cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ADAPTIVE VALUE OF AGGREGATION AMONG JUVENILE CARIBBEAN SPINY LOBSTER: AN EVALUATION USING INDIVIDUAL-BASED MODELING

Abstract Ontogenetic changes in gregariousness by pre-reproductive animals, like that observed in juvenile Caribbean spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus), may be adaptive and reflect size-specific changes in the effectiveness of aggregation in promoting survival. Alternatively, aggregation may simply result from changes in the distribution or availability of suitable habitat structure, or from other behaviors that enhance survival. There are currently two hypotheses explaining the potential benefits of gregarious behavior in juvenile spiny lobsters, both of which focus on increasing survivorship by reducing predation pressure: the group benefit hypothesis and the guide hypothesis. The group benefit hypothesis argues that aggregations of juvenile lobsters reduce individual susceptibility to predators because groups are better able to fend off attackers or benefit by dilution of risk. The guide hypothesis suggests that aggregation is a consequence of shelter seeking behavior, in which individuals searching for ...
Should you hire that nurse

Negligent hiring, retention, and supervision practices expose you to liability. Test your knowledge with the following questions, then check your answers at http://www.nursingmanagement.com.
Racial and ethnic differences in the transition to a teenage birth in the United States.

Context Rates of teenage childbearing are high in the United States, and they differ substantially by race and ethnicity and nativity status. Methods Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort were used to link characteristics of white, black, U.S.-born Hispanic and foreign-born Hispanic adolescents to teenage childbearing. Following a sample of 3,294 females aged 12–16 through age 19, discrete-time logistic regression analyses were used to examine which domains of teenagers’ lives were associated with the transition to a teenage birth for each racial and ethnic group, and whether these associations help explain racial and ethnic and nativity differences in this transition. Results In a baseline multivariate analysis controlling for age, compared with whites, foreign-born Hispanics had more than three times the odds of a teenage birth (odds ratio, 3.5), while blacks and native-born Hispanics had about twice the odds (2.1 and 1.9, respectively). Additional controls (for family environments; individual, peer and dating characteristics; characteristics of first sexual relationships; and subsequent sexual experience) reduced the difference between blacks and whites, and between foreign-born Hispanics and whites, and eliminated the difference between U.S.-born Hispanics and whites. Further, if racial or ethnic minority adolescents had the same distribution as did white teenagers across all characteristics, the predicted probability of a teenage birth would be reduced by 40% for blacks and 35% for U.S.-born Hispanics. Conclusions Differences in the context of adolescence may account for a substantial portion of racial, ethnic and nativity differences in teenage childbearing.
The Ancient African Past and the Field of Africana Studies

The ancient African past refers to deeds and events of African peoples documented or narrated through oral or written traditions or other means from the time of human beginnings until the modern pe...
Degranulated mast cells in the skin of adults with self-injurious behavior and neurodevelopmental disorders

The role of nociceptive processes in relation to chronic, tissue-damaging self-injury among individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders is poorly understood. Scientific investigation has been limited, in part, by the clinical reality that the majority of individuals with severe intellectual impairments have co-morbid communicative impairments making it difficult to ascertain information regarding pain. Recently, we found abnormal patterns of peripheral epidermal nerve fiber (ENF) innervation and increased neuropeptide (substance P; SP) content among a subset of individuals with chronic self-injury. Here, we provide initial evidence for peripheral neuro-immune activity specific to self-injury. Skin samples from non-injury body-matched sites were compared between non-verbal adults with and without self-injury matched on gender and disability level. Relative to disability-matched controls, individuals with chronic self-injury had significantly more degranulated mast cells and were more responsive to tactile stimulation during a sensory testing procedure. Thus, nociceptive mechanisms and peripheral afferent sensitization may play a part in mediating and maintaining chronic self-injury.
Primary Infundibular Stenosis and Pedigree Analysis in Three Golden Retriever Littermates

Three eight-week-old Golden Retriever puppy littermates were evaluated because of left basilar systolic murmurs and were diagnosed with primary infundibular stenosis. Pedigree analysis in this line was also performed to identify a mode of inheritance. All dogs were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis; two of the three had congenital lesions in addition to primary infundibular stenosis. Two additional affected dogs were identified in the line, and pedigree analysis suggested an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Another, unrelated golden retriever was also identified with isolated infundibular stenosis in the record database. Primary infundibular stenosis should be considered in the differential diagnoses for golden retriever dogs with a left basilar systolic murmur, and is often associated with complex congenital cardiac disease. Primary infundibular stenosis may worsen in severity with time, and in this line of dogs an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance is likely.
What guides early embryonic blood vessel formation

