cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Five Integer Number Algorithms to Solve Linear Systems

This chapter further extends the results obtained in chapters 4 and 5 (from linear equation to linear systems). Each algorithm is thoroughly proved and then an example is given. Five integer number algorithms to solve linear systems are further given.
Criminalizing peace: anti-terrorism law and its impact on peacemaking in the Basque Country and Northern Ireland

This paper investigates anti-terrorism law’s impact on peace-making efforts of the nonviolent allies of Basque Homeland and Freedom (ETA) and the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). Drawing on...
Sexual Behavior Patterns and Condom Use in Newly Sexually Active Female University Students

Our objective was to describe sexual behavior patterns and condom use in newly sexually active female university students. We conducted a 4-year retrospective cohort study (2000–2007) of university women enrolled close to sexual debut (N = 250). Participants reported daily information on intercourse, condom use, and partner/partnership characteristics into Web-based biweekly sexual behavior diaries. We calculated intercourse frequency, proportion of condom-protected events, and incidence of new partner acquisition. We used logistic regression to examine factors associated with condom use at sexual debut; Kaplan–Meier methods to describe cumulative incidence of condom non-use after use at debut; and Cox proportional hazards ratios to examine factors associated with condom non-use. A total of 188 women had at least one male sex partner prior to enrollment or during follow-up. One-third (34.1%) of 27,736 intercourse events were condom-protected. Older age (20+ vs. < 20 years) and use of hormonal birth control were associated with lower likelihood of condom use at sexual debut (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.41, 95% CI 0.17–0.97 and aOR 0.32, 95% CI 0.10–1.03, respectively). Women who reported partners with previous sex partners were less likely to discontinue using condoms after debut (hazard ratio = 0.35, 0.16–0.77) than those reporting partners without previous partners. In college-aged women, older age and hormonal contraceptive use were each inversely associated with condom use at first intercourse. Women with sexually experienced partners were more likely to continue using condoms. Continued efforts are necessary to promote condom use among college-aged women.
Introduction to Meta-Science in HRD:

The ProblemResearch matters. Results from research can affect policy, practice, and future research. Taking every precaution to assure that research is conducted ethically, accurately, and correctl...
Hydroxyl radical scavenging by solid mineral surfaces in oxidative treatment systems: Rate constants and implications

Abstract Advanced oxidation treatment processes used in various applications to treat contaminated soil, water, and groundwater involve powerful radical intermediates, including hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Inefficiency in •OH-driven treatment systems involves scavenging reactions where •OH react with non-target species in the aqueous and solid phases. Here, •OH were generated in iron (Fe)- and UV-activated hydrogen peroxide (Fe-AHP, UV-AHP) systems where the loss of rhodamine B served as a quantitative metric for •OH activity. Kinetic analysis methods were developed to estimate the specific •OH surface scavenging rate constant (k≡S). In the Fe-AHP system, k≡S for silica (2.85 × 106 1/m2 × s) and alumina (3.92 × 106 1/m2 × s) were similar. In the UV-AHP system, estimates of k≡S for silica (4.50 × 106 1/m2 × s) and alumina (7.45 × 106 1/m2 × s) were higher. k≡S for montmorillonite (MMT) in the UV-AHP system was ≤4.22 × 105 1/m2 × s. Overall, k≡S,silica ∼ k≡S, alumina > k≡S,MMT indicating k≡S is mineral specific. Radical scavenging was dominated by surface scavenging at 10–50 g/L silica, alumina, or MMT, in both Fe-AHP and UV-AHP systems. The experimentally-derived surface •OH scavenging rate constants were extended to in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) treatment conditions to contrast •OH reaction rates with contaminant and aqueous phase reactants found in aquifer systems. •OH reaction was dominated by solid surfaces comprised of silica, alumina, and montmorillonite minerals relative to •OH reaction with trichloroethylene, the target compound, and H2O2, a well-documented radical scavenger. These results indicate that solid mineral surfaces play a key role in limiting the degradation rate of contaminants found in soil and groundwater, and the overall treatment efficiency in ISCO systems. The aggressive •OH scavenging measured was partially attributed to the relative abundance of scavenging sites on mineral surfaces.
On Trump’s New Call to Terror and Resistance Like Harriet Tubman

The US President has trumpeted his threat to visit systemic terror Sunday 7/14/19 on the homes of families where one or another person does not have their immigration papers in order. The threat has brought distress, panic even, to many in the USA. Perhaps campaign strategy, the rhetoric and its effect hearken to Dred Scott Days (the period after the U.S. Supreme Court Decision “Dred Scott vs. Sandford,” March 6th, 1857) when persons abetting escaped slaves avoid re-capture were themselves considered law-breakers and punished. As if in flash-back, persons in our time who provide refugees water in Arizona’s desert are targeted with prison. But today’s refugee-hunters count driver’s license photo facial recognition software (notorious for increased mis-identification with People of Color, a new spin on the “crime” of “Driving While Black”) in their civil rights dismantling tool-kit.
Precision Gamma- and X-Ray Energies

