cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Congestion Pricing, Heterogeneous Users, and Travel Time Reliability: Multicriterion Dynamic User Equilibrium Model and Efficient Implementation for Large-Scale Networks

With the increasing interest in road pricing strategies to alleviate congestion and improve network performance, this study develops a multicriterion dynamic user equilibrium (MDUE) traffic assignment model that explicitly considers heterogeneous users who seek to minimize three essential decision attributes: travel time, out-of-pocket cost, and travel time reliability in the underlying path choice framework. The value of time in this study is treated as a continuous random variable distributed across the population of trip makers, and travel time reliability is estimated at a path level. Furthermore, the proposed MDUE model is capable of considering different vehicle classes, namely, low-occupancy vehicles and high-occupancy vehicles; thus, with greater realism in trip makers' path choice behavior, the MDUE model is applicable for analyzing a variety of road pricing scenarios. To address the practical application aspects for large-scale congested networks, novel implementation techniques are proposed to ...
A Model for the Transfer of Gaseous Pollutants to a Vegetational Surface

Abstract A model is formulated which predicts the flux of a gaseous pollutant to a vegetational surface provided the surface concentration is known. The effect of canopy structure on the flux is accounted for in terms of height, zero-plane displacement, roughness and leaf area density. The predictions of the model are shown to be consistent with the data of A. C. Chamberlain for deposition and evaporation at an artificial grass-like surface.
Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by a stable free radical and its diamagnetic homolog.

Abstract The stable free radical 1,1′-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and its hydrazine homolog are very potent uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation in whole mitochondria. These molecules exhibit many of the same effects on respiratory kinetics and ATPase as does 2,4-dinitrophenol, but at low concentrations near 10 −7 M, and appear to act at a mechanistic locus common to other “true” uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation.
Black and White Thinking? Understanding Negative Responses to Transracial Adoptive Families

Many view adoptive families as less legitimate than birth families. Because of dissimilar appearance and racism, transracial adoptive families may be particularly devalued. White American undergraduates (N = 167) were randomly assigned to view an adoptive family photograph of White parents holding either a Black or White infant. Viewing a transracial family elicited less favorable adoption attitudes and greater negative emotions than viewing a same-race family. Participants’ own racism amplified the effect of the transracial family on negative emotions. Results suggest that transracial adoptive families are devalued due to negative feelings elicited by both dissimilar appearance and individual racism.
Interfacial excess energy, excess stress and excess strain in elastic solids: Planar interfaces

In this paper, interfacial excess energy and interfacial excess stress for coherent interfaces in an elastic solid are reformulated within the framework of continuum mechanics. It is shown that the well-known Shuttleworth relationship between the interfacial excess energy and interfacial excess stress is valid only when the interface is free of transverse stresses. To account for the transverse stress, a new relationship is derived between the interfacial excess energy and interfacial excess stress. Dually, the concept of transverse interfacial excess strain is also introduced, and the complementary Shuttleworth equation is derived that relates the interfacial excess energy to the newly introduced transverse interfacial excess strain. This new formulation of interfacial excess stress and excess strain naturally leads to the definition of an in-plane interfacial stiffness tensor, a transverse interfacial compliance tensor and a coupling tensor that accounts for the Poisson's effect of the interface. These tensors fully describe the elastic behavior of a coherent interface upon deformation.
Nonlinear array layouts for hierarchical memory systems

Programming languages that provide multidimensional arrays and a flat linear model of memory must implement a mapping between these two domains to order array elements in memory. This layout function is fixed at language definition time and constitutes an invisible, non-programmable array attribute. In reality, modern memory systems are architecturally hierarchical rather than flat, with substantial differences in performance among different levels of the hierarchy. This mismatch between the model and the true architecture of memory systems can result in low locality of reference and poor performance. Some of this loss in performance can be recovered by re-ordering computations using transformations such as loop tiling. We explore nonlinear array layout functions as an additional means of improving locality of reference. For a benchmark suite composed of dense matrix kernels, we show by timing and simulation that two specific layouts (4D and Morton) have low implementation costs (2–5% of total running time) and high performance benefits (reducing execution time by factors of 1.1–2.5); that they have smooth performance curves, both across a wide range of problem sizes and over representative cache architectures; and that recursion-based control structures may be needed to fully exploit their potential.
Academic dishonesty, Type A behavior, and classroom orientation

One hundred eighty-three college students served as subjects in an investigation of relations among academic dishonesty, Type A behavior, and classroom orientation. A positive association was found among learning orientation, Type A behavior, and lower levels of academic dishonesty. Grade orientation, Type B behavior, and higher levels of academic dishonesty were also positively associated. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The physical basis of nerve impulse conduction the irreversible thermodynamic analysis of the active state

