cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Know-how, intellectualism, and memory systems

A longstanding tradition in philosophy distinguishes between knowthatand know-how. This traditional “anti-intellectualist” view is soentrenched in folk psychology that it is often invoked in suppor...
The collapse of empire at Gordion in the transition from the Achaemenid to the Hellenistic world

Gordion, ancient capital of Phrygia, was a large and thriving city of secondary importance during the period of the Achaemenid Persian Empire (ca 550–333 BC). Recent work makes possible a reconsideration of the site: evaluating its architecture, finds and use of landscape within and after the socio-economic and administrative context of the Achaemenid imperial system enables the following new overview. During the Achaemenid period, Gordion’s populace participated in the broad cultural exchanges enabled by the imperial system and may have emphasised animal husbandry. When Alexander’s conquest led to the collapse of the Achaemenid administrative infrastructure, the impact on Gordion’s economy and cultural circumstance was profound. Its population plummeted, the architectural and spatial organisation of the site changed dramatically and new directions and means of trade and cultural interaction developed. Gordion’s archaeological remains reflect and emphasise the tremendous historical and political changes attending the end of the Empire and the beginning of the Hellenistic period.
Multi-disciplinary weight management compared to routine care in youth with obesity: what else should be monitored?

Efficacy of multi-disciplinary weight management (MDM) in youth has not been compared to their routine care. To compare body mass index z-score (zBMI) and blood test (lab) changes (Δ) in youth before and after MDM and to correlate bio-impedance analysis (BIA) and lab measurements. We compared zBMI Δ (from referring providers’ records), within 3 months prior to MDM, to monthly zBMI Δ after MDM, in a retrospective cohort of youth at a tertiary MDM center. BIA and lab measurements after 6 months, MDM were compared to baseline. We reviewed 316 records (12.9 ± 3.5 years, 49% males, 104.8 ± 35.1 kgs). The pre-MDM zBMI Δ (0.02 ± 0.1) was reversed after MDM (−0.03 ± 0.09, visit 2, P < 0.001). The zBMI Δ progressed on follow-up (−0.14 ± 0.05, visit 6). Baseline BIA components correlated with Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides, and systolic blood pressure. HbA1c, HOMA-IR, and liver functions significantly improved on follow-up. MDM participation showed progressive attrition and dropped to 11.6% at visit 6. MDM in youth resulted in zBMI and lab improvements compared to their pre-MDM measurements. BIA provided additional outcome measures that correlated with metabolic markers. MDM follow-up was limited by the progressive participant drop-out. Behavioral economic strategies are needed to improve adherence.
Toward Wearable Devices for Multiteam Systems Learning

This chapter provides an overview of an exploratory case study involving a multiteam system in the fire and rescue emergency context incorporating human sensor analytics (e.g., proximity sensors) and other data sources to reveal important insights on within- and between-team learning and training. Incorporating a design research approach, the case study consisting of two live simulation scenarios that informed the design and development of a wearable technology-based system targeted to capture team-based behavior in the live simulation and visualize it during the debriefing session immediately following to potentially inform within- and cross-team behavior from a multiteam systems perspective informed by theory and practice.
Legacies of Marginalization: System Avoidance among the Adult Children of Unauthorized Immigrants in the United States:

The threat of deportation shapes the way that unauthorized immigrants and their families interact with social institutions. For example, the adult children of unauthorized immigrants might avoid in...
How do voters perceive ideological congruence? The effects of winning and losing under different electoral rules

Abstract The degree of ideological congruence between citizens and their elected representatives is an important feature of democratic systems of government. A long tradition of literature has examined the ideological linkages between citizens and governments, often drawing attention to the differences (or lack thereof) in congruence across different types of electoral systems. Previous research has largely relied on aggregate-level measures of ideological congruence, such as the ideological distance between the position of the median voter and the government. We turn our attention here to how congruence relationships are perceived by individual voters, and how the perceptions of congruence may vary across electoral system types. This individual-level measure of ideological congruence is important in that individual-level, rather than aggregate-level, congruence has been shown to influence other outcomes such as citizen satisfaction with democratic performance. We expect electoral “winners” – those who voted for a party that entered government – to perceive greater ideological congruence between themselves and the government compared to electoral “losers”. We expect this effect to be stronger in majoritarian systems where political competition takes place primarily between two parties, than in proportional systems where electoral losers are more likely to receive a proportional share of representation. We test these expectations by estimating random-effects regressions of perceived individual-level congruence using data from 54 elections held in 23 democracies included in the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES). The results provide consistent support for our expectations. Electoral winners in all types of electoral systems perceive greater ideological congruence between themselves and the government, and this effect is stronger in majoritarian systems.
The Effect of Area Deprivation on COVID-19 Risk in Louisiana

