cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling space radiation induced cognitive dysfunction using targeted and non-targeted effects.

Radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction is increasingly recognized as an important risk for human exploration of distant planets. Mechanistically-motivated mathematical modeling helps to interpret and quantify this phenomenon. Here we considered two general mechanisms of ionizing radiation-induced damage: targeted effects (TE), caused by traversal of cells by ionizing tracks, and non-targeted effects (NTE), caused by responses of other cells to signals released by traversed cells. We compared the performances of 18 dose response model variants based on these concepts, fitted by robust nonlinear regression to a large published data set on novel object recognition testing in rats exposed to multiple space-relevant radiation types (H, C, O, Si, Ti and Fe ions), covering wide ranges of linear energy transfer (LET) (0.22–181 keV/µm) and dose (0.001–2 Gy). The best-fitting model (based on Akaike information criterion) was an NTE + TE variant where NTE saturate at low doses (~ 0.01 Gy) and occur at all tested LETs, whereas TE depend on dose linearly with a slope that increases with LET. The importance of NTE was also found by additional analyses of the data using quantile regression and random forests. These results suggest that NTE-based radiation effects on brain function are potentially important for astronaut health and for space mission risk assessments.
Quasi-Static Tensile Properties of Unalloyed Copper Produced by Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing.

Mechanical properties of powder bed fusion processed unalloyed copper are reported majorly in the as-fabricated condition, and the effect of post-processes, common to additive manufacturing, is not well documented. In this study, mechanical properties of unalloyed copper processed by electron beam powder bed fusion are characterized via room temperature quasi-static uniaxial tensile test and Vickers microhardness. Tensile samples were extracted both perpendicular and parallel to the build direction and assigned to three different conditions: as-fabricated, hot isostatic pressing (HIP), and vacuum annealing. In the as-fabricated condition, the highest UTS and lowest elongation were obtained in the samples oriented perpendicular to the build direction. These were observed to have clear trends between sample orientation caused primarily by the interdependencies between the epitaxial columnar grain morphology and dislocation movement during the tensile test. Texture was insignificant in the as-fabricated condition, and its effect on the mechanical properties was outweighed by the orientation anisotropy. The fractographs revealed a ductile mode of failure with varying dimple sizes where more shallow and finely spaced dimples were observed in the samples oriented perpendicular to the build direction. EDS maps reveal that grain boundary oxides coalesce and grow in HIP and vacuum-annealed specimens which are seen inside the ductile dimples and contribute to their increased ductility. Overall, for the post-process parameters chosen in this study, HIP was observed to slightly increase the sample’s density while vacuum annealing reduced the oxygen content in the specimens.
Challenges for Child Mental Health Raised by School Closure and Home Confinement During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Purpose of review The closure of schools during the COVID-19 pandemic has interrupted the education of children worldwide. This paper reviews the psychological effects of this action on children and the impact on school-based services. Recent findings Emerging epidemiologic findings have generated an intense debate about the need for, and potential benefit of, school closure in the context of COVID-19. International research reveals reactions in children that are not typically considered in the disaster literature as well as those that arise in other disasters. School closure also has curtailed the delivery of mental health services commonly offered in schools. The debate about school closure will likely persist depending on local disease conditions and school readiness. Moreover, school closure is a possibility in future epidemics and pandemics and other disasters. The benefit of school closure must be balanced against the risk to children's education and psychosocial development.
2020 and Beyond: The Future Catheterization Laboratory

The future is like a corridor into which we can see only by the light coming from behind. —Edward Weyer Jr The history of the catheterization laboratory at Mayo Clinic features several decades of spectacular innovations driven by gifted and disciplined leaders in cardiovascular Medicine. In this chapter we provide a futuristic vision of the catheterization laboratory that encompasses the Mayo Clinic triple shield of clinical practice, research, and education.
Critical histologic appraisal of the pseudocapsule of small renal tumors

Small renal tumors are usually enwrapped in a pseudocapsule with well-confined borders, a feature that facilitates the performance of nephron-sparing surgeries (NSS). Our study was designed to evaluate the histologic features of the pseudocapsule of small renal tumors. One hundred seventy-eight renal tumors (≤4 cm), which were surgically removed by total nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy, or enucleation procedures during 2002-2013, were re-examined microscopically. Special attention was paid to the completeness and thickness of the pseudocapsule as well as the extra-pseudocapsular extension (EPE); components of the pseudocapsule and the intra-pseudocapsular vasculature (size/number) were evaluated. The data were analyzed according to the histological tumor types, Fuhrman grades, and sizes. Student's t test and chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis. Among 178 renal tumors, clear cell renal carcinomas (RCC) showed the thickest pseudocapsule (average 0.23 mm), while oncocytoma showed the thinnest (average thickness of 0.09 mm). Chromophobe RCC had the highest rate of EPE and the highest percentage of tumors with larger (≥0.2 mm) intra-pseudocapsular arteries. The EPE rate was also related to the nuclear grade (p = 0.001). Muscular differentiation, reticulin, and collagen components were present in the fibrous stroma of the pseudocapsule. Our study suggests that clear cell RCC has the thickest pseudocapsule while oncocytoma has a poorly developed pseudocapsule, but shows the least infiltrative pattern. In small RCC (≤4.0 cm), the EPE rate is related to tumor grade but not to tumor size. Larger arterioles (≥0.2 mm) are encountered infrequently within the tumor pseudocapsule, with the highest percentage being found in chromophobe RCC and the lowest in papillary RCC.
Vacuole Inheritance: A New Window on Interorganelle Traffic

