cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Race, Gender, and the Effect of Social Supports on the Use of Health Services by Elderly Individuals

This study examines the effects of social supports on the use of health services by elderly individuals, and whether those effects differ by race or gender. Multiple regression analysis of the 5,151 baseline Longitudinal Study on Aging (LSOA) respondents revealed that social supports, mainly church attendance, increased the R2s when estimated separately within race and gender groups in a statistically significant manner. The magnitude of these increases, however, was small suggesting that their unique contribution may be minimal. The effects of the social support variables on the use of health services differed by race and gender. These differences, however, were not consistent across the various measures of health services utilization.
Exploring Career Agency During Self-Initiated Repatriation: A Study of Chinese Sea Turtles

Purpose – Drawing on career and self‐initiated expatriation/repatriation literatures, this paper aims to examine the career experiences of Chinese self‐initiated repatriates after their return to China.Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted an exploratory, qualitative study involving in‐depth interviews with 20 Chinese individuals who returned to China after spending at least three years living, studying and/or working in a range of “host” countries.Findings – This study shows that the career agency of Chinese returnees reflects both independent and interdependent factors. It provides specific empirical support for Tams and Arthur's argument that career agency is impacted by both individual and contextual factors.Research limitations/implications – The findings indicate the central role played by individual proactivity and contextual influences during self‐initiated repatriation. The small sample size allows for rich data, but limits the generalizability of the findings.Practical implications...
Selecting Factors for Partial Least Squares

Abstract The method of partial least squares (PLS) is a popular approach for developing predictive models. It requires determination of the number of factors to retain in generating a predictive model. Specifically, factors are sequentially computed and used to produce models until some figure of merit has been optimized. At this point, the proper number of factors is said to have been determined and the final model is formed. This approach to the method of PLS shall be referred to as top-down selection. To date, this approach represents the only way PLS has been performed. A more relevant approach is to treat factor selection as an optimization problem. That is, first compute all available factors and then select factors from this list without any regard to ordering. This new proposed approach to the method of PLS is named best-subset selection. This paper provides an algorithm for the method of PLS by best-subset selection and demonstrates that when suitable measurement variables are not present, the best-subset approach is best. Conversely, when suitable measurement variables are present, the top-down approach is best. Additionally, it is revealed that best-subset selection provides a reliable method for chemical rank determination of chemical systems. Three data sets from the literature are examined. Two data sets are spectroscopic in nature and one data set deals with quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR).
Weak localization in normal-metal loops: Influence of boundary conditions.

The theory of weak localization is discussed for the case of a normal-metal loop with symmetric side arms for boundary conditions under realistic experimental situations. The magnitude of h/2e oscillations in magnetoresistance is quite sensitive to the experimental geometry, as was pointed out by Dou\ifmmode \mbox{\c{c}}\else \c{c}\fi{}ot and Rammal. In the case of a short wire, with a loop outside the voltage and current leads at one end, a changing magnetic field modifies the boundary condition at the end of the wire periodically to give h/2e oscillations in the magnetoresistance of the wire.
Prediction and system identification in chaotic nonlinear systems: Time series with broadband spectra

Abstract We consider the problem of prediction and system identification for time series having broadband power spectra which arise from the intrinsic nonlinear dynamics of the system. We view the motion of the system in a reconstructed phase space which captures the attractor (usually strange) on which the system evolves, and give a procedure for constructing parameterized maps which evolve points in the phase space into the future. The predictor of future points in the phase space is a combination of operation on past points by the map and its iterates. Thus the map is regarded as a dynamical system, not just a fit to the data. The invariants of the dynamical system — the Lyapunov exponents and aspects of the invariant density on the attractor — are used as constraints on the choice of mapping parameters. The parameter values are chosen through a least-squares optimization procedure. The method is applied to “data” from the Henon map and shown to be feasible. It is found that the parameter values which minimize the least-squares criterion do not, in general, reproduce the invariants of the dynamical system. The maps which do reproduce the values of the invariants are not optimum in the least-squares sense, yet still are excellent predictors. We discuss several technical and general problems associated with prediction and system identification on strange attractors. In particular, we consider the matter of the evolution of points that are off the attractor (where little or no data is available), onto the attractor, where long-term motion takes place.
2,2′-OXO-1, 1 ′-azobenzene A microbially transformed allelochemical from 2,3-Benzoxazolinone: I

2,2′-Oxo-1,1 ′-azobenzene (AZOB), a compound with strong herbicidal activity, was isolated and characterized from a soil supplemented with 2,3-benzoxazolinone (BOA). A parallel experiment with 6-methoxy-2,3-benzoxazolinone (MBOA) yielded AZOB as well as its mono-(MAZOB) and dimethoxy-(DIMAZOB) derivatives. These compounds were produced only in the presence of soil microorganisms, via possible intermediates, I and II, which may dimerize or react with the parent molecule to form the final products. In the case of MBOA, it was shown that demethoxylation precedes the oxidation step. Although BOA and 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4(2H)-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA) were leached out of rye residues, there were no detectable amounts of the biotransformation products in the soil. When BOA was mixed with soil and rye residue, either under field conditions or in vitro, AZOB was detected. Levels of free BOA in the soil were greatly reduced by incubation with rye residue. AZOB was more toxic to curly cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgatti L.) than either DIBOA or BOA.
Evidence that lithium ions can modulate lectin stimulation of lymphoid cells by multiple mechanisms.

