cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Method for attenuation of white phosphorus contamination in wetlands

White phosphorus, a manufactured form of elemental phosphorus, is both toxic and persistent in saturated environments. This form of phosphorus (P 4 ) is used by militaries worldwide as a component for obscurants, tracer rounds, and incendiary munitions. At Eagle River Flats, an estuarine salt marsh located on Fort Richardson, Alaska, white phosphorus has been directly linked through carcass analysis to the deaths of thousands of dabbling waterfowl. Particulate residue from ordnance contaminates the permanently ponded areas of Eagle River Flats, where the waterfowl sieve the soft bottom sediments for food items, picking up P 4 particles in the process. Death follows within hours. Large-scale investigations into the nature, extent, and persistence of the contaminant were initiated in 1989, followed 4 years later by work on the testing and analysis of remediation methods. In 1997, a method for in situ remediation of the contaminant through low-impact pumping and draining of ponded areas to enhance natural attenuation of white phosphorus was tested. Results indicate that pond pumping is a very effective remediation technique.
Cellular response of adipose derived passage-4 adult stem cells to freezing stress.

A differential scanning calorimeter technique was used to generate experimental data for volumetric shrinkage during cooling at 20°C∕min in adipose derived adult stem cells (ASCs) in the presence and absence of cryoprotective agents (CPAs). By fitting a model of water transport to the experimentally determined volumetric shrinkage data, the membrane permeability parameters of ASCs were obtained. For passage-4 (P4) ASCs, the reference hydraulic conductivity Lpg and the value of the apparent activation energy ELp were determined to be 1.2×10−13m3∕Ns and 177.8kJ∕mole, respectively. We found that the addition of either glycerol or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) significantly decreased the value of the reference hydraulic conductivity Lpg(cpa) and the value of the apparent activation energy ELp(cpa) in P4 ASCs. The values of Lpg(cpa) in the presence of glycerol and DMSO were determined as 0.39×10−13 and 0.50×10−13m3∕Ns, respectively, while the corresponding values of ELp(cpa) were 51.0 and 61.5kJ∕mole. Numerical simulations of water transport were then performed under a variety of cooling rates (5–100°C∕min) using the experimentally determined membrane permeability parameters. And finally, the simulation results were analyzed to predict the optimal rates of freezing P4 adipose derived cells in the presence and absence of CPAs.
40Ar/39Ar ages for plutons of the Monteregian Hills, Quebec: Evidence for a single episode of Cretaceous magmatism

40Ar/39Ar data for biotite and amphibole from six plutonic complexes of the Monteregian petrographic province in Quebec, Canada, are presented. Generally uncomplicated and concordant incremental heating spectra are observed, although there is evidence for minor excess 40Ar at several localities. Biotites and amphiboles are concordant, consistent with rapid cooling of the high-level complexes. Ages for different phases of individual complexes are analytically indistinguishable and suggest that the various principal lithologies are cogenetic. The 40Ar/39Ar ages of six Monteregian complexes (St. Hilaire, Rougemont, Johnson, Shefford, Brome, Megantic) all fall within the very restricted range of 124 ± 1 m.y. It is suggested that all of the Monteregian plutons, with the exception of Oka, were formed within a short interval (1–2 m.y.) during the Cretaceous, consistent with paleomagmetic results. The new ages, along with geochemical characteristics, support derivation of the alkaline magmas by a fixed mantle hot spot which also produced broadly similar complexes in New England and the chain of New England Seamounts.
Novel illumination system for EUVL

A concept for a novel arc-field, illumination projection system, particularly for EUVL applications, is presented. This system consists of a light source, a collector, a fly-eye, and a condenser. The fly-eye has two reflectors. One of them is constructed with using arc-shaped, concave mirror elements, the other using many rectangular, concave mirror elements. Both elements are arranged closely side by side. All of the arc-shaped mirrors have a corresponding rectangular mirror on a one-to-one basis. Each rectangular mirror projects its corresponding arc-shaped mirror's images onto an arc projection field on the mask. As a consequence, all of incident rays on fly-eye reflector constructed by arc-shape mirror elements are gathered in the arc projection field. Currently, the main type of illumination system for EUVL is based on so-called 'Koehler-critical illumination,' which is not necessarily proper for a scanner system. Then this system adopts Koehler illumination. It is necessary for scanner illumination systems to have means for minute adjustments of its properties (e.g. irradiance distribution). Such adjustments means are presented.
Experimental study of flame propagation in semiconfined geometries with obstacles

Abstract Accidents in which large quantities of liquified natural gas (LNG) or other combustible materials are spilled can potentially lead to disastrous consequences, especially if the dispersing combustible cloud finds a suitable ignition source. So far, very little is known about the detailed behavior of a large burning cloud. Full-scale experiments are economically prohibitive, and therefore one must rely on laboratory and field experiments of smaller size, scaling up the results to make predictions about larger spill accidents. In this paper we describe our laboratory-scale experiments with a combustible propane/air mixture in various partially confined geometries. We summarize the experimental results and compare them with calculated results based on numerical simulations of the experiments. Our observations suggest that the geometry of the partial confinement is of primary importance; turbulence-producing obstacles can cause acceleration in the flame front and, more important, can cause a faster bu...
Mediating imaging data in a distributed system