Several goals encourage efforts to improve internal consistency of γ-ray and X-ray transition energy scales. These include but are not confined to: detector calibration, rationalization of nuclear level schemes and chemical analysis. Fewer and less obvious goals motivate efforts to relate these scales to external “standards”. Although our work has predominantly addressed the latter class of applications, the results obtained do exhibit increased measurement precision thereby also contributing to the former.
Decolonizing youth development: re-imagining youthwork for indigenous youth futures

Drawing on scientific theories of racial supremacy and efforts by Western nations to develop uncivilized races, preeminent psychologist G. Stanley Hall proposed that the bio-psychological developme...
Rehumanizing the self after victimization: The roles of forgiveness versus revenge.

Everyday maltreatments can threaten people's basic sense of being human. Can victims restore their sense of humanness after it has been damaged by an offense and, if so, how? Four studies compared forgiving and taking revenge as responses to victimization. In Study 1, participants recalled a time they either forgave or took revenge against someone who had hurt them. In Studies 2 and 3, they imagined being victimized by a coworker and then either forgiving or taking revenge against him. In Study 4, they wrote either a forgiving or a vengeful letter to a transgressor who had committed an offense against them. Each methodology revealed that, compared with revenge, forgiveness was more effective at rehumanizing the self; indeed, forgiveness produced feelings of humanness that nearly exceeded levels experienced by nonvictimized participants (Study 3). Studies 3 and 4 also provided evidence that perceiving 1's forgiveness as moral contributes to a restored sense of humanness. Study 4 further revealed important downstream predictive consequences of a restored sense of self-humanity following forgiveness-less self-harm, a greater sense of belonging to the human community, and greater importance of one's moral identity. Extending past research on the benefits of forgiveness, this work highlights the agency that victims have to repair their humanness in the wake of a dehumanizing offense. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Quantile regression illuminates the successes and shortcomings of long-term eutrophication remediation efforts in an urban river system

Despite massive financial investment in mitigation, eutrophication remains a major water quality problem and management priority. Eutrophication science-well established for lakes-is not as well developed for rivers, and scientific understanding of how rivers respond to eutrophication management is far more limited. Long-term data are required to evaluate progress, but such datasets are relatively rare for rivers. We analyzed 23 years of water quality data for the Charles River, a major urban river system in the northeastern U.S.A., to examine nutrient and phytoplankton biomass (chl-a) responses to decades of phosphorus (P) management. Using the more novel and robust approach of quantile regression, we identified statistically and ecologically significant declines in both total phosphorus (TP) and chl-a over time, but only for middle percentiles. Statistically high concentrations of TP and chl-a persist-the segments of the data of greatest concern to managers and the public-and yet this critical result is concealed by statistical tests often employed in eutrophication studies that only evaluate mean changes. TP, temperature, precipitation, and river segment jointly explain the most chl-a variation observed at the decadal scale. Spatial variation is also considerable: despite a significant decline in TP, the impounded lower river exhibits no long-term trend in chl-a and continues to experience annual blooms of harmful cyanobacteria-a lagging response comparable to that of a recovering eutrophic lake. Despite long-term successes in reducing P, chl-a, and cyanobacteria in the Charles River system, we did not detect any significant, long-term change in the attainment of statutory compliance, illustrating the protracted and complex nature of the river's response. Our analysis demonstrates the need for high-frequency, long-term water quality data to evaluate the progress of eutrophication management in urban rivers, and the utility of quantile regression for detecting critical trends in the occurrence of statistically low-frequency but ecologically high-impact events, including blooms of harmful cyanobacteria.
Modulation of control authority in adaptive haptic shared control paradigms

Abstract This paper presents an adaptive haptic shared control framework wherein a driver and an automation system are physically connected through a motorized steering wheel. An adaptive impedance controller for the automation system is introduced to enable the automation system to dynamically and smoothly exchange the control authority with the human partner. To determine an optimal modulation policy, a cost function is considered, and its terms are defined to minimize the performance error and reduce the disagreement between the human and automation system. We employed a nonlinear stochastic model predictive approach to solve the cost function subjected to probabilistic uncertainties in human’s biomechanics. The polynomial chaos expansions are employed to obtain a computationally tractable form of the cost function, and the continuation generalized minimum residual method is utilized to solve the tractable nonlinear cost function. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, we consider a scenario where the human and the automation system both detect an obstacle and negotiate on controlling the steering wheel so that the obstacle can be avoided safely. For this scenario, four interaction modes are defined based on the cooperation status (cooperative and uncooperative) and the control transfer’s desired direction (human to automation or automation to human). The numerical results demonstrate that when the human’s control command is sufficient for avoiding the obstacle, by modulating and adopting smaller values for the impedance controller, the disagreement between the human and automation systems can be reduced. On the other hand, when the human’s control command is insufficient, by modulating and adopting larger values for the impedance controller parameters, the automation system gains the control authority and ensures the safety of the obstacle avoidance task. Additionally, we performed a set of tests with processors in the loop (PIL) to show the proposed predictive controller can compute the optimal modulation policy in real-time. Using two low-cost micro-controllers, the PIL results show high computational speed and numerical accuracy for the proposed method.
Understanding Ethical Challenges in Medical Education Research.

