cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supercritical fluid fractionation of fish oil esters using incremental pressure programming and a temperature gradient

Incremental pressure programming was demonstrated to be an effective technique for increasing the yield of 90% pure allcis-5,8,11,14,17-ethyl eicosapentaenoate (EPA) in the fractionation of urea-crystallized fish oil ethyl esters using supercritical fluid CO2. The fractionations, which also produced high purity allcis-4,7,10,13,16,19-ethyl docosahexaenoate (DHA), were performed using a column temperature gradient. In initial experiments, the maximum temperature of the superimposed gradient was 80°C, and processing pressures ranged from 1900–2200 psi. By reduction of processing pressures, comparable yields of EPA were obtained from fractionations in which the maximum temperatures in the gradient were 70°C and 60°C.
Feminine voices inscribing Sarraute's Childhood and Kingston's The Woman Warrior

(1992). Feminine voices inscribing Sarraute's Childhood and Kingston's The Woman Warrior. Textual Practice: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 101-118.
Metabolic activity during the degenerative and early regenerative stages of minced skeletal muscle.

In the rat, autotransplanted minced skeletal muscle undergoes degenerative changes prior to the regeneration of a whole muscle. In this study, both the degenerative and early regenerative processes were examined using histochemical procedures for the localization of glycogen, neutral lipid, phosphorylase, lactate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and non-specific esterases. Glycogen and phosphorylase activity disappeared in all muscle fibers within 24 hours after mincing. Vascular injections of ink demonstrated that during the second to tenth days after mincing a central ischemic zone of degenerating minced muscle was surrounded by a vascularized zone of regenerating muscle. Lactate dehydrogenase staining persisted during the first week in the degenerating muscle fragments of the central zone. This latter histochemical observation was supported by quantitative evidence which showed that degenerating muscle isolated from the central zone of four day regenerates produced lactic acid in the presence of glucose. Cytochrome oxidase activity decreased rapidly in the degenerating muscle while succinic dehydrogenase persisted somewhat longer. Although non-specific esterases and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were not significant in normal muscle, they were histochemically detectable in degenerating muscle during the first week. The capacity for anaerobic metabolism apparently persists in the degenerating minced muscle for several days; this energy source may be sufficient to maintain the myogenic cells in an environment of degeneration and ischemia until they become reassociated with a vascular supply.
A general proof for overlapped multiple-bit scanning multiplications

Because of recent advances in technology, multibit scanning implementations can be considered that exceed three-bit and four-bit groupings. The generalized proof for the multibit overlapped scanning multiplication is introduced, and the multiplication process is discussed. The proofs are intended to establish the correctness of the decode and the actions taken to produce the multiplication of any valid scheme proposed in the past, and to dictate the correct decode and actions taken for any overlapped s-bit scanning algorithm such that s is a natural number greater than or equal to two. The multiplication is considered to be between two fractional numbers, which are represented in two's-complement form. >
Loss or reduction of Fhit expression in renal neoplasias: correlation with histogenic class.

Abstract Involvement of the 3p14.2 region of chromosome 3 in kidney cancers was suggested 20 years ago, when a reciprocal constitutional translocation, t(3;8)(p14.2;q24), was shown to segregate with bilateral clear cell renal carcinoma in 3 generations of 1 family. The FHIT gene that is interrupted at 3p14.2 by the t(3;8) translocation has been isolated, characterized, and shown to be frequently altered, mainly by internal deletion, in carcinomas or cancer-derived cell lines of the lung, stomach, pancreas, esophagus, cervix, and colon. Although up to 90% of sporadic clear cell renal carcinomas, representing ∼70% of adult renal carcinomas, exhibit loss of FHIT alleles, FHIT gene alterations have been documented for only a few renal cell carcinoma-derived cell lines. Nevertheless, more than 50% of clear cell carcinomas were recently shown to express little or no Fhit protein, unlike the normal kidney tubule epithelium, which is uniformly strongly positive for Fhit expression. We have extended our immunohistochemical study of expression of Fhit protein to the spectrum of histopathologic subtypes of adult renal tumors. There is an apparent continuum of Fhit expression from the 100% strongly positive oncocytomas through mostly positive papillary and chromophobe to the mostly negative clear cell and sarcomatoid to the negative or predominantly negative collecting duct renal carcinomas. This pattern of diminishing Fhit expression correlates with reported frequency of 3p allele loss in renal carcinomas and may parallel the potential for aggressive behavior of tumors, as suggested by the abundant Fhit expression in the benign oncocytomas and the near absence of Fhit expression in sarcomatoid and collecting duct RCCs.
Clinical accuracy of RIFLE and Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria for acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery

The RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss of kidney function, and end-stage renal failure) classification for acute kidney injury (AKI) was recently modified by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN). The two definition systems differ in several aspects, and it is not clearly determined which has the better clinical accuracy. In a retrospective observational study we investigated 4,836 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass from 2005 to 2007 at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. AKI was defined by RIFLE and AKIN criteria. Significantly more patients were diagnosed as AKI by AKIN (26.3%) than by RIFLE (18.9%) criteria (P < 0.0001). Both definitions showed excellent association to outcome variables with worse outcome by increased severity of AKI (P < 0.001, all variables). Mortality was increased with an odds ratio (OR) of 4.5 (95% CI 3.6 to 5.6) for one class increase by RIFLE and an OR of 5.3 (95% CI 4.3 to 6.6) for one stage increase by AKIN. The multivariate model showed lower predictive ability of RIFLE for mortality. Patients classified as AKI in one but not in the other definition set were predominantly staged in the lowest AKI severity class (9.6% of patients in AKIN stage 1, 2.3% of patients in RIFLE class R). Potential misclassification of AKI is higher in AKIN, which is related to moving the 48-hour diagnostic window applied in AKIN criteria only. The greatest disagreement between both definition sets could be detected in patients with initial postoperative decrease of serum creatinine. Modification of RIFLE by staging of all patients with acute renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the failure class F may improve predictive value. AKIN applied in patients undergoing cardiac surgery without correction of serum creatinine for fluid balance may lead to over-diagnosis of AKI (poor positive predictive value). Balancing limitations of both definition sets of AKI, we suggest application of the RIFLE criteria in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
Numerical solution of the symmetric riccati equation through riccati iteration

This paper presents a new method for solving the symmetric algebraic Riccati equation from optimal control. The new method employs ‘Riccati iteration’ as used for time-scale decoupling in structural vibration problems. The rate of convergence of the algorithm is governed by the relative separation of small and large eigenvalues in the shifted Hamiltonian equations. If this ratio of eigenvalues is less than one, the algorithm is globally convergent. Riccati iteration is demonstrated for a set of 8th-order linear-quadratic regulator problems, and preliminary timing and accuracy comparisons are presented.
Fibrinogen adsorption onto microwave plasma chemical vapor deposited diamond films

This study investigates the haemocompatibility of diamond films and attempts to correlate the results to structural characteristics and surface termination. The samples evaluated consisted of polycrystalline and nanocrystalline diamond films, single crystal diamond, titanium and silicon. Raman spectroscopy detailed the sp and sp bonding configurations while surface morphology 32 was imaged using atomic force microscopy. Initial contact angles of deionized water were obtained using the sessile drop method. Samples exposed to a hydrogen plasma, and thus hydrogen terminated, became more hydrophobic while samples oxidized by a nitric acid etch became more hydrophilic. The adsorption process of the human protein fibrinogen was then studied on each of the samples. The water contact angle for the MPCVD and single crystal diamond samples did not change, indicating little protein adsorption. Titanium and silicon samples became more hydrophilic as a result of adhered fibrinogen protein. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A composite measure for the evaluation of mental workload

Physiological measures have found reliable sensitivity to the variation of mental efforts to tasks of different difficulty levels. The sensitivity needs to be enhanced for further application. This paper proposed a composite measure consisting of three physiological measures, facial skin temperature, eye blinks and pupil dilation. The facial skin temperature will be measured by an infrared camera. One dimensional iris image will be used for the measurement of eye activities. All measurement will be done in real-time and unobtrusively. A preliminary experiment will be conducted for each measure to demonstrate their sensitivity. The combination then will be accomplished by factor analysis and regression analysis. Last, the analysis will focus on the improvement in sensitivity from the combination of individual measures.
Conformational changes in the solution structure of the dengue virus 5' end in the presence and absence of the 3' untranslated region.

Dengue virus (DENV) is an ∼10.7-kb positive-sense RNA virus that circularizes via RNA-RNA interactions between sequences in the 5′ and 3′ terminal regions. Complementarity between the cyclization sequence (CS) and the upstream AUG region (UAR) has been shown to be necessary for viral replication. Here, we present the solution structure of the 5′ end of DENV type 2 in the presence and absence of the 3′ end. We demonstrate that hybridization between the 5′ and 3′ CSs is independent of the UAR while the 5′ UAR-3′ UAR hybridization is dependent upon the 5′ CS-3′ CS interaction.
Interactions of Drosophila Cbl with epidermal growth factor receptors and role of Cbl in R7 photoreceptor cell development

