cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eliciting preferences of sponsored search advertisers: implications for mechanism design

Sponsored search advertising attracts hundreds of thousands of advertisers, many with dozens or even thousands of campaigns, leading to tens of millions of distinct keyword bids. Advertiser objectives are heterogeneous. Some advertisers primarily focus on making immediate sales that are referred by clicks, while others want to promote their brand with a top-position placement. In this letter we demonstrate how one can use the empirical bidding data to recover the values of bidders in a sponsored search marketplace when the type of bidder preferences is known (i.e. whether a given bidder values clicks). We also show how one can use the history of bid changes for a given bidder to recover both the type of preferences for this bidder and the value at once. This methodology has direct implications for mechanism design making the case for combining the empirical work and auction design to avoid the optimization of the auction mechanism for the wrong preference type of the bidders.
Identifying unidentified U.S. government reports

Abstract The Library of Congress last published Popular Names of U.S. Government Reports in 1984. In its appendix this helpful reference work lists 108 unidentified reports. This article discusses sources and methods used to identify some of these reports, emphasizing the benefits of using standard reference sources in conjunction with more specialized tools and electronic databases to verify the existence, location and correct citation of government publications. For those reports the authors have further identified, they provide bibliographic information and notes.
Measurement of diffraction efficiency, SNR, and resolution of single- and multiple-exposure amplitude and bleached holograms.

Five bleaching techniques for Agfa Gevaert Scientia 10E75 high-resolution plates were evaluated to determine resultant diffraction efficiency and SNR for identically recorded single-exposure holograms. We determined the optimum recording conditions for both single- and multiple-exposure bleached holograms using a cupric bromide bleach, judged to be the “best bleach.” Data are presented for diffraction efficiency, SNR, and resolution of diffuse and focused-image holograms for both single- and multiple-exposure holograms, using a 1951 Air Force resolution chart as the object. Bleaching improved the diffraction efficiency of both types of holograms by up to 3 orders of magnitude. The SNR of diffuse holograms is degraded by bleaching, but that of the focused-image holograms is improved, while the resolution of both types is not affected by bleaching. Bleached multiple-exposure holograms are similar in response to single-exposure holograms except that their diffraction efficiencies are lower. The diffraction efficiency of bleached holograms decreases with age.
Characterization of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. loti Forma Specialis nov., a Monophyletic Pathogen Causing Vascular Wilt of Birdsfoot Trefoil

Fusarium wilt, a vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum, has been a serious problem for birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) production in parts of New York and Vermont since the 1970s, causing wilt, severe root necrosis, and rapid plant death. Analysis of F. oxysporum isolates causing this disease indicated that the pathogen has a unique host range relative to previously designated F. oxysporum formae speciales and is monophyletic. Pathogenic isolates from New York and Vermont caused severe vascular wilt of trefoil and moderate vascular wilt of pea but no disease on alfalfa, red clover, soybean, or dry bean. The host range of trefoil isolates was distinct from F. oxysporum isolates pathogenic to other legumes. F. oxysporum isolates pathogenic to trefoil belonged to a single vegetative compatibility group separate from nonpathogenic isolates and shared identical mitochondrial small subunit rDNA, translation elongation factor 1-alpha, and nuclear rDNA intergenic spacer haplotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated sequence data assigned isolates pathogenic to trefoil to a single, well-supported clade distinct from other pathogenic F. oxysporum. We propose designating the fungus Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendahl emend. Snyder & Hansen f. sp. loti forma specialis nova.
Temperature-regulated Development Rates of the Immature Stages of the African Buffalo Fly, Haematobia thirouxi potans (Bezzi) (Diptera: Muscidae)

Rates of development of the egg, larval, prepupal, and pupal stages of the African buffalo fly, Haematobia thirouxi potans (Bezzi), were measured in the laboratory at 15, 18, 20, 25, and 30°C. Within this temperature range the relationship between rate of development and temperature was linear for each stage. Development rates of the immature stages of H. thirouxi potans were compared with those reported for both H. irritans exigua de Meijere and H. irritans irritans (L.). Only the development rate of the larva of H. irritans irritans differed significantly from that of H. thirouxi potans .
Federal declaration of a public health emergency.

