cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
White Ethnogenesis and Gradual Capitalism: Perspectives from Colonial Archaeological Sites in the Chesapeake

The piecemeal development of capitalist socioeconomic systems in the colonial Chesapeake was deeply intertwined with projects of white ethnogenesis. Crafting a sense of “groupness” along lines perceived as racial required free “whites” to remain economically and socially interdependent. A variety of strategies and material forms—including reciprocal exchanges, hall-parlor house plans, and earthfast construction—facilitated this cohesion. Such integrative tactics coexisted in colonists' behavioral repertoires with more “capitalistic” strategies that prioritized private profit over social obligation. Colonists' deployment of diverse social strategies reflects a complex calculus assessing the benefits of economic autonomy against the benefits of ethnic (“white”) solidarity. These dynamics can be illustrated through an 18th-century archaeological site at Flowerdew Hundred in the Chesapeake.
The direct and indirect use of fossil fuels and electricity in USA agriculture, 1910–1990

Abstract Industrial agriculture relies on large quantities of fossil fuels and electricity. The increase in energy prices in the 1980s prompted substantial investigation into the response of farmers to new energy conditions, and into the prospects for future food production in the face of scarcer and more expensive energy inputs. Previous attempts to model these relationships were hampered by a lack of consistent and reliable historical data on total energy use in USA agriculture. This analysis develops and applies a new methodology to calculate the direct and indirect use of fossil fuels and electricity on USA farms from 1910 to 1990. The data on energy use is used to construct indices of energy productivity over the same period. The results show a substantial overall increase in energy use from 1910 through the 1970s, and a shift from gasoline to diesel fuel and electricity. The use of all fuels declined in the 1980s. The measures of energy productivity show a substantial decline in through the 1970s, a trend consistent with the substitution of fossil fuels for animate power and with the low price of fossil fuels relative to other inputs. Energy productivity rose in the 1980s due to a diminution in the rate of energy use, a reduction in the number of harvested hectares, and larger farms. The results show a clear response of farmers to higher energy prices that resulted in technical and managerial changes that improved energy productivity.
THE QUESTION OF A RELIGIOUS REALITY: COMMENTARY ON THE POLANYI PAPERS

. Two aspects of the problem of interpreting Michael Polanyi's outlook on religion are discussed. First, various ways of relating to reality beyond the objective perception of factuality must be considered, including the shift from I-It to I-Thou relations, and the self-giving mode of surrender to a symbolized reality. Second, the active use of the imagination in perception involves a commitment that the image is of something real, transcending the person. I believe that Polanyi understands both religious rituals and works of art to point to realities that can be met again in new ways. After this discussion reasons for Polanyi's reticence to speak about his own religion are suggested and, finally, some known facts about his personal religion are given.
Fat metabolism in higher plants. LXII. The pathway of ricinoleic acid catabolism in the germinating castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Abstract With cell-free extracts from both germinating peas and castor beans, O - 14 Cricinoleate ( 14 C located at odd-numbered positions in the carbon chain) was β-oxidized at least to the C 10 level. With the pea system, formation of unsaturated hydroxy acid intermediates to the C 12 level occurred. Acetyl-CoA was the primary product of β-oxidation activity. Although the pathway beyond the C 12 -intermediate level was not resolved conclusively, two alternative routes may exist in the castor bean system to convert 4-hydroxy-decanoic acid to 2-keto-octanoate, one involving 4-keto-decanoate, the other 2-hydroxy-octanoate. Subsequent degradation of the 2-keto-octanoate tentatively involves an α-oxidation step, releasing CO 2 and heptanoic acid. Further β-oxidation of the latter is envisaged to yield propionyl and acetyl CoA. All necessary enzymes for the catabolism of ricinoleic acid to propionate appear to be associated with the cytosomes.
Synthesis of lipids by liver plasma membranes. Incorporation of acyl-coenzyme A derivatives into membrane lipids in vitro.

1. 1. Plasma membranes were prepared from rat liver homogenates. The membrane preparation was characterized by its composition and the presence of particular enzymes which have been associated with membrane function. Lipid composition of the membrane was studied in detail and was compared with that reported for other membranes. 2. 2. Palmityl-, stearyl-, oleyl- and linoleyl-CoA esters were prepared enzymatically from radiocarbon labeled acyl precursors. These substrates were incubated with the membranes and incorporation of isotope into various lipids was investigated. 3. 3. Under these conditions, small amounts of neutral glycerides were formed. In this process, unsaturated acyl-CoA derivatives were better utilized precursors than the saturated analogs. Fatty acids were principally incorporated into phosphatidic acid, Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine, presumably through a reacylation of their lyso derivatives. 4. 4. The major portion of the fatty acids from [14C]acyl-CoA esters was recovered as free fatty acid and in the form of S-acyl pantetheine.
Teaching strategy and assignment design: assessing the quality and validity of information via the Web

