cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Size effects on polar optical phonon scattering of 1-D and 2-D electron gas in synthetic semiconductors

The total scattering rate and the transition probability for electron‐phonon interaction in 1‐D and 2‐D semiconductor materials are calculated in taking into account the finite dimensions of the structure. Although noticeable, size effects on the scattering rate are generally small, with more pronounced features for 1‐D structures than for 2‐D structures. For 2‐D layers, our theory agrees with recent experimental results whereas it contradicts the previous theory predicting large size effects and mass‐independent electron‐phonon scattering rates. In 1‐D structures singularities in the phonon emission rate appear as a natural consequence of the 1‐D density of states. However, for high energy the 1‐D emission rate is found smaller than the corresponding 3‐D rate. An additional consequence of the confinement is the quenching of the phonon absorption rate.
Clinical Use of Resorbable Polymeric Membranes in the Treatment of Bone Defects

MDLarge segmental defects remain a challengingclinical problem. Bone defects have many relevantclinical etiologies, such as high energy trauma,periprosthetic osteolysis,tumorresection,oroste-omyelitis debridement. The goal of segmentalbone defect reconstruction is to restore functionalskeletal continuity and maintain soft-tissue func-tion in a timely, well tolerated, and cost-effectivemanner. No single current technique is reliablysuccessful in the reconstruction of large bonedefects. Current strategies for the managementof segmental bone defects include autogenousbone grafting, vascularized bone transfer,segmental allograft, demineralized bone matrixgrafting, recombinant bone morphogeneticprotein grafting, and numerous variants of distrac-tion osteogenesis and bone transport.Enhancing the local biologic environment topromote bone regeneration has long been recog-nizedasefficacious.Inthe1950sand1960sinves-tigations evaluated the use of nondegradablemembranes to promote the healing of corticaldefects.
A review of the crystallography of stress corrosion cracking

Abstract Some analogies in transgranular stress corrosion fracture were found among the three crystal systems reviewed. All fracture surfaces exhibit similar fractographic morphologies, such as parallel and relatively smooth fracture facets separated by crystallographic or fan-shaped steps. Also, most fracture surfaces are cleavage-like in appearance. In both BCC and HCP metals it has been shown that the slip system geometry has a determining effect on the orientation of the cracking plane. It seems, therefore, that in the SCC of metals with these two crystal structures a strong mechanical factor is involved. Another common characteristic of the transgranular SCC in metals with BCC and HCP structures is that cracks prefer not to follow slip planes. This was observed to a great extent also in FCC metals and appears to suggest that mechanical parameters may influence the SCC mechanism in all metals. In reviewing the extensive work in this area, one is struck by the lack of any broad systematic study of the crystallographic nature of SCC. Such a program would lend much to the overall understanding of SCC phenomena in these systems.
Biological Systems in Transition: Sensitivity to Extremely Low-Frequency Fields

It has been suggested for some time that cells “far from equilibrium” may be the most sensitive to applied extremely low-frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields. The problem with this statement is that it is nearly impossible to quantify these words as they apply to a biological system in such a way that the definition can become part of a mechanistic model. It is apparent, however, that the physiological state of the biological system being exposed to ELF fields is important. A review of the literature allows one to identify many studies that have involved the simultaneous exposure of “normal” and “healing” cells to ELF fields (such as normal bone and flesh at a non-union fracture site), with the result being that only the “healing” cells were measurably affected by the applied fields. The nonunion fracture in bone may be one example of where the state of the biological system (bone) can be quantified. It is also apparent that the physiological state of the system must be important in the ELF-biolog...
The root cause of ArF resist CD shrinkage induced by defect inspection

For our first impression, defect inspector is considered to be a non-destructive equipment in an advanced Fab. When doing ADI inspection, only defect check is performed and photoresist keeps the same without any physical or chemical change. But is this true for now? I don't think so. Many phenomena or evidences tell us - in advanced processes, defect inspection does play more at the inspection step than what we expected before. Inspection can no longer be regarded as non-destructive. Some thing really happens when ADI inspection is executed. As a result, product suffers yield drop eventually. In the experiment below, different ArF resists among various processes are tested and investigated. Some ArF resists do react on UV light and contraction occurs. Basic studies and experiments based on our limited resources, equipment and time are carried out. We try to find out the mechanism and prove it.
The influence of culture in emerging adulthood: Perspectives of Chinese college students

Emerging adulthood refers to a time period (18–25 years of age) between adolescence and adulthood. Recent research suggests that it may be a cultural construction. More traditional, non-Western cultures may have a shortened period of emerging adulthood, or no emerging adulthood at all, because these cultures tend to place greater emphasis on practices that lead to an earlier transition to adulthood. The purpose of this study was to examine emerging adulthood in the Chinese culture, including (1) the types of criteria Chinese young people deem necessary for becoming an adult, (2) the types of behaviours Chinese emerging adults are engaging in, (3) identity-related issues, and (4) other aspects of Chinese culture that might suggest that emerging adulthood in China may be different than in the United States. Participants in this study were 207 students at Beijing Normal University located in Beijing, China. Results provided evidence to support the notion that emerging adulthood is affected by culture. Findin...
Wait depth limited concurrency control

