cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical utility of the AJCC 8th edition pT1 subclassification and impact on practice patterns in stage I seminoma

Abstract Background The American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition staging guidelines for testicular cancer established a 3 cm cutoff to subclassify stage T1 seminomas ( Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients with pT1 testicular seminoma in the National Cancer Database from 2004 to 2016. Receiver operating curves were used to determine the efficacy of the 3 cm tumor cutoff in identifying metastatic disease, and multivariable regression was used to compute the effect of tumor size on the rate of adjuvant therapy among Stage I patients. Results A total of 10,134 patients with pT1 seminoma were evaluated. The current size cutoff of 3 cm for subclassification did not exhibit high discrimination in identifying metastatic disease (area under receiver operating curve: 0.546). Surveillance has grown as the preferred treatment after orchiectomy −32.1% in 2004 to 81.2% in 2015. However, the rate of adjuvant therapy for pT1, Stage I seminomas associated positively with tumor size even with adjustment for year of diagnosis. For tumors above 3 cm, the odds ratio stabilized around 1.9. By using the 3 cm cutoff to guide adjuvant therapy, up to 85% of T1b patients may be overtreated. Conclusion The 3 cm cutoff for subclassification of Stage I seminoma does not predict metastatic recurrence but is associated with increased receipt of adjuvant therapy. A 3 cm cutoff and the pT1a/b classification may therefore contribute to overtreatment in many young patients with a long life expectancy for whom minimizing adverse effects should be prioritized.
Firm Partisan Political Positioning, Affective Polarization, and Risk Communication: Examining Firms’ Voluntary Disclosures on COVID-19

COVID-19 is among the most salient issues in the world presently, and for many current executives, it is likely to be among the greatest challenges they will face. Upon entering the U.S. context, the disease was immediately subject to the process of affective polarization, with clear partisan splits forming around perceptions of its risks that did not relate to science. We explore whether firms’ preexisting political positioning affected how they voluntarily disclosed to their investors on a novel, affectively polarized issue by examining whether firms’ disclosure of COVID-19 risks covaries with their partisan political giving. Analyzing conference call and campaign contribution data for the S&P 500, we find a positive association between a firm’s contributions to Democrats and its disclosure of COVID-19 risks.
High prevalence of mixed and non-vaccine HPV oncogenic types and their association with higher mortality in Black women with cervical cancer

We studied the incidence of HPV genotypes in mostly Black women with cervical carcinoma and correlated histopathologic tumor characteristics, immune markers and clinical data with survival. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were recorded for 60 months post-diagnosis. Fifty four of the 60 (90%) patients were Black and 36 (60%) were <55 years of age. Of the 40 patients with typeable HPV genotypes, 10 (25%) had 16/18 HPV genotypes, 30 (75%) had one of the non-16/18 HPV genotypes, and 20 (50%) had one of the 7 genotypes (35, 39, 51, 53, 56, 59 and 68) that are not included in the nonavalent vaccine. Mixed HPV infections ([≥]2 types) were found in 11/40 (27.5%) patients. Patients infected with non-16/18 genotypes, including the most common genotype, HPV 35, had significantly shorter DFS and OS. PD-L1 (p=0.003), MMR expression (p=0.01), clinical stage (p=0.048), histologic grade (p=0.015) and mixed HPV infection (p=0.026) were independent predictors of DFS. A remarkably high proportion of cervical cancer cells in our patients expressed PD-L1 which opens the possibility of the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat these cancers. Exclusion of the common HPV genotypes from the vaccine exacerbates mortality from cervical cancer in underserved Black patients.
Voluntary Colostrum Intake in Holstein Heifer Calves

An observational study was done to determine voluntary colostrum intake at the first feeding in nipple bottle-fed Holstein heifer calves. Thirty-two Holstein heifer calves resulting from observed births were hand fed using a nipple bottle for a total of 15 minutes at two hours of age. Each calf was offered a maximum of 3 liters (L) total intake. Median colostral intake was 2.34 L with a range of 0.0 to 3.0 L. Ten (31.25%) calves consumed less than 2 L and 14 calves (43.75%) consumed the maximum 3 L offered. Exclusive voluntary intake using a nipple bottle is an inadequate method of colostrum administration unless more rigorous feeding practices than those described are used. Under conditions of limited labor availability, bottle-fed calves should be offered an unlimited volume of colostrum at the time of the first feeding, and tube fed using an oroesophageal feeder if they fail to ingest a minimum of 2 L in a timely manner. This practice improves the likelihood that calves will achieve consistent, adequate passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins.
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination and Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cancer Rates Within Florida Counties.

