cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case Studies Help Us Read Between the Lines of Manual-Driven Therapy

Edwardsâ€™ (2010) article illuminates the benefits of systematic case series analysis in exploring metacompetencies such as therapist responsiveness. Â These benefits are unique contributions of systematic case analyses since the situational and temporal contexts provided by cases are Â lost in group comparison research such as randomized clinical trials. Â For this reason, the two approaches triangulate well with each other, in the sense described by Edwards. Â Aggregation of findings from multiple cases facilitates generalization. Â Edwardâ€™s systematic case series of PTSD treatments demonstrates one important and pragmatic way in which this generalization can be accomplished. Â I discuss Edwardâ€™s approach to studying therapist responsiveness in light of methodology, theory-building, training, and case formulation.
Isolated Lung Perfusion With Doxorubicin Prolongs Survival in a Rodent Model of Pulmonary Metastases

Abstract Background . We developed a rodent model of unilateral pulmonary metastases to evaluate long-term survival after isolated lung perfusion with doxorubicin. Methods . In the model development study, on day 0, two groups of F344 rats (n = 15) underwent transient right pulmonary artery occlusion for either 5 or 10 minutes at the time of intravenous injection of methylcholantrene-induced sarcoma cells. On day 14, all animals were sacrificed and lung nodules counted. In the survival study, on day 0, 21 rats received intravenous injection of sarcoma cells with concomitant 10-minute right pulmonary artery occlusion. On day 7, eight rats underwent left isolated lung perfusion with doxorubicin (6.4 mg/kg); five rats underwent perfusion with buffered Hespan; six untreated rats were studied as controls. Results . Ten of fifteen animals (67%) in the model study with 5-minute pulmonary artery occlusion had right-sided tumor nodules. Ten-minute occlusion resulted in a tumor-free right lung in all animals. In the survival study, all animals in the Hespan and control groups died of massive tumor replacement of the left lung, with median survival times of 20 and 18 days, respectively. The median survival time of 36 days for the animals undergoing isolated lung perfusion with doxorubicin was significantly longer ( p Conclusions . Isolated lung perfusion with doxorubicin results in a durable response and prolongs survival in the treatment of experimental sarcoma pulmonary metastases.
Anisotropic properties of tracheal smooth muscle tissue.

The anisotropic (directional-dependent) properties of contracting tracheal smooth muscle tissue are estimated from a computational model based on the experimental data of length-dependent stiffness. The area changes are obtained at different muscle lengths from experiments in which stimulated muscle undergoes unrestricted shortening. Then, through an interative process, the anisotropic properties are estimated by matching the area changes obtained from the finite element analysis to those derived from the experiments. The results obtained indicate that the anisotropy ratio (longitudinal stiffness to transverse stiffness) is about 4 when the smooth muscle undergoes 70% strain shortening, indicating that the transverse stiffness reduces as the longitudinal stiffness increases. It was found through a sensitivity analysis from the simulation model that the longitudinal stiffness and the in-plane shear modulus are not very sensitive as compared to major Poisson's ratio to the area changes of the muscle tissue.
Growth of self-assembled monolayers on sulfide treated gallium arsenide using predetermined linkage moieties

Hexanethiol (C6H13SH), phenylphosphonic acid [PhP(O)(OH)2], and 3-bromo-benzoic acid (3-BrC6H4CO2H) have been reacted with {100}-GaAs surface which have been pretreated with an acid etch and an ammonium sulfide reactive passivation layer. The chemically reacted surfaces have been characterized by XPS and advancing contact angle measurements. As predicted from simple model compounds, [(tBu)2Ga(μ-X)]2, the thiol and phosphonic acid ligands allow for uniform surface layers, while the carboxylic acid is geometrically unsuited to binding the surface of GaAs. The relative acidity of thiol versus phosphonic acid results in greater coverage for the latter due to a more facile reaction with the sulfide passivated GaAs surface.
Population Dynamics and Range Expansion in Nine-Banded Armadillos

Understanding why certain species can successfully colonize new areas while others do not is a central question in ecology. The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) is a conspicuous example of a successful invader, having colonized much of the southern United States in the last 200 years. We used 15 years (1992–2006) of capture-mark-recapture data from a population of armadillos in northern Florida in order to estimate, and examine relationships among, various demographic parameters that may have contributed to this ongoing range expansion. Modeling across a range of values for γ, the probability of juveniles surviving in the population until first capture, we found that population growth rates varied from 0.80 for γ = 0.1, to 1.03 for γ = 1.0. Growth rates approached 1.0 only when γ ≥0.80, a situation that might not occur commonly because of the high rate of disappearance of juveniles. Net reproductive rate increased linearly with γ, but life expectancy (estimated at 3 years) was independent of γ. We also found that growth rates were lower during a 3-year period of hardwood removal that removed preferred habitat than in the years preceding or following. Life-table response experiment (LTRE) analysis indicated the decrease in growth rate during logging was primarily due to changes in survival rates of adults. Likewise, elasticity analyses of both deterministic and stochastic population growth rates revealed that survival parameters were more influential on population growth than were those related to reproduction. Collectively, our results are consistent with recent theories regarding biological invasions which posit that populations no longer at the leading edge of range expansion do not exhibit strong positive growth rates, and that high reproductive output is less critical in predicting the likelihood of successful invasion than are life-history strategies that emphasize allocation of resources to future, as opposed to current, reproduction.
A network graphical conferencing system

