cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 665: Activation of Histone Deacetylase 2: A Novel Strategy for Reversing Vascular Dysfunction in Atherogenesis

Arginase 2 is a critical target in atherosclerosis as it regulates both endothelial NO, fibrosis and inflammation. The increase in Arg2 activity with endothelial cell activation is dependent on both early post-translational dependent mechanisms as well as a later increase in Arg 2 expression. The regulators of Arg2 transcription in the endothelium have not been characterized. The goal of current study is to determine the role of specific HDACs in the regulation of endothelial Arg2 transcription and thereby endothelial function. The global HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin (TSA) both time and concentration-dependently increased Arg2 mRNA, protein levels and activity in both HAECs and mouse aortic rings, a process that leads to Arg2-dependent endothelial dysfunction. TSA and atherogenic stimulus enhances activity of common promoter regions of Arg 2. All non-selective Class I HDAC inhibitors (TSA, Scriptaid, varinostat) enhanced Arg2 expression, while only the, the HDCA 1 and 2 selective inhibitor, mocetinostat (MGCD) enhances Arg2 expression. Overexpression of HDAC 2, 3 or 8 in HAECs have no effect on Arg 2 expression while HDAC2 cDNA overexpression concentration-dependently suppresses Arg2 expression. Conversely, siRNA knockdown of HDAC2 enhances Arg2 expression. Additionally like TSA, mouse aortic rings pre-incubated with MGCD resulted in endothelial dysfunction. Finally HDAC inhibition with TSA decreased endothelial NO and increased ROS production in an arginase-inhibitable manner. In conclusion, HDAC2 is critical regulator of Arg2 expression thereby regulating endothelial NO and ROS production, and consequently endothelial function. Overexpression or activation of HDAC2 thus represents a novel therapy for the prevention and treatment of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
Expression of measles virus nucleoprotein and application in immuno-detection

Objective:To construct the prokaryotic expression system of measles virus nucleoprotein gene and to determine its application in the detection of measles antibody.Methods:One-step RT-PCR amplification of nucleoprotein gene was performed using genomic RNA,extracted from measles epidemic strain,as template.The amplicon was cloned into pGEM-T Easy vector and sequenced.The confirmed fragment was subcloned into E.coli expression vector pET-28a(+) and then transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3).SDS-PAGE and western blot were used to analyse the expression and immunogen activity of recombinant protein.High-purity target protein was obtained through the Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and was used to ELISA detection.Results:The RT-PCR amplified nucleoprotein coding gene was 1578 bp.SDS-PAGE result showed that the recombinant protein was effectively expressed in E.coli,and mainly presented in soluble form.Western blot and ELISA showed the recombinant protein could react with the antibodies in human sera.The purified protein can be effectively applied in the detection of measles IgG antibody.Conclusion:The measles virus nucleoprotein gene was successfully constructed and expressed in prokaryotic expression system,and purified recombinant protein had a good antigenicity,which could be used as a measles virus antigen in immunoassays.
Generation of heavy ion beams using femtosecond laser pulses in the target normal sheath acceleration and radiation pressure acceleration regimes

Theoretical study of heavy ion acceleration from sub-micron gold foils irradiated by a short pulse laser is presented. Using two dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, the time history of the laser pulse is examined in order to get insight into the laser energy deposition and ion acceleration process. For laser pulses with intensity 3×1021 W/cm2, duration 32 fs, focal spot size 5 μm, and energy 27 J, the calculated reflection, transmission, and coupling coefficients from a 20 nm foil are 80%, 5%, and 15%, respectively. The conversion efficiency into gold ions is 8%. Two highly collimated counter-propagating ion beams have been identified. The forward accelerated gold ions have average and maximum charge-to-mass ratio of 0.25 and 0.3, respectively, maximum normalized energy 25 MeV/nucleon, and flux 2×1011 ions/sr. An analytical model was used to determine a range of foil thicknesses suitable for acceleration of gold ions in the radiation pressure acceleration regime and the onset of the target normal sheath acceleration regime. The numerical simulations and analytical model point to at least four technical challenges hindering the heavy ion acceleration: low charge-to-mass ratio, limited number of ions amenable to acceleration, delayed acceleration, and high reflectivity of the plasma. Finally, a regime suitable for heavy ion acceleration has been identified in an alternative approach by analyzing the energy absorption and distribution among participating species and scaling of conversion efficiency, maximum energy, and flux with laser intensity.
Phyla Ectoprocta and Entoprocta (Bryozoans)