Introduction To direct interventions, the Florida counties with the greatest risk of current and future human papillomavirus‒associated cancers were identified by estimating county-level (1) percentages of adolescents aged 13–17 years who initiated (≥1 dose) and were up to date (2–3 doses) for the human papillomavirus vaccine and (2) human papillomavirus‒associated cancer incidence rates. Methods Records were obtained for human papillomavirus vaccinations from the Florida immunization registry (2006–2019), incident cancer cases from the Florida registry (2013–2017), and annual population counts from the Florida Department of Health (2006–2019). In 2020, annual county-level human papillomavirus vaccine initiation, human papillomavirus vaccine up-to-date, and age-adjusted human papillomavirus‒associated cancer incidence rates were estimated. Results Among adolescents aged 13–17 years, average 2018–2019 county-specific human papillomavirus vaccine initiation ranged from 38% to 100% for females and from 34% to 96% for males. Up-to-date estimates ranged from 20% to 72% for females and from 24% to 77% for males. The majority (78%) of counties with initiation and up-to-date estimates within the lowest tercile were located in Northern Florida. County-specific 2013–2017 annualized, adjusted human papillomavirus‒associated cancer incidence rates ranged from 0 to 29.8 per 100,000 among females and from 5.4 to 24.1 per 100,000 among males. Counties within the highest tercile for human papillomavirus‒associated cancers were primarily (90% for females and 77% for males) located in Northern Florida. Conclusions Human papillomavirus‒associated cancer risk varies widely across Florida counties, with particularly high risk within Northern Florida. Targeting interventions toward counties with low vaccination and high cancer rates may reduce human papillomavirus‒associated cancers.
China Emerges as a Major Exporter of Wind Turbine Nacelles

China emerged as a major exporter of wind turbine nacelles during 2011–20, a significant shift from the prior decade when almost all Chinese production was sold domestically. Both China-headquartered and Western original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) increased nacelle exports from China.
Changes in RNA and Proteins Induced by Stimulation

One of the oldest and most intriguing problems in neurobiology is the elucidation of brain function. It has been apparent for a long time that the brain is essentially an electric organ which is capable of accrual, retention, and retrieval of information. In the past quarter of a century neurophysiologists made extensive studies of evoked electroencephalograms (EEG’s) from the brain under a variety of conditions, but none of these observations revealed any clues as to the mechanism underlying brain function. Ablation experiments did show that the information storage was not uniquely localized(1) and that, excluding evoked potentials due to arousal, no correlations were noted in EEG’s with conditioning or learning.
Colin A. Wraight, 1945–2014

Colin Allen Wraight, a central figure in photosynthetic electron transfer research since the 1970s, died in Urbana, Illinois, on July 10, 2014. Born in London, England, on November 27, 1945, he had only recently retired from his position as a Professor in Biochemistry, Biophysics & Quantitative Biology, and Plant Biology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Wraight was known especially for his pioneering studies on electron and proton transfer in the photochemical reaction center, and for his careful quantitation of the remarkable quantum efficiency of this device.
The Center for Open Science Cultivates Openness, Integrity, and Reproducibility

As I write this column, the Directory of Open Access Journals (http://www.doaj.org) boasts over 10,200 peer-reviewed academic journals from 136 countries. As any academic librarian who has to balan...
Tropical cyclone variations in Louisiana, U.S.A., since the late eighteenth century

[1] Plentiful documentary and pre-twentieth century instrumental data from Louisiana, U.S.A., provide a record of continuous tropical cyclones, with daily resolution dating back to the late eighteenth century. The reconstruction provided new specific information for 83 storms prior to 1872. Parts of the early and mid-nineteenth century exhibit greater tropical cyclone and hurricane activity than at any time within the last few hundred years. A major hurricane that impacted southeast Louisiana in August 1812 is very likely the closest landfalling hurricane known to impact New Orleans. The longer temporal perspective provides insight on historical hurricane impacts and information on assessing future hurricane mitigation strategies concerning potential worst-case scenarios.
Enhanced Growth of Submicrometer Metal Gratings

Surface-confined electromagnetic fields have been shown to play an important role in the interaction of light with adsorbed molecular layers, entering into such phenomena as surface-enhanced Raman scattering and surface-enhanced photochemistry. We show that the interference of two UV laser beams during surface photodecomposition leads to resonant growth of submicrometer metal gratings. The phenomena can be viewed as nonlinear-optical mixing with the growth rate having a gain that is dependent on the spatial frequency of two interferring beams.
Alongshore momentum balance analysis on a cuspate foreland

