cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Chosen and the Chastised: Naming Jews in the York Mystery Plays

Achieving an honest assessment of the explicit anti-Semitism enunciated sporadically throughout the York Mystery Plays poses a significant pedagogical challenge. The papacy of Innocent III (1198–1216) initiated the Feast of Corpus Christi; it also introduced new restrictions on the public behavior of medieval Jews. Produced primarily to continue this promulgation of Catholic orthodoxy, the York Mystery Plays both celebrate the role of the “true Jew” and denigrate the stubborn disbelief of contemporary Jews. To do so, the York pageants intermittently invite three distinct perceptions of Jews that are both mutually contradictory and inextricably connected. Professedly positive, historical memories as well as allegorical portrayals of the Jew in these plays can also (still) dangerously justify a contemptuous stereotyping of real Jews
Which epistemics? Whose conversation analysis?:

In a Special Issue of Discourse Studies (2016) titled ‘The Epistemics of Epistemics’, contributing authors criticize Heritage’s research on participants’ orientations to, and management of, the dis...
Serum and plasma collection: Preanalytical variables and standard operating procedures in biomarker research

Starting with properly collected, processed, annotated, and stored human specimens is critical for successful research using unsupervised, high-throughput technologies for discovery, validation, and translation from such samples. Samples that are not reproducibly collected and managed undermine data generated in platforms, such as mass spectroscopy–based proteomic technologies. The key factors that determine quality of human biosamples are use of consistent methodologies for collection, handling, processing, and storing specimens; understanding the potential sources of bias; and thoroughly annotating the life-cycle of the specimen. These factors apply when a new biospecimen resource is being created or when previously collected or banked samples are being used. Standard operating procedures permit control of bias and ensure that high-quality biosamples result in reproducible data. Compliance with increasingly complex human subject protection regulations governing the collection, management, storage, sharing, and use of human biosamples is essential to ensure that data will be published in high-quality journals, that intellectual property is protected, and that data generated using biosamples can be used as part of submissions to governmental regulatory bodies for product approvals.
Relationship between initial margin status for invasive breast cancer and residual carcinoma after re-excision.

Little data exists addressing the relationship between initial margin status in a specimen from an excisional biopsy and the presence of residual carcinoma in a subsequent specimen from lumpectomy or mastectomy. We sought to determine the relationship between initial margin status and the presence of residual invasive cancer, and to identify any relationship to other variables. This study was a retrospective review of pathology reports of 582 early-stage invasive duct carcinomas with open excisional biopsies. The initial specimen was classified into one of six margin categories: multiply focally positive (n = 174), focally positive (n = 132), margins 2 mm (n = 46), and margins undetermined (n = 90). All patients had a subsequent definitive second procedure. Pathology reports from the second procedure revealed the presence of residual invasive cancer by initial margin status as follows: in 30 per cent of the initial procedures with multiply focally positive margins, in 22 per cent with focally positive margins, in 8 per cent, 15 per cent, and 4 per cent with margins of 2 mm, respectively, and in 28 per cent with undetermined margins. Women with palpable tumors, larger tumor size, and positive axillary nodes were more likely to have multiply focal and focally positive margins. Multiply focally positive and focally positive margins had similar residual invasive carcinoma rates and should be re-excised. All clear margins were equivalent; thus, re-excision was not necessary.
A Unifying Discontinuous CPR Formulation for the Navier–Stokes Equations on Mixed Grids

A unifying discontinuous formulation named the correction procedure via reconstruction (CPR) for conservation laws is extended to solve the Navier–Stokes equations for mixed grids. The CPR framework can unify several popular high order methods including the discontinuous Galerkin and the spectral volume methods into a differential formulation without explicit volume or surface integrations. Several test cases are computed to demonstrate its performance.
Fair Trade: An Imperfect Obligation?

Fair Trade is under fire. Some critics argue, for instance, that there is no obligation to purchase Fair Trade certified products and that doing so may even be counter-productive. Others worry that well-justified conceptions of what makes trade fair can conflict. Yet others suggest that the common arguments for Fair Trade cannot justify purchasing Fair Trade certified goods, in particular. This paper starts by sketching one common argument for Fair Trade and defends it against this last line of criticism. In particular, it argues that we should purchase Fair Trade certified goods because doing so benefits the poor even though there are other ways to alleviate poverty. It then considers how other common arguments for Fair Trade fare in light of similar criticism and concludes that they may well succeed.
“Discovering inner strengths”: a co-facilitative poetry therapy curriculum for groups

The authors of this paper review the efficacy of poetry therapy and introduce a curriculum to be used in the provision of a co-facilitative poetry therapy group process which involves a professiona...
Developing a Concept of Multiplication of Fractions: Building on Constructivist and Sociocultural Theory

