cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HER-2/neu antigen loss and relapse of mammary carcinoma are actively induced by T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune responses.

Induction of tumor-specific immune responses results in the inhibition of tumor development. However, tumors recur because of the tumor immunoediting process that facilitates development of escape mechanisms in tumors. It is not known whether tumor escape is an active process whereby anti-tumor immune responses induce loss or downregulation of the target antigen in the antigen-positive clones. To address this question, we used rat neu-overexpressing mouse mammary carcinoma (MMC) and its relapsed neu antigen-negative variant (ANV). ANV emerged from MMC under pressure from neu-specific T cell responses in vivo. We then cloned residual neu antigen-negative cells from MMC and residual neu antigen-positive cells from ANV. We found marked differences between these neu-negative clones and ANV, demonstrating that the residual neu-negative clones are probably not the origin of ANV. Since initial rejection of MMC was associated with the presence of IFN-γ-secreting T cells, we treated MMC with IFN-γ and showed that IFN-γ could induce downregulation of neu expression in MMC. This appears to be due to methylation of the neu promoter. Together, these data suggest that neu antigen loss is an active process that occurs in primary tumors due to the neu-targeted anti-tumor immune responses.
The forgotten minority: examining religious affiliation and university satisfaction

Researchers and practitioners generally discuss disparities in university student satisfaction and graduation rates in terms of race/ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status. However, religious affiliation constitutes another important—yet often overlooked—form of identity that may be associated with student outcomes. In the context of Christian privilege in the United States, students from marginalized religions and those who do not identify with any organized religion can face significant challenges on university campuses and throughout society. Using a 4-year longitudinal sample of 3,098 undergraduates at 28 institutions, this study conducted hierarchical linear modeling analyses to examine the extent to which university satisfaction varies as a function of students’ religious affiliation (or lack thereof). Even when controlling for various individual and institutional characteristics, students who do not identify with any religious group have the lowest university satisfaction, whereas Protestant students have the highest satisfaction. Group disparities in satisfaction are also observed for race/ethnicity, gender, parental education, and academic preparation. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Calculation of the constants used for the quantitative determination of molecular weights and composition of polymers, nucleotides and/or peptides from spectrophotometric curves

Abstract A new spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of molecular weights and composition of polymers, nucleotides and/or peptides was recently developed. This spectrophotometric method is based on integrated intensity of absorption and it does not require derivatization or hydrolysis of the analyzed polymers. The computer program for the analysis of the polymer composition needs specific constants which can be obtained from the standards. These constants can be calculated by different mathematical means some of which are shown in this software note. Once the constants are determined the integrated intensity method can be used generally for different polymers of the same kind, for example, nucleotides or peptides, etc.
DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM STRATEGY FOR HEDGING CURRENCY EXPOSURE

A mean-variance framework is employed in a partial-equilibrium context to determine both the preferred tool for foreign exchange rate exposure management and the optimal degree of maintained exposure. It is demonstrated that when portfolio considerations are unimportant, unambiguous solutions can be attained for most states of the world, independently of precise knowledge of utility functions and of confidence intervals around the point forecast of the future exchange rate.
Reciprocal photolabile O2 consumption and chemoreceptor excitation by carbon monoxide in the cat carotid body: evidence for cytochrome a3 as the primary O2 sensor

High carbon monoxide (CO) gas tensions (> 500 Torr) at normoxic PO2 (125–140 Torr) stimulates carotid chemosensory discharge in the perfused carotid body (CB) in the absence but not in the presence of light. According to a metabolic hypothesis of O2 chemoreception, the increased chemosensory discharge should correspond to a photoreversible decrease of O2 consumption, unlike a non-respiratory hypothesis. We tested the respiratory vs. non-respiratory hypotheses of O2 chemoreception in the cat CB by measuring the effect of high CO. Experiments were conducted using CBs perfused and superfused in vitro with high CO in normoxic, normocapnic cell-free CO2HCO3− buffer solution at 37° C. Simultaneous measurements of the rate of O2 disapperance with recessed PO2 microelectrodes and chemosensory discharge were made after flow interruption with and without CO in the perfusate. The control O2 disappearance rate without CO was −3.66 ± 0.43 (S.E.) Torr/s (100 measurements in 12 cat CBs). In the dark, high CO reduced the O2 disappearance rate to −2.35 ± 0.33 Torr/s, or 64.2 ± 9.0% of control (P < 0.005, 34 measurements). High CO was excitatory in the dark, with an increase in baseline neural discharge from 129.2 ± 47.0 to 399.3 ± 49.1 impulses per s (P < 0.0001), and maximum discharge rate of 659 ± 76 impulses/s (N.S. compared to control) during flow interruption. During perfusion with high CO in the light, there were no significant differences in baseline neural discharge or in the maximum neural discharge after flow interruption, and little effect on O2 metabolism (88.8 ± 11.5% of control, N.S., 29 measurements). Thus the photoreversible decrease of O2 consumption and chemosensory excitation in the CO-treated CB is consistent with the metabolic theory of O2 chemoreception.
The effects of attitudes toward feminism and perceived feminism on physical attractiveness ratings

