cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intra- and interdisciplinary agreement in the rating of acromioclavicular joint dislocations.

AbstractBackground: Acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation is a common injury observed and treated by physicians from several disciplines; proper classification and communication of the diagnosis between physicians is essential to manage injuries properly. This study assessed inter- and intradepartmental agreement in the rating of AC joint dislocations and compared departments of orthopedic surgery, musculoskeletal (MSK) radiology, and emergency medicine (EM). Methods: Fifty radiographs indicating a random distribution of AC dislocations (Rockwood types I, II, III, and V) were sent to 25 resident, fellow, and attending physicians; the study group consisted of orthopedic surgeons (n = 9), MSK radiologists (n = 7), and EM physicians (n = 9). Dislocations were rated by physicians using the Rockwood classification (excluding type IV) and rating agreement was derived using the multirater κ statistic. Results: Moderate rating agreement was found among orthopedic surgeons (κ = 0.5147), which was higher than am...
Six Hundred Years of Czech Literature in the New York Public Library: From Hus to Havel

Six hundred years of Czech writing are documented in The New York Public Library's holdings. The article shows how ideas traveled from century to century in the Czech lands and who transmitted those ideas. Examples from the collection are presented. This article is based on an oral presentation given at the Twentieth Anniversary World Congress of the Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences in America, at the American University, Washington, DC, August 9–13, 2000. The author thanks Edward Kasinec, Chief of the Baltic and Slavic Division, for his support, and all members of that Division for their help. This article was originally published by The Haworth Press in Slavic & East European Information Resources, 2005, Vol. 6, Issue 1, pp. 9–18, and is reprinted with permission.
PI3 Kinases in Cancer: From Oncogene Artifact to Leading Cancer Target

At the time of its discovery in the 1980s, the lipid kinase activity found associated with certain viral oncoproteins, which we now know to originate from the class IA phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), was thought by many to be a purification artifact. Subsequent work identified these enzymes as key regulators of cell signaling pathways that control various cellular processes including proliferation, motility, survival, and apoptosis. It is now clear that the PI3K pathway is activated by genetic or epigenetic alterations in a large proportion of human tumors, and a search for small molecule inhibitors of PI3K activity is currently a major effort of the pharmaceutical industry. However, because of the importance of PI3Ks in normal physiology, the road to therapeutics might not be smooth and could require further dissection of PI3K signaling pathways. In particular, it may be important to distinguish among the roles of the various isoforms of class 1A PI3K in both normal physiology and tumorigenesis.
A Battery Powered, 200-KW Rapid Capacitor Charger for a Portable Railgun in Burst Mode Operation at 3 RPS

A portable power supply is being developed to rapidly charge the capacitor bank of a low velocity railgun system for countermeasure deployment from aircraft and watercraft. The goal is charge a 15-mF capacitor bank to 2.3 kV in 200 ms to allow countermeasure deployment in bursts of several rounds at a rate of 3 RPS (rounds per second). Due to possible use aboard aircraft, components where chosen to minimize weight and volume. For this reason, as well as for simplicity and to reduce cost, a series bank of special, high-current lead-acid batteries was chosen as the source of prime power. The 192-V voltage of the battery bank is boosted to 2 kV using a forward converter comprised of four IGBT switches in an H-bridge configuration, a ferrite-core step-up transformer, and a full wave rectifier.
Reordering kinetics of disordered A15 compounds

Abstract The study of reordering in A 15 compounds gives valuable information about atomic processes in this structure. This information is relevant to diffusion and solid-state compound growth, as well as to recovery from radiation damage. It also offers further valuable insight into the nature of radiation damage in these materials, complementing the results obtained by X -ray studies, electron microscopy, and the measurement of superconducting and normal-state properties. The extreme sensitivity of superconducting critical temperature T c to the degree of order in the A 15 compounds allows the former property to be used to monitor the reordering- process. The recovery of T c in A 15 compounds disordered thermally and by neutron irradiation has been achieved by annealing, and the data analyzed in terms of a theory of reordering due to Welch. From this analysis, it is possible to make estimates of the activation energies for atomic migration and vacancy formation in A 15 compounds.
Interactive Narrative, Plot Types, and Interpersonal Relations

The design of an interactive narrative begins with the choice of a type of story. In this paper I examine the potential of three kinds of plot for active user participation: the epic plot, which focuses on the struggle of the individual to survive in a hostile world, the dramatic plot, which deals with the evolution of a network of human relations, and the epistemic plot, which is propelled by the desire to solve a mystery. I distinguish two basic types of immersion--ludic and narrative, the latter subdivided into spatial, temporal and emotional variants, and I discuss the ability of the three kinds of plot to generate these various forms of immersion.
Alteration of hyaloclastites in the HSDP 2 Phase 1 Drill Core 1. Description and paragenesis

This is the publisher's version. Copyright 2003 by Chinese Geophysical Society. All rights reserved.
Strong States, Weak States, and Nontraditional Threats

