cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heating of the interstellar medium by the solar wind

The heating of inflowing interstellar gas by the solar wind is calculated. The experimental differential cross sections have been used for calculating electron-H(He) and proton-H(He) elastic scattering rate coefficients. The solar wind is assumed to be a two-component (protons and electrons), steady, spherically symmetric stream moving radially outward, with the inflowing gas following Keplerian trajectories. The spatial distributions of effective temperature increase within interplanetary space have been obtained.
Safety and environmental aspects of the Apollo-L2 D-/sup 3/He reactor

Apollo-L2 is a D-/sup 3/He fueled tokamak reactor design that utilizes direct conversion. The reactor shield is made of steel and cooled with water. Three different austenitic steel alloys (PCA, 316 55, and Tenelon) were chosen to study the impact of material selection on the environmental and safety attractiveness of the reactor. It was found that an Apollo-L2 Tenelon structure would qualify for Class A low level waste (LLW) and hence meet the US requirements for shallow land burial. Assuming heat conduction to the magnets the highest temperature an austenitic steel structure would reach following a loss-of-coolant accident is less than 500 degrees C. However, conservative estimates for the early off-site dose were calculated based on experimental data for the volatilization of austenitic steel in dry air at temperatures ranging from 600 degrees C to 1300 degrees C. At 600 degrees C, PCA and 316 SS would result in a whole-body early off-site dose less than 14 rem. The dose released from the Tenelon structure is about 30 mrem, requiring no public evacuation plans. The Apollo-L2 steel structure could qualify for a level of safety assurance of one. >
High-speed buried tunnel junction VCSELs with high operation temperature

1.55-µm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with reduced parasitics and superior modulation bandwidth in excess of 10-OHz at 85°C are realized. Bit-rates of 17-Gb/s are demonstrated at room temperature, and error-free 12.5-0b/s is achieved up to 85°C.
Using semantic knowledge of transactions to improve recovery and availability of replicated data

Abstract Replication in distributed computing systems provides improved availability and reliability in the event of site failure and network partitioning. However, if strict mutual consistency is required, transactions can be processed in at most one partition, thereby reducing availability. We present a consistency control algorithm that relaxes strict mutual consistency criteria, and allows concurrent processing in all partitions. Inconsistency of data objects in different partitions is resolved at the time of merging the partitions when recovery occurs. The basis of our algorithm is a new merge mechanism that utilizes available semantic information about the data objects and transaction types. We present a formal proof of correctness of the algorithm. Results from a simulation model show that our algorithm performs better than a previously proposed approach that uses compensating transactions to sacrifice serializability of replicated data.
Root endophytes of lupin and some other legumes in Northwestern USA.

summary Roots of ten species of Lupinus and three other legumes collected from field soils were cleared, stained, and examined for fungal colonization. Three species were not colonized. Nine species were colonized by aseptate hyphae and vesicles attributable to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Seven species were sometimes colonized by fungi with septate hyphae, which often formed intracellular sclerotia. The associations observed are compared with previous reports and discussed in relation to legume systematics.
Exploitation of wind-energy resources in proximity to weak electric grids

Many sites with favourable wind conditions exist in proximity to relatively weak electric grids. This may imply that the sites only to a limited degree can be exploited for wind farms producing electricity due to technical constraints related to the weak grid. The paper first describes these constraints and secondly a number of ways for connecting more wind power to a weak electric grid are presented. The methods and technologies presented are relevant for all projects involving exploitation of wind energy in proximity to weak electric grids.
A half cycle static bus protection relay using instantaneous voltage measurement

A high impedance bus protection relay using thyristors and based on instantaneous voltage measurement is described. Half-cycle operating speed is achieved and power dissipation is minimized. Application is no longer limited by the kneepoint of the C.T. excitation characteristic and peak C.T. secondary voltages are accurately limited, regardless of fault magnitude.
Correlates of a Healthy Attitude toward Loving

Dietch (1978) has published an inventory to measure the degree to which a person's attitude toward love is healthy in the sense used by humanistic psychologists like Abraham Maslow and Erich Fromm.' The present studies were designed to explore correlates of healthy attitude toward love in students aged 18 to 22 yr. (1) Twenty-six women and 18 men (M.,. = 20.0, SD = 1.0) were given the Dietch attitude toward love scale and the Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1963) to measure extraversion and neuroticism. A healthy atitude toward love was associated with neuroticism scores but only for the few who reported that they were presently in love. Students with a healthier attitude to love had lower neuroticism scores (Pearson r = -0.64, one-tailed p < 0.01).3 (2) A new sample of 25 women and 25 men (M,,. = 20.4, SD = 1.1) were given the Survey of Values (Rokeach, 1973) and a measure of self-esteem (Rosenbaum, 1966) .' Scores on the measure of healthy love were not associated with the ranking of mature love on the Survey of Values (r = 0.14), but a healthier attitude to love was associated with higher self-esteem for men (r = 0.37, one-tailed p < 0.05).3 (3) A new sample of 38 men and 37 women (M.,. = 19.3, SD = 1.4) were given a measure of a romantic attitude toward love (Knox & Sporakowski, 1968) and a measure of the degree to which Maslow's five basic needs were being fulfilled (Lester, et al., 1983).a A healthy attitude toward love was not associated with having a romantic (versus a rational) attitude toward love (r = -0.13). However, those having a healthier attitude toward love had higher levels of need fulfillment: physiological needs (r = 0.28), safety needs (r = 0.32), belonging needs (7 = 0.45), esteem needs (r = 0.21), and self-actualization needs (r = 0.21) for those 65 who had been in love in their lives.'
Chemical trends of Mn4+ emission in solids

