cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Danzas Nacionalistas: The representation of history through folkloric dance in Venezuela

In this article I argue that the nation is not only invented or imagined, but depends on activities and practices in order to be invented and imagined. Here, the focus is on dance in Venezuela, where a number of groups use what they call `folkloric dance' to construct and depict the national `culture'. This article considers the case of Danzas Tipicas Maracaibo (DTM), a dance company founded in 1976 under the auspices of the government of the state of Zulia in Venezuela. DTM presented a carefully crafted and selective stylized repertoire of `folk' dances from throughout the country. These re-created dances are called danzas nacionalistas, although the dances are often interchangeably referred to as `folkloric'. They are used to make statements about ethnic and cultural authenticity, and in their own way contribute to the discourse of mestizaje. In Venezuela, as in much of Latin America, there is entwined in nationalist rhetoric the idea of `race' and cultural mixing, or mestizaje. Here, mestizaje does not...
Useful Early Childhood Assessment: Play‐Based, Interviews and Multiple Intelligences

Some types of early childhood assessment focus on the evaluation of children in their natural, everyday settings such as the home, day care, or preschool center. Information obtained from these assessments can be functional because it identifies skills for intervention that will be immediately useful for young children with special needs and their families. This article describes three types of functional assessment: play‐based, family interviews, and the evaluation of multiple intelligences. All three types are useful for planning developmentally appropriate interventions and are positive because the emphasis is more on the children's and their families’ strengths rather than on their weaknesses.
Spectral tuning in the mammalian short-wavelength sensitive cone pigments.

The wild-type mouse ultraviolet (UV) and bovine blue cone visual pigments have absorption maxima of 358 and 438 nm, respectively, while sharing 87% amino acid identity. To determine the molecular basis underlying the 80 nm spectral shift between these pigments, we selected several amino acids in helices II and III for site-directed mutagenesis. These amino acids included: (1) those that differ between mouse UV and bovine blue; (2) the conserved counterion, Glu113; and (3) Ser90, which is involved in wavelength modulation in avian short-wavelength sensitive cone pigments. These studies resulted in the identification of a single amino acid substitution at position 86 responsible for the majority of the spectral shift between the mouse UV and bovine blue cone pigments. This is the first time that this amino acid by itself has been shown to play a major role in the spectral tuning of the SWS1 cone pigments. A single amino acid substitution appears to be the dominant factor by which the majority of mammalian ...
Abundance Variation at the Vicinity of an Active Region and the Coronal Origin of the Slow Solar Wind

The solar wind ion composition is generally "frozen-in" within 5 R☉ of the Sun. Many characteristics in the elemental abundances measured in the solar wind are believed to be set at the chromospheric and low coronal levels. By connecting plasma parameters in the coronal and in situ solar wind data, valuable insights can be obtained as to how and where the solar wind is produced. Elemental abundance is found to vary across solar structures and heliocentric heights, as well as in the solar wind. Therefore, solar wind elemental composition data (such as those from SWICS on board ACE), combined with spectroscopic observations of the inner corona (such as those from UVCS on board SOHO), are ideal for investigating the coronal origin of the solar wind. We present such joint analysis using data from SOHO UVCS and ACE SWICS. In 1999 October, UVCS observed the west limb corona at 1.64 R☉ for 7 days with the passing of an equatorial coronal hole followed by an active region complex. This corresponds to a rarefaction transition from fast to slow wind as measured by ACE. This presents an unprecedented opportunity for comparing the variations in the coronal plasma properties with those in the solar wind. We present the analysis for the electron temperature, density, and elemental abundances during this period. We compare these properties between the two data sets and discuss the implications on the formation region of the slow solar wind. Treatment of the line-of-sight effect in the UVCS data, along with 3D MHD coronal field models, are employed to connect the coronal and solar wind data.
Optimal Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Hormone-Sensitive Metastatic Prostate Cancer

The mainstay of initial therapy of metastatic prostate cancer has not changed since 1941 when Huggins and Hodges described the efficacy of castration. The benefit of combining an androgen receptor blocker with medical castration has been debatable despite several large randomized trials and meta-analyses intended to answer the question. Recent phase III trial data with continuous versus intermittent androgen deprivation in newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer have established continuous therapy as the preferred approach at the present time. Novel and more potent inhibitors of androgen signaling have been developed in the past 5 years and have been validated in castration-resistant disease. Their role in management of hormone-sensitive metastatic prostate cancer is under evaluation in ongoing studies. As androgen deprivation therapy carries significant long-term toxicities including fatigue and loss of bone and muscle mass, an important element of clinical management is prevention and amelioration of these toxicities.
Entrainment in Free Jets

