cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aristotle Wittgenstein, Alias Isaac Newton between Fact and Substance

In spite of what many contemporary philosophers might claim, every human being holds certain metaphysical ideas. No more is meant by this than that every human being has some idea of what he considers to be real, as opposed to mere thought or fancy. Generally speaking, there are three sorts of entities which most people would at some point or other hold to be real: things, facts and events. Most people would say that this table is real, that Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo was real, and that the event of their birth was real. Indeed, our ‘ontological commitment’ to things, facts and events is so immediate and irresistible hat ordinary discourse tends to use the three terms indiscriminately. It seems to make little difference whether one believes in Napoleon defeated, or in the fact of his defeat, or, yet again, in the event of that defeat.
High-Load Resistance Exercise Augments Androgen Receptor–DNA Binding and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling without Increases in Serum/Muscle Androgens or Androgen Receptor Content

The purpose of this study was (1) to determine the effect of single bouts of volume- and intensity-equated low- (LL) and high-load (HL) full-body resistance exercise (RE) on AR-DNA binding, serum/muscle testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, muscle androgen receptor (AR), and AR-DNA binding; and, (2) to determine the effect of RE on sarcoplasmic and nucleoplasmic β-catenin concentrations in order to determine their impact on mediating AR-DNA binding in the absence/presence of serum/muscle androgen and AR protein. In a cross-over design, 10 resistance-trained males completed volume- and intensity-equated LL and HL full-body RE. Blood and muscle samples were collected at pre-, 3 h-, and 24 h post-exercise. Separate 2 × 3 factorial analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with repeated measures and pairwise comparisons with a Bonferroni adjustment were used to analyze the main effects. No significant differences were observed in muscle AR, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, or serum total testosterone in either condition (p > 0.05). Serum-free testosterone was significantly decreased 3 h post-exercise and remained significantly less than baseline 24 h post-exercise in both conditions (p 0.05). Moreover, sarcoplasmic β-catenin was significantly greater in HL (p 0.05). In conclusion, increases in AR-DNA binding in response to HL RE indicate AR signaling may be load-dependent. Furthermore, despite the lack of increase in serum and muscle androgens or AR content following HL RE, elevations in AR-DNA binding with elevated sarcoplasmic β-catenin suggests β-catenin may be facilitating this response.
FRAPCON and FRAPTRAN codes: Fuel rod performance analysis codes under normal and accident conditions

Abstract FRAPCON and FRAPTRAN are two 1.5-D performance analysis codes that are developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for nuclear regulatory commission to evaluate in-pile behaviors of fuel rods in pressurized water reactors or boiling water reactors under normal operation conditions. This chapter reviewed these two famous and widely used codes in three sections. In the first section, objectives, relations, limitations, and development histories of the two codes were introduced. The steady-state codes, FRAPCON-4.0 and its transient companion code, FRAPTRAN-2.0, were fully restructured and modularized in the latest version in 2016 to be more readable. In the next section the main models applied in the two codes, including thermohydraulic model, mechanical model, fission gas release model, internal gas pressure model, and balloon model for FRAPTRAN, were briefly introduced. These models are fully coupled via gap condition between cladding and pellet. In the last section, relevant validations on operational condition, loss of coolant accident and reactivity initiated accident, were also introduced and proofed that these two codes have high accuracy in a certain range. The calculation of these two codes is fast, highly robust, and well assessed, and they are great tools for evaluating the steady-state or transient performance of the fuel. However, due to the fundamental assumptions of the two codes, the axial and hoop heat transfer are ignored. Besides, the radial cladding stresses are also ignored due to the plane strain hypothesis. These disadvantages limit their further application compared with 3D codes, such as BISON. Further modifications are still needed before the codes are applicated in other reactors with different geometry fuels or other forward position fields, such as plate-type fuel and accident tolerant fuel.
Kappa opioid receptor activation in the amygdala disinhibits CRF neurons to generate pain-like behaviors

Recent evidence suggests that kappa opioid receptors (KOR) in limbic brain regions such as the amygdala contribute to pain conditions, but underlying mechanisms remain to be determined. The amygdala is an important player in averse-affective aspects of pain and pain modulation. The central nucleus (CeA) serves output functions through projection neurons that include corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) expressing neurons. The CeA is also rich in KOR. Here we tested the novel hypothesis that KOR activation in the CeA generates pain-like behaviors through a mechanism that involves inhibition of synaptic inhibition (disinhibition) of CRF neurons. Intra-CeA administration of a KOR agonist (U-69,593) increased vocalizations of naive rats to noxious stimuli, and induced anxiety-like behaviors in the open field test (OFT) and avoidance in the conditioned place preference test, without affecting mechanosensory thresholds. Optogenetic silencing of CeA-CRF neurons blocked the facilitatory effects of systemically applied U-69,593 in naive rats. Patch-clamp recordings of CRF neurons in rat brain slices found that U-69,593 decreased feedforward inhibitory transmission evoked by optogenetic stimulation of parabrachial afferents, but had no effect on monosynaptic excitatory transmission. U-69,593 decreased frequency, but not amplitude, of inhibitory synaptic currents, suggesting a presynaptic action. Multiphoton imaging of CeA-CRF neurons in rat brain slices showed that U-69,593 increased calcium signals evoked by electrical stimulation of presumed parabrachial input. This study shows for the first time that KOR activation increases activity of amygdala CRF neurons through synaptic disinhibition, resulting in averse-affective pain-like behaviors. Blocking KOR receptors may therefore represent a novel therapeutic strategy.
23.2 A 436-to-467GHz Lens-Integrated Reconfigurable Radiating Source with Continuous 2D Steering and Multi-Beam Operations in 65nm CMOS