In this paper we investigate the problem of integrating data sources with compex data types and complex data algebras, of the kind that is common in multimedia applications. We present the principles of mediation, and discuss why they are suitable for multimedia system. Then, we describe the mediation system Metropolis, and the specific solutions used for it that make it extendable to multimedia. Finally, we discuss one of the extensions currently under study: the integration of homologous abstract data types at the algebra level.
VECTOR-MESON COUPLINGS TO THE BARYONS

We present some arguments by which the couplings of the vector mesons to the baryons are fixed. These arguments amount to an extension of the nonet scheme which has already been successfully applied by Okubo and by Glashow and Socolow to the ${1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${2}^{+}$ mass formulas and decays. We find that, using the vector-meson couplings obtained and the physical vector masses, we can largely account for the following experimental observations: (1) the proportionality of the electric and magnetic nucleon form factors to each other and to the $p\ensuremath{-}{({{N}_{33}}^{*})}^{+}$ magnetic-dipole transition form factor; (2) the suppression of backward $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ production in ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}p$ experiments; (3) the over-all suppression of $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ production in $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}p$ experiments; and (4) the isospin independence of the hard core in nucleon-nucleon scattering. We also estimate the relative leptonic decay rates of the $\ensuremath{\rho}$, $\ensuremath{\omega}$, and $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ and predict that there will be suppressions in ${f}^{\ensuremath{'}}(1500)$ production corresponding to those observed in $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ production.
Near-field scanning optical microscopy for imaging domains in biomembranes

Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) combines the frequency-specific detection associated with optical spectroscopy with the improved spatial resolution of a near- field probe. In NSOM, a tapered, metal-coated fiber optic with a sub-wavelength aperture at the end is used to illuminate a surface placed in the near-field of the aperture. This technique is capable of resolution down to 20 nm, and is particularly suited for imaging >20 nm to micrometers sized domains that do not possess significant topography and are not well imaged by other scanning probe techniques, such as atomic force microscopy. Biological and biomimetic membranes have been shown to posses domains that can be well characterized by NSOM. In this study, the lateral distribution and shape of these domains in lipid monolayers were characterized at particular surface pressures and in the presence of other compounds, such as cholesterol, using NSOM. The species to be detected was labeled with an appropriate fluorophore and fluorescence emission was measured as the NSOM tip optically excited a local volume at each point of a raster scan across the sample surface.
An approach to fatigue life modeling in titanium-matrix composites

A review of the procedures developed by the author and his colleagues over the last several years for predicting elevated-temperature fatigue life of metal-matrix composites is presented. Modeling approaches involve concepts of both linear and non-linear summation of damage from cycle-dependent as well as time-dependent mechanisms. The analyses, further, treat the micromechanical stresses in the constituents as parameters in the life prediction models. The material characterized is SCS-6/Timetal®21S, a metastable beta titanium alloy reinforced with continuous SiC fibers. Modeling is applied to isothermal fatigue at different frequencies and temperatures, and thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) under both in-phase and out-of-phase loading conditions at different temperature ranges and maximum temperatures. Experimental data are used as the basis for determining the parameters embedded in the models. The numerical results, in turn, provide insight into the dominant mechanisms controlling fatigue life under a given condition. The capability to correlate experimental data from a wide variety of test conditions for several versions of a damage summation model is demonstrated.
Generalization of some results on Gold and Kasami–Welch functions

Abstract We use some recent results of Fitzgerald (2009) [1] on quadratic functions with two trace terms in characteristic 2 to generalize some results of Lahtonen, McGuire and Ward (2007) [3] on Gold and Kasami–Welch functions. Then we get the Walsh spectrum of Q ( x ) = Tr ( x 2 a + 1 + x 2 b + 1 ) under certain conditions introduced in Lahtonen et al. (2007) [3] and finally introduce some new results on Gold and Kasami–Welch functions when the degree of extension is even.
Photodissociation dynamics of formaldehyde initiated at the T1/S0 minimum energy crossing configurations.