Mn4+ is known to activate red emission in many materials. However, the existing Mn4+ activated red phosphors have relatively long emission wavelengths and are therefore inefficient for general lighting purposes. Density functional calculations are performed on a large number of Mn4+ doped materials with diverse crystal structures to understand how material properties of different hosts affect the emission energy of the Mn4+ dopant. The results show that weak Mn4+–ligand hybridization generally leads to higher Mn4+ emission energies. Host materials allowing long Mn–ligand distance and/or significant distortion of bond angles around the Mn octahedral site are shown to have higher emission energies. Several new oxide host materials are found for Mn4+. Their emission energies are found to be higher than those currently known for Mn4+ doped oxides and should be closer to that of Y2O3:Eu3+, which is the current commercial red phosphor for fluorescent lighting.
KNOWLEDGE-BASED APPROACHES: SESSION INTRODUCTION

As r e s e a r c h i n n a t u r a l l a n g u a g e p r o c e s s i n g spawns c o m m e r c i a l p r o d u c t s , a s i t now b e g i n s Co, o u r r e s e a r c h communi ty a c q u i r e s new e t h i c a l and p r a c t i c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . All software packages have limitations, and research progress consists in d e v i s i n g t e c h n i q u e s t h a t l e a d t o r e d u c i n g t h e s e l i m i t a t i o n s . The re i s e v e r y r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e t h a t currently available natural language interfaces may be of significant value to those who purchase them, despite their limitations, and that their successors will be of even greater value. Our responsibility to accurately convey the limitations of existing systems, as well as their capabilities, is two-fold: an ethical responsibility t o the p u b l i c not to mislead potential consumers, and a p r a c t i c a l responsibility to each other not to destroy the credibility of f u t u r e r e s e a r c h r e s u l t s t h a t l e a d Co enhanced language p r o c e s s i n g capabilities.
Keeping adolescents safe from harm: Management strategies of African-American families in a high-risk community

Abstract In this study, we investigated changes in parents' use of restrictive and promotive management strategies from early to middle adolescence. We also examined the antecedents of these changes and their effects on adolescents' achievement and mental health. Longitudinal data included 50 African American adolescents and their parents living in a low-income school district. There were three major findings. First, parents, on average, used less restrictive and promotive management strategies from early to middle adolescence. Second, parents who experienced increased depressive symptoms reported using more restrictive management strategies from early to middle adolescence. Third, adolescents whose parents increased their use of restrictive management strategies experienced more anger and lower grade point averages, whereas adolescents whose parents increased their use of promotive management strategies experienced less anger, higher grade point averages, and less absences from early to middle adolescence. These findings suggest that increasing parents' use of promotive rather than restrictive management strategies may be more beneficial in supporting the academic achievement and mental health of adolescents living in high-risk neighborhoods.
Behavior as an Indication of an Opponent's Intentions in Collective Negotiations

This study examined whether an opponent's intentions during grievance negotiations can be accurately identified from the bargaining behavior of that person. A sample of 38 paired observations were ...
On the average large-angle grain boundary

Abstract Two forms of a simple model are developed from the idea of a homogeneous grain boundary. These are each used, the one conceptually and the other quantitatively, to describe grain boundary free energies and grain boundary migration in pure metals. The descriptions prove quantitatively successful because the data compiled for pure metals are homogeneous in nature; for equilibrium conditions, moreover, this success can be extended to problems concerning solute. Away from equilibrium (during migration for example), the presence of solute necessitates the consideration of non-homogeneity. Procedures of defining and dealing with various of these more difficult problems are outlined.
Rapamycin causes regression of astrocytomas in tuberous sclerosis complex

