cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The universal unramified module for GL(n) and the Ihara conjecture

Let $F$ be a finite extension of $\mathbb{Q}_p$. Let $W(k)$ denote the Witt vectors of an algebraically closed field $k$ of characteristic $\ell$ different from $p$ and $2$, and let $\mathcal{Z}$ be the spherical Hecke algebra for $GL_n(F)$ over $W(k)$. Given a Hecke character $\lambda:\mathcal{Z}\to R$, where $R$ is an arbitrary $W(k)$-algebra, we introduce the universal unramified module $\mathcal{M}_{\lambda,R}$. We show $\mathcal{M}_{\lambda,R}$ embeds in its Whittaker space and is flat over $R$, resolving a conjecture of Lazarus. It follows that $\mathcal{M}_{\lambda,k}$ has the same semisimplification as any unramified principle series with Hecke character $\lambda$. In the setting of mod-$\ell$ automorphic forms, Clozel, Harris, and Taylor formulate a conjectural analogue of Ihara's lemma. It predicts that every irreducible submodule of a certain cyclic module $V$ of mod-$\ell$ automorphic forms is generic. Our result on the Whittaker model of $\mathcal{M}_{\lambda,k}$ reduces the Ihara conjecture to the statement that $V$ is generic.
Decomposition and Representation Methods in Mechanical Design

The broad interest in concurrent engineering has inspired research in the area of decomposition in mechanical design. Much of the research reported in the literature falls into one of three categories : (1) product decomposition, (2) problem decomposition, or (3) process decomposition. This paper provides a detailed discussion of the typology of decomposition in mechanical design. Related work is described and examples are provided to illustrate the need for decomposition of products, problems, and processes in design. Representation techniques and methodologies for decomposition are outlined. Finally, future research issues in decomposition in mechanical design are identified.
Covert MIMO Communications Under Variational Distance Constraint

The problem of covert communication over Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channels is investigated, in which a transmitter attempts to reliably communicate with a legitimate receiver while avoiding detection by a passive adversary. The covert capacity of the MIMO AWGN channel is characterized under a variational distance covertness constraint when the MIMO channel matrices are static and known. The characterization of the covert capacity is also extended to a class of channels in which the legitimate channel matrix is known but the adversary’s channel matrix is only known up to a rank and a spectral norm constraint.
Channel Inclusion Beyond Discrete Memoryless Channels

Partial ordering of communication channels has applications in performance analysis, and goes beyond comparisons of channels just on the basis of their Shannon capacity or error probability. Shannon defined a partial order of channel inclusion based on convex mixture of input/output degradations of a discrete memoryless channel (DMC). In this paper, extensions to channels other than DMCs are considered. In particular, additive noise channels and phase degraded channels, and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) linear Gaussian channels (LGC) are considered. For each of these models, the conditions under which the partial order becomes a lattice are also discussed.
System drift and speciation

Even if a species' phenotype does not change over evolutionary time, the underlying mechanism may change, as distinct molecular pathways can realize identical phenotypes. Here we use linear system theory to explore the consequences of this idea, describing how a gene network underlying a conserved phenotype evolves, as the genetic drift of small changes to these molecular pathways causes a population to explore the set of mechanisms with identical phenotypes. To do this, we model an organism's internal state as a linear system of differential equations for which the environment provides input and the phenotype is the output, in which context there exists an exact characterization of the set of all mechanisms that give the same input-output relationship. This characterization implies that selectively neutral directions in genotype space should be common and that the evolutionary exploration of these distinct but equivalent mechanisms can lead to the reproductive incompatibility of independently evolving populations. This evolutionary exploration, or system drift, is expected to proceed at a rate proportional to the amount of intrapopulation genetic variation divided by the effective population size (Ne ). At biologically reasonable parameter values this could lead to substantial interpopulation incompatibility, and thus speciation, on a time scale of Ne generations. This model also naturally predicts Haldane's rule, thus providing a concrete explanation of why heterogametic hybrids tend to be disrupted more often than homogametes during the early stages of speciation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The Impact of Smartphone Apps on Bike Sharing Systems

Bike-sharing systems are exploding in cities around the world as more people are adopting sustainable transportation solutions for their everyday commutes. However, as more people use the system, riders often encounter that bikes or docks might not be available when they arrive to a station. As a result, many systems like CitiBike and Divvy provide riders with information about the network via smartphone apps so that riders can find stations with available bikes. However, not all customers have adopted the use of these smartphone apps for their station selection. By combining customer choice modeling and finite capacity queueing models, we explore the impact of the smartphone app technology to increase throughput and reduce blocking in bike sharing systems. To this end, we prove a mean-field limit and a central limit theorem for an empirical process of the number of stations with k bikes. We also prove limit theorems for a new process called the ratio process, which characterizes the proportion of stations whose bike availability ratio lies within a particular partition of the interval [0,1]. For the mean field limit, we prove that the equilibrium exists, is unique, and that the stationary distribution of the empirical measure converges to a Dirac mass at the same equilibrium, thus showing an interchange of limits result. Our limit theorems provide insight on the mean, variance, and sample path dynamics of large scale bike-sharing systems. Our results illustrate that if we increase the proportion of customers that use smartphone app information, the entropy of the bike sharing network is reduced, and riders experience less blocking in the network.
Quadrupole moments and proton-neutron structure in p -shell mirror nuclei

