cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of neoadjuvant chemoradiation versus peri-operative chemotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction.

198Background: Both neoadjuvant chemoradiation (NACRT) and peri-operative chemotherapy (PCTX) are viable treatment options when combined with surgical resection for locally advanced distal esophageal and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancers. There is a paucity of data comparing these treatment regimens; therefore, the goal of this study was to compare the outcome of these two approaches at our institution. Methods: This is a retrospective review of a prospectively managed database, in which 66 patients with adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus or GEJ who received either NACRT or PCTX from 2006 to 2015 were identified. Groups were balanced in regards to age, sex, subsite, T stage, and N stage. Patients treated with NACRT received either carboplatin/taxol or 5FU-based chemotherapy. PCTX regimens included ECF, EOX, DCF, or 5-FU based chemotherapy. Survival was calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method with a log‐rank test used for comparison between groups. Differences between subgroups were compared with F...
Differential Motivations for Pursuing Diagnostic Radiology by Gender: Implications for Residency Recruitment

Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study is to determine how the motivations to pursue a career in radiology differ by gender. In addition, the influence of medical school radiology education will be assessed. Materials and Methods Radiology applicants to our institution from the 2015–2016 interview season were offered an online survey in February 2016. Respondents scored the influence of 24 aspects of radiology on their decision to pursue radiology. Comparisons were made between male and female respondents. Respondents were also asked the type of medical school radiology education they received and to score the influence this experience had on their decision to pursue radiology. Results There were 202 total respondents (202/657) including 47 women and 155 men. Compared to men, the following factors had a more negative impact on women: flexible work hours ( P = 0.04), work environment ( P = 0.04), lifestyle ( P = 0.04), impact on patient care ( P = 0.05), high current debt load ( P = 0.02), gender distribution of the field ( P = 0.04), and use of emerging/advanced technology ( P = 0.02). In contrast, women felt more favorably about the opportunities for leadership ( P = 0.04) and research ( P Dedicated radiology exposure was as follows: 20% ( n = 20) none, 48% ( n = 96) preclinical exposure, 55% ( n = 111) elective rotation, and 18% ( n = 37) core rotation. More intensive radiology exposure via a core rotation had a significantly positive impact on the decision to pursue radiology ( P Conclusions Male and female radiology applicants are motivated by different aspects of radiology, which may influence residency recruitment practices. In addition, more intensive radiology exposure has a net positive impact on the decision to pursue radiology.
Mitochondria on the move: BMSCs fuel AML energy

In this issue of Blood , Marlein et al 1 identify a tumor-specific NOX2-dependent transfer of mitochondria from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells via AML-derived tunneling nanotubes (see figure), supporting inhibition of NOX2 as a novel therapeutic strategy in AML.
Deconstructing OD: A Closer Look at the Emergence of OD Values and Their Impact on the Field

William Pasmore explores the possibility that organization development (OD) is made up of three factions with different value preferences. There is the humanistic faction (doing the right thing), the bottom line faction (doing things right), and scholar-practitioner faction (what is proven and what is possible).
Applicability of the Empirical Mode Decomposition for Power Traces of Large-Scale Applications

Current trends in HPC show that exascale systems will be power capped, prompting their users to determine the best combination of resources to satisfy a power budget. Hence, performance and energy models must interplay and aid users in this resource selection based on the desired application parameters. While existing performance models may predict application execution at a scale, current power models are inadequate for this propose due, in part, to the variability of instantaneous dynamic power and the need to handle large amount of power measurements at the runtime to populate the models. In this paper, the latter challenge is tackled by selecting certain power measurements and applying to them the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) technique, which itself already deals with instantaneous variability of power during the runtime. Specifically, it is proposed here to apply EMD to segments of a power trace to rapidly generate a quadratic model that describes overall time, power, and thus energy simultaneously. The proposed models have been applied to several realistic applications. The error across the proposed models and the measured energy consumption is within 5% for the smaller segments consisting of 2,000 trace samples and is about 2% for the segments of 6,000 samples.
Phosphorus NMR of Membranes

This review describes the use of 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to study the structure and dynamics of model and biological membranes. 31P NMR has proven to be a powerful, nonperturbing probe of membranes. This review begins with an introduction to the structure of the membranes under consideration. Other reviews in the area include Seelig (1978), Yeagle (1978), and Smith and Ekiel (1984).
IMS Session Management Based on Usage Control

Multimedia applications have made their way to the wireless/mobile world and this is not likely to change. However, people have not stopped using multimedia services through wired networks and this is also something that is not foreseen to change. What really is changing in the coming networks is the separation of network and service providers; this separation is creating new security challenges since the end user does not have the same trust relationships with all these providers. This paper proposes an architecture for protecting end users from untrusted and unreliable multimedia service providers in Next Generation Networks (NGNs) that utilize the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) for multimedia delivery. Our proposal is based on the Usage Control (UCON) model for monitoring continuously the multimedia content delivered to the end user and ensure that it is the proper content requested by the user.
Feynman Diagrams: Modeling between Physics and Mathematics

