cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immediate effect of amniocentesis on fetal breathing and gross body movements.

The incidence of fetal breathing movements (FBMs) has been observed to be significantly reduced at 24 and 48 hours after amniocentesis. The cause is unknown. We studied the immediate effects of amniocentesis on two fetal variables, FBMs and gross body movements (FMs). No effect was observed on the incidence of FBMs but an immediate increase in FMs occurred.
Corneal deposits secondary to rifabutin.

Rifabutin is a broad‐spectrum, semisynthetic derivative of rifampicin‐S antibiotic used primarily to treat mycobacterial infection and to prevent its dissemination through inhibition of mycobacteri...
Robustness of power grid topologies against centrality-based attacks

The power grid infrastructure is of paramount importance to society. Hence many studies have been undertaken to understand the structural properties of power grids to make them resilient. We study the topological robustness of three power grids - IEEE 300 bus, Western US, and Poland - against centrality-based targeted attacks on nodes and links. Our results indicate that the impact of attacks varies depending on the graph centrality metric being considered.
Examining the validity of parental alienation syndrome

ABSTRACT“Parental alienation syndrome” (PAS) is a phrase first coined by Dr. Richard Gardner. Since its inception several scholars have reviewed and criticized this construct, and it has never been accepted by the scientific community as a legitimate scientific construct, as a syndrome or as a mental disorder. Despite its general rejection as unscientific, the construct of PAS at times continues to be used in legal settings as if it has an adequate foundation within science, clinical, or forensic practice. This commentary briefly reviews past critiques of PAS and describes several additional problems that have occurred with the use of this construct.
Enabling Kinetic Light Hydrocarbon Separation via Crystal Size Engineering of ZIF-8

Recent increases in shale gas production provide an excellent opportunity for advancements in the energy-efficient separation of natural gas liquids because these are increasingly used as fuel sources and chemical feedstocks. Current fractionation schemes generally involve cryogenic distillation of C1–C4 hydrocarbons and are extremely energy-intensive. Here, we describe the first steps toward a lower-energy, kinetic pressure-swing-adsorption cycle for the separation of ethane, propane, propylene, and butane using ZIF-8 as a diffusionally selective adsorbent. Crystal engineering techniques were employed to control the diffusive time scale of the separation, allowing for multiple separations using the same adsorbent within reasonable process times. Equimolar separation of ethane/propane mixtures at 293 K exhibited separation factors of 2.7 in the gas phase under nonoptimized conditions, which enhances the concentration of the feed mixture to 75 mol % propane. The separation performance was shown to improve ...
The Ethics of AACSB Accreditation: Unintended Consequences

This paper discusses some of the issues involved in pursuing AACSB accreditation. It also describes why AACSB accreditation is not necessarily a measure of quality. Suggestions on how to improve AACSB accreditation are provided.
Unique Features of Vector-Transmitted Leishmaniasis and Their Relevance to Disease Transmission and Control

Abstract Leishmania transmission garnered attention due to the virulence of these vector-transmitted parasites. Numerous studies established a remarkable complexity to the infectious inoculum of an infected sand fly bite. Parasites, though they are the etiological agents of leishmaniasis, are but one of several components with potent immunomodulatory properties that shape the immune environment at the bite site. To date, known components include saliva, the parasite secretory gel, and exosomes. Sand fly vector-derived virulence factors are only of consequence in the context of parasite delivery by bite. All of these components participate in creating a milieu that favors parasite establishment. Understanding the immunological consequences of an infected sand fly bite will improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis, and they have implications for novel approaches to leishmaniasis control.
Calibration Weighting for Nonresponse with Proxy Frame Variables (So that Unit Nonresponse Can Be Not Missing at Random)

When adjusting for unit nonresponse in a survey, it is common to assume that the response/nonresponse mechanism is a function of variables known either for the entire sample before unit response or at the aggregate level for the frame or population. Often, however, some of the variables governing the response/nonresponse mechanism can only be proxied by variables on the frame while they are measured (more) accurately on the survey itself. For example, an address-based sampling frame may contain area-level estimates for the median annual income and the fraction home ownership in a Census block group, while a household’s annual income category and ownership status are reported on the survey itself for the housing units responding to the survey. A relatively new calibration-weighting technique allows a statistician to calibrate the sample using proxy variables while assuming the response/ nonresponse mechanism is a function of the analogous survey variables. We will demonstrate how this can be done with data from the Residential Energy Consumption Survey National Pilot, a nationally representative web-and-mail survey of American households sponsored by the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Cerebral Palsy and Other Encephalopathies

