cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PyDesigner: A Pythonic Implementation of the DESIGNER Pipeline for Diffusion Tensor and Diffusional Kurtosis Imaging

PyDesigner is an open-source and containerized Python software package, adapted from the DESIGNER pipeline, for diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging preprocessing and tensor estimation. PyDesigner combines tools from FSL and MRtrix3 to reduce the effects of signal noise and imaging artifacts on multiple diffusion measures that can be derived from the diffusion and kurtosis tensors. This publication describes the main features of PyDesigner and highlights its ease of use across platforms, while examining its accuracy and robustness in deriving commonly used diffusion and kurtosis metrics.
Computer Use for River Regulation

The complexity that occurs in regulating multiple-purpose reservoir systems has necessitated the use of computer programs for scheduling reservoir regulation. The need for real-time use of scheduling computer programs coupled with the complexity of multiple-purpose reservoir regulation has made automated regulation schemes and interactive computer processing highly desirable. The scheduling engineer must be able to examine easily results of a trial computer simulation and modify operating constraints and forecasted information as necessary to retry the simulation. The package of stand-alone computer programs with interfacing capability is considered. These programs are used in real-time reservoir regulation and streamflow forecasting analyses in the North Pacific Division office of the Corps of Engineers. No optimization procedures are used but experience indicates that the techniques used to simulate reservoir regulation coupled with the interactive computer processing features effectively provide good multiple-purpose system operation.
Searches for New Physics at the Large Hadron Collider

The experiments currently underway at the Large Hadron Collider are exploring the physics of the TeV energy scale, which may hold the answers to some of the most profound questions in particle physics. These lectures describe the status of searches for new physics beyond the standard model, focusing on supersymmetry, but addressing other aspects of this enormously broad physics program as well. Such topics as extra spatial dimensions, new gauge bosons, and microscopic black holes are included in the category known as exotica; some of these possibilities are also considered here. The methodologies and challenges associated with searches for new physics are discussed, followed by a survey of some of the basic phenomenology and the experimental results. This pedagogical review is intended for graduate students and postdocs who are working on this critical part of the LHC research program.
Voices in the Open: Wordsworth, Eliot, and Stevens

we respond to his meaning. And he converses with more recent poets who seem antithetical to him and to each other. I want to listen to a small part of that con versation. T. S. Eliot thought a poet's most individual passages may be those in which "the dead poets, his ancestors, assert their immortality most vigorously"? but Eliot isn't noted for standing in that filial relation to Wordsworth, i Wallace Stevens preferred to think that "the past is my own and not something marked Coleridge, Wordsworth, etc.,"?and he could also say: "Eliot and I are dead op posites."2 Nevertheless these three poets belong to a single company. Each has been accused of the egotistical sublime. Each is most social when most solitary. Wooers of the pensive muse, they are perplexed by an epistemological uncertainty that their ancestor Milton could still subjugate. But their hesitations and ambigui ties also render a faith that speech must disclose existence, that poetry must name. Each therefore knows the troubled way of the reflexive and self-transcending voice that moves in the open toward new words, new thresholds of meaning. And each finds that the long poem, the uneasy heir of the epic and georgic traditions, must now name the sustained attempt of that voice to name its calling. Their quarrels are those of close kin. The Prelude is addressed to a friend who could say that man's divinely established end is the growth of his "reflex consciousness."3 But Four Quartets and Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction are spoken by poets who have heard "Le Serpent" declare, "Je m'?coute, et dans mes circuits, / Ma m?ditation murmure . . . ." From Coleridge to Val?ry, as poetry intends the illusion of reflexive spontaneity, a seeming virtue becomes a
Contemporary applications of frontal sinus trephination: A systematic review of the literature

Our objective was to perform a systematic review of the literature on contemporary indications and outcomes for frontal sinus trephination and present an illustrative case of an endoscopically assisted repair of a subcutaneous frontal sinus fistula by trephination technique. PubMed and Ovid databases were used as data sources. A systematic review of the English literature was completed to review reports of frontal trephination from 1980 to 2014. Articles meeting inclusion criteria for inflammatory and noninflammatory indications were reviewed. Articles were systematically reviewed and graded by evidence-based medicine level. An illustrative case from our institution is then presented. The systematic review identified 2,621 published studies. Thirty-eight studies were identified for inclusion. The indications, techniques, outcomes, safety, and complications were reviewed for noninflammatory and inflammatory conditions. There were 32 retrospective case series, reports, or cohort studies (level 4), four systematic reviews (level 3), one prospective analysis (level 3), and one meta-analysis (level 2). Due to the heterogeneity of study cases and inclusion criteria, a meta-analysis was not feasible. We also present a novel closure of an anterior skull base defect resulting in a subcutaneous fistula with use of a frontal trephination approach. The frontal sinus trephination should not be regarded as a procedure of the past, as it useful in the armamentarium of the modern sinus and skull base surgeon. This approach provides access for instrumentation for hard-to-reach frontal sinus disease either purely through a trephination approach or as a supplementation to the transnasal endoscopic approach. Evidence supporting frontal sinus trephination is of levels 2, 3, and 4. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 125:2046–2053, 2015
Design of small printed multiband loop antennas for short range wireless (SRW) applications

