cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contact resistances of AuGeNi, AuZn and Al to III–V compounds

Abstract The specific contact resistances of AuGe to n -type Al 0.4 Ga 0.6 As, GaAs 0.6 P 0.4 and GaP over a range of doping concentrations (∼ 10 17 −10 18 cm −3 ) have been measured. AuGeNi shows ohmic characteristics to these materials after heat treatment. The specific contact resistances of AuZn and Al to p -type Al 0.4 Ga 0.6 As, GaAs 0.6 P 0.4 and GaP with carrier concentration ∼ 2 × 10 19 cm −3 have also been investigated. AuZn contact is applicable to all three p -type materials but Al contact is only recommended to p -type GaAs 0.6 P 0.4 .
Internal jugular phlebectasia

Internal jugular phlebectasia or abnormal fusiform dilatation of the jugular venous system usually presents as a neck mass that increases in size with maneuvers, which increase intrathoracic pressure. We present a case of internal jugular phlebectasia in which, due to an atypical presentation, the diagnosis was confirmed only by surgical exploration. The pathophysiology and radiologic evaluation are discussed to determine the role reserved for surgery in the management of this entity.
The Poisson problem with mixed boundary conditions in Sobolev and Besov spaces in non-smooth domains

We introduce certain Sobolev-Besov spaces which are particularly well adapted for measuring the smoothness of data and solutions of mixed boundary value problems in Lipschitz domains. In particular, these are used to obtain sharp well-posedness results for the Poisson problem for the Laplacian with mixed boundary conditions on bounded Lipschitz domains which satisfy a suitable geometric condition introduced by R.Brown in (1994). In this context, we obtain results which generalize those by D.Jerison and C.Kenig (1995) as well as E.Fabes, O.Mendez and M.Mitrea (1998). Applications to Hodge theory and the regularity of Green operators are also presented.
Hypervalent pyrrolidinium radicals by neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry: Metastability and radical leaving group abilities

Neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry was used to generate hypervalent radicals pyrrolidinium (1H·), N-methylpyrrolidinium (2H·), N-ethylpyrrolidinium (3H·), N-phenylpyrrolidinium (4H·), N,N-dimethylpyrrolidinium (5·), N-methyl-N-ethylpyrrolidinium (6·), and their deuterium-labeled derivatives and to study their dissociations in the gas phase. Isotopomers of pyrrolidinium and N-phenylpyrrolidinium showed small fractions of stable radicals of microsecond lifetimes that were detected following collisional reionization. The leaving group abilities in radical dissociations were established as H· » C2H5· ≈ C6H5·> CH3·. The hydrogen atom was the best leaving group in secondary and tertiary pyrrolidinium radicals 1H·–4H·, whereas losses of ethyl, phenyl, and ring openings by N-C bond cleavages were less facile. Methyl was the worst leaving group among those studied. Ring cleavages dominated the dissociations of quaternary pyrrolidinium radicals 5· and 6·, whereas losses of alkyl substituents were less efficient. The electronic properties of hypervalent ammonium radicals are discussed to rationalize the experimental leaving group abilities of hydrogen atom, alkyl, and phenyl radicals.
Testing survival under right censoring and left truncation

SUMMARY In some areas of life testing, subjects may enter or leave the study after they have been put on test. Statistics are presented for testing the hypothesis that the lifetimes have a given distribution for both the discrete and continuous cases. They are shown to be asymptotically normal by associating a martingale with the life process and using basic results about stopping times. There is some discussion of the effect of weight functions on power. An example of the test is provided.
Infrared dichroism, molecular structure, and deformation mechanisms of isotactic polypropylene

Infrared dichroism measurements can be used to study the process-structure-property relations of a polymer provided the transition-moment angle and phase absorption characteristics of the individual absorption frequencies are known. The present study describes experimental procedures for determining these intrinsic frequency characteristics using isotactic polypropylene as the semicrystalline polymer example. The study further demonstrates the use of this intrinsic information for characterizing the process-structure-property behavior of deformed isotactic polypropylene films. This reveals remarkable similarities in the observed structural response of isotactic polypropylene to different deformation processes.
The importance of animal models of decision making, gambling, and related behaviors: implications for translational research in addiction.

The Importance of Animal Models of Decision Making, Gambling, and Related Behaviors: Implications for Translational Research in Addiction
Operational Games for Geographers.

