cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Injection-locked operation of an optically pumped semiconductor laser

We demonstrate a single-frequency, continuous-wave, optically pumped semiconductor laser (OPSL) using an injection-locking technique. Parameters such as output coupling, injection power, and injection wavelength are investigated. With the proper parameters, the output power of the injection-locked laser exceeds the output power of its free-running condition. With 1.5 W of injection power from the master laser, over 9 W of output power is achieved at 1015 nm.
MO‐F‐108‐02: A Retrospective Study On the Potential Clinical Gain of On‐Line Adaptive Re‐Planning for Pancreatic Cancer SBRT

Purpose: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) shows promise in unresectable pancreatic cancer with high rates of local control compared to conventionally fractionated radiotherapy. One critical limitation with pancreas SBRT arises from toxicity in the nearby duodenum, which is a dynamic and distensible organ that changes shape daily. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the potential gains of daily adaptive re‐planning with SBRT in pancreatic cancer. Methods: Pancreas SBRT patients were re‐planned using our previously developed GPU‐based supercomputing online re‐planning environment (SCORE), which automatically and quickly generates plans from daily cone‐beam CT (CBCT) data with the original plan and DVH as a reference. For each patient, the tumor volume and normal structure contours were deformed from the original planning CT to each daily CBCT. The deformed contours were reviewed and edited by a physician, and then the plan was re‐optimized to account for daily changes in anatomy. The daily adaptive re‐planned dose was compared to the actual dose received for the target volume and nearby duodenum. Results: Fourteen daily CBCT scans were used to generate daily adaptive radiation plans. For all patients, the average target coverage for the PTV improved, and the cold spot decreased with daily adaptive re‐planning. The cold spot (minimum dose to 1% of PTV) decreased on average from 25.1% to 4.6% (p=0.002, paired t‐test). With daily adaptive re‐planning the hot spot in the duodenum (volume that received 100% of dose) decreased from 2.8% to 1.7% (p=0.09). Doses to other organs were clinically insignificant, and did not significantly change with daily adaptive radiotherapy. Conclusion: This pilot study shows that daily adaptive re‐planning with pancreas SBRT has the potential to improve target coverage, and reduce dose to normal organs. Further study into the technical implementation of daily adaptive re‐planning is ongoing. Varian Medical Systems through a Master Research Agreement
Vitamin d deficiency: time for inaction?

In 1998, the British Medical Journal boldly stated in an editorial headline, “Vitamin D Deficiency: Time for Action.”1 The urgency was clear: vitamin D deficiency was going undiagnosed and untreated in large numbers of people. Patients were at risk and suffering needlessly. A simple, extremely low-cost, low-toxicity intervention was readily available. All that was required was vitamin D advocacy.
Generic Tobacco Use among Four Ethnic Groups in a School Age Population.

The prevalence of overall or “generic” tobacco use among Hispanic, white, Black and Asian youths in grades four, seven, ten and twelve was compared in San Diego, California (n = 4980). Significant differences in generic tobacco use between ethnic groups were found in the 4th, 10th and 12th grades, but were greatest in the 10th grade. Only white youths demonstrated a sharp increase in regular tobacco use (once a month or more) between 7th and 10th grade. Overall, the prevalence of regular use was highest among whites (25.8%), followed by Hispanics (19.7%), Blacks (17.6%) and Asians (12.6%). Marijuana, alcohol, and other drug use explained approximately 40 percent of the variance in tobacco use in each ethnic group. Other predictors varied by ethnicity and included socioeconomic status, happiness of student, strictness of parent, adult tobacco use at home, accessibility to marijuana, and gender.
Activity-composition relations in feldspars

Seck's (1971a) compositional data on coexisting feldspars in the Or-Ab-An ternary at 650° C and 1 kb were used to calculate the activity-composition relations in binary alkali feldspar and binary plagioclase. The energy constants in Guggenheim's expression for excess free energy of mixing are A0=3920 and A1=657 cal/mole for alkali feldspar, in excellent agreement with values obtained by Thompson and Waldbaum (1969), and 1320 and 373 cal/ mole for plagioclase. Using Orville's (1972) data from ion-exchange experiments between plagioclase and Na—Ca chloride solutions at 700° C and 2 kb, we obtained 967 cal/mole for A0 and 715 cal/mole for A1 in the plagioclase crystalline solution.
A 14-year-old boy with bullous lesions.

