cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethics Done Right: Hume on “Is” and “Ought”

The claim that “‘is’ does not entail ‘ought’” is so closely associated with Hume that it has been called “Hume's Law.” The interpretation of the passage in Hume's Treatise of Human Nature that is the locus classicus of the claim is controversial. But the passage is preceded by three main bodies of argument, and, on the working assumption that the passage in question is closely connected to the argumentation that leads up to it, I will here examine the third of these, running from T 463:7 to 469:18. While interpretations have differed from one another, they have agreed in attributing to Hume uncharacteristically weak arguments. I propose to show that Hume's arguments are both stronger and more interesting than has been allowed. But – I will argue – they exploit and consequently depend upon a semantic theory that contemporary philosophers are no longer able to accept. Hume must be assigned a good deal of the responsibility for making “‘is’ does not entail ‘ought’” part of philosophers' (and not just philosophers') commonsense. If I am right both about Hume's influence and about the presuppositions of his arguments, then the interest of these conclusions is not merely historical. Today Hume's Law is a philosophical near-truism, and the burden of proof is taken to rest squarely on the shoulders of its opponents. But if Hume's Law is inherited from Hume, and was originally accepted on the basis of arguments that we can no longer find acceptable, this may require a reassessment of just where the burden of proof may be presumed to lie.
Staying alive — Network coding for data persistence in volatile networks

In volatile network environments, node connectivity and availability changes rapidly. This poses a challenge to efficient repair of failed nodes in distributed storage with erasure-correcting code. The commonly considered bandwidth-efficient data regenerating schemes either rely on availability of specific storage nodes in the network, or require a substantial number of repair nodes. We propose a RLNC storage scheme, which can operate well with highly changing network connectivity, and allows data decoding even after many failures and repairs. We demonstrate its substantial performance gain over the existing regenerating schemes.
Approach to a Patient with Pseudoaneurysm

The pseudoaneurysm is caused by a tear through all the layers of a vessel, allowing a blood collection to form outside the blood vessel, but remaining in continuity with the vessel lumen. The blood is contained by the surrounding tissues and flows in and out of the pseudoaneurysm’s cavity during systole and diastole. The pseudoaneurysm has two components: a cavity and a neck by which the cavity communicates with the lumen of the feeding vessel.
Organizational information security policies: a review and research framework

A major stream of research within the field of information systems security examines the use of organizational policies that specify how users of information and technology resources should behave ...
Doxycycline transformation and emergence of antibacterially active products during water disinfection with chlorine

This study identified transformation products of doxycycline that formed during chlorine disinfection and evaluated the antibacterial properties of the products. Samples were analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS to identify the products. Antibacterial activity assays were used to determine the antibacterial properties of the products that formed during chlorine disinfection. Samples were run in both ultrapure water and final effluent collected from a local wastewater treatment facility. The ultrapure water experiments allowed the products to be easily detected, and the identified products were compared to those found in the wastewater matrix. Wastewater effluent was used as a realistic background matrix for a full-scale wastewater chlorination process. Products with antibiotic properties formed in ultrapure water. In the wastewater effluent, antibacterially active products did not form to a measurable extent. Five transformation products were seen in ultrapure and wastewater effluent samples. Both chlorinated and non-chlorinated transformation products were observed. While the same products were found in both matrices, their relative abundance was different; the non-chlorinated product forming preferentially in the wastewater matrix and chlorinated products forming in greater abundance in the ultrapure water matrix. This can be attributed to the competition for chlorine with the wastewater background, inhibiting the formation of active products. Furthermore, bromide was added at concentrations of 0.5–5 mg L−1 to both ultrapure water and wastewater matrices to assess the antibacterial activity of brominated products. The brominated products were observed, although none of them exhibited antibacterial activity. The results suggest that not only trace antibiotics but also their products could be the source of antibiotic resistance in the environment. The fate of other common antibiotics in water chlorination should be examined.
Staircase in magnetization and entanglement entropy of spinor condensates

Staircases in response functions are associated with physically observable quantities that respond discretely to continuous tuning of a control parameter. A well-known example is the quantization of the Hall conductivity in two-dimensional electron gases at high magnetic fields. Here, we show that such a staircase response also appears in the magnetization of spin-1 atomic ensembles evolving under several spin-squeezing Hamiltonians. We discuss three examples, two mesoscopic and one macroscopic, where the system's magnetization vector responds discretely to continuous tuning of the applied magnetic field or the atom density, thus producing a magnetization staircase. The examples that we consider are directly related to Hamiltonians that have been implemented experimentally in the context of spin and spin-nematic squeezing. Thus, our results can be readily put to experimental test in spin-1 ferromagnetic $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ and antiferromagnetic $^{23}\mathrm{Na}$ condensates.
Elevation, volume and terminus changes of nine glaciers in North America