Abstract Inhibition of PHA stimulation of hamster lymph node cells by theophylline, DBcAMP, or indomethacin or PHA stimulation of thymocytes by theophylline or DBcAMP was partially reversed by addition of 10 m M LiCl to the cultures. Addition of LiCl to Con A-stimulated lymphoid cells treated with the same reagents did not alter the inhibition. In contrast, addition of 10 m M LiCl to Con A-stimulated cultures enhanced the inhibition induced by the Na,K ATPase inhibitor, ouabain. Like LiCl, this latter inhibitor was found to be effective in modulating stimulation only if added early in the culture. These data support the hypothesis that LiCl can modulate lymphocyte responsiveness at the level of cyclic nucleotide metabolism, as exemplified by PHA stimulation, or at the level of the Na,K ATPase, exemplified by Con A stimulation. The site of involvement of Li + ion would appear to be dependent on the biochemical nature of the stimulating signal.
Nonstationary covariance functions that model space–time interactions

Abstract This paper shows how to derive nonstationary spatio-temporal covariance functions via spatio-temporal stationary covariances and intrinsically stationary variograms. Three closely related kernels are employed for this purpose: (i) 2{ϕ( s 1 ;t 1 )+ϕ( s 2 ;t 2 )}−ϕ( s 1 + s 2 ;t 1 +t 2 )−ϕ( s 1 − s 2 ;t 1 −t 2 ) , (ii) ϕ( s 1 + s 2 ;t 1 +t 2 )−ϕ( s 1 − s 2 ;t 1 −t 2 ) , (iii) ϕ( s 1 ;t 1 )+ϕ( s 2 ;t 2 )−ϕ( s 1 − s 2 ;t 1 −t 2 ) , where ϕ( s ;t) is an intrinsically stationary variogram. Typical examples of covariances generated by kernel (iii) are those of the Brownian motion and fractional Brownian motion. Many new nonseparable spatio-temporal covariance functions are obtained via kernels (i) and (ii).
Usefulness of intravascular ultrasound imaging for detecting experimentally induced aortic dissection in dogs and for determining the effectiveness of endoluminal stenting.

Acute thoracic aortic dissection is a life-threatening disorder, with frequency of approximately 2,000 new cases per year in the USA. Overall mortality remains high despite advances in both operative and nonoperative management.1 Critical variables in determining treatment options and outcome are the exact anatomic location of the lesion and the premorbid general condition of the patient. Diagnostic techniques include angiography, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Each of these techniques has limitations related to the method of image production and resolution.2 Recent advances in catheter-based technology have provided devices suitable for both diagnosing aortic dissection and treating the lesion without recourse to major surgery. Intravascular ultrasound is a rapidly developing method for defining luminal and transmural anatomy of vascular structures.3 It is capable of producing high-resolution images of acute aortic dissection, and may have advantages over conventional imaging techniques in identifying the origin and distal end point and relation of the false lumen to major visceral aortic branches.4 Intravascular balloon-expandable stents have been used to successfully obliterate acute aortic dissections in dogs, but require total occlusion of the aorta during deployment as the balloon is expanded to force the stent against the aortic wall. Recently available self-expanding stents have the potential advantages of higher flexibility and a deployment mechanism that does not obstruct blood flow during insertion.
Pathobiology of HIV/SIV-associated changes in secondary lymphoid tissues

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is principally a disease of lymphoid tissues (LTs), due to the fact that the main target cell of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the CD4(+) T lymphocyte that primarily resides within organs of the immune system. The impact of HIV infection on secondary LTs, in particular lymph nodes, is critical to delineate, as these immune organs are the principal sites for initiating and facilitating immune responses and are critical for lymphocyte homeostatic maintenance and survival. The underlying structural elements of LTs, fibroblastic reticular cell (FRC) network, not only form the architectural framework for these organs, but also play in integral role in the production and storage of cytokines needed for T-cell survival. There is an interdependent relationship between the FRC stromal network and CD4(+) T lymphocytes for their survival and maintenance that is progressively disrupted during HIV disease. HIV infection results in profound pathological changes to LTs induced by persistent chronic immune activation and inflammation that leads to progressive collagen deposition and fibrosis disrupting and damaging the important FRC network. In this review, I focus on the process, mechanisms, and the implications of pathological damage to important secondary LTs, combining what we have learned from HIV-infected individuals as well as the invaluable knowledge gained from studies in non-human primate simian immunodeficiency virus infection models.
SEM and Microprobe Analyses of Enamel-metal-fluoride Interactions:

SEM and microprobe analysis of enamel, pre-treated with polyvalent metals followed by APF application, showed the presence of surface coatings, but very little penetration of fluoride or metal into the subsurface enamel. However, in vitro caries-like lesion formation in the pre-treated enamel was retarded to a greater extent than in APF-only treated enamel.
The Reclamation of Theological Integrity: L. Russ Bush III and Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1989-1992.