A 14-year-old previously healthy boy presents with a 2-week history of purpuric rash with worsening pain of lower extremities. He has an unremarkable past medical and surgical history, with age-appropriate development. Two weeks prior to presentation, he developed “bug bites” around his ankles bilaterally with minimal pruritis. Over the next 3 days, this rash began to progress to his mid-calves and coalesce into larger purplish lesions. One week prior to admission, he began to have severe abdominal pain forcing him into the fetal position. There was no associated nausea or vomiting with the abdominal pain; however, the episodes of pain would be intense and then gradually resolve. There is no history of fever or joint pain. Family history is noncontributory, and there is no recent travel or sick contacts. There are no known allergies.
Peptide-binding antibiotics: A solid-phase assay for screening libraries of vancomycin mimics for selective d-Ala-d-Ala binding

Due to recent increases of vancomycin-resistant bacterial infections, research on more effective antibiotics has intensified. As part of such research, screening of combinatorial libraries is a valuable approach for discovering new lead antibiotics. A screening method is presented here that uses a solid state library and a fluorescent label to detect RCO-d-Ala-d-Ala binding in aqueous media.
Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in mouse peritoneal macrophages and blood-derived human macrophages.

SummaryMacrophages of human and mouse origins were shown to contain inducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. Mononuclear phagocytic cells derived from circulating blood monocytes of healthy human donors and peritoneal macrophages from untreated C57 B1/6 mice exhibited low levels of enzyme activity. For mice, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase specific activity of freshly explanted macrophages was 1/70th the enzyme activity found in liver. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity for both human and mouse macrophages maintained in vitro in the presence of benzanthracene exceeded by 2-3 fold the enzyme specific activity of cells cultivated in the absence of inducer.
Molecular dynamics studies of homogeneous nucleation in solid-state transitions

Simulations of clusters containing 100 to 250 molecules of TeF6 successfully reproduce the crystalline packing arrangements observed in electron diffraction investigations of large molecular clusters (∼ 104 molecules) of the same material. More remarkably, when the clusters are cooled step by step in MD computations at a rate of ca. 1011 K/s they spontaneously undergo the same bcc to monoclinic phase transition that has been observed experimentally in supersonic flow, despite the million-fold difference in the timescales involved. The existence of such a correspondence over so many orders of magnitude, in itself, imposes severe constraints on what type of molecular mechanism can underlie the transformation. Even more revealing evidence about the molecular behavior associated with the phase change is provided by the simulations. They show the formation of the actual transition complexes along the transition pathway, namely, the critical nuclei of the new phase. These nuclei, which are made up of approximately 20 molecules, can be recognized in the midst of the surrounding matter. Techniques based on molecular orientations, involving Pawley-Fuchs projections and orientational angular distribution functions, make it possible to estimate the size of critical nuclei. One noteworthy result established in the simulations is that the solid-state transition temperature from bcc to monoclinic depends upon particle size in the same manner as does the freezing point.
Is It Bad to Be Good? An Exploration of Aggressive and Prosocial Behavior Subtypes in Adolescence

Research in aggressive behavior development has distinguished between proactive (i.e., intended to achieve an instrumental goal) and reactive (i.e., emitted as an emotional response to provocation) subtypes of aggression. A similar distinction has not been made with regard to prosocial behavior. In this study, subtypes of both aggressive and prosocial behavior and their relation to aggression-supporting social cognitions were examined in a sample of 250 early and middle adolescents. Adolescents completed behavior rating scales and a measure of their beliefs about the acceptability of responding aggressively. Principal components analysis identified 3 subtypes of aggressive and prosocial behavior: aggressive, prosocial, and proactive prosocial. Proactive prosocial behavior was positively correlated with aggression and aggression-supporting beliefs, while other prosocial behavior was negatively correlated with these constructs. Findings are discussed in the context of aggressive behavior development and with regard to traditional views of prosocial behavior as altruistic.
Dilute malachite green: a background stain for the Millipore filter.

A rapid method for increasing the visual contrast of colonies on the Millipore filter consists of flooding the filter with a 0.01% solution of malachite green for about 3 sec. The excess is then immediately poured off. The colonies remain unstained but the filter area not covered by the colonies becomes light green in color. The procedure requires only a few seconds and counts can be made immediately. Counting on crowded surfaces is facilitated since small transparent colonies appear white and are counted easily without the aid of magnification. The difficulty of differentiating between minute vegetable particles and small colonies is eliminated because the foreign particles become stained the same as or darker than the filter.
Changes in gd T cell function and gut homing receptors following SIV infection of rhesus macaques

Background During simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection changes occur in the gd TCR T cell population. The major subset in mucosal tissue, Vd1, becomes prevalent in peripheral blood relative to the Vd2 subset. gd T cells have the ability to expand in vitro and in vivo making them attractive as cytotoxic effectors against infections like SIV and HIV.
Lipid Characterization of Longissimus and Biceps Femoris Muscles from Beef Animals Exsanguinated at Various Times after Stunning

Lipid characteristics of bovine longissimus and biceps femoris muscle from 30 heifer carcasses which were exsanguinated 0 (control), 3 or 6 min after stunning were studied. Blood loss was greater when control animals were compared to animals stunned 3 or 6 min prior to exsanguination. However, total lipid, lipid phosphorus, cholesterol values and TBA numbers were similar among treatments. As time between stunning and exsanguination increased, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids tended to increase. Delaying time between stunning and exsanguination had little influence on lipid characteristics of muscle even though large differences between lipid characteristics of muscle and blood exist.
Temperature effects in atomic mixing of metal-silicon multilayers measured by SIMS

