cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Joining: Thermoplastic Composites Fusion Bonding/Welding

As advanced composite structures become larger and more complex, there is a corresponding need to improve methods of joining and assembly. Current methods of joining composite materials for aerospace applications, that is, adhesive bonding and mechanical fastening, present some design and manufacturing limitations. The mechanical fastening method cannot be effectively applied to composite structures because of stress concentration, the effects of drilling on the structural integrity, and localized delamination. Poor bonding properties between adhesives and polymers make the adhesive bonding methods less desirable for most structural applications. The fact that thermoplastic materials can be remelted provides the opportunity of welding (or fusion bonding) of thermoplastic composite parts as an alternative to joining and assembly. Fusion bonding, in principle, consists of surface preparation, heating the polymer at the weld interface to a viscous state, physically causing polymer chains to interdiffuse across the interface, and cooling the polymer for consolidation. The polymer chains are intertwined across the interface during the welding process, resulting in disappearance of the bonded surface and improving the ability of transferring loads through the welded area. The quality of the welded parts is usually compared to that of autoclave consolidated or compression molded parts. Keywords: joining; fusion bonding; thermoplastic composites; thermal welding; friction welding; electromagnetic welding
A Parallel Genetic Algorithm for Task Mapping on Parallel Machines

In parallel processing systems, a fundamental consideration is the maximization of system performance through task mapping. A good allocation strategy may improve resource utilization and increase significantly the throughput of the system. We demonstrate how to map the tasks among the processors to meet performance criteria, such as minimizing execution time or communication delays. We review the Local Neighborhhod Search (LNS) strategy for the mapping problem. We base our approach on LNS since it was shown that this method outperforms a large number of heuristic-based algorithms. We call our mapping algorithm, that is based on LNS, Genetic Local Neighborhood Search (GLNS), and its parallel version, Parallel Genetic Local Neighborhood Search (P-GLNS). We implemented and compared all three of these mapping strategies. The experimental results demonstrate that 1) GLNS algorithm was better performance than LNS and, 2) The P-GLNS algorithm achieves near linear speedup.
Excitons in Semiconductor Nanostructures

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the comprehensive understanding of linear excitonic spectra from quantum nanostructures with disorder. The description of the relevant elementary processes has allowed quantitative predictions for new experiments and analysis. Exciton dispersions and wave functions for ideal quantum structures are fully accounting for the k . p valence band structure. The kinetic exciton mass is necessary for any modeling of disorder effects. Besides strong asymmetry with a tail toward higher energies, the explicit relation between the line width and the underlying disorder strength and the two stages of motional narrowing are important for quantitative understanding and description of interface disorder. The amount of level repulsion at a given spatial resolution permits derivation of a characteristic size of the wave functions. The distribution of wave function values changes dramatically within the inhomogeneous exciton line.
Can you spot the signs of elder mistreatment

The incidence of elder mistreatment is expected to increase as the baby boom generation ages and more elderly people are living or receiving care at home. Despite increased awareness and reporting of other forms of domestic abuse and neglect, recognition and management of elder abuse lag far behind actual incidents. Drs Kruger and Moon describe the signs of mistreatment as well as the physician's role in reporting and management.
Factors influencing investigator-caused nest abandonment by North American dabbling ducks

We examined factors (species, nest age, nest initiation date, clutch size, predator activity) that may affect the probability of investigator-caused nest abandonment in North American dabbling duck...
Can a School Organization be Transformed into a Learning Organization

Organizations that have transformed into Learning Organizations have a strong tendency to focus upon continuous improvement and have the ability to cope with major change more successfully and effectively. The concept of the Learning Organization is not confined to a particular type, size, and form of organization, and also includes school organizations. Empirical and anecdotal evidence suggests that little research on school organization as Learning Organizations has been conducted and documented. It has been shown that there is currently no Taiwanese school organization at any level that claims to have become a genuine Learning Organization. This research paper presents an analysis of selected Learning Organization methodologies that are deemed to be effective in assisting in the process of transforming a school organization into a Learning Organization – business process reengineering (BPR), dialogue, scenario analysis, and learning histories. It also reviews various Learning Organization improvement models and models of educational cultural change and learning. The paper proposes a blueprint to transform school organizations into Learning Organizations – the “Learning Organization model for school organizations”.
Development of novel cellular histone-binding and chromatin-displacement assays for bromodomain drug discovery.