Weak Links: Fragile States, Global Threats, and International Security. By Patrick Stewart. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 342 pp., $26.96 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-199-75151-8). In Weak Links , Stewart Patrick interrogates the conventional wisdom of the early 2000s that dangerous cross-border threats emanate from, and are enabled by, weak and failing states. After weighing the evidence for Washington's dramatic shift from understanding these countries as “humanitarian development problems” and toward “menacing security threats,” he only finds “weak links” between state fragility and international threat. Patrick instead discovers a relationship that is context specific, conditional, and dependent upon both the particular threat and each regime's willingness to prevent or counter it. The book examines five nontraditional threats: transnational terrorism, WMD proliferation, transnational crime, energy insecurity, and infectious disease. Only illicit trafficking (in drugs and arms), maritime piracy, and some infectious disease outbreaks were more prevalent among weak states than among their stronger or more stable peers. Weakness alone has been insufficient to generate threat. Moreover, Patrick asserts that, when they do threaten others, failed states' most acute threats are to their own populations or their neighbors. Far fewer and less intense threats extend to the United States or the wider international community. Armed with this evidence, Patrick argues that politicians are mistaken to conclude that increases in state capacity will necessarily yield security dividends for outsiders. State-building is not a panacea. Still, he contends that the United States has a moral and strategic stake in promoting good governance in the developing world (p. 248). …
Erratum to: The hippo signaling pathway: implications for heart regeneration and disease

After publication of this review [1] it emerged that the references in the Introduction section were incorrect. Several references were omitted and other references were numbered incorrectly. These errors were introduced during the final production process by the publisher and SpringerOpen apologises for any inconvenience caused. The relevant Introduction and references have been replaced with: Myocardial infarction (MI), or insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle, promotes the death and loss of cardiomyocytes resulting in heart damage and impaired cardiac function. While patient survival following MI has improved, the prognosis is typically poor and can eventually progress to heart failure, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality (one). Because mature cardiomyocytes have a limited capacity to re-enter the cell cycle and proliferate [116, 117], the ability of the adult heart to regenerate is similarly restricted and cannot adequately replace lost cardiomyocytes. The Hippo signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved from flies to mammals and has emerged as an important regulator of both cell survival and proliferation (four) [20]. Importantly, this cascade also appears critical for proper mammalian heart development and the post-natal response to cardiac stress and injury [60, 123, 124]. It is therefore plausible to hypothesize that Hippo signaling could be targeted to promote heart regeneration after MI and heart injury. This review will provide an overview of the Hippo pathway and examine its role in cardiac development, disease and regeneration. The omitted references can be found below: Reference one Go, A. S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Blaha, M. J., Dai, S., Ford, E. S., Fox, C. S., Franco, S., Fullerton, H. J., Gillespie, C., Hailpern, S. M., Heit, J. A., Howard, V. J., Huffman, M. D., Judd, S. E., Kissela, B. M., Kittner, S. J., Lackland, D. T., Lichtman, J. H., Lisabeth, L. D., Mackey, R. H., Magid, D. J., Marcus, G. M., Marelli, A., Matchar, D. B., McGuire, D. K., Mohler, E. R., 3rd, Moy, C. S., Mussolino, M. E., Neumar, R. W., Nichol, G., Pandey, D. K., Paynter, N. P., Reeves, M. J., Sorlie, P. D., Stein, J., Towfighi, A., Turan, T. N., Virani, S. S., Wong, N. D., Woo, D., Turner, M. B., American Heart Association Statistics, C. and Stroke Statistics, S. (2014) Heart disease and stroke statistics--2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 129, e28-e292 Reference four Staley, B. K. and Irvine, K. D. (2012) Hippo signaling in Drosophila: recent advances and insights. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 241, 3–15
A pilot study to establish a clinical model to perform phase II studies of breast cancer chemopreventive agents in women at high risk with biomarkers as surrogate endpoints for activity.

Purpose: Use of surrogate end point biomarkers in phase II trials may help select agents that appear to have activity and might be evaluated in future phase III definitive trials of breast cancer prevention. We performed a pilot clinical trial to establish the logistics for a clinical model to perform phase II studies of breast cancer chemopreventive agents in women at high risk with novel imaging techniques and candidate surrogate end point biomarkers for activity. We chose tamoxifen to establish proof of principal with a known effective agent. Experimental Design: Women at a high risk of developing a new breast cancer and for whom tamoxifen was recommended were eligible. The women underwent baseline and 3 and 6 months mammogram and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of one breast to identify areas of water-like intensity (epithelial) and to determine the changes over time and MRI-directed core breast biopsies of these areas for surrogate end point biomarkers analysis. Results: From August 1999 to March 2001, 26 women underwent baseline imaging and core biopsies. Sixteen women took tamoxifen and 10 chose not to. Overall, 79% of the samples contained glandular tissue evaluable for histology, but only 66% of the samples were evaluable for marker analysis. Only 12 patients had specimens with glandular tissue sufficient for marker analysis both at baseline and in at least one follow-up. Because of the small number of women with matched samples, marker analysis was not informative. Conclusions: This study shows the feasibility of obtaining serial core breast biopsies from women at a high risk of developing a new breast cancer. Patient participation in this model is satisfactory, and such a model may provide indication of drug activity. MRI-directed biopsy did not provide a high yield of evaluable samples, and additional work on adequate collection of epithelial tissue for surrogate end point biomarker analysis is thus necessary.
On-line identification of induction motors: Experiments and results

