cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Dynamic Capabilities: Practices and Performance in Semiconductor Manufacturing

Research on dynamic capabilities emphasizes the importance and role of organizational routines in explaining interfirm differences in performance. While performance differences are well documented, few empirical analyses explore the processes inside organizations that lead to dynamic capabilities or attempt to define and measure their performance effects. This paper examines one type of dynamic capability - the development and introduction of new process technologies in semiconductor manufacturing. This dynamic capability is an important source of competitiveness in the semiconductor industry, given the short product lifecycles, rapid price declines, and rapid technological advances that define the industry. Because much of the knowledge that underpins semiconductor manufacturing is idiosyncratic, firm-level R&D organization and information technology practices that facilitate problem solving and learning-based improvement provide important and enduring advantages. We derive models of the rate of improvement in manufacturing yield (i.e. the quality of production) and cycle time (i.e. the speed of production) following the development and introduction of new process technologies in manufacturing facilities, and test the empirical specifications of these models. The ways in which semiconductor manufacturers accumulate experience and articulate and codify knowledge within the manufacturing environment build new process development and introduction dynamic capabilities that improve performance.
Fc receptors: Rubor redux

Since their initial discovery over 30 years ago, cellular receptors for the Fc domain of immunoglobulins (FcRs) have posed something of an enigma for immunologists. These surface glycoproteins were known to be widely distributed on cells of the immune system, had specificity for different isotypes of immunoglobulin, and could mediate a variety of effector responses when cross-linked in vitro (Ravetch and Kinet, 1991). Molecular analysis of the genes and protein complexes that constitute these receptors had yielded a rich diversity of structures, revealing subunits, protein motifs, and signal transduction pathways shared with the more familiar immune receptors such as the antigen receptors on T cells and B cells (Keegan and Paul, 1992; Weiss and Littman, 1994). Yet, despite their ability to mediate a wide range of biological activities on isolated cells, ranging from antibody-dependent cellular cytoxicity to phagocytosis and mediator release from effector cells, the role of many of these receptors in vivo had remained obscure until relatively recently. The basic problem in determining their function in vivo was the redundancy of effector pathways triggered by immune complexes. Defined mutations were lacking in specific FcRs that would facilitate clarifying their contribution, as compared with other immunoglobulin-binding proteins like the complements, to the effector arm of an immune response. Several reports in the last 6 months, utilizing targeted gene disruption of many of the FcRs (Takai et al., 1994; Dombrowicz et al., 1993) have defined a critical and unexpected role for these receptors in the antibody-mediated inflammatory response. These studies demonstrated that F&s have a central role in initiating immunocomplex-triggered inflammation and are likely to be major contributors to the process of lymphocyte regulation of antibody production.
Cardiac Conditioning in the Rat: US Intensity Function and Response Constancy Theory

The classically conditioned cardiac response to electric shock was examined in five groups of 10 rats each. Twenty trials were presented each day for 10 days with either a 1 mA, 2 mA, 3 mA, 4 mA, or 5 mA subcutaneous shock as the unconditioned stimulus (US). Data were evaluated with reference to a general theory of autonomic activity termed Response Constancy theory. A mathematical derivative of the theory is a significant negative correlation between prestimulus levels and change scores, i.e. the Law of Initial Values. The theory predicts that degree of control exerted by a stimulus is reflected by the ability of the stimulus to produce a particular level of activity. Decreasing variability of conditioned heart rate was monotonically related to US intensity throughout, and negative correlations between prestimulus levels and change scores were observed in all groups. Magnitude of decelerative change was an inverted U-shaped function of US intensity in acquisition, and a monotonic function of US intensity at asymptote.
Intraoperative Use of a Portable Large Field of View Gamma Camera and Handheld Gamma Detection Probe for Radioguided Localization and Prediction of Complete Surgical Resection of Gastrinoma: Proof of Concept.

Background Surgical management of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) relies on localization and resection of all tumor foci. We describe the benefit of combined intraoperative use of a portable large field of view gamma camera (LFOVGC) and a handheld gamma detection probe (HGDP) for indium-111 ( 111 In)-pentetreotide radioguided localization and confirmation of gastrinoma resection in ZES. Study Design Five patients (6 cases) with 111 In-pentetreotide-avid ZES were evaluated. Patients were injected with 111 In-pentetreotide for diagnostic imaging the day before surgery. Intraoperatively, an HGDP and LFOVGC were used to localize 111 In-pentetreotide-avid lesions, guide resection, assess specimens for 111 In-pentetreotide activity, and to verify lack of abnormal post-resection surgical field activity. Results Large field of view gamma camera imaging and HGDP-assisted detection were helpful for localization and guided resection of tumor and removal of 111 In-pentetreotide-avid tumor foci in all cases. In 3 of 5 patients (3 of 6 cases), these techniques led to detection and resection of additional tumor foci beyond those detected by standard surgical techniques. The 111 In-pentetreotide–positive or–negative specimens correlated with neuroendocrine tumors or benign pathology, respectively. In one patient with mild residual focal activity on post-resection portable LFOVGC imaging, thought to be artifact, had recurrence of disease in the same area 5 months after surgery. Conclusions Real-time LFOVGC imaging and HGDP use for surgical management of gastrinoma improve success of localizing and resecting all neuroendocrine tumor–positive tumor foci, providing instantaneous navigational feedback. This approach holds potential for improving long-term patient outcomes in patients with ZES.
An experimental simulation of a coastal fog-stratus case using COAMPS(tm) model

