cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An fMRI study of behavioral response inhibition in adolescents with and without histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure

Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure results in a range of deficits, including both volumetric and functional changes in brain regions involved in response inhibition such as the prefrontal cortex and striatum. The current study examined blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response during a stop signal task in adolescents (ages 13-16 y) with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (AE, n=21) and controls (CON, n=21). Task performance was measured using percent correct inhibits during three difficulty conditions: easy, medium, and hard. Group differences in BOLD response relative to baseline motor responding were examined across all inhibition trials and for each difficulty condition separately. The contrast between hard and easy trials was analyzed to determine whether increasing task difficulty affected BOLD response. Groups had similar task performance and demographic characteristics, except for full scale IQ scores (AE<CON). The AE group demonstrated greater BOLD response in frontal, sensorimotor, striatal, and cingulate regions relative to controls, especially as task difficulty increased. When contrasting hard vs. easy inhibition trials, the AE group showed greater medial/superior frontal and cuneus BOLD response than controls. Results were unchanged after demographics and FAS diagnosis were statistically controlled. This was the first fMRI study to utilize a stop signal task, isolating fronto-striatal functioning, to assess response inhibition and the effects task difficulty in adolescents with prenatal alcohol exposure. Results suggest that heavy prenatal alcohol exposure disrupts neural function of this circuitry, resulting in immature cognitive processing and motor-association learning and neural compensation during response inhibition.
On the Total Geostrophic Circulation of the South Pacific Ocean: Flow Patterns, Tracers and Transports

Abstract The South Atlantic Ocean receives waters from the North Atlantic, the Weddell Sea, and from the Circumpolar Current through the Drake Passage. The circumpolar and North Atlantic waters are of widely different characteristics (temperature, salinity, oxygen and nutrients) but of overlapping density ranges, and as they enter the South Atlantic are caught up in the circulation imposed by the winds and thermohaline processes. Interleaving of these different characteristics takes place in various ranges of depth and density, and more than a dozen vertical extrema are created in the tracer fields. These are spread by lateral flow in recognizable layers. These patterns as seen on vertical sections and on isopycnals can be taken to indicate the sense of flow in various areas and depths, and I have used them, with the density field, to add the barotropic component to the baroclinic flow defined by the density field. This gives the total geostrophic flow at all depths in a manner that appears to be consonant with the tracer patterns, and that satisfies continuity of mass. The resulting flow field has the traditional western boundary current from the Weddell Sea to the equator, beneath a poleward flow north of 50°S. In the upper waters the flow pattern shows a cyclonic gyre in the Weddell Sea, a northward flow from the Antarctic along the western boundary from 55°S to 40°S, an anticyclonic gyre between 15°S and 40°S, and an eastward flow near 10°S. Below the upper layer the axis of the anticyclonic gyre shifts southward, to 35°S at 1500 m, and at greater depths the gyre is confined to the Brazil Basin, west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and north of the Rio Grande Rise. Below the crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the Brazil Basin waters from the south flow northward along the Ridge, and part of them crosses the Ridge at or near the equator and returns southward in the eastern basin, joined by waters from the North Atlantic. The northward abyssal flow in the Brazil Basin is not confined to the western boundary but extends some distance across the basin, diverted only slightly at 3500 m by the small deep remnant of the overlying anticyclonic gyre. From 3000 to 4000 decibars the flow within the Weddell Sea and the Argentine Basin form a single cyclonic gyre and the flow within the Cape Basin is cyclonic below 3000 m.
Thromboembolism in pregnancy: recurrence risks, prevention and management.

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to summarize the epidemiology of thromboembolism in pregnancy and describe strategies to prevent and treat it.Recent findingsThe main reason for the increased risk of thrombosis in pregnancy is hypercoagulability. Other risk factors include a history of
Family of crack-tip fields characterized by a triaxiality parameter—I. Structure of fields

Abstract Central to the J-based fracture mechanics approach is the existence of a HRR near-tip field which dominates the actual field over size scales comparable to those over which the micro-separation processes are active. There is now general agreement that the applicability of the J-approach is limited to so-called high-constraint crack geometries. We review the J-annulus concept and then develop the idea of a J-Q annulus. Within the J-Q annulus, the full range of high- and low-triaxiality fields are shown to be members of a family of solutions parameterized by Q when distances are measured in terms of J σ 0 , where σ0 is the yield stress. The stress distribution and the maximum stress depend on Q alone while J sets the size scale over which large stresses and strains develop. Full-field solutions show that the Q-family of fields exists near the crack tip of different crack geometries at large-scale yielding. The Q-family provides a framework for quantifying the evolution of constraint as plastic flow progresses from small-scale yielding to fully yielded conditions, and the limiting (steady-state) constraint when it exist. The Q value of a crack geometry can be used to rank its constraint, thus giving a precise meaning to the term crack-tip constraints, a term which is widely used in the fracture literature but has heretofore been unquantified. A two-parameter fracture mechanics approach for tensile mode crack tip states in which the fracture toughness and the resistance curve depend on Q, i. JC(Q) and JR(Δa, Q), is proposed.
The role of maternal control in the development of sex differences in child self-evaluative factors

The major goal of the present research was to examine the role of parental control in the development of sex differences in 2 pivotal self-evaluative factors in children: taking responsibility for failure and possessing strong standards. Parents were expected to use control with and without autonomy granting in specific domains differentially with girls and boys on a daily basis, and this was expected to foster sex differences in children's self-evaluative factors. Ninety-one mothers of elementary school children completed a daily checklist for 10 to 21 days. The checklist assessed mothers' everyday use of control and autonomy granting in 5 specific domains (helping, monitoring, decision making, praising, and disciplining). Children completed self-report measures assessing their tendency to take responsibility for failure and the strength of their standards. As anticipated, mothers were more likely to employ control without autonomy granting with girls than with boys, but were more likely to employ control with autonomy granting with boys than with girls. Significantly, this pattern of gender socialization partially mediated the tendency of girls to take greater responsibility for failure than boys. Although there were no sex differences in the strength of children's standards, the pattern of gender socialization was associated with the strength of children's standards as well.
The influence of nuclear spin on the D 2 optical pumping of alkali metal vapors

Calculations of the influence of nuclear spin and the hyperfine interaction on optical pumping experiments utilizingD2(2P3/2↔2S1/2) alkali metal resonance radiation are reviewed and extended. Equations are formulated which describe pumping in weak, intermediate, and strong magnetic fields. TheD2 pumping technique is shown to yield a model independent determination of the cross section for the collisional destruction of “orientation”, i.e. of 〈Jz〉, within the2P3/2 state only in the case of an atom possessing decoupled or zero nuclear spin. Calculations of nuclear spin effects recently presented by Elbel, Koch, and Schneider are shown disagree with earlier work due to EKS' treatment of the depopulation component of the optical pumping equations.
Alexander von Humboldt, die Natur als ‚Kosmos’ und die Suche nach Einheit. Zur Geschichte von Wissen und seiner Wirkung als Raumgeschichte†‡

Recent historiography has demonstrated a growing sensitivity toward space as a geographical and cultural category. The following article expands on this theme by focusing on Alexander von Humboldt and his understanding of nature as >cosmos Humboldtian science Humboldtian science< was fundamentally a concept that paid attention to the formulation of knowledge as well as to the effects and the esthetic impact of that knowledge in geographical and cultural spaces. Along these lines, this articles argues for adopting a Humboldtian view in observing the spatial dimensions of history. Three ramifications of Humboldtian ideas into the culture of the nineteenth century serve as examples of how we might ourselves employ such a view: The transfer of Humboldtian ideas into the field sciences of Australia; the appeal of Humboldtian in the botanical and meteorological exploration of the American West and its German-American community; and, finally, the reading of Humboldt in Germany's popular culture during the last third of the nineteenth century that generated a »cosmic understanding« of evolution different from Darwin's theory. In all cases, geographical and cultural spaces strengthened the receptiveness for >Humboldtian science< not only to satisfy the need for knowledge; beyond that, Humboldt's ideas nourished an esthetic perception of nature, and they served as a vehicle for the ideological search for unity in nature and human society.
Room-Temperature Reactions of the Intermediate(s) Generated by Flash Photolysis of (η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2CH3

The transient formed by the photolysis of the methyl complex CpFe(CO)2CH3 (M, Cp = (η5-C5H5)) has been studied by FTIR spectroscopy in methylcyclohexane solution at 77 K and by time-resolved infrared detection in ambient-temperature solutions in cyclohexane and tetrahydrofuran. The transient IR spectrum of the intermediate IM displays a single νco absorption band and can be characterized as a monocarbonyl. In 295 K solution, the reaction of IM with CO occurs with second-order kinetics (rate = kco[IM][CO]) with kco values of (6.3 ± 0.2) × 108 and (3.4 ± 0.4) × 106 M-1 s-1 in cyclohexane and THF, respectively. On the basis of these data, IM is concluded to be the solvento complex CpFe(CO)(Sol)CH3.
Non-medical use of prescription stimulants for academic purposes among college students: A test of social learning theory

Abstract Objective The current research examines whether measures associated with Akers’ social learning theory are related to non-medical use of prescription stimulants for academic reasons among college students. Methods We examine data from a sample of 549 undergraduate students at one public university in the Southeastern United States. We estimate several logistic regression models to test our hypotheses. Results The findings indicated that roughly 17% of students reported non-medical use of prescription stimulants for academic reasons during the past year. In separate models, all four of the social learning measures were significantly correlated to non-medical use. In the complete model, the risk of non-medical prescription stimulant use for academic reasons was increased for respondents who reported more of their friends used and also for respondents who believed that prescription stimulants were an effective study aid. Conclusions The current research fills an important gap in the literature regarding theoretical explanations for non-medical prescription stimulant use. Given the high prevalence of non-medical prescription stimulant use and the known risks associated with non-medical use this research can help inform intervention strategies for college populations.
The effect of shareholder taxes on corporate payout choice

This study investigates whether the difference in individual shareholder tax rates between dividend income and capital gain (the dividend tax penalty) affects a firm's choice between distributing funds to shareholders through dividends or share repurchases. The results of this study suggest that, in periods in which the dividend tax penalty increases, firms are more likely to distribute funds to shareholders through share repurchases as opposed to dividends. The results also indicate that the relation between the dividend tax penalty and corporate payout choice is affected by the types of shareholders who own stock in the firm. As tax-disfavored institutional ownership increases and the dividend tax penalty increases, firms are more likely to repurchase shares as opposed to distributing dividends. In contrast, as tax-favored institutional ownership increases and the dividend tax penalty increases, firms are less likely to repurchase shares as opposed to distributing dividends. As senior managerial share ownership increases and the dividend tax penalty increases, firms are more likely to make distributions to shareholders in the form of share repurchases.
'Good' lipids for asthma.

Asthma can originate via diverse causal and mechanistic pathways. A small bioactive lipid takes on this heterogeneity and offers the possibility of a broad-based treatment ( pages 1018–1023 ).
Best approximation in L∞ via iterative Hilbert space procedures

In this note it is indicated that the problem of best approximation with respect to the supremum (L∞) norm may be solvable by iterative Hilbert space techniques. The validity of this approach for Lp, p (even) < ∞, has been established by L. A. Karlovitz (J. Approx. Theory 3 (1970), 123–127). In the Haar case (L∞ norm) this approach yields a convergent algorithm which is a slight modification of the Remez algorithm.
Developments and implementations of microcomputer MUMPS systems.

The accelerating pace of improvement and innovation in today's microprocessors offers a real challenge to the software industry. MUMPS, a language well suited to take advantage of this technology, has already been introduced on 8-bit microcomputers, and 16-bit versions are under development. The long-term results of the availability of MUMPS on new generations of micro-processors will have an impact on the visibility of the language, its evolution, and its use on existing minicomputers. These implications are discussed in depth in this paper.
Teleosemantics Without Natural Selection

Ruth Millikan and others advocate theories which attempt to naturalize wide mental content (e.g. beliefs’ truth conditions) in terms of function in the teleological sense, where a function is constituted in part by facts concerning past natural selection involving ancestors of a current entity. I argue that it is a mistake to base content on selection. Content should instead be based on functions which though historical, do not involve selection. I sketch an account of such functions.
Making culturally responsive mathematics teaching explicit: a lesson analysis tool

In the United States, there is a need for pedagogical tools that help teachers develop essential pedagogical content knowledge and practices to meet the mathematical education needs of a growing culturally and linguistically diverse student population. In this article, we introduce an innovative lesson analysis tool that focuses on integrating mathematical thinking, language, culture, and social justice. We argue that these are essential components to culturally responsive mathematics teaching. Using data collected from a 3-year professional development initiative focused on culturally responsive mathematics teaching including teacher discussions, lesson artefacts, and interviews, the study yields two main results about the tool and its impact on teacher thinking: (1) the tool enabled teachers to systematically analyse and critique mathematics lessons with multiple dimensions including mathematical thinking, language, culture, and social justice; (2) the tool fostered purposeful pedagogical dialogue to im...
An HPLC Method for the Determination of Diltiazem and Three of its Metabolites in Serum

Abstract A high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of diltiazem and three of its metabolites in serum. Serum samples are extracted with methyl-tert.-butyl ether followed by back-extraction into 0.05N sulfuric acid. Doxepin hydrochloride was used as internal standard. A cyanopropylsilane column in the reverse-phase mode was utilized with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-phosphate buffer-triethylamine (pH 3.5). Using UV detection at 237nm, the lower limit of sensitivity was 1.5–3.0 ng/ml. Recovery and reproducibility results and possible interferences from other compounds are presented and discussed. The assay procedure was applied to a chronic oral dosing study in humans to assess the disposition of diltiazem and its primary metabolites.
Optimal placement of wind turbines: A Monte Carlo approach with large historical data set

Numerous technical issues arise with the close spacing of multiple wind turbines in a wind farm, particularly one with a severely limited spatial footprint. One of the most important factors under consideration is the wake effect. Since the energy losses due to wakes can significantly decrease the energy production and lead to fluctuations in the output power of a wind farm it is desired to determine optimal positions for installing multiple wind turbines. In the current study, an algorithm that determines an optimal positioning of multiple wind mills in a small footprint wind park under multiple wake effects is introduced. This approach is a mathematical method which explores the various possible positioning combinations via a Monte Carlo-like random search methodology and finds the best choice which maximizes the objective. Matlab (©Mathworks) is used to numerically generate the algorithm and obtain an optimal solution. The case study considered for implementing this algorithm is the Minnesota State University 2-year grant project for installation and testing of four small wind turbine systems on campus. Statistical data from the Weather Analysis Laboratory for Teaching and Educational Resources (WALTER) on campus, consisting of wind speed and direction data over a period of one year is considered to determine the annual power generated.
Full multiscale approach for optimal control of in situ bioremediation

Solving field-scale optimal groundwater remediation design problems is a challenge, especially when computationally intensive reactive transport models are needed. In this paper, a full multiscale approach to partial differential equation (PDE) constrained optimization is developed and is used to solve a successive approximation linear quadratic regulator model for optimal control of in situ bioremediation. The method starts the search for optimal designs from the coarsest mesh and solves for the optimal solution at that level, then uses the optimal solution obtained as the initial guess for the finer mesh. While at the finer mesh, the method switches back to the coarser mesh to solve for the derivatives and uses those derivatives to interpolate back to the finer mesh. This procedure continues until convergence is achieved at the finest level. This approach exploits important interactions between PDE discretization and optimization and achieves significant computational saving by using approximations early in the search when a broad search of the decision space is being performed. As the solution becomes more refined, more accurate estimates are needed to fine-tune the solution, and finer spatial discretizations are used. Application of the method to a bioremediation case study with about 6,500 state variables converges in about 8.8 days, compared to nearly 1 year using the previous model. This substantial improvement will enable much more realistic bioremediation design problems to be solved than was previously possible, particularly once the model is implemented in parallel.
Examining kanji learning motivation using self-determination theory

Abstract This study examined the relationships among motivation for learning kanji (i.e., Chinese characters utilized in the Japanese writing system), attitudinal dispositions toward Japan and Japanese, and kanji proficiency utilizing self-determination theory (SDT; Deci and Ryan, 1985 ). L1 Chinese learners of Japanese ( N = 112) took a kanji test and responded to a questionnaire designed to measure seven types of motivation. The results of seven multiple stepwise regression analyses showed that: (1) intrinsic motivation significantly predicted higher kanji proficiency; (2) introjected regulation significantly predicted lower kanji proficiency; (3) negative attitudes toward L2 speakers significantly predicted amotivation; (4) positive attitudes toward L2 speakers was not a significant predictor of any type of motivation, and; (5) the perceived importance of Japan positively predicted all types of motivation but did not predict kanji proficiency, suggesting that a belief in the power of the L2 country is important in terms of initiating and sustaining motivation, but does not directly influence L2 proficiency.
Progesterone inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis in cultured cells. Accumulation of cholesterol precursors.

Cells acquire cholesterol through endogenous synthesis and through receptor-mediated uptake of cholesterol-rich low density lipoprotein (LDL). Esterification of LDL-derived cholesterol is catalyzed by acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Progesterone inhibits esterification, and, although the mechanism of inhibition is not completely understood, this inhibition results from progesterone's ability to inhibit the activity of multiple drug resistance (MDR) P-glycoproteins (P. DeBry and J. E. Metherall, submitted for publication). In the current manuscript, we demonstrate that progesterone inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis resulting in the accumulation of a number of sterol precursors. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, high concentrations (100 μM) of progesterone completely blocked cholesterol production, resulting in the accumulation of lanosterol and a lanosterol precursor. Lower concentrations (40 μM) of progesterone cause plasma membrane accumulation of several sterol products. The majority of these sterols are precursors of cholesterol since they were efficiently converted to cholesterol upon removal of progesterone from the culture medium. Although very high concentrations (>200 μM) of progesterone killed CHO cells, their growth was restored by the addition of cholesterol to the growth medium, indicating that progesterone toxicity resulted from cholesterol auxotrophy. The effect of progesterone was not unique to CHO cells; progesterone also inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis in all human cell lines tested. These observations suggest that a common progesterone-sensitive pathway is involved in both cholesterol biosynthesis and the processing of LDL-derived cholesterol.
An Enzyme Immunoassay Technique for Detection of Salmonellae in Meat and Poultry Products

