cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The women’s same-sex forum and African women’s life history project of sex and secrecy: The 4th conference of the International Association for the Study of Sexuality, Culture, and Society

The 4th Conference of the International Association for the Study of Sexuality, Culture and Society (IASSCS), Sex and Secrecy, was held June 2225, 2003, in Johannesburg, South Africa. IASSCS is a relatively new interdisciplinary association organized in 1997 with an explicit focus on the intersections of sexuality, culture, health, and society. As noted on the conference’s current website (http://wiserweb.wits.ac .za/conf2003), the impetus behind the creation of IASSCS was the perceived need to address the fragmentation of studies in sexuality and to provide a forum for expanding and developing sexuality as a legitimate area of scholarship. The organization is both academic and policy oriented, and has developed a strong international network of NGOs, funding organizations, and scholars. Organized around the theme of “Sex and Secrecy,” the conference generated presentations on a wide range of topics, from the politics of sexuality, sexuality and HIV/AIDS, histories of sexuality and prejudice, religion and sexuality, to gender-based violence. In addition to the many excellent presentations on these topics, two forums specifically addressed lesbian sexualities, the Women’s Same-Sex Forum and the African Women’s Life History Project. Since the 1st international meeting of IASSCS, Saskia Wieringa, a Dutch anthropologist, feminist, and activist—and the new president of IASSCS—initiated and organized a women’s same-sex forum to ensure that lesbian voices are represented in the association and at the conferences. The forum consists of a set of panels oriented to topics addressing lesbian identities, sexualities, and health practices. Papers presented in the women’s same-sex forum in Melbourne, Australia (2001) specifically focused on lesbian and female transgender practices in Asia. With the addition of relevant papers from the Johannesburg forum, these papers will be published in a volume edited by Saskia Wieringa, Abha Bhaiya, and Evelyn Blackwood. One of the difficulties in organizing these sessions has been the problem of getting lesbian activist organizers to attend and present papers at the conferences. Since part of the mission of IASSCS is to create a dialogue between academics, practitioners, and activists, forum organizers felt it was important to incorporate lesbian activists who are working on the front lines in their countries to gain visibility and acceptance for lesbians. With the designation of Johannesburg as the site of the 4th conference, Saskia Wieringa collaborated with Ruth Morgan of Gay and Lesbian Archives of South Africa (GALA) to develop an innovative approach that would encourage lesbian activists in Africa both in their research and activism. With funding from HIVOS, the Humanist Institute for Co-operation with Developing Countries (www.hivos.nl), they created the African Women’s Life
Solving the Drug Problem: A Public Health Approach to the Reduction of the Use and Abuse of Both Legal and Illegal Recreational Drugs

. 189. Terris, supra 106, at 2077. The lowest period was between 1942 and 1950. Since then there has been a slight increase in these deaths. Id. 27 Jonas: Solving the Drug Problem: A Public Health Approach to the Reducti Published by Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law, 1990
Evaluating the Freeze-Thaw Durability of Portland Cement-Stabilized-Solidified Heavy Metal Waste Using Acoustic Measurements

The use of stress wave propagation to assess freeze-thaw resistance of portland cement solidified/stabilized waste is presented. The stress wave technique is sensitive to the internal structure of the specimens and would detect structural deterioration independent of weight loss or visual observations. The freeze-thaw resistance of a cement-solidified cadmium waste and a control was evaluated. The control and cadmium wastes both showed poor freeze-thaw resistance. However, the addition of cadmium and seawater curing increased the resistance to more cycles of freezing and thawing. This is attributed to microstructural changes.
Bioreversible Protein Labeling For Cellular Delivery

A growing number of potential chemotherapeutic agents are proteins. A major challenge to the use of proteins as intracellular drugs is their traversal of the negatively charged glycocalyx and cell membrane. Many methods have been developed over the past several decades to try to overcome this obstacle, including liposome carriers, various polymers, cell-penetrating peptides, and changes to the protein itself. All of these methods have downsides, including cytotoxicity, low delivery yields, and irreversible changes to the proteins. Here, we present two complementary methods of bioreversible protein modification that endow cell permeability, and we demonstrate their efficacy using the green fluorescent protein (GFP). The first method labels lysine residues with a module that combines the trimethyl lock scaffold to enable bioreversibility in the presence of cellular esterases, and a boronic acid moiety to promote cellular entry by increasing contact with the glycocalyx. This modification enables cellular upt...
Phenomenology of magnetospheric radio emissions

