cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fate of weed seeds in spent mushroom compost following commercial mushroom production

Commercial mushroom producers grow several varieties of mushrooms on compost. Upon completion of the growing cycle, the spent mushroom compost is often sold as a soil amendment for both agricultural and homeowner use. Mushroom compost ingredients often come from fields infested with weeds, and in turn compost may spread unwanted weed seed. We conducted studies to assess the viability of weed seed following specific stages of the commercial mushroom production process. Weed seed was more likely to survive if the entire production process was not completed. However, no viable hairy vetch, Italian ryegrass, ivyleaf morningglory, Palmer amaranth, or velvetleaf remained at the end of the study. Although the seeds of most species were eliminated earlier in the composting process, ivyleaf morningglory required the complete process to eliminate 100% of the seed. These results indicate that spent mushroom compost is free of many weed species upon removal from mushroom houses and is unlikely to spread weed seed.Nomenclature: Hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth; Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam.; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.; velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medik.; mushroom, Agaricus bisporus
Association between self-reported hypertension and antihypertensive medication use and cardiovascular disease-related events and expenditures among patients diagnosed with hypertension.

Objectives:Research suggests that persons who are aware of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) are more likely to engage in healthy behaviors than persons who are not aware of the ris...
An improved methodology for extracting interface state density at Si 3 N 4 /GaN

In this Letter, a series of metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitors consisting of Si3N4 dielectrics with different thicknesses on GaN have been fabricated to investigate their interface states. The measurement value extracted from ultraviolet assisted capacitance-voltage methods can be explained by the existence of spatially uniform hole traps in Si3N4. An improved model combining the effects from interface states and hole traps in Si3N4 is proposed to extract the interface state density ( D i t) accurately. Based on the model, D i t can be obtained by extrapolating the trap density to a zero-thickness dielectric. The extracted average D i t value of the Si3N4/GaN interface is ∼3.8 × 1011 cm−2 eV−1, and the hole trap concentration in Si3N4 is ∼3.1 × 1018 cm−3. The results, model, and analysis presented here provide new insights into studying D i t of various dielectrics on GaN and other wide-bandgap semiconductors.
Capturing the Effects of Explicit Waters in Implicit Electrostatics Modeling: Qualitative Justification of Gaussian-Based Dielectric Models in DelPhi.

Our group has implemented a smooth Gaussian-based dielectric function in DelPhi (J. Chem. Theory Comput.2013,9 (4), 2126-2136) which models the solute as an object with inhomogeneous dielectric permittivity and provides a smooth transition of dielectric permittivity from surface-bound water to bulk solvent. Although it is well-understood that the protein hydrophobic core is less polarizable than the hydrophilic protein surface, less attention is paid to the polarizability of water molecules inside the solute and on its surface. Here, we apply explicit water simulations to study the behavior of water molecules buried inside a protein and on the surface of that protein and contrast it with the behavior of the bulk water. We selected a protein that is experimentally shown to have five cavities, most of which are occupied by water molecules. We demonstrate through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that the behavior of water in the cavity is drastically different from that in the bulk. These observations were made by comparing the mean residence times, dipole orientation relaxation times, and average dipole moment fluctuations. We also show that the bulk region has a nonuniform distribution of these tempo-spatial properties. From the perspective of continuum electrostatics, we argue that the dielectric "constant" in water-filled cavities of proteins and the space close to the molecular surface should differ from that assigned to the bulk water. This provides support for the Gaussian-based smooth dielectric model for solving electrostatics in the Poisson-Boltzmann equation framework. Furthermore, we demonstrate that using a well-parametrized Gaussian-based model with a single energy-minimized configuration of a protein can also reproduce its ensemble-averaged polar solvation energy. Thus, we argue that the Gaussian-based smooth dielectric model not only captures accurate physics but also provides an efficient way of computing ensemble-averaged quantities.
Evaluation of sustained release polylactate electron donors for removal of hexavalent chromium from contaminated groundwater

To evaluate the efficacy of bioimmobilization of Cr(VI) in groundwater at the Department of Energy Hanford site, we conducted a series of microcosm experiments using a range of commercial electron donors with varying degrees of lactate polymerization (polylactate). These experiments were conducted using Hanford Formation sediments (coarse sand and gravel) immersed in Hanford groundwater, which were amended with Cr(VI) and several types of lactate-based electron donors (Hydrogen Release Compound, HRC; primer-HRC, pHRC; extended release HRC) and the polylactate-cysteine form (Metal Remediation Compound, MRC). The results showed that polylactate compounds stimulated an increase in bacterial biomass and activity to a greater extent than sodium lactate when applied at equivalent carbon concentrations. At the same time, concentrations of headspace hydrogen and methane increased and correlated with changes in the microbial community structure. Enrichment of Pseudomonas spp. occurred with all lactate additions, and enrichment of sulfate-reducing Desulfosporosinus spp. occurred with almost complete sulfate reduction. The results of these experiments demonstrate that amendment with the pHRC and MRC forms result in effective removal of Cr(VI) from solution most likely by both direct (enzymatic) and indirect (microbially generated reductant) mechanisms.
Opposing Energy Transitions: Modeling the Contested Nature of Energy Transitions in the Electricity Sector

