cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Percutaneous repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Abstract Objective Percutaneous treatment of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is feasible, but is associated with a unique set of risks. A comparison of Excluder endograft deployment with femoral artery cutdown (FAC) versus percutaneous femoral access (PFA) for treatment of infrarenal AAA was undertaken. Methods A single-institution, controlled, retrospective review was carried out in patients who underwent either bilateral FAC or bilateral PFA for endovascular repair of infrarenal AAA with the Gore bifurcated Excluder endograft between March 1999 and November 2003. To November 2000, 35 patients underwent bilateral FAC; since then, 47 patients have undergone bilateral PFA. All have been followed up for at least 30 days. Results Mean AAA size was 5.7 cm in the FAC group and 6.0 cm in the PFA group. During hospitalization there were six access-related complications in the FAC group; three required early surgical intervention. In the PFA group nine perioperative access-related complications occurred, all consisting of either hemorrhage or arterial occlusion; seven required additional intervention, and were recognized and ameliorated while the patient was still in the operating room. At 30-day follow-up there were no additional access-related complications in the PFA group. There were eight other access-related complications in eight additional patients who underwent FAC. In patients undergoing bilateral PFA total operative time was shorter (PFA 139 minutes vs FAC 169 minutes; P = .002), total in-room anesthesia time was less (PFA 201 minutes vs FAC 225 minutes; P P P = .851). Conclusion Complete percutaneous treatment of AAA may have some advantages over open femoral artery access, but it is not free from risk. Percutaneous treatment of AAA can be completed successfully in most patients, but should be performed at an institution where conversion to an open procedure can be completed expeditiously if necessary.
"Sandbagging" baseline test performance on ImPACT, without detection, is more difficult than it appears.

Participants coached to display poor effort on neuropsychological tests have successfully evaded detection. Recent research has documented that 89% college athletes instructed to perform poorly on a follow-up baseline ImPACT (Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing) test were unable to bypass detection, but otherwise, sandbagging on baseline testing has not been directly studied. In an analog study intended to measure participants' ability to successfully sandbag, we compared baseline test performance in three groups of individuals, instructed: (a) to perform their best, (b) to malinger without guidance (e.g., naive), and (c) how to malinger (e.g., coached), using ImPACT, the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT), and the Balance Error Scoring System. The MSVT identified more participants in the naive (80%) and coached (90%) groups than those automatically "flagged" by ImPACT (60% and 75%, respectively). Inclusion of additional indicators within ImPACT increased identification to 95% of naive and 100% of coached malingerers. These results suggest that intentional "sandbagging" on baseline neurocognitive testing can be readily detected.
Mutagenicity of cytosine for an adenine and arginine requiring strain of Candida albicans

An adenine-arginine double auxotroph ofCandida albicans exhibits increased back mutation to arginine independence when cultivated in the presence of growth inhibiting levels of cytosine. Of the natural nucleic acid bases, only adenine or guanine relieve growth inhibition and mutation; adenine is more effective than guanine in relieving inhibition but less effective than guanine in preventing mutation. Previous studies have shown that cytosine renders adenine auxotrophs ofC. albicans purine deficient by competitively interfering with their utilization of exogenous adenine. The mutagenic effect of cytosine reported here is attributed to a cytosine induced cellular deficiency for guanine which favors the erroneous incorporation into replicating DNA of other nucleotides in place of the guanine nucleotide.
Entry Timing Enduring Lessons and Future Directions

Entry decisions—often critical to firm survival and growth, market evolution, and industry profitability—have been the subject of inquiry for decades. In particular, the timing of entry decisions, drawing primarily on the first-mover advantage (FMA) perspective, has emerged as a prominent area of study. While previous research confirms that entry timing is critical, a large number of contingencies create conceptual and methodological complexities that undermine the formation of a rigorous theory of entry timing. In this article, we review and synthesize management and marketing research on entry timing published in top-tier outlets from 1989 through 2013—the 25-year period that followed the publication of Lieberman and Montgomery’s seminal article on FMA. Distilling key lessons from this literature, our review tries to establish a foundational understanding of the conditions, methods, implications, and strategies of entry timing so that research might be reinvigorated in this domain. Our article concludes...
Cyprus as a degraded landscape or resilient environment in the wake of colonial intrusion

Abstract Concerns about global warming, degradation of fragile ecosystems, and environmental and societal collapse have increased interest for lessons and/or solutions for today's environmental issues. Popular writers have turned to a classic degradation thesis of deforestation and presumed desertification within the Eastern Mediterranean as a cautionary tale of how past societies have committed ecological suicide. However, degradation and/or collapse is far more complex than the thesis permits, and uncritical adoption of such simplified stories encourages continued use of inaccurate assumptions about human–environment interaction. In Cyprus, such a degradation story materialized 150 y ago, and its promoters aimed to impress on readers their responsibility to reverse past environmental mistakes. Both the British Colonial authorities (1878–1960) and the post-Independence Cypriot government used it to justify their environmental policies. Unfortunately, this thesis was formed around several misunderstandings about Cypriot environments and society: (i) judgment of degradation without appropriate consideration of the difference between degradation and change; (ii) oversimplified representation of ruling powers and those people ruled; and (iii) denigration of the shepherd lifestyle and its presumed environmental impact. A multimethod approach using archival and field research offers a more nuanced understanding of the complexity of human–environment interaction, the underappreciated environmental and societal resilience of areas classified as degraded, and the importance of placing events within changing socioeconomic and political contexts. This study of natural resource management and environmental resilience illustrates that the practices that the colonial government viewed as unsustainable likely were sustainable.
Efficient function approximation using truncated multipliers and squarers