The photodissociation dynamics of H2CO is known to involve electronic states S1, T1 and S0. Recent quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) calculations, in conjunction with experiment, have identified a “roaming” H-atom pathway to the molecular products, H2+CO [Townsend; et al. Science 2004, 306, 1158.]. These calculations were initiated at the global minimum (GM) of S0, which is where the initial wave function is located. The “roaming” mechanism is not seen if trajectories are initiated from the molecular transition state saddle point (SP). In this Letter we identify the minimum energy-crossing configurations and energy of the T1/S0 potentials as a step toward studying the multisurface nature of the photodissociation. QCT calculations are initiated at these configurations on a revised potential energy surface and the results are compared to those initiated, as previously, from the S0 GM as well as the S0 SP. The product state distributions of H2 + CO from trajectories initiated at the T1/S0 crossing are in excel...
Myoglobinuria detection by capillary electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis was used in this study to separate urinary myoglobin from hemoglobin based on its electrophoretic mobility. Urine was applied directly without any treatment. The separation was accomplished in less than 7 min. Myoglobin extracted from human muscle tissues was separated, in a borate buffer 150 mM, pH 8.7 containing 0.5% polyethyleneglycol at 6 kV, into two peaks (MI and MII) which were also resolved far from hemoglobin. Upon standing at room temperature, MII converted into MI. Horse myoglobin eluted close to MI. The addition of polyethyleneglycol to the buffer enhanced the separation and increased the peak height of myoglobin. Optimum conditions for the separation are discussed. The method is suitable for routine clinical analysis because of its simplicity and speed.
Producer Returns from Increased Milk Advertising

Each year many agricultural commodity groups spend millions of dollars advertising and promoting generic products. However, empirical analyses of particular generic promotion ventures are scarce (Clement, Henderson, and Eley; Hochman, Regev, and Ward; Nerlove and Waugh). Advertising and promotional monies are often obtained from producers on a voluntary contribution basis, but a major criticism of voluntary programs is that in an atomistic industry the individual producer has little incentive to advertise since his particular share of the increased commodity demand is small. A major argument for mandatory participation is that of equity; however, little economic evidence is available to address the potential profitability of such expanded programs. Since market experimentation is costly, the historical promotional experience of a particular commodity group can provide an important economic input for use by other producers contemplating expanding their own advertising programs. For many years New York State dairy producers have voluntarily contributed to advertise and promote the generic product milk. Prior to May 1972, about 60% of the producers were voluntarily contributing at the rate of 3c per hundredweight. In May 1972, a New York State Dairy Promotion Order became effective with a mandatory assessment rate of 5r per hundredweight levied on milk produced in the state. The voluntary contributions generated about $1.5 million annually compared to some $4 million available annually after the implementation of the Dairy Promotion Order. With the additional funds, several types of milk promotion activities were expanded. This paper focuses on the program area which has experienced the greatest funding increase-media advertising. Specifically, this paper assesses the effect on producer returns, by market, of the expanded fluid milk advertising effort made possible under the New York State Dairy Promotion Order. The selected model is reviewed, an interpretation of the estimated coefficients is presented, and, finally, an estimate of the returns to producers is presented followed by some implications of the analysis. Methodology
Diffusion Path Networks in Oxides

An understanding of diffusion mechanisms in oxides, particularly cation diffusion, must take account of the various possible paths which an atom may follow in going from one normally occupied site to another equivalent site. Such paths may be branched and will likely include stops at metastable points along the way. This chapter describes methods whereby path networks within oxides can be characterized, and discusses diffusion in the structures NaCl, ZnS, FeS, and BeO.
The lattices of prefixes and overlaps of traces

Abstract The subject of this paper is the sets of prefixes and the sets of overlaps of traces (elements of free partially commutative monoids), when the prefixes or overlaps are ordered in one natural way. Lattice-theoretic characterizations, and related properties, are developed. Specifically, it is shown that the collection of prefix-sets of traces constitutes precisely the class of finite distributive lattices and that the overlap-set of a trace is a sublattice of its prefix-set, so the overlap-sets of traces also form finite distributive lattices. Several characterizations of the class of overlap-lattices of traces are given; for example, incomparable join-irreducible elements of such lattices must meet at the minimum element of the lattice.
Helping TAs Teach Holistically.

I discuss a number of problems that plague teaching assistants (TAs) in anthropology: personal problems due to the lack of anthropological experience; and in class, student-related problems such as uninterested and unprepared students, resistance to certain anthropological concepts, and ethnocentrism. I suggest that holism can be used to overcome many of these problems. TEACHING ASSISTANTS, INTRODUCTORY ANTHROPOLOGY, HOLISM
An adrenal adenoma presenting with psychosis.

Received July 9, 2004; revised November 15, 2004; accepted November 23, 2004. From the Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT. Send correspondence and reprint requests to Michael Nugent, M.D., Dept. of Psychiatry, Univ. of Vermont College of Medicine, 1 South Prospect St., Burlington, VT 05401. e-mail: michael.nugent@vtmednet.org Copyright 2006 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine The use of synthetic anabolic steroids by athletes— body-builders and football players, most commonly— has been studied in its association with aggression and psychosis. Corticosteroids have long been known to cause psychosis both in iatrogenic states as well as in medical conditions that are associated with endogenous hypercorticosteroid states, such as Cushing’s disease or congenital adrenal hyperplasia. However, no cases have been reported of endogenously-derived excessive anabolic-androgenic hormones causing or contributing to psychosis. This report is of a woman, who previously enjoyed good mental health, who rapidly developed a psychotic disorder and was subsequently discovered to have a hyperfunctioning adrenal adenoma.
Intimate partner violence perpetration, standard and gendered STI/HIV risk behaviour, and STI/HIV diagnosis among a clinic-based sample of men

