cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Faces of a Thousand Heroes: The Impact of Visual Communication Technologies on the Culture Hero

Conceptions of the hero, and the relative importance of appearance, have altered with changes in visual communication technologies. As we move from oral to literate and typographical cultures, more elaborate descriptions and depictions are available, individualizing and humanizing the hero. Face recognition remains uneven until the communications revolution beginning in the 19th Century. The reversal of name and face recognition today is apparent in the celebration of the model, but appearance has become increasingly important for all types of heroes. Consequently, celebrities and image consultants focus on such factors as clothing, makeup, hairstyle, and cosmetic surgery. Attractiveness becomes highly valued as fame depends on media whose main function is to attract audiences, but what is required is an appearance that attracts attention: a distinctive appearance and consistent image. This may both democratize and trivialize the hero, but may also, through computer technology, bring the hero around to ne...
Synthesis and electrical properties of substituted paracyclophane polymers

We report the synthesis of three new substituted [6.2]paracyclophane-1,5-dienes and their conversion to medium molecular weight polymers by an intra/intermolecular cyclopolymerization. These materials can be oxidatively “doped” by exposure to iodine vapor to give semiconductor properties.
A variable speed wind generator maximum power tracking based on adaptative neuro-fuzzy inference system

The power from wind varies depending on the environmental factors. Many methods have been proposed to locate and track the maximum power point (MPPT) of the wind, such as the fuzzy logic (FL), artificial neural network (ANN) and neuro-fuzzy. In this paper, a variable-speed wind-generator maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) based on adaptative neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is presented. It is designed as a combination of the Sugeno fuzzy model and neural network. The ANFIS model is used to predict the optimal speed rotation using the variation of the wind speed as the input. The wind energy conversion system (WECS) employing a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected to a DC bus using a power converter is presented. A wind speed step model was used in the design phase. The performance of the WECS with the proposed ANFIS controller is tested for fast wind speed variation. Simulation results showed the possibility of achieving maximum power tracking for the wind and output voltage regulation for the DC bus simultaneously with the ANFIS controller. The results also proved the good response and robustness of the control system proposed.
Fast component threshold for vestibular nystagmus in the rabbit.

1. The existence of a threshold for the production of fast components of vestibular nystagmus was investigated in the rabbit. 2. The characteristics (position and velocity) of reflexive eye movements were precisely monitored with the use of the search-coil method and a laboratory computer. 3. The threshold largely depended on the eye position in the orbit during nystagmus and, to a much lesser extent, on the eye velocity. The basic characteristics of the threshold remained unchanged under vestibular stimulation in the dark and in the light, and for different frequencies and peak velocities of rotation. 4. A pattern of vestibular nystagmus was demonstrated whereby it is possible to predict the occurrence of fast components.
The effect of cyclophosphamide on leukocyte kinetics and susceptibility to infection in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis.

In eight patients with Wegener's granulomatosis effective cyclophosphamide therapy significantly reduced blood neutrophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte counts; lymphocyte counts were most severely reduced. The turnover rate for DF32P-labeled neutrophils were decreased from elevated to normal levels with treatment. Cutaneous inflammatory responses were normal before and during therapy. In five patients, cyclophosphamide eventually had to be discontinued because of progressive severe leukopenia. Infectious complications of therapy have not been observed.
A dense out-of-core solver (DOCS) for complex-valued linear systems

Dense systems of linear equations are quite common in many science and engineering applications. Such linear systems place extreme storage and computational demands on computer resources and, in many cases, may severely limit the subsequent analysis. A dense out-of-core solver (DOCS) that operates on a partitioned coefficient matrix can reduce the in-core storage requirements of the linear system while spreading the associated computational burden over multiple processors (which reduces run time as well). In this report, I describe a DOCS that operates on a partitioned coefficient matrix that maybe distributed over multiple external storage devices. I have implemented this solver using Message-Passing Interface (MPI) protocols. This report presents petiormance data from a series of run time trials that compare the run time of both sequential and parallel implementations of the DOCS.
Self-Concept of Single Women.

