cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linking geospatial information and effects of land management to edaphic properties

This study combines geospatial data and a classification scheme that uses landform elements to derive landform complexes that codify the collection of soils data at variable scale within a single field site. Our experiment was initiated in 2018 on three, 1.6 ha self-contained watersheds representing a southern tall grass prairie (STGP), a system of continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) tilled via offset disking and chisel plow (WWCT), and a minimally disturbed winter wheat system that was periodically planted to a warm season forage, typically sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor L.) (WWMT) from 1978 to 2018. A class I soil survey was conducted in 2018 by grid sampling the landscape of all watershed systems at the site. The survey indicated four distinct catena were present across all watersheds, which enabled us to utilize a split block design. This statistical approach allowed for testing of interactions among management practices, landscape position, and soil depth to obtain means and standard errors for different edaphic properties. Using a hydraulic probe, 144 random soil cores were collected to a 30 cm depth at each of the four 4.6 m by 3.8 m replicated blocks per landscape position (tread, riser, and toe) within the three watersheds. Cores were further divided into three depths (0 to 5, 5 to 15, and 15 to 30 cm). Baseline analyses included Mehlich-3, soil sulfate (SO4) and DTPA-sorbitol extractions, soil texture, bulk density, pH, total soil organic carbon (TSOC) and total soil nitrogen (TSN), particulate organic matter (POM), and nonhydrolysable C (RCAH), the resistant fraction of soil organic C. The majority of edaphic properties associated with soil classification varied with landscape position and depth. These included clay content, base saturation (calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], and potassium [K]), pH, and sulfur in the form of sulfate (SO4-S) and phosphorus (P). Carbon and N fractions varied with land use, conservation practices, and/or depth. The establishment of replicate sampling stations that account for and limit the spatial variability of edaphic properties within defined landform complexes enables researchers to more accurately quantify the effects of conservation practices and land management.
Continuous Broadband GaAs and GaN MMIC Phase Shifters

We describe the design of two broadband monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) loaded-line reflective phase shifters and their performance over the 6-12-GHz band. Lange couplers with transistor-loaded transmission-line reactive loads provide variable phase shift through reverse-bias control. A GaAs phase shifter with four diode-connected transistors in each of the two reactive loads is designed with discrete inductors to provide an increasing phase shift with frequency. A GaN reflective phase shifter uses 14 transistors in each reactive load with a goal of increasing the phase shift across the band. Measurements show continuous phase shift from 40° to 70° with less than 6-dB insertion loss over the 6-10-GHz band and from 60° to 165° with less than 8-dB insertion loss across the 8-12-GHz band for the GaAs and GaN MMICs, respectively. The power performance of the MMICs is compared in terms of large-signal S-parameters, harmonics, and IP3. The GaN phase shifter exhibits similar level of harmonic generation like the GaAs device at a 20-dB higher input power.
The Use of Sub-Mucosal Collagen in the Small Bladder Associated with Bladder Exstrophy

A small bladder plate is a common finding in the exstrophic complex. However, today it is usual practice to attempt closing at birth each exstrophic bladder encountered, even the very small ones. This principle was first emphazised by the John Hopkins’ Pediatric Urologists and later accepted by most worldwide.1
Four Building Blocks of Economic Theory

Economics is not sociology, psychology or politics, but it relies on assumptions about society, mental and emotional processes, and the political and legal environment. Until recently, however, these assumptions didn’t come from the other disciplines which take them as their fields of study; instead, they were largely inherited from the eighteenth century worldview out of which Adam Smith and his followers fashioned their early renditions of economic theory. That is to say, they reflected the prejudices of the Enlightenment in England around the time of the American revolution. They are rationalist, individualist and concerned with subduing nature for the greater benefit of civilization. In this chapter we will look carefully at several of the most important conceptual building blocks, explaining exactly how they appear in modern economics and subjecting them to critical scrutiny.
CMOS integrated optical sensor using phase detection

In this paper, we present an integrated fiber optic sensor based on a phase detection technique. The operation principle of the sensor as a xerogel based oxygen sensor has been demonstrated The integrated device includes a light emitting diode, an oxygen sensing probe and a CMOS Integrated Circuit (IC). The CMOS IC combines the LED driver circuitry, optical detector and the phase detector circuitry on a single chip. The integrated sensor provides accurate, low cost and low power detection for quantifying oxygen and for recording excited-state lifetimes ranging from nanoseconds to milliseconds.
Singularity avoidance control laws for a multiple CMG spacecraft attitude control system

This paper discusses the development of a single-gimbal control moment gyro (SGCMG) singularity avoidance steering law based on previous work involving CMG "preferred" angles. An algorithm which attempts to converge dynamically to "prefered set" is presented. Some of the problems encountered with previous algorithms, such as local extrema in CMG gain calculations and lower allowable torque bounds required by some algorithms to successfully avoid singularities are not apparent in the proposed method. Simulation results are included.
Markets and the primal-dual paradigm

