cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The adsorption of polymerized rodlike micelles at the solid-liquid interface.

Solutions of rodlike polymeric micellar aggregates, formed from the polymerization of cetyltrimethylammonium 4-vinylbenzoate (CTVB), adsorb at the solid−liquid interface. The poly-CTVB aggregates are imaged in situ using soft contact atomic force microscopy. The aggregates form self-organized two-dimensional films that show a high degree of order on nanometer to micrometer length scales. Unlike their simple surfactant analogues, the adsorbed layer structures are permanently adsorbed and the structure is resilient to washing with pure solvent. In the case of poly-CTVB, the adsorbed aggregates appear to be rigid cylindrical structures of between 30 and 60 nm in length. At the interface, the center to center spacing of the aligned aggregates is 8 ± 1 nm. Images of a second series of polymerized aggregates formed by the copolymerization of CTVB with sodium vinyltosylate revealed a change in the aggregate structure to a set of linked spherical aggregates. These polymerized aggregates also spontaneously form a ...
Abstract 5074: Identification of Ras compartment-specific interacting proteins

Ras proteins are powerful molecular switches that control a wide range of functions, including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, cytoskeleton remodeling, etc. In humans, there are three RAS genes encode structurally highly similar Ras proteins that appear to have different functions in the cell. We have previously reported that a given Ras protein can signal from different cell compartments to control distinct functions in yeast. This present project aims to identify proteins that bind Ras in a cell compartment-specific manner in human cells to define how compartmentalized Ras signaling impacts tumor formation. We used the biomolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) method to screen a human cDNA library. Sixty two proteins were thus identified that bound the constitutively activated H-Ras (H-RasG12V), but not the GST control. These proteins also bound weakly to H-RasG12V whose effector binding motif has been mutated. To determine if these proteins can alter Ras functions, we first overexpressed them and then tested for their impacts on Ras-induced cell transformation and transcription. Only 25 of the isolated proteins could alter Ras signaling in these assays. Many of these 25 proteins are known to either associate with cellular membrane and/or regulate protein transportation, suggesting that as a group they highlight the importance of regulating Ras trafficking in the control of cell transformation. In particular, a number of isolated proteins may regulate endosome sorting, and we thus focused on two such proteins, CHMP6/VPS20 and VPS4A, for further investigation. We first validated the Ras binding by co-immunoprecipitation; furthermore the microscopy data showed that the binding is readily detectable in endosomes. Moreover, up- or down-regulating of level of either CHMP6/VPS20 or VPS4A dramatically inhibited Ras-induced transformation of NIH-3T3 cells. To determine how these molecules regulate Ras activities, we first examined whether they modulate Ras protein intracellular transport. Cell fractionation using sucrose gradients has shown that VPS4A knock-down could alter both wide-type and constitutively activated Ras membrane localization. In summary, we indentified Ras compartment-specific binding proteins by a cell-based approach. Many of the proteins are trafficking regulating proteins. In particular, two endosome sorting proteins CHMP6/VPS20 and VPS4A have been shown to regulate the oncogenic effects of Ras, possibly by localizing Ras proteins into proper cell compartments. We believe that the study of compartment-specific Ras interacting proteins is indispensable for better understanding the complex roles of Ras in oncogenesis of breast cancer as well as many other cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5074.
General patterns of niche construction and the management of ‘wild’ plant and animal resources by small-scale pre-industrial societies

Niche construction efforts by small-scale human societies that involve ‘wild’ species of plants and animals are organized into a set of six general categories based on the shared characteristics of the target species and similar patterns of human management and manipulation: (i) general modification of vegetation communities, (ii) broadcast sowing of wild annuals, (iii) transplantation of perennial fruit-bearing species, (iv) in-place encouragement of economically important perennials, (v) transplantation and in-place encouragement of perennial root crops, and (vi) landscape modification to increase prey abundance in specific locations. Case study examples, mostly drawn from North America, are presented for each of the six general categories of human niche construction. These empirically documented categories of ecosystem engineering form the basis for a predictive model that outlines potential general principles and commonalities in how small-scale human societies worldwide have modified and manipulated their ‘natural’ landscapes throughout the Holocene.
A Stitch in Time Saves Nine: Intervention Strategies for the Remediation of Competency

The mission of medical educators in all fields is to perfect the science and the art of training competent physicians and the next generation of leaders. To do this, outcomes research regarding effective training and supervision techniques and curricula, the optimal educational environment, assessment, and remediation of competency is needed. It is incumbent upon training directors to continue to provide the primary leadership for the field of training. The areas that are ripe for research and development include effective curricula, effective evaluation and remediation of competency, and leadership skill development. As medicine becomes more complex, so does the task of training physicians. Joint monitoring and outcomes research of the training enterprise are the scholarly and academic missions of the present and the future.
Behavior of erythrocytes in various solvent systems. VI. Water-tetramethylurea.