The effects of perceived feminism of females and attitudes toward feminism of males on physical attractiveness ratings of female stimulus persons (SPs) were investigated, using two alternative hypotheses: first, SPs who are perceived as feminists would be rated as less attractive than SPs not perceived as feminists; second, profeminist males would rate profeminist women as more attractive than nonfeminist women, and vice versa for nonfeminist males. Seventy-six male college students responded to the Smith-Ferree-Miller questionnaire on attitudes toward feminism and then rated on an 8-point scale of attractiveness 6 photographs of female SPs which had been selected from a pretested sample of 18 photographs. Perceived feminism of the SPs in the photographs was manipulated by presenting the raters with four attitude statements, two of which related to feminism. Although there were no main effects for the two variables, significant interaction did occur, confirming the second (attitude similarity) hypothesis. A negative halo effect, as opposed to a belief in the unattractiveness of feminists, was offered as an explanation of the difference in results between this study and the Goldberg, Gottesdiener, and Abramson (1975) study.
Histone H3 Lysine 36 Methylation Antagonizes Silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Independently of the Rpd3S Histone Deacetylase Complex

In yeast, methylation of histone H3 on lysine 36 (H3-K36) is catalyzed by the NSD1 leukemia oncoprotein homolog Set2. The histone deacetylase complex Rpd3S is recruited to chromatin via binding of the chromodomain protein Eaf3 to methylated H3-K36 to prevent erroneous transcription initiation. Here we identify a distinct function for H3-K36 methylation. We used random mutagenesis of histones H3 and H4 followed by a reporter-based screen to identify residues necessary to prevent the ectopic spread of silencing from the silent mating-type locus HMRa into flanking euchromatin. Mutations in H3-K36 or deletion of SET2 caused ectopic silencing of a heterochromatin-adjacent reporter. Transcriptional profiling revealed that telomere-proximal genes are enriched for those that display decreased expression in a set2Δ strain. Deletion of SIR4 rescued the expression defect of 26 of 37 telomere-proximal genes with reduced expression in set2Δ cells, implying that H3-K36 methylation prevents the spread of telomeric silencing. Indeed, Sir3 spreads from heterochromatin into neighboring euchromatin in set2Δ cells. Furthermore, genetic experiments demonstrated that cells lacking the Rpd3S-specific subunits Eaf3 or Rco1 did not display the anti-silencing phenotype of mutations in SET2 or H3-K36. Thus, antagonism of silencing is independent of the only known effector of this conserved histone modification.
On the limits to rent-seeking waste

The general equilibrium framework developed in this paper for analyzing the limits to rent-seeking waste goes beyond the existing literature by incorporating tax-financed, public subsidies and rent-protecting activities into a rent-seeking environment. We show that the limits to rent-seeking waste depend on the extent to which government subsidizes rent seekers and rent defenders through tax-financed grants, contracts and favors. As observed by Tullock (1967), the diversion of resources toward efforts to acquire a monopoly rent causes a social waste in addition to the excess burden of monopoly pricing measured by the Harberger triangle. In the absence of government subsidies to rent-seeking and under competitive conditions, this additional waste cannot exceed the maximum monopoly rent attainable. However, if government subsidizes expenditures on rent-seeking, then the additional waste can exceed the Tullock rectangle of monopoly rent and, in the limit, equal the economy's maximum potential social surplus.
Resonant-type MEMS transducers excited by two acoustic emission simulation techniques

Acoustic emission testing is a passive nondestructive testing technique used to identify the onset and characteristics of damage through the detection and analysis of transient stress waves. Successful detection and implementation of acoustic emission requires good coupling, high transducer sensitivity and ability to discriminate noise from real signals. We report here detection of simulated acoustic emission signals using a MEMS chip fabricated in the multi-user polysilicon surface micromachining (MUMPs) process. The chip includes 18 different transducers with 10 different resonant frequencies in the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz. It was excited by two different source simulation techniques; pencil lead break and impact loading. The former simulation was accomplished by breaking 0.5 mm lead on the ceramic package. Four transducer outputs were collected simultaneously using a multi-channel oscilloscope. The impact loading was repeated for five different diameter ball bearings. Traditional acoustic emission waveform analysis methods were applied to both data sets to illustrate the identification of different source mechanisms. In addition, a sliding window Fourier transform was performed to differentiate frequencies in time-frequency-amplitude domain. The arrival and energy contents of each resonant frequency were investigated in time-magnitude plots. The advantages of the simultaneous excitation of resonant transducers on one chip are discussed and compared with broadband acoustic emission transducers.
Consequences of Ignoring Guessing When Estimating the Latent Density in Item Response Theory

