cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A data-driven epidemiological prediction method for dengue outbreaks using local and remote sensing data.

Dengue is the most common arboviral disease of humans, with more than one third of the world’s population at risk. Accurate prediction of dengue outbreaks may lead to public health interventions that mitigate the effect of the disease. Predicting infectious disease outbreaks is a challenging task; truly predictive methods are still in their infancy. We describe a novel prediction method utilizing Fuzzy Association Rule Mining to extract relationships between clinical, meteorological, climatic, and socio-political data from Peru. These relationships are in the form of rules. The best set of rules is automatically chosen and forms a classifier. That classifier is then used to predict future dengue incidence as either HIGH (outbreak) or LOW (no outbreak), where these values are defined as being above and below the mean previous dengue incidence plus two standard deviations, respectively. Our automated method built three different fuzzy association rule models. Using the first two weekly models, we predicted dengue incidence three and four weeks in advance, respectively. The third prediction encompassed a four-week period, specifically four to seven weeks from time of prediction. Using previously unused test data for the period 4–7 weeks from time of prediction yielded a positive predictive value of 0.686, a negative predictive value of 0.976, a sensitivity of 0.615, and a specificity of 0.982. We have developed a novel approach for dengue outbreak prediction. The method is general, could be extended for use in any geographical region, and has the potential to be extended to other environmentally influenced infections. The variables used in our method are widely available for most, if not all countries, enhancing the generalizability of our method.
Muon acceleration with the racetrack FFAG

Muon acceleration for muon collider or neutrino factory is still in a stage where further improvements are likely as a result of further study. This report presents a design of the racetrack non-scaling Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (NS-FFAG) accelerator to allow fast muon acceleration in small number of turns. The racetrack design is made of four arcs: two arcs at opposite sides have a smaller radius and are made of closely packed combined function magnets, while two additional arcs, with a very large radii, are used for muon extraction, injection, and RF accelerating cavities. The ends of the large radii arcs are geometrically matched at the connections to the arcs with smaller radii. The dispersion and both horizontal and vertical amplitude functions are matched at the central energy.
Developmental evolution as a mechanistic science: the inference from developmental mechanisms to evolutionary processes

Developmental Evolution (DE) contributes to various research programs in biology, such as the assessment of homology and the determination of the genetic architecture underlying species differences. The most distinctive contribution offered by DE to evolutionary biology, however, is the elucidation of the role of developmental mechanisms in the origin of evolutionary innovations. To date, explanations of evolutionary innovations have remained beyond the reach of classical evolutionary genetics, because such explanations require detailed information on the function of genes and the emergent developmental dynamics of their interactions with other genetic factors. We argue that this area has the potential to become the core of DE's disciplinary identity. The main challenge in developing a research program for DE along these lines, however, is to provide a methodological framework that accounts for the fact that developmental mechanisms continue to evolve after a character has originated. Developmental mechanisms elucidated in a derived species may therefore not provide insights into the evolutionary origin of the character in question. To meet this challenge, we propose a set of questions that may guide us in our search for valid inferences on the role of developmental mechanisms in the explanation of evolutionary innovations.
Contribution of electrodiffusion to the dynamics of electrically stimulated changes in mechanical properties of collagen membranes.

We have studied the kinetics of oscillatory tensile forces in collagen membranes. These forces were generated by sinusoidal electric fields applied across the membrane. Both the magnitude and phase of the measured force changed with frequency over a three-decade range. The membrane-separated electrolyte baths had different ionic strength but identical non-isoelectric pH. Changes in intramembrane ionic strength due to the electric field were calculated over the same frequency range via an electrodiffusion model that was generalized to include convection and electrokinetic coupling. A comparison of the experimental and theoretical phases and amplitudes versus frequency suggests that electrodiffusion is the dominant rate-limiting process in this electromechanochemical transduction. These results are relevant to electrostatic interactions in connective tissues and to membrane-based filtration devices in which membrane permeability may be actively varied and controlled by an applied electric field.
Family participation during intensive care unit rounds: attitudes and experiences of parents and healthcare providers in a tertiary pediatric intensive care unit.