During certain emergencies (naturally caused or deliberate) that can have a significant impact on the public's health, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has broad discretion to declare a Public Health Emergency (PHE). While many public health emergencies will not require a formal declaration, this type of declaration can be an important and necessary step to authorize the secretary to take a variety of actions that enable the department to respond optimally to an emergency. This article outlines the HHS Secretary's PHE authority, discusses possible discretionary actions that the secretary may take after declaring a PHE, and provides examples of PHE declarations that have been issued.
A perceptually based method for enhancing pulmonary nodule recognition.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Feedback of chest areas receiving prolonged gaze durations significantly increases nodule detection performance. Why feedback circling enhances performance when other cueing methods produce equivocal results was assessed. METHODS Chest and noise images with nodule targets were used to determine: what type of cue is most effective; whether circling influences the way the eye samples the target; whether circling limits processing of distracting information outside its boundary. RESULTS Circling improves performance more than cues with less complete boundaries and increases the accuracy and frequency with which nodules are fixated. Outside distractors were detected less often with than without the circle present. CONCLUSIONS Circling isolates the abnormal region from the rest of the image, making disembedding and integration of nodule features more likely and insulates this region from distractors. The facilitative effects of circling are generalizable to other images in which low contrast targets are embedded in noisy backgrounds.
Detailed Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Study Of The Temperature Dependence Of The Oxygen Impurity In Silicon

Fl-IR spectra of Czochralski silicon crystals containing interstitial oxygen impurity have been recorded from 15K to room temperature. The major bands due to the oxygen impurity show intensity and frequency changes. These changes can be discussed in terms of a model for the oxygen atom moving in a potential with six-fold axis as described by Hrostowski and Adler.
Mass transfer in regular arrays of hollow fibers in countercurrent dialysis

The concentration profiles in a countercurrent hollow fiber bundle mass exchanger dialyzer is derived, assuming a uniform distribution of fibers in the dialyzer shell. Mass transfer coefficients are obtained as a function of fiber packing density, membrane thickness, membrane material, and solute type.
Top 10 Technologies for Designing 21st Century Instruction

Faculties at all levels of education continue to ask, "How does technology fit into my teaching?" How can I teach my students to become technologically literate?" For some, the answers seem quite simple. Technology should be integrated into as many levels of the curriculum as possible. If we aspire to prepare students for the future, teachers must seize every opportunity to infuse the technologies their students will be using whenever possible. The key is to know what works best in each classroom situation. Podcasting, interactive whiteboards, blogs, wikis, social networking, virtual classrooms, and others are the latest in instructional technologies. Teachers use these tools to address the growing inventory of requisite 21st century skills that include: global awareness, self-directed learning, ICT literacy, problem solving skills, time management and personal responsibility, lifelong learning, financial, economic, business and entrepreneurial literacies, communications, collaboration, and more. This article explores best practices that lead to change and shares ideas about the use of these tools in the classroom. Emphasis is placed on many real-world examples of how technology has improved teaching and learning. This information paper will examine the hardware and software aspects of the following technologies: interactive white boards, web cameras, videoconferencing, iPods, digital cameras, digital video, wikis and blogs, social networking, digital electronic books, and student response systems. While the paper is not a scholarly endeavor, it is hoped that the review of important teaching and learning tools will provide the reader with an update on the latest in instructional technologies for the classroom. In addition to an introduction that includes a description of the technology, its primary features, advantages and disadvantages, there are links to online videos demonstrating each technology that bear witness to how these technologies actually impact the classroom. Finally, a link to current research pertaining to each technology is offered.
Obama's Afghan Moment

President Barack Obama has extended the hand of engagement to the Muslim and Arab world, while warning Israel against new settlements in occupied Palestine and hedging his bets with remote drone strikes against Al-Qaida and the Taliban in Pakistan. The new CIA director, a military historian and the Somali-born feminist Ayaan Hirsi Ali assess his strategy.
Active and Attentive LADAR Scanning for Automatic Target Recognition

In this work we examine the dynamic implications of active and attentive scanning for LADAR based automatic target/object recognition and show that a dynamically constrained, scanner based, ATR system's ability to identify objects in real-time is improved through attentive scanning. By actively and attentively scanning only salient regions of an image at the density required for recognition, the amount of time it takes to find a target object in a random scene is reduced. A LADAR scanner's attention is guided by identifying areas-of-interest using a visual saliency algorithm on electro-optical images of a scene to be scanned. Identified areas-of-interest are inspected in order of decreasing saliency by scanning the most salient area and saccading to the next most salient area until the object-of-interest is recognized. No ATR algorithms are used; instead, an object is considered to be recognized when a threshold density of pixels-on-target is reached.
Journal Literature on Digital Libraries: Publishing and Indexing Patterns, 1992-1997

This study examines publishing and indexing patterns in the area of digital libraries to identify the core journals and the most effective descriptor terms for online searching. A group of 232 citations on digital libraries from 1992 to 1998 was analyzed. Results show that none of the 105 journals listed has emerged as the leading title in the field and that, although two-thirds of the citations were identified by one of two phrases, indexing is inconsistent and subject searching unreliable for full retrieval. The study confirms that skill, persistence, and wide reading are required to keep up with developments in this evolving field.
Emission spectrometric methods of analysis Emission spectrometric determination of sodium and lithium in tungsten bronzes