Abstract The Phylum Bryozoa is a diverse group of benthic, suspension feeding invertebrates occurring in both freshwater and marine habitats. At one time the group also included entoprocts, which have similar features but are now considered to belong in a separate phylum. Entoprocta is included in this chapter for reasons of convenience, but is omitted from this abstract. Freshwater bryozoans are always modular, growing as colonies of identical zooids. Each zooid is capable of performing all basic life functions, including feeding, digestion, and reproduction. Nutrition is derived from suspended particles in the water captured by a whorl of ciliated tentacles. Every species includes in its life cycle an asexually produced dormant structure that can survive unfavorable conditions, often including freezing and desiccation. Sexual reproduction invariably involves either true larvae or a larva-like motile phase. Bryozoans are common in nearly all freshwater habitats where there are suitable substrata on which to grow. They often appear as moss-like growths of branching tubules, although some species are globular and gelatinous. Although unfamiliar to most people, some bryozoan species are serious biofouling pests capable of causing significant economic damage in irrigation, water treatment, and industrial cooling systems.
Analyzing Imprecise Adders Using BDDs -- A Case Study

Imprecise adders are implemented to improve the performance and power consumption of arithmetic circuits with forgivable inaccurate results. These types of designs are extensively used in digital computer systems for approximate computing. One of the challenges in designing imprecise adders is evaluation of output quality. Currently, the most popular technique to evaluate the approximate designs are random simulation and error estimation. These techniques cannot provide exact error analysis. In this paper, we present a formal approach to evaluating the imprecise adders based on BDDs. The proposed framework can measure Exact error rate (EER) of the designs. Additionally, we present a method for test generation (TG) of approximate adders, which can be used for implementing correlation logic. The proposed technique has been demonstrated using a number of imprecise adders (VLSA and ACA) with a large number of errors (over 1 billion).
A Lightweight and Efficient Mechanism for Fixing the Synchronization of Misaligned Subtitle Documents

Online subtitle databases allow users to easily find subtitle documents in multiple languages for thousands of films and TV series episodes. However, getting the subtitle document that gives satisfactory synchronization on the first attempt is like hitting the jackpot. The truth is that this process often involves a lot of trial- and-error because multiple versions of subtitle documents have distinct synchronization references, given that they are targeted at variations of the same audiovisual content. Building on our previous efforts to address this problem, in this paper we formalize and validate a two-phase subtitle synchronization framework. The benefit over current approaches lays in the usage of audio fingerprint annotations generated from the base audio signal as second-level synchronization anchors. This way, we allow the media player to dynamically fix during playback the most common cases of subtitle synchronization misalignment that compromise users' watching experience. Results from our evaluation process indicate that our framework has minimal impact on existing subtitle documents and formats as well as on the playback performance.
Dialysis Method to Control Exchangeable Sodium and Remove Excess Salts From Bentonite

Control of the cation species on the exchange complex of bentonite and removal of excess soluble salts may be desirable when preparing specimens for research focused on fundamental clay behavior as well as for improving containment properties of bentonite (e.g., swell, hydraulic conductivity, diffusion, and membrane behavior). The dialysis method has been used extensively by soil scientists to prepare homo-ionized clays (i.e., clays with a single cation species on the exchange complex) and to rinse soils of excess salts. However, achievement of homo-ionization and removal of soluble salts often is assumed without verification via measurement of the exchangeable and soluble cations after dialysis. Therefore, a dialysis procedure was evaluated as a method to prepare bentonite with a controlled exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and a low concentration of soluble salts, as verified by measurement of the ESP and soluble cations before and after dialysis. The procedure consisted of two stages: (1) dialysis with strong (≥ 0.1 M) NaCl solution to increase the percentage of Na+ on the exchange complex, and (2) subsequent removal of excess soluble salts via dialysis with de-ionized water (DIW). The ESP of the bentonite increased from 47 % for the untreated bentonite to 69 %, 80 %, and 89 % after dialysis with 0.1 M, 0.5 M, and 1.0 M NaCl solutions, respectively. Dialysis with DIW also removed soluble salts within a shorter time frame than other methods currently used to flush bentonite specimens of excess salts for testing (2 weeks versus several months).
MEASURING CHANNEL PLANFORM OF MEANDERING RIVERS

The traditional measure of river-channel sinuosity, P, is shown to vary with scale of measurement, the geometric character of the particular reach, and the starting point of the divider walk. Meander wavelength, L, suffers from non-reproducibility caused by the subjective identification of inflection points, a problem compounded by the irregularity of river meanders. Applicability of the angle measure technique (AMT) to the measurement of meander planform is demonstrated. The AMT considers variations in the complexity of meandering with scale, eliminating the dependence of results on scale of measurement. The AMT also samples the river at random points rather than sequentially, unlike the divider walk used to calculate P, avoiding the dependence of P on the starting position of the divider walk. The AMT also does not require subjective identification of inflection points as wavelength L does. Additionally, the traditional measures P and L are difficult to apply to manifestly underfit rivers. In this study...
Survival of the Friendliest: Homo sapiens Evolved via Selection for Prosociality

