cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A parents' program in the intensive care nursery: its relationship to maternal attitudes and expectations.

Neonatal illness frequently leads to problems for parents. An intensive care nursery (ICN) program was developed to ameliorate the effects of neonatal illness on parents. The approach to parents used crisis intervention techniques and was coordinated by two full time social workers. Mothers taking part in this program, when compared with mothers of healthy term infants, had at the time of discharge similar attachment feelings and perception of their infants, as well sa similar attitudes toward pregnancy and medical care.
Oral midazolam premedication and postoperative behaviour in children

We examined the effect of oral midazolam premedication on postoperative behaviour. Seventy children (ASA Physical Status 1 and 2; aged 1-10 yrs) were assigned randomly in a prospective, blinded fashion to receive either midazolam 0.5 mg.kg-1 (maximum 10 mg) or placebo. Behaviour assessments were made prior to medication, during induction of anaesthesia and 15 min following arrival to recovery room. The baseline behavioural evaluation scores were not significantly different. The children receiving midazolam cried significantly less during induction (P < or = 0.02). At one week follow-up, eight of 35 subjects receiving placebo had experienced adverse behaviour changes (nightmares, night terrors, food rejection, anxiety, negativism); 19 of 35 of the midazolam group experienced these changes (P < or = 0.02). At four week follow-up, most behaviour changes had resolved. Children given preoperative oral midazolam were less likely to cry and fight while being anaesthetized, and preoperative sedation was associated with increased incidence of adverse postoperative behaviour changes.
Acute effect of dietary fatty acid composition on postprandial metabolism in women.

New Findings What is the central question of this study? We wanted to determine the effect of three high-fat meals enriched with different fatty acids [monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) or saturated fatty acids (SFAs)] on diet-induced thermogenesis and substrate oxidation in premenopausal women of normal weight. What is the main finding and its importance? We found that a PUFA-rich high-fat meal led to a greater diet-induced thermogenesis in normal-weight premenopausal women compared with SFA- or MUFA-rich high-fat meals. The greater diet-induced thermogenesis for PUFA-rich meals could contribute to differences in long-term overall energy balance, and thus, weight maintenance. Substrate utilization was not different between treatments. The composition of fatty acids in a diet may differentially affect metabolism, thus playing a role in the development of obesity. Our aim was to study the effects of three high-fat (HF) meals with different degrees of saturation on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and substrate oxidation in premenopausal women of normal weight. Fifteen healthy, normal-weight women, aged 18–35 years, participated in a randomized cross-over study, in which they consumed isocaloric HF meals (70% of energy from fat) rich in saturated fat (SFA; 40% of total energy), monounsaturated fat (MUFA; 42% of total energy) or polyunsaturated fat (PUFA; 42% of total energy). Indirect calorimetry was used to measure respiratory gases for a 5 h postprandial period. The data collected were used to determine respiratory exchange ratio for assessing substrate oxidation, as well as energy expenditure for the determination of DIT. The area under the curve for DIT following the PUFA-rich HF meal was greater than that of the SFA- or MUFA-rich HF meals [10.0 ± 0.7, 8.6 ± 0.8 and 8.9 ± 1.2 kcal (5 h)−1 (P = 0.02) for PUFA, MUFA and SFA, respectively]. No significant difference was found in respiratory exchange ratio (0.86 ± 0.01, 0.85 ± 0.01 and 0.85 ± 0.01 for PUFA-, MUFA- and SFA-rich HF meals, respectively) or substrate utilization following the three different HF meals (12.2 ± 1.0, 11.2 ± 0.5 and 11.6 ± 0.9 g for cumulative postprandial carbohydrate oxidation following the PUFA-, MUFA- and SFA-rich HF meals, respectively; and 3.8 ± 0.4, 4.1 ± 0.2 and 4.1 ± 0.3 g for cumulative fat oxidation of the PUFA-, MUFA- and SFA-rich HF meals, respectively). In conclusion, acute ingestion of a PUFA-rich HF meal induced a greater DIT in normal-weight women compared with SFA- or MUFA-rich HF meals. No significant differences were found for substrate utilization.
On Behalf of a Grateful Nation: Conventionalized Images of Loss and Individual Opinion Change in War

Conventionalized images of wartime loss picture scripted, ceremonial events, such as flag-draped coffins off-loaded from planes or soldiers handing a triangular folded flag to grieving relatives saying, “on behalf of a grateful nation.” In comparison, unconventionalized war photographs, such as battlefield pictures, present more chaotic, less standardized images. I develop a theory of wartime media that examines how qualities of both the signal (whether photographs deal with military loss or militarism, and whether images employ conventionalized or unconventionalized imagery) and the receiver (the partisanship of the individual) influence individual opinion. I anticipate that viewing conventionalized images of loss will affect the likelihood that individuals shift from supporting to opposing a conflict and that partisanship can mitigate this effect. Results from analyses of seven experimental studies with 1,769 subjects and varied research designs strongly support the theory, finding that qualities of the signal and individual (and their interaction) influence the likelihood of wartime opinion change. These findings help to explain previous weak results linking wartime photography and public opinion, improve our understanding of wartime public opinion dynamics, and speak directly to current policy debates.
Mental maps in the early Cold War era, 1945-1968

Steven Casey and Jonathan Wright (eds.) (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), xi+314 pp This is an excellent book – deeply researched by its 14 contributors, concisely and engagingly written, an...
A new species of Isospora Schneider, 1881 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Morafka's desert tortoise Gopherus morafkai (Testudines: Testudinidae).