Jupiter has now been observed over 24 octaves of the radio spectrum, from about 0.01 MHz to 300,000 MHz. Its radio emissions fill the entire spectral region where interplanetary electromagnetic propagation is possible at wavelengths longer than infrared. Three distinct types of radiation are responsible for this radio spectrum. Thermal emission from the atmosphere accounts for virtually all the radiation at the high frequency end. Synchrotron emission from the trapped high-energy particle belt deep within the inner magnetosphere is the dominant spectral component from about 4000 to 40 MHz. The third class of radiation consists of several distinct components of sporadic low frequency emission below 40 MHz. The decimeter wavelength emission is considered, taking into account the discovery of synchrotron emission, radiation by high-energy electrons in a magnetic field, and the present status of Jovian synchrotron phenomenology. Attention is also given to the decameter and hectometer wavelength emission, and emissions at kilometric wavelengths.
Coolfarming – Lessons from the Beehive to Increase Organizational Creativity

This paper introduces Collaborative Innovation Networks as an engine for self-organizing disruptive innovation. It is illustrated by the metaphor of the bee swarm through four lessons from the beehive: “centralized leadership – rotating leaders – waggle dance – attraction pheromone” as key principles for managing self-organizing teams of creators. In combination with applying social network analysis through knowledge flow optimization, managers get a powerful new tool to radically increase creativity and performance of their organizations. Among many well-known examples (LEGO Mindstorms, Apple, Wikipedia), the paper also introduces an extensive case study in health are, the C3N project which creates Collaborative Care Networks for patients of chronic diseases.
Introduction to Factory Models

An analytical approach to the modeling and analysis of manufacturing and production systems is the cornerstone of the ability to quickly evaluate alternatives (called rapid scenario analysis) and is the emphasis of the material in this textbook. Pertinent factors must be identified while secondary factors will generally be ignored. Starting with extremely simple models (essentially single machine/resource models), the necessary mechanics and concepts needed to model these situations are developed. Then more complex models are developed by connecting simple models into networks of workstations with the appropriate interconnections.
Cell surface molecules containing N-acetylgalactosamine are associated with basket cells and neurogliaform cells in cat visual cortex

In the cerebral cortex, the plant lectin Vicia villosa (VVA) selectively stains the surfaces of nonpyramidal neurons. This lectin binds specifically to alpha- and beta-linked N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNac). VVA-reactive carbohydrate is highly concentrated in layer 4 of the primary visual cortex of the cat, where it is associated exclusively with GABAergic local circuit neurons. We have studied this neuronal subset with intracellular electrophysiological recording and dye marking to identify the particular cell types expressing surface GalNac. Five different types of local circuit neurons were stained intracellularly (N = 45), but only 2 types, the columnar basket and large neurogliaform cells, were also labeled by the lectin (N = 19/45). Lectin negative types included small basket, chandelier, and large bitufted cells (26/45). Spiny stellate and pyramidal neurons were also lectin negative. Electrophysiological recordings revealed differences in the duration of action potentials in smooth versus spiny stellates but no differences between lectin-positive or -negative types. A biochemical analysis of cortical glycoproteins by SDS-PAGE and lectin blotting revealed multiple bands containing GalNac enriched in membrane fractions. These carbohydrate-containing molecules may be part of a biochemical mechanism for linking together cells with common functional properties.
The Global Water and Sanitation Scandal: A Challenge for Lasallian Universities

The author describes how research is changing what we know and are able to do about water-borne illnesses that remain devastating forces undermining life and human dignity in many parts of the world. He draws connections between the Lasallian educational mission and the persistent inequality in global access to safe water and sanitation, then encourages Lasallian universities to acquaint themselves with and commit resources to addressing this issue in teaching and research agendas.
Hepatitis C virus infection in USA: an estimate of true prevalence

The recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) sampled only the civilian, non-institutionalized population of USA and may have underestimated the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in this country. We searched the database MEDLINE, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, Center for Medicare and Medicaid and individual states Department of Corrections for all epidemiological studies regarding the prevalence of HCV in populations not sampled by the NHANES survey namely the incarcerated, homeless, nursing home residents, hospitalized and those on active military duty. Because of their relatively low frequency in the NHANES sample, we also expanded our search to include healthcare workers and long-term dialysis patients. Although included in the NHANES sample, we also performed searches on drug users (injection and non-injection) and veterans to confirm the findings of the NHANES study. Based on the prevalence of studies identified meeting our inclusion criteria, our most conservative estimates state that there at least 142 761 homeless persons, 372 754 incarcerated persons and 6805 persons on active military duty unaccounted for in the NHANES survey. While the NHANES estimates of drug users (both injection and non-injection) appear to be reasonable, the survey seems to have underestimated the number of HCV-positive veterans. Our most conservative estimates suggest that there are at least 5.2 million persons living with HCV in USA today, approximately 1.9 million of whom were unaccounted for in the NHANES survey.
Abstract 17445: Transmurally Differentiated Measurements of Myocardial ATP Hydrolysis Rate in Vivo