Energy transitions are fiercely contested. The incumbents of the fossil‐ and nuclear‐based energy systems have much to lose from a transition to a sustainable and decentralized energy system. They therefore employ their material and political resources to reverse, halt, or slow down this transition. They also attempt to stop and reverse the decentralization of energy production. This article provides a framework that can be used to analyze the contestation that surrounds energy transitions. The analytical framework breaks apart the macro paths of energy transitions, and differentiates between three meso‐paths (political, economic‐technological, and legitimation), emphasizes the feedback processes between these paths, and acknowledges the crucial role that actors play in engendering these feedback processes. It uses Germany as a case study to illustrate the analytical model. It also provides hypotheses that will be tested in the subsequent contributions to this special issue. 能源转型方面的争论十分强烈。基于化石和核能的能源系统的在位者会在向可持续和去中心化能源系统转型的过程中损失惨重。因此他们使用各自的物质资源和政治资源来逆转、停止或减缓该转型过程。他们还试图阻止和逆转能源生产的去中心化。本文提供一项能用于分析围绕能源转型争论的框架。该分析框架将能源转型宏观路径分解，区分三条中观路径（政治、经济‐技术、合法化），强调这三条路径之间的反馈过程，承认各行动者在形成这些反馈过程中发挥的关键作用。本文将德国作为案例研究，阐述了该分析框架。本文还就今后有关该特殊议题的研究提出了应被检验的假设。 Las transiciones de energia son ferozmente disputadas. Los titulares de los sistemas de energia basados en combustibles fosiles y nucleares tienen mucho que perder de una transicion a un sistema energetico sostenible y descentralizado. Por lo tanto, emplean sus recursos materiales y politicos para revertir, detener o ralentizar esta transicion. Tambien intentan detener y revertir la descentralizacion de la produccion de energia. Este articulo proporciona un marco que puede usarse para analizar la contestacion que rodea las transiciones de energia. El marco analitico rompe los macro caminos de las transiciones de energia, y diferencia entre tres caminos meso (politico, economico‐tecnologico y de legitimacion), enfatiza los procesos de retroalimentacion entre estos caminos y reconoce el papel crucial que juegan los actores para generar estos comentarios. procesos. Utiliza Alemania como un caso de estudio para ilustrar el modelo analitico. Tambien proporciona hipotesis que se probaran en las contribuciones posteriores a este numero especial.
Application of precipitation products for flood modeling of transboundary river basin: a case study of Jhelum Basin

The main objective of this study is the flood modeling of the River Jhelum Basin in the Jammu and Kashmir using the Integrated Flood Analysis System (IFAS) hydrological model. The region having an area of 33,000 km2 has a limited rain gauge coverage. The data inaccessibility is accentuated due to the mountainous topography, glaciers, and remote areas. This research makes innovative use of the Asian Precipitation - Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation (APHRODITE) dataset to overcome the data scarcity for the basin. For flood modeling, a regionalized approach was adopted, whereby the four main tributaries of the River Jhelum Basin were separately modeled. The parameters, thus, determined, were later used in the modeling of the River Jhelum, the main river of the basin. The model was calibrated on the medium-high flood of 2010 and validated on the very high flood of 2014, obtaining good results as indicated by Nash–Sutcliffe Model Efficiency Coefficient (NSE) of 0.77. Later, the model was executed using the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP). It performed adequately for the high flood event of 2014, while for the flood of 2010, it gave poor results. Besides, this study also demonstrates the efficacy of a new generation of computer models that work by accessing the free global datasets available on the web for hydrological modeling.
Interactions between blending and identity concealment: Effects on non-binary people's distress and experiences of victimization.

Identity concealment (whether or not a person is open with others about their transgender status) and passing/blending (how much a transgender person can, or chooses to, blend into the binary social environment) have been shown to impact transgender people’s experiences in various ways, but few studies examine these constructs in the lives of non-binary individuals (those whose gender identity does not fall exclusively into the categories of man or woman). This study analyzed the non-binary subset of the nationwide sample from the 2015 United States Transgender Survey (9,769 participants) to examine the effects of blending/passing and identity concealment on distress and victimization. When ethnicity and income were controlled for, low concealers reported higher distress and more victimization experiences than high concealers, and blenders reported more distress and fewer victimization experiences than non-blenders. Not concealing may put non-binary people at higher risk for victimization, but blending into the binary-gendered environment may increase distress through identity erasure. Implications are discussed and future research directions are suggested.
An assessment of ergonomic issues in the home offices of university employees sent home due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: As millions of workers have shifted to telework, special accommodations for workers with respect to ergonomics may be required to ensure the workforce remains healthy. METHODS: A survey about home office ergonomics and discomfort was sent to faculty, staff, and administrators by email and was completed by 843 individuals. RESULTS: Over 40%of the participants reported moderate to severe discomfort (severe low/middle back pain, moderate discomfort in eyes/neck/head, and discomfort in the upper back/shoulders). Laptops (always and often) were widely used (85%) with most using the laptop monitor (55%) of all respondents. Further, less than 45%of the seating conditions were reported as having adjustable arm rests. CONCLUSION: As teleworking in makeshift offices becomes more common, the risk of significant discomfort and potentially more serious musculoskeletal disorders may result from poor static postures. Companies may need to accommodate workers by allowing them to take home office chairs, external monitors, keyboards, and mice as laptops are insufficient, ergonomically.
Evidence-Based Practices in Deaf Education: A Call to Center Research and Evaluation on the Experiences of Deaf People:

The evidence base for educational interventions for deaf students has been, and continues to be, called into question due to a lack of “gold standard” research available to support it. Yet the pauc...
The predicted bZIP transcription factor ZIP-1 promotes resistance to intracellular infection in Caenorhabditis elegans

Defense against intracellular infection has been extensively studied in vertebrate hosts, but less is known about invertebrate hosts. For example, almost nothing is known about the transcription factors that induce defense against intracellular infection in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Two types of intracellular pathogens that naturally infect C. elegans are the Orsay virus, which is a positive-sense RNA virus, and microsporidia, which are fungal pathogens. Surprisingly, these molecularly distinct pathogens induce a common host transcriptional response called the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR). Here we describe zip-1 as an IPR regulator that functions downstream of all known IPR activating and regulatory pathways. zip-1 encodes a putative bZIP transcription factor of previously unknown function, and we show how zip-1 controls induction of a subset of genes upon IPR activation. ZIP-1 protein is expressed in the nuclei of intestinal cells, and is required in the intestine to upregulate IPR gene expression. Importantly, zip-1 promotes resistance to infection by the Orsay virus and by microsporidia in intestinal cells. Altogether, our results indicate that zip-1 represents a central hub for all triggers of the IPR, and that this transcription factor plays a protective role against intracellular pathogen infection in C. elegans.
A Contemporary Classification System of Femoral Bone Loss in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Current femoral bone loss classification systems in revision total hip arthroplasty were created at a time when the predominant reconstructive methods used cylindrical porous-coated cobalt-chrome stems. As these stems have largely been replaced by fluted-tapered titanium stems, the ability of these classification systems to help guide implant selection is limited. The purpose of this study was to describe a novel classification system based on contemporary reconstructive techniques. Methods We reviewed the charts of all patients who underwent femoral component revision at our institution from 2007 through 2019. Preoperative images were reviewed, and FBL was rated according to the Paprosky classification and compared to ratings using our institution’s NCS. Rates of reoperation at the time of most recent follow-up were determined and compared. Results Four-hundred and forty-two femoral revisions in 330 patients with a mean follow-up duration of 2.7 years were identified. Femoral type according to Paprosky and NCS were Paprosky I (36, 8.1%), II (61, 13.8%), IIIA (180, 40.7%), IIIB (116, 26.2%), and IV (49 11.1%) and NCS 1 (35, 7.9%), 2 (364, 82.4%), 3 (8, 1.8%), 4 (27, 6.1%), and 5 (8, 1.8%). Of the 353 nonstaged rTHAs, there were 42 cases requiring unplanned reoperation (11.9%), including infection (18, 5.1%), instability (10, 2.8%), femoral loosening (5, 1.4%), and various other causes (9, 2.5%). The NCS was more predictive of reoperation than the Paprosky classification (Fisher’s exact test, P = .008 vs P = ns, respectively). Conclusion We present a novel femoral classification system that can help guide contemporary implant selection.
Citrus-Gene interaction and melanoma risk in the UK Biobank.

High citrus consumption may increase melanoma risk; however, little is known about the biological mechanisms of this association, or whether it is modified by genetic variants. We conducted a genome-wide analysis of gene-citrus consumption interactions on melanoma risk among 1563 melanoma cases and 193 296 controls from the UK Biobank. Both the 2-degrees-of-freedom (df) joint test of genetic main effect and gene-environment (G-E) interaction and the standard 1-df G-E interaction test were performed. Three index SNPs (lowest P-value SNP among highly correlated variants [r2 > .6]) were identified from among the 365 genome-wide significant 2-df test results (rs183783391 on chromosome 3 [MITF], rs869329 on chromosome 9 [MTAP] and rs11446223 on chromosome 16 [DEF8]). Although all three were statistically significant for the 2-df test (4.25e-08, 1.98e-10 and 4.93e-13, respectively), none showed evidence of interaction according to the 1-df test (P = .73, .24 and .12, respectively). Eight nonindex, 2-df test significant SNPs on chromosome 16 were significant (P < .05) according to the 1-df test, providing evidence of citrus-gene interaction. Seven of these SNPs were mapped to AFG3L1P (rs199600347, rs111822773, rs113178244, rs3803683, rs73283867, rs78800020, rs73283871), and one SNP was mapped to GAS8 (rs74583214). We identified several genetic loci that may elucidate the association between citrus consumption and melanoma risk. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Unraveling the Metabolic Requirements of the Gut Commensal Bacteroides ovatus