Abstract This communication reports the thermodynamic analysis of the active state in nonmyelinated axons; it is the first step in the development of a theory of the physical basis of nerve impulse transport. The thermodynamic analysis enables one to make proper identification of material and thermal diffusion coefficients and conductivities associated with the impulse transport. Future additions to the details of the theory will involve consideration of molecular models of the axon active state. The complete macroscopic thermodynamic and microscopic statistical mechanical analyses will provide the links between the model representations and the measured quantities, e.g. conductivities and action potentials. This paper is divided into two parts. Part I is an introduction to the representation of the nerve axon used here and a general discussion of the results of the analysis of the active state obtained rigorously in Part II. The analysis contained in Part II involves an examination of the phenomenological transport equations for the coupled material (ionic) and thermal diffusion problems. By means of suitable transformations of the transport equations a correspondence with the theory of thermal explosions results. This correspondence therefore allows a detailed examination of the processes of impulse initiation and propagation. The thermodynamic analysis is macroscopic and necessarily phenomenological. Nevertheless, in spite of the macroscopic viewpoint it does enable one to make some predictions of a microscopic nature. In particular, these predictions concern the mechanism of synaptic conduction, the nature of impulse initiation at sensory receptors, and very importantly, the nature of allowable microscopic models of the impulse transport in the axon membrane. These points are discussed in the text of the paper.
A stratified product limit estimator for the follow-up study in cardio-thoracic surgery

We propose a stratified product limit estimator and compare the asymptotic results with those of the unstratified version. When the censoring mechanisms are unequal for different strata, the unstratified version may overestimate the total survival rate of a heterogeneous population. A numerical example in cardiac surgery is examined to demonstrate that this situation does occur in real applications. This overestimation also can be elucidated heuristically by some redistribution schemes for the censored data.
Measurements and analysis of temperature histories and size changes for single carbon and coal particles during the early stages of heating and devolatilization

Abstract A novel system is described for monitoring rapid changes in particle size and temperature during coal devolatilization at heating rates representative of high-intensity combustion environments. The system incorporates an electrodynamic balance and a pulsed radiation source to isolate and rapidly heat individual particles. A high-speed two-dimensional photodiode array and a single wavelength radiation pyrometer are applied to record changes in particle size and temperature. Dynamics of volatile evolution and particle swelling are also recorded using high-speed cinematography. Measurements of temperature and size changes are reported for carbon spheres and a HVA bituminous coal at heating rates on the order of 105 K/s. Measured temperature histories are compared with theoretical estimates of the temperature response of radiatively heated coal and carbon particles. The analysis considers the development of the transient temperature distribution inside the particles by numerical solution of the Fourier equation. Measurements and model predictions for 135-μm-diameter carbon spheres were in excellent agreement using property data correlations commonly applied in modeling coal devolatilization and combustion behavior. Model predictions for coal particles, however, significantly underestimated (on the order of 50%) the observed heating rates for 115-μm-diameter coal particles using the same property correlations. It is concluded that coal particles heat significantly faster than is predicted using commonly employed approaches to model heat transfer with assumptions routinely applied to coal. Potential reasons for this may include inadequate understanding of relevant coal thermodynamic and heat transfer properties as well as failure to account for particle shape factors. Heat transfer analyses employing spherical particle assumptions and commonly used coal property correlations can lead to large errors in predicted temperature histories and associated devolatilization rates.
Chronic fatigue syndrome: matching exercise to symptom fluctuations.

The major symptom of chronic fatigue syndrome is extreme fatigue and an increase in fatigue following exertion. Many patients reduce physical activity to avoid such fatigue and thus become increasingly weaker and less fit. Exercise testing does not exacerbate symptoms. Even though a fair amount of variability exists in symptoms from one day to another, low- to moderate- intensity, intermittent exercise therapy appears to improve functional capacity and reduce fatigue and other symptoms.
Anterior ethmoidal artery: microsurgical anatomy and technical considerations

