cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ALTERED LEVELS OF THE DROSOPHILA HRB87F/HRP36 HNRNP PROTEIN HAVE LIMITED EFFECTS ON ALTERNATIVE SPLICING IN VIVO

The Drosophila melanogaster genes Hrb87F and Hrb98DE encode the fly proteins HRB87F and HRB98DE (also known as hrp36 and hrp38, respectively) that are most similar in sequence and function to mammalian A/B-type hnRNP proteins. Using overexpression and deletion mutants of Hrb87F, we have tested the hypothesis that the ratio of A/B hnRNP proteins to SR family proteins modulates certain types of alternative splice-site selection. In flies in which HRB87F/hrp36 had been overexpressed 10- to 15-fold above normal levels, aberrant internal exon skipping was induced in at least one endogenous transcript, the dopa decarboxylase (Ddc) pre-mRNA, which previously had been shown to be similarly affected by excess HRB98DE/hrp38. In a second endogenous pre-mRNA, excess HRB87F/hrp36 had no effect on alternative 3' splice-site selection, as expected from mammalian hnRNP studies. Immunolocalization of the excess hnRNP protein showed that it localized correctly to the nucleus, specifically to sites on or near chromosomes, and that the peak of exon-skipping activity in Ddc RNA correlated with the peak of chromosomally associated hnRNP protein. The chromosomal association and level of the SR family of proteins were not significantly affected by the large increase in hnRNP proteins during this time period. Although these results are consistent with a possible role for hnRNP proteins in alternative splicing, the more interesting finding was the failure to detect significant adverse effects on flies with a greatly distorted ratio of hnRNPs to SR proteins. Electron microscopic visualization of the general population of active genes in flies overexpressing hnRNP proteins also indicated that the great majority of genes seemed normal in terms of cotranscriptional RNA processing events, although there were a few abnormalities consistent with rare exon-skipping events. Furthermore, in a Hrb87F null mutant, which is viable, the normal pattern of Ddc alternative splicing was observed, indicating that HRB87F/hrp36 is not required for Ddc splicing regulation. Thus, although splice-site selection can be affected in at least a few genes by gross overexpression of this hnRNP protein, the combined evidence suggests that if it plays a general role in alternative splicing in vivo, the role can be provided by other proteins with redundant functions, and the role is independent of its concentration relative to SR proteins.
Effect of fluorine containing compounds on the activity of glycolytic enzymes in rat hepatocytes

Abstract Inhibition of three glycolytic enzymes by NaF and Na2PO3F ∗ in isolated rat hepatocytes has been demonstrated. The data indicate that incubation of hepatocytes with NaF or MFP and subsequent removal of NaF and MFP results in a significant inhibition of enolase (E.C. 4.2.1.11), phosphoglucomutase (E.C. 2.7.5.1.), and pyruvate kinase (E.C. 2.7.1.40). It is suggested that the fluorine compound enters the hepatocyte, becomes bound to the enzyme (phosphoglucomutase and enolase) and inhibits its activity. The inhibition of pyruvate kinase may be due to a cAMP dependent phosphorylation of the enzyme.
Microcommunities of algae on a Sphagnum mat

The algal epiphytes of three species of Sphagnum from the mat edge of an acid bog were quantitatively sampled over three months. On the basis of differences in total algal abundance, algal diversity, and the growth of certain algal species and species groups, two significantly different algal communities were recognized. While these communities were only centimeters apart, they differed in physical, biological and nutrient parameters, with lower, moister plots having more algae, higher algal diversity, and lower concentrations of phosphate, ammonium, and silicate ions.
White Light Interferometry With An Achromatic Phase Shifter

The principle of operation of an achromatic modulator or phase shifter is presented. Specific triangular configurations are described that consist of two base gratings and a vertex element which may be either a transmission-type hologram or an acousto-optic modulator. The application of this concept is illustrated by a generalized white light interferometer with very fine differential phase control and two separated, collinear output paths. The achromatic phase shifter is also shown to make an important improvement to the white light cosinusoidal transform hybrid. Two different configurations are presented.
Reaction kinetics and mechanism of ketonization of aliphatic carboxylic acids with different carbon chain lengths over Ru/TiO2 catalyst

Abstract A kinetics study of the ketonization of carboxylic acids with varying alkyl chain lengths (acetic, propionic, and butyric) has been conducted on a pre-reduced Ru/TiO2 catalyst. A thorough analysis built upon a Langmuir–Hinshelwood (LH) model and transition state theory (TST) shows that the reaction follows a second-order expression with respect to the surface coverage of carboxylic acids. The heats of adsorption are very similar for the three different acids and independent of the carbon chain length. Moreover, they are significantly higher than those of the reaction products, that is, ketone, water, and CO2. At the same time, the change in adsorption entropy of the acids (in absolute value) with respect to the gas phase was found to decrease with increasing alkyl chain length. These results are consistent with a strongly adsorbed bidentate configuration, in which the main interaction with the surface is via the carboxylic group while the alkyl group moves rather freely. Application of the LH model in the fitting of the reaction data at varying temperatures allowed us to calculate the true activation energy and the activation entropy of the reaction. Both were found to increase with increasing carbon chain length of the acids. This compensation effect can be interpreted in terms of the nature of the transition state. It is concluded that ketonization proceeds through a β-ketoacid intermediate with an early transition state, in which the formation of the C–C bond is the rate-limiting step.
Viscoelastic Characterization of an Epoxy-Based Molding Compound

This paper describes the viscoelastic characterization of a highly filled epoxy molding compound commonly used in electronic packaging applications. Both stress relaxation tests and constant strain rate tensile tests were conducted. The material was found to be nonlinear in its viscoelastic behavior and to be amenable to horizontal shifting to form master curves. A representation of the master stress relaxation curves in terms of a Prony series is given, and the use of this representation illustrated in the context of both linear and nonlinear representations of the viscoelastic behavior to predict the results of the constant strain rate experiments.
Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy Offers Shorter Hospital Stays with Fewer Complications

Background Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) is increasingly performed for lesions of the body and tail of the pancreas. The aim of this study was to investigate short-term outcomes after LDP compared to open distal pancreatectomy (ODP) at a single, high-volume institution.
VOWEL TENSENESS IN ENGLISH: ANOTHER LOOK

Dickerson (1980) proposes rules for assigning tense and lax qualities to stressed spelled vowels in English. I argue that more systematic word samples should be used, and that these samples should be based on word frequency data. I also suggest new rules, criticize Dickerson's analysis of lax vowels in verbs, propose needed rules of stress assignment, and suggest that laxing rules can be dispensed with.
Ultrastructure of the compound eye of the diploid female beetle, Xyleborus ferrugineus.

The compound eye of female (diploid) Xyleborus ferrugineus beetles was examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The eye is emarginate, and externally consists of roughly 70–100 facets. Each ommatidium is composed of a thickly biconvex lenslet with about 50 electron dense and rare layers. The lens facet overlies a crystalline cone of the acone type which is roughly hourglass-shaped. Pigment cells envelop the entire ommatidium, and pigment granules also are abundant throughout the cytoplasm of the 8 retinular cells. The rhabdomeres of 2 centrally situated photoreceptor cells effectively fuse into a rhabdom that extends from the base of the crystalline cone deeply into the ommatidium. Six distal peripheral retinular cells encircle the 2 central cells, and their rhabdomeres join laterally to form a rhabdomeric ring around the central rhabdom. The rhabdom and rhabdomeric ring are effectively separated by the cytoplasm of the two central retinular cells which contains the usual organelles and an abundance of shielding pigment granules. Eight axons per ommatidium gather in a tracheae-less fascicle before exiting the eye through the fenestrate basement membrane. No tracheation was observed among the retinular cells. Each Semper cell of each observed crystalline cone contained an abundance of virus-like particles near the cell nucleus. The insect is laboratory reared, and the visual system seems very amenable to photoreceptor investigations.
On the nature of the martensitic phase transformation in lithium

Abstract Using a nonlocal Phillips-Kleinman pseudopotential we discuss the thermodynamic features of the martensitic phase transformation of lithium. Reasonable agreement for the transformation temperature is obtained.
Present Experimental Evidence for a Fermi Interaction in Muon Capture

Data on complex nuclei are used to provide evidence for the simultaneous presence of the Gamow-Teller and Fermi interactions in mu capture, with roughly the strength predicted from the hypothesis of universality. Results of the closure calculation for the spin-averaged capture rate (H. Primakoff, Revs. Modern Phys., 31: 802(1959)) are compared with experiment, giving a graphic argument emphasizing the presence of a Fermi interaction. (L.N.N.)
Effect of topical administration of polycarbophil-based formulation (DuraSite®) on an intact and surgically-compromised corneal surface in rabbits

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of a polycarbophil-based formulation in intact eyes and eyes compromised with a penetrating corneal incision, a LASIK flap or a full-thickness epithelial defect. Methods New Zealand White rabbits were used. Polycarbophil (0.6 or 1.3%) was dosed in intact eyes TID for 1 year. The surgical models (penetrating surgical incision, LASIK flap, or 9 mm full-thickness epithelial defect) were dosed with a 0.9% polycarbophil formulation. The eyes with the incision or flap were dosed QID for 14 days. Eyes with the epithelial defect were dosed 10 times in the first 24 h, then every 12 h for the next 2 days. The size of the defect was monitored with fluorescein. The eyes were examined histologically. Results In the 1 year study, no adverse ocular effects were observed at either dose of polycarbophil. In the incision model, administration of polycarbophil did not result in adverse findings; no anterior chamber reaction was observed. In the LASIK model, there were no adverse effects considered related to the polycarbophil. In the epithelial defect model, approximately half of the eyes demonstrated re-epithelialization by 72 hours. The re-epithelialization was not different from a saline control. Microscopically, there were no indications of adverse effects of the polycarbophil in any of the models assessed. Conclusion There are no adverse findings related to repeated topical administration of polycarbophil in uncompromised or surgically-compromised rabbit eyes. These results support that polycarbophil (0.9%, DuraSite®) is safe to use in pharmaceutical preparations in both intact eyes and eyes with compromised ocular surfaces. Commercial interest
Interpreting the Solar Limb Shape Distortions