The challenge of studying human cognitive evolution is identifying unique features of our intelligence while explaining the processes by which they arose. Comparisons with nonhuman apes point to our early-emerging cooperative-communicative abilities as crucial to the evolution of all forms of human cultural cognition, including language. The human self-domestication hypothesis proposes that these early-emerging social skills evolved when natural selection favored increased in-group prosociality over aggression in late human evolution. As a by-product of this selection, humans are predicted to show traits of the domestication syndrome observed in other domestic animals. In reviewing comparative, developmental, neurobiological, and paleoanthropological research, compelling evidence emerges for the predicted relationship between unique human mentalizing abilities, tolerance, and the domestication syndrome in humans. This synthesis includes a review of the first a priori test of the self-domestication hypothesis as well as predictions for future tests.
The Urban Teaching Cohort: pre-service training to support mental health in urban schools

AbstractSupporting students’ mental health needs is critical in high-poverty urban school districts where many students are at risk for mental health problems. Although teacher–student relationships are at the core of student mental health promotion in the classroom, many teacher preparation programmes do not adequately prepare pre-service teachers entering into urban teaching for the realities of urban teaching. Miami University’s Urban Teaching Cohort (UTC) is an innovative, community-based approach to preparing pre-service teachers for work in the field of urban teacher preparation. In this paper, we review research on the challenges impacting the mental health of urban youth, describe how these challenges connect to the work of urban teachers and discuss how urban teacher preparation can help teachers better support students’ mental health. We discuss the elements of the UTC programme and how this preparation approach can help teachers build relationships with urban students and their families, as wel...
Regulation of mycotoxins in food

This paper reviews federal laws and regulations with respect adulteration of foods with mycotoxins. Toxins present in foods are generally handled as added poisonous and deleterious substances and generally if unsafe at any level to animals would imply that they may render injuriousness to humans. Aflatoxin is the only mycotoxin for which the FDA has set an action level, i.e., that level of adulteration below which the agency will generally not prosecute. However, due to environmental conditions, the FDA has repeatedly given exceptions for contaminated grain above the action level if it is to be used for animal feed. It should be noted that even though aflatoxin is a known animal carcinogen, the Delaney Clause does not apply and thus it can be present in foods. Action levels have not been established as yet for other mycotoxins.
The Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Diagnosis: Definitions, Utility, Limitations

The definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has evolved over the past 40 years, as survival for extremely preterm infants has improved. Clinical definitions of BPD have eliminated the requirement for abnormal chest radiograph, depending only on the prescription of supplemental oxygen, and have generally transitioned from determination at 28 days of age to 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age. More detailed clinical definitions proposed a severity scale for BPD (in which infants on assisted ventilation are classified as severe BPD, regardless of receipt of supplemental oxygen). Other definitions of BPD that have been broadly adopted in observational and interventional research are based on a physiologic challenge conducted in infants on nasal cannula support or other forms of supplemental oxygen without assisted ventilation. The challenge assesses the ability of the infant to maintain a prespecified oxygen saturation with a gradual decrease and discontinuation of clinical respiratory support. Although physiologic and severity-based definitions of BPD likely provide more discrimination, validation studies of BPD with respect to outcomes defining respiratory morbidity at 1–2 years corrected age have predominantly been based on binary clinical definitions of BPD. Accuracy of prediction likely depends on patient population characteristics and the specific outcomes of interest.
Filament formation in lithium niobate memristors supports neuromorphic programming capability

Memristor crossbars are capable of implementing learning algorithms in a much more energy and area efficient manner compared to traditional systems. However, the programmable nature of memristor crossbars must first be explored on a smaller scale to see which memristor device structures are most suitable for applications in reconfigurable computing. In this paper, we demonstrate the programmability of memristor devices with filamentary switching based on LiNbO3, a new resistive switching oxide. We show that a range of resistance values can be set within these memristor devices using a pulse train for programming. We also show that a neuromorphic crossbar containing eight memristors was capable of correctly implementing an OR function. This work demonstrates that lithium niobate memristors are strong candidates for use in neuromorphic computing.
Object Statistics on Curved Manifolds