High-resolution and fast imaging/sensing at THz requires highly directive steerable beams for scanning the object. A coherent array of coupled sources could improve the radiated power but requires mechanical and slow scanning of the object [1]. Phased array systems could use beam steering to scan the object at a higher speed, but in both coherent-array and phased-array systems, large array sizes with high power consumption are needed to generate a highly directive and narrow beam for high image resolution [2 –4]. Although Si lens can be used to increase directivity in a phased array, the steering capability is significantly diminished [5]. Therefore, arrays of non-coherent sources are used with Si lens to illuminate different parts of the object with each source with high directivity [6]. The firing angle of each source is determined by the ratio of its displacement $(L_{dis})$ from the lens center to the lens radius $(R_{lens})$, as shown in Fig. 23.2.1 [1]. However, this type of source can only illuminate the object in discrete steps determined by beam spacing, which in turn is limited by the inevitable distance between adjacent sources on the chip. Being constrained to independent single pixels for illumination leads to loss of resolution and blind spots between the neighboring beams (Fig. 23.2.1). A larger lens can improve the resolution by reducing the beam spacing but at the cost of a smaller total scanning range.
Proportional Smile Design : Using the Recurring Esthetic Dental Proportion to Correlate the Widths and Lengths of the Maxillary Anterior Teeth with the Size of the Face

Proportional smile design is a useful tool for evaluating and designing smiles that are in harmony with the face. Although not always observed in nature, the recurring esthetic dental proportion is preferred by dentists surveyed to the width proportions observed in nature with normal-length teeth. The width/length ratio of the central incisor is a key determinant in providing a smile that is pleasing to dentists. Using the desired tooth length while maintaining the preferred 78% width/length ratio of the central incisor in conjunction with the recommended recurring esthetic dental proportion is a good method for designing a smile balanced with the face.
Research and Statistics

Medical statistics deals with applications of statistics to medicine and the health sciences including epidemiology, public health, forensic medicine, and clinical research.
Power quality enhancement for nonlinear unbalanced loads through improved active power filter control

This paper presents a modified synchronous reference frame for Active Power Filter control (APF) to compensate for harmonics and reactive power for both balanced and unbalanced non-linear loads. The proposed controller autonomously detects different power quality problems, filters out load created harmonics and compensates for unbalances and/or DC offsets resulting from non-linear loads connected at the point of common coupling (PCC). The main objective of the controller is to force the AC grid currents at the PCC to be balanced three-phase currents with minor harmonics regardless of the characteristics of the local AC load. In addition, the developed controller uses only current measurements which reduces the cost and complexity of system implementation. The performance of the developed controller was examined under several extreme cases, including: non-linear loads, distorted load currents, unbalanced loads, loss of one supply phase and existence of DC current component conditions. The results show that the developed controller succeeds to improve power quality at the PCC under various loading conditions.
Abstract A01: A-803467, a sodium channel blocker, reverses ABCG2-mediated MDR in vitro as well as in vivo

The ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G, isoform 2 protein (ABCG2) is a vital member of the ABC transporter superfamily, which has been involved in multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer. Its diverse range of substrates includes many antineoplastic agents such as doxorubicin and mitoxantrone. ABCG2 expression has been significantly increased in some solid tumors and hematologic malignancies, which is correlated to poorer clinical outcomes. In addition, ABCG2 expression is a distinguishing feature of cancer stem cells, whereby this membranous transporter imparts resistance to the chemotherapeutic drugs. To enhance the chemosensitivity of cancer cells, attention has been focused on MDR modulators. In this study, we investigated the ability of sodium channel blocker, A-803467 to reverse ABCG2-mediated MDR. We found that A-803467 at non-toxic concentration could significantly increase the cellular sensitivity to ABCG2 substrates in drug-resistant cells overexpressing either wild-type or mutant ABCG2. Mechanistic studies indicated that A-803467 (7.5 μM) significantly increased the intracellular accumulation resulted from inhibition of the efflux of mitoxantrone by inhibiting the transport activity without altering expression level of ABCG2 protein. Furthermore, ATPase analysis indicates that A-803467 stimulates the ATPase activity in membranes overexpressing ABCG2. in-vivo results indicating that tumor volume was significantly decreased by combination of A-803467 with topotecan when compared to the topotecan and A-803467 alone group. Our findings suggest that A-803467 has the potential to be used in combination with ABCG2 chemotherapeutic substrates to augment the response in drug resistant cancers. Citation Format: Nagaraju Anreddy, Priyank Kumar, Atish Patel, Yun-Kai Zhang, Yijun Wang, Rishil Kathawala, John D. Wurpel, Zhe-Sheng Chen. A-803467, a sodium channel blocker, reverses ABCG2-mediated MDR in vitro as well as in vivo. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Drug Sensitivity and Resistance: Improving Cancer Therapy; Jun 18-21, 2014; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(4 Suppl): Abstract nr A01.
A technique for functional liver autotransplantation. Observations on survival, function, and regeneration of the autotransplant.

Abstract A two-stage technique for successful liver autotransplantation in the rat is described. In the first stage a portion of liver is attached to the spleen for the purpose of establishing adequate collateral circulation. Bile drainage is secured by catheterizing the bile duct of the autotransplant with a polyethylene tube. In the second stage, a portion of liver attached to the spleen is separated from the bulk of the liver and a Roux-en-Y hepatojejunostomy is performed. No difference in the histological appearance, the glucose-6-phosphatase activity, DNA, and protein contents between transplant and liver in situ could be demonstrated. After partial hepatectomy of the liver in situ incorporation of tritium-labeled thymidine was the same in the remnant in situ and in the autotransplant.
Neurogenic mixed evoked potentials

Publisher Summary This chapter describes neurogenic mixed evoked potential (NMEP) as an evoked potential of averaged responses recorded over lower extremity peripheral nerves elicited with spinal stimulation rostral to the surgical field. It reviews that NMEPs were introduced to meet a recognized need to monitor spinal motor pathways in addition to the sensory pathways. The chapter discusses that the use of NMEPs subsequently waned with the realization that they may not reliably assess the anterior spinal cord and with the wider adoption of transcranial motor evoked potentials (TcMEPs). In addition to the description of classic NMEP testing, alterations to the method that may produce a true MEP are discussed. The chapter also reviews that the NMEP and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) may be used as complementary tests. For this purpose, the SEP is less plagued by the occasional technical difficulties encountered with NMEPs and may be used to assess the upper extremity and intracranial pathways in addition to the lower levels. The NMEP, on the other hand, is insensitive to anesthetic agents and less affected by organic brain dysfunction than is the cortical SEP.
Absence of a carbohydrate modification does not affect the level or subcellular localization of three membrane glycoproteins in modB mutants of Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract The accumulation and localization of four developmentally regulated membrane glycoproteins were examined in a glycosylation mutant of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. As judged by immunoblot procedures using antipeptide antibodies, the levels of three of the glycoproteins, WGA80B, SP29A, and SP29B, were unaffected, but their apparent molecular masses were reduced by 14,000, 3,500 and 3,500 daltons, respectively. The level of the fourth glycoprotein, gp80, was reduced to below detectable limits. The reduced molecular sizes were apparently due to the absence of certain carbohydrate structures as judged by labeling Western blots with anti-carbohydrate antibodies and a lectin. Using immunofluorescence labeling of permeabilized and intact cells, the localization of WGA80B, SP29A, and SP29B, in intracellular vesicles and on the cell surface of prespore cells, was observed to be unaffected in the mutant cells. The developmentally regulated oligosaccharide structure(s) affected by the modB locus does not influence the subcellular localization and accumulation of these three glycoproteins in the prespore cells of this phylogenetically primitive organism.
The Environmental Crisis

Abstract The environmental crisis has remained largely outside of social work discourse. The profession in North America has not been part of the discussion to identify new social structures and economic relationships that are being developed in response to environmental destruction. This article highlights some impacts of the environmental crisis and discusses beliefs and values seen as the root causes of ecological destruction and the social injustice connected with it. The author presents the characteristics of an alternative view, one based on the importance of a healthy Earth for a fulfilled humanity. A role for social work and social work education within this alternative view is discussed.
Appraisal of the Health Behavior of Junior High School Students

Abstract This investigation appraised the health behavior of seventh- and eighth-grade students as measured by the responses to the Colebank Health Behavior Inventory and attendance records. Significant differences favoring girls were found in the mean total test scores and in the knowledge and practice subpart scores on the Inventory. Highest mean scores were established in the health attitude subpart of the CHBI. Only nominal or nonsignificant differences were evidenced between Inventory items and scores of attendance groups. Findings for curriculum development in health education were discussed.
Addressing Inequality: Framing Social Protection in National Development Strategies

