cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of an unique RNA initiated immediately upstream from human α1 globin gene in vivo and in vitro: polymerase II-dependence, tissue specificity, and subcellular location

Abstract We have identified an abundant transcript initiated upstream from the canonical cap site of human alpha 1 globin gene in bone marrow cells and in COS-7 cells transfected with an alpha 1 globin gene-containing plasmid. Similar to the major alpha 1 globin transcript, this upstream RNA is present almost exclusively in the cytoplasm of the transfected COS-7 cells. It is also synthesized efficiently in vitro by RNA polymerase II in the nuclear extracts prepared from a Hela cell line and an erythroleukemia cell line, K562. RNAs isolated from these cell lines, however, do not contain this upstream transcript. The putative 5' end of the alpha 1 globin upstream RNA is mapped by primer extension to base -45, which is located in between the CCAAT and TATA boxes. The synthesis of this RNA in vitro and in vivo, and the close proximity of its 5' end to the promoter of the alpha 1 globin gene suggest a common mechanism regulating the transcriptional initiation of both the upstream and the major alpha 1 globin RNAs.
Analyses of T cell-mediated immune response to a human melanoma-associated antigen by the young and the elderly.

Abstract Elderly cancer patients are often excluded from immune-based clinical trials and therapies based on the belief that they respond poorly to tumor antigens. Using melanoma as a model and melanoma related Mart-127–35 epitope specific T cell receptor (TCR) engineered T cells as a tool we compared the T cell responses from young and elderly to the Mart-127–35 epitope, ex vivo. We also compared the natural Treg (nTreg) activities and the expression of a number of genes associated with immune response by quantitative real-time reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRTPCR) in formalin fixed primary melanomas, in situ. We detected a significant difference in CD8+ T cell response to Flu antigen (influenza matrix peptide Flu MP58–66), but the responses of the two cohorts to melanoma antigen were comparable. nTreg activities in the elderly was significantly compromised. The qPCR analyses of tissues from elderly patients revealed lower levels of Fox-P3 expression but comparable levels of expression of IL-2, IFNγ, TNFα, IL-4, IL-10, IDO, and TGFβ. These findings indicate that elderly patients might be capable of responding to tumor antigens, and need not be excluded from immune-based therapies or clinical trials.
MEASUREMENT OF THE RESISTIVE WALL MODE STABILITY IN A ROTATING PLASMA USING ACTIVE MHD SPECTROSCOPY

The stability of the resistive-wall mode (RWM) in DIII-D plasmas above the conventional pressure limit, where toroidal plasma rotation in the order of a few percent of the Alfve n velocity is sufficient to stabilize the n=1 RWM, has been probed using the technique of active MHD spectroscopy at frequencies of a few Hertz. The measured frequency spectrum of the plasma response to externally applied rotating resonant magnetic fields is well described by a single-mode approach and provides an absolute measurement of the damping rate and the natural mode rotation frequency of the stable RWM.
Role of calcium in gravity perception of plant roots.

Calcium ions may play a key role in linking graviperception by the root cap to the asymmetric growth which occurs in the elongation zone of gravistimulated roots. Application of calcium-chelating agents to the root cap inhibits gravitropic curvature without affecting growth. Asymmetric application of calcium to one side of the root cap induces curvature toward the calcium source, and gravistimulation induces polar movement of applied (Ca-45)(2+) across the root cap toward the lower side. The action of calcium may be linked to auxin movement in roots since: (1) auxin transport inhibitors interfere both with gravitropic curvature and graviinduced polar calcium movement and (2) asymmetric application of calcium enhances auxin movement across the elongation zone of gravistimulated roots. Indirect evidence indicates that the calcium-modulated regulator protein, calmodulin, may be involved in either the transport or action of calcium in the gravitropic response mechanism of roots.
The Influence of Contiguous Shoreline Type, Distance from Shore, and Vegetation Biomass on Nekton Community Structure in Eelgrass Beds