This paper presents a technique for designing linear and quadratic interpolators for function approximation using truncated multipliers and squarers. Initial coefficient values are found using a Chebyshev series approximation, and then adjusted through exhaustive simulation to minimize the maximum absolute error of the interpolator output. This technique is suitable for any function and any precision up to 24-bits (IEEE single precision). Designs for linear and quadratic interpolators that implement the reciprocal function, f(x)=1/x, are presented and analyzed as an example. We show that a 24-bit truncated reciprocal quadratic interpolator with a design specification /spl plusmn/1 ulp error requires 24.1% fewer partial products to implement than a comparable standard interpolator with the same error specification.
A 28 nm Embedded Split-Gate MONOS (SG-MONOS) Flash Macro for Automotive Achieving 6.4 GB/s Read Throughput by 200 MHz No-Wait Read Operation and 2.0 MB/s Write Throughput at Tj of 170 $^{\circ}$ C

First-ever 28 nm embedded split-gate MONOS (SG-MONOS) flash macros have been developed to increase memory capacity embedded in micro controller units and to improve performance over wide junction temperature range from $-40^{\circ}{\hbox {C}}$ to 170 $^{\circ}{\hbox {C}}$ as demanded strongly in automotive uses. Much attention has been paid to the degradation of the reliability characteristics along with the process shrinkage. Temperature-adjusted word-line overdrive scheme improves random read access frequency by 15% and realizes both of 6.4 GB/s read throughput by 200 MHz no-wait random access of code flash macros and more than ten times longer TDDB lifetime of WL drivers. Temperature-adaptive step pulse erase control (TASPEC) improves the TDDB lifetime of dielectric films between metal interconnect layers by three times. TASPEC is particularly useful for a data flash macro with one million rewrite cycles. Source-side injection (SSI) program with negative back-bias voltage achieves 63% reduction of program pulse time and, consequently, realizes 2.0 MB/s write throughput of code flash macros. A spread spectrum clock generation and a clock phase shift technique are introduced for charge pump clock generation in order to suppress EMI noise due to high write throughput of code flash macros, and peak power of EMI noise is reduced by 19 dB.
The Structural Connectome of the Human Central Homeostatic Network

Abstract Homeostatic adaptations to stress are regulated by interactions between the brainstem and regions of the forebrain, including limbic sites related to respiratory, autonomic, affective, and cognitive processing. Neuroanatomic connections between these homeostatic regions, however, have not been thoroughly identified in the human brain. In this study, we perform diffusion spectrum imaging tractography using the MGH-USC Connectome MRI scanner to visualize structural connections in the human brain linking autonomic and cardiorespiratory nuclei in the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata with forebrain sites critical to homeostatic control. Probabilistic tractography analyses in six healthy adults revealed connections between six brainstem nuclei and seven forebrain regions, several over long distances between the caudal medulla and cerebral cortex. The strongest evidence for brainstem-homeostatic forebrain connectivity in this study was between the brainstem midline raphe and the medial temporal lob...
Safe-to-fly determination for the helmet-mounted little high-end airborne laptop (Lil HAL) system

Fighter aircrews are taking large amounts of paper and other mission essential peripherals into the cockpit for each flight. The aircrews must find places to store these items and be able to access the required information in minimal time. Programs have been initiated to put tablet personal computers (PCs)/digital kneeboards into the cockpit, but due to bulk, ejection risks and sunlight readability issues, these devices have not been transitioned to fighter aircrews. The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) has been tasked to develop a system using a helmet-mounted display, input device, and computer to solve some of the PC tablet issues-and do it quickly. AFRL was directed to conduct an Operational Utility Evaluation (OUE) to determine the usability of the Little High-end Airborne Laptop (Lil HAL) system (Figure 1). Before the OUE could occur, a safety evaluation of the Lil HAL system had to be completed with a receipt of a safe-to-fly clearance. This paper discusses the safety testing that occurred to receive the safety-of-flight clearance.
Can model observers be developed to reproduce radiologists' diagnostic performances? Our study says not so fast!