Abstract In recent years it has come to be recognized that the study of hypothetical situations can help to illuminate the operation of processes and facilitate the study of real world situations. The present article focuses upon the economic development problems of an imaginary Caribbean island. The reader is given background information relating to the economic activities on the island of Roja Grande and asked to suggest possible development strategies which will lead to a more diversified economy and higher standards of living. The second half of the article outlines the development strategies suggested by an undergraduate who, under examination conditions, was “invited to offer” solutions to the problems posed.
Reaction diffusion equations with non-linear boundary conditions, blowup and steady states

In this paper we study the following problem: ut−Δu=−f(u) in Ω×(0, T)≡QT, ∂u ∂n=g(u) on ∂Ω×(0, T)≡ST, u(x, 0)=u0(x) in Ω, where Ω⊂ℝN is a smooth bounded domain, f and g are smooth functions which are positive when the argument is positive, and u0(x)>0 satisfies some smooth and compatibility conditions to guarantee the classical solution u(x, t) exists. We first obtain some existence and non-existence results for the corresponding elliptic problems. Then, we establish certain conditions for a finite time blow-up and global boundedness of the solutions of the time-dependent problem. Further, we analyse systems with same kind of boundary conditions and find some blow-up results. In the last section, we study the corresponding elliptic problems in one-dimensional domain. Our main method is the comparison principle and the construction of special forms of upper–lower solutions using related equations. © 1998 B. G. Teubner Stuttgart—John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Services on Family Assistance to the Frail Elderly

This article analyzes the relationship between in-home supportive services and family assistance to the frail elderly. Multivariate linear regression analysis of data from interviews with 2620 low-income elderly in California indicates that a 10% increase in services will result in at most a reduction of 2.8% in the family's efforts. For members of a comparison group who live alone, the presence of a son or daughter living nearby or a distant son is associated with a "complementary effect," wherein services actually enhance the family's efforts. For those in the same group who do not live alone, a child in the household or nearby sibling leads to a small complementary effect. These and related findings underscore the complex impact of service delivery on the family.
An accurate method to determine the amount of out-of-band light in an EUV scanner

In this paper, we proposed a new design of the test mask to measure the amount of the out-of-band (OOB) light from an extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) light source by detuning the period of the multilayer (ML), rather than changing the material of the absorber, to suppress reflection of EUV light. The new OOB test mask also reflects essentially the same OOB light as that of the production mask at each wavelength in the whole OOB spectral range. With the help of the new OOB test mask, the contributions to the background intensity from in-band flare and OOB light can be correctly separated and an accurate optical-proximity-correction (OPC) model can be established.
Increasing sensitivity of masses cued on both views by CAD

Although CAD schemes can detect a high percentage of subtle cancers depicted on "prior" and false-negative cases, radiologists frequently discard most of CAD-cued subtle masses in the clinical environment. As a result of the relatively high false-positive detection rate and the fact that a large number of subtle masses are typically cued only on one view cause radiologists to rely less on (and often ignore) CAD-cued masses. In this study, we present a multi-view based method to increase the number of actual masses that are cued by the CAD scheme on both (ipso-lateral) views and at the same time limiting the overall "case-based" false-positive detection rate. The new scheme includes a traditional single-image based CAD scheme and a multi-view processing module. An image database from 435 examinations (or a total of 1,740 images) consisting 235 examinations depicting a verified malignant mass each and 200 negative examinations was used in this study. The single-image based CAD scheme with a fixed operating threshold (i.e. 0.55) was applied to all images. For each CAD identified region (i.e. with detection score ≥ 0.55), the multi-view processing module defined a matched strip on the corresponding ipso-lateral image and identified all "matched" regions located inside the strip (including those with detection score < 0.55). All matched regions are cued on both views and unmatched regions were discarded. CAD scheme initially detected 172 true masses and 576 false-positive regions. Of the 172 masses, 90 were detected on two views (52%) and 82 were detected only on one view. Of the 576 false-positive detections, only 72 pairs (14%) were considered "matched" and 432 were not, resulting in 504 case-based ("independent") cues. Case-based sensitivity and false-positive rate of the CAD scheme were 73.2% and 1.16 per case. When only matched region pairs were cued, 160 masses (68.1%) and 308 false-positive detections (0.71 per case) were identified on two views. Reducing the original operating threshold from 0.55 to 0.49 resulted in 172 masses and 413 false-positive detections (or 0.95 per case) being cued on two views. By increasing sensitivity through the reduction of the detection threshold only inside the matched strip regions in ipso-lateral images the scheme successfully cued masses on two views by maintaining detection sensitivity while reducing the "case-based" false-positive detection rate.
A solution to the equations of shell theory