The aim of the present paper is to analyze Feynman diagrams within the context of recent historical and philosophical debates about models in science and against the backdrop of other diagrammatic ...
Harnessing Data Movement in Virtual Clusters for In-Situ Execution

As a result of increasing data volume and velocity, Big Data science at exascale has shifted towards the in-situ paradigm, where large scale simulations run concurrently alongside data analytics. With in-situ, data generated from simulations can be processed while still in memory, thereby avoiding the slow storage bottleneck. However, running simulations and analytics together on shared resources will likely result in substantial contention if left unmanaged, as demonstrated in this work, leading to much reduced efficiency of simulations and analytics. Recently, virtualization technologies such as Linux containers have been widely applied to data centers and physical clusters to provide highly efficient and elastic resource provisioning for consolidated workloads including scientific simulations and data analytics. In this paper, we investigate to facilitate network traffic manipulation and reduce mutual interference on the network for in-situ applications in virtual clusters. In order to dynamically allocate the network bandwidth when it is needed, we adopt SARIMA-based techniques to analyze and predict MPI traffic issued from simulations. Although this can be an effective technique, the naive usage of network virtualization can lead to performance degradation for bursty asynchronous transmissions within an MPI job. We analyze and resolve this performance degradation in virtual clusters.
Twelve tips for developing and running a successful women’s group in international academic medicine

AbstractGender inequity in academic medicine remains an important issue worldwide. While institutional programs and policies can help promote equity in recruitment, retention, scholarship, promotio...
Increased Congenital Hypothyroidism Detection in Preterm Infants with Serial Newborn Screening

Objectives To determine the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in preterm infants and to identify associated risk factors. Study design A population-based cohort study was performed in preterm infants born at Results A total of 3137 preterm infants born at 22-31 weeks of gestational age were included in the study. Mean gestational age was 28.4 ± 2.4 weeks and mean birth weight was 1191 ± 399 g. Forty-nine infants were diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism. The overall incidence of congenital hypothyroidism was 1.56%, including a 0.13% incidence of eTSH and a 1.43% incidence of dTSH. Birth weight Conclusion Targeted serial NBS in Wisconsin led to a higher rate of diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism in preterm infants than has been reported previously. The majority (92%) of congenital hypothyroidism cases were diagnosed with dTSH. Birth weight
Optimization of Dexamethasone Administration for Maintaining Global Transduction Efficacy of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 9

Glucocorticoids have been commonly used in clinic for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, and it has been proposed that they be used to prevent liver toxicity when systemic admin...
Encephalitis, severe seizures, and multifocal brain lesions: Recognizing autoimmunity to the GABAA receptor.

In this issue of N2 , the paper by O'Connor et al.1 reports the clinical, immunologic, and radiographic features of a series of patients with anti-γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor encephalitis. Anti-GABAA receptor encephalitis is characterized by cognitive disruption, severe seizures, and characteristic brain lesions.2 The disease affects a very broad age range and both sexes. In the current study, as in prior reports, most patients responded favorably to immune therapy, although the optimal approach is still not clear. The series does provide a cautionary note regarding a patient with delayed diagnosis who had poor outcome. The present report further confirms the risk of thymoma, among other malignancies, although cases occurring after herpes virus infection have also been reported.3
Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus

1. A technique has been presented for transcatheter closure of a patent ductus arteriosus. 2. A 3.5-kg infant has been treated successfully in this manner. 3. The method should be considered in high-risk patients. 4. Further miniaturization of the system should make it suitable for use in premature infants critically ill as a result of ductal patency. 5. Increased experience will likely indicate that the technique is applicable to most patients who require ductus closure.
The Mind In Its Own Place: The Difficulties and Benefits of Thinking for Pleasure

Abstract This chapter is concerned with a type of thinking that has received little attention, namely intentional “thinking for pleasure”—the case in which people deliberately focus solely on their thoughts with the goal of generating positive affect. We present a model that describes why it is difficult to enjoy one's thoughts, how it can be done successfully, and when there is value in doing so. We review 36 studies we have conducted on this topic with just over 10,000 participants. We found that thinking for pleasure does not come easily to most people, but can be enjoyable and beneficial under the right conditions. Specifically, we found evidence that thinking for pleasure requires both motivation and the ability to concentrate. For example, several studies show that people enjoy thinking more when it is made easier with the use of “thinking aids.” We present evidence for a trade-off model that holds that people are most likely to enjoy their thoughts if they find those thoughts to be personally meaningful, but that such thinking involves concentration, which lowers enjoyment. Lastly, we review evidence for the benefits of thinking for pleasure, including an intervention study in which participants found thinking for pleasure enjoyable and meaningful in their everyday lives.
Online content moderation and the Dark Web: Policy responses to radicalizing hate speech and malicious content on the Darknet

