cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous determination of essential,trace,ultratrace elements in infants and young children milk powder by collision cell ICP-MS

Objective:Developing a accuracy method to simultaneous determination o f essential elements(K,Na,Ca and Mg),trace elements(Cu and Zn) and ultratrace elements(As and Pb) in infants and young children milk powder by collision cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Methods: After digestd by microwave furnace,the samples were directly determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry which use mix internal standard to eliminate mass matrix interference,and use collision cell to eliminate mass spectroscopic interference.Results: The detections of limits were 0.001 mg/kg～1.2 mg/kg the R.S.Ds were better than 3.5%,recoveries were 95.0～103,the results of analyzing standard materiel were satisfactory.Conclusion: This method is simple,sensitive and accuracy,and which can simultaneous determinate essential,trace and ultratrace elements in infants and young children milk powder.
Unobtrusive Estimation of Cardiac Contractility and Stroke Volume Changes Using Ballistocardiogram Measurements on a High Bandwidth Force Plate

Unobtrusive and inexpensive technologies for monitoring the cardiovascular health of heart failure (HF) patients outside the clinic can potentially improve their continuity of care by enabling therapies to be adjusted dynamically based on the changing needs of the patients. Specifically, cardiac contractility and stroke volume (SV) are two key aspects of cardiovascular health that change significantly for HF patients as their condition worsens, yet these parameters are typically measured only in hospital/clinical settings, or with implantable sensors. In this work, we demonstrate accurate measurement of cardiac contractility (based on pre-ejection period, PEP, timings) and SV changes in subjects using ballistocardiogram (BCG) signals detected via a high bandwidth force plate. The measurement is unobtrusive, as it simply requires the subject to stand still on the force plate while holding electrodes in the hands for simultaneous electrocardiogram (ECG) detection. Specifically, we aimed to assess whether the high bandwidth force plate can provide accuracy beyond what is achieved using modified weighing scales we have developed in prior studies, based on timing intervals, as well as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimates. Our results indicate that the force plate BCG measurement provides more accurate timing information and allows for better estimation of PEP than the scale BCG (r2 = 0.85 vs. r2 = 0.81) during resting conditions. This correlation is stronger during recovery after exercise due to more significant changes in PEP (r2 = 0.92). The improvement in accuracy can be attributed to the wider bandwidth of the force plate. ∆SV (i.e., changes in stroke volume) estimations from the force plate BCG resulted in an average error percentage of 5.3% with a standard deviation of ±4.2% across all subjects. Finally, SNR calculations showed slightly better SNR in the force plate measurements among all subjects but the small difference confirmed that SNR is limited by motion artifacts rather than instrumentation.
Mass hysteria among student performers: social relationship as a symptom predictor.

Objective: In April 1989 an outbreak of illness suddenly afflicted student performers in santa monica, Calif., and an extensive investigation revealed no environmental cause. To clarify the details of the epidemic and determine whether mass hysteria occurred, the authors examined physical, psychological, and social factors that might have contributed to the outbreak. Method: Partitipating middle- and high-school performers were surveyed; 93% (N=519) responded; cases were defined as students who had one or more symptoms during the outbreak
Catheter-related thrombosis in patients with refractory lymphoma undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation

Long-term indwelling central venous catheters have eased the administration of drugs, blood products, and hyperalimentation to patients with cancer. However, their use is associated with thrombotic complications. We report here on the thrombotic complications prospectively observed in 46 patients with refractory lymphoma (22 Hodgkin's disease, 24 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) who had placement of one or more catheters in preparation for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Thrombosis of 26 catheters in 19 patients was observed. Specific abnormalities of hemostasis were equally common in patients who developed thrombosis and in those who did not. Thrombotic complications were more common in patients with Hodgkin's disease (13/22) than in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (6/24, p = 0.04). Although more patients with Hodgkin's disease had received prior splenectomy and/or irradiation to the area involved by thrombosis than patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the incidence of splenectomy and irradiation was similar for patients with Hodgkin's disease who developed thrombosis and those who did not. Therefore, although the etiology remains unexplained, patients with Hodgkin's disease undergoing intensive chemotherapy and ASCT appear to have a higher incidence of catheter-related thrombosis than patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma undergoing similar therapy.
Lasiodiplodia species fungal osteomyelitis in a multiple myeloma patient

Lasiodiplodia species are environmental fungi that have been reported as a cause of infection in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. We present a case of fungal osteomyelitis caused by Lasiodiplodia species in a patient with multiple myeloma after autologous stem cell transplant. The patient was successfully treated with a combination of surgery and oral voriconzole. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of fungal osteomyelitis caused by Lasiodiplodia species.
2.38 – Developmental Disorders of Learning*