For a low copy number organelle to be maintained during repeated cell divisions, its division must be regulated by the cell cycle and its segregation between the daughter cells be spatially controlled (Warren and Wickner, 1996). Cytological, genetic, and biochemical studies of vacuole inheritance in S. cerevisiae have uncovered many of the proteins of this trafficking reaction and begun to reveal how it is regulated.
Subjective Elements of Culture

Culture is a hard construct to define, but most definitions include the concept of shared perspectives that people pass from one generation to the next. Psychologists recognize two overarching components of culture: subjective aspects and objective or physical aspects. Subjective elements of culture refer to social and cognitive aspects of life, broadly conceived, including such concepts as attitudes, roles, beliefs, and values. Physical culture involves tangible external aspects of life (e.g., buildings, roads, food, clothing). Subjective aspects of culture are of greater significance to psychologists than are physical aspects. Keywords: cultural difference; absolutism; universalism
Interim Income Tax Data and Earnings Prediction

This study examines the usefulness of interim income tax disclosures in predicting future earnings and analysts' forecast errors. The integral view of interim financial reporting requires managers to make their best estimate of the effective income tax rate expected to be in effect for the year. Thus, the effective tax rate disclosed in the first quarter's Form 10-Q potentially provides some private information regarding management's expectations for forthcoming earnings. Our analyses show that these interim tax rate disclosures are useful in predicting future earnings and, in addition, are positively related to analysts' forecast errors. The results suggest analysts underutilize effective tax rate information in interim disclosures that could be used to improve the accuracy of their earnings forecasts.
Recognition of Dominance Status By Chemoreception in the Red Swamp Crayfish, Procambarus clarkii

We tested the hypothesis that chemical signals play a role in the recognition of dominance status in the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Dominance was judged on the outcome of dyadic interactions in all male or female groups of three individuals. This resulted in a dominant, intermediate, and subordinate individual within each population. A choice paradigm in a flow-through Y maze was used to judge whether crayfish were able to recognize dominance through chemical cues alone. Both individuals that interacted with the animal producing the odor and naive individuals were tested. Irrespective of sex and previous experience, individuals increased their rates of locomotion in the presence of conspecific odor. Naive males investigated the dominant arm first, spent more time at the dominant nozzle, and responded more aggressively (as measured by meral spread) to dominant male odor and subordinate female odor. Intermediate males spent more time at the dominant male nozzle and responded more aggressively to dominant male odor. Naive females spent more time at the dominant nozzle. These results show that males recognize dominant animals. Since both naive and experienced males respond to water from dominant animals, we concluded that this is recognition of dominance and not just individual recognition. This signal may be important for the formation or reinforcement of dominance relationships. Based on the change in behavior between odors, we suggest that crayfish can use chemical cues to recognize the dominance status of conspecifics.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor signals for increased glucose uptake in human melanoma cells

While the primary targets for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are hematopoietic precursors and mature myeloid cells, GM-CSF receptors (GMR) are also found on normal tissues including placenta, endothelium, and oligodendrocytes as well as certain malignant cells. The function of GMR in these nonhematopoietic cells is unknown. We studied the function of GMR in human melanoma cell lines. Six of seven cell lines tested (clones 1-5 and 3.44 of SK-MEL-131, SK-MEL-188, SK-MEL-23, SK-MEL-22, and SK-MEL-22A) expressed mRNA encoding the membrane-bound and soluble isoforms of the alpha subunit of the GMR. Melanoma cell lines in early stages of differentiation expressed the largest quantities of alpha-subunit mRNA. Although five of these lines expressed trace levels of mRNA encoding the beta subunit of the GMR, Scatchard analysis of equilibrium binding data derived from three of the cell lines showed that they expressed only low-affinity GMR. Clones 3.44 and 1-5 of SK-MEL-131, and SK-MEL-188 cells expressed receptors with a dissociation constant (kd) for GM-CSF in the following ranges: 0.7 to 0.8, 1.2 to 1.8, and 0.4 to 0.8 nmol/L, respectively. GM-CSF stimulated glucose uptake in four of the melanoma cell lines expressing the alpha subunit, presumably through facilitative glucose transporters, as uptake was blocked by cytochalasin B but not cytochalasin E. Stimulation of glucose uptake was transient, with maximum stimulation occurring at approximately 30 minutes in the presence of 1 nmol/L GM-CSF. GM-CSF stimulated glucose uptake 1.4- to 2.0-fold but did not stimulate cell proliferation. These results suggest a metabolic role for the low-affinity GMR in melanoma cell lines and indicate that the alpha subunit of the GMR can signal for increased glucose uptake in nonhematopoietic tumor cells.
Studies of ex Vivo Activated and Expanded CD8+ NK-T Cells in Humans and Mice

