cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Iron Phase in CNx-Based Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts

Catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction were prepared from the pyrolysis of acetonitrile at 900 °C over iron particles on various supports. The iron phases present in the active materials were characterized by XRD, TEM, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Typically, the iron particles were encased in carbon after pyrolysis, explaining how they could survive subsequent acid washes. The Fe phases present included metallic gamma iron, cementite, and two oxidized phases. Although the relative abundance of the phases varied with different supports, with treatment time, and after washing, there was no apparent correlation between the presence or abundance of a phase and activity. The phases present are consistent with Fe particles used to catalyze the formation of carbon fibers by catalytic chemical vapor deposition. After being washed with acid, there was no evidence for the presence of nitrogen-stabilized Fe sites on the carbon surface. These results support the hypothesis that Fe catalyzes the formation of ORR-a...
When Poverty Is the Worst Crime of All: A Film Review of Gideon’s Army (2013)

This review of the Sundance Award-winning documentary film, Gideon’s Army, examines the disparate impact of the criminal justice system on the poor and, particularly, poor people of color.
The Impact of Mitochondrial and Thermal Stress on the Bioenergetics and Reserve Respiratory Capacity of Fish Cell Lines

Abstract Various stressors affect the health of wild and cultured fish and can cause metabolic disturbances that first manifest at the cellular level. Here, we sought to further our understanding of cellular metabolism in fish by examining the metabolic responses of cell lines derived from channel catfish Ictalurus puntatus (CCO), white bass Morone chrysops (WBE), and fathead minnow Pimephales promelas (EPC) to both mitochondrial and thermal stressors. Using extracellular flux (EF) technology, we simultaneously measured the oxygen consumption rate (OCR; a measure of mitochondrial function) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR; a surrogate of glycolysis) in each cell type. We performed a mitochondrial function protocol whereby compounds modulating different components of mitochondrial respiration were sequentially exposed to cells. This provided us with basal and maximal OCR, OCR linked to ATP production, OCR from ion movement across the mitochondrial inner membrane, the reserve capacity, and OCR ind...
Race and the micro-scale spatial concentration of poverty

This paper uses block-group data from the US decennial censuses to document changes in concentrated poverty. It provides several substantive and methodological lessons. First, the majority of poor sub-county areas were located (and hidden) in low poverty counties. Second, the 1990s brought large declines in the share of high-poverty (sub-county) areas and the share of people, including poor people, who lived in them. Third, poor minorities—both in metro and non-metro areas—are highly ghettoized in high-poverty neighbourhoods and are highly segregated from whites and the nonpoor population. Discussions of concentrated poverty cannot be uncoupled from minority residence patterns.
Ultrastructure of the renal pelvic epithelium of the rat.

Ultrastructure of the renal pelvic epithelium of the rat. The ultrastructure of the renal pelvis of six rats was examined. Transitional epithelium, similar to that found in the bladder, was limited to the contrapapillary surface and overlay cortex and outer medulla. Like the bladder, the luminal plasma membrane of these cells measured 125A and its outer leaflet was thicker than the cytoplasmic. The papillary epithelium was comprised of simple cuboidal cells, whose luminal membrane was 75A in thickness. In the fornix, groups of cells intermediate in appearance were observed with regions of both 75A and 125A membrane present along the luminal surface. A correlation was observed between the urea permeability of each pelvic cell type and the concentration of urea in the underlying renal parenchyma reported by other investigators ; that is, the urea-permeable papillary epithelial cells invest the inner medulla which is a region of high urea concentration, whereas the transitional cells believed to be impermeable overlie the urea-poor cortex and outer medulla. It is suggested that the pelvic epithelial cells may participate in the regulation of urea reabsorption from the pelvic urine. Ultrastructure de l'epithelium pyelique chez le rat. L'ultrastructure de l'epithelium pyelique a ete etudiee chez six rats. L'epithelium de transition, semblable a celui de la vessie, est limite a la region juxta papillaire et recouvre le cortex et la medullaire externe. Comme dans la vessie, la membrane plasmique luminale de as cellules mesure 125A et sa couche externe est plus epaisse que sa couche cytoplasmique. L'epithelium papillaire de cellules cuboides simples, dont la membrane luminale a une epaisseur de 75A. Dans le fornix des groupes de cellules d'aspect intermediare ont ete observees dans des regions ou existent les deux epaisseurs de membranes, 75 et 125A, le long de la face luminale. Une correlation a ete observee entre la permeabilite a l'uree de chaque type de cellule pyelique et la concentration d'uree dans le parenchyme sous jacent, telle qu'elle a ete decrite par d'autres auteurs. Les cellules epitheliales papillaires recouvrent la medullaire interne, region ou la concentration d'uree est elevee alors que les cellules de transition, supposees peu permeables, recouvrent le cortex et la medullaire externe, ou la concentration d'uree est faible. Il est suggere que les cellules de l'epithelium pyelique puissent participer a la regulation de la reabsorption de l'uree contenue dans l'urine pyelique.
A Comparison of the WAIS-R and the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability with Learning-Disabled College Students:

The present study compares the performance of learning-disabled college students on the WAIS-R and the Tests of Cognitive Abilities from the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery. It was found that there was no significant difference between the performance of learning-disabled college students on both instruments. Results of this study are different from those of similar studies comparing the WISC-R and the Tests of Cognitive Abilities.
Porcelain veneers bonded to gold castings—A progress report

ORCELAIN VENEERS FUSED TO gold castings have been used clinically long enough to permit a critical evaluation of the materials and the methods of fabrication. This article will be limited to the one combination of materials which may be worked by using equipment normally found in the dental office laboratory. The casting alloy has a fusing range from 1880 to 1930” F., the solder flows at 1800 to 1830” F., and the porcelain matures at 1650” F. Both in the clinic and in the testing laboratory the bonding of the veneer seems to be more than adequate, breakage is almost nil, and the form, color, and surface texture produced are stable in the oral cavity. The gold alloy has exhibited highly satisfactory properties. The soldering continues to be an exacting procedure.’ The production of shades and textures in harmony with the teeth remaining in the mouth poses the problems. At a workshopt attended by four ceramic technicians and four dentists, each of whom has had much experience with these materials, the difficulties encountered by each individual were discussed and compared. Then courses to pursue by which these obstacles might be overcome were suggested and attempted.
Chronic intermittent heroin produces locomotor sensitization and long-lasting enhancement of conditioned reinforcement.

Abstract In a previous study we showed that chronic intermittent heroin in rats enhanced responding with conditioned reinforcement and reversal learning of a conditioned magazine approach task when tested three days after the heroin treatment. Whether or not this enhanced appetitive learning persists after a protracted withdrawal period remains unknown and constitutes the aim of the present study. Forty-eight male Long Evans rats were each exposed to positive pairings of a light stimulus and food for 4 consecutive daily sessions. Then, two groups of rats received saline and two groups received heroin (2 mg/kg) injections before placement in activity monitors for 9 consecutive daily sessions. This was followed by testing in operant conditioning chambers where one lever produced the light stimulus previously paired with food and another no stimulus. For one saline and one heroin group this testing occurred after 2 days of withdrawal while for the other saline and heroin groups it occurred after 30 days of withdrawal. The results indicate that animals treated with heroin displayed progressively and significantly greater locomotor activity across sessions while animals treated with saline displayed locomotor activity that remained low and stable across sessions. In addition, the heroin groups in each withdrawal condition displayed significantly enhanced responding with conditioned reinforcement compared to their respective saline control groups. These results demonstrate that chronic intermittent heroin enhances appetitive learning for natural reinforcers and motivational processes and that this effect persists even after 30-days of withdrawal.
On the security of wireless network access with enhancements

The security of the current 3G wireless protocols addresses the problems faced by the 2G systems, in addition to fulfilling the higher 3G security requirements mandated from operating in IP networks as well as voice networks. However, the approach adopted by the two most popular 3G mobile system forerunners, UMTS and cdma2000, leaves many areas for improvement. In this paper, we improve the security of the 3G protocols in network access by providing strong periodically mutual authentication, strong key agreement, and non-repudiation service in a simple and elegant way.
Research Note: Fifty Percent Colonization Dose for Salmonella typhimurium Administered Orally and Intracloacally to Young Broiler Chicks

One and 3-day-old chicks were challenged with varying levels of Salmonella typhimurium by gavage or intracloacal administration. Chicks were killed 5 days postchallenge, and ceca were analyzed for the presence of S. typhimurium. About 100-fold fewer S. typhimurium cells were required to colonize young chicks by the intracloacal route than by gavage. It was hypothesized that the low pH of the upper gastrointestinal tract contributes to the higher levels of Salmonella required to colonize young chicks via the oral route. The pH measurements in the gizzard of freshly killed chicks were variable, but most were low enough to be bactericidal. Presence of salmonellae in the hatchery environment and the low level of cells (2 cfu) required to colonize young chicks via cloacal challenge suggest that day-of-hatch chicks may be at a high colonization risk from salmonellae in the hatchery.
Sterol Distribution in Intracellular Organelles Isolated from Tobacco Leaves

All membrane-containing fractions isolated from tobacco leaves contained free sterols, sterol glycosides, and sterol esters. The three sterol forms increased, on a dry weight basis, with a decrease in particle size. The supernatant fraction contained only trace amounts of sterol. The major sterols in all cellular fractions, in the order of decreasing amounts, were: stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, campesterol, and cholesterol. The 500g pellet contained the largest percentage of free sterol, while the 46,000g pellet contained the largest percentage of esterified sterol. The individual sterol composition of the free sterol and sterol glycoside fraction was very similar; however, the composition of the sterol ester fraction varied widely among intracellular fraction. The intracellular distribution pattern of cholesterol-(14)C added to the isolation medium provided evidence that the intracellular sterol distribution pattern is not an artifact. These results support the suggestion that sterols in plant cells may have a physiological function associated with membranes.
The importance of risk tolerance and knowledge when considering the evolution of inequity responses across the primates

Abstract Researchers studying human and non-human primates have begun exploring deviations from the canonical model of expected utility. Additionally, researchers have examined the role of inequality in decision-making across the taxa. However, these two research programs are rarely combined. In this paper we offer an examination of the role and impact of risk and inequity on decision-making in both human and non-human primates. We also offer insights into what drives these observed differences, considering a range of explanations from biological to methodological.
The plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase gene family in Arabidopsis: genomic sequence of AHA10 which is expressed primarily in developing seeds.