In this paper the Vekua-Dikmen formulation of the equations of shell theory as a heirarchy are presented as a hypercomplex system. Using the function theory associated with this algebra the torsion problem is solved as an integral representation.
The management of a persistent adnexal mass in pregnancy.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to evaluate the pathologic features and outcome of pregnancy complicated by a persistent adnexal mass that was managed conservatively or with surgical intervention. STUDY DESIGN: A review was performed of patients who were seen with an adnexal mass in pregnancy from January 1988 to June 1994. We included patients with simple or complex masses >-6 cm that were persistent on ultrasonographic evaluation. We excluded cysts that spontaneously resolved by 16 weeks' gestation and those diagnosed after delivery. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients of 43,372 deliveries were identified with persistent adnexal masses that met the above criteria. Nineteen (59%) of these patients had operative intervention, whereas 12 (41%) were managed conservatively. Of the patients who had surgery, nine had functional cysts, six had mature cystic teratomas, and four had other benign cysts. Complications within 12 hours of surgery included one spontaneous abortion and one patient with rupture of membranes. Twelve patients were managed nonsurgically. Seven patients had conservative management, whereas five patients had percutaneous drainage of simple cysts (negative results on cytologic study) that were symptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: Although the incidence of ovarian cancer in pregnancy is low, the incidental finding of an adnexal mass in pregnancy is becoming more common. Because complications of abdominal surgery are increased in pregnancy, surgical management of this prenatal complication needs to be reconsidered. Our data support a randomized clinical study to determnie optimal management of an adnexal mass in pregnancy.
Clinical pharmacology of arabinofuranosyladenine in combination with deoxycoformycin

We have administered five courses of arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) and deoxycoformycin (DCF) to two patients and have studied the effects of DCF on the pharmacokinetics of ara-A. Ara-A was given by IV infusion over 3 h at a dose of 300 mg/m2/day for 3 days on the first two courses of treatment for each patient. One patient received a third course at a dose of 300 mg/m2/day every 12 h for 3 days. During the first course of treatment, patients received DCF (10 mg/m2) 60 min prior to the ara-A infusion on days 2 and 3 only. However, during subsequent courses, DCF was administered on each of the 3 days. On day 1 of the first course of treatment ara-A was not detectable in the plasma, while ara-hypoxanthine (ara-hyp) reached levels of up to 12.0 μg/ml. On day 2, DCF pretreatment resulted in detectable ara-A levels and decreased ara-hyp. On day 3, the levels of ara-A increased further and ara-hyp was no longer detectable. On subsequent courses, the administration of DCF on each of the 3 days of treatment resulted in detectable ara-A levels on day 1, with progressive increases on days 2 and 3. During the second course of treatment, increases in the excretion half-life of ara-A were noted during the 3-day treatment schedule, with values increasing from 258.2 min to 546 min and from 77.3 min to 219 min for patients I and II, respectively. Peak CSF ara-A levels were approximately one-third of peak plasma levels. No toxicity was encountered in patients treated at these doses of ara-A and DCF. Abrupt declines in peripheral blast counts were observed in each patient.
On Dingle's Controversy about the Clock Paradox and the Evolution of Ideas in Science

In his recent book, Science at the Crossroads, H. Dingle (1972) reviewed his extended controversy on the clock paradox of special relativity theory. For reasons that I will discuss presently, I do not agree with Dingle's conclusion that the theory of relativity actually entails a paradox, and therefore I do not agree that it is logically invalid. However, I do believe that it should be advisable to pay close attention to what Dingle says in his book, especially where he also discusses the present-day attitudes of dogmatism and antirationalism that he has experienced from the physics community, following from this controversy. If he is right about this, then it seems to me to be equally serious for the community of physicists to consider, along with the particular physics problem that he debates. For Dingle's remarks on the sociological problem imply that indeed science is 'at the crossroads', and that a continuation of such attitudes could lead to a severe slowing up of genuine progress in physics, if not stagnation. I should like to address myself, in this paper, to both of the problems posed by Dingle-the logical-physical problem of relativity theory, and the sociological problem. First, I will present what I believe to be the actual answer to Dingle's criticism, from the view of the theory of relativity-which (in contrast with the opinion of most of my colleagues) I believe to be a bona fide technical criticism that must be answered in a technical manner. I will then discuss my view of the nature of the evolution of ideas in science, attempting to place present-day attitudes in historical perspective, and indicating what I feel to be suggested by the history of science in regard to a methodology that would be in the best interests of its future progress.
Cultural and Genetic Variation in Swamp Sparrows (Melospiza Georgiana)

The relationship between variation in a cultural trait, the songs of male swamp sparrows Melospiza georgiana, and genetic variation at nine polymorphic enzyme loci was examined using seven geographic locations covering a major portion of the breeding range of this species. Swamp sparrow songs exhibit geographical variation, and song populations at a location can remain relatively stable over a ten year period. Three measures of song syllable variation were used to examine the similarities between the song populations. Electrophoretic analysis suggested at least 3 groups of locations based on allelic frequency differences. Two of these groups are geographically extensive. The mean proportion of songs two locations share is related independently to the distance between the locations and to the similarity of their allele frequencies. The allele frequency similarity between two locations is not related to the geographic distance between them. A descriptive analysis of the relationship between song and genetic variation yielded two conclusions. First, two of the three population subdivisions exhibited a pattern of correlation between song syllable variation and genetic variation that may resemble character displacement. The similarity of song syllables at two locations may depend on the position of the two locations relative to the region where different allele-frequency groups come into contact. Second, this pattern of correlation did not hold for comparisons involving the third subdivision, and thus was not species universal in swamp sparrows. Song syllable variation may have different biological relevance in different geographical areas.
An analysis of the relationship between behavioral contrast and responding to S− in successive discrimination learning

