cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disaster Declarations and Major Hazard Occurrences in the United States

This article examines the potential geographic inequities between major hazard events and U.S. presidential disaster declarations at the county level from 1965 through 2004. The previous literature suggests that the disaster declaration process is highly politicized and not necessarily based on need. We hypothesize that there is a spatial inequity between the receipt of disaster declarations and the distribution of major hazard events. The results indicate that the geographic distribution of disaster declarations is not totally explained by the spatial pattern of major hazard events. In some locales, state experience in submitting disaster requests and achieving success translates into more disaster declarations (holding everything else constant), providing further evidence of the political nature of the process.
Identification of Material Parameters for Continuum Modeling of Phase Transformations In Multicomponent Systems

The continuum (field theoretic) method has become the method of choice for multiscale structure-formation modeling of very different phase transformations in the past decade. One of the challenges in application of the method to transformations in real materials is to obtain the mesoscopic parameters, which characterize the thermodynamic system of interest. Significant progress has been made in the case of pure systems; however, one would like to know what changes need to be made in the case of binary or multicomponent systems. We consider an exactly solvable case of the linear multicomponent system undergoing a phase transformation and derive equations that relate parameters of the continuum method, like barrier height, gradient energy, and relaxation coefficients, to the measurable quantities, like interface energy, interfacial thickness, and kinetic coefficient. We find that the contribution of chemical interactions in the system can be expressed as the renormalization of the barrier-height parameter of the continuum method and replacement of the latent heat with the chemical modulus. Atomic-scale simulations data for a solid/liquid transition in a binary $\mathrm{Cu}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Ni}$ system were chosen for comparison with the theory and the fitting yields the estimates for the continuum-method parameters. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the interfacial energy allowed us to shed light on the magnitudes of the internal energy and entropy contributions into the solid/liquid interface.
MO‐FF‐A3‐04: Reliable and Accurate Definition of GTV and ITV Using PET/CT in Radiotherapy Planning for Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

Purpose: To have reliable and accurate definition of GTV and ITV using PET/CT images in radiotherapy planning for NSCLC lesions considering patient‐specific pharmacokinetics and location‐dependent nodule motion Method and Materials: Significant variability (>300%) in GTV and ITV delineation was observed in utilization of available methods in “Use of PET and PET/CT for Radiation Therapy Planning: IAEA expert report 2006–2007”. To deal with background and scanning time variations, the MIRD Report ♯19 model was fitted with patient‐specific tracer distributions to the brain,lung,heart, liver, kidneys, bladder, and whole body. FDG uptake by the gross tumor was assumed uniform but had location‐dependent motion with 3D eclipse trajectories that were derived from comparison of fast‐CT and PETimages. A point‐spread function with a range of 1‐mm in tissue and 3‐mm in the lung was finally convoluted with the calculated FDG distribution to include the positron transportation effect. Results: Application of the proposed method on patients with NSCLC had shown that GTV/ITV defined in PET could be directly correlated with the GTV defined from the fast‐CT scans if the location‐dependent motion were included. The anisotropic blurred edges and non‐uniform distribution of the FDG in the lesion were mostly created by the elongated eclipse movements of the nodule elements that stayed longer in these voxels located at the ends of inhalation and exhalation. The maximum SUV to the lesion varied significantly with the pharmacokinetics, lesion size, and amplitude of the nodule motion. Thus, automatic delineation of ITV/GTV from PET has to take those into account. Conclusion: The comprehensive relationship between GTV and its appearance (ITV) in PETimages for NSCLC would ensure accurate and reliable delineation of the target in treatment planning that is particularly useful in stereotactic radiotherapy using 3 to 8 treatment sessions.
CPEB-mediated cytoplasmic polyadenylation and the regulation of experience-dependent translation of alpha-CaMKII mRNA at synapses

Abstract Long-term changes in synaptic efficacy may require the regulated translation of dendritic mRNAs. While the basis of such regulation is unknown, it seemed possible that some features of translational control in development could be recapitulated in neurons. Polyadenylation-induced translation of oocyte mRNAs requires the cis -acting CPE sequence and the CPE-binding protein CPEB. CPEB is also present in the dendritic layers of the hippocampus, at synapses in cultured neurons, and in postsynaptic densities of adult brain. α-CaMKII mRNA, which is localized in dendrites and is necessary for synaptic plasticity and LTP, contains two CPEs. These CPEs are bound by CPEB and mediate polyadenylation-induced translation in injected Xenopus oocytes. In the intact brain, visual experience induces α-CaMKII mRNA polyadenylation and translation, suggesting that this process likely occurs at synapses.
Methods of Faience Manufacture in Antiquity: Investigation of Colorants and Technological Processes