The mass flow passing through a plane normal to the mainstream direction of a free jet is the sum of the mass flow of the jet and that of the fluid entrained from surrounding ambient into which it issues. Manipulation of the instantaneous Navier-Stokes equations and the continuity equation yields an integro-differential equation for the instantaneous mass flow in the flow field. This equation is reduced to a form that suggests that jet entrainment may be viewed as a one-dimensional unsteady diffusion process with an integral source term arising from the gradient of forces in the axial direction of flow which are dependent, in general, on z and t. The small difference in the integrals of the net axial inertial force acting on the fluid in the volume defined by the limits of integration is balanced by an axial force arising from the viscous normal stress that is associated with axial rate of mass entrainment. Furthermore, it suggests that the kinematic viscosity of the fluid is the appropriate diffusion parameter. This formulation is used to assess the nature of the entrainment process in steady three-dimensional jets and to propose means for managing that process.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Endocrine carcinoma intermediate cell type of the uterine cervix

Nine cases of endocrine carcinoma, intermediate-cell type of the uterine cervix, were found in a study of 404 cases listed in the files of the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston as adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Based on light microscopic patterns, these cases were divided into pure endocrine carcinoma (six cases), and endocrine carcinoma mixed with adenocarcinoma (three cases). All tumors were 3 cm or larger in at least one dimension. On light microscopic examination, the predominant pattern was trabecular; however, insular, glandular, and spindle patterns were also identified. Argyrophilic granules were demonstrated in all cases by Grimelius stain, and Fontana-Masson (argentaffin) stain was negative. Electron microscopic examination of three cases showed membrane-bound, dense-core granules of the neurosecretory type. Although no endocrine symptoms were found, immunoperoxidase studies demonstrated 5-hydroxytryptamine in seven cases, substance P in three, vasointestinal polypeptide in two, pancreatic polypeptide in one, and somatostatin in one. Clinical behavior of these tumors was extremely aggressive. Although five cases were Stage IB at presentation, two Stage IIB, one Stage IIIB, and one Stage IV, 87.5% of these patients died of their neoplasms within 3 years. This study emphasizes the importance of correctly diagnosing endocrine carcinoma, intermediate-cell type in the uterine cervix, because of the poor prognosis of this tumor when compared with adenocarcinoma of the cervix.
Volcanism accompanying back-arc basin development in the southwest Pacific

Abstract The age and composition of magmatism in Fiji and, to a lesser extent, Vanuatu and Tonga, are evaluated in the light of the fragmentation which has sundered the island arc system they once collectively constituted. Any of six magmatic phenomena during the past 10 m.y. may be consequences of adjacent plate reconfigurations: trondhjemitic plutonism about 10 m.y.; change from tholeiitic to more calc-alkaline volcanism between 10 and 6 m.y.; eruption near the rifted arc margin of voluminous, crustally-derived, high-Si, low-K rhyolites 7 m.y. ago; shoshonite-dominated basaltic volcanism 5.5 to 3.0 m.y.; change to ocean island-like basaltic volcanism at 3.0 ± 0.2 m.y.; and geochemically peculiar as well as tectonically anomalous acid andesites 0.7–3.0 m.y. ago in Kandavu, southwestern Fiji. Crustal derivation of the low-K rhyolites may reflect maximal heating during initial rifting. Shoshonites may accompany extreme regional extension above a still arc-like source. Eruption of ocean island-like basalts begins once subducted lithosphere no longer contributes to erupted melts or separates Fiji from ocean island sources. Coeval eruption of hybrid andesites may accompany oblique subduction of South Fiji Basin crust beneath Kandavu along the northeast Hunter Fracture Zone.
Direct Dynamics Quasiclassical Trajectory Study of the Thermal Stereomutations of Cyclopropane

Classical trajectories are computed for the stereomutations of cyclopropane-1,2-d2 at 695 K using direct dynamics on an AM1-SRP potential energy surface (AM1 with specific reaction parameters). The trajectories were initiated on a dividing surface, separating the cyclopropane reactants from the stereomutation products, with momenta and coordinates sampled from a 695 K Boltzmann distribution. The quasiclassical procedure was used, with two different sampling schemes, to ensure zero-point energy and vibrational quantization conditions for the energy levels on the dividing surface. From the product distribution, the ratio of rate constants for double and single methylene rotation, k12/k1, is 2.3 and 3.5 for the two sampling methods. These are between the values of 1.0 and 5−42 deduced from two separate experimental studies. A harmonic-oscillator/rigid-rotor transition-state theory calculation of k12/k1, assuming trimethylene as an intermediate, gives k12/k1 = 1.35 on the AM1-SRP potential energy surface. The...
Tunable distributed feedback color center laser using stabilized F 2 +** color centers in LiF crystal

The first room temperature stable tunable color center (CC) distributed feedback (DFB) laser is described. The laser utilizes stabilized F 2 +** centers in LiF (LiF:F 2 +** ) as a gain medium. Tunable DFB lasing was achieved in the near IR region (882 - 962 nm) with a lasing linewidth of less than 0.2 cm -1 . The lasing threshold was found to be 1.2 mJ, while the slope efficiency with respect to pump energy was found to be as high as 3%.
Lithium's role in neural plasticity and its implications for mood disorders.

