cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Watson's Theorem and Resonant Pion Photoproduction Amplitude in the $\Delta$ Channel

Abstract The CGLN and BL theories of the pion photoproduction on nucleons, used in nuclear calculations, are examined regarding their predictions of the resonant M1+ and E1+ multipoles. The nonunitary BL approach violates Watson's theorem, and predicts these multipoles poorly. In the static limit, the CGLN multipoles satisfy Watson's theorem and are in fine agreement with data. The unitarized BL multipoles agree with those from the Olsson theory and data.
An autonomic reflection of syntactic structure

Abstract Subjects heard sentences in one ear during which a brief shock was administered before, in or after the division between two clauses. The galvanic skin response (GSR) to shocks objectively at the end of a clause was larger than the response to shocks at the beginning of a clause. This effect of syntax on GSR was larger for subjects who heard the speech in the right ear. An independent effect was that the GSR to shocks at the end of a clause decreased as a function of clause length; responses to shocks at the beginning of a clause were relatively unaffected by the length of the preceding clause in our stimulus materials.
Electro‐thermal analysis of a thin semiconducting sandwich with field‐independent conductivity

The one-dimensional electro-thermal balance equation is solved for a thin sandwich of a semiconductor with field-independent conductivity between two highly conductive electrodes. Temperature- and field-profiles are calculated. It is shown that the current—voltage characteristics are monotonous (not S-shaped) and contain a branch parallel to the current axis. This branch may be identified with the holding branch of Ovonics in agreement with the experiment. Die eindimensionale elektro-thermische Gleichgewichtsgleichung wird fur einen Schichtkondensator eines Halbleiters mit feldunabhangiger Leitfahigkeit zwischen zwei hochleitenden Elektroden gelost. Temperatur-und Feldprofile werden berechnet. Es wird gezeigt, das die Strom—Spannungs-Kennlinie monoton ist (nicht S-formig), und das sie einen Zweig parallel zur Stromachse enthalt. Dieser Zweig kann mit dem Haltezweig von Ovonics in Ubereinstimmung mit experimentellen Daten identifiziert werden.
Young female consumers' intentions toward fair trade consumption

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine young female consumers' purchase behaviours related to non‐food fair trade products. Interrelationships among beliefs, attitudes, perceived behavioural control, and purchase intentions in regard to fair trade products were examined within a framework of the theory of planned behaviour to arrive at an in‐depth understanding of young female consumers' fair trade consumption.Design/methodology/approach – Using a probability sampling approach, 810 complete responses were collected via web‐based surveys from 18‐28 year old female college students at a large Midwestern university. Path model analysis was employed to test the proposed model and research hypotheses.Findings – The results revealed that young female consumers' beliefs about the fair trade concept and product attributes, attitudes toward fair trade purchases, and perceived behavioural control in regard to fair trade purchases, were all important factors in determining consumers' intentions to purchas...
Optical Imaging of Epileptiform Activity in Human Neocortex

The surgical outcomes of patients suffering from neocortical epilepsy are not as successful as the surgical outcomes from resections of epilepsy patients with mesial temporal sclerosis. The main difficulty in the treatment of neocortical epilepsy is that current technology has limited accuracy in mapping neocortical epileptogenic tissue. It is known that the optical spectroscopic properties of brain tissue are correlated with changes in neuronal activity. The method of mapping these activity-evoked optical changes is known as imaging of intrinsic optical signals (IIOS). Activity-evoked optical changes measured in neocortex are generated by changes in cerebral hemodynamics (i.e., changes in blood oxygenation and blood volume). Our experimental approach was to acquire high-resolution IIOS maps of epileptiform activity in patients undergoing surgery for medically intractable neocortical epilepsy. Both spontaneous and stimulation-evoked epileptiform activity was monitored. Imaging of intrinsic optical signals was able to localize neocortical epileptic foci precisely by using changes in blood volume in contrast to changes in blood oxygenation. IIOS has the potential to translate from a purely research tool to a new intraoperative approach for the surgical treatment of neocortical epilepsy.
Dual resolution cone beam breast CT: A feasibility study