Survival of vertebrate embryos depends on their ability to assemble a correctly patterned, integrated network of blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients to developing tissues. The arrangement of larger caliber intraembryonic vessels, specification of arterial-venous identity, and proper placement of major branch points and arterial-venous connections are all precisely determined. A number of recent studies in both mammalian and nonmammalian vertebrate species, reviewed here, have now begun to reveal the major role played by genetically predetermined extrinsic cues in guiding the formation of early embryonic blood vessels and determining the global pattern of the vasculature.
Effects of centrifugal and coriolis forces on a hydromagnetic chimney convection in a mushy layer

Abstract Nonlinear buoyancy driven convection in the melt and in cylindrical chimneys in a mushy layer during alloy solidification and subjected to an externally imposed strong magnetic field is investigated under a high-gravity environment, where the rotation axis is inclined at an angle γ to the high-gravity vector. The convection in the chimneys produces freckles in the final form of the solidified material, which are imperfections that reduce the quality of the solidified material. Asymptotic and scaling analyses, in the limit of sufficiently large solutal Rayleigh number, are applied to a nonaxisymmetric nonlinear convection in a finite Prandtl number melt and in the chimneys. Ranges in the parameter space are found where chimney convection can be intensified or weakened with either increasing Coriolis parameter T or centrifugal acceleration parameter A . Chimney convection generally decreases with increasing magnetic parameter Q (Chandrasekhar number). Within certain parameter ranges, chimney convection can have a much lower amplitude and lower rate of change with respect to A or Q if T is large and if γ γ >180° keeping all the other parameter values the same as in the γ
Medial amygdalar aromatase neurons regulate aggression in both sexes

Aromatase-expressing neuroendocrine neurons in the vertebrate male brain synthesize estradiol from circulating testosterone. This locally produced estradiol controls neural circuits underlying courtship vocalization, mating, aggression, and territory marking in male mice. How aromatase-expressing neuronal populations control these diverse estrogen-dependent male behaviors is poorly understood, and the function, if any, of aromatase-expressing neurons in females is unclear. Using targeted genetic approaches, we show that aromatase-expressing neurons within the male posterodorsal medial amygdala (MeApd) regulate components of aggression, but not other estrogen-dependent male-typical behaviors. Remarkably, aromatase-expressing MeApd neurons in females are specifically required for components of maternal aggression, which we show is distinct from intermale aggression in pattern and execution. Thus, aromatase-expressing MeApd neurons control distinct forms of aggression in the two sexes. Moreover, our findings indicate that complex social behaviors are separable in a modular manner at the level of genetically identified neuronal populations.
Creating a Comanaged Obstetric/Intensive Care Unit

Women’s Health Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program The critically ill pregnant woman presents a complex challenge to physicians and nurses in obstetric and critical care specialties. Statistics suggest the overall estimate of obstetric patients in the United States who require critical care services is 1% to 3% annually. A multidisciplinary approach was taken to review the literature and create an environment where the complicated obstetric patient can receive comanaged care in a large, university hospital birth center. The key focus was to recognize complications of pregnancy and the effect of preexisting disease on pregnancy to care for the critically ill patient who has the potential to develop a life-threatening condition. Proposed Change The literature shows that most intensive care admissions for obstetric patients are secondary to obstetric complications (e.g., hypertensive disorders or hemorrhage) along with complications related to preexisting conditions (e.g., respiratory failure or diabetes) warranting a higher level of care. A proposal was developed using a comanaged approach of obstetric and critical care specialties to care for critically ill obstetric patients within a six-bed licensed intensive care unit (ICU) located in the birth center. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation A multidisciplinary team consisting of obstetric and critical care nursing; maternal–fetal medicine and critical care physicians; anesthesia, respiratory, pharmacy, and infection control was established to improve the assessment and management of the complicated obstetric patient. A change in culture and the need for additional education was identified within the birth center, and the facility recognized this unit as the place where the complicated obstetric patient would receive care. To implement the proposal, OB Triggers were developed to guide staff in identifying patients who would be transferred to the obstetric (OB)/ICU beds. A core team of nursing staff was established to take ownership of the unit and receive additional education on pregnancy complications and the effect of preexisting disease on pregnancy. Since the initiation of this project, an increase in the daily census of complicated patients per day in the six-bed OB/ICU unit has been demonstrated through cumulative statistics based on diagnosis coding. An increase in the amount of comanagement opportunities also has been demonstrated based on the admitting physician and consults. Implications for Nursing Practice The implementation of this project helped staff to recognize the importance of ongoing assessment of each patient by identifying complications of pregnancy that requires an increased level of care. In addition, the project has given all members of the health care team tools for recognizing the need for comanaged care and for implementing timely and well-coordinated interventions when faced with increasingly complicated patients at risk of life-threatening conditions.
Phosphocitrate Is Potentially a Disease-Modifying Drug for Noncrystal-Associated Osteoarthritis

