cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of high molecular weight kininogen, factor XII, and fibrinogen in plasma at interfaces.

Using ellipsometry, anodized tantalum interference color, and Coomassie blue staining in conjunction with immunologic identification of proteins adsorbed at interfaces, we have previously found that fibrinogen is the main constituent deposited by plasma onto many man- made surfaces. However, the fibrinogen deposited from normal plasma onto glass and similar wettable materials is rapidly modified during contact activation until it can no longer be identified antigenically. In earlier publications, we have called this modification of the fibrinogen layer “conversion,” to indicate a process of unknown nature. Conversion of adsorbed fibrinogen by the plasma was not accompanied by marked change in film thickness, so that we presumed that this fibrinogen was not covered but replaced by other protein. Conversion is now showen to be markedly delayed in plasma lacking high molecular weight kininogen, slightly delayed in plasma lacking factor XII, and normal in plasma that lack factor XI or prekallikrein. We conclude that intact plasma will quickly replace the fibrinogen it has deposited on glass-like surfaces by high molecular weight kininogen and, to a smaller extent, by factor XII. Platelets adhere preferentially to fibrinogen-coated surfaces; human platelets adhere to hydrophobic nonactivating surfaces, since on these, adsorbed firbinogen is not exchanged by the plasma. The adsorbed fibrinogen will be replaced on glass-like surfaces during surface activation of clotting, and platelets failing to find fibrinogen will not adhere.
A General Resource Reservation Framework for Scientific Computing

We describe three contributions for distributed resource allocation in scientific applications. First, we present an abstract model in which different resources are represented as tokens of different colors; processes acquire resources by acquiring these tokens. Second, we present distributed scheduling algorithms that allow multiple resource managers to determine custom policies to control allocation of the tokens representing their particular resources. These algorithms allow multiple resource managers, each with its own resource management policy, to collaborate in providing resources for the whole system. Third, we present an implementation of a distributed resource scheduling algorithm framework using our abstract model. This implementation uses Infospheres, which are Internet communication packages written in Java, and shows the benefits of distributing the task of resource allocation to multiple resource managers.
Ice sheet record of recent sea-ice behavior and polynya variability in the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica

investigation of how regional SIC is recorded in the ice-sheet stratigraphy. Over the period 2002–2010 we find that the ice-sheet chemistry is significantly correlated with SIC variability within the AS and Pine Island Bay polynyas. Based on this result, we evaluate the use of icecore chemistry as a proxy for interannual polynya variability in this region, one of the largest and most persistent polynya areas in Antarctica. MSA concentrations correlate strongly with summer SIC within the polynya regions, consistent with MSA at this site being derived from marine biological productivity during the spring and summer. Cl – concentrations correlate strongly with winter SIC within the polynyas as well as some regions outside the polynyas, consistent with Cl – at this site originating primarily from winter sea-ice formation. Spatial correlations were generally insignificant outside of the polynya areas, with some notable exceptions. Ice-core glaciochemical records from this dynamic region thus may provide a proxy for reconstructing AS and Pine Island Bay polynya variability prior to the satellite era.
An examination of spontaneous pointing in 20- to 50-month-old children.

Occurrences of spontaneous pointing in 20-, 30-, 40-, and 50-mo.-old children were observed during the children's indoor or outdoor free-play periods. Observers recorded the sex of the pointer, the behavioral pattern observed, the reason for the point, the response of the adult, and the distance of the child from the adult at the time of a point. Analysis indicated a significant dip in the rate of pointing among the 30-mo.-olds while the 20- and 50-mo.-olds were observed to point most often. With the exception of the 30-mo.-olds, pointing was significantly more likely to be observed in boys. For all age groups, the point was used primarily to name. After 20 months adults were significantly less likely to respond to the point, and when they did respond they were more likely to name or demonstrate irrespective of the apparent reason for the child's point. Finally, the probability of adults' response appeared to be unrelated to the distance from the child to the adult, and further, the likelihood of an adult...
A time-series analysis of the impact of heavy drinking on homicide and suicide mortality in Russia, 1956-2002.

Aim Assess the impact of heavy drinking on homicide and suicide mortality in Russia between 1956 and 2002. Measures and design Alcohol-related mortality was used as a proxy for heavy drinking. We used autoregressive integrated moving average techniques to model total and sex-specific alcohol-homicide and alcohol-suicide relationships at the population level. Findings We found a positive and significant contemporaneous association between alcohol and homicide and between alcohol and suicide. We found no evidence of lagged relationships. These results held for overall and sex-specific associations. Conclusion Our results lend convergent validity to the alcohol-suicide link in Russia found by Nemtsov and to the alcohol-homicide associations found in cross-sectional analyses of Russia. Levels of alcohol consumption, homicide and suicide in Russia are among the highest in the world, and the mounting evidence of the damaging effects of consumption on the social fabric of the country reveals the need for intervention at multiple levels. Language: en
Nomenclature systems for the neuroprostanes and for the neurofurans.