Isospora gopheri n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) is described from 5 of 28 (18%) Morafka's desert tortoise Gopherus morafkai Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop & Readle, housed by the Phoenix Herpetological Society, Maricopa County, Arizona, USA. Sporulated oocysts of this new species were spheroidal to subspheroidal, 20-27 × 19-27 (23.0 × 21.7) µm, with a smooth, bi-layered wall and 1-3 polar granules; an oocyst residuum was absent. Sporocysts were elongate-ovoidal to ellipsoidal, 13-18 × 9-12 (15.9 × 10.2) µm, with a Stieda body, sub-Stieda body and sporocyst residuum; sporozoites were banana-shaped with an ellipsoidal posterior refractile body and a spheroidal anterior refractile body. This is both the first coccidian to be described from this host species and only the second reported from the host genus.
Balance Retraining After Stroke Using Force Platform Biofeedback

Balance is a somewhat ambiguous term used to describe the ability to maintain or move within a weight-bearing posture without falling. Balance can further be broken down into three aspects: steadiness, symmetry, and dynamic stability. Steadiness refers to the ability to maintain a given posture with minimal extraneous movement (sway). The term symmetry is used to describe equal weight distribution between the weight-bearing components (eg, the feet in a standing position, the buttocks in a sitting position), and dynamic stability is the ability to move within a given posture without loss of balance. All of these components of balance (steadiness, symmetry, and dynamic stability) have been found to be disturbed following stroke. Balance testing of patients with hemiparesis secondary to stroke has revealed a greater amount of postural sway during static stance, asymmetry with greater weight on the nonparetic leg, and a decreased ability to move within a weight-bearing posture without loss of balance. Furthermore, research has demonstrated moderate relationships between balance function and gait speed (r = -.67 and .42, respectively), independence (r = .62), appearance (defined as "significantly abnormal," "slightly abnormal," and "nearly normal") (r = .50), dressing (r.55-.69), wheelchair mobility (r = .51), and reaching (r = .49-.78). Thus, a principal construct within physical therapy practice is the reestablishment of balance function in patients following stroke. Recent advances in technology have resulted in the commercial availability of numerous force platform systems for the retraining of balance function in patient populations, including patients with stroke. These systems are designed to provide visual or auditory biofeedback to patients regarding the locus of their center of force (COF) or center of pressure (COP), as well as training protocols to enhance stance symmetry, steadiness, and dynamic stability. Typical force platform biofeedback systems consist of at least two force plates to allow the weight on each foot to be determined, a computer and monitor to allow visualization of the COF or COP, and software that provides training protocols and data analysis capabilities. Some units allow auditory feedback in addition to the visual feedback in response to errors in performance.
Remote Sensing Techniques for Geomorphologists

Remote sensing has expanded the horizons of many diverse research disciplines, and has encouraged interdisciplinary approaches to many problems. Geomorphology has consistently benefitted from the improvements in mapping technology, form analysis and feature discrimination brought about by advances in remote sensing methodology. Although most geomorphologists are trained in the principles of aerial photo interpretation, and rely heavily on these techniques as supportive tools in fieldwork, the field as a whole has been slow to adopt more advanced remote sensing approaches. Geomorphologists have employed and adapted the techniques of aerial photo interpretation for more than forty years. The airborne perspective was an integral part of the physiographic analyses of Lee (1922), Lobeck (1933), and Fenneman (1931, 1938). The resource inventory work conducted by government agencies in the United States, beginning in the 1930’s, involved many resource scientists such as foresters, pedologists, hydrologists and civil engineers with the techniques of landform interpretation. The standardized use of 1: 20,000 scale panchromatic aerial photography in the 23 cm. (9′) square format was settled upon as the optimum, considering the technology and cost-efficiencies of the day, for most resource inventory purposes. In Europe the work of Troll (1939) and Bobeck (1941) exhibited the significant role which aerial photography was beginning to play in academic geomorphology.
K−d elastic scattering and K−d → K− pn between 810 and 1110 Mev/c

Abstract We present here angular distributions for the reactions Kd → Kd and Kd → Kpn at incident K − momenta of 810, 1010 and 1110 MeV/ c . Data are also presented on K − n elastic scattering assuming the impulse approximation is valid.
Development and Utilization of SSRs to Estimate the Degree of Genetic Relationships in a Collection of Pearl Millet Germplasm