Background: The estimated one in three women worldwide victimised by intimate partner violence (IPV) consistently demonstrate elevated STI/HIV prevalence, with their abusive male partners’ risky sexual behaviours and subsequent infection increasingly implicated. To date, little empirical data exist to characterise the nature of men’s sexual risk as it relates to both their violence perpetration, and STI/HIV infection. Methods: Data from a cross-sectional survey of men ages 18–35 recruited from three community-based health clinics in an urban metropolitan area of the northeastern US (n = 1585) were analysed to estimate the prevalence of IPV perpetration and associations of such violent behaviour with both standard (eg, anal sex, injection drug use) and gendered (eg, coercive condom practices, sexual infidelity, transactional sex with a female partner) forms of sexual-risk behaviour, and self-reported STI/HIV diagnosis. Results: Approximately one-third of participants (32.7%) reported perpetrating physical or sexual violence against a female intimate partner in their lifetime; one in eight (12.4%) participants self-reported a history of STI/HIV diagnosis. Men’s IPV perpetration was associated with both standard and gendered STI/HIV risk behaviours, and to STI/HIV diagnosis (OR 4.85, 95% CI 3.54 to 6.66). The association of men’s IPV perpetration with STI/HIV diagnosis was partially attenuated (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.55, 95% CI 1.77 to 3.67) in the multivariate model, and a subset of gendered sexual-risk behaviours were found to be independently associated with STI/HIV diagnosis—for example, coercive condom practices (AOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.69), sexual infidelity (AOR 2.46, 95% CI 1.65 to 3.68), and transactional sex with a female partner (AOR 2.03, 95% CI 1.36 to 3.04). Conclusions: Men’s perpetration of physical and sexual violence against intimate partners is common among this population. Abusive men are at increased risk for STI/HIV, with gendered forms of sexual-risk behaviour partially responsible for this association. Thus, such men likely pose an elevated infection risk to their female partners. Findings indicate the need for interwoven sexual health promotion and violence prevention efforts targeted to men; critical to such efforts may be reduction in gendered sexual-risk behaviours and modification of norms of masculinity that likely promote both sexual risk and violence
THE INHIBITION OF MOTILITY OF CILIATES THROUGH METHONIUM DRUGS.

SYNOPSIS. The motility of Tetrahymena pyriformis is inhibited by quaternary ammonium compounds of the type that has neuromuscular blocking activity (such as decamethonium salts). The effect on the cell is reversible by dilution and appears to be non-lethal for prolonged periods. Curare has no effect at concentrations tested. Paramecium caudatum appears to react similarly to T. pyriformis. The results are discussed in view of acetylcholine mediated ciliary beat.
gamma-secretase cleavage is distinct from endoplasmic reticulum degradation of the transmembrane domain of the amyloid precursor protein

One of the critical cleavage events that generates Alzheimer's amyloid Abeta peptide occurs within the transmembrane domain (TMD) of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and is carried out by a poorly understood enzyme activity known as gamma-secretase. To investigate this processing, a probe molecule, H26-57C, was constructed containing the TMD of APP flanked immediately on each side by unique epitope tags. H26-57C-transfected cells secrete a approximately 2.9-kDa fragment, indicating that the lumenal and cytosolic domains of APP are not required for gamma-secretase processing. Pulse-chase experiments indicate that the probe turns over with a half-life of 8 min. No degradation intermediates are detected during the chase period, indicating that TMD turnover is a highly processive mechanism. The protease inhibitors, ALLN and MG132, cause a dramatic (50-fold) increase in the steady-state amount of the probe. All of the inhibitors that prevent degradation of the probe in the rough endoplasmic reticulum increase the amount of the approximately 2.9-kDa fragment that is secreted into the media and also causes a similar increase the secretion of 4 kDa Abeta from APP-transfected cells. These results indicate that the system responsible for the degradation of the probe in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the intramembrane cleavage by gamma-secretase that produces soluble, secreted Abeta are distinct and opposing processes.
Antecedents to foster parent adoption decisions

Abstract This paper presents findings of a study of foster parent adoption decisions. Differences between adopting and nonadopting foster families were found in each of the four areas of inquiry: parent characteristics, child characteristics, parent-child interaction, and agency service rendered. Directions for practice, policy, and further research are suggested.
Effect of Estrogen on Denervated Muscle

: The rate of increase of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in denervated rat extensor digitorum longus muscle shows sexual dimorphism. This phenomenon is further investigated in this report by assessing the effects of ovariectomy, hypophysectomy, hormone replacement therapy, and treatment with an estrogen antagonist, MER-25. The data demonstrate that physiologic doses of estrogens enhance the rate and extent of the increase in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity after denervation. The data further indicate that aromatization of androgens may be a significant source of estrogen involved in hormonal modulation of the neural control of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and other processes in muscle. Furthermore, choline acetyltransferase activity, a marker for the neuromuscular synapse, decreased in rat extensor digitorum longus muscles after denervation, but was unaffected by ovariectomy.
Pleasure, arousal, and dominance: Exploring affective determinants of recreation satisfaction

