cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing Noninferiority of Response Rates for Regulatory Filings Using Transformations

When comparing a new treatment to a standard, it is common to analyze with the intent of showing that the response rate of the new treatment is not markedly lower than that of the standard. This requires a definition of noninferiority (how different the response rates can be). One definition proposed for antimicrobial products is an adaptive definition that allows a larger difference in response rates when lower response rates are observed. In this paper we discuss some advantages and disadvantages of this adaptive definition and seek alternative analysis methods that preserve the benefits while eliminating some of the drawbacks of the adaptive definition. One potential method is to analyze for equivalence using transformations. Analyzing for equivalence with the angular transformation or the log odds (but not the log) will preserve aspects of the adaptive definition such as requiring a smaller difference in response rates when currently available products have higher efficacy. Using a transformation has advantages over the adaptive definition, such as allowing for power calculations using standard formulae from the literature.
Acute Effect of Ethanol on Lens Cation Homeostasis

Abstract This study examined the effect of ethanol on the calcium homeostasis of the bovine lens. After acute exposure of the whole lens to physiologically related ethanol concentration, the calcium content of the lens cortex increased from 0.345 ± 0.075 to 0.476 ± 0.047 μmol/g ( p
On the first principles Hartree—Fock and local density pseudopotentials

Abstract Angular momentum projected Hartree—Fock (HF) and local density functional (LDF) nonlocal atomic pseudopotentials are derived from first principles in
Reference region approaches in PET: a comparative study on multiple radioligands

Reference region (RR) approaches (RRAs) for positron emission tomography (PET) brain studies aim to obtain full quantification without arterial input function (IF) sampling, an invasive and costly procedure. Although they need a reliable RR and are only able to estimate the nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND), RRAs are widely used. If quantitatively reliable, then RRAs can greatly benefit PET investigations, but their suitability can vary widely from radioligand to radioligand. This study compares estimates of BPND both using IF data and several common RRAs on an extensive data set for each of several radioligands. In addition, two new methods, likelihood estimation in graphical analysis with RR and a bootstrapping algorithm for estimating precision, are presented here for the first time. Although many factors contribute to the performance of each RRA, our results suggest that the kinetics in the RR have a role. In particular, RRAs tend to be good when (1) the RR distribution volume is high; (2) the transfer rate constant from plasma to free compartment in the RR is high; and (3) the transfer rate constant from free to plasma compartment in the RR is low.
LPS-induced Inflammatory Response after Therapy of Aggressive Periodontitis

We have reported a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hyper-inflammatory response in localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP). It is unknown whether treatment is able to modulate this LPS responsiveness. Fifty-nine individuals with LAP were treated by mechanical debridement and systemic antibiotics. Clinical parameters and cyto/chemokine responsiveness of whole blood stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis or Escherichia coli LPS were monitored at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months post-treatment. Overall, clinical parameters were improved following treatment. Additionally, P. gingivalis LPS induction of eotaxin, IFNγ, IL10, IL12p40, IL1β, IL6, IP10, MCP1, MIP1α, GM-CSF, and TNFα was significantly decreased (p < .05). Similarly, induction of eotaxin, INFγ, IL10, IL12p40, GM-CSF, and TNFα by E. coli LPS was also reduced post-treatment. These reductions correlated with decreases in clinical parameters. Importantly, these reductions in LPS responsiveness were most robust at 3 months, and some lost significance at 6 to 12 months post-treatment. In conclusion, LPS-induced hyper-inflammatory response in LAP can be partially modulated by periodontal therapy. Conversely, rebound in the hyper-responsiveness of some mediators, in the presence of improved clinical parameters, suggests that this phenotype could be partially influenced by a genetic trait and play a role in future disease recurrence (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01330719).
Quantitative definition of polysaccharide hydrophilicity

Abstract The increase in volume of a number of chain polysaccharides was measured with the aid of the density equation as a function of increasing concentration of polysaccharide. The hydrocolloids were carboxymethylcellulose, sodium alginate, a low-methoxyl and a high-methoxyl pectin, methylcellulose and guar gum. From the change of volume (converted to weight) of dispersion per g added polysaccharide per 100 g dispersion, a quantity defined as the hydrophilicity (H) was derived. On a molar basis, Hm = 5.56 · 10−3 · H · M kg, where M is the polysaccharide molecular weight. The magnitude of H was a property of the particular hydrocolloid, in every instance being substantially larger in pure water than in an electrolyte solution.
The specific binding of estradiol and estrone and the subsequent distribution of estrogen-receptor complexes within MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