Ten pigeons were given extended training with VI 60-sec reinforcement contingent upon keypecking at a 555-nm stimulus in an otherwise darkened chamber with white noise present. After attainment of response rate stability, 30 sessions of successive discrimination training were run, with VI 60-sec reinforcement still signaled by the stimulus conditions indicated above, while an unilluminated response key, a houselight and a 1000-Hz tone signaled extinction. Most subjects showed little tendency to respond to S−, yet all but one subject clearly showed positive behavioral contrast. The magnitude of the contrast effect was not systematically related to either the absolute level or to the pattern of responding during the nonreinforced stimulus.
MO-EE-A2-01: Nuclear Model Evaluation of Uncertainties in Therapeutic Absorbed Dose and Secondary Neutron Production in Proton Radiotherapy Using MCNPX

Purpose: To evaluate differences in nuclear physics models of MCNPX for uncertainties in 1) the dosimetriccharacteristics of the therapeuticdose for SOBP and cross‐field profiles and 2) stray neutron fields produced in a proton therapy unit using the default Bertini model option as the baseline. Methods and Materials: The general purpose Monte Carlo N‐Particle eXtended (MCNPX) code was used to calculate the therapeutic absorbed dose and spectral neutron fluence with three nuclear model options: the Bertini Model, the Cascade Exciton Model (CEM), and the Liege Intra‐Nuclear Cascade Model (INCL4). Each model is included as a physics option in MCNPX. For initial beam energy of 160 MeV, dose calculations were carried out in a water phantom positioned 24 cm downstream of the nozzle exit while in‐air calculations of the neutron spectral fluence were tallied in spheres positioned at isocenter, 100 cm downstream of isocenter and at lateral distances of ± 100 cm off‐axis. Calculations of secondary neutrons produced external to the nozzle housing were evaluated among the models for several parameters including the ambient neutrondose equivalent per therapeutic absorbed dose.Results: Our results indicate that calculations of the therapeutic absorbed dose were in close agreement (⩽1% difference) for all nuclear model options. On the other hand, the differences in the neutron spectral fluence calculations typically varied by a factor of 2 or more among the models. Conclusions: We found that all three inelastic nuclear interaction models provided excellent agreement in the therapeuticdose distributions. However, we observed substantial differences in the neutron spectral fluence calculations that suggest further investigation may be desirable for estimating the out of field radiation exposure uncertainties among the models.
Preanalytical variables in measurement of free (ionized) calcium in lithium heparin-containing blood collection tubes

Abstract Background Measurements of free (ionized) calcium (iCa) are increasingly requested in patient care locations where immediate analysis is unavailable. Evacuated blood collection tubes containing lithium heparin and gel separator material are widely used in clinical laboratories, but little information is available on the effects of these tubes or of delay prior to analysis on the concentration or stability of iCa. Methods We collected blood from volunteers into lithium-heparin tubes (PST, Vacutainer® PST™, BD Pre-Analytic Systems) of multiple lots and into electrolyte-balanced heparin syringes (Portex® Dry Heparin, Smiths Medical). iCa was measured (Siemens 1265 blood gas analyzers) immediately and, in PST, at 0–7 h with or without transportation of the tubes from remote sites. Results The mean difference of free calcium results in the PST tubes and electrolyte-balanced syringes was − 0.08 (95% confidence interval − 0.17 to 0.012) mmol/l, and the SD of the residuals (Sy, x) of the regression was 0.03 mmol/l. There was no detectable lot-to-lot variation in results. Free calcium was stable in tubes at room temperature and at 4 °C for at least 7 h with or without transportation. Conclusion iCa measured in the examined blood collection tubes is stable and unaffected by lot-to-lot variation of tubes, but results are slightly lower than with special blood gas syringes.
The initial value problem for neutron transport in a slab with perfect reflection boundary conditions

Abstract We consider the initial-value problem for neutron transport in a homogeneous slab with perfect reflection boundary conditions, and establish the existence and the uniqueness of the solution. We also investigate the structure of the spectrum of the transport operator and prove that at least one real eigenvalue always exists.
Scattering from a microstrip patch

A solution to the problem of plane wave scattering by a rectangular microstrip patch on a grounded dielectric substrate is presented. The model does not include the microstrip feed, and thus does not include the so-called "antenna mode" component of the scattering. The solution begins by formulating an electric field integral equation for the surface current density on the microstrip patch. The integral equation is solved using the method of moments. Computed data for the patch radar cross section (RCS) is found to be in close agreement with measurements over a broad frequency range. The microstrip RCS versus frequency consists of a number of large peaks which are identified as impedance or pattern factor resonance peaks.
Peptidases of the peripheral chemoreceptors: biochemical, immunological, in vitro hydrolytic studies and electron microscopic analysis of neutral endopeptidase-like activity of the carotid body.

