cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling correlated main‐chain motions in proteins for flexible molecular recognition

We describe a new method for modeling protein and ligand main-chain flexibility, and show its ability to model flexible molecular recognition. The goal is to sample the full conformational space, including large-scale motions that typically cannot be reached in molecular dynamics simulations due to the computational intensity, as well as conformations that have not been observed yet by crystallography or NMR. A secondary goal is to assess the degree of flexibility consistent with protein-ligand recognition. Flexibility analysis of the target protein is performed using the graph-theoretic algorithm FIRST, which also identifies coupled networks of covalent and noncovalent bonds within the protein. The available conformations of the flexible regions are then explored with ROCK by random-walk sampling of the rotatable bonds. ROCK explores correlated motions by only sampling dihedral angles that preserve the coupled bond networks in the protein and generates conformers with good stereochemistry, without using a computationally expensive potential function. A representative set of the conformational ensemble generated this way can be used as targets for docking with SLIDE, which handles the flexibility of protein and ligand side-chains. The realism of this protein main-chain conformational sampling is assessed by comparison with time-resolved NMR studies of cyclophilin A motions. ROCK is also effective for modeling the flexibility of large cyclic and polycyclic ligands, as demonstrated for cyclosporin and zearalenol. The use of this combined approach to perform docking with main-chain flexibility is illustrated for the cyclophilin A-cyclosporin complex and the estrogen receptor in complex with zearalenol, while addressing the question of how much flexibility is allowed without hindering molecular recognition.
Acquired von Willebrand Disease: Concise Review of Occurrence, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Treatment

Acquired von Willebrand disease (AvWD) is a rare complication of an autoimmune or neoplastic disease. It is associated mostly with a lymphoid or plasma cell proliferative disorder. The clinical manifestations are similar to congenital von Willebrand disease. Diagnosis is confirmed by the demonstration of decreased levels of factor VIII coagulant activity (VIII:C), ristocetin cofactor activity (vWF:RCo), and von Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen (vWF:Ag). vWF multimer analysis usually reveals a type II defect with decreased abundance of higher molecular weight vWF multimers. Various pathogenetic mechanisms have been described, including the development of anti-vWF antibodies and adsorption of vWF by tumor cells. Successful management approaches have included treatment of the underlying disorder, infusion of high-dose gamma globulin, replacement therapy with factor VIII/vWF concentrates, intravenous infusion of desmopressin, and administration of corticosteroids.
The Tensile Properties of Aluminum Alloys Formed at Cryogenic Temperatures

It is well known that the mechanical properties of 301 stainless steel are greatly enhanced by forming at cryogenic temperatures [1,2]. This procedure is sufficiently advantageous that the technique of “cryoforming” stainless steels has become a fairly standard procedure, and such products are available from several suppliers.
Comparison of three satellite sensors at three spatial scales to predict larval mosquito presence in Connecticut wetlands

Abstract Satellite imagery can be used to identify suitable habitat for mosquitoes in areas inaccessible or lacking sufficient ground-based information about the environment but current applications are limited by the spatial and spectral resolution of the sensors. Here, models used to compare prediction of the presence of Anopheles punctipennis larvae in Connecticut wetlands were built using stepwise logistic regression and compared by Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC). Vegetation indices were extracted from three satellite sensor scenes (Hyperion, ASTER and Landsat-TM) at three scales (pixel, wetland perimeter, and wetland area). The best models were developed using ASTER (ROC = 0.80, p = 0.01, AIC 65.37) and Hyperion (ROC = 0.81, p
The Longitudinal Course of Depression in Adoptive and Birth Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disabilities.

Abstract This report extends by an additional 6 years the longitudinal research of Glidden and Schoolcraft, who found that adoptive mothers of children with intellectual disabilities displayed low depression at the initial time of adoption and thereafter, whereas birth mothers reported significantly higher levels when their children were first diagnosed, but not at later times. Depression remained low during the current time of measurement, but mothers who had relatively high depression earlier still reported higher depression even after 17 years. Individual differences were especially consistent for adoptive mothers during the latest 6-year period, perhaps reflecting the endogenous nature of their depression.
College and University President Pay and Future Performance

SYNOPSIS: Just as with executive compensation in the corporate environment, the pay of university presidents has come under scrutiny. In this study, we examine the link between the level of abnormal compensation for university presidents in the current period and the subsequent performance of the university. We find that private schools awarding “excess” compensation (relative to schools with similar characteristics) improve their reputation and resources to a greater extent in the next two years than private schools not awarding “excess” compensation. Our results suggest that some portion of what appears to be excess pay in private schools is related to differences in the president's ability to deliver performance changes that would be valued by the university's stakeholders. Specifically, we find that private schools reward improvements in academic quality, but do not reward improvements in the academic environment such as reductions in class size. Conversely, what appears to be excess compensation in p...
Balanced repeated replications based on orthogonal multi-arrays

