cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of four wire delta center tapped transformer connections

A common loading on a distribution system consists of a combination of single-phase lighting loads and a three-phase induction motor. The lighting loads will consist of two 120 volt loads and one 240 volt load. Four possible transformer bank connections can be used to serve the combination loads. (1) ungrounded wye-delta, (2) grounded wye-delta, (3) "leading" open wye-delta and (4) "lagging" open wye-delta. For each connection the "lighting" transformer will be center tapped to provide service to the two 120 volt and 240 volt loads. This paper uses the "IEEE Four Wire Delta Test Feeder" to analyze the four different connections.
Tuning the Structure of Nickelates to Achieve Two‐Dimensional Electron Conduction

Metallic electronic transport in nickelate heterostructures can be induced and confined to two dimensions (2D) by controlling the structural parameters of the nickel-oxygen planes.
An examination of the architecture and system-level tradeoffs of employing steep slope devices in 3D CMPs

For any given application, there is an optimal throughput point in the space of per-processor performance and the number of such processors given to that application. However, due to thermal, yield, and other constraints, not all of these optimal points can plausibly be constructed with a given technology. In this paper, we look at how emerging steep slope devices, 3D circuit integration, and trends in process technology scaling will combine to shift the boundaries of both attainable performance, and the optimal set of technologies to employ to achieve it. We propose a heterogeneous-technology 3D architecture capable of operating efficiently at an expanded number of points in this larger design space and devise a heterogeneity and thermal aware scheduling algorithm to exploit its potential. Our heterogeneous mapping techniques are capable of producing speedups ranging from 17% for a high end server workloads running at around 90°C to over 160% for embedded systems running below 60°C
How Unique Is the {Pati-Salam} Type Grand Unification?

Assuming that the electroweak group is the Glashow-Weinberg-Salam model, it is proved that the smallest Pati-Salam\char22{}type grand-unification groups are ${\mathrm{SU}}_{L}(8)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{SU}}_{R}(8)$ with a single coupling constant or $\mathrm{SU}(4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{SU}}_{L}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{SU}}_{R}(2)$ with two coupling constants. The color group must be SU(3) with quarks in color triplets. The smallest groups in the Pati-Salam\char22{}type models, which are capable of unifying three families in the same multiplet, are ${\mathrm{SU}}_{L}(24)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{SU}}_{R}(24)$ with a single coupling constant and $\mathrm{SU}(4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{Sp}}_{L}(6)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{Sp}}_{R}(6)$ with two coupling constants.
Dental Disease: a Continuing Education Problem for the Disabled Individual

The problem of providing dental care to disabled persons has been inconsistently and inadequately dealt with by the educational community. The author offers those responsible for the oral-hygiene training of handicapped children and adults (a) a comprehensive statement of the problem, (b) a review of related information, and (c) a model for an interdisciplinary solution. Implementation issues of such a program are identified.
Lipoprotein subclasses and endogenous sex hormones in women at midlife

The objective of this work was to evaluate the as- sociations between levels of endogenous sex hormones in women at midlife and lipoprotein subclasses. One hundred and twenty women (68 late peri-/postmenopausal and 52 pre-/ early perimenopausal) from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (Pittsburgh site) were included. Lipopro- tein subclasses were quantifi ed using NMR spectroscopy. Par- ticipants (57.5% White and 42.5% Black) were 50.4 ± 1.9 years old. Adjusting for age, race, cycle day of blood draw, BMI, physical activity, and alcohol consumption, a negative cor- relation was found between estradiol (E2) and medium- small LDL particle (LDL-P) concentration ( = 0.19, P = 0.04). Further, E2 was positively correlated with HDL particle (HDL-P) size ( = 0.22, P = 0.02). For sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), independent negative correlation was found with total small LDL-P concentration. SHBG was also positively correlated with LDL-P and HDL-P sizes ( P < 0.05 for all). For free androgen index (FAI), positive correlations were found with concentrations of total VLDL particles, total LDL-Ps, and total small LDL-Ps. Additionally, FAI was nega- tively correlated with large HDL-P concentration, and HDL-P and LDL-P sizes ( P < 0.05 for all). Lower levels of E2 and SHBG, and higher levels of FAI were associated with a more atherogenic profi le of lipoprotein subclasses. Sex hormone levels at midlife may increase women's risk of coronary heart disease. —El Khoudary, S. R., M. M. Brooks, R. C. Thurston, and K. A. Matthews. Lipoprotein subclasses and endogenous sex hormones in women at midlife. J. Lipid Res. 2014. 55: 1498 - 1504 .
The increasing complexities of professionalism.

