cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
METABOLISM OF SYNTHANE: COMPARISON WITH IN VIVO AND IN VITRO DEFLUORINATION OF OTHER HALOGENATED HYDROCARBON ANAESTHETICS

Aerobic defluorination of the inhalation anaesthetic agent, synthane, was compared with that of methoxyflurane, enflurane and halothane and with two other anaesthetics, isoflurane and sevo flurane. In vitro, in microsomes prepared from phenobarbitone induced and control livers, synthane and halothane were not defluorinated. The relative order of defluorination of the other anaesthetics was methoxyflurane > sevoflurane > enflurane > isoflurane. In vivo, following 4 h of 1.2% (MAC) synthane anaesthesia, urinary inorganic fluoride excretion was increased by only a trivial amount and only in phenobarbitone treated rats; polyuria was not observed. Synthane is the least metabolized of the fluorinated ether anaesthetics; its administration will not result in inorganic fluoride neph ropathy. An index of nephrotoxic potential for fluorinated anaesthetic agents was formulated utilizing in vitro fluoride production data and oil: gas partition coefficients.
Aggressive transmissions over redundant paths

Fault-tolerant computer systems have redundant paths connecting their components. Given these paths, it is possible to use aggressive techniques to reduce the average value and variability of the response time for critical messages. One technique is to send a copy of a packet over an alternate path before it is known if the first copy failed or was delayed. A second technique is to split a single stream of packets over multiple paths. The authors analyze both approaches and show that these techniques can provide significant improvements over conventional, conservative mechanisms. >
Best practices for convolutional neural networks applied to visual document analysis

Neural networks are a powerful technology forclassification of visual inputs arising from documents.However, there is a confusing plethora of different neuralnetwork methods that are used in the literature and inindustry. This paper describes a set of concrete bestpractices that document analysis researchers can use toget good results with neural networks. The mostimportant practice is getting a training set as large aspossible: we expand the training set by adding a newform of distorted data. The next most important practiceis that convolutional neural networks are better suited forvisual document tasks than fully connected networks. Wepropose that a simple "do-it-yourself" implementation ofconvolution with a flexible architecture is suitable formany visual document problems. This simpleconvolutional neural network does not require complexmethods, such as momentum, weight decay, structure-dependentlearning rates, averaging layers, tangent prop,or even finely-tuning the architecture. The end result is avery simple yet general architecture which can yieldstate-of-the-art performance for document analysis. Weillustrate our claims on the MNIST set of English digitimages.
Association of candidemia and retinopathy of prematurity in very low birthweight infants

Abstract Objective To determine if the presence of candidemia in infants is associated with an increased incidence of threshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Design Retrospective, case-controlled study. Participants and controls Forty-six infants admitted to the Texas Children's Hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit between 1989 and 1999 with a birth weight 1500 g or less, estimated gestational age (EGA) 28 weeks or less, and in whom candidemia developed were matched to a control group of 46 infants based on corresponding birth weight, EGA, and year of birth. Methods Records of each infant were reviewed to determine the presence and severity of ROP. Main outcome measures Development of threshold ROP, including retinal detachment. Results Forty-three infants (93.5%) with candidemia and 39 (84.8%) without candidemia had ROP. Twenty-four infants (52.2%) with candidemia reached threshold and required surgical intervention, compared with 11 infants (23.9%) without candidemia (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 7.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7–32.1; P = 0.008). Retinal detachment developed in 10 of 24 candidemic infants (41.7%) who reached threshold ROP, compared with 2 of 11 infants (18.2%) without candidemia (OR, 4.4; 95% CI, 0.73–26.9; P = 0.1). Conclusions Candidemia is associated with increased risk of threshold ROP. Infants with Candida sepsis should be monitored closely for the development of ROP and progression after treatment.
Embedding facilitation in group support systems to manage distributed group behavior

Addresses the need for automated facilitation to buttress facilitation efforts in managing behavior in a virtual environment. It is within this environment that we need to concentrate our efforts, as the nature of virtual work brings added challenges to successful facilitation. We propose the concept of embedded facilitation, in which we implant intelligent agent-based behavioral indicators into group support systems (GSSs) to serve as the "eyes and ears" of the facilitator, and where, based on these indicators, either automated repeatable processes are launched or thinkLets are suggested to the facilitator from which to select and launch processes. We suggest that embedded facilitation would reduce the need for the facilitator to fully understand intervention techniques. It is our contention that, in embedding facilitation, the use of GSSs could be made scalable and dramatically alter the way in which virtual teams interact.
Quantitative trait loci with effects on feed efficiency traits in Hereford × composite double backcross populations

