cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A mathematical model of the splat cooling process using the piston and anvil technique

A mathematical model has been developed to represent the spreading of the slug and its subsequent solidification for the piston and anvil splat cooling technique. In the statement of the problem allowance has been made for fluid flow effects regarding the spreading, convective heat flow and the actual movement of the piston after the impact. In representing heat flow allowance has been made for convection for the two dimensional transient temperature fields and the existence of a mushy zone on solidification. The computed results gave predictions regarding the effect of the piston velocity and of the substrate-splat heat transfer coefficient on both the final splat thickness and on the cooling rates. It was found that the higher the piston velocity and the higher the splat-substrate heat transfer coefficient, the faster are the attainable cooling rates, although there is a tendency to approach limiting values. A critical comparison of the present work with previous modeling efforts shows marked spatial variations in the cooling rates so that the previously used one dimensional models are not likely to be satisfactory. Furthermore, the analysis of the fluid flow phenomena given in the present paper allows a realistic assessment of the final splat thickness, which was not available up to the present.
Graduate Students in a Service Learning Design Case: The Development of a Parenting Program.

The following design case illustrates the approach a group of advanced graduate online-design students, two design coaches, and an instructor used to design an online instructional intervention as a service-learning project for parents interested in improving their parenting skills with their pre-teens. This design case is distinctive in that it explores the online collaboration for this service-learning project using email, instant messaging, Google Hangout, Google Documents within Google applications and Skype.
Principal neurons of the basilar pons as the source of a recurrent collateral system

The basilar pontine nuclei in the opossum are composed of two general categories of neurons, intrinsic cells and the principal or projection neurons. Observations from Golgi material indicate that principal neurons whose primary axons project to the cerebellar cortex may also give rise to recurrent branches distributing within the pontine gray. Such collaterals were observed to arise near the soma and at some distance from the cell body of the parent axon. The electron microscopic correlate of such a system was identified in the basilar pontine neuropil in animals subjected to lesions of the cerebellar cortex. These lesions destroyed mossy terminals and their parent axons and thus initiated a retrograde reaction in basilar pontine projection neurons which manifested itself in the form of morphologic alterations observed in somata, dendrites, and a class of axonal boutons. Similar altered axon terminals were not observed in control material and did not correspond to the terminals of cerebello-pontine axons described in previous work. It was therefore suggested that such boutons represented the terminals of the recurrent collateral system observed in Golgi material.
Comparison of SCM and CSRM forcing data derived from the ECMWF model and from objective analysis at the ARM SGP site

[1] The large-scale forcing data diagnosed from the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) model for driving Single-Column Models (SCMs) and Cloud System Resolving Models (CSRMs) are compared with forcing data derived using the objective variational analysis constrained by observations collected at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. The comparison covers the following three different synoptic conditions: a strong precipitation period dominated by subgrid scale processes during the ARM summer 1997 Intensive Operational Period (IOP), a moderate precipitation period dominated by synoptic scale processes during the spring 2000 IOP, and a nonprecipitation period during the fall 2000 IOP. In the study we demonstrate that the differences between the two forcing data sets are considerably large during the strong convective precipitation period, while they are much less during the moderate and nonprecipitation periods. By analyzing the column-integrated heat and moisture budgets we show that errors in the ECMWF-model-derived forcing are closely associated with errors in the model-predicted surface precipitation, which largely reflect deficiencies of model parameterizations. In SCM tests we show that SCM simulations are sensitive to the prescribed large-scale forcing data. The simulation errors are not well correlated between the SCM runs with the two different forcing data sets for all the three cases. Some important SCM simulated fields, such as surface precipitation, tend to follow the ECMWF model simulations rather than the observations when it is forced with the ECMWF forcing, especially for the summer case.
Three letters to a junior colleague

In which the author turns first to a parable about a group of nineteenth-century radical Russian artists and then to her own experience, outside of academe and in, to respond to Aaron Sachs, ‘Letters to a tenured historian’.
Delayed flank approach to isolated renal trauma in children

Abstract Seven cases of delayed operation for renal trauma are presented. The only kidney lost would have been lost with early operation. No undue friability of the renal tissue was found. The flank approach in delayed procedures for renal trauma has certain advantages over the transabdominal approach.
Current analysis of tibial coverage provided by total knee arthroplasty systems

