cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invited talk: a computational study of bidirectional promoters in the human genome

A bidirectional promoter is a region along a strand of DNA that regulates the expression of two genes flanking the region. Each of these genes is transcibed in a direction that points away from the other gene; two such genes are said to be in a head-to-head configuration. We search the UCSC List of Known Genes and GenBank Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) data for pairs of genes in such a configuration in order to identify new bidirectional promoters. The EST data constitutes a larger and more intricate dataset than the UCSC List of Known Genes. However, working with EST data presents a challenge, as the EST database may be highly redundant and may also contain overlapping ESTs. To deal with these problems, we have developed an algorithm to identify bidirectional promoters based on the above data sources; the algorithm is capable of handling redundant ESTs, and also ESTs that overlap or disagree in orientation. This analysis resulted in the identification of thousands of new candidate head-to-head gene pairs, corroborated the 5' ends of many known human genes, revealed new 5' exons of previously characterized genes, and in some cases identified novel genes. Further analyses yielded evidence for coordinate expression of genes in a head-to-head configuration, and examined the prevalence of bidirectional promoters in different biological pathways.
Cyanotic and Pallid Syncopal Attacks in Children (Breath‐Holding Spells)

UMMARY The clinical characteristics of breath-holding spells, including prognosis, have been investigated in 150 patients. There are two fundamental types of spells: cyanotic and pallid. As a rule, precipitating factors are anger or frustration followed by crying which precedes the loss of consciousness in the cyanotic breath-holding spells and pain or fear without crying in the pallid breath-holding spells. Both types of spells have a good prognosis; they cease by the age of 7 years or earlier and leave no sequelae. A familial incidence is found for both types of spells. RESUME Syncope cyanotique et syncope blanche chez Venfant (crise de blocage respiratoire) Les caracteristiques cliniques, y compris le pronostic des crises de blocage respiratoire, ont ete etudiees chez 150 malades. II existe deux types fondamentaux de crises, cyanotique et blanche. En regie, les facteurs favorisant sont la colere ou la frustration suivies de pleurs precedant la perte de conscience dans les crises cyanotiques et la douleur ou la peur sans pleurs dans les crises de syncope blanche. Les deux types de crise ont un bon pronostic; elles cessent a l'age de sept ans ou plus tot, sans sequelles. Une tendance familiale est observee pour les deux types de crise. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Cyanotische und blasse Ohnmachtsanfalle bei Kindern (Wegbleiberi der Kleinkinder) Bei 150 Patienten wurden die klinischen Charakteristika des ‘Wegbleibens' der Klein-kinder einschlieBlich der Prognose untersucht. Man unterscheidet grundsatzlich zwei Arten des Wegbleibens: cyanotische und blasse. Im allgemeinen gelten als begiinstigende Faktoien Unwille oder Frustration, was mit dem BewuBtseinsverlust vorausgehendem Schreien beantwortet wird bei der cyanotischen Form des Wegbleibens, und Schmerz oder Furcht ohne nachfolgendes Schreien bei der blassen Form des Wegbleibens. Beide Arten des Wegbleibens haben eine gute Prognose; sie horen mit dem 7. Lebensjahr oder friiher auf und hinterlassen keine Folgeerscheinungen. Ein familiares Vorkommen wird bei beiden Formen des ‘Wegbleibens' gefunden. RESUMEN Ataques sincopales cianoticos y plaAidos en los ninos: periodos cuando se retiene la respiration Se han investigado en 150 enfermos las caiacteristicas clinicas (incluso el pronostico) de ataques en que se retiene la respiracion. Hay dos tipos fundamentals de ataque: el cianotico y el palido. Por lo general, los factores que precipitan un ataque son el enojo o el chasco seguido de un periodo de llanto que precede a la perdida del conocimiento en los ataques cianoticos en que se retiene la respiracion, y dolor o miedo sin llanto en los ataques palidos en que se retiene la respiracion. Ambos tipos de ataque tienen un buen pronosticor cesan antes de los siete afios cumplidos y no tienen secuelas. Hay una incidencia familiar para ambos tipos de ataque.
Enzymic redox reactions of cytochromes c.

Abstract The two cytochromes c for which detailed tertiary structures have been obtained recently—cytochrome c from mammalian mitochondria and cytochrome c2 from Rhodospirillum rubrum—have been compared in reactivity in the physiologic redox systems for which the former is the natural substrate. These systems are the mitochondrial DPNH-cytochrome c reductase (complex I–III) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV). In addition, the effects of antimycin A (a specific inhibitor in the reductase system) and L-polylysine (usually employed to inhibit the oxidase system) on the reduction and oxidation of cytochromes c and c2 have been studied. Preliminary data for these two cytochromes, as well as for five others representative of different classes of bacterial and algal cytochrome c are presented. Implications of these findings for current attempts to rationalize the structural features of cytochromes c are considered.
Why the Big Bang Singularity Does Not Help the Kalām Cosmological Argument for Theism

The Big Bang singularity provides little or no evidence for creation in the finite past and hence for theism. Whether one dismisses singularities or takes them seriously, physics licenses no first moment of (space-)time. A physical theory might lack a metric or any other notion of finite length for curves, so a general notion of "beginning" must involve a first moment. The analogy between the Big Bang singularity and stellar gravitational collapse suggests that a Creator is required in the first case only if a Destroyer is needed in the second. The need for and progress in quantum gravity and the underdetermination of theories by data make it difficult to take singularities seriously.
Classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: what is new since 2002?