Background: Bacteroidetes are the most common bacterial phylum in the mammalian intestine and the effects of several Bacteroides spp. on multiple facets of host physiology have been previously described. Of the Bacteroides spp., Bacteroides ovatus has recently garnered attention due to its beneficial effects in the context of intestinal inflammation. In this study, we aimed to examine model host intestinal physiological conditions and dietary modifications in order to characterize their effects on B. ovatus growth. Methods & Results: Using Biolog phenotypic microarrays, we evaluated multiple primary carbon sources and determined that B. ovatus can use 10 disaccharides, 4 trisaccharides, 4 polysaccharides, 4 polymers, 3 L-linked sugars, 6 D-linked sugars, 5 amino-sugars, 6 alcohol sugars and 15 organic acids as primary carbon sources. To further understand carbohydrate metabolism by B. ovatus, the presence of glycosyl hydrolase (GH) genes were evaluated in 6 annotated B. ovatus genomes. This analysis revealed a large repertoire of GH genes in B. ovatus, including high expression of GH 3, GH 28, GH 31, GH 43, GH 76, GH 78, GH 86, GH 88, and GH 92. Furthermore, proteomic profiling of B. ovatus revealed that a significant portion of the B. ovatus proteome was involved in metabolic pathways. In the proteome, we identified multiple proteins with antioxidant properties and reasoned that these proteins may support B. ovatus growth in the physiological conditions of the intestinal environment. We found that B. ovatus grew robustly in various pH, osmolarity, bile, ethanol, and H2O2 concentrations; indicating that B. ovatus is a well-adapted gut microbe. Conclusions: Taken together, we have demonstrated that key host and diet-derived changes in the intestinal environment influence B. ovatus growth. These data provide the framework for future work toward understanding how diet and lifestyle interventions may promote a beneficial environment for B. ovatus growth.
Intellectual Property, Standards

This chapter examines intellectual property and standards, two important elements of the innovation landscape. First to be highlighted will be intellectual property (IP), a set of rules and institutions designed to foster innovation and ideas. We will discuss different forms of intellectual property protection such as patents, copyright, trademarks, and trade secrets. The chapter will then discuss standards and their role in domestic innovation and in international trade. Standards have the potential to boost innovation, but also have the potential to stifle domestic industrial creativity.
Affirmative Action, Selective Memory Loss, and the Mistakes of Adarand

The writer argues that affirmative action is necessary and essential in order to create a society that truly affords equal opportunity to all. Obstacles to this goal are outlined beginning in the Reconstruction era, and where a number of subsequent decisions by the Supreme Court seem to show a retreat from the intent of statutes calling for equal treatment. Particularly noted is the much more recent case of Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena. The author points out that many decisions which go backwards in this area are the result of justices being forgetful of the first case to construe the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the 1873 Slaughter House Cases.
Reconciling Nonprofit Self-Dealing Rules

Charities must serve public rather than private interests. Much of the enforcement effort in this area of the law tries to ensure that such organizations do not engage in impermissible self-dealing, that is, in providing unreasonable benefits to insiders. That is, limits on self-dealing are crucial to regulation of this section. Both state law and federal tax law include provisions designed to prevent such behavior. These laws, however, often exhibit inefficiencies and differences that impose unnecessary burden on organization seeking to comply with applicable law. State law regulates both trusts and nonprofit corporations. If the organization is formed as a trust, the “no further inquiry rule” of common law applies. Under this rule, a trustee, whether of a charitable trust or a private trust, is per se liable so long as a beneficiary shows that the trustee had a personal interest in the transaction; harm to the trust is irrelevant. If the organization is formed as a corporation, nonprofit corporation statutes generally include requirements as to the procedures for board approval of self-dealing transactions, procedures that, in practice, are usually easy to meet. Tax law supplies self-dealing rules for organizations exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Under federal tax law, public charities must satisfy the so-called intermediate sanction rules, which impose excise taxes on transfers between the organization and an insider that confer an “excess benefit” on the insider. Private foundations, which are section 501(c)(3) organizations that, in general, receive their support from a single individual or corporate source or family group and make grants to other charitable organizations, face stricter rules than public charities regarding self-dealing. They face two-tier excise taxes that in practice prohibit transactions between the private foundation and certain specified insiders, even when the transaction would benefit the organization. This article uses both the economic theory of deterrence and norms theory to argue for a change to both state law and federal tax law. Using the California nonprofit corporation statute and the availability of individual exemptions from the prohibited transactions rules of ERISA, it argues for advance approval procedures. Making state and federal self-dealing rules as similar as possible would best carry out the rules’ shared purpose. Reconciling these rules would aid nonprofit charitable organizations in adopting a set of operating procedures to ensure compliance with the various laws applicable to them. Similar rules would also render state and federal enforcement easier and more efficient. Part I describes why self-dealing rules are so important in the nonprofit context. Part II details and evaluates the various self-dealing regimes in which nonprofit tax-exempt entities operate. Part III considers how these various approaches could be reconciled with use of administrative advance approval.
Social and structural HIV prevention in alcohol-serving establishments: review of international interventions across populations

