cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery for therapy of lung cancer: progress and challenges

The last decade has witnessed enormous advances in the development and application of nanotechnology in cancer detection, diagnosis, and therapy culminating in the development of the nascent field of "cancer nanomedicine." A nanoparticle as per the National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines is any material that is used in the formulation of a drug resulting in a final product smaller than 1 micron in size. Nanoparticle-based therapeutic systems have gained immense popularity due to their ability to overcome biological barriers, effectively deliver hydrophobic therapies, and preferentially target disease sites. Currently, many formulations of nanocarriers are utilized including lipid-based, polymeric and branched polymeric, metal-based, magnetic, and mesoporous silica. Innovative strategies have been employed to exploit the multicomponent, three-dimensional constructs imparting multifunctional capabilities. Engineering such designs allows simultaneous drug delivery of chemotherapeutics and anticancer gene therapies to site-specific targets. In lung cancer, nanoparticle-based therapeutics is paving the way in the diagnosis, imaging, screening, and treatment of primary and metastatic tumors. However, translating such advances from the bench to the bedside has been severely hampered by challenges encountered in the areas of pharmacology, toxicology, immunology, large-scale manufacturing, and regulatory issues. This review summarizes current progress and challenges in nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, citing recent examples targeted at lung cancer treatment.
Explicitly heterogeneous metaprogramming with MetaHaskell

Languages with support for metaprogramming, like MetaOCaml, offer a principled approach to code generation by guaranteeing that well-typed metaprograms produce well-typed programs. However, many problem domains where metaprogramming can fruitfully be applied require generating code in languages like C, CUDA, or assembly. Rather than resorting to add-hoc code generation techniques, these applications should be directly supported by explicitly heterogeneous metaprogramming languages.We present MetaHaskell, an extension of Haskell 98 that provides modular syntactic and type system support for type safe metaprogramming with multiple object languages. Adding a new object language to MetaHaskell requires only minor modifications to the host language to support type-level quantification over object language types and propagation of type equality constraints. We demonstrate the flexibility of our approach through three object languages: a core ML language, a linear variant of the core ML language, and a subset of C. All three languages support metaprogramming with open terms and guarantee that well-typed MetaHaskell programs will only produce closed object terms that are well-typed. The essence of MetaHaskell is captured in a type system for a simplified metalanguage. MetaHaskell, as well as all three object languages, are fully implemented in the mhc bytecode compiler.
The progressive ankylosis gene product ANK regulates extracellular ATP levels in primary articular chondrocytes

Extracellular ATP (eATP) is released by articular chondrocytes under physiological and pathological conditions. High eATP levels cause pathologic calcification, damage cartilage, and mediate pain. We recently showed that stable over-expression of the progressive ankylosis gene product, ANK, increased chondrocyte eATP levels, but the mechanisms of this effect remained unexplored. The purpose of this work was to further investigate mechanisms of eATP efflux in primary articular chondrocytes and to better define the role of ANK in this process. We measured eATP levels using a bioluminescence-based assay in adult porcine articular chondrocyte media with or without a 10 minute exposure to hypotonic stress. siRNAs for known ATP membrane transporters and pharmacologic inhibitors of ATP egress pathways were used to identify participants involved in chondrocyte eATP release. eATP levels increased after exposure to hypotonic media in a calcium-dependent manner in monolayer and 3-dimensional agarose gel cultures (p < 0.001). A potent transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) agonist mimicked the effects of hypotonic media. ANK siRNA suppressed basal (p < 0.01) and hypotonically-stressed (p < 0.001) ATP levels. This effect was not mediated by altered extracellular pyrophosphate (ePPi) levels, and was mimicked by the ANK inhibitor, probenecid (p < 0.001). The P2X7/4 receptor inhibitor Brilliant Blue G also suppressed eATP efflux induced by hypotonic media (p < 0.001), while ivermectin, a P2X4 receptor stimulant, increased eATP levels (p < 0.001). Pharmacologic inhibitors of hemichannels, maxianion channels and other volume-sensitive eATP efflux pathways did not suppress eATP levels. These findings implicate ANK and P2X7/4 receptors in chondrocyte eATP efflux. Understanding the mechanisms of eATP efflux may result in novel therapies for calcium crystal arthritis and osteoarthritis.
Lag time data for characterizing the pore pathway of intact and chemically pretreated human epidermal membrane