This paper seeks to argue that the life and work of L. Russ Bush III (1944–2008) made a significant contribution in the return of the Southern Baptist Convention to its theologically conservative heritage specifically in the early reformation of Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary from theological liberalism. That is, through Bush's published works, his role as professor and academic dean at Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, and his general and faithful involvement in the work of the Southern Baptist Convention and broader evangelicalism, Bush influenced many and witnessed the transformation of a seminary and the reformation of a denomination. This paper will show that Bush's efforts during 1989–1992 to reestablish the theological integrity of the seminary by reclaiming the seminary's longstanding confessional heritage served to maintain a standard that ultimately preserved the seminary and prepared the way for future exponential growth under the next administration.
Amorphous Silicon Carbide (α-SiC) Thin Square Membranes for Resonant Micromechanical Devices

We report an initial experimental exploration of engineering very thin, suspended amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC) membranes into vibrating micromechanical devices. We show that micromachined a-SiC thin square membranes can make interesting multiple-mode flexural resonators, with frequency spectra exhibiting many measurable resonant modes over a wide frequency range (100kHz–10MHz) in the low radio frequency (RF) bands. Initial demonstration and preliminary data suggest interesting and rich dynamical, nonlinear, and dissipative properties in these micromechanical resonances. Specifically, for instance, at room temperature (T≈300K) and in moderate vacuum (e.g., ~20mTorr), resonant modes of an a-SiC square membrane (thickness: t≈1.5µm, size: 1mm×1mm) are observed in the ~100kHz–5MHz range, with measured quality factors (Q’s) in the range of ~2,500–9,000.
Rhizoid Formation in Fucus Zygotes: Dependence on Protein and Ribonucleic Acid Syntheses

Ribonucleic acid required for rhizoid formation in Fucus zygotes is synthesized several hours before the production of proteins essential for this process. The period of synthesis of these proteins coincides with the irreversible commitment of a certain cytoplasmic region to initiate events leading to a visibly polar cell.
Comparison of Water and Butanol Based CPCs for Examining Diesel Combustion Aerosols

The introduction of condensation particle counters (CPCs) utilizing water as the condensing fluid provides an alternative to traditional butanol based CPCs. Previous evaluations, using atmospheric and laboratory test aerosols, have verified performance. This study compares the performance of multiple water and butanol based CPC models using a diesel engine exhaust challenge aerosol. A total of 5 CPCs used in a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) configuration were compared. TSI models 3786, and 3782 use water as the condensing fluid while models 3010, 3025A, and 3775 use butanol. The test aerosol was generated by a turbocharged, direct injection diesel engine running at constant speed and load, with two fuels, a low sulfur diesel and 99% soy methyl ester biodiesel fuel. Tests were conducted using a single SMPS platform and switching CPCs for each set of tests. In addition, the tests were repeated with long and nano differential mobility analyzer (DMA) columns. Four of the five CPCs agreed well, giving...
MANY-BODY PSEUDOPOTENTIAL THEORY OF EXCITONS IN INP AND CDSE QUANTUM DOTS

We present a pseudopotential approach to the calculation of the excitonic spectrum of semiconductor quantum dots. Starting from a many-body expansion of the exciton wave functions in terms of single-substitution Slater determinants constructed from pseudopotential single-particle wave functions, our method permits an accurate and detailed treatment of the intraconfiguration electron-hole Coulomb and exchange interactions, while correlation effects can be included in a controlled fashion by allowing interconfiguration coupling. We calculate the exciton fine structure of InP and CdSe nanocrystals in the strong-confinement regime. We find a different size dependence for the electron-hole exchange interaction than previously assumed (i.e., ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ instead of ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}3})$. Our calculated exciton fine structure is compared with recent experimental results obtained by size-selective optical spectroscopies.
Combining forecasts: some managerial experiences with extrapolation

Abstract Thirty-eight graduate students in a managerial forecasting course were asked to produce forecasts from actual hospital data using one or more of the extrapolation forecasting techniques reviewed in class. Students analyzed 233 time series working as individuals or in groups. Analysis of the forecasts indicates that neither characteristics of the time series, nor characteristics of the students, nor the specific forecasting methods employed were important in explaining variation in the accuracy of the forecasts. Some support was found for the practice of combining forecasts. Also, students working in groups made more accurate forecasts, although there were diminishing returns to group size. The use of intuition based on visual analysis of data achieved success in some contexts.
Bound Magnon-Phonon Pairs in Metamagnetic Systems

We calculate the magnon-phonon coupling for metamagnetic systems of the type FeCl \ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}2${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O. The coupling, which is derived from a microscopic point of view, is strong enough to bind a magnon to a phonon in some metamagnetic materials. An analysis of the coupling is presented for different systems, and the results are related to recent experimental data of Torrance and Hay.
200-keV He+-ion irradiation effects on the properties of pulsed-laser-deposited YBa2Cu3O7-x thin films.

