cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pasteurella Avisepticum∗ Infection of Poultry.:

To extend our knowledge of epidemic diseases, we have undertaken a study of fowl cholera. Its microbic incitant, Pasteurella aviseptica, is similar to B. lepisepticum, the organism responsible for most of the snuffles and pneumonias of rabbits.1 This latter disease being primarily an infection of the respiratory tract, suggested the possibility that Pasteurella aviseptica infects chickens by way of the air passages, leading to both the general manifestations commonly recognized as fowl cholera and the local involvements of the upper respiratory tract designated as “roup”, “colds”, etc. We have carried out experiments to test this theory, have made serial cultures of a nasal passage of White Leghorn fowls from 3 commercial flocks over a period of 6 months, and have carried out preliminary studies of the bacterial cultures obtained. This report summarizes the results.A strain of Pasteurella aviseptica, obtained from Dr. Theobald Smith and designated Strain Pa, was administered intranasally to rabbits and mi...
Use of Injectable Vitamin E and Selenium-Vitamin E Emulsion in Ewes and Suckling Lambs to Prevent Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy

Forty-eight Blackbelly X Dorset, 27 Finnish, 26 Finnish X Dorset, 28 Rambouillet and 8 Dorset Suffolk-sired lambs were used in this experiment. Three weeks before lambing, one-half of the ewes received a selenium emulsion (Se-E) containing .05 mg selenium and 3.7 IU of vitamin E/kg body weight (BW). A 2 X 3 X 2 factorial arrangement was used; lambs from either treated or nontreated ewes were randomly assigned irrespective of breed to one of six treatment combinations consisting of 0 or .025 mg/kg BW selenium (Se) injected at birth or two .025 mg/kg BW Se injections, one at birth and one 2 to 3 wk later, and two levels of injectable Vitamin E (E; 0 and 100 IU) given at birth. Both lambs and ewes were provided access to 75% concentrate diets supplemented with Se and E at recommended NRC levels. Plasma activity of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) was highest at 1 d of age and exhibited decreases (P less than .001) over time. In lambs, the E injection tended to decrease plasma activity of CPK. Plasma glutathione peroxidase activity was lowest at 1 d of age and increased over the course of the experiment but was unaffected by treatments (P less than .05). Plasma tocopherol concentration decreased (P less than .01) with time, with E therapy tending to increase tocopherol concentration. Differences in mean plasma tocopherol concentrations among breeds were also observed (P less than .01). Selenium concentration increased over time and with the E injection (P less than .01). An interaction between ewe and lamb Se-E treatments also was observed (P less than .10), with nontreated lambs from nontreated ewes exhibiting lower Se concentrations than treated lambs from injected ewes. An increase in lamb plasma Se concentration was noted in response to Se-E treatments (P less than .001). In the ewes, plasma tocopherol concentration was lower while Se concentration was higher at 18 d than at 1 d postpartum (P less than .01 and P less than .001, respectively). Milk Se concentration was lower at 18 d than at 1 d (P less than .001) and was higher (P less than .10) in Se-E-treated ewes.
Quantitative Comparison of Two Enrichment Methods for Isolating Listeria monocytogenes from Inoculated Ice Cream

Two enrichment methods for isolating Listeria monocytogenes (the Lovett method, formerly used by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and the revised method for the U. S. Department of Agriculture) were compared using 25 g test portions of spiked vanilla ice cream. Both methods were found to be equally sensitive. Prolonging the enrichments to 7 d and the use of alkali pretreatment had no significant effect on the results. Reduction of the test portion size from 25 to 1 g in the revised USDA method decreased the level of sensitivity by an order of magnitude, as expected.
Religion, Science, and Miracles

Over the centuries there has been a knotty relationship between science and religion. Whether referring to the ancient Ionian philosophers seeking rational explanations of change in the physical world, or Copernicus and Galileo appealing to astronomical evidence for understanding the movements of the heavens, or Charles Lyell and Charles Darwin seeking natural explanations for the origin and development of living organisms, there have been those thinkers who sought a logos (rational account) rather than a mythos (religious or mythical account) for explaining phenomena in the natural world. However, there have also been those who are unsatisfied with explaining all phenomena in the natural world in strictly naturalistic terms. In both ancient and recent times, many have thought it necessary to posit spiritual, nonscientific reasons and explanations for certain events that occur in the world. In recent decades, this issue has been heightened in the academy as well as in the culture at large. The creation/evolution debates in the United States are a case in point, but other examples abound, including various claims of miracles or of various kinds of religious experience. Many people maintain that they have been miraculously healed or have had a religious experience of one sort or another—sensing the divine, say, or hearing God. Yet others claim that affirming divine interaction or causality in the world, whether small or large, to account for any phenomena is unwarranted religious bias and that a scientific (aka, naturalistic) explanation—even if that explanation is not yet known—is always a more reasonable approach in our contemporary scientific age.
Optimal Device-Aware Caching