Abstract This study aimed to gain mechanistic insights into the nature of the pore pathway of fully hydrated human stratum corneum from lag time data obtained using a model polar permeant, urea. Lag times were deduced from transport experiments with human epidermal membranes and with human epidermal membranes after ethanol or chloroform–methanol treatment. A tortuous pore pathway transport model and a `bottleneck' transport model were employed for data analysis, and their appropriateness for the observed data was examined. Important outcomes from the present study with intact and with delipidized stratum corneum were as follows. Long lag times (around 60–800 min) for the transport of urea in human epidermal membranes were generally observed. These results were consistent with an extremely tortuous pore pathway as would be expected if it is associated with the polar/aqueous region of the stratum corneum intercellular lipids (i.e. the bilayers in the intercellular region). The permeability of the stratum corneum increased after ethanol treatment, and, at the same time, the tortuosity decreased but remained relatively high. Chloroform–methanol treatment further increased the permeability and further decreased the tortuosity. Since delipidization by ethanol and chloroform–methanol treatments decreased the tortuosity of the pore pathway, these results suggest that the effectively highly tortuous pathway for polar permeants in stratum corneum may be associated with the polar regions of the intercellular lipids. Untreated skin samples that had high electrical resistance were observed to have longer lag times than those with low resistance; this is consistent with the hypothesis that skin samples of high resistance have less appendage routes or less damage and transport polar permeants predominantly via the tortuous pathways involving the intercellular lipid regions of the stratum corneum. Neither the tortuous pathway transport model alone nor the `bottleneck' transport model alone seems to perfectly represent the experimental data, and a modified model (a hybrid of the two models) has been proposed to be more consistent with the lag time data and the morphology of fully hydrated stratum corneum. The present study has demonstrated the usefulness of lag times obtained with a polar permeant in better understanding the transport mechanisms involved with the pore pathway.
CRAM it! A comparison of virtual, live-action and written training systems for preparing personnel to work in hazardous environments

In this paper we investigate the utility of an interactive, desktop-based virtual reality (VR) system for training personnel in hazardous working environments. Employing a novel software model, CRAM (Course Resource with Active Materials), we asked participants to learn a specific aircraft maintenance task. The evaluation sought to identify the type of familiarization training that would be most useful prior to hands on training, as well as after, as skill maintenance. We found that participants develop an increased awareness of hazards when training with stimulating technology — in particular (1) interactive, virtual simulations and (2) videos of an instructor demonstrating a task — versus simply studying (3) a set of written instructions. The results also indicate participants desire to train with these technologies over the standard written instructions. Finally, demographic data collected during the evaluation elucidates future directions for VR systems to develop a more robust and stimulating hazard training environment.
Uniform Doping of Metal Oxide Nanowires Using Solid State Diffusion

The synthesis of one-dimensional nanostructures with specific properties is often hindered by difficulty in tuning the material composition without sacrificing morphology and material quality. Here, we present a simple solid state diffusion method utilizing atomic layer deposition to controllably alter the composition of metal oxide nanowires. This compositional control allows for modification of the optical, electronic, and electrochemical properties of the semiconductor nanowires. Using this method and a novel process for manganese oxide atomic layer deposition, we produced manganese-doped rutile TiO2 nanowires and investigated their structural and photoelectrochemical properties. A homogeneous incorporation of the Mn dopant into the rutile lattice was observed, and the local chemical environment of the Mn was determined using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The doping process resulted in a tunable enhancement in the electrocatalytic activity for water oxidation, demonstrating that this simple and general method can be used to control the properties of one-dimensional nanostructures for use in a variety of applications including solar-to-fuel generation.
The effects of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 on carbohydrate homeostasis of insulin-dependent diabetics as assessed by the artificial endocrine pancreas*

Summary On the basis of the inhibitory actions of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 on growth hormone (GH) and glucagon (IRG) secretion we investigated its effects on carbohydrate metabolism of insulin-dependent diabetics. Six patients with no residual insulin secretion were connected to the artificial endocrine pancreas (AEP) and after the establishment of a steady state overnight they were injected either normal saline or 50 μg of SMS 201-995 s.c., t.i.d., or 100 μg of the same compound b.i.d. Insulin requirements were assessed by the AEP and compared during the 24 h and after the main meals. The inhibition of GH and IRG secretion was evaluated as well. 50 μg of SMS analogue t.i.d. induced a significant reduction of insulin requirement (mean ± SEM) while no significant difference was observed between control and 100 μg s.c., b.i.d., nor between 50 μg and 100 μg. The curve of glucose fluctuations was smoother after 50 μg than after 100 μg and control. Postprandial IRG secretion was inhibited by both regimens of SMS after lunch and dinner. GH secretion was significantly inhibited after all meals during the days of analogue administration. SMS 201-995 analogue appears to have a remarkable antidiabetic activity as shown by the sparing of administered amount of insulin, suppression of counter-insulin hormones and smoothing of blood glucose curve. It may constitute a safe and effective adjunctive measure in the management of insulin-dependent diabetics.
A Super-Star Cluster in NGC 253: Mid-Infrared Properties