Abstract SIMS depth profiles of Al/Si, Mo/Si, Ge/Si and Ti/Si multilayer structures were obtained over the temperature range 80–775 K. The atomic mixing in three multilayers was enhanced at elevated temperatures. The observed mixing in Mo/Si can be attributed to interaction of the oversize solute atoms with the vacancy flux produced by the irradiation. Silicon appears to be the dominant diffusing species in the thermal diffusion of the concentrated metal layers.
MICROMACHINED HOT-WIRE BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW IMAGING ARRAY

Boundary layer flow imaging can provide real time information for flight control of air vehicles, and collision avoidance and stealth detection of underwater vehicles. High density, microscaled sensor arrays based on microfabrication techniques have made it possible to enable these new applications. We report on the development of such a flow sensor array. It is realized by combining surface micromachining and three-dimensional assembly. It consists of a linear array of 16 integrated hot-wire anemometers (HWA) evenly spaced 1 mm apart. Each sensor uses a 400 µm long thermal element (hot-wire) that is made of a thin film nickel/polyimide composite, and is elevated 600 µm above the substrate. Under constant temperature (CT) mode, the threshold velocity sensitivity to water flow is down to 100 µm/s, and the frequency response to dynamic signals is up to 1000 Hz. The capabilities of the sensor array on boundary flow measurement and hydrodynamic wake imaging are demonstrated via wind tunnel and water channel experiments.
Globulomaxillary cyst revisited

Classically, the globulomaxillary cyst was considered to be an inclusion or developmental cyst that arises from entrapped nonodontogenic epithelium in the globulomaxillary suture. Subsequently Christ disputed the existence and histogenesis of this lesion stating that the evidence indicated that facial processes per se did not exist. The development of the anterior maxilla was attributed to the merging of growth centers rather than fusion of facial processes, and hence ectodermal entrapment was ruled out. Recent embryologic studies, however, have demonstrated that Christ's view of facial development was incorrect. Fusion of facial processes does occur, and epithelium is entrapped in areas that later will lie between the maxillary lateral incisors and canines. This review argues that embryologically and histopathologically the globulomaxillary cyst should again be considered as an identifiable clinicopathologic entity.
Thermoluminescence in XLPE cable insulation

Crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) has been employed in underground transmission and distribution cables because of its excellent electrical and mechanical properties, such as low permittivity and dielectric loss, high degree of toughness, and good flexibility. An underground power cable operates at temperatures above ambient and the polymeric insulation is usually crosslinked to provide mechanical strength to withstand the high temperatures. Chemical crosslinking is commonly employed; however, chemical crosslinking creates byproducts such as acetophenone, /spl alpha/-methylene styrene, and cumyl alcohol. The general practice is to decrease the concentration of the volatile crosslinking byproducts from the newly manufactured transmission class cables before they are commissioned into service. The concentration of the byproducts is decreased by treating the cables at a high temperature in a vacuum oven. At present, to determine the residual concentration of the byproducts, the treatment has to be stopped, a sample of the polymer has to be cut from the treated cable and the byproducts have to be extracted for several hours from the polymer before they can be analyzed. This paper describes a novel, non-destructive optical method for determining the concentration of the byproducts in XLPE prior to cable installation. The method involves in situ detection and measurement of thermoluminescence emitted by the crosslinking byproducts during the pretreatment of the cable, It is shown that the measurement of the intensity of thermoluminescence provides a direct indication of the concentration of the byproducts and that it is more sensitive than mass spectrometry.
Interdiffusion of Bi and Sb in Superlattices Built from Blocks of Bi2Te3, Sb2Te3 and TiTe2

The reaction kinetics of [(Ti-Te)]x[(Sb-Te)]y, [(Bi-Te)]x[(Sb-Te)]y, [(Ti-Te)]w[(Bi-Te)]x and [(Ti-Te)]w[(Bi-Te)]x[(Ti-Te)]y[(Sb-Te)]z precursors as a function of annealing temperature and time was probed using x-ray diffraction techniques to define the parameters required to form superlattice structures. [(TiTe2)1.36]x[Sb2Te3]y and [(TiTe2)1.36]x[Bi2Te3]y superlattices were observed to form while [(Bi-Te)]x[(Sb-Te)]y precursors yielded only Bi2−xSbxTe3 alloys. This behavior was correlated with the miscibility/immiscibility of the constituents of the targeted superlattices. For the three component system, Bi and Sb were observed to interdiffuse through the Ti-Te layer over the range of Ti-Te thicknesses explored, resulting in formation of (BixSb1−x)2Te3 alloys within the superlattice structure. When the Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 thicknesses were equal, symmetric [{(TiTe2)}1.36]w[(Bi0.5Sb0.5)2Te3]y superlattices were formed.
Comparisons of single‐species, microcosm and experimental pond responses to atrazine exposure