[1] Nearshore measurements of waves and currents off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, U.S.A, are used to investigate depth-averaged subtidal circulation and alongshore momentum balances in the surf and inner shelf region around a cuspate foreland. Data were collected on both sides of the cape representing shorefaces with contrasting shoreline orientation (north-south vs. northwest-southeast) subjected to the same wind forcing. In the nearshore, the subtidal flow is aligned with the local coastline orientation while at the cape point the flow is along the existing submerged shoal, suggesting that cape associated shoals may act as an extension of the coastline. Alongshore momentum balance analysis incorporating wave-current interaction by including vortex and Stokes-Coriolis forces reveals that in deep waters surface and bottom stress are almost in balance. In shallower waters, the balance is complex as nonlinear advection and vortex force become important. Furthermore, linearized momentum balance analysis suggests that the vortex force can be of the same order as wind and wave forcing. Farther southwest of Cape Hatteras point, wind and wave forcing alone fail to fully explain subtidal flow variability and it is shown that alongshore pressure gradient as a response to the wind forcing can close the momentum balance. Adjacent tide gauge data suggest that the magnitude of pressure gradient depends on the relative orientation of local coastline to the wind vector, and in a depth-averaged sense the pressure gradient generation due to change in coastline orientation even at km length scale is analogous to the effect of alongshore variable winds on a straight coastline.
Finite-element modeling of a fighter aircraft canopy acrylic panel

A detailed three-dimensional stress analysis of a canopy aircraft acrylic panel was conducted to investigate the probable cause of a recent in-flight acrylic panel failure. The analysis was made using a general-purpose finiteelement computer program. Based in part on this analysis, probable design problems associated with the canopy were identified. The study clearly demonstrates that computer-based technology can be successfully used in determining probable causes of failure in geometrically complex structures.
Phase I Trial of Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin and Docetaxel in Advanced Breast Cancer

PURPOSE: To develop a combination of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil; Alza Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA) and docetaxel (Taxotere; Aventis Pharmaceutical, Parsipanny, NJ) that can be safely used for the treatment of advanced breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-one patients with locally advanced (n = 10) or metastatic (n = 31) breast cancer received Doxil (30-, 40-, or 45-mg/m2 intravenous [IV] infusion over 30 to 60 minutes), followed 1 hour later by docetaxel (60 or 75 mg/m2 by IV infusion over 1 hour) in cohorts of three to six patients. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was defined as febrile neutropenia, prolonged neutropenia, or grade 3 to 4 nonhematologic toxicity that occurred during cycle 1. RESULTS: In conjunction with docetaxel 75 mg/m2 every 4 weeks, the MTD of Doxil was 30 mg/m2 and required granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to prevent febrile neutropenia. Without G-CSF, the MTD was docetaxel 60 mg/m2 and Doxil 30 mg/m2 every 3 weeks; only 1 (7%) out of 15 patients treate...
Home range and habitat use of juvenile green turtles ( Chelonia mydas ) in the northern Gulf of Mexico

For imperiled marine turtles, use of satellite telemetry has proven to be an effective method in determining long distance movements. However, the large size of the tag, relatively high cost and low spatial resolution of this method make it more difficult to examine fine-scale movements of individuals, particularly at foraging grounds where animals are frequently submerged. Acoustic telemetry offers a more suitable method of assessing fine-scale movement patterns with a smaller tag that provides more precise locations. We used acoustic telemetry to define home ranges and describe habitat use of juvenile green turtles at a temperate foraging ground in the northern Gulf of Mexico. We outfitted eight juvenile green turtles with acoustic transmitters and tracked them from 14 to 138 days from September 2012 to February 2013 in St. Joseph Bay, Northwest Florida. Mean home range size was relatively small compared to other studies. For four turtles, we observed a moderate inverse relationship between water temperature and water depth which is consistent with the idea that turtles moved to deeper waters when temperatures cooled. On average distance to the channel from turtle locations were different by bottom cover type. These turtles appear to forage in shallow-water seagrass beds that border deep channels. When water temperatures dropped in winter, some of the tracked turtles moved to a deep-water channel on the western side of the study site. Turtles whose foraging sites were farther from the deep-water channel exhibited greater displacement than those with sites that were closer to the channel. Green turtles in St. Joseph Bay have relatively small home ranges and many contain multiple activity centers. The frequent use of channels by turtles suggests bathymetry plays a major role in habitat selection of juvenile green turtles, particularly as temperatures drop in winter. The quality and density of seagrass habitat in St. Joseph Bay and its proximity to deep channels appears to provide ideal conditions for juvenile greens. The results of this study help define characteristics of foraging habitat utilized by juvenile greens in the northern Gulf of Mexico that managers can use in creating protected areas such as aquatic preserves.
Functionalization of Si(111) surfaces with alkyl chains terminated by electrochemically polymerizable thienyl units

A Si(111) surface has been derivatized with a thiophene-terminated alkyl monolayer which was subsequently photoanodically oxidized in the presence of thiophene to yield a strongly adherent and smooth conducting film.
Emergency Medical Service in the US National Park Service: A Characterization and Two-Year Review, 2012–2013

