cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Property differences in the central northeastern Pacific between April 1976 and July 1977

Hydrographic data taken at 25 equally spaced stations along 35°N in April 1976 and again in July 1977 are compared for the longitude range 139–163° W and the depth range 0–1,000 m. A continuous subsurface layer is found, centered at 100 m and extending more than 2,000 km in the east-west direction, in which the temperature and salinity were significantly lower and the density and concentrations of oxygen and three nutrients were higher in the summer of 1977 than in the spring of 1976. In the upper 50 m the temperature and salinity were higher and the density and concentrations of oxygen and nutrients were lower in the summer of 1977 than in the spring of 1976. These relationships are concluded to be due to an annual variation by association with other existing data sets in the same region. The annual variation of hydrographic properties in the upper 200 m can be qualitatively explained by an annual variation in the north-south component of the permanent circulation, which is caused by an annual variation in the large-scale north-south pressure gradient (related to the northward temperature gradient). The observations are consistent with a northward current near the surface and a southward current near 100 m which are both faster in summer than in winter (and spring).
New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

Abstract New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn 2 NPSCH 2 CH 2 S a ( P - S a ) (Bn = benzyl, 4 ), Bn 2 NPSCHCHS a (CH 2 ) 3 C a H 2 ( P - S a )( C a - S a ) ( 6 ) and Bn 2 NP(4-XC 6 H 4 OMe) 2 (X = S, 7a ; X = O, 7b ) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans -[Rh(CO)Cl(L) 2 ] (L = 4 , 6 , 7 ), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4 , 6 , 7 ), [IrCl(COD)( 7a )] and [IrCl 2 Cp∗( 6 )]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν C O IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The 1 J PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the 1 J PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh 3 . The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4 , 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh 3 .
Metabolism of inhaled dihalomethanes in vivo: differentiation of kinetic constants for two independent pathways.

Abstract Dihalomethanes are metabolized by two major pathways: an oxidative, cytochrome P -450-mediated pathway that has been previously thought to yield only CO, and a glutathione (GSH)-dependent one that yields CO 2 . Both give 2 mol of halide ion. We studied the kinetic properties of the two pathways in vivo by exposing male rats to various inhaled concentrations of CH 2 Cl 2 , CH 2 F 2 , CH 2 FCl, CH 2 BrCl, and CH 2 Br 2 and determining end-exposure carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) and plasma bromide (where appropriate). Closed atmosphere gas uptake studies were employed for CH 2 F 2 , CH 2 FCl, CH 2 Cl 2 , and CH 2 BrCl metabolism. A physiologically based kinetic model was used to determine kinetic constants based on gas uptake or plasma bromide data and these constants were used to predict HbCO concentrations. Oxidation was high affinity, low capacity. The maximum metabolic rates for this pathway with CH 2 Br 2 , CH 2 BrCl, and CH 2 Cl 2 were, respectively, 72, 54, and 47 μmol metabolized/kg/hr. CH 2 FCl did not undergo significant oxidative metabolism and appears more like CH 3 Cl than a dihalomethane in its metabolic reactivity. The GSH pathway was low affinity, but high capacity and could be described as a single first-order process at all accessible exposure concentrations. The rate constant for this first-order GSH-dependent pathway was related as CH 2 BrCl > CH 2 Cl 2 ⋍ CH 2 FCl > CH 2 Br 2 > CH 2 F 2 . Presumably bromide is a preferred leaving group but steric hindrance in the initial reaction with GSH is important with CH 2 Br 2 . We also studied the effects of pyrazole (which inhibits microsomal oxidation) and 2,3-epoxypropanol (which depletes GSH) on dihalomethane metabolism. Pyrazole abolished CO production from CH 2 Br 2 , CH 2 BrCl, and CH 2 Cl 2 . GSH depletion did not change the yield of halide ion from the high-affinity pathway; it did increase the steady-state HbCO concentrations with CH 2 Cl 2 and CH 2 ClBr, but not with CH 2 Br 2 . The putative formyl chloride (FC) intermediate from CH 2 Cl 2 or CH 2 BrCl appears to have a longer life than the formyl bromide from CH 2 Br 2 and a significant portion of the FC (⋍20–30%) may react with other cellular nucleophiles instead of spontaneously decomposing to CO. This portion of the oxidative pathway probably yields CO 2 .
AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT INFLUENCES PROPAGULE DENSITIES AND FUNCTIONING OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAS IN LOW-AND HIGH-INPUT AGROECOSYSTEMS IN ARID ENVIRONMENTS

