cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New constraints on the properties of the Yellowstone mantle plume from P and S wave attenuation tomography

[1] We estimate attenuation (t*) for teleseismic P and S arrivals to seismometers in the Yellowstone Intermountain Seismic Array; tomographically invert these data for upper mantle Qp-1 and Qs-1 structure; and, with the aid of the upper mantle velocity model of Waite et al. (2006), interpret the results for mantle temperature, partial melt, and water content. Because attenuation analysis is susceptible to contamination by noise, we employ time- and frequency-domain analyses and a careful assessment of the uncertainty associated with each estimate by using the misfit between actual and predicted traces or spectra. The greatest noise source is signal-generated noise, which affects S wave results more than P wave results. S waves also appear more susceptible to the effects of plume focusing. We find the upper mantle to be highly attenuative, but that above 200–250 km the low-velocity plume is progressively less attenuative than the adjacent mantle with decreasing depth. We conclude that water dissolved in mantle minerals causes the upper mantle to be highly attenuative, that the Yellowstone plume is only ~50°C warmer than the surrounding mantle below the North America lithosphere, and that melting within this plume begins at depths of 200–250 km. We attribute the lower attenuation in the partially molten plume to the dehydration of the solid matrix as water partitions into the melt. The source of the upper mantle hydration is attributed to subduction, including water flux from a hydrated transition zone and Laramide-age shallow subduction and direct hydration of North America lithosphere.
Chinese Dialect Classification: A comparative approach to Harngjou, Old Jintarn, and Common Northern Wu

This volume is an investigation and classification of dialects along the Wu and Jiang-Hwai Mandarin border in China's eastern Yangtze Valley. It is the first monograph-length study to critically question the traditional single criterion of initial voicing for the classification of Wu dialects and propose a comprehensive comparative framework as a more successful alternative. Arguing that dialect affiliation is best determined through analysis of dialect correspondence to common phonological systems, the author develops a taxonomic analysis that definitively distinguishes Common Northern Wu and Mandarin dialects. By clarifying dialect affiliation in the Wu and Mandarin border region, this volume makes significant contributions to our understanding of the true nature of the region's dialects and their history. Using primarily data drawn from the author's own fieldwork, the volume contains copious comparative examples and an extensive lexicon of the Old Jintarn dialect.
Analysis of CNS sympatho-inhibition produced by guanabenz

Abstract The effects of guanabenz on several autonomic systems were observed in vagotomized, anesthetized cats with the aim of determining, in a quantitative sense, the degree to which guanabenz produces a clonidine-like central nervous system action. Guanabenz given as a single dose (50 μg/kg i.v.) produced a transient hypertension associated with a more sustained bradycardia and depression of centrally (hypothalamic) evoked electrodermal responses (EDR). Increasing cumulative doses of guanabenz (3–1000 μg/kg i.v.) also resulted in a dose-related depression of EDR amplitude, transient hypertension followed by hypotension, sustained bradycardia, and mydriasis. All responses were antagonized by pretreatment with yohimbine (0.5 mg/kg i.v.). The ED 50 for depression of the centrally evoked EDR was in the range of 50–100 μg/kg i.v. in the non-pretreated preparations. Guanabenz (100 μg/kg i.v.) was shown to be devoid of significant ganglionic blocking properties. These experiments suggest that guanabenz acts like clonidine in the CNS and that an α 2 -adrenergic inhibitory mechanism is involved in its myriad of central autonomic effects.
Synthesis of nanoporous iminodiacetic acid sorbents for binding transition metals

Iminodiacetic acid (IDAA) forms strong complexes with a wide variety of metal ions. Using self-assembled monolayers in mesoporous supports (SAMMS) to present the IDAA ligand potentially allows for multiple metal-ligand interactions to enhance the metal binding affinity relative to that of randomly oriented polymer-based supports. This manuscript describes the synthesis of a novel nanostructured sorbent material built using self-assembly of a IDAA ligand inside a nanoporous silica, and demonstrates its use for capturing transition metal cations, and anionic metal complexes, such as PdCl(4) (-2).
Internal Medicine and Emergency Medicine Physicians Lack Accurate Knowledge of Current CDC HIV Testing Recommendations and Infrequently Offer HIV Testing

Objectives: To evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of residents and attendings in emergency medicine (EM) and internal medicine (IM) about HIV. Methods: An electronic anonymous 41-question survey ...
Update in Gastroenterology and Hepatology

This Update summarizes 11 studies published in 2009 relevant to the practice of gastroenterology and hepatology. Topics include esophageal disorders, proton-pump inhibitor therapy, liver disease, a...
High spatiotemporal resolution imaging of fast intrinsic optical signals activated by retinal flicker stimulation