De-listing, de-platforming, and account bans are just some of the increasingly common steps taken by major Internet companies to moderate their online content environments. Yet these steps are not without their unintended effects. This paper proposes a surface-to-Dark Web content cycle. In this process, malicious content is initially posted on the surface Web. It is then moderated by platforms. Moderated content does not necessarily disappear when major Internet platforms crackdown, but simply shifts to the Dark Web. From the Dark Web, malicious informational content can then percolate back to the surface Web through a series of three pathways. The implication of this cycle is that managing the online information environment requires careful attention to the whole system, not just content hosted on surface Web platforms per se . Both government and private sector actors can more effectively manage the surface-to-Dark Web content cycle through a series of discrete practices and policies implemented at each stage of the wider process.
Multimodal Presentation Attack Detection Based on Mouth Motion and Speech Recognition

Face recognition systems have grown rapidly in a variety of applications recently, such as surveillance, access control, mobile payments, and forensic investigations. However, face recognition systems are highly likely to be deceived because imposters attempt to gain unauthorized access to the system by spoofing biometric data. In this paper, we proposed a multimodal presentation attack detection (PAD) method based on a challenge-response scenario. When the user speaks a word as required, the mouth movement is detected and the recognized speech is referenced to determine if the user is a real person or not. Two weighted score level fusion rules are adopted in the machine learning algorithm for training and testing. Experimental results show the proposed method is very effective in resisting photo-attack and video-attack targeting to face recognition systems.
The Role of Adenine Nucleotide Translocase in the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition.

The mitochondrial permeability transition, a Ca2+-induced significant increase in permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane, plays an important role in various pathologies. The mitochondrial permeability transition is caused by induction of the permeability transition pore (PTP). Despite significant effort, the molecular composition of the PTP is not completely clear and remains an area of hot debate. The Ca2+-modified adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) and F0F1 ATP synthase are the major contenders for the role of pore in the PTP. This paper briefly overviews experimental results focusing on the role of ANT in the mitochondrial permeability transition and proposes that multiple molecular entities might be responsible for the conductance pathway of the PTP. Consequently, the term PTP cannot be applied to a single specific protein such as ANT or a protein complex such as F0F1 ATP synthase, but rather should comprise a variety of potential contributors to increased permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Polymers: Dendrimers-Network-Electrolye-NLO

Our group has been a leader in building realistic models of polymers using force fields based upon quantum chemical calculations. We have carried out large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of these systems to elucidate fundamental materials properties, using the molecular simulation technology described above. Highlights are the first simulations of the Tomalia dendrimers, the Percec dendritic system and the Frechet systems. We also carried out the first simulations on polyethylene and nylon. Later we carried out the first realistic simulations on the Nafion electrolyte for fuel cells. More recent work is on PEO polymer electrolytes for Li batteries. Along the way, we developed efficient methodologies to predict the structures of amorphous polymers using thermal and volume quenching and finally scaled effective solvent (SES) methodology. We extended these ideas to network polymers and nonlinear optical materials.
Cotton Fleahopper1 Biology and Ecology Relevant to Development of Insect Resistance Management Strategies

Since the success of the U.S. Boll Weevil Eradication Program and widespread adoption of genetically modified crops, the cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter), has reemerged as a significant cotton pest. Current management strategies for the pest are based primarily on foliar applications of insecticides. A line of cotton that produces modified Bt Cry51Aa2 protein was developed for Lygus spp., but the protein has also shown activity against the cotton fleahopper. Consequently, before this new Bt line can be released commercially, refuge requirements and other Insect Resistance Management (IRM) strategies mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency need to be established to prevent or delay development of resistance by cotton fleahopper to the new toxin. In response, we provide and discuss relevant information on the biology and ecology of the cotton fleahopper, including life history, host preference, dispersal, and population genetic structure, that may be useful for developing IRM strategies for the pest.
Passive distractor filtering in visual search

Luck, Gaspelin, Folk, Remington, & Theeuwes [(in press). Progress Toward Resolving the Attentional Capture Debate. Visual Cognition] proposes that proactive attentional mechanisms suppress a salien...
Managing Your Medical School Debt

Managing your medical school debt is critical to your well-being. There are lots of options outside of standard repayment including service-based loan repayment programs, the public service loan forgiveness (PSLF), and refinancing your loans. It’s critical to devise a plan to tackle your loans.
A Network-Aware Distributed Energy Resource Aggregation Framework for Flexible, Cost-Optimal, and Resilient Operation

