cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hormonal responses to cholinergic input are different in humans with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus

Peripheral muscarinic acetylcholine receptors regulate insulin and glucagon release in rodents but their importance for similar roles in humans is unclear. Bethanechol, an acetylcholine analogue that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, was used to examine the role of peripheral muscarinic signaling on glucose homeostasis in humans with normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n = 10), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; n = 11), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM; n = 9). Subjects received four liquid meal tolerance tests, each with a different dose of oral bethanechol (0, 50, 100, or 150 mg) given 60 min before a meal containing acetaminophen. Plasma pancreatic polypeptide (PP), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose, glucagon, C-peptide, and acetaminophen concentrations were measured. Insulin secretion rates (ISRs) were calculated from C-peptide levels. Acetaminophen and PP concentrations were surrogate markers for gastric emptying and cholinergic input to islets. The 150 mg dose of bethanechol increased the PP response 2-fold only in the IGT group, amplified GLP-1 release in the IGT and T2DM groups, and augmented the GIP response only in the NGT group. However, bethanechol did not alter ISRs or plasma glucose, glucagon, or acetaminophen concentrations in any group. Prior studies showed infusion of xenin-25, an intestinal peptide, delays gastric emptying and reduces GLP-1 release but not ISRs when normalized to plasma glucose levels. Analysis of archived plasma samples from this study showed xenin-25 amplified postprandial PP responses ~4-fold in subjects with NGT, IGT, and T2DM. Thus, increasing postprandial cholinergic input to islets augments insulin secretion in mice but not humans. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01434901","term_id":"NCT01434901"}}NCT01434901
A Simplified Method for Continuous Path Control Of 5-Axis Articulated Industrial Robot

This paper introduces a simplified method for real time continuous path control of a 5-Axis articulated industrial robot. By using a recursive algorithm, the amount of calculation for inverse coordinate transformation can be reduced to about 60% of that using conventional kinematic solution. In addition the unique solution of each joint variable is very easily obtained. This new principle could be applied to continuous path control systems of industrial robot for arc welding, spray painting and performing operations in Cartesian coordinate systems.
Latitude versus Depth Simulations of Ecodynamics and Dissolved Gas Chemistry Relationships in the Central Pacific

Nutrient ecology and trace gas processing are intimately coupled in the surface ocean and participate in key linkages through the Earth biogeochemical system. We have added water column photochemistry for volatile sulfur and organic compounds to large scale nutrient cycle modules, in order to create a one dimensional, open ocean ecochemistry simulator. Phyto- and zooplankton, recyclers and biological waste products are represented through N and Fe densities. Dimethyl sulfide, carbonyl sulfide and the methyl halides are tracked individually along with certain precursors and nonmethane hydrocarbons. The model is applied along the 180 degree meridian in the Northern Hemisphere. Ecodynamics are validated against satellite ocean color maps. Biological/photochemical production terms are then iterated upon to match measured distributions for the trace gases. Data are most complete for dimethyl sulfide. Major patterns in its climatology are captured within individual ecological provinces. However, at the basin scale reduced sulfur release must be varied over almost an order of magnitude because the mechanism developed contains only one plant taxon. Based on sparser data, first order rate constants are estimated for phytoplanktonic exudation of the methyl halides. Parameters are also established for photolytic injection of carbonyl sulfide and propylene from the dissolved organics. Ocean general circulation models and interactive ocean-atmosphere transport simulations are discussed as frameworks for future application.
Energy and Electron Transfer Cascade in Self-Assembled Bilayer Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Current high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) rely on the incorporation of multiple chromophores, via either codeposition or preformed assemblies, as a means of increasing broad band light absorption. These strategies have some inherent limitations including decreased total light absorption by each of the dyes, low surface loadings, and complex synthetic procedures. In this report, we introduce an alternative strategy, self-assembled bilayers, as a simple, stepwise method of incorporating two complementary chromophores into a DSSC. The bilayer devices exhibit a 10% increase in Jsc, Voc, and η over the monolayer devices due to increased incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency across the entire visible spectrum and slowed recombination losses at the interface. Directional energy and electron transfer toward the metal oxide surface are key steps in the bilayer photon-to-current generation process. These results are important as they open the door to a new architecture for harnessing br...
Other-worldly tales

The idea of "parallel universes" and "parallel worlds" appears frequently in art and literature.
Fibula Osteocutaneous Flap for Mandibular Reconstruction

