cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical functional magnetic resonance imaging.

ObjectiveTo describe a new series of evaluation/procedural codes that were approved by the American Medical Association (AMA) CPT Editorial Panel for use in billing for these procedures by physicians or licensed clinical psychologists.BackgroundAs of January of 2007, 3 distinct CPT codes for billing
Comparative gene expression analysis of the fmnl family of formins during zebrafish development and implications for tissue specific functions

Fmlns belong to the Formin family, catalysts of linear actin polymerization with mostly unknown roles in vivo. In cell culture Fmnls are involved in cell migration and adhesion and the formation of different types of protrusions including filopodia and blebs, suggesting important roles during development. Moreover, Fmnls can act downstream of Rac and Cdc42, mediators of cytoskeletal changes as targets of important pathways required for shaping tissues. The zebrafish genome encodes five Fmnls. Here we report their tissue specific expression patterns during early development and pharyngula stages. The fmnls show overlapping and distinct expression patterns, which suggest that they could regulate similar processes during development, but may also have independent functions. In particular, we find a strong maternal contribution of all fmnls, but distinct expression patterns in the developing brain eye, ear, heart and vascular system.
Application of FRF with SISO and MISO model for accelerometer-based in-cylinder pressure reconstruction on a 9-L diesel engine

Engine control with feedback from engine combustion process diagnostics can help improve fuel efficiency and assist in meeting stricter emission regulations. The standard is to use in-cylinder pres...
Redispersion and Reactivity Studies on Surfactant-Coated Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles

The effects of adsorbed surfactant on the redispersion behavior and the reactivity of nanocrystalline magnesium oxide prepared by an aerogel route (AP-MgO) have been investigated. Aerosol OT and didodecyl dimethylammonium bromide were chosen as examples of an anionic surfactant and a cationic surfactant, respectively. The redispersion studies were mainly carried out in nonaqueous solvents. The surfactant-adsorbed AP-MgO nanoparticles disperse better in some solvents compared to the uncoated AP-MgO nanoparticles. Surfactant adsorption on AP-MgO was found to break up the nanocrystalline aggregates to a reasonable extent as evidenced by dynamic light scattering and visible spectroscopy. The surfactant-adsorbed AP-MgO nanoparticles possess reasonable reactivity compared to bare AP-MgO as illustrated by the destructive adsorption reactions of paraoxon (diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate) and (2-chloroethyl) ethyl sulfide.
Second order corrections to triangle anomalies in an abelian gauge theory

We consider an Abelian gauge theory of weak interactions which is arranged so that in lowest order there are no anomalies in the divergence of the axial-vector current. This is done by having two fermions whose couplings to the axial-vector current are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. We then show that while the second-order corrections to the anomaly are nonzero for each of the fermions, their sum vanishes, ensuring that the theory is anomaly-free through second order.
The effect of lens edge design versus anterior capsule overlap on posterior capsule opacification.

Abstract Purpose To determine whether lens edge design or anterior capsule overlap on the intraocular lens (IOL) has greater effect on posterior capsule opacification (PCO). Design Retrospective cohort clinical study. Methods Retrospective. SETTING : Academic clinical practice. PATIENT POPULATION : The patient population consisted of 259 uncomplicated surgical patients (259 eyes) with no confounding comorbidity and at least 1 year of follow-up after surgical placement of a silicone or hydrophobic acrylic lens. OBSERVATION PROCEDURES : Digital retroilluminated photographs were taken to ascertain PCO, anterior capsular opacification (ACO), previous neodymium:YAG capsulotomy and degree of anterior capsule overlap on the IOL optic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : PCO, ACO, YAG capsulotomy rate, and anterior capsule overlap on the IOL optic. Results One hundred forty-eight digital images (74 silicone and 74 acrylic) were measurable for both anterior capsule overlap and PCO. Complete 360 degrees of anterior capsule overlap on the IOL was associated with decreased PCO (P = Conclusions Implanting a lens with complete anterior capsule overlap on the IOL was found to significantly reduce PCO, which advantage appeared to be greater than PCO prevention by a truncated, sharp edge IOL design.
Interference, dephasing, and vibrational coupling effects between coherence pathways in doubly vibrationally enhanced nonlinear spectroscopies

Abstract Doubly vibrationally enhanced (DOVE) four-wave mixing is capable of producing coherent two-dimensional (2D) vibrational spectra with cross-peaks that reflect intramolecular and intermolecular mode coupling. These methods are based on double vibrational coherences that are analogous to the double spin coherences in 2D nuclear magnetic resonance methods. In particular, there are two pathways for DOVE infrared spectroscopy that interfere to change the line shapes of doubly resonant cross-peaks. The interference depends on the relative dephasing rates of the coherences involved in the different pathways. We derive relationships between the dephasing rates of the different coherences in DOVE pathways and show how these relationships affect the line shapes of DOVE resonances. Comparisons are made with experimental 2D DOVE spectra.
Relationship of Within-tree Placement of the Pheromone Trap to Codling Moth Catches