Organized medicine’s modern-day professionalism movement has reached the quarter-century mark. In this article, the authors travel to an earlier time to examine the concept of profession within the work of Abraham Flexner. Although Flexner used the concept sparingly, it is clear that much of his writing on reforming medical education is grounded in his views on physicians as professionals and medicine as a profession.
Optimizing the performance of the partial adaptive concentric ring array in the presence of prior knowledge

The partial adaptive concentric ring array (CRA) has been successfully applied to 3D beamforming because of its flexibility, faster tracking ability and reduced computation with respect to the fully adaptive CRA. In some cases, prior knowledge regarding some interferences is available so that better beamformers can be designed. The previous method that exploits prior knowledge by using a fixed penalty factor could not guarantee in maintaining a low residual interference and noise level. We propose in this paper an adaptive beamformer that automatically seeks out the optimum penalty factor to achieve the best performance. The proposed beamformer outperforms the previous design in maintaining a higher output signal to interference and noise ratio, even after the characteristics of the interferences have changed. The performance of the proposed beamformer is evaluated through simulations.
Bacterial DNA in house and farm barn dust

Abstract Background Early in life, natural exposure to microbial components (eg, endotoxin) may mitigate allergy and asthma development in childhood. Bacterial DNA is a potent stimulus for the innate immune system; its immune stimulatory potential in dust is unknown. Objectives We sought to quantify bacterial DNA and endotoxin content in dust from urban homes, rural homes, farm homes, and farm barns and to determine if dust DNA is immune-stimulatory. Methods Total DNA, bacterial DNA, and endotoxin were measured in 32 dust samples. To measure bacterial DNA content, a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay specific for bacterial ribosomal DNA was developed. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 5 adults were stimulated with endotoxin-free dust DNA with/without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from selected dust samples. IL-12p40, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured in cell supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Bacterial DNA in dust correlated with endotoxin ( r = 0.56, P r = 0.51, P = .003). The highest bacterial DNA levels were measured in farm barns (mean, 22.1 μg/g dust; range, 1.3 to 56.2), followed by rural homes (6.3 μg/g; 0.2 to 20), farm homes (2.2 μg/g; 0.1 to 9.1), and urban homes (0.6 μg/g; 0.1 to 1.2). Farm barn DNA significantly potentiated ( P ≤ .05) LPS-induced IL-10 and IL-12 p40 but not tumor necrosis factor-α release (13-fold, 3-fold, and 1.5-fold increases, respectively). DNA from 6 urban homes did not demonstrate this LPS-potentiating effect. Conclusions Endotoxin is a marker for bacterial DNA, which is also higher in locales of lower asthma and allergy prevalence. DNA from farm barn dust augments the immune modulatory effects of endotoxin and may combine with exposure to other such naturally occurring microbial components to mitigate allergy and asthma development.
Nutrient substrates used by bacterial isolates from the poultry processing environment

In order to successfully prevent pathogens found in biofilms in poultry processing facilities from contaminating products, knowledge of the sources and properties of the bacteria from these environments is needed. Bacteria were isolated from fresh cut-up meat samples (breast with or without skin, wings, and thighs) that were not stored or were stored at 4 or 13 C (temperatures relevant to poultry processing facilities). Profiles of the nutrient substrates used by individual bacterial species were determined using Biolog microtiter plates with different substrates in 95 wells of each plate. Pure cultures of bacterial isolates were inoculated onto gram-positive (GP) or gram-negative (GN) Biolog plates, and transformation of specific substrates was determined by reduction (indicated by a purple color) of the tetrazolium violet included in each well. Of the 62 substrates common to GP and GN microtiter plates, one-third were used by 50% or more of all bacterial isolates. Similarly, approximately one-third of the substrates were used by gram-negative bacteria but not by gram-positive bacteria. One-fourth of the substrates were also only used by a single isolate in the respective gram-type category. For the remaining 33 substrates on each of the GP and GN plates, a higher percentage of substrates on GN than on GP plates were used by the respective isolates. These substrate utilization profiles of bacteria isolated from the poultry processing environment are a useful reference for selecting nutrients for the growth or control of these bacteria, especially pathogens.
CB7−: Experimental and Theoretical Evidence against Hypercoordinate Planar Carbon†

The B82– cluster was previously shown to possess a planar molecular wheel structure with a heptacoordinated boron. Substitution of one B– by C in B82– is expected to yield a closed shell CB7– molecular wheel, which has been produced experimentally in a cluster beam and probed by photoelectron spectroscopy. Ab initio calculations show that the CB7– cluster possesses an extremely stable planar C2v structure, in which the C atom substitutes a B– atom at the edge of the B82– molecular wheel, whereas the D7h structure with a heptacoordinated C is a high-lying isomer 63.2 kcal/mol (CCSD(T)/6-311+G(2df)//CCSD(T)/6-311+G*) above the global minimum. The combined experimental and ab initio study demonstrates that a heptacoordinated planar carbon in CB7– is extremely unfavorable and is not a viable candidate for experimental realization of hypercoordinated planar carbon molecules.
The Topological Structure of Question Theory