Nine glaciers in Alaska and Washington, U.S.A., originally mapped as part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957—58, were re-mapped between 1993 and 1996, eight using airborne surface elevation profiling and the ninth using ground-based kinematic global positioning system methods. Elevation, volume and terminus changes were determined for the approximately 38 year period between the IGY mapping and the profiling, All nine glaciers showed substantial thinning at lower elevations; seven of the nine thickened at higher elevations. None of the glaciers had a significant net volume increase; two had close to zero change, and the others had a decrease. For the eight glaciers for which we could obtain quantitative information, the mean thickness change was -10 m with a large scatter, 8 m standard deviation. The volume and terminus changes had no clear geographic pattern, and no simple relationship between volume change and terminus advance or retreat was identified. The largest error in the estimated volume changes is due to map errors.
Security, Privacy, Safety and Resiliency in Computation

Recent advances in computer technology are making available, at acceptable cost, computer systems with virtually unlimited processing power, storage capacity, and capability for data communication. The very large scale integration (VLSI) technology permits placing on single chips tens of thousands of logic circuits or millions of bits of memory, and to mass-produce these for near-negligible cost [1]. It is economical, therefore, to maximize the use of computer technology in any system. Such use produces old products and services in new, digital form, and engenders new services or products. The digital telephone, electronic funds transfer systems (EFTS), and the “fifth generation” knowledge-based information systems [2] are examples of such new developments.
A Formative, Utilization-Focused Evaluation of USA Swimming’s Nationwide Online Coach Education Program

Large-scale online coach education programs have become a preferred method of compulsory training for sport governing bodies. In particular, USA Swimming launched a revised online version of its Foundations of Coaching program in 2013. To evaluate its effectiveness, a utilization-focused evaluation was employed to engage program decision-makers in the process of inquiry. After conducting program elicitation exercises with program decision-makers, semi-structured interviews with 21 participant coaches examined course effects on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours related to coaching swimming. Coaches indicated learning and implementing changes to their coaching of swimming skills, but also indicated the adoption of developmentally-appropriate training practices, which was supported by a corresponding attitude change towards developmentally-appropriate training. Goal setting and incorporating fun into workouts were also endorsed. The evaluation uncovered positive perceptions of the course, and showed that ...
Identifying Patients Experiencing Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression During Recovery From Anesthesia: The Application of Electronic Monitoring Devices.

Background Postsurgical patients experiencing opioid-related adverse drug events have 55% longer hospital stays, 47% higher costs associated with their care, 36% increased risk of 30-day readmission, and 3.4 times higher risk of inpatient mortality compared to those with no opioid-related adverse drug events. Most of the adverse events are preventable. General aim This study explored three types of electronic monitoring devices (pulse oximetry, capnography, and minute ventilation [MV]) to determine which were more effective at identifying the patient experiencing respiratory compromise and, further, to determine whether algorithms could be developed from the electronic monitoring data to aid in earlier detection of respiratory depression. Materials and methods A study was performed in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) in an inner city. Sixty patients were recruited in the preoperative admissions department on the day of their surgery. Forty-eight of the 60 patients wore three types of electronic monitoring devices while they were recovering from back, neck, hip, or knee surgery. Machine learning models were used for the analysis. Results Twenty-four of the 48 patients exhibited sustained signs of opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD). Although the SpO2 values did not change, end-tidal CO2 levels increased, and MV decreased, representing hypoventilation. A machine learning model was able to predict an OIRD event 10 min before the actual event occurred with 80% accuracy. Linking evidence to action Electronic monitoring devices are currently used as a tool to assess respiratory status using thresholds to distinguish when respiratory depression has occurred. This study introduces a potential paradigm shift from a reactive approach to a proactive approach that would identify a patient at high risk for OIRD. Capnography and MV were found to be effective tools in detecting respiratory compromise in the PACU.
Reflexivity and Temporality in Researching Violent Settings: Problems with the Replicability and Transparency Regime

Researchers studying conflict, violence, and human rights in dangerous settings across the globe face a complex set of ethical, personal, and professional dilemmas. Especially in more positivist fi...
Dynamic rupture propagation on fault planes with explicit representation of short branches

