cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Interrelated Right Atrial Flutters

An 82-year-old man had a 12-lead electrocardiogram demonstrating atrial flutter consistent with a typical cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent circuit. During electrophysiology study, he exhibited four different atrial flutters, all thought to be interrelated. This case is discussed.
Enrichment of Genistein in Soy Protein Concentrate with b‐glucosidase

: Genistein has been reported to have the most potent anticarcinogenic effect among isoflavones. Conversion of genistin in the glucoside form to genistein in the aglucone form by a b-glucosidase enzyme hydrolytic activity during soy protein concentrate (SPC) preparation was evaluated. The optimum conditions for the conversion of genistin to genistein were pH 5.0, 50 °C incubation temperature, 2 units of enzyme/g of soy flour, 1 h incubation period, and 1:10 (w/v) defatted soy flour to water ratio. Under these conditions, 1.214 mg/g genistein were obtained in SPC and is significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the genistein content in SPC prepared under similar conditions without enzyme addition (0.845 mg/g).
Consolidation theory and retrograde amnesia in humans.

Recent research on the cognitive dysfunctions experienced by human anmesic patients indicates that very long term (multidecade) changes may occur in memory.Flat retrograde amnesia (RA), consisting of a uniform memory deficit for information from all preamnesia time periods, indicates a simple, monolithic retrieval problem, whereasgraded RA, with greater memory deficits for information from recent as opposed to remote time periods, suggests the presence of a gradual long-term encoding, or consolidation, process. An evaluation of 247 outcomes from 61 articles provides strong evidence of graded RA across different cerebral injuries, materials, and test procedures, as well as in measures of both absolute and relative (patient vs. control) performance. Future conceptualizations of human memory should address the possibility that memories increase in resistance to forgetting, or reduction in trace fragility, across many decades.
A FRESH LOOK AT E. FRANKLIN FRAZIER'S SEXUAL POLITICS IN THE NEGRO FAMILY IN THE UNITED STATES

This article brings Frazier's ideas about male and female family roles into focus. Although Frazier was at the forefront of arguing for racial equality in the 1930s, his ideas remained limited by his belief that African Americans should assimilate into the gender and sexual ideals of patriarchal U.S. culture. At the center of this article is Frazier's conviction that middle-class egalitarian marriages, women's participation in the waged work force, and increased consumption of material goods would perpetuate or worsen African Americans' family health. Importantly, this article argues that Frazier's socialist political alignments and his suspicion of bourgeois norms were inseparable from his suspicion of middle-class Black women and notions of morality. Ultimately, it suggests that his mistrust of women colors social scientists' treatments of Black Americans throughout the twentieth century.
SUCROSE PREFERENCE THRESHOLDS FOR SATIATED AND WATER-DEPRIVED RATS.

16 female rats were given 4-min. drinking tests in a 2-choice situation, water vs either .16%, 32%, 64%, or 1.28% sucrose. All Ss were tested with all solutions while satiated and while 23 5-hr water deprived. The preference thresholds were found to be: satiated, .43% and deprived, 1.16%. The results are discussed in terms of hedonic theory.
MK-801 can exacerbate or attenuate behavioral alterations associated with neonatal alcohol exposure in the rat, depending on the timing of administration.

Background: We have reported that administration of MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist, during ethanol withdrawal in the developing rat attenuates ethanol's adverse effects on behavioral development. In the present study, we altered the timing of MK-801 delivery in relation to the last alcohol dose to determine if its protective effects were specific to the ethanol withdrawal phase. Methods: Five groups of rats were artificially reared and exposed to alcohol in a binge-like manner on postnatal day (PD) 6, producing peak blood alcohol levels of 335 mg/dl that cleared to 0 mg/dl by 33 hours. Four groups received MK-801 at various times after alcohol treatment (0, 9, 21, or 33 hr post-ethanol). The fifth alcohol-treated group received saline. Two artificially reared control groups were included: one was injected with saline and the other injected with 0.5 mg/kg MK-801. Finally, a normally reared suckle control group was also included. Activity level and performance on a spatial discrimination reversal-learning task were evaluated at PD 18 and PD 40, respectively. Results : Administration of MK-801 at the same time as ethanol treatment (0 hr) produced a high rate of mortality. Ethanol exposure on PD6 increased activity level relative to controls. Administration of MK-801 at 0 hr exacerbated this ethanol-induced overactivity, whereas administration of MK-801 at 21 and 33 hr reduced the severity of ethanol-related overactivity. Similarly, ethanol exposure on PD 6 significantly increased the number of errors committed on a spatial discrimination reversal-learning task. MK-801 injections 9 hrs after ethanol exacerbated this effect, whereas MK-801 treatment 33 hrs after ethanol attenuated this effect. Thus, MK-801 administration at the time of ethanol treatment was highly toxic, whereas during the withdrawal period it was protective. Conclusion : These data are consistent with the hypothesis that ethanol exposure in the neonatal rat inhibits the NMDA receptor, producing a subsequent rebound in NMDA receptor activation and possible excitotoxicity during withdrawal. Both the acute inhibitory effects of ethanol and the excitatory effects of withdrawal may contribute to fetal alcohol effects.
Antagonism of Inhalant and Volatile Anesthetic Enhancement of Glycine Receptor Function