Hemolytic behavior of human erythrocytes in watertetramethylurea (TMU) solutions was investigated. TMU freely permeates human red blood cells; however, hemolysis can be prevented by the inclusion of 0.9% sodium chloride in solutions containing up to 8% TMU. The addition of sodium chloride to solutions containing more than 8% TMU did not prevent hemolysis, discoloration, and precipitation of blood components. Divalent and trivalent anions gave greater protection against hemolysis than did the sodium chloride. When possible, the data were used to calculate van't Hoff i values for sodium chloride in aqueous solutions.
Physical state of cytochrome oxidase: Relationship between membrane formation and ionic strength

Abstract Preparations of lipid-containing and lipid-depleted cytochrome oxidase from beef heart mitochondria through use of Triton non-ionic detergents is described. The lipid-containing oxidase is shown to form either a membranous or dispersed state. The dispersed state requires the presence of salt whereas the membranous condition is obtained by reducing the ionic strength. The membranous form shows low activity in comparison to the dispersed form. Typical unit membrane structure can be shown in sections of the membranous oxidase or in reaggregated membranous oxidase even though the lipid content is as low as eight percent. Both the dispersed and membranous oxidase show 50-A globules by negative staining whereas the lipid-free oxidase shows strings of 20 A diameter.
Insect photoperiodism: the "T experiment" as evidence for an hourglass mechanism.

"T experiments" demonstrate that the clock controlling termination of larval diapause in Ostrinia nubilalis is an hourglass mechanism that measures 8 hours of darkness. Circadian oscillations are not involved in photoperiodic time measurement in this species.
Influence of a magnetic field on the ultrasonic attenuation in impure metals

Abstract The ultrasonic attenuation of longitudinal and shear waves in brass and silicon-bronze was measured in a d.c. magnetic field up to 145 kG. The experimental results are in satisfactory agreement with predictions based on the Alpher-Rubin theory.
The relationship of MRI subcortical hyperintensities to treatment response in a trial of sertraline in geriatric depressed outpatients.

The authors examined differences in antidepressant treatment response in geriatric outpatients with high vs. low levels of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-defined subcortical hyperintensities (SH). Participants included 59 outpatients with mild-to-moderate depression (mean age: 69±5.63 years; mean Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score: 21±2.88) who participated in a placebo-controlled trial of sertraline and underwent a standardized brain MRI. Results revealed that the high-SH group was significantly older than the low-SH group but, contrary to the hypothesis, antidepressant treatment response did not differ between the high- and low-SH groups. The association between SH and antidepressant treatment response in depressed geriatric outpatients remains unclear and deserves further investigation.
Estimating uncompensated care charges at rural hospital emergency departments.

ABSTRACT: Context: Rural hospitals face multiple financial burdens. Due to federal law, emergency departments (ED) provide a gateway for uninsured and self-pay patients to gain access to treatment. It is unknown how much uncompensated care in rural hospitals is due to ED visits.Purpose: To develop a national estimate of uncompensated care from patients utilizing the ED in rural hospitals.Methods: Clinical data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey-ED (NHAMCS-ED) from 1999 and 2000 were linked to billing data from South Carolina. National estimates of utilization and charges were calculated, with rurality and self-pay status being the variables of focus.Findings: Applying South Carolina billing data to national clinical data yields a national estimate for 1999-2000 of nearly $441 billion in charges being generated through emergency departments, with self-pay patients representing 9.0% of total charges. Rural self-pay patients accounted for an estimated $3.5 billion in charges in 1999 and $5.3 billion in 2000. These charges may represent a total financial burden of more than $4 billion to rural hospitals.Conclusions: Efforts should be made to reduce the uncompensated care burden on rural hospitals to ensure their viability. These efforts may include Medicaid/SCHIP expansions, FQHCs or RHCs, Critical Access Hospital Designation, or other indigent care programs that would reduce the need for self-pay patients to utilize EDs.
Use of the vacuum-assisted closure device in enhancing closure of a massive skull defect.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The objective was to describe a novel technique for reconstructing the cranial vertex without the use of free tissue transfer. Study Design: Case report, literature review, and discussion. Methods: A 50-year-old woman presented from a remote Pacific Island community with a 12 x 14-cm, necrotic, grossly contaminated eccrine gland carcinoma of the cranial vertex that extended through the calvarium but did not invade the dura. Following tumor extirpation, the resulting bony defect was 10 x 12 cm in size, with a concomitant scalp defect of 14 x 16 cm. Free tissue transfer was impossible because of severe intimal peripheral vascular disease, posing a challenging reconstructive dilemma. After tumor resection, the bony edges were covered with local scalp flaps and the vacuum-assisted closure device was placed over the wound at a constant setting of -50 mm Hg. The vacuum-assisted closure device was changed three times per week for 3 weeks. Results: A thick, 1-cm bed of granulation tissue developed over the dura, allowing temporary coverage by a split-thickness skin graft, and the scalp defect decreased in size by approximately 25%. The patient did not develop meningitis, headache, or localized infection as a result of placement of the vacuum-assisted closure device and tolerated the vacuum-assisted closure well. After a requisite period of healing, tissue expanders and calvarial reconstruction will be performed. Conclusion: Use of the vacuum-assisted closure device is a safe, reliable adjunct in the closure of large cranial defects with exposed dura and offers a novel reconstructive option for complex defects of the head and neck.
Squeeze Film Damper With a Mechanical End Seal: Experimental Force Coefficients Derived From Circular Centered Orbits