Objective Lithium (Li) is often an effective treatment for mood disorders, especially Bipolar Disorder (BPD), and can mitigate the effects of stress on the brain by modulating several pathways to facilitate neural plasticity. This review seeks to summarize what is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying Li's actions in the brain in response to stress, particularly how Li is able to facilitate plasticity through regulation of the glutamate system and cytoskeletal components.
The release of acetylcholinesterase in vivo is regulated by dopaminergic systems in the guinea-pig substantia nigra.

Abstract Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and dopamine are both stored and released from dendrites within the substantia nigra: however, it is as yet unknown whether the regulation of these two purported neuromodulators is in any way related. Using a sensitive chemiluminescent system to monitor AChE release ‘on-line’, the effects of inhibiting synthesis and storage of dopamine with α-methyl- p -tyrosine (AMPT: 250 mg/kg, i.p.) and reserpine (6 mg/kg, i.p.), respectively, have been studied. Both these agents significantly reduced nigral tissue dopamine levels by decreases of 83% and 63%, respectively: however, only AMPT had a significant effect in vivo on the spontaneous release of AChE compared to conscious control animals (66% decrease). Co-application of both AMPT and reserpine resulted in a significant decrease in the tissue dopamine content (95%) and in spontaneous release of AChE compared to conscious control guinea-pigs (72%); however, these effects were not significantly different from when AMPT was employed alone. Application of potassium ions (60 mM) or veratridine (100 μM) both evoked release of AChE in control animals: however, when expressed as a percentage of basal levels, this increase in release was not influenced by drug treatment or state of consciousness. These results suggest that de novo dopamine synthesis may at least in part, have an influential effect of release (and possibly storage) of AChE in the substantia nigra.
A PIV Investigation of Rotor-IGV Interactions in a Transonic Compressor

The rotor-inlet guide vane (IGV) interactions in an advanced design multistage axial compressor are experimentally investigated at both transonic and subsonic rotor operating conditions using particle image velocimetry. These benchmark blade row interaction data include measurements of the instantaneous vane-to-vane flowfield in the upstream IGV passage at 90% span for several time instants over one rotor-IGV interaction cycle. Transonic rotor-IGV interactions generate a highly unsteady IGV flowfield due to reflection and diffraction of the rotor leading-edge shocks by the IGVs. The reflected shock segments propagate upstream through the IGV passage during a rotor blade-passing period, eventually interacting with the leading-edge shock of the adjacent rotor blade before impacting the suction surface of the adjacent IGV. The high unsteady loading due to the impact of the rotor shocks with the upstream IGV row causes the vane trailing-edge stagnation point to move periodically from surface to surface over one cycle. These blade row interaction phenomena do not occur with subsonic rotor operation. The IGV unsteady backpressure variation imposed by the rotor potential field is considerably reduced, and the unsteady vane flow closely resembles the time-average vane-to-vane flow throughout the cycle.
Revealing the Mortality Rate between Device Interventions and Medical Therapy: IJN Registry

Introduction: Heart failure syndromes cause mortality annually in Malaysia. CRT is an established treatment for patients with advance heart failure. With IJN registry, it could help to identify the prognosis for mortality amongst heart failure patients either with medications or device interventions. Aim: To distinguish the mortality rate between Heart Failure patient on medical therapy and device intervention (CRT). Methodology: This study enrolled 265 patients (42.6% interventions device 1; CRT registry & 57.4% with medical therapy; heart failure registry). The data is collected based on the following criteria: EF less 35%, Ischemic group & QRS duration (less 120 ms, more 120 ms), the mortality rate were compared by Kaplan Meier curve between the two groups with clinical follow-up until 20 months. Results: Among the medication group, 44 (28.9%) patients died while there were 10 (8.8%) death among the CRT group. Ischemic patient & broad QRS patient in the medical therapy has poorer outcome with higher mortality (p equals to 0.002). On the other hand, in the CRT group, neither the Ischemic nor QRS duration demonstrated any significant difference in mortality. However, the Kaplan Meier curve shows a stable survival trend and longer life span. Conclusions: This registry over a 2 year period demonstrates that the Ischemic group and the broad QRS has higher mortality rate.
Effects of drinks sweetened with sucrose or aspartame on hunger, thirst and food intake in men

Forty-two nondieting adult males were given 8 or 16 oz of lemonade, sweetened to equal intensity with either aspartame or sucrose, or the same volumes of water, or no drink. Subjects were separated into three groups receiving the drinks at different times: with a self-selection lunch, or 30, or 60 min before lunch. Food intakes did not differ when subjects received the drinks with lunch; however, when the calories from the drinks were included, intake was significantly greater with the sucrose-sweetened lemonades than in the other conditions. When subjects received the drinks 30 or 60 min before lunch, food intakes were not significantly different. Appetite ratings were not different among the conditions. When the drinks were consumed with the meal, the 8-oz sucrose-sweetened lemonade differed from the other drinks in that it did not significantly reduce thirst. The results indicate that in nondieting males, aspartame in concentrations similar to those in commercially available drinks did not increase hunger ratings or food intake. However, caloric drinks taken with lunch increased total energy intake in that meal. Also, sucrose-sweetened drinks may decrease thirst less than water or aspartame-sweetened drinks when taken with a meal.
Performance Engineering Technology for the Design, Management, and Control of Computing Systems

