cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relaxation of DF(v = 1) by various polyatomic molecules

By means of the technique of laser-induced fluorescence, the room-temperature vibrational relaxation of DF(v = 1) has been studied in the presence of several polyatomic chaperones. The rate coefficients obtained [in units of (μ;sec·torr)−1] are CH4, 0.22; C2H6, 0.61; C4H10, 1.26; C2H2, 4.0 × 10−2; C2H2F2, 1.86 × 10−2; C2H4, 0.175; CH3F, 0.36; CF3H, 1.95 × 10−2; CF4, 1.0 × 10−3; CBrF3, 5.6 × 10−4; NF3, 5.1 × 10−4; SO2, 1.27 × 10−2; and BF3, 7.1 × 10−3. Results are also reported for vibrational relaxation rate coefficients for HF(v = 1) in the presence of the following chaperones: CH4, 2.6 × 10−2; C2H6, 5.9 × 10−2; C3H8, 8.4 × 10−2; and C4H10, 0.128. A comparison of DF and HF results indicates that for deactivation by CnHn+2, rate coefficients for DF are approximately an order of magnitude larger than for HF. The deactivation rate coefficient of DF(v = 1) by CH4 was found to decrease with increasing temperature between 300 and 740°K.
Complex formation between humic acid and clays as revealed by gel filtration and infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Complex formation between pure silicate clay minerals and humic acid (HA) extracted from a Eustis loamy sand (Psammentic Paleudult) was investigated by i.r. spectroscopy and Sephadex G50 and G25 gel filtration. Gel filtration of humic acid after treatment with clay resulted in the separation of normal amounts of high m.w., but reduced concentrations of low m.w. HA. This observation suggested that only the low m.w. fraction of HA was adsorbed by silicate clays. As compared to i.r. spectrograms of original HA, humic acid remaining in solution after interaction with clay exhibited i.r. curves with new bands at 940 and 840 cm −1 for O-Al-OH vibrations and increased absorption in the 1050, 1400 and 1620 cm −1 regions for Si-O and COO − stretching vibrations, respectively. The absorption band for Si-O was retained by the i.r. spectrum of the high m.w. fraction of HA, and the O-Al-OH absorption by that of low m.w. HA. The latter showed in addition the strong band for COO − stretching vibrations.
A Simple Technique for the Permanent Marking of Newborn Albino Rats

Routine methods of marking rats cannot be used for identifying litter members at, or shortly after, birth, nor can they be effectively applied until a few weeks later. Injection of India ink under ...
Opposite effects of dibutyryl adenosine 3':5' cyclic monophosphate and serum on growth of Chinese hamster cells.

The effect of dibutyryl adenosine cyclic 3′:5′ monophosphate and testosterone on growth, response to serum and transport properties of Chinese hamster ovary cells was studied. There was a marked depression of growth in the presence of both compounds. A change of medium was sufficient to permit a partially synchronized burst of growth of the treated cells either in the presence or absence of dibutyryl adenosine cyclic 3′:5′ monophosphate plus testosterone. However, in the presence of these compounds a second round of cell division was prevented. Initiation of the cell cycle by cells exposed to dibutyryl adenosine cyclic 3′:5′ monophosphate plus testosterone displayed a greater serum requirement than untreated cells. It is concluded that serum and cyclic AMP could have antagonistic interactions in growth regulation. The treated cells had a reduced ability to accumulate amino-isobutyrate and glutamine, but no difference was observed with uridine uptake. The data suggest that a functional alteration of the membrane is induced by the exposure to dibutyrl adenosine cyclic 3′:5′ monophosphate plus testosterone.
Demographic and socio‐economic differences between men seeking infertility evaluation and those seeking surgical sterilization: from the National Survey of Family Growth

Objective To identify differences in demographic and socio-economic factors between men seeking infertility evaluation and those undergoing vasectomy, to address disparities in access to these services. Patients and Methods Data from Cycle 6 and Cycle 7 (2002 and 2006–2008) of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) were reviewed. The NSFG is a multistage probability survey designed to capture a nationally representative sample of households with men and women aged 15–45 years in the USA. The variables analysed included age, body mass index, self-reported health, alcohol use, race, religious affiliation, marital status, number of offspring, educational attainment, income level, insurance status and metropolitan home designation. Our primary outcome was the correlation of these demographic and socio-economic factors with evaluation for male infertility or vasectomy. Results Of the 11 067 men identified through the NSFG, 466 men (4.2%) sought infertility evaluation, representing 2 187 455 men nationally, and 326 (2.9%) underwent a vasectomy, representing 1 510 386 men nationally. Those seeking infertility evaluation were more likely to be younger and have fewer children (P = 0.001, 0.001) and less likely to be currently married (78 vs 74%; P = 0.010) or ever married (89 vs 97%; P = 0.002). Men undergoing a vasectomy were more likely to be white (86 vs 70%; P = 0.001). Men seeking infertility evaluation were more likely to have a college or graduate degree compared with men undergoing a vasectomy (68 vs 64%; P = 0.015). There was no difference between the two groups for all other variables. Conclusion While differences in demographic characteristics such as age, offspring number and marital status were identified, measures of health, socio-economic status, religion and insurance were similar between men undergoing vasectomy and those seeking infertility services. These factors help characterize the utilization of male reproductive health services in the USA and may help address disparities in access to these services and improve public health strategies.
LOCAL PUBLIC GOODS AND SPATIAL EQUILIBRIUM IN AN IDEAL URBAN CENTRE