Electric quadrupole ($E2$) matrix elements provide a measure of nuclear deformation and related collective structure. Ground-state quadrupole moments in particular are known to high precision in many $p$-shell nuclei. While the experimental electric quadrupole moment only measures the proton distribution, both proton and neutron quadrupole moments are needed to probe proton-neutron asymmetry in the nuclear deformation. We seek insight into the relation between these moments through the ab initio no-core configuration interaction (NCCI), or no-core shell model (NCSM), approach. Converged ab initio calculations for quadrupole moments are particularly challenging due to sensitivity to long-range behavior of the wave functions. We therefore study more robustly converged ratios of quadrupole moments: across mirror nuclides, or of proton and neutron quadrupole moments within the same nuclide. In calculations for mirror pairs in the $p$ shell, we explore how well the predictions for mirror quadrupole moments agree with experiment and how well isospin (mirror) symmetry holds for quadrupole moments across a mirror pair. The comparison with experiment confirms the predictive power of the ab initio description, indicating that the predicted ratios are physically relevant for understanding proton-neutron structure as well.
Style Transfer Using Generative Adversarial Networks for Multi-Site MRI Harmonization

Large data initiatives and high-powered brain imaging analyses require the pooling of MR images acquired across multiple scanners, often using different protocols. Prospective cross-site harmonization often involves the use of a phantom or traveling subjects. However, as more datasets are becoming publicly available, there is a growing need for retrospective harmonization, pooling data from sites not originally coordinated together. Several retrospective harmonization techniques have shown promise in removing cross-site image variation. However, most unsupervised methods cannot distinguish between image-acquisition based variability and cross-site population variability, so they require that datasets contain subjects or patient groups with similar clinical or demographic information. To overcome this limitation, we consider cross-site MRI image harmonization as a style transfer problem rather than a domain transfer problem. Using a fully unsupervised deep-learning framework based on a generative adversarial network (GAN), we show that MR images can be harmonized by inserting the style information encoded from a reference image directly, without knowing their site/scanner labels a priori. We trained our model using data from five large-scale multi-site datasets with varied demographics. Results demonstrated that our style-encoding model can harmonize MR images, and match intensity profiles, successfully, without relying on traveling subjects. This model also avoids the need to control for clinical, diagnostic, or demographic information. Moreover, we further demonstrated that if we included diverse enough images into the training set, our method successfully harmonized MR images collected from unseen scanners and protocols, suggesting a promising novel tool for ongoing collaborative studies.
Sim-to-Real Learning of All Common Bipedal Gaits via Periodic Reward Composition

We study the problem of realizing the full spectrum of bipedal locomotion on a real robot with sim-to-real reinforcement learning (RL). A key challenge of learning legged locomotion is describing different gaits, via reward functions, in a way that is intuitive for the designer and specific enough to reliably learn the gait across different initial random seeds or hyperparameters. A common approach is to use reference motions (e.g. trajectories of joint positions) to guide learning. However, finding high-quality reference motions can be difficult and the trajectories themselves narrowly constrain the space of learned motion. At the other extreme, reference-free reward functions are often underspecified (e.g. move forward) leading to massive variance in policy behavior, or are the product of significant reward-shaping via trial-and-error, making them exclusive to specific gaits. In this work, we propose a reward-specification framework based on composing simple probabilistic periodic costs on basic forces and velocities. We instantiate this framework to define a parametric reward function with intuitive settings for all common bipedal gaits - standing, walking, hopping, running, and skipping. Using this function we demonstrate successful sim-to-real transfer of the learned gaits to the bipedal robot Cassie, as well as a generic policy that can transition between all of the two-beat gaits.
Athletics and Admissions: The Impact of the Penn State Football Scandal on Student Quality

We ask whether a scandal in a university’s athletics department affects the quality of the incoming student body. To do so, we evaluate the child sex abuse scandal at Penn State University in 2011....
Detecting Bots and Assessing Their Impact in Social Networks

Bots Impact Opinions in Social Networks: Let’s Measure How MuchThere is a serious threat posed by bots that try to manipulate opinions in social networks. In “Assessing the Impact of Bots on Social...
A Framework for Real-time Traffic Trajectory Tracking, Speed Estimation, and Driver Behavior Calibration at Urban Intersections Using Virtual Traffic Lanes