Adoptive cellular therapy holds promise for improving the outcome of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). At present, donor lymphocyte infusion post-HCT is efficacious for only a limited number of diseases, yet can induce significant graft versus host disease (GVHD). To improve the outcome of this approach, it would be beneficial to identify populations of T cells that retain graft versus tumor (GVT) effects with reduced propensity for GVHD. Here we describe studies of both human and murine expanded CIK cells or CD8+ NK-T cells. These related populations of cells are ex vivo activated and expanded T cells that express both T and NK markers. They can be generated from patients with malignancies and mediate cytotoxicity against autologous hematopoietic malignancies. Recent work in murine models show that these cells mediate cytotoxicity by using a perforin–granzyme and not through Fas ligand. In allogeneic stem cell transplantation experiments, large numbers of expanded CD8+ NK-T cells could be transplanted across major histocompatibility barriers without causing severe GVHD and GVT effects were retained. We conclude that expanded CD8+ NK-T cells are a promising form of cellular therapy in the allogeneic setting.
Data Reduction in Gas Chromatography

The data obtained from a gas chromatographic measurement provide the user with details on both the quantitative and the qualitative composition of the sample. This information is displayed in the chromatogram from which information also can be gleaned concerning the performance and quality of the measurement. Quantitative determinations require attention to the relative response of the detector. The assignment of identity of individual constituents is possible in a formal sense only with authentic standards and mass spectra though retention times or indices can be indicators of identity. These aspects of data reduction have been understood for several decades and chemical information can be extracted from a chromatogram with ease and convenience. In recent years, advanced chemometrics methods have been applied to chromatographic data with intrinsic advantages for probing patterns and trends too subtle or too complex for simple inspection of chromatograms. These methods are rooted in tools such as multivariate analysis and neural network analysis. Such methods are being developed in the area of natural products analysis.
Listening to Nearness: Toward a Sutra of Free-Willing

Two other quotes from opposite sides of the world also punctuate our beginning of the fourteenth issue of Comparative and Continental Philosophy. The first is from Holderlin, “The world is not poor enough to oblige us to search for a God outside of it” and the second fromDōgen, “People outside the way regardwhat is not self as the self. But what buddhas call the self is the entire universe. Therefore, there is never an entire universe that is not the self, with or without our knowing it. On this matter defer to the words of the ancient buddhas” (Holderlin, 300; Tanahashi 1985, 164).
The Gyroscopic Effect of a Rigid Rotating Propeller on Engine and Wing Vibration Modes

In many wing vibration analyses it is found necessary to take into account the effect of flexibly mounted engines. Hence, it is reasonable to ask what vibratory gyroscopic effect this flexibility may give rise to when propellers are whirling. An engine mount may be thought of as a horizontal beam cantilevered from the wing, having both horizontal and vertical flexibility. If this beam were infinitely rigid horizontally, then, when it vibrated, the gyroscopic moments induced in the propeller due to the resultant pitching motion of its axis would not produce propeller axis yaw. However, engine-mount lateral stiffness (which allows propeller axis yaw) may actually be less than vertical stiffness, so that gyroscopic effects will play a role as the propeller axis undergoes pitching vibrations at the tip of the cantilever engine mount. The purpose of this paper is to investigate this role under the assumption that the propeller itself is a rigid disc. The paper is divided into four parts. Part (I) deals briefly with classical gyroscope theory. Part (II) presents engine vibration mode studies—experimental photographic techniques on a model gyroscope mounted at the ends of two different cantilever beams. Part (III) presents the theory of the coupled motion of an elastic wing upon which a gyroscope is mounted to simulate an engine-propeller system on an airplane. Part (IV) consists of an example of the theory of Part (III) , in which, by taking what are thought to be reasonable parameters, results are obtained showing how the whirling of a rigid propeller may materially affect wing normal mode shapes and frequencies.
Direct adaptive robust control of a cable-pulley system

Cable-actuated systems provide an effective method for precise motion control over various distances. Traditionally, their control has focused on eliminating transverse resonances and disturbances. Longitudinal cable resonances are usually neglected since they are assumed to be at much higher frequencies and much lower amplitudes compared to transverse resonances. However, in high-speed high-precision applications, all longitudinal modes cannot be ignored in the presence of high-inertia components. In this paper, we consider the trajectory tracking problem of a cable-pulley system using a reduced-order model of the dynamics. The controller is constructed using a Lyapunov-type direct adaptive robust control (DARC) framework with necessary design modifications to accommodate uncertain and non-smooth nonlinearities of the the system. The proposed controller guarantees prescribed output-tracking transient performance, as well as final tracking accuracy. Parameter estimates are obtained using a modified gradient law with the sole purpose of reducing tracking error. Experimental results are presented using a prototypical cable-pulley system to demonstrate its effectiveness.
The Empty Sella Syndrome