This study explored the application of affective indicators in understanding recreation satisfaction among hunters, using A. Mehrabian and J.A. Russell's (1974) pleasure, arousal and dominance (P‐A‐D) model. Factor analysis was performed to examine the dimensional structure of affective response to a recreation engagement. Regression models examined the relationship between affect and conventional measures of recreation satisfaction. The results showed that affect did not factor into a 3‐dimensional structure suggested by the P‐A‐D model. Rather, a 1‐dimensional structure emerged. Affect explained moderate amounts of variance in four measures of satisfaction. Measures of satisfaction were also regressed on separate P‐A‐D dimensions. The pleasure dimension was the most important predictor of overall satisfaction with a hunting trip and a summated satisfaction measure. The dominance dimension was most important for satisfaction with chance to bag game. The arousal dimension consistently was lowest in predic...
America's health care system: what's coming next?

Physicians tend to lose themselves in their work, particularly those of us who are occupied with something that is interesting and time consuming: in our case, the surgical care of patients with disorders of the nervous system. But even those of us most deeply engaged in our work must have noticed that now there are intrusions into what we do that were never there before. These intrusions are the beginnings of major changes that are coming to the health care system. We need to become involved in the societal debate about what these changes should be if the practice of neurosurgery is to remain at the same high technical level that it is now. Looking back at recent history, most of us would agree that the United States is by far the dominant world power in this century. We were the major force in winning World War I and World War II (WWII). After these two dreadful encounters, the world was in shambles. It was America that rebuilt both Europe and Japan through the genius of the framers of the Marshall Plan. What vision they had! Since WWII , we have fought in Korea. If America had not, both Korea and Japan might have been lost to the Western community. There was the Berlin blockade. I f it were not for America's airlift to Berlin under siege, the dramatic changes in Eastern Europe would not now be taking place. Since WWII , we have steadfastly championed democratic principles, and the consequence appears to be the dissolution of one of the largest empires that the world has ever seen. And now what? Since the late 1970s, America has been slipping. Japan appears to be overtaking us, and the European community is hard on their heels. From the position of the world's greatest exporter, we have become the world's greatest importer. We are concerned about our lessening leadership role among nations. We blame a part of our slippage on what we feel are the failures of some of our most important
Thyroid status and carbonic anhydrase levels in mouse erythrocytes.

SummaryCarbonic anhydrase I (CA I) levels in mouse erythrocytes are influenced by thyroid status, while carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) levels appear to be unaffected. Adding propylthiouracil to the diets of normal mice (C57BL/6J) resulted in elevated erythrocyte CA I levels, while thyroid powder produced decreased levels. Panhypopi-tuitary mutants (DW/J dw/dw) have increased levels of erythrocyte CA I in comparison to their normal litter mates (DW/J + /?). These increased levels were decreased by adding thyroid powder to their diets.We are indebted to Drs. Elizabeth Russell and Samuel Boyer for providing research facilities and comments on the manuscript, to Drs. Wes Beamer and Gary Chase for advice, and to Ms. Sharon K. Stroup for research assistance.
ESR Imaging Based on the Modulation-Field Phase

Abstract Electron spin resonance imaging is most often performed on continuous-wave ESR spectrometers using DC magnetic field gradients. This paper presents an alternate ESR imaging technique which does not use magnetic field gradients. This technique is based on the application of gradients in the phase of the modulation magnetic field employed on all continuous-wave ESR spectrometers. Three methods based on this technique, referred to as direct, Hadamard, and Fourier, are presented along with results for ESR imaging of simple sample configurations.
Self-organization of a radial microtubule array by dynein-dependent nucleation of microtubules

Polarized radial arrays of cytoplasmic microtubules (MTs) with minus ends clustered at the cell center define the organization of the cytoplasm through interaction with microtubule motors bound to membrane organelles or chromosomes. It is generally assumed that the radial organization results from nucleation of MTs at the centrosome. However, radial MT array can also be attained through self-organization that requires the activity of a minus-end-directed MT motor, cytoplasmic dynein. In this study we examine the role of cytoplasmic dynein in the self-organization of a radial MT array in cytoplasmic fragments of fish melanophores lacking the centrosome. After activation of dynein motors bound to membrane-bound organelles, pigment granules, the fragments rapidly form polarized radial arrays of MTs and position pigment aggregates at their centers. We show that rearrangement of MTs in the cytoplasm is achieved through dynein-dependent MT nucleation. The radial pattern is generated by continuous disassembly and reassembly of MTs and concurrent minus-end-directed transport of pigment granules bearing the nucleation sites.
SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF PHOSPHATE ANIONS : ADSORPTION ON SILVER, GOLD, AND COPPER ELECTRODES