Caches in Content-Centric Networks (CCN) are increasingly adopting flash memory based storage. The current flash cache technology stores all files with the largest possible “expiry date,” i.e., the files are written in the memory so that they are retained for as long as possible. This, however, does not leverage the CCN data characteristics where content is typically short-lived and has a distinct popularity profile. Writing files in a cache using the longest retention time damages the memory device thus reducing its lifetime. However, writing using a small retention time can increase the content retrieval delay, since, at the time a file is requested, the file may already have been expired from the memory. This motivates us to consider a joint optimization wherein we obtain optimal policies for jointly minimizing the content retrieval delay (which is a network-centric objective) and the flash damage (which is a device-centric objective). Caching decisions now not only involve what to cache but also for how long to cache each file. We design provably optimal policies and numerically compare them against prior policies.
Technical Aspects of Common Pain Procedures for Thoracic Surgery

For patients undergoing thoracic surgery, postoperative analgesia with local anesthetics can be provided in a variety of forms, including epidural catheters, intercostal blocks, paravertebral blocks, and infusions of local anesthetic within the incisions. When compared to systemic analgesia alone, these techniques can provide many advantages, including reduced opioid use, less respiratory and central nervous system depression, and potentially improved pulmonary mechanics. While analgesia from thoracic epidural catheters is the gold standard for pain relief following thoracic surgery, each of these routes should be considered as potential elements of a comprehensive anesthetic plan.
Enhancement of Cr and Fe Diffusion in ZnSe/S Laser Crystals via Annealing in Vapors of Zn and Hot Isostatic Pressing

Chromium and Iron ions diffusion in Zn vapors and under high Argon pressure are studied. The diffusion coefficient of Fe in ZnS was improved by 14 times under hot isostatic pressing at 3000 atm.
Robust congestion signaling

We present an improved explicit congestion notification (ECN) mechanism that enables a router to signal congestion to the sender without trusting the receiver or other network devices along the signaling path. Without our mechanism, ECN-based transports can be manipulated to undermine congestion control. Web clients seeking faster downloads, for example, can trivially conceal congestion signals from Web servers. A misbehaving connection would exceed its fair bandwidth share at the expense of competing traffic by as much as an order of magnitude in our simulations. Our improved mechanism is robust because it does not depend on correct implementation at locations other than the sender and marking router, and it is practical because it admits an efficient implementation that is backwards-compatible with prior ECN and TCP/IP mechanisms.
A Review of Selected Genes with Known Effects on Performance and Health of Cattle.

There are genetic conditions that influence production in dairy and beef cattle. The objective of this review was to describe relevant genetic conditions that have been associated with productivity and health in cattle. Genes or genomic regions that have been identified as a candidate for the condition will be included, and the genetic basis of the condition will be defined. Genes and genetic conditions included in this review are Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (BLAD), Deficiency of the Uridine Monophosphate Synthase (DUMPS), Bovine Chronic Interstitial Nephritis (BCIN), Horn development, Myostatin, Complex Vertebral malformation, Leptin, Osteopetrosis, Apoptosis Peptide Activating Factor 1, Chondrodysplastic Dwarfism, Caseins, Calpastatin, Umbilical Hernia, Lactoglobulin, Citrullinemia, Cholesterol Deficiency, Prions, Thyroglobulin, Diaglycerol Acyltransferase, Syndactyly, Maple Syrup Urine Disease, Slick Hair, Factor XI Deficiency, and Mu-Calpain. This review is not meant to be comprehensive, and relevant information is provided to ascertain genetic markers associated with the conditions.
Breeder Hen Influence on Nutrient Availability for the Embryo and Hatchling

Because the majority of the avian embryonic development occurs outside of the hen’s body, the egg when laid must be packaged with all of the essential nutrients of fat, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals required for development during incubation and survival immediately posthatch. The hen deposits these nutrients in the yolk, albumen, and shell of the egg as it is being formed in her reproductive tract. The sources of these nutrients are derived from the feed that the hen is consuming during egg formation and her body reserves. During incubation, the embryo retrieves the nutrients from egg components for development. This review highlights how the female chicken sequesters nourishment from her feed and body and places these nutrients into her egg so that they are available to her offspring during embryogenesis and immediately posthatch. The influence of breeder hen diet on the embryo and the chick posthatch will also be discussed.
Why We (Almost Certainly) are Not Moral Equals

