cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Oxidative Stress in Peroxisome Proliferator-Mediated Carcinogenesis

In this review, the evidence about the role of oxidative stress in the induction of hepatocellular carcinomas by peroxisome proliferators is examined. The activation of PPAR-alpha by peroxisome proliferators in rats and mice may produce oxidative stress, due to the induction of enzymes like fatty acyl coenzyme A (CoA) oxidase (AOX) and cytochrome P-450 4A1. The effect of peroxisome proliferators on the antioxidant defense system is reviewed, as is the effect on endpoints resulting from oxidative stress that may be important in carcinogenesis, such as lipid peroxidation, oxidative DNA damage, and transcription factor activation. Peroxisome proliferators clearly inhibit several enzymes in the antioxidant defense system, but studies examining effects on lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage are conflicting. There is a profound species difference in the induction of hepatocellular carcinomas by peroxisome proliferators, with rats and mice being sensitive, whereas species such as nonhuman primates and guinea pigs are not susceptible to the effects of peroxisome proliferators. The possible role of oxidative stress in these species differences is also reviewed. Overall, peroxisome proliferators produce changes in oxidative stress, but whether these changes are important in the carcinogenic process is not clear at this time.
Three-Dimensional Forward and Inverse Computations

A system of equations is derived using the three-dimensional methods of vector and tensor analysis, and a computational routine is outlined, which can be used to compute the length, forward vertical angle and forward azimuth of a line connecting two points having known geodetic coordinates. Equations are similarly derived, and a computational routine is outlined, which can be used to compute the geodetic coordinates of a point which lies at the terminus of a vector of given length and direction, originating at a point having known geodetic coordinates. All data consists of field measurements in the form of slope distances, and horizontal and vertical angles, corrected only for refraction. The equations are exact with respect to a reference ellipsoid, but corrections are required wherever the actual topographic surface differs significantly from the surface of the reference ellipsoid.
Mercury’s Surface

The MESSENGER mission has provided far more detailed coverage of Mercury’s surface, particularly its northern hemisphere, than previously available, including photomosaic, spectral reflectance, surface composition, and topography maps. The result is a far better basis for understanding formation histories and mechanisms of its bombardment, tectonic, and volcanic features and terrains, plus volatile deposits. Detailed discussion of elemental abundance measurements, from which bulk abundances and thus interior composition and origin can be inferred, can be found in Chap. 2.
Chemical Manipulation, Enemy Specification and Intercolony Communication in Ant Communities

A community is an association of species that interact in highly variable degree. At one extreme are the obligate associations, in which species are mutually interdependent, while at the opposite extreme there is total or near-total independence, each species being distributed randomly with respect to others (Ricklefs 1979).
Photoreceptor degeneration and Ca2+ influx through light-activated channels of Drosophila.

We discuss in this chapter the role of Ca2+homeostasis in maintaining the structural integrity of photoreceptor cells inDrosophila.Both insufficient and excessive amounts of Ca2+in photoreceptor cells appear to lead to cell degeneration. Because one of the two classes of light-sensitive channels inDrosophilaphotoreceptors is highly Ca2+-permeable, how well this class of channels functions can profoundly affect Ca2+homeostasis. We will begin by reviewingDrosophilaphototransduction, emphasizing what is known about the mechanism of activation of light-sensitive channels. We will then describe Ca2+entry through light-sensitive channels and the presumed mechanisms by which too Iittle and too much Ca2+entry can both cause photoreceptor degeneration. We will conclude the chapter with discussions of two examples of mutations known to cause unregulated Ca2+entry through light-sensitive channels, leading to massive photoreceptor degeneration.
Abstract WP291: Outcomes and Predictors of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy tube placement in Acute Ischemic Stroke versus Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background: The circumstances for morbidity differ between acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The need for Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement may be associated with further morbidity. This study aims to identify differences in outcomes between AIS and ICH patients who undergo PEG placement. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients admitted consecutively within 24 hours of acute stroke to Tulane University Hospital from 07/2008-12/2010. Demographic and clinical data were recorded throughout admission and compared across patients with AIS and ICH using Chi square and t-test with nonparametric tests when appropriate. A prediction score was developed separately for AIS and ICH patients by using 55% of the dataset and tested on the remaining 45%. Associations were further evaluated as potential score variables using logistic regression. ROC curves were used to evaluate the final score. Results: Seventy-six patients who had a PEG placed were identified and included in the analyses (42 AIS and 34 ICH). Of patients with PEG, a greater proportion of ICH patients had dysarthria (p=0.0137) or impaired consciousness (p=0.0018) on admission than AIS patients. Patients with ICH and PEG had more tracheostomy placement (p=0.0216), increased length of stay (8 vs. 6 days; p=0.0005), increased discharge NIHSS Score (21 vs. 3; p<0.0001), and increased discharge modified Rankin Scale (4 vs 3; p<0.0001) compared to patients with AIS and PEG. The odds of an AIS patient with PEG score ≥3 of getting a PEG are greater than those with PEG score <3 (OR 25.806, 95% CI 11.370-58.572). The odds of an ICH patient with PEG score ≥3 of getting a PEG are greater than those with PEG score <3 (OR 4.627, 95% CI 1.839-11.642). Conclusions: The PEG score may be a powerful predictor of PEG placement in patients with acute stroke. Impaired consciousness and dysarthria are significant driving forces in PEG placement in ICH vs. AIS patients. ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Echo decomposition based time delay sensor with sub-sample resolution

