cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Constraint Model Of Attrition

Helmbold demonstrated a relationship between a ratio containing initial force sizes and casualties, herein called the Helmbold ratio, and the initial force ratio in a large number of historical battles. This paper examines some of the complexity of the Helmbold ration using analytical nd simulation techniques and demonstrates that a constraint model of attrition captures some aspects of historical data. The effect that the constraint model would have on warfare modeling is uncertain. However, some speculation has been attempted concerning its use in large scale simulations.
Screening and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from ophthalmology clinic surfaces: a proposed surveillance tool.

� PURPOSE: To screen environmental surfaces of an outpatient ophthalmic clinic for methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA); to identify the most commonly contaminated surfaces and to phenotype and genotype all collected isolates. � DESIGN: A single institution, 1-year prospective environmental study. � METHODS: Commonly touched surfaces in examination rooms and common areas were targeted and sampled on a quarterly basis for 1 year. Samples were collected using electrostatic cloths and swabs. S. aureus was isolated using nonselective and selective media. Morphologic characteristics and standard biologic testing were used to confirm staphylococcal species. S. aureus isolates were phenotypically (Kirby-Bauer method) and genotypically characterized (mecA confirmation, SCCmec typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis). Dendrogram analysis was used to establish genetic relatedness between the isolates. � RESULTS: Of 112 total samples, 27 (24%) and 5 (4%) were MSSA- and MRSA-positive, respectively. Both community-associated (SCCmec IV, USA300) and hospital-associated(SCCmec II, USA100)MRSAisolates were found. No single surface remained consistently positivewiththesameisolateovertime,andmolecularanalysis demonstratedhighlevelsofdiversityamongisolates.Doorknobs, slit-lamp headrests and chinrests, and computer keyboards were commonly found to be contaminated. � CONCLUSIONS: The proposed surveillance protocol successfully allowed the detection of both MSSA and MRSA contaminating important high-touch surfaces in a representative ophthalmology clinic. Frequently contaminated surfaces must be targeted for routine cleaning and disinfection because there is a constant
Vasectomies: Who's Having Them ... and Why?

Means of increasing vasectomy's acceptance for contraceptive purposes are examined cross-culturally. Given the questionable value of this method as a primary agent for reducing population growth, emphasis is placed on vasectomy's appropriateness as a family planning measure in multifaceted health and social welfare programs created to accomplish the goals of a given community.
X-Ray Computed Microtomography Studies of Fluid Partitioning in Drainage and Imbibition Before and After Gel Placement: Disproportionate Permeability Reduction

Summary X-ray computed microtomography (XMT) was used to establish why pore-filling Cr(III)-acetate-HPAM gels reduced permeability to water much more than to oil. Our results suggest that permeability to water was reduced to low values because water must flow through gel itself, whereas oil pressing on the gel in Berea sandstone or porous polyethylene forced pathways by dehydration—leading to relatively high permeability to oil. In very permeable sandpacks, data from other researchers support ripping or extrusion mechanisms for creating oil pathways. Our XMT studies provide interesting insights into imbibition and drainage processes in water-wet and oil-wet porous media even before gel placement. Many of our observations were consistent with conventional wisdom. However, some were unexpected. Residual wetting-phase (water) saturations in Berea were surprisingly low-valued in small pores. We attribute this to surface roughness caused by clay coating on Berea’s pore walls, which allowed efficient water drainage from small pores during oil injection.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

A transient, multi-dimensional model has been developed to simulate proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The model accounts simultaneously for electrochemical kinetics, current distribution, hydrodynamics and multi-component transport. A single set of conservation equations valid for flow channels, gas-diffusion electrodes, catalyst layers and the membrane region are developed and numerically solved using a finite-volume-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. The numerical model is validated against published experimental data with good agreement. Subsequently, the model is applied to explore hydrogen dilution effects in the anode feed. The predicted polarization cubes under hydrogen dilution conditions are found to be in qualitative agreement with recent experiments reported in the literature. The detailed two-dimensional electrochemical and flow/transport simulations further reveal that in the presence of hydrogen dilution in the fuel stream, hydrogen is depleted at the reaction surface resulting in substantial kinetic polarization and hence a lower current density that is limited by hydrogen transport from the fuel stream to the reaction site.
Rural community-dwelling elders' reports of access to care: are there Hispanic versus non-Hispanic white disparities?