The purposes of the present study are to identify and characterize the major peptidase(s) that may be involved in the inactivation of neuropeptides in the mammalian carotid body. Measurements of a number of peptidase activities in the cell-free extract of the cat carotid body using specific substrates and inhibitors indicated that the previously identified neutral endopeptidase (NEP)-like activity [Kumar et al., Brain Res., 517 (1990) 341–343] is the major peptidase in the chemoreceptor tissue. The NEP-like activity of the carotid body was further characterized using a monoclonal antibody to human neutral endopeptidase, EC 3.4.24.11. Immune blot analysis indicated strong immunoreactivity toward the cat and calf carotid bodies but a weak cross-reactivity with the rabbit carotid body. Furthermore, western blot analysis of the cat carotid body extract revealed the presence of a major 97-kDa protein and a minor 200-kDa protein. The 97-kDa NEP form of the carotid body was comparable to EC 3.4.24.11 and was consistent with its reported molecular weight suggesting NEP-like activity of the carotid body is structurally similar to the neutral endopeptidase, EC 3.4.24.11. In order to assess whether NEP is the primary peptide degrading activity in the cat carotid body in vitro hydrolysis studies using substance P (SP) as a model peptide were performed. HPLC analysis showed that SP is hydrolyzed maximally at pH 7.0 by carotid body peptidases with the formation of SP(1–7) and SP(1–8) as stable intermediates. Inhibitors specific to NEP also inhibited the SP-hydrolyzing activity of the carotid body. Analyses of the cell-free extracts showed the occurrence of both NEP and SP-hydrolyzing activities in the rabbit and rat carotid bodies although at 2- and 4-fold lower levels respectively than that observed in the cat carotid body. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that NEP-specific immunoreactivity is associated with the intercellular region between the type I cells and cell clusters of the carotid body. Taken together, the results from this investigation demonstrate that neutral endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11) is one of the major endopeptidases which mediates the degradation and inactivation of neuropeptides in the carotid body.
Global equity and environmental crisis: An argument for reducing working hours in the North

Abstract Is an improvement in the distribution of income between North and South compatible with environmental reconstruction? To date, economic growth rather than redistribution has been the dominant strategy for redressing global inequality. But environmental constraints on growth, at least in the North, may prove desirable. This paper argues that one strategy for reconciling these two goals is for the North to take productivity increases in the form of leisure time rather than increased output. It discusses the feasibility of such an approach.
A resource adaptive information gathering approach in sensor networks

A distributed sensor network is a self-organized system composed of large number of low-cost sensor nodes. In order to achieve the expected quality of service and fulfill the latency and resource requirements, these sensor nodes have to collaborate with each other and implement effective information gathering and dissemination strategies. In this paper we propose a resource adaptive information gathering (RAIG) algorithm, that aggregates data on the fly by making trade-offs among latency, energy-efficiency and quality according to resource conditions and specific task requirements. A statistical model to represent the report delivery process in sensor networks is investigated and the operation of the RAIG algorithm for various cases and scenarios is described. Finally the performance of the proposed approach, in terms of energy and delay, is presented and evaluated.
Adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in the Homeless Population in San Francisco: A Prospective Study

Background. We examined adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the homeless population, a population thought to be at high risk for poor adherence to therapy and for development of drug-resistant strains of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods. We performed a 12-month prospective study of 148 persons receiving HAART who were identified in a stratified screening of the homeless and marginally housed. We sampled in lunch lines, shelters, and hotels in 3 neighborhoods of San Francisco, California. We used pill counts at unannounced home visits as the primary measure of adherence. Results. Of 148 individuals sampled, 46 (31%) discontinued HAART during the study. Average adherence in the group of those who discontinued HAART was 51%, and 9% of these subjects had undetectable virus loads (i.e., <400 copies/mL) at the last follow-up visit. Predictors of discontinuation of therapy were depressive symptoms, injection drug use, African American ethnicity, and early poor adherence. Of 148 subjects, 102 (69%) continued to receive HAART throughout the study period. Average adherence in the group of those who continued to receive HAART was 74%, and 55% of these subjects had undetectable virus loads at the last follow-up visit. Predictors of lower average adherence in this group were African American ethnicity and use of crack cocaine; men who had sex with men had higher adherence. Conclusions. One-third of homeless and marginally housed persons receiving HAART discontinued therapy during the follow-up period and would benefit from adherence interventions directed at sustaining therapy; two-thirds continued to receive therapy at adherence levels comparable to those found with other clinical populations.
ACCUMULATION AND TOXICOKINETICS OF FLUORANTHENE IN WATER-ONLY EXPOSURES WITH FRESHWATER AMPHIPODS