A commercially available enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) in which a myeloma protein (MOPC 467) is used for detection of salmonellae was compared with two conventional cultural methods for detection of salmonellae in naturally contaminated meat and poultry products. Products tested included mechanically deboned poultry, chitterlings, poultry carcass rinsings, chicken necks, luncheon loaf emulsion, pork sausage and basturma. There was 100% agreement between ELISA and cultural methods. The ELISA technique is specific and rapid. Identification of Salmonella-contaminated meat and poultry products was accomplished in 2-3 days compared to the 4-6 days required by conventional cultural methods.
Computers and the liberal arts: Challenge to psychology

Three years ago Drew University began a campus-wide effort to integrate microcomputers into courses across the entire liberal arts curriculum. This paper summarizes the results of 14 studies that have assessed student and faculty responses to this effort, and concludes by suggesting some implications of these studies for psychologists involved in the design and evaluation of similar programs.
Photoemission Studies of the Electronic Structure of EuO, EuS, EuSe, And GdS

Photoemission measurements on the magnetic semiconductors EuO, EuS, and EuSe show emission from $4{f}^{7}$ states which lie in the gap above the top of \ensuremath{\sim}2- to 3-eV-wide valence bands. These measurements, together with optical data, indicate semiconductor energy gaps of 4.3, 3.1, and 3.1 eV for EuO, EuS, and EuSe (all \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4 eV). Metallic GdS shows a narrow occupied conduction band at the Fermi level, in addition to a filled valence band and $4{f}^{7}$ state.
Perioperative Beta-blockers for Major Noncardiac Surgery: Primum Non Nocere

Recent studies have called into question the benefit of perioperative beta blockade, especially in patients at low to moderate risk of cardiac events. Once considered standard of care, the role of beta-blocker therapy now lies mired in conflicting data that are difficult to apply to the at-risk patient. We provide an overview of the evolution of perioperative beta blockade, beginning with the physiology of the adrenergic system, with emphasis on the biologic rationale for the perioperative implementation of beta-blockers. Although initial studies were small in size and statistically limited, early data showed cardiac benefit with the use of perioperative beta-blockers. However, larger, more recent studies now suggest a lack of benefit and potential harm from this practice. This paradigm holds true especially in those at low-to-moderate cardiovascular risk profiles. Potential explanations for these paradoxical results are discussed, stressing the key differences between earlier and current studies that may explain these divergent outcomes. We conclude by commenting on performance measures as they relate to perioperative beta-blockers and make recommendations for the continued safe implementation of this practice.
On the Suspended Sentences of the Scott Sisters Mass Incarceration, Kidney Donation, and the Biopolitics of Race in the United States

In December 2010, the governor of Mississippi suspended the dual life sentences of two African American sisters who had been imprisoned for sixteen years on an extraordinary condition: that Gladys ...
Derivatives Use, Information Asymmetry, and MNC Post‐Acquisition Performance

We utilize a sample of US acquiring firms that engaged in international M&As to document the effects of corporate derivatives use on post-M&A long-term performance. We find that derivatives users outperform nonusers. Furthermore, we find that acquirers with derivative policies that are more comprehensive and sophisticated outperform those with less comprehensive and sophisticated policies. They, in turn, outperform acquirers with no existing policies in place. Our results are consistent with the notion that the use of derivatives lowers information asymmetry related agency problems. Furthermore, our evidence indicates that derivatives use is an important corporate activity that has a profound effect on post-M&A performance.
Contact Transscleral Neodymium: Yttrium–Aluminum–Garnet Laser Cyclophotocoagulation: Long-term Outcome

Purpose Contact transscleral neodymium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet (Nd:YAG) laser cyclophotocoagulation (CYC) is a treatment option for advanced glaucoma refractory to alternative treatments. This study determined the long-term efficacy and risks of contact transscleral Nd:YAG laser CYC. Design A prospective study was performed with patients with advanced, uncontrolled glaucoma who received CYC from 1988 through 1989. Participants Records for 68 eyes of 64 patients were obtained and reviewed for the 10-year follow-up. Methods A transscleral continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser was used for photocoagulation of the ciliary body. Main outcome measures Intraocular pressure (IOP), visual acuity, and second intervention. Failure was defined as the need for second intervention, IOP of more than 25 mmHg, or IOP of less than 3 mmHg. Results The mean follow-up period was 5.85±4.0 years (range, 0.1–10 years). The mean preoperative IOP of 36.3±10.1 mmHg decreased to 22.6±11.3 mmHg at 1 year of follow-up ( P P P Conclusions Cyclophotocoagulation resulted in a significant reduction of IOP after surgery at 1, 5, and 10 years of follow-up; however, 51.5% of eyes failed by the end of 10 years, with most failures occurring within the first year (40%). Although CYC provides a useful method to lower IOP significantly, this study suggests that its success in controlling IOP is tempered by its failure rate and risk of complications, including visual loss, phthisis, and loss of light perception.
VALIDITY OF THE SRA NON-VERBAL FORM FOR ADULTS'