Summary Two half-sib families of backcross progeny were produced by mating F1 Line 1 Hereford (L1) · composite gene combination (CGC) bulls with L1 and CGC cows. Feed intake and periodic weights were measured for 218 backcross progeny. These progenies were genotyped using 232 microsatellite markers that spanned the 29 BTA. Progeny from L1 and CGC females was analysed separately using composite interval mapping to find quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting daily dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion (FCR) and residual feed intake (RFI). Results from both backcrosses were pooled to find additional QTL. In the backcross to L1, QTL were detected for RFI and DMI on BTA11, FCR on BTA16, and ADG on BTA9. In the backcross to CGC, QTL were detected for RFI on BTA10, FCR on BTA12 and 16 and ADG on BTA15 and 17. After pooling, QTL were detected for RFI on BTA 2, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13 and 16; for FCR on BTA 9, 12, 16, 17 and 21; for ADG on BTA 9, 14, 15, 17; and for DMI on BTA 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 20 and 23.
HOST AGE, BUT NOT HOST LOCATION WITHIN A STREAM, IS CORRELATED WITH THE PREVALENCE OF GUT PARASITES IN WATER STRIDERS

We tested for correlations between the geographic, demographic, and temporal distribution of an aquatic insect host and the prevalence of its gut parasites in southwestern Ohio. Trypanosomatids were present in Aquarius remigis collected from all 4 streams surveyed in the watershed. Prevalence declined dramatically from May to July and remained low through the fall. This pattern was consistent over all sites of our study, with no effect of stream, stream site (upstream vs. downstream), or host sex on prevalence. Stage, however, was strongly correlated with prevalence; adults were more likely to be infected than were nymphs. We argue that behavioral differences between the 2 age classes may account for the decline in prevalence; opportunities for transmission are highest in the spring, when mating activities increase adult host contact rates, and decline in the summer, when contact rates decrease.
Case Study Evaluation of Mahout as a Recommender Platform

Various libraries have been released to support the development of recommender systems for some time, but it is only relatively recently that larger scale, open-source platforms have become readily available. In the context of such platforms, evaluation tools are important both to verify and validate baseline platform functionality, as well as to provide support for testing new techniques and approaches developed on top of the platform. We have adopted Apache Mahout as an enabling platform for our research and have faced both of these issues in employing it as part of our work in collaborative ltering. This paper presents a case study of evaluation focusing on accuracy and coverage evaluation metrics in Apache Mahout, a recent platform tool that provides support for recommender system application development. As part of this case study, we developed a new metric combining accuracy and coverage in order to evaluate functional changes made to Mahout’s collaborative ltering algorithms.
Some Effects of Weak Magnetic Fields on Biological Systems: RF fields can change radical concentrations and cancer cell growth rates

Concerns have been raised about the possible biological effects of nonionizing radiation since at least the late 1950s with respect to radar, other radio, and microwave sources. More recent concerns have arisen about the potential effects of low-intensity fields, including lowfrequency fields from the electric power generating, transmission, and distribution system and the devices it energizes, as well as intermediate, radio-frequency (RF), and higher-frequency radiation from devices such as cell phones, broadcast antennas, Wi-Fi, security monitors, and so forth. These are concerns about the direct effects of radiation on humans or other organisms. They are distinct from the electromagnetic compatibility issues that concern interference by the fields from one device with the function of another, though human health can be indirectly affected by electromagnetic interference with the function of medical devices, including hospital equipment or pacemakers.
Self-Expanding Metallic Stents (SEMS) in Left-Sided Colonic Cancer—a Cancer Center Experience

Self-Expanding Metallic Stents (SEMS) are a surgery-sparing option for malignant colonic obstruction. They can be inserted as a “bridge to surgery” (BTS) for potentially curable disease, or as a palliative measure, thereby avoiding the higher morbidity and mortality associated with surgery. The objective of this study was to report our local experience of left-sided colonic stents. Data on 49 patients was collected retrospectively from Oct 2008 to Nov 2014 at our cancer centre. This included demographics, baseline clinical characteristics, indications for SEMS placement (bridge to surgery/palliative), technical and clinical success, complications, and the mean patency of duration. Survival in both groups was also plotted on a Kaplan-Meier chart. A total of 49 patients with colorectal carcinoma (CRC) of the left side were enrolled. The mean age was 50 years (range 18–86). Ninety percent of patients had disease involving the rectum, sigmoid colon, or both. Forty-seven percent (n = 23) of patients had stent insertion as a BTS, whereas 53 % (n = 26) had the procedure with palliative intent. Technical and clinical success rates were 96 and 88 %, respectively. The clinical success rate of the palliative arm was lower than that of the BTS arm (p = 0.024). 87.5 % (n = 42) had no procedure-related complications. Technical failure, perforation, and stent migration/expulsion, were each observed in 4 % of cases. Mean stent patency duration was 83.9 days. SEMS insertion for left-sided malignant colonic obstruction is a safe and effective procedure when used either as a bridge to surgery or with palliative intent.
Is risk stratification ever the same as ‘profiling’?