Faience production methods include efflorescence, direct glaze application, and cementation glazing. However, similar processing has been used with a variety of other materials, such as glazed monolithic quartz, ground and re-fired faience, and steatite bodies. Furthermore, faience technology has been linked by similar processing to glass, synthetic pigment and glazing technologies. Here we reinforce these cross-craft relationships by comparing the range of similar functioning chemical elements in faience and glazed artifacts from a variety of archaeological sites that range from the Indus Valley to the Mediterranean. This broad comparative method based primarily on x-ray fluorescence analysis reveals trends in faience production, relationships with metallurgical technologies, and aspects of processing that provide areas of study that may be considered more closely in the future.
Physical, psychological, and social outcomes in geriatric rehabilitation patients

Abstract Objective: Previous research studies that addressed the relationship between age and functional outcome had limited generalizability because of small sample size, lack of an urban population, and limited variables that do not allow for a complete investigation of social, cognitive, psychological, and medical factors in geriatric rehabilitation. The present study attempted to assess the relationship between decade of geriatric life (60s, 70s, 80s, and 90+) and functional outcome. Design: Survey study of geriatric cohorts. Setting: Inpatient university-affiliated rehabilitation hospital. Patients: 812 urban geriatric rehabilitation patients divided into four groups based on decade of life. Main Outcome Measures: Index of comorbid disease, principal diagnoses, Functional Independence Measure, Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale, CAGE alcohol questionnaire, and residential status at admittance and discharge. Results: Although there were no significant demographic differences between groups (apart from age), there were differences in functional outcome suggesting that the younger old (60s and 70s) and the older old (80s and 90+) patients may represent two different rehabilitation groups. Conclusions: The younger old patients showed significantly higher alcohol abuse and comorbid physical disease, while the older-old patients demonstrated significantly poorer cognitive skills and more dependent social status on discharge from the rehabilitation facility. Despite the younger group's physical problems and alcohol use, they demonstrated better physical recovery. Implications for working with these two groups of urban geriatric patients in a rehabilitation setting are discussed.
Contemporary approaches to journalistic ethics

Because interest in the ethics of journalism rose during the 1970s after 40 years of virtual silence, it seems necessary to describe the recent influx of literature and to assess its quality in order to suggest the direction it must go to reach its goal. Journalistic ethics have been approached two ways: through issues, which explore moral dilemmas, and through theories, which attempt to build ethical systems. The former successfully describe the moral context of journalism, but the latter tend to disregard the importance of careful justification, without which theories are impotent.
Time-aware Energy Conservation in IP-over-WDM Networks

We propose a novel approach to save energy in IP-over-WDM networks by shutting down idle line cards and chassis of routers based on time-of-the-day network traffic variation.
High-field magnons in ferromagnets with random anisotropy axes.

We investigate magnons in ferromagnets with random anisotropy axes. It is assumed the applied field is large in comparison with the exchange and anisotropy fields. A coherent-anisotropy-field approximation is introduced, where the effect of the disorder is represented by a complex, energy-dependent anisotropy field, analogous to the coherent potential in the random-alloy problem. The real part of the anisotropy field represents the shift in the magnon energy, whereas the imaginary part gives the damping. The shift and damping of the uniform mode and the damping rate across the magnon band are calculated for both a uniform and a nonuniform distribution in the cosine of the angle between the anisotropy axis and the applied field.
Proton magnetometer investigations of burned rock middens in west-central Texas: Clues to formation processes

Abstract Burned rock middens are a common type of archaeological feature in Texas west of the Balcones Fault zone, and occur in several different morphologic variants with overlapping spatial and temporal ranges. Although these features are generally recognized as the remains of aboriginal food processing activities, many questions remain regarding the specifics of burned rock midden functions and formation processes. Proton magnetometer investigations of four extant burned rock middens in west-central Texas demonstrate that variations in physical midden morphology are accompanied by consistent differences in the morphology of magnetic anomalies generated by the features. It is argued that this consistent variation reflects differences in the cultural formation processes responsible for the various midden types. The nature of this variation is documented and tentative interpretations of respective formation processes are advanced for specific examples of two different morphologic types of burned rock middens.
Palladium-Catalyzed Carboauration of Alkynes and Palladium/Gold Cross-Coupling

A new palladium-catalyzed syn carboauration of alkynes proceeds in 2 h at ambient temperature with complete regioselectivity. The resulting α-ester vinyl−gold intermediates are resistant to rapid protodemetalation, permitting their participation in new one-pot palladium-and-gold cross-coupling reactions and electrophilic trapping reactions.
Influence of herbicides on transformations of urea nitrogen in soil