Results from single-species toxicity tests form the basis for guidance about concentrations of chemicals that are likely to be environmentally hazardous. Microcosm bioassays have been proposed as better tools for this purpose under some circumstances. Rarely have comparisons been made among the responses in the various test systems and those seen in natural communities. We compared the responses among single-species algal assays, a synthetic microcosm (the Taub microcosm) and experimental ponds exposed to similar concentrations of atrazine by comparing concentrations of atrazine that reduced algal activity or biomass to 50% of control values (EC50). Eight algal species were examined; mean species EC50 values for 14C uptake ranged from 37 to 308 μg/L. For the Taub microcosm, EC50 values were 103 to 159 μg/L for 14C uptake, 126 to 165 μg/L for dissolved oxygen production and 106 to 164 μg/L for dissolved oxygen consumption. Values were dependent on the time intervals selected for calculations. In the ponds, EC50 values for 14C uptake were 100 μg/L and for chlorophyll a, 82 μg/L. The basic similarity among EC50 values across test systems suggests that results from a combination of single-species assays, or the Taub microcosm, provided a reasonable estimate of the concentration of atrazine that produced similar direct effects on more natural communities.
EFFECT OF SPEED, FLOW, AND GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS ON CRASH FREQUENCY FOR TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS

Although during the past several years significant progress has been made in improving safety on U.S. highways, the frequency and severity of crashes continue to be of concern. A better understanding of the factors associated with crashes will facilitate the identification of suitable countermeasures that could further reduce the occurrence of crashes. Results are presented from a study that determines how the characteristics of speed, flow, and geometry affect the crash rates for two-lane highways. Deterministic models that relate the crash rate with the mean speed, standard deviation of speed, flow per lane, lane width, and shoulder width are presented. The multivariate ratio of polynomials method was used to develop the models. Research was limited to two-lane roadways in Virginia with speed limits of 89 km/h (55 mph). The data were obtained from speed-monitoring stations established by the Virginia Department of Transportation and from police accident reports from January 1993 to September 1995.
Predicting Chronic Fine and Coarse Particulate Exposures Using Spatiotemporal Models for the Northeastern and Midwestern United States

BackgroundChronic epidemiologic studies of particulate matter (PM) are limited by the lack of monitoring data, relying instead on citywide ambient concentrations to estimate exposures. This method ...
Sexual Behaviors in Autism: Problems of Definition and Management

Surveys of sexual behavior in autism suggest a variety of behavioral expression. However, the course of sexual development in autism is unplotted, leaving questions about the normalcy of specific behaviors. Even less is known about deviations of sexual development and the incidence of paraphilias in this population. We explore the problems of definition of sexual behaviors and describe a case report that highlights the difficulties of management. An application of a testosterone-suppressing medication and its effect on sexual behavior are reported. After failure of behavioral and educational programs, leuprolide, an injectable antiandrogen, resulted in suppression of behaviors and retention of the participants' community placement. Follow-up for almost 3 years shows no abnormal physical effects. Dosage has been tapered over that period to a low but effective dose. Directions for research are discussed.
Control of extracellular slime accumulation in monokaryons and resultant dikaryons of Schizophyllum commune

Extracellular slime accumulation, as alcohol-precipitable material was measured after eight days of growth in glucose-asparagine-salts broth in twenty-two different monokaryons and six resultant dikaryons of Schizophyllum commune. The nutritional control of slime accumulation was also examined in monokaryotic mycelium. Slime occurred after growth in sucrose, glucose, fructose and xylose, with glycerol best. Low inorganic phosphates limited both slime and mycelial growth while limiting MgSO4 decreased growth and enhanced slime. In glucoseasparagine broth, various monokaryons differed widely in slime accumulation, ranging from none (e.g., strain 19) to nearly 800 mg per 100 ml filtrate (strain 1) after eight days growth, followed by a marked decline in slime (eleven days to twenty-one days). Resultant dikaryons all showed less slime accumulation, even when established from two high slimeaccumulating monokaryons. In contrast, conditions which arrested dikaryotic fruit-body morphogenesis led to increased slim...
Synthesis of optimal discrete pulse modulation waveforms through an integer quadratic program

The authors introduce a physically based objective function for determining optimal discrete pulse modulation waveforms in power electronics applications. Using this objective function, it is demonstrated that the problem of selecting an optimal waveform reduces to a quadratic zero-one integer program. It is shown that the structure of this zero-one program lends itself to a bounding algorithm that allows many of the branches in the search tree to be eliminated, considerably reducing the computational cost. >
The effect on photochemical smog of converting the U.S. fleet of gasoline vehicles to modern diesel vehicles