The paper presents parameter identification measurements conducted on a squeeze film damper (SFD) featuring a nonrotating mechanical seal that effectively eliminates lubricant side leakage. The SFD-seal arrangement generates dissipative forces due to viscous and dry-friction effects from the lubricant film and surfaces in contact, respectively. The test damper reproduces an aircraft application that must contain the lubricant for extended periods of time. The test damper journal is 2.54 cm in length and 12.7 cm in diameter, with a nominal clearance of 0.127 mm. The damper feed end opens to a plenum filled with lubricant, and at its discharge grooved section, four orifice ports evacuate the lubricant. In earlier publications, single frequency force excitation tests were conducted, without and with lubricant in the squeeze film land, to determine the seal dry-friction force and viscous damping force coefficients. Presently, further measurements are conducted to identify the test system and SFD force coefficients using two sets of flow restrictor orifice sizes (2.8 mm and 1.1 mm in diameter). The flow restrictors regulate the discharge flow area and thus control the oil flow through the squeeze film. The experiments also include measurements of dynamic pressures at the squeeze film land and at the discharge groove. The magnitude of dynamic pressure in the squeeze film land is nearly identical for both sets of flow restrictors, and for small orbit radii, dynamic pressures in the discharge groove have peak values similar to those in the squeeze film land. The identified parameters include the test system damping and the individual contributions from the squeeze film, dry friction in the mechanical seal and structure remnant damping. The identified system damping coefficients are frequency and motion amplitude dependent due to the dry-friction interaction at the mechanical seal interface. Squeeze film force coefficients, damping and added mass, are in agreement with simple predictive formulas for an uncavitated lubricant condition and are similar for both flow restrictor sizes. The SFD-mechanical seal arrangement effectively prevents air ingestion and entrapment and generates predicable force coefficients for the range of frequencies tested.
Preoperative Angiotensin Blocking Drug Therapy Is not Associated with Atrial Fibrillation after Cardiac Surgery

Background Preoperative use of angiotensin-blocking drug therapy (ABDT) with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers and its link to occurrence of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF), a common marker of poor outcomes after cardiac surgery, remain controversial. Methods From 1997 to 2003, 10,552 patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with or without valve surgery. To adjust for differences of clinical characteristics between patients who received ABDT within 24 hours before surgery compared with those who did not, propensity score analyses were conducted. Results Angiotensin-blocking drug therapy was prescribed in 4,795 (45%) before surgery, of which 1,725 (36%) developed POAF before discharge versus 1,908 (33%) of 5,757 patients who did not receive ABDT (unadjusted odds ratio 1.13, 95% CI 1.05-1.25, P P = .38). Stratified analysis within quintiles of propensity score and propensity-adjusted logistic multivariable regression confirmed these findings. Conclusions In this large observational study, we found no evidence of an association between preoperative angiotensin blockade and the occurrence of POAF. Adequately powered randomized studies are needed to clarify the best strategy of perioperative ABDT in patients with and without guideline-based indications.
Mobility and Control Among Nomadic Shepherds: The Case of the Raikas. II

This paper analyzes the relationship between leaders and ordinary shepherds among the raikas—nomadic shepherds from western India. It uses a neo-institutional perspective to show how control over information is crucial if shepherds are to prevent their leader from misusing the extensive powers he possesses to make decisions on their behalf. Control over information is not, however, sufficient. The paper argues that shepherds must also possess the capacity to impose sanctions if their leader oversteps the bounds of delegated decision-making authority. The paper highlights the importance of politics and the divergent interests of the shepherds and their leaders. In so doing, it allows inquiry into a system of social interactions that is characterized by conflicting interests and the negotiation of conflict, but is often perceived as harmonious. At the same time, the investigation offers new insights into other social situations structured by principal-agent relationships.
Asymmetric Social Proximity Based Private Matching Protocols for Online Social Networks

The explosive growth of Online Social Networks (OSNs) over the past few years has redefined the way people interact with existing friends and especially make new friends. Some works propose to let people become friends if they have similar profile attributes. However, profile matching involves an inherent privacy risk of exposing private profile information to strangers in the cyberspace. The existing solutions to the problem attempt to protect users’ privacy by privately computing the intersection or intersection cardinality of the profile attribute sets of two users. These schemes have some limitations and can still reveal users’ privacy. In this paper, we leverage community structures to redefine the OSN model and propose a realistic asymmetric social proximity measure between two users. Then, based on the proposed asymmetric social proximity, we design three private matching protocols, which provide different privacy levels and can protect users’ privacy better than the previous works. We also analyze the computation and communication cost of these protocols. Finally, we validate our proposed asymmetric proximity measure using real social network data and conduct extensive simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocols in terms of computation cost, communication cost, total running time, and energy consumption. The results show the efficacy of our proposed proximity measure and better performance of our protocols over the state-of-the-art protocols.
Monetary aggregation in the United States and Canada