Abstract Since the introduction of the 2002 ATS/ERS consensus classification of interstitial lung disease, the body of literature has greatly expanded. As such, an updated classification is in the final review stages at the time of this writing. In addition, the clinical diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has been refined, incorporating multidisciplinary guidelines. Similarly, the entity of clinically idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia has been better defined. The issue of smoking-related interstitial fibrosis, while in some ways controversial, has also been better established. The aim of this article is to review updates in the major categories of interstitial lung disease since 2002 and discuss the concept of smoking-related interstitial fibrosis.
On the factorization of trajectory lifting maps

Trajectory preserving and lifting maps have been implicitly used in many recursive or hierarchical control design techniques. Well known systems theoretic concepts such as differential flatness or more recent ones such as bisimulations can be also understood through the trajectory lifting maps they define. In this paper we initiate a study of trajectory preserving and lifting maps between affine control systems. Our main result shows that any trajectory lifting map between two single-input control affine systems can be locally factored as the composition of two special trajectory lifting maps: a projection onto a quotient system followed by a differentially flat output with respect to another control system.
APPROXIMATE ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS IN NONLINEAR DYNAMICS AND OPTIMAL CONTROL

This paper presents approximate solutions to problems in optimal control and nonlinear dynamic systems through parametric Bezier curves. These curves can be analytically established through standard definition. The approach of this paper can be justified by a particular expression of the variational approach, though the focus of the paper is the application of the procedure. This is illustrated through several non-trivial problems. The significant feature of this paper is the ease of problem definition, the exploitation of the natural features of the curve definition for enforcing boundary conditions, and an overall simplicity associated with the solution process. Furthermore, the solutions are obtained through nonlinear programming, where numerical techniques are well established. The solutions, while approximate, possess the same characteristics as the ones obtained rigorously through standard numerical techniques.
Assessment Data-Informed Guidance to Individualize Kindergarten Reading Instruction: Findings from a Cluster-Randomized Control Field Trial.

Abstract The purpose of this cluster-randomized control field trial was to examine whether kindergarten teachers could learn to differentiate classroom reading instruction using Individualized Student Instruction for Kindergarten (ISI-K) and to test the efficacy of differentiation on reading outcomes. The study involved 14 schools, 23 ISI-K (n = 305 students) and 21 contrast teachers (n = 251 students). Data sources included classroom observations, parent surveys, and student assessments of language, cognitive, and reading skills. Hierarchical multivariate linear modeling revealed that students in ISI-K classrooms outperformed contrast students on a latent measure of reading skills (ES = .52). Teachers in both conditions provided small-group instruction, but teachers in the ISI-K condition provided significantly more individualized instruction. Findings are discussed regarding professional development to differentiate core reading instruction and the challenge of using Response to Intervention approaches ...
Integrate Web 2.0 Technology to Facilitate Online Professional Community: EMI Special Editing Experiences.

This article reports on the collaborative journal review of an online professional community that was established to prepare this special edition for publication. The focus is on how Web 2.0 technology can be used to support a professional journal review community and to enhance active social interaction among reviewers. The theme of this special edition is dedicated to Web 2.0 while the entire editing and reviewing processes integrated Web 2.0 tools to accomplish the tasks through an online professional learning community. Reviewers agreed that integrating Web 2.0 technology has value to facilitate an online professional community. Issues of trust, professional relationships, and authority relationships emerged from this examination, and they should be pondered further to obtain a better understanding in building and developing a knowledge‐centered community. L'integration de la Technologie de la mise en reseau interpersonnel pour faciliter la creation de Communautes Professionnelles en ligne Le but de l...
The Art of Nurturing Citizen Scientists through Mixed Reality

Modern society requires the public to have an increased knowledge of science beyond the basics, with average people needing to understand concepts in science, technology, engineering and mathematics that rapidly evolve throughout their lifetimes. Our future depends upon closing the gaps between citizen and scientist to create a "citizen scientist". Mixed reality innovations provide the magic to spark a lifetime of learning for community learning centers by continuously providing new content and reinventing the free-choice learning experience that helps citizens make informed choices in an increasingly complex world. This paper explores a mixed reality experiential learning landscape that expands our ability to provide dynamic content structures for venues to engage the user's physical environment and interactive imagination by incorporating the conventions of story, play and game employed in competing leisure time activities. This is intended to reverse the standard decline of attendance by teenagers and young adults.
Latina/o Dropouts: Generating Community Cultural Wealth