To efficiently use the ubiquitous behind-the-meter distributed energy resources (DERs) in distribution systems for providing grid services, this paper presents a hierarchical control framework for DER optimal aggregation and control. We first develop a convex optimization model to evaluate the DER flexibility, and then use a convex model-predictive-control based approach to dispatch those DERs. The hierarchical control framework consists of a utility controller, community aggregators and multiple home energy management systems. The flexibility of the DERs is evaluated by each controller in the hierarchy such that the resultant flexibility is feasible given its operational domain. Based on the determined flexibility, the hierarchical controllers then compute optimal setpoints for the DERs to help the distribution system regulate node voltages and provide other distribution grid services. Numerical simulations performed on a model of a real distribution feeder in Colorado, using actual DER data in a residential community demonstrate that the proposed approach can effectively alleviate voltage issues and support resilient operation.
Identification of the Categories of Insect Pathogens and Parasites

It will often be obvious to what group a particular pathogen or parasite belongs. However, it should be remembered that simply finding one of the biotic agents mentioned in this guide inside an insect does not necessarily mean that it is the cause of mortality. Many insects, nematodes, fungi, and bacteria are saprophytic and quickly invade an insect cadaver. Unless the agent is a known pathogen, Koch’s postulates (given in Techniques) should be followed to determine if the agent is indeed infectious.
The Implications of Marketing-Order Quality Regulations in a Free- Trade Environment

Among other functions, federal marketing orders allow producers to impose quality regulations and inspections, and, under the section 8e provision, require imports to be subject to the same quality standards and regulations as the domestic industry. As efforts to liberalize trade continue apace, the degree to which a minimum quality standard (MQS) can be used in conjunction with section 8e as a nontariff trade barrier becomes a subject of increasing importance. The high incidence of utilization of the section 8e provision, coupled with a relatively high degree of variability of standards over time, serves to motivate this research on how MQS imposed through marketing orders can affect producer profits, consumer welfare and influence trade patterns. Our model investigates specifically the impacts of a MQS imposed by a domestic agricultural industry under the auspices of a marketing order in both a closed- and open-economy setting under both perfect and imperfect competition. The model allows domestic producers to act collectively, as permitted under marketing-order provisions, and to choose whether or not to impose a MQS based upon whether the industry profit under the MQS exceeds the profit under no regulation. We show that when the product is sold competitively, any market condition that causes the domestic industry to impose an MQS insures that all consumers of the product are harmed by the MQS and total welfare declines. An open-economy setting expands the range of model parameterizations when a domestic industry will implement an MQS because it can often direct the costs imposed by the MQS primarily to importers, while capturing the majority of the benefits, a type of raising rivals cost phenomenon. However, in duopoly competition between a domestic industry and an exporter, we show that a MQS can eliminate the incentives of the duopolists to under provide quality enhancement, potentially leading to situations where MQS can be socially beneficial.
Heart rate variability in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Antimalarials have been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) for over 40 years, the first report of suggestive efficacy being published in 1951. Over the years they have become part of the established treatment of RA being one of a category of drugs referred to as disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). The onset of action with antimalarials is slow. Most patients use these drugs in combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics. This article reviews the evidence for the efficacy of antimalarials, their place in comparison to other DMARDs and comments on the current use in RA as perceived in British rheumatology.
BILL SUPPORT RATES: What Do They Tell Us About Theories of Lawmaking?

We examine bill support rates (BSR), the percentage of times a lawmaker votes for a class of bills rather than the status quo on the final passage vote, as a function of her ideology. The set of BSR maximizers is the set of ideal points yielding maximal BSRs. Using simulations and simple derivations, we show that three theories of lawmaking - a simple Downsian Congress, a Party Cartel Congress, and a Veto Pivots Congress - make quite distinct and very different predictions about the location and marginal shifts of the set of BSR maximizers. We formulate simple tests for each theory’s predictions and for the predictions that distinguish among the theories. We propose practical methods for implementing these tests statistically. Using newly assembled data, we calculate bill support rates and estimate the set of BSR maximizers for a variety of bill types in the House of Representatives in three congresses (the 102nd, 105th, and 106th). We carry out the required statistical tests. We are reluctant to over-interpret preliminary data, but initial findings make it difficult to confirm predictions drawn from all three theories. In further work we will extend the analysis to all post-war congresses, allowing stronger inferences and conclusions.
Relation of nursing to the extra-chromosomal theory of breast cancer in mice.