Choice of pheromone trap location within the tree canopy has a significant effect on catches of the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.). Trap elevation is the most important factor, followed by tree quadrant and placement relative to the periphery of the crown region. Along a vertical gradient, response was confined to traps within the canopy and catches increased with trap elevation. The effect of the trap position in the various tree quadrants on catch was of a lesser magnitude than trap elevation and generally less consistent. Overall, traps in the N quadrant caught ca. 30% less than in the other cardinal positions. Response to traps at the periphery of the crown region was not significantly higher than to traps near the center of the tree. Based on these findings, new guidelines for within-tree placement of pheromone traps are proposed. In addition, implications of this research for the direct control of the codling moth with pheromones using the male removal or the mating disruption technique are discussed.
Chemical analyses of cell walls from microcysts and microsclerotia of Physarum flavicomum; comparison to slime coat from microplasmodia

Haploid microcysts and diploid microsclerotia of Physarum flavicomum Berk. are dormant phases of the life cycle surrounded by rigid cell walls. Microplasmodia are the actively growing diploid phase of the life cycle. Microplasmodia lack a cell wall but are covered by a constantly replenished slime coat which is secreted and accumulates in liquid growth medium. Chemical analyses of purified walls from microcysts and microsclerotia revealed the presence of polysaccharide, lipid, and protein as major components. The polysaccharide of microcyst walls was composed of galactosamine with smaller amounts of glucose, galactose, and ribose. The polysaccharide of microsclerotial walls was primarily composed of galactosamine, with small amounts of glucose and galactose. The slime coat of microplasmodia consisted of a galactose-containing polysaccharide and protein. The protein components of microcyst and microsclerotial walls and the slime coat protein had strikingly similar amino acid compositions. Lysine was present in the greatest quantity, with large amounts of aspartic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, and glycine; the sulfur amino acids occurred in the smallest proportion.
The mechanics of lithosphere and its relation to gravity anomalies and fracture

The lithosphere may be defined as the cool, strong, rocky layer of the Earth that is supported by the denser, weaker, and relatively hotter underlying magma. The upper few kilometers of the lithosphere are traversed by many faults and fractures, but below this surface level it is sufficiently homogeneous to support great superimposed geological loads.
Use of force-sensing array films to improve surface wipe sampling.

Surface wipe sampling, as performed by human operators, is widely used in environmental monitoring and currently subject to a high degree of variability. Two factors relating to sampling efficiency, applied force and area coverage, have not previously been amenable to measurement during wipe sampling. A force-sensing resistor (FSR) array film is used for the first time in this study to measure these factors and provide feedback for operator training, with the goal of reducing inter-operator variability. A volunteer population of 20 performed wipe sampling within a 10 cm by 10 cm templated area under an instruction to use “firm” force. The applied force for the population ranged from 3 Newtons (N) (306 g-force) to 14 N, with intra-operator variability within each experiment of 20% RSD on average. A statistically significant difference in force among operators was determined by a single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) (p-value = 1.6 × 10−7). An average force of 7.4 N (SD = 2.9 N) was determined for the population, and an operator who fell outside the mean was trained with feedback from the FSR, achieving an average force of 6.8 N (SD = 1.8 N). Retention of the training was demonstrated by testing after 6 days resulting in an average force of 6.8 N (SD = 0.8 N). Direct measurements of the sampling path can be made from the FSR using center-of-force (COF) data. Operators were evaluated against a path designed to fill the 10 cm by 10 cm area with 98% coverage. With training, operators achieved coverage of up to 96% using only guidelines marked on the paper template to define the sampling path. Fluorescent polymer microspheres were used to evaluate collection efficiency when performing dry wipe sampling under controlled conditions of force and area coverage. Over the range of forces measured earlier for the population, the collection efficiency varied from 10% to 50%, with an approximate increase of 4% in collection efficiency with each additional 1 N of force. The locations of particles remaining on the surfaces after sampling were compared with the COFs. A high percentage of particles (up to 45%) were redeposited to the surface after collection, indicating that sampling patterns should be designed to minimize the length of the sampling path while still providing maximum area coverage.
A SIMPLIFIED TECHNIC OF OPEN HEART SURGERY.

Experimental and clinical investigations have demonstrated the superiority of disposable plastic oxygenators primed with 5 per cent dextrose in distilled water and normothermia for open heart surgery. Technical aspects of cardiopulmonary bypass have been simplified considerably by this method. Furthermore, numerous complications associated with the use of pooled homologous blood have been eliminated. Cardiopulmonary bypass now is available immediately in emergency situations, as well as in patients with religious objections to blood transfusion. During the past 28 months, 926 open heart operations have been performed using this method, and the results have been most gratifying.
Genetic analysis of the dumpy region in Drosophila: its multigenic composition.