In Ramsay-curve item response theory (RC-IRT), the latent variable distribution is estimated simultaneously with the item parameters. In extant Monte Carlo evaluations of RC-IRT, the item response function (IRF) used to fit the data is the same one used to generate the data. The present simulation study examines RC-IRT when the IRF is imperfectly matched to the data. In particular, guessing is ignored: The two-parameter logistic IRF is fitted to data generated from the three-parameter logistic IRF. The empirical histogram method (EHM) implemented in the BILOG-MG program is also applied for comparison. Results indicate that apparent nonnormality in a density estimate from either RC-IRT or the EHM can be entirely due to misspecification of the IRF, and it may be difficult to tell which IRF is best when the latent density is estimated. It is recommended that practitioners first identify the best IRF with the latent density fixed at normal and then subsequently examine the normality assumption about the laten...
Inter- and intra-day test-retest reliability of the Cosmed Fitmate ProTM indirect calorimeter for resting metabolic rate

Background In order to make objective and intelligent decisions regarding caloric intake for fat loss/physique enhancement, one’s resting metabolic rate should be measured. It is important that the device used to measure resting metabolic rate be valid and reliable. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the interand intra-day test-retest reliability of the Cosmed Fitmate ProTM indirect calorimeter for resting metabolic rate (RMR).
Tissue-specific heterogeneity in DNA replication patterns of human X chromosomes.

Regional DNA replication kinetics in human X chromosomes have been analysed using BrdU-33258 Hoechst-Giemsa techniques in five cell types from human females: amniotic fluid cells, fetal and adult skin fibroblasts, and fetal and adult peripheral lymphocytes. In all cell types, the late-replicating X chromosome can be distinguished from its active, earlyreplicating homologue, and both the early and late X exhibit temporally and regionally characteristic internal sequences of DNA replication. The replication pattern of the early X in amniotic fluid cells and skin fibroblasts is similar to that of the early X in lymphocytes, although certain discrete regions are later-replicating in these monolayer tissue culture cells than are the corresponding regions in lymphocytes. However, DNA replication kinetics in late X chromosomes from amniotic fluid cells and skin fibroblasts are strikingly different from those observed in lymphocytes with respect both to the initiation and termination of DNA synthesis. The predominant late X pattern observed in 80–95% of lymphocytes, in which replication terminates in the long arm in bands Xq21 and Xq23, was never seen in amniotic fluid cells or skin fibroblasts. Instead, in these cell types, bands Xq25 and Xq27 are the last to complete DNA synthesis, while bands Xq21 and Xq23 are earlier-replicating; this pattern is similar to the alternative replication sequence observed in 5–20% of lymphocyte late X chromosomes. This replication sequence heterogeneity is consistent with the existence of tissue-specific influences on the control of DNA replication in human X chromosomes.
Correlation of reaction time in and out of the functional MR unit.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The authors performed this study to determine whether reaction times (RTs) recorded in the functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging environment reflect the performance of the patient outside the imaging room. Materials and Methods The healthy control subjects (mean age, 61.6 years) performed a simple reaction time (SRT) task outside the MR magnet and a visuomotor response time task inside the magnet with use of block-design and event-related paradigms. For both behavioral and functional MR imaging tests, subjects tapped the right index finger upon the appearance of a visual cue. The mean RTs for out-of-magnet and functional MR imaging paradigms were compared. Results The was a statistically significant difference in RTs between block-design and single-event paradigms (t = 3.458, P Conclusion The MR imaging RTs must be used to determine the correlation between subjects' performance and the volume of brain activation in a functional MR imaging experiment. The effect of anticipation should be minimized, which could best be achieved by using event-related paradigms.
Observers' sensitivity to dynamic anomalies in collisions

The present study examined observers' ability to discriminate canonical and dynamically anomalous collisions that were presented in either frictionless or frictional systems. Whereas previous research has provided qualitative demonstrations that dynamic information can be extracted from visual events, the current study provides a parametric assessment of observers' sensitivity to dynamic invariants. The findings indicate that observers are competent when viewing both familiar, terrestrial (frictional) systems and unfamiliar but computationally simpler, 0-G (frictionless) systems. Thus, the sensitivity to these dynamic invariants in visual events is robust in natural systems whose dynamic properties differ from those of the environment in which humans evolved and developed.
Ocular Manifestations in Cerebellar Syphilis

This paper calls attention to the various types of ocular manifestations that accompany cerebellar syphilis, and discusses their diagnostic value. It also reports in detail a striking but somewhat anomalous case occurring in a relatively young patient.
Correlation of concentration polarization and hydrodynamic parameters in hollow fiber modules