Induction motors are widely used in the industry. However, due to their involved mathematical models those depend on difficult to measure parameters such as leakage inductance. Therefore, simplified model approximations are usually used instead. In this paper, a system identification method based on auto regressive moving average (ARMA) models and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) concept has been employed to identify and predict the behavior of a squirrel cage induction motor. The motor transfer function is identified online using an impulse input. Then, the identified model response is compared to the real system response with different input signals. Results show that the model used follows the real system response with good accuracy.
Laser-Based Diagnostics of Reactive Plasmas

There should be little doubt to readers of this volume that reactive plasma processing applied to the development of electronic devices and novel materials has considerable significance for current and future technology. Furthermore, it is fairly apparent that the design and control of plasma processes has been empirical in nature over the years, as is the case in the analytical glow discharge plasmas discussed in the previous chapters. However, we have now perhaps reached a point where it has become necessary to have a more comprehensive diagnostic and theoretical interpretation of discharge reactor systems in order to advance the promise of this technology.(1)
Three-dimensional coherence imaging in the Fresnel domain

We show that three-dimensional incoherent primary sources can be reconstructed from finite-aperture Fresnel-zone mutual intensity measurements by means of coordinate and Fourier transformation. The spatial bandpass and impulse response for three-dimensional imaging that result from use of this approach are derived. The transverse and longitudinal resolutions are evaluated as functions of aperture size and source distance. The longitudinal resolution of three-dimensional coherence imaging falls inversely with the square of the source distance in both the Fresnel and Fraunhofer zones. We experimentally measure the three-dimensional point-spread function by using a rotational shear interferometer.
A transient postmamillary component of the rat fornix during development: implications for interspecific differences in mature axonal projections

We have used anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques to study the development of the postcommissural fornix in albino rats. The fornix reaches the caudal hypothalamus a day or two before birth. Before fornix axons can be seen entering the mamillary nuclei, a prominent contingent of the fornix can be followed beyond the mamillary bodies. This postmamillary component continues to grow into the midbrain and pontine tegmentum during the first postnatal week as the projection to the mamillary nuclei is being elaborated. During the second and third postnatal weeks, the postmamillary component of the fornix becomes progressively smaller until it is completely eliminated. The cells of origin of this transient postmamillary component of the fornix are found within the subicular complex of the hippocampal region. Most, if not all, of the cells of origin of the postmamillary component of the fornix survive the period during which this projection is eliminated. Consistent with these observations is the interpretation that the axons of the fornix that eventually enter and arborize within the mamillary nuclei and are maintained in the adult, arise during development as interstitial collaterals from parent fibers, the distal portions of which are subsequently eliminated. While not present in adult rats, a postmamillary component of the fornix has been described in other species, such as the cat (Nauta, 1958). It would seem, therefore, that in this case the interspecific variations in projection patterns result from the differential elaboration and elimination of an initially quite similar pattern of connections.
Intelligent camera control using behavior trees

Automatic camera systems produce very basic animations for virtual worlds. Users often view environments through two types of cameras: a camera that they control manually, or a very basic automatic camera that follows their character, minimizing occlusions. Real cinematography features much more variety producing more robust stories. Cameras shoot establishing shots, close-ups, tracking shots, and bird's eye views to enrich a narrative. Camera techniques such as zoom, focus, and depth of field contribute to framing a particular shot. We present an intelligent camera system that automatically positions, pans, tilts, zooms, and tracks events occurring in real-time while obeying traditional standards of cinematography. We design behavior trees that describe how a single intelligent camera might behave from low-level narrative elements assigned by “smart events”. Camera actions are formed by hierarchically arranging behavior sub-trees encapsulating nodes that control specific camera semantics. This approach is more modular and particularly reusable for quickly creating complex camera styles and transitions rather then focusing only on visibility. Additionally, our user interface allows a director to provide further camera instructions, such as prioritizing one event over another, drawing a path for the camera to follow, and adjusting camera settings on the fly. We demonstrate our method by placing multiple intelligent cameras in a complicated world with several events and storylines, and illustrate how to produce a well-shot “documentary” of the events constructed in real-time.
A New Analytical Model for Estimation of Scratch‐Induced Damage in Brittle Solids

