cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INSTITUTIONS, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT, AND PATHWAYS OF GROWTH: THE UNITED STATES FROM 1900 TO 1940

There is a substantial literature arguing that financial development contributes to economic growth. In this paper, we contribute to this literature by examining the effect of state-level banking regulation on financial development and economic growth in the United States from 1900 to 1940. Specifically, we make three contributions. First, drawing on the banking history literature, we carefully control for factors that could confound a causal interpretation of the effect of financial development on growth. Second, drawing on available data for this period, we examine the pathways through which financial development can affect growth; in particular, we examine the impact of these banking regulations on a range of farm, manufacturing, and human capital outcomes. Third, we document that not all forms of financial development have a positive effect on economic growth. In particular indiscriminate lending can negatively impact economic growth.
The meaning of OF and HAVE in the USL system

This paper shows how the transformational relationship between HAVE-sentences and OF-phrases is used to represent data contained in sentences with HAVE as the main verb in the context of an information system using natural language to access a relational data base. An overview of the system first establishes the framework in which natural language processing is done. Then ways of representing HAVE are discussed with emphasis on the relation between HAVE and OF. The interpretation proposed and the interpretation process are illustrated by a list of representative queries and phrases against a small data base. In conclusion, this interpretation is extended to prepositional attributes with WITH and WITHOUT, and problems are discussed.
Experience-based learning of task representations from human-robot interaction

We present an approach that allows a robot to learn task representations from its own experiences of interacting with a human. The robot follows a human teacher and maps its own observations of the environment into a representation of what has constituted the human's demonstration. The robot then builds a representation of the experienced task in the form of a behavior network. To enable this we introduce an architecture that extends the capabilities of behavior-based systems by allowing the representation and execution of complex and flexible sequences of behaviors. We demonstrate this architecture in a set of experiments in which a mobile robot learns representations for multiple tasks and is able to execute the tasks, even in changing environments.
Is There A Connection Between Autism, Prader‐Willi Syndrome, Catatonia, And GABA?

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews evidence that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) abnormalities are present in autism, Prader-Willi syndrome, and catatonia. Research advances in autism, Prader-Willi syndrome, and catatonia allow new inferences about their mutual relations. Catatonia has been described in both people with autism and Prader-Willi syndrome but remains unaccounted. Although autism and Prader-Willi syndrome have been considered entities in their own right, clinical observations suggest common ground and point to GABA dysfunction as a putative shared risk factor. The knowledge base on GABA abnormalities in autism, Prader-Willi syndrome, and catatonia is limited but expanding and is summarized in this chapter. Preliminary findings that plasma GABA is a familial marker of autism are presented. There are supportive data for GABA dysfunction in autism, Prader-Willi syndrome, and catatonia. Modern in vivo techniques to measure GABA in the plasma and brain allow further clinical studies to examine common GABAergic mechanisms in these disorders. Such studies may ultimately lead to improved treatments for selected symptoms in these disorders.
Continuous compartment pressure monitoring-better than clinical assessment?

Although the pathophysiologic concept of compartment syndrome as progressive myoneural ischemia caused by elevated intracompartment pressure is well accepted, it is not an entity that is easily diagnosed. The difficulty in diagnosing compartment syndrome is problematic because the consequences of missed compartment syndrome can be profound (rhabdomyolysis, muscle fibrosis and contracture, and permanent neurologic deficit), and the only effective prophylactic or therapeutic option of surgical fasciotomy has its own morbidity, expense, and potential complications. Thus, “getting it right” is both extremely important and extremely difficult. Currently, clinical examination findings and use of intracompartmental pressure monitoring are both most useful in telling us who does not need fasciotomy rather than who does. We can be confident that most patients without concerning physical findings and all patients who have a perfusion pressure (diastolic blood pressure minus intracompartmental pressure) of >30 mm Hg can be safely observed. What we do not know is what we should do with patients who have positive clinical findings or perfusion pressure of <30 mm Hg. Such patients often undergo fasciotomy, but once fasciotomy is done, it is unknown whether compartment syndrome was really present (unless there was necrotic muscle), and therefore whether the fasciotomy was prophylactic, therapeutic, or completely …
Applying Leadership Theories to Distance Education Leadership.

The instructional delivery mode in distance education has been transitioning from the context of a physical classroom environment to a virtual learning environment or maintaining a hybrid of the two. However, most distance education programs in dual mode institutions are situated in traditional face-to-face instructional settings. Distance education leaders, therefore, operate in a transition mode which requires some level of flexibility as they authorize and manage change and regularly upgrade their knowledge and skills base to adapt to the constantly changing environment. It is obvious that online distance learning is an evolving learning environment that requires leaders of traditional learning environment to acquire new skills and assume new roles. The requirements for distance education leadership and the dearth of research on how educational and leadership theories influence leaders of distance education programs calls for an examination of leadership theories. Examining various leadership theories provides a theoretical framework for current and prospective distance education leaders. This paper examines theories that can impact distance education leadership. These include transformational, situational, complexity, systems, and adoption and diffusion of innovation theories.
Erratum to “Subgroup properties of fully residually free groups”