Physicians engage in risk stratification as a normative part of their professional duties. Risk stratification has the potential to be beneficial in many ways, and implicit recognition of this potential benefit underlies its acceptance as a cornerstone of the medical profession. However, risk stratification also has the potential to be harmful. We argue that 'profiling' is a term that corresponds to risk stratification strategies in which there is concern that ethical harms exceed likely or proven benefits. In the case of risk stratification for health goals, this would occur most frequently if benefits were obtained by threats to justice, autonomy or privacy. We discuss implications of the potential overlap between risk stratification and profiling for researchers and for clinicians, and we consider whether there are salient characteristics that make a particular risk stratification algorithm more or less likely to overlap with profiling, such as whether the risk stratification algorithm is based on voluntary versus non-voluntary characteristics, based on causal versus non-causal characteristics, or based on signifiers of historical disadvantage. We also discuss the ethical challenges created when a risk stratification scheme helps all subgroups but some more than others, or when risk stratification harms some subgroups but benefits the aggregate group.
A rapid semiautomated system for time rate enzyme assays.

An inexpensive modification for standard spectrophotometers is described, by which reagent volume, sample volume, and technologist time to perform time rate enzyme assays can be reduced to 30% of ordinary requirements. This is achieved by using: (a) four 0.2-ml. flowthrough microcuvettes in place of the usual 3-ml. spectrophotometer cells; (b) a special stopcock to control filling and emptying of each microcuvette individually. An improved method for calculating enzymic activity is also used. This system provides high precision, microsample capability, decreased reagent costs, and considerable saving in technologist time. There is no measurable carryover from samples of very high to very low enzymic activities. This equipment has been used routinely in the authors’ laboratory during the past year. The operating procedure is easily learned and has been well accepted by the technical staff.
Getting on Good Terms

For much of the twentieth century, less developed countries endured deteriorating terms of trade relative to more advanced nations. During that time, a number of explanations emerged to help explain the “unequal exchange” that occurred between rich and poor countries. We revisit these ideas in light of recent data showing more favorable trade terms for a large number of countries in the developing world. Using panel data covering 132 countries during the 1990–2012 period, our analysis considers the importance of trade composition, productive capacity, labor power, foreign capital, factor endowments, and macroeconomic conditions in affecting a country9s net barter terms of trade. In addition, we introduce a measure of trade coreness to this field of work, which indicates the relative bargaining power that countries possess during exchange. Our results show that changes in the terms of trade can be attributed to several factors. Most notably, our findings suggest that foreign capital penetration leads to deteriorating terms of trade via its impact on labor conditions, while countries occupying more core-like positions in the international trade network have come to experience more favorable trade terms.
Abstract 239: Receipt of Routine Health Care Among African American Adults With Diabetes and Hypertension: Results from The Jackson Heart Study

Objectives: African Americans (AA) have a high prevalence of chronic diseases including hypertension (HTN) and diabetes (DM). Routine care is necessary to prevent adverse affects of chronic diseases. Few studies have examined patterns of routine care among AA with chronic diseases. This study uses Jackson Heart Study (JHS), a large prospective cohort of AA adults, to understand patterns of routine healthcare among AA adults with HTN and DM. Methods: Using data collected at 1st (2000-2004) and 3rd visit (2009-2012), adults with HTN (n=2,668) and those with DM (n=949) were analyzed. Routine healthcare at visits 1 and 3 by participants self reports of whether or not they have seen a doctor or other health professional for a routine physical exam or general check-up when not sick or pregnant within the past year. Independent variables were self-reported insurance status (private/ public/private and public/none), income status (Poor/Lower-Middle/Upper-Middle/Affluent based on self-reported annual income, family size, year, and poverty levels for 2000-2004), gender (male/female), age (years), healthcare trust (yes/no), difficulty obtaining healthcare (yes/no), and health status (excellent/good/fair/poor). HTN classification (normal/pre-HTN/stage 1/stage 2), DM classification (normal/at risk/diabetic) was based on directly assessed clinic, lab values, and included those on anti medications, regardless of blood pressure and triglyceride control. Logistic regression was used to determine crude and adjusted odds ratios and adjusted cross-sectional odds ratios of having routine care at visits 1 and 3 for those with DM and those with HTN. Findings: Routine care was high for both those with HTN and those with DM at both visits 1 and 3 (78% and 86% for HTN and 80% 87% DM, respectively). For both groups of patients, poor trust in the health care system decreased odds of routine care at visit 1 (DM adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 0.53 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.33, 0.86), HTN aOR 0.59 (95% CI 0.45, 0.77) and at visit 3 (DM aOR 0.31 (95% CI 0.14, 0.71), HTN aOR 0.56 (95% CI 0.38, 0.83). Among the HTN sample, those with stages 1 or 2 HTN at visit 1 decreased odds of routine care at both visit 1 (aOR 0.51 (95% CI 0.31, 0.83) and visit 3 (aOR 0.48 (95% CI 0.28, 0.84) and increased severity of HTN at visit 3 decreased odds of routine care at visit 3. For both groups of patients, men had statically significant lower odds of routine care than women at visit 1 and visit 3 and increased age was associated with increased routine care. Insurance status and income status were not significantly associated with routine care in any of the adjusted models. Conclusions: AA with HTN and DM have high rates of routine care regardless of insurance or socioeconomic status. Rates of routine care were associated with trust in the health care system and self-reported difficulty obtaining health care independent of insurance status or income.
Understanding the Jevons paradox

