cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Portable High-Resolution Surface Measurement Device

A high-resolution portable surface measurement device has been demonstrated to provide micrometer-resolution topographical plots. This device was specifically developed to allow in situ measurements of defects on the Space Shuttle orbiter windows but is versatile enough to be used on a wide variety of surfaces. This paper discusses the choice of an optical sensor and then the decisions required to convert a laboratory bench optical measurement device into an ergonomic portable system. The necessary tradeoffs between performance and portability are presented along with a description of the device developed to measure orbiter window defects.
Mutational analysis of the role of the distal histidine and glutamine residues of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 in peroxidase catalysis, hydroperoxide reduction, and cyclooxygenase activation.

Abstract Site-directed mutants of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (PGHS-2) with changes in the peroxidase active site were prepared by mutagenesis, expressed in Sf-9 cells, and purified to homogeneity. The distal histidine, His193, was mutated to alanine and the distal glutamine, Gln189, was changed to asparagine, valine, and arginine. The guaiacol peroxidase activities of H193A, Q189V, and Q189R were drastically reduced to levels observed in the absence of protein; only Q189N retained wild-type PGHS-2 (wtPGHS-2) activity. The mechanism of hydroperoxide reduction by the PGHS-2 mutants was investigated using 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HPETE), a diagnostic probe of hydroperoxide reduction pathways. The hydroperoxide reduction activity of Q189V and Q189R was reduced to that of free Fe(III) protoporphyrin IX levels, whereas Q189N catalyzed more reduction events than wtPGHS-2. The percentage of two-electron reduction events was identical for wtPGHS-2 and Q189N. The number of hydroperoxide reductions catalyzed by H193A was reduced to ∼60% of wtPGHS-2 activity, but the majority of products were the one-electron reduction products, 15-KETE and epoxyalcohols. Thus, mutation of the distal histidine to alanine leads to a change in the mechanism of hydroperoxide reduction. Reaction of wtPGHS-2, Q189N, and H193A with varying concentrations of 15-HPETE revealed a change in product profile that suggests that 15-HPETE can compete with the reducing substrate for oxidation by the peroxidase higher oxidation state, compound I. The ability of the PGHS-2 proteins to catalyze two-electron hydroperoxide reduction correlated with the activation of cyclooxygenase activity. The reduced ability of H193A to catalyze two-electron hydroperoxide reduction resulted in a substantial lag phase in the cyclooxygenase assay. The addition of 2-methylimidazole chemically reconstituted the two-electron hydroperoxide reduction activity of H193A and abolished the cyclooxygenase lag phase. These observations are consistent with the involvement of the two-electron oxidized peroxidase intermediate, compound I, as the mediator of the activation of the cyclooxygenase of PGHS.
The Use of Virtual Simulation and a Modified TeamSTEPPS™ Training for Multiprofessional Education

Abstract Background The primary objective of the pilot project was to examine the use and effectiveness of a virtual world, Second Life®, for multiprofessional learning. Students from pharmacy, nursing, and medicine completed a modified TeamSTEPPS® training and used Second Life® to conduct multiprofessional simulations related to a mock error disclosure patient case. Methods Presimulation and postsimulation surveys evaluated student perceptions and attitudes regarding teamwork, multiprofessional learning, and the use of Second Life®. Twenty-one students participated. Results Students had favorable attitudes that Second Life® provided an effective platform for multiprofessional learning. Students identified that Second Life® reduced stress levels related to simulation and multiprofessional activities, provided convenience, and offered a realistic approach. Technical issues with Second Life® were the most commonly reported issue among the students. Conclusions The findings suggest that Second Life® may be an effective platform for multiprofessional learning; however, other platforms that minimize technical issues and offer enhanced interactions should be explored.
The drug effects questionnaire: psychometric support across three drug types

Rationale The Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) is widely used in studies of acute subjective response (SR) to a variety of substances, but the format of the DEQ varies widely across studies, and details of its psychometric properties are lacking. Thus, the field would benefit from demonstrating the reliability and validity of the DEQ for use across multiple substances.
Wounding aggression during the formation and maintenance of captive, multimale chimpanzee groups

Although the multimale community is the natural social organization of chimpanzees, both wild and captive adult males have killed other adult males and infants in intercommunity conflicts and intragroup aggression. Despite the potential for serious aggression, the formation of captive, multimale social groups is desirable for the efficient, long-term, humane housing of chimpanzees in socially and physically enriched environments and for the education of zoo visitors. The University of Texas Science Park (UTSP) has maintained multimale groups of chimpanzees for 14 years. In the UTSP outdoor corral housing, multimale/multifemale social groups of unrelated adult and adolescent chimpanzees (42 F, 46 M) were formed by a series of 397 individual introductions. Wounding aggression was minimal during introductions of females to males or other females and upon male-male introductions of formerly single-caged adolescent and young adult males having had long-term prior visual familiarity. Serious wounding occurred during male-male introductions when there were major discrepancies in the age and social experience of the subjects or when adult, socially experienced males were reintroduced to former group mates following lengthy separations. Male wounding in the eight established long-term groups of 5–11 adults (2–7 males) averaged 1.4 episodes per male-year of residence; 14% of male wounding episodes required surgical therapy. Adult wounding was significantly associated with the presence of one or more group females with maximally tumescent genital swellings. No male-perpetrated infanticides occurred. Not all multimale groupings are successful, but the majority of formerly laboratory-housed chimpanzees may live and reproduce safely in multimale groups. Experience with all-male groups at UTSP suggests that bachelor groups are also practical for long-term housing. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electromigration damage mechanics of lead-free solder joints under pulsed DC: A computational model