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] cultivars derive from a narrow gene pool, and studies of genetic diversity in Pennisetum germplasm suggest promising opportunities for the use of undomesticated materials for improving pearl millet varieties. However, efficient utilization of wild germplasm will require effective DNA marker-based fingerprinting strategies for rapid assessment of genetic relationships. The present study aims at development and utilization of a collection of microsatellite (SSR, simple sequence repeat) markers for assessing the genetic diversity of 53 lines of millet. A small insert genomic library was screened with a (CT) 15 oligonucleotide probe. A total of 34 (CT) n -containing clones were identified, and specific primers were designed for 18 of these. Of 18 new microsatellites developed as a part of this work, 11 were used to estimate the genetic diversity, along with 19 from other sources. Cluster analysis by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) showed two major and eight minor clusters, suggesting that the millet germplasm could readily be distinguished by UPGMA. The coefficients of genetic distance among germplasm lines were high and averaged D = 0.60 (range 0.28-0.92). Genetic diversity averaged 0.38. These results demonstrated that genotypes with potential traits are maximally different from the cultivated gene pool and could readily be distinguished. Development and utilization of polymerase-chain-reaction-(PCR)-based markers such as SSRs is a valuable asset for estimating genetic diversity, the identification of unique genotypes as potentially important new sources of alleles for enhancing important characteristics, and analyzing the evolutionary and historical development of cultivars at the genomic level in pearl millet breeding programs.
O. J. Simpson: A Threat to Internal Validity?

We examined the effects of a naturally occurring social event that had the potential to affect the results of an ongoing research project evaluating knowledge of and beliefs about battering in a simulated battered woman's homicide trial. When the O. J. Simpson murder allegations first unfolded, the study was 75% completed. The extent of media attention to issues of battering and domestic homicide necessitated the inclusion of additional research participants and more in-depth study of several related issues. Very few differences between pre-Simpson and post-Simpson participants were unearthed. For the majority of participants, the issue of domestic violence was likely not salient and was seen as a contextual factor for understanding why the homicides might have occurred, rather than as an independent focal point of substantive concern.
Integrating precepting into your daily practice.

It’s 11:00 a.m. on a Thursday morning. You have just completed rounds and are scrambling to catch up with orders awaiting verification in your queue. Your pager goes off, and the physician on the other end of the line would like you to discuss a phenytoin level and the plan for continued therapy. While you are on the phone, a nurse asks you if insulin and norepinephrine are compatible. A beep from your smartphone alerts you that you are now 5 minutes late for your annual performance review with your boss. You take action on all the critical issues and proceed to your meeting where you are asked to begin taking pharmacy residents on your service. You think to yourself, “How am I ever going to do my job effectively and manage a resident at the same time?” In 2006, the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) published a position statement recommending that all pharmacists with direct patient care practice be required to complete formal postgraduate residency training.1 Echoing this sentiment, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) has proposed a resolution that by the year 2020 all graduating pharmacists will complete an ASHP-accredited pharmacy residency prior to undertaking direct patient care practice.2 At this time, there is not program capacity to fulfill these requirements. In 2012, there were 4,204 applicants for postgraduate year one (PGY1) and postgraduate year two (PGY2) pharmacy residencies. Of those applicants, 1,610 went unmatched with a residency program.3 Mandated residency training coupled with residency position shortages will require the creation of new residency programs as well as the expansion of existing residency programs. To keep up with this demand, preceptors must be able to effectively and efficiently care for patients and educate the future practitioners of our profession. This difficult task can be achieved through incorporation of a few principles into daily practice.
Measurement of the rate of decay of DNA phosphorescence in the temperature range from 4.2 to 160°K

Abstract The kinetics of the phosphorescence decay of DNA, poly dAT and the constituent mononucleotides have been found complex (non single-exponential). The decays can generally be interpreted in terms of sums of two exponentials. The temperature dependence of the phosphorescence intensity and decay of DNA film has been investigated.
Pain treatment in persons with cerebral palsy: frequency and helpfulness.

Objectives: To identify the interventions currently being used by adults with cerebral palsy (CP) for pain management, examine the perceived helpfulness of these interventions, and determine the extent to which these individuals with cerebral palsy-related pain were accessing the services of healthcare providers for the explicit purpose of addressing pain. Design: Retrospective, descriptive study of 64 adults with cerebral palsy-related chronic pain. Subjects ranged in age from 18 to 76 yr and included 35 women and 29 men. Subjects were evaluated by using a protocol-based interview. Results: The study sample sought and used a variety of pain treatments and healthcare providers and rated many of the interventions as being at least moderately helpful. Despite the reported helpfulness of the pain interventions, however, most are only being used by a small subset of the sample. Conclusion: The majority of the sample with chronic pain did not access healthcare providers for help in managing their pain. Cerebral palsy-related pain is undertreated in the adult population with cerebral palsy.
Neutrino oscillations and mixed dark matter

