cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A note on disequilibrium growth theory

Abstract Disequilibrium growth theory is an extension of disequilibrium theory to a neo-classical growth model. The real wage is not supposed to adjust instantaneously to ensure full employment. Behavior of capital accumulation may be different according to a regime of unemployment, full employment or overemployment.
The effect of salience on mental accounting: how integration versus segregation of payment influences purchase decisions

Although mental accounting principles are generally robust, the integration-of-losses principle often fails. This research argues that when information salience is high, people actively segregate. To demonstrate that effect, this research uses purchase decision making for which the total payment is a key decision factor and compares examples such as the following equivalent total payments: “$120.95 for a stroller plus $19.95 for shipping” (i.e., segregation) versus “$140.90 for a stroller including shipping” (i.e., integration). Two studies demonstrate that integration increases purchase intentions when the salience of the smaller payment is higher. Specifically, integration leads to higher purchase intentions than does segregation when (1) the surcharge is visually more salient, (2) the surcharge is easy to process, and (3) price perceptions are stimulus instead of recall driven. Therefore, this research extends mental accounting by identifying conditions in which the integration-of-losses principle is likely to prevail. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Varying endophyte status and energy supplementation of fresh tall fescue in continuous culture

Abstract Eight dual-flow continuous culture vessels (700 ml) were used to compare in vitro effects of toxic, endophyte-infected (E+), endophyte-free (E−), and non-toxic, endophyte-infected (EN) Jesup tall fescue (vegetative stage) on ruminal fermentation at 4 levels (0, 150, 300, and 450 g kg −1 DM) of concentrate supplementation (ground corn) for a total of 12 experimental diets in a randomized incomplete block design with 2 replicates. Each culture vessel was offered a total of 15 g DM d −1 . Forage was fed in four equal portions (fed at 03:00, 09:00, 15:00, and 21:00 h); and corn was fed in two equal portions (fed at 09:00 and 21:00 h). Headspace gas and liquid samples were analyzed for methane, ruminal culture pH, ammonia–N, and volatile fatty acid production. Ammonia–N output (g d −1 ) varied by grass; EN had lower values compared to those of E+ and E−. Increasing the level of grain linearly decreased ruminal culture pH, ammonia–N, acetate production, and the acetate-to-propionate ratio, whereas propionate and butyrate production increased with higher grain supplementation. Ruminal fermentation was minimally altered by the presence of the endophyte; however, for the highest level of grain fed (450 g kg −1 DM fed) the methane production pattern for all three grasses was altered. In addition to having the lowest ruminal ammonia–N accumulation, the non-toxic, endophyte-infected fescue resulted in the lowest methane production measured.
Quadrupolar excitation and collisional cooling for axialization and high pressure trapping of ions in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

A recently developed technique for axialization of ions in a Penning (i.e. hyperbolic) trap has been adapted for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry in a dual cubic trap instrument. A resonant alternating electric azimuthal quadrupolar field at the combination frequency, ωc = ω+ + ω−, converts ion magnetron motion into collision-damped cyclotron motion. The usual collision- induced drift of ions from the center of the trap under the influence of the radially outward-directed electric force of the trapping field is thereby effectively inverted, so that ions with off-axis ICR orbit centers may be driven back to on-axis low radius ion cyclotron orbits. This effect is frequency-dependent and therefore mass-selective. The experiment requires only minor wiring modifications to an existing cubic, tetragonal, or cylindrical ICR ion trap. With this technique, we have been able to store benzene molecular ions for several seconds at high pressure (> 1 x 10−5 mbar) in one half of a dual trap, as demonstrated by subsequent transfer of these ions to the other half of the dual trap for ICR excitation and detection. We also report simultaneous axialization and extended trapping of ions of different mass-to-charge ratios by use of multiple-frequency stored-waveform inverse Fourier transform excitation. Proposed applications include axialization and cooling for improved detection of product ions in MSMS experiments, ion trapping at high pressure for extended periods for measurement of slow ion/molecule reaction rates, and increased sensitivity for detection of externally injected ions.
Puromycin as an inhibitor of rat brain acetylcholinesterase.

Abstract Puromycin is an effective mixed inhibitor of rat brain acetylcholinesterase at concentrations below those used in memory studies. This kinetic analysis indicates that the concentration of puromycin which gives 50% inhibition of rat brain acetylcholinesterase at 50 μM substrate is approximately 0.5 mM. The results suggest that puromycin binds at two classes of sites on the enzyme, one of which appears to be an allosteric site. Since the allosteric site of acetylcholinesterase has properties similar to the acetylcholine receptor and appears to bind most ligands that bind to the acetylcholine receptor, this evidence supports the idea that puromycin may also block the effect of acetylcholine at the synaptic membrane. Puromycin may interfere with the recall of memory by causing direct interference with cholinergic mechanisms.
Echo-Doppler Hemodynamics An Important Management Tool for Today’s Heart Failure Care