In a previous study, we presented VT-Lane, a three-step framework for real-time vehicle detection, tracking, and turn movement classification at urban intersections. In this study, we present a case study incorporating the highly accurate trajectories and movement classification obtained via VT-Lane for the purpose of speed estimation and driver behavior calibration for traffic at urban intersections. First, we use a highly instrumented vehicle to verify the estimated speeds obtained from video inference. The results of the speed validation show that our method can estimate the average travel speed of detected vehicles in real-time with an error of 0.19 m/sec, which is equivalent to 2% of the average observed travel speeds in the intersection of study. Instantaneous speeds (at the resolution of 30 Hz) were found to be estimated with an average error of 0.21 m/sec and 0.86 m/sec respectively for free flowing and congested traffic conditions. We then use the estimated speeds to calibrate the parameters of a driver behavior model for the vehicles in the area of study. The results show that the calibrated model replicates the driving behavior with an average error of 0.45 m/sec, indicating the high potential for using this framework for automated, large-scale calibration of car-following models from roadside traffic video data, which can lead to substantial improvements in traffic modeling via microscopic simulation.
Hawking type radiation from acoustic black holes with time-dependent metric

We consider a time-dependent acoustic metric in 2+1 dimensions having a black hole and we study the Hawking type radiation from such black hole. We construct eikonals of special form with the support close to the black hole. We compute the average number of created particles where the average is taken with respect to the Unruh type vacuum.
Minnesota peat viromes reveal terrestrial and aquatic niche partitioning for local and global viral populations.

Background Peatlands are expected to experience sustained yet fluctuating higher temperatures due to climate change, leading to increased microbial activity and greenhouse gas emissions. Despite mounting evidence for viral contributions to these processes in peatlands underlain with permafrost, little is known about viruses in other peatlands. More generally, soil viral biogeography and its potential drivers are poorly understood at both local and global scales. Here, 87 metagenomes and five viral size-fraction metagenomes (viromes) from a boreal peatland in northern Minnesota (the SPRUCE whole-ecosystem warming experiment and surrounding bog) were analyzed for dsDNA viral community ecological patterns, and the recovered viral populations (vOTUs) were compared with our curated PIGEON database of 266,125 vOTUs from diverse ecosystems. Results Within the SPRUCE experiment, viral community composition was significantly correlated with peat depth, water content, and carbon chemistry, including CH4 and CO2 concentrations, but not with temperature during the first 2 years of warming treatments. Peat vOTUs with aquatic-like signatures (shared predicted protein content with marine and/or freshwater vOTUs) were significantly enriched in more waterlogged surface peat depths. Predicted host ranges for SPRUCE vOTUs were relatively narrow, generally within a single bacterial genus. Of the 4326 SPRUCE vOTUs, 164 were previously detected in other soils, mostly peatlands. None of the previously identified 202,371 marine and freshwater vOTUs in our PIGEON database were detected in SPRUCE peat, but 0.4% of 80,714 viral clusters (VCs, grouped by predicted protein content) were shared between soil and aquatic environments. On a per-sample basis, vOTU recovery was 32 times higher from viromes compared with total metagenomes. Conclusions Results suggest strong viral "species" boundaries between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and to some extent between peat and other soils, with differences less pronounced at higher taxonomic levels. The significant enrichment of aquatic-like vOTUs in more waterlogged peat suggests that viruses may also exhibit niche partitioning on more local scales. These patterns are presumably driven in part by host ecology, consistent with the predicted narrow host ranges. Although more samples and increased sequencing depth improved vOTU recovery from total metagenomes, the substantially higher per-sample vOTU recovery after viral particle enrichment highlights the utility of soil viromics. Video abstract The importance of Minnesota peat viromes in revealing terrestrial and aquatic niche partitioning for viral populations.
Probing charged lepton flavor violation with a positron beam at CEBAF (JLAB)

The addition of a high intensity 11 GeV polarized positron beam at the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at JLAB would allow for a search of Charged Lepton Flavor Violation (CLFV) via the process $$e^+N \rightarrow \mu ^+ X$$ . The proposed Solenoidal Large Intensity Detector (SoLID) spectrometer, in the configuration with muon chambers, would be ideal for such CLFV searches. Various new physics scenarios, including the phenomenologically convenient Leptoquark (LQ) framework, predict CLFV rates that are within reach of current or planned experiments. A positron beam with instantaneous luminosity, $${{{\mathcal {L}}}}\sim 10^{38}$$ cm $$^{-2}$$ s $$^{-1}$$ , could improve on existing HERA limits by two or three orders of magnitude. The availability of positron beam polarization would also allow for distentangling CLFV effects mediated by left-handed vs. right-handed LQs.
Edge-coupled coplanar waveguide bandpass filter design

This paper describes a new technique for the design of edge-coupled coplanar waveguide bandpass filters. The topology consists of asymmetric coupled-slot pairs that are symmetric about the center of the CPW line. Experimental results are given for a 20 GHz filter printed on high-resistivity silicon.
Doubling inequalities and nodal sets in periodic elliptic homogenization

We prove explicit doubling inequalities and obtain uniform upper bounds (under (d−1)-dimensional Hausdorff measure) of nodal sets of weak solutions for a family of linear elliptic equations with ra...
Multi-address Encoding for Multicast

Efficient implementation of multicast communication is critical to the performance of message-based scalable parallel computers and switch-based high speed networks. This paper deals with address issues occurring in the message header for the transmission of multicast messages. Multi-address encoding is becoming critical to system performance as the scale of networks is getting larger and the demand of multicast communication is getting higher. Several multi-address encoding schemes are investigated and explored. Although the proposed multi-address encoding schemes can be applied to networks with different switching techniques, the emphasis of this paper is on the emerging wormhole routing technique.
Continuous Approaches to Discrete Optimization Problems

This paper contains expository notes about continuous approaches to several discrete optimization problems. There are many ways to formulate discrete problems as equivalent continuous problems or to embed the discrete feasible domain in a larger continuous space (relaxation). The surprising variety of continuous approaches reveal interesting theoretical properties which can be explored to develop new algorithms for computing (sub)optimal solutions to discrete optimization problems.
The future function and fortune of ovarian tissue which is retained in vivo during hysterectomy

Abstract Hysterectomy was performed for 2,132 private patients; one third were done vaginally and two thirds, abdominally. Ages ranged from the 20's through the 80's, but 55 per cent were between 40 and 55 years of age. Ovarian function was retained at the time of hysterectomy in 1,263 patients; ovarian tissue was retained in 1,557. Based on clinical criteria, 525 patients had continued ovarian function until last examined (one to 23 years); 328 had continued ovarian function until the end of the study (one to 25 years); 410 patients had cessation of ovarian function during the study at ages ranging from 41 to 64 years. Fourteen patients required second operations: three for hemorrhagic physiologic cysts, two for adhesions, one for ovarian endometriosis, four for cystadenomas, and four for ovarian cancer. Two cancer patients died; two are alive and well, five and 15 years after the second operations.
Computer simulation of a robotic golfer

The analysis of a golf swing based on comparison with an "ideal" swing requires the definition of the "ideal" and a tool for comparison. Jack Nicklaus' description of his own technique is used as a guide to define the "ideal" golf swing. A robotic model is developed to represent the motion of a professional golfer. Using a defined performance measurement, an initial estimation of the model's swing is refined. Eventually, a computer program will graphically simulate the swing of the robotic golfer. >
New techniques for computing four-finger force-closure grasps of polyhedral objects

It was shown in Ponce et al. (1993) that four-finger force-closure grasps fall into three categories: concurrent, pencil, and regulus grasps. The authors propose new techniques for computing these three types of grasps. The authors have implemented them and present examples.
The 16S ribosomal RNA mutation database (16SMDB)

The 16S ribosomal RNA mutation database (16SMDB) provides a list of mutated positions in 16S ribosomal RNA from Escherichia coli and the identity of each alteration. Information provided for each mutation includes: (i) a brief description of the phenotype(s) associated with each mutation; (ii) whether a mutant phenotype has been detected by in vivo or in vitro methods; (iii) relevant literature citations. The database is available via ftp and on the World Wide Web.
Managing attack graph complexity through visual hierarchical aggregation

We describe a framework for managing network attack graph complexity through interactive visualization, which includes hierarchical aggregation of graph elements. Aggregation collapses non-overlapping subgraphs of the attack graph to single graph vertices, providing compression of attack graph complexity. Our aggregation is recursive (nested), according to a predefined aggregation hierarchy. This hierarchy establishes rules at each level of aggregation, with the rules being based on either common attribute values of attack graph elements or attack graph connectedness. The higher levels of the aggregation hierarchy correspond to higher levels of abstraction, providing progressively summarized visual overviews of the attack graph. We describe rich visual representations that capture relationships among our semantically-relevant attack graph abstractions, and our views support mixtures of elements at all levels of the aggregation hierarchy. While it would be possible to allow arbitrary nested aggregation of graph elements, it is better to constrain aggregation according to the semantics of the network attack problem, i.e., according to our aggregation hierarchy. The aggregation hierarchy also makes efficient automatic aggregation possible. We introduce the novel abstraction of protection domain as a level of the aggregation hierarchy, which corresponds to a fully-connected subgraph (clique) of the attack graph. We avoid expensive detection of attack graph cliques through knowledge of the network configuration, i.e. protection domains are predefined. While significant work has been done in automatically generating attack graphs, this is the first treatment of the management of attack graph complexity for interactive visualization. Overall, computation in our framework has worst-case quadratic complexity, but in practice complexity is greatly reduced because users generally interact with (often negligible) subsets of the attack graph. We apply our framework to a real network, using a software system we have developed for generating and visualizing network attack graphs.
Geography in History: What Is the Where?.

