cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Leucine on Egg Production and Hatchability

Abstract DURING the course of studies designed to determine the effect of choline on egg production and hatchability, a purified ration was formulated which was inadequate for laying hens. The ration was designed to be low in choline and methionine. However, the addition of these two factors failed to complete the ration for laying hens. The ration used was identical in composition to ration B21 (Table 1) except that it contained no choline and corn oil was used in place of soybean oil. Inasmuch as choline or methionine alone or in combination were ineffective supplements, experiments were undertaken to determine what other deficiencies existed in the low choline ration. The studies to be reported herein demonstrate that leucine is an important amino acid for laying hens and further that either or both tryptophane and methionine are essential. A preliminary report on part of this work was given by Cravens and Halpin . . .
Abstract 2096: Estrogen receptor alpha activation mediates a novel mitochondrial unfolded protein response

Unfolded protein responses (UPR) of the endoplasmic-reticulum and of the matrix of the mitochondria have been described. Our data indicates that accumulation of proteins in the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria (IMS) activates a distinct UPR from that induced by stress in the mitochondrial matrix. We show that upon IMS-stress, cells activate the Estrogen Receptor (ERα) in a ligand independent fashion through ROS overproduction and AKT phosphorylation. ERα activation further triggers the induction of the mitochondrial regulator NRF-1 and the IMS protease Omi. In addition, IMS stress leads to an acceleration in the trypsin-like activity of the proteasome. Since we reported a proteasome and Omi-dependent checkpoint that limits the import of IMS proteins, these results suggest that this novel UPR acts as cyto-protective responses to overcome IMS-stress. Indeed, we show that whereas ERα is required for activation of these cyto-protective responses, its ligand-independent activation is necessary to prevent IMS stress-induced collapse in the mitochondrial potential. Notably, our result show that upon mitochondrial dysfunction, cells trigger the retrograde pathway involving the activation of ERα to facilitate the recovery of the physiological functions of the mitochondria and maintain their integrity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2096. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2096
INTRATHORACIC NERVE SHEATH TUMOR OF THE VAGUS.

SUMMARY A case of intrathoracic tumor of the vagus sheath is presented with a review of the literature. The benign nature of the lesion can be established with reasonable certainty at the time of operation from gross appearance and frozen section. We, therefore, believe that a conservative resection is indicated, particularly when an important structure, such as the recurrent laryngeal nerve, can be preserved. One rarely encounters malignant tumors of the peripheral nerves and, particularly, of the vagus nerve.
INVESTIGATIONAL AGENTS FOR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Agents ranging from simple analgesics to antiinflammatory drugs to powerful immunomodulators have been used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with varying success. Despite the availability of agents that are believed to be "second line" or "disease modifying," many patients either do not respond adequately to available agents or must discontinue their use because of intolerable or dangerous adverse reactions. For this reason, researchers continue to search for more efficacious and less toxic agents for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This article describes pharmaceutical agents currently under investigation for use in rheumatoid arthritis, including the antiinflammatory agents, zileuton and tenidap, and the immunosuppressive agents, leflunomide, mycophenolic acid (RS-61443), tacrolimus (FK-506), sirolimus (rapamycin), amiprilose (therafectin), cladribine (2- chlorodeoxyadenosine), and azaribine.
Epidemiology of Stiff Person Syndrome in the United States Veterans Health Administration Database (P3.356)

Objective: Stiff person syndrome is an autoimmune disease that typically presents with symptoms of proximal limb and axial muscle rigidity and spasms and is often associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) autoantibodies. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) population represents the largest integrated health care system in the United States, allowing for characterization of rare disease within a geographically and ethnically diverse population of patients. Background: To describe the demographics and clinical characteristics of stiff person syndrome within the national VHA population. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients within the VHA population meeting the following criteria: 1. At least one ICD-9-CM code 333.91 for stiff person syndrome; 2. A positive result by intelligent keyword search of patient documents, defined as any of the following words occurring singly or in combination: stiffman syndrome, stiff-man syndrome, stiffperson syndrome, stiff-person syndrome, GAD65, GAD-65, GAD 65, glutamate decarboxylase, valium, diazepam, benzodiazepine, and baclofen. Duplicate records were deleted. Results: We identified 79 unique patients (67 male, 11 female) meeting the above criteria, and characterized them as either classic, variant, or PERM variant of stiff person syndrome, or other disease mimics, such as other GAD65-associated autoimmunity. The stiff person cases are described in terms of relevant demographics and clinical data, including age at symptom onset, misdiagnoses, associated autoimmunity, and response to symptomatic therapy and/or immunotherapy. Conclusions: This is the first ever comprehensive characterization of stiff person syndrome within the diverse national VHA population. Evaluation of stiff person syndrome within the VHA population allows for long-term disease evaluation and response to treatment. Disclosure: Dr. Galli has nothing to disclose. Dr. Greenlee has received royalty payments from MedLink and Merck. Dr. Paz Soldan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Clardy has received personal compensation for activities with the DAVICK Group and Trinity Partners. Dr. Clardy9s spouse holds stock and/or stock options in Quadex. Dr. Clardy has received research support from Western Institue for Biomedical Research
Lyrical Ballads, 1800