Difficulty in measuring myocardial Pi has been a major barrier in elucidating the speculation that decreased reserve of myocardial ATP turnover rate contributes to the progression of LV, a subject still of much debate. Recently, a novel method of extracting the ATP hydrolysis rate forgoing Pi measurement was introduced (Xiong et al, Circ 2013). This study is an extension to compare the transmural distribution of forward creatine kinase (CK) reaction (kPCr→ATP) and ATP turnover rate (kATP→Pi) in the LV myocardium of normal swine (N = 10). Bioenergetics was measured utilizing one-dimension chemical shift imaging (1D-CSI) magnetic resonance 31P spectroscopy (MRS) at 9.4T. Three sets of magnetization saturation (MST) measurements; 1D-CSI, 1D-CSI with ATP saturation and 1D-CSI with PCr-Pi double saturation (FOV 4cm, nPE = 17, nt = 12), were acquired. The kPCr→ATP and kATP→Pi of the epi and endo layers are given by: kPCr→ATP = (Mc,PCr/Ms,PCr - 1)/T1,PCrnom kATP→Pi = (Mc,ATP/Ms,ATP - 1)/T1,ATPnom - Mo,ATP/Mo,ATP...
School Disorder, School Connectedness, and Psychosocial Outcomes: Moderation by a Supportive Figure in the School:

The current study examined whether students’ perceptions of school disorder influenced their psychosocial outcomes directly and indirectly via connectedness to school. The current study also explored moderation by the presence of a supportive figure in the school and investigated gender differences. Participants were 28,104 high school students. Results indicated that students’ perceptions of school disorder predicted more externalizing behaviors and internalizing symptoms directly and indirectly via reduced connectedness to school. Perceived school disorder also indirectly predicted lower academic grades. The presence of a supportive figure in the school lessened the detrimental influence of school disorder on student outcomes. Results also indicated that male students may stand to benefit more from the protective influence of a supportive figure in the school.
Guidelines of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network on the Use of Myeloid Growth Factors with Cancer Chemotherapy: A Review of the Evidence

The prophylactic use of myeloid growth factors reduces the risk of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and its complications, including febrile neutropenia and infection-related mortality. Perhaps most importantly, the prophylactic use of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) has been shown to reduce the need for chemotherapy dose reductions and delays that may limit chemotherapy dose intensity, thereby increasing the potential for prolonged disease-free and overall survival in the curative setting. National surveys have shown that the majority of patients with potentially curable breast cancer or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) do not receive prophylactic CSF support. In this issue, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network presents guidelines for the use of myeloid growth factors in patients with cancer. These guidelines recommend a balanced clinical evaluation of the potential benefits and harms associated with chemotherapy to define the treatment intention, followed by a careful assessment of the individual patient's risk for febrile neutropenia and its complications. The decision to use prophylactic CSFs is then based on the patient's risk and potential benefit from such treatment. The routine prophylactic use of CSFs in patients receiving systemic chemotherapy is recommended in patients at high risk (>20%) of developing febrile neutropenia or related complications that may compromise treatment. Where compelling clinical indications are absent, the potential for CSF prophylaxis to reduce or offset costs by preventing hospitalization for FN should be considered. The clinical, economic, and quality of life data in support of these recommendations are reviewed, and important areas of ongoing research are highlighted.
Time and Postmodernism

In this essay we discuss changes in the cultural meaning and significance of time in postmodernism. We begin by examining the experience of time and space in the Middle Ages and its radical alteration following the Renaissance. After a relatively brief period of optimism during the Enlightenment regarding the scientific control over time and space, a new crisis beginning in the mid-nineteenth century emphasized the increasing disjuncture between external, objective notions of time and the way time was experienced subjectively. We argue that the current literature on time and post-modernity is best understood in this context, where earlier disequilibriating effects brought about by modern technologies are exacerbated by new developments in transportation and communications technology. Here we discuss the particular effects on topics of interest to social scientists such as changes in notions of personal identity and the effacement of historical time. We conclude with a call for more empirically grounded work on questions concerning time in postmodernism. We lament the paucity of concrete data as well as the excess of useless polemics and recommend several researchers already conducting work in this field.
Proteomic characterization of metabolites, protein adducts, and biliary proteins in rats exposed to 1,1-dichloroethylene or diclofenac.

A proteome profiling approach was used to compare effects of two toxicants, 1,1-dicloroethylene (DCE) and diclofenac, which covalently adduct hepatic proteins. Bile was examined as a potential source of protein alterations since both toxicants target the hepatic biliary canaliculus. Bile was collected before and after toxicant treatment. Biliary proteins were separated by one-dimensional SDS−PAGE and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) with data-dependent scanning. Comprehensive analysis of biliary proteins was performed by using SEQUEST and BLAST database searching, in combination with de novo interpretation. Bile not subjected to tryptic digestion was analyzed for DCE metabolites. DCE treatment resulted in a marked increase in the overall number of biliary proteins, whereas few changes in the proteomic profile were apparent in bile after diclofenac treatment. This is consonant with prior observations of more profound effects of DCE on canalicular membrane integrity. LC-...
From enzyme to transport and back to enzyme--insulin action over forty years.