Abstract This study provides empirical information about the extent of geography instruction present in history classrooms. Techniques of protocol analysis were applied to oral references to geography made by teachers and students in 44 U. S. and European history lessons in several grades. The references were coded according to GENIP' s five themes plus a sixth coding category for explicit references to maps. Two types of references were found: passing references, which merely mentioned a geographic issue or feature, and substantive references, in which geography was taught or played a substantial role. That 550 geographic references occur in these lessons may explain why so many history teachers believe that they are adequately integrating geography and history. However, 75 percent of all the references were passing and not substantive. We conclude that the core epistemological events for learning and reasoning in, about, and with geography are not being taught adequately in history lessons.
Primitive nervous system: Electrophysiology of inhibitory events in flatworm nerve cords

Evoked potentials from the major longitudinal nerve cords of Notoplana acticola are potentiated if the preparation is decerebrated or if certain nerves in the ventral submuscular plexus are severed. Concomitant with an increase in amplitude of the response (in some preparations over fourfold) is a decrease in latency of the response and a decrease in the threshold stimulus intensity needed to evoke activity. Evoked activity can also be depressed with moderate increases in stimulus intensity and is induced some distance from the recording site. The depressant effects can be lifted if the brain is bisected, if the contralateral nerve VI is severed close to the brain, and if the commissures between the two nerves VI are cut. The depressant effects of nerves V and VI are additive. Depression and the subsequent lifting of the inhibition occur in Ringer baths containing either normal sea water or equal mixtures of sea water and isotonic MgCl2. The possibility of inhibitory synapses immune to high concentrations of magnesium ions is discussed.
Traffic-aware dynamic spectrum access

Demand-driven spectrum allocation can drastically improve performance for WiFi access points struggling under increasing user demands. While their frequency agility makes cognitive radios ideal for this challenge, performing adaptive spectrum allocation is a complex and difficult process. In this work, we propose FLEX, an efficient spectrum allocation architecture that efficiently adapts to dynamic traffic demands. FLEX tunes network-wide spectrum allocation by access points coordinating with peers, minimizing network resets through local adaptations. Through detailed analysis and experimental evaluation, we show that FLEX converges quickly, provides users with proportional-fair spectrum usage and significantly outperforms existing spectrum allocation proposals.
Individual differences in McCollough effects: a study of twins.

In an investigation of individual differences in McCollough effects (MEs), we induced MEs in 15 sets of twins. Subjects matched both the subjective ME colors and actual colors that resembled MEs. We found greater intersubject variability among matches to MEs than among matches to physical hues. Intraclass correlations between twins’ matches were statistically significant and were similar in magnitude regardless of the source of the perceived color. Our results support the hypothesis that individual differences in MEs have a systematic component related to subjects’ biological characteristics.
Measuring the generalization capabilities of arbitrary classifiers

Given a classifier trained on two-class data one wishes to determine how well the classifier will perform on new, unseen data. To do this task one typically uses the data to estimate a distribution of the data, generate new data from this distribution, and then test the data. Also, hold-out methods are used including cross-validation. We propose a new method that uses computational geometry techniques that produces a partial ordering on subsets in feature space and measures how well the classifier will perform on these subsets. There are some conditions on the classifier that must be satisfied in order that this measure, in fact, exists. We give the details for these conditions as well as the results concerning this special collection of classifiers. We derive the measure that quantifies the generalization capability for the special collection classifier.
Spectroscopy and Kinetics of Triplet 4-Methylbenzenesulfonylnitrene

Triplet 4-methylbenzenesulfonylnitrene 3 was studied by solution phase laser flash photolysis, low-temperature absorption spectroscopy, and low-temperature EPR spectroscopy. Upon laser flash photolysis of 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl azide 1 in ethanol, absorption maxima were observed at 325 and 460 nm while in cyclohexane, a single maximum was observed at 310 nm. The short-wavelength absorptions were assigned to the triplet nitrene. There was no evidence that hydroxylic solvents catalyzed intersystem crossing from the singlet to the triplet state of 3. After irradiation of 1 in an EPA glass at 77 K, a band at 313 nm was observed. The zero-field splitting parameters from the EPR spectrum of the nitrene in an EPA glass at 77 K were |D/hc| = 1.471 cm-1 and |E/hc| = 0 cm-1. Remarkably, 3 was not stable at 77 K in EPA. Irradiation of 1 also produced a second nitrene species, possibly (4-methylphenyl)nitrene, with |D/hc| = 0.9840 cm-1 and |E/hc| = 0 cm-1. The decay of the 325 nm transient was first order in ethanol...
Accessing Cognitive Skills in Preschool Children of Middle and Low Income Families

48 4- to 6-yr.-old children of middle and low economic status were assigned to an experimental and two control groups. The trained subjects all performed Piagetian conservation tasks, some after training. Questioning on a modified conservation posttest masked the effect of training. Economic status was not an influence, but type of question and explanation were associated. Diverse strategies were applied to the problems.
Solder flow on narrow copper strips