Worldwide application of wireless IoT and telemetry solutions are more cost effective if they are inherently able to operate in multiple frequency bands as these units require lower logistics and manufacturing cost. Moreover, interferences in the highly crowded available frequency bands enhances the advantages of multiband operation wireless system. However, one major bottleneck is the difficulty of the multiband antenna design. In this paper, investigation, design and measured results of multiband, high impedance, small, printed loop antennas are presented. The built antennas are inherently tuned with only two or more discrete capacitors to properly terminate the applied high impedance, highly efficient switched current power amplifier (PA) in two or more UHF bands. The presented design method is applicable for higher frequency bands as well.
Can MOOC's and Existing E-Learning Efficiency Paradigms Help Reduce College Costs?

E-Learning enrollments in post-secondary education are growing significantly but the annual cost of tuition continues to increase more than inflation. Does this mean that E-Learning cannot reduce costs? After describing some salient details of the tuition cost problem, this article examines four paradigms that have the potential to reduce tuition significantly over the long term, perhaps by half. First, it reviews the potentially game-changing effects of free Massively Open On-line Courses (MOOC’s) and the new MIT/Harvard Ed X project. Both are very new and eventually target as many as a billion on-line students. Second, it describes the underutilized but highly scalable National Center for Academic Transformation’s (NCAT) course redesign paradigm, capable of reducing aggregate administrative and teaching costs by billions annually, and examines problems associated with its wider deployment. Third, Western Governors University’s competency-based approach is presented as another way of drastically reducing labor costs while increasing availability of college courses to low income students. Finally, the export/import approach is introduced, in which MOOC’s for credit become available (at a fee) beyond the offering institutions, thereby setting up a disruptive, but potentially highly economical reduction in faculty and administrative labor expense.
Cannibalism and intraguild predation among phytoseiid mites: are aggressiveness and prey preference related to diet specialization?

We tested whether specialist and generalist phytoseiid mites differ in aggressiveness and prey choice in cannibalism and intraguild predation. Specialists tested were Galendromus occidentalis, Neoseiulus longispinosus, Phytoseiulus persimilis, and P. macropilis; tested were Amblyseius andersoni, Euseius finlandicus, E. hibisci, Kampimodromus aberrans, Neoseiulus barkeri, N. californicus, N. cucumeris, N. fallacis, and Typhlodromus pyri. Aggressiveness of cannibalistic females against larvae was not related to diet specialization except that highly aggressive species were exclusively generalists. Seldom to moderately cannibalizing species occurred in both generalist and specialist phytoseiids. In contrast to aggressiveness in cannibalism, generalists and specialists differed in aggressiveness in intraguild predation. Adult females of specialists were only slightly aggressive against heterospecific larvae, whereas adult females of all generalists except T. pyri were highly aggressive. Adult females of generalists were able to discriminate between con- and heterospecific larvae and preferentially consumed the latter when given a choice. Adult females of specialists except G. occidentalis showed no preference when given a choice between con- and heterospecific larvae. We conclude that aggressiveness in intraguild predation, species recognition and subsequent preferential consumption of heterospecifics when given a choice is common in generalist but not specialist phytoseiids. We discuss the evolutionary pathways that might have led to the difference between specialists and generalists in species discrimination.
Home Price Sensitivity to Capital Market Factors: Analysis of ZIP Code Data

To what extent do capital market factors affect home prices? This paper examines quarterly changes in median sales prices for homes across more than 3,000 U.S. ZIP Codes in 203 metropolitan areas f...
The Afterlives of New Testament Apocrypha

This essay explores the place of parabiblical literature in biblical studies through a focus on New Testament apocrypha. Countering the assumption that the significance of this literature pivots on its value for understanding the origins of Christianity, this essay calls for fresh attention to the afterlives of these writings. The first section traces the genealogy of the notion of the NT apocrypha as countercanon, as well as the history of the debate over whether “apocrypha” preserve secret or suppressed truths about Jesus and his earliest followers. It points to the influence of post-Reformation anthological efforts and new concerns for forgery and censorship in the wake of the advent of printing, especially for popularizing a disjunctive model whereby “apocrypha” are imagined to have been systematically suppressed by ecclesiarchs during the Christianization of the Roman Empire. The second section surveys evidence for the elasticity of such writings and for their reception in contexts as far-flung as medieval Christian art and contemporary Japanese anime. This evidence points to the value of alternate approaches to NT apocrypha, reread as an integral part of the making of the memory of the biblical past from late antiquity to the present.
Theorem Proving for Verification (Invited Tutorial)