I entered the insulin action field after the hexokinase fiasco in the Cori laboratory. Insulin, added to tissue extracts, supposedly overcame or “deinhibited” hexokinase activity previously inhibited by pituitary extracts or adrenal steroids. This duplicated at the enzyme or hexokinase level the effect of pituitary or adrenal ablation to ameliorate the diabetes of pancreatectomy so elegantly demonstrated by Houssay, Long, and others. The fraudulent nature of some of the enzyme experiments soon became known. Rachmiel Levine further decimated the hexokinase theory of insulin action with logic and with experiment. He demonstrated, using the eviscerate dog model, that nonutilizable hexoses such as galactose increased in concentration in intracellular water with insulin action. This proved an earlier hypothesis, that insulin increased glucose entry via transport prior to hexokinase action inside the cell. These findings were hotly debated when I was a student in the Cori laboratory, but were soon confirmed by ...
Comparison of phosphorus forms in wet and dried animal manures by solution phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and enzymatic hydrolysis

Both enzymatic hydrolysis and solution (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have been used to characterize P compounds in animal manures. In this study, we comparatively investigated P forms in 0.25 M NaOH/0.05 M EDTA extracts of dairy and poultry manures by the two methods. For the dairy manure, enzymatic hydrolysis revealed that the majority of extracted P was inorganic P (56%), with 10% phytate-like P, 9% simple monoester P, 6% polynucleotide-like P, and 18% non-hydrolyzable P. Similar results were obtained by NMR spectroscopy, which showed that inorganic P was the major P fraction (64-73%), followed by 6% phytic acid, 14 to 22% other monoesters, and 7% phosphodiesters. In the poultry manure, enzymatic hydrolysis showed that inorganic P was the largest fraction (71%), followed by 15% phytate-like P and 1% other monoesters, and 3% polynucleotide-like P. NMR spectroscopy revealed that orthophosphate was 51 to 63% of extracted P, phytic acid 24 to 33%, other phosphomonoesters 6 to 12%, and phospholipids and DNA 2% each. Drying process increased orthophosphate (8.4% of total P) in dairy manure, but decreased orthophosphate (13.3% of total P) in poultry manure, suggesting that drying treatment caused the hydrolysis of some organic P to orthophosphate in dairy manure, but less recovery of orthophosphate in poultry manure. Comparison of these data indicates that the distribution patterns of major P forms in animal manure determined by the two methods were similar. Researchers can utilize the method that best fits their specific research goals or use both methods to obtain a full spectrum of manure P characterization.
Political Parties: When Do They Turn to Terror?:

The purpose of this article is to explain the creation of terrorist organizations by political parties. Extant literature argues that institutional structural constraints, such as electoral systems, are more likely to lead political parties to create terrorist organizations. However, this article hypothesizes that party ideology is also an important factor that explains the creation of terrorist organizations by political parties. Using a Poisson random effect model for panel data on twenty-eight countries between 1965 and 2003, this article shows that party ideology is positively correlated with the formation of terrorist organizations even after controlling for institutional structural constraints. The implication of these findings is important for policy makers eager to create stable polities.
Laser Radar Array Used For Improving Image Analysis Algorithms

In this paper we report on a system that incorporates laser ranging data with reflectance data for improved performance in an object recognition task. A new laser diode-based radar array developed at Perkin-Elmer provides simultaneous coherent ranging and velocimetry data for multiple points in an image scene. The device consists of simple optics and non-mechanical components and is compact and simple to use. While the hardware expansion to higher density laser diode arrays continues, we have designed parallel signal processing algorithms to process the raw data for image analysis applications. We discuss how this information is used to improve the performance of a model-based object recognition system. The results of this research have immediate application to robotics vision and space docking systems, and longer term application in terrain mapping and image scene analysis as the signal performance is improved.
Evolution and implications of genome rearrangements in ciliates

We are exploring genome evolution in diverse ciliates to assess whether patterns of protein evolution correspond to the presence of genome duality, and to levels of genome rearrangements among ciliates. Ciliate genomes contain an estimated 25,000–35,000 genes, a number higher than that of other characterized microbial eukaryotes and on a similar scale to that of humans and Arabidopsis thaliana. We have previously hypothesized that the divergence among ciliate proteins, and the accumulation of paralogs within ciliate taxa, is due to differential selection on the functional macronucleus and the transcriptionally inactive micronucleus. To assess this hypothesis, we are expanding our analyses of protein-coding gene sequences to compare the fate of proteins in ciliates to that of other eukaryotes, and to test whether the most divergent ciliate proteins are found in ciliates with extensively processed genomes. These analyses, combined with a phylogenetic perspective that reveals multiple origins of extensive fragmentation in ciliates, provide a possible explanation for the large genome size and diversity of proteins in ciliates.
Magnitude of late effects of breast cancer treatments on shoulder function: a systematic review

