cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repetitive sp3−sp3 Carbon−Carbon Bond-Forming Copolymerizations of Primary and Tertiary Ylides. Synthesis of Substituted Carbon Backbone Polymers: Poly(cyclopropylidine-co-methylidine)

We report a repetitive sp3−sp3 carbon−carbon bond-forming polymerization for the controlled synthesis of cyclopropyl containing carbon backbone polymers with tailored end groups and molecular weight. Poly(cyclopropylidine-co-methylidine) copolymers (10) were synthesized via copolymerization of (dimethylamino)tolyloxosulfonium cyclopropylide (11) with dimethylsulfonium methylide (8). The polymer was synthesized in Mn ranges from 1800 to 6714. The cyclopropyl:methyl incorporation ratios varied from 1:12 and 1:18. The composition of the poly(cyclopropylidine-co-methylidine) polymer (10) was established by NMR and IR. GPC revealed a monomodal distribution with PDI between 1.06 and 1.28. The cyclopropyl groups extend the range of functionality that can be incorporated into carbon backbone polymers and illustrate for the first time the use of tertiary ylides as monomers for the polymerization reaction. Direct control of the amount of cyclopropyl groups in the carbon backbone has potential for selective modifica...
An international study exploring levels of postpartum depressive symptomatology

Abstract Objective: Differences in postpartum depressive symptomatology (PPDS) among an international sample of 892 women from nine countries representing five continents were explored. Method: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to assess PPDS among a convenience sample that completed the two questionnaires twice, yielding a total of four sets of scores per subject. Women sampled were primiparae with no obstetrical complications, and had a healthy baby. Depression history and therapy were ruled out as exclusion criteria. Results: Mean scores for EPDS and BDI varied across sites at both time points ( P value Conclusion: Utility of EPDS and BDI for yielding profiles of postpartum women's depressive symptomatology was demonstrated. Further research to validate depressive symptom measures with diverse international populations is indicated.
Localization of the site of the murine IgG1 molecule that is involved in binding to the murine intestinal Fc receptor

Site-directed mutagenesis of a recombinant Fc hinge fragment has recently been used to localize the site of the murine IgG1 molecule that is involved in the control of catabolism (the "catabolic site"). In the current study, the effects of these CH2 and CH3 domain mutations (Ile 253 to Ala 253, His 310 to Ala 310, Gln 311 to Asn 311, His 433 to Ala 433 and Asn 434 to Gln 434) on intestinal transfer of Fc hinge fragments in neonatal mice have been analyzed. Studies using direct transfer and competition assays demonstrate that the mutations affect the transmission from intestinal lumen into serum in a way that correlates closely with the effects of the mutations on pharmacokinetics. Binding studies of several of the Fc hinge fragments to isolated neonatal brush borders have been used to confirm the in vivo transmission data. These analyses have resulted in the localization of the binding site for the intestinal transfer receptor, FcRn, to specific residues of the murine Fc hinge fragment. These residues are located at the CH2-CH3 domain interface and overlap with both the catabolic site and staphylococcal protein A (SpA) binding site. The pH dependence of IgG1 or Fc fragment binding to FcRn is consistent with the localization of the FcRn interaction site to a region of the Fc that encompasses two histidine residues (His 310 and His 433). To assess whether one or two FcRn binding sites per Fc hinge are required for intestinal transfer, a hybrid Fc hinge fragment comprising a heterodimer of one Fc hinge with the wild-type IgG1 sequence and a mutant Fc hinge with a defective catabolic site (mutated at His 310, Gln 311, His 433 and Asn 434) has been analyzed in direct and competition transmission assays. The studies demonstrate that the Fc hybrid is transferred with significantly reduced efficiency compared to the wild type Fc hinge homodimer and indicate that the binding to FcRn, and possibly subsequent transfer, is enhanced by the presence of two FcRn binding sites per Fc hinge fragment.
EFFECT OF FREE AND BOUND CHLOROGENIC ACID ON THE IN VITRO PROTEIN DIGESTIBILITY AND TETRAHYMENA BASED PER OF A CASEIN MODEL SYSTEM

The effect of free and bound chlorogenic acid on the in vitro proteolytic digestion and subsequent growth of Tetrahymena pyriformis W on casein was observed. Bound chlorogenic acid caused a small, but real drop, in in vitro protein digestibility of the casein complex, and a significant inhibition in Tetrahymena growth with a resultant low Tetrahymena based PER. Free chlorogenic acid, when added to casein, did not affect its protein digestibility or its Tetrahymena based PER. Because of the severe effect bound chlorogenic acid has on the growth of Tetrahymena, caution should be exercised in the use of this organism in bioassays to measure the protein quality of proteins suspected to contain bound chlorogenic acid.
Etiology of troponin I elevation in patients with congestive heart failure and low clinical suspicion of myocardial infarction