Proteins that ‘read’ the histone code are central elements in epigenetic control and bromodomains, which bind acetyl-lysine motifs, are increasingly recognized as potential mediators of disease states. Notably, the first BET bromodomain-based therapies have entered clinical trials and there is a broad interest in dissecting the therapeutic relevance of other bromodomain-containing proteins in human disease. Typically, drug development is facilitated and expedited by high-throughput screening, where assays need to be sensitive, robust, cost-effective and scalable. However, for bromodomains, which lack catalytic activity that otherwise can be monitored (using classical enzymology), the development of cell-based, drug-target engagement assays has been challenging. Consequently, cell biochemical assays have lagged behind compared to other protein families (e.g., histone deacetylases and methyltransferases). Here, we present a suite of novel chromatin and histone-binding assays using AlphaLISA, in situ cell extraction and fluorescence-based, high-content imaging. First, using TRIM24 as an example, the homogenous, bead-based AlphaScreen technology was modified from a biochemical peptide-competition assay to measure binding of the TRIM24 bromodomain to endogenous histone H3 in cells (AlphaLISA). Second, a target agnostic, high-throughput imaging platform was developed to quantify the ability of chemical probes to dissociate endogenous proteins from chromatin/nuclear structures. While overall nuclear morphology is maintained, the procedure extracts soluble, non-chromatin-bound proteins from cells with drug-target displacement visualized by immunofluorescence (IF) or microscopy of fluorescent proteins. Pharmacological evaluation of these assays cross-validated their utility, sensitivity and robustness. Finally, using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we dissect domain contribution of TRIM24, BRD4, ATAD2 and SMARCA2 to chromatin binding illustrating the versatility/utility of the in situ cell extraction platform. In summary, we have developed two novel complementary and cell-based drug-target engagement assays, expanding the repertoire of pharmacodynamic assays for bromodomain tool compound development. These assays have been validated through a successful TRIM24 bromodomain inhibitor program, where a micromolar lead molecule (IACS-6558) was optimized using cell-based assays to yield the first single-digit nanomolar TRIM24 inhibitor (IACS-9571). Altogether, the assay platforms described herein are poised to accelerate the discovery and development of novel chemical probes to deliver on the promise of epigenetic-based therapies.
Importance of the tmRNA system for cell survival when transcription is blocked by DNA-protein cross-links.

Summary Anticancer drug 5-azacytidine (aza-C) induces DNA–protein cross-links (DPCs) between cytosine methyltransferase and DNA as the drug inhibits methylation. We found that mutants defective in the tmRNA translational quality control system are hypersensitive to aza-C. Hypersensitivity requires expression of active methyltransferase, indicating the importance of DPC formation. Furthermore, the tmRNA pathway is activated upon aza-C treatment in cells expressing methyltransferase, resulting in increased levels of SsrA tagged proteins. These results argue that the tmRNA pathway clears stalled ribosome-mRNA complexes generated after transcriptional blockage by aza-C-induced DPCs. In support, an ssrA mutant is also hypersensitive to streptolydigin, which blocks RNA polymerase elongation by a different mechanism. The tmRNA pathway is thought to act only on ribosomes containing a 3′ RNA end near the A site, and the known pathway for releasing RNA 3′ ends from a blocked polymerase involves Mfd helicase. However, an mfd knockout mutant is not hypersensitive to either aza-C-induced DPC formation or streptolydigin, indicating that Mfd is not involved. Transcription termination factor Rho is also likely not involved, because the Rho-specific inhibitor bicyclomycin failed to show synergism with either aza-C or streptolydigin. Based on these findings, we discuss models for how E. coli processes transcription/translation complexes blocked at DPCs.
Characteristic immune, apoptosis and inflammatory gene profiles associated with intestinal acute cellular rejection in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded mucosal biopsies

Summary Small bowel transplantation (SBT) is becoming a preferred treatment for patients with irreversible intestinal failure. Despite continuous improvement of immunosuppression, SBT is plagued by a high incidence of acute cellular rejection (ACR) that is frequently intractable. Therefore, there is a need for reliable detection markers and novel immunosuppressive strategies that can achieve better control of ACR. We hypothesized that particular transcriptomes provide critical regulation of the intragraft immune response. The aim of our study was to detect potential molecular biomarkers for identifying ACR in minute mucosal biopsies. We examined 30 intestinal mucosal biopsies (AR/NR; 17/13) obtained from recipients after SBT or multivisceral transplantation. We utilized
Effects of the UOE/UOC pipe manufacturing processes on pipe collapse pressure

Large-diameter pipes used in offshore applications are commonly manufactured by cold-forming plates through the UOE process. The plate is crimped along its edges, formed into a U-shape and then pressed into an O-shape between two semicircular dies. The pipe is welded closed and then circumferentially expanded to obtain a highly circular shape. Collapse experiments have demonstrated that these steps, especially the final expansion, degrade the mechanical properties of the pipe and result in a reduction in its collapse pressure upwards of 30%. In this study the UOE forming process has been modeled numerically using a 2-D finite element model. The model can assess the effects of press parameters of each forming step on the final geometry and mechanical properties of the pipe. The final step involves simulation of pipe collapse under external pressure in order to quantify the effect of the forming variables on its performance. Examples of these variables are the radii of the forming dies, the chosen displacements of the dies, the compression strain in the O-step, the expansion strain, etc. An extensive parametric study of the problem has been conducted, through which ways of optimizing the process for improved collapse performance have been established. For example, it was found that optimum collapse pressure requires a tradeoff between pipe shape (ovality) and material degradation. Generally, increase in the O-strain and decrease in the expansion strain improve the collapse pressure. Substituting the expansion with compression can not only alleviate the UOE collapse pressure degradation but can result in significant increases in collapse performance.
Persistent left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium without arterial oxygen unsaturation