Promoting an understanding of multiplication of fractions has proved difficult for mathematics educators. I discuss a research study aimed at developing a concept of multiplication that supports both multiplication of whole numbers and multiplication of fractions. The study demonstrates how domain-specific theories grounded in two major psychological theories contribute to the development of an empirically based approach to developing this concept. Specifically, the researchers used Learning Through Activity, grounded in constructivism, and aspects of the Elkonin-Davydov Curriculum, grounded in Russian activity theory (sociocultural theory).
Neuron-Wise Inhibition Zones and Auditory Experiments

Spatiotemporal processing, including many tasks such as speech recognition, object tracking, and natural language processing, still faces great challenges. The developmental network-1 (DN-1) was proposed as a spatiotemporal processing algorithm with general purposes in the sense of turing machines (TM). DN-1 used emergent motor vectors as contexts for top-down attention, which is conducive for temporal processing. This also enables finite automaton (FA), which is the control of TM, to incrementally emerge inside DN-1. But the hidden areas of DN-1 have a fixed boundary. In the proposed new model—developmental network-2 (DN-2)—each hidden neuron automatically discovers its neuron-wise inhibition zone based on incremental statistics. Therefore, not only the number of hidden areas is dynamic, so are their interconnections. We first present this new network through a visual toy problem. Then, we conducted phoneme recognition experiments to investigate DN-2's performance in various settings. Based on the experimental results, we analyzed how the new mechanisms enabled DN-2 to automatically generate a dynamic hierarchy and improve the performance. This paper is a step toward our goal of applying DN-2 to a wide variety of spatiotemporal processing tasks.
Crack initiation in an indented metallic glass with embedded nanoparticle

Nanoindentation was performed on a metallic glass with an embedded glassy nanoparticle using molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effect of the second phase on shear band formation and crack initiation. It was found that the addition of a nanoparticle having a lower elastic modulus compared to that of matrix centralizes the region of shear strain below the indenter, which facilitates crack initiation. In contrast, the addition of a nanoparticle with a higher elastic modulus has the effect of branching the shear band, which confines the shear bands within the hydrostatic zone and suppresses crack initiation.
Divisia monetary aggregate and monetary transmission mechanism in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

ABSTRACTWhile the majority on the effectiveness of monetary policies focus on either interest or money channels, we analyze the effectiveness of a composite monetary instrument: The Divisia Aggrega...
The Dispute on The Horizon: Contracting for Effective Dispute Resolution in International Business Transactions a U.S. Perspective

The Portuguese version of this paper can be found at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1947554 This Article offers a view, from a U.S. perspective but for a non-U.S. readership, on the significant aspects of planning for dispute resolution in the context of cross-border business transactions involving U.S. and non-U.S. parties. Specifically, this Article identifies the issues that parties who are located in Brazil or in other jurisdictions throughout the Americas should consider at the time of drafting, negotiating, and finalizing business contracts with U.S. counterparties, as well as business contracts that are entered into in connection with other cross-border arrangements that could involve U.S. law even when there is no U.S. counterparty, to prepare for effective management of disputes as they arise. To that end, this Article briefly describes choice of law, choice of forum, and method of dispute resolution as addressed in international business contracts, and this Article analyzes from a U.S. perspective some of the issues that arise with respect to drafting and enforcing the appropriate contract language to address the same.
Plastic Behavior of Aluminum and Dislocation Patterning Based on Continuum Dislocation Dynamic (CDD)

In this study, a continuum multiscale model based on discrete dislocation dynamics and viscoplastic self-consistent theory is developed. The model is capable of describing the macroscopic deformation behavior of polycrystalline metals and alloys, maintaining at the same time a microscopic level resolution that captures the dislocation density patterns within each grain. The continuum dislocation dynamics model is based on a set of nonlinear partial differential equations of the dislocation densities inside each grain. Three different types of dislocations, two mobile (positive and negative) and one immobile, are considered. The shear strain within each grain is calculated by the total dislocation density at every time step, and then linked to the viscoplastic self-consistent framework to calculate the macroscopic behavior of the polycrystalline material. At the same time, the dislocation density pattering within each grain, calculated by the evolution equations, is recorded to provide a local view of the material at grain level. For the purpose of demonstration, the focus of this paper is on polycrystalline Aluminum and the numerical solutions are compared with experimental data.
Properties of f-divergences and f-GAN training.

