cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral skills training to improve installation and use of child passenger safety restraints

The risk for serious injury and death to children during motor vehicle accidents can be greatly reduced through the correct use of child passenger safety restraints (CPSRs). Unfortunately, most CPSRs are installed or used incorrectly. This study examined the effectiveness of behavioral skills training (BST) to teach 10 participants to install rear-facing CPSRs correctly using a multiple baseline design. Results show that installation errors were common for all participants during baseline. After BST, all 10 participants were able to install the rear-facing CPSR without error. An extension probe to assess whether the skills taught during BST extended to forward-facing installation showed that each participant made at least 1 critical error.
Computational algorithms for aerodynamic analysis and design

Abstract This paper is dedicated to Jacques Louis Lions, in honor of his extraordinary contributions not only to mathematics, but also in demonstrating the crucial role that mathematics of the highest order can play throughout pure and applied science.
The effective elastic properties of a linear elastic solid with microcracks

Abstract The effective elastic properties of elastic solid with small density and high density of microcracks is discussed. In order to analyse the relation between effective elastic properties and strength, the effective elastic properties of elastic solids with high density microcracks is obtained by a simple model (beam model for 2-D case and plate model for 3-D case). Statistical analysis of effective elastic properties and strength show that the failure criteria appears to be sensitive to the distribution of size, orientation and distance between microcracks, where the effective elastic properties are quite insensitive to such morphological detail.
Transonic flow potential method development at Ames research center

This paper describes selected developments in transonic flow simulation technology that have utilized nonlinear potential methods for external aerodynamic applications. In particular, the research efforts in this field at Ames Research Center are highlighted. Included are a review of the various potential equation forms, the pertinent characteristics associated with key potential equation numerical algorithms, and a variety of numerical results for various aerodynamic applications to highlight key discussion points.
Primary steps in the reaction of OH radicals with peptide systems: perspective from a study of model amides.

This study reports on an ab initio investigation into the effects of radical attack on peptide backbones using eight model amides. The eight model amides are divided into two subcategories, formami...
Dominion of the Spirit over the Flesh: Religion, Gender and Sexual Morality in the German Women's Movement before World War I

This article examines the place of religious values in the thinking of leading figures in the mainstream German women's movement in the period before World War I. Focusing on the debate of sexual morality and abortion within the German League of Women's Associations, it argues that the position taken by these women is best understood as a product of their religious commitments, rather than their political ideas. The article seeks to place these women in the historical context of a particular liberal, Protestant, social and intellectual milieu that flourished in the period before 1914.
The elements of an acoustic phonetic theory.

This article describes the essential properties of an acoustic theory of phonetics and demonstrates the dependence of such a theory on physiological phonetics. The article defines the acoustical ch...
Color Image Retrieval From Incoherent Speckles With White-Light Processing

A simple incoherent speckle technique for color image retrieval with white-light processing is presented. The technique does not rely on coherent speckles. The encoding is performed by using incoherent color illuminations of a diffused color object, with different slit orientations, during the specklegram constructions. Color image retrieval is then obtained by color spatial filtering in the Fourier domain of a white-light optical processor.
Thermal decomposition of a silicon-fluoride adlayer: Evidence for spatially inhomogeneous removal of a single monolayer of the silicon substrate

The thermal decomposition of silicon-fluoride adlayers, produced by exposing a clean Si(100) surface to a molecular beam of fluorine, have been investigated under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The only gas phase reaction products detected from temperature-programmed desorption are ${\mathrm{SiF}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{SiF}}_{4}$, the relative yield of each product depending strongly on the coverage of fluorine adatoms. For fluorine coverages below 3--4 monolayers, the major reaction product is ${\mathrm{SiF}}_{2}$, whereas above 3--4 monolayers the relative yield of ${\mathrm{SiF}}_{4}$ increases continuously, while that of ${\mathrm{SiF}}_{2}$ remains constant. Independent of the initial coverage of fluorine, the thermal decomposition is terminated near 800 K by the removal of one monolayer of the Si substrate in the form of ${\mathrm{SiF}}_{2}$. Results are presented that suggest the removal of this ``final'' monolayer proceeds inhomogeneously, leaving separate domains in which the local coverage of fluorine is either zero or near saturation.
‘Not our borders’: Indigenous people and the struggle to maintain shared cultures and polities in the post‐9/11 united states

Abstract Boundaries are drawn by the winners of territorial contests with little regard for the cultural integrity or internal social relations of those they displace. When national boundaries delineating Canada, the United States, and Mexico were established, they had the effect of bisecting several dozen tribes, leaving relatives on either side of borders, and cutting off access to areas where people from dozens of other tribes or bands had customarily gathered for trade, for socializing, and to participate in religious rites and ceremonies. Tribal governments have struggled with this problem for years. Post 9/11, borders have tightened and difficulties have multiplied. Now tribes are calling for a new deal, one which would allow them to modify Department of Homeland Security (DHS) requirements in order to ensure that tribal members will be able to continue to freely cross borders and to limit what tribes perceive as intrusive searches of regalia, sacred objects, and costumes used in ceremonies. In addi...
Lincoln and Emancipation: Constitutional Theory, Practical Politics, and the Basic Practice of Law

Abraham Lincoln is, by any measure, our greatest President. Whenever we are asked to rank our Presidents, Lincoln comes out on top. This makes sense. His job, leading the nation through four years of Civil War, was the hardest of any President and he accomplished it so stunningly well: winning the War, preserving the Union, and ending slavery.
Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on the globally ischemic heart: possible general relevance to hypothermic organ preservation.