The primal-dual paradigm was given by Kuhn in 1955. In the 1970's and 1980's, it yielded efficient exact algorithms for several fundamental problems in P. In the 1990's, this paradigm yielded algorithms, with good approximation factors and good running times, for several basic NP-hard optimization problems. Interestingly enough, over the last five years, this paradigm has yielded combinatorial algorithms for finding equilibria in several natural market models. This has involved extending the paradigm from its original setting of LP-duality to the enhanced setting of nonlinear convex programs and KKT conditions. In this talk, I will survey this new and exciting development and present some of its challenging open problems.
The Digital Learning Faculty Certificate Program

to assist in the training and professional development of faculty new to teaching online, sacred heart university established the Digital Learning Faculty Certificate Program. this 8-week online cohort program provides faculty with best practices for teaching online, including instructional design, effective online communication and appropriate use of technological tools. now in its third year, the Digital Learning Faculty Certificate Program has been successful in providing a mechanism to prepare faculty to better meet the challenges of teaching online.
I Recent Advances in Holography

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the recent advances in holography, which is to record the wave field on a photosensitive medium in such a degree of completeness that the entire wave can later be regenerated from this record. If the recording is carried out sufficiently well, the regenerated or reconstructed wave can be focused to produce an image of the object scene, exactly as could the original wave. It is necessary to record both the amplitude and phase of the wave field. The original motivation, the production of holograms in an electron microscope and the subsequent reconstruction with visible light, where the aberrated wave field could be compensated using the well developed means of the optician, has yet not been developed to fruition, because of technical difficulties. The production of unrivaled three-dimensional imagery is of considerable significance; the additional feat of holographically implanting depth contours on this image may result in a valuable tool in such diverse fields as machinery modeling and photographic reconnaissance.
Dishing Direct Instruction: Teachers and Parents Tell All!

This qualitative study assessed overall parent and teacher satisfaction with Direct Instruction reading for students having low incidence disabilities at an approved, private-licensed school for exceptional children in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Results of four parent and four teacher interviews coupled with document analysis disclosed inadequate teacher training in Direct Instruction methodologies, an incomplete understanding of Direct Instruction on the part of the parents interviewed, and high rates of teacher and parent satisfaction with Direct Instruction methodology for teaching reading. Secondary findings included teacher infidelity to the Direct Instruction methodology and inadequate communication concerning reading instruction between school and parents. Recommendations for enhancing the teachers’ and parents’ experience of Direct Instruction are offered based upon the findings. Keywords: Special Education, Direct Instruction, Reading Instruction, Teacher Perceptions, Parent Perceptions Dishing Direct Instruction: Teachers and Parents Tell All! Direct Instruction has long been hailed as a viable method for providing reading instruction to students having disabilities. While a large number studies conducted to test the efficacy of this approach have been done with students having high incidence disabilities, a relatively few have been conducted with students having low incidence disabilities. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 defines low incidence disabilities as “a visual or hearing impairment, or simultaneous visual and hearing impairments; a significant cognitive impairment; or any impairment for which a small number of personnel with highly specialized skills and knowledge are needed in order for children with that impairment to receive early intervention services or a free appropriate public education” (20 U.S.C. 1462 § 662(c)(3)). With the inclusion of students having low incidence disabilities in high stakes statewide testing programs, additional emphasis has been placed on identifying instructional methodologies that produce results with this population. As a classroom teacher of students having low incidence disabilities, I used a Direct Instruction program to teach beginning decoding skills to my students. I have been most satisfied with the results obtained through this approach to reading instruction. In fact, perhaps it works too well in some cases. I modeled the title of this paper after a tabloid headline because one of the parents participating in the study reported that her son, after participating in a Direct Instruction reading program, has now taken to reading the headlines of the tabloids when they are waiting in line at the grocery store. While I believe that Direct Instruction works with students having low incidence disabilities, I wonder how other teachers perceive the program and how parents of students taught using this methodology perceive the program. Therefore, I conducted this qualitative study to answer the following research questions:
Receptor tyrosine kinase cross talk affects tumor cell sensitivity to RTK inhibitors