3. Preparation of standards A series of sodium standards was prepared by dilution of a standard sample whose x-value had been obtained by X-ray diffraction using the parameters of BROWN and BANKS [2]. The diluent was anhydrous tungstic acid, WO,t, and was intimately blended with the standard sample to produce a series of five standards covering the concentration range. A series of lithium standards was prepared in a similar manner except that the standard sample was Li,WO,.
Agenda Building as a Comparative Political Process

Agenda building is the process through which demands of various groups in a population are translated into issues which vie for the attention of decision makers (formal agenda) and/or the public (public agenda). This paper presents three models for the comparative study of agenda building. The outside initiative model describes groups with minimal prior access to decision makers, who must consequently first expand their issues to a public agenda before they can hope to reach the formal agenda. The mobilization model accounts for issues which are placed on the formal agenda by political leaders, who subsequently attempt to expand these issues to the public agenda to obtain the support required for implementation. The inside access model refers to leaders, or to those having close contact with these leaders, who seek to place issues on the formal agenda directly, and for whom expansion to the public agenda is both unnecessary and undesirable. Propositions are stated about intergroup variation in patterns of agenda building within societies; about variations in success rates for different strategies and probabilities of occurrence for the three models in different types of societies; and about characteristics of the agenda-building process which hold in all three models and in any social setting.
Traumatic disruptions of the aorta : management of 20 cases

Twenty-two consecutive patients with thoracic aortic disruptions were treated over a three-year period. With the exception of 3 patients who required emergency thoracotomy, aortography was performed on all patients. The disruption was identified just distal to the left subclavian in all cases. Two patients died intraop eratively prior to repair. A Gott shunt was utilized in 5 patients, cardiopulmonary bypass in 1, and the "clamp-and-sew" technique in 14. Paraplegia occurred in 2 patients (14%) of the "clamp-and-sew" group. These patients had aortic cross- clamp times in excess of thirty minutes. Paraplegia did not develop when either cardiopulmonary bypass or a Gott shunt was used. Additionally, multiple tears of the descending aorta, which were not visualized on aortography, were found intraoperatively in 2 of 19 patients (10.5 % ). One was treated with graft insertion on cardiopulmonary bypass, and the second, with graft insertion of the "clamp- and-sew" technique. The second patient developed paraplegi...
County-Level Variation in Prevalence of Multiple Chronic Conditions Among Medicare Beneficiaries, 2012

Preventing chronic conditions and controlling costs associated with the care for people with chronic conditions are public health and health care priorities.
Morphometric analysis of ice-walled lake plains in Northern Illinois: Implications of lake elongation by wind-induced dual-cycle currents

Abstract Ice-walled lake plains (IWLPs) are rounded, flat-topped mounds that formed in stagnant ice environments along the margins of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. We conducted detailed morphometric and statistical analyses of the shape, size, and orientation of more than 400 IWLPs identified from aerial photos aided with LiDAR data in DeKalb County, Illinois, USA. Lake elongation theories include extraterrestrial impact (e.g. the Carolina Bays), ice flow dynamics and crevasses, and wind induced currents that preferentially erode the shorelines perpendicular to the dominant wind direction. The results indicate that elliptical IWLPs with a perimeter greater than 3050 m have preferred orientations roughly normal to the paleo-wind direction as indicated by contemporaneous parabolic dunes located 50 km to the west. The orientations of the IWLPs with a perimeter less than 1220 m are scattered and show no apparent trend. The IWLP orientation is not related to ice flow dynamics or glacial crevasses because no statistically significant relationship exists with regard to the ice flow as proxied by the moraine direction. The orientation of large IWLPs in DeKalb County are consistent with wind-induced lake elongation observed in modern permafrost thaw lakes, suggesting that the prevailing wind also played an important role in controlling the orientation of IWLPs during the last glacial period and led to the preferred orientation we see today.
Environmental control for plants on Earth and in space

Plant production systems have become more sophisticated. Climate control has changed over the past several decades from manual to digital operations, and control computers have become faster and more capable. The paper focuses first on the environment control of plant production in commercial greenhouses and plant growth chambers, and then contrasts that growing system with the needs for rather different control strategies to grow plants in space applications. To demonstrate key characteristics of greenhouse environment control, a nonlinear controller for coupled air temperature and humidity, with various methods of feedback and feedforward control appropriate for this system, is presented.
Utilization of critical fluids in processing semiconductors and their related materials

The use of carbon dioxide in its various states: supercritical (SC-$02). liquid @-CQ2) or pellet form (snow-C02) for processing and cleaning in semiconductor fabrication and related electronic devicp is assessed in this review. An understanding of the fundamental mechanism responsible for carbon dioi Cleaning; Critical fluid; Drying; Particulate removal; Photoresist; Semiwnducton
Influence of route of administration and liposomal encapsulation on blood and lymph node exposure to the protein VEGF‐C156S