The plasma membrane H+-ATPases in Arabidopsis thaliana represent the largest family of cation translocating P-type ATPases identified in plants or animals. We report here seven new isoforms, which were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of genomic DNA. Amplifications were performed with degenerate primers corresponding to two short conserved sequence motifs (“CSDK” and “GDGV”) found in most P-type ATPases. A comparison was made of three CSDK-side primers, which were used either as totally degenerate mixtures or rendered less degenerate by substitution with deoxyinosine or fluorodeoxyuridine. Amplified genomic fragments were cloned, partially sequenced and shown to correspond to Arabidopsis genes by Southern blot analysis with gene-specific probes. One newly identified isoform, AHA10, was isolated as a cosmid clone and sequenced. The 5′ and 3′ ends of the gene were determined by comparison with the AHA10 cDNA sequence. AHA10 is the most divergent isoform characterized in the Arabidopsis family. AHA10 appears to be expressed primarily in developing seeds, as indicated by Northern blot analysis of AHA10 mRNA and by the analysis of transgenic plants expressing a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene fused to an AHA10 promoter. Our results indicate that one function of this unusually large H+-ATPase gene family is to allow for expression of different isoforms in different cell types.
Aspergillus flavus infection induces transcriptional and physical changes in developing maize kernels

Maize kernels are susceptible to infection by the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus flavus. Infection results in reduction of grain quality and contamination of kernels with the highly carcinogenic mycotoxin, aflatoxin. To understanding host response to infection by the fungus, transcription of approximately 9,000 maize genes were monitored during the host-pathogen interaction with a custom designed Affymetrix GeneChip® DNA array. More than 1,000 maize genes were found differentially expressed at a fold change of 2 or greater. This included the up regulation of defense related genes and signaling pathways. Transcriptional changes also were observed in primary metabolism genes. Starch biosynthetic genes were down regulated during infection, while genes encoding maize hydrolytic enzymes, presumably involved in the degradation of host reserves, were up regulated. These data indicate that infection of the maize kernel by A. flavus induced metabolic changes in the kernel, including the production of a defense response, as well as a disruption in kernel development.
Catalyzed decomposition of nerve gases and potentiometric detection of the byproducts

Abstract Several systems are presented for detection of nerve gases, Sarin and Soman, based on catalyzed decomposition of nerve gases by copper ion–ligand chelates and potentiometric detection of the byproduct, fluoride ion. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) was used as the nerve gas mimic. It was found that 1:1 Cu(II)–DMBP (4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridyl) and 1:2 Cu(II)–TMEDA (N,N,N′N′-tetramethylethylenediamine) chelates were the most effective catalysts for accelerating the decomposition of DFP. With a response time of about 5 min and a potential drop of 30–50 mV, the detection limit for DFP is 2×10−6 M. This method is sensitive, selective, and reproducible.
Proton nmr spectroscopy of high-spin ferrous cytochrome P-450 models.

Abstract Alkyl mercaptide complexes of both synthetic and natural-derivative iron(II) porphyrins have been characterized in DMSO solution by proton nmr spectroscopy. A single mercaptide ligand binds to form a high-spin iron(II) complex as determined by solution magnetic measurements and the nmr isotropic shift pattern. Ligand exchange is slow on the nmr time scale unlike corresponding 2-methyl imidazole exchange rates which are very rapid. Further comparison of mercaptide and 2-methyl imidazole adducts reveals a downfield bias in isotropic shift values for the mercaptide species, which may be explained by different signs in the dipolar shift term for the two complexes. This apparent magnetic anisotropy of the mercaptide complex is in the same direction, although smaller, than that observed for bacterial cytochrome P-450. Isotropic shift values of at least 250 ppm for methylene resonances of the coordinated mercaptide support a very efficient unpaired spin delocalization for this axial ligand.
Non-cooperative effects of lung surfactant proteins on early adsorption to an air/water interface