There is considerable debate about the connections between efficiency and levels of resource consumption, particularly about the Jevons paradox and the rebound effect. To help clarify a variety of ...
Spinal tumor surgery: management and the avoidance of complications.

BackgroundComplication avoidance is paramount to the success of any surgical procedure. In the case of spine tumor surgery, the risk of complications is increased because of the primary disease pro...
Yeast Display of Engineered Antibody Domains

Yeast display is an efficient technology for selection of antibodies and other proteins with high affinity and thermal stability. Here, we describe a method for affinity maturation of engineered antibody domains (eAds) using yeast display. EAd yeast libraries of relatively large size (∼10⁹) were generated and subjected to alternating rounds of magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS), fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS), and random mutagenesis. The highest affinity clones from the final round of maturation were identified and analyzed. We discuss extensively each key step, and provide detailed protocols and helpful notes.
Human Mobility Modeling for Robot-Assisted Evacuation in Complex Indoor Environments

A large number of injuries or deaths may occur when an emergency happens in a crowded public place. The congestion at exits may slow down the egress rate due to the effect of “faster-is-slower”. This inspires us to study how human behavior dynamically changes over time at an emergency in a complex indoor environment. In this paper, we refer the panic of evacuees to their perception of the threat and propose a panic propagation model to model how crowd panic changes during evacuation at an emergency. Combined with the existing social force model, our panic model interprets the self-driven force and interactive forces with others in human mobility. To improve evacuation efficiency, robots are introduced to guide evacuees to escape. Using dynamic environment information, we design an evacuation exit selection algorithm where the optimal exit is automatically selected by the robot with the minimum escape time. In our experiments, a real shopping mall is examined, and the dynamic behavior of panicked evacuees is simulated with the proposed panic model. The evacuation performance of using emergency evacuation robots is evaluated. The improvement of evacuation efficiency validates the effectiveness of our robot-assisted evacuation system.
Description of Facilitated Transport and Environmental Applications

The commonly accepted mechanism for the transport of a penetrant in non-porous polymer membranes is solution-diffusion (Park 1968). The penetrant species dissolves in the membrane and diffuses across the membrane due to an imposed concentration gradient. Facilitated transport membranes also involve penetrant solubility and diffusion but also add a reversible complexation reaction to the membrane. The addition of the complexation reaction makes facilitated transport analogous to a chemical absorption process on the feed (high partial pressure) side of the membrane and a stripping process on the product, or permeate, side of the membrane. Facilitated transport membranes, have several general characteristics: they are highly selective a maximum flux or minimum permeability is reached at high concentration driving forces very high permeabilities can be obtained at very low concentration driving forces they are often unstable in the conventional immobilized liquid membrane configuration
Mapping grain orientation of high mobility thienothiophene copolymer thin films by transmission electron microscopy and image analysis

Charge transport in polycrystalline organic semiconducting thin films is greatly affected by crystal orientation [1] due to the anisotropy of the organic semiconducting molecules (with fast transport along the molecular long axis and π-π stacking direction and slow transport transverse to both of these two directions). It is also thought to be limited by grain boundaries within the high-mobility plane [1]. In complement to spectroscopic characterization, a direct mapping of the grain orientation would significantly help us understand charge transport in organic polycrystalline thin films in greater details. An example of such grain mapping is based on thermally evaporated pentacene thin films comprised of micron-sized crystals, using an unconventional scanning probe microscopy method (transverse shear microscopy) [2]. However, for solution-processed polymer thin films with much smaller grain size, grain mapping is more difficult, and not yet reported.
Particle and Fiber Toxicology

Adverse health effects of inhaled particulates have been noted for centuries, and studies over the last several decades have linked particle and fiber inhalation to several pulmonary diseases, including fibrosis, silicosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and cancer, as well as cardiovascular disease. Inhaled particles and fibers can produce toxicity through several mechanisms, many mediated by the immune system. Particle and fiber toxicity is influenced by composition, size and shape of the material, as well as surface properties, including surface charge, protein corona, and surface contamination. Dissolution rate within the body can also influence toxicity. Although less extensively studied, some particles and fibers can also produce health effects when ingested and as a result of dermal contact. To help protect against adverse effects of particle and fiber exposure, regulatory agencies in numerous countries have developed exposure limits for airborne particulates in general, as well as for specific particles and fibers of special concern.
INTEGRATING HYPEREMIC MYOCARDIAL BLOOD FLOW AND CORONARY FLOW RESERVE FOR PREDICTING CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH KNOWN OR SUSPECTED ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