Objective To compare perceptions, goals, and expectations of health care providers and parents regarding parental participation in morning rounds and target specific areas of opportunity for educational interventions. Study design Semistructured interviews of parents and focus groups of health care providers to learn about their experiences in, goals for, and perceived barriers to successful parental participation in morning rounds. Qualitative methods were used to analyze interview and focus group transcripts. Results Parents (n = 21) and health care providers (n = 24) participated in interviews and focus groups, respectively. Analyses revealed key areas of agreement between providers and parents regarding goals for rounds when parents are present, including helping parents achieve an understanding of the child's current status and plan of care. Providers and parents disagreed, however, about the nature of opportunities to ask questions. Parents additionally reported a strong desire to provide expert advice about their children and expected transparency from their care team, while providers stated that parental presence sometimes hindered frank discussions and education. Conclusions Some agreement in goals for parent participation in morning rounds exists, although there are opportunities to calibrate expectations for both parents and health care providers. Solutions may involve a protocol for orienting parents to morning rounds, focusing on improving communication with parents outside of morning rounds, and the preservation of a forum for providers to have private discussions as a team.
Application of Complex Image Theory in Geosteering

With the development of horizontal drilling technology and application of the logging while drilling tool, geosteering systems have been widely applied in precision and adaptive drilling. The geosteering system controls the direction, in real time, of the drilling bit in horizontal or deviated well. The position information of both drilling bit and bed boundary is provided to the system for the determination of drilling directions in real time. In this paper, the complex image method (CIM) is applied to speed up the boundary detection process. The proposed method reduces the simulation time and improves the real-time performance of the control system. This method is implemented in both two-layer and three-layer cases. The accuracy of the proposed method is tested in different frequencies and conductivity contrasts. The simulation results show that the complex image theory works well in most geosteering situations. Compared with the results from the full solution, the complex image theory has satisfactory accuracy. Error only exists in areas within 2 ft away from boundaries. When there are 600 000 logging points, the CIM method is 160 times faster than a full solution.
Ideal cardiovascular health in adolescence is associated with reduced risks of hypertension, metabolic syndrome and high cholesterol in adulthood

Commentary on: Laitinen TT, Pahkala K, Magnussen CG, et al . Ideal cardiovascular health in childhood and cardiometabolic outcomes in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Circulation 2012; 125 :1971–8. Atherosclerotic processes begin early in life and are influenced over time by potentially modifiable behaviours, risk factors and environmental exposures. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has long been …
MINSIZE: A Computer Program for Obtaining Minimum Sample Size as an Indicator of Effect Size:

Several journals, including Educational and Psychological Measurement, have adopted author guidelines that call for determining the minimum sample size necessary for a given result to have been declared statistically significant. MINSIZE, an MS-DOS computer program that permits the user to determine the minimum sample size needed for the results of a given analysis to be statistically significant, is described. Program applications for statistical significance tests based on z, t, r, F, or x2 statistics are provided. Explanation of the program's operation is given for each of the types of statistics, and examples are furnished.
Inter-genomic sexual conflict drives antagonistic coevolution in harvester ants.

The reproductive interests of males and females are not always aligned, leading to sexual conflict over parental investment, rate of reproduction and mate choice. Traits that increase the genetic interests of one sex often occur at the expense of the other, selecting for counter-adaptations leading to antagonistic coevolution. Reproductive conflict is not limited to intraspecific interactions; interspecific hybridization can produce pronounced sexual conflict between males and females of different species, but it is unclear whether such conflict can drive sexually antagonistic coevolution between reproductively isolated genomes. We tested for hybridization-driven sexually antagonistic adaptations in queens and males of the socially hybridogenetic ‘J’ lineages of Pogonomyrmex harvester ants, whose mating system promotes hybridization in queens but selects against it in males. We conducted no-choice mating assays to compare patterns of mating behaviour and sperm transfer between inter- and intra-lineage pairings. There was no evidence for mate discrimination on the basis of pair type, and the total quantity of sperm transferred did not differ between intra- and inter-lineage pairs; however, further dissection of the sperm transfer process into distinct mechanistic components revealed significant, and opposing, cryptic manipulation of copulatory investment by both sexes. Males of both lineages increased their rate of sperm transfer to high-fitness intra-lineage mates, with a stronger response in the rarer lineage for whom mating mistakes are the most likely. By contrast, the total duration of copulation for intra-lineage mating pairs was significantly shorter than for inter-lineage crosses, suggesting that queens respond to prevent excessive sperm loading by prematurely terminating copulation. These findings demonstrate that sexual conflict can lead to antagonistic coevolution in both intra-genomic and inter-genomic contexts. Indeed, the resolution of sexual conflict may be a key determinant of the long-term evolutionary potential of host-dependent reproductive strategies, counteracting the inherent instabilities arising from such systems.
Multiply-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b causing systemic disease in children in Australia