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA LB-198 Oncogene addiction is defined as thedependence of a given neoplasm on a single oncogenic pathway for itssustained growth and survival. This phenomenon may be best illustrated by the success of targeting genetically altered receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in selected cancers. To further understand mechanisms underlying Oncogene Addiction, selective c-Met (PF-4254644) and EGFR (erlotinib) inhibitors were used to study RTK cross-talk (heterodimerization) and downstream signaling. In this report, phosphorylation events were assessed by a phosphotyrosine sandwich ELISA under non-denaturing conditions under which RTK-signaling complexes were captured. In Met highly amplified GTL-16 gastric carcinoma cells, PF-4254644 inhibited not only c-Met phosphorylation (IC50 = 8 nM) but also other co-activated RTKs (i.e. Her1-3, RON, Mer, IGF1R, EphA2, Tie2, TrkA and Ret (4 - 16 nM) in cells and xenograft tumors. Complete inhibition of GTL-16 cell or xenograft growth was observed over a comparable range of concentrations and was accompanied by apoptosis and inhibition of downstream AKT/S6K activities. PF-4254644 did not inhibit any of the co-activated RTKs in engineered NIH3T3 cell or enzyme assays indicating no direct inhibition of the aforementioned RTKs. In contrast, erlotinib lost activity against EGFR phosphorylation (> 2 µM) in GTL-16 cells and no growth inhibition was observed. Stimulating the cells with EGF did not restore erlotinib inhibition of EGFR. In EGFR amplified A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells, erlotinib inhibited EGFR (23 nM) and the activities of co-activated Her2-3 and IGF1R as well as downstream AKT signaling in serum starved conditions resulting in tumor growth inhibition. EGF stimulation activated multiple RTKs in A431 cells and erlotinib suppressed the phosphorylation of most of these RTKs (i.e. c-Met, Ron, EGFR, Her3, FGFR3, IGF1R, M-CSFR and TrkA; 4 - 27 nM). In contrast, stimulating A431 cells with HGF or MSP markedly shifted erlotinib potency for inhibiting EGFR (174 nM), Met, Ron and Her3 (each > 2 µM) activities and resulted in loss of AKT inhibition. Similarly, PF-04254644 potently (4 nM) and completely inhibited c-Met in HGF-treated A431 cells but only partially inhibited c-Met phosphorylation (40%) in EGF-treated cells. This pattern of RTK potency shift with the c-Met or EGFR inhibitors was also observed in a panel of tumor cell lines. Collectively, these data suggest that A) RTK cross-talk is common among RTKs in selected tumor lines, B) amplified c-Met or EGFR can act as dominant trans-activators of other RTKs and inhibiting this dominant trans-activator may completely block RTK signaling resulting in tumor cell stasis and apoptosis, C) presence of RTK ligands can shift the pattern of RTK complex formation as well as potency of RTK inhibitors. These results provide insight towards RTK net working and tumor cell sensitivity to RTK inhibitors under selected conditions including RTK pathway dependence.
Tiggrin, a novel Drosophila extracellular matrix protein that functions as a ligand for Drosophila alpha PS2 beta PS integrins

Genetic and other studies of Drosophila integrins have implicated these extracellular matrix receptors in various morphogenetic events, but identification of their endogenous ligands has been elusive. We report the biochemical purification and cloning of tiggrin, a novel extracellular matrix protein from Drosophila. This 255 x 10(3) M(r) polypeptide contains the potential integrin recognition sequence Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) and 16 repeats of a novel 73-77 amino acid motif. The tiggrin gene is at chromosome locus 26D1-2 and is expressed by embryonic hemocytes and fat body cells. Tiggrin protein is detected in matrices, especially at muscle attachment sites that also strongly express integrins. Tiggrin-coated surfaces support primary embryo cell culture and provide excellent substrates for alpha PS2 beta PS integrin-mediated cell spreading. Soluble RGD-peptides inhibit this cell spreading.
RISK FOR SWITCH FROM UNIPOLAR TO BIPOLAR DISORDER IN YOUTH WITH ADHD: A LONG TERM PROSPECTIVE CONTROLLED STUDY

Abstract Background To investigate whether ADHD is a risk factor for switches from unipolar to bipolar disorder over time. Methods Data from two large controlled longitudinal family studies of boys and girls with and without ADHD and their siblings were used. Subjects ( n = 168) were followed prospectively and blindly over an average follow-up period of 7 years. Comparisons were made between youth with unipolar major depression who did and did not switch to full or subthreshold BP-I disorder at the follow-up assessment. Subjects were assessed at baseline and follow-up on multiple domains of functioning. Positive family history of parental psychiatric disorders was also compared between groups. Results ADHD was associated with a significantly higher risk for switches from unipolar to bipolar disorder (28% versus 6%; z = 2.80, p = 0.005). In subjects with ADHD, switches from unipolar to bipolar disorder were predicted by baseline comorbid conduct disorder, school behavior problems, and a positive family history of parental mood disorder. Limitations Psychosis was an exclusionary criterion in the original ascertainment of the studies of ADHD probands, so we were unable to test this as a predictor of switching to BPD. Conclusions ADHD is a risk factor for switches from unipolar to bipolar disorder, and switches could be predicted by the presence of baseline conduct disorder, school behavior problems, and a positive family history of a mood disorder in a parent. These characteristics can aid clinicians in their treatment of youth with MDD.
A Lorentz model for weak magnetic field bioeffects: part I--thermal noise is an essential component of AC/DC effects on bound ion trajectory.