Faith in the universal moral equality of people enjoys close to unanimous consensus in present moral and political philosophy. Yet its philosophical justification remains precarious. The search for the basis of equality encounters insurmountable difficulties. Nothing short of a miracle seems required to stabilize universal equality in moral status amidst a vast space of distinctions sprawling between people. The difficulties of stabilizing equality against differentiation are not specific to any particular choice regarding the basis of equality. To show this, I will provide a general diagnosis of the difficulty together with its application to the arguably best attempt at a solution, namely to ground moral equality in a form of subjectivity. In his recent book Equality for Nonegalitarians, George Sher advances the view that “we are moral equals because we are equally centers of consciousness. …The fact that we are equals in this respect—that each is a world unto himself—…explains why each person’s interests are of equal moral importance”. Yet the worlds we are unto ourselves can no more withstand the force of differentiation than previous candidates suggested in the literature, and the reasons why run deeper than even some critics have recognized. The prospects for vindicating universal moral equality remain bleak.
Aim Low: Mechanisms of Audience Design in Multiparty Conversation

ABSTRACTIt is well established in studies of two-party conversation that conversational partners jointly establish brief labels for repeatedly mentioned entities. When speaking to a new partner who is unfamiliar with the labels, speakers use longer expressions to facilitate understanding. How this process of audience design scales up to multiparty conversation, where individuals differ in mutual knowledge, is unknown. Here we propose, and test, three potential hypotheses regarding how speakers design referring expressions in three-party conversation. Participants completed a referential communication task in groups of three in which one participant, the Director, gave instructions to two Matchers who differed in their knowledge of referential labels. Directors flexibly alternated between partner-specific representations of common ground (CG), producing longer descriptions for low-CG than for high-CG partners. When addressing multiple parties at once, speakers tailored descriptions for the least knowledgea...
Heterogeneous domain adaptation using manifold alignment

We propose a manifold alignment based approach for heterogeneous domain adaptation. A key aspect of this approach is to construct mappings to link different feature spaces in order to transfer knowledge across domains. The new approach can reuse labeled data from multiple source domains in a target domain even in the case when the input domains do not share any common features or instances. As a pre-processing step, our approach can also be combined with existing domain adaptation approaches to learn a common feature space for all input domains. This paper extends existing manifold alignment approaches by making use of labels rather than correspondences to align the manifolds. This extension significantly broadens the application scope of manifold alignment, since the correspondence relationship required by existing alignment approaches is hard to obtain in many applications.
Regulation of Mitochondrial Gene Expression

The rudimentary genetic system of mitochondria retains only a few components of its ancestral prokaryotic genetic system. This physically and functionally distinct organellar genetic system is completely dependent upon the nucleus, since it produces only the tRNAs and rRNAs and almost none of the proteins required for a minimal protein synthesis system or for DNA replication and gene expression. The mitochondrial genome encodes mainly a few hydrophobic proteins, components of the inner mitochondrial respiratory membrane, and the genes for most other mitochondrial proteins, including the majority of the proteins required for the respiratory system, are expressed in the nucleus. Mitochondria are the outcome of one of the major steps of eukaryotic cell evolution, the result of an endosymbiosis with a member of the the α-proteobacteria.
Addressing Racial Discrimination in the 1930s: Using a Historical Case Study to Inform Contemporary Social Justice Efforts

In this historical case study, we use the realism–idealism framework to analyze how three National Conference of Social Work (NCSW) leaders differed in their social justice advocacy to address racial segregation during the 1930s. We argue that advocacy should welcome approaches along the realism–idealism spectrum. Navigating internal difference and diverse viewpoints enables organizations to be more effective in their social justice advocacy. Managing internal disagreement enables organizations to be more effective externally. Allowing space for negotiation and voices of dissent is necessary to effectively address persistent, contemporary social justice issues like racial discrimination and exclusion.
Immunotherapeutic Targeting of Tumor-Associated Blood Vessels.

Pathological angiogenesis occurs during tumor progression and leads in the formation of an abnormal vasculature in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The tumor vasculature is disorganized, tortuous and leaky, resulting in high interstitial pressure and hypoxia in the TME, all of which are events that support tumor growth and survival. Given the sustaining role of the tumor vasculature, it has become an increasingly attractive target for the development of anti-cancer therapies. Antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and cancer vaccines that target pro-angiogenic factors, angiogenesis-associated receptors or tumor blood vessel-associated antigens continue to be developed and tested for therapeutic efficacy. Preferred anti-angiogenic protocols include those that “normalize” the tumor-associated vasculature which reduce hypoxia and improve tumor blood perfusion, resulting in tumor cell apoptosis, decreased immunosuppression, and enhanced effector immune cell infiltration/tumoricidal action within the TME.
64Cu-Labeled Phosphonate Cross-Bridged Chelator Conjugates of c(RGDyK) for PET/CT Imaging of Osteolytic Bone Metastases

Abstract Objective: The goal of this research was to evaluate c(RGDyK) conjugated to phosphonate-based cross-bridged chelators using Cu-free click chemistry in the 4T1 mouse mammary tumor bone metastasis model in comparison with 64Cu-CB-TE2A-c(RGDyK), which previously showed selective binding to integrin αvβ3 on osteoclasts. Experimental: Two phosphonate-based cross-bridged chelators (CB-TE1A1P and CB-TE1K1P) were conjugated to c(RGDyK) through bio-orthogonal strain-promoted alkyne–azide cycloaddition. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the 64Cu-labeled TE1A1P-DBCO-c(RGDyK) (AP-c(RGDyK)), TE1K1P-PEG4-DBCO-c(RGDyK) (KP-c(RGDyK)), and CB-TE2A-c(RGDyK) were compared in the 4T1 mouse model of bone metastasis. The affinities of the unconjugated and chelator-c(RGDyK) analogs for αvβ3 integrin were determined using a competitive-binding assay. For in vivo evaluation, BALB/c mice were injected with 1 × 105 4T1/Luc cells in the left ventricle. Formation of metastases was monitored by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) ...
How hemorrhage control became common sense.