Objective Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder characterized by the formation of hamartomas in multiple organs. Five to 15% of affected individuals display subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, which can lead to substantial neurological and postoperative morbidity due to the production of hydrocephalus, mass effect, and their typical location adjacent to the foramen of Monro. We sought to see whether therapy with oral rapamycin could affect growth or induce regression in astrocytomas associated with TSC. Methods Five subjects with clinically definite TSC and either subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (n = 4) or a pilocytic astrocytoma (n = 1) were treated with oral rapamycin at standard immunosuppressive doses (serum levels 5–15ng/ml) from 2.5 to 20 months. All lesions demonstrated growth on serial neuroimaging studies. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed before and at regular intervals following initiation of therapy. Results All lesions exhibited regression and, in one case, necrosis. Interruption of therapy resulted in regrowth of subependymal giant cell astrocytomas in one patient. Resumption of therapy resulted in further regression. Treatment was well tolerated. Interpretation Oral rapamycin therapy can induce regression of astrocytomas associated with TSC and may offer an alternative to operative therapy of these lesions. Ann Neurol 2006
Calcium-channel blockers and beta-blockers are associated with decreased atherosclerotic plaque size and altered morphology

METHODS: Twenty-two patients with PAD underwent intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). IVUS data was analyzed with radiofrequency techniques for quantification of plaque composition, plaque volume and total vessel volume. Associations between plaque characteristics and clinical variables including age (68.8 / 19.6 years), gender (77% male), smoking (73% current smoker), hyperlipidemia (36%), diabetes (36% type I), hypertension (82%), obesity (23%) and coronary artery disease (64%) were evaluated. Similar evaluations were made with medication use including antihyperlipidemic agents (77%), beta-blockers (55%), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (45%), and calcium-channel blockers (36%). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using t-test, Pearson’s correlation, and F-tests. Results are expressed as mean / SEM.
The major histocompatibility complex-restricted antigen receptor on T cells: Distribution on thymus and peripheral T cells☆

A monoclonal antibody, KJ16-133, which binds to antigen-specific, major histocompatibility complex-restricted (Ag/MHC) receptors on about 20% of BALB/c peripheral T cells has been used to examine the expression of these receptors on thymocytes and different subpopulations of peripheral T cells. Although KJ16-133-reactive receptors were found on mature thymocytes at similar frequencies and levels as on peripheral T cells, these molecules were absent from the first cells to enter the thymus, and in less mature thymocyte populations KJ16-133-reactive cells were less frequent than in the periphery and bore lower quantities of receptor. These results showed that Ag/MHC receptors are present on the surfaces of immature thymocytes, albeit at variable levels, during the time that the repertoire of these cells for Ag/MHC is thought to be selected. Additional experiments showed that KJ16-133 could not be used to distinguish T-cell receptors with different restriction specificities, i.e., for Class I or Class II products of the MHC.
Effect of Direct Quenching on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Wear-resistant Steel

A wear-resistant steel was hot rolled at the same finish temperature, and subsequently treated with conventional reheat quenching and tempering process (RQ&T) and direct quenching and tempering process (DQ&T), respectively. The effect of direct quenching on the microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated in detail by using optical microscope, transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope equipped with electron backscattered diffraction. The results showed that the microstructures of both the RQ and DQ specimens were complex constituents of lath martensite and lower bainite. Compared with the RQ specimen, the lower bainite content in DQ specimen was much higher. Furthermore, the bainite in the DQ specimen extended into and segmented the prior austenite grains, which can decrease martensite packet size. The proportion of high-angle boundary in the DQ specimen was higher than that in the RQ specimen, which may improve the impact toughness. The carbides in DQ&T specimen were much finer and distributed even dispersively because direct quenching can retain substantive defects which may provide more nucleation sites for carbide precipitation in the tempering process. Besides, the mechanical properties of DQ and DQ&T specimens were superior than those subjected to RQ and RQ&T processes, respectively.
The use of Fourier transforms for analyzing the extended fine structure above appearance potential thresholds

Abstract The problem of calculating the geometrically-induced, extended fine structure above electron-excited apprearance potential spectroscopy (APS) thresholds is described and it is shown that differentiating the result with respect to the incident beam energy leads to an expression similar to that for extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). The dominant contribution to the APS extended fine structure occurs when one of the final state electrons is “pinned” at threshold. The momentum of the other final state electron is thus a unique Fourier transform variable for data analysis. On this basis, it was assumed that the APS extended fine structure could be represented as a sum of sinusoidally varying terms as in EXAFS. Model calculations assuming a constant “bare” excitation matrix element, a spherically symmetric electronic density of states, and S-wave scattering from the atomic cores were performed to test this assumption. The results show that multiple scattering effects primarily introduce an overall phase shift into the calculated curves which makes them look quite different than curves calculated in the single scattering limit. However, this does not affect the Fourier transform procedure and the model calculations indicate that it may be feasible to simply extract at least the nearest-neighbor spacing from the APS extended fine structure.
Large-scale bulk motions complicate the hubble diagram