We have previously employed the Lorentz–Langevin model to describe the effects of weak exogenous magnetic fields via the classical Lorentz force on a charged ion bound in a harmonic oscillator potential, in the presence of thermal noise forces. Previous analyses predicted that µT-range fields give rise to a rotation of the oscillator orientation at the Larmor frequency and bioeffects were based upon the assumption that the classical trajectory of the bound charge itself could modulate a biochemical process. Here, it is shown that the thermal component of the motion follows the Larmor trajectory. The results show that the Larmor frequency is independent of the thermal noise strength, and the motion retains the form of a coherent oscillator throughout the binding lifetime, rather than devolving into a random walk. Thermal equilibration results in a continual increase in the vibrational amplitude of the rotating oscillator towards the steady-state amplitude, but does not affect the Larmor orbit. Thus, thermal noise contributes to, rather than inhibits, the effect of the magnetic field upon reactivity. Expressions are derived for the ensemble average of position and the velocity of the thermal component of the oscillator motion. The projection of position and velocity onto a Cartesian axis measures the nonuniformity of the Larmor trajectory and is illustrated for AC and combined AC/DC magnetic fields, suggesting a means of interpreting resonance phenomena. It is noted that the specific location and height of resonances are dependent upon binding lifetime and initial AC phase. Bioelectromagnetics 30:462–475, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Paracelsus, Haber and Arndt.

Abstract After a brief overview of the contributions of Paracelsus, Haber and Arndt to the theory of toxicology, examples are provided for quantitative risk/safety assessments using dose ( c ), time ( t ) and effect ( E ) as macroscopic variables of toxicity. The discussion offers explanations for application of the decision tree approach in identifying rate-determining steps in the toxicity of chemicals. Having done so allows for reasonably accurate predictions of cancer incidence (bladder, liver, heart, histiocyte) using Haber's Product under isoeffective conditions and the equation c × t = k × E for isodosic and isotemporal responses.
How Are Payoff-Conscious CEOs Changing IT Trends?

After years of throwing more and more money into information technology, CEOs are asking, “When will this pay off?” That means important changes ahead for IT priorities. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative porosity characterization of composite materials by means of ultrasonic attenuation measurements

Ultrasonic techniques utilizing a pair of transducers in a combination of pulse-echo and through-transmission modes were developed. Two types of methods were discussed for determination of material attenuation in composites: direct or absolute methods for materials with low signal loss, and indirect or relative methods for materials with higher signal loss. In all cases, transfer functions of the transducers and specimen surfaces were taken into consideration so that the measurement system is self-calibrated. Void content was measured by means of microscopic image analysis of photomicrographs of the specimen cross-sections and a correlation of material attenuation with porosity was established.
Secure transaction management and query processing in multilevel secure database systems

In a multilevel secure database system, every data item is assigned a classification level and each user that accesses the data has a clearance level. Users can read data items that exist at a lower level and write at their own level. In such systems multilevel databases may be partitioned and stored as single-level databases. To construct a multilevel relation, repeated joins of different single level base relations are taken, thus resulting in delayed query response time. However, trying t o accelerate transactions might establish covert channels which can send high level sensitive information to low level users. This paper describes secure algorithms for both concurrency control and query processing in such systems and shows how these two techniques could be integrated together to give best performance. The data structures, needed in these algorithms, are based on bit vector techniques developed in [13], and [14]. Our method accelerates both read-only (queries) and read-write transactions in a secure and correct manner.
Hypoglycemia-induced neurogenic-type pulmonary edema: an underrecognized association.

Objective: To report a case of hypoglycemia-induced pulmonary edema and to analyze the underlying pathophysiologic processes. Methods: A case report with clinical and laboratory data is presented, and related studies from the medical literature are discussed. Results: A 23-year-old man with type 1 diabetes was brought to the emergency department because he was found unconscious at home. Despite a morning blood glucose level of 30 mg/dL, he had taken his usual dose of Lente insulin (40 U), and a period of unconsciousness of unknown duration ensued. Intravenous administration of dextrose increased his blood glucose level to 118 mg/dL, but x-ray films of the chest disclosed evidence of pulmonary edema. After 48 hours of supportive care, his respiratory signs and symptoms resolved. The pathophysiologic construct for hypoglycemia-induced pulmonary edema is thought to be the same as for neurogenic pulmonary edema, with a massive sympathetic nervous system discharge being the common denominator in both condition...
Small-Scale-Field Dynamo.

