cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of pretraining models and strategies for health-related social media text classification

MotivationPretrained contextual language models proposed in the recent past have been reported to achieve state-of-the-art performances in many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. There is a need to benchmark such models for targeted NLP tasks, and to explore effective pretraining strategies to improve machine learning performance. ResultsIn this work, we addressed the task of health-related social media text classification. We benchmarked five models--RoBERTa, BERTweet, TwitterBERT, BioClinical_BERT, and BioBERT on 22 tasks. We attempted to boost performance for the best models by comparing distinct pretraining strategies--domain-adaptive pretraining (DAPT), source-adaptive pretraining (SAPT), and topic-specific pretraining (TSPT). RoBERTa and BERTweet performed comparably in most tasks, and better than others. For pretraining strategies, SAPT performed better or comparable to the off-the-shelf models, and significantly outperformed DAPT. SAPT+TSPT showed consistently high performance, with statistically significant improvement in one task. Our findings demonstrate that RoBERTa and BERTweet are excellent off-the-shelf models for health-related social media text classification, and extended pretraining using SAPT and TSPT can further improve performance. Availability and implementationSource code for our model and data preprocessing is available under the Github repository https://github.com/yguo0102/transformer_dapt_sapt_tapt. Datasets must be obtained from original sources, as described in supplementary material. Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Decision Making by the Modern Supreme Court

There are three general models of Supreme Court decision making: the legal model, the attitudinal model and the strategic model. But each is somewhat incomplete. This book advances an integrated model of Supreme Court decision making that incorporates variables from each of the three models. In examining the modern Supreme Court, since Brown v. Board of Education, the book argues that decisions are a function of the sincere preferences of the justices, the nature of precedent, and the development of the particular issue, as well as separation of powers and the potential constraints posed by the president and Congress. To test this model, the authors examine all full, signed civil liberties and economic cases decisions in the 1953–2000 period. Decision Making by the Modern Supreme Court argues, and the results confirm, that judicial decision making is more nuanced than the attitudinal or legal models have argued in the past.
Do Trade Liberalization and International Trade Law Constrain Domestic Environmental Regulation

Environmentalists and free trade proponents sharply disagree on the role that trade plays in impacting environmental welfare. This article critically examines the contention that trade liberalization and World Trade Organization (WTO) trade law constrain domestic environmental regulations. An analysis of empirical studies and recent WTO jurisprudence demonstrates that neither extreme is quite right. Contrary to environmentalist contentions, trade liberalization can improve environmental regulations, and WTO jurisprudence is more welcoming of domestic environmental regulations than popularly perceived. But, counter to free trader claims, trade’s positive impact often works through stronger regulation — not through simple increases in wealth. In addition, though evolving WTO principles welcome fairly applied environmental regulations, specific decisions have applied these principles inconsistently and have been too quick to find unfair trade protectionism. Both sides can gain from a more nuanced understanding. Domestic regulators can achieve both improved environmental welfare and WTO-legality of environmental standards by ensuring their measures are fairly applied, and the WTO can advance its reputation and encourage more trade with more consistent application of safeguards against protectionism.
Leap before you look: information gathering in the PUCCINI planner

Most of the work in planning with incomplete information takes a "look before you leap" perspective: Actions must be guaranteed to have their intended effects before they can be executed. We argue that this approach is impossible to follow in many read-world domains. The agent may not have enough information to ensure that an action will have a given effect in advance of executing it. This paper describes PUCCINI, a partial-order planner used to control the Internet Softbot (Etzioni & Weld 1994). PUCCINI takes a different approach to coping with incomplete information: "Leap before you look!" PUCCINI doesn't require actions to be known to have the desired effects before execution. However, it still maintains soundness, by requiring the effects to be verified eventually. We discuss how this is achieved using a simple generalization of causal links.
Effectiveness of a novel gas-release endorectal balloon in the removal of rectal gas for prostate proton radiation therapy

Endorectal balloons (ERBs) are routinely used in prostate proton radiation therapy to immobilize the prostate and spare the rectal wall. Rectal gas can distend the rectum and displace the prostate even in the presence of ERBs. The purpose of this work was to quantify the effects an ERB with a passive gas release conduit had on the incidence of rectal gas. Fifteen patients who were treated with a standard ERB and 15 with a gas-release ERB were selected for this retrospective study. Location and cross-sectional area of gas pockets and the fraction of time they occurred on 1133 lateral kilovoltage (kV) images were analyzed. Gas locations were classified as trapped between the ERB and anterior rectal wall, between the ERB and posterior rectal wall, or superior to the ERB. For patients using the standard ERB, gas was found in at least one region in 45.8% of fractions. Gas was trapped in the anterior region in 37.1% of fractions, in the posterior region in 5.0% of fractions, and in the sigmoid region in 9.6% of fractions. For patients using the ERB with the gas-release conduit, gas was found in at least one region in 19.7% of fractions. Gas was trapped in the anterior region in 5.6% of fractions, in the posterior region in 8.3% of fractions, and in the sigmoid region in 7.4% of fractions. Both the number of fractions with gas in the anterior region and the number of fractions with gas in at least one region were significantly higher in the former group than in the latter. The cross-sectional area of trapped gas did not differ between the two groups. Thus gas-release balloon can effectively release gas, and may be able to improve clinical workflow by reducing the need for catheterization.
Heterotopic Ossification Following Uncemented Total Hip Arthroplasty Effect of the Operative Approach

