cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensory Images in the Absence of Sight: Blind versus Sighted Adolescents:

Sensory image scores that were obtained from 91 blind and 91 sighted adolescents aged 10 to 21 yr. were classified into seven sensory categories (visual, auditory, cutaneous, kinesthetic, gustatory, olfactory, symbolic, and organic sensations) according to a shortened form of the Betts Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery. Blind adolescents were not restricted in the formation of visual images nor did the relative ordering of the sensory categories differ as a function of ability to see.
Water relations, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can affect the water balance of both amply watered and droughted host plants. This review summarizes these effects and possible causal mechanisms. Also discussed are host drought resistance and the influence of soil drying on the fungi.
Social Interaction Systems: Theory and Measurement

Social Interaction Systems is the culmination of a half century of work in the field of social psychology by Robert Freed Bales, a pioneer at the Department of Social Relations at Harvard University. Led by Talcott Parsons, Gordon W. Allport, Henry A. Murray, and Clyde M. Kluckhohn, the Harvard Project was intended to establish an integrative framework for social psychology, one based on the interaction process, augmented by value content analysis. Bales sees this approach as a personal involvement that goes far beyond the classical experimental approach to the study of groups.Bales developed SYMLOG, which stands for systematic multiple level observation of groups. The SYMLOG Consulting Group approach was worldwide as well as interactive. It created a data bank that made possible a search for general laws of human interaction far beyond anything thus far known. In his daringsearch for universal features, Bales redefines the fundamental boundaries of the field, and in so doing establishes criteria for the behavior and values of leaders and followers. Bales offers a new "field theory," an appreciation of the multiple contexts in which people live.Bales does not aim to eradicate differences, but to understand them. In this sense, the values inherent in any interaction situation permit the psychologist to appreciate the sources of polarization as they actually exist: between conservative and liberal, individualistic and authoritarian, libertarian and communitarian. Bales repeatedly emphasizes that the mental processes of individuals and their social interactions take place in systematic contexts which can be measured. Hence they permit explanation and prediction of behavior in a more exact way than in past traditions. Bales has offered a pioneering work that has the potential to move us into a new theoretical epoch no less than a new century. His work holds out the promise of synthesis and support for psychologists, sociologists, and all who work with groups and organizations of all kinds.
Skolem reduction classes

Among the earliest and best-known theorems on the decision problem is Skolem's result [7] that the class of all closed formulas with prefixes of the form V. V] . is a reduction class for satisfiability for the whole of quantification theory. This result can be refined in various ways. If the Skolem prefix alone is considered, the best result [8] is that the VVV3 class is a reduction class, for Gbdel [3], Kalmair [4], and Schiitte [6] showed the VV3 3 class to be solvable. The purpose of this paper is to describe the more complex situation that arises when (Skolem) formulas are restricted with respect to the arguments of their atomic subformulas. Before stating our theorem, we must introduce some notation. Let x, Y1, Y2, . be distinct variables (we shall use v1, v2, . and w1, w2, as metavariables ranging over these variables), and for each i ? 1 let Y(i) be the set {Y15 , yi}. An atomic formula Pv1... Vk will be said to be {V1,, V. } -based. For any n > 1, p 2 1, and any subsets Y1, , Yp of y(n), let C(n, Y1, , Yp) be the class of all those closed formulas with prefix Vy... Vyn3x such that each atomic subformula not containing the variable x is Yi-based for some i, 1 2 among Y1, ..., Y,. We prove our theorem by means of five lemmas. Lemma 1 reduces the originconstrained domino problem to the decision problem for a certain class B of Skolem formulas. Wang [9] showed that the halting problem for Turing machines is reducible to the origin-constrained domino problem; hence B is a reduction class. Lemmas 2 and 3 exploit Lemma 1 to show that C(3, {Y1, Y2}, {Y2, y3}) and C(3, y(2), y(3)) are reduction classes. Lemmas 4 and 5 show that the unsolvability of these two classes implies the unsolvability of the classes specified in the theorem. Let n > 1; let F be a formula VY1 ... Vyn3xM, with M quantifier-free; let ff be an n-adic function sign; and let e be a 0-adic function sign. Then D(F) is the set of all terms constructible from the function signsfn and e. An instance of F is any of the formulas M[y1/t1, ... , yn/tn, x/fn(tl .. t)] where t1, ... , tn are terms in D(F). (Our substitution notation: G[vl/tl, ..., Vkltk] is the result of replacing all occurrences of v1 in G, if any, by occurrences of t1, .., Vk by tk.) It follows from the
Pharmacokinetics of Cephanone in Healthy Adult Volunteers