Alcohol use is associated with risks for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV/AIDS. People meet new sex partners at bars and other places where alcohol is served, and drinking venues facilitate STI transmission through sexual relationships within closely knit sexual networks. This paper reviews HIV prevention interventions conducted in bars, taverns, and informal drinking venues. Interventions designed to reduce HIV risk by altering the social interactions within drinking environments have demonstrated mixed results. Specifically, venue-based social influence models have reduced community-level risk in U.S. gay bars, but these effects have not generalized to gay bars elsewhere or to other populations. Few interventions have sought to alter the structural and physical environments of drinking places for HIV prevention. Uncontrolled program evaluations have reported promising approaches to bar-based structural interventions with gay men and female sex workers. Finally, a small number of studies have examined multilevel approaches that simultaneously intervene at both social and structural levels with encouraging results. Multilevel interventions that take environmental factors into account are needed to guide future HIV prevention efforts delivered within alcohol-serving establishments.
The significance of galactorrhea in patients with normal menses oligomenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin (PRL) were measured in a group of 149 women with galactorrhea. Three of these patients were found to have primary hypothyroidism. In the remaining 146 patients, the PRL assay was correlated with the menstrual history and the results of hypocycloidal polytomography. Sixty-two per cent of these patients had hyperprolactinemia and 35 per cent had abnormal tomograms. Nine patients with abnormal x-rays had normal prolactin levels. None of the patients with normal menses and normal PRL was found to have an abnormal x-ray. Fourteen of the 15 patients with PRL levels greater than 200 ng. per milliliter had abnormal tomograms. Almost 70 per cent of patients with secondary amenorrhea and low estrogen status had abnormal x-rays. In patients with oligomenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea with normal estrogen status, it was not possible to differentiate between patients with normal or abnormal tomograms based on the level of serum PRL. Polytomography remains the single most important diagnostic test in establishing the presence of a pituitary tumor.
The perveance function (particle accelerators)

A method of analyzing the divergence characteristics of particle beams that utilize a Pierce geometry accelerator is described. The technique combines measurements of gradient grid current and arc current to develop an analytic expression, (perveance function), that could prove beneficial to beam operations. Unlike thermocouple or Doppler measurements of beam divergence, which only indicate the magnitude of the beam angle, the perveance function exhibits bipolar linearity with arc current changes. Additionally, the value of the arc current at which the perveance function equals zero is the operating point for minimum beam divergence. As a result, a single measurement with the perveance function can indicate whether the beam is overfocused or underfocused, and also determine the change in the magnitude and direction of the operating point to achieve optimum focus. This method is superior to present procedures, which tune the source by hunting for the minimum divergence. The perveance function is a relatively simple relationship that can be easily realized in hardware electronics or computer software. >
Organometallic Catalysts and Catalysis

The title topic is discussed in relation to general principles of organometallic chemistry. The 18e rule is discussed, as are the effects of coordination on ligands, the influence of mechanism on selectivity, and common organometallic reaction steps. These general points are illustrated using alkene isomerization, alkene hydrogenation, alkene hydroformylation, and the Wacker process as examples. Keywords: organometallic chemistry; mechanism; selectivity; alkene isomerization; alkene hydroformylation; Wacker process; green chemistry
A Taphonomic Analysis of Human Cremains from the Fox Hollow Farm Serial Homicide Site

Publisher Summary The Fox Hollow Farm assemblage presented numerous difficulties for the forensic anthropologists involved in the recovery and analysis. The study examined in this chapter is conducted to help shed light on the behavioral (assailant-induced) and environmental factors that altered the remains in the postmortem interval. The goal is to determine whether the physical characteristics of the cremains could indicate if at least some of the victims were burned in a fleshed or dry state even though the fragments had been transported and buried subsequent to burning. Fox Hollow remains are compared to five other samples of burned bones, at least four of which were known to have been burned or cremated in a fleshed state. These five samples experienced different postburning histories, including plowing, excavation, commercial pulverizing, and anatomical study. Some were collected quickly after death, while others had been buried. The Fox Hollow remains do display fractures that are associated with burning of fresh or fleshed remains, including deep transverse, longitudinal and curvilinear fractures, delamination, and warping. However, the occurrence of the fracture types in the Fox Hollow sample is considerably lower than that displayed by most of the other samples. By itself, this evidence would seem to suggest that a larger number of Fox Hollow victims were burned in a dry state than in a fleshed state.
Introduction: Symposium – William Rehnquist's Fourth Amendment

William Rehnquist served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from September 26, 1986 to September 3, 2005. During that period, he wrote an astonishing number of majority opinions on the Fourth Amendment, totaling in all 25. The list includes many of the most important cases of that time. In addition, the Rehnquist Court issued numerous per curiam decisions and it is fair to say that Rehnquist had something to do with them, given that he dissented in none of those cases. Indeed, Justice “Per Curiam” wrote more majority opinions when Rehnquist was Chief Justice than has any of the current Justices of the Court (excepting only Justice Scalia). During his tenure as Chief Justice, Rehnquist also wrote four dissenting opinions but no concurring opinions. Rehnquist served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court from January 7, 1972 to the date of his elevation as Chief Justice. During that earlier period, he wrote 23 majority opinions, five concurring opinions, and eleven dissenting opinions. In total, he wrote 68 opinions in his 33 years on the bench. In only a handful of those opinions did he side with the individual. Regardless of whether one agrees with his views, Chief Justice Rehnquist’s impact on Fourth Amendment analysis – and his legacy – is substantial and the symposium addresses that legacy.
Porous Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels for Localized Nonviral DNA Delivery in a Diabetic Wound Healing Model