Abstract The isolation of two new classes of human docosahexaenoic acid oxidation products, the neuroprostanes and the neurofurans, have been reported. Facile nomenclature systems that will allow the rational differentiation of each of the isomeric structures comprising the families of NeuroP's and NeuroF's, represented, respectively, by 17-F4t-NeuroP 1 and 10-epi-ST-Δ15-11-NeuroF 2 are presented.
Fabrication of microlenses in bulk chalcogenide glass

Abstract A new method for fabricating microlenses in bulk, glassy Ge 20 Se 80 is demonstrated. Based upon a laser-induced thermal runaway effect, the process has been used to fabricate lenses with diameters between 70 and 180 μm and numerical apertures of about 0.4.
Global telecommunications needs for the long duration balloon environment

Abstract The Long Duration (LD) balloon environment significantly complicates the means of providing effective telecommunications support when compared to support possible within the conventional zero-pressure (ZP) environment. This paper will discuss general aspects of supporting two-way telecommunications between ground based facilities and multiple LD balloon payloads. A summary of the LD environment (general operational and NSBF support) is presented as a basis for discussing generic network characteristics. General LD telecommunication needs are highlighted and a preliminary systems model of an “ideal” LD telecommunication network is introduced.
Urethral syndrome or urinary tract infection

Abstract Urodynamic studies of 25 women between eleven and forty-five years of age whose history included frequent urinary tract infections disclosed urethral activity different from that of women with pure stress incontinence. Often the former had associated symptoms of urge, although the latter did not. Not all symptoms of infections were documented by culture, hence could have been related to tension in the pelvic floor rather than to bacteriuria. Urodynamic studies showed spasticity of the urethral musculature. The women with frequent urinary tract infections uniformly had hyperactive urethral striated muscle, those with the most severe form of urge showing varying resting tension in the urethral sphincter. In all cases, discomfort or urge was proportional to the elevation in urethral sphincter pressure and dramatically diminished with drop in closure tonus. In many cases relief of urge occurred only with voiding — when relaxation of the pelvic floor musculature could be induced by the patient. Urethral symptoms result from physiologic imbalance in urethral activity and may predispose to urinary tract infection. Thus, physicians treating urge complaints in young women should be aware that both entities have to be treated.
Binaries in the Praesepe and Coma Star Clusters and Their Implications for Binary Evolution

This completes a study of the evolution of binary systems in five open clusters of various ages. Among 21 stars observed in Praesepe, eight are found or confirmed to be spectroscopic binaries and orbital elements are derived, while one more shows long-term binary motion. Among 18 stars observed in the Coma Berenices cluster, five are found or confirmed to be spectroscopic binaries and orbital elements are derived, while a sixth has tentative elements. Among five clusters studied we searched for three expected evolutionary effects, namely an increase with age in the mass ratios, a decrease with age of the binary periods, and an increase in binary frequencies. We find that there is a progression (at the 3 σ level) from no binaries out of 10 with mass ratios greater than 0.5 in the youngest cluster (combined with the published results for NGC 6193) to 25% such stars in the intermediate-age clusters to 43% such stars in these two oldest clusters. There is no evidence for an increase in short-period binaries with age. And there is slight evidence (at the 1 σ level) for an increase with age from 15% to 28% in the fraction of large-amplitude binaries. These results are mostly consistent with the idea that most binaries are formed or modified in three-body interactions, and successive generations of formation and disruptions tend to form binaries with larger mass ratios. However, part of the initial generation of binaries is probably primordial.
Heparin-binding Epidermal Growth Factor-like Growth Factor Links Hepatocyte Priming with Cell Cycle Progression during Liver Regeneration

The mechanisms that regulate the transition between the initial priming phase and DNA replication in liver regeneration are poorly understood. To study this transition, we compared events occurring after standard two-thirds partial hepatectomy, which elicits full regeneration, with response to a reduced hepatectomy, one-third partial hepatectomy (1/3PH), which leads to little DNA replication. Although the initial response to partial hepatectomy at the priming phase appeared to be similar between the two procedures, cell cycle progression was significantly blunted in 1/3PH mice. Among the main defects observed in 1/3PH mice were an almost complete deficiency in retinoblastoma phosphorylation and the lack of increase in kinase activity associated with cyclin E. We report that, in two-thirds partial hepatectomy mice, the expression of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) preceded the start of DNA replication and was not detectable in 1/3PH animals. Injection of HB-EGF into 1/3PH mice resulted in a >15-fold increase in DNA replication. Moreover, we show that hepatocyte DNA replication was delayed in HB-EGF knock-out mice. In summary, we show that HB-EGF is a key factor for hepatocyte progression through G(1)/S transition during liver regeneration.
AN ANALYSIS OF CAPACITY PLANNING PROCEDURES FOR A MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS PLANNING SYSTEM