The purpose of this study was to determine radiologists’ diagnostic performances on different image reconstruction algorithms that could be used to optimize image-based model observers. We included a total of 102 pathology proven breast computed tomography (CT) cases (62 malignant). An iterative image reconstruction (IIR) algorithm was used to obtain 24 reconstructions with different image appearance for each image. Using quantitative image feature analysis, three IIRs and one clinical reconstruction of 50 lesions (25 malignant) were selected for a reader study. The reconstructions spanned a range of smooth-low noise to sharp-high noise image appearance. The trained classifiers’ AUCs on the above reconstructions ranged from 0.61 (for smooth reconstruction) to 0.95 (for sharp reconstruction). Six experienced MQSA radiologists read 200 cases (50 lesions times 4 reconstructions) and provided the likelihood of malignancy of each lesion. Radiologists’ diagnostic performances (AUC) ranged from 0.7 to 0.89. However, there was no agreement among the six radiologists on which image appearance was the best, in terms of radiologists’ having the highest diagnostic performances. Specifically, two radiologists indicated sharper image appearance was diagnostically superior, another two radiologists indicated smoother image appearance was diagnostically superior, and another two radiologists indicated all image appearances were diagnostically similar to each other. Due to the poor agreement among radiologists on the diagnostic ranking of images, it may not be possible to develop a model observer for this particular imaging task.
The State of American Federalism—1985

Nineteen eighty-five might well be described as having been a wild and woolly year for American federalism. In February, the United States Supreme Court, in yet another 5-4 decision, overturned its 1976 holding in National League of Cities v. Usery' and told the states to look to the political process for the protection of their interests against congressional assertions of the federal commerce power. In December, the political process produced the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings deficit reduction act, the provisions of which, if fully implemented, could create a de facto "new federalism" not unlike the New Federalism originally advocated by President Ronald Reagan. Most of the nation's governors responded to the year's drive to balance the federal budget by saying that the states cannot absorb deep cuts in federal domestic spending. Earlier in the year, also in February, the president had rejected a bipartisan attempt by the governors to forge a deficit-reduction compromise that would have involved a tax increase, reductions in defense spending, and a freeze on most domestic spending, including a freeze on cost-of-living increases for Social Security beneficiaries. At the same time, the Reagan administration lit another fire under the political process by urging the Congress to eliminate the remaining tax code provisions for the deduction of state and local taxes on federal income tax returns. Officials in the administration did, however, entertain the idea of supporting an increased speed limit of 65 mph for rural stretches of interstate highways in states having a mandatory seat belt law, and the Environmental Protection Agency proposed that state and local governments be given principal authority to enforce toxic air pollution regulations. The U.S. Department of Energy continued to open informational offices at sites in several states which were being considered as a possible home for a nuclear waste storage facility. Citizens living near the sites were invited to make inquiries and register comments and complaints.
Anti-Thyroidal Influence of Diiodotyrosine

Abstract IT HAS been shown that the feeding of synthetic thyro-protein to hens increases the time required to hatch their eggs and results in the presence of goiters in chicks hatched from these eggs (Wheeler and Hoffmann, 1948a,b). The chicks are hypothyroid as shown by their lowered oxygen consumption rate (McCartney and Shaffner, 1949). These results are contradictory to those obtained when thyroprotein is fed directly to adult or growing chickens. In these cases metabolic rate is elevated and thyroid involution occurs (Wheeler, Hoffmann and Graham, 1948). Injection of thyroprotein into fertile eggs also results in thyroid involution in the developing chick (Booker and Sturkie, 1949). An explanation for these paradoxical effects became evident when Wolff and Chaikoff (1948a,b) reported that administration of large amounts of inorganic iodide inhibited thyroxine synthesis in the thyroid gland of normal rats. Later, Wheeler and Hoffmann (1949a, b; 1950) reported that KI can act as …
Epidemiological analysis of mumps infections in Shenzhen City in 2008～2012

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and distribution of mumps in Shenzhen City from 2008 to 2012 and to provide scientific evidence for mumps prevention and control. Methods The prevalent trend of mumps epidemiologically analyzed based on the surveillance data in Shenzhen in 2008~2012 of China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention. Results The annual reported incidence of mumps was 43.27/100 000 from 2008 to 2012. Cases were mostly reported from May to July, which took up to 46.0% of the total number of cases. The sex ratio of male and female was 1.78:1. And the majority of the cases(79.4%)were reported among children under 14 years old with the 79.4% of the whole number of cases. A total of 75 outbreaks occurred from 2008 to 2012 and all outbreaks were in schools and kindergartens. Conclusion Mumps incidence remained at a low level in 2008~2010,and grew more rapidly in 2011 and 2012. Mumps in Shenzhen had obvious epidemic peak during seasons of spring and summer. The epidemic mumps outbreaks occurred mostly in schools and kindergartens. Mumps immunization rate was relatively low in Shenzhen, it is necessary to improve the measlesmumps-rubella( MMR)vaccine immunization program in children and expand its coverage. To strengthen surveillance and routine vaccination among children is important measures for prevention and control of mumps.
H2 Adsorbed Site-to-Site Electronic Delocalization within IRMOF-1: Understanding Non-Negligible Interactions at High Pressure

