cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conclusion: Toward a Moral Consensus Paradigm

It is possible to rely on shared moral commitments without having to resolve all our differences about the meaning of these commitments in a pluralistic society. The conclusion suggests some possible consensus points, as well as an initial research agenda for economic science that moves toward a new paradigm. Economics is neither all consumption preferences nor all transcendent preferences about things that are intrinsically good and endure beyond our own lives. The model we need would acknowledge that both kinds of preferences matter. Economic analysis need not assume economic activity serves only consumer appetites. People have production preferences as well as consumption preferences, so economics can identify multiple ends of economic activity. Satisfaction of consumer appetites is one end, but not the only one.
The Gradual Warm-Up: The United States Supreme Court’s Reliance on Social Science Research in Constitutional Criminal Law and Procedure Opinions, 2001-2015

The United States Supreme Court, through its published opinions, influences the shape of American civil liberties to a greater degree than perhaps any other institution. The Court’s reliance on evi...
Foreign Multinational Corporations and Japan's Evolving Syncretic Model of Capitalism

Kenji Kushida analyzes foreign multinational corporations in Japan, particularly in the financial, automobile, pharmaceuticals, and telecommunications sectors that absorbed massive foreign direct investment inflows after the mid-1990s. He finds that regulatory shifts, driven by political logic, reshaped the competitive environment facing the foreign firms. Not only were formal and informal entry barriers removed, but the rules governing industry dynamics shifted to the advantage of the business models of foreign firms over those of the domestic incumbents. The distinctive characteristics of Japan’s political economy, such as the main banks, long-term labor, and keireitsu corporate groups, which had hitherto made it difficult for foreign firms to compete in Japan, actually were transformed functionally to aid foreign firms in making inroads into Japanese markets. Foreign firms often exploited gaps in the new regulatory structure, and took advantage of their ability to o er alternative employment structures and the slow adjustment of incumbent Japanese firms. They did not replace major Japanese firms, but they introduced new norms and practices that coexisted and melded syncretically with the older, pre-existing norms and practices.
Using Public Company Filings to Plan the Audit and Perform Risk Assessment Procedures

SUMMARY This project gives student groups the opportunity to research and analyze publicly available information in the context of audit planning and risk assessment for a publicly traded company. ...
Robotic Transanal Minimally Invasive Surgery (TAMIS)

Minimally invasive excision of low rectal tumors has led to the development of robotic transanal minimally invasive surgery. In this technique, robotic instruments are placed through the anus to perform full-thickness intraluminal resection of tumors without making any visible incisions on the body. Robotic instruments have higher degree of freedom compared to conventional laparoscopic instruments and are adept at operating in small spaces. This chapter reviews the operative techniques of transanal excision of low rectal tumors through robotic surgery.
Regulation of an insect symbiosis

Abstract The best studied insect nutritional endosymbiosis is that of aphids and Buchnera aphidicola. Work on the aphid/Buchnera model has uncovered multiple regulatory systems within this symbiosis that include gene losses, genome rearrangements, complementary metabolic pathways, feedback inhibition loops involving amino acid transporters, miRNAs, small RNAs as well as a conserved growth pathway. Taken together, this work on how an endosymbiont is integrated into its host at a cellular and molecular level challenges the idea of a harmonious mutualism. Here I describe each of the known regulatory systems in the aphid/Buchnera model of endosymbiosis, offer some new interpretations, highlight knowledge gaps and conclude by arguing that the evolution of host/endosymbiont integration is littered with signatures of conflict.
“I love weather more than anybody”: A digital ethnography of The Weather Channel’s fan community:

We Love Weather is the fan community of The Weather Channel. Launched in 2016, We Love Weather aims to serve so-called “weather geeks” by providing exclusive and specialized weather content, as wel...
Learn to Cook for Yourself: Employing Gamification in a Recipe App Design to Promote a Healthy Living Experience to Young Generation.

Nowadays, many young adults are relying on food delivery and unable to cook after they start to live alone. Different kinds of issues exist such as unhealthy diet behavior, environmental pollution, and loss of cooking culture. In this paper, we aim to design a recipe application that can influence young adults and encourage them to cook more and keep a healthier diet. Through a user-centered design approach, we first researched the young adults cooking behavior. After a questionnaire survey and two rounds of interview study, we drew insights from the raw data, which helped determine the design direction and method. In this design, the gamification strategy was selected as the primary feature of design to make the young adults more willing to cook. A recipe app-COOKIT was designed as a game, a repository, and a platform to motivate the cooking experience.
Indexing Early Visual Memory Durability in Infancy

The goal was to examine the scope and development of early visual memory durability. We investigated individual- and age-related differences across three unique tasks in 6- to 12-month-olds (Mage = 8.87, N = 49) by examining the effect of increased delay on memory performance. Results suggest longer-term memory processes are quantifiable by 8 months using a modified Change Detection paradigm and spatial-attention cueing processes are quantifiable by 10 months using a modified Delayed Response paradigm, utilizing 500-1,250 ms delays. Performance improved from 6 to 12 months and longer delays impaired performance. We found no evidence for success on the Delayed Match Retrieval task at any age. These outcomes help inform our understanding of infant visual memory durability and its emergence throughout early development.
Concussion Management in Basketball