SUMMARY To obtain variance estimates in stratified sampling with possibly unequal numbers of primary sampling units per stratum, one can either randomly divide the units in each stratum into two groups and apply the balanced half-samples method to these groups, or use mixed orthogonal arrays to form a set of balanced subsamples. With the first technique, resulting variance estimates can be very inefficient, and with the second technique it can be difficult to construct orthogonal arrays with a small number of replicates for a given stratified design. The proposed extension of the orthogonal array method to orthogonal multi-arrays retains all of the orthogonal array method's desirable properties but allows greater flexibility in construction, and thus can handle more complex stratified designs using fewer replicates.
Using Multimedia Tools to Support Teacher Candidates’ Learning

Content Acquisition Podcasts (CAPs), created using Mayer’s Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning, are a form of instructional technology that can deliver critical course content and be used by teacher educators to conserve limited face-to-face instructional time. In this study, the authors investigate whether the sequence of instruction for CAP exposure (preview or review) paired with textbook reading affected knowledge gains on topics related to students with disabilities. They randomly assign preservice teacher candidates from two large public universities to one of three conditions: (a) CAP exposure preceding reading, (b) CAP exposure following reading, and (c) reading with graphic organizer/outline alone. A 40-item multiple-choice pre- and posttest measured participant knowledge of two topics: “Learning Disabilities” and “High-Functioning Autism.” Students in both CAP groups significantly outperformed students from the Text-Only group on both experiments, but order of CAP exposure did not result in ...
Current Technology to Maximize Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Benefit for Patients With Symptomatic Heart Failure

The incidence of heart failure (HF) continues to increase, affecting millions of people in the United States each year. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been used and studied for patients with symptomatic HF for more than 20 years. The purpose of this article is to review technologies and developments to help maximize CRT for patients with symptomatic HF. Although most interventions to optimize CRT are physician directed, nurses also have an important role in the care and education of patients with symptomatic HF and can affect clinical outcomes. Therefore, nurses' understanding of CRT and measures to maximize this life-saving therapy is critical in HF management.
Critical Values For Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient

This table contains critical values, rα,n, for Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient, rS, where n is the number of pairs of observations and P(rs ≥ rα,n) = α.
Nondestructive characterization of woven fabric ceramic composites

Woven fabric ceramic composites fabricated by the chemical vapor infiltration method are susceptible to high void content and inhomogeneity. The condition of such materials may be characterized nondestructively with ultrasonic methods. In this work, longitudinal and shear waves were used in the quantitative determination of elastic constants of NicalonTM/SiC composites as a function of volume percent of porosity. Elastic stiffness constants were obtained for both the inplane and out-of-plane directions with respect to fiber fabric. The effect of porosity on the modulus of woven fabric composites was also modelled and compared to the measured results. Scan images based on the amplitude and time-of-flight of radio frequency (RF) ultrasonic pulses were used for evaluating the material homogeneity for the purpose of optimizing the manufacturing process and for correlation with the mechanical testing results.
In Vivo Detection of Oral Epithelial Pre-Cancer and Cancer by Endogenous Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM) Endoscopy

Endogenous FLIM images are being acquired in vivo from patients undergoing tissue biopsy of oral lesions. Preliminary results (20 patients) strongly suggest the potential of endogenous FLIM for detecting oral pre-cancer/cancer from benign conditions.
Bcl-2 antisense therapy in multiple myeloma.

Most malignant plasma cells overexpress Bcl-2, which contributes to resistance against apoptosis induced by dexamethasone and other anticancer agents. Oblimersen sodium (Genasense, previously known as G3139), an antisense oligonucleotide that specifically binds to bcl-2 messenger RNA, decreases production of Bcl-2 protein in both human myeloma cell lines, as well as in ex vivo purified myeloma cells, and enhances the cytotoxicity of dexamethasone and doxorubicin. Combining oblimersen with other anticancer agents represents a therapyenhancing strategy to reverse the multidrug resistance seen in multiple myeloma (MM). Phase II trials are evaluating the potential role of oblimersen in reversing resistance to standard therapies. Preliminary results from these trials in patients with refractory or relapsed MM indicate that the combination of oblimersen with dexamethasone/ thalidomide (Thalomid) or vincristine/doxorubicin/dexamethasone is active and well tolerated and that oblimersen may help overcome chemotherapy resistance and restore sensitivity to MM cells. A randomized phase III clinical trial comparing dexamethasone plus oblimersen with dexamethasone alone in patients with relapsed or refractory myeloma has completed enrollment, with results expected to be available in 2004. Future studies will focus on the role of oblimersen in combination with novel biologic agents such as bortezomib (Velcade).
Unsupervised object region proposals for RGB-D indoor scenes