A history of the term and concept of learning disabilities precedes a discussion of why the term best captures the common thread of all developmental disorders of learning. To give the reader a picture of the field today, current knowledge of the phenomenology, epidemiology, etiology, mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment options for learning disabilities is presented.
The Theoretical Interpretation of Latin American Economic Development

Ideally, a paper such as this one should be a body of generalizations based on the kind of study Svennilson has made of the European economy.2 This was out of the question. I have, therefore, had to take the liberty of reducing the scope of the assignment. After a brief review of recent Latin American growth (Section II), and some general remarks on the basic factors which have determined the ability of the Latin American countries to undergo the structural economic change made necessary by growth (Section III), there are presented a few ideas (Sections IV-V) on three somewhat unique aspects of Latin American growth which appear to be of some historical interest and to have received far less attention than they merit. These three aspects are: first, the way in which growth appears to have been stimulated by shocks; second, the role which regional and social inequalities appear to have played in the Latin American growth process; and third, the entirely unorthodox way in which inflation has been connected with growth in Latin America. The first and third of these factors appear to have operated in part through a common mechanism. Where they have promoted growth, they have done so by promoting structural disequilibrium. On a non-technical definition of imbalance which would include the second case as well, imbalance seems to be an interesting part of the explanation of the successful economic development of important Latin American countries in a short period from quite low levels of average income. Implicitly, at least, this paper takes issue with that school of thought which believes that satisfactory growth in the earliest stages of development can come about under all circumstances only if adequate balance is assured between the various parts of the growing economy.
Beyond the matrix: Repository services for qualitative data

The Qualitative Data Repository (QDR) provides infrastructure and guidance for the sharing and reuse of digital data used in qualitative and multi-method social inquiry. In this paper we describe s...
Microbiological Properties of Hard-Cooked Eggs in a Citric Acid-Based Preservative Solution

Hard-cooked and peeled eggs were placed in .5, .75 or 1.0% citric acid solutions (with .2% sodium benzoate) and held at 4°C for 30 d (experiment 1), or in .75% acid and held at 4°C for 21 d (experiment 2) to allow equilibration. Following equilibration, the solutions were sampled for pH and total plate counts and then inoculated with either 10 or 10,000 cells each of Salmonella typhimurium , Yersinia enterocolitica , Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . The eggs were stored for an additional 10 d at 4°C (experiment 1) or for 10 and 24 d at either 1.2, 7.2 or 12.8°C (experiment 2) before sampling for pH, aerobic plate count, total Enterobacteriaceae and each of the individual inoculated test organisms. No growth was detected in the solutions following the 30- and 21-d equilibration periods. The .75% citric acid solution was adequate in reducing the bacterial population and retarding growth of the inoculated organisms. Storage temperature appeared to have little influence on growth of inoculated organisms. Results indicate that the microbiological quality of hard-cooked eggs stored in citric acid based solutions was more dependent on acid concentration than on temperature in resisting bacterial growth following potential recontamination.
Phototherapy in the Setting of Photosensitizing Medications

Some medications such as antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), and anti-hypertensives and are known to cause photosensitivity. Prior to beginning phototherapy, the patient’s complete list of medications, including vitamins and herbal supplements, should be reviewed. Patients should also report any medication changes during the course of phototherapy. Although photosensitizing medications are avoided as much as possible, patients can still undergo phototherapy. Patients on photosensitizing medications are treated using the protocol of one skin type below their actual skin type. When a photosensitizing medication is added during the course of phototherapy, the dose of light should be reduced by 50% and increased as tolerated.
Goethe’s Chinesisch-deutsche Jahres- und Tageszeiten: Vernacular Universal, Erotica Sinica, and the Temporality of Nachträglichkeit

This chapter analyzes Goethe’s famous poem cycle Chinesisch-deutsche Jahres– und Tageszeiten (1829). Poems I–VIII are connected to cliched sensual and extravagant garden scenes in the fashion of European chinoiserie, as described in Jean-Denis Attiret’s letter and William Chambers’ Dissertation on Oriental Gardening. Poems IX–XIV, which this chapter reads through the lens of the Freudian term Nachtraglichkeit, encompass reflections on lost love that confirm the notion of sensual and spiritual love beyond time and space, beyond cultural and linguistic boundaries. Inspired by the English translations of a Chinese popular love story and women’s poems in the early nineteenth century, Goethe’s poem cycle connects Chinese and German sentimentality to demonstrate and eulogize a vernacular universal of our shared humanity.
Climate model intercomparison.

Despite some climate “skeptics” over global warming and climate change due to human influence, it is safe to say that scientific consensus has been achieved and the majority of the public believes ...
Oral feeding practices and discharge timing for moderately preterm infants.

