cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced yeast one-hybrid assays for high-throughput gene-centered regulatory network mapping

The authors describe the enhanced yeast one-hybrid platform for large-scale screening of protein-DNA interactions and test its performance by mapping Caenorhabditis elegans gene regulatory networks. Also in this issue, Hens et al. describe an alternative platform for this purpose and apply it to screen for transcription factor–DNA interactions in Drosophila melanogaster. A major challenge in systems biology is to understand the gene regulatory networks that drive development, physiology and pathology. Interactions between transcription factors and regulatory genomic regions provide the first level of gene control. Gateway-compatible yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assays present a convenient method to identify and characterize the repertoire of transcription factors that can bind a DNA sequence of interest. To delineate genome-scale regulatory networks, however, large sets of DNA fragments need to be processed at high throughput and high coverage. Here we present enhanced Y1H (eY1H) assays that use a robotic mating platform with a set of improved Y1H reagents and automated readout quantification. We demonstrate that eY1H assays provide excellent coverage and identify interacting transcription factors for multiple DNA fragments in a short time. eY1H assays will be an important tool for mapping gene regulatory networks in Caenorhabditis elegans and other model organisms as well as in humans.
Ultrastructure of bronchial oncocytoma.

A bronchial neoplasm consisted of cells with abundant, finely granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm. Ultrastructurally, this granularity was due to mitochondrial hyperplasia thus fulfilling the criterion of a true oncocyte. Although the terms “pulmonary oncocytoma” and “oncocytic carcinoid” have been used in the past, this is apparently the first pulmonary tumor in which mitochondrial hyperplasia has been demonstrated thereby confirming the accuracy of the term oncocytoma in this particular instance. The bronchial mucosal glands adjacent to the tumor contained numerous foci of oncocytes and are considered the most likely source of the neoplasm.
An experimental course in advanced programming methods

An experimental graduate course where students learn good programming and system design techniques through writing systems of programs in chief-programmer teams (CP-teams) is described. The course seems very worthwhile. Some of the things learned by students and the instructor are described, appropriate changes for the next offering of a similar course are described.
Transmittance of Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor Over Stratospheric Slant Paths

The transmittance of carbon dioxide and water vapor over stratospheric slant paths has been calculated for various initial altitudes and angles of the path. The results are based on previously published transmittance tables for homogeneous paths. The slant path transmittance is obtained from the homogeneous path results by the use of theoretical conversion equations. The variation of slant path transmittance with altitude and with angle from the horizontal is illustrated. The influence of different stratospheric water vapor amounts on the transmittance is also considered. The results are compared with experimental measurements.
Distinct effects of enriched environment on dopamine clearance in nucleus accumbens shell and core following systemic nicotine administration

Environmental enrichment during development may reduce drug abuse liability by modulating dopamine transporter (DAT) function. Nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell and core respond differentially to regulate the rewarding properties and locomotor stimulant effects of psychostimulants. The current study evaluated dopamine (DA) clearance (CLDA) in the NAc shell and core using in vivo voltammetry in rats raised in an enriched condition (EC) or an impoverished condition (IC) and determined the effect of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) on CLDA. Baseline CLDA in NAc shell and core was not different between EC and IC rats. In the saline control group, CLDA in NAc shell was greater across time in IC when compared with EC rats, whereas CLDA in NAc core was greater in EC rats when compared with IC rats. Consistent with these findings, opposite effects of enrichment on DA clearance in shell and core were obtained following acute nicotine administration. In NAc shell, nicotine increased CLDA in EC rats, but not in IC rats. Conversely, in NAc core, nicotine increased CLDA in IC rats, but not in EC rats. The current results demonstrate that environmental enrichment differentially regulates the response to nicotine in NAc shell and core via alterations in DAT function, which may explain how environmental enrichment reduces the behavioral response to nicotine. Synapse, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of the number and location of the manganese binding sites of DNA quadruplexes in solution by EPR and NMR in the presence and absence of thrombin

Abstract The interaction of a DNA quadruplex with thrombin has been studied by first determining the sites of manganese binding to the quadruplex in the absence of thrombin. This has been followed by determining if the interactions with thrombin displace the bound manganese. A different DNA quadruplex has also been studied as a control. The refined solution structures of two DNA quadruplexes have been used to predict the electrostatic potentials of these DNAs. The calculated electrostatic potentials have been used to predict the locations of the binding sites of the paramagnetic ion manganese to these DNAs. The enhanced relaxation of DNA protons due to the binding of the paramagnetic metal ion Mn2+has been used to experimentally determine the locations of the binding sites. The NMR results and the predictions based on the electrostatic potentials both place the binding sites of the manganese in the narrow grooves of these quadruplex DNAs. The predicted locations are spatially close to those experimentally observed, and the predicted and experimental locations also have similar electrostatic potential energy. These results have allowed a validation of the predictions of electrostatic potentials from structure. The 15mer quadruplex has two strong Mn2+binding sites with one in each narrow groove. Both Mn2+are released when the 15mer is complexed with thrombin, indicating that both narrow grooves are involved in the 15mer – thrombin interactions. The dimer quadruplex has a different structural motif than the 15mer and the presence of thrombin does not appreciably affect its interactions with Mn2+.
Artifact reduction in undersampled projection reconstruction MRI of the peripheral vessels using selective excitation.