Reconstruction of the head neck area following resection for head neck cancer can be difficult because of the poor hygiene, contamination with intraoral bacteria, as well as possible previous radiation therapy. When the tumor involves the mandible, it adds further to the complexity of this reconstruction. Oftentimes, the surgical treatment requires only in the resection of the body of the mandible, which can be reconstructed with a straight segment of bone. Occasionally, however, the resection may involve the body as well as the symphysis, or bilateral resection from angle of the mandible to the contralateral angle of the mandible. This requires osteotomies of the bone to reproduce as closely as possible the architecture and angles of the mandible. Numerous techniques have been reported for the reconstruction of the mandible with or without overlying soft tissue tissue/underlying intraoral reconstruction. Nevertheless, the fibular osteocutaneous microvascular free flap has proven over the years to be a very reliable and durable technique for reconstruction of the mandible and soft tissues.
ForestSim: An Agent-Based Simulation for Bioenergy Sustainability Assessment

Global development must become more sustainable. To do so, society must adopt a sustainable energy alternative to fossil fuels (Dincer 2000). Second-generation bioenergy from woody biomass (trees and other woody plants) offers a promising alternative that can avoid both the inevitable finite supply problems and climate change impacts of conventional energy (Hoogwijk et al. 2003). However, the sustainability of second-generation bioenergy depends greatly on the availability of a reliable woody biomass supply (Becker et al. 2009). The provisioning of biomass feedstock requires significant land-use land-cover change in the form of forest harvesting activity that greatly impacts local forest ecology, the viability of bioenergy markets, and other socially valued forest uses. These overlapping and often competing interests make estimating the availability of biomass and assessing its sustainability impacts a highly complex task (Berndes et al. 2003). The current chapter provides a framework for using Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) to assess the sustainability of bioenergy production in a way that accounts for this inherent complexity.
Self-Efficacy as a Long-Term Outcome of a General Education Course on Digital Technologies

This paper investigates the long-term outcomes of a general education course on digital technologies. Through conducting cross-sectional and longitudinal interviews with students, the authors found that non-engineering students who took this course had notable noncognitive, long-term outcomes. A primary focus of the work reported in this paper was the long-term outcome of self-efficacy. The authors also investigated the sources of self-efficacy for the students in the course. The primary sources of self-efficacy in the course were verbal persuasion and mastery experience. Faculty and teaching assistants were key sources for verbal persuasion. Some students exhibited a “success paradox”: They felt successful in the course even though they failed to meet their initial expectations. The authors also found that a mastery experience, such as working on a final project, can still feel successful when it is mediated by verbal persuasion. This paper can guide faculty in designing or adapting courses to promote student self-efficacy.
The Footprints of 16-Year Trends of Arctic Springtime Cloud and Radiation Properties on September Sea-Ice Retreat

NOAA MAPP under grant at the University of North Dakota [NA13OAR4310105]; NASA CERES project under grant at the University of Arizona [NNX17AC52G]
Sustainable Development: An Earnest Hope

Sustainable development is a widely used and highly debatable concept leading to board acceptance with very diverse interpretations. The ambiguity pertaining to the definition of the term and its myriad approaches makes it even more complex and multidimensional in nature. However, no matter how we define it and what approach we adopt the essence of all the efforts towards sustainability or sustainable development is to reduce and lessen the wasteful consumption and inevitable impacts that led to the demise of great generations and summoned the present and future generations. Our technologically sound and advanced super generation has the wisdom to understand, learn from the past mistakes, and create alternatives to overcome the challenges. The mantra and passport to the sustainable development lie in rooting and inculcating new set of values, principles, and ethics for a bright and sustainable future of our generations and the mother earth. This chapter discusses the conceptual framework of sustainable development and addresses why sustainable development is inevitable.
Technical Committee on Discrete-Event Systems [Technical Activities]

The IEEE Control Systems Society Technical Committee (TC) on Discrete-Event Systems (DESTC) was established on June 1, 1999 and subsumes the activities of the Working Group on DESs. The TC's focus is to promote communication between DES researchers, scholars, students, and practitioners. The TC website is http://discrete-event-systems.ieeecss.org/. DESTC currently has approximately 240 members, and TC meetings are usually held during the American Control Conference (ACC) and/or the Conference on Decision and Control (CDC); in 2016, meetings were held during both conferences. A mailing list of all committee members was created, and a monthly e-newsletter is sent with updates on recent research progress and opportunities in the field. This column summarizes the 2016 activities of the DESTC.
Probability Concepts Needed for Teaching a Repeated Sampling Approach to Inference

This paper uses theoretical and empirical perspectives to articulate what learners should understand about a repeated sampling approach to inference that emphasizes a process of randomizing data, repeating through simulation, and rejecting any model with observed data in the extreme of a distribution that does not fit the model. Key probability concepts, such as a probability model and data distributions, are identified and discussed as to why and how they can assist learners in developing richer understandings and capabilities to a repeated sampling approach to inference.
The Adequacy of Psychiatric Residents’ Orders