Three factors affecting the structure of nekton communities 9fishes and decapod crustaceans) in eelgrass beds were identified and evaluated: contiguous shoreline type, distance from shore, and macrophyte biomass. Throw traps (1 m2) were used to sample eelgrass nekton at seven locations in Great South Bay (New York, U.S.) along Fire Island National Seashore from May through October 1995. Abundances ofGobiosoma ginsburgi, Apeltes quadracus, andOpsanus tau were significantly higher in eelgrass beds adjacent to salt marshes.Menidia menidia, Syngnathus fuscus, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, andPalaemonetes pugio were significantly more abundant in eelgrass adjacent to beaches. Regression analyses indicated thatSyngnathus fuscus, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, andAnguilla rostrata abundances were positively related to eelgrass biomass, andApeltes quadracus andGobiosoma ginsburgi abundances were highest at moderate levels of macroalgae biomass. The distance of an eelgrass bed from shore was also important. Species generally associated with salt marshes (Fundulus heteroclitus, Cyprinodon variegatus, Lucania parva, andPalaemonetes pugio) were more abundant in eelgrass near the marsh shore. Abundances ofApeltes quadracus, Syngnathus fuscus, Menidia menidia, Hippolyte pleuracanthus, andCrangon septemspinosa increased with distance from the shoreline. Shoreline type, distance from shore, and macrophyte biomass appear to affect the abundance and distribution of some nekton species. The effect of shoreline type may be related to the distribution of macrophyte biomass; the biomasses of eelgrass and macroalgae were significantly higher along beach and marsh shorelines, respectively. Explaining within-habitat variability and identifying microhabitat preferences for nekton will aid in the proper design of future studies and habitat restoration efforts.
Fibrosarcoma mimicking breast fibromatosis.

Fewer than 1% of malignant breast tumors are sarcomas. Lack of correlation between the biologic behavior and histopathologic appearance of these tumors has been reported. A well-differentiated fibrosarcoma could be mistaken for breast fibromatosis, which may be a familial trait and may occur in Gardner syndrome. Forty-three cases of mammary fibromatosis have been reported. Most authors are concerned with misdiag-nosis of breast fibromatosis as a malignant lesion leading to unnecessary mastectomy. However, the result can be disastrous when a well-differentiated fibrosarcoma is diagnosed as fibromatosis and the patient develops lung metastases.
Interpreting semantic clustering effects in free recall

The order in which participants choose to recall words from a studied list of randomly selected words provides insights into how memories of the words are represented, organised, and retrieved. One pervasive finding is that when a pair of semantically related words (e.g., “cat” and “dog”) is embedded in the studied list, the related words are often recalled successively. This tendency to successively recall semantically related words is termed semantic clustering (Bousfield, 1953; Bousfield & Sedgewick, 1944; Cofer, Bruce, & Reicher, 1966). Measuring semantic clustering effects requires making assumptions about which words participants consider to be similar in meaning. However, it is often difficult to gain insights into individual participants’ internal semantic models, and for this reason researchers typically rely on standardised semantic similarity metrics. Here we use simulations to gain insights into the expected magnitudes of semantic clustering effects given systematic differences between partici...
Capsaicin-sensitive nerve fibers: a potential extra-ACTH mechanism participating in adrenal regeneration in rats.

Pituitary-derived factors, including ACTH, have been widely implicated in initiating adrenal regeneration. However, recent work has demonstrated that adrenal regeneration is also modulated by adrenal nerves that extensively reinnervate the regenerating adrenal. Moreover, transection of the splanchnic nerve removes sensory calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and preganglionic sympathetic vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT)-positive fibers from the regenerating gland and delays regeneration. However, it is not known whether the splanchnic nerve effects on adrenal regeneration are mediated by the CGRP-positive or VAChT-positive innervation. The present studies use the drug capsaicin, a neurotoxin selective for a subset of primary afferent neurons, to specifically remove CGRP-positive fibers from the adrenal gland and assess subsequent effects on the recovery of adrenal mass and function after surgical enucleation. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and treated with capsaicin (vs. vehicle) periaxonally to the thoracic splanchnic nerve (33 mM, 15 minutes) or systemically (30-100 mg/kg for 4 days, s.c.). After 7-12 days of recovery, rats received right adrenalectomy and left adrenal enucleation. At 14 and 21 days postenucleation, prestress and poststress plasma and adrenals glands were collected; adrenals were weighed and fixed for immunolabeling of CGRP-positive nerve fibers. Periaxonal capsaicin treatment decreased adrenal CGRP content prior to surgical enucleation; however, reinnervation by CGRP-positive fibers was not prevented and regeneration was not affected. Systemic capsaicin treatment attenuated the reinnervation by CGRP-positive fibers and increased the rate, but not extent, of adrenal regeneration. These results support the hypothesis that adrenal innervation represents an extra-ACTH mechanism to modulate the rate of adrenal regeneration.
I‐Level: a differential counseling system

This article suggests that the counselor, the client, and the counseling strategies employed must be systematically examined in order to maximize the effectiveness of counseling. The authors introduce the Interpersonal Maturity Level Typology as a vehicle through which this can be accomplished. They describe client and counselor types, present the notion of matching, and recommend differential counseling strategies.
Direct selection on genetic robustness revealed in the yeast transcriptome.