The projection reconstruction (PR)-HyperTRICKS (time resolved imaging of contrast kinetics) acquisition integrates the benefits of through-plane Cartesian slice encoding and in-plane undersampled PR. It provides high spatial resolution both in-plane (about 1 mm2) and through-plane (1–2 mm), as well as relatively high temporal resolution (about 0.25 frames per second). However, undersampling artifacts that originate from anatomy superior or inferior to a coronal imaging FOV may severely degrade the image quality. In coronal MRA acquisitions, the slice coverage is limited in order to achieve high temporal resolution. In this report we describe an artifact reduction method that uses selective excitation in PR-HyperTRICKS. This technique significantly reduces undersampling streak artifacts while it increases the slice coverage. Magn Reson Med 51:1071–1076, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Increasing antibiotic resistance of streptococcus species in New York City.

Objective:Streptococcus species are common pathogens in head and neck infections and are leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Emerging penicillin-resistant streptococcal pathogens have shifted empirical antibiotic therapy in favor of valuable alternatives, including erythromycin and clindamycin. This study was undertaken to determine the magnitude of antimicrobial resistance to these antibiotics. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: A retrospective study of two streptococcal species isolates, Streptococcus pyogenes (163 specimens) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (164 specimens), collected between January 1, 2001 and January 1, 2002 at two academic institutions. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns were analyzed for penicillin, erythromycin, and clindamycin according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Results: Fourteen percent to 34% of S. pyogenes isolates were erythromycin-resistant, and 0% to 28% were clindamycin-resistant. None of the S. pyogenes isolates were resistant to penicillin. Of the S. pneumoniae isolates, 33% to 50% were resistant to erythromycin, and 18% to 33% were resistant to clindamycin. The penicillin resistance levels for S. pneumoniae were 0% to 45%. Conclusions: Our antimicrobial resistance levels for S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae significantly exceeded national and worldwide levels of erythromycin and clindamycin resistance. With a diverse population of over 8 million residents and high physician supply, our model is a microcosm for the study of antimicrobial use and susceptibility patterns and of clinical failure.
Effects of inhibiting protein synthesis on the secretion of surfactant by type II cells in primary culture.

Abstract Pulmonary surfactant is isolated from the alveolar lumen as a complex of lipid and protein (King R.J. (1974) Fed. Proc. 23, 2238–2247) and is probably secreted as such (King R.J., Martin H., Mitts D. and Holmstrom F.M. (1977) J. Appl. Physiol. 42, 483–491). We wished to determine whether the secretion of this complex was dependent upon cellular activities associated with the synthesis of protein, and whether the pre-formed lipids of surfactant would be released from the cell even though the synthesis of newly-formed protein was inhibited. Alveolar epithelial Type II cells were isolated from adult rat lung and grown to confluency in primary culture. The synthesis and secretion of the apolipoprotein of surfactant and its principal lipid, dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl-choline, were followed by isotopic precursor techniques. The synthesis of the apolipoprotein was reduced to 14% of control by 1 · 10 −4 M cycloheximide and to 2.5% of control by 4 · 10 −4 M cycloheximide. These concentrations of cycloheximide, however, had no effect on the rate of synthesis or release of DPPC. The secretion of the apolipoprotein which had been synthesized before the addition of 1 · 10 −4 M cycloheximide was not inhibited by this compound. Cells maintained at 5°C neither synthesized nor released surfactant. We conclude, therefore, that the synthesis of cellular protein is not required for the secretion of surfactant, but that the continuous generation of metabolic energy may be essential. These results, together with those of previous kinetic studies (see above references), suggest that the lipid and protein constituents of surfactant may be contained within lamellar bodies prior to their release into the extracellular environment.
TECHNOLOGY, CHANGE, AND THE MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTANT

Before technology transfer can take place there must be a climate for change. An understanding of the change process is necessary if the transfer of new accounting technology is to be successful and if the design and implementation of it can be carried out in such a way as to create a fit within a particular organizational culture and environment. This article provides some insight into organizational change, change in management-accounting technologies, and the contributions of accountants to innovation in technology organizations.
Optimization of automated float glass lines