CONTEXT: Consumer reports can provide useful information about the dimensions of access in need of improvement for particular population subgroups. PURPOSE: To determine if there are Hispanic versus non-Hispanic white disparities in rural elders' reports of their health care access. METHODS: A telephone survey was conducted among 2,097 rural community-dwelling elders in West Texas. Dependent variables included reports of the ability to obtain care (see personal doctor/nurse, see specialist, obtain help over phone, and obtain transportation to the clinic) and reports of the ability to obtain care without a long wait (get help over the phone without a long wait, see provider for illness/injury when wanted, see provider for routine care when wanted, and have short office waiting times). Independent variables included predisposing, enabling, and need factors. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. FINDINGS: In univariate logistic analyses, Hispanics had worse reports of their ability to always/ usually see their personal doctor, see a specialist, obtain transportation to the clinic, see a doctor for illness/injury when wanted, and see a doctor for routine care when wanted. When adding enabling factors to the models, only reports of the ability to see a doctor for illness or injury and for routine care when wanted remained significant. CONCLUSIONS: Though the rural medical care system may need to target directly Hispanics to improve their timely access to acute and routine care, the enhancement of health insurance coverage may lead to improved access to personal doctors and specialists among all rural elders. Language: en
Important laws governing China's macro-economy

This paper presents economic laws that are valid for China's macro-economy from 1952 to 2013 in spite of the many institutional changes during this period. The laws include a consumption function based on the adaptive expectations hypothesis of Friedman (1957) or the rational expectations hypothesis of Hall (1978), an investment function derived from the accelerations principle and the roles of government expenditure and money supply. It extends the analyses of Chow (1985, 2010 and 2011) to cover longer periods and study additional issues.
Tungsten Ditelluride: a layered semimetal

Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) is a transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) with physical and electronic properties that make it attractive for a variety of electronic applications. Although WTe2 has been studied for decades, its structure and electronic properties have only recently been correctly described. We experimentally and theoretically investigate the structure, dynamics and electronic properties of WTe2, and verify that WTe2 has its minimum energy configuration in a distorted 1T structure (Td structure), which results in metallic-like transport. Our findings unambiguously confirm the metallic nature of WTe2, introduce new information about the Raman modes of Td-WTe2, and demonstrate that Td-WTe2 is readily oxidized via environmental exposure. Finally, these findings confirm that, in its thermodynamically favored Td form, the utilization of WTe2 in electronic device architectures such as field effect transistors may need to be reevaluated.
Erythroid Nuclear Irregularities: a Review of Fetal and Neonatal Autopsies and Correlation with Clinical Features

In our autopsy experience, abnormal erythroblast nuclear contours are frequently observed in the stillborn fetus or neonate without marrow failure disorders. Bone marrow and liver slides from autopsies of fetuses and infants less than six months of age were analyzed for the percent erythroblasts with nuclear irregularities, and correlated with gestational age at birth, days of life, cause of death, postmortem interval, presence of hydrops, and hematocrit at death. In total, 77 cases had sufficient marrow or liver erythroblasts for review, including 37 stillborns and 40 liveborns. Erythroid nuclear irregularities in >10% of erythroid precursors were present in either the liver or marrow in 54% of stillborns and 68% of liveborns, more com- monly seen in the liver. Cases with 10% abnormal erythroblasts in the liver were more likely to have died in utero, whereas those with less were more com- monly terminations (p=0.008). No significant association between the extent of abnormal erythroblasts and the presence of anemia or hydrops was observed. While the finding of erythroblasts with nuclear irregulari - ties is common in stillborns and liveborns and could be solely a postmortem artifact, we cannot exclude a potential fetal erythropoietic response to hypoxic stimuli. Dyspoietic-appearing erythroblasts alone should not be used as the basis for the diagnosis of a marrow failure disorder at autopsy.
The f-wave Riemann Solver for Meso- and Micro-Scale Flows

The design and implementation of the f-wave approximate Riemann solver for timedependent, three-dimensional mesoand micro-scale atmospheric flows is described in detail. The resulting finite volume scheme is conservative and has the ability to resolve regions of steep gradients accurately. Positivity of scalars is also guaranteed by applying the total variation diminishing (TVD) condition appropriately. The Riemann solver employs flux-based wave decomposition (f-waves) for the calculation of Godunov fluxes and does not require the explicit definition of the Roe matrix to enforce conservation. This is an important property in the context of atmospheric flows since the Roe matrix for hyperbolic conservation laws governing atmospheric flows cannot be constructed. The other important feature of the Riemann solver is its ability to incorporate source term due to gravity without introducing discretization errors. Again, in the context of atmospheric flows this is an important advantage. In addition, the scheme requires no explicit filtering or grid staggering for stability. To the best of author’s knowledge, this is the first implementation of a Godunov-type scheme for mesoand micro-scale atmospheric flows in three dimensions.
Abstract 1540: Targeting PI3K/mTOR inhibitor induced survival programs abrogates resistance to cell death in ECM-attached cancer cells