Written questionnaires including a 70–item adjective checklist, a value sort, the “Who Am I?” Twenty Statements Test, measures of morale, and questions about attitudes toward marriage and demographic characteristics were administered to samples of 66 childless, never-married women and 37 currently married women, 29 of whom had children. The purpose was to explore the differences and similarities in the self-concepts of single and married women. There was little difference in morale between the groups. Single women had more psychiatric symptoms characteristic of the obsessive-compulsive personality type. Although the single women valued personal growth and achievement, the married women valued personal relationships. Single women were higher on assertion and poise clusters of adjectives. On the “Who Am I ?” test, the married women were more likely to identify with ascribed characteristics, kinship roles, and household activities, whereas the single women identified as self-determined.
Modelling effects of chemical exposure on birds wintering in agricultural landscapes: The western burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) as a case study

We describe an ecotoxicological model that simulates the sublethal and lethal effects of chronic, low-level, chemical exposure on birds wintering in agricultural landscapes. Previous models estimating the impact on wildlife of chemicals used in agro-ecosystems typically have not included the variety of pathways, including both dermal and oral, by which individuals are exposed. The present model contains four submodels simulating (1) foraging behavior of individual birds, (2) chemical applications to crops, (3) transfers of chemicals among soil, insects, and small mammals, and (4) transfers of chemicals to birds via ingestion and dermal exposure. We demonstrate use of the model by simulating the impacts of a variety of commonly used herbicides, insecticides, growth regulators, and defoliants on western burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) that winter in agricultural landscapes in southern Texas, United States. The model generated reasonable movement patterns for each chemical through soil, water, insects, and rodents, as well as into the owl via consumption and dermal absorption. Sensitivity analysis suggested model predictions were sensitive to uncertainty associated with estimates of chemical half-lives in birds, soil, and prey, sensitive to parameters associated with estimating dermal exposure, and relatively insensitive to uncertainty associated with details of chemical application procedures (timing of application, amount of drift). Nonetheless, the general trends in chemical accumulations and the relative impacts of the various chemicals were robust to these parameter changes. Simulation results suggested that insecticides posed a greater potential risk to owls of both sublethal and lethal effects than do herbicides, defoliants, and growth regulators under crop scenarios typical of southern Texas, and that use of multiple indicators, or endpoints provided a more accurate assessment of risk due to agricultural chemical exposure. The model should prove useful in helping prioritize the chemicals and transfer pathways targeted in future studies and also, as these new data become available, in assessing the relative danger to other birds of exposure to different types of agricultural chemicals.
Single-layer planar on-chip flow cytometer using microfluidic drifting based three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic focusing.

In this work, we demonstrate an on-chip microfluidic flow cytometry system based on a three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic focusing technique, microfluidic drifting. By inducing Dean flow in a curved microfluidic channel, microfluidic drifting can be used to hydrodynamically focus cells or particles in the vertical direction and enables the 3D hydrodynamic focusing in a single-layer planar microfluidic device. Through theoretical calculation, numerical simulation, and experimental characterization, we found that the microfluidic drifting technique can be effectively applied to three-dimensionally focus microparticles with density and size equivalent to those of human CD4+ T lymphocytes. In addition, we developed a flow cytometry platform by integrating the 3D focusing device with a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection system. The system was shown to provide effective high-throughput flow cytometry measurements at a rate of greater than 1700 cells s−1.
Do the 48, XXYY males have a characteristic phenotype? A Review

Data on fifty-three patients with 48, XXYY chromosome complement were collected from the literature and personal correspondence and reviewed with the objective of delineating a ‘uniform phenotype.’ Although no single stigma was found to be characteristic of the 48, XXYY males, tall stature, low upper segment/lower segment ratio, mental retardation, and behavior problems in a phenotypic male (including prepubertal age group) should raise the question of a 48, XXYY chromosome basic defect. In the majority of cases testicular biopsies revealed varying degrees of atrophy, levels of FSH were elevated, and 17 KS were low to normal, both characteristics being comparable to those found in 47, XXY males. Dermatoglyphic changes were found to be reduced total finger ridge count, increased frequency of arches on fingers, presence of a hypothenar pattern, distally placed triradius, and occasional qimian crease.
Regional differences in the evolution of lung disease in children with cystic fibrosis.

Progression of lung disease is a major event in children with cystic fibrosis (CF), but regional differences in its evolution are unclear. We hypothesized that regional differences occur beginning in early childhood. We examined this issue by evaluating 132 patients followed in the Wisconsin Neonatal Screening Project between 1985 and 2010. We scored chest x-rays obtained every 1–2 years with the Wisconsin chest x-ray system, in which we divided the lungs into quadrants, and gave special attention to ratings for bronchiectasis (BX) and nodular/branching opacities. We compared the upper and lower quadrant scores, and upper right and left quadrant scores, as patients aged using a multivariable generalized estimation equation (GEE) model. We did a confirmatory analysis for a subset of 81 patients with chest computerized tomography (CT) images obtained in 2000 and scored using the Brody scoring system. The chest x-ray analysis shows that the upper quadrants have higher BX (p<0.001) and nodular/branching opacities (p<0.001) scores than the lower quadrants. CT analysis likewise reveals that the upper quadrants have more BX (p=0.02). Patients positive for mucoid PA showed significantly higher BX scores than patients with nonmucoid PA (p= 0.001). Chest x-ray scoring also revealed that the upper right quadrant has more BX (p< 0.001) than the upper left quadrant, and CT analysis was again confirmatory (p< 0.001). We conclude that pediatric patients with CF develop more severe lung disease in the upper lobes than the lower lobes in association with mucoid PA infections and also have more severe lung disease on the right side than on the left side in the upper quadrants. A variety of potential explanations such as aspiration episodes may be clinically relevant and provide insights regarding therapies.
Oriented barium hexaferrite thick films grown on c-plane and m-plane sapphire substrates