Abstract Background Oral feeding skills of moderately preterm infants are not mature at birth. Aims To establish the relationship between postmenstrual age at introduction of first oral feeding and attainment of full oral feeding and hospital discharge for moderately preterm infants. Study design Multicenter retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort of moderately preterm infants admitted to a Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network hospital. Subjects 6146 infants born at 29–33 weeks' gestation from January 2012 to November 2013. Outcome measures Postmenstrual age at full oral feeding and at hospital discharge. Results The median postmenstrual age at first oral feeding was 33.9 weeks (interquartile range 33.1–34.3). For each week earlier at first oral feeding, full oral feeding occurred 4.5 days earlier (p Conclusion Moderately preterm infants with earlier introduction of oral feeding achieved earlier full oral feeding and hospital discharge.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT STIMULI ON THE GLOMUS CELL MEMBRANE

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the effects of different stimuli on the glomus cell membrane. The study described in the chapter involved removing the carotid body and sinus nerve from anesthetized cats and placing the preparation in a chamber through which flowed physiological saline equilibrated with 50% O2. The nerve discharges were registered with wire electrodes connected to an a.c. recording system. The carotid body was impaled with microelectrodes filled with 3M KCl, and intracellular potentials were recorded with a high impedance electrometer connected to the d.c. amplifier of an oscilloscope. The intracellularly recorded elements were often stained by using microelectrodes filled with a procion dye, which was ejected from the micropipette after recordings were made. The tissues were then prepared for histology and observation with interference contrast optics. The other method consisted of cutting the carotid body into 100 to 200 μm slices, which were placed in a chamber mounted on the stage of an inverted microscope equipped with Nomarski optics. Impalements of carotid body cells yielded membrane potentials (MPs) of 10–60 mV and mean about 20 mV. These values are low, probably because of partial membrane injury produced by insertion of the electrode into these small cells.
The River Management Decision Support System (Rimdess

The River Management Decision Support System (RIMDESS) is an approach to managing water quality using a computerized data integration and modeling tool. RIMDESS integrates databases on instream water quality, dischargers, pollutant loads, regulatory standards, hydrologic structure, and treatment costs and an array of programs for analyzing these data. Users can evaluate the water quality and economic impacts of management options for controlling emissions from point sources and nonpoint source runoff. This paper briefly describes steps in the approach, applications in ten countries, and lessons learned.
Effect of Triethylamine on the Synthesis of Group IV B Polyethers

The use of two-phase systems employing reactive reactants where reaction occurs near the interface was popularized by Schnell on polycarbonates, 1–5 Conix on polyesters, 6–9 Morgan on polyurethanes and polyamides 10–12 and Carraher on metal-containing polymers and phosphorus-containing products. 13–15 The method has many variations and is a highly effective procedure for the rapid synthesis of many products. Until recently the technique emphasized the synthesis of polymeric materials based on the Schotten-Baumann concept on the laboratory scale. More recently similar synthetic systems employed the addition of agents, now called phase transfer agents,with an enlarged emphasis including many (potential) industrial scale syntheses of both small and polymeric materials.
Does more conservative revenue recognition improve the informativeness of earnings

Watts (2003a) and Watts and LaFond (2007) provide evidence that more conservative earnings serve an informational role in equity valuation. My study tests this assertion using a sample of treatment firms that changed their revenue recognition policies to meet the requirements of a more conservative reporting regime. I find that more conservative revenues are more informative with respect to future cash flows and that expense manipulations do not increase to counteract the effects on earnings of more conservative revenue recognition. My results provide evidence of an initial decline in earnings informativeness when more conservative practices are followed but that this decline in informativeness is temporary. My results provide important evidence for the Financial Accounting Standards Board who are currently considering two revenue recognition models that differ with respect to their degrees of conservatism envisioned.
Karl Brunner's philosophy of science: Macroeconomics through the lens of logical empiricism

Best known as a monetary economist and prominent proponent of monetarism, Karl Brunner was deeply knowledgeable about the philosophy of science and attempted to explicitly integrate logical empiricist thinking, derived in some measure from his engagement with the work of the philosopher Hans Reichenbach, into his economics. His philosophical commitments are clearly reflected in this empirical work on monetary economics, his monetarist analysis, and in his critical approach to econometrics, microfoundations, and the New Classical macroeconomics.
The effects of contaminating noise on the calculation of active acoustic intensity for pressure gradient methods

