cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
9 – Religion and depression

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the relation of depressive symptoms to attendance at services and religious affiliation. The greater prevalence and incidence of depression has been accompanied by greater use of mental health services, psychotropic medications, and greater prevalence of cognitive impairment. Regarding religious practice, depression is more frequent among all respondents not attending religious services suggesting that the hypothesized preventive model may apply particularly to Catholics. The regression analysis indicated that social supports did not substitute for failure to attend services in the variance of depression. Neither the problems with activities of daily living which might have explained the relationship for respondents too disabled to attend services. Among Eastern European-born Jewish respondents, the stress deterrent model may be a better fit in that depression and greater attendance at services are significantly associated. Finally, differences in sociodemographics, disability and illness, immigrant status, and social supports may not account for the relation of lack of attendance at religious services and Jewish religious preference to symptoms of depression at baseline. Although failure to attend services has been associated with the emergence and persistence of depression at 24 months, only Jewish religious preference remained significant once age, disability, and social support controlled.
Simultaneous Observations of Solar Energetic Particle Events by IMP 8 and the Ulysses Cospin High Energy Telescope at High Solar Latitudes

With Ulysses approaching the south solar polar latitudes during a period of high solar activity, it is for the first time possible to study the distribution of solar energetic particles (SEPs) in solar latitude as well as in radius and longitude. From July 1997 to August 2000, Ulysses moved from near the solar equator at ~5 AU to ~67° S latitude at ~3 AU. Using observations of > ~30 MeV protons from Ulysses and IMP-8 at Earth we find good correlation between large SEP increases observed at IMP and Ulysses, almost regardless of the relative locations of the spacecraft. The observations show that within a few days after injection of SEPs, the flux in the inner heliosphere is often almost uniform, depending only weakly on the position of the observer. No clear effect of the increasing solar latitude of Ulysses is evident. Since the typical latitudinal extent of CMEs, which most likely accelerate the SEPs, is only ~30°, this suggests that the enhanced cross-field propagation for cosmic rays and CIR-accelerated particles deduced from Ulysses’ high latitude studies near solar minimum is also true for SEPs near solar maximum.
Matching point features using mutual information

The authors have developed a new mutual information-based registration method for matching unlabeled point features. In contrast to earlier mutual information-based registration methods which estimate the mutual information using image intensity information, the authors' approach uses the point feature location information. A novel aspect of their approach is the spontaneous emergence of correspondence (between the two sets of features) as a natural by-product of information maximization. The authors have applied this algorithm to the problem of geometric alignment of primate autoradiographs. They also present a detailed theoretical comparison between their approach and other approaches that explicitly parameterize feature correspondence.
Peptide-coated CdS quantum dots for the optical detection of copper(II) and silver(I)

Gly–His–Leu–Leu–Cys coated CdS quantum dots detected Cu2+ and Ag+ selectively with high sensitivity, below 0.5 µM.
Somatostatin and cancer: applying endocrinology to oncology.

Commentary to:The Effect of Somatostatin and SSTR3 on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Gastric Cancer CellsChuangying Hu, Cuiqiong Yi, Zhiming Hao, Shanshan Cao, Hongtao Li, Xiaodong Shao, Jing Zhang, Taidong Qiao and Daiming Fan
A randomized controlled trial of soap opera videos streamed to smartphones to reduce risk of sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in young urban African American women

Abstract Background Love, Sex, and Choices (LSC) is a soap opera video series created to reduce HIV sex risk in women. Methods LSC was compared to text messages in a randomized trial in 238 high-risk mostly Black young urban women. 117 received 12-weekly LSC videos, 121 received 12-weekly HIV prevention messages on smartphones. Changes in unprotected sex with high risk partners were compared by mixed models. Results Unprotected sex with high risk men significantly declined over 6 months post-intervention for both arms, from 21-22 acts to 5-6 (p Conclusion This is the first study to report streaming soap opera video episodes to reduce HIV risk on smartphones. LSC holds promise as an Internet intervention that could be scaled-up and combined with HIV testing.
Gap solitons in periodic discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equations

It is shown that the periodic discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation, with cubic nonlinearity, possesses gap solutions, i.e. standing waves, with the frequency in a spectral gap, that are exponentially localized in the spatial variable. The proof is based on the linking theorem in combination with periodic approximations.
Modelling transport of layered double hydroxide nanoparticles in axons and dendrites of cortical neurons.