A network-oriented color graphical conferencing system is being built by the Information Sciences Dept. of the Rand Corporation. This system is designed to allow several people to confer simultaneously over a network. Users share a common display, which is divided into sections: an individual section (or “window”) for each user, and a common graphical “blackboard” window where the users may take turns sketching out and modifying a graphical display in full color. The display uses bit-map color raster-scan technology.Each user's private window is identified with that user's name and location. Text typed by a user appears in his window as he types it. Several users may be typing text simultaneously. A special symbol appears in the window of a user who is sketching to indicate who is drawing the picture.Several conferences may be going on at the same time; users may request a menu page showing who is participating in which conferences. Conferences may be “locked” to prevent others from joining.The system makes use of other Rand-developed utilities for the design and display of arbitrary characters, as well as Rand's Virtual Terminal UNIX (TM) operating system.
Nanoscale Metal–Organic Framework for Highly Effective Photodynamic Therapy of Resistant Head and Neck Cancer

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective anticancer procedure that relies on tumor localization of a photosensitizer followed by light activation to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (e.g., 1O2). Here we report the rational design of a Hf–porphyrin nanoscale metal–organic framework, DBP–UiO, as an exceptionally effective photosensitizer for PDT of resistant head and neck cancer. DBP–UiO efficiently generates 1O2 owing to site isolation of porphyrin ligands, enhanced intersystem crossing by heavy Hf centers, and facile 1O2 diffusion through porous DBP–UiO nanoplates. Consequently, DBP–UiO displayed greatly enhanced PDT efficacy both in vitro and in vivo, leading to complete tumor eradication in half of the mice receiving a single DBP–UiO dose and a single light exposure. NMOFs thus represent a new class of highly potent PDT agents and hold great promise in treating resistant cancers in the clinic.
Color change of toluidine blue induced by polyanionic quantum dots

Abstract The surface of 4.1 nm CdSe/ZnS, core/shell, quantum dots was stabilized with cysteine (Cys) or thioglycolic acid (TGA) ligands. Electrostatic interactions between the polyanionic quantum dots (QDs) and positively charged toluidine blue were studied by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and Forster resonance energy transfer. The surface net charge on the QDs highly correlated with the dye's degree of metachromasia, which served as a direct and convenient surface electrostatic probe for negatively-charged nanoparticles.
Dynamical Stereochemistry on Several Electronic States: A Computational Study of Na* + H2

The orbital control of stereochemistry is discussed with special reference to the Na (3p 2P) + H2 collision. As seen by H2, the p orbital of the electronically excited Na atom is like a quadrupole,...
Computer for fractionation calculations

THE PETROLEUM and natural gas industries utilize fractionating columns to separate hydrocarbons of high volatility from hydrocarbons of low volatility. Each column, or tower, is a type of equipment which permits a liquid stream to cascade down over a series of trays or plates and allows a vapor stream to bubble up through the plates countercurrent to the liquid stream. The feed stream (containing several components such as methane, ethane, butane, propane, and so forth) enters one of the chambers part way up the column. Each of the components of the feed is present in varying amounts in the liquid stream falling from a given plate and the vapor stream rising from a given plate. The relative amounts of the several components in a given stream depend upon several factors including the temperature and pressure of the stream and the relative amounts of the liquid and vapor components in the streams approaching the plate. Within the column as a whole, large percentages of the less volatile components fall in liquid form toward the bottom, while large percentages of the more volatile components rise in vapor form toward the top. The liquid and vapor flows within the tower are maintained by supplying heat to the bottom of the column and removing it from the top.
STORAGE STABILITY OF COMMERCIALLY PREPARED AND FROZEN POND-RAISED CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctauts, rafinisque)

SUMMARY –The storage stability of frozen pond-raised channel catfish from five commercial processing plants was examined. Three distinct types of processing treatment were included in the five lots. Fish samples were evaluated initially and at regular intervals during frozen storage up to 270 days. The evaluations included changes in moisture, pH, fat stability (TBA value) and shear press values of the uncooked fish, and in sensory ratings for appearance, aroma, color, texture and flavor of the cooked products. Moisture losses and changes in pH during frozen storage were not statistically significant (P = 0.05). Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values indicative of changes in fat stability, incresed in all five lots of fish with prolonged storage but were not closely correlated with changes in flavor rating. Sensory ratings for quality of the cooked product decreased significantly with successive storage periods. The regression patterns representing changes in quality during storage varied among the different losts of fish. Certain variations were related to the processing treatments.
A THz-frequency selective invisibility space using inhomogeneous artificial dielectrics