Until 1984 strains of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) isolated from children with systemic infections in Australia had been uniformly sensitive to chloramphenicol. In July 1984 a child with bacteremia in Adelaide, South Australia, yielded a strain of Hib resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. In October and November 1984 similar isolates were obtained on cerebrospinal fluid culture from 2 children with meningitis. The 3 isolates showed an identical resistance pattern and inactivated ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Each isolate was fully sensitive to moxalactam (latamoxef), and to cefotaxime. Both children with meningitis were treated initially with ampicillin and chloramphenicol given intravenously. One of these, a girl aged 16 mth, showed no improvement and a sixth cranial nerve palsy developed. When ampicillin and chloramphenicol were ceased and moxalactam was substituted there was a rapid clinical improvement. As initial therapy in children with bacterial meningitis we advocate ...
Profits and alms: Cross‐sector partnerships for global poverty reduction

A growing movement commends a targeted business-oriented approach as the best chance to reduce global poverty. It offers the promise of dual returns—empowerment for the world's neediest citizens and earned income for investors in pro-poor ventures at the same time. This appealing vision may underplay the importance of multi-stakeholder collaboration to make it work. There is no unambiguous free-standing business paradigm for helping the poor better themselves. A review of previously documented cases shows the market-oriented approach can reach low-income and socially excluded households, but the payoff usually depends on cross-sector subsidies from non-profit or government organizations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exact decomposition of the algebraic Riccati equation of deterministic multimodeling optimal control problems

In this paper we show how to exactly decompose the algebraic Riccati equations of deterministic multimodeling in terms of one pure-slow and two pure-fast algebraic Riccati equations. The algebraic Riccati equations obtained are of reduced-order and nonsymmetric. However, their O(/spl epsiv/) perturbations (where /spl epsiv/=/spl par//sub /spl epsiv/2//sup /spl epsiv/1//spl par/ and /spl epsiv//sub 1/, /spl epsiv//sub 2/ are small positive singular perturbation parameters) are symmetric. The Newton method is perfectly suited for solving the nonsymmetric reduced-order pure-slow and pure fast algebraic Riccati equations since excellent initial guesses are available from their O(/spl epsiv/) perturbed reduced-order symmetric algebraic Riccati equations that can be solved rather easily. The proposed decomposition scheme might facilitates new approaches to multimodeling control problems that are conceptually simpler and numerically more efficient than the ones previously used.
Internal Solitary Waves in the Warm Pool of the Western Equatorial Pacific

Abstract During the spring tides of late November 1992, early January and early February 1993, solitary internal wave packets were observed at 2°S, 156°15′E in the western equatorial Pacific. Apparently generated in the Nuguria island group (3°S, 153°E), the waves propagate northeastward at 2.4–2.8 m s−1, appearing in fixed phase with the underlying semidiurnal baroclinic tide. The initial solitary wave crests have downward displacements in excess of 60 m and peak velocities greater than 80 cm s−1. Groups of 1–3 crests are observed, with vertical structure resembling a first-mode internal wave and horizontal variability consistent with third-order comb KdV solitons. Many of the packets exhibit an overall organization reminiscent of undular bores. This borelike behavior is confined primarily to the upper 70 m, not sharing the mode-one dependency of the crests. The solitons displace the ambient equatorial currents, including the Equatorial Undercurrent, both vertically (80 m), and laterally (1–2 km), with l...
Multigrid methods for saddle point systems using constrained smoothers

The constrained smoother for solving the saddle point system arising from the constrained minimization problem is a relaxation scheme such that the iteration remains in the constrained subspace. A multigrid method using constrained smoothers for saddle point systems is analyzed in this paper. Uniform convergence of two-level and W-cycle multigrid methods, with sufficient many smoothing steps and full regularity assumptions, are obtained for some stable finite element discretization of Stokes equations. For Braess-Sarazin smoother, a convergence theory using only partial regularity assumption is also developed.
The Role of District Office Leaders in the Adoption and Implementation of the Common Core State Standards in Elementary Schools

Purpose: This multiple case study investigated district leaders’ orientations and strategies as their elementary schools proceeded with state-mandated implementation of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS). We identified differences between schools achieving above-predicted outcomes on state CCSS assessments (“odds-beaters”) and schools achieving predicted outcomes (“typical performers”). Theory: The implementation of multiple race-to-the-top (RTTT) innovations recommends a theoretical hybrid consisting of policy implementation theory, leadership theory, organizational change theory, and organizational learning theory, especially learning-focused leadership strategies such as bridging, brokering, and buffering strategies for crafting coherence across organizational boundaries. Research Methods: This mixed methods study used statistical regressions for sampling and interviews to collect data. Inductive and deductive methods were used to identify themes that might differentiate the two kinds of sample sch...
Standards Development, Disruptive Innovation and the Nature of Participation: Lock-In, Lock-Out, Holdup