The magnetic and structural properties of thick pulsed laser deposited (PLD) barium hexaferrite (BaM) films grown on c-plane and m-plane sapphire substrates were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and ferrimagnetic resonance (FMR). Previously, BaM thin films (-0.5 /spl mu/m) grown on c-plane (0001) sapphire substrates exhibited magnetic properties closely approaching those of single crystal spheres. These films are potentially useful for thin film millimeter-wave devices such as circulators, isolators, and phase shifters, provided that thick films (e.g., 20 to 100 /spl mu/m) with suitable magnetic and dielectric properties can be grown. In general, it was found that an increase in film thickness leads to the growth of either textured polycrystalline BaM, which can be loosely adherent, or delamination of the films. However, well oriented thick BaM films were grown up to 15 and 20 /spl mu/m on the c-plane and m-plane sapphire substrates, respectively, before delamination occurred. The FMR linewidth, /spl Delta/H, was 200 Oe at 85 GHz for an annealed 15 /spl mu/m thick PLD BaM film on c-plane sapphire with 4/spl pi/M=4200 G, H/sub A/=16000 Oe and an XRD /spl omega/-scan of 0.51/spl deg/ FWHM about the (008) BaM plane. The FMR linewidth of PLD BaM films grown on m-plane (11_00) sapphire substrates were greater than 450 Oe with 4/spl pi/M-4000 G H/sub A/=16000 Oe. the m-plane films were magnetically well oriented in the film plane with M/sub r//M/sub s/ along the easy axis greater than 90% for all PLD m-plane BaM films. >
Assessment of adverse events associated with antiretroviral regimens for postexposure prophylaxis for occupational and nonoccupational exposures to prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus

OBJECTIVE. To assess adverse events associated with antiretroviral regimens for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), with a particular focus on the treatment combination of zidovudine, lamivudine, and tenofovir (ZDV-3TC-TDF). METHODS. Retrospective chart review for individuals who received HIV PEP for occupational and nonoccupational exposure, and multivariate analyses to identify risk factors for noncompletion of PEP and adverse events associated with PEP. SETTING. University of Rochester Health Service Occupational Health Program and University of Rochester AIDS Center. PARTICIPANTS. Healthcare workers who received HIV PEP for occupational exposure from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2004, and individuals who received HIV PEP for nonoccupational exposure from January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2004. RESULTS. We found increased rates of nausea among subjects who received treatment with ZDV-3TC-TDF and subjects who received treatment with zidovudine, lamivudine, and indinavir (ZDV-3TC-IDV). Analyses showed that female sex was a risk factor for nausea. Compared with subjects who received treatment with ZDV-3TC-TDF, subjects who received treatment with ZDV-3TC-IDV were less likely to not complete the HIV PEP for occupational exposure. CONCLUSION. Preventive treatment of adverse events may be necessary to ensure completion of HIV PEP.
Definition and Clinical Importance of Haplotypes

Advances in genotyping and sequencing technologies, coupled with the development of sophisticated statistical methods, have afforded investigators novel opportunities to define the role of sequence variation in the development of common human diseases. At the forefront of these investigations is the use of dense maps of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the haplotypes derived from these polymorphisms. Here we review basic concepts of high-density genetic maps of SNPs and haplotypes and how they are typically generated and used in human genetic research. We also provide useful examples and tools available for researchers interested in incorporating haplotypes into their studies. Finally, we discuss the latest concepts for the analysis of haplotypes related to human disease, including haplotype blocks, the International HapMap Project, and the future directions of these resources.
Expression of heme oxygenase-1 by endothelial cells: a protective response to injury in transplantation

Endothelial cells (EC) play a pivotal role in the regulation of inflammation by expressing a series of pro- and anti-inflammatory genes that are associated with the activation of these cells. The nature of these genes and the regulation of their expression may be particularly important for the outcome of immediately vascularised transplants. We refer to the set of anti-inflammatory genes that are expressed during EC activation as protective genes because they can block the expression of pro-inflammatory genes associated with EC activation and prevent EC apoptosis. In this review we discuss data that supports the hypothesis that expression of these protective genes in a transplanted organ can promote its survival. We will focus on the description of one such protective gene, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The first part of the review discusses the potential role of EC activation in regulating inflammatory responses such as those associated with the rejection of transplanted organs. The second part discusses the ...
COLLABORATIVE PRODUCT DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING BY WEB-BASED HAPTIC MODELING FOR VIRTUAL AND PHYSICAL PROTOTYPING

