cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital Rectal Examination in the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer

Screening using digital rectal examination improves the clinical stage distribution of prostate cancer and prolongs survival. Unfortunately, digital rectal examination may not be sensitive enough to detect the small-volume tumors that are most amenable to cure. In several studies, approximately 50 per cent of cancers detected through screening had already spread beyond the prostate. Regardless, the key to demonstrating overall benefit from screening is a diminished disease-specific mortality rate. To date, this has not been shown. Lower mortality rates from prostate cancer can be demonstrated only through a randomized study comparing screened and unscreened populations. Such a study, which has recently been approved and funded by the National Institutes of Health, will require 10 to 15 years to complete. Until that time, the value of screening for prostate cancer by digital rectal examination or any other method will be unknown. Beyond a lack of proved benefit, screening for prostate cancer may be harmful because of the variable natural history of the disease and the morbidity and mortality rates associated with treatment. There exists a large population of patients with pathologically detectable prostate cancer who will never have clinical disease. The detection of some of these tumors may expose those patients to the risks of unnecessary treatment. Large-scale prostate cancer screening studies may ultimately be shown to be advantageous. The sooner this occurs, the earlier aggressive screening can be advocated, similar to screening for breast cancer. However, the temptation to embark on such screening programs without first demonstrating clear benefit should be resisted.
Effects of calcitonin and substance P on the transport of Ca, Na and Cl across rat ileum in vitro.

Both salmon calcitonin (SCT) and substance P decreased ileal Na absorption, changed Cl transport from net absorption to net secretion and elevated the short circuit current when added in vitro at concentrations of 10 μg per ml to solutions bathing the serosal surface of rat ileum which had been stripped of its serosal muscle coat. The effects of substance P were of greater magnitude but shorter duration than SCT. Both peptides also increased the bidirectional fluxes of Ca but did not alter net Ca movement. The changes in Na and Cl fluxes and short circuit current are identifical to those which occur when cellular levels of cyclic AMP increased. However, incubation of ileal mucosa with SCT or substance P did not cause a detectable change in cellular levels of cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. Both the mechanism of action and the possible physiological functions of SCT and substance P in the regulation of electrolyte transport require further investigation. The results with SCT appear to confirm prior suggestions that calcitonin may act directly to produce secretory diarrhea under pathophysiological conditions.
The Meaning of Obesity in the Church: A Pastoral Leader’s Perspective

The purpose of this study is to highlight a unique case regarding obesity and weight loss in the Christian church that emerged when interviewing men who had experienced bariatric surgery. Thirty-four-year-old “Pastor Tom” was removed from his position in the church due to his obesity. Through critical reflection, utilizing an intrinsic case study methodology, the authors explore how this research participant constructed meaning around obesity and weight loss. In this study, two major themes emerged: (1) leading by example and (2) becoming a leader. The study includes a discussion of implications for the church as well as teaching, clinical, and research implications.
Who Are the Dissident Detainees? Some Observations and Descriptive Statistics

Unlike political dissent at the close of the eighteenth century, which was a phenomenon of the relatively wealthy, well-educated, and well-travelled, Soviet dissent sprang from a broad base of political activism across and within social strata, and republics. Antebi (1977:120) observed ‘…ce n’est pas seulement une revolte d’intellectuels. C’est aussi une revolte diffuse, qui atteint toutes les couches de la population.’ Workers and missionaries were swept up in it along with university students, white collar professionals, trade unionists, Hare Krishna devotees, environmentalists, and even police and erstwhile KGB employees. The cases of the taxi driver G.A. Bychkov, the shoe factory worker F.P. Dvoretsky, the hospital orderly F.N. Komarova, construction labourer Marchenko, and the manual worker V.A. Tsurikov provide examples of blue collar entanglement in the modern dissident movement. Soviet systematic persecution of the Evangelicals, often poor, also illustrates the class-inclusive nature of contemporary global political and religious repression of dissent,1 as events in May 1989 in China corroborate.
Curriculum creation: Reflection as a tool for enhancement

Reflection plays an important role in the development of new courses and curriculum. Professional skills development is the focus of two newly developed and required courses, one of which uses reflection as a primary pedagogical practice. These foundational courses are scaffolded by design. The scope of this presentation will be on the first of these two courses, designed for students entering the university environment and serving as early exposure to the field. AÂ Presenters will share the role that reflection played, and continues to play, in the development of these courses. One assignment, a product of this reflection, will serve as a focus of this presentation. It was developed to challenge students to consider past experiences and how they might apply to the development of their professional skills, both now and in the future. Peer review and feedback sessions serve as another instructional tool to facilitate this critical thinking process.The first focus of this presentation will be on continual instructor reflection on course and curriculum design as a method for enhancing the pedagogical approach, instruction, and assignments, and it will continue to play a role in the assessment of course outcomes. The second focus will be on the role that critical reflection plays as a pedagogical practice in course design and classroom instruction. Session attendees will be asked to reflect on their pedagogical practice and the role reflection has played in their approach to classroom learning.
Chloral Hydrate: A Potential Carcinogen

The long-term health effects of chloral hydrate are discussed and its carcinogenicity in mice are reported from the University of California, Davis, and the California School of Public Health, Berkeley.
Technical Note: Analysis of motion blurring artifact in fast helical free-breathing thoracic CT scans.