Abstract A 36 year old noncyanotic white man with coarctation of the aorta was found to have a left superior vena cava terminating in the left atrium on catheterization. A right to left shunt was demonstrated by dye-dilution studies; but, except for a mild decrease in the amount of dissolved oxygen in the plasma, there was no peripheral arterial oxygen unsaturation. Only one other case with this combination of anomalies has been reported, and this patient was found to have a shunt from the left to the right atrium via the two venae cavae and the connecting left innominate vein. These two cases are exceptional since in most of the other reported cases (listed in Table I) patients have been cyanotic. Mechanisms which may possibly determine the direction of blood flow in a persistent left superior vena cava terminating in the left atrium are discussed.
The development of locomotor response to d- and l-amphetamine in the infant mouse

To study the possible role of catecholaminergic processes underlying the exaggerated expression of behavioral arousal during early development in the mouse, the locomotor activity of 10-to 12-day-old mice following d-amphetamine injection was recorded over a 5-h period in a shuttle-cage apparatus. Reliable effects of a 1-mg/kg dose of d- amphetamine were observed only in the oldest age group. The relative influences of d- and l-amphetamine were then assessed at this age. The stereoisomers were approximately equipotent in elevating activity above saline control levels and demonstrated comparable latency and duration of effects. The results support the notion that heightened arousal at this age is mediated by a noradrenergic system.
Nrf2 upregulates ATP binding cassette transporter expression and activity at the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barriers.

Activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), a sensor of oxidative stress, is neuroprotective in animal models of cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and spinal cord injury. We show here that Nrf2 activation with sulforaphane (SFN) in vivo or in vitro increases expression and transport activity of three ATP-driven drug efflux pumps at the blood–brain barrier [P-glycoprotein, ATP binding cassette b1 (Abcb1); multidrug resistance-associated protein-2 (Mrp2), Abcc2; and breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp), Abcg2]. Dosing rats with SFN increased protein expression of all three transporters in brain capillaries and decreased by 50% brain accumulation of the P-glycoprotein substrate verapamil. Exposing rat or mouse brain capillaries to SFN increased P-glycoprotein, Bcrp, and Mrp2 transport activity and protein expression; SFN increased P-glycoprotein activity in mouse spinal cord capillaries. Inhibiting transcription or translation abolished upregulation of P-glycoprotein activity. No such effects were seen in brain capillaries from Nrf2-null mice, indicating Nrf2 dependence. Nrf2 signaled indirectly to increase transporter activity/expression. The p53 inhibitor pifithrin abolished the SFN-induced increase in transporter activity/expression, and the p53-activator nutlin-3 increased P-glycoprotein activity. SFN did not alter P-glycoprotein transport activity in brain and spinal cord capillaries from p53-null mice. Inhibitors of p38 MAPK and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) blocked the effects of SFN and nutlin-3 on P-glycoprotein activity. These results implicate Nrf2, p53, and NF-κB in the upregulation of P-glycoprotein, Bcrp, and Mrp2 at blood–CNS barriers. They imply that the barriers are tightened selectively (efflux transporter upregulation) by oxidative stress, providing increased neuroprotection, but also reduced penetration of many therapeutic drugs.
Identification of the Avian RBP7 Gene as a New Adipose-Specific Gene and RBP7 Promoter-Driven GFP Expression in Adipose Tissue of Transgenic Quail

The discovery of an increasing number of new adipose-specific genes has significantly contributed to our understanding of adipose tissue biology and the etiology of obesity and its related diseases. In the present study, comparison of gene expression profiles among various tissues was performed by analysis of chicken microarray data, leading to identification of RBP7 as a novel adipose-specific gene in chicken. Adipose-specific expression of RBP7 in the avian species was further confirmed at the protein and mRNA levels. Examination of the transcription factor binding sites within the chicken RBP7 promoter by Matinspector software revealed potential binding sites for adipogenic transcription factors. This led to the hypothesis that the RBP7 promoter can be utilized to overexpress a transgene in adipose tissue in order to further investigate the function of a transgene in adipose tissue. Several lines of transgenic quail containing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene under the control of the RBP7 promoter were generated using lentivirus-mediated gene transfer. The GFP expression in transgenic quail was specific to adipose tissue and increased after adipocyte differentiation. This expression pattern was consistent with endogenous RBP7 expression, suggesting the RBP7 promoter is sufficient to overexpress a gene of interest in adipose tissue at later developmental stages. These findings will lead to the establishment of a novel RBP7 promoter cassette which can be utilized for overexpressing genes of interest in adipose tissue in vivo to study the function of genes in adipose tissue development and lipid metabolism.
Contraction of myofibrils in the presence of antibodies to myosin subfragment 2.