In this paper, we present a collaborative product development and prototyping framework by using web-based distributed haptic interfaces along with network flow analysis. This paper presents detailed techniques on Collaborative Virtual Environment (CVE), which is considered as an emerging and promising technique for industrial product development and virtual prototyping. Both geometric and physical analytical modeling of heterogeneous product designs are presented for virtual prototyping and product development. Network control problems such as network traffic and network delay in communication have greatly limited collaborative virtual environment applications. The problems become more difficult when high-update-rate haptic interfaces and computation intensive deformable objects modeling are integrated into CVEs for intuitive manipulation and enhanced realism. A hybrid network architecture is proposed to balance the computational burden of haptic rendering and deformable object simulation. Adaptive artificial time compensation is used to reduce the time discrepancy between the server and the client. Interpolation and extrapolation approaches are used to synchronize graphic and haptic data transmitted over the network. The proposed techniques can be used for collaborative product development, virtual assembly, remote product simulation and other collaborative virtual environments where both haptic interfaces and heterogeneous products are involved.
COCORP seismic profiles near Coalinga, California: Subsurface structure of the western Great Valley

COCORP seismic reflection profiles collected in 1977 on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley near Coalinga in southern California provide information on the Cenozoic and Mesozoic structures in the subsurface of the western Great Valley. The data show evidence of significant normal faulting during the Cretaceous, when this part of California was the site of a forearc basin. Neogene compression, probably associated with transform motion on the nearby San Andreas fault system, may be reactivating these pre-existing faults in a reverse sense and causing the active folding of the southern Coast Ranges. The recent Coalinga earthquake sequence that began on May 2, 1983, appears to correspond to movement on the high-angle reverse fault within the basement that is inferred from the COCORP lines.
Human cytomegalovirus UL28 and UL29 open reading frames encode a spliced mRNA and stimulate accumulation of immediate-early RNAs.

We have identified a spliced transcript that contains sequences from the HCMV UL29 and UL28 open reading frames. It contains amino-terminal UL29 sequences followed by UL28 sequences, and it includes a poly(A) signal derived from the 3′-untranslated region following the UL26 open reading frame. UL29/28 RNA is expressed with early kinetics, and a virus containing a FLAG epitope inserted at the amino terminus of UL29 expressed a tagged ∼79-kDa protein, pUL29/28, that was detected at 6 h postinfection. The virus also expressed a less-abundant tagged 41-kDa protein, which corresponds in size to a protein that could be produced by translation of an unspliced UL29/28 transcript. Consistent with this prediction, both unspliced and spliced UL29/28 transcript was present in RNA isolated from polysomes. FLAG-tagged protein from the UL29/28 locus accumulated within nuclear viral replication centers during the early phase of infection. Late after infection it was present in the cytoplasm as well, and the protein was present and resistant to proteinase treatment in partially purified preparations of viral particles. Disruption of the UL29/28 locus by mutation resulted in a 10-fold decrease in the levels of DNA replication along with a similar reduction in virus yield. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed an ∼2-fold decrease in immediate-early gene expression at 4 to 10 h postinfection compared to the wild-type virus, and transient expression of pUL29/28 activated the major immediate-early promoter. Our results argue that the UL29/28 locus contributes to activation of immediate-early gene expression.
A GC-rich element confers epidermal growth factor responsiveness to transcription from the gastrin promoter.

Abstract Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha are important determinants of mucosal integrity in the gastrointestinal tract, and they act both directly and indirectly to prevent ulceration in the stomach. Consistent with this physiological role, EGF stimulates transcription of gastrin, a peptide hormone which regulates gastric acid secretion and mucosal growth. EGF stimulation of gastrin transcription is mediated by a GC-rich gastrin EGF response element (gERE) (GGGGCGGGGTGGGGGG) which lies between -54 and -68 in the human gastrin promoter. The gERE sequence also confers weaker responsiveness to phorbol ester stimulation. The gERE sequence differs from previously described EGF response elements. The gERE DNA sequence specifically interacts with a GH4 DNA-binding protein distinct from previously described transcription factors (Egr-1 and AP2) which bind GC-rich sequences and mediate transcriptional activation by growth factors. Furthermore, the gERE element does not bind the Sp1 transcription factor even though the gERE sequence contains a high-affinity Sp1-binding site (GGCGGG).
Linking research and teaching