Generation of magnetic field energy, without mean field generation, is studied. Isotropic mirror-symmetric turbulence of a conducting fluid amplifies the energy of small-scale magnetic perturbations if the magnetic Reynolds number is high, and the dimensionality of space {ital d} satisfies 2.103{lt}{ital d}{lt}8.765. The result does not depend on the model of turbulence, incompressibility, and isotropy being the only requirements. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Membranous and crescentic glomerulonephritis in a patient with anti-nuclear and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

Department of Medicine, University of Chicago,Chicago, Illinois, USACASE PRESENTATIONA 49-year-old African-American female presented withacute renal failure. Her serum creatinine had increasedfrom 0.8 to 2.8 mg/dl over 11 weeks. She had a 1-monthhistory of anorexia, 20lb weight loss, nausea, and vagueabdominal discomfort. An outpatient evaluation includeda renal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging of theabdomen, which were normal. Her past medical historywas significant for a 12-year history of hypertension. Therewas no recent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug usageor radiocontrast study. Her medications included losartan100 mg daily, amlodipine 2.5 mg daily, hydrochlorothiazide25 mg daily, and potassium chloride 20 mEq daily.On physical examination, the patient appeared normal.She was afebrile with a blood pressure of 168/98mm Hg.Her physical and neurologic exam was unremarkable.There were no rashes, edema, or joint abnormalities.Laboratory evaluation showed a total leukocyte countof 7500/mm
Lay understandings of the relationship between race and genetics: Development of a collectivized knowledge through shared discourse:

Throughout the past century, research into human genetics revealed the relationships between biochemistry and various human characteristics in increasing detail. At each step of this path of discovery, social critics warned that knowledge of genetics, and especially social attention to genetics, might heighten racist attitudes. In light of these warnings and the recent sequencing of the Human Genome, it is important to inquire into the interpretations laypersons might hold of the relationship between race and genetics. A variety of recent efforts have described the insufficiency of public opinion polls for arriving at sophisticated understandings of such complex attitudinal structures. Therefore, this essay offers a sketch of some lay understandings of race and genetics in the United States based on a series of focus group sessions. In order to interpret the responses, the analysis employs a novel template for interpreting focus group research based on the theoretical concept of rhetorical formations. Thi...
Pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of bleeding after cardiac surgery: a primer for cardiologists and an update for the cardiothoracic team

Abstract Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are at increased risk for excessive perioperative blood loss requiring transfusion of blood products. The risk is dependent on the status of the patient, the type of procedure, and the duration of CPB. This brief review will summarize (1) the pathophysiology of abnormalities in the hemostatic system during CPB; (2) important pharmacologic interventions currently available to decrease blood loss, including mechanisms by which these agents lead to preservation of hemostasis during CPB; and (3) the optimal management of perioperative bleeding using point-of-care coagulation tests.
Postoperative follow-up: is a phone call enough?

Abstract Background/Purpose At our institution, patients undergoing selected operative procedures are referred to a protocol for telephone follow-up by surgical specialty nurses. Our objective was to review our experience with this protocol to determine if telephone follow-up is a safe and preferred alternative to the traditional postoperative clinic visit. Methods Records of patients followed up by telephone over 6 months were evaluated for information regarding each patient's postoperative course. Records included telephone follow-up forms, clinic notes, and emergency department records. Results A total of 563 patients underwent a total of 601 procedures. Seventy-six percent (n = 427) were successfully contacted postoperatively; 24% (n = 136) did not respond to multiple contact attempts. Forty-five requests for clinic follow-up resulted in 27 actual visits, 10 from families not satisfied with telephone contact alone. Most families contacted (382/427, 90%) were satisfied and did not request an appointment. A total of 43 postoperative clinic or emergency department evaluations resulted in 9 interventions (1.6% complication rate). Conclusion Postoperative follow-up by telephone using a structured protocol is a safe alternative to routine clinic follow-up for patients undergoing selected procedures and is preferred by patients' families.
Intersectionality as a Normative and Empirical Paradigm

In the 10 years that I have conducted intersectional research, my views have changed significantly in terms of how I conceptualize the subspecialization. Originally I thought of intersectionality as a content-based specialization that emphasized the subjectivity of women who reside at the intersections of race-, gender-, class-, and sexual orientation–based marginalizations (and other categories of difference). Thinking of it in this way, with a focus on content, follows the logic of much groundbreaking work in women's studies and women and politics scholarship. The primary pursuit of this focus is inclusion – incorporating previously ignored and excluded populations into preexisting frameworks to broaden our knowledge base regarding traditional questions of political science. For example, examining gender differences in voting behavior, party identification, candidate recruitment, and social movements has contributed critical knowledge to the discipline of political science.
Age, Differential Expectations, and Crime Desistance

We specify an individual-level model linking crime desistance to estimates of legal risk, differential expectations, degree of past success at legitimate and criminal pursuits, and age. OLS and logistic regression procedures are used to estimate the model using longitudinal data on serious, previously imprisoned offenders. As predicted, age decreases estimates of the likely payoffs from crime and legitimate employment. Contrary to predictions, age is unrelated to the perceived legal risk of renewed criminal participation. Age, past success at avoiding confinement, expectations of success from crime, and level of education are significant predictors of crime desistance. Neither the perceived legal risk of crime nor expectations of success through straight pursuits significantly predict desistance. We suggest an interpretation for these anomalous findings.
Preliminary assessment of luteolin as an affinity ligand for type II estrogen—binding sites in rat uterine nuclear extracts

