cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical coupling limits the density and quality of self-organized carbon nanotube growth

Aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) structures are promising for many applications; however, as-grown CNT 'forests' synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are typically low-density and mostly comprise tortuous defective CNTs. Here, we present evidence that the density and alignment of self-organized CNT growth is limited by mechanical coupling among CNTs in contact, in combination with their diameter-dependent growth rates. This study is enabled by comprehensive X-ray characterization of the spatially and temporally-varying internal morphology of CNT forests. Based on this data, we model the time evolution and diameter-dependent scaling of the ensuing mechanical forces on catalyst nanoparticles during CNT growth, which arise from the mismatch between the collective lengthening rate of the forest and the diameter-dependent growth rates of individual CNTs. In addition to enabling self-organization of CNTs into forests, time-varying forces between CNTs in contact dictate the hierarchical tortuous morphology of CNT forests, and may be sufficient to influence the structural quality of CNTs. These forces reach a maximum that is coincident with the maximum density observed in our growth process, and are proportional to CNT diameter. Therefore, we propose that improved manufacturing strategies for self-organized CNTs should consider both chemical and mechanical effects. This may be especially necessary to achieve high density CNT forests with low defect density, such as for improved thermal interfaces and high-permeability membranes.
50-MeVd→Be neutrons: A comparison of normal tissue tolerance in animals with clinical observations in patients

The acute and late effects of 50 MeV neutrons were investigated by irradiating a variety of organ systems in large animals using dosage schedules similar to those that have been employed clinically. The RBE's for acute effects in pig skin and rhesus monkey oral mucosa were significantly less than the RBE's for late effects. This observation has also been noticed clinically. The RBE's for late effects in pig skin, rhesus monkey oral mucosa, and rhesus monkey kidney were consistent with values of 3.1 to 3.4 relative to approx.200 rad /sup 60/Co fractions and approx.2.2 to 2.6 relative to approx.400 rad /sup 60/Co fractions. The RBE for radiation myelitis was significantly greater (4.2 to 4.6 relative to approx.270 rad /sup 60/Co fractions). The tolerance doses for 50 MeV/sub d..-->..Be/ neutrons in large animals were approx.2200 rad/sub n..gamma..//6-1/2 weeks for skin contraction, approx.2100 rad/sub n..gamma..//6-1/2 weeks for oromucosal necrosis, approx.1300 rad/sub n..gamma..//4-1/2 weeks for radiation myelitis, and approx.960 rad/sub n..gamma..//4 weeks for radiation nephritis. These values correlate well with clinical observations at TAMVEC, since the majority of soft tissue complications in patients occurred following tissue doses in excess of 2100 rad/sub n..gamma../.
Thin Films of Ferromagnetic Materials

Experimental observations are reported on the magnetic properties of thin evaporated films of nickel. The saturation magnetization follows the general prediction of Klein and Smith after somewhat arbitrary modifications on the basis of fitting the Weiss curve for bulk specimens, as suggested by Drigo. Qualitatively observed properties due to domain structure follow the predictions of Kittle. The surface roughness of the specimens has been carefully controlled. Measurements of temperature coefficient of resistance have led to modification of the theory of electron mean free path in thin films. The mean free path is found to vary at small thicknesses, rather than remaining constant as assumed by Fuchs and Sondheimer. The surface roughness has been estimated with the help of this theory. The films of nickel behave as if surface variations extend into the film approximately 3 angstroms from each surface.
Surviving the Junior High School Transition Family Processes and Self-Perceptions as Protective and Risk Factors:

This study used a longitudinal design to investigate the association offamily processes and self-perceptions with adjustment and self-esteem following the transition to junior high school. Students'positive self-concepts in academic and social domains emerged as facilitative of positive adjustment across the transition, while self-consciousness in these domains proved detrimental to adjustment. In addition, adolescents'perceptions of their parents as being developmentally attuned to them and supportive of autonomy in decision-making situations were positively associated with adjustment and gains in self-esteem across the transition. The results are discussed in light of the salient developmental tasks confronting the early adolescent and the role offamily and school contexts in facilitating the successful negotiation of these tasks.
The Regulation of Actomyosin ATPase in Cardiac Muscle by the N-Terminal Extension of Cardiac Troponin T

Cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) both have an amino-terminal variable region that plays a role in modifying the overall protein conformation and functions in the calcium-dependent regulation of cardiac muscle function. Previous studies have showed that in comparison with wild type controls, transgenic mouse hearts over-expressing cTnT lacking the N-terminal variable region (cTnT-ND) had an increased rate of relaxation. In contrast, transgenic mouse heart over-expressing cTnI lacking the N-terminal extension (cTnI-ND) had lower sensitivity to calcium activation of ATPase, resulting enhanced ventricular relaxation and Frank-Starling response. Recently, we demonstrated that the second order mant-dATP binding rate of cardiac myofibrils containing cTnI-ND was three-fold as fast as that of wild type myofibrils in low [Ca2+]. The ADP dissociation rate of cTnI-ND myofibrils was positively dependent on calcium concentrations, while the wild type controls were not significantly affected. These results from native cardiac myofibrils under physiological conditions indicate that the N-terminal extension of cTnI plays a role in the calcium regulation of the kinetics of actomyosin ATPase. In the present study, we employed the same techniques in order to investigate which step(s) of the ATPase cycle is regulated by the N-terminal variable region of cTnT. mant-ATP binding, mant-ADP/ADP dissociation, and phosphate releasing rate of cTnT-ND myofibrils are examined and the results will provide novel information dissecting the function of the two troponin subunits and their posttranslational modifications.
Augmented Cardiac Formation of Oxidatively-Induced Carbonylated Proteins Accompanies the Increased Functional Severity of Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure in the Setting of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract Summary Heart failure (HF) is a dominant cause for the higher mortality of diabetics after myocardial infarction (MI). In the present investigation, we have discovered that higher levels of oxidative stress (OS)-induced carbonylated proteins accompany worsening post-MI HF in the presence of type 1 diabetes. These findings provide a mechanistic link between amplified OS and exacerbation of post-infarction HF in diabetes. Background Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients surviving myocardial infarction (MI) manifest an increased incidence of subsequent heart failure (HF). We have previously shown that after MI, type 1 DM is associated with accentuated myocardial oxidative stress (OS) and concomitant worsening of left ventricular (LV) function. However, the precise mechanisms whereby type 1 DM-enhanced OS adversely affects HF after MI remain obscure. As carbonylation of proteins is an irreversible post-translational modification induced only by OS that often leads to the loss of function, we analyzed protein-bound carbonyls in the surviving LV myocardium of MI and DM+MI rats in relation to residual LV function. Methods Type 1 DM was induced in rats via administration of streptozotocin. Two weeks after induction of type 1 DM, MI was produced in DM and non-DM rats by coronary artery ligation. Residual LV function and remodeling was assessed at 4 weeks post-MI by echocardiography. Myocardial carbonylated proteins were detected through OxyBlot analysis, and identified by mass spectrometry. Results Compared with MI rats, DM+MI rats exhibited significantly poorer residual LV systolic function and elevated wet to dry weight ratios of the lungs. Protein carbonyl content in cardiac tissue and isolated heart mitochondria of DM+MI rats was 20% and 48% higher, respectively, versus MI rats. Anti-oxidative enzymes and fatty acid utilization proteins were among the carbonylated protein candidates identified. Conclusions These findings implicate myocardial protein carbonylation as part of the molecular pathophysiology of aggravated HF in the type 1 diabetic post-infarction heart.
Effect of irradiation temperature on inactivation of Clostridium botulinum toxin type E by gamma rays.

Summary At an irradiation temperature of 32°F the inactivation curve for Clostridium botulinum type E toxin was characterized by an initial lag for the first 2 Mrad followed by an apparent linear portion represented by a D10 of 2.1 Mrad. The effect of irradiating at temperatures up to 117.5°F was only to shorten or eliminate the initial lag. A synergistic effect of irradiation temperature was indicated at 91.4 and 105.8°F, but at 117.5°F the toxin appeared more radioresistant.
The loop space representation of 2+1 gravity: Physical observables, variational principles, and the issue of time

We consider the loop space representation of Rovelli and Smolin as the starting point for the analysis of quantum gravity in 2+1 dimensions. To do so, we introduce observables directly within this representation and consider the problem of its Lagrangian formulation. The implications of this framework for the issue of time are discussed and the extension of these results to 3+1 gravity is also considered.
Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of human brain tumors

ABSTRACTFluorescence spectroscopy of the endogenous emission of brain tumors has been researched as a potentiallyimportant method for the intraoperative localization of brain tumor margins. In this study, we investigate theuse of time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TR-LIFS) for demarcation of primary braintumors by studying the time-resolved spectra of gliomas of different histologic grades. Time-resolvedfluorescence (3 ns, 337 nm excitation) from excised human brain tumor show differences between the time-resolved emission of malignant glioma and normal brain tissue (gray and white matter). Our findings suggestthat brain tumors can be differentiated from normal brain tissue based upon unique time-resolvedfluorescence signature. Keywords: Time-Resolved Laser Induced Fluorescence, brain tumor, glioma, spectroscopy.1. INTRODUCTIONDespite aggressive treatment including surgical resection, irradiation and chemotherapy, the median survivalof patients diagnosed with malignant gliomas is less than 12 months [1,2]. Surgical resection alone offers asurvival benefit, particularly when a complete resection can be achieved. Considerable evidence suggeststhat both survival and quality of life depend on the amount of tumor removed at surgery; a better prognosisoccurs when maximal surgical resection is achieved.The degree to which a complete resection can be carried out is limited in the brain by a number of factorsunique to the central nervous system. Primary brain tumors are infiltrating in nature, and the margins of thetumor are often indistinct. The goal at surgery is to remove as much of the tumor as safely possible withoutextending the resection into the normal adjacent brain [3]. Current imaging technologies to detect cancer inthe central nervous system fails to accurately detect the extent of infiltrating glial tumor [4,5]. Because
NANOGP8: Evolution of a Human-Specific Retro-Oncogene