Abstract Background: Increased troponin I (TnI) has been detected in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients. We demonstrate that occurrence of LVH, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure values (SBP and DBP, respectively) correlate with increasing levels of serum TnI in a selected CHF population. Methods: Our team reviewed the medical records of 40 consecutive patients admitted with CHF symptoms, low clinical suspicion of myocardial infarction (MI), and serum TnI measured upon admission. Twenty numerical and categorical parameters were screened. Patients were divided in to seven non-exclusive groups by increasing cutoff values of serum TnI (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, and 1.5ng/ml). In each group the average value of numerical parameters and the occurrence of categorical ones were calculated. The correlation between these values and the seven TnI cutoffs were analyzed. Results: Occurrence of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (ECG-LVH), and average values of SBP and DBP significantly correlated with the TnI cutoffs by means of multiple regression analysis ( P = 0.001, 0.02 and 0.007, respectively). Conclusion: ECG-LVH and values of SBP and DBP significantly correlate with increasing cutoff levels of serum TnI in hospitalized patients with CHF and low clinical suspicion of MI.
Radial drift of particles in the solar nebula: implications for planetesimal formation

Abstract For standard cosmic abundances of heavy elements, a layer of small particles in the central plane of the solar nebula cannot attain the critical density for gravitational instability. Youdin and Shu (2002, Astrophys. J. 580, 494–505) suggest that the local surface density of solids can be enhanced by radial migration of particles due to gas drag. However, they consider only motions of individual particles. Collective motion due to turbulent stress on the particle layer acts to inhibit such enhancement and may prevent gravitational instability.
Overexpression of the Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 7 Resulting from Transfection or Mutations in the ICP0 Binding Site Accelerates Rather than Depresses Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Gene Expression

Earlier studies reported that ICP0, a key regulatory protein encoded by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), binds ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7). The fundamental conclusion of these studies is that depletion of USP7 destabilized ICP0, that ICP0 mediated the degradation of USP7, and that amino acid substitutions in ICP0 that abolished binding to USP7 significantly impaired the ability of HSV-1 to replicate. We show here that, indeed, depletion of USP7 leads to reduction of ICP0 and that USP7 is degraded in an ICP0-dependent manner. However, overexpression of USP7 or substitution in ICP0 of a single amino acid to abolish binding to USP7 accelerated the accumulation of viral mRNAs and proteins at early times after infection and had no deleterious effect on virus yields. A clue as to why USP7 is degraded emerged from the observation that, notwithstanding the accelerated expression of viral genes, the plaques formed by the mutant virus were very small, implying a defect in virus transmission from cell to cell.
First Measurements of the Inclined Boron Layer Thermal-Neutron Detector for Reflectometry

A prototype detector based on the inclined boron layer principle is introduced. For typical measurement conditions at the Liquids Reflectometer at the Spallation Neutron Source, its count rate capability is shown to be superior to that of the current detector by nearly two orders of magnitude.
Energy and angular distributions of secondary electrons from 5-100-keV-proton collisions with hydrogen and nitrogen molecules

Cross sections for the ejection of electrons from hydrogen and nitrogen by protons have been measured as a function of the energy and angle of ejection of the electrons at incident proton energies of 5-70 keV and 100 keV for hydrogen. The range of angles measured was 10-160\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and the electron energy range was 1.5-300 eV. The doubly differential cross sections were also integrated over angle, over electron energy, or over both to obtain singly differential and total cross sections for electron production. Average electron energies were also calculated from the data. The angular distributions of electrons are peaked in the forward direction but become more isotropic as the proton energy decreases. Nitrogen yields a more isotropic distribution than hydrogen. In this range of proton energies the cross sections integrated over angle are found to fall off approximately exponentially with electron energy, and a simple empirical equation has been found that describes the singly differential and total cross sections within a factor of 2 for several targets. A theoretical interpretation of this result in terms of the molecular promotion model is given in which Meyerhof's method of calculating cross sections for $K$-shell excitation is applied for the first time to the ionization of outer shells of atoms.
Energy harvesting two-hop networks: Optimal policies for the multi-energy arrival case

In energy harvesting wireless networks, efficient utilization of harvested energy is essential to increase network lifetime as well as to enable maximum amount of information transmission. In this paper, throughput maximization for a two-hop communication system is studied under the assumption of known energy arrival times and harvested energy amounts in advance. Extending earlier work, optimal power allocation and scheduling strategies for two energy arrivals at the source and multiple energy arrivals at the relay are identified. Furthermore, an algorithm that computes an optimal transmission policy by building on the two energy arrival case for both source and relay is described.
Change PP plot and continuous sample quantile function