Purpose: In this study, the authors investigated the feasibility of a dual resolution volume-ofinterest VOI cone beam breast CT technique and compared two implementation approaches in terms of dose saving and scatter reduction. Methods: With this technique, a lead VOI mask with an opening is inserted between the x-ray source and the breast to deliver x-ray exposure to the VOI while blocking x rays outside the VOI. A CCD detector is used to collect the high resolution projection data of the VOI. Low resolution cone beam CT CBCT images of the entire breast, acquired with a flat panel FP detector, were used to calculate the projection data outside the VOI with the ray-tracing reprojection method. The Feldkamp‐Davis‐Kress filtered backprojection algorithm was used to reconstruct the dual resolution 3D images. Breast phantoms with 180 m and smaller microcalcifications MCs were imaged with both FP and FP-CCD dual resolution CBCT systems, respectively. Two approaches of implementing the dual resolution technique, breast-centered approach and VOI-centered approach, were investigated and evaluated for dose saving and scatter reduction with Monte Carlo simulation using a GEANT4 package. Results: The results showed that the breast-centered approach saved more breast absorbed dose than did VOI-centered approach with similar scatter reduction. The MCs in fatty breast phantom, which were invisible with FP CBCT scan, became visible with the FP-CCD dual resolution CBCT scan. Conclusions: These results indicate potential improvement of the image quality inside the VOI with reduced breast dose both inside and outside the VOI. © 2009 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. DOI: 10.1118/1.3187225
DESIGN OF HONEYCOMB META-MATERIALS FOR HIGH SHEAR FLEXURE

A numerical study for a functional design of honeycomb meta-materials targeting flexible shear properties (about 6.5MPa effective shear modulus and 15% maximum effective shear strain) is conducted with two material selections — polycarbonate (PC) and mild-steel (MS), and five honeycomb configurations. Cell wall thicknesses are found for each material to reach the target shear modulus for available cell heights with five honeycomb configurations. PC honeycomb structures can be tailored with 0.4 to 1.3mm cell wall thicknesses to attain the 6.5MPa shear modulus. MS honeycombs can be built with 0.2mm or lower wall thicknesses to reach the target shear modulus. Sensitivity of wall thickness on effective properties may be a hurdle to overcome when designing metallic honeycombs. The sensitivity appears to be more significant with an increased number of unit cells in the vertical direction. PC auxetic honeycombs having 0.4 to 1.9 mm cell wall thicknesses show 15% maximum effective shear strain without local cell damage. Auxetic honeycombs having negative Poisson’s ratio show lower effective shear moduli and higher maximum effective shear strains than the regular counterparts, implying that auxetic honeycombs are candidate geometries for a shear flexure design.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Patient priorities and needs for diabetes care among urban African American adults.

PURPOSEthis study was conducted to determine diabetes care priorities and needs in a group of urban African American adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.METHODSOne hundred nineteen African America...
Women's work, child care, and helpers-at-the-nest in a hunter-gatherer society.

Considerable research on helpers-at-the-nest demonstrates the positive effects of firstborn daughters on a mother’s reproductive success and the survival of her children compared with women who have firstborn sons. This research is largely restricted to agricultural settings. In the present study we ask: “Does ‘daughter first’ improve mothers’ reproductive success in a hunting and gathering context?” Through an analysis of 84 postreproductive women in this population we find that the sex of the first- or second-born child has no effect on a mother’s fertility or the survival of her offspring. We conclude that specific environmental and economic factors underlay the helpers-at-the-nest phenomenon.
Ground State Depleted Laser Experiments

Ground state depleted (GSD) lasers have been described in an earlier paper as room temperature, four-level, high energy density lasers with uniform gain when pumped either transversely or longitudinally. Spectroscopic measurements have been performed at Livermore in various Nd doped glass and crystalline materials to extract parameters (stark resolved emission spectra, branching ratios, fluorescence lifetimes, and stimulated emission cross sections) important to the design of a GSD laser. This study has allowed us to identify several systems amenable to experimental demonstration. The results of a demonstration in one of these systems consisting of a sample of Nd doped Y 2 Si0 5 which is pumped by a flash lamp pumped dye laser will be presented. Measurements are made to document the degree to which the ground state of the laser has been depleted. An important problem present in GSD lasers, illustrated by the results of our demonstration, is holding off the gain of the Nd 4 F 3/2 - 4 I 11/2 transition which typically has an emission cross section 5 to 10 times larger than the desired 4 F 3/2 - 4 I 11/2 transition cross section. Several possible techniques for holding off the 4 F 3/2 - 4 I 11/2 transition are discussed. These techniques include segmented laser designs, and the co-doping of laser samples with elements having a large absorption cross section in the 1.06 micron region while being relatively free of absorption in the 0.92 micron region of the spectrum. A system based on Y 2 SiO 5 and co-doped with Nd and Sm will be presented as an example of the latter type GSD design along with available experimental results.
Semiconductor–metal phase transformation of tetrahedrally coordinated semiconductors

The standard Drickamer high-pressure resistance cell has recently been recalibrated. With this recalibration, it is shown that, within experimental uncertainty, the difference in internal energy between the diamond and the β-tin forms of group IV elements is equal to the difference in energy between the corresponding Penn-model semiconductor, corrected for d-core dehybridization for Ge and Sn, and a free electron gas. Ausgehend von der kurzlich erfolgten Neueichung der Standard-Widerstandszelle fur Druckmessung nach Drickamer wird folgendes gezeigt: Die Differenz der inneren Energien der Diamant- und der β-Zinn-Form von Elementen der vierten Gruppe ist gleich der Energie-differenz zwischen dem entsprechenden Penn-Modell-Halbleiter (korrigiert bezuglich der d-Rumpf-Dehybridisierung fur Ge und Sn) und einem Gas freier Elektronen.
Early events and pattern formation in Listeria monocytogenes biofilms