Isoreticular metal organic frameworks (IRMOFs) have shown high uptake capabilities for storage of H2 (11.5 wt % at 77 K and 170 bar). A significant literature has employed fragment models and a single adsorbed H2 to identify adsorption sites within IRMOFs, as well as the necessary adsorbate–adsorbent interactions needed to reach sufficient adsorption enthalpy for practical usage, however at high pressures it remains to be seen if H2···H2 intermolecular interactions may influence the energetics. This study focuses upon IRMOF-1 (also known as MOF-5), and examines the individual H2 stabilization energies at different sites using Moller–Plesset perturbation theory and density functional theory alongside chemical models that consist of isolated fragment models and a cubic super cell cluster consisting of both the face- and edge-cube’s of IRMOF-1. Optimization of twenty stable configurations of singly adsorbed H2 in the super-cell cluster is observed to be essential to obtain energy ordering of the five primary sites consistent with experiment and prior benchmark calculations (α >> β > γ > δ ≈ e). To examine site-to-site interactions that may occur in the high-pressure regime, 64 co-adsorbed H2 within a super-cell cluster have been studied (a theoretical maximum of all adsorption sites, 14 wt %). There, delocalization and/or charge transfer of electrons is observed from the σ orbitals of the H2 bound at the γ positions into the σ* orbitals of H2 bound at the α sites leads to stabilization of the interaction of H2 at the γ, by 1.4 kJ/mol, respectively (using M06-2X/LANL2DZ). This effect has been confirmed to be charge transfer, and not a manifestation of enhanced dispersion at high loading, through natural bond order (NBO) analysis and by comparisons of the square of off-diagonal NBO Fock matrix elements for both density functionals that account for dispersion interactions and Hartree–Fock calculations that ignore dispersion.
A Simulation Study Of The Performance Of Several Estimation Procedures For Linear Regression Models

The present work examines an additional approach to regression analysis by introducing the Relative Least Squares technique to model fitting. In addition to the usual Mean Square Error (MSE) criter...
Significance of Marrow Fibrosis in Chronic Phase Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) Post Interferon-A Failure Treated with Imatinib Mesylate Therapy.

Background. Myelofibrosis in the setting of CML has been historically associated with poor prognosis and with transformation. Its significance in the context of imatinib therapy is unknown. Study Aims. To evaluate the prognostic relevance of myelofibrosis in patients with chronic phase CML post interferon-a failure treated with imatinib. Patients and Methods. 110 patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive CML were analyzed. Imatinib was given at 400 mg orally daily. Marrow biopsies obtained prior to imatinib were subjected to Snook’s reticulin staining and graded on a scale of 1 to 4 for the degree of reticulin fibrosis as previously reported (Dekmezian.Cancer 59:1739, 1987). Severe fibrosis included grades 3–4. Results. Patients’ median age was 57 years (24 to 81). Median duration of chronic phase was 31 months (range 6–148). Reticulin fibrosis was grade 1 in 4%, grade 2 in 35%, grade 3 in 28% and grade 4 in 33%. Splenomegaly was more frequent with grade 3–4 fibrosis (p=0.04). However, patients with severe fibrosis had a similar incidence of complete cytogenetic response and survival as those with lesser degrees of fibrosis. | Parameter | Fibrosis Grade | | |:---------------------------- | -------------- | ------ | ------ | | | 1–2 | 3–4 | pvalue | | No. analyzed | 43 | 67 | | | No. cytogenetic CR (%) | 25(58) | 45(67) | .45 | | Estimated cytogenetic CR (%) | 88% | 80% | .27 | Conclusions. Imatinib, being a highly effective therapy in CML, may have reduced or eliminated the previously known prognostic impact of myelofibrosis in CML.
Bénard Instability of Nanofluids

Benard instability in nanofluids is investigated in this work. With the combined effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis of nanoparticles incorporated in natural convection, the critical Rayleigh number governing the transition from laminar to turbulent regime is shown to be 18.11, as compared to 1715.14 in regular fluids. The lower critical value, by as much as two orders of magnitude, reveals that there is heat transfer enhancement by turbulence. This effect is much more significant than the heat transfer enhancement by increased thermal conductivity alone. A nondimensional analysis is performed to extract the dominating parameters governing the turbulence enhancement. Their effects are illustrated along with the characteristic dimension of the Benard cells.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A Warning about Calendar Conventions and the VIX

It is well known that options can be evaluated using the number of calendar days until expiration or the number of trading days until expiration, but the effects of using one versus the other are not as widely appreciated. The standard method of using calendar days generates a "day of the week" pattern in implied volatility, even if no changes in volatility are expected. The CBOE implied volatility indexes (the VIX and VXN) correct for this pattern, but the result is not quite a trading day volatility or a calendar day volatility. Using these indexes as a ready-made implied volatility can be very misleading. This paper details the relations among the volatility measures and demonstrates that the gap between implied and historical volatility may be exaggerated by the use of poor data.
A New Approach to the Solution of Neurological Models: Application to the Hodgkin-Huxley and the Fitzhugh-Nagumo Equations

The solution of the Hodgkin-Huxley and the Fitzhugh-Nagumo equations are demonstrated as applications of the decomposition method [1–3] which can be used as a new and useful approach obtaining analytical and physically realistic solutions to neurological models and other biological problems without perturbation, linearization, discretization, or massive computation.
Winged Helix/Forkhead Transcription Factors and Rieger Syndrome