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The analysis carried out in this paper may be summarized as follows. As in other contributions to mathematical land-use theory, we suppose that (a) an ideal urban centre is located on a homogeneous plane inhabited by households identical in tastes and income, (b) all jobs are located at a central location and all land is residential land, (c) the households are rational and strive to maximize a utility function subject to the condition that their income is not exceeded, (d) the purpose of the analysis is to identify spatial patterns of the system’s variables that are produced by the rational behaviour of the households in the ideal urban centre. However, here, a local public economy is also defined. The households consume a local public good specified in hours of work by public employees per unit of residential land. The aggregate quantity of public good is such that it optimizeseach household’s utility and corresponds to a balanced city budget, because
Attention Biases Towards and Away from Threat Mark the Relation between Early Dysregulated Fear and the Later Emergence of Social Withdrawal

Fearful temperament, mostly studied as behavioral inhibition (BI), has been extensively associated with social withdrawal in childhood and the later emergence of anxiety disorders, especially social anxiety disorder (SAD). Recent studies have characterized a distinct type of fearful temperament marked by high levels of fear in low threat situations – labeled dysregulated fear. Dysregulated fear has been related to SAD over and above risks associated with BI. However, the mechanism by which dysregulated fear is related to SAD has not been studied. Cognitive mechanisms, such as attentional bias towards threat, may be a possible conduit. We examined differences in attentional bias towards threat in six-year-olds who displayed a pattern of dysregulated fear at age two (N = 23) compared with children who did not display dysregulated fear (N = 33). Moreover, we examined the concurrent relation between attentional bias and social withdrawal. Results indicated that children characterized by dysregulated fear showed a significant bias away from threat, and that this bias was significantly different from the children without dysregulated fear, who showed no significant bias. Moreover, attentional bias towards threat was positively related to social withdrawal only for the dysregulated fear group. These results are discussed in consideration of the existing knowledge of attentional bias to threat in the developmental and pediatric anxiety literatures, as well as recent studies that find important heterogeneity in attentional bias.
A Gas Chromatographic/Chemical Indicator Approach to Assessing Ground Water Contamination by Petroleum Products

The water-soluble fractions of unleaded gasoline, kerosene and diesel fuel were evaluated by U.S. EPA Methods 602, 610, and 625. Several chemical indicator compounds useful in assessing petroleum contamination of ground water, including benzene, substituted benzenes, n-alkanes, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, were identified. These were applied to the interpretation of data collected from monitoring wells at gasoline service stations that were undergoing ground water remediation. The chemical indicators are used to identify the likely type(s) of petroleum contamination. Certain hydrocarbons may be unique to specific fuel types. Gas chromatograms of field sample extracts were compared with chromatograms of laboratory water-soluble fractions (WSFs) and neat fuels (unleaded gasoline, kerosene, and diesel). In some situations, field samples represented water-soluble fractions of the contaminating fuel. In others, a fuel-water agglomeration was indicated, with the chromatograms showing peaks that represented components of both the WSFs and the neat fuels. The use of both gas chromatography pattern identification and chemical indicators appears to be a viable approach to assessing ground water contamination caused by petroleum products.
Polypyrrole nanoribbon based chemiresistive immunosensors for viral plant pathogen detection

Label-free chemiresistive sensors based on a polypyrrole (PPy) nanoribbon (width: 500 nm, thickness: 25–100 nm) were batch-fabricated by a lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE) technique. A plant pathogen specific antibody was covalently conjugated on the surface of the structure via N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC)/N-hydrosuccinimide (NHS) crosslinking. The sensing performance was investigated by the detection of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). The sensitivity of the nano-immunosensors was enhanced by reducing the electrical conductivity from 1 to 0.005 S cm−1 or by decreasing the thickness of the nanoribbon from 100 nm to 25 nm. The reduction in the ionic strength of the pH buffer solutions (i.e., 10 mM PBS to 10 mM PB) also enhanced the sensitivity. However, the reliability and reproducibility of the sensors were significantly reduced by the buffer change. The optimum sensor showed excellent sensitivity with a low and upper detection limit of 10 ng ml−1 and 100 μg ml−1, respectively, which is much lower than the low detection limit of traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) (i.e., 3 μg ml−1).
The feedback loop between theory, simulation and experiment for plasticity and property modeling