A novel scene structure guided framework for object region proposals is proposed.The RGB-Depth object proposal framework is completely unsupervised.A novel 3D plane segmentation algorithm for predominant plane structures is proposed.The number of proposals is much less than the state-of-the-arts. In this paper, we present a novel unsupervised framework for automatically generating bottom up class independent object candidates for detection and recognition in cluttered indoor environments. Utilizing raw depth map from active sensors such as Kinect, we propose a novel plane segmentation algorithm for dividing an indoor scene into predominant planar regions and non-planar regions. Based on this partition, we are able to effectively predict object locations and their spatial extensions. Our approach automatically generates object proposals considering five different aspects: Non-planar Regions (NPR), Planar Regions (PR), Detected Planes (DP), Merged Detected Planes (MDP) and Hierarchical Clustering (HC) of 3D point clouds. Object region proposals include both bounding boxes and instance segments. Our approach achieves very competitive results and is even able to outperform supervised state-of-the-art algorithms on the challenging NYU-v2 RGB-Depth dataset. In addition, we apply our approach to the most recently released large scale RGB-Depth dataset from Princeton University - "SUN RGBD", which utilizes four different depth sensors. Its consistent performance demonstrates a general applicability of our approach.
Responses of Bat Social Groups to Roost Loss: More Questions Than Answers

Though characterization of, and understanding determinants of, social structure in bats is increasing, little is known about how bat social groups respond to disturbance resulting in roost loss. Given that many species of bats roost in ephemeral or transitory resources such as plants, it is clear that bat social groups can tolerate some level of roost loss. Understanding responses of bat social groups to roost loss can provide insight into social structure that have applied conservation use. Herein, we review the existing literature on the effects of disturbance on bat social groups, and present a parameterizable agent-based model that can be used to explore the relationships among roost dynamics, population dynamics, and social behavior.
Dynamics of early stem cell recruitment in skin flaps subjected to ischemia reperfusion injury

Abstract Objective Bone marrow-derived stromal cell (BMSCs) therapy improves survival of skin flaps subject to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, very little is known about the trafficking and distribution of BMSCs in post-ischemic skin tissue following intravenous administration. The aim of this study was to assess the behavior of BMSCs in post-ischemic skin flaps and to compare the magnitude and kinetics of accumulation of BMSCs and leukocytes following I/R. Methods Cutaneous flaps perfused by the inferior epigastric vessels were created in C57Bl6 mice. The flaps were subjected to 3.5h of ischemia followed by reperfusion. Wound healing and vascular perfusion were assessed in 3 groups of mice (sham, I/R, and I/R+BMSCs treatment) on days 3, 5, 7 and 14 post-reperfusion. The kinetics and magnitude of BMSCs and leukocyte recruitment were quantified in additional 2 groups (Sham and I/R) after I/R using intravital fluorescence microscopy at 2 and 4h after the intravenous injection of fluorescently labeled BMSCs. Results Wound healing after I/R was significantly enhanced in skin flaps of mice treated with BMSCs, compared to controls. The rolling velocity of BMSCs was higher compared to leukocytes both in control mice (32.4±3.7μm/s vs 24.0±2.2μm/s, p Conclusions The magnitude and kinetics of BMSCs recruitment in skin flaps subjected to I/R are not significantly different from the responses noted for leukocytes, suggesting that similar mechanisms may be involved in the recruitment of both cell populations following I/R.
A high temperature active GaN-HEMT downconversion mixer for downhole communications

As oil and gas industry drills deeper, temperatures of wells can exceed 210 °C. Conventional cooling and heat extraction techniques are impractical in the harsh environment, which necessitates reliable electronic systems to operate at high temperatures. This paper presents a high temperature RF downconversion mixer targeted for downhole communications. The proposed mixer is developed with a commercial Gallium Nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistor (HEMT). The RF band for the mixer is 230–253 MHz and the IF frequency is 97.5 MHz. The mixer achieves the conversion gain of 6 dB at LO power of −10 dBm at temperature 250 °C, and the input P1dB compression point is −7 dBm. It dissipates 50 mW under 5 V supply. The proposed mixer achieves a relatively high conversion gain and good linearity at temperature of 250 °C.
Treatment-Resistant Hypertension and Outcomes Based on Randomized Treatment Group in ALLHAT

Abstract Background Although hypertension guidelines define treatment-resistant hypertension as blood pressure uncontrolled by ≥3 antihypertensive medications, including a diuretic, it is unknown whether patient prognosis differs when a diuretic is included. Methods Participants in the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) were randomly assigned to first-step therapy with chlorthalidone, amlodipine, or lisinopril. At a Year 2 follow-up visit, those with average blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg systolic or ≥90 mm Hg diastolic on ≥3 antihypertensive medications, or blood pressure Results Of participants assigned to chlorthalidone, amlodipine, or lisinopril, 9.6%, 11.4%, and 19.7%, respectively, had treatment-resistant hypertension. During mean follow-up of 2.9 years, primary outcome incidence was similar for those assigned to chlorthalidone compared with amlodipine or lisinopril (amlodipine- vs chlorthalidone-adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53-1.39; P = .53; lisinopril- vs chlorthalidone-adjusted HR = 1.06; 95% CI, 0.70-1.60; P = .78). Secondary outcome risks were similar for most comparisons except coronary revascularization, which was higher with amlodipine than with chlorthalidone (HR 1.86; 95% CI, 1.11-3.11; P = .02). An as-treated analysis based on diuretic use produced similar results. Conclusions In this study, which titrated medications to a goal, participants assigned to chlorthalidone were less likely to develop treatment-resistant hypertension. However, prognoses in those with treatment-resistant hypertension were similar across treatment groups.
Transmission and reflection of electromagnetic waves from an inhomogeneous dielectric slab