Abstract The structural aspects of pseidoallelism for the mutant series in Drosophila have been investigated. Dumpy mutants induced by ICR-170 (a monofunctional quinacrine mustard) and N -nitrosomethylurea (NmU) were mapped by four-point crosses. The recombinational data permit a more precise mapping of mutants of the following types: olv, lv, ol and cm . Except for the olv mutants these sites are distinctly positioned within the cluster. An extensive revision of the dumpy map has been made. The interpretation of the data, based on the nature of frame-shift mutations in microbial systems, provides support for a model of the dumpy series as a cluster of distinct genes.
Technological Metaphors and Moral Education: The Hacker Ethic and the Computational Experience

This essay is an attempt to understand how technological metaphors, particularly computer metaphors, are relevant to moral education. After discussing various types of technological metaphors, it is argued that technological metaphors enter moral thought through their “functional descriptions.” The computer metaphor is then explored by turning to the “hacker ethic.” Analysis of this ethic reveals parallels between the experience of computer programming and the moral standards of those who are enmeshed in computer technology. This parallel suggests that the hacker ethic is being pushed by a computer metaphor and its functional descriptions in a direction of individualism and systems thinking. After examining some possible implications of the computer metaphor, this essay offers suggestions concerning how technological metaphors may be critiqued.
Are physicians a “delinquent community?” Issues in professional competence, conduct and self-regulation: Commentary

I would like to thank Dr. Swazey for her paper. It seems to me that it is a valuable contribution, valuable because it is a candid and thoughtful reflec tion on the profession of medicine by someone who is informed by a conception of a profession as something more than a career. It is valuable too because it does not privilege, or in this case, deprivi lege, any profession, in its discussion of the failures she recounts. Let me say further that the paper rings true, rings true in the sense that I can think of like examples both from my experience of following around physicians as well as my experience of spend ing some thirty years in higher education. I would like to be clear about one difference in experience between Dr. Swazey and myself. Her stories concern academic medicine, although there are clear clinical components. My focus will be community clinical medicine, on the one hand, and the academy, on the other. Rather than asking questions about some central premise or argument of the paper, I propose instead to reflect on a number of themes contained within the paper and try to develop a point about which the paper was silent. In that way, I hope that we might have some discussion. Let me try to develop three points around some of the difficulties which Dr. Swazey identified. The three issues which are of interest to me are the following. First, the excessive individualism of modern professions such that the modern professional thinks of him or herself as a self-sufficient monad in terms of their profes sional practice. Second, there is the corresponding
Characterization of Lactogenic Hormone Binding to Membranes from Ovine and Bovine Mammary Gland and Liver

Binding of radiolabeled human growth hormone, bovine prolactin, and ovine prolactin to membranes prepared from ovine and bovine mammary gland and liver was studied. Of these lactogenic hormones, human growth hormone exhibited the greatest total and specific binding capacity to either liver or mammary membranes. Characterization of binding assay conditions of human growth hormone indicated: that divalent ions (calcium or magnesium) were required for maximal binding, that binding was time dependent and saturable, that specific binding was proportional to the quantity of membrane protein assayed, and that bound radiolabeled human growth hormone was displaced similarly with either nonradiolabeled bovine prolactin or ovine prolactin. Interpretation of computer analysis of Scatchard plots derived from displacement curves indicated heterogeneous binding sites in liver and mammary membranes. Mean apparent dissociation constants of the high affinity binding sites ranged from 2.7 to 5.4 X 10(-9) M in mammary and liver membranes, respectively. Compared with mammary membranes from nonlactating ewes, specific binding of human growth hormone was increased 50% on day 100, 190% on day 130 of gestation, and 296% on day 60 of lactation. We conclude that radiolabeled human growth hormone can be used as a probe to measure lactogenic hormone binding sites in liver and mammary membranes from cows and sheep.
In Vitro consequences of sperm-somatic cell interactions☆

Abstract Following interaction with rat spermatozoa and subsequent proliferation in vitro , Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts synthesized fetal antigen and grew in semisolid agar suspension culture but were not tumorigenic in nude mice. Control hamster cells were consistently negative for these properties even after long-term cultivation in liquid medium. Admixture with spermatozoa was also found to induce marked multinucleation and to enhance the cloning efficiency of human tumor (HeLa) cells in soft agar culture. Sperm-mediated induction of fetal antigen synthesis and anchorage-independent growth by cultured mammalian somatic cells may thus represent an early stage in the multi-step sequence leading to malignant transformation. Sperm-somatic cell culture systems may provide a convenient model system for the study of cell-cell interactions similar to those which may normally occur in vivo .
On the on-line chromatic number of the family of on-line 3-chromatic graphs

Abstract Let the family OL(3) contain all graphs which can be colored on-line with 3 colors. Gyarfas and Lehel suggested the problem of determining the on-line chromatic number χ ∗ (OL(3)) of OL(3). They showed that 4 ⩽ χ ∗ (OL(3)) ⩽ 16 . We present an algorithm that colors every on-line-3-chromatic graph with 4 colors. Thus χ ∗ (OL(3)) = 4 .
What can the subjunctive disjoint reference effect tell us about the subjunctive