Hospital admission orders that were written for 131 patients by psychiatric residents who staff an emergency room were evaluated. Ninety percent of these patients received at least one order that was evaluated as deficient or erroneous. There was an inverse relationship between the seriousness of the errors and their frequency, with more serious errors occurring consistently less frequently. No error was sufficient to produce actual patient injury. Unexpectedly, the percentage of erroneous orders did not decline with advancing experience of the resident.
An Opportunistic Medium Access Control Protocol for Visible Light Ad Hoc Networks

Visible Light Ad Hoc Networks (LANETs) have the potential to offer capabilities to satisfy growing industrial and military requirements, including low-latency, high bandwidth communication under high network density and jamming conditions. The challenges imposed by hidden nodes, deafness and blockage are unique to LANET and influence the network differently from traditional Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) due to directionality and Line of Sight (LOS) requirements. Therefore, networking protocols have to be redesigned with careful consideration of these challenges. As an initial step in this direction, this paper proposes a utility based opportunistic three-way handshake mechanism to negotiate medium access. First, a node chooses the optimal transmission sector, i.e., the ”direction” that maximizes the probability of establishing a link even when some of the neighbors are affected by blockage or deafness. The utility function is designed to favor the establishment of full-duplex communication links. The full-duplex transmission or busy tone along with power control employed by the proposed Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is aimed at mitigating the hidden node problem. All these factors contribute towards maximizing the throughput of LANET. Performance evaluation studies through extensive simulations show up to 61% increase in throughput and significant improvement in the number of full-duplex links established with respect to Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).
A Programmable Dielectrophoretic Fluid Processor for Droplet-Based Chemistry

We demonstrate the use of dielectrophoresis (DEP) in a programmable microsystem to drive the formation and handling of small (10 to 1000 nL) droplets of sample and reagent on a channel-less, planar reaction surface. DEP-controlled metering and mixing of reagent droplets is shown in a proof-of-principle protein concentration assay. The electronically reconfigurable droplet processor described here is expected to provide functionality for many chemical, biological, and diagnostic applications.
James Watt (1736–1819)

It is generally accepted that the birth of James Watt was destined to bring about a revolution in the utilization of power. Watt, see Fig. 1, is regarded by many to be the progenitor of the science of thermodynamics. He was not only the inventor of the separate condenser and many other parts of the steam engine, but he was the first to study the steam engine scientifically. He also made distinguished contributions to the development of workshop practice. His scientific examination of heat losses in engines led him to recognition of the influence of latent heat on steam engine economy. Watt was at one and the same time a scientist, an inventor, and a producer. He put numbers to the concept of horsepower and is credited with inventing the centrifugal governor for automatic control of the speed of the steam engine, a rotary motion device for the steam engine, a pressure gauge, a smoke-consuming furnace, and a letter-copying device based on the link transfer process. Watt also invented an approximate straight-line mechanism for his famous double-acting steam engine, thereby creating a whole new family of linkages. This brief article will focus on Watt as the inventor of parallel motion, the basis of many machines. It is interesting to note that at the age of 72, he wrote to his son [1]: “Though I am not over-anxious after fame, yet I am more proud of the parallel motion than of any other mechanical invention I have ever made.” Watt was rightfully proud of the parallel motion four-bar linkage. This mechanical invention is believed to be the beginning of an ordered and an advanced synthetic process [2].
Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) retrovirus causes progressive immunosuppression secondary to impaired cell-meditated immunity and decreased CD4 count resulting in an extensive spectrum of infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic manifestations.
The Role of Impurities on the Reliability of Cu Interconnects-a Challenge for Advanced Packaging Solutions

The need for shrinking dimensions in the area of advanced packaging is creating new challenges for the reliability for future packages. Metal deposits for a variety of different structures as Cu redistribution layers, μ-Vias, Pillars etc. are becoming thinner or smaller thus effecting on the one hand the area of the interconnect surfaces and on the other hand the thermomechanical strength of the structure. As a result material properties are becoming more and more important as they significantly influence the reliability performance. One key element to control the material properties is to understand how impurities in the metal layers and the interface affect the reliability and moreover how to control these impurities. This paper describes exemplary how impurities in the low ppm range influence (1) the mechanical properties and thus the reliability of thin Cu redistribution lines and (2) the interface between Cu and Ti or SnAg solder. We identified the critical impurities, measured their concentration level in the metal and the interface by SIMS and linked it to mechanical properties as ductility and tensile strength. We could show that a thermal budget - as it is usually applied in the manufacture of packages - changes indeed mechanical properties depending on the impurity level. The ductility is mostly affected and reduced by certain critical impurities mainly sulfur. This in turn can lead to cracks in Copper RDL especially for sub 5μm lines during thermal treatment. We could show that modified deposits of high purity do not show this thermomechanical change and withstand the thermal budget without degradation of the mechanical properties while fulfilling all other process requirements.
Revision Strategies for Cervical Spine Surgery

