cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solving distributed CSPs using dynamic, partial centralization without explicit constraint passing

Dynamic, partial centralization has received a considerable amount of attention in the distributed problem solving community. As the name implies, this technique works by dynamically identifying portions of a shared problem to centralize in order to speed the problem solving process. Currently, a number of algorithms have been created which employ this simple, yet powerful technique to solve problems such as distributed constraint satisfaction (DCSP), distributed constraint optimization (DCOP), and distributed resource allocation. In fact, one such algorithm, Asynchronous Partial Overlay (APO), was shown to outperform the Asynchronous Weak Commitment (AWC) protocol, which is one of the best known methods for solving DCSPs. One of the key differences between these algorithms is that APO uses explicit constraint passing. AWC, on the other hand, passed nogoods because it tries to provide security and privacy. Because of these differences in underlying assumptions, a number of researchers have criticized the comparison between these two protocols. This paper attempts to resolve this disparity by introducing a new hybrid algorithm called Nogood-APO. Like AWC, this new algorithm uses nogood passing to provide security and privacy, but like APO uses dynamic partial centralization to speed the problem solving process. Like its parent algorithms, this new protocol is sound and complete and performs nearly as well as APO, while still outperforming AWC, on distributed 3-coloring problems. In addition, this paper shows that Nogood-APO provides more privacy to the agents than both APO and AWC on all but the sparsest problems. These findings demonstrate that a dynamic, partial centralization-based protocol can provide privacy and that even when operating with the same assumptions as AWC still solves problems in fewer cycles using less computation and communication.
Motivic Tubular Neighborhoods

We construct motivic versions of the classical tubular neighborhood and the punctured tubular neighborhood, and give ap- plications to the construction of tangential base-points for mixed Tate motives, algebraic gluing of curves with boundary components, and limit motives.
Prescription drug monitoring programs serve a vital clinical need.

Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) have been rightly hailed as playing an important role in efforts to deter prescription drug abuse but to date, have varied greatly from state to state. Historically, some PDMPs have raised concerns about their effectiveness and their potential negative impact on access to appropriate care [1]. Increasingly, these programs have evolved into a useful tool for the clinician who must incorporate careful risk management into the prescribing of opioid analgesics or any other controlled substance. However, financial limitations continue to hamper efforts to optimize most PDMPs or to have them share prescribing information across state lines. Currently, 34 states have operational PDMPs and 10 others have enacted legislation and programs that are not yet …
Involved-field radiotherapy and intra-Ommaya methotrexate/cytarabine in patients with AIDS-related lymphomatous meningitis.

PURPOSETo evaluate combined limited-field radiotherapy and concentration times time (C X T) intra-CSF chemotherapy in patients with AIDS-related lymphomatous meningitis (LM).PATIENTS AND METHODSFourteen men and one woman with AIDS had cytologically documented LM. Eleven patients had systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (all B-cell histology, including six immunoblastic, four large cell, one small cell) with leptomeningeal metastases and four patients had primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) (all B-cell histology, including two immunoblastic, two large cell) with CSF dissemination. Presenting neurologic examinations included cranial neuropathies (n = 7), normal (n = 4), abulia (n = 2), paraparesis (n = 2), ataxia (n = 1), hemiparesis (n = 1), and aphasia (n = 1). Standardized pretreatment evaluations included contrast cranial magnetic resonance/computed tomography (MR/CT), placement of an intraventricular reservoir, CT myelogram/contrast spine MR, ophthalmologic examination, and indium 111-pentetic acid (DTPA) CS...
Detection of Single Ions by Pulse Counting: Application to Ion Microprobe Mass Analyzer

The need to detect low intensity beams of resolved ions with keV energy is encountered frequently in mass spectrometry. It is most readily accomplished by using some form of pulse-counting detector in which ions are allowed to strike a target surface (conversion dynode) where each ion releases a pulse of low energy secondary electrons. The secondary electrons undergo further amplification in an electron multiplier or scintillator type of ion detector which is specially designed to detect single ions. Ion-to-electron conversion, amplification of the secondary electrons, efficiency of ion detection by pulse counting and dead-time corrections to observed random counting rates are all statistical processes which must be understood so that observed data can be corrected properly to obtain precise and accurate measurements. These processes are reviewed, along with some of the basic properties of ion-induced secondary electron emission from an amorphous A12O3 thin film target. Ion detection in the ion microprobe is interpreted in light of these basic considerations, and several mass spectra are given for electron multiplier dynode surfaces.
Integration of antagonistic signals in the regulation of nitrogen assimilation in Escherichia coli.