Abstract Naturally occuring bioflavonoids such as luteolin compete for [ 3 H]estradiol binding to nuclear type II sites and mimic methyl-p-hydroxyphenyllactate (MeHPLA) as ligands for this cell regulatory protein. More importantly, luteolin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) contains catechol hydroxyl groups on the A and B rings that may form quinones capable of binding covalently to proteins; therefore, we evaluated luteolin as a potential affinity ligand for rat uterine nuclear type II sites. The preliminary experiments presented in this manuscript demonstrate that luteolin and a related bioflavonoid, 4,7-dihydroxyflavone (DHF), are competitive inhibitors of [ 3 H]estradiol binding to type II sites in ammonium sulfate (AmSO 4 ) extracts ofr rat uterin nuclei. This high affinity (Kd 5–10 nM) interaction is specific for type II sites, and neither compound binds to the estrogen receptor (ER). More importantly, the interaction of luteolin with nuclear type II sites was irreversible, whereas DHF readily exchanged with [ 3 H]estradiol for type II sietes in these preparations. The findings suggest that this nonexchangable occupancy of type II sites by luteolin is likely to involve covalent attactment. Spectrophotometric analysis of type II site preparations pretreated with luteolin also confirmed the [ 3 H]estradiol exchange assay data, demonstrating that the ligand attachment is irreverisble. Because luteolin did not affect [ 3 H]estradiol binding to the ER in uterine cytosol, we suspect that this bioflavonoid may not be simply randomly interacting with a multiplicity of proteins to generate covalent complexes. These preliminary findings suggest that high-affinity binding of luteolin by type II sites is prerequisite to covalent attachment and that this bioflavonoid may be a suitable affinity ligand for the purification of this protein.
Differences in neuropsychological performance associated with ethnicity in children with HIV-1 infection: preliminary findings.

This study investigated the relationship between ethnicity (African American and European American) and neuropsychological performance in two specific neuropsychological domains (language and speed of information processing) in a group of HIV-1+ children. The Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised and the Rapid Color Naming subtest of the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing were administered to 5- to 7-year-old children (n = 22) as part of a comprehensive research or clinical protocol. African American children scored lower than European American children (p < .05) on both procedures. The observed performance difference emerged despite the fact that there were no group differences in age, immunologic clinical categories, intellect, level of maternal education, or CD4+ percentage and after using stringent exclusionary criteria, including history of enrollment in special education services and the presence of other chronic medical conditions. The implications of such findings are disc...
Toxicity of nitrogen oxides and related oxidants on mycobacteria: M. tuberculosis is resistant to peroxynitrite anion.

Abstract Objective : To test the toxicity of reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI), including authentic nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), and peroxynitrite anion (ONOO − ), a potent oxidant derived from NO and superoxide anion, on various mycobacterial strains including M. tuberculosis . Design : Relatively avirulent mycobacteria including M. smegmatis and BCG, as well as the pathogenic M. Bovis Ravenel and M. tuberculosis Erdman and the clinical isolate M160 (also known as the C strain) were tested for their susceptibility to the toxic effects of NO, NO 2 , and ONOO − . Deaerated, NO–saturated solutions as well as an anaerobic in vitro system in which mycobacteria can be exposed to desired concentrations of authentic NO or NO 2 , were employed in these studies. An in vitro ONOO − killing assay was used to examine the adverse effects of this NO–derived oxidant on the various strains of mycobacteria. Results : Both NO and NO 2 exhibit antimycobacterial activity, with the former being more potent. Results obtained using ONOO − killing assay revealed that while avirulent mycobacteria including BCG and M. smegmatis are susceptible to this NO–derived oxidant, the virulent Erdman strain of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis , as well as the clinical tuberculous isolate M160, are remarkably resistant. Conclusion : These results suggest that the interactions between RNI and various species of mycobactiera could be highly specific. And since activated macrophages produce peroxynitrite, the significance of the ONOO − resistance of M. tuberculosis strains in relation to intracellular survival deserves further investigation.
Apparent ammonia-nitrogen production rates of white sturgeon (acipenser transmontanus) in commercial aquaculture systems

Abstract Ammonia production rates of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) were measured at three commercial farms in the Sacramento, California area. Mean daily ammonia-nitrogen production (RNH3) values ranged from 1.5 to 27.6 mg total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN) (kg fish)−1 h−1 for sturgeon ranging in size from 0.09 to 3.8 kg. Peak hourly average ammonia production rates were observed to occur 2–6 h after the consumption of a meal, reaching values as high as 1.4 times the mean daily values. Multiple regression analysis determined that 87% of the variations in the RNH3 values could be attributed to variations in protein ration, and the protein ration was the only variable considered which was significant in predicting the mean daily ammonia production rates.
Binary Micro Optics: An Application To Beam Steering