Cerebral palsy and related encephalopathies of the central nervous system (CNS) are conditions that often affect lower urinary tract function in obvious as well as subtle ways. It is important for clinicians to recognize that CNS conditions can lead to abnormalities in bladder and urethral sphincter function. This chapter provides knowledge of how the central nervous system modulates lower urinary tract function, what the signs and symptoms are that alerts the clinician to a potential abnormality of the lower urinary tract, what investigative tests are needed in a stepwise fashion to determine that an abnormality exists and the best approaches to managing it.
Assessment of the Function of the Hypertrophied Heart

Until the recent past; cardiac function in hypertension has usually been assessed in terms of cardiac output or by analogy with other models of ventricular hypertrophy. Neither method was very satisfactory, but more direct studies of ventricular function were often impossible because of the ethical problems involved in the investigation of asymptomatic patients. The advent of non- or minimally invasive methods such as echocardiography and radionuclide first pass and gated blood pool techniques (99m Tc) has allowed the integration of structural and functional aspects of ventricular hypertrophy and a better understanding of hypertensive heart disease. They have revealed an inverse relation between end-systolic stress and overall cardiac performance (measured as either LV %FS or Vcf (r = -0.76, p < 0.001). This approach has also helped distinguish afterload mismatch from myocardial depression. In addition, ventricular diastolic function was found to be altered in hypertension even before any clinical evidence of reduced systolic performance. Left ventricular filling rate was significantly reduced in hypertensive patients even though their cardiac output, ejection fraction and maximum rate of ejection were normal. This reduction in maximum LV filling rate correlated significantly with echocardiographically determined LV mass.
7.08 – Mantle Downwellings and the Fate of Subducting Slabs: Constraints from Seismology, Geoid Topography, Geochemistry, and Petrology

The incorporation of subduction zones presents one of the most challenging aspects of mantle convection modeling, as the asymmetric nature of subduction is not a natural result of convection of a creeping viscous fluid. As both observations and models of subduction zones continue to improve, some long-standing questions are being answered and new questions are being raised. Seismic imaging is providing an increasingly greater resolution and the emerging images of subduction zones reveal a complex, three-dimensional (3-D) structure with some slabs lying flat at the base of the transition zone, slab dip changing along the length of an arc, and bends, kinks, tears, and windows in slabs. Shear-wave-splitting observations are being interpreted as complex flow patterns with significant slab-parallel components of motion. Geochemistry and arc petrology also change along the length of many arcs and in some cases these changes cannot be correlated with the traditionally recognized controls on slab thermal structure (e.g., incoming plate age, slab dip, and convergence rate). Thus subduction zones appear to be more complex with a significant amount of 3-D structure as opposed to the traditional, 2-D tabular view of slabs. There has been significant progress in understanding rheological formulations and the important role that rheology plays in subduction zone thermal structure. As a part of this effort, a new class of thermal models that combines a kinematic slab and a dynamic mantle wedge has been developed. It is now well-established that temperature-dependent viscosity in the mantle wedge has a significant impact on the thermal structure of the subducting slab and the heat flow over island arcs. This has important implications for sediment melting and dehydration reactions and additionally it requires rethinking the relative importance of shear heating in the seismogenic zone. Subduction zone thermal models still have significant uncertainty, in part because the thermal structure set in the seismogenic zone (the top 50 km of the subduction zone) is advected along the length of the slab and there is still considerable uncertainty in the mechanical properties related to deformation in this region (i.e., strong or weak coupling). However, new types of observations (GPS observations and crustal modeling, shear-wave splitting) may provide additional insight, and more experimental work on hydrous mineral assemblages are helping to resolve the uncertainties. Dynamic models of mantle convection are increasing in resolution and complexity including the effects of melting, phase changes, dehydration, and variable rheology. Three-dimensional semidynamic convection models are now able to address dynamics in regions such as the western Pacific, merging regional tectonic reconstructions, mantle convection models, and geophysical observations. However, following a dynamically evolving subduction zone in 3-D remains a technically challenging problem.
Instinct and Learning Synergy in Simulated Foraging Using a Neural Network.

Instinct and experience are shown to form a potent combination to achieve effective foraging in a simulated environment. A neural network capable of evolving instinct-related neurons and learning from experience is used as the brain of a simple foraging creature that must find food and water in a 3D block world. Instincts provide basic tactics for unsupervised exploration of the world, allowing pathways to food and water to be learned. The combination of both instinct and experience was found to be more effective than either alone. As a comparison, neural network learning also proved superior to Q-Learning on the foraging task.
Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Polymers with Mesogenic Groups and Flexible Spacers in the Main Chain

Polymers displaying liquid crystalline behavior have been known since 1933 (1,2) and the theoretical foundation for solutions of long rods was established by Onsager (3) and Flory (4) over 25 years ago. Thermotropic mesomorphism in polymers, however, was largely ignored until the recent development of ultra-high strength, ultrahigh modulus fibers spun from nematic solutions of rigid aromatic polyamides. It was then soon realized that synthetic polymers have a strong tendency to promote the formation of liquid-crystalline phases in solution or in melt, provided that mesogenic moieties be incorporated either into side groups or into the backbone itself (5). The field of liquid-crystalline polymers, originally confined mainly to helical rodlike macromolecules, has recently expanded into the realm of semi-flexible and flexible synthetic macromolecules and is now at the forefront of industrial and academic research.
Almost Automorphic Functions with Values in a Banach Space