Abstract A realistic 3D model of the human tibiofemoral joint including femur, tibia, cartilage layers, menisci, and joint ligaments along with a finite element package program were used to investigate the non-linear elastostatic response of the tibiofemoral joint at full extension under internal-external torques of up to 10 N-m applied to the femur. The menisci were represented as a non-homogeneous composite and the articulation of cartilage layers with each other as well as with intervening menisci and the wrapping of the medial collateral ligament with the tibia were treated as large displacement frictionless contact problems. Analyses were carried out with the tibia fixed while the femur was free to translate in the proximal-distal, medial-lateral, and anterior-posterior directions; the internal-external rotation was left free, the varus-valgus rotation was either fixed or free while flexion-extension rotation was maintained fixed throughout the study. The influences of selective sectioning of some ligaments and presence of axial compressive preload on the joint response in axial rotation were also investigated. In the varus-valgus constrained model, both collateral ligaments were the major restraints to internal rotation while the lateral collateral ligament only played a major role in resisting femoral external torque. Setting the varus-valgus free produced noticeable changes in the ligament forces only in external rotation. The compressive preload of 1000 N caused a major reduction in the rotary laxity during applied torques of ± 0.5 N-m and some decreases in all ligament forces with the exception of that in the anterior cruciate ligament. Removal of medial collateral ligament in internal torque and lateral collateral in external torque substantially increased cruciate forces. Combined or isolated removal of cruciates markedly increased collateral forces in external torque only. Large contact forces on medial plateau were computed in external torque. Predictions were in general agreement with reported measurement results.
Ideal normal mode theory of a serpentine cylindrical waveguide

In a serpentine cylindrical waveguide the radius is constant and the centre varies harmonically in the axial direction about a straight line in a plane. The propagation of the guided modes in a weakly corrugated serpentine cylindrical waveguide with imperfectly conducting walls is investigated using the expansion of the fields in terms of the ideal normal modes. The selective interaction between two transverse electric modes is treated. The theory is applied to the design of a mode convertor that selectively transforms the power in the TEpq mode to the TEp+1, r mode. The spectral response of the mode convertor is discussed.
FST-based active object recognition for automated assembly

We demonstrate the use of our active object recognition algorithms in a mechanical assembly task. The algorithms are used to classify and estimate the pose of parts of the assembly in different stable rest positions and automatically re-position the camera if the class or pose of an object is ambiguous in a given image. Multiple object views are used in determining both the final object class and pose estimate. The FSTs are analyzed off-line to determine the camera positions that best resolve ambiguities. We also describe methods for rejecting untrained objects and adding new parts to an existing set of FSTs using a new feature update method.
The dry sliding behavior of Al2O3 transformed, hypereutectic, 2xxx, and 7xxx, aluminum alloys under simulated wire-rope induced wear

The dry sliding wear behavior of various 2xxx and 7xxx aluminum alloys along with an aluminum alloy with the surface transformed to alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) and a hypereutectic aluminum silicon alloy (B390) were evaluated with a pin-on-disk wear apparatus to simulate wire-rope against sheave wheel interactions for a unique Naval application. Simulation of a steel cable on an aluminum sheave wheel was accomplished by using a 387 steel (RC 58) disk containing 45° cuts to mimic individual strands of the wire-rope. Using system dictated conditions, the ring was rotated at 1500 RPM to obtain a sliding velocity of 9.42 m/s, with the contact pressure of the candidate aluminum pins adjusted to maintain a steady 0.69 MPa (100 psi). Under the prescribed conditions, the transformed alumina exhibited a superior wear resistance when compared to the 2xxx, 7xxx, and B390 alloys. However, the brittle material did fracture on one occasion, thereby indicating the potential for deleterious abrasive debris. Wear mode analyses of ...
A quadrupole lens reaction products spectrometer system

Abstract The use of the momentum aberration inherent in magnetic quadrupole lenses is studied as the basis for constructing low resolution nuclear reaction product spectrometers and magnetic rigidity band pass filters. An operational system utilizing a quadrupole doublet is described. The system provides a solid angle of 1.8 mrs, a variable momentum acceptance range up to a mass energy product of 100 amu MeV, and a range of laboratory scattering angles from 0 to ± 80°. Data from representative experiments taken with the system are presented to demonstrate its capabilities.
Failure of exogenous serotonin to inhibit the release of 3H-serotonin induced by electrical field stimulation in superfused goldfish brain slices.

Abstract 1. 1. Goldfish brain slices preloaded with 3H-serotonin were superfused with a solution of Krebs-Ringer phosphate at 30°C in the presence of 1 μM fluoxetine, a serotonin uptake blocker. 2. 2. The effects of exogenous serotonin, Ca2+ absence and Ca2+ chelation on basal and electrically-evoked tritium overflow were investigated. 3. 3. Exogenous 1 or 10 μM serotonin did not alter the stimulated tritium overflow, but this was reduced to 44% and to 31% of the control value when the superfusion was performed in Ca2+-free and in Ca2+-free-EGTA conditions. 4. 4. Neither Ca2+ absence, Ca2+ chelation or 1 μM exogenous serotonin altered basal tritium efflux; however, the latter was significantly increased when the superfusion was performed in the presence of 10 μM serotonin.
The importance of subject recruitment procedures in therapy analogue studies on heterosexual-social anxiety