In today’s medical landscape, surgeons must be adept in the indications and techniques for revision surgery in the previously reconstructed cervical spine to achieve successful outcomes for their patients
Detection of False Data Injection Attack Using Graph Signal Processing for the Power Grid

In this paper we revisit the problem of False Data Injection (FDI) attacks to electric power systems synchrophasors measurements through the lens of graph signal processing (GSP). First, we introduce a physics based model that supports the empirical evidence that Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data are low-pass graph signals. This insight is used to investigate how one can leverage such a structure to construct more effective bad data detection (BDD) algorithms that can detect FDI attack signatures through appropriate utilization of the features of the PMU graph-signal.
Attitudes about and correlates of cannabis legalization policy among U.S. young adults

Objective: Cannabis policies are rapidly evolving in the US. This study’s purpose was to examine relationships between cannabis harm perceptions, substance use, and demographic characteristics on a...
System-wide Model Analysis Technology of Abnormal Line Loss Based on Dynamic Parameters and Global Variable Prediction

Nowadays line loss has become one of the most important assessment indicators for power grid enterprises and power generation enterprises. Line loss is not only an important indicator linked with economy, but also has a far-reaching impact on the economic operation status of power enterprises. At the same time, abnormal line loss is often positively correlated with the poor operation status of equipment and backward operation mode and so on. In fact, solving an abnormal line loss problem is also a solution to the hidden troubles of primary and secondary equipment and improvement of the operation mode of power grid, which has a far-reaching impact on the stable, safe and stable operation of power grid. In this investigation, the factors affecting line loss are found out through large data analysis. Based on the configuration of primary and secondary equipment, the whole system-wide model of line loss is established by using dynamic parameter method. The equipment or operation mode that causes abnormal line loss analysis is divided into two parts. The rectification scheme is evaluated, and the Lean Management Level of Line Loss is guaranteed.
Examples of sequential topological groups under the continuum hypothesis

Using CH we construct examples of sequential topological groups: 1. a pair of countable Frechet topological groups whose product is sequential but is not Frechet, 2. a countable Frechet and 1 topological group which contains no copy of the ratio- nals. 1. Introduction. The classical methods of study of continuity involve consideration of convergent sequences and their images. Although the conti- nuity as it is understood in modern topology cannot be treated only in terms of classical convergent sequences there is a field of topology and the corre- sponding subclass of topological spaces where classical convergence plays an important role. Like general topology itself the field has its origin in metric space theory. The first natural generalization of metrizability is first-countability. Go- ing further in generalization one can emphasize the following property of the closure operator in a first-countable space: x2 A implies existence of a sequence in A converging to x. Spaces having this property are called Frechet spaces. The next step is to require only that convergent sequences determine the topology of the space. The corresponding definition is: a space X is sequential if for every A X such that A6 A there exists a sequence in A converging to a point outside A. Sequentiality and its behaviour in several situations were studied by a number of authors (see (F), (No1), (No2), (NT), (AF)). In the course of their investigation some new convergence properties were introduced and some problems were stressed. Among those problems is the study of products of Frechet and, more generally, sequential spaces. It is relatively easy to de-
Chapter 3 – Plant layout

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses different industrial plant layouts and the factors that affect layout selection for a plant. Proper plant sizing involves examination of present and future production needs. Three elements of production—manpower, machinery, and material—together with their required working spaces must be brought into balance. Plant layout may consider a wide range of product assembly patterns. Among the better-known general flow patterns are the straight line, serpentine, U-shaped, circular, odd-angle, and “job shop.” The straight-line pattern is normally used where the production process is short, relatively simple, and uses few assembly units. The U-shaped pattern is often used where a plant has only one loading and unloading dock, and in situations where one machine may be used in different stages of a process. The circular pattern is variation of the U-shaped flow activity in an overall flow. The odd-angle pattern is no recognizable pattern but very common when the primary objective is a short flow line between a group of related areas, particularly where material handling is mechanized, when space limitations will not permit another pattern, or the building shape will not permit changes. The “job shop” is a layout for odd jobs where workers are able to operate all the equipment and move from machine to machine as needed.
Resource utilization of intraoperative cultures for pediatric deep neck space abscesses.