This paper presents an experimental simulation of a summer season marine fog-stratus case along the west coast of California using the US Navy COAMPS(tm) model. The purpose is to show the potential usefulness of mesoscale models in forecasting this type of marine boundary weather phenomenon. The role of data assimilation and the impacts of solar radiation, microphysics, and vertical resolution in improving the forecasts are examined. The model capability in forecasting the burn-off process over the San Francisco Bay area is also tested with very high horizontal resolution (2-km grid size) using the model's one-way nesting technique. The model demonstrates promising capacity in this case to replicate the temporal and spatial cloud coverage over the San Francisco Bay and surrounding area, shown in satellite imagery, despite a 2-h lag to complete clearing over the bay. This study also suggests that a better microphysics parameterization and proper representation of microphysics in the solar radiation scheme are both important for COAMPS(tm) to produce more realistic simulations and to improve the burn-off forecast.
AROUSED HAMSTERS SCAVENGE REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES

![Figure][1] While a great deal of research has focused on the induction of hibernation in mammals and how they are able to survive long periods with a drastically reduced metabolic rate and blood flow, recent research is beginning to focus on the other end of the equation, asking, `How do
Thermal properties and crystallization dynamics of a phase-change alloy for write-once optical data storage.

Using a two-laser static tester, we measured the crystallization temperature and the thermal conductivity of a phase-change alloy thin film used in write-once-read-many media of optical data storage. The experimental technique, in general, and the calibration procedures, in particular, are described. The measurement results are used as entry points into numerical calculations that ultimately yield estimates of the material parameters. Valuable information about the dynamics of mark formation (i.e., localized crystallization) in amorphous phase-change alloy films is obtained from the observed variations of the sample reflectance under short-pulse and long-pulse recording conditions. The dependence of these reflectance variations on the laser pulse power has also been investigated.
Diagnostic ability of B-type natriuretic peptide and impedance cardiography: testing to identify left ventricular dysfunction in hypertensive patients.

Background Patients with hypertension are at high risk for the development of left ventricular dysfunction (LVD). Echocardiography is considered to be the gold standard for diagnosis of LVD; but its cost, complexity, and availability prevents its use for frequent evaluation. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal BNP (NT-BNP) can identify heart failure in dyspneic patients. Impedance cardiography (ICG) is a noninvasive method of measuring hemodynamic and electromechanical timing parameters. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of BNP, NT-BNP, and ICG to detect the presence of LVD in patients with hypertension. Methods A convenience sample of subjects undergoing echocardiography who had a history of hypertension or current systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg were enrolled and retrospectively evaluated. Patients with known LVD were excluded. Diagnosis of LVD was determined by the presence of systolic or diastolic dysfunction, valvular or wall motion abnormalities, or left ventricular hypertrophy. Results A total of 193 subjects were enrolled: 189 men and four women, age 68.8 ± 11.7 years. Multivariate regression analysis of history and symptoms, BNP, and ICG parameters identified significant predictor variables for LVD including cardiac index (P = .005), left cardiac work index (P = .008), BNP (P = .017), arrhythmia (P = .023), angina (P = .034), and systemic vascular resistance (P = .048). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis determined the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of BNP (0.60), NT-BNP (0.67), ICG velocity index (0.66), composite ICG (0.66), ICG combined with BNP (0.70), and ICG combined with NT-BNP (0.73). Conclusions In this high-risk hypertensive population, BNP, NT-BNP, and ICG were useful to identify the presence of LVD. The use of ICG with natriuretic peptide testing may improve the ability to detect LVD.
Laboratory evidence of the use of metal tools at Machu Picchu (Peru) and environs

Abstract An interpretation of use-wear marks on metal artifacts is developed from the principles of metal cutting and brittle fracture and applied to surficial markings and microstructural damage on bronze tools from Machu Picchu and environs. Most of the tools have blunt edges, relatively low tin contents, and were not work hardened before use; they appear to have been designed for work that involved breaking chips from hard, brittle material. Use-wear marks on these tools are interpreted as due to sliding contacts and impacts with rock. One tool with a relatively sharp edge has a higher alloy content than those with blunt edges and has been work hardened; it appears to have been designed for cutting wood and use-wear markings suggest it was so used. A long bronze bar carries markings that suggest use by stonemasons. Many of the tools are broken and study of their microstructures shows that the bronze used has poor mechanical properties because of porosity and bands of sulphide inclusions.
Tetrakis(N-Ethyl-9-Oxo-4-Azonia-5-Aza-9H-Fluorene) Tetra-μ 3 -Iodo-Hexa-μ 2 -Iodo-Dodecaiodohexabismuthate