In this technical report we describe some properties of f-divergences and f-GAN training. We present an elementary derivation of the f-divergence lower bounds which form the basis of f-GAN training. We derive informative but perhaps underappreciated properties of f-divergences and f-GAN training, including a gradient matching property and the fact that all f-divergences agree up to an overall scale factor on the divergence between nearby distributions. We provide detailed expressions for computing various common f-divergences and their variational lower bounds. Finally, based on our reformulation, we slightly generalize f-GAN training in a way that may improve its stability.
Creating a Positive, Community-Based Learning Environment in a Chemistry Department

Recognizing teachable moments and transforming them into occasions of learning can be a useful strategy in developing a culture of safety in an academic department. Responding with recognition of t...
3D printing of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoset composites

Abstract Current printing methods for continuous fiber-reinforced composites require the composites to quickly solidify during the printing, so the matrix is limited to thermoplastics or thermosets with fast curing mechanisms. This paper presents the first design of a 3D printer head for direct-ink-writing that can overcome the limitations on printable resins. It leverages the shear stress imposed on the fiber to enable the ready extrusion of composite filaments and is applicable to a wide variety of thermoset resins and commercially-available continuous fibers. The developed printing method can create thermally-curable composite components with covalently bonded interfaces and comparable mechanical strength as directly-molded samples. It also enables the free-standing 3D printing of UV-curable composites. Overall, the developed printing method allows the composite parts to be designed quickly to meet unique specifications, as well as provides new functions in 4D printing, biomedical printing, and the printing of functional devices.
Understanding International Faculty in the United States: Who Hires Them and Why?

International faculty have had a long-standing presence in higher education institutions in the United States, and US higher education has long benefitted from the sustained influx of foreigners. As a major net-importer of foreign academics and scholars, US higher education provides a unique case in studying the hiring pattern of international faculty over time and more importantly, examining the driving forces of international faculty growth. Based on undergraduate student survey data, this chapter brought to attention the definition of international faculty from college students’ perspective. Using data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), this chapter further found gradual changes in the major employer of international faculty, a shift from research-extensive universities to less research-oriented, master’s comprehensive universities. Implications for higher education policies and future research were provided.
Marginal Changes, Marginal Impacts: The Limits of Changes to WIC and Their Ability to Influence Breastfeeding Rates

Abstract We use restricted South Carolina natality data to investigate whether the 2009 revisions to the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) food packages had a positive effect on breastfeeding initiation rates, a stated goal of the revisions. Using a difference-in-difference methodology that controls for separate trends in breastfeeding initiation rates between mothers who participate in WIC while pregnant with those who do not participate while pregnant, we estimate that the revisions had no statistically significant impacts on breastfeeding initiation. Although these results are not consistent with much prior work, we also present estimates suggesting that these inconsistencies relative to the literature are the result of controlling for group specific trends and are not a unique artifact of our study setting or methodology. Our results suggest that the decision to breastfeed is relatively unresponsive with respect to marginal changes to existing programs, and that careful consideration of the appropriate empirical approach is paramount when evaluating program changes and drawing policy conclusions from research.
Perioperative Analgesia for Orthopedic Surgery

Orthopedic surgery is a broad surgical specialty with diverse procedures, regional areas of work, and pre- and postoperative pain control methods. Regional anesthesia, especially in the form of regional nerve blocks, can be completed for a vast majority of orthopedic procedures and reduce the postoperative pain and narcotic use. While these nerve blocks individually come with their own risks, they are often minimal, and the benefits of increased postoperative pain control often outweigh these risks. Intraoperatively, periarticular injections are a method of reducing postoperative pain control. The use of narcotics following orthopedic surgeries is ubiquitous, but increasing preoperative pain control counseling and education as well as the use of individualized opioid calculators have reduced postoperative narcotic prescription and increased patient awareness.
Comparisons of Explanatory Power

After Newton’s endorsement in the late seventeenth century, the particle theory of light dominated the field of optics in Britain for more than a hundred years. Throughout the eighteenth century, optical researches in Britain were conducted within the particle framework, and considerable progress was made during this period (Steffens 1977; Cantor 1983; Pav 1964). Partially because of Newton’s support, and partially because of its explanatory successes, the dominance of the particle theory in Britain lasted well into the first quarter of the nineteenth century. But this dominance of the particle theory became shaky when John Herschel in 1827 circulated in the optical community an essay that offered a systematic review of the wave theory of light and argued for its superiority. In this way, the showdown between the particle theory and the wave theory began.
Is Disobedience Sin? Christian Perspectives on Problems of Classrom Management

OBEDIENCE AS A TEST OF KUNZMAN’S WEAK FALLIBILISM THESIS In his recent critique of Nel Noddings’s book on religion in public school classrooms, Robert Kunzman explores the compatibility of critical thinking with religious commitment. Critical thinking implies willingness to reevaluate our beliefs and give them up if they are mistaken. Noddings advocates extending critical scrutiny to fundamental tenets of doctrine, including (for Christians) sin, grace, and redemption. Kunzman, by contrast, follows Nomi Stolzenberg in maintaining that such a strong form of fallibilism cannot reasonably be expected of religious families whose children attend public schools. What can reasonably be expected of them, however, is a weaker form of fallibilism, which involves willingness to reevaluate “application of core ethical beliefs to civic matters,” presumably including educational policy and the operation of public schools.
The activation of carbon-fluorine bonds by oxidative addition at tungsten(O): An electrochemical study