Purpose: Louisiana currently has the highest per capita case count for COVID-19 in the United States and disproportionately affects the Black or African American population. Neighborhood deprivation has been observed to be associated with poorer health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between neighborhood deprivation and COVID-19 in Louisiana. Methods: The Area Deprivation Index (ADI) was calculated and used to classify neighborhood deprivation at the census tract level. A total of 17 US census variables were used to calculate the ADI for each of the 1148 census tracts in Louisiana. The data were extracted from the American Community Survey (ACS) 2018. The neighborhoods were categorized into quintiles as well as low and high deprivation. The publicly available COVID-19 cumulative case counts by census tract was obtained from the Louisiana Department of Health website on July 31, 2020. Descriptive and Poisson regression analyses were performed. Results: Neighborhoods in Louisiana were substantially different with respect to deprivation. The ADI ranged from 136.00 for the most deprived neighborhood and -33.87 in the least deprived neighborhood. We observed that individuals residing in the most deprived neighborhoods had a 45% higher risk of COVID-19 disease compared to those residing in the least deprived neighborhoods. Conclusion: While the majority of previous studies were focused on very limited socio-environmental factors such as crowding and income, this study used a composite area-based deprivation index to examine the role of neighborhood environment on COVID-19. We observed a positive relationship between neighborhood deprivation and COVID-19 risk in Louisiana. The study findings can be utilized to promote public health preventions measures besides social distancing, wearing a mask while in public and frequent handwashing in vulnerable neighborhoods with greater deprivation.
Marking Territory: Modeling the Spread of Ethnic Conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1992-1995

In order to study post-conflict economic development and social change in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), it is necessary to control for variation in the effect of conflict on each local community. To do this, we first explore the variation in nature, severity, and incidence of conflict during the 1992-1995 war. The conflict narrative is coded by type and date of an incident; these data are then related to indicators of pre- and post-conflict population composition, and presence of industrial, transportation, or military infrastructure. We then use OLS and IV regressions to attempt to identify the community determinants of where and when fighting will occur within a war. The results across the four sets of regressions indicate that ethnic composition is the primary initial determinant of conflict type and intensity, with more diverse communities suffering more conflict and greater intensity of fighting. We conclude that any analysis of post-conflict economic development needs to control for the variation in pre-war ethnic diversity and differences in pre- and post-conflict ethnic composition. Subsequent studies will seek to understand the effect of conflict typology, intensity, and community type on landmine placement and the effect of landmines on post-conflict social and economic development.
Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of copepods in a tidal estuarine system in Maryland, USA

Abstract The carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of copepods, particularly Acartia tonsa and suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM) samples, collected seasonally (2014 to 2017) from 13 sites in the tidal estuaries of Maryland were analyzed. We hypothesized that copepods at sites close to the mouths of lagoon tributaries have more depleted δ 13 C than copepods at sites near the inlets, and that variations in the δ 13 C values of copepods mirror that of the SPOM. Copepod δ 13 C values ranged from −27.8‰ to −19.4‰, and that of SPOM from −26.8 to −20.3‰. Mean copepod δ 13 C value (−21.8‰ ± 0.4) at a site close to the ocean was the highest, whereas the lowest value (−24.4‰ ± 0.5) occurred at a site located at the mouth of St. Martin River. δ 15 N copepod values varied from 2.9‰ to 13.0‰ (mean = 9.2‰ ± 0.1); that of SPOM was −0.58 to 10.51‰ (mean=5.7‰ ± 0.2). Reduction in the δ 15 N mean values from a site near the Ocean City inlet (10.2±0.4‰) to a site close to the tributaries (8.5±0.6‰) suggests that copepods at the site near Ocean City inlet likely fed on food items that contained more marine phytoplankton with enriched δ 15 N and heterotrophic protists, than copepods at a site near the river mouth. The highest (−21.9‰ ± 0.4) and lowest (−25.8‰ ± 0.3) mean copepod δ 13 C values were observed in summer 2015 and winter 2017, whereas the highest (10.8‰ ± 0.2) and lowest (7.1‰ ± 0.7) mean copepod δ 15 N values were recorded in winter and fall 2016, respectively. δ 15 N enrichment between copepods and SPOM ranged from 1.0‰ to 8.9‰ (mean: 3.4‰). The highest enrichment observed in February 2016 stemmed from a reduction in SPOM δ 15 N values, after a major storm event, which was unaccompanied by a decrease in Acartia δ 15 N. Copepod and SPOM δ 13 C and δ 15 N values, displayed similar spatial patterns and were positively correlated; enrichment at sites near the ocean and depletion near the river mouth indicating that SPOM composition influenced copepods diets in the lagoons.
A New Species of Tapeworm in the Genus Stillabothrium (Rhinebothriidea: Escherbothriidae) from a Stingray from Borneo

