cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Root:shoot balance controls flush phenology and carbohydrate translocation dynamics in citrus (Citrus × sinensis) trunk.

Flush shoot growth presents a fluctuation pattern alternating with root growth. The cyclic pattern determines the balance of root:shoot and can affect the direction and speed of carbohydrate translocation during the vegetative growth period. In this study, we used water deficit to limit corresponding growth in sweet orange (Citrus × sinensis) 'OLL 4' grafted on 'US-942' rootstock, and then observed the changes of translocation dynamics between two flush statuses. Our first hypothesis was that water deficit would reduce root growth and extend the root growth phase during the growth cycle, delaying the following flush. We then tested the related second hypothesis that shoot flushes would switch the direction and slow the speed of carbohydrate transport due to fluctuation between single and dual sinks. After recovery from a severe deficit, the flush was synchronized and emerged within 2 weeks. Mild and moderate water-deficit plants showed a delayed new flush. Next, we used a 14 C-labeling method to test whether translocation was affected by the presence of new flush. Basipetal translocation was dominant, but the new flush increased the likelihood of acropetal translocation. Translocation speeds were not different in both directions regardless of flushing status, though speed estimates were highly variable, even though 14 C export from the source leaf increased when new flush was present. The results suggest that flush timing across an environmental gradient is governed by source-sink dynamics. The presence of new flush altered the direction of photoassimilate translocation and rate of leaf export, but stem transport speeds were not distinguishably different. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Static Robust Optimization

Robust optimization is a rich and powerful modeling paradigm for decision making under uncertainty (See Chap. 1). The basic philosophy of robust decision making is to seek a decision that is feasible against all realizations of uncertain parameters in a bounded set, the so-called uncertainty set.
The Association of Sleep Duration with Adolescents' Fat and Carbohydrate Consumption

OVER THE PAST 40 YEARS, INSUFFICIENT SLEEP DURATION AMONG ADOLESCENTS HAS MARKEDLY INCREASED, WHEREBY TODAY ONLY ABOUT 33% OF teens are getting the recommended 9 hours of sleep.1 Concurrent with this rise in short sleep duration is the epidemic of obesity.2 Obesity in children and adolescents is a growing health concern because of its adverse impact on metabolism, blood pressure, respiratory disease, and quality of life,3 as well as its association with adult obesity and chronic illnesses, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, musculoskeletal disease, and gastrointestinal disease.4,5,6 A number of studies have suggested that there is a link between sleep loss and weight gain in adults.7–9 For children, this finding has been consistent across large samples studied in various countries10,11 and in prospective studies.12 Studies with older children or adolescents have found the relationship between short sleep duration and obesity for males but not for females.13–15 Physiologic studies have shown that sleep deprivation may influence weight through effects on appetite, physical activity, and/or thermoregulation.16,17 Experimental reductions in sleep duration have been hypothesized to alter metabolic rate or to affect the levels of appetite regulatory hormones, leptin and ghrelin.16–21 An association between insufficient sleep and increased caloric intake has been demonstrated in some,22 but not other,23 studies. Differences in the literature may relate to differences in experiment design. Understanding the association between insufficient sleep and obesity in the population has been limited by a paucity of research that has quantified both energy intake and sleep duration in individuals studied in their native environments. Thus, it is unclear whether the mechanisms that mediate sleep loss and energy balance are through appetitive pathways, changes in energy expenditure, or altered metabolism. In this study, we examined the association between weekday sleep duration and energy consumption in adolescents aged 16 to 19 years studied in their natural environment. Using rigorously collected multiple-pass 24-hour food recalls and objectively measured sleep duration from wrist actigraphy, we tested the hypothesis that shorter sleep is associated with altered nutrient intake, including altered proportions of caloric intake from fats, carbohydrates, and snacks.
Stray insensitive implementation of programmable switched capacitor amplifiers

A CMOS custom integrated circuit featuring digitally programmable switched capacitor operational amplifiers is presented. The OP AMPs realized are based on the composite OP AMPs, previously introduced by the author and known for their extended bandwidth and reduced active and passive sensitivities. For proof of concept, a CMOS chip was designed and manufactured featuring four different switched capacitor composite OP AMPs, and based on a stray insensitive design. Experimental results of the 40 pin prototype chip verified the design concept that was demonstrated theoretically and using SPICE simulation. The results clearly demonstrate the enhanced characteristics of these family of composite OP AMPs when utilized in different applications. >
ON SEGMENTATION OF TIME SERIES

Abstract : The problem of partitioning a time-series into segments is considered. The segments fall into classes, which may correspond to phases of a cycle (recession, recovery, expansion in the business cycle) or to portions of a signal obtained by scanning (background/clutter, target, background/clutter again, another target, etc.; or normal tissue, tumor, normal tissue). Parametric families of distributions are considered, a set of parameter values being associated with each class. With each observation is associated an unobservable label, indicating from which class the observation arose. The label process is modeled as a Markov chain. Segmentation algorithms are obtained by applying a method of iterated maximum likelihood to the resulting likelihood function. In this paper special attention is given to the situation in which the observations are conditionally independent, given the labels. A numerical example is given. Choice of the number of classes, using Akaike's automatic (model) identification criterion (AIC), is illustrated. Prediction is considered. (Author)
Evolutionary Visual Art and Design