Abstract A numerical method for studying migration of voids driven by pulse electric current and thermal gradient in 95.5Sn–4Ag–0.5Cu (SAC405) solder joints is developed. The theoretical model involves coupling electron wind force, chemical potential, joule heating and stress gradient driving mass diffusion processes. Entropy based damage criteria is adopted to characterize the mass transportation mechanism, which utilize irreversible entropy production rate as a measure of material degradation. The pulse current induced EM damage results were compared with DC EM response under otherwise the same conditions. It is observed that increasing duty factor, current density and frequency leads to a faster damage accumulation. A mean time to failure (MTF) equation for solder joints under pulse current loadings is proposed which incorporates both thermomigration (TM) and EM damage. The failure mechanism is verified by our experimental results. It is observed that MTF is inversely proportional to r m , f p , and j n , where duty factor exponent m equals to 1.1, frequency exponent p equals to 1.43 and current density exponent is 1.96. This equation is effective only when pulse period is below thermal relaxation time, commonly in μ s range.
AN EXPLANATION FOR COPE'S RULE.

Cope's Rule is the name customarily applied to the widespread tendency of animal groups to evolve toward larger physical size. According to Kurten (1953), this paleontologic rule of evolution "is second in repute only to 'Dollo's Law' of . . .irreversibility." Although the rule was never concisely formulated by Cope, it is generally implicit in his writings (Cope, 1887, 1896). Like many other evolutionary generalizations extracted from the fossil record, Cope's Rule was derived primarily from study of mammalian phylogeny. Writers like Deperet (1909), Newell (1949), and Rensch (1959) have added diverse examples of evolutionary size increase to the mammalian trends discussed by Cope. Because numerous exceptions are known, recognition of the concept as a law has been rejected by most workers. Still, it has been widely upheld as a valid empirical generalization, and of the definitions for "rule" listed by Webster, "a generally prevailing condition," describes it accurately. Most modern interpreters of Cope's Rule have attributed its validity solely to certain fundamental advantages of size increase, at least one of which is alleged to have operated within most evolutionary lineages (Newell, 1949, p. 122-123; Kurten, 1953, p. 105; Simpson, 1953, p. 151; Rensch, 1959, p. 210-211; Gould, 1966b, p. 1138). Most of the proposed advantages of evolutionary size increase have been reviewed by Newell (1949), Kurten (1953), Rensch (1959), and Gould (1966a). Among the more salient are: improved ability to capture prey or ward off predators, greater reproductive success, increased intelligence (with increased brain size), better stamina, expanded size range of acceptable food, decreased annual mortality, extended individual longevity, and increased heat retention per unit volume. Certainly when evolutionary size increase occurs, it is in response to selection pressure resulting from one or more advantages. As Bonner (1968) pointed out, however, a net trend toward increased size within a higher taxon usually produces an increase in mean and maximum animal size, but not necessarily in minimum animal size. Selection pressure favoring size decrease is not rare but only less common than pressure favoring size increase. Reliance solely on inherent advantages of larger size to explain the high incidence of size increase suffers from deficiencies resembling some of those attached to the discarded concept of orthogenesis. The "inherent advantage" idea attempts only to account for directional evolution, without reference to limits. Clearly when size increase occurs in a
THE EFFECT OF DNA-HISTONE INTERACTIONS ON THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF DNA IN VITRO.

Abstract Calf-thymus histone fractions were found to inhibit the biosynthesis of DNA in vitro to a substantial extent. The inhibition could be explained on the basis of DNA-histone interaction. The very lysine-rich histones (Fraction 1) complexed with DNA most readily and inhibited the DNA replication at a histone-DNA ratio of 1:1 and higher. Higher ratios of the moderately lysine-rich histones (Fraction 2b) and of the arginine-rich histones (Fractions 2a and 3) were required. Complete inhibition was observed only at ratios of histone-DNA of 2:1 and higher. Histone stabilizes the helical molecule of DNA towards heat denaturation. Melting temperatures of reconstituted nucleohistones were determined. Most resistant to the heat denaturation were nucleohistones with a high content of lysine whereas the arginine-rich nucleohistones showed melting temperatures close to those of the DNA.
Insect systems for the study of programmed neuronal death