Abstract This paper examines the obviation which holds between the pronominal subject of a subjunctive complement to desiderative/directive predicates in Romance and proposes that this obviation is due to the effect of a quasi-imperative operator, located in the head of FinP, on semantic binding of the pronominal subject. True imperatives yield an interpretation “anyone other than the speaker”, while embedded imperatives yield an interpretation “anyone other than the matrix subject”. In addition, such lexically selected subjunctive complements host an uninterpretable W(orld) feature in Force, which must be checked and deleted by the Mood head. In non-lexically selected subjunctive, the W feature is interpretable. It is argued that the core case of subjunctive complements are embedded imperatives; different languages may grammaticalize the interpretable W feature in other complement contexts such that subjunctive becomes the only option and the W feature is uninterpretable. This characterization of subjunctive complement clauses is supported by acquisition and attrition data, which shows that subjunctive is acquired first and lost last in contexts where the W feature is uninterpretable and hence must be deleted by the syntax in order to yield an interpretable structure at the interface.
Ultrastructure of enucleated mammalian cells in culture.

Abstract The fine structure of L cells is described at 30 min and 24 h after enucleation by centrifugation in cytochalasin B. The morphology of the 30-min enucleates is the same as that of the cytoplasm of nucleated cells. Centrioles, a normal Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, microtubules, and some microfilaments, are present in enucleates. At 24 h after enucleation, the enucleates are extensively vacuolated. The cisternae of the Golgi apparatus are extremely dilated, and the granular ER is sometimes dilated. Microtubules, and, in particular, microfilaments, are still abundant. Nuclei removed from cells by enucleation in cytochalasin B are surrounded by a thin shell of cytoplasm containing numerous ribosomes, an occasional mitochondrion, a few pieces of endoplasmic reticulum, and an enclosing plasma membrane. Continuities between the nuclear envelope and the ER are particularly frequent. These nuclei possesses a normal fine structure.
Water-Table Effects on Seacoasts

Calcareous cementation of unconsolidated sediments and soils within the zone of water-table fluctuation in tropical climates results in the development of widespread layers of water-table rock that extend between beach rock and stream rock outcrops as well as for considerable distances inland. Along cliffy coasts in any climate, the water table separates weathered and leached rock, which is readily erodible, from underlying sections of relatively resistant rock. Along seacoasts, the water-table boundary commonly is expressed by the presence of platforms, shoals, and erosionally flattened bedrock in beaches (pseudo-beach rock). For the reason that coastal retreat lowers water tables, truncated flats commonly develop at successively lower levels, and the resulting topography is subject to misinterpretation, such as the postulation of a very recent, somewhat higher, stand of sea level.
On the Stability of Low-Leakage Silicon Photodiodes Used with Crystal Calorimeters

The behaviour of large area silicon PIN photodiodes with nanoamp leakage currents has been studied systematically to determine the lifetime and stability at various reverse bias voltages and temperatures. Recent studies with prototypes have indicated disturbing instabilities such as runaway leakage currents. Several HEP experiments plan to use these diodes in scintillation crystal calorimeters with thousands of elements, and reliability is a major concern.
Heat flow and heat production in Zambia: Evidence for lithospheric thinning in central Africa

Abstract Heat-flow results from eleven widely spaced sites in central and western regions of the Republic of Zambia range between 54 and 76 mW m−2. Ten of the sites are located in late Precambrian (Katangan) metasediments or Kibaran age basement, while one site is located in Karroo age sandstone. Compared to the global mean of 39 ± 7 (sd) mW m−2 for Precambrian provinces elsewhere, these heat-flow results are anomalously high by some 25 mW m−2. Heat-production measurements on borehole core samples indicate that enhanced radioactivity of an enriched surface zone can account for only half of the observed anomaly. The remaining anomalous heat flow must have a deeper source, and can be interpreted as a flux from the asthenosphere, providing the overlying lithosphere has been thinned to less than 60 km. Such an interpretation supports the existence of an incipient arm of the East African rift system trending southwest from Lake Tanganyika into the central African plateau.
Safety of Feed Treated with 17α-Methyltestosterone (17MT) to Larval Nile Tilapia

Abstract As a synthetic androgen, 17α-methyltestosterone (17MT) is frequently used to redirect the course of sex differentiation by exposing the undifferentiated gonad to a sufficient dosage. This hormone has been widely accepted as a safe and effective treatment for sex reversal in many fish species, and it is administered to larval tilapia (3–12 d old) for ∼28 consecutive days to produce populations of >90% males. This study assessed the safety of 17MT-treated feed when administered to larval Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus at one, three, and five times (i.e., 1×, 3×, and 5×) the proposed dosage of 9 mg 17MT/kg fish daily for 28 consecutive days. Despite elevated total ammonia nitrogen levels measured during the last 5 d of the study, environmental conditions were acceptable for rearing tilapia. Fish fed aggressively regardless of the concentration of 17MT in the feed, behavior was considered normal with no dose-related differences detected, and no mortality was observed in the 3× treatment group. Fi...
Religious concepts and absolute conceptions of the world