This chapter presents an introduction to the different artistic design domains that make use of interactive evolutionary design approaches, the techniques they use, and many of the challenges arising. After a brief introduction to concepts and terminology common to most artificial genetic design, there is a survey of artistic evolutionary systems and related research for evolving images and forms. While the focus is primarily on purely aesthetic fitness landscapes, the survey also ventures into areas such as product design and architecture. The overview shifts from technique to application as organizational strategies, as appropriate. After briefly surveying additional information sources, the chapter concludes with a discussion of major topics of relevance to evolutionary system designers, providing context for the following chapters. It is hoped that this snapshot of the state of the field will increase exposure to projects and issues, discussion amongst participants, and ultimately the accessibility of these techniques and approaches.
Esl students' interaction in second life: task-based synchronous computer-mediated communication

The purpose of the present study was to explore ESL students' interactions in task-based synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC) in Second Life, a virtual environment by which users can interact through representational figures. I investigated Low-Intermediate and High-Intermediate ESL students' interaction patterns before, during, and after three kinds of tasks, a Jigsaw task, a Decision-making task, and a Discussion task. The findings were that the Low and High-Intermediate ESL students engaged in several forms of interaction during the pre- and post-task periods in Second Life, such as checking their voice chat function, checking members, moving their avatars, and closings. These activities pointed to the nature of Second Life voice chat interaction as preconditions for further conversation, and for closing their conversation. Official task period activities revealed factors for task success, such as a leader, a structured way of approaching a task, no technical problem, and establishing a sense of telepresence (Schroeder, 2002) before the task. Concerning negotiation of meaning, the High-Intermediate students made more negotiation during the Decision-making tasks than the Jigsaw tasks, caused mainly by lexical meanings. The wrong answer team and the incomplete team engaged in more negotiations than the correct answer team and the complete team. However, the Low-Intermediate students in the complete team made more negotiations of meaning than the incomplete team. Both levels of students had fewer negotiations during the Discussion task than in the Jigsaw and Decision-making tasks, and they used comprehension checks, confirmation checks, and clarification requests as strategies for negotiation, overwhelmingly focused on meaning rather than form. The students played with their avatars more often during the Discussion task session than during the Jigsaw or Decision-making tasks, and their use of avatars seemed simply to be for fun, although another way explaining what students were doing is to recognize that they were also exploring the affordances of Second Life. Generally, the Low-Intermediate students had a positive attitude toward their learning experience in Second Life, whereas the High-Intermediate students expressed a more neutral view of their experience in Second Life.
International Law in the U.S. Supreme Court: Treaties in the Supreme Court, 1861–1900

From the great tumult of the Civil War to the emergence of a new American empire four decades later, the Supreme Court's record on treaties suggests both continuity and change. Between 1861 and 1900, the Court continued to apply treaties frequently, interpreting them as supreme law that private parties could often invoke, while acknowledging a subclass of treaties that required legislative action before warranting judicial attention. At the same time, the Court's treaty doctrine did change. Instead of disavowing earlier holdings, however, change came via evolution: through more nuanced elaborations of existing doctrine and the creation of new rules for treaty issues that the Court had not previously addressed or resolved. In terms of continuity, the Court still dealt frequently with treaties; from 1861 to 1900, 136 of its opinions involved some treaty question. The Court regularly applied treaties as law when parties raised claims or defenses that turned – in whole or in part – on treaty provisions. Thus, the Court consistently allowed individuals to make property claims based on perfected titles granted via treaty. At the same time, the Court still declined to apply treaty provisions where it identified jurisdictional or political constraints to judicial review. During the period, the Court also affirmed the notion first articulated in Foster v. Neilson that certain treaty provisions – those deemed “non-self-executing” – require congressional “execution” via legislation in lieu of direct judicial enforcement.
Mistreatment of Patients' Families by Psychiatrists

Many schools of psychiatric thought implicate the patient's family in aggravating and even generating his illness. Thus psychiatrists often blame and mistreat the family, through either open hostility or vague innuendo; the family in turn becomes less willing to cooperate in the patient's treatment. As a solution, the author recommends that psychiatrists be taught to treat families with sympathy and understanding in order to win their confidence and cooperation and with respect rather than subtle contempt.
Misunderstood Marine Reptiles: Late Nineteenth-Century Artistic Reconstructions of Prehistoric Marine Life