High resolution monitoring of stimulus-evoked retinal neural activities is important for understanding retinal neural mechanisms, and can be a powerful tool for retinal disease diagnosis and treatment outcome evaluation. Fast intrinsic optical signals (IOSs), which have the time courses comparable to that of electrophysiological activities in the retina, hold the promise for high resolution imaging of retinal neural activities. However, application of fast IOS imaging has been hindered by the contamination of slow, high magnitude optical responses associated with transient hemodynamic and metabolic changes. In this paper we demonstrate the feasibility of separating fast retinal IOSs from slow optical responses by combining flicker stimulation and dynamic (temporal) differential image processing. A near infrared flood-illumination microscope equipped with a high-speed (1000 Hz) digital camera was used to conduct concurrent optical imaging and ERG measurement of isolated frog retinas. High spatiotemporal resolution imaging revealed that fast IOSs could follow flicker frequency up to at least 6 Hz. Comparable time courses of fast IOSs and ERG kinetics provide evidence that fast IOSs are originated from stimulus activated retinal neurons.
Ten steps to improved remedial reading instruction

Abstract Many remedial reading programs and procedures used today are woefully inadequate. Often the teacher and the students share the frustration of confusion and inadequate progress. This article examines two questions: (1) the reasons for such high rates of failure as well as (2) strategies to improve the quality of remedial instruction. Through work with student teachers placed in remedial situations, ten areas have been identified that are vital to successful remediation. Specific examples are given of ways to insure success in each area based on a theoretical view of reading as an active, thinking process influenced by the child's conceptual abilities and language experience.
ReMod3D: A high-performance simulator for autonomous, self-reconfigurable robots

Three-dimensional, physics-based simulators are important to the field of self-reconfigurable robotics because they allow researchers to approximate the physical interactions and autonomous behaviors of large numbers of modules in a low-cost, safe, and highly-controlled manner. This paper presents a novel, high-performance, general-purpose simulator for autonomous, self-reconfigurable robots called ReMod3D (RM3D) that overcomes the speed and scalability limitations of existing self-reconfigurable simulators while, at the same time, allowing for realistic module structures, complex environments, and high physical simulation fidelity. While most existing self-reconfigurable simulators view modules as actuated physical bodies with programmable controllers, RM3D views them as embodied agents, defined not only by their physical bodies (links, joints, docks, sensors, actuators) but also by their minds (actions, percepts, behaviors, world models) and the noise inherent in the interaction between sensors, actuators, and the environment. RM3D also simulates inter-module dock connection breakage, something novel for self-reconfigurable robot simulators. Additionally, we present experimental evidence showing that this novel architecture makes RM3D well-suited to locomotion, manipulation, reconfiguration, and embodied intelligence research.
B74-24 Computer Simulation of Dynamic Systems

As reflected by this list of headings, a major part of the book is devoted to a description of analog/hybrid computer components and simulation techniques. In this respect, the book repeats material which is amply available in much older textbooks. The author then proceeds to extend those analog/hybrid techniques to the field of numerical algorithms. This is done specifically in chapter 3, and integrated in most of the other chapters along with the description of analog/hybrid methods of implementation.
The exchange of energy between organic molecules in a molecular beam and metallic surfaces

When a molecular beam of a substance is directed against a heated target, the molecules rebound and, together with any fragments resulting from decomposition, can be caught on a liquid air-cooled surface. Since the fragments are in a molecular beam they cannot react before reaching the liquid air surface and we may expect, therefore, that work of this kind will yield considerable information about the nature of the primary change in chemical reactions. Furthermore, we may expect to obtain information about the exchange of energy between solid surfaces and gaseous molecules. Experiments on the heat conductivity of gases at low pressure have yielded considerable information on this exchange of energy and there has been a number of papers dealing with the theoretical aspects of the problem. We must here emphasise the important point that in practically all previous work, both theoretical and experimental, only small molecules have been considered; in these cases the internal energy has been completely neglected and only the kinetic energy of the molecules has been considered. It is obvious that when we are dealing with the chemical decomposition of large molecules, any changes in kinetic energy after collision with the wall must be relatively unimportant compared with changes of internal energy; therefore, we shall consider only the transfer of energy from the wall to the internal degrees of freedom.
On the structure of Hermitian codes

Let Xm denote the Hermitian curve xm + 1 = ym + y over the field Fm2. Let Q be the single point at infinity, and let D be the sum of the other m3 points of Xm rational over Fm2, each with multiplicity 1. Xm has a cyclic group of automorphisms of order m2 − 1, which induces automorphisms of each of the the one-point algebraic geometric Goppa codes CL(D, aQ) and their duals. As a result, these codes have the structure of modules over the ring Fq[t], and this structure can be used to good effect in both encoding and decoding. In this paper we examine the algebraic structure of these modules by means of the theory of Groebner bases. We introduce a root diagram for each of these codes (analogous to the set of roots for a cyclic code of length q − 1 over Fq), and show how the root diagram may be determined combinatorially from a. We also give a specialized algorithm for computing Groebner bases, adapted to these particular modules. This algorithm has a much lower complexity than general Groebner basis algorithms, and has been successfully implemented in the Maple computer algebra system. This permits the computation of Groebner bases and the construction of compact systematic encoders for some quite large codes (e.g. codes such as CL(D, 4010Q) on the curve X16, with parameters n = 4096, k = 3891).
A targeting model that minimizes collateral damage

Abstract : This paper considers the problem of allocating weapons to achieve targeting objectives while simultaneously minimizing the aggregate damage to surrounding nonmilitary facilities, each of which has an upper limit to the damage it is permitted to incur. This problem is, in general, nonconvex. A model is formulated that assumes only that damage to individual targets or associated nonmilitary facilities does not decrease as the number of allocated weapons increases. An implicit enumeration algorithm, based on that of Lawler and Bell, is described that yields optimal integer solutions. An example is presented.
Compressive syndrome of internal jugular veins in multiple sclerosis: does it matter?

ObjectivesCondition known as chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is characterized by insufficient cerebral vein drainage in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and internal jugular vein (IJV), vertebral and/or azygos veins stenoses. However, external compression on the IJV was not clearly described as a potential cause of CCSVI. We aim to present a case of CCSVI in a patient with MS caused by bilateral IJV inverted valves combined with IJV external compression by carotid bulb.MethodsA 31-year-old female patient was admitted to our institute for IJV and vertebral veins morphological and haemodynamical assessment after being treated for MS for the last 14 years. Colour Doppler ultrasonography showed right IJV prestenotic dilation and inverted valves in both IJV. Computerized tomography angiography showed bilateral IJV compression by carotid bulb. Haemodynamical Doppler parameters showed that external IJV compression significantly contributed to CCSVI occurrence.ResultsBilateral IJV confluen...
Nectar bat stows huge tongue in its rib cage.

The extreme length of this bat's tongue might have coevolved with the long flowers it pollinates. Bats of the subfamily Glossophaginae (family Phyllostomidae) are arguably the most specialized of mammalian nectarivores, and hundreds of neotropical plants rely on them for pollination1,2. But flowers pollinated by bats are not known to specialize for bat subgroups (unlike flowers that have adapted to the length and curvature of hummingbird bills, for example), possibly because the mouthparts of bats do not vary much compared with the bills of birds or the probosces of insects3,4. Here I report a spectacular exception: a recently-described nectar bat that can extend its tongue twice as far as those of related bats and is the sole pollinator of a plant with corolla tubes of matching length.
Myocardial accumulation and clearance of technetium 99m teboroxime at 100%, 75%, 50% and zero coronary blood flow in dogs.

Sequential changes in the regional distribution of technetium 99m Teboroxime (SQ30217) were evaluated in nine dogs with graded coronary artery stenosis, occlusion and reperfusion of either the left anterior descending or left circumflex arteries. 99mTc-Teboroxime accumulation recorded by planar imaging was compared with directly measured coronary blood flow (Doppler) and regional myocardial perfusion (microspheres). Serial images were recorded beginning at the time of injection and continuing for the next 18 min. The data were summed from minutes 2–3, 3–6, 4–8 and 9–18 after injection for comparison with the other parameters. Myocardial clearance of Teboroxime was analysed at each level of blood flow. There was a linear relationship between the Teboroxime activity ratio (abnormal/normal) and coronary blood flow (r=0.96) and regional myocardial perfusion (r = 0.99). Zones of diminished perfusion were least apparent in the summed images recorded during minutes 2–3. In later images, the lesions were well visualized. The myocardial clearance half-times at 100%, 75% and 50% flow were not significantly different, while clearance half-time at total occlusion was significantly (P < 0.01) faster. In the 3–6, 4–8 and 9–18 minutes summed images, the Teboroxime activity ratio increased significantly (P < 0.01) after reperfusion compared with total occlusion.
Trypanosoma cruzi: lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes and infections in mice.

Abstract Total plasma LDH isoenzyme (EC 1.1.1.27) levels increased significantly over the normal level in mice infected with strains of Trypanosoma cruzi from three different geographic locations, but some strain differences were observed. The most rapid increase was exhibited by the blood-induced Tulahuen strain, but this strain, unlike the House 510 or House 11, did not elicit an increase during the early period of infection. Overall increases in LDH-1 and LDH-2, heart isoenzymes, were most marked in vector-derived House 510 infections, but, as in the Tulahuen strain, a considerable increase was also observed in blood-induced infections. The House 510 strain also elicited significant increases in LDH-4; these were particularly high during the early period of the blood-induced infection. By contrast, the vector-derived Tulahuen strain elicited a higher increase in LDH-4 during the early period than the House 510 or House 11 strains. Comparable similarites and differences were also observed in regard to LDH-3, 5, and “X.” The most marked isoenzyme increases were those of “LDH-X” exhibited by the blood-induced House 510 and vector-derived Tulahuen strains. Parallel histopathologic studies of liver, heart, and skeletal muscle disclosed significant pathology in all the infections. Animals with blood-induced Tulahuen strain infections characteristically showed extensive necrosis with marked multiplication of parasites throughout the liver, but little or no evident damage to the heart and skeleal muscle. Animals infected with House 510 and House 11 strains exhibited minimal pathology in the liver but severe damage to the heart and skeletal muscle. Increases in LDH-4 and LDH-5, isoenzymes which represent both liver and skeletal muscle, in blood-induced Tulahuen infections were attributed largely to liver damage, but in the House 510 and House 11 infections were related more to skeletal muscle.
ACQUIESCENCE AND EXTREMES RESPONSE SETS OF ACTORS AND TEACHERS.

A number of researchers including Bass (1956), Co~lch and Keniston ( 1960), Jackson ( 1958), and Z~~ckerman, Norton, and Sprague ( 1958), have presented data to support the hypothesis that acq~~iescence response set is related to broader personality traits. McGee ( 1962 ) has criticized most of these studies because the personality measurements are often paper-and-pencil tests which may themselves be infl~~enced by the same response sets. He feels that the test response sets should be related to independent behavioral criteria. Although comparisons of deviant populations represent a gross validation methodology, such comparisons are an important first step in testing whether or not a measure, such as a response set, has personality relevance. Bass (1956), for instance, found that wholesale grocery salesmen were the highest scoring population on his test of Social Acquiescence and from this and ocher data concluded that acquiescence was a symptom of "Babbitry" or conformity. Hesterly and Berg (1958) found significant response deviations of schizophrenics relative to normal adults on the Perceptual Reaction Test (PRT). Berg and Collier ( 1953) and Lewis and Taylor ( 1955) reported that high scorers on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale made more extreme responses than low-anxiety Ss on the PRT. Zax, Cowen, and Peter (1963) discovered that novice nuns made more extreme responses than college srudents on ratings of social desirability. Zax, Gardiner, and Lowy (1964) found that schizophrenics scored higher than normals and maladjusted college females scored higher than adjusted college females, on extreme ratings of Rorschach cards on the semantic differential. Jones ( 1956), comparing the free-sorting distribution of normals, neurotics and psychotics of self-descriptive statements, found that psychotics tended to use the extremes of the scale more than normals.
Probing Negative Ions from Within

K-shell photodetachment studies of negative ions have been carried out using a collinear photon-ion apparatus coupled with the brightness and spectral resolution of the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The experimental results, which revealed new phenomena, are pushing the limits of third generation photon sources and are stimulating various enhanced theories.
Metabolic Labeling of Human Thyroglobulin with [35S] Sulfate: Incorporation into Chondroitin 6-Sulfate and Endoglycosidase-F-Susceptible Carbohydrate Units*

To study the incorporation of sulfate into thyroglobulin, human thyroid tissue was incubated with [35S]sulfate. Labeled thyroglobulin was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel exclusion chromatography, and equilibrium density gradient centrifugation, the last of these specifically to remove proteoglycans. [35S]Sulfate was found in thyroglobulin with low density, indicating that sulfate was incorporated into newly synthesized molecules before their iodination. Chondroitin ABC lyase and chondroitin AC lyase released equal amounts of [35S]sulfate, demonstrating the presence of chondroitin units, and TLC showed this to be predominantly chondroitin 6-sulfate. Additional [35S]sulfate was released by endoglycosidase-F (Endo-F), but not by Endo-H. The Endo-F-sensitive sulfate-labeled complex carbohydrate units were heterogeneous, one fraction passing through a Concanavalin-A-Sepharose column without delay and another fraction showing weak affinity for the lectin. More than 90% of the incorporated [35S]sulfate was accounted for by the chondroitin ABC lyase and Endo-F-sensitive fractions. Thus, human thyroglobulin contains sulfate in at least three types of carbohydrate units, 1) chondroitin 6-sulfate units, 2) complex units with no affinity for Concanavalin-A (tri- or tetraantennary forms), and 3) complex units with weak affinity for Concanavalin-A (biantennary forms).
III. Nitric oxide mediates the action of lipoteichoic acid on the function of human urothelial cells

Gram-positive bacteria are recognized pathogens in urinary tract infections. Lipoteichoic acids, major components of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria, are important virulence attributes, but their mechanism of action is not well understood. We have postulated that infection-induced altered function of progenitors of urothelial cells (UT) residing in the basal layer is likely to have long-lasting effects on the architecture and function of the urothelium. Our earlier in vitro studies in UT of basal type, grown under growth restricting conditions, have shown that (1) treatment with lipoteichoic acid from Streptococcus faecalis (LT-2) stimulates a subpopulation of progenitors of urothelial cells to proliferate, and (2) resulting large colonies differentiated at an increased rate under conditions simulating those in the basal layer of the urothelium. The hypothesis underlying the present studies was that nitric oxide (NO) mediated LT-2 action on these functions of UT. Immunocytochemical studies using an antibody against inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) confirmed expression of iNOS in LT-2-treated UT. Our hypothesis was tested by treating UT grown under growth restricting conditions (0.005% bovine pituitary extract) with LT-2 (25 μg/ml), in the presence or absence of inhibitors of NOS (1 mM NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester [L-NAME]; 1 μM dexamethasone [DEXA]) or 25 μM hemoglobin, a potent inactivator of NO. Treatment with LT-2 in the presence of these agents prevented the following effects of LT-2 alone: (1) the stimulatory effect on proliferation of single cells, as well as within the resulting large colonies; (2) the subsequent differentiation of large colonies resulting from this proliferative activity, as indicated by distribution of β1 subunit-containing integrins to cell-cell contacts; (3) the inhibitory effect on the subsequent ability of LT-2-treated UT to attach to extracellular matrix proteins. These studies suggest that induction of NOS by LT-2, initially aimed at restricting the replication of infectious agents, may have potential cost of damage to the host bladder by interfering with urothelial differentiation. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Observations on the host range of isolates of Pyrenophora trichostoma

(1982). Observations on the host range of isolates of Pyrenophora trichostoma. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 42-46.
Heavy-fermion systems

Since the discovery by Steglich et al. (1979) of superconductivity in the high-effective-mass ($\ensuremath{\sim}200{m}_{e}$) electrons in Ce${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$, the search for and characterization of such "heavy-fermion" systems has been a rapidly growing field of study. The eight heavy-fermion systems known to date include superconductors (Ce${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$, U${\mathrm{Be}}_{13}$, U${\mathrm{Pt}}_{3}$), magnets (Np${\mathrm{Be}}_{13}$, ${\mathrm{U}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Zn}}_{17}$, U${\mathrm{Cd}}_{11}$), and materials in which no ordering is observed (Ce${\mathrm{Al}}_{3}$, Ce${\mathrm{Cu}}_{6}$). These $f$-electron materials have, in comparison to normal metals, enormous specific heat $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ values (450-1600 mJ/mol ${\mathrm{K}}^{2}$), large values of the low-temperature magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$ (8-50\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ emu/mol G), maxima in the resistivity at low temperatures with large ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{max}$ values (100-200 \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega} cm), and unusual temperature dependences of their specific heats below 10 K. The three heavy-fermion superconductors show such unusual behavior that the possibility of $p$-wave pairing of the superconducting electrons, rather than the usual BCS $s$-wave pairing, cannot be ruled out. This paper reviews the experimental results to date, to serve both as a status report and as a starting point for future research. Several correlations between properties are pointed out, including the observation that a low value of the Wilson ratio ($\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{\ensuremath{\chi}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$) appears to correlate with the occurrence of superconductivity.
Multicentric Parenchymal Xanthogranuloma in a Child: Case Report and Review of the Literature

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCEXanthogranulomas of the central nervous system are rare, and asymptomatic lesions are often identified in autopsies. We report the first case of a multicentric, cystic, intraparenchymal xanthogranuloma, involving both the supra- and infratentorial compartments, in a 16-month-
Is Obesity a Disease of the Blood-Brain Barrier? Physiological, Pathological, and Evolutionary Considerations

Leptin has emerged as a major regulator of body adiposity. The majority of humans with obesity have a resistance to leptin. Human and rodent studies indicate that the major cause of this resistance arises from an impaired ability of leptin to cross the blood-brain barrier, with lesser roles played by receptor and post-receptor defects. Evidence from baboons living in the wild is consistent with the hypothesis that during most of evolution serum levels of leptin were much lower than those currently considered normal. Leptin may have evolved to signal to the brain when caloric reserves were adequate to engage in reproductive and other behaviors not immediately concerned with acquisition of calories. The leptin transporter is a regulated system, with the rate of transport being increased by alpha(1) adrenergic agents and decreased by starvation. Impaired regulation of the transporter or impairments in transporter production could underlie the resistance caused by transporter defects. Evolutionary pressures would not have selected against such impairments if leptin levels were lower than those typically seen in Western society. A model that could explain how leptin transporter resistance can be acquired is presented.
Behavior effects of lead exposure on different days for gull (Larus argentatus) chicks.

Abstract Lead exposure early in life affects behavioral, physiologic, and intellectual development in humans and other animals. In this article, we examine the effects of temporal differences in lead exposure on early development in herring gulls (Larus argentatus). Each of 72 1-day-old herring gull chicks was randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups to receive a lead nitrate concentration of 100 μg/g at age 2 or at age 6, a similar cumulative dose evenly divided on days 2, 4, and 6, or matched-volume saline injections on the same days. Behavioral tests were performed (some at 2- and others at 5-day intervals) to examine locomotion, balance, righting response, thermoregulation, and visual cliff. Most variation in weight was explained by testing age, although treatment affected weight gain for the lead-6 gulls, particularly after 20 days. Although treatment influenced balance and locomotion, the effect was small. The lead-6 birds were unable to remain on an incline as long as the lead-2, lead-246, and control birds. The overall score for balance improved with age for controls, showed little change for the lead-2 and lead-2-4-6 gulls, but showed a decrease in performance for the lead-6 birds. On the thermoregulation test, the lead-6 birds performed less well under both low- and high-temperature test conditions. Although the lead-2-4-6 birds had a lower score on the visual cliff tests than the other groups, the lead-6 gulls showed a significant delay in response and gave significantly fewer calls then the other groups. Overall, the data showed that the lead-6 group was more affected by the dose than the other groups, suggesting that 6 days of age may be a more critical period than earlier ages for some behaviors.
Computer Modeling of Electromagnetic Fields and Fluid Flows for Edge Containment in Continuous Casting

A computer model was developed to predict eddy currents and fluid flows in molten steel. The model was verified by comparing prediction 5 will experimental results of liquid-metal containment and fluid flow in electromagnetic (EM) edge dams (EMDs) designed at Inland Steel (Ispat Industries Ltd.) for twin-roll casting. This mathematical model can greatly shorten casting research on the use of EM fields for liquid metal containment and control. It can also optimize the existing casting processes and minimize expensive, time-consuming full-scale testing. The model was verified by comparing predictions with experimental results of liquid metal containment and fluid flow in EM edge dams designed at Inland Steel (Ispat Industries Ltd.) for twin-roll ousting. Numerical simulation was performed by coupling a three-dimensional (3D) finite-element EM code (ELEKTRA) and a 3D finite-difference fluids code (CaPS-EM) to solve Maxwell s equations. Ohm's law, Navier-Stokes equations, and transport equations of turbulence flow in a casting process that uses EM fields. ELEKTRA is able to predict the eddy-current distribution and EM forces in complex geometry. CaPS-EM is capable of modeling fluid flows with free surfaces and dynamic rollers. The computed 3D magnetic fields and induced eddy currents in ELEKTRA are used as input to flow-field computations in CaPS-EM. Results of the numerical simulation compared well with measurements obtained from both static and dynamic tests.
π0 Multiplicities in π+;p interactions at 10.5 GeVc

Abstract Measurement of the π 0 multiplicity cross sections are reported for n 0 ⩽ 6, where n 0 is the number of produced π 0 particles, and for N ⩽ 8, where N is the number of charged particles. The inclusive π 0 cross section is 29 ± 3 mb. Values for the correlation parameters, 〈 n 0 〉 and 〈 n 0 ( n 0 − 1)〉 2 , are also presented.
TopicSelect: a platform for automated publications of web content

The popularity of tablets in recent years has given rise to a new style of presenting web content, one that mimics the appearance of print magazines. We present a pipeline which automatically harvests and reformats web content from arbitrary sources into a paginated multi-column form and deliver the publication to the reader via print or mobile. We are working to integrate this pipeline into HP’s Scheduled Delivery program.
Dissolution of wet Texas lignite in tetralin

Abstract Texas lignite with about 30% moisture is dissolved in tetralin with a gas overpressure of hydrogen or helium. Reaction temperature of about 375°C, which gave the maximum amount of liquid products, was used for most of the experiments. The effect of hydrogen versus helium on lignite dissolution in tetralin is observed as marginal. The products consisted of a tetralin-rich phase, a residue saturated with the tetralin-rich phase and lignite-conversion products, and a water-rich phase. The oily liquid phase is separated from the residues by injecting water saturated with CO 2 under high pressure. Ninety percent of the tetralin is recovered in the oily phase while 10% of the tetralin remained trapped in the pores of the solid residue.
The medial habenula: still neglected

The habenula is a small, bilateral brain structure located at the dorsal end of the diencephalon. This structure sends projections to the dopaminergic striatum and receives inputs from the limbic forebrain, making the habenula a unique modulator of cross-talk between these brain regions. Despite strong interest in the habenula during the seventies and eighties (1-5), interest waned due to lack of a clearly identifiable functional role. Following Matsumoto and Hikosaka’s seminal work on the lateral habenula as a predictor of negative reward in monkeys, the habenula has undergone a resurgence of scientific interest. Matsumoto and Hikosaka demonstrated an increase in habenular neuron firing when monkeys did not receive an expected juice reward (6). Studies have shown that increased habenular activity inactivates dopaminergic cells in the Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus (RMTg) through GABAergic mechanisms (7, 8). Additional studies link habenular activity to the regulation of serotonin and norepinephrine, suggesting the habenula modulates multiple brain systems (9, 10). These discoveries ushered in a series of new studies that have refocused attention on the lateral habenula and the importance of this small brain structure (7, 11-14). Recently, Geisler and Trimble reviewed this renewed interest in: The Lateral Habenula: No Longer Neglected (15). While the lateral habenula (LHb) has been extensively studied, the anatomically and histochemically distinct medial habenula (MHb) remains largely understudied. This short review argues that the MHb is functionally important and should be studied more aggressively.
Knowledge management for sustainable development in the web 2.0 era: the Triangle of Dichotomies

The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual framework that will support the international development community in its efforts to establish web-based knowledge management platforms that maximise the opportunities offered by the recent surge of web 2.0 technologies. In order to develop such a framework, the paper reviews the key concepts that define knowledge management practices, and attempts to understand the constraints that currently limit the application of these practices in the development sector, as well as the emerging opportunities offered by the growth of web 2.0 technologies. The result of this effort has been the establishment of the Triangle of Dichotomies. By moulding the strengths of web 2.0 technologies to the uniqueness of the development sector, the Triangle of Dichotomies offers development practitioners a lens to assess strengths, weaknesses and latent opportunities of web-based knowledge management structures according to specific user needs and contextual particularities. Yo...
Micromechanics Modeling of Multiphase Piezoelectric Composites

Recent work on multifunctional materials has shown that a functionally graded interface between the fiber and matrix of a composite material can lead to improved strength and stiffness while simultaneously affording piezoelectric properties to the composite. However the modeling of this functional gradient is difficult through micromechanics models without discretizing the gradient into numerous layers of varying properties. In order to facilitate the design of these multi-phase piezoelectric composites, accurate models are required. In this work, multi-inclusion models are extended to predict the effective electroelastic properties of multiphase piezoelectric composites. The presented formulation will provide a general framework for modeling other coupled fields of heterogeneous materials. To evaluate the micromechanics modeling results, a three dimensional finite element model of a four-phase piezoelectric composite was created in the commercial finite element software ABAQUS with different volume fractions and aspect ratios. The simulations showed excellent agreement for predicting the electroelastic properties of the multiphase piezoelectric composites.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Advanced radiation therapy technologies in the treatment of rectal and anal cancer: Intensity-modulated photon therapy and proton therapy

Intensity-modulated photon radiation therapy (RT; IMRT) and proton therapy are advanced radiation technologies that permit improved conformation of radiation dose to target structures while limiting irradiation of surrounding normal tissues. Application of these technologies in the treatment of rectal and anal cancer is attractive, based on the potential reduction in radiation treatment toxicities that are frequently incurred in the pelvis and perineum. Furthermore, conformal RT might also allow for dose escalation to target areas, leading to improved tumor control. This review discusses the underlying principles of IMRT. In addition, the rationale and clinical data regarding the efficacy of radiation dose escalation for rectal and anal cancer will be highlighted, as well as tolerance of pelvic organs to RT and chemotherapy. Finally, preliminary results of IMRT in the treatment of lower gastrointestinal tract cancers will be reviewed. The potential and rationale for proton therapy in treatment of these malignancies are also discussed.
Organisational assimilation of vertical standards: exploring the interplay of technology destiny, firm-level factors and network effects

Vertical standards define industry-specific vocabularies, formalise business processes and provide data portability across systems by embedding semantic information in data payloads. Despite their potential, their assimilation across industries has been uneven. We consider the effect of a vertical standard’s winning or non-winning industry position on assimilation rates within organisations. We posit assimilation will be influenced by a firm’s ability to overcome value-realisation and implementation barriers, and by community-level effects such as business partner pressures and orphaning risks. We argue these effects are moderated by the winning or non-winning position of vertical standards in an industry.
Structural and functional analysis of hypoxia-inducible factor 1

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a basic helix-loop-helix protein that activates transcription of hypoxia-inducible genes, including those encoding: erythropoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor, heme oxygenase-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and the glycolytic enzymes aldolase A, enolase 1, lactate dehydrogenase A, phosphofructokinase I, and phosphoglycerate kinase 1. Hypoxia response elements from these genes consist of a HIF-1 binding site (that contains the core sequence 5'-CGTG-3') as well as additional DNA sequences that are required for function, which in some elements include a second HIF-1 binding site. HIF-1 is a heterodimer. The HIF-1 alpha subunit is unique to HIF-1, whereas HIF-1 beta (ARNT) can dimerize with other bHLH-PAS proteins. Structural analysis of HIF-1 alpha revealed that dimerization with HIF-1 beta (ARNT) requires the HLH and PAS domains, DNA binding is mediated by the basic domain, and that HIF-1 alpha contains a carboxyl-terminal transactivation domain. Co-transfection of HIF-1 alpha and HIF-1 beta (ARNT) expression vectors and a reporter gene containing a wild-type hypoxia response element resulted in increased transcription in non-hypoxic cells and a superinduction of transcription in hypoxic cells, whereas HIF-1 expression vectors had no effect on the transcription of reporter genes containing a mutation in the HIF-1 binding site. HIF-1 alpha and HIF-1 beta (ARNT) protein levels were induced by hypoxia in all primary and transformed cell lines examined. In HeLa cells, the levels of HIF-1 alpha and HIF-1 beta protein and HIF-1 DNA-binding activity increased exponentially as cellular oxygen tension decreased, with maximum values at 0.5% oxygen and half-maximal values at 1.5 to 2% oxygen. HIF-1 alpha and HIF-1 beta (ARNT) mRNAs were detected in all human, mouse, and rat organs assayed and mRNA expression was modestly induced in rodents subjected to hypoxia. HIF-1 alpha protein levels were induced in vivo when animals were subjected to anemia or hypoxia. The HIF1A gene was mapped to human chromosome 14q21-q24 and mouse chromosome 12.
Intravenous Dipyridamole Combined With Isometric Handgrip for Near Maximal Acute Increase in Coronary Flow in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract Twenty-four patients with coronary artery disease were studied during cardiac catheterization to determine the effects of sustained isometric handgrip exercise and intravenous dipyridamole and their combination on coronary and systemic hemodynamics and measured coronary luminal caliber. During 4 to 5 minutes of 25 percent maximal handgrip, blood pressure and heart rate increased 24 and 19 percent, respectively, coronary sinus flow increased to 1.7 × baseline value, and epicardial coronary arteries constricted to increase predicted flow resistance by 40 percent in 36 diseased arterial segments. After a 4 minute intravenous infusion of dipyridamole (0.56 mg/kg body weight), systemic pressure decreased 8 percent, heart rate increased 23 percent, coronary sinus flow increased to 2.4 × baseline value and coronary luminal caliber was unchanged. During isometric handgrip initiated 6 minutes after the infusion of dipyridamole, systemic pressure and heart rate increased to 16 and 31 percent, respectively, above control values, coronary sinus flow increased to 3.3 × baseline value (3.8 × baseline value in patients with normal anterior perfusion) and stenotic flow resistance increased by 36 percent. The response of coronary flow to the combined stresses was 68 percent greater than the response to dipyridamole alone (p
Getting the job done: The moderating role of initiative on the relationship between intrinsic motivation and adaptive selling

This study explores why salespeople with equal intrinsic motivation may achieve different levels of performance. Utilizing action control theory, the paper explores the moderating effect of the initiative dimension of action-state orientation on the salesperson’s intrinsic motivation and adaptive selling relationship. An empirical study is presented that included 223 Ecuadorian salespeople and objective performance measures. Findings indicate that salesperson’s initiative strengthens the relationship between intrinsic motivation and adaptive selling. In addition, results show that adaptive selling is a significant antecedent of objective salesperson’s performance. Finally, results reveal that initiative has a significant direct effect on objective performance.
Bringing dark data into the light: A case study of the recovery of Northwestern Atlantic zooplankton data collected in the 1970s and 1980s

Data generated as a result of publicly funded research in the USA and other countries are now required to be available in public data repositories. However, many scientific data over the past 50+ years were collected at a time when the technology for curation, storage, and dissemination were primitive or non-existent and consequently many of these datasets are not available publicly. These so-called ‘‘dark data’’ sets are essential to the understanding of how the ocean has changed chemically and biologically in response to the documented shifts in temperature and salinity (aka climate change). An effort is underway to bring into the light, dark data about zooplankton collected in the 1970s and 1980s as part of the cold-core and warm-core rings multidisciplinary programs and other related projects. Zooplankton biomass and euphausiid species abundance from 306 tows and related environmental data including many depth specific tows taken on 34 research cruises in the Northwest Atlantic are online and accessible from the Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Characterization of film interface integrity through scanning acoustic microscopy

The functional characteristics of a thin film/coating depend critically upon its interface characteristics and adhesion to the substrate. However, reliable assessment of interface characteristics has remained a complex problem. Interface integrity is one such characteristic that is of critical importance to thin film characterization, failure analysis and process development efforts. This paper presents the scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) as an effective tool for the characterization of thin film/substrate interface integrity as well as nondestructive subsurface imaging. The potential offered by the SAM as an important tool to be used in conjunction with indentation/fracture mechanics based studies of thin film adhesion is also presented. The application of innovative SAM based imaging techniques for the assessment of film integrity and damage in representative titanium nitride and polycrystalline diamond thin films is presented.
Synthesis and characterization of carbon-enriched silicon oxycarbides

Abstract Polyhydridomethylsiloxane (PHMS) is a very practical and versatile source for a broad range of silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) and other silicon containing ceramic materials. PHMS modifications and crosslinking is conveniently achieved by dehydrocoupling and hydrosilylation reactions. The molecularly level mixed carbon content of the derived SiOC can be incrementally increased by reacting PHMS with 0–40 mol% of divinylbenzene (DVB) using 5 ppm of Pt catalyst relative to PHMS. With ceramic yields exceeding 80 wt.% and a dense microstructure, the derived carbon-enriched SiOCs exhibit significantly higher chemical stability compared with other high-carbon content polymer derived ceramics. Phase separation and nanocrystallinity are inhibited to at least 1200 °C for all the evaluated samples and the materials are completely amorphous. Very fine nanocomposite microstructures are obtained at 1450 °C, consisting of 5–10 nm graphite regions and amorphous SiOC domains with no significant porosity. Synthesis and microstructure characterization of the new carbon-enriched SiOC are discussed in comparison to the sole PHMS pyrolyzed product.