cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noise perturbations of a non-linear system with multiple steady states

Abstract We examine the effects of small white Gaussian noise perturbations on a harmonically forced Duffing oscillator. For specific values of the parameters, the noise-free system admits two coexisting steady-state attractors. The presence of noise induces transitions from one attractor to the other, however small the noise intensity may be. As a first step, the equation of motion is transformed into a system of stochastic differential equations for the slowly varying van der Pol variables, by assuming that the predominant frequency of response is that of the forcing term. The condition for bistability, the stable fixed points and the separatrix defining the domains of attraction are then examined. In the second step, the effects of noise perturbations on the system are analyzed by determining the steady-state probability density of the fluctuations of the response, as well as the probabilities of escape from one attractor to the other. The latter are found by determination of the expected times of first-passage to the separatrix starting from a point in the domain of attraction of each stable state. This analysis is done in the limit of small damping and small noise intensity by use of an averaging scheme which reduces the dimensionality of the problem from two to one; this yields valuable information about the relative stability of the stable states. The obtained theoretical results are supported by digital simulation data. The analytical theory gives good agreement even for large noise.
Variations of matched filtering for reduced noise amplification

A variation of the matched spatial filter (MSF) has been developed and tested. It is derived by a power-series expansion of the ideal MSF that, in the absence of background noise, produces a Dirac delta function peak at the detection location on the correlation plane. The motivation for the approximation is to design an MSF that produces a narrow correlation peak with reduced susceptibility to noise amplification in the filtering process. This new filter, which we will call the complement MSF, includes the intrinsic phase information of the reference signal and a magnitude term that can be truncated at any order. Experimental results show that the complement MSF produces correlation peaks that can be controlled by varying the order of approximation, and that these peaks may improve discrimination over classical matched filtering methods such as the familiar cross correlation. In addition, we have exploited the familiar Wiener-Helstrom method for inverse filtering to blend both classical MSFs and complement MSFs of different order for imaging scenarios where the noise power spectrum is known or can be estimated. Preliminary outputs using this technique have shown sharper correlation peaks and better noise floor suppression than yielded by implementing the blended components individually.
Quadratic equalization: a method for producing extended uniform depth of focus in high frame rate medical ultrasound B-scans

This work describes a new and novel method for achieving the beneficial imaging effects that can be obtained from the coherent superposition of multiple firings with a uniform distribution of transmit foci, with a single transmit firing. It is demonstrated that a sine amplitude modulation of the transmit windowing function with an argument quadratic in the transducer coordinates is essentially equivalent to a synthetic image generated from the coherent superposition of an infinite number of firings with their transmit foci uniformly covering the full range of an extended B-scan. Using these methods, simulation results give range compensated peaks of the range energy impulse response (measure of image brightness) that are flat within /spl sim/ /spl plusmn/0.2 dB over the range scan of the B-mode image at fractional bandwidths commensurate with range resolutions down to /spl sim/ 0.25 mm.
Working in Dyads and Alone: Examining Process Variables in Solving Insight Problems.

This study investigated the effects of working in dyads and their associated gender composition on performance (solution rate and time) and process variables (number of impasses, number of passed solutions, and number of problem solving suggestions and interactions) in a set of classic insight problem solving tasks. Two types of insight problems were used: multiple moves available (MMA) and few moves available (FMA) problems. The results showed no effects on number of problems solved or solving time, but group and gender composition effects emerged when looking at process variables such as number of impasses, time to impasse, number of passed solutions, number of problem solving suggestions, and number of interactions between dyad members. Results support prior evidence that process loss in creative problem solving may be due to differences in interpersonal interactions during group problem solving that do not necessarily affect overall problem solving success.
Undifferentiated negative affect and impulsivity in borderline personality and depressive disorders: A momentary perspective

Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) often report experiencing several negative emotions simultaneously, an indicator of "undifferentiated" negative affect. The current study examined the relationship between undifferentiated negative affect and impulsivity. Participants with a current BPD (n = 67) or depressive disorder (DD; n = 38) diagnosis carried an electronic diary for 28 days, reporting on emotions and impulsivity when randomly prompted (up to 6 times per day). Undifferentiated negative affect was quantified using momentary intraclass correlation coefficients, which indicated how consistently negative emotion items were rated across fear, hostility, and sadness subscales. Undifferentiated negative affect at the occasion-level, day-level, and across 28 days was used to predict occasion-level impulsivity. Multilevel modeling was used to test the hypothesis that undifferentiated negative emotion would be a significant predictor of momentary impulsivity above and beyond levels of overall negative affect. Undifferentiated negative affect at the occasion and day levels were significant predictors of occasion-level impulsivity, but undifferentiated negative affect across the 28-day study period was only marginally significant. Results did not differ depending on BPD or DD status, though individuals with BPD did report significantly greater momentary impulsivity and undifferentiated negative affect. Undifferentiated negative affect may increase risk for impulsivity among individuals with BPD and depressive disorders, and the current data suggest that this process can be relatively immediate as well as cumulative over the course of a day. This research supports the consideration of undifferentiated negative affect as a transdiagnostic construct, but one that may be particularly relevant for those with BPD.
On the use of the FN method with splines for radiative transfer problems