NANOGP8 is a human (Homo sapiens) retrogene, expressed predominantly in cancer cells where its protein product is tumorigenic. It arose through retrotransposition from its parent gene, NANOG, which is expressed predominantly in embryonic stem cells. Based on identification of fixed and polymorphic variants in a genetically diverse set of human NANOG and NANOGP8 sequences, we estimated the evolutionary origin of NANOGP8 at approximately 0.9 to 2.5 million years ago, more recent than previously estimated. We also discovered that NANOGP8 arose from a derived variant allele of NANOG containing a 22-nucleotide pair deletion in the 3′ UTR, which has remained polymorphic in modern humans. Evidence from our experiments indicates that NANOGP8 is fixed in modern humans even though its parent allele is polymorphic. The presence of NANOGP8-specific sequences in Neanderthal reads provided definitive evidence that NANOGP8 is also present in the Neanderthal genome. Some variants between the reference sequences of NANOG and NANOGP8 utilized in cancer research to distinguish RT-PCR products are polymorphic within NANOG or NANOGP8 and thus are not universally reliable as distinguishing features. NANOGP8 was inserted in reverse orientation into the LTR region of an SVA retroelement that arose in a human-chimpanzee-gorilla common ancestor after divergence of the orangutan ancestral lineage. Transcription factor binding sites within and beyond this LTR may promote expression of NANOGP8 in cancer cells, although current evidence is inferential. The fact that NANOGP8 is a human-specific retro-oncogene may partially explain the higher genetic predisposition for cancer in humans compared with other primates.
A Unique Bilingual Surrender Treaty from Muslim‐Crusader Spain

(2000). A Unique Bilingual Surrender Treaty from Muslim‐Crusader Spain. The Historian: Vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 511-534.
Leaders' Behavior and Subordinates' Task Perceptions: A Multivariate Investigation

Recent studies have demonstrated that leaders' behavior can affect the task and role-perceptions of subordinates. This study extends prior research by demonstrating multivariate relationships between sets of leaders' behaviors and subordinates' task or role-perceptions. Canonical analysis was used to test for set relationships and to protect against inflation of alpha error. Multiple regression was then used to decompose the canonical relationships into more interpretable data. For this heterogeneous sample of rank and file employees, leaders' participation was significantly related to subordinate perceptions of task scope. The effect of participation on task scope seems to be through provision of feedback and autonomy. Contrary to previous findings, participation was not significantly related to role conflict and ambiguity after controlling for the effects of leaders' consideration and initiating structure. Consideration and structuring behavior were negatively related to role stress. It is concluded tha...
Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as bone metastasis

In a consecutive series of 395 patients with pathologically verified hepatocellular carcinoma, 20 patients (5%) had bone metastasis at initial presentation. Of these, 16 were men and four women ranging from 26 to 64 years of age (median, 50 years). The age, sex, hepatitis B surface antigen seropositivity, alpha-fetoprotein level, and frequency of associated cirrhosis were not statistically different from those in patients without initial bone metastasis. Initial presentation was usually the result of spinal lesion with neurologic compression, and chest wall or scalp mass. Metastasis most commonly involved spine and ribs, and occurred as osteolytic lesions or extrapleural mass. Computed tomography proved best for demonstrating an expansile soft tissue mass with bony destruction. Angiography showed hypervascular appearance over the destructive bone area. Treatment results were poor. The follow-up period ranged from 3 weeks to 14 months with a median survival of 5 months. The data suggested that hepatocellular carcinoma be ruled out in patients with osteolytic lesions.
Can millisecond pulsar timing measurements rule out cosmic strings

Abstract We demonstrate, by combining an improved formalism for calculating the gravitational wave background produced by cosmic string scaling networks with new timing measurements from millisecond pulsars, that the background of gravitational waves today from loop decay in scenarios where loops are relevant for large scale structure, is likely to be in conflict with observations. The implications of this string scenarios for large scale structure formation are discussed.
ADVANCES IN YBCO COATED CONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY

Abstract Processes for producing both the yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) template film by ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) and the YBa 2 Cu 3 O x (YBCO) superconducting film by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at 1-m lengths have achieved I c values of 122 A and J c values of 1 MA/cm 2 . Improvements have been made in all stages of the process. Variations of I c along the length of the 1-m samples stimulated development of a new in-field I c measurement capability. The use of MgO as an IBAD template film has made great progress and can potentially decrease the time to produce the template film by more than an order of magnitude. A combination of electrical and microstructural investigations is being made to understand and improve the properties of the YBCO-coated conductors.
Cations and the binding of polyadenylate to cellulose.