This article builds upon a community cultural wealth framework (Yosso, 2005) to discuss how strategies for school persistence are articulated, cultivated and employed through individual aspirations and practices. The analysis draws from testimonios of six Latina/o young adults between the ages of 18 and 20 living in California’s 9-County Sacramento Region who left or considered leaving high school before graduating. Findings suggest that the use of “dropout” to describe students who leave school before graduating both shifts disproportionate blame to them and masks the wealth of insight and experiences these youth contribute to their families, communities, and society. To better understand and address the crisis of low graduation rates for Latinas/os, it is imperative that we include their voices in our quest for addressing disparities that contribute to educational inequities.
Envelope and phase path recombination in ADPLL-based wideband polar transmitters

We investigate the recombination of the RF envelope and phase/frequency paths in a polar transmitter, which is based here on an all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL) with a wideband modulation capability. Direct phase/frequency modulation of the digitally-controlled oscillator (DCO) is achieved by means of a two-point modulation scheme of the ADPLL. This scheme views the ADPLL as an all-pass digital filter for the discrete-time baseband phase samples but a low-pass reconstruction filter in the continuous-time domain of the RF DCO output. It is shown analytically that the DCO gain estimation highly affects the interpolative behavior of the ADPLL, which under exact gain estimation, is equivalent to a linear interpolator with sinc2(f)-type transfer function. Given this low-pass behavior of the ADPLL, simple quantitative analysis indicates that optimum phase and RF envelope recombination is achieved when the digital baseband envelope is reconstructed with a filter that closely approximates the ADPLL interpolative transfer function. Furthermore, the cumulative low-pass behavior of the digital polar transmitter mandates the baseband processing rate of the envelope and, more importantly, the phase, be high enough (on the order of a few hundred MHz) so that the recombined RF spectrum meets the stringent performance requirements of emerging communications standards, such as LTE and WiMAX. Fortunately, the use of envelope and phase pre-distortion counterbalances the need for excessively high baseband processing rates.
18F-Fluoride PET in the Assessment of Malignant Bone Disease.

In the 1970s, 18F-labeled sodium fluoride (18F-NaF), one of the most ubiquitous positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals, was briefly used for skeletal scintigraphy before the introduction of 99mTc-labeled diphosphonates with optimal characteristics for conventional γ cameras ([1][1],[2][2]). 18F-NaF
Effect of Solvation on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Pt Catalyst

Previous models of PEM fuel cells have not explicitly considered the effect of a bulk water layer on the mechanism of the oxygen reduction reaction. The dominant mechanism is considered to be PtO2+H++e−→PtO2H, PtO2H→PtO+PtOH, PtO+H++e−→PtOH, and PtOH+H++e−→PtOH2. Using the B3LYP functional with the LANL2DZ basis set and effective core potential on Pt and the CC-pVDZ basis set on O and H with two clusters, the first a planar Pt10 cluster and the second a three-layer Pt20 cluster, we have considered the effect of a solvation model consisting of two stacked hexagonal water structures with another water in the center above a hexagon of surface Pt atoms. We find that dissociation of O2H is much less favorable on the water covered surface as compared to the bare surface unless at least one water molecule is removed to create two adjacent surface Pt atoms. We find an H2O·O2 complex, where one H2O has been turned so as to form a hydrogen bond with the O2, and this complex can be viewed as the branch point in the ...
Review of Practices That Promote Self-Advocacy for Students With Disabilities:

Self-advocacy skills for students with disabilities have been linked to elevated school retention rates and more successful adult outcomes. Test, Fowler, Brewer, and Wood examined evidence of self-...
Amniotic fluid volume. A measurement of the amniotic fluid present in 72 pregnancies during the first half of pregnancy.

Abstract Liberalization of the abortion laws in the United States is creating an increased interest in the methods of interrupting pregnancy in the mid-trimester. Induction of labor by replacing amniotic fluid with hypertonic saline is frequently replacing hysterotomy for this purpose. There is scant information in the literature on the volume of amniotic fluid to be expected at various gestational ages. The present study investigated the amount of amniotic fluid in 72 conceptuses removed during the first half of pregnancy by abdominal hysterotomy or hysterectomy.
Body composition of gilts at puberty.