Abstract We have examined the specific binding of estradiol (E 2 ) and estrone (E 1 ) within MCF-7 cells using both cytosol and whole cell suspension binding assay techniques. The results of these studies have revealed that each of these estrogens binds with high but different affinity to the same single class of cytosol receptor (ER). The incubation of intact cells with E 2 at 37°C resulted in the rapid formation, nuclear binding, and nuclear processing of E 2 -ER complexes. Reductions of incubation temperature to 15°C and 4°C resulted in slowed but continued E 2 -ER formation and nuclear binding, and in a marked inhibition of nuclear receptor processing. The incubation of intact cells with E 1 at 37°C also was associated with the formation, nuclear binding, and nuclear processing of estrogen-ER complexes. Interestingly, however, E 2 rather than E 1 represented the major species of specifically bound estrogen under these conditions. This observation suggests that the estrogenic action of E 1 in MCF-7 cells may be mediated largely by the intracellular formation of E 2 . This phenomenon provides a likely explanation of the unexpected potency of E 1 in this system previously observed by other workers. Furthermore, our results suggest that E 1 may represent a major source of estrogenic stimulation for some hormone-dependent human breast tumors.
A review of barriers to effective asthma management in Puerto Ricans: cultural, healthcare system and pharmacogenomic issues

AbstractBackground: Among the Hispanic community, Puerto Ricans have the highest prevalence of asthma and manifest the worst outcomes. The expected growth of the Hispanic population in the USA in the next several decades make elimination of disparate care in Puerto Rican asthmatics a matter of national importance. The purpose of this review of the literature (ROL) is to examine a variety of health system, genetic and cultural barriers in the Puerto Rican community which have created disparities in asthma care and outcomes among adult and pediatric Hispanic populations. In addition, this ROL describes several culturally sensitive, community-based educational interventions which can be used as a framework for future projects to improved asthma outcomes. Methods: Databases searched included Medline, PubMED, EBSCOhost, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Google Scholar and ERIC. Papers published in English from January 1990 to January 2012 were reviewed. Results: Health system policies, insurer compensation patterns, clinician...
Hyperadrenergic orthostatic intolerance as a result of postpartum blood loss.

Abstract This article describes a young women in whom orthostatic intolerance developed as a result of protracted postpartum vaginal bleeding. The cardiovascular abnormalities were unresponsive to usual treatment measures, and she required combination therapy directed at increasing plasma volume and decreasing sympathetic nervous system activity. After resolution of her symptoms, the patient required no long-term therapy. Chronic blood loss has not been reported as a cause of this syndrome. (AM J OBSTET GVNECOL 1990;163:1578-9.)
Spatial correlates of hippocampal unit activity are altered by lesions of the fornix and entorhinal cortex

Summary Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence supports the role of the hippocampus in the processing of spatial information. In the present study, neuronal activity recorded from chronically implanted hippocampal microelectrodes was correlated with a rat's spatial orientation while traversing a radial maze for food reward. Place units were found in all fields of the dorsal hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Rotation of the maze relative to extramaze cues failed to disrupt the intact animal's spatial task performance or the spatial correlates of the unit activity. Lesions of the fornix or entorhinal cortex disrupted performance of the task. Unit activity correlated to the animal's spatial orientation was also disrupted by either lesion. There was no correlation between the disruption of the unit activity and location of the unit within hippocampal fields. Unit activity from lesioned animals showed correlation to the physical properties of the maze rather than to the orientation of the maze in space. These results further support the role of the hippocampus in the processing of spatial information.
3D optic disc reconstruction via a global fundus stereo algorithm

This paper presents a novel method to recover 3D structure of the optic disc in the retina from two uncalibrated fundus images. Retinal images are commonly uncalibrated when acquired clinically, creating rectification challenges as well as significant radiometric and blur differences within the stereo pair. By exploiting structural peculiarities of the retina, we modified the Graph Cuts computational stereo method (one of current state-of-the-art methods) to yield a highquality algorithm for fundus stereo reconstruction. Extensive qualitative and quantitative experimental evaluation (where OCT scans are used as 3D ground truth) on our and publicly available datasets shows the superiority of the proposed method in comparison to other alternatives.
Comparison of white tea, green tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and caffeine as inhibitors of PhIP-induced colonic aberrant crypts.

There is growing interest in the possible health benefits of tea. We reported previously on the inhibition by white tea of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the rat (4). To distinguish between blocking and suppressing effects, and thus provide mechanistic insights into prevention during the initiation versus post-initiation phases of carcinogenesis, white tea, and green tea were administered at 2% (w/v) as the sole source of drinking fluid either 2 wk before and 2 wk during PhIP dosing (100 mg/kg, every other day by oral gavage), or starting 1 wk after the carcinogen and continued until the study was terminated at 16 wk. In the former protocol, each tea produced marginal inhibition of colonic ACF, despite evidence for changes in several hepatic enzymes involved in heterocyclic amine metabolism. Post-initiation, however, the data were as follows (ACF/colon, mean +/- SE): PhIP/water 12.2 +/- 1.5; PhIP/white tea 5.9 +/- 0.9 (** P 0.05, not significant). The data imply that white tea, caffeine, and EGCG may be most effective post-initiation, via the inhibition of cell proliferation in the colon and through the suppression of early lesions.
Differential distribution of corticotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactive axons in monoaminergic nuclei of the human brainstem