Accurate measurements of the solar oblateness have recently been obtained from the SOHO/MDI satellite experiment. The new data are sufficiently accurate to measure nonnegligible multipole shape terms of higher order than the oblateness. Here we extend earlier solar limb shape calculations and compare the new data with the helioseismic evidence for a complex internal solar rotation profile. We find that the quadrupole (l = 2) and hexadecapole (l = 4) shape terms are marginally inconsistent with the solar rotation data.
Long-path measurements of ultrasonic attenuation and velocity for very dilute slurries and liquids and detection of contaminates

Abstract The objective was to use multiple paths through the slurry to determine the lowest concentration that provided accurate attenuation measurements and to measure the velocity of sound through an effective long path. Ultrasonic attenuation measurements were obtained for slurries of silica (10 μm diameter) in water for concentrations of 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% silica by weight. Attenuation measurements for concentrations less than 0.1% may prove useful for process control to detect contaminants. A long path is obtained due to multiple reflections occurring within the stainless steel (SS) vessel used; broad-band transducers are affixed on the outside of the thick-walled vessel. The signal in the receive transducer permits the measurement of the attenuation and also the velocity by measuring the time-of-flight. The FFT of the appropriate signal for each echo was obtained and compared with that for water to yield the attenuation as a function of frequency. The attenuation measurements are self-calibrating because they are not affected by changes in the pulser voltage. The data show the feasibility for measuring a concentration of 0.025 wt% silica, which is equivalent to 0.25 g of silica in 1 l of water. Therefore, such measurements can prove useful for detecting contaminants in liquid. The velocity of sound measurements for solutions of hydrogen peroxide in water were obtained and accurate to about 0.3 m/s, or 0.02% uncertainty.
Interstitial Pneumonitis in a Patient Treated with α-Interferon and Ribavirin for Hepatitis C Infection

ABSTRACT Hepatitis C is a common infection with worldwide prevalence. It has a variable course and can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Until recently α -interferon (IFN- α ) was the only effective treatment available. Combination therapy with IFN- α and ribavirin has been found to be more efficacious than IFN- α alone. Various side effects have been ascribed to interferon, such as arthralgias, myalgias, fatigue, and gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Interstitial pneumonitis is a rare but known complication of IFN- α when given at a high dosage of 6 to 10 million units per day. Ribavirin is associated with dose-dependent hemolytic anemia, cough, dyspnea, rash, depression, and dyspepsia, although a potential role in interferon-induced interstitial pneumonitis has not been described. We describe a patient with an excellent clinical response of chronic hepatitis C to combination therapy with IFN- α at a dosage of 3 million units per day and ribavirin. The patient developed interstitial pneumonitis that resolved after discontinuation of IFN- α and ribavirin. Given that interstitial pneumonitis has previously been reported with high-dose IFN- α , this case suggests that this complication may occur with lower dosages of IFN- α , although a potential role for ribavirin in this disorder at present remains speculative.
Modeling quantum behavior with standard (nonquantum) probability theory

This paper argues that quantum behavior can be modeled using standard probability theory. To show this, such a model is constructed in which the Lagrangians associated with different paths are random. (This random Lagrangian formulation is equivalent to constrained entropy maximization.) We assume that the random error term varies as a harmonic oscillator over time. (We attribute this to certain properties of measuring devices.) The result is a formula which provides a good qualitative description of the n‐slit interference experiment—indeed the formula is quite similar to the formulas of quantum mechanics. Hence standard probability theory models can describe interference effects so that a quantum probability theory is unnecessary.
Computational metaphor extraction to encourage critical reflection and support epistemological pluralism

Critical reflection can be an important component of metacognition in learning, but teaching the techniques of critical reflection is a difficult challenge. This proposal describes how computational metaphor extraction could be used to encourage critical reflection in learners. Metaphorical relationships between different concepts may be one way of describing the epistemological approach, "mode of thinking," or framing adopted by a learner. Furthermore, asking students to explain these relationships may present a novel method for fostering critical reflection in learners. This proposal outlines the project's theoretical and pedagogical underpinnings, describes the implementation of a computational method of extracting metaphorical relationships from textual corpora, lays out a plan for deployment in a variety of educational settings, and presents methods for evaluating the project's efficacy in fostering critical reflection.
Diagnosis of crystal‐induced arthritis by synovial fluid examination for crystals: Lessons from an imperfect test

