cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Condron, M. (2017). Managing the Digital You: Where and How to Keep and Organize Your Digital Life

Being inundated with digital content and needing to effectively manage it are no longer a new phenomenon. Feeling overwhelmed by digital content is increasingly pervasive, though, and has become ev...
Umami free amino acids in edible green, red, and brown seaweeds from the Portuguese seashore

The fifth basic taste—umami—is based on hydrophilic monosodium L-glutamate (L-Glu), and, to a smaller extent, on L-aspartate (L-Asp), which can be found in free form in seaweeds. The umami taste can be elicited by the synergistic effect of 5′-nucleotides, guanosine-5′-monophosphate (GMP), and inosine-5′-monophosphate (IMP). In this work, twelve edible seaweeds, two green (Codium tomentosum, Ulva rigida), six red (Chondracanthus teedei var. lusitanicus, Chondrus crispus, Gracilaria gracilis, Grateloupia turuturu, Nemalion helminthoides, Osmundea pinnatifida), and four brown (Bifurcaria bifurcata, Fucus vesiculosus, Saccorhiza polyschides, Undaria pinnatifida), from the Portuguese seashore, were selected for the analysis of umami amino acids and 5′-nucleotides. To determine the concentrations of umami free compounds, L-Glu, L-Asp, GMP, and IMP, the usual procedure for the preparation of seaweed’s broth was carried out, and the resulting extracts were analyzed by HPLC-DAD. The effect of the seaweed’s pretreatment, oven-dried and lyophilized, was also studied. Results showed that all seaweed species contained free amino acids in broad range, whereas umami 5′-nucleotides were not detected. The lyophilized C. crispus and G. gracilis contained the highest amounts of free L-Glu (627 ± 109 mg (100 g)−1 and 398 ± 67 mg (100 g)−1, respectively) and L-Asp (520 ± 102 mg (100 g)−1 and 270 ± 10 mg (100 g)−1, respectively). Two-factor PCA explained quantitatively (90%) the variance of seaweed species based on umami L-Glu content after different drying techniques applied. The results indicate that lyophilization constitutes a superior procedure for increasing the umami potential in most of the selected seaweeds.
Stigma Experiences in People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: An Integrative Review.

Background People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are stigmatized by smoking history. Although little is known about COPD-related stigma, it can adversely affect self-management and quality of life. Objective To synthesize relevant scientific literature exploring stigma experiences and their impacts on people with COPD. Methods CINAHL/PsycINFO/PubMed/Scopus were searched for relevant studies. Findings were organized using Major et al's conceptual model. Results Fifteen studies documented COPD-related stigma processes: enacted, felt, internalized, and anticipated. Moderating factors included visibility, origin, and illness perception. Individual-level stigma responses included emotional distress, limited social interactions, and negative effects on medication adherence and help-seeking. Social/community-level stigma experiences included healthcare provider and employer behaviors. Smoking is interwoven throughout all domains of stigma processes and responses to stigma. Conclusion Substantial evidence documents processes, moderating factors, and individual and social/community responses to the complex phenomenon of COPD-related stigma; however, prevalence of COPD-related stigma and its health effects are unclear.
Irritable Infant with Bilateral Leg Swelling.

A full-term female infant is born at 39 weeks of gestation via normal vaginal route after an uncomplicated pregnancy. The mother is 24 years old with 2 previous pregnancies that resulted in uncomplicated term delivery. The mother had regular perinatal care. Perinatal laboratory evaluation findings were unremarkable. Apgar scores at delivery are 9 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Birthweight is 3.6 kg (68th percentile). After an uncomplicated postnatal course, the infant is discharged from the hospital on day 3 after birth. Eight days after birth, the mother brings the infant back to be seen in the emergency department because of a noticeable bilateral leg swelling and bowing. The infant has been fussier and less consolable, especially during diaper care. The infant has been afebrile. The mother denies any history of trauma or falling. On presentation to the emergency department, the infant is irritable. Her temperature is 98.0°F (36.7°C), and her heart rate is 161 beats/min. Her respiratory rate is 56 breaths/min. Her weight on presentation is 3.8 kg. Physical examination findings are concerning for symmetrical bilateral tender swollen lower limbs (mainly below the knees) with no overlying erythema. Both legs are anteriorly curved with significant anterior prominences. A full range of motion is observed. Pulses are intact. The rest of the physical examination findings are unremarkable. ### Laboratory Studies Relevant laboratory findings on presentation and during hospitalization are shown in the Table …
Capping Enzyme in Eukaryotic mRNA Synthesis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the enzymatic mechanism of the individual capping reactions and the organization of the functional domains, within the relevant enzymes. Greatest attention is devoted to two model systems, Vaccinia virus and Saccharomyces cerevisim, in which biochemistry, molecular genetics, and protein engineering have fueled considerable progress, since the past review of ribonucleic acid (RNA) capping in this series. It also discusses the genetic studies in yeast that shed light on the physiologic role of the cap in eukaryotic RNA metabolism. Capping may serve to protect the messenger RNA (mRNA) from nucleolytic degradation. Elucidation of the mechanism and potential regulation of cap formation is, thus, pertinent to the understanding of eukaryotic gene expression. Capping occurs, by a series of three enzymatic reactions, in which the 5’ triphosphate terminus of a primary transcript is first cleaved to a diphosphateterminated RNA by RNA triphosphatase, then capped with GMP by RNA guanylyltransferase, and methylated at the N7 position of guanine by RNA (guanine-7) methyltransferase.
Quantum-Well Devices