A new class of wait depth limited (WDL) concurrency control (CC) methods is described. The WDL policy is shown by simulations to be effective both in systems with proportionately large I/O latencies as well as in systems with large numbers of processors. WDL is also attractive in terms of implementation. In many applications little or no system modification may be required other than the CC code. Since it is a lock-based method, unlike optimistic methods, there is no need for private copies of modified data for each transaction, nor is there any need for snapshot, timestamp, or versioning mechanisms to guarantee that transactions are always provided with a fully consistent database image. >
Nitrogen in dietary glutamate is utilized exclusively for the synthesis of amino acids in the rat intestine

Although previous studies have shown that virtually the entire carbon skeleton of dietary glutamate (glutamate-C) is metabolized in the gut for energy production and amino acid synthesis, little is known regarding the fate of dietary glutamate nitrogen (glutamate-N). In this study, we hypothesized that dietary glutamate-N is an effective nitrogen source for amino acid synthesis and investigated the fate of dietary glutamate-N using [(15)N]glutamate. Fischer male rats were given hourly meals containing [U-(13)C]- or [(15)N]glutamate. The concentration and isotopic enrichment of several amino acids were measured after 0-9 h of feeding, and the net release of each amino acid into the portal vein was calculated. Most of the dietary glutamate-C was metabolized into CO(2), lactate, or alanine (56, 13, and 12% of the dietary input, respectively) in the portal drained viscera (PDV). Most of the glutamate-N was utilized for the synthesis of other amino acids such as alanine and citrulline (75 and 3% of dietary input, respectively) in the PDV, and only minor amounts were released into the portal vein in the form of ammonia and glutamate (2 and 3% of the dietary input, respectively). Substantial incorporation of (15)N into systemic amino acids such as alanine, glutamine, and proline, amino acids of the urea cycle, and branched-chain amino acids was also evident. These results provide quantitative evidence that dietary glutamate-N distributes extensively to amino acids synthesized in the PDV and, consequently, to circulating amino acids.
Noninvasive Coronary Vessel Wall and Plaque Imaging With Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background—Conventional x-ray angiography frequently underestimates the true burden of atherosclerosis. Although intravascular ultrasound allows for imaging of coronary plaque, this invasive technique is inappropriate for screening or serial examinations. We therefore sought to develop a noninvasive free-breathing MR technique for coronary vessel wall imaging. We hypothesized that such an approach would allow for in vivo imaging of coronary atherosclerosis. Methods and Results—Ten subjects, including 5 healthy adult volunteers (aged 35±17 years, range 19 to 56 years) and 5 patients (aged 60±4 years, range 56 to 66 years) with x-ray–confirmed coronary artery disease (CAD), were studied with a T2-weighted, dual-inversion, fast spin-echo MR sequence. Multiple adjacent 5-mm cross-sectional images of the proximal right coronary artery were obtained with an in-plane resolution of 0.5×1.0 mm. A right hemidiaphragmatic navigator was used to facilitate free-breathing MR acquisition. Coronary vessel wall images wer...
Analog Chirp Fourier Transform for high-resolution real-time wideband RF spectrum Analysis

Application of the Analog Chirp Fourier Transform (ACFT) in generating low-latency, continuous, real-time frequency spectra of wide bandwidth radio frequeny (RF) signals is presented as an alternative to the digital FFT processor. Insights into the mathematical construct of ACFT, system modeling, and practical design considerations are presented. Resolution and worst-case frequency error are key metrics evaluated over design parameter choices and process, voltage, and temperature (PVT)-induced parameter variations. Experiments show accurate frequency spectrum representation over several decades extending from 200 MHz to 6 GHz with a 58 MHz worst-case resolution and 1 µs latency.
Molecular Basis and Phenotype of Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Insights into New β-Lactams That Meet the Challenge

The gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of hospital- and community-associated infections (16, 85, 108). In the hospital, S. aureus is the most frequent cause of surgical, lower respiratory tract, and cardiovascular infections. Furthermore, it is the second most common cause of health care-associated pneumonia and bloodstream infections (108, 151, 152). Historically, β-lactam antibiotics have exhibited potent activity against S. aureus, which along with good safety profiles make them the agents of choice for the treatment of staphyloccocal infections. Of particular concern now is the growing prevalence of methicillin (meticillin)-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in both hospital- and community-associated infections (24, 70, 133). The development of resistance to β-lactam antimicrobials, often concurrently with resistance to other antimicrobial agents, poses a great challenge to the prevention and treatment of S. aureus infections (7, 108). Staphylococci have two primary mechanisms for resistance to β-lactam antibiotics: the expression of an enzyme (the PC1 β-lactamase) capable of hydrolyzing the β-lactam ring, thus rendering the antibiotic inactive, and the acquisition of a gene encoding a modified penicillin-binding protein (PBP), known as PBP 2a, found in MRSA and coagulase-negative staphylococci. PBP 2a is intrinsically resistant to inhibition by β-lactams (59). PBP 2a remains active in the presence of concentrations of β-lactam antibiotics that inhibit most endogenous PBP enzymes, thus substituting for their functions in cell wall synthesis and allowing growth in the presence of the β-lactam inhibitors. This review briefly discusses the structure and synthesis of the S. aureus cell wall, the resistance to β-lactam antibiotics through the acquisition of PBP 2a, the evolution of MRSA, and the involvement of other protein factors in methicillin resistance. In addition, the characteristics of new β-lactam antibiotics that target PBP 2a are discussed, along with their role as important new entities in the antibacterial pipeline for the treatment of MRSA infections.
Pigs in Space: Modeling the Spatial Structure of Hog Production in Traditional and Nontraditional Production Regions

We posit a spatially explicit, county-level model of the hog production sector and estimate how numerous firm-specific, locality-specific, and spatial agglomeration factors affect the location, movement, and intensity of hog production within 15 key hog production states. Spatial agglomeration, urban encroachment, input availability, firm productivity, local economy, slaughter access, and regulatory stringency variables affect the sample regions' spatial organization. Analyses suggest that western states in the sample may shape hog production levels by wielding traditional business recruitment and retention tools (e.g., tax rates, environmental stringency) while Corn Belt states may shape hog production via nontraditional tools (e.g., land use controls). Few sectors have undergone more rapid change in scale, structure, and organization than the U.S. swine sector in the past two decades. Movement to large-scale, specialized production units reflects past trends in western cattle feeding and dairy enterprises while increasing vertical coordination resembles patterns adopted in the poultry sector several decades ago. Accompanying these changes in production has been a simultaneous change in the spatial organization of U.S. hog production. Industry analysts have forwarded several stylized facts of this spatial reorganization: traditional Corn Belt states have lost in terms of national share of hog production to Southeastern, Great Plains, and Mountain states during the 1980s and 1990s (Drabenstott, Hurt) as the firms offering swine production and marketing contracts attempt to locate large-scale facilities where there are few people, cheap land,
Variations of wave action: modulations of the phase shift for strongly nonlinear dispersive waves with weak dissipation

Abstract Strongly nonlinear dispersive waves described by a general Klein—Gordon equation with slowly varying coefficients and a dissipative perturbation are analyzed using the method of multiple scales. We use the exact equation of wave action. The spatial and temporal slow modulations of the phase shift are shown to be governed by a new equation, which results from linearization of the wave action, its flux, and its dissipation due to perturbations of the slow parameters: frequency and wave number (vector). This result extends to nonlinear partial differential equations, the quite recent work by the authors on nonlinear oscillations governed by ordinary differential equations.
Superplasticity of Nanostructured Ceramics

To date, compressive superplasticity has been observed in several studies on nanocrystalline ceramics. Despite initial reports of room temperature superplasticity, the current results show that elevated temperatures are required for this phenomenon to take place. In addition, the nanocrystalline ceramics appear to obey the well-established phenomenological law for superplastic deformation, with strain rate sensitivities and grain size exponents similar to those observed in submicron and larger-grained ceramics. The major advantage of nanocrystalline ceramics is their ability to deform at faster strain rates (or, equivalently, lower stresses) and lower temperatures than their larger-grained relatives. Both effects are expected on the basis of the reduced grain size. The role of closed porosity in enhancing strain rates (or reducing stresses) appears to be minimal, since the stress-strain curve of a 8% porous ceramic bears almost no relation to its densification curve. On the other hand, dynamic grain growth --i.e., grain growth which occurs during deformation -- is clearly observed and explains the dramatic hardening of nanocrystalline ceramics during straining. Some potential solutions to the problem of grain growth, both before and during deformation, are explored. Finally, some potential applications of nanocrystalline, superplastic ceramics are reviewed.
What determines the visual persistence of complex stimuli

Visual persistence has been shown to increase with the spatial frequency of sinusoidal and square-wave gratings. It has also been found to decrease with increasing contrast. If persistence is determined by visibility alone, then a square-wave grating containing greater power would be expected to give rise to less persistence than would a sinusoidal grating of the same fundamental spatial frequency. In the present experiment, measures of visual persistence were obtained with gratings composed of sinusoids, square waves, and square waves with the fundamental removed. Fundamental spatial frequency was varied from 0.5 to 4.5 cpd in 1-cpd steps. Visual persistence was found to increase only with the missing fundamental waveform. This suggests that visual persistence is determined by the lowest actual sinusoidal component of complex stimuli. Additional power contained in the higher harmonics of square-wave gratings does not serve to reduce persistence.
Examining Incoming Identities in an Alternative Certification Program in Mathematics and Science

