensive study of DCS augmentation of CBT among youth with OCD.
“Turkish Dames” and “English Mastiffs”: The “Turk” and the Female Body in Massinger’s The Renegado

AbstractIn early modern travel discourse, exploration of ‘distant’ or ‘other’ lands is typically configured as some aspect of the female body. Power relations between East and West were often described in terms of conquest or ravishment, the site of which is typically the female body, as might be seen in early modern English literary response to the Ottoman. Couched in terms of the menace the Ottoman poses to the Western Christian, Massinger’s The Renegado courts parallels between sexual license, female rebellion, and religion to address domestic threats at home–not from the Ottoman Empire, but rather from the rebellious English women, who represent a clear danger to the patriarchal hegemony.
Specimen Age Stability for Human Papilloma Virus DNA Testing Using BD SurePath.

Background. Currently, the BD SurePath liquid-based Papanicolaou (Pap) test is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) only for Pap testing; however, these specimens are widely used for human papilloma virus (HPV) testing. Methods: We retested, at 21 days after the collection date, 50 BD SurePath specimens that had initially tested positive for high-risk HPV using the Roche Cobas 4800 assay to compare repeat results of aged specimens to original results and evaluate false-negative results. Results: Of 50 specimens that initially tested positive for HPV DNA with the Roche Cobas 4800 assay (average, 7 days), 8 tested negative when retested at 21 days after the collection date (false-negative rate, 16.0%). Conclusion: Aged BD SurePath–preserved Pap test specimens older than 21 days from collection date may produce false-negative HPV DNA testing results when testing with assays such as Roche Cobas 4800, most likely due to degradation of DNA. Guidelines are needed to limit specimen age to less than 2 weeks to prevent false-negative test results and to improve diagnostic accuracy and patient care. * HPV : human papilloma virus HR-HPV : high-risk HPV ASCUS : atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance PCR : polymerase chain reaction FDA : U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Prognostic factors in cancer of the female breast. II. Reproducibility of histopathologic classification.

The reproducibility of histopathologic classification of breast tumor tissue (nuclear grade) and of axillary lymph nodes (sinus histiocytosis) has been evaluated. In 2 independent readings, an experienced observer assigned 70% of tumor tissue slides and 70% of lymph node slides to the same classification. Two other pathologists agreed fairly well with the classification by the experienced observer. Nuclear grade and sinus histiocytosis were found to be related to patient survival on the basis of classification by each of the 3 pathologists.
Environmental modification and differential health practices

Abstract The modification of social and physical environmental features of a society are hypothesized as producing changes in health status and such health related behavior as nutritional practices, perceptionof socialization environment. Preliminary study of two communities in Dominica, W.I. reveals such differences, generates hypotheses for later phases of the research. Some of the differences in ecology of the two communities will be regarded as intervening variables throughout this longitudinal study.
Linking Grain Boundary Structure and Composition to Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Grain boundary structure and composition is assessed in austenitic stainless steels along with its influence on intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) in high-temperature water. Brief examples are presented illustrating effects of grain boundary character and segregation on behavior in specific light-water-reactor environments. Although grain boundary engineering can produce an increased fraction of “special” boundaries in austenitic stainless alloys, practical benefits depend on the boundary orientation distribution. It is critical to recognize that only ∑3s appear to be more resistant to SCC and the behavior of other low ∑ boundaries is uncertain. Grain boundary composition can have a dominant effect on IGSCC under certain conditions, but altered interfacial chemistry is not required for cracking. In high-potential oxidizing environments, IGSCC susceptibility is a direct function of the boundary Cr concentration. Non- equilibrium thermal segregation of Cr and Mo is often present in mill-annealed stainless steels and may influence cracking susceptibility. This initial grain boundary composition alters subsequent radiation-induced segregation and delays irradiation-assisted SCC susceptibility to higher doses. Other alloying elements and impurities in 300-series stainless steels have been seen to enrich grain boundaries, but few have any significant impact on IGSCC susceptibility. One exception is Si that strongly segregates during irradiation. Recent results suggest that Si may accelerate crack propagation in both low- and high-potential water environments. Critical research is still needed to isolate individual grain boundary characteristics and quantitatively link them to IGSCC.
Penrose-fife modification of solidification equations has no freezing or melting