We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate a THz-frequency selective invisibility space using inhomogeneous artificial dielectrics. Here, a selected THz beam is made to loop around an object (larger than 5λ) that is situated on axis, effectively rendering the object invisible to the beam.
Theory of physisorption interactions

Abstract Information on the single-atom holding potential of physical adsorption and the lateral interactions of the adatoms is discussed and summarized. Results on the substrate-mediated dispersion energy and on the interaction of adsorption dipoles are consolidated.
A MULTIVARIATE APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY

Most quality assessment studies utilize a univariate approach to the assessment of quality. While the univariate approach has some merit, this study presents an alternative—the multivariate approach. Factor analysis identified three clusters of variables potentially linked to quality. These clusters, labeled “faculty research,” “input,” and “student,” were later used as bases for measuring departmental excellence. Seven indicators based on these clusters were developed. The indicators that combined the first and second clusters and the indicators that combined all three clusters appeared to have produced the best estimates of departmental excellence.
Research Review: Parents’ service experience – a missing element in research on foster care case outcomes

A large body of child protection literature focuses on termination of parental rights, family reunification, and children's re-entry into care as outcomes for children in foster care. Studies have investigated child, placement, family, and parent variables as predictors of case outcome. However, one important group of variables remains largely unstudied: factors related to parents’ service experience. Parents’ service experience includes parents’ perceptions of and involvement in the various services in which they must participate in order to recover their children from foster care (e.g. mandated treatment programmes such as substance abuse rehabilitation, parenting skills classes, etc.). The parental perspective on the foster care process is a critical element in the life of a child protection case, and its influence on case outcome must be explored. A brief review of the current literature on case outcome predictors is provided and parents’ service experience is highlighted as an area in need of investigation. Suggestions for the measurement of parents’ service experience are also offered.
Baboon as a nonhuman primate model for vaccine studies

Nonhuman primates are suitable and valid models to determine the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of candidate vaccines that are being developed for human application. Among the nonhuman primates, baboons have been found to be ideal for vaccine studies because they are phylogenetically closer to humans, have a similar immune system and response and are available in large numbers. During the last two decades, numerous candidate vaccines have been evaluated in the baboon model.
Replication-Independent Repair of DNA Interstrand Crosslinks

DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are cytotoxic lesions that covalently link opposite strands of the DNA helix and block DNA unwinding. ICLs are repaired during and outside S phase, and replication-independent ICL repair (RIR) is critical to maintain genomic integrity and to allow transcription in nondividing or slowly dividing cells. Here, we show that the Y family DNA polymerase kappa (Pol κ) is essential for RIR of a site-specific ICL lesion in Xenopus egg extracts, and that both its catalytic activity and UBZ domains are required for this function. We also demonstrate a requirement for PCNA and its modification on lysine 164. Finally, we show that Pol κ participates in ICL repair in mammalian cells, particularly in G0. Our results identify key components of the RIR pathway and begin to unravel its mechanism.
An Evaluation and Proposed Modification of the Sepehri-Silver-New Heuristic for Multiple Lot Sizing Under Variable Yield

Abstract The scrap or reject allowance heuristic developed by Sepehri, Silver, and New and reported in IIE Transactions is evaluated over a wide variety of combinations of desired batch size, fixed cost, and yield. Although the procedure works, in general, better than previously developed heuristics, there are conditions — large lot size, low fixed cost, and low yield — under which it performs quite poorly.
p53 induces distinct epigenetic states at its direct target promoters

Background The tumor suppressor protein p53 is a transcription factor that is mutated in many cancers. Regulation of gene expression by binding of wild-type p53 to its target sites is accompanied by changes in epigenetic marks like histone acetylation. We studied DNA binding and epigenetic changes induced by wild-type and mutant p53 in non-malignant hTERT-immortalized human mammary epithelial cells overexpressing either wild-type p53 or one of four p53 mutants (R175H, R249S, R273H and R280K) on a wild-type p53 background.
Decrease in Deformation Rate Observed by Two-Color Laser Ranging in Long Valley Caldera

After the January 1983 earthquake swarm, the last period of notable seismicity, the rapid rate of deformation of the south moat and resurgent dome of the Long Valley caldera diminished. Frequently repeated two-color laser ranging measurements made within a geodetic network in the caldera during the interval June 1983 to November 1984 reveal that, although the deformation accumulated smoothly in time, the rate of extension of many of the baselines decreased by factors of 2 to 3 from mid-1983 to mid-1984. Areal dilatation was the dominant signal during this period, with rates of extension of several baselines reaching as high as 5 parts per million per annum during the summer of 1983. Within the south moat, shear deformation also was apparent. The cumulative deformation can be modeled as the result of injection of material into two points located beneath the resurgent dome in addition to shallow right lateral slip on a vertical fault in the south moat.
Design considerations for the IBM X-ray lithography facility