With the increased use of particle traps and nitrogen oxide (NO_x) control devices to reduce air pollution, “modern” diesel vehicles are being encouraged over gasoline vehicles globally as a central method of slowing global warming. Data to date, though, suggest that the NO_2:NO ratio from modern diesel may exceed that of gasoline, and it is difficult to reduce diesel NO_x below gasoline NO_x without increasing particle emissions. Here, it is calculated that, unless the diesel NO_2:NO ratio and total NO_x are reduced to those of gasoline, modern diesel, which should have lower hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions than gasoline, may still enhance photochemical smog at the surface and aloft, on average, over the U.S. relative to gasoline. The reason is that vehicle-produced smog in the U.S. depends more on NO_x and the NO_2:NO ratio than on HCs or CO. It is also found that vehicle NO_x controls may be more effective than NO_2:NO ratio controls at reducing ozone.
A Weak Layer in the Mantle

Summary The paper discusses the effect of a weak layer in the upper mantle on the deformation of the crust arising from atmospheric loading, and on the isostatic compensation process. It also points out that S phases with periods of I second are much more strongly damped than S phases with periods of 10 seconds or more, and than P phases with short periods. The damping arising from a liquid layer is proportional to the square root of the frequency and does not provide a satisfactory explanation. Scattering of the kind suggested by Jeffreys, or any other mechanism leading to the firmoviscous law, gives rise to damping proportional to the square of the frequency and is sufficiently frequency sensitive to be consistent with the observations. The differences between P and S can only be accounted for in terms of different behaviour of the elastic constants for dilatational and distortional movements. I. Introduction Recent studies of the dispersion of the longer period surface waves at Lamont Geological Observatory and the Seismological Laboratory, Pasadena, have confirmed the existence of Gutenberg’s low-velocity layer in the upper mantle( Dorman, Ewing & Oliver 1960). It was shown also that there are differences in the upper mantle structure below the oceans and below the continents. Kovach & Press (1960) have shown that there are differences in upper mantle structure within the Pacific Ocean basin. The low-velocity layer is characterized by a low rigidity and low shear velocity. In Dorman model 8099 the low-velocity layer extends over 160 km, beginning at a depth of 60 km below the oceans. The confirmation of the existence of a low-velocity layer in the upper mantle in which the rigidity is low gives rise to the question whether the low-velocity layer is a world-encircling Iayer of low strength. This paper discusses some of the consequences of a layer of low strength.
Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis

The purpose of this review is to put into perspective the many health benefits of vitamin D and the role of vitamin D deficiency in increasing the risk of many common and serious diseases, including some common cancers, type 1 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. Numerous epidemiologic studies suggest that exposure to sunlight, which enhances the production of vitamin D(3) in the skin, is important in preventing many chronic diseases. Because very few foods naturally contain vitamin D, sunlight supplies most of our vitamin D requirement. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is the metabolite that should be measured in the blood to determine vitamin D status. Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in infants who are solely breastfed and who do not receive vitamin D supplementation and in adults of all ages who have increased skin pigmentation or who always wear sun protection or limit their outdoor activities. Vitamin D deficiency is often misdiagnosed as fibromyalgia. A new dietary source of vitamin D is orange juice fortified with vitamin D. Studies in both human and animal models add strength to the hypothesis that the unrecognized epidemic of vitamin D deficiency worldwide is a contributing factor of many chronic debilitating diseases. Greater awareness of the insidious consequences of vitamin D deficiency is needed. Annual measurement of serum 25(OH)D is a reasonable approach to monitoring for vitamin D deficiency. The recommended adequate intakes for vitamin D are inadequate, and, in the absence of exposure to sunlight, a minimum of 1000 IU vitamin D/d is required to maintain a healthy concentration of 25(OH)D in the blood.
Cancer pharmacogenomics: do cancer cell lines have the right stuff?