Bibliographic problems posed by LBoo begin with the first leaf of its Preface, vol. i,[a] 3 , pp. [v] and vi. In most copies that leaf is a cancel. The text on p. [v] in its uncancelled state commences ‘The first Volume’; and p. vi commences ‘on the other hand,’ and in his second paragraph WW tells of a ‘Friend who contributed largely to the first volume*, and who has now furnished me with the Poem of Christabel …’. The indicated footnote identifies other contributions by the unnamed friend, who was S. T. Coleridge. Examples of this state are held by CnlU, BL-Ashley, Yale, and WL. Because Coleridge failed to provide Christabel , cancellation of [a] 3 was required. The cancel itself is found in two states, both common and both with p. vi commencing ‘that they who …’. In one state, on p. [v] the ‘PR’ of the title ‘PREFACE’ is misplaced above line; 1.1 commences ‘The First Volume’; in l. 5 the ‘ct’ of ‘selection’ is without ligature; and on p. vi ll. 13–15 are ‘FOSTER-MOTHER's TALE, the NIGHTINGALE,the ∣ DUNGEON, and the Poem entitled LOVE. I ∣ should not, however, have requested this …’. In the other state, on p. [v] ‘PREFACE’ is set evenly on line; l.1 commences ‘The first Volume’; in l. 5 the ‘ct’ is ligatured; and on p. vi ll. 13–15 are ‘FOSTER-MOTHER's TALE,the NIGHTINGALE, ∣ the DUNGEON,and the Poem entitled LOVE. ∣ I should not, however, have requested this …’.
Ultrasound for Drug/Gene Delivery

The ability to maximally utilize chemotherapeutic agents has been hampered by the difficulty of delivering therapeutics efficiently and loading them into tumors while avoiding nonspecific and toxic actions. Ultrasound-responsive therapeutic carriers are currently being used to enhance targeted drug delivery. Ultrasound has mechanical and thermal effects on tissues through its acoustic radiation forces as well as its cavitation and heating abilities. Advantages of this technique are that it can be noninvasively focused on the desired target area, increasing membrane permeability and therapeutic transportation to targeted tissues. Ultrasound-responsive nanoparticles, in addition to serving as cavitation nuclei, can coencapsulate drugs, genes, and therapeutic gases. Ultrasound can then be used to release the therapeutic cargos by either acoustic cavitation or hyperthermia. Such ultrasound-mediated drug and gene delivery strategies have had early successes in preclinical investigations. A major challenge of translating this into the clinical setting is careful control of ultrasound parameters to avoid potential side effects.
Commercial Banks and Consumer Credit in the United States

One feature distinguished the consumer loan sector in the United States from that in every other advanced industrialized country: the early entry of commercial, deposit-taking banks into consumer lending. In France, commercial banks made brief and unsuccessful forays into personal lending in the early 1960s and again in the early 1970s, then waited another decade before reentering the sector for good. This left the French consumer loan sector dominated by dedicated consumer finance companies that offered credit to finance the sales of autos and other products. American banks, by contrast, began to experiment with dedicated personal loan departments in the 1920s and 1930s. Banks were not the leaders in the consumer sector. For most of the postwar period, sales credit offered by auto lenders and national retail chains such as Sears and JC Penney accounted for the largest share of outstanding consumer debt. Nonetheless, bank engagement in the consumer loan sector had a profound impact both on the regulation of consumer lending and on consumer perceptions of borrowing. Because banks were seen as legitimate financial institutions, their engagement in consumer lending offered a seal of approval that made policymakers – and probably also households – more accepting of consumer credit. Moreover, because commercial banks were already making loans when new card payment technologies emerged, banks themselves became strong advocates for a new hybrid credit-payment card system that came to distinguish the American consumer credit system from that in other advanced industrialized countries. Commercial banks faced two major obstacles to making consumer loans. First, banks relied heavily on reputation, and small loans in the early twentieth century were widely perceived as disreputable. Second, the fixed costs of small loans tended to make them unprofitable unless banks invested heavily in new kinds of automated loan-processing technology – technology that was not required for standard commercial loans. American banks quickly overcame these obstacles. Their early move into consumer lending is in large part a story of accident and opportunism.
Teaching with Socio-Scientific Issues in Physical Science: Teacher and Students' Experiences.