Abstract A variant of the FN method that is based on splines is used to develop a solution to a class of basic problems in the theory of radiation transport that is computationally attractive in a parallel-processing environment. In addition to selected numerical results, some observations regarding the merits and the accuracy of the method are reported.
Stable multi-particle systems and application in multi-vehicle path planning and coverage

We present a path planning algorithm for cooperative coverage using a set of nonholonomic autonomous vehicles. The paper describes our overall framework and algorithm for the computation of trajectories that maximize spatio-temporal coverage while satisfying hard constraints such as collision avoidance and specifications on initial and final positions. Our approach is based on approximation of the trajectories of vehicles using sequence of way points and treating each way point as a moving particle in the space. We defines interaction forces between the particles such that the resulting multi-particle system will be stable, moreover, the trajectories generated by the way points in the equilibria of the multi- particle system will satisfy all of the hard constraint while generating a suboptimal solution to the coverage problem.
Baker v. General Motors: Implications for Interjurisdictional Recognition of Non-Traditional Marriages

This paper evaluates the effect of the Full Faith and Credit Clause and its implementing statute on the recognition by one state of a non-traditional marriage, most obviously a same-sex marriage, in another state. The paper argues that federal constitutional principles, including full-faith-and-credit principles, are almost entirely irrelevant to the debate. As a result, the question of whether one state will recognize another's same-sex marriage is a political decision that must be resolved state by state. The federal Defense of Marriage Act is thus constitutional, although it does little more than to state what the law would be without it.
Hereditary Factors in Antisocial Personality Disorder

The phenotypes to be discussed in this chapter form a rather complicated set of behaviors that display certain common characteristics. However, a distinction should be made between criminality and antisocial personality disorder (until recently, more frequently referred to as “psychopathy”). Criminality, in general, is not considered to be a psychiatric disorder. Antisocial personality disorder, however, is a well-established psychiatric syndrome, one symptom of which is often criminal behavior.
O-linked sugars sound the alarm

Viral infection of the mucosa induces a strong host innate immune response involving type I interferons and interferon-stimulated genes. New findings show that mechanical or pathogen-induced disruption of the mucus itself can also trigger 'hyper-early' innate responses independent of type I interferons and major sensing pathways of the innate immune system.
Challenges to Reintroduction of a Captive Population of Topeka Shiner (Notropis topeka) into Former Habitats in Kansas

Topeka Shiners (Notropis topeka) representing two genetically distinct and geographically separated Kansas populations have been under continuous culture and study in 0.045-ha experimental ponds at the University of Kansas Field Station since 2002. Experiments in earthen ponds undertaken from 2002 to 2009 established that Topeka Shiners are capable of surviving and reproducing in static artificial habitats, which at the field station are akin to isolated stream pools or farm ponds typical in this part of the Great Plains. Variables included the addition of various substrate types, sizes, and their location within ponds, and also the numbers of adult Topeka Shiners stocked at the beginning of each spawning season. Behavioral and predatory associations with several other fish species, which sometimes included the addition of Orangespotted Sunfish (Lepomis humilis), Green Sunfish (L. cyanellus), and Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides), also were examined. The work demonstrated that while Topeka Shiners c...
Making Sense: A Review of Joseph Kimble's Writing for Dollars, Writing to Please. (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)

Scholars have been wrangling over “plain language” for decades, debating the merits of simpler style versus more traditional legal writing with its unique vocabulary and seeming redundancy. Joseph Kimble has long been an advocate of plain language, and in this slim volume, he cuts across the arguments to reach the simple conclusion that plain language – when understood holistically rather than as a mere formula or defined vocabulary – works.
Taxing the Heart of Africa

In 1989, Accra contributed 81 percent of Ghanas total income tax revenue, two decades later, this proportion plummeted to 55 percent. Income tax is a well-established proxy for state power but even though one-half of income tax revenue now comes from Ghanas periphery, current theory cannot explain this expanding broadcast of state power (Berman, unpublished, 1). This puzzle is important because shortcomings of state formation are causally linked to an array of Africas serious development failures (Robinson 2002: 511; Englebert 2000). The search for an explanation has been extensive but Herbst (2001) and Thies (2007, 2009) reject the hypothesis that war generates African state power, although it has helped to explain the accumulation of territorial power in Europe (Bean, 1973; Tilly, 1975, 1990; Levi, 1981; Mann 1986; Downing, 1992). Trade had a similar impact on European states but this second channel has been neglected in the African context, even when traditionally low levels of African trade have expanded three-fold in the last decade. In light of the geographic shift in income taxes and the expansion of trade, this presents an opportune time to test the null hypothesis that African state power is not determined by trade volumes.
The Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase activates mitogenic signaling pathways and stimulates G1-to-S phase transition in hematopoietic cells

