cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Extended Model for Electron Spin Polarization in Photosynthetic Bacteria

The primary process of photosynthesis converts solar energy to chemical energy through light induced charge separation. In bacterial photosynthesis1, the best characterized photosynthetic process, pigments in the antenna proteins are excited by the absorption of visible light. This excited state is transferred to a bacteriochlorophyll dimer--P870, which is located in a nearby reaction center. Following this, the primary charge separation occurs; P870, subsequently referred to as P, is oxidized and the intermediate acceptor, I, a bacteriopheophytin, is reduced. (See figure 1.) This occurs within three picoseconds. After the bacteriopheophytin has been reduced, the reaction center is in a radical pair state, P+ B I− FeQ (P+I−). Where B, known as the accessory bacteriochlorophyll, is situated between P and I. Because the charge transfer is so rapid, the initial radical pair is born as a coherant, nonstationary singlet state. This singlet radical pair state, given sufficient time, acquires triplet character. The charge is then transferred to the iron-ubiquinone complex, FeQ. During natural photosynthesis, the charge separated state P+ B I FeQ− (P+Q−) occurs approximately 200 picoseconds after the excitation of P. The iron can be decoupled from the quinone during preparation of the reaction center protein. In this case the electron transfer from the intermediary acceptor, I, to the quinone is found to take about 4 nanoseconds at room temperature. The back reactions from P+ I− FeQ are all relatively slow. The forward electron transfer rates are somewhat faster at lower temperatures.2
Certain about uncertainty: strategies and practices for virtual teamwork in online classrooms

Many students face the prospect of working in teams with apprehension. This feeling is further magnified when most or all of the sensory cues are removed in the virtual environment. We argue that by adopting specific structural and situational strategies, instructors can substantially reduce the levels of uncertainty that usually surround the idea of virtual teamwork in students' minds. Such strategies are drawn from an exploration of the notion of trust as a key element for the successful performance of teams, as well as on a discussion of the concepts of swift trust, community of practice, and control as guiding principles for the establishment, of practices that help build mutual reliance among virtual team members in an online classroom. We conclude with some suggestions that can be implemented at the micro level of the course and the macro level of the institution hosting distance and online learning experiences.
Photoelastic concrete similutide with CR-39 reinforced with epoxy and glass

This investigation was undertaken to study the similitude of models for reinforced concrete beams by photoelasticity. All previous attempts of model analysis have not maintained the correct modular ratio of reinforcing rod to the beam material. The material problem of obtaining the necessary rods was solved. The material exploratory investigation revealed suitable reinforcing plastics that have opened a wide range of model analyses for reinforced concrete. The models fabricated provided a study in correlation of models and prototype. A sample of the stresses obtained with a photoelastic interferometer is given to demonstrate the practical application of the model analysis.
Crossing the Border: The Interdependence of Foreign Policy and Racial Justice in the United States

¶1 Scholars, social activists, and policy makers often regard the United States' foreign policy as it relates to human rights and its domestic policy with respect to race as distinct areas, separated by the nation's border. Although this border exists geographically, through the assertion of jurisdiction, and in the recognition of citizenship, is there really a border between our foreign and domestic policy in these matters? The U.S. government is often criticized for failing to comply with international human rights law and for perpetuating economic and racial inequality in its foreign policy. Racism within the United States is recognized as pervasive and virulent, but generally considered unrelated to U.S. foreign policy. For the most part, scholars and activists concentrate on either the international or the domestic realm, reflecting a widely accepted assumption that the problems confronted in each are distinct. There is, however, evidence that this border between the two is much more permeable than contemporary legal analyses or social attitudes suggest. ¶2 In fact, because perceptions of and attitudes toward those who are regarded as racial or ethnic minorities flow quite readily across this border, racism towards those outside the United States makes discrimination within this country seem more acceptable; the ill-treatment of racial and ethnic minorities within our borders, in turn, makes it easier to disregard
Norm and Value

If a norm stipulates that a certain behaviour “ought” to take place, in the sense of “commanding” the behaviour, the actual behaviour may or may not conform to the norm. The behaviour conforms to the norm if it is such as it ought to be according to an objectively valid norm; it does not conform to the norm if it is not such as it ought to be according to an objectively valid norm because it is the opposite of the behaviour that conforms to the norm. The judgment that an actual behaviour is such as it ought to be according to an objectively valid norm is a value judgment — a positive value judgment. It means that the actual behaviour is “good.” The judgment that an actual behaviour is not such as it ought to be according to an objectively valid norm because it is the opposite of the behaviour that conforms to the norm, is a negative value judgment. It means that the actual conduct is “bad” or “evil”. An objectively valid norm according to which a certain behaviour “ought to be”, constitutes a positive or negative value. The behaviour that conforms to the norm has a positive value, the behaviour that does not conform, a negative value. The norm that is regarded as objectively valid functions as a standard of value applied to actual behaviour. Value judgments affirming that an actual behaviour conforms to an objectively valid norm and is, in this sense, “good”, or does not conform and is, in this sense, “bad”, must be distinguished from judgments about reality that affirm — without reference to a norm regarded as objectively valid — that something is and how it is.
Effects of Mean Firing on Neural Information Rate