Background: It is suggested that integrating maximal hyperemic myocardial blood flow (MBF) and coronary flow reserve (CFR), termed coronary flow capacity, allows comprehensive evaluation of patients with known or suspected stable ischemic heart disease (IHD) compared with CFR alone. As
Technological Leapfrogging: Lessons from the U.S. Videogame Industry

In industries characterized by network externalities, the self-reinforcing effects of installed base and the availability of complementary goods can lead to a single (or few) firm(s) controlling nearly all of the market share in a product category. A new entrant may attempt to displace the incumbent standard by introducing a radically improved technology, "leapfrogging" the current generation, however it is argued here that a technological advantage alone is often not enough. To lure customers away from the existing standard, the new technology must somehow yield more value than the combination of value yielded by the incumbent technology’s functionality, installed base, and complementary goods. This paper develops a multidimensional framework of technology value components. This framework is then applied to data from case studies of three generations of competition in the U.S. video game industry to yield insight into what strategies a potential entrant can use to build actual, perceived, and expected sources of value to successfully leapfrog the incumbent, and what strategies an incumbent may use to defend its position.
Recent Advances in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Renal Fibrosis

CKD is a global public health problem. Renal fibrosis is a final common pathway leading to progressive loss of function in CKD. The degree of renal fibrosis predicts the prognosis of CKD. Recent studies have shown that bone marrow-derived fibroblasts contribute significantly to the development of renal fibrosis, which may yield novel therapeutic strategy for fibrotic kidney disease. Therefore, it is imperative to accurately assess the degree of renal fibrosis noninvasively to identify those patients who can benefit from antifibrotic therapy. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the assessment of renal fibrosis by magnetic resonance imaging.
Paused RNA polymerase II inhibits new transcriptional initiation

RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pauses downstream of the transcription initiation site before beginning productive elongation. This pause is a key component of metazoan gene expression regulation. Some promoters have a strong disposition for Pol II pausing and often mediate faster, more synchronous changes in expression. This requires multiple rounds of transcription and thus cannot rely solely on pause release. However, it is unclear how pausing affects the initiation of new transcripts during consecutive rounds of transcription. Using our recently developed ChIP-nexus method, we find that Pol II pausing inhibits new initiation. We propose that paused Pol II helps prevent new initiation between transcription bursts, which may reduce noise.
Exploring Symmetric and Asymmetric Bimanual Eating Detection with Inertial Sensors on the Wrist

Motivated by health applications, eating detection with off-the-shelf devices has been an active area of research. A common approach has been to recognize and model individual intake gestures with wrist-mounted inertial sensors. Despite promising results, this approach is limiting as it requires the sensing device to be worn on the hand performing the intake gesture, which cannot be guaranteed in practice. Through a study with 14 participants comparing eating detection performance when gestural data is recorded with a wrist-mounted device on (1) both hands, (2) only the dominant hand, and (3) only the non-dominant hand, we provide evidence that a larger set of arm and hand movement patterns beyond food intake gestures are predictive of eating activities when L1 or L2 normalization is applied to the data. Our results are supported by the theory of asymmetric bimanual action and contribute to the field of automated dietary monitoring. In particular, it shines light on a new direction for eating activity recognition with consumer wearables in realistic settings.
Deciphering surface behavior and deuterium retention in tin-lithium-coated fuzzy tungsten substrates

Abstract Tungsten will be used as plasma-facing material in the divertor in ITER, but it undergoes detrimental surface-subsurface morphological changes under irradiation. One type of tungsten that may mitigate such morphologies is porous tungsten due to higher defect sink areal density. While surface nanostructures such as fuzz may compromise plasma performance, their intrinsic porosity offers a proxy for a porous material and strategies to prevent high-Z impurity emission. Liquid metal coatings have been proposed as plasma facing materials to counteract the erosion issues faced by tungsten. Tin-lithium eutectics are an understudied class of potential liquid metal coatings for their low melting points and reduced erosion and fuel retention compared to pure lithium coatings. A 95 at.% tin-lithium eutectic was deposited on fuzzy tungsten samples and exposed to 250 eV deuterium ions at 250 °C and varying fluences. Mitigation of fuzz erosion and deuterium retention were examined post-mortem with SEM and secondary mass ion spectroscopy (SIMS) of tungsten samples and witness samples used to collect eroded material. The SnLi film persisted after irradiation and protected underlying fuzz. SIMS results demonstrate surface mixing of the liquid metal and tungsten substrate and increased lithium erosion at high fluence and non-structured surfaces. The highest concentration and deepest penetration of retained deuterium was observed in the sample exposed to the lowest fluence. Results may indicate intercalation of liquid metal with tungsten tendrils at elevated temperatures.
A bridge from the use-mention distinction to natural language processing

