cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adoption of single and multiple infants by rhesus monkey mothers

Adoption was studied inMacaca mulatta. Multiparous mothers were separated from their biological offspring within hours following parturition, and 2 1/2 days later, on the average, they were offered neonates for adoption. These foster infants had been separated from their biological mothers shortly after birth and averaged 2 3/4 days old when subjected to adoption. Mothers that were offered a single neonate immediately and completely adopted the foster infant. But mothers that were offered two infants at the same time were ambivalent. Many infants were rejected initially, although with one partial exception, the mothers eventually accepted and cared for two infants. It was concluded that the macaque maternal affectional system may be biased toward accepting and nurturing one infant at a time.
Live imaging using adaptive optics with fluorescent protein guide-stars

Spatially and temporally dependent optical aberrations induced by the inhomogeneous refractive index of live samples limit the resolution of live dynamic imaging. We introduce an adaptive optical microscope with a direct wavefront sensing method using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor and fluorescent protein guide-stars for live imaging. The results of imaging Drosophila embryos demonstrate its ability to correct aberrations and achieve near diffraction limited images of medial sections of large Drosophila embryos. GFP-polo labeled centrosomes can be observed clearly after correction but cannot be observed before correction. Four dimensional time lapse images are achieved with the correction of dynamic aberrations. These studies also demonstrate that the GFP-tagged centrosome proteins, Polo and Cnn, serve as excellent biological guide-stars for adaptive optics based microscopy.
pH stat assay for guanine aminohydrolase.

Abstract A direct and continuous assay for guanine aminohydrolase has been developed that is based on the liberation of one mole of base for each mole of product formed. Direct continuous titration of the reaction at fixed pH with a standard solution of acid with a pH stat allows one to relate titration rate to rate of product formation. Production of 2 mμmoles of product in a reaction volume as low as 1 ml can be easily measured with results in good agreement with those obtained by the more commonly used procedures.
Fully automatic 3D feature-based registration of multi-modality medical images

Abstract In this paper, we present an automated multi-modality registration algorithm based on hierarchical feature extraction. The approach, which has not been used previously, can be divided into two distinct stages: feature extraction (edge detection, surface extraction), and geometric matching. Two kinds of corresponding features — edge and surface — are extracted hierarchically from various image modalities. The registration then is performed using least-squares matching of the automatically extracted features. Both the robustness and accuracy of feature extraction and geometric matching steps are evaluated using simulated and patient images. The preliminary results show the error is on the average of one voxel. We have shown the proposed 3D registration algorithm provides a simple and fast method for automatic registering of MR-to-CT and MR-to-PET image modalities. Our results are comparable to other techniques and require no user interaction.
Equal area rule and algorithm for determining phase compositions

The Maxwell equal area rule is a basic construct for determining saturated phase volumes from equations of state. The fundamental idea is that for a pure substance a horizontal line drawn through the trace of an isotherm, which equalizes the van der Waals loops area above and below the line, intersects the isotherm at the saturated volumes. Another basic construct exists for determining the phase compositions in a binary mixture by establishing the tangent line to the total Gibbs energy curve plotted against composition. We demonstrate that finding the tangent also reduces to an equal area construction for the derivative of the total Gibbs energy plotted against composition. An efficient algorithm suggested effects such equal area determinations. The trial-and-error procedure normally converges in one to three steps to the correct solution given any resonable starting guess. Implementation using modern calculators with graphics capabilities is simple and straightforward.
Effects of Age and Developmental Status of Partners on Play of Preschoolers With Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to examine how total duration of social play of preschool children with disabilities varied as a function of both chronological and developmental age of their social partners. Fifty-five 33- to 60-month-old children with mild to moderate developmental delays were observed in dyadic play situations with four different partners. Partners ranged from same age as the focal child to 23 months difference in age, and ranged in developmental status from typical to moderate delay. Results indicated that the influence of partner's developmental age on social play was different depending on the developmental age of the focal child. This interaction effect suggests that advantages accrued to preschoolers with disabilities from mixed-aged play groupings depend on the child's developmental age and those of available social partners.
Fine root dynamics in a developing Populus deltoides plantation

A closely spaced (1 x 1 m) cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) platation was established to evaluate the effects of nutrient availability on fine root dynamics. Slow-release fertilizer (17:6:12 N,P,K plus micronutrients) was applied to 225-m2 plots at 0, 50, 100, 200 kg N ha-1, and plots were monitored for two growing seasons. Fine root production, mortality, live root standing crop and life span were analyzed based on monthly minirhizotron observations. Fine root biomass was measured in soil cores. Fine root dynamics were controlled more by temporal, depth and root diameter factors than by fertilization. Cumulative fine root production and mortality showed strong seasonal patterns; production was greatest in the middle of the growing season and mortality was greatest after the grwoing season. Small diameter roots at shallow soil depths cycled more rapidly than large or deeper roots. The strongest trearment effects were found in the most rapidly cycling roots. The standing crop of live roots increased with fertilizer treatment according to both minirhizotron and soil coring methods. However, production and mortality had unique treatment response patterns. Although cumulative mortality decreasedd in response to increased fertilization, cumulative production was intermediate at 0 kg N ha-1, lowest with 50 kg N ha-1, and higest with 200 kg N ha-1. Above ground growth responded positively to fertilization up to an application rate of 50 kg N ha-1 but no further increase in application rate. Median fine root life span varied from 307 to over 700 day and increased with depth, diameter and nutrient availability.
Genetic regulation of CFA expression in interspecific avian hybrids and somatic cell hybrids.