Abstract We consider the modifications of the phase field equations suggested by Penrose and Fife and show for the solidification problem that (to macroscopic order) the latent heat is zero, the temperature does not enter into any of the interface conditions, the entropy difference between phases is zero. Hence, there is no (first order) phase transition. Furthermore, the equations imply that any solid surrounded by its liquid counterpart will shrink until extinction at any temperature. For the vaporization equations, the interface alternates between absorbing and releasing heat during vaporization.
Bridging the gap between sensory evaluation and market research

Abstract There is much to be gained from an integration of sensory evaluation and market research to provide a full understanding of the overall evaluation and acceptance of food. This can be achieved if research paradigms and practical applications are broadened to address key issues: the choice of appropriate research subjects, the use of realistic foods and of more complex and realistic environments, the appropriate selection of sensory methods, and the consideration of contextual influences. Improved research paradigms will contribute to our theories of how human eating is controlled and, hence, to the use of this information in product development and biomedical applications.
Surfactant-imposed interference in the optical characterization of GaP nanocrystals

We report on the complications in optical characterization of GaP nanoparticles grown by colloidal chemistry. It is demonstrated that upon exposure to relatively mild heating conditions, the surfactants utilized to arrest growth and/or agglomerization lead to thermal decomposition products, which exhibit optical properties similar to those observed for nanocrystals with broad size distributions. The origin of this photoluminescence is still unknown; however, photoluminescence measurements of surfactants of different purities indicate that the impurities may be responsible for the emission. The results of this study demonstrate the potential complications associated with studying the optical properties of GaP nanocrystals prepared in the presence of commonly utilized surfactants. They suggest that more reliable assignment of the spectral features of nanocrystals can be afforded by a more detailed understanding of the optical properties associated with the surfactants and or their thermal decomposition prod...
Relating Agricultural Land Uses to In-Stream Stormwater Quality

Sixteen largely agricultural watersheds in the upper portion of the North Bosque River of central Texas were instrumented to collect storm event samples for nutrient analysis. Flow-weighted storm-event mean concentrations were averaged across storm events to characterize the water quality at each site for storms sampled between November 1992 and August 1995. Nutrient concentrations were related to land uses above sampling sites using correlation and regression analysis to indicate major sources of nutrient nonpoint source pollution to the upper North Bosque River. Consistently, N and P concentrations increased as the proportion of land area used for dairy waste application fields (or milking cow densities) increased in the drainage basins above sampling sites. The proportion of total P (TP) in runoff represented by soluble reactive P (SRP) also increased as the percent of dairy waste application fields above a sampling site increased; likely as a response to the common practice of surface application of manure to permanent pasture. This increase in SRP is of particular importance because SRP is readily bioavailable in aquatic systems, thus increasing the potential for accelerated eutrophication in receiving waterbodies. The results of these analyses indicate a strong association between in-stream nutrient concentrations during storm events and the percent of dairy waste application fields comprising a drainage area. This indicates a need to manage the movement of nutrients, particularly soluble P, from manure application fields in areas where in-stream nutrient levels are considered a nonpoint source pollution problem.
Bacterial inactivation in open air by the afterglow plume emitted from a grounded hollow slot electrode.