Abstract The influence of 28 formulated herbicides on transformations of urea nitrogen in soil was studied by determining the effects of 5 and 50 mg active ingredient kg‐1 soil of each herbicide on the amounts of urea hydrolyzed and the amounts of nitrite and nitrate produced when samples of two coarse‐textured soils and two fine‐textured soils were incubated aerobically at 20°C for various times after treatment with urea. The herbicides studied were alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, bentazon, bifenox, bromoxynil, chloramben, chlorpropham, 2,4‐D amine, 2,4‐D ester, dalapon, dicamba, dinitramine, dinoseb, diuron, EPTC, glyphosate, linuron, monuron, paraquat, pendimethalin, picloram, prometryn, propanil, propham, simazine, trifluralin and vernolate. When the 28 herbicides studied were applied at the rate of 5 mg active ingredient kg‐1 soil, they did not retard urea hydrolysis in the four soils used or nitrification of urea nitrogen in the two fine‐textured soils, but six of them (amitrole, chlorpropham, 2,4‐D a...
Shear-wave splitting in Quaternary sediments: Neotectonic implications in the central New Madrid seismic zone

Determining the extent and location of surface/near‐surface structural deformation in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ) is very important for evaluating earthquake hazards. A shallow shear‐wave splitting experiment, located near the crest of the Lake County uplift (LCU) in the central NMSZ, shows the presence of near‐surface azimuthal anisotropy believed to be associated with neotectonic deformation. A shallow four‐component data set, recorded using a hammer and mass source, displayed abundant shallow reflection energy on records made with orthogonal source‐receiver orientations, an indicator of shear‐wave splitting. Following rotation of the data matrix by 40°, the S1 and S2 sections (principal components of the data matrix) were aligned with the natural coordinate system at orientations of N35°W and N55°E, respectively. A dynamic mis‐tie of 8 ms at a two‐way traveltime of 375 ms produced an average azimuthal anisotropy of ≈2% between the target reflector (top of Quaternary gravel at a depth of 35 m) an...
A rationale for heuristic program selection and evaluation

In the past, great claims have been set forth as to the potential of the heuristic procedure or "heuristic programming," References 1 and 2. As early as 1958 Simon and Newell, Reference 2, wrote of "Heuristic Problem Solving: The Next Advance in Operations Research." However, and this is strictly the opinion of the authors (although it is shared by most others we have discussed the matter with), rather than seeing a relative increase in heuristic program solution techniques in the literature, the converse appears to be true. Most of the journals dealing with operations research, management science, industrial engineering, and related fields have evolved (or perhaps dissolved, depending on one's point of view) into journals of mathematics, or perhaps abstract mathematics. The fundamental idea of engineering as being directed toward real world applications often seems to have been lost. As a result, we (industrial engineers/operations researchers) are now caustically described as pseudo-mathematicians, and the field has been defined as the "science of providing elegant solutions to trivial problems." OR has even been credited with such things as our poor performance and defeats in the Indo-China war, Reference 5, cost overruns on defense contracts and so on. Such criticism comes from both outside and within our profession, References 3, 4, 5.
Anabolic Effects of Growth Hormone Treatment in Young Children with Cystic Fibrosis

Background: Malnutrition is commonly found in children with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and is characterized by poor weight gain and linear growth. Almost one-third of children with CF are below 5th percentile for weight and height. Intensive nutritional supplementation may not result in sustained improvement in weight gain and linear growth.Objective: To evaluate the anabolic effects of GH, Humatrope (Eli Lilly, 0.05 mg/kg/day) was administered to five children with CF (3 males/2 females) for an average period of 2 years.Methods: All patients were maintained on caloric intake of 1.3–2.0 times the recommended daily allowance. Patients underwent standard growth hormone (GH) stimulation studies and measurement of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3.Results: The mean ± SE for age and skeletal age were 3.2 ± 0.85 years and 2.0 ± 0.45 years, respectively. Growth was assessed by determining both weight and height, which were normalized for age and sex by calculating Z scores using HANES I reference data. Differences in Z scores between...
High Rate Oxygen Reduction in Non-aqueous Electrolytes with the Addition of Perfluorinated Additives

The discharge rate capability of Li–air batteries is substantially increased by using perfluorinated compounds as oxygen carriers. The solubility of oxygen in a non-aqueous electrolyte can be significantly increased by the introduction of such compounds, which leads to the increase in the diffusion-limited current of oxygen reduction on the gas diffusion electrode in a Li–air battery. The perfluorinated compound is found to be stable within the electrochemical window of the electrolyte. A powder microelectrode and a rotating disk electrode were used to study the gas diffusion-limited current together with a rotating disk electrode. A 5 mA cm−2 discharge rate is demonstrated in a lab Li–O2cell.
The Safety and Efficacy of Mediastinoscopy When Performed by General Thoracic Surgeons