Abstract In the moth Manduca sexta and the fly Drosophila melanogaster , the emergence of the adult is followed by a period of neuronal death. The steroid hormones, the ecdysteroids, are involved in two aspects of this death. Ecdysteroid action early in metamorphosis is somehow essential for fixing the fates of the neurons that will die. The actual triggering of their death, however, occurs a few weeks later and requires the withdrawal of the steroid and, at least in some cases, a trans-synaptic signal. These “execution” events involve both RNA and protein synthesis and result in the onset of degeneration about 10 h later. The early “decision” of a neuron to opt for the degeneration fate is associated with an altered pattern of ecdysteroid receptor expression. A model is presented to relate how the levels of steroid receptors may be related to the activation of death-related genes.
Traumatic aneurysm of the left coronary artery

Abstract To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of the development of an aneurysm of a major coronary artery secondary to a traumatic wound to the heart. The patient sustained a single shotgun pellet wound to the heart, the pellet hitting the left anterior descending coronary artery and lodging in the wall of the left atrium. The patient incurred an anteroseptal wall infarction and had an uneventful recovery. Selective coronary artery visualization performed 4 weeks and 6 months after the injury occurred revealed a localized aneurysm of the anterior descending artery. The problems presented by this lesion are discussed.
Cyclotron Resonance in Sodium and Potassium

Azbel'-Kaner cyclotron resonance has been observed in oriented single crystals of sodium and potassium. The data are isotropic in both metals and yield for the ratio of cyclotron effective mass to free electron mass the values 1.24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 and 1.21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 for sodium and potassium, respectively. The isotropy of the data for potassium indicates that its Fermi surface is very nearly spherical with the anisotropy in ${k}_{F}$ probably less than 1%. The interpretation of the data for sodium is complicated by the existence of a low-temperature phase transformation.
Interleukin-1β Activates Protein Kinase Cζ in Renal Mesangial Cells POTENTIAL ROLE IN PROSTAGLANDIN E2 UP-REGULATION

Protein kinase C (PKC) plays a role in signal transduction mediated by interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) leading to the increase in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. In the present study we suggest that there are at least two distinct PKC isotypes involved in the signaling mechanism. Staurosporine potentiated the effect of IL-1beta on coxII mRNA expression while calphostin C totally inhibited mRNA expression. The down-regulation of PKC by growing mesangial cells in the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate for 24 h failed to modify the up-regulated response in PGE2 formation by IL-1beta. Furthermore, incubation of mesangial cells with IL-1beta causes translocation of PKCzeta from cytosol to a presumed membrane compartment, and this translocation phenomenon was not inhibited by incubating the cells with staurosporine but was inhibited with calphostin C. Gel retardation assays also demonstrated that staurosporine did not inhibit the IL-1beta-stimulated binding of nuclear extracts to the NFkappaB motif. In contrast, calphostin C inhibited binding to the kappaB motif in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, antisense oligonucleotides to PKCzeta partially inhibited the IL-1beta-induced PGE2 formation while control sense oligonucleotides were without effect. Taken together, these data suggest that PKCzeta is involved in the IL-1beta signaling responses.
Importance of Bull × Herd-Year-Season Interaction in Milk Production

Abstract The bull×herd-year-season interaction was estimated from 129 balanced 2 by n groups of 2 sires by n herd-year-seasons using 305-day, 2 ×, ME milk production records. This interaction component of 313kg 2 was 2.0% of the total variance among individuals. Since the 95% confidence interval included zero, it is not established with statistical significance that the interaction was real. Consideration of different situations suggests that such an interaction would not cause appreciable errors in sire selection, except in special situations which are unlikely to occur when sires are progeny-tested in artificial insemination.
Upper lip length after V-Y versus continuous closure for Le Fort I level maxillary osteotomy *

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this report is to document changes in lip length and thickness after Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy by using continuous versus V-Y closure. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 18 patients who underwent Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy. Ten patients had a single midline V-Y closure and 8 patients had simple continuous closure. Lateral cephalometric analysis was performed, and preoperative and 12-month postoperative changes in lip dimensions were calculated. Lip length and thickness were analyzed at 5 points: A-point (A), subnasale (Sn), cervical margin of incisor (C), stomion superius (Ss) and labrale superius (Ls). The lengths from A to Sn, C to Ls, and Sn to Ss were calculated. Results: After 12 months, there was no significant difference in lip length ( P =.39) or thickness of the upper lip in its upper ( P =.75) or lower ( P =.19) parts, between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Lip length and width show no significant differences before surgery versus after surgery with either closure technique after Le Fort I osteotomy. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;90:144-6)
Molecular structural effects produced in proteins by reaction with succinic anhydride.