Various late nineteenth and early twentieth-century publications contained discussions and images of extinct marine reptiles. Articles about paleontology appeared in popular books and magazines, children's books and scientific publications. Some restorations of fossil marine reptiles were quite accurate in the context of contemporary scientific knowledge while others were not. This dichotomy might be expected in popular literature. But it also appears in publications written by and in consultation with paleontologists.
Hybrid magnets: A magnet engineer's experience and a proposal for the next generation of hybrids†

Abstract Key aspects of the design and operation of hybrid magnets are reviewed. For a hybrid system to become a successful “facility” magnet, the system must have the following operational properties: (1) a “high” central field; (2) good experimental access; (3) can be scheduled for operation on a regular basis; and (4) readily replaceable water-cooled inserts. Because, as in most engineering problems, these requirements result in conflicting options, no solution is straightforward; solutions to one requirement must not dominate solutions to the other requirements. The paper also proposes and discusses design issues for the next generation of hybrids, in which the superconducting magnets would be wound entirely of high-temperature superconductor and operated at ∼ 20 K. Silver-sheathed bismuth-based (Bi-2223) tapes appear to be most promising for this application; new field records of 24.0 and 23.4 T have recently been established by a combination of Hybrid III at the MIT Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory and a test coil wound with Bi-2223 tapes operating, respectively, at 4.2 and 27 K. The paper concludes with a number of challenging problems that must be faced and overcome before Bi-2223 tapes can be used in large magnets such as those required for hybrid systems.
Merchants, politics, and society in early modern India : Bihar, 1733-1820

This monograph deals with the social and political context of commercial activity in early modern India - a period during which eastern India (and Bihar) experienced the transition to British colonial rule. It uses an approach that takes into account the configuration of social relations and political connections within which, it argues, commercial activity was embedded. Using merchants and bankers as its subjects, this book deals with the structure of trade and banking, the position of merchants in the cultural order and the role of the state in perpetuating this order.
Outbreak of Tuberculosis Associated with a Floating Card Game in the Rural South: Lessons for Tuberculosis Contact Investigations

We investigated an outbreak of tuberculosis disease and infection in a rural southern county in which an average of less than one case per year had occurred in the previous 10 years. Nine cases of tuberculosis developed. Reinterview 19 months after the patient with the initial case presented revealed that he had participated in an illegal floating card game with two of the other patients; numerous other unacknowledged social connections among the patients existed. Restriction fragment length polymorphism typing revealed that mycobacteria isolated from five of six available specimens matched; the patient from whom the nonmatched mycobacterium was isolated had a coincident relapsed case. The infection rate among contacts decreased as the investigation expanded to include more than one-third of the county residents: from 51% of those named initially to 2% of those at a school screening and from 68% of those named by more than one patient to 20% of those named by only one patient. Maintaining effective tuberculosis control programs in areas in which the incidence is low will be a challenge as rates of tuberculosis continue to decline nationwide.
Desktop computer based collection and analysis of creep-compliance data on fluid foods

In a creep-compliance test, the strain due to an imposed stress is recorded as a function of time. Subsequently, the strain is converted to creep-compliance and the rheological parameters: compliances, retardation times, and viscosities are evaluated by a graphical method suggested by Inokuchi. A Macintosh Plus microcomputer was programmed in Basic language to collect time-strain data from a Deer Rheometer III. A Fortran language program was written first to compute creep-compliance from strain and subsequently to estimate rheological parameters using a nonlinear parameter estimation subroutine. Initial values for the nonlinear analysis were estimated by the computer program by means of a modified Inokuchi's method.
Structural changes in the large proteoglycan, aggrecan, in different zones of the ovine growth plate

The large cartilage proteoglycan, aggrecan, was found to vary throughout the ovine physis corresponding to the maturational state of the resident chondrocytes. Two populations of proteoglycan monomer were observed in articular, epiphyseal, and in the resting zone of growth plate cartilage. These proteoglycans contained chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains sulfated predominantly in the 4 position along with lesser amounts of chondroitin-6-sulfate and keratan sulfate. In the proliferative zone of the growth plate, chondrocytes synthesize one population of proteoglycan monomer which was significantly larger than monomer populations in articular, epiphyseal, or resting zone and this size increase could be attributed to an increase in its constituent chondroitin sulfate side chains. As these chondrocytes progress through their life cycle they continue to modify the structural characteristics of the aggrecan molecule they synthesize. Thus, in the hypertrophic region of the growth plate, the proteoglycan monomer is larger again than in the proliferative region. Variation in sulfation pattern on aggrecan chondroitin sulfate side chains is also observed in the hypertrophic region with an increasing proportion of unsulfated residues present, which may play a role in the initiation of mineralization. In addition, increasing amounts of the carbohydrate sequence recognized by monoclonal antibody 7-D-4 are observed in the hypertrophic zone.
c-Fos response to administration of catecholamines into brain by microdialysis.