Chicken fetal-leukemic antigen (CFA) is an oncodevelopmental antigen present on embryonic and neonatal chicken peripheral red blood cells (RBCs) but is not restricted to fetal stages of development in other avian species. Crosses between white Leghorn chickens and Japanese quail resulted in adult hybrids whose peripheral RBCs were positive for CFA. Of the four CFA determinants normally found on adult quail RBCs, only two were present on quail-chicken hybrid RBCs. Adult quail-chicken hybrid RBCs also possessed one CFA determinant associated with early development in both quail and chicken and one chicken-specific CFA determinant. Evidence is presented for the possible association of CFA-positive adult peripheral RBCs and the level of circulating reticulocytes. Crosses between pheasant and turkey (both with CFA-positive adult RBCs) resulted in hybrid adult RBCs expressing only a portion of the parental CFA determinants. Through the formation of somatic cell hybrids between adult chicken and embryonic Japanese quail RBCs, it was possible to induce the appearance of CFA determinants normally restricted to embryonic chicken RBCs. Approximately 50% of the hybrid cells showed reexpression of CFA, and this induction was both time and temperature dependent. Hybridization between RBCs of adult chicken and those of either adult Japanese quail or adult turkey failed to elicit the reexpression of chicken-specific CFA.
Dissection of the EntF condensation domain boundary and active site residues in nonribosomal peptide synthesis.

Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) make many natural products of clinical importance, but a deeper understanding of the protein domains that compose NRPS assembly lines is required before the...
Relations in frozen places: Observations on winter public order

The effects of prolonged winter weather on public order have been overlooked in sociological research literature. A naturalistic observational study conducted over a two year period using team field research methods documents several phenomena characteristic of winter public order. First, there were exaggerated body glosses or “officious displays,” second, decreased numbers of people, third, displays of a festive attitude, and fourth, an attitude of adventure and exploration. These observations allow a generalization that winter public behavior differs from that described by Goffman in that conditions provide greater freedom to the individual in the uses to which urban territory can be put. This democratization of urban space is explained in terms of Homan's model of group processes which suggests that public norms will be suspended with decreased activity and interaction.
Interactive decision support system to predict print quality

Customers using printers occasionally experience problems such as fuzzy images, bands, or streaks. The customer may call or otherwise contact the manufacturer, who attempts to diagnose the problem based on the customer's description of the problem. This study evaluated Bayesian inference as a tool for identifying or diagnosing 16 different types of print defects from such descriptions. The Bayesian model was trained using 1701 narrative descriptions of print defects obtained from 60 subjects with varying technical backgrounds. The Bayesian model was then implemented as an interactive decision support system, which was used by eight 'agents' to diagnose print defects reported by 16 'customers' in a simulated call centre. The 'agents' and 'customers' in the simulated call centre were all students at Purdue University. Each customer made eight telephone calls, resulting in a total of 128 telephone calls in which the customer reported defects to the agents. The results showed that the Bayesian model closely fitted the data in the training set of narratives. Overall, the model correctly predicted the actual defect category with its top prediction 70% of the time. The actual defect was in the top five predictions 94% of the time. The model in the simulated call centre performed nearly as well for the test subjects. The top prediction was correct 50% of the time, and the defect was one of the top five predictions 80% of the time. Agent accuracy in diagnosing the problem improved when using the tool. These results demonstrated that the Bayesian system learned enough from the existing narratives to accurately classify print defect categories.
CRN-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans FEN-1 homologue, cooperates with CPS-6/EndoG to promote apoptotic DNA degradation

Oligonucleosomal fragmentation of chromosomes in dying cells is a hallmark of apoptosis. Little is known about how it is executed or what cellular components are involved. We show that crn-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans homologue of human flap endonuclease-1 (FEN-1) that is normally involved in DNA replication and repair, is also important for apoptosis. Reduction of crn-1 activity by RNA interference resulted in cell death phenotypes similar to those displayed by a mutant lacking the mitochondrial endonuclease CPS-6/endonuclease G. CRN-1 localizes to nuclei and can associate and cooperate with CPS-6 to promote stepwise DNA fragmentation, utilizing the endonuclease activity of CPS-6 and both the 5′–3′ exonuclease activity and a previously uncharacterized gap-dependent endonuclease activity of CRN-1. Our results suggest that CRN-1/FEN-1 may play a critical role in switching the state of cells from DNA replication/repair to DNA degradation during apoptosis.
Lessons in transcriptional regulation learned from studies on immunoglobulin genes