Time-delay estimation (TDE) sensors can be used to effectively locate a transmitting source. Our aim is to use distributed TDE sensors that are relatively inexpensive. The latter is the result of two constraints: a single analog to digital converter is used for sampling the sum of two sensor output signals, and the sampling interval is substantially larger than the practically required time delay resolution. This approach leads to the requirement for sub-sample interval delay estimation from overlapping different echoes of a received signal. No specific a priori assumptions are made regarding the nature of the received signal. We adapt the time-frequency ratio of mixtures (TFRM) approach for blind source separation for our TDE sensor. Our experimental set-up consists of two microphones placed at non-equal distances from an acoustic source. The TDEs are then used for source localization.
Edward Cohn, The High Title of a Communist: Postwar Party Discipline and the Values of the Soviet Regime

With The High Title of a Communist, Edward Cohn of Grinnell College has written a solidly researched and cogently argued book. The work is rooted in his dissertation at the University of Chicago (d...
Low Packing Density Self-Assembled Superstructure of Octahedral Pt3Ni Nanocrystals

We present a structural study of Pt3Ni nanoctahedron superlattice, prepared through both drop-casting and controlled solvent evaporation approaches. In this superlattice system containing ∼10.6 nm side-length Pt3Ni nanoctahedra, we observed a body-centered cubic (bcc) packing structure in both local superlattices and statistically averaged superlattice ensembles using transmission electron microscopic tomography and grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering techniques, respectively. Within the superstructure, it was directly observed that nanoctahedra are orientated along the superstructure axes through sharing their vertices. We found that this arrangement of a bcc superstructure with nanoctahedra connecting through their vertices is dependent on neither the processing pathway nor the substrate under our experimental conditions. With such a very low packing density and ultrahigh surface area, this type of self-organized superstructure possesses unique features for future applications.
Contact Radius and the Insulator–Metal Transition in Films Comprised of Touching Semiconductor Nanocrystals

Nanocrystal assemblies are being explored for a number of optoelectronic applications such as transparent conductors, photovoltaic solar cells, and electrochromic windows. Majority carrier transport is important for these applications, yet it remains relatively poorly understood in films comprised of touching nanocrystals. Specifically, the underlying structural parameters expected to determine the transport mechanism have not been fully elucidated. In this report, we demonstrate experimentally that the contact radius, between touching heavily doped ZnO nanocrystals, controls the electron transport mechanism. Spherical nanocrystals are considered, which are connected by a circular area. The radius of this circular area is the contact radius. For nanocrystals that have local majority carrier concentration above the Mott transition, there is a critical contact radius. If the contact radius between nanocrystals is less than the critical value, then the transport mechanism is variable range hopping. If the contact radius is greater than the critical value, the films display behavior consistent with metallic electron transport.
Assessing Petroleum Contamination in Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus Megalopae Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the spring/summer of 2010 occurred during the peak spawning season of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The potential for contamination of larvae by crude oil and dispersants associated with the spill was high given the life history of blue crabs. The oil spill occurred in offshore waters considered important for blue crab larval development and there was high spatial and temporal overlap between blue crab larvae and the incident area. Exposure to contaminants may have occurred in both the offshore developmental phase and the nearshore settlement stage. Fluorescence spectroscopy techniques were developed to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in composite samples of tissue of 50 megalopae. Samples as low as 400 µl were analyzed allowing for detection of contaminants in very small sample sizes. Evidence of petroleum contamination was found in all megalopae harvested from the wild.
T Cells Genetically Modified to Be CD19-Specific with Improved Potential for Trafficking and Activation.