Sport-related concussion (SRC) has become an important topic of concern for the public, media, and sports medicine physicians alike with large sporting bodies turning to medical professionals to lead the way in keeping athletes safe while participating in sport. The sport of basketball is typically listed in the top five for incidence of concussion when classified by sport. Diagnosis of SRC is made difficult by the lack of objective findings such as changes on imaging and lab work and symptoms and their severity being different based on each individual injury. Management has been evolving including recent research showing the positive results of early subsymptom aerobic exercise prior to the step-wise progression through the return-to-play protocol. Complications of SRC can significantly affect the athlete’s ability to return to sport following their injury such as persistent symptoms lasting more than 1 month, the likelihood of a musculoskeletal injury following return to action, and the alarming disease process—Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. The NBA, WNBA, NCAA, and the CDC have all created both policies on SRC including appropriate diagnosis and management, as well as preventative efforts to better educate athletes, coaches, and parents on concussions and hopefully improve the number of athletes that suffer from SRC, and its complications, in the future.
The Revolutionary Power of the Church

This chapter deals with the revolutionary power of the Church, in continuity with Biblical tradition. Despite the appearance, the ability to change is essential to the survival of the Church and is a characteristic of the Biblical tradition. For the Church, change is a way to adapt to the contemporary challenges and to find solutions to the real needs of the people. The radicalism of change depends on so many factors and sometimes it is a true revolution. In this frame, at first the article dwells on the historical role of the revolutionary power of both the Church and the Bible. In a second step, it deals with the challenge of African Theology and the need of decolonized theology. In fact, these are among the most important challenges of the contemporary Church and give the opportunity for a deep change.
Orbital Surgery: Evolution and Revolution.

This article traces the development of orbital surgery and its subsequent modifications. It also points out the importance of defining one’s goal before embarking on orbital surgery. Although generally considered part of ophthalmology, surgery on the orbit has been relatively neglected and not routinely practiced. This article reviews the history of development of orbital surgery, both the revolutionary ideas and the evolutionary changes. There are multiple orbital lesions that do not need to be treated with surgery at all. These days chemotherapy, radation therapy, or even immunotherapy may be more appropriate. The most common orbital pathology, that is thyroid orbitopathy, the physician needs to decide whether or not the orbit needs to be decompressed or whether there are problems related to motility that can be dealt with by eye muscle surgery.
Innovation Opportunities in Sport Management: Agile Business, Flash Teams, and Human-Centered Design

The purpose of this article is to highlight the use of innovation sprints, flash teams, and inter-disciplinary collaboration in sport management programs that reduce the apparent proficiency gaps that exist between the expectations of industry and the college graduate. Companies in a variety of industries are using these tools to solve complex problems as the velocity of change and volume of data are increasing at a rate that makes constant innovation a necessity. However, higher education traditions and curricular silos appear to be causing graduates to fall further behind the needs of industry. Two innovation sprints have shown the ability to provide students with improved skills for industry while enhancing their understanding of sport management competencies through rapid prototyping, human-centered design, and flash teams. One innovation sprint involved a cross-campus collaborative experience. The second focused on a multi-college/university collaboration within sport management. Though both experiences produced better-than-expected results, the inter-disciplinary sprint may have produced a higher level of outputs. Furthermore, faculty and students alike appear to benefit from inter-disciplinary interactions as everyone learns more about each field represented and allows everyone to have an equal voice through a common lens. If sport management programs remain in their designated silo, their graduates may be falling further behind the expectation of employers. Previous literature suggests the benefits of innovative practices significantly enhance learning and drive creative problem-solving. Therefore, sport management programs may want to exploreusing innovation sprints, flash teams, and inter-disciplinary collaboration practices as viable practices to enhance student learning outcomes.
World Health Organization-defined eosinophilic disorders: 2021 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management.