Phosphocitrate (PC), a calcification inhibitor, inhibits the development of crystal-associated osteoarthritis (OA) in Hartley guinea pigs. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its disease-modifying effect remain elusive. This study sought to test the hypothesis that PC has calcium crystal-independent biological activities which are, at least in part, responsible for its disease-modifying activity. We found that PC inhibited the proliferation of OA fibroblast-like synoviocytes in the absence of calcium crystals. Consistent with its effect on cell proliferation, PC downregulated the expression of numerous genes classified in cell proliferation. PC also downregulated the expression of many genes classified in angiogenesis and inflammatory response including prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, interleukin-1 receptor, type I, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2. In contrast, PC upregulated the expression of many genes classified in musculoskeletal tissue development, including aggrecan, type I collagen, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5. These findings suggest that PC is not only a promising disease-modifying drug for crystal-associated OA but also for noncrystal-associated OA.
Osteological applications of high-resolution computed tomography: a prehistoric arrow injury

Abstract In comparison to conventional computed tomography (CT) and radiography, high-resolution CT is a superior means of visualizing and quantifying fine structures in a wide range of materials. Here the shape and size of a chert arrowhead lodged in a 700-year-old tibia from Norris Farms #36, Illinois, are identified, as are the bony response and the arrow's probable trajectory through the bone. The use of high-resolution CT – in this instance, to identify structures down to the level of individual trabeculae – can be used in other archaeological applications when fine details are important and specimens cannot be damaged by invasive (i.e., destructive) procedures.
Improved quantitative analysis of ion mobility spectrometry by chemometric multivariate calibration

Traditional peak-area calibration and the multivariate calibration methods of principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS), including unfolded PLS (U-PLS) and multi-way PLS (N-PLS), were evaluated for the quantification of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine (RDX) in Composition B explosive mixtures analyzed by temperature step desorption ion mobility spectrometry (TSD-IMS). TSD is a technique used to partially resolve mixture components before ion mobility analysis by exploiting differences in thermal desorption profiles. While TSD was used here, the results and conclusions presented are universally applicable to IMS. Although IMS is used extensively for trace explosive detection, it has not been sufficiently demonstrated in the past for the detailed analysis of specific compositions of explosive mixtures. This manuscript combines IMS with multivariate chemometric data methods to enhance the quantitative performance of IMS needed for detailed explosive analyses. This is demonstrated using data from the replicate TSD-IMS analyses of eight different Composition B samples. The true TNT and RDX concentrations were determined by analyzing the Composition B samples by high performance liquid chromatography with UV absorbance detection. Most of the Composition B samples were found to have distinct TNT and RDX concentrations. The data from each TSD-IMS analysis were a 2-D array that was reduced by averaging into a vector or mean IMS spectrum. Although the mean IMS peaks for TNT and RDX were sufficiently resolved to use peak area to generate linear calibration curves, the peak-area variability was too large to differentiate Composition B samples based on their predicted RDX and TNT concentrations. Applying PCR and PLS on the exact same IMS spectra used for the peak-area study improved quantitative accuracy and precision approximately 3-to 5-fold and 2- to 4-fold, respectively. This in turn improved the probability of correctly identifying Composition B samples based upon the estimated RDX and TNT concentrations from 11% with peak area to 44% and 89% with PLS. The success of PLS over peak area is attributed to multivariate signal averaging and the simultaneous maximization of correlation between the entire span of the IMS mean spectra and the known TNT and RDX concentrations. In this study, PLS also outperformed PCR and had similar quantitative results to U-PLS. In terms of N-PLS, its mean bias values were up to 2.8 times larger and the mean RSD values were at least 40% larger than those obtained by PLS.
Genetic evidence for the roles of the bud-site-selection genes BUD5 and BUD2 in control of the Rsr1p (Bud1p) GTPase in yeast

Abstract Yeast cells normally display either an axial (for MATa or MAT alpha cells) or bipolar (for MATa/alpha cells) pattern of bud-site selection. The RSR1 gene, which was previously identified as a multicopy suppressor of Ts- mutations in the bud-emergence gene CDC24, encodes a GTPase of the Ras family that is required for both budding patterns. Mutations in Rsr1p that presumably block its ability to bind or hydrolyze GTP cause a randomized budding phenotype, suggesting that regulators of Rsr1p will prove to be required for proper bud positioning. The BUD5 gene product is required for proper bud-site selection and contains similarity to GDP-dissociation stimulators (GDS) for Ras-type proteins, suggesting that Bud5p may be a GDS for Rsr1p. Here I report that BUD5 is required for wild-type RSR1, but not for mutationally activated rsr1val12, to serve as a multicopy suppressor of cdc24, indicating that Bud5p functions as a GDS for Rsr1p in vivo. To identify the GAP (GTPase-activating protein) for Rsr1p, a genetic selection was designed based on the observation that mutationally activated rsr1val12, but not wild-type RSR1, can serve as a multicopy suppressor of yeast RAS2(Ts) mutants. Mutants were selected that allowed wild-type RSR1 to act as a multicopy suppressor of RAS2(Ts). Two such mutations proved to be in the BUD2 gene, suggesting that Bud2p functions as a GAP for Rsr1p in vivo.
Movie theaters' suicide‐by‐advertising with income from abusing customers