Abstract The safety and feasibility of adoptive immunotherapy using ex vivo-expanded differentiated human effector T cells that express tumor-specific chimeric receptors are being evaluated in clinical trials. Typically, these T cells are CCR7neg and bear a T-cell receptor of unknown specificity. To improve the therapeutic potential of genetically engineered T cells in general, and CD19-specific T cells in particular, strategies are needed to improve their ability traffic to sites of residual/macroscopic disease where infused T cells can be specifically activated for proliferation, cytokine secretion, and tumor-lysis. To accomplish these goals we have generated a selection process that uses genetically modified T cells, expressing influenza A matrix protein 1 (MP1) or CMV pp65, to act as antigen presenting cells (T-APC) in order to expand autologous viral-specific T cells in vitro and in vivo. The viral-specific effector T cells can then be genetically modified with a CD19-specific chimeric immunoreceptor (CD19R), which recognizes CD19 on malignant B cells, independent of MHC. By using these viral-specific T cells as a platform for the introduction of CD19R, we now demonstrate that bi-specific T cells express the chemokine receptor CCR7, which is implicated in the trafficking of T cells to lymph nodes. We demonstrate that this chemokine receptor functions to directionally chemotax the genetically modified bi-specific T-cells along concentration gradients of CCL19 or CCL21. We further demonstrate that both the endogenous and introduced chimeric immunoreceptor continue to function in CCR7+ bi-specific T cells. Indeed, the bi-specific T cells are capable of augmented cytokine production and proliferation upon docking with both CD19 and MP1 antigens, compared with these same T cells interacting with either CD19 or MP1 alone. This enhanced activation is an explanation for the enhanced in vivo anti-tumor activity demonstrated by bi-specific T-cells when stimulated with MP1+ T-APC in treating CD19+ lymphoma in NOD/scid mice. An advantage of this methodology is that the CCR7+ bi-specific T cells and T-APC can be genetically modified and expanded in compliance with current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) for 2nd generation Phase I/II clinical trials to test their ability to traffic to sites of lymphoma providing potent regional/local T-cell activation. Legend: (A) CCR7+ viral- and CD19-bi-specific T cells migrate along recombinant CCL19 and CCL21 concentration gradients, whereas CCR7neg CD19-specific T cells do not. (B) Stimulation of both introduced chimeric immunoreceptor and endogenous T-cell receptor on CD19- and MP1- bi-specific T-cells, using artificial APC, results in augmented cytokine production. Download : Download high-res image (209KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure
Multimodal and simultaneous assessments of brain and spinal fluid abnormalities in chronic fatigue syndrome and the effects of psychiatric comorbidity

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether CFS patients without comorbid psychiatric diagnoses differ from CFS patients with comorbid psychiatric diagnoses and healthy control subjects in neuropsychological performance, the proportion with elevated spinal fluid protein or white cell counts, cerebral blood flow (CBF), brain ventricular lactate and cortical glutathione (GSH). The results of the study did not show any differences in any of the outcome measures between CFS patients with and without psychiatric comorbidity, thus indicating that psychiatric status may not be an exacerbating factor in CFS. Importantly, significant differences were found between the pooled samples of CFS compared to controls. These included lower GSH and CBF and higher ventricular lactate and rates of spinal fluid abnormalities in CFS patients compared to healthy controls. Thirteen of 26 patients had abnormal values on two or more of these 4 brain-related variables. These findings, which replicate the results of several of our prior studies, support the presence of a number of neurobiological and spinal fluid abnormalities in CFS. These results will lead to further investigation into objective biomarkers of the disorder to advance the understanding of CFS.
Trends in malpractice claims for obstetric and gynecologic procedures, 2005 through 2014

Background Interest in medical malpractice and areas of medicolegal vulnerability for practicing obstetricians and gynecologists has grown substantially, and many providers report changing surgical practice out of fear of litigation. Furthermore, education on medical malpractice and risk management is lacking for obstetrics and gynecology trainees. Recent obstetric and gynecologic malpractice claims data are lacking. We report on recent trends in malpractice claims for obstetrics and gynecology procedures, and compare these trends to those of other medical specialties. Objective We sought to evaluate recent trends in malpractice claims for obstetrics and gynecology procedures and compare these to other medical specialties. Study Design A search was performed on all medicolegal claims data for obstetrics and gynecology procedures from Jan. 1, 2005, through Dec. 31, 2014, using the Physician Insurers' Association of America data-sharing project, which was created to identify medical professional liability trends. Data from 20 insurance carriers were reviewed based on a search using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes and unique database-specific codes. Results Of the 10,915 total claims closed from 2005 through 2014, the majority (59.5%) were dropped, withdrawn, or dismissed. The average indemnity of the remaining paid claims (31.1%) was $423,250. The most frequently litigated procedure was operative procedures on the uterus; 27.8% of cases were paid with an average indemnity of $279,384. The procedure associated with the highest proportion of paid claims was vacuum extraction. The average indemnity for paid obstetrics and gynecology procedural claims was 27% higher than that for all medical specialties combined. Obstetrics and gynecology procedural claims had the second highest average indemnity payment and the fifth highest paid-to-closed ratio of all medical specialties. Conclusion Litigation claims for obstetrics and gynecology procedures have higher average indemnity payments and higher paid-to-closed ratios than most other medical specialties. Claims most frequently relate to gynecologic surgery, but obstetric procedures are more expensive. Possible factors may include procedural experience and unique perioperative complications. We encourage efforts addressing procedures, litigation, and quality interventions to improve outcomes, mitigate risk, and potentially lower indemnity payments.
Tunneling Between Bilayers of Graphene