Within computer science, the study of the syntax and semantics of metalanguage is well developed for formal languages, and this work is applied prominently in the creation of programming languages and compilers. However, relatively little work has been done in computer science to address metalanguage in natural languages. This lack has been to the detriment of language technologies that could exploit the information expressed in metalanguage to understand users’ utterances. This chapter addresses metalanguage and quotation from the perspective of mentioned language, a closely related phenomenon, and describes its relevance to core and applied work in natural language processing (NLP), a field in computer science concerned with the interaction between computers and natural languages. Examples are given for how state-of-the-art language technologies fail to cope with mentioned language. Finally, to promote progress on the computational study of mentioned language, a rubric is given for identifying the phenomenon in text. This enables human annotators to work methodically on labeling text to train NLP systems, a crucial precursor to further computational work.
Testing for Antimodes

To determine the number of modes in a one dimensional distribution, we compute for each m the Kolmogorov distance between the empirical distribution \({D_m} = {\text{in}}{{\text{f}}_{F \in {u_m}}}{\text{ su}}{{\text{p}}_x}\left| {{F_n}\left( x \right) - F\left( x \right)} \right|\) F n , and a distribution F ∈ U m ,the set of uniform mixtures with at most m modes. The m — 1 antimodes obtained in the best fitting m—modal distributions, collected for all m,form a hierarchical tree of intervals. To decide which of these empirical antimodes corresponds to an antimode in the true distribution, we define a test statistic based on a ‘shoulder interval’, a maximal interval of constant density that is neither a mode nor an antimode, in a best fitting m-modal uniform mixture. For each empirical antimode, there is a shoulder interval of minimum length including it, and the points in this shoulder interval are taken as a reference set for evaluating the antimode. The statistic is the maximum deviation of the empirical distribution from a monotone density fit in the shoulder interval, and the reference distribution for it is the maximum empirical excursion for a sample from the uniform with the same sample size as the number of points in the shoulder interval. We demonstrate that this reference distribution gives approximately valid significance tests for a range of population distributions, including some with several modes.
Structural Design of the Dill—D Radiative Divertor

The divertor of the DIII-D tokamak is being modified to operate as a slot type, disipative divertor. This modification, called the Radiative Divertor Program (RDP) is being carried out in two phases. The design and analysis is complete and hardware is being fabricated for the first phase. This first phase consists of an upper divertor baffle and cryopump to provide some density control for high triangularity, single or double null discharges. Installation of the first phase is scheduled to start in October, 1996. The second phase provides pumping at all four divertor strike points of double null high triangularity discharges and baffling of the neutral particles from transport back to the core plasma. Studies of the effects of varying the slot length and width of the divertor can be easily accomplished with the design of RDP hardware. Static and dynamic analyses of the baffle structures, new cryopumps, and feedlines were performed during the preliminary and final design phases. Disruption loads and differential thermal displacements must be accommodated in the design of these components. With the full RDP hardware installed, the plasma current in DIII-D will be a maximum of 3.0 MA. Plasma disruptions induce toroidal currents in the cryopump, producing complex dynamic loads. Simultaneously, the vacuum vessel vibrations impose a sinusoidal base excitation to the supports for the cryopump. Static and dynamic analyses of the cryopump demonstrate that the stresses due to disruption and thermal loadings satisfy the stress and deflection criteria.
Automated periodical reference service

Grâce a un logiciel qui leur permet de preparer hors ligne leur strategie de recherche, les lecteurs de bibliotheques publiques du Salt Lake County ont acces directement a plusieurs bases de donnees bibliographiques ainsi qu'a une banque de textes de periodiques: lecture sur ecran et impression sur papier. Le temps gagne par les bibliothecaires rentabilise largement l'operation. (INTD)
Social-Network Considerations in the Alcohol Field

This chapter reviews the literature on social networks in the alcohol field. The review focuses on the dynamics of the social-network system and network analysis. Stressors to recently urbanized persons are also examined in a discussion of social adaptation, social identity, and networks. The findings of several studies that are summarized indicate that there is a crisis in changing cultural styles and social values that develops after migration and resettlement. An aspect of this review suggests that social networks may be utilized as stress -buffering strategies in both a constructive and a destructive fashion during these periods of crisis. The author describes these networks as pathways to care and illustrates how they might play a significant role in alcoholism-treatment and recovery programs. Finally, the author concludes with some possible directions for future research on the systematic study of social bonds.
Cataloguing the barriers facing RRI in innovation pathways: a response to the dilemma of societal alignment

Ribeiro et al. (“Introducing the Dilemma of Societal Alignment for Inclusive and Responsible Research and Innovation.” Journal of Responsible Innovation. doi:10.1080/23299460.2018.1495033) argue fo...
Abstract TP395: Lateralized Periodic Discharges are Predictive of Seizures in Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background: Patients with intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH) have a higher incidence of seizures. Previous studies have suggested that the location and size of hemorrhage may increase epileptogenicity...
Complete Bilateral Brachial Plexus Injury from Rhabdomyolysis and Compartment Syndrome: Surgical Case Report.