In this essay I discuss several questions related to the manner in which concepts generally, and religious concepts in particular, are formed. Are some concepts necessary in the sense that, considering the physical makeup of the natural world and our own bio-chemical, perceptual, and cognitive nature, these concepts had to emerge by necessity? If we put considerations of divine revelations aside, I ask regarding religious concepts, what would be the proper way of looking at how they came to be formed? What role does causality play in the formation of empirical and religious concepts, if at all? One of my aims in discussing these and other related questions is to revisit Hilary Putnam’s justificatory basis for rejecting the intelligibility of speaking of absolute conceptions of the world. Although I support his position on this issue, I show some of the hermeneutical problems in his reliance on Wittgenstein’s views concerning language games and worldviews. I also revisit Wittgenstein’s own views about concept formation to discuss the similarities and differences between how religious concepts and empirical concepts are formed. My aim here is to show that the idea of an absolute conception of the world rests on confusing the regulative role that concepts play in our lives for a causative role.
Comparison of icing cloud instruments for 1982-1983 icing season flight program

A number of modern and old style liquid water content (LWC) and droplet sizing instruments were mounted on a DeHavilland DHC-6 Twin Otter and operated in natural icing clouds in order to determine their comparative operating characteristics and their limitations over a broad range of conditions. The evaluation period occurred during the 1982-1983 icing season from January to March 1983. Time histories of all instrument outputs were plotted and analyzed to assess instrument repeatability and reliability. Scatter plots were also generated for comparison of instruments. The measured LWC from four instruments differed by as much as 20 percent. The measured droplet size from two instruments differed by an average of three microns. The overall effort demonstrated the need for additional data, and for some means of calibrating these instruments to known standards.
Ion implantation of cobalt-tungsten carbide tools for machining titanium

Abstract Cobalt-base tungsten carbide cutting tools were implanted with Cl, F, Br, I, S, In, Ga and Sn to dose levels of 2 × 10 16 ions cm −2 to 5 × 10 17 ions cm −2 . Both untreated and implanted tools were tested in turning against a log of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at a cutting speed of 300 f.p.m. Each test was carried out for 1 min and the uniform flank wear was measured, whereupon the tool was tested for a further 1 min. Testing continued in this fashion until the uniform flank wear approached or exceeded 0.02″. The distribution of the implanted elements was determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry. In general, doses of 1 × 10 17 ions cm −2 increased tool life by a factor of two in the case of the chlorine and indium implants. Other implant elements were less effective in increasing tool life against the titanium alloy.
The advent of trusted computing: implications for digital forensics

The release of computer hardware devices based on "trusted computing" technologies is heralding a paradigm shift that will have profound implications for digital forensics. In this paper, we map out the contours of a trusted environment in order to establish the context for the paper. This is followed by the main components of the TC architecture with an emphasis on the Trusted Platform and the Trusted Platform Module (TPM). The next section presents a synopsis based on three threat models, viz., (i) pc owner-centric, (ii) trusted computing-centric, and (iii) digital forensics-centric and then briefly touches on the implications and unintended consequences of trusted computing for digital forensics. Finally, the last section of the concludes with a recommendation on how to mitigate the negative effects of trusted computing.
The measurement of quality of care in the Veterans Health Administration.

The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is committed to continual refinement of its system of quality measurement. The VHA organizational structure for quality measurement has three levels. At the national level, the Associate Chief Medical Director for Quality Management provides leadership, sets
Smooth Muscle–like Cells in Pulmonary Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Proliferation, migration, and differentiation of smooth muscle (SM)–like lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) cells in the lungs are pathologic manifestations of pulmonary LAM, a rare lung disease predominantly afflicting women and exacerbated by pregnancy. LAM cells form nodules throughout the lung without any predominant localization, but can also form small cell clusters dispersed within lung parenchyma. LAM cells have the appearance of “immature” SM-like cells, irregularly distributed within the nodule in contrast to organized SM cell layers in airways and vasculature. Progressive growth of LAM cells leads to the cystic destruction of the lung parenchyma, obstruction of airways and lymphatics, and loss of pulmonary function. Pathogenetically, LAM occurs from somatic or genetic mutations of tumor suppressor genes tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1) or TSC2. The TSC1/TSC2 protein complex is an integrator of signaling networks regulated by growth factors, insulin, nutrients, and energy. The observation that th...
Low coverage adsorption in cylindrical pores

Abstract We present a theoretical exploration of the adsorption of rare gases in carbon nanotubes. In both the classical and the quantum cases, nanotube adsorption provides a nearly ideal realization of quasi-one-dimensional (1D) matter. We have studied the adsorption potentials, the gas-surface virial coefficient and the isosteric heat of adsorption. Comparison shows a much stronger binding of the adsorbate in the tubes than at the planar surface of graphite. As a consequence, one can easily adsorb sufficiently many atoms to be measurable in a thermodynamic or scattering experiment. In studying the low coverage adsorption we find great sensitivity to the species, the assumed potential model, and the radius of the tubes. The effect of interactions between the adsorbed particles is evaluated in the 1D classical case.
Ring opening in methylenecyclopropane