Recent studies suggest that alcohols, volatile anesthetics, and inhaled drugs of abuse, which enhance gamma-aminobutyric acid, type A, and glycine receptor-activated ion channel function, may share common or overlapping molecular sites of action on these receptors. To investigate this possibility, these compounds were applied singly and in combination to wild-type glycine alpha(1) receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Data obtained from concentration-response curves of the volatile anesthetic enflurane constructed in the presence and absence of ethanol, chloroform, or toluene were consistent with competition for a common binding pocket on these receptors. A mutant glycine receptor, insensitive to the enhancing effects of ethanol but not anesthetics or inhalants, demonstrated antagonism of anesthetic and inhalant effects on this receptor. Although ethanol (25-200 mm) had no effect on its own in this receptor, it was able to inhibit reversibly the enhancing effect of enflurane, toluene, and chloroform in a concentration-dependent manner. These data suggest the existence of overlapping molecular sites of action for ethanol, inhalants, and volatile anesthetics on glycine receptors and illustrate the feasibility of pharmacological antagonism of the effects of volatile anesthetics.
Analytic and approximate boundary-fitted coordinate systems for fluid flow simulation

A method for constructing a direct functional relation between the computational and physical domains such that boundaries in the computational domain map into boundaries in the physical domain is presented. This method which is called the 'two-boundary technique' is based on generating functions that represent two disconnected boundaries in the physical domain and an independent function which connects one boundary with another to generate grids. The suggested connecting functions are simple linear and cubic parametric polynomials with parameters based on position and derivatives at the disconnected boundaries. The boundaries can be defined by analytical, approximate, and tension spline functions; the grid density in specified regions is controlled by embedding contraction functions in either the boundary representation or the connecting function.
A parallel miniature cylindrical ion trap array

A small mass spectrometer array is described in which each element is a cylindrical ion trap (CIT). The array contains four CITs, each having an inner radius of 2.5 mm, arranged in parallel and operated using a single electronics system under common conditions for trapping and mass analysis. By using an array of identically sized traps, higher ion capacity can be achieved than with a single miniature CIT, but the advantage of lower power and voltage requirements associated with the smaller ion trap is maintained. Overall signal intensity of the array of four traps is compared with that of a two-element CIT array to demonstrate the increased ion capacity of larger arrays. Resolution for m-dichlorobenzene is shown to be ∼180 (full width at half-maximum), with no significant loss in resolution as a result of using multiple CITs. The detection of 5 × 10-9 Torr partial pressure of krypton in argon with a signal-to-noise ratio of ∼30 for the most abundant isotope is shown, demonstrating the applicability of the...
Getting the work done: a qualitative study of individuals with multiple sclerosis.

The Problem : Work can be defined as an activity performed to accomplish something in the presence of obstacles that may make accomplishing the goal difficult. For individuals with MS, work is not only limited by physical impairments but also by factors such as fatigue and cognitive changes Purpose : The aim of this study is to examine the experiences of individuals with mild to moderate MS as they carry out everyday work activities both inside and outside the home. Method : Eleven women and three men were recruited from the community to participate in a series of semi-structured interviews. Using qualitative research methodology that examined the experiences of the participants, two major themes and seven subthemes emerged. Results : The first theme, Defining the work, included Priorities : seeing what's important; Plans : learning about resources and requirements; and Perspectives : fixing it yourself. The second theme, Changing how things get done, includes Precipitating factors; Awareness; Constructin...
Gravitational destabilization of emulsions flocculated by non-adsorbed xanthan

Abstract The anionic polysaccharide xanthan, widely used as a stabilizer in food dispersions, induces flocculation by a depletion mechanism. The effect of flocculation, induced by the presence of xanthan, on the gravitational destabilization (creaming and compaction) of 20% oil-in-water emulsions is presented. The detailed gravitational destabilization processes are studied by following changes in the concentration profile with time. In the absence of flocculant the polydisperse droplets rise as a diffuse meniscus and form a cream of ~70% oil at the top of the sample. Such behaviour is consistent with creaming in a dispersion of non-interacting polydisperse particles. In contrast the flocculated droplets form a sharp meniscus and cream rapidly. At the top of the sample the floes form a less concentrated cream which undergoes compaction under gravity. The compaction is characterized by a concentration-dependent bulk modulus.
Origins of robust control: Early history and future speculations

Abstract A revolution in control theory thought happened in the early 1970s when the dominant focus of research shifted from optimality to robustness in response to unexpected failures of optimal control theory to produce feedback control designs capable of tolerating normal differences between design models and reality. The robustness concept has since become such an integral part of present day control theory that it is difficult to imagine that time long ago when the concept lacked a clear mathematical representation and the tools of multivariable robustness analysis were yet to be identified. We shall revisit that time to examine the events that facilitated, and necessitated, this remarkable paradigm shift. Next, looking to the future, we will consider how failures of robust control designs to cope with incorrect uncertainty estimates are beginning to spur control theorists to consider data-driven problem formulations for estimation and control that tacitly question the roles of basic concepts like true model and uncertainty bounds, stochastic noise models and even Bayesian probability. We will discuss how and why Karl Popper’s scientific logic of unfalsification seems to be emerging as a central concept in these data-driven problem formulations, and how the unfalsification concept might again shift the focus of mathematical research in the areas of estimation and control.
Rebuttal to “Comment on the paper “Comparison of the composition of the Tempel 1 ejecta to the dust in Comet C/Hale Bopp 1995 O1 and YSO HD 100546” by C.M. Lisse, K.E. Kraemer, J.A. Nuth III, A. Li, and D. Joswiak"