This paper discusses a systematic new methodology for analyzing and predicting the performance of computing systems. The approaches considered address analysis of the computing system viewed in terms of an architectural framework consisting of the applications, the system software, and the underlying hardware. The methodology discussed enables analysis of the interdependent effects of these layers to the behavior of the system. To enable that, the layers and components of the system are described in multiple levels of detail and in multiple modes (analytical and simulation approaches as well as integrated performance measurements). Key approaches will be the ability to use these multilevel and multimodal methods of describing such systems and their subcomponents and incorporate them into performance frameworks in a plug-and-play fashion, to enable the capability to describe system behavior. In addition, it is envisioned that this technology will not only support the design of the complex systems but also be used in the runtime (control) and management cycles of these systems. These new methods will allow the design of individual components and also provide capabilities for system analysis and design, as well as provide a path from understanding component behavior to understanding system behavior and from understanding component behavior to predicting system behavior. The term performance engineering technology is used here to describe the technology that supports the capabilities discussed here.
Assembly and Characterization of SAMs Formed by the Adsorption of Alkanethiols on Zinc Selenide Substrates

Alkanethiols HS(CH2)nCH3 (n = 7, 11, 15, 17) and the hydroxy functional thiol HS(CH2)12OH are shown to adsorb from solution onto zinc selenide crystals and form well-organized monolayers. The chemisorption of these organosulfur compounds has been studied using transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and surface wetting properties. FTIR indicates that the longer chain alkanethiols (n = 15, 17) form well-defined SAMs with crystalline-like conformations of the chains within the monolayers. As the chain length decreases, there is less conformational order present in the monolayers. The orientation of the largely trans-zigzag alkyl chains on the surface is at a slight tilt off the surface normal direction, as indicated by the dichroism of the infrared spectra and the chain-length-dependent scaling of the mass coverage of the SAM. The structural data obtained by XPS and FTIR are compatible with the inferences derived fro...
Forward scattering and size parameter in layered spherical aerosol particles

Abstract We investigate the scattering amplitude, phases, and Mueller Matrix Elements of polarized light scattering off a layered aerosol particle, with the goal of finding which combinations of the above quantities are most sensitive to the existence and thickness of a layer, the size of the particle, and the remaining optical parameters of the particle. Particle size parameters considered are 1 to 25; layer thickness 0 to particle size, indices of refraction from 1.33 to 2.50 and scattering angle from 0 to 180 degrees. Tunable lasers are proposed to enable scanning over the size parameter of a given aerosol droplet. Plots of the scattering amplitude, and Mueller Matrix elements for selected cases are shown, and conclusions are drawn.
Using normative social influence to promote conservation among hotel guests

Three field experiments are reported on the ability of printed normative messages to influence conservation behavior among hotel guests. While prior research has shown that social norms can both guide and spur behavior, there are a number of questions about the generality of the effects, the impact of aligning descriptive and injunctive norms, and the relative impact of normative information about a specific versus general referent group. In the first experiment we demonstrate the basic influence of printed normative messages designed to promote towel reuse among a sample of hotel guests, and also that aligning the injunctive and descriptive elements of a normative message increases its impact on behavior. Experiment 2 extends this finding to guests staying in timeshare condominium units. In Experiment 3 we again replicate the effect, and also show that normative information about both generic and specific reference groups can affect behavior. Results are interpreted within the focus theory of normative c...
Detecting and connecting disjoint sub-networks in wireless sensor and actor networks

Wireless sensor and actor networks (WSANs) can be considered as a combination of a sensor network and an actor network in which powerful and mobile actor nodes can perform application specific actions based on the received data from the sensors. As most of these actions are performed collaboratively among the actors, inter-actor connectivity is one of the desirable features of WSANs. In this paper, we propose a novel distributed algorithm for establishing a connected inter-actor network topology. Considering initially disjoint sets of actors, our algorithm first initiates a search process by using the underlying sensor network in order to detect the possible sub-networks of actors in the region. After these sub-networks are detected, our algorithm pursues a coordinated actor movement in order to connect the sub-networks and thus achieve inter-actor connectivity for all the actors. This coordinated movement approach exploits the minimum connected dominating set of each sub-network when picking the appropriate actor to move so that the connectivity of each sub-network is not violated. In addition, the approach strives to minimize the total travel distance of actors and the messaging cost on both sensors and actors in order to extend the lifetime of WSAN. We analytically study the performance of our algorithm. Extensive simulation experiments validate the analytical results and confirm the effectiveness of our approach.
Contributions to Adjacent Channel Power in Microwave and Wireless Systems by PIN Diodes

Spectral regrowth is a major design issue confronting the wireless transmitter and system designer. Considerable work has been performed by a number of investigators into the level of spectral regrowth produced by power amplifiers but no work to date has studied how the spectral regrowth is influenced by PIN diodes that in the same RF path. This paper is a first look at the contributions of PIN diodes following amplifiers to generation of adjacent channel power. A methodology based on a Volterra analysis shows how nonlinear signal contributions by PIN diodes influence spectral regrowth and how the operating conditions of the diodes may be changed to control this contribution.
Crises of Identity in PAS and Beyond: Islam and Politics in Post 8 March Malaysia