We observed the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253 in the mid-infrared to obtain a three-dimensional data set with arcsecond angular resolution and 0.2 km spectral resolution. The observations show the major spectral features in the upper half of the mid-IR window: the 11.3 km polycyclic aromatic hydro- carbon (PAH) line and the 12.8 km (Ne II) line as well as the broad silicate absorption feature at 9.7 km. We use the (Ne II) line to determine the emission measure of the ionized gas, and in combination with radio observations to predict the thermal and nonthermal contributions to the radio continuum. The amount of ionized gas is related to the rate of star formation. Based on the mid-IR spectra, we identify three major components in the nucleus of NGC 243: an AGN in the center of the galaxy, a superstar cluster also seen in optical images, and a larger scale diUuse envelope composed of an older population of supernova remnants and lower mass stars. Subject headings: galaxies: individual (NGC 253) ¨ galaxies: starburstgalaxies: star clusters
Little Higgs dark matter

The introduction of T parity dramatically improves the consistency of little Higgs models with precision electroweak data, and renders the lightest T-odd particle (LTP) stable. In the littlest Higgs model with T parity, the LTP is typically the T-odd heavy photon, which is weakly interacting and can play the role of dark matter. We analyze the relic abundance of the heavy photon, including its coannihilations with other T-odd particles, and map out the regions of the parameter space where it can account for the observed dark matter. We evaluate the prospects for direct and indirect discovery of the heavy photon dark matter. The direct detection rates are quite low and a substantial improvement in experimental sensitivity would be required for observation. A substantial flux of energetic gamma rays is produced in the annihilation of the heavy photons in the galactic halo. This flux can be observed by the GLAST telescope, and, if the distribution of dark matter in the halo is favorable, by ground-based telescope arrays such as VERITAS and HESS.
Autoradiographic location of sensory nerve endings in dentin of monkey teeth.

We have used the autoradiographic method to locate trigeminal nerve endings in monkey teeth. The nerve endings were labeled in two adult female Macaca fascicularis by 20 hours of axonal transport of radioactive protein (/sup 3/H-L-proline). We found a few labeled axons in contralateral mandibular central incisors and one mandibular canine. In ipsilateral teeth, numerous myelinated and unmyelinated axons were labeled; they formed a few terminal branches in the roots but primarily branched in the crown to form the peripheral plexus of Raschkow and to terminate as free endings in the odontoblast layer, predentin, and as far as 120 micrometers into dentinal tubules. Electron microscopic autoradiography showed that the radioactive axonally transported protein was confined to sensory axons and endings; odontoblasts and dentin matrix were not significantly labeled. Labeled free nerve endings were closely apposed to odontoblasts in dentin but did not form distinctive junctions with them. Nerve endings were most numerous in the regular tubular dentin of the crown adjacent to the tip of the pulp horn, occurring in at least half of the dentinal tubules there. Our results show tha dentinal sensory nerve endings in primate teeth can be profuse, sparse, or absent depending on the location andmore » structure of dentin and its adjacent pulp. When dentin was innervated, the tubules were straight and contained odontoblast processes, the predentin was wide, the odontoblast cell bodies were relatively columnar, and there was an adjacent cell-free zone and pulpal nerve plexus.« less
Adsorption of trisilylamine on the Si(100) surface

Adsorption of trisilylamine (TSA) on the Si(100) surface has been studied using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and time-of-flight electron stimulated desorption (TOFESD). TPD spectra exhibit the presence of three desorption states denoted by β1, β2, and β3 associated with the presence of a mono-, di-, and tri-hydride state respectively. This behavior is identical with previously observed desorption studies resulting from atomic hydrogen adsorption, indicating that the nitrogen species in the adsorbate has minimal impact on the surface structure of the hydride. Preliminary electron irradiation studies are reported and indicate that the formation of a thin silicon nitride layer is induced as a result of the irradiation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eating Disorders Among Adolescents And How Educators Can Recognize Symptoms With Possible Strategies For Solutions

Eating disorders is a problem that receives too little attention. These disorders have a great impact on student relationships, self-esteem, health, and achievement. Administrators and teacher leaders must take the initiative to think proactively and intervene.
Surfactants affect herbicides on kochia (Kochia scoparia) and Russian thistle (Salsola iberica)

Abstract The effects of surfactants on retention, absorption, and efficacy were determined for bromoxynil, 2,4-D amine, and glyphosate on kochia and Russian thistle. Bromoxynil, 2,4-D amine, and glyphosate retention were similar for both species. Surfactants improved spray retention on kochia and Russian thistle compared with spray mixtures without surfactant. Herbicides mixed with allinol 810-60 surfactant were generally retained better than with MON 0818, oxysorbic 20, or R-11 surfactant. Bromoxynil phytotoxicity was not affected by surfactants, and all surfactants equally enhanced 2,4-D amine phytotoxicity. Glyphosate phytotoxicity to kochia was enhanced only by MON 0818 and oxysorbic 20, and phytotoxicity to Russian thistle was enhanced only by MON 0818. Bromoxynil, with or without surfactants, was absorbed similarly by kochia and Russian thistle. 2,4-D amine and glyphosate absorption were greater with surfactants than without. Kochia and Russian thistle leaves had visibly similar crystalline epicutic...
Modifying Specificities of Restriction Enzymes

