cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 14 Adhesive proteins and their cellular receptors

Abstract Many, and perhaps most, important cell adhesion receptors and ligands have been identified and characterized. The reagents, systems, and technologies are therefore available for a “reductionist” approach to the roles of cell adhesion in processes such as the interaction of blood with biomedical materials. Key to the success of this approach is the recognition that the same molecules or families of molecules are responsible for many different processes in organisms that have evolved over hundreds of millions of years. For instance, the α IIb β 3 integrin receptor that mediates platelet adhesion and aggregation and is defective in Glanzmann thrombasthenia in humans is very similar to the receptor that mediates muscle attachment and is defective in fruitflies with the myospheriod phenotype. The challenges to the field of cell adhesion are to understand the events that control the activities of adhesion receptors and ligands, the signals that emanate from ligated receptors, and how the signals are processed to influence behavior when cells encounter surfaces or other cells. To exemplify these issues, this chapter focuses on the α v β 3 integrin receptor, an adhesive ligand for the receptor, vitronectin; and modulation of cellular adhesion to vitronectin by high-molecular-weight kininogen. Platelet adhesion to biomaterials is contrasted with the more complex phenomenon of neutrophil adhesion to vascular endothelial cells.
Network Support treatment for alcohol dependence: gender differences in treatment mechanisms and outcomes.

Objective Network Support treatment was intended to help alcohol dependent patients alter their close social support networks to be more supportive of sobriety and less supportive of drinking. The purpose of the present study was to examine the differential influences of Network Support treatment on men and women.
P32 - Food anaphylaxis experience in children in Brussels

Anaphylaxis is a potentially life-threatening condition. There are limited data concerning etiology and clinical characteristics in pediatric patients.
Endoscopic-Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration and the Role of the Cytopathologist in Solid Pancreatic Lesion Diagnosis

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is the most sensitive imaging modality for solid pancreatic lesions. The specificity, however, is low (about 75%). It can be increased to 100% with an accuracy of 95% by the addition of fine-needle aspiration (FNA). Cytopathology plays an important role. The final diagnosis is based upon the correlation of clinical, EUS, and cytologic features. A close interaction with the cytopathologist is required in improving the diagnostic yield. In this paper, we present an overview of the role of EUS-guided FNA and importance of close interaction with the cytopathologist. Day to day examples of different solid pancreatic lesions have been presented at the end.
Compound nucleus contribution and even-odd effect for (3He, p) reactions in the Ni region

Abstract The compound nucleus contributions to the proton spectra from 8 MeV and 10 MeV 3 He induced ( 3 He, p) reactions on even- A Ni isotopes were obtained. The relative cross sections for 58 Ni/ 60 Ni/ 62 Ni in the high excitation region are in fair agreement with predictions of statistical theory, but the absolute cross sections in the same region are smaller than the prediction by a factor of 3 to 8, and the shapes of the measured spectra for heavier isotopes do not agree with the prediction. These discrepancies between experiment and theory are in sharp contrast to the situation in (p, p′), (p, α), (α, p) and (α, α ′), where good agreement was found. The proton spectra from ( 3 He, p) reactions on nuclei in the A = 54–68 mass range have a systematic difference in slope between even- A targets and odd- A targets; it is similar to the systematic difference found previously in (p, p′) and (α, p) reactions, but none of these is readily explainable by theory.
The Fall of Tsarism: Untold Stories of the February 1917 Revolution

This is an extremely important book, both because of the remarkable treasure trove of unique new primary sources that it brings to light and because of Lyandres' preliminary assessment of their uti...
Rewarding the Work of Individuals: A Counterintuitive Approach to Reducing Poverty and Strengthening Families

Summary Gordon Berlin discusses the nation’s long struggle to reduce poverty in families with children, and proposes a counterintuitive solution—rewarding the work of individuals.He notes that policymakers’ difficulty in reducing family poverty since 1973 is attributable to two intertwined problems—falling wages among low-skilled workers and the striking increase in children living with a lone parent, usually the mother. As the wages of men with a high school education or less began to decline, their employment rates did likewise. The share of men who could support a family above the poverty line thus began to decline—and with it the willingness of low-income women to marry the fathers of their children. Because the U.S. social welfare system is built around the needs of poor families with children—and largely excludes single adults who are poor (and disproportionately male)—it creates disincentives to work and marry for some families, aggravating these larger trends. Berlin proposes a new policy that would partially overcome the low wages and income of poorly educated males and second earners in two-parent households by using the earned income tax credit (EITC) to supplement the earnings of all low-wage workers aged twenty-one to fifty-four who work full time—regardless of whether they have children or whether they are married. By conditioning the benefit on full-time work and by retaining the existing family-based EITC program while treating EITC payments as individual income rather than as joint income for income tax purposes, the policy would restore equity to the American social compact without distorting incentives to work, marry, and bear children. The largest benefits by far would accrue to two-parent households in which both adults can work full time. Because the policy would carry a large price tag—nearly $30 billion a year when fully implemented—Berlin says that a prudent next step would be to test this strategy rigorously in several states over several years, preferably using a random assignment design.
An integrated vendor-buyer inventory model with backorder price discount and effective investment to reduce ordering cost