The reflected and transmitted field vectors resulting from an arbitrarily incident electromagnetic wave on a slab of an inhomogeneous dielectric are rigorously derived. The incident wave is expressed as a spectrum of infinite number of plane waves of different amplitude and phase. The slab is bounded between the two planes z=0 and z=d and the dielectric material is characterized by μ 0 and ∊ where ∊ is proportional to l+pz while p is an arbitrary constant. Expressions for the electric and magnetic field vectors in the dielectric layer are found by solving the wave equation using separation of variables and power series techniques. The reflected and transmitted field vectors are then determined by the enforcement of the boundary conditions at the boundaries z=0 and z=d. Numerical results for thspecial case of an incident plane wave are presented.
Biologic Therapies for Psoriasis

It is possible to suggest that the past two decades have led to greater advances in the treatment of extensive psoriasis than almost any other disease. The number of treatments available has grown tremendously and our treatment goals have changed radically. While at the turn of the century it was thought that complete clearance of psoriasis in patients who had extensive disease was not feasible in almost any patient, we now have medications that can attain complete clearance in up to 40 % of patients. With achievement of higher levels of response, a new understanding of the benefit of these responses to patients has identified a need for greater responses.
Bridge to Persistence: Interactions With Educators as Social Capital for Latina/o Engineering Majors:

This study employs the notion of bridging social capital to investigate the extent to which different forms and quantity of interactions with educators predict intentions to persist in engineering ...
Working with Suicidal Teens: Integrating Clinical Practice and Current Research

Publisher Summary The goal of this chapter is to examine suicidal behavior in adolescence. The research is on adolescent suicide by examining different risk factors that have been identified. This chapter summarizes views on the issues related to the assessment and treatment of suicidal behavior in adolescents. Suicidal urges can take a variety of forms. Perhaps the most basic level involves a desire to die, when an individual feels that life is so filled with problems that it will never improve. The desire to die underlies various forms of suicidal activity, including suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and completed suicide. Suicidal ideation can range from vague thoughts of death that occur infrequently to persistent and detailed plans for when and how the death should occur. Suicide attempts can range from nonlethal forms of self-injury to highly lethal acts that might result in death unless medical treatment is provided. Completed suicide involves the deliberate act of killing oneself. Fortunately, most adolescents do not attempt suicide, and very few adolescents actually complete it. More research has been conducted on adolescents who have attempted suicide than on adolescents who have died by suicide. Thus, it is much more known about suicide attempters than completers. These two groups overlap in many but not all ways, and both groups display many of the risk factors that have been examined in this chapter.
Prospective assessment of symptom burden interfering with decision making during the end-of-life phase of high-grade glioma patients.

90Background: To date it is unclear when patients with high grade glioma (HGG) lose their capacity to make decisions during the end-of-life (EoL) phase. EoL symptoms have not been prospectively assessed. The goal of this prospective single center study was to assess the symptom burden in terminal HGG patients with a special focus on symptoms related to decision making capacity during the last 3 months of life. Methods: Patients with HGG, failing 3rd line therapy, showing clinical and/or radiological progression with a Karnofsky Performance Status score < 60 were eligible for enrollment. A baseline MD Anderson Symptom Inventory Brain Tumor Module (MDASI-BT) was performed upon enrollment. Patients or surrogates received bi-weekly telephone calls to repeat the MDASI-BT. Calls continued until death, or refusal to participate. Symptoms were stratified by weeks prior to death. Mixed models were used to assess for symptom and interference changes over time. Overall time effect was tested at the 0.05 level. If si...
Cardiovascular vulnerability of childhood cancer survivors: time to progress from risk observation to risk modification

Take home figureModifiers of the association of childhood cancer therapies and excess CV risk observed in adult survivors, together with promising strategies for risk reduction and inherent barriers to achieving reduction in CV risk. CV, cardiovascular; GLS, global longitudinal strain; RT, radiation therapy.
In vitro and in vivo DFO-chelatable labile iron release profiles among commercially available intravenous iron nanoparticle formulations.