Abstract Five volunteers received intramuscular injections of 7 mg (approximately 500 mg) of cephanone, a new cephalosporin for parenteral use per kg. Peak serum concentrations averaged 36 μg/ml, about four times as high as with the same doses of cephalothin, twice as high as with cephaloridine, and slightly lower than with cefazolin. With a constant intravenous infusion of 100 mg/h, a steady-state serum concentration of 31 μg/ml was attained in four volunteers. The serum half-life was similar for the intramuscular and intravenous studies, 2.4 and 2.6 h, respectively. Over 90% of the dose administered was recovered in the urine. The factor mainly responsible for the higher and more sustained serum concentrations of cephanone was its low renal clearance of 47 ml per min per 1.73 m2. Cephanone has a small apparent volume of distribution, probably related to its high serum protein binding of 88%.
NATO, Germany, and the United States: Creating positive identity in Trans‐Atlantia

(1998). NATO, Germany, and the United States: Creating positive identity in Trans‐Atlantia. Security Studies: Vol. 8, The Origins of National Interests, pp. 235-269.
Neuronal nitric-oxide synthase is regulated by the hsp90-based chaperone system in vivo

It is established that the multiprotein heat shock protein 90 (hsp90)-based chaperone system acts on the ligand binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to form a GR·hsp90 heterocomplex and to convert the receptor ligand binding domain to the steroid-binding state. Treatment of cells with the hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin inactivates steroid binding activity and increases the rate of GR turnover. We show here that a portion of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase (nNOS) exists as a molybdate-stabilized nNOS·hsp90 heterocomplex in the cytosolic fraction of human embryonic kidney 293 cells stably transfected with rat nNOS. Treatment of human embryonic kidney 293 cells with geldanamycin both decreases nNOS catalytic activity and increases the rate of nNOS turnover. Similarly, geldanamycin treatment of nNOS-expressing Sf9 cells partially inhibits nNOS activation by exogenous heme. Like the GR, purified heme-free apo-nNOS is activated by the DE52-retained fraction of rabbit reticulocyte lysate, which also assembles nNOS·hsp90 heterocomplexes. However, in contrast to the GR, heterocomplex assembly with hsp90 is not required for increased heme binding and nNOS activation in this cell-free system. We propose that, in vivo, where access by free heme is limited, the complete hsp90-based chaperone machinery is required for sustained opening of the heme binding cleft and nNOS activation, but in the heme-containing cell-free nNOS-activating system transient opening of the heme binding cleft without hsp90 is sufficient to facilitate heme binding.
Occupant thermal comfort evaluation

Throughout the automotive industry there has been an increasing concern and focus on the thermal comfort of occupants. Manufacturers are continuously striving to improve heating and air conditioning performance to comply with expanding customer needs. To optimize these systems, the technology to acquire data must also be enhanced. In this evaluation, the standard use of isolated thermocouple location technology is compared to utilizing infrared thermal vision in an air conditioning performance assessment. Infrared data on an actual occupant is correlated to breath and air conditioning output temperatures measured by positioned thermocouples. The use of infrared thermal vision highlights various areas of comfort and discomfort experienced by the occupant. The evaluation involves utilizing an infrared thermal vision camera to film an occupant in the vehicle as the following test procedure is run. The vehicle is soaked in full sun load until the interior temperature reaches a minimum of 150 degrees F (65.6 degrees Celsius). The occupant enters the vehicle and takes an initial temperature reading. The air conditioning is turned on to full cold, full fan speed, and recirculation mode. While being filmed, the driver drives for sixty minutes at 30 miles per hour (48.3 kph). The thermocouples acquire data in one minute intervals while the infrared camera films the cooling process of the occupant.
Reduced Fluoroscopy Protocol for Percutaneous Nephrostolithotomy: Feasibility, Outcomes and Effects on Fluoroscopy Time

Purpose: Radiation exposure from fluoroscopy during percutaneous nephrostolithotomy contributes to patient overall exposure, which may be significant. We compared fluoroscopy times and treatment outcomes before and after implementing a reduced fluoroscopy protocol during percutaneous nephrostolithotomy.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients treated with percutaneous nephrostolithotomy at a single academic institution by a single surgeon. We compared 40 patients treated before implementation of a reduced fluoroscopy protocol to 40 post-protocol patients. The reduced protocol included visual and tactile cues, fixed lowered mAs and kVp, a laser guided C-arm and designated fluoroscopy technician, and single pulse per second fluoroscopy. Preoperative characteristics, fluoroscopy and operative time, complications and treatment success were examined using univariate and multivariate analysis.Results: There was no significant difference in body mass index, stone size, success ra...
Doppler-Free Spectroscopy Based on Phase Conjugation by Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing in Hollow Cathode Discharge:

Optical phase conjugation in the hollow cathode lamp by degnerate four-wave mixing is a novel analytical laser spectroscopic method in which a laser beam is generated as the signal beam. With the use of a demountable hollow cathode discharge cell and a continuous-wave dye laser, the signal beam is clearly visible to the naked eye when 1 μg of sodium is placed inside the cathode cavity. Since the signal beam is a time-reversed replica of the probe laser beam, highly efficient optical signal detection can be performed with minimum optical background noise. Since the signal is Doppler-free with negligible Lorentzian broadening (30 Torr discharge pressure), it provides excellent spectral resolution. Sodium D2 hyperfine lines of 3s 2S1/2 (F' = 2) → 3p 2P3/2 (F = 3) and 3s 2S1/2 (F' = 1) → 3p 2P3/2 (F = 0) were resolved. In addition to excellent spectral resolution and ease of signal detection, the technique also offers unique properties of optical phase conjugation.
Predicting success after gastric bypass: the role of psychosocial and behavioral factors.