We investigated the effect of mean firing on the information rate of a spiking motion-sensitive neuron in the fly (H1-cell). In the control condition, the cell was stimulated repeatedly by identical zero-symmetrical white-noise motion. The mean firing rate was manipulated by adding a constant velocity offset either in the same area of the receptive field where the dynamic stimulus was displayed or in a separate one. We determined the information rate in the resulting spike trains in the time domain as the difference between the total and the noise entropy rate and found that the information rate increases with increasing mean firing under both stimulus conditions.
The Bronx Today: A Comparative Socioeconomic Profile

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the principal socioeconomic characteristics of the population of the Bronx at the end of 2009, and compares them with the socioeconomic characteristics of the populations of the State of New York and the (rest of the) United States. The paper is divided into four (4) sections: (1) demographic characteristics, (2) social characteristics, (3) housing characteristics, and (4) economic characteristics.
Avatars in Edinburgh: The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner and the Second Life of Hogg’s Ettrick Shepherd

In this essay, I deploy the contemporary technical term avatar to interpret the functions of “the Ettrick Shepherd,” a character associated with James Hogg that originated in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine and appears subsequently in Hogg’s novel The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824). The notorious difficulty of Sinner, I argue, is due in part to the movement of the Shepherd, as an avatar, from one textual realm to another in a way that reveals the limits of meaning making in synthetic landscapes. I show how reading the Shepherd as an avatar furthers our understanding of the novel’s engagement with Blackwood’s, as well as the experience of readers in Romantic-era Edinburgh, whose literary culture thrived on dynamic representations of and relationships between people in print.
Medium modifications of the bound nucleon generalized parton distributions and the quark contribution to the spin sum rule

We estimate the nuclear medium modifications of the quark contribution to the bound nucleon spin sum rule, J{sup q}*, as well the separate helicity, {delta}{sigma}*, and the angular momentum, L{sup q}*, contributions to J{sup q}*. For the calculation of the bound nucleon generalized parton distributions (GPDs), we use as input the bound nucleon elastic form factors predicted in the quark-meson coupling model. Our model for the bound nucleon GPDs is relevant for incoherent deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) with nuclear targets. We find that the medium modifications increase J{sup q}* and L{sup q}* and decrease {delta}{sigma}* compared to the free nucleon case. The effect is large and increases with increasing nuclear density {rho}. For instance, at {rho}={rho}{sub 0}=0.15 fm{sup -3},J{sup q}* increases by 7%, L{sup q}* increases by 20%, and {delta}{sigma}* decreases by 17%. These in-medium modifications of the bound nucleon spin properties are a general feature of relativistic mean-field quark models and may be understood qualitatively in terms of the enhancement of the lower component of the quark Dirac spinor in the nuclear medium.
Prediction of disease risk using common genetic variants

A frequently proposed application of knowledge on inherited predisposition to cancers is the possibility that susceptible individuals could be targeted for enhanced surveillance, lifestyle advice, or chemoprevention, and thus have reduced risk of diagnosis or mortality from cancer. Action based on knowledge of mutations in high penetrance genes such as BRCA1 in breast cancer, or hMSH2 and colorectal cancer has become established practice in high risk clinics. With the advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) dozens of common genetic variants (mostly SNPs) have been discovered to be associated with cancer at various sites, with approximately 30 discovered for prostate cancer alone. In general, the relative risks associated with these risk variants are an order of magnitude or more less than those associated with high penetrance gene mutations, and thus, the risk information contributed by a single common risk variant contributes minimally to risk prediction. However, when cumulated into multi-SNP risk scores, large relative risks are predicted for the small number of persons in the tail of the risk distribution (i.e. those who have inherited mostly risk variants as opposed to “protective” variants). For this small number of people, the estimated relative risks approach those for the high penetrance single gene mutations, but at this stage of our knowledge the risk scores are unstable and may change as more common variants are discovered. For the majority of people, with either modestly elevated or modestly reduced predicted risks, the clinical application of this knowledge is even less secure. However, combinations of risk variants have been shown at some cancer sites to be at least as predictive as available risk scores based on demographic and lifestyle factors. As more variants are discovered, the predictive value of these risk scores will increase, and thus the clinical utility of the information should be rigorously tested.
Avoidance of a warning signal as a function of the signal termination contingency

Four rats were conditioned to avoid shock on a fixed-cycle (15-sec) avoidance schedule. A 6-sec tone was introduced preceding shock. The tone could be avoided by a single response within the cycle preceding the tone’s onset. None of the four rats consistently avoided the tone, and this effect did not depend upon whether the tone could be terminated by the S. These results suggest that a warning signal does not function as an aversive stimulus, if the aversiveness of a stimulus is defined in terms of maintaining avoidance behavior. Finally, possible reasons for the inconsistency between the present experiment and that of Logan & Boice (1968) are noted.
Amnesic effects of cycloheximide on two strains of mice with different memory characteristics.