Studies of rapidly advancing biomedical and electronic technologies, ongoing needs to address health disparities, and new online educational modalities are vital to ensure that medical education meets the changing needs of trainees and the public. As medical education continues to evolve, research is increasingly critical to help improve it, but medical education research can pose unique ethical challenges. As research participants, medical trainees may face several risks, and in many ways constitute a vulnerable group. In this commentary, the author examines several of the ethical challenges involved in medical education research, including confidentiality and the risk of stigma; the need for equity, diversity, and inclusion; genetic testing of students; clustered randomized trials of training programs; and questions about quality improvement activities. The author offers guidance for navigating these ethical challenges, including the importance of engaging with institutional review boards. Academic medical institutions should educate and work closely with faculty to ensure that all research adheres to appropriate ethical guidelines and regulations, and should provide instruction about medical education research ethics to establish a strong foundation for the future of the field. Research on medical education will become increasingly important. Given the potential sensitivity of the data collected in medical education research, investigators must understand and address potential ethical challenges as carefully as possible.
Commentary on White v. Samsung

This essay is a draft contribution to the forthcoming book "U.S. Feminist Judgments Project: Property Opinions Rewritten," which is edited by Eloisa C. Rodriguez-Dod and Elena Maria Marty-Nelson. It consists of a commentary on Jon M. Garon's rewriting of White v. Samsung Elecs. Am., Inc., 971 F.2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992). It argues that Garon was right to excise the sexist condescension of the original opinion, but questions whether the expansion of property rights in celebrity likenesses serves feminist values.
Model of ramp compression of diamond from ab initio simulations

Ramp compression experiments characterize high-pressure states of matter at temperatures well below those present in shock compression. However, because temperature is typically not directly measured during ramp compression, it is uncertain how much heating occurs under these shock-free conditions. Here, we performed a series of ab initio simulations on carbon in order to match the density-stress measurements of Smith et al. [Smith et al., Nature (London) 511, 330 (2014)]. We considered isotropically as well as uniaxially compressed solid carbon in the diamond and BC8 phases, with and without defects, as well as liquid carbon. Our idealized model ascribes heating during ramp compression to an initially uniaxially compressed cell transforming isochorically into an isotropically (hydrostatic equivalent) compressed state having lower internal energy, hence higher temperature so as to conserve energy. Multiple such heating events can occur during a single ramp experiment, leading to higher temperatures than with isentropic compression. Comparison with experiments shows that heating alone does not explain the equation of state measurements on diamond, instead implying that a significant uniaxial stress component remains present at high compression. The temperature predictions of our ramp compression model remain to be verified with future laboratory measurements.
Relation of motor, linguistic and temperament factors in epidemiologic subtypes of persistent and recovered stuttering: Initial findings.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of any patterns reflecting underlying subtypes of persistence and recovery across epidemiologic, motor, language, and temperament domains in the same group of children beginning to stutter and followed for several years. Methods Participants were 58 2–4-year-old CWS and 40 age and gender matched NFC from four different sites in the Midwest. At the end of the multi-year study, stuttering children were classified as Persistent or Recovered. The same protocol obtaining data to measure stuttering, motor, language and temperament characteristics was used at each site. They have not been included in previous reports. Results The Persistent group performed consistently differently from the Recovered and Control groups. They performed lower on standardized language tests and in phonological accuracy, had greater kinematic variability, and were judged by their parents to be more negative in temperament. Conclusions The present study provides data supporting the hypothesis that subtypes of stuttering can be identified along persistency/recovery lines, but results were not definitive. Educational Objectives: Readers will be able to (a) describe the current state of subtypes of stuttering research; (b) summarize possible contributions of epidemiologic, motoric, linguistic and temperament to such subtyping with regard to persistency and recovery.
Estimations are approximations