A question is identified with a topology on a given set of irreducible assertions. It is shown that there are three types of a question. Type-I question generates sub-question, type-II question has a definite answer and type-III question is irrelevant. We suggest that the most intelligent machine asks type-II questions. We also claim that a truly intelligent machine cannot be desireless. This work may prove useful in machine learning and may open up new ways to understand mind.
Natural transformation of Streptococcus crista

Over the years Streptococcus gordonii (sanguis) Challis has become the workhorse of genetic manipulations for the sanguis group of oral streptococci. This is because strain Challis was shown in early studies to be highly naturally competent for transformation. However, Challis is not usually the most appropriate strain to use in studies which focus on oral microbial adherence. We report that other members of the newly reorganized sanguis group, particularly within the species S. crista, display reasonable transformation frequencies, with both plasmid and chromosomal DNA, if transformed at the appropriate time during the growth curve. The ability to transform S. crista may be especially important for genetic studies of biological properties that appear to be limited to these specific streptococcal strains.
Phonological similarity influences word learning in adults learning Spanish as a foreign language

Neighborhood density – the number of words that sound similar to a given word (Luce & Pisoni, 1998) – influences word learning in native English-speaking children and adults (Storkel, 2004; Storkel, Armbruster & Hogan, 2006): novel words with many similar sounding English words (i.e., dense neighborhood) are learned more quickly than novel words with few similar sounding English words (i.e., sparse neighborhood). The present study examined how neighborhood density influences word learning in native English-speaking adults learning Spanish as a foreign language. Students in their third semester of Spanish-language classes learned advanced Spanish words that sounded similar to many known Spanish words (i.e., dense neighborhood) or sounded similar to few known Spanish words (i.e., sparse neighborhood). In three word-learning tasks, performance was better for Spanish words with dense rather than sparse neighborhoods. These results suggest that a similar mechanism may be used to learn new words in a native and a foreign language.
Organizations as Fonts of Entrepreneurship

Most entrepreneurs emanate from established organizations, yet systematic theorizing about the ways in which organizations shape the entrepreneurial process has only recently begun to emerge. We provide a framework for organizing this emerging literature. We focus on four different metaphors in the literature for how organizations matter in the entrepreneurial process and suggest promising avenues for future research.
Sequential Monte Carlo method for parameter estimation in diffusion models of affinity-based biosensors

Estimation of the amounts of target molecules in real-time affinity-based biosensors is studied. The problem is mapped to inferring the parameters of a temporally sampled diffusion process. To solve it, we rely on a sequential Monte Carlo algorithm which generates particles using transition density of the diffusion process. The transition density is not available in a closed form and is thus approximated using Hermite polynomial expansion. Simulations and experimental results demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed scheme, and show that it outperforms competing techniques.
Coccinellids in Cotton: Population Response to Pesticide Application and Feeding Response to Cotton Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Four treatments were evaluated during 1997 and 1998 to determine the effects of pesticides on coccinellid densities: (1) untreated control, (2) foliar applications of a systemic insecticide, imidacloprid (Provado 1.6 F), when spray thresholds of aphid numbers were exceeded in all plots, (3) weekly foliar applications of a fungicide, chlorothalonil (Bravo 720), and (4) weekly foliar applications of imidacloprid (Provado 1.6 F). The coccinellids observed in Georgia cotton during the study included Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, Scymnus spp., Harmonia axyri- dis (Pallas), Coccinella septempunctata L., and Coleomegilla maculata (Mulsant). During 1997, H. convergens and Scymnus spp. comprised 75 and 15%, respectively, of all coccinellids observed during the study. During 1998, Scymnus spp. comprised 44% of all coccinellids, and H. convergens comprised 33%. Coccinellid population densities closely tracked those of cotton aphids during both years. Cotton aphid and coccinellid densities were greatest in the chlorothalonil treatment during both years of the study. In functional feeding response experiments, fourth-instar and adult Scynmus creperus exhibited a type II functional response to A. gossypii density under laboratory conditions. Fourth instars exhibited a higher search rate and shorter handling time than adult S. creperus. Collectively, coccinellids are a valuable component of the cotton aphid's natural enemy complex.
Role of Imaging as an Adjunct or Replacement for Biopsy: American Experience