In all of the devices discussed in previous chapters the dimensions of device structures were large compared to the wavelength of electrons in the device. When the dimensions of the structure are reduced to the point at which they are approaching the same order of magnitude as the electron wavelength some unique properties are observed. This is the case with a class of devices that have come to be known as “quantum well” devices, which feature very thin epitaxial layers of semiconductor material. This chapter will introduce the basic concepts of quantum wells and will describe some of the novel kinds of devices that can be made by using them. Improved lasers, photodiodes, modulators and switches can all be made by employing quantum well structures. Quantum well devices can be monolithically integrated with other optical and electronic devices to produce optical integrated circuits and opto-electronic integrated circuits.
Microlocal analysis of an ultrasound transform with circular source and receiver trajectories

This article is dedicated to Sigurdur Helgason on the occasion of his eighty fifth birthday. We thank him for creating so much beautiful mathematics and for being a friend and mentor to so many people in the field. Abstract. We consider a generalized Radon transform that is used in ul- trasound reflection tomography. In our model, the ultrasound emitter and receiver move at a constant distance apart along a circle. We analyze the microlocal properties of the transform R that arises from this model. As a consequence, we show that, for distributions with support contained in a disc Db sufficiently inside the circle, R ∗ R is an elliptic pseudodifferential operator. We provide a local filtered back projection algorithm, L = R ∗ DR where D is a well-chosen differential operator. We prove that L is an elliptic pseudodiffer- ential operator of order 1 and so for f ∈E � (Db), Lf shows all singularities of f , and we provide reconstructions illustrating this point. Finally, we discuss an extension with some modifications of our result outside of Db.
Metabolism of glutamic acid in a mutant of Escherichia coli.

Vender, Joyce (Indiana University, Bloomington), Kunthala Jayaraman, and H. V. Rickenberg. Metabolism of glutamic acid in a mutant of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 90:1304–1307. 1965.—A mutant strain of Escherichia coli W1485 was selected for its ability to utilize glutamic acid as the sole source of carbon. Growth of the mutant on glutamic acid led to the repression of glutamic acid dehydrogenase formation. The mutant differed from the wild-type strain in that glutamic decarboxylase activity was absent from the mutant under conditions of growth which supported the formation of this enzyme in the parent strain. Evidence is presented which suggests that loss of the decarboxylase activity results in the acquisition of the ability to utilize glutamic acid as sole source of carbon; a pathway of glutamate utilization via transamination is proposed.
An environment for more easily programming a robot

Through the use of a graphical user interface, a database, higher-level (more abstract) commands, and the standard C programming language, an environment has been developed that simplifies the programming of a robot. Programs can be either interpreted for ease of use or compiled for run-time efficiency. The graphical user interface changes the state of the system (to move manipulators, change speeds and accelerations, etc.), and stores or retrieves data (locations, vision processes, etc.) from the database. The database separates the data from the instructions in a program. It stores instantiations of data structures that are used by the higher-level commands such as pickupPart and placePart. The higher-level commands as well as the rest of the environment are written in C. The SMALL (Sawyer-motor multirobot assembly workcell) programming environment provides power and flexibility, and the effort required to program a robot for a given task is minimized. >
Quark and Lepton Flavor Physics from F-Theory

Recent work on local F-theory models shows the potential for new categories of flavor models. In this paper we investigate the perturbative effective theory interpretation of this result. We also show how to extend the model to the neutrino sector.
Peptide histidine isoleucine‐like immunoreactivity release from the rat gastric fundus

1 Longitudinal muscle strips from the rat gastric fundus were subjected to in vitro electrical field stimulation (EFS) under non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) conditions to study the release of peptide histidine isoleucine-like immunoreactivity (PHI-LI) and the correlation between PHI-LI release and NANC relaxation. 2 Different radioimmunoassay (RIA) systems employing C-terminal- and N-terminal-specific anti-PHI sera were used to determine the relative contributions of PHI and its C-terminally extended forms, peptide histidine glycine (PHI-Gly) and peptide histidine valine [PHV(1–42)], to the PHI-LI released by the rat gastric fundus. 3 In the presence of atropine (1 μm) and guanethidine (5 μm), EFS (120 mA, 1ms, 0.25–32.0 Hz, trains of 2 min) induced frequency-dependent relaxations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (3 μm) pre-contracted strips. 4 EFS at frequencies of 8–32 Hz evoked significant increases in PHI-LI outflow. The increases in PHI-LI outflow evoked by 16-Hz EFS were abolished by tetrodotoxin (3 μm) and by a calcium-free medium, indicating an active release process from intramural nerves. 5 The EFS-induced release of PHI-LI measured with the N-terminal-specific antiserum was significantly greater than that detected with the C-terminal-specific antisera. 6 Sephadex G-25 gel permeation chromatographic analysis was performed on the PHI-LI released in response to 32-Hz EFS. A C-terminal-specific antiserum revealed one peak co-eluting with the rat PHI standard. When PHI-LI was measured with the N-terminal-specific antiserum, two peaks were found that co-eluted with the rat PHV(1–42) and rat PHI-Gly/PHI standards, respectively. 7 The present data suggest that the extended forms of PHI are the primary components of the PHI-LI released by NANC inhibitory neurones in the rat gastric fundus and support a NANC inhibitory neurotransmitter role for PHI and its extended forms in this tissue.
Differences in the Growth Requirements of Some Strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum of Human Origin