Abstract The present studies investigated the use of microdialysis for the infusion of catecholamines into the brain in studies of immediate early gene (IEG) activation. c- Fos like immunoreactivity was examined histochemically in cortical tissue surrounding a dialysis probe implanted in the medial prefrontal cortex. No c- fos reactivity was observed at 48 h post implantation in control animals not probe-infused or infused 2 h earlier with Ringer's buffer. Marked reactivity was found in animals infused with a solution of norepinephrine (NE). The latter was blocked by coinfusion of the beta adrenoceptor antagonist, timolol. It is concluded that direct infusion of NE by dialysis can induce c- fos expression in cells of the cerebral cortex and that this effect is primarily via β-adrenoceptors. Microdialysis therefore represents a useful technique in studies of IEG responses to brain catecholamines.
Enhanced Reactive Adsorption of Hydrogen Sulfide on the Composites of Graphene/Graphite Oxide with Copper (Hydr)oxychlorides

Composites of copper (hydr)oxychlorides with graphite oxide or graphene were synthesized and used as adsorbents of hydrogen sulfide at dynamic conditions at ambient temperatures. The materials were extensively characterized before and after adsorption in order to link their performance to the surface features. X-ray diffraction, FTIR, thermal analysis, TEM, SEM/EDX, and adsorption of nitrogen were used. It was found that the composite with graphene has the most favorable surface features enhancing reactive adsorption of hydrogen sulfide. The presence of moisture in the H2S stream has a positive effect on the removal process owing to the dissociation process. H2S is retained on the surface via a direct replacement of OH groups and via acid–base reactions with the copper (hydr)oxide. Highly dispersed reduced copper species on the surface of the composite with graphene enhance activation of oxygen and cause formation of sulfites and sulfates. Higher conductivity of the graphene phase than that of graphite ox...
Computational studies of pericyclic reactions of iminoboranes. [4+2] Diels-Alder vs [2+2] dimerization of RB≡NR' compounds

Computational studies comparing the energetics of [2+2] dimerization of iminoboranes RB≡NR'(R = H, Me, CF 3 , C 6 F 5 , t-C 4 F 9 ; R' = H, Me, t-C 4 H 9 ) with their [4+2] Diels-Alder-like cyclizations with cis-butadiene and cyclopentadiene show that generally the product distributions depend on the transition state barrier heights rather than the reaction exothermicities. Dimerization is favored when the iminoborane carries small substituents; a slight preference exists for the [4+2] reaction for (F 5 C 6 )B≡N(t-C 4 H 9 ), while the very bulky (t-F 9 C 4 )B≡N(t-C 4 H 9 ) strongly prefers the [4+2] cyclization reaction. These results concur with the limited experimental data available. The data suggest general characteristics for iminoboranes likely to prefer [4+2] cyclization to dimerization. Also, the use of cyclopentadiene as the eneophile is contraindicated because of the strain incorporated into the azaborabicycloheptadiene product. Iminoborane [4+2] reactions employing acyclic dienes such as cis-butadiene or larger cyclic dienes such as 1,3-cyclohexadiene appear more likely to succeed.
Fatal Canid herpesvirus 1 infection in an adult dog

Canid herpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1) is a well-known cause of fatal hepatic and renal necrosis in neonatal puppies. In adult dogs infected with CaHV-1, papulovesicular genital lesions may be observed. CaHV-1 infection during pregnancy can lead to embryonic resorption, abortion, and stillbirth. In high-density dog populations, CaHV-1 can also contribute to kennel cough. Furthermore, recent literature has clearly documented that CaHV-1 can induce ocular disease in immature and adult dogs. The current study describes a case of fatal CaHV-1 infection in a 9-year-old spayed female Bichon Frise dog. Following a history of vomiting and diarrhea, the dog deteriorated and subsequently died. The main lesions were multifocal areas of necrosis with intranuclear inclusion bodies in the liver, adrenal gland, and small intestine, similar to the lesions observed in CaHV-1-infected puppies. Infection with CaHV-1 was confirmed on samples of liver by polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. There was no indication of immunosuppression in this dog. Based on the results presented herein, CaHV-1 should be included in the list of differential diagnoses of hepatic necrosis in adult dogs.
Dopaminergic properties of a somatic cell hybrid line of mouse neuroblastoma X sympathetic ganglion cells.

— Studies were made on the regulation of dopamine metabolism in a cell line derived by hydridization of a non-tyrosine-hydroxylase-containing line of murine neuroblastoma cells with a neur-onally-enriched population of murine embryonic sympathetic ganglion cells. Hybrid subclones with tyrosine hydroxylase activity were selected by exposure to tyrosine-free medium. The cells also exhibited DOPA decarboxylase activity and the subclone (named T28) with the highest specific activities of both enzymes was further characterized. The hybrid T28 line did not contain dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity. The specific activity of tyrosine hydroxylase as well as of DOPA decarboxylase increased significantly in T28 cultures when the cells entered the stationary phase of growth. Both of these enzymes were also induced after several days of exposure to 1 mm-dibutyryl cyclic AMP in culture medium containing either 5% or 0.8% serum. However, maintenance in medium containing 0.8% serum alone, which inhibited cell multiplication, did not induce either enzyme. The dopamine content of T28 cells was also regulated as a function of cell density. High density (stationary phase) cultures of T28 cells contained about 300 pmol dopamine per mg protein and at least half of this endogenous amine appeared to he stored in vesicles or granules (as judged by depletion with reserpine or α-methyl-m-tyramine). The T28 and other neuronal hybrid lines appear to be useful model systems for neuro-chemical studies.
Transforming HRD A Framework for Critical HRD Practice