ABSTRACT: VEGF-C156S is a recombinant form of human vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C), which targets the receptor VEGFR-3 present in the lymphatics. VEGF-C156S has lymphangiogenic properties and may represent a potential therapeutic approach in treating the lymphatic disease lymphedema. In the present study, we tested the hypotheses that (1) subcutaneous (s.c.) injection will provide higher lymphatic exposure than intravenous (i.v.) administration of VEGF-C156S and (2) s.c. injection of liposomal (s.c. Lipo) VEGF-C156S will provide greater lymphatic exposure than nonliposomal proteins. The protein VEGF-C156S was radiolabeled with Iodine-125 by a modified chloramine-T method and encapsulated into liposomes. The protein was injected at a dose of 125 μg/kg to mice i.v. or s.c.; the liposomal preparation was administered s.c. (s.c. Lipo). Blood and lymph nodes were collected over 24 h. The mean residence time in lymph nodes after s.c. or s.c. (Lipo) administration was approximately double that following i.v. administration. The area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) ratio of lymph node–blood after s.c. administration of VEGF-C156S was more than double of the AUC ratio after i.v. administration. The results suggest that lymph node exposure of VEGF-C156S was significantly higher after s.c. administration of liposomal or nonliposomal protein as compared with i.v. administration. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.
Using GIS to evaluate post-release prisoner services in Newark, New Jersey

Abstract Discharge planning is increasingly prioritized by correctional systems in order to prepare prisoners for their reintegration into society. A goal of discharge planning is to link prisoners with appropriate service providers in the community to meet their needs. A successful discharge plan requires that an optimal level of services exist and work in a coordinated and collaborative way in order to ensure a continuum of care and treatment during the reentry process (Queralt & Witte, 1999). This study utilized Geographic Information System (GIS) to assess the size, demographic characteristics, and needs of the Newark, New Jersey parolee population with the availability, location, and characteristics of health and human service agencies servicing their needs. A random sample of parolees (N = 800) released in 2006 was selected for this study. Social service agency data were obtained from an on-line service agency data base. Results of the analysis include the degree of spatial distribution, accessibility, and availability of services to where the parolees live and the degree of spatial overlap of specific services in an area.
Mass spectroscopic studies of the CO laser discharge

The effects of adding Xe, H 2 , and O 2 to the CO-He laser discharge are studied mass spectroscopically. Xe greatly reduces CO dissociation. H 2 does not react chemically but alters discharge kinetics. O 2 has little effect on the CO-Xe-He discharge but reduces CO dissociation in CO-He.
Influence of EBV on the Peripheral Blood Memory B Cell Compartment

Peripheral blood memory B cells latently infected with EBV bear somatic mutations and are typically isotype switched consistent with being classical Ag-selected memory B cells. In this work, we performed a comparative analysis of the expressed Ig genes between large sets of EBV-infected and uninfected peripheral blood B cells, isolated from the same infectious mononucleosis patients, to determine whether differences exist that could reveal the influence of EBV on the production and maintenance of these cells. We observed that EBV(+) cells on average accumulated more somatic hypermutations than EBV(-) cells. In addition, they had more replacement mutations and a higher replacement-silent ratio of mutations in their CDRs. We also found that EBV occupies a skewed niche within the memory compartment, due to its exclusion from the CD27(+)IgD(+)IgM(+) subset, but this skewing does not affect the overall structure of the compartment. These results indicate that EBV impacts the mutation and selection process of infected cells but that once they enter memory they cannot be distinguished from uninfected cells by host homeostasis mechanisms.
Safety of prone positioning still unclear

work is a worthy one, given the continued controversy surrounding law enforcement-restraint related deaths; and the results found are an important contribution to the literature. Unfortunately the conclusions and recommendations the authors suggest far outreach the limits of the data they present. It is both dangerous and scientifically unsound to conclude that the data presented “contradict a notion that prone positioning is a specific risk factor for sudden in-custody death.” The fact that hundreds of patients placed prone did not die while one placed on his side did die does not provide any evidence of the effect of positioning. The authors do not discuss if they prospectively powered their study to find a difference; but given the exquisitely low incidence of in-custody death as a percentage of all law enforcement encounters (confirmed in the study), the 1269 cases presented here suggest that there are not nearly enough cases to
Near Earth Space, A Historical Perspective

Early scientific interest in the upper atmosphere stemmed from observations of the earth’s magnetic field and studies of auroras. Marconi’s successful transmission of a radio signal across the Atlantic led to the concept of the ionosphere. Further progress was slow until the advent of rockets and satellites to study the terrestrial environment directly at high altitudes. The discoveries of solar x-rays, extreme ultraviolet light and the solar wind, followed by the Van Allen Belts, led to a rapid maturing of contemporary solar-terrestrial and magnetospheric physics.
Induction of hepatocyte lipopolysaccharide binding protein in models of sepsis and the acute-phase response.

• Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) is a serum glycoprotein that complexes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to facilitate macrophage response to endotoxin. To determine the conditions that stimulate LBP production in vivo, we measured the induction of LBP in models of inflammation produced by LPS, Corynebacteriumparvum , and turpentine injection. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations and hepatocyte fibrinogen synthesis were elevated in all models. Northern blot analysis revealed 17-, 14-, and 20-fold upregulation of hepatocyte LBP mRNA following treatment with LPS, C parvum , and turpentine, respectively. Peritoneal macrophage interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor production following endotoxin stimulation was augmented by cultured hepatocyte supernatants, suggesting increased LBP synthesis in these groups. The results show that LBP mRNA is induced during hepatic inflammation and suggest that LBP is an acute-phase protein important in regulating the in vivo response to endotoxin. ( Arch Surg. 1993;128:22-28)
Mechanism based approaches for rescuing and enhancing cognition

Progress towards pharmacological means for enhancing memory and cognition has been retarded by the widely discussed failure of behavioral studies in animals to predict human outcomes. As a result, a number of groups have targeted cognition-related neurobiological mechanisms in animal models, with the assumption that these basic processes are highly conserved across mammals. Here we survey one such approach that begins with a form of synaptic plasticity intimately related to memory encoding in animals and likely operative in humans. An initial section will describe a detailed hypothesis concerning the signaling and structural events (a ‘substrate map’) that convert learning associated patterns of afferent activity into extremely stable increases in fast, excitatory transmission. We next describe results suggesting that all instances of intellectual impairment so far tested in rodent models involve a common endpoint failure in the substrate map. This will be followed by a clinically plausible proposal for obviating the ultimate defect in these models. We then take up the question of whether it is reasonable to expect, from either general principles or a very limited set of experimental results, that enhancing memory will expand the cognitive capabilities of high functioning brains. The final section makes several suggestions about how to improve translation of behavioral results from animals to humans. Collectively, the material covered here points to the following: 1) enhancement, in the sense of rescue, is not an unrealistic possibility for a broad array of neuropsychiatric disorders; 2) serendipity aside, developing means for improving memory in normals will likely require integration of information about mechanisms with new behavioral testing strategies; 3) a shift in emphasis from synapses to networks is a next, logical step in the evolution of the cognition enhancement field.
Sustainability and socio-enviro-technical systems: a prototype agent based model to generate inputs for costing capital facilities

Public agencies make significant investments in capital facilities to meet the requirements of their missions. Interest in sustainable building practices has increased over recent years, but obstacles remain to implementing such practices in public construction projects on a regular basis. A primary stumbling block is the difficulty in generating accurate estimates for total cost of ownership of a facility in the early stages of design. This paper builds on previously published work to describe the prototype implementation of an agent based model to help determine the inputs for cost modeling.
Challenges and Opportunities in Internet-Mediated Telemental Health

The use of technology to provide remote psychological assessment and intervention services is growing rapidly. Remote assessment, treatment, training, and consultation options, particularly those provided via the Internet (e.g., videoconferencing, self-help Web sites, handheld devices), have the potential to increase access to high-quality psychological services. Despite the promise of these technologies, a variety of clinical, ethical, and logistical challenges accompany the remote delivery of such services. Among these challenges are issues involving security, competence, the therapeutic alliance, usability, and technical difficulties. We elucidate some of the challenges posed by these technologies and suggest preliminary recommendations for psychologists considering their use.
Exploiting Parallel News Streams for Unsupervised Event Extraction

Most approaches to relation extraction, the task of extracting ground facts from natural language text, are based on machine learning and thus starved by scarce training data. Manual annotation is too expensive to scale to a comprehensive set of relations. Distant supervision, which automatically creates training data, only works with relations that already populate a knowledge base (KB). Unfortunately, KBs such as FreeBase rarely cover event relations (e.g. â€œperson travels to locationâ€). Thus, the problem of extracting a wide range of events â€” e.g., from news streams â€” is an important, open challenge. This paper introduces NewsSpike-RE, a novel, unsupervised algorithm that discovers event relations and then learns to extract them. NewsSpike-RE uses a novel probabilistic graphical model to cluster sentences describing similar events from parallel news streams. These clusters then comprise training data for the extractor. Our evaluation shows that NewsSpike-RE generates high quality training sentences and learns extractors that perform much better than rival approaches, more than doubling the area under a precision-recall curve compared to Universal Schemas.
Framework Stability by Finite Element Method

In this note the error in the computation of the elastic critical load of columns and rigid-jointed plane frameworks by the finite element method, as developed in general by Gallagher and Padlog and applied to frameworks by Hartz is determined. This error is computed on the basis of a comparison of the finite element method with the exact stability stiffness matrix method as described.
Using Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment to Develop a Patient Safety Curriculum for Surgical Residents.