Various solderability tests have been developed over the years to quantify the wetting behavior of solder on metallic surfaces. None offer an exact measure of capillary flow normally associated with conventional plated-through-hole and surface mount soldering. With shrinking package designs, increasing reliability requirements, and the emergence of new soldering technologies, there is a growing need to better understand and predict the flow of solder on printed wiring board (PWB) surfaces. Sandia National Laboratories has developed a capillary flow solderability test, through a joint effort with the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences, that considers this fundamental wetting issue for surface mount technology. The test geometry consists of a metal strip (width, 8) connected to a circular metal pad (radius, rc). Solder flow from the pad onto the strip depends on the geometric relationship between 8 and rc. Test methodology, experimental results, and validation of a flow model are presented in this paper.
Structural Habitat and Time Budget of a Tropical Anolis Lizard

Structural habitat data generally support the interpretation that competition for food results in habitat partitioning. In this investigation, the importance of ethological factors in determining the structural habitat of Anolis lizards is demonstrated by examining the structural habitat of Anolis polylepis during foraging and social interaction, its two major activities. Overall structural habitats show that intraspecific classes use perches of significantly different heights and diameters. Perch heights of adult males and females are also shown to be related to the type of activity in which they are engaged. Overall structural habitat data show a greater difference between the sexes than actually exists in their feeding locations. Ecological differences between insular and continental Anolis potentially affecting the structural habitat are also discussed. See full-text article at JSTOR
The Impact of Targeted Dropwindsonde Observations on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecasts of Four Weak Systems during PREDICT

Thevalueofassimilatingtargeted dropwindsonde observations meantto improvetropicalcyclone intensity forecasts is evaluated using data collected during the Pre-Depression Investigation of Cloud-Systems in the Tropics (PREDICT) field project and a cycling ensemble Kalman filter. For each of the four initialization times studied, four different sets of Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) ensemble forecasts are produced: one without any dropwindsonde data, one with all dropwindsonde data assimilated, one where a small subset of ‘‘targeted’’ dropwindsondes are identified using the ensemble-based sensitivity method, and a set of randomly selected dropwindsondes. For all four cases, the assimilation of dropwindsondes leads to an improved intensity forecast, with the targeted dropwindsonde experiment recovering at least 80% of the difference between the experiment where all dropwindsondes and no dropwindsondes are assimilated. By contrast, assimilating randomly selected dropwindsondes leads to a smaller impact in three of the four cases. Ingeneral,zonalandmeridionalwindobservationsatorbelow700hPahavethelargestimpactontheforecast due to the large sensitivity of the intensity forecast to the horizontal wind components at these levels and relatively large ensemble standard deviation relative to the assumed observation errors.
Estuarine ocean exchange in a North Pacific estuary: Comparison of steady state and dynamic models

Abstract Nutrient levels in coastal waters must be accurately assessed to determine the nutrient effects of increasing populations on coastal ecosystems. To accomplish this goal, in-field data with sufficient temporal resolution are required to define nutrient sources and sinks, and to ultimately calculate nutrient budgets. Models then are required for the interpretation and analysis of data sets. To quantify the coastal ocean nitrogen input to Yaquina Bay, Oregon, nitrate concentrations were measured by a moored sensor hourly for one month during summer upwelling some distance outside the estuary entrance jetties. The time series results then were interpreted using a steady state model (Visual Plumes’ PDSW) and a hydrodynamic model, the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM). The physical scales of many stream and river plumes often lie between the scales for outfall mixing zone plume models, such as those found in EPA's Visual Plumes, and larger-sized grid scales for regional circulation models like FVCOM. A potential advantage of relatively simple, steady state plume models is that they use entrainment terms to close the plume equations, theory that has proven useful in simulating turbulent plume discharges from various sources, some approaching the dimensions of rivers. Important advantages of models like FVCOM are that they are dynamic and include the effects of the Earth's rotation. The results showed that the steady-state plume model simulates observed velocity and concentration data fairly well during periods of strong discharge velocity and weak ambient coastal currents. FVCOM was judged to give better estimates under all other ambient current conditions, although the data from the mooring cannot be used to prove this assertion as stronger currents would deflect the plume away from the mooring. Nevertheless, plume models may be useful in establishing boundary and initial conditions for hydrodynamic models.
Vitamin D deficiency inhibits pancreatic secretion of insulin

The effects of a vitamin D deficiency on insulin and glucagon release was determined in the isolated perfused rat pancreas by radioimmunoassay of the secreted proteins. During a 30-minute period of perfusion with glucose and arginine, pancreases from vitamin D-deficient rats exhibited a 48 percent reduction in insulin secretion compared to that for pancreases from vitamin D-deficient rats that had been replenished with vitamin D. Vitamin D status had no effect on pancreatic glucagon secretion. This result, along with the previously demonstrated presence in the pancreas of a vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein and cytosol receptor for the hormonal form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, indicates an important role for vitamin D in the endocrine functioning of the pancreas.
Viral impermeability of hypoallergenic, low protein, guayule latex films.