The estimation of signals in additive noise is optimized by finding a representation that discriminates the signal from the noise. Estimation is calculated by an operator that attenuates the noise while preserving the signal. Linear operators have long predominated because of their simplicity, despite their limited performance. It is possible to keep the simplicity while improving the performance with non-linearities in a sparse representation. Thresholding estimators are studied in wavelet and wavelet packet bases, where they are used to suppress additive noises and restore signals degraded by low-pass filters. Non-linear estimations from sparse representations are also studied for operators, with an application to power spectrum estimation. Optimizing an estimator requires taking advantage of prior information. Bayes theory uses a probabilistic signal model to derive estimators that minimize the average risk. These models are often not available for complex signals such as natural images. An alternative is offered by the minimax approach, which only requires knowing a prior set where the signal is guaranteed to be. The quasi-minimax optimality of wavelet thresholding estimators is proved for piecewise regular signals and images.
The Application of Dynamic Process Models to the On-Line Supervisory Control of the Kamyr Digester

This paper discusses the applicability of the newly available, inexpensive, but highly capable digital computers to the implementation of control systems employing very high-order, detailed mathematical models of the processes being controlled, and the effect of the resulting systems on control system design. These systems operate by supplying, through simulation, data not otherwise available on process operating conditions.
Optimal minimax two-dimensional FIR design using a multiple simplex exchange

A new algorithm is presented for the design of two-dimensional linear phase FIR filters that best approximate an arbitrary magnitude response in the Chebyshev sense. The algorithm is an extension of one proposed recently by the authors (see Proc. IEEE ICASSP, vol. 3, 1993) for the design of one dimensional filters. It consists of an iterative sequence of linear programs solved by a variation of the simplex algorithm. Convergence is stable. The true optimal design is found, to within an arbitrarily small error tolerance, in contrast with several of the recently published approximate techniques. Sparse and/or non-causal impulse coefficient designs can be done in a straightforward manner. Examples are given demonstrating the performance of this new algorithm over previously published techniques with respect to speed, stability of convergence, and accuracy. The new method has been used to design filters larger than can be accommodated by other methods known to the authors. A 41/spl times/41 design example is given. >
Legal Writing Across the Curriculum: An Addition to Langdell’s Method

Today’s economy has made many people question just how beneficial a law school degree is. Students, legal employers, and others in society have recently been complaining about the value of law schools. Law students have even sued their current and former law schools over faulty job data used to lure them to spend hundreds of thousands of dollars to pursue a legal career. Legal employers have also halted on-campus interviews at certain law schools across the country. This halt has occurred not just because of the economy but because the students are just not as prepared for practice as the employers and the clients that pay for the service think they should be. In order for law schools to continue to evolve and provide students with the best opportunities, law schools have to find a better way to prepare students for practice.This article reviews the evolution of legal education from its inception to where it is today. This article also highlights how the legal profession feels about whether today’s student is properly prepared for practice with today’s current legal curriculum. This article further analyzes Legal Writing across the Curriculum as a tool that law schools can add to their current curricula to help improve students’ preparation for practice.
"Super-resolution curve" and image registration

An affine invariant 2D curve matching and alignment approach is proposed to solve the image registration problem. Superior accuracy and efficiency is achieved by a concept called super-resolution curve and a technique called B-spline fusion. A super-resolution curve is formed by superimposing two affine related and registered curves (in discrete form) upon each other. The B-spline fusion technique is designed to obtain a single B-spline approximation of the super-resolution curve and registration estimate simultaneously. Occlusion is handled by curve segmentation using inflections and cusps, which are affine invariant. Partial match then becomes possible by matching segments of curves. A complete image registration framework based on edge detection and curve alignment is then proposed. Accurate registration results have been achieved.
The Birth of an African Peasantry

The history of human societies, at least as it appears in books discussing this topic, is focussed as a rule on activities of heroes. Kings, rulers and conquerors were most often the heroes of historical analyses. Karl Marx, and later his followers, rejected such an approach. To them, the history of all hitherto existing societies was a history of class struggle and transformation of lower modes of production into higher ones. The Marxists proclaimed that the true heroes of the history are the masses, and the most dynamic and revolutionary hero among all is the worker. He is predestined to overthrow the capitalist order of exploitation and to establish a socialist society instead. Max Weber and Joseph A. Schumpeter paid tributes to the entrepreneur. From their perspective he was the inventor and organizer of modern productivity generating abundance, hence the true maker of history. Other writers viewed the literary men, the artists whose works became great monuments of human culture or the scientists whose discoveries have changed our understanding of nature, as the heroes of history. The only people which until recently were never accorded the status of heroes of history by anyone were the peasants. They were described as stubborn, conservative, backward oriented, parochial, without great imagination and initiative, unable to develop a common solidarity on their own. True, it was said that they too have produced their own folk-culture. This, however, was rather a culture of a lower quality in comparison with the culture engendered in urban centres and at the courts of the aristocracy. Some writers discovered a great beauty in the purity, naivety and virginity of the folk-culture; but even they wrote that peasant culture lacks the refinement and sophistication of urban culture. There were no peasants among great modern inventors, explorers, law-makers. It was said that even the peasant rebellions were spontaneous, unorganized, often purposeless and more frequently caused by religious motivations than by real
Transesophageal Echocardiography Probe Insertion Failure in Infants Undergoing Cardiac Surgery