Objective The objective is to use qualitative and quantitative analysis to develop a patient safety curriculum for surgical residents. Design A prospective study of surgical residents using both quantitative and qualitative methods to craft a patient safety curriculum. Both a survey and focus groups were held before and 4 months after delivery of the patient safety curriculum. Setting The University of New Mexico Hospital, a tertiary academic medical center. Participants General surgery residents, postgraduate years 1 to 5 Results Qualitative and quantitative analysis revealed areas that required attention and thus helped to mold the curriculum. Qualitative analysis after delivery of the curriculum showed positive changes in attitudes and normative beliefs toward patient safety. Specifically, attitudes and approach to quality improvement and teamwork showed improvement. Survey analysis did not show any significant change in resident perception of the environment during the time frame of this study. Conclusions Using qualitative analysis to uncover attitudinal barriers to a safe patient environment can help to enhance the relevance and content of a patient safety curriculum for general surgery residents.
Direct Numerical Simulations of Isotropic Turbulence Interacting with a Shock Wave

The interaction of shock waves with turbulence occurs in many areas, including astrophysics, inertial confinement fusion, and internal and external flows in hypersonic flight and propulsion
Variables Related to School Media Center LGBT Collections

The inclusion of LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) literature in school media centers can be controversial, but such material can be beneficial in help- ing LGBT students come to terms with their sexuality and with helping to foster understanding in non-LGBT students. To examine the extent of such collections in school media centers, this research conducted a checklist exercise to examine the holdings of school libraries in two very differ- ent states, one in the northeastern United States and one in the southern United States. The study examined variables that may correlate with the number of LGBT books avail- able in the libraries; these variables were size of school enrollment, type of locale, the existence of a fairness ordi- nance, demographic diversity, and political affiliation.
Whole-Body Response for Pedestrian Impact with a Generic Sedan Buck

To serve as tools for assessing injury risk, the biofidelity of whole-body pedestrian impact dummies should be validated against reference data from full-scale pedestrian impact tests. To facilitate such evaluations, a simplified generic vehicle-buck has been recently developed that is designed to have characteristics representative of a generic small sedan. Three 40 km/h pedestrian-impact tests have been performed, wherein Post Mortem Human Surrogates (PMHS) were struck laterally in a mid-gait stance by the buck. Corridors for select trajectory measures derived from these tests have been published previously. The goal of this study is to act as a companion dataset to that study, describing the head velocities, body region accelerations (head, spine, pelvis, lower extremities), angular velocities, and buck interaction forces, and injuries observed during those tests. Scaled, transformed head accelerations exceeded 80 g prior to head contact with the windshield for two of the three tests. Head xaxis angular velocity exceeded 40 rad/s prior to head contact for all three tests. In all cases the peak resultant head velocity relative to the vehicle was greater than the initial impact speed of the vehicle. Corridors of resultant head velocity relative to the vehicle were also developed, bounded by the velocities observed in these tests combined with those predicted to occur if the PMHS necks were perfectly rigid. These results, along with the other kinematic and kinetic data presented, provide a resource for future pedestrian dummy development and evaluation.
Public Regulation of Private Security A Statutory Analysis of State Regulation of Security Guards

Security guards outnumber police by almost 3 to 1, and this discrepancy has been growing steadily since the latter part of the 20th century. Security guards perform many of the same functions as po...
Characterization of cytochrome b from European field isolates of Cercospora beticola with quinone outside inhibitor resistance

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungal pathogen Cercospora beticola, is the most important foliar disease of sugar beet worldwide. Control strategies for CLS rely heavily on quinone outside inhibitor (QOI) fungicides. Despite the dependence on QOIs for disease control for more than a decade, a comprehensive survey of QOI sensitivity has not occurred in the sugar beet growing regions of France or Italy. In 2010, we collected 866 C. beticola isolates from sugar beet growing regions in France and Italy and assessed their sensitivity to the QOI fungicide pyraclostrobin using a spore germination assay. In total, 213 isolates were identified with EC50 values greater than 1.0 μg ml−1 to pyraclostrobin, all of which originated from Italy. To gain an understanding of the molecular basis of QOI resistance, we cloned the full-length coding region of Cbcytb, which encodes the mitochondrial QOI-target enzyme cytochrome b in C. beticola. Cbcytb is a 1,162-bp intron-free gene with obvious homology to other fungal cytb genes. Sequence analysis of Cbcytb was carried out in 32 QOI-sensitive ( 1.0 μg ml−1) isolates. All tested QOI-resistant isolates harboured a point mutation in Cbcytb at nucleotide position 428 that conferred an exchange from glycine to alanine at amino acid position 143 (G143A). A PCR assay developed to discriminate QOI-sensitive and QOI-resistant isolates based on the G143A mutation could detect and differentiate isolates down to approximately 25 pg of template DNA. Microsatellite analyses suggested that QOI resistance emerged independently in multiple genotypic backgrounds at multiple locations. Our results indicate that QOI resistance has developed in some C. beticola populations in Italy and monitoring the G143A mutation is essential for fungicide resistance management in this pathosystem.
The discrete layer potentials