Abstract Isolated perfused rabbit hearts were made globally ischemic for 2 hr, then reperfused. For 5 min before and after ischemia hearts were perfused with hypothermic (20 or 27 °C), hypoxic, substrate-free cardioplegic solutions, some of which contained 70 m M dimethyl sulfoxide. Postischemic ventricular pressure development, spontaneous heart rate, coronary flow, lactate dehydrogenase release, tissue Ca 2+ content, and in vitro mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation were used to evaluate the protective effects of the various solutions. Aside from the expected observations that cold cardioplegia lessens ischemic damage, we found that dimethyl sulfoxide gave no indication that it exacerbated ischemic damage or lessened the protection afforded by cardioplegia. We also found that, compared to values measured in comparable drug-free treated hearts, dimethyl sulfoxide significantly improved mitochondrial State 3 respiratory rates, respiratory control, and oxidative phosphorylation rates, and essentially prevented mitochondrial changes due to ischemia and reperfusion. We propose that dimethyl sulfoxide may act as a “scavenger” of cytotoxic free radicals, many of which are known to be generated by mitochondria during reoxygenation. Since hypoxia, ischemia, and reoxygenation are common accompaniments of most organ preservation protocols, we suggest that low concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide might serve as a useful adjunct to organ preservation in the nonfrozen state, when cryoprotective concentrations are not needed.
Infrared Spectra of Aluminum Salt Solutions

Aluminum salt solutions activate metallic aluminum surfaces at different rates. The objective of this investigation was to attempt to establish whether or not structural differences at the molecular level could account for the chemical reactivity. The infrared spectra of various concentrations of aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrate, aluminum perchlorate, and aluminum sulfate were measured. The spectra included several general features: (1) a broadening of the OH stretching band of water, (2) a splitting of the OH stretch of water into several absorption bands, (3) the emergence of a new absorption band at 2400 cm−1 (related to dimer formation), (4) splitting of the NO3− absorption band at 1370 cm−1 (5) occasional splitting of the OH bending mode of water, (6) no direct evidence of anion-cation interaction for AlCl3, Al(CIO4)3, and Al2(SO4)3. In general, there was no difference at the molecular level between these aluminum salt solutions that would account for differences in chemical reactivity.
The Mozart Effect: Evidence for the Arousal Hypothesis

This study investigated the effect of music listening for performance on a 25-question portion of the analytical section of the Graduate Record Exam by 72 undergraduate students (M age 21.9 yr.). Five levels of an auditory condition were based on Mozart Piano Sonata No. 3 (K. 281), Movement I (Allegro); a rhythm excerpt; a melody excerpt; traffic sounds; and silence. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the stimuli. After a 5-min., 43-sec. (length of the first Allegro movement) listening period, participants answered the questions. Analysis indicated participants achieved significantly higher mean scores after all auditory conditions than those in the silent condition. No statistically significant pairwise mean difference appeared between scores for the auditory conditions. Findings were interpreted in terms of an arousal framework, suggesting the higher means in all auditory conditions may reflect immediate exposure to auditory stimuli.
Long-term survival of participants in the prostate cancer prevention trial

The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) is a seminal study in the field of urology. More than 10 years after its initial publication, updated data from this trial continue to shape our understanding of prostate cancer. Among the major findings from the PCPT has been the demonstration that prostate cancer is common in men with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) once thought to be in the normal range, [1] finasteride prevents the development of benign prostatic hypertrophy, [2] it increases the sensitivity of PSA [3] and digital rectal examination. [4] Furthermore the PCPT helped to establish the link between erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, [5] and perhaps most importantly finasteride demonstrated a 25% relative risk reduction in the diagnosis of prostate cancer compared with placebo. [6]
Movements, homing, and home range of muskellunge,Esox masquinongy, in West Okoboji Lake, Iowa