Abstract In a muscle-based version of in vitro motility assays, the unloaded shortening velocity of rabbit skeletal myofibrils has been determined in the presence and absence of affinity-column-purified polyclonal antibodies directed against the subfragment-2 region of myosin. Contraction was initiated by photohydrolysis of caged ATP and the time dependence of shortening was monitored by an inverted microscope equipped with a video camera. Antibody-treated myofibrils undergo unloaded shortening in a fast phase with initial rates and half-times comparable to control (untreated) myofibrils, despite a marked reduction in the isometric force of skinned muscle fibers in the presence of the antibodies. In antibody-treated myofibrils, this process is followed by a much slower phase of contraction, terminating in elongated structures with well-defined sarcomere spacings (approximately 1 micron) in contrast to the supercontracted globular state of control myofibrils. These results suggest that although the unloaded shortening of myofibrils (and in vitro motility of actin filaments over immobilized myosin heads) can be powered by myosin heads, the subfragment-2 region as well as the myosin head contributes to force production in actively contracting muscle.
Pollen distribution in the bottom sediments of the western North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract An extensive survey of pollen distribution in surficial sediments from the slope and rise between 29° and 72°N, shows patterns which reflect the distribution of vegetation in eastern North America and the effects of aeolian, fluvial, and marine sedimentation. The results of the analysis of 94 core tops show that pollen concentration ranges from 23,000 to 10 grains per gram, and decreases offshore with distance from vegetation sources and northward in relation to lower vegetation density. Maximum concentration occurs in organic-rich, fine-grained lutum deposited off rivers draining the southeastern United States. Low pollen concentrations are associated with high-energy environments, such as the Western Boundary Undercurrent and the Labrador Current. Percentages of dominant pollen types generally correspond with onshore distribution of pollen and vegetation. Oak and other deciduous pollen types are the most abundant in marine sediments off the deciduous forests of eastern United States. Hemlock pollen is essentially restricted to sediments off the hemlock-oak forests of northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada, and spruce pollen is most abundant adjacent boreal forests and forest-tundra formations. The relative increase in pine pollen seaward reflects the selective effects of marine transport. Synthesis of pollen data by Q-mode factor analysis shows that major vegetation formations of eastern North America produce distinctive, regional marine pollen assemblages.
FAMILY STRUCTURE AND DELINQUENCY: GENERAL PATTERNS AND GENDER DIFFERENCES

In a sample of over 700 high-school sophomores, a jive-category measure of family structure is found to be not related to either frequency or seriousness of self-reported illegal behavior, except for unusually high delinquent behavior by boys from mother/stepfather homes. On the other hand, family structure does show an overall association with self-reported trouble with police, school, and juvenile court officials. Specifically, while boys (not girls) with stepfathers admit the most delinquent acts, controlling for the amount of admitted delinquency shows that officials are more likely to respond to the misbehavior of children (especially girls) from mother-only families. None of these findings are accounted for by race, social class, the quality of parent-child relationships, or the quality of school experiences.
Surface resonance effects and beam convergence in REM

Abstract Surface resonance effects and beam convergence have a strong influence on the reflection electron microscopy (REM) contrast of surface steps and defects. The effects resulting from the splitting of the reflection peaks, fine structures in the rocking curve around the Bragg angle and the azimuthal dependence of the reflection peak positions are discussed with reference to some experimental images of GaAs and Pt surfaces. Application of the concept of a resonance wave and the dependence of its spatial distribution on the diffraction conditions provides an explanation for the anomalous step contrast observed under the conditions when no strong Bragg reflections exist but the surface resonance effect is present.
Temperature-dependent Drude transport in a two-dimensional electron gas

We consider transport of dilute two-dimensional electrons, with temperature between Fermi and Debye temperatures. In this regime, electrons form a nondegenerate plasma with mobility limited by potential disorder. Different kinds of impurities contribute unique signatures to the resulting temperature-dependent Drude conductivity, via energy-dependent scattering. This opens up a way to characterize sample disorder composition. In particular, neutral impurities cause a slow decrease in conductivity with temperature, whereas charged impurities result in conductivity growing as a square root of temperature. This observation serves as a precaution for literally interpreting metallic or insulating conductivity dependence, as both can be found in a classical metallic system.
Droplet interactions in thermocapillary motion

Abstract The dynamics of two spherical droplets, whose movement is driven by variations in interfacial tension caused by a temperature gradient, are analyzed using a method of reflections. Both droplets have the same internal fluid properties but may differ in size, and the configuration of the droplets is arbitrary relative to the direction of the undisturbed temperature gradient. The method of reflections is based on an analysis of the thermal and hydrodynamic disturbances produced by a single droplet placed in an arbitrarily varying temperature field. The results for two-droplet interactions are correct to 0(r −6 ) where r is the center-to-center distance between the droplets. For the specific case of bubbles oriented parallel with the undisturbed temperature gradient, my results agree very well with numerical calculations found in the literature. The results for two, identical droplets are used to find the 0( o ) effect on mean droplet velocity of a bounded suspension, where o is the volume fraction of the droplets. In general, the interactions between droplets moving by thermocapillary effects are much weaker than in the case of sedimentation.
A note on the fundamental solution for the Tricomi-type equation in the hyperbolic domain