We report the effects of 200-keV He{sup +}-ion irradiation on the properties of high-quality YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{ital x}} thin films made {ital in} {ital situ} by pulsed-laser deposition. There is no significant change in {ital T}{sub {ital c}} or the normal-state resistivity for fluences up to 1{times}10{sup 14} He{sup +}/cm{sup 2}. There is only a small increase in the critical current density {ital J}{sub {ital c}} measured at 60 K for fluences up to 3{times}10{sup 13} He{sup +}/cm{sup 2} and in nonzero magnetic fields. At fluences above 1{times}10{sup 14} He{sup +}/cm{sup 2}, the induced changes are more rapid and have a deleterious effect on the superconducting properties.
Structural development of endocardial cushions

Development of chick and rat endocardial cushions (cardiac mesenchyme) was studied histologically (using Nomarski differential interference optics on living and unfixed tissue), ultrastructurally (scanning and transmission electron microscopy), cytochemically (using acidified dialyzed iron as a visual probe for polyanionic material) and autoradiographically (using 35S) to elucidate the origin of the mesenchyme, the morphologic sequences leading to cushion formation and secretion of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, if any, by migrating mesenchymal cells. Cushion formation was similar for both species. Mesenchymal cells appeared initially, in 16- to 18-somite embryos, beneath the endothelium (which lacked a basal lamina) of the future atrioventricular canal and outflow tract. The cytoplasm of cushion mesenchymal cells was structurally similar to the ensothelium; probably these cells arose by proliferation of the endothelium. Mitotic figures among the "seeded" cells were also numerous. Cushion cells were initially attached to the endothelium by desmosomes but acquired motile apparatus (pseudopodia and filopodia containing microtubules and microfilamentous bundles). Serial sectioning of successively-aged embryos (20-44 somites) indicated a centrifugal migratory direction. Interaction of the cell processes with extracellular matrix suggested that the latter was used as a migratory substrate. Contact of the advancing wedge of cushion cells with the myocardium produced no alteration in cell structure or mitotic activity. Localization of hyaluronidase-sensitive, dialyzed iron (DI) precipitates in 250-nm Golgi vacuoles and hyaluronidase-sensitive 35S-endangendered silver grains over cushion cells indicated that this tissue contributed sulfated macromolecules to the matrix. Localization of hyaluronidase-labile, DI material in coated, endocytic-like vesicles and caveolae also suggested potential modification or conditioning of the matrix by migrating mesenchymal cells. Altogether, the study established loci in developing cushions where disruption where disruption of the developmental sequence could engender valvular or septal defects.
Hygroscopic technique for inlay casting using controlled water additions

Abstract In summary, a hygroscopic technique for dental gold inlay casting has been described which is based on the results of a fundamental study 6 of the nature of hygroscopic expansion. It was found in this study that the amount of hygroscopic expansion which occurs when a specific amount of water is brought into intimate contact with a dental casting investment during setting is directly related to or defined by this amount of water. In addition, a critical point was found to exist which represents the maximum capacity of the investment for water pick-up and subsequent expansion. Water added below this point was found to define precisely the concomitant expansion. A hygroscopic technique based on the results of this study was designed. It features a flexible inlay ring in order to eliminate the asbestos liner, yet not restrict the expansion, as well as a calibrated syringe for adding controlled amounts of water to the investment during the setting process, The advantages of this technique which were established in the measurements made on investment in the previous study 6 and corroborated by the results of practical castings as reported in this study, are stated as follows: 1.1. The effects of influencing factors such as water/powder ratio, spatulation conditions, age and batch number of investment are eliminated. 2.2. A convenient and accurate means of changing the expansion is provided by the addition of different amounts of water, if such a prodecure is desired by the operator. 3.3. More than adequate reproducibility of the investment expansion, and subsequent casting fit is achieved by adding a controlled amount of water.
The relationship between international diversification and performance in service firms

International diversification is a growth strategy that has a major potential impact on firm performance. The relationship between international diversification and firm performance has been extensively studied in the international strategy literature. A major gap in the literature has been the non-existence of studies that have examined the effect of international diversification on performance in service firms. Previous studies that have tested the international diversification–performance relationship were based on samples of manufacturing firms. We argue that the form of the relationship between multinationality and performance is different in service firms. We provide a theoretical argument for this claim and hypothesize that there is a U-shaped curvilinear relationship between multinationality and performance in service firms. Our sample consists of 81 major German service firms, spanning across four industries. Results show that there is support for a U-shaped curvilinear relationship. Based on the findings, implications and directions for future research are provided.
Heating characteristics and atomic emission waveforms for glow discharge ion bombardment furnaces