This paper develops a model of nanoparticle transport in neurons. It is assumed that nanoparticles are transported inside endocytic vesicles by a combined effect of dynein-driven transport and diffusion. It is further assumed that in axons nanoparticles are internalised only at axon terminals, whereas in dendrites nanoparticles can enter through the entire plasma membrane. This causes differences in transport of nanoparticles in axons and dendrites; these differences are investigated in this paper. Another difference is microtubule (MT) orientation in axons and dendrites; in axons, all MTs have their plus-ends oriented towards the axon terminal; in a proximal region of a dendrite, MTs have mixed orientation, whereas in a distal dendritic region the MT orientation is similar to that in an axon. It is shown that if molecular-motor-driven transport were powered by dynein alone, such MT orientation in a dendrite would result in a region of nanoparticle accumulation located at the border between the proximal a...
Attitudes toward prenatal screening and testing for Fragile X.

Purpose: Currently, the American Colleges of Medical Genetics and Obstetrics and Gynecology recommend screening in the prenatal setting only for individuals with specific family history indicators. Our aims were to study patient attitudes and psychologic impact of offering widespread screening for Fragile X in a prenatal setting. Methods: Participants were recruited from pregnant women referred for “Prenatal Diagnosis Options” counseling by their primary provider in the first trimester of pregnancy. Results: Pretest knowledge about Fragile X was limited; 33% had heard of Fragile X syndrome before enrollment. Postcounseling knowledge was similarly limited; only 30% accurately understood the 50% risk for girls. Participants were strongly in favor of being tested or screened, and did not experience undue anxiety related to Fragile X testing. Respondents hoped that knowledge of Fragile X in the general population would increase, and recommended that screening be offered during routine prenatal care. Conclusion: Fragile X screening in this setting was a favorable testing experience for the participants. Limited pretest knowledge and posttest retention of specific genetic information on Fragile X suggest that widespread screening will pose significant counseling and educational challenges, which should be addressed in such programs.
A survey of software inspection checklists

Software inspection processes call for a checklist to provide reviewers with hints and recommendations for finding defects during the examination of a workproduct. Many checklists have been published since Michael Fagan created the inspection process in the mid-1970's. This paper surveys 117 checklists from 24 sources. Different categories of checklist items are discussed and examples are provided of good checklist items as well as those that should be avoided.
Understanding Media Diversity: Structural and Organizational Factors Influencing Minority Employment in Local Commercial Television

Diversity is a key management issue for media companies serving increasingly diverse audiences. This study uses FCC employment reports, census data, and industry data over 30 years to examine the structural and organizational factors related to minority hiring in U.S. commercial television stations. The study finds external variables explain most of the variance and draws on organizational-diversity theory to conclude industry leaders don't yet view workforce diversity as a strategic management issue.
Short-wave infrared excited spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) for through-barrier detection

Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) using 1064 nm excitation is demonstrated here to detect chemicals through a physical barrier such as a container. This excitation wavelength overcomes the issue of fluorescence from the target chemical, whilst retaining the benefits of the SORS technique for through-barrier detection. These advantages have a wide range of applications in both civilian and military environments.
Merger activity and wage levels in U.S. manufacturing

This study uses micro data from the 1981 March Current Population Survey and incorporates industry merger information from the 1979 FTC Large Mergers and Acquisitions Series to examine the relationship between merger activity and wage levels in U.S. manufacturing. These data sources provide the opportunity to control the wage effect of workers’ differing personal qualities and to allow the investigation of wage levels in five merger categories. The findings suggest that in 1980, employees that work in industries composed of firms formed by horizontal, vertical, and product extension mergers received significantly higher wages than other workers. These results indicate that workers should benefit financially from the recent increase in the number of mergers, other than pure conglomerates.
Gas-sensing properties of multi-walled carbon-nanotube sheet coated with NiO

Abstract A binary, nanostructured carbon-nanotube (CNT) sheet coated with nickel oxide (NiO) acting as gas sensor was fabricated for the utilization as hydrogen (H 2 ) sensor. Thermal annealing was conducted to improve the sensing ability of the sensor at room temperature. In order to investigate the effect of the surface area of the sensing material, NiO particles of various sizes were deposited onto CNT sheets by electrodeposition, which is a simple method for binary composites. We found a much higher sensitivity at room temperature after thermal annealing. Moreover, the size of the NiO particles significantly affects the sensitivity of the sensor.
A self psychological approach to the treatment of gay men with AIDS

This paper applies the concepts and techniques of the self psychological approach to the treatment of gay men with AIDS. The psychosocial impact of AIDS on the maintenance of self and identity for gay men is explored with an emphasis on the implications for selfobject needs being met. The author illustrates through four case vignettes attempts at satisfying the mirroring, idealizing, and alterego selfobject needs of such clients. Individual, relational, and family-focused clinical concerns are addressed.
Risk-Based Method for Selecting Bridge Scour Countermeasures