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) has been implicated in a variety of physiological and behavioral responses to stress, as well as in the pathophysiology of certain psychiatric disorders. Although studies in rodents support a neuromodulatory influence of CRH on monoamine neurotransmission in a number of brain regions, little information is available to support a similar role for CRH in the human brain. The present study used immunocytochemistry to characterize the anatomical organization of CRH-immunoreactive axons in the human brainstem. Substantial regional differences in the density and distribution of CRH-immunoreactive axons were found in the dopamine-, noradrenaline- and serotonin-containing cell body regions of the human brainstem. Dense networks of CRH-immunoreactive axons were found in the medial subnuclei of the ventral mesencephalon and in the dorsolateral region of the locus coeruleus. Moderate densities of CRH-positive fibers were located in the median and dorsal raphe, whereas lower numbers of CRH-labeled axons appeared in the substantia nigra pars compacta. In addition, differences in CRH innervation density were observed within each region. For example, the dorsal tier of the substantia nigra contained a greater density of CRH-labeled axons than the ventral tier. In all monoamine-containing nuclei, CRH-labeled axons exhibited numerous beaded varicosities and fine intervaricose segments. The differential distribution of CRH-containing axons across these human brainstem nuclei suggests that the influence of CRH on monoamine function may be neurotransmitter-specific. © 1997 American College of Neuropsyphopharmacology
Construct Validation Using Computer-Aided Text Analysis (CATA): An Illustration Using Entrepreneurial Orientation

Construct validity continues to pose challenges in the organizational sciences. To capture difficult-to-measure constructs of interest, researchers have often relied on content analysis. One conten...
The Ethnography of Imagined Communities The Cultural Production of Sikh Ethnicity in Britain

A shift in ethnographic vantage point from an exclusive focus on everyday worlds to the broader historical and cultural processes in which these worlds are embedded brings to light forms of politics that challenge traditional ways of understanding immigrant incorporation in modern nation-states. The author argues that the cultural politics of immigration and citizenship in the global era require this shift in ethnographic perspective. Multisited ethnography enables researchers to illuminate the more complex cultural processes of nation formation and the contradictory and, at times, incommensurate forms of cultural politics within which immigrants are made and make themselves as citizens. Viewing immigration from the perspective of nation formation, moreover, brings into question the explanatory power and political implications of traditional assimilation models of immigrant incorporation.
Effect of left ventricular ejection fraction on malfunctioning St. Jude medical prosthesis in the aortic valve position

Abnormal transvalvular flow due to partial or complete obstruction of the outflow orifice or the mobile element, and valve leaks due to valvular or paravalvular lesions, are the 2 main types of prosthetic valve dysfunction. Quantitative Doppler echocardiography has been used for assessing transprosthetic flow characteristics and pressure gradients.1–5 In addition to prosthetic size, left ventricular (LV) function may be another important factor in assessing transprosthetic hemodynamic parameters. In a previous report of ours6; we assessed 74 patients with normally functioning St. Jude medical (SJM) prostheses in the aortic valve position by using Doppler echocardiography and found that a depressed LV ejection fraction resulted in corresponding changes in Doppler-derived transprosthetic hemodynamic measurements. The study evaluates the effect of LV function on Doppler-derived hemodynamic indexes in abnormally functioning SJM prostheses in the aortic valve position.
Chromatin accessibility reveals insights into androgen receptor activation and transcriptional specificity

Background: Epigenetic mechanisms such as chromatin accessibility impact transcription factor binding to DNA and transcriptional specificity. The androgen receptor (AR), a master regulator of the male phenotype and prostate cancer pathogenesis, acts primarily through ligand-activated transcription of target genes. Although several determinants of AR transcriptional specificity have been elucidated, our understanding of the interplay between chromatin accessibility and AR function remains incomplete. Results: We used deep sequencing to assess chromatin structure via DNase I hypersensitivity and mRNA abundance, and paired these datasets with three independent AR ChIP-seq datasets. Our analysis revealed qualitative and quantitative differences in chromatin accessibility that corresponded to both AR binding and an enrichment of motifs for potential collaborating factors, one of which was identified as SP1. These quantitative differences were significantly associated with AR-regulated mRNA transcription across the genome. Base-pair resolution of the DNase I cleavage profile revealed three distinct footprinting patterns associated with the AR-DNA interaction, suggesting multiple modes of AR interaction with the genome. Conclusions: In contrast with other DNA-binding factors, AR binding to the genome does not only target regions that are accessible to DNase I cleavage prior to hormone induction. AR binding is invariably associated with an increase in chromatin accessibility and, consequently, changes in gene expression. Furthermore, we present the first in vivo evidence that a significant fraction of AR binds only to half of the full AR DNA motif. These findings indicate a dynamic quantitative relationship between chromatin structure and AR-DNA binding that impacts AR transcriptional specificity.
METABOLISM OF INTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE BY STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS AND ITS RELATION TO INDUCIBLE ENZYME FORMATION