Abstract We have investigated the anodic oxidation reactions of W(CO) 4 Et,F 5 ( I ), where Et,F 5 is the ligand N,N' -bis(pentafluorophenylidine)ethylenediamine, by cyclic voltammetry and infrared spectroelectrochemistry. The results in both acetonitrile and methylene chloride indicate an ece type mechanism, with the product of the first electron transfer stabilized by the more coordinating solvent.
A Mere Deception - A Mere Ignus Fatus on the People of America: Lifting the Veil on the Electoral College During the Ratification Debates

In Federalist No. 68, Alexander Hamilton claims, “The mode of appointment of the Chief Magistrate of the United States is almost the only part of the system, of any consequence, which has escaped without severe censure, or which has received the slightest mark of approbation from it opponents.” He adds “that if the manner of it [electing the president] be not perfect, it is at least excellent.” Hamilton is wrong in his assessment as most Anti-federalists did critique the Electoral College and generally did not approve of the institution as it was created or as it has evolved. Amazingly, some framers at the time, as well as scholars and Americans today, are under the false impression that the one institution which escaped scrutiny was the Electoral College. Although few Anti-Federalists dedicated more than a sentence or paragraph to criticism of the Electoral College, they were not lax in its censure. This project provides content analyses of the Constitutional Convention and then the ensuing state ratification debates. It first summarizes the arguments for presidential selection proposed at the Constitutional Convention. Next, there is an examination of the criticisms of the Electoral College during the ratification debates. This work concludes by showing the Anti-Federalist criticisms of the Electoral College were not lacking, that some arguments where prophetic historically and still others echo criticisms still common today. Hopefully, by setting the historical record straight and showing the extent of criticisms of the Electoral College at the founding, the protective veil of the founding will be removed from the Electoral College so Americans can pursue meaningful reform or elimination of this archaic institution.
Degradation of Chlorbromuron and Related Compounds by the Fungus Rhizoctonia solani

The ability of the soil fungus Rhizoctonia solani to degrade phenyl-substituted urea herbicides was investigated. The fungus was able to transform chlorbromuron [3-(3-chloro-4-bromophenyl)-1-methyl-1-methoxyurea] to the demethylated product [3-(3-chloro-4-bromophenyl)-1-methoxyurea], which was isolated and identified. Evidence was obtained that further degradation of chlorbromuron occurred. Several other phenylurea compounds (chloroxuron, diuron, fenuron, fluometuron, linuron, metobromuron, neburon, and siduron) were also metabolized by the fungus, indicating that R. solani may possess a generalized ability to attack this group of herbicides.
Recent Advances in Microwave Simulation of Laser-Plasma Interactions

In a laser driven pellet, the absorbed laser energy is primarily transferred to the electrons. This transfer process has been widely studied using theory, computer simulation calculations, and experiments. As a result we know that the phenomena that can occur in a net energy producing pellet are extremely complicated. The basic difficulty is that laser-plasma interactions involve very difficult problems in nonlinear plasma physics. These problems are very important since pellet performance is strongly affected. The primary unknowns are the strengths of the various parametric instabilities and the mechanisms that result in the apparent strong electron heat flux inhibition.
Abstract 046: High Fructose Intake Increases Phosphorylation and Trafficking of the Na/K/2Cl Cotransporter (NKCC22) In Rat Thick Ascending Limbs

A third of the US population consumes 20-40% of their caloric intake from added sugars with half of those calories from fructose. Fructose consumption is linked to salt-sensitive hypertension in humans and rodents. We found that feeding Sprague-Dawley rats 20% fructose in their drinking water did not increase blood pressure unless a high salt diet was added. The thick ascending limb (TAL) reabsorbs 25% of filtered NaCl, primarily via NKCC2. NKCC2 activity is increased by enhanced expression at the apical membrane and phosphorylation at Thr 96/101 . We found enhanced NKCC2 activity and trafficking in genetic models of salt-sensitive hypertension. However, the effect of fructose on NKCC2 regulation is unknown. Thus, we hypothesized that a fructose enriched diet stimulates NKCC2 activity. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed control diet or 20% fructose in drinking water for 1 week. TALs were isolated and phosphorylated and total NKCC2 was measured by surface biotinylation followed by western blot. A fructose-enriched diet increased surface-to-intracellular NKCC2 ratio by 60 ± 23% ( p 0.05) and increased NKCC2 phosphorylation at Thr 96/101 by 8.02 ± 2.67 fold ( p p p 0.05). Since phosphorylation of NKCC2 at Thr 96/101 is mediated by STE20- and SPS1-related proline and alanine-rich kinases (SPAK) and oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1), we studied whether fructose stimulates expression and/or activity of SPAK/OSR1. Total SPAK/OSR1 expression was not enhanced by one week of a fructose diet. However, phosphorylation at Ser373 was enhanced by 2.8 ± 0.3 fold ( p 0.05). We concluded that a fructose enriched diet increases phosphorylation and trafficking of NKCC2, enhancing its accumulation at the apical membrane. Moreover, a fructose diet increased SPAK/OSR1 kinases phosphorylation, suggesting they may be responsible for the enhanced NKCC2 phosphorylation. Our data suggest that a fructose-enriched diet promotes salt-sensitive hypertension in part by stimulating NKCC2 and TAL-dependent NaCl reabsorption.
Free-Lagrange advection slide lines