The growth requirements of Ureaplasma urealyticum strains T-McA, T-Pi, T-27, and T-207 were studied. All strains grew in T-broth containing horse serum. Only strain T-McA grew in broth containing serum fraction A, a finding that confirmed that ureaplasmas are not homogeneous and suggested that they can be divided into two species on the basis of their requirement for horse serum. The growth factors required by T-McA are arginine, cystine, methionine, and unidentified metabolites in serum fraction A and trypticase soy broth. The vitamins in Eagle's minimal essential medium are not essential metabolites for T-McA but enhanced its growth. Therefore, we recommend that these vitamins be incorporated in ureaplasma media and that the effect of supplementing media with arginine, cystine, and methionine for the primary isolation of ureaplasmas be ascertained.
STUDIES ON INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE

1. The results of this work form a confirmation of the earlier work of Cushing in all details investigated. 2. The increase of blood pressure that results from an increase of the intracranial pressure above the blood pressure is due in the dog to a vaso-constriction of the vessels of the intestine, the kidney and the limbs. Preceding this constriction there is dilatation. 3. The anastomotic connection between the internal carotid artery within the skull and the ophthalmic branch of the internal maxillary is of a size in the dog approximately equal to the internal carotid outside of the skull. The anatomical relations are such as to indicate that the internal maxillary artery in this animal is a cerebral artery equal in importance to the internal carotid. The anastomotic connection because of its position within the cranial cavity is unaffected except by extreme grades of intracranial compression. 4. The ordinary method of artificial perfusion of the dog's brain as used in physiological investigation appears from this work to be of no value, since there is at least one important path open besides that through the vessels of the brain. 5. The increase of the intracranial pressure above the blood pressure leads to a complete anaemia, superficial and deep, of the blood vessels of the brain. If the intracranial pressure is not greatly increased above the blood pressure, the circle of Willis and some of the larger arterial connections at the base of the brain are more or less well injected. An intracranial pressure somewhat below blood pressure leads apparently to a certain degree of anaemia directly beneath the point of entrance of the intracranial fluid; the condition of the rest of the brain as regards blood supply is normal.
Depth-resolved dual-beamlet vibrometry based on Fourier domain low coherence interferometry

We present an optical vibrometer based on delay-encoded, dual-beamlet phase-sensitive Fourier domain interferometric system to provide depth-resolved subnanometer scale vibration information from scattering biological specimens. System characterization, calibration, and preliminary vibrometry with biological specimens were performed. The proposed system has the potential to provide both amplitude and direction of vibration of tissue microstructures on a single two-dimensional plane.
A SHARP ERROR ESTIMATE FOR THE NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF MULTIVARIATE DIRICHLET PROBLEM FOR THE HEAT EQUATION

For the multidimensional Dirichlet problem of the heat equation on a cylinder, this study examines convergence properties with rates of approximate solutions, obtained by a naturally arising difference scheme over inscribed uniform grids. Sharp quantitative estimates are given by the use of first and second moduli of continuity of some first and second order partial derivatives of the exact solution. This is accomplished by using the probabilistic method an appropriate random walk.
Riboflavin Homeostasis in the Central Nervous System

The mechanisms by which riboflavin, which is not synthesized in mammals, enters and leaves brain, CSF, and choroid plexus were investigated by injecting [14C]riboflavin intravenously or intraventricularly. Tracer amounts of [14C]riboflavin with or without FMN were infused intravenously at a constant rate into normal, starved, or probenecid-pretreated rabbits. AT 3 h, [14C]riboflavin readily entered choroid plexus and brain, and, to a much lesser extent, CSF. Over 85% of the [14C]riboflavin in brain and choroid plexus was present as [14C]FMN and [14C]FAD. The addition of 0.2 mmol/kg FMN to the infusate markedly depressed the relative entry of [14C]riboflavin into brain, choroid plexus, and, less so, CSF, whereas starvation increased the relative entry of [14C]riboflavin into brain and choroid plexus. After intraventricular injection (2 h), most of the [14C]riboflavin was extremely rapidly cleared from CSF into blood. Some of the [14C]riboflavin entered brain, where over 85% of the 14C was present as [14C]FMN plus [14C]FAD. The addition of 1.23 mumol FAD (which was rapidly hydrolyzed to riboflavin) to the injectate decreased the clearance of [14C]riboflavin from CSF and the phosphorylation of [14C]riboflavin in brain. Probenecid in the injectate also decreased the clearance of [14C]riboflavin from CSF. These results show that the control of entry and exit of riboflavin is the mechanism, at least in part, by which total riboflavin levels in brain cells and CSF are regulated. Penetration of riboflavin through the blood-brain barrier, saturable efflux of riboflavin from CSF, and saturable entry of riboflavin into brain cells are three distinct parts of the homeostatic system for total riboflavin in the central nervous system.
A computer-assisted technique for processing spacing and orientation behavior