Purpose The aim of this study was to measure and characterize breathing-induced motion artifacts in fast helical free-breathing CT scans. Methods Ten lung cancer patients were scanned using fast helical CT during free breathing. In each case, 25 low-dose CT scans were acquired in alternating craniocaudal and caudocranial directions. A bellow-based breathing surrogate was simultaneously acquired. A published breathing motion model was used to estimate the diaphragm craniodaudal velocity at each CT scan. The Hounsfield unit (HU) profiles passing through a small square (7 × 7 mm2 ) portion of the diaphragm were examined and fit to error functions, which were used to characterize the motion blur. The HU profiles that intersected diaphragm-adjacent non-parenchymal tissue were excluded from analysis. The five profiles for each scan that were best isolated from non-parenchymal tissue were used to determine the amount of blurring. A convolution-based blurring model was also employed to compare against the human data. Results There was a distinct relationship between blurring and diaphragm speed. The convolution model well described the blurring behavior in the patients. Most of the CT scans were acquired at tissue velocities less than 20 mm s-1 , which was the threshold where blurring exceeded 1 mm (corresponding to the slice spacing in this study). Conclusions Breathing motion-induced blurring occurs even for relatively fast modern helical CT scans. Measurable motion-induced blurring occurs for velocities greater than 15 mm s-1 and greater than 1 mm for velocities greater than 20 mm s-1 . Methods to manage the residual blurring artifacts will need to be developed to maximize the image quality for free-breathing CT protocols.
Early Impacts of a Healthy Food Distribution Program on the Availability and Price of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in Small Retail Venues in Los Angeles.

Healthy food distribution programs that allow small retailers to purchase fresh fruits and vegetables at wholesale prices may increase the profitability of selling produce. While promising, little is known about how these programs affect the availability of fresh fruits and vegetables in underserved communities. This study examined the impacts of a healthy food distribution program in Los Angeles County over its first year of operation (August 2015–2016). Assessment methods included: (1) a brief survey examining the characteristics, purchasing habits, and attitudes of stores entering the program; (2) longitudinal tracking of sales data examining changes in the volume and variety of fruits and vegetables distributed through the program; and (3) the collection of comparison price data from wholesale market databases and local grocery stores. Seventeen stores participated in the program over the study period. One-fourth of survey respondents reported no recent experience selling produce. Analysis of sales data showed that, on average, the total volume of produce distributed through the program increased by six pounds per week over the study period (95% confidence limit: 4.50, 7.50); trends varied by store and produce type. Produce prices offered through the program approximated those at wholesale markets, and were lower than prices at full-service grocers. Results suggest that healthy food distribution programs may reduce certain supply-side barriers to offering fresh produce in small retail venues. While promising, more work is needed to understand the impacts of such programs on in-store environments and consumer behaviors.
Mechanistic Studies of an Amine Oxidase Derived from d -Amino Acid Oxidase

The flavoprotein d-amino acid oxidase has long served as a paradigm for understanding the mechanism of oxidation of amino acids by flavoproteins. Recently, a mutant d-amino acid oxidase (Y228L/R283G) that catalyzed the oxidation of amines rather than amino acids was described [Yasukawa, K., et al. (2014) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 53, 4428–4431]. We describe here the use of pH and kinetic isotope effects with (R)-α-methylbenzylamine as a substrate to determine whether the mutant enzyme utilizes the same catalytic mechanism as the wild-type enzyme. The effects of pH on the steady-state and rapid-reaction kinetics establish that the neutral amine is the substrate, while an active-site residue, likely Tyr224, must be uncharged for productive binding. There is no solvent isotope effect on the kcat/Km value for the amine, consistent with the neutral amine being the substrate. The deuterium isotope effect on the kcat/Km value is pH-independent, with an average value of 5.3, similar to values found with amino acids ...
Normal Forms of Linearly Uncontrollable Nonlinear Control Systems with a Single Input

Abstract We derive the controller normal form and the dual normal form for linearly uncontrollable nonlinear control systems with a single input. The invariants under the state and feedback transformation of degree d are found for d ≥ 2.
Do tourists tip more than local consumers? Evidence from taxi rides in New York City.