Biofilm initiation and development is a complex process that includes several major stages. This study examined the process of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm initiation and consequent spatial and physiological patterns formed in the biofilm as the result of bacterial response to a changing environment. This is a first attempt at establishing a link between the spatial organization of biofilm-associated bacteria and major stress factors such as surface bioavailability and nutrient content. Developed linear models allow evaluation of some important parameters of the surface population, such as the critical colony size and the intercolony distance in the case of diffusion-limited nutrient access. Variations in bacterial physiological patterns during biofilm initiation as a function of bacterial population density during surface colonization are reported.
Surface aerosol measurements at Barrow during AGASP

Surface aerosol measurements were made at the Barrow GMCC Observatory during the AGASP flight series in March 1983. The condensation nucleus, scattering extinction coefficient, size distribution, and total aerosol optical depth measurements all clearly show conditions of background Arctic haze for March 9-11, a series of haze episodes during March 12-16, and a return to background haze for March 17-18. Angstrom exponents calculated from scattering coefficient data were low during March 9-11, relatively higher during March 12-14, and highest during March 15-18. Surface aerosol data and aerosol optical depth data are in good qualitative agreement for the 10-day period studied. Background haze was present when trajectories circled the Arctic basin, and haze episodes occurred when trajectories originated in western Asia and Europe.
EKF-Based PI-/PD-Like Fuzzy-Neural-Network Controller for Brushless Drives

This paper presents the development of a fuzzy-neural-network (FNN) proportional-integral (PI)-/proportional-derivative (PD)-like controller with online learning for speed trajectory tracking of a brushless drive system. The design implements the novel use of the extended Kalman filter (EKF) to train FNN structures as part of the PI-/PD-like fuzzy design. The FNN structure has two parallel FNN PI-/PD-like controllers, each with four internal layers. EKF trains each FNN by modifying the weights and the membership function parameters. Thus, the proposed EKF-based architecture presents an alternative to control schemes employed so far. The objective is to replace the conventional PI-derivative (PID) controller with the proposed FNN PI-/PD-like controller with EKF learning mechanism. Comparisons of the algorithm performances provide evidence of improvement of the FNN PI-/PD-like controller over PID control. A test bench enables design implementation in the laboratory on hardware using a dSPACE DS1104 DSP and MATLAB/Simulink environment. Experimental testing results show that the proposed controller learns and robustly responds to a wide range of operating conditions in real time.
A nonbinary neural network design

In earlier studies a distributed neural network, referred to as a neuromic array, was introduced. The earlier designs were restricted to binary alphabets. The present study loosens this restriction by demonstrating the design extension to the quartic case. A natural morphism between the quartic valued and binary valued vector spaces is used to establish a design equivalence between the two settings. This correspondence compares the robustness and performance of equivalent binary and quartic designs. >
Minitrack on Risks in End User Computing

Even the earliest writers on end user computing warned of the riskiness of end user application development [e.g., Davis, 19921. Initially, warnings were based on speculation or on scattered incidents of problems. The main target of current research on EUC riskiness seems to be spreadsheeting. This is hardly surprising. As the first paper in the minitrack notes, end users produce hundreds of millions of spreadsheet models each year, often to guide mission critical decisions. In recent years, several cases of spreadsheet errors have been reported [Business Week, 1984; Cragg & King, 1993; Davies and Ikin, 1987; Dhebar, 1993; Ditlea, 1987; Freeman, 1984; Gilman & Bulkeley, 1986; Hayen & Peters, 1989; Simkin, 19871. Given the reluctance of organizations to publicize embarrassments, these few cases may be only the tip of the iceberg. Some consultants, based on personal experience, have claimed that something like a third of all operational spreadsheet models contain errors [Creeth, 1985; Ditlea, 1987; Kee, 1988; Mason & Keane, 1989; Ronen, Palley, ‘& Lucas, 19891. One Price Waterhouse consultant reported auditing four large spreadsheet models for a client and finding 128 errors [Ditlea, 19871. Today, we are beginning to move beyond such reports of problem incidents and broad statements by consultants. The six papers in this minitrack represent a good sampling of recent research that has looked at risks in end user computing. I think you will agree that what they tell us about risks in end user computing is both compell ing and disturbing.
Flow dichroism of T7 DNA as a function of salt concentration.