Examination of spiral intestines from Himantura tutulBorsa, Durand, Shen, Arlyza, Solihin, and Berrebi, 2013 (=Himantura uarnak 3 sensu Naylor et al. [2012]), collected from Malaysian Borneo revealed the presence of a new species of tapeworm belonging to the genus Stillabothrium (Rhinebothriidea: Escherbothriidae). Stillabothrium borneoense n. sp. Herzog, Meininger, and Reyda is assigned to the genus based on its possession of a scolex with 4 bothridia divided into a distinct anterior region with facial loculi that are oriented horizontally and a distinct posterior region with facial loculi that are oriented vertically. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by features of the scolex and proglottids, including a vagina that recurves well anterior to the cirrus sac, as well as a unique locular arrangement not previously reported for members of this genus: 4 horizontally oriented loculi in the anterior region of the bothridia and 7 vertically oriented loculi in the posterior region of the bothridia. Stillabothrium borneoense n. sp. expands both known morphological variation and known host associations within the genus.
The Pet Hating Landlord

Based on a recent pet-related tenant eviction, it would appear that the evil landlords are “at it again.” They are exploiting tenants who wish to give a home to some of our furry or feathered friends. “Pet-hating landlords” is the way this phenomenon was described by a leading newspaper.
Disclosure of individual research results at federally funded Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers.

Introduction This study describes practices for disclosing individual research results to participants in Alzheimer's disease research. Methods An online survey of clinical core leaders at National Institutes of Health-funded Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers in the United States (response rate: 30/31, 97%) examined return of results practices across nine different types of research results. Results Most centers had returned consensus research diagnoses (83%) and neuropsychological test results (73%), with fewer having shared amyloid positron emission tomography (43%), tau imaging (10%), or apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype (7%) results. Centers reported having disclosed a mean of 3.1 types of results (standard deviation = 2.1; range 0-8). The most commonly cited reason for disclosure was to inform participants' medical decision-making (88%). Disclosure involved multiple professionals and modalities, with neurologists (87%) and in-person visits (85%) most commonplace. Discussion Centers varied widely as to whether and how they disclosed research results. Diagnostic and cognitive test results were more commonly returned than genetic or biomarker results.
Autonomous Artificial Intelligence Safety and Trust

Artificial Intelligence, or Augmented Intelligence (AI), is the term for systems capable of making decisions of high cognitive complexity. In health-care, Autonomous AI systems are those AI sys-tems that make clinical decisions without human oversight, and where the autonomous AI creator assumes medical liability [1]. Autonomous AI systems are thus different from Assistive AI sys-tems, which help a clinician make better diagnos-tic or management decisions, and where the liability for the medical decision remains with the clinician [2].
A Prospective analysis about employee retention strategies for Macao Hotel Industry

Human resources are essential to the survival, success, and long-term growth of a company. Hotel is an industry requiring a high level of human resources for delivering high-quality personal service to the hotel guests to maintain its competitiveness in the business environment. With the rapid economic growth in Macao started in 2002, all the industries have been growing fast and competing fiercely for the limited manpower in Macao. However, the Macao hotel industry has been losing its attractiveness in the Macao labor market and needs to rely on non-local workers with a limited stay in Macao. The management team of the Macao hotel industry is looking for a solution to maintain a stable workforce. Therefore, a study has been conducted on the effectiveness of its employee retention strategies. A questionnaire was designed to collect the preferences of the employees and interviews were conducted to understand the perspective of the management team toward the employee retention strategies. The study shows the employee strategies are focused on key employees’ interests such as career development and prospect. However, the communication between the management team and employees failed and led to employee turnover.
Von Großdosen zu Kleindosen

Werden Saugetiere akut mit Strahlendosen zwischen einigen hundert R und tausend R ganzkorperbestrahlt, so zeigt die 3otagige Dosis-Mortalitat-Kurve einen stetigen, S-formigen Verlauf. Dieses Bild andert sich, wenn man die Tiere uber einen weiten Dosenbereich mit Rontgenstrahlen bestrahlt, und an Stelle der Sterblichkeit ihre mittlere Uberlebenszeit in Abhangigkeit von der Dosis auftragt. Abb. 23 zeigt das Ergebnis eines solchen Experimentes mit weisen Mausen, die mit Dosen bis zu 175 000R bestrahlt worden sind. Die Kurve last sich deutlich in drei Abschnitte einteilen: in den Abschnitt A von einigen hundert R bis zu etwa 1000 R, in dem die Kurve stetig bis zu etwa 4 Tagen abfallt; den Abschnitt B zwischen etwa 1200 R und 10000 R, in dem die Kurve horizontal verlauft, und in Abschnitt C zwischen etwa 12000 R und sehr hohen Dosen, in dem die Uberlebenszeit der Tiere schnell mit steigender Dosis abnimmt. Man hat schon fruh versucht, diese drei Abschnitte mit der Reaktion bestimmter Organsysteme auf die Bestrahlung in Verbindung zu bringen, und in der Tat haben Versuche diese Vermutung bestatigt. Im Bereich A fuhren die Schaden des blutbildenden Systems zum Tode (hamatopoetischer Tod), im Bereich B sind es die Schaden des Magen-Darm-Kanals, die den Tod verursachen (gastro-intestinaler Tod), und im Bereich C versagt das Zentralnervensystem (zentral-nervoser Tod).
Miniature Inverted-Repeat Transposable Elements and Their Relationship to Established DNA Transposons