Abstract Controversies and frictions related to Islam since the political ascendancy of the opposition coalition, Pakatan Rakyat, after the 8 March 2008 general elections have revealed multiple crises of identity not only in PAS (Islamic Party of Malaysia) and Pakatan Rakyat, but also in broader Malaysian society. It is argued that the pattern of frictions within PAS and Pakatan Rakyat has to do with the diminishing place of Muslim-Malay identity and interests in the avowedly multi-ethnic Pakatan Rakyat regime. It is suggested that these frictions are largely attributed to the distinctive character and emphasis of the Islamisation enterprises sponsored by the ruling regime under the United Malays National Organisation since the 1980s and growing Muslim anxiety and frustration about their position within the Malaysian polity.
The Use of Modified Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism: An Argument for the Abandonment of Routine Sestamibi Single-Positron Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

Four-dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) has emerged as an extremely sensitive preoperative imaging modality for primary hyperparathyroidism compared with the historical use of sestamibi and ultrasound (US). Specialized volume rendering and technical modifications further enhance this technique for operative guidance while reducing radiation exposure. Patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism from December 2010 to September 2013, carried out by two surgeons at a tertiary cancer center, were evaluated. Comparison was made between the three imaging modalities (4D CT, sestamibi, and US) for preoperative localization rate and accuracy. Biochemical parameters and radiation exposure were also analyzed. A total of 202 patients were identified from the database and 200 patients were included in the analysis. All patients underwent 4D CT (100 %), 185 sestamibi (92.5 %) and 186 US (93 %). In patients with single-gland disease (n = 153), 4D CT, sestamibi, and US were positive in 96 %, 65.4 % and 57.7 % of patients, respectively and, when positive, were accurately localized in 97.2 %, 93.4 % and 96.3 % of patients, respectively. In patients with multigland disease (MGD) [n = 47], 4D CT, sestamibi, and US predicted MGD in 32 %, 0 %, and 13.6 % of patients, respectively. With our technique modification, radiation exposure from 4D CT approached that of sestamibi. Low-dose, modified 4D CT with volume rendering when compared with sestamibi has a statistically significant higher positivity rate, improved accuracy rate, provides excellent images, superior surgical planning, and has a comparable radiation exposure risk profile. Consideration should be made for the abandonment of routine sestamibi single-positron emission computed tomography (SPECT), with 4D CT as the preoperative imaging modality of choice.
A 5'UTR-spliced mRNA isoform is specialized for enhanced HIV-2 gag translation.

Abstract Full-length unspliced genomic RNA plays critical roles in HIV replication, serving both as mRNA for the synthesis of the key viral polyproteins Gag and Gag-Pol and as genomic RNA for encapsidation into assembling viral particles. We show that a second gag mRNA species that differs from the genomic RNA molecule by the absence of an intron in the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) is produced during HIV-2 replication in cell culture and in infected patients. We developed a cotransfection system in which epitopically tagged Gag proteins can be traced back to their mRNA origins in the translation pool. We show that a disproportionate amount of Gag is translated from 5′UTR intron-spliced mRNAs, demonstrating a role for the 5′UTR intron in the regulation of gag translation. To further characterize the effects of the HIV-2 5′UTR on translation, we fused wild-type, spliced, or mutant leader RNA constructs to a luciferase reporter gene and assayed their translation in reticulocyte lysates. These assays confirmed that leaders lacking the 5′UTR intron increased translational efficiency compared to that of the unspliced leader. In addition, we found that removal or mutagenesis of the C-box, a pyrimidine-rich sequence located in the 5′UTR intron and previously shown to affect RNA dimerization, also strongly influenced translational efficiency. These results suggest that the splicing of both the 5′UTR intron and the C-box element have key roles in regulation of HIV-2 gag translation in vitro and in vivo .
Thermo-mechanical testing of tantalum carbides using a Lorentz-force, non-contact technique

Abstract A thermo-mechanical testing apparatus has been constructed where an electrical current provides resistive heating and, in the presence of a magnetic field, a Lorentz force for the application of a load on a test bar specimen. The electromagnetic Helmholtz coil can be used to independently control the magnetic flux, or load, while adjusting the specimen current for resistive heating of the specimen. The coils and specimen were encased in a stainless steel chamber that controlled the testing environment. The apparatus successfully deformed test bars of γ-TaC at 2600 °C and 3100 °C for 30 min. The temperature and deflection measurements were simulated using a finite element model. During the thermo-mechanical testing, the equiaxed grains grew isotropic with the intrinsic porosity, observed in pre-tested grain boundaries, providing microstructural markers of the grains initial size, shape and location in the microstructure.
Cryogenic optical design and testing of the focal plane optomechanical assembly for the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer

The Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) is one of the instruments slated to fly on the EOS Aura satellite in 2003. TES is a Fourier transform spectrometer designed to measure the concentration of various tropospheric chemical species. The Focal Plane Opto-Mechanical Assemblies (FPOMAs) are situated at the end of the TES optical train and are comprised of cryogenic telescopes, reimaging optics, and focal planes. We present the cryogenic optical design of the FPOMA units and discuss optimization parameters and predicted performance. We present measured performance data and compare it with the predicted performance.
Inflammatory bowel disease and leukemia. A report of seven cases of leukemia in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease and review of the literature.