Escherichia coli, Bacillus atrophaeus, and Bacillus atrophaeus spores were exposed to a downstream plasma afterglow plume emitted from a slotted plasma device operating in open air at atmospheric pressure. The reactor electrodes were RF powered at 13.56 MHz to excite a mixture of argon and oxygen gases by a capacitive discharge as it flowed past the electrodes into open air. Bacterial inactivation experiments on surfaces exposed to the plasma afterglow were conducted with varying plasma exposure times. Experimental results demonstrated a colony forming unit (CFU) reduction of almost 5 logo of E. coli with only 1 s of exposure per unit area. One log CFU reduction was observed in B. atrophaeus with the same treatment time of 1 s per unit area. B. atrophaeus spores showed a reduction of 3 log 10 with exposure time of 10 min. Comparison on various growth media suggests that cells are killed rather than sublethally injured, while the mechanistic action of the plasma appears to affect both nucleic acids as well as the cell wall structure. These results present a promising means of inactivation of harmful microbes in a practical environment with an electrically grounded device that is handheld, much like a wand applicator. Results are applicable to the development of plasma sterilization tools for various environmental purposes.
Temperature Gradient Method for Determining Firing Range of Ceramic Bodies

An improved version of Steger's temperature gradient method of studying the firing behavior of ceramic bodies, clays, and glazes is given. The test specimen (8 in. long) is subjected, from one end to the other, to a temperature gradient of several hundred degrees. Such properties as shrinkage, hardness, bloating, crazing, and color are observed for the entire range of temperature. Furnace design and method of plotting results are given.
Underpricing in the Corporate Bond Market

This paper examines underpricing of IPOs and seasoned offerings in the corporate bond market. We investigate whether underpricing represents a solution to an information problem or a liquidity problem. We find that underpricing occurs with both IPOs and seasoned offering and is highest among riskier, unknown firms. Our evidence suggests that information problems drive underpricing, with support for both the bookbuilding view of underpricing and the asymmetric information theory. We do not find evidence in favor of the Rock model of underpricing or any evidence that illiquidity causes underpricing.
Chromosomal banding patterns in patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia

Abstract Approximately 50% of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) patients studied with banding techniques have detectable clonal karyotypic abnormalities. Although there is considerable variability, certain nonrandom abnormalities are observed, including trisomy 8, monosomy 7, and the 8;21 translocation (frequently accompanied by loss of an X or Y). The 15; 17 translocation is highly specific for acute promyelocytic leukemia. Clonal evolution of the karyotype can be observed in a significant number of ANLL patients for whom serial cytogenetic analyses are obtained. Gain of a No. 8 is the most frequently observed evolutionary change. Bone marrow cells from patients who develop ANLL following treatment of a previous malignancy often have hypodiploid modal numbers and frequently show loss of all or part of a chromosome No. 5 or No. 7.
Gelation and Thermal Transitions in Post-Rigor Turkey Myosin/Actomyosin Suspensions

A myosin/actomyosin mixture (MAM), actomyosin and myosin were isolated from post-rigor turkey. Rheological properties of MAM gels were determined by uniaxial compression. Breast MAM formed gels which were stable at lower protein concentrations (10 and 15 mg/mL) than thigh MAM (20 and 25 mg/mL). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and a fluorescent hydrophobic probe, 8-anilino-l-napthalene sulfonate (ANS), were used to study thermal transitions. One DSC peak was observed in breast and thigh MAM. ANS thermograms showed that thigh actomyosin had a greater transition temperature (Tr) (51.8°C) than breast actomyosin (49.7°C). The ANS Tr was 48°C for both myosins. The difference in gelation appeared to be associated with protein-protein interactions.
Potential risks in radiology departments

Pediatric patients in the Emergency Department (ED) often need diagnostic imaging examinations. These range from radiographs to fluoroscopic procedures to CT and MRI. Each of these examinations requires transportation and hand-offs (transfer of patient to different health care workers), and each carries inherent risks of the procedure itself. The following material will examine a variety of common situations that involve interaction between patients from the ED and the radiology department and describe potential risks and methods through which these risks can be minimized.
Oil Spill in the Gulf: Ripple Effects on Small Family Business Owners in South Louisiana