It is important to address different inequalities and one way to achieve this is through social protection as a mechanism for redistribution. Achieving social justice and a reduction in inequalities through social protection will also require other policies to be in place. This article suggests that social protection will be most effective at reducing inequalities if it is integrated in a coherent national development strategy (NDS), which provides a framework for policy formulation and linkages, and if policies are rooted in solid analysis to enable them to target specific inequalities. It also argues that NDSs need to be formulated so that they are based on alternative visions of development that give voice to various groups, notably the excluded. ActionAid's NDS project is provided as an example of how to reduce inequalities and advance redistributive and transformative social protection.
The Effect of PIT Tagging on Survival, Tag Retention, and Weight Gain in Fingerling White Bass

We tagged fingerling white bass, Morone chrysops, with passive integrated transponders (PIT) at two body locations (peritoneal cavity and dorsal musculature) and six weight classes to evaluate survival, tag retention, and weight gain during a 28-day experimental period. The probability of survival (as calculated by logistic regression) was >95% for fingerlings >19 g for both PC and DM. Retention of PIT tags varied between PC and DM tagged white bass in 6 g and 14 g fingerlings. The probability of tag retention was 100% in all sizes of fingerlings tagged PC, and >95% for fish >19 g tagged DM.
Nicotine enhances the locomotor stimulating but not the conditioned rewarding effect of ethanol in DBA/2J mice.

Background One hypothesis to explain the high rate of nicotine and alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) co-abuse is that these drugs have enhanced rewarding effects when taken together. The goal of this work was to use the conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure to determine whether nicotine would enhance the development of EtOH-induced CPP. Methods The conditioned rewarding effects of nicotine (1 or 2 mg/kg of nicotine tartrate), EtOH (1 g/kg), and nicotine plus EtOH in combination were assessed using a well-established CPP procedure chosen specifically for examining alterations in the development of EtOH-induced CPP by nicotine. In addition, the reference dose procedure was used to directly compare the conditioned rewarding effect of EtOH versus nicotine plus EtOH. DBA/2J mice were used because they are an inbred strain that has repeatedly been shown to develop CPP to EtOH. Results Neither dose of nicotine alone produced CPP, whereas EtOH did, using the standard EtOH CPP procedure. The magnitude of EtOH-induced CPP was not affected by co-administration of 1 mg/kg nicotine, but 2 mg/kg nicotine interfered with the development of EtOH-induced CPP. Using the reference dose procedure, there was no significant preference or aversion for either nicotine + EtOH dose combination versus EtOH alone. However, combined nicotine and EtOH had a larger effect on locomotor activity, during the conditioning trials, compared to their additive effect when given alone, consistent with previous data. Conclusions These data do not support the hypothesis that nicotine enhances the conditioned rewarding effect of EtOH. This finding differs from the combined locomotor stimulant effects of nicotine and EtOH that were observed in this study and in our previously published work, and suggests that combined stimulant effects of nicotine and EtOH do not predict enhanced reward.
Feasibility of entrainment with ankle mechanical perturbation to treat locomotor deficit of neurologically impaired patients

Entraining human gait with periodic torque from a robot may provide a novel approach to robot-aided walking therapy that is competent to exploit the natural oscillating dynamics of human walking. To test the feasibility of this strategy we applied a periodic ankle torque to neurologically impaired patients (one with stroke and one with multiple sclerosis). As observed in normal human walking, both patients adapted their gait periods to synchronize with the perturbation by phase-locking the robotic torque at terminal stance phase. In addition, their gait cadence became significantly faster due to the training with clear after effects when the perturbation ceased. These results support a new strategy for walking therapy that exploits an embedded neural oscillator interacting with peripheral mechanics and the resulting natural dynamics of walking, which are essential but hitherto neglected elements of walking therapy.
Ammonium and nitrate as nitrogen sources in two Eriophorum species

We compared ammonium and nitrate nutrition in Eriophorum scheuchzeri and E. vaginatum, two Alaskan sedges that are native to high- and low-fertility sites, respectively. When grown in solution culture, the two species were similar in their kinetics of NHinf4sup+NOinf3sup-absorption: at nitrogen concentrations below 50 μM, net NHinf4sup+and NOinf3sup-were absorbed at similar rates, but at higher concentrations, net uptake of NOinf3sup-was significantly faster than that of NHinf4sup+. The two species also showed similar abilities to assimilate NOinf3sup-. Growth of E. vaginatum under NOinf3sup-nutrition was only slightly less than that under NHinf4sup+. The observed similarities between these species from contrasting edaphic habitats indicate that factors other than tissue-specific rates of nitrogen acquisition and assimilation may underlie local adaptation to soil N fertility. Moreover, the capacity of these species to exploit NOinf3sup-as a N source supports the view that NOinf3sup-availability may be significant even in wet, acidic, arctic soils.
Mediation with categorical variables compleat

Abstract This rejoinder addresses the thoughtful issues raised by the commentators. We hold to the analytical solution of fitting X → M (to obtain a and sa) and X&M→ (to obtain b and sb) via regression or logistic regression, depending on whether M and Y are continuous or categorical. Then researchers compute za, zb, and ZMediation.
Analytical results for low-angle Bhabha scattering with pair production.