A laboratory course was developed on the basis of and in connection with a research project on test and evaluation of retrieval systems. The approach, methodology, problems, and solutions in developing and teaching such a course are presented in such a manner that general implications can be drawn for the important problems of directly relating research and teaching.
An Experimental Study of Heat Pipe Performance Using Binary Mixture Fluids That Exhibit Strong Concentration Marangoni Effects

This paper summarizes the results of an experimental investigation of the performance characteristics of a gravity/capillary driven heat pipe using water/alcohol mixtures as a working fluid. This investigation specifically explored the use of water/alcohol mixtures that exhibit strong concentration-based Marangoni effects. Experiments to determine heat pipe performance were conducted for pure water and water/alcohol solutions with increasing concentrations of alcohol. Initial tests with pure water determined the optimal working fluid charge for the heat pipe; subsequent performance tests over a wide range of heat input rates were then conducted for each working fluid at this optimum value. The results indicate that some mixtures can significantly enhance the heat transfer coefficient and heat flux capability of the heat pipe evaporator. For the best mixture tested, the maximum evaporator heat flux carried by the coolant without dryout was found to be 52% higher than the value for the same heat pipe using pure water as a coolant under comparable conditions. Peak evaporator heat fluxes above 100 W/cm2 were achieved with some mixtures. Evaporator and condenser heat transfer coefficient data are presented and the trends are examined in the context of the expected effect of the Marangoni mechanisms on heat transfer. Heat pipe design features that take maximum advantage of Marangoni effects are described and the application of these types of heat pipes to electronics cooling and heat removal from concentrating photovoltaic systems is discussed.© 2010 ASME
Is It a Noun or Is It a Verb? Resolving the Ambicategoricality Problem

In many languages, significant numbers of words are used in more than one grammatical category; English, in particular, has many words that can be used as both nouns and verbs. Such ambicategoricality potentially poses problems for children trying to learn the grammatical properties of words and has been used to argue against the logical possibility of learning grammatical categories from syntactic distribution alone. This article addresses how often English-learning children hear words used across categories, whether young language learners might be sensitive to perceptual cues that differentiate noun and verb uses of such words and how young speakers use ambicategorical words. The findings suggest that children hear considerably less cross-category usage than is possible and are sensitive to perceptual cues that distinguish the two categories. Furthermore, in early language production, children's cross-category production mirrors the statistics of their linguistic environments, suggesting that they are ...
A fast and low complexity image codec based on backward coding of wavelet trees

A new approach of backward coding of wavelet trees (BCWT) is presented. Contrary to the common "forward" coding of wavelet trees from the highest level (lowest resolution), the new approach starts coding from the lowest level and goes backward by building a map of maximum quantization levels of descendants. BCWT eliminates several major bottlenecks of existing wavelet-tree-based codecs, namely tree-scanning, bitplane coding and dynamic lists management. Compared to SPIHT, BCWT encodes and decodes up to eight times faster without sacrificing PSNR. At the same time, BCWT provides desirable features such as low complexity, low memory usage, and resolution scalability.
Control design of an automated highway system

Describes the design of an automated highway system (AHS) developed over the past ten years in the California PATH program. The AHS is a large, complex system, in which vehicles are automatically controlled. The design and implementation of the AHS required advances in actuator and sensor technologies, as well as the design, analysis, simulation, and testing of large-scale, hierarchical hybrid control systems. The paper focuses on the multilayer AHS control architecture and some questions of implementation. It discusses in detail the design and safety verification of the on-board vehicle control system and the design of the link-layer traffic-flow controller.
Molecular heterogeneity and fine specificity of BALB/c antibodies elicited by isologous myeloma protein

BALB/c mice immunized with the isologous myeloma protein MOPC-315 (M315; α, λ2) develop antibodies most of which are directed to idiotypic antigens (Id315) located in or near the CNP binding sites of M315, In order to more precisely establish the fine specificity of anti-Id315 antibodies, and to obtain an estimate of the size of the BALB/c anti-Id315 repertoire, we examined anti-Id315 antibodies from individual mice by analytical isoelectric focusing followed by autoradiography. 125I-labeled probes were prepared from purified mildly reduced and alkylated M315 protein (RA315) (7 S monomer), Fab'315, Fv315, L315, H315, DNP affinity-labeled RA315, mildly reduced and alkylated MOPC-460 (RA460; 7 S; α, k, Fab'460, H460, and DNP affinity-labeled RA460. We observed that (a) the majority of BALB/c antibodies elicited by immunization with RA315 are specific for idiotypic antigens in the variable region which are rendered inaccessible in the presence of DNP-hapten; (b) distinctly separate antibodies are specific for idiotypic antigens also located in the variable regions but which are not influenced by DNP hapten; (c) about 30 % of BALB/c mice develop antibodies which appear to be specific for a determinant located in the second or third, homology regions of the constant region of the α chain which is not influenced by DNP hapten, and which is also present in the same region of H460; (d) none of the antibodies elicited by M315 recognize free L315; (e) the total antibody response is quite restricted; (f) shared spectrotypes are common between individual mice; and (g) unique or infrequently shared spectrotypes do occur. These studies demonstrate, by a direct technique, the fine specificity and the clonal and molecular heterogeneity of the B cell response induced by immunization with RA315.
Clinical and molecular epidemiology of human rhinovirus infections in patients with hematologic malignancy