This paper is concerned with planning work-center capacity levels in manufacturing firms that employ a material requirements planning (MRP) system. It presents four procedures for developing work-center capacity plans designed to insure the production of components and assemblies as specified by the MRP plan and the master production schedule (MPS). These procedures (capacity planning using overall factors, capacity bills, resource profiles, and capacity requirements planning) are compared using simulation analysis. The results indicate that the performance of a procedure when measured against the MPS depends on the operating conditions of the manufacturing system. The results also indicate that the choice of a particular procedure often represents a compromise among the benefits of improved MPS performance, the costs of preparing and processing data, and the premium expenses required for more frequent adjustments in work-center capacity levels.
Laboratory detection and millimeter spectrum of the MgCCH radical

The pure rotational spectrum of the magnesium monoacetylide radical, MgCCH, has been recorded in the laboratory using millimeter/sub-mm direct absorption spectroscopy. These measurements constitute the first time this molecule has been observed in the laboratory by any spectroscopic method. Seventeen rotational transitions were observed in the frequency range 210-370 GHz for MgCCH, which appears to be a linear molecule with a (sup 2)Sigma ground electronic state. Rotational and fine structure constants were determined for this radical from a nonlinear least squares fit to the data. The rotational rest frequencies measured here will enable astronomical observations to be carried out for MgCCH towards IRC +10216, where the magnesium compounds MgCN and MgNC, as well as many acetylide species, are present.
Sexual harassment on campus: Individual differences in attitudes and beliefs.

Attitudes about sexual harassment were assessed in a group of 224 undergraduate students. Participants responded to scenarios in which a male professor made inappropriate sexual advances to a female student. Participants then completed rating scales and questions concerning attributions of blame for harassment, educational and emotional effects, and strategies for coping with harassment. The students were divided into high and low groups on the basis of their scores on the Performance Self-Esteem Scale (PSES) and Attitudes toward Women Scale (AWS). The subject groups most tolerant of harassment and least aware of potential harm to its victims were high self-esteem women with traditional sex-role attitudes. Participants also provided information as to their own harassment experiences. Women's reported reactions to actual harassment were consistent with their responses to scenarios. Results are discussed in the context of prevailing sex-role standards.
Comparative effectiveness of glucose and sucrose in enhancement of hypersalimentation and salt hypertension.

SummaryThe quantity of 1% saline consumed and the development of salt hypertension in rats were comparably enhanced by addition of either glucose or sucrose in 5% concentration to the drinking solution. Cardiac hypertrophy and lesions were equivalently increased. A curious, and as yet unexplained finding, is that whereas kidney enlargement accompanied consumption of either saline or sucrose-saline solution, such was not the case with glucose-saline. Here the kidney weight did not exceed that of controls, and reno-vascular lesions although present were less pronounced than when other saline solutions were drunk.
Coarsening of PS/SAN Blends with Cocontinuous Morphology Studied with 3D Image Analysis

Geometrical parameters of the interface in fluorescently labeled poly-styrene (FLPS)/styrene-ran-acrylonitrile compolymer (SAN) blends with cocontinuous morphology were obtained on the basis of differential geometry of 3 D images. Images were analyzed for time evolution of interfacial area, average mean and Gaussian curvatures, curvature distributions and topology. Annealing of a symmetric ( 50/50 FLPS/SAN w/w) and a non symmetric ( 35/ 6 5 ) blend was monitored. For the symmetric blend a linear time evolution of the characteristic length along with a self similar growth of the microstructure, evidenced by the dynamic scaling of the curvature probability densities, were observed. For the non symmetric blend, the more elongated domains of the minor phase, namely FLPS, broke up producing zones with droplet-matrix structures coexisting with cocontinuous domains. Due to this morphological transition, dynamic scaling failed for the non symmetric blends. The number of holes on the interface, described by the genus, in a fixed sample volume decreases with time due to the growth of the microstructures and the formation of droplets.
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 rapidly increases cytosolic calcium in clonal rat osteosarcoma cells lacking the vitamin D Receptor

1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3] rapidly increases cytosolic calcium in a variety of cell types. Although these rapid effects do not appear to directly involve genome activation, the requirement for the classic vitamin D receptor is unclear. Clonal rat osteosarcoma cells, ROS 17/2.8, respond to 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 with an increase in osteocalcin message but ROS 24/1 cells do not. The lack of the receptor for vitamin D in the ROS 24/1 cells has been confirmed by the absence of any detectable vitamin D-receptor complex binding to the vitamin D-responsive element (VDRE) of the osteocalcin gene and the absence of vitamin D receptor mRNA in the cells. Quin-2-loaded ROS 17/2.8 and ROS 24/1 cells were treated with 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 in the presence and absence of extracellular calcium and with the inactive epimer, 1 beta,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 beta,25-(OH)2D3]. The 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 increased cytosolic calcium in the ROS 17/2.8 and 24/1 cells after 5 minutes in a dose-responsive manner and in the presence and absence of extracellular calcium. Pretreatment of both cell lines with 1 beta,25-(OH)2D3 for 30 s blocked the hormone-induced rise in cytosolic calcium. The rapid effects of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 on ROS cells with and without the vitamin D receptor and the ability of the inactive epimer to inhibit these effects indicate that the signaling system mediating the hormone's rapid actions is not the classic vitamin D receptor.
Gender and computers: similarities and differences in Iranian college students' attitudes toward computers