There is increasing evidence that neutrinos, massless in the Standard Model, have mass. If the deficit of solar neutrinos, the ratio of v μ / v e from atmospheric neutrinos being less than expected, and the need for some hot dark matter are all manifestations of neutrino mass, then there are only two viable patterns for these masses: (A) the three active neutrinos, v e , v μ , and v τ , are all ∼ 1.6 eV, or (B) the v e and a sterile neutrino, v 3 , are both light, and the v μ and v τ are each ∼ 2.4 eV. Recent preliminary results from the LSND experiment, looking for v μ → v e and v μ → v e , favor (B), since these indications of oscillations are consistent with a v μ mass of ∼ 2.4 eV. Furthermore, if scheme (B) is used in a model in which 20% of the dark matter is “hot” (along with ∼ 7% baryonic and ∼ 73% cold dark matter), then the structure of the universe on all scales is fit remarkably well, better than any other model.
Encoding as a function of the presentation-rehearsal interval in short-term memory

The Ss participated in a short-term memory distractor task in which the presentation-rehearsal interval was systematically varied. Three presentation-rehearsal intervals were employed: a 2-sec (2-0) visual presentation group, a 5-sec (5-0) visual presentation group, and a 2-sec visual plus 3 sec of additional rehearsal time (2-3) group. Both recall and recognition test results showed the 2-3 group’s performance to be the same as the 2-0 group. Increased rehearsal time, without the TBR material present, did not result in an increased level of encoding, while increased rehearsal concurrent with increased visual presentation (the 5-0 group) did allow an increased complexity of encoding.
A hand-held polarized-light camera for the detection of skin cancer borders

Polarized light imaging can be used to map the borders of skin cancer that are invisible to the human eye. We designed a hand-held polarized-light camera that is sensitive to the superficial layers of the skin where cancer often arises. The camera system consists of two 8-bit CCD mounted on two sides of a polarizing beam splitter. An imaging lens mounted on the beam splitter collects light reflected from the skin. The collected light is divided into two states of polarization: parallel (PAR) and perpendicular (PER) to the incident light orientation. A custom-code combines images streaming from both cameras to yield an image based on the polarization ratio (PAR - PER)/(PAR + PER), which is sensitive to the superficial skin layer. Experiments in reflectance mode on micro-spheres solutions were conducted to test the system; Monte Carlo simulations of these experiments demonstrated excellent correlation. Early clinical work was conducted at the Oregon Health and Science University in the Dermatology department. Images of several skin lesions are presented.
Test for independence between marks and points of marked point processes: a subsampling approach

Ecological data often involve measurements taken at irregularly spaced locations (e.g., the heights of trees in a forest). A useful approach for modeling such data is via a marked point process, where the marks (i.e., measurements) and points (i.e., locations) are often assumed to be independent. Although this is a convenient assumption, it may not hold in practice. Schlather et al. (Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Services B, 66, 79–93, 2004) proposed a simulation-based approach to test this assumption. This paper presents a new method for testing the assumption of independence between the marks and the points. Instead of considering a simulation approach, we derive analytical results that allow the test to be implemented via a conventional χ2 statistic. We illustrate the use of our approach by applying it to an example involving desert plant data.
Effects of sustained cocaine exposure on sensorimotor gating of startle in rats

Deficient sensorimotor gating, as measured by a relative loss of prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex, has been reported in schizophrenia patients and in rats treated acutely with dopamine (DA) agonists or other psychotomimetic agents. For this reason, PPI has been used as a cross-species measure for studying the neurochemistry of specific information processing deficits in schizophrenia. Cocaine is a DA reuptake inhibitor which can precipitate psychosis after sustained use in humans. In rats, sustained exposure to cocaine results in neuropathological and neurochemical changes in several brain regions, and is also associated with specific prolonged behavioral abnormalities. In the present study, we examined the effects of both acute and sustained cocaine administration on PPI and other measures of the startle reflex in rats. Cocaine produced a significant, dose-dependent reduction in PPI, both after acute administration, and after 3 days of sustained administration via implanted subcutaneous pellets. PPI returned to control levels when rats were tested 10 days after sustained (5 day) cocaine administration. The effects of acute cocaine administration on PPI are consistent with those of other DA agonists and psychotomimetics, but PPI does not appear to be sensitive to lasting effects of a method of prolonged cocaine administration associated with neuropathological and neurochemical changes in several brain regions.
Comparative Increments in Circulating Luteinizing Hormone in Rats with Increasing Duration of Electrical Stimulation in Medial Preoptic or Medial Basal Tuberal Sites

Peliminary comparison of medial preoptic (MPOA) and basal tuberal sites for electrical induction of ovulation suggested that, as measured by numbers of tubal ova produced, the activities of the two regions proceeded in parallel. The present study strongly confirms this by RIA determination of serum LH after stimulation for varied times up to 2 h. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, biphasic pairs of 1-msec pulses (30 Hz; 30/60 sec) were delivered through a coaxial platinum electrode close to the midline in either the MPOA or the arcuate nucleusmedian eminence (ARC/ME) for 20, 30, 45, 60, 85, or 115 min. Standard peak to peak currents were 750μA for the MPOA and 500 μA for the ARC/ME. Blood samples were taken soon after stimulation ended and 30 min later. Ovarian responses were evaluated the next morning by counting tubal ova or, in their absence, by histological study. Stimulation in either site for progressively longer periods gave progressively higher peak concentrations of LH; stimulation for 115 min gave ...
Glancing angle EXAFS studies of tungsten-carbon multilayers