The new iodo­bismuthate compound (C13H11N2O)4[Bi6I22] has been synthesized solvothermally by reacting BiI3, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and 4,5-diaza­fluoren-9-one in a water/ethanol solvent mixture. The asymmetric unit of the compound contains two independent [N-ethyl-4,5-dafo]+ cations and one-half of a centrosymmetric [Bi6I22]4− anion. The average terminal Bi—I, Bi—μ2-I and Bi—μ3-I bond lengths in the anion are 2.8923 (2), 3.1403 (2) and 3.3022 (2) A, respectively.
Male accessory sex glands produce heparin-binding proteins that bind to cauda epididymal spermatozoa and are testosterone dependent

Heparin binds to bovine sperm and stimulates capacitation in vitro. Seminal plasma alters the ability of epididymal sperm to bind heparin, and several heparin-binding proteins (HBPs) have been identified in bull seminal plasma. This study had three objectives: 1) to identify production sites of seminal plasma HBPs, 2) to determine which HBPs bound to cauda epididymal sperm, and 3) to determine whether presence of HBPs was testosterone dependent. Proteins from bull or rat seminal vesicles, prostates, and bulbourethral glands were separated by heparin affinity high-performance liquid chromatography. HBPs were found in all accessory glands of rats and bulls, but the major source of bovine seminal plasma HBPs appeared to be seminal vesicles. Between 25% and 50% of the protein from each gland bound to the heparin column, and NaCl concentrations required to elute proteins ranged from 0.15 to 1.4 M. One-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that major HBPs were relatively small, with molecular weights between 13 and 31 kDa, but some HBPs also exhibited higher molecular weights, between 40 and 100 kDa. Radioiodinated HBPs from each bovine gland were incubated with epididymal sperm. Labeled HBPs binding to sperm exhibited molecular weights of 14, 16, 24, and 30 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. The HBP content of the accessory sex glands decreased significantly in castrated rats and was restored to levels of sham-operated controls by testosterone replacement. Heparin-binding proteins may play a role in fertilization by attaching to sperm surfaces, enabling heparin-like glycosaminoglycans in the female reproductive tract to induce capacitation.
How stationary are the internal tides in a high-resolution global ocean circulation model?

The stationarity of the internal tides generated in a global eddy-resolving ocean circulation model forced by realistic atmospheric fluxes and the luni-solar gravitational potential is explored. The root mean square (RMS) variability in the M2 internal tidal amplitude is approximately 2 mm or less over most of the ocean and exceeds 2 mm in regions with larger internal tidal amplitude. The M2 RMS variability approaches the mean amplitude in weaker tidal areas such as the tropical Pacific and eastern Indian Ocean, but is smaller than the mean amplitude near generation regions. Approximately 60% of the variance in the complex M2 tidal amplitude is due to amplitude-weighted phase variations. Using the RMS tidal amplitude variations normalized by the mean tidal amplitude (normalized RMS variability (NRMS)) as a metric for stationarity, low-mode M2 internal tides with NRMS < 0.5 are stationary over 25% of the deep ocean, particularly near the generation regions. The M2 RMS variability tends to increase with increasing mean amplitude. However, the M2 NRMS variability tends to decrease with increasing mean amplitude, and regions with strong low-mode internal tides are more stationary. The internal tide beams radiating away from generation regions become less stationary with distance. Similar results are obtained for other tidal constituents with the overall stationarity of the constituent decreasing as the energy in the constituent decreases. Seasonal variations dominate the RMS variability in the Arabian Sea and near-equatorial oceans. Regions of high eddy kinetic energy are regions of higher internal tide nonstationarity.
Democracy Promotion as a World Value

Although norms protecting the sovereignty of states still trump norms protecting the rights of individuals, the balance is shifting. Democracy promotion has become increasingly acceptable as a fore...
A 2.4GHz hybrid PPF based BFSK receiver with ±180ppm frequency offset tolerance for wireless sensor networks

A low-power 2.4GHz 1Mb/s hybrid polyphase filter (PPF) based BFSK receiver with ±180ppm frequency offset tolerance (FOT) and 40dB adjacent channel rejection (ACR) at a modulation index (MI) of 2 is presented. High FOT at low MI is achieved by a frequency-to-energy conversion architecture using PPFs without any frequency correction. The proposed hybrid topology of the PPF provides an improved ACR at reduced power. The prototype receiver fabricated in a 0.13µm CMOS process, including RF and analog front-ends, consumes 1.95mW from a 1V supply with −84dBm sensitivity.
IMF surveillance as a signal to attract foreign investment

Abstract Poor governance and endemic corruption hamper the efforts of some developing countries to attract foreign investment. Incentive schemes based on verifiable signals of varying costs and quality can be helpful in encouraging their governments to intensify corruption-control efforts. This paper ranks alternative signals, including surveillance by the IMF and other IFIs (International Financial Institutions), as catalysts for private foreign investments. We demonstrate that the ranking crucially depends on the bargaining strength of governments relative to foreign investors. If foreign lenders control the bargain, IFI signals are the first choice. If governments are in control, IFI signals become the choice of last resort.
Pharmacogenetics of low dose clonidine in irritable bowel syndrome