Late effects of treatment for breast cancer on shoulder function have been documented by a number of investigators; however, many studies include only prevalence data. When comparisons are provided that assess differences between treatment groups, only P-values without magnitudes of effect are often reported. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify literature that could be used to examine the magnitude of late effects of breast cancer treatments on shoulder function with a particular focus on axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and on radiotherapy. A comprehensive search of online databases was performed for research papers published between 1980 and 2008 that provided comparison data between treatment groups, between the affected and unaffected side of individuals, or between pre-operative and subsequent assessments 12 months or more after diagnosis of breast cancer. Papers that met inclusion criteria were reviewed using a methodological checklist. Standardized effect sizes were computed for continuous data; odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were computed for dichotomous data if not already available. Twenty-two papers met the inclusion criteria. With a few exceptions, most analyses showed excess shoulder morbidity with breast cancer treatment, ALND, or radiotherapy. Although effect sizes varied, moderate to large effects predominated across the different outcomes. There is sufficient evidence of late effects of ALND or radiotherapy post-breast cancer to warrant careful attention to shoulder function across time in individuals who have had breast cancer. Implications for future shoulder dysfunction are discussed.
Fermionic symmetries: Extension of the two to one relationship between the spectra of even-even and neighboring odd mass nuclei

In the single j shell there is a two to one relationship between the spectra of certain even-even and neighboring odd mass nuclei; e.g., the calculated energy levels of ${J=0}^{+}$ states in ${}^{44}\mathrm{Ti}$ are at twice the energies of corresponding levels in ${}^{43}\mathrm{Ti}{(}^{43}\mathrm{Sc})$ with $J=j=7/2.$ Here an approximate extension of the relationship is made by adopting a truncated seniority scheme; i.e., for ${}^{46}\mathrm{Ti}$ and ${}^{45}\mathrm{Sc}$ we get the relationship if we do not allow the seniority $v=4$ states to mix with the $v=0$ and $v=2$ states. Better than that, we get very close to the two to one relationship if seniority $v=4$ states are admixed perturbatively. In addition, it is shown that for the $J=0 T=3$ state in ${}^{46}\mathrm{Ti}$ and for the $J=j T=5/2$ state in ${}^{45}\mathrm{Sc}$ (i.e., the states of higher isospin) there are no admixtures in which the neutrons have seniority 4.
The Circularity of Secularity: The Sacred and the Secular in Some Contemporary Post-Holocaust Identity Narratives

This article explores some of the methodological and theoretical critiques concerning the meaning and measure of secularity and religiosity in contemporary Jewish identity research and compares them to critiques of secularization theory. Data from an ongoing study of contemporary post-Holocaust identity narratives of seventy American and twenty Israeli young adults between the ages of twenty and thirty are used as descriptive examples of the fluid and creative ways in which secularity and religiosity are invented and reinvented. These data offer glimpses of the ways in which young people reposition themselves within the institutional and linguistic spaces of the secular and the sacred. For many, their concerns begin with their own particular Jewishness and then often circle back to a “secular” and/or more universal expression of that particularity.
Differential inhibition of anthocyanin synthesis in etiolated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) mesocotyls by rotomeric 2-halo-N-methyl-N-phenylacetamides

Abstract Stable rotomeric forms of 2-iodo- and 2-bromo- N -methyl- N -phenylacetamides were compared in their inhibitory activity against anthocyanin synthesis. Rotomers known to readily undergo nucleophilic substitution, designated the cis or minor form, were potent inhibitors of anthocyanin synthesis, whereas their relatively nonreactive counterparts, the trans or major rotomers, were inactive as anthocyanin inhibitors. I 50 estimations for inhibition of anthocyanin synthesis for the cis forms of the 2-iodo- and 2-bromo- N -methyl- N -phenylacetamides were 4 and 13 μ M , respectively. Anthocyanin inhibition by a cis rotomer was neither enhanced nor prevented by the presence of a trans rotomer. These data suggest that there is a target site for cis 2-halo- N -phenylacetamide herbicides in the pathway leading to anthocyanin synthesis.
The bullionist controversy: a time-series analysis

The bullionist and antibullionist models of the Bank Restriction Period (1797–1821) represent early monetarist/nonmonetarist approaches to macroeconomics under a paper standard and floating exchange rate. In contrast to the existing literature, the competing models (plus a modern bullionist alternative) are presented as chains of causation linking individual hypotheses rather than simply as sets of individual hypotheses. For the first time, multivariate time-series analysis is used to test the models, and data are much improved over previous studies. Evidence is preponderantly, though not exclusively, in favor of the antibullionist position. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reply: Regulatory T cells—an important target for cancer immunotherapy