We examine the experiences of small family business owners in south Louisiana in the aftermath of the BP oil spill, using a qualitative case study approach involving twenty-two firms. We find that ...
The mouse lymph node as an ectopic transplantation site for multiple tissues

Cell-based therapy has been viewed as a promising alternative to organ transplantation, but cell transplantation aimed at organ repair is not always possible. Here we show that the mouse lymph node can support the engraftment and growth of healthy cells from multiple tissues. Direct injection of hepatocytes into a single mouse lymph node generated enough ectopic liver mass to rescue the survival of mice with lethal metabolic disease. Furthermore, thymuses transplanted into single lymph nodes of athymic nude mice generated functional immune systems that were capable of rejecting allogeneic and xenogeneic grafts. Additionally, pancreatic islets injected into the lymph nodes of diabetic mice restored normal glucose control. Collectively, these results suggest the practical approach of targeting lymph nodes to restore, maintain or improve tissue and organ functions.
Programmable self-assembly

Two conceptual strategies for encoding information into self-assembling building blocks highlight opportunities and challenges in the realization of programmable colloidal nanostructures.
Establishment and characterization of MRT cell lines from genetically engineered mouse models and the influence of genetic background on their development

Malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs) are rare, aggressive cancers occuring in young children primarily through inactivation of the SNF5(INI1, SMARCB1) tumor suppressor gene. We and others have demonstrated that mice heterozygous for a Snf5 null allele develop MRTs with partial penetrance. We have also shown that Snf5+/− mice that lack expression of the pRb family, due to TgT121 transgene expression, develop MRTs with increased penetrance and decreased latency. Here, we report that altering the genetic background has substantial effects upon MRT development in Snf5+/−- and TgT121;Snf5+/− mice, with a mixed F1 background resulting in increased latency and the appearance of brain tumors. We also report the establishment of the first mouse MRT cell lines that recapitulate many features of their human counterparts. Our studies provide further insight into the genetic influences on MRT development as well as provide valuable new cell culture and genetically engineered mouse models for the study of CNS-MRT etiology.
Iron Pyrite (FeS2) Broad Spectral and Magnetically Responsive Photodetectors

Earth-abundant iron pyrite (FeS2) nanocrystals show great potential in broad photosensing applications due to their high photoabsorption coefficient (>105 cm−1) and ideal bandgap (0.95 eV). However, broad spectral photodetectors using the FeS2 nanojunctions and external stimuli-driven photoresponse have not been demonstrated yet. Here, broad spectral FeS2/CdS bulk nanojunction photodetectors are demonstrated, covering the UV-Vis-NIR wavelength range. This is the first time shape-dependent FeS2 nanocrystals and a dilute magnetic semiconductor phase exhibiting fast photoresponse time (10 ms) and high responsitivity (174.9 A/W) is demonstrated. Tunable photocurrent (73% change) is observed under the magnetic field effect due to the interdiffusion-controlled diluted magnetic semiconductor CdFeS phase. The broad spectral FeS2-based photodetectors open up a new tactic for solution-processed next generation efficient and sustainable photosensing devices.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of symmetric positive solutions of singular boundary value problems

Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained for the existence of symmetric positive solutions to the boundary value problem ( | u ″ | p − 1 u ″ ) ″ = f ( t , u , u ′ , u ″ ) , t ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) , u ( 2 i ) ( 0 ) = u ( 2 i ) ( 1 ) = 0 , i = 0 , 1 . Applications of our results to the special case where f is a power function of u and its derivatives are also discussed. Moreover, similar conclusions for a more general higher order boundary value problem are established. Our results extend some recent work in the literature on boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations. The analysis of this paper mainly relies on fixed point theorems on cones.
Effect of intraperitoneal and intragastric loading with water and isosmotic solutions of saline and glucose on water intake of dehydrated rats.