Abstract This paper considers monetary aggregation and monetary integration in North America. It explains how monetary aggregation works in a world of imperfect monetary substitutes in which the prices of the usual monetary subcomponents are flexible. This involves pretesting the data to make it consistent with the General Axiom of Revealed Preference and then creating aggregates using the Divisia technique. With these data, cointegration tests were unsuccessful, possibly because of asymmetric shocks to the two economics. Granger causality tests were successful when one of the monetary variables was a Divisia index. The most convincing causation ran from the United States to Canada.
High resolution two dimensional readout of microchannel plates with large area delay lines

A large-area (140 mm*140 mm) delay line anode has been used to read out microchannel plates (MCPs) at high resolution. Two-dimensional images in which the individual MCP microchannels were resolved were made at an MCP charge of 2.4*10/sup 7/ e. A FWHM resolution of approximately 18 mu m has been demonstrated. >
Improving the performance of phase-change perfluorocarbon droplets for medical ultrasonography: current progress, challenges, and prospects.

Over the past two decades, perfluorocarbon (PFC) droplets have been investigated for biomedical applications across a wide range of imaging modalities. More recently, interest has increased in “phase-change” PFC droplets (or “phase-change” contrast agents), which can convert from liquid to gas with an external energy input. In the field of ultrasound, phase-change droplets present an attractive alternative to traditional microbubble agents for many diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Despite the progress, phase-change PFC droplets remain far from clinical implementation due to a number of challenges. In this review, we survey our recent work to enhance the performance of phase-change agents for ultrasound through a variety of techniques in order to provide increased efficacy in therapeutic applications of ultrasound and enable previously unexplored applications in diagnostic and molecular imaging.
The DNA Wars: Part I.

DNA technology is now widely used in most developed countries for the investigation of serious crimes, for identification of recovered human remains, and for humanitarian family reunifications. Nothing about the laboratory or statistical methods used in forensic DNA analysis is truly revolutionary in terms of the major paradigm shifts described by Thomas Kuhn (Structure of Scientific Revolutions). Nevertheless, the use of DNA-based technologies that began in the late 1980s has truly revolutionized the way that our society and our courts view all manner of scientific evidence presented by expert witnesses.
Fiber and Putative Prebiotics in Beer

Beers were analyzed for their content of high molecular weight and low molecular weight β-linked glucan. These fractions were referred to as soluble fiber and putative prebiotic, respectively. Total β-linked glucan ranged from 0.34 to 3.79 mg/mL in the beers tested. Only one of the samples tested, a nonalcoholic beer, contained total β-glucan at more than 1.6 mg/mL. Soluble fiber ranged from 0.01 to 0.33 mg/mL. Thus, in all instances, there was vastly more low molecular weight glucan. Some of the beers tested could make a meaningful contribution to the daily intake of these types of materials.
Abscisic acid induces aerial leaf morphology and vasculature in submerged Hippuris vulgaris L.

Abstract The freshwater angiosperm Hippuris vulgaris L., Mare's-tail, exhibits distinct morphological and anatomical differences between leaves produced on submerged and aerial shoots. Heterophyllic development usually occurs following submergence or emergence of the shoot apex. The hormonal basis for aerial leaf development was examined by culturing submerged shoots in the presence of 0.1 -μM abscisic acid (ABA) in half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with either 3% (w/v) sucrose or bubbled with 1% (v/v) carbon dioxide in air for 20 days. Submerged plants cultured in the presence of 0.1-μM ABA flowered and produced leaves with all the aerial leaf characteristics, including increased cuticulization, presence of stomata, reduced epidermal cell lengths, branched vasculature and differentiated mesophyll. Submerged shoots grown in media of lower water potential (−1.1 MPa) similarly developed aerial-type leaves. A regulatory role for endogenous ABA content, possibly mediated by emergence-induced water stress, in the control of aerial leaf development in Hippuris is suggested.
Triple pomeron vertex and complex pomeron trajectories

Abstract Complex Pomeron trajectories can give rise to (log s)2-shrinkage of the diffraction peak. With factorization, one obtains consistency with the energy momentum sum rule in the triple-Regge limit provided the total cross section approaches a constant or increases less fast than ( log s) 1 2 .
A kinematic model of a solar flare.