Gibbons, R. J. (Forsyth Dental Center, Boston Mass.). Metabolism of intracellular polysaccharide by Streptococcus mitis and its relation to inducible enzyme formation. J. Bacteriol. 87: 1512–1520. 1964.—The synthesis and catabolism of an intracellular iodine staining polysaccharide produced from glucose by Streptococcus mitis was investigated. Approximately 15% of the total glucose metabolized by buffered suspensions of S. mitis was assimilated. Over 90% of the assimilated glucose was converted into a polysaccharide of the glycogen-amylopectin type. Use of uniformly labeled C 14 -glucose provided a convenient method for determining polysaccharide accumulation in this organism. Glucose assimilation occurred at a rate of over 80 μg of glucose per hr per 100 μg of starting dry cell weight. Prolonged assimilation produced cells containing over 50% polysaccharide on a dry weight basis. Accumulated polysaccharide was catabolized at the same rate when the organism was suspended in buffer, sugar-free broth, or sugar-free broth containing thiomethyl galactoside. Metabolic intermediates produced from polysaccharide catabolism did not markedly repress inducible enzyme synthesis. The last glucose molecules incorporated into polysaccharide were among the first molecules to be removed during catabolism. Catabolism of polysaccharide provides S. mitis with energy in a utilizable form, for cells containing polysaccharide increased in β-galactosidase activity when induced with thiomethyl galactoside in the absence of an exogenous energy source. Cells devoid of polysaccharide, and a polysaccharide-negative variant of S. mitis did not increase in β-galactosidase activity when induced in a similar manner. It appears that the intracellular polysaccharide is the sole substrate for the endogenous metabolism of S. mitis . Images
Changes in fetal mannose and other carbohydrates induced by a maternal insulin infusion in pregnant sheep.

Background The importance of non-glucose carbohydrates, especially mannose and inositol, for normal development is increasingly recognized. Whether pregnancies complicated by abnormal glucose transfer to the fetus also affect the regulation of non-glucose carbohydrates is unknown. In pregnant sheep, maternal insulin infusions were used to reduce glucose supply to the fetus for both short (2-wk) and long (8-wk) durations to test the hypothesis that a maternal insulin infusion would suppress fetal mannose and inositol concentrations. We also used direct fetal insulin infusions (1-wk hyperinsulinemic-isoglycemic clamp) to determine the relative importance of fetal glucose and insulin for regulating non-glucose carbohydrates.
Isolation of multiple forms of rabbit-adrenal norepinephrine N-methyltransferase.

Abstract Two molecular forms of adrenal norepinephrine N-methyltransferase have been isolated from the nonparticulate fraction of rabbit adrenal glands by use of hydroxylapatite chromatography. The two forms remain distinct on rechromatography. The results obtained by disc gel electrophoresis suggest that the two forms are charge isozymes. The molecular weight of the isozymes was estimated to be 37,000 on the basis of chromatography of Sephadex G-200. The two isozymes are distinguishable on the basis of their steady-state kinetic parameters, particularly on the basis of the substrate inhibition constants for l -norepinephrine and S-adenosylmethionine.
Culture in Reduced Levels of Oxygen Promotes Clonogenic Sympathoadrenal Differentiation by Isolated Neural Crest Stem Cells

Isolated neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) differentiate to autonomic neurons in response to bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) in clonal cultures, but these neurons do not express sympathoadrenal (SA) lineage markers. Whether this reflects a developmental restriction in NCSCs or simply inappropriate culture conditions was not clear. We tested the growth and differentiation potential of NCSCs at ∼5% O_2, which more closely approximates physiological oxygen levels. Eighty-three percent of p75^+P_0 ^− cells isolated from embryonic day 14.5 sciatic nerve behaved as stem cells under these conditions, suggesting that this is a nearly pure population. Furthermore, addition of BMP2 plus forskolin in decreased oxygen cultures elicited differentiation of thousands of cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and the SA lineage marker SA-1 in nearly all colonies. Such cells also synthesized and released dopamine and norepinephrine. These data demonstrate that isolated mammalian NCSCs uniformly possess SA lineage capacity and further suggest that oxygen levels can influence cell fate. Parallel results indicating that reduced oxygen levels can also promote the survival, proliferation, and catecholaminergic differentiation of CNS stem cells (Studer et al., 2000) suggests that neural stem cells may exhibit a conserved response to reduced oxygen levels.
Building a Legacy for Children and Adolescents With Chronic Disease

Children and adolescents who undergo extensive health-related treatment benefit from sharing their experience. Here, we describe how one institution established a legacy program for patients during their chronic disease treatment and how their journeys were symbolized with the distribution of beads. The legacy bead program was designed to be individualized according to the patient's journey and treatment experiences. A bead program offers a concrete, tangible method for patients to share their treatment journeys while building legacies on which they can reflect.
Thermodynamics of uranyl minerals: Enthalpies of formation of rutherfordine, UO2CO3, andersonite, Na2CaUO2(CO3)3(H2O)5, and grimselite, K3NaUO2(CO3)3H2O