Background The use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (iTEE) in neonates ≤4 kg has not been systematically described. We sought to describe the use of and determine risk factors for iTEE probe insertion failure in small infants. We also sought to develop an algorithm for predicting the likelihood of iTEE probe insertion failure. Design A retrospective chart review of all neonates ≤4 kg who underwent cardiac surgery at our institution from 12/2001 to 12/2006 was performed. Patients who underwent operations that did not typically require TEE were excluded. Risk factors for TEE probe insertion failure were assessed. Results Of 310 neonates who met the inclusion criteria, 219 (70%) underwent successful iTEE. Lower weight (P <.001), abnormal craniofacial anatomy (P =.03), prematurity (P =.015), and 22q11 deletion (P =.04) were independently associated with iTEE probe insertion failure. Stratified by weight, there was an 80% predicted probability of iTEE probe insertion failure for infants weighing: 2 kg with any two of the above risk factors and 3 kg with any three of the above risk factors. There was less than an 80% predicted likelihood of iTEE probe insertion failure for infants weighing 4 kg regardless of other risk factor status. Conclusions iTEE can be successfully performed in the majority of neonates ≤4 kg undergoing cardiac surgery. However, there are identifiable risk factors for iTEE probe insertion failure. A weight-based algorithm may help determine neonates at risk for iTEE probe insertion failure. Smaller TEE probes may benefit this patient population.
One-Sided Prediction Intervals to Contain at Least m out of k Future Observations

Factors for constructing one-sided prediction intervals to contain k out of m future observations from normal and exponential populations are presented. An application involving prediction intervals is also given.
Selenium in wetlands and waterfowl foods at Kesterson Reservoir, California, 1984.

Kesterson Reservoir (Kesterson) received subsurface agricultural drainwater containing high levels of salts and selenium from farmland in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The accumulation of selenium in wetlands and waterfowl foods at Kesterson was investigated during May, August, and December of 1984. High concentrations of selenium were found in water, sediments, terrestrial and aquatic vegetation, and aquatic insects. Mean selenium concentrations in aquatic plants and insects ranged from 1.5 to 170 (μg/g dry weight and were about 11 to 290 times those found at a nearby reference site. Concentrations in some waterfowl food plants and insects at Kesterson were up to 64 times those reported to be a health hazard to birds. Selenium concentrations were more seasonally variable in aquatic plants than in aquatic insects. Few differences in selenium accumulation were found among ponds. Deposition of selenium in plant parts was not uniform; rhizomes contained higher concentrations than seeds and leaves were intermediate. Most biota bioaccumulated maximum selenium concentrations that were 1,000 to nearly 5,000 times the concentration in the water.
Hyperprolactinemia after neonatal prolactin (PRL) deficiency in rats: evidence for altered anterior pituitary regulation of PRL secretion.

Previous findings from this laboratory suggest a role for milk-borne PRL in the development of the inhibitory neuroendocrine controls over PRL secretion. Thus, rats that consumed milk deficient in PRL on days 2-5 postpartum show reduced concentrations and turnover of DA in the median eminence and elevated serum levels of PRL at 30-35 days of age. The present experiments were undertaken to investigate whether these consequences of neonatal PRL deficiency persist beyond puberty, and whether alterations in pituitary responsiveness to hypothalamic hormones may be involved. Lactating rats received sc injections of either saline or the dopamine (DA) agonist bromocriptine (125 μg/ratday) on each of days 2-5 postpartum, a treatment that reduces the amount of PRL in milk without abolishing lactation. Blood samples were obtained from male and female offspring at various postnatal ages, and PRL concentrations were determined by RIA. Serum PRL concentrations in offspring from both groups were low until after weaning,...
Foraging Habits, Growth, and Temporal Patterns of Salt‐Marsh Creek Habitat Use by Young‐of‐Year Summer Flounder in New Jersey

Abstract Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus were collected from intertidal and subtidal polyhaline marsh creeks in the Great Bay–Little Egg Harbor estuarine system in southern New Jersey during 1987–1990 to determine seasonality, duration of creek use by individuals, emigration rate, foraging habits, and daily growth rate of young-of-year fish in those habitats. Four hundred fifty-eight age-0 individuals (mean total length [TL], 238 mm; range, 156–312 mm) were collected from a combination of weir, seine, gill-net, and gig sampling. They were available to the collecting gear from late July through October, peaking numerically in September. Sixty-three (39%) of 162 tagged age-0 summer flounder were recaptured at least once during August–September. The average period of creek use was estimated at 17 d (range, 5–38 d) from release. Decline in percent recaptures suggested an emigration rate of 1.0%/d and 100% emigration within 50 d of release during August–October. Summer flounder appear to undergo tidal mo...
Sexual Side Effects of Antidepressant Medications: An Informed Consent Accountability Gap