Abstract This response is to address the comments made by Drs. J. Crovisier and D. Bockelee-Morvan concerning the spectral analysis of Lisse et al. [Lisse, C.M., Kraemer, K.E., Nuth, J.A., Li, A., Joswiak, D., 2007. Icarus 187, 69–86] of the mid-IR ISO SWS spectrum of Comet Hale–Bopp 1995 O1 taken on October 6, 1996, and to support the conclusions made in Lisse et al. concerning the positive detection of PAHs in this comet. We also present some additional information determined from the Deep Impact and STARDUST missions, demonstrating the presence of PAHs in other comets, to support the plausibility of the Hale–Bopp PAH detection.
Children, irony and philosophy

In her very influential book, The Point of Words (1988), Ellen Winner presents strong evidence that children younger than six can understand and use metaphors, but not irony. Winner, however, fails to consider ‘philosophical story irony’ in her research. This sort of irony is a little like dramatic irony. We have a case of such irony whenever there is some proposition, p, such that (1) according to a story, or some character in a story, it is true that p, even though (2) we, the audience, understand that not p, and (3) we won’t be able to offer a helpful explanation of why anyone would think that p without clarifying some philosophically problematic concept basic to the supposition that p. Even very young children can understand and appreciate examples of philosophical story irony, as the popularity of a certain kind of children’s literature reveals.
The indolocarbazole Gö6976 protects neurons from lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ-induced cytotoxicity in murine neuron/glia co-cultures

The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the production of nitric oxide (NO) after exposure to endotoxins has been implicated in immune-mediated neurotoxicity. The indolocarbazole compound Go6976, which has been described as a selective protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor in vitro, rescued neurons from lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ (LPS/IFNγ)- or interleukin-1α/tumor necrosis α/IFNγ (IL-1α/TNFα/IFNγ)-induced cytotoxicity in murine primary neuron-glia co-cultures. Other compounds known to inhibit PKC, Ro31-8220, GF109203X, Go7874, H7, staurosporine and H89, failed to rescue neurons from the LPS/IFNγ-induced cytotoxicity. These results suggest that the neuroprotection by Go6976 from the LPS/IFNγ-induced neuronal cell death is not mediated through its reputed effects on PKC activity. The neuroprotection paralleled the inhibition of iNOS gene expression and NO production. However, further analyses correlating NO production with the extent of neurotoxicity suggested that additional mechanism(s) besides the inhibition of the iNOS/NO system may be responsible for the neuroprotective effects of Go6976. An understanding of the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect of Go6976 may provide key insights into potential interventions for immune-mediated neurodegenerative diseases.
THE BODY BOUNDARY AND JUDGED BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS IN AN INTERVIEW SITUATION.

Summary The hypothesis was examined that the more definite an individual's body image boundaries the more likely he is to manifest behavior in an interview situation indicating that he is in clear communication with himself and others. Boundary definiteness was measured by means of the barrier score derived from responses to the Rorschach blots. Trained interviewers evaluated 195 Ss with regard to three behavioral categories (communicativeness, awareness of own motives, clarity of identity). The results consistently supported the hypothesis.
Alternative treatment for bleeding peristomal varices: percutaneous parastomal embolization.

Purpose To describe how peristomal varices can be successfully embolized via a percutaneous parastomal approach.
Time-resolved reflection high-energy electron diffraction study of the Ge ( 111 ) − c ( 2 × 8 ) – ( 1 × 1 ) phase transition

The dynamics of the $\mathrm{Ge}(111)\ensuremath{-}c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8)--(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ phase transition is investigated by 100-ps time-resolved reflection high-energy electron diffraction. A laser pulse heats the surface while a synchronized electron pulse is used to obtain the surface diffraction pattern. Slow heating shows that the adatoms in $\mathrm{Ge}(111)\ensuremath{-}c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8)$ start to disorder at \ensuremath{\sim}510 K and are converted to a disordered adatom arrangement at 573 K. For heating with 100-ps laser pulses, the $\mathrm{Ge}(111)\ensuremath{-}c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8)$ reconstructed adatom arrangement starts to disorder at $584\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}16\mathrm{K},$ well above the onset temperature of \ensuremath{\sim}510 K for the disordering of $\mathrm{Ge}(111)\ensuremath{-}c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8)$ observed for slow heating.
ALUMINUM CHELATION BY 3-HYDROXYPYRIDIN-4-ONES IN THE RAT DEMONSTRATED BY MICRODIALYSIS

