cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinematics, dynamics and stability of the tubular film extrusion of various polyethylenes

A basic study of the kinematics, dynamics, and heat transfer occuring during tubular film extrusion of polyethylene is outlined. Three rheologically characterized polyethylenes, a low-density polyethylene (LDPE), a linear-low-density polyethylene (L-LDPE), and a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) were used in this study. The kinematics and stability of the tubular film process were investigated over a wide range of blow-up ratios, drawdown ratios, and frost-line heights. Local deformation rates along the bubble have been determined. Regions of stability and instability are described. Tensions and inflation pressures have been measured and expressed in terms of locol elongational viscosities. Temperature profiles along the bubble were determined and interpreted in terms of local heat transfer coefficients. Positions of crystallization and temperature profiles have been noted and used to estimate rates of crystallization. The characteristics of the LDPE, LLDPE, and HDPE are contrasted.
Mechanism of L-serine oxidation in Entamoeba histolytica.

Abstract 1. 1. The enzymatic mechanism of oxygen uptake elicited by l -serine in axenically cultivated trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica was investigated. 2. 2. Of 22 amino acids examined, only l -serine stimulated oxygen consumption by intact and disrupted amoebae. 3. 3. Pyruvate, a product of serine metabolism, also stimulated oxygen consumption in the amoebae. 4. 4. Characterization of the oxygen uptake elicited by both l -serine and pyruvate, and analysis of the products of l -serine metabolism indicate that the amino acid is first converted to pyruvate. 5. 5. l -Serine dehydratase, which catalyzes the deamination of serine to pyruvate, was detected primarily in the soluble fraction of the amoebae. d -Serine potently inhibited the enzyme, as well as oxygen uptake in the presence of l -serine but not in the presence of pyruvate. 6. 6. The pyruvate formed is oxidized, at least in part, by a novel pyruvate oxidase involving the uptake of molecular oxygen.
Derivation of a three-dimensional pharmacophore model of substance P antagonists bound to the neurokinin-1 receptor.

Constrained systematic search was used in an exhaustive conformational analysis of a structurally diverse set of substance P (SP) antagonists to identify a unique hypothesis for their bound conformation at the neurokinin-1 receptor. In this conformation, two aromatic groups essential for high affinity adopt a perpendicular or edge-on arrangement. This pharmacophore hypothesis for the receptor-bound conformation was used in a comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) of an expanded set of SP antagonists, and the predictive ability of the resulting three-dimensional quantitative structure−activity relationship (3D-QSAR) was evaluated against a test set of SP antagonists different from those in the training set. This CoMFA model based on the Constrained Search alignment yielded significant cross-validated, conventional, and predictive r2 values equal to 0.70, 0.93, and 0.82, respectively. For comparison, the SP antagonists were forced into an alternative poorer alignment in which the two aromatic rings we...
Just say NO to NLRP3.

Feedback inhibition by interferon-γ blocks the NLRP3 inflammasome by triggering inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and the resulting nitric oxide (NO) thio-nitrosylates NLRP3, shutting it down. This prevents excessive immunopathology during chronic infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Prediction of Grilled Boneless Pork Chop Quality

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To understand the relationships between grill temperature and grilled boneless pork chop quality. Foodservice units play major roles in maintaining the quality of meat served to consumers. A randomized complete block experimental design with five replications (blocks) was used to evaluate the effects of equipment temperature (ET) {93, 121, 148, 176, 204°C} on grilled boneless pork chop quality. Regression analysis using stepwise selection was used to determine significant (P
Breast tumor hypoxia mapping using ultrasound guided diffuse optical tomography

Tumor hypoxia is an important indicator of tumor metabolism and tumor response to various forms of therapy. Currently, no imaging modality exists that can directly map tumor hypoxia non-invasively. We present an ultrasound guided diffuse optical imaging technique for precisely measuring the tumor oxygenation. The approach employs ultrasound structural information as a-prior knowledge for diffuse optical imaging. Hypoxia mapping is achieved using endogenous chromophores such as oxy- and deoxy- hemoglobin in the tissue. Because oxy- and deoxy- hemoglobin respond differently at different wavelengths, four different laser diodes of wavelengths 740 nm, 780 nm, 808 nm and 830 nm were used for mapping tumor hypoxia by diffuse optical imaging. Hypoxia model experiments were performed using phantoms at different oxygenation conditions (Hemoglobin oxygen saturation: 14%-92%) representing the hemoglobin oxygenation range in tissue. Targets of different sizes mimicking different development stages of breast tumors, 1.0 cm to 2.5 cm diameter in 0.5 cm steps, were tested to validate the oxygen saturation measurement accuracy with target size. The absolute deviations between the estimated hemoglobin oxygen saturations from absorption maps and oxygen measurements obtained using a pO 2 electrode were less than 8% over the measured range of oxygen saturations (14% - 92%). An inhomogeneous cocentric blood phantom of deoxygenated center core and oxygenated outer shell was imaged and deoxy- and oxy- hemoglobin maps revealed corresponding distributions which correlate with inhomogeneous deoxy- and oxy- distributions frequently seen in advanced breast cancers located in the depth range of 1-3 cm.
The King's Four Highways: legal fiction meets fictional law