Abstract Flat glass is approximately a $20 billion/year industry worldwide, with almost all flat glass products being manufactured on float glass lines. New technologies are allowing float glass manufacturers to increase the level of automation in their plants, but the question of how to effectively use the automation has given rise to a new and difficult class of optimization problems. These optimization problems combine aspects of traditional cutting problems and traditional scheduling and sequencing problems. In this paper we consider a float line with a fully automated offloading process using robots to pick up glass plates from the float line. The continuous nature of the process causes some glass to be wasted if it is cut but cannot be picked up in time. Such wasted glass is called cycle time scrap. Even if any glass cut could easily be offloaded, the laying out of the customers' orders on to the ribbon can incur waste known as layout scrap. We define and model a problem of optimizing the cutting sequence and the layout of the glass being cut so that the total amount lost to cycle time scrap and layout scrap is small. We develop heuristic solution methods using construction and local search algorithms for this problem. We validate the proposed approach using real data from a major float glass manufacturer and show that it produces manufacturing yields greater than 99%.
Guidelines for the Appropriate Use of Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease

The cholinesterase inhibitors are the only available scientifically proven symptomatic treatments for dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. The guidelines we present summarise the current updated knowledge on the available drugs, including tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, metrifonate and galantamine (galanthamine). Each of these drugs have been proven to be more effective than placebo in improving symptoms in well designed, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Although tacrine was the first drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, it needs frequent monitoring of alanine amino transferase levels. Hence, donepezil emerged as a frequently prescribed drug for dementia of the Alzheimer’s type, secondary to its ease of use and lack of significant adverse effects. More studies are needed regarding long term efficacy, head-to-head comparisons and effects upon behavioural disturbances in dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. These guidelines will provide the starting point for a wider clinical use because, although available and clinically effective, the cholinesterase inhibitors are under-prescribed by clinicians in the pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Maize Endosperm Proteins That Contribute to Endosperm Lysine Content

ABSTRACT Nonzein proteins were analyzed using SDS-PAGE to study their relationship to lysine level in mature endosperm of three isogenic lines and 29 inbred lines. The majority of nonzein proteins are glutelins that contain a relatively high lysine content. Trinitrobenzene-sulfonic acid was used to visualize high-lysine proteins on nitrocellulose membrane. Seven intense yellow bands (high-lysine proteins) were found in the glutelin fraction: 35, 43, 48, 52, 84, 92, and 100 kDa. These seven glutelin proteins were also significantly correlated to each other. Lysine content of the triads correlated with three glutelin proteins (35, 43, and 52 kDa), while lysine content of 29 inbred lines correlated with six glutelin proteins (all except 52-kDa protein). Immunoassays based on these higher lysine glutelin proteins provide an effective screening method in the presence of variable zein levels. Retention or improvement of lysine content is possible using this information in a maize improvement program.
Predicting Nighttime Dissolved Oxygen Decline in Ponds used for Tilapia Culture

Abstract A computer simulation model for predicting nighttime dissolved oxygen (DO) loss was developed for manured and unmanured tilapia ponds. The model incorporated data from the literature on O2 diffusion, respiration by the planktonic community, fish, and benthic organisms, and O2 consumption by organic manure. The average absolute deviation between calculated and measured DO concentrations was 0.49 mg/liter for unmanured ponds and 0.38 mg/liter for manured ponds. The contribution of plankton respiration to the total DO loss averaged 75% and 80% in unmanured and manured ponds, respectively. The utility of the model for predicting DO loss over a wide range of plankton densities, fish standing crops, and percentage O2 saturation values at dusk was demonstrated. The nighttime DO model should have universal applicability to other fish cultures provided a reliable method for estimating oxygen consumption by the cultured organism(s) is available.
High-resolution chronostratigraphy of the terrestrial Cretaceous-Paleogene transition and recovery interval in the Hell Creek region, Montana