Abstract This study surveys attitudes about computers among 375 Iranian undergraduate students (155 males and 220 females). We found significant gender differences with respect to confidence about computers and stereotypic views of computer users. Women showed stronger beliefs in equal gender ability and competence in use of computers, but expressed low confidence in their own ability to work with computers. There were no significant gender differences in respondents' liking for computers or their perceptions of the usefulness of computers. Male and female students believed equally in the positive effects of computers on individuals and society. Results also are discussed in terms of parents' perceived beliefs and behaviors, as well as their socioeconomic status (SES.)
Meet the S-PAC challenge: A professional speaker's view of student-organized conferences

A Student Professional Awareness Conference (S-PAC, pronounced “es-pak”) is a one-day conference which addresses professional topics affecting an engineer's career. An S-PAC is organized and run by students all the way. As a speaker at a dozen or so S-PAC's over the last two years, I have developed an admiration for the students who plan and hold successful S-PAC's and an appreciation of the value of S-PAC's as professional development vehicles for students.
A modular transmission line/reluctance head model

A transmission line model for calculating recording-head fields and efficiencies is described. Exact solutions are obtained for transmission line segments with fixed or varying gap and width. Using these solutions. Thevenin T-reluctance circuit equivalents are obtained for each segment of the total head transmission line structure, and the magnetic flux and fields are obtained by circuit analysis. External fringe fields at edges are also included. Using three basic building blocks: (1) constant-gap, variable or fixed-width regions, (2) graded-gap, variable or fixed-width regions, and (3) external fringe reluctances, in any number and sequence, virtually any head geometry can be quickly and reasonably modeled, without the need for reformulating the problem or respecifying boundary conditions. >
“Outing” Social Justice: Transforming Civic Education Within the Challenges of Heteronormativity, Heterosexism, and Homophobia

Abstract Civic education and its call for social studies to prepare students for citizenship in a participatory democracy have been limited to the political domain and touted as participation with the already existing political domain. This paper is a reflection of how engaging with and challenging heterosexism, homophobia, and heteronormativity in a Diversity in Social Studies Course taught in a large university in New York City can create a “disruptive voice” to challenge the hegemonic discourse of democratic citizenship. This type of challenge provides the space for preservice and in-service teachers to reconceptualize participation in democratic citizenship as social justice to fight for human rights and equality by changing the existing political domain rather than just participating within it.
Base rate for employee theft: Convergence of multiple methods.

In this study, given the potential sensitivity of inquiries regarding theft behavior, the authors relied on randomized-re sponse techniques and unmatched-count techniques to estimate the base rate of employee theft for those personnel with access to cash, supplies, merchandise, or products easily converted to cash. Depending on the level one ascribes to nontrivial employee theft, these techniques converge on theft rates over 50%. Employee theft is a continuing and nontrivial matter for the business enterprise (e.g., Dalton, Metzger, & Wimbush, 1994; Ernst & Young, 1993; Greenberg & Scott, 1996; Hollinger & Clark, 1983; Mars, 1994; Murphy, 1993). It is difficult to estimate the amount of revenue lost through employees' theft of cash, goods, and services because much of this activity remains undetected or unpublicized. It has been estimated that as much as 75% of losses attributable to employee theft is undetected because of the difficulty in separating inventory shrinkage into its major internal (theft) and external (shoplifting) component parts (Green, 1997). Losses attributed to the theft component have been estimated at $40 billion per year (Camara & Schneider, 1994; Lipman & McGraw, 1988), although other estimates range from $6 billion to $200 billion annually (Green, 1997; Jones, Ash, & Sbto, 1990; Miner & Capps, 1996; Murphy, 1993). It has been reported that employee theft accounts for about 70% of business losses and 30% of business failures (Bullard & Resnick, 1983; Miner & Capps, 1996; Taylor, 1986). The Wall Street Journal noted that 75% of all retail employees know someone who is stealing from their respective employers (Solomon, 1987). Touby (1994) estimated that 2%-5% of each sales dollar is a premium charged to customers to offset losses resulting from internal crime.
ISA Support for Fingerprinting and Erasure Codes