Standardization processes are quickly replacing regulation and competition as the primary method that technical specifications are deployed as rules, guidelines, or definitions of characteristics that ensure materials, products, processes and services are consistently fit for their purposes. Importantly, for Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), there is an evolution in the process used by standards-development organizations (SDOs) and this is changing the prevailing standards development activity (SDA) for ICT. The process is progressing away from traditional SDA modes: the legacy de jure standards promulgation by regulators that typically involve the selection from many candidates and existing alternative components. Increasingly, standards development is moving towards voluntary consensus consortia, venues in which there is a more design intensive crafting of standards that include a substantial design component, also known as “anticipatory” standards. Standards that include a substantial design component require increasingly important roles from organizational players as well as SDOs. These processes are increasingly characterized by the presence of intellectual property rights and collective behaviors alleged to trigger legal issues in antitrust, the First Amendment and tort law. An analysis of recent and likely influential series of holdup cases, such as the Rambus appeal, is also instructive. Few theoretical frameworks exist to understand these emerging processes. This research is influenced by the design, sense-making and negotiation (DSN) theoretical framework. DSN suggests viewing the new standards-setting processes as a complex interplay among these three forces. The DSN model provides the framework for measuring SDO progress and therefore understanding future generations of standards development processes. This research conducted archival analysis of SDO documents for a selected subset of web-services (WS) standards taken from publicly available sources including minutes of meetings, proposals, drafts and recommendations. This work provides a deeper understanding of SDAs, the roles played by different organizational participants and the compliance with SDO due process requirements emerging from public policy constraints, recent legislation and standards accreditation requirements. This paper examines the public policy principles in use to evaluate the due process mechanisms and checks and balances in SDA. These must be better understood to inform a critique of proposed reforms so they might accommodate efficiency, expertise and participation incentives. The empirically grounded results of our studies are useful foundation for other SDO modeling efforts.
Discovery of Function in the Enolase Superfamily: d-Mannonate and d-Gluconate Dehydratases in the d-Mannonate Dehydratase Subgroup

The continued increase in the size of the protein sequence databases as a result of advances in genome sequencing technology is overwhelming the ability to perform experimental characterization of function. Consequently, functions are assigned to the vast majority of proteins via automated, homology-based methods, with the result that as many as 50% are incorrectly annotated or unannotated (Schnoes et al. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2009, 5 (12), e1000605). This manuscript describes a study of the d-mannonate dehydratase (ManD) subgroup of the enolase superfamily (ENS) to investigate how function diverges as sequence diverges. Previously, one member of the subgroup had been experimentally characterized as ManD [dehydration of d-mannonate to 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-mannonate (equivalently, 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-gluconate)]. In this study, 42 additional members were characterized to sample sequence–function space in the ManD subgroup. These were found to differ in both catalytic efficiency and substrate specificity: (1) high ef...
Remarks on Some Putnam Problems

(1982). Remarks on Some Putnam Problems. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 89, No. 7, pp. 449-454.
Efficacy of Recommended Prehospital Human Equivalent Doses of Atropine and Pralidoxime Against the Toxic Effects of Carbamate Poisoning in the Hartley Guinea Pig

Purpose:Aldicarb and methomyl are carbamate pesticides commonly implicated in human poisonings. The primary toxic mechanism of action for carbamate poisoning is cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition. As ...
Survey on Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Its Influencing Factors Among Residents over 30 Years Old,Panlong District,Kunming City,2012

Objective To explore the influencing factors of impaired glucose tolerance(IFG),find out the key population for intervention of diabetes mellitus,so as to provide the basis for prevention and control of diabetes. Methods Fasting blood glucose was tested among the residents over 30 years old from Panlong district,Kunming city,and analyses was made on influence factors of population with IFG,by using non-conditional logistic regression,in February-April,2012.Results Of 4 454 surveyed,the detection rate of diabetes was 2.94%,the detection rate of IFG was 6.24%.The factors influencing IFG detection were cultural degree,the consumption of soft drinks,lunch places,life stress,waist hip ratio,body mass index,labor intensity,the main intake,and occupation.The OR values were 0.694,0.727,1.990,0.363,1.411,1.256,0.308,and 1.075.With the above factors≥3,≥4,≥5,≥6predictions were IFG probability were 6.57%,7.03%,8.40%,11.10%. Conclusion Low educational level,often drinking,having lunch in the restaurant,less pressure of life,large waist hip ratio,large body mass index,large amount of staple food,light manual labor,large amount of staple food,administrators in the units,professional and technical personnel,service personnel are higher in IFG detection.People with the above five risk factors have the highest IFG detection probability.
On Community Education Experimental Project and its Implementation Processes