Heterosexual-socially anxious males were recruited by either newspaper advertisementsfor a therapy analogue study or from an introductory psychology class for a psychology experiment. Both groups were requested to participate in a simulated dating interaction. Self-report and behavioral ratings of anxiety and interpersonal skill were obtained from the role-play. The subjects from the introductory psychology class were significantly more skilled and less anxious than the subjects recuited for the analogue study. The use of recruitment procedures which increase the probability of obtaining highly anxious subjects was encouraged.
The stability of l-asparaginase with respect to protein denaturants

Abstract 1. 1. Under certain conditions, l -asparaginase ( l -asparagine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.1) from Escherichia coli resists denaturation by heat and acid. 2. 2. Tryptone broth protects l -asparaginase from thermal inactivation; but l -asparagine, at saturating concentrations, accelerates the thermal denaturation of the enzyme. 3. 3. It is suggested that heat might offer a valuable tool in the preliminary purification of this oncolytic enzyme. 4. 4. In view of the stability of l -asparaginase, if meaningful measurements of its substrates are to be made in the presence of the enzyme, an instantaneous inactivator should be used.
Gender role ideology and life course transitions of baby-boom women

Abstract This study investigated the interrelationship between attitudes toward gender role egalitarianism and family and human capital decisions among a group of baby-boom women from 1971 to 2005. Using latent growth curve and latent difference modeling of 294 women, we found that early egalitarian values decreased the risk of becoming a mother and marrying and increased the risk of graduating college and working in the labor force. A sharp increase in egalitarianism was found between 1971 and 1985 that was more characteristic of women who graduated college and worked in the labor force. The stall of the post-1985 period was predicted (inversely) by earlier attitudes toward egalitarianism, but not by life decisions. Results suggest that early values were consequential for life pathways taken by these women and that more advantaged women were at the vanguard of the surge in egalitarian gender values during the 1970s and 1980s that subsequently moderated from the mid-1980s onward. There appears to be a convergence among women in their attitudes over time, characteristic of an institutionalization of gender role equality that blends liberal and traditional orientations. This study offers a long-historical view into how women's gender role attitudes change over historical time and the role that family and human capital factors play in that change.
STRATEGIC RELIGIOUS DIALOGUE: A CHAPLAIN'S PERSPECTIVE ON RELIGIOUS LEADER LIAISON

Abstract Religious Leader Liaison is an essential part of the staff work chaplains perform. Indigenous religion and religious leaders are essential to a robust civil society and critical to the military mission's success. General David Petraeus tasked the author to develop a strategy to: engage Iraqi religious leaders, Iraqi government officials, and non-governmental organizations; advance reconciliation and healing acrosssectarian fault lines; and, foster positive religious messaging from clerics at every level. The strategy had to be relevant to military objectives, promote collaboration with other staff sections, and allow chaplains to retain their own distinctive faith identity.
Low-Noise, Optically Isolated Electromyographic Preamplifier

A low-noise preamplifier for electromyographic applications is presented. The design features modifiable gain and bandpass characteristics, driven input shielding for high common-mode rejection, and integral optical isolation for participant safety.
Ray-Tracing Formulas for Uniaxial Crystals

Formulas have been derived relating the direction vector of the extraordinary ray in a uniaxial anisotropic medium to the ordinary ray. With these formulas one can trace rays through uniaxial crystals. Tracing rays into the crystal involves finding the ordinary ray by using the usual ray-tracing formula for isotropic media, then by using the derived equations to find the extraordinary ray. To trace an extraordinary ray out of the crystal, one first constructs the fictive ordinary ray corresponding to it through its point of contact with the refracting surface. Using the ray-tracing formula for isotropic media one traces this ray through the surface.
The chemical basis of hostplant selection in the silkworm, Bombyx mori (L.)

Abstract Gustatory phagostimulants which elicit biting and feeding of the larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori , have been isolated from an ether extract of mulberry leaf powder by processes involving alkaline saponification, phase separation, and column chromatography on silicic acid and on activated carbon. Two different fractions, designated as Fraction 4b 2 and 4c 2 , were isolated. Fraction 4b 2 consisted of n -aliphatic alcohols of C 30 H 64 O average composition. Nothing is known about the exact chemical structure of the active constituents and whether or not they occur as mixtures. Fraction 4c 2 was identified as a mixture of plant sterols chemically almost indistinguishable from β -sitosterol. β -Sitosterol in itself was, however, inactive. Thin layer chromatography adduced strong evidence that the active material was very similar to β -sitosterol and occurs as esters in the plant. These two phagostimulants, of about equal biological activity and each acting in the absence of the other, do not elicit continuous feeding in the absence of sugar in the diet. Preparations of Fraction 4b 2 indistinguishable from those obtained from mulberry in chemical properties and biological activity were also isolated from other plants, some of them food plants and others not. Preparations of Fraction 4c 2 from other host plants of the family Moraceae seemed to be chemically identical to those from mulberry and had the same biological effect. Those from non-host plants were chemically different and biologically either inactive or inhibitory. It seemed improbable that water-soluble fractions contain specific gustatory stimulants. In the system in which the tests were performed such fractions from hostplants had no effect or only a very slight one. Those from non-hostplants invariably had inhibitory effects. This, in the cases under investigation, satisfactorily explained why such plants were not eaten in spite of possessing an active Fraction 4b 2 . The experiments suggested that Fractions 4b 2 and 4c 2 stimulated biting, which led to continuous feeding only if sugars were also present.
Thermal infrared scene simulation for plume detection algorithm evaluation