Ion bombardment of a graphite cathode in a glow discharge plasma is used to heat the cathode to temperatures suitable for the vaporization of solution residues from the cathode surface. Two low-mass cathode configurations are considered. The use of a cylindrical post cathode results in very efficient heating with peak temperatures of about 2500°C for a 250 mA discharge in Ar at 4.0 torr (532 Pa). The use of a hollow cathode results in longer sample vapor residence time, but the greater surface area and lower plasma voltage result in less efficient heating, and peak temperatures are about 2100°C. Optical pyrometer data are presented showing the effects of cathode configuration, plasma current and argon pressure on furnace temperature. The effect of an axial magnetic field on cathode heating also is considered. The role of thermionic electron emission in limiting peak furnace temperature and in regulating the temperature is discussed.
The relationship between psychological climate and work motivation in a retail environment

Among the antecedents of motivation, psychological climate has been regarded as one of the most significant contributors to an individual's motivation. This research uses the Vroom Expectancy Theory (VIE) of Work Motivation (1964) to examine the relationship between psychological climate and work motivation of management employees within the retail industry. Motivation was examined as an aggregate subject rather than looking at valence, instrumentality or expectancy. Resulting psychological climate subscales included a job characteristic, a supervisor characteristic and an organizational characteristic. Results confirm that an employee's psychological climate beliefs have a significant effect on work motivation within the retail industry. By understanding the areas within psychological climate that effect work motivation, educators will be able to structure course content to assist students in developing a professional perspective. Human resources management can use this information to analyze the store's...
Complete transposition of the great vessels.

Summary Complete transposition of the aortaand pulmonary arteries produces a characteristic clinical pattern consisting of (1) cyanosis which begins immediately after birth, (2) increased blood flow and blood content in the pulmonary vessels, (3) right ventricular preponderance, (4) progressive cardiac enlargement, (5) retardation of growth and development, (6) angiocardiographic evidence of continuity between the right ventricle and the aorta. Among the cyanotic group of congenital deformities the appearance of cyanosis at birth is rarely encountered except with transposition of the great vessels. 6 Except in this condition cyanosis early in life is almost invariably associated with obstruction to pulmonary blood flow and reduced lung markings on teleroentgenograms. Judging from the cinefluorographic picture presented, a single teleroentgenogram taken from 2 to 5 seconds after beginning the injection of Diodrast should provide a definitive diagnosis of complete transposition of the aorta. Cases of complete transposition of the great vessels have much better prognosis if multiple shunts exist. If the only site of exchange of oxygenated and venous blood consists of an interatrial septal defect, the outlook is so grim that surgical intervention provides the only hope for survival. The distinct improvement in one case from a Blalock operation indicates that this may offer at least palliative relief.
The Trans-Fat Ban — Food Regulation and Long-Term Health

The FDA proposes to declare partially hydrogenated oils unsafe and to allow only a small amount of artificial trans fats in foods. The move portends future government actions regarding the food supply that will affect human health much more broadly.
Wild-type p53 restores cell cycle control and inhibits gene amplification in cells with mutant p53 alleles

Loss of cell cycle control and acquisition of chromosomal rearrangements such as gene amplification often occur during tumor progression, suggesting that they may be correlated. We show here that the wild-type p53 allele is lost when fibroblasts from patients with the Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) are passaged in vitro. Normal and LFS cells containing wild-type p53 arrested in G1 when challenged with the uridine biosynthesis inhibitor PALA and did not undergo PALA-selected gene amplification. The converse occurred in cells lacking wild-type p53 expression. Expression of wild-type p53 in transformants of immortal and tumor cells containing mutant p53 alleles restored G1 control and reduced the frequency of gene amplification to undetectable levels. These studies reveal that p53 contributes to a metabolically regulated G1 check-point, and they provide a model for understanding how abnormal cell cycle progression leads to the genetic rearrangements involved in tumor progression.
What Do Corporations Owe Citizens

Institutional investors occupy an important location in the corporate governance system in countries with high shareholding, such as the US. As these are also countries where pensions are heavily invested in equities, the pension and corporate governance systems intersect, though they are usually analyzed separately. Institutional investors could play a more active role in corporate governance, but many if not most have not done so. Public pension funds are more proactive on corporate governance transparency issues than are the privately held funds, in part because the latter have some conflict of interest between those who own the parent firm and those who invest in the funds. Overall, institutional investors in the US have fewer powers over the managers than do the UK counterparts. Debates over SEC Rule 14a-8 which would give more power to IIs reflects the views and influence of competing lobbies on each side of the battleground among shareholders, managers, and employees over the cash flow of the firm, a battleground in which pension funds are increasingly important players.
Developmental therapeutics: review of biologically based complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies for potential application in children with cancer-part II.