Intravenous (IV) iron formulations are complex colloidal suspensions of iron oxide nanoparticles. Small changes in formulation can allow more labile iron to be released after injection causing toxicity. Thus, bioequivalence (BE) evaluation of generic IV iron formulations remains challenging. We evaluated labile iron release in vitro and in vivo using a high performance liquid chromatography chelatable iron assay to develop a relational model to support BE. In vitro labile iron release and in vivo labile iron pharmacokinetics were evaluated for Venofer®, Ferrlecit®, generic sodium ferric gluconate complex, InFeD®, Feraheme® and a pre-clinical formulation GE121333. Labile iron release profiles were studied in vitro in 150 mM saline and a biorelevant matrix (rat serum) at 0.952 mgFe/mL. In vivo plasma labile iron concentration-time profiles (t0-240 min) were studied in rats after a 40 mgFe/kg IV dose. In vitro labile iron release in saline was significantly higher compared to rat serum, especially with InFeD®. An in vitro release constant (iKr) was calculated which correlated well with maximal plasma concentrations in the in vivo rat PK model (R2 = 0.711). These data suggest an in vitro to in vivo correlation model of labile iron release kinetics could be applied to BE. Other generic IV iron formulations need to be studied to validate this model.
Low-Burden Strategies to Promote Smoking Cessation Treatment Among Patients With Serious Mental Illness.

Patients with serious mental illness have high smoking prevalence and early mortality. Inadequate implementation of evidence-based smoking cessation treatment in community mental health centers (CM...
Recycling as a Crisis of Meaning

In laymen’s terms, recycling is “good for the environment.” It involves “doing your bit” to help “save the Earth.” Yet, recycling requires high expenditures of energy and virgin materials, and produces pollutants, greenhouse gases and waste; it creates products that are “down-cycled” because they are not as robust as their predecessors, nor are such products usually recyclable themselves. Of the fifteen to thirty percent of recyclables that are retrieved from the waste stream, “almost half” are buried or burned due to contamination or market fluctuations that devalue recyclables over virgin materials (McDonough and Braungart, 56-60; Rogers, 176-179; Luke, 115-135; Rathje, 203-7;MacBride; Ackerman; EPA; Grassroots Recycling Network, Taxpayers for CommonSense, Materials Efficiency Project and Friends of the Earth). Furthermore, recycling infrastructure creates a framework where disposables become naturalized commodities instead of allowing practices of waste redesign, reduction or elimination. How is the schism between the popular perception of recycling as “good for the environment” and its less environmentally sound industrial processes maintained? By critiquing the visual culture of recycling campaigns, I argue that the meaning of recycling has been decontextualized, narrowed, and naturalized, thus functioning as a commodity sign.That is, recycling has been “abstracted from [its] context and then reframed in terms of the assumptions and interpretive rules of the advertising framework” through which it is promoted (Goldman, 5). I identify three main characteristics of the recycling commodity-sign. First, the individual, rather than government or industry, is represented as the primary unit of social change. Secondly, recycling is depicted as an act that ends at the blue bins, cutting out the industrial side of the cycle. Finally, recycling is symbolized as something that benefits the environment “in general” rather than as a specific form of waste management. Overall, I argue that recycling, instead of being a solution to environmental or waste crises, in fact constitutes a crisis of meaning that allows environmental degradation and derisory waste practices to continue.
Access to Health Care in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges in a Changing Health Landscape in a Context of Development

African countries face special challenges to health-care provision given the current “double burden” of decreasing effectiveness of tools against traditional tropical diseases and an increased prevalence and incidence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). In this chapter, we explore the issue of health-care access in current sub-Saharan African countries using a framework common to discussion of health-care access in the developed countries. We look at the five aspects of this framework, availability, accessibility, accommodation, acceptability, and affordability, and discuss how each of these aspects is applicable to the double burden of infectious and noncommunicable disease and to the current developmental divide between urban and rural areas of sub-Saharan African countries.
The accelerating influence of humans on mammalian macroecological patterns over the late Quaternary

Abstract The transition of hominins to a largely meat-based diet ∼1.8 million years ago led to the exploitation of other mammals for food and resources. As hominins, particularly archaic and modern humans, became increasingly abundant and dispersed across the globe, a temporally and spatially transgressive extinction of large-bodied mammals followed; the degree of selectivity was unprecedented in the Cenozoic fossil record. Today, most remaining large-bodied mammal species are confined to Africa, where they co-evolved with hominins. Here, using a comprehensive global dataset of mammal distribution, life history and ecology, we examine the consequences of ‘body size downgrading’ of mammals over the late Quaternary on fundamental macroecological patterns. Specifically, we examine changes in species diversity, global and continental body size distributions, allometric scaling of geographic range size with body mass, and the scaling of maximum body size with area. Moreover, we project these patterns toward a potential future scenario in which all mammals currently listed as vulnerable on the IUCN's Red List are extirpated. Our analysis demonstrates that anthropogenic impact on earth systems predates the terminal Pleistocene and has grown as populations increased and humans have become more widespread. Moreover, owing to the disproportionate influence on ecosystem structure and function of megafauna, past and present body size downgrading has reshaped Earth's biosphere. Thus, macroecological studies based only on modern species yield distorted results, which are not representative of the patterns present for most of mammal evolution. Our review supports the concept of benchmarking the ‘Anthropocene’ with the earliest activities of Homo sapiens.
Non-autonomous induction of epithelial lineage infidelity and hyperplasia by DNA damage