The ProblemHuman resource development (HRD) has become powerfully influenced by a dominant rationality in which masculine characteristics of assertiveness, objectivity, control, and performance are...
Two-Color Imaging using Spectral Variants of iRFP670 and iRFP682 Near-Infrared Fluorescent Proteins

The new class of fluorescent proteins (FPs) engineered from bacterial phytochromes (BphPs) attracts much attention for in vivo imaging due to their near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence spectra. These FPs utilize widely available in mammalian cells biliverdin (BV), a product of heme degradation, as a chromophore and, therefore, are as easy to use as common GFP-like proteins. We recently reported five NIR FPs, called iRFPs, with different fluorescence and biochemical properties. Interestingly, two of them, iRFP670 and iRFP682, exhibited the twice higher molecular brightness, as well as the blue-shifted absorbance (643 nm and 663 nm) and fluorescence (670 nm and 682 nm) compared to other iRFPs. Here we characterized the unusual properties of these NIR FPs in detail. Our biochemical and biophysical analysis showed that iRFP670 and iRFP682 incorporate the BV chromophore in two distinct confirmations. A single amino acid mutation resulted in a depletion of one BV confirmations in the protein binding pocket and, consequently, in 30 nm red-shifts of both absorbance and fluorescence. The point mutation also caused a slight decrease in the molecular brightness and an increase in the pH stability of the obtained red-shifted variants, which we named iRFP670-red and iRFP682-red. The effective brightness of the iRFP670-red and iRFP682-red in live mammalian cells was comparable to that of the parental proteins, suggesting that the high efficiency and high specificity of the incorporation of endogenous BV chromophore was not affected. Spectrally resolvable fluorescence of the iRFP670 and iRFP670-red pair, as well as of the iRFP682 and iRFP682-red pair, allowed easy separation of two cellular populations using FACS cytometry and straightforward two-color fluorescence microscopy of live cells, thus making them the probes of choice for cell labeling in the NIR region.
Sexual harassment claims: a process in reducing corporate liability

Attempts to provide employers with a procedural sequence that will reduce their liability in regard to employee sexual harassment claims. Invites employers to include this framework within their employee handbook. Concludes that it is vital employers understand what constitutes harassment and uses case law to provide short examples. Provides arguments advocating the use of the above policy.
Electroencephalographic diagnosis of brain tumors.

Abstract The EEG is a screening method for organic focal lesions, particularly for cortical tumors, and to a lesser extent for subcortical and midline expanding lesions. With care in technic and interpretations, the neurologist and neurosurgeon are provided with a very useful and reliable method to supplement their clinical impressions.
Perceptions of Responsible and Irresponsible Models of Sexuality: A Correlational Study

College students (248 males and 286 females) completed a survey which asked them to identify models of responsible and irresponsible sexual behavior. The relationship between attention to sexual models and the reported sexual behavior and attitudes of the observers was also examined. It was predicted that men would identify more media models of sexual behavior than would women and that those students who chose media or peers as primary models of sexual responsibility would be relatively more permissive in their sexual attitudes and behavior and less likely to use contraception than students who selected parents or educators. Results were consistent with these predictions. Examination of the reasons given for selection of sexual models indicated that men based their judgments of responsible sexuality more often upon the model's sexual behavior and consequences and less often upon the model's motives and intentions for sexuality than did women. Conceptualizing the sources of sexual learning as models of beh...
The Chimera of Small Stock Outperformance: Market Anomaly or Investor Self-Deception?

Many investors suppose the outperformance of small stocks to be settled knowledge backed up by academic research. This article shows that the historical evidence for small stock outperformance is much more ambiguous than conventionally understood. Based on truncated views of the historical record and a misinterpretation of what the academic research shows, investors appear to have deceived themselves about the performance boost to be expected from owning smaller stocks.
Oregon-Nevada lineament

The Oregon-Nevada lineament is a 750-km-long northwest-to north-northwest-trending belt of closely spaced, partly en echelon faults extending from central Oregon to central Nevada. The lineament is also marked by centers of volcanic activity that yielded voluminous late Miocene lava flows in Nevada and Miocene and younger volcanic rocks in Oregon. A conspicuous aeromagnetic anomaly is coextensive with the lineament in Nevada. The lineament is considered to be the surface expression of a deep-seated fracture zone that may have had a complex history of strike-slip and tensional movement.
Do fixed income mutual fund managers have managerial skills