Our article [4] contained a number of algorithmic and structural results about finitely generated subgroups of residually free groups. While all the arguments and proofs given in [4] are internally consistent, our results in the most general form relied on Proposition 5.1 of [4], which we attributed to the paper [8] (that is currently in preparation and has an additional author, V. Remeslennikov). Unfortunately, it turns out that Proposition 5.1 is incorrect as stated by us in [4], as was pointed out to the author by Zlil Sela, Mladen Bestvina, Olga Kharlampovich, Alexei Myasnikov and Inna Bumagina after [4] appeared. This mistake was due to a failure of communication and misunderstanding on my part of the results of [8], and I take full responsibility for this event. All the main results of [4], namely Theorems A, B, C, and D, are thus incomplete and should be regarded as conjectures for the moment. It is clear to the author that these statements are in fact correct, but the proofs would require a careful and quite lengthy inductive use of Proposition 5.4 of [4] (that is due to A. Myasnikov and V. Remeslennikov [9]) together with the results of R. Burns [1], [2] and D. Cohen [3], instead of relying on the incorrect Proposition 5.1 as a shortcut. Nevertheless, all of the proofs given in [4] are correct and complete for the case of word-hyperbolic fully residually free groups, since in that case Proposition 5.1 was not needed. Thus what was actually proved in [4] can be summarized in the following:
Zoning and Property Taxation in a System of Local Governments

In this paper I will develop a model of the behaviour of economic agents in a system of local governments . The model is very much in the spirit of the wellknown Tiebout Hypothesis (1956) and many of Tiebout's original assumptions will be retained . Much recent research in urban public finance has been concerned with the nature of the goods provided by local governments (in particular with various aspects of the 'publicness' of these goods), and the degree to which `voting-with-feet' mechanism can distribute these goods Pareto optimally' This paper is concerned not with the nature of the goods but with the nature of the mechanism itself, and I will discuss only peripherally such problems as economies of scale and spillovers . Toward the conclusion of the paper I will discuss in more detail
Doppler Echocardiographic Prediction of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Congenital Heart Disease

This study determines the accuracy of Doppler echocardiography (echo) for predicting the presence of pulmonary artery (PA) hypertension from Doppler PA velocity traces. The patient group included 17 patients with congenital cardiac disease who had undergone catheterization. The control group was composed of 15 normal subjects. Doppler traces were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative assessment included evaluation for a negative presystolic velocity that was the equivalent of the pulmonary a wave detected by M-mode echo. Quantitative assessment included measurement of the following time intervals and ratio of intervals: preejection period (PEP), time to peak velocity (TPV), right ventricular ejection time (RVET), PEP/RVET and TPV/RVET ratios. In the patient group, systolic PA pressure ranged from 22 to 90 mm Hg (mean 50 +/- 23), and mean PA pressure ranged from 12 to 60 mm Hg (mean 32 +/- 17). Five patients had systolic PA pressures of less than or equal to 30 mm Hg and 12 had systolic PA pressures greater than 30 mm Hg. Of 15 control subjects, 14 had a negative presystolic a wave. Of 5 patients with PA pressure less than or equal to 30 mm Hg, 4 had a presystolic negative velocity, and all with higher pressures had no presystolic negative velocity. One patient with pressure less than 30 mm Hg and 2 with PA pressure greater than 30 mm Hg had indeterminate status of presystolic velocity pattern because of turbulence or baseline blanking. The best quantitative indexes for separating patients with normal PA pressure from those with elevated PA pressure were TPV and TPV/RVET, which respectively correlated negatively with systolic PA pressure (r = -0.82, standard error of the estimate [SEE] = 0.02; and r = -0.70, SEE = 0.05). These measurements also correlated negatively with mean PA pressure (r = -0.75, SEE = 0.02; and r = -0.76, SEE = 0.05). Other intervals and ratios had enough individual variability to make them less useful as predictors of PA hypertension.
The Products of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Immediate-Early US1/US1.5 Genes Downregulate Levels of S-Phase-Specific Cyclins and Facilitate Virus Replication in S-Phase Vero Cells

Herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP22-/U(S)1.5- mutants initiate viral gene expression in all cells; however, in most cell types, the replication process stalls due to an inability to express gamma2 late proteins. Although the function of ICP22/U(S)1.5 has not been established, it has been suggested that these proteins activate, induce, or repress the activity of cellular proteins during infection. In this study, we hypothesized that cell cycle-associated proteins are targets of ICP22/U(S)1.5. For this purpose, we first isolated and characterized an ICP22-/U(S)1.5- mutant virus, 22/n199. Like other ICP22-/U(S)1.5- mutants, 22/n199 replicates in a cell-type-specific manner and fails to induce efficient gamma2 late gene expression in restrictive cells. Although synchronization of restrictive human embryonic lung cells in each phase of the cell cycle did not overcome the growth restrictions of 22/n199, synchronization of permissive Vero cells in S phase rendered them less able to support 22/n199 plaque formation and replication. Consistent with this finding, expression of cellular S-phase cyclins was altered in an ICP22/U(S)1.5-dependent manner specifically when S-phase Vero cells were infected. Collectively, these observations support the notion that ICP22/U(S)1.5 deregulates the cell cycle upon infection of S-phase permissive cells by altering expression of key cell cycle regulatory proteins either directly or indirectly.
International work in forensic psychiatry.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review literature published worldwide during the past year on forensic psychiatry. RECENT FINDINGS In Singapore, more homicides are committed by foreigners than nationals. In Israel, immigrants are less often involuntarily committed. In Australia, a community treatment order results in more rehospitalizations after the first admission and fewer rehospitalizations after subsequent admissions. In New Zealand, assertive community treatment with cultural engagement results in good outcome even for those offenders with a diagnosis of antisocial behavior. SUMMARY New findings are leading to public policy decisions and improved treatment methods.
Magnetic resonance imaging procedures to study the concurrent anatomic development of vocal tract structures: preliminary results

The vocal tract structures undergo drastic anatomic restructuring during the course of development from infancy to adulthood. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using MRI to examine the growth processes of the vocal tract. This method affords precise and detailed visualization of the soft tissues in the oro-pharyngeal region, while also providing images of related bony and cartilaginous structures. Information on anatomic restructuring contributes to the understanding of how speech emerges and develops, and it also establishes normative information that can be used in the assessment of developmental anomalies. This paper describes the method used to measure and examine the concurrent anatomic development of the various vocal tract structures during early childhood. Preliminary results from two pediatric subjects indicate that there is synchrony of growth in the different structures-both soft and hard tissues-, and that such synchronous growth appears to persist during periods of growth spurts.
Patients Selected for Definitive Concurrent Chemoradiation at High-volume Facilities Achieve Improved Survival in Stage III Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Background The relationship between provider experience and clinical outcomes is poorly defined in radiation oncology. This study examined the impact of facility case volume on overall survival in patients with stage III non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with definitive concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT). Methods Using the National Cancer Data Base, we identified clinical stage III NSCLC patients diagnosed in 2004 to 2006 who were treated with definitive CCRT to 59.4–74.0 Gy. High-volume facilities (HVF) were defined as those in the ninetieth percentile of annual CCRT volume (≥12 cases/year). Independent predictors of receiving CCRT at HVF were identified using multivariable logistic regression. Overall survival based on receiving CCRT at HVF was assessed using Kaplan–Meier analysis, Cox proportional hazards regression, and propensity score matching. Results Among 10,072 included patients, 1207 (12.0%) were treated at HVF. Patients in HVF were more likely to have a higher Charlson–Deyo comorbidity score, more advanced nodal stage, higher doses, and 3D-conformal or intensity-modulated radiotherapy. When controlling for demographic and clinical covariates including academic affiliation, treatment at HVF was independently associated with a significantly decreased risk of death (hazards ratio=0.93; 95% confidence interval: 0.87–0.99; p = 0.03). Propensity score matching showed that these findings were robust (hazards ratio=0.91; 95% confidence interval: 0.84–0.99; p = 0.04). Conclusions Our findings suggest that treatment at HVF is associated with improved overall survival among stage III NSCLC patients receiving definitive CCRT, independent of academic affiliation. Further research is needed to determine whether or not efforts supporting centralization of radiotherapy at HVF will improve population-based survival, toxicities, and costs.
Sulfhydryl-reactive heavy metals increase cell membrane K+ and Ca2+ transport in renal proximal tubule.

The cellular mechanisms by which nephrotoxic heavy metals injure the proximal tubule are incompletely defined. We used extracellular electrodes to measure the early effects of heavy metals and other sulfhydryl reagents on net K+ and Ca2+ transport and respiration (QO2) of proximal tubule suspensions. Hg2+, Cu2+, and Au3+ (10−4m) each caused a rapid net K+ efflux and a delayed inhibition of QO2. The Hg2+-induced net K+ release represented passive K+ transport and was not inhibited by barium, tetraethylammonium, or furosemide. Both Hg2+ and Ag+ promoted a net Ca2+ uptake that was nearly coincident with the onset of the net K+ efflux. A delayed inhibition of ouabainsensitive QO2 and nystatin-stimulated QO2, indicative of Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition, was observed after 30 sec of exposure to Hg2+. More prolonged treatment (2 min) of the tubules with Hg2+ resulted in a 40% reduction in the CCCP-uncoupled QO2, indicating delayed injury to the mitochondria. The net K+ efflux was mimicked by the sulfhydryl reagents pCMBS and N-ethylmaleimide (10−4m) and prevented by dithiothreitol (DTT) or reduced glutathione (GSH) (10−4m). In addition, both DTT and GSH immediately reversed the Ag+-induced net Ca2+ uptake. Thus, sulfhydryl-reactive heavy metals cause rapid, dramatic changes in the membrane ionic permeability of the proximal tubule before disrupting Na+, K+-ATPase activity or mitochondrial function. These alterations appear to be the result of an interaction of the metal ions with sulfhydryl groups of cell membrane proteins responsible for the modulation of cation permeability.
INDUCTION OF DNA STRAND BREAKS IN NORMAL HUMAN FIBROBLASTS EXPOSED TO MONOCHROMATIC ULTRAVIOLET AND VISIBLE WAVELENGTHS IN THE 240–546 nm RANGE