The inner characteristic of community education experimental project is not only the symbol that differs from other community activities,but also the internal basis of its operational norms and procedures.Combining with the method of project management,and further standardizing the community education project operational procedures,to some extent,it has the meaning of paradigm for the study of community education experimental project and implementation processes and of vital importance for improving the quality of experimental project.
Research Advances of Bionic Fish Propelled by Oscillating Paired Pectoral Foils

Research on bionic fish propelled by oscillating paired pectoral foils becomes a hotpot,for their outstanding characteristics of high maneuverability,high efficiency and velocity.Based on summarizing the biological research achievements and field observation of cow-nosed ray,typical structure and movement characteristics of fish with oscillating paired pectoral foils are obtained.Research status at home and abroad in this research field,including the theoretical and experimental research of single pectoral foil and bionic fish prototypes constructed are systematically summarized.Stage achievements of bionic prototypes of this kind developed by the research team are emphatically introduced,and compared with other prototypes in aspect of swimming speed.According to analysis of the research status,the major reasons causing gaps between bionic prototypes and their nature samples are summarized.Along with deep going of research,the gap between the bionic prototype and its nature sample will be reduced.Broad practical application prospects can be expected.
Prevalence of late-onset tibia vara

We wished to determine the prevalence of late-onset tibia vara in an at-risk population. From a group of 1,117 boys aged 13-19 years, we selected all those who weighed at least 210 pounds. The 140 boys (80 black, 60 white) who met this inclusion criterion were examined for varus alignment. Radiographs of the seven boys who screened positive showed that two boys had late-onset tibia vara. Both boys were black and weighed > 280 pounds. The prevalence of late-onset tibia vara in this obese adolescent black male population was 2.5% (two of 80 boys). Recently, the number of reported cases of late-onset tibia vara has increased dramatically probably owing to an increase in the prevalence of morbid obesity.
Particle motion along a kinematic fault model

abstract Particle motion was examined along the following kinematic fault model: the fault plane is a rectangle so elongated that differences in particle motion in the shorter dimension can be neglected and rupture, once initiated, can be considered to propagate only in the longitudinal direction(s) at constant speed; the distribution of particle displacement along the ruptured fault segment maintains the same sinusoidal shape at different times until finally all particles stop simultaneously. It was found that the pattern of particle motion in this model depends on whether the rupture propagates unilaterally or bilaterally. For the bilateral case, particle displacement and velocity are nearly a finite ramp and a box-car function of time, respectively. The maximum particle velocity is the same everywhere along the final ruptured fault segment, but the average velocity is slightly higher for particles closer to the ends. For the unilateral case, particle velocity is approximately an impulse function of time for particles near the starting edge and gradually becomes a box-car function for particles near the ending edge of rupture. The maximum velocity is the same for all particles along the fault segment, but the average velocity is considerably higher for particles closer to the ending edge. It is not a good approximation for either of these cases to assume that all the particles along the fault segment have the same displacement-time function with only a time delay.
The examination dream revisited. A clinical note.

In each of three dreams reported to the author fortuitously within a few days of each other, the patient was anxious about a forthcoming medical examination. Two of the patients repored a sense of guilt for immoral behavior; the feared illness could be interpreted as punishment.
Generation of coherence in spontaneous emission

Spontaneous emission may be regarded as a result of the radiation-reaction fields emitted by an atom acting back on the atom itself. It is commonly (and often implicitly) assumed that the frequencies of different transitions in the atom are sufficiently different that the field radiated by one dipole is not in near resonance with any other transition. The “secular assumption” is then made that the field couples back only on the same dipole that originally sent it. In this work we study spontaneous emission without making the secular approximation.
Pancreatic β‐Cell production of CXCR3 ligands precedes diabetes onset

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from immune cell-mediated reductions in function and mass of the insulin-producing β-cells within the pancreatic islets. While the initial trigger(s) that initiates the autoimmune process is unknown, there is a leukocytic infiltration that precedes islet β-cell death and dysfunction. Herein, we demonstrate that genes encoding the chemokines CXCL9, 10, and 11 are primary response genes in pancreatic β-cells and are also elevated as part of the inflammatory response in mouse, rat, and human islets. We further established that STAT1 participates in the transcriptional control of these genes in response to the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IFN-γ. STAT1 is phosphorylated within five minutes after β-cell exposure to IFN-γ, with subsequent occupancy at proximal and distal response elements within the Cxcl9 and Cxcl11 gene promoters. This increase in STAT1 binding is coupled to the rapid appearance of chemokine transcript. Moreover, circulating levels of chemokines that activate CXCR3 are elevated in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, consistent with clinical findings in human diabetes. We also report herein that mice with genetic deletion of CXCR3 (receptor for ligands CXCL9, 10, and 11) exhibit a delay in diabetes development after being injected with multiple low doses of streptozotocin. Therefore, we conclude that production of CXCL9, 10, and 11 from islet β-cells controls leukocyte migration and activity into pancreatic tissue, which ultimately influences islet β-cell mass and function. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(6):703–715, 2016
Racialization of Religion and Global Migration