Abstract The reaction of three proteins with succinic anhydride has been investigated. At pH 8 and 0°, the reagent attacks specifically and exhaustively at the free amino groups of the proteins, replacing a group which is positively charged near neutral pH with one which is negatively charged. These fully succinylated protein derivatives, near neutral pH, exhibit large increases in intrinsic viscosity and decreases in sedimentation constant, which indicate an unfolding or expansion of the protein molecules. This is attributed to the electrostatic repulsions produced by the large numbers of negative charges placed on the molecules.
Space filling minimal surfaces and sphere packings

A space filling minimal surface is defined to be any embedded minimal surface without boundary with the property that the area and genus enclosed by any large spherical region scales in proportion to the volume of the region. The triply periodic minimal surfaces are one realization, but not necessarily the only one. By using the genus per unit volume of the surface, a meaningful comparison of surface areas can be made even in cases where there is no unit cell. Of the known periodic minimal surfaces this measure of the surface area is smallest for Schoen's F-RD surface. This surface is one of several that is closely related to packings of spheres. Its low area is largely due to the fact that the corresponding sphere packing (fcc) has the maximal kissing number
Effects of Self-Perceived Nonverbal Immediacy Behaviors on Interpersonal Attraction

Summary The study was designed to extend a self-perception analysis to nonverbal immediacy behavior. Forty male and 40 female university students were induced to engage in nonverbal behaviors associated with either liking (high immediacy) or disliking (low immediacy) in the presence of either a male or a female confederate (C). It was predicted that those Ss performing high immediacy behaviors in the presence of the C would like that person more than Ss performing low immediacy behaviors. Results supported the prediction and are discussed with reference to Bem's self-perception theory, Mehrabian's dimension of nonverbal immediacy behavior, and theories of emotion.
A Profile of Browsers in Regional Shopping Malls

Although undefined and ambiguous, the term “browsing” enjoys widespread usage among retailers. In this study, the concept is explored in terms of several different shopping behaviors. It is further demonstrated that these behaviors are associated with a variety of descriptive and attitudinal differences among retail mall patrons.
Formation of Metal Alkyls by Ionizing Radiation

It has been demonstrated that liquid hydrocarbons, under the influence of gamma radiation, react with "high-surface sodium" to form metal alkyls. The nature of these metal alkyls has been determined, and possible mechanisms for their formation are discussed.
A Procedure Study of Bone Breakage in Spent Hens

Abstract PROCESSING of Leghorn type laying hens frequently results in the shattering of keel bones, rib cages and clavicles. Birds reared in cages present more of a problem than those reared on the floor. Bone breakage is greater with caged birds arriving at the processing plants and the bone breakage is further compounded by the de-feathering equipment. In extreme cases as many as 85 to 95 percent of the carcasses are not acceptable for deboning and further processing (Kralis, 1968). It has been shown that the laying hen will deplete its skeletal muscle of calcium when the calcium level of the diet is low (Common, 1938; Taylor and Moore, 1954). The percent of bone ash drops when pullets are fed a diet low in calcium (Taylor and Moore, 1954). Both bone ash and breaking strength appear to be related to bone strength (Rowland et al., 1967a, 1968a). Increasing the calcium level…
Metoclopramide reduces the distress associated with colon cleansing by an oral electrolyte overload.

A randomized, double-blind clinical trial compared the effect of placebo and 10 mg metoclopramide on reducing the distress associated with colon cleansing using an oral electrolyte overload method. Up to 75% of controls experienced no or mild distress. Metociopramide significantly reduced bloating (p
True three-dimensional camera

An imager that can measure the distance from each pixel to the point on the object that is in focus at the pixel is described. This is accomplished by short photo-conducting lightguides at each pixel. In the eye the rods and cones are the fiber-like lightguides. The device uses ambient light that is only coherent in spherical shell-shaped light packets of thickness of one coherence length. Modern semiconductor technology permits the construction of lightguides shorter than a coherence length of ambient light. Each of the frequency components of the broad band light arriving at a pixel has a phase proportional to the distance from an object point to its image pixel. Light frequency components in the packet arriving at a pixel through a convex lens add constructively only if the light comes from the object point in focus at this pixel. The light in packets from all other object points cancels. Thus the pixel receives light from one object point only. The lightguide has contacts along its length. The lightguide charge carriers are generated by the light patterns. These light patterns, and thus the photocurrent, shift in response to the phase of the input signal. Thus, the photocurrent is a function of the distance from the pixel to its object point. Applications include autonomous vehicle navigation and robotic vision. Another application is a crude teleportation system consisting of a camera and a three-dimensional printer at a remote location.
An Autoradiographic Examination of the Utilization of Tritiated Histidine by Cells of the Skeletal System

COLLAGEN contains a very small amount of histidine in the order of 2 : 419 residues of amino-acids1. Haemoglobin of red cells has as much as 8 per cent histidine2. Autoradiography with tritiated histidine appears to offer an adequate means of examining this amino-acid in the skeletal system in spite of its low concentration. Such an investigation is of interest from several aspects, namely: (1) an adequate and specific histochemical method for histidine is lacking; (2) it would be of basic significance to ascertain whether intracellular histidine is utilized in bone and cartilage matrix production.
Thermal Marangoni effects on gas bubbles are generally accompanied by solutal Marangoni effects

The thermal Marangoni force on a bubble, as originally predicted and experimentally verified by Young et al., has been measured by at least three later investigators. In each of the later cases, the measurements were complicated by oscillations in the size of the bubbles, which produced vertical oscillatory motion of the bubble in the combined thermal and gravitational fields. The authors ascribed this motion to the variable solubility of air in the working liquid as the bubble moved in the temperature gradient. It is pointed out here that this variable solubility implies a second, solutal Marangoni effect, which reduces the thermal forces. Since the solubilities of all gases are a function of temperature, solutal forces will generally accompany thermal forces on gas bubbles.
A Test of the Application of Extended Hückel Calculations to the ThCr2Si2 and CaAl2Si2 Structure Types: the Case of SrMn2P2 and BaMn2P2