Sexual side effects of antidepressant medications are far more common than initially reported, and their scope, quality, and duration remain poorly captured in the literature. Antidepressant treatment emergent sexual dysfunctions may decrease clients’ quality of life, complicate psychotherapy, and damage the treatment alliance. Potential damage to the treatment alliance is greatest when clients have not been adequately informed of risks related to sexual side effects. It had previously been assumed that sexual side effects always resolve shortly after medications are discontinued. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that in some individuals, sexual dysfunction side effects may persist indefinitely. The authors argue that all psychologists should be well-informed about sexual side effects risks of antidepressant medications, should routinely conduct a pre-medication baseline assessment of sexual functioning, and take an active role in the informed consent process.
Modeling wheel-induced rutting in soils: Indentation

The analysis of indentation of rigid cylindrical wheels into frictional/cohesive soils is presented. Three- and two-dimensional numerical simulations were performed using the finite element code ABAQUS to assess the influence of soil strength parameters, dilatancy, and wheel geometry on the relationship between the indentation force and wheel sinkage. The effect of three-dimensionality in the indentation process is studied in detail. Three-dimensional effects were found to be minor for clays though significant for sands. An approximate analytic approach is also presented, which relates indentation force and wheel sinkage for given wheel geometry and material parameters. Theoretical results are compared with preliminary experimental data obtained from small-scale indentation tests, and satisfactory qualitative agreement is shown. The results described in the paper are regarded as reference for numerical and analytic modeling of wheel rolling, to be presented in a separate paper.
Water crises—a new approach

Water crises are one the biggest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. But what exactly is the nature of these crises? Scientists investigated the underlying causes driving water scarcity in 22 of the best studied cases across India, China, South America, Russia, and Australia using a quantitative technique that breaks down exhaustive case studies into measurable parameters. Srinivasan et al. show that in spite of the numerous ways in which humans interact with fresh water, each shortage or crisis is driven by one or more of eight underlying causes—which can be grouped into six “syndromes.” The authors found that just as declining natural supply can drive water shortages, so can human consumption or lack of proper policies.
Further studies on the charge-related alterations of methotrexate transport in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by ionic liposomes: correlation with liposome-cell association.

Interaction of positively (phosphatidylcholine/stearylamine 5∶1) or negatively (phosphatidylcholine/stearic acid 5∶1) charged liposomes with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells for 1–5 min increases or decreases, respectively, the bidirectional fluxes of the folic acid analog, methotrexate. These effects on influx and efflux appear to be symmetrical since the liposomes do not change the intracellular level of methotrexate at the steady state. Influx kinetics show that these alterations result from an increase or decrease in theV max with no change in theK m in . These effects appear to be specific for the methotrexate-tetrahydrofolate carrier system since the transport of other compounds which utilize this carrier, aminopterin, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, is affected similarly to methotrexate, whereas, the transport of folic acid, a compound similar in structure and charge but not significantly transported by this carrier is unaffected by liposomes. Once cells are exposed to charged liposomes, the effects on methotrexate transport cannot be reversed by washing the cells free of the extracellular liposomes. If, however, cells are exposed to liposomes of one charge, washed and then exposed to liposomes of the opposite charge, methotrexate influx is reversed to control rates. The effects of charged liposomes on methotrexate influx were not abolished by treating the cells with neuraminidase, metabolic inhibitors or lowering the temperature to 4°C. Studies on the uptake of [14C] liposomes show that these effects are not proportional to the total amount of lipid associated with the cell but result from an initial rapid liposome-cell association that is not dependent on temperature or energy metabolism nor related to cell surface charge.
17(R)-Resolvin D1 differentially regulates TLR4-mediated responses of primary human macrophages to purified LPS and live E. coli.