Background. Success after bariatric surgery requires behavioral modification. This study analyzes outcomes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery performed by a single surgeon between 1994 and 2002, and correlates preoperative factors with long-term outcome. Methods. A bariatric database has been maintained since 1994. Beginning in April 1997, patients completed preoperative and annual postoperative questionnaires that collected an array of psychosocial information. We hypothesized that certain attributes are predictive of success after surgery. Results. Of the 243 patients in our database, 181 enrolled after 1997. A total of 149 were seen for follow-up at 1 year. Life Experiences Survey (LES) scores and sexual satisfaction improved significantly. Perceived obesity-related health problems, motivation unrelated to social distress about obesity, a Sense of Coherence (SOC) score >110, and an LES score <- 1 each independently predicted better weight loss (P <.05). A history of sexual abuse correlated with poorer weight loss (P <.05). Patients with more confidants, multiple previous dieting attempts, and greater anticipated postoperative diet-related stress tended toward better weight loss, but these data did not reach significance. Conclusions. Intrinsic motivational factors appear to predict greater weight loss after surgery. Ongoing follow-up will help determine the utility of preoperative evaluations and the role of preoperative intervention in those with poor predictive factors.
Probabilistic Track Coverage in Cooperative Sensor Networks

The quality of service of a network performing cooperative track detection is represented by the probability of obtaining multiple elementary detections over time along a target track. Recently, two different lines of research, namely, distributed-search theory and geometric transversals, have been used in the literature for deriving the probability of track detection as a function of random and deterministic sensors' positions, respectively. In this paper, we prove that these two approaches are equivalent under the same problem formulation. Also, we present a new performance function that is derived by extending the geometric-transversal approach to the case of random sensors' positions using Poisson flats. As a result, a unified approach for addressing track detection in both deterministic and probabilistic sensor networks is obtained. The new performance function is validated through numerical simulations and is shown to bring about considerable computational savings for both deterministic and probabilistic sensor networks.
Towards unbiased reconstruction of noisy chaotic dynamics using a robust hypersurface minimization technique

The method of least squares (LS) and total least,squares (TLS) are two methods widely used in the application of best-fit curve, but they generally provide biased results especially when the structure is nonlinear. To overcome the inherent limitations of both LS and TLS methods, we present a new method that is based on minimizing hypersurface distance. Computer simulation examples show that the new method proposed achieves more accurate parameter estimates than either the LS and TLS.
Future Trends: Nutritional Supplements in Sports and Exercise

The field of sports nutrition is defined not only by dietary recommendations for various athletes, research and new supplements that are on store shelves but also by the direction of the industry itself. Consumer spending, media coverage, professional athlete endorsement of various supplements, lawsuits, regulations in governing bodies and clinical research all have an impact on the direction and growth of the sports nutrition industry. To date, no supplement has affected sports nutrition as much as creatine and the company that both funded most of the research supporting the ergogenic benefits of creatine and capitalized on such research. There is no current leader in the sports nutrition market. Instead, companies are vying among steady competition for space on store shelves and overall product sales.
Dolomite III: A new candidate lower mantle carbonate

Dolomite is a major constituent of subducted carbonates; therefore evaluation of its phase stability and equation of state at high pressures and temperatures is important for understanding the deep Earth carbon cycle. X-ray diffraction experiments in the diamond anvil cell show that Ca{sub 0.988}Mg{sub 0.918}Fe{sub 0.078}Mn{sub 0.016}(CO{sub 3}){sub 2} dolomite transforms to dolomite-II at {approx}17 GPa and 300 K and then upon laser-heating transforms to a new monoclinic phase (dolomite-III), that is observed between 36 and 83 GPa. Both high-pressure polymorphs are stable up to 1500 K, indicating that addition of minor Fe stabilizes dolomite to Earth's deep-mantle conditions.
Incubation conditions affect leg health in large, high-yield broilers

SUMMARY Leg problems are observed in every flock of broilers, and they occur more frequently in heavy, fast-growing broilers. Factors such as genetics, growth rate, stressors, nutrition, and lighting programs can contribute to and change the prevalence of these problems in broiler production. Our previous research has shown that elevated incubation temperatures and oxygen concentrations below 21% during the last days of embryo development can negatively affect thyroid hormones, relative asymmetry and normal development of leg bones, and development of other tissues and organs that influence leg health and locomotion in broilers. This project evaluated the effects of incubation profiles on leg health of high-yielding broilers at 8 wk of age under commercial conditions. Eggs from the same breeder flocks were incubated in either single-stage or multistage machines. Hatchlings were placed in paired houses on the same farms, and at 56 d of age, leg health was evaluated. There was variability among farms and hatches: leg problems such as footpad dermatitis were more closely related to farm conditions, whereas valgus and especially hock burns were influenced by incubation conditions within each farm. However, this fieldwork demonstrated that proper incubation conditions improve broiler performance, especially in females (1.2%); may reduce leg health problems such as crooked toes; and may even improve locomotion.
Sublethal effects of copper on coho salmon: Impacts on nonoverlapping receptor pathways in the peripheral olfactory nervous system