Given the resurgence of cities as consumer centers and the importance of amenities, we revisit the differences in tipping in taxis between tourists and locals in New York City. Taxi service is an e...
Computer workstation speeds

This report compares the performance of several computers. Some of the machines are discontinued, and some are anticipated, but most are currently installed at Sandia Laboratories. All the computers are personal workstations or departmental servers, except for comparison, one is a Cray C90 mainframe supercomputer (not owned by the Laboratories). A few of the computers have multiple processors, but parallelism is not tested. The time to run three programs is reported for every computer. Unlike many benchmarks, these are complete application programs. They were written and are used at Sandia Laboratories. Also SPECmarks are reported for many computers. These are industry standard performance ratings. They are in general agreement with the speeds of running the Sandia programs. This report concludes with some background material and notes about specific manufacturers.
Viscosity and Density Measurements Using Mechanical Oscillators in Oil and Gas Applications

Real-time monitoring of wellbore fluids is of crucial importance for oil recovery. During various operations such as drilling, production, stimulation, and intervention, the characteristics of the fluids being produced or injected into the well needs to be monitored to ensure safe operation or to optimize production. However, measuring their physical properties, such as viscosity and density, can still pose a great challenge when the fluids are part of a multiphase flow or are complex inhomogeneous fluids whose properties can vary largely with external parameters such as temperature, pressure, and flow rates. While commercial instruments that make comparable measurements can be found in other industries, a solution tailored to these oilfield challenges does not exist at the moment. In this paper, we demonstrate two examples of viscosity/density systems using tuning fork-based mechanical oscillators tailored to different measurement scenarios in the oilfield. In the first example, we use a miniature piezoelectric tuning fork which can be integrated in small-scale measurement platforms for downhole deployment. By using the tuning fork as the frequency-defining element of an oscillator circuit, fast measurements of viscosity and density are possible. This feature allows us to use this device in fast changing multiphase flows, such as those found in live producing wells. In the second example, we demonstrate a ruggedized tuning fork device for in-line measurements of viscosity and density of non-Newtonian fluids. This instrument is a robust permanent tool for surface installation with applications in quality assessment of drilling mud and other wellbore fluids. We discuss some initial studies in a water-based drilling fluid.
Robust video scene detection using multimodal fusion of optimally grouped features

Video scene detection, the task of temporally dividing a video into its semantic sections, is an important process for effective analysis of heterogeneous video content. With the increased amount of video available for consumption, video scene detection becomes more and more important by providing means for effective video summarization, search and retrieval, browsing, and video understanding. We formulate the problem of video scene detection as a generic optimization problem aimed at partitioning a video given a set of features derived from multiple modalities. By optimally grouping consecutive shots into scenes, our method presents an effective and efficient solution for dividing a video into sections using a unique dynamic programming scheme. Unlike existing methods, it allows us to directly obtain temporally consistent video scene detection and has the advantage of being parameter-free, making it robust and applicable to various types of video content. Our experimental results show that our proposed multimodal approach can provide a significant gain compared to using only a single modality (e.g., either video or audio alone). Additionally, our method outperforms the state of the art in video scene detection, clearly demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method. As part of this work, we also provide a significant extension to our Open Video Scene Detection dataset (OVSD), which comprises open licensed videos freely available for academic and industrial use. This extension, which increases the OVSD's cumulative duration from the original 2.5 hours to over 17 hours, makes this dataset the most extensive evaluation tool for the problem of video scene detection.
Molecular analysis of Evi1, a zinc finger oncogene involved in myeloid leukemia.

Our molecular understanding of myleoid leukemogenesis has come largely from the identification and characterization of genes whose alteration, through deletion, translocation, mutation, or retroviral insertion contributes to this multistep process. In this pursuit, several mouse models have contributed significantly, including the BXH-2 [1] and AKXD23[2] recombinant inbred strains, as well as retroviral infection of a number of different strains. These studies have led to the identification of Evi1[3], Nf1[4], Fli1[5], Spi1[6], Hox2.4[7], and, more recently, Meis1[8] and Hoxa9[9] as genes involved in myeloid leukemogenesis. This review focuses on Evi1, a myeloid leukemia-specific site of retroviral insertion that encodes a zinc finger transcription factor.
HIGH-VELOCITY LIQUID JET INJECTION INTO TOKAMAK PLASMAS FOR DISRUPTION MITIGATION

Proposed is a new concept for disruption mitigation and fast shutdown in tokamaks: the injection of hydrogen or helium liquid jets. Liquid jets can rapidly cool the plasma to reduce divertor heat l...
Juvenile court outcomes following youth's first arrest: a national test of the racial and ethnic threat hypothesis