Since it has been observed that some maternal “influence” is of more importance than any paternal contribution as a determining factor of breast cancer in mice, various experiments have been made to determine, if possible, some explanation for this difference in parental effect. The effect of nursing as a possible cause has been considered in previous publications (1–5). As much time is required for an exhaustive study along this line, this paper, like the earlier ones, must be considered as a preliminary report. It records observations on hybrid mice which have not been considered before. The A inbred high-cancer line has served as the control stock in most of our experiments. The new-born young of A stock mothers were removed and fostered by females of the low-tumor C57 Black (B) or CBA lines. As this change was made the first thing each morning, the young had the opportunity of nursing their A stock mothers from the time of birth until the transfer was effected. Only breeding females have been included in these studies, and the animals are tabulated as breast-cancerous or non-breast-cancerous. Mice with other types of growths, usually primary lung cancer, are placed in the latter group.
Dynamical evolution of the Oort cloud

New studies of the dynamical evolution of cometary orbits in the Oort cloud are made using a revised version of Weissman’s (1982) Monte Carlo simulation model, which more accurately mimics the perturbation of comets by the giant planets. It is shown that perturbations by Saturn provide a substantial barrier to the diffusion of cometary perihelia into the inner solar system; Jupiter also. Perturbations by Uranus and Neptune are rarely great enough to remove comets from the Oort cloud, but do serve to scatter the comets in the cloud in 1/a. The new model gives a population of 1.8 to 2.1 x 1012 comets for the present-day Oort cloud, and a mass of 7 to 8 earth masses. Perturbation of the Oort cloud by giant molecular clouds in the galaxy is discussed, as is evidence for a massive “inner Oort cloud” internal to the observed one. The possibility of an unseen solar companion orbiting in the Oort cloud and causing periodic comet showers is shown to be dynamically plausible but unlikely based on the observed cratering rate on the earth and moon.
Conflict between state information and intended information

A channel with state known at the sender can be used to send information. It can also be used to reveal the underlying state of the channel to the receiver. We investigate the inherent conflict in doing both.
A global health delivery framework approach to epilepsy care in resource-limited settings

The Global Health Delivery (GHD) framework (Farmer, Kim, and Porter, Lancet 2013;382:1060-69) allows for the analysis of health care delivery systems along four axes: a care delivery value chain that incorporates prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of a medical condition; shared delivery infrastructure that integrates care within existing healthcare delivery systems; alignment of care delivery with local context; and generation of economic growth and social development through the health care delivery system. Here, we apply the GHD framework to epilepsy care in rural regions of low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) where there are few or no neurologists.
Mechanistische Einblicke in die Cu‐katalysierte, asymmetrische Aldol‐Reaktion: chemischer und spektroskopischer Nachweis einer Metallenolat‐Zwischenstufe

In-situ-IR-Spektroskopie und Transmetallierungsexperimente bestatigten einen postulierten Katalysecyclus. Bei der durch [CuF2{(S)-tol-binap}] katalysierten Aldol-Reaktion kann das Metallenolat 1 als aktive Zwischenstufe formuliert werden. (S)-tol-binap = (S)-(−)-2,2′-Bis(di-p-tolylphosphanyl)-1,1′-binaphthyl.
Diffusion of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers

Tracer diffusion coefficient, D *, and the Newtonian zero shear-rate viscosity, η0, were measured for a high molecular weight random copolymer (SAN) of styrene and acrylonitrile. As predicted by the reptation model, D *was in agreement with the molecular-weight scaling of M w −2 (M w is the weight average molecular weight of the chain being probed) and was independent of matrix molecular weight. η0 showed a molecular-weight scaling of M W 3.4 . While the temperature dependence of these two relaxation processes could be well explained by the free-volume model up to 252 °C, they showed a discrepancy in activation enthalpy, E a, of about 20%, with a larger value for diffusion.
Effects of Beta-sitosterol and ferric chloride on accumulation of cholesterol in mouse liver.

Summary1. Increasing the cholic acid content of a diet rich in cholesterol, significantly increased total liver cholesterol. 2. The addition of β-sitosterol to diets containing cholic acid and cholesterol, decreased total liver cholesterol. 3. Addition of ferric chloride, in varying amounts, to diets rich in cholesterol and cholic acid, resulted in practically no change in total cholesterol content of mouse liver.
Government Partisanship and Economic Performance: When and How does "Who Governs" Matter?

This article responds to Jackman's central theoretical and empirical criticisms of our research. First, the policy convergence thesis is far less persuasive than Jackman asserts and there is strong theoretical support for our original argument. Second, the empirical tests presented by Jackman are not as conclusive as he suggests. The Norwegian outlier is better remedied on Jackman's own terms by controlling for oil dependence than by exclusion from the analysis. Once this is done the data are more supportive of our thesis. Finally, we suggest that a pooled time series, cross-section design may provide better tests for our argument than those presently in debate.
Immunodeficiency and plasma zinc levels in children with Down's syndrome: a long-term follow-up of oral zinc supplementation.