Socio-scientific issues (SSI) are recommended by many science educators worldwide for learners to acquire first hand experience to apply what they learned in class. This investigated experiences of teacher-researcher and students in using SSI in Physical Science, Second Semester, School Year 2012-2013. Latest and controversial news articles on sources of energy were chosen for analysis. Based on the findings, the teacher-researcher was able to choose issues based on a set of criteria and students related what they learned inside the classroom with real life situations and its positive and negative impact to people and environment. A model of learning approach for teaching SSI in Physical Science was proposed.
Chemical changes in polyethylene by high energy ions

Corona consists of a cloud of ions and electrons. The energies of these ions and electrons range from those approximating bond energies of the order of 2.2 to 4.3 eV for some corona in small voids to energies orders of magnitude greater than bond energies for some plasmas. When corona causes insulation erosion, the energies of some of the ions and electrons impinging on the insulating material are certainly greater than bond energies.
Theory of Mach reflection of detonation at glancing incidence

We present a theory for Mach reflection of a detonation undergoing glancing incidence reflection off of a rigid wall. Our focus is on condensed-phase explosives, which we describe with a constant adiabatic gamma equation of state and an irreversible and either state-independent or weakly state-dependent reaction rate. We consider two detonation models: (1) the instantaneous reaction heat-release Chapman–Jouguet (CJ) limit and (2) the spatially resolved reaction heat-release Zeldovich–von Neumann–Doring (ZND) limit, where here we only consider that a small fraction of the detonation energy release is spatially resolved (the SRHR limit). We observe a three-shock reflection in the CJ limit case, with a Mach shock that is curved. We develop an analytical expression for the triple-point track angle as a function of the angle of incidence. For the SRHR model, we observe a smooth lead shock, akin to von Neumann reflection, with no reflected shock in the reaction zone. Only at larger angles of incidence is a three-shock Mach reflection observed.
Glacial ocean circulation and stratification explained by reduced atmospheric temperature.

Earth’s climate has undergone dramatic shifts between glacial and interglacial time periods, with high-latitude temperature changes on the order of 5–10 °C. These climatic shifts have been associated with major rearrangements in the deep ocean circulation and stratification, which have likely played an important role in the observed atmospheric carbon dioxide swings by affecting the partitioning of carbon between the atmosphere and the ocean. The mechanisms by which the deep ocean circulation changed, however, are still unclear and represent a major challenge to our understanding of glacial climates. This study shows that various inferred changes in the deep ocean circulation and stratification between glacial and interglacial climates can be interpreted as a direct consequence of atmospheric temperature differences. Colder atmospheric temperatures lead to increased sea ice cover and formation rate around Antarctica. The associated enhanced brine rejection leads to a strongly increased deep ocean stratification, consistent with high abyssal salinities inferred for the last glacial maximum. The increased stratification goes together with a weakening and shoaling of the interhemispheric overturning circulation, again consistent with proxy evidence for the last glacial. The shallower interhemispheric overturning circulation makes room for slowly moving water of Antarctic origin, which explains the observed middepth radiocarbon age maximum and may play an important role in ocean carbon storage.
RNA Polymerase Transcription Elongation Pasuing and Termination Investigated at Super Resolution with the Mspa Nanopore

We have applied a new single molecule technique named SPRNT (Single-molecule Picometer Resolution Nanopore Tweezers) to analyze the translocation of single E. coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) complexes during transcription. Inspired by nanopore DNA sequencing, SPRNT enables observation of motor protein movement along nucleic acids with sub-nucleotide spatial resolution, sub-millisecond temporal resolution, and the ability to apply assisting and opposing forces. In addition, the sequence in the RNAP complex is provided by nanopore sequencing, allowing for study of sequence-dependent translocation behaviors.
The Michaelis Complex of Arginine Kinase Samples the Transition State at a Frequency That Matches the Catalytic Rate

Arginine kinase (AK), which is a member of the phosphagen kinase family, serves as a model system for studying the structural and dynamic determinants of biomolecular enzyme catalysis of all major states involved of the enzymatic cycle. These states are the apo state (substrate free), the Michaelis complex analogue AK:Arg:Mg·AMPPNP (MCA), a product complex analogue AK:pAIE:Mg·ADP (PCA), and the transition state analogue AK:Arg:Mg·ADP:NO3– (TSA). The conformational dynamics of these states have been studied by NMR relaxation dispersion measurements of the methyl groups of the Ile, Leu, and Val residues at two static magnetic fields. Although all states undergo significant amounts of μs–ms time scale dynamics, only the MCA samples a dominant excited state that resembles the TSA, as evidenced by the strong correlation between the relaxation dispersion derived chemical shift differences Δω and the equilibrium chemical shift differences Δδ of these states. The average lifetime of the MCA is 36 ms and the free ...
Human Papillomavirus 16 E6 and E7 oncoprotein expression alters microRNA expression in extracellular vesicles

