cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lymphadenectomy in bladder cancer: how high is "high enough"?

Abstract Purpose The role of a regional lymphadenectomy in the surgical treatment of high-grade, invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder has evolved over the last several decades. Although the application of a lymphadenectomy for bladder cancer is not significantly debated, the absolute extent or level of proximal dissection of the lymphadenectomy remains a controversial issue. Material and Methods A review of the literature should help elucidate the rationale and extent of an appropriate lymphadenectomy in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Various surgical issues of lymphadenectomy as well as prognostic factors in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer are examined. Results A growing body of evidence, spanning from early autopsy and cadaveric studies to recent retrospective series and multicenter prospective trials, suggests that an extended lymph node dissection (cephalad extent to include the common iliac arteries) may provide not only prognostic information but also provide a therapeutic benefit for both patients with lymph node-positive and lymph node-negative disease undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Although the absolute boundaries of the lymphadenectomy remain a subject of controversy, historical reports confirmed by recent lymphatic mapping studies suggest the inclusion of the common iliac as well as possibly presacral nodes in the routine lymphadenectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The need to extend the dissection higher to include the distal para-aortic and paracaval lymph nodes may be important in select individuals but remains more controversial. The extent of the primary bladder tumor (p-stage), number of lymph nodes removed, the lymph node tumor burden (tumor volume), and lymph node density (number of lymph nodes involved/number of lymph nodes removed) are all important prognostic variables in patients undergoing cystectomy with pathologic evidence of lymph node metastases. Systemic adjuvant chemotherapy remains a mainstay of treatment of patients with lymph node metastases. Conclusions Radical cystectomy with an appropriately performed lymphadenectomy provides the best survival outcomes and lowest local recurrence rates. Although the absolute limits of the lymph node dissection remain to be determined, evidence supports a more extended lymphadenectomy to include the common iliac vessels and presacral lymph nodes at cystectomy in patients who are appropriate surgical candidates. When feasible, adjuvant chemotherapy is warranted in patients with positive nodal metastasis.
Minor salivary gland tumors. A histologic and immunohistochemical study

Clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical data were reviewed and evaluated on 238 oral minor salivary gland tumors. Benign neoplasms accounted for 65% of the total. Pleomorphic adenomas were the most common of all neoplasms, and mucoepidermoid carcinomas were the most frequently encountered malignancies. Pleomorphic adenomas and adenoid cystic carcinomas stained positive for S-100 protein. Immunohistochemistry was believed to be of potential assistance in diagnosis of salivary gland tumors and in prediction of histogenesis.
The diagnosis and treatment of cerebral mycotic aneurysms

Seventeen patients were treated for 28 documented cerebral mycotic aneurysms. Initial neurological symptoms were attributable to aneurysm rupture in only 7 patients, and in 3 of them symptoms did not suggest subarachnoid hemorrhage. Six patients presented with embolic infarction and 1 with meningitis; in 3 patients it was uncertain if aneurysm rupture occurred. Four patients had rupture of at least one aneurysm while receiving appropriate antibiotic treatment and another had rupture at the conclusion of therapy. Of 20 aneurysms followed angiographically or with computed tomography during medical treatment, 10 became smaller or disappeared and 10 remained unchanged or enlarged, 1 with fatal rupture. Eight ruptured aneurysms were surgically excised; 2 of the patients with ruptured aneurysms died and 2 had residual aphasia or cognitive impairment. All 4 patients whose only surgery was for an unruptured aneurysm made uneventful recoveries. Recognizing the retrospective and anecdotal nature of our data and the differing views of previous investigators, we recommend: (1) that careful neurological examination, computed tomography, and (unless contraindicated) lumbar puncture be performed on any patient with endocarditis; (2) that those with neurological abnormalities not attributable to systemic toxicity, including pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid or apparent infarction on computed tomographic scans, undergo four-vessel cerebral angiography; (3) that single accessible mycotic aneurysms in medically stable patients be promptly excised, with individualization of multiple or proximal aneurysms; and (4) that repeat angiography be performed at the conclusion of antibiotic therapy in patients requiring long-term anticoagulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Radiocarbon Concentration in Pacific Ocean Water

Results of C 14 determinations in surface water from the Pacific were in agreement with those reported by Rafter and Fergusson. However, abnormal C 14 concentrations seem to exist locally, for which no oceanographic explanation can be given. It seems premature to draw conclusions from existing determinations as to the rate of increase of C 14 in surface ocean water resulting from the uptake of C 14 produced in the atmosphere by atomic bombs. Samples from a constant depth of about 3,500 meters show a C 14 content decreasing from south to north. This decrease may be attributed to radioactive decay of C 14 during the time of migration. From this the northward component of the rate of water movement of about 0.06 cm/sec can be calculated. The C 13 determinations, for the purpose of correcting the C 14 values for isotope fractionation effects, were found to be remarkably consistent, although made on reburned acetylene. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1960.tb01330.x
Association between short term exposure to fine particulate matter and heart rate variability in older subjects with and without heart disease