DISEASE OVERVIEW The eosinophilias encompass a broad range of nonhematologic (secondary or reactive) and hematologic (primary or clonal) disorders with potential for end-organ damage. DIAGNOSIS Hypereosinophilia (HE) has generally been defined as a peripheral blood eosinophil count greater than 1.5 × 109 /L. After exclusion of secondary causes of eosinophilia, diagnostic evaluation of primary eosinophilias relies on morphologic review of the blood and marrow, standard cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, next generation sequencing gene assays, and flow immunophenotyping to detect histopathologic or clonal evidence for an acute or chronic hematolymphoid neoplasm. RISK STRATIFICATION Disease prognosis relies on identifying the subtype of eosinophilia. After evaluation of secondary causes of eosinophilia, the 2016 World Health Organization endorses a semi-molecular classification scheme of disease subtypes. This includes the major category "myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and rearrangement of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1 or with PCM1-JAK2", and the myeloproliferative neoplasm subtype, "chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified" (CEL, NOS). Lymphocyte-variant HE is an aberrant T-cell clone-driven reactive eosinophila, and idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a diagnosis of exclusion. RISK-ADAPTED THERAPY The goal of therapy is to mitigate eosinophil-mediated organ damage. For patients with milder forms of eosinophilia (eg, < 1.5 × 109 /L) without symptoms or signs of organ involvement, a watch and wait approach with close follow-up may be undertaken. Identification of rearranged PDGFRA or PDGFRB is critical because of the exquisite responsiveness of these diseases to imatinib. Corticosteroids are first-line therapy for patients with lymphocyte-variant HE and HES. Hydroxyurea and interferon-α have demonstrated efficacy as initial treatment and in steroid-refractory cases of HES. Mepolizumab, an interleukin-5 (IL-5) antagonist monoclonal antibody, was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for patients with idiopathic HES. The use of the IL-5 receptor antibody benralizumab, as well as other targeted therapies such as JAK2 and FGFR1 inhibitors, is under active investigation.
Applying a Subpopulation Lens to Population Health.

Applying a Subpopulation Lens to Population Health Populations are composed of myriad subpopulations, each with its own health profile. A key subpopulation that must be considered in efforts to enh...
Determination of equilibrium constants by titration calorimetry: Part II. Data reduction and calculation techniques

Abstract Techniques of data reduction and methods of calculation have been given for the determination of equilibrium constants by titration calorimetry. It has been shown how, starting with typical titration calorimetry data, the apparent heat liberated in the reaction vessel can be calculated, corrected for extraneous heat effects, and used to solve for the equilibrium constant and enthalpy change value(s) for the reaction(s) under investigation. Equations are given for calculating the energy contributed to the overall heat effects measured in the reaction vessel by processes other than chemical reactions such as heat of stirring, heat losses, heat of dilution, etc., and by chemical reactions other than the one(s) for which equilibrium constant(s) are sought. Mathematical techniques and equations are presented for calculating equilibrium constants and enthalpy change values from titration data by least squares analysis.
Language Development, Critical Periods in

First language acquisition typically occurs in infancy and early childhood. An important question concerns whether the acquisition of a first or a second language shows a critical or sensitive period: that is, whether acquisition displays a normal course and leads to full proficiency in the language only when it begins early in life. Keywords: language; critical period; American Sign Language; second language; lateralization
From Complexity to Simplicity

A combination of positively and negatively charged current carriers may provide a key to understanding cuprate superconductors.
Integrated strategy urged to address coastal contamination issues

Coastal bays and estuaries are well known for their intrinsic recreational and economic value, yet these ecosystems are also among our most troubled natural environments. Urban development, agriculture, and shipping are just a few examples of human activities that can cause a wide range of deleterious changes within the coastal environment. These alterations, however, occur simultaneously with cycles of natural variability such as climate change. To effectively manage coastal ecosystems, we need to be able to carefully distinguish between anthropogenic and natural causes of change.
Ending the Other Arms Race: An Argument for a Ban on Assault Weapons

The most enduring images of the recent Los Angeles riots featured weapons. Guns were, it seemed, everywhere and in the hands of everyone. Rioters and shopkeepers, looters and police: all were armed. More weapons are on the way. In the first eleven days of May, Calif ornians responded to the riots by purchasing over 20,000 guns.1 In America's violent inner cities, semiautomatic weapons are rapidly replacing handguns as the currency of prestige and power. During the riots, Los Angeles residents fired semiautomatic assault weapons at police cars.2 Across the nation, criminals obtain assault weapons to outgun and intimidate rivals and victims; law abiding citizens, duly intimidated, buy the same guns, in the hope of deterring and outgunning criminals. The result is an arms race of epic and disastrous proportions.3 The unchecked proliferation of assault weapons is worrisome enough. In conjunction with the increasing violence in American society it is particularly alarming. In 1991, 24,020 Americans were murdered.4 This number, the highest in our history, represents a 2.5% increase from the 1990 record of 23,440, a number itself 9% higher than in 1989. 5 Proposals for reducing the murder rate offer familiar remedies:6 build more and better prisons; increase
Estimate traffic control patterns using a hybrid neural network

Many operating agencies are currently developing computerized freeway traffic management systems to support traffic operations as part of the intelligent transportation system (ITS) user service improvements. This study illustrates the importance of using simplified data analysis and presents a promising approach for improving demand prediction and traffic data modeling to support pro-active control. This study found that the approach of combining advanced neural networks and conventional error correction is promising for improved ITS applications.
Blocking and enhancement of fear conditioning by appetitive CSs

Prior research on Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer has shown that when a CS previously associated with shock (AvCS+) is presented contingent upon a choice response to a discriminative stimulus for food reinforcement, it facilitates discrimination learning. Conversely, a response-contingent CS previously associated with the absence of shock (AvCS−) retards discrimination learning. To evaluate whether these findings reflect across-reinforcement blocking and enhancement effects, two experiments investigated the effects of appetitively conditioned stimuli on fear conditioning to a novel stimulus that was serially compounded with the appetitive CS during conditioned-emotional-response (CER) training. Although there were no differential effects of the appetitive CSs in CER acquisition, Experiment 1, using a relatively weak shock US, showed that a CS previously associated with food (ApCS+) retarded CER extinction to the novel stimulus, in evidence of enhanced fear conditioning to that stimulus. In addition, Experiment 2, using a stronger shock US, showed that a CS previously associated with the absence of food (ApCS−) facilitated CER extinction to the novel stimulus, in evidence of weaker fear conditioning to that stimulus. These results parallel traditional blocking effects and indicate not only that an ApCS+ and an ApCS− are functionally similar to AvCSs of opposite sign, but that their functional similarity is mediated by common central emotional states.
Effect of nitrogen additives on thermal decomposition of cotton

Abstract As a part of investigation of phosphorus–nitrogen synergistic flame retardancy of cotton fabrics, functions of three nitrogen compounds, urea (UR), guanidine carbonate (GC), and melamine formaldehyde (MF), were studied. The cotton fabrics treated by three compounds exhibited different thermal degradation patterns but similar limiting oxygen indexes, proven nitrogen compounds alone have no significant flame retardant effect on cellulose. The thermal decompositions of the nitrogen compounds were different during the pyrolysis and combustion. UR decomposed quickly and releases large amount of ammonia and other non-flammable gases, while MF promoted char formation with cellulose. GC exhibited both gas releasing and char formation on cotton under heat. Activation energy of decomposition of GC and MF treated cotton was more than the untreated cotton and lower for UR treated cotton. UR and GC treated cotton showed decrease in heat of combustion values and that of MF treated cotton showed an increase in values as compared to untreated cotton. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) analysis of chars obtained after thermal gravimetric analyses (TGA) treatment showed presence of nitrogen in the char bonded chemically as heterocyclic. Chars of MF and GC treated fabrics contain more C–N bond as compared to UR treated fabrics indicating greater interaction of GC and MF with cellulose during thermal decomposition.
Lattice chiral fermions and flavor anomalies

Abstract We study flavor anomalies in a lattice formulation of chiral gauge theories. The correct anomaly structure is recovered in the continuum limit. Thus, anomalies do not prevent the doublers from decoupling as the lattice spacing vanishes.
A DFT study of pseudomorphic monolayer Pt and Pd catalysts for NOx storage reduction applications

Abstract Pseudomorphic monolayer catalysts involving Pd and Pt monolayers above late transition metal (TM) hosts (Cu, Ru, Rh, Ag, Ir and Au) were examined for the oxidation of NO with atomic oxygen. It is found that for systems in which the lattice constant of Pt (or Pd) is expanded, the reaction enthalpy is more endothermic and the reaction barrier is higher. Conversely, for systems under compression, NO2 formation is more exothermic and has a lower barrier. These systems were also examined for their thermodynamic stability upon adsorption of NO and oxygen. Although, segregated systems with a pseudomorphic monolayer of Pt and Pd above a transition metal were found to be stable for systems involving Ru, Ir, Rh and Au even in the presence of adsorbates, oxygen was found to be capable of reversing the position of the supported monolayer and the host metal for systems involving Ag or Cu.
Werner’s syndrome: An underdiagnosed disorder resembling premature aging

Werner’s syndrome is an inheritable segmental progeroid syndrome manifested by a premature senescent appearance. Juvenile cataract formation and cutaneous atrophy are the most common features of this disease. Differences in geographic prevalence of this disease appear to reflect varying levels of consanguinity. The diagnosis of this disorder is made less frequently than the frequency suggested by genetic analyses. Our review reveals that there is an inverse relationship between age and in vitro replicative lifespan of cultured fibroblasts from these patients. Greater than 91% of Werner’s syndrome fibroblasts have in vitro lifespans of less than 20 cumulative cell population doublings while only 4.8% of control fibroblasts have in vitro replicative lifespans so reduced. Cultured fibroblasts from other segmental progeroid syndromes are not nearly as reduced in replicative lifespans. Urinary hylauronir acid is increased in Werner’s syndrome, and may be useful, along with fibroblast culturing, as a potential diagnostic aid for this unique and apparently underdiagnosed disorder.
A multiple criteria model for the allocation of data files in a distributed information system

Abstract This paper addresses a multiple objective optimization model to determine the file allocation and query routing assignment in a distributed information system. The problem is formulated as a zero-one integer nonlinear programming problem with multiple objectives. The optimization problem under consideration is shown to be NP-hard. We adopt an iterative improvement procedure, which gives the Pareto optimal solution. We further illustrate our methodology with a small sample system.
Outcomes of re-excision after unplanned excisions of soft-tissue sarcomas.