This chapter reviews the role of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in prostate cancer as an adjunct to ultrasound-guided biopsies for improved therapeutic selection and monitoring. Multiparametric MR imaging sequences applied for prostate cancer imaging include T2-weighted MR, proton (1H) MR spectroscopic imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR. These techniques provide information on phenotypic characteristics of normal and cancerous prostate tissue, including normal/abnormal ductal morphology, concentrations of metabolites relevant to prostate cancer, and water diffusion rates which are affected by cellularity, blood flow rates, and volumes and therefore vascularity, respectively. The information provided by this multiparametric MR imaging approach can be used to provide an improved assessment of the presence, location, and volume of prostate cancers with higher sensitivity and specificity than can be obtained for ultrasound-guided biopsy alone. Multiparametric MR data can be added to biopsy and other clinical data to better diagnose aggressive prostate cancer, predict organ-confined prostate cancer, provide improved localization of intraglandular prostate cancer, and estimation of intraglandular prostate cancer volume. It has also been applied to MR-directed transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy, direct MR-guided biopsy, MR-ultrasound fusion-guided biopsy, and MR-guided focal therapy. This chapter also describes what is known about the potential for combining multiparametric MR data with biopsy results to improve selection, guidance, and subsequent monitoring of the effectiveness of therapy. We feel that current literature supports that multiparametric MR imaging findings can improve the correct identification of dominant tumor foci in patients with prostate cancer, add to clinical parameters and biopsy results to improve the risk assessment of individual patients, and may be useful in guiding biopsies and focal therapy directly or through fusion with TRUS imaging.
Post-Coronagraph Wavefront Sensing Using Pupil Imaging and Phase-Diversity

We present an efficient wavefront sensing approach for coronagraphic imaging systems. By measuring the pupil intensity after a coronagraph while known phase errors are injected, the phase in the exit-pupil may be derived.
High Fidelity Simulations of Large-Scale Wireless Networks (Plus-Up)

Sandia has built a strong reputation in scalable network simulation and emulation for cyber security studies to protect our nation’s critical information infrastructures. Georgia Tech has preeminent reputation in academia for excellence in scalable discrete event simulations, with strong emphasis on simulating cyber networks. Many of the experts in this field, such as Dr. Richard Fujimoto, Dr. George Riley, and Dr. Chris Carothers, have strong affiliations with Georgia Tech. The collaborative relationship that we intend to immediately pursue is in high fidelity simulations of practical large-scale wireless networks using ns-3 simulator via Dr. George Riley. This project will have mutual benefits in bolstering both institutions’ expertise and reputation in the field of scalable simulation for cyber-security studies. This project promises to address high fidelity simulations of large-scale wireless networks. This proposed collaboration is directly in line with Georgia Tech’s goals for developing and expanding the Communications Systems Center, the Georgia Tech Broadband Institute, and Georgia Tech Information Security Center along with its yearly Emerging Cyber Threats Report. At Sandia, this work benefits the defense systems and assessment area with promise for large-scale assessment of cyber security needs and vulnerabilities of our nation’s critical cyber infrastructures exposed to wireless communications.
Lipid metabolic interrelationships and phospholipase activity in gustatory epithelium ofictalurus punctatus in vitro

The catfish,Ictalurus punctatus, is an important model for studying the biochemical mechanisms of taste at the peripheral level. The type, amount and metabolic activity of the lipids within this tissue play important roles in taste transduction by forming the matrix in which the receptors for taste stimuli are imbedded and by acting as precursors to second messengers. The metabolic interconversions that occur among the lipids on the taste organ (barbels) of this animal are reported here. When sodium [32P]phosphate was incubated with minced pieces of epithelium from the taste organ ofI. punctatus, phospholipids became labeled. Maximal incorporation occurred near 20 min for lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC),phosphatidylcholines (PC) and phosphatidylinositols (PI). The phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) and phosphatidylserines (PS) became labeled more slowly. The label in LPC and PC declined from 20 min to 120 min, while that of the other fractions increased or was stable over the 20–120 min time period. Upon addition of 1,2-di-[1′-14C]palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine to the medium,14C was found within minutes in all of the phospholipids assayed. The amount of label incorporated increased with time, with maximum labeling for all phospholipids occurring at 15 min. However,14C appeared predominantly first (by 5 min) in a neutral lipid fraction (fraction AG, consisting of free fatty acids, mono- and diglycerides, triglycerides and methyl esters), then declined rapidly as the phospholipids gradually incorporated more label. Within minutes of addition of 1-[1′-14C]palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lysophosphatidylcholine) the14C-label was detected in the neutral lipid fraction AG, then in the PC fraction, and later in the other phospholipids. The PC fraction was maximally labeled by 40 min.
RESPONSE TO DENSITY IN A WILD POPULATION OF THE PERENNIAL HERB SALVIA LYRATA: VARIATION AMONG FAMILIES.

In order to determine the potential for natural selection to promote genetic specialization to different environments, this study quantified genetic variation for response to conspecific density and to other aspects of the environment that vary spatially. The progeny of a random collection of Salvia lyrata, a perennial herb, were planted into the source field in a range of densities and into several closely neighboring locations. The highest density and particular locations induced significantly greater mortality relative to the remaining densities and locations, indicating major effects of density and spatial location on fitness. Over the duration of the entire study, there was also significant variation among families in mortality. The survival data gave no indication of variation among families in their responses to the range of environments. Conversely, results based on growth and size indicated that different families were favored in different densities and locations, in support of the hypothesis that environment-dependent selection promotes specialization to different environments in this species. The correlation among families between leaf number in high and low density was small and positive, indicating near-independence of performance in different densities.
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN PALATE