Ultrasonic telemetry was used to study the movement and behavior of nine adult muskellunge, 69 to 101 cm in total length. Intensive fish tracking conducted from June to August 1978 produced 1178 contacts, the basis for summer home range determinations. Eight fish established summer home ranges by the time surface water temperatures rose above 17°C in mid-June, and by early July all fish exhibited home range behavior. Individual summer home ranges were 39 to 443 ha (mean = 146 ha) in area as determined by the minimum convex polygon method, and 27 to 73 ha (mean = 63 ha) as estimated by the grid-square method. Six fish had home ranges comprised of two distinct activity centers, 2.0 to 3.5 km apart. Some home ranges spatially overlapped, but occurrences of two fish at a common location were rare. In autumn, six of eight surviving fish remained within or near their summer home ranges. Observations on these eight fish during spring and summer 1979 provided evidence of reproductive and nonreproductive homing behavior
The Role and Function of Residents’ Organizations in Psychiatry Education

Psychiatry residents' organizations have been poorly studied and variously portrayed as facilitative or regressive. A telephone survey of 19 residency programs of differing sizes in all major geographic regions revealed that 89% had some form of residents' organization. The groups are characterized by a wide range of structures, and they undertake a variety of tasks. The most common tasks are support, problem solving, and venting dissatisfaction. Problems frequently faced by such groups include changing resident constituencies, personality conflicts, authorization disputes, and representation and consensus problems. Strengths of such groups include their ability to help foster a sense of group identity; to provide a safe place to ventilate, work on problems, and fashion a consensus for the residents' input to the institution; and to offer training opportunities f or future psychiatric managers.
Two forms of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from bovine brain

Summary Two immunologically distinct forms of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C were purified to near homogeneity from bovine brain. Their molecular weights determined by SDS-PAGE are 150,000 (enzyme I) and 145,000 (enzyme II), respectively. Under a nondenaturing condition, purified enzyme I exists mainly in dimeric form and as tetramer to a small extent, while enzyme II is predominantly in monomer, to a small extent as dimer and to a very small extent as trimer. Multiple forms of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C in brain tissue described in the literature might be, therefore attributed to the oligomerization of the two independent forms.
Acute restraint stress reduces protein kinase Cγ in the hippocampus of C57BL/6 but not DBA/2 mice

Protein kinase C gamma (PKC gamma) is highly expressed in the rodent hippocampus and has been implicated in long-term alterations in synaptic efficacy. Acute stress has been shown to negatively affect hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and the present study examined the effect of acute stress on PKC gamma expression/subcellular distribution by quantitative western blotting in two inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6J versus DBA/2J) with established differences in hippocampal plasticity. It was found that both DBA/2J and C57BL/6J strains exhibited similar basal, stress-induced elevations, and recovery of serum corticosterone levels. Acute stress produced a significant reduction in both membrane and cytosolic PKC gamma expression in the hippocampus of C57BL/6J mice compared to no-stress controls, but did not alter either membrane or cytosolic PKC gamma expression in the hippocampus of DBA/2J mice compared to no-stress controls. These data provide direct evidence that PKC gamma is differentially regulated in the hippocampus of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice by acute stress. The role of stress-induced regulation of hippocampal PKC gamma expression in hippocampal synaptic plasticity is discussed.
A complementary DNA encoding an antigen from Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae and its analog from Trichinella T5 of bobcat origin: Sequence, cloning and expressions

Abstract Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was employed to amplify a cDNA encoding an excretory-secretory (ES) antigen with mol. wt 45–50 kDa by SDS-PAGE from T. spiralis muscle larvae. The PCR product was purified by electrophoresis and sequenced by thermal cycle sequencing with primer walking. The cDNA is 890 bp long and encodes a polypeptide of 255 amino acid (AA) residues. Using the same methods, we also recovered a corresponding cDNA from Trichinella T5, which is 891 bp long and encodes 255 AAs. Comparison of the 2 Trichinella species indicates approximately 2.6% and 2.4% differences between the 2 cDNA sequences and between the 2 deduced AA sequences, respectively.
Client-oriented interactional behaviors for professional-client settings

The outcomes of professional-client relationships are often less satisfactory than one would expect them to be. This study suggested that professionals using client-oriented interaction behaviors grounded in the interactional view (Reusch & Bateson, 1968; Watzlawick, Beavin, & Jackson, 1967) would be rated as more effective than those who did not. A field study of computer professionals revealed that highly rated professionals used client-oriented communication behaviors more frequently than their counterparts who were rated lower. Moreover, the client-oriented interactional behaviors provided substantial discrimination between high- and low-performing professionals.
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Gene Expression Regulated by a Testis-Specific Promoter in Germ Cells during Spermatogenesis

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a member of the glucagon-related family of hormones that is widely expressed in various tissues. The PACAP messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein is expressed at high levels in the germ cells of the testis, where it locally activates cAMP-coupled receptors located in the somatic Sertoli cells. The PACAP mRNA expressed specifically in the testis is shorter than the mRNA expressed in hypothalamus and includes 127 nucleotides of novel sequence at the 5′-end, suggesting a different start site of transcription in the testes and the utilization of a tissue-specific promoter. Here we present evidence that a single PACAP gene uses a testis-specific promoter to express a mRNA containing a unique exon located 13.5 kb upstream from the first coding exon. As determined by RT-PCR analysis of testis mRNA, the expression of the first testis-specific exon is relatively specific for the testis, as no PACAP mRNA containing the testis-specific first exon was detected i...
Early Detection of Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is of increasing concern because its mortality has not decreased significantly in the last 30 years. It is suggested that a reduction in death rate may be possible as a result of early detection of the disease, but several factors indicate that presently, routine screening cannot be justified.
Inertial properties of tapered cylinders and partial volumes of revolution