Extracellular vesicles released by cancer cells are mediators of intercellular communication that have been reported to contribute to carcinogenesis. Since they are readily detected in bodily fluids, they may also be used as cancer biomarkers. The E6/E7 oncoproteins drive human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers, which account for approximately 5% of all human cancers worldwide. Here, we investigate how HPV16 E6/E7 oncogene expression in primary human epithelial cells alters miR expression in extracellular vesicles and compare these to changes in intracellular miR expression. Examining a panel of 68 cancer related miRs revealed that many miRs had similar expression patterns in cells and in extracellular vesicles, whereas some other miRs had different expression patterns and may be selectively packaged into extracellular vesicles. Interestingly, the set of miRs that may be selectively packaged in HPV16 E6/E7 extracellular vesicles is predicted to inhibit necrosis and apoptosis.
Three Unobscured Reflective Relays for High-power, Broadband Laser Beam Transport

We detail and compare three 4-mirror design forms to achieve broadband high-power laser beam transport while maintaining specific layout constraints: a coaxial conic design, a tilted conic design, and a nonsymmetric spherical design.
A Novel 4-Rod Technique Offers Potential to Reduce Rod Breakage and Pseudarthrosis in Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomies for Adult Spinal Deformity Correction.

Background Pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) can be used to treat rigid sagittal plane deformities. Nonunions and rod breakages are known complications of PSO. Objective To assess outcomes of 2 methods of posterior instrumentation for PSO, traditional 2 rods vs a novel 4-rod technique in which 2 additional rods span only the osteotomy level. Methods This study was a retrospective, radiographic review of consecutive PSOs performed at 2 centers. The primary difference in technique between the centers was the use of 4 rods including 2 independent rods attached only to the vertebral levels immediately adjacent to the PSO (group 1, n = 29 patients) vs the traditional 2-rod technique (group 2, n = 20 patients). Results Demographics and preoperative to postoperative radiographic measurements were similar between the study groups, including the PSO wedge resection angle (P = .56). The rod breakage rate was 25% with 2 rods and 0% with 4 rods (P = .008), and the pseudarthrosis rate with 2 rods was 25% and with 4 rods was 3.4% (P = .035). The patient with pseudarthrosis from group 1 had an infection and developed pseudarthrosis only after instrumentation removal. Rates of other complications did not differ significantly between the study groups. Conclusion This study provides a comparison between 2 techniques for rod placement across a PSO and suggests that the described novel 4-rod technique may help to reduce the rates of pseudarthrosis and rod failure. It will be important to confirm these findings in a prospectively designed study with multiple institutions in order to better control for potentially confounding factors.
Health care price transparency and communication: Implications for radiologists and patients in an era of expanding shared decision making

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on communicating transparency in health care pricing, both overall and specifically for medical imaging. Focus is also placed on the imperatives and initiatives that will increasingly impact radiologists and their patients. CONCLUSION. Most Americans seek transparency in health care pricing, yet such discussions occur in fewer than half of patient encounters. Although price transparency tools can help decrease health care spending, most are used infrequently and most lack information about quality. Given the high costs associated with many imaging services, radiologists should be aware of such initiatives to optimize patient engagement and informed shared decision making.
Drastically Enhancing Moduli of Graphene-Coated Carbon Nanotube Aerogels via Densification while Retaining Temperature-Invariant Superelasticity and Ultrahigh Efficiency

Lightweight open-cell foams that are simultaneously superelastic, possess exceptionally high Young’s moduli (Y), exhibit ultrahigh efficiency, and resist fatigue as well as creep are particularly desirable as structural frameworks. Unfortunately, many of these features are orthogonal in foams of metals, ceramics, and polymers, particularly under large temperature variations. In contrast, foams of carbon allotropes including carbon nanotubes and graphene developed over the past few years exhibit these desired properties but have low Y due to low density, ρ = 0.5–10 mg/mL. Densification of these foams enhances Y although below expectation and also dramatically degrades other properties because of drastic changes in microstructure. We have recently developed size- and shape-tunable graphene-coated single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) aerogels that display superelasticity at least up to a compressive strain (e) = 80%, fatigue and creep resistance, and ultrahigh efficiency over −100–500 °C. Unfortunately, Y o...
Defining a Protocol for Vegetative Propagation of Baptisia, Eupatorium and Thermopsis

