cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stimulation of Avena coleoptile growth by 6-(substituted) thio- and amino-purines.

Abstract 1. 1. Appropriate concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine, 6-ethylaminopurine, 6-benzylthiopurine, 6-hexylthiopurine, 6-(2-phenylethyl)aminopurine, and 6-(2-thienyl)aminopurine stimulate the elongation of floating Avena coleoptile sections and of 15 mm. apical segments in the upright position. 2. 2. These compounds exert their maximum stimulatory effects in the range of concentrations from 0.5 to 10.0 mg./l. 3. 3. These stimulatory effects were observed in the absence of IAA, with endogenous auxin, and in media containing 1.0 mg./l. of exogenous IAA. 4. 4. Adenine, folic acid, and 4-benzylaminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine (0–20 mg./l.) were ineffective in the stimulation of coleoptile section elongation. 5. 5. The available information suggests that the purine structure is required for stimulation of elongation of the type studied. The nature of the substituent in the 6-position apparently is not critical, but it influences the degree of activity. The active purines may or may not affect the auxin-requiring mechanism, but it appears that they do not function as auxins.
The IL-10R2 binding hot spot on IL-22 is located on the N-terminal helix and is dependent on N-linked glycosylation.

IL-22 is a class 2 α-helical cytokine involved in the generation of inflammatory responses. These activities require IL-22 to engage the cell surface receptors IL-22R1 and the low-affinity signaling molecule IL-10R2. IL-10R2 also interacts with five other class 2 cytokines: IL-10, IL-26, and the interferon-like cytokines IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29. Here, we define the IL-10R2 binding site on IL-22 using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and site-directed mutagenesis. Surprisingly, the binding hot spot on IL-22 includes asparagine 54 (N54), which is post-translationally modified by N-linked glycosylation. Further characterization of the glycosylation reveals that only a single fucosylated N-acetyl glucosamine on N54 is required for maximal IL-10R2 binding. Biological responses of IL-22 mutants measured in cell-based luciferase assays correlate with the in vitro SPR studies. Together, these data suggest that IL-22 activity may be modulated via changes in the glycosylation state of the ligand during inflammation.
Causes of racial and socioeconomic differences in cognitive tests

Abstract Correlations among profiles of means based upon 75 cognitive variables from Project TALENT are presented for groups defined by race, socioeconomic status, sex, area of the country, and grade in high school. Sex makes by far the largest contribution to differences in shape of profiles. Race and socioenconomic status, in turn, make much larger contributions to differences than grade and area. Sex differences in shapes of profiles are a function primarily of race and, to a lesser extent, of social class. Race differences are larger than socioeconomic differences and the former, in particular, are also a function of sex. Black males differ more from white patterns than black females. There is lack of substantial overlap in the causes of race and socioeconomic differences in shape of cognitive profiles.
Advanced Age as a Risk Factor for Folate-Associated Functional Cobalamin Deficiency

Objectives: To determine whether high serum folate levels contribute to metabolite changes in elderly subjects with normal cobalamin levels. Design: Case series. Setting: Outpatient clinic at a university-based staff model health maintenance organization. Participants: Two hundred thirty-three ambulatory individuals without diabetes mellitus with normal renal function and normal cobalamin levels evaluated for cobalamin deficiency. Measurements: Cobalamin, serum folate, methylmalonic acid (MMA), and homocysteine. Results: Older individuals (?60) with low-normal cobalamin levels (201�300 pg/mL) had higher MMA and lower homocysteine levels when serum folate levels were high (>20 ng/mL) than when serum folate levels were normal (P < .02), but serum folate levels within the normal range were not a determinant of either metabolite. In younger subjects with low-normal cobalamin levels, high serum folate levels were not associated with significant differences in either metabolite. At mid-normal cobalamin levels (301�600 pg/mL), high serum folate levels were associated with lower homocysteine levels in older adults (P < .001) but not with differences in MMA in either age group. Cobalamin therapy decreased or normalized MMA and homocysteine in 89% or more of participants even at pretherapy cobalamin levels greater than 600 pg/mL. Conclusion: High serum folate levels are associated with higher MMA levels when cobalamin levels are low-normal, and this effect is age dependent, not progressive within the normal serum folate range (suggesting a threshold effect), and reversed by cobalamin therapy. Because MMA may be neurotoxic, these findings suggest caution in the use of folic acid supplements in elderly adults.
Imaging ability and visual processing of EEG waveforms

Individual differences in the reading and processing of EEG waveforms were examined. Neurologists were asked to read an EEG printout while a video camera recorded their activity in processing the printout. Two strategies were evident in reading the printouts. For those who used a detail strategy, reading of printouts was slow and often relied on many referrals back to previously examined patterns. Those who used a holistic strategy read printouts quickly and did not exhibit the back-and-forth referral activity of the previous group. The implications of these individual differences for future applications in the processing of EEGs are discussed.
Time Resolved Measurements of Interface Dynamics during Pulsed Laser Melting Observed by Transient Conductance

The transient conductance technique has been used in a detailed study of the liquid-solid interface dynamics during pulsed laser melting of Si and silicon-on-sapphire. Average melt and regrowth velocities, as well as the maximum melt depth, can be obtained with the technique. The measurements are found to agree well with a computer simulation based on a thermal model of the melt and subsequent solidification. The melt-in velocity has been observed to exceed 200 m/sec. Under 2.5 ns UV irradiation, the critical velocity for amorphization of Si has been measured at 15 m/sec.
Controlling the electronic coupling between CdSe quantum dots and thiol capping ligands via pH and ligand selection.