A consecutive series of 112 primary uncemented total hip arthroplasties using the same type of prosthesis was reviewed for the incidence and severity of heterotopic ossification (HO). Sixty-three of these patients underwent a posterior approach (group 1) and 49 underwent an anterolateral approach (group 2). The two groups were virtually identical when risk factors, such as age, sex, estimated blood loss, length of surgery, and diagnosis were compared. Patients in group 1 had a significantly lower incidence and severity of HO than those in group 2. The overall incidence of class III or IV HO was very low (8%), indicating that uncemented total hip arthroplasty in itself is not predisposed to moderate or severe degrees of HO. Patients undergoing uncemented total hip arthroplasty through an anterolateral approach had a higher incidence of HO than those undergoing a posterior approach in this series.
Management options and fertility-preserving therapy for premenopausal endometrial hyperplasia and early-stage endometrial cancer

Abstract Background Definitive management with hysterectomy could be appropriate for some patients with endometrial cancer and its precursor lesions, but poses challenges for those desiring future fertility. Objectives To review risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia/cancer among premenopausal women and discuss management options for fertility preservation. Search strategy A literature search through the PubMed, Ovid, and Cochrane databases was conducted using the terms “endometrial hyperplasia” and “endometrial cancer,” cross-referenced with “fertility preservation.” Selection criteria All articles published in English between January 1, 2000, and January 1, 2015, were considered if they were readily available online. Data collection and analysis Articles were analyzed and information was synthesized into a comprehensive review. Main results Chronic anovulation, obesity, polycystic ovarian syndrome, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus must be appreciated as risk factors for endometrial pathology. Providers must exert vigilance in identifying patients at risk and in initiating pre-emptive strategies. Risk reduction with lifestyle modification, weight loss, and glycemic control can improve regression and overall health. Fertility outcomes for these patients are promising, especially with assisted reproductive technology. Conclusions Conservative management could be appropriate for carefully selected women with complex atypical endometrial hyperplasia or early-stage endometrial cancer who desire future fertility.
Heidegger's Descartes and Heidegger's Cartesianism

Abstract: Heidegger's Sein und Zeit (SZ) is commonly viewed as one of the 20th century's great anti-Cartesian works, usually because of its attack on the epistemology-driven dualism and mentalism of modern philosophy of mind or its apparent effort to ‘de-center the subject’ in order to privilege being or sociality over the individual. Most who stress one or other of these anti-Cartesian aspects of SZ, however, pay little attention to Heidegger's own direct engagement with Descartes, apart from the compressed discussion in SZ §§19–21. I here show through a careful reading of Heidegger's lectures on Descartes from the years immediately preceding SZ that, while he has sharp criticisms of Descartes and certain ‘Cartesian’ aspects of modern philosophy along the lines commonly recognized, he also aims to disclose what he calls the ‘positive possibilities’ in Descartes and the philosophy he inspired. I detail a number of these and then show that they force us to see Heidegger's own early project as largely unconcerned with dualism and mentalism per se, and much more with questions of the philosophical methodology that gives rise to them. Moreover, I show that a careful reading of Heidegger's treatment of the cogito makes clear that he is no serious way attempting to ‘de-center the subject’ and that the fundamental question of the ‘analytic of Dasein’ is one that takes Descartes as an immediate jumping off point: how can I articulate what I understand myself to be as the general kind of entity I am, and on what besides me does my being depend?
A Prospective Analysis of Plasma Endostatin Levels in Colorectal Cancer Patients With Liver Metastases

Background: Circulating inhibitors of angiogenesis have been suggested to affect the growth of distant micrometastatic disease in patients with cancer. This study was designed to evaluate circulating endostatin levels in colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases. Methods: Plasma samples from 30 colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases were analyzed for endostatin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by using competitive enzyme immunoassays. Samples were compared with plasma from age- and sex-matched healthy controls; values >2 SD above the control mean were considered elevated. Results: Plasma endostatin levels were significantly higher in the 30 cancer patients than controls (P < .0001) and correlated with preoperative VEGF levels (P = .0008). Eighteen patients underwent surgical treatment (liver resection, n = 10; or isolated hepatic perfusion with melphalan, n = 8). Seventeen treated patients were available for follow-up. Eight of 11 patients who progressed had elevated plasma endostatin levels at the time of progression. None of six patients who remained progression free had elevated endostatin levels at last follow-up (P = .02). Conclusions: Plasma endostatin levels are elevated in colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases and correlate with VEGF levels. Elevated endostatin levels during follow-up are associated with disease progression. Understanding the role of endogenous endostatin in cancer patients may lead to novel strategies to inhibit tumor angiogenesis.
High‐dose chemotherapy and unpurged autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia in second or subsequent remission

The authors administered high-dose chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, BCNU (carmustine) and VP-16 (etoposide) plus autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) to 22 adult patients with relapsed acute leukemia in second or subsequent remission. The marrow was not treated ex vivo. The long-term, disease-free survival rate was 14%. Comparison of results with other treatments can be difficult because of patient selection biases. The concept of inversion (achievement of a longer remission with salvage therapy than with prior treatments) is proposed to compare treatment results. Three patients remain in complete remission beyond 4 years, with inversions. More intensive cytoreductive regimens will be needed to improve results.
Pulmonary hydroxyproline content and production following treatment of mice with O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate.