We determined that highly successful vegetative propagation is possible for Baptisia, Thermopsis and Eupatorium. This is significant because vegetative propagation of these native genera has not been widely practiced in commercial ornamental production. Seed propagation has been utilized over vegetative propagation due to historically low rooting percentages and reduced crowning (bud formation at the root-shoot union) when vegetative propagation is employed. However, vegetative propagation can enable the production of ornamental nursery stock quicker and with greater uniformity in finishing time compared to seed propagation. Vegetative propagation can also facilitate the perpetuation of threatened or endangered species that have small or isolated populations (limited sexual reproduction) or can be used to build numbers of phenotypically superior individuals without wild digging. Four model species representing three native herbaceous genera that include multiple threatened or endangered species were used ...
Standardized Goal-Directed Valsalva Maneuver for Assessment of Inducible Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Background The Valsalva maneuver is widely used to provoke left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Whereas early experiments used a standardized, goal-directed approach by maintaining an intraoral pressure >40 mm Hg for >10 sec, current practice depends on patients' understanding and effort. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the goal-directed Valsalva maneuver (GDV) in HCM as a method to provoke left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Methods In this prospective study, patients blew into a syringe barrel connected to a manometer with rubber tubing and maintained an intraoral pressure of >40 mm Hg for >10 sec (GDV). Using Doppler echocardiography, peak left ventricular outflow tract gradient (pLVOTG) was measured at rest and using the provocative maneuvers of the self-directed Valsalva maneuver (SDV), GDV, and exercise. Results A total of 52 patients were included. Mean pLVOTG with GDV was higher compared with SDV (48 vs 38 mm Hg, P = .001, n = 52) and was similar to exercise (GDV, 52 mm Hg; exercise, 58 mm Hg; P = .42; n = 43). Reclassification to obstructive HCM (pLVOTG ≥ 30 mm Hg) with GDV was significantly higher than with SDV (38% vs 16.6%, P = .016) and comparable with exercise (50%, P = .51). Reclassification to severe obstruction (pLVOTG ≥ 50 mm Hg) was higher with GDV compared with SDV (28.3% vs 13.5%, P = .045) and was similar to exercise (29.7%). Furthermore, GDV identified two patients with occult severe obstruction in isolation. Conclusions GDV is an objective, practical, and effective physiologic method of provoking left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. It can significantly alter patient management by reclassifying disease severity and should be incorporated in the routine clinical evaluation of patients with HCM.
Super-Flexible Organizations: Orgitechting Geo-Distributed Federations

How can a dynamic organization change gears and shift its direction, yet retain a sense of cohesion, purpose and identity? How can it remain robust and resilient, when dealing with crises and downturns, and yet be agile and versatile, to harness new opportunities? How can IT and e-tools enhance organizational connectivity without diluting its social fabric? With geo-distributed global teams, how can a sense of community be achieved?
The Role of Risk Communication in Environmental Gridlock

This is a particularly timely volume, given the growing difficulties that health and science experts, government officials, business representatives, and public interest groups are having with the communication of risk factors to the press and to the general public. Analysis of the risk communication process also is imperative in light of the increasing awareness that risk communication problems, along with several other factors, contribute to the general difficulty that we have in this country in forging coherent, lasting solutions to our most intractable environmental problems. Let us examine risk communication today in the context of this larger phenomenon and address how improvements in risk communication can help us out of the bind environmental policy-makers at all levels of government are experiencing. We face imposing obstacles in moving toward more effective risk communication strategies.
Use of lithium, carbamazepine, and valproic acid in a state-operated psychiatric hospital

Objective To examine the prescribing of mood stabilizers (lithium, carbamazepine, and valproic acid) in a 500-bed state-operated psychiatric hospital in New York. Methods All 129 inpatients receiving mood stabilizers were identified and their medical records reviewed using a standardized drug use evaluation form. Diagnosis, other indications, and prior experience with mood stabilizers were examined, as well as outcome and adverse effects. Results Approximately one-quarter of the inpatient population received a mood stabilizer. The frequency of carbamazepine use exceeded the use of lithium, with 72 patients receiving carbamazepine and only 62 receiving lithium. Twenty-eight patients received valproic acid. Indications found most frequently for carbamazepine use included assaultive or aggressive behavior (70% for those receiving carbamazepine as the only mood stabilizer). Of those patients with bipolar or schizoaffective disorder and receiving either lithium, carbamazepine, or valproic acid, 36% were prescribed carbamazepine (10% as a first-line agent) and 50% lithium (26% as a first-line agent). None of these indications for carbamazepine has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. In general, positive outcomes were documented but without supporting objective measures. Significant adverse effects were documented in the medical record in one-quarter of the patients. Conclusions There was widespread use of the three mood stabilizers examined, singly and in combination, for a variety of indications. Lithium and valproic acid remain more frequently prescribed for the treatment of bipolar and schizoaffective disorders. Monotherapy with carbamazepine or valproic acid results in statistically significantly fewer adverse effects than lithium or combination therapy (p values between p = 0.00038 and p = 0.006). Current clinical practice has endorsed the use of carbamazepine for aggressive or assaultive behavior, although there does not appear to be sufficient proof of effectiveness in the literature. Formal studies of carbamazepine's antiagressive effects should be conducted.
On the Sun's Differential Rotation. Implications of the Difference in Angular Velocity between the Sunspots and Photosphere

It is assumed that the meridional motions (U) and angular velocity (Ω) in the surface layers of the convection zone are given by simple expressions of the form: Ur= 2ψ(r) P2(cosθ)/ϱr2, U0 = −ψ′(r) sinθ cosθ/ϱr, and Ω = Ω0[(1 + ω0(r) + ω2(r) P2(cosθ)]. Here ψ(r) is the stream function, P2(cosθ) the second order Legendre polynomial, and θ the polar angle. Allowance is made for a possible difference in the rate of momentum exchange between the directions parallel and perpendicular to gravity by introducing an anisotropic turbulent viscosity coefficient, μ, which is assumed furthermore to be proportional to the density, ϱ;μ = ϱν, and νθθ= νφφ= sνrr. It is shown that if the sunspots give an indication of the Sun's angular velocity at a depth h(∽ 3 × 104 km) then the turbulent viscosity is necessarily anisotropic. The radial variation introduced by this anisotropy seems to explain well the sunspot data if we assume that the sunspots act as tracers of the Sun's angular velocity.
Photo-induced enhancement of the dark conductivity in nanocrystalline germanium/amorphous silicon composite thin films

A light-induced increase in the dark conductivity is observed in composite thin films consisting of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) containing nanocrystalline germanium (nc-Ge) inclusions, synthesized by co-deposition in a dual-chamber plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition system. Unlike the Staebler-Wronski effect or persistent photoconductivity observed in amorphous semiconductors, this photo-induced excess conductivity is observed even in composite nc-Ge/a-Si:H films with a minimal photosensitivity. The decay of the excess conductivity follows a single-exponential time dependence, with a temperature independent time constant. We propose that spatial separation of photo-excited charge carriers by the compositional morphology present in the film, with tunneling of photo-excited holes into the germanium nanocrystalline inclusions, is involved in the creation and removal of this effect.
Effect of Remediating Blighted Vacant Land on Shootings: A Citywide Cluster Randomized Trial

Objectives. To determine if remediating blighted vacant urban land reduced firearm shooting incidents resulting in injury or death.Methods. We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial in whi...
Anatomy and Physiology of the Vestibular System

The human vestibular system facilitates proper balance by sensing and integrating movement. In general, vestibular anatomy and physiology can be divided into peripheral and central components. This chapter summarizes the structural organization and the physiological processes relevant to the functioning of the vestibular system in healthy individuals.
Precision Livestock Farming in Swine Welfare: A Review for Swine Practitioners

The burgeoning research and applications of technological advances are launching the development of precision livestock farming. Through sensors (cameras, microphones and accelerometers), images, sounds and movements are combined with algorithms to non-invasively monitor animals to detect their welfare and predict productivity. In turn, this remote monitoring of livestock can provide quantitative and early alerts to situations of poor welfare requiring the stockperson’s attention. While swine practitioners’ skills include translation of pig data entry into pig health and well-being indices, many do not yet have enough familiarity to advise their clients on the adoption of precision livestock farming practices. This review, intended for swine veterinarians and specialists, (1) includes an introduction to algorithms and machine learning, (2) summarizes current literature on relevant sensors and sensor network systems, and drawing from industry pig welfare audit criteria, (3) explains how these applications can be used to improve swine welfare and meet current pork production stakeholder expectations. Swine practitioners, by virtue of their animal and client advocacy roles, interpretation of benchmarking data, and stewardship in regulatory and traceability programs, can play a broader role as advisors in the transfer of precision livestock farming technology, and its implications to their clients.
A Birthday Toast to 'Texas Gulf Sulphur'

This article commemorates the fiftieth anniversary of the Second Circuit's "Texas Gulf Sulphur" decision by examining the impact of the case on insider trading law in the United States. The author begins by discussing the SEC's opinion, "In the Matter of Cady, Roberts & Co.," which laid the foundation for the "Texas Gulf Sulphur" decision by creating a federal duty to disclose material nonpublic information or abstain from trading securities. The author then posits that the SEC, in its "Cady, Roberts" decision, rejected judicially developed common law fiduciary duty to disclose based on trust and confidence, and, by administrative fiat, substituted a broader federal duty of disclosure centered on access and unfairness. Next, the article examines how the "Cady, Roberts" decision would fair under the Supreme Court's modern insider trading law. Finally, the article concludes with a discussion of the court's adoption of a new federal duty of disclosure in "Texas Gulf Sulphur."
Sex differences in brain aging and predictors of neurodegeneration in cognitively healthy older adults.