This paper demonstrates the use of a high fidelity hyperspectral scene simulation tool, called MCScene, to generate realistic thermal infrared scenes that can be used for algorithm development efforts, such as gas plume detection algorithms. MCScene is based on a Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) approach for modeling 3D atmospheric radiative transport, as well as spatially inhomogeneous surfaces including surface BRDF effects. Synthetic “groundtruth” is specified as surface and atmospheric property inputs, and it is practical to consider wide variations of these properties. The model includes treatment of land and ocean surfaces, 3D terrain and bathymetry, 3D surface objects, and effects of finite clouds with surface shadowing. The computed hyperspectral data cubes can supplement field validation data for algorithm development. Sample calculations presented in this paper include a thermal infrared simulation for a desert scene that includes a gas plume produced by an industrial complex. This scene was derived from an AVIRIS visible to SWIR HSI data collect over the Virgin Mountains in Nevada. The data has been extrapolated to the thermal IR and a representative industrial site and plume have been added to the scene.
Why does liver fibrosis occur in schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent of several chronic inflammatory diseases in which morbidity results primarily from tissue scarring. New concepts regarding the molecular pathogenesis of scar formation are being applied in research efforts to define the basis of liver fibrosis in schistosomiasis. Such investigations have led to the identification of an apparently novel lymphokine, fibroblast stimulating factor-I (FsF-I), produced in the egg granulomas. FsF-1 and other granulomo-derived fibrogenic cytokines may represent the molecular links between periovular granulomotous inflammation and hepatic fibrosis. Here, David Wyler postulates that the unmodified production of these f brogenic signals may be responsible for the development of severe hepatic fibrosis in the subpopulotion of infected individuals who develop this complication.
CENTRAL-PLACE FORAGER EFFECTS ON FOOD WEB DYNAMICS AND SPATIAL PATTERN IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA MEADOWS

In this study, I examined the impacts of a presumed central-place forager on its prey and on the prey’s resource. Western fence lizards, Sceloporus occidentalis, limit their activity and feeding in meadows to a variety of structures (e.g., stumps, logs, brush, and rock piles). The impact of lizards on their primary prey, grasshoppers, decreased at a decreasing rate with distance from structures that housed lizards; thus, grasshopper densities increased with distance. Consequently, the abundance of plants (grasshoppers’ food) decreased with distance from these structures. However, the relative abundance of plants varied with distance. The proportion of herbaceous forbs (the grasshoppers’ preferred resource) was greatest near lizard structures, whereas the proportion of less edible grasses was greater far from lizard structures. There were no such relationships between grasshoppers or plants and distance from similar structures that did not house lizards. Near the structure, an exclosure experiment showed a...
p70S6 Kinase Phosphorylates AMPK on Serine 491 to Mediate Leptin's Effect on Food Intake

SUMMARY The PI3K-AKT, mTOR-p70S6 kinase and AMPK pathways play distinct and critical roles in metabolic regulation. Each pathway is necessary for leptin’s anorexigenic effects in the hypothalamus. Here we show that these pathways converge in an integrated phosphorylation cascade to mediate leptin action in the hypothalamus. We identify serine 491 on a2AMPK as the site of convergence and show that p70S6 kinase forms a complex with a2AMPK, resulting in phosphorylation on serine 491 . Blocking a2AMPKserine 491 phosphorylation increases hypothalamic AMPK activity, food intake, and body weight. Serine 491 phosphorylation is necessary for leptin’s effects on hypothalamic a2AMPK activity, neuropeptide expression, food intake, and body weight. These results identify an inhibitory AMPK kinase, p70S6 kinase, and demonstrate that AMPK is a substrate for mTOR-p70S6 kinase. This discovery has broad biologic implications since mTOR-p70S6 kinase and AMPK have multiple, fundamental and generally opposing cellular effects that regulate metabolism, cell growth, and development.
Simulation of a cockpit display concept for increased airport capacity

A research effort has been undertaken to determine the feasibility of employing a forward-looking cockpit display to provide information that would enable aircraft to utilize reduced separation, and hence increased runway capacity, through the application of multiple-glide-path approach techniques. The current study was an initial exploration into this concept in which traffic information was added to a HUD format to allow the pilot to monitor the traffic situation and to self space on a lead aircraft during a simulated single glide-path approach. The results of this study indicate that this display concept can provide sufficient information to the pilot for traffic monitoring and self separation. Additionally, the pilots noted that an increase in situational awareness, relative to conventional instrument flight, was provided by the traffic information on the display.
Basic biomedical science and the destruction of the pathophysiologic bridge from bench to bedside