Bias errors for two-dimensional active acoustic intensity using multi-microphone probes have been previously calculated for both the traditional cross-spectral and the Phase and Amplitude Gradient Estimator (PAGE) methods [Whiting, Lawrence, Gee, Neilsen, and Sommerfeldt, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 142, 2208–2218 (2017)]. Here, these calculations are expanded to include errors due to contaminating noise, as well as probe orientation. The noise can either be uncorrelated at each microphone location or self-correlated; the self-correlated noise is modeled as a plane-wave with a varying angle of incidence. The intensity errors in both magnitude and direction are dependent on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), frequency, source properties, incidence angles, probe configuration, and processing method. The PAGE method is generally found to give more accurate results, especially in direction; however, uncorrelated noise with a low SNR (below 10–15 dB) and low frequency (wavelengths more than 1/4 the microphone spacing) can yield larger errors in magnitude than the traditional method—though a correction for this is possible. Additionally, contaminating noise does not necessarily impact the possibility of using the PAGE method for broadband signals beyond a probe's spatial Nyquist frequency.Bias errors for two-dimensional active acoustic intensity using multi-microphone probes have been previously calculated for both the traditional cross-spectral and the Phase and Amplitude Gradient Estimator (PAGE) methods [Whiting, Lawrence, Gee, Neilsen, and Sommerfeldt, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 142, 2208–2218 (2017)]. Here, these calculations are expanded to include errors due to contaminating noise, as well as probe orientation. The noise can either be uncorrelated at each microphone location or self-correlated; the self-correlated noise is modeled as a plane-wave with a varying angle of incidence. The intensity errors in both magnitude and direction are dependent on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), frequency, source properties, incidence angles, probe configuration, and processing method. The PAGE method is generally found to give more accurate results, especially in direction; however, uncorrelated noise with a low SNR (below 10–15 dB) and low frequency (wavelengths more than 1/4 the microphone spacing) c...
Differential Role of Pontomedullary Glutamatergic Neuronal Populations in Sleep-Wake Control.

Parafacial zone (PZ) GABAergic neurons play a major role in slow-wave-sleep (SWS), also called non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. The parafacial zone also contains glutamatergic neurons expressing the vesicular transporter for glutamate, isoform 2 (Vglut2). We hypothesized that PZ Vglut2-expressing (PZVglut2) neurons are also involved in sleep control, playing a synergistic role with PZ GABAergic neurons. To test this hypothesis, we specifically activated PZVglut2 neurons using the excitatory chemogenetic receptor hM3Dq. Anatomical inspection of the injection sites revealed hM3Dq transfection in PZ, parabrachial nucleus (PB), sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) or various combinations of these three brain areas. Consistent with the known wake- and REM sleep-promoting role of PB and SLD, respectively, chemogenetic activation of PBVglut2 or SLDVglut2 resulted in wake or REM sleep enhancement. Chemogenetic activation of PZVglut2 neurons did not affect sleep-wake phenotype during the mouse active period but increased wakefulness and REM sleep, similar to PBVglut2 and SLDVglut2 activation, during the rest period. To definitively confirm the role of PZVglut2 neurons, we used a specific marker for PZVglut2 neurons, Phox2B. Chemogenetic activation of PZPhox2B neurons did not affect sleep-wake phenotype, indicating that PZ glutamatergic neurons are not sufficient to affect sleep-wake cycle. These results indicate that PZ glutamatergic neurons are not involved in sleep-wake control.
Calorie intake is associated with weight gain during transition phase of nutrition in female extremely low birth weight infants

We sought to determine whether there are sex-based differences in the requirements for calories or protein for optimal growth during the transition phase (TP) when an extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infant, defined as a preterm infant with a birth weight of < 1000 g, is progressing from parenteral to enteral feeds. A retrospective review of ELBW infants born from 2014 to 2016 was performed at a tertiary NICU. Infants with necrotizing enterocolitis, short bowel syndrome, or chromosomal anomalies were excluded. TP was defined as the period when the infant’s enteral feeds were increased from 30 up to 120 ml/kg/day while weaning parenteral nutrition (PN). Effects of sex and protein-calorie intake on the change in growth parameters from the beginning to the end of TP were analyzed. Pre-TP growth percentiles and calorie and protein intake were similar in both sexes. There was a significant (r = 0.22, p = 0.026) correlation of total calorie intake with a change in weight percentiles (wt.pc) for the whole group, but on sex-specific analysis, this correlation was more robust and significant only in girls (r = 0.28, p = 0.015). Protein intake did not correlate with the changes in wt.pc in either sex. Despite a similar intake of calories and protein during the TP, we found a significant decrease in wt.pc only in girls. More extensive studies are needed to understand the sex-based differences in caloric needs and metabolic rate in ELBW infants.
Ten-year fracture risk predicted by proximal femur Hounsfield units.