The single-vendor single-buyer integrated production inventory system has been an object of study for a long time, but little is known about the effect of investing in reducing ordering cost on the integrated inventory models with backorder price discount and variable lead time. The purpose of this article is to investigate in the continuous review model with backorder price discount and variable lead time to effectively increase investment and to reduce the joint expected annual total cost. The integrated strategy discussed here is one in which the buyer orders a quantity, then the vendor produces n times order quantity in each production cycle, in order to reduce setup cost. In addition, the buyer offers backorder price discounts to the customers that may motivate the customers' desire for backorders, and buyer ordering cost can be reduced through effective investment. An integrated inventory model is established to find the optimal solutions of order quantity, ordering cost, backorder price discount, lead time, and the number of shipments from the vendor to the buyer in one production run, so that the joint expected annual total cost incurred has the minimum value. Furthermore, numerical examples are used to demonstrate the benefits of the model.
A Simple Model for Conventional Hot Rolling of Sheet Materials

Temperature transients during the bare hot rolling of sheet materials have been modeled using a simple one-dimensional, finite-difference heat-transfer approach. The model addresses heat losses associated with (1) the transfer of the sheet from the reheat furnace to the rolling mill and (2) the actual rolling operation itself. The former step comprises heat losses primarily through radiation and the latter through chilling of the hot workpiece in contact with the cooler rolls. The principal output of the model is the temperature field through the thickness of the sheet. The usefulness of the model was gaged through an investigation of the effect of temperature transients on the hot-rolling behavior of Ti-6Al-4V sheet. Specifically, the effect of temperature transients on rolling pressure and development of nonuniform microstructure was determined. Over the entire temperature range studied, the rolling pressure for Ti-6Al-4V was found to be dependent only on the average temperature of the workpiece within the roll gap, irrespective of metastable phase transformations that may have accompanied the deformation process itself. The one-dimensional heat-transfer model was also successful in explaining the occurrence of the nonuniform microstructures produced during rolling at nominal (furnace) temperatures near the beta transus.
Effects of fasting and training on pyruvate dehydrogenase activation during exercise

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of exercise (2 hr treadmill running at 28 m/min) on PDHa (the activity of the active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase) in untrained rats, trained rats (2 hr/d at 25 m/min for 4 wk), and in 24 hr fasted rats was determined. 2. 2. Exercise increased PDHa activity approximately 2 fold in fed-untrained rats. 3. 3. Fasting decreased PDHa activity in sedentary rats to approximately half the activity in fed rats. 4. 4. The increase in PDHa activity during exercise was less in fasted than fed rats. 5. 5. Training did not change the total activity of PDH (phosphorylated plus nonphosphorylated forms) but the percent of PDH in the active form was increased in muscle of trained-rested rats. 6. 6. PDHa activity was unchanged by acute exercise (2.5 hr at 40 m/min) in the trained rats.
The hyperdynamic circulation of chronic liver diseases: From the patient to the molecule

The hyperdynamic circulatory syndrome observed in chronic liver diseases is a great example of research that originated from clinical observations and progressed in the last 50 years from the patient to the experimental laboratory. Our knowledge has evolved from the patient to the molecule, using experimental models that serve as a source for understanding the complex pathophysiological mechanisms that govern this complex syndrome. We now know that progressive vasodilatation is central to the detrimental effects observed in multiple organs. Although nitric oxide has been shown to be the primary vasodilator molecule in these effects, other molecules also participate in the complex mechanisms of vasodilatation. This review summarizes three major areas: first, clinical observation in patients; second, experimental models used to study the hyperdynamic circulatory syndrome; and third, the vasodilator molecules that play roles in vascular abnormalities observed in portal hypertension.
Conducting‐Polymer Microcontainers: Controlled Syntheses and Potential Applications

We have demonstrated the controlled synthesis of conducting-polymer microcontainers through the electrochemical generation of surfactant (i.e., β-naphthalenesulfonic acid, β-NSA)-stabilized H2 gas bubbles on the working electrode, followed by electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole around the wall of the “soap-bubble” template. It was noticed that the density, shape, and wall thickness of the polypyrrole microcontainers thus prepared could be regulated by controlling the electrochemical potential applied for the generation of H2 gas and the experimental conditions (e.g., the surfactant concentration, number of the cyclic voltammetric scanning) for the electropolymerization of pyrrole. By pre-patterning the working electrode surface with non-conducting polymers using microcontact printing (μCP) or plasma patterning, we have also produced conducting-polymer microcontainers in a patterned fashion. Furthermore, potential applications of the patterned and non-patterned conducting-polymer microcontainers have been demonstrated; for example, through the encapsulation of appropriate fluorescence-labeled molecules (e.g., fluorescein cadaverin) into the conducting-polymer microcontainers by sealing their opened mouths with sequential electropolymerization of pyrrole. The resulting closed microcontainers could then be used for controlled releases.
Bismarck Sea: Evolution of a back-arc basin