Background Evolutionary theory predicts that organisms should evolve the ability to produce high fitness phenotypes in the face of environmental disturbances (environmental robustness) or genetic mutations (genetic robustness). While several studies have uncovered mechanisms that lead to both environmental and genetic robustness, we have yet to understand why some components of the genome are more robust than others. According to evolutionary theory, environmental and genetic robustness will have different responses to selective forces. Selection on environmental robustness for a trait is expected to be strong and related to the fitness costs of altering that trait. In contrast to environmental robustness, selection on genetic robustness for a trait is expected to be largely independent of the fitness cost of altering the trait and instead should correlate with the standing genetic variation for the trait that can potentially be buffered. Several mechanisms that provide both environmental and genetic robustness have been described, and this correlation could be explained by direct selection on both forms of robustness (direct selection hypothesis), or through selection on environmental robustness and a correlated response in genetic robustness (congruence hypothesis).
Inferring Natural Selection on Fine-Scale Chromatin Organization in Yeast

Despite its potential role in the evolution of complex phenotypes, the detection of negative (purifying) and positive selection on noncoding regulatory sequence has been elusive because of the inherent difficulty in predicting the functional consequences of mutations on noncoding sequence. Because the functioning of regulatory sequence depends upon both chromatin configuration and cis-regulatory factor binding, we investigate the idea that the functional conservation of regulatory regions should be associated with the conservation of sequence-dependent bending properties of DNA that determine its affinity for the nucleosome. Recent advances in the computational prediction of sequence-dependent affinity to nucleosomes provide an opportunity to distinguish between neutral and nonneutral evolution of fine-scale chromatin organization. Here, a statistical test is presented for detecting evolutionary conservation and/or adaptive evolution of nucleosome affinity from interspecies comparisons of DNA sequences. Local nucleosome affinities of homologous sequences were calculated using 2 recently published methods. A randomization test was applied to sites of mutation to evaluate the similarity of DNA-nucleosome affinity between several closely related species of Saccharomyces yeast. For most of the genes we analyzed, the conservation of local nucleosome affinity was detected at a few distinct locations in the upstream noncoding region. Our results also demonstrate that different patterns of chromatin evolution have shaped DNA-nucleosome interaction at the core promoters of TATA-containing and TATA-less genes and that elevated purifying selection has maintained low affinity for nucleosome in the core promoters of the latter group. Across the entire yeast genome, DNA-nucleosome interaction was also discovered to be significantly more conserved in TATA-less genes compared with TATA-containing genes.
HPS More Effective than CD-ROM for Improving Cognition and Performance

Abstract Background Military health care personnel need to have knowledge and skills relative to caring for patients on the battlefield. No studies have compared the two strategies of using the human patient simulator (HPS) and a CD-ROM in caring for combat injuries. Method A prospective, pre–post test, experimental, mixed design (within and between) was used to determine whether there were statistically significant differences in HPS and CD-ROM educational strategies in lower-level, higher-level cognition, critical thinking, and performance. Results A repeated analysis of variance and a least significant difference post hoc test were used to analyze the data. The HPS group performed better than the CD-ROM and control groups relative to all the variables ( p Conclusion The HPS method of instruction is a more effective method of teaching than the CD-ROM approach.
Endothelial cells are susceptible to rapid siRNA transfection and gene silencing ex vivo

Background Endothelial gene silencing via small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection represents a promising strategy for the control of vascular disease. Here, we demonstrate endothelial gene silencing in human saphenous vein using three rapid siRNA transfection techniques amenable for use in the operating room. Methods Control siRNA, Cy5 siRNA, or siRNA targeting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) or endothelial specific nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were applied to surplus human saphenous vein for 10 minutes by (i) soaking, (ii) applying 300 mm Hg hyperbaric pressure, or (iii) 120 mm Hg luminal distending pressure. Transfected vein segments were maintained in organ culture. siRNA delivery and gene silencing were assessed by tissue layer using confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Results Distending pressure transfection yielded the highest levels of endothelial siRNA delivery (22% pixels fluorescing) and gene silencing (60% GAPDH knockdown, 55% eNOS knockdown) as compared with hyperbaric (12% pixels fluorescing, 36% GAPDH knockdown, 30% eNOS knockdown) or non-pressurized transfections (10% pixels fluorescing, 30% GAPDH knockdown, 25% eNOS knockdown). Cumulative endothelial siRNA delivery (16% pixels fluorescing) and gene silencing (46% GAPDH knockdown) exceeded levels achieved in the media/adventitia (8% pixels fluorescing, 24% GAPDH knockdown) across all transfection methods. Conclusion Endothelial gene silencing is possible within the time frame and conditions of surgical application without the use of transfection reagents. The high sensitivity of endothelial cells to siRNA transfection marks the endothelium as a promising target of gene therapy in vascular disease.
The International Tuberculosis Campaign: A Pioneering Venture in Mass Vaccination and Research

