cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climate change influences on the annual onset of Lyme disease in the United States

Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vector-borne illness in the United States. Lyme disease occurrence is highly seasonal and the annual springtime onset of cases is modulated by meteorological conditions in preceding months. A meteorological-based empirical model for Lyme disease onset week in the United States is driven with downscaled simulations from five global climate models and four greenhouse gas emissions scenarios to project the impacts of 21st century climate change on the annual onset week of Lyme disease. Projections are made individually and collectively for the 12 eastern States where >90% of cases occur. The national average annual onset week of Lyme disease is projected to become 0.4–0.5 weeks earlier for 2025–2040 (p < 0.05), and 0.7–1.9 weeks earlier for 2065–2080 (p < 0.01), with the largest shifts for scenarios with the highest greenhouse gas emissions. The more southerly mid-Atlantic States exhibit larger shifts (1.0–3.5 weeks) compared to the Northeastern and upper Midwestern States (0.2–2.3 weeks) by 2065–2080. Winter and spring temperature increases primarily cause the earlier onset. Greater spring precipitation and changes in humidity partially counteract the temperature effects. The model does not account for the possibility that abrupt shifts in the life cycle of Ixodes scapularis, the primary vector of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi in the eastern United States, may alter the disease transmission cycle in unforeseen ways. The results suggest 21st century climate change will make environmental conditions suitable for earlier annual onset of Lyme disease cases in the United States with possible implications for the timing of public health interventions.
Native Speaker Reaction to Instructor-Identified Student Second-Language Errors.

grading and correction procedures. Depending upon the particular instructor's personal biases, some errors will be ignored, others will be tolerated, and others, like dandelions or crabgrass in the lawn, will be the object of intense and repeated efforts directed toward complete and perpetual banishment from the students' linguistic repertoire. Which student language errors interfere to the greatest degree with comprehension by native speakers of the language?' Given the amount of redundancy in the linguistic system, native speakers can obviously understand much non-native speech, perhaps even a majority, even though the communications are not identical to those which they themselves would utilize in the same situation. In
Role of post-translational modification of the Y box binding protein 1 in human cancers

Y box binding protein-1 (YBX1) belongs to a DNA- and RNA-binding family of transcription factors, containing the highly conserved cold shock domain (CSD). YBX1 is involved in a number of cellular functions including transcription, translation, DNA damage repair etc., and it is upregulated during times of environmental stress. YBX1 is localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. There, its nuclear translocation is observed in a number of cancers and is associated with poor prognosis and disease progression. Additionally, YBX1 expression is upregulated in a variety of cancers, pointing towards its role as a potential oncogene. Under certain circumstances, YBX1 also promotes the expression of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene, which is involved in the development of drug resistance. Thus, it is critical to understand the mechanism of YBX1 regulation and its downstream effects on promoting cancer development. A number of recent studies have highlighted the mechanisms of YBX1 regulation. Mass spectrometric analyses have reported several post-translational modifications that possibly play an important role in modulating YBX1 function. Phosphorylation is the most widely occurring post-translational modification in YBX1. In vivo analyses of sites like S102 and more recently, S165 illustrate the relationship of post-translational regulation of YBX1 in promoting cell proliferation and tumor growth. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of post-translational modifications identified in YBX1. This knowledge is a key in allowing us to better understand the mechanism of YBX1 regulation, which will aid in development of novel therapeutic strategies to target YBX1 in many types of cancer in the future.
Amplituhedron Cells and Stanley Symmetric Functions

The amplituhedron was recently introduced in the study of scattering amplitudes in \({N = 4}\) super Yang–Mills. We compute the cohomology class of a tree amplituhedron subvariety of the Grassmannian to be the truncation of an affine Stanley symmetric function.
"Chain pooling" model selection for two-level fixed effects factorial experiments

As many as three iterated statistical model deletion procedures are considered for an experiment.Population model coeff cients were chosen to simulate a saturated 24experiment having an unfavorable distribution of parameter values.Using random number studies, three model selection strategies were developed, namely, (1) a strategy to be used in anticipation of large coefficients of variation (neighborhood of 65 percent), (2) strategy to be used in anticipation of small coefficients of variation (4 percent or less), and (3) a security regret strategy to be used in the absence of such prior knowledge
Security of shared data in large systems: state of the art and research directions

The goals of this tutorial are to enlighten the VLDB research community about the state of the art in data security, especially for enterprise or larger systems, and to engage the community's interest in improving the state of the art. The tutorial includes numerous suggested topics for research and development projects in data security.
Analysis of a stochastic model of adaptive task allocation in robots