Agricultural management is known to influence the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the soil but relatively little is known about how this impacts the functioning of AM symbioses in crop plants, particularly in arid environments. We compared the abundance of spores and the mycorrhizal infection potential (a bioassay to measure total density of AM fungal spores, hyphae, and infected roots), in low-input and high-input agricultural systems managed by Native Americans in southwestern USA. These field studies were complemented with two greenhouse experiments to assess: (1) the mutualistic functioning of AM fungi and other soil organisms from high-input, low-input, and unmanaged ecosystems and (2) the mycorrhizal responsiveness of landrace and hybrid maize. We found significantly more AM fungal spores in high-input maize fields than in low-input maize fields, alfalfa fields, or unmanaged soils. However, the MIP bioassay indicated that the density of AM fungal propagules was not significantly different in the low- and high-input systems or the unmanaged-native soils. When maize was grown in field soil brought into the greenhouse, AM fungi and communities of other soil organisms did not benefit plant growth in high fertility soil (Experiment 1), but they did improve maize growth in low fertility soil (Experiment 2). Landrace maize was more responsive to mycorrhizas than hybrid maize, and novel soil inoculum was more beneficial than inoculum from sites where the crop and organisms have long coexisted. These findings suggest that agricultural management practices may influence the propagule density and symbiotic functioning of AM symbioses in arid environments; and that AM fungi and other soil organisms may play a more important role in crop performance in low fertility soil than in high fertility soil.
In vitro corticosteroid modulation of lymphocyte migration

Abstract Hydrocortisone sodium succinate (HCS), independent of cell lysis, inhibits, in a dose-related fashion, the random and directed migration of rat splenic and human peripheral blood T lymphocytes in vitro . This inhibition extended to colchicine-induced chemokinetic migration of rat lymphocytes but not to that of human lymphocytes. Rat lymphocytes incubated with HCS, then washed free of the steroid and allowed to recover for 24 hr, demonstrated normal random migration. Fifty percent inhibition in all forms of migration for lymphocytes of both species occurred at about 10 −5 M HCS. Hydrocortisone phosphate, which unmodified does not enter cells, had no effect on rat or human lymphocyte migration in vitro . The random and chemokinetic migration of rat splenic B lymphocytes was more sensitive to HCS inhibition than that of rat splenic T lymphocytes, especially at relatively low concentrations. While its mechanism of action is unclear, it is unlikely that HCS acts to stearically induce microtubule assembly since colchicine-induced human T-lymphocyte chemokinesis was not inhibited. These findings may explain certain clinical observations about lymphocyte kinetics and defects in delayed hypersensitivity reactions during corticosteroid administration.
In Vitro Metabolic Effects of Bovine Growth Hormone Fragments in Adipose Tissue

A limited tryptic digest of bovine growth hormone, which dissociated in 50% acetic acid into 2 fragments of 16,000 and 5000 molecular weight, was evaluated for bovine growth hormone (BGH) activity in rat adipose tissue in vitro. Both fragments, whether tested individually or as mixtures in equimolar ratio, possessed the several in vitro metabolic activities commonly associated with native BGH: (14C)-glucose uptake, its oxidation to CO2 and incorporation into glyceride-glycerol, glycerol release, and (14C)- histidine incorporation into adipose tissue protein. The fragments, which also possess growthpromoting activity, were effective in vitro on most parameters of BGH action at concentrations of 25 µg/ml medium. At a 10-fold increase in concentration all the several parameters of BGH which were evaluated became manifest. These results indicate that while the 2 fragments of the tryptic digest of bovine growth hormone obtained are considerably less potent than native BGH they nonetheless possess BGH activity ...
Economic liberalization's effect on sources of competitive advantage of different groups of companies: the case of India

Abstract Rigidly-controlled economies, maligned by proponents of free markets for their inefficiency, were safe havens for companies that operated in them. Government-approved controls created barriers that allowed them to enjoy relative freedom from direct competition. These controls, together with subsidies and other government assistance, created sources of competitive advantage for different groups of companies. With liberalization many of these sources of advantage are quickly vanishing, creating opportunities and threats. This paper analyzes the pre-liberalization sources of advantage for the four major types of companies in India: multinationals, large private local companies, state-owned enterprises and cottage firms. It analyzes how liberalization has an uneven effect on the sources of advantage of those groups and presents recommendations for each.
Toward Zero-Day Attack Identification Using Linear Data Transformation Techniques

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) have been developed for many years, but in general they fall short in efficiently detecting zero-day attacks. A promising approach to this problem is to apply linear data transformation and anomaly detection techniques on top of known attack signatures that convey contextual properties. The linear data transformation technique relies on several discriminant functions, which are used to calculate the estimated probability of zero-day attacks by analyzing network connection features. The anomaly detection technique identifies zero-day attacks using the One Class Nearest Neighbor (1-class NN) algorithm, which has been applied using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) technique to achieve dimensionality reduction. An experimental prototype has been implemented to evaluate these techniques using data from the NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. The results indicate that linear data transformation techniques are quite effective and efficient in detecting zero-day attacks.
A mathematical model for Schlieren and shadowgraph images of transient expanding spherical thin flames