Two 10-d water-only toxicity tests with radiolabeled fluoranthene were conducted with two species of freshwater amphipods, Hyalella azteca and Diporeia sp. For H. azteca, 10-d median lethal concentrations were 564 nmol/L and 481 nmol/L. Tentative median lethal doses, determined from the regressions of body burden of remaining live H. azteca versus survival, were 5.6 and 3.6 mmol fluoranthene/kg wet weight tissue. Diporeia appeared to be less sensitive, because survival in Diporeia was greater than 84% after 10-d exposures. Elimination rates determined for Diporeia, ranging from 0.0011 to 0.0042/h (half-lives of 7–26 d), were much slower than rates determined for H. azteca of 0.128 to 0.188/h (half-lives of 4–6 h). Faster elimination in H. azteca may be related to its greater ability to metabolize fluoranthene. For H. azteca, an average of 17% of its body burden was present as metabolites after 24 h of exposure to radiolabeled fluoranthene, as compared to 5% for Diporeia. For Diporeia, exposure to various water concentrations of fluoranthene for various lengths of time resulted in declines in the conditional uptake clearance rates (ml water cleared/g wet weight tissue/h). A similar, although less dramatic trend was observed for conditional uptake clearance rates in H. azteca.
Density-gradient analysis of MOS tunneling

The density-gradient description of quantum transport is applied to the analysis of tunneling phenomena in ultrathin (<25 /spl Aring/) oxide MOS capacitors. Both electron and hole tunneling are included in the one-dimensional (1-D) analysis and two new refinements to density-gradient theory are introduced, one relating to the treatment of Shockley-Read-Hall recombination and the other a modification of the tunneling boundary conditions to account for the semiconductor bandgap. Detailed comparisons are made with experimental current-voltage (I-V) data for samples with both n/sup +/ and p/sup +/ polysilicon gates and all of the features of the data are found to be understandable within the density-gradient framework. Besides providing new understanding of these experiments, these results show that the density-gradient approach can be of great value for engineering-oriented device analysis in quantum regimes.
An integrated quadrature mixer with improved image rejection at low voltage

A new quadrature mixer based on the CMOS Gilbert mixer has been proposed. Analytical formulae have been derived for the conversion gain and noise of the proposed mixer. Simulations show a 10 dB improvement in image rejection versus a pair of Gilbert mixers, for low LO amplitudes as are increasingly required by low supply voltages. The proposed quadrature mixer exhibits the same linearity and conversion gain as a pair of simple Gilbert mixers, for the same power and input capacitance. The quadrature mixer can be designed to exhibit a noise advantage over a pair of Gilbert mixers, through proper relative sizing of the mixer core and transconductor transistors. A test chip containing the quadrature mixer and a Gilbert mixer has been fabricated, and the performances of the mixers are being measured.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OPTOMECHANICAL DOPPLER FORCE AND THE MAGNETIC VECTOR POTENTIAL

*Photons are carriers of the electromagnetic force a nd propagate the electrostatic and magnetic vector potentials. While the electrostatic potential ( �) is agreed to be related to the work needed to mov e a unit charge in an electrostatic field, the meaning of the magnetic vector potential ( �� ) has been enigmatic. Here I show that the product of the time derivative of the magnetic vector potential and the charge (�� ) of a moving particle can be considered to be the electromagnetic analog of the optomechanical Doppler force that prevents charged particles from accelerating beyond the speed of lig ht. As the velocity of a charged particle approaches the speed of light, t he time rate of change of the magnetic vector poten tial increases and produces a self-induced electrodynamical field that opposes the electrostatic field that accelerates t he charged particle. Although magnetism is generally considered to be a relativistic aspect of electricity, here I show tha t by taking the magnetic vector potential into consideration, one can unders tand the electrodynamics of moving bodies in terms of real and absolute time.
Gender and Racial Issues for New Counseling Psychologists in Academia

Counseling psychology has begun to focus on the concerns of new professionals, but it has not addressed the concerns of women or visible racial/ethnic group members (i.e., Black, Hispanic, Native American, or Asian American) as new counseling psychologists in academia. This article addresses their unique concerns and makes recommendations for new faculty members as well as for the departments that hire them. The article focuses on issues (a) for new professors in counseling psychology, (b) shared by women and visible racial/ethnic group members, and (c) experienced differently by women and visible racial/ethnic group members.
Resection of pulmonary metastases in pediatric patients with Ewing sarcoma improves survival

Background Ewing sarcoma (ES) is the second most common bone tumor in children, and survival of those with metastatic ES has not improved. Previous studies have shown a survival benefit to whole lung irradiation in patients with pulmonary metastases and may be given either before, after, or instead of surgical pulmonary metastasectomy (PM). The contribution of surgery compared with irradiation in ES has not previously been studied.
Quantity versus quality: A new approach to examine the relationship between technology use and student outcomes