Measurements have been made on the flow dichroism of T7 DNA as a function of NaCl concentration. In high salt, our results are compatible with an optical factor of −1.4 and a persistence length of 470 A. The former is in agreement with expectations from the x-ray diffraction structure of fibrous B–DNA, and the latter is in the midrange of recent determinations. As salt concentration is decreased, the persistence length increases. The relation of our study to other recent investigations and with current theories of the electrostatic contribution to persistence length is discussed. We note that the separation of the electrostatic expansion factor into long- and short-range effects is somewhat arbitrary and might affect the interpretation of different experimental results in different ways. Finally, our hydrodynamic factors are consistent with a chain which is partially free-draining. This goes against the traditional interpretation but is in agreement with two recent observations.
Quantization noise in single-loop sigma-delta modulation with sinusoidal inputs

An exact nonlinear difference equation is derived and solved for a simple sigma-delta modulator consisting of a discrete-time integrator and a binary quantizer inside a single feedback loop and an arbitrary input signal. It is shown that the system can be represented as an affine operation (discrete-time integration of a biased input) followed by a memoryless nonlinearity. An extension of the transform method for the analysis of nonlinear systems is applied to obtain formulas for first- and second-order time-average moments of the binary quantization noise, including the sample mean, energy, and autocorrelation. The results are applied to the special case of a sinusoidal input signal to evaluate these time averages and the power spectrum. In the limit of large oversampling ratios, the marginal moments behave as if the quantization noise had a uniform distribution. The spectrum is neither white nor continuous, however, even in the limit of large oversampling ratios. >
Resource recovery strategies for end-of-life business machines

This paper identifies the critical aspects of an effective resource recovery strategy for computer equipment and highlights common issues which should be resolved if an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) of computer equipment is to undertake product take back. The roles of procurement, development, manufacturing, and marketing are also described as they interact with recovery centers to increase their effectiveness and financial performance. An overview is provided of a typical recovery center operation to reduce end-of-life machines and manufacturing scrap to raw material streams which can be recycled into new products or sold into noncomputer applications. >
Mathematical Aspects of Mixing Times in Markov Chains

In the past few years we have seen a surge in the theory of finite Markov chains, by way of new techniques to bounding the convergence to stationarity. This includes functional techniques such as logarithmic Sobolev and Nash inequalities, refined spectral and entropy techniques, and isoperimetric techniques such as the average and blocking conductance and the evolving set methodology. We attempt to give a more or less self-contained treatment of some of these modern techniques, after reviewing several preliminaries. We also review classical and modern lower bounds on mixing times. There have been other important contributions to this theory such as variants on coupling techniques and decomposition methods, which are not included here; our choice was to keep the analytical methods as the theme of this presentation. We illustrate the strength of the main techniques by way of simple examples, a recent result on the Pollard Rho random walk to compute the discrete logarithm, as well as with an improved analysis of the Thorp shuffle.
Iterative path optimization for practical robot planning

We present a hybrid path planner that combines two common methods for robotic planning: a Dijkstra graph search for the minimum distance path through the configuration space and an optimization scheme to iteratively improve grid-based paths. Our formulation is novel because we first commit to the minimum distance path, then explicitly relax the path to maximize the clearance up to a user-specified bound. Notably, this formulation yields more predictable paths than potential field methods which try to trade increases in path length for greater clearance around obstacles. These potential field costs infer a trade off that can yield poor paths when the obstacle map is partially observable and has a finite history. Some approximations are used to ensure efficient planning, but only a small set of additional behaviors were required to ensure safe operation. Our method has been field tested extensively, as it is the main on-robot path planner for our large team of 14 medium-scale autonomous ground robots and entry to the 2010 Multi Autonomous Ground-robotic International Challenge, MAGIC 2010.
Rolipram Improves Renal Perfusion and Function during Sepsis in the Mouse

Microcirculatory dysfunction is correlated with increased mortality among septic patients and is believed to be a major contributor to the development of acute kidney injury (AKI). Rolipram, a selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, has been shown to reduce microvascular permeability and in the kidney, increase renal blood flow (RBF). This led us to investigate its potential to improve the renal microcirculation and preserve renal function during sepsis using a murine cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model to induce sepsis. Rolipram, tested at doses of 0.3–10 mg/kg i.p., acutely restored capillary perfusion in a bell-shaped dose-response effect with 1 mg/kg being the lowest most efficacious dose. This dose also acutely increased RBF despite transiently decreasing mean arterial pressure. Rolipram also reduced renal microvascular permeability. It is noteworthy that delayed treatment with rolipram at 6 hours after CLP restored the renal microcirculation, reduced blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, and increased glomerular filtration rate at 18 hours. However, delayed treatment with rolipram did not reduce serum nitrate/nitrite levels, a marker of nitric oxide production, nor reactive nitrogen species generation in renal tubules. These data show that restoring the microcirculation with rolipram, even with delayed treatment, is enough to improve renal function during sepsis despite the generation of oxidants and suggest that PDE4 inhibitors should be evaluated further for their ability to treat septic-induced AKI.
Avian leukosis virus – new mutations: a threat for the upcoming century