The relationship between body com- position and the occurrence of puberty was evaluated using 93 Yorkshire x Landrace gilts. At approximately 60 d of age gilts were purchased and placed in a heated confinement unit where they were housed for the duration of the study. Ad libitum access to feed was provided throughout the study. Gilts were moved, mixed, and initially exposed to mature boars at approximately 120 d of age to encourage the earliest possible occurrence of puberty. Empty body weights of water, fat, protein, and ash at puberty were estimated using a deuterium dilution technique and prediction equations developed for this gilt population. There was considerable variation in age, weight, and all measures of body composition at puberty. Gilts were 138 to 240 d old and weighed 64.9 to 150.8 kg. Backfat thickness ranged from 17.5 to 44.0 mm. Gilts were composed of 32.4 to 64.3 kg of water, 15.6 to 53.9 kg of fat, 9.03 to 20.56 kg of protein, and 1.24 to 3.10 kg of ash. The coefficient of variation for fat to lean ratio at puberty was 15.39%. Linear and quadratic regressions showed that lifetime (birth to puberty) growth rate was not related to age at puberty ( P > .lo). Based on the variation in body composition observed it was concluded that the occurrence of puberty in gilts given ad libitum access to feed during rearing and initially exposed to mature boars at approximately 120 d of age was not related to certain minimum threshold amounts of body tissues or to a specific rate at which body tissue reserves were accumulated.
Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of environmental contaminants to bird eggs

In light of recent ecological disasters such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989, which has already claimed the lives of thousands of aquatic birds with the reproductive success of countless others at risk, there is a need to evaluate the embryotoxic potential of a continuously growing number of industrial and agricultural environmental contaminants that may come in direct contact with bird eggs. Since the Clean Air Act of 1970, the Environmental Protection Agency has issued regulations for only seven toxics, yet in 1987 alone industry released over two billion pounds of toxic substances into the air (Easterbrook 1989).
Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Other Risk Factors for Using Higher-Nicotine/Tar-Yield (Regular Full-Flavor) Cigarettes.

Introduction Use of machine-estimated higher nicotine/tar yield (regular full-flavor) cigarettes is associated with increased risk of nicotine dependence. The present study examined risk factors for using full-flavor versus other cigarette types, including socioeconomic disadvantage and other risk factors for tobacco use or tobacco-related adverse health impacts. Associations between use of full-flavor cigarettes and risk of nicotine dependence were also examined. Methods Data were obtained from nationally representative samples of adult cigarette smokers from the US National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Logistic regression and classification and regression tree modeling were used to examine associations between use of full-flavor cigarettes and educational attainment, poverty, race/ethnicity, age, sex, mental illness, alcohol abuse/dependence, and illicit drug abuse/dependence. Logistic regression was used to examine risk for nicotine dependence. Results Each of these risk factors except alcohol abuse/dependence independently predicted increased odds of using full-flavor cigarettes (p < .001), with lower educational attainment the strongest predictor, followed by poverty, male sex, younger age, minority race/ethnicity, mental illness, and drug abuse/dependence, respectively. Use of full-flavor cigarettes was associated with increased odds of nicotine dependence within each of these risk factor groupings (p < .01). Cart modeling identified how prevalence of full-flavor cigarette use can vary from a low of 25% to a high of 66% corresponding to differing combinations of these independent risk factors. Conclusions Use of full-flavor cigarettes is overrepresented in socioeconomically disadvantaged and other vulnerable populations, and associated with increased risk of nicotine dependence. Greater regulation of this cigarette type may be warranted. Implications Greater regulation of commercially available Regular Full-Flavor Cigarettes may be warranted. Use of this type of cigarette is overrepresented in socioeconomically disadvantaged and other vulnerable populations and associated with increased risk for nicotine dependence.
Review: George Nelson: Architect, Writer, Designer, Teacher

George Nelson: Architect, Writer, Designer, Teacher Vitra Design Museum, Weil am Rhein, Germany 12 September 2008–3 May 2009 Fundacion Pedro Barrie de la Maza, A Coruna, Spain 15 June–29 November 2009 Oklahoma Art Center, Oklahoma 2 February–1 May 2011 McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, Texas 6 June–29 September 2011 Bellevue Arts Museum, Bellevue, Washington 29 October 2011–12 February 2012 Cranbrook Art Museum, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 16 June–14 October 2012 Yale School of Architecture Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, 8 November 2012–26 January 2013 In 1946 D. J. De Pree, director of the furniture company Herman Miller, hired George Nelson (1908–1986) as a furniture designer, and a year later he created the position of design director especially for Nelson. Later on, Nelson liked to remark that he took on his first assignment as a complete beginner, having never actually designed furniture before. Yet, by the end of the 1940s, Nelson was a leading American designer, shaping products for home and office and accepting commissions for architecture, graphic design, corporate communications, exhibitions, and interiors. To mark the one hundredth anniversary of Nelson’s birth, the Vitra Design Museum, which acquired the archives of Nelson’s office from his estate, created the traveling exhibition George Nelson: Architect, Writer, Designer, Teacher . The exhibit presented Nelson, whose life and career have received relatively little attention in comparison with other postwar designers such as Charles and Ray Eames, as a prolific and influential designer whose product designs shaped the experience of the home, the workspace, and the other new environments created by postwar modern architects. Nelson was educated at Yale, receiving a BA in architecture in 1928 and a BFA three years later. While in Europe from 1932 to 1934 as winner of the Rome Prize, he visited leaders of the emerging modern movement, including Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Walter Gropius. These visits resulted in a series of essays in Pencil Points , beginning in January 1935, that profiled leading European architects and launched Nelson’s career as a writer. That same year he joined Architectural Forum and soon became an associate editor there and at Fortune . In 1936 he opened an architectural practice in New York with William Hamby, but it was primarily as a writer that Nelson achieved early recognition. In 1944, Nelson and …
The Brauer–Manin obstruction for certain quartic curves with negative discriminant