Bcr-Abl is a constitutively active tyrosine kinase that is expressed in Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive human leukemias. Bcr-Abl has been shown to inhibit apoptosis and cause anchorage independent growth. However, its ability to activate mitogenic signaling pathways is controversial. Here we show that Bcr-Abl signaling prevents down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase activity and cell cycle arrest after growth factor deprivation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Using an inducible system to regulate Bcr-Abl expression, we also demonstrate that Bcr-Abl expression is sufficient to induce G1-to-S phase transition, DNA synthesis, and activation of cyclin-dependent kinases in cells that were arrested in G0 by growth factor deprivation. Furthermore, Bcr-Abl activates Ras, Erk, and Jnk pathways as a primary consequence of expression. These data show that Bcr-Abl is one of a select group of oncogenes that is capable of both inhibiting apoptosis and deregulating cell proliferation. The combination of these activities is likely to be important for the progression of CML.
The Radiation-Induced S-Phase Checkpoint Is Independent of CDKN1A

We recently demonstrated that, in response to radiation, replication is down-regulated at the level of individual origins throughout S phase of the cell cycle. Since several in vitro studies demonstrate that CDKN1A (formerly known as p21) down-regulates replication by inhibiting PCNA, and since CDKN1A can retard progression of cells through S phase in vivo, the question arises whether CDKN1A is involved in the S-phase damage-sensing pathway. In the present study we analyzed the effect of ionizing radiation on ${\rm CDKN}1{\rm A}^{+/+}$ and ${\rm CDKN}1{\rm A}^{-/-}$ cells derived from the HCT 116 cell line. Neither progression of cells through S phase nor survival after exposure to ionizing radiation is influenced by CDKN1A status in either synchronous or asynchronous cells. These results establish that CDKN1A is not necessary for the acute S-phase damage-sensing pathway that functions to prevent firing of replication origins during S phase.
¿Confías en mí? The Impact of Latino Parent Characteristics on Discussions With Their Adolescent About Sexual Health and Pregnancy Prevention:

The purpose of the study ?Confias en mi? (Do You Trust Me?) was to identify three characteristics—expertise, trustworthiness, and accessibility—of Latino parent–adolescent communication. We examine...
The Remission and Relapse Status of Acute Leukemia as Studied by the In Vitro Uptake of Tritiated Thymidine by Peripheral Blood Leukocytes

H3TdR uptake by peripheral blood leukocytes has been measured in patients with acute leukemia and in hematologically normal controls. Patients with acute leukemia in remission and relapse generally had elevated uptakes and formed populations distinct from the normal population and from each other, although overlap of values between each population was present. The measurement of H3TdR uptake may prove useful as an additional parameter for studying acute leukemia.
Development of Digital Verification System of High-voltage Test Equipment

In this paper, a digital verification system of high-voltage test equipment is developed, which is mainly aiming at the calibration of AC and DC digital high-voltage meters and dividers. The purpose is to enhance automation and data quality of calibration work. This article describes the working principle of the calibration system and core technology. The system is achieved based on intelligent instruments, GPIB communication, synchronization trigger, dataprocessing techniques. According to the test data provided by legal metrology organizations, the device performance parameters meet the design requirements.
Preliminary investigation on geographic distribution of Aedes albopictus in northwest China

Objective To clarify the geographical distribution of Aedes albopictus in northwest China.Methods Using bedent snars,person snars,animal snars and insect net to collect Aedes albopictus from northwest China.Results Aedes albopictus distributed in most parts of Shanxi Province,except the Shanbei plateau;but Aedes albopictus was only found in Wen County,Kang County,Cheng County and Liangdang County in Gansu Province;Aedes albopictus was not found in the large number of specimens collected in Ningxia Province and Qinghai Province.Conclusion Distribution boundaries of Aedes albopictus in the northwest China is expanding westward.
Influence of Towering Complex on Lightning Flash-over Rate for 10 kV Distribution Lines

Aiming at the problem that high-rise buildings will reduce lightning trip-out rate nearby 10 kV overhead lines,this paper analyzes the influence of existence of buildings on the lightning trip-out rate nearby 10 kV overhead lines based on the formula of line lightning trip-out rate.Combining the lightning distance theory of electro-geometrical model,it analyzes the impact of variations of intersection point of the lines exposure arc and the ground exposure arc and its dielectric constant,height,distance,area on the electric field around the lines,induced overvoltage and the rate of induced lightning trip-out at the time of lightning leader.Thus,it provides a new method for assessment of lightning protection ability of 10kV transmission lines in urban areas.
Skeletal muscle perfusion and oxygenation assessed by dynamic NMR imaging and spectroscopy.