A 52-year-old man with dilated cardiomyopathy (left ventricular ejection fraction 25%), recently discharged from a heart failure (HF) admission, presented to the office with weakness and shortness of breath. On examination, his weight was stable, his blood pressure was 88/60 mm Hg, his jugular veins were difficult to assess owing to obesity, with a few bibasilar crackles, distant heart sounds with a 2/6 holosystolic murmur and a soft S3, a protruding abdomen, and 1 to 2+ pitting lower-extremity edema. Laboratory results showed a rise in creatinine from 1.5 to 2.6 mg/dL, a rise in serum urea nitrogen from 38 to 52 mg/dL, and a rise in brain natriuretic peptide from 106 to 280 pg/mL. This patient presented a clinical challenge, because it was not clear whether his symptoms were related to progressive HF with worsening cardiorenal syndrome, or conversely, to relative hypovolemia. Unfortunately, physical examination and laboratory studies can be misleading in the setting of HF exacerbation,1 and changes in weight are known to lag behind important hemodynamic shifts.2 Traditionally, this patient would likely have been hospitalized, with consideration of right heart catheterization if hemodynamic assessment were needed to guide further treatment. However, in our efforts to improve the quality and safety of care, with potentially competing imperatives to reduce readmissions, length of stay, and costs,3 we must revisit our approach. The use of pulmonary artery flotation catheter monitoring requires intensive care unit or specialty unit hospitalization, has significant procedure-related risks, may not be accurate in all conditions,4 and has not been proven to be superior to standard care for patients with decompensated HF.5 Fortunately, echo-Doppler, in addition to providing clinically useful information on the structure and function of cardiac chambers and …
Modification of retinal ganglion cell axon morphology by prenatal infusion of tetrodotoxin.

The cellular mechanisms by which the axons of individual neurons achieve their precise terminal branching patterns are poorly understood. In the visual system of adult cats, retinal ganglion cell axons from each eye form narrow cylindrical terminal arborizations restricted to alternate non-overlapping layers within the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)1–3. During prenatal development, axon arborizations from the two eyes are initially simple in shape and are intermixed with each other; they then gradually segregate to form complex adult-like arborizations in separate eye-specific layers by birth4,5. Here we report that ganglion cell axons exposed to tetrodotoxin (TTX) to block neuronal activity during fetal life fail to form the normal pattern of terminal arborization. Individual TTX-treated axon arborizations are not stunted in their growth, but instead produce abnormally widespread terminal arborizations which extend across the equivalent of approximately two eye-specific layers. These observations suggest that during fetal development of the central nervous system, the formation of morphologically appropriate and correctly located axon terminal arborizations within targets is brought about by an activity-dependent process.
Blocking Phosphatidylcholine Utilization in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, via Mutagenesis of Fatty Acid, Glycerol and Choline Degradation Pathways, Confirms the Importance of This Nutrient Source In Vivo

Pseudomonas aeruginosa can grow to very high-cell-density (HCD) during infection of the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), the major component of lung surfactant, has been hypothesized to support HCD growth of P. aeruginosa in vivo. The phosphorylcholine headgroup, a glycerol molecule, and two long-chain fatty acids (FAs) are released by enzymatic cleavage of PC by bacterial phospholipase C and lipases. Three different bacterial pathways, the choline, glycerol, and fatty acid degradation pathways, are then involved in the degradation of these PC components. Here, we identified five potential FA degradation (Fad) related fadBA-operons (fadBA1-5, each encoding 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and acyl-CoA thiolase). Through mutagenesis and growth analyses, we showed that three (fadBA145) of the five fadBA-operons are dominant in medium-chain and long-chain Fad. The triple fadBA145 mutant also showed reduced ability to degrade PC in vitro. We have previously shown that by partially blocking Fad, via mutagenesis of fadBA5 and fadDs, we could significantly reduce the ability of P. aeruginosa to replicate on FA and PC in vitro, as well as in the mouse lung. However, no studies have assessed the ability of mutants, defective in choline and/or glycerol degradation in conjunction with Fad, to grow on PC or in vivo. Hence, we constructed additional mutants (ΔfadBA145ΔglpD, ΔfadBA145ΔbetAB, and ΔfadBA145ΔbetABΔglpD) significantly defective in the ability to degrade FA, choline, and glycerol and, therefore, PC. The analysis of these mutants in the BALB/c mouse lung infection model showed significant inability to utilize PC in vitro, resulted in decreased replication fitness and competitiveness in vivo compared to the complement strain, although there was little to no variation in typical virulence factor production (e.g., hemolysin, lipase, and protease levels). This further supports the hypothesis that lung surfactant PC serves as an important nutrient for P. aeruginosa during CF lung infection.
Electron microscopy of internally faulted Cu-Zn-Al martensite