Two small hydrophobic proteins, SP-B and SP-C, are responsible for rapid adsorption of pulmonary surfactant to the air/water interface. Despite their physiological importance, the number of protein molecules required to trigger an absorption event remains unknown. To investigate this issue, we varied the protein content of calf lung surfactant extract (CLSE) by dilution with protein-depleted surfactant lipids (neutral and phospholipids, N&PL). Vesicles of a constant size and of composition ranging between 100% N&PL and 100% CLSE were generated by probe sonication. Their adsorption kinetics to an air/water interface were monitored at different temperatures using a Wilhelmy plate to measure surface tension. When plotted versus protein concentration, the adsorption rates during the initial change in surface tension exhibit a diphasic behavior, first increasing rapidly and linearly between 0% and 25% CLSE, and then more slowly at higher concentrations. Direct linearity at low protein content (0-5% CLSE ratio) was confirmed at 37 degrees C. These observations argue against cooperative behavior, for which the adsorption rate would first rise slowly with the protein content, and then increase suddenly once the critical number of proteins on each vesicle is reached. The apparent activation energy E(a) and the free energy of activation DeltaG(0)*, calculated from the temperature dependence of adsorption, further support the view that at least the early stages of protein-induced surfactant adsorption proceeds through a sequence of events involving not several, but a single surfactant protein.
Increased intake of ethanol and dietary fat in galanin overexpressing mice

Evidence suggests that the orexigenic peptide, galanin (GAL), in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) has a role in stimulating the consumption of ethanol, in addition to a high-fat diet. This possibility was further examined in mutant mice that overexpress the GAL gene. Two sets of GAL-overexpressors (GALOE) compared with wild-type (WT) controls, maintained on laboratory chow and water, were trained to voluntarily drink increasing concentrations of ethanol, from 3 to 15%. In the GALOE versus WT mice, the results revealed the following: (1) a 35-40% increase in ethanol intake and ethanol preference, which was evident only at the highest (15%) ethanol concentration, in male but not female mice, and was seen with comparisons to littermate and nonlittermate WT controls, (2) a significantly larger, 60-75% increase in ethanol intake and ethanol preference after a day of food deprivation, again only in male GALOE mice, (3) no change in consumption of sucrose or quinine solutions in preference tests, and (4) a 55% increase in consumption of a fat-rich diet during a 2-h test period, in both male and female GALOE mice. These results obtained with overexpression of the GAL gene provide strong support for a physiological role of this peptide in stimulating the consumption of ethanol and a fat-rich diet. They reveal gender differences in the behavioral phenotype, which may reflect GAL's functional relationship to reproductive hormones in the stimulation of consummatory behavior.
Observation of a localized chaotic structure in a nonlinear oscillatory lattice

Abstract A Debye-Einstein lattice modified so as to include leading order nonlinearity can support a stable nonpropagating domain wall that separates regions of regular oscillation and chaotic motion. The observation and characterization of this effect in a physical lattice is reported.
The effect of alumina phase structure on the dispersion of rhodium/alumina catalysts

Aluminas from various sources were thermally treated in air to obtain a range of phases ({delta}, {theta}, and {alpha}) with BET surface areas between 5 and 90 m{sup 2}/g. Rhodium was impregnated onto the aluminas at a constant loading of 0.6 {mu}mol Rh/m{sup 2} (BET). The resultant Rh-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalysts were hydrothermally aged by treating in 10% H{sub 2}O/air at 1223 K for 24 h. Temperature-programmed reduction and a noble metal surface area measurement based on methanation of adsorbed CO were used to characterize the state of the Rh after aging. Three broad forms of Rh were identified: occluded, strongly interacted, and noninteracted. Apparent dispersions ranged from 3 to 11%, with the highest values obtained for {alpha}-alumina. A pronounced loading effect was observed for the Rh/{alpha}-alumina catalysts; dispersions ca. 10% were obtained only on samples with loadings less than about 1 {mu}mol Rh/m{sup 2} (BET). Higher loadings (>1.5 {mu}mol Rh/m{sup 2} (BET)) resulted in apparent dispersions of 3% or less. These results suggest that the most effective way to maximize the Rh dispersion in high-temperature aged alumina-based automotive catalysts is to isolate the Rh on a {alpha}-phase alumina at loadings less than 1 {mu}mol/m{sup 2} (BET). Presteaming of selectedmore » aluminas at 1223 K for 24 h prior to Rh impregnation decreased the BET surface area and resulted in less occlusion of Rh during subsequent aging. 20 refs., 7 figs., 3 tabs.« less
Stress Response of Escherichia coli

ABSTRACT: Escherichia coli encounter numerous different stresses during their growth, survival, and infection. These stresses are relevant to survival in foods and food processing environments. E. coli and other bacteria respond to stress conditions by activating small or large groups of genes under the control of common regulator proteins. Stress conditions result in the accumulation of these regulator proteins and subsequent transcription of many genes allows cells to cope with specific stress situations, conferring stress tolerance and survival. In addition, induced stress tolerance of cells is attributed to enhanced virulence and enhanced tolerance to other stresses (cross-protection). In this review, regulation of stress and the stress tolerance response of E. coli to heat, acid, starvation, and cold stresses that are commonly used in food preservation and food production will be addressed. The effect of different stress on survival, adaptation, and cross-protection of E. coli studied using laboratory media, and real foods will be briefly summarized. Finally, the relationship of stress response and subsequent virulence and cross-protection will also be discussed.
Mail and web-based survey administration: a case study With recreational users of Virginia's wildlife management areas.

