cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capturing climate variability during our ancestors' earliest days.

Climate’s role in shaping the environmental and evolutionary history of our earliest ancestors remains an actively debated topic. In PNAS, Magill et al. (1, 2) present records of terrestrial habitat and hydroclimate variation and pacing from Olduvai Gorge sediments during a key interval of our ancestors' divergence and dispersal approximately 2.0 Ma. Although there is general consensus that ecosystem variability shaped resource and landscape distributions on the East African landscape, causing changes in early Homo foraging strategies and diet (3⇓–5), the temporal linkages between climate and environmental changes and hominin evolution remain far more contentious (6). Here, Magill et al. constrain some of these temporal linkages by extracting paleoclimate records of terrestrial plant community change and hydrological cycle dynamics from well-dated, continuously deposited lake sediments associated with hominin archaeological sites. These new archives of terrestrial ecosystem variability reveal distinct orbital pacing in precipitation that drove abrupt changes in the local plant community and shaped the landscape’s water availability during an important interval of hominin evolution.
Use of clinical practice recommendations for exercise by individuals with type 1 diabetes.

PURPOSEThe purposes of this study were to determine the extent to which physically active individuals with type 1 diabetes actually follow exercise recommendations and to compare their use of current with previous recommendations.METHODSA questionnaire was developed consisting of the American Diabetes Association's current clinical practice recommendations for exercise and some previous recommendations. The questionnaire was mailed to approximately 1700 members of the International Diabetic Athletes Association; responses from 238 questionnaires were included in the results. Respondents indicated to what extent they currently use all of these recommendations and any modifications that they employ.RESULTSThe responses indicated that individuals with type 1 diabetes closely followed the majority of the current clinical exercise recommendations and did so to a greater extent than previous ones. Individuals' specific modifications to the current recommendations are summarized.CONCLUSIONSThe current clinical p...
Personality characteristics of sensitivity group volunteers.

Thirty-nine undergraduates who volunteered for sensitivity groups and 62 who did not were compared on 11 scales of the California Psychological Inventory. As predicted, sensitivity group members scored significantly lower on 8 of 11 scales. Differences on the other three scales were in the predicted direction but insignificant. The authors suggested that students are motivated to seek sensitivity groups because of self-perceived problems in the same way that students are who seek counseling. The assumption that the well-functioning individual joins sensitivity groups was challenged.
Thinking Critically About Critical Thinking Approaches: Comment on Yancher, Slife, and Warne (2008)

Yanchar, Slife, and Warne (2008) recently contrasted core assumptions of the method-centered, scientific analytic reasoning approach to critical thinking that is dominant in psychology with their o...
Parental Facilitation of Adolescent Mental Health Service Utilization: A Conceptual and Empirical Review

Adolescent mental health service utilization has received increasing attention recently, with epidemiological studies revealing rates of service use that fall far below rates of psychopathology. Our primary aim in this article is to review and integrate current conceptions of the function that parents can serve in obtaining mental health services for adolescents. The review highlights the importance of developing a process-oriented model of service seeking. The initial parental help-seeking steps of gaining awareness of adolescents' distress and identifying specific emotional or behavioral problems receive particular attention. We stress that only by focusing on the role of parents and attending to specific developmental influences can the phenomenon of adolescent mental health service utilization be truly understood.
From a wall of bodies to a body of walls:: Politics of affect | Politics of memory | Politics of war

Abstract Literature concerned with the politics of place and memory often focuses on how representations of conflicts and violence of the past are struggled over, negotiated and actualized in the present. In this paper I argue that by exploring the intimate relations between memory, affect and emotion these politics may also be understood as a performative (and nonrepresentational) component of ongoing conflict and war. To demonstrate this, I examine how politics of affect, place and memory are entangled with(in) the conflict over the land of Palestine/Israel. In approaching Palestine/Israel as a landscape of memory, I take the position that memory is simultaneously a material and immaterial phenomenon which cannot be detached from affective human bodies and their roles in the (re-)constitutions of space and place. Two mutually constitutive manifestations serve as my focus: the construction of the West Bank separation wall(s) and bodies of Palestinian resistance. Through this focus I argue that at the base of the conflict is a relational confluence of embodied memories, emotions, and expressions inextricably tied to territorial land claims and transformations; and how these claims and transformations are globally and locally negotiated and validated. Ultimately, I make the case that a fuller understanding of the intimate ties between embodied memory, emotion and affect helps illustrate that the politics of memory may sometimes also be a politics of war.
Thermodynamic, transport and magnetic properties of α′-NaV2O5

Abstract We report on heat capacity, electrical resistance and electron spin resonance experiments on α′-NaV2O5. At the phase transition temperature, the specific heat anomaly which can hardly be described within the framework of a spin–Peierls transition and a large anomaly in the electrical resistance reveal that the lattice degrees of freedom are strongly involved. ESR results were obtained from 4 to 700 K. The spin susceptibility at high temperatures closely follows a Bonner–Fisher behaviour, with an exchange constant of J=578 K , but differs significantly from this theory at lower temperatures.
Enzyme biotransducers formed from conductive electroactive polymers