Results are presented from glancing angle EXAFS studies of three tungsten-carbon multilayer systems, of different W/C thickness ratios, by monitoring the fine structure above the tungsten L3-edge. The purpose of the investigations was to determine the structural changes occurring in the multilayer as a result of moderate annealing. Surprisingly, dramatic changes are observed in the structural environment of the W atoms as a result of heating to temperatures as low as 350/sup 0/C for 3 hours. It is found that, when the W layer is sufficiently thick, and the W/C layer thickness favorable, W/sub 2/C is preferentially formed and crystallization is extensive. The experiment demonstrates the suitability of the EXAFS technique for the study of multilayer systems since, (1) contribution to the signal from the interface is significant and (2) the phenomenon is not dependent on the existence of long-range order. 6 figs.
Lower docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in the postmortem prefrontal cortex of adult depressed suicide victims compared with controls without cardiovascular disease.

Background A growing body of evidence suggests that deficits in long-chain omega-3 (LCn-3) fatty acids may contribute to major depressive disorder (MDD) and principal causes of excess mortality including suicide and cardiovascular disease. In the present study we compared concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), the principal LCn-3 fatty acid in brain, in the postmortem prefrontal cortex (BA10) of adult depressed suicide victims and controls with and/or without cardiovascular disease.
Immunoglobulin therapy for neonatal sepsis: an overview of animal and clinical studies.

Bacteria such asEscherichia coli and group B streptococci are common neonatal pathogens. Neonates infected perinatally often develop overwhelming sepsis which may rapidly progress to shock and death in just a few hours. This fulminant course suggests that immunity to these bacteria is deficient. Studies from several laboratories have shown that antibody is important in immunity to group B streptococcus.In vitro studies have demonstrated that efficient phagocytosis and killing of these bacteria by neutrophils or monocytes requires opsonic antibody. Many premature babies have decreased amounts of total serum immunoglobulin G and term babies may not have sufficient levels of group B streptococcal antibodies to be protected. Immune globulin that contains adequate opsonic antibody to group B streptococcus may therefore be of value as adjunctive therapy for treating infections with these bacteria and may reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with group B streptococcal infection in high-risk neonates. Although intravenous immune globulin has been used to both prevent and treat infections in neonates, only limited efficacy data are available. Several large, blinded, and controlled studies that are being completed and analyzed will be important to determine the role of immune globulin therapy in neonates.
A frame centre matching approach to registration for change detection with fine spatial resolution multi-temporal imagery

A frame centre (FC) matching approach to the acquisition and geometric processing of multi-temporal datasets derived from airborne digital frame imagery was tested to determine if registration errors could be reduced relative to more ad hoc acquisition and registration approaches. The root mean square error (RMSE) of test points from image sets derived with the FC approach was at least 50% less than when frames for the second date of imagery were not centred on frames from the first date. The registration RMSE for FC images approached 2 pixels (2 m) for the central portion of image frames that is normally used to generate an image mosaic. The FC approach yielded visual and quantitative improvements in multi-temporal difference images that are commonly utilized for change detection analyses.
A phase transition in the first passage of a Brownian process through a fluctuating boundary with implications for neural coding

Finding the first time a fluctuating quantity reaches a given boundary is a deceptively simple-looking problem of vast practical importance in physics, biology, chemistry, neuroscience, economics, and industrial engineering. Problems in which the bound to be traversed is itself a fluctuating function of time include widely studied problems in neural coding, such as neuronal integrators with irregular inputs and internal noise. We show that the probability p(t) that a Gauss-Markov process will first exceed the boundary at time t suffers a phase transition as a function of the roughness of the boundary, as measured by its Holder exponent H. The critical value occurs when the roughness of the boundary equals the roughness of the process, so for diffusive processes the critical value is Hc = 1/2. For smoother boundaries, H > 1/2, the probability density is a continuous function of time. For rougher boundaries, H < 1/2, the probability is concentrated on a Cantor-like set of zero measure: the probability density becomes divergent, almost everywhere either zero or infinity. The critical point Hc = 1/2 corresponds to a widely studied case in the theory of neural coding, in which the external input integrated by a model neuron is a white-noise process, as in the case of uncorrelated but precisely balanced excitatory and inhibitory inputs. We argue that this transition corresponds to a sharp boundary between rate codes, in which the neural firing probability varies smoothly, and temporal codes, in which the neuron fires at sharply defined times regardless of the intensity of internal noise.
The Expression and Stage-Specific Localization of Protein Kinase C Isotypes during Mouse Preimplantation Development