In order to improve cancer patient outcomes, considerable effort has been undertaken to identify genomic alterations that impact patient response to chemotherapy. Once all the relevant alterations become known, it is hoped that the promise of individualized therapy, where each patient is treated with the optimal chemotherapy regimen for their tumor, would become fulfilled. Since clinical tissues are limited both in quan­ tity and availability, many researchers have used cancer cell lines in their pharmacogenomics research. Cancer cell lines serve as useful models for clinical tumors because they proliferate read­ ily, are experimentally tractable and are a renew­ able resource. One such resource in pharmaco­ genomics research is the NCI60 panel, a panel of 60 different cell lines encompassing nine differ­ ent types of cancer (reviewed in [1]). The NCI60 panel has been utilized in studies to screen com­ pounds for cytotoxic activity and potential clini­ cal targets, while also identifying the necessary molecular factors required for cytotoxic activity. But with all the effort and money being put into pharmacogenomics research using cancer cell lines, it is appropriate to ask: how faithfully do cancer cell lines represent the tumors that they are being used to model? First, do cancer cell lines look like the tumors they are modeling? The good news is that, in general, cancer cell lines look like their tis­ sue of origin at the molecular level (i.e., gene­ expression patterns and genomic alterations), at least when compared with cancer cell lines derived from other tissues. Using a microarray­ based gene­expression profiling approach, Ross et al. were able to identify gene­expression pat­ terns in the NCI60 cancer cell line panel that corresponded to the tissue of origin from which the cell lines were derived [2]. However, not all cancer cell lines fully represent their tissues of origin. A study by Sandberg et al. comparing expression profiles of the NCI60 panel with their corresponding in vivo tumors indicated that only approximately 50% of the cancer cell lines tested were most similar to their tissue of origin [3]. In fact, the authors found that the cancer cell lines varied widely in their expression of tumor characteristic genes, which impacted the propri­ ety of some of the cell lines for the tissues they were supposed to be modeling. Some of the dif­ ferences in gene expression between cancer cell lines and their tissue of origin are probably due to the presence of contaminating stromal cells in in vivo tumors; however, there is some evidence that stromal cells contribute little to the pat­ terns of gene expression observed in tumors [4]. Overall, while many cancer cell lines fully repre­ sent their tissue of origin at the molecular level, care should be taken to determine the suitability of individual cancer cell lines for the research in question.
Effects on Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations and Hepatic Branched-Chain α-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Activity of Feeding Rats Diets Containing 9 or 50% Casein

Plasma concentrations of amino acids and alpha-ketoisocaproate and alpha-keto-gamma- methiolbutyrate decarboxylation activities in livers of rats trained to eat 9 or 50% casein diets for 5 hours/day, were measured one-half hour before and one-half and 3 hours after the start of the feeding period. Decarboxylation of both alpha-ketoisocaproate and alpha-keto-gamma- methiolbutyrate by liver increased significantly within one-half hour after rats had ingested either the 9 or the 50% casein diet. Liver decarboxylation activity of rats fed the 50% casein diet was from two- to fivefold higher than that of rats fed the 9% casein diet. The greatest difference was observed when calcium, NAD and coenzyme A were included in the decarboxylation assay medium. Although the activity of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase increased in response to food ingestion, plasma concentrations of branched-chain amino acids also increased greatly after the ingestion of food. The similarity in the responses of alpha-ketoisocaproate and alpha-keto-gamma- methiolbutyrate decarboxylation in rats fed diets differing in protein content and subjected to different feeding regimens allows us to suggest that the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase is responsible, in part, for the oxidative decarboxylation of the alpha-keto acid analog of methionine. J. Nutr . 114: 1025-1034, 1984.
ABDOMINOSCROTAL HYDROCELE IN INFANCY: A REVIEW AND PRESENTATION OF THE SCROTAL APPROACH FOR CORRECTION

Purpose: A simple transcrotal approach to the surgical treatment of abdominoscrotal hydrocele is presented.Materials and Methods: Via a scrotal incision the hydrocele sac is drained and the wall is everted and plicated in the manner described by Lord.Results: The hydrocele is eliminated with a decreased risk of damage to the spermatic cord and epididymis. There has been no recurrence.Conclusions: The scrotal approach to abdominoscrotal hydrocele is a simple, safe and effective method of managing this relatively uncommon problem.
Reaction orders for thermal mortality of third instars of Mexican fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), is a quarantine pest of several fruit, including citrus, avocados, and mangoes, from extreme southern Texas to Costa Rica. To provide information for modeling heat phytosanitary treatments, third instars were heated with an aluminum heating block between 44 and 50°C for time intervals up to those causing 100% mortality. At 44 and 50°C, 100% mortality was achieved at 100 and 2 min, respectively. Each 2°C increase in temperature resulted in a three-fourths reduction in the amount of time required to achieve 100% mortality. Mortality was modeled using thermal death kinetics, and the most suitable reaction order was the 0.5th. The thermal death activation energy was 560.7 kJ/mol, which is very similar to the value found for Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), in a previous study, indicating similar modes of action for heat mortality. However, the Mexican fruit fly had a lower threshold for heat-induced mortality, resulting in less time at all temperatures studied to achieve 100% mortality compared with the Mediterranean fruit fly. This type of information being gathered for fruit flies could lead to the development of generic phytosanitary heat treatments, which are available for other major phytosanitary treatments, such as cold storage, methyl bromide fumigation, and ionizing irradiation.
Prediction of Sand Transport and Deposition in a Two-Pass Internal Cooling Duct