Adrenergic and serotonergic (ADR-SER) mechanisms alter gut (gastrointestinal, GI) sensorimotor functions. We aimed to determine whether candidate ADR-SER genes affect GI responses to low dose clonidine (CLO) in humans. Forty healthy and 120 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) participants received CLO, 0.1 mg or 0.15 mg b.i.d., for 6 days. At baseline and post-CLO, we measured: gastric volume (GV); satiation volume; rectal compliance, sensation thresholds and ratings with distensions. Genetic variations tested were: alpha2A (C-1291G), alpha2C (Del 322-325), GNbeta3 (C825T) and solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, serotonin), member 4 (SLC6A4) (serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region). CLO reduced volume to satiation (P = 0.002), postprandial GV (P < 0.001), sensation threshold for pain (<0.001); CLO increased rectal compliance (P = 0.024). There were significant associations between post-CLO responses and gene variations for DeltaGV (alpha2A and SLC6A4), rectal sensation of gas (alpha2A, GNbeta3), urgency (alpha2A); and pain (GNbeta3 and SLC6A4); and rectal compliance (SLC6A4). alpha2A, GNbeta3 and SLC6A4 genotypes significantly modify responses to CLO on sensory and motor GI functions in health and IBS.
Changes in the α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine system during chronic controlled alcohol exposure in nonhuman primates

Abstract Background The precise nature of modifications to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) system in response to chronic ethanol exposure is poorly understood. The present work used PET imaging to assay α4β2* nAChR binding levels of eight rhesus monkeys before and during controlled chronic ethanol intake. Methods [ 18 F]Nifene PET scans were conducted prior to alcohol exposure, and then again after at least 8 months controlled ethanol exposure, including 6 months at 1.5 g/kg/day following a dose escalation period. Receptor binding levels were quantified with binding potentials (BP ND ) using the cerebellum as a reference region. Alcohol self-administration was assessed as average daily alcohol intake during a 2 month free drinking period immediately following controlled alcohol. Results Significant decreases in α4β2* nAChR binding were observed in both frontal and insular cortex in response to chronic ethanol exposure. During chronic alcohol exposure, BP ND in the lateral geniculate region correlated positively with the amount of alcohol consumed during free drinking. Conclusions The observed decreases in nAChR availability following chronic alcohol consumption suggest alterations to this receptor system in response to repeated alcohol administration, making this an important target for further study in alcohol abuse and alcohol and nicotine codependence.
Low-frequency wind noise correlation in microphone arrays.

A three-axis orthogonal microphone array with ten sensors in each arm has been used to study wind noise in the frequency range from 0.05 to 50 Hz. Simultaneous measurements were made of the three components of the varying wind velocity. Measurements have been made for wind speeds from 4 to 7 m/s at three different sites. The frequency-dependent correlation of the wind noise over a range of wind velocities and atmospheric and environmental conditions in the downwind direction varies as exp(−3.2X)cos(2πX). For the crosswind and vertical directions, the correlation decays approximately as exp(−7Y), where X is the separation in wavelengths in the downwind direction and Y is this separation in the crosswind or vertical direction. Over a limited range of wave numbers, the power density spectra of the varying wind velocity varied as the wave number to the −53 power and the pressure spectra as the −73 power.
Group Welfare and the Formation of a Common Labor Market: Some Global Results

Consider a collection of isolated or autarkic regions. The original residents or natives of each region are by assumption a group with a welfare function defined over group members' consumption. Now suppose the regions form a common labor market and a federal government, and one type from each group can freely migrate to other regions. Under what circumstances is this change even potentially beneficial to all groups? We derive a necessary and sufficient condition that depends only on the exogenous parameters of our model. Earlier treatments of these issues focus on relationships among endogenous variables. Our condition underlies those relationships. We also show that there is nothing pathological about the conditions under which federalism must make some or all groups worse off. When it is possible to make all groups better off, we show that the change can be supported by Wildasin's (1991) corrected Nash equilibrium in redistributive transfers.
Superoxide dismutase activity in lung from copper- and manganese-deficient mice exposed to ozone.

Abstract Nutritional manganese (Mn) or copper (Cu) deficiency was investigated in Swiss-Webster mice exposed to ozone (O 3 ). Mice rendered Mn-deficient were first reared from Mn-deficient dams and then fed a Mn-deficient (1 μg/g) diet. Mice rendered Cu-deficient were fed a diet containing 0.2 μg Cu/g diet. Control mice were fed a diet containing Mn at 45 μg/g and Cu at 8 μg/g. During the last week of the experiment (week 7, post-weanling), mice in each group were exposed continuously to 1.2 ppm O 3 or filtered air for 7 days. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in lung was then estimated. In mice breathing filtered air, neither lung Cu,Zn- nor Mn-SOD activity (U/g) was affected by diet. In O 3 -exposed mice, howver, Mn-SOD activity was lower in the Mn-deficient group and Cu,Zn-SOD activity was lower in the Cu-deficient group. Moreover, total lung Cu,Zn-SOD activity was elevated in the Mn-deficient mice, whereas total Mn-SOD activity was elevated in the Cu-deficient mice in response to O 3 . These data indicate that under normal circumstances lung Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD are not affected by Cu or Mn deficiency. However, when an oxidant stress is superimposed on the Cu- or Mn-deficient condition, Cu,Zn- and Mn-SOD activities are impaired.
Neurite growth cone-substratum adherance increases in vitro