The aim of this chapter is to present basic properties of almost automorphic functions in the sense of S. Bochner (see [2],[3],[40],[52]).
Probability of a major infection in a stochastic within-host model with multiple stages

Abstract Establishment or spread of a viral infection within healthy individuals depends on exposure to a viral source, either through virus particles or through cells that have been infected. We assume that a potential infection has reached the site of the healthy target cells and we apply stochastic within-host models and multitype branching processes to investigate whether a major infection becomes established. The model includes multiple latent and actively infected stages. It is shown that the probability of a major infection is generally more likely after the virus has entered the target cell and the cell is actively infected. In some cases, the probability of a major infection is less likely if the burst size of actively infected cells is small.
Existence of Pythagorean-hodograph quintic interpolants to spatial G1 Hermite data with prescribed arc lengths

Abstract A unique feature of polynomial Pythagorean–hodograph (PH) curves is the ability to interpolate G 1 Hermite data (end points and tangents) with a specified total arc length. Since their construction involves the solution of a set of non–linear equations with coefficients dependent on the specified data, the existence of such interpolants in all instances is non–obvious. A comprehensive analysis of the existence of solutions in the case of spatial PH quintics with end derivatives of equal magnitude is presented, establishing that a two–parameter family of interpolants exists for any prescribed end points, end tangents, and total arc length. The two free parameters may be exploited to optimize a suitable shape measure of the interpolants, such as the elastic bending energy.
Maternal brain resting-state connectivity in the postpartum period.

In the postpartum period, the maternal brain experiences both structural and functional plasticity. Although we have a growing understanding of the responses of the human maternal brain to infant stimuli, little is known about the intrinsic connectivity among those regions during the postpartum months. Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) provides a measure of the functional architecture of the brain based upon intrinsic functional connectivity (ie, the temporal correlation in blood oxygenation level dependent signal when the brain is not engaged in a specific task). In the present study, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine how later postpartum months are associated with rsFC and maternal behaviours. We recruited a sample of 47 socioeconomically diverse first-time mothers with singleton pregnancies. Because the amygdala has been shown to play a critical role in maternal behaviours in the postpartum period, this was chosen as the seed for a seed-based correlation analysis. For the left amygdala, later postpartum months were associated with greater connectivity with the anterior cingulate gyrus, left nucleus accumbens, right caudate and left cerebellum (P < 0.05, false discovery rate corrected). Furthermore, in an exploratory analysis, we observed indications that rsFC between the left amygdala and left nucleus accumbens was positively associated with maternal structuring during a mother child-interaction. In addition, later postpartum months were associated with greater connectivity between the right amygdala and the bilateral caudate and right putamen. Overall, we provide evidence of relationships between postpartum months and rsFC in the regions involved in salience detection and regions involved in maternal motivation. Greater connectivity between the amygdala and nucleus accumbens may play a role in positive maternal behaviours.
Unplanned extubation in a paediatric intensive care unit: prospective cohort study

Unplanned extubation (UE) is an important paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) quality indicator. Studies on UE have been modest in size, with accurate UE rate calculation potentially hampered by ventilation episodes recorded in calendar days. We wished to document UE rates, outcomes, associated factors and quantify error when calendar days rather than exact timings are used. We recorded prospectively all UE episodes and potential associated factors in our 20-bed PICU for 12,533 admissions (2000–2013). Ventilation episodes were recorded to the minute, with non-invasive and tracheostomy ventilation excluded. Analysis utilised multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regression, adjusting for multiple ventilation episodes in the same patient. Overall, 243 UEs occurred within 14,141 ventilation episodes (31,564 intubated days), giving a UE rate of 0.77 (95 % CI 0.67–0.87) episodes per 100 intubated days. If calendar ventilation days were used, the yearly UE rate was underestimated by 27–35 %. UE rates decreased with time, by approximately 0.05/100 intubated days each year. Associations with UE incidence rate included patient age, source of admission, disease severity and diagnostic category, with nasal tubes decreasing the risk. Although UE versus planned extubation was associated with a higher re-intubation rate (43 versus 8 %) and longer median PICU stay (4.6 versus 2.6 days, p < 0.001), mortality between the two groups did not differ (3.0 versus 5.1 %, p = 0.18). This study provides contemporaneous UE rates for benchmarking. Recording ventilation in calendar days underestimates UE rate. Several factors associated with UE may serve as a focus of quality improvement.
Practical Design Approaches for Assessing Parallelism in Dose Response Modelling

