cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative perioperative and 5-year outcomes of robotic and laparoscopic or open inguinal hernia repair: a study of 153,727 patients in the state of New York.

This study aimed to examine the perioperative outcomes of robotic inguinal hernia repair as compared to the open and laparoscopic approaches utilizing large-scale population-level data. This study was funded by the SAGES Robotic Surgery Research Grant (2019). The New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) administrative database was used to identify all adult patients undergoing initial open (O-IHR), laparoscopic (L-IHR), and robotic (R-IHR) inguinal hernia repair between 2010 and 2016. Perioperative outcome measures [complications, length of stay (LOS), 30-day emergency department (ED) visits, 30-day readmissions] and estimated 1/3/5-year recurrence incidences were compared. Propensity score (PS) analysis was used to estimate marginal differences between R-IHR and L-IHR or O-IHR, using a 1:1 matching algorithm. During the study period, a total of 153,727 patients underwent inguinal hernia repair (117,603 [76.5%] O-IHR, 35,565 [23.1%] L-IHR; 559 [0.36%] R-IHR) in New York state. Initial univariate analysis found R-IHR to have longer LOS (1.74 days vs. 0.66 O-IHR vs 0.19 L-IHR) and higher rates of overall complications (9.3% vs. 3.6% O-IHR vs 1.1% L-IHR), 30-day ED visits (11.6% vs. 6.1% O-IHR vs. 4.9% L-IHR), and 30-day readmissions (5.6% vs. 2.4% O-IHR vs. 1.2% L-IHR) (p < 0.0001). R-IHR was associated with higher recurrence compared to L-IHR. Following PS analysis, there were no differences in perioperative outcomes between R-IHR and L-IHR, and the difference in recurrence was found to be sensitive to possible unobserved confounding factors. R-IHR had significantly lower risk of complications (Risk difference − 0.09, 95% CI [− 0.13, − 0.056]; p < 0.0001) and shorter LOS (Ratio 0.53, 95% CI [0.45, 0.62]; p < 0.0001) compared to O-IHR. In adult patients, R-IHR may be associated with comparable to more favorable 30-day perioperative outcomes as compared with L-IHR and O-IHR, respectively.
Latent Class Analysis of Adolescent Psychosocial Functioning and Course of Major Depression.

There are few studies on the predictors of long-term course of major depressive disorder (MDD) with an onset in childhood and adolescence. Studies have relied on variable-centered methods, utilizing psychosocial and clinical characteristics to predict depression outcomes. However, fewer studies have used person-centered approaches that rely on profiles of functioning to predict course and outcomes of depression. This study examined the long-term course and outcome of early onset depression as a function of profiles of psychosocial and clinical characteristics in adolescence. Participants from the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project with a history of MDD by study entry (Mage = 16.29 years) and who had follow-up assessments at age 30 were included (n = 215). Psychosocial and clinical constructs, including domains of internalizing problems, externalizing problems, correlates of internalizing problems, adolescent stress, and social support, were assessed in adolescence. Latent profile analyses found a 3-class solution with Low Negative Cognitive Style (LNCS; 27.9%); Internalizing and High Negative Cognitive Style (INT/HNCS; 53.9%); and Internalizing and High Negative Cognitive Style plus Poor Interpersonal Functioning and High Stress (INT/HNCS+ ; 18.1%). Overall, classes differed in depression morbidity, such that the INT/HNCS+ class had the greatest depression morbidity across follow-up assessments. Social adjustment differed between all classes, with the INT/HNCS+ class showing the worst functioning, the LNCS class showing the best functioning, and the INT/HNCS class falling in the middle. Patterns of clinical and psychosocial functioning were differentially associated with long-term depression and social adjustment among youth with depression.
Quantification of Nitric Oxide Concentration Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Sensors

Nitric oxide (NO), a free radical present in biological systems, can have many detrimental effects on the body, from inflammation to cancer. Due to NO’s short half-life, detection and quantification is difficult. The inability to quantify NO has hindered researchers’ understanding of its impact in healthy and diseased conditions. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), when wrapped in a specific single-stranded DNA chain, becomes selective to NO, creating a fluorescence sensor. Unfortunately, the correlation between NO concentration and the SWNT’s fluorescence intensity has been difficult to determine due to an inability to immobilize the sensor without altering its properties. Through the use of a recently developed sensor platform, systematic studies can now be conducted to determine the correlation between SWNT fluorescence and NO concentration. This paper explains the methods used to determine the equations that can be used to convert SWNT fluorescence into NO concentration. Through the use of the equations developed in this paper, an easy method for NO quantification is provided. The methods outlined in this paper will also enable researchers to develop equations to determine the concentration of other reactive species through the use of SWNT sensors.
Wave Propagation in Woodpile Mechanical Metamaterials

Periodic woodpile structures composed of slender cylindrical rods, defined as woodpile mechanical metamaterials herein, show versatile wave dynamics due to local resonances of slender rods. We numerically and experimentally investigate such resonance effects on nonlinear wave propagation in the woodpile mechanical metamaterials under impact excitations. We report these woodpile architectures exhibit variable speed and amplitude of transmitted nonlinear waves depending on the geometrical configurations of the assembled woodpile architectures.
Effects of belowground grazing by collembola on growth, mycorrhizal infection, and P uptake of Geranium robertianum

We hypothesized that the grazing of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) hyphae by soil animals could be responsible for the lack of a direct relationship between mycorrhizal infection intensity and nutrient uptake under field conditions. To test this hypothesis, we determined the effect of a range of densities of the collembola, Folsomia candida, on growth, VAM infection, and P uptake in Geranium robertianum, a common forest herb, under greenhouse conditions. Total and aboveground growth were greater at low collembola density than either at higher collembola density or without collembola. These differences were greater when the plants were grown in a high organic content soil mix than when grown in sand. Root mass was not affected by collembola density. In the soil mix, root length decreased with increasing collembola density, but not in the sand. The percent of root length infected with VAM was lower at any collembola density than when collembola were absent. Total infected root length decreased linearly with increasing collembola density. Few significant differences in P uptake or tissue concentration were found. Thus, plant growth (but not P uptake) may be stimulated at low collembola density and inhibited at high. We discuss mechanisms which may be responsible for this non-linear response, and the implications of the pattern of response to studies of plant competition, nutrient turnover, and revegetation.
Perceptions of low-income mothers about the causes and ways to prevent overweight in children.

Background Childhood overweight and obesity remain major health conditions, affecting nearly one-third of children in the USA. Multiple factors have been identified that contribute to children becoming overweight; however, little is known regarding what low-income mothers perceive to be the causes of and the ways to prevent children from becoming overweight. Methods Low-income mothers (n = 286) with children aged 4–8 years participated in semi-structured interviews, during which they were asked for their opinions about the causes of and ways to prevent children from becoming overweight. After themes were identified, interviews were coded for the presence or absence of each theme. Results The majority of mothers were non-Hispanic White (69.2%) and overweight or obese (77.3%). Additionally, many of the children (41.9%) were overweight or obese. Six causes of children becoming overweight were identified by mothers: types or quantities of food eaten (90.9%); parenting behaviours (44.9%); lack of activity (42.3%); genetics, slow metabolism or medical issues (24.5%); stress or emotion (5.2%); and limited access to resources (3.5%). Five ways to prevent children from becoming overweight identified by mothers included the following: healthy eating (84.9%), more activity (54.8%), limiting screen time (19.9%), limiting sugar-sweetened beverages (12.2%) and drinking more water (6.6%). The majority of mothers (77.1%) reported that they carried out their suggestions to prevent their children from becoming overweight. Conclusion Within this cohort with a high prevalence of maternal and child overweight, most mothers identified many of the evidence-based strategies for childhood obesity prevention. Future intervention development may benefit from focusing on content areas that were less commonly identified by mothers as well as helping mothers translate knowledge to implementation.
Peach Leaf Curl

Peach leaf curl, caused by Taphrina deformans, is relatively unimportant as an economic factor in peach production even though it occurs rather continuously throughout the significant areas of peach production in the world. Control, where and when necessary, is effected with a single application of fungicide before bud-break. Such sprays, applied while the host is dormant, are called dormant sprays. The disease is important primarily in the urban, back-yard habitat where the busy commuter has a single peach tree. Either the single dormant spray technique should be used here too, or the one cut prunning method—at the ground line!
Polypeptide synthesis in Escherichia coli. I. Ribosomes and the active complex.

The poly U-directed† synthesis of polyphenylalanine in the cell-free system from Escherichia coli is used as a model system in which to investigate the interaction of messenger RNA with ribosomes. It is shown that both the 50 s and the 30 s ribosome are necessary for polypeptide synthesis. The ribosomes accept the messenger RNA under conditions in which the dominant form is the 70 s particles, but the particles involved will dimerize more readily than the rest of the 70 s particles. All of the synthetic activity of the poly U-ribosome mixture appears as a rapidly sedimenting complex, 140 to 200 s. This active complex depends upon RNA for its integrity and contains an amount of poly U consistent with one molecule for several ribosomes. Furthermore, all of the synthetic capacity of the usual crude extract from E. coli is in the form of rapidly sedimenting complexes in the 100 to 200 s range.
Sublingual absorption of micronized 17β-estradiol

Abstract The sublingual absorption rates, the sustained effects, the biologic activity, and the metabolism of micronized 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) were measured in 10 postmenopausal women. E 2 (0.5 mg) was administered in a single sublingual dose to five of the patients. An alternate-day schedule with the same dosage was used for the other five patients. In the single-dose study, a twenty-six fold increase in serum E 2 and a ninefold increase in serum estrone (E 1 ) concentrations were observed 1 hour after the sublingual deposition of E 2 (0.5 mg). Serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were significantly decreased within 6 hours. The rise in E 2 was early and peaked in the first 2 hours. The rise in E 1 was slower and progressive, reaching its maximum thirteenfold increase at 4 hours, and remained two and one half times the baseline of 29 pg/ml at 24 hours, whereas E 2 returned to the baseline level of 24 pg/ml. When micronized E 2 was given in a dosage of 0.5 mg sublingually every other night, increased circulating levels of estrogens continued to be elevated at a minimum two and one-half fold baseline level for the week of study.
Linear Potentials and Galactic Rotation Curves - Formalism

In the first paper in this series we presented a typical set of galactic rotation curves associated with the conformal invariant fourth order theory of gravity which has recently been advanced by Mannheim and Kazanas as a candidate alternative to the standard second order Einstein theory. Reasonable agreement with data was obtained for four representative galaxies without the need for any non-luminous or dark matter. In this second paper we present the associated formalism. Additionally, we discuss the status of the Tully-Fisher relation in our theory, compare and contrast our theory with the dark matter theory, and make some general observations regarding the systematics of galactic rotation curve data.
Patterns, distribution, and determinants of under- and overnutrition: a population-based study of women in India

Background: Little systematic evidence exists for the relation between socioeconomic position and nutritional status in countries experiencing the simultaneous presence of under- and overnutrition. Objective: We investigated the socioeconomic distribution of nutritional status in India and whether state-level macroeconomic factors modify the relation between socioeconomic position and nutritional status. Design: Our analysis was based on a nationally representative sample of 77 220 women from India, with multiple categories of body mass index (BMI; in kg/m 2 ) as the outcome, namely, <18.5 (underweight), 23-24.9 (pre-overweight), 25-29.9 (overweight), or ≥30 (obese), with 18.5-22.9 as the reference category. Results: In adjusted models, being underweight was inversely related to socioeconomic position, whereas socioeconomic position was positively related to being pre-overweight, overweight, and obese, and the socioeconomic gradient was most marked for obesity. State-level measures of affluence did not modify the positive association between socioeconomic position and categories of overweight. The risk of underweight was lower in affluent states, but this was seen mainly in women of high socioeconomic position. Conclusions: Undernutrition and overnutrition are epidemics of the impoverished and the affluent, respectively, in India, and this association is consistent at the individual and ecologic levels. Policies should focus on the complex patterns of social distribution of both under- and overnutrition in the Indian context.
Producing soft-decision information at the output of a class IV partial response Viterbi detector

A method is described for producing soft-decision information at the output of a Class-IV partial response maximum-likelihood (PRML) detector, when the additive noise samples are independent, Gaussian random variables. This method directly applies the soft-decision Viterbi algorithm, presented by J. Hagenauer and P. Hoeher (1989), to the Class-IV partial response channel. The PRML detector is augmented to produce a reliability value for each binary symbol in the maximum-likelihood (ML) sequence estimate of the binary input. The reliability value is a function of the estimated probability of error for the binary symbol. The soft-decisions are used to enhance the performance of an outer error correction code. >
Romper el ''circuito del miedo'' en el trastorno de pánico resistente

Cuando la terapia inicial no consigue controlar los ataques de panico del paciente, puede ser util disponer de un modelo neuroanatomico de los trastornos de ansiedad. Este modelo propone que quienes experimentan panico tienen un “circuito del miedo” cerebral anormalmente sensible1. Sugiere que tanto las medicaciones como la terapia cognitivo-conductual (TCC) son efectivas para tratar el trastorno de panico (TP) y pueden usarse como una guia para un tratamiento mas exitoso. Este articulo explica el “circuito del miedo” y describe como determinar si el tratamiento farmacologico inicial de los sintomas de panico ha sido adecuado. Ofrece rangos de dosis basados en la evidencia y la experiencia, estrategias de potenciacion, consejos para el establecimiento de antidepresivos y soluciones para los problemas de respuesta inadecuada mas comunes.
Intense electron beam disruption due to ion release from surfaces

A major concern for the DARHT second axis (2 kA, 18.6 MeV, 2000 ns) is that ions or ionized neutrals released from solid surfaces (e.g., apertures, septum, dumps, and targets) by beam impact can be accelerated and trapped by the beam potential. This positive charge will be electrically attracted to the beam and could disrupt it. To study this, experiments were performed on the DARHT first axis. Here, the beam, focused to a range of diameters, is transmitted through thin foils made of various materials. The time-dependent beam radial profile is measured downstream of the target. For low current density (depending on the material used), the downstream-beam profile is time invariant as expected. At higher current density, the downstream-beam radius changes during the pulse followed by transverse instability. Data, particle-in-cell simulations, and comparisons are presented.
Deacetylation of p53 after nerve growth factor treatment in PC12 cells as a post-translational modification mechanism of neurotrophin-induced tumor suppressor activation

The tumor suppressor protein p53 is a transcription factor that regulates the response to cellular insults such as DNA damage and growth factor withdrawal. Transcriptional activity of p53 requires post-translational modification by phosphorylation and acetylation. This study used site-specific antibodies to demonstrate that nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment of PC12 cells results in p53 deacetylation at lysine (Lys) 382. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, measured by a direct fluorescent assay, was increased after NGF treatment and peaked before p53 deacetylation. Inhibition of HDAC by trichostatin blocked the deacetylation of p53 and its transcriptional activity toward a reporter gene construct. Comparison of PC12 with PC12 cells containing a temperature-sensitive, dominant-negative construct showed that p53 deacetylation required functional p53. Inhibitors of MAP kinase that block p53 transactivation and inhibitors of TrkA receptor also abolished HDAC activation, indicating that deacetylation of p53 is an NGF-dependent post-translational mechanism of p53 activation. Finally, NGF or serum withdrawal did not lead to p53 deacetylation. A model is proposed in which the acetylation status of Lys 382 of p53 discriminates between cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
Sleep Position of Low Birth Weight Infants

Objectives. To describe sleep positions among low birth weight infants, variations in sleep position according to birth weight, and changes in sleep position over time. To analyze risk factors and influences associated with prone sleep. Design. Prospective cohort study. Setting. Massachusetts and Ohio, 1995–1998. Study Participants. Mothers of 907 low birth weight infants. Results. At 1, 3, and 6 months after hospital discharge, the prevalence of prone sleeping was 15.5%, 26.8%, and 28.3%, respectively. The corresponding rates for supine sleeping were 23.8%, 37.9%, and 50.2% and for side sleeping were 57.3%, 32.4%, and 20.6%. Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants ( Conclusions. Prone sleep decreased among low birth weight infants from 1995 to 1998. However, VLBW infants, who are at very high risk for sudden infant death syndrome, are more likely to sleep prone than larger low birth weight infants.
Treatment of personality disorders

There are very few studies of specific treatments delivered to specific personality disordered groups to date. Therefore, I have expanded the reference list to include studies suggesting that treatment (both pharmacological and psychosocial) of Axis I disorders are influenced by the presence of Axis II disorders. In addition, there are a number of non-randomized studies examining the influence of hospital treatment on personality disordered groups.
Ran-binding protein 3 links Crm1 to the Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor.

Ran-binding protein 3 (RanBP3) is an ∼55-kDa protein that functions as a cofactor for Crm1-mediated nuclear export. RanBP3 stimulates export by enhancing the affinity of Crm1 for Ran·GTP and cargo. However, important additional functions for this cofactor may exist. We now report that RanBP3 associates with the Ran-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1). This interaction was stimulated by the addition of Ran; moreover, Ran·GDP, Ran·GTP, and Ran without nucleotide could all stimulate complex formation between RanBP3 and RCC1 even though binding of Ran·GDP to RanBP3 alone was undetectable. RanBP3 could also promote binding of Crm1 to RCC1 in the presence of Ran. Binding of RanBP3 to RCC1 increased the catalytic activity of RCC1 toward Ran, and importantly, the ability of RanBP3 to stimulate RCC1 was not affected by the presence of Crm1. These data indicate that RanBP3 acts as a scaffold protein to promote the efficient assembly of export complexes. By tethering Crm1 to catalytically enhanced RCC1, RanBP3 may lower the entropic barrier for the loading of Ran·GTP onto Crm1. We propose that this provides an additional mechanism by which RanBP3 facilitates export.
Family psychology : progress and prospects of a maturing discipline

What is the condition of modern day family psychology? Merely posing this question raises what in psychotherapy research has been termed the "criterion problem." An additional dimension of this question's presentation, given our circumstances, would be called the "context problem." While the criterion problem raises the question, "What is our yardstick of measurement?" the context problem has to do, as the very term reveals, with the context we wish to consider when asking about family psychology's current status. That is, asking about family psychology within modern day psychology is to ask about family therapy as well. We can, and should, ask about the status of family psychology, as an academic and scientific specialty within psychology. However, as many have observed (Buehlman, Gottman, & Katz, 1992; Kaslow, 1990; Liddle, 1988a, 1992; L'Abate, in press; Markman, 1992), the developmental level of family psychology must be considered, by anyone's evaluation, at an early stage. So, we distinguish family therapy as one clinical manifestation of family psychology. Early on, we were concerned with distinguishing family psychology from family therapy (Kaslow, 1987; Liddle, 1987a). With this accomplished, the present scene seems to call for work that can understand family therapy, as a clinical specialty, and perhaps as a field and distinct profession as well, as a force within mainstream psychology.
A city within a city: A “snapshot” of aging in a HUD 202 in Detroit, Michigan

Abstract Because of a recent surge of aging in place literature, we know a considerable amount about how older adults wish to remain in long lived-in homes and communities. However, there are still gaps in our knowledge. What happens when older adults live in a community that does not support their everyday needs? This paper represents an initial attempt to explore how one group of poor, non-white, central city residents in Detroit, Michigan make sense of and organize a new age-segregated home. Findings presented in this article are based on 30 in depth and photographic elicitation interviews with African American, low-income, older adults living in one Housing and Urban Development 202 (HUD 202). Findings suggest that participants in this sample cultivated a new urban space within the facility to compensate for the deficiencies of a deteriorated inner-city neighborhood. I use these findings to encourage broader conceptualizations and consideration for the aging in place model to be more inclusive to the lived experiences of older adults who occupy oppressed places.
A theory for quasi-periodic oscillations observed in the ionosphere

Abstract Particular characteristics of the normal modes of oscillation of the atmosphere are brought forth to explain quasi-periodic ionospheric motions observed in the ionosphere. These include disturbances of periods of 1 min associated with low level nuclear explosions, 2–5 min associated with thunderstorms, and 10–15 min found under quiet ionospheric conditions.
Winston Churchill: A study in oratory

Winston Churchill was not a “natural” orator but he overcame his handicaps so well that he was awarded a Nobel Prize for his writings and “brilliant oratory.” Seven lessons in speech making are abstracted from a study of his life and oratory: (1) Know the language; (2) listen to good speakers; (3) endure any handicap; (4) read good books; (5) use rhetorical devices; (6) prepare and practice; and (7) show feelings and personality.
Programmed cell death: a way of life for plants

Cell death in higher plants has been widely observed in predictable patterns throughout development and in response to pathogenic infection. Genetic, biochemical, and morphological evidence suggests that these cell deaths occur as active processes and can be defined formally as examples of programmed cell death (PCD). Intriguingly, plants have at least two types of PCD, an observation that is also true of PCD in animals [Schwartz, L. M., Smith, W.W., Jones, M. E. E. & Osborne, B. A. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 980-984]. Thus, in plants, PCD resembles either a common form of PCD seen in animals called apoptosis or it resembles a morphologically distinct form of cell death. The ubiquitous occurrence and necessity of PCD for plant development and defense suggest that the underlying mechanisms of regulation and execution of these processes merit further examination.
The 10B(α, n) 13N13N∗ cross section for α-energies from 1.0 TO 5 MeV

Abstract The three neutron groups, populating the ground state, the 2.366 MeV state and the 3.51, 3.55 MeV doublet of 13 N were studied. Differential cross section measurements between E α = 1.0 and 5.0 MeV at 0, 90 and 160° showed fifteen resonances of which nine had not been seen before in this reaction. Angular distributions were taken at six α-energies. These confirmed the J π = 3 − assignment of the 12.690 level in 14 N and permitted a tentative assignment of J π = 3 − to the 13.166 MeV level. Compound nucleus formation involving overlap of several resonances appears dominant, except for the neutron group to the doublet in 13 N shows evidence for a direct reaction mechanism.
Interactions between Bollworms, a Braconid Parasite, and the Bacterium Serratia marcescens

The pathogenic bacterium, Serratia marcescens Bizio, was isolated from dead laboratory-reared larvae of the braconid parasite, Microplitis croceipes Cresson, that had emerged from diseased Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae. Laboratory feeding tests with S. marcescens against adult parasites resulted in 79% mortality in 7 days. When the bacterium was fed to isolated bollworm larvae, no mortality occurred, but when it was fed to larvae held in crowded conditions high mortality resulted. Healthy H. zea larvae died 24 hrs after being stung by wasps that had previously stung diseased larvae, and ovipositor transmission of the pathogen caused a peak mortality of 28% in 4 days. When comparisons were made between healthy and infected oviposition stings, it was found that parasite emergence was depressed 25.5% when the pathogen was present in host larvae.
The Application Of Knowledge Base And Digital Image Analysis Techniques To Automated Map Interpretation

This paper reports on a funded research project to develop and test a microcomputer based hardware and software system that is capable of capturing and classifying digitized images of features found on topographic and production maps used by the minerals industry for exploration and planning. Images are captured using a 240 pixel-per-inch image scanner, and recognized map features are automatically incorporated into a database. Digitized images are processed using appropriate combinations of standard techniques for noise removal, boundary identification, and feature extraction. Map features are identified and feature tracing is guided by a frame-oriented knowledge-base processing system containing rules that interact with the image software. In-house development of both the image and knowledge-base processing software has greatly facilitated the necessary information flow between these two systems.
Low cost programmable multisimulator facility

A prototype, low cost multisimulator facility consisting of a DEC LSI-11 host computer and multiple desk top simulators is reported. The facility includes a main-frame system, a voice system, and a multi-cab system which consists of a flight panel, a host subsystem, and a flight simulator system. Software components are described, and the simulator computer, which provides flight dynamics, a path predictor, and navigation and data communications is discussed. The system may be computationally upgraded by specification of the DEC LSI-11/23, thus obtaining at least a two-fold increase in real-time computational power.
On the Sprindžuk-Weissauer approach to universal Hilbert subsets

The works of both Sprindžuk (1979–80) and Weissauer (1980) consider the relation between Hilbert subsets of Q and sets consisting of powers of primes. A comparison of their results leads to generalizations and new proofs devoid of eitherp-adic diophantine approximation or of nonstandard arithmetic (§3 and §4). Results of Weissauer, giving new Hibertian infinite extensions of every Hilbertian field, receive short direct standard proofs, and a negative answer is given to a question of Roquette on the relation between Hilbert sets and value sets.
Effects of Electrostatic Charge on Aerosol Collection with Polystyrene Filter Cassettes

Electrostatic fields are present on polystyrene cassette filter holders commonly used to measure the concentration of particles in air. Beryllium concentrations were determined at a beryllium refinery using neutral, and positively and negatively charged cassettes. In laboratory experiments, tobacco smoke, magnetite and polyvinyltoluene latex spheres were collected by both charged and neutral cassettes. No differences in concentration measurements were observed in the experiments at the refinery. In the laboratory experiments, the concentration of a charged negative aerosol collected by a highly charged negative cassette was reduced. Thus, when collecting charged aerosols, the polystyrene cassettes should be charge neutralized.
Porphyrins as Detectors of Internal Electric Field in Heme Proteins

Heme proteins display remarkable specificity in discriminating between diatomic ligands that are similar in structure, such as dioxygen, carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide. However, the factors affecting their ability to accomplish this are not known with certainty. We are exploring the influence of the internal electric field produced by the protein matrix on the binding affinities at its heme active site. Generally, the “structure determines function” paradigm is employed to formulate a steric mechanism. Here we present a unique “electrostatic structure” approach to this question, using myoglobin as a model protein. The porphyrin residing at the active site provides a spectroscopic report of the electrostatic environment. In a first step, the atoms comprising the protein matrix are treated as point charges, and their individual electric field contributions are calculated using Coulomb's Law and summed at the heme site. Point mutations surrounding the active site are introduced and the effect on the internal electric field value is noted. In addition, the fluctuation of the field due to natural breathing motions of the protein in solution is modeled, posing the possibility of alternating fields playing a role in ligand discrimination. Experimentally, hole-burning spectroscopy provides a way to extract internal electric field values. This technique uses the Stark effect which is an application of an external electric field perturb the energy of the porphyrin detector. Preliminary results are determined to be quite significant - on the order of megavolts per centimeter. Finally, an excited state analysis of our detector porphyrins using Gaussian09 is presented, including transition dipole moment and state energy values. These values play an important role in the interpretation of spectroscopic data.
An observation of an association between adaptive pigmentation and thermal tolerance of fish

Replidated experiments indicate an association between thermal tolerance of juvenile bluegill sunfish and adaptive pigmentation to background color. Bluegills exposed to black backgrounds were able to survive higher temperatures longer than those exposed to blond backgrounds, when water temperatures were raised at a rate of 0.1°C/h from 24 to 36°C. Plausible explanations are considered which involve heat radiation effectiveness (by the fish) related to the black body concept, and stress associated with adaptive pigmentation.
Feature-positive and feature-negative discrimination learning maintained by negative reinforcement in rhesus monkeys

Rhesus monkeys were trained to press panels to escape or avoid shock. Escape and avoidance training were combined factorially with feature-positive (FP) and feature-negative (FN) discriminations. In the FP situation, S+ trials were characterized by one red and two green panel displays and S− consisted of an all green panel array. In the FN arrangement, S+ and S− arrays were reversed. When compared properly, FP discriminations were learned more readily than FN discriminations in both escape and avoidance training conditions. Positive tracking was associated with FP discriminations, and feature avoidance characterized the FN tasks. These data suggest that in primates, feature responses (i.e., tracking behaviors) are more a function of the operant contingency than of the Pavlovian correlation.
Enlarged Blind Spots in Chonoretinal Inflammatory Disorders

Purpose: This study was undertaken to better characterize patients with multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis (MCP), punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC), multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS), and diffuse subretinal fibrosis syndrome. The specific aim was to determine whether these disorders were different entities or part of a spectrum of diseases with similar features. Methods: Seventy-nine patients were included in the study. Most of the patients have been followed up prospectively since July 1980 with some found retrospectively. Results: Forty-one patients had MCP, 16 had PIC, 6 had diffuse subretinal fibrosis syndrome, and 16 had MEWDS. Patients with MCP had visual loss and visual field defects caused directly by visible lesions or recurrent inflammation around old lesions. In particular, clustering of lesions around the optic nerve and nasal periphery was seen in patients with MCP and appeared to be related to visual field loss. Patients with PIC also had enlarged blind spots and other field defects explained by fundus lesions. Patients with PIC and MCP did not have recurrent lesions on extended follow-up. Patients with diffuse subretinal fibrosis syndrome represented a subset of patients characterized with lesions in the posterior pole, severe scarring, and visual loss. Patients with MEWDS had the least inflammation with symmetrically distributed lesions. Minimal permanent chorioretinal scarring was seen in patients with MEWDS. Visual field defects improved in most patients with MEWDS and PIC, whereas most patients with MCP and diffuse subretinal fibrosis syndrome did not improve. Conclusions: Although enlarged blind spots are a feature of all four disorders, other clinical, angiographic, and electroretinographic evidence suggest that these are different entities.
Applications of the Vitamin D sterol-Vitamin D receptor (VDR) conformational ensemble model.

Abstract Over the past 20 years much has been learned about the cellular actions of the steroid hormone 1α,25(OH)2-Vitamin D3 (1,25D). Perhaps most importantly structure–function studies led to the discovery that different chemical and physical features of 1,25D are preferred to initiate either exonuclear, non-genomic or endonuclear, genomic cellular signaling. It is well documented that both a 1α-OH and 25-OH, and a 6-s-trans, bowl-shaped, sterol conformation are absolutely required for efficient gene transcription, while 6-s-cis locked analogs and 1-deoxy, 25(OH)D3 metabolites activate a variety of non-genomic, rapid responses. These results and the observation that S237 (helix-3; H3) and R274 (H5) are the most static residues in the human 1,25D-Vitamin D receptor (VDR) X-ray construct (see B-values in pdb: 1DB1) and form H-bonds with the 1α-OH of 1,25D in the X-ray, genomic pocket (G-pocket), provided the basis for the molecular modeling experiments that led to the discovery of a putative VDR alternative ligand binding pocket (A-pocket). The conformational ensemble model generated from the in silico results provides an explanation for how the VDR can function as a receptor propagating both genomic and non-genomic signaling events. In this report the theoretical gating properties controlling ligand access to the A- and G-pockets will be compared and the model will be used to provide a molecular explanation for the confusing structure–function results pertaining to 1,25D, its side-chain metabolite, 23S,25R-1α,25(OH)2-D3-26,23-lactone (BS), and its synthetic two side-chain analog, 21-(3′-hydroxy-3′-methylbutyl)-1α,25(OH)2-D3 (KH or Gemini). In addition, evidence that the model is consistent with the pH requirement for Vitamin D sterol–VDR crystallization will be presented.
On the bending strength of single-crystal silicon theta-like specimens

A new theta geometry was developed for microscale bending strength measurements. This new “gap” theta specimen was a modification of the arch theta specimen that enabled microscale tensile testing. The gap theta specimen was demonstrated here on single-crystal silicon, microfabricated using two different etch processes. The resulting sample strengths were described by three-parameter Weibull distributions derived from parameters determined using established arch theta strengths, assuming a specimen-geometry and -size invariant flaw distribution and an approximate loading configuration.
Beating the Odds: A Longitudinal Investigation of Low-Income Dual-Language and Monolingual Children's English Language and Literacy Performance.

Research Findings: The current study reports on the results of a longitudinal investigation of the language and early literacy development of a sample of dual-language learners (DLLs) and monolingual English speakers from low-income families who received an Early Reading First intervention during their Head Start preschool year. A total of 62 children who entered and remained in the same school district were followed from kindergarten through 2nd grade. The results indicate that both the DLLs and monolingual English speakers in the study showed similar developmental trajectories on receptive vocabulary, story recall, decoding, and letter and word identification from preschool through the 2nd grade. Furthermore, at the end of 2nd grade, the 2 groups' vocabulary, story recall, reading fluency, decoding, and letter and word identification performances were similar and within the normal range for children their age. Practice or Policy: The study's findings suggest that a strong preschool language and literacy...
Medication Management and Adherence Among Cognitively Impaired Older Adults

This study examined the relationship between patients' cognitive status, deficit awareness, medication management skills, and actual medication adherence. Twenty-seven persons with Alzheimer's disease and 20 healthy controls were evaluated for their predicted and objective performance on tasks related to medication management. Caregivers were also evaluated for their prediction of the care recipient's management abilities. A pill count was taken at the initial interview and 30 days later. MMSE and deficit awareness were related to amount of help received from a family member, suggesting that caregivers tend to accurately assess their relatives' medication management abilities. Adherence rates were acceptable, but some intervention strategies selected by caregivers were not effective in assuring adequate adherence. Additional study is needed to determine the effectiveness of various strategies adopted by informal caregivers.
Wellbore heat-transfer modeling and applications

Abstract Fluid temperature enters into a variety of petroleum production–operations calculations, including well drilling and completions, production facility design, controlling solid deposition, and analyzing pressure-transient test data. In the past, these diverse situations were tackled independently, using empirical correlations with limited generality. In this review paper, we discuss a unified approach for modeling heat transfer in various situations that result in physically sound solutions. This modeling approach depends on many common elements, such as temperature profiles surrounding the wellbore and any series of resistances for the various elements in the wellbore. We show diverse field examples illustrating this unified modeling approach in solving many routine production–operations problems.
Transcending inductive category formation in learning

The inductive category formation framework, an influential set of theories of learning in psychology and artificial intelligence, is deeply flawed. In this framework a set of necessary and sufficient features is taken to define a category. Such definitions are not functionally justified, are not used by people, and are not inducible by a learning system. Inductive theories depend on having access to all and only relevant features, which is not only impossible but begs a key question in learning. The crucial roles of other cognitive processes (such as explanation and credit assignment) are ignored or oversimplified. Learning necessarily involves pragmatic considerations that can only be handled by complex cognitive processes.We provide an alternative framework for learning according to which category definitions must be based on category function. The learning system invokes other cognitive processes to accomplish difficult tasks, makes inferences, analyses and decides among potential features, and specifies how and when categories are to be generated and modified. We also examine the methodological underpinnings of the two approaches and compare their motivations.
On the pop-in mode of fracture

Experimental observations concerning the pop-in mode of fracture obtained during an investigation of the fracture toughness of glassy plastics are related. Comments on the mechanics of the pop-in mode are presented.
Thresholds to chaos and ionization for the hydrogen atom in rotating fields

We analyze the classical phase space of the hydrogen atom in crossed magnetic and circularly polarized microwave fields in the high-frequency regime, using the Chirikov resonance overlap criterion and the renormalization map. These methods are used to compute thresholds to large-scale chaos and to ionization. The effect of the magnetic field is a strong stabilization of a set of invariant tori that bound the trajectories and prevent stochastic ionization. In order to ionize, larger amplitudes of the microwave field are necessary in the presence of a magnetic field.
Computers and Privacy: A Survey

The problem of access control and pr ivacy in computer sys tems is su rveyed in te rms of exis t ing sys tems and cur ren t proposals. A review of sugges ted legal and admin i s t r a t ive safeguards is given The bulk of the dmcusslon deals w i th the cur ren t technology, i ts l imi ta t ions , and some addi t ional safeguards which have been proposed bu t not implemented . Final ly , a few promis ing compute r science research problems m the field are ou t hned A par t i a l ly a n n o t a t e d b l b h o g r a p h y of h t e r a t u r e in the area is included.
Comparing the use of 2-methylenenapthyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl and 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl as N-H protecting groups for p-tolyl 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-1-thio-β-D-glucosides.

Abstract A hurdle in glycosylation reactions of 2-acetamido glycosyl donors is the formation of a stable and unreactive oxazoline that decreases the yield of these reactions significantly. As an effort to prevent oxazoline formation during glycosylation reactions, we protected the N–H of the acetamido group within a 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-1-thio-β- d -glucoside with one of four different protecting groups. These groups were either 2-methylenenapthyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl or 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl. The resulting N -alkylacetamides were then used in glycosylation reactions with ethanol as a model acceptor. We observed that the ethyl glycosides obtained in each case were obtained with exclusive β-selectivity without the formation of oxazoline sideproducts. The resulting products were then used to screen conditions for protecting group removal.
Studies on the cytostatic action, phosphorylation and deamination of 5-azacytidine and 5,6-dihydro-5- azacytidine in hela cells

Abstract 5-Azacytidine at 10 μM completely arrested the growth of HeLa cells, whereas 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine, a reduced stable analog of 5-azacytidine, at 100 and 200 μM did not inhibit their growth. 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydrouridine, a potent inhibitor of cytidine deaminase had no effect on cell growth at 100 μM, but in combination with 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine (100 μM) arrested cell growth completely. However, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrouridine did not enhance the cytostatic action of 5-azacytidine at concentrations which were only slightly inhibitory to cell growth. Kinetic studies with HeLa cell preparations of cytidine kinase showed that 5-azacytidine is phosphorylated to a greater extent than 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine but neither analog is as good a substrate as cytidine. Both drugs are deaminated by cell free extracts but apparent K m values indicate that the reduced 5-azacytidine compound has a 10-fold greater affinity for cytidine deaminase than the parent drug.
MARKET TIMING AND MUTUAL FUND PORTFOLIO COMPOSITION

This study uses a methodology that is independent of beta estimates to provide empirical evidence on the success of market timing by mutual fund managers. A fund's success at market timing is evaluated by determining if the percentage of the portfolio invested in stocks increases prior to an upturn in the general level of stock market prices and declines prior to a downturn in the level of stock prices. No evidence is found that managers possess, as a group, any market timing ability.
Use of novel assays to indicate that O-esters and S-esters are produced by the same enzyme in brewing yeast.

Ethanol- and methanethiol-dependent removal of acetyl-CoA by crude extracts of ale yeast has been monitored using a decrease in OD232. Activity has also been detected in these extracts after fractionation on polyacrylamide gels, in this case using a novel assay in which the coenzyme A produced in the reaction is linked via DCPIP reduction to color formation from nitroblue tetrazolium. Ethanol- and methanethiol-dependent activities migrate identically on such gels, and only one band of color formation was observed. Furthermore they displayed closely similar sensitivity to heating at 40°C and 60°C and pH optima, with activity maximal at pH 7.5. It is likely that a single enzyme is responsible for the formation of O-esters and S-esters in yeast. Initial kinetic studies indicate that methanethiol has higher affinity for the enzyme than has ethanol and a higher maximum velocity. However, the enzyme has a much lower Km for acetyl-CoA, suggesting that the alcohol or thiol substrate is the more likely substrate to be limiting.