In the global migration story, the arrival of a diverse group of migrants can trigger intense debates about how and where people are accommodated into the host society. South Asian migrants have been moving across borders to nations where they are often both racial and religious minorities who experience the racialization of religion. The racialization of religion is a process that begins where certain phenotypical features associated with a group and attached to race in popular discourse become associated with a particular religion or religions and also are imbued meaning based on ideologies of inferiority and superiority. Through an examination of the experiences of South Asians in the USA—a group comprised primarily of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs—I delineate and examine the racialization process and show how the racialization of religion exacerbates the “othering” of non-Christian religious groups in Western contexts.
Psychologically authentic versus inauthentic replication attempts

What is an authentic replication attempt and what is not? Gerber et al.’s paper (1) gives us the opportunity to reflect on this issue of longstanding concern to us.
Pain Severity in Relation to the Final Menstrual Period in a Prospective Multiethnic Observational Cohort: Results From the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation

Abstract The development of pain is common in midlife, resulting in increased health care utilization and costs. The aim of this study was to determine the longitudinal trajectory of overall bodily pain among women during the transition between the reproductive years and menopause. We conducted analyses on a community-based, longitudinal cohort of women enrolled in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. One thousand four hundred ninety-five women met inclusion criteria, including: 1) defined date of the final menstrual period (FMP), and 2) complete data on Short Form-36 bodily pain. The primary exposure was time to/from the FMP. The primary outcome was the rate of change in Short Form-36 bodily pain, measured on a scale of 0 to 100 with 100 being the most severe pain. We performed within-person trajectory analyses using piecewise regression following nonparametric modeling of functional forms. Mean bodily pain score at the time of the FMP was 29. Mean bodily pain increased at a rate of .26 per year during the transmenopause (the interval spanning 4.5 years before the FMP through .5 years after the FMP), and decreased at a rate of .23 per year after that. Depression and sleep problems were associated with greater increases in pain during the late reproductive years, whereas abdominal cramps at baseline predicted greater decreases in pain during the late reproductive years. Perspective This article shows that bodily pain increases during the transmenopause and then diminishes during postmenopause. These differences may reflect differences in underlying mechanisms of pain in the 2 periods. Although mean changes were small and unlikely to be clinically meaningful, the magnitude of change varied across subgroups of women.
Selection of Shear Horizontal Wave Transducers for Robotic Nondestructive Inspection in Harsh Environments

Harsh environments and confined spaces require that nondestructive inspections be conducted with robotic systems. Ultrasonic guided waves are well suited for robotic systems because they can provide efficient volumetric coverage when inspecting for various types of damage, including cracks and corrosion. Shear horizontal guided waves are especially well suited for robotic inspection because they are sensitive to cracks oriented perpendicular or parallel to the wave propagation direction and can be generated with electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) and magnetostrictive transducers (MSTs). Both types of transducers are investigated for crack detection in a stainless steel plate. The MSTs require the robot to apply a compressive normal force that creates frictional force coupling. However, the coupling is observed to be very dependent upon surface roughness and surface debris. The EMATs are coupled through the Lorentz force and are thus noncontact, although they depend on the lift off between transducer and substrate. After comparing advantages and disadvantages of each transducer for robotic inspection the EMATs are selected for application to canisters that store used nuclear fuel.
OR32 Binding of ILT3 to its ligand inhibits signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation and migration