Abstract An active fault zone is home to a plethora of complex structural and geometric features that are expected to affect earthquake rupture nucleation, propagation, and arrest, as well as interseismic deformation. Simulations of these complexities have been largely done using continuum plasticity or scalar damage theories. In this paper, we use a highly efficient novel hybrid finite element-spectral boundary integral equation scheme to investigate the dynamics of fault zones with small scale pre-existing branches as a first step towards explicit representation of anisotropic damage features in fault zones. The hybrid computational scheme enables exact near-field truncation of the elastodynamic field allowing us to use high resolution finite element discretization in a narrow region surrounding the fault zone that encompasses the small scale branches while remaining computationally efficient. Our results suggest that the small scale branches may influence the rupture in ways that may not be realizable in homogenized continuum models. Specifically, we show that these short secondary branches significantly affect the post event stress state on the main fault leading to strong heterogeneities in both normal and shear stresses and also contribute to the enhanced generation of high frequency radiation. The secondary branches also affect off-fault plastic strain distribution and suggest that co-seismic inelasticity is sensitive to pre-existing damage features. We discuss our results in the larger context of the need for modeling earthquake ruptures with high resolution fault zone physics.
Histone deacetylase inhibition reduces ventral tegmental area dopamine neuronal hyperexcitability involving AKAP150 signaling following maternal deprivation in juvenile male rats.

Traumatic early life stress (ELS) is linked to dopamine (DA) dysregulation which increases the probability of developing psychiatric disorders in adolescence and adulthood. Our prior studies demonstrated that a severe early life stressor, a 24-hr maternal deprivation (MD) in juvenile male rats, could lead to altered DA signaling from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) due to impairment of GABAergic synaptic plasticity (promoting GABAergic long-term depression, LTD) with concomitant changes in the abundance of synaptic regulators including A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP150). Importantly, these MD-induced synaptic changes in the VTA were accompanied by upregulation of histone deacetylase 2, histone hypoacetylation, and were reversible by HDAC inhibition. Using cell-attached and whole-cell patch clamp recordings, we found that MD stress also increased spontaneous VTA DA neuronal activity and excitability in juvenile male rats without affecting intrinsic excitability. Postsynaptic chemical disruption of AKAP150 and protein kinase A interaction increased VTA DA neuronal excitability in control non-MD rats mimicking the effects of MD on DA cell excitability with similar changes in membrane properties. Interestingly, this disruption decreased MD-induced VTA DA hyperexcitability. This MD-induced DA neuronal hyperexcitability could also be normalized at 24 hr after injection of the class 1 HDAC inhibitor, CI-994. Altogether, our data suggest that AKAP150 plays a critical role in the regulation of VTA DA neuronal excitability and that HDAC-mediated targeting of AKAP150 signaling could normalize VTA DA dysfunction following ELS thereby providing novel therapeutic targets for prevention of later life psychopathology.
Success and failure of additional immunosuppressants in steroid-refractory pneumonitis related to immune checkpoint blockade.

3078Background: Severe immune related adverse events (irAEs) with immune checkpoint blockade are uncommon but can be fatal. Steroids are the most common initial treatment for most non-endocrine irA...
Musculoskeletal small biopsies from small patients: current status in 2 academic hospitals.

Introduction Pediatric bone and soft tissue (BST) lesions typically undergo biopsy prior to treatment, which commonly involves core needle biopsy (CNB) and/or fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). This study looks at the utility of small biopsies in the current diagnosis of pediatric BST lesions from 2 institutions. Materials and methods A retrospective search of BST small biopsies obtained during a 2-year time period (2018-2019) at 2 academic institutions was performed to look at clinicopathologic features, biopsy diagnoses, and correlation with follow-up. Results A total of 96 pediatric patients (average age 11.2 years, range: 10 months-19 years) with BST lesions underwent a small biopsy, which represents 5% of the total BST lesions biopsied. The results show that the majority of lesions were benign (65%), and diagnosed by CNB alone (73%); a combination of FNAB and CNB (16%), and FNAB alone (11%), were less frequent. The CNB was effective in making a definitive diagnosis in 93% of cases and overall small biopsy was effective in 91% of the cases. Cases with definitive diagnoses on small biopsy were more likely to have concurrent CNB or characteristic ancillary studies performed. Conclusions Although pediatric BST lesions constitute only 5% of all BST lesions biopsied, minimally invasive small biopsies with cytologic evaluation for triage and appropriate ancillary study utilization can help render specific diagnoses that help to determine the appropriate treatment for young patients with BST lesions. The current diagnostic approach frequently involves CNB with intraprocedural evaluation or concurrent FNAB, with fewer biopsied by FNAB alone.
Electrical generation and propagation of spin waves in antiferromagnetic thin-film nanostrips