The systemic administration of O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate (OSS), a contaminant of various organophosphorus insecticides, induces delayed damage to rat and mouse lung tissue. The lesion, particularly in the rat, closely resembles that produced by butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in mice. Although the time course of cell damage and repair has been studied in both species, it is not clear whether excess collagen, indicative of fibrosis, is deposited. Changes in pulmonary hydroxyproline content and synthesis, indices of collagen metabolism, were analysed in mice treated with 45 mgkg OSS. A significant increase in total lung hydroxyproline was evident 21 days after treatment compared to both pair-fed and ad libitum controls. This increase was not augmented by subsequent treatment with 35 mgkg 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) or exposure to 70% oxygen for 7 days. The rate at which lung tissue synthesized hydroxyproline was increased 7–14 days after treatment with OSS. These data demonstrate that treatment of mice with OSS results in changes indicative of pulmonary fibrosis. However, in contrast to some other lung-toxic chemicals, this lesion was not enhanced by subsequent treatment with BCNU or hyperoxia.
Glucose as a precursor of milk constituents in the intact dairy cow.

Abstract 1. 1. Glucose uniformly labeled with 14C was injected into the jugular veins of two normal lactating dairy cows as single doses of 3 and 6 microcuries per kg body weight respectively. The injected glucose, about 1 gram, amounted to less than 10% of the plasma glucose. 2. 2. Between 30 and 40 minutes after injection the radioactivity of the respiratory CO2 reached a maximum of 9 microcuries per unit of the relative injected dose (μc injected per kg body weight). 3. 3. During the first 3 hours after injection of uniformly labeled glucose less 14C appeared in the respiratory CO2 than was expired during the corresponding period in earlier trials after injection of 14C labeled acetate, propionate, or butyrate. 4. 4. More than 50% of the 14C injected as uniformly labeled glucose appeared in the organic constituents of the milk within 10 hours after injection. Over 80% of this 14C in milk components was found in lactose. 5. 5. In the first milk sample, 3 hours after injection, the specific 14C activity in the components of the milk decreased in the following order: Lactose → Citrate → Casein → Milk fat. 6. 6. Only about 1% of the carbon transferred from plasma glucose to lactose passed the carbonate pool, 4 to 10% of the carbon transfer to casein followed this path. 7. 7. Three hours after injection the specific 14C activity in blood glucose had decreased to about 1% of its theoretical level at the time of injection, the latter calculated from injected dose, plasma volume and glucose level in plasma. 8. 8. About 4 5 of the lactose carbon came from carbon in plasma glucose or a pool in rapid exchange with plasma glucose, 1 5 of the carbon in citrate originated from this pool and about 5% of the carbon in casein and milk fat.
Synthesis and biology of the conformationally restricted ACPD analogue, 2-aminobicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2,5-dicarboxylic Acid-I, a potent mGluR agonist

To better characterize the roles of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in physiological and pathophysiological processes, there is an important need to learn more about the structural features relevant to the design of novel, high-affinity ligands that are family and subtype specific. To date, many of the biological studies that have been conducted in the area of mGluR research have made use of the agonist (1S,3R)-ACPD. This compound has been shown to act as an agonist at both the group I and group II receptors while showing little selectivity among the four subtypes belonging to these two groups. Moreover, (1S,3S)-ACPD, the cis isomer, shows negligible activity at group I receptors and is a good agonist of mGluR2. Since ACPD is itself somewhat flexible, with four distinctive conformations being identified from molecular modeling studies for the trans isomer and five conformations for the cis isomer, we believed that it would be of interest to examine the activity of an ACPD analogue that has been constrained through the introduction of a single carbon atom bridge. Accordingly, we have prepared an aminobicyclo[2.1.1]hexanedicarboxylic acid (ABHxD-I) analogue of ACPD. The synthesis of this compound was accomplished by use of an intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction, in which four distinct isomers were isolated. Of these four compounds, only a single isomer, ABHxD-I (6a), was found to be a potent agonist of the mGluRs. This compound, which expresses the fully extended glutamate conformation, was found to be more potent than ACPD at all six of the eight mGluR subtypes that were investigated and to be comparable to or more potent than the endogenous ligand, glutamate, for these receptors. Interestingly, despite its fixed conformation, ABHxD-I, like glutamate, shows little subtype selectivity. Through modeling studies of ABHxD-I (6a), ABHD-VI, LY354740, (1S,3R)-ACPD, (1S, 3S)-ACPD, and l-glutamate, we conclude that the aa conformation of l-glutamate is the active conformation for both group I and group II mGluRs. Moreover, the modeling-based comparisons of these ligands suggest that the selectivity exhibited by LY354740 between the group I and group II mGluRs is not a consequence of different conformations of L-glutamate being required for recognition at these mGluRs but rather is related to certain structural elements within certain regions having a very different impact on the group I and group II mGluR activity. The enhanced potency of ABHxD-I relative to trans-ACPD commends it as a useful starting point in the design of subtype selective mGluR ligands.
HORMONAL CONTROL OF PELAGE CYCLES IN THE SHORT TAILED WEASEL (MUSTELA ERMINEA BANGSI).