Enthalpies of formation of rutherfordine, UO 2 CO 3 , andersonite, Na 2 CaUO 2 (CO 3 ) 3 (H 2 O) 5 , and grimselite, K 3 NaUO 2 (CO 3 ) 3 (H 2 O), have been determined using high-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry. The enthalpy of formation of rutherfordine from the binary oxides, ΔH r - o x , is -99.1 ′ 4.2 kJ/mol for the reaction UO 3 (xl, 298 K) + CO 2 (g, 298 K) = UO 2 CO 3 (xl, 298 K). The ΔH r - o x for andersonite is -710.4 ′ 9.1 I kJ/mol for the reaction Na 2 O (xl, 298 K) + CaO (xl, 298 K) + UO 3 (xl, 298 K) + 3CO 2 (g, 298 K) + 5H 2 O (1, 298 K) = Na 2 CaUO 2 (CO 3 ) 3 (H 2 O) 6 (xl, 298 K). The ΔH r - o for grimselite is -989.3 ′ 14.0 kJ/mol for the reaction 1.5 K 2 O (xl, 298 K) + 0.5Na 2 O (xl, 298 K) + UO 3 (xl, 298 K) + 3CO 2 (g, 298 K) + H 2 O (1, 298 K) = K 3 NaUO 2 (CO 3 ) 3 H 2 O (xl, 298 K). The standard enthalpies of formation from the elements, ΔH o f , are -1716.4 ′ 4.2, -5593.6 ′ 9.1, and -4431.6 ′ 15.3 kJ/mol for rutherfordine, andersonite, and grimselite, respectively. Energetic trends of uranyl carbonate formation from the binary oxides and ternary carbonates are dominated by the acid-base character of the binary oxides. However, even relative to mixtures of UO 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 , and Na 2 CO 3 or CaCO 3 , andersonite and grimselite are energetically stable by 111.7 ′ 10.2 and 139.6 ′ 16.1 kJ/mol, respectively, suggesting additional favorable interactions arising from hydration and/or changes in cation environments. These enthalpy values are discussed in comparison with earlier estimates.
Mixed anti-jamming strategies in fixed-rate wireless systems over fast fading channels

We study the problem of jamming in a fixed-rate wireless system over fast fading channels. Both transmitter and jammer are subject to long term (average) power constraints. Our jamming problem is formulated as a zero-sum game, with the probability of outage as pay-off function and power control functions as strategies. We consider both the case with full channel state information (CSI) at all parties (available from a training and feedback protocol), and the case when no CSI is fed back from the receiver. Nash equilibria of mixed strategies are found by solving the generalized form of an older problem dated back to Bell and Cover [1].
A wideband composite right/left hand rectenna for UHF energy harvesting applications

We present the design of a wideband composite right/left (CRLH) rectenna for energy harvesting. The frequencies of operation are in the lower UHF frequency band from 700 MHz to 1 GHz. In the UHF band, the wavelength is long and therefore energy harvesting schemes using traditional antennas are typically large. Utilizing the CRLH antenna adds an additional degree of freedom trading size with gain. The total size of the rectenna is 164 mm × 37 mm.
An empirical comparison of memetic algorithm strategies on the multiobjective quadratic assignment problem

Evolutionary algorithm based metaheuristics have gained prominence in recent years for solving multiobjective optimization problems. These algorithms have a number of attractive features, but the primary motivation for many in the community is rooted in the use of a population inherent to evolutionary algorithms, which allows a single optimization run to provide a diverse set of nondominated solutions. However, for many combinatorial problems, evolutionary algorithms on their own do not perform satisfactorily. For these problems, the addition of a local search heuristic can dramatically improve the performance of the algorithms. Often called memetic algorithms, these techniques introduce a number of additional parameters which can require careful tuning. In this work, we provide an empirical comparison of a number of strategies for the construction of multiobjective memetic algorithms for the multiobjective quadratic assignment problem (mQAP), and provide a more principled analysis of those results using insights gained from analysis of the fitness landscape properties of the different problem instances.
The role of lake and reservoir sediments as sinks in the perturbed global carbon cycle

We estimate that recent increases in organic carbon accumulation in the sediments of lakes and reservoirs amount to about 0.02 m? 10 15 gC yr -1 and 0.2 m? 10 15 gC yr -1 , respectively. The reservoir accumulation represents a small but significant fraction of the carbon missing in current global budgets. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01837.x
Ab initio lattice stability in comparison with CALPHAD lattice stability