We calculate the effect of pair production on the luminosity process of low-angle Bhabha scattering at the SLAC Linear Collider (SLC) and/or CERN ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider LEP. We work in the leading-logarithm approximation to orders ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{3}$ for the nonsinglet and the singlet contributions, respectively. In particular we calculate the size of the singlet contribution to be below 0.007% for the energy cuts ${x}_{c}g0.1$, as was estimated by Jadach and co-workers. In this way, we remove the contribution of such pairs from the theoretical uncertainty in the SLC/LEP luminosity calculation of Jadach and co-workers via the Monte Carlo Bhlumi 2.01 at the precision level of 0.01%. Results are illustrated for typical SLC/LEP acceptance cuts.
Management of binocular diplopia due to maculopathy with combined bangerter filter and fresnel prism.

To describe treatment of binocular diplopia due to maculopathy with a combination of Bangerter foil and Fresnel prism.A protocol for prescribing a combination of Bangerter foil and Fresnel prism is...
Flexor Tendons: Anatomy and Surgical Approaches

The nature of the original injury is the chief determinant of outcome and is out of the control of the surgeon. Every step thereafter can be influenced by him or her, though, and a thorough knowledge of anatomy and surgical approaches allows for the best possible repair under any set of circumstances.
A receptance based formulation for modal scaling using mass perturbations

Abstract Normalization of modes obtained from operational modal analysis has received significant attention since the seminal paper on the use of mass perturbations by Parloo et al., in 2002. The contribution in this paper is a formulation where the square of the scaling constants are computed from an over-determined linear system of equations, obtained by evaluating the pole residue form of the receptance at the eigenvalues of the perturbed system. The formulation is exact when there is no truncation and, independently of truncation, for all conditions where existing solutions are exact. Given that identification results are stochastic, the normalization constants are random variables and the paper examines performance in terms of the bias and the standard deviation of the error distribution. The advantage of the receptance approach over other existing techniques is illustrated.
Mathematics of Analog‐to‐Digital Conversion

As the performance of digital circuits and the capacity of digital communication channels have advanced steadily over the past decades, digital signals have replaced analog signals in nearly every technological application domain, offering robustness, ever increasing quality, and speed. At the same time, many signals that we perceive audiovisually (sound and video), or measure via instrumentation (e.g., geophysical signals and medical images), are analog in their nature. Consequently, not only are the analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion processes as crucial as ever, but also the performance of these processes must improve to meet the increasing demands at the digital processing end. Both A/D and D/A conversion is necessarily carried out via analog devices bound by physical limitations such as imprecisions and noise, which present continual technological as well as theoretical challenges to achieving this objective. This article aims to introduce some of the modern mathematical ideas, developments, and challenges in this context from the author's perspective. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interleukin-2-induced increases in climbing behavior: inhibition by dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptor antagonists.

Abstract Interleukin (IL)-2 is a potent modulator of dopamine activity in the mesocorticolimbic and mesostriatal systems. It is also associated with behavioral changes (increased motor activity) and psychopathological outcomes (schizophrenia, Parkinson’s Disease, cognitive deficits) that at least partly reflect aberrations in central dopaminergic transmission. Nonetheless, there is no evidence that a functional link exists between IL-2, dopaminergic processes, and related behavioral changes. We thus determined if IL-2 treatment increases the expression of climbing behavior, a behavior that is linked with dopamine D-1 and/or D-2 receptors and one used to test the efficacy of neuroleptics. IL-2 treatment (5-daily i.p. injections; 0.4 μg/BALB/c mouse) induced a marked 2-fold increase in climbing scores; a single injection had no effect. IL-2-induced increases in climbing behavior were completely blocked by a selective dopamine D-1 receptor antagonist (SCH 23390; 0.05 or 0.2 mg/kg; i.p.), or by a relatively high dose of a D-2 antagonist (sulpiride; 80 mg/kg; i.p.). In contrast, MK-801, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, had no effect. This is the first demonstration of a functional link between IL-2, dopaminergic receptors, and behavior. These findings could shed light on the mechanisms by which IL-2 increases vulnerability to psychiatric abnormalities associated with aberrations in central dopaminergic processes.
A GRASP HEURISTIC FOR SOLVING AN EXTENDED CAPACITATED CONCENTRATOR LOCATION PROBLEM