Abstract Concentration polarization affects almost all membrane processes – it reduces the available driving force; thus the flux of the more permeable species is reduced and the leakage of the less permeable species is increased. For membrane separation in hollow fiber modules, the concentration polarization of the solute species occurs in the mass boundary layer, which is primarily caused by the hydrodynamics. A general theory relating to the hydrodynamic parameters, mass transfer coefficient, and concentration polarization index is proposed for mass transfer in a hollow fiber module. The present analysis offers a clear division between the hydrodynamic part and the pure membrane contribution in the membrane separation processes of liquid phases. The effect of flow dynamics on polarization is also discussed. The experimental data of pervaporation and dissolved gases offer good correlations with the theory, which will help the membrane design and improve operation efficiency.
Resolving Polychlorinated Biphenyl Source Fingerprints in Suspended Particulate Matter of San Francisco Bay

The presence of PCB contamination in San Francisco Bay has been documented, but the number of sources, their chemical composition, and their geographic/temporal distribution are poorly understood. A self-training pattern recognition technique, polytopic vector analysis is used to determine those parameters from PCBs adsorbed on the particulate fraction of surface waters. Five chemical fingerprints (end-members) were resolved. Four were consistent with published Aroclor patterns. Aroclor 1260 was observed throughout the estuary, in all cruises, with highest proportions observed in Coyote Creek, a tributary of the South Bay. A pattern that matches typical Aroclor 1254 was observed in all cruises but was in generally higher abundance in spring 1995. A second Aroclor 1254 pattern, consistent with an atypical Aroclor 1254 batch described in the literature, was observed in moderate proportions in the three 1996 cruises. Aroclor 1248 was present in significant proportions in only one cruise (cruise 12: July 199...
Postoperative oxygen therapy

Much has been published in the medical literature concerning adverse events relating to the surgical patient. Among the notable disorders requiring the expertise of the postanesthesia care unit nurse are the diagnosis and management of respiratory dysfunction acutely attributable to the effects of surgery and anesthesia. Inhalational and/or intravenous anesthetic agents contribute to pathophysiological alterations that lend to the development of hypoxemia in the postoperative period. When patients present with preexisting respiratory disease, their care is frequently more complex and challenging. This review session will address the oxygenation component of respiration and the perioperative influences that alter it as well as treatment considerations for normalizing oxygenation.
Light-trap design using multiple reflections and solid-angle attenuation: application to a spaceborne electron spectrometer.

The design and performance of a new light trap for a spaceborne electron spectrometer are described. The light trap has a measured photon-rejection ratio of 2 x 10 exp -11, allowing only one in 5 x 10 exp 10 incident photons to reach the sensitive area of the instrument. This rejection is more than sufficient because the ambient UV in earth orbit requires a rejection no better than 10 exp -8 to maintain the photon interference to less than 10 count/s. The light trap uses triple reflections to keep most of the light passing through the entrance slit away from the sensitive area of the spectrometer. It is shown that the average reflectance of all the internal surfaces must be less than 0.006, which is consistent with the data on the black coating applied to all surfaces. The analysis makes it possible to compare the photon contributions of each of the internal reflecting areas and to estimate the effective scattering width of the metallic electrode edge.
Synaptic and glial localization of the integrin αvβ8 in mouse and rat brain

Integrins are a large family of cell adhesion receptors mediating cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions and are widely distributed in tissues. The beta8 integrin subunit mRNA has been shown to be expressed at higher levels in the central nervous system (CNS) than in other organs [M. Moyle, M.A. Napier, J.W. McLean, Cloning and expression of a divergent integrin subunit beta8, J. Biol. Chem. 266 (29) (1991) 19650-19658] but its cellular and subcellular localization in the CNS are unknown. In this report, we demonstrate that beta8 pairs exclusively with the alphav subunit in the CNS to form the alphavbeta8 heterodimer. Immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of beta8 in adult mouse and rat brains revealed that the protein is expressed in several regions of the hippocampal formation and in the molecular layer and glomeruli of the granular cell layer of the cerebellum. Punctate and diffuse immunolabeling was observed occasionally surrounding neuronal pericarya and extensively throughout dendritic fields suggesting both pre- and post-synaptic localization and/or expression in non-neuronal cells. By immunoelectron microscopy, beta8 immunoreactivity was detected in dendritic spines where it was often localized at post-synaptic densities, occasionally in axon terminals and in glial processes. Association of beta8 with synaptic membranes was further supported by its enrichment in synaptosomal preparations as detected by immunoblotting. These results demonstrate that alphavbeta8 is present in mature synapses and therefore may play a role in synaptic function.
Employee Engagement and Leadership Exploring the Convergence of Two Frameworks and Implications for Leadership Development in HRD

As the use of workplace knowledge economies increases and emerging motivational-state variables such as employee engagement become more widely used, current frameworks of leadership are undergoing ...
The future of bladder cancer care in the USA