A systematic first-principles calculation for the total energies of 78 pure elemental solids has been performed at zero Kelvin using the projector augmented-wave method within the generalized gradient approximation. The total energy differences, i.e. lattice stabilities, among the face-centered-cubic (fcc), body-centered-cubic (bcc), and hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) crystal structures are studied and compared with the Scientific Group Thermodata Europe (SGTE) database developed by the CALPHAD method. For non-transitional elements, favorable comparison is observed, while for the majority of transition elements, particularly the V, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co group elements, significant discrepancies exist. The Bain/tetragonal distortion analysis between fcc and bcc structures shows that when one structure is stable, the other is unstable, and the higher the energy of the unstable structure, the larger the discrepancy. Through analysis of the alloying effect in binary systems, we conclude that the lattice stability of unstable structures obtained through extrapolation of first-principles calculations in binary systems is close to the SGTE lattice stability obtained by the CALPHAD method.
A comparison of relative quantification with isobaric tags on a subset of the murine hepatic proteome using electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time‐of‐flight

The use of isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) has increased dramatically over the past few years. Many factors can affect the accuracy of quantification. Some of these include the number of biological/technical replicates, sample complexity, instrumentation, method of peptide/protein identification and the statistical techniques used for data analysis. It has been observed that the low collision energies normally used in electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight (ESI QTOF) can result in low iTRAQ reporter ion abundances. We used two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the iTRAQ ratios that were generated on an ESI QTOF and a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight (MALDI TOF/TOF). It appears that iTRAQ analyses performed on an ESI QTOF without any special modifications to instrumental parameters produce essentially the same protein ratios as those obtained on a MALDI TOF/TOF.
Social Experience as a Source of Information About Mental Events

Social influences on children’s metacognitive knowledge are considered. Learning about cognitive activities takes place in social contexts, and knowledge of cognitive activities often is used for social purposes and is manifested through social acts. Socio-cultural theories emphasize intersubjectivity during social interaction as a mechanism of cognitive development. In this chapter, learning about the mind via observation, conversation, and formal education are discussed. Although there have been few studies relevant to social influences on children’s understanding of cognitive activities, many studies have examined social influences on young children’s understanding of belief and emotion. This literature is summarized briefly. Implications for social influences on children’s understanding of cognition are considered, and the possibility of cultural differences in the development of children’s understanding of cognitive activities is discussed
Induction of the ChREBPβ Isoform Is Essential for Glucose-Stimulated β-Cell Proliferation.

Carbohydrate-responsive element–binding protein (ChREBP) is a glucose-sensing transcription factor required for glucose-stimulated proliferation of pancreatic β-cells in rodents and humans. The full-length isoform (ChREBPα) has a low glucose inhibitory domain (LID) that restrains the transactivation domain when glucose catabolism is minimal. A novel isoform of ChREBP (ChREBPβ) was recently described that lacks the LID domain and is therefore constitutively and more potently active. ChREBPβ has not been described in β-cells nor has its role in glucose-stimulated proliferation been determined. We found that ChREBPβ is highly expressed in response to glucose, particularly with prolonged culture in hyperglycemic conditions. In addition, small interfering RNAs that knocked down ChREBPβ transcripts without affecting ChREBPα expression or activity decreased glucose-stimulated expression of carbohydrate response element–containing genes and glucose-stimulated proliferation in INS-1 cells and in isolated rat islets. Quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and luciferase reporter assays were used to demonstrate that ChREBP binds to a newly identified powerful carbohydrate response element in β-cells and hepatocytes, distinct from that in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We conclude that ChREBPβ contributes to glucose-stimulated gene expression and proliferation in β-cells, with recruitment of ChREBPα to tissue-specific elements of the ChREBPβ isoform promoter.
Chronic myeloid leukemia: First-line drug of choice

The advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has drastically changed the treatment outcome of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Imatinib was the first TKI approved, and has been considered the standard of care for more than a decade. Second generation compounds, namely dasatinib and nilotinib, are highly effective in newly diagnosed patients as well as those who fail imatinib. Second generation TKIs have been demonstrated to induce deeper and faster responses compared to imatinib, however no survival advantage has been observed so far. Today, the expected survival of CML patients, if properly managed, is likely to be similar to the general population. Clinicians are faced the challenge of making decision for which TKI to choose upfront. Comorbidities of the patient, the side effect profile, and the cost of the TKI of interest should be an important consideration in decision making. Whatever TKI is chosen as frontline, noncompliance or treatment failure should be recognized early as a prompt intervention increases the chance of achieving best possible response. Herein, we review the frontline options for the management of patients with CML and how to best choose these agents.
The rapidly evolving therapies for advanced melanoma—Towards immunotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, and beyond

The incidence of melanoma in both males and females continues to rise during the past 40 years despite the stable or declining trends for most cancer types. Due to the tremendous advance in immunobiology and molecular biology, breakthroughs in both immunotherapies and molecular targeted therapies have recently revolutionized the standard of care for patients with advanced melanoma. In 2011, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ipilimumab, an anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) antibody for metastatic melanoma therapy. Since then, novel drugs including antibodies to programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab (both approved in 2014), selective BRAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib (approved in 2011), dabrafenib (approved in 2013); and MEK inhibitor trametinib (approved in 2013), have greatly extended the potential of immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy for advanced melanoma. All of which have been demonstrated a significant increase in overall survival rate, and long-term benefits in multiple large clinical trials. Several new agents and novel therapies are currently under phase III clinical trials with the hope of being approved in the near future. We already entered a golden era in oncology that are providing significant survival improvement. In the meantime, new challenges for clinicians also started to emerge. In this review, we presented the existing evidence for the newest treatments for advanced melanoma, including CTLA-4, PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors and BRAF, MEK inhibitors. We also discussed the strengths, limitations and challenges of using these novel therapies, and potential solutions as well as highlighted the areas requiring further research.
Successful Design and Development of Genetically Engineered Saccharomyces Yeasts for Effective Cofermentation of Glucose and Xylose from Cellulosic Biomass to Fuel Ethanol