We appreciate very much the correspondence from Shin & Ha regarding an important role for regulatory T cells (TREG) in antitumour immunity (Regulatory T cells—an important target for cancer immunotherapy. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2013.208-c1),1 and their suggestion that this topic was somewhat neglected in our recent Review on cancer immunotherapy (Breathing new life into immunotherapy: review of melanoma, lung and kidney cancer. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 11, 24–37 [2014]).2 In their thoughtful letter, they highlight several murine and human in vitro studies suggesting that manipulation of TREG number and/or function may be an important consequence of immune checkpoint blockade. In that regard, we concur completely with their assessment that the effects of CTLA-4 blockade in regulating TREG of patients with cancer remains unclear. Whereas two recent animal studies3,4 showed that anti-CTLA-4 antibodies can deplete TREG that express relatively high levels of CTLA-4, the clinical relevance of these data is slightly undermined by the clinical observation that polymorphisms of human Fc receptors (FcRs) did not seem to correlate with the efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 in a fairly large series of patients with melanoma; such a correlation might be expected if FcR-mediated TREG depletion was the major mechanism by which this agent functions.5 In vitro studies of human T cells treated with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibodies showed a decreased expression of FOXP3 in TREG;6 however, to our knowledge these findings have not yet been replicated in vivo or in patients treated with monoclonal antibodies to PD-1 and/or PD-L1 in clinical trials. Perhaps the most important challenge in cancer immunotherapy involving TREG manipulation is that there are still no extracellular molecules absolutely specific to TREG; the vast majority of these molecules are, in fact, expressed on activated CD4 T cells as well. Furthermore, targeting TREG with antibodies directed against C-C chemokine receptor type (CCR-4)7 or even to lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein (LAG-3)8 is a viable clinical strategy; however, these approaches are in a relatively earlier stage of development compared to the immune checkpoint and vaccine regimens discussed in our Review. Nevertheless, we are in complete concurrence with Shin & Ha that a combined immunotherapy regimen—which includes specific targeting of TREG—represents a promising strategy, particularly for either advanced-stage disease or for the many tumour types that have not shown objective responses to single-agent immune checkpoint blockade.
The PEG-fluorochrome shielding approach for targeted probe design.

We provide a new approach for fluorescent probe design termed “PEG-fluorochrome shielding”, where PEGylation enhances quantum yields while blocking troublesome interactions between fluorochromes and biomolecules. To demonstrate PEG-fluorochrome shielding, fluorochrome-bearing peptide probes were synthesized, three without PEG and three with a 5 kDa PEG functional group. In vitro, PEG blocked the interactions of fluorochrome-labeled peptide probes with each other (absorption spectra, self-quenching) and reduced nonspecific interactions with cells (by FACS). In vivo, PEG blocked interactions with biomolecules that lead to probe retention (by surface fluorescence). Integrin targeting in vivo was obtained as the differential uptake of an 111In-labeled, fluorochrome-shielded, integrin-binding RGD probe and a control RAD. Using PEG to block fluorochrome-mediated interactions, rather than synthesizing de novo fluorochromes, can yield new approaches for the design of actively or passively targeted near-infrared f...
Schools' Defense of Children in America at War

To determine the effects of the Persian Gulf War on American children in schools and to assess how schools were responding to their needs, information was gathered from media observation, focus group sessions with school social work interns, a questionnaire survey of student attitudes, interviews with school staff, and group discussion with Chaldean-American students in a school social work treatment group. Schools were under pressure to defend and protect children during the war and adapted various responses depending on leadership style, organizational readiness, and community need. Children were very worried and confused about the war, but held diverse attitudes toward it, supporting previous research on children and war. School strategies of having crisis response teams ready, maintaining normalcy, and providing students with factual information were effective in the short run, but left many conflicting emotions un-resolved. Activity by' helping professionals to prevent as well as treat the trauma of ...
Makespan minimization in machine dominated flowshop

Abstract In a flowshop scheduling problem, a set of jobs is processed by a set of machines. The jobs follow the same sequence in all machines. We study the flowshop scheduling problem under a new case of machine dominance that is often found in the manufacturing of computers and electronic devices. We provide a formula for makespan value for a given sequence, show that the makespan value depends only on certain jobs in the sequence, and present an algorithm that finds a sequence with minimum makespan. Numerical examples of the solution approaches are provided.
Savings to Sustainability: Application of a Novel Approach to Delivering a Sustainable Built Environment

AbstractThis paper presents a novel finance project delivery concept, savings to sustainability (S2S), that bridges the existing gaps between energy projects implemented using alternative financing mechanisms, sustainability initiatives, and greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions. Bridging these three areas will have a synergistic effect in terms of meeting federal and other agency goals for energy, water, and GHG reduction. The most common finance project delivery method used in the federal sector to date is the energy savings performance; however, these contracts are driven by financial, rather than energy consumption or GHG, savings. The aggressive requirements pertaining to sustainability and GHG reduction goals requires an integrated and more holistic approach to retrofit and renovation projects. The S2S finance project delivery method enables existing buildings to achieve net zero carbon through a phased approach that begins with energy and water efficiency, then on-site renewable power generation, and fin...
The determination of the equilibrium structures of oxygen, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide using the ab initio and density functional theory methods