Background: Short term increases in exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution are associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The mechanism behind this effect is unclear, although changes in autonomic control have been observed. It was hypothesised that increases in fine PM measured at the subjects’ home in the preceding hour would be associated with decreased high frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) in individuals with pre-existing cardiac disease. Methods: Two hundred and eighty five daily 20 minute measures of HRV (including a paced breathing protocol) were made in the homes of 34 elderly individuals with (n = 21) and without (n = 13) cardiovascular disease (CVD) over a 10 day period in Seattle between February 2000 and March 2002. Fine PM was continuously measured by nephelometry at the individuals’ homes. Results: The median age of the study population was 77 years (range 57–87) and 44% were male. Models that adjusted for health status, relative humidity, temperature, mean heart rate, and medication use did not find a significant association between a 10 μg/m 3 increase in 1 hour mean outdoor PM 2.5 before the HRV measurement and a change in HF-HRV power in individuals with CVD (3% increase in median HF-HRV (95% CI −19 to 32)) or without CVD (5% decrease in median HF-HRV (95% CI −34 to 36)). Similarly, no association was evident using 4 hour and 24 hour mean outdoor PM 2.5 exposures before the HRV measurement. Conclusion: No association was found between increased residence levels of fine PM and frequency domain measures of HRV in elderly individuals.
Droplet pair interactions in a shock-wave flow field

Binary interactions between water droplets of nearly equal size in the flow field behind a weak shock wave were studied experimentally. The droplets had diameters of about 270 mm, and the Reynolds numbers, based on this diameter and on the relative velocity between the droplets and the free stream, ranged from about 130 to about 600. In this paper we report only data for Re < 150, corresponding to non-deforming droplets. The droplets in a given pair were aligned so that each pair fell on a plane parallel to the direction of the incoming flow. In this manner, the second droplet in the pair was ‘behind’ the first, at horizontal distances ranging from 1.5 to 11 diameters, and at vertical distances from the dividing streamline ranging from −3 to 6 diameters. We have quantified the interaction in terms of drag force changes on the droplets, and show that the first, or upstream, droplet is not affected by the second, but that the second experiences significant reductions for vertical distances of about one droplet diameter or less. At the smallest horizontal distances, the maximum decrease observed was about 50%, relative to its isolated value. We also show that the drag changes clearly demarcate a wake behind the first droplet. Further, on the basis of these changes, we define a region of influence attached to the first droplet, where the free-stream velocity is significantly reduced. For the droplets used in this study, this region is a slender paraboloid of revolution, having a length of about 15 diameters and a radius of about one diameter.
The outcome of resected cystic pancreatic endocrine neoplasms: A case-matched analysis

Introduction Cystic pancreatic endocrine neoplasms (CPENs) are uncommon tumors with uncertain disease biology and ill-defined diagnostic features. Methods A prospectively maintained pancreatic cyst registry was queried, and 31 cases of CPEN that were resected between 1995 and 2010 were identified. Patient and lesion characteristics were detailed and compared with resected non-PEN cystic lesions. Recurrence and survival outcome were compared with 31 noncystic PENs matched for functional status, differentiation, size, World Health Organization classification, grade, and presence of metastases. Results During the study period, CPENs accounted for 7% of resected pancreatic cysts (31/469) and 12% of resected PENs (31/255). CPENs were primarily sporadic (94%), solitary (87%), nonfunctioning (100%), and incidentally discovered (68%). The median diameter was 2.1 cm (range, 0.9–6.2 cm), and preoperative imaging identified septations in 29%, a solid component in 26%, and cyst wall enhancement or a characteristic hypervascular rim in 45% of cases. Preoperative imaging and/or cytology suggested the diagnosis of CPEN in 61%. Compared with resected nonendocrine cystic lesions, CPEN were less frequently symptomatic, less likely to contain septations, and smaller. Compared with matched noncystic PENs, CPENs had comparable demographic, radiologic, and pathologic features and statistically similar long-term outcome (5-year disease-free survival: CPEN: 100% vs PEN: 86%, P = .947). Conclusion In this study, CPENs were primarily asymptomatic small lesions that could be characterized in the majority of cases by cyst wall enhancement on preoperative imaging and/or cytologic assessment. No significant difference in recurrence or survival outcome was identified between cystic and noncystic PENs.
Defensive communication revisited: A critical examination of Gibb's Theory

A critical review of Gibb's theory of defensive communication found that neither the role of persuasion nor the role of individual differences in the formation and change of supportive and defensive communication climates had received adequate research attention. It was hypothesized that (1) the introduction of persuasion into a situation in which resistance could be expected would shift the climate in a defensive direction, (2) successful persuasion would shift the climate in a supportive direction, (3) persons classified as “B” on the A‐B therapist style variable would be perceived as being more defensive than persons classified as “A”, and (4) “Bs” would expect to be perceived as being more defensive than would “As.” Analysis of data collected in a laboratory setting supported all four hypotheses.
A dual negative regulation model of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling for endotoxin preconditioning in human endotoxemia