There are numerous verification techniques in active use. Traditional testing and simulation usually only provide a limited guarantee, since they can seldom exercise all possible situations. Methods based on abstraction consciously simplify the problem to make its complete analysis tractable, but still do not normally completely verify the ultimate target. We will confine ourselves here to full formal verification techniques that can be used to prove complete correctness of a (model of a) system with respect to a formal specification. Roughly speaking, these methods model the system and specification in a logical formalism and then apply general methods to determine whether the formal expressions are valid, indicating correctness of the model with respect to the specification. Typical formalisms include: Propositional logic, a.k.a. Boolean algebra Temporal logic (CTL, LTL etc.) Quantifier-free combinations of first-order theories Full first-order logic Higher-order logic or first-order logic with arithmetic or set theory This list is organized approximately in order of increasing logical generality, with formalisms later in the list often subsuming earlier ones. But there is a price to be paid for this generality: deciding validity in the formalisms becomes successively more difficult.
Shredding your garbage: reducing data lifetime through secure deallocation

Today's operating systems, word processors, web browsers, and other common software take no measures to promptly remove data from memory. Consequently, sensitive data, such as passwords, social security numbers, and confidential documents, often remains in memory indefinitely, significantly increasing the risk of exposure. We present a strategy for reducing the lifetime of data in memory called secure deallocation. With secure deal-location we zero data either at deallocation or within a short, predictable period afterward in general system allocators (e.g. user heap, user stack, kernel heap). This substantially reduces data lifetime with minimal implementation effort, negligible overhead, and without modifying existing applications. We demonstrate that secure deallocation generally clears data immediately after its last use, and that without such measures, data can remain in memory for days or weeks, even persisting across reboots. We further show that secure deallocation promptly eliminates sensitive data in a variety of important real world applications.
Thioredoxin Redox Western Analysis

Increasing evidence suggests that compartment-specific changes are important in redox signaling and control. Examination of thiol/disulfide redox changes in thioredoxin (Trx) family members including Trx1 in cytoplasm and nucleus and Trx2 in mitochondria should aid in the understanding of compartmentalized redox signaling mechanisms. Methods to quantify redox states of both Trx1 and Trx2 by redox western analysis and to further calculate redox potential using the Nernst equation are described in this unit. The procedures to measure redox states of Trx1 and Trx2 consist of three parts, derivatization, redox western blotting, and calculation of redox potentials. Derivatization of proteins with thiol-reactive reagents prior to redox western blotting prevents artifactual oxidation of protein thiols and allows separation of the reduced forms from oxidized forms of the protein. Consequently, the redox western analysis of Trx provides a convenient tool to estimate the redox state of different compartments and improve the understanding of redox signaling. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 41:17.12.1-17.12.12. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: redox potential; redox state; thiol-disulfide; cysteine
Increased Opioid Inhibition of GABA Release in Nucleus Accumbens during Morphine Withdrawal

The nucleus accumbens is a key component of the reward pathway that plays a role in addiction to many drugs of abuse, including psychostimulants and opioids. The effects of withdrawal from chronic morphine were examined in the nucleus accumbens using brain slices from morphine-treated animals. Recordings were made from interneurons in the shell of nucleus accumbens, and the presynaptic inhibition of GABA-A IPSCs by opioids was examined. In slices from control animals, opioids caused a maximal inhibition of 50%, forskolin increased the IPSC amplitude by less than twofold, and the maximal inhibition by opioids in the presence of forskolin was not changed. During withdrawal, however, forskolin caused approximately a fourfold increase in the amplitude of the IPSC, and the maximal inhibition by opioids was increased to 80%. The results indicate that transmitter release is increased during opioid withdrawal, particularly after the activation of adenylyl cyclase. The cAMP-dependent increase in transmitter release is potently inhibited by opioids, such that the overall effect of opioids is augmented during withdrawal. The induction of an opioid-sensitive cAMP-dependent mechanism that regulates transmitter release may be a critical component of acute opioid withdrawal.
Learning symbolic descriptions of activities from examples in WAAS

We present an automatic system that learns symbolic representations of activities from examples in Wide Area Aerial Surveillance (WAAS). In the previous work, we presented an ERM (Entity Relationship Models)-based activity recognition system in which finding an activity is equivalent to sending a query, defined by SQL statements, to a Relational DataBase Management System (RDBMS). The system enables us to identify spatial and geo-spatial activities in WAAS as long as activities are carefully defined by human operators. Here, we show how to infer a structured definition of an activity from examples provided by a user. Our system randomly generates a set of possible SQL statements using a logic generator in a MCMC framework, uses a memory-based RDBMS to validate generated SQL statements with the input data/database, and selects the best answer that allows the RDBMS to explain the input positive examples while excluding negative examples. We have evaluated our system on real visual tracks. Our system can find activity definitions from input examples and associated query results including motion patterns (e.g., "loop") and geospatial activities (e.g., "parking in a lot").
Prostate cancer: Is active surveillance safe for obese patients?