If an American pediatrician's conversation with Dr. Johannes Holm, a Danish pathisiologist and future director of the International Tuberculosis Campaign, had not been interrupted, the campaign would probably not have become a monumental precedent for world health activities. The International Tuberculosis Campaign was conducted under the auspices of the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund and three Scandinavian voluntary organizations. In a program that started in the war-torn areas of Europe, nearly 30 million persons underwent tuberculin testing, and almost 14 million were given BCG (bacille Calmette-Guerin) vaccine. In addition, a postgraduate school for physicians was initiated, new laboratories were established and old ones were improved, hundreds of young doctors and nurses were introduced to international public health, and, perhaps most important, research and service were successfully integrated. The success of the campaign led to its becoming the first major disease control and research activity of the World Health Organization.
Molar heats of transport of dilute aqueous HCl solutions: A potentiometric study

Heats of transport for dilute aqueous HCl solutions at 25°C have been determined from the measurements of thermoelectric powers of the thermocell $$(T){\text{ }}Ag{\text{ - }}AgCl/HCl(ag.)/Ag - AgCl{\text{ (T + }}\Delta {\text{T)}}$$ The variation of the heat of transport with concentration has been examined up to 0.04M and the molar heat of transport at infinite dilution obtained by extrapolation. Present experimental results may be summarized by the equation $${\text{Q}}^ * = {\text{ }}3397 - 3734I^{1/2} {\text{ + }}33610{\text{I}}^{{\text{3/2}}}$$ whereQ* is the heat of transport in cal-mole−1 andI is the ionic strength.
Bridging the gap between viable but non-culturable and antibiotic persistent bacteria

Microbial dormancy is a widespread phenomenon employed by bacteria to evade environmental threats including antibiotics. This intrinsic mechanism of antibiotic tolerance has drawn special attention to the role of dormancy in human disease, particularly in regards to recurrent infections. Two dormancy states, the viable but non-culturable state and bacterial persistence, both produce antibiotic-tolerant populations capable of withstanding prolonged lethal treatment. Currently described as two distinct forms of dormancy, they are rarely discussed in the same context. We argue here that these two dormant states are closely related phenomena which are part of a shared ‘dormancy continuum’. This discussion is intended to stimulate discourse about these seemingly different but very similar dormant states.
Latent demand for vacation travel: a cross cultural analysis of French and English speaking residents of Ontario and Quebec.

Abstract In contrast to definitions of expressed demand based upon observable buying behavior, the concept of latent demand pertains to those with an interest in participation or “purchase”; who have not translated that interest into action. The study reported here investigated variations between French and English Canadians in their latent demand for visiting selected vacation destinations and the relative influences of cultural compared to socioeconomic antecedents upon latent demand. Findings of the study suggested that differences existed between French and English Canadians in their latent demand for visiting selected destinations and that these variations were attributable to both culture and, to a lesser extent, selected socioeconomic factors. The concept of latent demand includes factors constraining the expression of demand; constraints associated with antecedents that influence latent demand are discussed.
Charge injection into disordered molecular films

Light-emitting devices made by organic or inorganic dielectric films placed between two metal electrodes emit light because of the radiative recombination of positive and negative charge carriers entering the dielectric from the anode and cathode sides, respectively, under applied voltage. Standard vapor-deposition technology of the device construction suggests the remarkable disordering at the metal dielectric interface and in the structure of dielectric film. The structural imperfections strongly affect carrier injection and transport, device efficiency, performance, and stability. In this article we describe the effect of disordering on the injection current through the dielectric layer and discuss the implications for the device performance. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2601–2621, 2003
Threshold voltage tuning and suppression of edge effects in narrow channel MOSFETs using surrounding buried side-gate

Scalable narrow channel silicon nMOSFETs, the threshold voltage of which can be tuned, are demonstrated. The devices use a buried polysilicon side-gate utilising silicon nitride (Si3N4) shallow trench isolation (STI). The side-gate of this device allows the tuning of the threshold voltage (Vt) in a range of approximately 1.5 V with a sensitivity of 0.75 V/V (δVt/δVside). The biased side-gate also suppresses the leakage currents along the silicon–STI interface below 50 fA. This may allow alternative STI materials for increased process and integration flexibility. Surrounding the buried side-gate structure allows very low-power CMOS with threshold tuning in a bulk structure.
Enhanced Hydrogen Storage on Pt-Doped Carbon by Plasma Reduction

Hydrogen adsorption properties of a superactived carbon (AX-21) doped with Pt nanoparticles by using plasma reduction were studied and were compared with that by using traditional H2 reduction. The hydrogen storage capacity was significantly increased by plasma reduction. The H2 storage capacity on Pt-doped AX-21 at 298 K and 10 MPa was increased from 1.19 wt % (by H2 reduction) to 1.46 wt % on the sample obtained by plasma reduction. The plasma-reduced sample produced 1.5−3 nm Pt particles that were highly dispersed on carbon, and most interestingly, the metal particles were recessed into the carbon substrate. Both isosteric heats of adsorption and the activation energies for spillover were decreased by plasma reduction, which was evidence that the energy barrier for H spillover was lowered by plasma treatment, resulting in faster rates as well as higher spillover capacities. Mechanisms for plasma reduction and for edge recession of the metal particles into carbon are proposed.
Ultrastructural changes in the nervous system after chronic exposure to halothane.