Hyder advocated the idea that the optical (Hα) flares can be identified with the response of the solar chromosphere to an infalling material stream resulting from the ‘disparition brusque’ of a prominence. Since some flares are observed without any apparent association with infalling streams, in this paper we examine the possibility of identifying the optical flare with the response of the chromosphere to a supersonic disturbance, i.e., a shock, propagating downward. The undisturbed chromosphere is represented by the Harvard-Smithsonian Reference Atmosphere and the evolution of the shock is evaluated with the use of the CCW (Chisnell, Chester, Whitham) approximation based on the theory of characteristics. It is shown that the chromosphere is heated by the shock and that radiation is enhanced, and that the enhanced radiation terminates the shock around the height of the temperature minimum. Numerical results obtained and possible future improvements of this type of study are discussed.
Optical and magnetic resonance spectra of linear chain excitons

The zero-field optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectra for the lowest triplet state of pairs of 1,4- dibromonaphthalene molecules is reported. The structures of the three magnetic transitions for both monomers and dimers were interpreted by incorporating in the spin hamiltonians the fine structure, hyperfine structure, and quadrupole interactions. The resonance multiplet emission from the different clusters of dibromonaphthalene-h_6 in the perdeutrohost, at different guest concentrations, gave the pairwise triplet excitation transfer matrix element β_c = 6.2 ± 0.3 cm^(−1) for the 0—0 transition. The luminescence results suggest a role for energy transport between the different clusters in the chain in the thermalization process for excitations.
Effect of nitrogen rate, nitrogen timing, and nitrification inhibitors on grain sorghum production in Arkansas

Abstract Nitrogen efficiency may be improved in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] production by using the optimum N rate, splitting the N applications, and by the use of nitrification inhibitors. Nitrogen rates of 0, 56, 112, 168, and 224 kg N/ha with and without nitrification inhibitors, dicyandiamide (DCD) and nitrapyrin, were evaluated in 1985 and 1986 at two locations in Arkansas. Selected N rates were evaluated when applied all preplant and when the applications were split. In 1986, at one location, two N rates (0 and 168 kg N/ha), DCD and nitrapyrin, and different times of N application were evaluated. These treatments were evaluated at two soil water deficits, 2 and 4 cm. The soils were a poorly drained Sharkey sc (Vertic Haplaquept) in northern Arkansas and moderately well drained Hebert sl (Aeric Ochraqualf) in southern Arkansas. Maximum grain sorghum yield occurred at a lower N rate on the silt loam soil than on the clayey soil in both years of the study. Based on soil inorganic N, th...
VERY FAST SIMULATED REANNEALING IN RADIATION THERAPY TREATMENT PLAN OPTIMIZATION

Abstract Purpose : Very Fast Simulated Reannealing is a relatively new (1989) abd sophisticated algorithm for simulated annealing applications. It offers the advantages of annealing methods while requiring shorter execution times. The purpose of this investigation was to adapt Very Fast Simulated Reannealing to conformal treatment planning optimization. Methods and Materials : We used Very Fast Simulated Reannealing to optimize treatment for three clinical cases with two different cost functions. The first cost function was linear (minimum target dose) with nonlinear dose-volume weighted product of normal tissue complication probabilities and the tumor control probability Results : For the cost functions used in this study, the Very Fast Simulated Reanneling algorithm achieved results within 5-1% of the final solution (100,000 iterations) after 1000 iterations and within 3–5% of the final solution after 5000–10000 iterations. These solutions were superior to those produced by a conventional treatment plan based on an analysis of the resulting dose-volume histograms. However, this technique is a stochastic method and results vary in a statistical manner. Successive solutions may differ by up to 10%. Conclusion : Very Fast Reannealing with modifications, is suitable for radiation therapy treatment planning optimization. It produced results within 3–10% of the optimal solution, produced using another optimization algorithm (Mixed Integer Programming), in clinically useful execution times.
Performance evaluation of modified Semi-continuous Elements in Aerosol Sampler-III

Abstract A field study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a Semi-continuous Elements in Aerosol Sampler-III (SEAS-III), designed to collect ambient PM2.5 aerosol samples at a time resolution of 30 min for elemental concentration measurements. Two identical but modified SEAS-III samplers were operated for four continuous weeks in Dearborn, MI, during July–August 2007. A total of 2308 samples were collected from the two samplers. Sampling completeness from the primary and duplicate samplers was 90% and 84%, respectively. All of the collected samples were analyzed for dilute acid-extractable trace metal concentrations using HR-ICPMS. A total of 878 collection time-matched sample pairs were available to evaluate whole-system uncertainty from collocated concentration measurements. The collocated precision for the 27 studied elements (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Ce, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ge, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn) varied between 9% and 40%. Twenty elements showed precision better than 25%. Uncertainty estimates from propagation of errors compared well with the whole-system uncertainty values for all minor aerosol elements studied. SEAS-III measurements of As, Cd, Ge, K, La, Mn, Mo, Na, Rb, Se, Sb, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn correlated well (r > 0.8) with a FRM equivalent PM2.5 integrated filter sampling method. Based on these measurements, collection efficiency of SEAS-III was estimated to be 87 ± 16%. Solubility of particles in the collection medium (water) was identified as a possible reason for low recovery of Al, Fe, Pb, Sb, and Sn.
Bayes error probability with inaccurate decision threshold

In a binary detection problem, the author derives an expression for the excess error probability caused by inaccurate setting of the threshold. >
The Four Hundred and Four Theses of Dr. John Eck, Published in 1530

In fulfilling the duty which you have assigned me, I have selected a topic pertaining to the history of the preparation of the earliest and fundamental Confession of Protestant Christianity, the Augsburg Confession. It is my purpose to estimate the influence, upon its final form, of a document which the Lutheran Reformers found in circulation on their arrival at Augsburg more than seven weeks before the Confession was presented by the Evangelical Princes to the Emperor Charles V.
Laparoscopic Colopexy in Horses