Local Access Networks (LACNs) are often considered the "last mile" over the Internet provided that they are connected to some existing Wide Area Network backbone. In this paper, a revised LACN-WAN ...
STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PRODUCTION : VI. THE COURSE, SENSITIVITY, AND HISTOLOGY OF THE SECONDARY RESPONSE IN VITRO

The in vitro anamnestic antibody response of popliteal lymph node fragments to additions of antigen closely resembles the in vivo anamnestic antibody response in its sensitivity to antigen, in the time course of antibody production, and in the sequence of appearance and the morphology of the antibody containing cells. Most of the cells responsible for antibody synthesis remain in the explant and do not migrate, although a few can be found in the outgrowing sheet of cells. The smallest concentration of bovine serum albumin which stimulates an anamnestic response in vitro is about 1 x 10–9 gm/ml.
New specimens of the primate Branisella boliviana from the early oligocene of Salla, Bolivia

ABSTRACT Two new specimens of the early Oligocene primate Branisella boliviana have been discovered recently in deposits at Salla, Bolivia. One specimen is a right mandibular fragment with M2 and roots of M3. The other, a right maxillary fragment, includes M1, M2 and the first known M3 for this primate. The M3 is substantially smaller than other upper molars, with a reduced protocone and metacone, and only an incipient hypocone. Three roots are present on all upper molars and two on all lower molars. Although M3 is more complex than M3 of Saimiri, considerable similarities support the assertion that Branisella boliviana is a platyrrhine primate.
Studies on the capillary and cardiovascular actions of intravenous sodium arsenate and arsenite.

Abstract 1. 1. Plasma potassium, calcium, and sodium were not appreciably changed with the injection of sodium arsenite and sodium arsenate in cats. 2. 2. Intravenous sodium arsenite was found to be about ten times more lethal than sodium arsenate, but arsenite has a little over twice as much arsenic content. Both compounds markedly lowered the blood pressure in large doses. 3. 3. Alternate injections of the arsenical solutions with histamine failed to change the marked plasma potassium rise consistently seen with histamine. 4. 4. With 90% of the liver removed no plasma cation changes were noted with saline or sodium arsenite. Histamine produced a rise in the potassium, but it was reduced to about one-third the normal magnitude. 5. 5. A transient pressor response was seen with sodium arsenate, and during this period the cardiac output was markedly increased. With sodium arsenite the hypotension was accompanied by a small decrease in cardiac output. Only when the hypotensive phase (30–60 mm Hg) persisted were the cardiac output decrease, the hematocrit, and circulation time markedly altered. 6. 6. In the rabbit skin test sodium arsenite caused a higher degree of capillary permeability change than sodium arsenate, but, as noted above, it has over twice as much arsenic content. 7. 7. Five to ten times the microgram dose of either of the arsenical compounds was needed to equal the capillary permeability changes produced by histamine in the rabbit skin. 8. 8. Arsenic changed the capillary permeability of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidneys to a much greater extent than histamine. 9. 9. Capillary permeability changes and vascular smooth muscle effects of histamine per se did not seem to be instrumental in the production of hypokalemia.
A Generalization of the Stable Marriage Problem

In this paper we extend the results of Gale and Shapely on the stable marriage problem. The set of participants in an assignment configuration is allowed to expand dynamically as long as certain relative preference conditions are maintained. The impact of this extension on complexity and performance issues are discussed.
Quality of life perceptions in two cultures

This paper reports and analyzes the quality of life perceptions held by the inhabitants of two culturally different but demographically similar cities: Springfield, Illinois and Aix-en-Provence, France. Although the Springfielders expressed greater satisfaction than the Aixois in virtually all the life domains covered by the research, the areas of relative satisfaction and dissatisfaction were remarkably similar in the two cities; furthermore, the domains in which the French indicated the least satisfaction were generally ones where their objective quality of life conditions were inferior to those of their American counterparts. Multiple regression techniques are used to trace the relative contribution of domain satisfactions and demographic characteristics in explaining respondents' comparative life enjoyment and reported levels of happiness.
Probing the Order within Neonatal Heart Rate Variability

The mechanism by which heart rate variability (HRV) changes during neonatal illness is not known. One possibility is that reduced HRV is merely a diminished or scaled-down version of normal. Another possibility is that there is a fundamental change in the mechanism underlying HRV, resulting in a change in the ordering of RR intervals. We investigated the nature and extents of order in RR interval time series from 25 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit patients with a spectrum of clinical illness severity and HRV. We measured predictability (deviation of predicted intervals from observed), and regularity (measured as approximate entropy) of RR interval time series showing different degrees of HRV. In RR interval time series where the effects of scaling were removed, we found 1) records showing normal HRV had more order than those showing low HRV; 2) the nature of the order was more like that of a periodic process with frequencies over a large range (time series whose log-log power spectrum had a 1/f distribution) than that of chaotic one (logistic map); and 3) the nature of order did not change greatly as HRV fell. We conclude that neonatal RR interval time series are ordered by periodic processes with frequencies over a large range, and that the extent of order is less during illness when HRV is low.
Application of a compact electrochemical energy storage to pulsed power systems