Sand transport and deposition is investigated in a two-pass internal cooling ribbed geometry at near engine conditions. Large-eddy simulation (LES) calculations are performed for bulk Reynolds number of 25,000 to calculate flow field and heat transfer. Constant wall temperature boundary condition is used to investigate the effect of temperature on particle deposition. Three different wall temperatures of 950 °C, 1000 °C, and 1050 °C are considered. Particle sizes in range 5–25 μm are considered. A new deposition model which accounts for particle composition, temperature, impact velocity and angle and material properties of particle and surface is developed and applied. Calculated impingement and deposition patterns are discussed for different exposed surfaces in the two pass geometry. Other than the leading rib faces, the highest particle impingement and deposition is observed in the bend region and first quarter of the second pass. Significant deposition is observed in the two pass geometry for all three wall temperatures considered. Particle impingement and hence deposition is dominated by larger particles except in the downstream half of the bend region. In total, approximately 38%, 59%, and 67% of the injected particles deposit in the two passes, for the three wall temperatures of 950 °C, 1000 °C, and 1050 °C, respectively. While particle impingement is highest for wall temperature of 950 °C, higher deposition is observed for 1000 °C and 1050 °C cases. Deposition increases significantly with wall temperature. For 1000 °C, roughly 12% of the impacting particles deposit. For 1050 °C, approximately 23% of the particles deposit on impact. For all the three cases, the second pass experiences higher deposition compared to the first pass due to higher turbulence and direct impingement.
Electric dipole moments of fermi particles

The electric dipole moments of the nucleons and of the electron and muon are calculated in the intermediate vector boson theory. An intrinsic electric dipole is attributed to the charged vector boson, W±. Results are obtained with the regularization procedure proposed by Lee and Yang, both for their so-calledξ-limiting process, and for an alternative limiting procedure which is appropriate only if the W-boson does not exist. The theory predicts, for reasonable values of the several parameters, a neutron electric dipole as large as 1.3·10−6 nucleon magnetons, which is within a factor two of the present experimental upper bound, and which is readily measurable. The predicted electric dipoles of the other three fermions considered are too small to be measured by techniques currently in use.
A New Outage Coordination: SMaRTS Model

The SMaRTS model, Scheduling Maintenance for Reliable Transmission Systems, is developed to schedule transmission line maintenance requests optimally and centrally at the central dispatcher (CD) level. The SMaRTS model promises up to 4% production cost savings by solely shifting the maintenance to an optimal time frame for the system. The model is developed to co-optimize generation unit commitment and transmission line outage coordination with N-1 reliability. The SMaRTS model is flexible enough to be converted to a security constrained unit commitment or to an optimal topology control problem, and its effectiveness is tested on a modified IEEE 30-bus system. The financial benefits of SMaRTS model are discussed in detail, and compared with those from Business-As-Usual (BU) model as adopted by the CDs.
Effect of probiotics in the prevention of infection in children

Several well-designed randomized controlled trials confirmed the beneficial effects of certain probiotic strains in specific clinical indications. One indication, which is of special interest for pediatricians, is the prevention of infections in children. Children who are especially prone to infections, in developed countries, are hospitalized children and children who attend day care centers. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize all currently available randomized controlled trails and meta-analysis on the role of different probiotic strains in the prevention of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children and children attending day care centers.
Racial Disparities in Receipt of Hospice Services Among Nursing Home Residents

This study examined the relationship between race and advance care planning, hospitalization, and death among nursing home residents receiving hospice care. Secondary data analysis using the 2007 Minimum Data Set (MDS) was used to identify documentation of these activities for White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian residents with linear regression models fitted to each dependent variable. Across different types of advance directives, compared to White nursing home residents, Black, Hispanic, and Asian residents who received hospice services were significantly less likely overall to have documented advance directives. All racial groups were also more likely to experience hospitalization while on hospice, regardless of whether they had a documented "do not hospitalize" order. As nursing homes become more diverse, recognizing differences in hospice use and end-of-life planning will continue to increase in importance.
Response language and context effects

The influence of the mode of response on context effects in length scaling was investigated by comparing a familiar, absolute, unrestrictive, verbal mode with a length-matching technique. Usual context effects occurred with the verbal mode but not with the length-matching technique. The results suggest that context effects reported from certain length scaling tasks may reflect changes in the reference system under which reports are made rather than changes in the perceived magnitude of the stimuli.
Atopic dermatitis: introduction and overview.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing, pruritic, inflammatory skin condition that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals and is part of the atopic triad, along with allergic rhinitis and asthma. Besnier 1 has been attributed with the first description of the association of this triad. 2 The term atopy was coined by Perry, as quoted by Coca and Cooke, 3 to describe this triad of diseases. Because of its association with the atopic state and the fact that it may exist without eczematous changes, AD is the preferred term. As will be discussed by Dr. Beltrani, the clinical features of AD vary over time for an individual, between individuals, and between age groups. The characteristic finding of AD is a chronically relapsing and pruritic dermatitis associated with xerosis. The etiology and pathogenesis of AD have historically been elusive. Recent observations have revealed several key steps that develop into and maintain a vicious circle of spongiotic dermatitis associated with hyperstimulatory Langerhans cells, elevated T lymphocyte activation, defective cell mediated immunity, and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. Despite these many recent advances, there remain no objective laboratory tests for AD, and the diagnosis remains dependent on clinicopathologic correlation. Conventional therapy such as skin care, including topical emollients, as will be discussed by Dr. Krafchik, and topical and systemic glucocorticosteroids, remains the mainstay of atopic dermatitis management; however, new therapies based on emerging concepts are being tested in clinical trials with promising results.
Commentary: Advancing Our Understanding of Asian American Child Development: History, Context, and Culture as Essential Considerations