Abstract It is valuable to understand an object in 2-space or 3-space as abstractly being a point in a feature space that is a high-dimensional curved manifold. Thus, statistical operations on objects would be expected to be more effective if they recognize that the manifold is curved. As a result the common statistical methods applied to objects, which all assume Euclidean metrics, would not be fully effective when directly applied. These methods for flat (Euclidean) space include those for Gaussian probability density estimation (e.g., mean estimation and principal component analysis), for classification (e.g., support vector machine and distance-weighted discrimination), and for hypothesis testing (e.g., t-test and permutation test). We present a number of forms of geometric object models: point distribution models, spherical harmonic models, normal vectors models, deformation models, and skeletal models. For each we show how an object thereby modeled can be understood to live on a curved manifold. Then after summarizing the aforementioned statistical methods in Euclidean spaces, we present a variety of methods that use the fact that the manifolds are curved. These include methods that work directly on the curved manifold and methods of Euclideanizing the features before applying the Euclidean methods, in particular by Composite Principal Nested Spheres and Polysphere Principal Component Analysis. We describe how the Euclideanization approach allows statistics on change of shape, as well as statistics on shape. We also describe methods for improving correspondence of the primitives in the geometric models for the objects in the training or target cases, and as well a method that is independent of reparameterization of the boundary. After describing methods for comparing object model/statistical method combinations, we give the results of a number of evaluations. These indicate that for object data those statistical methods that recognize that the manifold is curved provide superior results than those that assume a Euclidean space and that geometric models that include geometry of higher order than positions alone, such as boundary normal directions, provide superior results to those that are only based on positions.
Applications of Robotics in Pediatric Urologic Surgery

The availability of practical, clinically approved robotic surgical assist systems for laparoscopy, the da Vinci® (Intuitive Surgical Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) and Zeus® (Computer Motion, Santa Barbara, CA) systems, opened a door that was only ajar for reconstructive laparoscopy in pediatric urology.1 The technology is novel and expensive, yet the initial results and experience justify an enthusiastic continuance of its development and application in pediatric surgicalpractice. With increasing familiarity with its potential, its applications have broadened to more than a dozen types of procedures. This chapter will review the current use of robotic-assisted procedures in pediatric urological practice, and provide an early assessment of the strengths and limitations and speculation as to the future directions.
Three Dimensional Confocal Microscopy Study of Boundaries between Colloidal Crystals

Colloidal crystals were grown on flat or patterned glass slides. The structure of the grains and their defects was first visualized by 3D confocal microscopy and then characterized using simple geometric measurements. Crystals grown on a flat surface maintained a layered structure induced by the closed-packed planes. In the case of the [110] •5 grain boundary, the presence of particles in interlayer position was established.
Neural Hyperexcitability in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Despite the progress that has been made in research on autism spectrum disorders (ASD), the understanding of the biological basis of ASD to identify targets for novel, effective treatment remains limited. One of the leading biological theories of autism is a model of cortical hyperexcitability. While numerous genetic and epigenetic studies support this model, how this particular biological alteration relates to known phenotypes in ASD is not well established. Using examples of sensory processing alterations, this review illustrates how cortical excitability may affect neural processes to result eventually in some core clinical phenotypes in ASD. Applications of the cortical excitability model for translational research and drug development are also discussed.
Using simulation optimization for interdependent operations in health centers

Many patients require multiple services provided by different departments and facilities during one visit to a health center or hospital. These multiple services provided to common patients define interdependencies among departments within a hospital, in which the operation and efficiency of one department may impact the other interrelated departments. In order to minimize the total patient length of stay for those with multiple services, a simulation-optimization framework is constructed. The day-to-day operation of each department is simulated using discrete-event simulation modeling. At the beginning of each iteration, an optimization model for each node defines the patient and provider schedules and resource allocation for each hour of the day. The simulation results, inflows, and outflows of each department are used to inform the next day optimization model. This iterative procedure continues, until the performance gap become minimal.
Synthesis of Non-Classical Arylated C-Saccharides through Nickel/Photoredox Dual Catalysis

The development of synthetic tools to introduce saccharide derivatives into functionally complex molecules is of great interest, particularly in the field of drug discovery. Herein, we report a new route toward highly functionalized, arylated saccharides, which involves nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of photoredox-generated saccharyl radicals with a range of aryl- and heteroaryl bromides, triggered by an organic photocatalyst. In contrast to existing methods, the mild reaction conditions achieve arylation of saccharide motifs while leaving the anomeric carbon available, thus providing access to a class of arylated glycosides that has been underexplored until now. To demonstrate the potential of this strategy in late-stage functionalization, a variety of structurally complex molecules incorporating saccharide moieties were synthesized.
SIL1, the endoplasmic-reticulum-localized BiP co-chaperone, plays a crucial role in maintaining skeletal muscle proteostasis and physiology

Mutations in SIL1, a cofactor for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized Hsp70 chaperone, BiP, cause Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome (MSS), an autosomal recessive disorder. Using a mouse model, we characterized molecular aspects of the progressive myopathy associated with MSS. Proteomic profiling of quadriceps at the onset of myopathy revealed that SIL1 deficiency affected multiple pathways critical to muscle physiology. We observed an increase in ER chaperones prior to the onset of muscle weakness, which was complemented by upregulation of multiple components of cellular protein degradation pathways. These responses were inadequate to maintain normal expression of secretory pathway proteins, including insulin and IGF-1 receptors. There was a paradoxical enhancement of downstream PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling and glucose uptake in SIL1-disrupted skeletal muscles, all of which were insufficient to maintain skeletal muscle mass. Together, these data reveal a disruption in ER homeostasis upon SIL1 loss, which is countered by multiple compensatory responses that are ultimately unsuccessful, leading to trans-organellar proteostasis collapse and myopathy.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE - A RAW MATERIAL