In this chapter we explore fully discrete CQ-BEM methods (Convolution Quadrature in time, Galerkin Boundary Elements in space) for the exterior Dirichlet and Neumann problems associated with the wave equation. For the first one we will use a retarded single layer potential representation, and for the second one, a retarded double layer potential representation. We will detail the analysis of Galerkin semidiscretization error and some stability estimates that are needed to apply the results on Convolution Quadrature to the fully discrete scheme. It has already been mentioned, but let us repeat it here: the analysis of full discretizations for time domain integral equations in acoustics seems to be restricted to equations of the first kind, since the analysis is based on variational (energy) estimates. Not much is known about the behavior of the integral equations of the second kind, especially once they are discretized. The theory of full Galerkin discretizations is based on the weak weighted coercivity estimates given in Section 3.7 In the way the method is used, space and time Galerkin can be understood as a Galerkin-in-time discretization of a semidiscrete Galerkin problem. From that point of view, all the results given here about semidiscretization in space could eventually be used for the fully discrete method.
Logic as Frame of the World

The leading resource in building an interpretation of the boundary between logic and first philosophy in Immanuel Kant is the Critique of Pure Reason. Especially in the introduction to the transcendental logic, Kant provides a clear account of the way in which logic and transcendental logic are different and the same. The purpose of this chapter, however, is to construct an understanding of Kant’s view of logic itself. The most helpful passages in the first Critique are located in (1) the B edition preface, (2) the introduction to the transcendental logic, (3) the first chapter of the Analytic of Concepts, (4) the opening passages of the Analytic of Principles, and (5) the opening passages of the Transcendental Dialectic. We can supplement Kant’s account in the Critique through readings of the Jasche logic, the various lecture notes of his logic students, and his remarks on logic in the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals and the Prolegomena, as well as Kant’s own notes in his personal copy of the Meier logic textbook. All of these texts taken together provide the resources by which to construct a nuanced interpretation of Kant’s view of logic for the sake of interrogating its difference to transcendental logic.
Thyroid Nodules and Cancer Risk: Surgical Management

Thyroid nodules are common, and most are not cancer. About 5 % of women and 1 % of men have palpable thyroid nodules, and smaller nodules detectable on ultrasound are far more common in the population affecting as many as 50 % or more depending on age, gender, and geography. Only about 5 % of all nodules are malignant, and so the challenge is to efficiently identify those patients with malignant nodules, and to treat them appropriately, while minimizing unnecessary intervention in the remainder.
Defaunation leads to interaction deficits, not interaction compensation, in an island seed dispersal network.

Following defaunation, the loss of interactions with mutualists such as pollinators or seed dispersers may be compensated through increased interactions with remaining mutualists, ameliorating the negative cascading impacts on biodiversity. Alternatively, remaining mutualists may respond to altered competition by reducing the breadth or intensity of their interactions, exacerbating negative impacts on biodiversity. Despite the importance of these responses for our understanding of the dynamics of mutualistic networks and their response to global change, the mechanism and magnitude of interaction compensation within real mutualistic networks remains largely unknown. We examined differences in mutualistic interactions between frugivores and fruiting plants in two island ecosystems possessing an intact or disrupted seed dispersal network. We determined how changes in the abundance and behavior of remaining seed dispersers either increased mutualistic interactions (contributing to “interaction compensation”) or decreased interactions (causing an “interaction deficit”) in the disrupted network. We found a “rich-get-richer” response in the disrupted network, where remaining frugivores favored the plant species with highest interaction frequency, a dynamic that worsened the interaction deficit among plant species with low interaction frequency. Only one of five plant species experienced compensation and the other four had significant interaction deficits, with interaction frequencies 56-95% lower in the disrupted network. These results do not provide support for the strong compensating mechanisms assumed in theoretical network models, suggesting that existing network models underestimate the prevalence of cascading mutualism disruption after defaunation. This work supports a mutualist biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship, highlighting the importance of mutualist diversity for sustaining diverse and resilient ecosystems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Geography of Intergenerational Mobility