Background Previous publications suggest that mediastinoscopy only obtains a biopsy of lymph node tissue in about 50% of patients; however, those data included results from nonthoracic surgeons. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed using a database of a consecutive series of patients who underwent mediastinoscopy or video mediastinoscopy by general thoracic surgeons only. Results Between January 1997 and September 2013, 1,970 patients underwent mediastinoscopy (video mediastinoscopy in the last 243). The indications were staging for known or suspected lung cancer in 68.5%. Morbidity occurred in 25 patients (1.3%). Significant bleeding occurred in 5 patients (0.25%): 2 patients required sternotomy, and bleeding in the other 3 was controlled with packing alone. No patients required transfusion. There were no 30-day operative deaths. Median operative time was 18 minutes, and 96.1% of operations were performed as outpatient procedures. Lymph node tissue was obtained from all patients, and biopsy specimens from at least two mediastinal stations were obtained for 98% who had non-small cell lung cancer. The false-negative rate for N2 lymph nodes that were accessible by mediastinoscopy was 8.2% when lymph nodes dissected at the time of pulmonary resection were used as the reference standard. Conclusions In the hands of general thoracic surgeons mediastinoscopy provides lymph node tissue from multiple stations essentially 100% of the time; has minimal morbidity and essentially no deaths; and is a short outpatient procedure. Specialty-specific data (and not national databases) should be used when the efficacy of mediastinoscopy is compared with endobronchial ultrasound.
Effect of hyperfine interactions on electron spin-spin relaxation in neodymium ethyl sulfate

Abstract The ac paramagnetic susceptibility of neodymium ethyl sulfate has been measured at frequencies from 0.4 MHz to 45 MHz at temperatures from 1.5 K to 4.2 K and in dc magnetic fields up to 1 kG. A temperature-independent but frequency-dependent change of the field dependence of the susceptibility was found, and this is interpreted in terms of relatively slow electron spin-spin relaxation processes. The existence of single-ion electron-nuclear hyperfine interactions in 20% of the Nd 3+ ions appears to be responsible for the observed effects. A reasonable phenomenological explanation of the experimental results is given, but a rigorous calculation of the ac susceptibility is found to be prohibitively difficult.
The effect of water flow on photosynthetic processes of the alga Ulva lactuca L.

Photosynthetic rates of aquatic macrophytes are affected by the diffusion of carbon through the boundary layer which decreases with increasing flow velocities. This is shown by a significant increase in photosynthetic rates of Ulva lactuca fronds exposed to friction velocities (u *) between 0.0 and 0.3 cm s-1. No further increase in photosynthetic rates is observed at u * values between 0.3 and 1.0 cm s-1. Stagnating flow conditions at saturating light levels caused a 29% reduction in photosynthetic rates. Experiments in a closed system indicate that Ulva may utilize internal carbon sources during periods of stagnation. On a subtidal rock directly exposed to wave action, Ulva lactuca is not exposed to such conditions while in a wave flushed intertidal pool stagnation occurs during very short time intervals based on in situ measurements of u * levels on fronds of this species using a microprocessor-controlled, autonomous recorder and hot-film sensors.
Modeling international cooperation for space exploration

Abstract Space exploration into the twenty-first century is contingent upon the ability of states to forge an appropriate vehicle for international cooperation. A theoretical framework that explains international cooperation in space exploration is proposed. This framework encompasses scientific, technological, political, and economic initial conditions, state and nonstate political actors, and models of cooperation that explain how initial conditions and actors interact to realize cooperative outcomes. It is hypothesized that the prevailing initial conditions favor certain political actors over others which, in turn, promote a specific model of cooperation. Cooperative policy outcomes are examined and assessed vis-a-vis case studies of cooperation in space exploration. On this basis, policy recommendations that engender effective cooperative outcomes in space exploration are suggested.
Assessing Marijuana Use in Bariatric Surgery Candidates: Should It Be a Contraindication?

Research has demonstrated negative effects of both alcohol and tobacco use after bariatric surgery. However, no research to date has examined effects of cannabis use after bariatric surgery, even though cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug in the USA. Literature review reveals that many practitioners generalize from data regarding alcohol abuse to all substances. Further, many screening protocols fail to differentiate between varying levels of cannabis use. The current report aims to (1) review the relevant literature on marijuana use and its potential consequences among bariatric patients, (2) discuss relevant problems and gaps in this literature, and (3) make preliminary recommendations regarding the assessment and treatment planning of bariatric candidates who disclose marijuana use.
Pediatric burn care

Abstract One third of patients with significant burn injuries are children who are injured in what are nearly always preventable incidents. These extremely painful and often scarring bunts are enormous stressors to patients and their families. Children are easily devastated by the burst injury and are often less able to respond to it than au adult. Pediatric burn injury provides multiple problems in early diagnosis and management. Although the entire cutaneous injury is easily visualized severity is frequently underestimated by caregivers and by the patient's family. Management pitfalls in children will be discussed including correct estimation of horn size and depth, fluid resuscitation and fluid maintenance vascular access, airway management, and thermal homeostasis.
An unsupervised method for identifying loanwords in Korean