Abstract We evaluated sex differences in MRI-based volume loss and differences in predictors of this neurodegeneration in cognitively healthy older adults. Mixed-effects regression was used to compare regional brain volume trajectories of 295 male and 328 female cognitively healthy Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging participants, aged 55–92 years, with up to 20 years of follow-up and to assess sex differences in the associations of age, hypertension, obesity, APOE e4 carrier status, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with regional brain volume trajectories. For both sexes, older age was associated with steeper volumetric declines in many brain regions, with sex differences in volume loss observed in frontal, temporal, and parietal regions. In males, hypertension and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were protective against volume loss in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and parahippocampal gyrus. In females, hypertension was associated with steeper volumetric decline in gray matter, and obesity was protective against volume loss in temporal gray matter. Predictors of volume change may affect annual rates of volume change differently between men and women.
Electrical Safety Considerations in Large-Scale Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

Several safety regulations, particularly concerning the charging of electric vehicles (EVs) are developed to ensure electric safety and prevent hazardous accidents, in which safety requirements for the EV supply equipment (EVSE) and the EV battery are two main driving factors. At present, quantitative assessment of electrical safety considering the operation conditions of large-scale EV charging stations (EVCSs) has still remained a challenge. Driven by the hierarchy of hazard control mechanisms, this article proposes a holistic approach to evaluate the electrical safety of the large-scale EVCSs when coupled to renewable power generation. Our approach mainly focuses on several topics on the operational safety of EVCS primarily concerning: 1) the facility degradation which could potentially result in a compromised EVSE reliability performance and EVCS protection failure; 2) the cyberattack challenges when the smart charging and the communication between EVCSs and electric utilities are enabled; and 3) the potential mismatch between the renewable output and EVCS demand, which could trigger the system stability challenges during normal operation and inability to supply the critical EV loads during outages. The proposed framework will provide informative guidelines to the EVCS operators for continuous monitoring and effective management of the day-to-day EVCS operation.
A real-time hybrid aeroelastic simulation platform for flexible wings

Abstract The concept of real-time hybrid aeroelastic simulation for flexible wings is introduced in this paper. In a hybrid aeroelastic simulation, a coupled aeroelastic system is “broken down” into an aerodynamic simulation subsystem and a structural vibration subsystem. The coupling between structural dynamics and aerodynamics is maintained by the real-time communication between the two subsystems. As the vibration of the testing article (a wing member or a full aircraft) is actuated by actuators, hybrid aeroelastic simulation and experiment can eliminate the sizing constraint of the conventional aeroelastic testing performed within a wind-tunnel. It also significantly saves the cost of wind-tunnel testing. However, several critical technical problems (such as process noise, measurement noise, and actuator delay) need to be addressed to enable a hybrid simulation in real-time. This paper proves the concept of real-time hybrid simulation and discusses some of the critical problems underlying the technique.
Presentation and Management of Rare Saccular Superior Mesenteric Artery Trunk and Branch Aneurysms

Abstract Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) aneurysm (SMAA) is caused by degeneration of the visceral arteries. Although a rarely encountered entity, it requires timely management due to the high mortality rate associated with rupture, particularly when the aneurysm is saccular in nature. As such, urgent treatment is generally indicated. We present 5 cases of SMAA arising from the main trunk or branches of the SMA.
Blue Light Therapy and the Circadian Rhythm: Effect on Southern California High School Students

Blue-light therapy is well known for curing patients with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), where the patient experiences depressive factors. In this study I used blue-light therapy in the form of blue-light lightboxes from the comapny Circadian Optics, as seen on shark tank. Instead of using the lightboxes to cure SAD, they were instead used to see if they provoked the participants sleep quality. The participants from Polytechnic highschool were selected from the Badminton Team, where the athletes woke up at five a.m. on school days. This ensured that the crowd was overall tired and fatigued. Over the four week testing course, participants proved positive results.
Development and validation of an analytical method for quantitation of alpha-pinene oxide in rodent blood and mammary gland by GC-MS

Alpha-pinene is a monoterpene found in the oil of coniferous trees and has a wide variety of applications. Alpha pinene oxide is a potential reactive metabolite of alpha-pinene in rodents. The objective of this work is to validate a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method to quantitate alpha pinene oxide in rat and mouse blood and mammary gland in support of studies investigating the toxicity and toxicokinetic behavior of alpha-pinene. The method was validated in male Sprague Dawley rat blood over the concentration range 5 to 250 ng/mL. Matrix standard curves were linear (r ≥ 0.99), and accuracy (percent relative error %RE) was ≤ ±15% for standards at all levels. Intra- and inter-day precision (% relative standard deviation, RSD) and accuracy (%RE) were evaluated at three concentration levels (10, 50, and 200 ng/mL) and were ≤ 6.3% and ≤ ±5.4%, respectively. The limit of detection, determined from the SD of the limit of quantitation (5 ng/mL), was 1.06 ng/mL. Standards as high as 25,000 ng/mL could be accurately quantified after diluting into the validated range (%RE ≤ ±7.1%; RSD ≤5.8%). Alpha pinene oxide was stable in rat blood for at least 70 days in frozen storage (-80 °C). Alpha pinene oxide could accurately be quantified in male and female Hsd:Sprague Dawley®SD® rat and B6C3F1 mouse blood (mean %RE ≤ ±5.3%; %RSD ≤7.8%) and female B6C3F1 and SD rat mammary gland (mean %RE ≤ ±14.6%; %RSD ≤8.1%) using primary matrix standard curve. These results demonstrate that the method is suitable for the analysis of alpha pinene oxide in rodent blood and mammary gland generated from toxicokinetic and toxicology studies.
Brief Case ReportsDuodenal tuberculosis presenting as acute ulcer perforation