Abstract Human foetuses aged 7 weeks to birth were studied to determine the morphological and histological changes which occur during and following formation of the secondary palate. Age was determined by crown-rump lengths, using the table devised by Patten , with some modification. Elevation and fusion of the palatal shelves occurs between 8 and 11 weeks, much cellular differentiation occurs between 10 and 16 weeks. Collagen fibres differentiate between 10 and 11 weeks, elastic fibres at about the sixteenth week, as identifiable by orcein staining. The peracetic-aldehyde fuchsin-Halmi staining method of Fullmer and Lillie reveals fibres at 12 weeks in the same locations as elastic fibres later appear. Bone proceeds rapidly during the eighth to twelfth weeks from centres in the maxillary and palatine bones to points approaching the midline of the secondary palate. For a considerable period thereafter increase in ossification in the palate serves to heighten, or thicken, the bones. Fat is not deposited in the foetal palate until 28 weeks or later, and then is found in greatest amount in the glandular zone of the hard palate.
Infection with Lyme Spirochetes Detected in Rodents of Zhejiang Middle Area.

Objective:The present study was conducted to investigate the infection of lyme disease in rodents in the middle area of Zhejiang province.Methods: Nested polymerase chain reaction were used to amplified 5s-23s ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer of Lyme spirochetes from liver and kidney samples of rodents captured.Results: Among 101 samples,10 positive results were obtained which were identified from Niniventer confucianus,Rattus tanezumi,Rattus fulvescens,Rattus norvegicus and Apodemus agrarius respectively.And the detection rate of Niniventer confucianus was highest.Except for one positive sequence analyzed a new genotype,sequences shared high identities with Borrelia valaisiana.Conclusion: It is the first report that rodents infection with Lyme spirochetes occur in the middle area of Zhejiang.According to the survey results before,Niniventer confucianus is deduced as an important reservoir and Borrelia valaisiana is believed as a major genotype of Lyme spirochetes in Zhejiang.Meanwhile,it is possible that other genotype occur in Zhejiang.It is very important to enhance the lyme disease pathogenic surveilance in wild animals and focus the morbidity in population.
Computer-Based Patient Education Resources and Instruction

A new adult patient calls to schedule a first-time appointment for a physical exam. A “new patient” packet is mailed and includes descriptive and contact information about the clinic and care team, including the clinic’s Web site, a suggested preview of three health Web sites, and a patient-clinician e-mail address for questions and inquiries. Two days before the patient’s visit, a reminder call about the date and time of the appointment is communicated via an interactive voice response system.
Demography in the Age of the Postmodern: Some final thoughts

Demographers' techniques and perspectives are useful elements in the array of approaches used in the social and health sciences. With their careful attention to issues of measurement and data and their orientation to aggregate-level processes, they have provided valuable insights into many important issues … It is possible, however, that the field is missing important opportunities for expansion … Demography can be a starting point for forays into bigger subjects requiring supplementary analytic strategies and approaches … It is no advantage to the field to define itself so narrowly that unconventional subjects are turned aside and imaginative young researchers are turned away. (Preston 1993: 604) What do the examples we presented in Chapter 7 tell us? In this final chapter we will attempt to synthesize both what we have learned from reading works such as those described, and discuss the benefits to demography of bringing in and using work and perspectives that are represented in those works. Lessons to be learned What we find most compelling about the examples in Chapter 7 is that they contribute to demographic understanding by taking a different perspective on a familiar topic. One of the best examples is that of the new reproductive technologies (NRT) literature. As is much demographic research, that work is focused on birth. The purpose and even the focus within the topic of birth is, of course, quite different between the two literatures.
PROFICIENCY ASSESSMENT: A TOOL FOR DEVELOPING GERIATRIC EDUCATION PROGRAMS AND FOR PREDICTING PROGRAM PARTICIPATION

Geriatric education centers are responsible for providing geriatric training opportunities that meet the needs of an interdisciplinary range of health care professionals. Proficiency assessment measures the discrepancy between what professionals perceive they do know and what they perceive they should know, and provides a tool for planning and predicting attendance at educational programs among such professionals. Implementation of a proficiency‐assessment tool at the Ohio Valley Appalachia Regional (OVAR) Geriatric Education Center successfully identified 10 out of 27 items that predicted attendance at a selected geriatrics program. Techniques are suggested for instrument design and distribution, data collection, coding, and data analysis and interpretation.
Single laboratory comparison of MC-ICP-MS and N-TIMS boron isotope analyses in marine carbonates