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we construct an infinite explicit family of genus one quartic curves with negative discriminants that are counterexamples to the Hasse principle explained by the Brauer–Manin obstruction.
Prospects for quantum computing

Quantum effects have been essential in electrical engineering since the invention of the vacuum tube, but now we envision that quantum mechanics, acting at the system level, could enable a new quantum style of data processing. The author reviews the theoretical computer science results that make the desire to implement quantum computation so compelling. A new kind of single-electron device may be capable of achieving quantum-computing operation, and the author describes how it is supposed to work.
Umbilicoplasty for Gastroschisis

A normally positioned aesthetic umbilicus that is patient acceptable is important to the psychological well-being of the child through to adulthood. Following intra-abdominal placement of the extruded edematous bowel, in children born with gastroschisis, closure of the wide 1.5–3.5 cm diameter umbilical port can be achieved in the manner of a “hinged bottle top,” using the splayed cord that is attached to the left margin of the port. The technique uses the natural spontaneous fascial contracture that occurs during drying of the umbilical cord to achieve a midline aesthetic umbilicus and a scarless abdomen. Umbilical hernia has not been a problem. Complications have been minor with early periumbilical cellulitis requiring antibiotics and the occasional “soft” wide umbilicus coming to late surgery. Long-term follow-up of 32 patients, now >20 years, confirms the patient acceptability of a normally placed aesthetic umbilicus and a scarless abdomen.
Recreation in the Countryside: A Spatial Analysis. By J. T. Coppock and Brian S. Duffield

(1977). Recreation in the Countryside: A Spatial Analysis. By J. T. Coppock and Brian S. Duffield. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 69-71.
Consideration of future consequences as a moderator of the willingness-behavior relationship for young adult marijuana use and consequences.

Abstract The Prototype Willingness Model is a dual-processing (i.e., intentional and socially reactive) health-risk behavior model. The socially reactive path includes behavioral willingness, descriptive normative perceptions, and favorable images of individuals who engage in health-risk behavior (prototype favorability) as important predictors of health behaviors. Individual differences (such as consideration of future consequences) may potentiate the effects of behavioral willingness on health-risk outcomes, such as marijuana use. Given limited research investigating marijuana use and the Prototype Willingness Model, the goals of the current study were: 1) examine consideration of future consequences and Prototype Willingness Model social reaction pathway variables in relation to behavioral willingness to use marijuana longitudinally; and 2) determine if consideration of future consequences moderated the behavioral willingness-marijuana use relation prospectively. Young adults (N = 769) from a larger longitudinal study completed baseline and 3 follow-up assessments (Months 3, 4, 5). Behavioral willingness was positively related to a higher likelihood of use, more days having used marijuana, and more consequences prospectively, over and above baseline use. Consideration of future consequences moderated the association between behavioral willingness and hours high in a typical week. These findings support the willingness-behavior association of the Prototype Willingness Model and preliminarily demonstrate consideration of future consequences' differential impact on behavioral willingness-future marijuana use relation. Intervention and prevention implications are discussed.
Comment on He et al., VATS bronchial sleeve resection

Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy has become the standard of care for resection of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. The results of nearly all studies to date suggest that patients return to work sooner, have less postoperative pain, and are able to initiate and complete adjuvant therapies more expeditiously, compared with open thoracotomy (1,2). It remains an open question how often VATS can be routinely applied for several situations, including postinduction anatomic resections, bronchial sleeve resections, and pulmonary arterioplasties. In this paper from the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Dr. He and colleagues retrospectively report their experience with VATS bronchial sleeve resection in 20 highly selected patients. No patient who needed a pulmonary arterioplasty was included, and only one patient had induction therapy. During the study period of 22 months, VATS bronchial sleeve resection composed 41% of the total number of sleeve resections (n=49) performed. The majority of sleeve resections were of the right upper lobe (n=11, 55%), with the remaining lobes having at least one sleeve resection.
Patient Autonomy Legal and Ethical Issues in the Post-Anaesthetic Care Unit:

The need for patient autonomy, empowerment and choice has become central to health reforms. Confronted with the prospects of such perpetual changes, respect for patient autonomy has to be tempered with paternalistic beneficence. This article discusses the difficulties encountered when applying patient autonomy within the post-anaesthetic care unit (PACU), evaluating ethical, legal and professional issues.
Fossil Old World Monkeys

