cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation of resonances of strongly coupled spin systems via responses due to strong coupling in homonuclear two-dimensional j-resolved spectra: Total assignment of the 1H-NMR spectrum of 2-(2′-pyridyl)-1,8-naphthyridine

Homonuclear two-dimensional J-resolved (2DJ) spectra of molecules containing strongly coupled spin systems contain additional responses and thus additional information, the responses arising from the mixing effects of the 180° pulse employed to create the spin echo upon which the experiment is based. Although additional responses due to strong coupling are generally considered to be an undesirable complication inherent to the experiment, it is shown that they can serve a useful correlation function. Total assignment of the 1H-nmr spectrum of 2-(2′-pyridyl)-1,8-naphthyridine at 100 MHz is reported, and members of the three strongly coupled spin systems of the molecule are identified via the additional responses due to strong coupling.
Full vectorial analysis of a nonlinear slab waveguide based on the nonlinear hybrid vector finite-element method.

We propose a new nonlinear hybrid vector finite-element method to study the propagation of an optical beam in a nonlinear waveguide in three space dimensions. The new method is a combination of the edge-element and finite-difference methods; the former applies to the waveguide cross section and the latter to the propagation direction. To validate our method, a planar nonlinear waveguide (consisting of a linear substrate, a linear film, and a Kerr-type cladding) that is end-fire excited by the TE0 and TM0 modes is studied numerically. We demonstrate that the external excitation of a nonlinear slab waveguide can produce sequential threshold behavior by means of multisoliton emission from the waveguide.
Isolation and characterization of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and its subunits from snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) pituitaries.

Highly purified luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone have been isolated from extracts of snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) pituitaries. Both hormones are potent in non-mammalian gonadotropin bioassays (1.8 × NIHLH- S1 and 30 × NIH-FSH-S1). The materials have been characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, amino terminal group analysis, amino acid and carbohydrate content, and, in the case of turtle luteinizing hormone, ultracentrifugation. The luteinizing hormone was shown to dissociate and subunits were prepared by the countercurrent distribution technique and characterized. Biological activity of the hormone could be regenerated by recombination of the subunits. In addition, it was shown that the snapping turtle luteinizing hormone subunits could be combined with subunits from ovine luteinizing hormone with generation of significant biological activity. Comparisons in properties of the turtle gonadotropins have been made with ovine gonadotropins, showing, in many cases, sim...
A new theory of the saturated gravity wave spectrum for the middle atmosphere

Abstract A new theory of the saturated vertical wavenumber spectrum of gravity waves for the middle atmosphere is developed. The theory is based on a hypothesis that the saturated spectrum is a result of balance among various spectral sources and sinks of gravity waves in the middle atmosphere. The spectral source included in this paper is the amplification of upward propagating gravity waves due to the density effect. Two spectral sinks are the off-resonant wave-wave interactions and scale-dependent radiative damping. It is found that the algebraic approximation of the saturated vertical wavenumber spectrum of horizontal winds, F(μ), can be written as F(μ) ∼ μ−3(θ + 2.5/1 + μ2)−1,where μ is the dimensionless vertical wavenumber, and θ is a parameter measuring the ratio of the dynamic effect to the radiative effect on the dissipation. The theory predicts the widely cited −3 power law for both small and large vertical wavenumbers. However, when θ < 0.1 a significant range of wavenumbers exists for which F(...
Characterization of Ionically Conductive Chalcogenide Glasses

The synthesis methods and chemical properties of conducting chalcogenide glasses are reviewed with special emphasis on SiS2 -based glasses. Structural information obtained from DSC, FT-IR, and solid state NMR is discussed, as well as electrochemical properties, and the use of ionically conductive glasses in battery applications.
Field Evaluation of the Impact of Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)–Protected Bt Corn on Ground-Dwelling Invertebrates