Abstract The indo molecular orbital calculations on methylenecyclopropane show that the 1 A 1 state of the (90,90) configuration is the most stable one at θ = 64°. The ground state of the ring-opened trimethylenemethane is predicted to be the 3 A ' 2 state ( D 3h symmetry), however the 3 A ″ state of non-planar (0,90) trimethylenemethane is about 10 kcal/mole higher in energy than the planar diradical species. This suggests intermediacy of the orthogonal diradical in the degenerate thermal rearrangement of substituted methylenecyclopropane. The calculated geometry, dipole moment of methylenecyclopropane, and spin densities of trimethylenemethane are in excellent agreement with the experimental values.
Explicit solutions for the steady state distributions in M/PH/1 queues with workload dependent balking

We consider an M/PH/1 queue with balking based on the workload. An arriving customer joins the queue and stays until served only if the system workload is below a fixed level at the time of arrival. The steady state workload distribution in such a system satisfies an integral equation. We derive a differential equation for Phase type service time distribution and we solve it explicitly, with Erlang, Hyper-exponential and Exponential distributions as special cases. We illustrate the results with numerical examples.
Colon cancer screening in 2005: Status and challenges

The field of colon cancer screening has evolved dramatically in the last 15 years regarding evidence, guidelines, and practice. In 1990, no evidence from a randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) existed to show that colorectal cancer (CRC) screening was effective in reducing CRC mortality. In 1990, although some guidelines endorsed screening, there was disagreement among recommending organizations about which tests to recommend or whether to recommend any screening tests at all. The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), arguably the most influential of the recommending organizations and the most rigorously evidence based, said that evidence was insufficient to recommend either for or against CRC screening.1 In this environment, CRC screening was not widely practiced, much less reimbursed by payers. If screening was performed at all, fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) was the most common test. Sigmoidoscopy was performed less frequently, and colonoscopy, rarely performed for screening, was used mainly for workup of a positive FOBT or sigmoidoscopy and for postpolypectomy surveillance. The primary questions facing academics, recommending organizations, and practicing clinicians in 1990 were (1) does CRC screening—of any kind—work to reduce CRC mortality, and (2) should it be implemented and reimbursed? In 2005, the situation is dramatically different. We now know that CRC screening works, and it is now being implemented and reimbursed. Colonoscopy has become popular as a primary screening test, and new tests, such as virtual colonoscopy, are being developed. The purpose of this article is to identify current challenges in light of the evolution of evidence, guidelines, and practice and to anticipate the next phase of development and implementation.
Isoform Specific Reductions in Na+,K+-ATPase Catalytic (α) Subunits in the Nerve of Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes

Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity in nerve is reduced in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes; three different isoforms of the alpha (catalytic) subunit of the enzyme are present in nerve. Using western blot to determine subunit isoform polypeptide levels in sciatic nerve, we found a substantial reduction in alpha 1-isoform polypeptide (88% at 3 weeks, 94% at 8 weeks) after induction of diabetes by streptozotocin. Reductions in alpha 2 and alpha 3 polypeptide were smaller and not statistically significant. The reduction in amount of all three isoform polypeptides in the nerve of 3-week diabetic animals was corrected by administration of insulin. Accumulation of alpha 1 polypeptide at a nerve ligature indicated that rapid transport of that polypeptide in nerve occurs with normal kinetics. The results implicate a specific marked deficit in alpha 1, much more than alpha 2 or alpha 3, catalytic subunit isoform of Na+,K(+)-ATPase in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.
Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of Three Bladed Savonius Wind Turbine with Different Overlap Ratios and at various Reynolds Number

Considerable improvements in the aerodynamic performance of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) can be achieved by integrating computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and wind tunnel investigation in their design improvement. With the growing demand for energy worldwide, conventional sources are becoming more scarce and expensive. Wind is among the most popular and fastest growing sources of alternative energy in the world. It is an inexhaustible, indigenous resource, pollution-free, and available almost any time of the day, especially in coastal regions. Industry experts predict that, with proper development, wind energy could provide 20% of the nation’s energy needs. Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) may be as efficient and practical as, and simpler, and significantly cheaper to build and maintain than, horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs). They have other inherent advantages; for example, they always face the wind. VAWTs include both a drag-type configuration, such as the Savonius rotor, and a lift-type configuration, such as the Darrieus rotor. The Savonius wind turbine is the simplest. Its operation depends on the difference in drag force when the wind strikes either the convex or concave part of its semi-cylindrical blades. It is good at self-starting and works independently of wind direction. However, its efficiency is relatively lower than that of the lift-type VAWTs. Due to its simple design and low construction cost, Savonius rotors are primarily used for water pumping and to generate wind power on a small scale and its large starting torque makes it suitable for starting other types of wind turbines that have inferior starting characteristics. Recently, some generators with high torque at low rotational speed, suitable for small-scale wind turbines, have been developed, suggesting that Savonius rotors may yet be used to generate electric power. The main goal of this research work is to improve the aerodynamic performance of the three bladed vertical axis Savonius wind turbine. Based on this goal, the objective of this project is to study the performance characteristics of the Savonius wind turbine scale models both experimentally and numerically. The turbine scale models will have different designs with different overlap ratios (ratio of gap between two adjacent blades and the rotor diameter) and without overlap within three blades. The experimental measurements and testing will be conducted in front of a low speed subsonic wind tunnel at different Reynolds number and the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) flow simulation around those design models will be performed by commercial CFD software FLUENT and GAMBIT.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Concurrent Development of Preleukaemic, Lymphoproliferative and Plasma Cell Disorders