Scratch tests are of fundamental interest both for understanding machining-induced damage and for evaluating the scratch resistance of brittle materials. An improved blister field model for the scratch process is proposed where the blister field strength is explicitly determined in terms of the material properties, loading conditions, and geometry of the scratch tool. Additionally, one new expanding cylindrical cavity model is implemented to estimate the plastic zone size surrounding the scratch groove. A quantitative evaluation of the damage zone size is conducted by combining the above two models. The predicted damage zone sizes are in good agreement with the results available elsewhere in literature.
I/O-efficient algorithms for contour-line extraction and planar graph blocking

For a polyhedral terrain C, the contour at z-coordinate h, denoted Ch, is defined to be the intersection of the plane z = h with C. In this paper, we study the contour-line extraction problem, where we want to preprocess C into a data structure so that given a query z-coordinate h, we can report Ch quickly. This is a central problem that arises in geographic information systems (GIS), where terrains are often stored as Triangular Irregular Networks (TINS). We present an I/O-optimal algorithm for this problem which stores a terrain C with N vertices using O(N/B) blocks, where B is the size of a disk block, so that for any query h, the contour ch can be computed using o(log, N + I&l/B) I/O operations, where l&l denotes the size of Ch. We also present en improved algorithm for a more general problem of blocking bounded-degree planar graphs such as TINS (i.e., storing them on disk so that any graph traversal algorithm can traverse the graph in an I/O-efficient manner), and apply it to two problms that arise in GIS. *Supported in part by National Science Foundation research grant CCR-93-01259, by Army Research Office MURI grant DAAH04-96-1-0013, by a Sloan fellowship, by a National Science Foundation NY1 award and matching funds from Xerox Corporation, and by a grant from the U.S.-Israeli Binational Science Foundation. Email: pankajQcs .duke . edu. tsupported in part by U.S. Army Research Office grant DAAH04-96-1-0013. Email: large@cs . duke. edu. ZAffiliated with Brown University. Supported in part by National Science Foundation research grant CCR-9522047 and by Army Research Office MURI grant DAAH04-96-1-0013. Email: tmaxQcs.duke.edu. §Supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant CCR-93-01259, by an Army Research Office MURI grant DAAH04-96-1-0013, by a Sloan fellowship, and by a National Science Foundation NY1 award and matching funds from Xerox Corporation. Email: krv@cs . duke. edu. qsupported in part by the U.S. Army Research Office under grants DAAH04-93-G-0076 and DAAH04-96-1-0013 and by the National Science Foundation under grant CCR-9522047. Part of this work was done while visiting Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ. Email: j svQcs . duke. edu. Figure 1: A terrain represented as a TIN.
A Role for Ligand-Gated Ion Channels in Rod Photoreceptor Development

Neurotransmitter receptors are central to communication at synapses. Many components of the machinery for neurotransmission are present prior to synapse formation, suggesting a developmental role. Here, evidence is presented that signaling through glycine receptor alpha2 (GlyRalpha2) and GABA(A) receptors plays a role in photoreceptor development in the vertebrate retina. The signaling is likely mediated by taurine, which is present at high levels throughout the developing central nervous system (CNS). Taurine potentiates the production of rod photoreceptors, and this induction is inhibited by strychnine, an antagonist of glycine receptors, and bicuculline, an antagonist of GABA receptors. Gain-of-function experiments showed that signaling through GlyRalpha2 induced exit from mitosis and an increase in rod photoreceptors. Furthermore, targeted knockdown of GlyRalpha2 decreased the number of photoreceptors while increasing the number of other retinal cell types. These data support a previously undescribed role for these ligand-gated ion channels during the early stages of CNS development.
Retained Guidewires: A Persistent Problem with Central Line Placement

Inserting a central venous catheter is a commonly performed invasive procedure. While much attention has been paid to the risk of blood borne infections as a consequence of using catheters, little ...
A probability-based approach for predicting HIV infection in a low prevalent population of injection drug users

Abstract This article proposes a method for estimating HIV risk in low-HIV-prevalent populations. Allard's risk probability model was used to compute individual risk scores. Based on a sample of 3854 injection drug users (IDUs) who were confidentially tested for HIV at five methadone treatment clinics in Los Angeles County, the following self-reported risk behaviors were used to derive an individual IDU risk score: (i) frequency of injection, (ii) frequency of using uncleaned needles, (iii) number of people sharing a needle, (iv) frequency of needle sharing, and (v) type of needle sharing practice. The overall HIV prevalence for the IDU sample was 2%. The risk score was strongly associated with HIV seropositivity (chi-square = 16.1, p
Re: Gene Therapy Strategies for Tumor Antiangiogenesis