Colon cancer screening occurs at younger ages than osteoporosis screening. Bone density measurements using virtual colonoscopy performed for colon cancer screening can provide an early warning sign of patients at potential risk for osteoporosis-related fractures. Earlier identification may improve treatment and potentially fracture prevention. Opportunistic osteoporosis screening with computed tomography colonography (CTC) offers an opportunity to capitalize on earlier colorectal cancer screening to identify patients at risk of future fractures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate 10-year fracture and specifically hip fracture risk based on Hounsfield units (HU) obtained from CTC. We identified all CTC scans between 2004 and 2007 of patients 40 years and older with 10 years minimum follow-up. Hounsfield units were measured within the proximal femur and fractures identified via worldwide military records. Patients were stratified into two cohorts based on the presence or lack of a fracture in the wrist, spine, hip, or proximal humerus. Hounsfield unit measurements were compared between groups using Student’s t test and the HU threshold was calculated that best approximated an 80% sensitivity to optimally screen patients for fracture risk. The odds ratio, negative predictive value, 10-year incidence of fracture, and survival curves were calculated. We identified 3711 patients with 183 fractures over 10 years. The HU threshold that corresponded with an 80% sensitivity to identify fractures was 112 HU. The negative predictive value (NPV) for overall fractures and hip fractures was over 97%. The 10-year fracture incidence was higher in patients below 112 HU compared to those above for both overall fractures (6.3% vs 1.7%) and hip fractures (2.7% vs 0.07%). The 112 HU threshold corresponds with an odds ratio for overall fracture and hip fractures of 2.5 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7–3.6) and 24.5 (95% CI, 3.3–175.5), respectively. In the 10 years following CTC, patients who experienced a fracture had lower hip HU. Decreasing HU on CTC may be an early warning sign of fracture potential.
Organizational Culture Change: Growth Mindset, Positive Psychology, and Empowerment

Organizations are like individuals; they are unique entities with their own identity and cultural set of values. In the pursuit of originality, innovation, and effectiveness, a healthy organization has to accommodate individuals that are simultaneously team players and individual thinkers. It is important to realize that the organization’s culture is the result of a sum of what various individuals share between themselves and with whom they also share common identities in a mix of physiological, cognitive, emotional, social, relational, and spiritual dimensions. It is of particular interest to study how we can develop an organizational culture with a growth mindset of independent thinking, where cultural change is a continuous evolving process that is change ready and adaptive. The spiritual dimension is crucial during cultural change because it helps cope with stress and makes sense of the understanding of how an individual and the organizational identity influence each other. It is crucial that the organization, in order to develop a culture of change, embraces an authentic friendly environment allowing aspects of forgiveness and recognition to create a family perception and reassure the emotional and spiritual well-being of the individuals.
More Than Selection Effects: Volunteering Is Associated With Benefits in Cognitive Functioning.

Objectives Volunteering is a lifestyle behavior that bolsters cognitive resilience. However, previous studies have not assessed the degree to which cognitive functioning is predictive of becoming a volunteer (i.e., selection into volunteering), and how this might contribute to the superior cognitive performance observed among volunteers. The purpose of this brief report is to address the role of cognition-related selection into becoming a volunteer in the association between formal volunteering and two cognitive measures: (a) overall cognitive function and (b) self-rated memory. Method The Health and Retirement Study was used to assess whether, net of cognitive selection into volunteering, formal volunteering is associated with cognitive function. Results Selection explained between 4.9% and 29% of the effect of volunteering on cognitive function (depending on the cognitive outcome and the level of volunteering). However, net of cognitive selection into volunteering, among all cognitive measures there are beneficial effects of formal volunteering on cognitive function. Discussion These findings suggest a proportion of the positive association between volunteering and cognitive function is explained by selection. However, net of selection, formal volunteering is associated with benefits to cognitive function. These findings offer promise for the development of volunteer-based interventions designed to bolster cognitive functioning.
COVID-19, Pandemic Triage, and the Polymorphism of Justice.

What is the shape of justice? To a sculptor in the sixteenth century, justice was a woman—often adorned with scales, a sword, and a blindfold. Today, the covering of the eyes is usually associated ...
Education Through TIME: Representations of U.S. Education on TIME Magazine Covers:

This study examined how TIME Magazine has visually represented and communicated ideas about education from TIME Magazine’s inception in 1923 through 2019. Drawing on theories of visual culture and ...
Practical graph signal sampling with log-linear size scaling

Graph signal sampling is the problem of selecting a subset of representative graph vertices whose values can be used to interpolate missing values on the remaining graph vertices. Optimizing the choice of sampling set can help minimize the effect of noise in the input signal. While many existing sampling set selection methods are computationally intensive because they require an eigendecomposition, existing eigendecompostion-free methods are still much slower than random sampling algorithms for large graphs. In this paper, we propose a sampling algorithm that can achieve speeds similar to random sampling, while reaching accuracy similar to existing eigendecomposition-free methods for a broad range of graph types.
Ripple Effects: How Firm-Activist Collaborations Reduce Movement Contention