Three types of biotransducer devices were studied: an enzyme Field Effect Transistor (Enz-FET), an interdigitated microsensor electrode (IME) array for impedimetric detection, and a microdisc electrode array for amperometric detection. Each device type was microlithographically fabricated from a pattern of sputter deposited metal (10 nm Ti/W| 100 nm Pt or Au) on an insulating substrate that was either glass or oxidized p-type silicon. Insulating regions were fashioned from Si3N4 and the gate dielectric of the FET was a SiO2 layer of 100 nm thick spin-on glass. For each biotransducer device type, the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized using a process of electropolymerization of pyrrole (0.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl) in the presences of glucose oxidase (1 mg/ml) in deionized water to achieve a total of 100 mC/cm2. The dose-response characteristics of each of the biotransducers were tested in muta-rotated glucose solutions (PBS 7.2) at RT that ranged from 0.0 mM to 20 mM. The sensitivity (m=slope), linear dynamic range and limits of detection [3(SDblank/m)] were calculated from replicate measures of the dose response curve.
In vivo proton spin‐lattice relaxation times of normal and dystrophic muscles

In vivo spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of water and lipid protons were measured in normal and dystrophic chicken pectoralis muscles at different ages. Values were obtained with a surface coil used as both a receiver and a transmitter. A 2 theta-T1-theta-Acquisition sequence was used for these measurements. Accuracy was verified with an inversion-recovery method using a slotted tube resonator as the transmitter and a surface coil as the receiver. It was observed that the T1 values of water protons in normal muscles decrease with age, the T1 values of water protons do not change with age in dystrophic muscles, and the T1 values of lipid protons increase with age in normal and dystrophic muscles. These results indicate a failure of the normal maturation of dystrophic muscles.
Impacts of electronically photo-excited NO 2 on air pollution in the South Coast Air Basin of California

Abstract. A new path for hydroxyl radical formation via photo-excitation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and the reaction of photo-excited NO2 with water is evaluated using the UCI-CIT model for the South Coast Air Basin of California (SoCAB). Two separate studies predict different reaction rates, which differ by nearly an order of magnitude, for the reaction of photo-excited NO2 with water. Impacts of this new chemical mechanism on ozone and particulate matter formation, while utilizing both reaction rates, are quantified by simulating two summer episodes. First, sensitivity simulations are conducted to evaluate the uncertainty in the rate of reaction of photo-excited NO2 with water reported in the literature. Results indicate that the addition of photo-excited NO2 chemistry increases peak 8-h average ozone and particulate matter concentrations. The importance of this new chemistry is then evaluated in the context of pollution control strategies. A series of simulations are conducted to generate isopleths for ozone and particulate matter concentrations, varying baseline nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions. Isopleths are obtained using 1987 emissions, to represent past conditions, and 2005, to represent current conditions in the SoCAB. Results show that the sensitivity of modeled pollutant control strategies due to photoexcitation decreases with the decrease in baseline emissions from 1987 to 2005. Results show that including NO2 photo-excitation, increases the sensitivity of ozone concentration with respect to changes in NOx emissions for both years. In particular, decreasing NOx emissions in 2005 when NO2 photo-excitation is included, while utilizing the higher reaction rate, leads to ozone relative reduction factors that are 15% lower than in a case without photo-excited NO2. This implies that photoexcitation increases the effectiveness in reducing ozone through NOx emissions reductions alone, which has implications for the assessment of future emission control strategies. However, there is still disagreement with respect to the reaction rate constant for the formation of OH. Therefore, further studies are required to reduce the uncertainty in the reaction rate constant before this new mechanism is fully implemented in regulatory applications.
Transitioning Offenders to the Community: A Content Analysis of Reentry Guides.

ABSTRACT The need for strong discharge planning materials which includes reentry guides assumes increasing importance with the large numbers of prisoners being discharged. They return to their communities and need to secure housing, find employment, obtain health care, and in many instances, on-going treatment for substance abuse and mental illness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the content, readability and interactive nature of 13 reentry guides given to prisoners after release. This study suggests that many components of current reentry guides need to be reevaluated and redesigned in order to maximize their effectiveness with prisoners returning to the community.
High Throughput Screening for Small Molecule Therapy for Gaucher Disease Using Patient Tissue as the Source of Mutant Glucocerebrosidase