Abstract Barros-Neto and Gelfand (Duke Math. J. 98 (3) (1999) 465; Duke Math. J. 117 (2) (2003) 561) constructed for the Tricomi operator y ∂ x 2 + ∂ y 2 on the plane the fundamental solutions with the supports in the regions related to the geometry of the characteristics of the Tricomi operator. We give for the Tricomi-type operator ∂ t 2 - t m △ x a fundamental solution relative to an arbitrary point of R n + 1 with the support in the region t ⩾ 0 , where the operator is hyperbolic. Our key observation is that the fundamental solution for the Tricomi-type operator can be written like an integral of the distributions generated by the fundamental solution of the Cauchy problem for the wave equation . The application of that fundamental solution to the L p - L q estimate for the forced Tricomi-type equation is given as well.
ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY OF RURAL NEVADA WATER SYSTEMS: A HEDONIC SHADOW COST FUNCTION APPROACH*

. The efficiency of the water utility firms in rural Nevada and their input optimization are examined in this study. The empirical methodology incorporates a hedonic specification of the nonminimum globally concave cost function in estimating the effect of the regulatory environment and the quality of water services on the optimum utilization of inputs. Allocative distortions are introduced through shadow prices and are specified as functions of regressors which make distortion factors firmand input-specific. The results show that 76 percent of the water utilities of rural Nevada in the sample overutilize energy relative to labor. The impact of allocative distortions on each firm's cost is also computed.
Use of Fe(III) as an Electron Acceptor To Recover Previously Uncultured Hyperthermophiles: Isolation and Characterization of Geothermobacterium ferrireducens gen. nov., sp. nov.

It has recently been recognized that the ability to use Fe(III) as a terminal electron acceptor is a highly conserved characteristic in hyperthermophilic microorganisms. This suggests that it may be possible to recover as-yet-uncultured hyperthermophiles in pure culture if Fe(III) is used as an electron acceptor. As part of a study of the microbial diversity of the Obsidian Pool area in Yellowstone National Park, Wyo., hot sediment samples were used as the inoculum for enrichment cultures in media containing hydrogen as the sole electron donor and poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide as the electron acceptor. A pure culture was recovered on solidified, Fe(III) oxide medium. The isolate, designated FW-1a, is a hyperthermophilic anaerobe that grows exclusively by coupling hydrogen oxidation to the reduction of poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide. Organic carbon is not required for growth. Magnetite is the end product of Fe(III) oxide reduction under the culture conditions evaluated. The cells are rod shaped, about 0.5 μm by 1.0 to 1.2 μm, and motile and have a single flagellum. Strain FW-1a grows at circumneutral pH, at freshwater salinities, and at temperatures of between 65 and 100°C with an optimum of 85 to 90°C. To our knowledge this is the highest temperature optimum of any organism in the Bacteria. Analysis of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence of strain FW-1a places it within the Bacteria, most closely related to abundant but uncultured microorganisms whose 16S rDNA sequences have been previously recovered from Obsidian Pool and a terrestrial hot spring in Iceland. While previous studies inferred that the uncultured microorganisms with these 16S rDNA sequences were sulfate-reducing organisms, the physiology of the strain FW-1a, which does not reduce sulfate, indicates that these organisms are just as likely to be Fe(III) reducers. These results further demonstrate that Fe(III) may be helpful for recovering as-yet-uncultured microorganisms from hydrothermal environments and illustrate that caution must be used in inferring the physiological characteristics of at least some thermophilic microorganisms solely from 16S rDNA sequences. Based on both its 16S rDNA sequence and physiological characteristics, strain FW-1a represents a new genus among the Bacteria. The name Geothermobacterium ferrireducens gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed (ATCC BAA-426).
Photorefractive parallel matrix–matrix multiplier

We demonstrate the operation of a parallel matrix–matrix multiplier that uses a photorefractive crystal in conjunction with an array of mutually incoherent laser sources. A complex set of gratings is written in parallel with the aid of the mutually incoherent laser source array whose spatial modulation is the desired matrix–matrix product.
Parent Education for Autism: Issues in Providing Services at a Distance

Providing effective support services for families of children with autism is a growing area of concern. Individual and system-level risk factors that are associated with having autism could result in poor outcomes. Positive behavior interventions that address individual and family needs could potentially ameliorate these risk factors. Literature on parent education, effective behavior interventions, and the importance of viewing the individual within a socioecocultural framework are presented. These components should be considered in designing effective intervention programs for families. This article documents through a review of relevant research the need to provide appropriate services along with the need to develop service delivery models that will effectively reach families.
Swallowing during ongoing fluid ingestion in the rat.