Abstract During experiments characterizing the turning response of dorsal root ganglion neurites toward NGF, it was observed that growth cone-substratum adherance increased with time in culture. The experiments reported here indicate that the observed increase in growth cone-substratum adherance is significant and can be detected with both collagen and poly- l -lysine substrates. The increased adherance is apparently due to a substance(s) produced and released by the ganglia which binds to the substrate, increasing adherance. Flow chamber studies indicate that the substrate-bound substance(s) may be necessary for neurite growth onto artificial tissue culture substrata.
CRH Mediates Inflammation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Human Adult Epidermal Keratinocytes

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a 41-amino-acid peptide, is a main regulator of the systemic response that suppresses immune response on a central level (Chrousos and Gold, 1992). In the peripheral sites, including the epidermis, CRH acts as potent proinflammatory agent (Karalis et al., 1991; Theoharides et al., 2004; Slominski et al., 2006a, b). In normal keratinocytes, CRH activates the master regulator of inflammation NF-κB (Zbytek et al., 2004) and stimulates the expression of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR (Quevedo et al., 2001).
Benchmarking the State of Humanitarian Aid and Disaster Relief: A Systems Design Perspective and Research Agenda

Purpose: A review of relief-and-recovery glitches related to natural disasters revealed four main issues that hinder the effectiveness of relief efforts. A common theme across these issues is a need for a more holistic systems design to provide better coordination within Humanitarian Aid and Disaster Relief (HADR). This paper addresses this issue.Design/methodology/approach: This is a conceptual paper using systems design theory to frame the extant literature and delineate the challenges and opportunities in HADR with respect to environment, processes, and goals. With the focus on systems design, we use fundamental principles of systems thinking to identify core issues and questions that require the attention of future research. Findings: HADR supply chains are made up of a complex set of players. By answering the questions we have proposed using systems thinking, these organizations can be motivated to coordinate efforts in the HADR supply chain to create a more cohesive response effort.Implications: Progress is needed to transition from temporary to synchronized, “borderless” HADR supply chain networks. The result would be that HADR supply chains would more effectively reduce suffering and operate at lower total costs — two goals that are worth pursuing.Originality/value: This paper is written in response to Richey’s (2009) call for a more theoretical base in HADR research. Addressing the proposed research questions introduced in this paper will increase HADR system transparency, allowing us to better evaluate theoretically the governance and synchronization mechanisms required to enhance collaboration and improve HADR effectiveness.
The Effect of External Magnetic Field on the Plasma Induced by Laser Ablation in Vacuum

During short-pulsed laser ablation (machining) process at sufficiently high intensities, a plasma plume may be generated above the target surface. In this paper, the effect of external magnetic fields on laser-induced plasma has been studied using a physics-based model. In the model, hydrodynamic equations coupled with wide-range equations of state are solved numerically using a finite-difference essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) method. The magnetic field affects the plasma evolution by inducing electric currents, and the associated electromagnetic force and Joule heating effect in the plasma. The study shows that the external magnetic field may decrease the plasma front expanding speed, and increase the plasma temperature. The study provides useful information for the fundamental study of laser-induced plasma, and for the practical applications of short-pulsed lasers in laser ablation (machining), laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), and other areas, where laser-induced plasma may play a very important role.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Characterization of deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from the granulosis viruses of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni and the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda.

Abstract Large, covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid molecules have been isolated from the granulosis viruses that infect the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, and the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. As extracted from either virus, the nucleic acid is a mixture of double-stranded covalently closed circular molecules (about 30%), circular molecules (about 60%) with one or few nicks, and linear molecules (less than 10%). Centrifugation to equilibrium in cesium chloride gradients containing ethidium bromide shows the presence of three bands of DNA: a light band of DNA containing linear and relaxed circular DNAs, a heavy band of covalently closed DNA, and a third band of DNA intermediate to the light and heavy bands of DNA. Significantly, lyophilization of the occluded virus preparation before purification of the DNA does not allow the recovery of covalently closed DNA as compared to that recovered from nonlyophilized virus. Data herein suggest that lyophilization introduces, for the most part, a single-strand nick in the double-stranded molecule. A comparison of the sedimentation rates of the intact linear forms of the insect virus DNAs with those of T4 and T7 phage DNA standards on both neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients was used to estimate the molecular weight of the insect virus genomes. The genome from Spodoptera frugiperda granulosis virus is about 95 × 106 daltons and that from Trichoplusia ni granulosis virus is about 100 × 106 daltons. The base compositions of the virus and host DNAs were determined by thermal denaturation measurements.
Turbulent heat transfer in a parallel-plate channel

Analytical results are presented for the fully developed heat-transfer characteristics of a turbulent flow in a parallel-plate channel with uniform heat flux. The results were obtained by integration of the energy equation and are plotted on a Nusselt number vs Prandtl number graph for Reynolds numbers from 10/ sup 4/ to 5 x 10/sup 5/. Friction factors are also given as a function of Reynolds number. (D.L.C.)
Multiple additions of phenylgermanium ligands to tetraruthenium and tetraosmium carbonyl cluster complexes.