Alterations in the PI3-kinase pathway are common in breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer and are thought to serve as major drivers of proliferation and survival. Multiple compounds targeting PI3-kinase pathway are currently in clinical trials. We have examined the sensitivity of ovarian and breast tumor cell lines to dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors in 3D tumor spheroid assays. Interestingly, tumor cells in the center of the spheroids that are not attached to matrix are generally highly sensitive to NVP-BEZ235 and undergo apoptosis, whereas those in contact with matrix are highly resistant. In order to understand the basis for the differential sensitivity to NVP-BEZ235 and to identify candidate targets to abrogate this resistance, we performed reverse phase protein array of tumor spheroids treated with NVP-BEZ235. While NVP-BEZ235 inhibited known downstream targets of PI3K/mTOR, there was significant up-regulation of multiple proteins known to regulate cell survival including IGF1R, p-EGFR and several Bcl-2 family members. This response raised the question whether combined inhibition of PI3K/mTOR and any of the induced proteins would sensitize the matrix-attached cells. Interestingly, inhibition of Bcl-2 by ABT737 caused widespread apoptosis in the 3D structures, but only in combination with NVP-BEZ235. In addition, matrix-resistance was abrogated by combined treatment with NVP-BEZ235 and inhibition of EGFR or knockdown IGF1R. These results indicate that inhibition of PI3K/mTOR leads to induction of several protective pathways and that suppression of these pathways can significantly enhance sensitivity to PI3K/mTOR targeted therapies. In addition, these studies suggest a rational approach to the development of combination therapies – that is, through identification of drug-induced survival pathways and targeting these pathways in combination. Our current efforts center on investigating the mechanisms of PI3K/mTOR inhibition resistance and addressing the efficacy of the dual treatment in preclinical models. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1540. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1540
Preservation of the Urethral Plate in Hypospadias Repair: Extended Applications and Further Experience with the Onlay Island Flap Urethroplasty

AbstractThe onlay island flap urethroplasty, a variant of the transverse preputial (tubularized) island flap, was originally described for repair of anterior hypospadias. However, many cases of mid and proximal hypospadias have a well developed urethral plate and exhibit little or no chordee after release of skin tethering. Patients with this combination of findings are ideal candidates for onlay island flap urethroplasty regardless of initial meatal position. During the last 5 years the onlay island flap has been used for repair of mid to posterior hypospadias in 31 patients (38% of the cases). These are variants that formerly would have required more extensive urethroplasty. Because of the technical advantages of the onlay island flap this alteration in technique selection has resulted in fewer complications. When applied to mid and posterior hypospadias the onlay island flap maintained a significantly lower complication rate (10%) compared to other standard techniques. Preservation of the urethral plat...
Genomic Landscape of Brain Tumors

The use of next-generation sequencing technologies has transformed our understanding of the molecular pathways driving the formation of central nervous system tumors. Tumor classification, once based primarily on observable histopathologic findings, is increasingly based on molecular characteristics, including driver somatic gene mutations, genomic stability, epigenetic changes, and gene expression profiles. These markers define clinically relevant entities that relate to anatomic location, response to therapy, and overall survival. The major categories of both adult and pediatric brain tumors are addressed here with a focus on the identifying genomic findings, their relationship to molecular pathways, and their implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and, ultimately, treatment.
The Columbia-Bronx VA amalgamative clerkship: an effective, 12-week, integrated, longitudinal clinical experience

ABSTRACTBackground: Many medical schools have adopted the longitudinal integrated clerkship (LIC) model in response to calls for increased continuity in clinical learning environments. However, because of implementation challenges, such programs are not feasible at some institutions or are limited to a small number of students.Objective: In January 2014, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons (P&S) recognized the need to explore different LIC formats and began offering four, 12-week amalgamative clerkships (AC). Students within this curricular track experienced primary care, internal medicine ‘away’, orthopedic surgery, urology, and an elective in an integrated format.Design: P&S developed the AC in partnership with the James J. Peters VA Medical Center in Bronx, NY (BVA). All patient care and educational conferences took place at the BVA during the 12-week experience. The learning objectives of the AC were aligned to the learning objectives of a 52-week LIC also offered at Columbia. An ev...
Practitioner Guide to Publication in the Rural Special Education Quarterly

Editors and staff of the Rural Special Education Quarterly (RSEQ) provide practitioners in the field of rural special education with practical knowledge of the criteria and procedures needed for su...
Trends and Outcomes of Early Versus Late Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Placement in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: Nationwide Population-based Study

Background:Oral intake for traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients is often not an option because of facial trauma, swallowing dysfunctions, altered consciousness, etc. These patients often require percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) placement for nutrition support. To date, there is lack of stu
What Role Do We Expect Secondary Master Reading Teachers to Play