Abstract In order to identify fixed versus flexible aspects of swallowing and oromotor control, we developed a method for the concurrent analysis of swallow frequency, swallow volume, and the temporal correlation between swallowing and rhythmic orolingual movements during prolonged bouts of fluid ingestion in unanesthetized, unreestrained rats. Rats actively ingested 0.1 M sucrose solutions infused intraorally: (a) at a constant rate within sessions; and (b) during separate sessions across which the rate of intraoral infusion (=ingestion rate) was varied. Salient characteristics of ‘intraoral intake’ included: (1) covariation of swallow frequency and swallow volume to mediate adjustments in the rate of ingestion; (2) emission of rhythmic coupled movements (5–7 Hz) of the jaw and tongue that serve to transport fluid through the mouth; (3) a 20–40 ms increase in the duration of the rhythmic movement cycle associated with swallow onset; and (4) emergence of pauses between bursts of rhythmic oromotor behavior with increases in cumulative intake. That intraoral intake and fluid ingestion via spout-licking (Weijnen et al., Brain Behav. Evol. , 25, 1985) share all of these features suggests strongly that common neural processes, relatively uninfluenced by sources of sensory feedback attending contact with an environmental fluid source, underlie these aspects of normal fluid ingestion. The dynamic adjustment of swallow frequency and swallow volume presents a challenge to traditional models of reflexive swallow initiation derived primarily from the neurophysiological study of acute, non-behaving preparations.
Rebar Corrosion under Simulated Concrete Conditions Using Galvanic Current Measurements

Abstract A galvanic current measurement method was developed as a rapid and simple technique to study the effect of chloride concentration, welding, and bending on the rebar corrosion in concrete. ...
Modified medium containing phosphomolybdic acid useful in the identification of specific yeast‐like fungi

A medium containing phosphomolybdic acid is described which permits growth and differentiation between closely related yeast-like fungi. When properly formulated and packaged, the vials of medium can be stored at room temperature for 6 months or more without loss of stability or effectiveness.
Application of ion‐pair methods to drug extraction from biological fluids I: Quantitative determination of biguanides in urine

A simple method for the quantitative determination of the biguanides (buformin, metformin, and phenformin) in water and urine is based on the extraction of the 1:1 bromthymol blue ion-pair into methylene chloride. Ion-pair extraction constants were determined. The biguanide was freed from the ion-pair by the addition of excess tetrabutylammonium hydroxide and reextracted into water. Spectrophotometric analysis at 630 nm. of the resultant 2:1 ion-pair of the tetrabutylammonium-bromthymol blue in methylene chloride has a sensitivity of less than 0.13 mcg./ml. for metformin in 3 ml. of aqueous solution. However, components of urine are also extracted into the methylene chloride and, in such circumstances, the concentration of the reextracted biguanide in the water can be determined spectrophotometrically at 232 nm. and is sensitive to less than 1.3 mcg./ml. for metformin in 3 ml. of urine. The sensitivity can be greatly increased by using larger amounts of urine. Calibration curves in a concentration range from 10−5 to 2 × 10−4M were obtained for 3 ml. of biguanide-spiked urine samples. No statistically significant effects on buformin calibration curves were found from storage up to 5 days, among different individuals, and with increased numbers of washings of the organic extract with a dilute bromthymol blue solution. Urine without drug demonstrated various backgrounds by these procedures; a principal one was attributable to the nicotine present in the urine of smokers.
THE ABSORPTION OF WATER BY ROOT SYSTEMS OF PLANTS

Botanists are generally agreed upon the manner in which water moves after it has entered the conducting vessels of the plant, but they are by no means agreed upon the manner in whicl it passes from the soil to the conducting vessels of the roots. Water may move by mass flow for hundreds of feet through the xylem vessels or tracheids, drawn in a state of tension by the removal of water from the xylem vessels of the leaves during transpiration. However, in passing from the soil to the xylem vessels of the root it must cross a mass of living cells, a fact which introduces problems not encountered in its movement through the cavities of the dead vessels or tracheids of the xylem. In approaching this problem it should be remembered that there usually are important differences between the conditions found in the xylem vessels of actively transpiring plants and those found when little or no transpiration is occurring. In actively transpiring plants the water in the xylem vessels is usually under tension, i.e. exhibits negative pressure. When transpiration is slow and the soil contains an abundance of moisture, as in the spring of the year, the water in the conducting vessels often exhibits a positive pressure, resulting in bleeding from cut or broken stems. This positive pressure is referred to in the literature by such terms as "'root pressure," "'sap pressure," and "exudation pressure." In view of these facts it seems very probable that the complex of factors bringing about the absorption of water by rapidly transpiring plants may be quite different from that bringing about the absorption of water when little transpiration is occurring. From the earliest days of plant physiology, workers have taxed their ingenuity to explain the absorption of water and the development of "root pressure" in plants, but few of the early theories were based on actual experimental work. The earliest workers were unable to give any very definite explanations of the processes involved, though capillarity was supposed to play an important part in the absorption of water and solutes. In the igth century more definite theories began to appear. DeCandolle (I832) applied the term "spongioles" to the absorbing regions of the roots. He believed the spongioles were actually contractile and, aided by capillarity, sucked in water from the soil. Dutrochet (I837), who is generally credited
A mechanoreceptor model for rapidly and slowly adapting afferents subjected to periodic vibratory stimuli