As students increasingly use Internet technology to access information, new educational issues and opportunities arise. This article examines ways in which instructors and teaching professionals might work with students in guiding their research to establish “good practices” in both citing and using resources. The authors report on the process of crafting, administering, and assessing an assignment that might serve as a model for research-based papers and projects in a variety of disciplines. This assignment employs active learning strategies to encourage students to become better editors and critics as well as to teach them skills that they will be able to employ as this technology changes and others emerge.
Members of the Tristetraprolin Family of Tandem CCCH Zinc Finger Proteins Exhibit CRM1-dependent Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling

Members of the tristetraprolin (TTP) family of CCCH tandem zinc finger proteins can bind directly to certain types of AU-rich elements (AREs) in mRNA. Experiments in TTP-deficient mice have shown that TTP is involved in the physiological destabilization of at least two cytokine mRNAs, those encoding tumor necrosis factor α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The two other known mammalian members of the TTP family, CMG1 and TIS11D, also contain ARE-binding CCCH tandem zinc finger domains and can also destabilize ARE-containing mRNAs. To investigate the effects of primary sequence on the subcellular localization of these proteins, we constructed green fluorescent protein fusions with TTP, CMG1, and TIS11D; these were predominantly cytoplasmic when expressed in 293 or HeLa cells. Deletion and mutation analyses revealed functional nuclear export signals in the amino terminus of TTP and in the carboxyl termini of CMG1 and TIS11D. This type of leucine-rich nuclear export signal interacts with the nuclear export receptor CRM1; abrogation of CRM1 activity resulted in nuclear accumulation of TTP, CMG1, and TIS11D. These proteins are thus nucleocytoplasmic shuttling proteins and rely on CRM1 for their export from the nucleus. Although TTP, CMG1, and TIS11D lack known nuclear import sequences, mapping experiments revealed that their nuclear accumulation required an intact tandem zinc finger domain but did not require RNA binding ability. These findings suggest possible roles for nuclear import and export in the regulation of cellular TTP, CMG1, and TIS11D activity.
The Effect of Ligand Constraints on the Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Tranfer Relaxation Dynamics of Copper(I)−Phenanthroline Complexes: A Comparative Study by Femtosecond Time-Resolved Spectroscopy

Two geometrically constrained Cu(I)−monophenanthroline complexes were investigated spectroscopically to study the effects that ligand constraints have on the excited-state dynamics of copper−phenan...
Do designated drivers and workplace policies effect alcohol consumption

Abstract Is there a link between designated driver usage and alcohol consumption? We hypothesize that the use of a designated driver lowers the cost of drinking which, in turn, increases alcohol consumption. We examine the effect on drinking intensity (which incorporates low levels of alcohol use) and binge drinking (which measures greater alcohol use), using a proxy for designated driver usage. If workplace rules forbid alcohol use for safety or other reasons, a large potential cost of drinking is the possible job loss (or other penalty) incurred if an employed person tests positive for alcohol. We add variables to our model related to workplace policies on alcohol use by workers to ascertain if designated drivers still influence drinking. We test these hypotheses utilizing a large dataset from the 2006 and 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) which includes several measures of alcohol use, in addition to a host of other correlates. Findings reveal that our proxy for designated driver use increases the incidence of drinking and the results hold even after controlling for workplace alcohol testing.
The Isle Royale Wolf-Moose Project (1958-present) and the Wonder of Long-Term Ecological Research

Introduction In the dead of a northwoods winter, sometime in the late 1940s, wolves crossed the roughly 15 miles of iced-over waters separating Thunder Bay, Ontario from the shores of Isle Royale (ISRO), a federally designated wilderness island and US National Park of 544 km in Northwestern Lake Superior (Figure 1). This was fortuitous. Just prior to this crossing, managers and wildlife ecologists had been discussing plans to use ISRO as a sanctuary for the heavily persecuted grey wolf population. The introduction of wolves was, moreover, seen as a possible way to control the booming and busting moose population that had swam to the island some 50 years previously.
A scalable parallel Strassen's matrix multiplication algorithm for distributed-memory computers

The authors present a scalable parallel Strassen`s matrix multiply algorithm for distributed memory, message passing computers. Strassen`s algorithm to multiply two N x N matrices reduces the asymptotic operation count from O(N{sup 3}) of the traditional algorithm to O(N{sup 2.81}). In a sequential implementation the Strassen`s algorithm offers better performance even for relatively low order matrices. However, due to its complexity, the parallel Strassen`s algorithm is less than straight forward. Here a scalable parallel Strassen`s algorithm is presented and compared with several other parallel algorithms. Performances of these algorithms are tested on a 128-processor Intel iPSC/860.
Hydride transfer from transition metal hydrides to dihapto acyl ligands