— The induction of DNA single-strand breaks in normal human fibroblasts exposed to monochromatic wavelengths from 240–546 nm was measured by the alkaline elution assay. The cells were irradiated at 1°C to prevent both repair of induced breaks and formation of enzymatically induced breaks through excision repair. The cultures were also washed with and irradiated while suspended in phosphate buffered saline to prevent the formation of DNA damaging photoproducts from medium components. The action spectrum for DNA strand breakage was found to exhibit one peak at 265 nm, consistent with DNA absorption, and a second peak at 450 nm. The normalized action spectrum in the visible is similar to the normalized absorption spectrum for riboflavin, a known photosensitizing agent, implicating this molecule as the absorbing chromophore.
Diagnostic challenge of hepatopulmonary syndrome in a patient with coexisting structural heart disease.

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a severe complication seen in advance liver disease. Its prevalence among cirrhotic patients varies from 4–47 percent. HPS exact pathogenesis remains unknown. Patient presents with signs/symptoms of chronic liver disease, and dypsnea of variable severity. Our patient is a 62 years old white male with a known history of chronic hepatitis C, cirrhosis, ascites, and hypothyroidism who presented to GI/liver clinic complaining of 1 episode BRBPR, and exacerbating dypsnea associated with nausea and few episodes of non-bloody vomit. Physical exam showed, icterus, jaundice, few small spider angiomas on the chest, decrease breath sounds bilateral right more than left, and mild tachycardic. Abdominal exam revealed mid-line scar, moderated size ventral hernia, distention, diffused tenderness, and dullness to percussion. Laboratory result: CBC 5.2/13.2/37.6/83, LFTs 83/217/125/5.2/4.7/7.4, Pt 22.6 INR 1.9 PTT35.4. CT scan showed liver cirrhosis, abdominal varices, and moderated ascites collection around ventral hernia. Calculated A-a gradient was 49.5. Echocardiography revealed patent foramen ovale (PFO) with predominant left to right shunt. In our case, existence of paten foramen ovale (PFO) and atelectasis precludes definitive diagnosis of HPS. Presence of cardiopulmonary shunt could be partially responsible for the patient's dypsnea exacerbation.
Enzyme-mediated hydrolytic activation of prodrugs

Abstract Prodrug design is an important part of drug discovery. Prodrugs can offer many advantages over parent drugs such as increased solubility, enhanced stability, improved bioavailability, reduced side effects, and better selectivity. Many prodrugs have been used successfully in the clinic; examples include oseltamivir in anti-influenza therapy, enalapril in anti-hypertension therapy, capecitabine in cancer therapy, and omeprazole in the treatment of peptic ulcer. A key step in prodrug design is the incorporation of an activation mechanism that can convert the prodrug into the active species in an efficient and/or controlled manner to meet the needs of a given medical application. Prodrug activation can be achieved through enzyme-mediated hydrolytic or oxidoreductive processes while activation of some prodrugs may proceed through pure chemical nonenzymatic processes. This review focuses on the hydrolytic enzymes that have been used in prodrug activation, including transferases, hydrolases, and lyases.
Manifestation of Hodgkin’s lymphoma in an adrenal myelolipoma

Adrenal myelolipomas are benign tumors histologically consisting of fat and bone marrow. The computed tomography findings of Hodgkin's lymphoma manifested in an adrenal myelolipoma are described. This collision tumor constellation has not been reported previously.
External finger forces in submaximal five-finger static pinch prehension

Small conductive polymer force sensors were attached to the distal phalangeal pads for measuring individual finger forces exerted during submaximal static pinch. A linear force summing strain gauge dynamometer for measuring resultant five-finger pinch force was grasped vertically using a neutral wrist posture. Individual finger forces were measured at fixed total pinch force levels of 10%, 20%, and 30% of maximum voluntary exertion using pinch spans of 45 mm and 65 mm. Total pinch force and individual finger forces were also measured while similarly grasping the dynamometer and supporting fixed weights for 1.0 kg, 1.5 kg, and 2.0 kg loads using pinch spans of 45 mm and 65 mm. The index and middle fingers exerted more than 3 N greater average force than the ring and small fingers for the fixed total pinch force task. No significant individual finger force differences were observed at the 10% maximum voluntary exertion level, however both the index and middle fingers exerted more than 5 N greater force than the ring and small fingers at the 30% maximum voluntary exertion level. The average contribution of the index, middle, ring, and small fingers were 33%, 33%, 17%, and 15%, respectfully, for the fixed total pinch force task. As exertion level increased from 10% to 30%, the contribution of the middle finger was not constant increasing from 25% to 38%. Total pinch force increased from 15 N to 30 N when the load weight increased from 1.0 kg to 2.0 kg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
How to discipline a thief who stole for fellow employees