Objective Vascular lesions of the anterior cranial fossa can receive significant blood supply from the anterior ethmoidal artery. Embolization of this blood supply exposes the parent vessel, the ophthalmic artery, to possible embolic complications, which can lead to loss of vision. A study of the microsurgical anatomy can help delineate the course of the anterior ethmoidal artery and find the best points for proximal control of the blood supply to these lesions. Clinical cases are presented to illustrate how lesions with prominent anterior ethmoidal artery feeders are best approached through fronto-orbital single-flap craniotomies. Methods Eight cadaveric dissections to demonstrate the microsurgical anatomy of the anterior ethmoidal artery were performed to study the relevant anatomy. Two clinical cases are presented that demonstrate clinical application of this anatomy through fronto-orbital single-flap craniotomies. Results Eight arteries were studied in four cadaveric heads. The dissections show the course of the anterior ethmoidal artery from the ophthalmic artery in the orbit, through the anterior ethmoidal foramen into the ethmoid air cells, to the cribriform plate, where it turns superiorly to become the anterior falx artery. The first surgical case is of a giant tuberculum sellae meningioma that was resected with coagulation and division of the anterior ethmoidal arteries at the anterior ethmoidal foramina at the laminae papyraceae of both medial orbital walls. The second surgical case is of a large deep right frontal arteriovenous malformation that was resected with coagulation and division of the anterior ethmoidal artery at the anterior ethmoidal foramen of the lamina papyracea of the right medial orbital wall. Conclusion The cadaveric dissections and our surgical experience show that the anterior ethmoidal artery has three important sites for surgical access: 1) the anterior ethmoidal foramen at the lamina papyracea of the medial orbital wall; 2) the anterior ethmoid canal at the lateral ethmoid wall; and 3) extradurally, at the cribriform plate. These three sites are best accessed through a fronto-orbital single-flap craniotomy, which can be unilateral or bilateral, depending on the pathological findings. The described orbital-cranial approach in this article is not being advocated to replace the standard pterional and frontal approaches; rather, we suggest it as an option in these complex cases that require early proximal control of the anterior ethmoidal artery feeders.
Size Effects on the Desorption of O2 from Au2O3/Au0 Nanoparticles Supported on SiO2: A TPD Study

This article contains an in-depth study of the kinetics of O2 desorption from preoxidized size-selected gold nanoparticles (NPs) of average size ∼1.5 and ∼5 nm synthesized by micelle encapsulation and supported on SiO2. Thanks to the narrow NP size distributions achieved using our preparation route, information on the effect of the nanoparticle size on the reaction kinetics could be obtained by temperature programmed desorption (TPD). In addition, the validity of different TPD analysis methods (Redhead, heating rate variation, Arrhenius plots, and the complete analysis) to extract meaningful kinetic parameters on supported NPs is discussed. From the different analysis methods, activation energies for O2 desorption of Ed = 1.3 ± 0.2 eV and 1.7 ± 0.1 eV were obtained for the ∼5 and ∼1.5 nm Au NPs, respectively. These differences in the activation energies are directly related to the nanoparticle size and not to nanoparticle-support interactions.
The serologic response of patients with stage II melanoma to allogeneic melanoma cell vaccines

Seventeen patients with Stage II malignant melanoma were treated with vaccines prepared from three allogeneic melanoma cell lines in an attempt to induce a humoral immune response against melanoma cell surface antigens. The patients were free of detectable melanoma at the time of vaccination. Vaccines were prepared from three melanoma cell lines that expressed highly restricted melanocyte differentiation antigens. One of these cell lines also expressed an antigen found only on this particular line. The antigens were initially identified by antibodies in autologous serum; they were thus known to be recognized by the human immune system. In addition, two of the cell lines expressed HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DR antigens; no HLA antigens were detectable on the third line. The vaccines were administered sequentially by subcutaneous injection, mixed with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or Corynebacterium parvum. The patients' sera were tested for antibodies against cell surface antigens of the vaccine cells in protein A assays and immune adherence assays, and the specificity of observed reactions was defined by absorption tests. Antibodies against alloantigens of the vaccine cells developed in 16 patients and in 15 patients, against antigens related to fetal calf serum in the culture medium. The magnitude of the antibody response to alloantigens varied considerably, with no difference between patients who received BCG or C. parvum with their vaccines. Antibodies against the restricted melanocyte differentiation antigens or the unique melanoma antigen expressed by the vaccine cells were not detected.
The Role of Steroid Hormones and Decidual Induction in the Regulation of Adenosine Diphosphoribosyl Transferase Activity in Rat Endometrium

Adenosine diphosphoribosyl transferase (ADPRT) activity was measured in endometrial nuclei isolated on estrus and day 4 from rats ovariectomized on estrus (day 0) and treated on days 0-3 with vehicle, estrone (E), progesterone (P), or E plus P, a treatment that supports a decidual response. Also, measures were made of ADPRT in endometrial nuclei isolated from rats during the estrous cycle, days 1-7 of pseudopregnancy, and days 5-7 of pseudopregnancy after decidual induction on day 4. E treatment produced an increase in ADPRT activity, DNA content, tissue mass, and total protein. P alone did not affect ADPRT activity or DNA content. Enzyme activity and DNA content measured after E plus P treatment were significantly lower than those after estrone treatment and higher than those in vehicle-treated controls. The parallel stimulation of ADPRT activity and DNA synthesis by E supports a role for ADPRT in cellular proliferation. The blockade of E-stimulated ADPRT activity by P is consistent with a previously pro...
Growth and Characterization of Silicon-Germanium Films on Oxide by VLPCVD/PE-VLPCVD