Comparison of the UV–vis absorption spectra of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) capped with various mercaptocarboxylic acid capping ligands reveals that only 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBzA) capping ligands lower the apparent optical band gap. We propose that the delocalization of the excitons in the CdSe QDs is extended onto the ligands via electronic coupling to the π system of the 4-mercaptobenzoic acid molecules through the Cd–S bond. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the electronic coupling between the QDs and the (MBzA) thiol ligands is influenced by the strength of the Cd–S bond that can be changed by protonating the S atom.
Tension monitoring in a belt-driven automated material handling system

Abstract The extension of the useful life of manufacturing equipment is one of the keys to sustainable manufacturing. The high uptime requirements of the semiconductor industry result in the need for conservative preventive maintenance schemes, which leads to replacement of key components before the end of their useful life. This paper presents the results of research toward a more intelligent condition based maintenance scheme for belt monitoring in a belt driven automated material handling system. An experimental study of belt dynamics showed that transverse belt vibrations were sensitive to changes in belt length, belt tension, belt misalignment, and excitation location. Based on these findings, a novel, contact based device was designed to consistently excite belt vibrations in the material handling system with greatly reduced variations in belt length and initial condition location. On average, standard deviations of tension estimates using the device were 65% lower than that of a trained technician performing the current standard technique on three different robots. This design was then further adapted to facilitate a non-contact belt excitation and monitoring approach that did not require bringing the material handling system offline in order to obtain sensor readings. Such a procedure greatly eased and accelerated the monitoring process.
Asymptotic tensile crack-tip stress fields in elastic-perfectly plastic crystals

For a crack in an elastic-perfectly plastic crystal, there exist more than one asymptotic stress field around the crack tip. The condition governing which field occurs cannot be determined by the asymptotic fields, but depends on external loading conditions. For a plane-strain tensile crack in the (0 1 0) plane and growing in the [1 0 1] direction in a face-centered-cubic (fcc) crystal, there exist three asymptotic stress fields around the crack tip, including a previously established four-sector field and two new families of three-sector fields. The four-sector field gives a large mean stress ahead of the crack, 6.12τ, where τ is the critical resolved shear stress for slip systems {1 1 1}〈1 1 0〉. The first family of three-sector fields is parameterized by a single parameter p ranging from 0 to 1. In the limit p=0, the field degenerates to uniform tension in the direction parallel to the crack surface. In the other limit p=1, the corresponding field gives the maximum mean stress, 4.90 τ, in the family. The other family of three-sector fields also has two limits: one corresponds to uniform compression parallel to the crack, and the other provides the maximum mean stress in the family, 2.45τ much less than the four-sector field. The stress distributions obtained by the finite element method confirm not only the four-sector field, but also two families of fields.
Practical High Efficiency Tungsten-Halogen Lamps Using IR Reflecting Films

(1984). Practical High Efficiency Tungsten-Halogen Lamps Using IR Reflecting Films. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society: Vol. 14, 1984 IES Annual Conference papers, pp. 165-174.
Overview of Potential and Existing Applications of Shape Memory Alloys in Bridges

Bridges are the backbones of transportation lines for modern cities. Damage to bridges could disrupt the flow of traffic and be disastrous for the communities they serve, especially when reconstruction and recovery activities are needed, such as after strong earthquakes and hurricanes. Recent earthquake and hurricane damage has exposed the vulnerability of existing bridges under strong ground motions and unexpected wave loads. In recent decades, several kinds of smart materials have been investigated to improve the performance of bridge structures during extreme events such as earthquakes and strong winds. Among these materials, shape memory alloys (SMAs) have exhibited great potential in enhancing the performance of bridge structures because of their unique properties, such as the shape memory effect and superelasticity effect. This paper, for the first time, systematically reviews and summarizes the applications of SMAs in bridge structures. The unique properties of SMAs are presented first, and several simplified one-dimensional constitutive material models of superelastic SMAs are introduced. Finally, applications of SMAs in five areas of bridge engineering are discussed. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000145. © 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Bridges; Smart materials; Earthquakes; Construction materials. Author keywords: Bridges; Shape memory; Mitigation; Earthquake.
Mill's epistemology in practice in his liberal feminism

(1989). Mill's epistemology in practice in his liberal feminism. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 32-39.
The Cockney and the Prostitute: Dickens and the literary market, 1836–37

(1999). The Cockney and the Prostitute: Dickens and the literary market, 1836–37. Journal of Victorian Culture: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 171-196.
Generation of human T cells directed against an agonist epitope of Brachyury, a transcription factor involved in human tumor cell epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)