To evaluate the possible effect of zinc treatment on immune disorders in children with Down's syndrome (DS), 38 noninstitutionalized DS children were investigated. Twenty-four patients (63.2%) had plasmatic zinc levels lower than 0.70 microgram/dl ("hypozinkemic," LZn) and 14 patients (36.8%) had levels higher than 0.75 microgram/dl ("normozinkemic," NZn). No correlation was found between the zinc deficiency and recurrence and/or intensity of infections. The absolute numbers of peripheral lymphocytes, the percentages of B lymphocytes, total T cells, and serum IgG, IgA, and IgM levels did not differ between the DS children and the controls. Eight (21%) patients had CD4+ T cell counts below the lowest value for the controls. Seventeen (44%) DS patients had increased levels of CD8+ T cells. The mean percentage of Leu 7+ cells in DS subjects (22.8 +/- 12.9%) was significantly higher than that in controls (15.8 +/- 4.8%) (P less than 0.01). Notably, Ig levels and numbers of lymphocytes in each subset did not show any significant difference in NZn and LZn trisomic subjects. On the contrary the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from LZn DS children showed a significantly lower proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (S.I. = 23.4 +/- 22.4) than that of PBMCs from NZn DS children (S.I. = 46.1 +/- 21.5, P less than 0.01). A significant increase in DNA synthesis was obtained after oral administration of zinc sulfate (20 mg/kg/day, for 2 months). The lymphocyte response to PHA appeared to be normal in all patients up to 6 months after the end of the zinc treatment and it became low in half of the patients 22 months after therapy.
Perspectives on co-linking design and development courses in CS

An on-going problem with many courses across the CS curriculum is finding time to incorporate programming activities that are necessary for other critical aspects of the course. For example, in UI design the practice and evaluation of good design principles typically depends on the creation of at-least a semi-functional software prototype. However, having to include software implementation in courses whose main focus lies elsewhere can distract from core concepts, and oftentimes there are pedagogical reasons to separate out implementation. By co-linking upper-division courses in our CS program, we attempted to solve this problem by leveraging concepts of software design and implementation across two courses. In this experience report, we describe how the co-linked courses were structured, what we encountered, what worked well and what still needs improvement. Other CS educators might capitalize on our successes, and learn from our mistakes, in similar set-ups within their own curriculums.
Initial antihypertensive therapy: Comparison of prazosin and hydrochlorothiazide

Increasing awareness of the hazards of diuretic therapy has cast doubt on the appropriateness of its uniform use as initial treatment for hypertension. To establish the relative efficacy and acceptability of alternative forms of initial therapy, prazosin and hydrochlorothiazide were prospectively compared. In a one-year study, 62 patients with a diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 100 mm Hg were randomly allocated to receive one of the two agents. Twenty of 32 (63 percent) patients receiving prazosin and 17 of 30 (57 percent) receiving hydrochlorothiazide satisfied the year-long study requirements. For the most part, the dropout rate was not drug related. The percentages of subjects completing the study with the initial drug, without addition of a second drug, were identical in both groups (prazosin: 10 of 32 [31 percent] and hydrochlorothiazide: nine of 30 [30 percent]). In both treatment groups, blood pressure declined similarly and significantly (p less than 0.001) by the end of the study. The blood pressure of subjects receiving prazosin decreased from 150.3/105.8 mm Hg to 135.3/90.3 mm Hg, whereas the blood pressure of subjects receiving hydrochlorothiazide declined from 147.3/103.8 to 130.0/89.1 mm Hg. A reduction in diastolic blood pressure to less than 95 mm Hg was achieved in 80.0 percent of patients started with prazosin and in 78.6 percent of those started with hydrochlorothiazide. A further reduction to less than 90 mm Hg was achieved in 45.0 and 64.3 percent, respectively (not significant). Patients who completed the study with single-drug therapy in both treatment groups showed nonsignificant decreases in mean potassium levels from initial to final readings when compared with baseline readings (prazosin: 0.21 meq; hydrochlorothiazide: 0.41 meq). However, patients receiving prazosin had 11.5 percent of their readings less than or equal to 4.0 meq, whereas those receiving hydrochlorothiazide had 38.1 percent of their readings similarly distributed (p less than 0.05). Furthermore, four patients receiving hydrochlorothiazide had potassium levels less than or equal to 3.5 meq; none of those receiving prazosin had levels in that range. At baseline, no patient in the study had potassium levels of less than 4.0 meq. Prazosin-treated patients whose initial fasting blood glucose was less than 110 mg/dl had 3.7 percent (one of 27) of subsequent measurements greater than or equal to 110 mg/dl. These abnormal levels were found 18.2 percent (six of 33) (not significant) of the time in similar hydrochlorothiazide-treated subjects. Symptomatic side effects were primarily mild and transient in those receiving either drug alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Socially unrecognized cumulation

Sociologists tend to believe our field is noncumulative because little knowledge is widely recognized throughout the discipline. Disagreement is most widely publicized among theorists. This social recognition criterion of knowledge begs the question of how large a group must be to validate knowledge. Specialized cumulation of knowledge has however taken place in particular research communities. Examples include world-system research, state-breakdown theory of revolution, military-centered theory of state development, social movement theory, and some micro-sociological research programs. There are also instances of lost specialized cumulation, in which fields shift course and ignore previous results, for example in organizational research and small group research. Some independent specialties converge on parallel findings but do not recognize cumulation across fields (as in different specialties studying networks). We can identify and possibly overcome obstacles to recognizing cumulation.
Why acute rheumatic fever has virtually disappeared in the U.S.