New bathymetric, focal mechanism, and magnetic data are presented in this study of the evolution of the Bismarck Sea region. The boundary between the Bismarck and Pacific plates is composed of at least four segments: two transform faults, one spreading segment, and one “leaky” transform. Magnetic anomalies indicate that the Manus Basin (part of the Bismarck Sea basin) was formed during the past 3.5 m.y. by asymmetric sea-floor spreading. The spreading direction averaged N60°W, and the total opening rate was 13.2 cm/yr. The best-fitting pole of relative motion between the Pacific and Bismarck plates is lat 18.5°S, long 141° E and 4.0°/m.y.
Penetrating pelvic injury sparing urinary tract.

Abstract A severe case of penetrating pelvic trauma is presented. The sequence of uroradiographic evaluation is illustrated and discussed.
Automatic target detection in UAV imagery using image formation conditions

This paper is about automatic target detection (ATD) in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery. Extracting reliable features under all conditions from a 2D projection of a target in UAV imagery is a difficult problem. However, since the target size information is usually invariant to the image formation proces, we propose an algorithm for automatically estimating the size of a 3D target by using its 2D projection. The size information in turn becomes an important feature to be used in a knowledge-driven, multi-resolution-based algorithm for automatically detecting targets in UAV imagery. Experimental results show that our proposed ATD algorithm provides outstanding detection performance, while significantly reducing the false alarm rate and the computational complexity.
Statistical analysis of parallel simulations

This paper addresses statistical issues that arise when discrete event simulations are run on parallel processing computers. First, the statistical properties of estimates obtained by parallel distributed simulation and parallel independent replications are compared. This comparison shows that, when estimating steady state quantities, the run length, the strength of the initial transient and the asymptotic variance must be taken into account in addition to the parallel processing speed-up and the number of processors in order to determine which method is statistically more efficient. Second, the statistical properties of estimators of transient quantities obtained by the method of parallel independent replications are considered. The analysis shows that strongly consistent estimates are not obtained in finite expected time as the number of processors increases unless the computational time to complete a single replication is bounded.
Sexual Scripts: Social and therapeutic implications

Abstract It is valuable for clinicians who treat sexual and relationship dysfunctions to be able to understand and explain the cognitive processes used by the typical individual to initiate and maintain an intimate sexual encounter. Script theory, which characterises social interactions as everyday dramas that play out peoples' beliefs about the expected sequence of events and the roles actors should assume within well-known situations, is useful for this purpose. After providing a general overview of script theory, principles which are especially relevant to sexual behavior are reviewed. Focusing on heterosexual adolescents and adults, the paper examines studies which explore how people relate when enacting sexual scripts. Expected and actual differences in men's and women's roles within these scripts are addressed. Using a predominantly cognitive-behavioral orientation, the paper addresses script-related issues faced by clients in individual, sexual, and marital therapy and provides some treatment and e...
Detailed Structural and Quantitative Analysis Reveals the Spatial Organization of the Cell Walls of in Vivo Grown Mycobacterium leprae and in Vitro Grown Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The cell wall of mycobacteria consists of an outer membrane, analogous to that of Gram-negative bacteria, attached to the peptidoglycan (PG) via a connecting polysaccharide arabinogalactan (AG). Although the primary structure of these components is fairly well deciphered, issues such as the coverage of the PG layer by covalently attached mycolates in the outer membrane and the spatial details of the mycolic acid attachment to the arabinan have remained unknown. It is also not understood how these components work together to lead to the classical acid-fast staining of mycobacteria. Because the majority of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in established experimental animal infections are acid-fast negative, clearly cell wall changes are occurring. To address both the spatial properties of mycobacterial cell walls and to begin to study the differences between bacteria grown in animals and cultures, the cell walls of Mycobacterium leprae grown in armadillos was characterized and compared with that of M. tuberculosis grown in culture. Most fundamentally, it was determined that the cell wall of M. leprae contained significantly more mycolic acids attached to PG than that of in vitro grown M. tuberculosis (mycolate:PG ratios of 21:10 versus 16:10, respectively). In keeping with this difference, more arabinogalactan (AG) molecules, linking the mycolic acids to PG, were found. Differences in the structures of the AG were also found; the AG of M. leprae is smaller than that of M. tuberculosis, although the same basic structural motifs are retained.
Visible and infrared spectroelectrochemistry of zinc and manganese porphinones: Metal vs. porphyrin reduction