Legal compilations of the twelfth century include the idea that there were four roads in England, on which travellers enjoyed unique protection. This idea has been regarded as a statement of the origin of the King's Highway from which wider definitions grew. In fact, the Four Highways did not exist as a category in Anglo-Saxon law, but were a twelfth-century fabrication that came to be quite antithetical to the genuine law of the highway. The idea was invented by Henry of Huntingdon around 1130. It was subsequently embroidered by Geoffrey of Monmouth, who concocted the stories of two kings, Dunvallo Molmutinus and Belinus, who gave protection to travellers and built roads to guarantee this protection. These ideas were then adapted in legal and literary texts of the twelfth century. Verbal and conceptual overlaps suggest the transfer of ideas back and forth between the legal and literary traditions. The adaptations do, however, reflect real efforts to limit the definition of the highway and the jurisdictio...
Response of insecticide‐resistant and susceptible Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata to 2‐tridecanone and resistant tomato foliage: the absence of cross resistance

Insecticide-resistant Colorado potato beetles (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata, from Long Island, New York and susceptible beetles from North Carolina were tested for response to 2-tridecanone and foliage of the CPB resistant wild tomato, Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull, PI 134417. Populations did not differ in their response to 2-tridecanone or PI 134417 foliage. Exposure of beetles to sublethal doses of 2-tridecanone did not increase tolerance of either population to subsequent exposures to 2-tridecanone. It was also found that the New York beetles suffered higher mortality than North Carolina beetles on CPB susceptible L. esculentum foliage and PI 134417 foliage from which the glandular trichomes, which contain 2-tridecanone, were removed. Survival of North Carolina beetles was lower on PI 134417 foliage without trichomes than on L. esculentum foliage. Resume La reponse de Leptinotarsa decemlineata, ceux que sont resistants et ceux susceptibles des insecticides, au 2-tridecanone et au feuillage de tomate resistant: l'absence de resistance croisee La lutte contre Leptinotarsa decemlineata, sur la tomate et des autres recoltes, compte ordinairement sur les insecticides. Cette confiance a cause plusieurs populations de cette espece a developper une resistance aux insecticides. “Accession PI 134417” de la tomate sauvage, Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull, est resistant a L. decemlineata, en grande partie a cause de la presence de 2-tridecanone dans les extremites des poils glandulaires du feuillage. Notre etude entreprendait a rechercher la possibilite d'une resistance croisee aux insecticides et au 2-tridecanone. Les coleopteres de Long Island, New York, ceux qui sont resistants aux insecticides et ceux susceptibles de North Carolina, eprouvaient pour une reponse au 2-tridecanone et au feuillage resistant. Les deux populations de coleopteres ne different pas dans sa reponse au 2-tridecanone ou au feuillage resistant. Nous ne trouvons pas d'evidence d'une resistance croisee. Aussi, nous trouvons que les coleopteres de New York ne survivaient pas aussi bien que ceux de North Carolina au feuillage resistant sans les extremites des poils glandulaires et au feuillage susceptible. La survivance etait plus basse sur le feuillage resistant sans les extremites des poils glandulaires que le feuillage susceptible seulement avec les coleopteres de North Carolina.
The impact of technology on the quality of information

When new technologies for production and dissemination of information emerge and are adopted, we see a dramatic increase in the quantity of information that is made available for consumption. However, the impact of these technologies on the quality of information is unclear. In this paper we develop a framework for the process of information production and use it as the basis for an economic model that captures a publisher's decision to produce information. This economic model is used to study the impact of a new technology on the supply of information that is produced in terms of both its quality and quantity. Our results show that reduction in costs and relaxation of capacity constraints lead to an increase and decrease, respectively, in the quality of articles produced by a publisher. We also find that the relaxation of the capacity constraints has a more profound impact on the supply of articles to the publishers, while the reduction in costs has a similar impact on the articles that are chosen for publication. These insights can be exploited to develop incentive mechanisms and policies to further increase the quality of information being produced.
Behavioral responses to hypoxia and hyperoxia in Drosophila larvae molecular and neuronal sensors

The ability to detect changes in oxygen concentration in the environment is critical to the survival of all animals. This requires cells to express a molecular oxygen sensor that can detect shifts in oxygen levels and transmit a signal that leads to the appropriate cellular response. Recent biochemical, genetic and behavioral studies have shown that the atypical soluble guanylyl cyclases function as oxygen detectors in Drosophila larvae triggering a behavioral escape response when exposed to hypoxia. These studies also identified the sensory neurons that innervate the terminal sensory cones as likely chemosensors that mediate this response. Here I summarize the data that led to these conclusions and also highlight evidence that suggests additional, as yet unidentified, proteins are also required for detecting increases and decreases in oxygen concentrations.
Partial hepatectomy accelerates local tumor growth: Potential roles of local cytokine activation