In this article, we consider basic principles of eukaryotic gene transcriptional regulation which have emerged from studies on immunoglobulin heavy chain and kappa chain genes. Four areas are considered: (1) regulation by distant enhancer elements, (2) multiple regulators in a given element including particular families of regulators which were discovered by studying Ig genes, (3) achieving tissue specificity of transcription by multiple mechanisms and (4) the importance of chromatin structure for transcriptional regulation.
The remarkable nature of cylindrically orthotropic elastic materials under plane strain deformations

In a recent paper by the author, a wedge of cylindrically orthotropic elastic material under anti-plane deformations was studied. The solution depends on one non-dimensional material parameter γ, which is the square root of the ratio of the two shear moduli. For any given wedge angle 2α (no matter how small), one can choose a γ so that the stress at the wedge apex is infinite. In the special case of a crack (2α = 2π) there may be more than one stress singularity at the wedge apex. Some of them can be larger than the square-root singularity. On the other hand, one can also choose a γ so that there is no stress singularity at the wedge apex for any wedge angle, including the special case of a crack. In this paper we show that the same remarkable nature for anti-plane deformations prevails for the more complicated plane strain deformations. (The phrase 'remarkable nature' was used in the title of a paper by Antman and Negron-Marrero who considered the pressuring of radially symmetric nonlinear elastic bodies.) The solution now depends on two non-dimensional material parameters η and γ. The γ here is the square root of the ratio of the two principal elastic stiffnesses. The existence or non-existence of a singularity at the wedge apex depends on both η and γ. The classical paradox of Levy also appears here. The existence of a critical wedge angle depends entirely on η, not on γ. A critical wedge angle can be any angle, and there may be more than one critical wedge angle.
Hessian fly resistance gene H13 is mapped to a distal cluster of resistance genes in chromosome 6DS of wheat.

H13 is inherited as a major dominant resistance gene in wheat. It was previously mapped to chromosome 6DL and expresses a high level of antibiosis against Hessian fly (Hf) [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] larvae. The objective of this study was to identify tightly linked molecular markers for marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding and as a starting point toward the map-based cloning of H13. Fifty-two chromosome 6D-specific microsatellite (simple sequence repeat) markers were tested for linkage to H13 using near-isogenic lines Molly (PI 562619) and Newton-207, and a segregating population consisting of 192 F2:3 families derived from the cross PI 372129 (Dn4) × Molly (H13). Marker Xcfd132 co-segregated with H13, and several other markers were tightly linked to H13 in the distal region of wheat chromosome 6DS. Deletion analysis assigned H13 to a small region closely proximal to the breakpoint of del6DS-6 (FL 0.99). Further evaluation and comparison of the H13-linked markers revealed that the same chromosome region may also contain H23 in KS89WGRC03, an unnamed H gene (H WGRC4 ) in KS89WGRC04, the wheat curl mite resistance gene Cmc4, and a defense response gene Ppo for polyphenol oxidase. Thus, these genes comprise a cluster of arthropod resistance genes. Marker analysis also revealed that a very small intercalary chromosomal segment carrying H13 was transferred from the H13 donor parent to the wheat line Molly.
AMPES: adaptive mission planning expert system for air mission tasks

A baseline framework (AMPES) for mission automation adaptable for various air mission tasks, defensive or offensive, is described. The system will use multiple methodologies combining traditional numeric optimization techniques for mission planning, geometric algorithms and a knowledge-based approach. A situation assessment module will choose the best-suited algorithm from a pool of application-specific algorithms for the encountered situation, depending on the response time required, and computational resource available. Human tactical expertise will be encoded in the mission knowledge base to give general guidelines while the real computation still depends on various kinds of optimization algorithms. >
Repression of SPI2 transcription by nitric oxide-producing, IFNγ-activated macrophages promotes maturation of Salmonella phagosomes

McCollister et al. 2005. J. Exp. Med. doi:10.1084/jem.20050246 [OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] [1]: {openurl}?query=rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1084%252Fjem.20050246%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F16129704%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx
Cephenniini with prothoracic glands and internal cavities: new taxa, enigmatic characters and phylogeny of the Cephennomicrus group of genera (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

Genera of the Cephennomicrus group of the Cephenniini (Scydmaenitae) are revised, and the following new taxa are described: Trichokratergen.n., Trichokrater ekkentrossp.n. (type species of Trichokrater) (Borneo), Cephennococcusgen.n., Cephennococcus kuchingensissp.n. (type species of Cephennococcus) (Borneo), Cephennococcus kenyirensissp.n. (West Malaysia), Cephennococcus crassussp.n. (Borneo), Cephennococcus minutissimussp.n. (West Malaysia), Pomphopsillagen.n., Pomphopsilla luhyasp.n. (type species of Pomphopsilla) (Kenya) and Pomphopsilla sororsp.n. (Kenya). Unique subcuticular pockets with setose openings on the pronotum of Trurlia and Trichokrater are identified as glandular structures. Enigmatic internal prothoracic cavities are described for the first time in Scydmaeninae (in Cephennococcus, Pomphopsilla and a female of an undescribed genus from Sulawesi); their fine structure and function remain unknown. Parsimony-based cladistic analysis of the adult morphology of genera of Cephenniini provided robust evidence for a monophyly of the Cephennomicrus group, composed of Cephennomicrus, Cephennula, Lathomicrus, Pomphopsilla, Cephennococcus, Trurlia, Trichokrater and two undescribed Oriental genera known from females only; this distinct and well-supported lineage is a sister group of Cephennodes + Hlavaciellus. The genus Cephennomicrus represented in the analysis by species belonging to three previously postulated species groups is not monophyletic, and a comprehensive study comprising more taxa is necessary to reclassify this heterogeneous group.
The Athlete as Model Organism: The Everyday Practice of the Science of Human Performance

Behind every champion athlete are scores of physiologists studying his or her performance. This is no new phenomenon. Since the late 19th century, physiologists have been bringing ‘well-trained’ at...
Secure node misbehaviors in mobile ad hoc networks

Node misbehaviors (NM) are serious attacks on routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). In this paper, two types of NM, single intermediate node packet dropping and group node wormhole attacks, are exclusively identified for the secure ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol (SAODV). Countermeasures are proposed to protect against these NM, such that a near perfect secure routing protocol is achieved. To protect SAODV against any form of single insider attacks, we assign the task of single malicious intermediate node detection and isolation to a group of nodes since there is no centralized authority. These nodes lie around active paths in the MANET. Nodes use the same digital signatures that are used for routing in SAODV to provide authentication and integrity protection for routing information. For wormhole attacks, in which more than one malicious node work in a group, a novel mechanism without time synchronization or location information techniques to detect this attack is proposed. Our simulation results show the network performance degradation after incorporating the above two mechanisms in SAODV is negligible.
Specificity and Nonspecificity in Psychotherapy

DeRubeis et al. (this issue) offer a data-based critique of two arguments frequently presented in support of the “nonspecifics” hypothesis. This commentary supports their report of superior effects for specific treatments for specific disorders and provides some additional data to support their position. We maintain, however, that current research has not adequately evaluated nonspecific effects so that theoretical conclusions can be drawn regarding the mechanisms of change of the superior treatments. DeRubeis et al. present some data to suggest that nonspecific effects, particularly the therapeutic alliance, are a result of therapy outcome rather than causal in therapeutic change. We argue, to the contrary, that adequate research remains to be done regarding nonspecific effects, and when that research is completed, what are now called nonspecific effects will be more aptly labeled previously unspecified effects.
ANTIGEN RECOGNITION AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE "SELF-HELP" WITH SYMMETRICAL BIFUNCTIONAL ANTIGEN MOLECULES

L-Tyrosine-p-azobenzenearsonate (RAT) induces cellular immunity without humoral antibody in guinea pigs. Asymmetric bifunctional antigens composed of one RAT moiety and one dinitrophenyl (DNP) group separated by flexible spacers induce anti-RAT cellular immunity and an anti-DNP humoral response. Symmetrical bifunctional antigens of similar design but comprised of two RAT determinants induce cellular immunity without demonstrable anti-RAT antibody. However, when the flexible spacer is replaced by a rigid decaproline chain, humoral anti-RAT responses are provoked. Since RAT contains both electropositive (azo) and electronegative (arsonate) centers, the failure of bifunctional RAT compounds with flexible spacers to induce humoral immunity might be ascribed either to intramolecular stacking, which compromises their bifunctional character, or to interaction of both determinants with receptors on the same cell surface, which would fail to satisfy the requirement for cooperation. In order to distinguish between these alternatives, symmetrical bifunctional antigens composed of two L-tyrosine-p-azophenyltrimethylammonium (TAT) determinants separated by flexible or rigid spacers were synthesized. TAT is immunogenic and does not cross-react with RAT. Furthermore, it contains only electropositive centers and consequently bifunctional molecules do not undergo intramolecular stacking. Immunization with either flexibly or rigidly spaced bifunctional TAT antigens raised anti-TAT antibody. These results conclusively demonstrate that "self-help," cooperation between bone marrow-derived and thymus-derived lymphocytes of identical or similar specificity, can occur, provided the determinants on the antigen are prevented from associating with each other.
Blacklisting Recommendation System: Using Spatio-Temporal Patterns to Predict Future Attacks

In this paper, we study the problem of forecasting attack sources based on past attack logs from several contributors. We formulate this problem as an implicit recommendation system, and we propose a multi-level prediction model to solve it. Our model evaluates and combines various factors, namely: (i) attacker-victim history using time-series, (ii) attackers and/or victims interactions using neighborhood models and (iii) global patterns using singular value decomposition. We evaluate our combined method, referred to as Blacklisting Recommendation System (or BRS), on one month of logs from Dshield, and we demonstrate that it improves significantly the prediction rate over state-of-the-art methods as well as the robustness against poisoning attacks. Along the way, we analyze the Dshield dataset, and we reveal dominant patterns of malicious traffic.
FLYING A TUNNEL-IN-THE-SKY DISPLAY WITHIN THE CURRENT AIRSPACE SYSTEM

Enhancing aircrew situational awareness has become recognized as a critical element in reduction of overall aircraft accident rates. Improved display concepts have been investigated for several decades as a means of enhancing awareness of position, flight path, and terrain in three dimensions. One of the most promising is the “Tunnel-in-the-Sky” primary flight display, which presents a three-dimensional depiction of the world with the desired flight path shown as a tunnel or series of hoops. A prototype system was developed to explore the real-world implications of the Tunnel-in-the-Sky display concept. This paper documents flight testing on a Beechcraft Queen Air to investigate real-world operations within the current Air Traffic Control system. A series of tunnel “overlay approaches” was designed on top of existing, published instrument procedures to demonstrate advantages for nonprecision approaches, closely spaced parallel approaches, and noise abatement. Results indicated an order of magnitude reduction in cumulative flight technical error on approach. The flight tests also showed that Tunnel-in-the-Sky displays could improve aircrew situational awareness and operational flexibility during these flight operations.
Forest Fragmentation and Alien Plant Invasion of Central Indiana Old‐Growth Forests

Abstract: We assessed alien plant invasion of old-growth forest islands in rural central Indiana by means of paired sample sites along “warm” (south and west) edges and “cool” (north and east) edges in each of seven forest remnants. In general, the fragments appeared resistant to alien invasion; alien species richness and frequency dropped sharply inward from forest edges, and forest interiors were relatively free of aliens. However, aliens were more diverse and more frequent on warm edges than on cool ones. The main factor limiting invasion is probably low light availability in forest interiors, though limited dispersal and low disturbance levels may also be important. We suggest that invasion is discouraged by the edge response of the forests themselves: development of a dense wall of bordering vegetation that reduces interior light levels and wind speeds. The most successful invaders are mostly escaped ornamentals or other species not commonly found in adjoining fields. They can be expected to become more prominent in the future, but their spread at the landscape scale may be slowed by the “oceans” of cropland surrounding these forest islands.
Inappropriate ICD shocks caused by T-wave oversensing due to acute alcohol intoxication.

T-wave oversensing can be a serious problem that often results in inappropriate device therapy. We report here a patient with binge alcohol use who received multiple, inappropriate ICD shocks due to T-wave oversensing from repolarization changes induced by acute alcohol intoxication and no other relevant metabolic derangements. Following recovery from his alcohol intoxication a few days later, the T-wave amplitude decreased so the device no longer inappropriately sensed or delivered therapies. This case represents an uncommon, but reversible cause of T-wave oversensing, that should be considered before more aggressive measures are taken to correct the abnormality.
Using Computational Fluid Dynamics To Simulate Flow Fields From Various Melt Blowing Dies

This paper is an investigation of the flow fields generated by dual rectangular jets. Specifically, the jets examined are the same as the common slot dies used in the industrial melt blowing process. In this process, a molten polymer is attenuated by air discharging from dual jets. The velocity and turbulence of these flow fields determine the rate and quality of polymer fiber production. The flow field characteristics can be simulated quickly and efficiently using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). These CFD simulations require the use of an appropriate length scale to describe the flow field. This paper describes how these CFD simulations can be used to compare the flow fields generated by different jet geometries.
Ethical pain management in the emergency department: the canary in the coal mine.

SUMMARY The emergency department serves as the gateway to the acute healthcare system. In the USA and increasingly worldwide, patients view the emergency department as the venue where both diagnostic and therapeutic modalities will be brought to bear regardless of condition or socioeconomic status. At the same time, the emergency department is the canary in the coal mine – the warning location for difficulties in how healthcare is delivered to patients in both the outpatient and inpatient settings. In no area is this more apparent than pain management. Emergency departments are expected to treat patient's pain aggressively, often in the face of incomplete or contradictory histories and the inability to ensure outpatient follow-up. These factors create an ethical challenge for emergency departments in how to approach pain treatment. This paper will provide a framework for how emergency departments can address the ethical challenges posed by pain management.
Two new species of Agaporomorphus Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) from Peru

Two new species in the genus Agaporomorphus Zimmermann are described from Madre de Dios, Peru, A. tambopatensis Miller, n. sp. and A. silvaticus Miller, n. sp. A key to males of all the species in the genus is provided. A cladistic analysis is presented including the new species. Agaporomorphus is arranged into three species groups; the A. dolichodactylus-group (A. dolichodactylus Miller, A. mecolobus Miller and A. grandisinuatus Miller); the A. knischi-group (A. knischi Zimmermann, A. tambopatensis and A. silvaticus); and the A. pereirai-group with a single species, A. pereirai Guignot. Taxonomically and phylogenetically important characters are discussed and illustrated.
Investigating Recovery Patterns in Post Disaster Urban Settings: Utilizing Geospatial Technology to Understand Post-Hurricane Katrina Recovery in New Orleans, Louisiana

This chapter seeks to improve upon current disaster research in the discipline of geography by expanding the geographic study of hazards beyond the event and into the recovery process. A review of current disaster based literature in geography illustrates a lack of comprehensive research by geographers in the arena of disaster recovery. It appears as if established researchers in this field are content to focus their efforts on the issues preceding disasters, as well as the immediate response to, and physical results of disaster events. The responsibility of understanding the topic of reco very has thus far been the primary focus of researchers in the fields of social science and public administration. This study will utilize Geographic Information Technology (GIT) to assess the level of recovery, determine the most appropriate scale to study the spatial aspects of recovery, and identify spatial indicators of recovery in New Orleans, Louisiana as of February 2008.
Dynamic Interactions Among Interest Rates, Stock Market, Inflation, and Real Economic Activity

This paper examines the dynamic linkages among the equity market, economic activity, inflation and monetary policy since the 1970s. The main findings are as follows. First, bivariate results for the linkages between real stock returns and inflation confirm the surprising result of negative correlation between the two magnitudes for the 1970s and 1980s. Second, the bivariate and multivariate findings suggest a weak negative relationship between real stock returns and the federal funds rate for every decade. Third, the results for the real stock returns-real activity pair reveal a weak negative relationship in the 1970s and 1990s, a positive in the 1980s, but no significant relationship within the multivariate framework. Finally, our results seem to imply that there is no concrete and consistent dynamic relationship between monetary policy and the stock market and that the nature of such dynamics has been different in each decade.
Transient Loading of Wide Delta Airfoils at Supersonic Speeds

The indicial admittance of a pointed wing, bounded by two supersonic leading edges and a straight trailing edge and located in an otherwise uniform supersonic flow, is calculated on the basis of linearized theory. This result is applied to the calculation of the lift and moments on a "wide" delta airfoil due to a sudden change of angle of attack, a uniform, sharp-edged gust, an impulsive gust, and sharp-edged and impulsive gusts having antisymmetric linear velocity distributions over the span. The response of a two-dimensional airfoil to an impulsive gust is also calculated. These results are given in the form of algebraic formulas and curves.
The physician's role in managing acute stress disorder.

Acute stress disorder is a psychiatric diagnosis that may occur in patients within four weeks of a traumatic event. Features include anxiety, intense fear or helplessness, dissociative symptoms, reexperiencing the event, and avoidance behaviors. Persons with this disorder are at increased risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder. Other risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder include current or family history of anxiety or mood disorders, a history of sexual or physical abuse, lower cognitive ability, engaging in excessive safety behaviors, and greater symptom severity one to two weeks after the trauma. Common reactions to trauma include physical, mental, and emotional symptoms. Persistent psychological distress that is severe enough to interfere with psychological or social functioning may warrant further evaluation and intervention. Patients experiencing acute stress disorder may benefit from psychological first aid, which includes ensuring the patient’s safety; providing information about the event, stress reactions, and how to cope; offering practical assistance; and helping the patient to connect with social support and other services. Cognitive behavior therapy is effective in reducing symptoms and decreasing the future incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing aims to mitigate emotional distress through sharing emotions about the traumatic event, providing education and tips on coping, and attempting to normalize reactions to trauma. However, this method may actually impede natural recovery by overwhelming victims. There is insufficient evidence to recommend the routine use of drugs in the treatment of acute stress disorder. Short-term pharmacologic intervention may be beneficial in relieving specific associated symptoms, such as pain, insomnia, and depression.
The relationship between birth order and prosociality: An evolutionary perspective

Abstract Much of the research on birth order has focused on individual differences in personality traits, with relatively few studies focused on aspects of social behavior other than sibling conflict. However, one would predict that the differences in parental investment and niche differentiation that shape personality differences between siblings would also influence other social relationships. In particular, middleborns may be more likely to prioritize non-kin relationships. This study investigated the impact of birth order on a number of measures of prosocial behavior. Results suggest that birth order has a moderate effect on prosociality such that later birth orders exhibit greater prosociality. However, both the linear and quadratic effects were significant and the quadratic was negative indicating that the greatest increase in prosociality is seen between first and secondborns, the rate of change decelerates as birth order and prosociality increase.
Application of Computer Modeling in Systemic VAD Support of Failing Fontan Physiology

Although the Fontan procedure has been enormously successful in palliation of single-ventricle patients, many seem to experience progressive failure of the Fontan circulation over time. Ventricular assist devices (VADs) have developed into stable platforms for long-term support of adult patients with heart failure. Given the success of axial flow devices, it was hypothesized that the technology could provide clinical benefit to failing Fontan patients. The aim of this study was to use a computer model to evaluate VAD support in failing Fontan physiology. A computer model of Fontan circulation with heart failure was developed and the HeartMate II (HM II) (Thoratec Corp) axial flow ventricular assist device was connected to this model in a systemic configuration to examine its impact. Cardiac catheterization data from 7 patients (8 catheterization studies) with failing Fontan physiology were applied to this model to evaluate the impact of using the HM II in this manner. When the HM II was used in a systemic configuration at 8000 rpm, there was a 35% decrease in the systemic venous pressure in the Fontan circuit and a 63% decrease in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure with a resultant 41% increase in CI. The model also predicted patient-specific parameters where the VAD may not benefit the patient, such as fixed elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, low systemic ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and high unresponsive systemic vascular resistance. These data suggest a potential benefit from application of axial flow VAD technology in the management of failing Fontan physiology. Clinical correlation will allow for refinement of this model as a predictive tool in discerning which patients may benefit from placement of a VAD and what issues must be addressed prior to implanting the device.
Democratizing Preemption: Why and How Federal Courts Should Consider the Weight of Democratic Support for Non-Federal Alternatives

This Article sets forth a normative argument for changes in federal preemption and federal ripeness doctrine, using the California greenhouse regulations as the principal example. Cases in which the courts find that federal law preempts state law raise questions not only as to whether state sovereignty as a distinct value has received its due but also whether enough attention was paid to the democratic preferences, the democratic weight, that resulted in one or more state opting for an alternative to federal law. The more and bigger the states there are that adopt a non-federal standard, the greater is that democratic weight, and the more the courts should hesitate before finding federal preemption in otherwise close cases - cases where there is a great deal of statutory ambiguity and uncertainty as to Congressional intent. To facilitate this democratic-weight approach, and to bring more consistency to the treatment of states and state institutions in the federal courts, the federal courts should adopt a stricter ripeness requirement for federal preemption cases than they currently employ. A stricter ripeness requirement also would help Congress and the federal Executive respond to state adoptions of non-federal standards, and in that sense would help make federal law more accurately reflect national sentiments. Finally, in future legislation, Congress should facilitate state coordination through greater use of the single-state-alternative approach employed in the mobile source emissions portion of the federal Clean Air Act. The approach advocated in this Article, if adopted, could make the difference in the outcome of the greenhouse gas emission preemption litigation now ongoing in California, Rhode Island and Vermont. On the substantive merits of the preemption claims, the fact that many states legislatures, reflecting electorates that account for a large portion of the nation, have opted for the greenhouse gas emission standards that in effect would require improved fuel economy could be a deciding factor given that the relevant Congressional intent concerning preemption, however conceived, is hard to discern. There is no easy answer to the intent question given that Congress explicitly endorsed the right of California to adopt stricter air standards than the federal standards (which arguably is what California and the other states have done) and Congress explicitly prohibited states from adopting stricter fuel economy standards than the federal standards (which arguably is what California and the other states have done).
Application of real-time fluorescence and quantitative PCR in detecting influenza A virus in animals transported by railway

Objective The feasibility of rapid detection of influenza A virus in animals transported by railway using real-time fluorescent PCR is discussed,and to lay the foundation for working out an effective influenza monitoring plan in railway system.Methods Throat and cloacal swab were collected from dead birds.For living animals,peripheral parts of cloaca smears and coat and manure swabs were collected.Influenza A virus was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR using ABI 7500 F-type real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and the result was analyzed by the SDS software and followed the "national influenza monitoring scheme".Results 250 animal samples were collected in the freight yard of Guangzhou Railway Express,and detected for the nucleic acid of influenza A virus.11 were positive,with a positive rate of 4.4%.Conclusion Real-time fluorescent PCR detection method meets the practical need of rail transport.It is important to grasp the trend of virus prevalent for prevention and control,combining with virus typing and viral gene sequencing.
Application of Oscillopolarography in Synthetic Food Colorants Determination

Objective To investigate the oscillopolarography synthetic food colorants on the determination of the application.Method Oscillopolarography common vegetables red,carmine,sunset yellow,lemon yellow and bright yellow synthesis of five kinds of food coloring agent,a minimum concentration of detection and detection,the standard curve linear range,plus recovery experiment.Results Five kinds of components measured in the recovery rate between 88.6%-101.3%;combination oscillopolarography samples with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method of comparing the two tests. Through the F test and t test basis,verify scillopolarography HPLC method and the results of the two measured no significant difference.Conclusion Oscillopolarography synthetic colorants in foods,high sensitivity,good precision,easy to operate fast,suitable for detection of disease control at the grass-roots work generalizable.
Feature analysis for indoor radar target classification

This paper analyzes the spectral features from human beings and indoor clutter for building and tuning Support Vector Machines (SVMs) classifiers for the purpose of classifying stationary human targets. The spectral characteristics were obtained through simulations using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) techniques where the radar cross section (RCS) of humans and indoor clutter objects were captured over a wide range of frequencies, polarizations, aspect angles, and materials. Additionally, experimental data was obtained using a vector network analyzer. Two different feature sets for class discrimination are used from the acquired target and clutter RCS spectral data sets. The first feature vectors consist of the raw spectral characteristics, while the second set of feature vectors are statistical features extracted over a set frequency interval. Utilizing variables of frequency and polarization, a SVM classifier can be trained to classify unknown targets as a human or clutter. Classification accuracy over 80% can be effectively achieved given appropriate features.
Magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric appendicitis: a systematic review

Magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of appendicitis in children has rapidly increased recently. This change has been primarily driven by the desire to avoid CT radiation dose. This meta-analysis reviews the diagnostic performance of MRI for pediatric appendicitis and discusses current knowledge of cost-effectiveness. We used a conservative Haldane correction statistical method and found pooled diagnostic parameters including a sensitivity of 96.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 94.3-97.8%), specificity of 96.1% (95% CI: 93.5-97.7%), positive predictive value of 92.0% (95% CI: 89.3-94.0%) and negative predictive value of 98.3% (95% CI: 97.3-99.0%), based on 11 studies. Assessment of patient outcomes associated with MRI use at two institutions indicates that time to antibiotics was 4.7 h and 8.2 h, time to appendectomy was 9.1 h and 13.9 h, and negative appendectomy rate was 3.1% and 1.4%, respectively. Alternative diagnoses were present in ~20% of cases, most commonly adnexal cysts and enteritis/colitis. Regarding technique, half-acquisition single-shot fast spin-echo (SSFSE) pulse sequences are crucial. While gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted pulse sequences might be helpful, any benefit beyond non-contrast MRI has not been confirmed. Balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequences are generally noncontributory. Protocols do not need to exceed five sequences; four-sequence protocols are commonly utilized. Sedation generally is not indicated; patients younger than 5 years might be attempted based on the child's ability to cooperate. A comprehensive pediatric cost-effectiveness analysis that includes both direct and indirect costs is needed.
Technical Note: Evaluation of Surface-Ship Resistance and Propulsion Model-Scale Database for CFD Validation

An evaluation is performed of the surface-ship model-scale database for computational fluid dynamics validation with regard to current status and future requirements. The specific emphasis is on data of relevance to resistance and propulsion and validation of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes computer codes. The data were evaluated relative to criteria and requirements developed for geometry and flow, physics, and computational fluid dynamics validation as well as past uses. Conclusions are made with regard to the available data and past uses, and recommendations are offered for future uses of the available data and future data procurement.
The Syntax of simple and compound tenses in Ndebele

It is a widely accepted generalization that verbal periphrasis is triggered by increased inflectional meaning and a paucity of verbal elements to support its realization. This work examines the limitations on synthetic verbal forms in Ndebele and argues that periphrasis in this language arises via a last-resort grammatical mechanism. The proposed trigger of auxiliary insertion is c-selection – a relation between inflectional categories and verbs.
Induction of adipose-resident NKT cells can be instructed by non ligand-binding motifs of the TCR β chain.

Invariant Natural Killer T (NKT) cells, a CD1d-restricted subset of αβ T cells, have been increasingly recognized for their role in a wide variety of functions associated with autoimmunity, cancer, infection, tolerance, and obesity. The semi-invariant TCR expressed by NKT cells is unique in its recognition of glycolipids presented by CD1d, heterodimer rigidity, and limited binding footprint compared to conventional TCR:MHC interactions. This distinctive interaction has been studied extensively in vitro , though the role of the rigid α:β heterodimer in the selection and development of NKT cells remains elusive. We investigated a hydrophobic patch on the β chain of the NKT TCR, suggested to play a role in heterodimer stability. Partial disruption of this patch, while permissive of ligand binding, resulted in decreased populations of NKT cells, diminished development, and effector function. Complete disruption of the patch resulted in the ablation of the NKT cell compartment entirely, while still accommodating conventional T cell development. NKT cells expressing the mutant NKT TCR acquired an adipose-resident NKT phenotype while in the thymus, and accumulated in the adipose tissue in mice. Hence, we show that in vivo , non-ligand binding regions of the NKT TCR are critical for the development of these important immune cells, and mediate the selection of adipose-resident NKT cells.