Scientific researchers in biomedicine, pharmaceutical science and toxicology often face situations in which binary logistic regression model fits are used to compare two drugs or substances, often by means of comparisons of median doses or concentrations (EC50 or LD50). Applications are given in works spanning early bioassay findings of Finney (1971, 1978) to more recent results in Rich (2013) and Gupta and Vale (2017). Furthermore, Wheeler et al. (2006) underscores the caution that instead of examining for overlap in separate EC50 confidence intervals, testing is best based on estimation and confidence intervals associated with the relative potency parameter. Notably, before fitting such curves and testing for differing potencies, an important requirement is that these dose response curves be parallel. As such, various works have introduced meaningful means to assess parallelism in logistic regression settings, including Gottschalk and Dunn (2005), Jonkman and Sidak (2009), Novick et al. (2012), Yang and Zhang (2012), Yang et al. (2012), Fleetwood et al. (2015) and Sidak and Jonkman (2016).
How to be a maker: No more thirsty plants

Hannah Joshua's spider plant Marvin isn't happy. His mood may improve when he can tell her if the temperature is acceptable
Experimentally manipulating social media abstinence: results of a four-week diary study

Social media use has a weak, negative association with well-being in cross-sectional and longitudinal research, but this association in experimental studies is mixed. This investigation explores wh...
Levels of Depersonalization and Derealization Reported by Recovered and Non-recovered Borderline Patients Over 20 Years of Prospective Follow-up.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious psychiatric illness, and it is often associated with dissociative symptoms. The purpose of this study was to assess the course of depersonalizatio...
Faster R-CNN-based deep learning for locating corn tassels in UAV imagery

Automating the detection of the corn tassels during owering time is important in corn breeding. To control pollination, after a tassel is visible, the plant should be checked daily for emerging ears. The conventional methods are labor-intensive and time-consuming. In this study, we developed a technique for automatic detecting and locating corn tassel in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery with the state-of-the art Faster Region based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN). Each raw image was divided into 1000 x 1000 pixels sub-images, and 2000 sub-images were manually annotated for tassel locations with bounding boxes as ground-truth data. 80% of the annotated sub-images were used as training data and the remaining 20% were used for testing. The performance of the trained Faster R-CNN model was evaluated by customized evaluation criteria. The model achieved good performance on tassel detection with mean average precision of 91.78% and F1 score up to 97.98%.
Role of fine‐needle aspiration cytology in early diagnosis of fungal infections

BACKGROUND Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is an important tool for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of FNA cytology in early diagnosis of fungal infections. METHODS This was a retrospective study from January 2016 to August 2018. Electronic archives were searched for FNAs from superficial and deep lesions obtained from various sites with the diagnosis of fungal infection. Each case was evaluated for underlying predisposing conditions, FNA source, radiologic findings, culture, and serology results. RESULTS A total of 15 cases were identified from the following sites: lung (eight), cervical lymph nodes (four), soft tissue (two), and retroperitoneal lymph node (one). Predisposing conditions were found in 11 patients: HIV (five), malignancy (three), and post-transplant (three). Imaging impression was mostly malignancy vs infection. In all 15 cases, the diagnosis of fungal infection was done by FNA cytology. The presumptive genus specific diagnoses based on yeast morphology was given in 12 cases (five Histoplasma, four Cryptococcus, and three Coccidioides). The diagnosis of fungal infection was provided within 24 h in nine cases, four during onsite evaluation. Microbial cultures were confirmatory in seven cases, and five cases exhibited negative cultures with positive serology. Out of the 15 patients, 14 were discharged in fair condition, and one died with complications of heart graft failure. CONCLUSION FNA is a rapid and reliable method for early diagnosis of fungal infections, allowing a prompt and appropriate management, especially in immunocompromised patients. When onsite evaluation indicates infectious process, cultures can be timely done.
Perianal Paget's disease as spread from non-invasive colorectal adenomas.

Aims Paget's disease of the perianal skin is a rare form of extramammary Paget's disease, and may be a primary intraepithelial adnexal neoplasm or secondary due to spread from an underlying colorectal lesion, nearly always colorectal adenocarcinoma. Secondary perianal Paget's disease associated with non-invasive colorectal adenomas is exceedingly uncommon, with only a few reported cases. Methods and results Herein, we present the clinical and pathological features of the largest series of secondary perianal Paget's disease arising in association with colorectal adenomas. There was gender parity and the median age was 72 years (range = 68-76 years). In all cases, perianal Paget's disease was associated with colorectal adenomas, including three (75%) conventional tubular adenomas and one (25%) tubulovillous adenoma with serrated foci. All adenomas had high-grade dysplasia and one had intramucosal adenocarcinoma (lamina propria invasion; Tis), but all lacked submucosal invasion. The intraepithelial Paget's cells showed a colorectal phenotype by immunohistochemistry in all cases. At follow-up, two patients had no evidence of disease at 6 and 87 months, one had residual perianal Paget's disease at 8 months and one developed invasive adenocarcinoma of the perianal tissue at 36 months. Conclusions Similar to its mammary analogue, secondary perianal Paget's disease may arise in association with invasive and/or in-situ colorectal lesions. Although the latter is an uncommon presentation of a recognised rare disease, knowledge of this phenomenon is important to forestall overdiagnosis of invasion and potential overtreatment. The clinical course is variable, such that close follow-up is required.
Feature—Public Land Conflicts and Controversies: The Designation of National Monuments in the Western United States

AbstractPublic lands can provide a wide range of environmental benefits. Granting protective status to these lands generally imposes restrictions on resource development and extraction activities a...
Treatment of achalasia in the bariatric surgery population: a systematic review and single-institution experience

Although the link between achalasia and morbid obesity is unclear, the reported prevalence is 0.5–1% in this population. For bariatric surgery patients, optimal type and timing of achalasia intervention is uncertain. Patient charts from a single academic institution were retrospectively reviewed. Between 2012 and 2019, 245 patients were diagnosed with achalasia, 13 of whom underwent bariatric surgery and were included. Patients were divided into two groups depending on the timing of their achalasia diagnosis and bariatric surgery. Groups were compared in terms of type and timing of intervention as well as treatment response. Group 1 included 4 patients diagnosed with achalasia before bariatric surgery. Three had laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) and 1 had a per oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). These patients had laparoscopic gastric bypass (LGB) within 5 years of achalasia diagnosis. Postoperatively, 1 had severe reflux with regurgitation necessitating radiofrequency energy application to the lower esophageal sphincter. All had relief from dysphagia. Group 2 included 9 patients diagnosed with achalasia after bariatric surgery. Achalasia subtypes were evenly distributed. Initial operations were: 5 LGB, 2 laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), 1 duodenal switch (DS), 1 lap band. One LSG patient was converted to LGB concurrently with LHM. On average, achalasia was diagnosed 8.3 years after bariatric surgery. Achalasia interventions included: 1 pneumatic dilation, 1 Botox injection, 1 POEM, 6 LHM. While LHM was the most common procedure, 4 of 6 patients experienced recurrent dysphagia, one of whom required esophagectomy. Achalasia is a challenging problem in the bariatric surgery population. Recurrent symptoms are common. Patients treated for achalasia after bariatric surgery tended to have worse symptom resolution than those diagnosed prior to bariatric surgery. Additional prospective studies are needed to elucidate whether interventions for achalasia should be performed concurrently or in a particular sequence for optimal results.
Synaptojanin1 deficiency upregulates basal level autophagosome formation in astrocytes

Macroautophagy (hereafter, autophagy) dysregulation is implicated in multiple neurological disorders. While the autophagy pathways are heavily investigated in heterologous cells and neurons, how autophagy is regulated in the astrocyte, the most abundant cell type in the mammalian brain, is less understood. Here we report that Synaptojanin1 (Synj1), a neuron enriched lipid phosphatase, is expressed in low levels in astrocytes and represses autophagy at the basal level. Synj1 is encoded by the Synj1 gene, whose missense mutations are linked to Parkinsonism with seizure. While the best-known role of Synj1 is to facilitate synaptic vesicle recycling, recent studies suggest that Synj1 also regulates autophagy. Our previous study using the Synj1 haploinsufficient (Synj1+/-) mouse demonstrated that Synj1 deficiency was associated with an age-dependent autophagy impairment in multiple brain regions. We now use cultured astrocytes from Synj1 deficient mice to investigate its role in astrocyte autophagy. We demonstrate that Synj1 deficient astrocytes exhibit increased LC3 puncta, which is more pronounced when lysosomal acidification is blocked. The increased autophagosome formation is accompanied by reduced autophagy substrate, p62, but an insensitivity to starvation induced autophagy clearance. Moreover, we show, for the first time, that the Parkinsonism associated R839C mutation impacts astrocyte autophagy. The profound impact of this mutation on Synj1s phosphatase functions results in elevated basal level autophagosome formation and clearance that mimics Synj1 deletion. We find that energy sensing molecules, including mTOR and AMPK, are altered in Synj1 deficient astrocytes, which may contribute to the enhanced basal level autophagy.
Altered patterns of brain dynamics linked with body mass index in youth with autism

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have higher rates of overweight and obesity (OWOB) compared with typically developing (TD) children. Brain functional connectivity differences have been shown in both ASD and OWOB. However, only one study to date has examined ASD and OWOB concurrently, so little is known regarding the neural mechanisms associated with the higher prevalence of OWOB and its behavioral impacts in ASD. We investigated co-activation patterns (CAPs) of brain regions identified by independent component analysis in 129 children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years of age (n = 68 ASD). We examined the interaction between body mass index (BMI) and diagnosis in predicting dynamic brain metrics (dwell time, DT; frequency of occurrence, and transitions between states) as well as dimensional brain-behavior relationships. The relationship between BMI and brain dynamics was moderated by diagnosis (ASD, TD), particularly among the frequency of CAP 4, characterized by co-activation of lateral frontoparietal, temporal, and frontal networks. This pattern was negatively associated with parent-reported inhibition skills. Children with ASD had shorter CAP 1, characterized by co-activation of the subcortical, temporal, sensorimotor, and frontal networks, and CAP 4 DTs compared with TD children. CAP 1 DT was negatively associated with cognitive flexibility, inhibition, social functioning, and BMI. Cognitive flexibility moderated the relationship between BMI and brain dynamics in the visual network. Our findings provide novel evidence of neural mechanisms associated with OWOB in children with ASD. Further, poorer cognitive flexibility may result in increased vulnerability for children with ASD and co-occurring OWOB. LAY SUMMARY: Obesity is a societal epidemic and is common in autism, however, little is known about the neural mechanisms associated with the higher rates of obesity in autism. Here, we find unique patterns of brain dynamics associated with obesity in autism that were not observed in typically developing children. Further, the relationship between body mass index and brain dynamics depended on cognitive flexibility. These findings suggest that individuals with autism may be more vulnerable to the effects of obesity on brain function. Autism Res 2021, 14: 873-886. © 2021 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Characterizing the Impact of 2D and 3D Culture Conditions on the Therapeutic Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome on Corneal Wound Healing in vitro and ex vivo

The therapeutic effects of secreted factors (secretome) produced by bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were evaluated as a function of their growth in 2D culture conditions and on 3D electrospun fiber scaffolds.Electrospun fiber scaffolds composed of polycaprolactone and gelatin were fabricated to provide a 3D microenvironment for MSCs, and their mechanical properties were optimized to be similar to corneal tissue. The secretome produced by the MSCs cultured on 3D fiber matrices versus 2D culture dishes were analyzed by Luminex immunoassay, and the secretome of MSCs cultured on the 3D versus 2D substrates showed substantial compositional differences. Concentrations of factors such as HGF and ICAM-1 were increased over 5 times in 3D cultures compared to 2D cultures. In vitro proliferation and scratch-based wound healing assays were performed to compare the effects of the secretome on corneal fibroblast cells (CFCs) when delivered synchronously from co-cultured MSCs through a trans-well co-culture system versus asynchronously after harvesting the factors separately and adding them to the media. Cell viability of CFCs was sustained for 6 days when co-cultured with MSCs seeded on the fibers but decreased with time under other conditions. Scratch assays showed 95% closure at 48 hr when CFCs were co-cultured with MSCs seeded on fibers, while the control group only exhibited 50% closure at 48 hr. Electrospun fibers seeded with MSCs were then applied to a wounded rabbit corneal organ culture system, and MSCs seeded on fibers promoted faster epithelialization and less scarring. Corneas were fixed and stained for alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and keratan sulfate (KS), and then analyzed by confocal microscopy. Immunostaining showed that expression of alpha-SMA was lower in corneas treated with MSCs seeded on fibers, suggesting suppression of myofibroblastic transformation. KS expression was higher in corneas treated with MSCs seeded on fibers, suggesting that keratocytic phenotype was preserved.MSCs cultured on electrospun fibers facilitate wound healing in CFCs and on explanted corneas through differential secretome profiles compared to MSCs cultured on 2D substrates. Future work is merited to further understand the nature and basis of these differences and their effects in animal models.
Criminal dissent: prosecutions under the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798: by Wendell Bird, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2020, 546 pp., $55.00 (hardback), ISBN: 978-0-67497613-9

The Congressional debate about the Alien and Sedition Acts – both in terms of their passage and their repudiation – focused on an unanswered question about self-governance. Would the right of an op...
Auxiliary tumour diagnosis image with deep learning technology

In order to analyse the application value of U-Net neural network in reconstruction and diagnosis of computed tomography (CT) scanning image of lung cancer and provide assistance for CT image diagnosis of lung cancer, a new deep learning-based tumour image diagnosis algorithm U-Net-NT (U-Net-Newton’s method) was constructed based on the U-Net neural network framework and compared with genetic algorithm-back propagation (GA-BP), random forest (RF), Semi-Naive Bayesian (SNB), and filtered back projection (FBP). In addition, the information given by experts was taken as a control, set as D0 group. Tumour disappearance rate (TDR), maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax), and metabolic tumour volume (MTV) were calculated with True D. The results showed that the diagnosis results on primary lesion density, SUVmax, and MTV level in the GA-BP group, RF group, SNB group, and FBP group were significantly lower than that in the D0 group (P 0.05); the U-Net-NT group had a significantly higher Dice coefficient than the GA-BP group, the RF group, SNB group, and FBP group, and the differences were statistically significant (P 0.05), and the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for the diagnosis of primary lesion brain metastasis and liver metastasis were higher than those in the GA-BP group, RF group, SNB group, and FBP group significantly (P < 0.05). In short, the new deep learning-based U-Net-NT algorithm constructed in this study is more excellent in the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for the diagnosis of the primary lesion level and metastasis and has better quality of reconstructed image.
Did the trade liberalization of the 1990s really boost economic growth? a critical replication of Estevadeordal and Taylor (2013)