This is part two of a review of the status of biologically based complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies that have potential anticancer activity, with a focus on those agents that may be active in childhood cancer. The review, presented in two parts, includes descriptions of the mechanisms that underlie their effects, the manner by which these agents are identified and evaluated, and discussion of some of the limitations of current research. The first part 1–81 introduced the topic of biologically based CAM therapies. The discussion included a description of the discovery of biologically based products for cancer, the classification of these compounds, and their use, from the perspectives of the Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) systems. Issues associated with evidence-based research of compounds used in these practices are addressed. This part focuses on preclinical and clinical studies of specific herbs or natural products and their bioactive constituents that demonstrate potential in cancer therapeutics. Turmeric, mistletoe, green tea, ginseng, mushrooms, and micronutrients are representative of compounds that exert their effects through mechanisms attributed to specific chemical classes. The section concludes with a discussion of the status of clinical trials of biologically based CAM therapeutics for cancer and the future direction of research.
Enhancement of osteogenic differentiation and proliferation in human mesenchymal stem cells by a modified low intensity ultrasound stimulation under simulated microgravity.

Adult stem cells can differentiate into multiple lineages depending on their exposure to differing biochemical and biomechanical inductive factors. Lack of mechanical signals due to disuse can inhibit osteogenesis and induce adipogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Long-term bed rest due to both brain/spinal cord injury and space travel can lead to disuse osteoporosis that is in part caused by a reduced number of osteoblasts. Thus, it is essential to provide proper mechanical stimulation for cellular viability and osteogenesis, particularly under disuse conditions. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on the osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived human stem cells (Ad-hMSC) in simulated microgravity conditions. Cells were cultured in a 1D clinostat to simulate microgravity (SMG) and treated with LIPUS at 30mW/cm2 for 20 min/day. It was hypothesized that the application of LIPUS to SMG cultures would restore osteogenesis in Ad-hMSCs. The results showed significant increases in ALP, OSX, RANKL, RUNX2, and decreases in OPG in LIPUS treated SMG cultures of Ad-MSC compared to non-treated cultures. LIPUS also restored OSX, RUNX2 and RANKL expression in osteoblast cells. SMG significantly reduced ALP positive cells by 70% (p<0.01) and ALP activity by 22% (p<0.01), while LIPUS treatment restored ALP positive cell number and activity to equivalence with normal gravity controls. Extracellular matrix collagen and mineralization was assessed by Sirius red and Alizarin red staining, respectively. SMG cultures showed little or no collagen or mineralization, but LIPUS treatment restored collagen content to 50% (p<0.001) and mineralization by 45% (p<0.001) in LIPUS treated-SMG cultures relative to SMG-only cultures. The data suggest that LIPUS treatment can restore normal osteogenic differentiation of MSCs from disuse by daily short duration stimulation.
Serotonergic aspects of the response of human platelets to immune-adjuvant muramyl dipeptide

The human platelet serotonergic responses of aggregation and uptake were shown to be modulated by muramyl peptides. Muramyl dipeptide inhibited serotonin uptake in a temperature dependent and stereospecific manner. It also blocked the binding to platelets of [3H]imipramine, a well-known inhibitor of serotonin uptake. Muramyl dipeptide decreased serotonin2 (5-HT2) mediated platelet aggregation, and blocked the binding of a 5-HT2-specific ligand: lysergic acid diethylamide. Since muramyl peptides are released upon degradation of bacteria, the findings offer a possible mechanism for neuro-immune modulation by emphasizing the interaction between 5-HT (a neurotransmitter) and muramyl peptides (immuno-adjuvants).
Effects of E-2078, a stable dynorphin A(1-8) analog, on sedation and serum prolactin levels in rhesus monkeys.

Rationale: The dynorphins are endogenous opioid peptides with relative binding selectivity for κ- receptors. It is unclear whether the dynorphins share the pharmacological profile observed with synthetic κ-agonists in primates. Objective: The main objective of this study was to compare the effects of s.c. E-2078, a stable dynorphin A(1–8) analog, with two synthetic κ-opioid ligands, spiradoline (a reference arylacetamide κ-agonist) and ICI204,448 (a ”peripherally selective”κ-agonist) in behavioral and neuroendocrine endpoints in rhesus monkeys. Methods: Dose–effect curves were determined for s.c. E-2078, spiradoline and ICI204,448 in causing overt sedation and muscle relaxation (as detected in observational rating scales), in increasing latency to retrieve and consume a food pellet and in increasing serum levels of the anterior pituitary hormone, prolactin, in intact female rhesus monkeys. Results: E-2078 and ICI204,448 (0.1–3.2 mg/kg) caused increases in sedation and muscle relaxation scores, but were less potent and apparently less effective than spiradoline (0.001–0.1 mg/kg) up to the highest doses presently studied. All three agonists were equieffective and approximately equipotent in increasing the latency to retrieve and consume a pellet. Furthermore, E-2078 (0.001–0.032 mg/kg) was equipotent and equieffective with spiradoline in increasing serum prolactin levels, whereas ICI204,448 was less potent, but slightly more effective than the former two agonists. The effects of E-2078 on serum prolactin levels were surmountably antagonized by quadazocine (1 mg/kg) and naltrexone (0.1 mg/kg). Conclusions: The present studies show that serum prolactin levels are a highly sensitive, quantitative endpoint to study the potency and effectiveness of systemically administered E-2078, and show that the dynorphins may be potent and effective in causing some, but not all, the effects that are observed after the administration of synthetic κ-agonists.
Additional data and insight bearing on the relation between dislocation substructure and power law breakdown