Optical behavior of spherical flames is investigated using both Schlieren and shadowgraph methods. A mathematical model has been developed to predict the intensity of refracted light beams interacting with a transient expanding thin flame. Experimental facilities have been built to visualize transient expanding spherical flames. The facilities include a cylindrical chamber with two end glasses for optical observation. Shadowgraph and Schlieren pictures of flame propagation have been taken using a high-speed charged coupled device camera. Experimental results are in very good agreement with those predicted by the theoretical model. Schlieren and shadowgraph techniques have also been used to view smooth, cracked and cellular flames; these techniques will be useful in future in studies to determine the stability of propagating flame.
High Efficiency, Spectrum Splitting Solar Cell Assemblies: Design, Measurement and Analysis

A spectrum splitting photovoltaic architecture was proposed for high energy conversion efficiency. Assemblies of this architecture were constructed, measured and analyzed, which allow assessment of current assemblies and help identify pathways to higher efficiency.
Exogenous ecdysteroids elicit low-threshold sensory responses in spiny lobsters

Electrophysiological recordings from chemoreceptors in the lateral antennule of Panulirus interruptus reveal low threshold detection of 10/sup -13/ M ..beta..-ecdysone or 10/sup -12/ M ..cap alpha..-ecdysone with a latency of less than 1 second. Responses to either ..cap alpha..- or ..beta..-ecdysone were recorded from juvenile, female (with and without spermatophores or bearing eggs), and male lobsters in intermolt and premolt stages. Receptors responding to ..cap alpha..-ecdysone did not respond to 2.9 X 10/sup -11/ M ..beta..-ecdysone. The behavioral function of this low threshold detection is not known, but ecdysteroids may be important in intra- or interspecific communication. The short latency of this neural response to ecdysteroids strongly implicates interaction with a membrane-associated component. Thus, the chemoreceptors in the lateral antennule of P. interruptus may provide a valuable system for the study of the affinity and specificity of membrane-bound ecdysteroid receptors for comparison to previously described cytoplasmic and nuclear ecdysteroid receptors and membrane-associated receptors specific for other steroid compounds. 25 references, 1 figure, 1 table.
Intracranial injection parameters which affect angiotensin II-induced drinking

Three intracranial injection parameters, injectate concentration at equivalent doses, rupture or bypass of the lateral ventricle by cannula in reaching the site, and multiple injections per animal, were studied to assess their effects on the drinking behavior elicited by angiotensin II at the lateral preoptic area (LPOA). Half of the animals were implanted with 23 gauge cannulae which penetrated the lateral ventricle en route to the site. The remaining animals received cannulae that were angled laterally to bypass the ventricle. In ventricular animals, the more concentrated injectate increased the total water intake over a 30 min period and affected the pattern of drinking through time. Animals with cannulae that penetrated the ventricle en route to the LPOA drank significantly more than the animals whose cannulae missed the ventricle. In all cases, no significant difference in drinking response was found between the first and second injections received by each rat. These results indicate that standardized intracranial chemical injection methods are needed for comparison of experiments utilizing this technique.
Specular points and critical gimbal angles of ogival radomes

Results on critical gimbal angles of ogival radomes have been presented as a function of fineness ratios and source point locations. It is shown that, for a given source point and reflected ray direction, no more than two specular points generally exist on the radome inner surface. The critical gimbal angle, beyond which reflected rays contribute to geometrical optics fields, is obtained in terms of a turning-point effect. Critical gimbal angles computed are significantly different from previously published results which overlooked the turning-point effect. Special techniques to determine the contribution of specular points near the turning point are briefly discussed. The techniques proposed can be applied to rotationally symmetric geometries other than ogives. >
The myology of salamanders with particular reference to Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz). I. Muscles of the head

This paper is the first of a series of four describing the anatomy and development of the muscles of Dicamptodon ensatus (Ambystomidae) and comparing them in detail with those of other genera and families of Urodela. In the present paper the muscles of the eye, jaw and hyobranchial apparatus are included, with the exception of the few longitudinal throat muscles derived from trunk myotomes; the second paper will include those of the trunk and tail and their derivatives; the third, those of the limbs and the fourth, a discussion of developmental principles in myology and the bearing of muscles upon classification and phylogeny in the salamanders. The correlation of data on various larval, perennibranchiate and adult forms reduces many muscle names to synonymy, and simplifies the understanding of certain difficult parts of the anatomy. Less attention is given to innervation than to developmental changes and the derivation of the muscles. Dicamptodon, in the larval stage, typifies other larval and most perennibranchiate forms, at metamorphosis it shows the most generalized methods of muscular and skeletal transformation, and when adult the animal serves as a landmark for recognizing the directions of evolution among other Urodela.
Hydrogenation and cleavage of dinitrogen to ammonia with a zirconium complex