We discuss a model illustrating how the outcome of repeated endotoxin administration experiments can emerge as a natural consequence of the tightly regulated signaling pathways and also highlight the importance of a dual negative feedback regulation including PI3K/Akt and IRAK-M (IRAK3). We identify the relative time scales of the onset and the magnitude of the stimulus as key determinants of outcome in repeated administration experiments. The results of our simulations involve potentiated response, tolerance, and protective tolerance. Moreover, the knockout of negative regulators shows that IRAK-M is a necessary and sufficient factor for generation of endotoxin tolerance (ET). The effects of the knockout of IRAK-M gene or administration of PI3K inhibitor do yield predictions that have been verified experimentally. Finally, the pretreatment with PI3K inhibitor reveals the interaction between these two negative regulations.
Varicella Mortality: Trends before Vaccine Licensure in the United States, 1970–1994

We examined varicella deaths in the United States during the 25 years before vaccine licensure and identified 2262 people who died with varicella as the underlying cause of death. From 1970 to 1994, varicella mortality declined, followed by an increase. Mortality rates were highest among children; however, adult varicella deaths more than doubled in number, proportion, and rate per million population. Despite declining fatality rates, in 1990-1994, adults had a risk 25 times greater and infants had a risk 4 times greater of dying from varicella than did children 1-4 years old, and most people who died of varicella were previously healthy. Varicella deaths are now preventable by vaccine. Investigation and reporting of all varicella deaths in the United States is needed to accurately document deaths due to varicella, to improve prevention efforts, and to evaluate the vaccine's impact on mortality.
Mass Spectrometry and Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Protein Biomarker Discovery and Bacterial Speciation

After culture, MALDI-MS protein profiling, for species characterization, is widely used. DNA-based identification of bacterial species (with or without prior culture) often involves PCR and/or sequencing. 16S rRNA sequence cataloging is the gold standard but discrimination is often only at the genus level. This chapter discusses protein marker discovery and chemotaxonomy for threat agents using MS and MS/MS. Characterization of small acid soluble proteins (SASPs) of Bacillus anthracis and related species are used for illustrative purposes. The ultimate goal of our studies is universal applicability with species-level certainty in these identifications including biodetection without culture.
Cortical dynamics of motion integration and segmentation

A neural model is developed of how motion integration and segmentation processes compute global motion percepts. Figure-ground properties, such as occlusion, influence which motion signals determine the percept. For visible apertures, a line's extrinsic terminators do not specify true line motion. For invisible apertures, a line's intrinsic terminators create veridical feature tracking signals, which are amplified before they propagate across space and are integrated with ambiguous motion signals within line interiors. This integration process is the result of several processing stages. Directional transient cells respond to image transients and input to a directional short-range filter that selectively boost feature tracking signals. Competitive interactions further boost feature-tracking signals and create speed-selective receptive fields. A long-range filter gives rise to true directional cells by pooling signals over multiple orientations and opposite contrast polarities. A distributed population code of speed tuning realizes a size-speed correlation, whereby activations of multiple spatially short-range filters of different sizes are transformed into speed-tuned cell responses. These mechanisms use transient cell responses, output thresholds that covary with filter size, and competition. The model reproduces empirically derived speed discrimination curves and simulates data showing how visual speed perception and discrimination are affected by stimulus contrast.
A very early induction of major vault protein accompanied by increased drug resistance in U-937 cells

U-937 human leukemia cells were selected for resistance to doxorubicin in the presence or absence of a specific drug modulator that inhibits the activity of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), encoded by the multidrug-resistance gene (MDR1). Parental cells expressed low basal levels of the multidrug-resistance-associated gene (MRP1) and major vault protein (MVP) mRNAs and no MDR1 mRNA. Two doxorubicin-resistant cell lines were selected. Both drug-resistant cell lines upregulated the MVP mRNA level 1.5-fold within 1 cell passage. The MVP mRNA level continued to increase over time as the doxorubicin selection pressure was increased. MVP protein levels generally paralleled the mRNA levels. The 2 high molecular weight vault protein mRNAs were always expressed at constitutive levels. Fully formed vault particles consisting of the MVP, the 2 high molecular weight proteins and the vault RNA assembled and accumulated to increased levels in drug-selected cells. MVP induction is therefore the rate-limiting step for vault particle formation in U-937 cells. By passage 25 and thereafter, the selected cells were resistant to doxorubicin, etoposide, mitoxantrone and 5-fluorouracil by a pathway that was independent of MDR1, MRP1, MRP2 and breast cancer resistance protein. In summary, U-937 doxorubicin-selected cells are programmed to rapidly upregulate MVP mRNA levels, to accumulate vault particles and to become multidrug resistant.
Gordon Chenoweth Sauer, MD (1921-2003)