Based on the concept that solid tumors cannot grow without the generation of new blood vessels, there is growing interest in the use of antiangiogenesis agents to inhibit tumor growth. This review summarizes the concepts of using gene transfer vectors to provide high concentration of antiangiogenic proteins within an organ. While there are many challenges that must be met before antiangiogenesis can be used to effectively treat human tumors, gene transfer strategies have the potential to provide sustained, high, local concentrations of antiangiogenic mediators specifically targeted to organs containing tumors, minimizing systemic toxicity. Antiangiogenesis gene therapy strategies will most likely be effective in a state of low tumor burden, where this ‘‘genetic tourniquet’’ can provide trans (i.e., acting in the extracellular milieu as opposed to within tumor cells) suppression of the growth of endothelial cells in the milieu of micrometastases. [J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:273‐86]
The right prescription for personalized genetic medicine

Gail H Javitt1 & Kathy Hudson2† 1Law and Policy Director, Genetics and Public Policy Center, & Research Scientist, Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 2Director, Genetics and Public Policy Center, & Associate Professor, Berman Institute of Bioethics, Institute of Genetic Medicine & Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Tel.: +1 202 663 5971; Fax: +1 202 663 5992; E-mail: khudson5@jhu.edu “The proliferation of ‘direct-toconsumer’ testing in the absence of adequate oversight of genetic tests runs the risk of misleading consumers and undermining their confidence in genetic testing.”
Simulation output analysis: a tutorial based on one research thread

In reviewing topics in simulation output analysis, we advocate univariate analysis, micro/macro replications based on fixed sample sizes, overlapping batches, batch sizes based on mean squared error, dynamic batch sizes, and a concise format for reporting results.
Increased Pyramidal Excitability and NMDA Conductance Can Explain Posttraumatic Epileptogenesis Without Disinhibition: A Model

Partially isolated cortical islands prepared in vivo become epileptogenic within weeks of the injury. In this model of chronic epileptogenesis, recordings from cortical slices cut through the injur...
The Brief Case: a New Feature in Journal of Clinical Microbiology

The views expressed in this Editorial do not necessarily reflect the views of the journal or of ASM. With this issue of Journal of Clinical Microbiology (JCM), we are very pleased to introduce a new feature, The Brief Case. (Thanks to our friend Dr. Michael Dunne for suggesting the name.) The
Going small: Nanoscale geochronology using atom probe tomography

Leaps forward in analytical technology often stimulate major discoveries in geochemistry. In some cases, the improvements are in sensitivity and precision. For example, recent measurements of minute variations in 142 Nd, 182 W, and U-series (to name a few) have revolutionized our understanding of terrestrial and planetary geochemical evolution. In other cases, the improvements are in the spatial scale of the analysis. Isotopic analysis of individual melt inclusions, single shell layers in mollusks and zoning layers in zircons, all have provided fundamental insights into geologic processes. Historically, whenever we look more closely at the composition of materials, we find unexpected features. These variations often are mystifying at first (see all of the above) and often somewhat unwelcome (too much information!). But it is precisely such new, headache-producing details that provide new insights into geological processes. On page 1355, Valley and colleagues use a promising new analytical method called atom probe tomography (APT) to analyze one of the oldest materials on the planet [Jack Hills zircons (Wilde et al. 2001; Valley et al. 2014)]. APT has a unique combination of spatial and geochemical analytical capabilities, which Valley et al. use to confirm the Hadean age of the zircons, and to gain new insights into their thermochronologic history. This is one of the first geochemical studies to use APT, and offers an early glimpse of future research paths.
Echocriticism: Repetition and the Order of Texts

In this essay I examine the disruption to the textual order caused by reprinted texts, arguing that the American tradition of textual editing can help us identify some of the invisible forms of repetition that structure the literary field. Pioneering figures such as W. W. Greg and Fredson Bowers developed sophisticated technologies for understanding and managing reprinted texts, and yet the scholarly tradition they founded, and that of their most vocal critic, Jerome McGann, have both ignored the ideality of the literary text—how the claim to textual identity across variation is a signal property of literary works. Taking up Michel Foucault's challenge to study the “mode of existence” of literary discourse, I argue that in order to write literary histories that are attentive to the history of literariness, scholars need to question both their commitment to preserving the integrity of the text and their attachment to organizing and reading literary works in the order of their composition.
The influence of HIV related lipodystrophy on life quality among AIDS patients with antiretroviral treatment

Objective To analyze the quality of life and influencing factors among people living with HIV-related lipodystrophy.Methods 261 AIDS patients treated with antiretroviral drugs were investigated.They were followed in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of two HIV epidemic counties in the North of Anhui Province,from 25 to 31,May 2012.Demographic data and physical examination data were collected.LD was assessed by the change of peripheral and central fats.The quality of life was evaluated by SF-36.Results LD was detected in 147(56.3%) of the 261 AIDS patients.LD was easily detected in female and older AIDS patients.The mean scores of patients with LD were lower than those of the NLD group in PCS and MCS.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that PCS and MCS scores were affected by LD.In addition,the field of physical health was associated with age and economic conditions.The field of mental health was associated with economic conditions and sleep time.Conclusions It suggested that LD should be the independent risk factor for quality of life among AIDS patients who received antiretroviral treatment.Prevention of LD has positive effect on improvement of the quality of life for the population.
What is language policy