The human proto-oncogene product c-Cbl and a similar protein in Caenorhabditis elegans (Sli-1) contain a proline-rich COOH-terminal region that binds Src homology 3 (SH3) domains of proteins such as the adapter Grb2. Cb1-Grb2 complexes can be recruited to tyrosine-phosphorylated epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors through the SH2 domain of Grb2. Here we identify by molecular cloning a Drosophila cDNA encoding a protein (Drosophila Cbl [D-Cbl]) that shows high sequence similarity to the N-terminal region of human c-Cbl but lacks proline-rich sequences and fails to bind Grb2. Nonetheless, in COS-1 cells, expression of hemagglutinin epitope-tagged D-Cbl results in its coimmunoprecipitation with EGF receptors in response to EGF. EGF also caused tyrosine phosphorylation of D-Cbl in such cells, but no association of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase was detected in assays using anti-p85 antibody. A point mutation in D-Cbl (G305E) that suppresses the negative regulation of LET-23 by the Cbl homolog Sli-1 in C. elegans prevented tyrosine phosphorylation of D-Cbl as well as binding to the liganded EGF receptor in COS-1 cells. Colocalization of EGF receptors with both endogenous c-Cbl or expressed D-Cbl in endosomes of EGF-treated COS-1 cells is also demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy. In lysates of adult transgenic Drosophila melanogaster, GST-DCbl binds to the tyrosine-phosphorylated 150-kDa torso-DER chimeric receptor. Expression of D-Cbl directed by the sevenless enhancer in intact Drosophila compromises severely the development of the R7 photoreceptor neuron. These data suggest that despite the lack of Grb2 binding sites, D-Cbl functions as a negative regulator of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in the Drosophila eye by a mechanism that involves its association with EGF receptors or other tyrosine kinases.
Smoking Induces Glomerulosclerosis in Aging Estrogen-Deficient Mice through Cross-Talk between TGF-β1 and IGF-I Signaling Pathways

Smoking is a known risk factor for the progression of chronic kidney diseases. However, its independent contribution to the development of ESRD and the underlying molecular mechanism have not been well elucidated. Although the risk for ESRD is higher in postmenopausal women according to the US Renal Data System, the number of women who smoke is on the rise worldwide. Therefore, the effects of smoking and estrogen status on glomerular function and structure were studied in female B6 mice that were ovariectomized at 3 (young) and 15 mo (aged) of age. The mice received either 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) replacement or placebo (Pla) and were divided further into groups that were exposed to cigarette smoke (S) and not exposed (NS). Six months of exposure to smoke had no effect on young mice, although aging S/Pla mice exhibited a phenotype of increased albumin excretion associated with a moderately increased glomerular collagen type IV deposition compared with NS/Pla mice. S/Pla mice also had a two-fold increase in glomerular TGF-beta, Smad3, and IGF-I receptor mRNA expression compared with the NS group. Mesangial cells that were isolated from S/Pla mice had an increase of IGF-I receptor protein, and IGF-I stimulated a TGF-beta reporter construct promoter three-fold. This was blocked by pretreatment with a neutralizing antibody to IGF-I, LY294002 (phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor) or a dominant negative Smad construct. In addition, Smad3 activation was stimulated by IGF-I and blocked by LY294002, suggesting cross-talk between Smad and the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/AKT pathways. The smoking phenotype was reversed by E(2) replacement. In conclusion, smoking induces a phenotype in E(2)-deficient mice that is characterized by activation and cross-talk between the TGF-beta1 and IGF-I signaling pathways.
Effects of tobacco smoking on human ocular smooth pursuit

Objective Test the hypothesis that nicotine-induced nystagmus results in reduced ocular smooth performance and pupil diameter in tobacco smokers. Methods Twenty nonsmokers (age range, 20 to 45 years; mean age ± SE, 31.5 ± 1.7 years) and 14 smokers (age range, 17 to 50 years; mean age ± SE, 30.6 ± 2.6 years) were studied after a minimum of 2 hours of tobacco abstinence. Subjects were studied before and immediately after they inhaled air through a sham cigarette or after they smoked one of their preferred brand of cigarettes, respectively. Results A very small, consistent, and statistically significant increase in smooth pursuit was found with both eyes to a 15 degrees per second moving target after one tobacco cigarette was smoked. This was due to improvement in left and not right eye smooth pursuit. The nonsmokers had no significant change in 15 degrees per second pursuit after sham smoking. Nonsmokers and smokers did not differ in left eye 6 degrees per second smooth pursuit before or after sham or tobacco smoking. The changes in right eye 6 degrees per second smooth pursuit were inconsistent and differed at various times between the two groups. During the smooth pursuit task the pupil diameter of the nonsmokers increased, but there was no change in the tobacco smokers. Black subjects had smaller baseline pupils than white subjects, unrelated to smoking status. Conclusions Contrary to the hypothesis, tobacco smokers had a very small but significant improvement in left eye pursuit but no change in pupil diameter. Race-related differences in baseline pupil diameter were similar in both nonsmokers and smokers. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1997) 61, 349–359; doi:
Homology and Homoplasy: A Philosophical Perspective