Molecular nitrogen is relatively inert owing to the strength of its triple bond, nonpolarity and high ionization potential. As a result, the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia under mild conditions has remained a challenge to chemists for more than a century. Although the Haber–Bosch process produces over 100 million tons of ammonia annually1 for the chemical industry and agriculture2, it requires high temperature and pressure, in addition to a catalyst3, to induce the combination of hydrogen (H2) and nitrogen (N2). Coordination of molecular nitrogen to transition metal complexes can activate and even rupture the strong N–N bond4 under mild conditions, with protonation yielding ammonia in stoichiometric5 and even catalytic yields6. But the assembly of N–H bonds directly from H2 and N2 remains challenging: adding H2 to a metal–N2 complex results in the formation of N2 and metal–hydrogen bonds or, in the case of one zirconium complex7, in formation of one N–H bond and a bridging hydride. Here we extend our work on zirconium complexes containing cyclopentadienyl ligands8,9 and show that adjustment of the ligands allows direct observation of N–H bond formation from N2 and H2. Subsequent warming of the complex cleaves the N–N bond at 45 °C, and continued hydrogenation at 85 °C results in complete fixation to ammonia.
Tert-butyl acetate: Non-HAP solvent for high-solids epoxy formulations

Xylene is the traditional diluent solvent for formulating epoxy/amine paints used in protective coatings and linings. Currently, it is under regulatory pressure because it is on the hazardous air pollutant (HAP) list and it is also a volatile organic compound (VOC). Ketones and acetate esters are powerful solvents, but their use is limited by their reaction with the amine curatives before paint application. Tert-butyl acetate (t-BAc) proposed as a VOC-exempt solvent, is a nonreactive, non-HAP solvent suitable for both the epoxy resin and amine curative sides of a two-component epoxy system. Molecular modeling predicts very low reactivity of the t-BAc ester functionality with amine nucleophiles as a result of steric hindrance. Long-term aging studies with amine curatives in t-BAc solutions confirm these theoretical results. Kinetics of the reaction of amines with t-BAc and its n-butyl acetate isomer support the view that steric hindrance plays a major role in amine solution stability.
To what extent can aromaticity be defined uniquely

Statistical analyses of quantitative definitions of aromaticity, ASE (aromatic stabilization energies), RE (resonance energies), Λ (magnetic susceptibility exaltation), NICS, HOMA, I5, and AJ, evaluated for a set of 75 five-membered π-electron systems: aza and phospha derivatives of furan, thiophene, pyrrole, and phosphole (aromatic systems), and a set of 30 ring-monosubstituted compounds (aromatic, nonaromatic, and antiaromatic systems) revealed statistically significant correlations among the various aromaticity criteria, provided the whole set of compounds is involved. Hence, broadly considered, the various manifestations of aromaticity are related and aromaticity can be regarded statistically as a one-dimensional phenomenon. In contrast, when comparisons are restricted to some regions or groups of compounds, e.g., aromatic compounds with ASE > 5 kcal/mol or polyhetero-five-membered rings, the quality of the correlations can deteriorate or even vanish. In practical applications, energetic, geometric, ...
Infrared Microspectroscopic Investigation of the Diffusion of E7 into PiBMA

Abstract The components of a liquid crystal mixture (E7) have been shown to diffuse at different rates in Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals (PDLCs). It was observed in this work that liquid crystals of different molecular weights diffuse into poly(isobutyl methacrylate) (PiBMA) at different rates at a constant temperature. It was also determined that the components in a liquid crystal mixture diffuse into the polymer at different rates. The effect is quite small under normal conditions, so elevated temperatures, simplified diffusion boundaries and extended time scales were employed to magnify the diffusion separation effects for study. Although this work demonstrates that these components diffuse at different rates, the short phase separation times experienced during the generation of a PDLC are probably insufficient to promote this effect to the point where optical properties are adversely affected.
A microprocessor based solar controller

This paper presents the development, analysis, and simulated experimentation with a discrete control algorithm for optimal control of a solar energy system for heating buildings. The contents include the mathematical formulation of the system and objective function, the solution technique, the microprocessor control system and its components, and the results of tests conducted using a control-driven dynamic simulation computer model to perform comparisons with conventional controls.
The surface of Mars, by Michael H. Carr

Book Review: The Surface of Mars, Michael H. Carr. New York: Cambridge University Press (2006).
A WATER SOLUBLE BENZAZEPINE CHOLECYSTOKININ-B RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST

Abstract A series of 5-substituted-3-ureidobenzazepin-2-ones bearing ioizable functionality was synthesized as potential cholecystokinin-B (CCK-B) receptor antagonists. SAR of this series of compounds demonstrated the optimal combination of a carboxylic acid and 5-cyclohexyl group, providing the high affinity (CCK-B IC 50 = 0.10 nM), water soluble CCK-B antagonist 2 .
The relationship of "passionate attachment" for pornography with sexual compulsivity, frequency of use, and craving for pornography.