The treatment of impaired wounds requires the use of biomaterials that can provide mechanical and biological queues to the surrounding environment to promote angiogenesis, granulation tissue formation, and wound closure. Porous hydrogels show promotion of angiogenesis, even in the absence of proangiogenic factors. It is hypothesized that the added delivery of nonviral DNA encoding for proangiogenic growth factors can further enhance this effect. Here, 100 and 60 μm porous and nonporous (n-pore) hyaluronic acid-MMP hydrogels with encapsulated reporter (pGFPluc) or proangiogenic (pVEGF) plasmids are used to investigate scaffold-mediated gene delivery for local gene therapy in a diabetic wound healing mouse model. Porous hydrogels allow for significantly faster wound closure compared with n-pore hydrogels, which do not degrade and essentially provide a mechanical barrier to closure. Interestingly, the delivery of pDNA/PEI polyplexes positively promotes granulation tissue formation even when the DNA does not encode for an angiogenic protein. And although transfected cells are present throughout the granulation tissue surrounding, all hydrogels at 2 weeks, pVEGF delivery does not further enhance the angiogenic response. Despite this, the presence of transfected cells shows promise for the use of polyplex-loaded porous hydrogels for local gene delivery in the treatment of diabetic wounds.
Photoelectron spectroscopy of Se2 and Te2

Abstract The He(I) photoelectron spectra of Se 2 and Te 2 are presented. In both these molecules, ground-state Ω splitting, described by Hund's case (c)
Measuring how college affects students: Social desirability and other potential biases in college student self-reported gains

This chapter examines some possible biases evident in college students' self-reported gains, particularly social desirability and general tendencies to report gains, which appear to strongly influence the gains reported by first-year students.
Mitotic spindle destabilization and genomic instability in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome

Deficiencies in the SBDS gene result in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS), an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome associated with leukemia predisposition. SBDS encodes a highly conserved protein previously implicated in ribosome biogenesis. Using human primary bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), lymphoblasts, and skin fibroblasts, we show that SBDS stabilized the mitotic spindle to prevent genomic instability. SBDS colocalized with the mitotic spindle in control primary BMSCs, lymphoblasts, and skin fibroblasts and bound to purified microtubules. Recombinant SBDS protein stabilized microtubules in vitro. We observed that primary BMSCs and lymphoblasts from SDS patients exhibited an increased incidence of abnormal mitoses. Similarly, depletion of SBDS by siRNA in human skin fibroblasts resulted in increased mitotic abnormalities and aneuploidy that accumulated over time. Treatment of primary BMSCs and lymphoblasts from SDS patients with nocodazole, a microtubule destabilizing agent, led to increased mitotic arrest and apoptosis, consistent with spindle destabilization. Conversely, SDS patient cells were resistant to taxol, a microtubule stabilizing agent. These findings suggest that spindle instability in SDS contributes to bone marrow failure and leukemogenesis.
Metastatic epidural bacterial abscess in a 4-year-old boy.

A4-YEAR-OLD BOY with communityacquired pneumonia unresponsive to outpatient antibiotics was admitted to the hospital for intravenous treatment. Chest computed tomography revealed left lower lobe pulmonary empyema (Figure 1), which led to the placement of a chest tube. After 1 week of intravenous antibiotics, the chest tube was removed and the patient was to be discharged home. Unexpectedly, the patient’s clinical condition deteriorated. He became encephalopathic and had evidence of tonic eye deviation to the right. While undergoing an emergency computed tomographic scan of the head, the patient had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Head computed tomography revealed osteomyelitis of the left anterior, medial, and inferior frontal bone as well as leftanterior,inferior,andmedialepidural fluid collection suggestive of an epidural abscess. Brain magnetic resonance imaging with and withoutcontrastconfirmedthefindings (Figure 2). The neurosurgeonperformedanemergencyhemicraniotomyandabscessevacuation; the surgical procedure was not associated with complications. Six monthslater,atafollow-upappointment, the patient had no evidence of neurological deficit.
Participatory evaluation of farmer organizations' capacity for development tasks

Two problems can arise when attempting to evaluate the organizational capacity of farmer organizations expected to contribute to agricultural and rural development. First, organizations' capacity is very difficult to assess, as it represents potential rather than just performance. Indirect measures are needed for estimating this important variable in agricultural administration. Second, most approaches to evaluation are themselves ‘top-down’ and thus inconsistent with the capacity they are supposed to assess. Ideally, one would have a system of evaluation that itself supports the value and process of ‘participation’ in development activities. This article presents a methodology initiated with irrigation user groups in Sri Lanka that tackles both these problems.
Regulation of Stimulated Cyclic AMP Synthesis by Urocanic Acid