This paper presents an unsupervised method for developing a character-based n-gram classifier that identifies loanwords or transliterated foreign words in Korean text. The classifier is trained on an unlabeled corpus using the Expectation Maximization algorithm, building on seed words extracted from the corpus. Words with high token frequency serve as native seed words. Words with seeming traces of vowel insertion to repair consonant clusters serve as foreign seed words. What counts as a trace of insertion is determined using phoneme co-occurrence statistics in conjunction with ideas and findings in phonology. Experiments show that the method can produce an unsupervised classifier that performs at a level comparable to that of a supervised classifier. In a cross-validation experiment using a corpus of about 9.2 million words and a lexicon of about 71,000 words, mean F-scores of the best unsupervised classifier and the corresponding supervised classifier were 94.77 and 96.67 %, respectively. Experiments also suggest that the method can be readily applied to other languages with similar phonotactics such as Japanese.
Obesity prevention in children: Physical activity and nutrition

The current environmental experience of young children includes few opportunities for physical activity and an overabundance of high calorie foods. Sedentary lifestyles and poor nutrition challenge children who are predisposed to metabolic disorders. Obesity is a logical response to this challenge. To prevent clinically significant obesity and later metabolic disease in predisposed youth, all sectors of society must work together to support strategies to change public opinion and behavior across the life span. Parental education in all medical settings is strongly recommended, especially if the parent(s) are obese, beginning with the first pregnancy visit to the physician. Schools should be primary targets for efforts to educate parents concerning the reduction of TV, computer games, and unhealthy snacks. Schools should be encouraged to adopt vending machine policies that promote healthy drinks and food in appropriate portion sizes and discouraged from providing unhealthy food as rewards for positive behavior or academic accomplishment. Schools should provide daily physical education and frequent periods of unstructured play in young children. Clinical treatment should be both encouraged and financially supported in children who are already overweight. Community wide efforts to increase awareness and promote environments that encourage physical activity and healthy nutrition are needed.
DNMT1 Stability Is Regulated by Proteins Coordinating Deubiquitination and Acetylation-Driven Ubiquitination

DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) is the primary enzyme that maintains DNA methylation. We describe a previously unknown mode of regulation of DNMT1 protein stability through the coordinated action of an array of DNMT1-associated proteins. DNMT1 was destabilized by acetylation by the acetyltransferase Tip60, which triggered ubiquitination by the E3 ligase UHRF1, thereby targeting DNMT1 for proteasomal degradation. In contrast, DNMT1 was stabilized by histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and the deubiquitinase HAUSP (herpes virus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease). Analysis of the abundance of DNMT1 and Tip60, as well as the association between HAUSP and DNMT1, suggested that during the cell cycle the initiation of DNMT1 degradation was coordinated with the end of DNA replication and the need for DNMT activity. In human colon cancers, the abundance of DNMT1 correlated with that of HAUSP. HAUSP knockdown rendered colon cancer cells more sensitive to killing by HDAC inhibitors both in tissue culture and in tumor xenograft models. Thus, these studies provide a mechanism-based rationale for the development of HDAC and HAUSP inhibitors for combined use in cancer therapy.
USING STIMULATED RECALL TO INVESTIGATE NATIVE SPEAKER PERCEPTIONS IN NATIVE-NONNATIVE SPEAKER INTERACTION

Implicit negative feedback has been shown to facilitate SLA, and the extent to which such feedback is given is related to a variety of task and interlocutor variables. The background of a native speaker (NS), in terms of amount of experience in interactions with nonnative speakers (NNSs), has been shown to affect the quantity of implicit negative feedback (namely recasts) in a classroom setting. This study examines the effect of experience and uses stimulated recall to attempt to understand the interactional patterns of two groups of NSs (with greater and lesser experience) interacting with second language (L2) learners outside of the classroom context. Two groups of NSs of English each completed an information exchange task with a L2 learner: The first group consisted of 11 preservice teachers with minimal experience with NNSs, whereas the second group included 8 experienced teachers with significant teaching experience. Immediately after the task, each NS participated in a stimulated recall, viewing a videotape of the interaction and commenting on the interaction. The quantitative results did not show a strong difference in the number of recasts used by the two groups, but it did show a difference in the quantity of NNS output between the two groups. This finding was corroborated by the stimulated recalls, which showed that those with experience—who clearly saw themselves as language teachers even outside of the classroom—had strategies for and concerns about getting the learners to produce output. Additionally, the experienced teachers showed greater recognition of student comprehension, student learning, and student problems. Those with little experience were more focused on themselves, on student feelings, and on procedural and task-related issues.
Dimensions of Incompetency: A Factor Analytic Study of the Georgia Court Competency Test