Using small, pre-computed tables is a well-known technique for improving the performance of expensive computations with small operands. However, as the performance gap between CPU and memory continues to increase, table lookup in main memory may no longer be beneficial. Instead of doing table lookups in memory, this paper proposes table lookup instruction support to accelerate Rabin fingerprinting and Reed-Solomon erasure coding over Galois fields. Both are core computations in emerging main-stream systems such as bandwidth optimized protocol engines, capacity optimized storage systems, and content-distribution networks. We show that the proposed instructions are both beneficial and easy to implement. A simple table lookup instruction that addresses four 256-entry tables in parallel can speed up Rabin fingerprinting and anchoring by a factor of 2.6 and Reed-Solomon coding by a factor of 1.5.
Common genetic mechanisms in alcoholism and psychiatric disorders: negative evidence from a study of ethnic group patients

Alcoholism in the male relatives of patients with various (nonalcoholic) psychiatric disorders is consistently elevated above population risk. Over the years, this finding has given rise to theories which propose that some forms of alcoholism are attributable to the pleiotropic expression of genes underlying these disorders. This mechanism was tested in the fathers of patients from ethnic groups associated with culturally suppressed alcohol abuse where it was predicted that decreased alcoholism would be substituted for by increased psychiatric disorder. Results, however, failed to support such a mechanism. Other explanations of this elevated alcoholism were considered.
Reproductive Success of Natural Populations of Hybrid Sunfish in Three Minnesota Lakes

Abstract Several investigators have demonstrated the ability of certain hybrid sunfish to reproduce in controlled situations. Three lakes in northern Minnesota that contained large numbers of natural sunfish hybrids were investigated to determine the extent of reproduction of these fish in natural environments. Presence of living embryos in nests guarded by male hybrids indicated a potentially significant amount of reproduction by the hybrids. A comparison of the distribution of the ratio of pectoral fin length to jaw length for the populations involved suggested that few, if any, second generation hybrids were present in the adult population. It is suggested that reduced vigor or the inability to compete with other sunfishes prevented these fish from becoming an integral part of the total sunfish population.
Decay of 37.5-minTh236and 9.1-minPa236

The decays of $^{236}\mathrm{Th}$ and its $^{236}\mathrm{Pa}$ daughter were studied by $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectroscopy. By means of radiochemical methods and a continuous separation technique pure sources of parent and daughter were prepared so that each was free (or almost free) of the other. For $^{236}\mathrm{Th}$, 14 of the 17 observed $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays are new; for $^{236}\mathrm{Pa}$ 16 new $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays were found. Absolute intensities of all the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays were determined with the aid of $4\ensuremath{\pi}$ beta measurements on $^{236}\mathrm{Pa}$. A new decay scheme is proposed for $^{236}\mathrm{Th}$ and a considerably expanded one is given for $^{236}\mathrm{Pa}$. The half-lives determined are 37.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 min for $^{236}\mathrm{Th}$ and 9.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 min for $^{236}\mathrm{Pa}$.
The mechanism of cytochrome b5 reduction by NADPH-cytochrome c reductase

Abstract Microsomal suspensions of liver can catalyze the reduction of cytochrome b 5 by the membrane-bound NADPH-cytochrome c reductase but the highly purified NADPH-cytochrome c reductase obtained by lipase solubilization does not reduce cytochrome b 5 under normal assay conditions. However, the purified reductase does reduce cytochrome b 5 in solutions containing high concentrations of salt. Although the flavoprotein rapidly generates superoxide anion in the presence of high concentrations of salt, the reduction of cytochrome b 5 is not dependent upon superoxide anion generation but possibly occurs via a direct interaction between the flavoprotein and the cytochrome. Further, the mechanism of cytochrome b 5 reduction involves the cycling of the enzyme between its fully reduced and half-reduced forms during the steady-state reduction of cytochrome. The reduction of cytochrome b 5 by detergent- and proteolytically solubilized NADPH-cytochrome c reductase is similar in the presence of high concentrations of KCl. However, with low salt concentrations, only the detergent-solubilized NADPH-cytochrome c reductase reduces cytochrome b 5 , albeit slowly. No apparent differences in rate of reduction or steady-state level of cytochrome b 5 reduction is seen when either the detergent- or proteolytically prepared cytochrome b 5 is employed.
Indicator foods for vitamin A assessment.

Epidemiological interview studies examining the association between vitamin A and cancer at various sites have been hampered by restricted time available for interview; consequently, studies have included varying lists of food items or broad food groups, thus making comparability of results difficult. To identify a standardized list of indicator foods that adequately assess total vitamin A intake, we examined the 24-hour dietary recall of 13,201 adults who participated in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) from 1971 to 1974. Food items reportedly consumed were ranked by contribution to overall (aggregated) intake in various subpopulations by an index of vitamin A contribution, which reflected the frequency of consumption, portion size, and vitamin A concentration (IUs/100 g). A comparison of these ranks identified certain food items that had a relative contribution to vitamin A intake which varied by sex/race group, season of interview, age, or region of the country; income level had little effect on the food rankings. The top-ranking 50 foods were sufficient to correctly classify 80%-90% of the individuals into low-, moderate-, and high-consumer categories. The major contributing foods for any subpopulation examined included both retinol (e.g., dairy products, liver) and carotenoid sources of vitamin A (e.g., certain fruits and vegetables) in addition to items (e.g., mixed tomato and cheese dishes) not included in earlier questionnaire studies. Recommendations are made for future questionnaires designed to assess vitamin A.
Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia: Percutaneous Lung Biopsy and Review of Literature