Bridge engineers are often faced with the task of selecting and designing effective bridge scour countermeasures. The selection of an appropriate countermeasure is dependent on whether the problem is local scour at the pier or abutment, contraction scour across the bed at the bridge opening, reach-wide channel degradation, or lateral channel movement. Confidence in a given countermeasure depends on prior experience in using the measure, cost, maintenance, and the ability to detect failure. The use of countermeasures often introduces uncertainty due to a lack of systematic testing and unknown potential for failure. In this paper, a risk-based method for ranking, comparing, and choosing the most appropriate scour countermeasures is presented using failure modes and effects analysis and risk priority numbers (RPN). Failure modes and effects analysis incorporates uncertainty in the selection process by considering risk in terms of the likelihood of a component failure, the consequence of failure, and the level of difficulty required to detect failure. Risk priority numbers can provide justification for selecting a specific countermeasure and the appropriate compensating actions to be taken to prevent failure of the countermeasure.
A Note on the Multiplicities of Gorenstein Algebras

Abstract In this note we give a formula for the multiplicities of homogenous Gorenstein algebras. Herzog, Huneke, and Srinivasan have conjectured bounds for the multiplicities of homogeneous Cohen–Macaulay algebras. Herzog and Srinivasan have proved this conjecture for C-M algebras with quasi-pure resolutions. Using this formula for the multiplicities of Gorenstein algebras, we prove a stronger bound for the multiplicities of Goerenstein algebras with quasi-pure resolutions.
The mobile proton hypothesis in fragmentation of protonated peptides: a perspective.

The development of the mobile proton model for peptide ion fragmentation and its relationship to more general chemical concepts are briefly reviewed.
Benefit of overlapping reconstruction for improving the quantitative assessment of CT lung nodule volume.

Rationale and Objectives The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of overlapping reconstruction on the precision and accuracy of lung nodule volume estimates in a phantom computed tomographic (CT) study. Materials and Methods An anthropomorphic phantom was used with a vasculature insert on which synthetic lung nodules were attached. Repeated scans of the phantom were acquired using a 64-slice CT scanner. Overlapping and contiguous reconstructions were performed for a range of CT imaging parameters (exposure, slice thickness, pitch, reconstruction kernel) and a range of nodule characteristics (size, density). Nodule volume was estimated with a previously developed matched-filter algorithm. Results Absolute percentage bias across all nodule sizes ( n = 2880) was significantly lower when overlapping reconstruction was used, with an absolute percentage bias of 6.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.4–6.9), compared to 13.2% (95% CI, 12.7–13.8) for contiguous reconstruction. Overlapping reconstruction also showed a precision benefit, with a lower standard percentage error of 7.1% (95% CI, 6.9–7.2) compared with 15.3% (95% CI, 14.9–15.7) for contiguous reconstructions across all nodules. Both effects were more pronounced for the smaller, subcentimeter nodules. Conclusions These results support the use of overlapping reconstruction to improve the quantitative assessment of nodule size with CT imaging.
A Step-up Approach for Cell Therapy in Stroke: Translational Hurdles of Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells

Stroke remains a significant unmet condition in the USA and throughout the world. To date, only approximately 3% of the population suffering an ischemic stroke benefit from the thrombolytic drug tissue plasminogen activator, largely due to the drug’s narrow therapeutic window. The last decade has witnessed extensive laboratory studies suggesting the therapeutic potential of cell-based therapy for stroke. Limited clinical trials of cell therapy in stroke patients are currently being pursued. Bone marrow-derived stem cells are an attractive, novel transplantable cell source for stroke. There remain many unanswered questions in the laboratory before cell therapy can be optimized for transplantation in the clinical setting. Here, we discuss the various translational hurdles encountered in bringing cell therapy from the laboratory to the clinic, using stem cell therapeutics as an emerging paradigm for stroke as a guiding principle. In particular, we focus on the preclinical studies of cell transplantation in experimental stroke with emphasis on a better understanding of mechanisms of action in an effort to optimize efficacy and to build a safety profile for advancing cell therapy to the clinic. A forward looking strategy of combination therapy involving stem cell transplantation and pharmacologic treatment is also discussed.
Substance Use to Regulate Affective Experiences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Review of Laboratory-Based Studies

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and elevated levels of substance use (SU) regularly co-occur and are increasingly viewed as functionally related. While PTSD and SU may be comorbid for a variet...
Applications of Microfluidics in Stem Cell Biology.

Stem cell research can significantly benefit from recent advances of microfluidics technology. In a rationally designed microfluidic device, analyses of stem cells can be done in a much deeper and wider way than in a conventional tissue culture dish. Miniaturization makes analyses operated in a high-throughput fashion, while controls of fluids help to reconstruct the physiological environments. Through integration with present characterization tools like fluorescent microscope, microfluidics offers a systematic way to study the decision-making process of stem cells, which has attractive medical applications. In this paper, recent progress of microfluidic devices on stem cell research are discussed. The purpose of this review is to highlight some key features of microfluidics for stem cell biologists, as well as provide physicists/engineers an overview of how microfluidics has been and could be used for stem cell research.
Early assessment of the acutely injured patient