Abstract Background: Surgical excision of liver tumors represents the only curative treatment for primary and metastatic liver malignancies. It has been suspected that hepatectomy may stimulate growth of microscopic tumors. To determine whether local or systemic factors after hepatectomy are responsible for enhancement of tumor growth, the effects of hepatectomy on the experimental growth of liver or pulmonary tumors were examined. Methods: One hour after injection of 10 6 Morris hepatoma cells into either the portal or femoral vein, which produces isolated liver and lung tumors, respectively, animals were randomized to undergo 0%, 30%, or 70% partial hepatectomy (PH). Results: Animals that underwent portal injection of tumor had significantly increased liver tumor burden after PH (sham, 25 ± 7 vs PH, 94 ± 17; p Conclusions: Changes in liver cytokine–growth factor activation may contribute to enhanced tumor growth in the liver after hepatectomy. (Surgery 1998;124:57-64.)
8.2.2 Verification and Validation as it Applies to Simulation Based Acquisition

Weapon systems developed for the United States military are provided by government contractors with the hope that their system is selected for large-scale production and use. In the past the contractor would build and provide to the military fully functional systems that were then tested to see how well they worked and whether they fulfilled the requirements. As weapon systems have grown more complicated, the ability of the contractor to build multiple systems to support testing has decreased dramatically due to the expense of those systems. In light of this fact, the Department of Defense, in cooperation with industry, has initiated a new procurement program that utilizes modeling and simulation (M&S) to augment weapon system testing. This program is titled Simulation Based Acquisition (SBA). An important factor involved with SBA is the verification and validation of the modeling and simulation models used to supplement system testing. In this paper I will describe the development of SBA, and how it augments system testing. Next, I will address the role modeling and simulation plays in SBA and how it supports system testing. I will then discuss how verification and validation is used for the M&S models as well as the results of system testing.
A Modified ATI Technique for Nowcasting Convective Rain Volumes over Areas

This paper explores the applicability of the area-time-integral (ATI) technique for the estimation of the growth portion only of a convective storm (while the rain volume is computed using the entire life history of the event) and for nowcasting the total rain volume of a convective system at the stage of its maximum development. For these purposes, the ATIs were computed from the digital radar data (for 1981-1982) from the North Dakota Cloud Modification Project, using the maximum echo area (ATIA) no less than 25 dBz, the maximum reflectivity, and the maximum echo height as the end of the growth portion of the convective event. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that correlations between total rain volume or the maximum rain volume versus ATIA were the strongest. The uncertainties obtained were comparable to the uncertainties which typically occur in rain volume estimates obtained from radar data employing Z-R conversion followed by space and time integration. This demonstrates that the total rain volume of a storm can be nowcasted at its maximum stage of development.
Passive and active transport in the parietal cell

1. Models are presented for (a) HK ATPase acting in the presence of K and Cl conductances; (b) a pH regulatory system where Na/H exchange is regulated directly by second messenger and the anion exchanger is activated secondarily to the rise in cell pH; (c) vesicle fusion and K and Cl conductances activation in the gastric parietal cell. 2. It is suggested that H transport involves protonation and deprotonation of histidine groups as well as the motion of these groups relative to the membrane barrier. 3. The HK ATPase would have a voltage generating and voltage sensitive step in the forward direction. 4. Given net electroneutrality the K transport reaction would also be charge translocating and voltage sensitive.
Historical Overview of Tobacco Legislation and Regulation

In this paper we describe the legislative and regulatory history of tobacco control efforts and discuss the ways in which the debate over tobacco control has been framed. From a regulatory perspective, primary concern is how to balance the individual 's legal use of tobacco products with society's obligation to limit the use of a lethal product. Our review demonstrates the progress tobacco control advocates have made in enacting statewide legislation and local ordinances, especially during the past fifteen years, to restrict both smoking in public places and youth access to tobacco products. Nevertheless, this progress may be threatened by a powerful and determined tobacco industry. We discuss various strategies for determining how and where to allocate tobacco control resources.
Aids for Fitting the Gamma Distribution by Maximum Likelihood

This paper presents a new table and some approximating polynomials especially designed to facilitate maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of the gamma distribution, and also applicable to the a-parameter Type V; it discusses methods of computing the sampling variances of the likelihood estimators; it illustrates the use of the tables in a numerical example; it mentions applications to the Erlang distribution and difficulties of application to the general Type III. Finally it inquires when the numbers extracted from the tables are maximum likelihood estimates, and what they are estimates of.
Uptake and Storage of Lung Histamine in Burn Shock

SummaryIn anesthetized dogs in burn shock for 4 hr, the rate of rise in arteriovenous difference of histamine across the lungs was measured from blood entering and leaving the lungs via the right and left ventricles of the heart, respectively. A maximal uptake of blood histamine by the lungs was attained within 15 min following burn injury. In subsequent periods following the burn injury, the pulmonary arteriovenous difference declined while arterial and venous histamine levels remained elevated until the experiment was terminated. Of the hemodynamic alterations recorded, the most significant change was the immediate decrease in cardiac output following burn trauma. The uptake and storage of histamine by the lungs may be related to pulmonary complications observed in patients in burn shock.
Influence of systemic insecticides on thrips control and yield of cotton.