Abstract At neutral pH polyadenylate (poly(A)) binds to unmodified cellulose in high salt solution and is released in low salt solution. The salt effect is due principally to the cation, not to the ionic strength of the solution. Monovalent cations are not equally supportive of binding. The order of their effectiveness corresponds to a Hofmeister lyotropic series, increasing with decreasing radius of the hydrated cation. The cellulose · poly(A) interaction does not seem to be due to simple hydrophobic attraction but is consistent with association by π—π interaction between aromatic constituents of lignin of the cellulose and the pruine nuclei of the poly(A). Fractional elution of poly(A) from cellulose can be accomplished by gradually decreasing the salt content of the eluting buffer. The poly(A) oligomers which disengage from cellulose at rather high salt concentrations seem to be shorter than those which are released only at lower salt concentrations. This discrimination may serve as a basis for the fractionation of poly(A)-containing RNAs of which the poly(A) suffixes differ in length.
Role of collagen content and cross-linking in large pulmonary arterial stiffening after chronic hypoxia.

Chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is associated with large pulmonary artery (PA) stiffening, which is correlated with collagen accumulation. However, the mechanisms by which collagen contributes to PA stiffening remain largely unexplored. Moreover, HPH may alter mechanical properties other than stiffness, such as pulse damping capacity, which also affects ventricular workload but is rarely quantified. We hypothesized that collagen content and cross-linking differentially regulate the stiffness and damping capacity of large PAs during HPH progression. The hypothesis was tested with transgenic mice that synthesize collagen type I resistant to collagenase degradation (Col1a1R/R). These mice and littermate controls (Col1a1+/+) were exposed to hypoxia for 10 days; some were treated with β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), which prevents new cross-link formation. Isolated PA dynamic mechanical tests were performed, and collagen content and cross-linking were measured. In Col1a1+/+ mice, HPH increased both collagen content and cross-linking, and BAPN treatment prevented these increases. Similar trends were observed in Col1a1R/R mice except that collagen content further increased with BAPN treatment. Mechanical tests showed that in Col1a1+/+ mice, HPH increased PA stiffness and damping capacity, and these increases were impeded by BAPN treatment. In Col1a1R/R mice, HPH led to a smaller but significant increase in PA stiffness and a decrease in damping capacity. These mechanical changes were not affected by BAPN treatment. Vessel-specific correlations for each strain showed that the stiffness and damping capacity were correlated with the total content rather than cross-linking of collagen. Our results suggest that collagen total content is critical to extralobar PA stiffening during HPH.
Bayesian belief networks for medical image recognition

In this paper, we propose the interval-based Bayesian belief networks and then use them as the inference scheme in a medical image recognition system. To integrate knowledges from various sources, the blackboard architecture is used as the framework. The proposed system consists of three phases. In phase one, three correlated images acquired from x-ray CT, proton density and T2-weighted MRI of a human brain are presented to the system. A signal-based segmentation algorithm is then employed to divide each image into regions of homogeneous attributes. In phase two, the system tries to identify the major anatomical structures and locate the slice in the model that is most similar to the image set under study. To accomplish this work, one Bayesian belief network is constructed to integrate evidence from various sensor slices and the feature spaces for each anatomy and the other belief network is designed for opportunistic control in the blackboard system. In phase three, the selected model slice is used to guide the process of refining the recognized anatomies.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A semi-automatic storage allocation system at loading time

The method of storage allocation described herein, although new in a few respects, does not represent any sharp break from the past. Rather it is another step of development suggested by experience accumulated over several years with the 704,709 and 7090 FORTRAN systems. The storage assignment method proposed is, in principle, extremely simple and is not specific to FORTRAN or the 7090. Although the method depends only on rather general language aspects, the concrete detail will be illustrated in terms of the aforementioned systems or proposed extensions.
Failure to Find Exon 7 Polymorphism of the ADH7 Gene in Chinese, Japanese, African-Americans, and Caucasians

Class IV alcohol dehydrogenase (sigma-ADH) activity has been found in high levels in the stomach and esophagus, but not in liver. Gastric ADH activity has been reported to influence blood alcohol levels after oral ethanol ingestion, suggesting that sigma-ADH activity plays a role in first-pass metabolism. It has also been reported that women have lower sigma-ADH activity than men and that Asians have lower sigma-ADH activity than Caucasians and African-Americans. A genetic basis for these gender and ethnic differences in sigma-ADH activity has been postulated. A recent study in a Japanese subject found a point mutation in the codon for amino acid 287 of the ADH7 gene (which encodes sigma-ADH), changing the amino acid from glycine to valine. A polymerase chain reaction-sequencing assay was established to determine the frequency of this polymorphism in the Asian, Caucasian, and African-American populations. The polymorphism was not present in the 21 Asians, 15 Caucasians, and 3 African-Americans we genotyped, suggesting that if this polymorphism exists, its frequency is low in these ethnic groups. It is therefore unlikely to be responsible for the absence of sigma-ADH activity in gastric specimens from Asians.
Communications: Metastatic Gill Lesions Secondary to Cardiac Hemangioendotheliosarcomas in the Teleost Fish Mangrove Rivulus