Studies of the crystal structure of the β' parent and β'1, martensite phases in a Cu68Zn15Al17 alloy employing transmission electron microscopy show that a thermoelastic transformation from a DO3 parent to an 18R martensite takes place. Further experiments revealed that the martensite structure is actually of the M18R type (modified 18R. monoclinic, β = 87.5°). The eighteen layer martensite structure (AB'CB'CA'CA'BA'BC'BC'AC'AB') can form as a result of periodic shifts on the martensite basal plane in the [100]18R direction. To effect these displacements partial dislocations with Burgers vector 13[100]18R are expected at the martensite-parent interface on every third (001)18R plane. In some cases these shifts per se do not produce an exact invariant habit plane and additional “random” dislocations are required as a part of the inhomogeneous shear of the crystallography theory. The martensite-parent interface was studied in detail using martensite reflections, and these “extra” dislocations with a [100]18R Burgers vector were observed. Their spacing was determined using a dark field, weak beam technique and the observed value (40 A) is in good agreement with the magnitude of the inhomogeneous shear (ordered plus random faults) required to produce an invariant plane strain. The identification of interface dislocations with a [100]18R Burgers vector supports the model proposed by Otsuka and Wayman to explain the thermoelastic nature of internally faulted martensites. However, regularly spaced dislocations, theoretically on every third (001)18R plane (6.5 A apart), were not observed.
Connective tissue/acidic phosphate preblend effects on reduced fat frankfurters

To determine the effect of preblending concentrated sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) with modified beef connective tissue (MCT) on reduced fat frankfurters, samples were target formulated at two fat/added water levels (30/10 and 10/25) and manufactured according to 4 treatments: (1) Control = no phosphate, no MCT ; (2) Connective tissue = MCT added alone ; (3) Preblend = SAPP, MCT, preblended ; (4) Preblend SAPP/MCT + alkaline phosphate. The preblend treatments had the lowest emulsion stability and yields (P < 0.01) which were both improved for treatment 4. Collagen solubility did not increase after preblending. Redness and cured color were lowest for treatment 4 but improved during storage. Preblending, with subsequent addition of alkaline phosphate, created a MCT product similar to the control.
The generation of tetrahedral mesh models for neuroanatomical MRI

In this article, we describe a detailed method for automatically generating tetrahedral meshes from 3D images having multiple region labels. An adaptively sized tetrahedral mesh modeling approach is described that is capable of producing meshes conforming precisely to the voxelized regions in the image. Efficient tetrahedral mesh improvement is then performed minimizing an energy function containing three terms: a smoothing term to remove the voxelization, a fidelity term to maintain continuity with the image data, and a novel elasticity term to prevent the tetrahedra from becoming flattened or inverted as the mesh deforms while allowing the voxelization to be removed entirely. The meshing algorithm is applied to structural MR image data that has been automatically segmented into 56 neuroanatomical sub-divisions as well as on two other examples. The resulting tetrahedral representation has several desirable properties such as tetrahedra with dihedral angles away from 0 and 180 degrees, smoothness, and a high resolution. Tetrahedral modeling via the approach described here has applications in modeling brain structure in normal as well as diseased brain in human and non-human data and facilitates examination of 3D object deformations resulting from neurological illness (e.g. Alzheimer's disease), development, and/or aging.
Utility of thrombocytopenia as a marker for heparin allergy in adult ED patients.

Abstract Introduction Up to 5% of patients who receive heparin develop heparin allergy (HA), manifested by the presence of heparin antibodies (HAb) and/or the clinical syndrome of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. As many as 10% of patients with HA develop serious thrombotic complications when reexposed to heparin. Heparin is often given empirically to emergency department (ED) patients, some of whom have been recently hospitalized and are at risk for HA/heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Emergency department physicians should have a rapid means of determining which patients are at risk for heparin sensitivity. The prevalence of HA among ED patients is unknown; most are asymptomatic and unaware, and there is no bedside test available. Objectives This study was designed to assess the prevalence of HA or thrombocytopenia in ED patients and to determine whether thrombocytopenia could serve as a useful marker for HA. Methods This was a prospective, observational study, done during the spring of 2004 in an 80 000 adult visit inner-city ED. A convenience sample of 115 adult patients undergoing venipuncture had a blood specimen analyzed for platelet count using standard laboratory methods. The same blood sample was tested for the presence of antiheparin antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. Results Of 115 patients, 12 (10.4%; 95% CI, 6.1%-17.4%) had thrombocytopenia (platelets Conclusions (1) Thrombocytopenia occurs in 10% of a sample of 115 adult ED patients undergoing venipuncture in an inner-city ED. (2) Heparin allergy was present in 5% of patients in the same cohort. (3) Thrombocytopenia is neither sensitive nor specific as a marker for HA in ED patients. Heparin-allergic patients are at risk if given heparin; a method of rapid detection of patients with HA should be identified.
Aortic wall metabolism in relation to susceptibility and resistance to experimental atherosclerosis.

Abstract Different segments of the aorta and its branches show differing susceptibilities to atherosclerosis. To identify metabolic features that may account for plaque formation and sparing, we studied aortic wall respiration and glycolysis proximal and distal to an aortic coarctation in 30 rabbits fed a standard or atherogenic diet. Three months after coarctation, blood pressure in the proximal aorta was elevated, and plaque occupied 98% ± 28% of the intimal surface compared with 57% ± 26% for control animals (p
Immunohistochemical analysis of monocytic leukemias: usefulness of CD14 and Kruppel-like factor 4, a novel monocyte marker.