Adaptation is an essential requirement for self–organizing multi–agent systems functioning in unknown dynamic environments. Adaptation allows agents to change their actions in response to environmental changes or actions of other agents in order to improve overall system performance, and remain robust even while a sizeable fraction of agents fails. In this paper we present and study a simple model of adaptation for task allocation problem in a multi–robot system. In our model robots have to choose between two types of task, and the goal is to achieve desired task division without any explicit communication between robots. Robots estimate the state of the environment from repeated local observations and decide what task to choose based on these observations. We model robots and observations as stochastic processes and study the dynamics of individual robots and the collective behavior. We validate our analysis with numerical simulations.
Context Sensitive Anomaly Monitoring of Process Control Flow To Detect Mimicry Attacks and Impossible Paths

Many intrusions amplify rights or circumvent defenses by issuing system calls in ways that the original process did not. Defense against these attacks emphasizes preventing attacking code from being introduced to the system and detecting or preventing execution of the injected code. Another approach, where this paper fits in, is to assume that both injection and execution have occurred, and to detect and prevent the executing code from subverting the target system.
An information product approach for total information awareness

-To fight terrorism successfully, the quality of data must be considered to avoid garbage-in-garbage-out. Research has shown that data quality (DQ) goes beyond accuracy to include dimensions such as believability, timeliness, and accessibility. In collecting, processing, and analyzing a much broader array of data than we do currently, therefore, a comprehensive approach must be developed to ensure that DQ is incorporated in determining the most probable current or future scenario for preemption, national security warning and decision making. Additional data such as who was the data source, when was the data made available, how, where, and why also need to be included to judge the quality of the information assembled from these data. We propose such an approach for Total Information Awareness with Quality (TIAQ), which includes concepts, models, and tools. Central to our approach is to manage information as a product with four principles. We have applied the information product approach to research sites where opportunities arise. For example, the Air Force Material Command uses requirements definition and forecasting processes to perform a number of functions. However, the Air Force experienced several complex problems due to DQ problems; as a result, fuel pumps were unavailable. Each engine needs a fuel pump; when a pump is not available, a military aircraft is grounded. We traced the fuel-pump throughout the process of remanufacture, and identified root causes such as delays by pump contractors and ordering problems. To a certain extent, detecting foreign terrorists and decipher their plots are analogous to tracing fuel pumps. Our research provides an interdisciplinary approach to facilitating Total Information Awareness.
Time‐series analysis of high‐resolution ebullition fluxes from a stratified, freshwater lake

[1] Freshwater lakes can emit significant quantities of methane to the atmosphere by bubbling. The high spatial and temporal heterogeneity of ebullition, combined with a lack of high-resolution field measurements, has made it difficult to accurately estimate methane fluxes or determine the underlying mechanisms for bubble release. We use a high-temporal resolution data set of ebullitive fluxes from the eutrophic Upper Mystic Lake, Massachusetts to understand the triggers that lead to bubbling from submerged sediments. A wavelet approach is introduced to detect ebullition events for multiple time-scales, and is complemented with traditional statistical methods for data analyses. We show that bubble release from lake sediments occurred synchronously at several sites, and was closely associated with small, aperiodic drops in total hydrostatic pressure. Such results are essential to constrain mechanistic models and to design future measurement schemes, particularly with respect to the temporal scales that are needed to accurately observe and quantify ebullition in aquatic ecosystems.
Welfare Magnets: The Race for the Top

Strong arguments may be made for the devolution of welfare responsibilities to the states. Given state misincentives, however, the federal government might reasonably prescribe spending ceilings, to prevent state overspending on welfare. Arguments for federally-prescribed minimum payouts are less persuasive. The most promising such argument claims that, absent a federal floor, states will cut benefits in a race to the bottom to prevent becoming a magnet for welfare-seeking migrants. This article's econometric study of the determinants of AFDC payouts finds no evidence that states react in this way. In any event, such problems might less intrusively be addressed through two-tier residency requirements.
Institutions and Development: A View from Below

In this paper we argue the case for greater exploitation of synergies between research on specific institutions based on micro-data and the big questions posed by the institutions and growth literature. To date, the macroeconomic literature on institutions and growth has largely relied on cross-country regression evidence. This has provided compelling evidence for a causal link between a cluster of ‘good’ institutions and more rapid long run growth. However, an inability to disentangle the effects of specific institutional channels on growth or to understand the impact of institutional change on growth will limit further progress using a cross-country empirical strategy. We suggest two research programs based on micro-data that have significant potential. The first uses policy-induced variation in specific institutions within countries to understand how these institutions influence economic activity. The second exploits the fact that the incentives provided by a given institutional context often vary with individuals’ economic and political status. This can help us better understand how institutional change arises in response to changing economic and demographic pressures.
High-level nondeterministic abstractions in c++

This paper presents high-level abstractions for nondeterministic search in C++ which provide the counterpart to advanced features found in recent constraint languages. The abstractions have several benefits: they explicitly highlight the nondeterministic nature of the code, provide a natural iterative style, simplify debugging, and are efficiently implementable using macros and continuations. Their efficiency is demonstrated by comparing their performance with the C++ library Gecode, both for programming search procedures and search engines.
Service-Learning in Physics: The Consultant Model

Problem solving, both theoretical and practical, is the underlying skill developed through the physics curriculum. Service-learning has been integrated into engineering curricula, but programs proposed for that field often do not fit well into the structure of physics departments. A consultant-based approach to service-learning offers physics students the opportunity to apply their problem-solving skills for the benefit of others. As service-learning consultants, physics students provide technical and managerial support to groups that are participating in technically oriented educational enrichment activities.
Continuous-trace groupoid crossed products

Let G be a second countable, locally compact groupoid with Haar system, and let A be a bundle of C � -algebras defined over the unit space of G on which G acts continuously. We determine conditions under which the associated crossed product C � (G;A) is a continuous trace C � -algebra.
Comparison of Kinetic Theory and Hydrodynamics for Poiseuille Flow

Comparison of particle (DSMC) simulation with the numerical solution of the Navier–Stokes (NS) equations for pressure-driven plane Poiseuille flow is presented and contrasted with that of the acceleration-driven Poiseuille flow. Although for the acceleration-driven case DSMC measurements are qualitatively different from the NS solution at relatively low Knudsen number, the two are in somewhat better agreement for pressure-driven flow.
Sources of Sectoral Growth in an Economy Wide Context: The Case of U.S. Agriculture

Growth in U.S. agriculture is linked to the non-farm economy through domestic terms of trade and factor market adjustments. With almost stable input growth, the relatively large contributions from growth in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) are passed on to intermediate and final consumers in the form of declining real prices for primary farm products. The resulting net growth in the real value of farm output (GDP) is relatively low (0.25% per annum). The decomposition of TFP suggests that public agricultural stock of knowledge and infrastructure are “robustly” associated with TFP growth, while spill-overs from private agricultural and economy wide research and development (R and D) are positive but, relatively small.
Using semidualizing complexes to detect Gorenstein rings

A result of Foxby states that if there exists a complex with finite depth, finite flat dimension, and finite injective dimension over a local ring R, then R is Gorenstein. In this paper we investigate some homological dimensions involving a semidualizing complex and improve on Foxby’s result by answering a question of Takahashi and White. In particular, we prove for a semidualizing complex C, if there exists a complex with finite depth, finite $${\mathcal{F}_{C}}$$ -projective dimension, and finite $${\mathcal{I}_{C}}$$ -injective dimension over a local ring R, then R is Gorenstein.
Anisotropic Stars: Exact Solutions

We study the effects of anisotropic pressure on the properties of spherically symmetric, gravitationally bound objects. We consider the full general-relativistic treatment of this problem and obtain exact solutions for various forms of the equation of state connecting the radial and tangential pressures. It is shown that pressure anisotropy can have significant effects on the structure and properties of stellar objects. In particular, the maximum value of 2M / R can approach unity (2M / R < 8/9 for isotropic objects) and the surface redshift can be arbitrarily large.
Experiences with windows NT as a cluster computing platform for parallel computing

The increasing number of clusters built by commercial, off the shelf hardware shows a new trend in scientific computing. Within this movement is the propagation towards Windows NT as an operating system on PCs, The UNIX environment and Windows NT differ in terms of administrative issues as well as programming techniques. In this paper, we describe the modification of PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) to enable interoperation with WIN32 (Windows NT 4/5 and Windows 95/98). PVM provides the functionality to harness the computing power of an WIN32 cluster environment. Our migration from UNIX to the WIN32 architecture not only shows where porting existing software is easy and where more generic modules have to be designed, but also the limitations.
Applying Automated Language Translation at a Global Enterprise Level

In 2007 we presented a paper that described the application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Translation (MT) for the automated translation of process build instructions from English to other languages to support Ford’s assembly plants in non-English speaking countries. This project has continued to evolve with the addition of new languages and improvements to the translation process. However, we discovered that there was a large demand for automated language translation across all of Ford Motor Company and we decided to expand the scope of our project to address these requirements. This paper will describe our efforts to meet all of Ford’s internal translation requirements with AI and MT technology and focus on the challenges and lessons that we learned from applying advanced technology across an entire corporation.
Growth trends in the developing world : country forecasts and determinants

The authors present real per capita GDP growth forecasts for all developing countries for the period 2005-14. For 55 of these countries, representing major world regions and accounting for close to 80 percent of the developing world's GDP, they forecast the growth effects of the main forces underpinning growth, assuming that these evolve following past trends. The authors find that for the average developing country the largest growth dividend comes from continued improvement in public infrastructure, followed by the growth contributions of rising secondary school enrollment, trade openness, and financial deepening. The joint contribution of these four growth determinants to average, annual per capita GDP growth in the next decade is estimated to be 1 percentage point. Failure to keep improving public infrastructure alone could reduce this growth dividend by 50 percent. The forecasted growth contributions differ by country qualitatively and quantitatively.
Technological Innovation: Winners and Losers

We analyze the effect of innovation on asset prices in a tractable, general equilibrium framework with heterogeneous households and firms. We argue that financial market participants are unlikely to capture all the economic rents resulting from innovative activity, even when they own shares in innovating firms. This argument is based on two insights. First, investment opportunities are partly embodied in people -- in the form of new ideas, inventions or business plans. Consequently, part of the benefits from technological progress accrues to these innovators rather than to the shareholders in the firm. Second, while capital is typically tied to a specific technology, labor is more flexible, since workers have skills that are often transferable across technologies. We formalize these insights in a general equilibrium model, which we calibrate to the data. Our model reproduces key stylized facts about asset returns and the economy. We derive and test new predictions of our framework using a direct measure of innovation. The model's predictions are supported by the data.
α-Discounting Method for Multi-Criteria Decision Making

In this paper we introduce a new procedure called α-Discounting Method for MultiCriteria Decision Making (α-D MCDM), which is as an alternative and extension of Saaty’s Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). It works for any number of preferences that can be transformed into a system of homogeneous linear equations. A degree of consistency (and implicitly a degree of inconsistency) of a decision-making problem are defined. α-D MCDM is generalized to a set of preferences that can be transformed into a system of linear and/or non-linear homogeneous and/or non-homogeneous equations and/or inequalities.
Sensitivity and resolution of tomographic pumping tests in an alluvial aquifer

[1] Various investigators have proposed hydraulic tomography, the simultaneous analysis of responses to multiple well tests, as a means to obtain a high-resolution characterization of aquifer flow properties. This study assesses the information content of drawdown records from a set of tomographic pumping tests in an alluvial aquifer, comparing the parameter sensitivity and resolution associated with transient and steady-shape formulations of the objective function for the parameter estimation problem. The steady-shape approach takes advantage of the rapid establishment of constant gradients within the region surrounding a pumping well, comparing observed drawdown differences within this region with drawdown differences predicted by a steady state model. Both the transient and steady-shape approaches resolve K variations only within a limited distance of the pumping intervals and observation points. Relative to the transient approach, the steady-shape approach reduces the influence of poorly resolved property variations, including K variations outside the region of investigation and storage coefficient variations throughout the model domain.
Why rooting fails

I explore the origins of the unphysical predictions from rooted staggered fermion algorithms. Before rooting, the exact chiral symmetry of staggered fermions is a flavored symmetry among the four 'tastes.' The rooting procedure averages over tastes of different chiralities. This averaging forbids the appearance of the correct 't Hooft vertex for the target theory.
Land Rental Markets as an Alternative to Government Reallocation? Equity and Efficiency Considerations in the Chinese Land Tenure system

The authors develop a model of land leasing with agents characterized by unobserved heterogeneity in ability and presence of an off-farm labor market. In this case, decentralized land rental may contribute to equity and efficiency goals and may have several advantages over administrative reallocation. The extent to which this is true empirically is explored using data from three of China's poorest provinces. The authors find that both processes redistribute land to those with lower endowments but that land rental markets are more effective in doing so and also have a larger productivity-enhancing effect than administrative reallocation, implying that more active land rental markets would allow producers to realize significant productivity gains. At the same time, the presence of a large number of producers whose participation in rental markets remains constrained suggests that efforts to reduce transaction costs in land rental markets would be warranted.
Enabling department-scale supercomputing

The Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratories have one of the longest and most consistent histories of supercomputer use. The authors summarize the architecture of DOE`s new supercomputers that are being built for the Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI). The authors then argue that in the near future scaled-down versions of these supercomputers with petaflop-per-weekend capabilities could become widely available to hundreds of research and engineering departments. The availability of such computational resources will allow simulation of physical phenomena to become a full-fledged third branch of scientific exploration, along with theory and experimentation. They describe the ASCI and other supercomputer applications at Sandia National Laboratories, and discuss which lessons learned from Sandia`s long history of supercomputing can be applied in this new setting.
Nonlinear hierarchical space-time block codes

Recent designs for space-time block codes (STBCs) have exploited the structure of the codes (unitary, orthogonal) to enable systematic construction. Code sets found by exhaustive search to optimize cost functions can often achieve performance gains of several dB; however, such searches are not feasible for large block or constellation sizes. In this work, properties of searched codes are determined which suggest a systematic code construction method. The results are nonlinear hierarchical codes (NHCs), where coding gain is optimized at each layer of the hierarchy and codes of arbitrary block-sizes/constellations can be designed. A fundamental difference between the structured codes (unitary, orthogonal) and NHCs is that in NHCs, the relationship between codeword is manipulated rather than properties of the individual codeword. The proposed scheme is essentially a generalization of Slepian's group codes for the Gaussian channel to the multiple-input multiple-output quasistatic fading channel.
Damage Tolerance Assessment of Bonded Composite Doubler Repairs for Commercial Aircraft Applications

The Federal Aviation Administration has sponsored a project at its Airworthiness Assurance NDI Validation Center (AANC) to validate the use of bonded composite doublers on commercial aircraft. A specific application was chosen in order to provide a proof-of-concept driving force behind this test and analysis project. However, the data stemming from this study serves as a comprehensive evaluation of bonded composite doublers for general use. The associated documentation package provides guidance regarding the design, analysis, installation, damage tolerance, and nondestructive inspection of these doublers. This report describes a series of fatigue and strength tests which were conducted to study the damage tolerance of Boron-Epoxy composite doublers. Tension-tension fatigue and ultimate strength tests attempted to grow engineered flaws in coupons with composite doublers bonded to aluminum skin. An array of design parameters, including various flaw scenarios, the effects of surface impact, and other off-design conditions, were studied. The structural tests were used to: (1) assess the potential for interply delaminations and disbonds between the aluminum and the laminate, and (2) determine the load transfer and crack mitigation capabilities of composite doublers in the presence of severe defects. A series of specimens were subjected to ultimate tension tests in order to determinemore » strength values and failure modes. It was demonstrated that even in the presence of extensive damage in the original structure (cracks, material loss) and in spite of non-optimum installations (adhesive disbonds), the composite doubler allowed the structure to survive more than 144,000 cycles of fatigue loading. Installation flaws in the composite laminate did not propagate over 216,000 fatigue cycles. Furthermore, the added impediments of impact--severe enough to deform the parent aluminum skin--and hot-wet exposure did not effect the doubler`s performance. Since the tests were conducting using extreme combinations of flaw scenarios (sizes and collocation) and excessive fatigue load spectrums, the performance parameters were arrived at in a conservative manner.« less
Books for geoscientists

(1999). Books for Geoscientists. Journal of Geoscience Education: Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 295-299.
Health Care Utilization Data

Many important questions about the fairness, efficacy, or efficiency of health care delivery systems require utilization data. Ideally, we would like to have information on the nature, timing, cost, and setting of each person's utilization, and the ability to link that information with personal demographics, health-status characteristics, and health outcomes, including declines in functional status and death. We discuss the major sources of health care utilization data in the United States and the characteristics that make them more or less useful for health services research. Keywords: administrative data; claims data; survey data; ICD-9-CM coding; cost
Optimized execution of deterministic blocks in java pathfinder

Java PathFinder (JPF) is an explicit-state model checker for Java programs. It explores all executions that a given program can have due to different thread interleavings and nondeterministic choices. JPF implements a backtracking Java Virtual Machine (JVM) that executes Java bytecodes using a special representation of JVM states. This special representation enables JPF to quickly store, restore, and compare states; it is crucial for making the overall state exploration efficient. However, this special representation creates overhead for each execution, even execution of deterministic blocks that have no thread interleavings or nondeterministic choices. We propose mixed execution, a technique that reduces execution time of deterministic blocks in JPF. JPF is written in Java as a special JVM that runs on top of a regular, host JVM. mixed execution works by translating the state between the special JPF representation and the host JVM representation. We also present lazy translation, an optimization that speeds up mixed execution by translating only the parts of the state that a specific execution dynamically depends on. We evaluate mixed execution on six programs that use JPF for generating tests for data structures and on one case study for verifying a network protocol. The results show that mixed execution can improve the overall time for state exploration up to 36.98%, while improving the execution time of deterministic blocks up to 69.15%. Although we present mixed execution in the context of JPF and Java, it generalizes to any model checker that uses a special state representation.
Informationally Efficient Trade Barriers

Why are trade barriers often used to protect home producers, even at the cost of introducing deadweight losses from higher commodity prices? We add an informational friction to the standard textbook argument in favor of free trade, and show that trade restrictions may be a more effcient policy than a lump sum transfer to the displaced producers. Trade barriers, while generating deadweight losses, have the benefit that they do not generate a need for compensation. When the policy maker does not know the amount that should be transferred, the risk of over- compensating may make trade barrier more efficient.
No Local Double Exponential Gradient Growth in Hyperbolic Flow for the Euler equation

We consider smooth, double-odd solutions of the two-dimensional Euler equation in ( 1; 1) 2 with periodic boundary conditions. It is tempting to think that the symmetry in the
Alternate-Fueled Flight: Halophytes, Algae, Bio-, and Synthetic Fuels

Synthetic and biomass fueling are now considered to be near-term aviation alternate fueling. The major impediment is a secure sustainable supply of these fuels at reasonable cost. However, biomass fueling raises major concerns related to uses of common food crops and grasses (some also called "weeds") for processing into aviation fuels. These issues are addressed, and then halophytes and algae are shown to be better suited as sources of aerospace fuels and transportation fueling in general. Some of the history related to alternate fuels use is provided as a guideline for current and planned alternate fuels testing (ground and flight) with emphasis on biofuel blends. It is also noted that lessons learned from terrestrial fueling are applicable to space missions. These materials represent an update and additions to the Workshop on Alternate Fueling Sustainable Supply and Halophyte Summit at Twinsburg, OH, Oct. 17 to 18, 2007 (ref. 1).
Schools of Fishermen: A Theory of Information Sharing in Spatial Search

Fishermen who compete for a resource in an open access setting generally do not share information amongst each other about where stocks are located. On the other hand, in fisheries where there are established property rights or fishing cooperatives, fishermen tend to share information with each other. Recent work in developing spatial models of fishermen behavior has generally ignored the effect that sharing information about where stocks are located can have. We develop a behavioral model of search amongst spatial resource harvesters that allows for varying degrees of information sharing. We demonstrate that informational cascades may lead to extremely inefficient spatial search by fishermen that do not share information and that this inefficiency may be persistent over time. We define a new parameter, information-dependent catchability, which captures the degree to which information sharing improves the efficiency of spatial search. We argue that institutions change the incentives to share information; information-dependent catchability will differ within a fishery depending on the specific management institutions adopted. This leads to theoretical predictions which depart from standard models but account for a wider range of field observations. In particular, we derive the conditions under which closing access to a fishery would have such a drastic impact on the incentives to share information (and hence, the efficiency of search) that total effort in the fishery will be unaffected by restricting access. We derive the equivalent conditions for steady state harvest and stock levels. Furthermore, we make an important distinction between Property Rights Rents and Information Sharing Rents (economic rents that can be attributed solely to changes in information-sharing). The shiroebi shrimp fishery in Shinminato, Japan provides an ideal natural experiment to test the impact of information sharing. Field observations from this fishery strongly accord with the predictions of the model presented in this paper.
KNOWLEDGE BASED EXPERT SYSTEM PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT OPTIMIZATION

Knowledge-based expert systems (KBES) and dynamic programming are used to develop a comprehensive pavement management system tool to aid engineers and planners in making objective, consistent, and cost effective decisions for pavement rehabilitation, maintenance, and reconstruction. KBES provide a flexible tool to allow for acquisition of knowledge from experts in the field and incorporate that knowledge in building an efficient pavement management decision support tool. KBES are also used to develop a pavement condition forecasting model and a treatment strategy selection model. The forecasting model is capable of predicting pavement condition in the future based on both historical data and expert opinion. The treatment strategy selection model considers forecasted conditions and other inventory parameters to select feasible treatment strategies for pavement sections for all the years in the planning/analysis period. The expert system will also determine costs and improvements in condition due to application of the selected treatment strategies. Lastly, a dynamic programming model takes output from the treatment strategy selection KBES and determines a list of projects and associated treatment strategies, cost, and the time to implement each. The dynamic programming model considers different objective functions to achieve optimal allocation of resources. This paper establishes procedures for integral operations of the 3 different models to make up a comprehensive pavement management system.
A Note on Licensing and the Market for Real Estate Agents.

This study develops and estimates a model of real estate agent demand and supply. The estimates of the model show that the licensing examination pass rate and the educational requirements set by state licensing boards affect the numbers and incomes of real estate agents. The study further shows that the demand for agents is related to economic activity in the housing market and that the supply of agents is very elastic with respect to agent earnings.
Friedman's Test†

The nonparametric Friedman test expands the Sign (S) test to k related samples. The null hypothesis is that the samples come from the same population, which is tested against the alternative that at least one of the samples comes from a different population. Keywords: related samples; sign test; rank-based inference
Iterative Markov chain Monte Carlo computation of reference priors and minimax risk

We present an iterative Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for computing reference priors and minimax risk for general parametric families. Our approach uses MCMC techniques based on the Blahut-Arimoto algorithm for computing channel capacity in information theory. We give a statistical analysis of the algorithm, bounding the number of samples required for the stochastic algorithm to closely approximate the deterministic algorithm in each iteration. Simulations are presented for several examples from exponential families. Although we focus on applications to reference priors and minimax risk, the methods and analysis we develop are applicable to a much broader class of optimization problems and iterative algorithms.
ESTIMATING REGIONAL ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCE FLOWS

Estimates of direct and indirect material and energy usage for New York State are derived from existing input-output and natural resource and energy databases. The work provides both a generally applicable methodology and an empirical example for estimating energy and material flow impacts at the regional level.
Equivalence Is In The Eye Of The Beholder

Abstract In a recent provocative paper, Lamport points out “the insubstantiality of processess” by proving the equivalence of two different decompositions of the same intuitive algorithm by means of temporal formulas. We point out that the correct equivalence of algorithms is itself in the eye of the beholder. We discuss a number of related issues and, in particular, whether algorithms can be proved equivalent directly.
The planar topology of functional programs

The use of the applicative language (FP) in VLSI design has been advocated, because it provides not only the structure of a circuit, but the planar organization of its components and their interconnections. In this paper, the level of geometric detail implied by the functional programming style is formalized. The notion of ‘planar topology’ of an integrated circuit layout is defined and shown to be the appropriate level of geometric information to infer from an FP specification of a circuit. This definition provides a normal form for the representation of the planar topology of a layout which is not only unique (modulo local operations), but is optimal over all representations of the same planar topology with respect to topological cost measures. This normal form is exploited to improve the wiring of the layouts; it is realized by the application of transformations to the FP specification. The specification of a carry-save array multiplier is used as an example to illustrate how this optimization reduces the effort required to specify an integrated circuit.
The relation of inhalation analgesia and anesthesia to asphyxia neonatorum

Abstract 1982 consecutive deliveries were reviewed from the aspect of asphyxia neonatorum in relation to inhalation analgesic and anesthetic agents. 1. 1. Nitrous oxide, ethylene, and cyclopropane, when used as analgesic agents, did not materially influence the incidence of asphyxia neonatorum. 2. 2. Nitrous oxide, properly administered, was given for long periods of time without significant effects on fetal asphyxia. 3. 3. Cyclopropane and other agents when used in concentrations sufficient for anesthesia by operative delivery were accompanied by an increase in the incidence of fetal asphyxia. 4. 4. The incidence of asphyxia neonatorum varied directly as the duration of administration of cyclopropane anesthesia. 5. 5. There seemed to be no relationship between asphyxia neonatorum and the type of anesthetic technique. 6. 6. Prematurity, complications of pregnancy and labor, method of delivery and misuse of analgesic agents were apparently of greater significance in asphyxia neonatorum than the various inhalation agents when properly administered.
Capitalism in question: Hill, Addams and Follett as early social entrepreneurship advocates

Purpose – This article aims to depict the pivotal role Octavia Hill, Jane Addams and Mary Parker Follett played in the field of social entrepreneurship. The article aims to examine the contributions made by these remarkable women who made valuable theoretical and practical contributions to the emerging field of social entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach – Synthesizing articles from history journals, writings about the figures of interest, published works by the figures themselves and other resources, this paper illustrates how Hill, Addams and Follett made valuable contributions to social entrepreneurship and questioned the rectitude of unadulterated capitalism. Findings – This paper concludes that Hill, Addams and Follett refuted the viewpoint that self-interest and single-minded self-survival were the best ways to live and to conduct business. By their actions, the women showed that they did indeed bring “capitalism in question”, by recognizing the importance of seeking others’ interests. Orig...
The Clementine Atlas of the Moon