Abstract Gill neoplasms have been infrequently described for teleost fishes. Nine of 51 cases of primary cardiac endothelial cell neoplasms of a teleost fish species, mangrove rivulus Rivulus marmoratus, also possessed endothelial cell neoplasms in their gills. These neoplasms occurred in the afferent arterioles of the gill filaments. They were made up of round cells or spindle cells that had nuclei similar to typical endothelial cell nuclei. The large gill neoplasms, with more anaplastic cells, penetrated the walls of the gill arterioles and invaded adjacent gill tissues. Supporting evidence for the metastatic nature of these gill neoplasms includes the following: (1) they were secondary in timing, numbers, and size to the advanced sarcomas of the heart; (2) cell phenotypes of both gill and cardiac neoplasms were similar in cytoplasmic and nuclear features; (3) the cardiac neoplasms appeared to be shedding neoplastic endothelial cells into the lumen of the bulbus arteriosus with a direct route via the ci...
The preterm prediction study: failure of midtrimester cervical sialidase level elevation to predict subsequent spontaneous preterm birth.

Abstract Objective: Our objective was to determine any associations among midtrimester cervical fluid sialidase activity, bacterial vaginosis, and subsequent spontaneous preterm birth. Study Design: In this nested case-control study all patients (n = 126) with spontaneous preterm birth at Results: The mean ± SD sialidase activities were similar in case patients and control subjects (0.64 ± 1.60 vs 0.41 ± 0.94 nmol · mL –1 · min –1 , P = .21). Neither sialidase activity above the 90th percentile (10.3% vs 9.5%, P = .8) nor sialidase activity above the 95th percentile (7.9% vs 4.8%, P = .3) of control specimens (>1.43 and >2.23 nmol · mL –1 · min –1 , respectively) was associated with spontaneous preterm birth. The frequency of combinations of bacterial vaginosis and elevated sialidase activity was similar ( P ≥ .63 with either cutoff) in case patients and control subjects. Sialidase activity was significantly higher among women with bacterial vaginosis than among those without bacterial vaginosis (1.35 ± 1.87 vs 0.03 ± 0.14 nmol · mL –1 · min –1 , P Conclusions: Elevated cervical fluid sialidase activity at 22 to 24 weeks' gestation did not distinguish women at increased risk for spontaneous preterm birth, nor did it discriminate a subgroup of patients who had bacterial vaginosis associated with spontaneous preterm birth. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:1151-4.)
Periaqueductal gray matter projection to the parabrachial nucleus in rat

The efferent projections from the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) to the parabrachial nucleus (PB) were studied in the rat following microinjections of the anterograde axonal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into restricted regions of the PAG. The dorsomedial and dorsolateral PAG columns project almost exclusively to the superior lateral PB subnucleus, whereas the lateral and ventrolateral PAG columns project to five lateral PB sites: dorsal lateral subnucleus, medial and lateral crescent areas (which flank the dorsal lateral PB subnucleus), central lateral subnucleus (rostral portion), and superior lateral subnucleus. The PAG region lying near the cerebral aqueduct projects to five lateral PB sites: external lateral subnucleus (inner subdivision), medial and lateral crescent areas, central lateral subnucleus (rostral portion), and dorsal lateral subnucleus. The internal lateral PB subnucleus, which projects exclusively to the intralaminar thalamic nuclei, and the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus were not innervated by the PAG. The PAG selectively innervates individual PB subnuclei that may be part of the spino-parachio-forebrain pathway. All PAG columns, including the aqueductal region, project to the superior lateral PB subnucleus, a presumed nociceptive relay site that receives inputs from multiple spinal cord regions (laminae I, V, and VIII) and projects to the ventromedial and retrochiasmatic hypothalamic areas-two regions that have been implicated in complex goal-directed behavior (e.g., food intake and reproductive function). Earlier studies demonstrated that the dorsal lateral and external lateral PB subnuclei (inner division) receive overlapping inputs from the superficial dorsal horn (laminae I and II) and the nucleus tractus solitarius, and both PB subnuclei send projections to limbic forebrain areas (e.g., hypothalamus, preoptic region, amygdala). Because the PAG projects to both of these PB subnuclei, this projection system possibly functions as a behavioral state-dependent filter system that modulates ascending nociceptive and/or visceral information as it is relayed through the PB to forebrain sites.
Life Cycle Energy and Exergy Analysis for Building Cooling Systems: A Comparison Between a Solar Driven Absorption Chiller and an Electric Driven Chiller