Abstract A 3-yr field study was conducted in Monmouth, IL, to evaluate the effect of transgenic Bt corn expressing a Cry3Bb1 protein (MON 863) on foliage-dwelling arthropods. The study employed a split-plot design with MON 863 corn and a conventional non-Bt near isoline (RX670) as the main plots and insecticide regimens (no insecticide, imidacloprid applied as seed treatment, tefluthrin applied as soil treatment, and permethrin applied as foliar treatment) as subplots. Foliage-dwelling arthropods were sampled with sticky traps during each of the 3 yr (2000–2002). The most abundant taxa collected included corn pests, such as Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte and Chaetocnema pulicaria Melsheimer (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae), and Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch (Homoptera:Aphididae). The most abundant generalist predators captured by sticky traps were Coccinellidae (ladybird beetles), Nabidae (damsel bugs), Orius insidiosus Say (minute pirate bugs), Syrphidae (flower flies), Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (green ...
Mn(II)-Oxidizing Bacteria Are Abundant And Environmentally Relevant Members Of Ferromanganese Deposits In Caves Of The Upper Tennessee River Basin

The upper Tennessee River Basin contains the highest density of our nation's caves; yet, little is known regarding speleogenesis or Fe and Mn biomineralization in these predominantly epigenic systems. Mn:Fe ratios of Mn and Fe oxide-rich biofilms, coatings, and mineral crusts that were abundant in several different caves ranged from ca. 0.1 to 1.0 as measured using ICP-OES. At sites where the Mn:Fe ratio approached 1.0 this represented an order of magnitude increase above the bulk bedrock ratio, suggesting that biomineralization processes play an important role in the formation of these cave ferromanganese deposits. Estimates of total bacterial SSU rRNA genes in ferromanganese biofilms, coatings, and crusts measured approximately 7×107–9×109 cells/g wet weight sample. A SSU-rRNA based molecular survey of biofilm material revealed that 21% of the 34 recovered dominant (non-singleton) OTUs were closely related to known metal-oxidizing bacteria or clones isolated from oxidized metal deposits. Several differe...
Variation in the convexity of the human maxillary incisor labial surface.

Labial surface convexity of the maxillary central incisors ( ILC ) is classified with a new five grade ranked scale. More than 2,000 individuals representing 20 worldwide populations were studied. Principle findings are 1) sexual dimorphism is not significant, 2) antimere asymmetry is moderate, 3) labial convexity is negatively associated (r = -0.48) with labial surface double- shovelling , and 4) significant differences occur between several populations. Convexity is most marked in African and Asiatic Indian populations, particularly Bushmen . Europeans have intermediate degrees of convexity, and American Indians the least; Eskimos have the highest amount of convexity among Native Americans. Pacific Islanders are intermediate; Melanesians show the strongest expression of incisor labial convexity in the Pacific.
A low cost route to hexagonal mesostructured carbon molecular sieves

A mesoporous carbon molecular sieve with a hexagonal framework structure (denoted C-MSU-H) has been prepared using a MSU-H silica template that can be assembled from a low cost soluble silicate precursor at near-neutral pH conditions.
Differential effects of lactacystin on IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha induced adhesion molecule expression and myeloid cell adhesion to endothelial cells

Proteasome inhibitors (e.g. lactacystin) have been shown to decrease cytokine-induced up-regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules and consequent leukocyte adhesion. The majority of these studies have focused on the effects of proteasome inhibitors on endothelial cells exposed to a single cytokine (TNF alpha) for 4 hrs. However, in the in vivo setting, multiple cytokines (e.g. IL-1 beta and TNF alpha) may be present and their levels may be increased for extended periods off time. In addition, the effects of IL-1 beta (IL-1) and TNF alpha (TNF) on endothelial cells are not identical. Thus, we studied the effect of lactacystin on IL-1 and TNF induced adhesion molecule expression and myeloid cell (HL-60 cells) adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We found that (a) lactacystin inhibits 4 hr. IL-1 or TNF induced expression of E-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and HL-60 cell adhesion to HUVEC, (b) lactacystin differentially inhibits transient adhesive contacts of HL-60 cells to 4 hr. IL-1 and TNF activated HUVEC, (c) lactacystin inhibits 4 hr. TNF induced expression of VCAM-1, E-selectin and HL-60 cell adhesion to IL-1 sefractory HUVEC and (d) lactacystin inhibits HL-60 cell adhesion to 24 hr. TNF activated HUVEC.
Real-time implementation of robust face detection on mobile platforms