The Special Section will help scholars make informed choices about how to conceptualize developmental processes and assess contextually and culturally relevant variables in future research with Asian American children and youth. It undertakes tasks and addresses challenges that have broad relevance to the study of developmental processes and stands as a reminder of the vital role of interdisciplinary perspectives in the advancement of developmental science.
Rationale and Argument for Subunit Mohs Excision in Nasal Reconstruction.

Background Optimal aesthetic results are achieved when nasal defects after Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) are reconstructed as entire nasal subunits. Objective To illustrate the importance of reconstructing the nose in entire subunits and explore the possibilities of expanding the principles of subunit reconstruction to the concept of subunit Mohs excision. Methods An 83-year-old man presented for MMS to excise 3 lesions on the nasal ala. The surgeons elected to excise and reconstruct the entire subunit. Results Excellent aesthetic and functional results were obtained. Conclusion When a defect greater than 50% of a nasal subunit is encountered during MMS, immediate marginal control excision of the entire subunit can be performed with subsequent reconstruction. This technique ultimately has the potential to deliver a more aesthetically pleasing outcome and should be, at the very least, considered by all Mohs surgeons.
Empowering Children To Rapidly Author Games and Animations Without Writing Code

Prior research has established that long-term interests in programming are often shaped by formative computing experiences, especially those involving programming and graphics. Existing authoring environments for children (ages 9-14) to make 2D games and animations require them to: (a) create programs, (b) customize templates, or (c) combine rewrite rules with programs. One way to support early experiences in computing for a more diverse set of learners is to simplify such authoring systems, by removing text heavy code and minimizing cognitive load, which can allow separation of coding concepts from writing code. In this paper, we describe an exploratory system we are designing to test this idea, called BlockStudio. Using a Programming By Example paradigm, children manipulate colored blocks on the screen to specify desired behavior via concrete changes. Based on these inputs, our system synthesizes generalized rules based on color. We give a brief overview of our current prototype, then share insights gleaned from two intergenerational co-design sessions with children and discuss implications for designers of similar systems.
Elements of Holistic Planning and Management

Whether at the level of the community or individual corporation, emergency response planning and management require the coordination of a wide range of information, services, and materials. Clearly, much of the information required and the services and materials needed in the response phase are highly specific with regard to location and attendant circum-stances. However, there are certain aspects of emergency response planning and management that are categorically appropriate to all emergency response efforts and that may therefore be called universal elements of holistic planning and management, including: • Scope of Emergency Planning: It is essential that planning proceed from the premise that the objective of planning is inclusive of (a) the prevention of an emergency, (b) preparation for the occurrence of an emergency, and (c) actual response to an emergency.
Coercion and Resistance in the Colonial Market: Cotton in Britain’s African Empire

Throughout the nineteenth century, the American South was the world’s leading producer of raw cotton. European — especially British — textile firms used American cotton to supply the world with cheap manufactured cloth. The African continent was on the periphery of this transatlantic circuit: forced into slavery and transported to the Americas, African peoples supplied much of the agricultural labour on which the cotton industry rested, but the African continent itself remained isolated from the expanding reach of the ‘empire of cotton’.1
Pastoral Letter: The General Association of Massachusetts to Churches under Their Care: July 1837

Issued by the highest authority in the Congregational Church, the most powerful church in Massachusetts, this letter rebuked the Grimkes’ assertion of women’s rights with words like “permanent injury,” “shame and dishonor,” and “degeneracy and ruin.”
Experimental analysis of cyclostationary detectors under cyclic frequency offsets

Cyclostationary detection involves detecting cyclic features of modulated signals which are functions of various transmit parameters including the symbol rate, carrier frequency, and modulation format. However, imperfect knowledge of these transmit parameters at the sensing radio results in computing the detection test statistic under a cyclic frequency offset (CFO). The detection performance of the conventional cyclic autocorrelation function has been shown to degrade in the presence of the CFO impairment. In this paper, we propose a new multi-frame detection statistic that improves the robustness of the conventional cyclostationary detector to CFO impairments. The achievable gains in using this method over conventional detectors are quantified analytically and verified through hardware experiments using the Universal Software Radio Platform (USRP N200) transceivers.