The author argues that to examine the relationship between technology use and student outcomes, the quality of technology use—how, and what, technology is used—is a more significant factor than the quantity of technology use—how much technology is used. This argument was exemplified by an empirical study that used both angles to examine the association between technology use and student outcomes. When only the quantity of technology use was examined, no significant association was observed. However, when the quality of technology was examined by investigating the specific types of technology uses, a significant association was identified between technology use and all student outcomes. Furthermore, different types of technology use showed different influences on specific student outcomes. General technology uses were positively associated with student technology proficiency, while subject-specific technology uses were negatively associated with student technology proficiency. Social-communication technology uses were significantly positively associated with developmental outcomes such as self-esteem and positive attitude towards school. Entertainment/exploration technology use showed significant positive association with student learning habits. None of these technology uses had significant influence on student academic outcome. Specific suggestions for integrating technology into schools and future research were provided.
Homogeneous polymerase chain reaction nucleobase quenching assay to detect the 1-kbp deletion in CLN3 that causes Batten disease.

Batten disease is an autosomal recessive disorder also known as juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. The most common mutation for this disease is an approximately 1-kbp deletion in the CLN3 gene, which accounts for about 80 to 85% of the mutation load. We developed a rapid assay for this mutation using the PCR to produce amplicons that are detected by nucleobase quenching of the fluorescent signal from a probe labeled with a fluorescent dye. The probe overlaps the deletion breakpoint and is completely base paired to the mutant amplicon. However, three bases at the 5′ end of the probe do not base pair with the wild-type amplicon. The alleles are distinguished by the different melting temperatures of the probe amplicon hybrids. Comparison of this new method with an allele-specific PCR and gel electrophoresis-based method showed 100% concordance in determination of the genotype for 30 specimens (11 homozygous mutant, 8 heterozygotes, and 11 homozygous normal). PCR followed by allele-specific melting curve analysis using nucleobase quenching has utility as a rapid method for detection of the most common mutation that causes Batten disease.
Clinical Utility of Rapid Prescreening Magnetic Resonance Angiography of Peripheral Vascular Disease Prior to Cardiac Catheterization

Purpose. The presence of peripheral vascular disease, in particular iliofemoral disease, is responsible in part for vascular complications from femoral artery cannulation. We investigated whether prescreening for vascular obstructions with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in high-risk patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) would provide useful information to angiographers seeking to improve the safety and efficiency of femoral artery access at cardiac catheterization. Methods. Twelve consecutive patients with known or suspected PVD underwent contrast-enhanced, aorto-iliofemoral MRA using a real-time BolusTrak technique. Contrast-to-noise ratios for each patient were calculated. The cardiac angiographer reviewed the MRA prior to catheterization and selected an access site. The patients’ subsequent clinical course was evaluated, and a postprocedure questionnaire was completed by the angiographer to define the value of the prescreening MRA. Results. No significant vascular complications occurred in these patients as defined by failure of initially chosen access site, arterial dissection, limb ischemia, pseudoaneurysm formation, hemorrhage (including retroperitoneal hematoma), or need for blood transfusion or emergency vascular surgical repair. Statistical frequency analysis of the responses in the postprocedure questionnaire demonstrated that the MR data were clinically valuable in (1) influencing the initial choice of access site; (2) influencing technical alterations to the standard access; and, (3) enhancing confidence in the selection of access site. Conclusions. MRA prescreening in patients with PVD is an effective, novel adjunct to cardiac catheterization in selected patients
Slicing object-oriented software

Describes the construction of system dependence graphs for object-oriented software on which efficient slicing algorithms can be applied. We construct these system dependence graphs for individual classes, groups of interacting classes and complete object-oriented programs. For an incomplete system consisting of a single class or a number of interacting classes, we construct a procedure dependence graph that simulates all possible calls to public methods in the class. For a complete system, we construct a procedure dependence graph from the main program in the system. Using these system dependence graphs, we show how to compute slices for individual classes, groups of interacting classes and complete programs. One advantage of our approach is that the system dependence graphs can be constructed incrementally because representations of classes can be reused. Another advantage of our approach is that slices can be computed for incomplete object-oriented programs such as classes or class libraries. We present our results for C++, but our techniques can be applied to other statically typed object-oriented languages such as Ada-95.
An overview of digital library repository development at the University of Virginia Library

After over a decade of local digital content production and licensing of electronic journals and databases, and five years of development effort, the University of Virginia (UVa) Library is nearing the time when it can present an integrated discovery and delivery environment for its digital library. The UVa Library is actively developing a digital library repository based on the Fedora open source architecture; the first production release was set to launch in August 2004. The Library is simultaneously testing an implementation of OpenURL and metasearch tools. This article presents the UVa Library's development process in the context of its larger digital library development efforts, including local content production, the implementation of new digital services, and the integration of those services into a unified interface.
Left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: what's in a phenotype?