Synchrotrons, like other large particle accelerators, have historically been the tools of universities and national laboratories for research. Moving this technology to industry presents many challenges which do not exist in an academic environment. One major challenge is to develop a facility to house and support the ring in a manufacturing-like mode where operator, customer, and public concern for radiation and industrial safety is of extreme importance. This paper describes IBM's efforts to design and build a facility to address these safety concerns.
A point collocation method for geometrically nonlinear membranes

Abstract This paper describes the development of a numerical model for geometrically nonlinear membranes and evaluates its performance for membranes at static equilibrium. The scheme has several features not commonly seen in structural finite element analysis: the point collocation method, group formulation, and a staggered mesh. In the point collocation finite element method, the partial differential equations are solved at each node instead of by integrating over elements. The group formulation simplifies the handling of nonlinearities by interpolating the nonlinear products of variables, as opposed to seeking the product of independently interpolated variables. The domain is discretized with a staggered mesh of linear triangles and associated polygons. Two sequential gradient recovery operations are performed: first the gradients of the linear triangles are calculated and converted to stresses; then, polygon derivative shape functions derived in this paper are used to determine the internal forces from the stress gradients. The resulting system of nonlinear equations is solved with a Jacobian-free Newton–Krylov solver. The code is first verified using the patch test and the method of manufactured solutions. Then the results are validated using experimental data and benchmark code results in the literature for the Hencky problem (a circular membrane with a fixed perimeter and uniform inflation pressure). The observed rates of convergence for both displacement and radial strain were two. For the configurations and grids used in this investigation, the scheme was suitable for accurately predicting sub-hyperelastic deformations.
Putting together an instructional development team

typically a description of particular tasks assigned to team personnel, their functions in relationship to each other, and procedures which will govern the use of facilities and personnel all controlled by the use of an integrative set of forms such that when completed will assist with the smooth operation of the team. The definition of each member's role should include their rights, responsibilities, internal and external powers, and their association with the formal and informal communications channels described in the next phase. For example, there typically exists a director of a development service, several project directors, and a variety of production specialists. You may want to delineate their job descriptions as follows:
Interferon Alpha May Benefit Cidp Patients Refractory To Standard Therapies: Description Of Long‐Term Results On 12 Patients

Although most patients affected by CIDP improve with Corticosteroids, Intravenous Immunoglobulins or Plasma-Exchange, about 20–30% show poor or no response and 7–10% die due to the disease. We describe 12 CIDP patients unresponsive to standard therapies who were treated with Interferon alpha. Follow-up period ranged from 4 months to 8 years. Six patients showed a marked and sustained improvement: three recovered completely; the others, who had a severe quadriparesis (Rankin 5) before treatment disclosed a score 2–3 at last follow up. Beginning of improvement was observed within 2–4 days since starting therapy in most patients. In the remaining 6 patients no improvement was observed and two of them died with quadriplegia and respiratory failure. No significant adverse effects were observed. Over the last decade Interferons have been used in the treatment of CIDP. Some authors reported no significant improvement (Hadden et al., Neurology 1999, 53:57; Kuntzer et al., Neurology 1999, 53:1364) while others documented a clear benefit (Engel and Adornato, Neurology 1992, 42:467; Sabatelli, J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1995, 58:638; Gorson et al., Neurology 1997, 48:777; Gorson et al., Neurology 1998, 50:84; Harada et al., 2000, MN:295; Ueda et al., Rinsho Shink 2000, 40:155). The ever present problem in clinical studies on CIDP, selection bias, may explain this discrepancy. However, the type of Interferon employed may be crucial because only patients receiving IFN alpha improved. Our data show that 50% of patients treated with IFN alpha disclose a significant improvement thus suggesting that this therapy may represent an effective option in otherwise intractable CIDP patients.
Bifurcations Under Nongeneric Conditions

Much interest has been focused recently on bifurcation theorems (cf. [I] for bibliography), which state, for example, that if the linearization around a critical point of a differential equation satisfies some conditions, then the (nonlinear) equation has some special solutions near the critical point, e.g., other critical points or periodic solutions. A well known bifurcation theorem (e.g., [l, 2]), can be stated, in its simplest form, as follows: THEOREM 1. Let Xt = F(X, ,u) be a one-parameter family of autono- mous dazerential equations on Rn, F depending smoothly (e.g., Cz) on all of its n + 1 arguments, such that X = 0 is a critical point for each TV with 1 p 1 suficiently small (i.e., F(0, p) = 0). Let A, be the linearization (with respect to X) around X = 0 of F(X, t.~). Suppose that for y = 0, h = 0 is a simple eigenvalue of A, and let X(p) be the eigenvalue of A, which reduces to h = 0 for t.~ = 0. Suppose further that (dh/dp)(O) # 0. Then in every suficiently small neighborhood of (0,O) there is a curve in the n + 1 dimensional (X, p) space passing through X = 0, TV = 0, and distinct from the p axis, each of whose X components is a critical point for X, = F(X, p). Th ere are no other critical points in a neighborhood of x = 0, p = 0. This particular bifurcation theorem really just concerns the zeroes of a family of vector valued-functions. However, its main interest is in connection with solutions to differential equations. This form of 274
N‐Oxides and S‐oxides of ellipticine analogs