In this article, we explore and identify the varied roles that have been assigned over time to the master reading teacher at the secondary level. Despite the fact that there are fewer master reading teachers (MRTs) at the secondary level, they are often required to take on even more responsibilities than MRTs at the elementary level. Secondary MRT roles have included working as a reading interventionist and instructor, reading coach, and school liaison to homes and community. Additionally, secondary MRTs also take on the role of content/disciplinary reading expert. Based on our literature review, we argue that the wide-ranging and multi-faceted roles assigned to the secondary MRT may not be the best deployment of responsibilities. We suggest that the roles of the secondary MRT be re-examined for the purpose of defining specific and limited roles and responsibilities to be assigned to these professionals so as to maximize their effectiveness within those identified domains of responsibility.
Towards smart manufacturing process selection in Cyber-Physical Systems

Abstract Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are becoming increasingly important in manufacturing due to the digitization of the industry driven by advances in technology and connectivity. However, the variation of process selection criteria, both geometric and non-geometric, across the main groups of manufacturing processes, i.e., additive, subtractive, and deformation, makes it difficult to implement smart manufacturing process sequence selection which is an essential step toward achieving an autonomous CPS. This paper presents a conceptual solution to process selection called Constraint Satisfaction Problem for Manufacturing (CSP4M) which leverages current engineering design methods and architectures.
Developing learning objects for engineering and science fields: using technology to test system usability and interface design

Technology is changing the landscape of learning and teaching in US higher education. The use of virtual worlds enables engineering and technology programs to implement software programs such as second life, open simulator, or Lumiya to enhance what they may currently already have. Additionally, virtual worlds can add a more dynamic environment in the online classroom for multiple platforms such as the personal computer (PC), wearable's, and mobile devices. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of these programs to include how to implement these items into an engineering course. Further detailed in this article is how to incorporate Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) documentation and other design guidelines for the projects. Included in this document is a detailed layout of a simulated environment as well as various approaches to structuring and organisation for classroom activities.
Coalitional integration of wind turbines via cooperative energy trading in distributed power system

The intermittent nature of many renewable energy resources gives the challenge to the coordination of modern electric power grids. The vision to sequestrate fossil fuel (e.g., coal, natural gas, etc.) power plants accelerates the occupation of fluctuating sources which introduces instability in power systems. The reduction of grid vulnerability is becoming more important for reliable grid operation as the increasing penetration of renewable energy. For this purpose, a cooperative game frame is developed in this paper and the coalitions among the traditional and distributed sources are formed to mitigate the system power fluctuations and to increase spinning reserve for operational flexibility by minimizing real power losses on distribution lines. A game theory based algorithm is proposed to increase the penetration of renewable energy while maintaining system generation constraints, voltage constraints, and AC power flow constraints. The Shapley value based coalition algorithm in each area is used for distributing the transferable utility among coalition players fairly. Finally, the simulation results on IEEE-39 bus test system show that the strategy based on coalition game theory accommodates substantial amount of variable wind penetration and leads to a reduction of real power losses with respect to base results.
Ex-vivo Imaging of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Using Novel pH Low Insertion Peptide (Variant 3), a Molecular Imaging Probe.

Abstract Objective To improve visualization of upper tract urothelial carcinomas. Previous studies using the novel pH low insertion peptide (pHLIP) variant 3 (Var3) conjugated to indocyanine green (ICG) have demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for imaging of bladder urothelial carcinoma. Here, we describe a novel approach for the imaging of upper tract urothelial carcinomas using ICG-Var3 pHLIP. Methods Twelve ex-vivo upper urinary tract specimens were irrigated with ICG-Var 3 pHLIP for 15 minutes and then examined using a white light laparoscopic camera followed by near infrared fluorescent (NIRF) imaging using a Stryker 1588 AIM imaging system. Standard histopathologic evaluation was performed and findings were correlated with white light and ICG-Var3 NIRF imaging. One patient who underwent radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma was used as a negative control. Results Nineteen lesions were identified on histopathologic evaluation in 10 patients, including 82% high-grade urothelial carcinoma and 18% low-grade urothelial carcinoma. Nineteen (100%) malignant lesions were identified using NIRF imaging, while 15 (78.9%) lesions were identified using conventional white light examination. The sensitivity of ICG-Var3 pHLIP NIRF imaging was 100% compared to 78.9% white light examination. Both modalities are 100% specific. Benign collecting systems and ureters did not show uptake of the pHLIP construct. Conclusion In this feasibility study, the ICG-Var3 pHLIP imaging agent demonstrated superior diagnostic performance compared to conventional white light examination. While additional studies are required for validation and in-vivo translation, pHLIP-based imaging represents a promising tool to improve the evaluation and management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
Arabic and Islamic Studies