Publisher Summary To maintain balanced metabolism, Escherichia coli must coordinate the assimilation of nitrogen with the assimilation of carbon and other essential nutrients. This coordination is accomplished in part by a signal transduction system that measures the signals of carbon and nitrogen status and regulates the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) and the transcription of nitrogen-regulated (Ntr) genes, whose products facilitate the use of poor nitrogen sources. The key sensory components of this signal transduction system are the uridylyltransferase/ uridylyl-removing enzyme (UTase/UR), PII protein, and adenylyltransferase (ATase) that regulates GS by reversible adenylylation. This chapter discusses the current state of understanding of these signal-transducing proteins and the mechanisms by which they detect and transduce the signals of nitrogen and carbon status. It also discusses the physiology of the response to nitrogen and carbon availability and presents an overview of the signal transduction system.
An In Vitro Model of Parkinson's Disease: Linking Mitochondrial Impairment to Altered α-Synuclein Metabolism and Oxidative Damage

Chronic systemic complex I inhibition caused by rotenone exposure induces features of Parkinson's disease (PD) in rats, including selective nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration and formation of ubiquitin- and alpha-synuclein-positive inclusions (Betarbet et al., 2000). To determine underlying mechanisms of rotenone-induced cell death, we developed a chronic in vitro model based on treating human neuroblastoma cells with 5 nm rotenone for 1-4 weeks. For up to 4 weeks, cells grown in the presence of rotenone had normal morphology and growth kinetics, but at this time point, approximately 5% of cells began to undergo apoptosis. Short-term rotenone treatment (1 week) elevated soluble alpha-synuclein protein levels without changing message levels, suggesting that alpha-synuclein degradation was retarded. Chronic rotenone exposure (4 weeks) increased levels of SDS-insoluble alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin. After a latency of >2 weeks, rotenone-treated cells showed evidence of oxidative stress, including loss of glutathione and increased oxidative DNA and protein damage. Chronic rotenone treatment (4 weeks) caused a slight elevation in basal apoptosis and markedly sensitized cells to further oxidative challenge. In response to H2O2, there was cytochrome c release from mitochondria, caspase-3 activation, and apoptosis, all of which occurred earlier and to a much greater extent in rotenone-treated cells; caspase inhibition provided substantial protection. These studies indicate that chronic low-grade complex I inhibition caused by rotenone exposure induces accumulation and aggregation of alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin, progressive oxidative damage, and caspase-dependent death, mechanisms that may be central to PD pathogenesis.
Cross-sectional assessment of pain and physical function in skeletal dysplasia patients.

Short stature skeletal dysplasia (SD) patients have orthopedic and neurologic complications causing significant pain and physical disability. We conducted a large cross-sectional online survey in 361 people with short stature SD (>10 years) to describe pain prevalence, characteristics, and the relationship between pain and function. Chronic pain prevalence per Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) was 70.3%. Women reported more pain than men (73% vs 63% p = 0.04). Pain Severity Score (average of current, worst, least and average pain) averaged 3.3 ± 2, while the Pain Interference Score (with daily activities) averaged 3.4 ± 2.7 on a 10-point scale. Per Bleck scale, 20.5% had little or no functional capacity. Increasing age and decreased ambulation independently predicted chronic pain. Chronic pain is prevalent in short stature SD patients and associated with poor physical function. Further study is required to clarify the temporal relationship among pain, function and treatments.
A technique for using neural network analysis to perform survival analysis of censored data.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to demonstrate how a form of neural network analysis could be used to perform survival analysis on censored data, and to compare neural network analysis with the most commonly used technique for this type of analysis, Cox regression. In this study computer simulated data sets were used. The underlying rules connecting prognostic information to the hazard of death were defined to allow the construction of data sets with specific realistic properties that could be used to demonstrate situations in which neural network analysis had particular strengths in comparison with Cox regression modeling. Using these simulated data sets neural network analysis could produce successful predictive models, find interactions between variables, and recognize the importance of variables that contributed to the hazard rate as a complex function of the variables value and in situations where the proportionality of hazards assumption was violated. It was also demonstrated that neural network analysis was not a ‘black box ’, but could lead to useful insights into the roles played by different prognostic variables in determining patient outcome.
Islam and democracy: a response

A debate has emerged whether countries with Muslim majorities are intrinsically more likely to be autocratic. Recent studies have traced this to the allegedly repressive nature of Islam. This article replicates the most recent study on this topic, published in Public Choice (Potrafke in Public Choice 151:185–192, 2012), and demonstrates that the effect is not robust to a number of sensible alterations to the statistical specification. The effect between Islam and democracy is spurious. There is no causal relationship between Islam and democracy.
SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF 13-CIS RETINOIC ACID AND ARACHIDONIC ACID CASCADE INHIBITORS ON GROWTH OF HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN VITRO

Products of arachidonic acid metabolism can influence normal and malignant cell growth. In vivo, inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism have been associated with inhibition of tumor growth, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This has not been evaluated extensively in vitro in an HNSCC model. Therefore we investigated the effects of several arachidonic acid cascade inhibitors (AACIs) (indomethacin, curcumin, phenidone, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, 5,8,11, 14-eicosatetraynoic acid, and 13- cis retinoic acid) on the growth of two HNSCC cell lines (MDA 886 Ln and 1483). We found that AACIs caused dose-dependent growth inhibition of both cell lines. In an effort to inhibit HNSCC cell growth at lower concentrations of these drugs, we evaluated the effects of a variety of AACIs in combination with 13- cis retinoic acid. We observed synergistic growth inhibition when the drugs were used in all combinations, with the exception of indomethacin. These results suggest that AACIs may have some utility in the direct treatment of HNSCC, and a strategy combining 13- cis retinoic acid with other AACIs may prove to be even more effective.
Learning for Life: An Ecological Approach to Pedagogical Research