Gastrointestinal tuberculosis (TB) is rare, but its incidence is increasing in industrialized countries because of the growing numbers of individuals at risk for TB. Herein, we report the exceptional case of a young, HIV-negative, African refugee who presented with acute perforation of an isolated duodenal tuberculous ulcer. Clinical patterns of duodenal TB are discussed. The difficulty of obtaining a diagnosis on the basis of clinical features, endoscopy, and imaging is emphasized, as well as the importance of obtaining a biopsy specimen and its limitations.
Attribution of production-stage methane emissions to assess spatial variability in the climate intensity of US natural gas consumption

Although natural gas is often viewed as a commodity fuel with limited variability due to standardization for pipeline transportation, life cycle impacts of natural gas vary substantially. Greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity is one of the most policy-relevant environmental characteristics of natural gas, particularly as decarbonization efforts proceed. Given that natural gas is mostly methane, a powerful GHG, methane emissions from the natural gas system contribute substantially to the GHG intensity of natural gas. Research has established that methane emissions from natural gas systems are climatically relevant and higher than long understood, in part due to variation in production-stage emissions by basin. This work combines recent estimates of basin-level US production-stage methane emissions, data on US natural gas production, consumption, and trade, and a spatial evaluation of pipeline connections between production basins and consumer states to generate first-order estimates of the production-stage methane emissions intensity of natural gas consumed in the United States. Although natural gas is a commodity product, the environmental footprint of a given unit of natural gas varies based on its origin and infrastructural needs. We find that production-stage methane emissions intensity of delivered natural gas by state varies from 0.9 – 3.6% (mass methane emitted from natural gas production sites per mass methane withdrawn). These production-stage emissions add 16 – 65% (GWP-100; 38 – 157%, GWP-20) to combustion carbon dioxide emissions. Other sources of life cycle methane emissions downstream of production can be similar in magnitude. Natural gas consumed in Arizona, Kansas, and New Mexico has the highest estimated production-stage methane emissions intensity, largely due to reliance on high-emission basins. Limitations include emissions-related data gaps and sensitivity to allocation approaches, but results demonstrate decision-relevant variability in the GHG impact of natural gas.
Testing an invasion mechanism for Eucalyptus globulus: Is there evidence of allelopathy?

Premise Sparse understory communities, in association with non-native tree species, are often attributed to allelopathy, the chemical inhibition of a plant by another. However, allelopathy is a difficult ecological phenomenon to demonstrate as many studies show conflicting results. Eucalyptus globulus, a tree native to Australia, is one of the most widely planted trees around the world. Sparse understories are common beneath E. globulus plantations and are often attributed to allelopathy, but the ecological impacts of E. globulus on native plant communities outside Austrialia are poorly understood. Methods To assess allelopathy as a mechanism of understory inhibition, we tested volatile- and water-soluble leaf extracts from E. globulus, Salvia apiana, and Quercus agrifolia on seed germination of California native plants. We also quantified germination rates and early seedling growth of California native plants grown in soil from E. globulus plantations versus soil from an adjacent native plant community. Results Volatile compounds from E. globulus did not significantly reduce germination for any species. Inhibition from water-soluble E. globulus compounds was comparable to that of a native tree, Quercus agrifolia (10%). Eucalyptus globulus soil supported germination and early seedling growth of native species equal to or better than coastal scrub soil, although species responses were variable. Conclusions In contrast to previous studies, our results fail to support the hypothesis that E. globulus chemically inhibits germination of native species. California native plants germinate and grow well in soils from E. globulus plantations, which may have significant implications for management and restoration of land historically occupied by E. globulus plantations.
Post-Concussion and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms after Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Shared Vulnerability Factors?

Following pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI), post-concussion symptoms (PCS) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) occur commonly; however, it is unknown to what degree they overlap. The st...
Baselining Incivility in One-on-One Police Encounters from BWC Archival Footage: Exploratory Study of Race, Gender and Contact Type Effects

Over the past years the world has witnessed a myriad of ‘viral’ policing videos, some showing police officers in a positive light and many others showing officers in a negative light. Whichever dir...