Gaucher disease (GD), the most common lysosomal storage disorder, results from the inherited deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Previously, wildtype GCase was used for high throughput screening (HTS) of large collections of compounds to identify small molecule chaperones that could be developed as new therapies for GD. However, the compounds identified from HTS usually showed reduced potency later in confirmatory cell-based assays. An alternate strategy is to perform HTS on mutant enzyme to identify different lead compounds, including those enhancing mutant enzyme activities. We developed a new screening assay using enzyme extract prepared from the spleen of a patient with Gaucher disease with genotype N370S/N370S. In tissue extracts, GCase is in a more native physiological environment, and is present with the native activator saposin C and other potential cofactors. Using this assay, we screened a library of 250,000 compounds and identified novel modulators of mutant GCase including 14 new lead inhibitors and 30 lead activators. The activities of some of the primary hits were confirmed in subsequent cell-based assays using patient-derived fibroblasts. These results suggest that primary screening assays using enzyme extracted from tissues is an alternative approach to identify high quality, physiologically relevant lead compounds for drug development.
Liquid lubrication in space

The requirement for long-term, reliable operation of aerospace mechanisms has, with a few exceptions, pushed the state of the art in tribology. Space mission life requirements in the early 1960s were generally 6 months to a year. The proposed U.S. space station schedule to be launched in the 1990s must be continuously usable for 10 to 20 years. Liquid lubrication systems are generally used for mission life requirements longer than a year. Although most spacecraft or satellites have reached their required lifetimes without a lubrication-related failure, the application of liquid lubricants in the space environment presents unique challenges. The state of the art of liquid lubrication in space as well as the problems and their solutions are reviewed.
Computation of matrix chain products. Part II

This paper considers the computation of matrix chain products of the form $M_1 \times M_2 \times \cdots \times M_{n - 1} $. If the matrices are of different dimensions, the order in which the product is computed affects the number of operations. An optimum order is an order which minimizes the total number of operations. We present some theorems about an optimum order of computing the matrices. Based on these theorems, an $O(n\log n)$ algorithm for finding an optimum order will be presented in Part II.
The frequency and typology of ceramic sites in western Wyoming

Native ceramics are rare in the northwestern High Plains and Central Rocky Mountains where prehistory is dominated by mobile foraging societies and pottery appears late in the archaeological record. Our survey of the Wyoming Cultural Resource Information System for 11 western Wyoming counties and the Yellowstone National Park found 209 sites with sherd frequencies ranging from less than 10 to more than 1,000 yielding an estimate of 6175 total sherds. Ceramic sites are most common in southwest Wyoming, due in part to intense energy development and associated archaeological inventories but also to the overlap of multi-regional ceramic traditions. Ceramic typologies for western Wyoming are poorly standardized with variable grey wares attributed to Fremont, Shoshone, and Crow ceramic traditions. In this study, we summarize the frequency and typology of Wyoming ceramic traditions and outline a protocol for further research of an understudied but potentially informative component of the regional archaeological ...
A RAPID METHOD FOR PREPARING A SILICATE ROCK FLUX FOR DEHYDRATION

When time is an important factor in the analysis of silicate rock or clay the following method of treating the flux will be found advantageous. The molten flux is poured into the bore of a steel cylinder that is resting on an iron plate. A tightly fitting plunger is inserted into the bore and rapped smartly with a hammer. The broken flux is swept into a dish where it is dissolved in acid.
Intracellular integration of synthetic nanostructures with viable cells for controlled biochemical manipulation

We demonstrate the integration of vertically aligned carbon nanofibre (VACNF) elements with the intracellular domains of viable cells for controlled biochemical manipulation. Deterministically synthesized VACNFs were modified with either adsorbed or covalently-linked plasmid DNA and were subsequently inserted into cells. Post insertion viability of the cells was demonstrated by continued proliferation of the interfaced cells and long-term (}22$>> 22 day) expression of the introduced plasmid. Adsorbed plasmids were typically desorbed in the intracellular domain and segregated to progeny cells. Covalently bound plasmids remained tethered to nanofibres and were expressed in interfaced cells but were not partitioned into progeny, and gene expression ceased when the nanofibre was no longer retained. This provides a method for achieving a genetic modification that is non-inheritable and whose extent in time can be directly and precisely controlled. These results demonstrate the potential of VACNF arrays as an intracellular interface for monitoring and controlling subcellular and molecular phenomena within viable cells for applications including biosensors, in vivo diagnostics, and in vivo logic devices.
DNA microarrays: From structural genomics to functional genomics. The applications of gene chips in dermatology and dermatopathology