The sublethal effects of copper on the sensory physiology of juvenile coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch) were evaluated. In vivo field potential recordings from the olfactory epithelium (electro-olfactograms) were used to measure the impacts of copper on the responses of olfactory receptor neurons to natural odorants ( L-serine and taurocholic acid) and an odorant mixture (L-arginine, L-aspartic acid, L-leucine, and L-serine) over a range of stimulus concentrations. Increases in copper impaired the neurophysiological response to all odorants within 10 min of exposure. The inhibitory effects of copper (1.0-20.0 mg/L) were dose- dependent and they were not influenced by water hardness. Toxicity thresholds for the different receptor pathways were determined by using the benchmark dose method and found to be similar (a 2.3-3.0 mg/L increase in total dissolved copper over background). Collectively, examination of these data indicates that copper is broadly toxic to the salmon olfactory nervous system. Consequently, short-term influxes of copper to surface waters may interfere with olfactory-mediated behaviors that are critical for the survival and migratory success of wild salmonids.
Enhancer Trap Expression Patterns Provide a Novel Teaching Resource

A collection of Arabidopsis enhancer trap transposants has been identified for use as a teaching tool. This collection serves to assist students in understanding the patterning and organization of plant tissues and cells, and will be useful in plant anatomy, morphology, and developmental biology courses. Each transposant exhibits reporter gene expression in a specific tissue, cell type, or domain, and these lines collectively offer a glimpse of compartments of gene expression. Some compartments correspond to classical definitions of botanical anatomy and can assist in anatomical identification. Other patterns of reporter gene expression are more complex and do not necessarily correspond to known anatomical features. The sensitivity of the β-glucuronidase histochemical stain provides the student with a colorful and direct way to visualize difficult aspects of plant development and anatomy, and provides the teacher with an invaluable tool for a practical laboratory session.
Broiler litter ammonia emissions near sidewalls, feeders, and waterers

ABSTRACT Ammonia (NH3) volatilized from broiler litter diminishes indoor air quality, which can potentially decrease bird productivity. Emissions of NH3 exhausted from broiler houses pose environmental concerns for ecosystem biodiversity, aquatic nutrient enrichment, and particulate formation in the atmosphere. Research was conducted sampling litter (rice hull base) in 3 tunnel-ventilated commercial broiler houses during wk 3 (mid-growout) of 6 flocks. The purpose was to assess NH3 generated near the sidewalls, waterers, and feeders. Litter samples (100 g) were placed in chambers receiving constant air flow. Boric acid (H3 BO3) titration each 24 h for 4 d was used to determine NH3 volatilized from the samples. Litter located near waterers emitted the most cumulative NH3 (approximately 12.3 mg of N·kg of litter−1·h−1) with less NH3 associated with feeders and sidewalls (2.9 to 7.6 mg of N·kg of litter−1·h−1). Moisture content of litter samples was greatest at waterers (45%) followed by sidewalls (26%) and feeders (20%). In addition, litter pH at the sidewalls and feeders could be predicted by linear equations associated with the number of flocks on the litter. At the waterers, litter pH was differentiated based on the half of house where higher litter pH existed in the nonbrood half (8.55 vs. 8.13). The results indicate that controlling NH3 near watering lines to a level consistent with feeding lines and near the house wall could reduce NH3 generated by 38 to 77%. These findings support efforts for NH3 control at mid-growout, especially considering zone litter treatments near waterers and appropriate attention to waterer management.
The transcription factor ATF3 acts as an oncogene in mouse mammary tumorigenesis.

Overexpression of the bZip transcription factor, ATF3, in basal epithelial cells of transgenic mice under the control of the bovine cytokeratin-5 (CK5) promoter has previously been shown to induce epidermal hyperplasia, hair follicle anomalies and neoplastic lesions of the oral mucosa including squamous cell carcinomas. CK5 is known to be expressed in myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland, suggesting the possibility that transgenic BK5.ATF3 mice may exhibit mammary gland phenotypes. Mammary glands from nulliparous mice in our BK5.ATF3 colony, both non-transgenic and transgenic, were examined for anomalies by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Nulliparous and biparous female mice were observed for possible mammary tumor development, and suspicious masses were analyzed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Human breast tumor samples, as well as normal breast tissue, were similarly analyzed for ATF3 expression. Transgenic BK5.ATF3 mice expressed nuclear ATF3 in the basal layer of the mammary ductal epithelium, and often developed squamous metaplastic lesions in one or more mammary glands by 25 weeks of age. No progression to malignancy was seen in nulliparous BK5.ATF3 or non-transgenic mice held for 16 months. However, biparous BK5.ATF3 mice developed mammary carcinomas with squamous metaplasia between 6 months and one year of age, reaching an incidence of 67%. Cytokeratin expression in the tumors was profoundly disturbed, including expression of CK5 and CK8 (characteristic of basal and luminal cells, respectively) throughout the epithelial component of the tumors, CK6 (potentially a stem cell marker), CK10 (a marker of interfollicular epidermal differentiation), and mIRSa2 and mIRSa3.1 (markers of the inner root sheath of hair follicles). Immunohistochemical studies indicated that a subset of human breast tumors exhibit high levels of nuclear ATF3 expression. Overexpression of ATF3 in CK5-expressing cells of the murine mammary gland results in the development of squamous metaplastic lesions in nulliparous females, and in mammary tumors in biparous mice, suggesting that ATF3 acts as a mammary oncogene. A subset of human breast tumors expresses high levels of ATF3, suggesting that ATF3 may play an oncogenic role in human breast tumorigenesis, and therefore may be useful as either a biomarker or therapeutic target.
Complete stereodivergence in the synthesis of 2-amino-1,3-diols from allenes