Systemic insecticide granules were evaluated as in-furrow applications at planting for effect on thrips control, plant stand, and yield of cotton in 1967 and 1968. Fungicides were combined with several of the formulations. The following treatments significantly reduced thrips, Frank liniella spp., on seedling cotton: carbofuran, disulfoton, Hercules 13462 (O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with N -(1-mercaptoethyl) succinimide), Hercules 17413 (O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with 3-(mercaptornethyl)-1-rnethylhydantoin), Lannate® ( S -methyl N -[(methylcarbamoyl) oxy] thioacetimidate), Lannate + chloroneb, phorate, phorate + PCNB (pentachloronitrobenzene) + Terrazole® (5-ethoxy-3-trichloromethy1-1, 2,4-thiadiazole), phorate + PCNB, and aldicarb. Results to determine the effect on stand were variable. In the 1967 test, Hercules 13462 at the rate of 1 lb per acre and phorate + Zinophos® ( O,O -diethyl O -2-pyrazinyl phosphorothioate) reduced the plant stand significantly as compared with the check. None of the treatments had a significantly beneficial effect on stand. Significantly higher plant counts resulted in the phorate + PCNB and aldicarb treatments than in the check during 1968. Although thrips control was obtained with most of the materials tested, use of the systemic imecticides did not result in increased yields either year.
Polymer Platform Dependent Characteristics of 193 nm Photoresists

The development and refinement of 193 nm single layer photoresist has continued to progress at a quick pace. Published resists efforts have historically been partitioned by polymer family: acrylic, addition cyclic olefin, and alternating cyclic olefin/maleic anhydride. The polymer platforms for 193 nm resists have been a radical departure from 248 nm resists, therefore, publications to date have largely focused on the attributes of each specific variety. Since the physical and chemical properties of the aforementioned polymer platforms are very different, it would follow that, in principal, typical formulation strategies should produce varying results in each platform. This paper investigates the effects of three typical photoacid generators and three model polymers on various aspects of lithographic evaluation.
Discussion of "Lateral Resistance of a Full-Scale Pile Group in Liquefied Sand" by Kyle M. Rollins, Travis M. Gerber, J. Dusty Lane, and Scott A. Ashford

The discussers have used the Strain Wedge Model (SWM) developed by Ashour and Norris (2003) to compare the test program results based on field test data the authors compiled (but without the authors' "adjustment factors") for laterally loaded pile and pile group response in liquefied soil. The discussers observed that the SWM predicts limited group effect of the p-y curves for CISS single and individual pile (in a 3 X 3 group at 0.3 m, 1.3 m, and 2.3 m depths) under fully liquefaction conditions. In partial liquefaction conditions, though, the SWM predicts a greater group effect at the same depths.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein in normal and neoplastic canine tissues: immunohistochemical localization and biochemical extraction.

Two polyclonal antibodies, directed against N-terminal amino acids (1-36) or the midregion (amino acids 34-53) of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), were used to localize PTHrP in a variety of normal and neoplastic canine tissues. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) immunoreactivity was demonstrated using anti-bovine PTH (amino acids 14-34). The following tissues (among others) stained strongly positive for PTHrP: all layers of epidermal keratinocytes, with the most intense staining of the basal layer; hair follicle keratinocytes; myoepithelial cells of dermal apocrine glands, mammary glands, and apocrine glands of the anal sac; anal sac epithelium; mammary duct epithelium; and thyroid C cells. Adenocarcinomas of the anal sac stained moderately positive (5/22 dogs), weakly positive (1 1/22 dogs), or did not stain (6122 dogs). Most parathyroid gland adenomas stained moderately (216 dogs) or weakly positive (316 dogs) for PTHrP. Squamous cell carcinomas (6/6 dogs) stained strongly positive. Lymphomas stained weakly positive (2/10 dogs) or did not stain (8/10 dogs). There was no consistent relationship between the staining intensity of the tumors and serum calcium concentrations of the dogs. The anti-PTH antibodies stained only parathyroid chief cells strongly positive. Concentrations of PTHrP were measured by radioimmunoassay in protein extracts from an adenocarcinoma derived from the apocrine glands of the anal sac, pancreas, kidney, liver, heart, thyroid, adrenal, and parathyroid glands. PTHrP concentrations varied from undetectable up to 150 pg/mg in normal tissues as compared with 2,000 pg/mg in apocrine adenocarcinoma of the anal sac. These findings demonstrate the widespread localization of PTHrP in normal and neoplastic canine tissues and suggest a physiological role for PTHrP as a paracrine or autocrine factor.
Globalization: A Non‐Western Perspective: The Bias of Social Science/Communication Oligopoly