In this chapter, a theory is developed for calculating vertical tunneling current between two sheets of bilayer graphene separated by a thin, insulating layer of hexagonal boron nitride, neglecting many-body effects. Results are presented using physical parameters that enable comparison of the theory with recently reported experimental results. The observed resonant tunneling and negative differential resistance in the current–voltage characteristics are explained in terms of the electrostatically-induced band gap, gate voltage modulation, density of states near the band edge, and resonances with the upper sub-band. These observations are compared to ones from similar heterostructures formed with monolayer graphene.
TRANSFER OF PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY TO FRIEND LEUKEMIA VIRUS BY CELL FREE EXTRACTS OF IMMUNE LYMPHOID CELLS

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates results of experiments conducted to study transfer of protective immunity to friend leukemia virus (FLV) by cell free extracts of immune lymphoid cells. The chapter states that lymphocytes are the effector cells involved in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity (CMI). The report states that the virus preparation was free of detectable lactic dehydrogenase and choriomeningitis viruses but contained both the spleen focus forming and lymphatic leukemia virus components of the FLV complex. It was observed that infection of mice with FLV resulted in a rapid development of splenomegaly and concomittantly a marked immunosuppression. Immunosuppression invariably preceded development of splenomegaly. The report points out that characterization studies indicated that phenolic extracts contained a biologically active “RNA,” because RNase but not DNase, trypsin or pepsin suppressed biologic activity. After RNase treatment, the phenolic extracts lost their ability to transfer protection to normal animals or normal spleen cells. It was also observed that DNase, trypsin or pepsin had no effect on the saline extracts.
Molecular and physiological characterization of six‐way resistance in an Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis biotype from Missouri

Background Previous research reported the first case of six-way herbicide resistance in a common waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis) biotype from Missouri, USA designated MO-Ren. This study investigated the mechanisms of multiple-resistance in the MO-Ren biotype to herbicides from six site-of-action (SOA) groups, i.e. synthetic auxins, 5-enolypyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS)-, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-, acetolactate synthase (ALS)-, photosystem II (PSII)-, and 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibitors. Results Genomic DNA sequencing confirmed the presence of known mutations associated with ALS- or PPO-inhibiting herbicide resistance: the Trp-574-Leu amino acid substitution in the ALS enzyme and the codon deletion corresponding to the ΔG210 in the PPX2 enzyme. No target-site point mutations associated with resistance to PSII- and EPSPS-inhibitors were detected. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) indicated that MO-Ren plants contained five-fold more copies of the EPSPS gene than susceptible plants. Malathion in combination with 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), mesotrione, and chlorimuron POST enhanced the activity of these herbicides indicating that metabolism due to cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity was involved in herbicide resistance. 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl), a glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-inhibitor, in combination with atrazine did not reduce the biomass accumulation. Reduced absorption or translocation of 2,4-D did not contribute to resistance. However, the resistant biotype metabolized 2,4-D, seven- to nine-fold faster than the susceptible. Conclusion Target-site point mutations, gene amplification, and elevated rates of metabolism contribute to six-way resistance in the MO-Ren biotype, suggesting both target site and non-target site mechanisms contribute to multiple herbicide resistance in this Amaranthus tuberculatus biotype. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
FBA and BIP: Increasing the Behavior Adjustment of African American Boys in Schools

Overrepresentation of African American boys in disciplinary and special education referrals has been a national conern. This study used functional behavioral assessments (FBAs) and behavioral inter...
The Predictive Relationship between Temperament, School Adjustment, and Academic Achievement: A 2-year Longitudinal Study of Children At-risk

Individual differences in temperament can be a risk or a protective factor for a child, especially for children at-risk who possess single or multiple risk factors that may interfere with their educational success and affect their healthy development and their life-long outcomes. This research study examined the concurrent and longitudinal relationships between temperament, school adjustment, and academic achievement in children at-risk. Seventy-seven children, ages five to 11 years, were reassessed two years after an initial study. Their teachers completed the Temperament Assessment Battery for Children (TABC), the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC), and reported on the children's academic achievement. The results for the concurrent relationships showed significant relationships between the children's temperament and their school adjustment; negative emotionality significantly correlated with and predicted
Renal Cellular Dysfunction/Damage and the Formation of Kidney Stones

Supersaturation is the driving force behind crystal formation in the kidneys. It can, however, result only in the formation of crystals that can often be harmlessly excreted. For stone formation, crystals must form, grow, and be retained in the kidneys, which is indeed a rare occurrence. Crystalluria is universal while stone formation is not. Only pathological changes in the kidneys and renal cell dysfunction and injury can accomplish crystal retention and formation of stone nidus. Cellular dysfunction can be intrinsic or provoked. Lethal epithelial cellular injury promotes crystal nucleation, aggregation, and retention. Sublethal injury or dysfunctional cells may produce ineffective crystallization modulators and localized areas of supersaturation in the interstitium. The former will affect crystallization in the urine while the latter may cause precipitation in the interstitium and development of Randall’s plaques. In addition, dysfunctional cells affect supersaturation, by influencing the excretion of participating ions such as calcium, oxalate, and citrate, and modulating urinary pH and production and excretion of macromolecular promoters and inhibitors of crystallization.
Topological insulators for the generation of electron beams

