cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trajectory Study of Photodissociation Dynamics in the NaI(H2O) Cluster System

The photodissociation dynamics of the NaI(H2O) dimer is studied theoretically. The dynamics are simulated via the “molecular dynamics with quantum transitions” trajectory method of Tully and co-workers in order to describe nonadiabatic transitions between the excited and ground electronic states. In the calculations, the electronic structure of NaI is determined at every point along trajectories by semiempirical valence-bond theory, while the water is described by classical potentials. It is found that the clustered water enhances the probability of an excited-to-ground-state nonadiabatic transition compared to the isolated NaI case. In addition, the clear oscillatory dynamics for the bound excited state motion for isolated NaI is considerably muted by the presence of the water. Other characteristic features of the process include a considerable transfer of rotational kinetic energy to the water molecule and a rapid “evaporation” of that molecule. These latter characteristic features are shown to arise fr...
Outcomes research in surgery: a call to arms.

Outcomes research encompasses all forms of clinical research that examines the impact of patient, provider, and organizational factors on health outcomes. More broadly, health services research encompasses all clinical research that scrutinizes aspects of the delivery of health care, irrespective of the impact upon outcomes. In a conceptual model, Donabedian has related the interplay of structure, processes, and outcomes [1]. Broadly speaking, structural characteristics include the system of care, such as the organizational characteristics in which care is rendered. Processes of care reflect the actual elements of care delivered (e.g., the receipt of deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis following surgery). Outcomes are diverse endpoints, depending on the particular perspective. Universally, the traditional outcomes of interest to surgeons are reflected in the age-old tradition of morbidity and mortality conferences. These conferences review complications and mortality after the delivery of surgical care. Expectations of ourselves, as surgeons, our patients, and society have changed such that other outcomes are becoming increasingly important to measure. The Institute of Medicine report “Crossing the Quality Chasm” has set a goal that we provide safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficacious, and equitable care for our patients [2]. Increasingly, patient-reported outcomes are becoming important barometers by which we measure our surgical successes. For example, survival after lung transplantation is a vital outcome, but questions about quality of life, functional status, and patient satisfaction are becoming increasingly important to address. Thus, other important outcome measures are focused on quality of life or patientcentered outcomes, the appropriate use of services, issues of workforce and workload, and costeffectiveness.
Acoustic forcing of oblique wave resonance in the far wake

In this paper, we investigate to what extent the far-wake ‘signature’ of the near-wake vortex dynamics of a nominally two-dimensional bluff body is affected by the character of the free-stream noise. We confirm the existence of an oblique wave resonance (at frequency, fK–fT), which is caused by nonlinear ‘quadratic’ interactions between primary oblique shedding waves (fK) and secondary two-dimensional waves (fT), which are amplified from free-stream disturbances. In this work, oblique wave resonance is induced by acoustic forcing of two-dimensional waves. The use of acoustic forcing reveals a set of higher-order oblique wave resonances corresponding to frequencies (fK–nfT), where n is an integer. We find from visualization that, even when the secondary two-dimensional waves have the same frequency as the oblique waves, it is the oblique waves that are preferentially amplified. Oblique wave angles up to 74° have been observed. The response of the wake to a large range of forcing frequencies shows a broad region of peak response, centred around F = (fT/fK) = 0.55, and is in reasonable agreement with predictions from linear stability analysis. A similar broad response is found for each of the higher-order oblique wave modes. Simple equations for the oblique waves yield approximate conditions for maximum wake response, with a frequency for peak response given by Fmax = 1/2n = 1/2, 1/4, 1/6,…, and an oblique wave angle given by θmax = 2θK, where θK is the angle of oblique vortex shedding. An increase in forcing amplitude has the effect of bringing the nonlinear wave interactions, leading to oblique wave resonance, further upstream. Paradoxically, the effect of an increase in amplitude (A) of the two-dimensional wave forcing is to further amplify the oblique waves in preference to the two-dimensional waves and, under some conditions, to inhibit the appearance of prominent two-dimensional waves where they would otherwise appear. With a variation in forcing amplitude, the amplitude of oblique wave response is found to be closely proportional to A½. In summary, this investigation confirms the surprising result that it is only through the existence of noise in the free stream that the far wake is ‘connected’ to the near wake.
China's exchange rate policy and fiscal expansion

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of China's exchange rate policy and fiscal expansion.Design/methodology/approach – This paper is a reprint of a Financial Times online forum contribution dated 10 February 2009.Findings – The paper finds that there is a good economic rationale for China's wanting to keep the yuan/dollar rate stable.Originality/value – This “perspective” piece written by a Professor of Economics is brought to a wider readership via its inclusion in Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies.
Phenotypes, Genotypes, and the 9p21 Locus for Prediction of Cardiovascular Events

I would like to commend Hoppmann et al. ([1][1]) for their thorough and well-executed paper. In this regard, I agree with the editorial by Horne and Anderson ([2][2]) that discusses the importance of the Hoppmann et al. ([1][1]) study. Thoughtfully executed prospective studies that attempt to
Ribonucleotides in newly synthesized DNA of herpes simplex virus.