Bladder cancer is the fifth most common malignancy in the USA and the most expensive to treat on a per-patient basis. Despite its prevalence, morbidity, mortality and associated cost of management, bladder cancer remains grossly under-recognized as a public health concern and underfunded scientifically. Although 5-year survival rates for patients with prostate or kidney cancer have improved tremendously in the past 30 years, progress in bladder cancer has stalled. A renewed interest from the clinical and research communities, as well as a young and eager advocacy network, are raising the profile of bladder cancer. As awareness and funding of bladder cancer increase, improved diagnostics, therapeutics and health services for patients with the disease will develop accordingly.
Single-cycle terahertz electromagnetic pulses: A new test bed for physical seismic modeling

We describe a new technique for physical modeling, based on the use of short pulses of electromagnetic radiation. We employ radiation at a frequency near 1 THz (10 12 Hz), corresponding to a wavelength of ∼0.3 mm. Very recent advances in optoelectronic techniques have enabled the generation and detection of broadband terahertz pulses using compact room- temperature transducers. These pulses can be used to form images in a variety of modes, including a multistatic reflection configuration which mimics that of many seismic surveys. We illustrate the capabilities of the modeling technique with a simple experiment which demonstrates accurate surface reconstruction using migration techniques. With respect to conventional modeling techniques using piezoelectric transducers and microphones, the use of terahertz pulses has both benefits and limitations. To our knowledge, this work represents the first use of electromagnetic radiation for modeling acoustic imaging problems.
Using Self-Efficacy as a Construct for Evaluating Science and Mathematics Methods Courses

The focus of this study was elementary preservice teachers’ development as effective teachers of science and mathematics as influenced by their participation in elementary science and mathematics methods courses. Preservice teachers’ reports of factors that influenced their perception of their teaching abilities were analyzed according to Bandura’s (1994) 4 sources of efficacy: mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and stress reduction. This investigation allowed the researchers to evaluate the courses based on these sources. The analysis indicated all 4 sources influenced preservice teachers’ teaching self-efficacy beliefs, with mastery experiences considered the most influential. Embedded within discussions of mastery experiences were references to the other sources of efficacy, which suggest an interrelationship between mastery experiences and the other sources.
Prime Minister Leadership Styles in Foreign Policy Decision-Making: A Framework for Research

Although the institutional contexts of prime ministers in parliamentary democracies and of U.S. presidents are very different, both types of executive leaders influence the decision-making processes through their leadership styles. Leadership style includes how the leaders relate to those around them, how they like to receive information, and how they make up their minds. While there are numerous empirical studies and theoretical frameworks on the leadership styles of U.S. presidents, few studies of prime ministers are concerned with personality and styles of leadership. This paper reviews the literature on U.S. presidential styles and on organizational leadership in order to construct a framework for the study of prime minister leadership styles. Components of the proposed framework are illustrated with examples of British prime ministers and German chancellors. In addition, categories of dependent variables to be explained by leadership style are discussed. I argue that leadership style has the greatest impact on the decision-making process and that although the direct effect of leadership style on foreign policy behavior is less, leadership style indirectly influences foreign policy through the decision-making process.
Infrared /IR/ spectroscopy in support of atmospheric measurements

In general, the data required for the more abundant species are: (1) linewidths as a function of temperature; (2) line strength measurements obtained at various temperatures when since quantum assignments for the lines are unknown the lower state energy levels are unknown; and (3) line strength measurements of the 'hot' bands and bands of the isotopic species. It is pointed out that an extensive list of line center frequencies and line strengths from 2400 to 3200 per cm of (CH4)4 has recently been added to the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory compilation. Since many of the lines in the list could not be assigned, the laboratory research required measurements of samples at various temperatures in order to experimentally determine the temperature dependence on the line strengths. The 'hot' band here refers to transitions arising from vibrational states other than the ground state. 'Hot' bands are usually near the parent band (arising from the ground state). Very few 'hot' bands are without parent bands.
Failure of Hypomethylating Agent–Based Therapy in Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Hypomethylating agents such as 5-azacytidine or decitabine have been a major breakthrough in the treatment of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). They have been shown to improve transfusion requirements and to change the natural history of the disease. However, with increasing cumulative clinical experience, it has become apparent that these agents are not curative and have their own shortcomings. There is a subgroup of patients who do not respond to frontline therapy and a large, growing cohort of patients that lose response or progress while on hypomethylating agent–based therapy. There are no standard treatment options in this arena and it is therefore a focus of significant research interest. Since the mechanisms of resistance to hypomethylating agents are not known, selection of therapy is largely empiric but must take into account the age, comorbidities, and performance status of the patient, as well as the characteristics of the disease at the time of treatment failure. Higher intensity approaches and allogeneic stem cell transplant can yield improved response rates and long-term disease control but should be limited to a selected cohort of patients who can tolerate the treatment-related morbidities. For the majority of patients who likely will be better candidates for lower intensity therapy, several novel, investigational approaches are becoming available. Among these are newer nucleoside analogues, inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinases, molecules that interact with redox signaling within the cell, immunotherapy approaches, and others. Patients with MDS whose disease has failed to respond to hypomethylating agent therapy should be referred for clinical trials when available. As we learn more about the patterns and mechanisms of failure, the next challenge will be to determine which therapies are suitable for each individual patient.
Comparative Activity of Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Levofloxacin, and Erythromycin Against Legionella Species by Broth Microdilution and Intracellular Susceptibility Testing in HL-60 Cells