Three new compounds, Ru 4 (μ 4 -GePh) 2 (μ-GePh 2 ) 2 (μ-CO)2(CO)8 (11), Ru 4 (μ 4 -GePh) 2 (μ-GePh 2 ) 3 (μ-CO)(CO)8 (12), and Ru 4 (μ 4 -GePh) 2 (μ-GePh2)4(CO) 8 (13), were obtained from the reaction of H 4 Ru 4 (CO) 12 with excess Ph 3 GeH in octane (11 and 12) or decane (13) reflux. Compound 11 was converted to compound 13 by reaction with Ph 3 GeH by heating solutions in nonane solvent to reflux. Compounds 11-13 each contain a square-type arrangement of four Ru atoms capped on each side by a quadruply bridging GePh ligand to form an octahedral geometry for the Ru 4 Ge 2 group. Compound 11 also contains two edge-bridging GePh 2 groups on opposite sides of the cluster and two bridging carbonyl ligands. Compound 12 contains three edge-bridging GePh 2 groups and one bridging carbonyl ligand. Compound 13 contains four bridging GePh 2 groups, one on each edge of the Ru 4 square. The reaction of H 4 Os 4 (CO) 12 with excess Ph 3 GeH in decane at reflux yielded two new tetraosmium cluster complexes, Os 4 (μ 4 -GePh) 2 (μ-GePh 2 ) 3 (μ-CO)(CO)8 (14) and Os 4 (μ 4 -GePh) 2 (μ-GePh 2 )4(CO) 8 (15). These compounds are structurally similar to compounds 12 and 13, respectively.
Radical Empiricism and the Unremarkable Nature of Mystic Ineffability

Abstract Ineffability has long been considered a hallmark of mystical experience. Dominant trends in epistemology and the study of mysticism, however, hold that experience is fundamentally conceptual and linguistic in nature, and therefore that experience cannot actually be ineffable. From this perspective, ineffability claims stymie analysis, and their cross-cultural prevalence in mystic traditions is problematic. Radical empiricism dissolves these difficulties by offering a broader and less discursive understanding of experience; specifically, it regards ineffable experience as a real possibility. It is therefore able to incorporate ineffability claims into analysis as signals of emotional or qualitative dimensions of experience that are not linguistic in nature. Radical empiricism also thereby explains the cross cultural prevalence of ineffability claims as an unremarkable facet of human consciousness and experience. It therefore affords a more effective explanation for the prevalence of ineffability and a more productive perspective for the study of mystical experience.
Exercise promotes positive impression formation towards both men and women.

Abstract Exercise is endorsed for its physiological and psychological benefits, and has been proposed to have positive effects on impression formation. To test this proposal, 62 female and 44 male college students read one of three brief descriptions of either a fictitious male or female “target” student. The descriptions varied only in exercise level: no exercise; moderate exercise and intensive exercise. Participants then rated the fictitious student on 38 personality traits. Ratings of characteristics that are associated with exercise (e.g. athletic; energetic) increased, while ratings associated with the lack of exercise (e.g. lazy; weak) decreased as a function of the reported level of exercise. Exercise level also positively influenced ratings of characteristics not related to exercise. These data show that even minimal information about exercise is an important component of first impressions in both men and women.
CT appearance of direct leukemic invasion of bowel

Although leukemic invasion of bowel is frequently seen on pathologic examination, it has rarely been described in the imaging literature. Previous radiographic reports have relied mostly on non-cross-sectional imaging techniques such as barium enema and have detected abnormalities only in the most advanced stages of disease when prognosis is uniformly poor. We describe a case of direct leukemic invasion seen on computed tomography which may offer the advantage of earlier detection and more favorable prognosis.
Infants with low immunoglobulin levels: Isolated low IgA level vs other immunoglobulin abnormalities

Background The International Union of Immunological Societies defined transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy as decreased IgG and IgA levels. Some others, however, include decreased IgA level alone. We compared infants with decreased levels of IgG and IgA, all isotypes, and IgA alone. Objective To determine whether infants presenting with diminished IgA only differ clinically and in time of immunoglobulin recovery, from those with decreased levels of IgG and IgA, or of all major isotypes. Methods Eighty-seven term infants found to have immunoglobulin isotype(s) 2 or more SDs below mean, normal antibody response, intact cellular immunity, and absence of other immunodeficiency syndrome features were evaluated between January 1, 1977 and December 31, 2008. Infants had decreased IgA level (group 1, n=43), decreased IgA and IgG levels (group 2, n=39), or low IgA, IgG, and IgM levels (group 3, n=5). Results Groups had similar histories. Immunoglobulins normalized in a similar percentage of all groups during infancy but earlier for group 1 ( P = .005). Conclusion Little reason exists to separate infants with isolated decreased IgA levels from those with decreased levels of IgA and IgG or all isotypes.
Intraarterial thrombolytic therapy within 3 hours of the onset of stroke