Using nationally representative data, this research examined the associations between indicators of minority threat and juvenile justice processing following a first arrest. At intake, increasing B...
Translating to change the nation: The case of José Pedro Varela, a reformer in late 19th century Uruguay

The history of translation in Hispanic America can be segmented into specific historical periods that differ from those found in Europe, namely: encounter and conquest, the colonial period; pre-independence and emancipation; independence and republic; and an ongoing period that started in 1920 (Bastin, 2006). A great deal of work has been done regarding the first three of those periods. Later historical periods, while still receiving some scholarly attention, have not been the focus of as much research (cf. e.g., Montoya, 2014). This paper hopes to provide further insights on translation practices during the Independence and Republic Period by focusing on Jose Pedro Varela, an educational reformer in 19th century Uruguay. Varela spearheaded the charge for educational reform in his native South American country, and he initiated the reforms that would forever change the DNA of public education in Uruguay. Much has been written about him (e.g. Hentschke, 2016), but relatively little has been said of the fact that a number of his most influential writings were, at least in part, translations. In light of this, the present paper will provide a portrait of Varela, highlighting his status as a popular hero whose role as a translator has faded from the public’s view. By pointing out some of his most well-known translations and the role they played in his broader reformist strategies, this paper will also provide some historical perspectives on translation, including how it was conceptualized by some of South America’s key intellectuals during the second half of the 19th century.
Tailoring Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing to Individual Species of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci: Next Up, Staphylococcus epidermidis

Accurate detection of methicillin resistance among staphylococci is vital for patient care. Methicillin resistance is most commonly mediated by acquisition of the mecA gene, which encodes an altered penicillin binding protein, PBP2a. Application of phenotypic methods to detect mecA-mediated beta-lactam resistance in staphylococci is becoming more complex as species-specific differences are identified among coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Previously, interpretative criteria and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) methods specific to the CoNS group were used to evaluate Staphylococcus epidermidis A manuscript by S. N. Naccache, K. Callan, C.-A. D. Burnham, M. A. Wallace, et al. (J Clin Microbiol 57:e00961-19, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00961-19) details experiments revealing that S. epidermidis, the most common clinically isolated CoNS, requires tailored use of previously described methods and interpretive criteria to reliably identify the presence of mecA-mediated methicillin resistance.
Be Cautious with Crystal Structures of Membrane Proteins or Complexes Prepared in Detergents.

Membrane proteins are an important class of macromolecules found in all living organisms and many of them serve as important drug targets. In order to understand their biological and biochemical functions and to exploit them for structure-based drug design, high-resolution and accurate structures of membrane proteins are needed, but are still rarely available, e.g., predominantly from X-ray crystallography, and more recently from single particle cryo-EM — an increasingly powerful tool for membrane protein structure determination. However, while protein-lipid interactions play crucial roles for the structural and functional integrity of membrane proteins, for historical reasons and due to technological limitations, until recently, the primary method for membrane protein crystallization has relied on detergents. Bicelle and lipid cubic phase (LCP) methods have also been used for membrane protein crystallization, but the first step requires detergent extraction of the protein from its native cell membrane. The resulting, crystal structures have been occasionally questioned, but such concerns were generally dismissed as accidents or ignored. However, even a hint of controversy indicates that methodological drawbacks in such structural research may exist. In the absence of caution, structures determined using these methods are often assumed to be correct, which has led to surprising hypotheses for their mechanisms of action. In this communication, several examples of structural studies on membrane proteins or complexes will be discussed: Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) family transporters, microbial rhodopsins, Tryptophan-rich Sensory Proteins (TSPO), and Energy-Coupling Factor (ECF) type ABC transporters. These analyses should focus the attention of membrane protein structural biologists on the potential problems in structure determination relying on detergent-based methods. Furthermore, careful examination of membrane proteins in their native cell environments by biochemical and biophysical techniques is warranted, and completely detergent-free systems for membrane protein research are crucially needed.
Probing compactified extra dimensions with gravitational waves

We study the effect of compact extra dimensions on the gravitational wave luminosity and waveform. We consider a toy model, with a compactified fifth dimension, and matter confined on a brane. We work in the context of five-dimensional (5D) general relativity, though we do make connections with the corresponding Kaluza-Klein effective 4D theory. We show that the luminosity of gravitational waves emitted in 5D gravity by a binary with the same characteristics (same masses and separation distance) as a 4D binary is 20.8% less relative to the 4D case, to leading post-Newtonian order. The phase of the gravitational waveform differs by 26% relative to the 4D case, to leading post-Newtonian order. Such a correction arises mainly due to the coupling between matter and dilaton field in the effective 4D picture and agrees with previous calculations when we set black holes' scalar charges to be those computed from the Kaluza-Klein reduction. The above corrections to the waveform and the luminosity are inconsistent with the gravitational-wave and binary pulsar observations, and they thus effectively rule out the possibility of such a simple compactified higher dimensions scenario. We also comment on how our results change if there are several compactified extra dimensions and show that the discrepancy with 4D general relativity only increases.
Designing an Internet-of-Things Laboratory to Improve Student Understanding of Secure Embedded Systems.