The Georgia Court Competency Test (GCCT) was developed to systematically evaluate knowledge and skills needed to be competent to stand trial. Previous research has identified three factors measured by the GCCT: General Legal Knowledge, Courtroom Layout, and Specific Legal Knowledge. In this study, 125 mentally disordered offenders were examined using the GCCT. Confirmatory factor analysis failed to confirm the previously identified model. As a result, the authors advocate modifying the clinical use of the GCCT. Specifically, they suggest employing the GCCT as a checklist to identify potential deficits requiring more comprehensive evaluation. Language: en
The Spatial Semantics of Symbolic Attention Control

A critical purpose of human communication is to inform others where to focus their attention, and humans use a wide variety of spatial symbols to accomplish this goal. Over the past several years, we have developed a theory of how spatial symbols control the orientation of attention in space. A key feature of this theory is that it uses spatial frames of reference to explain how the information conveyed by these symbols can influence the spatial distribution of attention. Here, we provide a brief summary of this theory, the evidence taken to support it, and how it has illuminated our understanding of attention control and the methods used to study it.
MEMS resonant sensors for detection of gasoline vapor

This work demonstrates detection of organic vapors in the air using micromechanical resonators Fully silicon thermally actuated resonators with piezoresistive readout have been utilized to detect presence of gasoline vapor in air. The resonators have been fabricated using a single mask process on SOI substrates and have resonant frequencies in the sub-MHz to a few MHz range. Using a thin arbitrary polymer coating as the absorbent layer, frequency shifts in the order of 200ppm were measured for the resonators upon exposure to gasoline vapor. This is equivalent to µ10nm absorbed gasoline thickness. Measured response time constants are around 4 minutes. Faster and more sensitive responses are expected to be achievable using more appropriate absorbent layers and optimized resonator designs.
Simplicity in interaction design

Attaining simplicity is a key challenge in interaction design. Our approach relies on a minimalist design exercise to explore the communication capacity for interaction components. This approach results in expressive design solutions, useful perspectives of interaction design and new interaction techniques.
Discovery of pro-opiomelanocortin-a cellular polyprotein

Abstract Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) contains the sequences of ACTH, -endorphin and melanocyte stimulating hormones. POMC is present in both the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary but it is processed to different hormones in each lobe. Release of these hormones is also regulated differently in the two lobes. The various ways in which these differences in processing and regulation might arise in the two lobes of the pituitary are discussed.
Locally optimal soft handoff algorithms

The design of soft handoff algorithms for cellular radio systems is considered. The design problem is posed as a tradeoff between three metrics: the rate of handoffs, the mean size of the active set, and the link quality. It is argued that the algorithm that optimizes the tradeoff among these metrics is impractical. Hence, a locally optimal (LO) handoff algorithm is derived as a practical approximation to the optimal handoff algorithm. The LO algorithm is shown to yield a significantly better tradeoff than the static threshold handoff algorithm used in second-generation code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. It is also shown that the dynamic threshold algorithm, which is an ad hoc algorithm proposed for third-generation CDMA systems, achieves nearly the same performance as the LO algorithm. Thus, an analytical justification is developed for the dynamic threshold algorithm. Further, the handoff algorithm design is separated into independent design problems on the forward and reverse links. The forward link LO algorithm is shown to be computationally intensive but is also shown to be closely approximated by the simpler reverse link LO algorithm.
Oral Fixation and New Testament Studies? ‘Orality’, ‘Performance’ and Reading Texts in Early Christianity

In recent decades, emphasising the ‘orality/aurality’ of the Roman world, some scholars have asserted that in early Christian circles texts were ‘performed’, not ‘read’ (and could not have been read), likening this action to descriptions of oratorical delivery of speeches (from memory) or theatrical performance. It has even been suggested that some texts, particularly the Gospel of Mark, were composed in ‘performance’, and not through an author working up a text in written form. These claims seem to be based on numerous oversimplifications (and so distortions) of relevant historical matters, however, and also involve a failure to take account of the full range of relevant data about the use of texts in early Christianity and the wider Roman-era setting. So, at least some of the crucial claims and inferences made are highly dubious. In this essay, I offer corrections to some crucial oversimplifications, and I point to the sorts of data that must be taken into account in drawing a more reliable picture of the place of texts and how they functioned in early Christianity.
MYB58 and MYB63 are transcriptional activators of the lignin biosynthetic pathway during secondary cell wall formation in Arabidopsis.