Animal lung macrophages or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells have been used for testing intracellular activity of anti-Legionella antibiotics; such studies are labor intensive such that comparative antibiotic studies for the many Legionella species are few. We evaluated a human monocyte cell line (HL-60) as an alternative model. HL-60 (1.5 x 10(6) cells/well) was differentiated into adherent cell and infected with 1.5 x 10(7) CFU of Legionella pneumophilia (L. pneumophilia). Erythromycin and quinolones, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin were added to cells at 1 and 8 x MIC. Percent (%) inhibition ratios equal to total L. pneumophila with agent divided by L. pneumophila without agent x 100 were determined at 48 h; lower ratios implied greater potency. By broth dilution in buffered yeast extract broth, the most potent agents against L. pneumophila were (MIC): ciprofloxacin (0.015-0.03), ofloxacin (0.015-0.03), levofloxacin (0.015-0.03), erythromycin (0.125-1.0 microgram/mL). In the intracellular model, the most potent inhibitors of L. pneumophila multiplication at 8 x MIC were (in order of potency) levofloxacin (24.2%), ciprofloxacin (30.6%), ofloxacin (37.1%), and erythromycin (55.0%). All the quinolones were highly active and significantly more potent against L. micdadei and L. bozemanii when compared to L. pneumophila.
Effect of shear stress on intrinsic CHO culture state and glycosylation of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator protein

Shear stress in suspension culture was investigated as a possible manipulative parameter for the control of glycosylation of the recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator protein (r-tPA) produced by recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture, grown in protein-free media. Resulting fractions of partially glycosylated, Type II, and fully glycosylated, Type I, r-tPA protein were monitored as a direct function of the shear characteristics of the culture environment. The shear-induced response of CHO culture to levels of low shear stress, where exponential growth was not obtained, and to higher levels of shear stress, which resulted in extensive cell death, were examined through manipulation of the bioreactor stirring velocity. Both apparent and intrinsic cell growth, metabolite consumption, byproduct and r-tPA production, and r-tPA glycosylation, from a variable site-occupancy standpoint, were monitored throughout. Kinetic analyses revealed a shear-stress-induced alteration of cellular homeostasis resulting in a nonlinear dependency of metabolic yield coefficients and an intrinsic cell lysis kinetic constant on shear stress. Damaging levels of shear stress were used to investigate the shear dependence of cell death and lysis, as well as the effects on the intrinsic growth rate of the culture. Kinetic models were also developed on the basis of the intrinsic state of the culture and compared to traditional models. Total r-tPA production was maximized under moderate shear conditions, as was the viable CHO cell density of the culture. However, Type II r-tPA production and the fraction of Type II glycoform production ratio was maximized under damaging levels of shear stress. Analyses of biomass production yield coefficients coupled with a plug-flow reactor model of glycan addition in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) were used to propose an overall mechanism of decreased r-tPA protein site-occupancy glycosylation with increasing shear stress. Decreased residence time of r-tPA in the ER as a result of increased protein synthesis related to shear protection mechanisms is proposed to limit contact of site Asn184 with the membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferase enzyme in the ER.
Pulpal response to pin placement.

lh e response of the dental pulp to caries or mechanical, thermal, and chemical injury is defense and organization through inflammation.lT5 The extent of injury and potential for repair are primarily governed by the proximity of the irritant to the Pulp* 6-15 The degree of trauma before irreversible or pathologic changes occur is difficult to assess, therefore the dentist must act conservatively during preparation to minimize cumulative trauma beyond the initial injury of the carious invasion. The use of pins in restoring fractured anterior teeth has contributed to conservative restorative procedures minimizing pulp trauma. Teeth with extensive loss of retentive areas can be preserved as vital functioning organs, rather than be extracted. Mechanical considerations of retention and techniques for placement have been covered in many publications.16-21 However, considerations of pulpal response have been neglected. A study wherein threaded pins were placed in the central portion of human pulps at the cervix of anterior teeth and occlusally in premolars indicated virtually no clinical signs or symptoms. 22 A response to cold was the only patient complaint. In this study of 27 teeth, histologic examination showed no necrotic pulps; in the area of the pins, the pulps showed localized necrosis and encapsulation. The object of the following study was to assess the pulpal response to pin placement utilizing the three types of available pins: cemented, threaded, and friction lock. Other considerations were ( 1) the significance of depth, (2) type of cement, and (3) the response to pulp exposure.
Hole compensation by Nd, Ca and Zn substitutions in YBa2Cu3Oy