A simple model of Freeman and Johnson on cutaneous mechanoreceptors is modified by introducing mechanisms for hyperexcitation and refractoriness. These lead to significant improvements in the match between the neural and model data.
Epoxidation of Olefins by Hydroperoxo−Ferric Cytochrome P450

The T252A mutant of cytochrome P450cam is unable to form the oxoferryl “active oxygen” intermediate, as judged by its inability to hydroxylate its normal substrate, camphor. In the present study, w...
Penetrating injuries of the visceral compartment of the neck

Penetrating injuries of the visceral compartment of the neck are uncommon but potentially life threatening. A retrospective review of patients who sustained penetrating trauma to the laryngotracheal complex was conducted at the Level I trauma center of the University of Louisville Hospital in Kentucky. Sixteen patients were identified and their records reviewed for type of injuries, treatment, complications, and 1-year follow-up. The majority of patients were men who sustained injuries that were violent in nature. Zone II of the anterior neck was the most commonly injured area, with the trachea (69%), esophagus (38%), and larynx (31 %) the most commonly injured structures. Although 31% underwent angiograms, only 13% showed vascular injuries. Eighty-one percent of the patients had injuries involving more than 1 major structure of the neck. Neck exploration was performed in 81% of the patients and tracheotomies in 75% as well as repair of the trachea (50%), larynx (31%), and esophagus (38%). There is significant mortality associated with these injuries (13% in our study), and many of the patients have long-term sequelae such as dysphagia, hoarseness, and prolonged tracheotomy.
The limbic system and human evolution

The authors adduce evidence from the disciplines of paleontology, neuroanatomy, neuropsychology, and clinical neurology to support the hypothesis that significant neural changes associated with the initial development of the Hominidae occurred in the structures of the cerebrum that constitute the limbic system. Specifically, it is suggested: (1) that the functions currently attributable to the limbic system make it the most likely site for neuroanatomical changes to have occurred which would correlate with the social and sexual changes believed to have accompanied human evolution; (2) that the limbic system, as evidence by its connectivity with the neocortex and from clinical neurological studies, plays a role in many of the “higher” cerebral functions considered instrumental to human evolution, e.g. linguistic and mnemonic; (3) that comparisons of size and cellular composition of limbic structures among primates indicate notable differences between human and other primates; and (4) that the hypothesis of major initial modifications in the limbic system as opposed to neocortex is consistent with evidence from australopithecine endocasts indicating cranial volumes within the range of extant pongids.
Left ventricular papillary muscles and trabeculae are significant determinants of cardiac MRI volumetric measurements: effects on clinical standards in patients with advanced systolic dysfunction.

Abstract Background Left ventricular (LV) mass and ejection fraction are of diagnostic and therapeutic importance in patients with systolic dysfunction. Cardiac MRI (CMR) has been proposed as a standard for these indices. Prior studies have variably included papillary muscles and trabeculae in either intracavitary or myocardial volumes. Quantitative effects and clinical implications of this methodological difference in patients with systolic dysfunction are unknown. Methods Fifty consecutive patients with known systolic dysfunction (EF Results LV mass differed substantially by method ( p p p p Conclusions LV mass and ejection fraction differ significantly between commonly employed CMR methods. Alternative inclusion of papillary muscles and trabeculae in either cavity or myocardial volumes produces significant differences in clinical and therapeutic indices that can affect management of patients with advanced systolic dysfunction.
Anxiety in personality

Abstract Although usually thought of as a problem in affect, anxiety, just as any other personality trait, may be conceptualized as a coherent patterning over time and space of affect, behavior, cognition, and desires (the ABCDs of personality). We use the ABCD framework in an analysis of anxiety as a personality trait and an emotional and behavioral state. We review the anxiety literature with particular emphasis upon the relationship between anxiety and the behavioral consequences of having strong avoidance goals. We show how a consideration of the patterning of the ABCDs over time allows for an integration of theories of state anxiety with those of trait anxiety and consider how a multilevel information processing framework may better situate anxiety in personality research.
Reduction of acute alcoholic intoxication by α amino acids: Glycine and serine

Abstract The ability of glycine and of serine to protect rats from ethanol induced motor impairment was determined by pretreating the animals with these drugs, administering ethanol 30 minutes later, and evaluating the rats' performance on a rotor-rod test at 30 minutes and 2 hours post-ethanol. Performance of the glycine and serine-pretreated rats was significantly superior to that of controls at the 30-minute post-ethanol trial, but not at the 2-hour trial. Blood-alcohol levels measured at the times of the trials corresponded with the behavioral performance. The levels were significantly depressed during the 30-minute post-ethanol trials for both the glycine and serine-pretreated groups. These findings provide evidence that glycine and serine-induced protection against the described motor impairments caused by ethanol may be due to a suppression of the rate of absorption of ethanol from the gastrointestinal tract.
Effect of mineral supplementation of human milk on bone mineral content and trace element metabolism.