Abstract Although formerly a prime intellectual focus of medical practice, research, and education, the pathophysiology of organs and organ systems has become increasingly deemphasized. The field of clinical investigation is thereby left without a sturdy bridge to connect epidemiologic studies of patients with cellular and molecular studies. The decline of pathophysiology has led to major defects in diagnostic reasoning and clinico-pathophysiologic correlations, to isolated accomplishments in molecular research, and to the neglect of many prominent scientific questions that can be asked and answered only at the level of organs and organ systems. An important intellectual source of the problem is the ideologic belief that scientific importance is inversely proportional to the size of the investigated entities. With this belief, the title of "basic" is excluded from fundamental scientific questions in any research that does not occur at the level of cells and molecules. Although recent changes in National Institutes of Health policy may augment the decreasing number of physician-investigators, the more serious intellectual problems of constrained scientific creativity will continue until the current ideology is revised.
Emerging Differentiation of Folkbiology and Folkpsychology: Attributions of Biological and Psychological Properties to Living Things.

Stable URL:http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0009-3920%28199512%2966%3A6%3C1856%3AEDOFAF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-JChild Development is currently published by Society for Research in Child Development.Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available athttp://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtainedprior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content inthe JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained athttp://www.jstor.org/journals/srcd.html.Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printedpage of such transmission.The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academicjournals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers,and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community takeadvantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.http://www.jstor.orgMon Jul 23 20:24:18 2007
The Political Economy of Crude Oil Cartelization in the United States, 1933–1972

This article examines a government-sponsored cartel that fixed domestic crude oil prices in interstate markets from 1933 through 1972. Although the cartel raised and stabilized nominal oil prices beyond earlier private efforts, it also resulted in politically driven constraints on price, output levels, and cartel rent distribution. Political factors molded quota assignments, diverted production from low- to high-cost producers, and raised production costs. Political pressures prevented Texas from acting as a residual or swing producer. Instead, the interstate oil cartel members maintained nominal prices and spread the political costs of output adjustments.
Origin of Electrical Potentials

The various kinds of electrical potential that are connected with biological membranes can be divided in various ways. For instance, according to their location we may distinguish between “transmembrane” potentials and “membrane surface” potentials. The former are due to an electric field which penetrates the whole membrane phase and can, therefore, be detected between the two adjacent bulk solutions by the usual electrodes. The latter cannot easily be so detected as they are located at the boundary between the membrane phase and the adjacent bulk solution. One can also divide the potentials from an energetic point of view, namely into “equilibrium” potentials and “nonequilibrium” potentials. The former belong the systems which have reached complete equilibrium or are restained from doing so and cannot therefore serve as a source of free energy, whereas the latter tend to change toward equilibrium, thereby making (under suitable conditions) free energy available.
Multiple sex-associated regions and a putative sex chromosome in zebrafish revealed by RAD mapping and population genomics.

Within vertebrates, major sex determining genes can differ among taxa and even within species. In zebrafish (Danio rerio), neither heteromorphic sex chromosomes nor single sex determination genes of large effect, like Sry in mammals, have yet been identified. Furthermore, environmental factors can influence zebrafish sex determination. Although progress has been made in understanding zebrafish gonad differentiation (e.g. the influence of germ cells on gonad fate), the primary genetic basis of zebrafish sex determination remains poorly understood. To identify genetic loci associated with sex, we analyzed F2 offspring of reciprocal crosses between Oregon *AB and Nadia (NA) wild-type zebrafish stocks. Genome-wide linkage analysis, using more than 5,000 sequence-based polymorphic restriction site associated (RAD-tag) markers and population genomic analysis of more than 30,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in our *ABxNA crosses revealed a sex-associated locus on the end of the long arm of chr-4 for both cross families, and an additional locus in the middle of chr-3 in one cross family. Additional sequencing showed that two SNPs in dmrt1 previously suggested to be functional candidates for sex determination in a cross of ABxIndia wild-type zebrafish, are not associated with sex in our AB fish. Our data show that sex determination in zebrafish is polygenic and that different genes may influence sex determination in different strains or that different genes become more important under different environmental conditions. The association of the end of chr-4 with sex is remarkable because, unique in the karyotype, this chromosome arm shares features with known sex chromosomes: it is highly heterochromatic, repetitive, late replicating, and has reduced recombination. Our results reveal that chr-4 has functional and structural properties expected of a sex chromosome.
Using rule sets to maximize ROC performance

Rules are commonly used for classification because they are modular intelligible and easy to learn. Existing work in classification rule learning assumes the goal is to produce categorical classifications to maximize classification accuracy. Recent work in machine learning has pointed out the limitations of classification accuracy: when class distributions are skewed or error costs are unequal, an accuracy-maximizing rule set can perform poorly. A more flexible use of a rule set is to produce instance scores indicating the likelihood that an instance belongs to a given class. With such an ability, we can apply rule sets effectively when distributions are skewed or error costs are unequal. This paper empirically investigates different strategies for evaluating rule sets when the goal is to maximize the scoring (ROC) performance.
Review of external morphology of Chirorhynchobiidae (Acari: Sarcoptoidea) with description of a new species.