Results of Si1−xGex deposition on oxide-coated Si substrates using a PE-VLPCVD (Plasma-Enhanced Very-Low-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition) reactor are presented. Thin layers of poly-Si1−xGex deposited with SiH4 and GeH4 at ≤ 600°C had low C and O levels. Two growth modes were examined at 500°C: plasma-initiated thermal growth (VLPCVD) and full plasma-enhanced deposition (PE-VLPCVD). In both cases, Ge incorporation increases sublinearly with gas ratio, growth rates increase with Ge content, and the transition temperature between polycrystalline and amorphous deposition is lower for Si1−xGex than Si. On the other hand, compared to thermal growth, plasma-enhanced deposition promotes not only higher growth rates but also improved structural properties such as smoother surface morphology, more columnar and oriented grains, and the unique feature of direct deposition onto oxide.
Inhibition of lens fiber cell morphogenesis by expression of a mutant SV40 large T antigen that binds CREB-binding protein/p300 but not pRb

Simian virus (SV) 40 large T antigen can both induce tumors and inhibit cellular differentiation. It is not clear whether these cellular changes are synonymous, sequential, or distinct responses to the protein. T antigen is known to bind to p53, to the retinoblastoma (Rb) family of tumor suppressor proteins, and to other cellular proteins such as p300 family members. To test whether SV40 large T antigen inhibits cellular differentiation in vivo in the absence of cell cycle induction, we generated transgenic mice that express in the lens a mutant version of the early region of SV40. This mutant, which we term E107KDelta, has a deletion that eliminates synthesis of small t antigen and a point mutation (E107K) that results in loss of the ability to bind to Rb family members. At embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5), the transgenic lenses show dramatic defects in lens fiber cell differentiation. The fiber cells become post-mitotic, but do not elongate properly. The cells show a dramatic reduction in expression of their beta- and gamma-crystallins. Because CBP and p300 are co-activators for crystallin gene expression, we assayed for interactions between E107KDelta and CBP/p300. Our studies demonstrate that cellular differentiation can be inhibited by SV40 large T antigen in the absence of pRb inactivation, and that interaction of large T antigen with CBP/p300 may be enhanced by a mutation that eliminates the binding to pRb.
Some thoughts on using a landscape framework to address cumulative impacts on wetland food chain support

Problems of using food chain support as a functional attribute of a wetland are discussed. It is suggested that primary production may not be the metric that best evaluates food chain support. Environmental constructs of the wetland and resultant habitat variables appear to yield more information on life-support functions. A landscape-oriented approach is derived to separate hierarchically the wet-lands into ecological regions and landscape elements. This classification scheme allows for predetermination of environmental constraints and the possible natural limits of wetland food chain support. It is proposed that models derived from spatial location theory be used to determine the movement of animals from wetland patches experiencing impacts on food chain support. Patch size, distance between patches, habitat diversity, and environmental constraints are incorporated in these models.
Activation of human neutrophil LFA-1 (CD11a) by leukotriene B4.

Homotypic aggregation (HA) of human neutrophils by the potent leukotactic factor, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was evaluated by recording the net decrease in absorbency at 650 nm of suspensions of 107 neutrophils/ml in a microtiter plate reader, which was found to correlate with microscopic evidence of aggregation. LTB4-elicited HA was increased maximally by approximately one third above HA in buffer at 30 min, whereas PMA-induced HA reached a maximal level more than 21–fold higher than buffer control at 60 min. The involvement of LFA-1 in LTB4-induced HA of neutrophils was suggested initially by the inhibitory effect of monoclonal anti-CD 18 and anti-CD11a antibodies. The binding to neutrophils of a monoclonal anti-LFA-1 antibody (NK1-L16) specific for an activation epitope of CD11a was increased a maximum of 28-fold and sixfold, respectively, after 1 and 5 min of preincubation with 10 nM LTB4and fivefold after 5 min with PMA. Thus, both LTB4 and PMA induce an activating conformational change in the CD11a adherence receptor of human neutrophils.
Modeling of molten droplet impingement on a non-flat surface

Numerical modeling of deformation and interaction of molten tungsten, nickel and titanium droplets impinging on a non-flat surface during thermal spraying has been performed in the present study. This research represents a significant advance relative to earlier published theoretical and numerical studies which were limited to a flat surface. Under the practical conditions in thermal spray processes, the complex physical phenomena of droplet spreading and consolidation take place at a microscopically rough and non-flat surface on a target substrate. The present study, therefore, provides a novel approach to the practical impingement behavior of molten droplets. On the basis of the present study, some fundamental mechanisms governing pore formation in spray processed materials may be established and the concomitant effects of important processing parameters may be determined.
Luminescence as an indicator of electron exchange dynamics in poly(stryrenesulfonate) films containing tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium complexes