Abstract Measurements of boron isotopes (δ11B) in marine carbonates are an important tool for reconstructing past ocean acidity and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, but are challenging to obtain due to low boron concentrations and the presence of only two stable boron isotopes. Previous studies have observed differences in absolute δ11B values of marine carbonates measured via negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry (N-TIMS) and multicollector inductively coupled mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) that are relatively large compared to magnitudes of δ11B variability in paleoceanographic studies. Here we investigate the cause of these δ11B offsets and implications for paleo-pH reconstructions by performing N-TIMS and MC-ICP-MS measurements within the same laboratory on a suite of eighteen homogenized samples, including inorganic calcites grown under controlled pH conditions and Quaternary planktic foraminifera. Results show that δ11B values between both measurement techniques are highly correlated (R2 > 0.99), but calcite δ11B values are ~ 0.5 to 2.7‰ lower when measured by MC-ICP-MS compared to N-TIMS. The δ11B offset between techniques cannot be attributed to procedural blank contribution, but the magnitude of offset moderately correlates with indicators of sample chemical composition, including B/Ca, Mg/Ca and δ18O (R2 = 0.39 to 0.50). N-TIMS δ11B does not change with calcium addition to a biogenic carbonate sample, suggesting that varying calcium abundance between samples and standards is not the reason for N-TIMS “matrix effects”. Correlation between δ18O and the δ11B offset is particularly apparent for calcites (R2 = 0.71); the origin of this relationship is not clear, but is not likely due to 17O interference. Although identifying the origin of measurement offsets requires further study, we demonstrate that such offsets do not affect the validity of δ11B data: The sensitivity of δ11B in inorganic calcite to pH is the same when measured by either technique, and paleo-pH reconstructed from δ11B measurements in planktic foraminifera is equivalent within uncertainty when a technique-specific constant offset is applied. Our results strongly indicate that δ11B measurements from both measurement techniques (N-TIMS and MC-ICP-MS) can be employed for paleo-pH reconstructions with equal confidence.
Menopause, hormone therapy and diabetes

Over the past three decades, the prevalence of diabetes has increased four-fold. Coupled with the global obesity epidemic and aging of the world's population, a perfect metabolic storm is brewing. The influence of menopause and exogenous estrogen and progestogens must be included in this equation. In this review, criteria for diagnosing diabetes and recommendations for screening are described. The reported effects of menopause on diabetes risk in healthy women are reviewed as well as the relationship between established diabetes and the timing of menopause. The effects of menopausal hormone therapies (MHT) on glucose control in women with diabetes and the effect of MHT on diabetes risk in menopausal women without diabetes are described. Evidence-based strategies to prevent diabetes in midlife women are highlighted. The augmenting effect of diabetes on chronic health concerns of aging women, such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and cancer, along with current recommendations for screening and prevention are presented. Given the current demographics of today's world, the content of this review may apply to as many as one-third of the average practitioner's postmenopausal patient population.
Mouse Model of Neurological Complications Resulting from Encephalitic Alphavirus Infection

Long-term neurological complications, termed sequelae, can result from viral encephalitis, which are not well understood. In human survivors, alphavirus encephalitis can cause severe neurobehavioral changes, in the most extreme cases, a schizophrenic-like syndrome. In the present study, we aimed to adapt an animal model of alphavirus infection survival to study the development of these long-term neurological complications. Upon low-dose infection of wild-type C57B/6 mice, asymptomatic and symptomatic groups were established and compared to mock-infected mice to measure general health and baseline neurological function, including the acoustic startle response and prepulse inhibition paradigm. Prepulse inhibition is a robust operational measure of sensorimotor gating, a fundamental form of information processing. Deficits in prepulse inhibition manifest as the inability to filter out extraneous sensory stimuli. Sensory gating is disrupted in schizophrenia and other mental disorders, as well as neurodegenerative diseases. Symptomatic mice developed deficits in prepulse inhibition that lasted through 6 months post infection; these deficits were absent in asymptomatic or mock-infected groups. Accompanying prepulse inhibition deficits, symptomatic animals exhibited thalamus damage as visualized with H&E staining, as well as increased GFAP expression in the posterior complex of the thalamus and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. These histological changes and increased GFAP expression were absent in the asymptomatic and mock-infected animals, indicating that glial scarring could have contributed to the prepulse inhibition phenotype observed in the symptomatic animals. This model provides a tool to test mechanisms of and treatments for the neurological sequelae of viral encephalitis and begins to delineate potential explanations for the development of such sequelae post infection.
Computational Generation of Lignin Libraries from Diverse Biomass Sources

The economic viability of the biofuel industry has been plagued in part by the incomplete valorization of lignin, which is currently being burned for process heat. One of the roadblocks to effectively converting lignin into usable fuels and chemicals is that the structure of lignin has yet to be entirely understood owing to its polydispersity, complexity, and hyper-branched topology. Libraries of structural representations of lignin accounting for these facets have recently been proposed for wheatstraw, an herbaceous biomass, based on a stochastic generation method that creates lignin molecules that collectively conform to properties measured experimentally. We have extended this stochastic method to accommodate more complexity and any type of biomass, i.e., softwood, hardwood, or herbaceous. The unique mechanistic details for several of the new lignin bond types are essential in deciding rules for bond formation in the algorithm. Further, we present two successful methods of decreasing the degrees of fre...
Conceptualizing City-Regions as “Places” and ldquo;Spaces”