Measurements of photo-yields from various topological insulators (TIs) in ultra-high vacuum were made. Marked differences in the photoelectric yield were found between the freshly in-vacuum cleaved and the atmosphere cleaved TI samples. The spectral dependence of their quantum efficiency (QE) was obtained in as-cleaved and cesiated TI samples. Inferred work functions ranging from 5 to 5.5 eV were found in all TI samples before cesiation, and they were lowered by ∼0.5 eV after cesiation. At the ultraviolet wavelength of 268 nm, the QE of all samples is ∼2 × 10−7 before cesiation but improved to 10−4–10−3 after cesiation. Knowledge of the QE has practical implication and can serve as a useful guide for the development of a spin-polarized electron source. However, the spin polarized nature of the photo-emitted electron remains yet to be explored.
Abstract TP277: Adropin is Profoundly Neuroprotective in Experimental Ischemic Stroke

Adropin has been shown to improve peripheral endothelial dysfunction, reduce insulin resistance, and increase glucose utilization in obesity and diabetes. Although we showed that adropin reduces pa...
Repair and Resource Scheduling in Unbalanced Distribution Systems Using Neighborhood Search

This paper proposes an optimization strategy to assist utility operators to recover power distribution systems after large outages. Specifically, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed for co-optimizing crews, resources, and network operations. The MILP model coordinates damage isolation, network reconfiguration, distributed generator re-dispatch, and crew/resource logistics. In addition, a framework for integrating different types of photovoltaic (PV) systems in the restoration process is developed. We consider two different types of crews, namely, line crews for damage repair and tree crews for obstacle removal. We also model the repair resource logistic constraints. Furthermore, a new algorithm is developed for solving the distribution system repair and restoration problem (DSRRP). The algorithm starts by solving DSRRP using an assignment-based method, then a neighborhood search method is designed to iteratively improve the solution. The proposed method is validated on modified IEEE 123- and 8500-bus distribution test systems.
Foreword to special issue on enhancing interpersonal engagement: concepts for optimal communication

As scholars of communication, we know that communication is a complex process, one that is not inherently good or bad. It can help bring about some of our best experiences, and it can contribute to...
Small non-coding RNA CjNC110 influences motility, autoagglutination, AI-2 localization, and chicken colonization in Campylobacter jejuni

Small non-coding RNAs are involved in many important physiological functions in pathogenic microorganisms. Previous studies have identified the presence of non-coding RNAs in the major zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, however, few have been functionally characterized to date. CjNC110 is a conserved ncRNA in C. jejuni, located downstream of the luxS gene which is responsible for the production of the quorum-sensing molecule autoinducer-2 (AI-2). In this study, we utilized strand specific high-throughput RNAseq to identify potential targets or interactive partners of CjNC110 in a sheep abortion clone of C. jejuni. This data was utilized to focus further phenotypic evaluation of the role of CjNC110 in growth, motility, autoagglutination, quorum sensing, and chicken colonization in C. jejuni. Inactivation of the CjNC110 ncRNA led to a statistically significant decrease in autoagglutination ability as well as increased motility when compared to wild-type. Extracellular AI-2 detection was decreased in {Delta}CjNC110, however, intracellular AI-2 accumulation was significantly increased with a concurrent increase in LuxS expression, suggesting a key role of CjNC110 in modulating the transport of AI-2. Notably, {Delta}CjNC110 also showed a significant defect in the ability to colonize chickens. Complementation of CjNC110 restored all phenotypic changes back to wild-type levels. The collective results of the phenotypic and transcriptomic changes observed in our data provide valuable insights into the pathobiology of C. jejuni sheep abortion clone and strongly suggest that CjNC110 plays an important role in regulation of energy taxis, flagellar glycosylation, cellular communication via quorum sensing, and chicken colonization in this important zoonotic pathogen.
Factors Associated With Distribution of Female Otolaryngology Residents in United States.