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to examine US cinema audiences' reactions to advertising. Cinema advertising and other failures of customer relations management by movie exhibitors explains how consumers are discouraged from going to a cinema to see newly released movies. To avoid commercials, consumers increasingly turn to VCR rentals, DVD purchases and computer downloads, all of which feed production company profits at the expense of the movie theater owners.Design/methodology/approach – Historical observations on the origins and growth of cinema advertising in the USA, coupled with notes on the overall decline of the cinema viewing experience.Findings – Cinema advertising swiftly grew from “underused” to commonplace in the early 1980s, while losing track of theater owners' early concerns for potential harm to the viewing experience for ticket purchasers. The presence of advertising is not in itself the cause for consumer dislike of the theater experience, but the increasing quantity of message...
Inhibition of germinal vesicle breakdown in bovine oocytes by 5,6-dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB)

5,6-Dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) is an analog of the nucleoside adenosine that has been used to inhibit transcription in a variety of cell types. The present studies were designed to evaluate the ability of DRB to block germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in bovine oocytes matured in vitro and to characterize culture conditions required for DRB-mediated arrest of meiosis. Administration of DRB (60–90 μM) at 2–3 h intervals during culture of COC blocked GVBD in approximately 70 percent of oocytes. The inhibitory effect of DRB was reversible and required the presence of cumulus cells. Treatment with DRB was associated with a 57% decrease in 3H-uridine incorporation into total COC RNA and a 90.8% decrease into mRNA but did not affect the incorporation of 3H-leucine into COC proteins. The ability of DRB to arrest meiosis was significantly compromised if supplemental gonadotropin preparations were absent from the maturation media. Gonadotropin-induced GVBD as well as cumulus cell expansion was blocked by treatment with DRB but no with adenosine. GVBD in cultured bovine COC was initially inhibited and then stimulated when supplemental gonadotropin preparations were included in the culture media. DRB treatment in the presence of gonadotropin supplementation blocked the stimulatory effect of gonadotropins on GVBD. In conclusion, DRB can be used to arrest GVBD in bovine COC in a specific and reversible manner. The data support the hypothesis that gene transcription is required for the stimulatory phase of gonadotropin-mediated GVBD in cultured bovine COC. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evidence of Shoreface Retreat and In-Place “Drowning” During Holocene Submergence of Barriers, Shelf off Fire Island, New York

At different times within the Holocene period, the barriers on the shelf off Fire Island, Long Island, New York, have responded to submergence through the contrasting processes of in-place drowning and landward retreat. In-place drowning is indicated by evidence of a relict shoreline 7 km seaward of the present beach at a depth of −24 m. Sedimentologic criteria for locating this inferred relict shoreline consist of characteristic relict shoreface sediments on the seaward side and of characteristic relict backbarrier sediments on the landward side of a lenticular belt of sand from which no samples are available. Based on published submergence curves, this inferred relict shoreline is tentatively dated at 8,500 to 9,000 yr B.P. At about 7,500 yr B.P., the breaker zone is inferred to have “jumped” 5 km landward from this relict barrier to form a new chain of barriers 2 km seaward of the modern shore at a depth of −16 m. Two cores collected seaward of the present beach in 14 to 16 m of water contain backbarrier salt-marsh peat which has been dated at 7,750 ± 125 and 7,585 ± 125 radiocarbon years. The peat underlies offshore sand which forms part of the shoreface of the modern barrier. These cores are evidence that the −16-m barrier migrated continuously landward and eventually became the modern barrier. Inlet-filling sands can serve as indicators of former locations of barriers and as criteria for determining whether barriers have been drowned in place or have migrated landward. If a barrier migrates continuously landward, it should leave behind a blanket of inlet-filling sands. If a barrier drowns in place, inlet-filling sands should form only narrow, linear lenses parallel to the shore.
Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni Instabilities of Low-Prandtl-Number Fluid in a Vertical Cylinder with Lateral Heating

A stability analysis of Rayleigh-Benard-Marangoni flow of a low-Prandtl-number fluid in an open vertical cylinder is presented. The cylinder is heated laterally and cooled at the free surface by radiation. The governing equations are solved for axisymmetric base flow using a high-order finite-difference scheme. Small perturbations are applied to the base flow to determine the critical Marangoni number and Grashof number at which the axisymmetry is broken. Critical Grashof numbers are obtained over a wide range of Marangoni number and at different boundary conditions. It is found that the thermocapillary effect stabilizes the convective flow driven by buoyancy.
Alterations in cardiac lymph dynamics in acute myocardial ischemia in dogs