In response to the shortage of qualified secondary mathematics and science teachers in the United States, alternative certification programs (ACPs) are proliferating. This study used identity as a theoretical lens to examine the incoming identities of 19 participants with post-baccalaureate degrees who entered an ACP. Within this cohort, the participants' incoming teacher identities ranged from "Always a Teacher" to "Late Deciders" to "Career Explorers." Participants held multiple non-teaching identities, some which supported their teacher identities (e.g., parent, tutor) while other identities (e.g., college instructor) created tension. Implications include recommendations for alternative certification program development and further research.
Rapid modulation of ultraviolet shielding in plants is influenced by solar ultraviolet radiation and linked to alterations in flavonoids

The accumulation of ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing compounds (flavonoids and related phenylpropanoids) and the resultant decrease in epidermal UV transmittance (TUV ) are primary protective mechanisms employed by plants against potentially damaging solar UV radiation and are critical components of the overall acclimation response of plants to changing solar UV environments. Whether plants can adjust this UV sunscreen protection in response to rapid changes in UV, as occurs on a diurnal basis, is largely unexplored. Here, we use a combination of approaches to demonstrate that plants can modulate their UV-screening properties within minutes to hours, and these changes are driven, in part, by UV radiation. For the cultivated species Abelmoschus esculentus, large (30-50%) and reversible changes in TUV occurred on a diurnal basis, and these adjustments were associated with changes in the concentrations of whole-leaf UV-absorbing compounds and several quercetin glycosides. Similar results were found for two other species (Vicia faba and Solanum lycopersicum), but no such changes were detected in Zea mays. These findings reveal a much more dynamic UV-protection mechanism than previously recognized, raise important questions concerning the costs and benefits of UV-protection strategies in plants and have practical implications for employing UV to enhance crop vigor and quality in controlled environments.
Screening children exposed to lead: an assessment of the capillary blood lead fingerstick test

We describe results of a 3-year study in which 499 paired venous and capillary blood specimens, collected by fingerstick on the same day, were analyzed for lead (BPb) and erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP). False-positive rates (FPRs) and the proportion of false positives were calculated at four BPb thresholds. At the 100 microg/L threshold, the FPR for all data was 13%, but the proportion of false positives was only 5%. The log ratios of capillary-to-venous BPb data indicate that, with the exception of eight outliers, two subpopulations exist that follow a log-normal distribution. These two subpopulations, the "core" (n = 303) and "shifted" (n = 188) groups, on average generated a positive bias at 100 microg/L BPb of 8.6% and 30.3%, respectively. The log ratios of capillary-to-venous EP data followed a normal distribution, indicating that capillary EP is not statistically different from venous EP.
Do You Look to the Future or Focus on Today? The Impact of Life Experience on Intertemporal Decisions

In this research, we investigate the impact of significant life experiences on intertemporal decisions among young adults. A series of experiments focus specifically on the impact of experiencing the death of a close other by cancer. We show that such an experience, which bears information about time, is associated with making decisions that favor the long-term future over short-term interests (Studies 1 and 2). Underlying this effect appears to be increased salience and concreteness regarding one's future life course, shifting focus away from the present toward the long run (Studies 3 and 4). Finally, we explore the shift caused by a cancer death of a public figure and examine its stability over time (Study 5). Implications for research on intertemporal decision making and the impact of life events on perceptions and preferences are discussed.
THE USE OF THIOCYANATE DETERMINATION FOR INDICATION OF CIGARETTE SMOKING STATUS

The present study was carried out to define the power and efficiency of thiocyanate as a discriminator for smoking status, and to apply some principles of decision and utility analysis to aid in the utilization of the diagnostic test in an intervention program. Data from 652 participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) were used to derive the sensitivity and specificity of the thiocyanate test. Predictive values were computed based upon new prevalence estimates in order to determine the predictive validity of the test in various samples of smokers. The second part of the paper investigated the impact of various costs of errors of diagnosis upon an intervention program using thiocyanate as a discriminator variable. Implications for the use in intervention programs of thiocyanate as opposed to screening procedures are discussed Cigarette smoking has been identified as an independent risk igarette smoking has been identified as an independent risk factor associated with the incidence of coronary heart disease, lung cancer, and other respiratory illnesses (Dawber et al., 1951). The measurement of smoking status in most epidemiological or field surveys has relied extensively on the self-report or smoking history of the respondent. The reliability of the measure, therefore, rests mainly on the accuracy and good faith of the respondent whose behavior is being assessed. The demand characteristics of the setting can influence the reporting behavior of the participant in the study (Rosenthal, 1969).
Simultaneous dual-mode excitation of piezo-on-silicon micromechanical oscillator for self-temperature sensing