Abstract Newly synthesized DNA of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), obtained from primary rabbit kidney cells pulse-labeled with [ 3 H]thymidine or [ 3 H]uridine at 6 hr postinfection, was purified by two cycles of centrifugation in CsCl density gradients. These intracellular viral DNA preparations hybridized specifically with homologous HSV-1 DNA but not with host cell DNA or E. coli DNA. Upon denaturation by alkali, the [ 3 H]thymidine-labeled HSV-1 DNA cleaved to smaller pieces. The alkali-labile material in the viral DNA was identified as ribonucleotides on the basis of the following observations: (1) When labeled with [ 3 H]uridine for short periods, the labeled viral “DNA” was susceptible to RNase and NaOH, and all the radioactivity was confined to the nucleoside [ 3 H]uridine; however, upon longer labeling periods (up to 20 hr), the [ 3 H]uridine-labeled viral “DNA” became more susceptible to DNase, as most but not all of the [ 3 H]uridine was converted to deoxyribonucleosides. (2) Denaturation of [ 3 H]uridine-labeled double-stranded HSV-1 “DNA” ( ϱ Cs 2 SO 4 = 1.45 g/cm 3 ) by heat shifted the buoyant density to single-stranded DNA region ( ϱ Cs 2 SO 4 = 1.48−1.50 g/cm 3 ) but not to single-stranded RNA region; however, treatment with hot NaOH considerably reduced the radioactivity of this “DNA.” Treatment with DNase, but not with pronase, shifted the buoyant density to the heavier RNA region of the gradient. Heat-denatured DNA but not the native DNA was susceptible to single-strand specific nuclease S1.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Indications for and results of splenectomy

Abstract Background : Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare, life-threatening disorder of unknown pathophysiology. The role of splenectomy in the multimodality therapy of TTP is controversial. Materials and methods : All charts of patients with TTP at the University of Utah between 1984 and 1994 were reviewed to evaluate various treatment regimens, and specifically, the impact of splenectomy on morbidity and survival. Results : Of the 15 patients identified, 14 underwent initial treatment with plasmapheresis and steroids. Nine patients were treated with medical therapy only, 6 of whom completely recovered, while 3 patients died. Six patients failed plasmapheresis and underwent splenectomy. There were no operative complications or postoperative deaths. All surgical patients had no active disease at last follow-up. Conclusion : Plasmapheresis and steroid administration remain the first-line therapy for TTP. This series documents that splenectomy offers excellent results with minimal morbidity and mortality in patients who do not respond to or who relapse after plasmapheresis.
Model-based approach to partial tracking for musical transcription

We present a new method for musical partial tracking in the context of musical transcription using a time-frequency Kalman filter structure. The filter is based upon a model for the evolution of a partial in amplitude and frequency. The parameters of this model are determined from a statistical analysis of partial behavior across a wide range of pitch from four brass instruments. Statistics are computed independently for the partial attributes of frequency and log-power first differences. We present observed power spectral density shapes, total powers, and histograms, as well as least-squares approximations to these. We demonstrate that a Kalman filter tracker using this partial model is capable of tracking partials in music. We discuss how the filter structure naturally provides quality-of-fit information about the data for use in further processing and how this information can be used to perform partial track initiation and termination within a common framework. We propose that a model-based approach to partial tracking is preferable to existing approaches which generally use heuristic rules or birth/death notions over a small time neighborhood. The advantages include better performance in the presence of cluttered data (e.g., multi-voice material) and simplified tracking over missed observations.
Lung injury, inflammation, and inflammatory stimuli in rats exposed to ozone.

The effects of ozone (O3) on airway epithelia, inflammation, and expression of inflammatory stimuli were investigated to delineate the mechanisms of inflam matory reactions relevant to lung injury. Because the airway responses to O3 develop gradually, this investigation included a time-sequence analysis. Rats exposed for 3 h to 1 ppm O3 were studied at 4-h intervals up to 20 h postexposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) was analyzed for albumin as an indicator of increased permeability, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to assess the inflammatory status, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2, an inflammatory chemokine), and cell adhesion molecules for their role in inflammation and PMN functions. The time-related increase in album in was matched by a similar significant increase for PMNs, MIP-2, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). However, no marked change occurred for b-2 integrin (CD-18) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4). The results establish a temporal correlation of epithelial permeabil...
HPEX: A Hierarchical Parasitic Circuit Extractor

A hierarchical parasitic circuit extractor HPEX for Manhattan layouts is described. HPEX can model interconnection lines as distributed lumped circuits directly from a circuit layout by using analytical formulas instead of numerical methods. The difference in feature sizes between mask layouts and actual fabricated conductors is also taken into account by a geometrical preprocessing algorithm based on a novel Y-X scanline method and a simple rectangle data structure. In addition, a simple and accurate node reduction technique based on the concept of Elmore's delay is employed in HPEX to make layout verification simpler. All features mentioned above clearly indicate that HPEX will be a promising tool in verifying VLSI system performance especially when interconnect parasitics associated with VLSI circuits are taken into consideration.
EFFECTS OF AGE OF CULTURE AND VACCINIA INFECTION ON URIDINE KINASE ACTIVITY OF L-CELLS.