Abstract The explanation for the very substantial decline in incidence of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in the U.S., particularly over the past 50 years, is unclear. Genetic changes in the host population and environmental issues like nutrition, crowding, and improved access to medical care have been suggested. It has also been proposed that certain M types of group A streptococci (GAS) include strains that are particularly rheumatogenic and that others are non-rheumatogenic. We compared the M type distribution of GAS from Chicago children with acute pharyngitis from 1961–1968 (when ARF was highly prevalent) to that of children from Chicago and across the U.S. in 2000–2004 (when ARF was rare), with attention to changes in prevalence of putative rheumatogenic and non-rheumatogenic types. The proposed rheumatogenic types 3, 5, 6, 14, 18, 19, and 29 comprised 49.7% of 468 pharyngeal isolates in 1961–1968 but only 10.6% of 450 Chicago isolates in 2000–2004 (p
A Borderland Development Bank: An inquiry into the issues

Since the organization of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (The World Bank) in 1944, a large number of development oriented financial institutions have emerged throughout the world. By applying their unique form of intermediation to development problems, these Development Banks (DBs), as they have come to be known, have become a major catalyst in the process of economic development. Over the years, numerous proposals for funding borderlands development have surfaced but few of them have directly addressed the possibility of establishing a Borderland Development Bank (BDB). A related proposal was outlined at a conference of U.S.-Mexico border state governors by Carols G. Velez-Ibanez (1983). The proposal called for the establishment of a "Borderlands Development Foundation" which would assist area development in a number of ways; including, stabilizing the region's infrastructure, environment, and population movements. It was also suggested that such a foundation might develop a data base for use in planning and in monitoring demographic, economic, political and social trends in the region. Unfortunately, this rather promising proposal has yet to be realized. This study examines the contributions to development that could be made by a BDB, and the potential public support for such an institution. If a BDB could be organized in such a way as to minimize the Mexican fear of U.S. domination of the bank's activities, it could play a major role in the economic development of the region and strengthen what Hansen (1986b) describes as "the many interdependencies that exist between the Mexican and U.S. borderlands." Most of the development proposals, including government sponsored commissions, have been unilateral, focusing on the needs of only one side of the border, which may explain why they have thus far not been very successful. Perhaps a BDB which enjoyed bilateral public and private sponsorship, and whose mandate was to foster economic development on both sides of the border would stand a better chance of success. The first section of this article discusses the nature of a development bank, the second section discusses the possible impediments to growth along the border, the third section discusses the BDB as a possible solution to these impediments, and the last section provides a summary and concluding remarks.
Contact Angles and Hysteresis on Surfaces with Chemically Heterogeneous Islands

Wetting behavior was studied on surfaces with a single, circular heterogeneous island. Lyophobic islands were created on lyophilic Si wafers using polystyrene. Alternately, lyophobic perfluoroalkoxy fluoropolymer film was etched to make lyophilic domains. Contact angles and hysteresis were measured with water and hexadecane. Small sessile drops were deposited on the center of an island and liquid was sequentially added, eventually forcing the contact line to advance beyond the island perimeter onto the surrounding area. Even though the underlying contact area contained a mixture of lyophilic and lyophobic domains, the contact angles, both advancing and receding, were equal to the angles exhibited by the homogeneous periphery. Or in other words, if the heterogeneity was completely contained with the contact area and did not intersect the contact line, then no area averaging of the contact angles occurred. These findings suggest that interactions at the contact line, not the contact area, control wetting of...
Holism and Reductionism: A View From Genetics

The terms "holism" and "reductionism" are often used loosely - especially in medical contexts. In an attempt to remedy this, these terms are explored from the standpoints of: philosophy of science, medicine, genetics, history of genetics and clinical genetics. A sense for "reductionism" is developed in part by focusing on the related histories of classical genetics and clinical genetics. This done, the dichotomy between holism and reductionism, whether in basic genetics or the genetic counseling situation, loses much of its force.
Multiplicity of cytochrome P450 hemoproteins in rat liver microsomes.