Background Just over 200 years ago, surgeons were puzzled that the use of the tourniquet to control hemorrhage as common sense during surgery was a relatively recent development. Within the last 20 years, much progress has been made to controlling hemorrhage in the prehospital context. Then, as now, it was surprising that progress on something that appeared obvious had occurred only recently, begging the question how controlling blood loss was common sense in a surgical context, but not for emergency treatment. Methods This article is a historical survey of the evolution of the medical understanding of hemorrhage along with technological response. Results The danger of blood loss had historically been consistently underestimated as physicians looked at other explanations for symptoms of how the human body responded to trauma. As the danger from hemorrhage became apparent, even obvious, responsibility for hemorrhage control was delegated down from the surgeon to the paramedic and eventually to individual service members and civilian bystanders with training to "stop the bleed." Conclusion Hippocratic medicine assumed that blood diffused centrifugally into periphery through arteries. William Harvey's observation in 1615 that blood ran through a closed circulatory system gradually transformed conventional wisdom about blood loss, leading to the development of the tourniquet about a century later by Jean-Louis Petit, which made amputation of limbs survivable. However, physicians were cautious about their application during the First World War over concerns over effects on patient recovery. Hemorrhage had generally been seen as symptom to be managed until the patient would be seen by a surgeon who would stop the bleeding. More thorough collection and analysis of data related to case histories of soldiers wounded during the Vietnam Conflict transformed how surgeons understood the importance to hemorrhage leading to development of the doctrine of Tactical Combat Casualty Care in the late 1990s. Level of evidence Background Information: Economic/decision study.
uFlow: software for rational engineering of secondary flows in inertial microfluidic devices

Approaches to abstract and modularize models of fluid flow in microfluidic devices can enable predictive and rational engineering of microfluidic circuits with rapid designer feedback. The shape of co-flowing streams in the inertial flow regime has become of particular importance for new developments in high throughput microscale manufacturing, biological, and chemical research. In a process known as flow sculpting, the cross-sectional distribution of fluid elements is deformed due to the combined effects of diffusion and transverse advection, which are brought on by interaction with velocity gradients induced by sequences of pillar structures. However, the difficulty in solving the Navier–Stokes equations for complex flow-deforming geometries makes design in this space unintuitive, time-consuming, and costly. To mitigate these issues, we have efficiently embedded flow deformation operations previously relegated to high-performance computing into a free, user-friendly, and cross-platform framework called “uFlow”, to bring flow sculpting to the broader community. uFlow computes flow deformation including both advection and diffusion effects from a single pillar in 25 ms on modern consumer hardware, enabling real-time manual design and exploration of microfluidic devices, and fast visualization of 3D particles fabricated via stop flow lithography or optical transient liquid molding. Advanced numerical routines give instant access to a practically infinite set of flow transformations. We showcase uFlow’s design models, describe their implementation and usage, and validate the algorithms which allow real-time feedback with confocal imaging and cutting-edge microfluidic particle fabrication.
Natural Organic Matter

Scientists and engineers specialized in geochemistry, chemistry, biology, and ecology of natural waters have collectively contributed thousands of published works dealing with natural organic matter (NOM). That body of scientific information is dispersed across a wide range of disciplinary journals and books, and it ranges in quality from the mundane to the exceptional. This review includes quantitative estimates of the global riverine transport of NOM from the continents to the oceans and the corresponding average concentration of total organic carbon in rivers, methods of isolation and characterization of NOM from inland waters, and simple statistical summaries of the most commonly reported chemical properties of NOM. The chemical properties of NOM are compared and contrasted with those of the major components of biomass to highlight the most distinctive traits of NOM – its high degree of oxidation, its high level of unsaturation, and its high concentration of carboxylic acid functional groups. An integrated analysis of the major chemical properties of NOM, based on the mean and median results of the statistical summaries, is used to demonstrate consistency (or the lack thereof) among reported properties of NOM.
International Criminal Jurisdiction as an Alternative