In a review of a large number of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, leukemia was observed in five patients with chronic ulcerative colitis and in two patients with Crohn's disease. In ulcerative colitis patients, there were three cases of acute myelocytic leukemia and one case each of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic granulocytic leukemia. In Crohn's disease patients, there was one case each of chronic granulocytic leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated with thrombocythemia. Sixteen other cases of leukemia have been reported to date in inflammatory bowel disease. All types of leukemia, but particularly acute myelocytic leukemia, have been described. There has been no single common feature as to type (whether ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease), extent and course, or medical and surgical treatment of the bowel disease. The relative risk of leukemia in patients with ulcerative colitis was 5.3 [95% confidence interval 1.7 to 12.3 (P<0.01)] and of acute myelocytic leukemia 11.4 [95% confidence interval 2.3 to 24.9 (P<0.01)]. Our data on patients with Crohn's disease were not sufficient to assess the statistical significance of leukemia in this disease. This study suggests that there may be an increased risk of leukemia, particularly acute myelocytic leukemia, in ulcerative colitis. The causal relationship, if any, remains undetermined.
Therapeutic change in couples' therapy: Critical change incidents perceived by therapists and clients

Clients' perceptions of change in therapy have been virtually ignored in research on therapeutic change. An initial study was conducted which examined client couples' and their therapists' views of change in couples' therapy using the Critical Incident Technique. The data were analyzed inductively, and categories emerged which provide initial descriptions of important positive and negative events of therapy. The findings indicated that therapists' views of what was helpful and not helpful to therapeutic change diverged greatly from their clients' views. Implications for therapy are discussed.
The local and global effects of Southeast Asian deforestation

[1] Using a global climate model (GCM), we simulate the effects of deforestation of Southeast Asia, looking at the local and remote precipitation effects of such a land-use change. We observe a strong local effect, with a reduction in Asian precipitation that persists throughout the year. The effect of this tropical rainforest deforestation extends throughout the Tropics, but it is weaker than that seen earlier in response to Amazonian and African deforestation. The remote effect is caused by the Asian geopotential changes being spread beyond the deforested area by the large-scale winds. The magnitude of the impact is proportional to the percentage of deforestation.
Implementation costs of screening and brief intervention for illicit drug use

From International Network on Brief Interventions for Alcohol and Other Drugs (INEBRIA) Meeting 2013 Rome, Italy. 18-20 September 2013.
Spectroscopic studies of cutaneous photosensitizing agents--IX. A spin trapping study of the photolysis of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone.

The photolysis of amiodarone (AM) and its major metabolite mono-N-desethylamiodarone (DEA), has been studied by absorption spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectroscopy (spin trapping) and oxygraph measurements. Changes in the absorption spectrum of both AM and DEA upon UV irradiation indicate that both drugs undergo deiodination. Spin trapping experiments with 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane (MNP), α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN) and 5.5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) suggest the formation of an aryl radical from AM during UV irradiation. Amiodarone also undergoes photoionization. Under aerobic conditions the photoelectron is scavenged by oxygen to give superoxide, which is trapped by DMPO. Oxygraph measurements further confirmed the consumption of oxygen and the generation of superoxide during the irradiation of aqueous solutions of AM. Deiodination, photoionization and superoxide formation were all observed at wavelengths as low as 335 nm, suggesting that some or all of these processes may be involved in AM-induced photosensitivity. The aryl radical derived from AM during UV irradiation abstracted a hydrogen atom from suitable donors (ethanol, glutathione, cysteine, linoleic acid). Reaction of the dienyl radical derived from linoleic acid would yield the corresponding peroxy radical thereby initiating lipid peroxidation. This would explain the deposition of lipofuscin, a pigment formed from the products of lipid peroxidation, in the skin of patients receiving AM.
Bacterial bioconcentration of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides from aqueous systems.