Meeting abstracts The T-box family transcription factor Brachyury is overexpressed in a variety of human carcinomas, including lung, breast, colon, ovarian and prostate. Brachyury has been shown to promote epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells, a critical step in the path to
Copepod diapause eggs: a potential source of nauplii for aquaculture

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of producing, storing, and hatching copepod diapause eggs that could be used as a source of nauplii for rearing larval fish. The copepod Centropages hamatus was reared on a mixed diet of four dinoflagellates: Gymnodinium sanguineum, Lingulodinium polyedra, Prorocentrum micans, and Scrippsiella trochoidea, in 19-l carboys mounted on a plankton rotator in a walk-in environmental chamber, set at 15°C and a 12L–12D cycle. Eleven experiments were conducted. Following maturation to the adult stage, eggs were produced over a 16–33 day period. Total egg production was assessed in three of the experiments and ranged from 1.2 to 2.4 million eggs. Hatching success was generally >80% for eggs stored 4–17 months at 25°C. Diapause eggs shipped via overnight express remained viable and were used as a source of nauplii to feed larval fish.
Refining the overall structure and subdomain orientation of ribosomal protein S4 delta41 with dipolar couplings measured by NMR in uniaxial liquid crystalline phases

Prokaryotic protein S4 initiates assembly of the small ribosomal subunit by binding to 16 S rRNA. Residues 43-200 of S4 from Bacillus stearothermophilus (S4 Delta41) bind to both 16 S rRNA and to a mRNA pseudoknot. In order to obtain structure-based insights regarding RNA binding, we previously determined the solution structure of S4 Delta41 using NOE, hydrogen bond, and torsion angle restraints. S4 Delta41 is elongated, with two distinct subdomains, one all helical, the other including a beta-sheet. In contrast to the high resolution structures obtained for each individual subdomain, their relative orientation was not precisely defined because only 17 intersubdomain NOE restraints were determined. Compared to the 1.7 A crystal structure, when the sheet-containing subdomains are superimposed, the helical subdomain is twisted by almost 45 degrees about the long axis of the molecule in the solution structure. Because variations in subdomain orientation may explain how the protein recognizes multiple RNA targets, our current goal is to determine the orientation of the subdomains in solution with high precision. To this end, NOE assignments were re-examined. NOESY experiments on a specifically labeled sample revealed that one of the intersubdomain restraints had been misassigned. However, the revised set of NOE restraints produces solution structures that still have imprecisely defined subdomain orientations and that lie between the original NMR structure and the crystal structure. In contrast, augmenting the NOE restraints with N-H dipolar couplings, measured in uniaxial liquid crystalline phases, clearly establishes the relative orientation of the subdomains. Data obtained from two independent liquid crystalline milieux, DMPC/DHPC bicelles and the filamentous bacteriophage Pf1, show that the relative orientation of the subdomains in solution is quite similar to the subdomain orientation in the crystal structure. The solution structure, refined with dipolar data, is presented and its implications for S4's RNA binding activity are discussed.
The use of dietary supplements in a community hospital comprehensive cancer center: implications for conventional cancer care

Goals of work There is little data on the prevalence of use of dietary supplements in cancer, especially in light of the growing evidence that some dietary supplements can have adverse interactions with conventional cancer treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of dietary supplements among adult cancer patients in a community hospital comprehensive cancer center.
MicroRNA-7 Promotes Glycolysis to Protect against 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced Cell Death.

Parkinson disease is associated with decreased activity of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This defect can be recapitulated in vitro by challenging dopaminergic cells with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a neurotoxin that inhibits complex I of electron transport chain. Consequently, oxidative phosphorylation is blocked, and cells become dependent on glycolysis for ATP production. Therefore, increasing the rate of glycolysis might help cells to produce more ATP to meet their energy demands. In the present study, we show that microRNA-7, a non-coding RNA that protects dopaminergic neuronal cells against MPP+-induced cell death, promotes glycolysis in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y and differentiated human neural progenitor ReNcell VM cells, as evidenced by increased ATP production, glucose consumption, and lactic acid production. Through a series of experiments, we demonstrate that targeted repression of RelA by microRNA-7, as well as subsequent increase in the neuronal glucose transporter 3 (Glut3), underlies this glycolysis-promoting effect. Consistently, silencing Glut3 expression diminishes the protective effect of microRNA-7 against MPP+. Further, microRNA-7 fails to prevent MPP+-induced cell death when SH-SY5Y cells are cultured in a low glucose medium, as well as when differentiated ReNcell VM cells or primary mouse neurons are treated with the hexokinase inhibitor, 2-deoxy-d-glucose, indicating that a functional glycolytic pathway is required for this protective effect. In conclusion, microRNA-7, by down-regulating RelA, augments Glut3 expression, promotes glycolysis, and subsequently prevents MPP+-induced cell death. This protective effect of microRNA-7 could be exploited to correct the defects in oxidative phosphorylation in Parkinson disease. Background: The dopaminergic neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), kills cells by inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Results: MicroRNA-7-mediated repression of RelA expression and subsequent increase in glucose transporter Glut3 level augments glycolysis in neuronal cells. Conclusion: MicroRNA-7 protects cells against MPP+-induced cytotoxicity by enhancing glycolysis. Significance: MicroRNA-7 could potentially mitigate the effects of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation defects in Parkinson disease.
PMA: An ESS prototype to support software project planning