Detection and clearance of bacterial infection require balanced effector and resolution signals to avoid chronic inflammation. Detection of GNB LPS by TLR4 on mϕ induces inflammatory responses, contributing to chronic inflammation and tissue injury. LXs and Rvs are endogenous lipid mediators that enhance resolution of inflammation, and their actions on primary human mϕ responses toward GNB are largely uncharacterized. Here, we report that LXA4, LXB4, and RvD1, tested at 0.1–1 μM, inhibited LPS-induced TNF production from primary human mϕ, with ATL and 17(R)-RvD1, demonstrating potent inhibition at 0.1 μM. In addition, 17(R)-RvD1 inhibited LPS-induced primary human mϕ production of IL-7, IL-12p70, GM-CSF, IL-8, CCL2, and MIP-1α without reducing that of IL-6 or IL-10. Remarkably, when stimulated with live Escherichia coli, mϕ treated with 17(R)-RvD1 demonstrated increased TNF production and enhanced internalization and killing of the bacteria. 17(R)-RvD1-enhanced TNF, internalization, and killing were not evident for an lpxM mutant of E. coli expressing hypoacylated LPS with reduced inflammatory activity. Furthermore, 17(R)-RvD1-enhanced, E. coli-induced TNF production was evident in WT but not TLR4-deficient murine mϕ. Thus, Rvs differentially modulate primary human mϕ responses to E. coli in an LPS- and TLR4-dependent manner, such that this Rv could promote resolution of GNB/LPS-driven inflammation by reducing mϕ proinflammatory responses to isolated LPS and increasing mϕ responses important for clearance of infection.
Beyond women's health: The new discipline of gender-specific medicine

At its best, women's health is not something to be developed as an isolated discipline. If instead biologic sex is used as an important variable in research protocols, studying and comparing men and women directly, the data prompt the formulation of questions that never otherwise would be asked. In answering those questions, one can fashion more accurate and complete models not only of human physiology, but also of the pathophysiology of disease.
Limiting transmit power of antennas in Heterogeneous Sensor Networks

This paper presents an approach describing transmit power controlled clusters for Heterogeneous Sensor Networks (HSNs). There are two types of nodes in the network: the low-end and high-end nodes. The objective is to set a threshold limit of transmit power for low end nodes for the intra-cluster communication, and also set a limit for high end nodes for inter-cluster communication. We have tested the Tabu-Voronoi clustering approach with Improved Tree Routing based on unique addressing scheme. With appropriate bounds on intra cluster and inter cluster transmission ranges, it is shown that the connectivity of clustered networks increase. The simulation results show that our technique is efficient in persevering the lifetime of the sensor networks. In this paper, it is maintained that the pairing of two complementary radios with heterogeneous range characteristics enables greater life and range diversity at lower energy cost than a single radio.
Remittances and terrorism: A global analysis

This paper is the first global investigation of the relationship between remittances and terrorism. To discern this relationship, we draw terrorism event data from the Global Terrorism Database and International Terrorism: Attributes of Terrorism Events. When a host of standard terrorism controls is employed, lagged remittances as a share of gross domestic product have a positive and significant impact on both domestic and transnational terrorist attacks. For the venue country’s viewpoint, lagged remittances have a greater marginal impact on domestic than on transnational terrorism. However, when we investigate remittances to the home country of the perpetrator, lagged remittances have the greatest marginal impact on transnational terrorism. Throughout our investigation, standard terrorism controls perform according to our priors and those of the literature, lending credence to the isolation of the impact of remittances. We also account for endogeneity concerns.
The J-Curve: Evidence from Industry-Level Data Between the U.S. and Indonesia

Empirical studies on the impact of currency devaluation or depreciation on the trade balance still continue to occupy the literature. These studies have evolved from using aggregate to disaggregated data. The findings, however, have been mixed. Previous research using aggregate trade flows of Indonesia with the rest of the world or bilateral data between Indonesia and the U.S. as one of its major trading partners found no significant relation between rupiah-dollar rate and Indonesia’s bilateral trade balances. In this article, we disaggregate the trade flows between Indonesia and the U.S. by commodity and show that the trade balances of at least nine out of 23 industries react to exchange rate changes favorably in the long run.
13C and 27Al NMR Relaxation Studies of Ethylaluminum Dichloride

Abstract A new component of room-temperature molten salts, the dimer of ethylaluminum dichloride, EtAlCl 2 , is examined with 13 C and 27 Al relaxation methods at 7.05 and 11.75 T (35-70°C). The methylene carbon undergoes scalar relaxation of the "second kind" as it is coupled to a faster relaxing (quadrupolar) nucleus. Dimeric EtAlCl 2 undergoes a significant "self-perturbation" or liquid-state phase change between 50 and 60°C, as evidenced by observed changes in its relaxation properties and J AlC . The J AlC coupling constants are 191 (30-50°C) and 165 (55-70°C) Hz. A liquid-state quadrupolar coupling constant (χ) of 71.9 MHz is determined for the EtAlCl 2 dimer using the dual spin probe method, assuming that the asymmetry parameter of the electric field gradient (η) is zero.
Luteal phase defects: a possible relationship between short hyperthermic phase and sporadic sexual behavior in women.