Gordon Sauer was responsible for starting dermatology residency programs at the Kansas University School of Medicine in Lawrence, Kan, and the University of Missouri Medical School in Columbia, Mo. He also was an instructor in dermatology at the University of Missouri Kansas City Medical School. He was a tireless teacher of residents in medicine, pediatrics, and dermatology along with medical students. Residents and medical students received didactic lectures and spent time rotating with him in his office. He was an author for more than 50 years of one of the most widely read dermatology textbooks by medical students worldwide. He authored numerous articles and Sauer Notes in the Schock letter for half a century. He was known throughout the field of science as the world's foremost authority and biographer of John Gould, known as the Audubon of Australia. Loved by his family and revered by his fellow scientists, he was a standard bearer of dermatology in the latter part of the 20th century.
An Efficient, Hybrid, Frequency-Time Domain Method for The Dynamics of Large-Scale Dry-Friction Damped Structural Systems.

The steady-state response to periodic excitation of multi-degree of freedom (DOF) structural systems with several elastic/perfectly plastic attached dry friction dampers is studied. The force transmitted by a friction damper is deduced in the time domain from the displacement and velocity of the corresponding DOF to which the friction damper is attached. The convergence of the method is ensured by a modified Broyden’s algorithm, which is used to solve iteratively the set of multi-harmonic nonlinear equations in the frequency domain. The solution algorithm is thus hybrid in the frequency and time domains. The method can handle both friction dampers that are attached to ground and the general case of dampers that connect two DOF’s of the structure. Results are obtained for both tuned and mistuned configurations of large-scale models of dry-friction damped bladed disks used in turbomachinery applications, subject to various traveling wave “engine order” excitations, for a variety of structural and friction parameters. Interesting, complex features of the nonlinear response are revealed, such as: motions for several stick-slip phases per period; localized motions for mistuned systems, which feature mostly sticking motion at most blades and mostly slipping motion at a few blades; subresonances; effects of higher harmonics.
What is the Best Way to Analyze Less Frequent Forms of Violence? The Case of Sexual Aggression.

OBJECTIVE: Most frequency data on violence are non-normally distributed, which can lead to faulty conclusions when not modeled appropriately. And, we can't prevent what we can't accurately predict. We therefore review a series of methods specifically suited to analyze frequency data, with specific reference to the psychological study of sexual aggression. In the process, we demonstrate a model comparison exercise using sample data on college men's sexual aggression. METHOD: We used a subset (n=645) of a larger longitudinal dataset to demonstrate fitting and comparison of six analytic methods: OLS regression, OLS regression with a square-root-transformed outcome, Poisson regression, negative binomial regression, zero-inflated Poisson regression, and zero-inflated negative binomial regression. Risk and protective factors measured at Time 1 predicted frequency of SA at Time 2 (8 months later) within each model. Models were compared on overall fit, parsimony, and interpretability based upon previous findings and substantive theory. RESULTS: As we predicted, OLS regression assumptions were untenable. Of the count-based regression models, the negative binomial model fit the data best; it fit the data better than the Poisson and zero-inflated Poisson models, and it was more parsimonious than the zero-inflated negative binomial model without a significant degradation in model fit. CONCLUSION: In addition to more accurately modeling violence frequency data, count-based models have clear interpretations that can be disseminated to a broad audience. We recommend analytic steps investigators can use when analyzing count outcomes as well as further avenues researchers can explore in working with non-normal data on violence. Language: en
Generation of trees and cotrees of a graph by decomposition

Generation formulas from which the sets of trees and cotrees of a graph are expressed as the ring sums or the unions of the Cartesian products of the sets of subgraphs of the component graphs which are obtained from the original graph by decomposition are presented. If the subgraphs of the component graphs are given, the procedure will not generate any duplications, redundancies or cancellations of terms. Methods of generating certain types of desired subgraphs of the component graphs, and illustrative examples, are also given.
Honeybee methodology, cognition, and theory: recording local directional decisions in interpatch foraging and interpreting their theoretical relevance

Investigations made into the cognitive decision making of honeybees (Apis mellifera) traveling from one flower patch to another flower patch (interpatch foraging) are few. To facilitate such research, we present methods to artificially emulate interpatch foraging and quantify the immediate decision making of honeybees (within 50 cm) choosing to fly an interpatch path. These “Interpatch Methods” are validated, applied, and shown to produce novel information for the field of honeybee spatial cognition. Generally, we demonstrate that a single foraging cohort of honeybees is shown to be capable of making decisions based upon different sets of learned cues, in the exact same context. Specifically, both terminal beacon orientation cues and compass navigation cues can guide the cognitive decision making of interpatch foraging honeybees; our bees chose both cues equally. Finally, the theoretical importance of decision making for interpatch paths is compared with the other foraging paths (outward and homing) with respect to the information available to recruited foragers and scout foragers. We conclude that the ability to analyze interpatch foraging is critical for a more complete understanding of honeybee foraging cognition and that our methods are capable of providing that understanding.
CrowdLearner: rapidly creating mobile recognizers using crowdsourcing