Electrical generation of terahertz spin waves is theoretically explored in an antiferromagnetic nanostrip via the current-induced spin–orbit torque. The analysis based on micromagnetic simulations clearly illustrates that the Neel-vector oscillations excited at one end of the magnetic strip can propagate in the form of a traveling wave when the nanostrip axis aligns with the magnetic easy-axis. A sizable threshold is observed in the driving current density or the torque to overcome the unfavorable anisotropy as expected. The generated spin waves are found to travel over a long distance, while the angle of rotation undergoes continuous decay in the presence of nonzero damping. The oscillation frequency is tunable via the strength of the spin–orbit torque, reaching the terahertz regime. Other key characteristics of spin waves such as the phase and the chirality can also be modulated actively. The simulation results further indicate the possibility of wavelike superposition between the excited spin oscillations, illustrating its application as an efficient source of spin-wave signals for information processing.
The Information Role of the Media in Earnings News

I reexamine whether media articles with substantive editorial content inform the market's reaction to firms' earnings news. Using variation in earnings announcement coverage because of restructuring at The Wall Street Journal (WSJ), my analyses suggest that WSJ earnings articles improve price discovery and increase trading volume at S&P 500 earnings announcements. Additionally, textual analysis suggests media articles that differ more from the firm's earnings release increase trading volume, and that the differences speed up (slow down) price discovery when they corroborate (contradict) the tone of the firm's news. Such high difference articles are slightly longer, are more readable and specific, include more references to the industry and economy, repeat less “stale” news published in previous WSJ articles, and quote more investor and expert sources. Overall, my paper contributes to research on the role of the media in earnings news by providing evidence that journalists' editorial content helps investors understand firms' earnings, instead of simply entertaining or increasing awareness.
Family-Friendly Study and Research Spaces: Implementing Inclusive Design in Academic Law Libraries

Academic law libraries are generally considered a welcoming environment for law students, faculty, scholars, or attorneys engaging in legal research or study. However, the inverse is true when it c...
How Do Teenagers Answer Questions About Contraceptive Use? Differences Between Young Women’s and Young Men’s Answers

High school aged women say they use different methods to prevent pregnancy than do high school aged men. Young men are more likely to say the couple used a condom and young women are more likely to say they used birth control pills. The differences remain large and statistically significant after controlling for age and ethnicity. There are several ways to explain this. The differences might partly reflect differences in actual use or differences in the partners’ knowledge about the methods they use. But young men and women also appear to over-report methods that highlight their personal responsibility, possibly even when they did not use those methods.
Abstraction, Witnessing, and Repair; or, How Multimodal Research Can Destabilize the Coloniality of the Gaze:

The recent renewal of attention to abstraction within Black literary and visual studies, it seems to us, has to do with an interest in the various ways abstraction rejects ascribed categories, esch...
Viscoelastic modeling and characterization of thin-ply composite laminates

Abstract Thin-ply composite laminates are promising materials for deployable spacecraft structures owing to their low mass and high folding curvature. However, the deployment force and the shape accuracy of the deployed configuration after a long duration of stowage is adversely affected by the inherent viscoelastic behavior of the polymer matrix. This paper presents a computational and experimental investigation into the effective viscoelastic response of thin-ply composite laminates made of woven carbon fabrics and an epoxy matrix intended for deployable spacecraft applications. A two-scale homogenization approach is utilized to model thin-ply composites as viscoelastic plates represented with relaxation A B D matrices. Micrographic analysis and relaxation tests are conducted to obtain the geometric and material characteristics that are incorporated into the model. The bending relaxation behavior is experimentally characterized using the recently developed column bending test methodology to compare against model predictions. The relaxation response is studied in two different orientations. The effects of ply phase arrangement, laminate thickness, fiber volume fraction, specimen width, and coordinate rotation are investigated.
Clinical Characteristics and Symptom Duration among Outpatients with COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 80% of people with COVID-19 do not require hospitalization. Studies examining the outpatient experience have not tracked symptoms to resolution leading to unknown expected symptom duration. Our objectives were to (1) determine symptom duration among patients with COVID-19 who do not require hospitalization and (2) identify potential risk factors associated with prolonged symptom duration. DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted across an academic healthcare system including adult patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 18th and April 28th, 2020 who were not hospitalized. Symptom duration encompassed time from patient-reported symptom onset as documented in the chart until documented symptom resolution. We calculated the median symptom duration and tested if demographics, comorbidities, or reported symptoms were associated with symptom duration. KEY RESULTS: Of 294 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 178 (60.5%) had documented symptom resolution. The median [interquartile range (IQR)] symptom duration for included patients was 15 (8-24) days. No associations were found between comorbidities and symptom duration. Factors associated with prolonged symptom duration were presence versus lack of lower respiratory symptoms [median (IQR) 16.5 (10.75-33.5) versus 14.5 (7-21.75) days respectively, p<0.001] and neurologic symptoms [median (IQR) 17 (9-28) versus 9.5 (4-17) days, p<0.001] at disease onset. CONCLUSION: The median symptom duration in outpatients is 15 days and over 25% of patients have symptoms longer than 21 days.
Vaardigheden voor de expressie en de modulatie van affect