This essay asserts that the discourse on globalization—as filtered through the social science oligopoly of Britain, France, and the United States—is an extension of the dominant (classical) modernization/development paradigm*, traceable to Weber and Hegel, whose views contributed much toward what critics identify today as Orientalism* and Eurocentrism*. Anthropocentrism* and the belief that progress involves emulating the West (center) by the rest (periphery) are part and parcel of social science,* which tends to project its European universalism as universal universalism. This essay argues that an alternative view of globalization is possible through the perspective of Eastern, particularly Buddhist, philosophy,* which sees globalization as an ongoing dynamic process involving the entire environment in which humanity is only one actor. Daoism sees globalization as increasing diversity (engendered by the interaction of yin and yang) in perpetual interaction within unity, which the ineluctable Dao represents. * The terms marked with an asterisk are defined in the Appendix.
The influence of nitrogen ion energy on the quality of GaN films grown with molecular beam epitaxy

Since the growth of GaN using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) occurs under metastable growth conditions, activated nitrogen is required to drive the forward synthesis reaction. In the process of exciting the nitrogen using a plasma or ion-beam source, species with large kinetic energies are generated. Impingement on the growth surface by these species can result in subsurface damage to the growing film, as well as an enhancement of the reverse decomposition reaction rate. In this study, we investigate the effect of the kinetic energy of the impinging nitrogen ions during growth on the resulting optical and structural properties of GaN films. Strong band-edge photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence are found when a kinetic energy of ∼10 eV are used, while luminescence is not detectable when the kinetic energies exceeds 18 eV. Also, we find that the use of conductive SiC substrates results in more homogeneous luminescence than the use of insulating sapphire substrates. This is attributed to sample surface charging in the case of sapphire substrates and subsequent variation in the incident ion flux and kinetic energy across the growth surface. This study clearly shows that the quality of GaN films grown by MBE are presently limited by damage from the impingement of high energy species on the growth surface.
Conserving Galerkin weak formulations for computational fracture mechanics

In this paper, a notion of invariant Galerkin-variational weak forms is proposed. Two specific invariant variational weak forms, the J-invariant and the L-invariant, are constructed based on the corresponding conservation laws in elasticity, one of which is the conservation of Eshelby's energy-momentum (Eshelby. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1951; 87: 12; In Solid State Physics, Setitz F, Turnbull D (eds). Academic Press: New York, 1956; 331; Rice, J. Appl. Mech. 1968; 35: 379). It is shown that the finite element solution obtained from the invariant Galerkin weak formulations proposed here can conserve the value of J-integral, or L-integral exactly. In other words, the J and L integrals of the Galerkin finite element solutions are path independent in the discrete sense. It is argued that by using the J-invariant Galerkin weak form to compute near crack-tip field in an elastic solid, one may accurately calculate the crack extension energy release rate and subsequently the stress intensity factors in numerical computations, because the flux of the energy-momentum is conserved in discrete computations. This may provide an alternative means to accurately simulate crack growth and propagation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
14-3-3 binding and phosphorylation of neuroglobin during hypoxia modulate six-to-five heme pocket coordination and rate of nitrite reduction to nitric oxide.

Neuroglobin protects neurons from hypoxia in vitro and in vivo; however, the underlying mechanisms for this effect remain poorly understood. Most of the neuroglobin is present in a hexacoordinate state with proximal and distal histidines in the heme pocket directly bound to the heme iron. At equilibrium, the concentration of the five-coordinate neuroglobin remains very low (0.1–5%). Recent studies have shown that post-translational redox regulation of neuroglobin surface thiol disulfide formation increases the open probability of the heme pocket and allows nitrite binding and reaction to form NO. We hypothesized that the equilibrium between the six- and five-coordinate states and secondary reactions with nitrite to form NO could be regulated by other hypoxia-dependent post-translational modification(s). Protein sequence models identified candidate sites for both 14-3-3 binding and phosphorylation. In both in vitro experiments and human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells exposed to hypoxia and glucose deprivation, we observed that 1) neuroglobin phosphorylation and protein-protein interactions with 14-3-3 increase during hypoxic and metabolic stress; 2) neuroglobin binding to 14-3-3 stabilizes and increases the half-life of phosphorylation; and 3) phosphorylation increases the open probability of the heme pocket, which increases ligand binding (CO and nitrite) and accelerates the rate of anaerobic nitrite reduction to form NO. These data reveal a series of hypoxia-dependent post-translational modifications to neuroglobin that regulate the six-to-five heme pocket equilibrium and heme access to ligands. Hypoxia-regulated reactions of nitrite and neuroglobin may contribute to the cellular adaptation to hypoxia.
Mutations in the right operator of bacteriophage lambda: physiological effects.