Abstract The dihapto acyl ligand in Cp2Zr[C(O)R]X, (R = Me, Ph; X = Me, Cl) is subject to hydrogen transfer from Cp2MH2 (M = Mo, W), Cp2ReH and CpReH4(PMe2Ph). The initial products are bimetallic dimers of the type Cp2XZrOCH(R)MLn. The fate of this bimetallic species is highly dependent upon the Group VIB metal when Cp2MH2 is the hydride source. For M = Mo, a second hydrogen migrates to the acyl carbon, yielding Cp2Zr(OEt)Me and products derived from Cp2Mo. For M = W, CO bond scission occurs with retention of the WC bond, to yield the carbene complexes Cp2WC(C)R along with various oxyzirconium products. Filled d orbitals are not necessary on the hydride source; Cp2NbH3 also readily reduces the acyl in Cp2Zr[C(O)Me]Me.
Wernicke's aphasia after putaminal hemorrhage: Unusual clinical and SPECT findings

We present a case of a man with a putaminal hemorrhage who presented in the acute stage with a 'classic' Wernicke's aphasia. CT and MRI scans showed a large left basal ganglia hemorrhage involving the posteriorputamen. A SPECT scan performed acutely demonstrated decreased perfusion in the left temporal cortex, frontal cortex and white matter and to the left basal ganglia from the hemorrhage itself. Within five days his language abilities improved dramatically, with complete resolution of his aphasia over the course of six weeks. Repeat SPECT scans continued to show the structural changes to the left putamen and left hemisphere hypoperfusion, suggesting that the resolution of the language symptoms did not correlate with the structural and perfusion changes. Various theories advanced in the literature regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms causing aphasia due to subcortical lesions cannot completely explain the findings of our case. These hypotheses are reviewed and discussed.
Temperature effects on lactate dehydrogenase isozyme distribution in skeletal muscle of Fundulus heteroclitus (Pisces: Cyprinidontiformes).

Abstract 1. 1. Skeletal muscle lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes of Fundulus heteroclitus sampled 1 day after capture exhibit a typical electrophoretic pattern of five LDH bands. 2. 2. LDH isozymes of fish kept at 20 and 30°C for 8 weeks show increased production of A 4 and A 3 B 1 bands (corresponding to LDH-5 and 4, respectively). 3. 3. LDH patterns of fish kept at 4°C resemble those of the zero time control (fresh caught) group. No increased production of any LDH band is observed at 4°C. 4. 4. The increased production of A 4 and A 3 B 1 isozymes at the higher temperatures suggests increased muscle glycolysis with reduction of (and concomitant oxidation of NADH) the resultant increased pyruvate concentrations which ,may be catalyzed more effectively by LDH-A 4 and LDH-A 3 B 1 than other isozymes. 5. 5. Additional environmental factors (e.g. possible salinity) affect LDH isozyme expression since the zero time control patterns differ from those of the 20°C control group.
Successful administration of infant/toddler child care programs

Infant/toddler programs present a challenge to their administrators. The challenge can be successfully met by creative, imaginative, and committed administrators, who ensure the survival of their programs by meeting criteria common to most infant/toddler programs. Seven important criteria or characteristics of successful programs which have been developed are discussed here: positive interpersonal relationships; a sound philosophical base; clear delineation of policies and procedures; good staff selection, planning, and development; feedback to parents; a strong support base; and appropriate fiscal management.
Effects of Over-the-Counter Medication Product Family Packaging Design on Knowledge Acquisition and Consumer Preferences

Adverse drug events result in hospitalization of more than 1.5 million Americans each year leading to large increases in health care costs. Although researchers have shown that a large portion of these adverse drug events are preventable, most Americans admit to only reading portions of over-the-counter (OTC) labeling, and only half say they seek out information on the label for usage information when they take an OTC medication for the first time. It is important then that we carefully consider what packaging features can motivate consumers to more thoughtfully consider the use of the OTC medicine and how packaging commonality within a product family influences the correct selection of these medications. In order to understand these questions, a controlled study was conducted with sixty-four participants who were asked to complete a Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (s-TOFHLA), a medication selection questionnaire that required participants to select the appropriate medication based on a given set of symptoms, and a packaging label ratings questionnaire. Two medication brands with five different types of package designs were studied. Product family commonality metrics were used to analyze the similarity among these simulated products, and statistical analyses were performed on the selection time and accuracy data obtained. The results illustrated that variations in labeling and product family packaging design significantly impact the accuracy and efficiency of medication decision-making and thus has the potential to reduce adverse drug events made during the OTC medication selection process.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Visual search for letters in intact and mixed-case words and nonwords

College students searched for single target letters in word and unpronounceable nonword displays of four, five, or six letters in length. The displays were typed in either intact upper-or lowercase form or in an alternating mixture of upper- and lowercase letters. Response times and error rates were less for words than for nonwords. Search rates, as measured by the slopes of the functions relating response time to display length, were greater for nonwords than for words. The search process apparently self-terminated for nonword displays, as the negative slope was about twice the positive slope. The positive and negative slope differences were less for words and were about equal for words in intact form. Case mixtures resulted in slower responses for words only, and this effect was apparently limited to encoding rather than to search or comparison processes. The relevance of these findings for similar results in same-different judgment tasks is discussed.
White plaque of the dorsal tongue