It has previously been shown that SECONDARY WALL–ASSOCIATED NAC DOMAIN PROTEIN1 (SND1) is a key transcription factor regulating secondary cell wall formation, including the biosynthesis of cellulose, xylan, and lignin. In this study, we show that two closely related SND1-regulated MYB transcription factors, MYB58 and MYB63, are transcriptional regulators specifically activating lignin biosynthetic genes during secondary wall formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. MYB58 and MYB63 are phylogenetically distinct from previously characterized MYBs shown to be associated with secondary wall formation or phenylpropanoid metabolism. Expression studies showed that MYB58 and MYB63 are specifically expressed in fibers and vessels undergoing secondary wall thickening. Dominant repression of their functions led to a reduction in secondary wall thickening and lignin content. Overexpression of MYB58 and MYB63 resulted in specific activation of lignin biosynthetic genes and concomitant ectopic deposition of lignin in cells that are normally unlignified. MYB58 was able to activate directly the expression of lignin biosynthetic genes and a secondary wall–associated laccase (LAC4) gene. Furthermore, the expression of MYB58 and MYB63 was shown to be regulated by the SND1 close homologs NST1, NST2, VND6, and VND7 and their downstream target MYB46. Together, our results indicate that MYB58 and MYB63 are specific transcriptional activators of lignin biosynthesis in the SND1-mediated transcriptional network regulating secondary wall formation.
Design of a circular waveguide-to-microstrip coupling probe for a submillimeter-wave application

A design that uses a microstrip probe inserted into a circular waveguide and tuned with a noncontacting adjustable short circuit is described. Although the use of a circular (instead of rectangular,) waveguide is restrictive in bandwidth, the coupling probe designed for submillimeter-wave operation should yield a 10% bandwidth with >or=20 dB return loss. The use of a noncontacting short circuit allows the probe to be tuned without the need for electrical contact with the waveguide walls. >
The Study of Laryngeal Muscle Activity in Normal Human Subjects and in Patients With Laryngeal Dystonia Using Multiple Fine-Wire Electromyography†

The normal human larynx performs numerous complex tasks with nearly complete reliability. These tasks require precise timing of movements that are effected by the laryngeal muscles. The most specific method to examine these muscles is by electromyography. Although many studies on laryngeal electromyography have been reported using multichannel recordings, none has provided a detailed analysis of each laryngeal muscle's role during a variety of common tasks and the spectrum of normative values. Simultaneous eight-channel, fine-wire electromyographic recordings were made in 11 human subjects. The timing patterns of the laryngeal muscles during the coordinated efforts for phonation and other common glottic functions were examined. In addition, normative values for latencies and amplitudes of response were determined. During simple phonation, a "set pattern" for the thyroarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid , and interarytenoid muscles was found. The thyroarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles demonstrated a burst at onset preceding phonation and then decreased activity, whereas the interarytenoid sustained glottic position during phonation. The coordination of the laryngeal muscles was similarly determined for connected speech, respiration, Valsalva maneuver, cough, throat-clear task, and swallow. These patterns of response, the latencies for activities, and the amplitudes of response in normal subjects provided the basis to examine the abnormal laryngeal function in a group of 59 patients with four clinical varieties of laryngeal dystonia (adductor, tremor, abductor, and mixed). The findings include abnormal patterns of response, increased latencies, and increased amplitudes of recruitment in many tasks including nonphonatory tasks. Although specific distinctions were noted in each group, the responses were remarkably similar, indicating that all clinical varieties of laryngeal dystonia should be classified as mixed dystonia with a clinical preponderance for one or more types of behavior.
Cognitive Demands of the Workplace

The modern workplace runs very largely on the cognitive abilities of the workforce. In this study, we treated cognitive ability as a commodity and considered the demand for and supply of this commodity. Our primary data were ratings of the cognitive skills required by various occupations, as listed in the U.S. Department of Labor’s ONET database. The 21 ratings in that database can be reduced to 3 dimensions, with 1 of them, general cognitive ability, being by far the largest. The demand for this ability was determined by considering the number of jobholders in the various occupations represented in ONET. The demand closely fit a normal distribution, centered at a slightly below average cognitive ability value. This suggests that the ONET ratings represent adequate rather than typical performance. The level of general cognitive ability established by ratings of occupations was linearly related to the performance of applicants for jobs within an occupation, indicating that the rating measure and cognitive test scores are on the same scale. The general cognitive ability ratings of occupations predicted approximately 60% of the variation in income across occupations.
Path integral Monte Carlo method and maximum entropy: a complete solution for the derivative valuation problem