Abstract The visible and infrared spectroelectrochemistry of zinc and manganese porphinones and porphinediones was carried out in THF solutions. The aim of this work was to use FTIR spectroelectrochemistry and DFT calculation to determine whether the reduction was centered predominantly on the metal or the macrocycle. For zinc(II), the first one-electron reduction must occur on the macrocyclic ring because the metal’s d-orbitals are filled (d10). The carbonyl bands on the macrocyclic ring were used to probe the electronic structure because they can be readily observed in the infrared spectra. The results of this study are complementary to previous spectroelectrochemical studies that have been reported for the iron and cobalt complexes of the same macrocycles. As expected for the formation of a π-radical anion species, significant downshifts in the carbonyl bands were observed. DFT calculations showed that the behavior of the porphinedione complexes were most sensitive to the electronic structure of the M(OEPdione)− species. If a MI species is formed, the two carbonyl groups will be downshifted by similar energies. For MII-radical anions, one carbonyl will be downshifted significantly, and the second one will be downshifted by a small amount. On the basis of this criterion, it was determined that cobalt(I) and iron(I) complexes were formed, while zinc and manganese formed π-radical anion species. The visible spectroelectrochemistry was also consistent with these electronic structures.
Hematological cancer patients' quality of life: self versus intimate or non-intimate confidant reports.

Self reports of 49 outpatients with hematological cancers and matched dyad confidant reports about the patient, collected at a cancer treatment center in Lisbon, Portugal, were compared on the SF-36 quality of life (QOL) measure. These comparisons contrasted self reports and confidant reports of the 33 patients with an accompanying spouse/partner intimate confidant, and of the 16 patients with an accompanying non-intimate confidant. Intimate confidants gave lower SF-36 QOL ratings of patients’ Social Functioning and Mental Health than those patients gave for themselves (p<0.05). Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transferable step potentials for perfluorinated hydrocarbons

Abstract The step potential equilibria and discontinuous molecular dynamics (SPEADMD) model is adapted for characterizing the interaction potentials of perfluorocarbons and their mixtures with n-alkanes. We seek to explain the peculiar behavior of these systems, especially with regard to the unfavorable mixing behavior. The methodology is based on discontinuous molecular dynamics (DMD) and second order thermodynamic perturbation theory (TPT). DMD simulation is applied to the repulsive part of the potential. The effects of disperse attractions and hydrogen bonding are treated by TPT, discretizing the attractive potential into four distinct wells of variable depth. This approach accelerates the molecular simulations in general and the parameterization of the transferable potentials in particular. C3–C8 straight chain perfluorocarbons are characterized along with perfluorobenzene, perfluorocyclobutane, and heptafluoropropane applying explicit atom models for all fluorine atoms. Each compound is simulated at 21 densities. Interpolation with density combines with TPT to give a complete equation of state. The depths of the attractive wells are optimized by iterating on their values until the vapor pressures computed by the resulting equation of state provide the minimum deviation from experimental data. Step potentials offer the prospect of setting the step depths without preconceived notions regarding the shape of the potential. In the case of perfluorocarbons, it is found that the minimum of the potential is reached at roughly 1.8σ, with the range from σ to 1.8σ acting as a soft “shoulder” region which is weakly attractive, where σ designates the site diameter. This shoulder region can explain the unusually low heat of vaporization of perfluorocarbons and high vapor pressures relative to compounds with similar molecular volume. Application of this approach results in average absolute deviations of 8% in vapor pressure and 3% in liquid density. Coincidentally, the soft shoulder also explains the weak mixture interactions between perfluorocarbons and n-alkanes. The Lorentz–Berthelot combining rule assumed to describe site–site interactions between corresponding steps leads to ɛijk ∼ (ɛiikɛjjk)1/2, where ɛijk is the depth of the potential well between sites i and j in the kth step. For steps at short range, the alkane steps are at their deepest, but the perfluorocarbon interactions are weak, making the mixed interaction weak. For steps at long range, the perfluorocarbon steps are deeper, but the alkane interactions are weak, again making the mixed interaction weak.
Bridge toughening in fiber-reinforced composites: A three-dimensional, discrete fiber model

Abstract The fracture behavior of unidirectionally fiber-reinforced composites is the principal focus of this paper. The model proposed here is three-dimensional and accounts for the effects of local fiber—crack interactions on spatial variations of crack tip behavior. The model also consistently accounts for the effect of composite anistropy by embedding a penny-shaped crack in an orthotropic composite medium. Three factors are identified that influence the reductions of stress intensity factors (SIFs) due to fiber bridging: a dimensionless configuration constant, a fiber distribution pattern, and a fiber volume fraction. The model reveals that the fiber distribution pattern does not alter the spatial mean of the SIFs, although it does affect the oscillational amplitude. The dimensionless configuration constant determines the extent of the bridging effect and provides guidance regarding possible avenues for enhancing bridge toughening. The design curve of SIFs (retarded by fiber bridging) vs the fiber volume fraction shows that the isotropic and orthotropic solutions differ just slightly from each other. However, the energy release rate obtained by an isotropic analysis (widely claimed to be the equivalent of SIFs in bridging models) could, significantly underestimate the bridging effect.
A Statistical Inquiry into the Plausibility of Recursive Utility