Web-based surveys cost less, obtain responses more quickly, and provide more efficient data management compared to mail surveys; however, the potential inability to reach a random, representative sample of the public raises concerns about the validity and reliability of Web-based surveys. We surveyed recreational users of Virginia wildlife management areas with either a Web-based or mail instrument, based on user preference for contact. Response rates for both modes were comparable, but Web-based surveys were more complete and returned more rapidly than were mail surveys. The Web-based option was selected more often by younger, urban participants, and respondents who had completed more education. Attitudes toward land management practices and wildlife value orientations did not differ between Web-based and mail respondents. Surveys administered using only Web-based questionnaires likely are susceptible to demographic bias problems, but survey mode appeared not to influence the validity and reliability of ...
In situ polymerization of amphiphilic diacetylene for hole transport in solid state dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract Solid state dye-sensitized solar cells were fabricated using polydiacetylene as the hole transport material. The polydiacetylene was incorporated into the nanoporous TiO 2 film by solution casting of an amphiphilic diacetylene and subsequent in situ polymerization. Polydiacetylenes as prepared via solid state polymerization are crystalline, exhibiting high charge carrier mobility. Our preliminary experiments demonstrated a short-circuit current density of 3.73 mA/cm 2 and an overall power conversion efficiency of 0.62% under AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW/cm 2 ).
Culture of the Labor Movement and Work in the United States

With the resurgence of union organizing during the 1990s, a new scholarship about the labor movement has emerged, documenting and explaining this new social movement unionism. Literature on the culture of work is well developed while, generally speaking, in the scholarship about the labor movement, culture is an underdeveloped analysis. In this article, we look at the culture of market fundamentalism as the dominant way of thinking and explaining work and labor in the United States. Market fundamentalism has emerged at the same time that women and immigrants have become much more numerous among U.S. workers, and they have brought with them new cultural emphases at work and among unions. In response to market fundamentalism and with the activism of women and immigrants among others, unions have transformed their own culture toward social movement unionism and have pushed for a new culture of work.
Mechanics of sintering thin films — II. Cracking due to self-stress

Abstract The mechanics of cracks in thin films is examined in this paper, the second part of a study of sintering thin films constrained by a substrate. The film is analyzed as a compressible viscous fluid with a sliding interface between film and substrate. The analysis can be applied to elastic films with a weak interface due to the mathematical analogy between linear viscous and linear elastic deformations. Asymptotic expressions for the stress intensity factor of a crack in an infinite film are derived for the limiting cases of low and high interfacial friction. These asymptotic results are verified by finite element computations which also provide numerical results for intermediate values of friction. It is assumed that the crack will grow if the stress intensity is large enough that the contact area of particles just ahead of the crack tip decreases. Expressions for the stress intensity factor are used with this fracture criterion to predict conditions for crack growth and initiation in sintering thin films.An interesting result is that for sintering films it is possible to predict conditions for crack growth in terms of geometrical factors alone, such as film thickness, friction, and crack size.
Differences Among Geriatricians, General Internists, and Cardiologists in the Care of Patients with Heart Failure: A Cautionary Tale of Quality Assessment

OBJECTIVES: To describe differences in the characteristics, processes of care, and resource utilization of patients with heart failure cared for by geriatricians, general internists, cardiologists, and combinations of physicians. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study. SETTING: An urban academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 439 outpatients with a billing diagnosis of heart failure or cardiomyopathy who were treated by geriatricians, general internists, cardiologists, and combinations of physicians. MEASUREMENTS: Demographic and clinical characteristics, medication use, diagnostic testing, hospitalizations, and inpatient and outpatient costs were measured. RESULTS: Compared with patients of cardiologists, patients cared for by geriatricians were older, more likely to have hypertension, diastolic dysfunction, and high comorbidity, and less likely to undergo echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and electrocardiography. Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors was similar among patients with reduced systolic function. Patients cared for by geriatricians had the same costs, rates of hospitalization, and likelihood of being symptomatic as patients of cardiologists. CONCLUSIONS: The processes of care for patients with heart failure seen solely by geriatricians differ from those for patients seen by other physicians, but the case-mix also varies. Assessment of left ventricular function by geriatricians probably needs to be increased. However, although they were older and had more comorbidity, patients of geriatricians had total costs and symptomatology similar to those of patients of cardiologists. Future work is needed to identify those patients most likely to benefit from treatment by geriatricians and to determine how care can be optimally coordinated among different types of physicians and health providers.
Experimental Investigation of Gas Flow in Microchannels