Objective Visitors to US National Park Service (NPS) units have a unique set of needs in terms of emergency medical care. The purpose of this review is to quantify and characterize emergency medical services (EMS) activities in the NPS to elaborate on its unique aspects, establish trends, and benchmark these data against a sample of national EMS data. Methods The EMS data for calendar years 2012 and 2013 were queried from national NPS reports. Results The EMS responses totaled 40 calls per million visitors in 2012 and 34 calls per million visitors in 2013. Of those, 75% required a basic life support level of care. There were comparable incidences of transported EMS trauma calls (49%) and medical calls (51%). Of a total of 137 sudden cardiac arrest events, 65% of patients received defibrillation and 26% survived to hospital release. There were 262 total fatalities in 2012 and 238 in 2013, with traumatic fatalities occurring approximately twice as often as nontraumatic fatalities. Conclusions Across the country, the NPS responded to a large number of EMS calls each year, but with a relatively low frequency, considering the large number of visitors. This is a challenging setting in which to provide consistent EMS care throughout various NPS administered areas. The typical NPS EMS response provided basic life support level care to visitors with traumatic injuries. The NPS caregivers must be prepared, however, to respond to a varied and diverse range of EMS calls.
Tracing the evolutionary path for space technologies

Abstract Proliferation and pace of advancing technologies warrant policy and strategic decision-making. Without thinking ahead, companies can loose marketshare and countries can yield comparative advantage. The rate at which burgeoning technologies progress, however, can make it difficult for corporations and governments alike to discern or better anticipate critical junctures in technology developments. This paper presents a conceptual, multidimensional framework, the “evolutionary path”, for understanding the stages of technological development in the civil space area. The analysis draws from three case studies — communications satellites, computers, and launch vehicles — and shows how the implications and developments of new, breakthrough technologies differ from the incremental technology upgrades or the later emergence of interconnected systems and infrastructures.
Extreme tunability of interactions in a 7Li Bose-Einstein condensate.

We use a Feshbach resonance to tune the scattering length $a$ of a Bose-Einstein condensate of $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ in the $|F=1,{m}_{F}=1⟩$ state. Using the spatial extent of the trapped condensate, we extract $a$ over a range spanning 7 decades from small attractive interactions to extremely strong repulsive interactions. The shallow zero crossing in the wing of the Feshbach resonance enables the determination of $a$ as small as 0.01 Bohr radii. Evidence of the weak anisotropic magnetic dipole interaction is obtained by comparison with different trap geometries for small $a$.
An inquiry into the privacy aspects of caller-ID

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the balance between the advantages and disadvantages of caller-ID from a user perspective. A questionnaire exploring the degree of concern raised by a range of events was completed by 43 US postgraduate students. It was found that caller-ID was of much greater concern than the problem it is intended to solve - not knowing who is calling before answering the telephone.
Theoretical Investigation of Metal Cladding for Nanowire and Cylindrical Micropost Lasers

We investigate the transverse modal properties of cylindrical subwavelength metal-clad nanowire and micropost lasers via rigorous theoretical waveguide analysis, including the effects of finite thickness metal cladding and gain in the core. The results of this analysis show that air-metal surface guided TM01 and some hybrid surface guided modes suffer less loss but are less confined to the core, while core-metal surface guided modes are better confined to the core but suffer greater loss. An increase in the thickness of the metal cladding reduces the loss of the core-metal surface guided modes. The modal gain and confinement of the metal-clad cavity are compared to an unclad cavity.
A simple proof of a primal affine scaling method

In this paper, we present a simpler proof of the result of Tsuchiya and Muramatsu on the convergence of the primal affine scaling method. We show that the primal sequence generated by the method converges to the interior of the optimum face and the dual sequence to the analytic center of the optimal dual face, when the step size implemented in the procedure is bounded by 2/3. We also prove the optimality of the limit of the primal sequence for a slightly larger step size of 2q/(3q−1), whereq is the number of zero variables in the limit. We show this by proving the dual feasibility of a cluster point of the dual sequence.
The Hirota’s bilinear method and the tanh–coth method for multiple-soliton solutions of the Sawada–Kotera–Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation

Abstract In this work we derive a new completely integrable dispersive equation. The equation is obtained by combining the Sawada–Kotera (SK) equation with the sense of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation. The newly derived Sawada–Kotera–Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (SK–KP) equation is studied by using the tanh–coth method, to obtain single-soliton solution, and by the Hirota bilinear method, to determine the N -soliton solutions. The study highlights the significant features of the employed methods and its capability of handling completely integrable equations.
Photopolymer morphology: Phase separation during polymerization

Morphology and phase structure were studied before and after photopolymerization for the binder–monomer system: poly(styrene/sec-butylmaleate)(50/50)–trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA)(75/25). Films supported on a suitable substrate were measured by dynamic mechanical analysis and by dielectric relaxation before and during photocrosslinking. Such film support techniques also allow a variety of physical and chemical treatments to be carried out to determine structure changes. Two phases and a secondary transition were identified. The shift in temperature of both Tg's during photopolymerization and concurrent, fracture-surface electron photomicrography were consistent with a mechanism involving phase separation of TMPTA during polymerization. Probable composition of the phases is discussed.
SU-FF-T-382: Planning Non-Uniform Dose Distributions for Brain Tumor

