cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Kant of Psychology: Joseph Rychlak and the Bridge to Postmodern Psychology

Similarities between the life and work of Joseph Rychlak and the life and work of Immanuel Kant are presented. Both Rychlak and Kant were interested in epistemology and had other common personal and scholarly interests. A claim is made that both Rychlak and Kant initiated revolutions in their respective disciplines. Finally, both Kant and Rychlak saw their ideas serve as a cornerstone for pluralistic worldviews. Kant was uncomfortable with this, as is Rychlak.
Age-Related Cognitive Deficits In Rhesus Monkeys Mirror Human Deficits on an Automated Test Battery

Aged non-human primates are a valuable model for gaining insight into mechanisms underlying neural decline with aging and during the course of neurodegenerative disorders. Behavioral studies are a valuable component of aged primate models, but are difficult to perform, time consuming, and often of uncertain relevance to human cognitive measures. We now report findings from an automated cognitive test battery in aged primates using equipment that is identical, and tasks that are similar, to those employed in human aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) studies. Young (7.1+/-0.8 years) and aged (23.0+/-0.5 years) rhesus monkeys underwent testing on a modified version of the Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB), examining cognitive performance on separate tasks that sample features of visuospatial learning, spatial working memory, discrimination learning, and skilled motor performance. We find selective cognitive impairments among aged subjects in visuospatial learning and spatial working memory, but not in delayed recall of previously learned discriminations. Aged monkeys also exhibit slower speed in skilled motor function. Thus, aged monkeys behaviorally characterized on a battery of automated tests reveal patterns of age-related cognitive impairment that mirror in quality and severity those of aged humans, and differ fundamentally from more severe patterns of deficits observed in AD.
Flow of granular materials in a vertical channel under the action of gravity

Abstract A study has been made of the flow of granular materials under the action of gravity in a vertical channel, using a continuum model to describe the response of the granular material. The equations governing the flow are solved numerically, under the assumption of both slip and no-slip at the wall, and the results compared with the experimental data of Savage [J. Fluid Mech., 93 (1979) 53].
Cerebellar stimulation in the rat: complex stimulation-bound oral behaviors and self-stimulation.

Abstract An extensive stimulation mapping study of the rat cerebellum was carried out in 82 animals. It was found that complex oral behaviors (eating, grooming, and gnawing) as well as self-stimulation could be obtained from a region including the rostro-ventral anterior lobe vermis, fastigial nucleus, and superior cerebellar peduncle. The behaviors, differing in several respects from hypothalamic-elicited behaviors, appeared only in the presence of the appropriate goal object, thus ruling out simple motor automatisms. The present results suggest that the traditional view of the cerebellar role of improving the coordination of individual muscle movements and posture may need to be expanded. Indeed, the cerebellum may act to facilitate and coordinate complex chains of species-specific behavior patterns.
Personality disorders. Current perspectives.

Personality disorders are estimated to occur in at least 10% of the population. They can be major sources of long-term disability, and they frequently exist in conjunction with other major psychiatric disorders or with general medical conditions. Not infrequently, patients with personality disorders seek help from primary care physicians for physical complaints, rather than seeking psychiatric help. When a personality disorder is present, treatment of other coexisting psychiatric or medical conditions is frequently more complicated, lengthier, or less successful, a pattern that may at times be due to lack of recognition of the personality disorder. When a personality disorder is diagnosed, more effective treatment may be prescribed, particularly in light of improved treatment strategies for these conditions. (JAMA. 1994;272:1770-1776)
The behavioral effects of cocaine: rate dependency or rate constancy.

Abstract The behavioral effects of cocaine were studied in squirrel monkeys trained to press a response key under an 8-min fixed-interval (FI) schedule of electric shock presentation. Overall mean rate of responding increased at 0.03–0.3 mg/kg (i.m.) and decreased at 1.0–3.0 mg/kg. Increased responding during the initial and middle periods of the fixed-interval accounted for the increase in overall mean rate; response rate during the final two min of the interval did not increase at any dose. An analysis based on response rate during individuaL 1-min segments of the 8-min interval showed that the rate during the interval became more uniform, and the pattern of positively accelerated responding became more linear, as dose increased. At 0.3–1.0 mg/kg, response rate was relatively constant and independent of the control, pre-drug rate of responding.
Enzyme processing of La Crosse virus glycoprotein G1: a bunyavirus-vector infection model.

Abstract Efficient transmission, amplification, and dissemination of arboviruses require viral replication invertebrate and invertebrate hosts. As a result, virions are exposed to two significantly different environments. Exposure of LaCrosse virus (LACY) to proteolytic enzymes, such as those that may be found in the mosquito midgut, increases virus affinity for mosquito cells. These enzymes remove the major envelope glycoprotein (G1) while leaving the second glycoprotein (G2) intact. Processing of LACY glycoproteins in the mosquito midgut may be necessary to expose attachment proteins on the virion surface before attachment to, and infection of, midgut cells can occur. This model may suggest answers to questions regarding the molecular basis for midgut infection barriers and species susceptibility to arbovirus infection in nature.
Casein kinase I phosphorylates the 25-kDa mRNA cap-binding protein.

Abstract The 25-kDa mRNA cap-binding protein (eIF-4E) exists in both phosphorylated and dephosphorylated forms in eukaryotic cells. Phosphorylated eIF-4E appears to be preferentially associated with 48 S initiation complexes and with the 220-kDa subunit of eIF-4F. In addition, dephosphorylation of eIF-4E has been observed during heat shock and mitosis which are accompanied by decreased protein synthesis. However, the control of eIF-4E phosphorylation and its regulatory role remain poorly understood. Using eIF-4E as a substrate we have identified and purified from rabbit reticulocytes a protein kinase that phosphorylates eIF-4E in vitro. This enzyme phosphorylated eIF-4E on both serine and threonine residues with an apparent Km of 3.7 μ m . The molecular mass of the enzyme and specificity for substrates other than eIF-4E suggested that this enzyme was a species of casein kinase I. This was confirmed by comparing the phosphopeptide map of the purified reticulocyte enzyme with that of rabbit skeletal muscle casein kinase I and by comparing phosphopeptide maps of eIF-4E phosphorylated in vitro by each enzyme. We conclude that casein kinase I phosphorylates eIF-4E in vitro and suggest that eIF-4E may be phosphorylated by casein kinase I in intact cells under some physiologic conditions.
Cutaneous angiosarcoma of the scalp: a multidisciplinary approach.

BACKGROUND Angiosarcoma is a malignant tumor of vascular endothelial cells that arises in the head and neck. It is a rare, difficult to treat, and lethal tumor. METHODS Clinical data from patients who were diagnosed with angiosarcoma of the scalp between 1975 and 2002 at the University of Michigan were reviewed. Analysis was performed to assess for factors impacting time to recurrence and survival. RESULTS The study was comprised of 29 patients with a median age of 71.0 years. Most patients presented after a delay in diagnosis with either a bruise-like macule (48.3%) or a nonbruise-like nodule (51.7%). Seventy-five percent of patients had pathologic Stage T2 disease, and 76% of patients had high-grade tumors. Virtually all patients underwent surgical excision (96.6%); however, negative surgical margins were achieved in only 21.4% of patients. Multiple lesions on presentation were associated with a shorter time to recurrence (P = 0.02). The median actuarial survival was 28.4 months. Younger patients and patients with Stage T1 disease had improved survival (P = 0.024 and P = 0.013, respectively). Radiation therapy was associated significantly with a decreased chance of death (hazard ratio, 0.16; P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Although surgery remains the first option for the treatment of patients with angiosarcoma of the scalp, achieving negative margins often is impossible. Patients who are younger and who have less extensive disease fare better. Postoperative radiation therapy should be employed routinely, as it may lead to improved survival. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11667
Flow speeds and length scales in geodynamo models: The role of viscosity

Abstract The geodynamo is the process by which turbulent flow of liquid metal within Earth's core generates our planet's magnetic field. Numerical simulations of the geodynamo are commonly used to elucidate the rich dynamics of this system. Since these simulations cannot attain dynamic similarity with the geodynamo, their results must be extrapolated across many orders of magnitude of unexplored parameter space. For this purpose, scaling analysis is essential. We investigate the scaling behavior of the typical length scales, l , and speeds, U , of convection within a broad suite of geodynamo models. The model outputs are well fit by the scalings l ∝ E 1 / 3 and U ∝ C 1 / 2 E 1 / 3 , which are derived from a balance between the influences of rotation, viscosity, and buoyancy ( E is the Ekman number and C the convective power). Direct comparison with two previously proposed theories finds that the viscous scalings most favorably describe model data. The prominent role of viscosity suggested by these scaling laws may call into question the direct application of such simulations to the geodynamo, for which it is typically assumed that viscous effects are negligible.
The Rôle of Compactness in Analysis

(1960). The Role of Compactness in Analysis. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 67, No. 6, pp. 499-516.
Progressive relaxation and the sleep of older men and women.

Individuals over 65 years old are the fastest growing segment of the American population. They comprise about 12% of the people in this country, and they take approximately 40% of the sedatives prescribed by health-care providers (Gottlieb, 1990). Research has shown that the elderly experience subjective and objective changes that influence the quantity and quality of their sleep. Among these changes are problems in initiating sleep, frequent nocturnal wakenings, and early morning arousals (Dement, Miles, & Carskadon, 1982; Mellinger, Baiter, & Uhlenhuth, 1985). As a result, they frequently complain of unsatisfactory sleep, not feeling refreshed in the morning, and daytime drowsiness (Johnson, 1988). Mendelson (1990) proposed that with the frequent sleep disturbances reported by the elderly, it is not unexpected that they are often given sedative hypnotics. It is also not surprising that daytime alertness is reduced by the prolonged effect of these drugs in the elderly. Reynolds et al. (1991) suggested that there are sex and age differences in the sleep of the healthy elderly. Women maintain greater preservation of slow wave sleep than men. They also experience greater rapid eye movement (REM) sleep onset latencies. In comparison to 60and 70-year-old women, 80-year-old women showed a greater decline in their sleep maintenance. Eighty-year-old men demonstrated greater stability in maintaining their sleep when compared to 60and 70-year-old men. Hoch, Reynolds, Kupfer, and Berman (1988) reported that there are also sex differences in the perceived quality of sleep in the elderly. Older men tend to rate their sleep quality as higher and more satisfying than older women. The changes in sleep that accompany normal aging are of concern to nurses as they endeavor to deliver comprehensive care to older adults. The lack of refreshing and satisfying sleep may interfere with the ability to perform activities of daily living, impair judgment and cognition, and alter behavior in the elderly. The use of sedative hypnotics to enhance sleep complicates these factors due to their side effects.
Platelet-derived Growth-factor-releasing Aligned Collagen-nanoparticle Fibers Promote the Proliferation and Tenogenic Differentiation of Adipose-derived Stem Cells

In order to enhance the healing potential of an injured tendon, we have prepared a novel biomimetic aligned collagen-nanoparticle (NP) composite fiber using an electrochemical process. The aligned collagen-NP composite fiber is designed to affect the cellular activity of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) through two different ways: (i) topographic cues from the alignment of collagen fibril and (ii) controlled release of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) from the NPs. PDGF released from collagen-NP fibers significantly enhanced the proliferation of ADSCs when tested for up to 7 days. Moreover, compared to random collagen fibers with PDGFs, aligned collagen-NP fibers significantly promoted the desirable tenogenic differentiation of ADSCs, as evidenced by an increased level of tendon markers such as tenomodulin and scleraxis. On the other hand, no undesirable osteogenic differentiation, as measured by the unchanged level of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, was observed. Together, these results indicate that the aligned collagen-NP composite fiber induced the tenogenic differentiation of ADSCs through both a topographic cue (aligned collagen fibril) and a chemical cue (PDGF released from NPs). Thus, our novel aligned collagen-NP composite fiber has a significant potential to be used for tendon tissue engineering and regeneration.
We who are Strangers: Insights into how Diasporic Nigerians Experience Bereavement Loss

Death and dying are respectable normative components of the human and living condition. Regardless of how the dying is accomplished, those who are mourners bear a significant burden of the loss, contingent on several variables, but especially the level of attachment to the deceased. This loss is accommodated or exacerbated depending on culture, social location, and degree of importance accorded to the bereavement. In the case of Diasporic Nigerians all over the world, the bereavement process is a long and arduous one due to their social location outside of their cultural home. Using bereavement theory, this phenomenological and ethnographic study attempts to elicit an understanding of how Nigerians in the Diaspora experience bereavement loss when it happens in the Diaspora but especially in their far away homeland. The study found that Diasporic Nigerians experience bereavement loss differently from those of their host countries. Poignantly, such bereavement loss produce significant stressors than those from mainstream host countries, contingent on social location, absence of culturally relevant mourning rituals, distance to cultural homeland, consanguinal ties, cultural expectations, and financial burden for completing rituals and rites of passages. The study has cultural competency implications and applications for exploring nonlinear ways of revisiting and understanding Diasporic bereavement loss, and the deployment of culturally sensitive and relevant social work practices and interventions with such minority populations.
SACRED MOUNTAINS, RELIGIOUS PARADIGMS, AND IDENTITY AMONG THE MESCALERO APACHE

This article carefully examines the roles that sacred mountains play in Mescalero Apache religious tradition and ''religious paradigms'' of sacred space and ceremonial practice. For the Mescalero, sacred mountains are intimately associated with conceptions of spiritual ecology, ceremonial traditions, prayer, and cultural identity. To understand these aspects of Mescalero tradition as they relate to cultural practices, this article focuses on the Mescalero Apache Mountain Spirit tradition. In this tradition men are masked, painted as ''Mountain Spirits'' and are understood to embody the power of the sacred mountains, the four cardinal directions, and the power of the Creator. Through analyzing this ceremonial tradition, Mescalero conceptions of how spiritual power is linked to sacred geographies and spiritual ecology is brought to light. The Mountain Spirits are also analyzed for how, through oral tradition and spiritual revelation, mountains become significant for the Mescalero within their religious system. The Mountain Spirits and their connections to sacred mountains are furthermore contrasted with the female initiation ceremony of the ''Big Tipi.'' It is proposed in this paper that these two ceremonial traditions, through their different relationships to the land and sacred geographies, feature differently in Mescalero self-conceptions of their cultural and religious identity.
Epidemiology of interdialytic ambulatory hypertension and the role of volume excess.

Background: The epidemiology of hypertension among hemodialysis (HD) patients is difficult to describe accurately because of difficulties in the assessment of blood pressure (BP). &
Acyclovir in the treatment of herpetic stromal disease

Seventeen patients (ten women and seven men, 23 to 72 years old) with stromal herpetic disease were treated with topical and oral acyclovir for 14 days. Of the 12 patients with disciform edema, five showed minimal improvement, four showed no change, and three showed worsening of their disease. Of the five patients with necrotizing stromal keratitis, one improved, one showed no change, and three became worse. The patients who had been treated with corticosteroids previously had a statistically significantly worse outcome than those who had not been so treated. One patient with necrotizing stromal keratitis showed virus particles in tissue specimens obtained by superficial lamellar keratectomy. Thus, acyclovir was not effective in the treatment of disciform edema or necrotizing stromal keratitis. Further studies are needed to ascertain whether the drug is therapeutically ineffective or whether acyclovir did not reach the stroma in amounts sufficient to affect the course of stromal disease in the human eye.
Aging Adult Children with Developmental Disabilities and Their Families

The purpose of this article was to review the literature about families of adult children with developmental disabilities, the impact of culture on access to health care services, and community-based health care services for adults with developmental disabilities to answer the following questions: (1) How do parents of adult children with mental retardation and other developmental disabilities describe their caregiving experiences?, (2) What are frequently identified unmet service needs by the parents/families?, (3) Does the family's culture or ethnic background influence how they view their caregiving experiences?, and (4) What are the unique challenges facing families when attempting to access health care services? Currently little information exists about the needs of parents and other family members who live with adults with developmental disabilities. Longitudinal studies and studies to assess the influence of culture on care giving are especially needed. Therapists need to use approaches that will e...
Quality-specific differences in rat taste detection performance as a function of stimulus volume.

Abstract Taste detection performance for representatives of the four taste qualities as a function of stimulus volume ( 5 × 10 −4 to 1 × 1 −1 ml) was examined in rats using high-precision gustometry, computer-controlled operant procedures, nonparametric signal detection measures of sensitivity and responsivity, and blind control procedures. The overall sensitivity index was positively related to stimulus volume ( r s = .60 ), with optimal detection performance attained with a 5 × 10 −3 ml stimulus volume for salt tastants and a 1 × 10 −2 ml stimulus volume for the other taste qualities. The overall responsivity index was inversely related to stimulus volume ( r s = − .47 ), especially for sour and bitter tastants. These results are consistent with prior observations and demonstrate that operant methods using small tastant samples produce sensitive estimates of the rat's taste detection performance and response bias.
Inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of indole V. Reactions of 3-substituted indoles with heteroaromatic azadienes

Abstract The inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of 3-substituted indoles with 1,2,4-triazines and 1,2,4,5-tetrazines proceeded in excellent yields both inter- and intramolecularly. The cycloaddition of tryptophan with a tethered 1,2,4-triazine produced a diastereomerically pure cycloadduct.
Faceting and roughening in quasicrystals.

The question whether quasi-crystal shapes should be faceted is studied in a simple model of quasi-crystalline order. At T = 0, the model is proved to yield a completely faceted equilibrium shape in both two and three dimensions. At T greater than 0, an interface model is derived for a two-dimensional Penrose tiling. By mapping it onto a one-dimensional quasi-periodic Schroedinger equation, it is shown that the roughness exponent varies continuously with T at low T.
Expression of murine oncornavirus proteins in synchronized cells.

Abstract Normal rat kidney (NRK) cells and NRK cells transformed by Kirsten murine sarcoma-leukemia virus (NRK-K) were synchronized by double thymidine block. Cells were examined by indirect cytoplasmic immunofluorescence during synchronous growth for the presence of the 10,000, 12,000, and 30,000 dalton internal virion proteins (p10, p12, and p30) and for the 71,000 dalton major viral glycoprotein (gp 71) using monospecific antisera to p10, p12, p30, and gp 71 proteins of Friend murine leukemia virus. Expression of p30 and gp 71 was increased during late S + G 2 phase and was decreased during M and G 1 phases of the cell cycle in NRK-K cells. Expression of p30 was similarly coordinated to the cell cycle in NRK cells. Patterned expression of p10 and p12 was not detected.
Structural basis of the oligomerization of hepatitis delta antigen

Background The hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a small satellite virus of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Coinfection with HBV and HDV causes severe liver disease in humans. The small 195 amino-acid form of the hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) functions as a trans activator of HDV replication. A larger form of the protein containing a 19 amino acid C-terminal extension inhibits viral replication. Both of these functions are mediated in part by a stretch of amino acids predicted to form a coiled coil (residues 13-48) that is common to both forms. It is believed that HDAg forms dimers and higher ordered structures through this coiled-coil region. Results The high-resolution crystal structure of a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 12 to 60 of HDAg has been solved. The peptide forms an antiparallel coiled coil, with hydrophobic residues near the termini of each peptide forming an extensive hydrophobic core with residues C-terminal to the coiled-coil domain in the dimer protein. The structure shows how HDAg forms dimers, but also shows the dimers forming an octamer that forms a 50 A ring lined with basic sidechains. This is confirmed by cross-linking studies of full-length recombinant small HDAg. Conclusions HDAg dimerizes through an antiparallel coiled coil. Dimers then associate further to form octamers through residues in the coiled-coil domain and residues C-terminal to this region. Our findings suggest that the structure of HDAg represents a previously unseen organization of a nucleocapsid protein and raise the possibility that the N terminus may play a role in binding the viral RNA.
Molded Glass Collimator/Objective Lens Pair For Optical Pickup Applications