Detection of monocytic differentiation in myeloid neoplasms by immunohistochemical analysis is challenging owing to a lack of sensitive and/or specific antibodies. We tested the usefulness of immunohistochemical analysis for CD14, an antigen commonly detected by flow cytometry, and Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a potentially novel marker of monocytic differentiation, in a series of myeloid leukemias, including 53 acute myeloid leukemias with monocytic differentiation. These findings were compared with immunohistochemical findings for CD68 (KP-1), CD34, and CD163 and were also correlated with flow cytometric and enzyme cytochemical results. CD163 and CD14 are the most specific markers of monocytic differentiation, followed by KLF4. CD68, in contrast, is the most sensitive monocytic marker, and KLF4 is also significantly more sensitive than CD14 and CD163. These studies show that KLF4 is another marker of monocytic differentiation and that the combination of CD14 and CD163 can increase the diagnostic sensitivity for monocytic neoplasms.
The 35-Hour Workweek in France: Straightjacket or Welfare Improvement?

Workweek reduction laws may be beneficial if market interactions do not fully take into account the preferences reflected in declining secular trends in working hours. The most recent law in France shortened the workweek from 39 to 35 hours in 2000 for large firms, and in 2002 for small firms. Analysing differences between large and small firm employees before and after the law, we find that aggregate employment was unaffected but labour turnover increased, as firms shed workers who became more expensive. Survey responses indicate that the welfare impact of the law was different across groups of workers: women but not men may have benefited from coordination to a shorter workweek, and there is also evidence of negative welfare effects for managers, possibly due to the law’s administrative burden.
Biomedical Applications of Cyclodextrin Based Polyrotaxanes

Due to their controllable size, low cytotoxicity, and unique architecture, cyclodextrin‐based polyrotaxanes and pseudopolyrotaxanes have been developed to encompass a broad range of diverse medical applications from erodable hydrogels to drug and gene delivery. This review summarizes the synthesis, characterization, dynamics, applications, and potential utility of cyclodextrin based polyrotaxanes and pseudopolyrotaxanes for medical applications. Specifically, this article reviews the literature appearing on this topic between 1999 and November 2006.
Preoperative prediction of need for fundoplication before gastrostomy tube placement in children

Abstract Purpose Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement is a common procedure performed for children with oral aspiration and failure to thrive. The concurrent presence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) may be difficult to diagnose in these children and may dictate the need for an antireflux procedure. The purpose of this study was to review our preoperative evaluation of children undergoing PEG placement to better elucidate preoperative factors that may require eventual fundoplication. Methods A retrospective review at a tertiary care, children's hospital between May 2002 and August 2007 was performed of patients undergoing PEG placement. Patients were identified through database search by operative procedure codes. Patient groups were defined as those undergoing PEG alone (group 1) and those requiring fundoplication after prior PEG (group 2). Comparison of patient demographics and radiologic qualitative results of GER was analyzed using χ 2 analysis, with significance determined at P Results A total of 863 patients underwent PEG placement over this 64-month period. A sampled cohort of patients undergoing PEG over a year comprised group 1. Forty-four patients (5.1%) underwent Nissen fundoplication after prior PEG placement (group 2). Patient demographics were similar between the groups. Comparison of comorbid conditions and qualitative indicators of GER between the groups showed only cerebral palsy had a significantly higher associated risk of GER that required antireflux surgery. Preoperative clinical assessment had a 95% positive predictive value in identifying children who required only PEG. Conclusions Despite the high predictive value of individualized clinical assessment in the ultimate decision for gastrostomy without need of fundoplication, further studies are needed to determine whether children with conditions such as cerebral palsy may require a concurrent antireflux surgery at the time of gastrostomy.
Isolation of a gene from Drosophila by complementation in yeast

Transformation of mutant yeast cells by cloned genomic DNA from a higher eukaryote has made it possible to isolate a Drosophila DNA sequence that complements a yeast adenine-8-mutation. A 0.8-kilobase poly(A)-containing RNA is transcribed from the cloned Drosophila segment in transformed yeast cells and can account for functional expression of the gene.
Managing Chronic Illness in Seniors: Innovative Approaches to Care

Seniors comprise the largest population of adults over the age of 18 years. It is expected that by 2030, 74 million Americans will be over the age of 65 years, with a substantial number of these over age 85. Seniors experience more chronic illnesses, are responsible for the majority of outpatient clinic visits, take significantly more medications, and are more often hospitalized compared to younger adults. Managing chronic illness in seniors involves lifestyle change and medical therapies/interventions. As time constraints increase for providers and the population of seniors requiring additional medical attention grows, the capacity of providers to comprehensively address these needs will decrease. It is imperative that we find new, innovative, and better ways to provide the level of health care that is needed and deserved by seniors. This article reviews options for the management of chronic illness, with a focus on cardiovascular diseases, for seniors.
ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN'S COMPUTATIONAL ERRORS: A QUALITATIVE APPROACH