We use purely statistical methods to determine if the pricing kernel is the intertemporal marginal rate of substitution under recursive utility. We introduce a nonparametric Bayesian method that treats the pricing kernel as a latent variable and extracts it and its transition density from payoffs on 24 Fama-French portfolios, on bonds, and on payoffs that use conditioning information available when portfolios are formed. Our priors are formed from an examination of a Bansal-Yaron economy. Using both monthly data and annual data, we find that the data support recursive utility. Copyright , Oxford University Press.
Changes in the Distribution of Selenium Oxidation States with Sample Storage

Significant changes in the distribution of selenium (Se) oxidation states of fresh soil were noted with oven-drying (90°C) or with outdoor storage (>5 yr) in compromised plastic containers compared with small changes in Se oxidation state distribution in air-dried samples. Compromised outdoor storage resulted in a 25% increase in the selenate (Se 6+ ) concentrations with a concomitant 18.4 and 5.7% decrease in elemental Se and selenite (Se 4+ ) concentrations, respectively, on a total Se basis. Substantial increases in phosphate-soluble selenide from 15.7% of total Se for fresh seleniferous alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) to 32.6% phosphate-soluble Se were noted with air-dried alfalfa. The results indicate that air-drying will not substantially alter the distribution of soil Se oxidation states, but will result in a significant increase in the concentration of phosphate-soluble Se in seleniferous alfalfa residue.
Islands in the sky or squeezed at the top? Ecological causes of elevational range limits in montane salamanders

Many animal and plant taxa reach their highest endemism and species richness in montane regions. The study of elevational range limits is central to understanding this widespread pattern and to predicting the responses of montane species to climate change. Yet, because large-scale manipulations of the distributions of most species are difficult, the causes of species’ elevational range limits (e.g. competitive interactions, physiological specialization) are poorly understood. Here, we harness the power of new mechanistic approaches to dissect the factors that underlie the elevational replacement of two salamander species in the Appalachian Highlands. Our results challenge the long-held idea that competitive interactions drive the lower elevational range limits of montane species and that physiological stress prevents low-elevation species from expanding to high elevations. We show that physiological constraints drive the lower elevational range limit of the montane-endemic species, Plethodon jordani. Conversely, we find that competition with P. jordani prevents the low-elevation species, P. teyahalee, from expanding its range to include higher-elevation habitats. These results are broadly consistent with the biogeography and behavior of other montane species, suggesting that similar mechanisms underlie patterns of elevational zonation across a variety of taxa and montane regions. To the extent that our findings are taxonomically and geographically widespread, these results challenge the idea that competitive release at species’ lower elevational range limits is driving the downslope range shifts exhibit by some montane taxa. Instead, our results raise the sobering possibility that even small changes in climate might cause erosion of the ranges of many high-elevation species.
Alcohol and Coronary Arteries

The relationship between alcohol intake and the extent of coronary artery occlusion was studied and indicated that the patients who abstained or consumed less than 1 oz of alcohol weekly had significantly higher occlusion scores than those imbibing moderate amounts.
Utility of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in solid renal masses

Renal fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is used in several clinical scenarios: in patients with classic radiographic lesions; in non-operable patients with presumed high stage disease; and in patients with radiographic problematic lesions. Although overall, FNAB is a sensitive test, its role in the latter two populations has not been clearly established. To investigate the utility of FNAB in these patients, we retrospectively evaluated 43 renal FNABs in regards to diagnostic accuracy and clinical outcome. FNAB diagnoses were: malignant (36), suspicious (6), and insufficient (1). Our results indicate: 1) renal FNAB is accurate in patients with high stage lesions; 2) FNAB is less accurate in patients with radiographic problematic lesions; 3) the FNAB diagnosis of malignant increases the post-FNAB probability of malignancy, whereas the diagnosis of suspicious decreases the probability; and 4) there is excellent correlation for nuclear grade. We conclude that renal FNAB is useful in evaluating renal masses.
A METHOD OF RECORDING SINGLE CELL DISCHARGES IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF MAN.