Amine-containing stereotriads (‘triads’), where the nitrogen is embedded in an array of three contiguous, heteroatom-bearing chiral carbons, are key motifs in numerous bioactive natural products. Allene aziridination provides convenient access to amine triads where the position of the nitrogen and the identities of the accompanying heteroatoms can be readily manipulated. However, stereochemical flexibility, where a single allene can be selectively transformed into any possible diastereomer of a specific triad, has been elusive. Herein, we describe studies to understand how both reagent and substrate control can be effectively employed in the stereodivergent oxidative amination of allenes, with transfer of the axial chirality of an enantioenriched precursor to point chirality in each possible diastereomeric 2-amino-1,3-diol product. Application of this flexible strategy to the synthesis of all four stereoisomers of the natural product detoxinine is also presented.
Broadening the scope: Gender and international economic development

The central claim of this essay is that gender is a key term for understanding economic development insofar as it reveals fundamental aspects in the organization of production and labor. Following a cursory review of influential approaches to development and their relationship to the parallel theorization of gender, I compare two recent modalities of industrial restructuring: the expansion of export-processing plants (maquiladoras) along the U.S.-Mexico border and the survival strategies of electronics firms in Southern California. My theoretical focus is on the specification of gender as a process that allows for the maintenance of a substratum of labor, predominantly female, outside of market exchanges. That labor is recurrently tapped by employers seeking competitive edges in domestic and international markets. The same mechanism enables the replication of patterns of unequal exchange through the articulation of two interdependent models of production — one domestic and one market oriented — by which capitalist accumulation is fulfilled.
Quality Improvement Initiative in School-Based Health Centers across New Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Quality improvement principles have been applied extensively to health care organizations, but implementation of quality improvement methods in school-based health centers (SBHCs) remains in a developmental stage with demonstration projects under way in individual states and nationally. Rural areas, such as New Mexico, benefit from the use of distance education techniques to reach providers throughout the state. METHODS: The Envision New Mexico (ENM) Quality Improvement Initiative involves training in quality improvement concepts and methods, identification of best practices for selected clinical services, and repeated use of data to measure changes leading to improvement. The ENM employs the Model for Improvement and the ‘‘Plan-Do-Study-Act’’ tool, which enables providers to self-evaluate, set goals, and assess results with their own data. RESULTS: Providers tend to overestimate their use of best practices. Contrasting these perceptions with findings from medical record reviews can provide impetus and focus for quality improvement through changes in specific clinical practices and management systems. Preliminary findings from New Mexico suggest that quality improvement interventions can be effective, with initial improvements over baseline reviews typically in the 20-40% range. CONCLUSION: Systematic efforts to enhance the quality of care can help improve both the effectiveness and efficiency of SBHCs, and provide evidence of the value of the care provided. Simple, efficient quality improvement techniques, with the use of distance learning technologies, can help achieve the full promise of expanded school-based health care.
A role for FtsA in SPOR-independent localization of the essential Escherichia coli cell division protein FtsN.

Summary FtsN is a bitopic membrane protein and the last essential component to localize to the Escherichia coli cell division machinery, or divisome. The periplasmic SPOR domain of FtsN was previously shown to localize to the divisome in a self-enhancing manner, relying on the essential activity of FtsN and the peptidoglycan synthesis and degradation activities of FtsI and amidases respectively. Because FtsN has a known role in recruiting amidases and is predicted to stimulate the activity of FtsI, it follows that FtsN initially localizes to division sites in a SPOR-independent manner. Here, we show that the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of FtsN (FtsNCyto-TM) facilitated localization of FtsN independently of its SPOR domain but dependent on the early cell division protein FtsA. In addition, SPOR-independent localization preceded SPOR-dependent localization, providing a mechanism for the initial localization of FtsN. In support of the role of FtsNCyto-TM in FtsN function, a variant of FtsN lacking the cytoplasmic domain localized to the divisome but failed to complement an ftsN deletion unless it was overproduced. Simultaneous removal of the cytoplasmic and SPOR domains abolished localization and complementation. These data support a model in which FtsA–FtsN interaction recruits FtsN to the divisome, where it can then stimulate the peptidoglycan remodelling activities required for SPOR-dependent localization.
R-subunit isoform specificity in protein kinase A: distinct features of protein interfaces in PKA types I and II by amide H/2H exchange mass spectrometry.