Geometrical and inertial properties of partial volumes of revolution and tapered cylinders are computed by the use of line integrals. A short Fortran program treating cross sections bounded by straight lines and circular arcs is presented. Two simple cross-sections are used to test the program and the corresponding properties are presented in the appendix.
Inhibition and substrate specificity of the haemolymph juvenile hormone esterase of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)

Abstract Twenty compounds, including juvenile hormones, juvenoids and selected esters, were screened as potential competitive inhibitors of haemolymph juvenile hormone esterase activity in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). The natural juvenile hormones (I, II, and III) provided the greatest inhibition with virtually all of the other compounds being relatively inactive. Several O,O- dialkyl -O-p- nitrophenyl phosphates were also examined as potential as enile hormone esterase inhibitors of which the O,O- di -n- pentyl analogue provided the greatest inhibiton. An examination of the kinetics of juvenile hormone esterase demonstrated K m s of 4.0 × 10 −7 M and 2.5 × 10 −7 M for juvenile hormone I and III, respectively. Lineweaver-Burk plots indicated that ZR-448, a methyl ester dienoate juvenoid, was acting as a competitive inhibitor while O- ethyl -S- phenyl phosphoramidothiolate behaved as an irreversible inhibitor. Liquid chromatography was used to partially purify the juvenile hormone esterase from crude haemolymph. Both crude and partially purified juvenile hormone esterase hydrolyzed juvenile hormone I > III > hydroprene > methoprene, and both displayed identical K m values for juvenile hormone III. These results suggest that the juvenile hormone esterase of T. ni is highly selective for the naturally occurring juvenile hormones.
Rational Functions, Toda Flows, and LR-like Algorithms

Abstract We consider some classical ideas of H. Rutishauser from the point of view of polynomial realization theory. We describe various properties of both Toda-Rutishauser flows and LR -like algorithms using Moser-Rutishauser and Flaschka-Haine maps.
Estimating the Depth of Deposition (Erosion) at Slope Transitions on Alluvial Fans

A typical flood mitigation structure on an alluvial fan consists of a dike/channel system that deflects the flow away from the area requiring protection. Such a structure results in a change in channel slope from steep to mild when the flow first encounters the structure and from mild to steep when the flow is released at the downstream end of the structure. These slope changes result in sediment deposition at the point where the flow encounters the structure and erosion at the point of release. In designing the structure, the length and maximum depth of deposition (erosion) are critical variables that must be estimated. A simple model to estimate these variables is proposed and developed. The hypothesized model has been used to estimate the length and depth of deposition (erosion) on several projects in southern Nevada.
Evaluation of a dynamical model of speech perception

Previous work (Tuller, Case, Ding, & Kelso, 1994) has revealed signature properties of nonlinear dynamical systems in how people categorize speech sounds. The data were modeled by using a two-well potential function that deformed with stimulus properties and was sensitive to context. Here we evaluate one prediction of the model--namely, that the rate of change of the potential's slope should increase when the category is repeatedly perceived. Judged goodness of category membership was used as an index of the slope of the potential. Stimuli from a "say"-"stay" continuum were presented with gap duration changing sequentially throughout the range from 0 to 76 to 0 msec, or from 76 to 0 to 76 msec. Subjects identified each token as either "say" or "stay" and rated how good an exemplar it was of the identified category. As predicted, the same physical stimulus presented at the end of a sequence was judged a better exemplar of the category than was the identical stimulus presented at the beginning of the sequence. In contrast, stimuli presented twice near the middle of a sequence with few (or no) stimuli between them, as well as stimuli presented with an intervening random set, showed no such differences. These results confirm the hypothesis of a context-sensitive dynamical representation underlying speech.
Divalent cation effects on acetylcholine-activated channels at the frog neuromuscular junction.