Abstract The human genome project was successful in sequencing the entire human genome and ended earlier than expected. The vast genetic information now available will have far-reaching consequences for medicine in the twenty-first century. The knowledge gained from the mapping and sequencing of human genes on a genome-wide scale—commonly referred to as structural genomics —is prerequisite for studies that focus on the functional aspects of genes. A recently invented technique, known as gene chip, or DNA microarray, technology, allows the study of the function of thousands of genes at once, thereby opening the door to the new field of functional genomics . At its core, the DNA microarray utilizes a unique feature of DNA known as complementary hybridization. As such, it is not different from Southern (DNA) blot or northern (RNA) blot hybridizations, or the polymerase chain reaction, with the exception that it allows expression profiling of the entire human genome in a single hybridization experiment. The article highlights the principles, technology, and applications of DNA microarrays as they pertain to the field of dermatology and dermatopathology. The most important applications are the gene expression profiling of skin cancer, especially of melanoma. Other potential applications include gene expression profiling of inflammatory skin diseases, the mutational analysis of genodermatoses, and polymorphism screening, as well as drug development and chemosensitivity prediction. cDNA microarrays will shape the diagnostic approach of the dermatology and the dermatopathology of the future and may lead to new therapeutic options.
Effect of a Turbulent Medium on the Power Pattern of a Wavefront-Tracking Circular Aperture*

The angular power pattern, or equivalently the image-plane intensity distribution, is obtained for a circular aperture receiving a plane wave perturbed in transmission through a turbulent atmosphere. The aperture is assumed always to be aligned so as to maximize the received power. This alignment is shown to be that effected by a conventional angle-tracking servomechanism. Homogeneous, isotropic turbulence is assumed, and the aperture is taken to be of moderate size so that the 5/3-power law phase-structure function predicted by use of the Obukhov–Kolmogorov theory of turbulence applies adequately over its full extent. It is assumed also that the departure of the incident wavefronts from planarity everywhere on the aperture is small relative to a wavelength. This condition is shown to be met for relatively large deviation of phase from that of an unperturbed plane wave. Power patterns for tracking and nontracking apertures are compared.
The use of subject arguments by children with specific language impairment

The spontaneous utterances of children with specific language impairment (SLI) were examined for their argument structure. The verbs used by the children were categorized into four types based upon the number and placement of their obligatory arguments. The categories consisted of unergative intransitives, unac-cusative intransitives, transitives, and ditransitives. The results of the study revealed that children with SLI omitted subject arguments more frequently than their younger MLU-matched peers. Such omissions were most likely in sentences with unaccusative intransitives. These findings raise the possibility that children with SLI have difficulty with the movement required to achieve the surface representation of unaccusative verb constructions.
FPGA computer architectures

We present the recent research and development in the area of computer architectures designed from regular assemblies of FPGA devices (we will call them FPGA computers for short).
On the complexity of optimal reconfiguration planning for modular reconfigurable robots

This paper presents a thorough analysis of the computational complexity of optimal reconfiguration planning problem for chain-type modular robots, i.e. finding the least number of reconfiguration steps to transform from the initial configuration into the goal configuration. It establishes a formal proof that this problem is NP-complete, even if the configurations are acyclic. This result gives a compelling reason that a polynomial algorithm for optimal reconfiguration plan is unlikely to exist. To facilitate future evaluation of reconfiguration algorithms, the paper also provides the lower and the upper bounds for the minimum number of reconfiguration steps for any given reconfiguration problem.
The emergence of English commercial law: Analysis inspired by the Ottoman experience

Abstract Thirteenth-century England was a commercial backwater whose trade was dominated by foreigners. To accommodate and encourage foreign merchants, England modified its legal system by creating legal institutions that were available to both domestic and foreign traders. Among the most important of these institutions were streamlined debt collection procedures and mixed juries composed of both Englishmen and foreigners. By introducing institutions that treated locals and foreigners equally, England created a level playing field that enabled English merchants to become increasingly prominent in the later Middle Ages. England's ability to modernize its law was facilitated by the secular nature of English law, the representation of merchants in Parliament, and legal pluralism. Medieval England contrasts sharply with the early modern Ottoman Empire. The latter created special institutions for foreign merchants, which eventually put Ottoman Muslims at a competitive disadvantage.
Challenges in the Assessment of Erectile Dysfunction and Treatment With Oral Therapies: Review With Case Examples

Purpose To review the clinical dimensions, etiology, assessment, and treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) and to increase awareness of oral therapies for this condition. Data Sources Scientific literature, consensus guidelines, and manu facturers' product information and guidelines. Conclusions A prevalent condition, particularly in middle-aged and elderly men, ED is vastly underreported and undertreated. Oral therapies, including phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, are effective and well tolerated in many patients and represent potential first-line treatments for ED. Implications for Practice ED has been associated with both life-threatening nesses and reduced quality of life.Improving recognition and treatment of this condition and counseling patients about ED represent important clinical opportunities. A broad and expanding array of ED treatments enable therapy to be individualized to the needs of patients and their partners.
Lubricin as a Novel Protein Coating to Prevent Bacterial Biofouling