In the U.S., the Department of Defense and the National Security Agency are taking steps to build cybersecurity capacity through workforce training and education. We describe the development of cybersecurity education courseware for internet-of-things (IoT) applications.
Single-shot measurement of transverse second moments using the projection method

We introduce a diagnostic for measuring the transverse phase space (TPS) and transverse second moments of a particle beam in a single shot. The diagnostic consists of a slit followed by a simple projection beam line to project the TPS onto an imaging screen. The beam line is composed of a skew quadrupole magnet followed by a normal quadrupole magnet with an imaging screen at the end. The skew quadrupole generates a coupling between the initial $x$ and the final $y$, while the normal quadrupole removes the correlation between the initial $x$ and the initial ${x}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. Thus, the initial $(x,{x}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ is mapped onto the final $(x,y)$. The slit is needed before the projection beam line to remove the initial $(y,{y}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ contribution from the final $(x,y)$ image on the screen. We present simulation studies and a demonstration of the diagnostic with an experiment performed at Argonne Wakefield Accelerator facility. We also discuss the method's limitations.
How Does Health Impact Challenging Behavior

People with severe disabilities have a higher prevalence of many health conditions when compared with the general population. Examples include gastrointestinal conditions, chronic allergies, epilep...
Applying a Human Factors Approach to Improve Patient Experience with Sacral Neuromodulation.

Abstract Objectives To apply a human factors approach, the study of interactions between humans and complex systems, to investigate patient preparedness, satisfaction, and perceived usability with sacral neuromodulation (SNM) and develop interventions aimed at improving patient experience. Materials and Methods Ten patients with overactive bladder undergoing staged SNM were observed, and data including pre-operative preparedness, satisfaction, perceived usability and barriers impacting patient experience were collected. Interventions were developed and an additional ten patients were observed. All patients were English-speaking and at least 18 years of age. Results Pre-intervention patients had difficulty understanding the risks of the procedure, did not know what to expect post-operatively and were unsatisfied with pre-operative materials. Interventions included: A pre-procedure educational video and informational sheet, detailed discharge instructions; and a nursing inservice. Pre-operative preparedness (Stage I: U = 100, z = 3.785, P = .000; Stage II: U = 80, z = 2.864, P = .003), post-operative satisfaction (Stage I: U = 100, z = 3.788, P = .000; Stage II: U = 77.5, z = 2.665, P = .006.) and perceptions of usability (Stage I: U = 77.00, z = 2.056, P = .043.; Stage II: U = 80.50, z = 2.308, P = .019) increased significantly after the intervention. Conclusion Our observations highlight the value of implementing a human factors approach to identify and mitigate barriers impacting patient experiences with SNM. Through the implementation of systems-level interventions (ie, interventions that impact the non–clinical aspects of surgery such as patient and/or staff education), significant improvements can be made.
Design and implementation of tunable RF modules for reconfigurable metastructures that perform mathematical computations

In this work we report the design process of tunable RF modules and their implementation towards specialized network architectures that are able to perform mathematical operations such as matrix inversion.
Economic instruments for the implementation of state environmental policy

The article considers ecological and economic instruments in the context of implementation of the state ecological policy and sustainable development of regions. The number of eco-policy instruments used for economic protection of the environment is constantly changing and expanding. The features that characterize economic instruments are identified: the theoretical basis for the use of economic instruments is the idea of external environmental costs, which are expressed in the negative forms of impact of production and consumption of the environment; secondly, environmental and economic instruments are aimed, on the one hand, on the economic support of rational nature management, and on the other - on environmental protection; third, the basis for the practical application of economic instruments are the principles of "polluter pays" and "user pays"; fourth, economic instruments contribute to the development of a "green" economy, which is the driving force of sustainable (balanced) development. Environmental and economic instruments determine the financial strategy, and this is a solid foundation for the concept of sustainable development. There are two main groups of environmental and economic instruments of state regulation in the field of environmental protection: the first group is represented by fiscal and budgetary economic instruments (environmental taxation, environmental payments and fees, environmental regulation and penalties for violations of environmental legislation), the second group of economic instruments for the implementation of state environmental policy is related to the system of financial and economic incentives for environmental activities (preferential taxes, soft loans, subsidies, market formation of environmental goods and services). The main directions of improving the implementation of economic instruments of public administration in the field of environmental protection are identified.
Natural Observation of Alcohol Price and Promotions at Bars: Implications for Alcohol Misuse Prevention