The trend to convert laboratory findings on the conditions associated with optimal memory into recommendations for teaching strategies and learning aids will harm students if findings fail to generalize to students' usual learning environments. Moreover, it is likely that pedagogies function differently for students with different degrees of background knowledge, time, and interest in the subject matter; that some support activities will prevent students from honing their ability learn from narrative material without guided learning; and that an overuse of learning aids will tax students' ability to use them effectively. We contrast two approaches to developing pedagogy—memory first and pedagogical ecology—and explain how the human factors approach of pedagogical ecology could be a more satisfying model for the scholarship of teaching and learning.
Cationic influences on sperm biopotentials.

Abstract Motility of bull spermatozoa depends to a great extent on the cationic composition of the extracellular medium. Potential difference and cellular membrane resistance were measured with microelectrodes in spermatozoa suspended in media of varying concentrations of potassium and sodium. The concentration gradient of potassium is a major determinant of the resting membrane potential, with sodium playing a minor role. With low (1 mM) or high (60 mM) potassium media effects were seen on velocity of the cell and amplitude of the flagellar wave as well as on bioelectrical activity. A minimal amount of sodium is necessary to maintain cellular motility.
Ultrafast studies of exciton dynamics in light-harvesting dimers

The electronic characteristics and rapid dynamics associated with bacteriochlorophyll dimers in photosynthetic systems are investigated using novel ultrafast anisotropy techniques. The excitonic structure of isolated subunits (B820) from the core (LH-1) light harvesting complex of Rs. Rubrum and the reassociated complex (B873) is revealed in coherent anisotropy responses following impulsive excitation. For B820, the oscillatory anisotropy responses indicate excitonic splitting frequencies ranging from 370 cm-1 to 490 cm-1 indicating significant inhomogeneity in the excitonic spectrum. The complete set of wavelength dependent anisotropy result is analyzed to reveal the sources of inhomogeneity for B820; correlated distributions of dimer energetic parameters are necessary to reproduce the results. The coherent response of reassociated B873 complexes exhibit multiple frequencies, revealing the extended excitonic structure of the aggregates. In other experiments, the electronic properties of the photosynthetic reaction center and the rapid electronic dynamics prior to charge separation are investigated by both 'two color' anisotropy. A variety of excitation and detection conditions provide the first room temperature characterization of the excitonic structure of the special pair, and a detailed description of rapid energy transfer to and within the special pair. The results presented here stress the importance of delocalized excitation in both the light harvesting antenna complexes and the photosynthetic reaction center.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transverse magnetoresistance and hall effect in N-type InSb

Abstract Data on the transverse magnetoresistance and Hall effect are given for fixed temperatures between 50 and 200°K, covering the range from the weak-magnetic-field region to the strong-field quantum limit in InSb samples of high mobility and sufficient purity that classical statistics are applicable. At weak fields, results are in semiquantitative agreement with the predictions of theory based on a simple mixed-scattering mechanism and a spherical conduction band. At the highest fields, the transverse-magnetoresistance data approach the H / T behavior expected on the basis of the quantum treatment of Argyres and Adams ( Phys. Rev. 104 , 900 (1956)), and the result in the quantum limit for the purest specimen shows good agreement with the theory for reasonable values of the electron effective mass.
Wind Velocity and Convergence Measurements at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory Using Path-Averaged Optical Wind Sensors

Abstract In a cooperative field study of the planetary boundary layer, three optical wind sensors were placed around a 300 m meteorological tower in a 450 m equilateral triangle 3–4 m above the terrain. It was found that the convergence measured by the three-sensor system correlates well with in situ measurements of vertical wind by anemometers located on the tower at heights up to 300 m during the occurrence of thermal plumes. By analyzing the correlation between the optically measured convergence and the vertical wind measurements made on the tower, the inversion layer, if below the top of the tower, can usually be located in the early morning when thermal plumes are active. The space-averaged horizontal wind vectors measured by the optical system have good, though not perfect, agreement with the tower measurements at the lowest layer (10 m above the ground), and with the measurements of a nearby network of surface anemometers. A comparison of the optically measured convergence with the direction of the...
Designing reliable circuit in the presence of soft errors

Summary form only given. As technology scales, with ever shrinking geometries and higher density circuits, the issue of soft errors and reliability in a complex chip design is becoming a challenging design criterion. Soft errors are caused by radiation, which directly or indirectly induces a localized ionization capable of upsetting internal circuit states. While these errors can result in an upset event, the circuit itself is most often not damaged. Addressing soft error issues is important for a broad range of companies either because they incorporate many semiconductor devices that are prone to soft errors in their system or because they design embedded memories, FPGAs and microprocessors. This tutorial is targeted at researchers/industry practitioners who wish to gain a background on the soft error problem, the techniques that exist to counter this problem and future challenges that lie ahead.
Novel organized growth and somatic variation of Nicotiana bonariensis protoplast-derived colonies: Transmission to regenerated plants