Abstract The ultrastructural pathology of the rat nervous system after chronic exposure to low levels of halothane was investigated. After 8 wk of exposure to 10 ppm halothane, collapse of the neuronal rough endoplasmic reticulum was observed. Dilatation of the Golgi complex and focal cytoplasmic vacuolation were observed within many cortical neurons. After exposure to 500 ppm halothane, vacuolation of the Golgi complex became even more severe. Membraneous degeneration of the neuronal mitochondria, intracellular edema of the glial cells, and necrosis of the cortical neurons could also be found. The present study indicates that halothane is neurotoxic and may be considered as an occupational hazard.
Simulation of free-electron lasers in the presence of measured magnetic field errors of the undulator

The intrinsic errors of actual magnetic undulators yield a degraded performance of the free electron laser (FEL) with respect to that obtained from ideal models of the magnetic undulator. The impact of these errors have been theoretically and computationally investigated for simple error models, in which the field errors have uniform or sinusoidal spatial extent and amplitudes which are statistically independent for each magnet pole piece. These simple models have been recently extended to include more complicated spatial structures and statistically correlated field errors in the analysis of the FEL performance. The measured data of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) undulator will be fit by the more advanced models. We present numerical simulation of the FEL in the presence of measured field errors.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Vaccine therapy for renal cancer

Immunotherapy for cancer has remained in the experimental stage for more than a century. This lengthy duration reflects as much the scope of failures in the area as it does the continuous and remarkable expansion of the understanding of immune responses and host-tumor interaction. Immunotherapy for cancer largely has focused on immunization with peptides or whole antigens, intact tumor cells, or dendritic cells pulsed with antigenic peptides isolated from cancers. Several potential vaccines have been evaluated for the treatment of patients with renal cell cancer. They include heat-shock protein-peptide complex-96, attenuated modified vaccinia Ankara virus encoding 5T4 tumor-associated antigen, dendritic cell pulsed with tumor lysate, dendritic cell-tumor cell hybrid, and irradiated tumor cells admixed with adjuvants. Promising results were obtained in clinical trials, but issues of tumor immunosuppression and lack of identified tumor-associated antigens must be addressed before vaccine therapy can be applied successfully in advanced renal cell cancer.
Difference approximations for wave equations via finite elements. I. Construction and performance

Many practical applications of wave equations involve media in which there are interfaces, or discontinuities in material properties. The accurate numerical representation of these interfaces is important in mathematical models. One can develop generalizations of standard finite-difference methods that accommodate sharp interfaces by modifying a straightforward finite-element approach. In two space dimensions, these methods yield explicit, 5-point or 9-point difference schemes that accurately capture reflection, transmission, and refraction at interfaces. The approach also extends readily to the simulation of waves in elastic media. A companion article presents an error analysis for the approach. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluation of Adapted Wheat Cultivars for Tolerance to Pythium Root Rot.

Higginbotham, R. W., Paulitz, T. C., Campbell, K. G., and Kidwell, K. K. 2004. Evaluation of adapted wheat cultivars for tolerance to Pythium root rot. Plant Dis. 88:1027-1032. Genetic resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum) against Pythium species would be an efficient means of control of this major root fungal pathogen, but so far no source has been identified. In addition, no long-term, sustainable options for controlling Pythium root rot are available; therefore, identifying and then incorporating genetic resistance into wheat cultivars would create an ideal method of control for this disease. The objective of this study was to examine the level of tolerance to Pythium root rot among a diverse set of wheat germ plasm collected from all major wheat production regions in the United States. Pythium debaryanum isolate 90136 and P. ultimum isolate 90038, previously identified as the most virulent Pythium isolates on wheat, were used to infest pasteurized soil, which was seeded with wheat genotypes and placed in a growth chamber maintained at a constant 16°C with a 12-h photoperiod and ambient humidity. Length of the first leaf and plant height measurements were recorded, and roots were digitally scanned to create computer files that were analyzed using WinRhizo software for length and number of tips. Significant (P < 0.05) differences in plant variables were detected among wheat genotypes in the presence of both Pythium species, and a significant (P < 0.0001) correlation between plant stunting and root loss was detected. Based on both shoot and root measurements, Caledonia, Chinese Spring, MN97695, and OR942504 appear to be highly susceptible to Pythium root rot, whereas genotypes KS93U161, OH708, and Sunco were the most tolerant to this disease.
Astronomically high CA 19-9 in a patient with a benign lesion

The carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 level (normal reference range 0 - 37 kU/l) has been used as a tumour marker for malignancies of the hepatobiliary tract and pancreas, and is also known to be elevated in several benign biliary conditions. Moderately high values are seen in benign disease, but levels in the thousands are considered to indicate a malignant lesion. A value of 5 000 - 16 000 kU/l) is considered to be very high or extremely high.
A Middleware Architecture for Enhancing Web Services Infrastructure for Distributed Coordination of Workflows

This paper discusses a layered workflow software architecture for distributed coordination of workflows over Web services and proposes fundamental enhancements to the web services infrastructure that facilitate the layered workflow software architecture. We verify our layered approach using a detailed simulation and a proof-of-concept prototype implementation. Our proposed architecture for Web service coordination management middleware (WSCMM) is a simple but powerful enhancement to the web service infrastructure enabling the services to locally manage their dependencies and to handle messages resulting from multiple workflows. We have carried out a detailed simulation to identify key components of our middleware architecture. We also compare and contrast our architecture with the current web service technologies. Our experiments demonstrate that we can develop both centralized and distributed workflows over the architecturally enhanced web services with relative simplicity. In addition, our lightweight coordination components with footprint no larger than 150 KB allow these workflows to be executed even on a handheld.
Biological Imaging Using Nanoparticles of Small Organic Molecules with Fluorescence Emission at Wavelengths Longer than 1000 nm

Embedded in a polymer: A hydrophobic organic molecule that fluoresces in the near-infrared II (NIR-II) region was made water-soluble and biocompatible by its embedment in a polymer nanoparticle, which was then coated with hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) chains. The resulting nanoparticles exhibit bright fluorescence in the NIR-II window and high photostability in aqueous media and were used for in vivo imaging in mice.
Mentoring in context: A comparison of two U.S. programs for beginning teachers

Abstract In reporting on one aspect of a national center's research on teacher education, this chapter examines two U.S. programs in which experienced teachers are expected to play major roles in the induction and socialization of beginning teachers. By exploring connections between what experienced teachers in the two projects do and the organizational and intellectual contexts within which they work, this analysis demonstrates that the contextual conditions of mentoring can lead to striking differences in the definition and enactment of mentoring roles. The final section then relates this comparative study to broader claims about the power of mentoring to improve teaching.
Engineering Excellence in Breakthrough Biomedical Technologies: Bioengineering at the University of California, Riverside

The Department of Bioengineering at the University of California, Riverside (UCR), was established in 2006 and is the youngest department in the Bourns College of Engineering. It is an interdisciplinary research engine that builds strength from highly recognized experts in biochemistry, biophysics, biology, and engineering, focusing on common critical themes. The range of faculty research interests is notable for its diversity, from the basic cell biology through cell function to the physiology of the whole organism, each directed at breakthroughs in biomedical devices for measurement and therapy. The department forges future leaders in bioengineering, mirroring the field in being energetic, interdisciplinary, and fast moving at the frontiers of biomedical discoveries. Our educational programs combine a solid foundation in bio logical sciences and engineering, diverse communication skills, and training in the most advanced quantitative bioengineering research. Bioengineering at UCR also includes the Bioengineering Interdepartmental Graduate (BIG) program. With its slogan Start-Grow-Be-BIG, it is already recognized for its many accomplishments, including being third in the nation in 2011 for bioengineering students receiving National Science Foundation graduate research fellowships as well as being one of the most ethnically inclusive programs in the nation.
An efficient UWB radio architecture for busy signal MAC protocols

Large wireless ad hoc and sensor networks impose tight constraints on cost and power dissipation, so nodes usually adopt a single transceiver approach. Since a single transceiver cannot assess the status of existing transmissions, it wastes valuable time and energy on handshaking packets and corrupted packets. To avoid such overhead, we propose a single transceiver approach based on ultra wideband (UWB) and a companion medium access control (MAC) layer based on busy tone multiple access (BTMA). BTMA reduces the time and energy spent on collisions as compared to handshaking protocols. It is well suited for ad hoc and sensor networks since it permits random, distributed medium access with no central point of failure. The single transceiver leverages the inherently low duty cycle of impulse-based UWB (I-UWB) to assess the status of a packet during its transmission. This paper describes the I-UWB system architecture, and simulations show that it effectively detects a busy signal without affecting data transmission.
Evaluating Bias and Variability in Diagnostic Test Reports

Diagnostic testing is an important component of modern medical care. Unfortunately, many diagnostic tests are not rigorously evaluated before general application. Studies examining test characteristics often have methodologic flaws that impair their ability to provide reliable information on test performance. These flaws can introduce systematic nonrandom errors (biases) that distort measures of test accuracy. Other design errors can make it difficult to generalize the results of individual studies. These problems may enhance the apparent performance of poor tests while obscuring the performance of good tests, and they may result in the widespread use of tests with uncertain or limited efficacy. This article explores the ways in which studies of diagnostic test efficacy can be affected by bias and variability.
Multicommunicating: A Practice Whose Time Has Come?

We offer the concept of multicommunicating to describe overlapping conversations, an increasingly common occurrence in the technology-enriched workplace. We define multicommunicating, distinguish it from other behaviors, and develop propositions for future research. Our work extends the literature on technology-stimulated restructuring and reveals one of the opportunities provided by lean media—specifically, an opportunity to multicommunicate. We conclude that the concept of multicommunicating has value both to the scholar and to the practicing manager.
Term level search result diversification

Current approaches for search result diversification have been categorized as either implicit or explicit. The implicit approach assumes each document represents its own topic, and promotes diversity by selecting documents for different topics based on the difference of their vocabulary. On the other hand, the explicit approach models the set of query topics, or aspects. While the former approach is generally less effective, the latter usually depends on a manually created description of the query aspects, the automatic construction of which has proven difficult. This paper introduces a new approach: term-level diversification. Instead of modeling the set of query aspects, which are typically represented as coherent groups of terms, our approach uses terms without the grouping. Our results on the ClueWeb collection show that the grouping of topic terms provides very little benefit to diversification compared to simply using the terms themselves. Consequently, we demonstrate that term-level diversification, with topic terms identified automatically from the search results using a simple greedy algorithm, significantly outperforms methods that attempt to create a full topic structure for diversification.
Survey Instrument Validity Part I: Principles of Survey Instrument Development and Validation in Athletic Training Education Research.

Context: Instrument validation is an important facet of survey research methods and athletic trainers must be aware of the important underlying principles. Objective: To discuss the process of survey development and validation, specifically the process of construct validation. Background: Athletic training researchers frequently employ the use of survey research for topics such as clinical instruction and supervision, burnout, and professional development; however, researchers have not always used proper procedures to ensure instrument validity and reliability for the data collection process. Description: Four major methods exist to establish the validity of an instrument: face, content, criterion related, and construct. When developing a survey to measure a previously unexplored construct (eg, an athletic trainer's attitudes toward appropriate exertional heat stroke treatment), researchers should employ a four-step process: (1) defining constructs and content domain, (2) generating and judging measuremen...
Predictors of outcome in schizophrenia: the concept of time

The ability to predict the treatment response of patients with schizophrenia has been the goal of an extensive number of studies (reviewed in Lieberman and Kane 1986, Lieberman and Sobel 1993, Lieberman and Koreen 1993, Lieberman et al. 1994). Measures that have been examined as potential predictors of treatment outcome can be classified into several categories. These include historical, constitutional, environmental, phenomenologic and biologic variables. The ability of these measures to be predictive of treatment outcome is dependent on in what phase of the illness they are being assessed and when in the course of illness outcome is being assessed. In addition, there are a number of factors that can influence the expression and ability to identify measures that might be predictive of treatment outcome (Table 1).
Prediction of Major Clinical Endpoints in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy: Through the Eye of the Electrophysiologist∗

Traditional predictors of survival in patients with ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM), such as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and New York Heart Association functional class, are commonly used for risk stratification in clinical practice; yet, attempts to identify additional
Latent Class Analysis in Prevention Science

Often prevention researchers have an innate sense that important and noticable difference exist in the popoulatoin that they are studying. In fact, it is usually of utmost importance to identify and understand the meaningful, yet often subtle, differences that might exist. Latent class analysis (LCA) has a rich history as an analytical tool for many disciplines and provides a unique opportunity for prevention scientists to better understand those nuanced differences—that is, heterogeneity—in a population. A better understanding of the population is likely to lead to better treatment outcomes, such as more specifically tailored interventions. Further, the intervention or program may have different effects for different parts of a targeted population; thus, a one-size-fits-all approach to studying intervention effects will not properly describe the ways in which the intervention made a difference. In this way, LCA offers the opportunity to allow for treatment effects to be estimated separately for different subgroups of interest—that is, to investigate potential mechanisms by which certain effects are produced.
ECCENTRIC Buildings: Evaporative Cooling in Constructed ENvelopes by Transmission and Retention Inside Casings of Buildings