The dynamics of electron diffusion among Ru(bpy)2+3+3 centers in poly(styrenesulfonate) films have been studied by a novel method based on luminescence quenching. The films were supported on Pt surfaces and were on the order of 100 nm thick in the dry state. The method involves observations of the intensity of luminescence vs. the state of oxidation of the film. When a small fraction (<10%) of Ru(III) centers is introduced by oxidation, there is random motion of these centers by electron exchange with neighboring Ru(II) species. These mobile holes can quench luminescence from Ru(bpy)2+3 excited states produced by photoexcitation. The rate constant for quenching can be related to the diffusion coefficient for hole migration. This diffusion coefficient seems to be 40–80 times larger than the diffusion coefficient for charge movement as measured by chronocoulometry. The difference is discussed in terms of the counter ion dynamics operating in the two different experiments. At high concentration of Ru(bpy)2+3 in the films there were very unusual increases of luminescence intensity, after an initial falloff, with increased degrees of oxidation. They are believed to manifest a nucleation of Ru(III) centers into compact domains.
Fear of crime: An assessment of related factors

This study examines the relationship between fear of crime and victimization, gender, age, and selected social factors. Data for the study were obtained from a random sample (n = 1,835) of respondents 15 years of age and over. Separate multiple regression techniques were utilized to assess the effects of predictor variables on fear of crime. The findings revealed that victimization was the most powerful predictor of fear of crime for the total sample and for each subsample. Other significant predictor variables include gender, age and race.
Reading Science Text: Challenges for Students with Learning Disabilities and Considerations for Teachers

In science classes, teachers must consider the need for explicit, systematic reading instruction for students with learning disabilities (LD) while navigating the constructivist and activity-oriented methods typically employed in science instruction. The complexity of scientific information conveyed through print may make reading science texts the greatest challenge that students with LD encounter in school. Fortunately, researchers have established that, by fostering students’ prior knowledge, providing text enhancements, and teaching reading comprehension strategies, students’ understanding of science text is improved. Effective instructional approaches and strategies for reading are reviewed and implications for teaching students with LD noted.
Delayed and Recurrent Intracranial Hematomas Related to Disseminated Intravascular Clotting and Fibrinolysis in Head Injury

Twelve delayed or recurrent intracranial hematomas were seen in 340 patients with head injuries. Eleven of these hematomas were associated with clotting abnormalities suggesting disseminated intravascular clotting and fibrinolysis (DICF). Seven of 8 delayed traumatic intracerebral hematomas were associated with clotting abnormalities. Two of these were at ventriculostomy sites, which suggests an increased risk of bleeding in association with the insertion of ventricular catheters in patients with DICF. There were 2 delayed epidural hematomas, 1 under a fracture and the other on the side opposite a craniotomy that had been made to treat an intracerebral hematoma, and there were 2 postoperative epidural hematomas. No postoperative hematomas occurred in the absence of DICF. DICF is a major factor in the development of delayed and recurrent intracranial hematomas in patients with head injuries.
APPROACH TO THE CHILD WITH WEAKNESS OR CLUMSINESS

Abnormalities of movement form a common category of neurologic complaints. Disorders of the motor system may be acquired by a previously normal individual or may be a manifestation of an underlying disorder of nervous system development. Abnormalities of motor function may be caused by dysfunction of the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system (PNS), or muscle. They may be caused by mass lesions, vascular insults, inflammatory disorders, degenerative disorders, or metabolic abnormalities. Many of these disorders are treatable. Others have a natural course in which the need for supportive care is likely, and early anticipation of this need can reduce morbidity and mortality (e.g., anticipating the need for respiratory support in Guillain-Barre syndrome). Thus, a detailed understanding of the presenting signs and symptoms of motor disorders is necessary for adequate medical and neurologic care.
Utilizing Structural Equation Modeling in the Development of a Standardized Intervention Assessment Tool

Abstract There are numerous approaches to measuring multidimensional poverty; these include the Human Development Index and the Multidimensional Poverty Index among others [1]. However, a gap in the literature is found when intervention assessment tools are investigated. The idea of creating a standardized assessment tool would allow for a deeper understanding of poverty on a per community basis. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) offers a robust platform in which to establish such a tool. An overview of SEM and several other general approaches to data aggregation are addressed. The notion of a standardized intervention assessment tool is discussed; this is focused on utilizing the SEM platform for this tool. Further, previous works by Divelbiss [2] and Voth-Gaeddert [3], [4] are discussed. To date SEM has shown to handle adaptability of differing environments positively. Divelbiss reported on the SEM multivariable poverty model within villages of Guatemala and Voth-Gaeddert reports on the applicability of this model used in a dissimilar environment in Brazil. These findings suggest feasibility in the utilization of a SEM platform for a standardized intervention assessment tool.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Senses Host-Derived Carbon Monoxide during Macrophage Infection