Abstract A computer-assisted technique for the collection and processing of spacing and orientation data is presented. A Model 274-22 Numonics Graphic Calculator and Digitizer (NGCD) was used to compute Cartesian coordinates for each subject animal from photographs or drawings of animal groups. An IBM 029 keypunch interfaced with the NGCD automatically punches the animal coordinates and identification numbers on to cards for computer processing. DISTANGLE II, a FORTRAN IV program adapted from DISTANGLE (Stricklin et al., 1977), calculates distances and specified angle relationships among all the subject animals. Nearest neighbor relationships, location frequencies and movement distances are also determined. All calculations of the program are punched on to computer cards for further statistical analysis.
Patents and High-Speed Datacenter Interconnects

This column discusses some of the issues surrounding high-speed datacenter interconnects, including bandwidth and interconnect design. It also examines business and software patents.
The Free Energy of Xenon Binding to Myoglobin from Molecular Dynamics Simulation

The interaction of xenon atoms with the interior of the myoglobin molecule has been simulated by molecular dynamics calculations. The standard free energy of binding has been computed from a simulation in which a forcing potential was applied; computed and experimental values differ by only 2 kJ/mole. In agreement with experimental evidence, the simulations indicate that insertion of the first xenon atom causes a perturbation of the protein conformation that facilitates insertion of one or more additional xenona.
Limit points for average genus. II: 2-connected non-simplical graphs

Abstract In part (I) of this paper, it was proved that there are no limit points for the set of values of average genus of 2-connected simplicial graphs and of 3-connected graphs. The need for such restrictions is now demonstrated by showing that infinitely many real numbers are limit points of values of average genus for 2-connected non-simplicial graphs. A systematic method for constructing such limit points is presented, and it is proved that this method is essentially the only way to construct limit points of values of average genus for “homeomorphically nested” 2-connected graphs.
Coherence brightening and laser lethargy in X-ray laser amplifiers

The lethargic response of the lasting medium produced by the combined effects of finite bandwidth and rapid decay of the population inversion leads to a reduction of the linear gain expected in certain x-ray laser amplifiers. However, the effects of coherence brightening are also important, and in the superradiant regime, the laser output approaches that predicted by the usual calculation.
The Application of Digital Computers to Rotating-Machine Design

Within the past few years the availability of digital computing equipment has provided the design engineer with a new and powerful tool for performing numerical calculations and logical decisions at high speed and low cost. Computer programs for product design may be divided into two characteristic types: performance programs for which the dimensions and other parameters are given as input, and synthesis programs for which the required performance specifications are given as input. Performance programs have been described in the literature for several kinds of power and industrial electric equipment. They are a useful and necessary prerequisite to design synthesis programs which appear to have found their first and most common application in power transformer design. In the opinion of the authors, an extension of the philosophy of design synthesis to the design of rotating machinery is perhaps more difficult, but still a practical venture. A list of programs in actual use for rotating machine design is presented. The features of one induction motor performance program are first described in some detail followed by a description of three programs for synchronous motor design. The combination of these three programs has many of the features of a complete synthesis program, but with sufficient compromise for practical operation on a medium-sized digital computer.
Was Idi Amin's Government a Terrorist Regime?

What does state terrorism look like? How do we distinguish it from other forms of mass state violence, such as repression or genocide? Based on the developing literature on state terrorism, this study presents three expectations that violence perpetrated by the state should meet if it is to be classified as state terrorism: these are (a) that the violence is perpetrated by agents of the state, (b) that the violence is visible, and (c) that state terrorism focused against a state's own citizens will be carried out by an autocratic, personalistic regime. Drawing substantially on a series of primary sources, this study demonstrates that Idi Amin's regime in Uganda from 1971 to 1979 did engage in state terrorism against its own citizens.
Saccular Aortic Aneurysm due to Aortic Valve Stenosis

A case of congenital aortic stenosis with an associated discrete saccular aortic aneurysm is presented. The few previously reported cases of this combination of lesions are reviewed and the nature and mechanisms of the aneurysmal changes are discussed. The apparent etiologic importance of the systolic jet striking a localized area of vessel wall is emphasized.
Randomized Experiments for Planning and Testing Projects in Developing Countries: Threshold Conditions

Increased use of randomized experiments to evaluate social programs throughout the world has been a major advance in evaluation research. This article focuses on determining which program evaluatio...
Remoteness and Proximity: The Parallel Ethnographies of Alejo Carpentier and René Maran