Studies suggest that there is a link between obesity and a reduced risk of low-risk cancers, but an increased risk of high-grade, lethal disease. A recent paper has attempted to further define this risk, and causes us to question whether active surveillance is an appropriate treatment option for obese patients.
Xref: a universal cross referencer

Xref is a cross referencing tool that is being developed at the University of Lowell to aid in the development of software and for use in reverse engineering tasks. The cross referencer will eventually be able to generate information from C, Pascal, FORTRAN, or Modula-2 source that is to be linked into a single run time package. This information generates the cross reference data for an entire system.
The differential roles of caregivers, caregiver networks, and health professionals in residential-care-home entry

This study examined the roles of primary caregivers, primary caregivers' informal networks, and health professionals in the residential-care-home (RCH) entry process. Results showed that primary caregivers were the principal source of decisions to move elders from their homes into RCHs. However, logistic regression analyses indicated that elders who were hospitalized prior to RCH entry were more likely to have a health professional label them as out-of-place in their homes and refer them to a residential care home. Elders who had a friend as their primary caregiver were also more likely to have a health professional refer them to an RCH than were elders who had a close relative as a primary caregiver. The characteristics of primary caregivers' informal networks did not influence the source of the RCH entry decision. Practice applications are addressed
SUCCESSFUL FETAL LIVER TRANSPLANTATION IN A CHILD WITH SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY

Abstract Following transplantation with allogeneic fetal liver, a boy with severe combined immunodeficiency and adenosine-deaminase (A.D.A.) deficiency developed immunocompetent T and B cells in an orderly manner. Engraftment was indicated by appearance of A.D.A. activity and donor-lymphocyte and red-cell antigens. The child remained free of major infections until one year later when he developed an ultimately fatal nephrotic syndrome associated with immune-complex glomerulonephritis.
The annual variation of geomagnetism

During magnetic disturbances the horizontal-intensity (H) component of the geomagnetic field is depressed below normal and to a degree depending on the intensity of disturbance. Following the depression in the field a recovery towards a higher value of H appears. This recovery is in general not complete before the onset of the effects of new disturbances. Since disturbances vary both in number and intensity with time of year, they contribute the major part of an apparent annual variation.
The Association Between the Level of International Diversification and Risk

This study analyzes the association between the degree of international involvement (DOI) and risk. Both systematic risk (measured by the market model beta) and total risk (measured by variance of return) are analyzed. Betas of fully diversified foreign stock portfolios are shown to be lower than betas of domestic portfolios. Therefore, if the beta of a foreign investment by a U.S. firm is equal to the average beta of an investment in the foreign market, then overall firm beta will decrease as DOI increases (hypothesis). While total risk might be decreased due to the diversification provided by increasing DOI, currency, political, and other risks could cause total risk to increase. Briefly, the results of this study suggest that (1) systematic risk is negatively related to DOI even after controlling for other factors known to be associated with systematic risk, (2) intertemporal changes in systematic risk are negatively related to intertemporal changes in DOI, and (3) in contrast to the results of previous research, DOI is not negatively related to total risk and, in fact, intertemporal changes in total firm risk are marginally positively related to intertemporal changes in DOI. Our results suggest that increasing DOI decreases systematic risk but increases total risk. Year to year changes in both beta and variance of return appear to be related to year to year changes in DOI. While currency, political, and other risks of international operations increase total risk, these risks apparently can be diversified away resulting in a beta that behaves as a blending of its previous level and the beta of a fully diversified investment in the foreign market.
Yield detection in aluminum welded joints using photostress

Previous work using photostress to analyze behavior of aluminum welded joints was useful to determine mechanical properties of the weld and parent materials along the centerline of the joint. It was shown that significant differences exist in the stress-strain characteristics at points beginning at the centerline of the weld and extending for a distance of one inch to either side of the weld. Because of the highly variable behavior detected in the previous work, it was decided to extend the work to investigate behavior of joints 1/8, 1/2, and 1.40 inches thick.
Social standard setting: The achilles heel of informational accounts of therapeutic change

Two common clinical interventions-self-statements and modeling-usually thought of as being effective due to their informational components were compared in the treatment of children's fear of the dark. Some children were told that the experimenter would know the specific treatment implemented while other children were led to believe that no one would know the specific treatment they received. Results showed that when the treatments took place in a public context, children improved an average of 50 sec in dark tolerance. However, when implemented in a private context, children's dark tolerance decreased an average of 2 sec. A nonspecific public control group improved an average of 1 sec in dark tolerance. If the interventions were effective because of new information learned, then the private treatments should have been as effective as the public treatments in changing behavior. The results are interpreted as showing that in this situation these therapies were effective due to specific social influence mechanisms. When public, the treatments appeared to set up social criteria for improved performance. These results and other related research suggest that many common clinical interventions, usually thought of as being effective because of new information learned, may operate through such social mechanisms. Therapeutic researchers should be aware of such “specific” social influence processes in addition to the “nonspecific” social influence processes usually controlled for in therapy research.
Numerical method for a dynamic optimization problem arising in the modeling of a population of aerosol particles