Alcohol misuse among young adults remains a primary public health concern given the wide range of short- and long-term physical, social, and societal consequences of the behavior. On-premise drinking establishments, which allow alcohol consumption on site (i.e., bars), are frequent locations for young adult alcohol use. Risks for alcohol misuse within the bar setting are key factors to identify for prevention. Notably, alcohol price and promotions are associated with alcohol consumption among young adults. This study sought to develop and pilot test an observational protocol to assess the alcohol environment at on-premise drinking establishments. Following qualitative exploration of salient risk factors in these settings through focus groups with young adults, an observational tool was adapted and tested in a feasibility study. The refined tool was then pilot tested with two independent data collectors conducting natural observation at 13 establishments in the downtown nightlife district of a small, southeastern city. High interrater reliability was noted. Descriptive summary statistics of bar characteristics demonstrate low alcohol prices with variability across types of alcohol (e.g., beer, wine, and liquor), greater numbers of alcohol promotions inside rather than outside the building, and higher rates of manual versus electronic age verification procedures. Observational assessment of alcohol price and marketing at on-premise drinking establishments as described in this study is needed to inform prevention policy and programs to reduce harms associated with young adult alcohol misuse.
Incidence and Outcomes of Registry-Based Acute Myocardial Infarction After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the rarest and least studied cardiac complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Precise estimates of the incidence of AMI after aSAH are unavailable. Our goal was to estimate the incidence of registry-based AMI (rb-AMI) after aSAH and determine its association with clinical outcomes. Adult patients with aSAH in the National Inpatient Samples from 2002 to 2014 were included in the study. We evaluated risk factors for rb-AMI using univariate and multivariate regression models. Clinical outcomes that were assessed included functional status at discharge, in-patient mortality, length of stay, and total hospitalization cost, adjusting for patient demographics and cardiovascular risk factors through an inverse probability weighted analysis. Subgroup analyses were further performed stratified by rb-AMI type (ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI] vs. non-STEMI [NSTEMI]). A total of 139,734 patients with aSAH were identified, 3.6% of whom had rb-AMI. NSTEMI was the most common type of rb-AMI occurring after aSAH (71% vs. 29% for NSTEMI vs. STEMI, respectively). Patient characteristics associated with higher odds of rb-AMI included age, female sex, poor aSAH grade, and various cardiovascular risk factors. Rb-AMI was also associated with poor functional status at discharge, higher in-hospital mortality, and a longer and more costly hospital stay. Rb-AMI occurs in 3.6% of patients with aSAH and is associated with poor functional status at discharge, higher in-patient mortality, and a longer and more costly hospitalization. Differentiating between different types of rb-AMI would be important in optimizing the management of patients with aSAH. Our definition of rb-AMI likely includes patients with neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy, which may confound the results.
Digital Scholarship and Interactivity: A Study of Commenting Features in Networked Books

Abstract Digital scholarly publishing is moving toward the use of commenting features, which allow readers to contribute to the knowledge production of the publication and establish a community of readers within a digital text. In this article, I use theories of interactivity in order to articulate some of the potentials as well as challenges that are inherent in using commenting features within digital scholarship. In using interactivity as the main theory through which scholars understand their decisions about commenting functions, this article argues, digital scholars will better be able to frame the interactions that can occur among readers and the author within the online scholarship.
Broadband telecommunications in rural America

Abstract This article reviews the recent history of rural telecommunications policy in the USA and assesses the social significance of emerging patterns of infrastructure development in the residential market. Rural America provides an interesting laboratory for experimenting with the shared and divergent interests of two major players in broadband telecommunications which are mainly at odds, namely the telephone and cable industries. These interests, and their significance for current political and economic developments in rural America, are analysed in detail below. A brief overview of rural telecommunications development in the state of Indiana is provided for illustrative purposes.
Attitudes of and Behaviors Towards Academic Integrity Between Community College Students Who Enroll in Online Courses Versus Traditional Courses

Advances in technology have allowed educators to use new methods for delivering education, students are finding new ways to leverage technology to learn, and online course enrollments are growing at a faster rate than traditional face-to-face courses. Using McCabe's Academic Integrity Survey, data was collected from over 1,700 students enrolled in online or traditional, face-to-face courses at a large Midwestern community college during the fall of 2008. The purpose of this study was to examine whether differences in the self-reported attitudes and behaviors toward academic integrity exist between community college students enrolled in online courses and those in traditional, face-to-face learning environments. In addition, this study sought to determine whether the students' level of awareness of the institutional policies related to academic integrity and ratings of the academic integrity climate impacted students' self-reported cheating behaviors and perceived severity of those cheating behaviors and if it differed among students between the two learning environments. Using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, a five-factor model was developed and used to compare attitudes and behaviors toward academic integrity between the two learning environments. The results of the research did not reveal significant differences between the learning environments when examining the attitudes and behaviors of student cheating but they did reveal that online students were more apprised of the college's academic integrity policy and rated the Academic Integrity Climate higher than students enrolled in traditional, face-to-face courses.
From Charity to Justice through Citysquare