AMn[sub 2]P[sub 2] (A = Sr, Ba) is an example of a composition that can assume a different structure type, depending on the identity of the cation. BaMn[sub 2]P[sub 2] crystallizes in the ThCr[sub 2]Si[sub 2] structure type, whereas SrMn[sub 2]P[sub 2] crystallizes in the CaAl[sub 2]Si[sub 2] structure type. These compounds have been characterized by temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility, neutron diffraction, and resistivity. The results indicate that extended Hueckel calculations cannot adequately account for the electronic or magnetic properties of these compounds.
Carbochlorination of dispersed oxides in a molten salt reactor

Reaction mechanism and rates were determined from 803 to 1,073 K for the carbochlorination of Al2O3 and of Al, Si and Fe-mixed oxides using Cl2 and C slurried in a stirred melt of NaCl—AlCl3. Alumina chlorination rates of 0.33–2.0 × 10−8 kmol/s were obtained using C:melt weight ratios between 1:21 and 1:42. The reaction rate was proportional to C loading at temperatures below 923 K, while gas-liquid mass transfer was rate-controlling at higher temperatures. Carbochlorination of the combined oxides in coal fly ash at 923 K and oxide conversions less than about 50% was also gas-liquid mass-transfer-controlled. At higher conversions, dissolution became the rate-controlling factor. A 40% (molar) AlCl3 melt was more effective than a 48% AlCl3 melt for the selective chlorination of Al2O3 over SiO2.
Abscisic acid induced changes in nucleotide composition of rapidly labelled RNA species of pear embryos.

Abstract The plant hormone abscisic acid greatly altered the nucleotide composition of the rapidly labelled RNA species. Mechanism of abscisic acid action may be related to a change in the read out pattern of the genome.
Fast Approximate Matching of Astronomical Objects

When astronomers analyze sky images, they need to identify the newly observed celestial objects in the catalog of known objects. We have developed a technique for indexing catalogs, which supports fast retrieval of closely matching catalog objects for every object in new images. It allows processing of a sky image in less than a second, and it scales to catalogs with billions of objects.
Mechanism of Action of Starch as a Tablet Disintegrant V: Effect of Starch Grain Deformation

Corn and waxy maise starches were observed under a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The effects of pressure and moisture were studied in both individual grains and in tablets. The starch grains were deformed by pressure and did not regain their original shape when moistened, nor was there significant swelling. The deformed cornstarch grains appeared to retain their birefringence. The regaining of the shape of starch grains is apparently not the mechanism of action as a tablet disintegrant.
Design of stiff, tough and stretchy hydrogel composites via nanoscale hybrid crosslinking and macroscale fiber reinforcement

Hydrogels' applications are usually limited by their weak mechanical properties. Despite recent great progress in developing tough hydrogels, it is still challenging to achieve high values of stretchability, toughness and modulus all together in synthetic hydrogels. In this paper, we designed highly stretchable, tough, yet stiff hydrogel composites via a combination of nanoscale hybrid crosslinking and macroscale fiber reinforcement. The hydrogel composites were constructed by impregnating a 3D-printed thermoplastic-fiber mesh with a tough hydrogel crosslinked both covalently and ionically. The hydrogel composites can achieve a fracture energy of over 30 000 J m−2, a modulus of over 6 MPa, and can be stretched over 2.8 times even in the presence of large structural defects. The enhancement of toughness in the new hydrogel composites relies on multiple pairs of toughening mechanisms which span over multiple length scales. A theoretical model is further developed to predict the toughness and modulus of the hydrogel composites and guide the design of future materials.
Traces of Naticid Predation on the Gryphaeid Oyster Pycnodonte dissimilaris: Epifaunal Drilling of Prey in the Paleocene

Traces of drilling predation by naticid gastropods were observed on 51 valves of the free-lying, semi-infaunal oyster Pycnodonte dissimilaris (Gryphaeidae) from the Paleocene Hornerstown Formation, in New Jersey. Stereotypic behavior of the predator is indicated by the highly constrained placement of drill holes, 94% of which are centrally located on the oyster shells. Predator—prey mismatches in size, involving small predators that drilled through the upper valves of relatively large oysters, are documented by comparison of outer borehole diameter, as an index of predator size, with the sizes of the oyster shells. Results of this analysis suggest that at least some prey were drilled epifaunally, as they were too large to be manipulated and buried by the predator. This indicates, together with reports of epifaunal drilling by living naticids, that such behavior is geographically and stratigraphically more widespread in the Naticidae than has previously been acknowledged. This in turn suggests that epifaun...
Uroporphyrinogen III Cosynthetase in Bovine Erythropoietic Porphyria

The activity of uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase is much lower in hemolyzates from mature cattle with congenital erythropoietic porphyria than in hemolyzates from mature normal cattle. The porphyric hemolyzates do not inhibit the cosynthetase activity present in normal hemolyzates or in extracts of mouse spleen.
A persistent deficit of serotonin neurons in the offspring of ethanol-fed dams: protective effects of maternal ipsapirone treatment.