The two isoforms (RI and RII) of the regulatory (R) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase A (PKA) are similar in sequence yet have different biochemical properties and physiological functions. To further understand the molecular basis for R-isoform-specificity, the interactions of the RIIβ isoform with the PKA catalytic (C) subunit were analyzed by amide H/2H exchange mass spectrometry to compare solvent accessibility of RIIβ and the C subunit in their free and complexed states. Direct mapping of the RIIβ-C interface revealed important differences between the intersubunit interfaces in the type I and type II holoenzyme complexes. These differences are seen in both the R-subunits as well as the C-subunit. Unlike the type I isoform, the type II isoform complexes require both cAMP-binding domains, and ATP is not obligatory for high affinity interactions with the C-subunit. Surprisingly, the C-subunit mediates distinct, overlapping surfaces of interaction with the two R-isoforms despite a strong homology in sequence and similarity in domain organization. Identification of a remote allosteric site on the C-subunit that is essential for interactions with RII, but not RI subunits, further highlights the considerable diversity in interfaces found in higher order protein complexes mediated by the C-subunit of PKA.
Health Risk Appraisals: How Much Do They Influence Employees’ Health Behavior?

Health plans often use health risk appraisals (HRAs) as a starting point in engaging members in behavioral change. We examine characteristics associated with the voluntary completion of HRAs among enrollees in employer-sponsored insurance plans. We compare health care use, costs, and participation in disease management programs for HRA completers and similar enrollees in plans that do not offer an HRA. Women, healthier people, and people in consumer-driven health plans (CDHPs) are more likely than others to complete an HRA. Among those who complete an HRA, use of office visits, prescription drugs, and cervical cancer screening increases compared to those who are not offered an HRA.
LOW TEMPERATURE ULTRAMICROINCINERATION OF THIN-SECTIONED TISSUE

Low temperature ultramicroincineration was employed to determine the morphological localization of "structure-bound" mineral and/or metallic elements within biological cells at the electron microscope level. This technique chemically removes organic material from thin sections of tissues with reactive, excited oxygen instead of heat as used in a furnace. The remaining ash representing the mineral/metallic ultrastructure of cells is advantageous for ultrastructural studies because incineration without applying heat is less destructive than the burning associated with high temperatures. This low temperature incineration method was applied to thin-sectioned avian shell gland mucosa, a calcium transporting system, as a sample tissue. The results include: recognition of many subcellular organelles in the ash patterns, identification of dense, ash-containing granules (possibly organic-metallic complexes) in epithelial cells which may be involved in calcium transport, description of ashed erythrocytes and collagen, comparison of ashed glutaraldehyde fixed tissue with and without osmium postfixation, description of lead-stained cells after ashing, demonstration that ash preservation is dependent upon section thickness, illustration of the fine resolution obtainable because the ash residues remain relatively near their in situ origins, discussion of technical problems in this relatively new field, and demonstration of the presence of Ca and P in the ash with electron microprobe X-ray analysis.
The Turbulence Field Generated by a Linear Gravity Wave

Abstract An approximate but standard turbulence closure—the so-called “1½ order closure”—is employed to calculate the turbulence field generated by a stationary, large amplitude gravity wave in the middle atmosphere. Turbulence is generated within the superadiabatic phases of the gravity wave and is damped within other phases of the wave. Turbulence collapse is accounted for in the damping region. Determined are the intensity (rms turbulence velocity) and the local turbulence diffusivity as a function of wave amplitude, frequency, wavelength and position in space. Also calculated is an a priori, although approximate, prediction of the wave amplitude required to saturate the gravity wave, and the degree of superdiabaticity at saturation. Simplifying approximations limit the calculations to 2HkzUk≫ 1. The results are approximate because of the nature of the turbulence model but the qualitative results have simple explanations.
T-Matrix Method of Elastic Wave Scattering on Imperfect Interface

In the scattering problem of elastic waves, the wave function extension method plays a basic and important role. When the scatterer is a circle cylinder, an elliptical cylinder, a sphere and a spheroid, the scattering problem of elastic waves can be solved by the wave function extension method directly. However, when the scatterer is of arbitrary shape, the wave function extension method meets a difficulty. Then the T-matrix method of elastic wave scattering was proposed. The advantage of T matrix method is that it can be used to deal with arbitrary shape. However, the traditional T-matrix method is applied to the perfect interface; namely, the displacement and traction vector keep continuous across the interface between the scatterer and the host material. For the imperfect interface, the displacement vector or traction vector jumps across the interface, how to compute the elements of T matrix? It is not discussed in the literature up to now. In this paper, three cases of imperfect interface are considered: 1) traction vector is continuous across interface, but displacement vector jumps; 2). displacement vector is continuous, but traction vector jumps; 3) both displacement and traction vectors jump. The modification and the specific calculation expression of T-matrix for these imperfect interfaces are discussed based on the T- matrix of perfect interface. In addition, the symmetry and the unitity of T matrix in case of imperfect interface are discussed. The outline of this paper is as following: in the section 2, the vector basis functions are defined and their orthogonality is discussed. In section 3, the T matrix in case of perfect interface is formulated in an alternative form in order to show easily and evidently the modification in case of imperfect interface. In section 4, the specific expressions of the modified T matrix for three cases of imperfect interface are given. Finally, the symmetry and unity of the modified T matrix are discussed in the section 5.
Controlling the flow of spin and charge in nanoscopic topological insulators.