Pijnlijke, moeilijk te hanteren gevoelens of affectontregeling kunnen een overheersende rol spelen in het leven van kinderen die een zwaar trauma hebben meegemaakt. Heel vaak zijn deze gevoelens zo sterk dat kinderen bang zijn dat zij erdoor worden overweldigd. Jonge kinderen beschikken niet altijd over de woordenschat om uitdrukking te geven aan de intense gevoelens die zij ervaren. Met behulp van vaardigheden voor het uiten en moduleren van affect kunnen zij hun gevoelens beter uitdrukken en reguleren. Bovendien hebben kinderen misschien minder de behoefte om vermijdingsstrategieen te gebruiken op het moment dat ze beter in staat zijn om hun beangstigende gevoelens te uiten en te temperen.
On a Type of Clamped Edge Condition for Plate Problems

Summary A method is given for the treatment of plates, portions of which are constrained by two smooth, rigid, plane, clamping sur­ faces. By employing the E. Reissner plate theor}^, expressions for the stresses and displacements, valid for the region constrained within the clamp, are obtained and appropriate continuity condi­ tions are satisfied at the edge of that region. The numerical re­ sults of a specific axisymmetric example illustrate the sub­ stantial improvement of the present treatment. HE PRESENT paper is concerned with the bending of uniform, isotropic, elastic plates, portions of which are clamped between two smooth rigid plane surfaces. In particular, the analysis of the present paper is con­ cerned with axisymmetric circular plates, having an­ nular portions constrained by smooth, rigid, clamping members. Consistent with the assumption that the transverse normal component of the displacement of the plate is independent of the thickness coordinate, to­ gether with the usual assumptions associated with smooth rigid surfaces, it will be assumed that those por­ tions of the plate contained within the smooth clamp will satisfy the following conditions: (1) The deflection is constant; and (2) the top and bottom surfaces of the plate are free from shearing tractions. Such assumed conditions serve as an idealization for the clamped edge conditions for the particular case where the interior sur­ faces of the clamping members are relatively smooth and where the rigidity of the plate is small in compari­ son to the rigidity of the clamping member. While the usual clamped or built-in edge conditions1 are physi­ cally consistent (as well as experimentall y verified) for the case where the surface of the clamp is sufficiently rough to prevent slippage, it should be noted that al­ though they imply the application of stress couples and resultants at the edge of the clamp, no information is given regarding the displacement and stress fields in that portion of the plate contained within the clamp. For the case of a smooth clamp, the method of the present paper is to obtain expressions for the stresses and displacements, valid for the plate region contained
Infrastructure and Security

Publisher Summary Infrastructure refers to those resources and items required to successfully support and operate information systems. Security refers to policies, procedures, software, and hardware designed to insure that data in information systems are protected against accidental or inappropriate destruction, alteration, or access. Properly supported, infrastructure competency allows an organization to maintain agility in responding to strategic directives and tactical changes. Infrastructure and security together provide the day-to-day operational support for the hardware and software, thus forming a critical component of the organization. Proper management of security requires attention to infrastructure and information system designs, as well as the organization adhering to strict and appropriate personnel practices. Both infrastructure and security are among the many invisible processes and resources required to implement and sustain a successful clinical computing system. Some resources, such as a data center, must be available prior to implementation of these systems; many other resources, such as those supporting security, should be available prior to implementation, but are often deferred until problems occur. Most infrastructure requirements continue and expand after the system is in use. Although organizations can purchase services through outside contracted vendors, those developing skills in their own personnel can use resources more cost effectively, saving as much as 25–40%, particularly in areas such as disaster management. In the longer term, the use of contracted services can result in the loss of skills necessary for making strategic decisions, putting into question whether the estimated savings of contracting can be achieved.
Quantification: Potential challenges for generalized quantifiers

Generalized quantifier theory (GQ theory, for short) looks like a success story and has become an integral part of most theories of formal semantics. But especially starting with the 1990s many have questioned either its correctness or its relevance. The objections, expressed in the published literature or in professional discussions, are of the form “GQ theory cannot handle …” or “GQ theory has nothing interesting to say about …”, where the dots are filled by names of empirical phenomena or conceptual issues that do not belong among the classical research topics in GQ theory. The present chapter and the next pull together a range of issues that have figured in such objections, and attempt to evaluate what they tell us about GQ theory. To anticipate the conclusions, some of the objections can be rather easily answered by clarifying certain assumptions or by reminding ourselves of assumptions that may have sunk into oblivion. These definitely do not justify a paradigm shift. Other issues, especially those to be introduced in the next chapter, will be seen to have led to a major transformation of how we think about quantification and scope. The role of generalized quantifiers will be reassessed along the way, but they will not disappear from the picture.
Das Depotgeschäft der Kreditinstitute

Eine Verwahrung im geschlossenen Depot liegt vor, wenn Wertgegenstande (Dokumente, Wertpapiere, Schmuck usw.) in den feuer- und einbruchsicheren Tresoren der Kreditinstitute aufbewahrt werden.
Mobile Devices for Control

With today's and tomorrow's wireless technologies, such as IEEE 802.11, BlueTooth, RF-Lite, and G3, mobile devices will frequently be in close, interactive communication. Many environments, including offices, meeting rooms, automobiles and classrooms, already contain many computers and computerized appliances, and the smart homes of the future will have ubiquitous embedded computation. When the user enters one of these environments carrying a mobile device, how will that device interact with the immediate environment? We are exploring, as part of the Pebbles research project, the many ways that mobile devices such as PalmOS Organizers or PocketPC / Windows CE devices, can serve as useful adjuncts to the "fixed" computers in the user's vicinity. This brings up many interesting research questions, such as how to provide a user interface that spans multiple devices that are in use at the same time? How will users and systems decide which functions should be presented and in what manner on what device? How can the user's mobile device be effectively used as a "Personal Universal Controller" to provide an easy-to-use and familiar interface to all of the complex appliances available to a user? How can communicating mobile devices enhance the effectiveness of meetings and classroom lectures? I will describe some preliminary observations on these issues, and discuss some of the systems that we have built to investigate them.
Probing the integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect using embedded lens models

The photometry profile of the integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect, recently obtained by the Planck consortium by stacking patches of cosmic microwave background (CMB) sky maps around a large number of cosmic voids, contains a cold ring at about half the void's effective radius surrounded by a hot ring near the void's boundary. The source of the temperature structure is assumed to be the ISW effect but the exact cause of the ringed structure is not currently well understood, particularly the outer hot ring. Numerical simulations have suggested that hot/cold ring structures can be produced by motions associated with nonlinear growths of cosmic structures whose gravitational potentials produce the ISW effect. We have recently developed the embedded lens theory and the Fermat potential formalism which can be used to model the ISW effect caused by intervening individual lens inhomogeneities evolving arbitrarily. This theory only requires knowledge of the void's projected mass profile as a function of the passing CMB photons' impact radius and the rate of change of that mass distribution at passage. We present two simple embedded void lens models with evolving mass densities and investigate the ISW effect caused by these lenses. Both models possess expanding mass shells which produce hot rings around central cold regions, consistent with the recent observations. By adding a small overdensity at the void's center we can produce the slight positive temperature excess hinted at in Planck's photometric results. We conclude that the embedded lens theory and the Fermat potential formalism is well suited for modeling the ISW effect.
Improving standard C++ for the physics community

As Fermilab's representatives to the C++ standardization effort, we have been promoting directions of special interest to the physics community. We here report on selected recent developments toward the next revision, informally denoted C++0x , of the C++ Standard.
Guanethidine-induced destruction of sympathetic neurons.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes several aspects of the phenomenon of guanethidine-induced destruction of sympathetic neurons and emphasizes the discovery of guanethidine as a means of producing sympathectomy, structure–activity relationships of guanethidine and its analogs for neuronal destruction, the mechanism by which guanethidine destroys the sympathetic nervous system in the rat, and the utility of guanethidine as a means of producing animals with permanent peripheral sympathectomy. Guanethidine can be considered the prototypical adrenergic neuron blocking agent and act to dissociate the action potential from subsequent release of norepinephrine in sympathetic neurons. Results show that guanethidine, particularly when administered to neonates, produces a permanent, complete, and highly specific sympathectomy; unfortunately, guanethidine only produces sympathectomy in the rat, limiting its utility as an experimental tool. Guanethidine-induced destruction of sympathetic neurons offers many advantages as an experimental model of autoimmune-mediated destruction of the nervous system and/or drug-induced autoimmunity. Eventual elucidation of the antigen being attacked and the mechanism by which nerve growth factor prevents the destruction will provide insights into other autoimmune disorders.
Precision substrate targeting of protein kinases: The cGMP- and cAMP-dependent protein kinases

The cAMP-dependent (PKA) and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKG) share a strong primary sequence homology within their respective active site regions. Not surprisingly, these enzymes also exhibit overlapping substrate specificities, a feature that often interferes with efforts to elucidate their distinct biological roles. In this report, we demonstrate that PKA and PKG exhibit dramatically different behavior with respect to the phosphorylation of α-substituted alcohols. Although PKA will phosphorylate only residues that contain an α-center configuration analogous to that found in L-serine, PKG utilizes residues that correspond to both L- and D-serine as substrates. The PKG/PKA selectivity of these substrates is the highest ever reported.
Involving students in undergraduate research and development: two perspectives