Abstract Recent advances in theory, simulation and experiment are leading to new capabilities for understanding and characterizing the relation between dislocation substructure evolution and materials properties and performance. With the emergence of large-scale computational capabilities, techniques such as three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics simulations are providing new insights to a range of materials deformation phenomena. Such simulations provide direct measures of dislocation motion and substructure development at small and continuously increasing length scales and time scales. Concurrently, the advent of new experimental techniques promises to revolutionize our ability to directly characterize dislocation substructures and their relationship to the microstructure of a range of material systems. Taken by themselves, the simulations and experiments will greatly advance our understanding of materials behavior. We argue, however, that close linkage of the two will provide critically needed validation and enable progress in solving some of the most challenging problems of plasticity, thereby profoundly impacting our ability to predict properties and performance of materials in engineered systems.
Anaerobic degradation of citrate under sulfate reducing and methanogenic conditions

Citrate is an important component of metal processing effluents such as chemical mechanical planarization wastewaters of the semiconductor industry. Citrate can serve as an electron donor for sulfate reduction applied to promote the removal of metals, and it can also potentially be used by methanogens that coexist in anaerobic biofilms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the degradation of citrate with sulfate-reducing and methanogenic biofilms. During batch bioassays, the citrate, acetate, methane and sulfide concentrations were monitored. The results indicate that independent of the biofilm or incubation conditions used, citrate was rapidly fermented with specific rates ranging from 566 to 720 mg chemical oxygen demand (COD) consumed per gram volatile suspended solids per day. Acetate was found to be the main fermentation product of citrate degradation, which was later degraded completely under either methanogenic or sulfate reducing conditions. However, if either sulfate reduction or methanogenesis was infeasible due to specific inhibitors (2-bromoethane sulfonate), absence of sulfate or lack of adequate microorganisms in the biofilm, acetate accumulated to levels accounting for 90–100% of the citrate-COD consumed. Based on carbon balances measured in phosphate buffered bioassays, acetate, CO2 and hydrogen are the main products of citrate fermentation, with a molar ratio of 2:2:1 per mol of citrate, respectively. In bicarbonate buffered bioassays, acetogenesis of H2 and CO2 increased the yield of acetate. The results taken as a whole suggest that in anaerobic biofilm systems, citrate is metabolized via the formation of acetate as the main metabolic intermediate prior to methanogenesis or sulfate reduction. Sulfate reducing consortia must be enriched to utilize acetate as an electron donor in order to utilize the majority of the electron-equivalents in citrate.
Retrograde nasal intubation via the cleft in Pierre-Robin Sequence neonates: A case series

Pierre-Robin Sequence, the triad of glossoptosis, micrognathia and cleft palate, provides a challenge in airway management both in and out of the operating room. Transnasal intubation is greatly preferred during its surgical intervention for maximum oral exposure in these very small patients without the added encumbrance of an oral endotracheal tube. From 2001 to 2009, three neonates with Pierre-Robin Sequence who underwent surgery to improve their airway had a novel method of securing a transnasal airway performed in the operating theater. After successful placement of a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) and subsequent endotracheal intubation via the LMA, this technique was used to convert from an oral to a nasal intubation. After the LMA is removed, a smaller endotracheal tube is placed into the nose and out of the mouth via the cleft in each of these patients. This smaller tube is then telescoped into the larger one and secured with suture. Both tubes are subsequently backed out of the nose in a retrograde fashion and disarticulated so that the now transnasal endotracheal tube can be re-connected to the anesthesia circuit. This case series highlights a rapid technique utilizing the patient's congenital defect for securing a transnasal airway alternative to that of transnasal fiberoptic intubation in Pierre-Robin Sequence neonates.
Gain and exposure scheduling to compensate for photorefractive neural-network weight decay.

A gain and exposure schedule that theoretically eliminates the effect of photorefractive weight decay for the general class of outer-product neural-network learning algorithms (e.g., backpropagation, Widrow-Hoff, perceptron) is presented. This schedule compensates for photorefractive diffraction-efficiency decay by iteratively increasing the spatial-light-modulator transfer function gain and decreasing the weight-update exposure time. Simulation results for the scheduling procedure, as applied to backpropagation learning for the exclusive-OR problem, show improved learning performance compared with results for networks trained without scheduling.
Model analysis of factors influencing the prediction of muscle forces at the knee

A three-dimensional stochastic mathematical muscle model of the knee joint has been developed and applied to a study in which the influence of both mechanical and physiological factors were examined in relation to the prediction of muscular forces about the joint. The model includes a representation of the proximal portion of the tibia and distal portion of the femur along with a mathematical expression of the patellar mechanism and 13 muscles crossing the knee joint. The model accounts for the rolling and gliding movement of the tibial-femoral articulation. The computational technique involves equilibrating three components of external moments at the knee joint to the internal moments generated by muscular forces and soft tissue. The variables contained in the moment equilibrium equation are randomly chosen based on the choice of the tibial-femoral contact point. The randomness of the variables, reflected in the final solution, defines a stochastic process in the context of the present model. Studies with the model indicated that a very important mechanical aspect of the model was the capability to simulate the moving contact point between the tibia and femur. The moving contact point increased the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps muscles by 50%, which corresponded to in vivo EMG measurements. Muscle force predictions during normal gait have shown the capability of the model to determine the presence of synergistic and antagonistic muscle action.
Role of tourism in unifying the two Koreas