Abstract An earlier study from this laboratory found a significant reduction in the density of serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal and median raphe and in the B9 complex of postnatal day 5 (PN5) offspring of female rats that consumed ethanol on a chronic basis prior to parturition. In addition, we demonstrated that maternal treatment with the 5-HT 1A agonist ipsapirone (3 mg/kg) prevented the ethanol-associated reduction in 5-HT neurons. The present investigation examined whether there was a persistent deficit of 5-HT-immunopositive neurons in the dorsal and median raphe of the offspring of ethanol-fed dams. We also evaluated whether a lower ipsapirone dose (1 mg/kg) was protective to developing 5-HT neurons in the offspring of ethanol-fed dams. The offspring of ethanol-fed dams exhibited an apparent lasting reduction in the density of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal and median raphe. The density of 5-HT neurons in control offspring was comparable at PN5 and PN19, but at both ages the offspring of ethanol-fed dams had a significant deficit of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal and median raphe. The lack of recovery in the density of 5-HT-immunopositive neurons in the offspring of ethanol-fed dams between PN5 and PN19 suggests and that the reduction was long lasting. The protective effects of ipsapirone appeared to be dose dependent. The density of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal and median raphe of PN5 (prior study) and PN19 offspring of ethanol-fed dams that were treated with 3 mg/kg of ipsapirone between gestational day 13 (G13) and G20 was comparable to that of control offspring. However, the effects of maternal treatment of ethanol-fed dams with the 1 mg/kg dose were variable, and some abnormalities were detected in the offspring of ipsapirone-treated control dams.
Somatic Modes of Attention

Embodiment as a paradigm or methodological orientation requires that the body be understood as the existential ground of culture—not as an object that is “good to think,” but as a subject that is “necessary to be.” To argue by analogy, a phenomenological paradigm of embodiment can be offered as an equivalent, and complement, to the semiotic paradigm of culture as text. Much as Roland Barthes (1986) draws a distinction between the work and the text, a distinction can be drawn between the body and embodiment. For Barthes, the work is a fragment of substance, the material object that occupies the space of a bookstore or a library shelf. The text, in contrast, is an indeterminate methodological field that exists only when caught up in a discourse, and that is experienced only as activity and production (1986:57–68). In parallel fashion, the body is a biological, material entity, while embodiment can be understood as an indeterminate methodological field defined by perceptual experience and the mode of presence and engagement in the world. As applied to anthropology, the model of the text means that cultures can be understood, for purposes of internal and comparative analysis, to have properties similar to texts (Ricoeur 1979). In contrast, the paradigm of embodiment means not that cultures have the same structure as bodily experience, but that embodied experience is the starting point for analyzing human participation in a cultural world.
Earth's climate: Past and future

Given the prominence of global climate change issues in the United States and abroad, it is surprising that there has not been an introductory-level textbook that adequately addresses the Earth's climate system in a systematic, easy to read, multidisciplinary manner. Earth's Climate: Past and Future by W. F. Ruddiman is exactly that: an excellent introductory textbook covering the basic science and the paradigms that govern our current understanding of Earth's climate system. In his opening remarks, Ruddiman states his goal that the book make climate science interesting and intelligible to all students, especially to non-science majors taking an upper-division science course. Ruddiman successfully tackles this goal.
Catholic Priests Who Sexually Abuse Minors: Why Do We Hear So Much Yet Know So Little?

A tremendous amount of media attention has been directed towards sexual abuse perpetrated by Roman Catholic priests in recent years. While there are countless research studies on both sexual abuse victims and perpetrators in the professional literature, there are very few comprehensive research studies specifically investigating Roman Catholic priests who sexually abuse minors or studies concerning the victims of priests themselves. While the scientific professional community could offer a great deal to this problem, their voice appears silent. The purpose of this article is to examine what is known about sexual abuse among the Catholic clergy and briefly suggest directions for future research and intervention.
Beyond income, access, and knowledge: factors explaining the education gradient in prevention among older adults with diabetes and hypertension in Latin America.