Oxidation with perbenzoic acid derivatives in neutral organic solvents of 11-desmethylellipticine (at the pyrido-N) and oxa-ellipticine afforded the corresponding N-Oxides. Thia-ellipticine afforded the sulfone N-oxide, which underwent N-deoxygenation with triphenylphosphine to yield thia-ellipticine sulfone.
On the spectral radius of a directed graph

We provide upper estimates on the spectral radius of a directed graph. In particular we prove that the spectral radius is bounded by the maximum of the geometric mean of in-degree and out-degree taken over all vertices. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of relational programming

Abstract : This report provides a brief overview of the method of programming in a relational calculus. This is a style of programming in which entire relations are manipulated as data, and in which the program itself is represented as a relation. This report describes the use of the relational operators to manipulate both data and functions, and introduces an improved notation for relational programming. (AUthor)
In Vivo and in Vitro Lipid Peroxidation of Arachidonate Esters: The Effect of Fish Oil ω-3 Lipids on Product Distribution

The effect of lipid composition on the distribution of free radical oxidation products derived from arachidonic acid (20:4) esters has been studied in vitro and in vivo. Pro-inflammatory prostaglandin (PG) F2-like compounds, termed F2-isoprostanes (IsoPs), are produced in vivo and in vitro by the free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid. Controlled free radical oxidation of mixtures of fatty acid esters in vitro showed that the formation of IsoPs from arachidonate is dramatically influenced by the presence of other fatty acid esters in the reaction mixture. Thus, three lipid mixtures containing the same arachidonate concentration but different amounts of other fatty esters (16:0; 18:1; 18:2; 20:5, and 22:6) were oxidized, and the product yields were determined by GC and LC/MS/MS analysis. The yield of F2-IsoP formed after 1 h of oxidation was 18% (based on arachidonate consumed) for mixtures containing arachidonate as the only oxidizable PUFA, but yields of these biologically active compoun...
Exploring the Concept of Rivalry: From India and Pakistan to the Yankees and Red Sox

Interstate rivalries are central to international security relations. Although some students may have previously thought about the concept of rivalry in regard to interstate interactions, more commonly, students may have thought about rivalry in relation to sports or some other social context. Here I demonstrate how discussing sports rivalries can serve as a means through which to introduce the concept of interstate rivalry in the classroom. Examining dimensions of rivalry (such as issue competition and temporal dependence) in relation to sports and interstate rivalry subtypes can illustrate similarities and differences across contexts, thereby sharpening conceptual clarity. Discussing the concept of rivalry through reference to sports, furthermore, can stimulate interest and provide students with a basis from which to properly conceptualize rivalry phenomena.
Severe Plastic Deformation by Machining Characterized by Finite Element Simulation

A finite element model of large strain deformation in machining is presented in the context of using machining as a controlled method for severe plastic deformation (SPD). Various characteristics of the large strain deformation field associated with chip formation, including strain, strain distribution, strain rate, and velocity field, are calculated using the model and compared with direct measurements in plane strain machining. Reasonable agreement is found for all cases considered. The versatility and accuracy of the finite element model are demonstrated, especially in the range of highly negative rake angles, wherein the shear plane model of machining is less applicable due to the nature of material flow around the tool cutting edge. The influence of the tool rake angle and friction at the tool-chip interface on the deformation is explored and used to establish correspondences between controllable machining input parameters and deformation parameters. These correspondences indicate that machining is a viable, controlled method of severe plastic deformation. Implications of the results for creation of nanostructured and ultra-fine-grained alloys by machining are briefly highlighted.
[3H]Xylamine Accumulation by Two Sympathetically Innervated Tissues

The accumulation of [3H]xylamine [( ring-G-3H]-N-2'-chloroethyl-N-ethyl-2-methylbenzylamine; [3H]XYL) by rabbit thoracic aorta and rat vas deferens was studied in vitro. [3H]XYL uptake in both tissues saturated at the same concentrations and displayed the same time course as that for maximal inhibition of [3H]noradrenaline [( 3H]NA) accumulation by XYL. Hydrolysis of [3H]XYL or coincubation with Na2S2O3 reduced tissue accumulation of tritium by 80%. In aorta and vas deferens, about 45% and 65%, respectively, of the total [3H]XYL accumulation was blocked by 100 mumol/L desmethylimipramine (DMI), l-NA, or bretylium. In the absence of sodium ion, the uptake of [3H]XYL was reduced by approximately these same amounts. In both tissues nearly 70% of the [3H]XYL taken up was protein-bound when measured as trichloroacetic acid-precipitated tritium. Of this radioactivity, the same proportion was sensitive to 100 mumol/L DMI or the absence of sodium ion as found for total tissue accumulation of [3H]XYL. Hydrolysis of [3H]XYL prior to incubation with vas deferens reduced the protein-bound tritium by more than 95%. The studies indicate that [3H]XYL interacts with NA uptake carrier in both rabbit aorta and rat vas deferens and that a substantial portion of the resulting protein-bound radioactivity is carrier-dependent.
Impossible to _gnore: Word-Form Inconsistency Slows Preschool Children's Word-Learning