Abstract This paper reviews the origin of the Korea division, the rationale for reunification, and the failure of past political efforts for reunification. Its primary focus is on the relationship between tourism and peace in the context of Korea and the role tourism could play in spearheading a thrust towards reunification. Two tracks in diplomacy are recognized. Track one diplomacy is the official channel of government relations. Track two diplomacy is the unofficial channel of people-to-people relations. In the context of Korea, tourism is perceived as a primary vehicle for facilitating successful track two diplomacy. It offers a nonthreatening apolitical way of tentatively initiating closer relationships and creating an environment which could facilitate more formal political negotiations.
Long-Term Usability Testing for Public Health Information Technologies

Usability testing is most often performed after product development has essentially ended and may result in a few slight changes to the system before it is finalized. As such, long-term usability t...
The Application of Trichloroacetic Acid as an Ion Pairing Reagent in LC–MS–MS Method Development for Highly Polar Aminoglycoside Compounds

A simple, sensitive and robust liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for highly polar aminoglycoside compounds gentamicin, kanamycin and apramycin. The effect of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) concentration on plasma protein precipitation and sample recovery was studied and an optimized concentration of 25–30% TCA were determined that gives the best sample recovery for aminoglycosides from rat plasma. The effect of TCA concentration on the chromatographic behavior of gentamicin and tobramycin was studied on a Synergy Max RP-column using a mobile phase with a pH of 2.78. Other than protein precipitation, TCA also acted as ion pairing reagent and was only present in the samples but not in the mobile phases. The data demonstrated that by increasing the TCA concentration, the analyte retention and sensitivity were improved. The absence of TCA in mobile phase helped to reduce the ion source contamination and to achieve good reproducibility. The plasma method was linearly calibrated from 1–5,000, 20–10,000, 10–10,000 ng mL−1 with precisions of 2.6–4.1, 3.3–5.0, 1.5–9.9%, and accuracies of 94.7–103.7, 87.9–104.9, 91.3–103.6% for gentamicin, kanamycin and apramycin, respectively. The LLOQs corresponding with a coefficient of variation less than 20% were 1, 20 and 10 ng mL−1 for gentamicin, kanamycin and apramycin, respectively.
Amphiphilic Lauryl Ester Derivatives from Aromatic Amino Acids: Significance of Chemical Architecture in Aqueous Aggregation Properties

Lauryl esters of L-tyrosine (LET) and L-phenylalanine (LEP) were, in a previous interface adsorption study, found to adopt very different interfacial conformations. The present study is an investigation of their aqueous aggregation properties with the goal of elucidating the effects of the presence in LET and absence in LEP of the phenolic OH group on their aqueous aggregate structures and micellar conformations of the surfactant monomers. The measured properties included aggregation numbers from time-resolved fluorescence quenching (TRFQ), interface hydration index and microviscosity by electron spin resonance (ESR), chemical shifts of (1)H resonance lines by NMR, and Krafft temperatures and enthalpies of structural transitions by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The TRFQ, ESR, and NMR experiments were conducted at various temperatures from 23 to 70 degrees C for various surfactant concentrations from 0.050 to 0.200 M. Markedly different temperature dependences of aggregation number and (1)H NMR chemical shifts are exhibited by LET and LEP micelles. LET and LEP form ionic micelles. The aggregation number of LEP decreases as is characteristic of ionic micelles, but that of LET increases slightly with temperature. The changes with temperature in the NMR chemical shifts and width of the resonance lines are significantly greater for the various LEP protons than for those of LET. The differences in these properties and other fluorescence decay characteristics of fluorophores incorporated into the micelles could be attributed to the difference in the micellar conformations of LET and LEP which are postulated to be similar to that at oil-water interfaces. The phenolic group is hypothesized to be in the micelle-water interface as part of the headgroup in LET micelles, and its location does not change with temperature. On the other hand, in LEP micelles, the phenyl ring is folded into the core overlapping with the flexible hydrophobic chains. The resulting closer proximity between the phenyl ring and the flexible hydrocarbon chain causes interdependence of the phenyl ring and chain proton resonances, leading to the observed temperature dependence of the chemical shifts in LEP. The TRFQ and ESR data are combined together in a molecular space-filling model, referred to as the polar shell model, to derive the geometrical properties of the micelle. The DSC scans in the temperature range 10-55 degrees C showed the presence of distinctly different endotherms for LET and LEP. The Krafft temperatures, K(T), and the enthalpies were determined. The higher K(T) and broader peak of the DSC endotherm of LET as compared to LEP are attributed to the stabilization of fiberlike structures below the Krafft temperature due to its chirality and the hydrogen bonding capability of the phenolic OH and also to the ion-dipole interactions. Thus, all of the observed differences between LET and LEP could be attributed to the difference in their chemical architecture.
Pollen Limitation and Local Habitat-Dependent Pollinator Interactions in the Invasive Shrub Lonicera maackii.