We present an experimental investigation of laminar gas flow through microchannels. The independent variables: relative surface roughness, Knudsen number and Mach number were systematically varied to determine their influence on the friction factor The microchannels were etched into silicon wafers, capped with glass, and have hydraulic diameters between 5 and 96 μm. The pressure was measured at seven locations along the channel length to determine local values of Knudsen number, Mach number and friction factor. All measurements were made in the laminar flow regime with Reynolds numbers ranging from 0.1 to 1000
Blindsight and philosophy

The evidence of blindsight is occasionally used to argue that we can see things, and thus have perceptual belief, without the distinctive visual awareness accompanying normal sight; thereby displac...
Communities, opportunities, and adolescents' sexual behavior in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

In 2002 the prevalence of HIV among South African clinic attendees under the age of 20 was 15 percent suggesting a correspondingly high level of unprotected sex and risky sexual behavior. Past research focused on the dynamics of individuals’ and partners’ sexual decision-making without accounting for the larger context in which such decisions are made. Do adolescents’ opportunities for schooling work and other community activities make a difference? This study uses data collected from a representative sample of young people living in KwaZulu-Natal South Africa to explore these questions. Logit analyses show that for girls higher levels of education reduced the probability of having had sex in the 12 months prior to the survey and average wages were positively associated with condom use. Greater participation in community sports increased risk-taking behaviors among boys but decreased them among girls. Within the household education of adults had a positive effect on condom use for both boys and girls. (authors)
Endoscopic sinus surgery: Anterior approach

The anterior approach for functional endoscopic sinus surgery is the technique most commonly applied. It is best for recurrent ethmoid-maxillary sinusitis. In its classic form, it involves an anterior ethmoidectomy combined with enlargement of the natural ostium of the maxillary sinus. If appropriate, it can be extended to the frontal, posterior ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses.
Determination of organophosphorus compounds by dye-assisted chromatography

Abstract The application of dye-assisted reversed-phase liquid chromatography for the determination of several organophosphorus compounds is demonstrated for mobile phases containing 10−4 M Brilliant Green in a mixed solvent of water and methanol, acetonitrile and 1,4-dioxane. This method, based on the interaction between a dye and analyte molecules, offers good detection limits for compounds which have weak chromophores. Detection limits are in the submicrogram range for aromatic pesticieds, and in the low microgram range for non-chomophoric aliphatic compounds.
Theoretical Change and Therapeutic Innovation in the Treatment of Syphilis in Mid-Nineteenth-Century France

This article examines changes in the treatment of venereal disease in mid-nineteenth-century France in light of theoretical developments in the understanding of these diseases. It focuses on three theories of venereal disease: the orthodox theory of the "unity" of gonorrhea and syphilis; the physiological theory of Francois Broussais, which essentially denied the actual existence of such a disease; and Philippe Ricord's new doctrine of venereal disease, a theory that is often credited with having established the distinction between syphilis and gonorrhea. The argument is that theoretical considerations played a major role in the evaluation of the relative merits of these theories and that any understanding of the appeal of Ricord's new doctrine must consider not only its pathological claims but its therapeutic implications as well. This was not, however, simply an instance of theory applied. These two aspects of Ricord's new doctrine, its pathology and its therapeutics, were inextricably bound up with one another, so that judgment of the one necessarily entailed judgment of the other. The argument is that therapeutic practice should not be seen simply as a downwind consequence of changes in the theoretical understanding of disease, but rather as an integral part of the process of change. These were the kinds of developments that led doctors to believe that French medicine was making very real progress at mid-century.
Diffractive production of vector mesons in lepton-nucleon reactions

We calculate cross sections for the production of vector mesons V in reactions if l + N → l' + V + N, l, l' = ν, e, μ, taking into account all presently known information from electroproduction of ϱ's. This leads to considerable differences in results from previous calculations, often more than an order of magnitude. The results for the ϱ are then largely a translation of electroproduction data into ν predictions and they will provide a direct test of the relation of weak and electromagnetic currents. The y or Q2 distributions for the ϱ are instructive. The prediction for the A1 provides a direct test of the existence of the A1 and of whether vector and axial vector currents materialize into particles in the same way. The detection of a B meson would provide direct evidence for second-class currents and a measurement of their strength. We estimate all F∗ production will account for at most 2% of the total ν cross section at FNAL energies, which must be multiplied by the muon semi-leptonic branching ratio (and possibly a factor of 2 for an axial vector F∗) to calculate its contribution to the dimuon event rate.
Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity of trifunctional dinuclear platinum complexes: comparison of effects of geometry and polyfunctionality on biological activity.