Background and importance Acute bilateral brachial plexus injury is rare and usually a result of traction injury. Immediate operative intervention is reserved for rare cases of ongoing compression of the plexus; the role for acute decompression of the brachial plexus secondary to compartment syndrome has not been previously described. In this report, we describe the technique and role for urgent brachial plexus decompression. Clinical presentation A 32-yr-old man presented with acute complete bilateral brachial plexus palsy due to focal rhabdomyolysis and brachial plexus compression after a night of excess alcohol and methadone ingestion. He had complete loss of motor and sensory function from C5 to T1, with the exception of partial sensory sparing of the C5 dermatome. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated diffuse muscular edema of the supraclavicular and infraclavicular fossae in addition to the pectoralis muscles and the deltoids bilaterally. He underwent urgent surgical decompression of his supraclavicular and infraclavicular fossae with fasciotomies of the pectoral muscles and the anterior deltoids, allowing direct visualization and decompression of the entire brachial plexus resulting in a near-complete functional recovery. Conclusion Neurosurgeons should include brachial plexus compression due to compartment syndrome in the differential diagnosis of patients with acute upper extremity weakness, particularly when associated with prolonged immobilization and/or substance abuse. Prompt surgical decompression should be performed in these patients if imaging and laboratory data suggest compartment syndrome and resultant neurological deficit.
Ebola and Post-Conflict Gender Justice: Lessons from Liberia

This chapter focuses on the 2014/15 Ebola outbreak in the Mano River region of West Africa, and particularly on Liberia. Global public health has moved away from providing primary health care and prevention to increasing concern about securitisation and thus investment in the stopping of infectious diseases. The era of Ebola has only amplified international investments and interest in efficient surveillance of emergent infectious diseases. Informed by Weir and Mykhalovskiy (Global Public Health Vigilance: Creating a World on Alert. Routledge, 2010) who argue that Global Public Health Vigilance is a bio-politics that denies politics, I examine the history of Ebola and public health, the gender dimensions of the disease and the ways in which the actions of Liberian communities ended the outbreak. In light of some of the lessons we have learned from the Ebola outbreak, I argue that we need much more capacious understandings of capacity and expertise to create a resilient gender justice which serves women and men both in post-conflict settings and in public health emergencies. I conclude with some pessimism about whether we are learning the most profound lessons of Ebola: That communities need to be at the centre of all public health efforts.
Generation and characterization of a zebrafish muscle specific inducible Cre line

Zebrafish transgenic lines provide valuable insights into gene functions, cell lineages and cell behaviors during development. Spatiotemporal control over transgene expression is a critical need in many experimental approaches, with applications in loss- and gain-of-function expression, ectopic expression and lineage tracing experiments. The Cre/loxP recombination system is a powerful tool to provide this control and the demand for validated Cre and loxP zebrafish transgenics is high. One of the major challenges to widespread application of Cre/loxP technology in zebrafish is comparatively small numbers of established tissue-specific Cre or CreERT2 lines. We used Tol2-mediated transgenesis to generate Tg(CrymCherry;-1.9mylz2:CreERT2) which provides an inducible CreERT2 source driven by muscle-specific mylz2 promoter. The transgenic specifically labels the trunk and tail skeletal muscles. We assessed the temporal responsiveness of the transgenic by screening with a validated loxP reporter transgenic ubi:Switch. Further, we evaluated the recombination efficiency in the transgenic with varying concentrations of 4-OHT, for different induction time periods and at different stages of embryogenesis and observed that higher recombination efficiency is achieved when embryos are induced with 10 μM 4-OHT from 10-somites or 24 hpf till 48 or 72 hpf. The transgenic is an addition to currently available zebrafish transgenesis toolbox and a significant tool to advance muscle biology studies in zebrafish.
BBS4 is required for intraflagellar transport coordination and basal body number in mammalian olfactory cilia.

ABSTRACT Bardet–Beidl syndrome (BBS) manifests from genetic mutations encoding for one or more BBS proteins. BBS4 loss impacts olfactory ciliation and odor detection, yet the cellular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report that Bbs4 -/− mice exhibit shorter and fewer olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) cilia despite retaining odorant receptor localization. Within Bbs4 −/− OSN cilia, we observed asynchronous rates of IFT-A/B particle movements, indicating miscoordination in IFT complex trafficking. Within the OSN dendritic knob, the basal bodies are dynamic, with incorporation of ectopically expressed centrin-2 and γ-tubulin occurring after nascent ciliogenesis. Importantly, BBS4 loss results in the reduction of basal body numbers separate from cilia loss. Adenoviral expression of BBS4 restored OSN cilia lengths and was sufficient to re-establish odor detection, but failed to rescue ciliary and basal body numbers. Our results yield a model for the plurality of BBS4 functions in OSNs that includes intraciliary and periciliary roles that can explain the loss of cilia and penetrance of ciliopathy phenotypes in olfactory neurons.
Effects of obesity on the course of inflammatory bowel disease.