Purpose: Inhomogeneous radiobiology exists within tumor volume of malignant gliomas as shown by biological imaging. The purpose of this project is to plan non-uniform dose distributions to account for inhomogeneous radiosensitivity using IMRT. Method and Materials: Sample tumor volumes were divided into several sub-regions of different radiosensitivity that may be considered to correspond to different tumor grade. A pooled clinical and in-vitro data for gliomas were analyzed to determine radiosensitivity parameters for different tumor grades. LQ model and equivalent uniform dose (EUD) were used to calculate the required radiation dose to account for different tumor grade in different sub-region. While the required dose in each sub-region is uniform, the dose distribution within the entire tumor volume is non-uniform. The Xio/CMS IMRT planning system was used to plan the required non-uniform dose distributions and also the conventional 60Gy uniform dose. The EUDs for both uniform and non-uniform distributions were compared. Results: Using the parameters determined from clinical data the required dose (EUD in 2Gy fractions) was found to be >55Gy for grade 1 or 2, >60Gy for grade 3 and >65Gy for grade 4. Considering low tumor grade (thus low dose) existing in periphery region, IMRT can deliver the required non-uniform distributions while keeping or improving normal-tissue sparing compared to the conventional uniform dose delivery. The dose can be escalated even higher than the required value in a high-grade region. The non-uniform dose plans yield higher tumor EUD and lower or the same normal-tissue EUD as compared to the conventional plan, indicating that the non-uniform doses are more effective. Conclusion: It is dosimetrically feasible to plan non-uniform dose distributions to account for inhomogeneous radiosensitivity. This prepares a framework for biological imaging guided radiotherapy of malignant gliomas, a leading cause of cancer mortality in people with young ages.
Modelling decoherence in quantum spin systems

In this review we discuss approaches to numerical modelling of decoherence by a spin bath. We consider several popular simulation methods, briefly discussing their implementation, and analyse their advantages and drawbacks. Furthermore, we consider application of these methods to several different physical systems, demonstrating how the numerical simulations can help in understanding the details of the decoherence process in quantum spin systems. The discussion of possible interesting directions for further research concludes the review.
Patient satisfaction with dental care in a municipal hospital

Quality assurance activities are an important part of a hospital dental department. This study reports the results of a patient satisfaction questionnaire distributed as part of the quality assurance activities at a municipal hospital. The results show patient satisfaction questionnaires are applicable to the hospital setting, patients report relative satisfaction with the care received, and they can identify specific areas of satisfaction and dissatisfaction. The number of visits, easy access and convenience to the clinic, and out-of-pocket payment for dental care are predictive of satisfaction with the dental care received at this clinic.
Mediators of galactose sensitivity in UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase-impaired mammalian cells.

UDP-galactose 4′-epimerase (GALE) catalyzes the final step in the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism, interconverting UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose. Unlike its Escherichia coli counterpart, mammalian GALE also interconverts UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. Considering the key roles played by all four of these UDP-sugars in glycosylation, human GALE therefore not only contributes to the Leloir pathway, but also functions as a gatekeeper overseeing the ratios of important substrate pools required for the synthesis of glycosylated macromolecules. Defects in human GALE result in the disorder epimerase-deficiency galactosemia. To explore the relationship among GALE activity, substrate specificity, metabolic balance, and galactose sensitivity in mammalian cells, we employed a previously described GALE-null line of Chinese hamster ovary cells, ldlD. Using a transfection protocol, we generated ldlD derivative cell lines that expressed different levels of wild-type human GALE or E. coli GALE and compared the phenotypes and metabolic profiles of these lines cultured in the presence versus absence of galactose. We found that GALE-null cells accumulated abnormally high levels of Gal-1-P and UDP-Gal and abnormally low levels of UDP-Glc and UDP-GlcNAc in the presence of galactose and that human GALE expression corrected each of these defects. Comparing the human GALE- and E. coli GALE-expressing cells, we found that although GALE activity toward both substrates was required to restore metabolic balance, UDP-GalNAc activity was not required for cell proliferation in the presence of otherwise cytostatic concentrations of galactose. Finally, we found that uridine supplementation, which essentially corrected UDP-Glc and, to a lesser extent UDP-GlcNAc depletion, enabled ldlD cells to proliferate in the presence of galactose despite the continued accumulation of Gal-1-P and UDP-Gal. These data offer important insights into the mechanism of galactose sensitivity in epimerase-impaired cells and suggest a potential novel therapy for patients with epimerase-deficiency galactosemia.
Global Warming Report

to as supporters ofthe report are reported to be scientists "whose major work is largely outside the grenhouse field." It is hard to know what is meant by this. Virtually no one I know of has devoted his or her career to the "greenhouse field." However, each of the scientists mentioned (Reginald Newell, Jerome Namias, and myself) has published more papers on climate dynamics in the refereed professional literature than have any of the other figures mentioned in the article. In the letter by Namias and myself that is referred to by Roberts, we simply endorsed the major conclusions of the Marshall Institute report: namely, that first, no evidence for the existence of the "greenhouse effect" can be found in the temperature records of the last 100 years; and second, current forecasts of global warming for the 21st century are so inaccurate and fraught with uncertainty as to be useless to policy-makers. We still endorse these conclusions. As for the importance of research,
Parallel and series configurations for electron-capture and oxygen-sensitized electron-capture detection