The service-learning and co-curricular programs at most universities tend to focus on charitable activities. While a university’s culture of charity is in the mainstream of American civic life, charity is limited and may be counterproductive both as a response to poverty and as a curricular or co-curricular activity. To make this case this paper distinguishes between charity and justice and argues that promoting justice requires engaging students with organizations whose core principles and practices is grounded in justice rather than charity. One example of this type of organization is the Dallas-based social service, community development organization CitySquare, an organization which is explicitly guided by a social justice orientation. Creating partnerships with such organizations is a particularly powerful approach to educate students about the limits of charity and the possibilities of justice.
Trion Music: Reasoning and Creativity

This chapter illustrates how music can be used as a window into higher brain function and predicts that music training could enhance spatial-temporal reasoning. It distinguishes the two important types of trion evolutions called sequential and creative modes. The sequential mode corresponds to a precise evolution of the memory patterns while creative mode generates a much more flowing and intriguing series of patterns. This is followed from the mapping of trion model firing pattern evolutions onto music. Xiao Leng mapped the Monte Carlo evolutions of the model, or translated this internal language of the brain, into music. It introduces the concepts of sequential reasoning and creative reasoning within the model. Furthermore, the fundamental basis for the trion model music results and how this basis is compatible with some important general features of music that are relevant to higher brain function. This chapter also presents several diverse examples of other applications of the trion model evolutions in understanding brain function.
Functional studies of rostral ventrolateral medulla neurons using manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in sedentary versus physically active rats (686.36)

A sedentary lifestyle, a key risk factor in cardiovascular disease (CVD), is linked to increased sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). Control of SNA occurs via bulbospinal catecholaminergic (C1) and n...
Corticosterone Facilitates Saccharin Intake in Adrenalectomized Rats: Does Corticosterone Increase Stimulus Salience?

Unlike normal rats, adrenalectomized rats do not voluntarily drink sweet saccharin solutions. To test whether this is a function of corticosterone in the circulation, and if corticosterone also increases the impetus for drinking saccharin after a period of withdrawal, we performed the following experiments. Young male rats were sham adrenalectomized (sham) or adrenalectomized (ADX); the ADX rats were provided with subcutaneous pellets containing (percent replacement of corticosterone, %B) 0%B, 15%B, 30%B or 100%B. Sham and ADX rats were immediately provided with saline (0.5%) and saccharin (2 mM) bottles in their home cages. Saccharin was allowed for 4 days on, 3 days off, 4 days on, 3 days off and a final day on, over the 15 days experiment. The dose of corticosterone determined both how much saccharin was voluntarily drunk by the ADX rats and the degree of overshoot after days off. Corticosterone also determined energy balance of the groups of ADX rats. The 30%B pellets restored food intake, body weight gain, insulin and caloric efficiency to the normal levels observed in sham rats. White fat depot weights and uncoupling protein concentration in brown adipose tissue were restored to sham levels by 100%B, suggesting that these variables which depend on activity in the sympathetic nervous system require considerable glucocorticoid receptor occupancy. We conclude that corticosterone increases the willingness to ingest sweetened water in a unimodal, dose-related manner, while moderate doses of corticosterone restore energy balance.
A prototype multilingual document browser for ancient Greek texts

This paper describes a prototype multilingual keyword extraction and information browsing system for texts written in Classical Greek. This system automatically extracts keywords from Greek texts using a tf x idf keyword discovery routine, clusters documents into thematically coherent groups based on these keywords, translates the keywords into English, and presents this information in two different formats so that users with limited knowledge of Ancient Greek can browse the documents and orient themselves to important concepts in the collections of a digital library.
Martian lithospheric thickness from elastic flexure theory

The thickness of the elastic lithosphere in the Tharsis region of Mars is estimated from effects due to the surface load of Olympus Mons. Deformation (vertical displacement) and stress are calculated using elastic flexure theory for a range of possible lithospheric thicknesses (T), modeling the lithosphere as a thin elastic shell and the interior as a Newtonian fluid. For T below 150 km, displacement and stress rise rapidly with decreasing thickness. For T near 100 km, deformation of the region surrounding the volcano would be clearly visible in the topography, and resulting tensional stresses exceeding 5 kbar should produce observable fracturing at the surface. In contrast, for T near 200 km deformation is minimal and the tensional stress, being less than a kilobar, would not result in extensive fracturing. Since significant deformation and fracturing are not observed, it is concluded that the Martian elastic lithosphere is at least 150 km in thickness. Seismic, tectonic, and gravity observations all suggest a thick Martian lithosphere as well.
Cultural Shaping of Self, Emotion, and Well‐Being: How Does It Work?