A brief intelligence index was needed for use with functionally illiterate patients as part of a research project evaluating a group health education program for tuberculosis patients (Stratton, 1960). The SRA Non-Verbal Form (SRANV) (McMurry & King, 1947) is a brief (10 min.), 'self-administered,' 60icem test based upon the classification of pictured objects and figures. The tesc is purported to be a measure of general intelligence. The SRA-NV manz~al (industrial ed.) recommends the Non-Verbal Fornz for selection and placement of industrial personnel and job applicants with reading difficulties or for persons who are illiterate. Rating on the test is determined from general adult norms which are not subdivided by age group. The manual presents minimal standardization information and no validiry data. Commins ( 1953, p. 318), in a review of the tesc, sharply criticized the SRANV manual for the omission of an adequate normative and validity report. Science Research Associates personnel were unable to furnish additional standardizacion and validity information in 1955." No additional information has been published to date. The SRA-NV met the tuberculosis projecc requirement for an intelligence index that was both brief and made no demand for literacy so that an investigation was undertaken to validate the test for che project population. The Wechsler Adult kttelligence Scale ( WAIS; Wechsler, 1955 ) was chosen as che criterion by which the validity OF the SRA-NV would be judged. METHOD
Effects of bombesin on methadone-induced apoptosis of human lung cancer cells

The therapeutic opioid methadone, used to treat cancer pain and opioid addiction, is also a potent inducer of apoptosis in human lung cancer cells, thereby inhibiting their growth. However, in contrast to its central nervous system (CNS) actions, this effect appears to be mediated through a non-opioid mechanism involving bombesin, an autocrine growth-stimulatory factor that plays a central role in the early events of pulmonary carcinogenesis. Exposure of 'variant' small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-SCLC cells, which secrete low concentrations ( 6 pmol/mg protein), were found not to respond to methadone. Thus, methadone's effectiveness is dependent upon the concentration of bioactive bombesin secreted by lung cancer cells. Methadone treatment suggests a novel therapeutic approach for patients presenting 'variant' SCLC and non-SCLC morphologies, since they respond less to conventional therapy.
Effect of flip chip package architecture on stresses in the bump passivation opening

In this paper, a non-linear analysis is performed in detail to study the effect of package architectural attributes such as die thickness, die size, substrate thickness, substrate size and passivation opening (PO) size on the stress induced in the bump during reflow process is studied in detail. A commercially available finite element analysis tool is used to evaluate the stresses induced in the bump (at the PO) due to the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch during the standard reflow process. Based on the numerical analysis of the legs of the DOE, the stress in the PO can vary between 7 KPa to 138 KPa. The bumps with small PO size exhibited higher stress than the bumps with large PO size. For the bumps with small PO size, the stress contours are lateral bands where as in case of the bumps with large PO size, high stress is noted at the periphery which diminishes towards the center. The packages with thick substrate and die exhibited higher stress than packages with thin substrate and die. Also, the effect of ratio of substrate size to die size on the stress in the PO was found to be insignificant. Previously, the current authors have reported the effect of various bump parameters on the current density in the bump as well as in the trace. These effects of bump parameters are combined with the effects of package architectural attributes and enhanced guidelines are presented.
Localized Densification during the Compaction of Alumina Granules: The Stage I—II Transition

Tungsten marker layers and X-ray computed tomography were used to monitor the compaction of spray-dried alumina. Local density changes and compaction curves show that the well-known Stage I—II transition indicates an alteration in the direction of transmitted pressure through the uppermost layer. Stage I pressure is dispersed in local agglomerate contacts until “pockets” of low density are eliminated. In Stage II, these deformed/fragmented agglomerates behave as a continuous body and interact with wall friction to transmit pressure nonuniformly into the bulk. Discrete element simulations reproduced the compaction curves and provided clear explanation of the density distribution development.
Arctic Ocean mixed‐layer eddy generation under leads in sea ice

[1] Convection in the Arctic Ocean mixed layer occurs under openings in sea ice where new sea ice is formed. The process of brine rejection during ice formation creates negatively buoyant fluid at the surface of ice leads. When the fluid convects downward the ocean mixed layer below the lead is stirred vertically and, through planetary rotational effects, along-lead flows at the lead edges are induced. These vertical and lateral motions have been previously studied using two-dimensional numerical ocean models and observed in field programs such as LeadEx. In this paper the generation of Arctic Ocean eddies through dynamic instabilities is investigated using a three-dimensional, nonhydrostatic ocean model. Results suggest that salt-enriched vortices can develop at the base of the mixed layer as a consequence of brine rejection, but the vortex formation requires a time period of several days, a time long enough that the progenitor lead would likely have closed. The scale of the eddies is found to depend on the magnitude of the buoyancy forcing, the width of the lead, and the duration of the buoyancy forcing. The number of vortices produced depends on lead width and duration of buoyancy forcing but is less sensitive to the magnitude of the buoyancy forcing. Vortex sizes, scaled appropriately, and vortex numbers are compared with those found in recent laboratory studies of convectively driven flows from line segment sources.
The Rhetorical Construction of Novelty: Presenting Claims in a Letters Forum:

Physical Review Letters has become the primary forum for the dissemination of innovative work in physics. Physicists' acceptance of this journal, and their adaptation to its requirements, show their ability to present their work in a variety of institutionally sanctioned but evolving frameworks. However, such a forum, because of its constraints on space and its emphasis on innovation, poses special problems to authors in relation to constructing their novel claims and reconstructing the consensus of their fields. In addition, itsprestige has caused the journal to acquire archivalfeatures that have slowed publication and resulted in other unintended consequences. Through an analysis of three letters published in Physical Review Letters and of a follow-up article published in Physical Review, the rhetorical features of this forum are examined as well as the problems its poses for the contextualization of novelty within relevant frameworks of accepted belief.
A Theory Of Bust-Up Corporate Takeovers

Quite often, the market value of a firm in parts exceeds its value as a single entity. The maximum value can be attained in such instances, by splitting the firm up. We observe several instances where a firm’s management breaks up the firm to achieve maximum value. In other cases, firms require a change in management to initiate divestiture. Lastly, takeover by outsiders is sometimes required to split the firm up and sell it in parts to achieve full value. This study provides an economic analysis of the payoffs to all parties involved in a corporate breakup. Models of the costs and benefits to shareholders and management teams are developed for each of the three situations listed above to explain why the different circumstances occur in different cases.
Sequential Bayesian Estimation With Censored Data for Multi-Sensor Systems

In this paper, a new framework for sequential Bayesian estimation in sensor networks is proposed, which consists of two processes: censoring of measurements at local sensors and fusion of both received measurements and missing ones at the fusion center (FC). In our scheme, each local sensor maintains a Kalman filter (KF) for a linear Gaussian system or an extended Kalman filter (EKF) for a nonlinear system and the FC runs a particle filter (PF) to track the system state. Informative measurements are selected for transmission by an innovation based per-sensor censoring process executed at the sensors at each time. Though the less informative measurements are not sent to the FC, their absence still conveys some information, and the proposed scheme exploits such information from the missing messages. Numerical results show that, under the same bandwidth constraint, the proposed scheme outperforms the one that ignores missing data information and the one that selects sensors randomly for information transmission.
Generation of the Admissible Boundary of a Convex Polytope

The purpose of this paper is to develop a constructive algorithm for generating the admissible boundary of a convex polytope, when the polytope is the convex hull of a given finite set of points, as well as to mention some related results. One application is to the sensitivity of decisions to changes in the prior distribution for problems in statistical decision theory.
Cross correlation of sampled boundary distances-an approach to object recognition

An approach to object recognition using cross correlation (CC) is presented. The CC utilizes samples of distances defined from a major axis to points located on the boundary of the object image (sampled boundary distances, or SBDs). With this approach (CCSBD), the recognition of an object under translation, rotation, and uniform scaling can be achieved. The recognition of an object under stretching may also be achieved under the condition that the major axis of the image is not changed after transformation. The generalization of this approach is discussed. In particular, one of the generalizations is the use of axis of symmetry for symmetric images to measure SBDs. This can achieve recognition invariant under translation, rotation, uniform scaling, and stretching along the axis of symmetry and/or the direction perpendicular to it. The experimental results of using CCSBD to recognize some sampling objects are presented. The capability of recognizing objects under a certain type of nonaffine transformation using CCSBD is also investigated. >
Comparisons of Jitter, Shimmer, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio from Directly Digitized Versus Taped Voice Samples

Summary The purpose of this study was to compare jitter, shimmer, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measures obtained from tape-recorded samples with the same measures made on directly digitized voice samples, with use of the CSpeech acoustic analysis program. Subjects included 30 young women who phonated the vowel /a/ at a comfortable pitch and loudness level. Voice samples were simultaneously recorded and digitized, and the resulting perturbation measures for the two conditions were compared. Results indicated that there were small but statistically significant differences between percent jitter, percent shimmer, and SNR calculated from taped samples compared with the same measures calculated from directly digitized samples. It was concluded that direct digitization for clinical measures of vocal perturbation was most desirable, but that taped samples could be used, if necessary, with some caution.
Parallel search algorithms for robot motion planning