With the advent of genome sequencing projects, vast amounts of DNA sequence, from a wide variety of plant and animal species, have become available for analysis. Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs), with their high copy number, distinct structural features (target site duplications [TSDs] and terminal inverted repeats [TIRs]), and compact stature, are relatively easy to mine from DNA sequence databases. Comparison of the transposase-encoding Tc elements and the numerous MITE families suggested possible scenarios for the origin of MITEs in Caenorhabditis elegans. Several groups independently discovered an abundant family of short (80-bp) palindromic elements, called Mrs or Made1. The TIRs are 80 to 100% similar to those of mariner-like elements (MLEs) that are dispersed in the genome. These were the first MLEs identified in mammals and were subsequently grouped into the Hsmar1 family. Plant MITEs related to pogo-like transposons have only been identified in Arabidopsis. Phylogenetic analyses of over 100 plant MLE transposase sequences revealed the existence of multiple and divergent lineages of MLE transposases. Together these results provide an explanation for the proliferation, diversity, and success of Stowaway MITEs in plant genomes. P instability factor (PIF) is an active DNA element family first discovered as multiple mutagenic insertions into the maize R gene. Several MITE families described from plants, animals, and fungi do not share any structural or sequence features with known DNA transposon families. The proliferation of nonautonomous elements has been hypothesized to lead to the extinction of the cognate autonomous element through titration of active transposase.
Promoting a Sense of Community with Ubiquitous Peripheral Displays

Computer display and sensor technologies have advanced to the point where it is increasingly possible to deploy displays in public places that can sense and respond to the people in their vicinities. Several research initiatives are exploring how displays can be used in the foreground to support highly focused collaborative activities. We are exploring how displays can be used in the background or periphery to enrich casual interactions of the people nearby, creating greater mutual awareness of the interests and activities of people in a workplace community. Three applications are described in this chapter: GroupCast uses profiles of people’s interests in conjunction with an infrared personnel badge system to select content of mutual interest to those passing nearby a large, public display in a common area; UniCast runs on a peripheral display in one’s individual workspace, cycling through interesting, non-urgent, visual content specified in a profile created by each individual user; OutCast runs on a display outside an individual office, acting as a virtual proxy by showing content about the occupant that is specifically selected to represent the occupant’s public face. The chapter concludes with a broader discussion of issues common to any application seeking to enhance the experience of people gathered near a public display.
An analysis of trace data for predictive file caching in mobile computing

One way to provide mobile computers with access to the resources of a network, even in the absence of communication, is to predict which information will be used during disconnection and cache the appropriate data while still connected. To determine the feasibility of this approach, traces of file-access activity for three diverse application domains were collected for periods of over two months. Analysis of these traces using traditional and new measures reveals that user working sets tend to be small compared to modern disk sizes, that users tend to reference the same files for several days or even weeks at a time, and that different users do not tend to write to the same file except in highly constrained circumstances. These factors encourage the conclusion that an automated caching system can be built for a wide variety of environments.
Decisions under subjective information

This paper addresses two closely related aspects of subjective information. First, no two agents necessarily see the same thing when they observe the same object. Second, no two agents have the same concepts in mind when they use the same term in a shared language. I present a framework to give rigorous meaning to these ideas, in particular by modeling them in appropriate topologies. From there I give conditions under which a shared language enables agents with subjective information to trade. These conditions turn out to be equivalent to a form of continuity of the mappings between agents' perceptions and their use of the shared language, when both are viewed as topological spaces.
Sugar in the Philippines: Policy responses to a distorted world market

Abstract This article examines how changing world market conditions and domestic priorities brought about fundamental changes in Philippine sugar policies. Implementation of new sugar policies to reflect the altered domestic priorities, however, awaited exogenous changes — in US sugar policy and domestic macroeconomic parameters. Rather than implement policies which encouraged efficient use of domestic resources, price and production control policies were used to transfer income to groups with most political power.
A Normative Evaluation of Actuarial Litigation