Abstract Sonic extracts of mouse fibroblast cells actively converted uridine to uridine nucleotides and degraded uridine to uracil. The uridine kinase, but not the uridine phosphorylase activity, varied considerably, depending on the time after subculture of the cells that the enzyme extracts were prepared. The highest levels of uridine kinase activity were observed at about 24 hr after subculture. An increase in enzymatic activity occurred during the lag phase preceding exponential growth. However, between 24 and 72 hr after subculture, the uridine kinase activity declined to about one-third the level at 24 hr. Following vaccinia infection, the uridine kinase activity of mouse fibroblast cells fell sharply. At about 7 hr post inoculation, the enzymatic activity of infected 2-day-old L-M cells decreased to about one third of the activity of uninfected cells. The fall of uridine kinase activity was more pronounced with vaccinia infected 2 and 3-day-old cells than with infected 1-day-old cells. The enzymatic activity of a mixture prepared by adding one volume of a sonic extract from vaccinia infected cells to one volume of a sonic extract from uninfected cells, was approximately equal to the sum of the activities of each of the respective sonicates, thus contraindicating the presence of potent enzyme inhibitors in the extracts from the infected cells. In contrast to the uridine kinase activity, uridine phosphorylase activity of 2-day-old mouse fibroblast cells was not significantly changed following vaccinia infection.
Evidence-Based Practices Do Not Exist

The original process model of evidence-based practice (EBP) is described, and contrasted with the empirically supported treatments (EST) initiative which designated selected interventions as meeting some evidentiary benchmark (e.g., supported by two-well-designed randomized controlled trials). EBP does not utilize lists of ESTs, and designating a given psychotherapy as empirically supported is actually antithetical to the EBP decision-making process. Much of the resistance to EBP within social work may be attributable to confusion between EBP as it was originally conceived as a mutual decision-making process occurring between the clinician and the client, and the promulgation of lists of EST and the subsequent urging that social workers select their psychotherapies from such lists. The latter is not scientifically justifiable, nor does it taken into account other variables crucial to EBP, such as professional values, clinical expertise, client preferences and values, and available resources. EBP as it was originally conceived has much to add to the practice of clinical social work.
Overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinase Axl promotes tumor cell invasion and survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The receptor tyrosine kinase Axl has been reported to be overexpressed in a variety of human cancers. Although previous studies have identified the role of Axl in the transformation, proliferation, survival, and invasion in cancers, the expression and functions of Axl in pancreatic cancer have not been studied in detail. METHODS: The expression of Axl protein in 12 pancreatic cancer cell lines and 54 patient samples of stage II pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) and their paired non-neoplastic pancreatic tissue samples were examined. Using univariate and multivariate analysis, Axl expression was correlated with survival and other clinicopathologic features. To examine Axl functions in PDA, the effects of Axl knockdown on the invasion ability and radiation-induced apoptosis in PDA cell lines were measured. RESULTS: Axl was overexpressed in 38 of 54 (70%) stage II PDA samples and 9 of 12 (75%) PDA cell lines. Axl overexpression was associated with higher frequencies of distant metastasis and poor overall and recurrence-free survivals (P = .03 and P = .04, respectively) independent of tumor size and stage or lymph node status in patients with stage II PDA. Knockdown of Axl expression in PDA cells abolished Gas6-mediated Akt activation, decreased invasion, and increased radiation-induced PARP cleavage and the percentage of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that Gas6 and Axl are frequently overexpressed in PDA cells and are associated with a poor prognosis in patients with stage II PDA. Axl promotes the invasion and survival of PDA cells. Therefore, targeting the Axl signaling pathway may represent a new approach to the treatment of PDA. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Classical Casimir interactions of some simple systems at very high temperature