The adsorption of phosphate anions on Ag, Au, and Cu electrodes from H2O and D2O solutions has been studied by means of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The interpretation of the spectra based on the solution Raman data and frequency shifts upon solution H2O/D2O exchange are presented. The prominent band at 1070−1100 cm-1, observed from adsorbed PO43- and HPO42- ions, exhibits downshifts of about 10 cm-1 in D2O solutions and has been assigned to the asymmetric P−O stretching mode. The corresponding asymmetric deformation mode has been assigned to the band located at ∼570 cm-1 which shows an upshift of 9−15 cm-1 in D2O solutions. Monodentate surface coordination of the PO43- and HPO42- ions is proposed. The dependence of the relative intensity of the internal modes on electrode potential was interpreted in terms of the migration of P−O groups from the surface as potential became more negative. Spectroscopic evidence was found for chemisorption of H2PO4- ion on the Cu electrodes, but no such evid...
Mariner 9 Ultraviolet Spectrometer Experiment: Seasonal Variation of Ozone on Mars

Ozone is observed to be present in the polar regions of Mars and to have a seasonal variation. In the summer, the amount present in the polar atmosphere is less than 3 micrometer-atmospheres. In the fall, ozone increases in amount and is found in association with the formation of the polar hood. In winter, the maximum amount of ozone is present, 57 micrometer-atmospheres over the polar hood and 16 over the polar cap. In spring, the amount over the polar cap decreases monotonically until by the beginning of summer the ozone disappears. Ozone is not observed in the equatorial region during any season.
Liver pyridine nucleotide synthesis in the vitamin B6-deficient rat.

SummaryVit. B6-deficient and pair-fed or ad lib.-fed control rats were injected with nicotinic acid or nicotinamide to determine the effect of Vit. B6 deficiency on the ability of the rat to synthesize liver pyridine nucleotides. At 10 hours after injection of either compound, liver pyridine nucleotide concentration was significantly lower in the Vit. B6-deficient rats than in the control rats. Liver pyridine nucleotide values were also significantly lower in the deficient rats at 1 and 4 hours after injection of nicotinic acid but not after injection of nicotinamide.
Zinc-induced activation of human B lymphocytes.

Abstract The in vitro effect of zinc chloride on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) was studied in a plaque-forming cell assay. Following in vitro culture in the presence of zinc for 6 days, PBL from normal donors were found to contain activated lymphocytes capable of inducing lysis of sheep red blood cells. Microscopic enumeration of these plaque-forming cells indicated that zinc is as strongly stimulating to human B cells as pokeweed mitogen, purified protein derivative, or diphtheria toxoid. Splenic B cells and lymph node B cells were also activated by zinc as indicated by a positive plaque-forming cell response. In contrast, PBL from patients with hypogammaglobulinemia and spleen cells from one of these patients cultured with zinc failed to produce plaque-forming cells. Study of zinc activation of plaque-forming cells in experiments with PBL from healthy donors in which the effect of zinc and purified protein derivative were analyzed separately and together provided evidence that zinc exerts a synergistic effect on B-cell activation.
Generalized fuzzy matrices

Abstract We give a systematic development of fuzzy matrix theory. Many of our results generalize to matrices over the two element Boolean algebra, over the nonnegative real numbers, over the nonnegative integers, and over the semirings, and we present these generalizations. Our first main result is that while spaces of fuzzy vectors do not have a unique basis in general they have a unique standard basis, and the cardinality of any two bases are equal. Thus concepts of row and column basis, row and column rank can be defined for fuzzy matrices. Then we study Green's equivalence classes of fuzzy matrices. New we give criteria for a fuzzy matrix to be regular and prove that the row and column rank of any regular fuzzy matrix are equal. Various inverses are also studied. In the next section, we obtain bounds for the index and period of a fuzzy matrix.
In Vitro absorption and secretory quotients: Practical criteria derived from a study of 331 compounds to assess for the impact of P‐glycoprotein‐mediated efflux on drug candidates

The absorptive (AQ) and secretory (SQ) quotients have been proposed as a novel experimental approach to quantify the modulation of intestinal absorption and secretion by P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Because these unidirectional assays inherently assess for the impact of Pgp, conclusions as to whether a compound is a Pgp substrate will be made from the data. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish the relationship between AQ/SQ and the bidirectional efflux assay and to derive criteria to classify a compound as a Pgp substrate. AQ and SQ parameters were calculated for 331 compounds that had previously been evaluated in the bidirectional assay and the concordance of Pgp substrate classification between these methods assessed by establishing AQ/SQ criteria of increasing magnitude. The AQ and SQ values correctly identified 80 and 85% of the compounds as Pgp substrates/nonsubstrates relative to the bidirectional efflux assay. This study demonstrates that the optimal AQ and SQ value to classify compounds as Pgp substrates was 0.3 and provides a basis to deploy unidirectional efflux assays in the early stages of drug discovery, which would benefit from the twofold increase in throughput over current bidirectional transport assays.
Regulation of Potassium Channels by Nonsedating Antihistamines