The initial hour in the care of the victim of multiple injuries is the critical time for life and limb salvage. It is of utmost importance that the patient be under the supervision or direct care of a well coordinated team led by a traumatologist or at least a general surgeon familiar with the care of trauma patients. The most common cause of preventable death is failure of timely recognition of treatable injuries, because attention is diverted by more obvious but lower priority injuries. Specialty participation by urologist, orthopaedist, neurosurgeon, or other must be coordinated and must not take precedence over re-establishing the circulation, maintaining the airway, and generally caring for the ‘totally injured patient’. The initial period of care has been termed the ‘golden hour of trauma’, the time between injury and the onset of irreversible changes due to hypoxia and hypoperfusion. It is during this time that blood loss is controlled, fluid resuscitation is begun, multi-organ system injuries are diagnosed, and priorities for care are established.
Assessing clinical significance: Application to the Beck Depression Inventory.

Traditionally, psychotherapy outcome research has been analyzed using statistical tests of significance. Inherent limitations in this approach, however, have contributed to the assessment of clinical significance being advocated as a method by which to evaluate change. In this study, Tingey, et al, 1996a , Tingey, et al, 1996b extensions and clarifications of Jacobson, Follette, and Revenstorf's (1984) method for evaluating clinically significant change were applied to the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961 ; Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979 ). A three-sample normative continuum (asymptomatic community, community, and clinically symptomatic) was formulated from the community and the existing literature. The distinctness of the normative samples was assessed by using three statistical procedures, including a t test, a d test, and a test of bioequivalence; and reliable change indices and cutoff points were calculated. The cutoff scores that were developed may prove useful in research and clinical practice.
A method for vertex recognition in an automated vision system

An algorithm for on-line/post-process inspection using piecewise linear approximation to extract vertices from two-dimensional figures is discussed. Current automated inspection and measurement systems have not been very successful in on-line/post-process inspection because of the problems of data volume, processing time, and measurement accuracy. In contrast to previous work, the method presented uses a partial data elimination operator in which the vertices of two-dimensional shapes of industrial workpieces are quickly located and identified. Also round-off errors due to sampling and digitized pictures are discussed and a method is given to minimize the round-off problem. Experimental results performed on simple and complicated irregular planar shapes are also presented.
3D spatial compounding of ultrasound images using image-based nonrigid registration

Medical ultrasound images are often distorted enough to significantly limit resolution during compounding (i.e., summation of images from multiple views). A new, volumetric image registration technique has been used successfully to enable high spatial resolution in three-dimensional (3D) spatial compounding of ultrasound images. Volumetric ultrasound data were acquired by scanning a linear matrix array probe in the elevational direction in a focal lesion phantom and in a breast in vivo. To obtain partly uncorrelated views, the volume of interest was scanned at five different transducer tilt angles separated by 4° to 6°. Pairs of separate views were registered by an automatic procedure based on a mutual information metric, using global full affine and thin-plate spline warping transformations. Registration accuracy was analyzed automatically in the phantom data, and manually in vivo, yielding average registration errors of 0.31 mm and 0.65 mm, respectively. In the vicinity of the warping control points, registrations obtained with warping transformations were significantly more accurate than full affine registrations. Compounded images displayed the expected reduction in speckle noise and increase in contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), as well as better delineation of connective tissues and reduced shadowing. Compounding also revealed some apparent low contrast lobulations that were not visible in the single-sweep images. Given expected algorithmic and hardware enhancements, nonrigid, image-based registration shows great promise for reducing tissue motion and refraction artifacts in 3D spatial compounding.
Further studies of the relationship between pulmonary arteriolar resistance and pulmonary artery pressures.

In A previous paper,1 a study was described of the relationship between the pulmonary vascular resistance and the pulmonary “capillary”, pulmonary artery mean, systolic, and diastolic pressures in fifty-four human beings. The purpose of this article is to explore further this problem. In the preceding communication the correlation between pulmonary resistance and the pulmonary artery systolic, mean, and diastolic pressures was calculated. A high degree of correlation was found in all instances; however, the diastolic pressure exhibited no greater correlation with pulmonary vascular resistance than did the other pressures. Our present purpose is threefold: first, to study further the interrelationship of these pressures by means of the regression coefficient (to be defined below), which is a better tool than the correlation coefficient, since these measurements are in all probability not normally distributed; second, to determine whether or not any of the pulmonary artery pressures is a significantly better guide to pulmonary vascular resistance than the others; third, to set up equations for estimation of the pulmonary arteriolar resistance from the other pulmonary artery pressure measurements.
Teaching NeuroImage: Idiopathic hypertrophic spinal pachymeningitis

A 42-year-old woman had progressive numbness from both feet to mid chest for 2 weeks. Examination showed a sensory level at T8, no weakness, and brisk reflexes throughout. MRI showed T2–T5 dural thickening (figure 1). Testing revealed an elevated …
Complex regulation of simple sugar transport in insulin-responsive cells.