Yearly, there are over six million cataract surgeries worldwide that involve intraocular lenses (IOLs) [1]. However, preventing post-operative biofouling of these lenses remains a challenge. One major complication is post-operative bacterial infection [2]. Surface modification of IOLs may provide a solution. This study proposes the use of the anti-adhesive protein lubricin (LUB), a glycoprotein found in the synovial fluid, as a means to make polymer surfaces less prone to bacterial adhesion and proliferation, thus reducing the opportunity for post-operative infection [3]. This study used extended bacteria growth trials in the presence of lubricin, vitronectin, and mucin to investigate how lubricin and protein sub-regions of lubricin reduce bacterial functions. This study showed for the first time that polymer surface coatings of lubricin and vitronectin significantly reduce Staphylococcus aureus growth over the course of 15 hours, while mucin was only able to delay the start of the Staphylococcus aureus exponential growth phase and retard proliferation. In solution, both lubricin and mucin significantly reduce bacterial proliferation. Thus, the results of this study demonstrated that lubricin and its sub-regions mucin and vitronectin should be studied for a wide range of antibacterial applications.
Atmospheric Chemical Kinetics Data Survey

Chemical kinetic data for more than 250 gas phase reactions of possible importance in the atmosphere have been reviewed. The results of available evaluations of the rate data are tabulated with selected recent experimental values. A preferred value for each reaction rate constant is indicated. A brief discussion of some of the experimental techniques that have been utilized is also given. This discussion emphasizes the capabilities and limitations of the individual techniques. The tables should be of use to those interested in modeling the complex chemical processes of the stratosphere, troposphere, or the urban atmosphere.
Disruption effects from the collision of quasi-flat beams

The disruption effects from the collision of round beams and flat beams in linear colliders have been studied in the past, and has by now been well understood. In practice, however, in the current SLC running condition and in several designs of the next generation linear colliders, the quasi-flat beam geometries are expected. Namely, the beam aspect ratio R/spl equivspl sigmasub x/spl sigmasub y/>1, but not infinitely large. In this regime the disruption effects in both x and y dimensions should be carefully included in order to properly describe the beam-beam interaction phenomena. In this paper we investigate two major disruption effects for the the quasi-flat beam regime. The luminosity enhancement factor and the effective beamstrahlung. Computer simulations are employed and simple scaling laws are deduced. >
Photonic Device Layout Within the Foundry CMOS Design Environment

A design methodology to layout photonic devices within standard electronic complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) foundry data preparation flows is described. This platform has enabled the fabrication of designs in three foundry scaled-CMOS processes from two semiconductor manufacturers.
Universal Quantile Estimation with Feedback in the Communication-Constrained Setting

We consider the following problem of decentralized statistical inference: given i.i.d. samples from an unknown distribution, estimate an arbitrary quantile subject to limits on the number of bits exchanged. We analyze a standard fusion-based architecture, in which each of m sensors transmits a single bit to the fusion center, which in turn is permitted to send some number k bits of feedback. Supposing that each of m sensors receives n observations, the mean-squared error of the optimal centralized protocol decays as O([se PDF file in theabove equation.]). First we describe a decentralized protocol based on k = m bits of feedback that is strongly consistent, and achieves the same asymptotic MSE as the centralized optimum. Second, we describe and analyze a decentralized protocol based on only a single bit (k = 1) of feedback. For step sizes independent of m, it achieves an asymptotic MSE of order O([see PDF file in the aboe equation.]), whereas for step sizes decaying as m?1/2, it achieves the same order of MSE?namely, O([See PDF file in the above equation.])?as the centralized optimum. We discuss the tradeoffs between these different protocols.
Characterization of novel antigens recognized by serum autoantibodies from anti-CD1 TCR-transgenic lupus mice.

In this study, we further characterize the humoral autoimmune response in the recently described anti-CD1 autoreactive T cell receptor-transgenic mouse lupus model (CD1 lupus model). We discovered and characterized novel autoantigens, comprising a protein of 105 kDa (p105) and a novel RNA molecule of 140 base pairs (bp) that is likely associated with p105, and several additional factors with distinct biochemical properties. In the CD1 lupus model, lethally irradiated BALB/c/nu/nu mice were injected intravenously with sorted bone marrow cells and sorted splenic T cells from donor BALB/c mice expressing TCR α and β transgenes that encode autoreactivity for CD1d. Adoptive hosts injected with the single-positive (CD4+ and CD8+) subset of transgenic cellsdeveloped anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies and a lupus-like illness. Sera were analyzed by Western blotting and immunoprecipitation. Antigens were characterized by biochemical and serological methods. Serum autoantibodies from 5 of 12 (42%) CD1 lupus mice immunoprecipitated a 105-kDa protein, termed p105. p105 was associated with a small RNA of ∼140 bp. Anti-p105 autoantibodies appeared early in the course of disease. Serological and biochemical characterization suggested that p105 was distinct from known lupus autoantigens of similar molecular masses, indicating that p105 represents anovel autoantigen in lupus.
Phantom materials for elastography