Prior work suggests that firms can reduce the contentiousness of their social environments by forging cross-sector alliances or collaborations with activist organizations. In this paper, we explore the mechanisms that determine which activists within a social movement field represent the most effective partners for this purpose. To shed light on this question, we employ a unique, self-constructed 10-year panel tracking all contentious and collaborative interactions between 110 environmental movement organizations and a random sample of large, publicly-traded U.S. firms. We find collaborations with environmental activists reduce the contentiousness of the broader environmental movement through two distinct pathways: signaling and relational. As evidence of a signaling mechanism, we find firms experience a decrease in contentious challenges from the movement after they collaborate with a more contentious activist. Second, as evidence of a relational mechanism, we find firms face less contention from activists that are board-interlocked with an activist with which the firm collaborates. Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering the influence firm-activist collaborations have outside the focal dyad in shaping the firm’s relationship with the broader movement field. They also shed light on important indirect effects of an understudied phenomenon in research on movements and markets — collaborations between social activists and firms.
A deep learning approach for monitoring parietal-dominant Alzheimer's disease in World Trade Center responders at midlife

Little is known about the characteristics and causes of early-onset cognitive impairment. Responders to the 2001 New York World Trade Center disaster represent an ageing population that was recently shown to have an excess prevalence of cognitive impairment. Neuroimaging and molecular data demonstrate that a subgroup of affected responders may have a unique form of parietal-dominant Alzheimer's Disease. Recent neuropsychological testing and artificial intelligence approaches have emerged as methods that can be used to identify and monitor subtypes of cognitive impairment. We utilized data from World Trade Center responders participating in a health monitoring program and applied a deep learning approach to evaluate neuropsychological and neuroimaging data to generate a cortical atrophy risk score. We examined risk factors associated with the prevalence and incidence of high risk for brain atrophy in responders who are now at midlife. Training was conducted in a randomly selected two-thirds sample (N = 99) enrolled using of the results of a structural neuroimaging study. Testing accuracy was estimated for each training cycle in the remaining third subsample. After training was completed, the scoring methodology that was generated was applied to longitudinal data from 1441 World Trade Center responders. The artificial neural network provided accurate classifications of these responders in both the testing (Area Under the Receiver Operating Curve, 0.91) and validation samples (Area Under the Receiver Operating Curve, 0.87). At baseline and follow-up, responders identified as having a high risk of atrophy (n = 378) showed poorer cognitive functioning, most notably in domains that included memory, throughput, and variability as compared to their counterparts at low risk for atrophy (n = 1063). Factors associated with atrophy risk included older age [adjusted hazard ratio, 1.045 (95% confidence interval = 1.027-1.065)], increased duration of exposure at the WTC site [adjusted hazard ratio, 2.815 (1.781-4.449)], and a higher prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder [aHR, 2.072 (1.408-3.050)]. High atrophy risk was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality [adjusted risk ratio, 3.19 (1.13-9.00)]. In sum, the high atrophy risk group displayed higher levels of previously identified risk factors and characteristics of cognitive impairment, including advanced age, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, and prolonged duration of exposure to particulate matter. Thus, this study suggests that a high risk of brain atrophy may be accurately monitored using cognitive data.
Vertrauen und Vertrauenswürdigkeit bei sozialen Robotern

Dieses Kapitel befasst sich mit der Vertrauensbeziehung zwischen Menschen und sozialen Robotern, stellt doch Vertrauen einen wichtigen Bestandteil fur die Akzeptanz sozialer Roboter dar. Ausgehend von den Merkmalen sozialer Interaktionen zwischen Mensch und Roboter wird ein Uberblick uber verschiedene Definitionen von Vertrauen in diesem Kontext gegeben. Zudem werden theoretische Vertrauensmodelle und praktische Moglichkeiten der Erfassung von Vertrauen skizziert sowie der Vertrauensverlust als Folge von Roboterfehlern betrachtet. Es wird beleuchtet, wie Erklarbare Kunstliche Intelligenz helfen kann, eine transparente Interaktion zwischen Roboter und Mensch zu ermoglichen und dadurch das Vertrauen in soziale Roboter (wieder-)herzustellen. Insbesondere wird auf die Gestaltungsmoglichkeiten und Herausforderungen beim Einsatz von Erklarungen im Bereich der Robotik eingegangen. Die Wirkung, die Erklarungen von Robotern auf die mentalen Modelle von Nutzer:innen haben, bildet den Abschluss dieses Kapitels.
Liner on Target Gas Puff Z-Pinches with Different Gas Species on the CESZAR Linear Transformer Driver *

The gas puff Z-pinch 1 is a magnetic direct-drive plasma compression scheme with applications as an efficient X-ray or neutron source and for research on the fundamental physics of dense plasmas. Presented here are results of gas puff Z-pinch experiments on the CESZAR driver 2 (500 kA, 160 ns) with an annular liner imploding onto an on-axis target, where one or both species is D2. We investigate the effects of load material (D2, Ne, Ar, or Kr) on implosion dynamics, including stability and energy coupling, and on pinch performance. We show via self-emission and laser imaging that the inclusion of a central target jet improves pinch stability, and we discuss correlations between gas species and stability in liner-on-target implosions. Magneto-hydrodynamic simulations are used to infer values of plasma kinetic and internal energy, which are compared with experimental estimates. Pinch performance is quantified by measuring X-ray and neutron yield. Finally, we show that pinch reproducibility can be improved by pre-ionizing the gas before the main current pulse.
The Gorbachev Reform: A Maximal Case