We investigate the extent to which correlated distortions of the luminosity distance-redshift relation due to large-scale bulk flows limit the precision with which cosmological parameters can be measured. In particular, peculiar velocities of type 1a supernovae at low redshifts, $zl0.2$, may prevent a sufficient calibration of the Hubble diagram necessary to measure the dark energy equation of state to better than 10%, and diminish the resolution of the equation of state time-derivative projected for planned surveys. We consider similar distortions of the angular-diameter distance, as well as the Hubble constant. We show that the measurement of correlations in the large-scale bulk flow at low redshifts using these distance indicators may be possible with a cumulative signal-to-noise ratio of order 7 in a survey of 300 type 1a supernovae spread over 20 000 square degrees.
The sampling and estimation of marine paleodiversity patterns: implications of a Pliocene model

Data that accurately capture the spatial structure of biodiversity are required for many paleobiological questions, from assessments of changing provinciality and the role of geographic ranges in extinction and originations, to estimates of global taxonomic or morphological diversity through time. Studies of temporal changes in diversity and global biogeographic patterns have attempted to overcome fossil sampling biases through sampling standardization protocols, but such approaches must ultimately be limited by available literature and museum collections. One approach to evaluating such limits is to compare results from the fossil record with models of past diversity patterns informed by modern relationships between diversity and climatic factors. Here we use present-day patterns for marine bivalves, combined with data on the geologic ages and distributions of extant taxa, to develop a model for Pliocene diversity patterns, which is then compared with diversity patterns retrieved from the literature as compiled by the Paleobiology Database (PaleoDB). The published Pliocene bivalve data (PaleoDB) lack the first-order spatial structure required to generate the modern biogeography within the time available (<3 Myr). Instead, the published data (raw and standardized) show global diversity maxima in the Tropical West Atlantic, followed closely by a peak in the cool-temperate East Atlantic. Either today's tropical West Pacific diversity peak, double that of any other tropical region, is a purely Pleistocene phenomenon—highly unlikely given the geologic ages of extant genera and the topology of molecular phylogenies—or the paleontological literature is such a distorted sample of tropical Pliocene diversity that current sampling standardization methods cannot compensate for existing biases. A rigorous understanding of large-scale spatial and temporal diversity patterns will require new approaches that can compensate for such strong bias, presumably by drawing more fully on our understanding of the factors that underlie the deployment of diversity today.
Antibody transmission from mother to fetus

Passive immunity is the acquisition of specific antibody or sensitized lymphocytes from other individuals without exposure to antigen. Such immunity is usually tmnsient but can provide important antibacterial protection, particularly during the first year of a child’s life. Specific maternal immunoglobulin (1g)G antibodies cross the pla centa largely in the last trimester of pregnancy and help the infant to mobilize additional defense mechanisms which facilitate elimination of invading microorganisms. There is an active transfer of maternal IgG involving Fey receptors in the placenta [ 11. The efficiency of transport vat&s somewhat among the four human IgG subclasses, IgG2 being the least actively transferred.
Ureterocalicostomy to Salvage a Renal Allograft with Pyeloureteral Necrosis

Necrosis of an allograft's renal pelvis and ureter is an uncommon but potentially devastating complication of renal transplantation. Although its occurrence may result in significant morbidity—including graft loss—or mortality, reconstruction of the collecting system may save the transplanted kidney. We present a case of successful renal allograft salvage despite necrosis of the renal pelvis and ureter, utilizing a modified ureterocalicostomy.
Fatty Acid Binding Protein: Stimulation of Microsomal Phosphatidic Acid Formation

The effect of fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) on two key steps of microsomal phosphatidic acid formation was examined. Rat liver microsomes were purified by size-exclusion chromatography to remove endogenous cytosolic fatty acid and fatty acyl-CoA binding proteins while recombinant FABPs were used to avoid cross-contamination with such proteins from native tissue. Neither rat liver (L-FABP) nor rat intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) stimulated liver microsomal fatty acyl-CoA synthase. In contrast, L-FABP and I-FABP enhanced microsomal conversion of [14C]oleoyl-CoA and glycerol 3-phosphate to [14C]phosphatidic acid by 18- and 7-fold, respectively. The mechanism for this stimulation, especially by I-FABP, is not known. However, several observations presented here suggest that, like L-FABP, I-FABP may interact with fatty acyl-CoA and thereby stimulate enzyme activity. First, I-FABP decreased microsomal membrane-bound oleoyl-CoA. Second, oleoyl-CoA displaced I-FABP bound fluorescent fatty acid,cis-parinaric acid, withKiof 5.3 μmand 1.1 sites. Third, oleoyl-CoA decreased I-FABP tryptophan fluorescence with aKdof 4.2 μm. Fourth, oleoyl-CoA red shifted emission spectra of acrylodated I-FABP, a sensitive marker of I-FABP interactions with ligands. In summary, the results demonstrate for the first time that both L-FABP and I-FABP stimulate liver microsomal phosphatidic acid formation by enhancing synthesis of phosphatidate from fatty acyl-CoA and glycerol 3-phosphate.
Performance, subjective, and physiological effects of nicotine in non-smokers