Abstract The amnesic effects of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide were studied in two strains of mice ( C57BL 6J ; DBA 2J ) which have opposite temporal gradients of retention for single trial passive avoidance learning. Mice were given a single trial in a passive avoidance apparatus 30 min after a saline or a cycloheximide injection and tested for retention at seven intervals from 1 min to 72 hr following. Saline-injected C57BL 6J mice showed poor initial retention followed by progressive improvement which was sustained for 72 hr. In contrast, saline-injected DBA 2J mice showed good retention shortly after training followed by absence of retention 6 hr after training. A 3-mg dose of cycloheximide produced significant amnesia in both strains but the memory impairment was greater in the C57BL 6J strain when tested at 5 min. Increased early amnesia occurred when DBA 2J mice were given 5 mg of cycloheximide even though this dose did not significantly increase degree of protein synthesis inhibition. These results indicate that cyclohexamide can disrupt short-term as well as long-term memory and, in addition, raise the question whether the amnesic effect is due exclusively to inhibition of protein synthesis.
Interaction between fluorine and silica in quenched melts on the joins SiO 2 -AlF 3 and SiO 2 -NaF determined by raman spectroscopy

The solubility mechanism of fluorine in quenched SiO2-NaF and SiO2-AlF3 melts has been determined with Raman spectroscopy. In the fluorine abundance range of F/(F+Si) from 0.15 to 0.5, a portion of the fluorine is exchanged with bridging oxygen in the silicate network to form Si-F bonds. In individual SiO4-tetrahedra, one oxygen per silicon is replaced in this manner to form fluorine-bearing silicate complexes in the melt. The proportion of these complexes is nearly linearly correlated with bulk melt F/(F+Si) in the system SiO2-AlF3, but its abundance increases at a lower rate and nonlinearly with increasing F/(F+Si) in the system SiO2-NaF. The process results in the formation ofnonbridging oxygen (NBO), resulting in stabilization of Si2O 5 2− units as well as metal (Na+ or Al3+) fluoride complexes in the melts. Sodium fluoride complexes are significantly more stable than those of aluminum fluoride.
Interconversion of bilayer phase transition temperatures between phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines

High-resolution differential scanning calorimetric studies were performed to investigate the thermotropic phase behavior of 31 molecular species of phosphatidylethanolamines in excess water. Upon reheating, the aqueous dispersions of these lipids undergo the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transitions at well defined temperatures (Tm). These Tm values were shown to relate to the structural parameters of the underlying lipid molecules in a characteristic manner. Based on these observations, an interconversion of the Tm values between saturated phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines is established quantitatively for the first time.
Gradient Driven Flow: Lattice Gas, Diffusion Equation and Measurement Scales

Tracer diffusion and fluid transport are studied in a model for a geomarine system in which fluid constituents move from regions of high to low concentration. An interacting lattice gas is used to model the system. Collective diffusion of fluid particles in lattice gas is consistent with the solution of the continuum diffusion equation for the concentration profile. Comparison of these results validates the applicability and provides a calibration for arbitrary (time and length) units of the lattice gas. Unlike diffusive motion in an unsteady-state regime, both fluid and tracer exhibit a drift-like transport in a steady-state regime. The transverse components of fluid and tracer displacements differ significantly. While the average tracer motion becomes nondiffusive in the long time regime, the collective motion exhibits an onset of oscillation.
Natural abundance 15N and 13C spectroscopy. Aminobenzoic acids, substituted anilines, and related compounds