Abstract Two species of Chirorhynchobiidae, Chirorhynchobia glossophaga sp. n. and Chirorhynchobia matsoni Yunker, 1970 are described and redescribed, respectively. The male of C. glossophaga and the tritonymph of C. matsoni are the first to be described in the family. The mites are ectoparasites living on the wing membrane of phyllostomid bats Glossophaga soricina (Pallas) from Peru and Anoura geoffroyi Gray from several localities. Females of the new species differ from those of C. matsoni by the shorter idiosoma (length 439–450 versus 497–562 in C. matsoni), by the dorsal position of setae 4a (terminal in C. matsoni), and by the narrower posterior projections of the propodonotal shield (width 6 versus 17). Although the morphology of Chirorhynchobiidae is strongly regressive, homologies of the leg and idiosomal setae in these mites with those of other Astigmata are established. The combination of absence of famulus and solenidia σI-II and presence of solenidia ω1I-II and ω3I in these mites is shared wit...
Three-dimensional cinema The new normal

Those observing the proliferation of three-dimensional (3D) films in US theaters wonder whether 3D will become ‘the new normal’ – the way that most films are produced and watched. Although skeptics abound, no one can answer this question with certainty now. But, if we consider this phrase from a different angle, it promises a more immediately revealing analysis of contemporary 3D cinema. Despite its appearance of born-again novelty, 3D has quickly established a highly codified stylistic repertoire. This repertoire is evidenced in the relationship that 3D US feature films have to classical Hollywood and contemporary film and image-making strategies. As it achieves its spatial effects, 3D obeys, wrestles with, and amplifies certain standard aspects of storytelling, visual style, and genre. Studying recent movies, including blockbusters, this article argues that 3D’s mixture of media heritages distills a highly conventionalized 3D aesthetic or a new stylistic normal.
Artificial Urinary Sphincter Placement in Elderly Men

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the outcomes of primary artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) placement for the treatment of postprostatectomy stress urinary incontinence in patients aged 75 years or older at surgery. METHODS From September 1987 through June 2005, 33 men aged 75 years or older underwent AUS insertion for postprostatectomy stress urinary incontinence. Through retrospective chart review and personal/family interview, the patients' outcomes with regard to continence, complications, and the need to deactivate the AUS for medical or social reasons were determined. RESULTS Four patients were lost to follow-up and were excluded from the analysis. The mean patient age was 77.6 years (range 75 to 83). The average follow-up was 5.0 years (range 1 to 11). After AUS insertion, the mean pad use improved from 6.7 (range 3 to 10) to 0.8 (range 0 to 2) per day. Overall, 16 (55%) of 29 men reported no complications. AUS revision was necessary in 4 men (14%), and sphincter removal in 4 (14%). Six men (21%) required deactivation of the implant because of poor overall health an average of 47 months after placement. The "success" rate improved to 72% (21 of 29 men) when cuff deactivation without revision or removal was not considered a complication. CONCLUSIONS In our study, elderly men did well after AUS placement for postprostatectomy stress urinary incontinence. The procedure should not be withheld solely on the basis of the age of the patient.
WIC Peer Counselors’ Perceptions of Breastfeeding in African American Women with Lower Incomes

Background:African American women have the lowest breastfeeding rates among all racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Peer counseling is an effective intervention in improving breastfeeding in this population. However, little is known on peer counselors’ perceptions of breastfeeding in African American women.Objective:As part of a larger qualitative study, the goal of this study was to understand the contextual factors influencing breastfeeding decisions of low-income African American women from the perspective of breastfeeding peer counselors (PCs).Methods:Three focus groups were conducted with 23 PCs from the Women, Infants, and Children program in a southeastern state. All focus group discussions were audio-recorded, professionally transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Bronfenbrenner’s socioecological model was used to group categories into themes.Results:Of the sample, 47.8% were African American, 78.2% were married, and 56.5% had some college education. Five main themes emerged to d...
Hotel Overbooking: The Effect of Overcompensation on Customers’ Reactions to Denied Service

Overbooking represents an important strategy for many service providers that apply revenue management. Although the objective is to overbook such that no customers are denied service, denials may r...
Hamiltonicity, diameter, domination, packing, and biclique partitions of Mycielski's graphs