Agile steering of a Helium-Neon laser beam (λ = 632.8nm) has been demonstrated using a complementary pair of 5-cm-aperture diffractive microlens arrays in the Galilean telescopic geometry. Having as many as 60,000 F/5 microlenses, each with parabolic phase profile and 200-μm diameter, results in nearly aberration-free beam steering over 11° field of view for ±100 μm lateral displacements of one array relative to the other. Wavefront quality and steering efficiency of the deflected beam has been measured as a function of steering angle and is compared to a simple theoretical model.
Multimedia and human-in-the-loop: interaction as content enrichment

The current work is part of the broadband visual research program at the Institute for Information Technology (National Research Council Canada). The research program is currently focused on developing human-centered multimedia technology to support large group visual communication and collaboration. This paper outlines some conceptual foundations for the development of a human-centered multimedia research tool to capture interaction data, which could be linked to users cognitive processing. The approach is based on the notion of multimedia interaction as content enrichment and on cognitive modeling methodology.
Teaching Decision Making with Baseball Examples

Sports examples can be wonderful vehicles for teaching OR/MS concepts. Baseball is particularly well suited to teaching statistics/probability, Markov decision processes, and decision analysis. This paper details a baseball example I developed to teach fundamental decision making skills. This example has been used successfully to teach decision making to undergraduates and graduates in technical and non-technical disciplines. It has also been used effectively in industry for training new MBAs and seasoned executives.
Effects of ambient temperature on the resting metabolic rate of cold- and heat-acclimated Macaca mulatta

Abstract 1. 1. After thorough acclimation to 5, 25 or 35°C, the resting metabolic rates (RMRs), thermoneutral zones (TNZs) and norepinephrine responses at TNZ, were determined in adult Macaco mulatta . 2. 2. RMRs were measured at various temperatures between −6 and 40°C. The TNZ for all groups was between 10 and 31°C. 3. 3. The RMR in the TNZ was lowest in hot-, and highest in cold-acclimated monkeys. 4. 4. The norepinephrine response was great in the cold-acclimated, less in the control and absent in the heat-acclimated group. 5. 5. At −6 and 40°C thermoregulatory and survival abilities differ in the three groups .
Douglass Rationalization: An Evaluation of a Team Environment and a Computer-Based Task in Academic Libraries

In the contemporary library environment, the presence of the Internet and the infrastructure of the integrated library system suggest an integrated internal organization. The article describes the example of Douglass Rationalization, a team-based collaborative project to refocus the collection of Rutgers' Douglass Library, taking advantage of the networked environment and providing distributed communication allowing for the operation to be seamless. Discussion also includes the impact of technology in library operations and how the improvement of internal functionality can positively influence the libraries' ability to serve the user community.
Reducing Errors in Dosimetry Caused by Low Energy Components of Co-60 and Flash X-Ray Sources

Radiation effects testing for electronic devices is commonly performed using Co-60 sources and flash x-ray (FXR) sources. Dosimetry for such irradiation is usually done by measuring the dose in TLD's and then converting to dose in SiO/sub 2/ using energy deposition coefficients. This dosimetry method is useful because it is simple, it requires little knowledge of the source spectrum, and it requires little knowledge of the details of the source spectrum, and it requires little knowledge of the details of the device geometry. However, this method can lead to large errors for some Co-60 sources and most FXR sources because they have significant low energy components. The goal of this paper is to determine whether dosimetry can be performed using the usual method with an acceptable level of error. The authors show to what extent errors can be reduced using a filter to remove low energy components from the incident spectra. Finally, the implications of these results for dosimetry methods and standards. The approach used in this paper is to perform a series of calculations which lead to an estimate of the maximum error in the dosimetry. Further, it has been assumed that errors of up to about 30-40% aremore » acceptable for an important class of engineering problems where the attainment of better accuracy is difficult or expensive.« less
Qualitative changes in ultrasonic vocalization in rats after unilateral dopamine depletion or haloperidol: A preliminary study

The sensorimotor speech/voice deficits associated with Parkinson disease have been well documented in humans. They are largely resistant to pharmacological and surgical treatment, but respond to intensive speech therapy. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not well understood and are difficult to systematically test in humans. Thus, we turn to the rat as a model. The purpose of this study is to compare the ultrasonic vocalization (USV) of rats in three conditions: control, haloperidol-induced transient dopamine depletion, and unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced moderately-severe degeneration of dopamine neurons. It was hypothesized that both dopamine-altered conditions would lead to a change in the features of the USV acoustic signal. Results demonstrated that bandwidth decreased in the dopamine-altered rats. This is the first study to document a degradation of the acoustic signal of frequency-modulated 50-kHz calls as a result of interfering with dopamine synaptic transmission in rats. The data suggest that mild transient dopamine depletion with haloperidol or even unilateral degeneration of dopamine neurons is associated with changes in the USV acoustic signal. Dopaminergic dysfunction influences USV quality without reducing the number of calls. This study provides a foundation to examine the role of dopamine in sensorimotor processes underlying USV production and potentially to explore treatments for dopamine deficiency-related impaired vocal outcome.
Mutual repression of haploid genes in diploid yeast.