1. The effects of the divalent cations Ca and Mg on the properties of ACh-activated channels at the frog neuromuscular junction were studied using a two-microelectrode voltage clamp. 2. The divalent cation concentration was varied from 2 to 40 mM in solutions containing 50% normal Na. The reversal potential was determined by interpolation of the acetylcholine (ACh)-induced current versus voltage relationship. The single-channel conductance and the mean channel lifetime were calculated from fluctuation analysis of the ACh-induced end-plate current. 3. Extracellular Na and/or divalent cations affected the reversal potential of endplate channels in a way that cannot be described by the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation or by a simple two-barrier, one-binding site model of the channel if the assumption was made that permeability ratios were constant and not a function of ion concentrations. 4. Increasing the divalent cation concentration decreased the single-channel conductance to approximately 10 pS in solutions with 50% Na and 40 mM divalent cation concentrations. 5. The effect of the divalent cations Ca and Mg on the mean channel lifetime was complex and dependent on whether the divalent cation was Ca or Mg. The mean channel lifetime was not significantly changed in most solutions with increased Ca concentration, while it was slightly prolonged by increased Mg concentration.
Studying Peacekeeping: Goldilocks' Problem

Peace Operations: Trends, Progress, and Prospects. Edited by Donald C. F. Daniel, Patricia Taft, Sharon Wiharta. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2008. 271 pp., $29.99 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-1589012097). Does Peacekeeping Work? Shaping Belligerents' Choices after Civil War. By Virginia Page Fortna. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008. 232 pp., $24.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-691-13671-4). UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars. By Lise Morje Howard. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 416 pp., $34.49 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-70767-1). In Lise Morje Howard's UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars , one of the three key factors determining peacekeeping success or failure is the degree to which the UN Security Council is interested in a given case. Too much or too little interest results in what I will call Goldilocks' problem: moderate interest appears to be just right. The study and practice of peacekeeping over almost the last two decades has suffered from this same Goldilocks problem. The result in the practical world is that peacekeeping operations are often asked to do too much, or not even launched at all in worthy cases (thus, too much or too little). The result in the scholarly world is that one needs to read a lot of substandard work to uncover the good porridge, if you will, in the literature. Two of the three books under review here demonstrate how too much interest and not so much careful attention can be, well, too much, yet not very satisfying. The third book demonstrates the solid work that can be discovered if one perseveres much the way Goldilocks did when she was ransacking the Three Bears' home. The Daniel, Taft and Wiharta edited volume, Peace Operations , presents 12 substantive chapters and an introduction and conclusion. The editors state that the book's contribution is its concentration on “trends in and prospects for regional and national capacities to undertake peace operations” (p. 1). The subject matter is divided into two sections: a macro view of aggregate trends and a micro view on regional and state actors. Edited books often suffer from a lack of consistent treatment of a theme. There are many reasons why this happens. Perhaps the most fundamental reason is that it is easier for a single author to impose discipline on her own work …
Antibacterial Dental Composites with Chlorhexidine and Mesoporous Silica

One of the leading causes for the failure of dental composite restorations is secondary caries. Effectively inhibiting cariogenic biofilms and reducing secondary caries could extend the service life of composite restorations. Dental composites releasing antibacterial agents such as chlorhexidine (CHX) have shown biofilm-inhibitory efficacy, but they usually have poor physical and mechanical properties. Herein, we present a study of a new method to encapsulate and release CHX from dental composite using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). SBA-15 MSNs were synthesized according to a reported procedure. CHX (62.9 wt%) was encapsulated into dried MSN from 0.3 M CHX ethanol solution. The dental composites containing 0% (control), 3%, 5%, and 6.3% CHX or the same amounts of CHX entrapped in MSN (denoted as CHX@MSN) were fabricated with methacrylate monomers and silanized glass fillers (CHX or CHX@MSN + glass filler particle = 70 wt%). The monomer mixture consisted of bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA), hexanediol dimethacrylate (HDDMA), ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (EBPADMA), and urethane dimethacrylates (UEDMA) at a weight ratio of 40:30:20:10. The composites were tested for CHX release and recharge, flexural strength and modulus (at 24 hr and 1 mo), surface roughness, in vitro wear, and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei (in both planktonic growth and biofilm formation). The results showed that the composites with CHX@MSN largely retained mechanical properties and smooth surfaces and showed controlled release of CHX over a long time. In contrast, the composites with directly mixed CHX showed reduced mechanical properties, rough surfaces, and burst release of CHX in a short time. The composites with CHX either directly mixed or in MSN showed strong inhibition to S. mutans and L. casei. This research has demonstrated the successful application of MSNs as a novel nanotechnology in dental materials to inhibit oral biofilm without sacrificing materials' mechanical properties and surface integrity.
Stress Analysis of Miter Joint in Pipeline Under Internal Pressure or In-Plane Bending Loading

This paper presents an elastic stress analysis for miter joints in a pipeline under internal pressure or in-plane bending. Using the three-dimensional theory of elasticity, Green and Emmerson [1] obtained two general expressions of hoop and axial stresses for a mitered pipe, and two specific solutions at the plane of joint for the loading cases of internal pressure and in-plane bending. However, their solution of axial stress for bending case is incorrect, and the stress variations with the pipe axis are not provided. Based on their general expressions, the closed-form solutions of hoop and axial stresses are obtained as functions of the radial location r, the circumferential angle θ, and the half miter angle α, in addition to the applied loading, geometry and material parameters. From these results, the solutions of hoop and normal stresses are obtained at the plane of joint for the two loading scenarios. The proposed theoretical solutions are then validated by three-dimensional finite element results, respectively for elastic loading cases of internal pressure and in-plane bending. The comparison shows that all proposed theoretical solutions of hoop and axial stresses at the plane of joint and in the pipe are in good agreement with the finite element results for both loading cases. The stress analysis shows that the maximum tensile stresses occur on the outside surface at the intrados for the two loading cases, the maximum stresses increase with increasing miter angle, and the axial effect of miter joint stresses on a pipe is limited to length scales in a fraction of the pipe diameter.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Storage devices for automated frequency regulation and stabilization