Abstract We recruited a sample of 221 undergraduate males who used pornography regularly to complete a series of questionnaires assessing their “passionate attachment” to pornography, pornography use history, sexual compulsivity, subjective craving to use pornography, compulsive Internet use, social desirability and non-sexual sensation seeking. Both Harmonious Passion and Obsessive Passion subscale scores varied as a function of typical weekly frequency of pornography use, and both subscales were positively significantly associated with sexual compulsivity, current craving to use pornography, and compulsive Internet use. However, neither subtype of passionate attachment to pornography was significantly associated with non-sexual sensation seeking or with the tendency to present oneself in a socially desirable manner. Trait-like sexual compulsivity and presumably transient craving to use pornography appear related to, but are not substitute measures for, passionate attachment for pornography. Further research could evaluate the clinical utility of this questionnaire to measure clients' preoccupation with and inclination to use pornography during assessment and psychotherapy.
Vorticity measurements using calibrated vane-vorticity indicators and comparison with X-wire data

Abstract : Vane-type vorticity indicators of various sizes have been constructed, calibrated and used for direct and rapid measurement of local mean streamwise vorticity in several swirling flows. The dependence of their calibration factor, which relates the vane rotational speed to the local angular velocity of the fluid, on the free-stream velocity, the fluid rotational speed, and the transverse vorticity gradient was determined. When the vanes were carefully calibrated, and regularly checked and maintained, good agreement was achieved between vorticity profiles obtained using them and X-wire data. Otherwise, a vane can only be used to give an indication of vorticity. (Author)
Colectomy as treatment for constipation in selected patients

The aim of this study was to conduct a prospective assessment of the results of total abdominal colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis (TAC) in patients with colonic inertia. Overall, 416 patients were evaluated for chronic constipation. Of the patients 54 (13 per cent) had colonic inertia, defined as diffuse marker delay during transit study without paradoxical puborectalis contraction on cinedefaecography or electromyography. All 54 patients (42 women and 12 men), with a mean age of 49 (range 17-78) years, underwent TAC. Preoperative bowel frequency was a mean of one every 8 days, requiring large doses of laxatives, enemas or both. There was no major postoperative morbidity; five patients were readmitted due to bowel obstruction, three for successful conservative management while the other two required enterolysis. After a mean follow-up of 27 (range 2-51) months these 54 patients reported a mean frequency of spontaneous bowel movements of 3.7 (range 1-10) per day. 'Excellent' or 'good' outcome was reported by 51 patients (94 per cent). TAC can be performed with acceptable morbidity and 94 per cent of patients will have satisfactory improvement in bowel habit.
Altered trunk motor planning in patients with nonspecific low back pain.

ABSTRACT The authors investigated differences in trunk muscle activation timing between patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) and asymptomatic controls during a self-initiated postural challenge. The authors compared 30 participants with NSLBP to 30 controls. Surface electromyographic data were collected from bilateral trunk muscles. Dependent variables were trunk muscle onset and offset relative to extremity muscle activation and duration of the trunk muscle burst and abdominal–extensor cocontraction. Patients with NSLBP demonstrated significantly delayed trunk muscle onset latency (p < .01), and shorter burst (p = .02) and cocontraction durations (p < .01). Results suggest that patients with NSLBP may be inefficient in regulating trunk posture during voluntary extremity movements. These alterations could also represent a compensatory control pattern imposed by the CNS to avoid pain.
Requirement of Polyphosphate by Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1 for Competitive Fitness and Heat Tolerance in Laboratory Media and Sterile Soil

Knowledge of the genetic basis for bacterial survival and persistence in soil is a critical component in the development of successful biological control strategies and for understanding the ecological success of bacteria. We found a locus specifying polyphosphate kinase (ppk) and a nonpredicted antisense RNA (iiv8) in Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1 to be necessary for optimal competitive fitness in LB broth culture and sterile loam soil. Pf0-1 lacking ppk and iiv8 was more than 10-fold less competitive against wild-type Pf0-1 in sterile loam soil low in inorganic phosphate. Studies indicated that ppk, and not iiv8, was required for competitive fitness. No role for iiv8 was identified. While a ppk and iiv8 mutant of Pf0-1 did not have increased sensitivity to osmotic, oxidative, and acid stress, it was more sensitive to elevated temperatures in laboratory medium and during growth in sterile soil. ppk was shown to be part of the Pho regulon in P. fluorescens, being upregulated in response to a low external P(i) concentration. Of importance, overproduction of polyphosphate in the soil environment appears to be more deleterious than production of none at all. Our findings reveal a new role for polyphosphate (and the need for proper regulation of its production) in competitive fitness of P. fluorescens in laboratory and soil environments.
High mass resolution SIMS

Abstract We are developing a method to conduct SIMS analysis at high mass resolution (m/Δm>50,000), to facilitate the examination and study of complex organic and biomolecules on surfaces. The approach uses a primary-ion beam probe (rastered 25 keV Ga+ ion source), providing high (100 nm) spatial resolution, and an ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) cell, capable of mass analysis at a resolution in excess of 105 and mass accuracy of less than 1.0 ppm. The apparatus includes a time-of-flight (ToF) mass analyzer, offering rapid chemical mapping at low (m/Δm 300), although, readily detected by the ToF analyzer, are inefficiently transmitted to the ICR cell. This has stimulated the design of a new ion optics coupling arrangement, which provides a higher mass resolution over a wider mass range.
Microbiological removal of pentachlorophenol from soil using a Flavobacterium