Abstract An important and not completely resolved question regarding the high temperature superconductors is the relationship between the hole concentration and the transition temperature, T c . We address this question in terms of a proposed “master curve” on a T c versus hole concentration plot. This curve shows a maximum at 90 K at a hole concentration of approximately 0.2–0.22 holes per plane copper for the 1-2-3 type systems. Here we report on hole compensation studies where we selectively substituted Nd, Ca and Zn into the 1-2-3 structure. We used chemical and Hall measurements to determine the hole concentrations and looked at their relationship to the superconducting transition temperatures, T c , in terms of the “master curve”. We show that the T c lowerin g by Zn cannot be attributed to hole concentration changes alone. Although Zn substituted materials appear to be the most obvious examples, we expect that substitutions on the CuO 2 plane are less likely to fit the so-called “master curve” than non Cu-site substitutions such as Nd, Ca, La, etc.
Trace element concentrations over midlake michigan as a function of meteorology and source region

Abstract During the period May–September 1977 aerosol samples were collected over southern Lake Michigan. Concentrations of Pb, Zn, Mn, Mo, Fe, Ti, Al, Ca and Mg in these samples were determined by emission spectroscopy analysis. The measurements also included several meteorological parameters. The results show that midlake concentrations are a strong function of temperature stability and linearly independent of wind speed in the lowest few meters above the lake's surface. There is also a strong dependence upon nearshore source regions. It is estimated that over 95% of the Pb, 75% of the Zn and Mn and more than half of the Fe midlake atmospheric concentrations are anthropogenic in origin and that fine particulates with high Pb, Zn and Mn content control the variability in midlake mass concentration.
AMP-activated Protein Kinase Mediates the Interferon-γ-induced Decrease in Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function

Impaired epithelial barrier function plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interferon-γ (IFNγ), are believed to be prominently involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn disease. Treatment of T84 intestinal epithelial cells with IFNγ severely impairs their barrier properties measured as transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) or permeability and reduces the expression of tight junction proteins such as occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). However, little is known about the signaling events that are involved. The cellular energy sensor, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), is activated in response to cellular stress, as occurs during inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible role for AMPK in mediating IFNγ-induced effects on the intestinal epithelial barrier. We found that IFNγ activates AMPK by phosphorylation, independent of intracellular energy levels. Inhibition of AMPK prevents, at least in part, the IFNγ-induced decrease in TER. Furthermore, AMPK knockdown prevented the increased epithelial permeability, the decreased TER, and the decrease in occludin and ZO-1 caused by IFNγ treatment of T84 cells. However, AMPK activity alone was not sufficient to cause alterations in epithelial barrier function. These data show a novel role for AMPK, in concert with other signals induced by IFNγ, in mediating reduced epithelial barrier function in a cell model of chronic intestinal inflammation. These findings may implicate AMPK in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammatory conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease.
Preference for unpredictable food rewards occurs with high proportion of reinforced trials or alcohol if rewards are not delayed.

Organisms typically prefer situations where reward and nonreward are predictable rather than unpredictable. Although many theories can account for this result (e.g., information theory and delay-reduction theory), a recently developed mathematical model (DMOD) also predicts that subjects prefer the unpredictable reward situation under conditions that substantially decrease aversiveness of unpredictable nonreward (Daly & Daly, 1982). Because a high proportion of reinforced trials (lenient schedule) and alcohol injections decrease aversive conditioning, these variables were tested with rats in five E-maze experiments. A choice to one side of the maze resulted in a stimulus uncorrelated with reward outcome (unpredictable situation). A choice to the other side resulted in stimuli correlated with reward and nonreward (predictable situation). The stimuli were not visible until after the choice was made. A lenient reinforcement schedule resulted in preference for the unpredictable reward situation if rewards were not delayed. Alcohol resulted in preference for the unpredictable reward situation if a medium five-pellet reward was given. A lenient reinforcement schedule combined with an alcohol injection resulted in faster acquisition of the preference for the unpredictable reward situation than did a lenient schedule combined with a saline control injection. These results pose a major challenge to most theories, yet were predicted by DMOD.
Landscape nutritional patterns and cattle distribution in rangeland pastures