The prevalence of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide uptake by chemoorganotrophic bacteria has been investigated. Thirteen bacterial species were observed to sorb and concentrate (bioconcentratc)α-chlordane,β-chlordane, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, and lindane from aqueous systems. Bioconcentration, as expressed by the ratio of cellular insecticide in ng/mg (dry wt) to supernatant insecticide in ng/μl, ranged from 10 for lindane byEnterobacter aerogenes to a high of 55,900 forβ-chlordane byCaulobacter vibrioides var.limonus. Amounts of cellular chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides (CHI) detected and the bioconcentration ratios were observed to have the following order in magnitude:α- orβ-chlordane > dieldrin > heptachlor epoxide > lindane. This decreasing order was the inverse of reported water solubilities for the CHI and the inverse relationship was mathematically defined. The CHI were not easily removed from cells by washing (desorbing) and desorption was directly proportional to insecticide water solubility. Uptake of the CHI was rapid, near-maximum amounts being sorbed within 15 min, and pH 7 appeared optimal for bioconcentration as examined over the range pH 6 to 8. Implications of this investigation are that bioconcentration of CHI by bacteria might serve as a means of introducing these toxic compounds into aquatic food chains and that the bioconcentration phenomenon might lend itself as a treatment procedure for the intentional removal of residual CHI from water supplies and wastewater.
The proteins and protein-bound carbohydrates of parotid saliva in cariesimmune and caries-active adults

Abstract The amounts of the various proteins and protein-bound carbohydrates of parotid saliva were compared in a caries immune group of sixty-three adults and a comparable caries-active group. No significant differences were found in: (a) the amount of total protein, protein-bound hexosamine, fucose, hexose and sialic acid; (b) the average percentage distribution of the various protein fractions as determined by paper electrophoresis or; (c) the proportion of fucose and hexosamine to nitrogen in the two major carbohydrate-proteins separated by electrophoresis.
Metabolism of apolipoprotein A-IV in rat

The metabolism of apolipoprotein A-IV (apo-IV) has been investigated in the rat. In this animal species, apoA-IV is a major protein constituent of plasma HDL and lymph chylomicron. The apolipoprotein is also present in the lipoprotein-deficient fraction (LDF) of plasma and lymph. In vivo studies with the radioiodinated protein showed the apoA-IV does not exchange freely between HDL and LDF and that LDF apoA-IV had a faster catabolism than HDL apoA-IV. ApoA-IV in chylomicrons is a direct precursor of apoA-IV in plasma HDL but not of that in LDF. On the other hand lymph LDF apoA-IV is an important precursor of plasma LDF apoA-IV. Transfer of apoA-IV from plasma to lymph is negligible, and since most of apoA-IV in lymph is present in LDF, we speculate that LDF apoA-IV is the major apoA-IV secretory product of the intestine. Studies aimed at identifying the site of catabolism of apoA-IV utilizing either radioiodinated or [14C]sucrose labelled apoA-IV, gave results consistent with the view that the liver plays a major role. When tested, human apoA-IV behaved in vivo in rat as the autologous protein. These findings, together with others previously published (Ghiselli, G. et al. (1987) J. Lipid Res. 27, 813-827), support the conclusion that the plasma metabolism of apoA-IV is remarkably similar in rat and human. We speculate that in mammals the rapid plasma catabolism of apoA-IV is mediated by an efficient uptake by the liver.
Effect of conductor geometry on bundle conductor galloping

Abstract A computer simulation of an elastic catenary was used to study the wake-induced galloping of a two-conductor bundle transmission line. It was shown that increasing the conductor separation reduces the region of galloping instability and decreases the amplitude of the resulting galloping. Stranded conductors are more likely to gallop at low wind speeds while smooth conductors gallop at high wind speeds. Since the fundamental frequency depends on span length, span has a large effect on galloping, with shorter spans being more susceptible. Twisting of the bundle one-half turn per span essentially eliminates galloping.
Kidney Failure and ESRD in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study: Comparing Ascertainment of Treated and Untreated Kidney Failure in a Cohort Study

Background Linkage to the US Renal Data System (USRDS) registry commonly is used to identify end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases, or kidney failure treated with dialysis or transplantation, but it underestimates the total burden of kidney failure. This study validates a kidney failure definition that includes both kidney failure treated and not treated by dialysis or transplantation. It compares kidney failure risk factors and outcomes using this broader definition with USRDS-identified ESRD risk factors and outcomes. Study Design Diagnostic test study with stratified random sampling of hospitalizations for chart review. Setting & Participants Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (n=11,530; chart review, n=546). Index Test USRDS-identified ESRD; treated or untreated kidney failure defined by USRDS-identified ESRD or International Classification of Diseases, Ninth or Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM/ICD-10-CM) code for hospitalization or death. Reference Test For ESRD, determination of permanent dialysis therapy or transplantation; for kidney failure, determination of permanent dialysis therapy, transplantation, or estimated glomerular filtration rate Results During 13 years' median follow-up, 508 kidney failure cases were identified, including 173 (34.1%) from the USRDS registry. ESRD and kidney failure incidence were 1.23 and 3.66 cases per 1,000 person-years in the overall population and 1.35 and 6.59 cases per 1,000 person-years among participants older than 70 years, respectively. Other risk-factor associations were similar between ESRD and kidney failure, except diabetes and albuminuria, which were stronger for ESRD. Survivals at 1 and 5 years were 74.0% and 24.0% for ESRD and 59.8% and 31.6% for kidney failure, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity were 88.0% and 97.3% comparing the kidney failure ICD-9-CM/ICD-10-CM code algorithm to chart review; for USRDS-identified ESRD, sensitivity and specificity were 94.9% and 100.0%. Limitations Some medical charts were incomplete. Conclusions A kidney failure definition including treated and untreated disease identifies more cases than linkage to the USRDS registry alone, particularly among older adults. Future studies might consider reporting both USRDS-identified ESRD and a more inclusive kidney failure definition.
The negation of God erected into a system of disaster relief: The British press, Household Words and the great Neapolitan earthquake of 1857