A case of oral lichen planus has been discussed. The causes, associated conditions, laboratory tests, and treatment were addressed. The use of cyanoacrylate "super glue" may have acted as a contactant and promoted the patient's localized lichenoid process. No additional treatment was provided other than confirmation of clinical suspicions. The most important factor was ruling out the possibility of a dysplastic or a malignant process. Should the patient become symptomatic, the treatment would probably start out with kaolin and pectin (Kaopectate) lidocaine/benadryl rinses. Should supportive therapy fail, alternative regimens including topical to systemic corticosteroids would be considered.
On rubber disks under rotation or axisymmetric stretching

Abstract The governing equations for a class of axisymmetric problems under large elastic deformation, concerned with a circular rubber disk with body force as well as non-uniform initial thickness, are formulated in terms of two coupled first-order ordinary differential equations with explicit derivatives. The following two problems subjected to different boundary conditions are solved: (a) Rotating disks with uniform initial thickness (b) Circular disks with non-uniform initial thickness under axisymmetric stretching at the outer boundary. In problem (b), the rubber disk whose initial thickness contour is h 0 = cr n (where c and n are any constants), or whose final thickness is a constant, is considered. Highly elastic materials with a Mooney strain-energy function are used for numerical calculations.
Reliability of chromogenic in situ hybridization for detecting HER-2 gene status in breast cancer : comparison with fluorescence in situ hybridization and assessment of interobserver reproducibility

Accurate determination of HER-2 status is important in the management of patients with breast cancer, especially in determining their eligibility for trastuzumab therapy. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been regarded as the gold standard method for detecting HER-2 gene amplification. Recently, chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH), in which HER-2 is detected by a peroxidase reaction and the gene copies are determined by regular bright-field microscopy, has emerged as a potential alternative to FISH. However, this method requires validation before it can be adopted into clinical practice. In this study, we evaluated 80 cases of invasive breast carcinoma by CISH, compared the results with those obtained by FISH, and assessed interobserver reproducibility among three observers. We found that agreement among the three pathologists on the CISH-determined HER-2 status was achieved in 73 cases (91%), all of which had results matching the corresponding FISH results: 54 nonamplified and 19 amplified. Of the 19 amplified cases, 13 were scored unanimously as high-level amplification; six had a minor scoring discrepancy (ie, low-level vs high-level amplification). A major scoring discrepancy (ie, nonamplification vs amplification) was found in the remaining seven cases, three of which were amplified and four of which were nonamplified by FISH. Two of the latter cases had a polysomy of chromosome 17. The cases that caused scoring difficulty were those with an equivocal or borderline signal number against a high background. Overall, there was nearly perfect agreement between the CISH and corresponding FISH results, and interpretation of CISH results were highly reproducible among the three pathologists. We conclude that, in general, HER-2 status can be reliably assessed by CISH. Confirmatory FISH is recommended in cases with equivocal or borderline CISH copy numbers.
‘I Espied a Chinaman’: Chinese Sailors and the Fracturing of the Nineteenth Century Pacific Maritime Labour Force

The influx of Chinese sailors into the Pacific maritime labour force during the nineteenth century created a crisis for shipboard workers that forced sailors to reevaluate and alter the way they perceived themselves and their labour. As a result, the maritime labour community started to fracture and disintegrate. Sailors, once tolerant and accepting, became intolerant and abusive towards Chinese mariners and refused to serve with them aboard ships and denied them membership in maritime unions. Ultimately, racial segregation harmed seamen by pitting sailors against each other, allowing employers to exploit worker divisiveness.
A kinase-inactive type II TGFβ receptor impairs BMP signaling in human breast cancer cells ☆

Dominant negative receptor mutants are often utilized in order to abrogate signaling induced by growth factors. We have previously shown that expression of a dominant negative type II TGFβ receptor (dnTβRII) in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells effectively abrogates TGFβ signaling. In this letter, we report that expression of dnTβRII also impairs BMP2-mediated Smad1 phosphorylation as well as BMP2-mediated Smad-dependent transcriptional responses, resulting in an attenuation of BMP-mediated anti-proliferative effects. The fact that dnTβRII not only abrogates TGFβ signaling but BMP signaling as well has important implications for the interpretation of data in which dominant negative mutants are utilized.
Polymer-Free Optode Nanosensors for Dynamic, Reversible, and Ratiometric Sodium Imaging in the Physiological Range

Polymer-Free Optode Nanosensors for Dynamic, Reversible, and Ratiometric Sodium Imaging in the Physiological Range
Proto-industrialization: The First Phase of the Industrialization Process

Well before the beginning of machine industry, many regions of Europe became increasingly industrialized in the sense that a growing proportion of their labor potential was allocated to industry. Yet, that type of industry—the traditionally organized, principally rural handicrafts—barely fits the image one has of a modernizing economy. There is, however, cognitive value as well as didactic advantage in thinking of the growth of “pre-industrial industry” as part and parcel of the process of “industrialization” or, rather, as a first phase which preceded and prepared modern industrialization proper.
Effect of Growth Habit on Yield and Agronomic Characteristics of Late-Planted Soybean

Seed yield of double-cropped soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the southeastern USA is reduced compared with full-season soybean, and most agronomic traits are affected. This study was initiated to determine the effects of determinate (dt 1 ) and indeterminate (Dt 1 ) growth habit genes on yield and agronomic characteristics of late-planted near-isogenic soybean lines (near-isolines) in the southeastern U.S. Twenty-three determinate and 23 indeterminate near-isogenic soybean lines from three populations were compared in the field at two locations (Shorter, Tallassee, and Brewton, AL) in 1992 [...]
Three dimensional impedance map analysis of rabbit liver.