Sixteen human volunteers with little or no experience using tobacco participated in one 4.5-h experimental session in which they were administered three doses of nicotine polacrilex gum (0, 2 and 4 mg) in ascending order at 90-min intervals. Physiological, subjective, and cognitive performance measures were assessed before and after each dose. Nicotine produced dose-related increases in heart rate and blood pressure and decreases in skin temperature. Nicotine also increased subjective ratings of dose strength and negative effects and decreased ratings of desire to repeat the same dose. There were dose-related trends toward decreased accuracy and increased response time on 3 of the 4 cognitive tests. These data do not support the hypothesis that nicotine enhances cognitive functioning in non-smokers.
Application of grating light reflection spectroscopy in analytical sensors

A new optical analytical chemical method for measuring concentrations in liquids and gases is described. The method is based on measurements of light reflection from diffraction gratings in contact with the sample. Features in the reflection spectrum are directly related to the complex dielectric constant of the sample solution.
Outcomes Assessment: Sharing Responsibilities

The need for assessment methodologies has become more pressing in recent years, and, as such, the new criteria for accrediting programs in engineering in the United States developed and implemented by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology in Baltimore makes it clear that schools must address these issues. Implementing this methodology will require multiple measures administered over a long period of time and will require engineering faculty and administrators to devote a considerable amount of effort and energy. Because over 50% of undergraduate engineering course work is taken outside of the College of Engineering, it would seem feasible that engineering faculty could establish cooperative efforts with these service course providers to assist the College of Engineering in its efforts to achieve its educational goals and in assessing the outcomes of its various engineering programs. In this paper the rationale for sharing the outcome assessment as well as how the specific sharing can be a...
STAMP: Ad hoc spatial-temporal provenance assurance for mobile users

Location-based services are quickly becoming immensely popular. In addition to services based on users' current location, many potential services rely on users' location history, or their spatial-temporal provenance. Malicious users may lie about their spatial-temporal provenance without a carefully designed security system for users to prove their past locations. In this paper, we present the Spatial-Temporal provenance Assurance with Mutual Proofs (STAMP) scheme. In contrast to most existing location proof systems which rely on infrastructure like wireless APs, STAMP is based on co-located mobile devices mutually generating location proofs for each other. This makes STAMP desirable for a wider range of applications. STAMP ensures the integrity and non-transferability of the location proofs and protects users' privacy. We also examine different collusion scenarios and propose a light-weight entropy-based trust evaluation approach to detect fake proofs resulting from collusion attacks. Our prototype implementation on the Android platform shows that STAMP is low-cost in terms of computational and storage resources. Extensive simulation experiments show that our entropy-based trust model is able to achieve high (> 0.9) collusion detection accuracy.
Requirements for α5β1Integrin-mediated Retraction of Fibronectin-Fibrin Matrices

Retraction of the blood clot by nucleated cells contributes both to hemostasis and to tissue remodeling. Although plasma fibronectin (FN) is a key component of the clot, its role in clot retraction is unclear. In this report, we demonstrate that the incorporation of FN into fibrin matrices significantly improves clot retraction by nucleated cells expressing the integrin α5β1. Further, we show that FN-fibrin clots support increased cell spreading when compared with fibrin matrices. To determine the structural requirements for FN in this process, recombinant FN monomers deficient in ligand binding or fibrin cross-linking were incorporated into fibrin clots. We show that recombinant FN monomers support clot retraction by Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the integrin α5β1. This process depends on both the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) and the synergy cell-binding sites and on covalent FN-fibrin binding, demonstrating that cross-linking within the clot is important for cell-FN interactions. These data show that α5β1 can bind to FN within a clot to promote clot retraction and support cell shape change. This provides strong evidence that α5β1-FN interactions may contribute to the cellular events required for wound contraction.
Trisomy 15, Sex Chromosome Loss, and Hematological Malignancy

We report 6 patients with myelodysplasia who, on routine cytogenetic studies, demonstrated trisomy 15. Four of these also had sex chromosome loss. A review of the literature revealed 6 other cases of trisomy 15 with sex chromosome loss and 22 cases of trisomy 15 as the sole chromosomal abnormality. All cases had hematologic malignancy or myelodysplasia. Trisomy 15 is uncommon but tends to be associated with myelodysplasia in older subjects, and with sex chromosome loss in about one third of cases.
Wound healing in the corneal epithelium in diabetic and normal rats