Project management has become increasingly complex and important, a professional discipline in its own right. Often project managers lack the training needed to do adequate planning. Without an accurate plan, rework increases, budget and schedules are overrun, scope must often be trimmed, and projects fail. The difference between success and failure can be the skill of the project manager. This paper presents and discusses a Webenabled, rule based, expert system prototype, Project Management Advisor (PMA), to support project managers who are learning and refining project management skills. PMA, a field prototype, was evaluated and tested for accuracy using 11 project plans from a fortune 500 company.
Remodeling of Synaptic Actin Induced by Photoconductive Stimulation

Use-dependent synapse remodeling is thought to provide a cellular mechanism for encoding durable memories, yet whether activity triggers an actual structural change has remained controversial. We use photoconductive stimulation to demonstrate activity-dependent morphological synaptic plasticity by video imaging of GFP-actin at individual synapses. A single tetanus transiently moves presynaptic actin toward and postsynaptic actin away from the synaptic junction. Repetitive spaced tetani induce glutamate receptor-dependent stable restructuring of synapses. Presynaptic actin redistributes and forms new puncta that label for an active synapse marker FM5-95 within 2 hr. Postsynaptic actin sprouts projections toward the new presynaptic actin puncta, resembling the axon-dendrite interaction during synaptogenesis. Our results indicate that activity-dependent presynaptic structural plasticity facilitates the formation of new active presynaptic terminals.
Fermented foods, feeds, and beverages

There has been a proliferation of books and papers dealing with the indigenous fermented foods/beverages of the world. It is anticipated that these foods/beverages will play an ever-increasingly important role in feeding both the developing and the developed world as population increases from approximately 4.5 billion to 6 billion by the year 2000 and to 8 to 12 billion people in the 21st century. The indigenous fermented foods consist of microbial protein grown on edible substrates. Microbial or single cell protein (SCP) per se continues to receive research and development attention. It is likely to play an important role in feeding animals in the future when it becomes competitive with soy protein. It may play a direct role in feeding humans in the future after its safety for feeding animals has been adequately demonstrated and it has been shown that it can be processed into foods acceptable to humans. At the present time, mushrooms, a form of microbial protein highly acceptable to humans, which can be grown readily on ligno-cellulosic and other agricultural and food processing wastes, offer considerable opportunity for expanding man's food supply.
Transient Medium-Scale Wave Activity in the Summer Stratosphere

Observations of medium-scale transient wave activity in the middle-latitude Southern Hemisphere summer stratosphere are interpreted using isentropic potential vorticity (IPV) distributions inferred from temperature data from the Nimbus-7 Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) instrument. Despite problems with errors in reference-level synoptic height information, the derived IPV distributions clearly exhibit dynamically coherent signatures of eddy mixing due to medium-scale disturbances in the lower-middle stratosphere during early January 1979. The IPV distributions are shown to be strongly correlated with those of a contemporaneous set of isentropic maps of quasi-conservative tracers such as ozone and nitric acid. The results suggest that IPV maps inferred from satellite temperature data provide a useful diagnostic for studies of large-scale dynamics and/or transport in the extratropical stratosphere. Furthermore, the comparatively high vertical resolution of the LIMS data has enabled the vertical attenuation of Southern Hemisphere wave activity to be diagnosed in greater detail than could be achieved from nadir-viewing satellite information.
Porous media compressed air energy storage (PM-CAES): Theory and simulation of the coupled wellbore-reservoir system

Expansion in the supply of intermittent renewable energy sources on the electricity grid can potentially benefit from implementation of large-scale compressed air energy storage in porous media systems (PM-CAES) such as aquifers and depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs. Despite a large government research program 30 years ago that included a test of air injection and production in an aquifer, and an abundance of literature on CAES mostly relevant to caverns, there remain fundamental questions about the hydrologic and energetic performance of PM-CAES. We have developed rigorous simulation capabilities for PM-CAES that include modeling the coupled wellbore–reservoir system. Through consideration of a prototypical PM-CAES wellbore–reservoir system representing a depleted hydrocarbon reservoir, we have simulated 100 daily cycles of PM-CAES. We find that (1) PM-CAES can store energy but that pervasive pressure gradients in PM-CAES result in spatially variable energy storage density in the reservoir, (2) the wellbore–reservoir storage component of PM-CAES is very efficient, (3) cap-rock and hydrologic seals along with proper sizing of the PM-CAES reservoir prevent excess pressure diffusion from being a problem, and (4) injection and production of air does not significantly mobilize residual liquid water in the reservoir.
Class II induction of human corneal fibroblasts by cell-free supernatants from HSV stimulated lymphocytes