Abstract Lymph-flow rate and lymph composition were measured in the first 4 hr of acute myocardial ischemia in anesthetized dogs. Ligation of the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery resulted in significant reductions in arterial blood pressure and heart rate as well as in an increase in S-T segment voltage of the electrocardiogram within 1 hr of coronary artery ligation. Two hours after the induction of myocardial ischemia, significant increases occurred in creatine phosphokinase activity present in cardiac lymph. Three hours after the onset of ischemia, lymph-flow rate increased. Both increases continued for the remainder of the 4-hr observation period. At the end of the 4-hr period, there were significant decreases in the bound activity of the lysosomal protease, cathepsin D, indicative of lysosomal disruption. Moreover, there was a significantly elevated lymph/plasma ratio of the globulins, indicative of increased coronary capillary permeability. None of these changes occurred in sham-operated dogs. These results suggest that lysosomal disruption occurs early in myocardial ischemia. These and other factors may lead to an increased capillary permeability which promotes the uptake of protein in the cardiac extracellular fluid. These proteins including intramyocardial cell enzymes are carried back to the systemic blood, in large part, by cardiac lymphatic vessels. Measurements of cardiac lymph thus provide considerable useful information about the pathophysiologic processes occurring in myocardial ischemia.
Promoting Mother-Child Attachment: Review of the Past and Recommendations for Future Intervention

Research spanning the fields of social, developmental, and neuropsychology provides cogent and comprehensive evidence that experiences in the very early years of a child's life serve as a foundatio...
Two complementary techniques for digitized document analysis

Two complementary methods are proposed for characterizing the spatial structure of digitized technical documents and labelling various logical components without using optical character recognition. The top-down method segments and labels the page image simultaneously using publication-specific information in the form of a page-grammar. The bottom-up method naively segments the document into rectangles that contain individual connected components, combines blocks using knowledge about generic layout objects, and identifies logical objects using publication-specific knowledge. Both methods are based on the X-Y tree representation of a page image. The procedures are demonstrated on scanned and synthesized bit-maps of the title pages of technical articles.
EK2 derivatives of bacteriophage lambda useful in the cloning of DNA from higher organisms: the lambdagtWES system

A derivative of bacteriophage lambda has been modified and tested together with an appropriate host system to meet the criteria of EK2 biologic containment for cloning DNA from higher organisms. In this report certain of the safety features are summarized and some of the tests carried out to confirm the containment properties of the vector are described. The cloning efficiency of this system, together with available gene purification and hybrid screening technology, indicate that it can be used to clone DNA fragments carrying specific, unique mammalian genes.
Tenofovir nephrotoxicity: acute tubular necrosis with distinctive clinical, pathological, and mitochondrial abnormalities

Tenofovir, a widely prescribed antiretroviral medication for treatment of HIV-1 infection, is infrequently associated with renal dysfunction and biopsy findings of acute tubular necrosis. We examined the clinical and pathological findings in 13 cases of tenofovir nephrotoxicity (7 men and 6 women, mean age of 51.1±9.6 years). Patients received tenofovir therapy for a mean of 19.6 months (range, 3 weeks to 8 years; median 8 months). Nine patients presented with acute kidney injury, and four had mild renal insufficiency with subnephrotic proteinuria. Mean baseline serum creatinine was 1.3±0.3 mg/dl, reaching 5.7±4.0 mg/dl at the time of biopsy, with mean proteinuria of 1.6±0.3 g/day. Glycosuria was documented in seven patients, five of whom were normoglycemic. Renal biopsy revealed toxic acute tubular necrosis, with distinctive proximal tubular eosinophilic inclusions representing giant mitochondria visible by light microscopy. Electron microscopy showed mitochondrial enlargement, depletion, and dysmorphic changes. Clinical follow-up after tenofovir discontinuation was available for 11 of 13 patients (mean duration 13.6 months). Significant recovery of renal function occurred in all patients, including four who required transient hemodialysis. Our study shows that tenofovir nephrotoxicity is a largely reversible form of toxic acute tubular necrosis targeting proximal tubules and manifesting distinctive light microscopic and ultrastructural features of mitochondrial injury.
Identification of volatile and semivolatile compounds in chemical ionization GC-MS using a Mass-To-Structure (MTS) Search Engine with integral isotope pattern ranking

The mass-to-structure or MTS Search Engine is an Access 2010 database containing theoretical molecular mass information for 19 438 compounds assembled from common sources such as the Merck Index, pesticide and pharmaceutical compilations, and chemical catalogues. This database, which contains no experimental mass spectral data, was developed as an aid to identification of compounds in atmospheric pressure ionization (API)-LC-MS. This paper describes a powerful upgrade to this database, a fully integrated utility for filtering or ranking candidates based on isotope ratios and patterns. The new MTS Search Engine is applied here to the identification of volatile and semivolatile compounds including pesticides, nitrosoamines and other pollutants. Methane and isobutane chemical ionization (CI) GC-MS spectra were obtained from unit mass resolution mass spectrometers to determine MH+ masses and isotope ratios. Isotopes were measured accurately with errors of <4% and <6%, respectively, for A + 1 and A + 2 peaks. Deconvolution of interfering isotope clusters (e.g., M+ and [M − H]+) was required for accurate determination of the A + 1 isotope in halogenated compounds. Integrating the isotope data greatly improved the speed and accuracy of the database identifications. The database accurately identified unknowns from isobutane CI spectra in 100% of cases where as many as 40 candidates satisfied the mass tolerance. The paper describes the development and basic operation of the new MTS Search Engine and details performance testing with over 50 model compounds.
TRFolder: computational prediction of novel telomerase RNA structures in yeast genomes