Abstract Combined use of carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 NMR spectral data can give unique insight into the molecular dynamics of nitrogen-containing organic compounds and ions. 13 C and 15 N spin-lattice relaxation data and chemical shifts are reported for aniline and also for o -, m -, and p -aminobenzoic acids in solution as the cations, anions, and neutral compounds. 15 N and 13 C dipolar T 1 values obtained as a function of temperature for aniline and anilinium ion allowed estimation of the activation energy for overall molecular reorientation ( 13 C T 1 's) and for the composite internal-overall motion of the amine functions ( 15 IN T 1 's). The calculated values using both nuclei were the same: 3 kcal mole −1 for aniline and 4.8 kcal mole −1 for anilinium ion. '3C spin-lattice relaxation times T 1 's for the neutral and ionized aminobenzoic acids probe inter- and intra molecular association through hydrogen bonding and ion pairing. 13 C and 15 N relaxation and shielding data give evidence for possible intramolecular association between the amine and carboxyl functions in ortho -aminobenzoic acid and its mono-ions. 15 N T 1 and nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) data indicate that aniline or substituted aniline NH 2 or NH 3 + groups undergo rapid but not free internal rotation (and/or inversion in the case of NH 2 groups), at rates at least comparable with the rate of overall reorientation for these systems ( τ c ≈ 10 −10 sec). o- and m-Aminobenzoic acids are effectively diprotonated in CF 3 SO 3 H solution. 15 N T 1 's) and NOE's for these two species indicate that the NH 3 + groups spin essentially freely in this highly acidic, nonnucleophilic medium.
Thickness measurements of unsaturated superfluid 4He films under driven and persistent flow

Third-sound techniques have been used to measure the thickness of an unsaturated superfluid 4He film as a function of flow velocity. Under the conditions of persistent flow the film thins according to the predictions of Kontorovich. In situations in which a heater is used to continuously drive a film current the measured thinning is in disagreement with the predictions of Kontorovich. A possible explanation for these results is presented. We conclude that the film thinning problem presents no fundamental discrepancy with the Bernoulli equation.
ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE STRUCTURES USING MODAL POSITIVE POSITION FEEDBACK

An adaptive modal positive position feedback (AMPPF) method is presented for controlling the vibration and shape of flexible structures. The proposed strategy combines the attractive attributes of the independent modal space control (IMSC) of Meirovitch and the positive position feedback (PPF) of Goh and Caughey. The controller is designed in the uncoupled modal space using only modal position signals to damp the vibration of undamped modes. The parameters of the AMPPF controller are also adjusted in an adaptive manner in order to follow the performance of an optimal reference model. In this way, optimal damping and zero steady state errors can be achieved even in the presence of uncertain or changing structural parameters. The adaptation laws governing the stable variation in the AMPPF controller parameters are derived using the Lyapunov stability theorem. The effectiveness of the AMPPF in controlling the vibration and shape of a variable mass cantilevered beam is demonstrated experimentally. The performance obtained with the AMPPF algorithm is compared with those of other classical control algorithms. The results obtained emphasize the potential of the AMPPF algorithm as an efficient means for controlling flexible structures with uncertainties in real time. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Depth estimation from disparity of stereo images

The extraction of depth information from stereo image disparities using a 2-D power cepstrum technique as well as the usual correlation technique is presented. The edges of the input stereo images were enhanced by a Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) operator modified for fast implementation1 . The depth of an object surface is calculated from a simple nonconvergent triangulation technique. The methodology presented in this paper allows a fast yet accurate implementation of computational stereo vision in a machine vision system. The basic concepts of the present paper have been further extended and a motion stereo model has been developed for reconstruction of three-dimensional (3-D) geometry of natural objects using time-sequenced images with capabilities of yielding dense depth maps
Using Assistive Device Design to Implement Cornerstone Design in a Junior Level Machine Design II Course

Assistive device design was used in a Junior level Machine Design II course to reinforce design concepts while increasing student awareness of the specialized needs of individual product users. Since these projects addressed the needs of specific users and/or a group of specific users, they were externally funded. This provided an incentive for student groups to accomplish the task assigned with a greater level of attention to detail and need to satisfy the design constraints. In all cases, student teams provided a useable, deliverable device to the customer at the end of the semester. A survey of the customers was completed at the end of the semester to determine customer satisfaction with the process. Overall, customers were highly satisfied with the results, although many expressed frustration due to the project timeline being too long.In all cases, a useable product was delivered at the end of the project. However, improvements were also possible in all cases and further work will be done on the products to better align them with user needs.Student response to the project was as expected. The students felt this project was a very valuable learning experience and reinforced not only the course material, but also forced them to learn about technologies not discussed in class. However, many commented that the time required to complete the project as well as the traditional course work was far greater than the time required of their peers taking the course with a “paper” project.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Historical perspective and recent insights into our understanding of the molecular and biochemical basis of the antitumor properties of mda-7/IL-24.