Abstract New research on evaporative cooling and breathable walls has demonstrated the potential for smart designs where conductive, convective, and radiative heat fluxes are matched or supplemented through low-energy natural phenomena such as wet-bulb temperature depression associated with evaporation. This research seeks to examine the operational and theoretical performance of novel vapor permeable evaporative cooling membrane layers. Latent heat is removed through the evaporation of water through the membrane, where contaminants remain in solution as the hydrophobic membrane allows for passage of only water vapor. Through steady-state analysis of a proposed cooling system for building exterior walls, cooling capacity was shown to exceed cooling loads for large indoor areas. Candidate materials produced from recycled glass were examined through sintering, hydrophobing, and other processes to create materials with the requisite properties specified by simulations. Real data acquired for Princeton, NJ from July 2011 was inputted to the simulations to quantify behavior of the system under real conditions. Even in the humid climate of New Jersey in July, the system can supplement a conventional cooling system, acting as a buffer between interior and external environments. Additionally, the novel mathematical model developed to simulate this evaporative process is in 0.04 ± 0.28 °C agreement to measured data.
NEURONAL CONTROL OF ACCURATE LOCOMOTION

![][1] We may associate Olympic gymnasts with extreme precision and coordination, but in nature, precise movements are performed without much notice every day. Complex environments pose as an obstacle to steady locomotion, and yet animals appear to cope with these obstacles
Learning in planarians as a function of interstimulus interval

Efficiency of classical conditioning of 72 planarians was studied as a function of the interstimulus interval. Results indicate that the most meaningful response measure is the longitudinal body contraction. Two forward conditioning groups were significantly superior to two backward conditioning, one simultaneity, and one pseudoconditioning control group.
Zinc depletion modifies CD5 expression by 70Z/3 murine pre-B leukemia cell line.

Abstract.CD5 expression on B cells is regulated by certain humoral factors. In a pre-B leukemia cell line 70Z/3, we found that interleukin 4 down-regulates it. Herein, we report that zinc influence...
Applications of transglutaminase plus a stabilizer in improving the processing characteristics of stirred yogurt product

This paper studies the effects of transglutaminase(TG),in combination with the stabilizer,on the viscosity,whey precipitation and final sensory appearance of stirred yogurt product.The blending parameters of TG and F-1001 were optimized.Compared to the TG-free yogurt as control,addition of TG to milk increased the viscosity of the stirred yogurt from 38.9% to 75.6%,and reduced the whey precipitation rate from 81.4% to 92.5%,improving significantly the sensory appearance of the final yogurts.The optimal dosage of TG was 6 U/g(calculated in milk protein).Compared to the stirred yogurt that only contained the stabilizer F-1001,the blend of TG plus stabilizer increased the viscosity of stirred yogurt to 56.6%,decreased whey precipitation rate,and extended the shelf life of final product from 7 days to 15 days.The optimized dosages for thestabilizer and TG in blending were 0.2% and 3 U/g(calculated in milk protein),respectively.
Palliation of Painful Bone Metastases from Prostate Cancer Using Sodium Etidronate: Results of a Randomized, Prospective, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

Sodium etidronate is a diphosphonate compound that inhibits bone resorption and mineralization. The drug has been reported to be highly effective for the palliation of painful bone metastasis from prostatic cancer. Fifty-seven patients were entered into a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sodium etidronate. All patients had hormone refractory metastatic prostatic cancer and bone pain requiring analgesics. No difference was seen in the symptomatic response rate or analgesic requirement between patients treated with sodium etidronate and placebo. With the dose scheme used in this study sodium etidronate was ineffective for palliation of bone pain from prostatic cancer.
Rapid Synthesis of Thin and Long Mo17O47 Nanowire-Arrays in an Oxygen Deficient Flame.

Mo17O47 nanowire-arrays are promising active materials and electrically-conductive supports for batteries and other devices. While high surface area resulting from long, thin, densely packed nanowires generally leads to improved performance in a wide variety of applications, the Mo17O47 nanowire-arrays synthesized previously by electrically-heated chemical vapor deposition under vacuum conditions were relatively thick and short. Here, we demonstrate a method to grow significantly thinner and longer, densely packed, high-purity Mo17O47 nanowire-arrays with diameters of 20–60 nm and lengths of 4–6 μm on metal foil substrates using rapid atmospheric flame vapor deposition without any chamber or walls. The atmospheric pressure and 1000 °C evaporation temperature resulted in smaller diameters, longer lengths and order-of-magnitude faster growth rate than previously demonstrated. As explained by kinetic and thermodynamic calculations, the selective synthesis of high-purity Mo17O47 nanowires is achieved due to low oxygen partial pressure in the flame products as a result of the high ratio of fuel to oxidizer supplied to the flame, which enables the correct ratio of MoO2 and MoO3 vapor concentrations for the growth of Mo17O47. This flame synthesis method is therefore a promising route for the growth of composition-controlled one-dimensional metal oxide nanomaterials for many applications.