Objective Diagnosis of the crystal-induced arthritides is primarily based on microscopic identification of crystals in synovial fluid. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the operating characteristics of this test and demonstrate its clinical use. Methods Medline was searched for relevant studies. Sensitivity and specificity of identification of crystals were calculated, as were measures of interobserver agreement. Likelihood ratios were calculated and curves constructed using the solutions to the Bayesian equations. Results Four studies were identified. The rates of interobserver agreement were low; the false-negative rates in identifying calcium pyrophosphate crystals were particularly high. Only one study allowed calculation of the test operating characteristics, and this was a study that used synthetic crystals and therefore may not be directly useful in a clinical setting. Conclusion There is a paucity of data about the accuracy of crystal identification. As it is clearly not a perfectly sensitive and specific test, the most prudent diagnostic strategy, as with essentially all diagnostic tests, is to establish a posterior probability of disease from a prior probability, based on the clinical features of the patient. Determining the operating characteristics of this test in conventional and reference laboratories should be a research priority for high quality clinical research on crystal arthropathies.
Community Development as Social Movement: A Contribution to Models of Practice

Community development practice includes the self-help, technical assistance and conflict models. Although instructive, this realm of practical theorizing might be reinvigorated by directing attention to the work that people engage in collectively to impact community life. Approaching community development from an action-oriented direction requires that we borrow from, synthesize and augment existing theoretical perspectives within the realm of social movements, including those focused on political-economic constraints and opportunities, resource mobilization and organization, and framing of grievances and collective action. This approach will help to inform researchers, community development practitioners and policymakers to better understanding the enterprise of intentional social change at the local level. Additionally, it holds promise for those scholars engaged in applied research with change initiatives who want to pursue a more critical assessment of community development work.
The Compatibility of the Marketing Concept Within the “Classified” Customer Service Culture of Department of Defense National Testing Laboratories

ABSTRACT The role of national defense research laboratories has dramatically changed since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the relaxation of “Cold War” imperatives. As these organizations are seeking new “market oriented” opportunities, the fundamental philosophy and culture of these organizations must be examined in order to determine if such firms, historically dependent on government awards and contracts, can effectively compete in the highly competitive global economy. The purpose of this study is to examine the relative compatibility of the marketing concept with the attitudes and customer service practices of one such highly confidential organization. By initiating such inquiry, it is hoped that other research and inquiry will be undertaken with the goal being to help transition the power of these basic and applied research facilities into the private sector more efficiently.
Growth rates and potential for spread of alpine carpet grass, Chionochloa (Danthonia) Australis

Summary Carpet grass (Chionochloa australis) is confined to the northern mountains of the South Island. It possesses many attributes of value in soil and water conservation at high altitudes. Studies on selected sites of growth rates and potential for spread show that: 1. (a)|Each tiller adds an average of 2·O5 leaves per annum; 2. (b)|The growth rate of stems ranges from 0·16 in. per annum in closed swards in a normal habitat, to O·79 in. per annum on an unusually favourable site; 3. (c)|Main stems branch, on average, once every 4·3 to 11·2 years, according to site; 4. (d)|Total dry weight of leaves, stems, and litter approximates 53,OOO lb per acre in a normal closed sward; 5. (e)|Annual production of leaf dry matter in a fully estalblished closed sward is about 2,390 lb per acre. Thus, although total dry weight and annual production of normal, fully established swards are high, rates of leaf increase per tiller, of stem elongation, and of branching are so low as to preclude this species from having val...
Nucleotide sequence and nuclear protein binding of the two regulatory sequences upstream of the am (GDH) gene in Neurospora.

We have constructed a series of deletions in the 5′ non-coding sequences of the cloned Neurospora crassa am gene which specifies NADP specific glutamate dehydrogenase. All of the deletions begin at −4.4 kb with respect to the am transcription start site and extend for various distances toward the am gene. Using vectors with a truncated fragment of the am gene, we introduced these deletions into the chromosome upstream of am by transformation. Analysis of glutamate dehydrogenase expression in strains with the deletion mutations confirmed that there are two upstream regulatory sequences (URS) that control the expression of the am gene. The more distal of these elements (URSamβ) has been limited to the 157 bp between −1924 and −2081 with respect to the start of am transcription. The proximal element (URSamα) was limited to the 97 by between −1296 and −1393. The DNA sequence of the entire region was determined. Within the sequences that contain the URS elements several regions of homology with yeast UAS sequences were found. Gel mobility assays with DNA fragments containing the URS elements indicated that sequences in both elements are bound by nuclear proteins from Neurospora. The interaction of these proteins and the DNA fragments was found to be specific.
Distribution of fiber types in embryonic chick limb muscles innervated by foreign motoneurons.