Many studies have examined language acquisition under morphosyntactic or semantic inconsistency, but few have considered word-form inconsistency. Many young learners encounter word-form inconsistency due to accent variation in their communities. The current study asked how preschoolers recognize accent-variants of newly learned words. Can preschoolers generalize recognition based on partial match to the learned form? When learning in two accents simultaneously, do children ignore inconsistent elements, or encode two word forms (one per accent)? Three- to 5-year-olds learned words in a novel-word learning paradigm but did not generalize to new accent-like pronunciations (Experiment 1) unless familiar-word recognition trials were interspersed (Experiments 3 and 4), which apparently generated a familiar-word-recognition pragmatic context. When exposure included two accent-variants per word, children were less accurate (Experiment 2) and slower to look to referents (Experiments 2, 5) relative to one-accent le...
Robust estimates of 3D reflector dip and azimuth

Much of seismic stratigraphy is based on the morphology of seismic textures. The identification of reflector terminations and subtle changes in dip and azimuth allows us to infer coherent progradational and transgressive packages as well as more chaotic slumps, fans, and braided-stream complexes; infill of karsted terrains; gas seeps; and, of course, faults and angular unconformities. A major difficulty in estimating reflector dip and azimuth arises at discrete lateral and vertical discontinuities across which reflector dip and azimuth change. The smearing across these boundaries produced by traditional dip and azimuth estimations is avoided by using temporally and spatially shifted multiple windows that contain each analysis point. This more robust estimation of dip and azimuth leads to increased resolution of well-established algorithms such as coherence, coherent amplitude gradients, and structurally oriented filtering. More promising still is the analysis of high-resolution dip and azimuth through vol...
A New Approach to Scan-Trajectory Design and Track : AFM Force Measurement Example

In this article, two practical issues encountered in the design and track of scan trajectories are studied: One issue is the large output oscillations occurring during the scanning, and the other one is the effect of modeling errors on trajectory tracking. Output oscillations need to be small in scanning operations, particularly for lightly damped systems, such as the piezoelectric actuators and the flexible structures. Moreover, modeling errors are ubiquitous in practical applications. The proposed approach extends the recently developed optimal scan-trajectory design and control method by introducing the prefilter design to reduce the output oscillations. Furthermore, a novel enhanced inversion-based iterative control (EIIC) algorithm is proposed. The EIIC algorithm is then integrated with the optimal scan-trajectory design method to compensate for the effect of modeling errors on the scanning. The convergence of the iterative control law is discussed, and the frequency range of the convergence is quantified. The proposed approach is illustrated by implementing it to the high-speed adhesion-force measurements using atomic force microscope. Simulation and experimental work are presented and discussed to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach. The experimental results show that compared to the conventional DC-gain method, the proposed approach can reduce the tracking error by over 25 times during the force-curve measurements. DOI: 10.1115/1.2936841
The Perils of Petty Production: Pierre and Jean-Baptiste Serve of Chamalières

This essay examines the prospects and plans of a family of small-scale French papermakers, the Serves, from the 1780s to the 1830s. It explores the interplay of risk, the state, labor discipline, and technological diffusion. Pierre Serve petitioned the monarchy, the Revolutionary state, and the Napoleonic regime for a subsidy to install Hollander beaters, a machine that macerated rags, in his shops. His son pursued a law to humble the journeymen paperworkers, whose custom and skill continuously challenged the Serves' mastery of their mill. Timely responses from the state, which favored large producers, never came. Consequently, the Serves fell back on their own resources and the market, which determined their fate.
Integrals for fully correlated Gaussians in relative coordinates

This article considers the integrals needed in energy computations on Coulombic systems using many-particle basis functions that are products of Gaussians in all the relative coordinates rij. The formulas presented are applicable to systems with arbitrary numbers of particles and with wave functions containing arbitrary nonnegative powers of all the r. Recursive procedures for evaluating the integrals are also given, and graph-theoretic representations are provided for multinomials entering the formulation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Fully unintegrated parton correlation functions and factorization in lowest-order hard scattering

Motivated by the need to correct the potentially large kinematic errors in approximations used in the standard formulation of perturbative QCD, we reformulate deeply inelastic lepton-proton scattering in terms of gauge-invariant, universal parton correlation functions which depend on all components of parton four-momentum. Currently, different hard QCD processes are described by very different perturbative formalisms, each relying on its own set of kinematical approximations. In this paper we show how to set up formalism that avoids approximations on final-state momenta, and thus has a very general domain of applicability. The use of exact kinematics introduces a number of significant conceptual shifts already at leading order, and tightly constrains the formalism. We show how to define parton correlation functions that generalize the concepts of parton density, fragmentation function, and soft factor. After setting up a general subtraction formalism, we obtain a factorization theorem. To avoid complications with Ward identities, the full derivation is restricted to Abelian gauge theories; even so, the resulting structure is highly suggestive of a similar treatment for non-Abelian gauge theories.
The session capture and replay paradigm for asynchronous collaboration