This Article addresses the normative issues raised by the use of statistical sampling to adjudicate large case aggregations. In its recent decision, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, the Supreme Court referred to sampling pejoratively as “Trial by Formula.” This Article argues that the pejorative label is undeserved. In fact, sampling can be justified in many more situations than courts currently apply it, and society is paying a very high price for limiting its use. I explored some of the normative issues in an earlier publication, Statistical Adjudication: Rights, Justice, and Utility in a World of Process Scarcity, and the current Article expands on my earlier analysis in four respects. First, it analyzes the effect of sampling on settlement and discusses in more detail the problem of frivolous and weak filings. Sampling tends to reduce the likelihood of settlement and also provides cover for undesirable lawsuits. However, while both of these effects must be considered in any efficiency analysis, neither is likely to tip the cost-benefit balance against the use of sampling in large enough case aggregations. Second, this Article evaluates sampling in the context of an outcome-oriented rights-based theory. In this connection, the most serious problem is that sampling gives high value plaintiffs only an average recovery. Statistical Adjudication discussed this topic as well, but the current Article generalizes the analysis in a useful way. Third, the Article offers some further thoughts about process-based participation and the day-in-court right based on work that post-dates Statistical Adjudication. Fourth, the Article explores another possible objection to sampling that Statistical Adjudication did not address. This objection, which I call the “methodological legitimacy objection,” is distinct from adverse effects on outcome and limitations on individual participation. It rests ultimately on the assumption that adjudication at its core involves reasoned deliberation that engages the facts of particular cases. The problem with sampling from this perspective is that it substitutes a formulaic method for fact-sensitive reasoning. This Article shows that while the methodological legitimacy objection has some intuitive appeal, it is very difficult to sustain in a rigorous way.
Mutational analysis by next generation sequencing of gastric type dysplasia occurring in hyperplastic polyps of the stomach: Mutations in gastric hyperplastic polyps

Abstract Gastric hyperplastic polyps (GHP) are the most common type of polyps occurring in the stomach. Although GHP are broadly interpreted as benign lesions, they may progress to dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Objective: In this study, we aimed to identify genomic mutations that characterize and may drive malignant transformation in GHP by using next-generation sequencing. Eight GHP (2 with dysplasia, 1 indefinite for dysplasia and 5 without dysplasia) were studied. Only large polyps (> 1 cm) with gastric differentiation were included in this study, while adenomatous polyps (intestinal-type) were excluded. Immunohistochemistry for MUC2, MUC5A, MUC6, CDX2, p53, and Ki67 was performed. DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections and sequenced for the detection of somatic mutations. Multiplex sequencing was done with the TrueSeq Amplicon Cancer Panel in the MiSeq platform. Variant annotation and visualization were performed using NextGENe (SoftGenetics) software. No pathogenic mutations were detected in GHP without dysplasia. TP53 gene mutations were the most common alteration in dysplastic GHP (2 of 2 dysplastic cases). PIK3CA mutation was identified in a GHP with pyloric-type dysplasia, whereas foveolar-type dysplasia carried TP53 mutations. In conclusion, TP53 gene mutations are a common alteration in the early dysplastic stage during malignant transformation of GHP. GHP with dysplasia may show dual differentiation. In our study, pyloric-type dysplasia was associated with a PIK3CA alteration whereas foveolar dysplasia carried TP53 mutations. The identification of carcinoma-associated mutations in large GHP provides additional evidence of their neoplastic potential and emphasizes the need for their complete resection and follow-up.
Rationality in Action

The study of rationality and practical reason, or rationality in action, has been central to Western intellectual culture. In this invigorating book, John Searle lays out six claims of what he calls the Classical Model of rationality and shows why they are false. He then presents an alternative theory of the role of rationality in thought and action. A central point of Searle's theory is that only irrational actions are directly caused by beliefs and desires -- for example, the actions of a person in the grip of an obsession or addiction. In most cases of rational action, there is a gap between the motivating desire and the actual decision making. The traditional name for this gap is "freedom of the will." According to Searle, all rational activity presupposes free will. For rationality is possible only where one has a choice among various rational as well as irrational options. Unlike many philosophical tracts, Rationality in Action invites the reader to apply the author's ideas to everyday life. Searle shows, for example, that contrary to the traditional philosophical view, weakness of will is very common. He also points out the absurdity of the claim that rational decision making always starts from a consistent set of desires. Rational decision making, he argues, is often about choosing between conflicting reasons for action. In fact, humans are distinguished by their ability to be rationally motivated by desire-independent reasons for action. Extending his theory of rationality to the self, Searle shows how rational deliberation presupposes an irreducible notion of the self. He also reveals the idea of free will to be essentially a thesis of how the brain works.
Characteristics of the Hemagglutinin Produced During Plasmodium lophurae Malaria in Chickens.