Muscle perfusion, and capillary and intramyocytic oxygenation can be probed non-invasively in vivo by functional NMR techniques, arterial spin labelling combined with imaging, BOLD imaging and deoxymyoglobin 1H spectroscopy, respectively. After adequate adaptation of equipment, these measurements can be performed in parallel, together with 31P spectroscopy and provide a comprehensive analysis of various facets of oxygen metabolism in dynamic protocols, in humans as well as in animal models.
Seeing Social Worlds

We have argued that mainstream drug research begins by looking for and therefore seeing individuals whose psychological or social deficiencies explain their use of drugs. The alternative perspective which informs our research views individuals in terms of their social locations. We take a more inclusive sociological perspective than that of the drug-abuse literature, which defines location as a collection of demographic characteristics (e.g. Lukoff, 1980: 204). Nevertheless, the drug-abuse literature does contain hints of what such a perspective would include. Survey researchers find, for instance, that adolescents who take drugs are typically involved in other delinquent activities as well (Robins and Wish, 1977; Johnston et al., 1978; O’Donnell et al., 1976). They also find that the earlier the opportunity to use marijuana, the more likely it is that a teenager eventually will use the drug (Miller, 1981), and that frequent users of marijuana are more likely to use other drugs than are occasional users (Johnston, 1980).
Nanotechnology Safety Education

The topic of nanotechnology safety has been the subject of many discussions. Starting in 2006, a focus was started at Texas State University to develop an educational process to train workers and students in the elements of nanotechnology safety. The progress was slow and had many setbacks, which took 8 years to overcome. This chapter presents the path to the creation of and details about the two courses in nanotechnology safety education and the coming nanotechnology safety certification.
Geography's Second Twilight: The James R. Anderson Distinguished Lecture in Applied Geography

Jerome E. Dobson, professor emeritus, University of Kansas; president of the American Geographical Society; and recipient of the 2014 James R. Anderson Medal of Honor in Applied Geography, discusses his career in the context of America's academic purge of geography. Highlights include his time as a Jefferson Science Fellow with the National Academies and U. S. Department of State. Dobson has been recognized with two lifetime achievement awards for his pioneering work in geographic information systems (GIS) and as Alumnus of 2013 at Reinhardt University. His contributions include the paradigm of automated geography, his instrumental role in originating the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, and his leadership of the LandScan Global Population Database, the de facto world standard for estimating populations at risk. His recent research includes testing a new system for mapping minefields; designing and promulgating the current world standard for cartographic representation of landmines, minefields, and mine actions; and leading six AGS Bowman Expeditions.
Polarization-Dependent Optical Response in Anisotropic Nanoparticle-DNA Superlattices.

DNA-programmable assembly has been used to prepare superlattices composed of octahedral and spherical nanoparticles, respectively. These superlattices have the same body-centered cubic lattice symmetry and macroscopic rhombic dodecahedron crystal habit but tunable lattice parameters by virtue of the DNA length, allowing one to study and determine the effect of nanoscale structure and lattice parameter on the light-matter interactions in the superlattices. Backscattering measurements and finite-difference time-domain simulations have been used to characterize these two classes of superlattices. Superlattices composed of octahedral nanoparticles exhibit polarization-dependent backscattering but via a trend that is opposite to that observed in the polarization dependence for analogous superlattices composed of spherical nanoparticles. Electrodynamics simulations show that this polarization dependence is mainly due to the anisotropy of the nanoparticles and is observed only if the octahedral nanoparticles are...
Retroperitoneal schwannoma: an unusual cause of abdominal distention.

A 54-year-old Caucasian woman with no significant medical history presented to her primary care physician with chief complaints of right-sided abdominal dull pain and distension. There were no constitutional symptoms or other complaints such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhoea, melena or hematochezia. She was a non-smoker with no significant family history. Vital signs were stable and physical exam was insignificant except for dull pain on deep palpation of the right mid-abdomen. Laboratory studies including complete blood count, basic metabolic panel, liver function tests, serum amylase and serum lipase were all within normal range. CT of the abdomen revealed a large retroperitoneal mass which was …
Achieving Surface Sensitivity in Ultrafast XUV Spectroscopy: M2,3-Edge Reflection-Absorption of Transition Metal Oxides

Ultrafast extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for probing electronic structure and charge carrier dynamics in catalytic materials because of its elemental, oxidation, coordination, and electronic spin-state sensitivity. To extend the benefits of this technique to investigating charge carrier dynamics at surfaces, we have developed near grazing-angle XUV reflection–absorption (RA) spectroscopy. Because RA spectra probe both the real (i.e., reflection) and the imaginary (i.e., attenuation) parts of the refractive index, a general method is required to analyze RA spectra. Using semiempirical calculations, we demonstrate that XUV RA spectra of first row transition metal oxides retain the element and chemical state specificity of XUV absorption spectroscopy. We find that the imaginary part of the refractive index reports on the chemical state of the metal center, while the real part is additionally sensitive to the surface morphology of the material.
P044 One year experience with HLA typing by next generation sequencing (NGS), achievements and challenges