The identification of Telomerase RNAs (TRs) has been difficult owing to their rapid evolutionary divergence. The common core structure found in all known TRs contains a pseudoknot and a triple helix, which are beyond the capability of existing RNA-structure-profiling techniques. We describe a novel approach to predict the structure of key TR features and to aid the identification of TRs in genomes, using a program we developed, TRFolder. We applied our method to confirm and improve previously studied core structures from Saccharomyces and Kluyveromyces TRs. We made novel structural predictions of core elements of the TRs from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida albicans, and several other yeast species.
Radiation Effects On Gallium Arsenide Integrated Optical Devices

We discuss gallium arsenide integrated optical devices for high speed diagnostic systems. Specifically, we focus on the effect of radiation exposure on the performance characteristics of these devices.
Image reconstruction over a finite field of view

The reconstruction of images from profiles has recently received wide attention as the result of the development of x-ray scanners that produce tomograms, or density maps of thin slices through an organ, without the presence of confusing contributions from background or foreground objects situated out of the slice of interest. This very important application to medical imagery now invites further development along many lines. Reduction of scanning time is necessary, both to increase the amount of work that one instrument can do and to permit work on moving organs such as the lungs and heart. Reduction of x-ray dosage is also desirable.
Wall effects on flow past fluid spheres at finite Reynolds number : wake structure and drag correlations

Abstract Following the pioneering works of Leal and coworkers, a detailed report is made on the dynamics of recirculating wakes that form at finite Reynolds number Re due to vorticity accumulation at the rear of a fluid sphere that is either suspended in a tube by an upflowing fluid ( the fluidized drop problem ) or falling in a tube ( the falling drop problem ). The axisymmetric, steady flow of a Newtonian fluid past the fluid sphere is determined by finite element analysis using a consistent penalty formulation. By way of example, the flow past a fluid sphere that is falling in a tube for which the ratio of the tube radius to the drop radius 1 λ = 5 undergoes remarkable transitions when the ratio of the viscosity of the drop to that of the ambient fluid, κ, varies over a narrow range. When κ ≤ 2.75, no wake forms behind the sphere as Re increases. When 3 ≤ κ Re = Re c (1) , grows, and eventually disappears as Re rises above a certain amount Re c (2) . Remarkably, when κ = 3, these critical Reynolds numbers are as low as Re c (1) = 51 ± 1 and Re c (2) = 77 ± 1. When κ ≥ 10, it is shown by using as many as 46,000 velocity degrees of freedom that the detached eddy attaches to the drop when Re exceeds a critical value, Re ≥ Re c ∗ , which was heretofore unknown. Whereas only a single, large-primary-eddy is present inside the drop when Re c ∗ , a second but much smaller-secondary-eddy also forms inside the drop upon attachment. Two new correlations are developed that account for the effects of a tube wall and finite fluid inertia on drag for fluidized and falling droplets. Moreover, in contrast to related correlations of others for fluid spheres that are placed in an infinite expanse of ambient fluid, the new correlations are valid over the entire range of Reynolds numbers considered.
Young Children’s Color Preferences in the Interior Environment

This study focuses on children’s color preferences in the interior environment. Previous studies highlight young children’s preferences for the colors red and blue. The methods of this study used a rank ordering technique and a semi-structured interview process with 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children. Findings reveal that children prefer the color red in the interior environment. The color purple was preferred by girls. Cool colors were favored over warm colors. Recommendations are made for application of color in the child development environment.
A Role for Estradiol in Enhancing Luteinizing Hormone Pulse Frequency during the Follicular Phase of the Estrous Cycle of Sheep

Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the increased frequency of LH pulses during the follicular phase of the sheep estrous cycle can be explained by the withdrawal of progesterone. This steroid imposes a profound inhibition of LH pulse frequency in the luteal phase. Experimental ewes were ovariectomized in the late luteal phase of the estrous cycle and divided into three groups: 1) no estradiol provided; 2) basal estradiol maintained at 1-2 pg/ml by small sc Silastic estradiol implants; and 3) peak estradiol of 5-6 pg/ml provided by larger estradiol implants. Control ewes had intact ovaries; their follicular phases were synchronized by insertion and subsequent removal of progesterone implants. LH pulses were monitored beginning 24 h after ovariectomy of experimental ewes or progesterone implant removal from intact control ewes. In the follicular phase controls, LH pulse frequency increased 3- to 4-fold after progesterone withdrawal, reaching up to two pulses per h. When estradiol was not provided after ovariectomy of experimental ewes, LH pulse frequency also increased, but not to the extent seen in the follicular phase control. This high frequency was achieved, however, in experimental ewes treated with either basal or peak estradiol. Both estradiol treatments also reduced LH pulse amplitude. These results fail to support the hypothesis that the high frequency of LH pulses in the follicular phase is solely a consequence of progesterone withdrawal at luteolysis. Rather, they suggest that estradiol (but not necessarily rising estradiol) also contributes to the high frequency pulses of LH that occur in the ewe at this time.
Spatial linear analysis of the flow in a solid rocket motor with burning walls