The synthesis of two new isomeric trifunctional dinuclear platinum complexes of formula [{PtCl(NH3)2}μ-NH2(CH2)6NH2-{PtCl2(NH3)}]+ (1,2/c,c and 1,2/t,c) is reported. Their biological activity in selected human tumor cell lines sensitive and resistant to CDDP (cisplatin, cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2]) is described and compared with the profile for their bifunctional analogues, [{cis/trans-PtCl(NH3)2}2μ-NH2(CH2)6NH2]2+. The trifunctional dinuclear platinum complexes showed a unique profile of cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines, with low resistance factors in A2780, CH1, and 41M cell lines. The resistance factor is dependent on the geometry of the Pt coordination spheres − suggesting that these may be associated with DNA-binding modes. Retention of activity against CDDP-resistant cell lines and a different spectrum of activity compared to CDDP and also within different classes of polynuclear platinum complexes suggest that not only are they mechanistically different from mononuclear platinum complexes but also...
Axisymmetric Free Vibration of Shallow Spherical Shells With a Circular Rigid Insert

A general solution for the third-order partial differential equations for the axisymmetric free vibration of thin isotropic shallow spherical shell with a rigid insert is presented in this paper. The frequency equation in terms of Bessel functions as well as modified Bessel functions is solved for the fundamental vibrational frequency and mode shape. Both linear and nonlinear boundary conditions are applied and the results are compared. The relationship between the vibrational frequency, mode shape and the size of the rigid insert is discussed.
SU‐GG‐T‐369: Development and Application of a Robust Toolkit, Tomo‐XML‐DOM, for Helical Tomotherapy System

Purpose: To develop and implement a robust toolkit for analyzing XML files for patients treated on the Hi‐ART II helical tomotherapy system and to use the developed tool to facilitate post patient treatment analysis for research or administrative purposes. Method and Materials: The input file to the program is the patient Extensible Markup Language (XML) file. We used XMLDOM and JavaScript for file access and manipulation and Hyper Text Markup Language for graphical user interface. The XMLDOM is the Document Object Model for XML and defines a standard set of objects used in accessing and manipulating XML. JavaScript embedded in the HTML codes is used to create an instance of the XML parser for file manipulation. An XML parser enables us to load the XML file into computer memory. The toolkit has been designed to work on IE, Firefox and Mozilla. Results: The GUI options enable us to describe all the files in the archived patient folder stored in the form of unique identifiers (UID). This is a time efficient process considering the large number of files involved. We can also display data related to patient diagnosis and prescription, radiotherapy planning and delivery. With data manipulation, we can perform simple quality assurance checks such as track and match delivered to prescribed dose or apply different computational algorithms for verification purposes. The latter was illustrated by performing a second check on the calculated ROI volumes. Green's theorem was applied on each contour data to approximate the surface area and then multiply by the slice thickness to obtain the slice volume. Our results agreed to within 1% of the TPS calculated volumes. Conclusion: A robust toolkit for analyzing patient XML files treated on tomotherapy system has been developed and tested. It facilitates research and patient post analysis following radiotherapy on this system.
Chronic enteral ethanol treatment causes hypoxia in rat liver tissue in vivo

It is known that ethanol increases oxygen consumption in in vitro liver models, which could lead to hypoxia. Although it was shown recently that one large dose of ethanol caused hypoxia in rat liver in vivo, whether ethanol produces hypoxia in a clinically relevant chronic model remains unclear. In the present study, therefore, the effect of chronic ethanol on hypoxia was investigated in vivo using the 2-nitroimidazole hypoxia marker, pimonidazole. Male Wistar rats (300-325 g) were exposed to enteral ethanol continuously for 4 weeks. In this model, rats develop steatosis, inflammation, and necrosis characteristic of early stages of clinical alcoholic liver disease in humans. One hour before they were killed, rats were injected with pimonidazole (120 mg/kg intravenously), and livers were surgically isolated, removed, and fixed. Protein-bound pimonidazole adducts were identified on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue with immunohistochemistry. Ethanol administration for 4 weeks significantly increased serum aspartate transaminase levels and hepatic pathology scores for steatosis, inflammation, and necrosis, as expected. Ethanol treatment significantly increased both the extent and number of cells that stained positive for pimonidazole compared with control animals given an enteral diet without ethanol. Quantitative image-analysis of pimonidazole binding showed that 4 weeks of ethanol administration nearly doubled the pimonidazole-positive area in tissue. Ethanol also increased pimonidazole binding significantly at 7 days, long before inflammation and necrosis could be detected. These results indicate that chronic ethanol causes hypoxia at the cellular level in rat liver in vivo and lend support to the hypothesis that hypoxia is involved in mechanisms of early alcoholic liver injury.
Increased Vulnerability to Nicotine Self-Administration and Relapse in Alcohol-Naive Offspring of Rats Selectively Bred for High Alcohol Intake