Assumptions that major reform in the Soviet economy cannot be realized are challenged. Beliefs that Gorbachev is unable or unwilling to take necessary political risks, that bureaucratic resistance will forestall efforts at incremental change, and that Communist ideology lacks themes that can be used to mobilize support for innovation are analyzed. Assessment of reform should be based on an awareness of the advantages (as well as risks) of a strategy tying Gorbachev's political fate to reform and of the effectiveness of a timetable that consolidates gains in services and agriculture before confronting an entrenched industrial bureaucracy. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: 052, 113, 124.
Novel methods of introducing pest and disease resistance to crop plants.

Many crop plants have undergone centuries of plant breeding, which in some cases have transformed hardly palatable weeds into highly productive food plants. Among the major competitors for these crops are nematodes, bacteria, fungi, viruses and insects. Classical plant breeding has created plants resistant to many of these challenges, but major, and sometimes catastrophic, losses still occur. In the struggle to feed an ever-increasing population, new methods of introducing resistance could be crucial. Methods that can obviate the concomitant pollution problems that are the frequent consequences of pesticide use are especially welcome.
Humoral and surface-anchored factors in development and repair of the nervous system.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the regulation of neuronal survival (neuronotrophic agents) and neurite extension (neurite promoting agents). The chapter articulates a proposition that contains two components. First, the behaviors of an individual neural cell, be it neuronal or glial, are regulated by its microenvironment—that is, humoral signals from the extracellular fluid and anchored signals from the extracellular matrix or neighboring cell surfaces. Secondly, those changes in these extrinsic signals provide the cues that direct neural development, modulate the functional performance of adult neurons and often underlie the course if not the onset of neural pathologies. Most of the progress achieved in these areas is made possible by the development and utilization of neural cell cultures and the chapter gives a review of the concepts underlying the use of neural cells in vitro . On the other hand, the neuroteratological defect may reflect the defective construction of a neural circuit, that is, disrupted regulation of neuronogenesis (neuroblast proliferation, neuronal cell death), neuritogenesis (elongation and directional guidance of axons and dendrites) and/or synaptogenesis (specific connectivity, selection of transmitter mode, functional synapse formation.
Enhancing the open-domain classification of named entity using linked open data

Many applications make use of named entity classification. Machine learning is the preferred technique adopted for many named entity classification methods where the choice of features is critical to final performance. Existing approaches explore only the features derived from the characteristic of the named entity itself or its linguistic context. With the development of the Semantic Web, a large number of data sources are published and connected across the Web as Linked Open Data (LOD). LOD provides rich a priori knowledge about entity type information, knowledge that can be a valuable asset when used in connection with named entity classification. In this paper, we explore the use of LOD to enhance named entity classification. Our method extracts information from LOD and builds a type knowledge base which is used to score a (named entity string, type) pair. This score is then injected as one or more features into the existing classifier in order to improve its performance. We conducted a thorough experimental study and report the results, which confirm the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Husserl, Fantasy and Possible Worlds

It is common practice while reading a novel to subject the characters, plot and even the secondary world represented there to the judgment “Are they believable?” The reason we do subject novels to such evaluations is that it is a traditional expectation and delight of the reader to be drawn into created secondary worlds and to feel that the story has been, in some sense, experienced as “lived time.”
Fetal maturity: biochemical analyses of amniotic fluid.

Abstract One hundred and three samples of amniotic fluid from 21 normal and 64 medically complicated pregnancies were used for evaluating fetal maturity by measuring one or more of the following: the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio (LS), bilirubin concentration, creatinine concentration, and percentage of fetal fat cells. The rapid foam test for surfactant was evaluated in 20 of the samples and found to be unreliable in predicting the risk of respiratory distress syndrome. The test for fat cells gave a large percentage of false negative results, and the creatinine concentration failed to show a good correlation with gestational age. Both the bilirubin concentration and LS ratio showed good correlation with gestational age. However, since the major cause of death in a premature infant is the respiratory distress syndrome, the maturity of the fetal lung, which is best estimated by the LS ratio, has to be the prime concern.
Public Responses to Technological Risks: Toward a Sociological Perspective

One of the most serious challenges facing “advanced” industrial societies is the management of technological risks. Recently, a number of sociologists have called attention to the topic, noting the...
Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Aluminum

Both the binary and complex fluorides of aluminum have played a significant role in the aluminum industry. Aluminum trifluoride trihydrate is of primary importance to the manufacture of aluminum as is sodium hexafluoroaluminate, known as cryolite. Anhydrous aluminum fluoride is used in fluoride glass manufacture and in ceramics. Mixtures of potassium tetrafluoroaluminate and potassium hexafluoroaluminate have been employed as brazing fluxes in the manufacture of aluminum parts. Two new types of aluminates with far ranging commercial potential have been prepared and characterized. The properties, manufacture, and uses of the various aluminum fluoride compounds are described. Keywords: aluminum monofluoride; aluminum difluoride; tetrafluoroaluminates; anions; catalyses; biological activity; g-proteins; aluminum trifluoride
Arterial endothelial permeability and vascular disease. The "trap door" effect.