Detailed understanding of ecosystem decline and recovery attending the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (KPB) mass extinctions is hindered by limited constraints on the pace and tempo of environmental events near the boundary. To mitigate this shortcoming, high-resolution 40Ar/39Ar geochronology was performed on tephras intercalated between fossiliferous terrestrial sediments of the upper Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Williston Basin of northeastern Montana (USA). Tephra samples were collected from 10 stratigraphic sections spanning an area of ∼5000 km2. Several distinctive tephras can be correlated between sections separated spatially by as much as ∼60 km. The tephras are thin distal deposits generally preserved only in lignite beds, which are interbedded with clastic deposits yielding vertebrate faunas of Lancian (late Maastrichtian) to Torrejonian (early Danian) North American Land Mammal Ages. Sanidine from 15 tephra samples was analyzed in 1649 total fusion experiments (1597 on single crystals) and 12 incremental heating analyses of multigrain aliquots. Ages were determined for 13 distinct tephras, ranging from 66.289 ± 0.051 to 64.866 ± 0.023 Ma, including only analytical uncertainties. This level of precision is sufficient to resolve the ages of all of the coal beds that have served as a basis for a regional stratigraphic framework. The data confirm that the Hell Creek–Fort Union formational contact is diachronous, and further support the age of the KPB impact layer at 66.043 ± 0.010 Ma (or ± 0.043 Ma considering systematic uncertainties). Application of the new results to previous magnetostratigraphic data indicates an appreciably compressed time interval between the base of chron C29r and the top of chron C28r, with a maximum duration estimate of 1.421 ± 0.066 Ma. Most notable is the implied brevity of chron C29r, with a maximum estimate of 457 ± 54 ka, and possibly as brief as 345 ± 38 ka, compared to the 710 ka estimate from the Geologic Time Scale 2012 (GTS2012). Further, application of new results to terrestrial biostratigraphy adds higher precision to the timing and tempo of biotic change before and after the KPB. Our results indicate that the timing of pre-KPB ecological decline is constrained to the last ∼200 ka of the Cretaceous, adding further support to the press-pulse extinction hypothesis. Additionally, the duration of the depauperate basal Paleogene Puercan 1 disaster fauna is confined to a 70 ka interval. Faunal recovery in this region, indicated by the appearance of primitive members of the placental mammal radiation and the restoration of taxonomic richness and evenness, occurred within ∼900 ka after the KPB. These results show that biotic recovery after the mass extinction in the terrestrial realm was more rapid than in the marine.
The effect of preterm birth on infant negative affect and maternal postpartum depressive symptoms: A preliminary examination in an underrepresented minority sample.

Objective To examine the effect of preterm birth on maternal postpartum depressive symptoms and infant negative affect in an underrepresented minority sample.
Microdisc gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate of organic material from rat otoconial complexes

The gravity receptors of all vertebrates utilize a 'test mass' consisting of a complex arrangement of mineral and organic substance that lies over the sensory receptor areas. In most vertebrates, the mineral is a polymorph of calcium carbonate in the form of minute, single crystals called otoconia. An investigation is conducted to determine the number of proteins in otoconial complexes and their molecular weights. The investigation makes use of a microdisk gel electrophoresis method reported by Gainer (1971). The most important finding of the reported research is that analysis of the proteins of the organic material of the otoconial complexes is possible when sensitive microanalytical methods are employed. Further modification of the basic technique employed and the inclusion of other sensitive staining methods should mean that, in the future, protein separation by molecular weight will be possible in sample pools containing only two otoconial masses.
Kinetic analysis of chemical reactions for non-isothermal procedures

Abstract During the past decade a large number of methods have been suggested for the kinetic treatment of data obtained from the thermal traces of differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), in addition to a variety of other thermal methods1. The temperature of the sample in these systems is usually advanced at a constant linear rate. This paper attempts to describe the treatment of experimental data under non-isothermal conditions in order to obtain the kinetic parameters of chemical reactions.
Indoor air quality modeling: Compartmental approach with reactive chemistry

Data on indoor/outdoor pollutant and tracer concentrations were collected during different periods in 1981 at a residence in Newton, MA. Special studies within the kitchen were conducted to determine the vertical and horizontal variability of pollutant and tracer gas concentrations. A reactive chemistry model incorporating simplified NOx chemistry was developed to simulate pollutant concentrations indoors. Multicompartmental mathematical modeling tools were also developed and tested to estimate efficiently the effective, emission, ventilation, and removal rates, as well as the intercompartmental pollutant exchange coefficients. Model studies utilizing two- and three-compartment systems and tracer measurements proved that the dynamics of pollutant mixing inside a kitchen is not only complex but may be quite important in controlling spatial and temporal variability of reactive species. Further monitoring and modeling studies to investigate the critical aspects of the short-term dynamics of the reactive pollutants inside homes with gas cooking stoves are recommended.
A dictionary based on concept coherence

Abstract NEXUS is a computational system which uses a dictionary of 100 to 150 event/state concepts to construct representations of narrative text. Associated with each event/state concept are its deep case relations and their default values. Concepts in the dictionary are related by one of seven event/state concept coherence relations . Relationships between concepts include a list of constraints on the matching of case arguments between the two concepts. NEXUS has been successfully applied to eight paragraph-length samples of text, including “A Restaurant Story”, “The Margie Story”, and “Robbing a Liquor Store”. The resulting discourse representations have been used successfully to answer questions and compute summaries for these texts. The organization of this paper is as follows. After introducing the notion of event/state concept coherence , the paper proceeds by discussing the structure of the dictionary. This includes detailed descriptions of how individual concepts are represented and related, and some discussion of issues concerning causality and property inheritance. Then, after giving some brief examples of the representations produced by NEXUS, the NEXUS program is described. NEXUS was programmed in procedural logic in lisp , so this section will include Horn clause specifications. The fourth section of the paper shows a subportion of the dictionary and, in detail, describes NEXUS processing of five samples of text. Included in the appendix are examples of NEXUS' input and output.
Influence of Kinematics on Landslide Mobility and Failure Mode