During the course of Plasmodium lophurae infections in normal chickens, there was a sharp increase in the titer of a hemagglutinin which reacted better with trypsinized than with normal erythrocytes. This hemagglutinin was a typical “cold hemagglutinin” in that it was much more active at 4 C than at 37 C, was found in the macroglobulin fraction of the serum, was eluted from erythrocytes at 37 C, and was easily destroyed by 2-mercaptoethanol reduction. The injection of allogeneic erythrocytes into chickens prior to their exposure to P. lophurae resulted in a coexistent increase in cold hemagglutinin titers and enhanced resistance to parasitemia. Since this antibody was more active against altered erythrocytes than against normal erythrocytes, it may moderate resistance to malarial infections by specifically stimulating phagocytosis of parasitized erythrocytes.
Does lung transplantation improve chronotropic incompetence

Introduction: Chronotropic Incompetence (CI), or an attenuated heart rate (HR) response to exercise, has been widely established as a predictor of mortality but has not been studied in patients undergoing lung transplantation. Objectives: We aimed to see whether CI in maximal exercise testing exists in patients with advanced lung disease before lung transplantation and improves after surgery. Methods: A retrospective review of 153 patients who underwent lung transplantation at Columbia University Lung Transplant Program between 6/2002 and 4/2009. Patients had cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) within 30 months before or after transplant with concurrent with pulmonary function tests (PFT). Exclusion criteria included the use of beta-blockers. Comparisons were made with paired samples t-test. Results: The mean PFT and CPET variables for the 71 patients (age 50±15 years) analyzed are shown in table 1. Conclusions: Marked CI was observed before lung transplantation and improved afterwards but did not normalize. CI likely improved due to the normalization of pulmonary function post transplant. This was seen through a lower resting HR and a higher maximal HR. The implications of CI are not clear and warrant further investigation, including evaluation of the association of CI and morality after transplant.
Ethnic variation in validity of classification of overweight and obesity using self-reported weight and height in American women and men: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Few data have been published on the validity of classification of overweight and obesity based on self-reported weight in representative samples of Hispanic as compared to other American populations despite the wide use of such data. To test the null hypothesis that ethnicity is unrelated to bias of mean body mass index (BMI) and to sensitivity of overweight or obesity (BMI >= 25 kg/m2) derived from self-reported (SR) versus measured weight and height using measured BMI as the gold standard. Cross-sectional survey of a large national sample, the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) conducted in 1988–1994. American men and women aged 20 years and over (n = 15,025). SR height, weight, cigarette smoking, health status, and socio-demographic variables from home interview and measured weight and height. In women and Mexican American (MA) men SR BMI underestimated true prevalence rates of overweight or obesity. For other men, no consistent difference was seen. Sensitivity of SR was similar in non-Hispanic European Americans (EA) and non-Hispanic African Americans (AA) but much lower in MA. Prevalence of obesity (BMI >= 30 kg/m2) is consistently underestimated by self-report, the gap being greater for MA than for other women, but similar for MA and other men. The mean difference between self-reported and measured BMI was greater in MA (men -0.37, women -0.76 kg/m2) than in non-Hispanic EA (men -0.22, women -0.62 kg/m2). In a regression model with the difference between self-reported and measured BMI as the dependent variable, MA ethnicity was a significant (p < 0.01) predictor of the difference in men and in women. The effect of MA ethnicity could not be explained by socio-demographic variables, smoking or health status. Under-estimation of the prevalence of overweight or obesity based on height and weight self-reported at interview varied significantly among ethnic groups independent of other variables.
Retrohippocampal, hippocampal and related structures of the forebrain in the reeler mutant mouse.

Retrohippocampal, hippocampal and some related forebrain regions of the reeler mutant mouse were examined in cresyl violet and myelin stained preparations. All cortical structures are abnormal. The entorhinal cortex, parasubiculum, presubiculum, subiculum, and anterior hippocampal cortex share an anomaly of common quality. All lack an external plexiform layer and their neurons are not arranged in the usual laminae. The positions of neurons are not random, however. Cells of smaller average size and of polymorphic shape are grouped in an outer relatively narrow zone external to a broad zone of larger cells. The histological features of these two cell zones in the mutant are similar to the deep polymorphic cell stratum and the superjacent pyramidal field respectively in the normal animal, but their relative depths in the cortex are reversed. The histological pattern of the mutant hippocampus is less disturbed. Its external plexiform layer is well developed and, although the positions of some neurons are abnormal, there is an explicit laminar pattern and the cytological features of the individual hippocampal cytoarchitectonic fields are readily recognized. It appears from these observations that in a variety of cortical structures, even those which are most disturbed, the positions of neurons are systematically regulated, yet are controlled according to some rule that differs in normal and mutant. The basic developmental event which dictates eventual neuron position probably occurs early and its effects may depend on critical timing or precise location of interacting cells as influenced by the reeler locus.
Locating emergency service facilities in a developing area

The problem of locating emergency service facilities in a developing area is modelled in its generic form as a dynamic set covering problem.
The Parallel Guidance of Visual Attention

Shakespeare offers a good, if sanguinary, account of a real-world visual search task: a search for one target item in a field of distractors. Because of processing limitations, candidate targets must be processed in a serial, self-terminating manner. However, not all items in the field are reasonable candidate targets. The serial processing of unfortunate royal surrogates is made more efficient by processes that guide search toward likely kings and away from trees, rocks, sheep, and those soldiers fortunate enough not to be wearing the royal disguise. Research with far less exciting visual search tasks in the laboratory suggests that this guided search is the normal mechanism used by in-
Binding of the antitumor drug nogalamycin to bulged DNA structures.