Many nonnative plants require pollinators to produce the seed needed to establish beyond their native range. Local variation in pollination can cause variation in mating patterns, reproductive output, genetic diversity, and selection, which can influence invasion dynamics. We quantified pollinator visitation, pollen deposition, and pollen limitation of reproduction in the invasive shrub Lonicera maackii in adjacent forest edge and forest interior habitats. Flowers in edge habitats received as many or more pollinator visits than those in interior habitats, resulting in twofold greater pollen deposition and nearly twice as many seeds produced per flower. Supplemental pollination increased seed production over open pollination by 37%–145% in both edge and interior habitats. Edge flowers produced more seed than interior flowers. Despite greater pollen deposition in edge habitats, the magnitude of pollen limitation was similar to interior plants. Thus, different mechanisms of pollen limitation characterize the...
Freeform Fabrication of Ceramics via Stereolithography

Ceramic green bodies can be created using stereolithography methods where a ceramic suspension consisting of 0.40–0.55 volume fraction ceramic powder is dispersed within an ultraviolet-curable solution. Three ceramic materials were investigated: silica for investment casting purposes, and alumina and silicon nitride for structural parts. After mixing the powders in the curable solution, the ceramic suspension is photocured, layer by layer, fabricating a three-dimensional ceramic green body. Subsequent binder removal results in a sintered ceramic part. Three-dimensional objects have been fabricated from a 0.50 volume fraction silica suspension.
Resource Availability Effects on Nitrate-Reducing Microbial Communities in a Freshwater Wetland

Microbial communities in freshwater wetland soils process nitrate via denitrification (DNF) and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA). Because the processes generate different end products (N-gas versus NH4 +), the relative dominance of DNF versus DNRA has implications for ecosystem nitrogen cycling, greenhouse gas production, and downstream eutrophication. To examine how resource availability affects these two microbial groups, wetland soil was supplemented with labile (compost) or recalcitrant (wood) organic matter (OM) and/or potassium nitrate fertilizer. Following a three-month in situ incubation, the abundance and composition of the DNF- and DNRA-capable microbes were examined via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) using process-specific functional genes (DNF: nirS qPCR, nosZ T-RFLP; DNRA: nrfA qPCR and T-RFLP). Denitrifer abundance was positively related to OM lability and simultaneous nitrate amendment enhanced OM effects, while DNRA abundance varied little across treatments. For both groups, community structure showed an interactive response to OM type and nitrate availability, even when abundances did not change. This work highlights the importance of considering co-varying resource gradients, and the differential responses of DNF and DNRA communities to resource manipulation provides insight into the environmental regulators of ecosystem nitrate removal in wetlands.
Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in Altered Hippocampal–Accumbens Synaptic Plasticity in a Developmental Animal Model of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is characterized by alterations in cortico-limbic processes believed to involve modifications in activity within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) integrates information from these 2 brain regions and is involved in cognitive and psychomotor functions that are disrupted in schizophrenia, indicating an important role for this structure in the pathophysiology of this disorder. In this study, we used in vivo electrophysiological recordings from the NAc and the PFC of adult rats and the MAM developmental disruption rodent model of schizophrenia to explore the influence of the medial PFC on the hippocampal-accumbens pathway. We found that, in MAM-treated rats, tetanization of hippocampal inputs to the NAc produce opposite synaptic plasticity compared with controls, which is a consequence of alterations in the hippocampal-mPFC pathway. Moreover, we show that administration of the D2-receptor-blocking antipsychotic drug sulpiride either systemically or directly into the mPFC reverses the alterations in the MAM rat. Therefore, specific disruptions in cortical and hippocampal inputs in the MAM-treated rat abnormally alter plasticity in subcortical structures. Moreover, our results suggest that, in the presence of antipsychotic drugs, the disrupted plasticities are normalized, supporting a role for this mechanism in antipsychotic drug action in schizophrenia.
Key states approach in the analysis of traffic-control strategies in a trunked mobile system

Several traffic control strategies are modeled, analyzed and compared for a trunked mobile system which is shared by two different classes of users. Closed-form expressions are found for the equilibrium probabilites and the performance parameters which permit the trade between the queueing of the first class of users and the blocking of the second class of users.
Pulaar verbal extensions and phonologically driven affix order