Abstract Female rats, dehydrated with food available for 24 hr, lost 6 to 8% of body weight. When allowed access to water, 40 to 60% of the weight deficit was replaced within the first hr. Either intraperitoneal (IP) or intragastric (IG) water loads (3% of body weight) administered just prior to return of water inhibited water intake of dehydrated rats nearly completely during the first hr of access to water. In contrast, similar loads of isotonic saline were much less effective. Even when 0.5 and 1.0 hr elapsed between IP loading (3% of body weight) with isotonic saline and access to water, water intake was not significantly different from that of untreated, dehydrated controls. In contrast, a similar IP load of water at these times completely inhibited water intake. Because of the contrasting effects of similar loads of water and isotonic saline on water intake of dehydrated rats, additional studies were carried out with an isosmotic solution of glucose (5%). IG administration (3% of body weight) of glucose inhibited water intake of dehydrated rats. IP administration (3% of body weight) attenuated the drinking response but did not reduce it to the level observed in dehydrated rats given an IP water load. When isosmotic glucose was administered at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 hr prior to allowing access to water, water intake was reduced significantly below that of dehydrated controls and to the same extent regardless of time of administration of the glucose load. This suggests that inhibition of water intake in dehydrated rats can result from either IG or IP loading and is a function of the type of loading solution rather than the extent of stretch of the gastrointestinal tract or peritoneal cavity. These results also suggest that those loading solutions which draw solutes from extracellular fluid into the peritoneal cavity or gastrointestinal tract inhibit water intake of dehydrated rats. Isotonic saline solutions, which fail to do this, are relatively ineffective in reducing water intake of dehydrated rats. In support of this hypothesis, the effectiveness of similar volumes of saline loading solutions in reducing water intake appeared to increase with decreasing concentrations.
Plantar fibromatosis: most common sonographic appearance and variations.

Purpose The aim of this study was to describe the most common sonographic appearances of plantar fibromatosis, thus enabling sonographic diagnosis of this benign, focally invasive fibrous neoplasm. Methods The medical records, pathologic reports, and sonographic reports and images of 22 patients with palpable plantar masses were reviewed retrospectively. The sonographic findings were used to characterize those masses with respect to location, shape, size, and echogenicity. Sixteen patients were included in this study because of the proximity of their lesions to the plantar fascia; 6 patients were excluded because their lesions were metatarsophalangeal bursae or ganglia. Results The 20 feet examined in the 16 patients studied contained 43 distinct lesions, all located on the surface of the plantar fascia. Thirty-seven (86%) of the 43 were 20 mm long or less. Thirty-seven (86%) of the 43 lesions were elongated; the remaining 6 (14%) were round or oval. Twenty-five (68%) of the 37 elongated lesions had tapered ends, and the other 12 (32%) had rounded ends. Thirty-one (72%) of the 43 lesions were hypoechoic; 25 (81%) of these 31 measured as long as 10 mm. Ten (83%) of the 12 lesions that had mixed echogenicity were longer than 10 mm. Conclusions The lesions of plantar fibromatosis were characteristically located on the surface of the plantar fascia, sagittally elongated, most often less than 20 mm long, fusiform, and hypoechoic. Lesions longer than 10 mm often exhibited mixed echogenicity. The superficial location and appearance should strongly suggest plantar fibromatosis, although careful examination is required to exclude other possibilities, such as sarcoma. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:499–505, 2001.
A Closed Queueing Maintenance Network with Two Repair Centres

In this paper we introduce a model to determine the maintenance float needed to maximize the availability of an operating system with N number of circulating units. An implicit enumeration algorithm is used as a solution technique to the closed queueing maintenance network with two types of repairs: minor and major repairs. It is shown that when there is no differentiation of repair type, this special case is obtained as a by-product of the two-repair-centre model. This paper assumes exponential failure times and exponential repair times with load-independent servers. The approach followed in this paper provides an approximate and simple way to solve the maintenance-float problem of this complex closed-network system.
The GSFC/Wisconsin X-ray spectroscopy investigation for AXAF