For the last five years, our laboratory has been studying various aspects of controlled cleavage of DNA, both for (1) the 50 bp-10 kb range of single-stranded (ss) and double-stranded (ds) DNA fragments, plasmids or phages, and (2) for very large genomes of bacteria, yeast and higher eukaryotes. We are using commercial restriction enzymes (ENases) either (i) of the class-IIS variety (ENase-IIS) (Szybalski, 1985), where the recognition site on the DNA for the ENase is separated by several base pairs from the cleavage site, together with an adapter oligodeoxynucleotide (oligo), or (ii) various combinations of a particular ENase, its cognate methyltransferase (MTase) and DNA-binding protein whose binding site contains the corresponding ENase/MTase recognition site. The ENase-IIS enzymes were used either for precise cutting (Podhajska and Szybalski, 1985) or for precise trimming of DNA (Hasan et al., 1986), whereas the MTase/ENase/DNA-binding protein combination was used for very rare cuts in large genomes (Koob et al., 1968; Grimes et al., 1990; Koob and Szybalski, 1990).
Effect of a Single 30-Minute Treatment of High Voltage Pulsed Current on Edema Formation in Frog Hind Limbs

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a single treatment of high voltage pulsed current (HVPC) on edema formation. Twenty-four frogs were anesthetized, and both hind limbs of each frog were traumatized by impact. Limb volumes were measured by water displacement immediately before and after trauma and at predetermined intervals for 24.0 hours posttrauma. One limb of each frog was randomly selected to receive 30 minutes of continuous, 120-pulse per second, cathodal HVPC at voltages 10% less than motor threshold levels. Data were analyzed by an analysis of variance for repeated measures. Sources of significant differences were determined by paired t tests (probability values determined by Bonferroni adjustment). A single 30-minute application of HVPC significantly curbed edema formation for between 4.0 and 7.5 hours following treatment (ie, volumes of treated limbs were significantly less than those of untreated limbs). These results suggest that regimens currently applied to humans (ie, one treatment per day or three times per week) may be insufficiently aggressive to provide sustained treatment effects.
A pivotal role for HOXB7 protein in endocrine resistant breast cancer

HOXB7 is a homeodomain containing transcription factor which plays a pivotal role in tamoxifen resistant breast cancer. Our work has shown that overexpression of HOXB7 renders cells tamoxifen resistant by mobilizing a number of receptor tyrosine kinase pathways. EGFR expression is upregulated by direct binding of HOXB7 to the EGFR promoter, while HOXB7 functions as a cofactor with ERα to cause overexpression of multiple ER-target genes, including HER2, in tamoxifen resistant breast cancer cells. Probing the pathway further, we found that miR-196a and MYC are upstream regulators of HOXB7 expression. Mechanistically, HOXB7 and ERα jointly upregulate HER2 which phosphorylates MYC. Thus stabilized, MYC in turn suppresses miR-196a. Loss of miR-196a results lifts the quelling influence of miR-196a on HOXB7 expression. Besides shedding light on the intricate interplay of events occurring in tamoxifen resistant breast cancer, the work identifies a number of new therapeutic targets capable of restoring sensitivity of breast cancer cells to tamoxifen.
Takings, Efficiency, and Distributive Justice: A Reply to Professor Dagan

In a recent article, Professor Hanoch Dagan argues that courts should incorporate the principle of distributive justice into their decisions as to whether a particular property owner should receive compensation in response to a government-imposed redistribution of property. To that end, he proposes a concept called "progressive" compensation that he believes will better serve distributive justice than present doctrine while at the same time improving the efficiency of governmental decision-making. This Essay questions key aspects of Professor Dagan's analysis, proposes as an alternative a uniform few-many rule for resolving takings issues. If funded through progressive taxation, such a rule would better address both the efficiency and the distributive justice concerns associated with government redistributions of private property.
Novel Advancements in Colposcopy: Historical Perspectives and a Systematic Review of Future Developments

AbstractObjectiveTo describe novel innovations and techniques for the detection of high-grade dysplasia.Materials and MethodsStudies were identified through the PubMed database, spanning the last 10 years. The key words ([“computerized colposcopy” or ”digital colposcopy” or “spectroscopy” or “multis
DEVELOPMENTAL AND GENETIC HOMEOSTASIS IN TWO SPECIES OF FLOUR BEETLES.