A subtraction hybridization approach combined with a differentiation therapy model of human melanoma identified melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7) as a gene up-regulated during induction of terminal differentiation. Based on conserved structure, chromosomal location and cytokine-like properties, mda-7, has now been classified as a member of the expanding interleukin (IL)-10 gene family and designated as mda-7/IL-24. Extensive in vitro and in vivo human tumor xenograft studies confirm that mda-7/IL-24 induces apoptosis specifically in tumor cells without harming normal cells. Unique properties of mda-7/IL-24 action also include potent “bystander antitumor” activity, an ability to exert anti-angiogenic effects, immune modulating ability and a capacity to enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiotherapy, chemotherapy and monoclonal antibody therapy. Very recent studies from our groups further reveal autocrine regulation and chemoprevention facilitating properties of mda-7/IL-24. Based o...
Isotope effect in the study of H-W(100) and O-W(100) chemisorption systems using SIMS

Large isotope effects were observed in the secondary ion yields when chemisorbed layers of H, D, /sup 16/O, and /sup 18/O on W(100) were sputtered with low energy Ne/sup +/ ions. Higher isotopic mass in general lowered both the atomic ion yields (H/sup -/, D/sup -/, O/sup +/ and O/sup -/) and the molecular ion yield (WO/sub 2//sup -/), except for H/sup +/(D/sup +/) where the converse was true.
Evaluation of an ultrasonic nebulizer interface for capillary electrophoresis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Abstract An interface for capillary electrophoresis (CE) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is developed with a commercial ultrasonic nebulizer. The CE ground path was provided through a coaxial liquid electrolyte flow surrounding the CE capillary. To accommodate this dual capillary arrangement, the ultrasonic nebulizer spray chamber sample uptake tube inner diameter was enlarged. Metallothioneins were separated and detected to characterize the interface and to compare it with a concentric-glass nebulizer interface. Capillary electrophoresis resolution was unaffected by the ultrasonic nebulizer interface. Signal intensity was improved 3.6- to 8.4-fold compared to the concentric nebulizer arrangement, while signal-to-noise ratio improvement was only 1.3- to 2.8-fold. Concentration detection limits for 114 Cd, 111 Cd, 64 Zn, and 66 Zn are 0.082, 0.039, 1.18, and 1.15 ppm in metallothionein, while the corresponding absolute detection limits are 2.5, 1.2, 37, and 36 fg, respectively.
A university-staffed, private hospital-based air transport service. The initial two-year experience

• During the first two years of a cooperative effort between the University of Texas Medical School at Houston and Hermann Hospital, Houston, a program designed to extend the emergency center to the patient by helicopter treated and moved 1,702 patients. A physician and flight nurse attended patients on each mission. Of all flights, 68.3% were because of major multiple trauma and 28.8% were to the scene of an accident. The magnitude of these injuries was reflected by a mortality of 11% at the scene of the accident and 7% in the emergency room of those transported. The primary purpose of the program is to minimize the time between the catastrophic event and the institution of appropriate medical therapy. Our experience with this program of early stabilization and rapid transport has led to the following observations: (1) single-organ injury is virtually nonexistent in the patient with multiple trauma; (2) clotting abnormalities, even disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, are seen regularly in patients with apparently isolated head injuries; and (3) patients with apparently isolated head injuries often have serious pulmonary function abnormalities. (Arch Surg 1981;116:703-708)
Energy-efficient allocation of real-time applications onto Heterogeneous Processors

Self-powered vehicles that interact with the physical world, such as spacecraft, require computing platforms with predictable timing behavior and a low energy demand. Energy consumption can be reduced by choosing energy-efficient designs for both hardware and software components of the platform. We leverage the state-of-the-art in energy-efficient hardware design by adopting Heterogeneous Multi-core Processors with support for Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling and Dynamic Power Management. We address the problem of allocating real-time software components onto heterogeneous cores such that total energy is minimized. Our approach is to start from an analytically justified target load distribution and find a task assignment heuristic that approximates it. Our analysis shows that neither balancing the load nor assigning all load to the “cheapest” core is the best load distribution strategy, unless the cores are extremely alike or extremely different. The optimal load distribution is then formulated as a solution to a convex optimization problem. A heuristic that approximates this load distribution and an alternative method that leverages the solution explicitly are proposed as viable task assignment methods. The proposed methods are compared to state-of-the-art on simulated problem instances and in a case study of a soft-real-time application on an off-the-shelf ARM big.LITTLE heterogeneous processor.
Heat transfer in turbulent bubbly flow in vertical channels

Abstract This paper examines the convective heat transfer in the turbulent bubbly flow between two parallel walls under a constant heat flux condition with a Reynolds number of up to Re=5600 based on the channel width and the average velocity. Direct numerical simulation is used to fully resolve the turbulent flow and the motion of bubbles. The channel is vertical and the flow is directed upward so that nearly spherical bubbles accumulate at the wall but deformable bubbles remain in the middle. The results show that the presence of bubbles enhances the mixing and consequently the heat transfer for both nearly spherical and deformable bubbles, as compared with results for single-phase flows.
A Rapid Micro Method for Determining Diodrast and Inorganic Iodide Iodine in Blood and Urine.