Homology refers to the underlying sameness of distinct body parts or other organic features. The concept became crucial to the understanding of relationships among organisms during the early nineteenth century. Its importance has vacillated during the years between the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species and recent times. For much of the twentieth century, homology was regarded as nothing more than evidence of common descent. In recent times, however, it has regained its former importance. It is regarded by advocates of evolutionary developmental biology as a source of evidence for developmental constraint, and evidence for biases in phenotypic variation and the commonalities in organic form. The recent growth in understanding of developmental genetics has made possible a new theory about the mechanical causes of homology, which was impossible under the naive views regarding genetic causation that were available during most of the twentieth century. This new theory, proposed by Gunter Wagner (2007), states that homologies of character are due to the development of a certain kind of genetic regulatory network called a character identity network. Key Concepts: For much of the twentieth century, the concept of homology was regarded as secondary in importance to adaptation, with homology regarded as merely the evidence for common ancestry. Recent advances in molecular biology and developmental genetics have enhanced the importance of homology, and it has regained the importance that it had during the nineteenth century. One might expect homologous characters to develop from identical embryological precursors, but this is not correct; paradoxically, homologous traits can have distinct embryological origins. This ‘paradoxical’ fact about homology has led to great frustration among those who have attempted to explain the developmental basis of homology. Recent developments in developmental genetics may have given us a way to explain the ‘paradoxical’ nature of homology. Keywords: homology; homoplasy; unity of type; archetype; evolutionary developmental biology; typology; developmental constraint; character; gene regulatory network
A Spatial Model of Effectiveness Criteria: Towards a Competing Values Approach to Organizational Analysis

This paper presents a framework for organizational analysis. The empirically derived approach does not emerge from the observation of actual organizations, but from the ordering, through multivariate techniques, of criteria that organizational theorists and researchers use to evaluate the performance of organizations. In a two-stage study, organizational theorists and researchers were impaneled to make judgments about the similarity of commonly used effectiveness criteria. The model derived from the second group closely replicated the first, and in convergence suggested that three value dimensions control-flexibility, internal-external, and means-ends underlie conceptualizations of organizational effectiveness. When these value dimensions are juxtaposed, a spatial model emerges. The model serves a number of important functions. It organizes the organizational effectiveness literature, indicates which concepts are most central to the construct of organizational effectiveness, makes clear the values in which the concepts are embedded, demonstrates that the effectiveness literature and the general literature on organizational analysis are analogues of one another, and provides an overarching framework to guide subsequent efforts at organizational assessment.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients With Mild Coronary Artery Disease and Endothelial Dysfunction

Background—Coronary endothelial dysfunction is characterized by vasoconstrictive response to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine. Although endothelial dysfunction is considered an early phase of coronary atherosclerosis, there is a paucity of information regarding the outcome of these patients. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the outcome of patients with mild coronary artery disease on the basis of their endothelial function. Methods and Results—Follow-up was obtained in 157 patients with mildly diseased coronary arteries who had undergone coronary vascular reactivity evaluation by graded administration of intracoronary acetylcholine, adenosine, and nitroglycerin and intracoronary ultrasound at the time of diagnostic study. Patients were divided on the basis of their response to acetylcholine into 3 groups: group 1 (n=83), patients with normal endothelial function; group 2 (n=32), patients with mild endothelial dysfunction; and group 3 (n=42), patients with severe endothelial dys...
Valve-sparing excision of aortic valve papillary fibroelastoma

DOI:€10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.12.053 J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;131:1177-1178 Walker Parsia A. Vagefi, Nathan R. Bates, Leon M. Ptaszek, Mark S. Adams and Jennifer D.Valve-sparing excision of aortic valve papillary fibroelastoma http://jtcs.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/131/5/1177 located on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is
Determining Molecular Similarity for Drug Discovery using the Wavelet Riemannian Metric

Discerning the similarity between two molecules is a challenging problem in drug discovery as well as in molecular biology. The importance of this problem is due to the fact that the biochemical characteristics of a molecule are closely related to its structure. Therefore molecular similarity is a key notion in investigations targeted at understanding existing molecules as well as in guiding the synthesis of new molecules. Additionally, the notion of molecular similarity plays a central role in structure query-retrieval. This paper presents a Wavelet-based Riemannian metric for determining molecular similarity. The proposed metric extends traditional molecular similarity measures in terms of its ability to capture and compare nonlinear molecular descriptors, thus allowing more accurate characterization of the true nature of the factors involved. Furthermore, owing to its metric properties and wavelet nature, this similarity measure supports highly efficient query-retrieval strategies. To compare graph-based molecular representations using the wavelet-based Riemannian metric, the paper uses a two-phase molecular graph matching strategy. In the first step, an efficient nonlinear graph-matching technique based on the graduated assignment algorithm is used to obtain a preliminary correspondence between molecular graphs in terms of their topological characteristics. Starting from this correspondence, the second stage directly optimizes the proposed metric on arbitrary molecular descriptors using a branch-and-bound search strategy. Various experiments, many in comparative settings, study the retrieval performance of this similarity formulation and underline its efficacy and efficiency.
The value of compressed air energy storage with wind in transmission- constrained electric power systems

Abstract In this work, we examine the potential advantages of co-locating wind and energy storage to increase transmission utilization and decrease transmission costs. Co-location of wind and storage decreases transmission requirements, but also decreases the economic value of energy storage compared to locating energy storage at the load. This represents a tradeoff which we examine to estimate the transmission costs required to justify moving storage from load-sited to wind-sited in three different locations in the United States. We examined compressed air energy storage (CAES) in three “wind by wire” scenarios with a variety of transmission and CAES sizes relative to a given amount of wind. In the sites and years evaluated, the optimal amount of transmission ranges from 60% to 100% of the wind farm rating, with the optimal amount of CAES equal to 0–35% of the wind farm rating, depending heavily on wind resource, value of electricity in the local market, and the cost of natural gas.
A behavioral economic analysis of the relative persistence of behavior: comment on Meisch (2000)

This commentary examines and reinterprets the concept of relative persistence in drug self-administration studies, described by R. A. Meisch (2000), in behavioral economic terms. Over the past several years, investigators in the behavioral sciences have successfully applied consumer demand theory to the study of drug abuse and addiction. The economic concept of demand elasticity (i.e., the changes in the amount of a commodity demanded as a function of changes in price) and the concept of unit price are described in detail, and this commentary shows these concepts provide an alternative interpretation to the relative persistence of behavior. The application of the behavioral economic approach to understanding abuse potential of putative drugs of abuse, in development of medications for drug addiction and in characterizing the transition from drug use to drug addiction, is discussed.
Development of a physics-based target shooting game to train amputee users of multijoint upper limb prostheses

For upper limb amputees, learning the control of myoelectric prostheses is difficult and challenging. Introduction of newer prostheses with multiple degrees of freedom controlled by various neural commands will make such training even more difficult. To produce smooth and human-like movements, the user must learn to produce multiple neural commands with precise amplitude and timing. To aid in training of the amputee users, we have developed a realistic and motivating virtual environment (VE) consisting of a physics-based target shooting game. The users' neural commands such as EMG, cortical neural activity, or voluntary movements of the residual limbs can be used to control the movement of a simulated prosthesis to point and shoot at virtual targets. In addition to the visual, sound, and performance feedback of the resulting movement, the game provides reaction forces in contact points that can be used to drive haptic displays. The timing measurements show that the physics-based simulation and rendering can be executed in real time in readily available PC systems. The target shooting game was developed in musculoskeletal modeling software (MSMS) that has been developed in our laboratory and is freely available for development of similar virtual training applications.
Management tradeoffs in anti-virus strategies

This study evaluates current management and security practices with respect to computer virus infestations in business computer systems. Given the rise in macro viruses within recent years many business firms have adopted either a restrictive or proactive management approach to the problem. It is unclear whether there is a significant difference between the approaches in terms of user satisfaction and future virus outbreaks. The lack of consistent computer backup procedures tends to exacerbate a virus outbreak. The cost structure used to address virus management tends to escalate depending on the severity of a virus episode.
Relationship Between Fiber and Yarn Strength

A theoretical approach is adopted in this paper based on the existing literature in order to present an explicit relationship between the strengths of fibers and yarns. This provides a relatively simple method for quick estimation of staple yarn strength, while avoiding some limitations of an empirical method. The CV values of the strengths are given as well. The effects of important factors such as fiber variation, fiber length and thickness, yarn twist, and yarn packing density are considered, and some are discussed in detail. The results are verified by previously published data.
Evaluating the effects of upstream lakes and wetlands on lake phosphorus concentrations using a spatially-explicit model

Lake phosphorus concentrations are strongly influenced by the surrounding landscape that generates phosphorus loads and water inflow to lakes, and the physical characteristics of the lake that determine the fate of these inputs. In addition, the presence, connectivity, and configuration of upstream lakes and wetlands likely affect downstream lake phosphorus concentrations. These freshwater landscape features have only sometimes been incorporated into phosphorus loading models, perhaps because of the need for spatially-explicit approaches that account for their location and hydrologic configuration. In this paper, we developed a lake phosphorus concentration model that includes three modules to estimate phosphorus loading, water inflow, and phosphorus retention, respectively. In modeling phosphorus loading and water inflow, we used a spatially-explicit approach to address their export at sources and their attenuation along flow-paths. We used 161 headwater lakes for model calibration and 28 headwater lakes for model validation. Using the calibrated model, we examined the effects of upstream lakes and wetlands on downstream lake phosphorus concentrations. To examine the effects of upstream lakes, we compared the output of the calibrated model for three additional datasets (208 lakes in total) that contained increasing area of upstream lakes. To examine the effect of upstream wetlands, we used the calibrated model to compare flow-path cell series that contained wetlands and those that did not. In addition, we simulated catchments in which all wetlands were converted to forest and recalculated downstream lake phosphorus concentrations. We found that upstream lakes decreased the phosphorus concentrations in downstream lakes; and, counter-intuitively, we found that wetlands increased phosphorus concentrations in most downstream lakes. The latter result was due to the fact that although wetlands reduced phosphorus loads to downstream lakes, they also reduced water inflow to downstream lakes and thus increased the phosphorus concentration of inflows to lakes. Our results suggest that when modeling lake phosphorus concentrations, freshwater features of the landscape and their spatial arrangement should be taken into account.
Physical Activity Patterns and Preferences Among Latinos in Different Types of Public Parks

Background: Centers for Disease Control (CDC) data suggest that Latinos are less likely to be physically active and more likely to be overweight and suffer from resulting complications than are Whites and that within the Latino population, Latina women are especially at risk. Therefore, promoting physical activity among Latinos, and understanding gender participation patterns within that population, is particularly important. One strategy for encouraging physical activity is to promote active uses of public parks. Methods: A national, multiyear, multisite study funded by the USDA Forest Service sought to understand use of public parks by Latinos and Latinas in Los Angeles, Minneapolis, and Chicago. Results: More than 50% of our sample visited parks to engage in physical activity, and in part, activity choice was related to gender. Furthermore, nearly half of all respondents walked to city park sites, whereas few or none walked to state or regional park sites. Conclusions: Our data suggest that Latinos are...
Chapter 4: Needing to Make Room for Change: A Theology of Aging and Life

SUMMARY Building upon concepts drawn from Process Theology, this article suggests a practical theological approach to aging that recognizes the changing patterns of life, especially among older persons. Insights drawn from literature, philosophy, psychology, and scripture are included.
A Method for Incorporating Probability into Fertilizer Recommendations

M UCH has been written on the problem of incorporating weather into crop production functions. This has been especially true at the aggregate level as economists have attempted to explain the effects of weather and technology on increases in agricultural output over the course of time [4]. At the micro level, agronomists and economists have also attempted to explain variation in yields between years as a function of weather in agronomic experiments where the same treatments have been applied over a number of years [2]. The purpose of this paper is to describe how simulation techniques can be used in agronomic-economic research to predict, on a probability basis, optimum levels of fertilizer application when drought is considered to be a random variable. In his decision-making process prior to planting, the farmer is actually simulating in his own mind the possibilities of expected outcomes for various levels of fertilizer use to arrive at an "optimal" rate for his own particular conditions.
Bottom-up GGM algorithm for constructing multilayered hierarchical gene regulatory networks that govern biological pathways or processes

Multilayered hierarchical gene regulatory networks (ML-hGRNs) are very important for understanding genetics regulation of biological pathways. However, there are currently no computational algorithms available for directly building ML-hGRNs that regulate biological pathways. A bottom-up graphic Gaussian model (GGM) algorithm was developed for constructing ML-hGRN operating above a biological pathway using small- to medium-sized microarray or RNA-seq data sets. The algorithm first placed genes of a pathway at the bottom layer and began to construct a ML-hGRN by evaluating all combined triple genes: two pathway genes and one regulatory gene. The algorithm retained all triple genes where a regulatory gene significantly interfered two paired pathway genes. The regulatory genes with highest interference frequency were kept as the second layer and the number kept is based on an optimization function. Thereafter, the algorithm was used recursively to build a ML-hGRN in layer-by-layer fashion until the defined number of layers was obtained or terminated automatically. We validated the algorithm and demonstrated its high efficiency in constructing ML-hGRNs governing biological pathways. The algorithm is instrumental for biologists to learn the hierarchical regulators associated with a given biological pathway from even small-sized microarray or RNA-seq data sets.
SQUARE ROOT STATE ESTIMATOR FOR LARGE SPACE STRUCTURES

Square Root Kalman filtering algorithm is developed for Large Space Structures which are modeled by second-order continuous-time finite dynamic models augmented by a discrete-time measurement process. The algorithm is based on the spectral decomposition of the estimation error covariance matrix into its V-A factors, where V is the matrix whose columns are the covariance eigenvectors and A is the diagonal matrix of eigenvalues. The filter consists of a continuous time-update stage and a discrete messurement update stage. In the time- update stage a weighted eigenvector matrix is used instead of using V directly, to avoid the inversion of the mass matrix during the numerical integration process. The measurement update is based on the SVD technique, for which there exist today extremely reliable and efficient algorithms. Using the orthogonality property of the covariance eigenvectors, an orthogonalization step is optionally added at the exit from the time-update stage, to enhance the filter accuracy.
Epitaxial CoSi2/Porous-Si Strained Layer Structres Grown by Mbe