Summary form only given. We propose a combination of the path-integral Monte Carlo method and the maximum entropy method as a comprehensive solution for the problem of pricing of derivative securities. The path-integral Monte Carlo approach relies on the probability distribution of the complete histories of the underlying security, from the present time to the contract expiration date. In our present implementation, the Metropolis algorithm is used to sample the probability distribution of histories (paths) of the underlying security. The advantage of the path integral approach is that complete information about the derivative security, including its parameter sensitivities, is obtained in a single simulation. It is also possible to obtain results for multiple values of parameters in a single simulation. The input to the path-integral Monte Carlo method is the assumed propagator for the stochastic process of the underlying. The path integral method is flexible about the input stochastic process and it can be used for both American and European contracts. Derivative valuation can be viewed as a statistical inference procedure about the underlying stochastic process. In its simplest form it reduces to the computation of implied volatility. It is known that the implied volatility matrix may contain significant variations across strike prices and contract maturities. This implies that parametrization of the underlying process via single volatility parameter is inconsistent with market data. Instead, we formulate an approach which allows one to generate a fully consistent estimate of the complete propagator for the underlying.
The Emotional Guardianship of Foreign-Born and Native-Born Hispanic Youth and Its Effect on Violent Victimization

Despite numerous tests of routine activities theory, attempts to explain the relationship between Hispanic immigration and victimization are quite minimal. As such, this study seeks to determine whether differences in violent victimization between native-born Hispanic and foreign-born Hispanic youth are attributable to variations in target suitability and emotional guardianship. This study expands routine activities theory’s concept of capable guardianship by basing its operationalization on measures related to family ties and is thus termed emotional guardianship. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), the results show native-born Hispanic youth were more likely to be violently victimized than their foreign-born Hispanic counterparts. However, once components of routine activities theory and neighborhood safety were entered into the model, the Hispanic youth’s birth status was no longer significant. Prior delinquency also had the strongest direct effect on viol...
Equivalence-principle model for radiation from TE/sub 0n/ and TM/sub 0n/ mode step-cut and slant-cut Vlasov feeds

An equivalence-principle-based model for predicting the radiation from TE/sub 0n/ and TM/sub 0n/ mode step-cut and slant-cut Vlasov feeds is discussed. Theoretical far-field and numerical near-field radiation patterns are compared to measured results. Experimental investigations of currents are reported, and simulation of perturbed waveguide currents is explored. >
Improving osteoporosis care through multimodal interventions: insights from the University of Alabama at Birmingham Center for Education and Research on Therapeutics.

Despite the many advances in scientific research over the last several decades, cutting edge technologies and therapeutics often take many years to find their way into widespread use. The dissemination and uptake of best practices into clinical care is sometimes a neglected component of research that is essential to improve the population’s health. Type 2 translational research, sometimes called “Proof in Practice Research,” seeks to maximize the yield of what has been learned from the bench and from carefully controlled clinical trials and to extend those benefits to a larger population. One aspect of type 2 translational research, sometimes called evidence implementation or implementation science, applies what has been learned about clinical medicine to achieve best practices across providers and health systems. This article describes evidence implementation as applied to osteoporosis care, drawing from several published or ongoing studies to illustrate challenges and potential solutions in improving the quality of osteoporosis care.
Centralized processing and distributed I/O for robot control

Historically, the architecture of robot controllers has been dictated by technology constraints. When computers and networks were slow, it was necessary to logically distribute the computation but to physically centralize both the computation and I/O. This is represented by a controller comprised of large rack of embedded processors, with cables to all robot sensors and actuators. As technology improved, it became feasible to distribute both computation and I/O, as illustrated by systems that use a field bus to connect a central controller to low-level processors embedded near or within the robot. This paper advocates a new architecture, centralized processing and distributed I/O, that is enabled by current computer and network technology. This architecture provides benefits in academic environments because it simplifies development of robot control software. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated by a custom robot controller that uses IEEE 1394 (FireWire) to provide direct communication between a central computer and non-intelligent peripheral hardware devices.
Ceruloplasmin: A Multi-Functional Cupro-Protein of Vertebrate Plasma

Ceruloplasmin is a blue copper protein found in the ct2-globulin fraction of vertebrate plasma. It is a singlechain glycoprotein of molecular weight 132,000. It contains six copper atoms per molecule, comprising three or possibly four different types of copper. Its many functions may be related to the heterogeneous nature of these six copper atoms and to the various catalytic activities they provide.
Religious Diversity and Community Volunteerism Among Asian Americans: An Initial Portrait

We examine whether religious membership and participation foster community volunteerism among a religiously diverse group of Asian Americans.We use data from the Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey (SCCBS), the only data set that contains both a large, national sample of Asian Americans and detailed questions on religious and civic participation. Asian-American Protestants, Catholics, and adherents of non-Christian religions are involved in community volunteerism to varying degrees. Surprisingly, however, fewer Hindus and Buddhists volunteer when compared to the nonaffiliated. We use these results to propose theoretical concepts that take into account the impact of a religion’s structure as well as the double-minority status faced by nonwhite and non-Christian Asian Americans on the likelihood of volunteering. Our findings indicate that accepted predictors of community volunteerism may operate differently among new nonwhite immigrants and their children than in the general U.S. population; this provides building blocks for future research on religion and civic participation among nonwhite and non-Christian populations.