THE expression of the same genes can be studied in both haploid and diploid cells of certain yeasts. If the genes control primarily haploid mating type traits, then it is interesting to know whether these genes are expressed in the diploid which does not mate. In the agglutinative yeast, Hansenula wingei, the two haploid mating types (strains 5 and 21) produce cell surface glycoproteins which are complementary and which are responsible for the strong adhesion between cells during sexual agglutination1–3. The diploid hybrid, however, is completely non-agglutinative. This lack of agglutination in the diploid could be the result of a mutual repression of the synthesis of both complementary agglutination factors, or synthesis followed by mutual neutralization or inactivation of these glycoproteins. We have evidence that the genes controlling the haploid agglutination types are mutually repressed in the diploid.
Temporal Unfolding of Conceptual Metaphoric Experience

Conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) has become prominent in metaphor scholarship because of its explanation of the relations between people's metaphoric thoughts and their use of metaphoric discourse. Our aim in this article is to explore the temporal characteristics of how conceptual metaphors shape verbal metaphor use. We argue that cognitive linguistics and psycholinguistics mostly adopt simplistic, and psychologically implausible, views of how conceptual metaphors are activated and then constrain people's comprehension of metaphoric language. But more contemporary ideas on how cognitive processing unfolds over time in human experience provide better models of how conceptual metaphors shape verbal metaphor use. The implications of this newer vision of CMT are discussed, particularly in regard to methods for studying how conceptual metaphors support interpretation of linguistic metaphor.
Finite-time distributed consensus through graph filters

We propose a new framework for distributed computation of average consensus. The presented framework leads to a systematic design of iterative algorithms that compute the consensus exactly, are guaranteed to converge in finite time, are computationally efficient, and require no online memory. We demonstrate that our approach is applicable to a broad class of networks. For remaining networks, our framework leads to the construction of approximating algorithms for consensus that are also guaranteed to compute in finite time. Our approach is inspired by graph filters introduced by the theoretical framework of signal processing on graphs.
ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE α-KETOGLUTARIC ACID ACCUMULATING BACTERIA IN AEROBIC FERMENTATION

Eleven bacteria, which were newly isolated from soils and sewage and are capable of producing α-ketoglutaric acid with higher yields such as 40-60% to glucose supplied in aerobic fermentation, were studied from the taxonomic point of view. Precise descriptions of morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics were performed. As a result of these descriptions two bacteria were identified as Escherichia coli, three as Escherichia freundii, one as Aerobacter cloacae. However the remaining five bacteria possessed polar flagella and fermented glucose, lactose and other sugars vigorously with the production of acid and gas. After exhaustive discussion we reached the conclusion that they should be assigned to a new genus in the tribe Pseudomonadeae. Consequently we proposed a new genus Kluyvera to which they should be assigned. A description of the new genus and descriptions of two new species of the genus Kluyvera are presented.
Isolation and properties of Tn10 insertions in the rac locus of Escherichia coli

Two Tn10 insertions that are in the rac locus of the chromosome of Escherichia coli have been isolated and characterized. These insertions are located at min 29.7 and min 30.0. The insertions are stable when an F123 rac::Tn10 episome is transferred to an F-rac+ recipient, but they are lost at a high frequency when transferred to an F-rac- recipient. This latter condition has been previously, demonstrated to cause the excision of the rac locus. The Tn10 insertions are also lost at a high frequency when strains containing them are lysogenized with λ reverse. If the lysogens that have lost the Tn10 insertion are subsequently cured of λ reverse, the cells no longer contain sequences homologous with rac locus DNA. These strains were rac- when tested for recombination activation (Low 1973), and this procedure consequently provides a simple means to make isogenic rac- and rac- strains.
Political Strategy 101: How to Make Health Policy and Influence Political People

Many health policy decisions that affect how health care professionals care for their patients are made by the federal government or state and local governments. For most health care professionals, the policy-making process is a mystery. Health policy decisions made by elected and appointed officials in various branches of government are influenced by political factors often unfamiliar to the decision-making process of health care professionals. With some guidance on how to think critically about politics, health care professionals can influence the development, passage, and implementation of government-sponsored health policies that affect their patients. Based on insights gleaned from experience, accounts of the policy-making process, and political science literature, this article describes a process of gathering and analyzing political information that can aid physicians in developing a strategy that will help them influence the political agenda and their patients' care.