Abstract A model coupling differential equations and a sequence of constrained optimization problems is proposed for the simulation of the evolution of a population of particles at equilibrium interacting through a common medium. The first order optimality conditions of the optimization problems relaxed with barrier functions are coupled with the differential equations into a system of differential-algebraic equations that is discretized in time with an implicit first order scheme. The resulting system of nonlinear algebraic equations is solved at each time step with an interior-point/Newton method. The Newton system is block-structured and solved with Schur complement techniques, in order to take advantage of its sparsity. Application to the dynamics of a population of organic atmospheric aerosol particles is given to illustrate the evolution of particles of different sizes. To cite this article: A. Caboussat, A. Leonard, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 346 (2008).
The Incorporation of 14C-Proline into the Proteins of Growing Cells: I. EVIDENCE OF SYNTHESIS IN DIFFERENT PROTEINS AND CELLULAR COMPONENTS

I4C-proline was supplied to aerated potato disks, in which cell division was occurring, and also to rapidly growing potato and carrot expiants. It was absorbed and incorporated into all the subcellular protein fractions examined, including the electrophoretically distinguishable fractions of the soluble protein of the potato disks and expiants. The I4C-proline was partially converted to I4C hydroxyproline in all the protein fractions, except for one of the soluble protein fractions of potato expiants and the soluble proteins of one set of potato disks. Most of the I4C-proline and I4C-hydroxyproline contained in the tissue was found in the soluble protein and also in the cellular fragments obtained by centrifugation at 500 g. The relative importance of the soluble protein in the incorporation of I4C-proline and its conversion to I4C-hydroxyproline was greatest over a short period of a few hours of contact with the I4C-proline supplied. Over a longer period (70 hours) the cellular fragments (500 g) had become the most important and contained over 40 per cent, of the total I4C, and more than 60 per cent, of the I4C-hydroxyproline, in the protein of the tissues. In the soluble fraction of potato expiants, seven protein bands were distinguishable on electrophoresis. A different but characteristic value of the ratio I4C-hydroxy proline to I4C-proline was associated with each protein band, except for the one region where I4C-hydroxyproline did not occur. The basic proteins (i.e. those moving towards the cathode) were the most active in the incorporation of I4C proline and its conversion to I4C-hydroxyproline. The rather general distribution of the I4C-hydroxyproline is noted and the possible significance of the basic proteins and the proteins associated with the cellular fragments (500 g) is con sidered in relation to the growth, cell division, and cell wall formation which occurs in the rapidly growing tissue cultures.
Isoflurane and propofol block neurotoxicity caused by MK-801 in the rat posterior cingulate/retrosplenial cortex.

In acute brain injury syndromes, the potent N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, MK-801, can prevent neuronal degeneration, and the general anesthetics, isoflurane and propofol, may also provide neuroprotective benefits. An obstacle to the use of NMDA antagonists for neuroprotective purposes is that they can cause a neurotoxic vacuole reaction in cerebrocortical neurons. This study demonstrates the ability of isoflurane and propofol to prevent the neurotoxic vacuole reaction induced by MK-801. Low sedative doses of inhaled isoflurane (1%) or intravenous (i.v.) propofol (7.5 mg/kg/h) were as effective as higher general anesthetic doses. Thus, in the clinical management of acute brain injury conditions such as stroke and brain trauma, administration of one of these anesthetic agents together with an NMDA antagonist may be an excellent formula for obtaining optimal neuroprotection while eliminating serious side effects.
Comparison of women with confirmed versus presumably misdiagnosed bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE Because bipolar disorder can be difficult to diagnose, we compared characteristics of women with confirmed versus presumably misdiagnosed bipolar disorder. METHOD This cohort study was conducted from July 2005 to January 2010 in the outpatient clinic of the Emory Women's Mental Health Program, Atlanta, Georgia. Young adult women (mean age = 32 years) who were either pregnant or planning to conceive and who reported having previous clinical diagnoses of bipolar disorder completed 2 independent diagnostic assessments: the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID) and an evaluation by a perinatal mood-disorder expert who was masked to the SCID findings. We compared clinical characteristics of women with confirmed versus presumably misdiagnosed bipolar disorder by bivariate testing followed by multivariate logistic regression modeling. RESULTS Of 199 participants, 141 (70.9%) had confirmed DSM-IV bipolar disorder on the basis of concordant assessments, 23 (11.6%) were considered misdiagnosed, and 35 (17.6%) who had discordant diagnostic assessments were excluded from further analysis. Multivariate modeling indicated that confirmed bipolar disorder was associated with a history of antidepressant-associated mania/hypomania (OR = 13.30; 95% CI, 3.32-53.20; P = .0003), psychotic symptoms (OR = 12.40; 95% CI, 2.14-71.10; P = .005), and sustained euthymia during mood-stabilizer treatment (OR = 4.53; 95% CI, 1.32-15.60; P = .02); presumably misdiagnosed bipolar disorder was associated with childhood physical abuse (OR = 8.73; 95% CI, 2.33-32.70; P = .001) and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder (OR = 7.26; 95% CI, 1.86-28.30; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS Several clinical factors found to distinguish women with confirmed versus presumably misdiagnosed bipolar disorder may help to refine clinical diagnosis.
A Wide-Angle, Underwater Camera Lens*