This chapter starts by raising the issue of the toll that the obvious and pernicious exclusion of Muslim students’ culture (such as the exclusion of Islamic practices in public schools and the absence and/or slanted view of Muslim students’ culture in the curriculum) can take on parents and students. Bourget then examines the curriculum used by each school for the subjects not (typically) offered in public schools, namely Arabic and Islamic studies. During field work conducted in 2016 and 2018, she examined materials used and conducted class observations for these subjects. She shows how the traditional field of Islamic education has been adapted to build both national and religious identities among French Muslim students, and how these classes participate in the making of a French Islam.
“It Is Likely a White Gene”: Racial Voyeurism and Consumption of Black Mothers and “White” Babies in Online News Media:

Focusing on media reports of black women who give birth to “white” children, this study asks: What can we learn about popular understandings of race from the fascination with births of “white” babi...
Abstract 056: Racial Differences in Length of Stay and Hospital Expenses in Hypertension and Pregnancy

Introduction: Per a 2019 CDC report, pregnancy-related complications constituted approximately 700 deaths per year in the United States with cardiovascular disease being a primary driver of these d...
The Integration of Research from Diverse Fields: Transdisciplinary Approaches Bridging Behavioral Research, Cognitive Neuroscience, Pharmacology, and Genetics to Reduce Cancer Risk Behavior

This chapter highlights a transdisciplinary behavioral science research program that merges concepts and tools from the fields of behavioral science and cognitive neuroscience. A series of discoveries by this team converged on the importance of working memory-related brain activity in smoking cessation, culminating in a neuroimaging-based biomarker of smoking relapse. This body of work has enabled identification of cognitive and neural mechanisms as potential therapeutic targets for novel behavior change interventions for tobacco dependence and overeating/obesity. The authors will describe their work bridging these fields, highlighting strategies for promoting transdisciplinary research.
Melanoma of ocular, mucosal, and genital sites: Epidemiology and survival outcomes.

9051 Background: Melanomas arising from noncutaneous sites are rare entities with poorly defined staging, prognosis and no evidence-based treatment guidelines. Methods: We analyzed melanoma cases i...
Evidence Based on the Internal Structure of the Instrument: Factor Analysis

Up to this point, the relationship between affective characteristics and their translation into mathematical structure has been largely theoretical. Chapter 4 is a notable departure from previous chapters in that all the methodological approaches and techniques require data collected from a sample of participants from the instrument developer’s target group. The purpose of Chapter 4 is to introduce the most effective and accepted methods for understanding the internal structure of instruments developed to measure affective characteristics. The internal structure of an instrument is the empirically defined mathematical relationship between the proposed latent construct(s) and the items observed variables in the instrument. This mathematical relationship is commonly understood as dimensionality—and the empirical evidence needed to understand the dimensionality of the proposed instrument can only be supplied by a sample of “real” subjects. Chapter 4 largely addresses with a family of techniques known as factor analysis. The chapter specifically discusses two techniques commonly employed in the process of understanding the internal structure of an instrument. The chapter provides an overview of both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis and explains their utility and usage within the instrument development process.
Monitoring local order in the liquid-X interface

We offer a comparison of two different characterizations of favored local structure in an inhomogeneous liquid, using as vehicles simulations of the interfaces between a Lennard-Jones liquid and: (...
Local excision and chemoradiation for clinical node-negative anal adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Background Given the lack of consensus in the surgical treatment of anal adenocarcinoma, practice-patterns demonstrate utilization of organ-preserving techniques. The adequacy of local excision compared to abdominoperineal resection (APR) as a surgical approach for stage II disease is unknown. Our study examines the utilization of local excision in the treatment of stage II anal adenocarcinoma, rates of R0 resection, and differences in overall survival compared to APR. Materials and methods Using the National Cancer Database (2004–2016), we retrospectively analyzed patients diagnosed with clinical stage II anal adenocarcinoma who received chemoradiation and surgery. Patient cohorts were assigned based on the surgical procedure they received. Propensity score matching was used to offset selection bias and confounding factors. Treatment approach, pathologic margin status, and overall survival were assessed. Results Overall, 359 patients underwent resection of clinical stage II anal adenocarcinoma and received chemoradiation therapy. Of these patients, 87 (24%) underwent local excision, whereas 272 (76%) received an abdominoperineal resection. In a propensity score-matched cohort, patients who underwent local excision were less likely to achieve an R0 resection (40% vs 90%), and more likely to receive adjuvant instead of neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Overall survival was not significantly different between the propensity-matched groups. Surgical approach and pathologic margin status were not independently associated with overall survival. Conclusions Among patients with clinical stage II anal adenocarcinoma who received chemotherapy and radiation, complete resection was significantly less likely with local excision compared to abdominoperineal resection, however, overall survival was not affected. Prospective studies of neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by local excision are warranted.
The ‘Parcel as a Whole’ in Context: Shifting the Benefits and Burdens of Economic Life – Or Not

This paper traces the history of the "parcel as a whole" analysis from its beginnings in the Penn Central decision to 2014, illustrating the many diverse views in the lower federal courts, which may be resolved only by a definitive Supreme Court decision.
Rights Metadata in a Community Archive: Implementing Standardized Rights Statements

Rights metadata in digital collections play an important role in indicating the copyright status of digitized objects and providing users with information in terms of reuse. Describing the copyrigh...
Optimal Paths for Progressive Aircraft Subsystem Electrification in Early Design

The push for more-electric aircraft (MEA) has motivated numerous studies to quantify and optimize the impact of subsystem electrification in early design phases. Past studies on multi-objective opt...
The Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer: A Review of On-Orbit Sensor Performance, Data, Operations, and Science.