From an international perspective, presents an interesting problem about discipline, as it discusses the appropriate discipline for a group of employees who confessed to stealing food ‐ cooking oil and a special mix of flour ‐ donated by the US Government for distribution to the poor of the Third World. The expatriate manager is wondering just how severe he should be, given the circumstances where the relatively poor employees felt it was acceptable for them to receive the free food. The young woman who distributed the food to the poor also distributed it surreptitiously to her fellow employees. A complicating factor is that she was noticeably pregnant at the time which entitled her to special protection under Colombian labour law from arbitrary dismissal.
Validation of psychometric research instruments: The case of information science

Instrument validation is a critical step that researchers should employ in order to ensure the generation of scientifically valid knowledge. Without it, the basis of research findings and the generalization of such are threatened. This is especially true in the social sciences, a discipline in which the majority of published articles utilize subjective instruments in the collection of data. Consequently, instrument validation has increasingly become common practice in the social sciences, yet implementation of this practice differs greatly among the social-science disciplines. The assessment of instrument validation undertaken in this study attempts to provide guidance for reviewers, editors, authors, and readers, by offering various techniques of validity and analyzing the quality of a set of psychometric journal articles. In this research, six attributes of instrument validation areas are identified as validation protocol. The Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (JASIST), which is widely recognized as a leading journal in the field of information science, was selected for examination to determine how well a set of research articles ranked in meeting instrument-validation protocol. Findings show that while researchers are becoming increasingly attentive to certain validation issues, standards on validation processes and reporting might prove helpful. This paper identifies areas for improvement in the reporting of validity measures and offers ways for researchers to implement them. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reciprocal effects of C/EBPα and PKCδ on JunB expression and monocytic differentiation depend upon the C/EBPα basic region

Monocytic differentiation of 32DPKCδ cells in response to activation of protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was inhibited by exogenous CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α–estradiol receptor (C/EBPα-ER), which impeded morphologic maturation and induction of macrosialin mRNA. Inhibition of monopoiesis was also evident in 32DPKCδ subclones expressing C/EBPαLeu12Val-ER, which cannot dimerize or bind DNA because of mutation of the leucine zipper, C/EBPαGZ-ER, in which the leucine zipper has been replaced by the GCN4 zipper, or C/EBPαΔ3-8-ER, lacking the C/EBPα transactivation domains. In contrast, C/EBPαBR3-ER, containing a mutant basic region, did not inhibit monocytic differentiation. C/EBPα-ER strongly inhibited endogenous AP-1 DNA-binding. Supershift analysis revealed that the major AP-1 complex contains JunB. Activation of C/EBPα-ER specifically reduced endogenous JunB RNA and protein and exogenous JunB levels without affecting endogenous or exogenous c-Jun. The stability of PMA-induced JunB was not affected. Thus, C/EBPα-ER suppresses both JunB transcription and posttranscriptional protein generation or induction. PU.1 levels and activity were increased. The Leu12Val, GZ, and Δ3-8 mutants also inhibited JunB expression, whereas the BR3 mutant was ineffective, indicating that inhibition of JunB expression and monocytic differentiation by C/EBPα-ER depends upon an interaction mediated by its basic region. Exogenous JunB restored AP-1 DNA-binding but did not prevent inhibition of macrosialin expression by C/EBPα-ER, indicating that JunB is not the only target relevant to inhibition of monopoiesis by C/EBPα.
Parameter identification in periodic delay differential equations with distributed delay

Abstract In this study, a parameter identification approach for identifying the parameters of a periodic delayed system with distributed delay is introduced based on time series analysis and spectral element analysis. Using this approach the parameters of the distributed delayed system can be identified from the time series of the response of the system. The experimental or numerical data of the response is examined with Floquet theory and time series analysis techniques to estimate a reduced order dynamics, or truncated state space to identify the Floquet multipliers. Parameter identification is then completed using a dynamic map developed for the assumed model of the system which can relate the Floquet multipliers to the unknown parameters in the model. The parameter identification technique is validated numerically for first and second order delay differential equations with distributed delay.
Reactions of Fe(CO)4 with C2H5I in the gas phase : Evidence for the formation of IFe(CO)4(C2H5), IFe(CO)3(η2-COC2H5), and IFe(CO)4(COC2H5)

The reaction of C 2 H 5 I with photogenerated Fe(CO) 4 was followed using time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. Three novel products were detected. On the basis of their carbonyl stretching frequencies, their kinetics, and calculations of their relative energies, these complexes are assigned as IFe(CO) 4 (C 2 H 5 ), IFe(CO) 3 (η 2 -COC 2 H 5 ), and IFe(CO) 4 (COC 2 H 5 ). Addition of C 2 H 5 I to Fe(CO) 4 produces IFe(CO) 4 (C 2 H 5 ) as the kinetically preferred product, which then converts to IFe(CO) 3 (η 2 -COC 2 H 5 ), the thermodynamically preferred complex. IFe(CO) 4 (COC 2 H 5 ) is formed upon addition of CO to IFe(CO) 3 (η 1 -COC 2 H 5 ), a 16-electron complex that is proposed as a common intermediate leading to the three products. Temperature-dependent studies of the kinetics of the decay of IFe(CO) 4 (COC 2 H 5 ), the longest lived of the products, indicate that it decarbonylates with an activation energy of ∼20 kcal/ mol.
Validation of self-reported history of hysterectomy and oophorectomy among women in an integrated group practice setting.