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) expresses a set of genes known as the dormancy regulon in vivo. These genes are expressed in vitro in response to nitric oxide (NO) or hypoxia, conditions used to model MTB persistence in latent infection. Although NO, a macrophage product that inhibits respiration, and hypoxia are likely triggers in vivo, additional cues could activate the dormancy regulon during infection. Here, we show that MTB infection stimulates expression of heme oxygenase (HO-1) by macrophages and that the gaseous product of this enzyme, carbon monoxide (CO), activates expression of the dormancy regulon. Deletion of macrophage HO-1 reduced expression of the dormancy regulon. Furthermore, we show that the MTB DosS/DosT/DosR two-component sensory relay system is required for the response to CO. Together, these findings demonstrate that MTB senses CO during macrophage infection. CO may represent a general cue used by pathogens to sense and adapt to the host environment.
Office Photography from the Surgical Viewpoint

. This article reviews the special considerations necessary for adequate photography in a surgical practice. The selection of film, camera, lens, and flash is discussed. Major emphasis is on proper framing and composition of the subject matter. Recommendations are made concerning consent forms and filing of slides.
A historical search for habitable ice at the Phoenix landing site

Abstract A time-resolved energy balance model in the latitude range targeted by Phoenix, and extending back in time over the past 10 Ma, has been developed and used to predict the time-varying temperature field in ground ice over scales ranging from minutes to millions of years. The temperature history is compared to the population doubling times of terrestrial psychrophiles as a function of temperature, and the lifetime of analog microbe spores against de-activation by galactic cosmic rays (GCR), in order to assess the habitability of ground ice and surrounding materials that may be sampled by Phoenix. Metrics are derived to quantify “habitability” and compare different model configurations, including total and maximum continuous time, per year, that ground ice temperatures exceed various thresholds, maximum and average dormancy periods, and maximum and average consecutive growing seasons. The key unknowns in assessing the position, and hence the temperature, of the ground ice table at high northern latitude is the fate of the perennial north polar cap at high obliquity. If enough H2O ice can persist at polar latitudes to buffer at least the high-latitude atmosphere at all orbital configurations, ground ice is found to be relatively shallow over much of the past 10 Ma, and regularly achieves temperatures in excess of those required for the growth of terrestrial psychrophiles. The dry overburden expected at the landing site can easily be sampled by Phoenix, and includes the “sweet spot” that is characterized by the optimal habitability metrics over the past 10 Ma. If the atmosphere is buffered only by low-latitude ice deposits at obliquities greater than about 30°, the frequency and duration of habitable ice is considerably diminished, and the intervening dormancy periods, during which cosmic ray damage accumulates, are correspondingly longer. In all cases, the maximum dormancy period that must be survived by putative martian psychrophiles is at least an order of magnitude greater than the amount of time required to reduce terrestrial psychrophile spore viability by 10−6 ( ∼ 7 × 10 4 years). Depending on the fate of high-obliquity polar ice, the maximum dormancy period can exceed 4 × 10 6 years, a factor of 60 longer than terrestrial psychrophile spore lifetimes. Habitability of martian ground ice is therefore dependent on putative martian psychrophiles developing robustness against GCR deactivation at least an order of magnitude greater than their terrestrial counterparts. Simulations of ground ice throughout the 65° N–72° N latitude range accessible to Phoenix suggest that higher-latitude ground ice has better habitability metrics, although the discrepancy is less than an order of magnitude for all metrics and across the entire latitude range.
Optimal low-thrust three-dimensional Earth-moon trajectories

Minimum-fuel, three-dimensional trajectories from a circular low Earth parking orbit to an inclined circular low lunar parking orbit with a fixed thrust-coast-thrust engine sequence are computed for a low-thrust spacecraft. The problem is studied in the context of the classical restricted three-body problem. The minimum-fuel transfer to a polar lunar orbit is obtained by successively solving a sequence of fixed lunar inclination problems. Minimumfuel three-dimensional transfers to a polar lunar orbit with meridian plane constraints are also computed. The minimum-fuel trajectory problems are solved using a "hybrid" direct/indirect method. The hybrid method utilizes the costate time histories to parameterize the three-dimensional thrust steering angle time histories. Numerical results are presented for the optimal three-dimensional Earth-moon trajectories.
Persistent portosystemic shunts after liver transplantation causing episodic hepatic encephalopathy.