Abstract Motivated by Berk and Green [Berk, J., & Green, R. (2004). Mutual fund flows and performance in rational markets. Journal of Political Economy , 112 , 1269–1295] and Chevalier and Ellison [Chevalier, J., & Ellison, G. (1999). Career concerns of mutual fund managers. Quarterly Journal of Economics , 114 , 389–432] who show theoretically that performance persistence may be short-lived, we complement Bollen and Busse [Bollen, N., & Busse, J. A. (2004). Short-term persistence in mutual fund performance. Review of Financial Studies , 18 , 569–597] and examine performance persistence in high-quality corporate-bond mutual funds over short horizons. Empirically, we find supporting evidence of performance persistence over shorter horizons. Our empirical tests also suggest that the performance persistence we document may be at least partly due to managerial skills.
THE REGULATION OF PYRIMIDINE BIOSYNTHESIS IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA. I. END-PRODUCT INHIBITION AND REPRESSION OF ASPARTATE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE.

Abstract 1. 1. Inhibition of the activity and repression of the formation of aspartate carbamoyltransferase (carbamoyl phosphate: l -aspartate carbamoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2) were studied. There are many differences between the inhibition kinetics of aspartate carbamoyltransferase from Neurospora crassa and Escherichia coli . The degree of repression also is different in the two organisms. 2. 2. The accumulation of a pyrimidine precursor in Neurospora was prevented by exogenous pyrimidines. 3. 3. Aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity in extracts was inhibited by some pyrimidines. 4. 4. The kinetics of this inhibition are “uncompetitive” with substrate. The inhibitors are uridine derivatives. (This is in contrast to E. coli where inhibition is “semi-competitive” with cytidine derivatives.) 5. 5. Aspartate carbamoyltransferase formation by Neurospora was only slightly repressed by exogenous pyrimidines. The maximum derepression was of the order of 2 to 3-fold only. (Again this is in contrast to the situation in E. coli , where derepression is over a 1000-fold range.) 6. 6. It is concluded that both end-product inhibition and repression of aspartate carbamoyltransferase occur in Neurospora, as in E. coli . The details, however, are sufficiently different to make it uncertain whether these processes have identical roles in the two organisms.
A comparative study of the psychosocial assets of adults with cystic fibrosis and their healthy peers.

Psychosocial assets of 37 adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) and 46 of their healthy peers were assessed by mailed questionnaire. Major sociodemographic variables did not differ significantly between the two groups, nor did indices of emotional social support, social network density, self-esteem, or current life satisfaction. This study revealed adults with CF to function o a par with their healthy peers in nearly all respects, a finding at odds with those from uncontrolled studies and which suggests to us that many previous conclusions about the psychosocial health of adults with CF have been unwarranted. Future psychosocial studies involving patients with CF should include control groups and inferences about the effect of these patients’ physical illness on their psychosocial health should not be made in the absence of normative data.
Teaching introductory programming with popular board games

Games assignments are increasingly popular in computer science education. This paper advocates and analyzes the inclusion of board, card, and dice games as programming assignments in introductory programming courses (CS1/2). The simple interface and strategy-based play of these types of games complement the immersive multimedia and agility-based play of video games. The implementation of board, card, and dice games typically demands less background knowledge from the instructor and offers fewer opportunities for extraneous work by the students. The paper lists 32 specific games that are suitable for teaching the major topics in CS1/2 and discusses the implementation of some of these games and their successful use as programming projects.
Chromatically unique graphs

We show that two infinite families of graphs are chromatically unique. The graphs in these families can be obtained from the wheel graphs by deleting some of the spoke edges. Also, we prove that certain related graphs are not chromatically unique.
The nucleation of sparingly soluble salts from solution

Abstract The relationship between heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation of sallts from solution has been examined. These concepts enable both new and older published data to be interpreted in terms of the Volmer-Becker-Doring theory. The results and some of their implications in surface chemistry and crystallization processes are discussed.
Rayleigh quotient iteration fails for nonsymmetric matrices

Abstract Examples are given of nonsymmetric matrices for which the Rayleigh Quotient Iteration fails to converge to an eigenspace for a large set of initial vectors.
Review of Recent BaBar Results Related to QCD

This talk described many results obtained by the BaBar collaboration over the past year, focusing in particular on QCD-related topics. Most of the measurements presented used over 120 million B- pairs collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-11 asymmetric energy e+e− collider at SLAC collected between the fall of 1999 and the fall of 2003. Among the exciting subjects this talk covered were: a) recent measurements related to the CKM parameters β and γ and the CKM matrix elements |Vub| and |Vub|) measurements relating to properties of B and D mesons, such as lifetimes and mixing; c) B decays to final states with open charm, including decays to the DsJ*(2317) and DsJ*(2460), and including the properties of the DsJ*(2317) and DsJ*(2458); d) B decays to charmonium; including the Ξ(3872); e) pentaqaurk searches.
Synergy in the hybrid thermochemical-biological processes for liquid fuel production

