cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal Depressive Symptoms Predict Girls’ but Not Boys’ Emotion Regulation: A Prospective Moment-to-Moment Observation Study

We aimed to further the understanding of maternal depressive symptoms on temporal dynamics of child emotion regulation by applying the process model of emotion regulation to preschoolers and incorporating insights from children’s moment-to-moment emotional expressions. Following 108 mother–child dyads (57 girls; 72 mothers identified as White, 23 mothers as Black or African American, 10 mothers as multi-racial, 3 mothers did not report their race) from child age three (T1; Mchild age = 3.23; SD = 0.19) to four years old (T2; Mage = 4.21; SD = 0.15), we asked whether T1 maternal depressive symptoms predicted T2 boys' and girls' faster transitions into and slower transitions out of negative emotion displays when children were frustrated. The results from multilevel Cox Regression models for latencies and durations of emotion displays showed that child gender moderated the associations between maternal depressive symptoms and latencies of child emotion displays for sadness but not anger. Higher levels of maternal depressive symptoms predicted faster transitions into sadness only for girls but not for boys. The findings suggested that girls of mother with elevated depressive symptoms showed impairment in antecedent-focused emotion regulation of sadness.
Effective Algorithms to Detect Stepping-Stone Intrusion by Removing Outliers of Packet RTTs

An effective method to detect stepping-stone intrusion (SSI) is to estimate the length of a connection chain. This type of detection method is referred to as a network-based detection approach. Existing network-based SSI detection methods are either ineffective in the context of the Internet because of the presence of outliers in the packet round-trip times (RTTs) or inefficient, as many packets must be captured and processed. Because of the high fluctuation caused by the intermediate routers on the Internet, it is unavoidable that the RTTs of the captured packets contain outlier values. In this paper, we first propose an efficient algorithm to eliminate most of the possible RTT outliers of the packets captured in the Internet environment. We then develop an efficient SSI detection algorithm by mining network traffic using an improved version of k-Means clustering. Our proposed detection algorithm for SSI is accurate, effective, and efficient in the context of the Internet. Well-designed network experiments are conducted in the Internet environment to verify the effectiveness, correctness, and efficiency of our proposed algorithms. Our experiments show that the effective rate of our proposed SSI detection algorithm is higher than 85.7% in the context of the Internet.
Trends in Cigar Sales and Prices, by Product and Flavor Type - United States, 2016-2020.

INTRODUCTION Cigar smoking has increased in recent decades as the cigar product landscape has diversified. This study assessed trends in U.S. cigar sales during 2016-2020. METHODS Unit sales and average unit price for cigars were assessed during January 3, 2016-June 13, 2020, overall and by product and flavor type, for the 48 contiguous U.S. states and D.C. Assessed cigar types were large cigars, little cigars, and cigarillos; assessed flavor types were tobacco/unflavored, candy/sweets, fruit, menthol, alcohol, coffee, other flavors, and no flavor stated. A joinpoint regression model was used to assess the magnitude and significance of sales trends. RESULTS During January 3, 2016-June 13, 2020, unit sales of cigarillos increased (average monthly percentage change (AMPC)=0.7%, p<0.001), while unit sales of large cigars (AMPC=-0.8%, p<0.001) and little cigars decreased (AMPC=-0.2%, p<0.001). The average price of cigarillos gradually decreased since mid-August 2017 (AMPC=-0.1%, p<0.001), and the average price of little cigars decreased from mid-June 2016 to mid-June 2019 (AMPC=-0.3%, p<0.001). In contrast, the average price of large cigars increased during the entire study period (AMPC=0.6%, p<0.001). Irrespective of cigar type, tobacco-flavored/unflavored products were the most commonly sold cigars during the assessed period; however, sales of other flavors varied by cigar type. CONCLUSIONS Cigar sales and price vary by type over time in the U.S., including sales of cigarillos (94.2% of unit sales) increasing as their prices have decreased in recent years. Public health strategies are warranted to address the full scope of cigar types being used in the U.S. IMPLICATIONS Surveillance of cigar sales data, including product characteristics, can provide a timely complement to self-reported survey data of cigar use. This study assessed trends in U.S. cigar sales during 2016-2020, including by product and flavor type. The findings indicate that sales of cigarillos, which comprise most cigar sales in the U.S. during the assessed period, increased as their prices decreased. Sales of certain flavors, such as candy/sweet cigarillos and coffee large cigars, increased significantly. These findings reinforce the importance of evidence-based strategies, including increasing price and restricting flavors, to reduce the affordability and consumption of cigars in the U.S.
TGF-ß Signaling Pathway and Colorectal Cancer

The Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-s) signaling pathway is one of the most commonly disrupted pathways in colorectal cancer. Its deregulation appears to mediate cancer formation through a variety of mechanisms. TGF-s is the canonical member of a family of secreted proteins that include the TGF-s isoforms, TGF-s1, TGF-s2, and TGF-s3; activins; Growth and Differentiation Factors (GDFs); bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP); inhibin, nodal, and anti-Mullerian hormone. These ligands all mediate biological activities in cells through binding to cell surface receptor complexes that are composed of type I and type II heteromeric receptors. In the colon, TGF-s can inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and induce terminal differentiation, which suggests this pathway has tumor suppressor activities in colorectal cancers. This role of a tumor suppressor pathway is supported by the identification of inactivating mutations and epigenetic alterations in many TGF-s pathway genes, including TGFBR2, SMAD4, SMAD2, BMPR2A, and ACVR2. Interestingly, some studies have suggested that in certain contexts TGF-s may promote the invasive or metastatic behavior of established cancer cells suggesting TGF-s has a paradoxical role in primary human cancers that appears to depend on the stage of cancer. This chapter will focus on the tumor suppressor activity of the TGF-s signaling pathway in colorectal cancer and will highlight mechanisms through which TGF-s signaling mediates its antitumor effects.
An Introduction to Global Financial Markets by Stephen Valdez and Philip Molyneux

Stephen Valdez remains an author of this publication, the 7th edition of which he originally published in 1993 as An Introduction to Western Financial Markets. Valdez noticed a gap in the literatur...
Study of gated pnp as an ESD protection device for mixed-voltage and hot-pluggable circuit applications

The ESD protection results of lateral-gated PNP transistors for various circuit applications are presented. Human body model (HBM) ESD performance was found to depend on the I/O scheme while wafer-level HBM ESD protection varied from 6.6 kV to 7.6 kV for hot-plug application and mixed-voltage application, respectively.
The declining role of the automobile and the re-emergence of place in urban transportation: The past will be prologue†

The dominant view among transportation scholars is that transportation history flows from older to newer travel modes, with each mode being superior to and, for the most part, displacing the earlier modes. America, an early adopter of widespread automobility, was in this view a harbinger of trends that would follow elsewhere, and hence the US experience of passenger travel based almost completely on car travel was a signal of things to come. Yet this paper argues that interpreting from the US experience with the interstate highway era misses key points. The interstate system, and the planning that surrounded it, was developed during a brief period of time when transportation policy was centralized, standardized, and largely divorced from questions of local impacts and place-based political pressures. That made the years immediately after the 1956 Interstate Highway Act unusual in the broader context of transportation planning. The US has recently witnessed a return of pre-interstate urban transportation planning realities, and transportation in large US cities is now multi-modal, contextualized by ties to land use and neighbourhoods, and fraught with the politics and incrementalism of the pre-interstate era. Regional science research, grounded in the era of national highway construction, can adapt to the realities of modern urban transportation planning by focusing more on collaboration and financing in ill-defined institutional settings, environmental externalities and non-market impacts, and retrospective project evaluation.
Subcore Vortex Rings in a Ginsburg-Landau Fluid

We will discuss the hydrodynamic limit of the Schrodinger equation, Maxwell’s equations applied to a laser beam, and the Abrahams-Tsuneto1 T = 0 time-dependent Ginsburg—Landau (GL) theory of superconductivity. The main aim will be to illustrate the close relationship between the three theories and to discuss some features of the vortex solutions. Of particular interest will be the subcore vortex rings in the time-dependent GL theory.
A Concise History of Russia: Russia before Russia

Russian history begins with the polity that scholars have come to call Kiev Rus, the ancestor of modern Russia. Rus was the name that the inhabitants gave to themselves and their land, and Kiev was its capital. In modern terms, it embraced all of Belarus, the northern half of the Ukraine, and the center and northwest of European Russia. The peoples of these three modern states are the Eastern Slavs, who all speak closely related languages derived from the East Slavic language of Kiev Rus. In the west its neighbors were roughly the same as the neighbors of those three states today: Hungary, Poland, the Baltic peoples, and Finland. In the north Kiev Rus stretched toward the Arctic Ocean, with Slavic farmers only beginning to move into the far north. Beyond the Slavs to the east was Volga Bulgaria, a small Turkic Islamic state that came into being in about AD 950 where modern Tatarstan stands today. Beyond Volga Bulgaria were the Urals and Siberia, vast forests and plains inhabited by small tribes who lived by hunting and gathering food. The core of Kiev Rus was along the route that ran from northern Novgorod south to Kiev along the main rivers. There in the area of richest soil lay the capital, Kiev. Even farther to the south of Kiev began the steppe.
Adaptive Responses of Mammalian Histidine-degrading Enzymes