Abstract Studies on hypophysectomized weasels indicate that the pituitary gland is necessary for normal pelage cycles. Animals hypophysectomized in both the winter and summer coats molted and regrew white hair, but intact weasels in the winter or summer coats molted to, or maintained, the brown pelage when held under an artificial photoperiod of 12 light and 12 dark hours. Hypophysectomized weasels treated with purified corticotropin or melanocyte-stimulating hormone regrew pigmented hair typical of the summer pelage after hair growth was initiated by plucking fur, whereas hypophysectomized controls regrew white hair after growth had been similarly induced. Hypophysectomized weasels treated with unfractionated ovine gonadotropin molted and regrew white hair, but hypophysectomized animals treated with corticotropin and unfractionated ovine gonadotropin molted and regrew brown hair. Hypophysectomized controls did not molt but regrew white hair after hair growth was initiated by plucking. Purified follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and hydrocortisone had no effect on the induction of molting and/or the growth of pigmented hair in hypophysectomized weasels.
Politics and Symbols: A Review Article

(1966). Politics and Symbols: A Review Article. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 85-91.
Unstable Periodic Orbit Analysis of Histograms of Chaotic Time Series

Using the Lorenz equations, we have investigated whether unstable periodic orbits (UPOs) associated with a strange attractor may predict the occurrence of the robust sharp peaks in histograms of some experimental chaotic time series. Histograms with sharp peaks occur for the Lorenz parameter value r=60.0 but not for r=28.0 , and the sharp peaks for r=60.0 do not correspond to a histogram derived from any single UPO. However, we show that histograms derived from the time series of a non-Axiom-A chaotic system can be accurately predicted by an escape-time weighting of UPO histograms. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Electrophoretic mobility of lipoprotein nanoparticle mimics

Lipoprotein particles (LPPs) are biological nanoparticles whose physiological roles are greatly influenced by their sizes. The four major classes of LP are: very low density lipoprotein, intermediate density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein. Since the predominance of small, dense LDLs is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and diabetes mellitus, LPP profiling can be used to predict metabolic risk factors. Highly tunable LPP mimics can be synthesized using nanoparticles to carefully control for size, lipid composition and surface charge to facilitate the study LPPs in CAD. Here, we engineered LPP mimics using gold nanoparticles between 10–50 nm in diameters. We measured the mobility and zeta potential of these LPP mimics and showed that each mimics have distinct electrokinetic properties and are electrostatically stable.
Human Factors in High-Tech Writing: Targeting the Right Tool for Professional Development

Practitioners, students, and instructors of business communication can benefit from learning new professional technologies; but choosing among them may be difficult. This article provides a method, based on human factors, for help ing individuals with that choice. The first step is to complete a self-assessment questionnaire ranking preferences among forms, industries, techniques, roles, and purposes for writing. Then, individuals can match those preferences to typ ical expectationsfor each of several new text technologies: structured on-line documentation markups, help screens and interactive tutorials, and multime dia presentations. With that information, individuals can choose training in a technology that suits them.
Upper paleolithic ibex hunting in southwest Europe

Abstract Beginning in the Solutrean period (c. 20,000 bp) and extending through the Azilian period (c. 10,000 bp), ibex (Capra pyrenaica) hunting was a significant part of intensive terminal Paleolithic subsistence strategies in Cantabrian Spain and along the French Pyrenees. There are several totally specialized ibex-hunting sites, as well as ibex-dominated layers at sites used for other purposes at other times. Some of these sites (i.e. La Riera, Rascano, Ekain, Erralla, Les Eglises, Balma Margineda) have been excavated recently, and the faunas have been analyzed by J. Altuna, F. Delpech, and D. Geddes. The results, in combination with data from older excavations, are used to explore the tactics and seasonality of prehistoric ibex hunting and to suggest differences in terms of abandoned anatomical elements between sites located very close to kill spots in the ibex habitat (i.e. on steep, rocky slopes) and those which were located at some distance from the probable hunting locations. This analysis is based on the relative utility of different body parts proposed by L. R. Binford, while taking into account other factors such as biased bone preservation and the “schlepp effect”. It helps to refine our understanding of the logistical ibex procurement station as a fairly distinctive kind of prehistoric site in southwestern Europe.
Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: use of the silver nitrate plate to detect anhidrosis.