Abstract Experiments reported here show that it is possible to remove pentachlorophenol (PCP) from a variety of contaminated soils, including actual waste-dump soils, by inoculating such soils with cells of a PCP-degrading Flavobacterium. However, soil conditions such as temperature, water content, PCP concentration and density of bacterial cells must be maintained within optimum ranges. Manipulation of the natural microflora so that it degrades PCP may be the preferred decontamination method in many instances. Very highly contaminated soils are so toxic that methods such as soil leaching followed by decontamination of the leachate may be required, as direct inoculation or self-purification are ineffective.
Evaluation of the Acutely Dyspneic Elderly Patient

Dyspnea is among the most frequent complaints in the elderly. The prevalence of comorbid medical conditions and the physiologic changes of aging present significant challenges in determining the cause. The initial approach to the elderly dyspneic patient mandates consideration of a broad range of diagnoses. Failure to diagnose life-threatening medical conditions presenting with dyspnea such as pulmonary embolus, acute coronary syndromes, congestive heart failure, asthma, obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumothorax, and pneumonia can lead significant morbidity and mortality. This article focuses on the rapid assessment and approach to the acutely dyspneic elderly patient.
Dispersive Shock Waves in Nonlinear Arrays

We experimentally study dispersive shock waves in nonlinear waveguide arrays. In contrast with gap solitons, the nonlinearity here pushes the propagation constant further into the transmission bands, facilitating Bloch mode coupling and energy transport. We directly observe this coupling, both within and between bands, by recording intensity in position space and power spectra in momentum space.
The trisomy 18 syndrome with an E/G translocation

An infant with a typical Edwards syndrome and a modal chromosome number of 46 is reported. In all cells analyzed one chromosome G was missing and an additional chromosome similar to a pair No. 16 was present. The phenotype of the child indicates that the extra element is a translocation between G and 18 chromosomes as in one case described previously.
Promotion of Women Physicians in Academic Medicine

To the Editor. —The article entitled "Promotion of Women Physicians in Academic Medicine" by Dr Tesch and colleagues 1 is an important contribution to our understanding of the advancement of women in academic medicine, but the authors may too readily conclude that "women were substantially less likely to achieve promotion." The data presented show that nearly equal (and not statistically different) proportions of women (54%) and men (60%) achieved promotion to the associate professor level within 11 years on faculties of medicine. Since faculty at most medical schools remain at the assistant professor level for 7 to 10 years, these data would indicate that the majority of women and men are advancing to the level of associate professor at the anticipated rate. The data also show a discrepancy between men and women in promotion to the full professor level, with 23% of men and 5% of women achieving that rank
Driving with a CRT display.

Ss drove a car using a synthetic display. Lateral position alone was a weak cue for lateral control. The addition of either lateral velocity or peripheral vision cues greatly improved performance.
The tagged species engineering model (TSEM)

Abstract The Tagged Species Engineering Model (TSEM), a three-dimensional Eulerian model, has been developed to examine source-receptor relationships and the response of sulfate deposition to hypothetical control strategies for sulfur dioxide source emissions. Archived output files from a comprehensive Eulerian model (the Regional Acid Deposition Model) are used to provide necessary input values of ozone, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl and hydroperoxy radicals, and other oxidants. Sulfur dioxide is then oxidized to sulfate by both gas-phase and aqueous-phase reactions. Results from comparisons of the simplified model with the comprehensive model show that TSEM represents sulfate deposition very well both for base case emissions and for a hypothetical 50% reduction in all sulfur-emitting sources. Source-receptor relationships are exhibited by means of tagged sulfur emissions, as illustrated in two examples.
Studies on the interaction of chick brain microsomal (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with copper

Abstract Chick brain microsomal ATPase was strongly inhibited by Cu 2+ . (Na + + K + )-ATPase was more susceptible to low levels of Cu 2+ than Mg 2+ -ATPase. The inhibition of (Na + + K + )-ATPase could be partially protected from Cu 2+ in the presence of ATP in the preincubation period. When Cu 2+ (6 μM) was preincubated with the enzyme in the absence of ATP, only sulfhydryl-containing amino acids ( d -penicillamine and l -cysteine) could reverse the inhibition. At lower concentrations of Cu 2+ ( μ M), in the absence of ATP during preincubation, the inhibition could be completely reversed by the addition of 5 mM l -phenylalanine and l -histidine as well as d -penicillamine and l -cysteine. Kinetic analysis of action of Cu 2+ (1.0 μM) on (Na + + K + )-ATPase revealed that the inhibition was uncompetitive with respect to ATP. At a low concentration of K + (5 mM), V with Na + was markedly decreased in the presence of Cu 2+ and K m was about twice that of the control. However, at high K + concentration (20 mM), the K m for Na + was not affected. At both low (25 mM) and high (100 mM) Na + , Cu 2+ displayed non-competitive inhibition of the enzyme with respect to K + . On the basis of these data, we suggest that Cu 2+ at higher concentrations (> 6 μ M) inactivates the enzyme irreversibly, but that at lower concentrations ( μ M), Cu 2+ interacts reversibly with the enzyme.
State of international public relations research: : Narrowing the knowledge gap about the practice across borders