Three-dimensional impedance maps (3DZMs) are computational models of acoustic impedance of tissue constructed from histology images. 3DZMs can be analyzed to estimate model-based quantitative ultrasound parameters such as effective scatterer diameter (ESD). In this study, 3DZMs were constructed from normal and fatty rabbit livers. Estimates of ESD were made using the fluid-filled sphere scattering model. Weighting toward smaller scatterer sizes produced ESD estimates of 7.5 ± 1.3 and 7.0 ± 0.3 μm for normal and fatty liver, respectively, approximately the size of a liver cell nucleus. This suggests the nucleus could be a primary source of scattering in liver.
The Troubled Reunification of Korea

In this era of superpower reconciliation, European Community harmonization, and German reunification, the reunification of Korea is a distinct possibility. South Korea has pursued the “Northern Policy” for several years to facilitate the process. The initiative, aimed at creating economic and diplomatic links between South Korea and socialist countries, produced ties with former Soviet satellites, the Soviet Union itself, the People's Republic of China, and, most recently, a majority of the members of the new Commonwealth of Independent States (the former Soviet Union). By building relationships with the allies of North Korea, the South hoped to coax the North into a more conciliatory position (U.S. Embassy of the Republic of Korea 1992).Before the “Northern Policy” was implemented, North Korea showed no inclination to reconcile the differences between the North and the South, steadfastly refusing to recognize or negotiate with the government in Seoul. However, the rapid fall of the Berlin wall, the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe, and the disintegration of the Soviet Union permanently changed the political climate for North Korea. When, early in 1991, the People's Republic of China and the former Soviet Union did not stand in the way of South Korea's entry into the United Nations, the handwriting was on the wall. In September 1991, North Korea accepted simultaneous U.N. membership for both Koreas (Whiting 1992).
Nuclear Physics: The Core of Matter, the Fuel of Stars

Dramatic progress has been made in all branches of physics since the National Research Council's 1986 decadal survey of the field. The Physics in a New Era series explores these advances and looks ahead to future goals. The series includes assessments of the major subfields and reports on several smaller subfields, and preparation has begun on an overview volume on the unity of physics, its relationships to other fields, and its contributions to national needs. Nuclear Physics is the latest volume of the series. The book describes current activity in understanding nuclear structure and symmetries, the behavior of matter at extreme densities, the role of nuclear physics in astrophysics and cosmology, and the instrumentation and facilities used by the field. It makes recommendations on the resources needed for experimental and theoretical advances in the coming decade. Nuclear physics addresses the nature of matter making up 99.9 percent of the mass of our everyday world. It explores the nuclear reactions that fuel the stars, including our Sun, which provides the energy for all life on Earth. The field of nuclear physics encompasses some 3,000 experimental and theoretical researchers who work at universities and national laboratories across the United States, as wellmore » as the experimental facilities and infrastructure that allow these researchers to address the outstanding scientific questions facing us. This report provides an overview of the frontiers of nuclear physics as we enter the next millennium, with special attention to the state of the science in the United States.The current frontiers of nuclear physics involve fundamental and rapidly evolving issues. One is understanding the structure and behavior of strongly interacting matter in terms of its basic constituents, quarks and gluons, over a wide range of conditions - from normal nuclear matter to the dense cores of neutron stars, and to the Big Bang that was the birth of the universe. Another is to describe quantitatively the properties of nuclei, which are at the centers of all atoms in our world, in terms of models derived from the properties of the strong interaction. These properties include the nuclear processes that fuel the stars and produce the chemical elements. A third active frontier addresses fundamental symmetries of nature that manifest themselves in the nuclear processes in the cosmos, such as the behavior of neutrinos from the Sun and cosmic rays, and in low-energy laboratory tests of these symmetries. With recent developments on the rapidly changing frontiers of nuclear physics the Committee on Nuclear Physics is greatly optimistic about the next ten years. Important steps have been taken in a program to understand the structure of matter in terms of quarks and gluons.« less
Differential Effects of Aging on Processes Underlying Task Switching.