We show that there is no positive relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth during the Great Liberalization of the 1990s. We replicate Estevadeordal and Taylor (Rev Econom Statist 95:1669, 2013) and find that their estimated positive relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth is not robust. Their results are driven by outliers, internally inconsistent tariff data, inappropriate selection of the treatment year, and their specific data on economic growth.
Estimating expectations-based reference-price effects in the used-car retail market

This paper estimates the reference-price effects in consumers’ car purchase decisions exploiting a unique panel data-set on the non-negotiable daily list prices for used cars advertised by a large national dealership. Guided by the theory of Koszegi and Rabin (The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1133–1165, 2006), the paper identifies the reference price for a car as the car’s list price on the previous day, a point with a large probability mass in car buyers’ price expectations. The paper finds that — controlling for a car’s actual price, its detailed attributes, the competitive environment, and a rich set of fixed effects — a positive (negative) deviation of the car’s actual price from the previous day’s list price lowers (increases) its daily sale probability significantly more than what can be accounted for by the standard effect of the car’s resulting actual price. The magnitudes of the estimated reference-price effects are comparable to that of the standard price effect and are significantly stronger for cars with more exposures to prior consumer search. Implications for the dynamic pricing strategy for car dealers (and retailers in general) and inflation dynamics are discussed.
Springfield International Festival

(1937). Springfield International Festival. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 220-264.
Control of Robotic Systems

Having studied and discussed the modeling, formulations, and procedures of robotic kinematics and dynamics in a great detail, we now turn our attention to the main theme in robotics research and applications: the design considerations and strategies in robotic control systems.
Reanalysis and Limited Repair Parsing: Leaping off the Garden Path

This chapter develops a theory of reanalysis called limited repair parsing. Repair parsers deal with the problem of local ambiguity in part by modifying previously built structure when the chosen structure later proves to be inconsistent. This modification of existing structure distinguishes repair parsing from parallel or multi-path parsing, least-commitment parsing, backtracking, or reparsing strategies. Parsers with a limited capability for repair are psycholinguistically important because they can potentially explain the contrasts between difficult garden path structures (when repair fails) and unproblematic local ambiguities (when repair is successful or easy). Although the idea of repair has been implicit in some psycholinguistic work (and emerged explicitly in the diagnosis model of Fodor & Inoue, 1994, and the NL-Soar model of Lewis, 1993), there has been no clear formulation of the general class of repair parsers. This chapter makes a first step toward such a formulation, shows how repair parsing offers significant computational advantages over other alternatives for reanalysis, and proposes a particular repair mechanism, snip, that explains a wide range of cross-linguistic reanalysis phenomena. Snip is a proposal for a simple, automatic, on-line repair process. The chapter concludes by briefly describing how snip can be embedded in a more comprehensive sentence processing architecture that maintains the structural sensitivity of purely syntactic theories like Pritchett’s (1992), yet still accounts for the flexibility of parsing as revealed by interactive studies.
The Teaching of Hygiene in the Public Schools

(1912). The Teaching of Hygiene in the Public Schools. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 525-533.
Advanced contingency selection methodology

This paper describes the development and implementation of contingency ranking and selection algorithms, as part of a power system security assessment program. The work concentrates on performance-index-based algorithms and uses a contingency control variable for precise contingency representation. The ranking is based on the value of the sensitivity of the performance index with respect to the contingency control variable for each outage. The computation of the sensitivities is performed using the very efficient co-state method. Furthermore an approach for improving the accuracy of performance-index-based contingency ranking methods is introduced. This approach is based on state rather than performance index linearization with respect to the contingency variable and it provides more accurate results in contingency ranking and selection. The effectiveness of the proposed method in identifying critical contingencies is illustrated using some small test systems. The ultimate goal is to achieve fast and accurate contingency selection, without having to solve the full load-flow problem for each contingency (as is the current utility practice).
Proposed Changes in Federal Taxation of Community Property: Estate and Gift Taxes