Abstract The rate and mode of corneal wound healing in severely diabetic rats were studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Diabetes mellitus was induced in 52 rats by alloxan injection, and 52 nondiabetic rats were used as controls. After 3 weeks, a nonpenetrating razor-blade wound was made in the central cornea of both eyes in 48 diabetic and 48 normal rats. The incision passed through the epithelium and into the stroma. The effects of diabetes on the unwounded cornea were observed by comparison with corneas from eight unwounded rats (four diabetic and four normal). Whole corneas from wounded diabetic and normal rats were studied at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hr and at 2–7 days after wounding. The rate and mode of healing were not found to differ between diabetics and normals. The surfaces of corneal wounds in both groups appeared to be completely healed and indistinguishable from the surrounding unwounded epithelium after 24 hr. The epithelial cells involved in the initial healing process were derived primarily from the layer of wing cells which progressed across the wound close to the connective-tissue base. Only in the final stages of healing, after the wound had been filled by the deeper epithelial cells, did superficial epithelial cells migrate. There appeared to be more exfoliating superficial epithelial cells over the entire cornea in diabetic rats than in normals. Because the healing of central corneal incisions occurs initially and primarily by sliding of the deeper epithelial cells, and because the diabetic condition appears to be associated with increased exfoliation of surface cells, the healing of central incisions may be less affected by diabetes than the healing of defects of the whole corneal surface, where the superficial epithelial cells have been reported to be the main migratory cells in the initial healing process and where healing in diabetics is delayed.
Acute interstitial nephritis: etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is an important and common cause of acute kidney injury, particularly in hospitalized patients. The classic presentation of AIN includes fever, rash, arthralgias,...
Use of the intubating laryngeal mask airway by medical and nonmedical personnel.

The intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA) is a newly available device designed to allow for blind endotracheal intubation and treatment of patients with difficult airways. We studied the intubation success rates and speed with initial use of this device on an intubation manikin to determine whether this device might be easily used by trained and untrained personnel. Rapid and successful intubation with a device requiring limited or no training could have widespread implications for both health care providers and laypersons. The study consisted of 2 parts. In part 1, health care providers with intubation experience, health care providers without prior intubation experience, and nonmedical personnel were instructed to enter a room and intubate a manikin using the ILMA. A single page set of schematic directions was provided within the ILMA setup. The main outcomes were the intubation success rate and the time required for successful ventilation and intubation. In part 2, participants were retested after a standardized <60 second device demonstration. The 111 participants in the study included 44 emergency physicians (40%), 21 anesthesiologists (19%), and 46 other medical or nonmedical personnel (41%). On first attempted use of the device, and with no prior training, 59% of all participants successfully intubated the manikin. Attending and resident physicians had an 83% initial success rate. The median time to ventilation was 47 seconds, and the median time from ventilation until intubation was 29 seconds. Following the <60 second demonstration, 108 of 111 (97%) participants achieved success, with the median time to ventilation 18 seconds, and the median time from ventilation until intubation 17 seconds. All attending and resident physicians succeeded in intubation following the demonstration. Success rates on first attempt correlated with level of training, prior intubation experience, and prior LMA use (all P < .001). After a <60 second demonstration, medical and nonmedical personnel with and without prior intubation training can successfully use the ILMA to rapidly establish an airway in a manikin model. The ILMA should be further studied to determine if it may permit endotracheal intubation by first responders, paramedical personnel, and other medical staff with limited or no laryngoscopy skills.
Is general relativity an "already parametrized" theory?

Beginning with the work of Dirac and of Arnowitt, Deser, and Misner in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and then after subsequent development by Kucha\ifmmode \check{r}\else \v{r}\fi{}, the canonical dynamical structure of general relativity has often been viewed as that of a parametrized field theory in which the many-fingered spacetime variables are hidden among the geometrodynamical field variables. This paradigm of general relativity as an "already parametrized" theory forms the basis for one of the most satisfactory resolutions of the problems of time and observables in classical and quantum gravity. However, despite decades of effort, no identification of many-fingered spacetime variables has ever been satisfactorily obtained for vacuum general relativity. We point out that there is an obstruction to identifying the constraint surface of general relativity (for the case of a closed universe) with that of any parametrized theory. Therefore, strictly speaking, general relativity cannot be viewed as a parametrized field theory. We discuss implications for the canonical quantization program.
IMP dehydrogenase: Inhibition by the anti-leukemic drug, tiazofurin

Abstract Tiazofurin through its active metabolite thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD) inhibits IMP dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of GTP biosynthesis. IMP dehydrogenase activity in human leukemic cell extracts (33.4 ± 0.1 nmol/h/mg protein) was increased 11-fold compared to normal leukocytes (3.1 ± 0.5). Km values for IMP and NAD+ of leukemic IMP dehydrogenase were 22.7 and 44.0 μM, respectively. XMP inhibited competitively with IMP and noncompetitively with NAD+. NADH exerted mixed type inhibition with respect to both IMP and NAD+. The inhibitory pattern of TAD was quite similar to that of NADH; however, the affinity of TAD to leukemic IMP dehydrogenase (Ki = 0.1 μM) was three orders of magnitude higher than the natural product NADH (Ki = 150 μM). These results contribute to an understanding of the mechanism of action of tiazofurin in the treatment of leukemia.
Overcoming the problems of variable interaction: Notes regarding empirical and conceptual issues in innovation theory building