This essay constellates and compares two major writers of Caribbean origin—the Cuban Alejo Carpentier (1904–1980) and the French writer born in Martinique, Rene Maran (1887–1960). Though both Caribbean authors share some remarkable resemblances in terms of the evolution of an ethnographic representation in their early works, they have rarely (if ever) been juxtaposed in a comparative analysis. Moreover, the point of departure for this comparative reading is a rare document by Carpentier, one of the Cuban author's first published texts: a review he wrote of Maran's Batouala (Prix Goncourt, 1921) while still a teenager. Carpentier notes elsewhere that Batouala was avidly read by a generation of Cuban writers and intellectuals and therefore impacted the afrocubanismo movement in Cuban culture. The essay goes on to show a parallel development between Carpentier and Maran in terms of the way they negotiate their representation of the other through ethnographic approaches (Ecue-Yamba-O, Batouala), Enlightenment...
Tight blood glucose control in trauma patients: Who really benefits?

Background : This study was designed to evaluate the effect of intensive insulin control (IIT) on outcomes for traumatically injured patients as a function of injury severity score (ISS) and age. Patients and Methods : A retrospective review of 2028 adult trauma patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) in a Level I trauma center was performed. Data were collected from a 48-month period before (Pre-IIT) (goal blood glucose 80-200 mg/dL) and after (Post-IIT) (goal blood glucose level 80-110 mg/dL), an IIT protocol was initiated. Patients were stratified by age and ISS. The primary endpoint was mortality. Results : There were 784 Pre-IIT and 1244 Post-IIT patients admitted. There was no significant difference between Pre-IIT vs. Post-IIT for the mechanism of injury or ISS. Values for the Pre-IIT group were significantly higher for mortality (21.5% vs. 14.7%, P<0.001) and hospital, but not ICU length of stay were decreased. A significant improvement in mortality was demonstrated between Pre-IIT vs. Post-IIT stratified within the age groups of 41-50, 51-60, and 61 but not the groups 18-30 and 31-40. Mean glucose levels (mg/dL) decreased significantly after the institution of IIT (144.7±1.4 vs. 130.9±0.9; P<0.001). In addition, the occurrence per patient of blood glucose levels <40 mg/dL increased (0.77% vs. 2.86%; P=0.001) and blood glucose levels greater than 200 mg/dL was similar (39.1% vs. 38.8%; P=0.892) in the Pre-IIT and Post-IIT groups, respectively. Glycemic variability, reflected by the standard deviation of each patient's mean glucose level during ICU stay, as well as mean glucose level were lower in survivors than in nonsurvivors. Finally, multivariable logistic regression analysis identified both mean glucose level and glycemic variability as independent contributors to the risk of mortality. Conclusions : The implementation of IIT has been associated with a decrease in both hospital length of stay as well as mortality. Average glucose value and glucose variability are independent predictors of survival. Trauma patients with moderate, severe, and very severe injuries benefit most from IIT. These observational data suggest that patients over 40 years of age benefited a great deal more than their younger counterparts from IIT. This study supports the need for a randomized controlled trial to investigate the role of IIT in traumatically injured patients.
Pharmacokinetics of orally administered zidovudine among patients with hemophilia and a symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

Abstract Zidovudine (formerly azidothymidine, AZT) is used to treat certain patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, the clinical use of zidovudine (ZDV) in hemophilia patients may be complicated by the high incidence of chronic hepatitis in this patient population. To examine the pharmacokinetics of ZDV eight asymptomatic HIV-infected hemophilia patients received a single oral dose (300 mg). ZDV and its glucuronide metabolite (GZDV) were measured in serum by HPLC. ZDV was rapidly absorbed with a wide range of peak serum concentrations (2052 ± 970 ng/ml) at 0.5 h. Peak GZDV serum concentrations were 4751 ± 2269 ng/ml at 1 h. Both ZDV and GZDV declined in a biexponential manner over 4 h. After 4 h, the ZDV serum concentration decay in three patients continued a log-linear decline, while five patients demonstrated a tri-exponential curve which had a mean terminal elimination half-life of 4.8 ± 2.8 h. No relationship between ZDV or GZDV kinetics and the degree of hepatic enzyme elevation was observed. Although a therapeutic window for ZDV has yet to be described, the wide range of serum concentrations that result from a standard dose suggests that clinical monitoring of ZDV levels may be of value in certain patients. In addition, the prolonged elimination half-life of ZDV in the present study may provide a rationale for less frequent dosing in certain patients.
Interaction between an infinitesimal glide dislocation loop coplanar with a penny-shaped crack

Abstract This analysis develops a Green's function for a point shear dislocation coplanar with a penny-shaped crack. The solution procedure consists of using anti-symmetry conditions which allow the reduction to an asymmetric mixed boundary value problem for a half space. The mixed boundary conditions between the shear stresses and displacements on the surface are formulated in terms of a single pair and two coupled pairs of dual integral equations which have known solutions. Closed form expressions arc found for the shear displacement discontinuity inside the crack as well as for the shear stress on the crack -dislocation plane. The dislocation interaction solution is then used to formulate new integral equations for shear loading of multiple coplanar cracks or cracks with nonuniform crack fronts.
Utilizing mHealth methods to identify patterns of high risk illicit drug use.