Urocanic acid (UCA) has been shown to mediate the UVB radiation-induced immunosuppression initiated in the skin by UV-induced isomerization from the trans to the cis isomer. However, the mechanism by which cis-UCA acts is still unclear. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the effect of trans- and cis-UCA on cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts, Golden Syrian hamster hepatocytes and in the human adenocarcinoma cell line, HT29. Neither trans- nor cis-UCA was able to stimulate cAMP synthesis directly in any of the models tested. In human dermal fibroblasts, cis-UCA, in contrast to trans-UCA, specifically inhibited cAMP synthesis induced by either prostaglandin (PG) E1 or PGE2 with a maximum inhibitory effect of 25-30% at cis-UCA concentrations greater than 1 microM and half-maximum inhibitory effect (EC50) observed at 35 nM. The effect of cis-UCA was not to stimulate phosphodiesterase and cAMP breakdown. The inhibitory effect of cis-UCA (an imidazole derivative) was not mediated through stimulation of the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor. The inhibitory effect of cis-UCA on stimulated cAMP synthesis was a function of the cell density and was only significant when the fibroblasts were confluent or postconfluent. In contrast to the studies with human dermal fibroblasts, an inhibitory effect of cis-UCA was not observed in either isolated hamster hepatocytes or HT29 cells, in which cAMP synthesis was stimulated by glucagon and vasoactive intestinal peptide, respectively. These results point to a possible regulation of cAMP synthesis in fibroblasts as one mechanism by which cis-UCA exerts its biological effect in the skin.
Ion Source Control through High Voltage Isolation Distances Utilizing Photon-Coupled Solid State Devices

Semiconductor luminescence is being used to control a pulsed ion source operating at a high potential isolated from ground. Various methods of photon-coupling may be used such as optical focusing with lenses or mirrors or by guiding the light beam through an optical fiber bundle. The latter method is presently being used in a system designed in collaboration with Dr. C. D. Curtis of NAL. The isolation distance for this ion source test bench will stand off 150 kV. Operation of the source at this distance has been satisfactory. Preliminary tests indicate that the isolation distance may be increased to a distance capable of standing off as much as a megavolt. Among the advantages of a system such as described in this paper are simplicity of electronic circuitry, lack of complicated optical focusing, many channels for information or control may be placed in a small space, and the optical bundles need not be placed in a straight line.
Cataloging Internet Resources Using MARC21 and AACR2: Online Training for Working Catalogers

SUMMARY This article endorses the use of Web-based instruction for cataloging education as represented by OCLC's online course, Cataloging Internet Resources Using MARC21 and AACR2. This type of instruction is particularly useful to working catalogers (professional and paraprofessional alike) who cannot spare the time or the expense to attend workshops and seminars in order to receive training in the latest developments in the field. The OCLC course also paves the way for a new standardized program of online cataloging education that will be tailored for working catalogers at all levels of expertise and that will offer specialized, yet convenient, training in a wide variety of formats.
Approximations via Whittaker's cardinal function

Abstract Whittaker's cardinal function is used to derive various types of extremely accurate approximation procedures, along with error bounds, for interpolating, integrating, and evaluating the Fourier (over (−∞, ∞) only) and the Hilbert (over (−∞, ∞), (0, ∞), and (−1, 1) transforms of functions. Formulas over (−∞, ∞) are obtained directly; in practice these are especially suitable for functions that are analytic in the strip D d'={x + iy: ∥ y ∥ ⩽ d}, d > 0, and which go to zero rapidly as x → ±∞. We obtain analogous formulas and error bounds for approximations over contours in the complex plane, by use of a conformal map transformation taking D d′ onto some other domain D . Some of the new results are rather surprising. For example, if ƒ; is analytic and bounded in the unit disc ƒ(±1) ≠ 0, and if F is defined by F(x) = (1 − x 2 ) α ƒ(x) , where α > 0, then taking h = π (2 α N) 1 2 , yields F(x) − ∑ k=−N N F( tanh ( kh 2 )) sin ( π h )[ log ((1+x) (1−x))−kh]} ( π h )[ log ((1+x) (1−x))−kh] =O(N 1 2 e −π( Nα 2 1 2 ) as N → ∞ for all x ϵ [−1, 1]. This result should be compared with that of interpolating F over [−1, 1] by a polynomial P2N of degree 2N for which [Timan, A. F. “Theory of Approximation Functions of a Real Variable,” Fitzmatgiz, Moscow, 1960] max (xϵ[−1,1]) ¦F(x) − p 2N (x)¦ ⩾ c N 2α for all N > 0, where c is a positive constant independent of N.
Patient retention and attrition factors in a screening mammography practice: university versus community sites.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to identify significant factors impacting patient retention and attrition in a university-based breast center.MATERIALS AND METHODS. In this pilot study, we surveyed current and former mammography patients at our university hospital and another affiliated site. Three hundred three current mammography patients (“stayers”) and 117 patients who no longer receive mammography services at these sites (“leavers”) were interviewed by telephone between April and May 2003.RESULTS. Stayers cited “doctor or hospital referral” (20%) and “quality of care” (19%) as reasons for having their mammography examinations at the university-based sites, with 77% “very satisfied” with the service and care they received. Fewer than 1% reported dissatisfaction. Stayers were also very satisfied with travel time from home (36%), convenience of parking (33%), and safety of the neighborhood (27%). Among leavers, 37% cited convenience to home or work as the reason for choosing their current mam...
Transfer of antibiotic resistance (R factor) in the mouse intestine.