We consider the Casimir interaction of a pair of systems at a large separation r and at a temperature T. For atoms a and b, ${V}_{a,b}(r,0)$ has long been known and ${V}_{a,b}(r,T)$ has recently been calculated. ${V}_{I,El}(r,0)$ for an ion and a bound electron\char22{}specifically, for ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ and a Rydberg electron\char22{}has also long been known. The analyses were quantum theoretical, as is our study of ${V}_{I,El}(r,T\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\infty});$ it, and ${V}_{a,b}(r,T\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\infty}),$ are classical (that is, $\ensuremath{\Elzxh}$ independent), the real photons dominating the virtual photons. We show that both classical results can also be obtained within a completely classical context; they represent classical Casimir effects. (The physical picture of the origin of ${V}_{a,b}(r,T\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\infty})$ and ${V}_{I,El}(r,T\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\infty})$ is the same classically and quantum mechanically. The Casimir energy arises from the interference between a wave scattered directly by system A and a wave first scattered by system B and then scattered by system A. Scattering by A alone or B alone does not contribute to the interaction of A and B.) We also consider ${V}_{El,El}(r,T\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\infty}),$ ${V}_{W,El}(r,T\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\infty}),$ and ${V}_{W,At}(r,T\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\infty}),$ the interactions of two electrons, of a wall and an electron, and of a wall and an atom.
Calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing neurons supplying the rat digestive system: differential distribution and expression pattern.

In the enteric nervous system, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity is localized to a substantial number of capsaicin-sensitive afferent fibers and to intrinsic neurons and processes. CGRP immunoreactivity detected by immunohistochemistry represents the expression of two distinct genes, the calcitonin/α-CGRP and the β-CGRP genes, which have different tissue distributions. In the present study, we used (1) in situ hybridization histochemistry and ribonucleic acid (RNA) blot hybridization with RNA probes complementary to the divergent sequences of α- and β-CGRP messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to differentiate which CGRP gene was expressed in enteric and afferent neurons; and (2) axonal transport approaches in combination with CGRP immunohistochemistry to define the location of CGRP-containing afferent neurons supplying the digestive system.In situ hybridization histochemistry with [35S]-labeled RNA probes indicated that in the gastrointestinal tract β-CGRP mRNA, but not α-CGRP mRNA, was expressed ...
Solving the Forward Discount Bias Puzzle in a Small Open Developing Economy Evidence from Sri Lanka

This article tests the validity of a Forward Discount Bias Puzzle, in a small open developing economy (SODE)—Sri Lanka—by employing first an unstructured vector autoregression (VAR) model and then a structured VAR model. The author argues that empirical examinations concerning SODEs cannot merely replicate methodology followed in testing developed economies, and identifies the need to disentangle capital flows from interest rate changes by including both capital flow and monetary policy variables. The article finds no evidence of a Forward Discount Bias Puzzle in Sri Lanka, and that perfect capital mobility is a too strong assumption. Hence, it proves that empirically more appropriate approach is to assume some capital mobility and incorporate capital flow data to accommodate for this change, in the analysis of UIRP.
A Test for the Scale Parameters of Two Gamma Distributions using the Generalized Likelihood Ratio

Abstract The method of maximum likelihood is used to develop a statistical test for the scale parameters of two gamma distributions with common shape factors. A simple method of determining the power of the test using the non-central chi square distribution is also presented. The results of applying the test to gamma-scale parameters are compared with results obtained by applying the “t” test to normal and log-normal means. The likelihood ratio test for differences in gamma-scale parameters is more powerful than the “t” test applied to log-normal means. The power is nearly equal for the likelihood test of gamma-scale parameters and the “t” test for non-transformed means, although the latter test may not be as robust as is the likelihood ratio test. Since many meteorological variables are known to be gamma distributed, this test should have several applications in meteorology.
Planning of Reach-and-Grasp Movements: Effects of Validity and Type of Object Information

Individuals are assumed to plan reach-and-grasp movements by using two separate processes. In 1 of the processes, extrinsic (direction, distance) object information is used in planning the movement of the arm that transports the hand to the target location (transport planning); whereas in the other, intrinsic (shape) object information is used in planning the preshaping of the hand and the grasping of the target object (manipulation planning). In 2 experiments, the authors used primes to provide information to participants (N = 5, Experiment 1; N = 6, Experiment 2) about extrinsic and intrinsic object properties. The validity of the prime information was systematically varied. The primes were succeeded by a cue, which always correctly identified the location and shape of the target object. Reaction times were recorded. Four models of transport and manipulation planning were tested. The only model that was consistent with the data was 1 in which arm transport and object manipulation planning were postulated to be independent processes that operate partially in parallel. The authors suggest that the processes involved in motor planning before execution are primarily concerned with the geometric aspects of the upcoming movement but not with the temporal details of its execution.
The annual cycle of fossil-fuel carbon dioxide emissions in the United States

Time-series of estimated monthly carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of coal, petroleum and natural gas in the United States from 1981 to 2002 have been derived from energy consumption data. The data series for coal and natural gas each reveal a consistent seasonal pattern, with a winter peak for gas and two peaks (summer and winter) for coal. The annual cycle of total emissions has an amplitude of about 20 Tg-C, and is dominated by CO 2 released from consumption of natural gas. Summation of the monthly estimates to obtain annual values reveals good agreement with other estimates of CO 2 emissions. The varying proportions of CO 2 emitted from each fuel type over the course of a year lead to an annual cycle in the carbon isotope ratio (δ 13 C), with a range of about 2 ‰. These monthly carbon emissions estimates should be helpful in understanding the carbon cycle by providing (1) monthly/seasonal input for carbon cycle models, (2) estimates of the annual cycle of the 13 C isotope ratio in fossil-fuel CO 2 emissions and (3) data at fine enough time intervals to investigate effects of seasonal climate variations and changes in seasonally dependent use patterns of certain appliances (e.g. air conditioners) on fossil-fuel carbon emissions. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2005.00136.x
High-resolution cooled-optics infrared grating spectrometer.