Abstract Let ω ( G ), x ( G ), A ( G ), bp ( G ), diam( G ), η ( G ), and γ ( G ) be the clique number, chromatic number, adjacency matrix, biclique partition number, diameter, packing number, and domination number of a connected graph G . Mycielski constructed a graph μ ( G ) with ω ( μ ( G )) = ω ( G ) and x ( μ ( G )) = x ( G ) + 1. We show: if G is Hamiltonian, then so is μ ( G ); if A ( G ) and A ( G + v ) ( G + v is G joined with a vertex) are invertible, then so is A ( μ ( G )) and further bp(μ(G)) = ¦G¦ + 1; η(μ(G)) = η(G); γ(μ(G)) = γ(G) + 1 ; diam( μ ( G )) = min ( max (2, diam ( G )), 4); and more.
The political j-blogger ‘Normalizing’ a new media form to fit old norms and practices

This study explores how the increasingly popular blog format, as adopted by journalists affiliated with mainstream media outlets, affects long-standing journalistic norms and practice. It focuses on nonpartisanship, transparency and the gatekeeping role, using a content analysis of twenty Weblogs dealing with politics or civic affairs. Although expressions of opinion are common, most journalists are seeking to remain gatekeepers even in this highly interactive and participatory format. Political j-bloggers use links extensively – but mostly to other mainstream media sites. At least in their early use, journalists are `normalizing’ the blog as a component, and in some ways an enhancement, of traditional journalistic norms and practices.
Isometry Measurements in the Knee With the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Intact, Sectioned, and Reconstructed:

When assessing isometry during anterior cruciate ligament surgery, it is assumed that points determined to be isometric remain so after reconstruction. We sought to evaluate if isometric measurements vary with the status of the anterior cruciate ligament. A computerized electronic isometer was used to measure the magnitude and pattern of change in separation distance between a constant point in the tibial insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament and five positions within the femoral insertion with the anterior cruciate ligament intact, sectioned, and reconstructed. For the center position, the magnitude and pattern of the change in separation distance was physiologically isometric in all conditions (maximal length change, 3.0 mm). For the posterior position, the isometry pattern remained physiologic in each condition, and the magnitude of the separation distance was nearly isometric in all conditions (maximal length change, 3.7 mm). The superior and inferior positions had similar isometric measurements in the intact and sectioned conditions but significantly different measurements after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Intraoperative assessment of isometry at positions in the center or posterior portion of the anterior cruciate ligament's femoral insertion provides useful information that is not altered by reconstruction. For superior and inferior positions, however, points found to be isometric in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee did not remain isometric after reconstruction.
Zero-Temperature, Mean-Field Theory of Atomic Bose-Einstein Condensates

We review the application of zero-temperature, mean-field theory to current experimental atomic Bose-Einstein condensates. We assess the validity of the approximations made by comparing the mean-field results with a variety of experimental data.
Reasons prehospital personnel do not administer aspirin to all patients complaining of chest pain.

Introduction: Aspirin is administered to patients with acute coronary syn- dromes (ACSs), but prehospital providers do not administer aspirin to all patients with chest pain that could be secondary to an ACS. Objective: To identify reasons prehospital providers fail to administer aspirin to all patients complaining of chest pain. Methods: A convenience sample of prehospital providers was surveyed as they transported patients with a chief complaint of chest pain to the emer- gency department. The providers were asked if they had given aspirin, nitro- glycerin, or oxygen, or if they utilized a monitor. If the medications had not been administered, the paramedic was asked about the reason. The patient's age and previous cardiac history also was recorded. Results: A total of 52 patients with chest pain who were transported were identified over eight weeks, and all of the providers agreed to participate in the study. Only 13 of the patients (25%) received aspirin. Reasons given for not administering aspirin to the other 39 patients included: (1) chest pain was not felt to be cardiac in 13 patients (33%); (2) 10 patients already had taken aspirin that day (26%); (3) the medical provider was a basic-level emergency medical technician (EMT)-Basic and could not administer aspirin to six patients (15%); (4) pain subsided prior to arrival of emergency medical ser- vices (EMS) in these three patients; and (5) other reasons were provided for the remaining seven patients. Conclusions: The most common reason that paramedics did not administer aspirin was the paramedic's belief that the chest pain was not of a cardiac nature. Another common reason for not giving aspirin was the inability of EMT-Basic providers to administer aspirin.
CITRATE PROVIDES PROTECTION AGAINST OXALATE AND CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTAL INDUCED OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO RENAL EPITHELIUM

ABSTRACTPurpose:: Oxalate and calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals are injurious to renal epithelial cells. The injury is caused by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Citrate is a well-known inhibitor of CaOx crystallization and as such it is one of the major therapeutic agents prescribed. Since citrate increases cellular reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and glutathione (GSH), we hypothesized that exogenously administered citrate should act as an antioxidant and protect cells from oxalate induced injury.Materials and Methods:: We exposed LLC-PK1 and MDCK cells to 500 μM/ml oxalate or 150 μg/cm2 calcium oxalate crystals for 30, 60 and 180 minutes with or without 3 mg/ml citrate in the medium. We determined cell viability by lactate dehydrogenase release and trypan blue exclusion, ROS involvement by changes in hydrogen peroxide and GSH, and lipid peroxidation by quantifying 8-isoprostane.Results:: The presence of citrate was associated with significant decrease in lactate dehydro...
Urinary excretion of strawberry anthocyanins is dose dependent for physiological oral doses of fresh fruit.