Signaling events mediate many processes that act during embryogenesis to initiate the program of early development. Within the cell many of these changes are mediated through the activation or inactivation of kinases and phosphatases. Protein kinase C (PKC) is one kinase that has been shown to be involved in at least two developmental transitions during early development, fertilization and embryonic compaction. PKC is a family of kinases whose various isotypes have differing requirements for activation of the kinase that include the availability of calcium, diacylglycerol, and negatively charged phospholipids. The presence of more than one isotype in an egg or blastomere of the embryo would provide the possibility that different isotypes mediate distinct signaling pathways in the cells. To address this possibility the different isotypes of PKC were examined at the mRNA and protein levels during preimplantation development in the mouse. Our results demonstrate that seven isotypes of PKC are present during preimplantation development in mouse, some are of maternal origin and others appear after fertilization. Two isotypes have a stage-dependent nuclear localization. In addition, within each blastomere PKC isotypes occupy different subcellular locations in a stage-dependent fashion.
IDENTIFICATION OF MULTI-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM NON-LINEAR SYSTEMS UNDER RANDOM EXCITATIONS BY THE “REVERSE PATH” SPECTRAL METHOD

Abstract Conventional frequency response estimation methods such as the “ H 1 ” and “ H 2 ” methods often yield measured frequency response functions which are contaminated by the presence of non-linearities and hence make it difficult to extract underlying linear system properties. To overcome this deficiency, a new spectral approach for identifying multi-degree-of-freedom non-linear systems is introduced which is based on a “reverse path” formulation as available in the literature for single-degree-of-freedom non-linear systems. Certain modifications are made in this article for a multi-degree-of-freedom “reverse path” formulation that utilizes multiple-input/multiple-output data from non-linear systems when excited by Gaussian random excitations. Conditioned “ H c 1 ” and “ H c 2 ” frequency response estimates now yield the underlying linear properties without contaminating effects from the non-linearities. Once the conditioned frequency response functions have been estimated, the non-linearities, which are described by analytical functions, are also identified by estimating the coefficients of these functions. Identification of the local or distributed non-linearities which exist at or away from the excitation locations is possible. The new spectral approach is successfully tested on several example systems which include a three-degree-of-freedom system with an asymmetric non-linearity, a three-degree-of-freedom system with distributed non-linearities and a five-degree-of-freedom system with multiple non-linearities and multiple excitations.
Gemcitabine and arabinosylcytosin pharmacogenomics: genome-wide association and drug response biomarkers.

Cancer patients show large individual variation in their response to chemotherapeutic agents. Gemcitabine (dFdC) and AraC, two cytidine analogues, have shown significant activity against a variety of tumors. We previously used expression data from a lymphoblastoid cell line-based model system to identify genes that might be important for the two drug cytotoxicity. In the present study, we used that same model system to perform a genome-wide association (GWA) study to test the hypothesis that common genetic variation might influence both gene expression and response to the two drugs. Specifically, genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mRNA expression data were obtained using the Illumina 550K® HumanHap550 SNP Chip and Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 GeneChip, respectively, for 174 ethnically-defined “Human Variation Panel” lymphoblastoid cell lines. Gemcitabine and AraC cytotoxicity assays were performed to obtain IC50 values for the cell lines. We then performed GWA studies with SNPs, gene expression and IC50 of these two drugs. This approach identified SNPs that were associated with gemcitabine or AraC IC50 values and with the expression regulation for 29 genes or 30 genes, respectively. One SNP in IQGAP2 (rs3797418) was significantly associated with variation in both the expression of multiple genes and gemcitabine and AraC IC50. A second SNP in TGM3 (rs6082527) was also significantly associated with multiple gene expression and gemcitabine IC50. To confirm the association results, we performed siRNA knock down of selected genes with expression that was associated with rs3797418 and rs6082527 in tumor cell and the knock down altered gemcitabine or AraC sensitivity, confirming our association study results. These results suggest that the application of GWA approaches using cell-based model systems, when combined with complementary functional validation, can provide insights into mechanisms responsible for variation in cytidine analogue response.
Preservation of cycad and Ginkgo pollen

Abstract Pollen grains of Ginkgo, Cycas , and Encephalartos were chemically treated together with pollen of Quercus, Alnus , and Pinus , the latter three genera being used as standards. The experiments showed that: (1) boiling the pollen for 8–10 hours in 10% KOH had little if any effect on any of the grains; (2) lengthy acetolysis treatment produced some degradation or corrosion, particularly in Ginkgo and Cycas , but the grains of even these genera remained easily recognizable; (3) oxidation with KMnO 4 followed by H 2 O 2 showed that pollen of Ginkgo, Cycas , and Encephalartos remains better preserved than that of Quercus and Alnus , and although Ginkgo and Encephalartos probably are slightly less resistant to oxidation than Pinus , no great differences exists between these monosulcate types and Pinus . Thus the experiments show that, at least for sediments low in bacteria, cycad and Ginkgo pollen should be well represented in the fossil record as far as their preservational capabilities are concerned.
INTERACTION OF WATER WITH CLAY MINERALS AS STUDIED BY 2H NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