The earliest fossil Old World monkeys are from the early Miocene (or latest Oligocene) of Africa. The victoriapithecids are a group of frugivorous, partly terrestrial cercopithecoid monkeys that preceded the divergence of cercopithecines and colobines. They retain several features of their dentition lost in the extant families of Old World monkeys. The fossil record of Africa shows an extensive Pliocene and Pleistocene radiation of large baboon-like monkeys from many parts of the continent, including many fossil relatives of geladas. Fossil macaques and larger macaque-like monkeys are known from the late Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene of Eurasia. The earliest colobines are from the late Miocene of Africa. In the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Africa there were several fossil colobines much larger than the extant genera, including one genus that was terrestrial. Colobines were widespread in the latest Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene of Europe. Fossil colobines are less common in Asia where are numerous remains attributed to extant genera.
Chemical additives to control expansion of alkali-silica reaction gel: proposed mechanisms of control

Calcium chloride, lithium chloride, and acetone have previously been shown to affect expansion caused by alkali-silica reaction (ASR), a deleterious reaction occurring between reactive siliceous minerals present in some aggregate and the strongly alkaline pore solution in concrete. Here, the effect of these chemical additives was examined by transmission soft X-ray microscopy and a quantitative elemental analysis, using ICP-OES. In examining the effect of calcium chloride on ASR gels, the formation of a calcium silicate product, believed to be non-expansive, was identified by X-ray microscopy. Additionally, the elemental analysis results suggest that the concentration of calcium ions in the pore solution, which is dependent upon the solubility of the chemical additive and the percent addition, relative to the concentration of silica species in solution is an important parameter for effective control of expansion associated with ASR. In examining the effect of lithium chloride, quantitative elemental analysis showed silica dissolution in solutions of 0.7 M NaOH + 0.1 M LiCl, but with silicon present in slightly lower concentrations than in 0.7 M NaOH solutions alone. However, X-ray microscopy showed less evidence of repolymerization of the dissolved silica into an expansive gel in the presence of lithium chloride as compared to the reaction of the ASR gel in alkaline (0.7 M NaOH) solutions without lithium. With acetone, the results, including X-ray images showing the formation of repolymerized gel in 0.7 M NaOH solution containing 10% v/v acetone, indicate that the use of acetone as a chemical additive may not be as effective as once believed in preventing expansion caused by ASR. It is proposed that any reduction in expansion by use of acetone is temporary and diminishes over time.
The Critical Role of Information Retrieval in STEM Information Literacy

Searching databases for peer-reviewed journal articles is a traditional mainstay of STEM information literacy instruction. This paper examines the barriers that STEM students face in learning to ac...
Congenital Valvular Aortic Stenosis

Congenital valvular aortic stenosis has multiple morphologic variations including unicuspid aortic valve (AV), bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), or quadricuspid AV (Fig. 15.1). BAV is the most common congenital heart lesion, is estimated to occur in 1–2% of the general population, may be inherited, and has a male predominance.
Multiplayer Pursuit-Evasion Games in Three-Dimensional Flow Fields

In this paper, we deal with a pursuit-evasion differential game between multiple pursuers and multiple evaders in the three-dimensional space under dynamic environmental disturbances (e.g., winds, underwater currents). We first recast the problem in terms of partitioning the pursuer set and assign each pursuer to an evader. We present two algorithms to partition the pursuer set from either the pursuer’s perspective or the evader’s perspective. Within each partition, the problem is reduced into a multi-pursuer/single-evader game. This problem is then addressed through a reachability-based approach. We give conditions for the game to terminate in terms of reachable set inclusions. The reachable sets of the pursuers and the evader are obtained by solving their corresponding level set equations through the narrow band level set method. We further demonstrate why fast marching or fast sweeping schemes are not applicable to this problem for a general class of disturbances. The time-optimal trajectories and the corresponding optimal strategies can be retrieved afterward by traversing these level sets. The proposed scheme is implemented on problems with both simple and realistic flow fields.
Modeling Curbside Parking as a Network of Finite Capacity Queues

Paid curbside parking can be advantageously modeled as a network of interdependent queues. To this end, we introduce methods for analyzing a special class of networks of finite capacity queues where drivers arrive from an exogenous source, join the queue if there is an available parking space, or continue to search at an adjacent queue for an available space. Furthermore, we apply this model to estimate the proportion of drivers cruising in the neighborhood of Belltown, Seattle, WA, USA. Using occupancy approximated by parking transaction data, we estimate the percentage of drivers cruising for curbside parking by comparing the rate of drivers unable to find parking to bulk through-traffic measurement data. We find percentages of up to 50% for a Belltown’s 1st Ave. depending on the time, day, and direction of travel. We then calculate a per vehicle travel-time cost to social welfare incurred by this proportion: upward of a 10% increase in travel time to all drivers along 1st Ave. Last, we introduce a simulation tool and test assumptions made when estimating interesting performance metrics like the probability of a block-face being full. Our results suggest that while assuming exponential service time distributions is not justified, mean rate solutions under a Markovian relaxation of the problem is comparable to service times representative of parking transaction data in simulation.
Methods, Impact, and Reach of the Global Feminist Judgments Projects