Defects in DNA, e.g., unpaired/bulged nucleotides, are repaired by specific repair enzymes. Understanding the dynamics and structure of DNA defects is important. Two DNA heptamers, CTbGTACG and CGT...
Degradation of Antiflammin 2 under Acidic Conditions

Antiflammin 2 (HDMNKVLDL, AF2) is a synthetic peptide derived from the region of highest sequence similarity of lipocortin I and uteroglobin, and is a potent antiinflammatory agent without any known side effects of corticosteroids. The antiinflammatory activity of AF2 has been demonstrated, but is not reproducible between laboratories. It has been suggested that the chemical instability of this peptide is responsible for the loss of activity. The degradation of AF2 in aqueous solutions at a pH range of 3 to 10 has been reported. In this study, the degradation of AF2 at acidic pHs was monitored by reversed-phase HPLC. The reactions were studied as functions of buffer concentration and temperature. The rates of loss of AF2 followed apparent pseudo-first-order kinetics. Several products were isolated and identified by fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy and tandem mass spectroscopy, and were the result of C- and N-terminus hydrolyses of aspartyl peptide bonds in AF2. The peptide bonds at C-termini of the aspartyl residues were most susceptible to hydrolysis, resulting in the formation of major degradation products, HDMNKVLD, MNKVLDL, and MNKVLD. The minor products from the N-terminus hydrolysis were HDMNKVL and MNKVL and formed at much slower rates.
Transparent Optimization of Grid Server Selection With Real-Time Passive Network Measurements

Grid services have tremendously simplified the programming challenges in leveraging large-scale distributed computing. At the same time, the increased level of abstraction reduces the opportunities available to the application for optimizing its performance by monitoring the system. In this paper we introduce a monitoring grid services proxy, which transparently monitors network performance and selects between several replica service providers. This approach provides optimized server selection without any modification to or even awareness of the client application or service providers. We describe how we implement the proxy and monitor the available bandwidth to the service providers using the Wren monitoring toolkit. We present analysis indicating that our monitoring has negligible overhead. Finally, we demonstrate the practicality of our approach by optimizing the server selection for INCOGEN's VIBE, a bioinformatics workflow application that uploads gene sequences for analysis by remote service providers.
Ethical Virtues in Scientific Research

Most approaches to promoting integrity in research are principle-based in that they portray ethical conduct as consisting of adherence to ethical rules, duties, or responsibilities. Bruce MacFarlane has recently criticized the principle-based approach to promoting integrity in research and offered a virtue-based alternative. MacFarlane argues that principle-based approaches do not provide adequate guidance for ethical decision-making and are not very useful in moral education. In this article, I examine and critique MacFarlane's defense of the virtue-based approach. I argue that virtue-based and principle-based approaches to ethics are complementary and that they both can help promote research integrity.
The Longitudinal Effect of Technical Assistance Dosage on the Functioning of Communities That Care Prevention Boards in Pennsylvania

This study examined the impact of on-site and off-site technical assistance (TA) dosage on the functioning of Communities That Care prevention boards in Pennsylvania. Data on board functioning were collected over three years from board member and TA providers. Results of path models indicated little overall impact of TA dosage on board functioning the subsequent year. However, on-site TA dosage did appear to influence board functioning for younger boards and for boards who were relatively better functioning. In addition, the stability of board functioning and off-site TA was moderate to strong, the stability of on-site TA dosage was low, and poor functioning sites did not receive more TA in the following year. Editors’ Strategic Implications: This paper is one of the first quantitative examinations of the impact of TA on community-based prevention or health promotion coalitions. The authors provide a number of implications for further study with respect to TA. Thus, it should be valuable to researchers and practitioners involved in the development and implementation of such community-based efforts.
Calf hematoma — computed tomographic and magnetic resonance findings

Four patients with hematomas of the calf are presented. The diagnosis was made by computed tomography (CT) in three cases and CT/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in one case. In all cases, CT or MRI clarified a confusing clinical picture. CT and MRI can help differentiate the types of calf mass (i.e., hematoma, tumor, Baker cyst, thrombophlebitis) and assist proper clinical management in a rapid, noninvasive fashion.
ACL/PCL/MCL reconstruction: University of Pittsburgh arthroscopically assisted technique

Abstract Multiligament knee injuries involving the medial complex create multiplanar knee instability. Low-grade injuries to the medial complex are treated surgically after an initial delay to allow the medial complex to heal, but Grade III injuries are treated more aggressively, with acute repair/ reconstruction of these structures. This article describes the surgical approach at the University of Pittsburgh in treating these complex injuries.
Linear and nonlinear optical properties of highly transmissive one-dimensional metal-organic photonic bandgap structures