Mobile applications can offer improved user experience through the use of novel modalities and user context. However, these new input dimensions often require recognition-based techniques, with which mobile app developers or designers may not be familiar. Furthermore, the recruiting, data collection and labeling, necessary for using these techniques, are usually time-consuming and expensive. We present CrowdLearner, a framework based on crowdsourcing to automatically generate recognizers using mobile sensor input such as accelerometer or touchscreen readings. CrowdLearner allows a developer to easily create a recognition task, distribute it to the crowd, and monitor its progress as more data becomes available. We deployed CrowdLearner to a crowd of 72 mobile users over a period of 2.5 weeks. We evaluated the system by experimenting with 6 recognition tasks concerning motion gestures, touchscreen gestures, and activity recognition. The experimental results indicated that CrowdLearner enables a developer to quickly acquire a usable recognizer for their specific application by spending a moderate amount of money, often less than $10, in a short period of time, often in the order of 2 hours. Our exploration also revealed challenges and provided insights into the design of future crowdsourcing systems for machine learning tasks.
Assessing energy functions for flexible docking

A good docking algorithm requires an energy function that is selective, in that it clearly differentiates correctly docked structures from misdocked ones, and that is efficient, meaning that a correctly docked structure can be identified quickly. We assess the selectivity and efficiency of a broad spectrum of energy functions, derived from systematic modifications of the CHARMM param19/toph19 energy function. In particular, we examine the effects of the dielectric constant, the solvation model, the scaling of surface charges, reduction of van der Waals repulsion, and nonbonded cutoffs. Based on an assessment of the energy functions for the docking of five different ligand–receptor complexes, we find that selective energy functions include a variety of distance-dependent dielectric models together with truncation of the nonbonded interactions at 8 A. We evaluate the docking efficiency, the mean number of docked structures per unit of time, of the more selective energy functions, using a simulated annealing molecular dynamics protocol. The largest improvements in efficiency come from a reduction of van der Waals repulsion and a reduction of surface charges. We note that the most selective potential is quite inefficient, although a hierarchical approach can be employed to take advantage of both selective and efficient energy functions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 19: 1612–1622, 1998
Characteristics of the Ca2+ pump and Ca2+-ATPase in the plasma membrane of rat myometrium

A plasma membrane-enriched fraction from rat myometrium shows ATP-Mg2+-dependent active calcium uptake which is independent of the presence of oxalate and is abolished by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. Ca2+ loaded into vesicles via the ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake was released by extravesicular Na+. This showed that the Na+/Ca2+ exchange and the Ca2+ uptake were both occurring in plasma membrane vesicles. In a medium containing KCl, vanadate readily inhibited the Ca2+ uptake (K1/2 5 microM); when sucrose replaced KCl, 400 microM-vanadate was required for half inhibition. Only a slight stimulation of the calcium pump by calmodulin was observed in untreated membrane vesicles. Extraction of endogenous calmodulin from the membranes by EGTA decreased the activity and Ca2+ affinity of the calcium pump; both activity and affinity were fully restored by adding back calmodulin or by limited proteolysis. A monoclonal antibody (JA3) directed against the human erythrocyte Ca2+ pump reacted with the 140 kDa Ca2+-pump protein of the myometrial plasma membrane. The Ca2+-ATPase activity of these membranes is not specific for ATP, and is not inhibited by mercurial agents, whereas Ca2+ uptake has the opposite properties. Ca2+-ATPase activity is also over 100 times that of calcium transport; it appears that the ATPase responsible for transport is largely masked by the presence of another Ca2+-ATPase of unknown function. Measurements of total Ca2+-ATPase activity are, therefore, probably not directly relevant to the question of intracellular Ca2+ control.
Thin films for superconducting electronics: Precursor performance issues, deposition mechanisms, and superconducting phase formation-processing strategies in the growth of Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 films by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