The ability and site of the metal-chelating 3-hydroxypyridin-4-ones (HPs) to mobilize aluminum (Al) was assessed in Al-loaded rats using microdialysis. Four HPs with greatly varying lipophilicity were studied. One week after Al loading, microdialysis probes were implanted in the liver, a jugular vein, and the frontal cortex. An HP was given iv followed by continuous microdialysis for 5 h. Al concentrations in dialysates from the liver increased rapidly and were consistently greater than from blood, suggesting that liver was a primary site of Al chelation. Brain dialysate Al concentrations remained low, suggesting little Al chelation in the brain and little distribution of the Al HP complex into the brain. Al concentrations were determined in the main organs/tissues of a separate group of Al-loaded rats, and the percentage of the total Al body burden in each organ/tissue was calculated. The skeletal system and liver had 57 and 28% of the Al body burden, consistent with the liver as a primary site of Al chelation. The HPs chelate extravascular Al and have been shown by others to be orally active. They warrant further investigation as Al chelators.
Judging similarity among strings described by hierarchical trees

Abstract The paper compares the tree-theoretical model of similarity judgement (in which the similarity between two objects is a function of the distance between them in a conceptual tree) with an averaging model of similarity judgement that is drawn jointly from information integration theory and from current research indicating the prevalence of anchoring and adjustment mechanisms in judgement. Results of an experiment are presented that suggest that even when subjects organize conceptual material as a hierarchical tree, judgments of similarity among the objects are better accounted for by an averaging mechanism than by distances in the tree. These data are discussed in terms of the differences between the representation in which knowledge is encoded and the processes that operate on the represented information.
A Stereo Photogrammetric Technique Applied to Orographic Convection

Abstract This paper describes a technique for photogrammetric analysis of stereo pairs of images that is applied to the study of orographic convection. The technique is designed for use with digital images and assumes detailed knowledge of the camera properties (focal length and imaging chip) and that the position and orientation are known as a first guess. An iterative scheme using known landmarks on the frame is used to determine the camera orientation. The scheme is accurate to 10–100 m at a distance of 15 km from the camera pair. The transition from shallow to deep convection over the Santa Catalina Mountains in southern Arizona on 26 July 2005 is presented. The three-dimensional structure of the visible portion of the cloud is determined and compared with the composite reflectivity from the National Weather Service Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler radar and the tropopause height from the 1200 UTC sounding in Tucson, Arizona, providing additional validation of the scheme. The shallow to deep tr...
Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Lipid Monolayer Domains

Coexisting thermodynamic phases of lipid molecules at the air−water interface exhibit domains with a variety of sizes and shapes. Both the sizes and shapes of these domains are affected by a competition between a line tension and long-range dipole−dipole repulsion. In the case of coexisting liquid phases, line tension favors large, circular domains, whereas the dipolar repulsions favor small and/or highly elongated domains. The present work discusses the thermodynamics of the equilibrium size and shape of these domains. It is shown that whereas there is only one stable equilibrium domain size, there is an infinite number of sizes that represent metastable equilibrium at different monolayer pressures. Circular domains that are far enough apart as to not interact with one another electrostatically have the same radii under this condition of metastable equilibrium. It is shown that, in principle, the metastable equilibrium radius reached in a monolayer can depend on the initial distribution of nonequilibrium...
PERCEIVED RISKS AND DRIVING BEHAVIOR

Claims have been made that safer cars result in drivers who take more risks. However, there are two basic design changes that make cars safer: the first reduces the likelihood of a crash; the second reduces the chance of injury during a crash. Because design changes that reduce the likelihood of a crash also often provide direct and immediate feedback, drivers may change their behavior, although there is no evidence that the change offsets the benefits of the increased crash avoidance capability. Design changes that increase occupant protection usually provide no direct and immediate feedback and, therefore, should have no effect on driving behavior. The data are consistent with this hypothesis and contradict the hypothesis of risk compensation.
THE HEIGHT VARIATION OF LATERAL GUSTINESS AND ITS EFFECT ON LATERAL DIFFUSION

Abstract Data derived from a unique observational arrangement at Round Hill Field Station allow the investigation of the instantaneous vertical variation of wind-direction fluctuations in the lowest 44 m of the atmosphere. Three observational runs under different thermal conditions have been analyzed. An estimate, from these data, of the vertical distribution of lateral diffusion is given in terms of the variation of Sutton's lateral virtual diffusion coefficient with height. The computed values of this coefficient are found to be somewhat larger than those given by Sutton.
The radiation gauge static potential for non-abelian gauge fields

Abstract The static potential between a fermion and an anti-fermion in a group singlet state is calculated, through two loops, in the radiation gauge first order formalism. The results of this calculation imply that the Coulomb propagator is not sufficient to determine the static potential: a new function of the coupling constant α s (− t ) is also required.
SU-E-T-718: Modeling a Fast Neutron Therapy Beam with a Convolution/superposition Algorithm