Abstract The geometries and energies of small oxygen containing molecules are studied by both the ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) methods. The RHF, MP2, and QCISD(T) ab initio methods, BHandH, BHandHLYP, BeckeSLYP, Becke3P86 DFT hybrid methods, BLYP, and the BP86 non-local DFT methods with the 3-21G∗, 6-31G(d,p), 6-311 + G(2d,2p) and 6-311 + + G(3df,3pd) basis sets were used for the computational study. The obtained results from the different methods were compared to the experimental values. The suitability of the DFT methods for reproducing experimental data were discussed.
Planetary science: Uninhabitable martian clays?

Clay minerals on Mars have been interpreted as an indication for a warm, wet early climate. A new hypothesis proposes that the minerals instead formed during brief periods of magmatic degassing, diminishing the prospects for signs of life in these settings.
ZnSe based multilayer pn junctions as efficient light emitting diodes for display applications

pn junction characteristics and LED action in ZnSe‐based multilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy is demonstrated. In particular, we show that (Zn,Cd)Se/ZnSe/Zn(S,Se) structures containing (Zn,Cd)Se quantum wells, grown on p‐type GaAs epilayers, and designed with a heavily doped n+‐ZnSe top contact layer may be appropriate for display device applications in the blue‐green portion of the spectrum.
Sampling error in US field crop unit process data for life cycle assessment

Purpose The research presented here was motivated by an interest in understanding the magnitude of sampling error in crop production unit process data developed for life cycle assessments (LCAs) of food, biofuel, and bioproduct production. More broadly, uncertainty data are placed within the context of conclusive interpretations of comparative bioproduct LCA results.
A Cross-National Study of Government Social Insurance as an Alternative to Tort Liability Compensation

Litigation rates in the United States have long been considered out of proportion with the remainder of the world, leading to a good deal of economic research trying to understand the causes. Much of that literature has focused on lawyer compensation rules and availability of general damage awards. Another possible reason for differences in national litigation rates is the relative generosity of government social programs. Using a sample of 24 countries over a 12-year period, we test the relationship between the size of government social program payments and liability costs as measured by liability insurance premiums, and find a strong negative relationship, controlling for income, accident rates, and a variety of other factors.
Escapement goals for sockeye salmon with informative prior probabilities based on habitat considerations

Abstract Managers of sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) fisheries have difficulty setting escapement goals without an extensive history of spawner-recruit observations. Part of this difficulty comes from a failure to incorporate information other than spawner-recruit observations into the process. We show how Bayesian decision theory can be used to combine habitat and subjective information with the spawner-recruit history. We offer suggestions that will improve the process of setting escapement goals by: (1) simplifying the process so that a number of reasonable models can be examined simultaneously; (2) exposing the subjective element of the analysis so that it too can be observed and criticized in a somewhat standard and fair manner; (3) promoting learning about the sockeye systems by establishing norms and searching in a standardized fashion for systems that do not behave as expected; and (4) providing a means to keep the search for optimum escapements from looking in places that experience has shown are not fruitful, or even harmful. Without reference to spawner-recruit observations, we make initial guesses at a system's Ricker parameters by studying euphotic volume and other measures, including smolt population characteristics. These guesses are translated into Bayesian prior probabilities. The prior probabilities and system-specific spawner-recruit histories are used to construct posterior probabilities for each model. The consequences of choosing an escapement goal are modeled with a loss function, and the expected losses are calculated with the posterior probabilities. The escapement goal with the lowest expected loss is recommended, regardless of which model seems to be the one most likely to be correct.
The Effects of Demand Characteristics, Evaluation Anxiety, and Expectancy on Juror Honesty During Voir Dire

ABSTRACT This study makes use of the basic experimental research on the social psychology of experiments in understanding the jury-selection process. A survey asked ex-jurors to report on their experiences during jury selection. The ex-jurors reported on the factors that influenced the honesty of their responses during voir dire. The findings were consistent with previous laboratory results, with evaluation anxiety producing the most significant changes in juror honesty. However, both evaluation anxiety and demand characteristics influenced juror behavior depending on the motives of the juror. Expectancies of judges and lawyers appeared to have little effect on the reported honesty of ex-jurors.
The solubility and diffusion coefficient of oxygen in potassium hydroxide solutions