Guayule latex proteins do not cross-react with antibodies raised against latex proteins in commercially available products manufactured from Hevea brasiliensis latex. Thus guayule latex is a promising raw material for the manufacture of hypoallergenic latex products, safe for use by people suffering from IgE-mediated Type I “latex allergy.” Also, guayule latex is a low protein material and therefore unlikely to cause widespread sensitization. Latex products commonly are used as essential barriers against the transmission of disease, and so guayule hypoallergenic latex medical products would be a viable alternative only if they possess effective viral barrier properties. To address this question, fingers of prototype hand-dipped guayule latex examination gloves were tested for their permeability to a surrogate challenge virus, φX174. This virus has a diameter of 27 nm and is similar in size to the smallest human pathogenic viruses. Prototype guayule latex condom films were tested using synthetic blood over a range of pressures and, after 4 years of storage, with synthetic blood and with the φX174 virus. We concluded that guayule latex films taken from prototype hand-dipped gloves and condoms provide effective barriers to virus transmission and that they remain effective (at least in condoms) after long-term storage. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Biomed Mater Res, 47, 434–437, 1999.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is present in athymic nude mice

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity is normal in the bone marrow of congenitally athymic nude mice, regardless of whether transferase activity is calculated on the basis of cell number, DNA content, or activity per femur. This suggests that terminal transferase containing cells of marrow do not originate in thymus.
Quantitative X-ray microanalysis for the study of nanometer-scale phases in the AEM

Secondary excitation can be a large source of inaccuracy in quantitative X-ray microanalysis of inhomogeneous specimens in the AEM. The size of the secondary excitation component in the measured X-ray spectrum is sensitive to the geometry of the thin foil specimen. Secondary excitation has been examined in a self-supporting disc specimen of composition NiO-20 wt.% TiO{sub 2} which has been partially masked by a gold slot washer. The ratio of the intensities of the characteristic K{sub a} peaks of Ti and Ni in X-ray spectra from a periclase-structured phase, of nominal composition NiO, has been measured to be N{sub Ti}/N{sub Ni} {approx} 0.005. There is no apparent Ti L{sub 2,3} signal in the corresponding electron energy-loss spectrum. The secondary excitation contribution to the characteristic Ti K{sub a}-peak from all sources can therefore be no larger than 0.5%. It should be possible to reduce this modest level of secondary excitation still further with a better masking arrangement.
Strangeness, charm, and bottom production from dense parton matter in high energy nuclear collisions.

The production properties of strange, charm, and bottom quarks in ultrarelativistic [ital A]+[ital A] collisions at heavy ion colliders are investigated for systems from [ital p]+[ital p] to Au+Au in the energy range [radical][ital s] /[ital A]=200--6300 GeV, using the parton cascade model. Within this kinetic space-time description of the parton dynamics, based on the current understanding of semihard and hard QCD interactions, it is found that a substantial enhancement of [ital s], [ital c], and [ital b] production can be expected in [ital AA] collisions [ital with] plasma formation of the deconfined parton matter relative to the case of a purely hadronic scenario [ital without] plasma formation. Because of the large number of initially produced energetic gluons the main contribution comes from decays of virtually excited gluons and gluon fusion. The associated resonance production of [phi], [ital J]/[psi], and [Upsilon] is estimated and it is shown that the resulting abundances of these vector mesons can be used as a sensitive thermometer of the hot and dense QCD matter formed in the central region durng the very early stage of the collisions. Therefore the future heavy ion collider experiments would have an attractive opportunity to probe the evolution of partonsmore » through preequilibrium toward plasma formation by measuring the multiplicities and momentum spectra of heavy mesons.« less
The use of cultures and immunologic procedures to predict oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients on steroid aerosols

Summary Sixty-seven asthmatic individuals treated with either beclomethasone diproprionate or flunisolide were sequentially evaluated for up to 32 months to determine the incidence of oropharyngeal candidiasis as well as laboratory parameters which might be predictive of this complication. Throat cultures and measurements of Candida antibody by immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay were performed and compared over time and treatment groups. Unlike other studies, pre-treatment Candida precipitins did not predict increased risk for clinical thrush nor did quantitative determinations of Candida antibody. Those patients with positive cultures pre-trial, however, had a significantly higher incidence of clinical thrush than those with negative cultures (P < 0.01). No significant changes occurred over time or between drugs for any of the parameters. Symptomatic thrush, however, was slightly more common in those patients treated with beclomethasone.
Punishment and rate of positive reinforcement