An underwater camera lens covering a half-field of 37.5° is described. The area imaged with this lens is more than seven times that covered with the customary arrangement of a conventional camera lens behind a plane window.
A Case Study of Teacher Beliefs on Students' Beliefs about Multiple Representations

The mathematics education community, in its call for reform, underscores the importance of mathematics instruction emphasizing the use of multiple representations in the presentation of concepts. The focus of the study was how teacher beliefs affect their ability to implement a multiple representations curriculum. The novice instructor's attitude remained neutral while the experienced instructor's attitude remained somewhat positive. Of the eight students in the study, six of them showed a more positive attitude towards technology use and multiple representations by the end of the semester. The students increased their calculator use in both classes, particularly in the experienced teacher's class. Implications for further research were that teacher training is essential if reform curricula are to be properly implemented.
Studies of 3D dust motion about asteroids

Dust poses significant challenges to future exploration missions on asteroids. From the Apollo era, we know that highly abrasive regolith particles have a potential to coat instruments and astronauts as well as cause clogging and excess wear in mechanical devices. In the reduced gravity environment of asteroids, dust will be easily released from the surface due to vehicle activities and may stably levitate above the surface, which could obscure observations. Electrostatically-dominated dust motion has been hypothesized to occur since the Surveyor spacecraft observed the Lunar Horizon Glow. The Lunar Horizon Glow was thought to be due to the motion of micron-sized dust particles above the Lunar surface. Since asteroids have much weaker gravity than the Moon, the hypothesis of electrostatically-dominated dust motion was easily extended to these bodies. Additionally, since the launching of dust particles from the surface is poorly understood, numerical models of dust motion have been forced to use initial conditions that may not have any relation to the actual in situ conditions. Numerical models have shown that for a small range of initial conditions dust particles may levitate above the surface of a body. Through a dynamical systems analysis of the 1D system, we have been able to constrain the initial conditions that result in dust levitation and demonstrate that the behavior of levitating particles is more strongly tied to the size of the dust particle than to the mass of the central body. In this work, we extend our dynamical systems analysis to rotating, 3D bodies. The inclusion of rotation causes the plasma environment experienced by the levitating dust particle to vary with time. We will investigate the effect of a changing plasma environment on the levitation of dust particles. Understanding the large-scale dust motion on asteroids will prove scientifically interesting in addition to providing needed information about the asteroid surface environment for future exploration missions.
Effects of hemispheric laterality on color-information processing.

This study investigated the interaction between hemispheric laterality and recognition memory for pictures presented in three different color modes: realistic, nonrealistic, and monochrome (black a...
Development of different analysis platforms with LC-MS for pharmacokinetic studies of protein drugs.

Three different analysis platforms using LC−MS were successfully developed for pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of an antibody drug in serum. These analysis platforms can be selectively used for different types of protein drugs, which ranged from a very specific for a particular drug (antibody enrichment) to a less specific for any antibody drugs with an Fc domain (protein A enrichment), and to a very generic method that can be used for any protein drugs (albumin depletion method). In this manner, the three platforms will be applicable to a wide range of antibody therapeutic studies for different species. The analysis using an albumin depletion method (with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)) achieved the detection of the drug (to 1 ng) in an aliquot of serum (30 μL) with a 5-order magnitude of linearity. The analysis using protein A enrichment (with SDS-PAGE) achieved the detection of the drug at a 50-fold lower level (to 0.02 ng). Without the use of SDS-PAGE for separation,...
Synthesis of metallic nanocrystals with size and depth control: A case study

The goal of this work is to investigate the use of thermal annealing of thin metallic layers buried in a capping ceramic material to obtain controlled synthesis of metallic nanocrystals, i.e., to achieve nanocrystal formation with size control and narrow size distribution. SiO2∕Pt∕SiO2 films were deposited by electron beam evaporation with different Pt layer thickness, 5, 10, and 25 A. After deposition, films were annealed in vacuum at 500, 700 and 900 °C for times from 10 to 180 min. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of Pt nanocrystals, their average size, and size distribution. By tuning the Pt layer thickness and the annealing conditions, it was possible to control the final nanocrystal size with narrow size distribution typically of ±1nm.
Risk of ulcerative colitis among former and current cigarette smokers.