In this paper, we describe a paradigm and its associated collaboration artifact to allow flexible support for asynchronous collaboration. Under this paradigm, a user session with an application's user interface is encapsulated into a data artifact, referred to as a session object. Users collaborate by annotating, by modifying, and by a back-and-forth exchange of these session objects. Each session object is composed of several data streams that encapsulate audio annotations and user interactions with the application. The replay of a session object is accomplished by dispatching these data streams to the application for re-execution Re-execution of these streams is kept synchronized to maintain faithfulness to the original recording. The basic mechanisms allow a participant who misses a session with an application to catch up on the activities that occurred during the session. This paper presents the paradigm, its applications, its design, and our preliminary experience with its use.
Ectopic expression of Gcm1 induces congenital spinal cord abnormalities

Brief ectopic expression of Gcm1 in mouse embryonic tail bud profoundly affects the development of the nervous system. All mice from 5 independently derived transgenic lines exhibited either one or both of two types of congenital spinal cord pathologies: failure of the neural tube to close (spina bifida) and multiple neural tubes (diastematomyelia). Because the transgene is expressed only in a restricted caudal region and only for a brief interval (E8.5 to E13.5), there was no evidence of embryonic lethality. The dysraphisms develop during the period and within the zone of transgene expression. We present evidence that these dysraphisms result from an inhibition of neuropore closure and a stimulation of secondary neurulation. After transgene expression ceases, the spinal dysraphisms are progressively resolved and the neonatal animals, while showing signs of scarring and tissue resorption, have a closed vertebral column. The multiple spinal cords remain but are enclosed in a single spinal column as in the human diastematomyelia. The animals live a normal life time, are fertile and do not exhibit any obvious weakness or motor disabilities.
A theoretical model of the fracture of rock during freezing

We present a mathematical model for the breakdown of porous rock by the growth of ice within cracks. The model is founded upon well-established principles of fracture mechanics and recent advances in soil physics, iJong with the assumption that progressive crack growth results from water migrating to ice bodies in cracks, much as water migrates to ice lenses in freezing soil. Our model predicts crack-growth rates compatible with empirical data. Calculations for a granite and a marble indicate that sustained freezing is most effective in producing crack growth when temperatures range from —4 °C to -15 °C. At higher temperatures, thermodynamic limitations prevent ice pressure from building up sufficiently to produce significant crack growth; at lower temperatures, the migration of water necessary for sustaining crack growth is strongly inhibited. In hydraulically "open" systems, in which pore-water pressure remains near atmospheric pressure during the freezing process, crackgrowth rates during continuous cooling will generally be greatest at low rates of cooling, less than -0.1-0.5 °C/h. At higher rates of cooling, the influx of water to growing cracks is significantly inhibited. The model delineates clearly the role of material parameters (elastic moduli, fracture-mechanical properties, grain size and shape, and crack size), environmental conditions (temperature, temperature gradient, water pressure), and time in frost damage to rocks. Our calculations, along with recent experimental work on water migration in freezing rocks (Fukuda, 1983), lead us to question the widely accepted importance of two phenomena—freezing of water in sealed cracks and freeze-thaw cycling—in the fracture of rock exposed to natural freezing conditions.
Original Articles: Testis Cancer: Complications of Post-Chemotherapy Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection

ABSTRACTThe surgical morbidity rate of 603 patients who underwent lymphadenectomy after primary chemotherapy for clinical stages II and III testis cancer from 1982 to 1992 was reviewed. There were 144 complications in 125 patients (20.7%). The majority of patients (93%) had a tumor volume of greater than 5 cm. Five patients died 3 to 47 days postoperatively, for an operative mortality rate of 0.8%. Pulmonary complications were the most frequent cause of severe morbidity: 6 patients had the adult respiratory distress syndrome and 5 needed prolonged ventilation. The underlying cause was a combination of bleomycin induced pulmonary toxicity, and large volume retroperitoneal and pulmonary disease resected in these patients. Limiting inspired oxygen concentration and perioperative volume replacement are imperative to minimize bleomycin related pulmonary morbidity. Additional procedures, such as nephrectomy and colectomy, did not add to the morbidity rate. Among patients undergoing concomitant venacavectomy the...
Regulation of the Enterotoxin B Gene in Staphylococcus aureus