Pulaar, a West Atlantic language spoken across a wide area of West Africa, has a number of verb suffixes that can occur in combination, offering the linguist an opportunity to examine their relative ordering and the principles governing it. Arnott (1970:333,366) reported that in the Gombe Fula dialect, the order of affixes is largely fixed. In particular, according to Arnott, the first four suffixes to come after the verbal stem are consonantal suffixes ordered according to the formula ‘TDNR’: all of the /-t/ suffixes precede the /-d/ suffixes, which precede the /-n/ suffix, which in turn precedes the /-r/ suffixes (1970:366). As discussed in this paper, many of the verb suffixes, including several of the ‘TDNR’ suffixes that are the focus of this paper, enter into semantic scope relations with each other. Therefore, if it is true that their order is fixed, then the behaviour of these suffixes contradicts the claim of Rice (2000) that affixes are ordered according to their relative semantic scope and that templatic (fixed) affix order results only when the affixes in question do not have a scope relationship. In this paper, I present new data from a speaker of a related dialect of Pulaar showing that scope relations do play a crucial role in the ordering of these suffixes, and I then show that such an explanation is also consistent with Arnott’s (1970) data and in fact accounts for a larger set of Arnott’s examples than did his own claim of fixed ordering. I also discuss implications of this reanalysis of Pulaar affix order for Rice’s (2000) claim as well as for the morphological model advanced by McCarthy and Prince (1993a,b). The structure of the paper is as follows. First, in the remainder of section 1, I discuss Rice’s (2000) Scope Hypothesis and other proposals relating the order of affixes to their scope (Baker 1985, Bybee 1985, Condoravdi and Kiparsky 1998), and then provide background on the Pulaar language. In section 2, I present Arnott’s (1970) affix order data from Gombe Fula and discuss Arnott’s claim that the order of affixes is fixed. In section 3, I present new data from a speaker of Fuuta Tooro Pulaar and an analysis of these data in terms of scope. I then present in section 4 a reanalysis of Arnott’s (1970) Gombe Fula data similar to the one proposed for the Fuuta Tooro dialect discussed in the preceding section. In section 5, I discuss some theoretical implications of this new analysis of Pulaar affix order. section 6 concludes and summarizes the paper.
The cluster hypothesis revisited

A new means of evaluating the cluster hypothesis is introduced and the results of such an evaluation are presented for four collections. The results of retrieval experiments comparing a sequential search, a cluster-based search, and a search of the clustered collection in which individual documents are scored against the query are also presented. These results indicate that while the absolute performance of a search on a particular collection is dependent on the pairwise similarity of the relevant documents, the relative effectiveness of clustered retrieval versus sequential retrieval is independent of this factor. However, retrieval of entire clusters in response to a query usually results in a poorer performance than retrieval of individual documents from clusters.
Decreased hepatic breast cancer resistance protein expression and function in multidrug resistance-associated protein 2-deficient (TR⁻) rats.

Multidrug resistance-associated protein (Mrp) 2-deficient (TR−) Wistar rats have been used to elucidate the role of Mrp2 in drug disposition. Decreased breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) levels were reported in sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) from TR− rats compared with those from wild-type (WT) rats. This study was designed to characterize hepatic Bcrp expression and function in TR− rats, using nitrofurantoin and pitavastatin as substrates. Bcrp was knocked down by RNA interference in rat SCH. Antibody BXP53, but not BXP21, specifically detected Bcrp knockdown in SCH. Bcrp protein levels were decreased markedly in TR− but not Mrp2-deficient Sprague-Dawley [Eisai hyperbilirubinemic rats (EHBR)] rats. Bcrp mRNA levels were decreased significantly in TR− livers as determined by TaqMan real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Biliary excretion of nitrofurantoin, a specific Bcrp substrate, was decreased significantly in SCH and isolated perfused livers from TR− rats compared with those from WT controls, indicating that hepatic Bcrp function is decreased in TR− rats. In Bcrp knockdown SCH, the biliary excretion index and in vitro biliary clearance of pitavastatin were decreased significantly to ∼58 and ∼52% of control, respectively, indicating that Bcrp plays a role in pitavastatin biliary excretion. Pitavastatin biliary excretion was decreased significantly in perfused livers from TR− compared with those from WT rats. In conclusion, expression and function of hepatic Bcrp are decreased significantly in TR− rats. The potential role of both Bcrp and Mrp2 should be considered when data generated in TR− rats are interpreted. TR− and EHBR rats in combination may be useful in differentiating the role of Mrp2 and Bcrp in drug/metabolite disposition.
Online spaced education to teach urology to medical students: a multi-institutional randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: We investigated whether online spaced education could prospectively improve students’ acquisition and retention of knowledge. METHODS: One hundred fifteen third-year medical students at 2 schools were randomized to receive weekly/biweekly spaced education e-mails on 2 of 4 urology topics: prostate cancer (PC) and prostatespecific antigen (PSA) screening, or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and erectile dysfunction (ED). E-mails began in month 1 of their third year. During their 3-month surgery clerkships, students completed a 28-item validated pre-test on all 4 topics, 8 web-based teaching cases, and a 28-item post-test. This test was administered again a mean of 280 days later to assess long-term retention. RESULTS: Under an intention-to-treat analysis, students who received the spaced education e-mails demonstrated significant, topic-specific increases in pre-test scores (P .001 and P .03 for PC/PSA and BPH/ED, respectively). Spaced education improved long-term retention of PC/PSA (P .04) but not of BPH/ED (P .60). CONCLUSIONS: Spaced education delivered prospectively can generate significant, topic-specific learning.
Comparative characterization of a wild type and transmembrane domain-deleted fatty acid amide hydrolase: identification of the transmembrane domain as a site for oligomerization