In this paper, we review the existent literature to propose that (i) different cultures have distinct views of self, which are instrumental in organizing daily routines, practices, and public meanings, (ii) the resulting behavioral environment shapes personal motivational propensities, (iii) the behavioral environment also carries information about normative expectations about what it is to be a ‘good’ person, and, as a consequence, (iv) culture has substantive influences on emotion, well-being, and health. In making this proposal, we highlight the distinction between personal motivational propensities and the society's normative expectations. The consequences of the cultural views of self on personal motivational propensities and those on the society's normative expectations may typically be concordant and, yet, the concordance can be disrupted especially at times of rapid social change. Directions for future research on culture, emotion, and well-being are discussed.
African American women's perception of rebuttal analogy: Judgments concerning politeness, likability, and ethics

Recent theorizing and research suggest that communicators using rebuttal analogy are rated as less polite, less likable, less competent and less ethical than communicators using a nonanalogy form of the same argument. A significant limitation of this work, however, is that it focuses largely on European Americans to the exclusion of other important groups, such as African American women, that are exposed to rebuttal analogy in public discourse. African American females'norms associated with communicative competence and argumentative practices, differing from European Americans, render this co‐cultural group's perceptions of rebuttal analogy and its users of particular theoretical import. On the basis of a 2 (rebuttal analogy, nonanalogy) x 4 (message topic) design, African American women (n = 200) read and rated one of eight experimental messages. Results indicated that African American women rated (a) rebuttal analogy users as less polite than communicators using the nonanalogy argument form, and (b) reb...
Frazil Ice Blockage of Water Intakes in the Great Lakes

Each winter, municipal water supply and thermal power plants drawing water from the Great Lakes face the problem of their water intakes becoming blocked by frazil ice formed in the lakes. Little is known about the manner in which frazil forms, how it is drawn down to the depths at which the intakes are located, and how to prevent frazil from fully blocking intakes. This paper presents an overview of frazil formation and intake blockage in the Great Lakes. The paper first reviews the current understanding of the processes of frazil formation and intake blockage, and it adds new insight regarding the processes. It then describes the problem by way of case-study examples of frazil blockage of two intakes in Lake Michigan. Based on the case studies, and experiences with other intakes in the Great Lakes, the paper outlines methods for monitoring and mitigating frazil blockage. Two options are recommended: monitoring rate of water level drop in the pump forebay onshore from the intake, and rate of headloss increase between the intake and the forebay. Laboratory modeling of intake blockage is then presented.
Impact of high-/spl kappa/ dielectrics on undoped double-gate MOSFET scaling

The paper analyzes in a concerted manner both SCEs and gate tunneling in undoped symmetric DG MOSFETs with candidate high-/spl kappa/ dielectrics that currently receive close attention. To this end, an analytical threshold rolloff (OVTH) model with high-/spl kappa/ dielectrics is proposed that gives close agreement to published numerical simulations. The authors estimate the minimum thickness of the dielectrics under study limited by gate direct tunneling current. They comprehensively assess the impact of high-/spl kappa/ dielectrics on scalability of DG MOSFETs.
Raman intensities near second-order transitions: RP5O14 ferroelastics (where R is a lanthanide)

This paper provides a theory of Raman intensities for soft optic modes at second-order structural phase transitions. It combines the general theory of Fleury [Comments Solid State Phys. 4, 167 (1972)], which gave expressions for the total light scattering cross section (including Raman, Brillouin, and central-mode components) with the theory of Errandonea [Phys. Rev. B 21, 5221 (1980)], which described a specific form of coupling between the optic-mode order parameter Q and certain elastic strain components ${e}_{j}$ for the R${\mathrm{P}}_{5}$${\mathrm{O}}_{14}$ family of ferroelastics. The result of combining these two theories is a set of explicit expressions for the Raman intensities of the soft optic mode alone as a function of temperature, in both phases, and for all Raman tensor components. The predictions are compared with experimental data for both ZZ, YY, XX, and ZX polarizability components above and below ${T}_{c}$ for both ${\mathrm{LaP}}_{5}$${\mathrm{O}}_{14}$ and ${\mathrm{TbP}}_{5}$${\mathrm{O}}_{14}$; good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained.