cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raman Spectra of Polycrystalline CO2 and N2O

Abstract : Raman spectra were taken of polycrystalline CO2 and N2O in the lattice region at several temperatures. Each spectrum consists of three bands assigned as librational modes. The peak positions shift an average of 9% over an 80K temperature range. (Author)
Energy minimizations of rubredoxin

Abstract We have applied energy minimization to rubredoxin, a small protein whose structure has been refined to 1.5 A resolution by a crystallographic least-squares procedure, independently of conformational constraints or restraints (Watenpaugh et al., 1973). The model's geometry is flexible and all hydrogen atoms are represented. Using as starting points the unrefined and refined crystallographic structures, we have obtained two more nearly similar, albeit not identical, models of equal energy. These models have the same crystallographic R-value, halfway between R of refined and unrefined structures. Rotation of one side-chain, inclusion of a number of water molecules immediately surrounding the protein and application of constraints of crystal packing, all were found to produce small decreases of R, to a value 0.06 greater than that of the refined structure. Of the geometric constraints, planarity of the peptide group is most strongly disobeyed (root-mean-square deviation 7.6 °). Deviations of individual peptide groups correlate (correlation 0.62) with deviations in the recently refined 1.2 A structure. A model whose R-value is only 0.03 greater than that of the refined structure, at the cost of an increase of the energy by only 10 kcal per mole, was obtained by minimizing the sum of the energy and a scaled sum of weighted squares of displacements from atomic positions in the refined structure. (Weights were higher, the lower the atoms' thermal parameters.) In the energy-minimized model the details of the active site are well-represented, except that there is no evidence for unusual shortness of one FeS bond. Further minimization of a rigid model of minimum energy (which has high R) as a flexible structure, gave some decrease of R; differences in hydrogen bond pattern with the model obtained by energy minimization of the refined structure indicate that the two models correspond to different minima.
Nonlinear control of particulate processes

A general methodology is proposed for the synthesis of practically-implementable nonlinear output feedback controllers for spatially-homogeneous particulate processes modeled by population balance equations. Initially, a nonlinear model reduction procedure based on a combination of the method of weighted residuals and the concept of approximate inertial manifold is presented for the construction of low-order ordinary differential equation (ODE) systems that accurately reproduce the dominant dynamics of the particulate process. These ODE systems are then used for the synthesis of nonlinear low-order output feedback controllers that enforce exponential stability in the closed-loop system and achieve particle-size distributions with desired characteristics. Precise closed-loop stability conditions are given and controller implementation issues are discussed. The proposed nonlinear control method is successfully applied to a continuous crystallizer and is shown to outperform a proportional-integral controller and cope effectively with model uncertainty and measurement delays.
Dimerization and blue light regulation of PIF1 interacting bHLH proteins in Arabidopsis

Phytochrome Interacting Factor 1 (PIF1), a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein, functions as a negative regulator of various facets of photomorphogenesis. To indentify PIF1-interacting proteins, we performed yeast two-hybrid screening using PIF1 as a bait and identified a group of proteins including PIF1 itself, PIF3 and long hypocotyl in far-red 1 (HFR1), an atypical HLH protein. Directed yeast two-hybrid interaction assays showed that PIF1 can form heterodimers with all other PIFs as well as with HFR1. PIF1 and PIF3 interacted with each other in both in vitro and in vivo co-immunoprecipitation assays. PIF1-PIF3 heterodimer also bound to a G-box DNA sequence element in vitro. To understand the biological significance of these interactions, a pif1pif3 double mutant was obtained and characterized. Analyses of the single and double mutants showed that PIF3 plays a prominent role in repressing photomorphogenesis under continuous blue light conditions. pif1 and pif3 showed additive phenotypes more prominently under discontinuous blue light conditions. Similar to PIF1, PIF3 was also rapidly phosphorylated, poly-ubiquitylated and degraded in response to blue light. PIF3 also interacted with phytochromes in response to blue light. A PIF3 mutant defective in interaction with both phyA and phyB displayed reduced degradation under blue light, suggesting that phy-interaction was necessary for the blue light-induced degradation of PIF3. Taken together, these data suggest a combinatorial control of photomorphogenesis by bHLH proteins in response to light in Arabidopsis.
Money, inflation, and causality in the North African Countries: An empirical investigation☆

Abstract This paper tests the monetarist model of inflation in the case of the North African developing economies using the quarterly data over the period 1960 through 1980. The inflation model estimated in this paper takes into account the role of foreign interest rates in the inflationary process, determines rather than assumes the appropriate lag structure, and explores the issue of the direction of causality. The empirical results indicate that the monetarist model adequately explains the inflationary process in the countries examined.
The variability of biogenic sulfur flux from a temperate salt marsh on short time and space scales

Abstract Three emission chambers were deployed simultaneously to measure rates of emission of dimethyl sulfide, methane thiol and carbonyl sulfide within or across vegetation zones in a New Hampshire salt marsh. Short term (a few hours) variation in fluxes of all S gases from replicate sites were small within a monospecific stand of either Spartina alterniflora or S. patens . The quantity of emergent biomass and the type of vegetation present were the primary factors regulating the rate of emission. Dimethyl sulfide fluxes from the S. alterniflora soils ranged from 800 to 18,000 nmol m −2 h −1 compared to emissions of 25–120 nmol m −2 h −1 from S. patens . This difference was probably due to the presence of the dimethyl-sulfide precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate which is an osmoregulator in S. alterniflora but not in S. patens . Methane thiol emissions from S. alterniflora were 20–280 nmol m −2 h −1 and they displayed a similar diel trend as dimethyl sulfide, although at much lower rates, suggesting that methane thiol is produced primarily by leaves. Methane thiol emissions from S. patens were 20–70 nmol m −2 h −1 . Net uptake of carbonyl sulfide of 25–40 nmol m −2 h −1 occurred in stands of S. alterniflora while net efflux of 10–36 nmol m −2 h −1 of carbonyl sulfide occurred in stands of S. patens . In general, ranges of emissions of sulfur gases were similar to most other published values.
Phase partitioning and dry deposition of atmospheric nitrogen at the mid‐Atlantic U.S. coast

[1] The deposition of atmospheric nitrogen contributes significantly to total nitrogen (TN) entering U.S. coastal water bodies. Nitrogen inputs via wet deposition are well quantified but dry-deposition fluxes are uncertain. In this study, dry fluxes of major atmospheric nitrogen species (including gaseous NH3 and HNO3 and particulate NH4+, NO3−, NO2−, and organic nitrogen (ON)) were quantified during a 2-week summer sampling period at Lewes, Delaware, on the mid-Atlantic U.S. coast. Results indicate that dry deposition contributed approximately 43% to total atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Under all flow conditions, NH3(g) accounted for the largest fraction of TN dry deposition (averaging 60%); HNO3(g) and NO3− also contributed considerably (averaging 25 and 8%, respectively). During onshore flow, scavenging of HNO3(g) by sea-salt aerosols shifted the phase partitioning and relative dry fluxes of total NO3 (HNO3(g) + NO3−) toward particulate NO3−. The mass-weighted deposition velocities for particulate NO3− (associated primarily with sea-salt size fractions) were similar to those of HNO3(g). Consequently, phase changes did not substantially alter the dry-deposition fluxes of total NO3. In light of these results, dry-deposition monitoring programs at coastal locations should (1) quantify NH3(g) deposition; (2) reliably sample supermicron particles (with which most particulate NO3− is associated); and (3) apply deposition models for particulate nitrogen that are consistent with corresponding size distributions.
Technical aspects of insertion and removal of an inferior vena cava IVC filter for prophylactic treatment of pulmonary embolus

We report the successful insertion and subsequent retrieval of a Gunther-Tulip vena cava filter in a patient with an anomalous left-sided inferior vena cava, who developed a right ilio-femoral venous thrombosis prior to planned surgical resection of a right femoral osteosarcoma. The indication was for short-term prophylaxis against pulmonary embolism during manipulative leg surgery.
Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of high-dose clofarabine and busulfan and allogeneic stem cell transplantation in adults with high-risk and refractory acute leukemia

We conducted a phase I trial to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of clofarabine with high-dose busulfan followed by allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) in patients with high-risk and refractory acute leukemia. Patients received intravenous busulfan 0.8 mg/kg every 6 h on days −6 to −3 and clofarabine 30–60 mg/m2 per day on days −6 to −2. Graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis included sirolimus plus tacrolimus (days −2 to +180). A total of 15 patients, median age 48 (30–58) years, with acute leukemia that was relapsed and refractory (n=8), primary refractory (n=6), or in CR2 (n=1), were treated at four clofarabine dose levels: 30 (n=3), 40 (n=3), 50 (n=3) and 60 mg/m2 per day (n=6) with busulfan. All engrafted, and the MTD was not reached. Grades 3–4 non-hematological toxicities included vomiting (n=3), mucositis (n=9), hand-foot syndrome (n=1), acute renal failure (n=1) and reversible elevation of aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (n=10). The 1-year event-free survival was 53% (95% confidence interval: 33–86%), and the 1-year overall survival was 60% (95% confidence interval: 40–91%). Given the good tolerability and promising results, we recommend clofarabine 60 mg/m2 per day × 5 days as a phase II dose in combination with busulfan (12.8 mg per kg total dose) for further study as a myeloablative regimen for allogeneic SCT for high-risk acute leukemia.
Electronic Multi-User Randomized Circuit Training For Workout Motivation

The Electronic Multi-User Randomized Circuit Training (EMURCT) system has been developed using pervasive computing concepts to address the issues of monotony and lose of motivation in routine circuit training workouts. EMURCT is implemented with 7 PDA's (used by 7 trainees using a 7 station circuit) and 1 desktop computer that aids in the synchronization of the PDA's (i.e. preventing trainees from using the same stations simultaneously). By randomly generating station sequences and round times for each trainee, EMURCT is capable of producing a totally different workout session every time. This has the potential of keeping trainees from getting bored while undertaking a circuit training workout regimen, which could lead to abandonment of training. This approach also supports the physical training concept known as muscle confusion, which some fitness experts believe greatly enhances the physical gains for trainees. Here the development of the EMURCT System is described, and the results of preliminary performance and robustness evaluations are presented.
TRANSGLUTAMINASE MEDIATED POLYMERIZATION OF CRUDE ACTOMYOSIN REFINED FROM MECHANICALLY DEBONED POULTRY MEAT12

Transglutaminase catalyzed crosslinking was initiated in crude actomyosin (refined from surimi processed, mechanically deboned turkey meat – MDTM) at 37°C and 4°C and pH 6.0 and 7.0. Crosslinked reaction products which were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, indicated a 60% decrease in myosin monomers and a 25% increase in myosin polymers. Polymerization was favored at 37°C. At 37°C, pH did not appear to affect the crosslinking process. However, at 4°C, crosslinking appeared to be enhanced at pH 6.0 over that at pH 7.0. A positive correlation (r = 0.99 and 0.95) was exhibited between the percentage decrease in free amino groups and the decrease in myosin monomer content. Results indicate that guinea pig liver transglutaminase can be utilized to introduce covalent crosslinks in crude actomyosin refined from MDPM.
Micro determination of oxygen in organic compounds with an automatic elemental analyzer

Die Sauerstoffmikrobestimmung nach dem Prinzip von Schutze,Zimmermann, Unterzaucher bzw.Oita undConway wurde der Verwendung eines automatischen Elementaranalysengerates angepast. Dessen Elektronik braucht nicht verandert zu werden, nur der Verbrennungsteil. Die Einwaage wird bei 950° in Heliumatmosphare pyrolysiert; platinierte Kohle dient zur Konversion des Sauerstoffes in Kohlenmonoxid. Die gasformigen Reaktionsprodukte werden bei 900° uber reduziertes Kupfer geleitet, wo schwefelhaltige Verbindungen zuruckgehalten werden, dann uber Ascarite, womit saure Gase entfernt werden. Kohlenmonoxid wird dann bei 610° uber Kupferoxid oxydiert und CO2 in einer Warmeleitfahigkeitszelle gemessen. Testsubstanzen dienen zu deren Eichung fur Sauerstoff.
A new human hereditary amyloidosis: the result of a stop-codon mutation in the apolipoprotein AII gene.

Hereditary systemic amyloidosis may be caused by mutations in a number of plasma proteins including transthyretin, apolipoprotein AI, fibrinogen Aalpha-chain, lysozyme, and gelsolin. Each type of amyloidosis is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease and is associated with a structurally altered protein that aggregates to form amyloid fibrils. Here we report that the amyloid protein in a family with previously uncharacterized hereditary renal amyloidosis is apolipoprotein AII (apoAII) with a 21-residue peptide extension on the carboxyl terminus. Sequence analysis of the apoAII gene of affected individuals showed heterozygosity for a single base substitution in the apoAII stop codon. The mutation results in extension of translation to the next in-frame stop codon 60 nucleotides downstream and is predicted to give a 21-residue C-terminal extension of the apoAII protein identical to that found in the amyloid. This mutation produces a novel BstNI restriction site that can be used to identify individuals with this gene by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. This is the first report of apoAII amyloid in humans and the first mutation identified in apoAII protein. Amyloid fibril formation from apoAII suggests that this lipoprotein, which is predicted to have an amphipathic helical structure, must undergo a transition to a beta-pleated sheet by a mechanism shared by other lipoproteins that form amyloid.
Oligonucleotide immobilization using 10-(carbomethoxy)decyl-dimethylchlorosilane for mRNA isolation and cDNA synthesis on a microfluidic chip

Abstract Fabrication of microfluidic systems capable of extracting and isolating nucleic acids from biological samples and preparing them for downstream applications within the same device is of interest as on-chip sample preparation reduces the time and effort expended on multi-step benchtop procedures. A microfluidic chip capable of cell lysis, nucleic acid extraction and immobilization has been developed in our laboratory. This report focuses on substrate development and chip integration of the nucleic acid immobilization platform. The immobilization region was initially developed using poly-adenylated mRNA released from normal human lymphoblastoid cells. After immobilization, the mRNA remains functional for amplification by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) gene expression analyses. Detailed surface functionalization, chemical modification, and covalent oligonucleotide immobilization methods are described. Vapor and liquid deposition techniques for Pyrex functionalization by 10-(carbomethoxy)decyl-dimethylchlorosilane (CMDCS) were developed and an optimal method was determined for microfluidic chip application. CMDCS substrate depositions and modification were characterized by atomic force microscopy and contact angle goniometry, respectively. Oligonucleotide immobilizations and mRNA bindings were determined by fluorescence microscopy. Functional, selective platform integration within the microfluidic chip was confirmed by standard RT-PCR and qPCR systems.
Conical refraction in nonlinear optics

Abstract When a laser beam propagates along the optic axis of a nonlinear biaxial crystal, the generated harmonic radiation displays the nonlinear counterparts of internal and external conical refraction.
Modifications of the optical potential formalism arising from the pauli principle

Abstract An extension of the unsymmetrized Feshbach optical potential formalism for two-fragment elastic scattering which fully incorporates the Pauli principle is obtained. The optical potential is defined in terms of an arbitrary off-shell extension of the multichannel transition operators in such a way as to preserve the simple two-body description of the elastic scattering characteristic of the unsymmetrized formalism. This is in contrast to definitions based upon the explicit restriction of the problem to the fully antisymmetrized Hilbert space. Conditions for the occurrence of discrete singularities of the optical potential are derived and for the off-shell extension introduced by Alt, Grassberger and Sandhas it is found that these singularities are correlated with resonance structure of the scattering amplitude with the correct physical characteristics. It is shown that neither Pauli-forbidden resonance nor continuum states appear in the spectral representation of the optical potential.
Adsorption of Benzene and Methyl-Substituted Benzenes at the Vapor/Water Interface. 3. Finite Binary-Component VHOC Adsorption

Isothermal measurements (285.2, 291.2, and 298.2 K) of equilibrium aqueous solution surface tension (pressure) as a function of partial vapor-phase volatile hydrophobic organic compound (VHOC) pressure for benzene/methylbenzene, benzene/1,2-dimethylbenzene, benzene/1,3-dimethylbenzene, benzene/1,4-dimethylbenzene, and benzene/1,3,5-trimethylbenzene binary mixture pairs were made employing pendant drop tensiometry and gas chromatographic analysis. Surface pressure isotherms were developed at atmospheric pressure at three intermediate constant mole ratios for each compound pair and experimental temperature, from zero to near/at total VHOC (i.e., solute) saturated vapor pressure. Corresponding single-solute surface pressure isotherms were also measured. Analyses indicate that vapor-phase/interface-phase binary VHOC equilibrium is well described by ideal mixing equations applied to single-component surface pressure and relative interface excess isotherms. The interface phase was found to be enriched with resp...
Infrared studies of the CO-inhibited form of the Fe-only hydrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum I: examination of its light sensitivity at cryogenic temperatures.

Infrared spectroscopy has been used to examine the oxidized and CO-inhibited forms of Fe- only hydrogenase I from Clostridium pasteurianum. For the oxidized enzyme, five bands are detected in the infrared spectral region between 2100 and 1800 cm -1 . The pattern of infrared bands is consistent with the presence of two terminally coordinated carbon monoxide molecules, two terminally coordinated cyanide molecules, and one bridging carbon monoxide molecule, ligated to the Fe atoms of the active site (2Fe) subcluster. Infrared spectra of the carbon monoxide-inhibited state, prepared using both natural abundance CO and 13 CO, indicate that the two terminally coordinated CO ligands that are intrinsic to the enzyme are coordinated to different Fe atoms of the active site (2Fe) subcluster. Irradiation of the CO-inhibited state at cryogenic temperatures gives rise to two species with dramatically different infrared spectra. The first species has an infrared spectrum identical to the spectrum of the oxidized enzyme, and can be assigned as arising from the photolysis of the exogenous CO from the active site. This species, which has been observed in X-ray crystallographic measurements (Lemon, B. J., and Peters, J. W. (2000) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 3793), decays above 150 K. The second light-induced species decays above 80 K and is characterized by loss of the infrared band associated with the Fe bridging CO at 1809 cm -1 . Potential models for the second photolysis event are discussed.
Fluorometric analysis of iodinated aflatoxin in minicultures of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus

A convenient miniassay for aflatoxin has been developed for cultures ofAspergillus flavus andA. parasiticus grown for 3–10 days in 10 ml of a coconut extract medium. The sensitivity of the assay, as measured by photofluorometry (365 nm maximum excitation; 445 nm maximum emission), is of the order of 0.01 μM (3.12 ng/ml) for aflatoxin B1 dissolved in aqueous iodine (0.26 mM). High performance liquid chromatography, monitored by fluorometric analysis of both an aflatoxin B1 standard and selected culture filtrates, confirmed the sensitivity of the assay and indicated specificity for iodine-enhanced fluorescence of aflatoxin in the coconut extract medium. Thin layer chromatography further confirmed the aflatoxin titers and the specificity for enhancement of aflatoxins B1 and G1 in culture filtrates.
Amperometric microsensors for monitoring choline in the extracellular fluid of brain

Abstract Selective amperometric enzyme microsensors for monitoring low micromolar concentrations of choline in extracellular fluid of rat brain have been developed. Preparation of the choline microsensors involved the modification of carbon fiber microcylinder electrodes (10 μm diameter, 300–400 μm long) with a cross-linked redox-active gel containing horseradish peroxidase and choline oxidase. Rejection of the noise recorded from the choline microsensors implanted in living brain tissue improved the in vivo detection capabilities of the sensors. The microsensors and a differential detection scheme were used to estimate the basal concentration of choline in striatal tissue at 6.6 ± 2.9 μM and to measure changes in choline concentrations of 6.1 ± 2.7 μM in vivo. The microsensors were also used to monitor choline produced following the injections of acetylcholine in vivo. Coinjections of neostigmine and acetylcholine significantly lowered the choline response recorded with the microsensors, confirming that the response following the injections of acetylcholine alone was due to the activity of endogenous acetylcholinesterase. Comparison of the maximal rate of decrease in choline concentration following the injections of 1 mM choline and 1 mM acetylcholine was used to estimate the rate of acetylcholine clearance from extracellular fluid through cholinesterase activity at approx. 2.5 μM/min.
Generalized working sets for segment reference strings

The working-set concept is extended for programs that reference segments of different sizes. The generalized working-set policy (GWS) keeps as its resident set those segments whose retention costs do not exceed their retrieval costs. The GWS is a model for the entire class of demand-fetching memory policies that satisfy a resident-set inclusion property. A generalized optimal policy (GOPT) is also defined; at its operating points it minimizes aggregated retention and swapping costs. Special cases of the cost structure allow GWS and GOPT to simulate any known stack algorithm, the working set, and VMIN. Efficient procedures for computing demand curves showing swapping load as a function of memory usage are developed for GWS and GOPT policies. Empirical data from an actual system are included.
Paleoclimatic inferences from an isotopic investigation of groundwater in the central San Juan Basin, New Mexico

Groundwater from the Ojo Alamo and Nacimiento aquifers in the central San Juan Basin. New Mexico, has yielded 14C ages ranging from modern to 35,000 yr B.P. The Pleistocene-age samples are characterized by a stable isotope content about 25‰ lighter in D and 3‰ lighter in 18O than modern precipitation and groundwater. We attribute this difference to a colder mean annual temperature and perhaps increased winter precipitation. Consideration of various factors controlling the stable isotope composition of the groundwater allows estimation of a 5° to 7°C temperature decrease during the late Wisconsin, accompanied by increased effective precipitation. A similar estimate of the temperature change is obtained from noble-gas paleothermometry. These data support a model of moderately cooler late Pleistocene climate in the American Southwest characterized by summers with less precipitation than today, but wetter winters.
Micromagnetic calculations of eddy currents with time-varying fields

This paper extends a recently presented program for solving the eddy current problem in a cylindrical geometry, by investigating the effect of time-varying fields. When the applied field is turned off, wall motion slows by several orders of magnitude, but since the wall energy can be reduced by reducing the length of the wall, it continues to move, albeit much more slowly. Reversing the applied field has the effect of nucleating the opposite kind of wall which propagates inward and eventually annihilates the previous wall.
Purification and characterization of mojave (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) toxin and its subunits

Abstract An acidic lethal protein, Mojave toxin, has been isolated from the venom of Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus. The purified toxin had an i.v. LD50 of 0.056 μg/g in white mice. Disc polycrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH values of 9.6 and 3.8 and isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels with a pH 3.5–10 Ampholyte gradient were used to establish the presence of one major protein band. The pI of the most abundant form of the toxin was determined to be 5.5 by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing experiments. The molecular weight was established to be 24,310 daltons from amino acid composition data. Mojave toxin was shown to consist of two subunits, one acidic and one basic with isoelectric point (pI) values of 3.6 and 9.6, respectively. Amino acid analyses established molecular weights of 9593 for the acidic component and 14,673 for the basic component. The acidic subunit consisted of three peptide chains intermolecularly linked by cystine residues. The basic subunit was a single polypeptide chain with six intramolecular disulfide bonds. The basic subunit was lethal to test animals with an intravenous LD50 of 0.58 μg/g. Following recombination of the subunits a recombinant toxin was isolated which was identical to the native toxin by comparisons of electrophoretic mobility and toxicities. Comparisons of circular dichroism spectra also indicated reassociation to the native toxin structure. Phospholytic activity was associated with Mojave toxin and the basic subunit was responsible for this enzymic activity. Phospholipase activity of the basic subunit was inhibited by addition of the acidic subunit.
Strain rate and temperature dependent fracture criteria for isotropic and anisotropic metals

Abstract The newly proposed isotropic ductile fracture criterion ( Khan and Liu, 2012 ), based on the magnitude of stress vector (MSV), is further developed to include strain rate and temperature dependences. Based on new observed responses during quasi-static and dynamic shear experiments, an exponential term is included to simulate the strain rate effect on ductile fracture of Al2024-T351 alloy. The KHL hardening model type temperature dependent term is also included to correlate with the observed temperature sensitivity of the ductile fracture of Al2024-T351 alloy. These modifications allow the proposed MSV fracture criterion to simulate the ductile fracture of Al2024-T351 alloy over wide ranges of strain rate and temperature. Further, by demonstrating the influence of hydrostatic pressure on the anisotropic ductile fracture behavior of a HCP alloy (Ti–6Al–4V), a new uncoupled anisotropic ductile fracture criterion is proposed. To comprehensively consider the anisotropy and tension compression asymmetry in the Ti–6Al–4V alloy, the modified Hill anisotropic function proposed by Khan et al. (in press) , is used to describe the geometry of the anisotropic fracture loci in principal stress space. Moreover, the KHL hardening mode type strain rate and temperature terms, in power-law forms, are adopted in the new anisotropic fracture criterion to correlate the fracture strength of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy over wide ranges of strain rate and temperature. Based on measurements at different strain rates and temperatures, a systematic procedure is listed for the determination of the material constants involved in the proposed anisotropic ductile fracture criterion. Furthermore, a generalized form of the fracture criterion, which can comprehensively simulate quadratic, non-quadratic and intermediate type fracture behaviors, is proposed. Excellent correlation between proposed fracture loci and the corresponding fracture observations is demonstrated.
Evolutionary engagement in an ongoing collaborative work process: a case study

We describe a case study in which experimental collaborationtechnologies were used for over two years in the real, ongoing work process of intellectual property management (IPM) at Xerox PARC. The technologies include LiveBoardbased meeting support tools, laptop notetaking tools, digital audio recording, and workstation tools to later access and replay the meeting activities. In cooperation with the IPM manager, both the work process and the tools were continuously evolved to improve the process. We supported and observed over 60 meetings, leading to a rich set of empirical observations of the meeting activities. We note some practical lessons for this research approach.
Video-assisted thoracic surgery utilizing local anesthesia and sedation.

Objective Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) is usually performed with general anesthesia and double-lumen endotracheal intubation, but minor procedures have been carried out with patients spontaneously breathing and with epidural or regional analgesia. We have broadened our indications for VATS utilizing purely local anesthesia and sedation. Methods The medical records of all patients undergoing VATS under local anesthesia and sedation at Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center between 7/1/02 and 6/1/06 were reviewed. All procedures were performed in the operating room with patients in full lateral position; no patient had endotracheal intubation or epidural or nerve block analgesia. Results One hundred and fifteen patients, ranging in age from 21 to 88 years and in size from 40 to 172 kg, underwent 126 video-assisted thoracic operations: pleural biopsy/effusion drainage with or without talc 81, drainage of empyema 21, lung biopsy 18, evacuate hemothorax 3, pericardial window 2, biopsy chest wall mass 1. No patient required intubation or conversion to thoracotomy. Three patients who underwent lung biopsy died of their underlying disease (cytomegalovirus and pneumocystis, primary amyloidosis, metastatic cancer to contra-lateral lung) on postoperative days 18, 14, and 4, respectively. One patient developed transient renal insufficiency attributed to ketorolac. Conclusion VATS utilizing local anesthesia and sedation is well tolerated, safe, and valuable for an increasing number of indications.
Insurrection and Accommodation: Indigenous Leadership in Eastern Algeria, 1840–1900

‘If one seriously wanted to prepare the tribes for assimilation with France instead of reconstituting the government of Arabs by Arabs, would it not be wise to disorganize them, to multiply the little sheikhs and to replace the big leaders with French officers…?’ This candid question was asked by a French colon in 1847 shortly before the surrender of ‘Abd al-Qadir Ibn Mahi ad-Din, the most formidable Arab leader opposing the French establishment in Algeria. The question reflects the increasing impatience, self-confidence, and, one is forced to add, arrogance of the French colonialists. After many years of struggling against a largely indifferent French Chamber the colons had finally become a sizable and vociferous minority which could command a hearing in the halls of the Monarchie du Juillet.
Convergence analysis of adaptive linear estimation for dependent stationary processes

The convergence properties of an adaptive linear mean-square estimator that uses a modified LMS algorithm are established for generally dependent processes. Bounds on the mean-square error of the estimates of the filter coefficients and on the excess error of the estimate of the signal are derived for input processes which are either strong mixing or asymptotically uncorrelated. It is shown that the mean-square deviation is bounded by a constant multiple of the adaptation step size and that the same holds for the excess error of the signal estimation. The present findings extend earlier results in the literature obtained for independent and M-dependent input data. >
Patterns and characteristics of adolescent gambling

Minnesota youth (15 to 18-years of age) were surveyed regarding their gambling experiences and psychosocial risk status. Gambling was reported by most of the subjects, with 8.7% classified as problem gamblers. Correlates of problem gambling included school difficulties, regular drug use, delinquency, parental gambling, and being male. Adolescent gambling is conceptualized as a normal experience of youth, yet those in the problem gambling group may be particularly vulnerable to future gambling problems.
Performance evaluation of a "dual-side read" dedicated mammography computed radiography system.

The image quality of a dedicated mammographycomputed radiography(CR) system was characterized. A unique feature of this system is that it collects image signals from both sides of the storage phosphor.Measurements of the modulation transfer function(MTF),noise power spectrum (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) were made. This work included improvements in our measurement methods to specifically account for the detrimental effects of system glare on the MTF and to accurately characterize the low-frequency NPS components. Image quality measurements were performed using a 25 kVp beam filtered with 2 mm Al and an exposure range of 1 to 100 mR (87 to 870 μGy). The DQE was found to decrease with increasing exposure due to an increased contribution of storage phosphor structure noise. The DQE of this system was compared to similar measurements made using a standard CR system. The dual-side read system demonstrated superior DQE compared to the standard system. The decrease in DQE with increasing exposure was more severe for the standard system than the dual-side read system. This finding suggests that the CR system noise was reduced for the dual-side read system compared to the standard system.
Role of sucrose-phosphate synthase in sucrose metabolism in leaves.

Sucrose is formed in the cytoplasm of leaf cells from triose phosphates exported from the chloroplast. Flux control is shared among key enzymes of the pathway, one of which is sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS). Regulation of SPS by protein phosphorylation is important in vivo and may explain diurnal changes in SPS activity and carbon partitioning. The signal transduction pathway mediating the light activation of SPS in vivo appears to involve metabolites and novel “coarse” control of the protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates and activates SPS. Regulation of the phosphorylation of SPS may provide a general mechanism whereby sucrose formation is coordinated with the rate of photosynthesis and the rate of nitrate assimilation. There are apparent differences among species in the properties of SPS that may reflect different strategies for the control of carbon partitioning. The SPS gene has recently been cloned from maize; results of preliminary studies with transgenic tomato plants expressing high levels of maize SPS support the postulate that SPS activity can influence the partitioning of carbon between starch and sucrose.
Dwarfism in Diverse Genetic Backgrounds. 2. Behavior and Disease Resistance

Abstract Investigated were several behavioral and physiological traits associated with the adaptability of dwarf and nondwarf pullets in populations of White Plymouth Rocks that had undergone selection for high (HW) and for low (LW) juvenile body weight. The traits measured were “fear”, head shaking, antibody titers to sheep red blood cells, plasma corticosterone titers, and resistance to E. coli infection. The pullets were reared as floor flocks and then moved into single wire cages (46 × 30 × 46 cm) at 119 days of age in the B4 generation (1975) and 134 days of age in the B5 generation (1976). Significant line-dwarf genotype interactions were found for all traits except fear. There was significantly greater fear noted in the LW than in the HW line and in dwarf than in normal pullets in both generations. Head shaking was significantly greater for normal than for dwarf pullets in both lines in the B4 generation; however, in the B5 generation this difference was significant in the LW line only. Both generations’ antibody titers to sheep red blood cells were greater in dwarf than in normal pullets from the HW line, while no significant differences were noted between genotypes in the LW line. Percentages of mortality plus heart lesions, air sac lesions, and abnormal droppings to an E. coli challenge were greater in the HW line than in the LW line in the B4 generation. In contrast, the response to the E. coli challenge in the B5 generation was greater in the LW than in the HW line pullets. The inconsistency between generations may be explained by differences in the disease histories of the pullets as there was an outbreak of E. necatrix in the B4, but not in the B5 generation.
Non-photochemical 2+2 cycloadditions of acyclic enones and alkenes

Abstract An efficient synthesis of substituted cyclobutanes is reported via Ti(IV) catalyzed 2+2 cycloadditions of methoxymethyl vinyl ketone and methyl vinyl ketone with alkenes.
PREDICTION OF MOTOR SKILL ATTAINMENT FROM EARLY LEARNING.

Learning of a whole-body motor task (ladder test) progresses by a two-component exponential curve. The fast component lasts only 5 trials, while the slow component, established within the first 10 trials, controls the mean trend for a 60-trial learning period distributed over 6 days. Warm-up decrement is noticeable on the last 3 days. Individual differences in initial skill have relatively little relation to performance attainment after the first 3 days. Reasonably good multiple-correlational prediction of individual attainment in this task after n days of practice requires using initial skill estimates combined with learning scores that cover at least the first n/2 days of practice.
Simplicial neighbourly 5-polytopes with nine vertices

We show that there are exactly 126 combinatorially distinct simplicial, neighbourly 5-polytopes with nine vertices, and give their constructions.
Measuring learning in individual flies is not necessary to study the effects of single-gene mutations in Drosophila: a reply to Holliday and Hirsch.

Holliday & Hirsch (this issue) now agree that “Quinnet al. (1974) have demonstrated learning [inDrosophila] with group data, and their inability to identify individual differences (IDs) in performance does not invalidate their conclusion that some individuals in the population must have learned.” However, they consider it important, if not necessary, to show that anindividual fly has learned. In response to Holliday and Hirsch, this paper discusses why it is not necessary to measure learning in individual fruit flies before searching for underlying biochemical mechanisms.
Nonexotic Neutral Gauge Bosons

We study theoretical and experimental constraints on electroweak theories including a new color-singlet and electrically neutral gauge boson. We first note that the electric charges of the observed fermions imply that any such ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ boson may be described by a gauge theory in which the Abelian gauge groups are the usual hypercharge along with another $U(1)$ component in a kinetic-diagonal basis. Assuming that the observed quarks and leptons have generation-independent $U(1)$ charges, and that no new fermions couple to the standard model gauge bosons, we find that their $U(1)$ charges form a two-parameter family consistent with anomaly cancellation and viable fermion masses, provided there are at least three right-handed neutrinos. We then derive bounds on the ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ mass and couplings imposed by direct production and Z-pole measurements. For generic charge assignments and a gauge coupling of electromagnetic strength, the strongest lower bound on the ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ mass comes from Z-pole measurements, and is of the order of 1 TeV. If the new $U(1)$ charges are proportional to $B\ensuremath{-}L,$ however, there is no tree-level mixing between the Z and ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}},$ and the best bounds come from the absence of direct production at CERN LEP II and the Fermilab Tevatron. If the $U(1)$ gauge coupling is one or two orders of magnitude below the electromagnetic one, these bounds are satisfied for most values of the ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ mass.
Surgical outcomes of DSAEK in patients with prior Ahmed glaucoma drainage device placement.

PurposeTo study the surgical outcomes of Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) in eyes with previous Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation.MethodsRetrospective chart revie...
p-adaptive numerical methods for particle transport

Abstract A p-adaptive method is applied to the discrete ordinates form of the mo-noenergetic transport equation in one dimension. Discontinuous spatial discretizations of arbitrary accuracy are generated in a finite element context using the computer algebra program MAPLE. Source code for the high order methods is produced automatically by MAPLE and then implemented in a discrete ordinates neutral particle transport code in an adaptive fashion. The degree, p, of the polynomial representation used on a mesh cell is varied during the course of the source iterations and the corresponding order of accuracy increased or decreased according to some selected tolerance specification. The accuracy and other numerical properties of the method are investigated and the results of numerical computations are presented.
The lifetime of singlet oxygen (1Δg) in heavy water, a revised value

Abstract The lifetime of singlet oxygen in neutral D2O at 20°C has been determined to be 32 μs by the observation of the decay of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran in sodium dodecyl sulphate and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles following a concentration pulse of singlet oxygen produced by laser flash photolysis of an oxygenated solution of methylene blue.
Trickle Irrigation of Vegetables: Water Conservation Without Yield Reduction

ABSTRACT To evaluate sprinkler and trickle irrigation efficiencies for high yield and quality of vegetable crops, a trial was established with snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), pepper (Capsicum annuum), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), on a silt loam soil in central Iowa. The soil organic matter level was 3.1%, and the water holding capacity 10 inches (25 cm) for the top five feet (1.5 m) of soil. The trickle irrigation system was superior to the sprinkler system for yield and quality for pepper and tomato, and the two irrigation systems were equivalent for snap bean production. The 30% trickle irrigation water level, as a percentage of sprinkler applied, maintained top yields; thus saving 70% of the water quantity. Tensiometer readings could be used to schedule the trickle irrigation system by establishing set points for beginning and ending the cycle.
Implementing atomic sequences on uniprocessors using rollforward

This article presents a software-only solution to the synchronization problem for uniprocessors. The idea is to execute atomic sequences without any hardware protection, and in the rare case of preemption, to roll the sequence forward to the end, thereby preserving atomicity. One of the proposed implementations protects atomic sequences without any memory-accesses. This is significant as it enables execution at CPU-speeds, rather than memory-speeds. The benefit of this method increases with the frequency at which atomic sequences are executed. It therefore encourages the building of systems with fine-grained synchronization. This has the additional advantage of reducing average latency. Experiments demonstrate that this technique has the potential to outperform even the best hardware mechanisms. The main contribution of this article is to discuss operating-system related issues of rollforward and to demonstrate its practicality, both in terms of flexibility and performance.
Synthesis of Methylenebis(Phosphonate) Analogues of 2-, 4-, and 6-Pyridones of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

The synthesis of metabolically stable methylenebis(phosphonate) analogues of 2-, 4-, and 6-pyridones of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is reported. In contrast to natural pyrophosphates, these NAD analogues are able to penetrate the cell membrane and can be used as probes in cellular assays.
Treating adolescent drug abuse: a randomized trial comparing multidimensional family therapy and cognitive behavior therapy

Aim To examine the efficacy of two adolescent drug abuse treatments: individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) andmultidimensionalfamilytherapy(MDFT).Design A2(treatmentcondition)x4(time)repeated-measuresintent- to-treat randomized design. Data were gathered at baseline, termination, 6 and 12 months post-termination. Analyses used latent growth curve modeling. Setting Community-based drug abuse clinic in the northeastern United States. Participants A total of 224 youth, primarily male (81%), African American (72%), from low-income single-parent homes (58%) with an average age of 15 years were recruited into the study. All youth were drug users, with 75% meeting DSM-IV criteria for cannabis dependence and 13% meeting criteria for abuse. Measurements Five outcomes were measured: (i) substance use problem severity; (ii) 30-day frequency of cannabis use; (iii) 30-day frequency of alcohol use; (iv) 30-day frequency of other drug use; and (v) 30-day abstinence. Findings Both treatments produced significant decreases in cannabis consumption and slightly significant reductions in alcohol use, but there were no treatment differences in reducing frequency of cannabis and alcohol use. Significant treatment effects were found favoring MDFT on substance use problem severity, other drug use and minimal use (zero or one occasion of use) of all substances, and these effects continued to 12 months following treatment termination. Conclusion Both interven- tions are promising treatments. Consistent with previous controlled trials, MDFT is distinguished by the sustainability of treatment effects.