It has been seen that the exercise of protective jurisdiction as a means of punishing private persons for their actions against foreign states leaves much to be desired from the standpoint of justice. This is so not only for the practical difficulty of reaching an impartial judgment in matters deeply involving political interests of governments,1 but also because the exercise of protective jurisdiction entirely depends upon such an uncertain factor as the ability of the state to get its hands on the offender either through the regular process of extradition or, even more uncertain, through the remote possibility that the offender may sometime fall within its jurisdiction. The inevitable result of this situation is really to allow offenders to go unpunished in the commission of offenses which vitally affect the peace and security of mankind. It is largely for these reasons that an international criminal court, with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals, has been forcibly suggested since the end of World War II.2 Most discussions of this court center on its jurisdiction over individuals acting for the state. However, it is believed that its competence over private persons for the commission of international crimes is deserving of similar consideration.
Totally Extraperitoneal Preperitoneal Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair

Whether you expose the preperitoneal space using the totally extraperitoneal preperitoneal (TEPP) method or the transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) approach, once the surgeon gains good exposure, the anatomy is the same. A single monitor is placed at the patient’s feet.
Regulation of leukotriene C4 synthase gene expression by SP1 and SP3 in mononuclear phagocytes.

A large body of experimental evidence has implicated the cysteinyl leukotrienes in a variety of inflammatory responses201C;2. Leukotriene C4 (LTC4) synthase (Mr of 16,568; EC#2.5.1.37) is a selective, membrane-bound glutathione-S-transferase that catalyzes the conversion of LTA4 to LTC4. Although LTC4 synthase enzymatic activity is found in various cell types, mRNA for LTC4 synthase is present only in eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. Previous studies suggest that LTC4 synthase expression is increased in the bronchial mucosa of patients with aspirin-sensitive asthma3. The gene for LTC4 synthase has been cloned, sequenced, and mapped to the distal region of chromosome 54’5. The LTC4 synthase 5’ flanking region lacks a TATA box but has known consensus sites for ets, AP-1, AP-2, and Sp14’5. Previous work from our laboratory indicates that LTC4 synthase gene expression is upregulated by transforming growth factor-s (TGF-s) through a transcriptional mechanism in the monocyte-like cell line, THP-16. The purpose of this study was to begin to investigate the molecular mechanisms of regulation of transcription of the LTC4 synthase gene in mononuclear phagocytes.
Early Paleozoic Conodont Biostratigraphy in the Atlantic Borderlands

Abstract Cambrian conodonts, still relatively poorly known but apparently widespread in the Atlantic Borderlands, include some 15 multielement genera. Described faunas are mainly from Scandinavia, Poland, and Germany (erratics) whereas little information is available from, for instance, eastern North America and the British Isles. Although no succession of formally defined conodont zones has as yet been established throughout the system, Cambrian conodonts have considerable potential as guide fossils, particularly in the Upper Cambrian, where many forms show limited vertical ranges and very wide horizontal distributions. Ordovician conodonts, which include about 80 multielement genera are much better known than the Cambrian ones, and show striking provincial differentiation throughout the period. In the North American Midcontinent Province, some 17 biostratigraphic units of zonal type have been recognized and in the North Atlantic Province, some 15 zones, and more than 10 subzones, have been formally defined. Ordovician conodonts have proved very useful biostratigraphically, in many instances providing a stratigraphic resolution superior to that of any other fossil group. Silurian conodont faunas exhibit far less taxonomic diversity (about 15 multielement genera) and provincial differentiation than Ordovician ones. The Silurian conodont succession, best known in the Atlantic Borderlands from Great Britain, Scandinavia, Virginia, and the eastern part of the North American Midcontinent, form the basis for about 12 zones. Many of these zones have been widely recognized not only in Europe and North America but also in Australia, Asia, and northern Africa. Although published reports on Early Paleozoic conodonts of Africa and South America include only a few papers, the available data suggest that the conodonts faunas from those continents are, by and large, very similar to those known from the northern hemisphere. Co-occurrence of stratigraphically diagnostic conodonts and graptolites has made it possible to tie together conodont and graptolite zonal units in the Ordovician and Silurian at a relatively large number of stratigraphic levels. Geographic distance apparently was of relatively minor importance in comparison with ecologic factors for the establishment of patterns in the Early Paleozoic conodont biogeography. This conclusion, along with the fact that very similar conodont faunas were present on both sides of the Proto—Atlantic, make conodonts of little use for evaluations of the size and development of the Proto—Atlantic Ocean, at least at the present time.
Design of a transonic wing with an adaptive morphing trailing edge via aerostructural optimization

Abstract Novel aircraft configurations and technologies like adaptive morphing trailing edges offer the potential to improve the fuel efficiency of commercial transport aircraft. To accurately quantify the benefits of morphing wing technology for commercial transport aircraft, high-fidelity design optimization that considers both aerodynamic and structural design with a large number of design variables is required. To address this need, we use a high fidelity aerostructural model that enables the detailed optimization of wing shape and sizing using hundreds of design variables. We perform a number of multipoint aerostructural optimizations to demonstrate the performance benefits offered by morphing technology and identify how those benefits are enabled. In a comparison of optimizations considering seven flight conditions, the addition of a morphing trailing edge device along the aft 40% of the wing can reduce cruise fuel burn by more than 5%. A large portion of fuel burn reduction due to morphing trailing edges results from a significant reduction in structural weight, enabled by adaptive maneuver load alleviation. We also show that a smaller morphing device along the aft 30% of the wing produces nearly as much fuel burn reduction as the larger morphing device, and that morphing technology is particularly effective for high aspect ratio wings.
Downregulation of autophagy by 12/15Lipoxygenase worsens the phenotype of an Alzheimer's disease mouse model with plaques, tangles, and memory impairments.