Objective—To describe a technique for laparoscopic colopexy in horses. Study Design—Description of a technique to perform laparoscopic colopexy in horses. Animals—Six healthy adult horses between 3 and 23 years of age and weighing between 440 and 636 kg. Methods—Horses were positioned in dorsal recumbency, and the abdomen was insufflated to an intraabdominal pressure of 15 mm Hg. A laparoscope portal was placed at the umbilicus, and instrument portals were placed cranial to the laparoscope and lateral to midline. The lateral taenia of the left ventral colon was laparoscopically identified and retracted with Babcock forceps to the peritoneal surface and sutured with two strands of size 2 monofilament nylon in a continuous pattern via laparoscopic observation. All horses were euthanatized 90 days after surgery, and the colopexy adhesion was examined histologically. Results—Laparoscopic colopexy was successful in all six horses. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Initial abdominal insufflation to 15 mm Hg required an average of 38 L (range 32 to 46 L) of carbon dioxide and 9.8 minutes (range 9 to 11 minutes) to be completed. A total of 132 L of carbon dioxide (range 64 to 196 L) was needed for the entire procedure. The laparoscopic colopexy procedure required 95 minutes (range 60 to 142 minutes) to perform. Laparoscopic colopexy resulted in a firm, fibrous adhesion of the colon to the abdominal tunic. Microscopically the colopexy adhesion was mature fibrous tissue with no evidence of inflammation. Conclusions—Laparoscopic colopexy can be successfully performed in horses with minimal abdominal invasion.
Effects of a nationwide Hib vaccine shortage on vaccination coverage in the United States.

Abstract Background A shortage of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine that occurred in the United States during December 2007 to September 2009 resulted in an interim recommendation to defer the booster dose, but to continue to vaccinate as recommended with the primary series during the first year of life. Objectives To quantify effects of the Hib shortage on vaccination coverage and to determine if any demographic subgroups were disproportionately affected. Methods Data from the 2009 National Immunization Survey (NIS) were divided based on child's age at the onset of the shortage. Comparisons were made in primary series coverage by 9 months between children Results Nationally, there was a difference in Hib primary series completion by 9 months among children age P P Conclusions As expected booster dose coverage was reduced consistent with interim recommendations, but primary series coverage was also reduced by 7 percentage points nationally.
Age of Tektites

AN investigation has been made of the argon content of tektites utilizing the mass-spectrometric isotopic-dilution technique in an attempt to find a clue to the origin of these supposedly meteoric glasses1. Previous investigations have shown that the bubbles frequently present in tektites have a gas pressure of less than 10−3 atmosphere2, and that the total argon content of the tektites is below the limits of detection of the ordinary methods of gas analysis3. These results show that, from the point of view of age determination of these materials by the argon method, diffusion is negligible.
Joint channel/network coding for star networks

Channel coding alone is not sufficient to reliably transmit a message of finite length from a source to one or more destinations as in, e.g., file transfer. To ensure that no data is lost, it must be combined with rateless erasure correcting schemes on a higher layer, such as a time-division multiple access (TDMA) system paired with automatic repeat request (ARQ) or random linear network coding (RLNC). We consider binary channel coding on a binary symmetric channel (BSC) and q-ary RLNC for erasure correction in a star network, where Y sources send messages to each other with the help of a central relay. We focus on finite block lengths and compare the expected throughputs of RLNC and TDMA. For a total message length of K bits, which can be subdivided into blocks of smaller size prior to channel coding, we obtain the channel coding rate and the number of blocks that maximize the expected throughput of both RLNC and TDMA, and we find that TDMA is more throughput-efficient for small K and small q.
Inferior colliculus stimulation and changes in 2f1−f2 distortion product otoacoustic emissions in the rat

Abstract The external, central and dorsal subnuclei of the inferior colliculus (ICX, ICC, ICD respectively) have different patterns of descending projections to the periolivary region. We found that electrical stimulation of these subnuclei in anesthetized rats causes suppression of 2f 1 −f 2 distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE). The responses in DPOAEs to stimulation of ICX and ICC are characterized by a large (7–25 dB), initial suppression which lasted 25–30 s (early phase) followed by a sustained smaller (3–15 dB) suppression (late phase). ICX stimulation produces the largest suppressions of DPOAEs in both contralateral and ipsilateral ears equally. Stimulation of the ICC causes large suppressions in the contralateral ear DPOAEs but much smaller than the suppressions of DPOAEs caused by ICX stimulation. Stimulation of the ICC causes a much smaller suppression in the ipsilateral ear DPOAEs than in the contralateral ear DPOAEs. ICD stimulation, however, produces little or no suppression of DPOAEs in either ear when compared to other subnuclei. No frequency-specific changes in DPOAEs were seen with stimulation of any of the subnuclei of the inferior colliculus (IC). Sectioning of middle ear muscles did not negate the suppressive effects of IC stimulation on DPOAEs. These findings verify that the IC has a subnucleus-specific influence over cochlear micromechanics.
Illegal parking in spaces reserved for people with disabilities: A review of the research