Abstract By use of two electron-capture detectors configured in either parallel or series arrangements where one of the detectors is sensitized with oxygen, the precision of measurement of oxygen-induced response enhancements is significantly improved. The relative standard deviation of repeated measurements is shown to be less than 3% for the parallel and 2% for the series arrangements. Either of these detection schemes will increase the power of oxygen-enhancement measurements for the identification of unknown compounds by gas chromatography. The parallel arrangement may be more generally applicable to broad-range chemical analysis than the series arrangement because with the series arrangement the response of the second detector to some compounds is complicated by the formation of electron-capturing products in the first detector.
The nonsurgical treatment of hemangioma with Sotradecol.

Abstract A relatively new sclerosing agent, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, appears to be more effective and less toxic than the soaps. Five cases of oral hemangioma were successfully treated with this drug.
Selection for Silage Quality in the Wisconsin Quality Synthetic and Related Maize Populations

Maize (Zea mays L.) silage is a high-quality forage for ruminants, but there have been few significant breeding efforts specifically dedicated to improving maize forage yield or quality by breeders in the USA. The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage yield and quality of the Wisconsin Quality Synthetic (WQS) and related populations developed by the University of Wisconsin Maize Breeding Program for agronomic and nutritional attributes. Three cycles of divergent S, recurrent selection have been completed for stover fiber, silica, and lignin concentration for populations WFISIHI (Wisconsin-fiber-silica-high) and WFISILO (Wisconsin-fiber-silica-low). The third cycle (C3) of WFISILO was crossed to two high-quality inbred lines, Mo17 and H99, to create WQS C0, which then underwent two cycles of S 2 -topcross selection for improved forage yield and quality. All cycles of selection for WFISIHI, WFISILO, and WQS were evaluated for forage yield and quality at two field locations in Wisconsin in 2000 and 2001. Results for WFISIHI and WFISILO demonstrated that S, selection for stover composition altered both stover and whole-plant composition in the anticipated directions. Selection for whole-plant yield and composition of S 2 -topcrosses was also effective for WQS, especially when using selection indices incorporating whole-plant yield, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD), crude protein (CP), and starch. WQS C2 whole-plant and stover in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), whole-plant and stover add detergent lignin, and milk yield per megagram dry matter (DM) were similar to the brown-midrib check hybrid, F657. WQS C2 whole-plant and stover NDFD were lower than F657 but higher than other commercial check hybrids. In addition, WQS population testcrosses improved over cycles of selection for whole-plant yield and most quality attributes. Our results indicate that it is feasible to develop silage maize germplasm with both high whole-plant yield and excellent nutritional quality.
The Use of Syllogism in Rational-Emotive Therapy

The author indicates how the use of syllogistic logic in rational-emotive therapy can help therapists expose clients' irrational beliefs.
Intelligent nesting system on 2-D highly irregular resources

The objective of the automatic nesting problem is to find an arrangement for cutting irregularly shaped pieces that efficiently and quickly utilizes an available resource. The available resource, in this case, is highly irregular with not only irregular boundaries but also defective areas. In the solution of this problem, three subproblems must be considered: irregular resource/piece representation, search/match methods and localization of the search space. We propose an object-oriented representational scheme which describes pieces and resources in multiple ways. This object-oriented representational scheme can directly depict physical objects and mental concepts in a coherent manner, making it much easier to embed an expert’s knowledge into a system. We also present a novel hybrid search algorithm, an abstract heuristic search in combination with a best-first search using limited backtracking. A new way of localizing the search space called recursive look ahead is also introduced. This technique is a domain-dependent approach that sub-divides the world based on the locations of defects. This recursive look ahead procedure is a novel variant of the sub-goal technique. Several other inference procedures, such as intersection and overlap detection, try-to-fit procedures are also proposed. This system has been developed and the preliminary result is satisfactory. The testing has been performed by comparing the system against a human expert. The average yield difference has been within five percent.
Planar finitely Suslinian compacta

We show that a planar unshielded compact set X is finitely Suslinian if and only if there exists a closed set F ⊂ S 1 and a lamination ∼ of F such that F/ ∼ is homeomorphic to X. If X is a continuum, the analogous statement follows from Caratheodory theory and is widely used in polynomial dynamics.
Intravenous methylmethacrylate following cemented total hip arthroplasty