Rat liver microsomes have previously been shown to contain hemoproteins having molecular weights of 53,000, 50,000, and 45,000. The 45,000-dalton hemoprotein, which is induced in rat liver microsomes by pretreatment of animals with phenobarbital, is resistant to proteolysis by trypsin. This characteristic was used to purify it from the other microsomal hemoproteins. In the procedure used, a sodium cholate-solubilized microsomal fraction from phenobarbital-pretreated rats was treated with trypsin and chromatographed on Sephadex G-100 to separate the hemoprotein from proteolytic degradation products. The hemoprotein thus isolated was homogenous on the basis of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was identified spectrally as a cytochrome P-420 hemoprotein. This hemoprotein was free of cytochrome b, and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. Antibody prepared against the protease-treated cytochrome P-420 hemoprotein will not cross-react with the 53,000. and 50,000-dalton hemoproteins. This was assessed by three criteria. First, immunoprecipitation studies were conducted with detergent-solubilized partially purified cytochrome P-450 preparations isolated from the liver microsomes of control and phenobarbital- and 3methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats. The antibody immunoprecipitated only the 45,000-dalton hemoprotein from these partially purified cytochrome P-450 preparations, each of which contains all three hemoproteins. Second, the antibody demonstrated specificity with regard to the microsomal hydroxylation reactions it would inhibit in a reconstituted hydroxylation system containing partially purified cytochrome P-450 (448) fractions isolated from the liver microsomes from phenobarbitalor 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats. The antibody would inhibit benzphetamine-N-demethylation catalyzed by both cytochrome P-450 fractions but would not inhibit benzpyrene hydroxylation catalyzed by either. Third, agglutination and complement fixation assays were performed to assess the binding of the antibody to liver microsomes isolated from control and phenobarbital- or 3methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats. These studies demonstrated that the antibody binds preferentially to the liver microsomes isolated from phenobarbital-pretreated rats, in which the 45,000-dalton hemoprotein has been shown to be induced. It is hypothesized that there are very significant structural and catalytic differences among the cytochrome P-450 hemoproteins. In the presence of NADPH and oxygen, the mixed-function oxidase system of the rat liver endoplasmic reticulum (microsomes) catalyzes the hydroxylation of a wide variety of substrates including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics such as drugs, carcinogens, and pesticides (2, 3). The mechanism by which this system catalyzes the hydroxylation of such a large
Fe2+ Catalyzes Vitamin E-Induced Fragmentation of Hydroperoxy and Hydroxy Endoperoxides That Generates γ-Hydroxy Alkenals

The formation of cytotoxic γ-hydroxyalkenals has been generally viewed as the consequence of free radical-induced oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acyls through the decomposition of lipid peroxides. Vitamin E (Vit E) would be expected to inhibit such autoxidation. In a model study, we now find that fragmentation of a hydroperoxy endoperoxide generated the lactone of a γ-hydroxyalkenal. With 1 equiv of Fe2+, or with a catalytic amount (0.1 equiv) of Fe2+ and 1 equiv of Vit E, the yields are 43−50%. However, Vit E alone did not promote the fragmentation, and a catalytic amount of Fe2+ alone only afforded a low yield (about 5%). Vit E could contribute to, as opposed to preventing, the formation of γ-hydroxyalkenals by converting redox-active metal ions into their reduced forms that promote the rapid fragmentation of hydroperoxy endoperoxides.
Spectral super-elements for wave propagation in structures with local non-uniformities

The spectral element method for the analysis of wave propagation in structures is extended by the introduction of a super-element concept to handle local regions of non-uniformity. The region of interest is meshed with conventional finite elements and its stiffness and mass matrices dynamically condensed leaving only the connection degrees of freedom. These are further condensed to just waveguide connectivities thus making the element suitable for assembly with other spectral elements. The formulation is verified by comparison with 2-D finite element solutions. Examples of its use in waveguides with cracks, holes and extended joints are demonstrated.
Soil-moisture depletion under three southern pine plantations in East Texas

Abstract Neutron scattering measurements on a single soil type in open land and three species of pine forest showed significantly different soil-moisture contents at different depths and among species. A soil-moisture depletion model fit the moisture data for vegetative species, seasons and depths (R2 = 0.99; SE = 5%). Depletion rates were greater when soil-moisture content was high, near the ground surface, under forest cover and during the growing season; it did not differ significantly among the three pine species. The number of access tubes required for moisture measurements decreased with increasing moisture content. At a content of 0.12 g/cm3 or greater, 15 tubes measured mean soil-moisture content with a 95% chance of being within 90% of the true mean. A settlement period of 3 months or more is needed to avoid erratic measurements due to voids created by tube installation.
Educational Gaps in Medical Care and Health Behavior: Evidence from US Natality Data.

Abstract The US Natality files provide information on medical procedures and health related behavior during pregnancy and childbirth. The data set represents nearly the universe of mothers who give birth in the US, providing the most complete coverage possible of medical care and health behavior among a specific patient population. We document gaps in outcomes by education of the mother and the changes in these educational gaps during 1989–2002.