New strains of avian leukosis virus (ALV) and new threats to the poultry industry such as the appearance of subgroup J ALV arise as a result of virus mutation. Avian retroviruses are classified as ...
Identification of a Suppressor Mutation That Improves the Yields of Hexon-Modified Adenovirus Vectors

We have generated hexon-modified adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors that are not neutralized by Ad5-specific neutralizing antibodies in mice. These vectors are attractive for the advancement of vaccine products because of their potential for inducing robust antigen-specific immune responses in people with prior exposure to Ad5. However, hexon-modified Ad5 vectors displayed an approximate 10-fold growth defect in complementing cells, making potential vaccine costs unacceptably high. Replacing hypervariable regions (HVRs) 1, 2, 4, and 5 with the equivalent HVRs from Ad43 was sufficient to avoid Ad5 preexisting immunity and retain full vaccine potential. However, the resulting vector displayed the same growth defect as the hexon-modified vector carrying all 9 HVRs from Ad43. The growth defect is likely due to a defect in capsid assembly, since DNA replication and late protein accumulation were normal in these vectors. We determined that the hexon-modified vectors have a 32°C cold-sensitive phenotype and selected revertants that restored vector productivity. Genome sequencing identified a single base change resulting in a threonine-to-methionine amino acid substitution at the position equivalent to residue 342 of the wild-type protein. This mutation has a suppressor phenotype (SP), since cloning it into our Ad5 vector containing all nine hypervariable regions from Ad43, Ad5.H(43m-43), increased yields over the version without the SP mutation. This growth improvement was also shown for an Ad5-based hexon-modified vector that carried the hexon hypervariable regions of Ad48, indicating that the SP mutation may have broad applicability for improving the productivity of different hexon-modified vectors.
The Coordination of Conflicting Social Goals: Differences between Rejected and Nonrejected Boys

In this study involving 58 fourth- and fifth-grade boys ranging in age from 9 to 12 years old, we examined whether aggressive, submissive, and “residual” rejected boys (i.e., rejected boys who are neither highly aggressive nor highly submissive) are less able than nonrejected boys to coordinate individual and relational goals in their social interaction strategies. Participants were read a series of short vignettes describing children in potentially conflictual interactions, and their ideas about handling these situations were coded according to the degree to which individual and relational goals were integrated. As predicted, aggressive rejected boys and “residual” rejected boys provided less integrated responses than nonrejected boys, and this was true regardless of whether automatic or reflective social reasoning processes were evoked. In contrast to our prediction, however, submissive rejected boys displayed no comparable goal coordination deficit. The implications of these findings for children's social competence are discussed.
Law and Finance: The Case of Constructive Sales

This review illustrates the interaction between law and finance in the particular case of the taxation of constructive sales. The focus is on the treatment of variable prepaid forward contracts and the rules regarding these instruments articulated by Revenue Ruling 2003-7 and the recent case involving Philip Anschutz (Anschutz Co. et al. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue 2011). Simple models are used to show how the tests established by the law fail to reflect important financial considerations, such as the volatility of asset returns and the riskiness of dividend payments. These models provide examples that form the basis for a critique of the current rules and also indicate a possible path for future reform and improvement of the law, namely the addition of a delta-based test to the existing rules. The analysis presented here aims to encourage future work that applies financial theory to critique and improve legal rules in a wide range of other situations.
Elucidating the Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Products form Pyrolysis of Cotton Gin Trash

Cotton gin trash (CGT) was pyrolyzed at different temperatures and reaction times in a programmable temperature-controlled furnace. The total amount of output products (solid, liquid condensate, and non-condensable gases) from the pyrolysis of cotton gin trash was determined. The CGT was air-dried to reduce the moisture content to approximately 20 weight percent (wt. %). The heating value of the raw CGT was determined to be 16600 kJ kg­ 1. The CGT was pyrolyzed at the temperatures of 600, 700, and 800 °C. The maximum char yield of >38 wt.% was determined at the temperature of 700 °C and pyrolysis period of 45 min, and it was based on the highest char heating value of 22500 kJ kg­ 1. The highest gaseous product yield was >40 wt.% at 800 °C and 60 min combination. The liquid condensates reached >30 wt.% but it was also noted that a major portion (ca. 90 wt.%) of the liquid is composed of water and the remaining portion is composed of different oils, alcohols and other volatile liquids. The amount of solid produced generally decreased as the pyrolysis time and temperature increased. Moreover, the amount of gas yield increased as the pyrolysis time and temperature increased, while the amount of liquid yield increased in parallel with temperature but not with pyrolysis time. By elucidating on the solid, liquid and gaseous products of CGT pyrolysis, the conversion process could be modeled for the optimal production of either char for the production of activated carbon or syngas for the production of synthetic petroleum via catalytic cracking and reforming processes.
Essential elements in connected k-polymatroids