Although many face detection algorithms have been introduced in the literature, only a handful of them can meet the real-time constraints of mobile devices. This paper presents the real-time implementation of our previously introduced face detection algorithm on a mobile device. The steps taken to achieve such a real-time implementation are discussed. Real-time comparison results with the widely used Viola-Jones face detection algorithm in terms of detection rate and processing speed are presented to demonstrate the robustness of our real-time solution.
Molecularly targeted therapies in adult soft tissue sarcomas: present approach and future directions.

Background: Sarcomas are rare neoplasms. Given the overwhelming chemotherapy resistance of the disease, patients with progressive and metastatic soft tissue sarcomas are ideal candidates for trials of investigational new drugs. Objective: The authors review the molecular mechanisms underlying soft tissue sarcomas and discuss molecularly targeted therapies developed to improve the poor outcome of these uncommon tumors. Methods: A Medline and American Society of Clinical Oncology abstract search was conducted using the keyword ‘soft tissue sarcoma’. Articles and abstracts were reviewed and eligible for inclusion if they used targeted therapies for the treatment of patients with soft tissue sarcomas. Results/conclusion: Phase II clinical trials for patients with soft tissue sarcomas using novel targets and present recognized targets are ongoing and planned.
On the response of the tropical atmosphere tio large-scale deforestation

Recent studies on the Amazon deforestation problem predict that removal of the forest will result in a higher surface temperature, a significant reduction in evaporation and precipitation, and possibly significant changes in the tropical circulation. Here, we discuss the basic mechanisms contributing to the response of the tropical atmosphere to deforestation. A simple linear model of the tropical atmosphere is used in studying the effects of deforestation on climate. It is suggested that the impact of large-scale deforestation on the circulation of the tropical atmosphere consists of two components: the response of the tropical circulation to the negative change in precipitation (heating), and the response of the same circulation to the positive change in surface temperature. Owing to their different signs, the changes in predicted temperature and precipitation excite competing responses working in opposite directions. The predicted changes in tropical circulation determines the change, if any, in atmospheric moisture convergence, which is equivalent to the change in run-off. The dependence of run-off predictions on the relative magnitudes of the predicted changes in precipitation and surface temperature implies that the predictions about run-off are highly sensitive, which explains, at least partly, the disagreement between the different models concerning the sign of the predicted change in Amazonian run-off.
On the uncertainty of information in quantum space-time

Abstract The note outlines what may be a possible way of quantifying the uncertainty and limit of information at the quantum scale of a Cantorian space-time. Some speculative connections to the EPR model and space-time singularities are discussed.
Oxygen fraction estimation for diesel engines utilizing variable intake valve actuation

Advanced diesel engine architectures employing flexible valve trains enable emissions reductions and fuel economy improvements through advanced combustion strategies. These combustion strategies, such as pre-mixed charge compression ignition (PCCI), homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) and low temperature combustion (LTC), are controlled and enabled through the use of flexible valve trains. The in-cylinder oxygen concentration serves as a critical input in controlling these strategies. Unfortunately, the in-cylinder oxygen concentration is extremely difficult to measure on production engines. However, the oxygen concentrations in the intake and exhaust manifold can be utilized to calculate the in-cylinder oxygen concentration when the charge and residual in-cylinder mass are available. A model-based observer is developed to estimate the oxygen concentration in the intake and exhaust manifolds. The oxygen concentration estimates will be sensitive to errors in the mass flows of the manifold filling dynamics. To improve the EGR flow measurement, a high-gain observer is implemented to provide a more accurate EGR flow estimate. The observer estimates the oxygen concentrations to within 0.5% O 2 and converges in less than 0.5 seconds.
The impact of elevated carbon dioxide on the growth and gas exchange of three C4 species differing in CO2 leak rates