Geometry of discontinuities greatly influences the kinematic behavior of slopes and landslides. Discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) is used here to analyze two typical examples of slope failure, demonstrating that accurate representation of the geometry of the discontinuities is essential for identification of kinematically correct failure modes. Then, static stability analyses of the Vaiont, Italy, landslide of October 9, 1963 are used to show that the DDA results compare favorably with previously published limit equilibrium studies using similar geometries, and that the location and number of discontinuities have a significant effect on the predicted stability and failure velocities of the landslide. Dynamic DDA simulations of the Vaiont landslide show that the peak velocity increases up to 50% as the number of blocks increases, indicating that internal disintegration of the landslide mass results in increasing acceleration and higher peak velocity. DDA analyses simulating pore pressure rise resulting from frictional heating of the basal slide plane show that the peak velocity similarly increases up to 50% as the number of blocks increases. The magnitude of the increase in peak velocity as a result of disintegration (i.e., increasing number of blocks) suggests that as much attention should be paid to the geometry of discontinuities as is typically paid to shear strength and pore pressure.
Visceral obesity and insulin resistance are associated with plasma aldosterone levels in women.

GOODFRIEND, THEODORE L., DAVID E. KELLEY, BRET H. GOODPASTER, AND STEPHEN J. WINTERS. Visceral obesity and insulin resistance are associated with plasma aldosterone levels in women. Obes Res. Objective: Both obesity and insulin resistance increase the risk of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, but the mechanisms linking these abnormalities are unknown. The current study was undertaken to examine the effects of obesity, fat distribution, and insulin resistance on plasma levels of aldosterone and other adrenal steroids that might contribute to sequelae of obesity. Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty-eight normo-tensive premenopausal women and 27 normotensive men with a wide range of body fat underwent measurements of visceral adipose tissue by CT scan, total fat mass by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, and plasma levels of three adrenal steroid hormones. Results: Plasma aldosterone in women correlated directly with visceral adipose tissue (r = 0. 66, p<0. 001) and inversely with insulin sensitivity (r = −0. 67, p<0. 001), and these associations were independent of plasma renin activity. There were no corresponding correlations in men. Plasma aldosterone was significantly correlated with plasma cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in women. Seventeen women and 15 men completed a weight-reduction regimen, losing an average of 15. 1±1. 2 kg. After weight loss, plasma aldosterone was significantly lower and insulin sensitivity higher; however, the correlations of aldosterone with visceral adipose tissue and insulin sensitivity in women persisted (p = 0. 09 and 0. 07, respectively). Although none of the women were hypertensive, blood pressure correlated with plasma aldosterone both before and after weight loss. Discussion: We conclude that visceral adiposity and insulin resistance are associated with increased plasma aldosterone and other adrenal steroids that may contribute to cardiovascular diseases in obese women.
Phenol as a topical anaesthetic agent for myringotomy.

Sir, Myringotomy and grommet insertion is a commonly performed procedure for the treatment of chronic serous otitis media. Although this procedure is most often performed under general anaesthetic ...
Risk(ing) Metaphors

Abstract Metaphors appear in almost every realm of our existence permeating even the supposedly “literal" contexts of high-energy physics laboratories and play a central role in defining and organizing both everyday and scientific realities. Metaphors are not an optional literary device but rather enable us to understand and experience one thing in terms of another. They focus our attention upon particular aspects of a thing that we might otherwise overlook and, in doing so, they also deflect our attention from other aspects. In directing and deflecting our attention, metaphors help us to construct our perceptions of reality in particular ways, guide our actions, and are used to frame issues as problems and to assess the feasibility and appropriateness of various possibilities as solutions. Metaphors are also found within the pages of highly technical texts such as The Original Pronouncements produced by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). In this paper, I begin to examine more closely the metaphors that the FASB has included in its texts. Specifically, I highlight the many different metaphors that have been used in connection with risk by the FASB. These metaphors have included orientational, attribute, and ontological metaphors. I end by commenting that these metaphors have contributed to the thinkability of risk management and to considerations of risk as an opponent that must and should be confronted and managed. I question the blind spots in our thinking about risk that these metaphors may be creating and perpetuating and suggest how different metaphors might lead to different ways of thinking about risk.
A Social Psychology of National and International Group Relations

This concluding article provides a framework for a social psychological analysis of intergroup conflict and conflict resolution. The framework highlights the individual and intergroup factors that shape the nature of perceptions of intergroup relations and group representations, and describes how these perceptions lead to cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses toward groups. Included in the framework are the metatheoretical, theoretical, and practical contributions of the articles in this issue toward understanding intergroup relations. The potential and responsibility of social psychologists to move beyond the laboratory to applied national and international issues is also discussed.
Substance P-(1-7), a substance P metabolite, inhibits withdrawal jumping in morphine-dependent mice.