Abstract The differentiation of distinct myotube fiber types in chick limb muscle development is coincident with innervation. The role of motoneurons in influencing fiber type differentiation was analyzed by causing chick hind limb muscles to be innervated by inappropriate motoneurons and then examining experimental muscles for changes in the distribution of myosin ATPase fiber types. Motoneuron innervation of limb muscles was altered by performing either limb shifts, limb reversals, or large spinal cord reversals on early neural tube or limb bud stage chick embryos. The distribution of fiber types was then analyzed in muscles from stage 36 (E10) to stage 45 (E20) embryos after processing hind limb sections for myosin ATPase histochemistry. In the majority of experimental muscles examined ( 267 312 ), the distribution of myosin ATPase fiber types was unaltered. In the remaining experimental muscles (14%), alterations in the distribution of myosin ATPase fiber types occurred, indicating that in some cases, foreign innervation may alter the developmental program of differentiating myotubes. The results suggest that myotubes differentiate myosin ATPase staining characteristics according to an intrinsic program and that these differentiating myotubes are selectively innervated by motoneurons of the appropriate type under most conditions including normal development. Under exceptional circumstances of motoneuron-muscle fiber type mismatch, embryonic motoneurons can alter fiber type expression.
Electron Microscope Autoradiography of Bacteria Labeled with Iodine-125.

The low-energy extranuclear electrons emitted by iodine-125 can be used for electron microscope autoradiography with results comparable to those obtained with tritium. Autoradiographs of tritium-labeled bacteria showed that 71 percent of all reacted grains localized on the cell. This figure was 86 percent when I 125 -labeled bacteria were used.
Molecular topography of solar energy harvesting pigments in marine algae

Marine dinoflagellates operate efficient solar-energy-conversion machinery, collecting blue and green light from the sun and transferring the energy to the photosynthetic apparatus. The efficient energy disposition in these organisms is carried out by the chromoprotein complexes, composed of several peridinin and chlorophyll a molecules in a unique topographical array.
THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE PROBLEM

Polities and organizations use and require particular languages for official business. The choice of official languages is a vexing issue. Theorists, convinced that a fair language policy cannot be efficient, have despaired of an elegant solution. To investigate this apparent dilemma, I mathematically model the problem of choosing an efficient and fair language policy for a plurilingual polity. The policy designates official languages and taxes the language groups to pay for translation among the official languages. Contrary to prevailing wisdom, this model implies that a fair language policy can be efficient. But what if language groups rationally misrepresent the costs of using a nonnative official language? Even then, the policy maker can discover a fair language policy and, under some conditions, can use a cost-revelation procedure that discovers a fair and efficient language policy. The results challenge the claim that efficiency and practicality excuse the inferior treatment of language minorities.
Geomagnetic survey of a portion of southeastern New York

The area covered by this survey of approximately 130 square miles involves portions of northern Westchester, Putnam, and southern Dutchess counties. Four hundred and eighty-six stations were occupied at which the vertical component of the Earth's magnetic field was measured with an Askania magnetometer. These data, after the usual necessary corrections were made, were plotted on a map on a scale of 1:30,000. The resulting isogam chart was superimposed upon a geologic map of the area in an attempt to correlate changes in the magnetic field with changes in the geologic characteristics found here.
The complexity of fault detection in MOS VLSI circuits

Consideration is given to the fault detection problem for a single fault in a single MOS channel-connected subcircuit. The following three decision subproblems are identified: (1) decide if a test vector exists, (2) decide if an initializing vector exists, and (3) decide if a test pair is robust. It is proven that each of these problems is NP-complete. More importantly, it is proved that the first two remain NP-complete for the simplest subcircuit design styles, namely series/parallel nMOS or CMOS logic gates. The third subproblem is shown to be of linear complexity for a CMOS logic gate with a stuck-open fault. It is illustrated that a test pair that is not robust may contain a robust subtest pair, and a necessary and sufficient condition for this to happen in CMOS logic gates is given. This leads to a linear time algorithm for CMOS logic gates which tests for robustness and, if possible, derives a robust test pair from a possibly nonrobust pair. The implications of these complexity results on practical transistor-level test generation tools are discussed. >
The physician–patient working alliance