Purpose: To determine if a photon convolution/superposition algorithm could be used to model a fast neutron therapy beam in a commercial treatment planning system. Methods: The beam to be modeled was the Clinical Neutron Therapy System (CNTS) fast neutron beam produced by 50 MeV protons on a Be target at the University of Washington(UW) Medical Center. The dose calculation model was that implemented in Pinnacle, 3 (Philips Medical Systems). Measured neutron dose data were acquired with an IC30 ion chamber with tissue equivalent gas. The neutron beam was modeled using the auto‐modeling tools available in the Pinnacle system for photon beams. Doses were then computed using a 100 MU beam incident on a water equivalent phantom for open and wedged square fields as well as MLC shaped irregular fields. Pinnacle generated profiles and central axis dose points were compared to two sets of doses: 1) doses computed with the UW PRISMtreatment planning system in the same geometry as the Pinnacle setup and 2) doses measured in a water tank. Results: The Pinnacle photonmodel incorporates most of the important dosimetric features of the neutron beam. Computed doses compared well to both the Prism TPS and measured data. We found that calculated dose points among open and wedged square fields were within 2% of both Prism and measured doses along the central axis, and within 5% of measurement in the penumbra region. Dose point calculations using irregular treatment type fields were within 3% of measured dose points. Conclusion: The Pinnacle TPS has sufficient computational modeling ability to adequately produce a viable neutronmodel for potential use in clinical treatment planning. Further testing of irregular fields must be performed and results analyzed prior to implementation in the clinic.
Percutaneous Gastric Drainage as a Treatment for Small Bowel Obstruction after Gastric Bypass

The authors report the case of a patient who developed small bowel obstruction after laparoscopic gastric bypass. Imaging revealed an obstruction at the enteroenterostomy resulting in dilation of the bypassed stomach and proximal small bowel. The bypassed stomach was percutaneously drained using CT guidance, leading to resolution of the small bowel obstruction. Biliopancreatic limb obstructions can be successfully treated non-operatively after gastric bypass.
Lopinavir tablet pharmacokinetics with an increased dose during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE Reduced lopinavir concentrations have been demonstrated with use of the capsule formulation during the third trimester of pregnancy. This study determined lopinavir exposure with an increased dose of the new tablet formulation during the third trimester. DESIGN International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials 1026s is a prospective nonblinded pharmacokinetic study in HIV-infected pregnant women, including a cohort receiving 2 lopinavir/ritonavir tablets (400 mg/100 mg) twice daily during the second trimester, 3 tablets (600 mg/150 mg) twice daily during the third trimester, and 2 tablets (400 mg/100 mg) twice daily post delivery through 2 weeks postpartum. METHODS Steady-state 12-hour pharmacokinetic profiles were performed during pregnancy and at 2 weeks postpartum. Lopinavir and ritonavir were measured by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (detection limit, 0.09 mcg/mL). RESULTS Thirty-three women were studied. Median lopinavir AUC for the second trimester (n = 11), third trimester (n = 33), and postpartum (n = 27) were 72, 96, and 133 mcg x hr/mL, respectively. Median minimum lopinavir concentrations were 3.4, 4.9, and 6.9 mcg/mL. CONCLUSIONS The higher lopinavir/ritonavir tablet dose (600 mg/150 mg) provided exposure during the third trimester similar to the average AUC (98 mcg x hr x mL(-1) in nonpregnant adults taking 400 mg/100 mg twice daily. The higher dose should be used during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Postpartum dosing can be reduced to standard dosing before 2 weeks postpartum.
VECTOR AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELS WITH UNIT ROOTS AND REDUCED RANK STRUCTURE:ESTIMATION. LIKELIHOOD RATIO TEST, AND FORECASTING

. The nonstationary multivariate autoregressive (AR) model Φ (L)Yt=et is considered for an m-dimensional process {Yt}, where it is assumed that det {Φ(L)}= 0 has d< m unit roots and all other roots are outside the unit circle, and also that rank {Φ(1)}=r (r=m–d). Limiting distribution results obtained by Ahn and Reinsel for the least-squares and the Gaussian reduced rank (unit roots imposed) estimators for this AR model are extended to a model where the AR parameters possess additional structure such as nested reduced rank, and based on these results the asymptotic distribution of the likelihood ratio test statistic for testing the number d of unit roots is obtained. An analysis of three US monthly interest rate series is presented to illustrate the testing and estimation procedures. A small simulation study is also performed to examine the finite-sample properties of the likelihood ratio test and the prediction performance of models which impose different numbers of unit roots.
Native Perennial Grassland Species for Bioenergy: Establishment and Biomass Productivity

Proposed perennial bioenergy cropping systems include both native grass monocultures and polycultures of grasses and forbs. We determined the effect of species richness and composition on establishment and initial biomass production of native plant polycultures. Twelve treatments with varying levels of species richness (1―24 species) were established. Establishment success and yield varied over eight locations. The number of species established in polyculture increased linearly as the number of species seeded increased. Average biomass yield ranged from 1.2 to 6.0 Mg ha ―1 with the highest yielding treatments being grass monocultures or an eight species grass―legume mixture. An increase in species richness from one to eight species increased yield an average of 28%, but increasing species richness from 8 to 12 or 24 species had no yield advantage at most locations. Early successional species, Canada milkvetch (Astragalus canadensis L.) and Maximilian sunflower (Helianthus maximilian Schrad.), were dominant in mixtures and contributed a majority of the biomass to the yield. Even in high diversity plots, biomass was from only a few plant species with a single species dominating the mixture. Our results suggest that selected low diversity mixtures (one to five species) likely offer the best combination of species establishment and high yield during stand establishment. However, we expect that early successional species that were dominant during the establishment phase of our experiment will contribute less biomass as stands mature and later successional species will become dominant and provide greater biomass.
Production, Biomass, and Trophic Interactions of Mysis Relicta in Lake Ontario