OBJECTIVE The gender balance within medicine, and specifically within otolaryngology, is equalizing. It is important to determine the factors that impact the distribution of female residents among otolaryngology programs in the United States to better understand factors that may affect these changing trends. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective Study. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis was performed using data from 2018 of otolaryngology residents at 90 programs across the United States. Each program's website was searched for a current resident roster. Data of geography, number of female faculty, number of female physicians in leadership positions, program setting, and program size were obtained. Statistical comparison of these factors with number of female residents was performed with P < .05 as significant. RESULTS There was a significant association between programs having a higher-than-average female faculty representation and a greater representation of female residents (P < .001). Larger residency programs were more likely to have greater female representation (P = .010). There was a slight predominance of both female residents and female faculty at urban programs (odds ratio [OR] = 1.27, P = .04; OR = 1.28, P = .03). Geographic location, presence of a female chairperson, and presence of a female residency program director were not associated with higher female-to-male resident ratio. CONCLUSION Availability of female role models in faculty, along with program setting and size, may be more likely to promote greater female representation. Focusing on gender equality in the workplace can help promote diversity in the workforce and improve patient outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 131:E367-E372, 2021.
4D N $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 1 Kaluza-Klein superspace

Motivated by recent efforts to encode 11D supergravity in 4D $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 1 superfields, we introduce a general covariant framework relevant for describing any higher dimensional supergravity theory in external 4D $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 1 superspace with n additional internal coordinates. The superspace geometry admits both external and internal diffeomorphisms and provides the superfields necessary to encode the components of the higher dimensional vielbein, except for the purely internal sector, in a universal way that depends only on the internal dimension n. In contrast, the $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 1 superfield content of the internal sector of the metric is expected to be highly case dependent and involve covariant matter superfields, with additional hidden higher dimensional Lorentz and supersymmetry transformations realized in a non-linear manner.
Efficacy of anti-CD147 chimeric antigen receptors targeting hepatocellular carcinoma

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy is a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for treating multiple refractory blood cancers, but further advances are required for solid tumor CAR therapy. One challenge is identifying a safe and effective tumor antigen. Here, we devise a strategy for targeting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, one of the deadliest malignancies). We report that T and NK cells transduced with a CAR that recognizes the surface marker, CD147, also known as Basigin, can effectively kill various malignant HCC cell lines in vitro, and HCC tumors in xenograft and patient-derived xenograft mouse models. To minimize any on-target/off-tumor toxicity, we use logic-gated (log) GPC3-synNotch-inducible CD147-CAR to target HCC. LogCD147-CAR selectively kills dual antigen (GPC3+CD147+), but not single antigen (GPC3-CD147+) positive HCC cells and does not cause severe on-target/off-tumor toxicity in a human CD147 transgenic mouse model. In conclusion, these findings support the therapeutic potential of CD147-CAR-modified immune cells for HCC patients.
Third trimester maternal vitamin D and early childhood socioemotional development

Background Whether maternal vitamin D affects offspring socioemotional development in early childhood has been underexplored. Objectives This study examined associations between maternal vitamin D during in the 3rd trimester and offspring socioemotional development between 30 and 59 months. Methods Data from 87 maternal-offspring pairs enrolled in the National Children's Study were used. Total plasma maternal vitamin D (25-hydroxyergocalciferol + 25-hydroxycholecalciferol) was measured between 28 and 35 gestational weeks and categorised as quartiles (Q). Multivariable regression models, adjusting for maternal race/ethnicity, education, and prepregnancy body mass index (BMI [kg/m2 ]), were used to estimate the association between vitamin D and offspring scores on the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA). Results The mean (standard deviation) vitamin D concentration was 86.5 (27.8) nmol/L. The median (range) BITSEA problem score was 6.0 (0.0-30.0), and competence score was 19.0 (7.0-22.0). Maternal vitamin D was inversely related to offspring problem scores. Compared to offspring of women with 25(OH)D in Q1, offspring problem scores were -4.80 (95% confidence interval [CI] -8.29, -1.33) units lower for Q2 vs Q1, -5.64 (95% CI -9.60, -1.68) units lower for Q3 vs Q1, and -4.70 (95% CI -8.59, -0.82) units lower for Q4 vs Q1. Vitamin D was not associated with offspring competence score. Conclusions Higher maternal vitamin D was associated with lower offspring behaviour problems and not associated with socioemotional competence. These data indicate the association of maternal vitamin D and offspring development may be dependent on the specific developmental component being investigated.
Stress and reproductive events detected in North Atlantic right whale blubber using a simplified hormone extraction protocol