Abstract Facilitated sugar entry into mammalian cells is catalysed by multiple isoforms of the glucose transporter and regulated by hormonal stimuli, nutritional status and oncogenesis. A large reserve of latent glucose transport capacity must be maintained by muscle and adipose cells that are sensitive to insulin, the primary activator of sugar uptake after feeding. Intracellular sequestration of sugar transporters accounts for a large part reversible suppression of intrinsic catalytic activity of those glucose transporters residing at the cell surface. The mechanism of this suppression appears to be occlusion or disruption of the exofacial sugar-binding sites on the glucose-transporter proteins.
Relationship of Soybean Pod Development to Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm Damage

Feeding damage by the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and tobacco budworm, H. virescens (F.), to pods of the ‘Davis’ and ‘Pickett-71’ soybean cultivars did not differ significantly between insect speies. The cultivars ranged in developmental stage from early pod elongation to late pod fill. Damage was a negative function of the degree of pod development, when expressed as the number of seeds destroyed per larva, and when soybean development was expressed as the average thickness of pods in mm. Bollworm larvae each destroyed ca. 50 seeds on plants with pods in early developmental stages, but only ca. 5 seeds each on plants with pods in late developmental stages. The 6th instar was responsible for more damage than the 4th and 5th instars combined. These data provide necessary information to formulate better action levels (economic thresholds) for bollworm and tobacco budworm infestations during the R-4 through R-6 stages of soybean development.
Statistical-mechanical theory of Brownian motion -translational motion in an equilibrium fluid

Abstract Fluctuations of a large and heavy spherical Brownian particle (B) in an equilibrium fluid are rigorously studied by using two kinds of methods for asymptotic evaluation proposed by Mori; a projection operator method and a scaling method. It is shown that depending on the relative magnitudes of the mass ( M ) and the mass density (ϱ B ) of B to those of the bath particles ( m and ϱ), there exist three kinds of kinetic processes which are described by three types of linear stochastic equations. One is a Markov kinetic process when m/M « 1 and ϱ/ϱ B « 1 , which leads to the Stokes law ξ = 4 πηR , where ξ is the friction constant, η the shear viscosity and R the radius of B. The others are non-Markov kinetic processes when m/M « 1 and ϱ / ϱ B ≃ 1, and m/M a 1 and ϱ/ϱ B « 1 , which are characterized by the long time t − 3 2 tail and the time t − 1 2 decay of an average velocity of B, respectively. Next the usual Brownian point heavy particle case is also discussed from our viewpoint and a Markov kinetic process with the friction constant ξ /(1 + D 0 / D SE ) is obtained, where D 0 is the bare diffusion constant and D SE the Stokes-Einstein diffusion constant given by k B T /4 πηR . Finally, it is shown that the hydrodynamic process of B obeys the diffusion equation whose diffusion constant is given by D SE and D 0 + D SE for a large particle and for a point particle, respectively.
In Situ Hierarchical Strain Transfer From the Articular Cartilage Surface to the Chondrocyte Nucleus

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disabling disease, commonly thought of as the “wear and tear” of articular cartilage, afflicting 27 million Americans [1]. Multiple (e.g. biomechanical and biochemical) factors [2] contribute to maintenance of healthy joints through chondrocyte and extracellular matrix interactions. Interestingly, volumetric contractions of nuclei exhibit a zonal dependence [3], suggesting that nuclear mechanics may play a key role in the maintenance of healthy tissue by mechanically-mediated pathways.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
High-speed programmable logic array adders

Programmable Logic Array (PLA) adders are described which perform an addition in one cycle with a single pass through a PLA and require a reasonable number of product terms for an 8-, 16-, or even a 32-bit adder. The PLA features two-bit input decoders feeding an AND array followed by an OR array whose outputs are pairwise Exclusive-ORed. Carry-look-ahead adder equations, adapted to the PLA to require relatively few product terms, are adjusted for maximum sharing of product terms. The number of unique product terms is a relative measure of one of the physical dimensions of the PLA. Equations for contiguous sum bits are grouped into strings, each using a common input carry. A procedure optimally assigns sum bits to strings to further minimize the total number of unique product terms. The methods are extended to PLAs with decoders of increased inputs and substantially reduced product terms. They can serve as dedicated macro functions on a chip, using special decoders relevant to adders. As a result, the other PLA dimension comprising the number of outputs from all input decoders increases only moderately, and can even decrease, with larger decoders. Finally, the PLA adder can be further substantially compressed by splitting the OR array into two parts such that a row of the AND array is shared between two product terms, and an OR array column is shared between two sums of product terms.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms: A Window into the Informatics of the Living Genome.