The term empty sella syndrome denotes the presence of an enlarged sella containing a remodeled pituitary gland flattened against its posterior and inferior walls. The designation “empty” is a misnomer, since the sella is filled partially by the compressed pituitary gland and partially by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The condition results from extension or herniation of the arachnoid membrane into the pituitary fossa, due to an inherent weakness of the diaphragma sella. This weakness, probably congenital, permits herniation of a small arachnoid diverticulum filled with CSF into the fossa. As the diverticulum gradually enlarges, it occupies more volume within the sella, pushing the pituitary to a corner and thus giving the illusion of an empty sella turcica. Since the early description of this entity in the 1960s,1 the empty sella syndrome has been recognized with increasing frequency. The prevalence rate of empty sella syndrome in adults is estimated at approximately 6%.2 Minor degrees of empty sella syndrome may not cause sufficient distortion or enlargement of the sella to be detected radiologically. Thus, the reported prevalence rate of radiologically evident empty sella syndrome underestimates the true incidence of this entity. Zull and Falko3 estimated that the empty sella syndrome accounts for 35% of radiologically demonstrable sellar enlargements. Thus, the empty sella syndrome runs a close second to pituitary tumors as a cause for sellar enlargement. The importance of recognizing empty sella syndrome resides in its superficial resemblance to pituitary tumors. In some cases, the roentgenographic and hormonal manifestations of the empty sella syndrome can be almost identical to those of pituitary tumors.
Promoting the War Effort: Robert Horton and Federal Propaganda, 1938–1946

Mordecai Lee's book is a perfect example of why historians comb the archives, as it showcases the gold nugget one gets when sifting through history. Research that originally focused on Franklin Roo...
Modeling of Shielded CPW Discontinuities Using the Space Domain Integral Equation Method (SDIE)

This paper describes a rigorous numerical approach for characterizing coplanar waveguide (CPW) discontinuities. This approach develops an integral equation for the unknown electric field distribution on the slot apertures and then solves it numerically in the space domain using the method of moments (SDIE). As a demonstration, this method is applied to derive frequency dependent equivalent circuits for the case of a short-end slotline, a short- and an open-end CPW. In addition, the S-parameters of a CPW stub are computed as a demonstration of a two port discontinuity. It is shown that a shorted slotline and a shorted coplanar waveguide always behave as inductive loads. However, in the case of an open-end coplanar waveguide the even and odd excitations create different effects. Specifically, the even excitation corresponds to an inductive load while the odd excitation to a capacitive one. The results derived by the SDIE method have been extensively studied for numerical convergence and have been compared t...
A Versatile Phenotyping System and Analytics Platform Reveals Diverse Temporal Responses to Water Availability in Setaria

Phenotyping has become the rate-limiting step in using large-scale genomic data to understand and improve agricultural crops. Here, the Bellwether Phenotyping Platform for controlled-environment plant growth and automated multimodal phenotyping is described. The system has capacity for 1140 plants, which pass daily through stations to record fluorescence, near-infrared, and visible images. Plant Computer Vision (PlantCV) was developed as open-source, hardware platform-independent software for quantitative image analysis. In a 4-week experiment, wild Setaria viridis and domesticated Setaria italica had fundamentally different temporal responses to water availability. While both lines produced similar levels of biomass under limited water conditions, Setaria viridis maintained the same water-use efficiency under water replete conditions, while Setaria italica shifted to less efficient growth. Overall, the Bellwether Phenotyping Platform and PlantCV software detected significant effects of genotype and environment on height, biomass, water-use efficiency, color, plant architecture, and tissue water status traits. All ∼ 79,000 images acquired during the course of the experiment are publicly available.
Strouhal number influence on flight effects on jet noise radiated from convecting quadrupoles

The paper reports a complementary extension of previous work to include the high-frequency features reflected in the discussion of the higher Strouhal number influence on flight effects. It is found that, in addition to the usual features of flight effects on noise from ordinary flows, the high Strouhal number flows exhibit some more interesting features which are uniquely characteristic to them. The additional features are as follows: (1) Flight effects are more favorable to hot jets than to cold jets; (2) the higher the Strouhal number of the jet flow, the lesser the forward arc amplification due to flight; (3) as the Strouhal number increases, the peak amplification angle in the forward quadrant and the peak suppression angle in the aft quadrant move toward 90 deg and get closer, thus reducing the amplification exposure to a constricted angular region; (4) the silence zone is disturbed and displaced from its normal position parallel to the jet flow to give rise to multiple crossings of flight curves with the static line; and (5) the occurrence of multiple crossings is a strange phenomenon solely characteristic of high Strouhal number with high subcritical jet flows in flight.
Microstrip termination effects on dielectric resonator filters

The effect of microstrip termination on the noise figure and insertion loss performance of dielectric resonator filters has been investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Radiation loss from open- and short-circuited dielectric resonator coupling lines has been determined. It is shown that the use of short-circuited coupling lines results in significant improvements in the performance of the filter. The improvement increases as frequency increases.
Cholelithiasis in pediatric cardiac transplant patients on cyclosporine