Functional inference recommends data analysis of a sample of n observations by functional and graphical representations of its probability models using various functions on 0 < u < 1, including the quantile function. This paper discusses: charge PP plots and a continuous version of the sample quantile function which use the mid-distinct value probability integral transform; comparison density functions; comparison interpretation of probability integral transform; maximum spacings method of one sample parameter estimation.
Pius Aeneas among the Taborites

The power that impelled Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini from his first insignificant clerkship at the Council of Basel to the height of papal dignity resided less in himself than in the cross-currents of fifteenth-century European politics through which he moved. The particular currents that Aeneas Sylvius exploited were those emanating from German resistance to Rome, from the Hauspolitik of the Hapsburgs, from the entrenched Hussitism of Bohemia, and in general from the cultural differential between backward-Gothic Central Europe and the new life of Renaissance Italy. Amply endowed with energy and the kind of rich but not first-rate talent that never has to sacrifice effectiveness to an original vision of truth, Aeneas carefully made himself useful to the dignitaries of Basel, to the Council's pope, then to the Emperor Frederick III, and finally to the Roman papacy. His good style, facetious imagination, and worldliness helped him throughout his career, and when it became possible for him to look forward to high office in the church he experienced a mild spiritual conversion and took the necessary holy orders; as Bishop first of Trieste (1447), then of his own Siena (1449), he served both the Emperor and the Roman Pope; in 1456 his service to both parties was rewarded with the dignity of Cardinal Priest of Santa Sabina, and in 1458, on the death of Calixtus III, he was elected to the papacy.
The Determination of Inulin in Blood and in Urine by Means of Vanillin in Acid Medium

Vanillin in acid medium serves as a reagent for a simple, rapid, convenient method for the quantitative determination of inulin in blood and in urine.
Restructuring Japanese High Schools: Reforms for Diversity:

Japan's current major education reform campaign is to restructure high schools. Its central theme is to diversify upper secondary education in response to the growing divergence in youths' ability, aptitude, and needs. High school reform initiatives, which began in the late 1970s, were enhanced by the school reform movement in the 1980s and the early 1990s. This article explores the development of policy initiatives to restructure high schools. Japan 's restructuring drives illustrate a departure from the traditional academic and vocational curricula. As a result of these drives, innovative high schools often identified as "new types of schools" and "comprehensive" programs began to emerge throughout Japan. The credibility of these schools and programs will be tested during the remaining years of the current century.
Metamorphosis-related changes in leukocyte profiles of larval bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana)

Metamorphosis in amphibians is a fascinating phenomenon that offers physiologists a number of opportunities to study aspects of tissue growth and lysis in animals. In larval amphibians, tissues are formed early on during larval growth, then are vastly reorganized and broken down during metamorphosis, and the effects of this phenomenon on the relative distribution of white blood cells in circulation (i.e., leukocyte profiles) was first examined in the 1920s. Nearly a century later, there has been little work to continue this research avenue, although our knowledge of the roles of certain leukocyte types has improved. Moreover, recent interest in counts of leukocytes in amphibians for environmental monitoring purposes emphasizes the need to understand how white blood cells naturally vary throughout larval life. In this study, I examined blood smears from wild-caught larval and adult bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) of varying developmental stages and quantified the proportions and abundance (estimated from blood smears) of all leukocyte types at each stage. Lymphocytes were the most common cell found and appeared most abundant during the early growth phases of larvae. Neutrophils were the second most common cell and were also associated most with earlier phases. Eosinophils appeared directly associated with metamorphosis, generally increasing in abundance to a peak at metamorphic climax. Monocytes were also found most frequently in individuals experiencing metamorphic climax. Results in this study concerning eosinophils are consistent with those of urodeles and point to their role in the breakdown of tissues, which may resemble their role in modulating inflammation responses.
Can dental cone beam computed tomography assess bone mineral density

Mineral density distribution of bone tissue is altered by active bone modeling and remodeling due to bone complications including bone disease and implantation surgery. Clinical cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been examined whether it can assess oral bone mineral density (BMD) in patient. It has been indicated that CBCT has disadvantages of higher noise and lower contrast than conventional medical computed tomography (CT) systems. On the other hand, it has advantages of a relatively lower cost and radiation dose but higher spatial resolution. However, the reliability of CBCT based mineral density measurement has not yet been fully validated. Thus, the objectives of this review are to discuss 1) why assessment of BMD distribution is important and 2) whether the clinical CBCT can be used as a potential tool to measure the BMD. Brief descriptions of image artefacts associated with assessment of gray value, which has been used to account for mineral density, in CBCT images are provided. Techniques to correct local and conversion errors in obtaining the gray values in CBCT images are also introduced. This review can be used as a quick reference for users who may encounter these errors during analysis of CBCT images.
An explanation of patterns of breeding bird species richness and density following clearcutting in northeastern USA forests

Abstract We surveyed breeding birds for an average of 4 years on 23 primarily even-aged successional stands ranging from 2 to 120 years old to observe changes in species richness and density following clearcutting in central New York. An initial sharp increase in richness and density from post-cut years 2–6 preceded a steep decline by year 25. Cubic functions best fit this (P
Estimation of Human Figure Motion Using Robust Tracking of Articulated Layers

We propose a probabilistic method for tracking articulated objects, such as the human figure, across multiple layers in monocular image sequence. In this method, each link of a probabilistic articulated object is assigned to one individual image layer. The layered representation allows us to robustly model the pose and occlusion of object parts during its motion. Appearance of links is described in terms of learned statistics of basic image features, such as color, and geometric models of robust spatial kernels. This results in a highly efficient computational method for inference of the objects pose. We apply this approach to tracking of the human figure in monocular video sequences. We show that the proposed method, coupled with a learned dynamic model, can lead to a robust articulated object tracker.
Product-Generation Transition Decision Making for Bayer's Hemophilia Drugs: Global Capacity Expansion Under Uncertainty with Supply-Demand Imbalances

We present an application of decision analysis to global production capacity expansion under uncertainty for Bayer Group's proposed new biotechnology drug to treat hemophilia A. This decision analysis developed an improved approach to Bayer's decision for product-generation transition and global production capacity expansion that more realistically addresses potential regional supply shortages and overages due to demand and supply uncertainties that can result in supply-demand imbalances. With the added confidence provided by this more realistic approach, Bayer's executive leadership team acted on the recommendation from the decision analysis in contrast to an earlier analysis that had not resulted in management action. The paper makes two major contributions: First, it describes the details of what is involved in conducting applied decision analysis in a real-world setting in more detail than what is typically in textbooks on decision analysis. Second, the paper illustrates the important role of economic...
If We Teach Them, They Can Learn: Young Students Views of Nature of Science During an Informal Science Education Program

There have been substantial reform efforts in science education to improve students’ understandings of science and its processes and provide continual support for students becoming scientifically literate (AAAS, Benchmarks for science literacy, Oxford University Press, New York, 1993; NRC, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1996; NSTA, NSTA position statement: The nature of science, www.nsta.org/159&psid=22, 2000). Despite previous research, it is still unclear whether young children are actually developmentally ready to conceptualize the ideas that are recommended in the reforms (Akerson and Volrich, J Res Sci Teach 43:377–394, 2006). The purpose of this study was to explore how explicit-reflective instruction could improve young students’ understanding of NOS. During an informal education setting, the authors taught NOS aspects using explicit-reflective instruction. Overall the students participating in the program improved their understanding of the target aspects of NOS through use of explicit reflective instruction. However, the levels of improvement varied across different aspects. Students improved the most in their understanding of the tentative nature of science and the roles of observation in scientific work, although there was still some confusion regarding the distinction between observation and inference. More work needs to be done exploring these specific topics and the role explicit reflective practice can play in identifying the particular problems students have in distinguishing these constructs.
A case for core-assisted bottleneck acceleration in GPUs: enabling flexible data compression with assist warps

Modern Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are well provisioned to support the concurrent execution of thousands of threads. Unfortunately, different bottlenecks during execution and heterogeneous application requirements create imbalances in utilization of resources in the cores. For example, when a GPU is bottlenecked by the available off-chip memory bandwidth, its computational resources are often overwhelmingly idle, waiting for data from memory to arrive. This paper introduces the Core-Assisted Bottleneck Acceleration (CABA) framework that employs idle on-chip resources to alleviate different bottlenecks in GPU execution. CABA provides flexible mechanisms to automatically generate "assist warps" that execute on GPU cores to perform specific tasks that can improve GPU performance and efficiency. CABA enables the use of idle computational units and pipelines to alleviate the memory bandwidth bottleneck, e.g., by using assist warps to perform data compression to transfer less data from memory. Conversely, the same framework can be employed to handle cases where the GPU is bottlenecked by the available computational units, in which case the memory pipelines are idle and can be used by CABA to speed up computation, e.g., by performing memoization using assist warps. We provide a comprehensive design and evaluation of CABA to perform effective and flexible data compression in the GPU memory hierarchy to alleviate the memory bandwidth bottleneck. Our extensive evaluations show that CABA, when used to implement data compression, provides an average performance improvement of 41.7% (as high as 2.6X) across a variety of memory-bandwidth-sensitive GPGPU applications.
FURTHER EXPERIENCE WITH SPLIT-CUFF NIPPLE URETERAL REIMPLANTATION IN URINARY DIVERSION

AbstractPurpose: The intermediate followup results with split-cuff nipple ureteral reimplantation in larger numbers of urinary diversion patients are reviewed.Materials and Methods: Split-cuff nipple ureteroenteric anastomosis was performed in 98 ureters of 51 adult patients. Mean duration of followup was 23 months (range 3 to 62). Two minor variations in technique compared to the original report are presented.Results: Urinary reflux was prevented in 97.6 and 96.8% of cases at 1 and 2-year followup, respectively. Ureteroenteric anastomotic obstruction occurred in 3.1% of ureters by 3 months postoperatively. No cases of anastomotic leak or later obstruction occurred. Four episodes of acute pyelonephritis occurred in the early postoperative period.Conclusions: The split-cuff nipple ureteral reimplant technique in urinary diversion continues to provide excellent results with low rates of reflux or obstruction. The 2 described minor technical modifications further simplify the procedure.
Short communication: seasonal effects on development of bovine embryos produced by in vitro fertilization in a hot environment.

The objective of this study was to determine if season affected the production of in vitro-derived bovine embryos from oocytes of cattle in a subtropical environment. Ovaries (∼75% beef cattle, including many with Bos indicus breeding) were collected from an abattoir. Oocytes were obtained and subjected to in vitro maturation and fertilization. Embryos were then cultured in CR1aa medium. Cleavage rate averaged 72.2 ± 9.7% and was not different between months of collection. In addition, no differences were observed in the percent of oocytes or embryos that became blastocysts on d 8 or 9 after insemination. Least-squares means averaged across months for percent oocytes and cleaved embryos to blastocyst on d 8 were 22.8 ± 7.5% and 31.2 ± 9.4%, respectively. When d 8 blastocysts were classified according to stage of development (nonexpanded, expanded, and hatched), an effect of month was observed that reflected month-to-month variation and not a consistent change associated with season. Taken together, results failed to indicate an effect of season on in vitro production of embryos in a subtropical environment. (Key words: in vitro fertilization, heat stress, seasonality) Abbreviation key: IVF = in vitro fertilization, IVP = in vitro production of embryos. Heat stress may compromise oocyte quality. Ewes exposed to high temperature 12 d prior to breeding experienced reduced fertilization rates and increased embryonic loss (2). In cattle, heat shock of 41°C during in vitro oocyte maturation decreased the ability of oocytes to become blastocysts following fertilization (3), and heat stress of superovulated cows at the onset of estrus reduced subsequent embryonic development (7). Moreover, effects of heat stress on follicular development (1, 13) could conceivably alter oocyte quality. High
A Reviewof Dixitand Nalebuff'sThinking Strategically: The Competitive Edgein Business, Politics, and Everyday Life

Thinking Strategically: The Competitive Edge in Business, Politics, and Everyday Life, by Avinash Dixit and Barry Nalebuff
Introduction of Two-Link, In-Plane, Bistable Compliant MEMS

A bistable mechanism has two stable states within its range of motion. Its advantages include the ability to stay in two positions without power input and despite small external disturbances. Therefore, bistable micro-mechanisms could allow the creation of MEMS with improved energy efficiency and positioning accuracy. This paper presents the first bistable MEMS which function within the plane of fabrication. These bistable mechanisms, known as “Young” bistable mechanisms, obtain their energy storage characteristics from the deflection of two compliant members, have two pin joints connected to the substrate, and can be constructed of two layers of polysilicon. The pseudo-rigid-body model overcomes problems with nonlinearities in the analysis and design of these mechanisms. This approach allows greater freedom and flexibility in the design process. Testing of the mechanisms demonstrated their bistable behavior and the repeatability of the stable positions.
DOSAGE-SENSITIVE MATERNAL MODIFIERS OF THE DROSOPHILA SEGMENTATION GENE RUNT

The protein encoded by the pair-rule gene runt functions as a transcriptional regulator during anterior-posterior patterning of the Drosophila embryo. Results of over-expression experiments as well as parallels drawn from the recent characterization of vertebrate homologues indicate that interactions with other proteins are likely to be central to the function of the Runt protein. To identify factors important for runt activity, we took advantage of an adult visible phenotype observed in animals heterozygous for runt mutations. Using a set of 126 different deficiency chromosomes we screened ~65% of the genome for genes that act as dose-sensitive maternal modifiers of runt. Eighteen deficiencies representing 12 putative loci were identified as maternally acting enhancers of runt haplo-insufficiency. Further characterization of two of these regions led to the identification of the interacting loci. Both of these loci affect the spatial regulation of runt transcription and appear genetically complex. Furthermore, the effects of one of these loci, M(1)1B, is indirect and mediated through effects on the transcriptional regulation of posterior gap genes.
Shaping the Autologous Breast

Autologous breast reconstruction has become increasingly popular in the past several years as more experience has been gained in the various techniques. Advantages to autologous reconstruction include improved shaping and symmetry, which also allow for a more natural reconstruction. The transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap (free and pedicled) and latissimus flap are the predominant methods used although many newer donor sites have also been described. This article discusses techniques that allow the reconstructive surgeon to plan and execute the reconstruction of a natural breast reconstruction with autologous tissue.
Preserving the Good Elements in Punishment and Avoiding a Purely Therapeutic Approach: An Outline

The question is how properly to constrain the state’s use of violence to control crime. My argument here starts from the assumption that there is no moral responsibility for action, that retribution is not justified, and that as a consequence no one deserves to be punished. At the same time I want to avoid the conclusion that Pereboom and others believe follows from those assumptions, that the only justifiable alternative for a criminal justice system is a forward-looking preventive approach focused on danger, one that depends upon therapy when it works and preventive detention when it does not. There is something important about punishment, something that has to be preserved in a decent society. I think, for reasons discussed in the work of thinkers like Herbert Morris and C.S. Lewis, that something very much like punishment, what punishment would be without retribution, is called for. Still, it isn’t punishment itself that has to be preserved; I am persuaded that punishment just is retribution, and if retribution is not justified then punishment is not justified. The project, then, will be to find something that preserves what is good about punishment without entangling it with the notions of retribution and desert. What follows is an outline of the project.
Application effect evaluation of demonstration project of thyristor-controlled phase shifting transformer in 500kV grid

The considerably uneven distribution of power flow on 500kV Anhui-Jiangsu cross province interface during peak hours may contribute to overload conditions in case of out ages on one of the four transmission lines of this interface. Ex port of electric power from Anhui province through this inter face to Yangze Delta load center is restricted to 4800MW. Installation of thyristor-controlled phase shifting transformer (TCPST) on each of the 500kV cross province transmission lines from Dangtu substation to Huifengshan substation is reviewed to be effective solution for interface power flow control under various possible grid operation conditions. This paper evaluates the application effect of the demonstration project, which involves power flow control impact on the interface and neighboring sys tem, short circuit current limiting effect with respect to the impedance of TCPST under varying phase shifting angle as well as system stability performance related issues. The evaluation is expected to provide theoretic basis for the implementation of the demonstration project.
Abstract 4456: Biomarkers of breast cancer risk in a randomized trial of a low-fat or low-carbohydrate weight loss intervention and physical activity among overweight and obese premenopausal women

There is convincing evidence that being overweight or obese increases the risk of breast cancer. Furthermore, adult weight gain has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in several studies. Conversely, physical activity reduces breast cancer risk. However, the link between specific dietary patterns and breast cancer risk is unclear. Additionally, the biological mechanisms linking diet, physical activity, and breast cancer are uncertain. Therefore we conducted a study to determine the impact of a low-fat versus a low-carbohydrate diet and exercise on weight loss and biomarkers of breast cancer risk. We conducted a 52 week randomized intervention trial of low-fat (20% of total calories from fat, 20% from protein, and 60% from carbohydrate) vs. low-carbohydrate (40% of total calories from carbohydrates, 30% from fat, and 30% from protein) diet along with physical activity (10,000 steps/day) among premenopausal women with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 or higher. Forty-two women were randomized to the low-fat arm and thirty-seven were randomized to the low-carbohydrate arm. Anthropometric measurements and blood draws were conducted at baseline, week 12, week 34, and week 52. Levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) were measured in association with weight. Overall, there were no significant differences among the women in the two groups with respect to race, education, marital status, smoking status, insurance, work status, occupation, or income. Women in both groups lost a significant amount of weight during the study (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4456. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4456
The Antimonopoly Ideal and the Liberal State: The Case of Thurman Arnold

For more than half a century-from the moment large industrial combinations began to emerge in the last decades of the nineteenth century to the late years of the Great Depression -the question of monopoly power was among the central issues of American public life. Then, with striking suddenness, it began to fade from both popular and official discourse until, by the end of World War II, it had largely vanished from political debate. Antitrust laws have remained on the books; at times, they have been vigorously enforced. But the larger popular animus against monopoly that was once so important to American political discourse has stirred no more than passing popular interest for almost fifty years. As Richard Hofstadter wrote in 1964, "Once the United States had an antitrust movement without antitrust prosecutions; in our time there have been antitrust prosecutions without an antitrust movement."1 What makes this change particularly puzzling is that antimonopoly sentiment began its decline just when it seemed ready to prevail: the late 1930s. Franklin D. Roosevelt's reelection victory in 1936 came after a campaign marked by attacks on "economic royalists" and concentrated power. Antimonopoly forces in the New Deal won some of their most important victories during the recession of 1937-1938, when they launched a major public inquiry into monopoly power through the Temporary National Economic Committee and reinvigorated the Antitrust Division of the Justice Department. Yet, in the end, the antimonopoly activities of the late 1930s did not increase popular interest in the issue. Instead, they helped weaken it. For liberals were not only reviving antimonopoly ideas. They were also -without fully realizing it revising them in a way that contributed to their eventual irrelevance. In the wake of the 1937-1938 recession, American liberals moved haltingly but decisively toward a revised notion of political economy. They were beginning to devise a prescription for the state that rested less on reining in corporate power and
Cultural Interpretation of the Localization of the Values of Social Work

The values of social work are the soul of the social work profession and they define not only the goal and signification of social work but also its skills and measures.In China,values of social work derive from the West and are based on the Christian doctrine,which advocates equality and philanthropism.Introduced from the western countries,the social work profession in China must be localized or combined with the reality of China,if it is to flower and set seeds in this country.Thus,it is crucially important for the advancement of the localization of social work values to make full use of the resources of the traditional Chinese culture.
Durable, superoleophobic polymer–nanoparticle composite surfaces with re-entrant geometry via solvent-induced phase transformation

Superoleophobic plastic surfaces are useful in a wide variety of applications including anti-fouling, self-cleaning, anti-smudge, and low-drag. Existing examples of superoleophobic surfaces typically rely on poorly adhered coatings or delicate surface structures, resulting in poor mechanical durability. Here, we report a facile method for creating re-entrant geometries desirable for superoleophobicity via entrapment of nanoparticles in polycarbonate surfaces. Nanoparticle incorporation occurs during solvent-induced swelling and subsequent crystallization of the polymer surface. The resulting surface was found to comprise of re-entrant structures, a result of the nanoparticle agglomerates acting as nucleation points for polymer crystallization. Examples of such surfaces were further functionalized with fluorosilane to result in a durable, super-repellent surface. This method of impregnating nanoparticles into polymer surfaces could prove useful in improving the anti-bacterial, mechanical, and liquid-repellent properties of plastic devices.
A Novel Miniaturized Protein Preconcentrator Based on Electric Field-Addressable Retention and Release

We report a novel technique for concentration of proteins from dilute solutions using electrokinetic trapping [1] where charged macromolecules are reversibly trapped in a microchannel packed with porous silica particles under an applied electric field. Electrokinetic trapping is electric field-addressable and reversible; the trapped proteins can be recovered quantitatively by removing the electric field. The concentration of proteins is carried out in two steps -1) electrokinetic injection of proteins in channels packed with porous silica particles, and 2) elution by applying pressure (using a mechanical pump) in the absence of applied voltage (Figure 1). A model protein, ovalbumin, could be concentrated by over two orders of magnitude using electrokinetic trapping. Electrokinetic trapping provides a simple, on-column method of preconcentration of proteins and other charged macromolecules that can be easily integrated with a miniaturized separation device. Furthermore, it does not require change of solvents (or buffers) or change of flow direction for elution of concentrated protein and hence, has advantages over filtration-based, electrolyte bridge-based [2] or adsorption-based [3] miniaturized concentrators. We demonstrate that the electrokinetic trapping of proteins is quantitative, reproducible and works for several proteins. Electrokinetic trapping can also be used for applications including selective modification of trapped proteins, using trapped proteins as immobilized catalysts, and concentration of DNA.
Asymmetric total synthesis of (−)-melotenine A

Abstract We have developed a sequential one-pot Mitsunobu/intramolecular aza-Baylis–Hillman reaction to construct the ABCE tetracyclic core of the Strychnos alkaloids and applied this method to the total synthesis of (−)-melotenine A (1), a novel rearranged Aspidosperma alkaloid with potent cytotoxic activity. Additional key steps in the synthesis included (1) a Piers annulation of a vinyl iodide and a methyl ketone to prepare the D ring and (2) a site-selective intermolecular vinylogous aldol reaction to functionalize the E ring.
The Origins of Literary Tourism

To ground literary tourism in theories of ideal presence is to locate its origins in the eighteenth century. Most historians of literary tourism, understandably, focus on the Victorian period, when such tourism had arrived as a mature industry and a cultural commonplace.1 Nonetheless, literary tourism is a distinctly Romantic formation. To be sure, Romantic literary tourism drew on earlier practices, and tourism continued to evolve long after the Romantics were dead, but most of the essential rituals and concerns of literary tourism—including visits to writers’ graves, homes, and literary landscapes—were in place by the 1810s or earlier. Therefore, this chapter explores literary tourism’s beginnings and identifies reasons why it took hold so dramatically when it did, near the turn of the nineteenth century.
Managing Innovative Collaborations: The Role of Facilitation and Other Strategies for Working Collaboratively