Acoustic and mechanical properties are reported for gelatin materials used to construct tissue-like phantoms for elasticity imaging (elastography). A device and procedure for measuring elastic properties are described. The measured compression forces were comparable to results obtained from finite element analysis when linear elastic media are assumed. Also measured were the stress relaxation, temporal stability, and melting point of the materials. Aldehyde concentration was used to increase the stiffness of the gelatin by controlling the amount of collagen cross-linking. A broad range of tissue-like elastic properties was achieved with these materials, although gels continued to stiffen for several weeks. The precision for elastic modulus measurements ranged from less than 0.1% for 100 kPa samples to 8.9% for soft (<10 kPa), sticky samples.
Carbon-carbon bond formation by the reaction of organolithiums with α-lithiated cyclic enol ethers. Stereoselective synthesis of β- and γ-hydroxy DI- and tri-substituted alkenes

Abstract α-Lithiation of dihydrofuran, benzofuran, and dihydropyran followed by treatment with various organolithiums stereoselectively produces in good yields the corresponding ring-opened ( E )-alkenyllithiums, i.e., ( E )-β(or γ)-hydroxy-ω-alkenyl-ω-lithioalkenes, the lithium atom of which can be readily replaced with H, D, or C groups, such as CO 2 and Me.
Synthesis of bulk solids processing systems

A systematic procedure for the synthesis of bulk solids processing systems guides the user in an evolutionary manner to generate flowsheet alternatives to transform a solids feed with given attributes into products with desired attributes. The first step is to select a functional structure based on the primary objective of the processing system. This is followed by the selection of equipment for the functional structure. In the third step, the functional structure is expanded by adding other necessary unit operations to form a flowsheet. This is accompanied by the assignment of a suitable equipment unit to each unit operation. Storage and transportation units are then added to the flowsheet in the fourth step. Rules and heuristics to help make decisions at each step are presented, as well as simulations used to evaluate flowsheet alternatives. Design variables are identified and short-cut models based on discretized population balance equations are used to quantify equipment performance. The procedure is illustrated with commercial examples including the production of potash, pesticide granules, aspirin and an azo dye.
International Union of Pharmacology. XXX. Update on Chemokine Receptor Nomenclature

An update of the International Union of Pharmacology nomenclature for chemokines is outlined, defining one new receptor type, CXCR6, and disqualifying the putative receptor, CCR11.
The Effects of Width of Landmasses on the Development of Sea Breezes

Abstract A two-dimensional hydrostatic model has been employed to simulate sea-breeze circulations introduced by different-sized landmasses. The following influences on the sea breeze are examined. 1) environmental thermal stratification, 2) synoptic flow, and 3) latitude. In the simulation of a strip of land with a width of 150 km, the maximum sea-breeze convergence is much better developed than for other widths. This maximum computed upward velocity occurred when two sea-breeze cells from the two sides of the land merge together in the late afternoon. For the experiments presented here, the sea breeze reached the strongest vertical velocity (1.7 m s−1) when the environmental vertical gradient of potential temperature is 2.5°C km−1 with a land width of 150 km. With a very stable static stability, the sea breeze is not well developed. When the sea breeze occurs at 20°N, its intensity is the strongest, presumably because the solar insulation is greatest at this latitude for the separate simulations. At 60°...
Sex Addiction and Propensity for Boundary Violation: Exploring Correlation and Change Over Time

We surveyed 35 male healthcare professionals who satisfactorily completed residential sex addiction treatment. Prior to treatment intake, 17 participants had reportedly violated sexual boundaries with patients, clients, or staff (BV group), and 18 reportedly had not (NBV group). Participants completed 2 validated, self-report instruments: the Sexual Symptom Assessment Scale (S-SAS), measuring symptom severity of Compulsive Sexual Behavior (CSB); and the Boundary Violation Index (BVI), assessing reported frequency of risk factors for Sexual Boundary Violation (SBV). Results indicated that participants reported a large decrease in both CSB symptom severity and SBV risk over time. We discuss these decreases, the correlation we found between CSB and SBV, and the clinical and professional implications of each. We include limitations to our results and areas for future research.
PATTERNS OF INTEREST AROUND ISSUES: THE ROLE OF UNCERTAINTY AND FEASIBILITY

The article discusses a study which employed a management simulation to explore the kinds of contexts and types of issues attract the interests of strategic decision makers and managers. A discussi...
A high-content assay strategy for the identification and profiling of ABCG2 modulators in live cells.