Recent work has suggested that the photosynthetic rate of certain C 4 species can be stimulated by increasing CO 2 concentration, [CO 2 ], even under optimal water and nutrients. To determine the basis for the observed photosynthetic stimulation, we tested the hypothesis that the CO 2 leak rate from the bundle sheath would be directly related to any observed stimulation in single leaf photosynthesis at double the current [CO 2 ]. Three C 4 species that differed in the reported degree of bundle sheath leakiness to CO 2 , Flaveria trinervia, Panicum miliaceum, and Panicum maximum, were grown for 31-48 days after sowing at a [CO 2 ] of 350 μl I 1 (ambient) or 700 μl l -1 (elevated). Assimilation as a function of increasing [CO 2 ] at high photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD, 1600 μmol m -2 S ') indicated that leaf photosynthesis was not saturated under current ambient [CO 2 ] for any of the three C 4 species. Assimilation as a function of increasing PPFD also indicated that the response of leaf photosynthesis to elevated [CO 2 ] was light dependent for all three C 4 species. The stimulation of leaf photosynthesis at elevated [CO 2 ] was not associated with previously published values of CO 2 leak rates from the bundle sheath, changes in the ratio of activities of PEP-carboxylase to RuBP carboxylase/oxgenase, or any improvement in daytime leaf water potential for the species tested in this experiment. In spite of the simulation of leaf photosynthesis, a significant increase in growth at elevated [CO 2 ] was only observed for one species, F. trinervia, Results from this study indicate that leaf photosynthetic rates of certain C 4 species can respond directly to increased [CO 2 ] under optimal growth conditions, but that the stimulation of whole plant growth at elevated carbon dioxide cannot be predicted solely on the response of individual leaves.
Lung function and functional capacity among foundry workers using effective risk control measures

Background Inhaled dust in the environment can trigger specific reactions in the airways and cause various respiratory diseases. Objective Evaluate the lung function and functional capacity of foundry workers who are exposed to metals and use effective control measures. Method A cross-sectional study was realized with 108 workers at a bronze foundry and machining plant and in maintenance at a private university, both in Brazil. The workers were divided into two groups: the study group exposed to metals but using risk control measues and a control group not exposed to metal work. The Medical Research Council Questionnaire on Respiratory Symptoms and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire were administered, and lung function and functional capacity were evaluated. Comparative statistics were used to identify differences in the outcome measures between the two groups. Results The groups had similar personal and anthropometric characteristics and time on the job. Spirometry and peak expiratory flow presented no significant differences between the groups. And there was also no statistically significant difference between groups in functional capacity as assessed by performance on the six-minute walk test. Conclusion Foundry industry workers in Brazil who were exposed to metal but used risk control measures had similar lung function and functional capacity when compared to the control group who were not exposed to metal. This is a positive results and maybe related to age, time exposure and control of occupational hazards. However, these workers need to continue being monitored in longitudinal studies.
Barriers to Employment and the ‘Hard to Serve’: Implications for Services, Sanctions, and Time Limits

Falling welfare rolls in the US has focussed attention on those remaining on the caseload, variously termed the ‘hard to serve’ or ‘difficult to employ’. Using data from the first three years of the Women's Employment Study, a sample of TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) recipients drawn in an urban county in Michigan, this article examines the barriers that inhibit people moving off welfare. The analysis indicates that the kinds of skill deficits and other personal problems experienced by welfare recipients are not frequently and systematically addressed within the rapid-employment, welfare to work models widely implemented across the USA.
Seasonal and Frontal Variation in Antarctic Aerosol Concentrations