At Trenton State College the faculty is greatly involved with introducing research and design to the undergraduate engineering students. We present two distinct but equally effective methods to reach our goals. One of the authors has successfully bought small contracts to the school that have involved a number of undergraduate students in the study of global positioning satellites, GPS. The students' efforts had a wide range of tasks including simulating portions of the GPS payload in BASIC, modifying the BODE PLOT of the hybrid phase locked loop which shapes the spectrum of the atomic clock to maximize system timing accuracy, and simulating the GPS 24 satellite constellation spatial dynamics and the distributed AUTONAV Kalman Filter operations in MATLAB. All the students involved with this method of undergraduate involvement in research and development have gone on to obtain employment in related areas of engineering. The second author has involved a number of students in the design development and construction of a microprocessor controlled wheelchair for the severely physically challenged. Several other students have become involved with this project and have enlarged the area of development to include voice control and breath control of the wheelchair. A patent application has been submitted for the microprocessor Controlled Wheelchair. The students involved with this method of undergraduate research and development have all used their experiences to obtain employment in related engineering fields.
Primary fibroblast cell culture.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a way to culture stable primary fibroblast cell lines from adult zebrafish caudal fins in a standard tissue culture medium with bovine serum. These primary fibroblasts retain many features of nontransformed cells such as eudiploidy, contact inhibition, and surface adhesion. One of the stable fibroblast lines, AB9, derived from an AB strain, exhibits contact inhibition and surface-growth dependency. A karyotype analysis of these cells showed eudiploid chromosome count (50 chromosomes/diploid cell). The cells have been maintained in continuous culture for over 35 passages without a change in characteristics. A continuous source of stable cultured fish cells offers a variety of applications. In addition, high-quality zebrafish genomic DNA can be easily obtained from these cells. These primary fibroblasts retain the same genetic polymorphism as the original donor fish when a variety of zebrafish genes are analyzed. Therefore, cultured cells derived from mutant zebrafish could prove useful in positional cloning and the identification of mutant genes in much the same way that cultured fibroblasts are in human genetic disease research. In vitro applications of these cultured fibroblasts have been discussed in the chapter.
X‐Rays from Laboratory and Astrophysical Plasmas

X‐ray spectra of highly ionized elements are widely used in diagnosing high temperature plasmas from astrophysical as well as from laboratory sources. The emission lines in the X‐ray region are produced primarily from two different types of transitions. One type involves the transitions 1s‐2p in hydrogen‐like ions, helium‐like ions and their associated satellites. The second type involves the transitions 2l ‐ nl′ for n > 2. These transitions are sensitive to electron temperature, electron density and the ionization balance. High quality spectrometers in the X‐ray region have instrumental line widths that in many cases are significantly less than the true line widths. As a result, it is quite convenient to use the physical information in the line profiles to determine additional properties of the plasma under investigation.In the course of my talk I will describe results from recent experiments concerning solar plasmas as well as laboratory sources.X‐ray spectra of highly ionized elements are widely used in diagnosing high temperature plasmas from astrophysical as well as from laboratory sources. The emission lines in the X‐ray region are produced primarily from two different types of transitions. One type involves the transitions 1s‐2p in hydrogen‐like ions, helium‐like ions and their associated satellites. The second type involves the transitions 2l ‐ nl′ for n > 2. These transitions are sensitive to electron temperature, electron density and the ionization balance. High quality spectrometers in the X‐ray region have instrumental line widths that in many cases are significantly less than the true line widths. As a result, it is quite convenient to use the physical information in the line profiles to determine additional properties of the plasma under investigation.In the course of my talk I will describe results from recent experiments concerning solar plasmas as well as laboratory sources.
Series resonant converter with phase-controlled synchronous rectifier

A series resonant converter with a phase-controlled center-tapped rectifier is presented, including a description of operation and experimental results. This converter has two very desirable dualities. First, it achieves high efficiency at a very low output voltage. Second, it converts 200 V down to 3.3 V in a single stage, which is not common. The rectifier is driven by a synchronous inverter and has a digital control which adjusts the phase on the drive of the rectifier MOSFETs. The output voltage is regulated while maintaining a maximum of 89% efficiency and minimum of 70% efficiency for a 20% line swing and 50% efficiency for a load swing of 500% from full power. Experimental results are presented for a 30 W converter with a minimum DC input voltage of 200 V and an output voltage of 3.3 V. The center-tapped topology included a winding scheme that created large leakage inductances to maximize power transfer and allowed for high efficiency even at 3.3 V. >
Floral morphogenesis in Rudbeckia hirta in relation to polyamine concentration