Abstract Introduction Peritonsillar (PT), parapharyngeal (PP), and retropharyngeal (RP) abscesses are common pediatric deep neck space infections (DNSI). Despite established literature on DNSI microbiology, obtaining intraoperative cultures remains commonplace. The objective was to evaluate the resource utilization of intraoperative cultures when draining PT, PP, and RP abscesses. Methods Pediatric patients (age Results Eighty-eight patients underwent surgical drainage, of which 80 patients (median age 6.96 years) had intraoperative bacterial cultures (32 PT, 21 PP, and 27 RP). There were no positive fungal or acid-fast bacilli cultures. Seven patients had culture-directed changes in treatment; none of these patients had a PT abscess. Age was inversely associated with culture-directed changes (p = 0.006) while the use of blood cultures (p = 0.012) was positively associated with culture-directed treatment changes. Hospital length of stay (p Conclusions Younger children with PP and RP abscesses are most likely to benefit from intraoperative bacterial cultures. Cultures of PT abscesses are unlikely to change clinical management. Fungal and acid-fast bacilli cultures are unlikely to yield clinically useful information. Prudent use of intraoperative cultures may decrease the use of hospital resources and admission-related costs.
Factors Which Contribute to the Immunogenicity of Non-replicating Adenoviral Vectored Vaccines

Adenoviral vectors are a safe and potently immunogenic vaccine delivery platform. Non-replicating Ad vectors possess several attributes which make them attractive vaccines for infectious disease, including their capacity for high titer growth, ease of manipulation, safety, and immunogenicity in clinical studies, as well as their compatibility with clinical manufacturing and thermo-stabilization procedures. In general, Ad vectors are immunogenic vaccines, which elicit robust transgene antigen-specific cellular (namely CD8+ T cells) and/or humoral immune responses. A large number of adenoviruses isolated from humans and non-human primates, which have low seroprevalence in humans, have been vectorized and tested as vaccines in animal models and humans. However, a distinct hierarchy of immunological potency has been identified between diverse Ad vectors, which unfortunately limits the potential use of many vectors which have otherwise desirable manufacturing characteristics. The precise mechanistic factors which underlie the profound disparities in immunogenicity are not clearly defined and are the subject of ongoing, detailed investigation. It has been suggested that a combination of factors contribute to the potent immunogenicity of particular Ad vectors, including the magnitude and duration of vaccine antigen expression following immunization. Furthermore, the excessive induction of Type I interferons by some Ad vectors has been suggested to impair transgene expression levels, dampening subsequent immune responses. Therefore, the induction of balanced, but not excessive stimulation of innate signaling is optimal. Entry factor binding or receptor usage of distinct Ad vectors can also affect their in vivo tropism following administration by different routes. The abundance and accessibility of innate immune cells and/or antigen-presenting cells at the site of injection contributes to early innate immune responses to Ad vaccination, affecting the outcome of the adaptive immune response. Although a significant amount of information exists regarding the tropism determinants of the common human adenovirus type-5 vector, very little is known about the receptor usage and tropism of rare species or non-human Ad vectors. Increased understanding of how different facets of the host response to Ad vectors contribute to their immunological potency will be essential for the development of optimized and customized Ad vaccine platforms for specific diseases.
Thrombolytic therapy in ischemic stroke patients with pre-stroke depression in the telestroke vs non-telestroke.

Abstract Background and Purpose Thrombolysis therapy remains the gold standard in acute ischemic stroke treatment, and rates of treatment with rtPA in ischemic stroke patients with comorbid depression has yet to be fully investigated. This study aims to examine clinical risk factors associated with inclusion or exclusion for rtPA in acute ischemic stroke populations with pre-stroke depression in the telestroke versus a non-telestroke setting. Methods We collected retrospective data from a regional stroke registry for pre-stroke depressed ischemic stroke patients from January 2010 to June 2016. Logistic regression was used to determine demographic and baseline clinical risk factors associated with inclusion and exclusion from rtPA. Results . In the adjusted analysis, increasing age (OR = 1.064, 95% CI, 1.006-1.125, P = 0.029), improved ambulation (OR = 3.513, 95% CI, (0.855–14.436, P = 0.018) and sleep apnea (OR = 4.458, 95% CI, 0.731–27.182, P = 0.05) were associated with inclusion for rtPA, while Caucasian race (OR = 0.119, 95% CI, 0.0168–0.908, P = 0.040), systolic blood pressure (OR = 0.945, 95% CI, 0.906–0.985, P = 0.008), and direct admission (OR = 0.028, 95% CI, 0.003–0.317, P = 0.004) were associated with exclusion from rtPA. In the telestroke setting, INR (OR = 1.016, 95% CI, 0–5.393, P = 0.163) was not significantly associated with rtPA inclusion or exclusion. Conclusion Identifying contraindicators associated with exclusion from rtPA is significant to improve the use thrombolytic therapy in the telestroke and non telestroke settings.
Medication Utilization for Alcohol Use Disorder in a Commercially Insured Population