The natural first question is: What is language policy? The question is commonly asked in books on the topic but concrete definitions are less common than discussions of language policy in terms of types, goals, or examples. This chapter will take both approaches by first examining and synthesizing definitions already in circulation and then looking at some example language policies to see how these definitions hold up. Complicating the question is the relationship between language policy and the term that preceded it, language planning. Most would agree that language policy and language planning are closely related but different activities. Some argue that language planning subsumes language policy (Kaplan and Baldauf 1997) while others argue that language policy subsumes language planning (Schiffman 1996). For the title of this book, the term language policy is adopted for two reasons: (1) terminological simplicity, and (2) within accepted definitions of language planning, there is an assumption that some agent(s) makes a plan intended to influence language forms or functions, yet, there are many examples of language policy that are not intentional and/or not planned. However, throughout much of the book I will use language planning and policy, often referred to as LPP, both out of respect for the tradition of research that gave rise to the field (language planning) and The historical trajectory because the two fields have, for all intents and purposes, coalesced into one (Hornberger2006a).
Pharmacological and Morphological Properties of Two Functionally Distinct Subpopulations of Striatal Neurons

We have shown recently that two subpopulations of striatal neurons in the rat, Type I and Type II, can be distinguished on the basis of their electrophysiological responses to paired impulse stimulation of cortical afferents (Berger et al., 1987; Nisenbaum et al., 1988b). The experimental paradigm involves recording from single striatal neurons while stimulating the corticostriatal pathway with pairs of electrical impulses; intervals between the impulses of each pair vary systematically, e.g., from 10–1000 ms. The excitatory cortical volley evoked by the first impulse elicits a spike discharge from Type I and Type II neurons. As a consequence of this initial response, however, voltage-dependent conductances of target striatal neurons are activated, and activity is generated within local circuitry (e.g., axon collateral systems and interneurons) and within efferent projections to other brain systems with which the striatum is reciprocally connected (e.g., substantia nigra). These additional events provide the basis for feedforward/feedback modulation of striatal cell response to subsequent cortical input. The second impulse of each pair of impulses reveals the net effect of this modulation. Our analyses have shown that, for a wide range of interstimulus intervals (ISIs), the probabilities of Type I and Type II spike discharge to the second impulse are inversely related, indicating that the two populations are modulated by different feedforward and/or feedback mechanisms.
Henry E. Hale. Patronal Politics: Eurasian Regime Dynamics in Comparative Perspective

Henry E. Hale. Patronal Politics: Eurasian Regime Dynamics in Comparative Perspective. Problems of International Politics. Eds. Keith Darden and Ian Shapiro. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015. xviii, 542 pp. References. Index. US$39.99, paper.
Cancer and orofacial pain.

Background Cancer pain is a devastating condition. Pain in the orofacial region, may be present as the single symptom of cancer or as a symptom of cancer in its later stages. This manuscript revises in a comprehensive manner the content of the conference entitled "Orofacial Pain and Cancer" (Dolor Orofacial y Cancer) given at the VI Simposio International "Advances in Oral Cancer" on the 22 July, 2016 in San Sebastioan-Donostia, Spain. Material and methods We have reviewed (pubmed-medline) from the most relevant literature including reviews, systematic reviews and clinical cases, the significant and evidence-based mechanisms and mediators of cancer-associated facial pain, the diverse types of cancers that can be present in the craniofacial region locally or from distant sites that can refer to the orofacial region, cancer therapy that may induce pain in the orofacial region as well as discussed some of the new advancements in cancer pain therapy. Results There is still a lack of understanding of cancer pain pathophysiology since depends of the intrinsic heterogeneity, type and anatomic location that the cancer may present, making more challenging the creation of better therapeutic options. Orofacial pain can arise from regional or distant tumor effects or as a consequence of cancer therapy. Conclusions The clinician needs to be aware that the pain may present the characteristics of any other orofacial pain disorder so a careful differential diagnosis needs to be given. Cancer pain diagnosis is made by exclusion and only can be reached after a thorough medical history, and all the common etiologies have been carefully investigated and ruled out. The current management tools are not optimal but there is hope for new, safer and effective therapies coming in the next years.
Empathy in medical education: A case for social construction.

Abstract In this brief review, we build upon suggestions in Pedersen’s [1] excellent critical review of empathy research in medical education and make the case for an increase in social constructivist scholarship related to emotions and empathy within medical education contexts. In the process, we define social construction, as well as provide several key opportunities in which these types of theories could provide insights for medical educators.
Greening the globe: world society and environmental change

Sociologists address environmental degradation with great urgency, but in identifying the social behaviors that threaten our biophysical condition, we tend to sidestep questions of how environmenta...
Deep profiling of tumor immune microenvironment (TME) with fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) in advanced melanoma.