Abstract Mesophyll protoplasts isolated from leaves of axenic shoot cultures of Nicotiana bonariensis underwent sustained cell division and concomitant novel cellular organizational patterns when cultured in liquid Murashige and Skoog medium (1962) containing 2.0 mg 1−1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 0.5 mg 1−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 9% mannitol. The novel patterns were leaf-like and embryo-like structures which resumed unorganized callus growth prior to shoot regeneration. In addition, the presence or absence of anthocyanin and of chlorophyll pigmentation in the protoplast-derived colonies was also observed. The variation in either presence or absence of anthocyanin in protoplast-derived colonies is restored as anthocyanin synthesis in the regenerated plants. However, the variation for chlorophyll pigmentation observed at the colony stage was transmitted as differences in morphology in the regenerated plants. The mode of shoot regeneration of N. bonariensis protoplasts and the potential value of somatic variants are discussed.
The biological action of cellular depressants and stimulants. II. The kinetics of the action of urethane on the growth of Tetrahymena pyriformis.

A kinetic analysis of the action of urethane on growth shows that the rate of cell division of Tetrabymena pyriformis , both in the presence and in the absence of drug, is best described by a second-order rate law. The concentration of some rate-limiting factor critical to growth is lowered both by urethane and oxygen want.
The star exponential and path integrals on compact groups

Using the star exponential, a path integral is constructed for arbitrary compact Lie groups. This is a globalization of the results of Alcalde, Cadavid, and Nakashima, in which a path integral was constructed for SU(2) in terms of local coordinates. Also the phase factor encountered by Alcalde, Cadavid, and Nakashima is shown to be zero.
Changes in epidermal growth factor receptor expression and competence to generate glia regulate timing and choice of differentiation in the retina.

Abstract Previous studies demonstrated that the level of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGF-Rs) expressed by progenitor cells in the newborn (P0) rat retina was limiting for the generation of Muller glial cells but not for proliferation. To determine whether EGF-R signaling biases cells to generate a specific cell type or regulates more general processes during progenitor cell development, we have introduced extra copies of the EGF-R into progenitor cells at earlier stages (E15 and E18), when different cell types are produced. We show that progenitor cells in early embryonic retina (E15) normally express lower levels of EGF-Rs than progenitor cells in later retina (E18 and P0). Whereas lower levels of stimulation of endogenous and virally transduced EGF-Rs enhanced proliferation, higher levels reduced proliferation, resulting in premature differentiation. At E15, very few EGF-R-infected progenitor cells differentiated prematurely into Muller glial cells, unlike E18 and P0 cells, even when they were exposed to an older retinal environment. Higher levels of EGF-R-mediated signaling alone therefore do not specify a glial fate, indicating that competence to generate glia is temporally regulated by additional mechanisms. The differences in EGF-R expression observed among retinal progenitor cells at distinct developmental stages may instead help to define signaling thresholds which delay or accelerate their differentiation.
URBAN FORTUNES: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PLACE: A COMMENTARY

(1990). URBAN FORTUNES: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PLACE: A COMMENTARY. Urban Geography: Vol. 11, Review Symposium on Logan and Molotch's Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place, pp. 179-184.
Negative Information for Occlusion Reasoning in Dynamic Extended Multiobject Tracking

A novel approach to utilize negative information to improve the precision and accuracy of extended multiobject tracking is presented. The parameterized probability density of object tracks undetected in sensor data is updated via inferences about the conditions necessary to result in occlusion of the undetected object. Negative information is also leveraged to inform track existence and data association, both of which contribute to a more sensible belief of the local dynamic scene. Simulation and experimental results are presented from autonomous driving scenarios, demonstrating that the use of negative information leads to a more complete, accurate, precise, and intuitive belief of the local scene, enabling high-level tasks that would otherwise be impractical.
Cutting plane algorithms for solving a stochastic edge-partition problem

We consider the edge-partition problem, which is a graph theoretic problem arising in the design of Synchronous Optical Networks. The deterministic edge-partition problem considers an undirected graph with weighted edges, and simultaneously assigns nodes and edges to subgraphs such that each edge appears in exactly one subgraph, and such that no edge is assigned to a subgraph unless both of its incident nodes are also assigned to that subgraph. Additionally, there are limitations on the number of nodes and on the sum of edge weights that can be assigned to each subgraph. In this paper, we consider a stochastic version of the edge-partition problem in which we assign nodes to subgraphs in a first stage, realize a set of edge weights from a finite set of alternatives, and then assign edges to subgraphs. We first prescribe a two-stage cutting plane approach with integer variables in both stages, and examine computational difficulties associated with the proposed cutting planes. As an alternative, we prescribe a hybrid integer programming/constraint programming algorithm capable of solving a suite of test instances within practical computational limits.
GENERAL RELATIVITY AND QUANTUM MECHANICS