As studies quantifying steroid hormones in marine mammal blubber progress, methodological refinements may improve the utility and consistency of blubber hormone measurements. This study advances blubber extraction methodologies by testing a simplified extraction protocol that reduces time and complexity compared to a protocol widely used in cetacean blubber studies. Using blubber samples archived from remote biopsy (n = 21 live whales) and necropsy collection (n = 7 dead whales) of North Atlantic right whales (NARW; Eubalaena glacialis) of known life history states, we performed analytical and biological validations to assess the feasibility of measuring reproductive (testosterone, progesterone) and glucocorticoid (cortisol) hormones in blubber via enzyme immunoassay following the simplified extraction. Analytical validations (parallelism, accuracy, extraction efficiency, repeatability) showed the simplified extraction produced similar results to the extended protocol, offering a more efficient and consistent technique. In live, apparently healthy whales, blubber testosterone concentrations (mean ± SE) were significantly higher in males (2.02 ± 0.36 ng/g) compared to females (0.81 ± 0.15 ng/g). Blubber progesterone was highest in a confirmed pregnant female (60.3 ng/g), which was 12-fold greater than the mean concentration of non-pregnant females (4.56 ± 0.88 ng/g). Blubber cortisol concentrations in whales that died from anthropogenic causes averaged 5.31 ± 2.28 ng/g, whereas most live, healthy whales had cortisol values below 1 ng/g. Among living whales, a whale actively entangled in fishing gear had the highest blubber cortisol measurement (3.51 ng/g), exhibiting levels similar to whales that died from acute entanglement (2.88 ± 0.42 ng/g). Overall, the highest blubber cortisol concentration (18.0 ng/g) was measured in a dead whale with a severe chronic entanglement, approximately 30-fold greater than mean blubber cortisol of apparently healthy whales (0.58 ± 0.11 ng/g). The methodological approach presented here provides a reference for researchers interested in an alternative, streamlined technique for hormone extraction of cetacean blubber and contributes to the diverse tool set for stress and reproductive assessments of endangered NARWs.
Barriers and Resources to Cleft Lip and Palate Speech Services Globally: A Descriptive Study.

Background Although a number of international cleft organizations and cleft professionals in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have built and supported comprehensive cleft care and speech therapy models to address the shortage of speech services in LMICs, the specific speech needs of individuals with cleft lip and palate (CLP) in such countries remain unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the barriers to accessing speech services for patients with CLP as well as the resources and models of speech services that are currently available for individuals with CLP in LMICs, with the goal of better understanding the needs of this population. Methods Qualitative and quantitative methods consisted of Smile Train partner surveys that were distributed June 25th to July 31st, 2018 worldwide. Surveys were distributed through Smile Train's online medical database, Smile Train Express, which every Smile Train partner uses to report their Smile Train sponsored treatment outcomes. A total of 658 Smile Train partners responded to the surveys. Respondents included surgeons, speech therapists, orthodontists, administrators and nurses who represented non-governmental organizations, hospitals (private or public), hospital groups, and private clinics. Results Results indicated that lack of resources, including access to local speech providers and language materials, as well as financial constraints such as patient travel and speech treatment costs, are the most commonly reported barriers to accessing speech services across all geographic regions surveyed. Conclusions Improving access to CLP speech services in LMICs may require strategies that address lack of speech providers, language materials, and financial constraints.
Concrete Plant for the Repurposing of Copper Mining Tailings

Mining tailings are an environmentally harmful byproduct of mining operations, producing particulate matter and having the potential of leaching toxic material to groundwater. Because one mining site alone can produce over 100,000 tons of tailings per day, an efficient management strategy is needed. This design project seeks to safely repurpose 1000 tons (907 tonnes) of tailings per day for the production of concrete, converting the hazardous waste to a value-add product beneficial to society. Through an analytical process comparing various alternatives based on cost, environmental impact, safety, lifespan, and ease of operation, a dry-batch concrete plant was selected as the optimal design. The produced concrete will substitute tailings for 60% of the fine aggregate and 15% of the cement for an M15 ratio of 4:2:1 coarse aggregate to fine aggregate to cement. The proposed concrete plant in Pima County, Arizona dries raw tailings with a conveyor dryer and mixes it with crushed rock, river sand, and Portland cement to produce 98.4 tons of M15 concrete per hour. This dry-mix concrete will then be sold to buyers for various construction projects. The entire process utilizes about 18,600 kW of energy, with 97.4% of the energy being used mostly for drying the wet tailings. Particulate matter emissions and potential heavy metal leachate from the concrete will be held well below federal limits. The total capital cost of process equipment is estimated to be $\$164,000$, and $\$102.60$ will be spent on raw materials per cubic meter of dry-mix concrete produced. Per year, about $\$50,200,000$ is expected to be spent on the total cost of manufacturing (COM d ). The project is estimated to have a value of $\$60$ million at the end of its 20-year lifespan. The Design Team’s, 19-ASU-4D, goal for the project is to contribute to closing the loop on the circular economy, promoting a more sustainable mining industry, and cleaning the environment.
A re-inquiry of the emotion spillover effect using psychophysiological approaches: how game outcome and process influence cognitive processing of TV commercial

The present study aims to reinvestigate how emotional reactions to sport programing influence cognitive information processing of a subsequent TV commercial. The previous studies on the subject pro...
The role of tumor oxygenation in vascular and clinical response to angiogenesis inhibition.

The concept of treating tumors with inhibitors of angiogenesis is increasingly accepted but has yet to find practical clinical application. Beyond the discovery and clinical testing of potentially active agents, which is proceeding at a rapid pace, much remains unknown about its therapeutic mechanisms, effective application and potential complications. Our work has focused on understanding how antiangiogenic agents produce their antitumor effect and exploring ways to monitor effectiveness of therapy and, in this study, we examine decreased tumor oxygenation as a potential consequence of angiogenesis inhibition.
What fluorescence correlation spectroscopy can tell us about unfolded proteins.