Ethanol is an effective, environmentally friendly, nonfossil, transportation biofuel that produces far less pollution than gasoline. Furthermore, ethanol can be produced from plentiful, domestically available, renewable, cellulosic biomass. However, cellulosic biomass contains two major sugars, glucose and xylose, and a major obstacle in this process is that Saccharomyces yeasts, traditionally used and still the only microorganisms currently used for large scale industrial production of ethanol from glucose, are unable to ferment xylose to ethanol. This makes the use of these safest, most effective Saccharomyces yeasts for conversion of biomass to ethanol economically unfeasible. Since 1980, scientists worldwide have actively been trying to develop genetically engineered Saccharomyces yeasts to ferment xylose. In 1993, we achieved a historic breakthrough to succeed in the development of the first genetically engineered Saccharomyces yeasts that can effectively ferment both glucose and xylose to ethanol. This was accomplished by carefully redesigning the yeast metabolic pathway for fermenting xylose to ethanol, including cloning three xylose-metabolizing genes, modifying the genetic systems controlling gene expression, changing the dynamics of the carbon flow, etc. As a result, our recombinant yeasts not only can effectively ferment both glucose and xylose to ethanol when these sugars are present separately in the medium, but also can effectively coferment both glucose and xylose present in the same medium simultaneously to ethanol. This has made it possible because we have genetically engineered the Saccharomyces yeasts as such that they are able to overcome some of the natural barrier present in all microorganisms, such as the synthesis of the xylose metabolizing enzymes not to be affected by the presence of glucose and by the absence of xylose in the medium.
Outcomes of Nonoperative Treatment of Salter-Harris II Distal Radius Fractures A Systematic Review

Background: Despite the frequent occurrence of these injuries, we know little about the natural history of Salter-Harris II (SH II) distal radius fractures. We conducted a systematic review of stud...
Thermal Management and Voltage Stabilization in Air-Forced Open-Cathode Fuel Cells

Temperature control is undoubtedly one of the important challenges in open-cathode fuel cell systems. Due to cost considerations, it is traditionally achieved by constant-speed operation of the fans. In this paper, a state feedback temperature controller, combined with a Kalman filter to mitigate the noisy temperature measurements is designed and implemented. The controller-filter set facilitates robust thermal management with respect to model uncertainties and measurement noise. The proposed temperature control not only manages to track the fuel cell temperature reference, it can also be used to stabilize the output voltage. Voltage regulation is of great importance for open-cathode fuel cells as it guarantees a predictable and fixed fuel cell output voltage for given current values in spite of internal and external disturbances. The controllers were implemented experimentally and the results show promising performances in regulating the reference temperature and voltage despite model uncertainties and disturbances.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Wind Speed Retrieval Algorithm for the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) Mission

A retrieval algorithm is presented for the Level 2 ocean surface wind speed data product of the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission. The algorithm is based on the approach described by Clarizia et al ., 2014. The approach is applied to the specific orbital measurement geometry, antenna, and receiver hardware characteristics of the CYGNSS mission. Several additional processing steps have also been added to improve the performance. A best weighted estimator is used to optimally combine two different partially correlated estimates of the winds by taking their weighted average. The optimal weighting dynamically adjusts for variations in the signal-to-noise ratio of the observations that result from changes in the measurement geometry. Variations in the incidence angle of the measurements are accounted for by the use of a 2-D geophysical model function that depends on both wind speed and incidence angle. Variations in the propagation time and signal Doppler shift at different measurement geometries affect the instantaneous spatial resolution of the measurements, and these effects are compensated by a variable temporal integration of the data. In addition to a detailed description of the algorithm itself, the root-mean-square wind speed retrieval error is characterized as a function of the measurement geometry and the wind speed using a detailed mission end-to-end simulator.
Coagulation and reversal of charge of lyophobic colloids by hydrolyzed metal ions

Abstract Coagulation and reversal of charge effects of freshly prepared and aged solutions of aluminum sulfate on silver iodide sols have been studied. The aging was achieved by heating aluminum sulfate solutions of various concentrations at 90° for different periods of time. The entire [Al2(SO4)3]-pH domain of coagulation and stabilization due to reversal of charge has been established. A lack of correlation between turbidity and mobility measurements was found to be due to coagulation effects of sulfate ions. Addition of potassium sulfate causes a considerable increase in the critical coagulation concentration (c.c.c.) in acidic solutions (pH = 3.0) but has little effect upon the c.c.c. in solutions at higher pH (5.4–6.4).
The Effect of Humanized Nursing Care in the Treatment of Syphilis Patients