Abstract Introduction We assessed patterns of illicit drug use using mobile health (mHealth) methods and subsequent health care indicators among drug users in Baltimore, MD. Methods Participants of the EXposure Assessment in Current Time (EXACT) study were provided a mobile device for assessment of their daily drug use (heroin, cocaine or both), mood and social context for 30 days from November 2008 through May 2013. Real-time, self-reported drug use events were summed for individuals by day. Drug use risk was assessed through growth mixture modeling. Latent class regression examined the association of mHealth-defined risk groups with indicators of healthcare access and utilization. Results 109 participants were a median of 48.5 years old, 90% African American, 52% male and 59% HIV-infected. Growth mixture modeling identified three distinct classes: low intensity drug use (25%), moderate intensity drug use (65%) and high intensity drug use (10%). Compared to low intensity drug users, high intensity users were younger, injected greater than once per day, and shared needles. At the subsequent study visit, high intensity drug users were nine times less likely to be medically insured (adjusted OR: 0.10, 95%CI: 0.01–0.88) and at greater risk for failing to attend any outpatient appointments (aOR: 0.13, 95%CI: 0.02–0.85) relative to low intensity drug users. Conclusions Real-time assessment of drug use and novel methods of describing sub-classes of drug users uncovered individuals with higher-risk behavior who were poorly utilizing healthcare services. mHealth holds promise for identifying individuals engaging in high-risk behaviors and delivering real-time interventions to improve care outcomes.
The microcirculation image quality score: Development and preliminary evaluation of a proposed approach to grading quality of image acquisition for bedside videomicroscopy

Abstract Purpose Side-stream dark-field microscopy is currently used to directly visualize sublingual microcirculation at the bedside. Our experience has found inherent technical challenges in the image acquisition process. This article presents and assesses a quality assurance method to rate image acquisition quality before analysis. Materials and Methods We identified 6 common image capture and analysis problem areas in sublingual side-stream dark-field videos: illumination, duration, focus, content, stability, and pressure. We created the “Microcirculation Image Quality Score” by assigning a score of optimal (0 points), suboptimal but acceptable (1 point), or unacceptable (10 points) to each category (for further details, go to http://www.MicroscanAnalysis.blogspot.com ). We evaluated 59 videos from a convenience sample of 34 unselected, noncritically ill emergency department patients to create a test set. Two raters, blinded to each other, implemented the score. Any video with a cumulative score of 10 or higher (range, 0-60) was considered unacceptable for further analysis. Results We created the Microcirculation Image Quality Score and applied it to 59 videos. For this particular set of 59 videos, the mean (SD) passing quality score was 1.68 (0.90), and the mean (SD) failing quality score was 15.74 (6.19), with 27 of 59 passing the quality score less than 10. Highest failure occurred from pressure artifact. The interrater agreement for acceptability was assessed using Cohen κ for each category: illumination (κ = 1.0), duration (κ = 1.0), focus (κ = 0.91), content (κ = 0.76), stability (κ = 0.71), and pressure (κ = 0.82) and overall pass-fail rates (score > 10) (κ = 0.66). Conclusion Our Microcirculation Image Quality Score addresses many of the common areas where video quality can degrade. The criteria introduced are an objective way to assess the quality of image acquisition, with the goal of selecting videos of adequate quality for analysis. The interrater reliability results in our preliminary study suggest that the Microcirculation Image Quality Score is reasonably repeatable between reviewers. Further assessment is warranted.
Non-native Intermediate Conformational States of Human Growth Hormone in the Presence of Organic Solvents

Purpose. Manufacturing processes expose protein pharmaceuticals to organic solvents that may perturb the native folded state, increasing the potential for irreversible aggregation or surface adsorption. The aim of this study was to characterize the conformational states of human growth hormone (hGH) in aqueous ethanolic solutions.
Using the Leadership Practices Inventory to Measure Transformational and Transactional Leadership

The present study investigated whether the broader dimensions of transformational and transactional leadership can be inferred from subordinate reports of leadership behaviors collected using instruments not specifically designed for this purpose. The leadership measurement instrument used was the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI). Alternative second-order factor models were evaluated using LISREL 7, and results suggested that subordinate assessments made using the LPI also can be used to measure transformational and transactional leadership. This suggests that transformational and transactional leadership approaches may be thought of as underlying dimensions, with more particularistic leadership behaviors, such as those described by the five LPI dimensions, being related to them.
Effects of stimulation frequency versus pulse duration modulation on muscle fatigue