The prevalence of smoking in human alcoholics is substantially higher than in the general population, and results from twin studies suggest that a shared genetic vulnerability underlies alcohol and nicotine addiction. Here, we directly tested this hypothesis by examining nicotine-taking behavior in alcohol-naive offspring of alcohol-preferring (P) rats and alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) rats that had been selectively bred for high and low alcohol intake. The self-administration of intravenous nicotine (0.015–0.060 mg/kg per infusion) in P rats was more than twice than that of NP rats. Nicotine seeking induced by reexposure to nicotine cues in extinction tests was also substantially greater in P rats than in NP rats. In a subsequent relapse test, priming nicotine injections reinstated drug seeking in P rats but not NP rats. P rats also self-administered higher amounts of oral sucrose (1–20%) than NP rats, a finding consistent with previous reports. In contrast, self-administration of intravenous cocaine (0.1875–1.125 mg/kg per infusion) was remarkably similar in the P and NP rats; however, P–NP differences in cocaine seeking emerged in subsequent extinction and cocaine priming-induced reinstatement tests. In both cases, lever responding was higher in P rats than in NP rats. Thus, alcohol-naive offspring of rats genetically selected for high alcohol intake are highly susceptible to nicotine self-administration and relapse, and this susceptibility is not likely caused by general reward deficits in NP rats. The present findings provide experimental evidence for the hypothesis that a shared genetic determinant accounts for the co-abuse of nicotine and alcohol.
Measuring the Measures A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Measures of Outgroup Homogeneity

We meta-analytically synthesized the intergroup variability literature (177 effect sizes, from 173 independent samples, and 12,078 participants) to test the potential moderating effect of 11 measures of perceived variability. Aggregating across the measures, we detected a small but reliable tendency to perceive more variability among ingroup than outgroup members and such outgroup homogeneity was stronger among non-minimal than minimal groups. Furthermore, analyses that distinguished among the 11 measures revealed systematic discrepancies among the patterns of perception detected by those measures. Those systematic discrepancies further varied across social contexts defined by relative group status, with some measures yielding ingroup homogeneity and others outgroup homogeneity. We discuss the possibility that the measures of variability require different mental activities that interact with contextually induced cognitive and motivational processes to yield disparate intergroup perceptions.
Computer instruction in handwriting, spelling, and composing for students with specific learning disabilities in grades 4-9

Effectiveness of iPad computerized writing instruction was evaluated for 4th-9th graders (n?=?35) with diagnosed specific learning disabilities (SLDs) affecting writing: dysgraphia (impaired handwriting), dyslexia (impaired spelling), and oral and written language learning disability (OWL LD) (impaired syntax composing). Each of the 18 two-hour lessons had multiple learning activities aimed at improving subword- (handwriting), word- (spelling), and syntax- (sentence composing) level language skills by engaging all four language systems (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) to create a functional writing system. To evaluate treatment effectiveness, normed measures of handwriting, spelling, and composing were used with the exception of one non-normed alphabet writing task. Results showed that the sample as a whole improved significantly from pretest to posttest in three handwriting measures, four spelling measures, and both written and oral syntax construction measures. All but oral syntax was evaluated with pen and paper tasks, showing that the computer writing instruction transferred to better writing with pen and paper. Performance on learning activities during instruction correlated with writing outcomes; and individual students tended to improve in the impaired skill associated with their diagnosis. Thus, although computers are often used in upper elementary school and middle school in the United States (US) for accommodations (alternatives to pen and paper) for students with persisting SLDs affecting writing, this study shows computers can also be used for Tier 3 instruction to improve the writing skills of students in grades 4-9 with history of persisting writing disabilities. Students with specific writing disabilities respond to computer writing lessons.Computers can be used not only for accommodations but also for teaching writing.Grade 4-9 students with dysgraphia improved in handwriting.Grade 4-9 students with dyslexia improved in spelling.Grade 4-9 students with oral syntax disability improved in that skill.
Nuclear level repulsion and order vs. chaos

Abstract A statistical analysis of the distribution of level spacings for states with the same angular momentum and parity is described in which the average spacing is calculated for the total ensemble of states of given I π in even-even, odd-even, or even-odd nuclei. Though the resulting distribution of level spacings for states of deformed nuclei with Z = 62−75 and A = 155−185 is the closest to that of a Poisson distribution yet obtained for nuclear levels, significant deviations are observed for small level spacings. Such deviations are observed independent of spin, parity, nuclear type (even-even, even-odd, or odd-even), and intrinsic nuclear excitation. Many, but not all, of the very closely-spaced levels have K -values differing by several units.
Vibrational Spectrum and Thermochemistry of the Formyl (HCO) Radical: A Variational Study by the Coupled Cluster CCSD(T) Method with Complete Basis Set Extrapolation

The potential energy surface for the ground state of HCO was obtained with 133 single-point energies calculated with use of the augmented correlation-consistent polarized basis sets of triple-, quadruple-, and quintuple-ζ quality and extrapolated then to the complete basis set level. Calculations are at the coupled-cluster singles and doubles level augmented by a perturbative correction for connected triple excitations CCSD(T). The relativistic and core−valence corrections were taken into consideration. A variational calculation of the HCO vibrational spectrum was performed in a basis of products of the eigenfunctions of harmonic oscillators expressed through Hermite polynomials. Infrared intensities of the lowest excitations were evaluated through calculations of matrix elements of the dipole moment for the relevant transitions. The expectation values of the structural and rotational parameters of HCO were computed. Values of Cp°, S°, and (HT° − H0°) are presented for temperatures up to 2000 K.