Objective: While the education gradient in prevention of chronic conditions is well documented, contributing factors remain underexplored. The contribution of income, knowledge and management of illness, market prices, cognitive ability, ability to act, perception about the future, and psychosocial constraints to the education gradient in prevention is examined. Methods: To solve problems of unobservable factors that influence prevention and illness severity, we estimate the role of each component of the education gradient on prevention using data on diabetes and hypertension from five Latin American countries. Results: Overall, these components explain 50% to 70% of the education gradient in prevention, with income being the most important. Discussion: Cognitive ability and ability to act capture an important part of the education gradient in prevention whereas knowledge about illness explains little. Medicine individualized to patients’ cognitive ability and ability to act could improve adherence to pre...
Psoriasis presenting with pseudoainhum

Digital constrictions (ainhum, ainhum-like, pseudoainhum) have been associated with many conditions, including keratodermas of the palms and soles. The association with psoriasis, however, apparently has not been noted previously. The case reported herein is that of a patient whose psoriasis was initially diagnosed at the time that she presented with a digital constriction which had several distinct features.
Metamorphism of the H-group chondrites - Implications from compositional and textural trends in chondrules

The paper discusses element bulk compositions of 373 chondrules from 18 H3 to H6 chondrites determined by broad-beam electron probe analysis. Bulk chondrule FeO and Al2O3 amounts increase and TiO2 and Cr2O3 decrease with increasing petrologic type; normative faylite, albite, and plagioclase amounts increase through the petrologic sequence. Chondrule diameters correlate with phenocryst sizes in porphyritic chondrules of type 3 chondrites, but this correlation is diminished in the higher petrologic types. The compositional trends in chondrules through the petrologic sequence are attributed to diffusion and equilibration among chondrules, and between chondrules and matrix in response to increasing degrees of thermal metamorphism. It is suggested that H-group chondrites are formed by accretion of high-temperature (chondrules) and low-temperature (matrix) materials. Internal reheating of the parent materials to different temperatures caused compositional equilibration, grain coarsening, and reduction of FeO to Fe(0) by carbon.
Who has become more open to nuclear power because of climate change

Even in the face of the March 2011 accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan, nuclear power is being promoted in the U.S. as a necessary response to global climate change. Conducted prior to the Fukushima accident, the present study used a nation-wide telephone survey of 2751 U.S. residents to assess the factors that influence whether a person has become more open to nuclear power because of global climate change rather than supportive or opposed to nuclear power. Results showed that belief that climate change is a risk and is human-caused, belief that nuclear energy contributes to climate change, environmental support, cultural worldviews, and selected socio-demographics consistently predicted openness to nuclear power because of climate change. Implications of the current results and avenues for additional research on this topic are discussed.
Computer and imaging technology's impact on stereotactic neurosurgery. A 1987-1991 update.

Many improvements in computer and imaging technology have occurred since the last meeting of the American Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery in 1987. These improvements are leading t
Computer Vision For The Guidance Of Roving Robots

A design of computer software for machine vision of roving robots is presented. We have identified the basic requirements for the guidance and navigation of roving robots as directional guidance, obstacle avoidance, orientation determination, range finding, and object identification. To meet these requirements, we developed techniqes for safety path planning for roving robots, proposed methods for shadow identification and object discrimination, and introduced the concept of scene layout footprint and 3-D maps for landmarks. Analytical study is supported by experimental results.
Coifes—an efficient structural graphics program using the hidden line technique

Abstract The theory of the hidden-line, or opaque-imaging problem for polyhedra is discussed, with particular emphasis on its application to finite-element structures. Documentation is provided for the program COIFES, which is a versatile implementation of a fast algorithm for removing hidden lines from objects consisting of mixed sets of non-intersecting polyhedra and polygons.
Shape of epithelial cells and intercellular channels in the rabbit proximal nephron

Shape of epithelial cells and intercellular channels in the rabbit proximal nephron. In electron micrographs of proximal convoluted (PCT) and proximal straight tubules (PST), epithelial height was divided into five zones of equal thickness. Morphometric techniques were used to calculate surface area of cell wall bordering intercellular channels in each zone. Surface concentration of total lateral cell surface is 3.85 µ 2 /µ 3 of PCT and 2.90 µ 2 /µ 3 of PST. For tubules normalized to outer diameter=40µ and inner diameter=25µ, total lateral area is 29 × 10 5 µ 2 /mm of PCT and 22 × 10 5 µ 2 /mm of PST. Zone 5 adjacent to basement membrane has similar area (∼17 × 10 5 µ 2 /mm) and fine structure in PCT and PST. However, the luminal four-fifths of the two cells differ markedly. Lateral area in PCT zones 1 through 4 increases approximately exponentially (from 1.1 × 10 5 to 6.4 × 10 5 µ 2 /mm) and constitutes 44% of total area. Respective areas in PST increase at a rate greater than exponential (from 0.7 × 10 5 to 2.6 × 10 5 µ 2 /mm) but constitute only 23% of total. From these data and the estimated number of cells per millimeter of tubule (825), circumferences of individual cells were estimated and quantitative three-dimensional cell models were constructed. The shape of intercellular channels is similar to that of the space between concentric, truncated and pleated horns. Forme des cellules epitheliales et des canaux intercellulaires dans le tube proximal du lapin. La hauteur des cellules epitheliales de tubes contournes proximaux (PCT) et de pars recta (PST) a ete divisee en cinq zones d'egale epaisseur sur les images de microscopie electronique. Les techniques morphometriques ont ete utilisees pour calculer la surface de le paroi cellulaire qui borde le canal intercellulaire dans chaque zone. La surface totale de la paroi cellulaire laterale est de 3,85µ 2 /µ 3 PCT et de 2,90 µ 2 /µ 3 PST. Pour les tubules normalises a un diametre exterieur de 40µ et a un diametre interieur de 25µ cette surface est de 29 × 10 5 µ 2 /mm PCT et 22 × 10 5 µ 2 /mm PST. La zone 5, adjacent a la membrane basale a une surface (∼17 × 10 5 µ 2 /mm) et une structure histologique similaire dans PCT et PST. Cependant, les 4/5 luminaux des deux types de cellules sont nettement differents. Les surfaces laterales dans les zones 1 a 4 de PCT augmentent de facon approximativement exponentielle (de 1,1 × 10 5 a 6,4 × 10 5 µ 2 /mm) et constituent 44% de la surface totale. Ces memes surfaces augmentent, dans PST, plus qu'exponentiellement (de 0,7 × 10 5 a 2,6 × 10 5 µ 2 /mm) mais ne constituent que 23% de la surface totale. A partir de ces resultats et de l'estimation du nombre de cellules par mm de tubule (825) le perimetre de chaque type de cellule a ete evalue et des modeles cellulaires quantitatifs tridimensionnels ont ete construits. La forme des canaux intercellulaires est sembable a l'espace limite par des structures en forme de cornes concentriques, tronquees et plissees.
Selected effects and causal role functions in the brain: the case for an etiological approach to neuroscience