It is a well-known result of Tutte that, for every element x of a connected matroid M, at least one of the deletion and contraction of x from M is connected. This paper shows that, in a connected k-polymatroid, only two such elements are guaranteed. We show that this bound is sharp and characterize those 2-polymatroids that achieve this minimum. To this end, we define and make use of a generalized parallel connection for k-polymatroids that allows connecting across elements of different ranks. This study of essential elements gives results crucial to finding the unavoidable minors of connected 2-polymatroids, which will appear elsewhere.
Moore's Accounts of ‘Right’

Moore often is credited with implying the view that the meaning of evaluative or normative concepts is distinct from the criteria invoked to justify evaluative or normative judgments. A second view, to the effect that definitions cannot be evaluative or moral assertions, is attributed to him less frequently. In this paper, I shall argue that, while these views seem to be implied by much of what Moore says in Principia Ethica , Moore was not himself uniformly successful in observing their prohibitions. In particular, I shall argue that his account of ‘Right’ in Principia involved the very confusions which he seems to imply others should avoid. Against this backdrop, however, his subsequent treatment of ‘right’ in his Ethics , as well as his retrospective remarks about the relationships between ‘good’ and ‘right’ in his “A Reply to My Critics”, can be interpreted as both predictable and necessary. If the argument developed in this paper is sound, the explanation of Moore's abandonment of his earlier account of ‘right’ is not, as he says, merely because that account is “paradoxical”, but lies, instead, in a latent inconsistency between his Principia account of this predicate and other principles implied in that work.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Entinostat Inhibits Tumor-Initiating Cells in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

Mortality following breast cancer diagnosis is mainly due to the development of distant metastasis. To escape from the primary site, tumor cells undergo the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which helps them acquire a more motile and invasive phenotype. In our previous study, we showed that class I selective HDAC inhibitor entinostat (ENT) reverses the EMT phenotype through reversal of epigenetic repression of E-cadherin. Recent evidence suggests that a subset of cells within a breast tumor may drive the metastatic outgrowth following escape from the primary site. These cells, termed as tumor-initiating cells (TICs), represent a great threat to overall prognosis. They are critical in terms of drug resistance and tumor initiation at metastatic sites. Acquisition of EMT traits has also been shown to impart TIC phenotype to the cells, making EMT a "dual-threat" for prognosis. In the current study, we show that ENT treatment can reduce the percentage of TIC cells from TNBC cells. ENT treatment was able to reduce the CD44high/CD24low cell population, ALDH-1 activity as well as protein and mRNA expression of known TIC markers such as Bmi-1, Nanog and Oct-4. Next, we inoculated MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with firefly luciferase (231/Luc) in mammary fat pad of NSG mice. The mice were then treated with ENT (2.5mg/kg/day) and tumor development and formation of metastasis was assessed by bioluminescence imaging. Treatment with ENT significantly reduced tumor formation at the primary site as well as lung metastasis. As such, ENT may help prevent development of distant metastasis.
Potential monitoring of crop production using a satellite-based Climate-Variability Impact Index

Abstract The capabilities of the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) present some exciting possibilities for improved and timely monitoring of crop production. A quantitative index is introduced in this paper to study the relationship between remotely sensed leaf area index (LAI) and crop production. The Climate-Variability Impact Index (CVII), defined as the monthly contribution to anomalies in annual growth, quantifies the percentage of the climatological production either gained or lost due to climatic variability during a given month. By examining the integrated CVII over the growing season, this LAI-based index can provide both fine-scale and aggregated information on vegetation productivity for various crop types. Once the relationship between the CVII and crop production is developed based on the historical record, a trained statistical model can be applied to produce homogeneous production forecasts (in which the model is trained and tested for a particular region), as well as heterogeneous forecasts (in which the model is trained in a particular region and applied to a different region). Both the homogeneous and the heterogeneous model predictions are consistent with United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)/FAO estimates at regional scales. Finally, by determining the estimated production as a function of the growing-season months it is possible to determine when in the phenological cycle the predictive value of the CVII plateaus and which months within the phenological cycle provide the greatest predictive capacity. Overall, the high temporal and spatial resolution of the satellite LAI products makes the CVII a useful tool in near real-time crop monitoring and production estimation.
Dynamics of Toxoplasma gondii Differentiation