A second locus for Rieger syndrome (RS) was identified from chromosomal abnormalities involving chromosome 6p25. Study of the breakpoint revealed mutations in the forkhead transcription factor (FOXC1) gene. Initially, this defect was identified in two patients with RS and glaucoma and later FOXC1 mutations were associated with RS patients. Several studies have shown linkage of anterior segment abnormalities to the same region of chromosome 6. These abnormalities include Axenfeld anomaly, Rieger anomaly, iridogoniodysgenesis anomaly and familial glaucoma iridogoniodysplasia. Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is a heterogeneous condition as noted by the identification of different chromosomal aberrations and phenotypes of ARS patients. This chapter will focus on the identification of FOXC1 and its association with the group of disorders that comprise Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.
Patient-Physician Relationships: Gone or Evolving?

Introduction to the March issue of Virtual Mentor on the theme of difficult patient-physician encounters. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
THE TRANSFER OF PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS FROM Senecio jacobaea INTO THE MILK OF LACTATING COWS AND GOATS

I. ABSTRACT A study was conducted to determine if pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Senecio jacobaea (tansy ragwort) are passed into milk of lactating milk goats. Four does were given dried tansy ragwort via rumen cannula at a dosage of 1% of body weight per day for 20 days. Chemical assay of pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in the dried plants averaged 0.15% by weight. Five separate alkaloids were isolated from plant materials. Specific alkaloids jacoline and jacobine were isolated from milk. Condition of does and kids was monitored via measurement of blood leukocyte count, and serum protein, albumin, and globulin content. Sorbitol dehydrogenase values were used to assess liver function. No significant changes in any of the parameters were observed in either does or kids. Mean pyrrolizidine alkaloid content of milk samples assayed was 233 μg/100 ml.
Inclusion of geriatric nutrition in ADA-approved undergraduate programs.

All ADA Plan IV programs were surveyed to determine whether geriatric nutrition was included in their curriculums. Of the 268 Plan IV programs, 66% responded. Less than one-fifth of the programs offered or planned to offer a specific geriatric nutrition course. An overview of geriatric nutrition occurred most frequently in a human nutrition course. A practicum/clinical experience or a course other than nutrition most frequently provided in-depth study, if such was available. Nursing homes and congregate meal sites were the primary locations for experiences with the geriatric population. Major activities with that age group included (a) taking diet histories, (b) making nutrition assessments, and (c) providing diet instruction. In some programs, didactic and experiential training with the geriatric population may not be adequate to prepare dietetic undergraduate students to meet the health care needs of that growing segment of society. J Am Diet Assoc 89:1282-1285, 1989.
Evolutionary Aspects of the Distribution of Nucleotides in DNA and in RNA

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the important aspects of DNA and RNA, their structural peculiarities, and the requirements for their biological functions. Model experiments with synthetic polynucleotides have shown that the effect of a noncomplementary base upon the interactions between complementary sequences is quantitatively different for cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U). These differences have led to the hypothesis that nucleotide sequences of low helix stability undergo mutational changes more frequently than the more stable regions; therefore, the evolutionary trend of base distribution in DNA leads from low to high helix stability. The structural requirements for the function of messenger RNA counteract the mutational trend in those species, where the secondary structure in the messenger molecules is strong because of a high G+C content.
Approaches for the Quantitative Analysis of Oxidation State in Cerium Oxide Nanomaterials

Cerium oxide nanomaterials (nanoceria, CNMs) are receiving increased attention from the research community due to their unique chemical properties, most prominent of which is their ability to alternate between the Ce3+ and Ce4+ oxidation states. While many analytical techniques and methods have been employed to characterize the amounts of Ce3+ and Ce4+ present (Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio) within nanoceria materials, to-date no studies have used multiple complementary analytical tools (orthogonal analysis) with technique-independent oxidation state controls for quantitative determinations of the Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio. Here, we describe the development of analytical methods measuring the oxidation states of nanoceria analytes using technique-independent Ce3+ (CeAlO3:Ge) and Ce4+ (CeO2) control materials, with a particular focus on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) approaches. The developed methods were demonstrated in characterizing a suite of commercial nanoceria products, where the two techniques (XPS and EELS) were found to be in good agreement with respect to Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio. Potential sources of artifacts and discrepancies in the measurement results were also identified and discussed, alongside suggestions for interpreting oxidation state results using the different analytical techniques. The results should be applicable towards producing more consistent and reproducible oxidation state analyses of nanoceria materials.
Activated Microglia and Neuronal Excitotoxicity in EAE Gray Matter (P05.170)