We describe two cases of post liver transplant encephalopathy caused by persistent portosystemic shunts despite good graft function. Such recurrence of encephalopathy due to persistent shunting has not been reported in the deceased donor liver transplant literature. Our patients had episodic hepatic encephalopathy concordant with elevated serum ammonia levels due to well documented persistent portosystemic shunts. In one of our cases, the shunt was obliterated via coil embolization. This patient's encephalopathy resolved completely and has not recurred over seven months of follow up. The second patient has declined an intervention, but has remained symptom free on maintenance lactulose and rifaximin.
A symmetry number for the analyses of organizational structure

A symmetry Number and organizational entropy were calculated for various organizational structures. It was found that as the Summetry Number increased, entropy increased.
Modeling Cd and Zn Sorption to Hydrous Metal Oxides

The mobility and bioavailability of Cd and Zn in soils and sediments are affected by contaminant distribution mechanisms. One important process is sorption to hydrous aluminum, iron, and manganese oxides, which are ubiquitous in soils and sediments as both discrete particles and coatings and exhibit a high affinity for these metals. Mechanistic models are required for accurately assessing risks to populations and in the long-term management of contaminated soils and sediments. This research demonstrates intraparticle diffusion is the rate-limiting step in the sorption of Cd and Zn to microporous oxides. Furthermore, as much as 90% of the total sorption sites on the oxides reside on the micropore walls. Because long-term experiments require a lengthy period of time, predictive methods would be useful for determining surface diffusivities. Theoretically, surface diffusivities can be predicted from site activation theory, which is based on the random walk model where atoms or molecules vibrate at localized s...
Neural network paradigm for three-dimensional object recognition

The goal of this research is to develop a vision system that is capable of recognizing objects based on past experience. This paper introduces the highest level of this system, which consists of a neural network that is capable of learning to recognize 3D objects. Knowledge about objects is acquired by learning their various views, guises, or aspects. Learning occurs on two levels. First, supervised competitive learning is employed to teach the network to differentiate between different objects. The competition causes the unique differences between objects to be emphasized in this stage. Second, unsupervised cooperative learning is employed to self-organize the various aspects of a given object. This stage works in a manner similar to the ART family of self-organizing networks. The cooperative learning causes similarities between different aspects of the same object to be emphasized. The object recognition system is intended for use in a manufacturing environment, including tasks such as component identification, classification of visible quality defects, and visual product grading and sorting.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
CogTool-Explorer: a model of goal-directed user exploration that considers information layout

CogTool-Explorer 1.2 (CTE1.2) predicts novice exploration behavior and how it varies with different user-interface (UI) layouts. CTE1.2 improves upon previous models of information foraging by adding a model of hierarchical visual search to guide foraging behavior. Built within CogTool so it is easy to represent UI layouts, run the model, and present results, CTE1.2's vision is to assess many design ideas at the storyboard stage before implementation and without the cost of running human participants. This paper evaluates CTE1.2 predictions against observed human behavior on 108 tasks (36 tasks on 3 distinct website layouts). CTE1.2's predictions accounted for 63-82% of the variance in the percentage of participants succeeding on each task, the number of clicks to success, and the percentage of participants succeeding without error. We demonstrate how these predictions can be used to identify areas of the UI in need of redesign.
Polystyrene Layers Grafted to Epoxy-Modified Silicon Surfaces

Carboxylic acid- and anhydride-terminated polystyrenes of different molecular weights from 4500 to 672 000 were grafted from melt onto silicon substrates modified with epoxysilane monolayer. The grafted chains are densely packed with a density close to the known value for the bulk material. The tethered polymer layers are very smooth, uniform, mechanically stable, and cover homogeneously the modified silicon. At the degree of polymerization (N) close to the critical molecular weight, the grafting process is the most effective, resulting in the grafted unperturbed macromolecules. We suggest that the grafting from the reactive polymer melt is controlled by steric constraints through the minimum available free volume between the grafted macromolecules, which is reachable by another reactive end. This volume correlates with the size of monomeric unit and varies very little with the molecular weight.
Layer-parallel shortening across the Sevier fold-thrust belt and Laramide foreland of Wyoming: spatial and temporal evolution of a complex geodynamic system

Abstract Varying patterns of layer-parallel shortening (LPS) and vertical-axis rotations from the thin-skin Sevier fold-thrust belt to the thick-skin Laramide foreland of Wyoming are quantified from integrated structural, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), and paleomagnetic analyses. Within the Sevier belt, widespread early LPS was accommodated by spaced cleavage, fracture sets, minor folds, and minor faults. LPS directions are subperpendicular to structural trends of systematically curved thrust sheets of the Wyoming salient, reflecting a combination of primary dispersion and secondary rotation during thrusting. Within the Laramide foreland, limited LPS was accommodated mostly by minor faults with conjugate wedge and strike-slip geometries. LPS directions in gentler fold limbs vary from perpendicular to acute with structural trends of variably oriented, anastomosing basement-cored arches. Steep forelimbs display more complex relations, including younger fault sets that developed during evolving stress states and localized vertical-axis rotations. Although internal strain is limited, weak AMS lineations defined by kinked and rotated phyllosilicates are widely developed and consistently oriented perpendicular to measured LPS directions. Palinspastically restored LPS directions, corrected for paleomagnetically determined vertical-axis rotations, vary on average from W–E in the Sevier belt to WSW–ENE in the Laramide foreland. In detail, LPS directions display deflections related to primary sedimentary wedge geometry and basement fabrics. LPS in the Sevier belt is interpreted to partly reflect stress transmitted from the hinterland through the growing orogenic wedge and topographic stress along the front of the wedge. LPS in the Laramide foreland is interpreted to partly reflect basal traction during flat-slab subduction beneath thick cratonic lithosphere, with spatial-temporal variations in stress trajectories related to basement heterogeneities and evolving fault systems. Evidence for significant late N–S Laramide shortening, as proposed by multi-stage shortening models, is not observed.
That's Not Fair!: The Social Construction of Organizational (In)Justice among Professionals