Abstract Total aerosol concentrations have been observed twice daily at the South Pole since January 1974, using a Pollak photoelectric nucleus counter. The aerosol size distribution has been approximated using the Rich diffuser denuder and Spurny membrane filter techniques. These observations show the seasonal variation in aerosol concentration at the surface to be of large relative amplitude. The concentrations reach a very low value, with monthly averages of less than 15 cm−3, beneath the strong nocturnal inversion in winter. The mean concentration begins to rise near the time of astronomical sunrise, and attains monthly average values of 100–200 cm−3 during summer months. Variations in aerosol concentration and size accompany meteorological events. Extreme sky clarity and subsequent lowering of temperature and strengthening of the near-surface inversion in winter months are accompanied by nearly unmeasurable aerosol concentrations of 3–5 cm−3; winter warming is sometimes accompanied by increases in ae...
Abstract 657: Resolvin D1 Attenuates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration via the cAMP Pathway

Introduction: Resolvin D1 (RvD1), a specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator (SPM), attenuates the migratory phenotype in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), which is critical to the development of atherosclerosis and neointimal hyperplasia. SPM are known to interact with G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). We sought to investigate the biochemical pathways by which RvD1 influences VSMC migration. Methods: VSMC were harvested from human saphenous veins. cAMP levels were measured via ELISA, in the absence or presence of WRW4, a blocking peptide for the RvD1 receptor ALX, a GPCR. PDGF-BB (10ng/ml), thrombin (1U/ml) and angiotensin (AT II; 1μM) were used as agonists in a VSMC scratch assay. PDGF-BB-induced cytoskeletal changes were measured as length to width ratio after actin-phalloidin staining. Rp-8-Br-cAMP (10μM), a selective PKA inhibitor, was used in the phenotypic assays. Results: RvD1 treatment (10nM) of VSMC induced a significant acute flux in cAMP levels, causing a dramatic increase at 5 minutes (F...
Abstract 351: Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism During the Development of Hypertension Improves Cerebral Artery Endothelium Dependent Dilation Even After Treatment Withdrawal

Hypertension causes cerebral artery remodeling and increases the risk of stroke. Renin angiotensin system blockade during the development of hypertension has therapeutic effects even after treatment withdrawal. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation has been implicated in artery remodeling and impaired endothelial function. The possibility that there is a critical therapeutic window for MR antagonism has not been investigated. We hypothesized that temporary MR antagonism while hypertension develops would improve endothelium dependent dilation even after treatment withdrawal. Six-week-old male stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) were treated with spironolactone (Spir; 25mg/kg/day, n=8) from 6-12 weeks then aged to 18 weeks. Age-matched untreated SHRSP were controls (n=8). The middle cerebral artery (MCA) was removed and mounted on a pressure myograph, endothelium dependent dilation was assessed by intralumenal perfusion of 2-methylthioadenosine 5′-triphosphate (2-MeS-ATP), or uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP). Spir had no effect on blood pressure. The MCA diameter after the development of tone was not different between the groups (197.7 ± 8.7 vs. 199.1 ± 4.1 μm, Spir vs. control). Spir treatment increased nitric oxide (NO) mediated MCA dilation in response to 2-MeS-ATP (% change from baseline; 50.9 ± 5.0 vs. 28.0 ± 4.3, Spir vs. control, p
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. An approach to rapid laboratory diagnosis.

Laboratory procedures used to establish the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were evaluated using an experimental murine model. Touch preparations and suspension smears were prepared from lung tissue known to contain Pneumocystis cysts. These preparations were stained by a variety of methods known to demonstrate either cyst forms or sporozoites and trophozoites. Suspension smears proved to be superior to touch preparations in terms of cyst content and homogeneity of staining. Also, methods that stain cyst forms were superior to those that stain sporozoites and trophozoites for location and identification of organisms. The authors believe that suspension smears prepared from lung tissue and stained with toluidine blue O should be examined initially as a rapid screening method for Pneumocystis cysts. When the results of this initial screen are negative or inconclusive, additional suspension smears stained by the modified Gomori methenamine silver nitrate method should be examined, pending availability of histologic sections.
Bisoprolol: Is This Just Another Beta-Blocker for Hypertension or Angina?