Objective: Classification of menopause status often relies on self-report and is centrally important to research and clinical practice. This study was designed to assess the validity of self-reported hysterectomy and oophorectomy. Methods: A validation study of self-reported surgical menopause was conducted using survey data and electronic medical records from women enrolled in the Breast Cancer Screening Program within an integrated group practice in Washington State. Sensitivity of self-reported surgical history was estimated from questionnaire data among women with a history of hysterectomy (n = 1,935) and/or oophorectomy (n = 1,010) per medical records. Positive predictive values were quantified by reviewing medical records for a subset of women who self-reported a hysterectomy and/or oophorectomy (n = 122). Results: Women self-reported hysterectomy history with great accuracy (sensitivity, 91%; positive predictive value, 97%) but were less accurate in reporting oophorectomy history (sensitivity of bilateral oophorectomy, 64%; positive predictive value, 100% and 73% for bilateral and unilateral oophorectomy, respectively). Among women self-reporting a unilateral oophorectomy, 19% had had both ovaries removed. Conclusions: Self-report is a valid data collection tool for hysterectomy history, but care should be taken in querying for and interpreting self-reported oophorectomy history for determining menopause status.
Pictures at an exhibition: a physical/digital puppetry performance piece

Pictures at an Exhibition is a physical/digital puppetry piece that uses tangible interface puppets to modify a virtual scene projected at the back of the stage in real-time. Telling the story of a heist in an art gallery, the actions of the puppets are digitally reflected in abstract changes to an artwork in the scene. The piece merges traditional puppeteering practices with tangible interaction technologies and virtual environments to create a novel performance for the live stage.
Genome-wide association analyses suggest NELL1 influences adverse metabolic response to HCTZ in African Americans

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is one of the most widely prescribed antihypertensive medications. Although it is well known that HCTZ is associated with hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, the mechanisms underlying these adverse effects are not well understood. We performed a genome-wide association study and meta-analysis of the change in fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides in response to HCTZ from two different clinical trials: the Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses and the Genetic Epidemiology of Responses to Antihypertensive studies. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs12279250 and rs4319515 (r2=0.73)), located at 11p15.1 in the NELL1 gene, achieved genome-wide significance for association with change in fasting plasma triglycerides in African Americans, whereby each variant allele was associated with a 28 mg dl−1 increase in the change in triglycerides. NELL1 encodes a cytoplasmic protein that contains epidermal growth factor-like repeats and has been shown to represses adipogenic differentiation. These findings may represent a novel mechanism underlying HCTZ-induced adverse metabolic effects.
Dynamic measurements of aqueous lanthanide triflate-catalyzed reactions using luminescence decay.

There is tremendous interest in water-compatible lanthanide triflate-based catalysts for carbon−carbon bond forming reactions; however, poor understanding of their aqueous mechanism severely limits the ability to increase the utility of these catalysts. Here, we report dynamic measurements of the water-coordination number of lanthanide triflate-based catalysts using luminescence-decay measurements in a range of aqueous systems. This unique characterization method is a reliable, convenient, and fast approach to analyze lanthanide-based catalysts in aqueous systems.
Foundation of the interfacial area transport equation and its closure relations

Abstract The interfacial area transport equation is derived from the statistical model of fluid particle number transport equation. The resulting equation includes the source and sink terms due to the particle interactions and interfacial phase change. The consistency of this new approach is demonstrated in terms of the macroscopic continuity equation of a bubbly flow field. The basic mechanisms affecting these source and sink terms are discussed. The general framework to develop the closure relations for the fluid particle interaction and phase change terms is presented. Finally, the one-dimensional interfacial area transport equation is used to identify possible methods to relate the source and sink terms to experimentally measurable interfacial parameters, such that experiments can be used to establish models for these terms.
The effect of lysine- and arginine-modifying reagents on spinach ferredoxin: nitrite oxidoreductase