In this study, we used event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to examine the effects of aging on processes underlying task switching. The response time data revealed an age-related increase in mixing costs before controlling for general slowing and no effect of aging on switching costs. In the cue-locked epoch, the ERP data revealed little effect of age on the parietal P3 related to cue encoding, an age-related decrease in parietal activity related to cue retrieval, and an age-related increase in the amplitude of the parietal and frontal activity related to task set configuration and rule mapping. In the target-locked epoch, there was differential neural recruitment in younger and older adults in response to task mixing. These data are consistent with the idea that older adults may not fully implement task set before onset of the target stimulus.
A Dynamic Parametrization Scheme for Shape Optimization Using Quasi-Newton Methods

A variable parametrization scheme is developed and demonstrated for shape optimization using quasi-Newton methods. The scheme performs adaptive parametrization renement while preserving the approximate Hessian of the shape optimization problem and enables free-form shape design using quasi-Newton optimization methods. Using a Bspline parametrization, the scheme is validated using a 1-D shape approximation problem and is shown to improve eciency and optimal solution quality compared to the traditional quasi-Newton method. The scheme is also applied to a 3-D test problem, demonstrating the feasibility of free-form shape optimization using parametrization renement and a method for partially constraining the degrees of freedom.
Economic ecology: in the market for minke whales.

The capture–recapture technique is a mainstay of ecology. This principle has been applied with individual genotyping to estimate how many accidentally killed minke whales reach the markets of South Korea.
PCR for bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid.

The cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) is currently unknown. The hypothesis of this study is that MS is caused by a chronic bacterial infection of the central nervous system (CNS) and the ensuing immune response. We developed a sensitive two-stage polymerase chain reaction method using nested or semi-nested primers specific for the bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA to test for the presence of bacterial DNA in cerebrospinal fluid. We designed seven sets of primers to amplify DNA from spirochetes , Campylobacter, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Bartonella , Mycobacteria and Streptococcus and tested cerebrospinal fluid from patients with relapsing—remitting MS, primary progressive MS, transverse myelitis and controls. We did not detect DNA from any of the groups of bacteria in patients or controls. We conclude that we were unable to find evidence for CNS infection with any of these seven groups of bacteria in MS. Multiple Sclerosis 2008; 14: 147—152. http://msj.sagepub.com
Glaciation of the Coeur d'Alene District, Idaho

Cirques and glaciated valleys are present on northern slopes of peaks exceeding 5500 feet in elevation in the Coeur d9Alene District, Idaho. Glacially striated rock surfaces at the tops of cirque headwalls and on the divides above indicate that ice carapaces were present when the cirques were overfilled during glacial maxima. Freshness of landforms and deposits indicates a Pinedale age for the last widespread glaciation. Small ice masses may have developed within the most sheltered cirques during Temple Lake time. Till of Bull Lake age is present on benches and spurs near the head of the South Fork valley. Striated cobbles in coarse gravel as much as 1250 feet above present drainage levels are believed to be evidence of Buffalo glaciation. Following deposition of the gravel, streams eroded laterally before rejuvenation resulted in excavation of new valleys and exhuming of former valleys. It is possible to identify cirques that were occupied during one, two, or more glacial episodes. Continental ice of Spokane (Wisconsin) age impounded Glacial Lake Coeur d9Alene to an elevation of about 2600 feet. Water level was stabilized by a bedrock spillway at Setters on the western side of the lake. Numerous boulders of granite, plucked from bedrock near Pend Oreille Lake, were rafted into the district on ice bergs. Positions of these erratics indicate that postglacial erosion has been extremely slight.
Insulin Binding to Monocytes in Obese Patients Treated with Carbohydrate Restriction and Changes in Physical Activity

Mean [125I]insulin binding to circulating monocytes was low (P less than 0.05 compared to normal controls) in nine obese patients on a weight-maintaining diet in which 45% of the calories were carbohydrate. On a 10% carbohydrate diet, insulin binding was normal in six of seven obese patients. Plasma insulin concentrations were elevated in obese patients on both diets. No correlation was found between insulin binding and plasma insulin concentration. Glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia were worsened by keeping the patients at rest and were improved by having the patients walk 3-4 miles/day. The change in physical activity had no effect on [125I]insulin binding to monocytes. We conclude that 1) insulin binding to monocytes in obese patients is generally low in patients on a carbohydrate-rich diet, but is normal in patients on carbohydrate-restricted diets; 2) down-regulation of insulin receptors does not necessarily occur in the presence of hyperinsulinemia: and 3) a walking program results in an improvement in glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia that is not associated with a change in insulin binding.
Role of Turbulent Prandtl Number on Heat Flux at Hypersonic Mach Numbers

A new turbulence model suited for calculating the turbulent Prandtl number as part of the solution is presented. The model is based on a set of two equations: one governing the variance of the enthalpy and the other governing its dissipation rate. These equations were derived from the exact energy equation and thus take into consideration compressibility and dissipation terms. The model is used to study two cases involving shock wave/boundary layer interaction at Mach 9.22 and Mach 5.0. In general, heat transfer prediction showed great improvement over traditional turbulence models where the turbulent Prandtl number is assumed constant. It is concluded that using a model that calculates the turbulent Prandtl number as part of the solution is the key to bridging the gap between theory and experiment for flows dominated by shock wave/boundary layer interactions.
Optimal periodic disturbance reduction for active noise cancelation

Abstract The design of an optimal internal model-based (IMB) controller by extending standard discrete time optimal control theory for IMB controllers is described. The optimal observer and state feedback gains of the IMB controller are given via the solution of discrete time algebraic Riccati equations. The design method is applied to an acoustic system that is subjected to disturbances from a server fan. Periodic disturbances from the server fan appear as harmonics of the fundamental frequency of the fan. Parametric models for the plant and non-periodic part of the disturbance are identified from experimental data. An internal model is designed in discrete time and the internal model principle is used to design a feedback controller that rejects periodic disturbances in the acoustic system. The controller is implemented in real-time and successfully attenuates the first four harmonics of the fan noise.
Speculative instruction validation for performance-reliability trade-off

With reducing feature size, increasing chip capacity, and increasing clock speed, microprocessors are becoming increasingly susceptible to transient (soft) errors. Redundant multi-threading (RMT) is an attractive approach for concurrent error detection. RMT provides complete error coverage, while incurring a significant performance impact because of the redundant thread. Achieving perfect reliability at the expense of a high performance drop is not a good design option for systems where slight vulnerability may still achieve the desired error rates. In this paper, we explore speculative mechanisms to trade-off reliability for performance in RMT. Our basic approach validates the execution of an instruction by comparing its result against the expected result. Only those instructions are redundantly executed for which the validations fail. This mechanism is expected to have a minimal vulnerability impact because it is highly unlikely that an erroneous result matches the expected value. We also propose several extensions to the basic approach that further explore the performance-reliability trade-off design space. A combination of these techniques incur about 10% performance impact and about 0.09% undetected base error rate, compared to about 25% performance impact for RMT with no undetected errors.
High-Speed and High-Accuracy Method of Mutual-Inductance Calculations

While Grover's tabular method to compute the mutual inductance of coaxial single-layer coils is convenient and fast when implemented on computer, its use has mostly been restricted to zeroth- and first-order calculations, since its accuracy is not well defined or quantified. This paper defines and quantifies the accuracy of Grover's tabular method for single-layer coaxial coils and shows that interpolation between the tabulated values is the primary factor limiting its accuracy. The results of this paper are used to develop an improved tabular-solution method that has accuracy approaching that of a finite-element field-code analysis. The analysis compares three mutual-inductance calculation methods for coaxial single-layer coils: a finite-element numerical method, an analytical method involving the numerical elliptic-integral evaluation, and Grover's tabular method. The finite-element numerical solution and the analytic solution are the most accurate and comparable to each other, while the tabular method is the least accurate. In terms of speed, however, the tabular method is the fastest while the finite-element method is the slowest. The interpolation techniques used in the analysis include cubic spline, cubic polynomial, polynomial, and linear. In comparison to finite-element numerical calculations, the improved tabular method developed in this paper decreases the computation time a factor of 4 times 103 while retaining an accuracy of at least four significant digits. The improved tabular method can be applied to similar-type problems that rely on the evaluation of elliptic integrals in their solution.
Stabilization of uncertain systems via linear control

This note considers the problem of stabilizing a linear dynamical system (Σ) whose state equation includes a time-varying uncertain parameter vector q(\cdot) . Given the dynamics \dot{x}(t)=A(q(t))x(t)+ B(q(t))u(t) and a bounding set Q for the values q(t) , the objective is to choose a control law u(t)=p(x(t)) guaranteeing uniform asymptotic stability for all admissible variations of q(\cdot) . Our results differ from previous work in one fundamental way; that is, we show that when working with linear controllers, it is possible to dispense with all assumptions on B(\cdot) which have been made by previous authors (e.g., see [1]-[9]). This elimination of hypotheses on B(\cdot) is accomplished roughly as follows: the system (\Sigma) {\underline {\underline \Delta}} (A(q), B(q)) is shown to be equivalent to another system (\Sigma^{+}) {\underline {\underline \Delta}} (A^{+}(q), B^{+}) as far as stabilization is concerned. Since B^{+} is a constant matrix (independent of q ), the desired result is readily obtained.
Human Genome Project

Over a decade after it was conceived, the Human Genome Project continues to yield important biochemical information which may permanently change biology and medicine. It is invigorating to think about the transition from studying genome (DNA) structure to understanding genome function. Keywords: mapping; sequencing; HUGO; HGP; genomics
Cardiac mucosa: the heart of the problem

Traditional teaching holds that the normal stomach has three types of mucosae. The oxyntic mucosa of the gastric body and fundus has glands with parietal cells that secrete acid, and chief cells that secrete digestive enzymes. The mucosa of the antrum is comprised of mucus-secreting cells and endocrine cells that produce gastrin, which regulates acid production by the oxyntic mucosa. Finally, the most proximal portion of the stomach (the gastric cardia), a region with ill-defined borders, allegedly is lined by ‘cardiac mucosa’ comprised almost exclusively of mucus-secreting cells. Cardiac mucosa has been assumed to function as a buffer zone, preventing the damage that might result if the acid-sensitive, squamous mucosa of the oesophagus joined directly with the acid-secreting oxyntic mucosa of the gastric body. This dogma went unchallenged until 1997, when Chandrasoma proposed that cardiac mucosa is not a normal structure, but rather is acquired when GORD causes columnar metaplasia of squamous epithelium in the distal oesophagus.1 Furthermore, he contended that cardiac mucosa evolves into the intestinal metaplasia of Barrett's oesophagus in the setting of persistent GORD. Recent studies by investigators in Glasgow provide support for Chandrasoma's proposals. In an earlier investigation, the Glasgow group studied the gastro-oesophageal junction (GOJ) region of 51 healthy volunteers.2 No subject had abnormal acid reflux by conventional pH monitoring in which a pH electrode was positioned 5 cm above the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS). Using pH electrodes positioned within the LOS, however, significant differences …
A Review of “Inclusionary housing in international perspective; Affordable housing, social inclusion, and land value recapture”

Inclusionary housing programs have been in the planners’ toolbox for some time. These programs require new housing developments to include units affordably priced to low- or moderate-income househo...
Chemical adaptor immunotherapy: design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel integrin-targeting devices.

A series of β-diketone derivatives of RGD peptidomimetics that selectively bind to αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins were synthesized and covalently docked to the reactive lysine residues of monoclonal aldolase antibody 38C2. The resulting targeting devices strongly and selectively bound to human cancer cells expressing integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5 as analyzed by flow cytometry. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that these novel integrin-targeting devices efficiently inhibit tumor growth. Thus, the combination of β-diketone derivatives of RGD peptidomimetics that target cell surface integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5 with monoclonal aldolase antibodies through formation of a covalent bond of defined stoichiometry holds promise as a new approach to cancer therapy.
Outcomes of patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest in the setting of drug overdose.

Abstract Objectives To compare the attributes and clinical outcomes of patients with cardiac arrest in the setting of drug overdose (OD) to patients with cardiac arrest from non-drug related etiologies. Methods We utilized a US inpatient cardiac arrest registry used to study targeted temperature management (TTM) to identify patients with cardiac arrest in the setting of drug overdose between 2005 and 2013. Data regarding the cardiac arrest, resuscitation interventions, use of post-arrest TTM, urine drug screen, survival, and neurologic outcome were examined. These results were compared to patients suffering cardiac arrest from other causes during the same time period using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests on categorical variables. Results Approximately 2.5% (64/2584) of cardiac arrests occurred in the setting of drug overdose. Patients in the OD cohort were younger, more likely to be male, and more likely to have an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest that was unwitnessed with no bystander CPR and from a non-shockable rhythm. However, the patients in the OD cohort had similar rates of survival and good neurologic outcomes (Cerebral Performance Category 1–2) compared to non-OD patients. A fraction of initially resuscitated patients in each group (8% in OD cohort vs. 15% in non-OD cohort, p =ns) did not receive post-arrest TTM due to prompt awakening following resuscitation. Conclusions Patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest in the setting of drug OD have neurologic and survival outcomes comparable to non-OD patients despite lower rates of bystander CPR, shockable rhythms, and witnessed arrest.
Cycliophoran Host Range

ABSTRACT Cycliophorans represent a phylum of small multicellular animals previously recorded only from the mouthparts of three species of lobsters in the family Nephropidae. In a survey of museum material representing a broad sampling of crustacean taxa, cycliophorans were found on several nephropid specimens but on specimens of no other crustacean species. This suggests that cycliophoran host range is indeed limited.
Totally symmetric progressions in resonance Raman spectra and excitation profiles

The intensity distribution in totally symmetric progressions in resonance Raman spectra and excitation profiles is re-examined with the aim of removing remaining discrepancies between theory and experiment. New low-temperature intensity data are reported on the permanganate ion in a perchlorate pellet. New calculations are reported on this ion as well as on β-carotene in carbon disulfide solution. The main conclusion is that a careful consideration of lineshapes and line broadening mechanisms is required and that intensities in resonance Raman spectra must not automatically be equated in peak heights. It is shown that the remaining discrepancies in MnO4− are due to the neglect of the nontotally symmetric modes which are Jahn-Teller active and affect the totally symmetric excitation profiles through a breakdown of the Condon approximation. The theoretical model used to analyze β-carotene is improved by the introduction of Gaussian lineshapes associated with inhomogeneous line broadening.
Implementing object support in the RAID distributed database system

The authors discuss the details of implementing O-Raid, an extension of the Raid system that supports complex data objects. Its data model combines properties of the relational model in Raid and the object model in C++. In particular, the authors describe the organization of objects on secondary storage, indexing of relations containing objects, processing of queries involving objects, and handling of method invocation. They also discuss how the components of the server-based organization in Raid are reused in the implementation of O-Raid. >