In this paper we propose a framework for automating feedback control to balance hard-to-predict wind power variations. The power imbalance is a result of non-zero mean error around the wind power forecast. Our proposed framework is aimed at achieving the objective of frequency stabilization and regulation through one control action. A case-study for a real-world system on Flores island in Portugal is provided. Using a battery-based storage on the island, we illustrate the proposed control framework.
Logarithmic Terms in Entanglement Entropies of 2D Quantum Critical Points and Shannon Entropies of Spin Chains

Universal logarithmic terms in the entanglement entropy appear at quantum critical points (QCPs) in one dimension (1D) and have been predicted in 2D at QCPs described by 2D conformal field theories. The entanglement entropy in a strip geometry at such QCPs can be obtained via the ``Shannon entropy'' of a 1D spin chain with open boundary conditions. The Shannon entropy of the $XXZ$ chain is found to have a logarithmic term that implies, for the QCP of the square-lattice quantum dimer model, a logarithm with universal coefficient $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25$. However, the logarithm in the Shannon entropy of the transverse-field Ising model, which corresponds to entanglement in the 2D Ising conformal QCP, is found to have a singular dependence on the replica or R\'enyi index resulting from flows to different boundary conditions at the entanglement cut.
The Problem of Biased Data and Potential Solutions for Health and Environmental Assessments

ABSTRACTThe utility and credibility of environmental assessments depend on the use of unbiased data. However, it is increasingly clear that, despite peer review, much of the scientific literature is biased. Sources of bias include publication practices, research design and implementation, funding influences, investigator expectations, statistical methods, confounding, suppression, and fraud. Assessors can take precautions against biased data by performing their own reviews of the sources of data, checking for retractions and corrections, requiring full disclosure of methods, acquiring original data and reanalyzing it, avoiding secondary sources, avoiding unreplicated studies or studies that are not concordant with related studies, and checking for funding or investigator biases. Journals, government agencies, and other institutions can take many more types of actions to reduce bias in scientific data. Some of these are already being implemented but others will require a greater willingness to enforce scie...
Sequence analysis of the Aspergillus nidulans pectate lyase pelA gene and evidence for binding of promoter regions to CREA, a regulator of carbon catabolite repression

The nucleic acid and deduced amino-acid sequences of the pectate lyase gene (pelA) from Aspergillus nidulans are presented. The pelA gene contains two short introns, 68 and 49 bp in length, and encodes a peptide of 326 amino acids. Five transcriptional start sites are clustered between 65 and 79 bp upstream of the start codon as determined by primer extension. Comparison of the amino-acid sequences of pectate or pectin lyases from bacteria, fungi and plants revealed less than 30% overall identity. However, five regions within these enzymes, in particular domains associated with the active site, are highly conserved with amino-acid similarities greater than 50%. Phylogenetic analysis using the principle of parsimony (PAUP 3.1.1) showed that pelA is most closely related to pectate lyases from plants rather than pectin lyases from other fungi. Previously, pelA was shown to be induced by polygalacturonic acid and repressed in the presence of preferred carbon sources, such as glucose. Gel mobility shift analysis indicates that a PstI-SphI fragment from the pelA promoter binds to a fusion protein composed of the N-terminal part of CREA, a protein involved in carbon catabolite repression, and glutathione-S-transferase. This result suggests CREA may contribute to the regulation of pelA expression.
Ultrastructural quantification of pulmonary intravascular macrophages in newborn and 2-week-old lambs