Flour beetles of the genus Tribolium have served as a useful tool for ecological studies for many years (e.g., Park, 1962) and have recently begun to attract the attention of other population biologists. The two species Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum are closely related but completely reproductively isolated both in nature and in the laboratory. Based on a comparative cytological study, Smith (1952) suggested that T. confusum, which has nine pairs of chromosomes, was derived from an ancestral form similar cytologically to T. castaneum (ten pairs) by a translocation involving a pair of autosomes and the sex chromosomes. Genetic studies have revealed a number of presumed gene-homologies between the two species (Sokoloff, 1964). Geographic distribution data for these two, species indicate that they are both cosmopolitan, being easily transported from place to place in grain sacks, etc. (Good, 1936; Hinton, 1948). Temperature does seem to have quite an effect on distribution however. T. castaneum is essentially a subtropical species, whereas T. confusum is more frequently found in temperate, more northerly regions. It should be noted that both species are found throughout the range of conditions because they can live in heated granaries, food stores, etc. In general, however, natural populations of T. confusumn probably have to withstand more severe cold conditions and in particular, greater fluctuations in temperature and humidity. This is corroborated by laboratory studies on survival, productivity and developmental rate measured under different temperature and humidity regimens (Gray, 1948; Howe, 1956, 1960; Dawson, 1965b). T. confusum is found to be more tolerant of extremes, particularly of cold, than T. castaneum. On the other hand, T. castaneum is generally found to survive better and develop faster at higher temperatures and humidities. Optimum temperatures for development are about 2'/2C higher for this species. Competition experiments utilizing these two species have shown that T. castaneum is favored under warm, wet conditions and T. confusum under cool, dry ones (Park, 1954). This is also in accord with the data on distribution of natural populations of the two species. Tantawy and Mallah (1961) concluded from studies on Drosophila siiiiulans and D. melanogaster that populations from a temperate region were more homeostatic than populations collected near the Equator in terms of response to various laboratory temperatures. They suggested that
New Series: Making Basic Science Relevant

An innovative series will address issues in basic science that are relevant to the practice of medicine.
Ginger augmented chemotherapy: A novel multitarget nontoxic approach for cancer management

Cancer, referred to as the 'disease of civilization', continues to haunt humanity due to its dreadful manifestations and limited success of therapeutic interventions such as chemotherapy in curing the disease. Although effective, chemotherapy has repeatedly demonstrated inadequacy in disease management due to its debilitating side effects arising from its deleterious nonspecific effects on normal healthy cells. In addition, development of chemoresistance due to mono-targeting often results in cessation of chemotherapy. This urgently demands development and implementation of multitargeted alternative therapies with mild or no side effects. One extremely promising strategy that yet remains untapped in the clinic is augmenting chemotherapy with dietary phytochemicals or extracts. Ginger, depository of numerous bioactive molecules, not only targets cancer cells but can also mitigate chemotherapy-associated side effects. Consequently, combination therapy involving ginger extract and chemotherapeutic agents may offer the advantage of being efficacious with reduced toxicity. Here we discuss the remarkable and often overlooked potential of ginger extract to manage cancer, the possibility of developing ginger-based combinational therapies, and the major roadblocks along with strategies to overcome them in clinical translation of such inventions. We are optimistic that clinical implementation of such combination regimens would be a much sought after modality in cancer management.
Resistance of Blattella germanica to five insecticides at urban area of Fushun

Objective To investigate the resistance of Blattella germanica to five insecticides at urban area of Fushun,in order to use insecticide reasonably,enhance preventing and controlling effect and provide technic ensure for city pest control.Methods Using drug contacting method to evaluate resistance.Results Blattella germanica had little resistance to pyrethroid and propoxur,resistance coefficiient was between 3.34 to 5.46.It had high resistance to DDVP,resistance coefficient9.5.Conclusion When Blattella gemanica control was executed in the future at the city zone of Fushun,pyrethroids and carbamates was for first,and organic-phosphor for second.Reasonable exchange use of several insecticides could reduce resistance of cockroaches to insecticides according to the characteristic of varietal insecticide.So insecticides could reach the best effect in controlling Blattella germanica in the future.
The Characteristic Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds in Topsoil of Qiannan Area in Guizhou

In order to investigate the residual pollution of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in soil samples of Qiannan area,97 samples from 12 counties of Qiannan area of Guizhou Province were collected to investigate the residue,the distribution characteristics,pollution levels,and origins of the PAHs. The total PAHs concentration in the samples varied from 0. 4 to 755. 9 μg/kg, and the fluorene and benzo(a) anthracene were the highest detection rate in the main pollutants. The average values were 4. 47 μg/kg and 6. 95 μg/kg. Compared with the other areas in the reports,the topsoil of Qiannan area was PAHs contaminated to some extent.
Drug Class Combination–Associated Acute Kidney Injury:

Objective: To evaluate the quality of available evidence of drug class combinations and their association with the development of acute kidney injury (AKI). Data Sources: A search of MEDLINE and Embase databases was completed using the following terms: “risk factor AND (acute kidney injury or acute kidney failure) AND (drug or medication).” Study Selection and Data Extraction: Inclusion criteria were the following: English language, full-text availability, and at least 1 drug-combination. Each citation was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. The literature was evaluated using the quality of evidence component of GRADE. No standardized definition of AKI was applied throughout.. Data Synthesis: Out of 2139 total citations, 151 were assessed for full-text review, with 121 citations (6%) meeting inclusion criteria, producing76 unique drug class combinations. Overall, 56 combinations (73.7%) were considered very low quality; 12 (15.8%) were ...
Thinking of the Laity in the English Reformation

The English Reformation was begun by a layman who happened to be king.1 Henry VIII, of course, saw himself as a special layman, divinely anointed as king. But the fact remains that the impetus against the right of the papacy to define doctrine and practice in the Catholic Church came from a layman who placed his own interpretation of a key text in Leviticus above that of the pope and then sought learned opinion to support his position. Equally important in our story is that when the split with Rome became inevitable, it was the English Parliament, comprised mostly of laymen (abetted by churchmen in the House of Lords) that invested the king with the title of Supreme Head of the Church in England. Some would later claim that since the monarch’s authority derived from Parliament, that body actually had the right to determine the affairs of the church, a position strongly rejected by future monarchs, but supported by those who saw Parliament as means of pushing for further reform. And while Archbishop Thomas Cranmer arguably played the critical role in shaping the Protestant Church of England, an important role was also played by the layman Thomas Cromwell, whom Henry VIII appointed vicar general and vice-regent of the king in “Spirituals.”2
Thermodynamic Properties of Ethylene at Saturation

In the development of an equation of state for a fluid, accurate values of vapor pressure, saturated vapor density and saturated liquid density are used to define the phase equilibrium conditions for temperatures between the triple point and critical point. The vapor pressure equation and equations for the density of the saturated liquid and the saturated vapor as functions of temperature include the critical region. The equations for the saturation states are given here with comparisons to data. These equations were determined using a stepwise regression procedure1 for the selection of an optimum group of terms from the various comprehensive functions.
Incommensurate density modulation in a Na-rich plagioclase feldspar: Z-contrast imaging and single-crystal X-ray diffraction study.

Plagioclase feldspars are the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust. Intermediate plagioclase feldspars commonly display incommensurately modulated or aperiodic structures. Z-contrast images show both Ca–Na ordering and density modulation. The local structure of lamellae domains has I1-like symmetry. The neighboring lamellae domains are in an inversion twinning relationship. With a state-of-the-art X-ray diffraction unit, second-order satellite reflections (f-reflections) are observed for the first time in andesine (An45), a Na-rich e-plagioclase. The f-reflections indicate a structure with a density modulation which is close to a Ca-rich e-plagioclase. The similarity between this e-andesine structure and previously solved e-labradorite structure is confirmed. Refinement of the structure shows density modulation of ∼ 7 mol % in compositional variation of the anorthite (An) component. The results from Z-contrast imaging and low-temperature single X-ray diffraction (XRD) provide a structure consistent with density modulation. The discovery of f-reflections in Na-rich e-plagioclase extends the composition range of e1 structure with density modulation to as low as at least An45, which is the lower end of the composition range of Boggild intergrowth. The new result supports the loop-shaped solvus for Boggild intergrowth, below which is a homogenous stable area for e1 structure in the phase diagram. The phase transition between e2 structure without density modulation and e1 structure with density modulation should happen at low temperature. There is a change in modulation period accompanying the phase transition, as well as higher occupancy of Al in the T1o site. The andesine with density modulation also indicates extremely slow cooling of its host rock.
Growth of Epitaxial KNbO3 Thin Films

KNbO3 possesses high nonlinear optical coefficients making it a promising material for frequency conversion of infrared light into the visible wavelength range using integrated optical devices. While epitaxial thin films of KNbO3 have previously been grown using ion beam sputtering, defects (i.e. grain boundaries, domains, surface roughness) in these films resulted in high optical losses and no measurable in-plane birefringence. Previous films were grown on MgO substrates, which have a >4% lattice mismatch with KNbO3. In the work reported here, we have grown films on MgO, MgA12O4, NdGaO3, and KTaO3 to investigate the role of lattice mismatch on the resulting film quality. Films have also been grown with and without oxygen ion assistance. The orientations, morphologies, and defects in the films were examined using x-ray diffraction and AFM to determine their relationships to the growth conditions and substrate lattice mismatch.
Insurgency, heritage and the working class: the case of the Theatre of Union Nº6 of the Coal Miners of Lota, Chile

This paper examines the construction and preservation history of the Theatre of Union No6 of the Coal Miners in Lota, Chile, a city whose identity has been redefined due to changes in the capitalis...
The American Debut of Adeline Genée