Abstract The right operator in bacteriophage lambda vs326 has one-twentieth the in vitro binding affinity for repressor as λv + ; for comparison λv3 has one-quarter the affinity of λv + . In vivo , both mutants constitutively express genes in the right operon. Both λv3 and λvs326 express gene O constitutively because they complement λimm434 O am − in a λ lysogen, vs , more efficiently than v3 . The v3 allele in cis (but not in trans ) to vs326 gives significantly greater phage yields in a λ lysogen than λvs326 alone, cro gene function, measured by arrest of exonuclease synthesis, suggested the following series of increasing degree of conatitutivity: v3, vs326, v3 vs326. λv2 vs326 forms plaques on lysogens that carry λ c I857, but λv2 v3 does not. These results indicate that vs326 , like v3 , is an operator constitutive mutation but stronger in its effects. These mutants exemplify a uniform correlation between relative weakness of repressor binding and degree of constitutive gene expression.
Experiments with video transmission over an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network

We present end-to-end performance of digital coded video (JPEG, MPEG-1, and MPEG-2) over a local asynchronuous transfer mode (ATM) network. We discuss performance in terms of both delay (jitter) and frame loss as a function of load. The experimental data reveal that the burstiness of the variable bit-rate-coded video streams degrades the performance significantly when the hosts and the network are stressed. Our results show that traffic smoothing decreases frame loss significantly while maintaining acceptable jitter and loss bounds. We also discuss requirements for system components, such as the network interface and switch, which are necessary to support video services efficiently.
In vitro evolution of new ribozymes with polynucleotide kinase activity

We have isolated a large number of polynucleotide kinase ribozymes from a pool of RNA molecules consisting of an ATP-binding domain flanked by regions of random sequence. Different classes of kinases catalyse the transfer of the gamma-thiophosphate of ATP-gamma S to the 5'-hydroxyl or to internal 2'-hydroxyls. An engineered version of one class is able to catalyse the transfer of thiophosphate from ATP-gamma S to the 5'-hydroxyl of an exogenous oligoribonucleotide substrate with multiple turnover, thus acting as a true enzyme.
Nonprofit Lobbying: Museums and Collections Capitalization

This research examines the museum characteristics associated with lobbying on the 1990 FASB Exposure Draft (FASB, 1990) that would have required US museums to capitalize their collections. A sample of 103 museums that lobbied on the Exposure Draft is compared to a matched sample of museums that did not choose to lobby. The results reveal that museums which lobbied are larger, older, and members of or accredited by the American Association of Museums. Also, proportionately more private museums and art museums than exist in the overall US museum population chose to lobby on the proposed requirement.
Bioalkylation and biooxidation of anthracene, invitro and invivo

Summary Anthracene undergoes biomethylation in rat liver cytosol preparations in vitro and in rat subcutaneous tissue, in vivo . The in vitro reaction is dependent on cytosol preparations fortified by the addition of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. The products of the reaction are the meso-anthracenic or L-region derivatives 9-methylanthracene and 9,10-dimethylanthracene. The latter compound may be the simplest polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogen known (12) . These reactive methylated metabolites are readily oxidized in cytosol preparations and in subcutaneous tissue, in vivo , to hydroxymethyl and formyl derivatives. Oxidation takes place mainly on the methyl groups since ring oxidized products were not detected.
Choosing a behavioral therapy platform for pharmacotherapy of substance users.

Behavioral therapy platforms have become virtual requirements in pharmacotherapy trials due to their utility in reducing noise variability, preventing differential medication adherence and protocol attrition, enhancing statistical power and addressing ethical issues in placebo-controlled trials. Selecting an appropriate behavioral platform for a particular trial requires study-specific tailoring, taking into account both the stage of development of the medication being evaluated, as well as the specific strengths and weaknesses of a broad array of available empirically supported behavioral therapies and the range of their possible targets (e.g., enhancing medication adherence, preventing attrition, addressing co-morbid problems, fostering abstinence, and targeting specific weaknesses of the pharmacologic agent). Choosing a suitable behavioral platform also requires consideration of the characteristics of the population to be treated, stage of scientific knowledge regarding the medication’s effects, appropriate balance of internal and external validity, and consideration of potential ceiling effects. Available manualized behavioral treatments are reviewed, noting their strengths and limitations as behavioral therapy platforms for pharmacotherapy trials and as potential concomitant therapies in clinical practice.
Future renewable electrical energy delivery and management systems: Energy reliability assessment of FREEDM systems

This is a panel session to be presented at the IEEE General Meeting 2010. The subject is the design, objectives, and full description of the new National Science Foundation engineering research center denominated FREEDM - the Future Renewable Electric Energy Management center. The focus of this presentation is the reliability of the FREEDM system. The main points in the verbal presentation are: • Reliability of classical radial / lateral systems • How is distribution system reliability measured? • Networked distribution systems • Distributed generation • The FREEDM system.
USING A LATE-START RESOURCE-CONSTRAINED PROJECT SCHEDULE TO IMPROVE PROJECT NET PRESENT VALUE*

Although literature on the achievement of monetary objectives in a resource-constrained project environment is limited, the maximization of project net present value (NPV) is an important criterion of project success. This paper presents a procedure for developing a late-start resource-constrained project schedule using the critical path method-material requirements planning. Using an extensive set of problems from the literature, we show that this procedure yields a higher NPV and lower average duration than schedules derived with heuristics that schedule each activity as early as possible. In addition, while the late-start schedule on average was significantly longer than the optimal-duration resource-constrained schedule, no significant difference occurred in the average NPVs of the two scheduling methods.
A new method for determining the energy independent effective interaction