Aim After a year of implementing HLA typing by NGS, we present our most relevant achievements and challenges. Methods Class I (full HLA-A, -B, and -C genes) and HLA Class II (Exon 2 thru intron 3 of HLA-DR and HLA-DQ, and Exon 2 thru 3’UTR of HLA-DP) amplified with NXType™ Class I and Class II primer sets. Automated template preparation and chip loading were performed in the Ion Chef™ system and run on Ion S5™. Data was analyzed with TypeStream™ v1.1.0.11 software. Results Having typed over 1000 samples by NGS, with 50% from bone marrow programs and 50% from solid organ programs, our workflow has changed significantly: Threefold increase in capacity with simultaneous decrease in turn-around-time (TAT, on average 10 days) for high resolution typing. Our current capacity is up to 96 HLA typings in 3–4 days vs. minimum of 16 days for the same volume with SBT by Sanger. Resolution of most ambiguities (98.7%), minimizing the need for reflex testing.Repetitions due to technical failures and ambiguities decreased from 4.3% with SBT-Sanger to 0.3% with NGS. In spite of positive workflow changes, there remain challenges: Automation of library preparation has not been implemented.No merging of library preparation reagents into a single kit.Smaller runs increase the number of reads, leading to artifacts and high background generated by the software, interfering with analysis and limiting flexibility for STAT sample processing.For solid organ typings, generating high resolution results while reporting Serological Equivalents for UNOS, poses logistical difficulties.TypeStreamTM software not interfaced with Fusion, requiring continuous need to run SSOP for DSA analysis.Unresolved ambiguities (1.3%), due to incomplete exon coverage and phase ambiguities. Resolution may be obtained by increasing gene coverage, length of reads and with additional testing methods. Conclusions We have confirmed that NGS is both a suitable and faster method to obtain high resolution HLA typing. We have seen a significant decrease in TAT along with a significant cost savings due to fewer repetitions, fewer reagents, and most significantly, reduced time from our most valuable asset, our technologists.
Our Constitutional Structure of Government

This chapter introduces the basic components of American constitutional law insofar as it determines the structure of our government and allocates power among the three branches of government and between the federal and state governments. Both separation of powers and federalism are key concepts in understanding the law of emergencies. It is essential to understand the constitutional structure of a government to understand the law of emergencies, or any other area of law. The Constitution establishes a national government with three branches——legislative, executive, and judicial——and states the respective powers of each. The powers of these branches are both fluid and fixed: the Constitution establishes certain limits beyond which each branch must not reach, but allows the specific meaning of those limits to change over time and to be determined through a process of interaction and negotiation among the three branches.
Protestantism and Gender

This article makes clear that the term Protestant is ambiguous today because of the emergence of new groups of Christians who self-designate as Protestant and who share some theo-social beliefs and practices with earlier Protestant traditions. Situating the early history of Protestantism chiefly in Europe and North America, the author uses conventional rubrics of Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, and Anabaptist or Freechurch reformations to characterize the settings in which gender relations were played out and altered. Somewhat varied at the outset, all Protestantism adopted practical changes that eventuated in alterations in relations between the gender cultures that the new pieties and theologies generated. The major Reformation ecclesial shift was movement from a clerically administered penitential system to a family-communal centered religious life in which women played some important roles within parish or congregation. The rapidity of these changes was determined by the way each tradition related church and state on the one hand, and revisioned the sources and locus of spiritual discernment on the other hand. Movement toward gender equality was most rapid when liaisons with the state were avoided but each tradition shows some movement towards gender justice. Countering conventional claims that feminism arose only from secular sources, it is contended that controversy over gender arose at least as much from events internal to Protestant life as from so-called secular dynamics, and argues that such conflict was predictable given the changes Protestant faith claims entailed. Acknowledging a contemporary shift away from gender justice within sectors of Protestantism, the author urges care in imbibing new-liberal readings of Protestant history which equate gender justice with secularization.
Britain’s Role in Promoting Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone

This chapter examines Britain’s military intervention to stabilise the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) in 2000 and its active support of a post-war security sector reform (SSR) programme that contributed substantially to restoring peace and stability in Sierra Leone. The British backed the rebuilding of the intelligence services, the police, the military, and the justice sector, which had been severely damaged by autocratic governance and the 11-year civil war. Despite some disaffection with the SSR programme, it produced Sierra Leone military and police forces that functioned better than in the pre-war era. Both forces became much more subordinated to (civilian) governmental authority, though they remain less accountable to civil society. Furthermore, the military and police continue to experience problems with recruitment, compensation, and equipment.
Pacinian corpuscles: an explanation for subcutaneous palmar nodules routinely encountered on MR examinations

Pacinian corpuscles, the main touch receptors to pressure and vibration, are ubiquitous in the deep dermis and hypodermis of the fingers and palms. Nevertheless, their existence is largely unknown to most radiologists. We frequently noted hyperintense nodules in the palms of patients on water-sensitive MRI sequences, but were unable to explain their etiology. We recently encountered two patients who had Pacinian corpuscles identified at surgical exploration and pathological analysis. Pre-operative MRI examinations in these patients showed T2 hyperintense subcutaneous palmar nodules corresponding to these corpuscles in a pattern identical to those seen incidentally in other patients. Descriptions from the dermatopathological and orthopedic literature closely correspond to our MRI observations. Based on these data, we hypothesize that the MRI finding that we previously noted represents normal Pacinian corpuscles.
Some models for the motion of the co-orbital satellites of Saturn.