Usual quantum mechanics requires a fixed background spacetime geometry and its associated causal structure. A generalization of the usual theory may therefore be needed at the Planck scale for quantum theories of gravity in which spacetime geometry is a quantum variable. The elements of generalized quantum theory are briefly reviewed and illustrated by generalizations of usual quantum theory that incorporate spacetime alternatives, gauge degrees of freedom, and histories that move forward and backward in time. A generalized quantum framework for cosmological spacetime geometry is sketched. This theory is in fully four-dimensional form and free from the need for a fixed causal structure. Usual quantum mechanics is recovered as an approximation to this more general framework that is appropriate in those situations where spacetime geometry behaves classically.
Spin-lattice relaxation of paramagnetic states in a-Si:H and a-Ge:H

Abstract The electron spin-lattice relaxation times of the three paramagnetic species — dangling bonds (db), conduction band tail electrons (c) and valence band tail holes (v) — have been measured in a-Si:H and a-Ge:H for temperatures between 5 K and 300 K. Additional measurements have been carried out on deuterated, evaporated and annealed samples. The data indicate that the relaxation is dominated by coupling to localized two level systems (TLS) and the times are limited by the average TLS relaxation times. The density of TLS increases with the degree of network disorder.
A diffusion equation on fractals in random media

Abstract The proper transformation method is used in this paper to extend the diffusion equation on Euclidean space to the standard diffusion equation on fractals. By this standard diffusion equation, it is proved that the fractal Brownian particle moving belongs to the anomalous diffusion. At the same time, the generalized diffusion equation and its asymptotic solution is discussed.
Spatio-Temporal Prediction Inside a Free-Air CO2 Enrichment System

The Japanese RiceFACE (Free-Air CO2 Enrichment) project was a three-year investigation into the effect of elevated CO2 on rice. Four rings were built to emit elevated levels of CO2. The aim of the FACE system is to provide a level of CO2 enrichment 200 ppm above tmbient throughout the plot, without changing any other aspect of the microclimate within the plot. However, there can be substantial spatial variation in the CO2 level from the center to the edges of the plots. One of our main objectives was to predict the seasonal mean levels of CO2 for multiple subregions within the plots. However, the dataset was very large and followed a nonnormal distribution. Furthermore, the mean and variance were nonstationary. To overcome these difficulties daily means were used rather than individual measurements, the mean was modeled with multiple covariates that varied over both time and space, and the variance was modeled as an increasing function of the square of the distance from the center of the plot. A separable space-time covariance structure was used, and estimation was performed using nonlinear methods, REML, and EGLS. Finally, cross-validation was used to assess the validity of the model.
The high-voltage D-C test program of the Bonneville power administration

As the result of extensive studies completed in late 1961, one or more extra-high-voltage d-c lines will be used to intertie the systems of the Pacific Northwest and Pacific Southwest. To provide a sound basis for optimum design on this project, a program of investigation and testing by the Bonneville Power Administration is now under way
Laryngeal framework surgery for the management of aspiration in high vagal lesions.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to ascertain the effectiveness of laryngeal framework surgery, including medialization thyroplasty (MT), with or without arytenoid adduction (AA), on preventing aspiration, improving diet, and aiding in the subsequent decannulation of individuals with high vagal lesions. Patients and Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on each patient presenting with a high vagal lesion who was treated with laryngeal framework surgery from June 1992 to April 1996 at a university medical center. Thirty-five patients were identified; there were 20 women and 15 men, with a median age of 51. Information regarding etiology of the lesion, characteristics of the vocal cord deficits, degree of aspiration, the presence of other neurologic deficits and concurrent pulmonary disease, treatment, and outcome was obtained. The final outcome regarding voice, the presence and degree of aspiration, diet, and decannulation following MT, with or without AA, was assessed to determine the effectiveness of these procedures. Results: Thirty-five patients underwent 40 MTs and 19 AAs. Ninety-four percent of patients who experienced aspiration improved, and 79% who had required tracheotomy were decannulated. Ninety percent of patients were noted to have subjective improvement in voice postoperatively. Conclusion: Laryngeal framework surgery improves airway, deglutition, and voice in individuals suffering from high vagal lesions, and facilitates the rehabilitation of these patients.
Nonspreading wave packets for the cubic Schrödinger equation with a bounded potential

We prove that the Schrodinger equation with potential V and cubic nonlinearity ihψt = −(h22m)ψxx + Vψ − γ¦ψ¦2ψ has standing wave solutions concentrated near each nondegenerate critical point of V if γ > 0, V is bounded, and h is sufficiently small.
Low-speed cruise aerodynamics of the stopped rotor/disk rotorcraft concept