We have found the treatment of interfaces in staggered-grid hydrodynamics to be inadequate for problems with large shear deformation at material interfaces . The problem is especially evident at the intersections of multiple materials, but potentially occurs at all interfaces with large shear. To address this problem, we have introduced a two-way advection slide line algorithm into our free-Lagrange (FL) method. In addition to the interface physics itself, the algorithm involves an interface stiffener, a mesh relaxation and advection scheme suitable for unstructured meshes (FLALE), the FL mesh refinement algorithms (FLAMR), and special connectivity templates. For a slide test problem, the FL results are qualitatively similar to those of a Lagrange slide line treatment, but differ significantly in one area. At this time there is no firm basis for judging which is the correct solution.
Scalable and self-organizing (meta) data dissemination for ubiquitous computing

One of the promises of ubiquitous computing is the ability to tie heterogeneous computing elements together in a manner where the whole is larger than the sum of the individual parts. Thus, Internet services, file servers (PCs), personal digital assistants, sensors and embedded computers (in appliances ranging from light switches to automobiles) interact with one another based on application requirements and proximity. One key challenge to coordinating computers in the above manner is the scalable dissemination of service data and meta-data to a potentially large population of clients. We discuss a number of examples. The common thread running through all these applications is the need for disseminating data in a scalable fashion among potentially millions of nodes spread across the Internet. We next present Dicast, a communication model designed to support scalable dissemination for a range of applications and semantics. We then discuss a number of research issues associated with realizing this model.
Clinical features and outcomes of infants with Ewing sarcoma under 12 months of age

Background Ewing sarcoma peaks in incidence in adolescence. Infants <12 months old have rarely been reported. We aimed to compare clinical features, treatment, and survival of infants <12 months to those of older pediatric patients with Ewing sarcoma. Procedure We utilized the SEER database to identify patients <12 months of age diagnosed with Ewing sarcoma between 1973 and 2011. We used Fisher exact tests to compare clinical features and treatment modalities between these patients and patients aged 1–19 years. We used Kaplan–Meier methods to describe overall survival in these two groups. Results Of 1,957 patients in the cohort, 39 (2.0%) were diagnosed at <12 months of age. Infants had a different distribution of primary tumor sites, with lower extremity tumors under represented. Compared to older patients, infants were more likely to have soft tissue tumors (81.6% vs. 27.1%; P < 0.001); have primitive neuroectodermal tumor/Askin tumor (61.5% vs. 19.9%; P < 0.001); and have tumors <8 cm (81.0% vs. 53.2%; P < 0.014). Infants were less likely to receive radiation therapy (13.2% vs. 53.3%; P < 0.001). Infants were at increased risk for early death (P < 0.013 by Wilcoxon), though long-term overall survival was not different between age groups (P < 0.25 by log rank). Conclusions Ewing sarcoma is rare in infants, with different clinical presentations and treatment approaches. These patients appear to be at higher risk for early death, but long-term survival is similar to older pediatric patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;9999:1–5 © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
THE INTERACTION OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS AND NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY.

Abstract The neutralization of Newcastle disease virus follows first-order kinetics with a reaction rate dependent upon time, antibody concentration, and temperature. A small fraction of the virus population is refractory to neutralization, but not because this fraction is genetically unlike the neutralizable population. Inhibitors associated with the virus do not appear to play a role in preventing neutralization. Neutralized virus cannot be dissociated from antibody by simple dilution or by resuspension of virus-antibody aggregates in antibody-free medium, but at either pH 1.3 or 12.1 there is a rapid dissociation with quantitative recovery of infectious virus and without damage to antibody. Neutralized virus is adsorbed to chick embryo monolayer cultures, and some of it can be reactivated at low pH. Virus inactivated by ultraviolet light has a very limited capacity to dissociate active virus from antibody.
Averting the Bed Rest Controversy Preventive Counseling Can Help Avoid the Issue

Bed rest therapy is prescribed for pregnant women to treat various complications of pregnancy, such as preterm labor, placenta previa or abruption, incompetent cervix, premature rupture of membranes, pregnancy‐induced hypertension, multiple gestations, uterine irritability, and fetal growth retardation, as well as bleeding of early pregnancy and threatened miscarriage. The following is an excerpt from "Antepartum Bed Rest: Case Studies, Research & Nursing Care," a new monograph in the A WHONN "Symposia" series.
Interactive mosaic generation for video navigation