This experiment investigated the effect of several punishment intensities on two responses maintained by contrasting rates of reinforcement. The responses were concurrently reinforced according to two different variable-interval schedules. Because these schedules were independent of one another and programmed different rates of reinforcement, the two responses occurred at dissimilar rates. When responses were simultaneously suppressed by punishment, both rates were reduced proportionately until suppression was virtually complete. In other words, the per cent suppression resulting from punishment was independent of the rate at which the response was reinforced. Phenomena found in single-response studies were duplicated here. Responding tended to increase both within and between punishment sessions at mild and moderate punishment intensities. Cessation of punishment led to a "compensatory" overshooting beyond the prepunished response rate.
Landau--Ginsburg equations for an anisotropic superfluid

A discussion of an anisotropic ($p$ state) Fermi superfluid with a spatially varying order parameter is presented. We restrict ourself to the Landau-Ginzburg region and consider spatial variations governed by the linear gap equation. The kernel of the linearized gap equation is shown to be related to a current-current correlation function of quasiparticles in the normal state. This relation permits the calculation of the two coherence lengths ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{L}$ and ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{T}$ defined earlier in the framework of a phenomenological Landau-Ginzburg theory, and a discussion of boundary conditions for the order parameter at interfaces. A significant anisotropy in the coherence lengths is found (${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{L}=\sqrt{3}{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{T}$), which reflects itself in the nature of the supercurrents. The boundary conditions at specularly and diffusely reflecting surfaces lead us to expect that the vector $\stackrel{^}{l}$, which describes the orbital angular momentum of a Cooper pair in an "axial" state, is anchored normal to the walls. Some consequences of these results on various experimental problems (fourth sound, monodomain production, Josephson couplings, behavior in thin capillaries) are briefly discussed.
Short-range correlations and spin-mode velocities in ultrathin one-dimensional conductors

In ultrathin wires positioned on high-$\ensuremath{\kappa}$ dielectric substrates or nearby metallic gates, electrons can form strongly correlated one-dimensional fluids already at rather high electron densities. The density-density correlation function, charge compressibility, spin susceptibility, and electron specific heat of such fluids are calculated analytically. The results are relevant for transport and thermodynamics of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors and semiconductor quantum wires.
Putting the “Clinical” into Sport Psychology Consulting

Abstract This article focuses on the clinical issues in a sport psychology consulting case. The client was a male wrestler who presented with concerns about depression due to retirement from his sport and the ending of a romantic relationship. The author discusses her role as a sport psychologist in allowing the athlete to explore and resolve his feelings about retirement. In addition, the evolving personal issues that surfaced throughout the therapeutic relationship are described. Conclusions about integrating personal and athletic concerns in sport psychology consulting are offered.
Performance simulator based on hardware resources constraints for ion trap quantum computer

Efforts to build quantum computers using ion-traps have demonstrated all elementary qubit operations necessary for scalable implementation. Modular architectures have been proposed to construct modest size quantum computers with up to 104 - 106 qubits using technologies that are available today (MUSIQC architecture). Concrete scheduling procedure to execute a given quantum algorithm on such a hardware is a significant task, but existing quantum CAD tools generally do not account for the underlying connectivity of the qubits or the limitation on the hardware resources available for the scheduling. We present a scheduler and performance simulator that fully accounts for these resource constraints, capable of estimating the execution time and error performances of executing a quantum circuit on the hardware. We outline the construction of tool components, and describe the process of mapping the qubits to ions and scheduling the physical gates in the MUSIQC architecture. Using this tool, we quantify the trade-off between hardware resource constraints and performance of the computer and show that at an expense of x fold increase in latency, a minimum of 1.6x resource reduction is possible for executing a three-qubit Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm encoded using Steane code.
How Gendered Attitudes Relate to Women’s and Men’s Sexual Behaviors and Beliefs

This study examines associations between endorsement of a sexual double standard, gender role attitudes, and sexual behaviors and beliefs. First year university students in the northeastern United States (N = 434; 52 % female; 33 % Black, 29 % Latino, 39 % White; ages 17–19) participated during their first year of college. Endorsement of a sexual double standard was associated with more conventionally gender-stereotyped sexual behaviors and beliefs, specifically, more sexual partners and fewer perceived barriers to condom use for young men, and more perceived barriers to condom use for young women. Women who were more conventional about men’s roles in society tended to use condoms less, whereas women who were more conventional about women’s roles tended to use condoms more. Men who were more conventional about men’s roles tended to have fewer sexual partners. Findings suggest the importance of examining gender’s role in sexual behaviors and beliefs by assessing multiple gendered attitudes, rather than simply considering biological sex.
Identifying Performance Bottlenecks in Work-Stealing Computations

Work stealing is an effective load-balancing strategy for multithreading, but when computations based on it underperform, traditional tools can't explain why. To resolve a computation's key performance obstacles, tools must pinpoint and quantify parallel idleness and overhead.