Abstract Substance P has been previously shown to inhibit the intensity of the morphine abstinence syndrome in mice. In view of the rapid degradation of substance P after its release from nerve terminals, we hypothesized that this inhibition is mediated by the N-terminus of substance P and its metabolites rather than via the C-terminus interacting with neurokinin receptors. Intrathecal injection of substance P-(1–7) (1 nmol) 30 min prior to naloxone challenge, in mice that had received 25 μg of morphine sulfate intrathecally once daily for three days, caused a dose-related attenuation of withdrawal jumping. In contrast, administration of the substance P-(1–7) antagonist, [D-Pro2,D-Phe7]substance P-(1–7), 15 min prior to naloxone increased withdrawal jumping behaviors. Equimolar doses of morphine and naloxone at 30 min had no effect. From these data, it appears that substance P N-terminal metabolites modulate withdrawal behaviors in morphine-dependent mice.
Embodied experiences of environmental and climatic changes in landscapes of everyday life in Ghana

Abstract Science and policy attention to global environmental and climatic change has been growing substantially. Yet, the psychological and emotional distress and pain triggered by these transformations have been largely ignored, particularly among poor and marginalized populations whose livelihoods depend on the living land. Building upon key geographical concepts of landscapes and place and embodied engagements within, we focus on environmentally-induced distress and loss of belonging (‘solastalgia’) in the coupled context of environmental and climatic changes and internal migration in Ghana. We assess the differential emotional experiences and memory among those who migrate from deteriorating environments in the North to urban slums in the capital Accra and those who stay behind in these altered homes. We use participatory mapping and 'walking journeys' in northern regions to examine understandings of landscapes of everyday life and identify places that induce solastalgia. Results illustrate that the combination of withered crops, drying up of wells, loss of beauty, and deteriorating social networks trigger strong emotional responses, in particular feelings of sadness. We conclude that these emotional responses are expressions of solastalgia in what we call “hollow homes” where place and self of agrarian livelihoods undergo both figurative and literal desiccation.
Precise calculation of the magnetosphere surface for a tilted dipole.

The shape of the magnetosphere has been calculated self-consistently for inclinations of the earth's magnetic dipole from perpendicular to the solar wind. Inclination angles of 0-35 deg have been chosen in steps of 5 deg and various smooth trends in the surface characteristics with increasing inclination angle noted. The surface points and the complete field at the surface points have been calculated for the entire surfaces. The neutral point region has been given precise study in one degree steps and is found to be tangent to the solar wind velocity and to have a smooth continuous curvature.
P53 Gene Mutation Increases Progastrin Dependent Colonic Proliferation and Colon Cancer Formation in Mice

Transgenic mice overexpressing human progastrin (hGAS) show colonic crypt hyper-proliferation and elevated susceptibility to colon carcinogenesis. We aimed to investigate effects of p53 mutation on colon carcinogenesis in hGAS mice. We show that introducing a p53 gene mutation further increases progastrin dependent BrdU labeling and results in markedly elevated number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and colonic tumors. We demonstrate that hGAS/Lgr5-GFP mice have higher number of Lgr5+ colonic stem cells per crypt when compared to Lgr5-GFP mice indicating that progastrin changes crypt biology through increased stem cell numbers and additional p53 mutation leads to more aggressive phenotype in this murine colon cancer model.
Rickets in cation-sensing receptor-deficient mice: an unexpected skeletal phenotype.

The hypothesis that local changes in extracellular calcium may serve a physiological role in regulating osteoblast, osteoclast, and cartilage function through the extracellular cation-sensing receptor, CasR, is gaining widespread support, but lacks definite proof. To examine the effects of CasR deficiency on the skeleton, we performed a detailed analysis of the skeleton in CasR knockout mice (CasR−/−) and wild-type littermates (CasR+/+). CasR ablation in the parathyroid glands of CasR−/− mice resulted in hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, and hypophosphatemia. Except for dwarfism, the expected skeletal manifestations of PTH excess, namely chondrodysplasia and increased mineralized bone formation and resorption, were not the main skeletal features in CasR−/− mice. Rather, rickets was the predominant skeletal abnormality in these animals, as evidenced by a widened zone of hypertrophic chondrocytes, impaired growth plate calcification and disorderly deposition of mineral, excessive osteoid accumulation, and...
Civil Rights in Twilight The End of the Civil Rights Movement Era in 1973