Measurements from NASA's Van Allen Probes have transformed our understanding of the dynamics of Earth's geomagnetically-trapped, charged particle radiation. The Van Allen Probes were equipped with the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometers (MagEIS) that measured energetic and relativistic electrons, along with energetic ions, in the radiation belts. Accurate and routine measurement of these particles was of fundamental importance towards achieving the scientific goals of the mission. We provide a comprehensive review of the MagEIS suite's on-orbit performance, operation, and data products, along with a summary of scientific results. The purpose of this review is to serve as a complement to the MagEIS instrument paper, which was largely completed before flight and thus focused on pre-flight design and performance characteristics. As is the case with all space-borne instrumentation, the anticipated sensor performance was found to be different once on orbit. Our intention is to provide sufficient detail on the MagEIS instruments so that future generations of researchers can understand the subtleties of the sensors, profit from these unique measurements, and continue to unlock the mysteries of the near-Earth space radiation environment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11214-021-00855-2.
The relation between teacher and child race, teacher perceptions of disruptive behavior, and exclusionary discipline in preschool

Abstract In preschool, Black children are overrepresented in percentages of children suspended or expelled. Teachers' perceptions of and responses to children displaying disruptive behavior may be different depending on the race of the teacher and child. Although teacher-child race match is associated with a number of outcomes in K-12 students, research examining these links in preschool is limited. This study examined whether teachers' reported trajectories of children's disruptive behavior and use of discipline practices varied depending on teacher and child race in a sample of 349 preschoolers and their 144 teachers. Results indicated that teacher and child race were associated with teachers' ratings of children's disruptive behavior and reported use of exclusionary discipline practices.
Detection of glutathione thiyl free radical catalyzed by prostaglandin H synthase present in keratinocytes. Study of co-oxidation in a cellular system.

We report here the application of the electron spin resonance technique to detect free radicals formed by the hydroperoxidase activity of prostaglandin H synthase in cells. Studies were done using keratinocytes obtained from hairless mice. These cells can be prepared in large number and possess significant prostaglandin H synthase activity. Initial attempts to directly detect free radical metabolites of several amines in cells were unsuccessful. A technique was developed based on the ability of some free radicals formed by prostaglandin hydroperoxidase to oxidize reduced glutathione (GSH) to a thiyl radical, which was trapped by 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO). Phenol and aminopyrine are excellent hydroperoxidase substrates for this purpose and thus were used for all further experiments. Using this approach we detected the DMPO/GS* thiyl radical adduct catalyzed by cellular prostaglandin hydroperoxidase. The formation of the radical was dependent on the addition of substrate, inhibited by indomethacin, and supported by either exogenous arachidonic acid or endogenous arachidonic acid released from phospholipid stores by Ca2+ ionophore A-23187. The addition of GSH significantly increased the intracellular GSH concentration and concomitantly stimulated the formation of the DMPO/GS* thiyl radical adduct. Phenol, but not aminopyrine, enhanced thiyl radical adduct formation and prostaglandin formation with keratinocytes while both cofactors were equally effective in incubations containing microsomes prepared from keratinocytes. These results suggest that prostaglandin hydroperoxidase-dependent co-oxidation of chemicals can result in the intracellular formation of free radical metabolites.
Antigen specific T cell hybrids--II. T cell hybrids which bind azobenzenearsonate.

Abstract T cell hybrids which express specificity for azobenzenearsonate (ABA) have been developed and analysed. Somatic cell hybrids were prepared between BW 5147, a thioguanine resistant AKR mouse T lymphoma and antigen-plate enriched T cells from ABA-mouse gamma globulin immunized A/J mice. Cells which grew in selective medium expressed both parental forms of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and Thy l. T cell hybrids formed rosettes with antigen conjugated sheep and mouse erythrocytes which were inhibited by pre-exposure of the hybrid cells to soluble ABA-human serum albumin but not ovalbumin. T cell hybrids, in contrast to ABA B cell hybrids which were also studied here, did not rosette with antigen coupled human erythrocytes. T cell hybrids which were subcloned on agar maintained their rosetting activity, even to the extent of its inhibition by soluble antigen. These studies set the foundation for future experiments on the molecular analysis of surface membranes and products of antigen-specific T cell hybrids.
SU-E-I-15: Quantitative Evaluation of Dose Distributions From Axial, Helical and Cone-Beam CT Imaging by Measurement Using a Two-Dimensional Diode-Array Detector