Abstract A method of using a field effect transistor to record single cell discharges through a closed system from the cerebral cortex of human patients is described. There have been no complications encountered in six patients under investigation.
A dual-purpose absorbance-fluorescence detector for high-pressure liquid chromatography

A detector has been designed for high-speed liquid chromatography that simultaneously responds to sample absorbance and fluorescence in a single flow cell. Besides the advantages offered by different detection systems, the absorfance measurements provide a method for monitoring the fluorescence “inner filter” effect. The volume of the cell is small; the absorbance segment is 16 μl, and included in it is the 8-μl fluorescence segment. The minimum detectable concentration (signal-to-noise ratio = 2) of quinine in 0.1 N sulphuric acid is 0.3 ng/ml. The cell performs as well as an absorbance cell as other small-volume cells.
Characterization of Sorting Signals in the β-Amyloid Precursor Protein Cytoplasmic Domain

The β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) is proteolytically processed to generate β-amyloid protein, the principal protein component of neuropathological lesions characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. To investigate potential sorting signals in the cytoplasmic tail of APP, we transplanted APP cytoplasmic tail sequences into the cytoplasmic tail of the human transferrin receptor (TR) and showed that two sequence motifs from the APP cytoplasmic tail promote TR internalization. One sequence, GYENPTY, is related to the low density lipoprotein receptor internalization signal, FDNPVY, but also involves a critical glycine residue; the other, YTSI, conforms to the 4-residue tyrosine-based internalization signal consensus sequence. Furthermore, a chimeric molecule (APP-TR) consisting of the cytoplasmic domain of APP and the transmembrane and external domains of TR was rapidly internalized enabling the transport of iron into the cell at ∼50% the rate of wild-type TR. Alanine scanning mutations indicated that the two sequences identified in transplantation experiments were required for internalization of the chimera. Metabolic pulse-chase experiments showed that the APP-TR chimeras were degraded in a post-Golgi membrane compartment within 2-4 h following normal glycosylation. Degradation was partially dependent upon the two internalization signals and was inhibited by ammonium chloride. A fraction of APP-TR chimeras traffic to a degradative endocytic compartment after appearing on the cell surface. Comparison of soluble APP released from cells expressing either full-length human APP or mutant APP with the sequence YENPTY deleted indicated that this sequence is required for sorting of full-length APP along similar trafficking pathways as the APP-TR chimera.
Design of a Compliant Flexure Joint for Use in a Flow Energy Harvester

This paper presents an initial experimental and computational investigation of a flow-induced vibration energy harvester with a compliant flexure mechanism. This energy harvester utilizes the aeroelastic flutter phenomenon to convert the flow energy to vibrational energy which can be converted into useful electrical power using piezoelectric transducers. However, unlike previous flutter-based flow energy harvesters [1] which require assembling multiple components to create the necessary aeroelastic arrangement, the device described here utilizes a monolithic, compact design to achieve the same. In this paper, we propose a flexure design for this device and model it using analytic methods and finite element simulations. A proof of concept energy harvester incorporating this flexure design has been fabricated and experimentally investigated in wind tunnel testing.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Determination of tetrahydropapaveroline in the urine of Parkinsonian patients receiving l-dopa—carbidopa (Sinemet) therapy by high-performance liquid chromatography

Tetrahydropapaveroline (THP) concentrations were measured in the urine of Parkinsonian patients receiving L-dopa-carbidopa (Sinemet) therapy, using a method that employs a separation scheme that selectively isolates THP from urine and utilizes the Pictet-Spengler condensation of THP with formaldehyde combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for identification and determination. The mean (+/- S.D.) recoveries of THP from normal urine with 0.2 pmol/ml added and from Parkinsonian patients' urines with 0.5 pmol/ml added were 48.6 +/- 5.7 and 44.6 +/- 3.1%, respectively. Three Parkinsonian patients who were receiving either 250, 750 or 1000 mg of L-dopa (as Sinemet) daily had 24-h urinary THP excretion levels of 989, 1017 and 1600 pmol, respectively.
Intra-glomerular metastases.

Jean Hou, Rosy E. Joseph, Shree G. Sharma, Andrew A. Jennis and Glen S. Markowitz Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA and Department of Medicine, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA Correspondence: Shree G. Sharma, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, 630 West 168th Street, VC14-238, New York, New York 10032, USA. E-mail: drshreegopal@gmail.com
Synthesis of a linear polyethylene macromonomer and preparation of polystyrene-graft-polyethylene copolymers via grafting-through atom transfer radical polymerization†

A vinyl-terminated linear polyethylene (number-average molecular weight = 1800, weight-average molecular weight/number-average molecular weight = 1.7, functionality = 92%) prepared by ethylene coordination polymerization was transformed into a monohydroxy-terminated linear polyethylene by hydroalumination of the vinyl group with diisobutylaluminum hydride and subsequent oxidation and hydrolysis. This monohydroxy-terminated linear polyethylene was quantitatively converted into a linear polyethylene macromonomer with a terminal α-methacrylate group through esterification followed by dehydrobromination. A grafting-through atom transfer radical polymerization of the α-methacrylate-terminated polyethylene and styrene was performed to yield a well-defined polystyrene-graft-polyethylene copolymer. The number-average molecular weight of the graft copolymers, measured by gel permeation chromatography, was lower than the predetermined number-average molecular weight, presumably because of the intramolecular aggregation of polyethylene side chains. The α-methacrylate-terminated polyethylene content and number-average molecular weight of polystyrene-graft-polyethylene were determined by 1H-NMR. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 105: 3–13, 2007
Why globalisation is good – some reflections on the ethics of globalisation