The present paper describes a rapid micro method for the determination of diodrast or inorganic iodide iodine in whole blood, blood cells, plasma or urine. Hundreds of determinations of diodrast and inorganic iodide added to water, to urine and to filtrates have shown substantially a 100% recovery. With the method in its present form not all of the iodine is recovered from some other iodine compounds investigated, skiodan, iodeikon and isoiodeikon. The method has not been applied to normal blood or urine. The diodrast and skiodan used in this work were kindly furnished by the Winthrop Chemical Company; the iodeiokon and isoiodeikon by the Mallinckrodt Chemical Company.Principles of Method. The iodine-containing sample is digested in an acid solution of potassium permanganate, the iodine thereby being oxidized to iodate and the organic matter destroyed. The excess permanganate is reduced by addition of nitrite and the excess nitrite then destroyed by urea. The iodate is then titrated against a standard 0.0...
Parenting Style Transitions and Delinquency

Parenting style has been extensively analyzed as a contributor to juvenile delinquency in the criminological literature, but no research to date has assessed the prevalence of parenting style changes during adolescence or the influence of such parenting style changes on juvenile delinquency. Drawing from the life course theory, the results show that parenting style transitions are common across the first and third waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997. Furthermore, specific parenting style shifts are associated with changes in juvenile delinquency, most notably the shifts characterized by a decrease in responsiveness or an increase or decrease in demandingness. Last, changes in maternal attachment associated with parenting style changes partially mediate the effect of such transitions on delinquent outcomes.
Review of New Topical Hemostatic Dressings for Combat Casualty Care

ABSTRACT This review analyzes the new (2008–2013) hemostatic agents and dressings for enhanced efficacy in preclinical studies, and investigates supportive findings among case reports of effectiveness and safety in hospital and prehospital literature. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, National Library of Medicine using key words and phrases. The search revealed a total of 16 articles that fit the criteria established for third-generation hemostatic dressings. There were a total of 9 preclinical, 5 clinical, and 2 prehospital studies evaluated. Evaluation of these third-generation studies reveals that mucoadhesive (chitosan) dressings, particularly Celox Gauze and ChitoGauze, clearly show equal efficacy to Combat Gauze across many dependent variables. Chitosan-based products are ideal prehospital dressings because they are shown to work independently from the physiological clotting mechanisms. Many first-, second-, and third-generation chitosan-based dressings have been in use for years by th...
Atypical presentations of epidural abscess in intravenous drug abusers

Two cases of epidural abscess in afebrile intravenous drug abusers are presented. Both patients presented for evaluation of back pain that developed only after having moved heavy household items. One patient admitted to not having used intravenous drugs in at least 2 years. These cases are presented to illustrate the atypical fashion in which epidural abscess may present.
Perioperative Management of Medications for Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis: A Review for the Dermasurgeon

BACKGROUND Psoriasis affects an estimated 3% of the world's population. Many are on chronic immunosuppressive therapy for the cutaneous and joint manifestations of this disorder. The management of these medications in the perioperative period is controversial. Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis medications can affect wound healing, hemostasis, and infection risk during cutaneous surgery. OBJECTIVES The objective of this article is to provide a critical review of various medications used for care of the psoriatic patient and their potential effect on cutaneous surgical procedures. CONCLUSIONS This review summarizes current understanding of wound healing, hemostatic effects, and infectious risks regarding many psoriasis medications including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, corticosteroids, various immunosuppressants, and biologic response modifiers. Recommendations vary depending on the agent in question, type of procedure, and comorbid conditions in the patient. Caution is advised when using many of the medications reviewed due to lack of human data of their effects in the perioperative period.
The marine oxygen isotope record in Pleistocene coral, Barbados, West Indies☆

The reef-crest coral Acropora palmata from late Pleistocene reefs on Barbados has recorded the same global variations in oxygen isotopes as planktonic and benthonic foraminifera. Although the record of oxygen isotopes in Acropora palmata is discontinuous, it offers several advantages over the isotope records from deep-sea sediments: (1) the coral grows at water depths of less than 5 m; (2) the samples are unmixed; (3) specimens may be sampled from various elevations of paleo-sea level; and (4) aragonitic corals are suitable for 230Th234U and HeU dating techniques. The latter advantage means that direct dating of the marine oxygen isotope record is possible. Oxygen isotope stage 5e corresponds to Barbados III, dated at 125,000 ± 6000 yr BP. Petrographic and geochemical evidence from five boreholes drilled into the south coast of Barbados indicates a major eustatic lowering (greater than 100 m below present sea level) occurred between 180,000 and 125,000 yr BP. The age and isotopic data suggest correlation of this change in sea level to Emiliani's oxygen isotope stage 6. Acropora palmata deposited at various elevations of sea level during oxygen isotope stage 6 vary by 0.11 ‰ δ18O for each 10 m of change in sea level. We further hypothesize a minimum drop of 2°C in the average temperature occurred during the regressive phase of oxygen isotope stage 6. These data indicate that temperature lowering of surface water near Barbados lagged behind a major glacial buildup during this time period. Using the δ18O vs sea level calibration herein derived, we estimate the relative height of sea stands responsible for Barbados coral reef terraces in the time range 80,000 to 220,000 yr BP.
From preparation to online control: Reappraisal of neural circuitry mediating internally generated and externally guided actions