Buildings in the United States utilize 39% of the primary energy, and more than 60% of that energy consumption is provided for heating and cooling in buildings. Most of the heating and cooling systems commercially available in the market today are driven by electricity and natural gas, which are high exergy resources, while the operating temperature in the building from a year-round perspective is closer to the reference environmental temperature. Thus, from a thermodynamic point of view, there exists a gap between the high exergy resources/supply and low exergy application/demand in buildings. This paper extends the traditional means of energy comparison between solar driven absorption chillers and electric driven chillers. A life cycle energy and exergy analysis is developed with the assumption that the fossil fuel for electricity generation is a different form of storing solar energy in the long run. Thus, both the systems are driven by solar energy, and the only difference is that the solar absorption chiller is an instantaneous solar energy utilization, while the electricity chiller utilizes the stored solar energy. A simple absorption chiller model is developed, and is calibrated using a paper published by the Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics in Carnegie Mellon University, using a 4-ton 2-stage absorption chiller provided by Broad Air Conditioning. The energy and exergetic efficiencies in each process are analyzed and provided in the two systems. This paper is useful in understanding the fundamental life cycle energy and exergy in chiller applications for building cooling.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Market Failures and Efficiency in the Principles Course.

Many policy debates revolve around the appropriate extent and form of government intervention in specific markets, or, more accurately, government alteration of the incentives or institutional rules in those mar kets, including the provision of certain goods. 1 To make sense of these debates, economics students must understand what “free” markets do well and, in particular, where they fail, and how governments may be able to improve their behavior. Toward this end, authors of principles textbooks generally discuss concepts including gains from trade, efficiency, the invisible hand, and various causes of market failures such as market power, externalities, and public goods. The current pedagogy fails to emphasize fully the common principles under lying the various categories of market failure. The examination of principles text books below demonstrates that each category of market failure is typically dis cussed separately. Furthermore, the textbooks do not always clearly show how an economist identifies the alternati ve, preferred outcome, nor do they emphasize that economists often apply an efficiency criterion in considering alternati ves. I argue instead for a unified consider ation of how markets fail, based on how an ef ficiency rule is violated . All market transactions can be characterized as “ef ficient”or “inefficient,”according to whether they satisfy the ef ficiency rule that marginal benefits to society equal or exceed marginal costs to society. Then, all explanations of individual market failures can refer to this rule and show ho w private-decision rules may sometimes deviate from it. Finally, one can show how government, by making alterations to individual markets (by changing rules or incentives or by providing goods directly), may be a ble to impr ove the efficiency of the economy. This unified consideration does not require rear rangement of topics within the course, other than introduction of the ef ficiency rule at some point before the first type of mar ket failure is taught. A unified treatment of mar ket failures and efficiency has two key benefits. First, consolidation enables reinforcement of the basic concepts through r epetition of the same analytical constructions and may also lessen the class time required to cover market failures. Second , consolidation conveys to students that economists often reference a common normative foundation, based on the con
Development of nano-macroporous soda-lime phosphofluorosilicate bioactive glass and glass-ceramics

We have extended the usefulness of bioactive glass-ceramics for the repair and reconstruction of hard tissues by introducing F ions that are known to be beneficial, especially in dentistry. Nano-macro multimodal porosity in soda-lime phosphofluorosilicate bulk samples was introduced by the recently developed melt-quench-heat-etch method. The choice of starting glass composition is based on 48SiO2–2.7P2O5–xCaF2–yCaO–zNa2O where x = 0, 1, 4, 8, 10, 12, and (y + z) = 49.3 − x (mol%). The effect of thermal and chemical treatment on the microstructure of samples is characterized by SEM, XRD and EDX. We find the formation of many crystalline phases, but mainly sodium calcium silicate, calcium phosphate, fluorapatite and calcium silicate. The bioactivity of soda-lime phosphofluorosilicate glass-ceramics is assessed by monitoring the formation of hydroxyl apatite (HA) layer: fluorapatite phase accelerates the rate of HA layer formation; the initial composition and multi-modal porosity are other key parameters that impact the formation of HA. The present porous glass-ceramics should be superior candidates for use in dental bone regeneration.
Improved Late Gadolinium Enhancement Imaging of Left Ventricle with Isotropic Spatial Resolution

Background Recent studies have shown the prognostic value of the infarct border zone of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) images in patients with myocardial infarction [1]. This border zone has also been associated with ventricular arrhythmia [2,3]. The accuracy of the characterization of this area depends on spatial resolution of the imaging. 3D LGE allows improved spatial resolution, especially in through-plane direction. However imaging with an isotropic spatial resolution necessitates very long scan time. In this study, we sought to investigate if compressed-sensing (CS) based image acceleration method [4] allows LGE imaging with isotropic spatial resolution.
Ethical, Legal, and Regulatory Issues Regarding the Study and Use of Medications in Pregnant Women

Despite the prevalence of off-label drug prescriptions for pregnant women, little attention is paid to the ethical, legal, and regulatory issues regarding this practice. This paper discusses some of these key issues relevant to the practice of off-label medication use by women during pregnancy.
Pediatric applications of probiotics.

