cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Attaching Baffles onto the Inclined Walls of Attic Frames for Purposes of Energy Conservation

This article addresses the buoyant air circulation inside attic spaces of houses and buildings with sloped roofs and horizontally suspended ceilings. In order to counteract the excessive heat transmission through the roof that takes place during the wintertime, when the attic is heated at the base, this study attached an array of baffles onto the top inclined walls to alter the flow characteristics of the buoyant air. To perform the computational analysis, the finite volume method is the vehicle for the discretization of the conservation equations. The Boussinesq approximation is not invoked, and all thermophysical properties are considered as temperature-dependent. Simulations are performed for several values of baffles length and the Rayleigh number. The influence of these parameters upon the flow and temperature patterns is analyzed and discussed. A comparison of the thermal performance between baffled attics and non-baffled attics is presented. The results show that the presence of baffles provides an...
Evaluation of directional drilling implication of double layered pipe umbrella system for the coal mine roof support with composite material and beam element methods using FLAC 3D

This study demonstrates possible scenarios of double-layered umbrella pipe system installed over a longwall take down room in a western coal mine, where holes are drilled and cased from an adjacent entry in advance of undermining. Finite difference analysis in FLAC 3D with strain hardening gob model is used because this method is a complex and rigorous way for solving boundary value problems, such stress and strain in a continuum and at an excavation boundary due to undermining. Support system was simulated with two different methods: composite material method and beam element method. We realized that the composite material method is very conservative compared to beam element method. Thus, in the rest of the simulation, we used the beam element method to investigate the effect of different angles of umbrella pipes on the roof support. To validate the modeling results, we compare the numeral modeling results with empirical formula widely used in subsidence calculation. Also, this computer simulation compared displacement of roof between in the presence and absence of this pipe umbrella support system. In this paper, we demonstrated that a relative stiffness increase ∼185% for a reinforced zone can decrease the displacement ∼ 12.5 cm (∼ 5 in.) in the longwall recovery room roof based on results from the equivalent stiffness method. This reduction is a substantial amount, which could be really beneficial to mine operators during mining processes.
Theory of Monetary Intelligence: Money Attitudes—Religious Values, Making Money, Making Ethical Decisions, and Making the Grade

This study explores (1) the effect of a short ethics intervention—a chapter of business ethics in a business course—on perceptions of business courses and personal values toward making money and making ethical decisions and (2) Monetary Intelligence (MI). Since attitudes predict intentions and behaviors, Monetary Intelligence, a form of social intelligence, is defined as the extent to which individuals monitor their own monetary motive, behavior, and cognition; apply the information to evaluate critical concerns and options; select strategies to achieve financial goals; and reach ultimate success and subjective well-being. I theorize that the affective (love of money motive) aspect of MI is unrelated to perceptions of “course work,” yet it is positively related to their “personal values” toward making money, but negatively related to making ethical decisions. Individuals with high MI (low affective love of money motive) have low interests in making money, but high levels of intrinsic religiosity and recall of the Ten Commandments and high interests in making ethical decisions and making the grade (objective academic performance). Based on data from multiple panels and multiple sources, this study provides the following discoveries. Contrary to expectations, there are no differences in students’ perceptions of course work and their personal values toward making money and making ethical decisions between two measures—before and after the ethics intervention. Results of this study not only provide empirical supports for the bright side of theory of Monetary Intelligence (MI, Monetary Quotient, MQ) but also reveal a new paradox—recall of the Ten Commandments (the priming effect) is positively related to making ethical decisions, but negatively related to making money. Results illustrate important theoretical, empirical, and practical implications to the literature of money attitudes, religiosity, intrinsic motivation, and business ethics.
Preferential solubilization of dodecanol from dodecanol–limonene binary oil mixture in sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate microemulsions: Effect on optimum salinity and oil solubilization capacity

Abstract Solubilization of dodecanol–limonene binary oil mixtures has been studied in saturated Winsor type I and III sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate microemulsions. The systems showed different oil solubilization behavior below and above dodecanol volume fraction 0.2. Below 0.2 dodecanol volume fraction regular Winsor type microemulsions formed. The oil solubilization was characterized in this concentration range by the optimum salinity and the maximum characteristic length. Dodecanol showed Langmuirian-type surface excess adsorption at the vicinity of the surfactant layer. Variation of the optimum salinity and middle phase characteristic length with increasing dodecanol concentration could be linked to changes in the dodecanol surface excess. These relationships were used to develop new mathematical models for the optimum salinity and characteristic length as a function of oil phase composition. Both models yield excellent agreement with the data. Above dodecanol volume fraction 0.2 regular Winsor type III microemulsions are not formed. Therefore our new models are not applicable in this concentration range.
On automated e‐business negotiations: Goal, policy, strategy, and plans of decision and action