We present the design, fabrication and characterization of the optical properties of one-dimensional metal-organic photonic bandgaps (MO-PBGs) composed of a tetraphenyldiaminobiphenyl-based polymer and ultrathin electrically continuous Cu layers. The fabricated MO-PBGs achieve a peak transmission of around 44% at 620 nm combined with very large spectral, around 120 nm FWHM, and angular, more than 120° field-of-view, bandwidths. Using 140 fs pulses at various wavelengths we have found up to 10 × enhancements in the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the MO-PBGs when compared with the NLO response of ultrathin electrically continuous Cu layers.
High-order limit state functions in the response surface method for structural reliability analysis

Abstract The stochastic response surface method (SRSM) is a technique for the reliability analysis of complex systems with low failure probabilities, for which Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is too computationally intensive and for which approximate methods are inaccurate. Typically, the SRSM approximates a limit state function with a multi-dimensional quadratic polynomial by fitting the polynomial to a number of sampling points from the limit state function. This method can give biased approximations of the failure probability for cases in which the quadratic response surface can not conform to the true limit state function’s nonlinearities. In contrast to recently proposed algorithms which focus on the positions of sample points to improve the accuracy of the quadratic SRSM, this paper describes the use of higher order polynomials in order to approximate the true limit state more accurately. The use of higher order polynomials has received relatively little attention to date because of problems associated with ill-conditioned systems of equations and an approximated limit state which is very inaccurate outside the domain of the sample points. To address these problems, an algorithm using orthogonal polynomials is proposed to determine the necessary polynomial orders. Four numerical examples compare the proposed algorithm with the conventional quadratic polynomial SRSM and a detailed MCS.
A Practical Meso-Scale Polycrystal Model to Predict Dislocation Densities and the Hall–Petch Effect

A practical SuperDislocation Model (SDM) has been developed and implemented to predict dislocation density distributions in a plastically deforming polycrystal and thereby the Hall­Petch effect. The model is composed of two stepwise simulation scales; the first scale is a finite element model of a polycrystal using a novel single-crystal constitutive equation and the second scale redistributes the mobile part of the dislocation density within grains consistent with the plastic strain distribution, and enforces slip transmission criteria at grain boundaries that depend on local grain and boundary properties. In this work, deformation of Fe­3% Si tensile specimen is simulated using SDM to compare dislocation densities obtained from the highresolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD). The model accurately predicts the measured dislocation density at 10% deformation. In addition, size-dependent simulations show that the model qualitatively predicts Hall­Petch slope as well as the grain boundary strength of Fe­ 3% Si. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.MA201305]
Effect of temperature on the ability of Gremmeniella abietina to survive and to colonize host tissue

Gremmeniella abietina was able to survive in vitro for four weeks at average temperatures less than 30° C. At higher temperatures, survival time was inversely proportional to temperature. The fungus survived for 23–28 months inside asymptomatic trees. Freezing, or freezing and thawing, of inoculated trees, may have promoted symptom development.
Effects of oxalate on reduction of hydroxypyruvate and glyoxylate in leaves

Abstract Oxalate was found to be a potent uncompetitive, or mixed, inhibitor of the partially purified NADPH-preferring hydroxypyruvate reductase (HPR-2) from a mutant of barley which lacks the NADH-preferring HPR (HPR- 1). Both hydroxypyruvate and glyoxylate-dependent rates of the HPR-2 enzyme were inhibited by oxalate, with the experimentally determined K i values of 3–5 μM, depending on variable substrate. Oxalate did not affect the activity ofbarley NADPH-preferring glyoxylate-specific reductase (GR-1), and had only a negligible effect on HPR-1 from wild-type barley. The selective effect of oxalate, as seen for barley HPR-2, was confirmed in studies on partially purified reductases from leaves of maize, pea, soybean and spinach. In all cases, oxalate acted independently from acetohydroxamate, a selective inhibitor of GR-1. Inhibition by oxalate provides an accurate measure of the contribution of HPR-2 to the overall activities of reductases in leaf extracts and partially purified preparations.
Randomized Trial of Law Enforcement Training on Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Abstract The core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are likely to affect interactions between law enforcement officers and persons with ASD. If law enforcement officers are not trained to identify and appropriately respond to persons with ASD, it is possible that officers may exacerbate a situation, resulting in unnecessary trauma, injury, or fatality. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a method of law enforcement training on persons with ASD. A total of 82 law enforcement officers participated in this randomized, waitlist-controlled, between-groups study. The results revealed significant differences in change scores between groups, with the training group scoring considerably better than the control group at posttest. Subsequently, the control group completed training and likewise showed significant improvement. However, despite the significant gains in knowledge following training, posttests scores for participants in both groups did not indicate mastery of the training material. The implications of these findings are discussed.