We use the NLSY79 to produce the first estimates of intergenerational mobility in the U.S. by both region and race/ethnicity. We show that gaps in intergenerational mobility by race are significantly larger than those by region. In particular, there is no region in the United States where it is better to be poor and black compared to being equally poor and white. We also show that the expected rank of Hispanics falls between that of whites and blacks. We find that the low mobility in the Southeast of the US documented by Chetty et al (2014) is actually driven by low mobility by whites and that blacks who grew up in the Southeast actually experience higher mobility than blacks growing up in the Northeast and Midwest. We also directly examine the role of migration and find that it plays little role in explaining the regional heterogeneity in intergenerational mobility. Finally, we use a rich set of individual covariates available in the NLSY — including test scores — and show that these can explain much of the gaps by race/ethnicity.
Acetylation Disfavors Tau Phase Separation.

Neuropathological aggregates of the intrinsically disordered microtubule-associated protein Tau are hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease, with decades of research devoted to studying the protein’s aggregation properties both in vitro and in vivo. Recent demonstrations that Tau is capable of undergoing liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) reveal the possibility that protein-enriched phase separated compartments could serve as initiation sites for Tau aggregation, as shown for other amyloidogenic proteins, such as the Fused in Sarcoma protein (FUS) and TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43). Although truncation, mutation, and hyperphosphorylation have been shown to enhance Tau LLPS and aggregation, the effect of hyperacetylation on Tau aggregation remains unclear. Here, we investigate how the acetylation of Tau affects its potential to undergo phase separation and aggregation. Our data show that the hyperacetylation of Tau by p300 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) disfavors LLPS, inhibits heparin-induced aggregation, and impedes access to LLPS-initiated microtubule assembly. We propose that Tau acetylation prevents the toxic effects of LLPS-dependent aggregation but, nevertheless, contributes to Tau loss-of-function pathology by inhibiting Tau LLPS-mediated microtubule assembly.
Treatment of HCC: Resection, Local-Regional Therapy, Systemic Therapy, and Liver Transplantation

The burden of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide has escalated to the sixth most common cancer worldwide [1]. Furthermore, it is now recognized as the third leading cause of cancer related mortality [1]. While orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) offers the best chance for long-term survival, organ shortage limits its availability to all those in need, and the priority for OLT is dependent upon meeting the current selection criteria, Milan criteria [2]. There is a growing need for efficacious therapies for HCC. Treatment for HCC is dependent upon the degree of underlying liver dysfunction and tumor burden as the majority of such tumors occur in the background of cirrhosis. Therefore, any therapy for HCC should be performed in a manner to minimize the risk of mortality related to decompensated liver disease with appropriate patient selection. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Staging classification (BCLC) takes into account tumor characteristics, liver function, and the patient’s performance status and pairs each BCLC stage with a recommended treatment modality [3] (Fig. 10.1). However, in clinical practice, adherence to the BCLC is not always absolute. This chapter will focus on the therapeutic options for HCC.
Diagnostic arthroscopy in the arthritis patient.

SUMMARY The arthroscope can play an important diagnostic role in the arthritis patient. The major utility of this procedure is in the patient with unexplained knee pain and swelling or in the patient with an established knee arthritis whose symptoms are disproportionate to radiographic findings or refractory to standard-course medical therapy. Technologic advances have led to the production of smaller instruments, making office-based diagnostic arthroscopy a practical, cost-effective alternative in the evaluation of these patients, and supporting the clinical argument for it as a procedure distinct from conventional arthroscopy. Separate clinical scenarios further subdivide the indications for diagnostic arthroscopy and define potential intra-articular abnormalities that, if found, can justify alterations in or additions to therapeutic plans, including arthroscopically directed tissue resection and modification or application of tissue-modifying agents. The research capabilities of needle arthroscopy are only just beginning to be realized; opportunities now exist for design of prospective clinical trials in which patients are randomized based on intra-articular abnormalities, and for the serial assessment of specific treatment effects on gross, microscopic, and molecular features of target tissue as identified by the arthroscope.
Exploring the relationship of background, technology and motivation variables to business school transfer intent for two mixed course format business undergraduate samples

Business students are increasingly taking online courses to supplement their more traditional face-to-face (F2F) course-delivered education. This study explored the relationship of background, course or technology, and motivation variables to business school transfer intent for a mixed course delivery sample of undergraduate business students taking online classes. Two separate samples of students taking both online and F2F courses i.e., mixed course delivery format, filled out an online survey in the fall 2016 and spring 2017 semesters. Intent to transfer business schools was lower for both samples. Results showed that being male, perceived favorability of online courses, and lower institutional commitment were significant correlates of intent to transfer across both samples. This outcome variable, intent to transfer, should be added to the research agenda for ongoing efforts across all universities and colleges when testing the impact of online education.