Navigation through large multimedia collections that include videos and images still remains cumbersome. In this paper, we introduce a novel method to visualize and navigate through the collection by creating a mosaic image that visually represents the compilation. This image is generated by a labeling-based layout algorithm using various sizes of sample tile images from the collection. Each tile represents both the photographs and video files representing scenes selected by matching algorithms. This generated mosaic image provides a new way for thematic video and visually summarizes the videos. Users can generate these mosaics with some predefined themes and layouts, or base it on the results of their queries. Our approach supports automatic generation of these layouts by using meta-information such as color, time-line and existence of faces or manually generated annotated information from existing systems (e.g., the Family Video Archive).
Home-dilatation of the urethral meatus in boys.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of dilatation of the stenotic urethral meatus in boys at home. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighteen boys aged 3–15 years, or their parents, were taught to dilate the urethral meatus at home. The cause of the stricture was balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) in five and consequent upon hypospadias surgery in 12, of whom two were complicated by BXO, and one after circumcision for cultural reasons. One boy was re-referred after an interval of 3 years because of apparent deterioration of the stream of urine. Meatal dilatation was taught in the home by one of the authors (J.M.S.) RESULTS Nine patients were cured by the first course of dilatation, four relapsed early after initial success but responded to further treatment, and three proceeded to meatoplasty because they had no response. Two relapsed late and one responded to further dilatation but the other required surgery. CONCLUSION Dilatation of the urethral meatus can be taught successfully to boys or their families at home, thus avoiding repeated hospital attendance and often general anaesthesia.
Analytical and Numerical Modeling of Thick Tube Hydroforging

Abstract Hydroforging is a hybrid forming operation whereby a thick tube is formed to a desired geometry by combining forging and hydroforming processes. Through this process hollow structures with high strength-to-weight ratio can be produced for applications in power transmission systems, etc. In this process, a thick tube is deformed by pressurized fluid contained within the tube using a multi-purpose punch assembly, which is also used to feed tube material into the die cavity. An analytical model for determining pressure-feed loading paths is formulated for the hydroforging process. The model is derived based of plasticity theory and deformed shape evolution. Stepwise solution schemes are used to calculate instantaneous pressure, material feed, stresses, strains, and other geometrical parameters. The derived analytical model can be used for preliminary process design before embarking in extensive FE simulations. The model is also ideal for rapid establishment of loading paths for different geometrical configurations. Thus, time spent in trial-and-error finite element simulations carried out to determine optimal loading path for a specific part can be reduced significantly.
Small is beautiful: Implications of reliability and statistical power for testing the efficacy of HR interventions

The development of optimal human resource practices is often contingent on the accurate statistical testing of potential interventions. Testing the efficacy of HR interventions can be enhanced by taking additional measures to improve statistical power, but the traditional means of increasing power through sample size are often beyond the cost and ability of HR professionals to pursue. This article, therefore, focuses on measurement procedures as an alternative way to increase statistical power for detecting HR intervention effects. Selection of reliable and appropriate measures and subsequent instrumentation are examined as efficacious and cost-beneficial techniques that can be employed during the planning and designing stage of a study for augmenting statistical power to optimize business decision making. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of ionic interactions on the oxidation of Fe(II) and Cu(I) in natural waters

Abstract The author's recent studies on how ionic interactions affect the rates of oxidation of Fe (II) and Cu (I) with O 2 in natural waters are reviewed. The oxidation of these metals has been measured as a function of pH, temperature, ionic strength and ionic composition. The oxidation of Fe (II) was found to be second order with respect to H + or OH − over a wide range of temperature, ionic strength and ionic composition. These results indicate that Fe(OH) 2 0 is the reactive Fe(II) species. At a constant pH and ionic strength, various anions were found to change the rates of oxidation of Fe(II). The rate constants were in the order HCO 3 − > Br − > ClO 4 − > NO 3 − > Cl − > SO 4 2− > B(OH) 4 − . This order was attributed to the relative strength of the interactions of these anions with Fe 2+ . The strong interactions of Fe 2+ with SO 4 2− and B(OH) 4 − were used to estimate the stability constants of log β FeSO4 =1.8±0.1 and log β FeB(OH) 4 = 3.2±0.1 at 25°C. The addition of Mg 2+ at a constant pH was found to decrease the rate of oxidation of Fe(II). This was attributed to the decrease in Fe(OH) 2 0 as a result of the formation of MgOH + . The oxidation of Cu(I) was strongly dependent on the Cl − concentration. At low ionic strengths Cu + and CuCl 0 are the reactive species, whereas at 6 m the CuCl 2 − is also reactive. The effect of Mg 2+ and HCO 3 − on the rate was determined as a function of chloride concentration (1–6 m). The addition of Mg 2+ causes the rate to decrease and the addition of HCO 3 − causes the rate to increase. The possible causes of these effects are discussed. The rates of oxidation of Cu(I) have been measured in mixtures of NaX+NaClO 4 , where X=Cl − Br − and I − . The rate constants at a given halide concentration are in the expected order, κ Cl > κ Br > κ I . The rate constants for CuCl 0 and CuBr 0 were the same within experimental error. By assuming that the rate of oxidation of CuI 0 is the same as these species, a value of log β 1 ∗ = 5.7 ± 0.7 has been calculated for the stability constant of CuI 0 . This value agrees with the expected trend in the stability constants CuCl 0 0 0 .
Neutron matter based on consistently evolved chiral three-nucleon interactions