This article analyzes the reaction of the British press to the Neapolitan government’s disaster relief efforts following a massive earthquake which struck the Basilicata region in late 1857. The Bourbons’ failure to provide substantive relief and their corresponding effort to hide the scope of the destruction led to a wave of outrage in a range of British periodicals, most notably in literary journals. The article shows how this campaign helped consolidate British public opinion against the Bourbon monarchy at a time when British support for Italian unification was essential. Special consideration is given to Household Words by Charles Dickens, which provided the definitive commentary on the disaster, retelling the story of horrific destruction, local incompetence and ultimate (British) relief efforts with a narrative touch calculated to marshal antipathy towards the Bourbons.
Effect of bilateral oophorectomy on adrenocortical function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Objective To determine the impact of ovary-secreted products on adrenocortical function in women with PCOS by studying the adrenocortical response to acute adrenocorticotropic-stimulating hormone (ACTH) stimulation before and after bilateral oophorectomy. Design Prospective study. Setting Tertiary care medical center. Patient(s) Fourteen women with PCOS, scheduled for bilateral oophorectomy for benign indications, on postoperative transdermal estradiol (E 2 ). Intervention(s) Physical examination, blood sampling before and after oophorectomy, measurement of hormone levels; assessment of basal (Steroid 0 ), maximum stimulated (Steroid 60 ), and net increment (ΔSteroid) levels of androstenedione (A4), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and cortisol (F) before and after ACTH 1–24 stimulation. Main Outcome Measure(s) Preoperative and postoperative basal and ACTH (1–24) stimulated hormone levels. Result(s) Total testosterone, free testosterone, and estrone levels decreased, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels statistically significantly increased after oophorectomy. No statistically significant differences in E 2 , DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), or sex hormone-binding globulin levels were detected. Basal and ACTH-stimulated A4 levels statistically significantly decreased after oophorectomy, and ΔA4 was statistically significantly increased. No statistically significant differences in DHEA 0 , DHEA 60 , or F 0 levels were detected. The F 60 and ΔF levels tended to increase after oophorectomy, but the differences did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion(s) Ovarian factors do not appear to contribute significantly to the adrenocortical dysfunction of PCOS.
Review: Uveitis and Immunosuppressive Drugs

Uveitis, inflammation of the eye, is a common occurring disease resulting from a wide variety of traumatic and immunogenic insults and, in most cases, can be treated successfully by corticosteroids. However, corticosteroids have severe side effects. Alternative therapy is using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents like indomethecin, diclofenac and flurbiprofen. The uveitic cases are prominent in the third world countries, and many of the patients are not responsive or become refractory to steroidal or nonsteroidal therapy. Therefore, there is another class of compounds "immunosuppressive drugs" found to be successful in treating uveitis. These include cyclosporin A, tacrolimus, and sirolimus. However, being immunosuppressive they also have side effects. Therefore, the effective therapy with lower side effects is the treatment with combination of these drugs in lower dosages. Cyclosporin A plus sirolimus or tacrolimus in threshold doses alleviate signs of uveitis with lower incidence of side effects.
Drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus: a critical review.

Drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is defined by the occurrence of SLE symptoms following continuous administration of a drug (3 weeks to 2 years) and by the immediate reversal of the disease process upon cessation of drug treatment. This disease has been associated in more than 300 patients with drugs such as hydralazine and other hypertensive drugs procainamide and cardiac drugs antituberculosis drugs such as Isoniazid anticonvulsant drugs such as hydantoins barbiturates and succinamides antithyroid drugs psychotropic drugs such as chlorpromazine D-Penicillanine sulfonamide drugs allopurinol and specifically with oral contraceptive (OC) agents. In one report of 8 women who developed "rheumatic complaints" from 4 to 84 months after beginning oral contraceptive use all showed antinuclear antibodies 6 of 8 had positive LE cell tests and symptoms in all but 1 patient disappeared after cessation of the drugs. This pattern has been repeated in other reports. A series of studies have demonstrated no tendancy of these agents to induce formation of antinuclear antibodies while other reports have indicated that SLE has exacerbated while taking OCs. Drug-induced SLE populations depend upon the epidemiology of the disease for which the drug is used. The course of drug-induced SLE depends almost entirely on the length of drug administration after symptoms disappear.
Age-related decline in cold tolerance can be retarded by brain stimulation

Abstract The sharp decline in capacity of old C57BL/6J male mice to maintain body temperature during 3-hr cold exposure can be delayed and even partly restored after 15, 30-min, daily sessions of hypothalamic self-stimulation. In control experiments it was demonstrated that electrical stimulation of “rewarding” areas of hypothalamus itself is sufficient for improvement of the age-related deterioration of thermoregulatory ability.