Lymphocytes obtained from patients with herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV) neutralizing antibodies were stimulated in vitro for 48 hr with heat inactivated HSV. Cell-free supernatant from these cultures was added to autologous or allogeneic HLA-DR-negative stromal (fibroblast) cells for 3 days. All stromal cultures were stained with monoclonal reagents by indirect immunofluorescence for Class I (B2) or Class II (HLA-DR) antigen expression. Supernatant from HSV-stimulated lymphocytes induced HLA-DR antigen on cultured stromal cells while supernatant from lymphocytes cultured in the absence of HSV antigen or from lymphocytes which did not proliferate in response to incubation with HSV antigen did not induce HLA-DR. The expression of Class II antigens induced by supernatant from HSV-stimulated lymphocytes was inhibited by the addition of purified antibodies to IFN.
Dynamic soil–structure interaction of a single‐span bridge

Experimental and analytical studies were conducted to determine dynamic soil–structure interaction characteristics of a single-span, prestressed-concrete bridge with monolithic abutments supported by spread footings. The experimental programme, consisting of harmonic forced vibration excitation of the bridge in the transverse and longitudinal directions, revealed the presence of four modes in the frequency band, 0 to 11 Hz, and the onset of a fifth mode at 14 Hz, the highest frequency attained during the tests. The fundamental mode at 4.7 Hz was the primary longitudinal bending mode of the deck and had a relatively low damping ratio (ζ1), that was approximately 0.025 of critical. The second and third modes at 6.4 Hz and 8.2 Hz were the primary twisting modes of the deck which involved substantial transverse rocking, transverse translation and torsion of the footings. As expected, the damping ratios associated with these two modes, ζ2 = 0.035 and ζ3 = 0.15, were directly related to the relative amounts of deck and footing motion. The fourth mode at 10.6 Hz was the second twisting mode of the deck and involved relatively little motion of the footings and abutment walls, which was consistent with the low damping, ζ4 = 0.02, observed in this mode. The response data at 14 Hz suggested that the fifth mode beyond this frequency was the second longitudinal bending mode of the deck involving longitudinal translation and bending of the abutment walls. A three-dimensional finite element model of the bridge, with Winkler springs attached to the footings and abutment walls to represent the soil–structure interaction, was able to reproduce the experimental data (natural frequencies, mode shapes and bridge response) reasonably well. Although the stiffnesses assigned to the Winkler springs were based largely on the application of a form of Rayleigh's principle to the experimental data, these stiffnesses were similar to theoretical foundation stiffnesses of the same size footings on a linearly elastic half space and theoretical lateral stiffnesses of a rigid retaining wall against a linearly elastic backfill.
Complex mechanoreceptors inTritonia diomedea

1. A cluster of small neurons located in each cerebral ganglion ofTritonia diomedea responds to mechanical and chemical stimulation of receptive areas of the ipsilateral oral veil and anterior foot (Figs. 2, 3). 2. These neurons respond to several types of chemical stimuli, but appear to be excited most strongly by extracts of sea whip,Virgularia sp. (Fig. 3, Table 1), a normal prey ofTritonia. 3. These neurons appear to be primary mechano-receptors with receptive endings in the ipsilateral foot (accessed via PdN 1) and oral veil (accessed via both CeN 2 and CeN 3; Fig. 4). Receptive fields of different branches of the same receptor (Fig. 4) and of different receptors (Fig. 5) overlap in the oral veil. 4. The mechanoreceptors are not primary chemoreceptors but receive excitation via chemical synapses from chemoreceptors located in the periphery (Fig. 6). At least some of this synaptic input is peripheral in origin. 5. Ipsilateral mechanoreceptors are electrically coupled to one another by non-rectifying electrical junctions (Fig. 7). No contralateral inputs or interactions between receptors were found. 6. A model is presented for the anatomy and wiring of these complex receptors (Fig. 8).
Apparel Advertising Appeals as a Function of Apparel Classification: Trendy versus Classic:

It was predicted and found that apparel styling would affect evaluations of advertising appeals. Image-oriented advertising appeals were evaluated more favorably for apparel classified as “trendy” ...
Operations for peptic ulcer disease: paradigm lost

Over the past several decades, the pharmacologic and endoscopic treatment of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) has dramatically improved. To determine the effects of these and other changes on the operative management of PUD, we reviewed our surgical experience with gastroduodenal ulcers over the past 20 years. A computerized surgical database was used to analyze the frequencies of all operations for PUD performed in two training hospitals during four consecutive 5-year intervals beginning in 1980. Operative rates for both intractable and complicated PUD were compared with those for other general surgical procedures and operations for gastric malignancy. In the first 5-year period (1980 to 1984), a yearly average of 70 upper gastrointestinal operations were performed. This experience included 36 operations for intractability, 15 for hemorrhage, 12 for perforation, and seven for obstruction. During the same time span, 13 resections were performed annually for gastric malignancy. By the most recent 5-year interval (1994 to 1999), the total number of upper gastrointestinal operations had declined by 80% (14 cases), although the number of operations for gastric cancer had changed only slightly. Operations decreased most markedly for patients with intractability, but the prevalence of operations for bleeding, obstruction, and perforation was also decreased. We conclude that improved pharmacologic and endoscopic approaches have progressively curtailed the use of operative therapy for PUD. Elective surgery is now rarely indicated, and emergency operations are much less common. This changed paradigm poses new challenges for training and suggests different approaches for practice.
Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phospholipase C activity by phosphatidic acid.