Abstract Background Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are common causes of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in hematologic malignancy (HM) patients. Predictors of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) including the impact of HRV species and types are poorly understood. Objectives This study aims to describe the clinical and molecular epidemiology of HRV infections among HM patients. Study design From April 2012–March 2013, HRV-positive respiratory specimens from symptomatic HM patients were molecularly characterized by analysis of partial viral protein 1 (VP1) or VP4 gene sequence. HRV LRTI risk-factors and outcomes were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Results One hundred and ten HM patients presented with HRV URTI (n = 78) and HRV LRTI (n = 32). Hypoalbuminemia (OR 3.0; 95% CI, 1.0–9.2; p = 0.05) was independently associated with LRTI, but other clinical and laboratory markers of host immunity did not differ between patients with URTI versus LRTI. Detection of bacterial co-pathogens was common in LRTI cases (25%). Among 92 typeable respiratory specimens, there were 58 (64%) HRV-As, 12 (13%) HRV-Bs, and 21 (23%) HRV-Cs, and one Enterovirus 68. LRTI rates among HRV-A (29%), HRV-B (17%), and HRV-C (29%) were similar. HRV-A infections occurred year-round while HRV-B and HRV-C infections clustered in the late fall and winter. Conclusions HRVs are associated with LRTI in HM patients. Illness severity is not attributable to specific HRV species or types. The frequent detection of bacterial co-pathogens in HRV LRTIs further substantiates the hypothesis that HRVs predispose to bacterial superinfection of the lower airways, similar to that of other community-acquired respiratory viruses.
Harmonic grammar with linear programming: From linear systems to linguistic typology

Harmonic Grammar (HG) is a model of linguistic constraint interac- tion in which well-formedness is calculated in terms of the sum of weighted constraint violations. We show how linear programming algorithms can be used to determine whether there is a weighting for a set of constraints that fits a set of linguistic data. The associated software package OT-Help provides a practical tool for studying large and complex linguistic systems in the HG framework and comparing the results with those of OT. We first describe the translation from harmonic grammars to systems solvable by linear programming algorithms. We then develop an HG analysis of ATR harmony in Lango that is, we argue, superior to the existing OT and rule-based treatments. We further highlight the usefulness of OT-Help, and the analytic power of HG, with a set of studies of the predictions HG makes for phonological typology.
Going to the Penitentiary: A Study of Disparate Sentencing in South Dakota

This article examines the sentencing patterns involving Indian and non-Indian male felons incarcerated in the South Dakota State Penitentiary during the period from 1981 through 1985. The study reveals no systemic, statistically significant patterns of discrimination in the sentencing process that result in commitment to the state penitentiary. This conclusion remained true when important factors such as prior record, county of conviction, and the judge imposing the sentence were introduced as controls. These results, however, must be viewed with caution with respect to cases of individual discrimination and the potential of discrimination at other critical decisional points in the criminal justice process such as arrest, probation, and parole decisions.
Theory of line widths and shifts in Electron spin resonance arising from spin exchange interactions

Equations are derived which describe the E.S.R. spectra of free radicals in solution when the spin exchange interaction J S 1. S 2 provides the dominant relaxation mechanism. It is shown that modified Bloch equations provide an adequate description if J is much greater than any frequency differences in the spectrum and the hyperfine interactions can be neglected during spin exchange collisions, but that in general the exchange rate depends on the frequency differences and spin de-phasing effects can occur even in the absence of spin exchange. Also, small shifts in resonance frequencies are shown to arise because of electron spin polarization in the applied field; but these are usually much smaller than the line widths.
Economic impact of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on dairy and beef cattle production

Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), are among the most damaging arthropod pests of cattle worldwide. The last estimate of their economic impact on United States cattle production was published 20 yr ago and placed losses at $608 million. Subsequently, several studies of effects of stable flies on beef cattle weight gain and feed efficiency have been published, and stable flies have become increasingly recognized as pests of cattle on pasture and range. We analyzed published studies and developed yield-loss functions to relate stable fly infestation levels to cattle productivity, and then estimated the economic impact of stable flies on cattle production in the United States. Four industry sectors were considered: dairy, cow-calf, pastured stockers, and feeder cattle. In studies reporting stable fly infestation levels of individual herds, median annual per animal production losses were estimated to be 139 kg of milk for dairy cows, and 6, 26, and 9 kg body weight for preweanling calves, pastured stockers, and feeder cattle, respectively. The 200,000 stable flies emerging from an average sized winter hay feeding site reduce annual milk production of 50 dairy cows by an estimated 890 kg and weight gain of 50 preweanling calves, stockers, or feeder cattle by 58, 680, or 84 kg. In 2009 dollars, the value of these losses would be $254, $132, $1,279, or $154, respectively. Using cattle inventories and average prices for 2005–2009, and median monthly infestation levels, national losses are estimated to be $360 million for dairy cattle, $358 million for cow-calf herds, $1,268 million for pastured cattle, and $226 million for cattle on feed, for a total impact to U.S. cattle industries of $2,211 million per year. Excluded from these estimates are effects of stable flies on feed conversion efficiency, animal breeding success, and effects of infested cattle on pasture and water quality. Additional research on the effects of stable flies on high-production dairy cows and nursing beef calves is needed to increase the reliability of the estimates.
Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging: Clinical Angiographic Applications

By combining filtered phase and magnitude information to create a novel and intrinsic source of contrast, susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) has shown great promise in clinical angiography and venography. SWI has contributed to new insights into traumatic brain injury, the role of calcification in atherosclerosis, and the possible relationship between blood settling and deep venous thrombosis. A further contribution from SWI to deep venous thrombosis research (and also stroke) involves its application to the noninvasive measurement of oxygen saturation in the brain and in other tissues. Altogether, SWI offers manifold and diverse avenues for further research using angiographic and venographic techniques.
Clinical Performance and Physical Properties of Twelve Amalgam Alloys

An assessment of the marginal failure rate of 1,041 restorations of twelve alloys was made at one year. In addition, physical property tests were conducted. A correlation was found between the clinical performance and creep (.79), flow (.62) and 24-hour compressive strength (.60).
Toward the Development and Validation of a Career Coach Competency Model.

The career coaching profession is a dynamic field that has grown over the last decade. However, there exists a limitation to this field's development, as there is no universally accepted definition or empirically based competencies. There were three phases to the study. In the first phase, a conceptual model was developed that highlights four unique and distinct domains of the career coach. The model illuminates the triadic relationship between the client, the organization, and the coach. The second phase established a definition for career coaching, and the third phase involved using both the definition and conceptual model to create a list of skills and abilities, which was used to design a survey that was administered to 424 career coaches internationally. Through the use of factor analysis, an eight-factor competency model emerged. Finally, it is hoped that these findings will lead to a vigorous academic and professional debate for the development of a universal, empirically based career coaching competency model.
How different types of participant payments alter task performance

Researchers typically use incentives (such as money or course credit) in order to obtain participants who engage in the specific behaviors of interest to the researcher. There is, however, little understanding or agreement on the effects of different types and levels of incentives used. Some results in the domain of statistical reasoning suggest that performance differences — previously deemed theoretically important — may actually be due to differences in incentive types across studies. 704 participants completed one of five variants of a statistical reasoning task, for which they received either course credit, flat fee payment, or performance-based payment incentives. Successful task completion was more frequent with performance-based incentives than with either of the other incentive types. Performance on moderately difficult tasks (compared to very easy and very hard tasks) was most sensitive to incentives. These results can help resolve existing debates about inconsistent findings, guide more accurate comparisons across studies, and be applied beyond research settings.
A Mathematical View of Interior-Point Methods in Convex Optimization

This compact book, through the simplifying perspective it presents, will take a reader who knows little of interior-point methods to within sight of the research frontier, developing key ideas that were over a decade in the making by numerous interior-point method researchers. It aims at developing a thorough understanding of the most general theory for interior-point methods, a class of algorithms for convex optimization problems. The study of these algorithms has dominated the continuous optimization literature for nearly 15 years. In that time, the theory has matured tremendously, but much of the literature is difficult to understand, even for specialists. By focusing only on essential elements of the theory and emphasizing the underlying geometry, A Mathematical View of Interior-Point Methods in Convex Optimization makes the theory accessible to a wide audience, allowing them to quickly develop a fundamental understanding of the material.
Development of Shear Deformable Laminated Shell Element and its Application to ANCF Tire Model