The concept of probiotics was established early in the last century at the Pasteur Institute by the work of Metchnikoff, who hypothesized that the ingestion of fermented milk products had a beneficial impact on the health and lifespan of Bulgarian peasants [1]. The formal term probiotic first was referenced in 1954 by Ferdinand Vergin in an article discussing the effects of antibiotics on beneficial intestinal bacteria [2]. Fuller often is credited with establishing the first definition of probiotics as a bacterial product inferring benefits based on his work with animals [3]. The accepted definition of a probiotic encompasses the cumulative state of the research in this area. A probiotic is a beneficial species of bacteria that colonizes and replicates in the human intestinal tract and provides a positive benefit to the host. Pediatric applications of probiotics are widespread, with the primary applications being diarrhea and allergic disorders. This article reviews normal infant colonization, how native intestinal bacteria influence health, and research regarding probiotic use in infants and children. COLONIZATION At birth, the intestine is sterile. The digestive tract provides an excellent environment for bacterial growth, with minimal oxygen and plentiful nutrients. This nutrient-rich aqueous environment is an ideal culture medium for bacteria. Additionally, the gut epithelium itself is lined with mucins, extensively glycosylated proteinaceous compounds that function as binding sites for many of the gut bacteria and function to assist or inhibit bacterial attachment to the underlying epithelium or antigen sampling cells. Some probiotics are capable of upregulating mucin genes in the gut and thereby altering bacterial flora [4]. The establishment of native bacteria that are able to thrive in the infant’s developing intestinal tract without provoking an adverse immunological response is a complex process that is completed in the first year and remains relatively stable throughout life [5]. The establishment of native flora creates
FOLLICULO-STELLATE CELLS IN THE HUMAN ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXPRESS CYTOKERATIN

Summary Recent studies have suggested that the anterior pituitary is derived not from Rathke's pouch, but instead from neuroectoderm. To address this controversy and the differentiation of the adenohypophysis, we evaluated folliculostellate cells from 7 human pituitaries using a panel of immunohistochemicai stains. The panel included antibodies to a low molecular weight cytokeratin (CK-8), a broad spectrum of cytokeratins (AE 1/AE 3), S-100 protein, vimentin, and glial fibrillary acid protein. The most intense immunostaining was observed with the antibody to broad spectrum cytokeratins. Less intense immunohistochemicai staining of folliculo-stellate cells was observed with the antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein and S-100 protein. Immunoblotting of anterior pituitary tissue obtained from 3 autopsied patients showed that cytokeratins identified in the anterior pituitary were of low molecular weight (40 to 56 Kd). These results indicate that folliculo-stellate cells show epithelial differentiation, and support the hypothesis that the anterior pituitary is derived from Rathke's pouch.
Asian-Based Development Journalism and Political Elections Press Coverage of the 1999 General Elections in Malaysia

Development journalism is often touted as more applicable to Asian countries like Malaysia and Singapore than the western liberal approach, for historical and cultural reasons. Proponents see its p...
On the Distinctive Features of Ecological Laws

Ecological psychology is grounded in the assumption of the availability of lawlike regularities in the world as the basis of reliable information for perceiving-acting systems. This article aims to articulate some of the necessary conditions for an account of lawfulness that accommodates ecological theories of perceiving and acting. This attempt considers historically influential accounts of laws but offers modifications of the notions of law and especially of cause that are of greater relevance to the practice of an ecological science. A guiding assumption is that the laws of the animate are the most general. The authors advocate understanding laws in reference to reliable regularities, causes as not being strictly Newtonian in character, and flexibility with respect to certain formal and philosophical commitments.
Going Broke by Degree: A Review Essay

In this review, the author posits that Richard Vedder’s book Going Broke By Degree: Why College Costs Too Much, while providing a good diagnosis of the problems and issues facing public higher education, suffers from a heavily political bent which skews Vedder’s policy conclusions away from empirical evidence and toward ideology. The author’s essay attempts to clarify for the reader which of Vedder’s statements are based on philosophy and which are based on fact.
Dynamics of Formation of 1,1‘-Diethyl-2,2‘-Cyanine Iodide J-Aggregates in Solution

The dynamics of the formation of 1,1‘-diethyl-2,2‘-cyanine iodide (PIC) J-aggregates in water solutions have been studied using UV/vis spectroscopy. The appearance and growth of the J-aggregates' band at 573 nm took place simultaneously with the decrease of the absorption of the sample at 525 and 485 nm. The experimental dependence of the intensity of the absorption at 573 nm versus time has the shape of a reverse exponential curve, J573 = J0(1 − exp(−kt)). Two possible explanations of the experimental data are given. The first one is that if J-aggregates are simple chains of molecules, then only three PIC molecules in aggregate may be enough to produce a J-band in the absorption spectrum of the solution. The second one is that J-aggregates are not simple chains of molecules but consist of “unit cells” of nonlinear structure. At a high concentration of PIC the full width at half-maximum of the J-band increased with time, but the position of its maximum did not change. Possible explanations of this phenome...
The weaver granuloprival phenotype is due to intrinsic action of the mutant locus in granule cells: evidence from homozygous weaver chimeras.