Abstract A theoretical investigation of the coupling between the core flow process and combustion sublayer process in a rocket chamber flow is presented. The focus of the investigation is on penetration of chamber disturbances into the sublayer and on the burn rate characteristic responses. Characteristic solutions to the local non-parallel instability problem supported by gasifying propellant in a double slab geometry are sought. In the fully decoupled limit the only characteristic solution response is a pressure response, thus comparisons between coupled and decoupled pressure responses are presented. The propellant is typified by a set of burning characteristics, and their effect on the coupling is explored. The goal of the analysis is to clarify the extent strand burning characteristics (i.e., in zero cross flow conditions) can affect burn rate perturbations leading to the phenomenon of erosive burning. The findings of this research agree with experimental studies as it regards the effect of burning parameters on erosive behavior. Change in erosive sensitivity with propellant characteristics is thus correlated with a change in the core–sublayer interaction.
Large Arctic Temperature Change at the Wisconsin-Holocene Glacial Transition

Analysis of borehole temperature and Greenland Ice Sheet Project II ice-core isotopic composition reveals that the warming from average glacial conditions to the Holocene in central Greenland was large, approximately 15°C. This is at least three times the coincident temperature change in the tropics and mid-latitudes. The coldest periods of the last glacial were probably 21°C colder than at present over the Greenland ice sheet.
Effects of prostaglandin F2a on aggregation of canine platelets

Abstract The effect of PGF 2a on canine platelet aggregation (PA) was examined, using submaximal, supra-threshold amounts of adenosine-5′-diphosphate (ADP) as initiator. PGF 2a (100 ng/ml-10 ug/ml) stimulated PA. Epinephrine (Epi) is a stimulator of PA initiated by ADP. PGF stimulation was synergistic with Epi stimulation. PGF affects BPA over a similar concentration range as PGE 1 and PGE 2 (inhibit and stimulate, respectively).
Achieving Fair or Differentiated Cache Sharing in Power-Constrained Chip Multiprocessors

Limiting the peak power consumption of chip multiprocessors (CMPs) has recently received a lot of attention. In order to enable chip-level power capping, the peak power consumption of on-chip L2 caches in a CMP often needs to be constrained by dynamically transitioning selected cache banks into low-power modes. However, dynamic cache resizing for power capping may cause undesired long cache access latencies, and even thread starving and thrashing, for the applications running on the CMP. In this paper, we propose a novel cache management strategy that can limit the peak power consumption of L2 caches and provide fairness guarantees, such that the cache access latencies of the application threads co-scheduled on the CMP are impacted more uniformly. Our strategy is also extended to provide differentiated cache latency guarantees that can help the OS to enforce the desired thread priorities at the architectural level and achieve desired rates of thread progress for co-scheduled applications. Our solution features a two-tier control architecture rigorously designed based on advanced feedback control theory for guaranteed control accuracy and system stability. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that our solution can achieve the desired cache power capping, fair or differentiated cache sharing, and power-performance tradeoffs for many applications.
The Silent Story: Using Computer-Aided Text Analysis to Predict Entrepreneurial Performance

To provide a naturalistic, empirical analysis of entrepreneurial decision-making through textual analysis, DICTION is used to analyse student journal entries made in conjunction with an entrepreneurship simulation used widely in teaching entrepreneurship. Concrete terms are used as a proxy for action orientation and cognition-related words as a proxy for analytical orientation. Being disposed toward cognitive activity instead of concrete action detracts from performance. To the degree that one’s use of language reflects underlying thought patterns, thinking concretely is a desirable trait for entrepreneurs. This article contributes to research conducted in a naturalistic environment and allows for a closer examination of cognitive processes by analysing the kinds of words used. The article also introduces CATA as a viable methodological tool for the entrepreneurship domain.
The institutionalization of unethical behavior

There is a possibility that the ethical problems that have recently surfaced at General Electric, E. F. Hutton and General Dynamics are not simple anomalies, but the direct result of corporate pressures on individual managers. The author looks at the nature of these pressures, which come from the strategic planning systems in use at most large corporations, and concludes that the current emphasis upon improvements in competitive positioning have led many managers to take actions that are directly contrary to the moral standards, either explicit or implied, of their organizations.
Recent advances in the anionic synthesis of chain‐end functionalized polymers