Aim To identify target cells with high levels of Immunoglobulin Transcript 3 (ILT3) ligand on their membrane in order to identify the signaling mechanism of this strongly inhibitory protein. Methods We used the U2O osteosarcoma cell line which binds ILT3.Fc on 100% of the cell population. Cells were pre-incubated for 24 to 48 h with 50 μg/ml of ILT3.Fc or left untreated. Next, the cells were washed twice with cold PBS and fixed in 80% ethanol at 4C overnight. Cells were washed once before staining with Propidium Iodide/RNase Staining Buffer (BD Pharmingen) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Cell doublets were gated out based on pulse width versus pulse area. The data was accumulated and analyzed by FACS using Cell Quest software. Cell growth in the presence of 0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml of ILT3.Fc was monitored at 24 h interval using the trypan blue exclusion method. The wound healing scratch assay was used according to the protocol described in PMID: 17406593 to assess the effect of ILT3.Fc on cell migration. Western Blot analysis of cells treated or not treated with ILT3.Fc was performed using antibodies to various kinases. Results We have discovered that cells from the U2OS cell line bind ILT3.FITC which inhibits their growth. Cell cycle analysis using Propidium iodide staining showed that ILT3.Fc induced cell cycle arrest in the transition from G1 to S phase.Wound healing cell culture experiments demonstrated inhibition of this process up to 48 h of U2OS exposure to ILR3.Fc, confirming morphological observation on apoptotic changes of the cells. Western blot analysis of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK showed that ILT3.Fc induced dephosphorylation of these proteins inhibiting their signaling pathway. Conclusions Binding of ILT3.Fc to its ligand on the membrane of malignant cells blocks cell cycle progression and inhibits cell migration. These studies suggest that ILT3.Fc may serve as a potent inhibitor of tumor cell growth for cancer therapy. This opens new perspectives to the increasing immunotherapy field of check point blockade through ligand or receptor inhibition.
Distinguishing Characteristics of Headache in Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Introduction Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a life-threatening emergency that is frequently missed due to its varied and often subtle presentation. The most common presentation of SAH is with a severe headache. The classical adjective used in SAH is “thunderclap”; however, this has not been well defined in the literature, rendering it a challenge to triage patients in clinical practice presenting with severe headache. Methods We undertook a prospective, observational study at a tertiary academic medical center examining the clinical characteristics of the presenting headache in SAH. We enrolled patients through the emergency department and from the neurosciences intensive care unit, and documented clinical features of the headache including the time to peak intensity, location, associated symptoms, and activities that caused worsening. Results One hundred and fifty-eight subjects were enrolled, of whom 20 patients had SAH and 138 did not. Notable distinguishing features on history included occipital location (55% in the SAH group vs 22% in the non-SAH group, P < .001), “stabbing” quality (35% in the SAH group vs 5% in the non-SAH group, P < .001), presence of prior headache (50% in the SAH group vs 83% in the non-SAH group, P = .002), and associated meningismus (80% in the SAH group and 42% in the non-SAH group, P = .002). Sixty-five percent of patients with SAH reported that their headache peaked within 1 second of onset, compared with only 10% of those without SAH (P < .001). Conclusion This is the first study that has sought to examine in detail the clinical characteristics of the presenting headache in SAH. Our study suggests that the clinical features of headache with SAH are distinct from those associated with other headache syndromes, and that this may prove useful in the acute care setting in triaging patients with a chief complaint of headache.
Chocó Spanish and the Missing Spanish Creole debate: Sociohistorical and linguistic considerations to solve the puzzle

This study offers a linguistic and sociohistorical analysis of Choco Spanish (CS), an Afro-Hispanic variety spoken in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia by the descendants of the slaves taken to this region to work in gold mines during the colonial era. This research also tackles the many questions arising from the much-debated origins of the Afro-Hispanic Languages of the Americas (AHLAs) ( McWhorter 2000 ; Lipski 2005 ). It provides an account of the evolution of CS that is rooted in the recently proposed Legal Hypothesis of Creole Genesis ( Sessarego 2015 , 2017a ). In so doing, this article tests to what extent such a hypothesis makes valid predictions for a variety like CS, which developed in a region described by many as ‘remote’ and ‘on the frontier’ (cf. Whitten 1974 ; Sharp 1976 ), thus far away from legal courts and where law was not likely to be properly enforced.
Waiting for the Revolution

My sensations resembled those one has after climbing a mountain in a mist, when, on reaching the summit, the mist suddenly clears, and the country becomes visible for forty miles in every direction. For years I had been endeavoring to analyze the fundamental notions of mathematics, such as order and cardinal number. Suddenly, in the space of a few weeks, I discovered what appeared to be definitive answers to the problems which had baffled me for years. And in the course of discovering these answers, I was introducing a new mathematical technique, by which regions formerly abandoned to the vaguenesses of philosophers were conquered for the precision of exact formulae. Intellectually, the month of September 1900 was the highest point of my life.1
Analysis of RNA Editing Sites from RNA-Seq Data Using GIREMI

RNA editing is a posttranscriptional modification process that alters the sequence of RNA molecules. RNA editing is related to many human diseases. However, the identification of RNA editing sites typically requires matched genomic sequence or multiple related expression data sets. Here we describe the GIREMI tool (genome-independent identification of RNA editing by mutual information; https://github.com/zhqingit/giremi ) that is designed to accurately and sensitively predict adenosine-to-inosine editing from a single RNA-Seq data set.
STEALTH PARASITES: THE UNDER APPRECIATED BURDEN OF PARASITIC ZOONOSES IN NORTH AMERICA