Building on the work of organizational justice researchers, this research is an attempt to come to a greater understanding of the social construction of perceived injustice among professionals employed in large, bureaucratic organizational structures. It suggests that professional employees experience a perceived injustice in an organizational workplace outcome, procedure, or interaction when a likely, positive, and valued expectation has been violated or unfulfilled. These expectations are socially constructed from various organizational “stocks of knowledge” available to professionals. These include: (1) organizational cultural norms; (2) professional occupational subcultural norms; and (3) employee prior work experiences. The research suggests that in instances of perceived injustices in organizational outcomes, professionals’expectations are primarily rooted in organizational cultural norms for the allocation of such outcomes. In instances of perceived injustices in organizational procedures, professionals’expectations are primarily rooted in prior work experiences surrounding such procedures and processes, while in instances of perceived injustices in organizational interactions, professionals’expectations are primarily rooted in professional occupational subcultural norms surrounding such interactions.
Synthesis, self-assembly, and magnetic behavior of a two-dimensional superlattice of single-crystal ε-Co nanoparticles

A method of producing high-quality magnetic colloidal dispersions by the rapid pyrolysis of cobalt carbonyl in an inert atmosphere was employed to produce monodispersed, stabilized, defect-free e-cobalt nanocrystals, with spherical shapes and sizes ranging from 3 to 17 nm. The size distribution and the shape of the nanocrystals were controlled by varying the surfactant (oleic acid, phosphonic oxides and acids, etc.), its concentration, and the reaction temperature. These particles have been observed to produce two-dimensional self-assemblies when evaporated at low rates in a controlled atmosphere. A collective behavior due to dipolar interactions has been observed in the low susceptibility measurements corresponding to a highly ordered fine particles system.
Clinical and veterinary isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis defective in lipopolysaccharide O-chain polymerization.

Twelve human and chicken isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis belonging to phage types 4, 8, 13a, and 23 were characterized for variability in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composition. Isolates were differentiated into two groups, i.e., those that lacked immunoreactive O-chain, termed rough isolates, and those that had immunoreactive O-chain, termed smooth isolates. Isolates within these groups could be further differentiated by LPS compositional differences as detected by gel electrophoresis and gas liquid chromatography of samples extracted with water, which yielded significantly more LPS in comparison to phenol-chloroform extraction. The rough isolates were of two types, the O-antigen synthesis mutants and the O-antigen polymerization (wzy) mutants. Smooth isolates were also of two types, one producing low-molecular-weight (LMW) LPS and the other producing high-molecular-weight (HMW) LPS. To determine the genetic basis for the O-chain variability of the smooth isolates, we analyzed the effects of a null mutation in the O-chain length determinant gene, wzz (cld) of serovar Typhimurium. This mutation results in a loss of HMW LPS; however, the LMW LPS of this mutant was longer and more glucosylated than that from clinical isolates of serovar Enteritidis. Cluster analysis of these data and of those from two previously characterized isogenic strains of serovar Enteritidis that had different virulence attributes indicated that glucosylation of HMW LPS (via oafR function) is variable and results in two types of HMW structures, one that is highly glucosylated and one that is minimally glucosylated. These results strongly indicate that naturally occurring variability in wzy, wzz, and oafR function can be used to subtype isolates of serovar Enteritidis during epidemiological investigations.
Lysyl oxidase: Properties, specificity, and biological roles inside and outside of the cell

Lysyl oxidase (LO) plays a critical role in the formation and repair of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by oxidizing lysine residues in elastin and collagen, thereby initiating the formation of covalent crosslinkages which stabilize these fibrous proteins. Its catalytic activity depends upon both its copper cofactor and a unique carbonyl cofactor and has been shown to extend to a variety of basic globular proteins, including histone H1. Although the three-dimensional structure of LO has yet to be determined, the present treatise offers hypotheses based upon its primary sequence, which may underlie the prominent electrostatic component of its unusual substrate specificity as well as the catalysis-suppressing function of the propeptide domain of prolysyl oxidase. Recent studies have demonstrated that LO appears to function within the cell in a manner, which strongly modifies cellular activity. Newly discovered LO-like proteins also likely play unique roles in biology. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.