Abstract We performed a case-control study of the effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of acquiring ulcerative colitis among the 304,000 members of a health maintenance organization. Smoking histo...
A Note on Asking Questions

(1968). A Note on Asking Questions. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 229-239.
Analysis of organophosphate–Zn metalloporphyrin interactions via UV–vis spectroscopy and molecular modeling

Abstract UV–vis absorption spectra of zinc tetraphenylporphine (ZnTPP) on interaction with six organophosphorus (OP) compounds in cyclohexane were compared using ab initio methods and the molecular and solvation ligand descriptors π*, Vx, and σ. OPs with polarizable hydrocarbon substituents in the homologous series tri-ethyl, -pentyl, -octyl, and -phenyl phosphates and the toxicologically relevant methyl paraoxon (1a–e) each gave a red shift in the Soret band (λsor) of ZnTPP in the range of 8–10 nm. Sensitivity as ΔAsor-b/Δug OP for the spectral band of the ligand bound ZnTPP (λsor-b) decreased with increasing extent of alkyl and aromatic substitution. Calculated and combined energies for OP and ZnTPP examined as a function of distance (A) between ligand and porphyrin center suggest increased steric crowding with increasing Vx, and aromatic content of the OP. Spectrally fitted K1:1 and ΔAsor-b/ug OP each vary exponentially with Vx/σ. Lack of a red shift in λsor-b where ZnTPP was titrated with the toxic diethyl chlorophosphate (1g) is consistent with a model in which the magnitude of ΔEsor is proportional to the donor capacity of the phosphoryl-O ligand.
Genomic sequence analysis of the Illinois strain of the Agrotis ipsilon multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus

The Agrotis ipsilon multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgipMNPV) is a group II nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) from the black cutworm, A. ipsilon, with potential as a biopesticide to control infestations of cutworm larvae. The genome of the Illinois strain of AgipMNPV was completely sequenced. The AgipMNPV genome was 155,122 nt in size and contained 163 open reading frames (ORFs), including 61 ORFs found among all lepidopteran baculoviruses sequenced to date. Phylogenetic inference placed AgipMNPV in a clade with group II NPVs isolated from larvae of Agrotis and Spodoptera species. Though closely related to the Agrotis segetum NPV (AgseNPV), AgipMNPV was found to be missing 15 ORFs present in the AgseNPV genome sequence, including two of the three AgseNPV enhancin genes. Remarkably few polymorphisms were identified in the AgipMNPV sequence even though an uncloned field isolate of this virus was sequenced. A genotype characterized by a 128-bp deletion in the ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase gene (egt) was identified in the AgipMNPV field isolate and among clonal isolates of AgipMNPV. The deletion in egt was not associated with differences in budded virus or occluded virus production among AgipMNPV clones in cell culture.
Deformation of poorly consolidated sediment during shallow emplacement of a basalt sill, Coso Range, California

A 150-m-long, wedge-shaped unit of folded and faulted marly siltstone crops out between undeformed sedimentary rocks on the north flank of the Coso Range, California. The several-meter-thick blunt end of this wedge abuts the north margin of a basaltic sill of comparable thickness. Chaotically deformed siltstone crops out locally at the margin of this sill, and at one locality breccia pipes about one meter in diameter crosscut the sill. The sill extends about 1 km south up the paleoslope, where it merges through continuous outcrop with a lava flow that in turn extends 1.4 km to a vent area marked by more than 100 m of agglutinate and scoria. Apparently, lava extruded at this vent flowed onto unconsolidated sediments, burrowed into them, and fed a sill at about 40 m depth within the sedimentary sequence. The sill initially propagated by wedging between sedimentary beds, but eventually began to push some beds ahead of itself, forming a remarkable train of folds in the process. The sediments apparently were wet at the time of sill emplacement, because hydrothermal alteration is common near the contact between the two rock types and because the breccia pipes that crosscut the sill apparently resulted from phreatic explosions of pore water heated at the base of the cooling sill. Comparison of deformation of the host material at the Coso locality with that reportedly caused by emplacement of sills elsewhere indicates that the character of deformation differs greatly among the various localities. The specific response of host material depends upon such parameters as initial properties of magma and host material, rate of sill growth and attendant rate of strain of host material, and depth of sill emplacement. Some properties may change considerably during an intrusive-deformational episode, thus complicating accurate reconstruction of such an event.
A new method of acrylic cranioplasty.