Despite inattention given to the civil rights movement in 1973, it was very much alive then. The major groups of the movement still existed. In addition, anticivil rights groups funded by Mississippi and Alabama taxpayers continued to spy on movement participants. However, both the movement and its opposition did not effectively adjust to federally imposed desegregation under the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act. Their simultaneous disintegration in 1973 effectively ended the civil rights movement era.
A low-power VLSI design methodology for high bit-rate data communications over UTP channel

Presented in this paper is a systematic methodology to design low-power integrated transceivers for broadband data communications over unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) channels. The design methodology is based upon two algorithmic low-power techniques referred to as Hilbert transformation and strength reduction and a high-speed pipelining technique referred to as relaxed look-ahead transformation. Finite-precision requirements and power savings are presented. The application of these techniques to design low- and high-speed 155.52 Mb/s ATM-LAN and 51.84 VDSL transceivers is illustrated.
Acute myelomonocytic leukemia with abnormal eosinophils and inv(16) or t(16;16) has a favorable prognosis

Inv(16)(p13q22) and t(16;16)(p13;q22) are recurring chromosomal rearrangements which juxtapose the metallothionein gene cluster at 16q22 with other DNA sequences from 16p13. We have studied 20 men and 13 women who had acute nonlymphocytic leukemia; 27 patients had an inv(16) and six patients had a t(16;16). Eight patients also had trisomy 22, and four had trisomy 8. All but two patients had the unique morphologic features of acute myelomonocytic leukemia with abnormal eosinophils (M4Eo). In one patient with M4 leukemia, abnormal eosinophils were not observed in the marrow. A second patient had acute monocytic leukemia, plus abnormal eosinophils. Eosinophils constituted 1% to 46% (median, 6%) of the bone marrow cells, and in all but a single patient, the eosinophils exhibited distinctly abnormal morphology. Twenty-five patients have had a complete remission (78% of treated patients). Nine patients have remained in remission longer than 24 months. No patient had symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) disease at diagnosis, and none had CNS leukemic mass lesions at any time. Treatment with high-dose cytarabine may have provided prophylactic CNS therapy. Four additional patients with chromosomal rearrangements involving a breakpoint at 16q22 but not at 16p13 have had different morphological features and different clinical courses. Thus, the juxtaposition of genes at 16p13 and 16q22, which occurs both in the inv(16) and the t(16;16), results in a specific subset of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia that has a favorable prognosis.
Minding small change among small firms in Kenya

Abstract Many micro-enterprises in Kenya have low productivity. We focus on one particular business decision which may indicate low productivity: keeping enough change on hand to break larger bills. This is a surprisingly large problem. Our estimates suggest that the average firm loses approximately 5–8% of total profits because they do not have enough change. We conducted two experiments to shed light on why this happens: surveying firms weekly about lost sales, thereby increasing the salience of change, and explicitly informing firms about lost sales. We find that both interventions significantly altered change management and reduced lost sales. This largely rules out many potential explanations such as the risk of theft or the costs of holding change being too high. One explanation consistent with firms' response to the survey and information on their lost sales is that firms were not perfectly attentive to change management prior to the interventions.
Analysis of Impact Mechanism of Foreign Trade on Real Economy in China

There is close relationship between foreign trade and economy growth. China’s export trade and import trade develop rapidly and foreign direct investment is becoming more and more since China’s reform and opening up which can make impact on China’s real economy development. The impact mechanism of foreign trade on real economy in China has been analyzed by using yearly data from 1982 to 2009 based on China’s actual development and theory of foreign trade and economy growth. The results show that there is cointegration relationship between China’s real economy and foreign trade in the long term as well as causality in the short term and the impulse response of China’s real economy to foreign trade is sensitive. It indicates that foreign trade can promote China’s real economy growth. According to the international competition of foreign trade, China should focus on adjustment of trade structure and improve the quality of export products.
Can internalism be saved

: Richard Feldman argues that a good deal more of Chisholm's approach can be saved than I allow in “Roderick Chisholm and the Shaping of American Epistemology.” More than this, Feldman argues that there are other, and still more defensible, forms of internalism. I argue here that the problems I presented for Chisholm's view are not so easily sidestepped either within Chisholm's system or by other forms of internalism.
Omalizumab may decrease IgE synthesis by targeting membrane IgE+ human B cells.