Background Terfenadine and astemizole are widely prescribed nonsedating antihistamines that have been associated with QT-interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Since potassium channels are intrinsically involved in repolarization, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of the nonsedating antihistamines on potassium channel modulation. Methods and Results The whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to study K+ currents in enzymatically isolated rat and guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Three distinct K+ channels were examined: the inward rectifier (IK1), the delayed rectifier (IK), and the transient outward (Ito) currents. The dialyzing pipette solution was buffered with EGTA, and ionic channels other than potassium were pharmacologically inhibited or electrically inactivated. Both astemizole and terfenadine suppressed the IK1 channel by 17% to 50% in a voltage-dependent manner in rat and guinea pig myocytes. Ito was evaluated in rat ventricular myocytes. Both drugs also inhibited the ...
A fiery peace in a Cold War: Bernard Schriever and the ultimate weapon

Neil Sheehan, New York, Random House, 2009, xix+534 pp. Neil Sheehan's A Fiery Peace in a Cold War: Bernard Schriever and the Ultimate Weapon – a vast reconstruction of the US development of interc...
A dual, concentration-dependent transport system for riboflavin in rat intestine in vitro

Abstract The intestinal mucosal-to-serosal transport of riboflavin was examined using rat everted sacs. Maximum transport of 0.5 μM riboflavin occurred in the proximal small intestine. Transport of low (0.5 μM) and high (3.6 μM) concentrations of riboflavin, was linear with time for 30 min incubation and occurred at a rate of 1.55 and 3.59 pmole/g tissue wet wt/min, respectively. Transport of 0.5 μM riboflavin was pH-dependent, being maximal at pH 6.5–7.5 but decreased at lower pH. The transport process of riboflavin involves two systems: 1) an active, carrier-mediated system and 2) difussion. The active system is characterized by: a) saturation with an apparent K t of 0.38 μM; b) Na + -dependence; c) energy-dependence; d) temperature-dependence; e) inhibition by structural analogue and f) accumulation against a concentration gradient. The difussion system is characterized by: a) linear increase in the rate of transport as a functio of increasing mucosal concentration of riboflavin above 1 μM; b) Na + -independence; c) energy-independence and d) inability to accumulate the substrte against a concentration gradient. Conclusion: the intestinal transport of low concentrations of riboflavin occurs by an active, carrie-mediated system while transport of high concentratins occurs by simple diffusion.
Time Dependent Solidification of Binary Mixtures.

Abstract : The problem of change of phase in a binary mixture is considered under arbitrary cooling or heating on the surface. Significantly different behavior is noted between the known solution for a sudden jump in surface temperature and other cooling histories. The solution is presented in series form, and a numerical example is given. (Author)
Challenging gender-blindness in preservice secondary science teachers

(1995). Challenging gender-blindness in preservice secondary science teachers. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 134-142.
A proposed data fusion architecture for micro-zone analysis and data mining

Micro-zone analysis involves use of data fusion and data mining techniques in order to understand the relative impact of many different variables. Data Fusion requires the ability to combine or “fuse” date from multiple data sources. Data mining involves the application of sophisticated algorithms such as Neural Networks and Decision Trees, to describe micro-zone behavior and predict future values based upon past values. One of the difficulties encountered in developing generic time series or other data mining techniques for micro-zone analysis is the wide variability of the data sets available for analysis. This presents challenges all the way from the data gathering stage to results presentation. This paper presents an architecture designed and used to facilitate the collection of disparate data sets well suited for data fusion and data mining. Results show this architecture provides a flexible, dynamic framework for the capture and storage of a myriad of dissimilar data sets and can serve as a foundation from which to build a complete data fusion architecture.
Direct Evidence of Regimes I, II, and III in Linear Polyethylene Fractions As Revealed by Spherulite Growth Rates

Isothermal spherulite growth rates were measured over a sufficient range of undercoolings, ΔT, for a narrow linear polyethylene fraction M = 70 300 (70.3K), polydispersity 1.12, such that the fraction exhibited all three growth regimes as crystallized from the subcooled melt. The I−II transition occurred at ΔTI-II = 15.8 °C and the II−III transition at ΔTII-III = 23.8 °C. (Neither transition was fully abrupt.) The nucleation constants Kg and preexponential factors G0 that described the absolute growth rates for each regime were determined, thus quantifying key parameters for all three regimes for a single specimen measured in the same apparatus. The Kg's for 70.3K conformed to the predicted relationship Kg(III) ≅ Kg(I) = 2Kg(II). Theoretical relationships for the preexponential factors were employed using the observed G0's to investigate the nature of the transport of chain segments to the growth front. It was reconfirmed that this process was forced “near-ideal” reptation for an M ≅ 30K fraction. For M =...
An endangered species, the Wyoming toad Bufo hemiophrys baxteri—The importance of an early warning system