Summary. This study was designed to replicate and extend Roberts' efforts at classifying computational errors. 198 third- and sixth-grade pupils were administered an 84-item arithmetic computation test. Those items identified as having incorrect responses were analysed to infer probable student approaches or misconceptions leading to those responses. According to their commonalities, these inferences were clustered to form error types. This procedure resulted in the identification of eight types of errors, two of which corresponded to error types described by Roberts. These were basic fact, grouping, inappropriate inversion, incorrect operation, defective algorithm, incomplete algorithm, identity and zero errors. Finally, examining the distribution of errors according to these eight types led to several tentative generalisations.
On Nye, Lorch, and Whurr (1997)

The factual basis for the central assertion made by Nye, Lorch, and Whurr (1997) is carefully examined. Although the assertion is not warranted, the new information brought forth by Nye et al. (1997) is a welcomed development.
The effect of fatigue on the performance of a simulated anesthetic monitoring task.

In a simulated monitoring situation, 21 anesthesia residents were tested for their ability to detect significant changes in four critical variables in the presence of a concurrent distraction. Each resident was tested after a night without clinical responsibility, (rested) and after 24 hours of in-house call (fatigued). When fatigued, the residents scored significantly worse on the vigilance test than when rested (57.2 ±15.4 versus 65.9 ± 10.9,P < 0.02). Despite the small population size, the possibility of subject and investigator bias, and the artificial setting, these results support the intuitive proposition that a fatigued person is less likely than a rested person to detect important changes in monitored variables.
Post-partum ‘blues,’ depression, and psychosis: A review

The great majority of women evidence few significant problems during the puerperium. Mild affective distress lasting a few hours to a few days and known as the post-partum blues is common but has little effect beyond the first week or two after delivery. Post-partum depression, which has a prevalence of 10-15%, is more serious in that it may last for several months and impair a woman's ability to function in her many roles. Clinically and with respect to causal factors post-partum depression appears to resemble depression occurring at other times. Post-partum psychosis is a disabling disorder occurring once in every 1000 deliveries. Intensive treatment, usually on an inpatient basis, is required. Women with previous psychosis or a family history of psychosis are at increased risk. Discussion of the consequences of these patterns of post-partum adjustment and recommendations for treatment and future research are presented.
Further studies on the binding of N1-substituted tryptamines at h5-HT6 receptors.

Abstract N1-Arylsulfonyl-substituted analogs of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bind at 5-HT6 receptors. Replacement of the aryl moiety with similarly hydrophobic alkyl substituents results in decreased affinity, as does replacement of a benzenesulfonyl moiety with a benzyl group. Current findings indicate that an aryl (or substituted aryl) sulfonyl (rather than alkylsulfonyl or benzyl) moiety is optimal for high-affinity binding, and further suggest that the N1-benzenesulfonyl- and their corresponding N1-benzyltryptamine counterparts bind in a different fashion.
LINKING CONFLICT STRATEGY TO THE FIVE‐FACTOR MODEL: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL FOUNDATIONS

The present study examines the relation of individual differences in personality to one's preferences for approaching and managing conflict in work settings. This investigation offers a conceptual foundation for relating the Five‐Factor Model (FFM) of personality to strategy preference, tests strategy‐FFM dimension hypotheses, and explores strategy relations with narrower FFM midlevel traits. Managers and supervisors (N = 249) from public, governmental, and private sector organizations completed the Organizational Communication and Conflict Instrument and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Preferences for conflict strategies were found to relate to distinct patterns of FFM dimensions, while narrower midlevel traits provided meaningful insights into the nature of the observed relations.
Thymic function, aging, and AIDS.

For the first time in history, large numbers of patients are affected by postnatal T-cell depletion. Understanding postnatal thymic function is thus a matter of some urgency. Current research may help to elucidate age-related changes and suggest a means of inducing the thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues to replenish T-cell reservoirs.
Homomorphisms of the algebra of locally integrable functions on the half line

Let $\phi$ be a continuous nonzero homomorphism of the convolution algebra $L^{1}_{{\rm loc}}(\mathbb{R}^{+})$ and also the unique extension of this homomorphism to $M_{{\rm loc}}(\mathbb{R}^{+})$. We show that the map $\phi$ is continuous in the weak* and strong operator topologies on $M_{{\rm loc}}$, considered as the dual space of $C_{c}(\mathbb{R}^{+})$ and as the multiplier algebra of $L^{1}_{{\rm loc}}$. Analogous results are proved for homomorphisms from $L^{1}[0,a)$ to $L^{1}[0,b)$. For each convolution algebra $L^{1}(\omega_{1})$, $\phi$ restricts to a continuous homomorphism from some $L^{1}(\omega_{1})$ to some $L^{1}(\omega_{2})$, and, for each sufficiently large $L^{1}(\omega_{2})$, $\phi$ restricts to a continuous homomorphism from some $L^{1}(\omega_{1})$ to $L^{1}(\omega_{2})$. We also determine which continuous homomorphisms between weighted convolution algebras extend to homomorphisms of $L^{1}_{{\rm loc}}$. We also prove results on convergent nets, continuous semigroups, and bounded sets in $M_{{\rm loc}}$ that we need in our study of homomorphisms.
Use of ion beams to simulate reaction of reactor fuels with their cladding