Nested in the environment of the nucleus of the cell, the 23 sets of chromosomes that comprise the human genome function as one integrated whole system, orchestrating the expression of thousands of genes underlying the biological characteristics of the cell, individual and the species. The extraction of meaningful information from this complex data set depends crucially upon the lens through which the data are examined. We present a biophysical perspective on genomic information encoded in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and introduce metrics for modeling information encoded in the genome. Information, like energy, is considered to be a conserved physical property of the universe. The information structured in SNPs describes the adaptation of a human population to a given environment. The maintained order measured by the information content is associated with entropies, energies, and other state variables for a dynamic system in homeostasis. “Genodynamics” characterizes the state variables for genomic populations that are stable under stochastic environmental stresses. The determination of allelic energies allows the parameterization of specific environmental influences upon individual alleles across populations. The environment drives population-based genome variation. From this vantage point, the genome is modeled as a complex, dynamic information system defined by patterns of SNP alleles and SNP haplotypes.
Evidence bearing on the mechanism of rapid deglaciation

Six northeast Atlantic cores contain planktonic foraminiferal records implying a very abrupt glacial/interglacial surface-ocean warming roughly coincident with the last deglaciation (isotopic termination II) at 127 000 yr B.P. These faunal composition curves have, however, been substantially altered by sediment mixing processes on the sea floor; they are translated downward in the core record and made to look steeper than they actually were. The reason for this abnormally large mixing impact is an interval of sediment with very low to negligible concentrations of all microfossils (surface ocean and bottom living). These low concentrations reflect a several-thousand-year interval of low productivity and little or no life in the overlying surface waters.
Pituitary gland of the garter snake (Thamnophis): Morphology and immunocytochemistry

The three-dimensional gross morphology of the pituitary gland of the garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) is presented. Hormone-producing cells of the pars distalis were localized immunocytochemically. Corticotropes and lactotropes occur in the anterior two-thirds of the gland; corticotropes are especially numerous in the area of the pars distalis nearest the median eminence, and lactotropes are most abundant medially. Somatotropes are restricted to the posterior one-third of the pars distalis. Gonadotropes and thyrotropes are scattered throughout the pars distalis and in favorable sections form a network of cells enclosing clusters of peptide-secreting cells.
Categorization and Stereotyping: Effects of Group Context on Memory and Social Judgment

Abstract Three studies examined several hypotheses concerning the effects of group context on categorization and the subsequent effects of categorization on memory and social judgment. Using a paradigm developed by Taylor and her colleagues (Taylor, Fiske, Etcoff, & Ruderman, 1978), subjects in Studies 1 and 2 were exposed to a slide and audiotape depiction of a 6-person group discussing affirmative action. The racial makeup of the group was manipulated such that subjects either saw a balanced race group (three Black and three White members) or a solo Black/five White person group. In each case, three of the discussants expressed pro-and three expressed anti-affirmative action attitudes. We hypothesized that (1) race and attitude position would serve as encoding cues, resulting in greater frequency of within-than between-category errors in cued recall, and (2) White subjects′ negative stereotypes of Blacks would be activated by the racial overtones of the discussion, but would be offset by concerns about appearing non-prejudiced. This would result in more positive evaluations of Black than White targets, particularly among subjects scoring low in racism. This effect was expected to be reversed when race was no longer a salient aspect of the situation (Study 3). As a third hypothesis we set forth conflicting predictions about the effects of the group context manipulation on social judgment: Taylor et al.′s (1978) perceptual salience hypothesis and Oakes and Turner′s (1986; Oakes, 1987) functional perspective on category salience. Hypotheses 1 and 2 received sound support, and the data were more consistent with the Taylor than with the Oakes predictions. Findings are discussed in regard to modern racism, construct accessibility, perceptual salience, and contextual changes in category use.
Janus kinase 2 V617F mutation is detectable in spleen of patients with chronic myeloproliferative diseases suggesting a malignant nature of splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis

Summary Extramedullary hematopoiesis occurs in patients with a variety of hematologic diseases, and the spleen is a common site. Extramedullary hematopoiesis is very common in chronic myeloproliferative diseases and myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic diseases. The pathogenesis of extramedullary hematopoiesis is unknown. Using JAK2 V617F mutation as a molecular marker, we assessed paired spleen and bone marrow samples of 15 patients with various types of chronic myeloproliferative diseases and myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic diseases. The diagnosis was chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis (n = 8), polycythemia vera (n = 3), and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (n = 4). DNA was extracted from fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue and assessed for JAK2 V617F by real-time polymerase chain reaction assay followed by melting curve analysis. Concordant JAK2 mutation was detected in the paired samples in 7 patients. A discordant result with JAK2 V617F found in the spleen but not bone marrow was noted in 1 patient. These results indicate that extramedullary hematopoiesis in patients with chronic myeloproliferative diseases and myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic diseases is a clonal process and lend support to the theory that the cells of extramedullary hematopoiesis are carried from the bone marrow.
GLUCOSE TOLERANCE IN MILDLY AND MODERATELY DIABETIC RATS EXPOSED TO COLD.