Action plans internally generated (IG) from memory are thought to be regulated by the supplementary motor area (SMA), whereas plans externally guided (EG) online using sensory cues are believed to be controlled by the premotor cortex. This theory was investigated in an event-related fMRI study that separated the time course of activation before and during movement to distinguish advance planning from online control. In contrast to prevailing theory, the SMA was not more important for online control of IG actions. EG movement was distinguished from IG movement by greater activation in a more distributed right hemisphere parietal-frontal network than previously reported. Comparisons between premovement and movement periods showed that frontostriatal networks are central for preparing actions before movement onset. However, unlike cortical and cerebellar regions, the basal ganglia exhibited planning-related activity before, but not during, movement. These findings indicate that the basal ganglia mediate planning and online control processes in different ways and suggest a specific role for the striatum in internally planning sequences of actions before they are implemented.
TPE or not TPE? It's no longer a question

Abstract Telomere shortening limits cancer progression and might contribute to aging in humans. In yeast, genes placed near telomeres are silenced, a phenomenon known as telomere position effect (TPE). The recent demonstration that human cells exhibit TPE raises the intriguing possibility that gene expression could be ‘programmed' by telomere shortening with major implications for cellular senescence, cancer and aging.
James Mooney as an ethnographic photographer

James Mooney (1861—1921), ethnologist at the Smithsonian's Bureau of American Ethnology, has long been esteemed for his studies of the Ghost Dance and of Cherokee myths. However, his important corpus of American Indian photographs has been relatively ignored. This overview of Mooney's photography discusses the extent and way in which it serves as an ethnographic description of Native American cultures at the turn of the century. After a biographical summary, it considers practical aspects (equipment and rapport), Mooney's basic ethnographic goals, his subject matter (material culture, portraits, and ceremonies), and concludes with a consideration of Mooney's place in the history of American visual anthropology.
Low-temperature specific heat of glasses: Temperature and time dependence

The time and temperature dependence of the specific heat of glasses is considered in light of an analytic form for the density-of-states function of two-level systems, N(E), which has recently been calculated. It is shown that experimentally observed time and temperature dependences are explainable with this function within the same range of parameters for asymmetry and tunneling as has been used to explain other anomalous glass properties.
Controlled and Reversible Formation of Nanoparticle Aggregates and Films Using Cu2+−Carboxylate Chemistry

The controlled and reversible formation of transiently soluble alkanethiolate- and tiopronin-monolayer-protected cluster (MPC) aggregates is demonstrated by using Cu2+−carboxylate chemistry to form cluster−Cu2+−cluster linkages. The aggregation process and its reversibility were monitored using UV−vis and FTIR spectroscopy. The amount of Cu2+ required to induce aggregation of dissolved tiopronin-MPCs is a strong function of pH, increasing at lower pH. Cu2+−carboxylate chemistry can also be utilized to prepare surface-attached films of tiopronin-MPCs in a manner analogous to alkanethiolate-MPCs, monitoring the film formation using FTIR external reflectance spectroscopy. Experiments exploring the diffusional and capacitive properties of tiopronin-MPCs are also reported.
The effect of pressurized magma chamber growth on melt migration and pre-caldera vent locations through time at Mount Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon

Abstract The pattern of eruptions at long-lived volcanic centers provides a window into the co-evolution of crustal magma transport, tectonic stresses, and unsteady magma generation at depth. Mount Mazama in the Oregon Cascades has seen variable activity over the last 400 ky, including the 50 km3 climactic eruption at ca. 7.7 ka that produced Crater Lake caldera. The physical mechanisms responsible for the assembly of silicic magma reservoirs that are the precursors to caldera-forming eruptions are poorly understood. Here we argue that the spatial and temporal distribution of geographically clustered volcanic vents near Mazama reflects the development of a centralized magma chamber that fed the climactic eruption. Time-averaged eruption rates at Mount Mazama imply an order of magnitude increase in deep magma influx prior to the caldera-forming event, suggesting that unsteady mantle melting triggered a chamber growth episode that culminated in caldera formation. We model magma chamber–dike interactions over ∼50 ky preceding the climactic eruption to fit the observed distribution of surface eruptive vents in space and time, as well as petrologically estimated deep influx rates. Best fitting models predict an expanding zone of dike capture caused by a growing, oblate spheroidal magma chamber with 10–30 MPa of overpressure. This growing zone of chamber influence causes closest approaching regional mafic vent locations as well as more compositionally evolved Mazama eruptions to migrate away from the climactic eruptive center, returning as observed to the center after the chamber drains during the caldera-forming eruption.
Male copulatory success:heritability and relationship to mate fecundity in the southern green stinkbug, Nezara viridula (Hemiptera:Pentatomidae).