The study of co-orbital motion of two small satellites in nearly the same orbit about a large central mass was sparked by the observations that the Voyager spacecraft took in 1980 and 1981 of Saturn’s co-orbiting satellites Janus (1980S1) and Epimetheus (1980S3) (see Stone and Miner, 1981, and Smith et al. 1981, 1982), although there is evidence of previous optical observations of these satellites (Dollfus, 1981, Smith, 1980, Larson, 1981, Seidelman, 1981). The orbital elements of Janus and Epimetheus have been determined by Synnott et al. (1981) and the orbits are nearly circular with an eccentricity on the order of 0.01.
Mixing of hydrothermal water and groundwater near hot springs, Yellowstone National Park (USA): hydrology and geochemistry

Studies of hot springs have focused mainly on the properties of fluids and solids. Fewer studies focus on the relationship between the hot springs and groundwater/surface-water environments. The differences in temperature and dissolved solids between hot-spring water and typical surface water and groundwater allow interactions to be traced. Electromagnetic terrain (EMT) conductivity is a nonintrusive technique capable of mapping mixing zones between distinct subsurface waters. These interactions include zones of groundwater/surface-water exchange and groundwater mixing. Herein, hydrogeological techniques are compared with EMT conductivity to trace hot-spring discharge interactions with shallow groundwater and surface water. Potentiometric-surface and water-quality data determined the hydrogeochemistry of two thermally influenced areas in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming (USA). Data from the sites revealed EMT conductivity contrasts that reflected the infiltration of conductive hot-spring discharge to local groundwater systems. The anomalies reflect higher temperatures and conductivity for Na+–Cl−-rich hydrothermal fluids compared to the receiving groundwater. EMT conductivity results suggested hot springs are fed by conduits largely isolated from shallow groundwater; mixing of waters occurs after hot-spring discharge infiltrates groundwater from the surface and, generally, not by leakage in the subsurface. A model was proposed to explain the growth of sinter mounds.
Catharsis and Cognition in Psychotherapy

This book began by asking the question of how the methods of catharsis and cognition, two methods that appear so different, can both be successful helping individuals with emotional problems. Based on the discussion in the previous chapter the “which is best” question can be expanded to include all methods of psychotherapy: How can the variety of methods that appear to be so different all be successful? What kind of common factor can be found that would appear not only in catharsis and cognitive therapies, but also in a wide variety of other settings both in systematic therapy and outside of therapy? The conclusion reached in this text to explain these findings is a rather obvious one—that emotional change ultimately comes from internal changes. These internal changes involve the processes of catharsis and cognitive change.
More NP-Complete Problems

Often in problems with a parameter k like k-CNFSat and k-colorability, larger values of k make the problem harder. This is not always the case. Consider the problem of determining whether a planar graph has a k-coloring. The problem is trivial for k = 1, easy for k = 2 (check by DFS or BFS whether the graph is bipartite, i.e. has no odd cycles), and trivial for k = 4 or greater by the Four Color Theorem, which says that every planar graph is 4-colorable. This leaves k = 3. We show below that 3-colorability of planar graphs is no easier than 3-colorability of arbitrary graphs. This result is due to Garey, Johnson, and Stockmeyer [40]; see also Lichtenstein [72] for some other NP-completeness results involving planar graphs.
Cast in a new light: surface topographies of Paul Gauguin’s transfer drawings

Toward the end of a tumultuous life and artistic career, Paul Gauguin found himself living on Tahiti just outside of its capital, Papeete. It was 1899 and he had just quit his short stint as an acc...
Near-Field Coupled Integrable Two-Dimensional InSe Photosensor on Optical Fiber

Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals layered materials possess innate advantages as integrable sensors, due to their thinness, flexibility, and sensitivity. They can be seamlessly integrated onto surfaces with different geometries where detection for near-field signal is desired. In this study, we develop a device transfer technique to integrate device assemblies based on 2D materials onto an arbitrary smooth surface. Such technique utilizes a sacrificial polymer underlayer and achieves clean and nondestructive full device transfer. For demonstration, we transferred a complete 2D multilayer InSe photodetector device onto a stripped optical fiber. Due to the extreme vicinity of the 2D photodetector with the fiber core, the device can effectively couple with the evanescent field and accurately detect information transmitted inside the optical fiber. In addition, these super thin flexible device assemblies can be integrated onto the fibers themselves to non-invasively monitor the optical fiber performance. The...
Surgical and Interventional Radiologic Approaches

Pain medicine is a growing and evolving field, yet one of the most challenging aspects continues to be treating patients with cancer related pain. These patients’ pain is often complex and may be a result of different processes. Cancer pain may either be nociceptive, resulting from damage to tissues, or neuropathic, due to damage or dysfunction of the nervous system. In many cases it is a combination of the two. Analgesia can be accomplished in several ways, including systemic analgesic medications, surgical intervention, radiation, neurolysis or other interventional radiologic techniques. In this chapter we will focus on surgical options as well as non-neurolytic radiologic approaches.
Cost-effectiveness of CHOP in treating DLBCL in Malawi.