The Pulsed Power Physics Branch at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is developing a battery-powered, rep-rate charger for a 60 kJ capacitor bank. The goal is to charge a 4800 μF capacitor to 5 kV in four seconds for a fifty shot burst. A bank of LiFePO4 batteries is used with a full H-bridge converter, a transformer, and a rectifier to transform ≈ 650 V battery voltage to a 5 kV secondary voltage. The LLC topology has been selected for the DC-DC converter, as it offers some advantages in minimizing converter weight and volume. Additionally, the LLC design enables resonant operation to switch at 50 kHz. The work to date has been focused on the design and construction of stable battery modules, and the converter design has been limited to basic circuit simulations and paper studies. Thermal management of the battery modules during operation is essential, as high temperatures will damage the cells. This work will discuss the design and testing of various cooling schemes, with results from experiments.
A chemical sense of self in timber and prairie rattlesnakes

Eight rattlesnakes (4 Crotalus horridus and 4 C viridis) were observed in their home cages after the cages were thoroughly cleaned. In another trial, a patch of paper soiled by the cage inhabitant was present in the otherwise clean home cage. In a third trial, a patch of paper soiled by a conspecific was present in the otherwise clean cage. Equally high rates of lingual exploration were seen in clean cages and in cages containing conspecific chemical cues, whereas reduced rates were seen when the resident’s cues were present.
Use of high-frequency jet ventilation in the management of congenital tracheoesophageal fistula associated with respiratory distress syndrome

Abstract Two preterm infants (28 weeks, 960 g; 32 weeks, 1,870 g) with very large tracheoesophageal fistulas suffered from respiratory distress syndrome and falled to respond to conventional mechanical ventilation despite placement of a decompressive gastrostomy. Pulmonary air leaks developed in both, resulting in transdiaphragmatic pneumoperitoneum, and significant gas flow occurred through the gastrostomy tube despite placement under water-seal. High-frequency jet ventilation was instituted in each case and resulted in improved pulmonary gas exchange at lower mean airway pressures (12.0 to 6.7 cm H 2 O; 11.0 to 8.0 cm H 2 O) and in prompt resolution of air leaks. Both patients remained refractory to reinstitution of conventional ventilation until division of the fistula in the first patient and complete resolution of the respiratory distress syndrome in the second.
Morphometric comparison of rabbit cortical connecting tubules and collecting ducts

Morphometric comparison of rabbit cortical connecting tubules and collecting ducts. Connecting tubule (CNT) segments of the rabbit distal nephron were examined by scanning electron microscopy and computer-assisted morphometric analysis of transmission electron micrographs. CNT were very similar to the cortical collecting ducts (CCD) described previously. The epithelium of both segments contains two cell types, both of which can be modeled as simple cuboidal cells, and two distinct systems of extracellular channels. The lateral intercellular channels are comparable to the spaces between simple cuboidal cells but are modified by short projecting microvilli which produce a modest increase in lateral cell surface area. The basal infolded channels are best developed in the connecting tubule cells of CNT and contribute 63% of all channel-associated membranes in CNT. Total membrane areas are similar in CNT and CCD. The two segments differ only in the degree of extracellular channel dilation and the distribution of infolded membrane relative to cell height in the connecting tubule and principal cells. The relatively minor morphometric differences between CNT and CCD do not correlate well with the marked difference in transtubular volume flow induced in the two segments by ADH and an osmotic gradient. Comparaison morphometrique des tubules connecteurs et des tubes collecteurs corticaux de lapin. Des segments de tubules connecteurs (CNT) de nephron distal de lapin ont ete examines par microscopie electronique a balayage, et par analyse morphometrique avec ordinateur de micrographies electroniques en transmission. Les CNT etaient tres semblables aux tubes collecteurs corticaux (CCD) decrits anterieurement. L'epithelium des deux segments contient deux types cellulaires, qui peuvent etre modelises comme des cellules cuboides simples et deux systemes distincts de canaux extracellulaires. Les canaux intercellulaires lateraux sont comparables aux espaces entre les cellules cuboides simples, mais sont modifies par les projections de courtes microvillosites qui produisent une augmentation moderee de la surface laterale cellulaire. Les canaux basaux contournes sont les plus developpes dans les cellules de tubules de connection des CNT et forment 63% de l'ensemble des membranes associees aux canaux des CNT. Les surfaces membranaires totales sont identiques dans les CNT et les CCD. Les deux segments different seulement par le degre de dilatation des canaux extracellulaires et par la distribution des membranes invaginees par rapport a la hauteur cellulaire dans le tubule de connection et les cellules principales. Les differences morphometriques relativement minimes entre CNT et CCD ne sont pas bien correlees avec les differences marquees dans le flux volumique transtubulaire induit dans ces deux segments par l'ADH et un gradient osmotique.
Vestibular aqueduct in Menière's disease and non-Menière's disease with endolymphatic hydrops: a computer aided volumetric study.