The enterotoxin B gene of Staphylococcus aureus encodes a single mRNA of about 900 nucleotides. To identify the DNA sequences involved in transcription of the enterotoxin B gene, the transcription initiation and termination sites were determined by nuclease S1 protection experiments. Determination of the enterotoxin B mRNA and protein levels from a number of toxin-producing strains showed that strains that contained relatively low levels of mRNA synthesized low levels of enterotoxin B, whereas strains that carried high levels of enterotoxin B mRNA produced relatively high levels of the toxin protein. Strains carrying the cloned enterotoxin B gene secreted greatly reduced amounts of other extracellular proteins, indicating that the synthesis of several exoproteins in S. aureus is coordinately regulated. An accessory element called agr has been suggested to be involved in the regulation of several exoprotein genes in S. aureus. When the cloned enterotoxin B gene was introduced into strain ISP546 in which the agr element has been inactivated, reduced levels of both enterotoxin B and enterotoxin B mRNA were found. Our results suggest that the enterotoxin B gene is regulated at the transcriptional level and that the agr element plays a role in this regulation.
Grinding Effects on the Synthesis and Sintering of Cordierite

Grinding effects on the synthesis and sintering of cordierite were investigated. The grinding of a precursor gel derived from colloidal processing promoted the homogeneous distribution of elements in the gel, resulting in improved reactivity for the formation of cordiertie. Grinding the calcined powder enhanced the homogeneity of the resulting powder and caused the accumulation of internal energy as crystal strain; consequently, the densities of the sintered bodies increased and the optimum temperature range for sintering widened.
Design for testability and built-in self test: a review

A summary is presented of a number of design-for-testability (DFT) and built-in self-test (BIST) schemes that can be used in modern VLSI circuits. The DFT methods presented are used to increase the controllability and observability of the circuit design. Partitioning, bus architectures, test-point insertion, and scan methods are discussed. On-chip hardware for real-time test-pattern generation and data compression are investigated. Several of the DFT methods are then combined to form BIST hardware configurations. Built-in evaluation and self-test (BEST), autonomous test, scan with random inputs, built-in logic block observer (BILBO), partitioning with BEST, test-point insertion with on-chip control, and combined test-pattern generation and data compression (CTGC) are considered. An overview of each BIST scheme is offered. >
A holstein cow–calf model for the transfer of ciprofloxacin through milk after a long-term intravenous infusion

This study is part of an ongoing effort to develop animal models that provide milk and sufficient infant (offspring) plasma samples to fully describe a drug's pharmacokinetics to quantitate the risk to the nursing infant. Ciprofloxacin was administered to six healthy Holstein cows as a constant rate intravenous infusion (flow rate was weight adjusted) to achieve a steady-state concentration of approximately 300 ng/mL for 7 days. Plasma and milk samples were collected from the cow at regular intervals over the course of the 7 days. The plasma and milk samples were analyzed for ciprofloxacin by high-performance liquid chromatography. The milk was fed to calves, and calf plasma samples were analyzed to study the lactational transfer of ciprofloxacin from dam to nursing neonate. Remarkably, concentrations of ciprofloxacin in milk were 45 times higher than plasma drug concentrations in the dam. Approximately 6% of the administered dose was transferred to the milk, resulting in an average oral dose of 0.5 mg/kg to the calves with every feeding. The drug did not accumulate in the calves, and plasma concentrations were between one-tenth and one-fifth the plasma concentrations of the dam.
Effects of PI3K catalytic subunit and Akt isoform deficiency on mTOR and p70S6K activation in myoblasts.

The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is critical for cellular growth and survival in skeletal muscle, and is activated in response to growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). We found that in C2C12 myoblasts, deficiency of PI3K p110 catalytic subunits or Akt isoforms had distinct effects on phosphorylation of mTOR and p70S6K. siRNA-mediated knockdown of PI3K p110α, p110β, and simultaneous knockdown of p110α and p110β resulted in increased basal and IGF-I-stimulated phosphorylation of mTOR S2448 and p70S6K T389; however, phosphorylation of S6 was reduced in p110β-deficient cells, possibly due to reductions in total S6 protein. We found that IGF-I-stimulated Akt1 activity was enhanced in Akt2- or Akt3-deficient cells, and that knockdown of individual Akt isoforms increased mTOR/p70S6K activation in an isoform-specific fashion. Conversely, levels of IGF-I-stimulated p70S6K phosphorylation in cells simultaneously deficient in both Akt1 and Akt3 were increased beyond those seen with loss of any single Akt isoform, suggesting an alternate, Akt-independent mechanism that activates mTOR/p70S6K. Our results collectively suggest that mTOR/p70S6K is activated in a PI3K/Akt-dependent manner, but that in the absence of p110α or Akt, alternate pathway(s) may mediate activation of mTOR/p70S6K in C2C12 myoblasts.
Automatic VHDL generation software tool for parameterized FPGA based FFT architectures

This paper describes the development of a software tool for simulating and generating fully parallel generic VHDL representations of Fast Fourier Transforms. Several fixed-point number optimizations are described with emphasis on maximizing speed and/or minimizing FPGA area. Twiddle factor bit precision and its effects on FPGA area usage are also explored.