Mysis relicta was sampled in Lake Ontario biweekly with vertical tows from May through November 1984. Two sites were studied off Hamlin Beach State Park, one station at 35 m and the other at 100 m. At the 35-m station, total abundance ranged from near zero in late September to 207 m−2 in mid-August, with a mean abundance of 48 organisms m−2 for the study period. Average biomass and production values at the 35-m station were 0.08 g dry weight m−2 and 0.13 g dry weight m−2 per 7 months, respectively. At the 100-m station, total abundance ranged from 110 m−2in late September to 860 m−2 in mid-July, with a mean abundance of 378 m−2 for the study period. Average biomass and total production at the 100-m station was 0.68 g dry weight m−2 and 1.23 g dry weight m−2 per 7 months, respectively. Mysis relicta abundance increased from 1971 to 1984 in the offshore and nearshore of Lake Ontario. This increase in abundance may be related to the stocking of salmonines in Lake Ontario and/or to the significant die-off of adult alewives in the winter of 1983–984.
TDS and ESD study of CO on palladium

Abstract The adsorption of CO on polycrystalline Pd surface has been studied using the techniques of thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and electron stimulated desorption (ESD). Thermal desorption spectra of CO at room temperature reveal the existence of a main single binding state (β 2 ) with an additional shoulder at higher exposure (β 1 ). O + , CO + , and O - are observed to desorb upon electron impact. CO + is found to be released from the β 1 state, the state of lower binding energy. On the other hand, O + is released exclusively from the β 2 state, a more tightly bound state. The O - species is shown to originate from both states with an estimated 75% of the O - signal coming from the CO + producing β 1 state.
What can we learn from computational model studies of the eye

U nderstanding the mechanisms of retinal hemorrhages can lead to a better understanding of the externally applied forces and accelerations necessary to cause retinal hemorrhages in infants. Finite element model analysis is one of many computational tools that biomechanical engineers use to help understand how the structural components of the eye may respond to these types of externally applied loads. Because model predictions of tissue deformations and stresses are influenced by the geometry, anatomy, tissue material properties, tissue– tissue interactions, and applied loads used in the model, one should be aware that inaccuracy of these inputs will yield fallacious outputs, and the results of the computer model will have little or no similarity to a real-life response. Because the material properties and tissue–tissue interactions of pediatric ocular tissues have not been measured or published, it is currently impossible for a finite element model to mimic the response of the pediatric eye. Furthermore, it is unknown what values of retinal and ocular stresses produce injury, so these models cannot be used to predict the occurrence of retinal hemorrhages or other ocular injuries. In these circumstances when biomechanical data are limited, engineers use parametric studies—sets of simulations varying some feature of the model over a relevant range—as an important first step to identify tissue components that strongly influence model predictions. Using adult eye property data in a child-sized eye model as a starting point, Rangarajan and colleagues present a parametric study investigating the effect of vitreous and fat material properties on predictions of retinal stress during cyclic rotations of the eye. The authors report significant differences in retinal stress values and distribution when the stiffness of the vitreous is increased 10-fold and when the tissue–tissue interaction is changed (ie, uniform vitreoretinal adhesion in the fluid model versus vitreoretinal adhesion only at the vitreous base and macula in the solid model). Unfortunately, the authors do not report specific references for each of the material properties used in
Cytoplasmic progestin binding in rat adipose tissues.

Ovarian hormones, including progestins, have important effects on body fat levels in rats, but the mechanisms by which progestins exert their effects on adiposity are not known. We have found high affinity, estrogen-inducible, progestin-specific binding of [3H]R5020 (3H-labeled 17α,21-dimethyl-19-norpregna- 4,9-diene-3,20-dione), a synthetic progestin, in the cytoplasmic fraction of adipose tissues from ovariectomized-adrenalectomized rate. Saturation analysis indicates a Kd of 8.5 × 10-10 M in rats primed with 17β-estradiol benzoate (E2B). In parametrial adipose tissue, the number of binding sites in E2B-primed rats was approximately 26 times that in unprimed rats. Binding was inhibited more by progestins (R5020 > progesterone > 5αdihydroprogesterone) than by 17β-estradiol, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, or corticosterone. Pronase inhibited cytoplasmic [3H]- R5020 binding by 95%, but DNase and RNae were without effect. After a single injection of 2 μg E2B, very little [3H]R5020 binding was found at 6 h, while p...
First results from the High Resolution Fly's Eye experiment