For AISI 304 stainless steel and pure aluminum, the onset of power law breakdown appears independent of dislocation structure. 9 refs.
Computed tomography dataset postprocessing: from data to knowledge.

The introduction of spiral computed tomography from the days of single-slice spiral to today's 64-row multidetector computed tomography and beyond creates datasets with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. The key to computed tomography imaging in the big picture is not in the acquisition of data, but in the use of the data acquired. By supplementing traditional axial interpretation with 3-dimensional rendering of the computed tomography volume, the greatest amount of information available is extracted. The information provided by a comprehensive postprocessed study, which includes multiplanar reconstruction in the coronal, sagittal, and oblique plane, as well as 3-dimensional maps of both the arterial and venous phase datasets using volume rendering and maximum intensity projection techniques, allows for key clinical decisions to be made with a high degree of accuracy. Postprocessing of computed tomography data is thus no longer an option, but a true requirement in this era of 64-row multidetector computed tomography and beyond. Mt Sinai J Med 2012 DOI: 10.1002/msj.21316
PERIODIC FORCED RESPONSE OF STRUCTURES HAVING THREE-DIMENSIONAL FRICTIONAL CONSTRAINTS

Abstract Many mechanical systems have moving components that are mutually constrained through frictional contacts. When subjected to cyclic excitations, a contact interface may undergo constant changes among sticks, slips and separations, which leads to very complex contact kinematics. In this paper, a 3-D friction contact model is employed to predict the periodic forced response of structures having 3-D frictional constraints. Analytical criteria based on this friction contact model are used to determine the transitions among sticks, slips and separations of the friction contact, and subsequently the constrained force which consists of the induced stick–slip friction force on the contact plane and the contact normal load. The resulting constrained force is often a periodic function and can be considered as a feedback force that influences the response of the constrained structures. By using the Multi-Harmonic Balance Method along with Fast Fourier Transform, the constrained force can be integrated with the receptance of the structures so as to calculate the forced response of the constrained structures. It results in a set of non-linear algebraic equations that can be solved iteratively to yield the relative motion as well as the constrained force at the friction contact. This method is used to predict the periodic response of a frictionally constrained 3-d.o.f. oscillator. The predicted results are compared with those of the direct time integration method so as to validate the proposed method. In addition, the effect of super-harmonic components on the resonant response and jump phenomenon is examined.
Growth and Distribution of the Macroalgae Gracilaria salicornia and G. parvispora (Rhodophyta) Established from Aquaculture Introductions at Moloka'i, Hawai'i

Abstract: Gracilaria salicornia and G. parvispora were introduced to the south reef of Moloka‘i, Hawai‘i, in the past 15–20 yr for aquaculture development. Both species have naturalized on the reef. Gracilaria salicornia is now considered an invasive species on O‘ahu due to its tendency to grow in dense beds that produce undesirable windrows of thalli on the beach. There is also concern that it reduces biodiversity and degrades habitats of reefs. We surveyed the south coast of Moloka‘i, where both species were introduced, and measured biomass density, growth rates, and thallus nutrient contents of G. salicornia in established beds. Both species are found in the silt-laden, nearshore zone of the reef within 50 m of shore. Gracilaria salicornia grows in dense beds containing 475 g dry weight m-2 of biomass, but growth rates are low, 0.03%–1.28% day-1. Tissue nitrogen levels are low, suggesting that these populations are nitrogen limited. Nevertheless, populations of G. salicornia persist and grow slowly on ...
Cost-effectiveness of carotid artery stent placement versus endarterectomy in patients with carotid artery stenosis