A high-resolution multipass grating spectrometer which utilizes a cryogenic post disperser to achieve diffraction-limited resolution from 2 to 30 μm is described. The cryogenic post disperser is an Ebert spectrometer of moderate resolution (Δν ≈ 1.0 cm−1) which is cooled to 100 K. This spectrometer follows a high-resolution (Δν ≈ 0.01 cm−1) multipass Littrow spectrometer in order to reduce the background photon flux at the detector by as much as 5 orders of magnitude. This reduction in the background flux is shown to improve SNRs by factors of 12–90. Measurements of CO spectra at 2.45 μm and methane at 7.6 μm are presented which demonstrate the capabilities of the instrument.
An aid to the interpretation of data in chronopotentiometry with cylindrical electrodes

Abstract The properties of the theoretical correction factor for chronopotentiometry with cylindrical electrodes are investigated. A table of correction factors permitting rapid and accurate interpretation of experimental data is presented.
bves: A novel gene expressed during coronary blood vessel development.

We have used a subtractive method to clone novel messages enriched in the heart. Here we show that one such message, bves (blood vessel/epicardial substance) is a novel protein that is highly conserved between chicken and mouse. The bves message is detected at high levels in early chick hearts. Using anti-Bves antibodies, we show expression in cells of the proepicardial organ, migrating epicardium, epicardial-derived mesenchyme, and smooth muscle of the developing intracardiac arterial system, including the coronary arteries. Our data suggest that Bves is an early marker of developing vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition, the expression pattern of Bves protein reveals the patterning of intracardiac vascular smooth muscle and possible insights into the cellular regulation of smooth muscle differentiation during vasculogenesis.
Polylysine stimulated protein phosphorylation in rabbit ciliary processes: casein kinase activities.

Protein phosphorylation in response to polylysine was investigated in vitro in rabbit ciliary process homogenates by SDS-PAGE autoradiography. The degree of phosphorylation was greater in the soluble/cytoplasmic fraction than in the particulate fraction and was antagonized by heparin. Time and dose-dependent studies indicated several different kinetic patterns of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation among the approximately 15 significantly 32 P-labeled bands found in each fraction. These results are consistent with phosphorylation of endogenous substrates by casein kinase II, and dephosphorylations by type I and type II phosphoprotein phosphatase enzymes. The presence of EGF receptors in ciliary processes was indicated by high affinity (kD < 0·5 nM) binding sites and by intraocular pressure and blood-aqueous barrier responses to injection of low doses of EGF (100 ng per eye). EGF did not stimulate protein phosphorylation in ciliary process homogenates in vitro. The results show that casein kinase II is a significant kinase activity in ciliary processes and may have a modulatory role on signal transduction proteins involved in cellular response to hormones.
Calcium chloride effects on nuclear development in Tetrahymena.

Conjugating pairs of syngen 1 exposed to 0·1 M-CaCl2 during the time of macronuclear development often abort the new macronuclei and retain the old macronucleus and its associated phenotypes. The new micro-nucleus is retained, however, so that macro–micro heterocaryons can be constructed. Because the macronucleus is from a sexually mature strain, the heterocaryon is capable of mating immediately, without passing a period of sexual immaturity. Macronuclear abortion may prove a useful short-cut in genetic analysis.
An APL-guided tour through the elements of multi-dimensional geometry

APL provides a powerful and succinct way of describing geometric elements in spaces of multiple dimensions. This paper gives notes on how simplexes, cross polytopes and measure polytopes can be modelled in a manner which enables them to be drawn on graphics terminals, which thus become valuable tools for geometrical insight.
A Novel Animal Model for Hyaluronic Acid Filler Longevity