Among the different initiating events in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are some of the most iimportant. In the central nervous system, the 12/15Lipoxygenase (12/15LO) enzyme is the source of potent pro-oxidants and inflammatory lipid mediators. Previous works showed that this pathway is up-regulated in AD brains and that its pharmacological targeting modulates the phenotype of transgenic mouse models of the disease. Here we investigate the effect of brain 12/15LO gene delivery on the AD-like phenotype of a mouse model with plaques, tangles and behavioral deficits, the 3xTg mice. Compared with controls, mice over-expressing 12/15LO manifested an exacerbation of spatial learning and memory impairments, which was associated with significant increase in Aβ formation and deposition, and accumulation of hyper-phosphorylated insoluble tau secondary to a down-regulation of autophagy. In addition, the same mice manifested a worsening of neuroinflammation and synaptic pathology. Taken together our study supports the hypothesis that the 12/15LO enzymatic pathway by impairing neuronal autophagy plays a functional role in exacerbating AD-related neuropathologies and cognitive impairments. It provides further critical preclinical evidence to justify developing and testing new and selective 12/15LO inhibitors for AD treatment.
BD-10 The distribution of insurance in a population-based cohort of SLE: georgians organized against lupus cohort

Background Having health insurance coverage is important for people with chronic conditions. Those with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are particularly vulnerable given the disproportionate impact on young minorities and women. This is the first description of health insurance changes over time overall and by sociodemographic groups on a population level. Methods The Georgians Organized Against Lupus (GOAL) is a cohort of validated patients with SLE living in Atlanta, predominantly derived from the population-based and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funded Georgia Lupus Registry. Participants have been surveyed annually, including sociodemographics, health insurance, disease activity (Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire), and damage (Self-Administered Brief Index of Lupus Damage). Self-reported health insurance was categorized into no insurance, private, Medicare, Medicaid, and Medicare/Medicaid. Those reported being in a different category the year before were classified as having changed insurance. Results An average of 642 individuals were surveyed annually from 2012 to 2016. At baseline, the average age was 46.4±13.4 and disease duration was 13.6±9.2 years. 93.6% were female and 78.5% black. 35.1% had a high school educational level or less, 45.8% were at or below the Federal poverty level, 34.6% were married or with a partner, and 35% were employed. Figure 1 shows the distribution of insurance categories from 2012 through 2016. Compared to the year before, 23.8% changed insurance in 2013, 22.2% in 2014, 24.1% in 2015, and 26.8% in 2016. Those who changed insurance tended to be black, lower in educational attainment, poorer, unemployed, and have greater disease activity and damage. Conclusions In a population-based cohort in Georgia, the majority with SLE have private insurance and Medicare, which has grown over time while those uninsured have dropped. This is in line, but greater in magnitude, with the decrease in uninsured seen with the Affordable Care Act. Georgia is one of the states that has not expanded Medicaid resulting in flat enrollment. There also appears to be an increase in those who switch insurance categories. In this era of fluctuating health care policy, it is important to learn how types of and changes in coverage affect health care utilization, disease treatment and outcomes, self-reported health, and mortality in SLE, particularly given the disproportionate impact on vulnerable groups. Studies utilizing administrative data should also be aware of medical coverage distributions and regional variations in policy that impact these distributions. Acknowledgements Supported by 3U58DP001487–05 W2 and U01DP005119 (CDC).
Optical Network Management

Optical networks will play an essential role in meeting the demands for future communications bandwidth. With such large traffic volumes at risk network management is fundamental to the running of such networks. To achieve this on an industrial scale management solutions must be based on an unambiguous framework that describes the entities that need to be managed. This chapter describes such a framework and provides a high level summary of how it can be applied to the management of both simple and complex structures. Nevertheless management of this new technology is still at a very early stage and considerable effort is required within the industry before the vision of an optical transport network can be fully realized.
Visual working memory deficits in undergraduates with a history of mild traumatic brain injury