This paper demonstrates a dual-mode (DM) oscillator which simultaneously excites the fundamental and third-order modes of a micromachined, piezo-on-silicon bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonator for real-time self-temperature measurement. By concurrently measuring the temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) at 30 MHz (f 1 ) and 87 MHz (f 3 ), a beat frequency (f b ) with TCF of 162 ppm/°C is extracted. Phase measurements of the third-order harmonic before and after DM excitation show signal degradation close to carrier and improvement far from carrier. This is attributed to the loaded Q of both modes and the introduction of spurious modes near resonance. In addition, the beat frequency linearity is compared over several devices with varying Q, confirming that Q of each individual mode directly affects the oscillator stability and ultimately temperature measurement accuracy.
The influence of plant removal on succession in Wyoming big sagebrush

Restoration treatments are based on the largely untested notion that desired recovery of plant communities following disturbance wouldn't occur in the absence of active intervention. We identified rate of short-term (10 year) floristic changes following removal of plant functional groups in Wyoming big sagebrush plant communities in 1999e2005 and 2008. Treatments imposed on 6 � 6 m plots were: 1) removal of all plant functional groups, 2) perennial grass removal, 3) shrub removal and 4) control. Our data suggest recovery of the shrub component on shrub removal plots could take decades. Similarly, perennial grass cover and density on perennial grass removal plots was less than half that of unaltered plots 10 years after treatment. When all functional groups were removed, cover of annual forbs, annual grasses, and shrubs returned to unaltered levels within ten years or less. Perennial forbs were unaffected (p > 0.05) by treatment. The fact that natural recovery of some components occurred within a relatively short post-disturbance time interval (i.e. <10 years) suggests that intervention may not be necessary for some functional groups. Restoring shrubs in areas dominated by perennial grasses may require targeted reductions of competing perennial grasses. Conversely, shrub dominance may limit perennial grass
Trace element chemistry of individual apatite phenocrysts as a tool for fingerprinting altered volcanic ash beds: Assessing interbed and intrabed variation at local and regional scales

Trace element analyses of groups of single apatite microphenocrysts separated from K-bentonites define the intrabed homogeneity and interbed variability of apatites in a set of K-bentonites from the Gaspe Peninsula and the regional-scale homogeneity of the Tioga B K-bentonite. By analyzing many single grains from each bed it is possible to quantify the homogeneity of beds for statistical comparisons of similarity and differences. This approach leads directly to tests that can be used to chemically correlate (or distinguish) K-bentonite beds. The results from multiple K-bentonite beds from Gaspe demonstrate that many of them may be distinguished from one another. The results from the Tioga B K-bentonite demonstrate that there is little variation in apatite chemistry over distances of several hundred kilometers. This technique is advantageous for use in K-bentonite correlation because it provides a direct test of sample contamination as well as the necessary data on variance of each sample, allowing for robust statistical analysis.
Asymptotic Bias of OLS in the Presence of Reverse Causality

In this paper, I derive an expression for the asymptotic bias in the OLS estimator of the partial effect of a regressor on the dependent variable when there is reverse causality and all variables in the model are covariance stationary. I show that the sign of the asymptotic bias depends only on the signs of the bi-directional causal effects.
Medullary vasomotor activity and hypoxic sympathoexcitation in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats

In pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated rats, systemic hypoxia, produced by intratracheal N2 administration for 20 s, rapidly increased activities of reticulospinal vasomotor neurons in the rostroventolateral reticular nucleus (RVL) of the medulla oblongata (by 23.9 +/- 4.7 spikes/s) and sympathetic nerves (by 30.9 +/- 4.7 microV) and arterial pressure (by 35.6 +/- 6.4 mmHg). The sympathoexcitatory and pressor responses were abolished by bilateral microinjections of muscimol, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A-receptor agonist, (250 pmol per 50 nl/site) into the RVL. Chemical inhibition of RVL also reduced arterial pressure to 48.1 +/- 3.7 mmHg and eliminated sympathetic nerve activity. Intravenous infusion of L-phenylephrine and intrathecal administration of kainic acid restored arterial pressure to control level but not the rapid sympathoexcitatory responses to acute hypoxia. We conclude that, in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, the sympathetic vasomotor tone and pressor responses to acute hypoxia depend on activity and excitation of RVL-spinal vasomotor neurons. The neural mechanisms responsible for the sympathetic tone and rapid pressor responses to hypoxia in these animals qualitatively differ neither from those anesthetized with urethan nor from the decerebrate unanesthetized animals.
Problem-gambling severity and psychiatric disorders among American-Indian/Alaska native adults.