The authors show that parallel search techniques derived from their sequential counterparts can enable the solution of instances of the robot motion planning problem which are computationally infeasible on sequential machines. A parallel version of a robot motion planning algorithm based on quasibest first search with randomized escape from local minima and random backtracking is presented. Its performance on a problem instance, which was computationally infeasible on a single processor of an nCUBE2 multicomputer, is discussed. The limitations of parallel robot motion planning systems are discussed, and a course for future work is suggested. >
Ultrahigh Sensitivity Detection System for Far Infrared Spectrophotometers

The problems of detection in far infrared grating spectrophotometers can generally be related to several factors: (1) low intensity of available radiation from the source, (2) energy loss due to the filters which are necessary for blocking of unwanted radiation, (3) only a narrow band of energy (the resolution width) available to the detector in a given time increment, (4) inefficiencies in the optical train, and (5) detector characteristics such as sensitivity to incident radiation and inherent noise fluctuations. Some of these problems can be solved in part by careful design of filters and optics. However, even in the case of a nearly perfect optical train the detector sensitivity becomes the limiting factor, and large improvements can be made only by cooling the detector to low temperatures and reducing the background radiation seen by the detector. The low temperature germanium bolometer detector developed by Low1 is several hundred to several thousand times more sensitive than uncooled detectors, depending on the incident background level, and, properly coupled to the spectrophotometer optical train, offers the possibility of greatly enhancing the performance of far infrared instruments.
Rate coefficients for the OH + acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) reaction between 204 and 373 K

The rate coefficient, k1, for the gas-phase reaction OH + CH3CHO (acetaldehyde) products, was measured over the temperature range 204–373 K using pulsed laser photolytic production of OH coupled with its detection via laser-induced fluorescence. The CH3CHO concentration was measured using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV absorption at 184.9 nm and gas flow rates. The room temperature rate coefficient and Arrhenius expression obtained are k1(296 K) = (1.52 ± 0.15) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and k1(T) = (5.32 ± 0.55) × 10−12 exp[(315 ± 40)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The rate coefficient for the reaction OH (ν = 1) + CH3CHO, k7(T) (where k7 is the rate coefficient for the overall removal of OH (ν = 1)), was determined over the temperature range 204–296 K and is given by k7(T) = (3.5 ± 1.4) × 10−12 exp[(500 ± 90)/T], where k7(296 K) = (1.9 ± 0.6) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The quoted uncertainties are 2σ (95% confidence level). The preexponential term and the room temperature rate coefficient include estimated systematic errors. k7 is slightly larger than k1 over the range of temperatures included in this study. The results from this study were found to be in good agreement with previously reported values of k1(T) for temperatures <298 K. An expression for k1(T), suitable for use in atmospheric models, in the NASA/JPL and IUPAC format, was determined by combining the present results with previously reported values and was found to be k1(298 K) = 1.5 × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, f(298 K) = 1.1, E/R = 340 K, and Δ E/R (or g) = 20 K over the temperature range relevant to the atmosphere. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 40: 635–646, 2008
Predicting the torque of a switched reluctance machine from its finite element field solution

The discretization errors that affect the accuracy of the calculated torque of a switched reluctance machine (SRM) from its finite-element solution are examined. A significant improvement in the accuracy of the computed flux density and torque fan be obtained with a reasonably fine mesh in the air gap by selecting properly shaped and uniform triangular elements. The computed torque/angle characteristic will be smooth and accurate when the proper mesh model is preserved as the rotor is rotated. A reasonably accurate value of the torque can be obtained from three different methods: the global virtual work method, the Maxwell stress-tensor method, and the Coulomb virtual work method. The computed torque/angle characteristics of a 4 kW SRM are generated from the three methods. The computed characteristics are checked against the measured torque/angle characteristics. >
The failure of the radical democratic imaginary Žižek versus Laclau and Mouffe on vestigial utopia

Starting from the author’s critique of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, this essay offers a comprehensive interpretation of Slavoj Žižek’s political theory. ŽiŽek’s position drives a wedge betwee...
The distance spectra of Cayley graphs of Coxeter groups

The absolute (respectively, weak) order graph on a Coxeter group is the graph underlying the absolute (respectively, weak) order poset. We investigate the distance spectra of many of these graphs and pose several open problems.
Do Migrants Remit Democracy? International Migration, Political Beliefs, and Behavior in Mexico

International migrants are agents of democratic diffusion. They spread attitudes and behaviors absorbed in democratic host countries to their less democratic home countries by way of three processes: (a) migrant returns, (b) cross-border communication between migrants still abroad and their friends and family back home, and (c) migrant information networks in high-volume migration-producing communities. Marshaling data from an original June 2006 national survey in Mexico, the authors show that through one or another of these processes, migration alters the political participation and behavior of Mexicans living in Mexico.