Both cemented and noncemented techniques have been used for total hip arthroplasty (THA). Each technique has advantages and disadvantages. Among the disadvantages of cemented THA are several perioperative complications, such as intraoperative cardiac or respiratory failure and hypotension, called “cement implantation syndrome,” and extrusion of cement beyond the confines of the medullary canal. Cement extrusion can be the result of overreaming of the femoral canal and cortical perforation. This is a worrisome finding, as the risk of subsequent femoral fracture at the site of perforation is increased. Extruded cement, however, does not always indicate a problem. Extruded cement located within the femoral venous system, intravenous methylmethacrylate, for example, is not associated with long-term complications. While uncommon, it is important to differentiate this finding from the more serious cortical perforation.
Formation and characterization of cast and biaxially stretched poly(butylene terephthalate) film

An experimental study of structure development in cast film extrusion and biaxially stretched films of polybutylene terephthalate is presented. Cast films exhibited only a-form crystallites and relatively low crystallinities (X, = 3.5-14%), while biaxially stretched films showed a mixed character of both a- and β-form crystallites with crystallinities of 20-30%. Crystal perfection increases with uniaxial deformation. Biaxiality causes a decrease both in crystal perfection and crystallinity of the films. Annealing increases crystallinity. The orientation of the films has been determined by refractive indices and WAXS pole figures. Polymer chains orient rapidly to the machine direction (MD) with uniaxial stretching. Increasing biaxiality causes an increase in population of TD-oriented crystals. The planarity of the film increases with simultaneous transverse stretching. The phenyl rings orient into the plane of the film. Annealing further increased the orientation of the films.
Storage Stability of Soybean Oil-Based Salad Dressings: Effects of Antioxidants and Hydrogenation

Flavor deterioration of salad dressings was investigated to determine the effect of hydrogenation of the oil. additives and storage conditions. Flavor quality tests were developed and correlated with gas chromat­ ographic analyses of volatile compounds in oils separated from the dressings. Hydrogenation of soybean oil with copper and nickel ca­ talysts effectively increased the storage stability of salad dressings at 21°C but not at 32°C. The use of BHA as an antioxidant in the oil or EDTA as a metal inactivator in the starch base as well as nitrogen packaging were effective in prolonging the storage stability of salad dressings made with unhydrogenated soybean oil. Therefore, these additives or nitrogen packaging may provide economic substitutes for hydrogenation of soybean oil used in salad dressings.
Glutathione. II. Chemical aspects of azoester procedure for oxidation to disulfide.

Abstract 1. 1. The reaction of methyl phenyldiazenecarboxylate (“azoester”, C 6 H 6 H 5 N = NCOOCH 3 ) with GSH produces methyl phenyldiazanecarboxylate (“hydrazoester”, C 6 H 5 NHNHCOOCH 3 ) and GSSG. The stoichiometry of the reaction follows the equation: 2 GSH + C 6 H 5 N = NCOOCH 3 → C 6 H 5 NHNHCOOCH 3 + GSSG 2. 2. The rate of the reaction depends upon the concentration of azoester and GSH. 3. 3. Evidence for an intermediate composed of GSSG and hydrazoester is presented. 4. 4. The mechanism of the overall reaction between azoester and GSH involves two intermediates. 5. 5. Other reactions of azoester of importance to the GSH oxidation procedure are described.
Density Functional Theory Analysis of Structure, Energetics, and Spectroscopy for the Mn-Fe Active Site of Chlamydia trachomatis Ribonucleotide Reductase in Four Oxidation States

Models for the Mn−Fe active site structure of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) from pathogenic bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) in different oxidation states have been studied in this paper, using...
The significance of urinalysis in treatment of hospitalized dental patients.

Abstract Urinalysis may show various manifestations of systemic disease. The significance of altered values found on routine laboratory examination of urine is discussed in this article. These values and characteristics of urinalysis include color, appearance, specific gravity, pH, glycosuria, ketonuria, and bile.
Integrating Arc-Flash Analysis: A Look at Protective Device Coordination

This article introduces a novel method for integrating arc-flash analysis with protective device coordination on time-current coordination (TC) plots. A new concept, called the human damage curve (HDC), is included in the coordination process, which relates directly to calories/cm2 energy levels of personal protective equipment (PPE). Each curve in an HDC family holds to a set of consistent arc-flash assumptions based on those found in the National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) and IE 1584 standards. That set of assumptions includes values for the working distance, voltage level, arc gap width, open air/cabinet conditions, and the full consideration of escape time.
Revelation, Atonement and the Scope of Faith in the Epistle to the Hebrews: A Deconstructive and Reader-Response Interpretation