Introduction Little is known about the association between problem-gambling severity and psychiatric disorders among American-Indian/Alaska-Native (AI/AN) individuals. Thus, we examined these factors among a nationally representative sample of AI/AN and other American adults in the USA.
Directional Control Driver Model with Desired Path Generation

With the increase in driver assistance systems, driver models are becoming more important to vehicle control, safety, and performance. To enhance these driver assistance systems, the driver models need to be able to replicate human driving behaviors and distinguish among different drivers. In this paper, a combined driver model consisting of a compensatory transfer function and an anticipatory component based on road geometry is integrated with the design of the individual driver's desired path. The proposed driver model parameters are obtained from human subject test data collected in a driving simulator. It has been shown that the proposed combined driver model is able to replicate each driver's steering wheel angle signals for a variety of maneuvers at different vehicle speeds. The driver model is then validated at an intermediate speed using a polynomial to interpolate the driver model and desired path parameters.
Success with Style: Using Writing Style to Predict the Success of Novels

Predicting the success of literary works is a curious question among publishers and aspiring writers alike. We examine the quantitative connection, if any, between writing style and successful literature. Based on novels over several different genres, we probe the predictive power of statistical stylometry in discriminating successful literary works, and identify characteristic stylistic elements that are more prominent in successful writings. Our study reports for the first time that statistical stylometry can be surprisingly effective in discriminating highly successful literature from less successful counterpart, achieving accuracy up to 84%. Closer analyses lead to several new insights into characteristics of the writing style in successful literature, including findings that are contrary to the conventional wisdom with respect to good writing style and readability.
ReCAP: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Awareness of Graduate Medical Education Trainees Regarding Palliative Care at a Comprehensive Cancer Center

QUESTION ASKED:What are graduate medical education trainees’ attitudes and beliefs regarding palliative care, what is their awareness of the availability and role of palliative care services, and does previous exposure to a palliative care rotation facilitate a better awareness of palliative care?SUMMARY ANSWER:A vast majority of oncology trainees perceived palliative care services to be beneficial for patient care (92%) and were supportive of mandatory palliative care training (74%). Surgical oncology trainees and trainees with no previous palliative care exposure were significantly less likely to consult palliative care and had significantly less awareness of palliative care.METHODS:We conducted an institutional review board–approved online survey to determine awareness of palliative care among graduate medical trainees at MD Anderson. One hundred seventy oncology trainees who completed at least 9 months of training in medical, surgical, gynecologic, and radiation oncology fellowship and residency progr...
How Does Managed Care Improve the Quality of Breast Cancer Care Among Medicare-Insured Minority Women?

Purpose The aim of this study is to investigate if evidence-based clinical guidelines are implemented equitability among ethnic minority breast cancer patients using Medicare Advantage and investigate if presumed advantages of managed care over fee-for-service are greater for minorities than for Whites.
Let's Meet at the Congress

(1986). Let's Meet at the Congress. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 93, No. 1, pp. 3-8.
Age, growth and fall diet of channel catfish in Cheat Lake, West Virginia

Abstract Acidification has historically impaired Cheat Lake's fish community, but recent mitigation efforts within the Cheat River watershed have improved water quality and species richness. Presently, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus are abundant and attain desirable sizes for anglers. We evaluated the age, growth, and fall diet of the population. We collected a sample of 155 channel catfish from Cheat Lake from 5 August to 4 December 2014, a subset of which we aged (n = 148) using lapillus otoliths. We fit four growth models (von Bertalanffy, logistic, Gompertz, and power) to length-at-age data and compared models using an information theoretic approach. We collected fall diets from 55 fish sampled from 13 October to 4 December 2014. Total lengths of individuals in the sample ranged from 154 to 721 mm and ages ranged from 2 to 19 y. We AICc-selected the von Bertalanffy growth model as the best approximating model, and the power and Gompertz models also had considerable support. Diets were numerically...
The metabolic and molecular regulation of adipose triglyceride lipase.

ii Dedication iv Acknowledgements v Vita vi List of figures xii List of abbreviations xiv Chapter
The Purgatorial Politics of the Catholic Question

An anonymous political poem, ‘On the Spirit of the Times We Live In’, which appeared in an 1825 issue of one of several English Catholic journals founded to promote Catholic Emancipation, wryly restates Leigh Hunt’s claims for the romantic age
Size dictated thermal conductivity of GaN

The thermal conductivity of n- and p-type doped gallium nitride (GaN) epilayers having thicknesses of 3–4 μm was investigated using time domain thermoreflectance. Despite possessing carrier concentrations ranging across 3 decades (1015–1018 cm–3), n-type layers exhibit a nearly constant thermal conductivity of 180 W/mK. The thermal conductivity of p-type epilayers, in contrast, reduces from 160 to 110 W/mK with increased doping. These trends—and their overall reduction relative to bulk—are explained leveraging established scattering models where it is shown that, while the decrease in p-type layers is partly due to the increased impurity levels evolving from its doping, size effects play a primary role in limiting the thermal conductivity of GaN layers tens of microns thick. Device layers, even of pristine quality, will therefore exhibit thermal conductivities less than the bulk value of 240 W/mK owing to their finite thickness.
Cardiac disease, cardiac rehabilitation and barriers to participation - an overview