Herman Kahn (American Express 1982) founder of the Hudson Institute, advises us that: “The world is not running out of resources and energy!” “The world is not going to be choked by growing pollution!” “Almost every expert in the field agrees!”
Application of Two Schools of Social Theory to Neighbourhood, Place and Health Research

There is an increasing interest in neighbourhoods in the public health and epidemiology literature. Conventional epidemiologic investigations of neighbourhood health associations have primarily used census and administrative data to describe neighbourhoods. These studies report that people who live in neighbourhoods with higher proportions of people with low incomes or who are unemployed are in poorer health than people who live in neighbourhoods with lower proportions of people with low incomes. It is difficult to translate these sorts of findings into policy or practice. These limitations motivate us to ask how different questions might be formulated to understand neighbourhood-health connections in such a way as to move into solution-focused research. In this chapter, we suggest that understanding and applying social theory to neighbourhood-health research questions provokes us to ask different sorts of questions than have been posed by most epidemiologists thus far. We provide some examples of how two sociological paradigms, conflict and interactionist theories, suggest different questions, which then warrant different methods of investigation. To the extent that epidemiology has uncovered mechanisms that connect neighbourhoods to people’s health, the most investigated mechanisms are social capital and physical disorder. We take up the specific research in this area with the lens of sociological paradigms.
Longitudinal Changes in Weight Status from Childhood and Adolescence to Adulthood

Objectives To study the change in body mass index (BMI) from childhood and adolescence and development of obesity into adulthood. Study design We performed a longitudinal study of 480 individuals (49% male; 67% white) with height and weight measures in childhood (mean age 7 years), repeated in adolescence (mean age 16 years) and adulthood (mean age 39 years). Weight status in childhood was defined as low normal weight (0- 30 kg/m2). Results Adult obesity (%) increased with weight status in childhood (low normal weight 17%; high normal weight 40%; overweight 59%; obesity 85%) and similarly with adolescence. Children in a lower category in adolescence than in childhood had lower risk of having adult obesity than did those who maintained their childhood category. Among adults with obesity, 59% (111 out of 187) were normal weight as children, with 75% (83 out of 111) from the high normal weight children; and 50% of adults with obesity were normal weight (n = 94/187) as adolescents, with 84% (81 out of 94) from the high normal weight adolescents. Only 6% of 143 normal weight adults had either overweight (n = 9) or obesity (n = 0) during childhood. Conclusions This study shows the high risk for adult obesity in children and adolescents who have overweight or obesity. A majority of adults with obesity had a 50-85 BMI percentile as children. Those who did not move to higher weight status between childhood and adolescence had lower probability of adult obesity.
The Cinderella van: runaways, street youth and public health in 1970s Boston

It was a humid evening in August 1975, as the young streetworker Steve Disenhof drove the Bridge Over Troubled Waters (Bridge) Medical Van to its next stop in Harvard Square. Long-haired and lanky with a kind demeanour, Steve was the ideal guide to navigating Boston.1 That night, he was at the wheel of the van, a dilapidated Winnebago camper, with a nurse, a paediatrician and a new doctor volunteer in tow. Leaving Kenmore Square, the volunteer commented to the group that he did not understand how runaway youth survived day-to-day.1 2 The paediatrician concurred, but very firmly asserted, these were throwaways, not runaways. Meanwhile, the nurse inventoried supplies as the van rumbled through the streets, and a group of kids lined up to be seen. The Bridge van was the beginning of a 1970s healthcare experiment, bringing what its founders called ‘biosocial care’ to Boston’s street youth. Since the early 20th century, mobile health units had been deployed for public health surveillance in the USA, but this new usage paid attention to a growing problem. Bridge provided medical, social and psychological services, and the van and its parent organisation’s social services continue, if not thrive, nearly 50 years later. Today, paediatricians and policy makers still explore the dilemma of homeless youth, an estimated 2.5 million people in the USA in 2018.3 These individuals face significant health challenges, both acute and chronic. By recounting the story of the Bridge programme, I describe a then-novel public health intervention and assess its limitations for serving a marginalised group. Understanding …
Fewer generation constraints increase the generation effect for item and source memory through enhanced relational processing