Abstract The weaver mutation ( wv ) causes a near total loss of midline granule cells in the mouse cerebellum. The cellular site of mutant locus action leading to the granulo-prival phenotype was examined with experimental intraspecific and interspecific homozygous weaver chimeras. It was found that the granule cells which survived and successfully migrated to the internal granular layer of the chimeric cerebellum were all of the wild-type (non- wv ) genotype. Using interspecies chimeras, it was determined that the genotype of Purkinje cells and Bergmann glia cells was apparently irrelevant to the survival of granule cells. It is concluded that granule cell death is most likely due to the wv locus acting intrinsically to the weaver granule cells, and not to another cellular site of gene action.
Intensity of Light Onset or Offset as a Positive or Negative Reinforcer for Domestic Chicks

Response contingencies of dim or bright light onset or offset were investigated using 160 24- to 36-hr.-old chicks. Results substantiated that dim light onset is an effective sensory reinforcer for chicks and that both bright light onset and offset are aversive stimuli. Results were discussed with reference to the reinforcing and activating function of the sensory stimulus.
Stimuli‐Responsive Colloidal Systems from Mixed Brush‐Coated Nanoparticles

We report on the application of mixed polymer brushes to the reversible in situ switching colloidal systems (suspensions of responsive 200 nm in diameter particles in individual solvents and immiscible liquids). We used mixed copolymer brushes to fabricate responsive nanoparticles and employed the particles to prepare responsive colloidal systems, which demonstrated drastic transformation/switching of material properties upon external stimuli. The interaction between the particles themselves and the particles and their environment can be precisely tuned by a change of solvent and pH. We show that this behavior can be used for a reversible formation of particle aggregates, stabilization and switching between w/o and o/w emulsions, and regulation of the particle transport between immiscible liquids across the interface. We demonstrate an example of the application of the responsive colloids for the fabrication of ultrahydrophobic coatings with textured surfaces from aqueous dispersion, and no surfactant application, using the switching properties of the responsive particles.
Helping the Client with Chronic Disability Achieve High‐Level Wellness

Clients with chronic disability often define themselves in terms of their sick role. Today, many healthcare professionals and laypersons alike prefer to view the individual as a unified whole striving toward high-level wellness. Thus, a client may be diagnosed with a physical illness, a chronic illness, or a disability but may still work to attain high-level wellness by functioning in an integrated way with the environment. This article describes the client with chronic disability in relation to high-level wellness and provides techniques nurses can use to facilitate a client's positive adjustment.
The isolation, synthesis and characterization of an isomeric form of rapamycin

Abstract An isomeric form of the immunosuppressive agent, rapamycin, exists in equilibrium with the pyrano form of rapamycin in solution. The isomer was isolated and a method to completely (>95%) convert the pyrano form of rapamycin into this isomer by treatment with excess Grignard reagent was discovered. The structure of the isomer, characterized by 13 C-NMR and COSY 1 H-NMR, is proposed to be an oxepane 3 , formed via hemiketal formation of the C-9 hydroxyl with the C-14 (central) carbonyl of the “tricarbonyl” system.
Using Facebook to Support Novice Teachers.

Providing quality support for novice teachers as they enter the profession has been an ongoing concern of educator preparation programs. This article describes the efforts of one teacher preparation program in addressing this matter by utilizing Facebook® to provide sustained support and professional development for its beginning teachers. We begin this article by providing an overview of significant research relevant to induction programs and the current research related to Facebook. A description of the design and implementation of the program's teacher network is included as well as future implementations of the network and the challenges and successes of the project.
Site-directed glycosylation tagging of functional Kir2.1 reveals that the putative pore-forming segment is extracellular.

Inwardly rectifying K+ channels or Kirs are a large gene family and have been predicted to have two transmembrane segments, M1 and M2, intracellular N and C termini, and two extracellular loops, E1 and E2, separated by an intramembranous pore-forming segment, H5. H5 contains a stretch of eight residues that are similar in voltage-dependent K+ channels, Kvs, and this stretch is called the signature sequence of K+ channels. Because mutations in this sequence altered selectivity in Kvs, it has been designated as the selectivity filter. Previously, we used N-glycosylation substitution mutants to map the extracellular topology of a weak inwardly rectifying K+ channel, Kir1.1 or ROMK1, and found that the entire H5 segment was extracellular. We now report utilization of introducedN-glycosylation sites, NX(S/T), at positions Ser128 in E1, and Gln140, Ileu143, and Phe147 in the H5 sequence of a strong inwardly rectifying K+ channel, Kir2.1. Furthermore, we show that biotinylated channel proteins with N-linked oligosaccharides attached at positions 140 and 143 in the signature sequence are located at the cell surface. Mutant channels were functional as detected by whole-cell and single-channel recordings. Unlike Kir1.1, position Lys117 was not occupied. We conclude that, for yet another K+ channel, the invariant G(Y/F)G sequence is extracellular rather than intramembranous.