Despite the voluminous literature on biological functions produced over the last 40 years, few philosophers have studied the concept of function as it is used in neuroscience. Recently, Craver (forthcoming; also see Craver 2001) defended the causal role theory against the selected effects theory as the most appropriate theory of function for neuroscience. The following argues that though neuroscientists do study causal role functions, the scope of that theory is not as universal as claimed. Despite the strong prima facie superiority of the causal role theory, the selected effects theory (when properly developed) can handle many cases from neuroscience with equal facility. It argues this by presenting a new theory of function that generalizes the notion of a ‘selection process’ to include processes such as neural selection, antibody selection, and some forms of learning—that is, to include structures that have been differentially retained as well as those that have been differentially reproduced. This view, called the generalized selected effects theory of function, will be defended from criticism and distinguished from similar views in the literature.
Long‐Term Alcohol Consumption in the Rat Affects Femur Cross‐Sectional Geometry and Bone Tissue Material Properties

Background : Alcohol consumption previously has been demonstrated to reduce the density and strength of cortical bone of young, actively growing rats. Osteoblast activity and trabecular bone volume were also significantly lower. A germane question arising from these studies is whether the detrimental effects would persist into adulthood. To address this issue, a long-term study was undertaken with animals that consumed alcohol throughout their life and into old age. Methods : One-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three diet groups: alcohol-fed, pair-fed, and chow-fed. The alcohol-fed animals received a modified Lieber-DeCarli diet that contained 35% ethanol-derived calories. The pair-fed group served as a caloric-equivalent control, and the chow-fed animals served as a completely untreated control. Animals were euthanized after five time periods on the diets that represented three stages of the life span: young (3 months), adult (6, 9, 12 months), and aged (18 months). The left femur was isolated and mechanically tested in 3-point bending for mechanical properties. Results : In the young animals, alcohol consumption produced dramatic reductions in both extrinsic (whole bone) and intrinsic (tissue material) properties, which is consistent with results from previous studies on growing rats. For the adult animals, however, the alcohol groups were only slightly lower and the differences were not statistically significant. The aged animals showed diminished properties due to alcohol, but only for the intrinsic material properties. The extrinsic properties remained similar to controls as a result of greater radial expansion in the femur diaphysis. Despite the cross-sectional areas being the same, this expansion gave rise to higher cross-sectional moment of inertia values in the alcohol animals. The thickness of the cortical wall was lowest in the alcohol group at all time points. Conclusions : Long-term alcohol consumption produced two major effects in the oldest animals studied: the quality of the cortical bone tissue was diminished, as evidenced by reduced elastic modulus and ultimate strength values, and the bone seemed to compensate for this by expanding the cross-section to produce larger cross-sectional moment of inertia values. The reduced bone tissue quality is consistent with the lower ash percent values in the alcohol animals, but other factors such as the quality of the collagen and mineral crystal may also be important contributors.
CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN COOKED BEEF CONTAINING ANTIOXIDANTS AND HYDROGEN DONORS

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a potential anticarcinogenic compound found in beef. The ability of antioxidants and hydrogen donors to influence CLA concentrations in ground beef during cooking (broiled, 80C) and storage was determined. Addition of food additives such as carnosine, cysteine, ascorbate, whey protein concentrate or beef plasma to ground beef did not result in any significant increases or decreases in CLA concentrations in freshly cooked beef. Additives which inhibited formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in stored meat including 2.0% WPC, 0.5 and 2% beef plasma, ascorbate (0.5%) and carnosine (0.5%) were not any more effective at increasing or decreasing total CLA concentrations than additives which did not inhibit lipid oxidation during storage (0.5% WPC and 0.5% cysteine). Lack of changes in CLA in the presence of antioxidants suggests that these additives could be used to inhibit flavor deterioration of cooked beef products without decreasing CLA concentrations.