OBJECTIVE: To test whether activated microglia trigger neuronal injury in the gray matter of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). BACKGROUND: Gray matter injury correlates with progressive disability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuronal injury and synapse loss occur in the setting of activated microglia in MS and EAE gray matter. We hypothesized that activated microglia injure neurons by increasing their vulnerability to glutamate excitotoxicity. DESIGN/METHODS: We induced EAE in C57/BL6 mice by direct immunization with MOG35-55 and immunostained their brains at 3-5 weeks for monocytes/microglia (Iba1) and synaptic terminals (synapsin1). To study microglia-neuron interactions, we separately cultured primary rat hippocampal neurons and a immortalized murine microglia BV2 cells. BV2 cells stimulated with LPS or control were added to hippocampal cultures. Neuronal injury was assessed by development of dendritic beading in GFP-expressing cells imaged before and after synaptic activity triggered by KCl (90 mM 3x1 s). RESULTS: In the hippocampus of EAE mice, regions of microglial activation were associated with a 25% decrease in synaptic puncta. In vitro, hippocampal neurons co-cultured with LPS-activated BV2 cells developed dendritic injury following a depolarizing KCl stimulus that caused no injury to neurons co-cultured with unstimulated BV2 cells. This injury was blocked by NMDA receptor antagonist AP-5, and was reduced by 80% in cells treated with WEB2086, a platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS: Microglial activation is closely associated with injury to synapses in gray matter in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Microglial activation can mediate neuronal injury by increasing their vulnerability to glutamate excitotoxicity following synaptic activation that is not normally toxic, and this is mediated via receptors for the lipid-derived inflammatory molecule platelet-activating factor. This suggests potential therapeutic targets for gray matter synaptic protection in EAE and MS. Supported by: NIH grants T32 NS 007338 and PO1 MH064570-10, and NMSS-AAN grant FAN 1758-A-1. Disclosure: Dr. Bellizzi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gelbard has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for the Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology.
Delayed loss of stability due to the slow passage through Hopf bifurcations in reaction-diffusion equations.

This article presents the delayed loss of stability due to slow passage through Hopf bifurcations in reaction–diffusion equations with slowly-varying parameters, generalizing a well-known result about delayed Hopf bifurcations in analytic ordinary differential equations to spatially-extended systems. We focus on the Hodgkin-Huxley partial differential equation (PDE), the cubic Complex Ginzburg-Landau PDE as an equation in its own right, the Brusselator PDE, and a spatially-extended model of a pituitary clonal cell line. Solutions which are attracted to quasi-stationary states (QSS) sufficiently before the Hopf bifurcations remain near the QSS for long times after the states have become repelling, resulting in a significant delay in the loss of stability and the onset of oscillations. Moreover, the oscillations have large amplitude at onset, and may be spatially homogeneous or inhomogeneous. Space-time boundaries are identified that act as buffer curves beyond which solutions cannot remain near the repelling QSS, and hence before which the delayed onset of oscillations must occur, irrespective of initial conditions. In addition, a method is developed to derive the asymptotic formulas for the buffer curves, and the asymptotics agree well with the numerically observed onset in the Complex Ginzburg-Landau (CGL) equation. We also find that the first-onset sites act as a novel pulse generation mechanism for spatio-temporal oscillations.
A Precise RF Time Transfer Method for Coherent Distributed System Applications

A method for creating an absolute common time reference between distributed RF systems was demonstrated using software-defined radios by exchanging RF time-alignment waveforms. A timestamp-free protocol was implemented to reduce the non-deterministic sources of latency typical of digital timestamp exchange methods. The protocol is synthesized on the field-programmable gate array of National Instruments Universal Software Radio Peripheral transceivers. Measurements indicate time alignment can be achieved with a standard deviation of less than 100 ps. A demonstration using the protocol to align L-band transmissions from distributed nodes is presented.
High-temperature hohlraum designs with multiple laser-entrance holes

Multiple laser-entrance-hole (LEH) designs are proposed which increase the number of LEHs, n, from two in standard designs. This is done to minimize the laser travel distance in the hohlraum and to obtain algebraically vanishing low order radiation moments, thereby allowing smaller case-to-capsule ratios. This leads to higher coupling efficiencies and temperatures. Symmetry is analyzed using group theory for n ≤ 12 with the LEHs placed at points given by solutions to the Thomson problem. Symmetry is improved beyond the standard n = 2 designs for n corresponding to Platonic solids: the tetrahedron (n = 4), octahedron (n = 6), and icosahedron (n = 12). The first, non-vanishing asymmetry present in the radiation drive is given. Two-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic simulations are then performed using Lasnex to assess energetics for n = 4 and n = 12. The simulation domain is a conical section of a sphere with the total solid angle equal to 4π/n. The total LEH area is kept fixed as n increases, reducing the size of an individual LEH and the laser spot size. A foam block is recessed inside the LEH in order to capture all of the incident laser energy and prevent the rays from propagating large distances across the hohlraum. The radiation temperature near the capsule reaches ∼335 eV with a 400 TW peak laser power, and the electron density inside the LEH remains below quarter-critical density.
Riverscape mapping with helicopter-based Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry

Abstract Recent developments in the remote sensing of fluvial systems have provided researchers with unprecedented views on the complexity of rivers. An aerial perspective is key to mapping and understanding the river at a variety of spatial scales. I employed a helicopter-mounted digital SLR camera and Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry to bridge the gap between smaller scale aerial surveys from platforms like small unmanned aerial systems and larger scale commercial aerial photography or airborne LiDAR collections. This low-cost solution produced high spatial resolution aerial photography and digital elevation models for a 32-km segment of the Middle Fork John Day River in east central Oregon. Using these data, I extracted channel morphology data at 3-m intervals downstream and took an inductive approach to evaluating the controls on channel morphology and the human influences on the river using a combination of segment-scale and hyperscale analyses. The SfM process produced 10 cm/pixel orthophotographs and DEMs with submeter horizontal accuracy, but the DEMs suffered from a systematic distortion that resulted from the parallel camera geometry of the flight plan. The riverscape has been affected by human actions such as mining, cattle grazing, and restoration; however, differentiating a human signal from the natural patterns of channel morphology was difficult. The hyperscale analysis provided insight into several interesting downstream patterns in channel morphology that, with further analysis, could provide explanations on the physical controls of channel morphology. Overall, SfM has the potential to be a powerful, low-cost addition to the fluvial remote sensing toolkit.
Teachers of Dine Language and Culture Building Enduring Systems of Support

In response to the question, “How do we build enduring systems of support for our children within our classrooms and communities?” we examined the learning logs of Dine teachers in a graduate course: Foundations of Bilingual Multicultural Education. We asked, “Who are you now? How will you continue to grow and develop professionally? How does your understanding of history, research and current practice in the field of Navajo education inform and improve your own teaching and learning?” We attempted to gain a sense of the whole from this rich data source which focuses on concrete events in the stories of the participants, listening for the unique stories of how teachers learned to value their language and why they continue to teach it, exploring the institutions of literacy and power in which teachers work and live. Each teacher understands the history of language teaching in a different way; each teacher passes this understanding on to her students in a different way. The texts of the reading logs challenged and moved our thinking as researchers beyond our understanding when this process began.
Demonstration of CuI as a P–N heterojunction to β-Ga2O3

Vertical heterojunction p-CuI/n-Ga2O3 diodes were fabricated on commercial β-Ga2O3 substrates using the reaction of epitaxially-sputtered Cu with natural I2 vapor at room temperature followed by either a high temperature I2 gas reaction or an I2 solution treatment to remove iodine vacancies. Results show that using an epitaxially-oriented over a polycrystalline Cu layer produces larger and more strongly bonded CuI crystals. Hall and current–voltage measurements support rectifying behavior consistent with p-CuI/n-Ga2O3 heterojunction characteristics including 8 orders of magnitude I on/I off ratio and an ideality factor of 1.37 measured on the sample with the lowest concentration of iodine vacancies.
Perinatal dietary omega-3 fatty acid deficiency reduces maternal nurturing behavior in rats: dissociation from elevated pro-inflammatory signaling.

Objectives: Maternal-pup nurturing behavior has previously been shown to impact offspring neurodevelopment independent of diet. Here we investigated the effects of perinatal maternal n-3 fatty acid...
Effects of Church-Based Parent-Child Abstinence-Only Interventions on Adolescents' Sexual Behaviors.

Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of faith-based and nonfaith-based parent–child abstinence-only interventions in reducing sexual risk behavior among young African American adolescents. Methods Randomized controlled trial recruiting 613 African American parent–adolescent dyads from urban African American Baptist churches and randomizing them to one of three parent–child interventions: faith-based abstinence-only intervention emphasizing delaying or reducing sexual intercourse drawing on Biblical scriptures; nonfaith-based abstinence-only emphasizing intervention delaying or reducing sexual intercourse without referencing scriptures; or attention-matched control intervention targeting health issues unrelated to sexual behavior. Primary outcome was the self-reported frequency of condomless sexual intercourse in the past 3 months assessed periodically through 18 months postintervention. Secondary outcomes were frequency of sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, consistent condom use and, among sexually inexperienced adolescents, sexual debut. Results Generalized estimating equations analyses revealed that nonfaith-based abstinence-only intervention reduced the frequency of condomless sexual intercourse, frequency of sexual intercourse, and number of sexual partners compared with the attention-matched control intervention, whereas faith-based abstinence-only intervention did not. Neither intervention affected consistent condom use or sexual debut. Conclusions Parent-child abstinence-only interventions can reduce condomless sexual intercourse among young African American adolescents in church settings. Linking the abstinence message to Biblical scriptures may not be efficacious.
Effect of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag-Infiltrated Water on Methane Oxidation and Community Composition in Biogeochemical Landfill Cover System

AbstractA sustainable biogeochemical cover system consisting of a biochar-amended soil layer overlain by a basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag layer is being developed to mitigate fugitive emissions of...
Polymer-based surface relief Fiber Bragg grating sensor for strain and temperature sensing (Conference Presentation)

We present a new sensor design of a polymer-based Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) on a D-shaped optical fiber for detection of variation of temperature and strain. The gratings are molded and are at the proximity to the fiber core, which is made by fiber-assisted UV lithography. The process is suitable for generating optical fiber-based sensors with high repeatability in simple processes. The proposed sensor can be multiplexed, so an array of the proposed sensors will be suitable in detecting a wide range of environmental conditions.
Interview Types: Preparation and Strategy