Each of three important themes in the Epistle to the Hebrew—the nature of revelation, the rationale of atonement and the scope of saving faith—manifests within itself two divergent or conflicting positions. I have used insights derived from both deconstructive and reader-response criticism to develop an approach for dealing with these tensions. While I have sought not to transgress limits imposed by the historical context of the Epistle, my main concern has been to articulate an interpretation in front of the text.
API documentation and software community values: a survey of open-source API documentation

Studies of what software developers need from API documentation have reported consistent findings over the years; however, these studies all used similar methods--usually a form of observation or survey. Our study looks at API documentation as artifacts of the open-source software communities who produce them to study how documentation produced by the communities who use the software compares to past studies of what software developers want and need from API documentation. We reviewed API documentation from 33 of the most popular open-source software projects, assessed their documentation elements, and evaluated the quality of their visual design and writing. We found that the documentation we studied included most or all the documentation elements reported as desirable in earlier studies and in the process, we found that the design and writing quality of many documentation sets received considerable attention. Our findings reinforce the API requirements identified in the literature and suggest that the design and writing quality of the documentation are also critical API documentation requirements that warrant further study.
Choosing an antibiotic for skin infections.

Since the mid-1990s, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become the predominant pathogen responsible for suppurative skin infections (i.e., furuncles, carbuncles, and skin abscesses) in the United States and in many other countries. Emergency department visits for skin abscesses have increased during this period, as MRSA has become endemic in the community, but a similar increase in visits for cellulitis (i.e., infectious inflammation of the skin without a drainable collection of pus) has not occurred.1,2 The microbiologic characteristics of cellulitis are less well defined because material for culture is not readily available. Although S. aureus is the organism most frequently . . .
Human neuronal cells (NT2-N) express functional substance P and neurokinin-1 receptor coupled to MIP-1β expression

Substance P (SP), the most extensively studied and potent member of the tachykinin family, is a major modulator of inflammation and immunomodulatory activities within the central and peripheral nervous systems. We have examined the gene expression of SP and its receptor in a human neuronal cell line (NT2-N). Using reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the four isoforms of preprotachykinin-A gene transcripts (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta) were detected in the NT2-N. We also identified the presence of mRNA for neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), a primary receptor for SP, in the NT2-N cells. Concomitant with NT2 cell differentiation into neurons, SP and NK-1R mRNA expression increased consistently. Intracellular SP and cell membrane NK-1R immunoreactivity were all observed in NT2-N cells. Most importantly, we demonstrated that SP and NK-1R presented in NT2-N cells are functionally involved in the regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP-1beta), an important beta-chemokine participating in the activation and directional migration of immune cells to sites of central nervous systems (CNS) inflammation. Thus, SP and its receptor may play an important role in modulation of neuronal functions related to regulation of immune activities within the CNS. The NT2-N cell line is well suited for in vitro investigations of the SP-NK-1R pathway in immune responses and inflammation in the CNS.
The microscopic feshbach optical potential for a schematic coupled channel example

Abstract By means of a method of expanding the solutions of a system of coupled equations into a set of positive-energy sturmian basis functions, a separable approximation to the microscopic (Feshbach) elastic optical potential is obtained. The properties of this nonlocal potential are analysed in terms of the moments of the potential and of the wronskian of two independent solutions of the single-channel nonlocal Schroedinger equation. A numerical application is given for a schematic coupled channel example, representing a 60 MeV neutron incident on a schematic nucleus with up to 10 channels, coupled by phenomenological surface-peaked potentials. The nature of the nonlocality of this schematic potential is very different from the nonlocality due to exchange effects in that the wronskian is strongly angular momentum dependent and can be larger as well as smaller than unity. The range of the nonlocality is found to be larger than the wavelength of the elastic projectile.
Estimation of growth potential by measurement of tissue protein synthetic rates in feeding and fasting rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii Richardson

Protein synthesis in liver, gill and muscle tissue was measured in vivo by constant infusion of 14C-tyrosine in fed and fasted freshwater rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii, at 12° C. Synthesis rates (percentage of tissue protein synthesized per day) were 15-17% in liver, 4–5% in gill and 0.38% in muscle of fed fish. Liver and gill synthesis rate showed no significant change in fish that had been without food for 15 days, whereas muscle protein synthesis fell to 0.09%. The greater susceptability of muscle protein synthesis to fasting, possibly results from the greater proportion of synthesis retained as growth in this tissue. Growth rates indicate little change in protein turnover in the muscle but increased protein degradation with fasting. The difference between fed and fasted synthesis rates in muscle may be used as a measurement of potential growth rate for a particular species.
Big fish in the genome era.

Two diminutive fish, the zebrafish and Medaka, have recently been swimming into view as important new model organisms for biomedical research. Although both species have been around as experimental models for many years, in the last decade or so they have emerged as a major new players in developmental genetics research, and more recently as models for human disease. The explosive growth of fish as research model organisms has been fueled at least in part by the development of new, powerful, genome-based tools and resources for scientific research in fish, some of which are discussed in the eight reviews in this issue.