Left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy (LVH) occurs in many conditions, usually, it is thought, as a secondary or “compensatory” response to abnormal pressure or volume loading and to stimuli, as yet incompletely understood, resulting from deficiencies in cardiac performance [(1)][1]. These
Alignment's nomological network

Intellectual and operational alignment are unique, but the former influences the latter.The alignment-financial performance relationship is mediated by customer benefit and the operational alignment-customer benefit relationship is mediated by productivity.Social alignment influences intellectual alignment but may not influence operational alignment. While the importance of IT-business alignment is rarely questioned, a strong theoretical foundation of alignment's nomological network has not been developed or tested. This has generated a debate on why tighter alignment may or may not lead to higher levels of firm performance. To further understand the alignment-performance relationship, we used meta-analytic structural equation modeling techniques to probe the inter-relationships found in 78 independent data sets drawn from the literature. We find intellectual alignment influences operational alignment, identify a more nuanced understanding of the performance constructs, and offer insight into how governance structure and social alignment influence intellectual and operational alignment.
Other Underground Starchy Vegetables

It is well recognized that tuber and root crops make a huge contribution to the world’s food supply. Potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, and yams are the major commodities produced in large volumes. In addition to edible aroids, there are many other underground starchy vegetables in certain regions that are also important for their edible carbohydrates and other nutrients.
Recoil ion charge state distribution following the beta(sup +) decay of {sup 21}Na

The charge state distribution following the positron decay of 21Na has been measured, with a larger than expected fraction of the daughter 21Ne in positive charge states. No dependence on either the positron or recoil nucleus energy is observed. The data is compared to a simple model based on the sudden approximation. Calculations suggest a small but important contribution from recoil ionization has important consequences for precision beta decay correlation experiments detecting recoil ions.
Self–Interest and Business Ethics: Some Lessons of the Recent Corporate Scandals

The recent accounting scandals at Enron, WorldCom, and other corporations have helped to fuel a massive loss of confidence in the integrity of American business and have contributed to a very sharp decline in the U.S. stock market. Inasmuch as these events have brought ethical questions about business to the forefront in the media and public consciousness as never before, they are of signal importance for the field of business ethics. I offer some observations and conjectures about the bearing of the recent scandals on the literature on business ethics. I defend the following contentions: 1. Recent events reveal serious weaknesses of the stakeholder theory about the social responsibilities of business which lacks prohibitions against fraud and deception. This is a glaring deficiency of standard versions of the stakeholder theory, but it is easily remedied by adding explicit prohibitions against fraud and deception. In addition, recent events highlight the stakeholder theory's very naive and unrealistic hopes and expectations for business executives as moral arbiters and agents of social improvement. 2. Recent events do not constitute an objection to the shareholder theory about the social responsibilities of business, however, these events make evident the implausibility of strong versions of the invisible hand theory. 3. Schemes of payment and reward often create perverse incentives for individuals to engage in unethical conduct. 4. Both the shareholder theory and the stakeholder theory need to add a constraint that requires executives to respect the professional obligations of employees.
Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory infections

The laboratory diagnosis of infections of the respiratory tract is not an exact science, with many clinicians electing to empirically select antimicrobial therapy without the benefit of laboratory testing. With trained laboratory personnel and the proper selection of tests, accurate laboratory diagnosis is available. Progress is occurring most rapidly with molecular methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. As molecular approaches are technically simplified and become less expensive, advances in the laboratory diagnosis of most respiratory tract infections caused by fastidious pathogens will occur. The diagnosis of non-fastidious bacteria, that require in-vitro antimicrobial testing, will continue to require conventional culture methods. New bronchoscopic methods, quantitative evaluation of cultures, and recognition of intracellular bacteria in stained smears do improve the usefulness of conventional culture and stain in the diagnosis of pneumonia.
Ischemic stroke: the first 24 hours

Patients who have suffered a stroke are often left with a high incidence of physical and psychosocial impairments. Institutions must develop and implement clinical protocols and pathways to quickly and efficiently initiate evidence-based stroke therapies.
Hardware Testing of Hybrid Steering Logic for Single-Gimbal Control Moment Gyroscopes

In this paper, a series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the Hybrid Steering Logic (HSL) for a single gimbal control moment gyroscope (SGCMG) array. Hybrid Steering Logic is called a “hybrid” because it combines two methods of singularity avoidance, torque error and null motion. Previous publications have shown HSL to be more effective in simulation than Local Gradient (LG) and Singular Direction Avoidance (SDA), the two methods that HSL is comprised of. Therefore, this paper will primarily focus on duplicating the increase in effectivity when implemented on the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) second generation satellite attitude simulator (SimSat).