The interview process is the most unique aspect of the MD/PhD application process when compared to general medical school admissions. MD/PhD applicants engage in interviews with medical school admissions committee members (which may include an interview format known as multiple mini interviews), MD/PhD admissions committee members, program directors, research faculty, and current students. Applicants may also be asked to give short presentations in front of a whiteboard describing their own research experiences. Each of these types of interviews will be covered in detail in this chapter with extensive commentary on how to prepare for them. This includes the most commonly asked interview questions and tips on how to best answer them, recommendations for more extensive interview question banks, as well as anecdotal experiences from each of the authors, who share their most interesting interview questions and stories. Importantly, while this chapter cannot possibly cover every experience that applicants may encounter, it emphasizes the highly variable and sometimes peculiar nature of MD/PhD interviews by placing them within the context of their purpose in the overall admissions process.
Data processing for high-contrast imaging with the James Webb Space Telescope

The JamesWebb Space Telescope (JWST) will probe circumstellar environments at an unprecedented sensitivity. However, the performance of high-contrast imaging instruments is limited by the residual light from the star at close separations (<2-3"), where the incidence of exoplanets increases rapidly. There is currently no solution to get rid of the residual starlight down to the photon noise level at those separations, which may prevent some crucial discoveries. JWST's launch is planned for October 2021 with a planned baseline science mission lifetime of only five years. Thus, it is crucial to start developing a solution to this problem before its launch. We are investigating an innovative approach of post-processing built on a Bayesian framework that provides a more robust determination of faint astrophysical structures around a bright source. This approach uses a model of high-contrast imaging instrument that takes advantage of prior information, such as data from wavefront sensing (WFS) operations on JWST, to estimate simultaneously instrumental aberrations and the circumstellar environment. With this approach, our goal is to further improve the contrast gain over the contrast that can be achieved with JWST instruments, starting with NIRCam direct imaging and coronagraphic imaging. This work will pave the way for the future space-based high-contrast imaging instruments such as the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope_ Coronagraph Instrument (Roman CGI). This technique will be crucial to make the best use of the telemetry data that will be collected during the CGI operations.
Establishing Scientific Classroom Discourse Communities : Multiple Voices of Teaching and Learning Research

Contents: R. Duschl, Foreword. R. Yerrick, W-M. Roth, Introduction: The Role of Language in Science Learning and Teaching. J.P. Gee, Language in the Science Classroom: Academic Social Languages as the Heart of School-Based Literacy. J.P. Gee, G.J. Kelly, W-M. Roth, R. Yerrick, METALOGUE: Situating Identity and Science Discourse. W-M. Roth, Telling in Purposeful Activity and the Emergence of Scientific Language. J.P. Gee, W-M. Roth, R. Yerrick, METALOGUE: Understanding, of Science and Teaching. G.J. Kelly, Discourse, Description, and Science Education. G.J. Kelly, W-M. Roth, R. Yerrick, METALOGUE: Contrasting Sociolinguistic and Normative Approaches to Redesigning School. G.M. Bowen, Essential Similarities and Differences Between Classroom and Scientific Communities. G.M. Bowen, W-M. Roth, R. Yerrick, METALOGUE: Authentic Science Education: Contradictions and Possibilities. M. Varelas, C.C. Pappas, A. Rife, Dialogic Inquiry in an Urban Second-Grade Classroom: How Intertextuality Shapes and Is Shaped by Social Interactions and Scientific Understandings. G.M. Bowen, M. Varelas, W-M. Roth, R. Yerrick, METALOGUE: Lifeworld Language, Scientific Literacy, and Intertextuality. C. Ballenger, Meaning and Context: Studying Words in Motion. C. Ballenger, R. Yerrick, W-M. Roth, METALOGUE: Balancing Our View of Science With Language Usage and Culture. K.M. Collins, A.S. Palincsar, S.J. Magnusson, Science for All: A Discursive Analysis Examining Teacher Support of Student Thinking in Inclusive Classrooms. M. Gallego, S.J. Magnusson, K.M. Collins, A.S. Palincsar, W-M. Roth, R. Yerrick, METALOGUE: A Question of Perspective in Supporting the Learning of Students With Special Needs in Inquiry-Based Science Instruction. R. Yerrick, Playing the Game of Science: Overcoming Obstacles in Re-Negotiating Science Classroom Discourse. C. Ballenger, J.P. Gee, R. Yerrick, W-M. Roth, METALOGUE: Emergent Nature of Classroom Talk and the Game of Science. K. Tobin, Teaching Science in Urban High Schools: When the Rubber Hits the Road. K. Tobin, R. Yerrick, W-M. Roth, METALOGUE: Expanding Agency and Changing Social Structures. M.A. Gallego, N.D. Finkelstein, When the Classroom Isn't in School: The Construction of Scientific Knowledge in an After-School Setting. M. Varelas, M.A. Gallego, R. Yerrick, W-M. Roth, METALOGUE: Scientific Versus Spontaneous Concepts at Work in Student Learning.