On rangelands, uneven or unmanaged livestock distribution can adversely affect plant community composition, riparian function, or displace wildlife. These issues have historic precedents and are still a challenge for those managing rangelands. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms governing livestock distribution can help land and livestock managers avoid or ameliorate many deleterious effects. To that end, this research tested hypotheses that grazing cattle seek nutritionally superior portions of rangeland pastures. Global positioning system (GPS) collars were used to track cattle movement and activity in three, 800+ ha pastures where the spatial distribution of standing crop, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and forage digestibility (in situ dry matter disappearance (ISDMD)) were mapped in late spring. Four of five analyses implied grazing cattle spatially responded to forage quantity/quality attributes. Analyses indicated cattle favored higher than average CP (P = 0.006) and ISDMD (P = 0.078), and lower than average NDF (P = 0.003) and standing crop (P = 0.069) locales. No significant effect (P = 0.954) occurred with ADF analyses. Correlations among those variables imply cattle may simultaneously respond to more than one nutritional attribute as they select foraging locales. Stepwise regression, however, relating grazing distribution to geophysical and forage quantity/quality characteristics were extremely poor predictors of where cattle grazed. Listed in order of entry, the model implied elevation above or below stock water, horizontal distance to stock water, forage CP content, and degree of slope were the site specific attributes most associated with cattle distribution. We speculate that cattle interactions with landscape level nutritional dynamics may at least partially explain seasonal changes in distribution and forage use by cattle across the landscape. These findings should help land and livestock managers understand, explain, and manipulate livestock distribution on their holdings.
Bostonia Perplexa Gen. Et Sp. Nov., A Calamopityan Axis From The New Albany Shale Of Kentucky

Bostonia perplexa, gen. et sp. nov., was collected from the Lower Mississippian Falling Run member of the Sanderson Formation. The single short segment of an axis, preserved as a petrifaction, contains at least three vascular columns, each with both primary and secondary tissues. Primary xylem is two or three ribbed, and contains several mesarch protoxylem strands. Gymnospermous secondary xylem is characterized by both uniseriate and multiseriate rays. The ground tissue is parenchymatous except for a few clusters of sclerotic cells. In its apparent polystelic nature, the specimen superficially resembles members of the Pennsylvanian to Permian Medullosaceae. All evidence currently available, however, leads to the conclusion that this species should be placed in the Upper Devonian to Lower Mississippian Calamopityaceae. It has not been determined with certainty whether the species is polystelic (in the sense of the Medullosaceae), or whether the apparent polystely is the result of stelar branching proximal to the level of branch divergence. A SPECIMEN collected from the Falling Run member of the Sanderson Formation and described in this paper represents a new member of the New Albany Shale flora. The vascular plant flora of the New Albany Shale is quite diverse, containing members from the Progymnospermopsida, Lycopsida, Pteridospermales, Cladoxylales, and Coenopteridales. Several plants are not clearly assignable to any one group, but show characters usually associated with two or more of these groups. The age of the Sanderson Formation has been
Interpretive bioethics: The way of discernment

This paper critically appraises the applied action-guide approach to bioethics and finds it wanting in two ways: it is tethered to a social contract view of the doctor-patient relationship that is largely incompatible with experiences of illness and care; and, as a formalist doctrine, it lacks critical edge and tends toward accommodationism. An alternative approach is recommended that involves interpreting moral experience by means once associated with the rhetorical arts — practical reasoning, hermeneutics, casuistry, and thick description.
Analysis of free-space optical interconnects for the three-dimensional optoelectronic stacked processor

Performance of free-space optical interconnect for the three-dimensional optoelectronic stacked processor (3DOESP) has been analyzed. The wave propagation in the optical interconnection system has been investigated by utilizing rigorous scalar diffraction theory. The effects of ghost talk caused by the superposition of the delayed reflections of the original signal due to the multiple propagation of the wave between the vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) and metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) detector have been analyzed. The conducted study indicates that even in the presence of significant amount of ghost talk a high performance free-space optical interconnect can be realized in this system by employing a receiver architecture that allows for DC level adjustment of the signal at the input of the transimpedance amplifier stage.
Infrared scales and factorization in QCD

Abstract Effective field theory methods are used to study factorization of the deep inelastic scattering cross-section. The cross-section is shown to factor in QCD, even though it does not factor in perturbation theory for some choices of the infrared regulator. Messenger modes are not required in soft-collinear effective theory for deep inelastic scattering as x → 1 .
The role of surface and gas phase reactions in atomic layer epitaxy

Atomic layer epitaxy is a relatively new variation of conventional MOCVD in which the growth of III–V semiconductors takes place by alternately exposing the substrate to reactant precursors containing the elements of the compound(Pessa et. al., 1980; Pessa et. al., 1983; Nishizawa et. al, 1985; Tischler and Bedair, 1986). Under the appropriate growth conditions, saturated surface reactions can be made to dominate the growth so that one monolayer of the compound is formed per exposure cycle. Although this process is often carried out in a vacuum environment where only surface reactions are important, the highest quality materials have been obtained when carried out in near atmospheric pressure conditions. Under these circumstances it is more difficult to predict the relative roles of surface and gas phase reactions in the overall growth process. We have been involved in a group of studies that are directed toward understanding the roles of these processes in the ALE growth of GaAs. This paper will describe these studies and our current understanding of the near atmospheric pressure ALE growth of GaAs.