Innovation research has been characterized by findings which are either considered unstable or inconsistent. This article addresses some of the methodological issues that arise when one attempts to test interactive models of innovation, describes how one particular algorithm — AID-3 — can be used to refine the use of general linear models, and proposes a research strategy based on a building mode of innovation theory. As such it functions as a “how to” for those interested in designing innovation studies and also as a theoretical piece aimed at re-organizing the goals and outputs of innovation research.
Developing convective heat transfer in deep rectangular microchannels

Abstract Experimental results have been obtained for single-phase forced convection in deep rectangular microchannels. Two configurations were tested, a single channel system and a multiple channel system. The two systems are identical except for the lack of extended surfaces in the single channel system. In the case of the multiple channel system the channels are 251 μm wide and the channel walls are 119 μm thick. In both systems the channels are approximately 1000 μm deep and define a projected area of 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm. All tests were performed with deionized water as the working fluid, where the Reynolds number ranged from 173 to 12 900. The experimentally obtained local Nusselt number agrees reasonably well with classical developing channel flow theory. Furthermore, the results show that, in terms of flow and heat transfer characteristics, our microchannel system designed for developing laminar flow outperforms the comparable single channel system designed for turbulent flow.
Comparative analysis of six XML schema languages

As XML [5] is emerging as the data format of the internet era, there is an substantial increase of the amount of data in XML format. To better describe such XML data structures and constraints, several XML schema languages have been proposed. In this paper, we present a comparative analysis of six noteworthy XML schema languages.
Nucleotide excision repair gene polymorphisms, meat intake and colon cancer risk.

Abstract Purpose Much of the DNA damage from colon cancer-related carcinogens, including heterocyclic amines (HCA) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from red meat cooked at high temperature, are repaired by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. Thus, we examined whether NER non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) modified the association between red meat intake and colon cancer risk. Methods The study consists of 244 African-American and 311 white colon cancer cases and population-based controls (331 African Americans and 544 whites) recruited from 33 counties in North Carolina from 1996 to 2000. Information collected by food frequency questionnaire on meat intake and preparation methods were used to estimate HCA and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP, a PAH) intake. We tested 7 nsSNPs in 5 NER genes: XPC A499V and K939Q, XPD D312N and K751Q, XPF R415Q, XPG D1104H, and RAD23B A249V. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression. Results Among African Americans, we observed a statistically significant positive association between colon cancer risk and XPC 499 AV + VV genotype (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.7, AA as referent), and an inverse association with XPC 939 QQ (OR = 0.3, 95%CI: 0.2, 0.8, KK as referent). These associations were not observed among whites. For both races combined, there was interaction between the XPC 939 genotype, well-done red meat intake and colon cancer risk (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0, 2.2 for high well-done red meat and KK genotype as compared to low well-done red meat and KK genotype, pinteraction = 0.05). Conclusions Our data suggest that NER nsSNPs are associated with colon cancer risk and may modify the association between well-done red meat intake and colon cancer risk.
Academic Admission Requirements as Predictors of Counseling Knowledge, Personal Development, and Counseling Skills

The authors investigated whether undergraduates' scores on the Verbal and Quantitative tests of the Graduate Record Examinations and their undergraduate grade point average can be used to predict knowledge, personal development, and skills of graduates of counseling programs. Multiple regression analysis produced significant models predicting total Skilled Counselor Scale (S. Urbani et al., 2002) scores and total Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Examination (Center for Credentialing and Education, 2005) scores. No significant prediction model was found for the Counselor Skills and Personal Development Rating Form (M. P. Wilbur, 1991) Personal Factors scores. It is concluded that educators should recognize the limitations of these admission criteria and assign a weight to them on the basis of what they can and cannot predict.
An investigation of the effect of free association strength on the learning of syntagmatic word pairs

The present experiment was conducted to examine the effect of free association strength (FAS) on the learning of noun phrases (NPs) and verb phrases (VPs). The experiment also examined whether NPs or VPs of various FAS levels function as do single nouns or verbs when used as responses in a paired-associate task. The stimuli were nonsense syllables and the responses were either single nouns, single verbs, NPs, or VPs. The phrases were high FAS word pairs, low FAS word pairs or nonassociated word pairs. For NPs, the high FAS phrases were learned with fewer errors than the low FAS phrases and nonassociated phrases, and the low phrases were learned with fewer errors than the nonassociated phrases. For VPs, no difference was found between the high and low phrases, but both the high and low FAS phrases were learned with fewer errors than the nonassociated phrases. High FAS noun phrases functioned like single nouns. The low FAS noun phrases and nonassociated noun phrases did not function like single units. For VPs, both the high and low FAS phrases functioned like single verbs, while the nonassociated verb phrases did not.
Synthesis of (+/-)-eusynstyelamide A.