We studied the effect of feeding mineral fortifed human milk to preterm infants (birth weight ≤1500 gm). Serum concentrations of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, alkaline phosphatase, and parathyroid hormone were determined, and bone mineral content was measured, in infants fed unfortified human milk (group 1), fortified human milk (group 2), and a “humanized,” mineral-enriched premature infant formula (group 3). Serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, and parathyroid hormone concentrations did not differ significantly among the groups studied. Serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations increased significantly only in the infants fed unfortified human milk, and bone mineral content in this group was significantly lower than in formula-fed infants.
Effects of High-Frequency Pulsed-DC Electrofishing on a Wild Brown Trout Population

Abstract I determined the effects of annual exposure to high-frequency (>800 Hz), pulsed-DC electrofishing on the occurrence of spinal injuries, growth, size structure, and population density of wild brown trout Salmo trutta in a high-alkalinity stream in central Pennsylvania. I compared population statistics of brown trout in a section (section A) of Spruce Creek that was electrofished annually from 1985 to 1996 with those in another section (section B) that was electrofished annually from 1985 to 1991 and again in 1996. The frequency of spinal injuries of brown trout in section A (43.6%) was not significantly higher than that in section B (38.0%). The frequency of spinal injuries in angled brown trout from another section of Spruce Creek that had never been exposed to electrofishing was 15.5%. Median lengths of brown trout (ages 1–3) in section A were greater than those of brown trout in section B. Relative weights of brown trout in section B were higher than those in section A only in 1996, but these d...
The isotopic compositions and concentrations of lead in some chondritic stone meteorites

Abstract Microgram quantities of lead were volatilized from the chondrites Richardton, Holbrook, Beardsley and Plainview and purified for mass spectrometric analysis. Aliquots of approximately 1 μg were surface-ionized by use of the boric acid technique. The isotopic compositions found range from highly radiogenic lead in the case of Richardton to leads in the other three chondrites which are substantially less radiogenic than average lead in the crust of the earth. p]From our recent concentration determinations by the isotopic dilution method, it seems that the amount of lead in Beardsley is about 0·13 p.p.m. and that in Richardton about 0·06 p.p.m. The leads in these meteorites are consistent within a factor of approximately two with the lead-lead ages and the independently measured uranium and thorium concentrations. The lead—lead age for Richardton is the same as that found by Patterson (1955) for Nuevo Laredo, being 4·6 AE ∥ . The lead concentration measured for Forest City is 0·09 p.p.m., while that for Holbrook is 0·28 p.p.m. Holbrook is quite anomalous in containing 2·5 times the amount of radiogenic lead that can be explained by the accumulation of decay products in situ with a primeval lead which had the isotopic composition of the lead from the troilite in the Canyon Diablo and Henbury iron meteorites. p]The total amount of lead on the surface of a meteorite appears to be comparable to the total amount inside. The isotopic composition of this surface lead indicates that it is principally terrestrial lead.
Case finding in tuberculosis

Summary 1. During 19 months between 1936 and 1938, 127 children who were contacts of adult cases of tuberculosis were examined. Of these, 91 had positive Mantoux tests and 21 showed definite roentgenologic evidence of tuberculous infection. 2. Eighty-seven per cent of the 91 children with positive Mantoux tests were contacts of adult patients with positive sputa. However, two children with definite tuberculosis, of whom one died of tuberculous meningitis, were contacts of a mother who had only a minimal lesion and whose sputum was negative. 3. Two cases of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis were found among 125 children studied. 4. The three children who died were all under 2 years of age and in each case the mother was the contact. 5. A history of contact is an important lead in early case finding in tuberculosis in children, especially where the original patient has a positive sputum. This is strikingly shown in this highly selected group. It is significant, however, that even in this group two children with definite tuberculosis were discovered whose only contact with the disease had been a mother with a minimal lesion and a negative sputum. This is not a rare finding in any chest clinic and emphasizes again that, although a history of contact is very valuable, its absence does not eliminate the possibility of finding active tuberculosis.
Experimental modification of photocarcinogenesis. III. Simulation of exposure to sunlight and fluorescent whitening agents.

Abstract Skin tumours were produced in hairless mice after several months of daily exposure to ultraviolet, visible and infra-red radiation from a long-arc xenon-lamp solar simulator. Mice were bathed in an aqueous detergent suspension of a test compound (or the vehicle alone) prior to each light exposure. The carcinogenic effect was enhanced by pretreatment of mice with 8-methoxypsoralen (tumours appearing sooner and in larger numbers). Pretreatment of mice with any one of four substituted-stilbene fluorescent whitening agents did not produce phototoxicity or enhance photocarcinogenesis.