Summary The Shwachman agar plate containingsilver nitrate was utilized to demonstrate anhidrosis in cases of anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. The results in 9 cases indicated that use of the plate should facilitate early diagnosis of this disease. By proper management of the disease in infancy, brain injury resulting from recurrent febrile episodes may be avoided. The management of other aspects of the disease is also facilitated by early diagnosis.
Glutathione S-sulfonate, a sulfur dioxide metabolite, as a competitive inhibitor of glutathione S-transferase, and its reduction by glutathione reductase

Abstract Glutathione S-sulfonate (GSSO3H) is a reaction product of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and sulfite, the hydrated form of sulfur dioxide. In the present study, GSSO3H was found to be a potent competitive inhibitor of the glutathione S-transferases (GST) in the rat liver (Ki = 14 μ m ) and lung (Ki = 9 μ m ), and in human lung tumor-derived A549 cells (Ki = 4 μ m ). GSSO3H was also reduced by a cytosolic enzyme in the rat liver (Km = 313 μ m ) and lung (Km = 200 μ m ), and human lung A549 cells (Km = 400 μ m ). These results suggest that SO2 may affect the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds by inhibiting, via formation of GSSO3H, the enzymatic conjugation of glutathione (GSH) and reactive electrophiles. Although GSSO3H can be enzymatically degraded, the high substrate Km value suggests that this compound may not be readily reduced at low concentrations.
Tricuspid valve replacement after orthotopic heart transplantation

Atrioventricular valvular regurgitation is a known complication after cardiac transplantation. In this communication, we describe a case of progressively severe tricuspid insufficiency that ultimately necessitated tricuspid valve replacement. The patient has done well clinically since valve replacement, and a postoperative cardiac catheterization demonstrated normal right heart hemodynamics. A discussion of proposed causes and a review of the literature are provided.
Measurement of surface areas by permeametry

Abstract The relative fineness of an iron ore pelletizing feed may be derived from its specific surface. However, the Blaine Number calculated from air permeability data according to ASTM specifications relies on the presumption that the particles referred to in the derivation of the basic Kozeny-Carman equation are synonymous with the solid fragments composing the powder. The resulting “Standard” Blaine Number often varies considerably with the bed porosity at which it is measured. Alternatively, it was found practicable to obtain permeability data over a range of test porosities from which a mean Effective Blaine Number was then calculated by means of the same basic Kozeny-Carman relationship but without making the presumptions as to the nature of the particles. This Effective Blaine Number did not vary with bed porosity unless an appreciable proportion of the finer particles was agglomerated because of caking or other reasons.
Citizen funds and Dutch Disease in developing countries

Abstract Are Alaska-style citizen revenue distribution funds the solution to the resource curse in developing countries as their proponents conjecture? Unfortunately it appears not. First, it is questionable whether developing countries have the institutional capacity to implement and operate such funds successfully. Second, citizen funds are unlikely to have any substantial impact on governance and their macroeconomic effects are uncertain. Finally, as a comparative case study of the three natural resource-intensive economies that successfully steered clear of excessive real appreciation and crowding out of the non-minerals tradables sector—Botswana, Indonesia and Norway—shows, citizen funds are likely to carry detrimental indirect effects on the ability of governments to surmount the Dutch Disease.
Materials science issues in the Earth and planetary sciences

Earth is a dynamic planet. Solid state convection in the deep interior is coupled to the motion of about a dozen rigid plates at the surface. Earthquakes, volcanoes and mountains are located mainly at the boundaries between plates and reflect the relative motion between them. The associated deformation processes span a wide range of regimes from high temperature dislocation and diffusion accommodated creep to brittle fracture, friction, fragmentation and granular flow. There is a long history of collaboration between earth and materials scientists in modeling the relevant micromechanics and formulating appropriate constitutive relations. Materials analysis in the Earth and planetary sciences pose special challenges. Pressure and temperature conditions in the Earth's interior reach 360 GPa and 8000 K so that constitutive equations must often be extended to pressure and temperature regimes well beyond laboratory limits. Deformation occurs over a range of temporal and spatial scales difficult to simulate in the laboratory. The emergence of deformation structures spanning many spatial orders of magnitude has made Earth sciences the test bed for modern ideas of self-organization and scaling. Finally, deformation mechanisms in earth materials are extremely sensitive to environmental factors, especially water. This factor alone explains most differences between large-scale deformation structures observed on Earth and those on the other terrestrial planets. Current problems in the Earth sciences that require a better understanding of material behavior include the mechanics of the earthquake instability, the migration of magma in the crust, the source and dynamical significance of observed heterogeneity in the deep interior, and the generation of the magnetic field.
Language status in two-way bilingual immersion: The dynamics between English and Spanish in peer interaction