Epitaxial Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 thin films with excellent electrical transport characteristics are grown in a two-step process involving metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of a BaCaCuO(F) thin film followed by a postanneal in the presence of Tl2O vapor. Vapor pressure characteristics of the recently developed liquid metal-organic precursors Ba(hfa)2 • mep (hfa = hexafluoroacetylacetonate, mep = methylethylpentaglyme), Ca(hfa)2 • tet (tet = tetraglyme), and the solid precursor Cu(dpm)2 (dpm = dipivaloylmethanate) are characterized by low pressure thermogravimetric analysis. Under typical film growth conditions, transport is shown to be diffusion limited. The transport rate of Ba(hfa)2 • mep is demonstrated to be stable for over 85 h at typical MOCVD temperatures (120 °C). In contrast, the vapor pressure stability of the commonly used Ba precursor, Ba(dpm)2, deteriorates rapidly at typical growth temperatures, and the decrease in vapor pressure is approximately exponential with a half-life of ~9.4 h. These precursors are employed in a low pressure (5 Torr) horizontal, hot-wall, film growth reactor for growth of BaCaCuO(F) thin films on (110) LaAlO3 substrates. From the dependence of film deposition rate on substrate temperature and precursor partial pressure, the kinetics of deposition are shown to be mass-transport limited over the temperature range 350–650 °C at a 20 nm/min deposition rate. A ligand exchange process which yields volatile Cu(hfa)2 and Cu(hfa) (dpm) is also observed under film growth conditions. The MOCVD-derived BaCaCuO(F) films are postannealed in the presence of bulk Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 at temperatures of 720–890 °C in flowing atmospheres ranging from 0–100% O2. The resulting Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 films are shown to be epitaxial by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis with the c-axis normal to the substrate surface, with in-plane alignment, and with abrupt film-substrate interfaces. The best films exhibit a Tc = 105 K, transport-measured Jc = 1.2 × 105 A/cm2 at 77 K, and surface resistances as low as 0.4 mΩ (40 K, 10 GHz).
Reducing Stroke Rates in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation How Low Can We Go

Strokes related to atrial fibrillation tend to be large, life-threatening, and disabling. Multiple factors have synergistically led, over the past 20 years, to an impressive reduction in atrial fibrillation-related stroke rates. Comparisons of these rates between studies are estimates because definitions of stroke and primary end points among trials differ. However, patients assigned to placebo or usual therapy from clinical trials conducted in the late 1980s and early 1990s found approximate rates for patients with the equivalent of a CHADS2 score (an acronym for congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75, diabetes mellitus, and prior stroke or transient ischemic attack) of 2 of ≈6% to 8%.1,2 A CHADS2 score of 2 is the approximate stroke risk of patients entered in current trials, including A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Parallel Arm Trial to Assess the Efficacy of Dronedarone 400 mg BID for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Hospitalization or Death From Any Cause in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation/Atrial Flutter (ATHENA).3 Anticoagulation with vitamin k antagonists has been the major contributor to the declining event rates; compared with placebo, vitamin k antagonists have reduced rates from 67% to 86% in completed trials, which translates into stroke rates of ≈1.4%/y.4,5 Novel anticoagulants designed to overcome the limitations of warfarin have been evaluated recently and have attained rates comparable to or slightly lower …
Childhood discipline, perceptions of parents, and current functioning in female college students

This study examined the relationships among the childhood discipline styles experienced by 116 female college students, their perceptions of their parents, and their current functioning. Results of this study indicated that female college students’ report of childhood discipline, their perceptions of their parents, and their outcomes were related uniquely when examining responses for mothers and fathers. Further, regression analyses suggested that negative perceptions of mothers may mediate the relationship between maternal psychologically assaultive discipline and female college students’ depression and self-esteem and mediate partially the relationship between maternal psychologically and physically assaultive discipline and female college students’ anxiety. In contrast, fathers’ use of psychologically assaultive discipline and female college students’ positive and negative perceptions of their fathers predicted depression, whereas only their perceptions predicted anxiety and self-esteem. These results suggested the importance of examining discipline and perceptions of parents when examining the functioning of late adolescents and emerging adults.
Searcher actions and strategies in asynchronous collaborative search

In this paper, we present results of a laboratory study in which participants completed an asynchronous collaborative search task while thinking aloud. Based on analysis of the think-aloud data and screen recordings, we present a set of collaborative search actions and rationales that our participants employed. For each, we describe the purpose and motivations, and give illustrative examples. We also present three high-level strategies (independent, parallel, and divergent) that emerged from analysis of participants' verbalizations and discuss how participants used these strategies as part of their overall search process. Our results show that collaborators' prior work influenced search strategies and behaviors, and that participants leveraged collaborators' work at various stages of the interaction including query formulation and results examination. We discuss how the observed behaviors complement existing models of interactive information seeking and suggest ways to extend current models.
Methodology to verify, debug and evaluate performances of NoC based interconnects

Latest developments in electronic systems lead hardware architects to completely rethink the traffic exchanges inside Systems on Chip. Constraints on more parallelism, less power, more coherency, less order while designing system fabrics and interconnects infers a bunch of new design features. All of them need to be verified, all of them need to be evaluated with respect to their impact on system performance, power consumption and gate count. This paper discusses some of the most challenging features in NoCs and the way verification engineers and architects are tackling correctness and performance checking of them.
Internet domain names: Property rights and institutional innovation