Controlling the flow of spin and charge currents in topological insulators (TIs) is a crucial requirement for applications in quantum computation and spin electronics. We demonstrate that such control can be established in nanoscopic two-dimensional TIs by breaking their time-reversal symmetry via magnetic defects. This allows for the creation of nearly fully spin-polarized charge currents, and the design of highly tunable spin diodes. Similar effects can also be realized in mesoscale hybrid structures in which TIs interface with ferro- or antiferromagnets.
A Womanist Pastoral Theology Against Intimate and Cultural Violence

In her text A Womanist Pastoral Theology against Intimate and Cultural Violence, Stephanie Crumpton comes to the forefront in an environment in which violence against women, and in particular black...
Sympathetic modulation of rabbit aortic baroreceptors in vitro

Previous studies indicate that sympathetic efferent nerves to the carotid sinus can modulate carotid sinus baroreceptor (BR) activity. There are, however, no studies that demonstrate this in the aortic arch. Since application of exogenous norepinephrine to the aortic arch can alter BR activity, we examined whether electrically stimulating the efferent innervation would likewise be effective. We used an in vitro preparation from anesthetized rabbits. This consisted of the aortic arch and sections of the aortic afferent and sympathetic efferent nerves. The aorta was perfused at a constant pulseless pressure set 10-15 mmHg above BR pressure threshold, and aortic diameter was measured with a photoelectric device. We electrically stimulated the efferent innervation with 1-ms duration constant-voltage pulses, while simultaneously recording aortic pressure, diameter, and BR discharge. In 12 of 18 BRs, discharge decreased with vasoconstriction and subsequently recovered with vasorelaxation. This BR inhibition was blocked when constriction was prevented with the alpha-adrenergic antagonist prazosin (10(-6) M). In the remaining six BRs, discharge increased in five units and remained constant in one unit; however, the excitation occurred only during and a few seconds after the stimulus period. Discharge then fell below control while aortic constriction persisted and subsequently increased back to control with aortic relaxation. In this second group of fibers, treatment with the smooth muscle relaxant sodium nitroprusside (10(-6) M) prevented BR inhibition but not excitation. Lastly, BR responses were eliminated if the efferent nerve was crushed but not cut, indicating that the sensory endings were not activated directly by electrotonic current spread.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Recombinant Hemoglobins as Blood Substitutes: A Biotechnology Perspective

Human hemoglobin can be produced in microbial and mammalian organisms using many different expression systems. It is anticipated that recombinant hemoglobins (or globin genes) will have many applications including as an infectious agent-free, inexpensive raw material for a red blood cell substitute, as a vehicle for expression or delivery of other biomolecules, and in gene therapy of inherited hemoglobinopathies. Recombinant expression, combined with site-directed mutagenesis, is facilitating the modification of the functional properties of hemoglobin. Although a functional hemoglobin molecule can be derived using many of the known expression systems, the choice of the production system for manufacturing depends on the scale, acceptable cost, and the associated environmental impact of the various processes. While the efficient bacterial production systems yield a modified, "surrogate" hemoglobin, the transgenic animal-derived product is virtually identical to the human erythrocyte-derived hemoglobin. Both the microbial fermentation, and the mammalian transgenic systems can be geared to produce the enormous quantities of hemoglobin expected to be required to meet the anticipated demand for a successful blood substitute in the future.
Understanding Leading Edge Stall Physics by Acoustic Excitation

The physics of leading edge stall control on a NACA 643-618 airfoil is studied using highspeed Particle Image Velocimetry. External acoustic control is used to study control effectiveness over a wide range of excitation frequencies. Experimental data suggests that at this angle of attack the most effective frequencies are not in the range of the fundamental shear layer frequency of the uncontrolled configuration. High-speed PIV is used to study the control physics. It is shown that frequencies higher than the most unstable frequency are able to organize the shear layer into coherent structures and significantly reduce separation. Their effectiveness relies in the ability of excitation to roll up the shear layer in coherent vortices before it moves far from the wall under the effect of the high adverse pressure gradient typical of high angle of attack.
SELECTION FOR AMYLASE ALLOZYMES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER.