Parasite differentiation is commonly associated with transitions between complex life cycle stages and with long-term persistence in the host, and it is therefore critical for pathogenesis. In the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, interconversion between rapidly growing tachyzoites and latent encysted bradyzoites is accompanied by numerous morphological and metabolic adaptations. In order to explore early cell biological events associated with this differentiation process, we have exploited fluorescent reporter proteins targeted to various subcellular locations. Combining these markers with efficient in vitro differentiation and time-lapse video microscopy provides a dynamic view of bradyzoite development in living cultures, demonstrating subcellular reorganization, maintenance of the mitochondrion, and missegregation of the apicoplast. Bradyzoites divide asynchronously, using both endodyogeny and endopolygeny, and are highly motile both within and between host cells. Cysts are able to proliferate without passing through an intermediate tachyzoite stage, via both the migration of free bradyzoites and the fission of bradyzoite cysts, suggesting a mechanism for dissemination during chronic infection.
Immunofluorescent detection of estrogen receptors in breast cancer. Comparison with dextran-coated charcoal and sucrose gradient assays

Biopsy specimens from 106 women with primary operable, recurrent or metastatic breast cancer were analyzed in a double blind study designed to compare the results of a new fluorescent antibody method for detection of estrogen receptors with estrogen receptors measured biochemically with dextran-coated charcoal and sucrose gradient assay techniques. Assay results correlated in 89.4% of tumors analyzed, and molecular receptor forms (8S and 4S) were accurately predicted in 94.7% of neoplasms studied. Divergent results most often occurred in specimens sparsely populated with malignant cells. The new technique permitted recognition of possible sources of false negative results such as necrosis, absence of tumor and, on occasion, estrogen bound in vivo. It was possible to analyze by the immunofluorescence method two specimens of insufficient size for biochemical assay.
The equivalent circuit of an N-electrode piezoelectric bar

A new interpretation of the piezoelectric equations of state has been developed. In this representation, electromechanical energy conversion occurs only at the electrode edges, rather than everywhere under the electrodes. The present paper utilizes this concept to formulate an acoustic wave equation with inhomogeneous or driving terms occurring at the electrode edges. This equation is then solved by means of Green's function techniques. From this solution the admittance matrix and equivalent circuit of a slim, N-electrode piezoelectric bar are developed. Admittance functions were measured on several two-electrode bars; results agreed within 10 percent of theoretical predictions. The mathematical techniques utilized in this paper have applications which are not restricted to piezoelectric bars. These techniques are helpful for many piezoelectric problems in which it is desirable to perform analyses that do not increase in tediousness as electrode configuration increases in complexity.
A GaAs ACT/IC programmable wide-band analog signal processor

A programmable wideband analog signal processor based on an acoustic charge transport integrated circuit (ACTIC) has been developed for applications that benefit from the speed enhancements afforded by signal processing directly in the analog domain. The processor performs the digital equivalent of 45 billion multiply and accumulate operations per second. This processing power is made possible by the monolithic integration of an ACT delay line with GaAs digital and RF analog circuits. The signal processor is a transversal filter with 128 taps at 5.65-ns tap spacing. The weight of each tap is programmed with a 5-bit word which provides polarity and 4 bits of magnitude resolution. The signal processor has a wide range of potential commercial and military applications, including programmable bandpass filtering, adaptive interference cancellation, channel equalization, correlation, matched filtering, waveform and frequency synthesis, and spectral analysis. >
Thyroglobulin Degradation by Thyroidal Proteases: Action of Thiol Endopeptidases in Vitro *

We have obtained evidence of thiol endopeptidases in the thyroid which are active in thyroglobulin degradation in vitro. Four pepstatin-insensitive endopeptidase fractions were distinguished in extracts of rabbit thyroids by gel filtration on Bio-Gel A-0.5m. An enzyme from one fraction was obtained in highly purified form and was found to be identical to cathepsin B described in other tissues. Endopeptidases in the three remaining fractions were designated as cathepsins 180K, 110K, and 45K, respectively, on the basis of their estimated molecular size. These were partially purified by either organomercurial affinity chromatography or DEAE-cellulose chromatography. They are identified as thiol endopeptidases on the basis of their sensitivity to inhibition by both leupeptin and the thiol-blocking agent iodoacetic acid and by their activation with the reducing agent glutathione. Each is distinguished from cathepsin B on the basis of molecular size and limited ability to hydrolyze benzoylarginine-2-naphthylamide. The action of the thiol endopeptidases on [125I]thyroglobulin was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate or in sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea. In each instance, the initial peptide fragments were approximately 40-45K and 30K, with iodothyronine contents similar to or less than that of intact thyroglobulin. Later products of digestion than that of intact thyroglobulin. Later products of digestion included first, 20K peptides, which showed a low iodothyronine content, and finally, peptides of approximately 10K, which showed a 1.5-fold enrichment of T4 and T3 over that of intact thyroglobulin. Each of the thiol endopeptidases had a synergistic effect when incubated with cathepsin D and [125I]thyroglobulin. Among the products of such incubations were small iodopeptides, which were iodothyronine-enriched, and free T4, itself. The results show that thiol endopeptidases are present in the thyroid gland and are collectively as important as cathepsin D in the hydrolysis of thyroglobulin in vitro. The action of these enzymes must be considered along with that of cathepsin D in understanding thyroglobulin hydrolysis in vivo.
Occurrence of a Myxozoan Parasite Myxidium streisingeri n. sp. in Laboratory Zebrafish Danio rerio

Abstract: Over several years of screening diagnostic cases, the Zebrafish International Resource Center Health Services has encountered a myxozoan parasite of the ducts associated with the kidney in zebrafish, Danio rerio, from an average of 21% of facilities submitting specimens over 5 yr. The parasite is coelozoic and is associated with no appreciable histological changes. Plasmodia bear ovoid spores with 3 sutural ridges. Spores are consistent with the genus Myxidium, but they are distinct from any known species and are thus described as Myxidium streisingeri n. sp. Phylogenetically, this parasite is a member of the polyphyletic urinary bladder clade, which is consistent with the site of infection. The common occurrence of a myxozoan in this closed husbandry system is unexpected because these parasites are known to have complex life cycles, alternating between a vertebrate and invertebrate host. It may be that biofilters provide habitat for suitable invertebrate hosts or perhaps M. streisingeri n. sp....
A three-dimensional study of alveologenesis in mouse lung

Alveologenesis is the final step of lung maturation, which subdivides the alveolar region of the lung into smaller units called alveoli. Each of the nascent dividers serves as a new gas-exchange surface, and collectively they drastically increase the surface area for breathing. Disruption of alveologenesis results in simplification of alveoli, as is seen in premature infants diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a prevalent lung disease that is often associated with lifelong breathing deficiencies. To date, a majority of studies of alveologenesis rely on two-dimensional (2D) analysis of tissue sections. Given that an overarching theme of alveologenesis is thinning and extension of the epithelium and mesenchyme to facilitate gas exchange, often only a small portion of a cell or a cellular structure is represented in a single 2D plane. Here, we use a three-dimensional (3D) approach to examine the structural architecture and cellular composition of myofibroblasts, alveolar type 2 cells, elastin and lipid droplets in normal as well as BPD-like mouse lung. We found that 2D finger-like septal crests, commonly used to depict growing alveolar septae, are often artifacts of sectioning through fully established alveolar walls. Instead, a more accurate representation of growing septae are 3D ridges that are lined by platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-expressing myofibroblasts, as well as the elastin fibers that they produce. Accordingly in 3D, both α-SMA and elastin were each found in connected networks underlying the 3D septal ridges rather than as isolated dots at the tip of 2D septal crests. Analysis through representative stages of alveologenesis revealed unappreciated dynamic changes in these patterns. PDGFRA-expressing cells are only α-SMA-positive during the first phase of alveologenesis, but not in the second phase, suggesting that the two phases of septae formation may be driven by distinct mechanisms. Thin elastin fibers are already present in the alveolar region prior to alveologenesis, suggesting that during alveologenesis, there is not only new elastin deposition, but also extensive remodeling to transform thin and uniformly distributed fibers into thick cables that rim the nascent septae. Analysis of several genetic as well as hyperoxia-induced models of BPD revealed that the myofibroblast organization is perturbed in all, regardless of whether the origin of defect is epithelial, mesenchymal, endothelial or environmental. Finally, analysis of relative position of PDGFRA-positive cells and alveolar type 2 cells reveal that during alveologenesis, these two cell types are not always adjacent to one another. This result suggests that the niche and progenitor relationship afforded by their close juxtaposition in the adult lung may be a later acquired property. These insights revealed by 3D reconstruction of the septae set the foundation for future investigations of the mechanisms driving normal alveologenesis, as well as causes of alveolar simplification in BPD.
The Diverse Patterns of Metamorphosis in Gonostomatid Fishes - An Aid to Classification

The gonostomatid lightfishes rank second only to myctophid lantern-fishes in abundance in the sea. The gonostomatid genus Cyolothone has been singled out as the most abundant group of fishes in the ocean. These observations were based on abundance of adults in mid-water trawl hauls. If abundance is based on larvae, the gonostomatid genus Vinciguerria could be the most numerous group of fishes in the ocean. Without attempting to decide whether Cyolothone or Vinciguerria ranks first in abundance, we can assume that the gonostomatids obviously are an important group of oceanic fishes.
Educational Research and the Science of Education

This paper argues that educational research has not created a science of education in the sense of amassing the body of knowledge, skills, and values that, once acquired, would certify a candidate as a professional teacher. Educational research has not developed a science of education due to: the rigid boundaries between disciplines, the masculinization of research and the feminization of teaching, and the legacy of the grandmasters, Thorndike, James, and Dewey. The contemporary acceptance of interdisciplinary work, the occupational liberation of women and the advent of computers, and the availability of senior investigators in many different disciplines may make it a propitious time to create a true science of education.