BACKGROUND Previous acrylic cranioplasty techniques have relied on wire or suture fixation of the acrylic to the skull. A new methyl methacrylate cranioplasty technique, using acrylic with titanium plating, is described. METHODS Titanium plates were bent into a "Z" shape and attached to the skull at the perimeter of the skull defect, extending into the defect. The acrylic was then poured into the defect and held in place during setting with a sheet of plastic. The plates are thereby embedded in the acrylic. RESULTS Standard methyl methacrylate and titanium plates and screws were used to perform a new method of cranioplasty. CONCLUSIONS A rigid, form-fitting, aesthetic construct can be easily and quickly created. This technique also offers the benefit of allowing secondary craniotomy, if necessary.
Trace element fractionation and the origin of tholeiitic and alkaline magma types

Abstract Oceanic volcanic rocks can roughly be divided into two major chemical types: (1) tholeiitic or abyssal basalts and (2) alkaline or undersaturated basalts. Trace element abundances in these two types are compared. It is shown that the high abundance of large ion elements in alkaline basalts cannot be consistently explained by fractional crystallization processes. Both the absolute abundance and relative abundance of many large ion elements in alkaline magmas are entirely consistent with the hypothesis that these liquids are produced by partial melting (3–7 %) of accepted upper mantle mineral assemblages. It is postulated that the high K/Rb and low Ba/Sr and La/Yb ratios in abyssal basalts are characteristics of the upper mantle region that produced these basalts and that these characteristics are produced by previous partial melting episodes.
The quantitative determination of fission and nuclear reaction products

Abstract Definitions are given to the terms “per cent atom burn-up” and “per cent atoms consumed” as applied to nuclear fuel analysis at the Argonne National Laboratory. The radiochemical and analytical methods which have been adapted and developed especially for this type of analysis are discussed. The analysis of nuclear reaction products by paper chromatographic methods and scintillation spectrometry is emphasised and demonstrated.
Chlordiazepoxide-induced working memory impairments: Site specificity and reversal by flumazenil (R015-1788)

The following studies examined the dose and time dependence, site specificity, and reversibility of chlordiazepoxide (CDP)-induced working memory impairments in adult male Sprague—Dawley rats. The rats were tested in a delayed non-match-to-sample radial-arm maze task in which a 1-h delay was imposed between the first four (predelay) and all subsequent (postdelay) arm choices. Intraperitoneal (ip) injection of 2.5 or 5.0 but not 1.25 mg/kg CDP immediately following the predelay session impaired performance in the task. CDP increased the number of errors and decreased the number of correct choices during the postdelay session. The observed working memory impairments also appeared to be site specific since injection of CDP into the medial septum, but not into the anterior amygdala nuclei, immediately following the predelay session also impaired working memory in a dose-related manner. Furthermore, there was a time window for CDP-induced working memory impairments since intraseptal injection of the drug immediately but not 15 min following the predelay session disrupted memory. This observation suggests that the performance deficits reflect disrupted working memory and not proactive effects on performance or the induction of state-dependent learning. In the final experiment, rats were injected ip with either saline or an amnestic dose of CDP (5.0 mg/kg) following the predelay session and then were immediately infused with 10 nmol flumazenil (RO15-1788), a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist or vehicle, into either the medial septum or anterior nuclei of the amygdala. Intraseptal injection of flumazenil prevented the working memory impairments produced by ip injection of CDP. In contrast, intra-amygdala injection of flumazenil did not attenuate, enhance, or modify the CDP-induced working memory impairment. These observations suggest that CDP disrupts working memory by interacting with benzodiazepine receptors in the medial septum.
Fuel Cell Vehicle Simulation – Part 2: Methodology and Structure of a New Fuel Cell Simulation Tool

This paper is the second part of a three part series. In Part I existing publicly available models for fuel cell vehicle (FCV) analysis and simulation were analyzed and the strengths and weaknesses of these models were identified. In this paper a fuel cell vehicle simulation program (and the methodology behind it) is introduced that overcomes the shortcomings of the previously benchmarked models. Specifically this new fuel cell model: (i)explicitly recognizes the dynamic interaction between the fuel cell system, drive train and optional additional energy storage via electrical and mechanical feedback; (ii) separates the controls from the physical component models (allowing for rapid prototyping techniques); (iii) is strictly modular and follows the vehicle physics as close as possible. Every block can be assigned to a single piece of hardware or control software in the vehicle). The third paper of this series will describe the modeling of individual fuel cell system components and how they are integrated into the overall vehicle model described in this paper.
Predictability of maxillary surgery: A comparison of internal and external reference marks

Abstract Internal reference lines have traditionally been used to correlate model work with maxillary surgery. An external point of reference has been suggested for more accurate positioning of the maxilla during surgery. This study compared the predictability of two groups of patients undergoing Le Fort I maxillary osteotomies with either internal reference lines or an external reference point. In the group in which an external reference point was employed, the position of the maxillary central incisor was more accurately predicted on both the x and y coordinates (p
Teaching black rhetoric

This article tells a story about the need for better understanding between blacks and whites and suggests how these needs can be partially met through a course in black rhetoric. The first section attempts to portray in narrative form the alienation between blacks and whites. The second portion describes the author's course in black rhetoric.