6644Background: DLBCL is common in Africa, and often curable, but treatment costs and cost-effectiveness are key considerations. WHO defines extremely cost-effective interventions as having an incr...
Association of sleep-disordered breathing with total healthcare costs and utilization in older men: the Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in Older Men (MrOS Sleep) study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES To determine the associations of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) with subsequent healthcare costs and utilization including inpatient and post-acute care facility stays among community-dwelling older men. METHODS Participants were 1,316 men (mean age 76.1 [SD = 5.7] years) in the Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in Older Men (MrOS sleep) study (from December 2003 to March 2005), who were enrolled in a Medicare Fee-For-Service plan. Primary SDB measures including apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) were collected using in-home level 2 polysomnography. Incident healthcare costs and utilization were determined from claims data in the subsequent 3-year period post-MrOS sleep visit. RESULTS Five hundred and twenty-nine (40.2%) men had at least one hospitalization in the 3-year period. Compared with those without sleep apnea (AHI < 5/hour), men with moderate to severe sleep apnea (AHI ≥ 15/hour) had a higher odds of all-cause hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] adjusted for age and site 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07-1.90). This association was slightly attenuated after further adjustment for traditional prognostic factors including education, body mass index, comorbid medical conditions, and health status (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.01-1.83). Similar associations were observed for ODI. However, measures of SDB were not related to subsequent healthcare costs (total or outpatient) or odds of post-acute skilled nursing facility stay. CONCLUSIONS Older men with SDB have an increased risk of hospitalization, not entirely explained by the greater prevalence of comorbid conditions, but not higher subsequent total healthcare costs. These findings indicate a need to evaluate the impact of SDB treatment on subsequent healthcare utilization.
Metabolism, Epigenetics, and Causal Inference in Heart Failure.

Eukaryotes must balance the metabolic and cell death actions of mitochondria via control of gene expression and cell fate by chromatin, thereby functionally binding the metabolome and epigenome. This interaction has far-reaching implications for chronic diseases in humans, the most common of which are those of the cardiovascular system. The most devastating consequence of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, is not a single disease, diagnosis, or endpoint. Human and animal studies have revealed that, regardless of etiology and symptoms, heart failure is universally associated with abnormal metabolism and gene expression – to frame this as cause or consequence, however, may be to wrongfoot the question. This essay aims to challenge current thinking on metabolic–epigenetic crosstalk in heart failure, presenting hypotheses for how chronic diseases arise, take hold, and persist. We unpack assumptions about the order of operations for gene expression and metabolism, exploring recent findings in noncardiac systems that link metabolic intermediates directly to chromatin remodeling. Lastly, we discuss potential mechanisms by which chromatin may serve as a substrate for metabolic memory, and how changes in cellular transcriptomes (and hence in cellular behavior) in response to stress correspond to global changes in chromatin accessibility and structure.
Hydrodynamic forces on randomly formed marine aggregates

A novel implementation of a boundary integral method is used to compute the flow around models of marine aggregates made of cubic particles. These aggregates have a fractal structure and two formation mechanisms, each with a corresponding fractal dimension. The drag, torque, and straining force on these aggregates is characterized as a function of an appropriate measure of their size.
Scalar Magnetometry Below 100 fT/Hz 1/2 in a Microfabricated Cell