Abstract In patients with impaired immune defenses, unusual organisms such as Pneumocystis carinii may be responsible for fatal diffuse interstitial pneumonia. Inasmuch as relatively specific therapy is available, a precise diagnosis must be established in all instances. The present case supports the role of percutaneous lung biopsy for this purpose. The toxicity of pentamidine isethionate and a review of the current literature is presented.
Faculty as doctoral students: policies of doctoral programs in nursing.

The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze existent policies of doctoral programs in nursing with respect to the dual assumption of the student and faculty member roles. A 7-item instrument was developed to ascertain policies used by doctoral programs in nursing. All of the 22 programs surveyed responded. The majority of schools had doctoral students in nursing who were also on the faculty in their own program. Equal proportions of the sample (40.9%) either prohibited enrollment of faculty members in the doctoral programs at their schools or permitted enrollment with restrictions in at least one of the following areas: number of dual faculty/ students, rank, credit hours, and limitations to undergraduate teaching only. Each of the four schools having no regulation on the dual role were in private universities and had less than 9% of their faculty enrolled in their doctoral programs. Stringent policies were more likely to be found in public institutions and to have emanated from university regulations. The results indicated that the issue of dual role had achieved policy agenda status in schools of nursing with doctoral programs and that the concern is of such magnitude that it has resulted in policy formulation university-wide. A variety of enrollment policies appear to have been accepted and valued.
Re-specifying disaster risk: concepts, methods, and models

The discussion on the social-ecological dimensions of hazards is constantly evolving. This paper explores the trajectory of research relating to hazards and their impact on vulnerable human populations. Interpretations of disaster risk have included estimating losses in terms of human life and property, and analyzing the social mechanisms in place that exacerbate or mitigate a population’s sensitivity to hazard events. In keeping with recent trends in research relating to disaster risk, the paper focuses on the social dimension of vulnerability and the contribution of social structures and relationships in building community resilience. Institutional frameworks and policies in particular determine the quantity and quality of resources and services available to people that contribute to resilience over time. The hazard-risk-location-model (HRLM) is proposed that is based on re-specifying disaster risk in terms of exposure and coping ability to capture the focus on social vulnerability and resilience. The framework of the HRLM incorporates the following components: (1) linkages within existing social capital; (2) spatial variation in social and institutional frameworks; (3) positive and negative feedbacks; and (4) characteristics of the hazard event. The model contributes to the range of place-based assessments designed to address the human-environmental impacts of hazards and disasters.
Application of optical techniques to the study of plumes in stratified fluids

Abstract Digital techniques for the correction of signal distortions that arise in planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) measurements (by PC-based video digitizing systems) of jets and plumes and the production of flow statistics in both time and space are reviewed. The entire concentration field is repeatedly imaged in 1 30 s intervals over hundreds of thousands a points in a plane. By the recognition of signal distortion sources and the employment of corrections, a clearer picture of tracer concentrations may be realized. Fluorescence studies are made with a planar sheet of laser light 430 mm tall and 1.5 mm thick. The fluorescence excitation produced from trace concentrations of Rhodamine 6G is used to visualize and measure the propagation of a jet or plume in a density stratified laboratory tank. The emitted light is collected by a CCD camera in a 512 × 480 pixel format over a 940 × 715 mm field of view. The captured images are corrected for transverse laser sheet intensity distribution; laser beam attenuation; refraction; lens vignette; time varying and spatial noise; digitization aspect ratio; camera response. The measurement and methods of correction are discussed in detail. The resulting image data can then be used to collect tracer concentration statistics for jets and plumes. Instantaneous (i.e. over 1 30 th of a second intervals), average, maximum, minimum, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation are given as introductory examples of image statistics realizable for a buoyant jet.
Self-limiting heterogeneous reactions: Bifunctional hydrocarbon on a bimetallic alloy surface

Here we report the remarkable chemistry exhibited by 6-bromo-1-hexene on a Cu3Pt(111) surface. The dehydrocyclization reaction leading to the formation of benzene takes place at very low coverage; as the surface fills up, decomposition becomes a predominant pathway. Further increase of the surface concentration of 6-bromo-1-hexene leads to the hydrogenation of 5-hexenyl formed on a surface as a result of C−Br bond dissociation. This reaction produces 1-hexene, which is stable on the surface until the molecular desorption of this compound commences at 230 K. Molecular desorption of 6-bromo-1-hexene from the monolayer becomes significant at even higher exposures. All these processes occur very cleanly within a specific coverage range, making the 6-bromo-1-hexene on the Cu3Pt(111) surface extremely attractive for analysis of kinetics of coverage-dependent reactions. Steric requirements for each of the processes described here and the availability of the adsorption sites on the alloy surface are believed to g...
Clinical Gains for Youth in Psychiatric Residential Treatment Facilities: Results from a State-Wide Performance Information System