Introduction: Tissue filler injections are among the most commonly performed procedures in Facial Plastic Surgery. No single animal model has emerged as an accepted standard to evaluate tissue filler longevity. To validate a rat model three hyaluronic acid fillers with different known residence times in humans were tested. Experimental Design: In vivo animal study to compare residence time of three hyaluronic acid fillers to published residence times in humans. Methods: Two hundred microliters of Restylane (n=20), Captique (n=19), and Juvederm (n=19) were injected into the dermis of Sprague-Dawley rats. The three-dimensions of the blebs were measured at Day 0, Day 1, and a weekly basis for 7 weeks. Volume, volume ratio, and filler thickness were analyzed. Histological and statistical analyses were also performed. Results: Histology demonstrated injections in the thin rat dermis with migration into the subcutaneous space. Captique’s average residence time was 2 weeks, while Restylane and Juvederm had measurable volumes through 6 weeks. Both Restylane and Juvederm maintained significantly greater volumes and volume ratios than Captique through the duration of the study. Conclusion: Captique’s residence time was significantly shorter than that of Restylane and Juvederm, which had comparable residence times. While the longevities of the three fillers were not of the same duration in the rat as human residence times, the relative duration of the fillers was comparable therefore establishing the rat as a valid animal model to compare various tissue filler materials. The shorter residence time in the rat dermis/subcutaneous space allows for accurate rapid preclinical testing of tissue filler materials. A Novel Animal Model for Hyaluronic Acid Filler Longevity AT Hillel1, Z Nahas1, J Petsche2, S Unterman2, JH Elisseeff2 1Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Further Evaluation of a Mutagen-Attenuated Rift Valley Fever Vaccine in Sheep

A previous study demonstrated that a mutagen-attenuated Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) vaccine, RVF MP-12, was immunogenic and non-abortogenic when ewes, 90 110 days pregnant, were inoculated with 5 × 105 plaque-forming units (p.f.u.) of the virus strain. The ewes delivered live, healthy lambs that had no neutralizing antibody to RVFV until after they had ingested colostrum. To assess further the safety and protective capability of this candidate vaccine, six pregnant ewes were inoculated with 5 × 103 p.f.u. of RVF MP-12 and challenged with 5 × 105 p.f.u. of virulent ZH-501 strain of RVFV 30 days later. No viraemia was detected after vaccination or challenge and all six ewes delivered live, healthy lambs. Those lambs tested before their nursing did not have neutralizing antibody to RVFV but quickly acquired antibody titres of 1:320 to ⩾ 1:10 240 after ingesting colostrum. To test the safety of the RVF MP-12 immunogen in neonates, lambs ⩽ 7 days old, born to unvaccinated ewes, were inoculated with 5 × 105 p.f.u. of RVF MP-12. With the exception of brief pyrexia in 18 of 26 lambs, and a transient low-titred viraemia in 16 of 26 lambs after inoculation, no untoward effects were observed. Serum-neutralizing antibody to RVFV was detected 5–7 days after inoculation. Lambs vaccinated with either 5 × 105 or 5 × 103 p.f.u. of RVF MP-12 were protected against virulent RVFV challenge at 14 days postvaccination.
Do adaptive perfectionism and self-determined motivation reduce academic procrastination?

Abstract College students vary in their procrastinating behavior with some completing their work promptly and others constantly delaying/failing to meet deadlines. We investigated students’ striving for perfectionism and self-determined motivation as predictors of their academic procrastination. Undergraduates (393) completed a survey including a 35-item Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, a 28-item Academic Motivation Scale, and a 35-item Procrastination Assessment Scale. Using hierarchical regression analyses we found that different facets of perfectionism significantly predicted various types of procrastination (exam preparation, writing papers, and completing reading assignments), and self-determined motivation explained incremental, unique variance. Specifically, students who doubted their ability to succeed, viewed mistakes as a sign of failure, and did not set high personal standards, were more likely to report that their procrastinating behavior was problematic. Further, students who were more organized and self-determined in their motivation were less likely to procrastinate. Finally, mediation analyses portrayed students with stronger self-determined motivation as less likely to procrastinate and more likely to achieve higher GPAs because of high personal standards. Our findings suggest that educators who can help college students become more organized, pursue higher personal standards of achievement, and become more self-determined in their motivation could potentially reduce procrastination and facilitate higher academic performance.
Does Simulation Improve Patient Safety?: Self-Efficacy, Competence, Operational Performance, and Patient Safety

Simulation training is an essential educational strategy for health care systems to improve patient safety. The strength of simulation training is its suitability for multidisciplinary team training. There is good evidence that simulation training improves provider and team self-efficacy and competence on manikins. There is also good evidence that procedural simulation improves actual operational performance in clinical settings. However, no evidence yet shows that crew resource management training through simulation, despite its promise, improves team operational performance at the bedside. Also, no evidence to date proves that simulation training actually improves patient outcome. Even so, confidence is growing in the validity of medical simulation as the training tool of the future. The use of medical simulation will continue to grow in the context of multidisciplinary team training for patient safety.
Dependency and the Part-time Proletariat in Taiwan:

A substantial number of Western intellectuals has been convinced at least since Marx's time that imperialism is more advantageous to the imperialist than to the imperialized; dependency theorists have repeatedly proven that the poverty of poor nations is exacerbated and often caused by their economic relations with more powerful countries. A corollary of this argument is that dependent nations must be economic failures, sinking further into financial servitude, political oppression, and cultural collapse as their dependency grows. Examples of such tendencies are abundant and well known from imperialized countries. Among these, Taiwan is a paradox. Clearly dependent and heavily so, on U.S. trade, military, and financial inputs (and on Japan as well), Taiwan has industrialized reasonably rapidly, producing the second highest living standard in Asia. Taiwan's per capita GNP compares with that of Brazil or Iran; it does not
Crystallography of the δ→α martensitic transformation in plutonium alloys