Background and Objectives Unplanned excisions of soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities occur commonly. Our goal was to evaluate the presence of residual disease, the treatment outcomes as they relate to local and distant recurrence and 5-year survival, and the limb functional outcomes in patients with unplanned sarcoma excision who were treated with re-excision and adjuvant therapy. Methods Between 1993 and 1999, 42 patients presented to our institution after unplanned excision of soft-tissue sarcomas. Of those 42 patients, 38 without gross residual disease or metastatic lesions formed the basis of this review. All 38 patients underwent revision wide excision; most (31) also received adjuvant therapy (radiation and/or chemotherapy). Clinical data were obtained from analysis of patient records and radiographic studies. Univariate analysis was performed with logistical regression, and multivariate analysis was performed with Cox modeling. Results The overall 5-year survival rate was 91.3% and the disease-free 5-year survival rate was 82.2%. Univariate analysis showed that stage-III disease (American Joint Committee on Cancer classification of soft-tissue sarcomas), lesions below the fascia, a histologic high-grade, and the development of organ metastasis were statistically significant factors for mortality. Stage-III disease also was significant for mortality on multivariate analysis. Only stage-III disease was significant for the development of local recurrence. Eighty-four percent of the patients had good to excellent functional outcomes. Conclusions Re-excision with adjuvant therapy proved to be a safe and effective method for treating the disease and preserving limb function. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;91:153–158. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Differential Calcium Binding Protein Immunoreactivity Distinguishes Classes of Relay Neurons in Monkey Thalamic Nuclei

The distributions of neurons displaying immunoreactivity for two calcium binding proteins, parvalbumin and 28Kd calbindin, were studied in the thalamus of M. fascicularis. Colocalization experiments were carried out to determine the extent to which parvalbumin- and calbindin-like immunoreactivity was found in the same cells and the extent to which either was localized in GABAergic interneurons. Anterograde and retrograde tracing experiments involving the fluorescent tracer, fast blue, were also used to determine that cells expressing the calcium binding proteins projected upon the cerebral cortex. In the dorsal thalamus, nuclei are distinguished by different patterns of parvalbumin-like and calbindin-like immunoreactivity. In certain nuclei, for example the lateral dorsal and anterior pulvinar, neurons express immunoreactivity for only one of the calcium binding proteins. In others, neurons in different layers, for example the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, or in different compartments, for example the intralaminar nuclei, express immunoreactivity for either parvalbumin or calbindin; in other nuclei, for example the ventral group, neurons are mixed and immunoreactivity for parvalbumin and calbindin is commonly colocalized. In the ventral thalamus and epithalamus, similar patterns are observed. Colocalization of parvalbumin- and GABA-immunoreactivity is found in all cells of the reticular nucleus but only in certain cells in selected nuclei of the dorsal thalamus, namely the dorsal lateral geniculate and magnocellular medial geniculate. No calbindin-positive cells are also GABA-positive. Most parvalbumin and/or calbindin positive cells in the dorsal thalamus project to the cerebral cortex, as indicated by the retrograde tracing studies, and many parvalbumin positive fibres entering the cerebral cortex could also be shown to contain fast blue anterogradely transported from a thalamic injection. Most of the major sensory and motor pathways entering the dorsal thalamus express parvalbumin immunoreactivity. The optic tract also expresses calbindin immunoreactivity but most other calbindin positive fibres entering the thalamus ascend in the midbrain tegmentum. The differential distributions of parvalbumin and calbindin implied by these results suggest that thalamic cells belonging to different functional systems and projecting differentially upon the cerebral cortex can be distinguished by differential expression of these or closely related calcium binding proteins. This may yield clues to their differential responsivity to afferent driving.
A Factor Analysis of Quarterly Price and Wage Behavior for U. S. Manufacturing

I. Introduction, 385. — II. The theory of inflation and its policy implications, 386. — III. The data, variable transformations, and alternative samples, 387. — IV. Results, 391. — V. Summary and conclusions, 408.
Isoflurane Attenuates cAMP-Mediated Vasodilation in Rat Microvessels

Background Endothelium-dependent vasodilation mediated by cGMP is known to be attenuated by the inhalational anesthetic isoflurane. The present study examines the effect of isoflurane on β-adrenergic and cAMP-mediated vasodilation. Methods and Results Fifty-three subepicardial coronary arteries (diameter, 103±13 μm) from Wistar rats were studied in vitro in a pressurized (40 mm Hg), no-flow state with use of optical density video detection system. After preconstriction of vessels with the thromboxane A 2 analogue U46619 10 −6 mol/L, concentration response curves to the nonselective β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, the G S protein activator sodium fluoride, the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin, the cAMP analogue 8-Br-cAMP, or the phosphodiesterase inhibitor RO20-1724 were obtained either in the presence or absence (control) of 2% isoflurane. Relaxations to all the agents tested were significantly reduced in the presence of isoflurane compared with controls. Conclusions Isoflurane attenuates cAMP-mediated vasodilation. The impairment appears to be distal to adenylate cyclase and is not due to enhancement of cAMP phosphodiesterase.
New tools for corporate planners

In 1960 I approached a Gulf vice president in charge of marketing to service stations in four states to cooperate in a study of pricing. His reply was quick and honest: “I don't know how I do what I do, and I don't think you can find out. But I will be happy to cooperate.” Within six months, with his help, I was able to construct a pricing model. If we knew his facts and used the model, we could predict with almost perfect accuracy what price he would set. Further, his intuitive procedures were highly imaginative, and we doubted that any economist could improve them.
Image feature analysis for computer-aided diagnosis: accurate determination of ribcage boundary in chest radiographs.