Research is reviewed concerning illegal parking in spaces reserved for people with disabilities. The problem of the high frequency of illegal parking has been well documented. Methods for decreasing frequency of violations that have been investigated include types of signs, messages on signs, printed messages left on windshields, patrols by volunteers, fines, and increased enforcement by police. Vertical signs, particularly signs warning of serious financial consequences for illegal parking, decrease the violation rate, but low enforcement rate remains a problem. Demographics of violators and possible reasons for their illegal parking are presented.
Reactive silica: X. Ethylene sorption and polymerization

Abstract A variety of data indicates that unusual adsorption centers containing silicon radicals are formed when high surface area silicas are subjected to an activation procedure consisting of methoxylation, pyrolysis of the methoxy layer, and high temperature degassing. The reactive silica (RS) adsorbent can chemisorb oxygen, the oxygenated reactive silica (ORS) containing SiO radicals. To test the capability of the radical centers of RS and ORS to act as initiators for free radical initiated chain reactions, the sorption of ethylene by RS and ORS was studied using infrared spectroscopic techniques. The data indicate that several tightly bonded surface structures were formed, including polyethylene.
Cracking Down On Youth Tobacco May Influence Drug Use

This study evaluated the influence of tobacco Possession-Use-Purchase (PUP) law enforcement and illicit drug use and offers. Twenty-four towns were randomly assigned into two conditions. Both conditions focused on reducing minors’ access to commercial sources of tobacco. The communities assigned to the experimental condition also increased their PUP law enforcement, whereas among communities in the control condition, PUP law enforcement remained at low levels. A Hierarchical Linear Modeling analytical approach was selected due to the multilevel data and nested design. The likelihood of a child currently using drugs, ever having used drugs, or illicit drug offers was lower in the experimental versus control conditions. These outcomes suggest that police efforts to reduce specific substance use behaviors (i.e., underage tobacco use) may have a positive spillover effect and help reduce teen drug use and illicit drug offers.
BIFURCATION AND CHAOTIC TRANSITION TO RELAXATION OSCILLATIONS IN AN INDUCTIVELY DRIVEN ELECTRONEGATIVE PLASMA

Regular and chaotic relaxation oscillations in charged particle densities, light and floating potential are seen in low-pressure inductive discharges, in the transition between lower power capacitive operation and higher power inductive operation, if the plasma is electronegative, i.e. contains negative ions. As pressure or power is varied to cross a threshold, either from stable capacitive or stable inductive operation, the instability goes through a series of oscillatory, sometimes chaotic, states to large scale relaxation oscillations between higher and lower densities. A volume-averaged model, to describe the instability, contains time varying densities of charged species and temperature, indicating that the separation of the time scales of electron and negative ion motion is the driver of the complicated dynamics. The particle and energy balance equations are integrated to produce the dynamical behavior. A phase plane description of negative ions versus electrons is used to gain understanding of the instability. The theory shows that, depending on specific choices of parameters, as power is increased, the oscillations, born at Hopf bifurcation, can grow to a large amplitude relaxation oscillations, sometimes traversing chaotically between basins of attraction. The model qualitatively agrees with experimental observations which show the same range of behaviors, but with quantitative differences to be explained.
Simulation and optimization of a sub-micron beam for macromolecular crystallography using SHADOW and XOP at GM/CA CAT at the APS

The small, high intensity and low convergence beams available on beamlines at 3rd generation synchrotron sources have been a boon to macromolecular crystallography. It is now becoming routine to solve structures using a beam in the 5 - 20 micron (FWHM) range. However, many problems in structural biology suffer from poor S/N due to small (a few microns) crystals or larger inhomogenous crystals. In additional, theoretical calculations and experimental results have demonstrated that radiation damage may be reduced by using a micron-sized X-ray beam. At GM/CA CAT we are developing a sub-micron, low convergence beam to address these issues. The sub-micron beam capability will be developed on the existing beamline 23ID-D where the minimum beam size available to users is currently 5 microns in diameter. The target goals are a beam size of ~0.8 micron (FWHM) in diameter, with a beam convergence of less 0.6 milli-rads, a flux greater than 5×10 10 photons/sec, and an energy range from 5 to 35 keV. Five optical systems will be compared: 1) a single set of highly demagnifying Kirkpatrick-Baez (K-B) mirrors, 2) multiple Fresnel Zone Plates (FZP), 3) a set of K-B mirrors focusing to a secondary source that is imaged by another set of K-B mirrors, 4) a set of K-B mirrors focusing to a secondary source that is imaged by a FZP, 5) a horizontal focusing mirror focusing to a secondary source that is imaged by another horizontal mirror together with a vertical focusing mirror. Here we will present the results of a design optimization based on ray trace simulations (SHADOW), flux calculations (XOP), and experimental results on 23ID.
Restriction endonuclease patterns of three baculoviruses isolated from species of Heliothis