Examine patterns of alcohol use disorder (AUD) medication use and identify factors associated with prescription fill among commercially insured individuals with an index AUD visit. Using 2008–2018 claims data from a large national insurer, estimate days to first AUD medication using cause-specific hazards approach to account for competing risk of benefits loss. Aged 17–64 with ≥ 1 AUD visit. Days to AUD medication fill. A total of 13.3% of the 151,128 with an index visit filled an AUD prescription after that visit, while 69.8% lost benefits before filling and 17.0% remained enrolled but did not fill (median days observed = 305). Almost half (46.3%) of those who filled a prescription received substance use disorder (SUD) inpatient care within 7 days before the fill, and 63.4% received SUD outpatient care. Likelihood of medication use was higher for those aged 26–35, 36–45, and 46–55 years relative to 56–64 years (e.g., 26–35: hazard ratio = 1.29 [95% confidence interval 1.23–1.36]); those diagnosed with moderate/severe AUD (2.05 [1.98–2.12]), co-occurring opioid use disorder (OUD) (1.33 [1.26–1.39]), or severe mental illness (1.31 [1.27–1.35]); those with a chronic alcohol-related diagnosis (1.08 [1.04–1.12]); and those whose index visit was in an inpatient/emergency department (1.27 [1.23–1.31]) or intermediate care setting (1.13 [1.07–1.20]) relative to outpatient. Likelihood of use was higher in later years relative to 2008 (e.g., 2018:2.02 [1.89–2.15]) and higher for those who received the majority of AUD care in a practice with a psychiatrist/addiction medicine specialist (1.13 [1.10–1.16]). Likelihood of use was lower for those diagnosed with a SUD other than AUD or OUD (0.88 [0.85–0.92]), those with an acute alcohol-related condition (0.79 [0.75–0.84]), and males (0.71 [0.69–0.73]). While AUD medication use increased and was more common among individuals with greater severity, few patients who could benefit from medications are using them. More efforts are needed to identify and treat individuals in non-acute care settings earlier in their course of AUD.
Anatomy and Embryology of the Diaphragm

The anatomy and embryology of the diaphragm is important for thoracic surgeons. The diaphragm can provide important surgical landmarks and anatomically divides the human body into abdominal and thoracic cavities. Furthermore, a basic understanding of diaphragmatic embryology is helpful in understanding diaphragm anatomy and the pathogenesis of congenital diaphragmatic hernias. Finally, an intimate knowledge of the phrenic nerve course is helpful in thoracic surgical procedures.
Photonic metasurfaces for self-stabilizing optical manipulation

We discuss a novel use of photonic metasurfaces and metamaterials for mechanical stabilization of freestanding objects. Self-restoring optical forces and torques can arise from asymmetric scattering of the metasurface unit cell.
An auto-inhibitory mechanism regulates the non-enzymatic functions of a histone demethylase

ABSTRACT H3K9 methylation (H3K9me) specifies the establishment and maintenance of transcriptionally silent epigenetic states or heterochromatin. The enzymatic erasure of histone modifications is widely assumed to be the primary mechanism that reverses epigenetic silencing. Here, we reveal an inversion of this paradigm where a putative histone demethylase Epe1 in fission yeast, has a non-enzymatic function that opposes heterochromatin assembly. An auto-inhibitory conformation regulates the non-enzymatic properties of Epe1 and licenses its interaction with Swi6HP1. Mutations that map to the putative catalytic JmjC domain preserve Epe1 in an auto-inhibited state which disrupts its localization to sites of heterochromatin formation and interaction with Swi6HP1. H3K9me relieves Epe1 from auto-inhibition and stimulates its ability to form an inhibitory complex with Swi6HP1in vitro and in cells. Our work reveals that histone modifications, rather than being passive scaffolds, actively participate in regulating the assembly of specific epigenetic complexes in cells.
The Limits of Ideologically-Unlikely Partnerships: Syria's Support for Jihadi Terrorist Groups

Why did Syria collaborate with al-Qaeda’s Iraqi branch after 2003 and with ISIS during the Syrian civil war? States’ support for terrorist groups is risky, but cooperation with jihadi actors who se...
The in vivo impact of computer navigation on screw number and length in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty

Background Little information exists regarding the benefit of computer navigation in shoulder arthroplasty in the clinical setting. This study aimed to quantify how computer navigation affects the number and length of screws used during in vivo reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) placement. Methods We performed a retrospective review of a research database to identify patients who underwent primary RSA before and after the use of computer navigation between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2019. One hundred consecutive RSAs were selected from the computer navigation implantation date; then, 100 consecutive sex-matched RSAs were chosen prior to navigation implantation in reverse chronologic order. Baseplate augmentations were chosen based on surgeon discretion, with the goal of restoring version to within 10° of neutral and inclination to neutral or slightly inferior with removal of the smallest amount of subchondral bone possible. Screws were placed with the goal of ≥3 screws with good purchase and were added as needed, with up to 5 screws used. We compared demographic factors, comorbidities, preoperative diagnosis, number of screws, screw length, number of wasted screws, and number of cases with bone graft used behind the baseplate between the 2 groups. We used the χ2 test for bivariate analysis and the Student t test for continuous variables. Results A total of 200 RSAs were included, with 100 primary RSAs (mean age, 69.3 years) performed prior to computer navigation compared with 100 primary RSAs (mean age, 69.7 years) performed using computer navigation. The total number of screws used in RSAs without computer navigation was 414; the total used in the computer navigation cases was 344. RSAs placed with computer navigation used significantly fewer screws per case (3.4 screws vs. 4.1 screws, P Conclusion This study shows that computer navigation in RSA leads to longer and fewer glenoid baseplate screws being implanted. Computer navigation appears to assist with better screw placement, which may have similar clinical benefits of better glenoid fixation. Additionally, using fewer screws can save glenoid bone stock, avoid added glenoid stress risers, and decrease operative time.
Zooming in on Polymer Chemistry and Designing Synthesis of High Sulfur-Content Polymers for Virtual Undergraduate Laboratory Experiment

Polymer chemistry is essential within chemical education because of its applications in academic and industrial research, materials science, and across engineering disciplines. Teaching polymer chemistry principles early on in the undergraduate curriculum allows students to find connections between chemistry and real-world applications and can promote interest in science and scientific research. Performing laboratory experiments on polymers is of equal importance when integrating polymer concepts into undergraduate-level lectures. There are several widely utilized lab demonstrations on polymer synthesis, characterization, and applications, yet more, easy-to-handle experiments are needed that connect polymers to organic reactions, spectroscopy, and sustainability, especially in a virtual setting. This virtual experiment was designed to incorporate the synthesis of high sulfur-content polymers into the general chemistry laboratory during the pandemic. Teaching assistants (TAs) performed the experiments and collected the necessary data and observations for students. Video recordings of the polymerization reactions, reaction times, and collages of digital images depicting reaction progress (viscosity and color changes) are provided to students. During a single 2–3-h virtual lab meeting, students watch the lab videos, read the student handout and a research paper, and discuss the results and observations with their peers and lab TAs. The lab experiment demonstrates the interdependence of general chemistry learning objectives including chemical bonding, radicals, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, stoichiometric calculations, and spectroscopy. In addition, this virtual experiment introduces undergraduate students to polymer chemistry, encourages them to look beyond the textbooks and lecture resources by using literature articles, and connects general chemistry concepts with upper-level chemistry classes. Postlab survey results show that students find the video recordings and group discussions on the polymerization reactions very helpful in understanding a new concept within a virtual distant-learning environment.
Energy barriers for Dy and H penetrating graphene on 6H-SiC(0001) and freestanding bilayer graphene from first-principles calculations

Currently, intercalation of foreign guest atoms into two-dimensional (2D) layered van der Waals materials is an active research area motivated in part by the development of next-generation energy-storage technologies and optoelectronic devices. One such extensively studied 2D material is the graphene-on-SiC system. To realize and control the desired intercalated structures, it is fundamentally important to understand the kinetic process of intercalation. For the intercalation of a guest atom into graphene layers on SiC substrate, a critical kinetic parameter is the energy barrier of a guest atom penetrating the perfect graphene top layer into the gallery under it. However, accurate theoretical calculations for such penetration barriers are unavailable in literature. From our first-principles density functional theory calculations, we obtain the global energy barriers of 3.47 and 1.80 eV for single Dy and H atoms penetrating the graphene top layer on a graphene buffer layer supported by a Si-terminated 6H-SiC(0001) substrate, respectively. For comparison as well as for examining the lateral strain effects, we also obtain the global barriers of 5.05 and 1.50 eV for single Dy and H atoms penetrating freestanding bilayer graphene with a tensile strain of about 8.8% to match our model for supported graphene, as well as the global barriers of 7.21 and 4.18 eV for penetrating unstrained freestanding bilayer graphene, respectively. From corresponding minimum energy paths with multiple energy minima and saddle points, we can also obtain various local energy barriers and the global backward barrier from the graphene gallery back to the top surface.
Smoking status related to Covid-19 mortality and disease severity in a veteran population.