Abstract A protection system developed under the Endangered Species Act gives endangered species economic and political importance. Extinction-prone species must be identified early so that recovery programmes will succeed and be less costly. A comparison of systems for identifying extinction-prone species using a recently listed species, the Wyoming toad Bufo hemiophrys baxteri indicates that they are primarily useful in cases where decisions must be made immediately and information is limited. The sequence of events leading to the identification of the Wyoming toad as endangered shows that it would be beneficial to establish systematic monitoring programmes to ensure early detection of a species' decline. However, an effective protection programme will ultimately require detailed knowledge of the natural history of species and a comprehensive natural area programme.
Kinetics, catalysis, and mechanism of isomerization of N‐[(benzotriazol‐1‐yl)methyl]anilines into the benzotriazol‐2‐yl derivatives

The 1H NMR technique was applied for the measurement of the isomerization rates of N-ethyl-N-[(benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]aniline (4) and 4-butyl-N-[(benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]aniline (7) to the corresponding benzotriazol-2-yl isomers in dioxane-d8 at 35°C. The rate constants obtained for pure dioxane-d8 were 1.62 and 0.28 h−1 for 4 and 7, respectively. For both compounds, addition to acetic acid to the dioxane solutions accelerated the isomerizations whereas addition of triethylamine retarded it strongly. Addition of water slowed the isomerization of 4 but accelerated that of 7: the different effects operating in the two cases are discussed and rationalized. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of misinformation containment in online social networks

With their blistering expansion in recent years, popular online social sites such as Twitter, Facebook and Bebo, have become not only one of the most effective channels for viral marketing but also the major news sources for many people nowadays. Alongside these promising features, however, comes the threat of misinformation propagation which can lead to undesirable effects. Due to the sheer number of online social network (OSN) users and the highly clustered structures commonly shared by these kinds of networks, there is a substantial challenge to efficiently contain viral spread of misinformation in large-scale social networks. In this paper, we focus on how to limit viral propagation of misinformation in OSNs. Particularly, we study a set of problems, namely the @b"T^I-Node Protectors problems, which aim to find the smallest set of highly influential nodes from which disseminating good information helps to contain the viral spread of misinformation, initiated from a set of nodes I, within a desired fraction (1-@b) of the nodes in the entire network in T time steps. For this family of problems, we analyze and present solutions including their inapproximability results, greedy algorithms that provide better lower bounds on the number of selected nodes, and a community-based method for solving these problems. We further conduct a number of experiments on real-world traces, and the empirical results show that our proposed methods outperform existing alternative approaches in finding those important nodes that can help to contain the spread of misinformation effectively.
Validity, reliability, and sensitivity-to-change properties of the psoriatic arthritis screening and evaluation questionnaire

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an inflammatory arthritis associated with irreversible joint damage in a subset of individuals. There is a need to screen early for this condition to prevent damage. To meet this need, we have developed the psoriatic arthritis screening and evaluation (PASE) questionnaire. The 15-item PASE questionnaire was administered to 190 individuals with either psoriasis or PsA. The PASE questionnaire was readministered to a subset of individuals with PsA in order to assess test–retest reliability and sensitivity-to-change. Receiver operator curves were constructed to optimize sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of PsA. Of the 190 participating in the study, 19.5% (37/191) participants were diagnosed with PsA. PASE total scores ranged from 15 to 74 (possible range, 15–75). The PsA group had a median Total score of 51 (25th and 75th percentile 44 and 57), and non-PsA group had a median total score of 34 (25th and 75th percentile 21 and 49) (p < 0.001). A PASE total score of 44 was able to distinguish PsA from non-PsA participants with 76% sensitivity and 76% specificity. Furthermore, 13 of the 15 items demonstrated significant test–retest reliability as assessed by Pearson correlation coefficient (r ≥ 0.5). PASE was sensitive-to-change with therapy; PASE scores were significantly lower for PsA individuals after systemic therapy (p < 0.034). The PASE questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool to screen for active PsA among individuals with psoriasis. PASE scores may be used as a marker of therapeutic response.
Nocturnal enuresis-theoretic background and practical guidelines.

Nocturnal polyuria, nocturnal detrusor overactivity and high arousal thresholds are central in the pathogenesis of enuresis. An underlying mechanism on the brainstem level is probably common to these mechanisms. Enuretic children have an increased risk for psychosocial comorbidity. The primary evaluation of the enuretic child is usually straightforward, with no radiology or invasive procedures required, and can be carried out by any adequately educated nurse or physician. The first-line treatment, once the few cases with underlying disorders, such as diabetes, kidney disease or urogenital malformations, have been ruled out, is the enuresis alarm, which has a definite curative potential but requires much work and motivation. For families not able to comply with the alarm, desmopressin should be the treatment of choice. In therapy-resistant cases, occult constipation needs to be ruled out, and then anticholinergic treatment—often combined with desmopressin—can be tried. In situations when all other treatments have failed, imipramine treatment is warranted, provided the cardiac risks are taken into account.
Genes and experience in the development of executive attention and effortful control.

The executive attention network is involved in regulating emotions and cognitions, forming a neural basis for temperamental self-regulation. New brain imaging and molecular genetics methods can enhance our understanding of common mechanisms of self-regulation and individual differences in their expression.