Abstract Effects of nutritional and hormonal treatments on the activities of rat liver histidine-catabolizing enzymes histidine pyruvate transaminase, histidase, and urocanase, have been examined and estimates have been made of the rates of induction and degradation of each enzyme. Histidase and urocanase activities were slightly elevated in animals fasted for 48 hours, but the transaminase was not affected. In animals fed for 14 days on diets containing various amounts of casein, the activity of histidase increased 20-fold, urocanase 6-fold, but the transaminase only 2-fold as the casein content of the diet was increased from 6 to 80%. When rats were fed a diet containing 4% of histidine for 14 days, histidase and urocanase activities per g of liver were only slightly above control values, but since liver weights increased greatly, the total activities of these two enzymes increased per unit of body weight. The transaminase, in contrast, was diluted as the liver increased in size. A high histidine intake did not stabilize the high histidase and urocanase activities induced by feeding rats an 80% casein diet when they were subsequently fed a low protein diet. Transaminase activity increased 6-fold in adrenalectomized rats fed an 18% casein diet and treated with daily injections of hydrocortisone acetate (2.5 mg per 150 g, body wt) for 14 days; histidase and urocanase activities responded much less (3-fold and 2-fold, respectively). Adrenalectomy depressed the activities of histidine-catabolizing enzymes, the greatest depression occurring in those rats fed a low protein diet. Although glucocorticoids were not necessary for protein-induced increases in transaminase and urocanase activities, hydrocortisone (5.0 mg per 150 g, body wt) and high protein together acted synergistically. In rats fed either a high protein diet or administered hydrocortisone, several days of treatment were required before substantial increases occurred in the activities of these enzymes. In rats fed a diet containing 80% casein for 14 days and then switched to a diet containing no casein, the transaminase, histidase, and urocanase decreased with apparent half-lives of 2.8, 2.5, and 3.5 days, respectively, indicating slow turnover rates in comparison with some other amino acid-degrading enzymes.
Multi-Material Model Moisture Analysis for Steady-State Boundary Conditions

A method is presented for analyzing moisture absorption and desorption in multi-material models with constant boundary conditions. It is shown that a multi-material system can be converted into a single material system where the moisture analysis can be performed with existing theory. The conversion process is accomplished by adjusting the thickness of the dif ferent layers of material accordingly. The effective thickness of the con verted laminate is shown to be governed by the square root of the ratio of the respective material diffusion coefficients. Numerical results are pre sented for a hybrid composite of B/5505 and AS/3501-5.
A linear index for predicting joint health-states utilities from single health-states utilities.

Direct elicitation of utilities for joint health (JS) states may pose substantial interview burden, while traditional models to predict these utilities from utilities of component single states (SS) are inconsistent with the data. Using individual-level data on utilities for health states associated with prostate cancer, we report the performance of a new model that encompasses three traditional models – additive, multiplicative, and minimum – previously used for predicting utilities for joint health states. Describing utilities in terms of utility losses l(.) relative to prefect health, our final estimated linear index for predicting joint health-state utilities is El(JS)=0.05+0.72·max l(SS1),l(SS2)+0.33·min l(SS1),l(SS2)−0.18·l(SS1)·l(SS2). Based on out-of-sample predictions, this model produces up to 50% reduction in mean-square error compared with traditional models and consistent prediction across different ranges of joint-state utilities, which the traditional models do not. Parameter estimates of the new model proposed here provide direct evidence on the inconsistencies of the traditional models, are grounded in psychological theory by emphasizing the more severe component of a joint health state, and provide a simple linear index to generate consistent predictions of utilities for joint health states. Further validation of this function for joint health states in other clinical scenarios is warranted. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxic anterior segment inflammation following cataract surgery

Abstract Cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation is rarely complicated by an acute, sterile, anterior segment inflammation. We report three unrelated cases of acute intraocular inflammation following uncomplicated cataract extraction and posterior chamber intraocular lens placement. A constellation of clinical features were found in these cases. The hallmark of this entity was an acute toxic inflammatory reaction occurring in the anterior segment on the first postoperative day. Typically, widespread corneal edema with diffuse corneal endothelial damage occurred, accompanied by a fixed, dilated pupil with significant iris atrophy and sometimes a severe secondary glaucoma. Since all cultures were negative, the resulting inflammatory processes were not a result of endophthalinitis. We believe that a toxic insult introduced into the anterior chamber at the time of surgery precipitated the acute inflammatory processes seen in these cases.
Cellular and dendritic growth in a binary alloy melt: A marginal stability approach

A simple model for the constrained growth of an array of cells or dendrites in a binary alloy in the presence of an imposed positive temperature gradient in the liquid is proposed, with the dendritic or cell tip radius calculated using the marginal stability criterion of Langer and Muller-Krumbhaar (1977). This approach, an approach adopting the ad hoc assumption of minimum undercooling at the cell or dendrite tip, and an approach based on the stability criterion of Trivedi (1980) all predict tip radii to within 30 percent of each other, and yield a simple relationship between the tip radius and the growth conditions. Good agreement is found between predictions and data obtained in a succinonitrile-acetone system, and under the present experimental conditions, the dendritic tip stability parameter value is found to be twice that obtained previously, possibly due to a transition in morphology from a cellular structure with just a few side branches, to a more fully developed dendritic structure.
Creating Genocidal Space: Geographers and the Discourse of Annihilation, 1880–1933

The connection between geography, geographers and the events of genocide needs to be explored further. This article provides an intellectual overview of the most prominent German geographical intel...
Preschool children's understanding of the relationship between modality of perceptual access and knowledge of perceptual properties

Four experiments investigated 3- and 4-year-olds' understanding that different perceptual modalities provide knowledge about different aspects of the world. In Expt 1, children were asked to choose among looking, listening and touching as means of discovering an object's colour, sound or shape, and to choose which of two puppets, each of whom had performed a different perceptual act, could provide information about an object's colour, sound or shape. In Expt 2, children were asked to direct a puppet's actions or decide what they themselves should do to acquire information about a hidden object. Four-year-olds performed better than 3year-olds, but neither age group performed consistently above chance for all three object properties. In Expt 3 neither 3- nor 4-year-olds chose correctly between looking and listening, but both age groups correctly chose a perceptual act, rather than a non-perceptual act, as means of obtaining information. In Expt 4, 4- and 5year-olds usually attributed knowledge of colour or sound correctly following perceptual or non-perceptua l actions, but 3-year-olds made frequent errors. The results are interpreted as evidence that 3- and 4-year-olds understand that knowledge occurs in the presence of perceptual access, but do not know which aspects of knowledge are related to which modalities of perceptual access.
On Performance Analysis of Retrieval Functions

Threshold-type retrieval functions have been suggested by many people and used widely in clustering algorithms. In this paper, a discriminating capacity is defined for these retrieval functions. Explicit methods for computation are presented. The discriminating capacity is useful as a quantitative measure for the retrieval power of each function and can serve as a guide for selection.
On the faustmann solution to the forest management problem

Abstract This paper is concerned with optimal solutions to the forest management problem when future utilities are undiscounted. By examining asymptotic properties of such solutions, we find that (i) if the utility function is linear, then the Faustmann periodic solution is optimal; (ii) if the utility function is increasing and strictly concave, an optimal solution converges to the maximum sustained yield solution, which we characterize as a golden rule. These results may be viewed as a possible resolution to the debate in forestry economics about what constitutes an optimal policy in forest management.
Expected utility paradoxes

Abstract The expected utility (EU) model is widely used for predicting and describing choices under uncertainty. Its usefulness, however, is limited because of its widely acknowledged inconsistencies and paradoxes. This paper describes how important EU model paradoxes can be resolved by accounting for the influences of socio-emotional goods (SEGs) embedded in word and other symbolic frames.
Cross‐Sectional Imaging Characteristics of Pituitary Adenomas, Invasive Adenomas and Adenocarcinomas in Dogs: 33 Cases (1988–2006)

Background: Pituitary tumors in dogs can be adenomas, invasive adenomas, or adenocarcinomas. In people, invasive adenomas and pituitary adenocarcinomas carry a worse prognosis than adenomas. Hypothesis/Objective: To identify differentiating features on cross-sectional imaging in dogs with pituitary adenomas, invasive adenomas, and adenocarcinomas. Animals: Thirty-three dogs that had computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed and a necropsy diagnosis of pituitary adenoma (n= 20), invasive adenoma (n= 11), or adenocarcinoma (n= 2). Methods: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for signalment, history, and diagnosis. CT and MR images were reviewed for characteristics of pituitary tumors. Results: Mean (± standard deviation) age for dogs with pituitary adenomas (10.6 ± 2.9 years) was greater than that of those with invasive adenomas (8.3 ± 2.7 years, P= .04). Eighteen out of 20 (90%) dogs with adenomas had contrast-enhancing masses. Thirteen out of 20 (65%) had homogeneous enhancement. Mean adenoma height was 1.2 ± 0.7 cm. Eight out of 20 (40%) adenomas were round and 8/20 (40%) compressed surrounding brain. Eleven out of 11 dogs (100%) with invasive adenomas had contrast-enhancing masses. Seven out of 11 (64%) masses were homogeneous. Mean invasive adenoma height was 1.8 ± 0.7 cm, which was significantly greater than adenomas (P= .03). Mass shape varied from round to oval to irregular. Six out of 11 (55%) masses compressed surrounding brain. Clinical and imaging features were variable for 2 dogs with adenocarcinomas. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Invasive adenoma should be suspected if a dog with a pituitary tumor is 1.9 cm in vertical height. Adenocarcinomas are uncommon and metastatic lesions were not seen with imaging.
Temperature and circadian control of cuticle growth in the bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus

Abstract The endocuticle of adult Oncopeltus fasciatus grows by daily increments until it reaches maximum thickness when growth ceases. Each day a nocturnal lamellate and a diurnal non-lamellate layer are deposited. These are under the control of a circadian rhythm initiated by a light-dark cycle impinging upon the pharate adult. Cuticular growth rate is a direct linear function of temperature, and there is therefore an inverse relationship between temperature and number of paired rings in fully mature adults. At 19°C the mean number of paired rings is 10·4 whereas at 31°C it is 5·3. Thus in order to age insects by counting paired rings, the temperature at which growth took place must be known.
Epistemological diversity and moral ends of research in instructed SLA

In this article I explore epistemological diversity in the field of second language acquisition (SLA) from the perspective that obtains if we examine the moral ends of research, and we ask: In what ways does epistemological diversity relate to enhancing the social value and educational relevance of the research generated by the instructed SLA research community? Is epistemological diversity sufficient in order to produce high-quality SLA research that positively impacts on society and education? Through several illustrations, I show that epistemological diversity is a disciplinary reality that is here to stay and, furthermore, that it is a good thing. At the same time, I argue that it is insufficient in and of itself. Instead, I propose that it is crucial to interrogate the moral ends of our research and to probe the social value and educational relevance of what we choose to investigate and of the knowledge we generate.
Safety of Intravenous Hyperalimentation in Children with Malignancies: A Cooperative Group Trial

A prospective randomized cooperative trial of intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) was executed in children with malignancies in two segments: those patients who are newly diagnosed and who would undergo abdominal irradiation, and patients with tumors that were metastatic to or from bone. The combined experience was pooled to evaluate the safety of IVH in these children with cancer. Patients who were not malnourished were randomized to receive IVH or regular diets. Malnutrition was defined by a weight for height below the 80th percentile of the median for age and sex and/or serum albumin below 3.0 grams per 100 milliliter. Patients falling below such standards were given IVH as nonrandomized entries in the study. Twenty-three were randomized to IVH, 25 randomized to control, and 18 entered on IVH without randomization, for a total patient entry of 66. No incidence of pneumothorax or local infections at the catheter insertion site were seen. Among the patients randomized to IVH, no local infections were fou...
Gross vortex activities in a simple simulated urban fire

A report is hereby given to the results of an originally seemingly inconspicuous burn in a simple simulated urban street arrangement which is inductive to probable gross vortex formation. These results reveal in vivid details a series of most unusual and exciting events of gross vortex development and their related fire-brand spotting activities. These findings point to a promise of an understanding of, among other things, some of the strangest fire behaviors obsered in large urban fires.
Polyribosomes of Drosophila melanogaster: Isolation and characterization☆

Abstract 1. 1. The polysomes isolated from Drosophila melanogaster in the ionic environment most often used for such procedures are resistant to treatment with various levels of ribonuclease. Treatment of these polysomes with ribonuclease together with trypsin causes their disaggregation. 2. 2. The phenomenon of ribonuclease resistance has been shown to be highly dependent upon K + ion concentration when the Mg 2+ ion concentration is held constant. These results are discussed with respect to published reports of ribonuclease-resistant polysomes in other organisms.
The Corrected Orthogonal Electrocardiogram and Vectorcardiogram in 510 Normal Men (Frank Lead System)

Corrected orthogonal electrocardiographic records were taken from 510 normal male subjects. Their age ranged from 19 to 84 years. Data processing and analysis were performed by means of a digital computer. Measurements were taken from the three scalar orthogonal leads and from a variety of spatial vectors in a Cartesian reference frame. Main emphasis was put on series of instantaneous vectors of the QRS complex, the ST segment, and the T wave. In order to eliminate inter-individual variability in electrocardiographic wave durations, time normalization was applied by dividing QRS, ST, and T into equal parts in time. Results for instantaneous vectors were also obtained in absolute time at intervals of 0.01 second. In addition, time integrals, polar vectors, and Eigenvectors were determined for P, QRS, and T. Normal ranges were computed for both normally and abnormally distributed results.
Viral Infections in the Neonate

Maternal to child transmission of viral infections can have devastating outcomes on the developing fetus and the neonate. Effective prevention and screening programs for women of childbearing age are key factors in influencing the outcomes for the neonate. Furthermore, early identification of viral infections in neonates is critical to the success of the treatment plan. This article describes the mechanism of maternal to child transmission of viral infections and examines the general approach to the neonate with suspected viral infection. The diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of neonatal cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections are presented. Lastly, current challenges and controversies related to the management of viral infections in the neonate are discussed.
A comprehensive program representation of object-oriented software

An extensible representation for object-oriented programs, the Object-oriented Program Dependence Graph (OPDG), is presented. The representation is divided into three layers: a first layer that presents the class inheritance structure, a second layer that combines a traditional control dependence subgraph and a data dependence subgraph with objects, and a third layer that presents the dynamic, runtime aspects of an object-oriented program as an Object Dependence Subgraph. The representation is modular allowing specific tools to only use the portion required for the tool's operation. The complete representation provides information sufficient for most program analysis techniques including data flow analysis, reverse engineering, interactive debuggers and other tools.
New remains of the Eocene Prophaethon and the early evolution of tropicbirds (Phaethontiformes)

A partial skeleton of the early Eocene tropicbird Prophaethon shrubsolei (Prophaethontidae) from the London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (UK) is described. Most of the bones preserved in this fossil have not been described previously for Prophaethon or prophaethontids in general. The pelvis and leg bones of Prophaethon, including the previously unknown tarsometatarsus, are very different from modern tropicbirds and show a strong similarity to procellariiform birds, especially albatrosses. Rather than employing plunge-diving like their extant relatives, prophaethontids therefore probably used foraging strategies similar to those of modern albatrosses, which seize food on the sea surface. Prophaethontids also appear to have been less pelagic than extant tropicbirds, and these different life modes, as well as the disappearance of Phaethontiformes from northern latitudes, attest to major changes in Northern Hemispheric marine avifaunas during the Cenozoic, which also affected other pelagic birds. The reasons for the profound changes in the historical biogeography and way of living of tropicbirds are unknown, but ecological competition and predation at breeding sites are likely to have played a role.
Agonizing care: care ethics, agonistic feminism and a political theory of care.

Agonizing care: care ethics, agonistic feminism and a political theory of care ‘Care’ is central to nursing theory and practice, and has been described in a variety of ways. Intense conversations about care have been developing in other fields of study as well, from the social sciences to the humanities. Care ethics has grown out of intellectual exchange between feminist thought, moral theory and the critique of traditional western political philosophy. However, care ethics is not without its critics, as these accounts of care have also sparked vigorous challenges. This paper traces the construct of care through nursing theory, care ethics, feminist critiques of moral and political theory and agonistic feminism to outline a set of problematics that a political theory of care should engage. It discusses how care is conventionally posited in more or less essentialist, universalizing and naturalizing terms. It introduces the ideas of feminist theorists who resist dichotomizing care and the political, and situate care in the context of power and politics. The tensions between care feminism and agonistic feminism are highlighted in order to explore the potential of theorizing both care and nursing in political terms.
CACHING AS A BEHAVIORAL MECHANISM TO REDUCE TOXIN INTAKE

We hypothesized that caching could be a mechanism to remove volatile secondary compounds from a plant-based diet. This mechanism has been demonstrated in 1 herbivore and has been hypothesized as a widespread mechanism for reduction of intake of toxins. We examined this hypothesis in both the field and the laboratory by documenting the ability of herbivorous rodents to manipulate alpha-pinene, the major terpene in juniper (Juniperus osteosperma). First, we dismantled middens of Neotoma albigula and found that cached plant material was devoid of alpha-pinene, whereas surrounding trees contained alpha-pinene. In laboratory trials, we examined the ability of woodrat species (N. albigula, N. lepida, and N. bryanti) to reduce toxin intake by storing food before consumption. Each species responded differently when offered terpene-treated pellets. N. albigula controlled terpene intake by increasing reliance on the terpene-free cache. N. lepida controlled terpene intake by decreasing total intake but did not change cache consumption. N. bryanti did not regulate terpene intake. All 3 species abandoned more food in the foraging cage when the food contained terpene. In an additional laboratory trial with N. albigula, we determined that increased abandonment was not related to cache size.
A complete solution for a unified system of field equations of thermoelasticity and poroelasticity

In this note, a complete solution for a unified system of partial differential equations governing three variations of the theory of thermoelasticity and two variations of poroelasticity theory is presented. The connection between this solution and other known solutions is exhibited.
The ins and outs of a polyglutamine neurodegenerative disease: spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1)

Polyglutamine neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the expansion of a glutamine tract within the mutant disease-causing protein. Expression of the mutant protein induces a progressive loss of neuronal function and the subsequent neurodegeneration of a set of neurons characteristic to each disease. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is one polyglutamine disease where various experimental model systems, in particular transgenic mice, have been utilized to dissect the molecular and cellular events important for disease. This review summarizes these findings and places them in a context of potential future research directions.
The effect of retinol and retinoic acid on the morphology of the rat uterus

At 20 days of age, 72 Holtzman rats were divided into six groups (10–14 rats/group) and were placed on a vitamin A-deficient diet. The animals in groups I and II were kept intact, while the animals in the remaining groups were ovariectomized at 20–22 days of age. The rats in groups I, III and V received a dietary supplement of retinoic acid (50 μg) while the diet of the animals in groups II, IV and VI was supplemented with retinol (25 μg). In addition to the dietary supplements the animals of groups V and VI were treated with estradiol dipropionate (1 μg). The dietary supplements and hormone were given three times per week. The rats were autopsied after 15 weeks on the experiment. In the intact rats of group I metaplastic changes were observed in the luminal and glandular epithelia. With the exception of two uterine sections showing small areas of squamous metaplasia in the glands, morphological alterations of the uterine epithelia were not observed in the rats of group II. Uterine metaplasia was not seen in the rats of groups III and IV. Extensive metaplastic changes were observed in the animals of group V. The endometria of the rats in group VI were lined primarily by high columnar cells, but a few uterine sections contained small foci of stratified squamous metaplasia. The results indicate that retinol is effective in preventing the morphological changes in the rat uterus due to vitamin A deficiency.
Compensatory Self‐Presentation in Upward Comparison Situations

This article focuses on the communication of compensatory self-presentations (CSP) (i.e., self presentations that people engage in after publicly receiving unfavorable feedback), with prior work showing that people prudently constrain CSP to areas unrelated (vs. related) to the initial feedback. With the current project we examine the influence that upward comparisons (i.e., a better-performing other is privy to the unfavorable feedback) have on the communication of CSP. Results across three experiments provide the first evidence that upward comparisons increase CSP. However, importantly, people did not cautiously restrain the communication of CSP to unrelated areas; rather, CSP was broadened to equally included areas both related and unrelated to the initial comparative topic. This differs sharply from and significantly extends prior CSP work.
Hybrid renewable energy and microgrid research work at NREL

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) conducts a variety of research in the area of hybrid power system integration and microgrids. NREL is studying hybrid (stand-alone) power systems incorporating photovoltaic power in the United States and assessing the characteristics and status of government-installed hybrid systems greater than 2 kW over the last 30 years. This research provides information to the community on hybrid power systems, presents lessons learned from operational experience, and provides analysis of challenges and success of the assessed systems. NREL also supports the development of IEEE P1547.4 Draft Guide for Design, Operation, and Integration of Distributed Resource Island Systems with Electric Power System as part of the further development of IEEE 1547–2003 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems. This standard is summarized here, providing alternative approaches and good practices for the design, operation, and integration of microgrids.
Mode of Formation of Marine Fossil Assemblages of the Pleistocene Millerton Formation of California

The writer studied 13 fossil assemblages from the Pleistocene Millerton Formation of Tomales Bay, California, to evaluate criteria involved in paleoecological analysis. He lists a fauna of 46 extant and 1 extinct species, including 18 not previously reported from the Millerton Formation. A modern fauna of the same species composition would be expected farther south. The writer used the modern environmental distributions of the species to infer the sources of the 13 fossil assemblages. Most of the Millerton fossil assemblages contain specimens exotic with respect to the majority of species, to the site of deposition, or both. Four assemblages are composed entirely of organisms that appear to have been transported to the site of deposition. Nine of the fossil assemblages include remains of organisms from two or more environments. Such hybrid accumulations were not derived solely from habitats adjacent to the site of deposition. The writer concludes that assemblages that were largely transported to the site of deposition can be recognized by their physical aspects without recourse to the bulk of the ecological data. The sources of foreign elements cannot be identified, however, on paleontological evidence alone. Ecological evaluation of a fossil assemblage is necessary, therefore, to reconstruct the mode of formation. The study of recurrent combinations of species in assemblages that underwent minimal disturbance should provide the basis for such an evaluation in ancient sediments.
DIAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AT THE TRANSITION TO THE SUPERCONDUCTING STATE.

Fluctuating Cooper pairs contribute to the diamagnetic susceptibility in a superconductor above the critical temperature. The effect is the greatest in a clean metal where the extra susceptibility is about ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{[\frac{{T}_{c}}{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c})}]}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ in a bulk sample.
An empirical inquiry into international expansion of US retailers

Uses the results of a mail survey to gain insights into international expansion of US retailers and their strategic thrusts. The findings indicate that important drivers of the retail internationalization process are related to four distinct retailer characteristics, i.e. retail‐specific advantages, dimensional factors, and to international market orientation of companies and their strategic management teams. However, neither the retail operating format nor the lack of domestic growth opportunities emerged as factors promoting international retail expansion. Retailers in this study favored full control entry modes and culturally similar country markets. Implications for future research and retailing practice are outlined.
Dissociative experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder among female victims of criminal assault and rape

This study examines the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dissociative experiences in a sample of 158 recent female assault victims (74 rape, 84 nonsexual assault) and 46 comparison subjects who had not been assaulted within the last year. Results indicated that victims had elevated scores on the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) as compared to the comparison subjects, but that this elevation was not as high as for other traumatized samples. The level of dissociation reported by assault victims declined significantly over the three month course of the study. DES scores were related to PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity, but only among nonsexual assault victims. In rape victims, there was no correlation between dissociation and PTSD. Recent victims with a history of childhood sexual abuse were significantly more dissociative than those who did not report such a history. These results are discussed with regard to vulnerability factors for developing PTSD subsequent to a criminal assault.
Nuclear Medicine in Diagnosis of Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis: An Update

Over the past decades cardiovascular disease management has been substantially improved by the increasing introduction of medical devices as prosthetic valves. The yearly rate of infective endocarditis (IE) in patient with a prosthetic valve is approximately 3 cases per 1,000 patients. The fatality rate of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) remains stable over the years, in part due to the aging of the population. The diagnostic value of echocardiography in diagnosis is operator-dependent and its sensitivity can decrease in presence of intracardiac devices and valvular prosthesis. The modified Duke criteria are considered the gold standard for diagnosing IE; their sensibility is 80%, but in clinical practice their diagnostic accuracy in PVE is lower, resulting inconclusively in nearly 30% of cases. In the last years, these new imaging modalities have gained an increasing attention because they make it possible to diagnose an IE earlier than the structural alterations occurring. Several studies have been conducted in order to assess the diagnostic accuracy of various nuclear medicine techniques in diagnosis of PVE. We performed a review of the literature to assess the available evidence on the role of nuclear medicine techniques in the diagnosis of PVE.
Generation of electron-beam produced plasmas and applications to surface modification

Abstract NRL has developed a number of hollow cathodes to generate sheets of electrons culminating in a ‘Large Area Plasma Processing System’ (LAPPS) based on the electron-beam ionization process. Beam ionization is fairly independent of gas composition and produces low temperature plasma electrons ( 9 –10 12 cm −3 ). The present system consists of a pulsed planar plasma distribution generated by a magnetically collimated sheet of 2 kV electrons ( 2 ) injected into a neutral background of processing gases (oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur hexafluoride, argon). Operating pressures range from 2–13 Pa with 150–165 Gauss magnetic fields for a highly localized plasma density of ∼10 11 cm −3 . This plasma source demonstrated anisotropic removal rates of polymeric (photoresist) material and silicon with O 2 and Ar/O 2 /SF 6 mixtures, respectively. In pure nitrogen, this same source showed a surface nitriding rate of ∼1 μm/h of plasma exposure time on austenitic stainless steel at 400 °C. Time-resolved in situ plasma diagnostics (Langmuir probes and mass spectrometry) of these pulsed plasmas are also shown to illustrate the general plasma characteristics.
Why rods and cones

A key problem in vision is to normalize one's lightness scale so that surface reflectances are always assigned the same gray value regardless of the illumination level. The solution requires an assessment of the relation between the strength of the illuminant and the strength of the image signal-information that is not available in the image alone. However, the level of scattered light in the optical system does provide an independent measure of the illuminant strength, and can be used to solve the lightness scale normalization problem. To do this requires a comparison between two imaging systems, each of which respond differently to the internal optical scatter. The rod and cone systems have properties that are ideally suited for such a role.
Are adult offspring reliable informants about parental PTSD? A validation study.

: We developed a short questionnaire—Parental PTSD Questionnaire–(PPQ), designed to assess the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in parents. Fifty-eight adult offspring of Holocaust survivors (23 men and 35 women) completed the questionnaire about a parent who was independently evaluated by a trained clinician using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Only 5.2% of the offspring reported, “not knowing” if their parent had experienced 10 or fewer symptoms, while 56.9% provided estimates for all 17 items. There were no significant differences between lifetime frequencies of the individual symptoms as endorsed on the PPQ compared to the CAPS when subjects with completed PPQs were compared with CAPS. Interrater reliability between offspring and clinician was highly significant for each of the items when evaluated separately so as to include data for subjects who endorsed not knowing if a certain symptom had been present. Further studies are warranted to examine the psychometric properties of this measure.
Improved Gō-like Models Demonstrate the Robustness of Protein Folding Mechanisms Towards Non-native Interactions

Abstract The use of simple theoretical models has provided a considerable contribution to our present understanding of the means by which proteins adopt their native fold from the plethora of available unfolded states. A common assumption in building computationally tractable models has been the neglect of stabilizing non-native interactions in the class of models described as “Gō-like.” The focus of this study is the characterization of the folding of a number of proteins via a Gō-like model, which aims to map a maximal amount of information reflecting the protein sequence onto a “minimalist” skeleton. This model is shown to contain sufficient information to reproduce the folding transition states of a number of proteins, including topologically analogous proteins that fold via different transition states. Remarkably, these models also demonstrate consistency with the general features of folding transition states thought to be stabilized by non-native interactions. This suggests that native interactions are the primary determinant of most protein folding transition states, and that non-native interactions lead only to local structural perturbations. A prediction is also included for an asymmetrical folding transition state of bacteriophage λ protein W, which has yet to be subjected to experimental characterization.
Recombination resonances in thermal H + O2 scattering

Abstract Accurate 3D reactive scattering techniques are utilized to calculate the trace of the collision lifetime matrix for J = 0 H + O 2 scattering at thermal energies. Twenty-four resonances that can contribute to HO 2 recombination are reported, and most are assigned by solving an effective 1D Schrodinger equation. The calculation of a recombination equilibrium constant is investigated, and non-resonant contributions are found to be important.