Background: Pulmonary intravascular macrophages are resident cells in the pulmonary circulation of sheep. Sheep, unlike species without pulmonary intravascular macrophages, exhibit pulmonary hyper- tension in response to intravenously injected particles. We reported in lambs that pulmonary vascular reactivity to intravenous particles in- creases with age as the population of intravascular macrophages develops. Preliminary quantitative histologic data showed that newborn lambs are born with few intravascular macrophages, but a large population develops over 2 weeks after birth. In this study, we present a complete quantitative analysis at the ultrastructural level, Methods: We fixed five newborn and five 2-week-old lamb lungs by vas- cular perfusion and examined the tissue by electron microscopy. Results: The fraction of capillary lumen taken up by intravascular mac- rophageslmonocytes is about three times greater in the lungs of 2-week-old lambs than that in newborn lambs (16% vs. 5%; P < 0.05). The fraction of capillary surface density associated with intravascular macrophagesl monocytes is about three times greater in 2-week-old lambs than that in newborn lambs (8% vs. 3%; P < 0.05). The number of macrophages more than doubles with age (16 f 4 vs. 7 f 2; P < 0.05) and the estimated size (volume-weighted mean volume) increases by more than 1.5 times (294 +: 46 pm3 vs. 184 f 29 pm3; P < 0.05). Conclusions: These data agree closely with Monastral blue retention by the lung (reported previously); there are more than twice as many mature pulmonary intravascular macrophages at 2 weeks than at 1 day after birth, and the cells are 1.5 times larger.
Plasmapheresis for severe lipemia: comparison of serum-lipid clearance rates for the plasma-exchange and double-filtration variants.

Patients with extremely high triglyceride levels and associated lipemia are at high risk for acute pancreatitis. To evaluate plasmapheresis efficacy for severe hypertriglyceridemia, 18 patients who had not responded to previous therapies were selected for either the plasma-exchange (PE) or double-filtration (DF) treatment variants. After treatment, the mean serum concentrations for triglyceride and cholesterol fell significantly from 1,977.1 and 436.7 mg/dl to 692.6 and 222 mg/dl, respectively. The cholesterol-removal rate was significantly higher for the PE group (P = 0.0082), which also had a lower incidence of hemolysis during the plasmapheresis treatment (P = 0.0430). Improved clearance of serum triglyceride was strongly associated with a lower level of maximal transmembrane pressure (TMP; P = 0.0030), reduced plasmapheresis duration (P = 0.0035), and higher rates of plasma (P = 0.0255) and blood flow (P = 0.0480) during plasmapheresis. In comparison to reports in the literature, the removal rates for serum lipids were lower in our study, possibly as a consequence of early saturation of the plasma separator resulting from blockage caused by the extremely high level of triglyceride-containing lipoproteins. Therefore, PE may be more suitable for the initial treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia as saturation is prevented. Increasing blood and plasma flow rates, reduction of the TMP level, and reducing effective plasmapheresis duration will improve the clearance of serum lipids during treatment.
Interferons Coordinate a Multifaceted Defense

While interferons help kill virally infected cells, they can also promote systemic immune responses in distant tissues. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Sun et al. (2015) demonstrate that type I interferon induces intestinal epithelial proliferation. This may help maintain a healthy gut and promote recovery from viral gastroenteritis.
Large gamma-ray detector arrays and electromagnetic separators

Abstract The use of large gamma-ray detector arrays with electromagnetic separators is a powerful combination. Various types of gamma-ray detectors have been used; some provide high detector efficiency such as scintillation detector array, others use Ge detectors for good energy resolution, and recently developed Ge energy tracking arrays gives both high peak-to-background ratio and position resolution. Similarly, different types of separators were used to optimize the performance under different experimental requirements and conditions. For example, gas-filled separators were used in heavy element studies for their large efficiency and beam rejection factor. Vacuum separators with good isotope resolution were used in transfer and fragmentation reactions for the study of nuclei far from stability. This paper presents results from recent experiments using gamma-ray detector arrays in combination with electromagnetic separators, and discusses the physics opportunities provided by these instruments. In particular, we review the performance of the instruments currently in use, and discuss the requirements of instruments for future radioactive beam accelerator facilities.
SPLENIC “POLISHING”: REMOVAL OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT RED CELL (RBC)MEMBRANE PROTEIN DETRITUS BY THE SPLEEN

SPLENIC “POLISHING”: REMOVAL OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT RED CELL (RBC)MEMBRANE PROTEIN DETRITUS BY THE SPLEEN
A Computational Study of the Processes that Affect the Steady Liquid Penetration in Full-Cone Diesel Sprays

Abstract A multidimensional model for sprays is employed to study the processes that control liquid penetration in vaporizing Diesel sprays. The computed results are compared with measured results of the penetration reported in the literature for a wide range of conditions. The computed results imply that the maximum penetration is controlled by the rate of vaporization of the liquid drops, which in turn is controlled to a large extent by the rate of entrainment of the ambient air by the spray. This is. in part, consistent with a prior explanation given by Siebers (1999) based on scaling law analysis though the analysis also found that the penetration is dependent on entrainment alone. Possible explanations for the differences are discussed. This study also points towards possible relationships between drop size and injection and ambient variables that an atomization model for Diesel sprays should have. The dependence of the conclusions on the model employed is also discussed.
Mobility Support for Cooperative Wireless Networks

In a cooperative network, by combining multiple copies of the same packet that are received either simultaneously (i.e., same time-slot) or non-simultaneously (i.e., different time-slot), the aggregate power level of the cooperatively transmitting set, required to achieve reliable reception at the receiver node, can be considerably lowered. This approach is especially advantageous for networks, where the number of nodes in the network, the network density, or the potential for wireless broadcasting advantage is high. In such networks, required transmit energy can be considerably reduced by routing packets over cooperative paths. Since the success of cooperation strictly depends on the selection of the appropriate power levels for each cooperating node, cooperative routing becomes difficult in networks where the nodes are mobile. In such networks, we need to select paths that can maximize the energy savings averaged over the connection time rather than the ones that only maximize savings at the current time. For this reason, we need to design routing protocols that takes into account the mobility characteristics within the network. In this paper, we propose a cooperative routing protocol that can improve the reliability level in the network against mobility variations.
Cloning, expression, purification, and characterization of biologically active recombinant hemagglutinin-33, type A botulinum neurotoxin associated protein.