Memory is often better for information that is self-generated versus read (i.e. the generation effect). Theoretical work attributes the generation effect to two mechanisms: enhanced item-specific and relational processing (i.e. the two-factor theory). Recent work has demonstrated that the generation effect increases when generation tasks place lower, relative to higher, constraints on what participants can self-generate. This study examined whether the effects of generation constraint on memory might be attributable to either mechanism of the two-factor theory. Across three experiments, participants encoded word pairs in two generation conditions (lower- and higher-constraint) and a read control task, followed by a memory test for item memory and two context memory details (source and font color). The results of these experiments support the idea that lower-constraint generation increases the generation effect via enhanced relational processing, as measured through both recognition and cued recall tasks. Results further showed that lower-constraint generation improves context memory for conceptual context (source), but not perceptual context (color), suggesting that this enhanced relational processing may extend to conceptually related details of an item. Overall, these results provide more evidence that fewer generation constraints increase the generation effect and implicate enhanced relational processing as a mechanism for this improvement.
Environmental effects on daytime sheltering behaviors of California horn sharks (Heterodontus francisci)

California horn sharks (Heterodontus francisci) are relatively small (122 cm maximum total length; TL), nocturnally active sharks that have been observed refuging in shelters during the day; however, little is known about how they select their daytime resting shelters, and what factors may drive their degree of shelter fidelity. Depending on body size, thermal tolerance, and ability to avoid predators, horn sharks may need to balance tradeoffs when selecting a quality shelter. This study quantified vertical daytime distributions via dive surveys and shelter fidelity via acoustic telemetry during June – August 2016 and June – November 2017 in a temperate rocky reef (33˚26’ N, -118˚29’ W). Immature individuals ( 58 cm TL) were found in deeper (> 10 m), cooler habitats sheltering in larger caves and rock ledges. The sizes and relative abundances of sharks varied between land-associated and offshore-isolated reefs, indicating habitat type may be a likely driver of ontogenetic shifts in shelter behavior. No sharks returned to their shelters in 2016 coinciding with the period of El Nino conditions (increased temperature, shifts in community assemblage), yet shelter fidelity was 47% in 2017 under non-El Nino conditions. By quantifying sheltering behavior in a residential mesopredator, this study provides a framework for understanding how environmental conditions influence horn shark behaviors and their potential impacts on their community.
Workspace Partitioning and Topology Discovery Algorithms for Heterogeneous Multiagent Networks

In this article, we consider a class of workspace partitioning problems that arise in the context of area coverage for spatially distributed heterogeneous multiagent networks. It is assumed that each agent has certain directions of motion or directions for sensing that are preferable to others. These preferences are measured by means of convex and anisotropic (direction-dependent) quadratic proximity metrics, which can be different for each agent. These proximity metrics induce Voronoi-like partitions of the network's workspace, whose cells may not always be convex (or even connected) sets but are necessarily contained in a priori known ellipsoids. The main contributions of this article are as follows: 1) a distributed algorithm for the computation of a Voronoi-like partition of the workspace of a heterogeneous multiagent network and 2) a systematic process to discover the network topology induced by the latter partition. The distributed implementation of the proposed algorithms is enabled by the utilization of a hypothetical agent which determines when the performance of each agent is acceptable. Numerical simulations that illustrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithms are also presented.
Detecting chromatin interactions between and along sister chromatids with SisterC

Chromosome segregation requires both compaction and disentanglement of sister chromatids. We describe SisterC, a chromosome conformation capture assay that distinguishes interactions between and along identical sister chromatids. SisterC employs 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation during S-phase to label newly replicated strands, followed by Hi-C and then the destruction of 5-bromodeoxyuridine-containing strands via Hoechst/ultraviolet treatment. After sequencing of the remaining intact strands, this allows assignment of Hi-C products as inter- and intra-sister interactions based on the strands that reads are mapped to. We performed SisterC on mitotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. We find precise alignment of sister chromatids at centromeres. Along arms, sister chromatids are less precisely aligned, with inter-sister connections every ~35 kilobase (kb). Inter-sister interactions occur between cohesin binding sites that are often offset by 5 to 25 kb. Along sister chromatids, cohesin results in the formation of loops of up to 50 kb. SisterC allows study of the complex interplay between sister chromatid compaction and their segregation during mitosis. It remains impossible using conventional Hi-C to differentiate interactions between and along sister chromatids. SisterC relies on selective destruction of nascent DNA and in combination with Hi-C offers a means to study intra- and inter-sister interactions independently.
Decompositions of the Contribution of Treatment Disparities to Survival Disparities in Stage I–II Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Higher socioeconomic status (SES) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) race/ethnicity are associated with higher treatment rates and longer overall survival (OS) among US patients with stage I–II pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The proportion of OS disparities mediated through treatment disparities (PM) and the proportion predicted to be eliminated (PE) if treatment disparities were eliminated are unknown. We analyzed 2007–2015 data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) census tract-level database and the National Cancer Database (NCDB) using causal mediation analysis methods to understand the extent to which treatment disparities mediate OS disparities. In the first set of decompositions, race/ethnicity was controlled for as a covariate proximal to SES, and lower SES strata were compared with the highest SES stratum. In the second set, an intersectional perspective was taken and each SES-race/ethnicity combination was compared with highest SES-NHW patients, who had the highest treatment rates and longest OS. The SEER and NCDB cohorts contained 16,921 patients and 44,638 patients, respectively. When race/ethnicity was controlled for, PMs ranged from 43 to 48% and PEs ranged from 46 to 50% for various lower SES strata. When separately comparing each SES-race/ethnicity combination with the highest SES-NHW patients, results were similar for lower SES-NHW patients but differed markedly for non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic patients, for whom PMs ranged from 60 to 80% and PEs ranged from 55 to 75% for most lower SES strata. These results suggest that efforts to reduce treatment disparities are worthwhile, particularly for NHB and Hispanic patients, and simultaneously point to the importance of non-treatment-related causal pathways.
It’s more than just a wave: the experiences of serious leisure surfers

Surfing has been associated with an array of personal benefits, ranging from improved physical fitness to life-altering spiritual transformations (Taylor, 2007). Our understandings of these phenomena have been shaped in large part by folklore and narratives oriented toward the mythical or transcendental aspects of wave-riding (Flynn, 1987; Warshaw, 2010). Current research has further limited these understandings with its narrow focus on thrill-seeking among elite-level surfers, who represent a vast minority of surfers worldwide. The purpose of this study was to identify which aspects of the surfing experience are essential in order for benefits to accrue. Our approach introduced new perspectives on the issue by including voices of non-elite ‘lifestyle surfers’ and theoretical considerations that can speak to different dimensions of the surfing experience.
Factors associated with smoking in low-income persons with and without chronic illness

INTRODUCTION Tobacco disparities persist among low-income smokers who seek care from safety-net clinics. Many of these patients suffer from chronic illnesses (CILs) that are associated with and exacerbated by smoking. The objective of the current study was to examine the differences between safety-net patients with and without CILs in terms of nicotine dependence and related factors (such as depression, anxiety) and self-efficacy regarding ability to abstain from smoking. METHODS Sixty-four low-income smokers who thought about or intended to quit smoking were recruited from the San Francisco Health Network (SFHN) and assessed for CILs, nicotine dependence, depression, anxiety, and smoking abstinence self-efficacy. Four one-way analyses of variance were used to examine the difference between those with and without CIL on the latter four variables. RESULTS The CIL group had significantly higher anxiety (CIL: 8.0 ± 5.35; non-CIL: 4.44 ± 3.48; p=0.02) and tended to have higher nicotine dependence (CIL: 5.40 ± 2.58; non-CIL: 3.88 ± 2.28; p=0.04). In the CIL group, nicotine dependence was positively correlated with anxiety [r(62)=0.39; p<0.01] and negatively correlated with smoking abstinence self-efficacy [r(62)= -0.38; p<0.01]. Both depression (Spearman's rho=0.39; p<0.01) and anxiety (Spearman's rho=0.29; p<0.05) were associated with total number of CIL categories. CONCLUSIONS Safety-net patients who smoke and suffer from CILs may be suffering from higher levels of anxiety and have less confidence in their ability to quit smoking. Incorporating mood management and developing interventions that increase a sense of self-efficacy for refraining from smoking may be necessary to help low-income smokers quit smoking.
Sofia 747-Sp: Structural Dynamics Overview

Oral/visual presentation sharing an overview of the structural dynamics of the SOFIA 747-SP.
YASIR: A Low-Latency, High-Integrity Security Retrofit for Legacy SCADA Systems

We construct a bump-in-the-wire (BITW) solution that retrofits security into time-critical communications over bandwidth-limited serial links between devices in legacy Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, on which the proper operations of critical infrastructures such as the electric power grid rely. Previous BITW solutions do not provide the necessary security within timing constraints; the previous solution that does is not BITW. At a hardware cost comparable to existing solutions, our BITW solution provides sufficient security, and yet incurs minimal end-to-end communication latency.
Lipoprotein synthesis and secretion by cultured rat hepatocytes. Parallel inhibition of secretion of VLDL, HDL and albumin by monensin.