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an integral membrane protein responsible for the hydrolysis of a number of primary and secondary fatty acid amides, including the neuromodulatory compounds anandamide and oleamide. Analysis of FAAH's primary sequence reveals the presence of a single predicted transmembrane domain at the extreme N-terminus of the enzyme. A mutant form of the rat FAAH protein lacking this N-terminal transmembrane domain (DeltaTM-FAAH) was generated and, like wild type FAAH (WT-FAAH), was found to be tightly associated with membranes when expressed in COS-7 cells. Recombinant forms of WT- and DeltaTM-FAAH expressed and purified from Escherichia coli exhibited essentially identical enzymatic properties which were also similar to those of the native enzyme from rat liver. Analysis of the oligomerization states of WT- and DeltaTM-FAAH by chemical cross-linking, sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation, and size exclusion chromatography indicated that both enzymes were oligomeric when membrane-bound and after solubilization. However, WT-FAAH consistently behaved as a larger oligomer than DeltaTM-FAAH. Additionally, SDS-PAGE analysis of the recombinant proteins identified the presence of SDS-resistant oligomers for WT-FAAH, but not for DeltaTM-FAAH. Self-association through FAAH's transmembrane domain was further demonstrated by a FAAH transmembrane domain-GST fusion protein which formed SDS-resistant dimers and large oligomeric assemblies in solution.
Methane absorption variations in the spectrum of Pluto

The lightcurve phases of 0.18, 0.35, 0.49, and 0.98 covered by 5600-10,500 A absolute spectrophotometry of Pluto during four nights include minimum (0.98) light and one near-maximum (0.49) light. The spectra are noted to exhibit significant methane band absorption depth variations at 6200, 7200, 7900, 8400, 8600, 8900, and 10,000 A, with the minimum absorption occurring at minimum light and thereby indicating a 30-percent change in the methane column abundance in the course of three days. An attempt is made to model this absorption strength variation with rotational phase terms of an isotropic surface distribution of methane frost and a clear layer of CH4 gas.
Complete Feed Rations for Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract TRIAL 1. Three methods of feeding, I—long: hay ad libitum plus 1kg of concentrate per 2.5kg of FCM; II—long hay and concentrate ad libitum; III—complete feed ad libitum, were compared in a switchback design. The complete feed consisted of a mixture of 70% concentrate and 30% coarsely ground hay (2.54-cm screen). Daily TDN intake was 9.78, 13.49, and 11.56kg for Treatments I, II, and III, respectively. Mean daily milk production was 17.86,19.23, and 19.70; FCM was 17.11,16.61, and 18.36kg for Treatments I, II, III, respectively. Treatment III was significnatly greater than I for both milk and FCM yields (P TRIAL 2. Ad libitum feeding of ground hay, ground corn cobs, and cottonseed hulls complete feeds were compared in a Latin-square changeover design. Mean daily feed intake of the cottonseed hull complete feed (20.2kg) was greater (P
Spectral techniques for multiple valued logic circuits

Canonical representation of multiple valued logic (MVL) functions in any polarity k, k in (0, 1,. . .,p/sup n/ -1), where p is the radix and n denotes the number of variables in a function, was previously presented. The coefficients in a canonical representation are called the spectral coefficients. It is shown that for some MVL functions realizing them as sum of products may not be economical, especially if very few minterms can be combined. Such functions can be efficiently realized as mod-p sum of products in a polarity which provides fewer coefficients. Realization of MVL functions as mod-p sum of products is done using a set of gates which are functionally complete. Implementation of these gates is shown both in I/sup 2/L and CCD technologies. The computation complexity for estimating all the coefficients in the canonical representation is presented. >
A tomographic approach to multiarray ocean surveillance

One of the most widely applicable areas of signal processing in the last few years has been tomography, or image reconstruction. This area consists of a set of inverse problems characterized by the common trait that the desired quantities are the values within a field which can only be observed by looking through the field. This paper explores the applicability of tomographic ideas to the problems of ocean surveillance. Succinctly stated, beamformer outputs look like integrals of the acoustic field along the paths which include many sources of acoustic energy. By observing many beams from several arrays, the acoustic field in the ocean might be reconstructable. The basic ideas of tomography are presented, with a description of how available measurements in sonar are appropriate for the technique. The ideas are applied to two germane problems: noise mapping and localization.
Intimate Scholarship in Research: An Example From Self-Study of Teaching and Teacher Education Practices Methodology

Using self-study of teaching and teacher education practices (S-STEP) research as an example, we explore intimate scholarship and the ways it captures particular lives and experiences within the educational world. To do that we define, explore, and consider how teachers and teacher educators can use this personal and vulnerable scholarship. We provide an example as evidence of ways that intimate scholarship in the form of S-STEP supports learning from experience. We assert that positioning researchers to examine what we know about teaching and being a teacher educator is profitable for the larger research conversation.
Jehovah’s Witness with Placenta Previa and Increta for Cesarean Hysterectomy