Recent results for the preparation of chain-end functionalized polymers using alkyllithium-initiated anionic polymerization are described. Termination with 4-chloro-1,1,1-trimethoxybutane has been used to prepare trimethoxy ortho ester (carboxyl)-functionalized polymers. Functionalization with the oxiranes, glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3,4-epoxy-1-butene and 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,3-epoxypropane, has been investigated to prepare trimethoxysilyl-functionalized polymers, 1,3-diene-functionalized macromonomers and trifluoromethyl-functionalized polymers, respectively. Secondary amine-functionalized polymers have been prepared by termination with N-(benzylidene)methylamine and also using an N-benzyl tertiary amine-functionalized alkyllithium initiator followed by hydrogenolysis of the benzyl group.
Density Functional Study of H−D Coupling Constants in Heavy Metal Dihydrogen and Dihydride Complexes: The Role of Geometry, Spin−Orbit Coupling, and Gradient Corrections in the Exchange-Correlation Kernel

The H-D nuclear spin-spin coupling constants J(H-D) of 14 heavy transition-metal dihydrogen and dihydride complexes were calculated with density functional theory using the "zeroth-order regular approximation" (ZORA) for the one-electron operators. The applied gradient-corrected density functional was able to achieve an average agreement with experimental data that is almost comparable to what has been obtained recently with hybrid functionals [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 14249]. However, a systematic overestimation of J(H-D) for complexes with short H-D distances was obtained, which could be traced back to problems of the gradient functional to describe the H-D coupling in free dihydrogen well. We implemented gradient corrections for the exchange-correlation (XC) kernel and employed a basis sets with high-exponent 1s function for the coupled hydrogens. The gradient terms in the XC kernel turned out to be very important in order to achieve reasonable agreement with experimental coupling constants. On the other hand, our study reveals that spin-orbit relativistic corrections on the H-D coupling constants are comparatively small and need not to be considered at the accuracy level of currently available "standard" density functionals. The discussion of the results highlights the strong dependence of the coupling constants on the H-D distance and the possibility of large vibrational contributions to them. We also discuss the coupling constant for the hydrogen molecule in detail because of its relevance to the coupling in dihydrogen and dihydride complexes.
Simple Spectrum Analysis In Laser Doppler Studies Of Sinusoidal Vibrations

In laser Doppler vibrometry of sinusoidal vibration, direct analysis of the photodetector output or the heterodyne signal using a spectrum analyzer is emphasized. A technique utilizing the spectra at the carrier frequency and the first sideband is proposed for unambiguous analysis of the vibration amplitude. Experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed technique.
Changes in beliefs about medications during long-term care for ischemic heart disease

Background Beliefs such as self-reported low necessity for medications and high concerns about medications are associated with nonadherence. Changes in these beliefs during long-term care have not previously been studied and were evaluated for purposes of this analysis. Methods From January 2006 through September 2007, patients at 41 hospitals who met entry criteria for the CRUSADE Quality Improvement Initiative were consented for participation in a longitudinal follow-up survey study called MAINTAIN . The patients completed The Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire at 3 and 12 months postdischarge to assess necessity and concerns related to heart medications. Internal reliability and construct validity of the survey were evaluated at both time points. Changes in necessity and concern scores from 3 to 12 months were determined, and factors associated with negative changes were explored. Results A total of 812 patients completed both surveys. Internal reliability and construct validity were good. From 3 to 12 months, only 9.2% of patients shifted from a high to low necessity score; however, 20.7% of patients shifted from a low to high concern score. Factors found to be statistically significantly and independently associated with increased concern were the perception that the provider did not listen carefully to the patient (odds ratio [OR] 2.63, 95% CI 1.49-4.76), depression at 12 months (OR 2.95, 95% CI 1.57-5.55), hospital discharge with ≥7 medications (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.07-2.74), and not receiving a medication list/instructions at hospital discharge (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.05, 2.78). Factors associated with decreased necessity included not having a cardiologist (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.34-3.83) and nonpersistence at 12 months with lipid-lowering medication (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.01-3.45). Conclusions One third of the patients reported a negative change in their beliefs about heart medications. Although some changes were observed in perceived necessity, negative changes in concerns occurred in 1 of every 5 patients. Interventions that address these concerns may be useful in improving adherence and clinical outcomes.
Consumer search and alternative market equilibria

A general model is presented for studying the connection between imperfect information and imperfect competition, comparing the methodology involved in generating monopolistic competition due to consumers' imperfect information with the methodology involved in generating monopolistic competition due to product differentiation. The model specifically shows how different monopolistically competitive equilibria may arise from consumers' imperfect information regarding different prices of a homogeneous commodity. Under such a structure, there is no longer one market place, each firm may constitute a local market, and different consumers with different search costs may equilibrate the market at different prices. The nature of the differences in consumers' search costs determine what type of an equilibrium arises: a pefectly competitive, a monopolistically competitive, or a two-price equilibrium. There is need for a dynamic model that deals with the problems of maintained ignorance and the possibility of a firm's acquiring a price reputation over time.