AbstractObesity is increasingly common among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The interplay between proinflammatory states of obesity and the course of IBD is yet to be elucidated. We conducted a retrospective study of 55 patients with IBD over the course of 5 years (2012 to 2017). We documented various clinical outcomes (mean number of clinic visits, hospitalizations/flares, procedures, and escalations in therapy) based on three initial weight groups: normal weight, overweight, and obese. There was an increasing trend in all clinical outcomes with increasing weight and a statistically significant difference in mean clinic visits (P = 0.048) and mean hospitalizations/flares (P = 0.004) when comparing normal-weight to obese individuals. Our study suggests that obesity influences burden of disease and treatment in IBD. This should encourage clinicians to treat obesity in IBD patients as an active problem because it may help improve clinical outcomes.
Drugs, Crime, Space, and Time: A Spatiotemporal Examination of Drug Activity and Crime Rates

To take stock of the “neighborhood effects” of drug activity, we combined theoretical insights from the drugs and crime and communities and place literatures in examining the longitudinal relations...
Sarcopenia in Liver Transplantation

Sarcopenia is highly prevalent in end-stage liver disease (ESLD) patients and has been linked to poor outcomes on the wait list and post-transplantation. This current perspectives article reviews the ongoing challenges to define sarcopenia in ESLD patients, describes associations of sarcopenia with wait list and post-transplantation outcomes, and provides summarized data on efforts to prevent and treat sarcopenia through novel interventions. Supervised exercise programs improve muscle strength, but muscle mass outcomes are limited by short study follow-up times. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation may ameliorate sarcopenia in ESLD patients, but studies are limited by low participant numbers and confounding. Myostatin inhibition is shown to improve sarcopenia in elderly, frail patients; further study is needed in ESLD patients. Correction of low testosterone improves sarcopenia in male ESLD patients. Recent literature supports sarcopenia as an independent risk factor for poor outcomes in ESLD patients. Ongoing study is limited by poor standardization of sarcopenia definition and relevant muscle mass cutoffs. Supervised exercise programs should be encouraged for all ESLD patients. More advanced therapies require further clinical investigation before their widespread use.
Impact of timing of lung resection on survival for clinical stage I and II lung cancer.

6598Background: Lung cancer has the highest mortality among the leading cancers in the U.S. Surgical resection is considered as the most effective treatment for lung cancer in early stages, providi...
New Treatment Strategies for Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is typically diagnosed at an advanced stage, with systemic therapy being the mainstay of treatment. Survival continues to be limited, typically less than 1 year. The PDAC microenvironment is characterized by a paucity of malignant epithelial cells, abundant stroma with predominantly immunosuppressive T cells and myelosuppressive-type macrophages (M2), and hypovascularity. The current treatment options for metastatic PDAC are modified (m)FOLFIRINOX /FOLFIRINOX or nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine in patients with good performance status (PS) (ECOG 0-1/KPS 70-100%) and gemcitabine with or without a second agent for those with ECOG PS 2-3. New therapies are emerging, and the current guidelines endorse both germline and somatic testing in PDAC to evaluate actionable findings. Important themes related to new therapeutic approaches include DNA damage repair strategies, immunotherapy, targeting the stroma, and cancer-cell metabolism. Targeted therapy alone (outside small genomically defined subsets) or in combination with standard cytotoxic therapy, thus far, has proven disappointing in PDAC; however, novel therapies are evolving with increased integration of genomic profiling along with a better understanding of the tumor microenvironment and immunology. A small but important sub-group of patients have some of these agents available in the clinics for use. Olaparib was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for maintenance therapy in germline BRCA1/2 mutated PDAC following demonstration of survival benefit in a phase 3 trial. Pembrolizumab is approved for patients with defects in mismatch repair/microsatellite instability. PDAC with wild-type KRAS represents a unique subgroup who have enrichment of potentially targetable oncogenic drivers. Small-molecule inhibitors including ERBB inhibitors (e.g., afatinib, MCLA-128), TRK inhibitors (e.g., larotrectinib, entrectinib), ALK/ROS inhibitor (e.g., crizotinib), and BRAF/MEK inhibitors are in development. In a small subset of patients with the KRASG12C mutation, a KRASG12C inhibitor, AMG510, and other agents are being investigated. Major efforts are underway to effectively target the tumor microenvironment and to integrate immunotherapy into the treatment of PDAC, and although thus far the impact has been modest to ineffective, nonetheless, there is optimism that some of the challenges will be overcome.