Changes in polyamine concentration in the long day (LD) plant Rudbeckia hirta were examined over the course of floral initiation and development. Plants of R. hirta were grown to maturity under 9h, non-floral-inductive photoperiods. At maturity, half the plants were placed in ambient day length plus a 4-h night interruption. Plants were sampled at 0, 4, 8, 12 or 16 days for polyamine content and floral initiation. Polyamines were extracted from fully expanded leaves and the meristems were examined histologically. In another experiment, polyamines were extracted from the meristems under paired LD and short day (SD) conditions every 2 days from 0 to 22 days. A rise in free polyamines was linked to important cytological events during floral initiation. Free putrescine and spermidine levels increased after 4 LD and continued until 14 to 16 LD when the levels in the meristem began to decline. Events of floral initiation began between 4 and 8 LD with cell proliferation and the start of stem elongation. Initiation was irreversible after 14 to 16 LD, the period when putrescine and spermidine began to decline. After 4 LD, the polyamine level was consistently higher in the photoinduced plants. Our results from this study, using direct histological comparisons of meristematic development and polyamine concentration, clearly demonstrate a correlation of polyamines and flowering.
Quantitative analysis of microchimerism with Y-Chromosome–Specific PCR In Canine Small Bowel Transplantation☆

Passenger leukocytes, normal constituents of whole organs, migrate after transplantation and produce microchimerism, which is suggested to be essential for sustained survival of allografts.1 Canines have been widely used as a more clinically relevant outbred large animal transplantation model, rather than inbred rodent, and provided important information to directly improve the results of clinical transplantation. However, the analysis of microchimerism in this species is hampered by the lack of reagents. In this study, we demonstrate recently developed quantitative PCR analysis of chimerism in dog samples using primers specific for the sex determining region-Y (SRY) gene. Profitability of this method to determine the level of chimerism after organ transplantation was also shown in samples obtained from sex-mismatched canine small bowel transplantation (SBTx).
Prediction of nitric oxide in advanced combustion systems

A computer model to predict nitric oxide (NO) concentrations has been applied to advanced-concept pulverized coal systems and evaluated by comparing model predictions with experimental data. Specifically, the effects of pressure, stoichiometric ratio, air stage location, temperature, and inert gas type on NO concentrations were predicted by the model and compared to experimental data. This work is a continuation of previous model evaluations, which found favorable prediction of NO concentrations for variation of stoichiometric air/fuel ratio, coal moisture content, particle size, and swirling and nonswirling diffusion flames.
Derivation of Stokes drift for a deep-water random gravity wave field

Abstract A new method was used to derive the Stokes drift. Full non-linear terms were included in the equations which were transformed into integral equations by Fourier-Stieltjes representations. Solution was obtained by the method of successive approximations. To the second order, the result was similar to that of Kenyon (1969).
An annotated k-deep prefix tree for (1-k)-mer based sequence comparisons

In this report, we describe an algorithm for a k-deep annotated prefix tree. The algorithm provides an alignment-free method for comparing nucleotide sequences in a computationally efficient manner. Differences in genomic sequences are measured by recording and comparing counts of words of length k or less in each sequence using the algorithm. Tree nodes are annotated with lists to store the number of times each word occurs in each of a group of sequences. Count differences among multiple sequences may be computed in a single tree traversal. Such a tree is built in linear time and spatially bounded by tree depth rather than sequence length(s). We then compare sequence groups of both E. coli and Influenza A virus H1N1 to demonstrate the utilitiy of a k-deep prefix tree when used as sequence comparison tool.
In-situ observations of intrinsic grain boundary structure during thermal cycling

Abstract The advent of transmission electron microscopy has led to tremendous advances in the understanding of the equilibrium structure of interfaces over the past two decades. However, a detailed understanding of interface and interfacial structure behavior under dynamic conditions such as rapidly changing temperature and stress states is in the incipient stage. Using in-situ rapid thermal cycling of electron-transparent A1 (99.999) foils, the effects of time-dependent, nonhomogeneous stress states and temperature fields on the grain boundary structure and grain boundary position have been directly observed using TEM. Stable grain structures were produced by first heating the foil in-situ at 673 K until all observable motion of grain boundary dislocations ceased. The temperature was then repeatedly cycled between 373 and 673 K with a maximum heating rate of ⋍ 100 K/s and a maximum cooling rate of ⋍ 20 K/s. The rapid motion of intrinsic grain boundary dislocations was clearly observed and led to noticeable changes in grain boundary position. The behavior was general for low-angle boundaries and for predominantly tilt, twist and mixed boundaries. The stresses generated in the foil discs were due to both thermal gradients and differences in thermal expansion and are found to be both radial and tangential in character. The behavior of two low-angle grain boundaries under these thermal cycling conditions are presented in detail.