Research has shown that two-way bilingual immersion (TWBI) programs provide positive outcomes for all students to become bilingual, biliterate, and bicultural. Yet, studies have shown that there can be challenges in student-to-student interaction in TWBI programs. This study reports on peer interaction dynamics during content instruction in two 90/10 programs through lesson observations, teacher interviews, and reflections. Teachers in Grades 4-6 provided their perspectives concerning the status of English and Spanish in their classrooms. Teachers also shared instructional strategies to support students' progress in Spanish. This study presents important instructional implications for sociocultural and sociolinguistic goals pertaining to English and Spanish speakers in TWBI programs.
Forage quality variation among maize inbreds: Relationships of cell‐wall composition and in‐vitro degradability for stem internodes

Forty-five inbred maize (Zea mays L) lines were evaluated for genetic variation in stem cell-wall concentration, composition and degradability, and for relationships among cell-wall components and polysaccharide degradability. Cell-wall neutral sugars, uronic acids, Klason lignin, and ester- and ether-linked phenolic acids were measured on lower stem internode samples collected at the time of silking in 2 years. Twenty-four and 96 h in-vitro ruminal fermentations were used to determine the rapidly and potentially degradable cell-wall polysaccharide fractions, respectively. Genetic variation (P 0.05), except for uronic acids. A multiple regression model of principal components (R2 = 0.41, P < 0.05) indicated that cell-wall lignification and substitution of wall polymers with phenolic and uronic acids were negatively associated, and pectic substances were positively related with rapid polysaccharide degradation. Very little of the variation (R2 = 0.15, P < 0.05) in potential cell-wall polysaccharide degradation could be explained by this multiple regression analysis. There is a large degree of genetic variation among current inbred maize lines for stem cell-wall quality traits, which should allow improvement of maize as a forage crop. Because of the complex matrix interactions in cell-wall organization, however, no single cell-wall component, or simple combination, can accurately predict degradability of maize cell walls.
CAN META‐ANALYSIS MAKE FEMINIST TRANSFORMATIONS IN PSYCHOLOGY?

Meta-analysis is a statistical method for literature reviewing. Metaanalyses of gender differences in verbal ability, spatial ability, mathematics performance, helping behavior, and sexuality illustrate the ways in which this technique can illuminate research on gender differences. Meta-analysis can make feminist transformations in psychology by: (a) challenging long-standing beliefs in gender differences, (b) demonstrating the extent to which gendered behavior is context-dependent and the product of gender roles, (c) examining the intersection between gender and race/ethnicity, and (d) providing powerful data to counter assertions of difference and female inferiority that proliferate in the popular media.
Loss of the PTCH1 gene locus in cardiac fibroma.

Abstract Background Cardiac fibroma (CF) is a rare benign tumor that is poorly characterized genetically. CF is more commonly encountered in patients with Gorlin syndrome (3%) than the general population. Mutations of the tumor suppressor gene PTCH1 are the underlying cause of Gorlin syndrome. Methods Conventional cytogenetic analysis was performed on a peripheral blood and a CF sample from a 2-week-old male. In addition, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies were performed to assess the copy number of the PTCH1 gene locus (9q22.3) on metaphase and interphase cells from these same specimens using yeast artificial protein (YAC) probe 891G1 and on representative paraffin-embedded tissue sections of two additional CFs (one arising in a 2-month-old female and the other in a 13-week-old male). None of the patients had Gorlin syndrome. Results Karyotypically, the following abnormal chromosomal complement was detected in the 2-week-old male's CF: 46,XY,del(9)(q22q34)[15]. FISH studies revealed homozygous loss of the PTCH1 locus in the cytogenetically analyzed CF and in the CF arising in the 13-week-old male. Heterozygous loss of this locus was identified in the remaining CF from the 2-month-old female. A mutational mechanism other than deletion may be responsible for PTCH1 inactivation on the other locus in this latter patient. Conventional cytogenetic and FISH studies of the peripheral blood sample from the 2-week-old male were normal. Conclusion These data support a tumor suppressor gene role for PTCH1 in nonsyndromic or sporadic CFs.
Observations of formaldehyde absorption in the region of NGC 2264 and other Bok globules

The paper reports observations of 6-cm H2CO absorption over an extended region surrounding the globule in NGC 2264 and toward the globules B68, B72, B133, B134, B227, B238, and B335. The lines observed from the globules are similar to those seen in more extended dark clouds. It is inferred that physical conditions are similar in the two types of region. Negative results for several other globules are reported.
The Use of the Condensed Single Protein Production System for Isotope-Labeled Outer Membrane Proteins, OmpA and OmpX in E. coli

Gram-negative bacteria consist of two independent membranes, the inner cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane. The outer membrane contains a number of β-barrel proteins such as OmpF, OmpC, OmpA, and OmpX. In this article, we explored to use the condensed Single Protein Production (cSPP) system for isotope labelling of OmpA and OmpX for NMR structural study, both of which are known to consist of eight β-strands forming a barrel in the outer membrane. Using a deletion strain lacking all major outer membrane proteins, both OmpA and OmpX were expressed well in a 20-fold cSPP system. We demonstrated that outer membrane fractions prepared from the cSPP system in M9 medium containing 15N–NH4Cl can be directly used for NMR structural study of the outer mebrane proteins without any further purification to get excellent [1H–15N]-TROSY spectra. This method would be quite valuable for the study of pure proteins in their native membrane environment without the need of purification and reconstitution.
An investigation into pay communication: is ignorance bliss?