During functional electrical stimulation (FES), both the frequency and intensity can be increased to increase muscle force output and counteract the effects of muscle fatigue. Most current FES systems, however, deliver a constant frequency and only vary the stimulation intensity to control muscle force. This study compared muscle performance and fatigue produced during repetitive electrical stimulation using three different strategies: (1) constant pulse-duration and stepwise increases in frequency (frequency-modulation); (2) constant frequency and stepwise increases in pulse-duration (pulse-duration-modulation); and (3) constant frequency and pulse-duration (no-modulation). Surface electrical stimulation was delivered to the quadriceps femoris muscles of 12 healthy individuals and isometric forces were recorded. Muscle performance was assessed by measuring the percent changes in the peak forces and force–time integrals between the first and the last fatiguing trains. Muscle fatigue was assessed by measuring percent declines in peak force between the 60 Hz pre- and post-fatigue testing trains. The results showed that frequency-modulation showed better performance for both peak forces and force–time integrals in response to the fatiguing trains than pulse-duration-modulation, while producing similar levels of muscle fatigue. Although frequency-modulation is not commonly used during FES, clinicians should consider this strategy to improve muscle performance.
The use of personal logs to assist clinical students in understanding and integrating theories of counseling intervention

Because of the importance for social science students of clinical counseling or therapy to fully understand and experience theories and methods of intervention, the author has developed a classroom exercise to help accomplish this goal. The use of personal logs by students of psychology, guidance and counseling, psychiatric nursing, social work, psychiatry and other helping professions gives students first hand experience in using theories and methods in their own life situations, and facilitates the important integration between the theory and the personality style of the user of the theory and its techniques.
Intestinal survival, competition and translocation of biotechnology agents on intranasal exposure of C3H/HeJ mice

Human exposure to environmentally released biotechnology agents may occur. Therefore, it is important to identify adverse health effects associated with this exposure. This study investigates colonization, competition, and translocation of biotechnology agents following intranasal challenge by sublethal doses of the environmental isolates Pseudomonas malto-phdia (BC6) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (BC16, BC17, BC18, AC869) Two clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates (PAO1, DG1), are included for comparison. Following intranasal challenge by approximately 106 colony-forming units (cfu), recovery of the dosed strains were determined in C3H/HeJ mice at time intervals in the intestinal tract, mesenteric lymph node (MLN) complex, liver, and spleen. Intestinal bacterial populations also were enumerated. Strains BC6, AC869, DG1, and PAOl were detectable in all three intestinal regions 14 d following treatment. Strain BC17 was cleared 7 d posttreatment Strains BC18 and BC16 were detectable in two of the three intestinal sections A decrease in cecal lactose nonfermenting enteric bacilli was detected in strain BC6-treated mice Translocation of strains BC16, AC869, and PAOl occurred to the MLN, spleen, and liver. Strain BC18 was detectable in the liver, and strains BC17 and DG1 were recovered from both the MLN and the liver Pulmonary challenge can result in intestinal survival, competition and translocation.
Economic and Monetary Uncertainty and the Demand for Money in China

Output uncertainty and monetary uncertainty are said to affect the quantity of money demanded in every country. Increases in both measures of uncertainty could induce people to allocate different proportions of their wealth between money and other financial or real assets. We test these hypotheses by using data from China. Empirical results show that both measures of uncertainty have short-run effects on the quantity of money demanded. However, short-run effects do not last into the long term. Similar results were found for the United States in previous research.
Analysis of self-associations from partition isotherms.

Abstract Self-associations can be studied from the measurements of the partition of the self-associating solute between two immiscible liquids. The apparent partition coefficient, K app , is proportional to the ratio of the apparent weight fraction of monomer, f a, in each phase. If one assumes that the Adams-Fujita convention for the activity coefficients of the self-associating species applies. then f a is related to M na and M wa , the apparent values of the number and weight average molecular weights, respectively; and one can use previously developed methods to analyze the self-association. In order to use the method, one must make an independent study at the same temperature of one of the phases by an appropriate thermodynamic method, such as vapor pressure osmometry or sedimentation equilibrium. Then one can test the other phase for the type of self-association present and evaluate the equilibrium constant or constants ( k t ) and the nonideal term ( BM 1 ) from the partition data. One can also evaluate the partition coefficient ( K par ). From these measurements, one can obtain the free energy (Δ G °) for the association in each phase and for the transfer between phases. Temperature-dependence studies will provide the enthalpy (Δ H °) or entropy (Δ S ° ) of self-association or transfer. This method should be quite useful for studying small molecules of biological importance.
Electron microscopy of the blood‐brain barrier in disease

The anatomical site of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is at the capillary endothelium mainly, with some contribution from astrocytes. Electron microscopic observations of endothelial cells and perivascular astrocytes comprising the BBB in brain edema and other pathological conditions are reviewed in this article. The tight junctions of cerebral endothelial cells open under several conditions such as infusion of hyperosmolar solutions. Pinocytotic vesicles increase under various pathological conditions and fenestrae appear in blood vessels of certain brain tumors and several non-neoplastic lesions. Inflammatory cells penetrate between or through endothelial cells. In long standing lesions, endothelial cells containing various tubular structures such as Weibel-Palade bodies proliferate. Other alterations include surface infoldings of endothelial cells and fluid diffusion through damaged endothelium. Astrocytic alterations include abnormal junctions between astrocytic processes in certain gliomas. In vivo and in vitro studies suggest that astrocytes maintain or develop certain functions of BBB. As the BBB is disrupted, edema fluid infiltrates the brain parenchyma. Because the white matter consists of nerve fibers without demonstrable junctions, it invades between nerve fibers. In the gray matter, expansion of the fluid is limited by complicated anatomical structures. In myelinated nerve fibers, edema fluid accumulates in five separate compartments of extracellular space.
Study of oxygen chemisorption on the GaN(0001)‐(1×1) surface