Purpose: To evaluate quantitatively dose distributions from helical, axial and cone-beam CT clinical imaging techniques by measurement using a two-dimensional (2D) diode-array detector. Methods: 2D-dose distributions from selected clinical protocols used for axial, helical and cone-beam CT imaging were measured using a diode-array detector (MapCheck2). The MapCheck2 is composed from solid state diode detectors that are arranged in horizontal and vertical lines with a spacing of 10 mm. A GE-Light-Speed CT-simulator was used to acquire axial and helical CT images and a kV on-board-imager integrated with a Varian TrueBeam-STx machine was used to acquire cone-beam CT (CBCT) images. Results: The dose distributions from axial, helical and cone-beam CT were non-uniform over the region-of-interest with strong spatial and angular dependence. In axial CT, a large dose gradient was measured that decreased from lateral sides to the middle of the phantom due to large superficial dose at the side of the phantom in comparison with larger beam attenuation at the center. The dose decreased at the superior and inferior regions in comparison to the center of the phantom in axial CT. An asymmetry was found between the right-left or superior-inferior sides of the phantom which possibly to angular dependence in the dosemore » distributions. The dose level and distribution varied from one imaging technique into another. For the pelvis technique, axial CT deposited a mean dose of 3.67 cGy, helical CT deposited a mean dose of 1.59 cGy, and CBCT deposited a mean dose of 1.62 cGy. Conclusions: MapCheck2 provides a robust tool to measure directly 2D-dose distributions for CT imaging with high spatial resolution detectors in comparison with ionization chamber that provides a single point measurement or an average dose to the phantom. The dose distributions measured with MapCheck2 consider medium heterogeneity and can represent specific patient dose.« less
A Morphological View on Traditional Signal Processing

We argue that the fundamentals of mathematical morphology (partial ordered sets, openings, erosions, etc.) could provide a theoretical foundation for signal processing in general. The main observation is that signal processing addresses simpler versions of signals (of a given set S), and this actually determines a partial ordering on S. Another observation, made in the past by Serra, is that ideal filters are in fact algebraic openings. In this paper, these and other ideas are addressed and developed.
DIRECT BINDING TO AND TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE ALPHA SUBUNIT OF THE TYPE I INTERFERON RECEPTOR BY P135TYK2 TYROSINE KINASE

Binding of type I interferons (IFNs) to their receptors induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple proteins, including the alpha and beta subunits of the receptor, the polypeptides that form the transcriptional activator ISGF3 alpha (Stat113, Stat84, and Stat91), and the p135tyk2 and Jak-1 tyrosine kinases. In this report, we demonstrate that the alpha subunit of the type I IFN receptor (IFN-R) corresponds to the product of a previously cloned receptor subunit cDNA and, further, that the p135tyk2 tyrosine kinase directly binds and tyrosine phosphorylates this receptor subunit. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins encoding the different regions of the cytoplasmic domain of the alpha subunit can bind the p135tyk2 contained in human cell lysates. The association between the alpha subunit and Tyk2 was demonstrated by immunoblotting with anti-Tyk2 and antiphosphotyrosine antibodies and by using an in vitro kinase assay. Analogous experiments were then performed with recombinant baculoviruses encoding constitutively active Jak family tyrosine kinases. In this case, p135tyk2, but not Jak-1 or Jak-2 protein, binds to the GST-IFN-R proteins, suggesting that the interaction between these two proteins is both direct and specific. We also demonstrate that Tyk2, from extracts of either IFN alpha-treated human cells or insect cells infected with the recombinant baculoviruses, can catalyze in vitro phosphorylation of GST-IFN-R protein in a specific manner. Deletion mutants of the GST-IFN-R protein were used to localize both the binding and tyrosine phosphorylation site(s) to a 46-amino-acid juxtamembrane region of the alpha subunit, which shows sequence homology to functionally similar regions of other cytokine receptor proteins. These data support the hypothesis that the Tyk2 protein functions as part of a receptor complex to initiate intracellular signaling in response to type I IFNs.
Structure and chemistry of the p300/CBP and Rtt109 histone acetyltransferases: implications for histone acetyltransferase evolution and function

The recent structure and associated biochemical studies of the metazoan-specific p300/CBP and fungal-specific Rtt109 histone acetyltransferases (HATs) have provided new insights into the ancestral relationship between HATs and their functions. These studies point to a common HAT ancester that has evolved around a common structural framework to form HATs with divergent catalytic and substrate-binding properties. These studies also point to the importance of regulatory loops within HATs and autoacetylation in HAT function. Implications for future studies are discussed.
Cardiovascular stress reactivity: A behavior-genetic perspective