This study examined the state of international public relations research to identify prominent trends, themes, and theoretical paradigms in the field. A content analysis of 200 articles from 12 peer reviewed journals shows that international public relations scholarship has increased steadily in the last four years. Likewise, the areas being studied by academics in the field have also diversified. The findings point to areas and regions that remain understudied and should be explored to continue building knowledge in the field in general, and more specifically, in theory development.
An energy-efficient checkpointing mechanism for out of order commit processor

In this paper, we introduce a lightweight checkpointing mechanism that permits a large number of checkpoints to be established with relatively little hardware overhead and with the ability to checkpoint the register renaming table in a compact manner. Our mechanism permits efficient checkpoint operations and Out-of-Order checkpoint release. We also propose a counterless physical registers early release mechanism. Our evaluations demonstrate that the proposed design delivers a 16.5% higher performance than an ROB based design and an average of 49% energy savings for checkpointing related operations compared to a checkpointing scheme that uses equivalent hardware resources.
Convergence and Divergence in Political Orientations between Blacks and Whites: 1960–1973

Trends in the political orientations of blacks and whites from 1960 to 1973 are examined to determine if racial positions have increasingly diverged as the Kerner Commission warned they might. The evidence suggests a mixed pattern. Continuing but not diverging large-scale differences in political goals are found. Black political mobilization is seen to be increasing, as well as black/white differences in partisan and electorial behaviors. Widely different evaluations of black political movements are maintained. Political distrust is found to be both widespread and growing, especially among blacks.
Performance and Power Characteristics of Matrix Multiplication Algorithms on Multicore and Shared Memory Machines

For many scientific applications, dense matrix multiplication is one of the most important and computation intensive linear algebra operations. An efficient matrix multiplication on high performance and parallel computers requires optimizations on how matrices are decomposed and exchanged between computational nodes to reduce communication and synchronization overhead, as well as to efficiently exploit the memory hierarchy within a node to improve both spatial and temporal data locality. In this paper, we presented our studies of performance, cache behavior, and energy efficiency of multiple parallel matrix multiplication algorithms on a multicore desktop computer and a medium-size shared memory machine, both being considered as referenced sizes of nodes to create a medium- and largescale computational clusters for high performance computing used in industry and national laboratories. Our results highlight both the performance and energy efficiencies, and also provide implications on the memory and resources pressures of those algorithms. We hope this could help users choose the appropriate implementations according to their specific data sets when composing larger-scale scientific applications that use parallel matrix multiplication kernels on a node.
Will coverage for child and adolescent immunizations be mandated for insurance plans in 2006? Lessons learned from the Newborns' and Mothers' Health Protection Act of 1996.

More than 8 of 10 children in the United States have received their recommended vaccinations by 3 years of age.1 However, as the costs of immunizations increase,2 health insurance plans may be less likely to include coverage for all vaccinations recommended for children and adolescents.3 Such variations in coverage may discourage physicians from administering comparatively expensive vaccine series such as pneumococcal conjugate vaccine4 and also threaten the success of vaccination efforts regarding newly recommended quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine5 and combined tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccines,6 as well as vaccines that may be recommended in the near future (eg, human papillomavirus vaccine).7 Such economic barriers to childhood vaccination obstruct public health efforts to safeguard children's well-being. Moreover, recent evidence regarding varicella and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines indicates that childhood vaccination programs not only protect children's health but have dramatic positive effects on adults' health and reduce the costs of health care as well.8–13 For these reasons, insurance coverage for childhood vaccinations is the focus of increasing legislative attention. Insurance mandates regarding immunizations in many states require health plans to include children's vaccination benefits, but plans financed by employers themselves (“self-insured” plans) are exempt from such mandates under the federal Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)14 and may leave children “underinsured” for recommended vaccines. Underinsured children (recently estimated to comprise ∼10% of children overall) are less likely to receive recommended vaccines than their more comprehensively insured peers.15 Other childhood immunization challenges, such as recurrent vaccine shortages and a decreasing number of vaccine manufacturers over the last several decades,16 have also been attributed in part to incomplete coverage for childhood vaccines in private insurance plans that reduce vaccine manufacturers' private-sector revenue. In 2003, an expert panel of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) called … Address correspondence to Matthew M. Davis, MD, MAPP, University of Michigan, 300 NIB, 6C23, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0456. E-mail: mattdav{at}med.umich.edu
Anticipated Inflation and Economic Welfare