This chapter examines the commercialization of the Internet, which has initiated a global debate over privatizing and internationalizing the responsibility for managing the Internet domain name system. A new international regime is being organized around the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The chapter analyzes the emergence of this new regime, drawing upon empirical literature on the economics of property rights and related concepts of international regime change. Property rights conflicts that emerged with the growth of the Internet domain names are analyzed. An efficient property rights regime in domain names is presented and contrasted with the new property regime. The comparison shows that the path of institutional change is strongly affected by conflicts over the distributional issues inherent in the definition of property rights.
Trioxorhena(VII)carborane Anion and Its Methyl-Substituted Analogue: Synthesis, Structure, DFT, and Catalytic Studies

Synthesis and characterization of trioxorhena(VII)carborane [Bu4N][(η1-C2B9H11)ReO3] (1a) and its methyl-substituted analogue [Bu4N][(7,8-Me2-η1-C2B9H11)ReO3] (1b) are reported. The single-crystal X-ray structures of 1a and 1b display η1 coordination between Re and the carborane cage. Density functional theory computations at B3LYP/LANL2DZ (Gaussian 09 suite) level show that the strong π donor character of the oxo ligands results in a weak interaction between the d orbitals on Re and the π orbitals of the boron cage, the consequence of which is favoring η1 Re–B coordination. Complexes 1a and 1b exhibit reversible one-electron reduction in cyclic voltammetry experiments at E1/2 potentials of −1.83 and −1.88 V versus Cp2Fe/Cp2Fe+, respectively. Complex 1a catalyzes the hydrosilylation of aldehydes and ketones in excellent yields and with high tolerance to a variety of functional groups. Mechanistic investigation of the hydrosilylation reaction revealed potential involvement of multirhenium–boron cluster.
The Role of Reciprocity in Clarifying the Performance Payoff of Relational Behavior

Abstract The authors theorize that the inconsistencies in prior research regarding the relational behavior–performance relationship arise from the type of reciprocity the firm internalizes. The results of a longitudinal study of 284 buyer–supplier relationships indicate that relational behavior enhances financial performance when what is exchanged does not need to be directly comparable with what was received (i.e., heteromorphic equivalence reciprocity) or can be returned over a longer time horizon (i.e., long-term immediacy reciprocity). Moreover, relational behavior diminishes financial performance when what is exchanged must be directly comparable in form (i.e., homeomorphic equivalence reciprocity) or returned over a short time horizon (i.e., short-term immediacy reciprocity). The authors further conclude that a longitudinal interaction effect model provides a more accurate understanding of the relational behavior–performance relationship when compared with a cross-sectional interaction effect model,...
Abstract 3601: Evaluation of a mathematical modeling framework to describe combination therapy with Gemcitabine

The quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic combinations is of increasing interest. This is especially true given the complexities of different dosing schedules and animal model systems. This work evaluates a recently proposed mathematical modeling framework (Koch et al., J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 36:179-197, 2009), and modifications thereof, for quantifying synergisms between drugs used in combination therapy based on preclinical data. In this study, we evaluated published NSCLC (H460a) tumor growth inhibition (TGI) data following treatment with Erlotinib and Gemcitabine (Higgins et al., Anticancer Drugs 15: 503-512, 2004), administered both alone and in combination. We simultaneously modeled the pharmacodynamic data from all therapeutic regimens. TGI data from both monotherapy and combination therapy were adequately described. The results suggest that Erlotinib and Gemcitabine at sub-maximal doses work in a synergistic manner to reduce tumor growth. This modeling framework may prove useful in the design and optimization of preclinical experiments involving drug combinations. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3601.
Presenting illness and mortality outcomes for patients intubated in an academic emergency department.

Patients who are intubated during the course of hospital care have a high mortality rate. 70% of critically ill Emergency Department (ED) patients are intubated in the ED or a prehospital, but little data describes mortality risk. Identification of mortality risk based on presenting illness would allow providers to improve both resuscitative efforts and advanced care planning.
Sentinel surveillance for AIDS in men who have sex with men in Qujing,Yunnan,2010-2013

Objective To understand the prevalence of AIDS and related risk behaviors in men w ho have sex w ith men( MSM) in Qujing,Yunnan province. Methods During 2010-2013,MSM were recruited by snowball sampling,and a questionnaire survey w as conducted among them. Blood samples w ere taken from them for HIV,HCV and syphilis tests. Results A total of 400 M SM w ere surveyed. The aw areness rate of AIDS related know ledge ranged from 72% to76%. The HCV positive rate ranged from 0 to 1%. The HIV positive rate ranged from 1% to 10%,the differences in annual positive rate w ere significant( χ2= 17. 447,P = 0. 039); The syphilis positive rate ranged from 0 to 6%,the differences in annual positive rate w ere significant [Var( lnRR) = 108. 00,P 0. 01]. The condom use rate ranged from50% to 80% in recent commercial homosexual behavior. The condom use rate ranged from 86% to 100% in recent anal homosexual behavior and ranged from 31. 9% to 95. 2% in recent heterosexual behavior,the differences in annual condom use rate w ere significant( χ2= 28. 999,P 0. 01; χ2= 23. 451,P 0. 01). The acceptance rates of intervention services and peer education ranged from 89% to 100% and from 77. 0% to 99. 6% respectively,the differences in annual acceptance rate w ere significant( χ2= 25. 681,P 0. 01; χ2= 36. 779,P 0. 01). Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen the health education and intervention services among M SM to increase the AIDS related know ledge aw areness and reduce the HIV infection and syphilis prevalence among them.
Current advances in the therapy of sinus disease.