Abstract Processes occurring within reactor cores are not amenable to direct experimental observation. Among major concerns are damage, fission gas accumulation and reaction between the fuel and its cladding all of which lead to swelling. These questions can be investigated through simulation with ion beams. As an example, we discuss the irradiation driven interaction of uranium–molybdenum alloys, intended for use as low-enrichment reactor fuels, with aluminum, which is used as fuel cladding. Uranium–molybdenum coated with a 100 nm thin film of aluminum was irradiated with 3 MeV Kr ions to simulate fission fragment damage. Mixing and diffusion of aluminum was followed as a function of irradiation with RBS and nuclear reaction analysis using the 27Al(p,γ)28Si reaction which occurs at a proton energy of 991.9 keV. During irradiation at 150 °C, aluminum diffused into the uranium alloy at a irradiation driven diffusion rate of 30 nm2/dpa. At a dose of 90 dpa, uranium diffusion into the aluminum layer resulted in formation of an aluminide phase at the initial interface. The thickness of this phase grew until it consumed the aluminum layer. The rapid diffusion of Al into these reactor fuels may offer explanation of the observation that porosity is not observed in the fuel particles but on their periphery.
INTRADAY TRADING PATTERNS IN THE EQUITY OPTIONS MARKETS

Based on the analysis of data for over two million options transactions on the Chicago Board of Options Exchange, we find significant U-shaped intraday patterns in trading volume, transaction size, proportion of trades at the ask or bid, and other variables in the equity options market. These previously undocumented intraday temporal patterns are largely consistent with exogenous temporal influences on transactions volume in anticipation of and following nontrading periods. These patterns are also largely consistent with strategic trading endogenous to the market and are related to interactions between informed and liquidity or noise traders.
Efficient Storage Management for Temporary Values in Concurrent Programming Languages

An evaluation stack, used exclusively to store temporary values in expression evaluation, is known to be an effective mechanism in the implementation of high level languages. This work considers the efficient management of evaluation stacks for concurrent programming languages. Techniques for sharing a single evaluation stack among many processes, without copying on process switches, are developed. The best strategy for managing the evaluation stack is shown to depend strongly upon the scheduling paradigm adopted by the run-time support of the language. Simulation studies, driven by synthetic workloads, show that the techniques described in this paper exhibit substantial performance improvements over traditional temporary storage management schemes for concurrent languages.
Oxygenation of a dipyrromethene model for bilirubin: Formation of a singlet oxygen-like product

An oxodipyrromethene model compound for bilirubin is found to undergo oxidation to a blue tetrapyrrole and a water-propentdyopent on a silica gel thin layer chromatography plate. The reaction involves ground state oxygen and requires silica gel, although the propentdyopent is an expected product from reaction with singlet oxygen.
Compartmental analysis of steady-state diaphragm Ca2+ kinetics in chronic congestive heart failure.

Abstract An analytic method based on simulation and modeling of long-term 45 Ca 2+ efflux data was used to estimate steady-state Ca2+ contents (nmol Ca2+ g−1 tissue wet wt.) and exchange fluxes (nmol Ca2+ min−1 g−1 tissue wet wt.) for extracellular and intracellular compartments in in vitro resting diaphragm from congestive heart failure (CHF, n=12) and sham-operated (SHAM, n=10) rats. Left hemidiaphragms were excised from experimental animals, loaded with 45 Ca 2+ for 1 h, and washed out with 45 Ca 2+ -free perfusate for 8 h. Tissue from the right hemidiaphragm was used to assess single-fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) as well as the relative proteolytic activity of Ca2+-dependent calpain. Kinetic analysis of 45 Ca 2+ efflux data revealed that CHF was associated with increased Ca2+ contents of extracellular and intracellular compartments as well as increased Ca2+ exchange fluxes for all compartments. This accounted for the model prediction of a 250% increase in total diaphragm Ca2+. Furthermore, single-fiber CSA was decreased 12% and proteolytic activity of calpain was increased twofold in CHF diaphragm relative to SHAM. Conclusions: The kinetic data are consistent with the hypothesis that diaphragm Ca2+ overload in CHF required all intercompartmental Ca2+ fluxes to increase. The potential relationships among Ca2+ overload, increased activity of calpain, and wasting of the diaphragm in CHF are discussed.
Microsporidioses of Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and other pteromalid parasitoids of muscoid flies

Abstract An undetermined microsporidium was found infecting Muscidifurax raptor, a parasitoid of muscoid flies. Housefly hosts of the parasitoid in culture were not infected. Spores were present in newly deposited parasitoid eggs and vertical transmission experiments indicated 100% efficiency of maternal transmission. An uninfected culture was established by isolating parasitoids for oviposition and discarding the progeny of infected females. Infected parasitoids took longer to complete development, lived half as long, and produced 1 8 to 1 2 as many progeny as uninfected parasitoids. Thirty-five percent of field-collected parasitoids from New York dairy farms in August of 1990 were infected, although infection increased to 100% after two generations in culture. A survey of 11 pteromalid species collected from different geographic areas indicated that microsporidioses in Muscidifurax raptor and M. zaraptor are ubiquitous. Urolepis rufipes was the only other species examined that was also infected with microsporidia.
PQL: Protein Query Language