ABSTRACT Several epithelial tissues contain stem cell reserves to replenish cells lost during normal homeostasis or upon injury. However, how epithelial tissues respond to distinct types of damage, and how stem cell plasticity and proliferation are regulated in these contexts, remain poorly understood. Here, we reveal that genotoxic agents, but not mechanical damage, induce hyperplasia and lineage infidelity in three related epithelial tissues: the mammary gland, interfollicular epidermis and hair follicle. Furthermore, DNA damage also promotes stromal proliferation. In the mammary gland, we find that DNA damage activates multipotency within the myoepithelial population and hyper-proliferation of their luminal progeny, resulting in tissue disorganization. Additionally, in epidermal and hair follicle epithelia, DNA damage induces basal cell hyperplasia with the formation of abnormal, multi-layered K14+/K10+ cells. This behavior does not involve apoptosis or immunity, and is epithelial cell non-autonomous; stromal fibroblasts are both necessary and sufficient to induce the epithelial response. Thus, genotoxic agents that are used chemotherapeutically to promote cancer cell death can have the opposite effect on wild-type epithelial tissue, paradoxically promoting hyperplasia and inducing both stemness and lineage infidelity.
Power Allocation and Co-Design of Multicarrier Communication and Radar Systems for Spectral Coexistence

This paper explores multicarrier waveforms to improve the spectrum efficiency of radar and communication systems that cooperatively coexist in the same bandwidth. We propose two joint design paradigms based on sharing and allocation, respectively. The allocation-based design brings in the advantage of interference avoidance and easy implementation, while the sharing-based joint design offers additional gain in spectrum efficiency. For both design paradigms, the communication throughput is maximized under a minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) constraint for the radar along with power constraints. The sharing-based design involves non-convex optimization, which is solved via an alternating direction sequential convex programming (AD-SCP) approach. Meanwhile, the allocation-based design is a mixed integer nonlinear optimization problem, which is solved by the optimum but computationally prohibitive branch and bound algorithm, as well as a suboptimum penalized SCP method. Numerical results show that the proposed joint design paradigms significantly improve the spectrum efficiency over a conventional greedy search based allocation scheme.
Mapping the Celebrity Endorsement of Branded Food and Beverage Products and Marketing Campaigns in the United States, 1990-2017.

Celebrity endorsement used to promote energy-dense and nutrient-poor (EDNP) food and beverage products may contribute to poor dietary habits. This study examined celebrity endorsement of branded food and beverage products and marketing campaigns in the United States (US) from 1990 to 2017. Celebrity endorsement data were collected from peer-reviewed and grey literature. Interactive data visualizations were created for the endorsement relationships between celebrities, companies and products whose nutritional profiles were compared with the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) Smart Snacks Standards. Logistic regression was used to explore associations between celebrities’ demographic profiles and the nutritional profiles of products. Results showed 542 celebrities were associated with 732 endorsements representing 120 brands of 59 companies across 10 food and beverage categories. Two thirds (67.2%; n = 80) of the brands represented EDNP products that did not align with the USDA’s Smart Snacks Standards. Logistic regression analysis indicated that Millennial (p = 0.008) and male celebrities (p = 0.041) were more likely to endorse EDNP products than Generation Z teen and female celebrities, respectively. No statistical significance was observed for celebrities of other demographic profiles. This study may inform future policies and actions of the US government, industry, researchers and consumer advocacy organizations to use celebrity endorsement to promote healthy food environments for Americans.
A Broadband Millimeter Wave Array Antenna

In this paper a broadband millimeter wave array antenna has been designed at 60-GHz band to be used in millimeter-wave small cell modules. An one dimensional aperture coupled patch antenna has been shown with inverted patch and air gap in between ground and patches. Some unfed patches (dummy patches) are used for performance enhancement. The performance of the antenna is dependent on the air gap, dummy patches and the thickness of the substrates. The air gap has been tuned and the performance has been compared. The antenna shows 55 GHz to 65 GHz bandwidth for $\vert \mathrm {S}11 \vert \lt$ -10 dB and very flat broadside gain w.r.t. frequency for a single antenna. Peak gain for the single array is obtained 10 dBi. Beamforming with 16 such antennas has been shown to steer the beam ±50 deg at a loss of less than 3 dBi.
Reliability of ranking anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists using leniency-adjusted clinical supervision and work habits scores.