Abstract The DNA of three baculoviruses propagated in larvae of a common host species ( Heliothis zea ) were easily distinguished from each other by their restriction endonuclease patterns. Molecular weights of 79.7 ± 7.3, 119.6 ± 5.1, and 86.6 ± 6.3 × 10 6 daltons were estimated for the viral genome of a single-embedded nucleopolyhedrosis virus isolated from Heliothis zea , a multiple-embedded nucleopolyhedrosis virus isolated from Heliothis armigera , and a granulosis virus isolated from Heliothis armigera , respectively.
Electrical Noise Generators

A new noise source consisting of a gas tube in a transverse magnetic field has been developed. Characteristics of the noise source are presented, together with some consideration of the problems in the amplification of noise. Typical noise-amplifier circuits are given for frequency bandwidths from 0.1 to 2.5 and 5 megacycles, respectively.
Solid‐state photochemical generation of polymeric polyradicals: Poly(4‐vinylphenoxy) and copolymers with styrene

Synthesis of poly(4′-vinyl-2,4,6-tri-tert-butyl-diphenyloxalate) and its 65 : 35 and 19 : 81 copolymers with styrene are described. Rigid phase broad-band photolysis of the homopolymer with a quartz filtered xenon arc at 77 K results in production of up to 25% of the theoretical number of spins/mol expected for quantitative production of pendant phenoxyl radicals, and shows no major loss of radical signal in the ESR at temperatures below 100 K. Curie law analysis of the temperature dependence of the ESR radical signal intensity for the neat photolyzed homopolymer 1 shows curvature consistent with antiferromagnetic pairing of radical spins at low temperatures. Since through-bond conjugation of radical spins is not possible in this system, the antiferromagnetic interaction is interpreted in terms of intrachain and/or interchain through-space exchange interactions.
Genetic and genomic analysis of hyperlipidemia, obesity and diabetes using (C57BL/6J × TALLYHO/JngJ) F2 mice

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the most common form of diabetes in humans and is closely associated with dyslipidemia and obesity that magnifies the mortality and morbidity related to T2D. The genetic contribution to human T2D and related metabolic disorders is evident, and mostly follows polygenic inheritance. The TALLYHO/JngJ (TH) mice are a polygenic model for T2D characterized by obesity, hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose uptake and tolerance, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia. In order to determine the genetic factors that contribute to these T2D related characteristics in TH mice, we interbred TH mice with C57BL/6J (B6) mice. The parental, F1, and F2 mice were phenotyped at 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks of age for 4-hour fasting plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, insulin, and glucose levels and body, fat pad and carcass weights. The F2 mice were genotyped genome-wide and used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. We also applied a genetical genomic approach using a subset of the F2 mice to seek candidate genes underlying the QTLs. Major QTLs were detected on chromosomes (Chrs) 1, 11, 4, and 8 for hypertriglyceridemia, 1 and 3 for hypercholesterolemia, 4 for hyperglycemia, 11 and 1 for body weight, 1 for fat pad weight, and 11 and 14 for carcass weight. Most alleles, except for Chr 3 and 14 QTLs, increased phenotypic values when contributed by the TH strain. Fourteen pairs of interacting loci were detected, none of which overlapped the major QTLs. The QTL interval linked to hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia on distal Chr 1 contains Apoa2 gene. Sequencing analysis revealed polymorphisms of Apoa2 in TH mice, suggesting Apoa2 as the candidate gene for the hyperlipidemia QTL. Gene expression analysis added novel information and aided in selection of candidates underlying the QTLs. We identified several genetic loci that affect the quantitative variations of plasma lipid and glucose levels and obesity traits in a TH × B6 intercross. Polymorphisms in Apoa2 gene are suggested to be responsible for the Chr 1 QTL linked to hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Further, genetical genomic analysis led to potential candidate genes for the QTLs.
Fugacity coefficients of hydrogen in (hydrogen + butane)

Abstract The fugacity coefficients of hydrogen in (hydrogen + butane) were measured as function of composition with a physical-equilibrium technique at (temperature, pressure) pairs of (433.15 K, 3.39 MPa), (473.15 K, 3.38 MPa), (473.15 K, 22.65 MPa), and (523.15 K, 3.42 MPA). The physical-equilibrium technique involved the use of an experimental chamber that was divided into two separate regions by a semipermeable membrane through which hydrogen, but not butane, could permeate. Measurement of the gas pressures on each side of the membrane, in addition to a measurement of the composition and the system temperature, allowed the calculation of the fugacity coefficient of hydrogen in the mixture. The qualitative features of the measurements are discussed, and comparisons are made with predictions obtained from the Redlich-Kwong and Peng-Robinson models.
Significance of the Protein Level in Synthetic Diets

SummaryIt has been reported by McIntire et at. that a diet containing 18% purified casein and 6 pure B factors does not support optimal growth in male rats, and that the missing factor is present in liver extract. Evidence is presented to show that the factor, whatever it is, may not easily be found in the usual concentrated sources of B complex, but rather that it is associated, whether as an impurity or an essential amino acid, with protein of good quality.