9012 Background: Tumor PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry has limitations in describing the tumor immune microenvironment as it relates to treatment with PD-1/PD-L-1 antibodies. We developed ...
Optimization Problems in Model-Based Diagnosis

Abstract The critical step in model-based fault detection and diagnosis is the design of residuals. Residuals have to provide for decoupling from disturbances, enhancement for fault isolation and ideal conditions for statistical testing. When these requirements cannot be satisfied exactly, optimal (approximate) solutions are sought. Three of these optimal approaches are reviewed in the paper and some of their limitations pointed out.
Climb Hard, Train Harder: Supplemental Training Techniques for Improved Rock Climbing Performance

Climbing is an increasingly popular recreational activity that has attracted interest from a wide variety of populations, likely because of the increasing availability and challenge of climbing. Many children and adolescents are introduced to rock climbing in adventure programming units in their schools. Through physical education, children are able to try new activities that can spark a new interest such as climbing. Because of the versatility of climbing, it can develop into a lifelong activity. Although individuals of all ages and skill levels can enjoy climbing, it is important to understand that individuals who seek to climb challenging heights should be particularly fit and experienced. This article examines three supplemental training techniques that are often overlooked by climbers: (1) forearm and finger strength, (2) footwork and leg strength, and (3) cardiovascular conditioning. These training techniques enable climbers of any level to grow stronger, prevent injury, increase technical proficien...
Age is not a barrier to good outcomes after varicose vein procedures.

Abstract Background The Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) Varicose Vein Registry (VVR) represents a patient-centered database launched in January 2015. Previous work describing overall trends and outcomes of varicose vein procedures across the United States demonstrates a benefit from these procedures. The existing gaps in evidence to support current and future Medicare coverage of varicose vein procedures necessitate further description of clinical outcomes in patients ≥65 years old compared with the population Methods This study analyzed prospectively captured anatomic, procedural, and outcome data for all patients in a national cohort of all VQI VVR-participating centers. The VQI VVR database was queried for all patients undergoing varicose vein procedures between January 2015 and July 2016. Preprocedural and postprocedural Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, and Pathophysiology (CEAP) classification, Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS), and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were compared between patients t -tests were then performed on change in CEAP classification, VCSS score, and PROs (heaviness, achiness, throbbing, swelling, itching, appearance, and impact on work) for each group. Results There were 4841 varicose vein procedures performed from January 2015 to May 2016. There were 3441 procedures performed in 2691 patients (3631 limbs) in the group Conclusions All patients demonstrated an associated improvement in both clinical outcomes (CEAP class, VCSS) and PROs. There was no significant difference in the improvement in CEAP class and VCSS between patients younger and older than 65 years, although the younger population reported greater improvement in PROs. Given these findings, patients older than 65 years appear to benefit from varicose vein procedures and should not be denied interventions on their varicose veins and venous insufficiency on the basis of their age only.
Comparison of Complication Rate Between LeFort III and Monobloc Advancement With or Without Distraction Osteogenesis.

BACKGROUND LeFort III osteotomies or monobloc advancements, with or without distraction, can be used to treat mid-facial hypoplasia causing exorbitism and obstructive sleep apnea in syndromic patients. This report is a meta-analysis of the complication rates following LeFort III osteotomies or monobloc advancement with or without distraction. METHODS Triple database search was conducted to identify articles addressing mid-facial hypoplasia treated with LeFort III or monobloc in which complications were detailed. Complications were considered major if they required a second operation or were potentially life threatening. Statistical analysis was performed with Student t test. RESULTS Fifteen studies fit inclusion criteria. This yielded 363 total patients. In patients treated with a monobloc advancement, there was a statistically higher rate of major (P < 0.0001) and minor (P < 0.0001) complications, death (P = 0.02), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks (P < 0.0001), and meningitis/abscess (P < 0.0001) when distraction was used. In patients treated with a LeFort III, there was a statistically higher rate of reoperation when distraction was used (P = 0.001). In patients treated without distraction, there was a statistically higher rate of major (P < 0.0001) complications, death (P = 0.008), CSF leaks (P = 0.003), and reoperation (P < 0.0001) with a monobloc and a statistically higher rate of minor complications (P < 0.001) with a LeFort III. CONCLUSION LeFort III proved to be a safer technique for the treatment of mid-facial hypoplasia. Although distraction was initially introduced to reduce complications, in this review, monobloc with distraction had the highest rate of major complications. There are multiple confounding factors that influence success of mid-face surgery and every patient must be evaluated and treated individually.
Cell and Random-Field Models

There is a vast class of random heterogeneous materials whose microstructures cannot be modeled as a distribution of inclusions or cavities of well-defined shape in a matrix. This classification includes animal and plant tissue (which have a cellular structure), bone, foams, froths, polycrystals, block copolymers, and microemulsions, to mention but a few examples. In this chapter we will consider analytical methods to characterize the microstructure of two different nonparticulate models: cell and random-field models. For simplicity, we focus primarily on the determination of the n-point probability functions for these models.
SURGERY | Lung Volume Reduction Surgery