Publisher Summary Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) measures rates of diffusion, chemical reaction, and other dynamic processes of fluorescent molecules. Studies of unfolded proteins benefit from the fact that FCS can provide information about rates of protein conformational change both by a direct readout from conformation-dependent fluorescence changes and by changes in diffusion coefficient. Although the diffusion coefficient is relatively insensitive to protein conformation changes, it can be measured with high accuracy by FCS and so can be useful for monitoring structural changes that occur as the protein passes among partially unfolded states. As the protein takes on more compact or more extended conformations, the hydrodynamic radius and consequently the diffusion coefficient change correspondingly; if these changes are large enough, they can be observed in FCS measurements. Among kinetics approaches used to study dynamics within the unfolded state, FCS is closely related to relaxation methods in which small free energy perturbations displace the equilibrium point of a reaction system. The kinetic parameters are deduced from the rate of relaxation to the new equilibrium.
Gene length and alternative transcription in fruit fly

Alternative transcription, in which a single gene may give rise to multiple variant mRNA forms, is widely recognized as an important source of protein diversity in complex, eukaryotic genomes. Here we show that in the Drosophila genome, larger genes with greater numbers of exons tend to be alternatively transcribed to a greater degree than smaller genes with fewer exons. In addition, we show that a log-normal distribution provides a good approximation for gene length distributions in Drosophila and that an exponential function relates the number of variants produced per gene with average exon count.
A Legal Writer’s Bookshelf

This article puts forth suggestions on which legal writing books are best (and most enjoyable to read).
Eating in the absence of hunger but not loss of control behaviors are associated with 16p11.2 deletions

Objective The ∼600-kb BP4-BP5 16p11.2 deletion has been consistently associated with obesity. We studied two heritable disinhibited eating behaviors, eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) and loss of control (LOC), to better characterize the relationship between the deletion and obesity. Methods Our study population included ninety-three 16p11.2 CNV carriers (64 with deletions and 29 with duplications) and their families. We performed analyses using linear mixed models and focused on deletion carriers. Results We confirmed previous associations between the 16p11.2 deletion and obesity (P < 0.0001) and between all EAH subscales and obesity (P < 0.05), after adjusting for confounders. We found significant associations between the deletion and EAH due to external cues (P = 0.004) and EAH due to boredom (P = 0.003), but not EAH due to fatigue/anxiety or negative affect. Conditioning BMI on the 16p11.2 deletion and each EAH behavior did not abolish the association between the deletion and obesity. LOC was underrepresented and not associated with the deletion. Conclusions We report evidence that the 16p11.2 deletion may influence specific obesity-associated disinhibited eating behaviors: EAH due to external trigger and EAH due to boredom. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the temporal order of EAH behaviors and obesity related to the deletion.
Characterization of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors in retina

Abstract Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide having a wide range of effects on a large number of tissues. To gain insight into the role VIP plays in retinal function, VIP receptors in bovine retinal membranes were analyzed in competition binding assays and by affinity labeling studies and compared to VIP receptors in rat liver membranes. In both membrane preparations, high affinity VIP binding sites (KD ∼ 1 n m ) were detected. Secretin and glucagon, each having close structural homology to VIP, were found to have negligible effects on [125I]VIP binding in retina. In contrast, secretin (KD = 70 n m ) was modestly effective in inhibiting [125I]VIP binding to rat liver membranes. Affinity labeling analysis revealed a VIP binding site of 59 kDa in both bovine retinal and rat liver membranes. Digestion of affinity-labeled receptor proteins with endoglycosidase F generated final cleavage products of approx. 45 kDa for both receptors. These results indicate that the retina expresses a high affinity, highly selective VIP receptor thereby supporting a specific function for VIP in this tissue.
Using X-ray Microscopy and Hg L3 XANES to study Hg Binding in the Rhizosphere of Spartina Cordgrass

San Francisco Bay has been contaminated historically by mercury from mine tailings as well as contemporary industrial sources. Native Spartina foliosa and non-native S. alterniflora-hybrid cordgrasses are dominant florae within the SF Bay estuary environment. Understanding mercury uptake and transformations in these plants will help to characterize the significance of their roles in mercury biogeochemical cycling in the estuarine environment. Methylated mercury can be biomagnified up the food web, resulting in levels in sport fish up to 1 million times greater than in surrounding waters and resulting in advisories to limit fish intake. Understanding the uptake and methylation of mercury in the plant rhizosphere can yield insight into ways to manage mercury contamination. The transmission X-ray microscope on beamline 6-2 at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) was used to obtain absorption contrast images and 3D tomography of Spartina foliosa roots that were exposed to 1 ppm Hg (as HgCl2) ...