Abstract The role of sudden changes of arterial permeability to circulating macromolecules was investigated in relation to their possible role in the initiation of vascular disease. This study suggests that circulating platelets may play important roles not only in the initiation of mural thrombi, but in the maintenance of abnormal vascular permeability leading to overt vascular lesions. At the same time, it provides a working hypothesis for the study of the pathogenesis of accelerated vascular disease often found in some forms of arterial hypertension and/or intravascular thrombosis.
Thermal Analysis of High-Energy Railgun Tests

This paper describes temperature measurements made on the high-energy medium-caliber launcher at the Institute for Advanced Technology. Simulations performed in Maxwell 3-D and E-Physics showed that Joule heating from current diffusing into the rails accounts for most of the temperature rise in the conductors. Temporal skin effects increase thermal dissipation significantly over what would be expected by the ohmic losses under fully diffused conditions. Based on this analysis, Joule heating is the overwhelmingly dominant source of heating in low-speed tests. As the velocity of the armature increases, Joule heating remains the dominant source of heat; however, additional mechanisms-which may include frictional heating, arcing energy, aluminum deposition, and temperature-dependent properties-are required to more satisfactorily explain the temperature profile obtained.
Measurements of Large Silicon Spheres Using the NIST M48 Coordinate Measuring Machine

The NIST M48 coordinate measuring machine (CMM) was used to measure the average diameter of two precision, silicon spheres of nominal diameter near 93.6mm. A measurement technique was devised that took advantage of the specific strengths of the machine and the artifacts while restricting the influences derived from the machine's few weaknesses. This effort resulted in measurements with unprecedented accuracy and uncertainty levels for CMM style instruments. The results were confirmed through a blind comparison with another national measurement institute (NMI) that used special apparatus specifically designed for the measurement of these silicon spheres and employed very different measurement techniques. The standard uncertainty of the average diameter measurements was less than 20 nanometers. This paper will describe the measurement techniques along with the decision-making processes used to develop these specific methods. The measurement uncertainty of the measurements will also be rigorously examined.
Risk-Taking and Managerial Incentives: Seasoned versus New Funds of Funds

While the hedge funds industry has grown rapidly during the past decade, a lack of transparency, a need for professionally conducted due diligence, and the inaccessibility of closed funds to new investors led to a significant growth in funds of funds-i.e., funds that invest in multiple individual hedge funds. This article investigates the performance, managerial incentive, and risk taking behavior for new versus more seasoned funds of funds. The results show no differential in risk-adjusted performance. However, junior funds are shown to have more risk aversion, evidenced by less total risk taking, less systematic risk, and more diversity in investment. The article argues that this is consistent with the "herding" theory in mutual funds proposed by Chevalier and Ellison [1997] as well as the empirical evidence for overconfidence in financial managers by Ben-David, Graham, and Harvey [2006]. After two to three years, the difference in risk taking disappears and the junior funds behave much more like their seasoned counterparts.
N- AND O-DEMETHYLATION OF SOME NARCOTIC ANALGESICS BY BRAIN SLICES FROM MALE AND FEMALE LONG-EVANS RATS.

Abstract Under aerobic conditions incubation of brain slices of rat in an appropriate medium to which narcotic analgesics labeled with 14 carbon in the O- and N-methyl groups were added resulted in the liberation of 14 CO 2 . The amount of 14 CO 2 liberated in 3 hr was not directly proportional to the analgesic potencies of the drugs in vivo . The present results suggest that the demelhylating enzymes of liver and brain may be identical. Tolerance to morphine does not seem to affect the N-demethylating activity of the brain on morphine as it does in the case of the liver.
Primary care assessment and management of sleep disorders.

Purpose To review the functions of sleep and describe an appropriate sleep assessment for the identification of sleep disorders for nurse practitioners (NP) in primary care. Guidelines for management and referral are included. Data Sources Selected scientific literature, national consensus guidelines, and the author's experience. Conclusions The incidence of sleep deprivation in the United States is generally unacknowledged by the public as well as health care professionals. Unfortunately, the catastrophic and debilitating consequences that result from alterations in sleep are usually noted after significant physical and emotional damage have occurred. Implications for Practice An assessment of sleep hygiene and the physical, emotional, or lifestyle changes that alter sleep patterns should be a part of the NP's routine encounter with patients. Referral is indicated for suspicion of obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, restless leg syndrome, complex motor activity, or if the condition fails to respond to therapeutic management.