A new stress-accommodating crystallographic mechanism of the δ→α martensitic transformation in plutonium alloys is proposed. According to this mechanism, an orientation variant of the α phase is produced by a combination of a homogeneous strain and shuffling of the alternating close-packed (111)δ planes. It is shown that the formation of stable transformation-induced twins whose twin-plane orientations and twin-shear directions do not depend on the small variations of the crystal-lattice parameters is the preferred stress-accommodating mode. Only these stable twins have dislocation-free twin boundaries, while the twin boundaries of all others are decorated by an ultradense distribution of partial dislocations. The theory predicts a crystal-lattice rearrangement mechanism involving the (205)α\(((01\bar 1)_\delta )\) stable twins. The corresponding invariant plane-strain (IPS) solutions, with special emphasis on the two simplest shuffling modes (the single and double elementary modes), are presented and compared with the existing experimental observations. It is shown that the habit-plane orientation is highly sensitive to the input values of the crystal-lattice parameters and, especially, to the accuracy of the measured volume change in the δ→α transformation. An analysis of these effects on the habit-plane orientation and orientation relations is also presented.
Isochoric heating of solid-density matter with an ultrafast proton beam.

A new technique is described for the isochoric heating (i.e., heating at constant volume) of matter to high energy-density plasma states (>10{sup 5} J/g) on a picosecond timescale (10{sup -12} sec). An intense, collimated, ultrashort-pulse beam of protons--generated by a high-intensity laser pulse--is used to isochorically heat a solid density material to a temperature of several eV. The duration of heating is shorter than the timescale for significant hydrodynamic expansion to occur, hence the material is heated to a solid density warm dense plasma state. Using spherically-shaped laser targets a focused proton beam is produced and used to heat a smaller volume to over 20 eV. The technique described of ultrafast proton heating provides a unique method for creating isochorically heated high-energy density plasma states.
White matter tract integrity and developmental outcome in newborn infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treated with hypothermia.

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of neonatal death and long-term disability in children.1 Therapeutic hypothermia is the current standard of care for newborn infants presenting with HIE;2 however, nearly half of treated infants continue to have adverse outcomes despite treatment with cooling.3 Acute assessment of brain injury after neuroprotective intervention is an important aspect of neurocritical care. Such information can be used to direct adjuvant and rehabilitative therapies, provide prognostic information for families of affected children, and serve as surrogate outcomes for future neurotherapeutic trials. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a leading source of brain injury biomarkers in perinatal HIE.4 Pattern of brain injury by conventional MRI has been related to both severity and phenotype of neurodevelopmental sequelae after HIE.5–7 However, conventional MRI requires availability of an experienced pediatric neuroradiologist, can be subjective, and provides broad severity classification on an ordinal scale. Quantitative MRI techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can overcome these limitations by providing continuous, reproducible measures of brain microstructural injury. Few studies have related DTI measures and developmental outcomes in survivors of HIE.8–11 Most prior studies have been limited to 2D region-of-interest approaches, which are subject to inter-rater reliability. Additionally, these approaches fail to interrogate the complexity of 3D anatomical brain regions, which is important when evaluating structure-function relationships. DTI-based tractography provides a semi-automated approach for 3D delineation of major white matter pathways. It has been demonstrated to be feasible in infants,12,13 particularly when evaluating the most well developed white matter tracts. This study aims to evaluate if microstructural organization measured via quantitative tractography is related to neurodevelopmental outcome in HIE. Specifically, we hypothesized that impaired brain microstructure in the corpus callosum and corticospinal tract (CST) would be associated with poorer cognitive and motor performance, respectively, in young childhood survivors of perinatal HIE.
The use of intracardiac carbon dioxide in the diagnosis of pericardial disease.

Abstract The use of intracardiac carbon dioxide in negative-contrast roentgenography as a diagnostic procedure in pericardial disease has been outlined. Its rationale, safety, indications, contraindications, precautions, and interpretative clues have been discussed. It is a useful, safe, simple, and rapid procedure when properly employed.
Evidence for classically conditioned fatigue responses in patients receiving chemotherapy treatment for breast cancer.