Abstract On January 28, 1908, Adeline Genee made her New York debut as the star of The Soul Kiss. This musical was produced by Florenz Ziegfeld and staged by the Broadway veteran, Julian Mitchell. Not since the performance of Fanny Elssler had American audiences seen an exponent of the classical French school of dancing. Trained by her uncle, Genee represented the lyric style of dancing developed in the nineteenth century by Taglioni and Bournonville. Her assessment of the role of the ballerina reveals an interesting perspective on Western concert dance at the turn of the century. Due to restrictions at opera houses throughout the world, Genee felt that her career could be innovative only if she pursued it in the commercial theatre. For her first appearance in the United States she chose to present her classicism within the framework of the musical revue in order to reach a wide popular audience, to use non-traditional and diversified choreography, and to secure an unlimited number of performance opportunities for developing her own artistry on stage. Her impeccable standards and effortless technical feats were a revelation for American spectators, outspoken at the time in regard to their distaste for ballet. Genee's tours of this country were the first in an important series of events which altered native opinion about ballet training and performance. The Ziegfeld showcase for her initial presentation to this audience was lavish and spectacular. The Soul Kiss attracted a following who had refused to attend ballet, and it imbued with glamor an art which they believed to be defunct
Experimental mapping of elastoplastic surfaces for sand using undrained perturbations

Abstract Elastoplastic models are commonly used in modern geotechnical practice to numerically predict displacements, stresses, and pore pressures in large construction projects. These elastoplastic models use presumed functional forms for yield and plastic potential functions that are rarely obtained from experimental measurements. This research describes a simple experimental technique that can be used to obtain the slopes of the plastic potential and yield functions during shear based on the deformation theory of plasticity. The method imposes small perturbations in the direction of the stress increment by closing the drainage valve, thereby abruptly switching from drained to undrained loading conditions during plastic loading. Elastoplastic moduli are obtained immediately before and after the perturbations from the measured deviatoric stress, mean effective stress, deviatoric strains, and volumetric strains for the stress paths immediately before and immediately after closing the drain valve. During drained shear, samples were sheared while the mean effective stress was maintained constant. Combining tests performed at several confining stresses, the proposed method was able to map conventional isotropic yield and plastic potential surfaces and predict their evolution for a wide range of stresses. The proposed technique can also be used for kinematic yield surfaces and to develop new and more accurate elastoplastic constitutive models.
Shining the Light on Cyclic di-GMP Dark Matter.

ABSTRACT Bacterial cyclic di-GMP signaling networks often consist of dozens of components, and the majority of these components have no observable function. Dahlstrom et al. (J. Bacteriol. 200:e00703-17, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00703-17) explored the function of every component of the Pseudomonas fluorescens cyclic di-GMP network under 188 different growth conditions and identified activities for 80% of the network. They further demonstrated that multiple mechanisms function in tandem to control the activity of the network in different environments.
No progress on diversity in 40 years

Ethnic and racial diversity are extremely low among United States citizens and permanent residents who earned doctorates in earth, atmospheric and ocean sciences. Worse, there has been little to no improvement over the past four decades.
QUASIFREE α-α SCATTERING IN THE REACTION 20Ne(α,2α)16O AT 80 MeV

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses quasifree α-α scattering in the reaction 20Ne (α, 2 α) 16O at 80 MeV. The work showed essentially no evidence of quasifree p-α scattering with the reaction proceeding primarily through the sequential decay mode. The lack of such evidence was probably due to the relatively low incident proton energy. Thus, it was appropriate to continue the investigation of alpha scattering in 20Ne by using other reactions at higher energies. The data were compared with the plane wave impulse approximation (PWIA) in which a cutoff radius was introduced in the Fourier transform of the 20Ne wave function. The PWIA describes the data reasonably well only for those kinematical conditions that allow the spectator momentum to be quite small.
B-1 (CD 5+) B-cells as a marker of immune dysregulation in multiple myeloma.

Our group has a long standing interest in the immune abnormalities present in patients with multiple myeloma. In particular the poor primary immune response to new antigen challenges exemplified by recurrent upper respiratory infections. This aberrant physiology has an in vitro correlate of diminished levels of serum immunoglobulins other than the monoclonal protein which marks the expression of the plasma cell tumor. Attempts to define the mechanisms of this immunodeficiency traditionally use the manipulation of production of immunoglobulins by peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by pokeweed mitogen (PWM). In this system the inhibition of Ig production by added cell populations or culture supernatants is determined. Recently the use of Staphylococcal Aureus protein (SAC) as a stimulant proved a satisfactory system as well.
Education for Sustainable Peace: Practices, Problems and Possibilities