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in automated e‐business negotiations. The automation of negotiation requires a decision model to capture the negotiation knowledge of policymakers and negotiation experts so that the decision‐making process can be carried out automatically. Current research on automated e‐business negotiations has focused on defining low‐level tactics (or negotiation rules) so that automated negotiation systems can carry out automated negotiation processes. These low‐level tactics are usually defined from a technical perspective, not from a business perspective. There is a gap between high‐level business negotiation goals and low‐level tactics. In this article, we distinguish the concepts of negotiation context, negotiation goals, negotiation strategy, and negotiation tactics and introduce a formal decision model to show the relations among these concepts. We show how high‐level negotiation goals can be formally mapped to low‐level tactics that can be used to affect the ...
Influence of soil and mineral stresses on cacti

Abstract The influence of five soil and mineral stresses found in arid regions on growth and nutrient status were examined for two cactus species, Ferocactus acanthodes and Opuntia ficus‐indica. The plants were raised in sand culture in a glasshouse for 6 months with a range of treatment levels of salinity (NaCl), B, heavy metals (Cu and Zn). Ca, and pH. Roots of both plants were sensitive to salinity (stress shown at 25 mM NaCl), but only O. ficus‐indica showed shoot growth inhibition at this level. For O. ficus‐indica Na accumulation occurred in the root system with only limited translocation to the shoot, while for F. acanthodes Na was readily translocated to the shoots where it accumulated. In the B treatments, O. ficus‐indica showed typical visual symptoms of B toxicity along with high B accumulation in its photosynthetic stem. Although the root growth of both species was slightly affected by Cu and Zn at concentrations 20 times those in Hoagland solution, shoot growth was not substantially inhibited...
CENTROCERAS INTERNITENS N. SP. (RHODOPHYCEAE, CERAMIACEAE) FROM THE WESTERN TROPICAL NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN1

Centroceras internitens n. sp. (Rhodophyceae, Ceramiaceae) was found in the Florida Keys and Bermuda only as an epiphyte on Ceramium nitens (C. Agardh) J. Agardh. It is described on the basis of many collections, including an abundance of reproductive material representing all stages of the life history. Laboratory culture has not been successful. The type locality is a well-known limestone platform on the Atlantic Ocean side of West Summerland Key, Florida Keys. In addition to living material, C. internitens was found on eight herbarium specimens of Ceramium nitens at the United States National Museum, thereby establishing records of its occurrence throughout the Caribbean Sea and dating back to 1887.
Challenges and artifacts of probing high-pressure counterflow laminar diffusion flames

Abstract An experimental study was conducted on two C 2 H 4 /O 2 /N 2 laminar diffusion flames with identical compositions and strain rate, but operated at 0.29 MPa and 2.5 MPa, respectively, to assess pressure effects on the onset of soot formation. The low-pressure flame was permanently blue, whereas the high-pressure one was under conditions of incipient sooting. Both flames had nominally identical temperature–time history. Using gas sampling through quartz microprobes followed by GC/MS analysis and addressing potential artifacts associated with the diagnostic intrusiveness and probe-induced chemistry, we demonstrated that the flame structure was resolved even at the highest pressures, as shown by the good agreement with respect to major species between the experimental results and a one-dimensional computational model of the flame with detailed chemistry and transport. The increase in soot propensity correlates with an increase in the concentration of soot precursors like the aromatics and acetylene. Comparison with model predictions shows that the concentration of aromatics is systematically overpredicted. An ancillary computational study to estimate the sensitivity to changes in the velocity boundary conditions showed that minor species like the aromatics are sensitive to these details under certain conditions, because of changes in the temperature–time history that affects predominantly the slow chemistry.
Fast laser‐induced aerosol formation for visualization of gas flows

Aerosol seeding of gas flows by laser‐induced particle formation is demonstrated. A pulsed Nd:YAG laser (1.06 μ) is used to optically break down a mixture of SF6 and H2 in an inert carrier gas. Small sulfur particles form quickly and can be used to visualize gas flows by Mie scattering.
Categorization of indicators for sustainable manufacturing

Abstract The manufacturing industry is seeking an open, inclusive, and neutral set of indicators to measure sustainability of manufactured products and manufacturing processes. In these efforts, they find a large number of stand-alone indicator sets. This has caused complications in terms of understanding interrelated terminology and selecting specific indicators for different aspects of sustainability. This paper reviews a set of publicly available indicator sets and provides a categorization of indicators that are quantifiable and clearly related to manufacturing. The indicator categorization work is also intended to establish an integrated sustainability indicator repository as a means to providing a common access for manufacturers, as well as academicians, to learn about current indicators and measures of sustainability. This paper presents a categorization of sustainability indicators, based on mutual similarity, in five dimensions of sustainability: environmental stewardship, economic growth, social well-being, technological advancement, and performance management. Finally, the paper explains how to use this indicator set to assess a company's manufacturing operations.
Turbulent Velocity-Variance Profiles in the Stable Boundary Layer Generated by a Nocturnal Low-Level Jet

Abstract Profiles of mean winds and turbulence were measured by the High Resolution Doppler lidar in the strong-wind stable boundary layer (SBL) with continuous turbulence. The turbulence quantity measured was the variance of the streamwise wind velocity component σ2u. This variance is a component of the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), and it is shown to be numerically approximately equal to TKE for stable conditions—profiles of σ2u are therefore equivalent to profiles of TKE. Mean-wind profiles showed low-level jet (LLJ) structure for most of the profiles, which represented 10-min averages of mean and fluctuating quantities throughout each of the six nights studied. Heights were normalized by the height of the first LLJ maximum above the surface ZX, and the velocity scale used was the speed of the jet UX, which is shown to be superior to the friction velocity u* as a velocity scale. The major results were 1) the ratio of the maximum value of the streamwise standard deviation to the LLJ speed σu/UX was f...
Ring-opening-induced toughening of a low-permittivity polymer-metal interface.

Integrating low dielectric permittivity (low-k) polymers to metals is an exacting fundamental challenge because poor bonding between low-polarizability moieties and metals precludes good interfacial adhesion. Conventional adhesion-enhancing methods such as using intermediary layers are unsuitable for engineering polymer/metal interfaces for many applications because of the collateral increase in dielectric permittivity. Here, we demonstrate a completely new approach without surface treatments or intermediary layers to obtain an excellent interfacial fracture toughness of >13 J/m2 in a model system comprising copper and a cross-linked polycarbosilane with k ∼ 2.7 obtained by curing a cyclolinear polycarbosilane in air. Our results suggest that interfacial oxygen catalyzed molecular ring-opening and anchoring of the opened ring moieties of the polymer to copper is the main toughening mechanism. This novel approach of realizing adherent low-k polymer/metal structures without intermediary layers by activating...
Synchrotron and neutron powder diffraction study of phase transition in weberite-type Nd3NbO7 and La3NbO7

La{sub 3}NbO{sub 7} and Nd{sub 3}NbO{sub 7} are insulating compounds that have an orthorhombic weberite-type crystal structure and undergo a phase transition at about 360 and 450 K, respectively. The nature of the phase transitions was investigated via heat capacity measurements, synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction experiments. It is here shown that above the phase transition temperature, the compounds possess a weberite-type structure described by space group Cmcm (No. 63). Below the phase transition, the high temperature phase transforms into a weberite-type structure with space group Pmcn (No. 62). The phase transformation primarily involves the off-center shifting of Nb{sup 5+} ions inside the NbO{sub 6} octahedra, combined with shifts of one third of the Ln{sup 3+} (Ln{sup 3+}=La{sup 3+} and Nd{sup 3+}) ions at the center of the LnO{sub 8} polyhedra towards off-center positions. The phase transition was also proven to have great impacts on the dielectric properties. - Graphical abstract: The phase transition of La{sub 3}NbO{sub 7} and Nd{sub 3}NbO{sub 7} upon cooling primarily involves the off-center shifting of Nb{sup 5+} ions inside the NbO{sub 6} octahedra, combined with shifts of one third of the Ln{sup 3+} (Ln{sup 3+}=La{sup 3+} and Nd{sup 3+}) ions at the center of themore » LnO{sub 8} polyhedra towards off-center positions. Above the phase transition temperature, Ln{sup 3+} and Nb{sup 5+} sit at a position with mirror symmetry and 2-fold axis. Below the phase transition temperature, Ln{sup 3+} and Nb{sup 5+} shift away from the 2-fold axis but still in the mirror plane. Highlights: > La{sub 3}NbO{sub 7} and Nd{sub 3}NbO{sub 7} exhibit a phase transition at 360 and 450 K, respectively. > The phase transformation primarily involves the off-center shifting of Nb{sup 5+} and Ln{sup 3+}. > The off-center ionic displacement decreases with increasing temperature. > Dielectric properties are greatly related to the off-center displacement.« less
The Digital Instrumentation Node: An Alternative to CAMAC

During the development of a computer network for diverse real-time applications in physics and chemistry, a system was designed and developed to provide interfacing of instruments to each other as well as to a computer, and also to facilitate utilization of advanced solid state electronics in custom instruments. The result is a well-documented interfacing system with features and capabilities which are of growing importance in scientific and process instrumentation. This paper focuses attention on the distinctive features of the new system, features which are not usually available in CAMAC. These include the use of decentralized control, the addressing scheme, the monitor and control capabilities, the fast cycle time, and the simplicity of using the system.
DNA Damage-induced Association of ATM with Its Target Proteins Requires a Protein Interaction Domain in the N Terminus of ATM

The ATM protein kinase regulates the response of the cell to DNA damage by associating with and then phosphorylating proteins involved in cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair. Here, we report on deletion studies designed to identify protein domains required for ATM to phosphorylate target proteins and to control cell survival following exposure to ionizing radiation. Deletion studies demonstrated that amino acids 1–150 of ATM were required for the ATM protein to regulate cellular radiosensitivity. Additional deletions and point mutations indicated that this domain extended from amino acids 81–106 of ATM, with amino acid substitutions located between amino acids 91 and 97 inactivating the functional activity of ATM. When ATM with mutations in this region (termed ATM90) was expressed in AT cells, it was unable to restore normal radiosensitivity to the cells. However, ATM90 retained normal kinase activity and was autophosphorylated on serine 1981 following exposure to DNA damage. Furthermore, wild-type ATM displayed DNA-damage induced association with p53, brca1, and LKB1 in vivo, whereas ATM90 failed to form productive complexes with these target proteins either in vivo or in vitro. Furthermore, ATM90 did not phosphorylate p53 in vivo and did not form nuclear foci in response to ionizing radiation. We propose that amino acids 91–97 of ATM contain a protein interaction domain required for the DNA damage-induced association between ATM and its target proteins, including the brca1, p53, and LKB1 proteins. Furthermore, this domain of ATM is required for ATM to form nuclear foci following exposure to ionizing radiation.
Planar Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities and transition to turbulence

Extensive recent work has demonstrated that predictive under-resolved simulations of the velocity fields in turbulent flows are possible without resorting to explicit subgrid models. When using a class of physics-capturing high-resolution finite-volume numerical algorithms. This strategy is denoted implicit large eddy simulation (ILES, MILES). The performance of ILES in the substantially more difficult problem of under-resolved material mixing driven by under-resolved velocity fields and initial conditions (ICs) is a focus of the present work. Progress is presented in analyzing the effects of IC combined spectral content and thickness parametrizations. In the large eddy simulation (LES). the large energy containing structures are resolved, the smaller, presumably more isotropic, structures are filtered out, and effects of subgrid scales (SGS) are modeled. ILES effectively addresses the seemingly insurmountable issues posed to LES by under-resolution. by relying on the use of SGS modeling and filtering provided implicitly by a class of physics capturing numerics; extensive verification and validation in areas of engineering. geophysics. and astrophysics has been reported. In many areas of interest such as. inertial confinement fusion. understanding the collapse of the outer cores of supernovas. and supersonic combustion engines, vorticity is introduced at material interfaces by the impulsive loading of shock waves.more » and turbulence is generated via Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities (RMI). Given that ILES is based on locally-adaptive, non-oscillatory. finite-volume methods it is naturally suited to emulate shock physics. The unique combination of shock and turbulence emulation capabilities supports direct use of ILES as an effective simulation anzatz for RMI. Here, we further test this approach using a particular strategy based on a nominally-inviscid, Schmidt number {approx} 1, simulation model that uses the LANL RAGE code to investigate planar RMI. Issues of initial material interface characterization and modeling difficulties, and effects of IC resolved spectral content on transitional and late-time turbulent mixing were examined in our previous work. The focus here is to carry out a systematic analysis of effects of combined IC spectral content and thickness.« less
119 Marine Algae of Pohnpei and Ant Atoll with Comparisons to Other Pacific Atolls and Island Groups

A study of benthic marine algae collected from Pohnpei Island and Ant Atoll, Federated States of Micronesia, documented the occurrence of 113 species of red algae (Rhodophyta), 60 species of green algae (Chlorophyta) and 17 species of brown algae (Phaeophyta), many of which are new records for Pohnpei, Ant Atoll and Micronesia. Added to reports from the literature, a total known marine benthic flora of Ant and Pohnpei (exclusive of Cyanobacteria and crustose coralline algae) now stands at 241. The high island, volcanic nature, and larger size of Pohnpei which is very different from the low, calcareous geomorphology of smaller Ant Atoll, led us to expect higher species numbers from Pohnpei relative to Ant, and greater differences in their algal floras than we found. Comparisons of the Ant-Pohnpei algal flora were also made using Jaccard and Sorensen's indices to Ifaluk Atoll (Caroline Islands), Enewetak Atoll (Marshall Islands), the Northern Mariana Islands, and the distant south Pacific island groups of Fiji and French Polynesia. Biogeographical investigation of the marine algae flora revealed that Ant Atoll and Pohnpei have a large number of widespread and Indo-Pacific species, but very few probable regional endemics.
PRECIPITATION AND AGGLUTINATION TESTS WITH THE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS. TITRATION OF "M" AND "T" ANTI-BODIES IN HUMAN SERA

While "M" and "T" antibodies can be demonstrated in low titre in human sera, an almost complete absence of specificity seems to indicate an apparent lack of correlation with current or past streptococcal illness. In the present study, agglutination and precipitation tests on patient9s sera, using known "T" and "M" antigens, appear to have little value in determining the antigenic relationship of the streptococci involved in infection. Moreover, no correlation could be shown between the amounts of "M" antibody and of "T" antibody present in the different sera. It is obvious that further work is needed. With a greater degree of purification of "M" and "T" and the elimination of non-specific substances, it may ultimately be possible to demonstrate the development of significant type-specific antibodies in human sera.
Liver proteomics in progressive alcoholic steatosis

Abstract Fatty liver is an early stage of alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease (ALD and NALD) that progresses to steatohepatitis and other irreversible conditions. In this study, we identified proteins that were differentially expressed in the livers of rats fed 5% ethanol in a Lieber–DeCarli diet daily for 1 and 3 months by discovery proteomics (two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry) and non-parametric modeling (Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines). Hepatic fatty infiltration was significantly higher in ethanol-fed animals as compared to controls, and more pronounced at 3 months of ethanol feeding. Discovery proteomics identified changes in the expression of proteins involved in alcohol, lipid, and amino acid metabolism after ethanol feeding. At 1 and 3 months, 12 and 15 different proteins were differentially expressed. Of the identified proteins, down regulation of alcohol dehydrogenase (− 1.6) at 1 month and up regulation of aldehyde dehydrogenase (2.1) at 3 months could be a protective/adaptive mechanism against ethanol toxicity. In addition, betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2 a protein responsible for methionine metabolism and previously implicated in fatty liver development was significantly up regulated (1.4) at ethanol-induced fatty liver stage (1 month) while peroxiredoxin-1 was down regulated (− 1.5) at late fatty liver stage (3 months). Nonparametric analysis of the protein spots yielded fewer proteins and narrowed the list of possible markers and identified d -dopachrome tautomerase (− 1.7, at 3 months) as a possible marker for ethanol-induced early steatohepatitis. The observed differential regulation of proteins have potential to serve as biomarker signature for the detection of steatosis and its progression to steatohepatitis once validated in plasma/serum.
Calculating activity coefficients in hydrometallurgy — A review

Abstract Recent developments for estimating activity coefficients of electrolytes both in pure and multicomponent aqueous solutions are reviewed with good success generally attained up to saturation. Examples are presented to illustrate applications of these methods in calculating ion concentrations, vapor pressures, and solubility limits, for some problems encountered in hydrometallurgy.
Environment, Development and Politics: Capital Accumulation and the Livestock Sector in Eastern Amazonia

Summary - Deforestation and environmental degradation are increasingly common themes in the literature on humid tropical rural development. This paper explores the frameworks used to analyze environmental questions in developing economies and how well these function in the particular case of livestock development in the Eastern Amazon Basin. The paper argues that, due to the peculiarities of the state subsidies available for ranching activities that spurred a frenzy of land speculation, the exchange rather than productive value of land became paramount. In such a context, cautious land management was irrelevant and serious environmental degradation was the result. The paper suggests that models of environmental degradation that focus only on the question of production cannot capture the environmental dynamics of speculative economies.
Collagenolytic Matrix Metalloproteinases in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease and Cancer

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer result in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition to the role of environmental smoke exposure in the development of both diseases, recent epidemiological studies suggests a connection between the development of COPD and lung cancer. Furthermore, individuals with concomitant COPD and cancer have a poor prognosis when compared with individuals with lung cancer alone. The modulation of molecular pathways activated during emphysema likely lead to an increased susceptibility to lung tumor growth and metastasis. This review summarizes what is known in the literature examining the molecular pathways affecting matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in this process as well as external factors such as smoke exposure that have an impact on tumor growth and metastasis. Increased expression of MMPs provides a unifying link between lung cancer and COPD.
Effects of controlled diet on the morphological color change of a marine teleost

Abstract The maturing young of the California sheephead, Pimelometopon pulchrum , have been observed to undergo a color change from gold to red. Feeding experiments indicated that this was a morphological color change in the classical sense but the change appears to be under internal metabolic control, as opposed to being diet-dependent; this might be expected for carotenoid pigments. The fish are able to alter the chromophore structure of the dominant integumentary carotenoid so that the light absorption characteristics of the new molecule are shifted towards the transmission and reflection of red light.
Revised age estimates of Brunhes palaeomagnetic events: Support for a link between geomagnetism and eccentricity

Revisions in the dates of reported geomagnetic excursions during the Brunhes Epoch are proposed in light of possible correlations between a section at Gioia Tauro, Italy, deep-sea cores, a core from Lake Biwa, Japan, and some lava flows. The anomalously long, double Blake Event reported at Gioia Tauro is here correlated with the Blake Event (approximately 110 kyr) and the Biwa 1 event (180 plus or minus 5 kyr); an hiatus may be present in the section between these two events. The alpha event at Gioia Tauro is correlated with the Biwa 2 event at about 295 kyr; the beta event with the 'Biwa 3' event at about 400 kyr; the gamma event with the Snake River event at 480 plus or minus 50; and the delta event, not recorded elsewhere, is estimated to have occurred at approximately 620 kyr. These proposed refinements in the age estimates of the excursions suggest an approximately 100 kyr cyclicity. If the events are real and the revised dating is correct, the timing of the geomagnetic events seems to coincide with times of peak eccentricity of the earth's orbit, suggesting a causal connection.
Virtual Worlds and Social Work Education: Potentials for “Second Life”

Virtual worlds such as “Second Life” hold promise for social work education. They may be especially useful for distance/distributed education. Social relationships, groups, organizations and entire communities can be modeled and explored for role playing and laboratory instruction. This article provides an overview of “Second Life,” an example of a well developed virtual world. The CSWE Educational Policies and Accreditation Standards are used to examine possible applications. Benefits such as experiential learning opportunities and problems such as technical mastery are discussed. Virtual worlds can support and may even supplant current approaches for distance education.
Role of Gastrointestinal Hormones in the Proliferation of Normal and Neoplastic Tissues

Gastrointestinal (GI) hormones are chemical messengers that regulate the physiological functions of the intestine and pancreas, including secretion, motility, absorption, and digestion. In addition to these well-defined physiological effects, GI hormones can stimulate proliferation of the nonneoplastic intestinal mucosa and pancreas. Furthermore, in an analogous fashion to breast and prostate cancer, certain GI cancers possess receptors for GI hormones; growth can be altered by administration of these hormones or by blocking their respective receptors. The GI hormones that affect proliferation, either stimulatory or inhibitory, include gastrin, cholecystokinin, gastrin-releasing peptide, neurotensin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-2, and somatostatin. The effects of these peptides on normal and neoplastic GI tissues will be described. Also, future perspectives and potential therapeutic implications will be discussed.
Synthesis, structure and bonding in Nb2(ν6-mesitylene)2(μ-I)4 and a new intermediate-valent dinuclear niobium complex, [Nb2(ν6-mesitylene)2(μ-I)4]I

Nb2(ν6-mesitylene)2(μ-I)4 (mesitylene  1,3,5-C6H3(CH3)3  mes) (2) has been synthesized from the reaction of Nb(ν6-mes)2 (2) with iodine in THF and characterized by NMR, IR, UV-vis spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The mesitylene ligands in 2 show nonplanar boat conformations, indicating localization of π-electron density in a 1,4-diene fashion, which is supported by a molecular orbital calculation. NMR spectra, however, indicate that 2 undergoes rapid interconversion of boat conformations as well as ring rotation in solution even at −62°C. A cyclic voltammogram of complex 2 exhibits two redox waves. A new intermediate-valent dinuclear complex [Nb2(η6-mes)2(μ-I)4]I (3) was prepared from oxidation of 2 with iodine. The powder EPR spectrum of 3 is discussed. while magnetic studies of 3 exhibit Curie-Weiss paramagnetic behavior at temperatures above 100 K with μeff = 1.77 BM.1 Crystal data: 2, C18H24I4Nb2, monoclinic, P21/n (No. 14), a = 10.186(2) A, b = 8.837(2) A, c = 12.797(3) A, β = 96.95(2)°, V = 1143.3 A3, Z = 2, and dcalcd = 2.71 g cm−3; 3, C18H24I5Nb2, monoclinic, C2/ c, a = 8.348(2) A, b = 15.038(3) A, c = 20.373(4) A, β = 97.25(3)°, V = 2537.1(9) A3, Z = 4, and dcalcd = 2.78 g cm−3
Comment on “Wave propagation effects and the Earth's structure in the lower mantle”

In a recent contribution, Haddon and Buchbinder introduced a new shear velocity model for the lower mantle which, combined with effects of velocity inhomogeneity at the base of the mantle, they concluded to be consistent with observed SH arrivals preceding the core reflected phase ScSH at distances beyond 70 o. Using Kirchhoff wave theory, they computed synthetic waveforms for the radially symmetric version of their model (which has a 1.4% discontinuous velocity decrease at 2300 km depth) that seem to match some SH data, even without allowing for lateral heterogeneity. However, synthetic waveforms for this model computed using generalized ray theory and reflectivity do not match the Kirchhoff synthetics or the data, casting doubt upon the conclusions drawn in their study. Earlier models by Lay and Helmberger, involving a 2.75% discontinuous velocity increase at a depth of about 2600 km, require only slight modification in order to match all of the SH wave observations.
Patterns in groundfish abundance along the Eastern Bering Sea outer continental margin

Place-based management approaches require understanding the spatial arrangement and interaction of elements. To address this need, we explored the utility of spatial-pattern analysis to understand the distribution of groundfish in the Eastern Bering Sea outer continental margin. We divided this region into discrete geomorphological units to explore spatial pattern on a range of scales. We used groundfish catch per unit effort (cpue) trawl survey data collected in four years to quantify spatial autocorrelation. Global statistics indicated that groundfish cpue was dominated by clusters of low values in all years. Local statistics showed that clusters of low values in groundfish cpue were confined to the southern portion of the study area, while clusters of high values varied across the study area. Outliers were most commonly found in close proximity to the shelf – slope break. Our results reveal the existence of spatial dependency in groundfish abundance and demonstrate that spatial analysis can be used to better understand spatial arrangements of these and other living marine resources, and to quantify and validate the local ecological knowledge of resource users. Our results indicate the feasibility of using spatially explicit tools to improve integration and visualization of marine environmental data for purposes of management and conservation.
Histone H3 lysine 4 methyltransferases and demethylases in self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells

Epigenetic mechanisms are fundamental to understanding the regulatory networks of gene expression that govern stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Methylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) has emerged as a key epigenetic signal for gene transcription; it is dynamically modulated by several specific H3K4 methyltransferases and demethylases. Recent studies have described new epigenetic mechanisms by which H3K4 methylation modifiers control self-renewal and lineage commitments of stem cells. Such advances in stem cell biology would have a high impact on the research fields of cancer stem cell and regenerative medicine. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in understanding the roles of H3K4 methylation modifiers in regulating embryonic and adult stem cells’ fates.
Survival Analysis: A Primer

In this article, I will discuss life tables and Kaplan-Meier estimators, which are similar to life tables. Then I turn to proportional-hazards models, aka "Cox models." Along the way, I will look at the efficacy of screening for lung cancer, the impact of negative religious feelings on survival, and the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy. What conclusions should be drawn about statistical practice? Proportional-hazards models are frequently used to analyze data from randomized controlled trials. This is a mistake. Randomization does not justify the models, which are rarely informative. Simpler analytic methods should be used first. With observational studies, the models would help us disentangle causal relations if the assumptions behind the models could be justified. Justifying those assumptions, however, is fraught with difficulty.
On the performance of envelope-tracking surface-integral equation solvers

Envelope-tracking marching-on-in-time (ET-MOT) solution of the combined-field integral equation is compared to its traditional time-domain (TD) counterpart. ET techniques are generally more efficient than TD ones for band-pass scattering analysis because they can use larger time-step sizes that are constrained by the bandwidth rather than the maximum frequency component of the fields/currents. Yet, complexity analysis and numerical results show that the ET-MOT marching cost is proportional to the (relative) bandwidth only for low-frequency regime of analysis and that it is not a monotonic function of the bandwidth in general.
A Novel Limit Distribution for the Analysis of Randomly Mistuned Bladed Disks

A recently introduced perturbation technique is employed to derive a novel closed form model for the probability density function of the resonant and near-resonant, steady state amplitude of blade response in randomly mistuned disks. In its most general form, this model is shown to involve six parameters but, in the important practical case of a pure stiffness (or frequency) mistuning, only three parameters are usually sufficient to completely specify this distribution. A series of numerical examples are presented that demonstrate the extreme reliability of this three-parameter model in accurately predicting the entire probability density function of the amplitude of response, and in particular the large amplitude tail of this distribution which is the most critical effect of mistuning.Copyright © 1996 by ASME
Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins for Structural Characterization

Protein footprinting coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) has become a powerful tool for studying protein interactions. There are many types of footprinting labels that can be reversible or irreversible, and in either case they can be either general or specific for a particular amino acid.
THE DISEASE CONTROVERSY: CLOSING OPEN ISSUES

This discussion explores the controversy surrounding the term, “mental disease,” and attempts to resolve the issues involved. These issues are accuracy of the term, relationship between the name used and treatment agents. “Mental disease” is accepted as an accurate term describing a relationship between experiential structure and adjustive behavior, distinguishing it from physical disease and separating it from the exclusive control of an individual discipline. The distortions involved in mental disease are considered inevitable, rather than name-dependent, yet their presence requires an explicative use of the disease concept, translating mental illness into meaningful terms regarding descriptive accuracy and the related aspect of who shall treat mental illness.
No Reservations: International Order and Demand for the Renminbi as a Reserve Currency

This study identifies 37 central banks that added China’s renminbi (RMB) to their reserve portfolio since 2010. Why do some states diversify into new reserve currencies at an early stage while most continue to take a wait-and-see approach? We argue that state preferences regarding international order influence decisions to invest in RMB. While some states support the liberal, US-led status quo, others prefer an emerging Chinese alternative order. We contend that as state preferences for international order move away from the US model (and toward China), the likelihood of diversifying reserves into RMB should increase. Thus, the decision to invest in RMB is not simply an economic choice. It is also a political act that signals and symbolizes a state’s preferences for a diminution of American global influence and support for a revised order. Employing new United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) ideal points data, we find that states with larger (smaller) ideal point distance with the United States (China) are more likely to adopt RMB as a reserve currency. Furthermore, political consideration—rather than economic concerns about transaction needs, optimal portfolio considerations, or instrumental calculations—best explains emergent demand for the RMB as a reserve currency.
PREDICTION OF THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE AND FATIGUE LIFE OF PANELS SUBJECTED TO THERMO-ACOUSTIC LOADING

This paper focuses on the formulation and validation of a reduced order model for the prediction of the response - displacements, stresses, fatigue life - of aircraft panels subjected to a severe thermo-acoustic loading. The reduced order modeling starts with a finite element model from a standard package (MSC.NASTRAN) and produces a set of cubic nonlinear differential equations which are efficiently marched in time. The basis for the representation of the displacement field includes transverse deflection modes of the linear panel and some associated in-plane modes (the dual modes). A partial static condensation approach is proposed for the numerically efficient integration of the reduced order model governing equations. Validation cases demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed static condensation and of the good to excellent reliability of the reduced order model for the prediction of the displacements and stresses of panels in the nonlinear range in static and dynamic cases. The computational efficiency of the reduced order model permits the generation of time histories of stresses long enough for the accurate assessment of the fatigue life of panels.
An algorithm of peer selection for hybrid P2P on-demand streaming media system

Aim Using efficient peer selection algorithm to solve the problems of data availability and QoS of streaming in P2P on-demand streaming media system.Methods Through analysis of the limitation of existing peer selection algorithms propose a two-stage peer selection(TSPS) algorithm of hybrid P2P on-demand media streaming system.The first stage determines available peers according to peers′ cache states as well as the second stage determines the most suitable peers according to peers′ bandwidth,delay and loss rate.Results The algorithm′s scheme and analyses are given,and the simulation experiment is carried out from aspects of server stress,start delay,throughput and total message number.Conclusion Through simulation and comparison,performance of TSPS was found well.
Inhibition of adenosine-mediated coronary vasodilation exacerbates myocardial ischemia during exercise.

Persisting coronary vasoconstrictor tone that is responsive to exogenous adenosine administration has been demonstrated during myocardial ischemia. Therefore, the role and extent of endogenous adenosine-mediated coronary vasodilation in opposing coronary vasoconstriction within regions of ischemic myocardium was investigated in 10 chronically instrumented exercising dogs. Studies were performed on dogs with left circumflex coronary artery stenosis during treadmill exercise (6.5 km/h, 6% grade), while myocardial blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres. Blood flow was measured before and again after inhibition of the effects of endogenously produced adenosine through combined inactivation of adenosine and adenosine receptor antagonism by the administration of intracoronary adenosine deaminase (ADA) (5 micrograms.kg-1 x min-1 x 10 min) plus 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT) (5 mg/kg i.v.), respectively. Coronary perfusion pressure was held equal during both conditions at approximately 41 mmHg with a hydraulic occluder. During exercise in the presence of a coronary stenosis, blood flow was reduced in all layers of myocardium in regions supplied by the stenosed left circumflex coronary artery compared with blood flow in regions of myocardium supplied by the nonstenotic left anterior descending coronary artery. After ADA plus 8-PT, myocardial blood flow (in ml.min-1 x g-1) was further reduced in all layers of myocardium in regions supplied by the stenotic left circumflex coronary artery compared with baseline (subendocardial layer 0.44 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.67 +/- 0.13 ml.min-1 x g-1, mean transmural flow 0.92 +/- 0.13 vs. 1.25 +/- 0.2 ml.min-1 x g-1, both P < 0.05). Blood flow in regions of myocardium supplied by the nonstenotic left anterior descending coronary artery were unchanged following ADA plus 8-PT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Epistemological lacunae in conceptualising political structure: a solution from field theory

ABSTRACTThree schools of thought – focusing on the party system, political elite networks, and political institutions, respectively – have dominated previous discussions of political structure. In this article, I show that these perspectives share the common weakness of failing to take into account political actors’ points of view on the meaning of politics, making them incapable of explaining the reproduction or the transformation of political structures. The main epistemological insight of Bourdieu’s field theory is that the notion of social structure must be developed by taking into account the viewpoint of field actors competing with each other to define the true meaning of membership in their field. I argue that adopting this insight in the study of politics makes it possible to simultaneously account for both the everyday reproduction of political structure and the potential for its radical transformation.
The effect of marital status on breast cancer-related outcomes in women under 65: A SEER database analysis

Abstract Background Marital status is strongly associated with improved health and longevity. Being married has been shown to be positively associated with survival in patients with multiple different types of malignancy; however, little is known about the relationship between marital status and breast cancer in younger women. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of marital status on diagnosis, and survival of women under the age of 65 with breast cancer. Methods The SEER 18 regions database was used to identify women between the ages of 25–64 diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in the years 2004–2009. Logistic regression was used to predict later stage diagnosis by marital status and Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare breast cancer-related and all-cause survival by marital status classification. Models were stratified by AJCC stage. Results After adjusting for age, race, and ER status, unmarried women were 1.18 times more likely to be diagnosed at a later stage than married women (95% CI 1.15, 1.20). In adjusted analysis unmarried women were more likely to die of breast cancer and more likely to die of all causes than married women across all AJCC stages. Conclusions Younger unmarried women with breast cancer may benefit from additional counseling, psychosocial support and case management at the time of diagnosis to ensure their overall outcomes are optimized.