The volume of the vestibular aqueduct was studied by a computer-aided volumetric method in 9 temporal bones with endolymphatic hydrops from individuals with Meniere's disease (MD), 7 temporal bones with endolymphatic hydrops from individuals without a history of Meniere's disease (non-MD hydrops), and 10 normal temporal bones (controls) to investigate the cause of endolymphatic hydrops in both MD and non-MD hydrops. A hypoplastic vestibular aqueduct was found significantly more often in the MD group than in either the non-MD hydrops group (chi 2-test, chi 2 = 4.063, p less than 0.05) or the control group (chi 2-test, chi 2 = 6.363, p less than 0.05). The difference in volume between the non-MD hydrops group and the control group was not significant. It is speculated that a small vestibular aqueduct (presumably containing a small endolymphatic sac) might be a predisposing factor in Meniere's disease. In contrast, in non-MD hydrops, there seems to be no correlation of endolymphatic hydrops with a hypoplastic vestibular aqueduct and endolymphatic sac.
Nutrient mobility in variable- and permanent-charge soils

Variable-charge (v-c) and permanent-charge (p-c) soils differ fundamentally with regard to many nutrient-cycling processes. Variable-charge soils are more common in the tropics than in temperature zones because their formation requires desilication, which proceeds fastest in warm, moist climates. The dynamics of nutrient mobility tend to be more complex in v-c than in p-c soils. For example, theory predicts that, as pH of v-c soils decreases, cation exchange capacity (CEC) also decreases and anion exchange capacity (AEC) increases. If AEC exceeds CEC, cations such as ammonium and potassium will be more mobile than anions such as nitrate; this is the reverse of the situation in p-c soils, on which most of our knowledge of nutrient cycling is based. Variable-charge surfaces sorb phosphorus, creating plant nutritional problems throughout large areas of the humid tropics. Desilication, the same process that creates v-c surfaces, results also in stable aggregation, creating soils that retain water, yet drain rapidly and resist erosion. The Soil Taxonomy system incorporates information on mineralogy, texture, and organic matter content, and therefore provides insights into patterns of charge chemistry and nutrient cycling across a wide range of soil types.
Risk factors for hypercarbia, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum during laparoscopy

Objective: To determine independent predictors for the development of hypercarbia, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum during laparoscopy. Methods: We reviewed 968 laparoscopic cases between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 1998. Patients who had hypercarbia (end-tidal carbon dioxide of 50 mmHg or greater), pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema were compared with controls according to age, operative time, type of surgery, extraperitoneal or intraperitoneal approach, preexisting medical conditions, body mass index, sex, use of Hasson technique, and number of surgical ports. Maximum positive end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2) was added as an independent variable for subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis and then subjected to multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Incidence rates were 5.5% for hypercarbia, 2.3% for subcutaneous emphysema, and 1.9% for pneumothorax/ pneumomediastinum. Independent risk factors for development of hypercarbia were operative time greater than 200 minutes (odds ratio [OR] 2.02), patient age greater than 65 years (OR 2.19), and Nissen fundoplication surgery (OR 3.18). Predictors of the development of subcutaneous emphysema were PETCO2 greater than 50 mmHg (OR 3.49), operative time greater than 200 minutes (OR 5.27), and the use of six or more surgical ports (OR 3.06). Variables that predicted the development of pneumothorax and/or pneumomediastinum were PETCO2 greater than 50 mmHg (OR 4.15) and operative time greater than 200 minutes (OR 20.49). Conclusion: Longer operative times, higher maximum measured end-tidal CO2, greater number of surgical ports, older patient age, and Nissen fundoplication surgery predispose patients to hypercarbia-related complications during laparoscopy.
A Mentor's Mentor: Remembering Harold Guetzkow

This article describes the important ways in which Harold Guetzkow mentored his student, helping him to develop conceptual and methodological skills and to become a rigorous thinker. While the path was sometimes difficult and stressful, the intellectual skills transmitted from Harold Guetzkow were vital to the teaching and research skills of his student.
Alternative frameworks for examining Latino male bisexuality in the urban space: A theoretical commentary based on ethnographic research in Rio de Janeiro and New York:

Latino male bisexual experience has remained under-studied and under-theorized in much of the recent sexuality research. Based on long-term ethnographic research conducted in Rio de Janeiro and New York City, this article seeks to examine the cultural patterns and social contexts in which male bisexual experiences took shape in these urban centers, and to explore and refine a number of key theoretical formulations that have been developed in recent sexuality research. It examines the ways in which bisexual desires take shape, the choreography of sexual interactions with both male and female partners, and the continuities and changes that seem to be taking place in these settings.