Abstract The High Resolution Fly's Eye Experiment (HiRes) is the only operational experiment of it's kind in the world. HiRes is the direct descendent of the original Fly's Eye experiment. HiRes is designed to make stereo observations of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) via atmospheric fluorescence. HiRes will measure the energy spectrum, composition, and anisotropy of UHECR. The first of two sites, HiRes-1, has been in operation since June, 1997. Over 1000 hours of good weather data has been taken, monocularly, and analyzed. A preliminary energy spectrum is presented based on this data set and compared to the results from the original Fly's Eye experiment. The second site, HiRes-2, began limited data-taking in April, 1999. The installation of the HiRes-2 detector is now complete and commissioning is underway. Some high energy events have already been observed in stereo.
Electron Microscopy Study of Layered Misfit Cobalt Oxide [Ca2CoO3]0.62CoO2

Layered cobaltates are of great interest due to its unique thermoelectric and magnetoresistance properties and practical thermal power applications. In order to understand the origin of physical properties of layered cobaltates and, in particular, of [Ca2CoO3]0.62CoO2 cobalt oxide that exhibits high thermoelectric power, an accurate determination of the crystal structure is required. There are several ambiguities in the structure analysis of this compound performed by X-ray diffraction (see [1] and [2]) and electron microscopy studies [3] especially the models of the cobalt disorder and distribution of vacancies. Direct observation of vacancies is a very difficult task. In case of their periodic distribution it becomes possible to investigate this problem using electron microscopy, which stimulated us to re-examine the structure of [Ca2CoO3]0.62CoO2 by the electron diffraction (ED) and high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) methods.
AIDS in pregnancy.

A brief description of AIDS and suggested guidelines for providing nursing care to the parturient AIDS victim are provided. The current literature in defining the syndrome, its course, and its statistics is surveyed. Infection control precautions that need to be adapted when caring for the mother and infant who are affected by AIDS during the perinatal period are described. The possible emotional consequences that AIDS may inflict on its victims are also described. Finally, methods are suggested for setting up a communications system for sharing necessary information about these patients and their care.
Integrating historical clinical and financial data for pharmacological research

Background Retrospective research requires longitudinal data, and repositories derived from electronic health records (EHR) can be sources of such data. With Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act meaningful use provisions, many institutions are expected to adopt EHRs, but may be left with large amounts of financial and historical clinical data, which can differ significantly from data obtained from newer systems, due to lack or inconsistent use of controlled medical terminologies (CMT) in older systems. We examined different approaches for semantic enrichment of financial data with CMT, and integration of clinical data from disparate historical and current sources for research.
A Short CEP135 Splice Isoform Controls Centriole Duplication

Centriole duplication is coordinated such that a single round of duplication occurs during each cell cycle. Disruption of this synchrony causes defects including supernumerary centrosomes in cancer and perturbed ciliary signaling [1-5]. To preserve the normal number of centrioles, the level, localization, and post-translational modification of centriole proteins is regulated so that, when centriole protein expression and/or activity are increased, centrioles self-assemble. Assembly is initiated by the formation of the cartwheel structure that comprises the base of centrioles [6-11]. SAS-6 constitutes the cartwheel, and SAS-6 levels remain low until centriole assembly is initiated at S phase onset [3, 12, 13]. CEP135 physically links to SAS-6 near the site of microtubule nucleation and binds to CPAP for triplet microtubule formation [13, 14]. We identify two distinct protein isoforms of CEP135 that antagonize each other to modulate centriole duplication: full-length CEP135 (CEP135(full)) promotes new assembly, whereas a short isoform, CEP135(mini), represses it. CEP135(mini) represses centriole duplication by limiting the centriolar localization of CEP135(full) binding proteins (SAS-6 and CPAP) and the pericentriolar localization of γ-tubulin. The CEP135 isoforms exhibit distinct and complementary centrosomal localization during the cell cycle. CEP135(mini) protein decreases from centrosomes upon anaphase onset. We suggest that the decrease in CEP135(mini) from centrosomes promotes centriole assembly. The repression of centriole duplication by a splice isoform of a protein that normally promotes it serves as a novel mechanism to limit centriole duplication.
Biosensor for continuos glucose monitoring

A potentially implantable glucose biosensor for continuous monitoring of glucose levels in diabetic patients has been developed. The glucose biosensor is based on an amperometric oxygen electrode and glucose oxidase immobilized on carbon powder held in a form of a liquid suspension. The enzyme material can be replaced (the sensor recharged) without sensor disassembly. Recharging of the biosensor is achieved by injecting fresh immobilized enzyme into the sensor using a septum. Diffusion membranes made of silastic latex-rubber coatings over a microporous polycarbonate membrane are used. Calibration curves of the amperometric signal show linearity over a wide range of glucose concentrations-up to 500 mg/dL (28 mM), covering hypoglycemic, normoglycemic, and hyperglycemic conditions. Preliminary in vitro studies of the biosensor show stable performance during several recharge cycles (of 14 days each) over a period of 4 months. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pathology Quiz Case 2