A novel device is described which combines the high quantum efficiency of a photoelectric detector with the high energy resolution of a dispersive spectrometer in a system that operates simultaneously over the whole AXAF bandpass. It is basically an X-ray calorimeter, in which the temperature rise of an X-ray absorber following the deposition of energy from a single X-ray photon can be measured to an accuracy expected to be of order one part in 1000 at 6 keV.
Can resveratrol extend your life

Is There An Answer? is intended to serve as a forum in which readers to IUBMB Life may pose questions of the type that intrigue biochemists but for which there may be no obvious answer or one may be available but not widely known or easily accessible. Readers are invited to e-mail ascenzi@uniroma3.it if they have questions to contribute or if they can provide answers to questions that are provided here from time to time. In the latter case, instructions will be sent to interested readers. Answers should be, whenever possible, evidence-based and provide relevant references. Paolo Ascenzi
Electron emission characteristics of GaN pyramid arrays grown via organometallic vapor phase epitaxy

Selective growth of arrays of silicon-doped GaN (Si:GaN) pyramids for field emitter applications has been achieved. The electron emission characteristics of these arrays has been measured using techniques such as field emission, field emission energy distribution analysis (FEED), photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM), and field emission electron microscopy (FEEM). The field emission current–voltage (I–V) results indicate an average threshold field as low as 7 V/μm for an emission current of 10 nA. It is suggested that the low threshold field value is a consequence of both the low work function of Si:GaN and the field enhancement of the pyramids. The results of the FEEM and FEED measurements indicate agreement with the field emission I–V characteristics. The FEED results indicate that the Si:GaN pyramids are conducting, and that no significant ohmic losses are present between the top contact to the array and the field emitting pyramids. The PEEM and FEEM images show that the emission from the arrays is ...
Mind-body practices: an alternative, drug-free treatment for smoking cessation? A systematic review of the literature

Abstract Objective The limited success of current smoking cessation therapies encourages research into new treatment strategies. Mind–body practices such as yoga and meditation have the potential to aid smoking cessation and become an alternative drug-free treatment option. The aim of this article is to assess the efficacy of yoga and other meditation-based interventions for smoking cessation, to identify the challenges of clinical trials applying mind–body treatments, and to outline directions for future research on these types of therapies to assist in smoking cessation. Methods A systematic review of the scientific literature. Results Fourteen clinical trials met the inclusion criteria defined for this review. Each article was reviewed thoroughly, and evaluated for quality, design, and methodology. Although primary outcomes differed between studies, the fourteen articles, most with limitations, reported promising effects supporting further investigation of the use of these practices to improve smoking cessation. Conclusions The literature supports yoga and meditation-based therapies as candidates to assist smoking cessation. However, the small number of studies available and associated methodological problems require more clinical trials with larger sample sizes and carefully monitored interventions to determine rigorously if yoga and meditation are effective treatments.
Single-step joint Fourier transform correlator

A single step implementation of the joint Fourier transform correlation without any square law detector is proposed. Computer simulation results of the proposed correlator is included to verify its validity.
Optical properties of free-electron metal films including electron surface scattering: Experiment

One problem which has plagued thin-film work is the inability to reconcile optical observations with conductivity measurements. Theories which describe optical properties of free-electron metal (FEM) films fail to accurately describe the electrical properties of the same. In an earlier paper, the reflectance and transmittance of thin FEM films were described for any angle of incidence using the free-electron with surface scattering (FESS) theory first developed by Reuter and Sondheimer. In this paper the FESS expressions for reflectance and transmittance of FEM films are used with a nonlinear least-squares analysis program to find the microscopic parameters of thin gold films. The conductivities calculated using these microscopic parameters are found to be in excellent agreement with experimentally measured values for the same films. Also, electron surface scattering appears to cause some anisotropy in gold films.