Abstract ABCG2 is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of transporters, the overexpression of which has been implicated in resistance to various chemotherapeutic agents. Though a number of cell-based assays to screen for inhibitors have been reported, they do not provide a content-rich platform to discriminate toxic and autofluorescent compounds. To fill this gap, we developed a live high-content cell-based assay to identify inhibitors of ABCG2-mediated transport and, at the same time, assess their cytotoxic effect and potential optical interference. We used a pair of isogenic U87MG human glioblastoma cell lines, with one stably overexpressing the ABCG2 transporter. JC-1 (J-aggregate–forming lipophilic cation 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazol carbocyanine iodide) was selected as the optimal reporter substrate for ABCG2 activity, and the resulting assay was characterized by a Z′ value of 0.50 and a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 14 in a pilot screen of ∼7,000 diverse chemi...
Genetic sexing in the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae): conditional lethal translocations that preferentially eliminate females

A group of four translocations identified by altered-linkage relationships is described in the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). These translocations are between the Y chromosome and the autosome bearing the wild-type allele at the rosy eye locus. The four translocation lines are true breeding, producing 100% rosy females and wild-type-eye males with 0 to 3% sterile rosy males. When grown on medium containing purine (0.06%), the translocation lines produce 89 to 99% males. Methods of improving these lines for possible use in sterile-insect release (SIRM) programs are discussed.
Growth, Development, and Yield in Pure and Mixed Stands of Eucalyptus and Albizia

Productivity of Sm. plantations is commonly limited by low levels of available nitrogen (N), and synthetic N fertilizer applications are costly and sometimes impractical;
CT manifestation and measurement of adenoid hypertrophy in children

Objective: To explore the clinical value of CT manifestation and methods of measurement of adenoid vegetation in children. Materials and Methods: Nasopharyngeal CT plain scans and dynamic CINE CT scan were obtained in 50 children aged 9 months to 14 years with operation proved adenoid hypertrophy as study group and 50 age and gender matched children without adenoid hypertrophy as control. Measurement of maximum thickness of adenoid/anterior-posterior diameter of nasopharyngeal air space ratio(A/N ratio), effective anterior-posterior diameter of nasopharyngeal air space(D value), effective sectional areas of nasopharyngeal air space(Sn) and difference of Sn on dynamic CINE CT(△S) were carried out at the level of sphenoccipital junction on midline sagittal plane. Results: On the transverse CT, hypertrophy adenoid manifested as soft tissue mass that was symmetric, unilateral or embedded into choana. Measurements of study group were: A/N ratio ranged from 0.61 to 0.86, D ranged from 1 to 2.8mm, Sn ranged from 0 to 97.86mm2 and △S ranged from 0 to 32.54mm2. The correspondent measurements of control group were 0.34~0.61, 7.5~12.2mm, 217.87~623.98mm2 and 175.87~274.02mm2 respectively. Conclusion: CT is much better than the lateral X-ray plain film measurement of nasopharynx in the diagnosis of adenoid vegetation for CT can provide much more information and can clearly depict the nasopharynx and CT CINE is especially useful to reflect the changes of nasopharynx with respiration. A/N ratio and D value can be used as indicators: pathologic adenoid hypertrophy should be considered when there is an A/N ratio greater than 0.71 and a D value less than 3mm.
The Impact of Aortic Valve Replacement on Left Ventricular Remodeling in Children.

There are scant data in pediatrics on the optimal timing for aortic valve repair (AVR). This study assesses the midterm response to AVR and possible predictors of poor outcome. From 2001 to 2006, 41 patients had greater than 3-month follow-up after AVR for aortic insufficiency, aortic stenosis, or both. Pre-, peri-, and post-operative data were collected, including demographics and clinical symptoms. Two reviewers measured echocardiographic parameters from the pre-operative and latest follow-up echocardiograms. Ventricular dimensions were indexed to body surface area (z-score). Median age at AVR was 13 years with 83 % having a Ross operation. The average left ventricular end-diastolic dimension pre-op, z-score of +1.3, significantly decreased at last follow-up to a mean z-score of −0.1 (p < 0.001). Similarly the indexed LV mass decreased from +3.9 to +0.5 (p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between the presence of pre-op symptoms and the presence of post-op LV dilatation, hypertrophy, or dysfunction. In the subset of patients (7/41) with persistent LV dysfunction at last follow-up, there was a significant correlation with pre-op LV dilatation as assessed by both LVEDD (p = 0.02) and LVESD (p = 0.05). Children demonstrate significant reverse remodeling after AVR. Pre-op LV dilatation may predict patients with persistent LV dysfunction post-AVR. Symptoms are less useful in children, suggesting the need for more objective data for functional assessment.
New Results in System Identification

This tutorial selectively presents significant results in system identification that have appeared in the last decade. Specifically, (1) transfer function bias, (2) system order estimation by predictive least squares, (3) near optimal recursive parameter estimation, (4) testing against a no-noise model, and (5) robustness theory for estimators are presented. No attempt is made at completeness, and the author’s taste is the criterion for selection of specific results for presentation.
Wall-Friction Support of Vertical Loads in Submerged Sand and Gravel Columns