A 39-YEAR-OLD MAN WHO WAS CONGENITALLY blindinhislefteyepresentedwitha2-month history of progressive headaches, proptosisof therighteye,visual loss, anosmia,and double vision on superior gaze. Nasal endoscopyrevealedsubmucosal swelling thathadcaused lateral displacement of the uncinate process. A gadoliniumenhanced magnetic resonance image (Figure 1) showed alargemass lesionarisingfromthefloorof theanterior fossa, withextension into theright frontal lobe,paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, and right orbit. The patient was taken to the operating room for nasal endoscopy with biopsy. After the uncinate process was removed, a large, whitish mass was observed completely replacing the ethmoid cells. Biopsy specimenswereobtained.Afteradiagnosiswasestablished, thepatientunderwentacraniofacial approach to the lesion via bifrontal craniotomy with orbital and nasal osteotomy for resectionof the intracranial,paranasal sinus, andorbital tumor followed by anterior cranial fossa floor reconstruction with dural repair and pericranial flap. Hematoxylin-eosin–stained sections showed a tumor of heterogeneous composition. Most of the tumor was hypercellular and composed of medium-sized cells of variable shape, with pale eosinophilic cytoplasm, mildly irregular oval nuclei, coarse chromatin, occasional prominent nucleoli, and scattered intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions. The cells were arranged in sheets, with occasional discrete nests.The nucleus-cytoplasm ratios were elevated in some areas. In other areas, the tumor showed focal spontaneous necrosis. A substantial minority of the tumor was composed of sheets of cells with similar nuclear features, clear cytoplasm, prominent eosinophilic cell borders, and hyalinized strands of collagen (Figure 2 [asterisks indicate pseudoinclusions]). There were rare mitotic figures ( 1 per 10 high-power [ 40 objective] fields). The tumor eroded bone and focally invaded brain parenchyma. Scattered psammoma bodies were present. A periodic acid–Schiff stain showedprominentcytoplasmicgranules, which were diastase sensitive, indicating abundant cytoplasmic glycogen (Figure 3). Immunohistochemically stained sections showed cytoplasmic reactivity for vimentin and focal weak membranous reactivity for epithelial membrane antigen. Most of the tumor showed nuclear reactivity for the proliferation marker Ki-67 (MIB-1) in 5% to 10% of the cells, but focal areas had up to 25% reactivity (Figure 4). The tumor was negative for progesterone receptor, cytokeratin, synaptophysin, chromograninA,S100 protein, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. What is your diagnosis?
Herbivory of sympatric elk and cattle on Lincoln National Forest, south-central New Mexico

Wildlife and livestock grazing are important products of forest ecosystems, but can be controversial. Herbivory by North American elk and domestic cattle is a contentious management issue throughout western North America, often driving management proposals to decrease cattle and elk numbers based on perceived overutilization of forages. Such observations are often site level rather than landscape, and may confuse ecological sustainability with desired conditions. We used line transects to document vegetation composition, structure, and grazing and browsing utilization for 4 key habitat types: mountain meadows, aspen, thinned conifer, and burned conifer on Lincoln National Forest, New Mexico, USA. We documented relative habitat use of these types by elk, mule deer, and cattle and modeled relative use on residual grass biomass of mountain meadows and browse utilization of forested types. We determined diets and diet quality of elk and cattle to assess degree of competition. Use of grasses in meadows was below management thresholds, and combined elk, cattle, and deer relative habitat use accounted for < 14 % of the variance in residual stubble height of Poa pratensis, the most abundant grass. Palatable browse was limited in habitat types (< 107 stems·ha-1), use was generally high, and elk presence was correlated with the majority of browsing. Elk and cattle diets did not significantly overlap (Schoener’s index 0.54–0.57); elk fed primarily on deciduous shrubs (34 %–55 % of annual diets) and cattle on grass (72 %–77 %). Digestibility and crude protein levels of cattle diets and body condition of elk indicated high quality diets for cattle and marginal–good quality diets for elk. At observed stocking levels and densities, cattle and elk were not competing for forage based on diet similarity, nor were key habitat types being used beyond sustainable levels. Low browse availability indicates that opportunity exists to increase forage availability on Lincoln National Forest, and thus maintain or increase populations without increasing impacts to plant communities. Management actions that address increased stand densities and forest encroachment of meadows, a result of altered historical disturbance regimes, could increase distribution, quantity, and quality of forage.
CNAseg—a novel framework for identification of copy number changes in cancer from second-generation sequencing data

Motivation: Copy number abnormalities (CNAs) represent an important type of genetic mutation that can lead to abnormal cell growth and proliferation. New high-throughput sequencing technologies promise comprehensive characterization of CNAs. In contrast to microarrays, where probe design follows a carefully developed protocol, reads represent a random sample from a library and may be prone to representation biases due to GC content and other factors. The discrimination between true and false positive CNAs becomes an important issue. Results: We present a novel approach, called CNAseg, to identify CNAs from second-generation sequencing data. It uses depth of coverage to estimate copy number states and flowcell-to-flowcell variability in cancer and normal samples to control the false positive rate. We tested the method using the COLO-829 melanoma cell line sequenced to 40-fold coverage. An extensive simulation scheme was developed to recreate different scenarios of copy number changes and depth of coverage by altering a real dataset with spiked-in CNAs. Comparison to alternative approaches using both real and simulated datasets showed that CNAseg achieves superior precision and improved sensitivity estimates. Availability: The CNAseg package and test data are available at