A low-speed wind tunnel test was completed in support of ongoing conceptual design studies of the Stopped Rotor/Disk rotorcraft concept. A one-fifth scale model was tested in the NASA Ames Low-Speed 7- by 10-Foot Wind Tunnel #1 to evaluate the low-speed cruise performance. The primary test objective was to compare performance characteristics for three possible conceptual designs of the Stopped Rotor/Disk cruise configuration: the large hub fairing (disk) alone, the disk/extended blades configuration, and the disk/conventional wing configuration. Results showed that the disk/extended blades configuration was the most efficient in low-speed cruise. Other test objecives included making parametric changes by varying the geometry of the disk and by varying the extended blade incidence angles. Studies were also conducted to examine the aerodynamic interaction between the disk and a conventional wing. An examination was made into the effects of the disk on static longitudinal stability. The wake generated by the disk impinged on a T-tail of the model and thus degraded longitudinal stability. Alternative tail geometries are required in order to improve the concept's static stability.
Regulatory considerations for alternatives to the draize eye test

AbstractIn order for an alternative test to be used by regulatory agencies, developers of such tests should address certain issues which serve to clarify the utility of such methods. Some of these issues are more critical than others and only three are addressed in this presentation. These are (1) relevance of the endpoint used in the alternative test, e.g. cell toxicity, to the effect to be detected, (2) comparison of regulatory information provided by the alternative test to that provided by the traditional assay, and (3) validation of alternative tests.
Impact of Technology on Electric Drive Fuel Consumption and Cost

In support of the U.S Department of Energy’s Vehicle Technologies Program, numerous vehicle technology combinations have been simulated using Autonomie. Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne) designed and wrote the Autonomie modeling software to serve as a single tool that could be used to meet the requirements of automotive engineering throughout the development process, from modeling to control, offering the ability to quickly compare the performance and fuel efficiency of numerous powertrain configurations. For this study, a multitude of vehicle technology combinations were simulated for many different vehicles classes and configurations, which included conventional, power split hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), power split plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), extendedrange EV (E-REV)-capability PHEV, series fuel cell, and battery electric vehicle. In this paper, the results are examined to compare the extent to which each of these technologies reduces fuel consumption and which combination of technologies produces the best trade-off between cost and fuel consumption. The main questions are whether it is cost effective to use advanced technologies, such as PHEVs, and how far we should or could electrify vehicles to obtain fuel consumption improvements at reasonable costs. Several timeframes are considered—2010, 2015, 2020, 2030, and 2045—to track electric drive evolution through time.
Ionization of Rydberg atoms by a circularly polarized microwave field.

We report the first observation of the ionization of Rydberg atoms by a circularly polarized 8.5-GHz microwave field. The observed threshold field for ionization is E=1/16${\mathrm{n}}^{4}$, a value higher than that required for ionization by a linearly polarized microwave field. The origin of this threshold can be understood by transforming to a frame rotating at the microwave frequency. In the rotating frame no transitions occur, and level mixings alone are responsible for the ionization.
Buyer‐seller relationship development episodes: theories and methods

Purpose – For the benefit of those who want to address gaps in our understanding of business relationships, this paper seeks to conceptually frame investigation into critical interaction episodes that fundamentally strengthen or fatally weaken relationship development. It also considers the importance of non‐critical episodes in business relationships. Particular attention is paid to the enduring yet frequently modified critical incident technique associated with Flanagan.Design/methodology/approach – Episode relationship theory, the qualitative/quantitative debate, and the critical incident technique (CIT) literature are selectively reviewed and critically assessed.Findings – First, because business relationships tend to persist, episode research must advance beyond relationship dissolution studies and progress into investigations of how different types of interactions change relationships. New types of episodes need to be studied, such as the generative, degenerative, and neutral episodes discussed here...
Barbie Dolls on the Pitch: Identity Work, Defensive Othering, and Inequality in Women's Rugby

This paper analyzes strategies used by women in a collegiate, male-defined sport (rugby) to deal with identity dilemmas. Players challenged conventional notions of passive femininity through tough play, yet encountered sexist and homophobic stigma from outsiders. Rather than resisting and rejecting the power of this stigma, they engaged in defensive othering—subordinates distancing themselves from other subordinates and reinforcing the legitimacy of a devalued identity in the process. Specifically, the women identified with dominants, engaged in normative identification, and propped up dominants. Their identity work resulted in a "heterosexy-fit" identity that ultimately reinforced heterosexism and gender inequality.
Sensing ammonia with ferrocene-based polymer coated tapered optical fibers

Abstract The application of ferrocene-based polymers as variable index materials is discussed. The refractive index of thin film of a particular polymer known as poly(methylphenylsilyeneferrocenylene) is examined during exposure to ammonia, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and argon. A maximum of 9% deviation in the refractive index of the polymer upon exposure to ammonia is observed. The theory of operation and fabrication of polymer-coated tapered optical fiber gas sensors are explained. Experimental data is presented showing qualitative response to ammonia and other gases.
Form-birefringent computer-generated holograms