Botulinum neurotoxin type A, the most toxic substance known to mankind, is produced by Clostridium botulinum type A as a complex with a group of neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs) through polycistronic expression of a clustered group of genes. Hemagglutinin-33 (Hn-33) is a 33 kDa subcomponent of NAPs, which is resistant to protease digestion, a feature likely to be involved in the protection of the botulinum neurotoxin from proteolysis. In order to fully understand the function of Hn-33, large amounts of Hn-33 will be needed without dealing with biosafety risks to grow large cultures of C. botulinum. There are difficulties to clone the genes with the high A + T contents produced by C. botulinum. We report here for the first time using the Gateway technology to clone functional Hn-33 that has been expressed in E. coli. The yield of the recombinant Hn-33 was about 12 mg per liter of E. coli culture. The recombinant Hn-33 folds well in aqueous solution as shown with circular dichroism spectra, resists temperature-denaturation, is totally resistant to trypsin proteolysis despite the presence of cleavage sites on the molecular surface, and maintains its biological activities comparable to the native Hn-33 hemagglutination.
Abstract 98: A novel mouse model for intestinal serrated polyposis

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Serrated polyps have recently been proposed to comprise at least 30% of the origins of human colorectal cancer (CRC). Unlike adenomatous polyps, which are initiated by APC/β-catenin mutations, the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying the serrated pathway that leads to serrated polyp initiation and progression remain poorly understood. Here we describe a novel genetically modified mouse model of serrated polyposis via conditional activation of SMAD7, an inhibitory SMAD protein, in the intestinal epithelia. We show that SMAD7 activation is sufficient to drive serrated polyp initiation and progression to aggressive adenocarcinoma in both mouse intestine and colon. Mechanistically, we find that SMAD7-induced foci formation in non-transformed intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and serrated polyposis in vivo are Wnt/β-catenin independent. Furthermore, we find that, in addition to its regulation of TGFβ/BMP pathway, SMAD7 interacts with BRAF/MAPK signaling to regulate serrated polyposis. Taken together, our studies implicate for the first time the involvement of SMAD7 in serrated polyposis and reveal a potential novel molecular mechanism underlying the serrated polyp pathway. Citation Format: Jennifer Cotton, He Huang, Mihir Rajurkar, Junhao Mao. A novel mouse model for intestinal serrated polyposis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 98. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-98
Catherine the Great: A Case for Operational Art

The campaigns of Catherine the Great against the Ottoman Empire in the 1770s reveal key characteristics of operational art. Catherine’s campaigns serve as an example of lesser-known conflicts that fulfill the necessary conditions of the numerous schools of thought on operational art. The operational commander, Rumiantsev, developed an operational plan to meet the strategic directives developed by Catherine’s permanent ‘Council attached to the Court’. His armies used successive tactical actions to engage Turkish maneuver forces and lay siege to its fortresses. The armies were organized into combined arms corps that coordinated to remain mutually supporting with the ability to concentrate at the decisive point when required and the Russian armies to not fight in the linear methods of its Western counterparts. Additionally, the armies and corps conducted distributed operations throughout the theater of war, at times hundreds of kilometers separating them. More importantly, Rumiantsev arranged tactical action...
Effects of duloxetine in treatment-refractory men with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Introduction Although there is evidence that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors provide some benefit in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), most meta-analytical reviews have concluded that effect sizes are small and, moreover, that there may be relatively little benefit for some populations (e. g., combat veterans with co-morbid major depression, MDD). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of the dual reuptake inhibitor duloxetine in the treatment of PTSD and co-morbid MDD. Methods Twenty-one treatment refractory, male, combat-related patients with PTSD and co-morbid MDD were enrolled in a naturalistic study and twenty completed the trial. Duloxetine was given between 60 and 120 mg daily over 8 weeks. Results Duloxetine led to a significant improvement of PTSD-characteristic symptoms as well as co-morbid MDD. Duloxetine effectively reduced nightmares, which is important because decreasing nightmares has been associated with improved sleep in PTSD. Discussion The results of this naturalistic study suggest that duloxetine is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for patients with PTSD and co-morbid MDD. These initial results need to be extended to the study of women with PTSD.