Abstract Study objective Evaluation of faculty anesthesiologists' clinical supervision is psychometrically reliable. Supervision scores often are used for ongoing professional practice and teaching evaluations. We evaluated whether anesthesiologists' clinical supervision rank could be determined reliably using 6- vs. 12-month data collection intervals and, for each, determined specificity (quartiles vs. halves). To serve as a comparator/control group, we analyzed anesthesiologists' evaluations of the work habits of nurse anesthetists. Design Residents evaluated 73 anesthesiologists and anesthesiologists evaluated 72 nurse anesthetists with whom they worked in operating rooms for ≥60 min, daily. Scores were adjusted for rater leniency. The reliability of ranking in halves and quartiles was determined and comparisons made. Measurements Clinical supervision and work habit scores, respectively. Main results Using 1 year of data, 5% of anesthesiologists had scores that were reliably in the lowest quartile and 21% had scores that were reliably in the lower half. No (0%) anesthesiologists were reliably in the highest quartile and 19% were reliably in the upper half. Corresponding percentages for nurse anesthetists' work habits scores were 3%, 10%, 0%, and 1%. The primary factor limiting the reliability of ranking in quartiles was the number of operating room days worked. Ranks based on raw (unadjusted) scores falsely misclassified 60% of anesthesiologists and 88% of nurse anesthetists. The percentages of anesthesiologists who could be ranked reliably was less when using a shorter evaluation period (6 months). Conclusions Using mixed effects regression to control for rater leniency, anesthesiologists' ranks based on supervision scores can be determined reliably for halves and quartiles, but fewer than half the anesthesiologists will be reliably ranked. The same ranking principles can be applied for evaluation of nurse anesthetists' work habits. Even when very high G-scores of 0.90 are obtained, ranking individuals into smaller groups (e.g., deciles) or using raw (observed) ranks is unreliable.
Photolysis Controls Atmospheric Budgets of Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) accounts for a large fraction of the tropospheric particulate matter. Although SOA production rates and mechanisms have been extensively investigated, loss pathways remain uncertain. Most large-scale chemistry and transport models account for mechanical deposition of SOA but not chemical losses such as photolysis. There is also a paucity of laboratory measurements of SOA photolysis, which limits how well photolytic losses can be modeled. Here, we show, through a combined experimental and modeling approach, that photolytic loss of SOA mass significantly alters SOA budget predictions. Using environmental chamber experiments at variable relative humidity between 0 and 60%, we find that SOA produced from several biogenic volatile organic compounds undergoes photolysis-induced mass loss at rates between 0 and 2.2 ± 0.4% of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) photolysis, equivalent to average atmospheric lifetimes as short as 10 h. We incorporate our photolysis rates into a regional chemical transport model to test the sensitivity of predicted SOA mass concentrations to photolytic losses. The addition of photolysis causes a ∼50% reduction in biogenic SOA loadings over the Amazon, indicating that photolysis exerts a substantial control over the atmospheric SOA lifetime, with a likely dependence upon the SOA molecular composition and thus production mechanisms.
Communication With American Indians and Alaska Natives About Cardiovascular Disease

Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among American Indians and Alaska Natives. Reducing CVD risk requires effective communication about risk factors and preventive behaviors. Messages should be designed with an understanding of where people seek health information, their perceptions of a hazard, and their perception of information sufficiency. We examined these components of message design to inform strategies to effectively communicate information about CVD to American Indians and Alaska Natives. Methods We surveyed 220 adults who self-identified as American Indians or Alaska Natives at 2 Native-focused events in urban areas. Our survey included items on demographic characteristics, place of residence, sources of information used to learn about CVD, perceived information sufficiency, and perceptions about the importance of CVD as a health problem. Results Respondents used the internet (67%), their doctors (66%), friends and relatives (63%), brochures (62%), and television (61%) to learn about CVD. Participants aged 60 or older and those living on a reservation were more likely to use their doctor to learn about CVD than their younger (≤30 y) or urban peers. CVD was viewed as a major problem for American Indians and Alaska Natives (84%) and for Americans in general (86%). Most respondents felt moderately (54%) or well informed (37%) about CVD. Conclusion Various information sources should be used to increase awareness about CVD. Special attention may be needed to optimize communication to American Indians and Alaska Natives aged 60 or older and people living on reservations. Further study is needed to determine how our findings can best inform effective interventions to reduce CVD morbidity and mortality among these populations.
Optical Modeling of MAPbBr 3 Perovskite Intermediate Band Solar Cells(IBSCs) with Quantum Dots

In this study, numerical simulations were utilized to model the optical performance of the perovskite intermediate band solar cells with dispersed quantum dots. Two quantum dots materials were investigated: PbS and Ge. In addition, three volumetric concentrations of the quantum dots were modeled and analyzed. It was concluded that PbS outperformed Ge. Additionally, as the volumetric concentration of the QDs increased, the absorption increased as well.
Genomic evolution of epitopes and Low Complexity Regions in Plasmodium