Object. The Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial (CREST) demonstrated that the risk of the primary composite outcome of stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), or death did not differ significantly in patients with an average surgical risk undergoing carotid artery stenting (CAS) and those undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA). However, the cost associated with CAS may limit its broad applicability. The authors’ goal in this paper was to determine the cost-effectiveness of CAS with an embolic-protection device versus CEA in patients with moderate to severe carotid artery stenosis who are at average surgical risk. Methods. The probability of the primary outcome was obtained from the results of the CREST trial. The qualityadjusted life years (QALYs) associated with each treatment modality were estimated by adjusting for the incidence of each quality-adjusted outcome (QALY weights of ipsilateral stroke, MI, death, and postprocedure QALYs). The total cost associated with each intervention was derived from hospitalization cost and cost associated with primary outcomes including stroke, MI, and death in each group. Costs are expressed in US dollars accounting for inflation up to October 2010. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were estimated for the 4-year period after the procedure. All values are expressed as means and 95% confidence intervals. Results. The estimated net costs for patients after treatment with CAS and CEA after consideration of the primary outcome were $18,335 and $13,276, respectively, from the definitive presimulation analysis. Postsimulation values were $19,210 (range $18,264–$20,156) and $14,080 (range $13,076–$15,084), respectively. Overall, QALYs for the CAS and CEA groups were 0.712 and 0.702, respectively (ranging from 0.0 [death] to 0.815 [no adverse events]). The estimated ICER for CAS versus CEA treatment was $229,429. Conclusions. Although the CREST demonstrated equivalent results with CAS (compared with CEA) in patients at average surgical risk with severe carotid artery stenosis, broad applicability of CAS might be limited by the higher cost associated with this procedure.
Microbial messaging to the marrow.

In this issue of Blood , Boettcher et al demonstrate that endothelial cell-intrinsic MyD88 signaling is critical for synthesis of the cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and induction of emergency granulopoiesis during gram-negative bacterial infection.[1][1] This work answers
Development and Assessment of an Undergraduate Curriculum for First-Year International Engineering Students

Each year, the first-year programs team of an engineering student organization at a midwest university collaborates with engineering faculty to develop a first-year seminar that introduces students to college life and to engineering. The seminar is instructed by upper-division peer mentors who develop course lesson plans and learning objectives and mentor first-year engineering students. Over time, the number of divisions devoted primarily to international student instruction has increased from one to three divisions. The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which first-year international students perceive the seminar as beneficial to their college transition. Overall, international students more positively rated topics that were congruent with their interests and experiences. This paper is significant in that it assesses international students' perceptions of the course curriculum, describes revisions to the international student division curriculum, and details the overall benefits of international-to-international student peer mentoring within first-year engineering programs.
Research, Public Policy and Drug Abuse: Current Approaches and New Directions

This article examines current U.S. research policy in the drug abuse field and comments on future directions. It discusses three main themes: (1) the relationship of national policy and research on drug abuse; (2) how research is planned and priorities are set at the National Institute on Drug Abuse; and (3) the need for a variety of policy studies on drug abuse to help develop more effective national prevention and control efforts. Examination of national policy statements on drug abuse supply and demand reduction issued by administrations from John F. Kennedy to Ronald W. Reagan suggests a lack of appreciation of the potential that research offers to aid public policy and an underutilization of research as a response to gaps in our knowledge of how to deal with drug problems. This paper proposes development of a National Research Strategy on Drug Abuse to identify research goals that reflect national policy needs. The importance and contribution of policy studies, as part of the National Research Strate...
Metabolite proton T2 mapping in the healthy rhesus macaque brain at 3 T

The structure and metabolism of the rhesus macaque brain, an advanced model for neurologic diseases and their treatment response, is often studied noninvasively with MRI and (1)H-MR spectroscopy. Due to the shorter transverse relaxation time (T(2)) at the higher magnetic fields these studies favor, the echo times used in (1)H-MR spectroscopy subject the metabolites to unknown T(2) weighting, decreasing the accuracy of quantification which is key for inter- and intra-animal comparisons. To establish the "baseline" (healthy animal) T(2) values, we mapped them for the three main metabolites' T(2)s at 3 T in four healthy rhesus macaques and tested the hypotheses that their mean values are similar (i) among animals; and (ii) to analogs regions in the human brain. This was done with three-dimensional multivoxel (1)H-MR spectroscopy at (0.6 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm)(3) = 180 microL spatial resolution over a 4.2 x 3.0 x 2.0 = 25 cm(3) ( approximately 30%) of the macaque brain in a two-point protocol that optimizes T(2) precision per unit time. The estimated T(2)s in several gray and white matter regions are all within 10% of those reported in the human brain (mean +/- standard error of the mean): N-acetylaspartate = 316 +/- 7, creatine = 177 +/- 3, and choline = 264 +/- 9 ms, with no statistically significant gray versus white matter differences.
Motivated Processing of Peripheral Advertising Information in Video Games

An experiment, guided by the Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing (LC4MP), manipulated players’ motivational activation states during play of a custom-built first-person shooter video game and examined memory of billboard advertisements embedded in the game’s peripheral content. In line with the LC4MP, a memory sensitivity test demonstrated that encoding of peripheral billboard advertisements was greatest during moderate-medium aversive activation and worst with moderate-high aversive activation. However, storage, measured using cued recall, was greater with moderate-medium appetitive activation when compared with other motivational states. The findings extend understandings of motivated cognitive processing of secondary advertising information in video game contexts.