A computerized method for accurate determination of the ribcage boundary in chest images has been developed for use in computer‐aided diagnosis(CAD) schemes for automated detection of abnormalities such as the pulmonary lung nodules, pneumothorax, interstitial disease, cardiomegaly, and interval changes in clinical chest images. With our method, the average position of the top of the lung in the chest image is determined first. Top lung edges and ribcage edges are determined within search ROIs, which are selected over top lung cages and ribcages. Three polynomial functions are applied separately to yield smooth curves for top lung edges and right and left ribcage edges. The complete ribcage boundary is then obtained by smoothly connecting three curves. A total of 1000 radiographs were digitized to 1k×1k matrix size and a 10‐bit gray scale with a laser scanner and analyzed by our method. The subjective evaluation indicated that our method produced moderately to highly accurate results in approximately 96% of the 1000 cases examined.
When Managing Expatriate Adjustment, Don't Forget the Spouse

This article discusses research examining reasons for poor adjustment of an expatriate's spouse who relocates with them. The adjustment of spouses is measured by how well the spouse builds relationships with host-country nationals, how well the spouse adjusts to local customs and the culture in general, and the extent to which the spouse feels at home in the foreign country. Foreign language skill was found to be the factor that most influenced the ability to rebuild a personal sense of identity and achieve greater adjustment.
Protein components of bacterial photosynthetic membranes.

Abstract The pigmented membranes of photosynthetic bacteria, and fractions derived from them, have been analyzed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, following their dissolution by exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate and mercaptoethanol. Purified photosynthetic reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides yielded three components of apparent molecular weights 27, 22, and 19 kilodaltons, confirming the findings of Feher and collaborators. The density of staining suggested that RC's † contain these components in a molar ratio of 1:1:1. The RC protein comprised about 25% of the total chromatophore protein. Two major chromatophore proteins, distinct from RC protein, had apparent molecular weights of 46 and 11 kdaltons. The RC proteins could not be found in any preparation made from the pigmented but non-photosynthetic mutant strain PM8 of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides . Triads of bands suggesting the three RC proteins could be discerned in preparations from Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rps. capsulata , and Rps. palustris , but not Rps. gelatinosa or Rps. viridis . Antibody specific toward RC's from Rps. spheroides did not react with any component from non-photosynthetic mutant Rps. spheroides , nor from any of the other species of photosynthetic bacteria mentioned here. The Coomassie Brilliant Blue stain was observed to be fluorescent on some bands in the gels and not on others. With the RC triad the band of highest molecular weight was fluorescent and the others were not; this set of bands was accordingly very easy to recognize in crude preparations.
Diamagnetic properties of the electron-exciton bound states in charge-transfer organic solids

An effective Hamiltonian is established which describes the excitation spectrum of independent quasiparticles arising from the coherent electron-exciton pairing in molecular solids of the charge-transfer type. This Hamiltonian is then used to study the interaction of the quasiparticles with an external transverse electromagnetic field. An expression for the dielectric function is derived which describes the dielectric properties of the system. In the presence of electron-exciton pairing and in the long-wavelength limit, the diamagnetic current is finite and is of the London type, indicating the existence of the Meissner effect. The corrections to the London value for the diamagnetic current depend on the magnitudes of the binding energy of the exciton, the gap function, and the energy difference between the excited and ground states of the system. In the absence of electron-exciton pairing, the diamagnetic current vanishes and the dielectric function corresponds to that for the exciton band.
Cluster method for analysis of transmitted information in multivariate neuronal data

A new method for quantifying the transmitted information and channel capacity of high-dimensional data, based on cluster formation, is described. The method's ability to handle high-dimensional data allows for a complete measurement of information transmitted by neuronal data. It is computationally efficient in terms of both processing time and memory storage. Application of the method to the responses of a V1 neuron shows that more information was transmitted about the pattern of stimuli than about their color.
Ring Deformation in Spirocyclopropane- and Spirocyclobutane-1′,5-barbituric Acids