Objective The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Stroke Study Group showed that recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) administered intravenously within 3 hours of the onset of ischemic stroke can improve clinical outcome. Intraarterial (IA) thrombolysis has been shown to offer advantages over intravenous (IV) thrombolysis, but experience with this type of therapy within 3 hours of the onset of symptoms has not been reported previously. This study is the first retrospective analysis of a two-institution experience with IA thrombolysis within 3 hours of stroke onset. Methods A total of 36 patients with angiographically demonstrated occlusions were treated with urokinase or rt-PA within 3 hours of stroke onset. Outcome measures included the percentage of patients with no or minimal neurological disability at 30 to 90 days as measured by the modified Rankin Scale, percentage recanalization, incidence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and mortality rate. The results were compared with those of the NINDS rt-PA study. Results The median admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 14. Fifty percent of treated patients had a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 or 1 indicating no or little disability at 1 to 3 months compared with 39% of treated patients in the NINDS trial. Recanalization was 75%, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was 11% (versus 6.4% with IV rt-PA in the NINDS trial), and the mortality rate was 22% (versus 17% with IV rt-PA in the NINDS trial). Conclusion The results suggest that IA thrombolysis administered within 3 hours of stroke onset is a feasible and viable alternative to IV rt-PA on the basis of improved clinical outcomes, high recanalization percentage, and comparable mortality rate and despite increased symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. Whether IA thrombolysis is superior to IV therapy awaits further study.
Nanostructuring expands thermal limits

Scientists and engineers can exploit nanostructures to manipulate thermal transport in solids. This is possible because the dominant heat carriers in nonmetals – crystal vibrations (or phonons) – have characteristic lengths in the nanometer range. We review research where this approach is used and propose future research directions. For instance, concepts such as phonon filtering, correlated scattering, and waveguiding could expand the extremes of thermal transport in both the insulating and conducting limits. This will have major implications on energy conservation and conversion, information technology, and thermal management systems.
Aerosol therapy for asthma

Inhaled drugs play an important role in asthma management. The correct use of an appropriate delivery device is necessary to achieve the desired therapeutic effects of the drug. Currently, chlorofluorocarbon-propelled metered-dose inhalers, with or without spacers, are the most popular aerosol delivery devices. With the planned phase out of the chlorofluorocarbon metered-dose inhalers, the use of other delivery devices is being emphasized. To achieve optimal therapeutic effects, the drug and the delivery device should be considered a "couple". Aerosol delivery devices should provide an adequate "drug dose to the lung", be cost effective, simple to operate, minimize oropharyngeal deposition and systemic side effects, and match the patient's requirements. A new generation of aerosol delivery devices, incorporating the latest advances in aerosol technology, is likely to fulfill many of the goals mentioned above.
Feasability of a ARFI/B-mode/Doppler system for real-time, freehand scanning of the cardiovascular system

Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging has been previously described for the visualization of the cardiovascular system, including assessment of cerebral and lower-limb vascular disease, myocardial function, and cardiac RF ablation monitoring. Given that plaque imposes a 3-dimensional burden on the artery and that accurate visualization of all lesion borders are important for ablation guidance, it would be convenient if an entire plaque or lesion volume could be acquired, either using a 3D system or 2D freehand scanning. Currently, ARFI imaging uses single-frame acquisition, with acquisition times ranging from 100-200ms. Such a system would be cumbersome for real-time, freehand scanning. In this work, we evaluate the feasibility of using ARFI for freehand, real-time scanning of the cardiovascular system. New techniques are presented which acquire B-mode / ARFI/ and Color-flow Doppler (BACD) information in less than 50 ms. Freehand feasibility is evaluated by sweeping the BACD system across lesion phantoms and vascular phantoms modeling a thin-cap fibroatheroma at sweep rates currently utilized in conventional B-mode systems. Stationary in vivo BACD images were then formed from the carotid artery of a canine model, demonstrating the system's potential. The results suggest that little loss in either ARFI or Doppler quality occurs during translational-stage controlled, quasi-freehand sweeps.
Ablative Polymers in Aerospace Technology

Abstract Ablative polymers and polymeric composites serve an important function in aerospace technology. They protect aerodynamic surfaces, propulsion structures, and ground equipment from degradative effects of very high temperatures or incident heating rates. This protective function is accomplished by a self-regulating heat and mass transfer process known as ablation. By this relatively new process, thermal energy is expended via sacrificial loss of material. The amount of energy absorbed, dissipated, and blocked depends critically upon both materials and environmental variables. including the properties of the polymeric material, the thermal-chemical-mechanical aspects of the environment, and the complex interaction of the ablator with its hyperenvironment. Important thermochemical and thermo-physical parameters of the ablation process are discussed. In addition, a state-of-the-art of polymeric ablators is presented, with emphasis on the advantages, limitations, and current problems associated with ab...
Synthesis of Polyacrylate Networks by ATRP : Parameters Influencing Experimental Gel Points