A patient is described who presented with a combined preleukaemic, lymphoproliferative and plasma cell disorder. These disorders were not related to cytotoxic therapy. The clonal nature of the lymphoid component was demonstrated by lymphocyte surface marker studies and the clonal nature of the plasma cell component by immunoperoxidase studies. Since the involved lymphoid and plasma cells contained different heavy and light chains, they were felt to originate from two separate B cell clones not related to the clone responsible for the preleukaemic component.
Perspective on CARNA 5, cucumber mosaic virus-dependent replicating RNAs capable of modifying disease expression

CARNA 5, the disease regulatory RNA associated with cucumber mosaic virus, consists of a family of sequence-related variant molecules. This type of multiplicity is the result of the selectivity with which specific combinations of virus strain and host species during infection allow certain CARNA 5 variants to emerge and replicate faster than others.
Regulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope composition and virulence by intramembrane proteolysis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is a continuing global health crisis that kills 2 million people each year. Although the structurally diverse lipids of the M. tuberculosis cell envelope each have non-redundant roles in virulence or persistence, the molecular mechanisms regulating cell envelope composition in M. tuberculosis are undefined. In higher eukaryotes, membrane composition is controlled by site two protease (S2P)-mediated cleavage of sterol regulatory element binding proteins, membrane-bound transcription factors that control lipid biosynthesis. S2P is the founding member of a widely distributed family of membrane metalloproteases that cleave substrate proteins within transmembrane segments. Here we show that a previously uncharacterized M. tuberculosis S2P homologue (Rv2869c) regulates M. tuberculosis cell envelope composition, growth in vivo and persistence in vivo. These results establish that regulated intramembrane proteolysis is a conserved mechanism controlling membrane composition in prokaryotes and show that this proteolysis is a proximal regulator of cell envelope virulence determinants in M. tuberculosis.
Hematogenous Infection of a Total Knee Arthroplasty With Klebsiella pneumoniae in Association With Occult Adenocarcinoma of the Cecum

Acute hematogenous septic arthritis caused by the genus Klebsiella is extremely rare. This case report describes a prosthetic joint infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae via acute hematogenous spread. This is the first reported case of K pneumoniae pyogenic arthritis with a coexisting occult colonic adenocarcinoma. The patient was treated successfully with open irrigation, debridement, polyethylene spacer exchange, and chronic suppressive antibiotics. The underlying colon cancer was recognized early, and the patient responded well to surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. This case illustrates the importance of having a high index of suspicion for underlying pathologic processes when an unusual organism presents as the cause of septic arthritis.
Laser ablation ICP-MS profiling and semiquantitative determination of trace element concentrations in desert tortoise shells: documenting the uptake of elemental toxicants

The outer keratin layer (scute) of desert tortoise shells consists of incrementally grown laminae in which various bioaccumulated trace elements are sequestered during scute deposition. Laser ablation ICP-MS examination of laminae in scutes of dead tortoises revealed patterns of trace elemental distribution from which the chronology of elemental uptake can be inferred. These patterns may be of pathologic significance in the case of elemental toxicants such as arsenic, which has been linked to both shell and respiratory diseases. Laser ablation transects, performed along the lateral surfaces of sectioned scutes, offered the most successful means of avoiding exogenous contamination that was present on the scute exterior. Semiquantitative determination of elemental concentrations was achieved using sulfur, a keratin matrix element, as an internal standard. The results presented here highlight the potential of laser ablation ICP-MS as a diagnostic tool for investigating toxic element uptake as it pertains to tortoise morbidity and mortality.
Macroeconomic control with non-identical control intervals

David Kendrick (1976) has pointed out that dynamic control schemes which economists have applied to macro-economic models generally rest on the stringent assumption that monetary and fiscal policy are executed with the same frequency. Kendrick observes: "The Federal Reserve Board can make monetary policy decisions fairly quickly. However, fiscal decisions are made by the President, but must then go to Congress, and back to the President. No control theory application has yet taken account of the difference in timing between the policy-making actions." This paper recognizes that agents having non-identical control intervals are involved in controlling the macro-economy and examines the role of monetary and fiscal policies in this context.
Using Correlations to Compare Additions to Alkenes: Homogeneous Hydrogenation by Using Wilkinson's Catalyst

Plots of the logarithms of relative rates of homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes (log k(rel) values) by using Wilkinson's catalyst versus their ionization potentials (IPs) and versus their lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels (LUMOs) display good-to-excellent correlations. The correlations indicate that the rate-determining step of this reaction is a nucleophilic addition to the alkene double bond, which is dependent upon both electronic effects and steric effects. This conclusion is in agreement with only two of three previously proposed mechanisms for the reaction, effectively ruling out one in which the rate-determining step involves electrophilic addition to the alkene. Characteristics of the analysis using these correlations are compared and contrasted with other additions to alkenes, such as the Wacker oxidation, to probe patterns in transition state characteristics.
Deleuze & Cinema: the film concepts

Felicity Colman Oxford/New York, Berg, 2011 viii+280 pp., notes, glossary, bibliography, filmography and index, $29.95 (paper), $99.95 (hardback) Deleuze and World Cinemas David Martin-Jones Oxford...
p-channel FET based on p/n double-quantum-well heterostructure

An experimental demonstration of a p-channel FET based on a heterostructure having vertically integrated p- and n-type quantum-well channels is discussed. The AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure consists of a quantum well with an underlying p-region positioned above a second quantum well with an underlying n-region. The p-FET is fabricated with self-aligned p/sup +/ regions formed by zinc diffusion. Electrical characteristics for 1.5- mu m gate lengths are nearly ideal in appearance with a maximum I/sub d/ of 90 mA/mm, a g/sub m/ of 80 mS/mm, and a g/sub m//g/sub d/ ratio of 140 at 77 K. The results demonstrate the viability of such stratified structures for the development of complementary integrated circuits or other circuits requiring integration of multiple device types. >
Right-handed horizontal symmetry

Abstract A model based on the gauge group SUL(2) × SUR(3) × U(1) is proposed. The model can be regarded as an extension of the well-known left-right symmetric model SUL(2) × SUR(2) × UB-L(1). However, the group SUR(3) is more restrictive than SUR(2), and works as a horizontal gauge group, yielding three generations of fermions. At the tree level, the first generation of fermions is naturally massless.
The effects of sapropterin on urinary monoamine metabolites in phenylketonuria.

Abstract Background Sapropterin dihydrochloride (BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin) can lower plasma phenylalanine (Phe) concentrations for a subset of patients with phenylketonuria (PKU), an inborn error of metabolism. Studies suggest that monoamine neurotransmitter concentrations are low in PKU patients. Sapropterin functions as a cofactor for hydroxylases specific to Phe, tyrosine, and tryptophan metabolism, pathways essential for catecholamine and serotonin synthesis. Objective The objective of this study is to determine the impact of sapropterin on monoamine neurotransmitter status in patients with PKU. Design 58 PKU subjects were provided 20mg/kg of sapropterin for 1month. Those who responded with at least a 15% decrease in plasma Phe received sapropterin for 1year, while Non-responders discontinued it. After an additional 3months, Responders who demonstrated increased Phe tolerance and decreased medical food dependence were classified as Definitive, whereas Responders unable to liberalize their diet without compromising plasma Phe control were identified as Provisional. At study visits, patients provided blood for plasma amino acids, 3-day diet records, and 12-hour urine samples analyzed for epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA), dihydroxyphenylacetate (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), 3-methoxytyramine (3MT), serotonin (5HT), and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) using HPLC with electrochemical detection. Results Compared with healthy non-PKU controls, subjects with PKU had significantly lower baseline concentrations of DA, HVA, 3MT, 5HT, and 5HIAA ( p p p p =0.035), although not at baseline. Patients with PKU had a significant increase in HVA ( p =0.015) after 1month of sapropterin. When stratifying by Responder and Non-Responder status, significance of HVA increase in Non-responders ( p =0.041) was confirmed, but not in Responders ( p =0.081). A declining trend in urinary 5HIAA, significant only after controlling for plasma Phe ( p =0.019), occurred for Definitive Responders during the 1-year study. Conclusion Urinary monoamine concentrations are low in patients with PKU and are influenced by oral sapropterin and medical food intake, highlighting the importance of these therapies to neurotransmitter metabolism in phenylketonuria.
Optimization of a class of pulse-frequency-modulated systems

The problem of the optimal control of pulse-frequency-modulated (PFM) systems is investigated in this paper. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the linear-quadratic loss PFM case are developed. The basic problem with such conditions involves the computational implementation of the derived results. Here, sufficient conditions for the discrete-time case (DPFM) are obtained to provide ease in computation. It is shown that the conditions, which are developed under total variation constraints, can be utilized to define a simple scheme for solution of the resulting two-point boundary-value problem.