Abstract Objective Cognitive and emotional dimensions of the physician–patient relationship (working alliance) were examined in relation to patients’ beliefs about the usefulness of treatment (perceived utility), patients’ beliefs about being able to adhere to treatment (adherence self-efficacy beliefs), patients’ follow through on their treatment plan (adherence), and patients’ satisfaction. Methods Participants were 51 men and 67 women who averaged 38.9 years of age (S.D. = 12.28). Seventy-two were Euro-American, 23 African-American, 6 Asian-American, 11 Hispanic, and 6 “Other.” They reported an average of 7.3 years (S.D. = 7.48) since being diagnosed with a chronic medical illness and an average of 7.1 (S.D. = 4.88) visits to their doctor within the last year. Patients’ conditions included HIV+/AIDS, hypertension, diabetes, asthma, and cancer. Results Results show moderate to strong relationships between working alliance and perceived utility (r = 0.63, P Conclusion The working alliance can be measured in medical care and appears to be strongly associated with patients’ adherence to and satisfaction with treatment. Practice implications The working alliance is important in medical treatment, as it is associated with patient adherence and satisfaction. Patients’ self-efficacy ought to be assessed and promoted as it is also associated with treatment adherence.
Evidence for a Role for Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in Active Vasodilatation in the Cutaneous Vasculature of Humans

Active vasodilatation (AVD) in human, non-glabrous skin depends on functional cholinergic fibres but not on acetylcholine (ACh). We tested whether AVD is a redundant system in which ACh and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) are co-released from cholinergic nerves. (1) We administered VIP by intradermal microdialysis to four discrete areas of skin in the presence of different levels of the VIP receptor antagonist, VIP(10-28), also delivered by microdialysis. Skin blood flow (SkBF) was continuously monitored by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured non-invasively and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) calculated as LDF/MAP. Subjects were supine and wore water-perfused suits to control whole-body skin temperature (Tsk) at 34 degrees C. Concentrations of 54 microM, 107 microM, or 214 microM VIP(10-28) were perfused via intradermal microdialysis at 2 microl min-1 for approximately 1 h. Then 7.5 microM VIP was added to the perfusate containing VIP(10-28) at the three concentrations or Ringer solution and perfusion was continued for 45-60 min. At the control site, this level of VIP caused approximately the vasodilatation typical of heat stress. All VIP(10-28)-treated sites displayed an attenuated dilatation in response to the VIP. The greatest attenuation was observed at the site that received 214 microM VIP(10-28) (P < 0.01). (2) We used 214 microM VIP(10-28) alone and with the iontophoretically administered muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine (400 microA cm-2, 45 s, 10 mM) in heated subjects to test the roles of VIP and ACh in AVD. Ringer solution and 214 microM VIP(10-28) were each perfused at two sites, one of which in each case was pretreated with atropine. After 1 h of VIP(10-28) treatment, individuals underwent 45-60 min of whole-body heating (Tsk to 38.5 degrees C). VIP(10-28), alone or in combination with atropine, attenuated the increase in CVC during heat stress, suggesting an important role for VIP in AVD.
The CoQUOS Approach to Continuous Queries in Unstructured Overlays

The current peer-to-peer (P2P) content distribution systems are constricted by their simple on-demand content discovery mechanism. The utility of these systems can be greatly enhanced by incorporating two capabilities, namely a mechanism through which peers can register their long term interests with the network so that they can be continuously notified of new data items, and a means for the peers to advertise their contents. Although researchers have proposed a few unstructured overlay-based publish-subscribe systems that provide the above capabilities, most of these systems require intricate indexing and routing schemes, which not only make them highly complex but also render the overlay network less flexible toward transient peers. This paper argues that for many P2P applications, implementing full-fledged publish-subscribe systems is an overkill. For these applications, we study the alternate continuous query paradigm, which is a best-effort service providing the above two capabilities. We present a scalable and effective middleware, called CoQUOS, for supporting continuous queries in unstructured overlay networks. Besides being independent of the overlay topology, CoQUOS preserves the simplicity and flexibility of the unstructured P2P network. Our design of the CoQUOS system is characterized by two novel techniques, namely cluster-resilient random walk algorithm for propagating the queries to various regions of the network and dynamic probability-based query registration scheme to ensure that the registrations are well distributed in the overlay. Further, we also develop effective and efficient schemes for providing resilience to the churn of the P2P network and for ensuring a fair distribution of the notification load among the peers. This paper studies the properties of our algorithms through theoretical analysis. We also report series of experiments evaluating the effectiveness and the costs of the proposed schemes.
Community Organization Influence on Local Public Health Care Policy: A General Research Model and Comparative Case Study

The community organization literature consists mainly of case descriptions and analyses, on the one hand, and integrative works that prescribe or classify community organization methods or attempt to develop more theoretical models. There is a need for an intermediate level of empirical research that will generate comparable data on several cases, analyze factors that influence community organization, test hypotheses, and help develop an empirically grounded and more rigorous community organization theory. This article presents a research model developed to study community organization influence on local public health care policy. The model is applied in a comparative case study of such community organization experiences in seven California counties. Findings from the study are presented and analyzed, and several factors are identified that were important in the success or failure of these community organization efforts.
Toward a metabolic theory of ecology

Metabolism provides a basis for using first principles of physics, chemistry, and biology to link the biology of individual organisms to the ecology of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Metabolic rate, the rate at which organisms take up, transform, and expend energy and materials, is the most fundamental biological rate. We have developed a quantitative theory for how metabolic rate varies with body size and temperature. Metabolic theory predicts how metabolic rate, by setting the rates of resource uptake from the environment and resource allocation to survival, growth, and reproduction, controls ecological processes at all levels of organization from individuals to the biosphere. Examples include: (1) life history attributes, including devel- opment rate, mortality rate, age at maturity, life span, and population growth rate; (2) population interactions, including carrying capacity, rates of competition and predation, and patterns of species diversity; and (3) ecosystem processes, including rates of biomass production and respiration and patterns of trophic dynamics. Data compiled from the ecological literature strongly support the theoretical predictions. Even- tually, metabolic theory may provide a conceptual foundation for much of ecology, just as genetic theory provides a foundation for much of evolutionary biology.
TESTS FOR HOT‐WATER RESISTANCE OF TANK ENAMELS*

The resistance to attack by hot water of a representative group of commercial enamels, designed especially for use on hot-water tanks, and of several nontank enamels was measured by the following three types of test: (A) loss of gloss after periods up to several hours in a conventional autoclave with distilled water, (B) loss of gloss after one day to two weeks in apparatus which kept the specimens in contact with constantly changing, boiling distilled water, and (C) loss in thickness after periods up to 5000 hours (208 days) in a modified autoclave with circulating aerated tap water under pressure. The tests are described in detail, comparisons are made, and the loss-of-gloss test with boiling distilled water as used in Commercial Standard CS115–44 is discussed.
Missed and missing cases of abusive injuries: the magnitude and the measurement of the problem.

OBJECTIVE: The authors' objective is to describe the disparity between the case-fatality rates for inflicted versus unintentional injuries of children, and to emphasize its utility as a way of estimating the effectiveness of the ascertainment of inflicted injuries of children. METHOD: Determination, comparison, and explanation of the case-fatality-rate disparity in four injury databases were derived from hospitalized injury cases. RESULTS: The CFR disparity is 6-14-fold in the 4 injury databases. The CFR disparity varies strongly and inversely with the observed incidence of inflicted injuries in the databases. CONCLUSIONS: A large disparity between the case fatality rates (CFRs) of inflicted and unintentional injuries exists in a number of injury databases. Inflicted injuries have much higher CFRs than unintentional injuries. The disparity can be accounted for by "missed" (incorrectly diagnosed) and "missing" (unseen) cases. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Present diagnostic criteria for physically abusive (inflicted) injuries are forensically-driven and too conservative for public health purposes. New public-health-oriented case definitions for "inflicted injury" are needed. Programs to reduce injury recidivism in young children should be a part of overall injury prevention. Language: en
Preparation, structural and magnetic characterization of synthetic anti-ferromagnetic (SAF) nanoparticles

Synthetic anti-ferromagnetic nanoparticles (SAFs) are a novel type of magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) fabricated using nanoimprint lithography, direct deposition of multilayer films and retrieval in liquid phase via an ‘etching’ release process. Such physical fabrication techniques enable accurate control of particle shape, size and composition. We systematically varied the processing conditions to produce different configurations of SAF nanoparticles and performed extensive characterization using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and alternating gradient magnetometry (AGM) to study their corresponding structural and magnetic behavior. A key focus of this paper is the preparation of TEM cross-section specimens of SAF nanoparticles for their structural characterization. This is not a trivial task, but is useful and revealing in terms of structural features. A major finding from our study shows that the introduction of oxygen during deposition of the copper release layer gives significantly improved flatne...
A comparison of two methods of teaching reflective ability in Year 3 medical students.

Medical Education 2012: 46: 807–814 Context Little is known about best practices for teaching and learning reflection. We hypothesised that reflective ability scores on written reflections would be higher in students using critical reflection guidelines, or receiving feedback on reflective skill in addition to reflection content, or both, compared with those in students who received only a definition of reflection or feedback on reflection content alone. Methods Using a 2 (guidelines) × 2 (feedback) × 2 (time) design, we randomly assigned half of our sample of 149 Year 3 medical students to receive critical reflection guidelines and the other half to receive only a definition of critical reflection. We then randomly divided both groups in half again so that one half of each group received feedback on both the content and reflective ability in their reflections, and the other received content feedback alone. The learners’ performance was measured on the first and third written reflections of the academic year using a previously validated scoring rubric. We calculated descriptive statistics for the reflection scores and conducted a repeated-measures analysis of variance with two between-groups factors, guidelines and feedback, and one within-group factor, occasion, using the measure of reflective ability as the dependent variable. Results We failed to find a significant interaction between guidelines and feedback (F = 0.51, d.f. = 1, 145, p = 0.48). However, the provision of critical reflection guidelines improved reflective ability compared with the provision of a definition of critical reflection only (F = 147.1, d.f. = 1, 145, p < 0.001). Feedback also improved reflective ability, but only when it covered reflective skill in addition to content (F = 6.5, d.f. = 1, 145, p = 0.012). Conclusions We found that the provision of critical reflection guidelines improved performance and that feedback on both content and reflective ability also improved performance. Our study demonstrates that teaching learners the characteristics of deeper, more effective reflection and helping them to acquire the skills they need to reflect well improves their reflective ability as measured by performance on reflective exercises.
Altered astrocyte calcium homeostasis and proliferation in theTs65Dn mouse, a model of Down syndrome

Genes from the Down syndrome (DS) critical region of human chromosome 21, which contribute to the pathology of DS, are also found on mouse chromosome 16. Several animal models of DS with triplication of genes from the DS critical region have been generated, including mouse trisomy 16 (Ts16) and a partial trisomic mouse, Ts65Dn. Using computer-assisted imaging of fura-2 fluorescence, we found an elevation of intracellular cytoplasmic calcium in cortical astrocytes from neonatal Ts65Dn mouse brain, similar to that observed previously in embryonic Ts16 astrocytes. Furthermore, astrocytes from both Ts65Dn and Ts16 cortex fail to respond to the anti-proliferative actions of glutamate. These results suggest that defective regulation of cell proliferation and cellular calcium can result from triplication of DS critical region genes.
Barrier-repair therapy for atopic dermatitis: corrective lipid biochemical therapy

In this review, we will assess emerging evidence that infl ammation in atopic dermatitis (AD) results from inherited and acquired insults to the barrier, and describe the features of several barrierrepair alternatives that are currently deployed, either as adjunctive moisturizers or as therapeutic products for the treatment of AD. A recently developed approach,which is based upon lipid replacement with a ceramide-dominant, triple-lipid formulation that corrects the underlying lipid biochemical abnormality, represents a potentially new paradigm for therapy of AD.
Regulation of Hsp90 client proteins by a Cullin5-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase

We report a link between Cullin5 (Cul5) E3 ubiquitin ligase and the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) chaperone complex. Hsp90 participates in the folding of its client proteins into their functional conformation. Many Hsp90 clients have been reported to be aberrantly expressed in a number of cancers. We demonstrate Cul5 interaction with members of the Hsp90 chaperone complex as well as the Hsp90 client, ErbB2. We observed recruitment of Cul5 to the site of ErbB2 at the plasma membrane and subsequent induction of polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. We also demonstrate Cul5 involvement in regulation of another Hsp90 client, Hif-1α. We observed Cul5 degradation of ErbB2 to occur independently of ElonginB-ElonginC function. The involvement of Cul5 in Hsp90 client regulation has implications in the effectiveness of Hsp90 targeted chemotherapy, which is currently undergoing clinical trials. The link between Cul5 and Hsp90 client regulation may represent an avenue for cancer drug development.
Stratification of risk for hospital admissions for injury related to fall: cohort study.

Objective To determine whether the ability to stratify an individual patient’s hazard for falling could facilitate development of focused interventions aimed at reducing these adverse outcomes. Design Clinical and sociodemographic data from electronic health records were utilized to derive multiple logistic regression models of hospital readmissions for injuries related to falls. Drugs used at admission were summarized based on reported adverse effect frequencies in published drug labeling. Setting Two large academic medical centers in New England, United States. Participants The model was developed with 25 924 individuals age ≥40 with an initial hospital discharge. The resulting model was then tested in an independent set of 13 032 inpatients drawn from the same hospital and 36 588 individuals discharged from a second large hospital during the same period. Main outcome measure Hospital readmissions for injury related to falls. Results Among 25 924 discharged individuals, 680 (2.6%) were evaluated in the emergency department or admitted to hospital for a fall within 30 days of discharge, 1635 (6.3%) within 180 days of discharge, 2360 (9.1%) within one year, and 3465 (13.4%) within two years. Older age, female sex, white or African-American race, public insurance, greater number of drugs taken on discharge, and score for burden of adverse effects were each independently associated with hazard for fall. For drug burden, presence of a drug with a frequency of adverse effects related to fall of 10% was associated with 3.5% increase in odds of falling over the next two years (odds ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.05). In an independent testing set, the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.65 for a fall within two years based on cross sectional data and 0.72 with the addition of prior utilization data including age adjusted Charlson comorbidity index. Portability was promising, with area under the curve of 0.71 for the longitudinal model in a second hospital system. Conclusions It is potentially useful to stratify risk of falls based on clinical features available as artifacts of routine clinical care. A web based tool can be used to calculate and visualize risk associated with drug treatment to facilitate further investigation and application.
ASHA Certified Speech-Language Pathologists Pursuing Doctoral Degrees in Related Areas: An Untapped Doctoral Shortage Resource?

The shortage of PhD-level students and faculty has been a longstanding and serious challenge in the Communicative Disorders and Sciences (CDS) field. Although ASHA and university programs around th...