The synthesis of (±)-eusynstyelamide A has been accomplished in six steps in 13% overall yield from 6-bromoindole, methyl glycidate, and Boc-protected agmatine. If oxygen is carefully excluded from the reaction, the key NaOH-catalyzed aldol dimerization of the α-ketoamide proceeded efficiently to give Boc-protected eusynstyelamide A.
Vibrational spectra of rings in vitreous silica

Abstract We compute the local density-of-states associated with the coherent oxygen breathing motion of three and four membered rings in vitreous silica. While some individual rings have sharp responses with widths as small as 8 cm -1 , the system as a whole will not have as sharp a response as observed experimentally in the D 1 and D 2 “defect lines” unless the rings are very homogeneous in shape .
Optical see-through HMD calibration: a stereo method validated with a video see-through system

We present initial results from ongoing work to calibrate optical see-through head-mounted displays (HMDs). We have developed a method to calibrate stereoscopic optical see-through HMDs based on the 3D alignment of a target in the physical world with a virtual object in the user's view. This is an extension of the single point active alignment method (SPAAM) (Tuceryan and Navab, 2000) developed for monocular HMDs. Going from the monocular to the stereoscopic optical HMDs for calibration purposes is not straightforward. This is in part due to the perceptual complexity of the stereo fusion process bringing up completely new challenges including the choice of the shape of the virtual object, the physical target and how to display the virtual object without any knowledge of the characteristics of the HMD and eye combination, i.e. the projection model. We have addressed these issues and proposed a solution for the calibration problem which we have validated through experiments on the see-through HMD system described in (Sauer et al., 2000). By experimenting, we have found the appropriate type of virtual objects and physical features to be used in the 3D alignment. Furthermore, we have measured how good the alignment and calibration actually are.
Microarray data quality analysis: lessons from the AFGC project

Genome-wide expression profiling with DNA microarrays has and will provide a great deal of data to the plant scientific community. However, reliability concerns have required the development data quality tests for common systematic biases. Fortunately, most large-scale systematic biases are detectable and some are correctable by normalization. Technical replication experiments and statistical surveys indicate that these biases vary widely in severity and appearance. As a result, no single normalization or correction method currently available is able to address all the issues. However, careful sequence selection, array design, experimental design and experimental annotation can substantially improve the quality and biological of microarray data. In this review, we discuss these issues with reference to examples from the Arabidopsis Functional Genomics Consortium (AFGC) microarray project.
Sensor fault detection and identification in a mobile robot

Multiple model adaptive estimation (MMAE) is used to detect and identify sensor failures in a mobile robot. Each estimator is a Kalman filter with a specific embedded failure model. The filter bank also contains one filter which has the nominal model embedded within it. The filter residuals are postprocessed to produce a probabilistic interpretation of the operation of the system. The output of the system at any given time is the confidence in the correctness of the various embedded models. As an additional feature the standard assumption that the measurements are available at a constant, common frequency, is relaxed. Measurements are assumed to be asynchronous and of varying frequency. The particularly difficult case of 'soft' sensor failure is also handled successfully. A system architecture is presented for the general problem of failure detection and identification in mobile robots. As an example, the MMAE algorithm is demonstrated on a Pioneer I robot in the case of three different sensor failures.
The Cache Inference Problem and its Application to Content and Request Routing

In many networked applications, independent caching agents cooperate by servicing each other's miss streams, without revealing the operational details of the caching mechanisms they employ. Inference of such details could be instrumental for many other processes. For example, it could be used for optimized forwarding (or routing) of one's own miss stream (or content) to available proxy caches, or for making cache-aware resource management decisions. In this paper, we introduce the cache inference problem (CIP) as that of inferring the characteristics of a caching agent, given the miss stream of that agent. While CIP is insolvable in its most general form, there are special cases of practical importance in which it is, including when the request stream follows an independent reference model (IRM) with generalized power-law (GPL) demand distribution. To that end, we design two basic "litmus" tests that are able to detect the LFU and LRU replacement policies, the effective size of the cache and of the object universe, and the skewness of the GPL demand for objects. Using extensive experiments under synthetic as well as real traces, we show that our methods infer such characteristics accurately and quite efficiently, and that they remain robust even when the IRM/GPL assumptions do not hold, and even when the underlying replacement policies are not "pure" LFU or LRU. We demonstrate the value of our inference framework by considering example applications.
Montaging electron micrographs

The preparation of overlapping electron micrographs (particularly from transmission electron microscopy) requires special forethought in planning, exceptional skills in microscopy and photographic techniques, as well as in display preparations which are unique in their handling and execution. In this report, step-by-step instructions are given on specimen preparation, micrography, darkroom printing, and mounting for montage display purposes.