In appropriately selected patients, surgery can play a useful role in the treatment of patients with emphysema. The removal of poorly functioning lung tissue – a procedure commonly referred to as lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) – can result in a significant improvement in perceived shortness of breath and quality of life as well as objective measures of expiratory flow and exercise tolerance.
DIAGNOSTIC REQUIREMENTS AND MECHANICAL DISTURBANCES IN SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS

Superconducting magnets may broadly be classified as either stable or high-performance, depending on the presence or absence of joule heating in the winding; diagnostic requirements are different for the two classes. Disturbance and diagnostic needs are examined for each class. A new stabilization criterion based on conductor enthalpy is presented; it is applicable to epoxy-impregnated Class 2 magnets.
The determination of organophosphate pesticides and their residues by paper chromatography.

Determining the type and amount of organophosphate pesticide residue in food products is a complex problem, and one which concerns both the companies which manufacture the pesticides and the Governmental agencies which enforce their proper use.
State and revolution

Our brief examination of the conditions underlying the political crises of the Meiji Restoration and the Prussian Reform Movement has tended to reinforce by contrast our central arguments about the causes of revolutionary political crises in France, Russia, and China. Bourbon France, Hohenzollern Prussia, Tokugawa Japan, Manchu China, and Romanov Russia - all became subject to military pressures from more economically developed nations abroad and all experienced in response societal political crises. Yet only France, Russia, and China were plunged into the upheavals of social revolution, while Prussia and Japan, relatively speaking, adapted speedily and smoothly to international exigencies through reforms instituted from above by autocratic political authorities. The different fates of these agrarian monarchical regimes faced with the challenges of adapting to the exigencies of international uneven development can be explained in large part by looking at the ways in which agrarian relations of production and landed dominant classes impinged upon state organizations - though it is also important to assess the severity of the pressures from abroad with which each regime had to cope.
Near Infrared Time Resolved Spectroscopy for the Detection of Deep Vein Thrombosis Within the Human Leg

It is intended to locate deep vein thrombosis (DVT) inside the human leg utilizing near infrared (NIR) time resolved spectroscopy (TRS).
Tchebycheff-Fitted Berger Coefficients for Eisenhauer-Simmons Gamma-Ray Buildup Factors in Ordinary Concrete

Coefficients are given for the two-parameter Berger empirical formula fitted to air kerma and concrete kerma buildup factor data provided by Eisenhauer and Simmons (E-S). The fit is such as to mini...
Proposal for dynamic imaging of antiferromagnetic domain wall via quantum-impurity relaxometry

While spin textures in materials exhibiting zero net magnetization, such as antiferromagnetic domain walls, have attracted much interest lately due to their robustness against external magnetic noise, their generic detection via conventional magnetometry remains a challenging task. Here, we propose quantum relaxometry as a route to image spin textures by probing the collective spin modes harbored by them. We investigate the Goldstone modes hosted by an antiferromagnetic domain wall and assess the relaxation rate of a quantum-spin sensor interacting with them. We show that such modes can be detected via relaxometry in some common antiferromagnets. Moreover, based on symmetry considerations, we propose a strategy for probing the individual dynamics of each mode.
Some Men Are More Perfect Than Others

Merle Shain has subtitled her book “A Book About Men, and Hence About Women, and Love and Dreams”. It is even more; it is a guide to liberated relationships between men and women intended to be rea...
Misperceived Luminance Gradients in an Hourglass Illusion.

A square contains a linear luminance gradient from white at the top to black at the bottom. Pinching this in at the waist forms an hourglass figure of two tip-to-tip triangles. The pinch reduces th...
Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Morbidly Obese Patients is Associated with Increased Readmission Rate: Study from Large, Multicentric National Database

Introduction Obesity paradox has been described in heart failure but data on in-hospital outcomes and readmission rates in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) in relation to body mass index (BMI) is limited. Hypothesis We hypothesized that mortality and readmissions would be lower in an obese population. Methods National Readmission Database 2016 was queried for adult patients with principal discharge diagnosis of HFpEF (I50.30-I50.33) and also had ICD 10 codes for BMI listed. Patients who died during index hospitalization were excluded from readmission analysis. Results 87041 patients met inclusion criteria and were divided in 3 groups: Non-Obese (BMI Conclusions HFpEF related readmissions were significantly higher in the morbidly obese group and obesity paradox was not observed for readmission rate in this cohort. In-hospital mortality was significantly high in non-obese group but length of stay (LOS) and total hospitalization charges were similar in non-obese and morbidly obese groups. In-hospital complications of AKI and readmissions due to AKI were significantly high in the obese and morbidly obese groups and needs further investigation.