The solubility of oxygen in aqueous KOH solutions has been measured by a Van Slyke apparatus and by an adsorption technique developed by Hildebrand. In the range of concentration of KOH between 0 and 12 N, at 25°C, the two methods yielded identical results; at 760 torr oxygen partial pressure, log S = log 1·26 × 10−3 − 0.1746 C, where 0·1746 is the solubility coefficient, S the concentration of oxygen, g-mol/l, and C the concentration of KOH, g-mol/l. Between 0° and 60°C both the solubility and the solubility coefficient decrease with increasing temperature. Diffusion coefficients of oxygen in aqueous KOH were evaluated from the limiting current of oxygen on a rotating disk electrode, and also by a stagnant tube technique similar to that used by von Stackelberg. The diffusivity drops sharply with increasing KOH concentration, and increases with temperature. At 25°C and for KOH concentrations between 2 and 4 N, the product of the diffusivity and the viscosity is constant: Dμ = 1·3 × 10−7 g.cm/s2, where D is the diffusivity, cm2/s, and μ is the viscosity in poise. At 60°C and for 1 < N KOH < 8, the value of this product is Dμ = 1·9 × 10−7 g.cm/s2.
The role of structure versus individual agency in churches' responses to HIV/AIDS: a case study of Baltimore City churches.

This paper examines the activities of churches in Baltimore, Maryland, concerning the issues of sexuality, whether they potentially stigmatize persons with or at risk for HIV/AIDS, and to what extent individual agency versus institutional forces influence churches in this regard. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 leaders from 16 churches and analyzed using a grounded theory methodology. Although many churches were involved in HIV/AIDS-related activities, the content of such initiatives was sometimes limited due to organizational constraints. Church leaders varied, however, in the extent to which they responded in accordance with or resisted these constraints, highlighting the importance of individual agency influencing churches’ responses to HIV/AIDS.
Natural History of Asthma

The severity of asthma symptoms as judged by responses to the questionnaire correlated highly with persistence of the disease. The strength of this correlation is striking as illustrated by the symptom of frequent attacks of shortness of breath with wheezing. If this symptom was present, a subsequent remission virtually never occurred. A normal FEV1, presumably indicating less severe disease, favorably influenced the prognosis. Almost half of those with active asthma and a normal initial FEV1 subsequently met the criteria of a remission. Adults considered to have exasthma frequently relapse unless they are totally free of respiratory symptoms. Adults have a greater chance of both persistence and recurrence of asthma than do children and adolescents.
Soil management impacts on soil carbon sequestration by switchgrass

Abstract Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) could have negative impacts on the environment. Producing and creating bioenergy in the form of biofuels and electricity from crops is a practical approach to reducing CO2 buildup by displacing fossil fuels and sequestering carbon (C). The use of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as an energy crop can contribute to clean burning fuels, but no studies addressing soil C sequestration as influenced by use of switchgrass as an energy crop have been conducted. Our objective was to determine the effect of different cultural practices on soil C sequestration under switchgrass. Field experiments were designed to provide differences in row spacing, nitrogen (N) rate, switchgrass cultivar, and harvest frequency on a variety of soils. Our results showed that N application, row spacing, harvest frequency, and switchgrass cultivar did not change soil organic C in the short-term (2–3 yr) after switchgrass establishment. However, after 10 yr under switchgrass soil organic C was 45 and 28% higher at depths of 0–15 and 15–30 cm, respectively, compared with fallowed soil in an adjacent area. It appears that several years of switchgrass culture will be required to realize a soil C sequestration benefit.
On the design of stabilizing compensators via semi-infinite optimization

The authors derive a modified Nyquist stability test which makes possible the use of semi-infinite optimization for the design of stabilizing compensators. The test provide a simple necessary and sufficient condition of exponential stability and is computationally well-conditioned. Computational aspects of the derived stability test are discussed and a design example is given. >
Inactivation of the putative tetracycline resistance gene HP1165 in Helicobacter pylori led to loss of inducible tetracycline resistance.

Tetracycline has been used with other antibiotics in treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. However, tetracycline resistance has developed in H. pylori clinical isolates, rendering treatment failure. Mutations in 16S rRNA genes have been reported to mediate tetracycline resistance in some isolates. The diversity of tetracycline resistance cases suggests multiple genes are involved. HP1165, a putative tetracycline resistance gene in H. pylori 26695, displays 49.8% identity to the tetracycline efflux gene tetA (P) from Clostridium perfringens. To determine the function of the HP1165 gene in H. pylori, the tetracycline resistance phenotype was investigated, transcription of HP1165 was examined by RT-PCR, and a ΔHP1165 mutant was generated by insertion of the pBCα3 plasmid. The results showed that strains harboring HP1165 were induced to intermediate level resistance in the laboratory (minimum inhibitory concentration=4–6 μg/ml). No mutation was found at or near the tetracycline binding sites of the 16S rRNA gene. The gene was transcribed both in the induced tetracycline resistant and wild type strains, indicating translational or posttranslational control of gene function. Mutation of HP1165 gene resulted in increased tetracycline susceptibility and loss of inducible tetracycline resistance, suggesting that the HP1165 gene is involved in the inducible tetracycline resistance in H. pylori.