Mundell's analysis refers only to an exogenous expectation of inflation to which the government makes no fiscal or monetary response. Using a Metzler-like model having fiscal and monetary controls over consumption and investment demand, it shows that whether the real interest rate falls or rises when inflation becomes expected depends entirely upon the government's use of these fiscal and monetary controls. Should the expectation of inflation be induced by inflationary government policies, the real rate of interest still need not fall: the government has the latitude to induce inflationary expectations by means that raise the real rate of interest or by means that reduce the real rate of interest. Thus, the expectation of inflation, even when that expectation is induced and sustained by the government, will depress the real rate of interest, as Mundell concluded, only if the government desires that to happen. As there is no necessary connection between the expected rate of inflation and the real rate of interest, it can be shown that, as Friedman and Bailey argued, the expectation of inflation in excess of a certain rate has an unambiguously ill effect upon feasible welfare provided the government finds it infeasible to pay interest on money at a suitable rate. But it will also be shown that the expectation of inflation need have no effect upon welfare if the government is able to pay the appropriate rate of interest on money. The chapter discusses some results with William S. Vickrey's well-known argument that in some circumstances an anticipated inflation would be desirable.
Photostable Cyanine Dye β-Cyclodextrin Conjugates

Abstract Cyanine dye β-cyclodextrin conjugates were synthesized and were demonstrated to possess greatly enhanced photostability in aqueous solution and in live Swiss 3T3 cells. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Molten Glass Corrosion Resistance of Immersed Combustion‐Heating Tube Materials in Soda‐Lime‐Silicate Glass

The corrosion resistance of molybdenum, molybdenum disilicide, and a SiC[sub (p)]/Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] composite to molten soda-lime-silicate glass was studied. The ASTM-C621-84 corrosion test method was modified because of inherent inaccuracies in the method and Si attack of platinum crucibles. Specimen-glass interfacial regions were characterized using XRD, SEM, and EDS. After 48 h of exposure at 1,565 C, the half-down corrosion recessions of Mo, MoSi[sub 2], and SiC[sub (p)]/Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] were 0.11, 0.316, and 0.26 mm, respectively. Mo oxidized to form a MoO[sub 2] surface scale which cracked, allowing glass seepage and further oxidation. Silicon was leached out of MoSi[sub 2] into the glass, leaving a Mo[sub 5]Si[sub 3] interface and particles of Mo near the interface. For the SiC[sub (p)]/Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] composite, bubbles observed at the interfacial regions formed from oxidation of SiC to form CO. Thermodynamic modeling corroborated these experimental observations. The work discussed herein is part of a larger research thrust to develop materials for immersed gas-fired radiant burner tubes for glass melters.
Geropsychiatric Nursing Practice in the United States: Present Trends and Future Directions

Demographic trends, diversification of geriatric health care service settings, and advances in education and science call for redefining the context and mission of geropsychiatric nursing (GPN) pra...
Intracranial Teratoma in a Domestic Rabbit

A solid and cystic suprasellar teratoma was found in a rabbit killed because of incoordination. The tumor consisted of neural cells, cysts lined by various types of epithelium, respiratory mucosa, gastric mucosa, mucous and mucoserous glands, collagenous connective tissue, cartilage and fat.
On the design of k-covered wireless sensor networks: Self-versus triggered sensor scheduling

Sensing coverage reflects the quality of surveillance of a field by a wireless sensor network (WSN). This paper investigates the problem of minimum connected k-coverage in WSNs, where each point in a field is covered (or sensed) by at least k active sensors while minimizing the necessary total number of active sensors and ensuring connectivity between them. In this paper, we propose two k-coverage protocols using different scheduling approaches. In the first protocol, called Self-Scheduling driven k-Coverage (SSC k ), each sensor turns itself on based on the local information it has about its sensing neighbors in order to k-cover its sensing range. The second protocol, called Triggered-Scheduling driven k-Coverage (TSC k ), allows a sensor to trigger a necessary number of its sensing neighbors to become active in order to achieve k-coverage of its sensing range. Then, we relax some commonly used assumptions for coverage configuration protocols in WSNs to promote the use of SSC k and TSC k in realworld sensing applications. Simulation results show that TSC k outperforms SSC k with regard to the number of sensors required for connected k-coverage as well as the network lifetime. We find that SSC k outperforms an existing connected k-coverage protocol for WSNs.
Experimental verification of theoretical in vivo ultrasound heating using cobalt detected magnetic resonance

Conventional methods of measuring heating in vivo are invasive and therefore interfere with heat propagation. For the first time, ultrasound-induced temperature increases in living specimens have been estimated theoretically and measured experimentally using a noninvasive technique. In vivo ultrasound-induced temperature increases in the livers of rats show consistent results between: (1) a theoretical ultrasound point-source solution for a measured ultrasound source power of 4.3 W (2/spl deg/C) and (2) a sensitive noninvasive magnetic resonance method with the cobalt (III) nucleus as a probe (2.0/spl plusmn/1.2/spl deg/C). >
Reliability and ESD for high voltage LDMOS with SenseFET

This paper presents the structure and method of effective ESD protection and reliability in high voltage LDMOS with Sense Source (SenseFET) which is newly proposed 1-chip process for smart power ICs. This structure and method have been investigated experimentally and theoretically by employing two-dimensional process and device simulators. The cause of failure turned out to be Sense Source which is failed on reliability and ESD experiment more than LDMOS itself. The distance between the drain pad and the Sense Source must be long enough and Sense Source must be closely located with a lot of Ground contact if possible.