Fatigue is the most common side effect of chemotherapy for cancer. Not yet explored is the possibility that patients may develop conditioned fatigue responses to clinic cues as a result of the repeated pairing of the clinic environment (conditioned stimulus) with infusions of chemotherapy (unconditioned stimulus) that cause fatigue (unconditioned response). As a first critical test of this possibility, breast cancer patients (N = 82) were studied across their first four cycles of chemotherapy. Consistent with conditioning: (1) fatigue levels in the clinic environment significantly increased with repeated pairings of the clinic environment and chemotherapy administration; (2) fatigue responses in the clinic environment prior to the fourth infusion (CR) were predicted by patients’ previous experiences of post-infusion fatigue (UR) above and beyond effects of concurrent emotional distress. These results provide the first evidence in the literature that fatigue can be conditioned. Additional research is warranted to determine the clinical importance of this source of fatigue in chemotherapy patients.
Loop corrections to superstring equations of motion

Abstract We extend to the O(32) superstring our program of renormalizing string theory by cancelling BRST anomalies between different genus worldsheets. We calculate all the anomalies arising to lowest nontrivial loop order and in general background fields. At tree level, string consistency requires the background fields to satisfy equations of motion which ensure the conformal invariance of the underlying sigma model. We implement loop anomaly cancellation by adding to these equations appropriate loop-order source terms which necessarily break conformal invariance. The procedure leads to consistent loop-corrected equations of motion which can be derived from a spacetime effective action. The loop-order terms in this action incorporate a number of crucial aspects of spacetime physics, including the interaction of the photon with the graviton and the interactions of the antisymmetric tensor field with the gauge field which are responsible for spacetime gauge anomaly cancellation. We take these results as compelling evidence that loop-corrected string theory is associated with sigma models which are not conformally invariant in the usual sense. An extended version of conformal invariance, whose deep structure has yet to be uncovered, presumably incorporates string loop physics.
Numerical Simulation of Transient Boiling Convection in Microchannels

Two-phase microchannel heat exchangers are receiving increasing attention from the microprocessor industry as power density levels in microchips increase. Previous numerical investigations of convective boiling in microchannels assumed steady flow within the channels. However, experimental data shows that two-phase flows in microchannels are highly transient even under steady heat loads. Little work has been done to model the dynamics associated with vapor generation in microchannels. The present work simulates the periodic distribution of vapor within microchannels filled with water by solving one-dimensional homogeneous equations for the mass, momentum and energy transport in conjunction with a transient wall conduction equation. A wall superheat constraint is incorporated to account for the excess superheat temperature required for bubble nucleation. Boiling events reduce the local wall temperature and change the pressure and enthalpy distributions within the flow. The transient pressure fluctuations predicted here are consistent with those observed in experiments. This study provides insight into the significance of bubble nucleation for forced convective boiling in microchannels and will be useful for the optimization of microchannel heat exchangers.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Studies on rat reticulocyte polysomes during in vitro maturation

Abstract The polysomes of reticulocytes undergo a progressive breakdown during in vitro incubation of the cells. The breakdown was approximately 30% after 5 hours incubation, 75% after 10 hours, and 92% after 18 hours. The addition of actinomycin to the in vitro maturation system does not change the pattern of polysome breakdown and does not produce inhibition of incorporation of l -leucine-C 14 into polypeptide chains initiated on polyribosomes or into soluble protein. In contrast, lead acetate (5.7 × 10 −5 M ) added to the maturation system caused a 40% breakdown of polysomes in 1 hour and a 72% breakdown in 5 hours. There was inhibition of incorporation of l -leucine-C 14 into polypeptide chains initiated on polysomes and into soluble proteins. The presence of puromycin (2.52 × 10 −4 M ) in the maturation system produced rapid breakdown of polysomes and an almost total inhibition of incorporation of l -leucine-C 14 into proteins. Cycloheximide (8.46 × 10 −4 M ) produced a 46% breakdown of polysomes in 1 hour and almost complete inhibition of incorporation of labeled amino acids into polypeptides.
Combustion of damaged PBX 9501 explosive

Abstract Impact or thermal ignition of high explosives (HE) results in deformation that can lead to damage. Fractures or defects, combined with sufficient pressure, dramatically increase the available surface area and potentially changes even the mode of combustion. Recent impact and cookoff experiments on PBX 9501, (HMX, octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine, with a plasticized, Estane-based binder), have shown complex cracking patterns caused by impact or pressurization. Fast reactive waves have been observed to propagate through the cracks at hundreds of meters per second. We present experiments that examine the combustion of mechanically and thermally damaged samples of PBX 9501. Mechanically damaged samples, damaged by quasi-static compression, exhibit large, ∼200 μm stress fracture accompanied by extensive rubblization. Combustion experiments determine a 1.4±0.6 MPa critical pressure for the onset of violent convective combustion, consistent with connected porosity of 25 μm. Thermally damaged samples, damaged by heating in a 180 °C oven for 30 min, exhibit 2–20 μm cracks distributed throughout the sample. Combustion experiments indicate a 9.2±0.4 MPa critical pressure for the onset of violent convective combustion in the thermally damaged sample, consistent with connected porosity of 4 μm. Below the critical pressure, the burn rate and pressure exponent of thermally damaged PBX 9501 are close to those of the pristine material.