This article presents findings on clinical gains for youth in psychiatric residential treatment facilities (PRTF) through the use of state-wide performance management information. Data was collected on 1,258 youth admitted to one of seventeen PRTF facilities in a single, mid-western state. Results suggest that youth made positive clinical changes during treatment. Furthermore, results indicate that parent and youth hopefulness and satisfaction were significant predictors of positive clinical changes in problem severity and youth functioning. These findings contribute to current literature on PRTF effectiveness in achieving positive youth outcomes and the role of consumer attitudinal factors in treatment.
The commentator information system: a usability evaluation of a real-time sport information service

Many of the most vivid recollections we have of major sporting events and accomplishments as TV viewers and sports fans are things like scores, statistics, or the TV images of specific events. What make many of these live in our memories, or grab our attention in the first place is often the commentator or sports-caster, their words of wisdom, or lack thereof, the excitement and emotion in their voices, echoing our own. The commentator is a vital part to the sportscast experience, part of what can make watching sports remotely more enjoyable than at the stadium. In order to provide accurate and timely data to TV viewers, radio, or online listeners, commentators sometimes rely on a system called the Commentator Information System (CIS). In this paper we present an in-depth usability study of a CIS, how commentators do their job, how the process may be improved, and how to make sportscasts and simulations more enjoyable in the future.
Physicians Assistants in Cardiothoracic Surgery: A 30-Year Experience in a University Center

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate our 30 years of experience with the use of physician assistants (PAs) on a cardiothoracic surgery (CTS) service. Methods A retrospective review of the utilization of CTS PAs was performed at a university center from 1973 to 2003. Results The number of PAs has increased from 2 (1973) to 23 (2003), corresponding to the increased clinical service demands with a constant resident number for the past decade. Physician assistant employment has expanded from one hospital to five hospitals in our university system where CTS is performed. The CTS service has expanded from 400 total cases per year (1973) to 4,000 cases (2002). We have had a 50% retention rate with duration of employment from 6 months to 28 years (11 PAs with service more than than 15 years). The PA role has changed little, with duties varying from history and physical examination, conduit harvesting, insertion of invasive catheters and chest tubes, surgical first assisting, closure of the chest, and optional primary intensive care unit night-time in-house call. Salary currently ranges from $55,000 to $100,000 depending on length of service and overall merit. Job satisfaction for PAs employed longer than 12 months has remained high. Conclusions The addition of PAs to our CTS university service has allowed us to resolve many problems of work assignment and coverage and enabled us to establish effective and efficient surgical teams without increasing the number of categorical CTS residents.
Webformulate: a web-based visual continual query system

Today there is a plethora of data accessible via the Internet. The Web has greatly simplified the process of searching for, accessing, and sharing information. However, a considerable amount of Internet-distributed data still goes unnoticed and unutilized, particularly in the case of frequently-updated, Internet-distributed databases. In this paper we give an overview of WebFormulate, a Web-based visual continual query system that addresses the problems associated with formulating temporal ad hoc analyses over networks of heterogeneous, frequently-updated data sources. The main distinction between this system and existing Internet facilities to retrieve information and assimilate it into computations is that WebFormulate provides the necessary facilities to perform continual queries, developing and maintaining dynamic links such that Web-based computations and reports automatically maintain themselves. A further distinction is that this system is specifically designed for users of spreadsheet-level ability, rather than professional programmers.
Metabolism of tyramine in the central nervous system of the moth Manduca sexta.

Abstract Three distinct metabolites of tyramine are produced by central nervous tissue of pharate-adult Manduca sexta incubated in vitro with [ 3 H]-tyramine. The chemical identities of these metabolites have been sought by a combination of electrophoretic, chromatographic, hydrolytic and enzymic procedures. One of the compounds is N- acetyltyramine , and the others appear to be β-alanyltyramine and a sugar conjugate, possibly of N- acetyltyramine .
The ‘‘noisy’’ speech chain

Kenneth Stevens’ seminal contributions to the field of acoustic phonetics are far reaching and have important implications for modeling normal and disordered speech production and perception. His studies of the relations between underlying discrete linguistic features and the analog worlds of articulation, sound, and hearing have influenced a generation of speech researchers, including myself. Our studies of speech perception in noise are inspired by the work of Ken and his colleagues on uncovering the acoustic and perceptual correlates of linguistic features. I will report on experiments which examined acoustic and perceptual (in noise) cues for the place of articulation and voicing features for syllable‐initial plosive and fricative consonants. Results are analyzed in terms of voicing, vowel context, manner of articulation, place of articulation, shape of the noise masker, and gender of the talker. One of the interesting findings is that certain attributes which cue a feature acoustically and perceptual...
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON HOMOGENIZING RATE OF SODA‐LIME‐SILICA GLASS