Abstract Sporadic (less than regular weekly) coital activity is associated with a particular type of infertility—the short hyperthermic (luteal) phase. This preliminary report is the first suggestion that a reduced frequency of human sexual activity might, itself, be associated with subfertile reproductive function.
The Zen of Venn

Art connects science through symbols that reduce complex concepts into lucid images. Among the most widely used art forms for demonstrating the integrated nature of science is the Venn diagram [Venn, 1971]. Introduced in the late 19th century, Venn diagrams—which consist of intersecting, concentric, or separated circles—can be used to illustrate logical relationships between diverse entities, concepts, and phenomena. The Venn diagram is a powerful descriptive tool for researchers, teachers, and students who are interpreting the complexities, ambiguities, and uncertainties of the interacting processes that influence the Earth system. On the Earth, matter and energy are transferred through a complex suite of reservoirs that include the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Venn diagrams can be used to simplify relationships as with thesea-level intersection of the cryosphere and hydrosphere or the greenhouse-gas intersection of the atmosphere and the biosphere. Identifying the intersections among different spheres is by individual design and elaboration, especially when the human dimensions are considered.
The ecology of games between public policy and private action: Nonprofit community organizations as bridging and mediating institutions

The conception of nonprofit organizations as institutional bridges that mediate within an environment of interrelationships is a useful device for informing strategic thinking by nonprofit professionals and volunteers. The bridge metaphor neatly explains not only the rise in number of nonprofit community organizations, but also the process by which leaders of the private and public sectors have formed partnerships to project the wealth and assets of communities.
All-epiphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients.

Background Treating ACL injuries in prepubescent patients requires balancing the risk of chondral and meniscal injuries associated with delaying treatment against the risk of growth disturbance from early surgical reconstruction. Multiple physeal respecting techniques have been described to address this vulnerable population; however, none restore the native ACL attachments while keeping the graft and fixation entirely in the epiphysis.
Penetrating Keratoplasty and Intraocular Lens Exchange for Pseudophakic Bullous Keratopathy Associated With a Closed-Loop Anterior Chamber Intraocular Lens

We reviewed the records of 20 consecutive eyes with pseudophakic bullous keratopathy associated with a closed-loop anterior chamber lens that underwent penetrating keratoplasty, total anterior vitrectomy, and anterior chamber intraocular lens exchange. On reexamination, all corneal grafts had remained clear during an average follow-up period of 15 months (range, four to 45 months). Seven eyes (35%) attained a visual acuity of 20/40 or better with spectacle correction; however, 15 of 20 eyes (75%) attained a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better using a pinhole and a gas-permeable contact lens. In five eyes visual acuity was 20/400 or poorer because of cystoid macular edema, as documented by fluorescein angiography, age-related macular degeneration, or optic atrophy. Localized, minimal peripheral anterior synechiae were present on gonioscopy in seven eyes. The one-piece flexible anterior chamber lens implants used for exchange appeared to be well tolerated in this series of patients.
Larval nutrition affects life history traits in a capital breeding moth

Fitness depends not only on resource uptake but also on the allocation of these resources to various life history functions. This study explores the life-history consequences of larval diet in terms not only of larval performance but also of adult body composition and reproductive traits in the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hubner). Caterpillars were reared on their preferred tree host, trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides), or on one of three artificial foods: high protein:low carbohydrate, equal protein-to-carbohydrate ratio or low protein:high carbohydrate. Survivorship, larval development rate and adult body size were lowest on the carbohydrate-biased diet and similar on the protein-biased and equal-ratio diets. Fecundity increased with body size but did not otherwise differ between diets. Moths reared on the carbohydrate-biased diet allocated a lower proportion of their mass to the ovaries and more to somatic growth whereas those on equal-ratio and protein-biased diets allocated more to reproductive tissue and less to somatic tissue. These differences in allocation to reproduction arose from differences in the size of eggs, an index of offspring quality. No differences were found in lipid and protein content of female ovaries, accessory glands or somatic tissue, or of the whole body of male moths. The findings show that physiological processes regulate the composition of the different components of the adult body. Diet effects occur as differences in overall body size and in relative allocation to these components. Although lepidopterans can, to a large extent, compensate post-ingestively for nutritionally deficient diets, investment in reproduction vs somatic growth depends on the nutrients available.
Semisynthetic Studies on and Biological Evaluation of N-Methyllaurotetanine Analogues as Ligands for 5-HT Receptors.

N-Methyllaurotetanine (1) has been reported to display good affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor, but no structure–affinity studies have been performed to date. The commercially available alkaloid boldine (2) was used as the starting material for synthesis of various C-9 alkoxy analogues of N-methyllaurotetanine in order to gauge the effect of C-9 alkylation on affinity and selectivity at 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT7 receptors. Mitsunobu reactions were implemented in the alkylation steps leading to the analogues. Modest improvement in 5-HT1A affinity was observed upon alkylation for most analogues. Thus, the C-9 hydroxy group of 1 is not critical for affinity to the 5-HT1A receptor. Some analogues displayed high affinity for the 5-HT7 receptor, comparable to N-methyllaurotetanine, with moderate selectivity vs 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors.