cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soluble chain fractions in hydrophilic polymer networks: origin and effect on dynamic uptake overshoots

Abstract The dynamic swelling behaviour of crosslinked poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) networks containing well characterized soluble fractions of poly(ethylene glycol) was studied. The mass uptake as a function of time exhibited a significant overshoot above the final equilibrium value. The magnitude and duration of the overshoot depended on the concentration and molecular weight of the soluble fraction, and was attributed to the presence of the soluble fraction. A statistical model was used to show that polymer networks formed by free-radical copolymerization and crosslinking reactions may contain a significant intrinsic soluble fraction made up of unreacted monomer and polymer chains that have not become incorporated into the gel. It is therefore suggested that this soluble fraction may contribute to swelling overshoot. The statistical model was used to relate the quantity and molecular weight of the intrinsic soluble fraction to the free-radial reaction parameters.
A Theoretical Base for Interior Design: A review of four approaches from related fields

There is presently no body of literature comprising the theory of interior design. There are, however, many theoretical approaches from related fields that have application to the field of interior design. In response to the need stated by others for a body of interior design theory, this paper reviews four theoretical approaches and gives examples of existing literature within each approach. This paper focuses on theory as an organizational tool and is limited to theories that are relevant to “concept” and “form”. Examples of each theory point toward a potential area of exploration in the development of interior design theory, with the intention that such a body of literature would hold meaning for both students and practitioners of interior design.
Interactions of Arg2 in the Mnt N-terminal arm with the central and flanking regions of the Mnt operator.

Arg2, in the N-terminal arm of the Mnt repressor, plays an important role in determining operator-binding specificity. In the complex of the Mnt tetramer with the 21 base-pair mnt operator, there are four potential sites for Arg2 interactions, two in the central region of the operator and two on the outer flanks of the operator. Single-chain variants of the dimeric N-terminal domain of Mnt containing one Arg2 residue and one Lys2 or Met2 residue were constructed and interactions with operator DNA were probed using Fe·EDTA affinity cleavage. The results of these orientation studies show that the majority of the energetically significant interactions mediated by Arg2 occur in the central region of the mnt operator. The RK2, RA2, and RM2 mutations reduce the free energy of operator binding by 1.7 kcal/mol, 3.3 kcal/mol, and 4.9 kcal/mol, respectively. Double-mutant thermodynamic cycle analyses using the RA2, RM2, and operator variants also reveal interaction free energies between Arg2 and operator base-pairs 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13, which in aggregate account for most of the Arg2 contribution to operator binding.
Average effective-interaction calculations in a simulated Hartree-Fock basis

The averaged effective interaction for mass-18 nuclei is computed through fourth-order perturbation theory in both a pure harmonic-oscillator basis and a simulated Hartree-Fock basis. Going to a Hartree-Fock basis does not eliminate the large fourth-order averages found earlier by Goode and Koltun using an harmonic-oscillator basis.
Remedying Motivation and Productivity Loss in Collective Settings

Perhaps the most annoying thing about working in a group or other setting in which efforts are pooled to form a collective product is that not all individuals contribute equally. There always seem to be some peo ple who loaf or choose to free ride on the efforts of other people. Over the past two decades, this irksome aspect of groups has captured the at tention of researchers in psychology, sociology, management, econom ics, and political science. The guid ing questions underlying the re search are why do people exert less effort in collective settings, and what can be done about the reduction in effort.
Two cis elements collaborate to spatially repress transcription from a sea urchin promoter

The expression pattern of many territory-specific genes in metazoan embryos is maintained by an active process of negative spatial regulation. However, the mechanism of this strategy of gene regulation is not well understood in any system. Here we show that reporter constructs containing regulatory sequence for the SM30-alpha gene of Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus are expressed in a pattern congruent with that of the endogenous SM30 gene(s), largely as a result of active transcriptional repression in cell lineages in which the gene is not normally expressed. Chloramphenicol acetyl transferase assays of deletion constructs from the 2600-bp upstream region showed that repressive elements were present in the region from -1628 to -300. In situ hybridization analysis showed that the spatial fidelity of expression was severely compromised when the region from -1628 to -300 was deleted. Two highly repetitive sequence motifs, (G/A/C)CCCCT and (T/C)(T/A/C)CTTTT(T/A/C), are present in the -1628 to -300 region. Representatives of these elements were analyzed by gel mobility shift experiments and were found to interact specifically with protein in crude nuclear extracts. When oligonucleotides containing either sequence element were co-injected with a correctly regulated reporter as potential competitors, the reporter was expressed in inappropriate cells. When composite oligonucleotides, containing both sequence elements, were fused to a misregulated reporter, the expression of the reporter in inappropriate cells was suppressed. Comparison of composite oligonucleotides with oligonucleotides containing single constituent elements show that both sequence elements are required for effective spatial regulation. Thus, both individual elements are required, but only a composite element containing both elements is sufficient to function as a tissue-specific repressive element.
Heterojunction cold-cathode electron emitters of (AlGa) As-GaAs

Abstract New cold-cathode electron emitters designed for vacuum tube have been developed based on the use of liquid phase epitaxy, (AlGa) As-GaAs heterojunctions and negative-electron affinity GaAs surfaces. An important part of the device is the lateral confinement of the current flow to the desired emitting surface by a novel fabrication technique. It has been shown that devices operating at practical efficiencies and emission current densities can be reproducibly fabricated and activated. The electron energy distribution has been determined. The half width of the energy distribution is 160 meV (compared to ≈ 220 meV for a thermionic cathode at 1000 °K) and is consistent with theoretical calculations based on the energy loss of the electrons in the GaAs space charge region near the surface. While this distribution is wider than kT, it contains a relatively small high energy component. It is the high energy component which is the most troublesome aspect of the thermionic cathode emission. Some of the major factors affecting cathode life have been studied, and the following conclusions have been reached: (1) A decrease in negative electron affinity occurs mainly during electron emission from the activated surface and results from electron-stimulated desorption from the anode; (2) a decrease in negative electron affinity is due, at least in part, to the physical adsorption of impurities released from the anode rather than to a loss of cesium and/or oxygen; (3) oxygen physically adsorbed on the activated surface is a specific impurity which causes a severe reduction in negative electron; (4) cathode stability can be greatly improved by a number of techniques including operation at low anode voltages and magnetic field deflection to prevent the incidence on the cathode surface of impurities released from the anode.
Renal diversion with silicone circle catheters.

Abstract At North Carolina Memorial Hospital, we have carried out renal diversion with silicone circle nephrostomy tubes in twenty-one patients. In our series there was one postoperative death and five major complications, two delayed hemorrhages and three catheter losses. A discussion of each is included. Over-all, our experience with this form of diversion has been gratifying. Tube changes are less frequent, and patient mobility and comfort are increased.
Nasal impairment in prepubertal children

The aim of this study was to examine changes in nasal resistance longitudinally from age 9 to 13. The study population consisted of 82 children whose nasal resistance was measured annually. The results showed that as nasal resistance significantly decreased with age, it also increased transiently at some point between ages 9 and 13. The timing of the transient change in resistance varied among individuals, but it usually occurred before age 12. No gender differences were observed. The results suggest that clinical signs of nasal impairment may periodically occur and then disappear in prepubertal orthodontic patients.
Gene therapy's new era: A balance of unequivocal benefit and unequivocal harm

ment. One additional patient, treated in Australia by Ian Alexander with the same vector and protocol employed in the French study, has also shown a partial immune reconstitution. Sadly, in September 2002, approximately thirty months after treatment, one of the first children treated by the French group began to develop signs of T-cell leukemia. Although there was a family history of cancer—two close relatives had died in childhood of medulloblastoma—it was difficult to avoid the presumption that the genetic manipulation was the immediate trigger for the leukemia. Fischer and his colleagues quickly found that the leukemic cells consisted of a single, clonally expanded population of γδ T cells that contained a single copy of the retroviral provirus integrated in reverse transcriptional orientation in the first intron of the LMO-2 oncogene. LMO-2 is known to be associated with some forms of childhood T-cell leukemia. In this case, the integrated provirus had apparently introduced the strong retroviral long terminal repeat enhancer element near enough to the LMO-2 gene to activate it to a level and time inappropriate for its stage in T-cell development. By mechanisms that are still not entirely understood, the combination of a potential growth-promoting function (γc) with an activated oncogene (LMO-2) in one of thousands of transduced cells may have provided that cell with a growth or survival advantage that led it, after almost three years, to outgrow all other T cells in the patient’s hematopoietic system and produce a clinically evident leukemia. To many observers, this terrible outcome seemed to confirm the long-held expectation that randomly integrating vectors could by chance hit upon or activate an oncogene and initiate tumorigenesis. Integration of retroviruses is generally thought to occur by stochastic mechanisms into fairly random or quasi-random sites. If that is so, a very high efficiency of initial transduction of a large enough population of target cells could virtually guarantee an integration event within enhancer-activation proximity to any one of the hundreds of known oncogenes or proto-oncogenes in the human genome. Furthermore, the integration event into a known oncogene in the first patient could have compounded the potential cancer predisposition in the patient’s family, thereby representing a “second hit” in a multistep process of leukemogenesis. Because the precise mechanisms of leukemia induction in this child were still not understood, the French investigators and their regulatory agency suspended the study until more information could be gathCOMMENTARY
Response of lactic acid bacteria to amino acid derivatives. IV. Lactobacillus casei 280-16A and phenyllactic acids.

SummaryL- and D-phenyllactic acids were shown to be interchangeable in replacing L-phenylalanine for L. casei 280–16A, but not interchangeable in functioning as a D-α-hydroxy acid source for this organism. It was concluded that L. casei 280–16A cannot racemize phenyllactic acid, and it was suggested that utilization of L- and D-phenyllactic acids in place of L-phenylalanine for this organism is mediated by separate (L- and D-) phenyllactic dehydrogenases.
Obtaining legacies ‘face‐to‐face’

This paper is a general overview on how to obtain legacies. It must be remembered that the element of legacy fundraising which involves face-to-face techniques is the culmination of a properly organised and researched campaign, and cannot in any circumstances be done without a great deal of other essential preparatory work. Legacies account for nearly a half of all voluntary income in the UK, yet even now very few charities have developed a really effective all round legacy campaign integrated into their overall fundraising strategy. This paper is an attempt to give some insight into this potentially important income stream and is designed to give every fundraiser some helpful ideas, whether working for a large established national charity or a very small, local, recently formed voluntary group.
The impact of interpersonal violence in adulthood on women's job satisfaction and productivity: The mediating roles of mental and physical health.

Objective: With growing awareness of the prevalence of interpersonal violence victimization among women, research has begun to examine the impact of these experiences on employment. To date, much of this work in the United States has centered on low-income women moving from public assistance to paid employment and research gaps in our understanding of a broader range of working women's experiences still exist. The present study explored the impact of multiple types of victimization (sexual violence, physical intimate partner violence, psychological abuse, and stalking) on a range of work outcomes (job satisfaction, job benefits, job interference). Method: A random-digit-dial telephone survey of 1,079 women living in New Hampshire was conducted. Measures included questions about victimization in adulthood and current perceptions of employment. Results: A multivariate analysis of variance and regression analyses showed clear links between victimization experiences and negative work outcomes. Mental and physical health symptoms represent important mediators explaining these links. Conclusion: Results support the need for workplace policies and supports that provide safety nets for survivors and encourages the development of community norms that assist survivors in accessing such supports. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
Visual rhetoric and cultural expectations: An online perspective

The spread of online access creates an environment in which cultural groups interact via visual media for many purposes including commerce, virtual work, education and training, and social exchanges. Because cultural differences influence rhetorical expectations of how information should be presented visually, individuals and organizations wishing to participate in the global online dialogue will need to understand cultural expectations related to visual rhetoric. The paper introduces a framework (based on ideas from rhetorical theory and prototype theory) that individuals can use to analyze visual displays in order to create more rhetorically effective materials for audiences from different cultures.
GABA visualized by immunocytochemistry in the guinea pig cochlea in axons and endings of efferent neurons

Antiserum raised against GABA coupled with glutaraldehyde to bovine serum albumin was applied to the guinea pig cochlea. Immunoreactivity was visualized as horseradish peroxidase reaction product in surface preparations of the organ of Corti using immunocytochemical techniques. Bright-field, differential interference contrast and video-enhanced contrast light microscopy were used. GABA-like immunoreactivity was found in axons and endings of efferent neurons in all turns of the cochlear spiral, but predominantly in the third turn and first half of the fourth turn. In these apical turns, immunoreactivity was seen in the efferent components: inner spiral bundle, tunnel spiral bundle, tunnel-crossing fibers, large nerve endings synapsing on outer hair cell bases, nerve endings high up on outer hair cells, nerve endings or varicosities close to outer hair cells, and outer spiral fibers. Some immunoreactive large nerve endings at outer hair cells were found in the apical half of the fourth turn. This study shows that axons and endings of efferent neurons in the organ of Corti of guinea pig contain GABA-like immunoreactivity with a distribution similar to that of GAD-like immunoreactivity as shown in a previous study. In both studies, many efferent nerve axons and endings were unstained, even in regions of maximal density of immunoreactivity in the apical turns. The evidence indicates that a subpopulation of efferent neurons projecting to the organ of Corti is GABAergic and very likely different from the lateral and the medial olivocochlear efferent systems.
Quantitation of colonic injury from argon laser, neodymium: YAG laser and monopolar electrocautery applied to flat mucosa and small sessile polyps of the canine colon.

This study determined the optimum laser energy for ablation of colonic mucosal lesions and small sessile polyps in the canine colon. Neodymium (Nd):YAG laser, argon laser, and monopoiar electrocautery were applied to exposed canine colonic mucosa for various application times at various power settings. At the minimum energy level necessary to ablate mucosa, the Nd:YAG laser caused greater muscularis injury than the argon laser and monopolar eiectrocautery. At higher energy levels, monopolar electrocautery and Nd:YAG laser caused greater muscularis injury than argon laser. Small surgically created polyps in the canine colon were ablated endoscopically with the three energy sources. Single-session complete polyp ablation occurred most frequently with Nd:YAG laser and least frequently with argon laser. The depth of tissue injury beneath polyp ablation sites was least with argon laser and greatest with Nd:YAG laser. This study suggests that the argon laser is safer than the Nd:YAG laser or monopolar electrocautery for coagulation of flat colonic mucosal lesions. Although the argon laser is safer for the coagulation of small sessile colonic polyps, it may be less effective than monopolar electrocautery or the Nd:YAG laser for the single-session figuration of polyps greater than 5 mm in diameter. (Gastrointest Endosc 1989;35:16-21)
Acantholytic acanthomas in an immunosuppressed patient.

ings of Fifth International Psoriasis Symposium, San Francisco. 1991;144. 5. Kojima S, Fukuda M, Miyajima Y, et al. Treatment of aplastic anemia in children with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Blood 1991;77:93741. 6. EOOy DJ, Burrows D, Bridges JM, et al. Clearance of severe psoriasis after allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Br Moo J 1990;300:908. 7. Takematsu H, Tagami H. Granulocyte macrophage-colony Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
Patrice Nganang's L'invention du beau regard and Dog Days: Three Phases of Capitalism with Two Dogs and One Devouring Pig

Western epistemologies about Africa that have become dominant in the past decade focus upon Africa as a site of death. The alternative "Shrobenius" proposition sees in Africa the source of life. From the late 1970s on, it is the Afro-pessimistic paradigm that has been on the ascendancy. In Oyono's Une vie de boy (1956), the commandants and the Peres blancs (white fathers), displaced the African fathers, erecting an unbridgeable barrier between the African sons and the ruling colonial fathers. With the end of the Indepen-dences, those white fathers were replaced by the Autocrats whose imperial or presidential aspirations posed equally daunting barriers between themselves and the children of the Independences. We need to assess the passage from the 1950s to the present fiction of Nganang where the losses of the father are now occurring under globalization, with its shadows that are cast over the current African autocracy. This paper approaches this question of the changes from then to now by working through a model offered by Žižek that joins together the figures of the fathers, and their relations with their that joins together the figures of the fathers, and their relations with their women and children, with the dominant ideological and economic orders, thus providing us with a meaningful relationship between the kinds of subjectivities that are embodied in the protagonists and their respective symbolic/economic/political orders.
Uygur Politicians of the 1940s: Mehmet Emin Bugra, Isa Yusuf Alptekin and Mesut Sabri∗

(1991). Uygur Politicians of the 1940s: Mehmet Emin Bugra, Isa Yusuf Alptekin and Mesut Sabri. Central Asian Survey: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 87-104.
Poster 97: Incidence, Etiology, and Outcome Analysis of Bilateral Mandibular Angle Fractures Treated With Transoral Application Of 2.0 mm Miniplates

vehicle crash or assault. Data on the independent variables age, gender, mechanism of injury (fall, motor vehicle crash, and assault), Injury Severity Score (ISS), alcohol and drug use with the ICD-9 codes 802.0 to 802.9, 800.1 to 801.9, 803.0 to 804.9, E880 to E888, E810 to E819, and E960 to 969 were obtained. These were assessed for their independent and cumulative association with geriatric facial trauma as determined by the Facial Injury Severity Score (FISS). Standard descriptive statistics (mean, median, standard deviations, range, and percentages) to describe demographic data and parametric statistics (Pearson correlation, independent two way t test, one ANOVA, and multiple linear regression) were conducted and found significant at the p .05 level. When found significant, post hoc pair wise comparisons with Bonferroni adjustments were conducted and found significant at the p .016 level. A priori and post hoc power analyses for multiple linear regressions to distinguish an effect size of 0.1, or a 10% difference in FISS between groups, with a power of 0.80 and 13 predictors which required a total sample size of 190. Results of Investigation: A total of 229 individuals met the inclusion criteria and were entered into this study. The average age of the sample was 80.2 / 2.1 years (Range 65 100) with an average FISS of 2.4 / 1.1 (Range 1 15). Mechanism of injury was the only risk factor statistically significantly associated (p .05) with the severity of geriatric facial trauma. Assaults were specifically associated (p .016) with the greatest severity of geriatric facial trauma. There were no independent (p .05) or cumulative association (p .05) between age, gender, drug use, alcohol use, and ISS and the severity of geriatric facial trauma. Post hoc power analysis revealed an 89.9% power in this sample. Conclusions: Assault was the specific mechanism of injury that had the greatest association with the severity of geriatric facial trauma. There were no statistically significant associations with the other independent risk factors even when controlling for all the other factors.
Applications of hypergraph coloring to coloring graphs not inducing certain trees

Abstract We present a simple result on coloring hypergraphs and use it to obtain bounds on the chromatic number of graphs which do not induce certain trees.
New problems in hydrology

Abstract The classical problems of hydrology are reviewed and the new, unprecedented problems that now confront hydrologists and hydrologic engineers are examined. These are caused by the “non-goodness” of observed hydrologic data that has resulted as a “side-effect” of current programs of water development. Examples cited: Mississippi River at St. Louis and Big Sioux River at Sioux City, Iowa. On the assumption that the goals sought by current research and construction for the control of water will be substantially achieved (if only for a short time) the effects on hydrology and hydrologic engineering are estimated. Such goals include the changes in the natural conditions of river flow and groundwater movement that will result after construction of projects for the utilization of water. Concepts of “hydrologic equilibrium” and “hydrologic non-equilibrium” are proposed to differentiate the methodology of “classical” hydrology from that of the “new” or “modern” hydrology.
Musculoskeletal Aspiration Procedures

With advances in imaging technology, there has been a significant increase in the number and range of interventional musculoskeletal image-guided procedures. One of the most commonly performed image-guided musculoskeletal interventions is the diagnostic and therapeutic percutaneous aspiration and drainage of multiple types of intra-articular, juxta-articular, and intramuscular pathologic fluid collections. These procedures may be performed under fluoroscopic, ultrasound, computed tomography, or even magnetic resonance guidance depending on the location to be accessed, type of pathology, patient characteristics, and operator preference. Musculoskeletal image-guided aspiration and drainage procedures are minimally invasive and generally very safe while offering valuable diagnostic information as well as therapeutic benefit. This article focuses on the appropriate indications, contraindications, and general technique for accessing the major joints via imaging guidance. For each joint, we discuss pertinent anatomy, appropriate imaging modalities, and preferred approaches to gaining intra-articular access. Additionally, the article discusses some of the more frequently encountered juxta-articular and intramuscular fluid collections that can be accessed and aspirated via percutaneous intervention, with mention of the importance of recognizing extremity sarcomas that can mimic these benign collections.
Thermomechanical properties of the crystal phase of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by molecular modeling

Theoretical values for the thermomechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) are determined self-consistently using the pcff force field to compute the potential energy and quasiharmonic lattice dynamics to determine the vibrational free energy. Complete sets of lattice constants, thermal expansion coefficients, elastic properties, and Gruneisen coefficients are reported between 0 and 400 K for the triclinic PET unit cell. Mean square displacement matrices for the constituent atoms of PET were determined, from which a theoretical B-factor for X-ray scattering of 4.0 A2 at 300 K is estimated. The 50% probability ellipsoids for thermal vibration of all atoms in the asymmetric unit are computed. Calculated lattice parameters at 300 K agree with experimental data, to within the accuracy of the method. Calculated elastic constants for a transverse isotropic composite agree with data from X-ray and ultrasonic velocity measurements on highly oriented samples. The tensile elastic stiffness constan...
Binding of Aromatic Compounds to Bovine Serum Albumin

THE binding of non-ionic aromatic compounds to bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been approached in terms of the equilibrium between the bound and crystalline states1. The binding is quantitated in terms of the number of molecules of an aromatic compound solubilized per molecule BSA, in aqueous solution in equilibrium with the compound in its crystalline state. The measurement of this number, K, may be visualized as tantamount to the determination of the solubility of the compound in a two-dimensional solution on the surface of the protein molecule. This approach is derived from the interpretation of adsorption phenomena as thermodynamically analogous to solution phenomena2.
Are retail prices "just" when they do not include social costs?

Abstract The price is “right” when the buyer agrees to purchase goods or service. But is it “just”? That is, does the price include social costs such as pollution and discrimination? Cost shifting is the passing down of these costs from the seller to the buyer. The amount of cost shifting depends upon the inelasticity or elasticity of supply or demands, methods of assigning social costs, means used in promotion and the role of the market price. Wal-Mart and Body Shop International exemplify the problems of social costs. Recommendations for marketing managers concludes the article.
Molecular heterogeneity of auto‐anti‐idiotypic antibodies in MLR‐lpr/lpr mice

The VH and V kappa gene families expressed by 20 monoclonal auto-anti-idiotypes (Ab2) derived from unmanipulated MLR-lpr/lpr mice were determined by Northern blotting. Complete variable region sequences of six Ab2, along with three additional V kappa-JH Ab2 sequences, were obtained. These auto-anti-idiotypes arose spontaneously in the animals, and they bound specifically to an idiotypic determinant (Id/r) on mAb 28/12, a monoclonal IgG2b MLR-lpr/lpr anti-small nuclear ribonucleoprotein antibody. The 16 Ab2 heavy chains belonged to 7 different VH gene families, and the 10 Ab2 light chains were derived from 8 V kappa families. The light chains of two Ab2 were approximately 99% identical; the remaining variable region sequences were highly heterogeneous. There was no correlation between primary amino acid sequence of either heavy or light chain and idiotypic properties of the auto-anti-idiotypes. Six Ab2 used VH or V kappa genes that are identical to known germ-line genes. A high proportion of the spontaneous auto-anti-idiotypes was shown to have autoantibody activity (anti-DNA, anti-ribonucleoprotein), or specific binding reactions with lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella RE, or both properties. The structural diversity of spontaneous MLR-lpr/lpr auto-anti-idiotypes differs sharply from the structural homogeneity reported for Ab2 induced in normal animals against syngeneic Ab1. Our results suggest that auto-anti-idiotypes might arise independently of an immunogenic stimulus from an Ab1.
Parallel Multi-Area State Estimation

A parallel multi-area approach is presented in this paper for static state estimation of the power system. Because of a computational parallelism, the parallel multi-area approach significantly speeds up the computational process of state estimation. Furthermore this approach would help alleviate the perennial problem of insufficient computational power at the control center by down-loading most of the computational load of state estimation to relatively underused local computers. The paper also reports a summary of simulation experiments of the proposed parallel multi-area approach. The speed-up ratio and the parallel efficiency of the approach are obtained and the effects of the speed of telecommunication between computers upon these quantities are discussed.
Integrating EO capabilities into existing film Recce systems

As anticipated costs associated with development and integration of revolutionary reconnaissance assets such as ATARS continues to escalate, users in the recce community are evaluating alternate approaches; combining real time acquisition and visualization of recce imagery while preserving the enhanced resolution of film and capitalizing on the economic advantages of reusing existing systems. The approach described in this paper illustrates an upgrade path for conversion of the Tactical Air Reconnaissance Pod System (TARPS) to partial and full Electro Optic (EO) capability, providing both `quick look' and `long look' capabilities at a fraction of the cost for competing systems.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Placentation of the sea otter

Development of the sea otter placenta is described from implantation to term. It is a typical carnivore placenta, labyrinthine, endotheliochorial, and zonary (sometimes incomplete mesometrially). The annulus has 4 to 8 lobes and is widest antimesometrially. Maternal capillaries of the labyrinth have very thick almost columnar endothelium, and thick diastase resistant, heavily PAS positive basement membranes. They are surrounded by syntrophoblast and a few cytotrophoblast cells. Instances of intratrophoblastic fetal capillaries increase with age; thus maternal and fetal blood are in greater proximity in late gestation. The hematome arises during the limb-bud period at the center of the antimesometrial portion of the developing chorio-allantoic placenta as small isolated pouches of vascular chorio-allantoic membrane filled with maternal blood. Each pouch is lined by columnar cytotrophoblast which phagocytoses maternal erythrocytes, and no doubt also absorbs histiotrophic products of the endometrial glands at its base. These early pouches grow and coalesce to form larger ones. The definitive hematome consists of one large, often bilobed sac (diam. 5 to 7 cm) surrounded at the base of its stalk by several smaller sacs. Elaborate villous folds subdivide the sacs and stalk. The whole hematomic mass invaginates the allantoic vesicle, the endoderm of which thus becomes its outer covering. The hematome remains very large to term. The uterine glands of the placental base are highly active throughout gestation.
Rabies-like neuronal inclusions associated with a neoplastic reticulosis in a dog.

Neoplastic reticulosis of the central nervous system was associated with intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in Purkinje cells and neurons of several nuclei. These eosinophilic inclusion bodies were from round to crescentic and had a different location, structure, and cytochemistry than Negri bodies and inclusions of other canine neurologic diseases. The inclusions represent an aberration of rough endoplasmic reticulum and resemble the cytoplasmic laminar bodies of the lateral geniculate neurons of the cat. Few neoplastic reticuloses of the central nervous system of dogs have been described (3). None has been reported in which there was an apparent association with cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons. The inclusion bodies resembled Negri bodies, and since fresh tissue for animal inoculation or fluorescent antibody techniques (5) was not available, histochemistry and electron microscopy were used in the differential diagnosis.
Separation of Snr Via Dimension Expansion in a Model of the Central Auditory System

In this study, we provide a theoretical approach for analyzing signal and noise separation and the noise-robustness of class-dependent activation areas in a model of the primary auditory cortex in the central auditory system. Specifically, we interpret the auditory model as a system of localized matched filters that act as a place-coding mechanism for mapping signal and noise spectra into separate regions in the three-dimensional cortical space. This framework allows us to analyze the noise robustness of signal-respondent neurons by computing their signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)'s without having to explicitly consider the complex mathematical expressions for the auditory model. The framework is also fundamentally consistent with the notion of category-dependence proposed in our previous work. Our theoretical developments of the place-coding effect and the separation of SNR will be also demonstrated experimentally.
Ethics in Oncology: An Annotated Bibliography of Important Literature

The aim of this annotated bibliography about important articles in the field of ethics and oncology is to provide the practicing hematologist/oncologist with a brief overview of some of the important literature in this crucial area.
Evaluation of a smoking cessation intervention for pregnant women in an urban prenatal clinic

A smoking cessation and relapse prevention intervention was tested in an urban, prenatal clinic serving predominantly low-income, African-American women. At their first prenatal visit, 391 smokers were randomly assigned to an experimental (E) group to receive usual clinic information plus a prenatal and postpartum intervention or to a control (C) group to receive only usual clinic information. The intervention consisted of individual skills instruction and counseling by a peer health counselor on the use of a self-help cessation guide and routine clinic reinforcement. Among the E group (n = 193), 6.2% were cotinineconfirmed quitters at third trimester and among the C group (n = 198) the quit rate was 5.6%. Quitters were light smokers at entry into prenatal care. Many had tried to quit smoking at least once prior to pregnancy.
“Anatomy of an Illness”: Control from a caregiver’s perspective

Caregivers of loved ones with chronic illnesses experience an uncontrollable challenge with potentially negative behavioral and medical consequences. Extensive research has demonstrated immune and endocrine regulation can be significantly disrupted by negative behavioral factors based on both animal models and human studies. However, fewer studies have focused on how psychosocial interventions might reverse the negative consequences of stressors such as caregiving. The distress of caring for individuals with cancer has only recently begun to receive attention. These interventions addressing caregiver distress are rare overall and caregivers of patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) have received even less attention. HSCT caregivers report feelings of loss of control. Animal studies suggest that control over aversive events can mitigate the negative consequences of stressors. Caregivers of allogeneic HSCT patients for blood cancers must be available 24/7 for three months or longer following stem cell infusion to closely monitor the recipients’ health and well-being. Does establishing a greater sense of control have positive impacts on caregivers? A randomized control trial of a cognitive behavioral stress management intervention for allogeneic HSCT caregivers is briefly described. A model of caregiver mental health which may potentially impact the patient’s quality of life is proposed. These relationships exist in a complex system that includes genetic influences, sex, social environment, and prior experience. This system fits well within recent formulations of a “complexity science” approach to health and well-being.
Subthreshold drain leakage currents in MOS field-effect transistors

There are two contributions to the drain-source leakage current in MOS field-effect transistors for gate voltages below the extrapolated threshold voltage (V tx ) : 1) reverse-bias drain junction leakage current, and 2) a surface channel current that flows when the surface is weakly inverted. Nearly six orders of magnitude of drain-source current from the background limit imposed by the drain junction leakage to the lower limits of detection of most curve tracers (0.05 µA) are controlled by gate-source voltages below the extrapolated threshold voltage. It is shown that this current flows only for gate voltages above the intrinsic voltage V i , the gate voltage at which the silicon surface becomes intrinsic. For gate voltages between V i and V tx the surface is weakly inverted with the resulting channel conductivity being responsible for the drain-source current "tails" observed for gate voltages below V tx . The importance of the intrinsic voltage in designing low-leakage CMOS and standard PMOS circuitry is discussed.
THE ESSENCE OF NURSE‐MIDWIFERY CARE: The Woman's Story

The purpose of this qualitative research study was to discover the experience of the woman cared for by a nurse-midwife. Six variously situated and ethnically diverse women were interviewed about their experience with nurse-midwifery care. Using Colaizzi's phenomenological method, the data were analyzed extracting 151 significant statements that were clustered into nine themes. A picture of the essential structure of the women's experience of nurse-midwifery care unfolded and was returned to them for their comments and confirmation. Women talked about a relationship built on respect, trust, and alliance. It was the nurse-midwife herself, her qualities and behaviors, her concern and caring, and her respect for women that laid the foundation for how the women in this study perceived the experience. Repeatedly, women articulated the respect for their time, their families, their fears, and their need for information. Ultimately, it was this respect from the nurse-midwife that empowered the women to determine and direct their care.
Effects of off-resonant Raman interactions on multimode Stokes conversion efficiency and output wave front

Interactions involving frequency differences that are near but not equal to the Raman shift are considered in a model of stimulated Raman conversion of a laser beam with many longitudinal modes. A formalism based on expansions in mode space is developed and used to predict the effects on output wave front and conversion efficiency. Closed-form solutions are obtained for the case of detuned inputs with large mode spacing and for low conversion cases. Numerical integration results are shown for low to high conversion examples in which only first-order off-resonant terms are important.
Activation of mutagens in cooked ground beef by human-liver microsomes.

Abstract The total organic base fraction purified from fried ground beef is metabolized by human-liver microsomes to form mutagens detectable by the Ames/Salmonella bacterial assay. The mutagens produced have an absolute requirement for metabolic activation; without it, no increase in the number of revertants over background is seen. Microsomes from human liver activate the mutagens significantly more than microsomes from uninduced mouse or rat liver; the microsomes from one individual were nearly as active as those of Aroclor-induced mice and rats. α-Naphthoflavone (ANF) inhibits activation of these mutagenic bases, implying that the metabolism is mediated by the inducible form(s) of cytochrome P-448. Thus, the human liver has the potential to metabolize the cooked beef mutagen(s) to active intermediates, posing a possible mutagenic risk. However, unlike the animal metabolizing system, which needs to be artifically induced, the human system appears to be naturally induced through diet or environment exposure.
Experimental Study to Determine if Low-Pathogenicity and High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Can Be Present in Chicken Breast and Thigh Meat Following Intranasal Virus Inoculation

Abstract Two low-pathogenicity (LP) and two high-pathogenicity (HP) avian influenza (AI) viruses were inoculated into chickens by the intranasal route to determine the presence of the AI virus in breast and thigh meat as well as any potential role that meat could fill as a transmission vehicle. The LPAI viruses caused localized virus infections in respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. Virus was not detected in blood, bone marrow, or breast and thigh meat, and feeding breast and thigh meat from virus-infected birds did not transmit the virus. In contrast to the two LPAI viruses, A/chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/1983 (H5N2) HPAI virus caused respiratory and GI tract infections with systemic spread, and virus was detected in blood, bone marrow, and breast and thigh meat. Feeding breast or thigh meat from HPAI (H5N2) virus-infected chickens to other chickens did not transmit the infection. However, A/chicken/Korea/ES/2003 (H5N1) HPAI virus produced high titers of virus in the breast meat, and feeding breas...
Apoptosis and reduced influenza A virus specific CD8+ T cells in aging mice.

Some studies have reported increased apoptosis in CD8+ T cells from aged mice. We previously demonstrated diminished virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity in aged mice in comparison to young mice. The present study investigated the role of apoptosis in age-related influenza virus-specific CD8+ CTL deficiency. Splenocytes from influenza-primed aged and young mice were stimulated in vitro with virus. The CD8+ T cell/total lymphocyte ratios correlated with CTL activity and were significantly decreased and increased in aged and young mice, respectively. Fas, FasL, TNF-α and TNFR-p55 expression, measured by flow cytometry, ELISA and/or RT–PCR, were significantly elevated in aged mice. Apoptotic CD8+ T cells (Annexin V binding) were also elevated in aged mice. IL-12 treatment increased CD8+ CTL activity and IFN-γ production but did not affect apoptosis. Thus, apoptosis may contribute to reduced influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cell frequency, CTL deficiency and increased influenza disease in aging.
On the Interpretation of Discriminant Analysis

With the availability of “canned” computer programs, it is extremely easy to run complex multivariate statistical analyses. However, it is not as easy to interpret the output of these programs. Thi...
Precision Medicine in Diabetes: Is It Time?

Diabetes is a heterogenous disease. Its very definition, anchored by thresholds for hyperglycemia, rests on the final common event on which disparate pathological processes converge. Although the traditional classification into type 1 and type 2 diabetes has proven useful in differentiating distinct pathophysiological mechanisms with clear therapeutic implications, it remains insufficient in explaining the wide variety of clinical manifestations of this disease. For example, we see lean members of specific ethnic groups with antibody-negative, nonketotic diabetes; we treat patients with childhood-onset, antibody-positive diabetes who become insulin resistant as they age; we do not fully understand why some patients progress rapidly to microvascular and/or macrovascular complications or require aggressive escalation of therapy; and we cannot predict the rate of β-cell failure, the degree of weight loss required to normalize glycemia, or the type of medication best suited for a given patient. Attempts at capturing greater granularity have resulted in the creation of new entities, such as latent autoimmune diabetes in the adult to describe autoimmune diabetes with onset after age 30 (1), and ketosis-prone diabetes to describe antibody-negative diabetes with a ketotic onset but only transient insulin requirements (2,3); however, absent a full understanding of the mechanism and its implications, these subtypes emerge mired in controversy or fail to penetrate clinical care (4,5). Evidently, despite extensive epidemiological and physiological characterization, we have fallen short in cataloging risk factors, identifying triggering events, elucidating pathophysiological pathways, outlining prognostic course, selecting effective therapies, and predicting complications. Specific patients continue to represent diagnostic challenges, and our approach to therapy continues to be based on population averages. Recent thoughtful attempts at tailoring type 2 diabetes therapy to individual patients have focused on personal, social, and economic considerations rather than on a lucid molecular understanding of the underlying disease process (6). …
What you did not know about the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial.

The interim report of the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET), published in 1991, was welcomed by all interested in stroke prevention. It confirmed what many of us suspected on the basis of previous natural history studies, that patients with symptoms of greater than 70% carotid artery stenosis benefit from endarterectomy.1 The trial continues to recruit patients to evaluate the outcome of less than 70% diameter-reducing lesions. One of the disturbing aspects of this trial is their recommendation that ultrasonography should not be used as a screening method for patients who are suspected of having clinically significant carotid artery disease. Because I served on the Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) for NASCET, I believe it is important to review the events that led up to their conclusions and publication. As with all trials of this magnitude (5-year total direct cost $16.8 million), it is absolutely necessary to have a DMC whose role is clearly defined and has guidelines that must be followed. The National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke (NINDS), which sponsored this trial, has guidelines for its DMCs, which were published in 1982. They are to monitor the following: (1) appropriateness of any proposed major modifications or amendments of approved protocol; (2) adequacy of the data collection process, including quality control and compliance with protocol