SummaryAn antibiotic resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae containing an R factor was fed to germ-free mice previously colonized with an antibiotic susceptible E. coli. Within a month, 21% of the E. coli acquired multiple drug resistance without the selective pressure of antibiotic therapy. However, the rate of spread of the R factor was significantly slower than in vitro.
The solubility of oxygen in the major sea salts and their mixtures at 25°C

Abstract The solubility of gases and other non-electrolytes in electrolyte solutions are normally examined using the Setschenow (1899) equation, which for oxygen is given by: ln{[O 2 ] 0 /[ O 2 ]}= lnγ(O 2 )= k S m The ratio of the solubility of oxygen (μmol kg−1) in water [O2]0 and solution [O2] is equal to the activity coefficient (γ) at a given molality (m), and kS is the salting coefficient. In this paper, measurements of the solubility of oxygen in the major sea salts (NaCl, MgCl2, Na2SO4, and MgSO4) from dilute solutions to saturation at 25°C are examined. Measurements were also made on mixtures of the major sea salts (NaCl + Na2SO4, NaCl + MgCl2, Na2SO4 + MgSO4, MgCl2 + MgSO4, NaCl + MgSO4 and Na2SO4 + MgCl2). The solubilities [O2] have been fitted to equations of the form: ln[O 2 ]= A + Bm + Cm 2 where A, B, and C are empirical constants. The salting coefficient kS is equal to −(B + C m), and the value of (∂lnγ/∂m)m = 0 = −B. The mixtures were also fitted to similar equations, where m is replaced by the total molality (mT). The values of kS for the mixtures can be estimated from the endmembers by: k S ( NaCl + MgSO 4 )= N NaCl k S ( NaCl )+ N MgSO 4 k S ( MgSO 4 ) where Ni is the mole fraction of the salt (i). This equation predicts solubilities for the mixtures that are in reasonable agreement with the measured values (±20 μmol kg−1). The division of the values of kS of the salts into ionic components [kS(NaCl) = kS(Na+) + kS(Cl−)] yields different values for kS(SO42−) from Na2SO4 and MgSO4 solutions. This is related to different interactions of SO42− with Na+ and Mg2+ ions. These interactions are accounted for using the Pitzer equations: ln γ O 2 =2Σ c λ O2c m c +2Σ a λ O2a m a +2Σ N λ O2N m N +Σ c Σ a m c m a ζ O2ca where λO2i is a parameter that accounts for the interaction of O2 with cations (c) and anions (a) and ζO2ca accounts for interactions for O2 with the cation and anion (c-a). The component N is used to denote the interactions between O2 with neutral species (e.g., the MgSO4 ion pair). The λO2i and ζO2ca coefficients determined for the major sea salt ions are in reasonable agreement with the tabulations of Clegg and Brimblecombe (1990) . The calculated activity coefficients and solubilities in the mixtures were found to be in good agreement with the measured values. The solubilities of oxygen in the mixtures agree to within ±5 μmol kg−1 except for the Na2SO4 + MgCl2 solutions (10 μmol kg−1). This can be related to the formation of the MgSO4 ion pair in the mixture. Calculations of the solubility of O2 in seawater and artificial Dead Sea water with the model were found to be in good agreement with the measured values (±4 mol kg−1).
Exciting guts with GABA

A new study in this issue demonstrates that two GABAergic motor neurons in C. elegans are excitatory at target muscles because GABA activates a ligand-gated cation conductance, which is structurally similar to several other ligand-gated channels.
Better than nature: the changing treatment of asthma and hay fever in the United States, 1910–1945

Abstract Through the early twentieth century, asthmatics were advised to move to a more suitable climate, or to vacation in one during their worst season. In the late nineteenth century, physicians sought to quantify the ideal temperature, humidity, altitude, and pollen count to help travellers to select a suitable place, but these investigations led some physicians to question contradictions between expected and actual conditions. Given that even the best climate was not perfect at all times, and that many patients could not afford to travel or relocate, a group of physicians—who came to be known as allergists—sought ways to adapt their patients to any climate through changes in their indoor environments and treatments to manage their symptoms. Their approach included changes in household design, furnishings, and cleaning techniques, especially a strict avoidance of dust, which could carry feathers, animal hair, skin debris, pollen, moulds, and an unknown ‘dust’ allergen. Air filtering and air conditioning were also promoted as ways to protect asthmatics and hay fever sufferers. These modifications of patients and their microenvironments signalled both a move away from climactic approaches to asthma and toward the sanitary, modernist home of the twentieth century.