CoSi 2 epitaxial layers with thickness ranging from 24 nm to 170 nm have been grown onto porous Si substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The X-ray rocking curves and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to examine the strain relaxation and interface quality. Backscattering with channeling is used to characterize the crystallinity of the epilayers. The results show that it is necessary to grow a thin buffer Si layer in order to improve the interfacial sharpness and crystallinity of the epilayers; near perfect crystallinity is then obtained as the thickness of the CoSi 2 films exceed 50 nm. TEM results reveal that both CoSi 2 /Si and CoSi 2 /porous-Si interfaces are flat and layer thickness is uniform. It is found by TEM that the dislocation density of CoSi 2 grown on porous Si is much lower than that on single-crystal Si. For thin CoSi 2 grown on porous Si, the TEM and strain measurement results imply that part of the film is pseudomorphic where no dislocations are observed. Average strains of CoSi 2 films grown on porous Si substrates with thicknesses greater than 30 nm show a lower strains comparing to that on crystalline Si. This suggests that by using porous Si as substrates the stress energy in the epilayer can be accommodated by the Si buffer layer that bridged over the trenches of porous Si.
False Negative Tests for Urinary Glucose in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid

Ascorbic acid may inhibit the glucose oxidase paper tests when present in a concentration as low as 10 mg. per 100 ml. The presence of an interfering reducing agent can be detected by adding one drop of 500 mg. per 100 ml. glucose to the test area previously dipped in the urine specimen. The incidence of false negative enzyme strip tests detected in our hospital was 1.2%. The false negative reactions are followed up with a copper reduction test, but results should be carefully interpreted, inasmuch as both glucose and ascorbic acid can give positive results.
N-Demethylation of N-14C-Methyl-codeine in Morphine Tolerant and Nontolerant Rats and Mice

SummaryN-Demethylation of codeine by morphine tolerant male rats decreased significantly as compared to nontolerant male rats to the level of nontolerant female rats; whereas in the nontolerant female rats, female mice, and tolerant male mice, it was not changed.
Evidence of prehistoric corn (Zea mays) and hickory (Carya spp.) planting in New York City: Vegetation history of Hunter Island, Bronx County, New York'

LOEB, R. E. (Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Milwaukee Area Technical College, Milwaukee, WI 532331443). Evidence of prehistoric corn (Zea mays) and hickory (Carya spp.) planting in New York City: Vegetation history of Hunter Island, New York. J. Torrey. Bot. Soc. 125:74-86. 1998.-The fossil pollen record of Mishow Marsh, Hunter Island, Bronx County, New York City provides evidence of corn (Zea mays) planting between 1075 and 1285 A. D. Arboreal pollen changes, about the time of corn planting cessation, indicate Siwanoy native Americans planted the field with hickory (Carya spp.). Dutch and English colonial settlers protected forests in the locale to maintain a source of wood and for feeding livestock, however, the Island's forest was cut for the British Navy during the American Revolution. Soon after 1812, John Hunter created a gentleman's farm on the Island including forested tracts along the shores and on field edges. Following the purchase of Hunter Island in 1888, the New York City Parks Department supported social agencies clearing trees in field edges to build campgrounds as well as along the south shore to form a beach. In 1908, the chestnut blight eliminated American chestnut (Castanea dentata) from the forest and soon afterward, a hickory bark beetle infestation decimated the hickory population. An arboreal survey in 1934 showed that the Mishow Marsh watershed contained a field and a forest dominated by oak (Quercus spp.) and yellow poplar (Liriodendron Tulipifera). The Island was converted to a day use picnic area in 1943, which removed all the woody plants with stems less than ten centimeters in diameter. Reduced funding after 1964 led to picnic facilities removal which increased forest redevelopment on the Island. A resurvey of the Mishow Marsh watershed in 1988 revealed oak and yellow poplar remained dominant in the old forest and a hickory and sassafras (Sassafras albidum) stand grew in the field.
Active constriction and dilatation in pulmonary circulation in response to acetylcholine.

Summary and conclusionsThe effects of acetylcholine on pulmonary vascular bed of intact dogs were studied in an experiment in which the drug could be excluded from the systemic circulation. While larger doses (usually greater than 0.1 mg) injected into the pulmonary artery were followed by increased pulmonary vascular resistance, smaller doses lowered pulmonary vascular resistance. Exclusion of extrapulmonary factors indicated active pulmonary vasoconstriction and vasodilatation. The larger doses also caused bronchomotor activity. However, the lack of intratracheal pressure changes with pulmonary vasodilating doses of acetylcholine or vasoconstricting doses of norepinephrine, and the absence of pulmonary hypertension with nebulization of acetylcholine indicated that pulmonary vascular resistance alterations were not dependent upon changes in bronchomotor tone.
Effect evaluation of integrated intervention for transient children's immune vaccination in Rugao City