It has been estimated that 80 percent of all described human infections are caused by agents which are shared by or naturally transmitted between other vertebrate animals and humans (Schwabe, 1984). These naturally transmissible infections are called zoonoses. Many of the most important human diseases worldwide are zoonoses, as are most of the emerging infections recognized in the past half-century. Of nine infectious epidemic diseases that WHO considers “either new or volatile or pose an important public health threat”, five have known animal reservoirs (WHO, 2000). A recent analysis ascribes 73 percent of human emerging infectious diseases to zoonotic pathogens (Taylor and Woolhouse, 2000).
Climate Adaptation Law

In anticipation of the inevitable shift from adaptation planning to adaptation action, this chapter provides a background on climate change adaptation policy and a survey of climate impacts and adaptation responses likely to put some demand on legal institutions and rules. Part II defines the key concepts and terms of climate change adaptation as it has been discussed in major policy analyses. Part III then summarizes the scope and focus of federal, state, local, tribal, and private climate change adaptation planning initiatives. Part IV reviews the current law of climate change adaptation, which as mentioned above is not yet extensive. What few morsels of legal initiative exist break down into five types: (1) coastal land use controls; (2) environmental impact assessment programs; (3) corporate disclosure requirements; (4) endangered species protection; and (5) anti-adaptation measures. Part VI surveys the potential legal issues climate change adaptation could spark, organized into five categories: (1) land and resources; (2) infrastructure; (3) business disputes and regulation; (4) health and safety concerns; and (5) governance and process.
When Illnesses or Accidents Befall Others: The Role of Gender in Defensive Distancing

Two experiments were designed to investigate the proposition that men engage in greater defensive distancing than do women. In Experiment 1, we tested this hypothesis by having male and female participants (predominantly White, from working class backgrounds) distance themselves from a person with an illness or medical condition. In Experiment 2, we tested this hypothesis by having male and female participants distance themselves from a person involved in a mild or severe accident. We also attempted to replicate the finding that people distance themselves more over time from a person with a serious illness. As predicted, men engaged in greater defensive distancing than did women. We did not find that participants distanced themselves more over time from a person with a serious illness. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Notes on Steroid Interactions with Enzymes

A unique type of steroid-protein interaction is the complex formation between a steroid and its specific enzyme. Here the steroid plays the role of a substrate to an enzyme, and at the same time may be considered a ligand to a protein which has a high and rather specific affinity for the particular steroid. Clearly, the study of steroid-enzyme complexes is of interest for more than one reason, and work carried out in recent years on several purified enzyme systems has demonstrated their usefulness for the investigation of basic problems of steroid-protein interaction. The present brief chapter will summarize the more important results obtained, and indicate trends of research in an area to which this author has not contributed. An excellent review article by Talalay (1965) emphasizes the molecular aspects of enzymatic mechanisms in steroid biochemistry, including considerations similar to those concerned with non-enzymic steroid-protein complexes.
Transition from Tradition: 9 Tips for successfully moving your face-to-face course online

Many successful face-to-face educators who are interested in moving their courses online feel overwhelmed by the prospect of transitioning to a virtual delivery format. This article offers a set of practical tips to address some of the most common challenges of this process and make the teaching of online courses constructive and enjoyable for students and teachers alike.
Cell size and plamitate-1-14c turnover of rabbit marrow fat.

Adipose tissue is a major component of normal rabbit marrow. Morphological considerations suggest an active role for this tissue in hematopoiesis. This hypothesis was tested by injecting 50 micronCi of palmitate-1–14C intravenously into fed, hematologically normal New Zealand rabbits. The animals were sacrificed 24 hr later and the femoral marrow removed. Samples of subcutaneous and perinephric fat were taken for comparison. The fat cells were isolated by the Rodbell method and the diameters measured. Incorporation of the 14C-palmitate in the triglyceride fraction was determined and the composition of the fatty acids was measured by gas chromatography. The mean diameter of the marrow fat cell was 46 micronm (mean cell volume 55 pl); the mean diameter of the perinephric fat cell 70 micronm (mean cell volume 200 pl). 14C-Palmitate turnover per gram triglyceride was some fivefold greater in the marrow fat; however, when expressed on a cell basis, the turnover for the marrow and perinephric fat cell was similar. The marrow fat contained a higher concentration of unsaturated fatty acids. These findings suggest that there is greater lipolysis and lesser storage in the marrow fat than in the perinephric.