We investigated whether a history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), or concussion, has any effect on visual working memory (WM) performance. In most cases, cognitive performance is thought to return to premorbid levels soon after injury, without further medical intervention. We tested this assumption in undergraduates, among whom a history of mTBI is prevalent. Notably, participants with a history of mTBI performed worse than their colleagues with no such history. Experiment 1 was based on a change detection paradigm in which we manipulated visual WM set size from one to three items, which revealed a significant deficit at set size 3. In Experiment 2 we investigated whether feedback could rescue WM performance in the mTBI group, and found that it failed. In Experiment 3 we manipulated WM maintenance duration (set size 3, 500-1,500 ms) to investigate a maintenance-related deficit. Across all durations, the mTBI group was impaired. In Experiment 4 we tested whether retrieval demands contributed to WM deficits and showed a consistent deficit across recognition and recall probes. In short, even years after an mTBI, undergraduates perform differently on visual WM tasks than their peers with no such history. Given the prevalence of mTBI, these data may benefit other researchers who see high variability in their data. Clearly, further studies will be needed to determine the breadth of the cognitive deficits in those with a history of mTBI and to identify relevant factors that contribute to positive cognitive outcomes.
Substantive implications of unobserved heterogeneity: Testing the frailty approach to exponential random graph models

Abstract Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs) are an increasingly common tool for inferential network analysis. However, a potential problem for these models is the assumption of correct model specification. Through six substantive applications (Mesa High, Florentine Marriage, Military Alliances, Militarized Interstate Disputes, Regional Planning, Brain Complexity), we illustrate how unobserved heterogeneity and confounding leads to degenerate model specifications, inferential errors, and poor model fit. In addition, we present evidence that a better approach exists in the form of the Frailty Exponential Random Graph Model (FERGM), which extends the ERGM to account for unit or group-level heterogeneity in tie formation. In each case, the ERGM is prone to producing inferential errors and forecasting ties with lower accuracy than the FERGM.
Genetic analysis of molecular gradients defining map formation

Abstract This chapter reviews the genetic analyses of the role of the Eph/ephrin countergradients in retinotectal map formation, exploring both forward and reverse signaling, where Eph serves as the ligand for ephrin signals. In the anteroposterior direction, EphA/ephrinA countergradients produce a minimum of repulsion at the retinotopic area. Overexpression experiments show that retinal fibers are targeted to relative not absolute levels in the gradients. Models are explored in which fibers prefer the same levels of expression that they themselves express and which consider fiber-fiber as well as fiber-tectum signaling, as these can account for the plasticity observed. Evolutionary adaptations of retinal EphA gradients for binocular vision are explored. In the orthogonal gradient, EphB/ephrinB forward and reverse signaling are both attractive at low levels in the gradients but become repulsive at high levels encountered at the chiasm and midline. A role for fiber-fiber interactions along the pathway is also discussed.
Outdoor Target Positioning Using Wii Remote IR Camera and Signal Modulation

This paper investigates the use of the Wii remote IR (infrared) camera for outdoor target positioning. The Wii remote IR camera is widely used in various applications because of its capability of detection of up to four IR light sources with a fast frame rate (100 Hz) and a relatively low price. However, previous applications are limited to indoor uses due to the obvious reason of sunlight interference for outdoor applications. In this paper, a signal modulation technique is introduced, which enables the IR camera to look for a particular pattern encoded in an IR beacon. In this way, the IR camera can distinguish the IR beacon from the sunlight interference. The irradiance of the sunlight reflection is also analyzed to guarantee that the IR camera can detect the IR beacon even under extremely sunny weather conditions. As the Wii remote IR camera sensor is overloaded under an extremely bright condition that blocks the camera to see any light sources, we propose the use of a filter to dim the camera. Experimental results for outdoor tests are provided to validate the proposed methods.
An Efficient and Scalable Ritter Reaction for the Synthesis of t-Butyl Amides

Methyl 4-cyanobenzoate Acetic acid Tert-Butyl acetate Sulfuric acid Ammonium acetate Methyl 4-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)benzoate Keywords: Ritter reaction; Butyl amides; Substrate scope; Sulfuric acid; Scalable method; Acetic acid; Safety; Waste disposal
Importance of Selected Acute Flaccid Paralysis Diagnoses in an Emergency Department Setting for the Pediatric Population

A review for the bedside practitioner of practical clinical exam, subtle differences, and diagnostic criteria for some of the difficult to distinguish acute flaccid paralysis diagnoses in the pediatric patient and to summarize the current findings of the evolving and elusive diagnosis termed acute flaccid myelitis. Since the first public epidemiological reports in 2014 using the newly coined diagnosis of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), emergency department clinicians and other frontline medical professionals have become primarily responsible for identifying patients who may become subsequently critically ill. New research has identified a causal relationship between a specific enterovirus strain and AFM subsequently adding to the required neurologic differential diagnosis for the bedside clinician. Despite the seemingly intimidating diagnostic challenges of distinguishing various ailments under the umbrella of acute flaccid paralysis, the more potentially devastating but not as obvious diagnoses of Guillain-Barre syndrome and acute transverse myelitis should be considered with any reports in the pediatric patient of limb or sensory disorder, especially in the absence of other systemic or traumatic explanations. Likewise, acute flaccid myelitis is a diagnosis that the bedside emergency department clinician should be both aware of and pursue along with other entities in the differential diagnosis.
Female Partner Family Formation: Cultivating Love and Healing Disconnection