The highly successful Clementine mission gave scientists their first global look at the Moon. Based on information gathered from this mission combined with data from recent missions, this unique atlas contains 144 maps covering the entire lunar surface, along with colour plates showing the Moon's composition and physical properties. The first part of the atlas describes the origin and geological evolution of the Moon and gives a brief history of lunar science and exploration, while the second features double-page spreads consisting of Clementine images paired with newly created shaded-relief maps generated from LROC topography data. This edition has been fully revised and extended to cover the armada of new missions that have launched since 2004. With one of the most complete and up-to-date lunar nomenclature databases, this is an indispensable reference for professional planetary and space scientists, amateur astronomers, and lunar enthusiasts.
Gauge Theory without Ghosts

A quantum effective action for gauge field theories is constructed that is gauge invariant and independent of the choice of gauge breaking terms in the functional integral that defines it. The loop expansion of this effective action leads to new Feynman rules, involving new vertex functions but without diagrams containing ghost lines. The new rules are given in full for the Yang-Mills field, both with and without coupling to fermions, and renormalization procedures are described. No BRST arguments are needed. Implications are briefly discussed.
Practical, Ethical, and Legal Challenges Underlying Crisis Standards of Care

Public health emergencies implicate difficult decisions among medical and emergency first responders about how to allocate essential resources. While various actors have proffered approaches on how to make these tough choices, meaningful guidance on shifting standards of care in major emergencies remained lacking. In March 2012, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released additional guidance to assist facilities and practitioners to address scarce resource allocation through the development of "crisis standards of care" in catastrophes. As discussed in the article, identifying and resolving of complex practical, ethical, and legal challenges underlying real-time implementation of these standards are indispensable to protecting the public's health.
Fourier and Beyond: Invariance Properties of a Family of Integral Transforms

The Fourier transform is typically seen as closely related to the additive group of real numbers, its characters and its Haar measure. In this paper, we propose an alternative viewpoint; the Fourier transform can be uniquely characterized by an intertwining relation with dilations and by having a Gaussian as an eigenfunction. This broadens the perspective to an entire family of Fourier-like transforms that are uniquely identified by the same dilation-related property and by having Gaussian-like functions as eigenfunctions. We show that these transforms share many properties with the Fourier transform, particularly unitarity, periodicity and eigenvalues. We also establish short-time analogues of these transforms and show a reconstruction property and an orthogonality relation for the short-time transforms.
Decentralized Business Strategies in a Multi-Unit Firm

In a multi-unit firm, such as a retail chain or a multi-plant manufacturer, we compare the business strategies developed by unit managers with the strategies that maximize corporate profit. The setting is one in which units face different markets and where learning spillovers between two units are enhanced if their strategies are more similar. When there is a small number of units, we find a tendency for managers' strategies to be excessively tailored to their local market. When the firm has many units, unit strategies can be either excessively or insufficiently standardized.
The surface brightness fluctuations and globular cluster populations of M87 and its companions

Using the surface brightness fluctuations in HST WFPC-2 images, we determine that M 87, NGC 4486B, and NGC 4478 are all at a distance of ∼ 16 Mpc, while NGC 4476 lies in the background at ∼ 21 Mpc. We also examine the globular clusters of M 87 using archived HST fields. We detect the bimodal color distribution, and find that the amplitude of the red peak relative to the blue peak is greatest near the center. This feature is in good agreement with the merger model of elliptical galaxy formation, where some of the clusters originated in progenitor galaxies while other formed during mergers.
Congestion games with distance-based strict uncertainty

We put forward a new model of congestion games where agents have uncertainty over the routes used by other agents. We take a non-probabilistic approach, assuming that each agent knows that the number of agents using an edge is within a certain range. Given this uncertainty, we model agents who either minimize their worst-case cost (WCC) or their worstcase regret (WCR), and study implications on equilibrium existence, convergence through adaptive play, and efficiency. Under the WCC behavior the game reduces to a modified congestion game, and welfare improves when agents have moderate uncertainty. Under WCR behavior the game is not, in general, a congestion game, but we show convergence and efficiency bounds for a simple class of games.