Objective:To investigate the effect of clinical nursing care on the humanistic nursing in the treatment of patients with syphilis.Method:Selected the author's hospital treated 80 cases of syphilis in patients with clinical data were retrospectively analyzed, according to the time order they were divided into control group and experimental group, 40 cases in each.The control group received routine nursing, the experimental group was given humanized nursing, nursing including healtheducation, psychological guidance. Index of two groups were compared before and after treatment of depression and nursing effect etc.Result:The experimental group after treatment 6 cases with mild depression less than 13 cases in the control group, the difference was statistically significant(P0.05); Experimental group sex life satisfaction was better than that of control group, the difference was statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusion: Humanistic nursing care can improve the treatment effective,better clinical nursing effect, it is worthy of popularization and application.
AI authoring for virtual characters in conflict

Game developers strive to have engaging believable characters in their work. One of the elements that has been pointed out as contributing to believability is social behavior. A category of social behavior is interpersonal conflict. In our current research we compare two AI approaches to model NPC conflict resolution strategies: one using the reactive planning language ABL and another using the AI framework FAtiMA. We identify the following metrics to evaluate social behavior modeling: mapping theory, emotion, model checking, variability, policy change. In our analysis we found it was easier to map conflict concepts in ABL and the model checking process was faster. FAtiMA had better support for emotion and other emergent attributes.
Determining the Stoichiometry of EGFR and ADRβ2 using Cell Fusion and Single Molecule Imaging

The stoichiometry of subunits in protein complexes provides key insight into their molecular mechanisms but is often difficult to determine with existing methods. Although stepwise photobleaching has been used, it is often applied in vitro or cellular expression is intentionally kept low; both of these situations may lead to artifacts. We demonstrate a novel single molecule imaging method using cellular fusion between expressing and non-expressing cells to dilute the concentration of protein complexes without affecting their integrity. After dilution, single protein complexes can be resolved and photobleach step counting provides protein stoichiometric information. We determine the stoichiometry of ADRB2 and EGFR before and after addition of ligand as well as upon exposure to inhibitors.
Primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament: A paradigm shift

Over the last century, many surgical treatments have been developed in the orthopedic field, including treatments of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. These treatments ideally evolve in a process of trial and error with prospective comparison of new treatments to the current treatment standard. However, these evolutions are sometimes not linear and periodically undergo paradigm shifts. In this article, we review the evolution of ACL treatment and explain how it underwent a paradigm shift. Open primary ACL repair was the most common treatment in the 1970s and 1980s, but because multiple studies noted deterioration of outcomes at mid-term follow-up, in addition to several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that noted better outcomes following ACL reconstruction, the open primary repair technique was abandoned. At the end of the primary repair era, however, several studies showed that outcomes of open primary repair were good to excellent and did not deteriorate when this technique was selectively performed in patients with proximal ACL tears, whereas primary repair led to disappointing and unpredictable results in patients with mid-substance tears. Unfortunately, enrollment of patients in the aforementioned RCTs was already finished, ultimately leading to abandoning of open primary repair, despite the advantages of ligament preservation. In this review, we discuss (I) why the evolution of ACL treatment underwent a paradigm shift, (II) which factors may have played a role in this and (III) what the future role of arthroscopic primary ACL repair is in the evolution of ACL treatments.
A matrix converter for fault tolerant strategies and two-phase machine drives

Novel control schemes for continuous, fault-tolerant operations of matrix converters are presented. The proposed algorithms based on both Venturini method and SVM method can be applied to the indirect matrix converter as well as the conventional matrix converter topologies. By initiating the proposed control schemes in the event of fault occurrence, continuous and disturbance-free operation can be obtained. The control methods for two-phase motor drives are also presented with minor modification. Theoretical analyses and the derivation of computational relations are described using two modulation methods. Simulation results are provided to verify their feasibilities.
Lincoln's Bishop: A President, A Priest, and the Fate of 300 Dakota Sioux Warriors

Review of: Lincoln’s Bishop: A President, A Priest, and the Fate of 300 Dakota Sioux Warriors, by Gustav Niebuhr.
Performance Model Derivation of Operational Systems through Log Analysis

Manually developing analytic performance models of operational systems can be challenging, time consuming, and costly. This paper describes a method that uses system logs and configuration files to automatically derive analytic performance models of operational systems. The method described here automatically determines: (1) the system software servers, (2) the system devices, (3) the deployment of software servers to devices, (4) the communication patterns between software servers for each external use-case, and (5) the probability at which interactions between servers occur. The method was implemented and validated on a multi-tier system. The results showed that the method is capable of deriving the workload model and system model by parsing the system configuration files and log files and inferring user-system interaction patterns and client-server interaction diagrams.