Reflecting on the development and status of peace education, a field built around the problem of violence, this chapter describes the general social purposes and learning goals of the varied approaches to education for peace. Viewing the field from the perspective of the internationally derived theme problems and pedagogical methods that have characterized the author’s experience and practice, it reviews her interpretation of some of the main characteristics of and problems addressed by the field of peace education (including, but not limited to, conflict studies). The chapter notes that the significant substantive development and growing world-wide practice of peace education has been largely the result of the efforts of individuals, civil society and professional organizations and non – formal networks. It argues that the actual and evident need for peace education calls for greater institutional and systematic teacher preparation for all grade levels and all subject areas. Persuading institutional education authorities to include peace education as a normal part of standard teacher preparation is identified as a major challenge now facing practitioners and advocates of this field so urgently needed in a world with ever increasing incidents and forms of violence.
Injury in the Unresponsive State: Writing the Vulnerable Subject into Neo-Liberal Legal Culture

State neglect of the needs of those individuals living in poverty or suffering under social, economic, and material disadvantage is not seen as requiring legal or political remedy. Quite the contrary: state inaction is typically viewed as the appropriate manifestation of state restraint in the face of individual liberty or autonomy rights that condemn any move toward the “redistribution” of private wealth or property. “Private” structures, such as the family, market, charity, or the workplace, are designated as the prime mediating institutions to provide for the needs of individuals. Arguably, the state may be seen as having some responsibility in regard to the conduct and operation of those institutions, but at best the state is seen as an incremental and contested residual actor when they fail. This understanding of state inaction as not constituting injury or harm is both validated and compelled by the ways in which, over the course of American political history, the political subject and social contract have been understood as anchored in liberty and autonomy.
Inferring Microbial Communities for City Scale Metagenomics Using Neural Networks

Microbes play a critical role in human health and disease, especially in cities with high population densities. Understanding the microbial ecosystem in an urban environment is essential for monitoring the transmission of infectious diseases and identifying potentially urgent threats. To achieve this goal, researchers have started to collect and analyze metagenomic samples from subway stations in major cities. However, it is too costly and time-consuming to achieve city-wide sampling with fine-grained geo-spatial resolution. In this paper, we present MetaMLAnn, a neural network based approach to infer microbial communities at unmeasured locations, based upon information from various data sources in an urban environment, including subway line information, sampling material, and microbial compositions. MetaMLAnn exploits these heterogeneous features to capture the latent dependencies between microbial compositions and the urban environment, thereby precisely inferring microbial communities at unsampled locations. Moreover, we propose a regularization framework to incorporate the species relatedness as prior knowledge. We evaluate our approach using the public metagenomics dataset collected from multiple subway stations in New York and Boston. The experimental results show that MetaMLAnn consistently outperforms five conventional classifiers across several evaluation metrics. The code, features and labels are available at https://github.com/zgy921028/MetaMLAnn
Group dynamics as a predictor of dissociation for Black victims of violence: An exploratory study of cultural betrayal trauma theory.

Violence victimization is prevalent in the US and is linked to costly mental health outcomes, including dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Black Americans are at increased risk ...
BACH1 Orchestrates Lung Cancer Metastasis

Two studies in this issue position the stabilization of the transcription factor BACH1 as a critical node in the metastasis of lung cancer and propose two new therapeutic approaches for this leading cause of cancer-related deaths (Lignitto et al., 2019; Wiel et al., 2019).
Introduction to the special section: Research domain criteria in the obsessive compulsive and related disorders

Abstract The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) is a major initiative of the National Institute of Mental Health that aims to identify empirically based indicators of psychiatric conditions. It is based on a matrix of major domains of function by hierarchically arranged levels of analysis from genes, through neural circuits and up through paradigms of investigation. There are significant implications for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in the RDoC. This special series of papers aims to elucidate some of these in the areas of cognitive control, developmental processes, animal models, and cognitive-behavioral interventions. It is anticipated that this series of papers may inform a broad research agenda for obsessive-compulsive research in the context of the RDoC.
Medicine, pharmacy and nursing trainees' perceptions of curriculum preparation to deprescribe and interprofessional roles in the deprescribing process.

With increasing rates of polypharmacy among older adults, preparedness of current and future health care professionals to identify and deprescribe potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) is cr...
Workshop 2 – Antibacterial Immunity

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the different aspects of antibacterial immunity. The interplay of the humoral and cellular mechanisms was illustrated by a consideration of the expression of immunity against a number of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The presence of free pneumococcal polysaccharide in the serum of some patients suggested the occurrence of immunologic paralysis. The immunogenic potential of purified pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide in man was discussed. Current studies with monovalent vaccines of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides of types I, II, III, VI, and VIII have shown to be unequivocally immunogenic. In the case of acquired resistance to faculative intracellular parasites, it was pointed out that both humoral and cellular elements are involved in overcoming these infections. Evidence for the protective value of humoral antibody against salmonellosis under certain circumstances has been clearly established. The relative importance of serum factors compared to that of cell-mediated immunity depends largely on the methodology adopted. This was illustrated by the adoptive transfer of immunity using mice vaccinated with a ribosomal antigen prepared for Salmonella typhimurium.