The design and expected performance of an all-glass, high-NA, collimator/objective lens pair are described. The numerical apertures are: 0.55 (objective) and 0.40 (collimator). Both lenses are biaspheric and both are designed to perform over relatively broad wavelength and temperature ranges. The as-fabricated, on-axis wavefront error of both lenses is expected to be less than 0.04 waves (RMS, 765-845 nanometers). This is one of the first such glass matched pairs to be designed for use with laser diodes in compact-disc, video-disc and optical-memory applications.
The ecology of echo

Echo is a generic ecosystem model in which evolving agents are situated in a resource-limited environment. The Echo model is described, and the behavior of Echo is evaluated on two well-studied measures of ecological diversity: relative species abundance and the species-area scaling relation. In simulation experiments, these measures are used to compare the behavior of Echo with that of a neutral model, in which selection on agent genotypes is random. These simulations show that the evolutionary component of Echo makes a significant contribution to its behavior and that Echo shows good qualitative agreement with naturally occurring species abundance distributions and species-area scaling relations.
The greening of biotechnology: the growth of the US biotechnology industry

Abstract The growth and advancement of biotechnology worldwide has been the focus of many studies, and at the heart of this advancement has been a new industry of small biotechnology firms in the United States. Since the early 1970s more than 300 small companies have been founded in the United States to work with the new technologies of genetic engineering, monoclonal antibody production, and in related areas. In addition, many major corporations in the United States have sought entry into biotechnology. Hundreds of new companies have been founded to interact with the biotechnology firms and large corporations, supplying reagents, equipment, fermentation expertise and serving a variety of other ancillary functions. Nowhere else in the world has a biotechnology industry been initiated to such a large degree. Today, the average US biotechnology firm is six to seven years old. The current state of the US biotechnology industry, historical perspectives, major trends and some future outlooks will be described below.
LIPID OXIDATION IN SPANISH PEANUTS: THE EFFECT OF MOIST HEAT TREATMENTS

The rate of lipid oxidation during storage of raw peanuts is at a minumum in comparison with that after roasting. The effect of heat processing on the activities of several enzymes was studied in relation to lipid stability in Spanish peanuts. Lipoxygenase was not found in whole shelled peanuts after steaming for 2 min at 100°C, and very little peroxidase activity could be detected after 30 min. A heat-labile factor which destroys hydroperoxides and prevents their accumulation was inhibited by KCN and inactivated in whole shelled peanuts by steaming for 30 min at 100°C. The rate of hydroperoxide formation in stored whole shelled peanuts first increased and then decreased with the time of steaming prior to storage. Stability characteristics of full-fat peanut flakes were shown to be dependent upon the conditions of heat treatment of peanuts prior to drum drying.
Approach to the Treatment of Aortic Dissection

Acute aortic dissection is a fatal disease if early diagnosis and institution of appropriate therapy are delayed. Unfortunately, the presentation of a dissection can be diabolical, leading to an initial misdiagnosis in more than 25% of patients. For type A dissections, surgical repair is essential because mortality rates approach 50% at 48 hours with expectant therapy alone. For type B dissections, medical management is successful in most patients, although a subset with complications or early dilation may benefit from newer endovascular techniques. The goal of this review is to summarize the diagnostic algorithm, initial therapeutic options, and long-term management regimen that offer patients with an acute aortic dissection the best chance for short-term and long-term survival. There is an emphasis on the specific practical approach that is applied at Washington University to patients who present with an aortic dissection.
The adsorption/impregnation of catalytic precursors on pure and composite oxides

Abstract Three intrinsically connected phenomena occur during adsorption/impregnation of aqueous electrolytes onto oxide carriers. They are: pH-dependent development of surface charge carriers on the oxide; pH-dependent aqueous speciation of catalytic precursors; surface adsorption by complexation and coordination. Modeling of these processes yields basic thermodynamic properties of the adsorbed phase, which could provide useful information of the catalytic properties of the metal, support, and reveal metal-support interactions, thus contributing to design criteria for supported-metal catalysts. The spectrum of catalytic systems that can be studied using the above approach is greatly extended when both pure and composite oxide carriers are considered. This presentation will focus on three metal/support systems, each of which provides results of both practical and fundamental importance.
Using Cohen's tables to determine the maximum power attainable in two-sample tests when one sample is limited in size.

Advantages of using equal sample sizes in 2 sample tests for means, correlations, and proportions are well known. However, in applied research there are frequently circumstances that limit the size of 1 of the 2 samples. This article draws attention to a simple method of determining, from Cohen's (1988) tables, the effects that this constraint (on the size of one sample) has on the maximum attainable power of these tests. These effects can be extremely serious in the case of small, medium, and even large effect sizes and clearly indicate that availability of a very large 2nd sample may not compensate for a constraint on the size of the 1st sample
Tales From the Grave Organizations' Accounts of Their Own Demise

Competing theories of organizational behavior offer a variety of reasons why organizations cease to exist. Some reasons are internal to the organization, such as losing control over financial matters and being unable to routinize procedures. Other reasons are environmental, such as changing market conditions, lacking social capital, outside regulation, and not being perceived as legitimate by external power holders. The authors interviewed representatives from dead nonprofit organizations to determine the extent to which these theoretical explanations match with respondent understandings of why their organizations closed. Respondents were more likely to attribute death to their smallness, youth, financial difficulties, personnel turnover, being perceived as unimportant, or decreased demand for their services. Organizations that said they were “too young” or “too small” were more likely to say that they were too disconnected from other organizations in the community, thus shedding light on why youth and sm...
A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF GIGAR‐TINACEAE FROM PACIFIC NORTH AMERICA BASED ON MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

Greater than 50 species of Gigartinaceae have been described from Pacific North America, about half of which are currently recognized. Although the family is treated extensively in the taxonomic literature, many of the species are still confused and a comprehensive revision is required. We sequenced the rbcL (RuBisCO) gene and ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) 1, 2, and 5.8S regions from a large number of recent collections and identified a discrete of number data sets. These were analysed in comparison with the morphological evidence for each of the taxa. Uncertain of the possibility that our operational taxonomic units may not correspond to the types, we developed a protocol for isolating PCR-friendly DNA from herbarium specimens, some reaching back as far as 1670. The DNA profiles of types and historically important specimens were compared to those for recently collected silica gel-dried and formalin-fixed material and assigned correct names. Species studied ranged from Alaska to Mexico and the Gulf of California and were compared to outgroup taxa from Pacific South America and the Southern Ocean. Particular attention was paid to variations in morphology as they relate to habitat with emphasis on the presence or absence of different morphological forms among sympatric and allopatric populations. We recognize 10 species in Chondracanthus (including one new combination and one new species) and 16 species in Mazzaella (including two new combinations and two new species). Finally, we tested a phylogenetic hypothesis inferred for the Gigartinaceae from rbcL sequences for congruence with one generated from ITS sequences.
Sentinel: An Expert System Decision Aid For A Command, Control And Communications Operator

The growing complexity and quantity of information used in command, control and communications (C3) networks makes it essential to reduce the workload on the operators of these networks. SENTINEL is an expert system which functions as a decision aid for the strategic missile warning officer, using a simulation of a C3 network that involves multiple missile launches and up to 20 countries. In this research, a blackboard model expert system using rule bases and object oriented programming techniques was developed that permits SENTINEL to deal with uncertainty and offer several layers of explanation. SENTINEL deals with uncertainty by using Cohen's endorsement theory and the pattern recognition techniques of feature sets and prototypes. SENTINEL analyzes the causes of reported events into higher level, yet less precise forms to offer an abstract layer of explanation. The results are applicable to further expert system or decision aid development for C3 networks.© (1986) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Work in progress — Computer simulations to correct misconceptions in fluid flow and heat transfer fundamentals

The use of computer simulation of basic fluid flow and heat transfer processes to correct misconceptions and improve learning of engineering principles is being investigated. Computer simulations that emphasize visualization of velocity, pressure, and temperature profiles in simple fluid flow and heat transfer problems were made with COMSOL Multiphysics(TM), a user friendly commercial finite element software package. The simulations were used in a senior chemical engineering laboratory course as part of a review of fundamentals before proceeding to more involved studies of fluid flow and heat transfer in real world equipment. To assess the value of the simulations, students were given diagnostic quizzes with relevant concept inventory questions before and after they used them. The students had previously studied fluids and heat transfer, but the diagnostic quizzes indicated they had forgotten or misunderstood some of the fundamentals. These students scored significantly higher on the diagnostic quizzes after they studied the simulations than they did before.
A Bayesian approach to diagram matching with application to architectural models

IT system architectures, as well as other systems, are often described by formal models or informal diagrams. In practice, there are often a number of versions of a model, e.g. for different views of a system, divergent variants, or a series of revisions. Understanding how versions of a model correspond or differ is crucial, yet little work has been done on automated assistance for matching models and diagrams.We have designed a framework based on Bayesian methods for finding these correspondences automatically. We represent models and diagrams as graphs whose nodes have attributes such as name, type, connections, and containment relations, and we have developed probabilistic models for rating the quality of candidate correspondences based on various features of the nodes in the graphs. Given the probabilistic models, we can find high quality correspondences using search algorithms. Preliminary experiments focusing on architectural models suggest that the technique is promising.
Solution-processable conjugated polymers containing alternating 1-alkyl-1,2,4-triazole and NSN links

Poly(sulfur nitride), [SN]x, is an infinite π-bonded system and only known polymeric superconductor composed of nonmetallic elements. The appealing electronic properties of [SN]x, along with the safety issue involved in the synthesis, have motivated research on [SN]x analogues, for example, conjugated polymers consisting of sulfur–nitrogen moieties separated by heterocyclic groups. In this paper, we report an exploration for a new NSN-linked polymer, with a major objective to improve its solubility for low-cost, large-area fabrication of molecular devices based on a solution process. Specifically, we present the synthesis and characterization of a conjugated polymer based on alternating 1-alkyl-1,2,4-triazole and sulfur–nitrogen. We found that 4-dimethylamino pyridine is an effective catalyst for the polymerization of bis-N-sulfinyl-3,5-diamino-1-dodecyl-1,2,4-triazole, resulting in polymers that show a broad absorption band in the range of 400 to 600 nm. Moreover, this polymer exhibits high solubility in a variety of non-polar solvents, including tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, dichloromethane, and chlorobenzene.
Analysis of Nondiagnostic Results after Image-guided Needle Biopsies of Musculoskeletal Lesions

Background/rationale Image-guided needle biopsies are commonly used to diagnose musculoskeletal tumors, but nondiagnostic (ND) results can delay diagnosis and treatment. It is important to understand which factors or diagnoses predispose to a ND result so that appropriate patient education or a possible change in the clinical plan can be made. Currently it is unclear which factors or specific lesions are more likely to lead to a ND result after image-guided needle biopsy.
PLS/neural networks

Abstract Performance improvements for feedforward networks (FFNS) are investigated. First, FFNs are shown to be inferior to simpler linear methods for some examples. A topological change to the network, the inclusion of a linear hidden unit, is introduced to address the problem. A proof is developed to demonstrate that this change allows FFNs to recover linear performance while not sacrificing FFNs' abilities to reproduce nonlinear mappings. Another enhancement is developed by incorporating a popular linear technique, partial least squares (PLS). The PLS-based enhancement (PLS/neural) is an improvement over methods that combine principle component analysis (PCA) with FFNs and is particularly useful for noise suppression and sparse data sets. This new method is shown to not have several of limitations of another nonlinear PLS method (Wold et al., 1989). Two examples based on experimental data and a tutorial example are developed to illustrate the methods. This work focuses on network topology and the objective functions used to generate the learning rules. Learning rule enhancements (e.g. using improved optimization methods such as a conjugate gradient) are not investigated but can be easily included to extend further the performance improvements.
STUDY OF THE ION--VORTEX-RING TRANSITION.

The velocity of bare ions and vortex rings in the region of the ion-vortex-ring transition as a function of applied electric field was experimentally studied and is described in detail. The velocity at which a bare ion produces quantized vortex rings has been determined. In the case of negative ions under pressure, this critical velocity is related to the radius of the negative-ion bubble. It was also found that creation of vortex rings by bare ions requires a considerably larger electric field than that necessary to support a singly charged vortex ring. An effect associated with the radioactive source (for producing ions) was observed which allowed vortex rings to be produced in the source region with comparatively weak electric fields. Vortex rings having a radius as small as 37 \AA{} were studied, and no deviation from the classical hydrodynamic equation was observed. The data indicate that the vortex core size may be pressure- and temperature-sensitive.
Gene therapy in bladder cancer.

Purpose of review Gene therapy remains a promising therapy for controlling cancer. Bladder cancer is a particularly interesting tumor system for consideration of a gene therapy approach based on several factors, including the ability to access the tumor in a relatively noninvasive fashion. Several gene therapy strategies have been studied in the treatment of bladder tumors. In this review, an update of the recent outcomes of viral-based gene therapy for bladder cancer is discussed. Recent findings Several preclinical in-vitro and in-vivo studies have demonstrated the feasibility of intravesical viral-mediated gene therapy. Recent studies have introduced additional viral systems as useful vectors for transfection of the bladder and associated tumor. Advances in targeting techniques have improved transgene delivery to the bladder. Additionally, a variety of therapeutic strategies, including gene corrective treatment, gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, and immunomodulation have been recently investigated with positive findings. Summary Viral-based gene therapy for bladder cancer remains an intriguing potential future therapy for bladder cancer. Additional advances in gene delivery and the establishment of novel vector safety will be required to move this therapeutic option out of the laboratory and into the clinical setting.
Systemic administration of naked plasmid encoding hepatocyte growth factor ameliorates chronic renal fibrosis in mice.

The progression of chronic renal diseases is considered as an irreversible process that eventually leads to end-stage renal failure characterized by extensive tissue fibrosis. At present, chronic renal fibrosis is incurable and the incidence of affected patients is on the rise worldwide. In this study, we demonstrate that delivery of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene via systemic administration of naked plasmid vector markedly ameliorated renal fibrosis in an animal model of chronic renal disease induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction. A high level of exogenous HGF protein was detected in the obstructed kidneys following intravenous injection of naked plasmid encoding human HGF. Delivery of human HGF gene induced a sustained activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1 and -2 in the obstructed kidneys. Exogenous HGF expression dramatically inhibited α-smooth muscle actin expression, attenuated renal interstitial accumulation and deposition of collagen I and fibronectin. In addition, exogenous HGF suppressed renal expression of pro-fibrogenic cytokine TGF-β1 and its type I receptor in vivo. These results suggest that systemic administration of naked plasmid vector introduces a high level of exogenous HGF to the diseased kidneys, and that HGF gene transfer may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for amelioration of chronic renal fibrosis in vivo. Gene Therapy (2001) 8, 1470–1479.
Phase Shifts of the Skyrmion Breathing Mode

Phase shifts for the skyrmion breathing mode are calculated and indications of a resonance in this channel are found. We identify this resonance with the $N(1440)$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1600)$.
Cellular expression of the Drosophila melanogaster FMRFamide neuropeptide gene product DPKQDFMRFamide. Evidence for differential processing of the FMRFamide polypeptide precursor.

DPKQDFMRFamide is one of five different FMRFamide-containing peptides encoded in theDrosophila FMRFamide gene. To study the cellular expression of DPKQDFMRFamide, we have generated antisera to DPKQD, the N-terminal sequence of the peptide, to avoid crossreactivity with other-FMRFamide-containing peptides. The antisera were purified and the specificity characterized. DPKQDFMRFamide immunoreactive material is first observed in the embryonic central nervous system (CNS) in one cell of the subesophageal ganglion and one cell in each of the three thoracic ganglia. This pattern of expression is observed in larval, pupal, and adult neural tissue, albeit with increased signal intensity. In larva, pupa, and adult, additional cells in the superior protocerebrum, a thoracic ganglion, and an abdominal ganglion express DPKQDFMRFamide immunoreactive material. Immunoreactivity is observed in a cell in the lateral protocerebrum of pupa and adult and cells in the optic lobe of adult. No immunoreactive material was observed in gut tissue. DPKQDFMRFamide antisera stain a subset of cells previously identified byin situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to express the FMRFamide transcript and polypeptide precursor. These data suggest that theDrosophila FMRFamide polypeptide precursor undergoes differential processing to produce DPKQDFMRFamide immunoreactive material in a limited number of cells expressing the FMRFamide precursor.
ERGOVALINE AND PERAMINE PRODUCTION IN ENDOPHYTE-INFECTED TALL FESCUE: INDEPENDENT REGULATION AND EFFECTS OF PLANT AND ENDOPHYTE GENOTYPE

Peramine and ergovaline have ecological and economical significance because they possess insect and/or mammalian toxicity properties. The relationship between these endophytically derived alkaloids in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is unknown. Seasonal and plant tissue effects on the concentration of peramine and ergovaline was investigated in field and greenhouse experiments. The relationship between the alkaloids and the regulatory effects of endophyte and plant on their content were investigated among progeny of reciprocal crosses between high- and low-ergovaline and peramine plant-endophyte combinations. Variation in peramine concentration ranged from 750 to 1742 µg/kg in greenhouse-grown plants, and there was no seasonal trend in peramine content. There was a correlation (r=0.69) between peramine and ergovaline content among leaf tissues of field-grown plants, but there was no correlation between the alkaloids in the culm (r=0.20) or panicle (r=0.17) tissues. Mean leaf ergovaline concentration of progeny derived from the low-ergovaline parent (163 µg/kg) was less than the midparent value (228 µg/kg), but mean of progeny from the high-ergovaline parent was not different from the mid-parent value. Ranges within each progeny set were approximately double their mean. Mean leaf peramine concentrations of the progeny sets were similar to the mid-parent value (3354 µg/kg) but ranges were from 1716 to 8753 µg/kg. There was no correlation between leaf peramine and ergovaline (r=0.01). These data suggest that endophytically produced alkaloids are independently regulated and are controlled by both plant and endophyte genotype.
The minimax noise sensitivity in compressed sensing

Consider the compressed sensing problem of estimating an unknown k-sparse n-vector from a set of m noisy linear equations. Recent work focused on the noise sensitivity of particular algorithms - the scaling of the reconstruction error with added noise. In this paper, we study the minimax noise sensitivity - the minimum is over all possible recovery algorithms and the maximum is over all vectors obeying a sparsity constraint. This fundamental quantity characterizes the difficulty of recovery when nothing is known about the vector other than the fact that it has at most k nonzero entries. Assuming random sensing matrices (i.i.d. Gaussian), we obtain non-asymptotic bounds which show that the minimax noise sensitivity is finite if m ≥ k + 3 and infinite if m ≤ k + 1. We also study the large system behavior where δ = m/n ∈ (0,1) denotes the undersampling fraction and k/n = e ∈ (0,1) denotes the sparsity fraction. There is a phase transition separating successful and unsuccessful recovery: the minimax noise sensitivity is bounded for any δ > e and is unbounded for any δ <; e. One consequence of our results is that the Bayes optimal phase transitions of Wu and Verdu can be obtained uniformly over the class of all sparse vectors.