For a successful large scale implementation of biomass-to-liquid fuel for transportation, it is imperative that production of liquid fuel from biomass be maximized. For this purpose, synergistic processes using energy from sustainable carbon-free energy sources are needed. In this paper, we present such novel integrated processes that, when compared to the known conventional conversion methods, have potential to produce nearly three times more liquid fuel from a given quantity of biomass. The new processes treat biomass predominantly as carbon source and rely on the novel integrations to preserve carbon atoms during biomass conversion to liquid fuel. We have named such approach as hybrid hydrogen–carbon (H2CAR) process. Furthermore, we propose a novel synergistic integration between H2CAR and fermentation process where high-level heat from the H2CAR process is used to supply process heat for the fermentation process and CO2 produced during the fermentation is converted to liquid fuel using H2CAR process. This synergy leads to increase in process carbon efficiency (∼100%) and higher energy efficiency (65.7% vs. 57.2%), significantly decreasing land area requirement to produce liquid fuel compared to fermentationbased processes. Such synergistically integrated processes provide attractive opportunities for process design, operation and control.
Expanded image database of pistachio x-ray images and classification by conventional methods

In order to develop sorting methods for insect damaged pistachio nuts, a large data set of pistachio x-ray images (6,759 nuts) was created. Both film and linescan sensor images were acquired, nuts dissected and internal conditions coded using the U.S. Grade standards and definitions for pistachios. A subset of 1199 good and 686 insect damaged nuts was used to calculate and test discriminant functions. Statistical parameters of image histograms were evaluated for inclusion by forward stepwise discrimination. Using three variables in the discriminant function, 89% of test set nuts were correctly identified. Comparable data for 6 human subjects ranged from 67 to 92%. If the loss of good nuts is held to 1% by requiring a high probability to discard a nut as insect damaged, approximately half of the insect damage present in clean pistachio nuts may be detected and removed by x-ray inspection.
DIORGANOGALLIUM BETA -DIKETONATES AND THEIR LEWIS ACID-BASE ADDUCTS. CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURES OF MES2GA(HFAC) AND ME2GA(HFAC).NC5H5

Abstract : Compounds of the type R2Ga(bdk) (R=Me, Et, Mes (mesityl); bdk=2,4-pentanedionato-(acac), 1,1,1,-trifluoro-2,4-pentanedionato-(tfac), 1,1,1,5,5,5,-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedionato-(hfac), 2,2,6,6,-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato-(tmhd) have been prepared by multiple routes including hydrocarbon elimination, metathesis and ligand redistribution reactions and fully characterized by elemental analyses, cryoscopic molecular weight studies in benzene, and IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopic studies. An X-ray structural study of Mes2Ga(hfac) demonstrated four coordinate gallium with sigma bonds to the two mesityl rings and to the two oxygen atoms of the beta-diketonate derivatives toward NMe3 and/or pyridine were also investigated.
Laboratory Evaluation Unit for the Automatic Calibration System

Automatic calibration denotes a system of computer-controlled self-calibrating electrical measurements. Its purpose is to minimize the calibration support required for electrical measurements in maintenance or check-out applications. The system utilizes techniques whereby all electrical measurements are automatically reduced to and expressed in terms of several basic standards. Measurement data are transmitted to a digital computer for computation of the value of the unknown parameter. Automatic self-calibration procedures are carried out just before unknown inputs are measured. Development of instrumentation known as the automatic calibration program, laboratory evaluation unit has been accomplished. This unit automatically measures and calibrates a wide range of the most common dc and low-frequency electrical parameters. Only three single valued, certified standards are included: a 1-V cell, a 1-? resistor, and a 1-MHz oscillator.
Carbon nanotubes: Four degrees of separation.

The separation of semiconducting and metallic nanotubes from bulk mixed samples is an essential requirement for researchers attempting to fabricate nanotube-based electronic devices. Four reports demonstrate the variety of approaches being used to tackle this problem.
Brain Abscess as a Complication of Stroke

Background Systemic infection is a common complication of stroke. However, brain abscess as a complication of stroke has never been reported. Case Descriptions We report two patients, one with a hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage and the other with nonseptic cerebral infarction. In both patients, brain abscess developed at the stroke lesion site after an infectious complication. After surgical aspiration and antibiotic treatment, one patient recovered and the other died. Conclusions These two cases demonstrate that brain abscess may occur in a previous hemorrhage or infarction area as a complication of systemic infection. Recognition of the risk is important for early diagnosis and proper treatment of this potentially fatal complication of stroke.
Electromyographic activity of rectus capitis posterior minor muscles associated with voluntary retraction of the head.