Series of poly(M-co-X) cross-linked polymers were synthesized by atom transfer radical copolymerization (ATRcP) of different acrylate monomers (M) and diacrylate cross-linkers (X). The variation of experimental gel points based on monomer and/or cross-linker conversions was systematically studied by changing three parameters: monomer concentration, structure of cross-linkers, and structure of monomers. Under constant molar ratios of reagents, decreasing monomer concentration significantly increased the intramolecular cyclization reactions and delayed the occurrence of macroscopic gelation. Three types of acrylate monomers and five types of diacrylate cross-linkers with different structures were used for the copolymerization to explore the structural effect of monomers and cross-linkers on the experimental gel points. The results indicated that the experimental gel points based on conversions and the gel structural compactness did not change significantly by varying the monomer and/or cross-linker species ...
Oat cell lung cancer.

Most of us who are concerned with the proper management of intrathoracic cancer have for a long time been aware that lung cancer varies greatly in its clinical behavior and in its response to the various measures directed toward its control. However, early attempts to classify lung cancer solely on the basis of the grade of the malignancy were found to be of little or no clinical surgical and prognostic value, and the microscopists' attempt to classify lung cancers according to their probable response to ionizing radiation (that is, into groups of "radio-resistant" tumors) has been shown to be of even less significance. Approached from the standpoint of cell type, however, four different and distinctive types of lung cancer can probably be identified: squamous carcinoma, adenocarcinoma,
ACP-OPLL Performance in Presence of Out-of-Band Interference

Nonlinear dynamics inside an optical phase locked loop (OPLL) were studied to determine their effect on the OPLL performance in radar front end applications. An improved theoretical model of the OPLL was presented. Numeric simulations were performed to study the OPLL performance penalties in presence of external interference and its dynamic behavior during phase tracking failure. These results were validated by experimental observations.
Arthroscopic Decompression of a Bony Suprascapular Foramen

Arthroscopic decompression of the suprascapular nerve by transection of the transverse scapular ligament has only recently been described. Arthroscopic decompression of a bony suprascapular notch foramen has not been previously reported. This article presents a case report and outlines an arthroscopic technique to safely decompress a bony suprascapular notch. In the subacromial space, a lateral portal is used for viewing and a posterior portal for instrumentation. The medial wall of the subacromial bursa located behind the acromioclavicular joint is debrided with the shaver facing laterally and superiorly. The posterior acromioclavicular artery is routinely coagulated. A superomedial portal is now established using spinal needle localization. A smooth 5.5-mm cannula is placed in this portal and the coracoclavicular ligaments (trapezoid and conoid) are followed to the coracoid. The smooth cannula serves nicely to sweep and retract the suprascapular artery and associated fibrofatty tissue from the field of view while allowing instrumentation and visualization of the suprascapular notch. The course of the suprascapular nerve and morphology of the notch is confirmed. A Kerrison punch rongeur, routinely used in spine surgery, is introduced through the superomedial portal and a notchplasty is performed safely, allowing decompression of the suprascapular nerve.
A sample size formula for the supremum log-rank statistic.

Un avantage du test du log-rank supremum sur le test du log-rank standard est une sensibilite accrue a une plus large variete d'alternatives stochastiques ordonnees. Dans ce papier, nous etablissons une formule de calcul de la taille de l'echantillon pour des etudes utilisant le test du log-rank supremum. L'idee est de fonder la puissance sur l'alternative de hasards proportionnels, si bien que le log-rank supremum aura la meme puissance que le log-rank standard dans la situation ou le log-rank standard est optimal. Cela a pour consequence une legere augmentation de la taille de l'echantillon par rapport a celle requise pour le log-rank standard. Par exemple, cette augmentation est de 5,733% pour un test bilateral avec une erreur de Type I de 0,05 et une puissance de 0,80. Cette legere augmentation est compensee par les gains significatifs de puissance que permet le test du log-rank supremum pour une large famille d'alternatives a hazards non-proportionnels. Une petite etude de simulation est utilisee a titre d'illustration. Ces resultats devraient faciliter une utilisation plus large du test du log-rank supremum dans les essais cliniques.
Americans With Disabilities Act Amendments of 2008

During the past decade, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on three cases, generally referred to as the “Sutton trilogy,” that sharply narrowed the scope of Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) protection. Specifically, the Court ruled that mitigating and/or corrective measures must be taken into account in determining whether an individual is eligible for protection under the ADA. The authors briefly review the Sutton trilogy case law, summarize the ADA 2008 amendments, and provide recommendations for employers concerning policy development that will proactively address the major modifications of ADA 2008 amendment.
Urban School Principals and Their Role as Multicultural Leaders

This study focuses on the role of urban school principals as multicultural leaders. Using cross-case analysis, the authors describe what 6 practicing principals do in regard to multicultural leadership. The findings suggest that although multicultural preparation was lacking for these principals, some did engage in work that promoted diversity in their daily activities. All principals dealt with multicultural issues, usually focusing on individual students or specific programs to accommodate immigrants or refugees. Although some principals held high expectations for all, others were less aware of the connection between affirming diversity and student achievement. Recommendations are made to support principals in their work.