City-regions now occupy a central place in the geography of global capitalism as hitherto nascent sites of regulation; conceptualizations of their influence on political-economic processes have been the subject of debate among geographers in recent years. Two competing perspectives, the territorial and the relational, posit such sites as coherent, bounded places with a significant level of autonomy or as porous, contingent spaces that are conditioned by influences spanning multiple levels and scales. This article reviews the city-region concept, highlighting the context in which city-regions have emerged as new sites of political-economic coordination and assessing the two competing perspectives on how such sites are constituted. The review concludes by considering what a bridging of these perspectives might mean for how we think about and study city-regions.
3D Pressure-limited approach to model and estimate CO2 injection and storage capacity: saline Mount Simon Formation

To estimate the carbon dioxide (CO2) injection and storage capacity of saline formations, we used Tough2-ECO2N simulation software to develop a pressure-limited (dynamic) simulation approach based on applying three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation only on the effective injection area (Aeff) surrounding each injection well. A statistical analysis was performed to account for existing reservoir heterogeneity and property variations. The accuracy of the model simulation results (such as CO2 plume extension and induced injection well bottomhole pressure values) were tested and verified against the data obtained from the Decatur CO2 injection study of the Mount Simon Formation. Next, we designed a full-field CO2 injection pattern by populating the core sections of this formation with a series of the simulated effective injection areas such that each simulated Aeff acts as a closed domain. The results of this analysis were used to estimate the optimum number and location of the required CO2 injection wells, along with the dynamic annual CO2 injection rate and overall pressure-limited storage capacity of this formation. This approach enabled us to model separate CO2 injection activities independently at different sections of the same saline formation and to model and simulate faults and natural barriers by considering them as boundary conditions for each simulated Aeff without constructing full-field models. Using this approach, a series of modeled Aeff with relevant properties may be redesigned to model any other saline formation with a similar structure. © 2017 The Authors. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nutritional Care of the Maxillofacial Surgical Patient

Nutritional care is an important aspect of caring for our maxillofacial surgery patient. Consultation with a dietitian should be an essential part of the comprehensive. Careful operative planning, with consideration given to the potential need for durable enteral access, should always be addressed. This chapter will review the nutritional assessment, status, and therapy which are essential in optimizing the surgical care of our patient.
Applied Boltzmann Statistics

Systems with only two or three possible energies illustrate the Boltzmann distribution. The probabilities for such systems determine average thermodynamic parameters. The intimate connection between the energies of individual molecules and the macroscopic thermodynamic parameters makes statistical thermodynamics a powerful analytical technique.
Oxygen—Its Toxicity and Defense against It

Life originated in an oxygen-free atmosphere. The first organisms are thus considered to have been strictly anaerobic; they could not live in the presence of oxygen. As the atmosphere became oxygenic, aerobic organisms evolved. This occurred because aerobic respiration provided organisms with mechanisms to make more effecient use of nutrients. Most of the organisms on the present earth are aerobes. Thus, the strong oxidizing power of oxygen is beneficial, but it can also be deleterious to organisms. The very reason that allows oxygen to serve as an efficient ultimate electron acceptor in respiration, its strong oxidizing effect, poses a threat to the survival of organisms. The organisms on the present earth live rather precarious lives in the presence of oxygen, and this life has been made possible by the development of elaborate defensive mechanisms to act against oxygen toxicity. We will here survey both the toxic effects of oxygen and the major defense mechanisms.
Heart and kidney transplantation using total lymphoid irradiation and donor bone marrow in mongrel dogs.

Heart and kidney allografts showed markedly prolonged survival in unrelated mongrel dogs following total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) and donor bone marrow without any other immunosuppression. In every animal the heart survived longer than the kidney; genetic disparity was ruled out, since the heart and kidney from the same donor were placed into one recipient. Placing the kidney allograft in the abdomen with the bone marrow given intraperitoneally doubled kidney survival over placement in the neck, but heart survival was equally prolonged in the abdomen or neck. Splenectomy before TLI or after TLI, but just before transplantation, almost completely eliminated the prolonged survival of both heart and kidney allografts. Thus there is suggestive evidence from the work of Slavin and his colleagues and from our study that TLI plus bone marrow from the donor may be valuable for transplantation in man, particularly heart transplantation.
A Unified Convection-Diffusion Layered Model For Non-Ideal Rarefied Gas Flow In Nanoscale Porous Media

Summary Existing rarefied gas flow models cannot accurately characterize gas flow behaviors in nano-porous media by coupling various empirical rarefaction and diffusion coefficients. Also, almost all models overlook the importance of non-ideal gas effect on the flux and apparent permeability. In this work, a unified model for nonideal rarefied gas flow in nano-porous media has been developed. More specifically, a straight capillary tube consisting of a viscous flow zone and a Knudsen diffusion zone is sectioned by an analytically derived boundary. Subsequently, the apparent permeability is obtained by coupling weighted flow mechanisms and extended to the porous media considering the roughness, rarefaction, and real gas effect. It has been found the apparent permeability hardly change when pressure is over 10.0 MPa and pore size is larger than 100 nm. Sensitivity analysis shows the apparent permeability is strongly dependent on pore size and weakly dependent on roughness. Finally, it is observed that real gas effect decreases the flux of the new model at high pressures. The developed model is an easy-to-use tool for gas transport in tight porous media and can be integrated in large-scale simulations to optimize the long-term production performance of unconventional reservoirs.
Unwanted Horse Population in Illinois: Perceptions of Horse Owners, Non-Horse Owners, and Equine Industry Stakeholders.