Single male southern green stinkbugs, Nezara viridula, sequestered in mating chambers with six females varied in the number of copulations achieved. Females copulating with relatively successful males were more fecund than females copulating with less successful males. This suggests that females mating successful males receive greater nutritional rewards per mating or that their risk of contagion is reduced. There was a significant correlation between the mating success of fathers and sons. Since egg quality (hatch rate) and egg size (diameter) did not covary with male copulatory success, this correlation indicates additive genetic variation for male mating, success in a natural population. Thus, for females there appears to be a positive relationship between offspring quality and mate effects on fecundity. Additive genetic variation for mating success may be maintained by countervailing mortality selection on males imposed by a parasitoid which is attracted by male pheromones.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (3β-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one) metabolism in gout

Abstract Excretion of urinary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) (1) has been reported as low or absent in subjects with gout. Our own study of 17 control and 17 gouty subjects revealed excretion not only of DHA but also androsterone (A) and etiocholanolone (E) significantly below normal. Plasma DHA SO 4 in three gouty subjects was in the low normal range. Five gout patients and three control subjects were given 14 C DHA intravenously. No urinary 14 C DHA was detected in the former, a mean of 10.5% in that of the latter. Oral administration of 50mg of DHA increased its mean excretion by 19.8% (of C 19 O 2 steroids) in 4 controls, but only 3.0% in three gouty subjects. No correlation could be established between plasma or urinary uric acid and the levels of urinary DHA. It has been demonstrated that the degree of DHA conversion depends on the load presented to the liver. Lower urinary DHA excretion in gouty subjects appears to be due in part to decreased production rate. In addition, the conversion of DHA to A & E was higher in DHA loaded gout patients indicating greater 5 alpha and 5 beta reductase activity. The change of DHA metabolism in gout may be merely coincidental. On the other hand, DHA serves as a precursor for testosterone and the latter is known to facilitate rupture of lysosomes by urate crystals. Lysosomal rupture appears to play a role in breakdown of leukocytes which precedes the inflammation of acute gout.
Autologous Osteochondral Transplantation for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus

Autologous osteochondral transplantation is used in the management of osteochondral lesions of the talus that are not responsive or amenable to arthroscopic debridement or bone marrow stimulation. Therefore, the technique is indicated for large (>100-150mm 2 ) or cystic lesions. Technical success of the procedure is predicated on the ability to achieve perpendicular access to the lesion. Several methods exist to achieve this, including alterations in foot positioning with medial or lateral arthrotomy, as well as malleolar or tibial osteotomy. Graft implantation should be flush with the native articular surface. Good outcomes have been demonstrated in the short to medium term, and the results do not appear to depreciate over time. These results can be expected in patients with focal disease in which the lesion is contained. Donor cartilage is obtained from the lateral femoral condyle, intercondylar notch, or trochlea of the knee. Donor site knee pain and postoperative cyst formation have been reported in some series, and these risks should be weighed against the indications and clinical outcomes in the literature.
Dynamic full field measurements of crack tip temperatures

This paper presents a detailed investigation of the evolution of temperature field at the tip of a stationary crack subjected to dynamic loading in two different types of steels. A high speed two-dimensional infrared camera was used to image the temperature fields at the crack tips. In a high strength maraging steel, the thermograms reveal the development of plastic zone and the process of crack initiation and propagation. In ductile HY100 steel, the thermograms are used to estimate the evolution of J integral and its critical value at crack initiation. The temperature images are also used to investigate the dominance of HRR field around the crack tip.
The Penetration of a Potential Barrier by Electrons

A potential barrier of the kind studied by Fowler and others may be represented by the analytic function $V$ (Eq. (1)). The Schr\"odinger equation associated to this potential is soluble in terms of hypergeometric functions, and the coefficient of reflection for electrons approaching the barrier with energy $W$ is calculable (Eq. (15)). The approximate formula, $1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\rho}=\mathrm{exp}{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\int}\frac{4\ensuremath{\pi}}{h}{(2m(V\ensuremath{-}W))}^{\frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{dx}}$ is shown to agree very well with the exact formula when the width of the barrier is great compared to the de Broglie wave-length of the incident electron, and $Wl{V}_{max}$.