Abstract Phosphatidic acid was a potent activator of the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns-P 2 ) phospholipase C activity associated with human platelet membranes. Lysophosphatidic acid was half as active as phosphatidic acid, and shortening the fatty acid chain reduced the effectiveness of the corresponding phosphatidic acid. Compounds lacking either the phosphate group (diacylglycerol or phorbol ester) or the fatty acid (glycerol phosphate) were not activators. When the negative charge was contributed by a carboxyl group (fatty acid or phosphatidylserine), stimulation of phospholipase C was weak but detectable. Structural analogs of phosphatidic acid (lipopolysaccharide, lipid A, and 2,3-diacylglucosamine 1-phosphate) were less effective but also enhanced Ptdlnsp 2 hydrolysis. Phosphatidic acid potentiated the activation of phospholipase C by α-thrombin, chelators, and guanine nucleotides. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and PtdIns-P 2 were also effective activators of PtdIns-P 2 degradation. Other phospholipids were without effect. The production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol via the activation of phospholipase C provides a rationale for the cellular responses evoked by phosphatidic acid and the ability of this phospholipid to potentiate and initiate hormonal responses.
The problematic friar in Romeo and Juliet

(1974). The problematic friar in Romeo and Juliet. English Studies: Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 340-350.
Mapping Long-range Contacts in a Highly Unfolded Protein

Insights into the earliest events in protein folding can be obtained by analysis of the conformational propensities of unfolded or partly folded states. The structure of the acid-unfolded state of apomyoglobin has been characterized using paramagnetic spin labeling and NMR. Nitroxide side-chains, introduced by coupling to mutant cysteine residues at positions 18, 77, and 133, were used as probes of chain compaction and long-range tertiary contacts. Significant interactions are observed within and between the N and C termini, while the central region of the polypeptide chain behaves as a random polymer. Even in this highly denatured form, the protein samples transient compact states in which there are native-like contacts between the N and C-terminal regions.
How Do Female Red-Winged Blackbirds Allocate Food Within Broods?

Abstract. Nestlings communicate with parents via begging, but what does begging signal and how do parents allocate food to their nestlings? We tested the signal-of-need (SoN) and signal-of-quality (SoQ) hypotheses for nestling begging in the Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) by attempting to determine whether begging is negatively (SoN) or positively (SoQ) condition dependent, and by attempting to identify the attributes of nestlings that parents use to allocate food within broods. We quantified begging by its mean intensity (scale 0–7) and mean duration and parental allocation by the number of times each nestling was fed. We found that the intensity and duration of begging were not correlated with nestlings' size (estimated by body mass and tarsus length), condition (estimated from the residual of mass regressed on tarsus length), age, sex, or testosterone concentration, so begging did not appear to be negatively or positively condition dependent. A generalized linear model showed that mean inte...
In vivo measurement of cell proliferation in canine brain tumor using C-11-labeled FMAU and PET

Abstract Introduction Noncatabolized thymidine analogs are being developed for use in imaging DNA synthesis. We sought to relate a labeling index measured by immunohistochemical staining bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) technique to the uptake of 11 C 2′-fluoro-5-methyl-1-β-d-arabinofuranosyluracil (FMAU) measured with positron emission tomography (PET) in a brain tumor model. Methods Adult beagles ( n =8) with implanted brain tumors received [ 11 C]FMAU and dynamic imaging with arterial sampling. Six dogs were then infused with BUdR (200 mg/m 2 ) and sacrificed. Tumor time–activity curves (TACs) obtained from computed-tomography-defined regions of interest were corrected for partial volume effects and crosstalk from brain tissue. Tissue was analyzed for the percentage of tumor volume occupied by viable cells and by viable cells in S-phase as identified by BUdR staining. PET/[ 11 C]FMAU and BUdR were compared by linear regression analysis and analysis of variance, as well as by a nonparametric rank correlation test. Results Tumor standardized uptake values (SUVs) and tumor-to-contralateral-brain uptake ratios at 50 min were 1.6±0.4 and 5.5±1.2 ( n =8; mean±S.E.M.), respectively. No 11 C-labeled metabolites were observed in the blood through 60 min. Tumor TACs were well described with a three-compartment/four-parameter model ( k 4 =0) and by Patlak analysis. Parametric statistical analysis showed that FMAU clearance from plasma into tumor Compartment 3 ( K FMAU ) was significantly correlated with S-phase percent volume ( P =.03), while tumor SUV was significantly correlated with both S-phase percent volume and cell percent volume ( P =.02 and .03, respectively). Patlak slope, K FMAU and tumor SUV were equivalent with regard to rank correlation analysis, which showed that tumor uptake and trapping of FMAU were correlated with the volume density of dividing cells ( P =.0003) rather than nondividing cells ( P =.3). Conclusions Trapping of [ 11 C]FMAU correlated with tumor growth rate, as measured by direct tissue analysis with BUdR in a canine brain tumor model, suggesting that [ 11 C]FMAU is useful for the imaging of cell proliferation in cancers.
An Aerodynamic Shroud for Automotive Cooling Fans