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to share an example of a successful collaborative effort designed to better coordinate and improve services for high-risk children and their families in the child welfare system. This case analysis will examine many propositions developed in the research literature on successful collaborations, and on failed ones, and then make suggestions to develop work-arounds when the hoped for conditions for a good collaboration process may not be possible or the conditions cannot be sufficiently met. The role of a neutral facilitator is highlighted as an important addition to collaborative work.
Socioeconomic Status and Obesity

Two recent developments have thrown into bold relief the importance of environmental forces in determining the prevalence of human obesity. The first is genetic studies that estimate the heritability of human obesity at no more than 33%. The second is the 33% increase in the prevalence of obesity in the USA during the past decade. The importance of the environment in influencing obesity is matched only by the extent of our ignorance of how it exerts its effects and of how we may favourably alter them. The most thoroughly studied measure of environmental influences is socioeconomic status. Among women in developed societies socioeconomic status is strongly (negatively) correlated with the prevalence of obesity: the lower the social class the more the obesity. Prospective studies have shown that this correlation reflects, in part, causation: socioeconomic status helps to determine the prevalence of obesity and thinness. Likewise, the presence of obesity helps to determine socioeconomic status. In developing societies there is also a strong relationship between socioeconomic status and obesity, but it is a positive one: the higher the socioeconomic status the more the obesity. Unfortunately, we know of few other social determinants of obesity and studies on the social determinants of this disorder are desperately needed.
Abstract 366: Sirtuin 6 Reduces Osteogenic Signaling in Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Cardiovascular calcification is often an active process involving re-differentiation of cells to an osteoblast-like phenotype, and is strongly associated with aging. Sirtuins are histone and protein deacetylases that play a critical role in a number of age-related diseases, and SIRT6-deficient mice have the most profound progeroid phenotype. The role of SIRT6 in the regulation of cardiovascular calcification, however, is poorly understood. We hypothesized that age-related reductions in sirtuins promote osteogenic differentiation in cells from aortic valve and aorta. We used aortic valve interstitial cells isolated from SIRT6-deficient mice, pigs, or humans, and vascular smooth muscle cells from mouse aorta to determine whether osteogenic differentiation of cardiovascular cells is regulated by SIRT6 levels. In line with our hypothesis, we found increased p-SMAD1/5/8 levels in cells from SIRT6-deficient aortic valve and aorta. Second, global SIRT inhibition with NAD+-depletion increased histone acetylation and protein levels of the osteogenic proteins Sp7 and Runx2. Third, inhibition of SIRTs enhanced the transcriptional responses of Sp7 and Runx2 when cells were treated with BMP2. Fourth, knockdown of SIRT6 in mouse and human aorta and aortic valve cells by RNA interference increased Sp7 expression. Finally, chronic pharmacological inhibition of SIRTs promoted calcified nodule formation and calcium deposition in cultured mouse/swine aortic valve cells. Collectively, our data suggest that reductions in SIRT6 levels favor amplification of pro-osteogenic signaling and osteogenic differentiation of cardiovascular cells and promote the formation of calcified nodules in vitro . These data also suggest that sirtuin re-activation may be a useful therapy to slow initiation and/or progression of cardiovascular calcification in vivo.
Comparing simulated PSC optical properties with CALIPSO observations during the 2010 Antarctic winter

We simulate polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) during the Antarctic winter of 2010 using the Specified Dynamics version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model/Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for Atmospheres (SD-WACCM/CARMA) model. The current PSC model contains microphysical schemes for supercooled ternary solutions (STS) and nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles, as well as a prognostic treatment for PSC ice particles and dehydration. Our simulations and CALIPSO satellite data suggest two major NAT particle formation mechanisms. The first mechanism is the nucleation of NAT from STS. Our model, with homogeneous nucleation rates of NAT from STS constrained by observations from the Arctic winter of 2010–2011, reproduces optical properties observed by CALIPSO over Antarctica in May and the timing of denitrification observed by the Microwave Limb Sounder within their uncertainties. On the other hand, the CALIPSO data indicate that our simulations are missing clouds containing small NAT particles with large number densities. We suggest these particles are most likely to form from ice clouds or STS in gravity waves, as found by previous investigations. The simulated cloud coverage agrees with the CALIPSO cloud coverage within a few percent on average with a correlation coefficient of 0.83. However, using the CALIPSO classification algorithm, simulated ice clouds often fall into Mix categories under the denitrified and dehydrated conditions. The model needs an improved ice microphysical representation, not only to allow ice particles to be a source of NAT but also to provide information on ice cloud particle number and size so that ice cloud optical properties can be more precisely calculated for comparison with CALIPSO data.