Background Omalizumab, is a humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody used to treat allergic asthma. Decreased serum IgE levels, lower eosinophil and B cell counts have been noted as a result of treatment. In vitro studies and animal models support the hypothesis that omalizumab inhibits IgE synthesis by B cells and causes elimination of IgE-expressing cells either by induction of apoptosis or induction of anergy or tolerance.
Exploring Additional Determinants of Environmentally Responsible Behavior: The Influence of Environmental Literature and Environmental Attitudes:

It is often assumed that individuals who are knowledgeable and concerned about the environment will engage in environmentally responsible behavior (ERB). We use data from a large scale Web survey hosted on National Geographic’s Web site in 2001-2002 to investigate this premise. We examine whether reading three classic environmental books (Walden, A Sand County Almanac, and Silent Spring) is associated with the likelihood of engaging in ERB. Conceptualizing this activity as a formative experience and a source of environmental knowledge, we hypothesized that reading such literature would be a stronger predictor of ERB than sociodemographic characteristics (i.e., gender, education, and political orientation), general environmental attitudes (as measured by the New Ecological Paradigm), and concern about specific environmental risks. The results indicated that while reading environmental literature was a stronger predictor of ERB than background characteristics and the NEP, environmental concern was an even s...
Measurements of the space potential of electron cyclotron heated plasmas in the Advanced Toroidal Facility

A heavy ion beam probe has been used to measure the space potential of electron cyclotron heated plasmas in the Advanced Toroidal Facility. The results of the measured potential profiles are presented along with the radial electric field strength profiles derived from these measurements. The measured potential profiles have been compared to those predicted by a simple model of the plasma based upon an ambipolarity constraint on the ion and electron particle fluxes in steady state. The trends of the measured and modeled profiles are in agreement, although the strength of the electric field predicted by the model is much greater than that inferred from the potential profile measurement. When an oxygen-like impurity ion species is added to the model, the predicted electric field strengths are altered significantly and become much closer to the measured values. >
Rapid actions of steroids. Focus on "Nongenomic regulation of ENaC by aldosterone".

steroid hormones act throughout the body altering many cellular functions. The most well-known responses involve a genomic signaling pathway that results in production of new proteins. A mounting number of examples have been elucidated showing that steroid hormones also can produce responses by
The biosystematics and evolution of the Polyalthia hypoleuca species complex (Annonaceae) of Malesia. II. Comparative distributional ecology

One component of the high organismal diversity of tropical lowland rain forests is the existence of series of closely related, sympatric species. For example, the six distinct tree species of the monophyletic Polyalthia hypoleuca complex regularly grow sympatrically in various combinations throughout the rain forests of Malesia. Theoretical and empirical evidence has been presented indicating that the members of such series either (1) are well differentiated with respect to at least one major niche component; or (2) may lack differentiated niches. In this study, certain sympatric members of the complex are shown to have clearly diverged in autecological characteristics that affect their distribution including: (1) P. glauca, P. hypoleuca, and P. sumatrana differ in growth characteristics, height at maturity, seedling germination requirements, and are found on soils with differing degrees of hydration; (2) P. discolor grows to a different height and on different substrate types than does P. multinervis; and (3) P. glauca and P. hypoleuca seedlings differ in transpiration characteristics and response to flooding and drought.
Imprinting Capacity of Gamete Lineages in Caenorhabditis elegans

We have observed a gamete-of-origin imprinting effect in C. elegans using a set of GFP reporter transgenes. From a single progenitor line carrying an extrachromosomal unc-54::gfp transgene array, we generated three independent autosomal integrations of the unc-54::gfp transgene. The progenitor line, two of its three integrated derivatives, and a nonrelated unc-119:gfp transgene exhibit an imprinting effect: single-generation transmission of these transgenes through the male germline results in approximately 1.5- to 2.0-fold greater expression than transmission through the female germline. There is a detectable resetting of the imprint after passage through the opposite germline for a single generation, indicating that the imprinted status of the transgenes is reversible. In cases where the transgene is maintained in either the oocyte lineage or sperm lineage for multiple, consecutive generations, a full reset requires passage through the opposite germline for several generations. Taken together, our results indicate that C. elegans has the ability to imprint chromosomes and that differences in the cell and/or molecular biology of oogenesis and spermatogenesis are manifest in an imprint that can persist in both somatic and germline gene expression for multiple generations.
An Analysis of Exit-Flow Drainage Jets over the Chesapeake Bay

Abstract Synthetic aperture radar has shown great promise in detecting surface roughness patterns generated by atmospheric and oceanic features. Those roughness patterns that are the result of sea surface wind stress may be analyzed and related to characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer. Previously reported examples of detectable atmospheric signatures include gravity waves and Rayleigh–Benard convection in cold-air outbreaks. In this paper, the results from an analysis of an image that contains the signatures of nocturnal-drainage-flow-forced exit jets along the western shore of Chesapeake Bay is presented. A regression analysis is performed that links the length of the surface stress patterns associated with these exit jets to the geometry of their source basins. This analysis differs from previous drainage-flow studies in that a population of drainage flows of varying sizes is studied under identical synoptic conditions. This large sample size provides a unique opportunity to examine the role...