This paper starts by asking why we should even bother about the ethics of globalisation, or, indeed, the ethics of any institution or public policy. It then outlines the antagonism towards globalisation and the importance of tackling the ethics of the matter. It is not enough to simply show that globalisation reaps economic advantages for most of those who are affected by it. The more vital question is, "Is globalisation a process that is in accord with certain basic values and moral standards of human life and should we, therefore, support it? Or do the many critics have a decisive point against it?"
Oxidized-LDL through LOX-1 increases the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme in human coronary artery endothelial cells.

Background and objectives: Our previous studies have shown that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and angiotensin II (Ang II) influence each other's action in endothelial cells. This study was designed to examine the regulation by ox-LDL of the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). In addition, we studied the effect of the HMG CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin on this interaction. Methods and results: Cultured HCAECs were incubated with ox-LDL (10–80 μg/ml) for 1–24 h. Ox-LDL increased the expression of ACE in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion. The upregulation of ACE expression in response to ox-LDL was mediated by its endothelial receptor LOX-1, since pretreatment of HCAECs with a blocking antibody to LOX-1 prevented the expression of ACE ( P <0.01). Native-LDL had no significant effect on ACE expression. In this process, ox-LDL-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK p42/44) played an important role, since pretreatment of HCAECs with the MAPK p42/44 inhibitor (PD98059, 10 μM) inhibited MAPK activation and subsequently attenuated the expression of ACE ( P <0.01 vs. ox-LDL alone). In other experiments, we pretreated HCAECs with simvastatin (10 μM) and then exposed the cells to ox-LDL. Simvastatin markedly attenuated ox-LDL-induced MAPK activation, and concurrently reduced ACE expression ( P <0.01 vs. ox-LDL alone). Conclusions: Our observations provide direct evidence that ox-LDL via LOX-1 activation induces ACE gene expression in HCAECs, and MAPK activation plays a signal transduction role in this process. Simvastatin, which inhibits MAPK activation, also blocks ox-LDL-mediated upregulation of ACE.
A COMPUTERIZED SYSTEM FOR THE ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS OF TIME-DEPENDENT FLOW DATA

Description de la methodologie d'un systeme de collecte et protocole de modelisation des proprietes d'ecoulement, avec application a la mayonnaise
A Behavioral Beliefs Model of Trustworthiness in Consumer-Oriented E-Commerce

For e-commerce to grow, customers must trust organizations with which they interact. In this article, we propose and test a theoretically-derived model of trustworthiness of Web merchants in general. Trustworthiness is influenced by behavioral, competence, and attitudinal beliefs. Findings indicate trustworthiness is strongly influenced by behavior-related beliefs, and less strongly by attitude-related beliefs. Trustworthiness beliefs impact intentions to purchase from Web merchants.
Some Non-Randomized Constructed Comparison Groups for Evaluating Age-Related Outcomes of Intervention Programs.

Abstract The evaluations of many intervention programs for young children are hampered by the lack of untreated comparison groups. Simple pre-post comparisons or more elaborate growth profile analyses within a single treatment group cannot separate changes associated with the treatment from normal developmental changes typical of the participant population. To address this issue, some non-randomized constructed comparison strategies that can be used to evaluate interventions are outlined and illustrated for outcome variables that would be expected to change over age if no treatment were given. Such a dependent variable might include general indices of developmental progress in young children, which may decline over the first few years of life in low-income, high-risk samples or may increase over age in middle-class groups suffering adverse perinatal circumstances and disorders even without special interventions. The proposed strategy consists of determining an expected age function for the dependent variable using pretest scores (if participants enter the treatment program at different ages) or using pretest scores of older siblings who vary in age at the start of the program, and then calculating an age-adjusted expected posttest score against which actual posttest performance may be evaluated. This approach also permits analysis of participants enrolled in the treatment for varying lengths of time and over somewhat different age spans.
Overview of a Methodology for Scaling the Indeterminate Equations of Wall Turbulence

Recent efforts by the present authors have focused on the fundamental multiscaling behaviors of the time averaged dynamical equations of wall turbulence. These efforts have generated a number of new results relating to dynamical structure, as well as a new mathematical foundation. Central to this has been the development of the so-called method of scaling patches. This method provides a formalism for determining scaling behaviors directly from the indeterminate equations. A general description of this methodology is provided herein, and in doing so its connections to well-established scaling notions are identified. Example problems for which the method has been successfully applied includes turbulent boundary layer, pipe and channel flows, turbulent Couette-Poiseuille flow, fully developed turbulent heat transfer in a channel, and favorable pressure gradient boundary layers.
FGF-2 binding to fibrin(ogen) is required for augmented angiogenesis.