Abstract From June 1984 to June 1993, symptomatic chlolethiasis was observed in six (6.7%) of 90 cases of pediatric heart or heart-lung transplants at the authors' institution. The incidence of cholelithiasis for all children under 16 years of age is estimated to be less than 1%. Previously, information on cholelithiasis in pediatric transplant patients on cyclosporine therapy had been limited. Studies concerning the incidence of gallstones in adult kidney and cardiac transplant patients have shown that there is an increase associated with cyclosporine, possibly related to elevated levels and hepatoxicity. Five patients underwent uneventful cholecystectomy. There was only one death, which occurred after emergency cholecysostomy tube placement for biliary sepsis. If indicated, biliary tract surgery can be performed safely in cardiac transplant patients. The authors report on their experience with symptomatic cholelithiasis in pediatric cardiac transplant patients and review the current literature on the hepatotoxic effects of cyclosporine.
Cocaine enhancement of the action of 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat cingulate cortex in vitro.

Abstract Intracellular recordings were made in vitro from pyramidal neurons in layer V of the anterior cingulate cortex of the rat. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) reduced the amplitude of the excitatory postsynaptic potential; receptor-selective agonists and antagonists indicated that this resulted from activation of the 5-HT 1B receptor. The action of 5-HT was enhanced by cocaine (300 nM-3 μM); 1 μM cocaine increased sensitivity to 5-HT about 10-fold. The results suggest that cocaine is similarly effective to potentiate the action of 5-HT in the prefrontal cortex as in other brain regions. This may contribute to its overall in vivo effects.
Enthalpic Vs. Entropic Effects of Crowded Cellular Environments

The role of crowded cellular environments on biomolecular energetics and dynamcis is often only considered from an entropic point of view in the form of excluded volume effects. Here, the enthalpic contribution of dense cellular environments is considered with two different models. 1) Dense cellular environments are modeled as reduced dielectric continua. 2) Biomolecular sampling in the presence of explicit protein crowders is explored with a new coarse-grained model.
Regions of cerebral ischemia located by pyridine nucleotide fluorescence

The fluorescence of the reduced form of the endogenous pyridine nucleotide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide was used to map regions of ischemia in cat brain. A remarkably microheterogeneous pattern of increased fluorescence resulted from a critical level of incomplete cerebral ischemia. The fluorescence pattern suggests that ischemia occurs initially in microwatershed zones between penetrating cerebral arteries.
Bending and twisting of an in vivo coronary artery at a bifurcation.

Abstract Dynamic changes in the geometric shape and dimensions of a left coronary artery tree were extracted from the computer-tomographically reconstructed three-dimensional images of an in situ beating heart of an anesthetized dog. Wireframe models of the left coronary artery tree at 16 different instants of a cardiac cycle were constructed for the study of its flexing motion. For quantifying the local bending and twisting of the left coronary artery tree, the anatomic landmarks of the bifurcation points are selected as focussed locations. At these points, the space curves of the tree at different cardiac instants were first derived in parametric forms. Curvature and torsion expressions are next obtained in terms of the derivatives with respect to the parameter. This analysis revealed that during the initial contraction of the heart wall, a 2% reduction per millisecond in the radius of curvature occurred near the bifurcation point where the left circumflex coronary artery descends toward the apex of the heart. When the left ventricular chamber reached a maximum value, the radius of curvature was found to decrease at a rate of 2.3% ms−1. At the end of diastole, an increase in the radius of curvature at a rate of 5.7% ms−1 was observed. The twisting rates per unit length of artery near the bifurcation point of the selected artery were found to range from −0.62 to 0.63° ms−1.
Disulfiram Attenuates Drug-Primed Reinstatement of Cocaine Seeking via Inhibition of Dopamine β-Hydroxylase

The antialcoholism medication disulfiram (Antabuse) inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which results in the accumulation of acetaldehyde upon ethanol ingestion and produces the aversive ‘Antabuse reaction’ that deters alcohol consumption. Disulfiram has also been shown to deter cocaine use, even in the absence of an interaction with alcohol, indicating the existence of an ALDH-independent therapeutic mechanism. We hypothesized that disulfiram's inhibition of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), the catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme that converts dopamine (DA) to norepinephrine (NE) in noradrenergic neurons, underlies the drug's ability to treat cocaine dependence. We tested the effects of disulfiram on cocaine and food self-administration behavior and drug-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. We then compared the effects of disulfiram with those of the selective DBH inhibitor, nepicastat. Disulfiram, at a dose (100 mg/kg, i.p.) that reduced brain NE by ∼40%, did not alter the response for food or cocaine on a fixed ratio 1 schedule, whereas it completely blocked cocaine-primed (10 mg/kg, i.p.) reinstatement of drug seeking following extinction. A lower dose of disulfiram (10 mg/kg) that did not reduce NE had no effect on cocaine-primed reinstatement. Nepicastat recapitulated the behavioral effects of disulfiram (100 mg/kg) at a dose (50 mg/kg, i.p.) that produced a similar reduction in brain NE. Food-primed reinstatement of food seeking was not impaired by DBH inhibition. Our results suggest that disulfiram's efficacy in the treatment of cocaine addiction is associated with the inhibition of DBH and interference with the ability of environmental stimuli to trigger relapse.
Switching losses analysis in MHz integrated synchronous Buck converter to support optimal power stage width segmentation in CMOS technology

Power stage width segmentation has been verified to be effective to improve the efficiency of MHz integrated synchronous Buck converters (ISBC). However, the theoretical analysis of the relationship between the load current and the power stage width or the number of active baby cells had not yet been established. This paper suggests a breakdown analysis of the transient currents in power FETs and recommends one kind of physical based separation between charging/discharging loss and overlap loss. Furthermore, criteria of the Miller plateau are presented to interpret the difference about overlap loss between the control PFET turning on and off. Moreover, five typical types of energy dissipations due to the charging/discharging process of the parasitic capacitors in power FETs are classified so that the charge/discharge losses in four different switching events can be separately evaluated. On the basis of the aforementioned concepts and analysis, the number of the active baby cells necessary for the optimal power stage segmentation in an example ISBS for portable application can be theoretically predicted. The derived values match well with the simulation results.
CSF1-ETS2 Induced microRNA in Myeloid Cells Promote Metastatic Tumor Growth

Metastasis of solid tumors is associated with poor prognosis and bleak survival rates. Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells (TIMs) are known to promote metastasis, but the mechanisms underlying their collaboration with tumor cells remain unknown. Here, we report an oncogenic role for microRNA (miR) in driving M2 reprogramming in TIMs, characterized by the acquisition of pro-tumor and pro-angiogenic properties. The expression of miR-21, miR-29a, miR-142-3p and miR-223 increased in myeloid cells during tumor progression in mouse models of breast cancer and melanoma metastasis. Further, we show that these miRs are regulated by the CSF1-ETS2 pathway in macrophages. A loss-of-function approach utilizing selective depletion of the miR-processing enzyme Dicer in mature myeloid cells blocks angiogenesis and metastatic tumor growth. Ectopic expression of miR-21 and miR-29a promotes angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation through the downregulation of anti-angiogenic genes such as Col4a2, Spry1 and Timp3, whereas knockdown of the miRs impedes these processes. miR-21 and miR-29a are expressed in Csf1r+ myeloid cells associated with human metastatic breast cancer, and levels of these miRs in CD115+ non-classical monocytes correlates with metastatic tumor burden in patients. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-21 and miR-29a are essential for the pro-tumor functions of myeloid cells and the CSF1-ETS2 pathway upstream of the miRs serves as an attractive therapeutic target for the inhibition of M2 remodeling of macrophages during malignancy. In addition, miR-21 and miR-29a in circulating myeloid cells may potentially serve as biomarkers to measure therapeutic efficacy of targeted therapies for CSF1 signaling.
Inference rules for functional and inclusion dependencies

A set Σ of functional dependencies and inclusion dependencies implies a single dependency σ if all databases (finite and infinite) which satisfy Σ also satisfy σ. This paper presents complete inference rules for deducing implications of inclusion and functional dependencies. The results of [5] suggest that the implication problem for functional and inclusion dependencies together has no simple axiomatization satisfying a natural set of conditions. Out of necessity, the inference rules presented here do not satisfy the conditions assumed in [5].
Amyloid Precursor Protein Revisited NEURON-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION AND HIGHLY STABLE NATURE OF SOLUBLE DERIVATIVES

APP processing and amyloid-β production play a central role in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. APP has been considered a ubiquitously expressed protein. In addition to amyloid-β, α- or β-secretase-dependent cleavage of APP also generates soluble secreted APP (APPsα or APPsβ, respectively). Interestingly, APPsβ has been shown to be subject to further cleavage to create an N-APP fragment that binds to the DR6 death receptor and mediates axon pruning and degeneration under trophic factor withdrawal conditions. By performing APP immunocytochemical staining, we found that, unexpectedly, many antibodies yielded nonspecific staining in APP-null samples. Screening of a series of antibodies allowed us to identify a rabbit monoclonal antibody Y188 that is highly specific for APP and prompted us to re-examine the expression, localization, and stability of endogenous APP and APPsβ in wild-type and in APPsβ knock-in mice, respectively. In contrast to earlier studies, we found that APP is specifically expressed in neurons and that its expression cannot be detected in major types of glial cells under basal or neuroinflammatory conditions. Both APPsα and APPsβ are highly stable in the central nervous system (CNS) and do not undergo further cleavage with or without trophic factor support. Our results clarify several key questions with regard to the fundamental properties of APP and offer critical cellular insights into the pathophysiology of APP.
Enhancing Design Problem Formulation Skills for Engineering Design Students

Problem formulation is an essential design skill for which assessment methods have been less commonly developed. In order to evaluate the progress of a group of graduate students in mechanical engineering design in regard with the problem formulation skill, they were asked to work on three design problems using the Problem Formulator web tool during their course work. Changes in a set of measures elicited from this data were examined in addition to sketches, simulations, and working prototypes. Inventories of requirements and issues, as well as concepts derived from morphological charts were created to assess designers’ skills and outcomes.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
San Francisco 2.0: Military Aspects of the U.S. Pivot toward Asia

Abstract This is the third time that American policy makers have considered a pivot to Asia. This time is different, however, because it is clear that the base of gravity of the global economy is shifting from West to East. As the most powerful nation in the Asia-Pacific, the United States has an overriding national interest in the preservation of regional prosperity and order. But Washington recognizes that it can no longer impose solutions on the major governments in the region. A new U.S. strategy for the Asia-Pacific will have to take into account the very strict limits imposed on U.S. foreign and defense policies by America's relative economic decline. This means that Washington will have to convince its friends and allies to take greater responsibility for regional security. The so-called San Francisco system of U.S.-sponsored alliances will have to be transformed, in order to make it more responsive to the problems that confront America and its regional friends and allies. This essay will draw upon...
Synthesis of the C2-symmetric, macrocyclic alkaloid, (+)-xestospongin A and its C(9)-epimer, (-)-xestospongin C: Impact of substrate rigidity and reaction conditions on the efficiency of the macrocyclic dimerization reaction

Xestospongin A [also known as araguspongine D (1)], a C2-symmetric macrocyclic alkaloid isolated from the sponge Xestospongia exigua (Xestospongia sp.), and its C(9) epimer xestospongin C [also known as araguspongine E (2)] have been synthesized. The route capitalizes on the facile condensation between 5-halovaleraldehydes and 1,3-aminoalcohols to produce an oxaquinolizidine ring system in which all proper relative stereochemical relationships are controlled by equilibration. A linchpin synthesis was used to construct one key monomeric precursora 2,5-disubstituted thiophene derivative 26 [N≡CCH2CH(OH)-2-Th-5-CH2CH2CH(CH(OMe)2)CH2CH2CH2Cl]. A second precursor lacking the thiophene ring 38 [N≡CCH2CH(OH)(CH2)6CH(CH(OMe)2)CH2CH2CH2Cl] was assembled in a similar fashion. The carbinol center in each of these precursors was efficiently resolved enzymatically; lipase (PS-30) hydrolysis of the racemic acetate derivative of the thiophenemethanol derivative 26 and SP-435-catalyzed esterification of the β-hydroxynitr...
Effect of hospitalist attending physicians on trainee educational experiences: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Trainees receive much of their inpatient education from hospitalists. PURPOSE: To characterize the effects of hospitalists on trainee education. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Database of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE), National Health Service (NHS) Economic Evaluation Database (EED), Health Technology Assessment (HTA), and the Cochrane Collaboration Database (last searched October 2008) databases using the term “hospitalist”, and meeting abstracts from the Society of Hospital Medicine (SHM) (2002-2007), Society of General Internal Medicine (SGIM) (2001-2007), and Pediatric Academic Societies (PAS) (2000-2007). STUDY SELECTION: Original English language research studies meeting all of the following: involvement of hospitalists; comparison to nonhospitalist attendings; evaluation of trainee knowledge, skills, or attitudes. 711 articles were reviewed, 32 retrieved, and 6 included; 7,062 meeting abstracts were reviewed, 9 retrieved, and 2 included. DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors reviewed articles to determine study eligibility. Three authors independently reviewed included articles to abstract data elements and classify study quality. DATA SYNTHESIS: Seven studies were quasirandomized one was a noncontemporaneous comparison. All citations only measured trainee attitudes. In all studies comparing hospitalists to nonhospitalists, trainees were more satisfied with hospitalists overall, and with other aspects of their teaching, but ratings were high for both groups. One of 2 studies that distinguished nonhospitalist general internists from specialists showed that trainees preferred hospitalists, but the other did not demonstrate a hospitalist advantage over general internists. CONCLUSIONS: Trainees are more satisfied with inpatient education from hospitalists. Whether the increased satisfaction translates to improved learning is unclear. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:490–498. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Author attribution on streaming data

The concept of novel authors occurring in streaming data source, such as evolving social media, is an unaddressed problem up until now. Existing author attribution techniques deals with the datasets, where the total number of authors do not change in the training or the testing time of the classifiers. This study focuses on the question, “what happens if new authors are added into the system by time?”. Moreover in this study we are also dealing with the problems that some of the authors may not stay and may disappear by time or may reappear after a while. In this study stream mining approaches are proposed to solve the problem. The test scenarios are created over the existing IMDB62 data set, which is widely used by author attribution algorithms already. We used our own shuffling algorithms to create the effect of novel authors. Also before the stream mining, POS tagging approaches and the TF-IDF methods are applied for the feature extraction. And we have applied bi-tag approach where two consecutive tags are considered as a new feature in our approach. By the help of novel techniques, first time proposed in this paper, the success rate has been increased from 35% to 61% for the authorship attribution on streaming text data.
Ethanol enhances muscarinic cholinergic neurotransmission in rat hippocampus in vitro.

Abstract Previous studies from our laboratory showed that ethanol enhances muscarinic excitatory responses in rat hippocampal neurons in vivo and, like muscarinic agonists, reduces the M-current (IM) in these neurons in vitro. Therefore, we used extracellular and intracellular recording techniques in the hippocampal slice preparation to examine the mechanisms underlying this ethanol-muscarinic interaction. Surprisingly, superfusion or local application of low concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh), carbachol (CCh) or muscarine reduced the amplitudes of CA1 field potentials evoked by stratum radiatum (SR) stimulation. This effect was blocked by 1 μM atropine but was independent of the method of agonist application, the site of application or the SR stimulus paradigm. In intracellular and extracellular single unit recordings, cholinergic depressions of field potentials were correlated with: (1) depolarization of pyramidal neurons; (2) spike discharge increases; (3) reduction of amplitudes of postsynaptic potentials and (4) reduction of late afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs). Superfusion of low ethanol concentrations (11–22 mM) alone had little effect on SR-evoked field potentials but enhanced (by 10–90%) both the depressions of evoked field potentials and depolarizations elicited by the muscarinic agonists. Ethanol (22–44 mM) also enhanced both the amplitude and duration of the muscarinic slow excitatory postsynaptic posentials (sEPSPs) recorded intracellularly in CA1 and CA3 neurons. This effect was enhanced by eserine and blocked by atropine, verifying involvement of muscarinic receptors. These results suggest that: (1) caution be used in interpreting results of field potential studies regarding drug-induced excitability changes; and (2) ethanol in just-intoxicating concentrations enhances endogenous muscarinic synaptic transmission as well as responses to exogenous muscarinic agonists.
Linear-Exponential-Quadratic Gaussian Control

In this technical note an optimal control problem for a linear stochastic system with Brownian motion and a cost that is an exponential of a quadratic functional of the state and the control is solved by obtaining explicitly an optimal control and the optimal cost. While this solution has been previously obtained, the approach given here is direct and elementary and does not use the well known solution methods of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation or the stochastic maximum principle. The approach given here presents a basic insight in the solution by providing a simple explanation for the additional term in the Riccati equation for the optimal control as compared to the Riccati equation for the linear-quadratic Gaussian control problem.
A flood-dominated mesotidal inlet

Tidal inlets along the mesotidal coast of Maine contrast with those from other parts of the world by being dominated by flood-tidal currents. Analysis of the factors responsible for flood or ebb dominance indicates factors external to the backbarrier environment. We suggest that the flood dominance is caused by both a steepening of the tidal wave in the Gulf of Maine and the shallow depth of the ebb-tidal delta and spit platform. Flood currents are typically 10–20 cm/sec stronger than the ebb at the inlet throat. The flood dominance results in a significant net landward transport of sediment into the backbarrier.
Past Electron-Positron g-2 Experiments Yielded Sharpest Bound on CPT Violation for Point Particles

In our past experiments on a single electron and positron we measured the cyclotron and spin-cyclotron difference frequencies omega_c and omega_a and the ratios a = omega_a/ omega_c at omega_c = 141 Ghz for e^- and e^+ and later, only for e^-, also at 164 Ghz. Here, we do extract from these data, as had not done before, a new and very different figure of merit for violation of CPT symmetry, one similar to the widely recognized impressive limit |m_Kaon - m_Antikaon|/m_Kaon < 10^-18 for the K-mesons composed of two quarks. That expression may be seen as comparing experimental relativistic masses of particle states before and after the C, P, T operations had transformed particle into antiparticle. Such a similar figure of merit for a non-composite and quite different lepton, found by us from our Delta a = a^- - a^+ data, was even smaller, h_bar |omega_a^- - omega_a^+|/2m_0 c^2 = |Delta a| h_bar omega_c/2m_0 c^2) < 3(12) 10^-22.
Accuracy of reconstructed images from cone-beam computed tomography scans

Introduction The aim of this study was to determine whether 2-dimensional (2D) images produced from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images taken with an iCAT scanner (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, Pa) can substitute for traditional cephalograms. Methods Lateral and frontal cephalograms were taken of a radiographic phantom with known dimensions. Landmarks on the 2D images were traced and measured manually by 2 examiners and then digitally in Dolphin 10 (Dolphin Imaging Sciences, Chatsworth, Calif) by the same examiners. A CBCT scan was taken of the phantom, and orthogonal and perspective projections were created from the scans. Frontal and lateral cephalograms were created by using the 3-dimensional function in Dolphin 10, digitized into Dolphin, and traced by the same 2 examiners. Linear measurements were compared to assess the accuracy of the generated images from the CBCT scans. Results Measurements on the orthogonal projections were not significantly different from the actual dimensions of the phantom, and measurements on the perspective projections were highly correlated with those taken on standard 2D films. Conclusions By constructing a perspective lateral cephalogram from a CBCT scan, one can replicate the inherent magnification of a conventional 2D lateral cephalogram with high accuracy.