Abstract : In this investigation, a continuum mechanics based shear deformable shell element of the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) is generalized to a laminated shell element for application to the modeling of fiber-reinforced rubber (FRR) structure of the physics-based ANCF tire model. The complex deformation coupling exhibited in fiber-reinforced composite materials can be automatically considered in the shear deformable laminated shell element using the continuum mechanics approach, and the element lockings are systematically eliminated by the assumed natural strain and enhanced strain approaches, thereby leading to a locking-free shear deformation ANCF laminated shell element. Furthermore, various nonlinear material models can be considered for each layer in a way same as solid elements. Using the ANCF laminated shell element developed, a physics-based ANCF tire model is developed by considering the detailed tire geometry and material properties. The experimental validation of the tire model is conducted for the load-deflection curve to ensure that the fundamental structural tire properties can be correctly captured in the ANCF tire model.
Distribution and survival of Borrelia miyamotoi in human blood components

BACKGROUND Borrelia miyamotoi, the agent of relapsing fever, is a tick-borne spirochete first isolated in Japan in 1994. Since then, the spirochete has been detected in ticks globally, generally in the same vectors as the Lyme disease agent. Human infection has been reported in Russia, Europe, Japan, and the United States, as influenza-like febrile illness. In addition, two cases of meningoencephalitis caused by B. miyamotoi have also been reported in immunocompromised patients. Here we evaluate the ability of the spirochete to survive in human blood components stored under standard blood bank conditions. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Freshly collected human whole blood was spiked with in vitro cultured B. miyamotoi or B. miyamotoi–infected mouse plasma and separated into red blood cells (RBCs), plasma, and platelets. Components were either injected into immunocompromised (SCID) or wild-type immunocompetent mice or cultured in vitro, right after separation and after storage at the appropriate conditions. Infection was monitored by microscopic observation, blood smears, and polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In vivo, all the SCID mice challenged with the components before storage and the RBCs stored for up to 42 days developed the infection. Wild-type mice also developed the infection when injected with prestorage samples from all components, while a lower number of mice were infected by RBCs stored for 42 days. In vitro, spirochetes grew in all samples but frozen plasma. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that B. miyamotoi can survive standard storage conditions of most human blood components, suggesting the possibility of transmission by blood transfusion.
Diskussion der Fragen aus Kapitel 1

NH3 besitzt insgesamt acht Valenzelektronen (funf vom Stickstoff- und eins von jedem Wasserstoffatom). Nur sechs dieser Elektronen beteiligen sich an Bindungen, die anderen beiden befinden sich als „freies Elektronenpaar“ am Stickstoff. Konzentrieren wir uns auf das freie Elektronenpaar und betrachten drei mogliche Strukturen fur Ammoniak: (a) pyramidal mit Winkeln von 90°, (b) eben, mit Bindungswinkeln von 120° und (c) die tatsachliche Struktur mit Winkeln von etwa 107°.
Growth in Systems with Quenched Disorder

In this paper we consider the effect of quenched disorder on growth. Two specific examples are considered to illustrate the general nature of the changes induced by disorder: magnetic domain growth1–3 and immiscible fluid invasion.4–8 In each case there are two domains which have different spin orientations or fluid composition. An applied force, magnetic field or pressure, favors growth of one domain.
Ex Ante Information in Adverse Selection

This paper studies the effects of the signal available before a standard Baron-Myerson contracting takes place. It shows that, while the principal's profits increase with the quality of the signal, the agent's rent also increases if the signal concerns the realizations where the principal is optimistic about the agent's type. When the signal concerns the realizations where the principal is pessimistic about the agent's type, the social welfare decreases.
Abstract 713: Effects of Demographics and Clinical Risk Factors on Human Femoropopliteal Artery Histopathology

Introduction: Disease of the femoropopliteal artery (FPA) is associated with significant morbidity and quality of life impairment. End-stage lesions may be too advanced to determine how demographics and clinical risk factors impact arterial wall damage and lesion development; therefore we investigated the influence of these patient characteristics on various stages of human FPA histopathology. Methods: FPAs were obtained from 14-80 year-old human tissue donors ( n =120). Proximal segments of the arteries were mechanically tested and labeled with Verhoeff-Van Gieson stains. FPA intimal-medial damage severity was assessed and correlated with histology, mechanical properties, subject demographics, risk factors, and physiological stresses and stretches using Pearson correlation r with two-tailed significance levels. Results: Age correlated strongest ( r =0.664, p r =-0.510, p r =-0.355, r =-0.379, p r =0.470, p r =0.238, p in situ longitudinal pre-stretch ( r =-0.537, p r =-0.432, p r =-0.571, p r =-0.252, r =-0.456, r =0.588, p r =0.265, p r =0.224, p=0.01), hypertension ( r =0.266, p r =0.265, p r =0.375, p r =0.117, p=0.161) or smoking history ( r =0.041, p=0.626). Conclusions: More severely damaged FPAs demonstrate elastin loss, medial calcification and increased stiffness compared to less damaged arteries. FPA damage correlates with most classical cardiovascular risk factors, but not with dyslipidemia or tobacco history, suggesting possible unique pathophysiological mechanisms that require further investigation.