Abstract Recent technological advances in the diagnosis and treatment of sinus disease have had a significant impact on the way we handle this common condition. As a result of new technologies, we have gained an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of sinus disease. The functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) procedure provides the latest approach to diagnose and aid in the treatment of patients with sinus disease. This endoscopic procedure improves diagnosis and assists in the evaluation of medical and surgical treatment modalities. Should surgery be indicated, a more functional technique can be performed. This includes the meticulous postoperative observation and care of the surgical site. This paper discusses these latest advances in endoscopic diagnosis, medical treatment, and functional surgery for the treatment of sinus diseases. It also outlines the team approach to physician care and management of these patients.
Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells and 5'Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase in the Inflammatory Response: A Potential Therapeutic Target

The events in the cellular and molecular signaling triggered during inflammation mitigate tissue healing. The metabolic check-point control mediated by 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is crucial for switching the cells into an activated state capable of mediating inflammatory events. The cell metabolism involved in the inflammatory response represents a potential therapeutic target for the pharmacologic management of inflammation. Areas covered: In this article, a critical review is presented on triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell (TREM) receptors and their role in the inflammatory responses, as well as homeostasis between different TREM molecules and their regulation. Additionally, we discussed the relationship between TREM and AMPK to identify novel targets to limit the inflammatory response. Literature search was carried out from the National Library of Medicine's Medline database (using PubMed as the search engine) and Google Scholar and identified relevant studies up to 30 March 2016 using inflammation, TREM, AMPK, as the key words. Expert commentary: The prevention of phenotype switching of immune cells during inflammation by targeting AMPK and TREM-1 could be beneficial for developing novel management strategies for inflammation and associated complications.
Semiosis as Trickster: The Laughter of Signs

Mythographers and anthropologists recognise the ancient presence of the Trickster figure, and according to Paul Radin in The Trickster (1972), he is the oldest of the mythic figures and a major proto-structure of the narrative hero. The Trickster is the undifferentiated hero who, in ludic form, is used to satirise the conventions of cultures whose narratives tell about him, and I have often referred to Trickster in this study as connected with the generation of marginal signs either as personal or cultural change, or as dissolution or growth. Still, as one looks closely at Trickster he has an extended cultural role that participates in the full range of semiosis. Not only is Trickster closely identified with the culture hero who, in a more developed form, risks all and brings whatever sacred gifts a people use (in Levi-Strauss’s pattern) to identify themselves as human beings, but in the shamanistic tradition the proto-priestly shaman is also often a Trickster figure: one who speaks the old animal languages, one who can change bodily forms, or one who always walks the edges of the Sacred and Profane to practice behaviours which to most ‘normal’ folk are insane, sacred or blasphemous. The shaman is the visionary of the tribe, who knows the secrets of dreams, the wisdom of the herbs and the paths to contact the spirits; that is, he or she knows the various semiotics of other states of consciousness.
THE ECONOMIC BURDEN OF INCREASED ENERGY PRICES ON THE UNITED STATES

Publisher Summary The economic effects of the two major increases in oil prices in 1973–74 and 1979 have been worldwide, and have been felt in terms of four economic aspects: (1) productivity, (2) economic output, (3) economic growth, and (4) prices. This chapter discusses each of the aspects with respect to the United State. It also discusses the following factors that affect productivity: (1) the rate of capital formation and technological changes, (2) labor resources, and (3) the cost of energy. However, when energy prices increase, firms tend to use less energy and tend to substitute capital, labor, and other resources. Therefore, productivity, which is the output per unit of time, decreases. The chapter describes a study in which the productivity of the United States is estimated to have fallen by 4% in 1974 alone as a result of the first economic shock resulting from higher oil prices. Moreover, it has been found that because of higher energy cost, the productivity rate declined by 1.3% each year thereafter till 1978. There has been a negative impact on productivity from higher energy prices. With respect to economic output, the very fact that productivity decreases means that economic output will also decrease but the effect of higher energy is more pervasive and complex than that. Energy is an essential input into the production process. The more costly energy is, the more resources one needs to produce energy and, therefore, the fewer resources one has for other productive purposes. The result, then, is less output, quite independent of the productivity effect.