This paper introduces a Protein Query Language (PQL) for querying protein structures in an expressive yet concise manner. One of the objectives of the paper is to demonstrate how such a language would be beneficial to protein researchers to obtain in-depth protein data from a relational database without extensive SQL knowledge. The language features options such as limiting query results by key protein characteristics such as methyl donated hydrogen bond interactions, minimum and maximum phi and psi angles, repulsive forces, CH/Pi calculations, and other pertinent factors. A backend data model was designed to support storage and retrieval of protein primary and secondary sequences, atomic-level data, as well as calculations on said data. A relational DBMS is used as the persistent storage backend, with every effort made to ensure transparent portability to most relational database systems. In addition, front end applications can be developed to support retrieving, transforming, and preprocessing of information from the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB) into the backend data repository. The new language and associated architecture allow users to load additional protein files from RCSB into the database, issue standard queries to download pertinent data in user-friendly formats including CSV files, issue non-standard queries against secondary structures via the protein query language, and run error-detection routines against data in the database. Query results may include normalized or denormalized data, model and chain data, residue data, atom detail data, and primary as well as secondary structure data.
Starting dynamics of additive-pulse mode locking in the Ti:Al 2 O 3 laser

The starting dynamics of the additive-pulse mode-locked Ti:Al2O3 laser are investigated. Mode locking develops from mode beating with pulse formation times of several hundred microseconds. A simple model based on additive-pulse mode-locking theory is developed that describes self-starting and pulse evolution.
Biasing the brain's attentional set: I. cue driven deployments of intersensory selective attention.

Brain activity associated with directing attention to one of two possible sensory modalities was examined using high-density mapping of human event-related potentials. The deployment of selective attention was based on visually presented symbolic cue-words instructing subjects on a trial-by-trial basis, which sensory modality to attend. We measured the spatio-temporal pattern of activation in the approximately 1 second period between the cue-instruction and a subsequent compound auditory-visual imperative stimulus. This allowed us to assess the flow of processing across brain regions involved in deploying and sustaining inter-sensory selective attention, prior to the actual selective processing of the compound audio-visual target stimulus. Activity over frontal and parietal areas showed sensory specific increases in activation during the early part of the anticipatory period (~230 ms), probably representing the activation of fronto-parietal attentional deployment systems for top-down control of attention. In the later period preceding the arrival of the “to-be-attended” stimulus, sustained differential activity was seen over fronto-central regions and parieto-occipital regions, suggesting the maintenance of sensory-specific biased attentional states that would allow for subsequent selective processing. Although there was clear sensory biasing in this late sustained period, it was also clear that both sensory systems were being prepared during the cue-target period. These late sensory-specific biasing effects were also accompanied by sustained activations over frontal cortices that also showed both common and sensory specific activation patterns, suggesting that maintenance of the biased state includes top-down inputs from generators in frontal cortices, some of which are sensory-specific regions. These data support extensive interactions between sensory, parietal and frontal regions during processing of cue information, deployment of attention, and maintenance of the focus of attention in anticipation of impending attentionally relevant input.
Applications of Microcomputers in Automotive Electronics

The history of microcomputer application in automotive electronics is briefly reviewed. American, Japanese, and European automobile manufacturer's microcomputer products are considered, and representative production designs are compared. Differences in approaches and problem solutions are examined. The chronological introduction of microcomputer-controlled functions is presented for engine, transmission, entertainment/comfort/convenience, and instrument panel control. Growth trends are noted for each category, and future automotive microcomputer applications are discussed. Projections are made of future semiconductor VLSI technology and automotive microcomputers.
The Effects of Hypoxia on pHi in Porcine Coronary Artery Endothelium and Smooth Muscle

Endothelium-dependent relaxation of porcine coronary arteries is attenuated under hypoxic conditions. Recent evidence also indicates that pHi may modulate the release of the endothelium-derived relaxing factor. We tested the hypothesis that hypoxia-induced attenuation of endothelium-dependent relaxation is mediated by alterations in pHi. We developed a novel method for loading surface cells, whereby endothelial cell pHi could be measured in situ on the intact porcine coronary artery. Endothelial cells of arterial ring segments were selectively loaded with the fluorescent indicator BCECF-AM. Differential loading of the endothelial cell layer was verified by confocal microscopy. pHi of the endothelial cells in situ and of endothelium-denuded arteries was measured with a Photon Technology International spectrofluorimeter. The functional integrity of the endothelium was assessed by the endothelium-dependent relaxation to substance P in a paired adjacent ring. In the experimental protocol for pHi measurements,...
TCP three-way handshake: linking developmental processes with plant immunity