Density-spread determinations were made on a series of melts of a soda-lime-silica glass prepared at temperatures ranging from 1232° to 1454°C. for a four-hour period in the absence of furnace refractory and under conditions of minimum convection mixing. A sharp drop in density spread in the range 1232° to 1288°C., a minimum at about 1325°C., and a slowly increasing density spread at temperatures above 1325°C. were observed. The portion of glass responsible for the major part of the density spread was found to be concentrated in the top half of the glass at both 1232° and 1454°C. At the higher temperature, the improvement in the homogeneity of the bottom layer was more marked than that observed in the top layer as compared with the results obtained on the lower-temperature melt. The density spread of the glass in the bottom layer in the case of the high-temperature melt was in the range of that observed for commercial soda-lime-silica glass of good quality. A possible explanation for the observed increase in density spread at higher temperatures (above 1325°) is offered on the basis of more rapid initial segregation during melting at higher temperature as inferred from the density-spread data and from chemical analyses of the glass from the top and bottom portions of melts made at 1232° and 1454°C. Loss in weight of the glass due to volatilization was determined at 1232° and at 1454°C. and was found to amount to less than 0.01% for a four-hour melting period at both temperatures. Moderate mixing, achieved by repeated cracking and remelting of the glass and by melting in a rotating tilted crucible, had a marked effect in lowering the density spread. The data afforded by these experiments lend further emphasis to the view that convection currents in commercial tank operation are highly significant in improving the homogeneity of a soda-lime-silica glass.
Evaluation of augmented RIC model of child respiratory impedance based on impulse oscillometry data

The augmented RIC model of the respiratory system is described and analyzed in this work. The parameters for this and four other well-known respiratory system models were estimated using impulse oscillometry data, obtained from both healthy and asthmatic children, in order to compare the modeling errors and the models' fidelity. Of these five models, the augmented RIC model ranked in the middle in terms of magnitude of modeling error for the given data, but other factors in its favor were determined. Hence it is the most reasonable model to use for further studies to improve the detection and diagnosis of respiratory diseases.
Reliability of high-power AlGaAs/GaAs QW laser diodes

High power laser diodes have been continuously gaining more practical applications. In the majority of these applications, device performance is a determining factor. However, device reliability determines whether a laser diode can be successfully introduced in a commercial product. We review some device reliability problems and their solutions found through customer experience while supplying packaged high power AlGaAs/GaAs quantum well laser diodes, utilized in medical, high resolution printers. The reliability problems were related to either photo-induced chemical reactions on the output facet leading to visible optical damage or the propensity of the material to rapidly develop dark line defects. To improve the reliability of high power laser diodes, we have performed numerous aging studies, followed by detailed failure mode analysis. Both hermetically packaged devices and devices exposed to air ambient were evaluated. The devices whose parameters deteriorated during aging were examined with optical microscopy, infrared microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Auger spectroscopy, residual gas analysis and also electron beam induced current. We report the results of the failure mode analysis and suggest solutions to eliminate failures of high power laser diodes.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Plant Pigments – A Review

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has found wide application for qualitative and quantitative analysis of plant pigments. HPLC methods developed for the analysis of carotenoids, chlorop...
Hierarchical multiscale model-based design of experiments, catalysts, and reactors for fuel processing

In this paper a hierarchical multiscale simulation framework is outlined and experimental data injection into this framework is discussed. Specifically, we discuss multiscale model-based design of experiments to optimize the chemical information content of a detailed reaction mechanism in order to improve the fidelity and accuracy of reaction models. Extension of this framework to product (catalyst) design is briefly touched upon. Furthermore, we illustrate the use of such detailed and reduced kinetic models in reactor optimization as an example toward more conventional process design. It is proposed that hierarchical multiscale modeling offers a systematic framework for identification of the important scale(s) and model(s) where one should focus research efforts on. The ammonia decomposition on ruthenium to produce hydrogen and the water–gas shift reactions on platinum for converting syngas to hydrogen serve as illustrative fuel processing examples of various topics. The former is used to illustrate hierarchical multiscale model development and model-based parameter estimation as well as product engineering. The latter is employed to demonstrate model reduction and process optimization. Finally, opportunities for process design and control in portable microchemical devices (lab-on-a chip) for power generation are discussed.
The minimum size of the substrate for yeast photoreactivating enzyme

Abstract Oligodeoxythymidylates irradiated with ultraviolet light compete with transforming DNA for photoreactivating enzyme. The competition decreases with decreasing chain length and falls to zero below 9 residues. Thus, the minimum size of the substrate for this enzyme is shown to be about 9 residues long.