Purpose – The paper's purpose is to investigate the relationships between pay communication and referent choice, pay satisfaction and pay equity perceptions.Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 149 employed graduate business students from a variety of organizations were surveyed at two different times, first to assess dependent variables (pay satisfaction and pay equity perceptions), and second to measure perceived pay policies.Findings – Contrary to predictions, increased pay communication was not associated with referent choice, and referent choice was unrelated to pay attitudes. Pay communication was also unassociated with pay satisfaction. However, increased pay communication was found to be negatively related to pay equity perceptions.Research limitations/implications – A two‐questionnaire survey methodology was designed to minimize the possibility of common method variance. Because few employers communicate about pay, there was restriction of range for this independent variable, perhaps constra...
Neutrinos, Old and New.

Results are reported from a series of experiments that led to the conclusion that neutrinos exist in 4 states. (C.H.)
Immiscible cellular-automaton fluids

We introduce a new deterministic collision rule for lattice-gas (cellular-automaton) hydrodynamics that yields immiscible two-phase flow. The rule is based on a minimization principle and the conservation of mass, momentum, and particle type. A numerical example demonstrates the spontaneous separation of two phases in two dimensions. Numerical studies show that the surface tension coefficient obeys Laplace's formula.
Computational studies of a superdetonative ram accelerator mode

A computational study of a ramjet-in-tube concept known as the "ram accelerator'9 is presented. The analysis assumes inviscid flow, and employs a total variation diminishing (TVD) numerical scheme that includes nonequilibrium chemistry, real gas effects, and a 7-species, 8-reaction combustion model for hydrogen/oxygen mixtures. This numerical formulation gives a more accurate model for the combustion process and is computationally more efficient than previous numerical studies conducted on the ram accelerator. The flow, combustion, and performance characteristics of the ram accelerator are investigated for several projectile configurations in the superdetonative velocity range of 5.0-10.0 km/s. The distribution of various physical quantities along the ram accelerator, as well as temperature contours, are presented. Plots of ballistic efficiency and thrust pressure ratio are also included. Ballistic efficiencies of up to 28% and thrust pressure ratios as high as 17% are obtained. The results also show that efficient acceleration of projectiles is possible through velocities as high as 9 km/s.
Pessimistic Explanatory Style and Cardiac Health: What is the Relation and the Mechanism that Links Them?

This study examined the relation between pessimistic explanatory style and cardiac health among a sample of cardiovascular disease patients participating in cardiac rehabilitation programs. Data were collected from 72 patients at the beginning and end of their cardiac rehabilitation programs. Participants completed questionnaires assessing explanatory style, depressive symptoms, and subjective appraisals of cardiac health. Objective indicators of cardiovascular health were collected from participants' medical files. Results showed that the stable dimension of pessimistic explanatory style had a direct and negative effect on self-reported cardiac health appraisals over the course of cardiac rehabilitation. Although there was support for partial mediation cross-sectionally, findings did not support prospective mediation by depressive symptoms for the relation between pessimistic explanatory style and cardiac health appraisals.
Regulation of the Cardiac β-Adrenergic Pathway via Camp-Cgmp Competition

In the cardiac myocyte, the second messenger cAMP is synthesized by the β-adrenergic signaling pathway upon sympathetic activation. It activates Protein Kinase A (PKA) mediated phosphorylation of downstream targets that are critical to the control of cardiac contractility. The dynamics of cAMP are also controlled indirectly by cGMP-mediated regulation of phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes. It is not yet clear how the cGMP signal is transduced by the PDEs to regulate cAMP. To better understand this, we have developed mechanistically detailed models of PDEs 1 - 4, the primary cAMP hydrolyzing PDEs in cardiac myocytes, and integrated them into an existing model of the β-adrenergic signaling pathway. Our PDE models are based upon experimental studies performed on purified PDE enzymes which show that cyclic nucleotides (cNs) bind competitively to the domains of PDEs 1, 2, and 3. PDE4 is regulated by PKA but does not interact appreciably with cGMP. Our individual PDE models reproduce cAMP hydrolysis rates as regulated by various cGMP concentrations, and the fully integrated model also replicates experimentally observed cAMP dose-response relationships and temporal dynamics. Our model shows that PDE2 is critical to the regulation of cAMP signals, especially during increased stimulation of the β-adrenergic pathway. In addition, it reveals that high levels of cGMP out-compete cAMP for catalytic sites of PDEs 1, 2, and 3, and suppress their cAMP hydrolysis rates. This leads to a net accumulation of cAMP despite the negative feedback of the cAMP-driven increases in rate of PDE4-mediated cAMP hydrolysis. These results provide insights into how PDEs serve as an integration point for cN signals and how cN interactions regulate β-adrenergic response.
Discrete resistance changes in thin lipid membranes

Abstract Semispherical membranes were formed using a mixed lipid preparation extracted from beef brain gray matter. The membrane obtained had a thickness between several hundred angstroms and about one thousand angstroms as determined by the interference color of reflected light. The initial thick membrane and newly formed primary black membrane had a resistance greater than 1010 ohms, similar to that of the bulk lipid phase. However, when a small (
Ultrasonic enhancement of myocardial infarction with perfluorocarbon compounds in dogs.