The TCP gene family encodes plant-specific transcription factors involved in growth and development. Equally important are the interactions between TCP factors and other pathways extending far beyond development, as they have been found to regulate a variety of hormonal pathways and signaling cascades. Recent advances reveal that TCP factors are targets of pathogenic effectors and are likely to play a vital role in plant immunity. Our focus is on reviewing the involvement of TCP in known pathways and shedding light on other linkages in the nexus of plant immunity centered around TCP factors with an emphasis on the convergence of effectors, interconnected hormonal networks, utility of the circadian clock, and the potential mechanisms by which pathogen defense may occur.
O-Linked β-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase Substrate Specificity Is Regulated by Myosin Phosphatase Targeting and Other Interacting Proteins

O-GlcNAc-transferase (OGT) substrate specificity is regulated by transiently interacting proteins. To further examine the regulation of OGT, we have identified 27 putative OGT-interacting proteins through a yeast two-hybrid screen. Two of these proteins, Trak1 (OIP106) and O-GlcNAcase, have been shown previously to interact with and regulate OGT. We demonstrate here that MYPT1 and CARM1 also interact with and target OGT. MYPT1 and CARM1 are substrates of OGT in vitro and in vivo. MYPT1 and CARM1 also function to alter OGT substrate specificity in vitro. Furthermore depletion of MYPT1 in Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells alters GlcNAcylation of several proteins under basal conditions, suggesting that MYPT1 regulates OGT substrate specificity in vivo.
Characterizing the low wage immigrant workforce: a comparative analysis of the health disparities among selected occupations in Somerville, Massachusetts.

Background This study estimates job-related risks among common low wage occupations (cleaning, construction, food service, cashier/baggers, and factory workers) held by predominantly Haitian, El Salvadorian, and Brazilian immigrants living or working in Somerville, Massachusetts. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey on immigrant occupational health was conducted between 2006 and 2009 and logistic regression was used to assess the job-related risks among the most common low wage occupations. Results Construction workers reported significantly higher health risks, and lower access to occupational health services than the other occupations. Compared to cashier/baggers, the reference population in this study, cleaners reported significantly lower access to health and safety and work training and no knowledge of workers' compensation. Factory workers reported significantly lower work training compared to cashier/baggers. Food service workers reported the least access to doctors compared to the other occupations. Conclusion We found significant variability in risks among different low wage immigrant occupations. The type of occupation independently contributed to varying levels of risks among these jobs. We believe our findings to be conservative and recommend additional inquiry aimed at assuring the representativeness of our findings. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:516–526, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scanning Magnetoresistance Microscopy for Imaging Magnetically Labeled DNA Microarrays

We demonstrate the use of a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) sensor as a probe for non-contact scanning microscopy of magnetically labeled DNA microarrays. Induced magnetic stray fields from 2.8 mum diameter magnetic particles are detected using the MTJ sensor, while two dimensional scanning generates the magnetic map of the DNA microarray with a spatial resolution of 1 mum over a large scan area exceeding 1 cm2. Current particle-sensor spacing of ~20 mum results in a detection resolution of ~30 magnetic particles within each 100 mum diameter DNA spot. Our results highlight the use of scanning magnetoresistive microscopy as a convenient and powerful technique for the accurate detection and identification of biomolecules tagged with magnetic particles.
Extraction of electrical parameters of high density connectors using time domain measurements

This paper discusses the extraction of the equivalent circuit of connector pins using time domain measurement and SPICE without relying on any modeling tools. Two coupled connector pins can be represented by an equivalent circuit consisting of six parameters, namely, self capacitance/self-inductance per pin, mutual capacitance between pins and mutual inductance between pins. To extract these parameters from time domain measurements is therefore a non-trivial task since variation of any one of these parameters could produce a change in the total response. Hence a systematic extraction algorithm has been discussed in this paper using a combination of stand-alone, common mode and differential mode measurements.
MM quadruple bonds supported by cyanoacrylate ligands. Extending photon harvesting into the near infrared and studies of the MLCT states

The compounds trans-M2(TiPB)2(L)2 and trans-M2(TiPB)2(L′)2 have been prepared from the reactions between M2(TiPB)4 (TiPB = 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzoate, M = Mo or W) and LH or L′H (∼2 equiv.), respectively, where L = O2CC(CN)CH–C6H4–NPh2 and L′ = O2CC(CN)CH–C4H3S–C6H4–NPh2. These cyanoacrylate ligands promote intense M2δ to L or L′ π*-transitions that span the range 550–1100 nm. The two molybdenum complexes have been characterized by single crystal X-ray studies that reveal the extensive L–M2222–L or L′–M2222–L′ M2δ–ligand π-conjugation. The new compounds have been characterized by electronic structure calculations employing density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent-DFT, cyclic voltammetry, electronic absorption and steady state emission spectroscopy and femtosecond (fs) and nanosecond (ns) time resolved transient absorption (TA) and fs time-resolved infrared spectroscopy (TRIR). The latter allows the determination of the S1 states as 1MLCT that are delocalized over both L and L′. For molybdenum the T1 states are 3MoMoδδ* whereas for tungsten they are 3MLCT.