Results from an experimental investigation of an aerodynamic fan shroud are reported. The device was motivated by the relatively large (2.5 cm) tip clearance required in automotive cooling fans which are mounted to the engine. The shroud consists of a pressurized plenum and a Coanda attachment surface to deliver a jet of high momentum air into the tip clearance region. Both the performance and the efficiency for the initial system design were enhanced at higher flow rates, and degraded at lower flow rates. A small tuft was used to observe qualitative flow features in the near wake and tip clearance region of the fan. This information was used to create a modified design. The new geometry was tested and found to provide improved performance characteristics for a wider range of flow rate conditions.
Magnetization isotherms and pore-space geometry.

A model of the magnetization response of a $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}$He mixture in a porous medium is studied as the $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ is carried through a capillary-condensation hysteresis loop. This response appears as a magnetization hysteresis loop that has important qualitative and quantitative features related to the geometry of the pore space. It is suggested that an experimental exploration of the magnetization isotherm can provide valuable information about pore-space geometry.
An RF tag communication system model for noise radar

RF (radio-frequency) tags have drawn increasing research interest because of their great potential uses in many radio frequency identification applications. They can also be configured to work with radar as a communication channel by receiving radar acquisition signals, suitably coding these, and retransmitting them back to the radar. This paper proposes a system model for the communication between a noise radar and multiple RF tags. The radar interrogates the RF tags in a region of interest by sending ultrawideband noise signals. Upon receiving the radar's signal, all the tags within the radar's range wake up, and respond to the radar with simple messages. The RF tag filters the radar signal to a unique spectral band, which represents its identification information, and different RF tags occupy different non-overlapping bands of the spectrum of the radar signal. Tag messages are modulated onto the waveform through taps of weighted delays. The radar decodes the RF tag identifications and corresponding messages by cross-correlating the RF tag returned signals with the replica of the radar transmitted signal. Calculations and simulation results both show that the proposed system is capable of communicating simple messages between RF tags and radar.
Synthesis of graphene using Micro Chemical Vapor Deposition

Large area synthesis of graphene has been realized on top of a nickel-coated micro platform using the Micro Chemical Vapor Deposition (Micro-CVD) system. The capability of ultra-fast heating and cooling provided by the MEMS platform is crucial for the controlled growth of graphene. Theoretical analysis shows that cooling rate is about 4 orders of magnitude higher than the conventional CVD system. Experimentally, 1∼2 layers of graphene structures have been consistently synthesized as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy on the whole 300×300µm2 platform. As such, this approach opens up a new class of opportunity in graphene synthesis.
Pollen germination, tube growth and morphology, and microtubule organization after exposure to benomyl

The inhibitory effects of benomyl on pollen tube growth have received little attention, particularly at the microscopic and immunohistochemical levels. Pollen germination and tube growth in the presence of benomyl were evaluated in Tradescantia virginiana to investigate the effects of this fungicide on pollen germination rate, tube growth and morphology, and microtubule (Mt) organization. Benomyl was incorporated in germination media at 0, 480, 600 or 720 mg l -1 . Inhibition of pollen germination, cytoplasmic streaming, and tube elongation were associated with benomyl treatments. Benomyl also induced abnormal pollen tube morphology and Mt organization. Compared to controls, Mts in the treated tubes were characteristically fewer in number, fragmented, sinuous and increasingly disorganized. At the two highest benomyl concentrations, Mts were considerably fewer or absent in apical/subapical regions of the pollen tubes. This work verifies that benomyl incorporated into germination media at concentrations lower than recommended field rates inhibit pollen germination and tube growth, and that the effects are associated with alterations of Mt organization.
Determination of Ferric Oxide and Titania in Presence of Alumina

A study of cupferron reagent as applied to quantitative analyses of ceramic materials shows acceptable results in both precision and accuracy. The oxides Fe2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, and V2O5 are separated from Al2O3and P2O6; the ferric oxide is determined directly from the ignited mixed oxides by titration with K2Cr2O7. The oxide TiO2 is ordinarily the main constituent in the RO2, + R2O5 group and is reported as TiO2, by difference.
A reproducible model of reversible, focal, neocortical ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rat.