Increasing attention is being given to cardiovascular reactivity as a marker and potential risk factor for disease. Individual differences in cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory stress have been assessed in hypertensive adults and matched normotensive controls, in the normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents, and in twin-family studies of normotensive adolescents and adults. Cardiovascular stress reactivity is a relatively stable characteristic of individuals, and exaggerated stress-responsivity, associated with a positive family history of essential hypertension, is demonstrable early in life. Classic twin studies document significant genetic influences on cardiovascular stress patterns, and longitudinal studies suggest that heightened reactivity to stress constitutes a risk factor for the development of sustained hypertension. The study of stress reactivity may lead to early identification of young pre-hypertensive individuals who are candidates for behavioral and other nonpharmacologic intervention efforts.
Photoconductivity and Trapping in Silver Chloride Crystals

Photoconductivity and trapping were investigated in pure, cuprous-chloride-doped, nickel-chloride-doped, and darkened silver chloride crystals. The photoconductivity was measured primarily at 88\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The initial photoresponse increases with rising absorption constant, peaks at wavelengths for which the absorption constant is 3 to 5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and falls rapidly to $\frac{1}{20}$ to $\frac{1}{10}$ of the peak value at wavelengths at which the absorption constant is 50 to 100 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. This decrease in photoresponse at short wavelengths is explained in terms of trapping and recombination through centers in a surface region. The effect of irradiation and the filling of traps was investigated. Values of the schubweg for electrons in the bulk material were obtained from these experiments. The cuprous-chloride-doped samples had a long-wavelength tail on the photoresponse curve corresponding to the long-wavelength tail observed in the optical absorption. The photo-conductivity does not show any peaks in the infrared. There was, however, a photoresponse with a threshold at approximately 10 000 A in samples irradiated at 88\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and a peak for those irradiated at room temperature. This response was attributed to photoemission from free silver introduced unavoidably during the preparation of the samples. The warming of samples irradiated at 88\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to fill traps produced no measurable thermoluminescence. Electrical warming curves (measurement of current as a function of time during warming) disclosed a number of trapping levels. All samples except the nickel-chloride-doped sample showed peaks at 115\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 140\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K related to activation energies of approximately 0.20, 0.28, and 0.45 ev. The nickel-chloride-doped sample showed only peaks at 115\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The cuprous-chloride-doped samples and the darkened pure sample showed a peak at 160\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K corresponding to a thermal activation energy of approximately 0.36 ev. On some samples another peak was visible at 240\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with a thermal activation energy of approximately 0.62 ev. Possible interpretations for these various peaks are discussed.
Evolution of ecological differences in the Old World leaf warblers.

SYMPATRIC species that belong to the same ecological guild usually differ in their behaviour and morphology, and these differences are often interpreted as adaptations to having to make use of different resources. Evidence supporting this interpretation comes from association between ecology and morphology among species1, in which ana priori functional relationship is reasonable. But one problem with such comparisons is that members of a guild may be closely related, so the more closely related species can share a greater similarity in their morphology and ecology simply as a result of the lingering legacy of a common ancestor2–5. In principle, the importance of historical legacy can be evaluated from phylogenetic relationships and times since divergence for all species2,6, but this is rarely possible because these data are not available. Here we use a phylogeny for eight sympatric species of warbler in the genusPhylloscopus, based on their mitochondrial DNA sequences, to remove the effects of historical legacy. Without these effects, we find strong support for adaptive interpretations of among-species variation in habitat selection, prey-size choice and feeding method. Ecological variation along any of these three niche axes is associated with predictable morphological variation. We also find evidence for historical legacy in that more closely related species are often more similar behaviourally and morphologically. This paradoxical result can be reconciled because the most closely related species tend to differ along only one niche axis, habitat choice. In contrast, the evolution of prey-size choice and feeding method occurred rapidly and early in the diversification of this group. Once a new ecological zone was occupied, subsequent morphological change along these niche axes was limited, accounting for the similarity of closely related species.
What Good is a Feminist Identity?: Women’s Feminist Identification and Role Expectations for Intimate and Sexual Relationships

Women’s feminist identification is associated with a growing list of favorable outcomes, predicting that these correlations will extend to egalitarian and assertive role expectations for committed and sexual partnerships, respectively. Surveying 165 undergraduate US women, nonfeminist passive acceptance was linked to low egalitarian expectations overall and across all seven subscales of the marriage role expectation inventory. It also was related to depressed sexual assertiveness overall and specifically in initiating sexual encounters and engaging in safe sexual practices. These negative associations were nonsignificant or positive for women with stronger feminist identification. When endorsement of passive acceptance was controlled for, the positive correlation between egalitarian and assertive expectations fell to nonsignificance, consistent with regarding nonfeminist attitudes as a confounded third common factor.