Abstract Fluosol-DA 20%® (Fluosol) and perfluoroctyl-bromide (PFOB), 2 types of perfluorocarbon emulsions (PFCs), were evaluated as sound contrast agents in imaging acute myocardial infarction (Ml) in dogs. Operative ligation of a coronary artery was performed in 9 dogs. PFC was administered 2 days after occlusion. One dog received Fluosol, 10 ml/kg body weight, 2 dogs received 20 ml/kg, and 2 received 25 ml/kg; 2 dogs received PFOB, 20 ml/kg, and 2 dogs received 25 ml/kg. Just before and 2 days after PFC administration, real-time, 2-dimensional ultrasound examination of the heart was performed in the short-axis view from apex to base. No enhancement was seen at the 10-ml/kg dose, but significant mild echogenic enhancement of all MIs occurred after 20 ml/kg. Moderate to marked enhancement was noted after 25 ml/kg. The enhancement was either diffuse throughout the Ml or localized to the rim. Initial studies suggest that the mechanism of enhancement is related, at least in part, to the accumulation of RFC-filled macrophages within the MI.
Distribution of British freshwater amphipoda.

THE following unpublished data and comments on the distribution of British freshwater gammarids supplement those given by Dr. H. B. N. Hynes1.
Evaluation of health promotion media campaigns

Difficulties in identifying no-treatment baselines for comparison with media effects in health promotion programming are caused by the self-selective nature of media exposure and a reliance on nonequivalent comparison groups. Two potential evaluation design solutions that avoid these problems are presented and discussed.
Abstract ES3-3: Clinical Trial Designs for New Therapies: What Endpoints Should We Use?

The selection of endpoints is critical to the interpretation of clinical trials results. In early phase clinical trials investigators seek evidence of activity, then predictors of clinical benefit, and in most randomized trials, accepted surrogates of meaningful benefit. At one extreme we may seek improvements in overall survival while in another we may be satisfied simply with evidence of tumor stabilization or changes in circulating biomarkers. In between these extremes are intermediate and composite endpoints including “partial responses”, “clinical benefit rate”, and those that are time-dependent endpoints such as disease-free or progression free survival. Many of the discussions and disagreements we hear in the context of drug development, benefit, and approval can be linked to a fundamental lack of agreement on the value and meaning of many of these endpoints. Activity of a given novel agent may, or may not, persuade some investigators, clinicians, and patients, that it is a worthwhile addition to our treatment options. On the other hand, a small but statistically significant improvement in overall survival in advanced cancer may, or may not, convince this same audience that the tested treatment is worthy of approval and use. Again, the intermediate endpoints may be unreliable or only weak predictors of more profound benefits. We will review and explore these issues considering not only the endpoints themselves but also their meaning in specific clinical settings and the impact of endpoint selection on further drug development. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr ES3-3.
Consistency of the factorial validity of the WISC-R for upper and lower SES groups

Abstract The WISC-R was factor analyzed for both upper and lower SES classifications from the standardization sample. Both two- and three-factor solutions were extracted, and these solutions generally parallel other previously reported two- and three-factor WISC-R solutions. The stability of these factors was then examined by calculating coefficients of congruence and salient variable similarity indices between matched factor pairs from the two SES groups. The three-factor solution was the most appropriate for both groups, though the two-factor solution was equally plausible. The WISC-R factor structure appears to be invariant with regard to SES.
Bronchoconstrictor responses to sulfur dioxide or sulfur dioxide plus sodium chloride droplets in allergic, nonasthmatic adolescents

Abstract Eight atopic adolescent subjects without diagnosis of clinical asthma but with signs of hyperactive airways were studied. The subjects were exposed for 30 min at rest followed by 10 min during moderate exercise on a treadmill to the following: (1) filtered air, (2) 1 mg/m 3 NaCl droplet aerosol, (3) 1 ppm SO 2 and NaCl droplet aerosol, or (4) 1 ppm SO 2 . All exposures were at 75% relative humidity and 22 °C. Exposures to either SO 2 mode produced statistically significant changes in pulmonary function, whereas sham exposures to air on NaCl did not. These results are similar to those seen earlier in a group of extrinsic asthmatic adolescent subjects and are three to 22 times greater than changes we saw in a group of normal adolescent subjects. The changes seen after inhalation of SO 2 were not statistically different from those seen after inhalation of SO 2 and NaCl droplet aerosol. Our results indicate that inhalation of 1 ppm SO 2 by a group of atopic adolescents can produce exercise-induced bronchospasm at a level of exercise that has no effect by itself.