Introduction Cigarette smoking is associated with development of significant comorbidities. Patients with underlying comorbidities have been found to have worse outcomes associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). This study evaluated 30-day mortality in Covid-19 positive patients based on smoking status. Methods This retrospective study of veterans nationwide examined Covid-19 positive inpatients between March 2020 and January 2021. Bivariate analysis compared patients based on smoking history. Propensity score matching adjusted for age, gender, race, ethnicity, Charlson comorbidity index (0-5 and 6-19) and dexamethasone use was performed. A multivariable logistic regression with backwards elimination and Cox Proportional Hazards Ratio was utilized to determine odds of 30-day mortality. Results The study cohort consisted of 25,958 unique Covid-19 positive inpatients. There was a total of 2,995 current smokers, 12,169 former smokers, and 8,392 non-smokers. Death was experienced by 13.5% (n = 3503) of the cohort within 30 days. Former smokers (OR 1.15; 95% CI, 1.05-1.27) (HR 1.13; 95% CI, 1.03-1.23) had higher risk of 30-day mortality compared with non-smokers. Former smokers had a higher risk of death compared to current smokers (HR 1.16 95% CI 1.02-1.33). The odds of death for current vs. non-smokers did not significantly differ. Conclusion Compared to veteran non-smokers with Covid-19, former, but not current smokers with Covid-19 had a significantly higher risk of 30-day mortality.
Cell coupling in developing systems: the heart-cell paradigm.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of cell coupling in developing systems— that is, the heart-cell paradigm. The embryonic heart cells, because of their spontaneous electrical activity and contractility, provide unique advantages as a model system for the analyses of cellular communication. In some embryos, there is no electrical coupling between the first two blastomeres immediately after the cleavage is completed. As embryos develop through the early cleavage stages, electrical coupling becomes a generally observed phenomenon. The blastula represents the first stage, in which true epithelial relationships are demonstrated in the embryos. By the blastula stage, all the embryos that have been examined exhibit electrical coupling among their cells. In the early blastula, only close membrane appositions and occasional punctuate membrane fusions have been seen. As the embryo enters the mid-blastula stages, desmosomes and gap junctions become increasingly extensive. The chapter describes the culture of embryonic cardiac myocytes. Electrical coupling in tissue culture is spurred by the occurrence of such junctions in cancer models.
The Neurobiology of Neurotensin

This chapter summarizes the available data supporting a neuroregulatory role for neurotensin (NT) in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The major focus is on effects of centrally administered NT, and a secondary focus is the possible importance of this peptide in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and in the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs.
Improving speech recognition in reverberation using a room-aware deep neural network and multi-task learning

In this paper, we propose two approaches to improve deep neural network (DNN) acoustic models for speech recognition in reverberant environments. Both methods utilize auxiliary information in training the DNN but differ in the type of information and the manner in which it is used. The first method uses parallel training data for multi-task learning, in which the network is trained to perform both a primary senone classification task and a secondary feature enhancement task using a shared representation. The second method uses a parameterization of the reverberant environment extracted from the observed signal to train a room-aware DNN. Experiments were performed on the single microphone task of the REVERB Challenge corpus. The proposed approach obtained a word error rate of 7.8% on the SimData test set, which is lower than all reported systems using the same training data and evaluation conditions, and 27.5% on the mismatched RealData test set, which is lower than all but two systems.
Abstract 2524: Promising early-stage novel androgen receptor antagonists in head-head comparisons with Enzalutamide and Bicalutamide

Prostate cancer is the most common male cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in developed countries. The androgen receptor (AR) is a key molecular target in the etiology and progression of the disease where the early stages of prostate cancer tumor growth are androgen dependent and respond well to androgen ablation and androgen receptor antagonists. However, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) typically develops in 1-2 years after androgen deprivation therapy and AR antagonist administration. Despite promising results from the recently approved second-generation AR antagonist Enzalutamide (MDV3100), CRPC remains a largely unmet medical need with less than a 15% 5-year survival rate. This poster introduces the discovery of a novel series of significantly structurally distinct small-molecule androgen antagonists from current therapeutics with promising biological profiles in (1) an FP binding assay, (2) a GeneBlazer TM functional assay and (3) a study of anti-proliferative activity against LNCaP cell growth. One of several promising compounds from a current collection of ∼100 analogs is exemplified by AR002. In summary, a novel class of AR antagonists has been identified, encouragingly demonstrating potent activity against AR and inhibition of cell growth in the prostate specific line LNCaP. Citation Format: Arthur Y. Shaw, Vijay Gokhale, Christopher Hulme, Steven P. Stratton. Promising early-stage novel androgen receptor antagonists in head-head comparisons with Enzalutamide and Bicalutamide. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2524. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2524