English Abstract: This collection of essays is the product of the workshop Feminist Judgments: Comparative Socio-Legal Perspectives on Judicial Decision Making and Gender Justice held at the International Institute for the Sociology of Law (Onati, Spain) in May, 2017. The papers explain and explore the multiple global projects that attempt to rewrite judicial opinions by incorporating feminist legal reasoning or methods. Each essay grows out of the authors’ experiences working with projects based in a particular socio-political, geographical, historical and jurisprudential context: Canada, England, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, and a multi-jurisdictional international law project. Collectively, the essays bring new insights, methods and challenges to the study of the feminist project of equal justice across the boundaries of culture, race, nation and gender. Spanish Abstract: Esta coleccion de articulos es producto del seminario Feminist Judgments: Comparative Socio-Legal Perspectives on Judicial Decision Making and Gender Justice, que tuvo lugar en el Instituto Internacional de Sociologia Juridica (Onati, Espana), en mayo de 2017. Los articulos explican y exploran los multiples proyectos globales que intentan reescribir opiniones judiciales incorporando razonamientos o metodos juridicos feministas. Cada articulo proviene de las experiencias de las autoras en su trabajo con proyectos basados en un contexto sociopolitico, geografico, historico y jurisprudencial concreto: Canada, Inglaterra, Australia, Irlanda, Nueva Zelanda, Escocia y un proyecto juridico internacional multijurisdiccional. En conjunto, los articulos aportan nuevos enfoques, metodos y desafios al estudio del proyecto feminista de justicia igualitaria, mas alla de los limites de culturas, razas, paises y generos.
Age-related differences in head impact during experimentally induced sideways falls

Purpose. To examine head impact incidence and head acceleration during experimentally induced falls as a function of age. Methods. 15 young adults (21.2±2.7) and 10 older adults (61.9±4.3 years) underwent 6 experimentally induced sideways falls. Participants fell sideways onto a 20cm crash pad. The number of head impacts was tabulated from video recordings and head acceleration was calculated from motion capture data. A total of 147 falls were analyzed. Results. The young group underwent 88 falls, in which 11.4% resulted in head impact. The older group underwent 59 falls, in which 34.5% resulted in head impact. A proportion analysis revealed older adults had a significantly greater proportion of head impacts than young adults (X2(1) = 11.445, p = 0.001). A two-way ANOVA only revealed a main effect of head impact on acceleration (F(1,142) = 54.342, p<0.001). Conclusion. The older adults experienced a greater proportion of head impacts during sideways falls. Head impact resulted in greater head acceleration compared to no head impact. Collectively, this data highlights the possibility that age-related neuromuscular changes to head control may result in elevated risk of fall-related TBIs. Future research examining mechanisms underlying increases in fall-related head impact is warranted.
Combating plastic waste via Trash to Tank

Due to lack of infrastructure and capital to manage waste properly, developing regions face significant challenges from plastic waste accumulation. The Trash-to-Tank program enables communities to locally convert post-consumer use plastic to plastic-derived fuel oil, providing environmental and economic benefits.
Neurocognitive and social cognitive training for youth at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis: A randomized controlled feasibility trial.

Abstract Background Cognitive deficits are present in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR P). We developed Cognition for Learning and for Understanding Everyday Social Situations (CLUES), an integrated social- and neurocognitive remediation intervention for CHR P, and examined its feasibility and efficacy compared to an active control intervention in a pilot randomized controlled trial. Method Thirty-eight individuals at CHR-P were randomized to CLUES or Enriched Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (EnACT). Participants were assessed at baseline, end of treatment and 3-month follow-up for changes in social/role functioning, neuro- and social cognition, and symptoms. Results Social functioning significantly improved for participants in CLUES over EnACT, at end of treatment and 3-month follow-up. CLUES participants also showed greater improvements in social cognition (theory of mind and managing emotions). Conclusion The results support feasibility of CLUES and suggest preliminary efficacy. Future randomized controlled trials of CLUES in a larger sample, with additional treatment sites, could help determine efficacy of CLUES, and investigate whether CLUES can be effectively implemented in other settings.
Exploring network derived indicators of acculturation among college enrolled Latinxs: Examining language use and homophily in support networks