There is considerable interest in coloured fruits and berries as sources of biologically active anthocyanins. To examine the relationship between the oral dose and the amount excreted for anthocyanins from a food source across a physiological range of doses, volunteers were fed, in random order, four portions (100–400 g) of fresh strawberries as part of a standard breakfast. Urine was collected at 2 h intervals up to 8 h, and for the period 8–24 h. Fresh strawberries contained pelargonidin-3-glucoside as the major anthocyanin with smaller amounts of cyanidin-3-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-rutinoside. Anthocyanins were detected in the urine of all volunteers for all doses, predominantly as pelargonidin glucuronide and sulphate metabolites. There was a strong, linear relationship between oral dose and anthocyanin excretion (Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient = 0.692, p < 0.001, n = 40) which indicated that on an average, every additional unit of dose caused 0.0166 units of excretion. Within individuals, dose – excretion data fitted a linear regression model (median R2 = 0.93). We conclude that strawberry anthocyanins are partially bioavailable in humans with a linear relationship between oral dose and urinary excretion for doses up to 400 g fresh fruit.
Design and development of ferroelectric tunable microwave components for Kuand K-band satellite communication systems

Integration of a high-temperature superconductor with a nonlinear dielectric ferroelectric such as strontium titanate, i.e., SrTiO/sub 2/ (STO), has created a new class of electrically tunable low-loss microwave components. We have designed and fabricated frequency and phase agile components using a conductor/ferroelectric/dielectric two-layered microstrip configuration. Some examples of these components are: microstrip ring resonators, local oscillators, edge coupled filters, and phase-shifter circuits. These structures have been fabricated using YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// or gold conductor-based microstrip lines fabricated on lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO/sub 3/) or magnesium oxide (MgO) substrates coated with an STO thin film. Frequency and phase agility are achieved using the nonlinear dc electric-field dependence of the relative dielectric constant of STO ferroelectric thin him (E/sub rSTO/). In this paper, we will present an assessment of the progress that our group has achieved thus far toward integration of this technology into wireless and satellite communication systems.
Extending the Stage-Gate-system ® model to radical innovation: The Accelerated Radical Innovation Model

For new product development in established organizations, the Stage-Gate model is a widely accepted method for managing the three key factors of time, resources and risk. But for radical innovation, which is further out on the time-resource-risk curve and which may occur in either start-up or established firms, the innovator must simultaneously navigate a more complex space comprised of four environments: market-societal, technological-scientific, business and organizational, and the innovation ecosystem; and craft within this space a new business model, business systems and processes, a corporate strategy, an organization, and a value network. To address this more complex environment, the authors propose to extend Stage-Gate with a new approach, Accelerated Radical Innovation (ARI), which guides the innovator through the Stage-Gate stages across these four environments. The model also builds in additional stages needed to accommodate the extended time frame of radical innovation, such as strategy development, organizational design, and several periods of pre-inception and post-launch development. But to conserve the innovator's limited time/attention resources in this more complex environment, the ARI modal preserves the fundamental premise of Stage-Gate - partitioning the innovation process into stages so that downstream/second-order activities are deferred until first-order issues have been resolved. The theory and logic of ARI model is explained, and the model is now being tested through application to three ongoing radical innovations in the fields of medicine, environmental engineering, and electronics, and in the design and development of a university engineering management curriculum.
Post completeness in modal logic

Let ⊥, →, and □ be primitive, and let us have a countable supply of propositional letters. By a ( modal) logic we understand a proper subset of the set of all formulas containing every tautology and being closed under modus ponens and substitution. A logic is regular if it contains every instance of □A ∧ □B ↔ □(A ∧ B) and is closed under the rule A regular logic is normal if it contains □⊤. The smallest regular logic we denote by C (the same as Lemmon's C2 ), the smallest normal one by K . If L and L ' are logics and L ⊆ L ′, then L is a sublogic of L ', and L ' is an extension of L; properly so if L ≠ L '. A logic is quasi-regular (respectively, quasi-normal ) if it is an extension of C (respectively, K ). A logic is Post complete if it has no proper extension. The Post number , denoted by p ( L ), is the number of Post complete extensions of L. Thanks to Lindenbaum, we know that There is an obvious upper bound, too: Furthermore, .