It is well known that the 5,5-disubstituted barbiturates adopt the planar conformation in solution. However, kinetic investigations on the hydrolysis of spiroalkane-1′,5-barbiturates and the analysis of the C=O stretching vibrations showed the fivefold increase of the hydrolysis rate constants and decrease of the conjugation in the pyrimidine ring for the spirocyclobutane-1′,5-barbituric acid (2) in relation to those containing a cyclopentane or a cyclohexane ring. To explain these phenomena we postulated the twisting of one of the imide bonds due to the steric strain of the cyclobutane ring. Very recently we reported on our investigations on the hydrolysis of spirocyclopropane-1′,5-barbituric acid (1) and the 13C-NMR data of four spirobarbiturates. We concluded, that the conjugation between the cyclopropane ring and the C-4 or C-6 carbonyl group, possible due to the non-planar conformation of the barbiturate ring, is responsible for the low hydrolytic reactivity of the pyrimidine moiety in this compound.
Electrospray encapsulation of water-soluble protein with polylactide. Effects of formulations on morphology, encapsulation efficiency and release profile of particles.

Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-loaded poly(lactide) (PLA) particles were prepared using an electrospraying technique, in which a sufficiently strong electric field was applied to overcome the surface tension of a droplet. A comprehensive investigation was conducted on the effects of independent variables organic/aqueous phase volume ratio and BSA/PLA weight ratio on the dependent variables viscosity, electrical conductivity, surface tension; the morphologies, sizes, and yields of particles; BSA encapsulation efficiency (EE); and in vitro release. An increase in the organic/aqueous phase ratio increased the viscosity and decreased the electrical conductivity of the emulsions, while the viscosity increased with BSA/PLA ratio. In general, spherical particles, with smooth surface and without visible pores, were observed. However, the spherical shape was lost as the organic/aqueous phase ratio decreased and the BSA/PLA ratio decreased. The particle sizes ranged from 0.84 ± 0.18 to 3.95 ± 0.51 μm and the yield was in the range of 64.3 ± 1.8 to 80.1 ± 2.6%. EE of BSA was between 22.9 and 80.6%, and was increased with organic/aqueous phase ratio and decreased with increasing BSA/PLA ratio. In vitro release of BSA from the particles was reduced with increasing organic/aqueous phase ratio and was enhanced by the increase in the BSA/PLA ratio.
Drosophila genomic methylation: new evidence and new questions.

The presence or absence of 5-methylcytosine in the genome of Drosophila has been a matter of disagreement in the literature for decades. We discuss some recent data that have contributed further to the complexity of this issue.
Research Note: Turkey Poult Tolerance to Diets Containing Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin) and Salinomycin

Abstract Feed taken from a commercial turkey farm where poults had refused to eat the feed and high mortality had occurred was analyzed and found to contain .81 mg/kg vomitoxin and 2.2 mg/kg salinomycin. The present four experiments investigated the effects of diets containing salinomycin at 0, 2.2, 5.5, 11, and 22 mg/kg and vomitoxin at 0, 2.2, and 4.4 mg/kg. A factorial design with vomitoxin at 0 and 4.4 mg/kg and salinomycin at 0 and 22 mg/kg was used in Experiment 4. Poults fed the suspect commercial diet had significantly lower feed consumption and higher motality than poults fed a control diet (P
How Earth's atmosphere evolved to an oxic state: A status report

The evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere is essentially the story of atmospheric oxygen. Virtually every realm of the Earth sciences–biology, geology, geochemistry, oceanography and atmospheric science–is needed to piece together an understanding of the history of oxygen. Over the past decade, new data from these fields has shown that there were two significant increases in atmospheric O2 levels at around 2.4–2.3 and 0.8–0.6 billion years ago, respectively. Throughout Earth history, oceanic sulfate concentrations appear to have increased in accord with greater O2 levels, while levels of methane, a strong greenhouse gas, may have inversely mirrored O2. Both oxic transitions occurred in eras characterized by bSnowball EarthQ events and significant disturbances in the carbon cycle, perhaps associated with increases in O2 and losses of methane. To understand what controlled the oxygenation of the atmosphere, it is necessary to determine how O2 is consumed on geologic time scales through reaction with reductants released from the Earth’s crust and mantle. There was apparently a long delay between the appearance of oxygenic photosynthesis and oxygenation of the atmosphere, and a plausible explanation is that excess reductants scavenged photosynthetic O2 from the early atmosphere. However, a quantitative understanding of how and why O2 became abundant on our reducing planet is still lacking. Thus, the study of the early atmosphere remains a frontier field with much to be discovered. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Solution structure of the iron-sulfur cluster cochaperone HscB and its binding surface for the iron-sulfur assembly scaffold protein IscU.