The biological significance of allozyme variation within natural populations has been a major source of controversy in population genetics since the first quantitative estimates of such variation were made (Lewontin and Hubby, 1966). A variety of theoretical and experimental strategies have been used in an effort to discriminate between 'neutralist' and 'selectionist' explanations of the maintenance of this variation. Experimental approaches to the problem have been hampered by the fact that little is known about the physiological role of many of these enzyme proteins. In particular, it has been difficult to isolate an environmental challenge that could be deemed, with some certainty, to be relevant to the gene locus in question. The experiment described here illustrates a situation that is particularly favorable to the demonstration of the action of selective processes at a specific enzyme locus. Two strains of Drosophila melanogaster, derived from separate natural populations, were used, each isogenic for a different amylase allele. The alleles in question were Amy 1-c and Amy 4,6, as classified by Doane (1970). Amy 4,6 has a higher enzymatic activity as measured by the production of maltose from starch, using whole-fly homogenates (Doane, 1970). This result was confirmed in our laboratory using the relative intensities of bands on polyacrylamide gels stained by the starchiodine method. Six third instar larvae were homogenized in 60 Il borate buffer (pH 8.9). Two replicate samples of 15 1l from
Investigate and Analyse the Prevalence of the Parasite Infection in Xinhui City

Objective To investigate the prevalence of the parasite infection in Xinhui city and provide the scientific basis for establishing preventive measures and curing program for the parasite disease. Methods The Kato-katz method was used to find the parasite eggs and confirm the infection. The age, occupation, education level and the congregate status in family of the infected individuals were analyzed. Results 507 people were examined and 267 was infected with parasites. The total infection rate was 52.66%. In this investigation, 5 kinds of parasites were found. The Conorchis sinensis infection rate was the highest, about 50.30%. The infection status was the most serious among the peasants and cadres in countryside. The parasite infection rate was low among the people with higher education level. Conclusion After many years hard-working,we have made a great progress in the prevention and cure of parasites disease in human. But the infection of the Conorchis sinensis is still more serious than before, especially the low educated people in countryside. We should do our best to prevent and cure the parasite disease in the future.
A novel infection prevention approach: Leveraging a mandatory electronic communication tool to decrease peripherally inserted central catheter infections, complications, and cost

Background Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) removed prematurely for unconfirmed infection or thrombosis lead to subsequent reinsertions and associated complications. To improve clinical quality, a mandatory electronic communication tool (MECT) based on clinical practice guidelines was mandated for all inpatient adult PICCs in an academically affiliated tertiary medical center. This MECT facilitated early communication and specialized evaluation with the PICC team for any complications related to PICCs. Methods A historical cohort study was conducted. Quality and cost measurements for 200 PICCs postinstitution of a MECT were compared with 200 PICCs 12 months prior. PICC removal and complication rates were compared for the 2 cohorts. Results Significant outcomes included a central-line associated blood stream infection rate that changed from 1.38/1,000 catheter days to 0/1,000 catheter days, 0 provider-led premature PICC removals, an overall 84% decrease in premature PICC removals (from 16%-2.5%; P P Conclusion A novel infection prevention approach leveraging a MECT resulted in 0 central line-associated bloodstream infections and provider-led premature PICC removals.
Selection of Treatment Options for Patients with Surgical Type Superficial Venous Insufficiency

The purpose of this study was to quantitate reflux by noninvasive hemodynamic testing using air plethysmography (APG) [1–4] in postoperative residual incompetent varicose veins (VV), which were untreated by surgery and to determine the extent of their hemodynamic improvement after their treatment with compressive sclerotherapy [5].
DILUTION AND TRANSPORT PREDICTIONS FOR OCEAN OUTFALLS

Dilution and transport predictions for an ocean outfall proposed for the Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro are summarized. The initial characteristics of the wastefield are predicted using the results of recent experiments on submerged wastefield characteristics in stratified flows. Using measured currents and stratifications, it is predicted that the proposed design will result in a wastefield which is always submerged, whose thickness varies from 8.5 to 23.1 m and whose dilution varies from about 200 to well over 2000. The wastefield will often stay near the ocean bottom. Far field transport due to currents is calculated and expressed in terms of spatial “visitation frequency,” the probability of the wastefield visiting any location. It is shown that no effluent reaches shore with a travel time less than 5.5 hours, and computations including oceanic diffusion and bacterial mortality suggest maximum shoreline coliform concentrations of 500 per 100 ml, and 98% of the time they will be less than this. For reasons discussed these estimates of shoreline bacteria are conservatively high, and much lower than computed by methods assuming steady onshore currents.
Review of Adherence Intervention Studies and Top Ten Ways to Advance Research on Adherence to Pediatric Medical Regimens

Since the first edition of this book, there are encouraging signs that researchers are not limiting themselves to just documenting the prevalence, correlates, and consequences of medical nonadherence. They are conducting controlled studies using randomized controlled group designs and single-subject designs to evaluate the impact of interventions on adherence and health outcomes. The purpose of this final chapter is to review and critique studies on improving adherence to regimens for acute and chronic pediatric diseases, summarize recent meta-analyses of this literature, and offer 10 ways that research on pediatric medical adherence can be improved.