Abstract A new algorithm for computing the effective-interaction is presented. Its convergence properties are tested in two solvable models and it is found to always converge and to be able to reproduce all the eigenvalues of the full Hamiltonian.
Stuck in a balancing act: histone methyltransferase activity of KMT1A traps alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas in an undifferentiated state.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a pediatric tumor of skeletal muscle that bears a strong resemblance to myoblasts, the undifferentiated but committed cells of skeletal muscle. The two most common subtypes of RMS, alveolar (ARMS) and embryonal (ERMS), exhibit different morphologies as well as generally affecting different patient populations, but both share the common characteristic of a failure to properly execute the myogenic transcriptional differentiation program.1 While the most common genetic lesion in ERMS is a loss of 11p15, ARMS are notable for frequently exhibiting a gene fusion between either PAX3 or PAX7 and the forkhead transcription factor FOXO1A, a fusion that results in abnormally strong expression of PAX targets.2
The global burger war: Russians are looking for the best fast food option

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the fast food market and customer attitudes in Russia, and outline successful and questionable strategies of the Western fast food companies in their attempt to penetrate the Russian market.Design/methodology/approach – The objective has been achieved by reviewing the first Russian entry of the Belgian‐French fast food chain “Quick” by applying qualitative research method that included observational research, surveying, and interviewing customers and employees of the company both in Paris and Moscow. The topic has been approached by comparing “Quick's” strategies with the other mainly US‐based fast food chains that operate currently in Russia. The subject scope of the paper covers fast food sector development and trends under the early recession conditions of entry.Findings – It was found that luxury or more upscale (“healthy”) positioning strategy of the new entrant “Quick” into the fast food market in Russia is not working. The company also exhibited a p...
Extended artificial neural networks: Incorporation of a priori chemical knowledge enables use of ion selective electrodes for in-situ measurement of ions at environmentally relevant levels

Abstract A novel artificial neural network (ANN) architecture is proposed which explicitly incorporates a priori system knowledge, i.e., relationships between output signals, while preserving the unconstrained non-linear function estimator characteristics of the traditional ANN. A method is provided for architecture layout, disabling training on a subset of neurons, and encoding system knowledge into the neuron structure. The novel architecture is applied to raw readings from a chemical sensor multi-probe (electric tongue), comprised of off-the-shelf ion selective electrodes (ISEs), to estimate individual ion concentrations in solutions at environmentally relevant concentrations and containing environmentally representative ion mixtures. Conductivity measurements and the concept of charge balance are incorporated into the ANN structure, resulting in (1) removal of estimation bias typically seen with use of ISEs in mixtures of unknown composition and (2) improvement of signal estimation by an order of magnitude or more for both major and minor constituents relative to use of ISEs as stand-alone sensors and error reduction by 30–50% relative to use of standard ANN models. This method is suggested as an alternative to parameterization of traditional models (e.g., Nikolsky–Eisenman), for which parameters are strongly dependent on both analyte concentration and temperature, and to standard ANN models which have no mechanism for incorporation of system knowledge. Network architecture and weighting are presented for the base case where the dot product can be used to relate ion concentrations to both conductivity and charge balance as well as for an extension to log-normalized data where the model can no longer be represented in this manner. While parameterization in this case study is analyte-dependent, the architecture is generalizable, allowing application of this method to other environmental problems for which mathematical constraints can be explicitly stated.
Metabolic and ultrastructural response of rat kidney cortex to in vitro ischemia.

Abstract The time course of changes in metabolite concentrations and ultrastructure during ischemia was studied in rat kidney cortex by incubating tissues at 37°C for 15, 30, 60, and 120 min or at 0°C for 0.5, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr. Ischemia at 37°C for 15 min caused a rapid fall of ATP (13% of control) and ADP (42%) with a concomitant increase in AMP (2.9-fold) and P 1 (2.8-fold). At 60 and 120 min, AMP also decreased resulting in the decrease of total adenine nucleotide pool. At 0°C, ATP was 50% of control at 0.5 hr and was maintained at this level up to 72 hr. The changes in other adenine nucleotides were also moderate at 0°C. The accumulation of lactate was the highest at all time intervals studied (at 37°C, 11-fold at 15 min and 26-fold at 120 min; at 0°C, 5-fold at 0.5 hr and 14-fold at 96 hr). The two rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis, i.e., phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase were activated during ischemia to different extents depending on the temperature and length of time of ischemia based on the metabolite patterns. At 37°C, swelling of mitochondria with loss of matrix granules and the formation of flocculent densities in proximal tubule cells were the prominent ultrastructural features which progressed with time. At 0°C, swelling, cytoplasmic clumping and dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum were observed. Mitochondrial flocculent densities appeared at 96 hr. Based on metabolic and ultrastructural observations, 1 hr of ischemia at 37°C and 72 hr at 0°C were found to be the “point-of-no-return” from ischemic injury in renal cortex.
Effects of Rough Rice Moisture Content at Harvest on Peak Viscosity