Polarization-selective computer-generated holograms made with form-birefringent nanostructures were designed, fabricated, and evaluated experimentally at 1.5 µm. The fabricated element showed a large polarization contrast ratio (>250:1) and a high diffraction efficiency (>40% for a binary phase level element). The experimental evaluation was in good agreement with the design and modeling predictions.
886 CHLORAMPHENICOL (CAP) MODIFIES BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION FROM CYTOSINE ARABINOSIDE (ARA-C) IN VITRO

As neutropenia due to bone marrow suppression is a common effect of many antineoplastic agents, we explored the ability of CAP to modify bone marrow suppression in vitro using ARA-C as a model drug. Previously we have shown concentrations of CAP below the therapeutic antimicrobial range stimulate human granulocyte/monocyte stem cells (CFU/GM) from normal and neutropenic bone marrow (NEJM 1984; 310:723). The effect of CAP in combination with ARA-C was examined using Ficoll-Hypaque separated, washed bone marrow cells from normal donors plated in agar over feeder layers containing peripheral blood cells. Colonies were counted from quadruplicate replicates after 14 days incubation. Therapeutic ARA-C concentrations (0.1 to 10 uM) inhibited CFU/GM in a dose dependent manner. The effect of CAP (1 ug/mL) is illustrated as the ratio of CFU/GM colonies with CAP to colonies without CAP for each ARA-C concentration. The ratios are significantly different from unity at all ARA-C concentrations except 10 uM suggesting stimulation by CAP partially reverses suppression of CFU/GM by ARA-C. These data suggests CAP' may be useful for the treatment of neutropenia due to antineoplastic agents.
Preventing cervical cancer in low-resource settings: How far have we come and what does the future hold?

The Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention (ACCP) came together in 1999 to answer key research questions and to advocate for greater global and national interest in reducing the heavy burden of morbidity and mortality caused by this preventable disease. Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), visual inspection with Lugol's iodine (VILI), and human papillomavirus (HPV) tests have been shown to be viable alternatives to traditional cytology. ACCP experience confirmed that cryotherapy is a safe and effective method that is acceptable to women and can be delivered by a range of health providers, including nonphysicians. Programs can maximize coverage by accommodating local needs and involving community leaders and women in planning and implementation. Advocacy efforts have led to significant policy changes and galvanized support for cervical cancer prevention. Despite the prospect of new HPV vaccines, screening will be needed for at least the next 30-40 years. Our experience has shown that with creativity, flexibility, and well-focused use of resources, the inequitable burden of cervical cancer borne by women in poor countries can be sharply reduced.
Synthesis and characterization of a family of structurally characterized dysprosium alkoxides for improved fatigue-resistance characteristics of PDyZT thin films.

Using either an ammoniacal route, the reaction between DyCl3, Na0, and HOR in liquid ammonia, or preferentially reacting Dy(N(SiMe3)2)3 with HOR in a solvent, we isolated a family of dysprosium alkoxides as [Dy(μ-ONep)2(ONep)]4 (1), (ONep)2Dy[(μ3-ONep)(μ-ONep)Dy(ONep)(THF)]2(μ-ONep) (2), (ONep)2Dy[(μ3-ONep)(μ-ONep)Dy(ONep)(py)]2(μ-ONep) (3), [Dy3(μ3-OBut)2(μ-OBut)3(OBut)4(HOBut)2] (4), [Dy3(μ3-OBut)2(μ-OBut)3(OBut)4(THF)2] (5), [Dy3(μ3-OBut)2(μ-OBut)3(OBut)4(py)2] (6), (DMP)Dy(μ-DMP)4[Dy(DMP)2(NH3)]2 (7), [Dy(η6-DMP)(DMP)2]2 (8), Dy(DMP)3(THF)3 (9), Dy(DMP)3(py)3 (10), Dy(DIP)3(NH3)2 (11), [Dy(η6-DIP)(DIP)2]2 (12), Dy(DIP)3(THF)2 (13), Dy(DIP)3(py)3 (14), Dy(DBP)3(NH3) (15), Dy(DBP)3 (16), Dy(DBP)3(THF) (17), Dy(DBP)3(py)2 (18), [Dy(μ-TPS)(TPS)2]2 (19), Dy(TPS)3(THF)3 (20), and Dy(TPS)3(py)3 (21), where ONep = OCH2CMe3, OBut = OCMe3, DMP = OC6H3(Me)2-2,6, DIP = OC6H3(CHMe2)2-2,6, DBP = OC6H3(CMe3)2-2,6, TPS = OSi(C6H5)3, tol = toluene, THF = tetrahydrofuran, and py = pyridine. We were not able to obtain X...
Strategies for protein-based nanofabrication: Ni2+-NTA as a chemical mask to control biologically imposed symmetry.