A reproducible model of reversible, focal ischemia was developed for use with the normotensive, Sprague-Dawley rat. Blood flow to the left cerebral hemisphere was interrupted by occluding simultaneously the left middle cerebral artery and both carotid arteries (CCA). The arterial occlusion lasted for 1, 2 or 3 hours after which animals survived for 3 days. The volume of brain infarction was determined utilizing computer-assisted measurements of serial brain sections stained with triphenyltetrazolium. Tissue infarctions of variable size were observed following arterial occlusions which persisted 1 or 2 hours. In contrast, remarkably-consistent infarction size was obtained following a three hours period of occlusion. Tissue edema was also estimated by measuring the volumes of the two hemispheres and expressing these values as a ratio for each animal. The volume ratio was significantly greater in the 3 hour ischemic group, indicating the occurrence of edema in the infarcted hemisphere.
Generating randomness from chaos and constructing chaos with desired randomness

We have designed, built and tested a switched-capacitor circuit for generating pseudo-random signals. the circuit is an electronic implementation of a one-dimensional discrete map, which has been fully understood mathematically. the time series of the circuit has extremely rich dynamics, e.g. aperiodicity, non-asymptoticity, ergodicity and fractal dimension. That is, the circuit is indeed chaotic. Furthermore, a general method for designing chaotic circuits with prescribed random properties is proposed. Numerous examples are given to illustrate the theory and methods developed in this paper.
Experiments in Fingertip Perception of Surface Discontinuities

In this paper, we present the results of experiments that explore the ability of the human fingertip to detect haptically simulated first-order and second-order surface discontinuities. A single finger, planar motion fingertip haptic display (FHD) developed at the University of Washington was used by multiple test operators to kinesthetically trace haptically simulated surfaces under a variety of treatment conditions. Experiment variables included the magnitude and type of discontinuity, as well as the stiffness and damping terms used in the haptic simulation algorithm. Test operators were asked to haptically locate a discontinuity on a simulated surface for each treatment condition with the location accuracy being used as the experiment performance metric. The results reveal how the surface discontinuity detection ability is degraded by control gains that are either too low or too high, indicating that a given haptic simulation system may have an optimum set of control gains that will yield the best perf...
Review: The Use of Modular Nutrients in Pediatrics

Background Nutrient modules are commonly used by pediatricians and dietitians. There is no readily available current literature to which those using nutrient modules can refer. Therefore, we review nutrient module composition, module use in pediatrics, and complications associated with the use of nutrient modules. Methods Using an online database, Meduline, we searched the literature from 1996 through 1995. Results Nutrient modules are single or multiple nutrients that can be combined with a diet to add nutrients or to change the composition of the diet. These nutrients exist as a food or as medically compounded elements of a diet but alone are not complete foods. Discussion The addition of modules to a diet can alter the composition of a diet so that a single nutrient may become deficient and the diet cannot support normal growth and development. With use of nutrient modules, diets can be prepared to meet the specific needs of children with common or rare nutritional problems. Conclusion Health care providers who use nutrient modules must understand the importance of diet composition and the careful monitoring of pediatric patients.
Error detection and correction in switched linear controllers via periodic and non-concurrent checks

Control systems that utilize switched linear controllers have proven to be useful (and, in some cases, essential) for accomplishing certain control objectives in particular classes of plants. These controllers are often digital in nature and, as such, are subject to internal hardware malfunctions (faults). In this paper, we present a systematic methodology for constructing embeddings to protect switched linear controllers against hardware faults that corrupt their internal state. Our methodology is based on replacing the original controller with a redundant (higher dimensional) controller that preserves the functionality of the original controller while enabling error detection and correction. More importantly, this methodology allows an external mechanism to detect and identify transient state-transition faults through non-concurrent (e.g. periodic) parity checks. The resulting error detection and correction procedures can then be performed periodically, thereby relaxing the reliability requirements and overhead associated with the checking mechanism.
EFFECT OF ESTROGENIC SUBSTANCE ON EXPERIMENTALLY HYPERTHYROID MALE RATS1

THE AUTHOR has investigated the thyroid-ovarian relationship in rats as measured by means of basal metabolic changes. Estrogenic substance, estrone, stilbestrol and estradiol were effective in the production of a decrease in the oxygen consumption of intact or ovariectomized animals made experimentally hyperthyroid as shown by Sherwood et al. (1–5). The present investigation was undertaken for the purpose of producing a similar picture in the male rat and to determine whether sex need be considered in the use of estrogen therapy in hyperthyroidism. The details of feeding, temperature control, fasting period and time of day, which have been found essential for consistent results in the determination of basal metabolism (1), were observed in the present investigation. All animals were 8 months old at the beginning of the experimental period. Twenty-seven male rats were used throughout the experiment.
Nuclease activity in preparations of creatine phosphokinase: effect on mRNA stability.

Abstract Creatine phosphokinase is used to generate ATP with creatine phosphate for in vitro protein synthesis. Some preparations of this enzyme contain nuclease activity, which can be demonstrated by a sensitive assay of the cleavage of poly(A)-containing RNA. These preparations of creatine phosphokinase support protein synthesis poorly in a cell-free system prepared from HeLa cells. Poly(A)-containing RNA is quite stable in this cell-free system when the phosphorylated sugar fructose 1,6-bisphosphate with no addition of enzyme is used to generate ATP.