A 34-year-old woman, gravida 3 para 2, who had undergone two previous classical cesarean sections, was referred at 32 weeks and 6 days estimated gestational age for management of placenta previa. Placenta accreta was suspected and placenta increta was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patient was a Jehovah’s Witness who refused allogeneic red blood cell transfusion, but would accept crystalloid and colloid solutions, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, factor VIIa, dialysis, and autologous transfusion via a continuous circuit which did not lose its connection with her body, including both acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) and intraoperative cell salvage. Extensive preparations were made, including preoperative treatment with erythropoietin, adequate intravenous access, and an arterial line. General anesthesia was used after ANH. Blood loss was minimal and the blood removed by ANH was returned to her in a continuous circuit. Extensive planning and preparation are crucial in these cases.
Significant Recent Developments in Maryland Regarding Character Evidence and Impeachment

This short paper was prepared as a supplement to a talk given by the author at the Prince Georges County Bar Association in Upper Marlboro, MD on March 31, 2012. Various developments in Maryland state law are discussed regarding character evidence, and impeachment of witnesses in court proceedings.
NEMS With Broken T Symmetry: Graphene Based Unidirectional Acoustic Transmission Lines

In this work we discuss the idea of one-way acoustic signal isolation in low dimensional nanoelectromechanical oscillators. We report a theoretical study showing that one-way conversion between in-phase and anti-phase vibrational modes of a double layer graphene nanoribbon is achieved by introducing spatio-temporal modulation of system properties. The required modulation length in order to reach full conversion between the two modes is subsequently calculated. Generalization of the method beyond graphene nanoribbons and realization of a NEMS signal isolator are also discussed.
Making the most of peer review

Journals should publish referee reports and respond to well-founded concerns about papers after publication.
Laparoscopy in Pediatric Abdominal Trauma: A 13-Year Experience.

Introduction Abdominal injuries are common, costly, deadly, and a source of considerable uncertainty in pediatric trauma. In some circumstances, laparoscopy offers a diagnostic and therapeutic alternative with less morbidity than standard exploration, and more certainty than most imaging. In this study, we review our experience with laparoscopic exploration for trauma. We hypothesized that laparoscopy could be employed effectively in stable blunt or penetrating trauma patients in whom diagnostic uncertainty was unresolved by imaging. Patients and Methods A retrospective review of the trauma database identified all children admitted to our Level I pediatric trauma center between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2012, requiring surgical abdominal exploration. The utilization of laparoscopy and laparotomy was charted over the 13-year period. Negative laparoscopies and laparotomies and nontherapeutic laparoscopies and laparotomies were examined to investigate clinical scenarios in which laparotomy might have been avoided. Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics, simple linear regression analysis, and Mann–Whitney U test (p Results Over the 13-year study period, there were 16,321 trauma admissions. Of these, 119 patients (0.7%) required surgical abdominal exploration: 81 patients underwent laparotomy and 38 patients underwent laparoscopy. In 13 patients (34.2%), laparoscopic exploration ruled out injuries. In nine patients (23.7%), laparoscopy identified an injury for which no surgical intervention was necessary. In nine patients (23.7%), an injury was repaired laparoscopically. In seven cases (18.4%), the identified injury required conversion to laparotomy. There were no missed injuries. In the laparotomy group, a less invasive approach could have yielded the same information in 8.7% of patients. Laparoscopy was more likely to be used after a qualitative change in institutional minimally invasive surgical capability. Conclusion Laparoscopy reliably resolves diagnostic uncertainty in selected cases of pediatric abdominal blunt and penetrating trauma. In a hemodynamically stable patient with a concerning exam and inconclusive imaging, laparoscopy provides sensitive diagnostic capability and opportunity for definitive repair with diminished surgical morbidity.
Origin of Lorentzian pulses in deterministic chaos

Pulses having a temporal Lorentzian shape arise naturally from topological changes in flow trajectories or phase-space orbits associated with deterministic chaos. The pulses can appear as random intermittent events in the time series of observable quantities, and they are the cause of exponential frequency power spectra previously observed in magnetically confined plasmas and various nonlinear systems.
Effects of Age and Sex on the Texture Profile of Hot Stripped Broiler Breast Meat

Abstract The effects of age and sex on objective texture attributes of hot-stripped broiler breast meat were determined. Birds were raised to 7, 9, 10, or 11 weeks of age, processed, Pectoralis major muscles stripped from the unchilled noneviscerated carcasses, frozen, thawed, water cooked, and objectively profiled for hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness. Breast meat from male broilers was significantly springier and more chewy than those from females. The textural attributes of hardness, springiness, and chewiness increased with age, and cohesiveness decreased. Breast meat stripped hot from 11-week-old birds resulted in values for hardness, springiness, and chewiness that were significantly higher than corresponding values from the other three ages.