Laboratory studies of the ‘floor-loads’ under submerged vertical columns of sand and/or gravel indicate that such loads can be approximated by a buoyancy-corrected Janssen-silo-theory-like relationship. Similar to conditions in storage silos filled with dry granular solids, most of the weight of the sand or gravel is supported by wall friction forces. Laboratory measurements of the loads on the floor at the base of the water-filled columns (up to 25-diameters tall) indicate that the extra floor-load from the addition of the granular solid never exceeded the load that would exist under an unsupported (wide) bed of submerged sand or gravel that has a total depth corresponding to only two column-diameters. The measured floorloads reached an asymptotic maximum value when the depth of granular material in the columns was only three or four pipe-diameters, and never increased further as the columns were filled to the top (e.g. up to heights of 10 to 25 diameters). The floor-loads were stable and remained the same for days after filling. Aggressive tapping (e.g. hitting the containing pipe on the outside, manually with a wrench up and down the height and around the circumference) could increase (and occasionally decrease) the floor load substantially, but there wasmore » no sudden collapse or slumping to a state without significant wall friction effects. Considerable effort was required, repeatedly tapping over almost the entire column wall periphery, in order to produce floor-loads that corresponded to the total buoyancy-corrected weight of granular material added to the columns. Projecting the observed laboratory behavior to field conditions would imply that a stable floor-load condition, with only a slightly higher total floor pressure than the preexisting hydrostatic-head, would exist after a water-filled bore-hole is filled with sand or gravel. Significant seismic vibration (either a large nearby event or many micro-seismic events over an extended period) would likely be necessary before the full (buoyancy-corrected) weight of the sand and/or gravel would be ‘delivered’ to the bottom of the submerged column.« less
Absolute geostrophic velocity inverted from World Ocean Atlas 2013 (WOAV13) with the P‐vector method

Abstract : The WOAV13 dataset comprises 3D global gridded climatological fields of absolute geostrophic velocity inverted from World Ocean Atlas-2013 (WOA13) temperature and salinity fields using the P-vector method. It provides a climatological velocity field that is dynamically compatible to the WOA13 (T, S) fields. The WOAV13 has the same spatial resolution and temporal variation (annual, monthly, seasonal) as WOA13 (T, S) fields, but does not cover the equatorial zone (5oS 5oN) due to the geostrophic balance being the theoretical basis for the P-vector inverse method.
Massively parallel single-nucleotide mutagenesis using reversibly terminated inosine

Large-scale mutagenesis of target DNA sequences allows researchers to comprehensively assess the effects of single-nucleotide changes. Here we demonstrate the construction of a systematic allelic series (SAS) using massively parallel single-nucleotide mutagenesis with reversibly terminated deoxyinosine triphosphates (rtITP). We created a mutational library containing every possible single-nucleotide mutation surrounding the active site of the TEM-1 β-lactamase gene. When combined with high-throughput functional assays, SAS mutational libraries can expedite the functional assessment of genetic variation.
Correction for photon attenuation without transmission measurements using compton scatter information in SPECT

Accurate correction for nonuniform attenuation in SPECT requires knowledge of the patient-specific attenuation map. Currently, attenuation maps are either measured using a radioactive external source mounted on the SPECT system, or derived from images from other modalities, such as CT. We have developed a method for reconstructing attenuation maps from emission data in energy windows below the photopeak window. We derived a linear relation between the number of photons detected in the scatter windows and the values of the voxel attenuation coefficients, making it possible to reconstruct attenuation maps using statistical techniques such as MLEM. Our approach is based on the assumption that all photons detected in the selected scatter windows have been singly scattered. The algorithm requires multiple passes with alternating updates of the estimated emission distribution and the attenuation map. To test the feasibility of this approach, we acquired projection datasets of a torso phantom using a Siemens e.cam scanner. Sixty one-minute projections over 360 degrees were obtained. Counts were acquired in a 140-keV photopeak window (15% wide) and in five scatter windows centered at 126, 120, 114, 108, and 102 keV (each 4% wide). In our initial evaluation, the attenuation maps were successfully reconstructed without major artifacts in the first pass of the algorithm. The spatial resolution of the attenuation map appeared to be similar to that of SPECT, because details on the order of 1 cm could be seen. This new approach is promising, and may provide an alternative to transmission-based attenuation maps in SPECT imaging.
A Membrane-Filter Technique to Test for the Significance of Sublethally Injured Bacteria in Retail Pasteurized Milk

A membrane transfer procedure previously described was used to study the possible role of sublethally injured bacteria in the keeping quality of retail pasteurized milk. Trypticase soy broth (TSB) was used as nonselective medium and TSB plus NaCl at pH 6.0 (TSBS 6.0), as the selective medium inhibitory to injured organisms. In pasteurized milk at early stages of storage, colony counts on the latter medium were much lower than on the former. Subsequent transfer of the TSBS 6.0 filters to fresh TSB and further incubation usually increased the counts to about the initial TSB range. Generally the organisms presumed injured and subsequently recovered were the same types as those considered uninjured. They were mainly streptococci and micrococci that produced only slow changes in litmus milk at 5 C, so they are of doubtful significance in the shelf life of retail milk at refrigerator temperatures.