Cardiac disease is the primary cause of death in the United States and throughout the world. Patients who suffer from cardiac disease are most often diagnosed with vessel disease specific to the coronary arteries. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a secondary prevention program designed to prevent the progression of this disease. A structured phase II CR program enhances the quality of life both physically and emotionally for patients with long-term outcomes; as such a program involves a comprehensive approach with the primary focus on the physical rehabilitation along with educational, psychological and social support. CR programs have shown promising results for improving clinical outcomes, yet participation remains disappointingly low. Barriers to participation have been identified as: gender, lack of physician referral, age, race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Recognizing and overcoming such barriers are necessary for the improvement of patient outcomes through increased CR enrollment and participation.
Weighted Least Squares Method for Model Order Reduction of Multivariable Plants

Abstract This paper presents a frequency-shaped model order reduction for continuous-time multivariable systems with application to closed-loop model order reduction. The problem is first given an algebraic form by the means of the A-transform - a transformation based on the Chebyshev series expansion - and then solved through the least squares approach. The salient feature of the proposed method is the implicit weighting due to both the A-transform method and the particular implementation of the least squares procedure.
Oncogene expression in human leukemia

The transforming genes of retroviruses (v-onc) are derived from normal cellular genes referred to as proto-oncogenes. These cellular genes have the capacity for conversion to oncogenes (c-onc) that are capable of inducing or maintaining the transformed state when they are overly expressed or altered by mutation or rearrangement. To study the possible involvement of these genes in human leukemia, we have analyzed their expression in a variety of fresh samples. We found that a number of oncogenes are expressed in different leukemic types and that although the transcript size did not vary for each gene, the copy number did. The myc gene (2.4 kb transcript) and the rasHa gene (1.5 kb transcript) were universally expressed. But in contrast to rasHa, the myc signal intensity varied. Myb (4.5 kb transcript) was expressed in all samples except B cell diseases. We detected low levels of abl expression (multiple mRNA species) in all leukemic types analyzed. Sis gene (4.2 kb transcript) expression was restricted to one patient sample with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast transformation.
The Question of Reliability in Interpretive Psychological Research

The “Achilles heel” of interpretive research is that two or more researchers, confronted with the same data, posing the same question(s), will invariably express their findings differently. Different words will be used to express the “same” (i.e., congruent) meanings; it is also likely, of course, that different meanings will be thematized as well. Thus, there arises the question of the reliability of interpretive research methods. In what sense can a method (when applied by multiple researchers to the same set of data) yield results that are not “consistent” yet can still be considered “reliable”? Should we alter our definition of reliability to accommodate qualitative methods, or should we adhere to definitions of reliability that have been developed with respect to quantitative methods? Should we abandon interpretive research altogether if it cannot stand up to existing scientific conventions? These questions are merely rhetorical, for it is clear to us that definitions of methodological criteria are themselves a function of human understanding and interpretation; thus, they cannot be carved in stone and are always open to reconsideration.
Toward "JOMO": the joy of missing out and the freedom of disconnecting

We took an ethnographic approach to explore the continuum between excessive smartphone use and healthy disconnection. We conducted a qualitative mixed-methods study in Switzerland and the United States to understand the nature of the problem, how it evolves, the workarounds that users employ to disconnect, and their experience of smartphone disconnection. We discussed two negative behavioral cycles: an internal experience of habit and excessive use, and an externally reinforced cycle of social obligation. We presented a taxonomy of non-use based on the dimensions of time and user level of control. We highlighted 3 potential areas for solutions around short-term voluntary disconnection and describe recommendations for how the mobile industry and app developers can address this issue.
A Thermodynamic Balance Model for Liquid Film Drying Kinetics of a Tablet Film Coating and Drying Process

A tablet film coating and drying process was assessed by an experimentally validated thermodynamic balance model. Mass conservation equations were derived for the process air and the aqueous coating solution. Thermodynamic behavior of the solution was described by evaporation at the tablet surface and penetration into the tablet. Energy balance equations including heat loss to the atmosphere were coupled to the mass conservation equation. Experimental data using the ConsiGma™ coater (GEA, Belgium) were used for both parameter estimation and model validation. The results showed the proposed model can investigate primitive outlet variables and further internal variables representing evaporation and penetration. A sensitivity analysis revealed that evaporation depended more on the input parameters while penetration hinges on the tablet properties, particularly on the tablet volume affecting the tablet porosity.
Fantasies of Femininity Redressed: Angela Carter’s Authorial Self-Fashioning