Abstract The biosynthesis and secretion of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) by cultured normal rat hepatocytes was investigated with particular emphasis on its modification by monensin. This acidic ionophore coordinately inhibited the rates of secretion of the several VLDL apolipoproteins and the VLDL lipids, suggesting an effect late in the process of biosynthesis and secretion, probably at the stage of exiting from the Golgi apparatus. The secretion of inununoreactive albumin into the medium was comparably inhibited, implying that the pathway and mechanisms involved in albumin secretion may be closely similar to those for VLDL synthesis and secretion. Secretion of phospholipids and of apolipoproteins E and A-I in the HDL fraction increased progressively with time over 18 h in control incubations but was strongly inhibited by monensin. During extended incubation with monensin at high concentrations (10 μM), there was a net release to the medium of a number of hepatocyte proteins, including some that comigrated with apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein C, making it appear that monensin increased the secretion of these apolipoproteins. However, using labeled amino acids, it was shown by autoradiography and by immunoprecipitation that secretion of newly-synthesized, radioactive apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein C was actually inhibited by monensin. These results are compatible with the conclusion that HDL synthesis and secretion may occur by mechanisms closely related to those for synthesis and secretion of albumin and VLDL.
A 32Kb SRAM cache using current mode operation and asynchronous wave-pipelined decoders

The proposed design demonstrates a new high-speed, low-power methodology in a 32 Kb SRAM cache. A fast cycle time of up to 3 GHz is accomplished by using pipelined asynchronous decoders along with a parallel local/global decoding scheme. Power consumption is minimized by using current mode reads and writes throughout the design. The resulting cache operates with an average power dissipation of 390mW at 2GHz in 1.8V, 0.18/spl mu/m bulk CMOS technology.
Growth of Turbulent Boundary Layers over Nonsta tionary Boundaries

Wind tunnel data are presented which show that the velocity distribution in a turbulent boundary layer above a moving ground plane can be represented as a power law. The flows under consideration are encountered in studies of shock waves near solid boundaries and of the near-field drag of tube vehicles. The two wind tunnels used in the experiment were equipped with moving ground belts and employed porous suction plates to remove the normal tunnel boundary layer. The layers studied are, therefore, assumed to originate at the leading edge of the belt.
Supervising Effective Teaching: Conceptual Tools for Getting Started

he school principal is expected to be a near miracle worker on many fronts at the same time: school-community relations, finance and budgeting, organizational management, staff development, and student discipline. Areas that are almost always included are supervision of instruction and teacher evaluation. The ordinary principal-working long hours and often on weekends-moves from one problem area to another, sometimes without a sense of priorities. While such onthe-spot decision making is exciting and perhaps at times exhilarating, the astute administrator knows that somehow instructional leadership must be given top priority: the principal should get into classrooms, know what is going on in them, and help teachers improve learning opportunities for their students. Katz (1974) provides a framework for the "tools" that building principals can use when he points out that administrators employ, in varying combinations, three sets of teachable skills: technical, human, and conceptual. Technical skills consist of those normally emphasized in the job description: scheduling, staff selection and assignments, and day-to-day operations. Human skills consist of the principal's attitudes toward and relationships with co-workers: the widely varied behaviors through which the principal secures and maintains the cooperation of other persons engaged in the school enterprise. Conceptual skills are the most abstract of the three. Essentially, they are thinking skills-how the administrator views the world, the organization, and its mission; and how different aspects of the situation might best be han-
Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting in the treatment of chronic mesenteric ischemia: results and longterm followup.

Abstract BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to review the results of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), stenting, or both in the treatment of patients who present with symptoms and angiographic findings most consistent with chronic mesenteric ischemia. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of 33 consecutive patients from a single institution who underwent PTA, stenting, or both for treatment of symptoms most characteristic of chronic mesenteric ischemia was performed. RESULTS: There were 12 men and 21 women with a mean age of 63 years (range 40 to 89 years). Median weight loss was 28 lb (range 6 to 80 lb). Postprandial pain was present in 88% of the patients (29 of 33). All lesions treated were stenoses. PTA alone was performed in 21 patients (32 vessels), and PTA and stenting were performed in 12 patients (15 vessels). PTA was technically successful in 26 of 32 vessels (81.3%); PTA plus stenting was technically successful in 15 of 15 vessels (100%) (p = 0.073). Complete alleviation of symptoms occurred immediately in 27 of the patients (82%), and 2 patients (6%) had significant improvement in symptoms. There were four immediate clinical failures (12%): two patients were found to have occult malignancy and one had immediate relief of symptoms after surgical release of the median arcuate ligament. Followup data were obtained in all patients with clinically successful procedures (mean 38 months, median 25 months, range 1 to 123 months). Angiographic followup was available in 52% of the patients (15 of 29), at a mean of 20 months. The primary longterm clinical success rate was 83.3% (24 of 29). Four of the five patients with recurrent symptoms were successfully retreated with endovascular therapy. The primary assisted longterm clinical success rate was 96.6% (28 of 29). The 5-year survival rate was 76.1%. Major complications occurred in 13% of the procedures, with a 30-day mortality rate of 0%. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular therapy for treatment of mesenteric arterial stenoses is effective in the treatment of patients with symptoms and angiographic findings characteristic of chronic mesenteric ischemia.