We have shown previously that fibrin(ogen) binds fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and potentiates stimulation of endothelial-cell (EC) proliferation. We have now used 2 FGF-2 mutants differing only in the 5 residues constituting the binding site to characterize the importance of this interaction in angiogenesis. The nonbinding (2212) and binding (221*2) mutants stimulated EC proliferation by 2.2 ± 0.4-fold and 2.9 ± 0.3-fold over control, respectively, and both were similar to wild-type (wt) FGF-2 (2.5 ± 0.3-fold). Proliferation was augmented by fibrinogen to 5.3 ± 1.2-fold and 4.8 ± 0.8-fold with wtFGF-2 and 221*2, whereas no augmentation occurred with 2212 and fibrinogen. Using a placental explant model in a fibrin matrix, wtFGF-2 resulted in 2.6 ± 0.9-fold more growth over control, and 221*2 increased growth 3.3 plus or minus 0.9-fold. Vessel outgrowth with 2212 was minimal and comparable to control. Similarly, fibrinogen potentiated wtFGF-2 or 221*2-mediated angiogenesis in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane model. In a mouse Matrigel implant model, fibrinogen significantly increased angiogenesis with either wtFGF-2 or 221*2, whereas there was no augmentation with 2212. These results demonstrate that binding of FGF-2 to fibrin(ogen) mediated by the 5-residue FGF-2-fibrin(ogen) interactive site is required for augmented angiogenesis.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Feeding Emotions Scale. A measure of parent emotions in the context of feeding.

Abstract Assessing parent affect is important because studies examining the parent–child dyad have shown that parent affect has a profound impact on parent–child interactions and related outcomes. Although some measures that assess general affect during daily lives exist, to date there are only few tools that assess parent affect in the context of feeding. The aim of this study was to develop an instrument to measure parent affect specific to the feeding context and determine its validity and reliability. A brief instrument consisting of 20 items was developed that specifically asks how parents feel during the feeding process. This brief instrument draws on the structure of a well-validated general affect measure. A total of 296 Hispanic and Black Head Start parents of preschoolers completed the Feeding Emotions Scale along with other parent-report measures as part of a larger study designed to better understand feeding interactions during the dinner meal. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a two-factor model with independent subscales of positive affect and negative affect (Cronbach's alphas of 0.85 and 0.84, respectively). Concurrent and convergent construct validity was evaluated by correlating the subscales of the Feeding Emotions Scale with positive emotionality and negative emotionality from the Differential Emotions Scale – a measure of general adult emotions. Concurrent and convergent criterion validity was evaluated by testing mean differences in affect across parent feeding styles using ANOVA. A significant difference was found across maternal weight status for positive feeding affect. The resulting validated measure can be used to assess parent affect in studies of feeding to better understand how interactions during feeding may impact the development of child eating behaviors and possibly weight status.
Faster and more accurate transport procedures for HZETRN

The deterministic transport code HZETRN was developed for research scientists and design engineers studying the effects of space radiation on astronauts and instrumentation protected by various shielding materials and structures. In this work, several aspects of code verification are examined. First, a detailed derivation of the light particle (A= 4) numerical marching algorithms used in HZETRN is given. References are given for components of the derivation that already exist in the literature, and discussions are given for details that may have been absent in the past. The present paper provides a complete description of the numerical methods currently used in the code and is identified as a key component of the verification process. Next, a new numerical method for light particle transport is presented, and improvements to the heavy ion transport algorithm are discussed. A summary of round-off error is also given, and the impact of this error on previously predicted exposure quantities is shown. Finally, a coupled convergence study is conducted by refining the discretization parameters (step-size and energy grid-size). From this study, it is shown that past efforts in quantifying the numerical error in HZETRN were hindered by single precision calculations and computational resources. It is determined that almost all of the discretization error in HZETRN is caused by the use of discretization parameters that violate a numerical convergence criterion related to charged target fragments below 50AMeV. Total discretization errors are given for the old and new algorithms to 100g/cm^2 in aluminum and water, and the improved accuracy of the new numerical methods is demonstrated. Run time comparisons between the old and new algorithms are given for one, two, and three layer slabs of 100g/cm^2 of aluminum, polyethylene, and water. The new algorithms are found to be almost 100 times faster for solar particle event simulations and almost 10 times faster for galactic cosmic ray simulations.
Papillomavirus in Human Conjunctival Papillomas

Forty-one human conjunctival papillomas were histopathologically examined for koilocytosis and papillomavirus common antigen with a peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique immunospecific for genus-specific papillomavirus antigen. Koilocytotic cells, typically found in other papillomavirus-induced tumors, were present in 24 of the 41 specimens. Two of the 41 specimens were positive for viral antigen. The positive reactions were intranuclear within the superficial layers of the epithelium.