Abstract Background context The functional role of rectus capitis posterior minor (RCPm) muscles is not well defined. To the best of our knowledge, electromyographic (EMG) data from RCPm muscles in humans have never been collected and analyzed. Purpose To test the null hypothesis that there will be no difference in normalized levels of EMG activity measured from RCPm muscles with the head in a neutral position and with the head in a retracted position. Study design A repeated measures design intended to quantify normalized levels of EMG activity measured from RCPm muscles. Methods Disposable 25-gauge, bipolar fine wire hooked electrodes were used to collect EMG data from both right and left RCPm muscles from 17 asymptomatic subjects. Data were collected while subjects performed five trials with the head maintained in a neutral position; performed three maximal voluntary isometric contraction efforts; performed four trials with the head maintained in a retracted position. Mixed effects beta regression models were used to analyze the data. Results Normalized EMG activity of RCPm muscles collected with the subject's head held in a retracted position was significantly higher (p Conclusions Rectus capitis posterior minor muscles are active when the head is held in a neutral position and show a significant increase in activity when the head is held in a retracted position.
Traits, attitudes, and skills that are related to intercultural effectiveness and their implications for cross-cultural training: A review of the literature

Abstract This review of the literature looks at recent definitions of such terms as Adjustment, Adaptation, Acculturation, Assimilation, and Effectiveness. It also summarizes what has been recently published about skills, attitudes, and traits as they relate to Intercultural Effectiveness, including the ability to communicate, ability to establish and maintain relationships, interaction management, orientation to knowledge, world view, cultural empathy, linguistic ability, flexibility, a realistic view of the target culture and organization skills. Factors that have a negative correlation are also covered, including dependent anxiety, task-related behavior, authoritarianism, perfectionism, rigidity, ethnocentrism, narrow-mindedness, and self-centered role behaviors. Finally, flaws in the research are also discussed and new directions for further research are identified.
THE NEW INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR AND DEBT CRISIS IN THE THIRD WORLD

The advanced capitalist ccuntries are undergoing an industrial devolution as remarkable as the industrial revolution of the nineteenth century. The removal of high-paying jobs through automation and geographical migration destroys the main market of the center and precipitates debt crises in newly industrialized countries of the periphery which have followed export-oriented growth policies. This results in a new, internationalized form of the crises of iate capitalism and provides a new institutional foucs for crisis in the international banks. The paper examines this global process from the perspective of the geography of class struggle.
The field copy problem: to what extent do curvature (gauge field) and its covariant derivatives determine connection (gauge potential)?

We show that a connection of a principal bundle is determined up to (global) gauge equivalence by the curvature and its covariant derivatives provided that the infinitesimal holonomy group is of constant dimension and the base space is simply connected. If the dimension of the infinitesimal holonomy group varies, there may be obstructions of a topological nature to the existence of a global or even local gauge equivalence between two connections whose curvatures and covariant derivatives of curvature agree everywhere. These obstructions are analyzed and illustrated by examples.
Bridging the gap between theories of sensory cue integration and the physiology of multisensory neurons

The richness of perceptual experience, as well as its usefulness for guiding behaviour, depends on the synthesis of information across multiple senses. Recent decades have witnessed a surge in our understanding of how the brain combines sensory cues. Much of this research has been guided by one of two distinct approaches: one is driven primarily by neurophysiological observations, and the other is guided by principles of mathematical psychology and psychophysics. Conflicting results and interpretations have contributed to a conceptual gap between psychophysical and physiological accounts of cue integration, but recent studies of visual-vestibular cue integration have narrowed this gap considerably.
Respiration and excretion by oceanic salps

Rates of oxygen consumption and ammonium nitrogen excretion were measured on the solitary and/or aggregate generations of ten species of oceanic salps collected by SCUBA divers during cruises in the Atlantic Ocean (1982–1985). Species that were visibly more active had higher metabolic rates than did less active species. Rates were 1.5 to 2 times lower and O:N ratios were lower when salps were held before incubation than when incubation began at the time of collection. Respiration rate showed a better relationship to length than to weight, suggesting that metabolic activity may be connected mainly with swimming. O:N ratios were between 13 and 28 for most species and generations, but higher and more variable in Pegea spp. Exretion of urea was low or undetectable. Rates of metabolic demand (turnover) ranged from 9.7 to 99% body carbon d-1 and 6.4 to 55.6% body nitrogen d-1.
The role of plastoquinone in the photosynthetic reactions of Anabaena variabilis.

Abstract The role of plastoquinone in the photosynthetic reactions of cell-free preparations of the blue-green alga, Anabaena variabilis, has been studied. Plastoquinone is required for the reduction of several oxidants in the Hill reaction, but is not required for the photoreduction of TPN+ when either reduced indophenol dye or N,N.N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine is used as the electron donor instead of water. Also, plastoquinone is not required for the photooxidation of reduced cytochrome c. The synthesis of ATP elicited by PMS is dependent on the presence of plastoquinone in the preparations from A. variabilis. The light-triggered hydrolysis of ATP is apparently independent of plastoquinone while the light-dependent hydrolysis of ATP requires plastoquinone.