We present the first results for the neutron matter equation of state (EOS) using nucleon-nucleon and three-nucleon chiral effective field theory interactions that are consistently evolved in the framework of the similarity renormalization group (SRG). The dependence of the EOS on the SRG resolution scale is greatly reduced when induced three-nucleon forces (3NF) are included, and the residual variation, which in part is from missing induced four-body interactions, is comparable to estimated many-body perturbation theory truncation errors. The relative growth with decreasing resolution of the 3NF contributions to the energy per neutron is of natural size, but it accelerates at the lowest resolutions where strong renormalization of the long-range 3NF matrix elements is also observed.
Memory ability is associated with disagreement about the most recent conflict in polysubstance abusing couples

There is strong evidence that men and women do not agree about the occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV). However, few studies to date have attempted to test explanatory models of violence concordance. One possible mechanism underlying disagreement is cognitive impairment, specifically, memory dysfunction. The principal goal of this study is to test whether memory ability and overall cognitive functioning is related to disagreement about the most recent occurrence of IPV within the dyad. Data were collected from both partners of cohabiting or married couples. The male partners were polysubstance abusers within their first year of abstinence. Results indicate that the men and women’s memory ability, problem solving, disinhibition, and verbal ability are significantly related to disagreement about the most recent IPV episode. Thus, cognitive ability, particularly memory ability, of the participants should be considered when assessing the accuracy of measuring IPV among individuals diagnosed with polysubstance abuse. Other implications are discussed.
Static and Dynamic Layout Problems with Varying Areas

This paper describes a two-step algorithm for solving the layout problem while assuming the departments can have varying areas. The first step solves a quadratic assignment problem formulation of the problem using a heuristic cutting plane routine. The second step solves a mixed-integer linear programming prob- lem to find the desired block diagram layout. The algorithm incorporates two concepts to make the solu- tions more practical. First, rearrangement costs are simultaneously considered along with flow costs in solving a dynamic layout problem involving multiple time periods. It is the only algorithm to solve a general dynamic layout problem with varying department areas. Second, regular department shapes are maintained by requiring all departments to be rectangular. Its formulation for doing this is more efficient than previous algorithms.
Parents' views of adoption disruption

Abstract In-depth, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 12 couples and 3 single adoptive parents whose adoptions of special needs children, aged 4 to 17, had disrupted, that is, terminated prior to legal finalization. The disruption was highly stressful and painful for most parents. Six themes emerged in the interviews: (a) the inability of the children to attach to the adopting families, (b) the childrens' difficulties in letting go of birth families, (c) the parents' expectations of a less difficult child, (d) the impacts of unresolved infertility issues on the adoptive process, (e) gaps in information and child history and (f) the importance of worker expertise and support. The benefits of long-term foster care for some children are discussed.
Sequence stratigraphic controls on the development of microbial fabrics and growth forms-implications for reservoir quality distribution in the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) Smackover Formation, eastern Gulf Coast, USA

This paper presents a model that integrates sequence stratigraphic concepts with a fabric and growth form classification of Smackover microbial buildups to aid in understanding the distribution of reservoir quality in the updip basement ridge play of southwest Alabama. Microbial growth forms and fabrics, early diagenetic processes, and resulting reservoir quality are all ultimately controlled by the rate of relative sealevel change, position of sea level with respect to exposed Paleozoic basement, and position in an inner ramp setting. The microbial classification divides fabrics and growth forms into five “types,” which developed in response to changes in water energy, sedimentation rate, and substrate. Layered thrombolite with characteristic mm/cm-scale crypts characterize Type I buildups. Reticulate and “chaotic” thrombolite comprise Type II buildups. In the updip basement ridge play, the Smackover sea did not flood the Paleozoic basement until deposition of the sediments associated with the late transgressive systems tract. Layered and reticulate thrombolite buildups (Types I and II) grew directly on Paleozoic basement and formed in reponse to late transgressive systems tract catch-up conditions when sedimentation rates were low and water energies were moderate to high. Both Type I and II buildups occur on low and high relief basement structures. Type III buildups are characterized by dendroidal thrombolites. On low relief basement structures, dendroidal thrombolite buildups (Type III) typically overlie Type I and II buildups. Type III buildups are absent on high relief structures. Dendritic thrombolites grew in early highstand systems tract keep-up conditions when sedimentation rates were slightly elevated and water energy low. These conditions occurred on the tops of low-relief basement structures associated with early highstand systems tract deposition. Type IV microbialite are composed of isolated stromatolitic crusts that acted as binders to Type V oncoidal packstone/grainstones that grew on soft to firm substrates in high-energy conditions. Abundant in the late highstand systems tract deposits, Type IV (isolated crusts) and V (oncoid) microbialite are found in upper Smackover shoal, lagoon, and tidal flat facies. Classification of microbial types is significant to hydrocarbon exploration and production in southwest Alabama. Types I, II, and III buildups are the best fabrics for productive reservoirs. Of these, Type III buildups are the highest quality reservoir rocks. Dolomitized reticulate and dendritic fabrics result in well-connected intercrystalline and vuggy porosity. Type IV and V microbialite are poor reservoir rocks because Type IV forms are often isolated, and the moldic porosity associated with Type V oncoids are typically not well connected.
Social, economic, and residential diversity within Hartford's African American community at the beginning of the great migration