Abstract Treatment of ferredoxin-dependent nitrite reductase, isolated from spinach leaves, with either the lysine-modifying reagent N-acetyl succinimide or the arginine-modifying reagent phenylglyoxal, caused substantial loss of enzymatic activity when reduced ferredoxin, the physiological donor, served as the source of electrons for nitrite reduction. In contrast, treatment with either modifier had little effect on the ability of the enzyme to catalyze nitrite reduction when a non-physiological electron donor, reduced methyl viologen, was supplied. Ferredoxin, but not nitrite, protected the enzyme against loss of ferredoxin-dependent activity caused by both modifiers. Modification caused only minor changes in the absorbance and circular dichroism spectra of nitrite reductase, suggesting that neither N-acetyl succinimide nor phenylglyoxal treatment causes a major conformational change in the enzyme. Modification of nitrite reductase with either N-acetyl succinimide or phenylglyoxal caused the enzyme to lose the ability to form a tight, electrostatically-stabilized complex with ferredoxin. These results have been interpreted in terms of the likely presence of both lysine- and arginine-residues at the ferredoxin-binding domain of spinach nitrite reductase.
Effects of Microsilica (Silica Fume) on Pore-Solution Chemistry of Cement Pastes

Pore solutions expressed from hydrated Portland cement pastes containing up to 30% microsilica (silica fume) as replacement for cement were analyzed. The presence of microsilica enhances early concentrations of alkalies and hydroxyl ions, but after 1 day the effect is reversed, and the concentrations of these ions are progressively reduced to very low values. Alkali reduction seems more pronounced for pastes of higher water content, and low levels of microsilica replacement (5 or 10%) exert substantially greater than proportional effects.
Targeting autophagy for disease therapy

A peptide that enhances autophagy suppresses viral infections and clears protein aggregates.
Geospatial Workforce Trends in the United States

Because of definitional problems regarding what is meant by the term â€œgeospatial workforce,â€ specific reliable data are difficult to obtain about this increasingly important employment sector. This study reviews pertinent literature and U.S. Department of Labor datasets to corroborate the general sense that the geospatial workforce in the U.S. will continue robust expansion well into the next decade. However, because of this strong growth, an imbalance will remain in which demand outstrips supply, particularly in the more sophisticated modeling, design, and research positions, in the geospatial workforce.
Modifying the specificity of an RNA backbone contact.

Abstract The interaction between the MS2 bacteriophage coat protein homodimer and its cognate RNA hairpin is facilitated by 21 different RNA-protein contacts. In one of these contacts, the 2′-hydroxyl group at ribose −5 of the RNA acts as a hydrogen bond donor to Glu63 in one subunit of the protein. Previous experiments showed that substitution of ribose −5 with deoxyribose resulted in a 24-fold decrease in binding affinity between RNA and protein. Using a protein where the two MS2 monomers were fused to increase stability, the contribution of this contact to the overall binding affinity was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. When Glu63 was substituted with glutamine, aspartate, or alanine, the binding affinity of the hairpin for the protein was weakened by 12 to 100-fold, similar to that observed with deoxyribose at position −5. However, the specificity of the three mutant proteins for RNAs with various modifications at the 2′-position of ribose −5 differed dramatically. While the Glu63Asp protein resembled the wild-type protein in preferring the 2′-hydroxyl group over a proton or a bulky 2′-substituent, both the Glu63Ala and Glu63Gln proteins preferred bulky 2′-substituents over the 2′-hydroxyl group by more than 100-fold. These experiments emphasize the ease with which the specificity of a protein-nucleic acid interaction can be changed at thermodynamically important sites.
Finding a good figure that approximately passes through given points

Abstract A system is presented which, when given a list of points on the plane, will find a good figure to approximately pass through the points. Some of the thirteen figures considered are the line segment, circle, parallelogram, and equilateral triangle. The system searches a disjunctive (or) goal tree. We are performing research needed in the development of a robot manipulator system. Object recognition is a very important part of the system. Although the robot will be sensing three-dimensional objects from tactile or other sensors, there are reasons for first treating the two-dimensional case.
QUANTUM NOISE THEORY FOR THE dc SQUID

The noise temperature of a dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) coupled to a tuned input circuit is computed using the complete quantum expression for the equilibrium noise in the shunt resistance of each junction. At T = 0, where the noise reduces to zero‐point fluctuations, the noise temperature for an optimized system is hn/kB ln2, where n is the signal frequency. The computation is extended to nonzero temperatures, and it is shown that a SQUID operated at 1K can approach the quantum limit.
Visualization of specific angiotensin II binding sites in the brain by fluorescent microscopy

The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis has been implicated as the site of receptors mediating central responses of angiotensin II. Up to now, this had been based on indirect evidence, but direct visualization of angiotensin II at its site of action has now been achieved by the use of a biologically active fluorescent angiotensin II agonist. The ventricular surface of the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis showed intense fluorescence, which was virtually eliminated by an excess of unlabeled angiotensin II.
Evaluation of the utility of the Wells score in predicting pulmonary embolism in patients admitted to a spine surgery service.

AbstractStudy Design: A retrospective medical chart review of 4179 patients admitted to the spine surgery service. Objective: To evaluate the utility of the Wells score in predicting pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients admitted to a spine surgery service. Summary of Background Data: The decision to perform computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) to diagnose PE in patients who have undergone spine surgery requires consideration of multiple factors: false-positive CTPA results may lead to unnecessary anticoagulation treatment, and computed tomography scans are costly and expose patients to ionizing radiation. The Wells score was developed to assign risk categories to patients with suspected PE and thereby indicate the need for CTPA. However, the utility of the Wells score in predicting the likelihood of PE, specifically in spine surgery patients, has not been described to date. We identified all patients who were admitted to the spine surgery service at our institution from January 1, 2001 to Decem...
Validity of a vasculitis activity index for systemic necrotizing vasculitis.