Abstract Despite decades-long efforts to eradicate malaria, pathogens genomic complexity and variability continue to pose major challenges for the vaccine and drug development. Here we examined the evolutionary history of epitopes and epitope-like regions to determine whether they share underlying evolutionary mechanisms and potential functions that are relevant to pathogens interactions with the host immune response. Our comparative sequence analyses contrasted patterns of sequence conservation, amino acid composition, and protein structure of epitopes and low complexity regions (LCRs) in 21 Plasmodium species. Our results revealed many similarities in amino acid composition and preferred secondary structures between epitopes and LCRs; however, we also identified differences in evolutionary trends where LCRs exhibit overall lower sequence conservation and higher disorder. We also found that both epitopes and LCRs have a wide array of configurations, with various levels of sequence conservation and structural order. We propose that such combination of different levels of conservation and structural order between epitopes and LCRs in the same gene play a role in maintaining the functional integrity required by the pathogen along with the variability necessary to evade the host immune response, with LCRs playing a role in the evasion particularly in the vicinity of conserved epitopes. Overall, our results suggest that there are at least two categories of LCRs, where some LCRs play a potential protective role for conserved (ordered) epitopes because of their variable (or disordered) sequence, while others are less disordered and are as conserved as epitopes. The former ones may be an evolutionary necessity for Plasmodium to maintain the diversity of epitopes, while the latter category may serve currently unknown function(s) and deserve to be examined in greater detail. Our findings show that there may be many more candidate targets for future anti-malarial treatments than initially thought and that some of these targets may work across strains and species.
Symposium Articles Introduction

In the vast arena of American commerce, there are political decisions, regulations, and court decisions that, in compression with volatile economic forces, create a combustible mix across industries. Hints of change, expressions of public policy shifts, and exercise of political might that threaten established principles and market expectations can create instability among participants, often resulting in crippling uncertainty. At the same time, there is persistent tension with calls for policy shifts, advocating to correct perceived unfairness among participants. The first two Articles contained within this Issue are written by two panelists who presented at the American University Business Law Review's recent symposium, Hospitality for the Employee: Where Business, Employment, and the Hospitality Industry Intersect, on March 27, 2015 at Arent Fox LLP. They look at the somewhat stunning evolution, maybe even revolution, in recent decisions on "joint-employer liability," a cornerstone of the important American franchising economic model. The shifting interpretation of what it means to be a joint employer creates a blurry line with bright consequences. That line is the demarcation of actions and consequent liability of a franchisor for the business operations of a franchisee.
Imagining the Intangible

Existing paradigms in corporate law do not adequately conceptualize today's corporations. Corporate assets have become increasingly intangible, and operational structures have been materially altered in the last two decades by information technology. This article argues in favor of "asset sensitive" governance. Asset sensitivity embodies three important additions to prior corporate law scholarship. First, using developmental psychology theory as its starting point, asset sensitive governance focuses on corporate development using a corporation in a social context as the smallest unit of analysis. Second, because corporations rely on intangible assets that are fragile and relational, asset sensitivity mandates shifting fiduciary duties of good faith and care toward developing and preserving corporate assets: ongoing officer and director oversight is needed, not simply oversight of extraordinary transactions. Third, asset sensitive governance considers change across time—in stakeholders, in the economic environment, and in corporate learning.
Wise flies: a pre‐dispersal seed predator prefers hermaphrodites over females in the gynodioecious Polemonium foliosissimum

1. Oviposition choices can profoundly affect offspring performance. Oviposition decisions of the dipteran pre-dispersal seed predator, Hylemya sp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), when choosing among sex morphs of their host-plant—Polemonium foliosissimum Hook—were evaluated. Polemonium foliosissimum is gynodioecious, with female and hermaphrodite sex morphs that differ in flower size. 2. It was asked: Do female flies preferentially oviposit on hermaphrodite plants and, if so, are oviposition choices correlated with flower size? Is larval survivorship higher on hermaphrodite plants and, if so, is larval success correlated with flower size? Can the differences in oviposition and/or larval success be explained by slight differences in flowering phenology between the sexes? 3. Hermaphrodite flowers received 45% more Hylemya eggs than females. Although hermaphrodites had larger petals and sepals than females, egg loads were not correlated with petal or sepal size. Larval survival was 30% greater on hermaphrodites than females and higher on plants with larger sepals. However, the difference in sepal area between genders did not fully explain larval survival differences. Egg numbers declined over weeks, but differences in egg loads between the sex morphs were not attributable to a slight phenological delay of females. Larval survival declined over the season; however, larval survival differences between sex morphs were consistent. 4. Hylemya preferentially oviposited on hermaphrodites where their larvae had a significantly greater survival rate compared with females. The present results add to the knowledge that intra-specific choices have consequences for phytophagous insects and that the relationship between antagonists and their gynodioecious host plants is complex.