Objective To evaluate the effect of intervention for transient children's immune vaccination in Rugao.Methods Twenty towns were selected to take part in the survey for transient children ages ranged from 0-6 years in May every year from 2008(baseline survey) to 2011.Setting cards rate of annual immune vaccination,vaccination rate and knowledge rate of parents' awareness were investigated,meanwhile the integrated intervention on immune vaccination and effects assessment were conducted.Results By comparison of the results before and after the intervention,setting cards rate increased from 65.00% to 98.96%,coverage rates of BCG,OPV,PDT,Measles Vaccine and Hepatitis B Vaccince increased from 61.90 to 96.97%,parents' konwledge rate raised from 11.49% to 43.06%,respectively.There were all statistical meaningful differences(P0.01) that had been shown.Conclusion The comprehensive intervention has achieved remarkable effects on raising setting cards rate,vaccination rate and parents' awareness of vaccination knowledge.
Professor Yang Shengmao and the Chinese Understanding of the American History

Prof. Yang is one of the few gatekeepers of the American history research in China. Three generations of the Chinese students of American history have benefited greatly from his research, writings, teaching and thinking on American history. The topics he pioneered, the approaches he explored, the questions he asked, the ideals he pursued, the career he committed, all will become a lasting legacy on the Chinese scholarship on American history studies and will be transferred as a precious heritage of the Chinese historiography.
A correlation-maximization denoising filter used as an enhancement frontend for noise robust bird call classification.

In this paper, we propose a Correlation-Maximization denoising filter which utilizes periodicity information to remove additive noise in bird calls. We also developed a statistically-based noise robust bird-call classification system which uses the denoising filter as a frontend. Enhanced bird calls which are the output of the denoising filter are used for feature extraction. Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) and Hidden Markov Models (HMM) are used for classification. Experiments on a large noisy corpus containing bird calls from 5 species have shown that the Correlation-Maximization filter is more effective than the Wiener filter in improving the classification error rate of bird calls which have a quasi-periodic structure. This improvement results in a 4.1% classification error rate which is better than the system without a denoising frontend and a system with a Wiener filter denoising frontend.
Brand Soul in Higher Education: A Case Study of a U.S. University’s GO program

In this chapter we investigate a key factor in the branding process model – Brand Soul – as it is applied and embodied in a Higher Education Institution, and especially the impact of Brand Soul on the educational institution’s international marketing efforts. Brand Soul, defined as “the essence or fundamental nature – the authentic energy – of a brand” refers to the positive ways key internal stakeholders perceive and live the organization’s brand (Williams, 2012). The Brand Soul concept is strongly linked to stakeholder involvement, resources, and internal marketing. It also underscores the possible negative consequences when service organizations do not include employees and other internal stakeholders as co-creators during strategic brand management decisions that involve revitalizing, refocusing, renaming, or retiring activities. In particular, we analyze the Global Opportunities (GO) program at a leading U.S. university, and how it helps align the institution’s brand identity activities with the consumer’s brand image. We explore the components of GO in terms of its effect on the institution’s Brand Soul, and how an HEI’s brand soul can become an effective tool in the international marketing of higher education.
Prognosis of Ischemic Stroke: The U.K. Experience

The outcome of 128 children diagnosed with ischemic stroke at Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, between 1990 and 1996, was evaluated first, by a parental questionnaire and subsequently, with physiotherapist and occupational therapist ratings of motor and behavioral function, and quantitative measures of cognitive function by a neuropsychologist.
Thyroglobulin in Lymph Node Aspirate

Lymph node involvement in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer is an important finding and typically requires further therapy beyond thyroidectomy. While fine-needle aspiration cytology has been considered the gold standard for diagnosis, studies on resected lymph nodes have shown a high rate of false-negative results. Measurement of thyroglobulin in washout fluid from the needle used for aspiration cytology has shown an increased ability to recognize nodal involvement by thyroid cancer. Most studies have used 0.5 mL of saline to wash out the needle, although larger amounts of saline and different fluids have also been used without a discernible difference in diagnostic performance, although matrix effects should be explored. Plain tubes should be used to collect fluid, since false-negative results have been rarely observed with other collection tubes. Since immunometric assays have been used, the possibility of high-dose hook effect causing falsely low results should be evaluated, but has not been to date. Thyroglobulin levels over 1 μg/L (ng/mL) have most commonly been used as the cutoff for considering results indicative of nodal involvement, although there is no consensus on the best cutoff value, and some data suggest that higher cutoff values should be used in lymph node aspirates from patients who have not yet undergone thyroidectomy. The presence of thyroglobulin or heterophile antibodies in serum does not seem to affect results, although this has not been extensively evaluated, and at least two cases with false-negative results revealed after recombinant TSH stimulation have been reported. Diagnostic performance overall typically shows sensitivities and specificities well over 95 %.