Objective To establish the validity of an index designed to measure activity in systemic necrotizing vasculitis (SNV). Methods The Vasculitis Activity Index (VAI) was designed to incorporate appropriately weighted clinical measurements that reflect disease activity in SNV. We performed a pilot study to guide the modification and subsequent testing of the initial design. The data necessary to calculate the VAI are direct ratings by a clinical observer of the degree of activity in 9 organ systems and 3 indirect measures of vasculitis activity. These data are recorded on 0–4 visual analog scales. Physician's global assessment (PGA) is used as the “gold standard” measurement of disease activity. The VAI was validated using 2 independent data sets: the questionnaire data set, derived from test case histories (“paper cases”) sent to 100 practicing rheumatologists, and the clinic data set, obtained from use of the VAI in 204 regular care visits of 74 patients with SNV. Results The VAI correlated highly with the PGA: Pearson's correlation coefficient R = 0.84 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.80–0.88) for the questionnaire data set, and R = 0.92 (95% CI 0.90–0.94) for the clinic data set. The mean of the interobserver coefficients of variation for the test case histories was lower for the VAI than for the PGA (mean difference 0.45; P = 0.002), indicating that the VAI has less interobserver variation than does the PGA. The change in VAI between clinic visits for individual patients correlated highly with the change in PGA (R = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.83–0.91). The VAI data collection form requires about 1 minute to complete, including computation of the score. Conclusion The VAI is a valid measure of vasculitis activity that correlates highly with the PGA. In addition, the VAI has less interobserver variation than the PGA and has a high level of sensitivity to change over time. Additional testing of the VAI appears warranted.
Multi-objective control for multi-agent systems using Lyapunov-like barrier functions

This paper addresses the problem of multi-agent coordination and control under multiple objectives, and presents a set-theoretic formulation which is amenable to Lyapunov-based analysis and control design. A novel class of Lyapunov-like barrier functions is introduced and used to encode multiple, non-trivial control objectives, such as collision avoidance, proximity maintenance and convergence to desired destinations. The construction is based on the concept of recentered barrier functions and on approximation functions. A single Lyapunov-like function encodes the constrained set of each agent, yielding simple, closed-form control solutions. The proposed construction allows also for distributed control design based on information locally available to each agent. The scenario considered here involves nonholonomic vehicles, while simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the approach.
The Epicure's Almanack: Eating and Drinking in Regency London, The Original 1815 Guidebook. Edited by Janet Ing Freeman. (London, England: The British Library, 2012. Pp. liii, 313. $55.00.)

To say that The Epicure's Almanack was a pioneering work of epicurean history is an understatement. Originally published in 1815, it was the first and only guide that was entirely devoted to London...
beta-adrenergic receptors primarily are located on the dendrites of granule cells and interneurons but also are found on astrocytes and a few presynaptic profiles in the rat dentate gyrus.

In the rat dentate gyrus, beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) activation is thought to be important in mediating the effects of norepinephrine (NE). beta-AR-immunoreactivity (beta-AR-I) was localized in this study by light and electron microscopy in the rat dentate gyrus by using two previously characterized antibodies to the beta-AR. By light microscopy, dense beta-AR-I was observed in the somata of granule cells and a few hilar interneurons. Diffuse and slightly granular beta-AR-I was found in all laminae, although it was most noticeable in the molecular layer. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasm of granule cell and interneuronal perikarya (some of which contained parvalbumin immunoreactivity) contained beta-AR-I. beta-AR-I was associated primarily with the endoplasmic reticula; however, a few patches were observed near the plasmalemma. Quantitative analysis revealed that the greatest proportion of beta-AR-labeled profiles was found in the molecular layer. The majority of beta-AR-labeled profiles were either dendritic or astrocytic. In dendritic profiles, beta-AR-I was prominent near postsynaptic densities in large dendrites, many of which originated from granule cell somata. Moreover, some beta-AR-I was found in dendritic spines, sometimes affiliated with the spine apparati. Astrocytic profiles with beta-AR-I were commonly found next to unlabeled terminals which formed asymmetric (excitatory-type) synapses with dendritic spines. Additionally, beta-AR-I was observed in a few unmyelinated axons and axon terminals, many of which formed synapses with dendritic spines. Dual-labeling studies revealed that axons and axon terminals containing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme, often were near both neuronal and glial profiles containing beta-AR-I. These studies demonstrate that hippocampal beta-AR-I is localized: 1) principally in postsynaptic sites on granule cells and a few interneurons (some of which were basket cells); and 2) in glial processes. These observations add further support to the contention that beta-AR-activation modulates synaptic function through disparate pathways: directly, at either postsynaptic densities or presynaptic processes, or indirectly, through adjacent glial processes.