Abstract The interaction of water with a series of Ca2+/Na+ , Ca2+/NH4+, and NH4+/Na+-exchanged hectorite and saponite clays in water- and clay-dominated systems was studied using 2H NMR. Variabletemperature Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (in the range of 189–299 K) was also used to determine the frequency of exchange and the rotation activation energy between water molecules hydrating the cations and the free water of the tactoid. The 2H quadrupolar splitting and spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) are related to the ratio of clay to adsorbed water in these systems. In water-dominated systems (where clay/water ratio ≪ 1), motional averaging occurs between water hydrating the cations and the “free” or bulk water of the tactoid. In these systems, the spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) is dominated by the relaxation of the “free” water on the external surface of the tactoids and has a value close to that for D2O (0.436 s), with the rotational correlation time (τc) approaching 2.93 × 10−12 s. A more recent article places τc at 1.95 × 10−12 s. The clay systems in this study have clay/ water ratios (=0.0238 g-clay/mL-D2O), and the quadrupolar splittings are of the order of 100 Hz or less. Splittings of In clay-dominated systems with extremely low water contents (clay/water ratio > 1 g-clay/mL-D2O), less motional averaging occurs. Rotational correlation times are slower and greater residual quadrupolar splittings are also observed. Increased residual quadrupolar splittings are observed with increasing clay/ water ratios. For a Na-exchanged hectorite sample (5.31 g-clay/mL-D2O), the quadrupolar splittings are of the order of 12 kHz, and for a Na-exchanged saponite (4.05 g-clay/mL-D2O), the quadrupolar splittings are of the order of 11 kHz. Rotational activation energies (Ea) of 37.8 kJ-mole−1 (9.0 kcal · mole−1) for adsorbed water molecules on Na-exchanged hectorite and 27.2 kJ · mole−1 (6.5 kcal · mole”−1) for Na-exchanged saponite were calculated from spin-lattice relaxation (T1) measurements. These values compare with calculated activation energies of rotation (8.5 kcal · mole−1) for water of hydration adsorbed to a Na-exchanged vermiculite.
Assessing Generalization of the Picture Exchange Communication System in Children with Autism

Since its introduction to the field, a growing body of research on the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) has demonstrated its efficacy for children with autism in research settings. However, knowledge of PECS generalization remains limited and mixed. The present study explored a train and probe technique of assessing generalization after each phase of PECS training. Four children with autism were taught PECS in treatment rooms with a therapist at their behavioral treatment program. Generalization was assessed in a playroom with a therapist, at home with a therapist and parent, and in the community with a stranger. Results indicated that all four participants generalized PECS use across settings and people and maintained PECS use at follow-up. Findings provide support for the utility of a train and probe technique to assess generalization when using PECS with children with autism.
A p21-activated kinase-controlled metabolic switch up-regulates phagocyte NADPH oxidase.

Chemoattractant-stimulated phagocytes increase their glucose uptake and divert energy production from glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway to generate NADPH. NADPH is a required cofactor for the NADPH oxidase to produce reactive oxygen metabolites, an important microbicidal tool in host defense. p21-Activated kinases (Paks) are regulated by the GTPases Rac and Cdc42 and control actin dynamics and phosphorylation of the oxidase component p47phox. Here we report the interaction of Pak with phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM)-B, an enzyme of the glycolytic pathway. Activated Pak1 inhibits glycolysis by association of its catalytic domain with PGAM-B and subsequent phosphorylation of the enzyme on serine residues 23 and 118, thereby abolishing PGAM activity. Leukocyte activation through chemoattractant receptors leads to Pak activation and transient inhibition of endogenous PGAM-B activity. Consistent with these observations, treatment of neutrophils with phosphoglycolic acid, a competitive PGAM-B inhibitor, increases upstream intermediates, thereby amplifying the respiratory burst. These results demonstrate that Rho GTPases regulate the glycolytic pathway through Pak and suggest a link between chemoattractant signaling and metabolic responses to enhance host defense.
Spiking Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Energy-Efficient Object Recognition

Deep-learning neural networks such as convolutional neural network (CNN) have shown great potential as a solution for difficult vision problems, such as object recognition. Spiking neural networks (SNN)-based architectures have shown great potential as a solution for realizing ultra-low power consumption using spike-based neuromorphic hardware. This work describes a novel approach for converting a deep CNN into a SNN that enables mapping CNN to spike-based hardware architectures. Our approach first tailors the CNN architecture to fit the requirements of SNN, then trains the tailored CNN in the same way as one would with CNN, and finally applies the learned network weights to an SNN architecture derived from the tailored CNN. We evaluate the resulting SNN on publicly available Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Neovision2 Tower and CIFAR-10 datasets and show similar object recognition accuracy as the original CNN. Our SNN implementation is amenable to direct mapping to spike-based neuromorphic hardware, such as the ones being developed under the DARPA SyNAPSE program. Our hardware mapping analysis suggests that SNN implementation on such spike-based hardware is two orders of magnitude more energy-efficient than the original CNN implementation on off-the-shelf FPGA-based hardware.
Personal–social development differences in toddlers diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: DSM-IV-TR versus DSM-5