Female partners continue to experience homophobia when creating families. In this study, we utilized Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) and Relational-Cultural Theory (RCT) to explore t...
Asymmetric Supernovae from Magneto-Centrifugal Jets

Strong toroidal magnetic fields generated in stellar collapse can generate magneto-centrifugal jets in analogy to those found in simulations of black hole accretion and explain why all core collapse supernovae are found to be substantially asymmetric and predominantly bi-polar. We describe two phases: the initial LeBlanc-Wilson jet and a subsequent protopulsar or toroidal jet that propagates at about the core escape velocity. The jets will produce bow shocks that tend to expel matter, including iron and silicon, into equatorial tori, accounting for observations of the element distribution in Cas A. A magnetic ``switch'' mechanism may apply in instances of low density and large magnetic field with subsequent increase in the speed and collimation of the toroidal jet, depositing relatively little momentum. The result could be enough infall to form a black hole with a third, highly relativistic jet that could catch up to the protopulsar jet after it has emerged from the star. The interaction of these two jets could generate internal shocks and explain the presence of iron lines in the afterglow. Recent estimates that typical gamma-ray burst energy is about 3x10^50 erg imply either a very low efficiency for conversion of rotation into jets, or a rather rapid turnoff of the jet process even though the black hole still rotates rapidly. Magnetars and ``hypernovae'' might arise in an intermediate parameter regime of energetic jets that yield larger magnetic fields and provide more energy than the routine case, but that are not so tightly collimated that they yield failed supernova. (slightly abridged)
Development and Characterization of the Integrally Stiffened Cylinder (ISC) Process for Launch Vehicles and Aircraft Fuselage Structures

Over the past decade, NASA Langley has led development of the Integrally Stiffened Cylinder (ISC) Process, a near-net-shape, flow-forming technology. This innovative process is being evaluated for launch vehicle and commercial aircraft manufacturing. A thick-walled, cylindrical preform is flow-formed using a single operation into a thin-walled barrel with integral longitudinal stiffeners. The one-piece, stiffened barrels offer a direct replacement for conventional multi-piece, welded, or riveted structures. A cost-benefit analysis for launch vehicle cryogenic propellant tanks estimated that the ISC process offers up to a 50% reduction in manufacturing costs and a 10% reduction in mass. NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and industry partners have teamed to manufacture 3 m (10-ft.) diameter aluminum ISCs. The intent is to demonstrate the commercial viability of the process at a scale relevant to the commercial launch and aircraft industries. Development activities will be presented, including process scale-up, formability assessment, and mechanical property testing.
The Single Accreditation System: Risks to the Osteopathic Profession.

In August 2014, the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) and the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine (AACOM) signed a memorandum of understanding with the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) to create the Single Accreditation System (SAS) for graduate medical education (GME) in the United States. The AOA made the decision that it would close its GME accreditation system in response to dramatic growth in colleges of osteopathic medicine, a shortfall in osteopathic GME positions with increasing dependence on the ACGME system, ACGME policy decisions that adversely impacted osteopathic students, and declining osteopathic student interest in primary care. Osteopathic teaching institutions bore responsibility for meeting ACGME accreditation standards between 2015-2020, including determining institutional sponsorship, which program applications to submit, program size, educational leadership, and whether to pursue Osteopathic Recognition. Approximately 692 of 954 (72.5%) eligible osteopathic GME programs in 2014-2015 obtained ACGME accreditation by June 1, 2020. There were sharp reductions in surgical and subspecialty programs and a significant drop of DOs in educational leadership positions. A low percentage of ACGME-accredited programs applied for Osteopathic Recognition. In closing its GME accreditation system and joining the ACGME, the AOA gave up control of its direct relationship with osteopathic residents, fellows, and teaching institutions to gain critical GME opportunities. In this article, the author considers whether this gain will offset the risks taken by the AOA, including decreased DO leadership opportunities and role models, lower than expected interest in Osteopathic Recognition, and possible decreased DO interest in osteopathic organizations and osteopathic specialty board certification. Time and the choices of current and future DO trainees in ACGME programs will determine the future of the osteopathic profession-and whether these risks were worth taking.
Profiles of Caregiving Arrangements of Community-dwelling People Living with Probable Dementia

People living with dementia receive care from multiple caregivers, but little is known about the structure of their caregiving arrangements. This study used the Health and Retirement Study and late...
Smart Low-Speed Self-Driving Transportation System

This chapter presents a commercial application of self-driving vehicles and analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) related to the application. To illustrate the market potential of the application, we explore two use cases to present detailed application design, highlight prototyping activity, and identify risks and needs for risk management. In addition, we also discuss target customers and marketing strategies for the proposed application.