The interaction between IscU and HscB is critical for successful assembly of iron−sulfur clusters. NMR experiments were performed on HscB to investigate which of its residues might be part of the IscU binding surface. Residual dipolar couplings (1DHN and 1DCαHα) indicated that the crystal structure of HscB [Cupp-Vickery, J. R., and Vickery, L. E. (2000) Crystal structure of Hsc20, a J-type cochaperone from Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol. 304, 835−845] faithfully represents its solution state. NMR relaxation rates (15N R1, R2) and 1H−15N heteronuclear NOE values indicated that HscB is rigid along its entire backbone except for three short regions which exhibit flexibility on a fast time scale. Changes in the NMR spectrum of HscB upon addition of IscU mapped to the J-domain/C-domain interface, the interdomain linker, and the C-domain. Sequence conservation is low in the interface and in the linker, and NMR changes observed for these residues likely result from indirect effects of IscU binding. NMR changes o...
Percutaneous injury during dermatologic surgery

An anonymous survey was conducted among 100 randomly selected fellows of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. Forty-one respondents provided information about their experience with percutaneous injury. Causes of injury during 6278 invasive procedures performed during a 1-month period included suture needlesticks (two injuries), injection needlestick (one), needle recapping (one), scalpel blade (one), skin hook (one), and an injury during the transport of an instrument (one). Dermatologic surgeons were more likely to injure their dominant fingers. Attitudes of dermatologic surgeons were surveyed regarding operating on patients while the physician or assistant was actively infected with human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, herpetic whitlow, or paronychia caused by Staphylococcus aureus . Dermatologic surgeons believed that they should be allowed to operate while infected with human immunodeficiency virus (41.5%), hepatitis B virus (40%), herpetic whitlow (25%), and paronychia caused by S. aureus (20%). Few derrnatologic surgeons would disclose preoperatively to patients infections present in themselves or in operating team members that were due to human immunodeficiency virus (29.4%), hepatitis B virus (27.8%), herpetic whitlow (28.6%), or paronychia caused by S. aureus (33.3%).
Models of Intensive Case Management

This article reviews three models of intensive case management developed and tested in Monroe County (Rochester), New York: the Centralized Individual model, the Neighborhood Team, and the Home Health Care Team. The three models are dcscribed and contrasted, and the role of the social worker in each is discussed. The models differed especially regarding client assessment and reassessment, direct service provision, and crisis intervention. The cost-effectiveness of the two Team models is highlighted, particularly for dementia and terminal patients. We conclude with a discussion of the relationship between different levels of casc management intensity and optimal targeting.
Studies of gas-phase clusters: the solvation of HNO3 in microscopic aqueous clusters

Abstract The formation and stability of aqueous clusters of nitric acid were studied utilizing a free-jet expansion technique, coupled with electron impact ionization mass spectrometry. Evidence for the onset of solvation at very small cluster sizes is presented.
Uncertainty and partial adjustment in double-auction markets

Abstract A model is presented of price determination in double-auction markets. The framework is contrasted with naive autoregressive models of price behavior. Implications of model choice are illustrated with the use of market experiments from several institutions.
World-sheet gauge fields in superstrings

Abstract We investigate the introduction of world-sheet 2-dimensional gauge fields in a manner consistent with world-sheet supersymmetry. We obtain the effective string action resulting from the exact integration over the world-sheet gauge fields to show that it generally describes string models with spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetries with continuous breaking parameters. We examine the question of spacetime supersymmetry spontaneous breaking, and show that breaking with continuous, in particular arbitrarily small breaking parameters does not occur; only breaking for discrete values of parameters is possible.
Immunochemical properties of glycolipids.

Lipids of the nervous system and other tissues which contain at least one molecule of a carbohydrate have been shown to exhibit haptenic properties. The specificity of the antibodies produced by the administration of these materials is directed by specific portions of the carbohydrate moiety. Examples of antibodies induced by the polyhexoside and N-acetyl neuraminic acid portions of gangliosides will be shown. The potential usefulness of such antigen-antibody systems for structural studies will be illustrated. Some consideration will be given to the possible role of glycolipid haptens in pathological conditions such as experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis.
Synergetic effects of retrovirus IFN-alpha gene transfer and 5-FU on apoptosis of colon cancer cells.

Gene transfer has advantages in the treatment of a variety of disorders due to its selective expression within specific mammalian cells including the most primitive stem cells and cancer cells. Several investigators have reported on the clinical effects of interferon-α (IFN-α) or the combination of 5-FU plus IFN-α on patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. Therefore, we examined the ability of a retrovirus-mediated IFN-α gene transfer to infect colon cancer cells COLO 201 and the effect of IFN-α gene expression alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs as 5-FU. IFN-α showed positive antitumor activity against COLO 201 cells, whereas 5-FU showed time- and concentration-dependent antitumor activity against COLO 201 cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that combination therapy of IFN-α gene transfer and 5-FU resulted in enhancement of cancer cell lethality. The potentiation increased with higher concentrations of 5-FU by 1.5- to 2.1-fold. Our results suggest that retrovirus-mediated IFN-α gene transfer in COLO 201 cells resulted in functional gene expression as assessed by the levels of IFN-α mRNA and protein; furthermore, the combination of IFN-α gene transfer and 5-FU have additional effects on the induction of apoptosis. This finding provides an experimental basis for possible clinical therapy using retrovirus-mediated IFN-α gene transfer alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs for treatment of colorectal cancer.