THE problem of the effect of the community property system on the federal estate tax has not attracted nearly as much attention as has the problem of the effect of the system upon the federal income tax. The two questions bear a considerable similarity since the community property system may be said to afford the opportunity to taxpayers in community property states to pay lesser amounts in estate taxes than do taxpayers in non-community property states similarly situated but holding their property as the separate property of the husband rather than as community property.' In noncommunity property states the husband's separate property is subjected to the federal estate tax without division between the spouses. On the other hand, in the community property states as a rule only one-half of the community property is includable in the husband's estate upon his death. In non-community property states husbands and wives can divide their property between themselves for estate tax purposes, as well as for income tax and gift tax purposes, by holding title to the property as separate property or as tenants in common. If, however, the spouses hold their property as tenants by the entirety or as joint tenants they may find difficulty in dividing the property between themselves for estate tax purposes, unless they can prove that each spouse brought in one-half of the property. In view of the fact that spouses in non-community property states may set up tenancies in common which, for estate tax purposes, afford an opportunity to them to divide their property between themselves as their separate property in whatever ratios they choose, the discrimination against spouses
Cybersecurity for aerospace autonomous systems

High profile breaches have occurred across numerous information systems. One area where attacks are particularly problematic is autonomous control systems. This paper considers the aerospace information system, focusing on elements that interact with autonomous control systems (e.g., onboard UAVs). It discusses the trust placed in the autonomous systems and supporting systems (e.g., navigational aids) and how this trust can be validated. Approaches to remotely detect the UAV compromise, without relying on the onboard software (on a potentially compromised system) as part of the process are discussed. How different levels of autonomy (task-based, goal-based, mission-based) impact this remote characterization is considered.
Pitfalls in the interpretation of estrogenic effect in postmenopausal women

Abstract Routine Papanicolaou smears obtained from postmenopausal women and originally interpreted by cytotechnicians as having elevated estrogen levels were re-examined. Fifty-two of 65 cytogramis actually showed no evidence of increased estrogenic effect. The causes of common misinter pretation are: pseudoeosinophilia, vaginal infection, and failure to read the smears under high magnification. Among 68 randomly selected natural postmenopausal patients, smears from only 3 actually indicated a truly elevated estrogenic effect. Among 31 randomly chosen patients who had been surgically castrated, increased estrogen level was evident in 8.
Competing Risk Analysis

In studies of risk assessment due to environmental exposures, we are interested in the mortality due to a particular disease when several other diseases are acting on a person's life. The method of analyzing survival data in such a population is called “competing risk analysis.” We also have a fundamental assumption that each death takes place due to a single cause. When an individual is put on test, only his time of death and cause of death are recorded. This competing risk data provides insufficient information to determine the joint distribution of the survival times giving rise to an identifiability problem. In this article, the cause-specific hazard functions are introduced and their estimation and testing, for modeling, both independent and dependent lifetimes are discussed. The identifiability problem is also addressed and some ways to deal with the competing risk data in the presence of association between the latent survival times are suggested. Keywords: cause-specific hazard rate; dependent and independent models; identifiability; hazard gradient; estimation; association
Assessment of clinical partner violence screening tools

Objective: to compare the Women’s Experience with Battering Scale (WEB) with the Index of Spouse Abuse-Physical Scale (ISA-P) as screening tools to identify intimate partner violence (IPV). Methods: We conducted a large cross-sectional survey of women age 18 to 65 attending one of two family practice clinics from 1997 to 1998. All women completed both the WEB and the ISA-P and a telephone interview. We figured agreement estimates between the two tools, used stratified analyses to evaluate attributes of those more likely to screen as battered or physically assaulted, and compared associations between the WEB and ISA-P and a range of mental and physical health indicators known to be associated with IPV. Results: 18% of 1152 eligible women surveyed had experienced IPV in a current or most recent intimate rela-tionship with a male partner; 17% had been battered (WEB+), and 10% had been physically assaulted (ISA-P+). Had we used the ISA-P alone to assess IPV, we would have missed almost 45% of IPV. As anticipated, the ISA-P was more strongly associated with IPV-associated injuries and number of physician visits in the last year. The WEB was more strongly associated with self-perceived mental health, anxiety, depression, drug abuse, and low social support. Conclusion: Clinicians need validated screening tools to rapidly and reliably screen patients for IPV. Most screening tools assess physical violence and injury without considering the more chronic experience of battering and the psychological terror associated with this violence. The WEB may identify more abused women than tools measuring physical assaults.
“The French Democracy”: Mapping Promise and Limitation of Glocal Digital Protest

Using the case study of Internet protest video The French Democracy, this article demonstrates the process by which a counternarrative of current events (the 2005 banlieue riots), though almost completely excluded from its broader national mainstream news, can in fact appear on a global mainstream news agenda, as well as produce cyber-publics and counterpublics. It further demonstrates the difficulties of keeping a narrative intact once it starts broadly circulating and is reframed in various fragmentary ways. While new media cultural production allows wide technological access and potential agency, it does not guarantee intermedia narrative fidelity, distribution, or attention. Indeed, it demonstrates such productions' fragile and contingent conditions of appearance in a field of political and economic structures and information warfare.