Scant attention has been paid to the social and economic diversity within the African American community in particular cities at the beginning stage of the Great Migration. This article examines the variation in characteristics of African Americans from different places of birth at the onset of the Great Migration living in one city, Hartford, Connecticut. The article focuses on three major attributes of African Americans with differing geographic backgrounds residing in Hartford during this time period: (a) their socioeconomic status, (b) their settlement patterns within the city, and (c) the extent of their civic participation. The article reveals sizable differences along these three dimensions among African Americans of differing geographic origins.
Has the availability of minimally invasive techniques lowered the threshold for surgery in elderly patients with hyperparathyroidism

Abstract Introduction. Many elderly patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT), which increases in incidence with age and is frequently asymptomatic, are often not referred for surgery. However, the development of minimally invasive techniques has facilitated complex operations even in the elderly. Therefore, we sought to determine if the introduction of minimally invasive radioguided parathyroidectomy (MIRP) would alter the threshold for surgical referral at our institution for patients over 70 years of age. Methods. From January 1990 to March 2004, 422 patients underwent surgery for primary HPT at our institution. Of these, 98 were 70 years or older. In 2001, we introduced MIRP. Patients were then analyzed based upon the availability of this technology (pre-MIRP era 1990–2000, and MIRP era 2001–2004). Results. In the MIRP era, more elderly patients were referred for surgery when compared to the pre-MIRP era (30% versus 18%, P = 0.001). On average, 18 elderly patients/year had parathyroid surgery in the MIRP era compared to only 3 elderly patients/year pre-MIRP, representing a 6-fold increase. Furthermore, there were significantly more patients undergoing parathyroidectomy who were asymptomatic from HPT during the MIRP era (14% versus TABLE—ABSTRACT 33 . ERA N Cure rate Complications Hospital stay (days) Pre-MIRP 43 89% 7% 2.0 ± 0.4 MIRP 55 99% 3% 0.5 ± 0.1 p value — 0.05
PBAN gene architecture and expression in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta

The PBAN/pyrokinin peptides are a major neuropeptide family characterized by a common FXPRLamide at the C-termini. These peptides are distributed ubiquitously in the Insecta and are involved in many essential endocrine functions, e.g. pheromone production. We report the gene architecture of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta PBAN (Soi-PBAN) gene, including the exon and intron boundaries. Furthermore, we quantified expression of the Soi-PBAN mRNA in the head, thorax and abdomen of the fire ant. The Soi-PBAN gene is comprised three exons and two introns, all composed of 13,358 nucleotides, which is 2-4 times larger than lepidopteran PBAN genes. The overall pattern of the PBAN immunoreactive neuron number and localization was similar for female and male alates, inseminated female delates, workers and queens. The Soi-PBAN mRNA expression level was highest in the head, followed by the thorax, and abdomen of adult ants. Expression in the abdominal tissues was expected to be similar to the head, or at least higher than thorax because strong PBAN immunoreactive neurons were detected previously in brain-subesophageal and abdominal ganglia. This result suggests that another FXPRL gene could be dominant in the abdomen rather than Soi-PBAN gene.
Innovating in india: designing for constraint, computing for inclusion (keynote)

A fundamental tenet of user-centered design is that the needs, wants, limitations, and contexts of end users are central to the process of creating products and services that can be used and understood by the people who will use them. Most of the time these end users aren’t all that different from the people designing the technology. But as the differences increase between designers and the people they’re designing for, understanding and empathizing with users becomes harder and even more important. As we build software for people and communities with vastly diverse backgrounds, cultures, languages, and education, we need to stretch our ideas of what users want and need and how best to serve them. The Technology for Emerging Markets (TEM) group at Microsoft Research India seeks to address the needs and aspirations of people in the developing world who are just beginning to use computing technologies and services as well as those for whom access to computing still remains largely out of reach. Much of this work can be described as designing for constraint: constraints in education, in infrastructure, in financial resources, in languages and in many other areas. In this talk, I will describe some work from our group that explores how we have tried to manage these constraints to create software and systems for people and communities often overlooked by technologists.