Acculturation measures focus on the perceived composition of a person's social networks as a characteristic of cultural change but have not focused on specific social relationships as sources of evaluation. The current study explores network-derived indicators of acculturation and determines the viability of network acculturation as a related, but distinct, construct from enculturation. A first-order ego network electronic survey design was used to gather social network and traditional survey data from a sample of college-enrolled Latinxs using name generator and name interpreter questions. Findings indicate low but statistically significant correlations between network indicators of acculturation and enculturation as hypothesized. No group differences in network acculturation were observed between generational statuses despite demonstrated differences in psychological enculturation. The low but statistically significant relationships between enculturation and network acculturation suggest conceptually related but distinct indicators of acculturation. Latinx homophily was the strongest predictor of enculturation, revealing the importance of network characteristics.
Molecular Rescue in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

In this issue of the Journal, Humbert et al.1 report on a new approach to the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, particularly the idiopathic and heritable forms of the disease. The treat...
Analysis of the Effects of COVID-19 Mask Mandates on Hospital Resource Consumption and Mortality at the County Level.

OBJECTIVES: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) threatens vulnerable patient populations, resulting in immense pressures at the local, regional, national, and international levels to contain the virus. Laboratory-based studies demonstrate that masks may offer benefit in reducing the spread of droplet-based illnesses, but few data are available to assess mask effects via executive order on a population basis. We assess the effects of a county-wide mask order on per-population mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) utilization, and ventilator utilization in Bexar County, Texas. METHODS: We used publicly reported county-level data to perform a mixed-methods before-and-after analysis along with other sources of public data for analyses of covariance. We used a least-squares regression analysis to adjust for confounders. A Texas state-level mask order was issued on July 3, 2020, followed by a Bexar County-level order on July 15, 2020. We defined the control period as June 2 to July 2 and the postmask order period as July 8, 2020-August 12, 2020, with a 5-day gap to account for the median incubation period for cases; longer periods of 7 and 10 days were used for hospitalization and ICU admission/death, respectively. Data are reported on a per-100,000 population basis using respective US Census Bureau-reported populations. RESULTS: From June 2, 2020 through August 12, 2020, there were 40,771 reported cases of COVID-19 within Bexar County, with 470 total deaths. The average number of new cases per day within the county was 565.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] 394.6-736.2). The average number of positive hospitalized patients was 754.1 (95% CI 657.2-851.0), in the ICU was 273.1 (95% CI 238.2-308.0), and on a ventilator was 170.5 (95% CI 146.4-194.6). The average deaths per day was 6.5 (95% CI 4.4-8.6). All of the measured outcomes were higher on average in the postmask period as were covariables included in the adjusted model. When adjusting for traffic activity, total statewide caseload, public health complaints, and mean temperature, the daily caseload, hospital bed occupancy, ICU bed occupancy, ventilator occupancy, and daily mortality remained higher in the postmask period. CONCLUSIONS: There was no reduction in per-population daily mortality, hospital bed, ICU bed, or ventilator occupancy of COVID-19-positive patients attributable to the implementation of a mask-wearing mandate.
Rapid Parameter Estimation for Selective Inversion Recovery Myelin Imaging using an Open-Source Julia Toolkit

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used extensively to quantify myelin content, however computational bottlenecks remain challenging for advanced imaging techniques in clinical settings. We present a fast, open-source toolkit for processing quantitative magnetization transfer derived from selective inversion recovery (SIR) acquisitions that allows parameter map estimation, including the myelin-sensitive macromolecular pool size ratio (PSR). Significant progress has been made in reducing SIR acquisition times to improve clinically feasibility. However, parameter map estimation from the resulting data remains computationally expensive. To overcome this computational limitation, we developed a computationally efficient, open-source toolkit implemented in the Julia language. Methods: To test the accuracy of this toolkit, we simulated SIR images with varying PSR and spin-lattice relaxation time of the free water pool (R1f) over a physiologically meaningful scale from 5 to 20% and 0.5 to 1.5 s-1, respectively. Rician noise was then added, and the parameter maps were estimated using our Julia toolkit. Probability density histogram plots and Lin9s concordance correlation coefficients (LCCC) were used to assess accuracy and precision of the fits to our known simulation data. To further mimic biological tissue, we generated five cross-linked bovine serum albumin (BSA) phantoms with concentrations that ranged from 1.25 to 20%. The phantoms were imaged at 3T using SIR, and data were fit to estimate PSR and R1f. Similarly, a healthy volunteer was imaged at 3T, and SIR parameter maps were estimated to demonstrate the reduced computational time for a real-world clinical example. Results: Estimated SIR parameter maps from our Julia toolkit agreed with simulated values (LCCC> 0.98). This toolkit was further validated using BSA phantoms and a whole brain scan at 3T. In both cases, SIR parameter estimates were consistent with published values using MATLAB. However, compared to earlier work using MATLAB, our Julia toolkit provided an approximate 20-fold reduction in computational time. Conclusions: Presented here, we developed a fast, open-source, toolkit for rapid and accurate SIR MRI using Julia. The reduction in computational cost should allow SIR parameters to be accessible in clinical settings.