SummaryIn the absence of administered insulin, severely alloxan diabetic rats are unable effectively to utilize a carbohydrate regimen at levels sufficient to sustain the elevated metabolic rate necessary for extended survival in cold. However, mild to moderately diabetic rats not only survive at 5°C for periods up to 3 months but show a substantial amelioration in the diabetic state in relation to control animals maintained at 26°C. This was attributed to the development of an increased sensitivity to endogenous insulin activity during confinement in cold.
VHSIC technology approaches

Tri-service contracts, totaling over $165M for the current three-year effort, have been granted to six companies to develop Very High Speed ICs required for signal processors to be used in advanced military systems. Each contractor has specified a different technology to achieve the near-term objectives of 1 \frac{1}/{4}μ m minimum feature size and 5 × 10^{11} gate-Hz/cm2functional throughput rate, and longer-term objectives of 0.5 and 1013, respectively ... Panelists will discuss the various technologies selected to meet the program objectives.
Varicella vaccination of children in the United States: assessment after the first decade 1995-2005

Live attenuated varicella vaccine (strain Oka) was approved for administration to healthy children in the United States in 1995. Over the past 10 years, varicella vaccine has been given to millions of children, usually at ages between 12 and 18 months. In states such as California, Michigan, and Texas, there has been a marked decline in the number of reported cases of varicella. Furthermore, there has been a 75% decrease in varicella-related hospitalizations across the United States, as well as a similar decrease in the number of deaths caused by complications of chickenpox. The main unanticipated result has been a growing number of outbreaks of varicella among immunized children ("breakthrough varicella"). The most cited risk factors for breakthrough varicella include the following: (1) 3-5-year interval since immunization and (2) immunization at the youngest ages, especially 12 months. Explanations for breakthrough varicella include a lessened immune response among the youngest recipients of the vaccine. Another possibility is genetic variation among circulating VZV strains. VZV strains can be separated into two geographic clades called European/North American and Asian, based on single nucleotide polymorphisms. Two mutant North American strains have been isolated from patients in the last 10 years. Several genomic differences between Oka vaccine strain and other strains have also been identified, including one site at the DNA origin of replication. Since breakthrough disease among vaccine recipients appears to be more common in the United States than in Japan, further comparisons between the varicella vaccination programs in Japan and the United States are warranted. In addition, data from varicella vaccination programs in Europe should provide further insight into the effectiveness of varicella vaccination in different geographic and ethnic populations.
Preparation and reactivity of α-phenylselenenyl ethers

Abstract α-Phenylsclenenyl cyclic ethers may be prepared by the reactions of either lactols or lactol acetates with benzeneselenol, or from lactones by the “one-pot” process of reduction and Lewis acid catalyzed selenation. The tetrahydropyranyl phenyl selenides also exhibit a significant anomeric effect and its size has been estimated. The selenenyl ethers are converted to enol ethers through an oxidative elimination process, and an exploration of their reactivity toward amide bases and lithium alkyls has been made.
Transfer of infrared radiation through clouds.

Calculations of radiative through and resulting ir cooling of cloud forms is certainly more difficult than observations. Based on observations, a radiative transfer model has been developed for absorption in clouds employing an observationally determined volume absorption coefficient, ranging from 0.0005 to 0.0007 cm−1. This model does not require any assumption of cloud blackness or thickness and permits clouds to remain partially transparent or opaque as their thickness and absorption dictate. Agreement within a standard deviation of 12.0 W m−2 between observation and calculation has been maintained in approximately twenty profiles through clouds. The standard deviation was determined from some 140 observations.
Persistent bilateral function after unilateral facial nerve transection

To indicate that occasionally the contralateral facial nerve provides redundant innervation to the hemi-face. Single case report. We report the case of a patient whose facial nerve was transected during removal of a 3 cm vestibular schwannoma. Postoperatively, this patient still demonstrated spontaneous mimetic motion on the side of the face ipsilateral to the transsection. Review of the literature finds rare instances of preserved function after nerve transection in the removal of large parotid masses. We speculate that the slow loss of ipsilateral function can at times contribute to innervation from the contralateral facial nerve.
Towards an algebra for lighting simulation

This paper presents an algebra and visual interface for managing lighting simulation data. It first discusses previous work on scripting and visual interfaces for lighting research and design. It then identifies advanced spreadsheet like techniques for managing multivariate data both from a computer visualization and domain perspective. LightSketch, a sketch based modeler, is discussed as a tool for creating multidimensional operands for Scythe + Sew. Scythe + Sew, in turn, has a set of built in operators for creating expressions for viewing and manipulating data. Examples of the small algebra are illustrated for lighting research and practice. Future areas are identified for developing the algebra.
Solvent and Micellar Effect on Electron‐Transfer Reactions. The System Phenothiazine‐Iron(III)

The effect of the solvent composition and of micelle-forming surfactants on the electron-transfer rate between phenothiazine and iron (III), according to the reaction . Solvent composition affects the specific rate constant k1 in the order: methanol/water > ethanol/water > n-propanol/water > acetone/water (all 50/50 v.v.). Strong effect is exhibited by micelles in going from a large increase observed for anionic surfactant to a decrease for non-ionic or cationic ones, in respect to the previous cited solvent compositions. The difference in reaction rate observed between an anionic surfactant and a cationic one is about 104 – 105. The effect of acidity, ionic strength and temperature has been also investigated.
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma. A clinicopathologic study of a morphologically diverse entity.

We analyzed the clinicopathologic features of 13 patients with immunologically confirmed peripheral T-cell lymphoma. The lymphomas were classified into poorly differentiated lymphocytic, mixed cell, and large cell types. Marked morphologic heterogeneity was noted within the mixed cell and large cell categories, and the various subtypes are described. Twelve of the 13 patients received multiagent chemotherapy. Only three of the nine patients with poorly differentiated or mixed cell lymphomas achieved a complete remission, and the median survival for this group was 11 months. In contrast, all three of the treated patients with large cell lymphomas achieved a complete remission, two of whom are alive without disease (14 and 29 months, respectively). Classification of peripheral T-cell lymphomas into lymphocytic, mixed cell, and large cell types, as well as further subclassification within the heterogeneous groups, is suggested so that pathologic features of prognostic significance can be identified. Cancer 56: 2061-2068, 1985.
Intrinsically Broken U(6) ⊗ U(6) Symmetry for Strong Interactions

Extension of SU/6/ symmetry to relativistic quantum theory to produce intrinsically broken U/6/xU/6/ symmetry for strong interactions
Comparison of Factor Simplicity Indices for Dichotomous Data: DETECT R, Bentler's Simplicity Index, and the Loading Simplicity Index

A primary assumption underlying several of the common methods for modeling item response data is unidimensionality, that is, test items tap into only one latent trait. This assumption can be assessed several ways, using nonlinear factor analysis and DETECT, a method based on the item conditional covariances. When multidimensionality is identified, a question of interest concerns the degree to which individual items are related to the latent traits. In cases where an item response is primarily associated with one of these traits it is said that (approximate) simple structure exists, whereas when the item response is related to both traits, the structure is complex. This study investigated the performance of three indices designed to assess the underlying structure present in item response data, two of which are based on factor analysis and one on DETECT. Results of the Monte Carlo simulations show that none of the indices works uniformly well in identifying the structure underlying item responses, although...
Effects of Slab Temperature Profiles on Use of Falling Weight Deflectometer Data to Monitor Joint Performance and Detect Voids

The primary objective of this research effort is to determine if temperature gradients affect the ability to use falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing to monitor pavement joint performance and detect voids under the corners of the slab. A field investigation was performed at the Minnesota Road Research System test facility to meet this objective. It was found that gradients can have an effect on the results of FWD testing for rigid pavements. Although the load transfer efficiencies measured for doweled slabs were not found to be affected by slab temperature or temperature gradients (even when poor joint performance was exhibited), load transfer efficiencies measured for the undoweled slabs were greatly influenced by the presence of a gradient. There even appears to be a higher correlation between the gradient present at the time of testing and the average temperature of the slab for the pavement designs and environmental conditions included in this study. Gradients present at the time of testing also affect the ability to detect voids beneath the slab. Large positive gradients produced negative void parameters (indicating that a void was not present), whereas large negative gradients produced large positive void parameters (indicating that a void was present). This study found that loss of support under the slab could be identified even when the joints were locked if gradients were not present. On the basis of these findings, it is important to determine the complete temperature profile throughout the depth of the slab at the time of testing so that this information can be considered when the deflection data are interpreted.
Assessing and managing caregiver stress: development of a teaching tool for medical residents.

ABSTRACT Forty medical residents from major teaching hospitals in Boston, Massachusetts, participated in small group teaching sessions about caregiver stress. A teaching tool was developed that included a teaching handout, interactive cases, standard instruments for assessing caregiver stress, peer-reviewed articles about caregiving, and a list of resources that would be useful to a caregiver. These materials and teaching format were evaluated using a pre- and posttest and a feedback form. Forty residents completed the pretest and posttest. They scored significantly higher on the posttest for questions that covered estimated cost of caregiving (p = 0.0073), physical stress from caregiving (p = 0.0196), and identifying elder abuse (p = 0.0006). Ninety percent of the residents completed the evaluation form and rated the intervention highly. Teaching medical residents about caregiver stress resulted in a significant increase in knowledge about this topic. This study makes the case for the integration of “Car...