Clean, ordered GaN(0001)‐(1×1) surfaces are prepared by sputtering with nitrogen ions followed by annealing in ultrahigh vacuum. The surfaces are subsequently exposed at room temperature to O2 and the chemisorption process studied using Auger, valence and core‐level photoemission and electron energy loss spectroscopies, low‐energy electron diffraction, and work function measurements. Saturation occurs at a coverage of Θox=0.4 ML and is accompanied by the removal of surface states near the band edges. The continued presence of a clear (1×1) diffraction pattern, together with other data, indicates a well‐defined adsorption site, but the relative importance of Ga–O and N–O bonding remains undetermined. The realization that surface states exist near the valence‐band maximum has led to a more accurate determination of the surface Fermi‐level pinning position, and of dependent quantities, than given previously. Clean‐surface data are also compared with those for surfaces prepared by in situ deposition of Ga metal followed by thermal desorption. No significant differences are seen, which suggests that nitrogen‐ion sputtering and annealing is suitable for preparing clean, ordered GaN(0001)‐(1×1) surfaces. The results for O chemisorption on atomically clean surfaces have been applied to evaluating the passivation of surfaces prepared by ex situ wet‐chemical cleaning. The band bending is found to be ∼0.5 eV less than on atomically clean surfaces.
New face of development assistance: public goods and changing ethics

This article indicates the policy implications of the increasing emphasis of public goods in foreign assistance. Even the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) reflect this public good emphasis. This changing composition of aid has important ethical implications: public good aid is driven by altruism and self-interest owing to benefit spillovers to donor nations. We show how key properties of publicness influence not only the desired direction of income transfers, but also the identity of the appropriate donor (i.e. donor nation, multilateral agency, or charitable foundation). The article also highlights how the spatial spillovers of public goods affect aid decisions. Finally, we relate five essential sectors to their public good properties and policy implications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analyzing Strawberry Spoilage via its Volatile Compounds Using Longpath Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

The volatile compounds from fruits vary based on the spoilage stage. We used FTIR spectroscopy to analyze and to attempt to identify the spoilage process of strawberries. To enhance the sensitivity of the measuring system, we increased the optical pathlength by using multi-reflecting mirrors. The volatile compounds that were vaporized from strawberries in different spoilage stages were tested. We analyzed the spectra and found that the concentrations of esters, alcohols, ethylene, and similar compounds changed with deterioration. The change patterns of the infrared spectra for the volatiles were further examined using 2D correlation spectroscopy. We analyzed the spectral data using PCA and were able to distinguish the fresh, slightly spoiled strawberries from the seriously spoiled strawberries. This study demonstrates that FTIR is an effective tool for monitoring strawberry spoilage and for providing status alerts.
Hepatitis B virus infection and renal transplantation

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may induce severe hepatitis and affect long-term survival of kidney transplant recipients. Persistent viral infection has been shown to occur despite the absence of usual serologic markers. The liver and serum HBV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) status of 90 patients were studied prospectively; recently transplanted patients, both hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive and negative, with and without liver disease, were investigated with HBV serology, serum HBV DNA, and liver histology. Thirty-four patients had detectable HBsAg, and 21 had viral multiplication at the time of transplantation. Serial HBV DNA determinations performed in 57 of 90 patients disclosed (a) reactivation of HBV replication in 11 of 12 HBsAg-positive patients, (b) increase of viral replication when positive on the initial sample in 6 of 11 patients, and (c) development of HBV replication in 7 of 35 of the HBsAg-negative patients. Moreover, liver HBV DNA studies showed a statistical correlation between the presence of integrated liver HBV DNA and chronic hepatitis in HBsAg-negative patients. This study demonstrates prospectively the significant association of HBsAg-positive as well as HBsAg-negative HBV infection with chronic hepatitis and suggests that immuno-suppressive therapy may enhance the viral replication in both HBsAg-positive and negative subjects.
Reconstrucción de un relato musicológico para el compositor Roberto Falabella

La narrativa que se construye en torno a la personalidad del ser humano proviene de la experiencia del mundo exterior que lo circunda y del sedimento que se genera en su mundo interior. Sobre la base de nuevas lecturas y miradas a la historia de la vida del compositor Roberto Falabella, este trabajo tiene como proposito recrear un relato musicologico de su figura como musico-creador. El relato, en estricta relacion con el texto de lo narrado, nos ayuda a reconocer su vision etico-estetica que alimenta su ser y su hacer. Ademas nos permite acercarnos a un analisis hermeneutico de dos de sus obras tan aparentemente disimiles como los Estudios emocionales para orquesta (1957) y la Sonata para violin y piano (1954).