Angela Carter was long fascinated by fashion, fairy tales, and femininity. They were, for her, enduring provocations and paradoxical puzzles, and their underlying structures not only piqued her interest but also inspired the play and irreverence so characteristic of her work. This chapter explores the ways the three topics are productively entangled in the reimagined fairy tales for which Carter is perhaps best known as well as in her novels and short fiction, her journalistic sketches, even her performances of self. Focusing on Carter’s ongoing play with these themes and forms, these narrative legacies and their cultural politics, this chapter contends that they ultimately define her voice and facilitate her self-fashioning as a writer and as a woman.
New Human Astroviruses

The first human astrovirus was discovered in 1975 by Madeley and Cosgrove through visualization of viral particles in stool using electron microscopy. Over the course of the next ∼20 years, an additional seven serotypes of human astroviruses were discovered. In the last decade, new technological advances in microarrays and sequencing strategies enabled more sophisticated methods for detecting viruses in clinical and environmental specimens. These methods led to the discovery of many novel viruses from a variety of virus families. They also brought about a dramatic realization that more astroviruses can be found in humans than previously recognized. In fact, the number of astroviruses associated with humans has nearly doubled within the last few years. Furthermore, the discovery of novel astroviruses in human specimens revealed that there is more diversity amongst them than was assumed based on the high level of similarity between human astroviruses 1 and 8. This chapter will describe the discovery and early characterization of the five novel astroviruses initially identified in human stool samples in 2008 and 2009.
Cities Demanding the Earth: A New Understanding of the Climate Emergency: Peter J. Taylor, Geoff O’Brien, and Phil O’Keefe. Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press and New York: Ingram Academic, 2020. xii and 146 pp., tables, figures, bibliography, appendix. $115.00 cloth (ISBN 978-1-5292-1047-7); $45.95 paper (ISBN 978-1-5292-1048-4); $45.95 ebook (ISBN 978-1-5292-1050-7).

Anthropogenic climate change is the most important, complex, and existential problem we face today. This book represents an important, synergistic, and controversial conceptual approach to framing ...
Distinct biological activities of isomers from several families of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs).

Abstract Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are endogenous lipids with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Each FAHFA family consists of esters with different acyl chains and multiple isomers with branch points at different carbons. Some FAHFAs, including palmitic acid hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs), improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in mice by enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), insulin-stimulated glucose transport, and insulin action to suppress hepatic glucose production and reducing adipose tissue inflammation. However, little is known about the biological effects of other FAHFAs. Here, we investigated whether PAHSAs, oleic acid hydroxy stearic acid, palmitoleic acid hydroxy stearic acid, and stearic acid hydroxy stearic acid potentiate GSIS in β-cells and human islets, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes, and anti-inflammatory effects in immune cells. We also investigated whether they activate G protein–coupled receptor 40, which mediates the effects of PAHSAs on insulin secretion and sensitivity in vivo. We show that many FAHFAs potentiate GSIS, activate G protein–coupled receptor 40, and attenuate LPS-induced chemokine and cytokine expression and secretion and phagocytosis in immune cells. However, fewer FAHFAs augment insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes. S-9-PAHSA, but not R-9-PAHSA, potentiated GSIS and glucose uptake, while both stereoisomers had anti-inflammatory effects. FAHFAs containing unsaturated acyl chains with higher branching from the carboxylate head group are more likely to potentiate GSIS, whereas FAHFAs with lower branching are more likely to be anti-inflammatory. This study provides insight into the specificity of the biological actions of different FAHFAs and could lead to the development of FAHFAs to treat metabolic and immune-mediated diseases.
A hamilton-jacobi-bellman approach to high angular resolution diffusion tractography

This paper describes a new framework for white matter tractography in high angular resolution diffusion data. A direction-dependent local cost is defined based on the diffusion data for every direction on the unit sphere. Minimum cost curves are determined by solving the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman using an efficient algorithm. Classical costs based on the diffusion tensor field can be seen as a special case. While the minimum cost (or equivalently the travel time of a particle moving along the curve) and the anisotropic front propagation frameworks are related, front speed is related to particle speed through a Legendre transformation which can severely impact anisotropy information for front propagation techniques. Implementation details and results on high angular diffusion data show that this method can successfully take advantage of the increased angular resolution in high b-value diffusion weighted data despite lower signal to noise ratio.
THE DROUGHT MONITOR

Abstract The Drought Monitor was started in spring 1999 in response to a need for improved information about the status of drought across the United States. It serves as an example of interagency cooperation in a time of limited resources. The Drought Monitor process also illustrates the creative use of Internet technologies to disseminate authoritativeinformation about drought and to receive regional and local input that is in turn incorporated into the product. This paper describes the Drought Monitor and the interactive process through which it is created.