Zero-field optically-pumped magnetometers are a room-temperature alternative to traditionally used superconducting sensors detecting extremely weak magnetic fields. They offer certain advantages such as small size, flexible arrangement, reduced sensitivity in ambient fields offering the possibility for telemetry. Devices based on microfabricated technology are nowadays commercially available. The limited dynamic range and vector nature of the zero-field magnetometers restricts their use to environments heavily shielded against magnetic noise. Total-field (or scalar) magnetometers based on microfabricated cells have demonstrated subpicotesla sensitivities only recently. This work demonstrates a scalar magnetometer based on a single optical axis, 18 ( $3\times 3\times 2$ )mm3 microfabricated cell, with a noise floor of 70 fT/Hz1/2. The magnetometer operates in a large static magnetic field range, and and is based on a simple optical and electronic configuration that allows the development of dense sensor arrays. Different methods of magnetometer interrogation are demonstrated. The features of this magnetic field sensor hold promise for applications of miniature sensors in nonzero field environments such as unshielded magnetoencephalography (MEG) and brain-computer interfaces (BCI).
Selection of Cryoprotectant in Lyophilization of Progesterone-Loaded Stearic Acid Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Cryoprotectants are often required in lyophilization to reduce or eliminate agglomeration of solute or suspended materials. The aim of this study was to select a cryoprotecting agent and optimize its concentration in a solid lipid nanoparticle formulation. Progesterone-loaded stearic acid solid lipid nanoparticles (SA-P SLNs) were prepared by hot homogenization with high speed mixing and sonication. The stearic acid content was 4.6% w/w and progesterone was 0.46% w/w of the initial formulation. Multiple surfactants were evaluated, and a lecithin and sodium taurocholate system was chosen. Three concentrations of surfactant were then evaluated, and a concentration of 2% w/w was chosen based on particle size, polydispersity, and zeta potential. Agglomeration of SA-P SLNs after lyophilization was observed as measured by increased particle size. Dextran, glycine, mannitol, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), sorbitol, and trehalose were evaluated as cryoprotectants by both an initial freeze–thaw analysis and after lyophilization. Once selected as the cryoprotectant, trehalose was evaluated at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% for optimal concentration, with 20% trehalose being finally selected as the level of choice. Evaluation by DSC confirmed intimate interaction between stearic acid and progesterone in the SA-P SLNs, and polarized light microscopy shows successful lyophilization of the trehalose/SA-P SLN. A short term 28-day stability study suggests the need for refrigeration of the final lyophilized SA-P SLNs in moisture vapor impermeable packaging.
Cancer‐associated mutations in the condensin II subunit CAPH2 cause genomic instability through telomere dysfunction and anaphase chromosome bridges

Genome instability in cancer drives tumor heterogeneity, undermines the success of therapies, and leads to metastasis and recurrence. Condensins are conserved chromatin-binding proteins that promote genomic stability, mainly by ensuring proper condensation of chromatin and mitotic chromosome segregation. Condensin mutations are found in human tumors, but it is not known how or even if such mutations promote cancer progression. In this study, we focus on condensin II subunit CAPH2 and specific CAPH2 mutations reported to be enriched in human cancer patients, and we test how CAPH2 cancer-specific mutations may lead to condensin II complex dysfunction and contribute to genome instability. We find that R551P, R551S, and S556F mutations in CAPH2 cause genomic instability by causing DNA damage, anaphase defects, micronuclei, and chromosomal instability. DNA damage and anaphase defects are caused primarily by ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related-dependent telomere dysfunction, as anaphase bridges are enriched for telomeric repeat sequences. We also show that these mutations decrease the binding of CAPH2 to the ATPase subunit SMC4 as well as the rest of the condensin II complex, and decrease the amount of CAPH2 protein bound to chromatin. Thus, in vivo the R551P, R551S, and S556F cancer-specific CAPH2 mutant proteins are likely to impair condensin II complex formation, impede condensin II activity during mitosis and interphase, and promote genetic heterogeneity in cell populations that can lead to clonal outgrowth of cancer cells with highly diverse genotypes.
Hofbauer cells and placental viral infection

Abstract The human placenta acts as a physical barrier between the maternal and fetal circulatory systems, and is key in the protection against vertical transmission of viral infection. Hofbauer cells are fetal placental macrophages that are located in the mesenchyme adjacent to the fetal capillaries. Hofbauer cells support angiogenesis and villous development. In the setting of placental infection, the Hofbauer cells play a role in protection against vertical transmission of microbes. They sequester virions to contain and irradicate pathogen-induced pathologic variants. Focusing on two viruses in pregnancy, Zika virus (ZIKV), a single-stranded RNA virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a double-stranded RNA retrovirus, sequestration of the virus occurs in the Hofbauer cells. However, productive infections may occur and increase the vertical transmission risk. With ZIKV infection of Hofbauer cells, pattern recognition receptors (PRPs) recognize viral RNA and trigger an innate immune response initially targeted at controlling viral replication. However, as it is known, ZIKV vertical transmission can occur and lead to a congenital Zika syndrome in the fetus and newborn that includes microcephaly, craniofacial and ocular abnormalities, and seizures. Similar to ZIKV infection in pregnancy, HIV virus is also identified to be sequestered in Hofbauer cells within the placenta. Following the natural history of disease, without antiretroviral therapy, vertical transmission would only occur in 7%. The Hofbauer cells express both CD4 and HIV coreceptors DC-SIGN, CCR5, and CXCR4. The CD4 receptor binds the viral glycoprotein(gp), gp120. The gp41 protein then fuses with the cell membrane to facilitate entry into the Hofbauer cell. Following entry of the Hofbauer cell, its cytokine response plays a critical role in preventing or permitting vertical transmission. We conclude that placental Hofbauer cells play a key role in ZIKV and HIV infection during pregnancy.