During rice kernel development, kernel size and chemical composition change with maturation, and the kernel moisture content progressively decreases (Del Rosario et al 1968; Lee and Chang 1985). Therefore, kernel moisture content is an important indicator of rice kernel development. Lee and Chang (1985) found that when starch and protein synthesis were nearly completed, the rice kernel moisture content was ≈27–29% (wb). The composition of rice kernels harvested after this point reportedly did not change dramatically, although the starch content increased slightly, causing a proportional decrease in protein content in the kernel (Del Rosario et al 1968; Kim et al 2001). Rice kernel-to-kernel development on panicles is nonuniform, which in turn produces a range of kernel moisture contents within a bulk at harvest (Chau and Kunze 1982; Kocher et al 1990; Siebenmorgen et al 1992). As such, physical properties such as bulk density and milling quality change with harvest moisture content (HMC). The grade of rice typically improved and the bulk density increased as HMC decreased (Morse et al 1967; Fan et al 1998). The number of fissured kernels increased dramatically when the HMC decreased from 19 to 13% and was especially severe when kernel moisture content decreased rapidly in a short time (Jodari and Linscombe 1996). Reports of optimum HMC for maximum head rice yield (HRY) ranges from 18 to 26% based on growing location, harvest date, and cultivar (Kester et al 1963; Huey 1977; Lu et al 1988, 1992; Siebenmorgen et al 1992; Jongkaewwattana et al 1993a; Ntanos et al 1996; Bautista and Siebenmorgen 2000). Limited research has been conducted to determine the effect of the HMC on functional characteristics of rice. Kester et al (1963) reported that the peak viscosity (PV) of short-grain rice first decreased and then increased with maturation. It was explained that amylases were responsible for these changes. Kim et al (2001) also noted differences in PV of medium-grain rice with HMC, however, the trends did not follow consistent patterns. The study reported herein was designed to quantify the effects of rough rice HMC on PV of popular several rice cultivars grown in the midSouth rice producing region of the United States.
Subcellular localization, stoichiometry, and protein levels of 26 S proteasome subunits in yeast.

Abstract The 26 S proteasome of eukaryotes is responsible for the degradation of proteins targeted for proteolysis by the ubiquitin system. Yeast has been an important model organism for understanding eukaryotic proteasome structure and function. Toward a quantitative characterization of the proteasome, we have determined the localization, cellular levels, and stoichiometry of proteasome subunits. The subcellular localization of two ATPase components of the regulatory complex of the proteasome, Sug2/Rpt4 and Sug1/Rpt6, and a subunit of the 20 S proteasome, Pre1, were determined by immunofluorescence. In contrast to findings in multicellular organisms, these proteins are localized almost exclusively to the nucleus throughout the cell cycle. We have also determined the cellular abundance and stoichiometry of these proteasome subunits. Sug1/Rpt6, Sug2/Rpt4, and Pre1 are present in roughly equal stoichiometry with an abundance of 15,000-30,000 molecules/cell, corresponding to a concentration of 13–26 μm in the nucleus. Also, in contrast to mammalian cells, we find no evidence of a p27-containing “modulator” of the proteasome in yeast. This information will be useful in comparing and contrasting the yeast and mammalian proteasomes and should contribute to a mechanistic understanding of how this complex functions.
Scientific discovery: building blocks of translation.

Sherin Devaskar, MD, is the Guest Editor for this annual review issue on Basic Mechanisms of Pediatric Disease. Dr Devaskar is a Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics and Mattel Executive Endowed Chair, Department of Pediatrics, at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles. Ofer Levy, MD, PhD, served as a contributor to this issue. Dr Levy is a physician in the Division of Infectious Diseases and a Principal Investigator at Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts. Dr Levy is also a faculty member in the Department of Human Biology & Translational Medicine and Associate Professor at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Conservation Properties of Unstructured Staggered Mesh Schemes

Classic Cartesian staggered mesh schemes have a number of attractive properties. They do not display spurious pressure modes and they have been shown to locally conserve, mass, momentum, kinetic energy, and circulation to machine precision. Recently, a number of generalizations of the staggered mesh approach have been proposed for unstructured (triangular or tetrahedral) meshes. These unstructured staggered mesh methods have been created to retain the attractive pressure aspects and mass conservation properties of the classic Cartesian mesh method. This work addresses the momentum, kinetic energy, and circulation conservation properties of unstructured staggered mesh methods. It is shown that with certain choices of the velocity interpolation, unstructured staggered mesh discretizations of the divergence form of the Navier?Stokes equations can conserve kinetic energy and momentum both locally and globally. In addition, it is shown that unstructured staggered mesh discretizations of the rotational form of the Navier?Stokes equations can conserve kinetic energy and circulation both locally and globally. The analysis includes viscous terms and a generalization of the concept of conservation in the presence of viscosity to include a negative definite dissipation term in the kinetic energy equation. These novel conserving unstructured staggered mesh schemes have not been previously analyzed. It is shown that they are first-order accurate on nonuniform two-dimensional unstructured meshes and second-order accurate on uniform unstructured meshes. Numerical confirmation of the conservation properties and the order of accuracy of these unstructured staggered mesh methods is presented.