Abstract Background: Technologies that improve control of protein orientation on surfaces or in solution, through designed molecular recognition, will expand the range of proteins that are useful for biosensors, molecular devices and biomaterials. A limitation of some proteins is their biologically imposed symmetry, which results in indistinguishable recognition surfaces. Here, we have explored methods for modifying the symmetry of an oligomeric protein that exhibits useful self-assembly properties. Results: Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase (GS) contains 24 solvent-exposed histidines on two symmetry-related surfaces. These histidines drive a metal-dependent self-assembly of GS tubes. Immobilization of GS on the affinity resin Ni 2+ -NTA followed by on-column modification with diethyl pyrocarbonate affords asymmetrically modified GS that self-assembles only to the extent of ‘short' dimeric GS tubes, as demonstrated by electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy. The utility of Ni 2+ -NTA as a chemical mask was also demonstrated for asymmetric modification of engineered cysteines adjacent to the natural histidines. Conclusions: Current genetic methods do not provide distinguishable recognition elements on symmetry-related surfaces of biologically assembled proteins. Ni 2+ -NTA serves as a mask to control chemical modification in vitro of residues within symmetry-related pairs, on proteins containing functional Histags. This strategy may be extended to modification of a wide range of amino acids with a myriad of reagents.
mRNA expression and phenotype of odontogenic tumours in the v-Ha-ras transgenic mouse

Abstract Ameloblastomas are the most common odontogenic neoplasia in humans, and although typically considered locally invasive and benign, frequently recur subsequent to surgical resection. The Tg.AC transgenic mouse carrying the v-Ha- ras oncogene has been found to spontaneously develop ameloblastoma-like tumours (35% by 1 year of age) that are rare in the wild type FVB background strain. Objective : The purpose of this study was to characterise the mRNA expression of genes in the mouse tumours that are either expressed in human ameloblastomas or essential for normal odontogenesis and to correlate the expression to the histological phenotype. Study methods : Histological, immunohistochemical and RT-PCR studies were used to evaluate clinically demonstrable odontogenic tumours occurring spontaneously in seven Tg.AC v-Ha- ras transgenic mice (homozygous, at 7 months of age or heterozygous at 11 months of age). Results : Most genes profiled were expressed in all tumour samples, however three (amelogenin, matrix metalloproteinase-20 (MMP-20) and Dlx7) displayed differential expression. In addition, only the most highly differentiated tumour stained positively for collagen. In most cases, the variable expression could be explained by reference to the histological phenotype, although differences in gene expression were apparent within the Type 2 and the mixed phenotype tumours. Conclusions : These data confirm that many of the genes thought to be important in odontogenesis and odontogenic tumour formation in humans are also expressed in these murine ameloblastoma-like tumours however genes associated with terminal differentiation of ameloblasts demonstrate differential expression between the tumour phenotypes.
An Agent-Based Model of Lifetime Attendance and Self-Help Program Growth

Research on Alcoholics Anonymous and other self-help programs has shown mixed results regarding lifetime participation at the individual level. No one has systematically studied whether lifetime membership contributes to the success of the program as a whole. This project analyzes the relationship of lifetime membership and program growth using a series of agent-based models. Results demonstrate that programs encouraging lifetime attendance produce more groups and recruit more members than programs encouraging graduation. Rapid graduation disrupts the availability of senior members to help newcomers, limiting program growth. Self-help programs may improve program effectiveness by encouraging long-term attendance.
The detection of intensity changes by computer and biological vision systems

Abstract This article describes the implementation of a theory for the detection of intensity changes, proposed by Marr and Hildreth (Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 207, 1980, 187–217). According to this theory, the image is first processed independently through a set of different size operators, whose shape is the Laplacian of a Gaussian, ▿2G(x, y). The loci, along which the convolution outputs cross zero mark the positions of intensity changes at different resolutions. These zero-crossings can be described by their position, slope of the convolution output across zero, and two-dimensional orientation. The set of descriptions from different operator sizes forms the input for later visual processes, such as stereopsis and motion analysis. There are close parallels between this theory and the early processing of information by the human visual system.
ATS-6 Quartz-Crystal Microbalance

The Quartz-Crystal Microbalance Experiment provided data on the possible return of contaminants to the exterior surfaces of the spacecraft. The experiment measures the change in resonant frequency of the crystal due to deposition of material on the surface. There has been no mass accretion corresponding to the firing of hydrazine thrusters to unload the spacecraft momentum wheels. There have been accretions corresponding to the firing of the cesium ion engines.
The Special/General Education Integration Initiative for Students with Specific Learning Disabilities A “Snapshot” of Program Change

As part of a broader investigation, this study sought to (a) provide a statewide “snapshot” of educators' views regarding the current status of and process associated with increased integration efforts for serving students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) in Virginia, and (b) document factors serving as the basis of or creating reluctance toward such efforts. Survey respondents included the population of special education supervisors and samples of general education supervisors, building principals, general secondary and elementary education teachers, and LD teachers (N = 788). Results suggest active efforts to increase the amount of time students with SLD spend in general classroom settings; however, limited program change-related guidelines or category-specific outcome-monitoring measures were reported. Across groups, participants expressed doubts regarding the adequacy of general education teachers' skills for making needed instructional adaptations. Over half of the respondents tended to disa...