Abstract Recent changes in diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has stimulated research comparing the differences between those who would no longer meet the criteria for an ASD and those who would according to DSM-5 . Previously, researchers have shown that individuals who no longer meet the criteria still have severe deficits in several areas when compared to atypically developing controls. These challenges are often similar in severity when compared to those who retain their diagnosis. The current study sought to compare these groups on a measure of personal and social development using the Battelle Developmental Inventory, second edition (BDI-2). Results were similar to previous research showing that those in the DSM-5 group had the most severe impairments followed by the DSM-IV group and then atypically-developing peers. The participants who no longer met the new criteria (DSM-IV group) were significantly different from both comparison groups but more closely resembled the DSM-5 group. They exhibited severe deficits in areas of personal–social development. These findings support the idea that these individuals do have significant impairments similar to those who would retain their diagnosis and that treatments developed for those with ASD would be beneficial; however, with the new criteria these children may never receive these services.
Regionalization of fire regimes in the Central Rocky Mountains, USA

Fire is one of the most important natural disturbances in the coniferous forests of the US Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountains are separated by a climatic boundary between 40° and 45° N, which we refer to as the central Rocky Mountains (CRM). To determine whether the fire regime from the CRM was more similar to the northern Rocky Mountains (NRM) or southern Rocky Mountains (SRM) during the Holocene, a 12,539-yr-old sediment core from Long Lake, Wyoming, located in the CRM was analyzed for charcoal and pollen. These data were then compared to charcoal records from the CRM, NRM and SRM. During the Younger Dryas chronozone, the fire regime was characterized as frequent at Long Lake. The early and middle Holocene fire regime was characterized as infrequent. A brief interval from 4000 to 3000 cal yr BP, termed the Populus period, had a frequent fire regime and remained frequent through the late Holocene at Long Lake. In comparison to sites from the NRM and SRM, the fire regime at Long Lake was most similar to the SRM during the past 12,539 cal yr BP. These results suggest the disturbance regime in the CRM has a greater affinity with those of the SRM.
A randomized trial of the Vein Viewer versus standard technique for placement of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) in neonates

Peripherally inserted central catheters are important but can be difficult to place in neonates. Therefore, we compared a near-infrared device, the Vein Viewer, to determine if its use would increase successful line placement, with standard techniques. Randomized controlled trial in preterm and term neonates in a level 3 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. In all, 115 subjects were enrolled with 59 randomized to the Vein Viewer group and 56 to the control group. Overall, use of the Vein Viewer showed a trend to more successful placement 86 versus 75%; unadjusted odds ratio 2.33 (0.90, 6.04; P=0.08). Infants randomized to the Vein Viewer were more mature (30±2 weeks gestational age (GA) versus 28±2 weeks GA; P=0.08). After adjusting for GA, use of the Vein Viewer was significantly more likely to lead to successful line placement (adjusted odds ratio 3.05 (1.10, 1.82)). The Vein Viewer improved successful placement with the most benefit seen in infants of greater GA.
Penetrating carotid artery: uncommon complex and lethal injuries

Carotid arterial injuries are the most difficult and certainly the most immediately life-threatening injuries found in penetrating neck trauma. Their propensity to bleed actively and potentially occludes the airway and makes surgical intervention very challenging. Their potential for causing fatal neurological outcomes demands that trauma surgeons exercise excellent judgment in the approach to their definitive management. The purpose of this article is to review the diagnosis and management of these injuries.
Fetal protection policies: A threat to employee rights?

Corporations utilizing toxic substances in the workplace are faced with the possibility that the use of those substances will cause reproductive damage in their employees. In the face of complex and confusing government regulation on the issue and scientific uncertainty about the effects of many substaces, several major corporations have sought to minimize legal liability for any potential reproductive damage by excluding the fertile female worker from the workplace, Yet, by adopting such “fetal protection” policies, corporations have opened themselves up to a host of new problems and threatened the rights of workers.
Leveraging e-R&D processes: a knowledge-based view

Abstract There is a growing application of Internet-driven networking tools to improve organizations and teams’ value-creating activities. This is particularly true with regard to applying the technology to the conduct of industrial research and new product development processes, or e-R&D. Notwithstanding, there is scant scientific research to assess how R&D teams are leveraging the Internet in their innovation activities, if their efforts are efficient and effective, and how they could do better. This paper considers the following interrelated research questions: (1) How can Internet-leveraged networks contribute to R&D project management, (2) Where are these networks applied in the R&D process, and (3) What are the likely manifestations of such networks? It develops a framework for understanding and testing these issues, based on a knowledge-based view of the firm, to examine internal, external, and memory-related knowledge flows. Then, a three-dimensional template of e-R&D networks is developed that overlays each of these three flows, based on Internet attributes, R&D process stages, and major R&D outcomes. Research hypotheses are offered, and directions for future inquiries are discussed.