This paper presents the results of an investigation to determine perceptions, awareness, and knowledge of the unwanted horse population in Illinois from the viewpoint of horse owners, non-horse own...
Detecting Knowledge Artifacts in Scientific Document Images - Comparing Deep Learning Architectures

There is a vast store of scientific knowledge contained in traditional archival media, such as paper, film, photographs, etc., created prior to the development of portable formats for documents. There are very useful scientific summaries such as tables and graphs embedded within these documents. While converting these to documents to images is straightforward, identifying these artifacts automatically is still challenging. Researchers have shown interest in this area by proposing numerous techniques for the detection of such artifacts. In this paper we review previous work, and present a comparison of three deep learning algorithms that address this problem. A dataset comprising of the ICDAR 2013 benchmark data set supplemented with data from the “wild” is used to train and test the models. The models are compared on ease of training, and accuracy of each model. The results of this comparison and practical suggestions for using deep learning models for document image recognition are presented.
Relax, Kinetochores Are Exquisitely Sensitive to Tension.

By estimating the absolute levels of tension at kinetochores in dividing yeast cells and relating these measurements to kinetochore detachment probability, Mukherjee et al. (2019) quantify in this issue of Developmental Cell the force sensitivity of the mitotic error correction system.
Mechanical blepharoptosis from giant conjunctival cyst.

A 42-year-old female, with no past ocular history and no history of ocular trauma, presented for irritation from a left upper lid mass present for several years. The exam showed mechanical blepharo...
University management: the lean production allied to the program quality of life at work

Abstract This article is a “cut-off” of a research that bears the title: Model of University Management: a look at governance from the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) of an Institution of Higher Education Community (CIHE) in southern Brazil. This is a qualitative case study based on Quality of Life at Work. The issue addressed here is: Under the guise of the principles of lean production, how is the quality of life and quality of life at work, of the staff of the student service sector of a CIHE? Our objective is, as of the mapping of the value stream, to identify how the quality of life and quality of life evaluations in the work of employees of the sector of student assistance of a CIHE. The instruments for data collection are: Value Stream Mapping (VSM); questionnaires and observation. The VSM results indicate a significant loss of time among operations. However, the results of the WHOQOL-bref questionnaire go from a very satisfactory and satisfactory quality of life. Finally, the results of the QWLQ-bref questionnaire demonstrate that quality of life at work is satisfactory. The study suggests improvements to optimize processes reduce losses and ensure satisfaction and quality in customer service.
Modelling EHR timeseries by restricting feature interaction.

Time series data are prevalent in electronic health records, mostly in the form of physiological parameters such as vital signs and lab tests. The patterns of these values may be significant indicators of patients' clinical states and there might be patterns that are unknown to clinicians but are highly predictive of some outcomes. Many of these values are also missing which makes it difficult to apply existing methods like decision trees. We propose a recurrent neural network model that reduces overfitting to noisy observations by limiting interactions between features. We analyze its performance on mortality, ICD-9 and AKI prediction from observational values on the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) dataset. Our models result in an improvement of 1.1% [p<0.01] in AU-ROC for mortality prediction under the MetaVision subset and 1.0% and 2.2% [p<0.01] respectively for mortality and AKI under the full MIMIC-III dataset compared to existing state-of-the-art interpolation, embedding and decay-based recurrent models.
Bridging the Public and Private in the Study of Teaching: Revisiting the Research Argument

In this essay, Rachel Schachter and Donald Freeman present the familiar problem in studying and improving teaching: how to connect what teachers know and think with what they do as they teach. They...
Covid-19 - Implications for the Health Care System.

Covid-19 — Implications for the Health Care System The Covid-19 pandemic has exposed and exacerbated weaknesses in the U.S. health care system. Many patients are losing their health insurance when ...
Extracting Large-Signal S-Parameters from Power Wave Load-Pull Data

A method to approximate the large-signal S-parameters from power-wave load-pull data is presented and demonstrated. These S-parameters can replace nonlinear models to predict the behaviour of traditional and Doherty power amplifiers. The method uses the incoming and outgoing power waves to a 2-port network that represents a nonlinear device in a linear-least-squares problem and fits them into a S-parameters set that depends only on the output power of the power device.