Objective:To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical experience with bisoprolol and make recommendations regarding its potential clinical usefulness, as well as considerations for formulary inclusion. To review the clinical pharmacology of torsemide and to compare it with currently available loop diuretics, particularly furosemide.Data Sources:Reference citations were sought from Index Medicus and Science Citation Index. Data were collected from abstracts and articles describing experimental studies or blind clinical trials.Study Selection:Studies designed in a randomized, blind, and placebo-controlled manner were emphasized. Studies also were included if bisoprolol was evaluated comparatively with other agents in a randomized, blind fashion.Data Extraction:Data from human studies published in English were evaluated. Studies were assessed by sample size and the clarity of descriptions of methods and results.Data Synthesis:Bisoprolol reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressures in patient...
Corporate Social Responsibility and Taxation: The Next Step of the Evolution

This paper will be focused on the evolution of the corporate tax world and how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) may affect the tax planning of multinational companies. An analysis of the history of reform to the United States tax system will be done starting with its inception in the early 1900s. The system has changed drastically in order to improve the way business is conducted and based on these reforms, it is anticipated that there will continue to be major changes to the system in order to keep up with the way companies continue to evolve the global business world.
“The Amazing Adventures of Superbard”: Shakespeare in Comics and Graphic Novels

In his essay “Shakespeare and the Media of Film, Radio, and Television,” written in 1987, Anthony Davis remarks that, “only comparatively recently has it become respectable to concentrate serious discussion on the media of cinema, radio and more especially television” in the realm of Shakespeare studies.1 Writing 15 years later, I suspect the comic book, or graphic novel to use the “serious” name for the medium, must now fill the category of newly respectable and recently serious subject of study by Shakespeareans, especially given the attention paid by critics such as Michael Bristol, Richard Burt, and Douglas Lanier, among others, to Neil Gaiman’s graphic novel Sandman, which ran for 75 issues, several of which incorporated Shakespeare as a character and the writing of his plays as a subject, although Puck, Titania, and Oberon appeared in their own right as characters in other issues.2 It would seem the scholarly community has finally recognized the significance of comics and especially Shakespeare in the comics, a presence that has been maintained steadily since the 1950s, in ways other than negative, dismissive, or condescending.
Neural speech recognition: continuous phoneme decoding using spatiotemporal representations of human cortical activity

Objective The superior temporal gyrus (STG) and neighboring brain regions play a key role in human language processing. Previous studies have attempted to reconstruct speech information from brain activity in the STG, but few of them incorporate the probabilistic framework and engineering methodology used in modern speech recognition systems. In this work, we describe the initial efforts toward the design of a neural speech recognition (NSR) system that performs continuous phoneme recognition on English stimuli with arbitrary vocabulary sizes using the high gamma band power of local field potentials in the STG and neighboring cortical areas obtained via electrocorticography. Approach The system implements a Viterbi decoder that incorporates phoneme likelihood estimates from a linear discriminant analysis model and transition probabilities from an n-gram phonemic language model. Grid searches were used in an attempt to determine optimal parameterizations of the feature vectors and Viterbi decoder. Main results The performance of the system was significantly improved by using spatiotemporal representations of the neural activity (as opposed to purely spatial representations) and by including language modeling and Viterbi decoding in the NSR system. Significance These results emphasize the importance of modeling the temporal dynamics of neural responses when analyzing their variations with respect to varying stimuli and demonstrate that speech recognition techniques can be successfully leveraged when decoding speech from neural signals. Guided by the results detailed in this work, further development of the NSR system could have applications in the fields of automatic speech recognition and neural prosthetics.
Food, Sex, and Strangers: Understanding Religion as Everyday Life by Graham Harvey

I’ve become increasingly uneasy about how students in our Introduction to the Study of World Religions course distance themselves, almost reflexively, from the traditions we study. On one hand, the...
Harmonic generation under small signal conditions in a traveling wave tube

In a klystron, charge overtaking of electrons leads to an infinity of AC current. The harmonic content therein can be calculated exactly, with or without space charge effects. This paper extends the klystron theory to a traveling wave tube (TWT). We assume that the electron motion is described by linear theory. The crowding of these linear orbits may lead to harmonic generation, as in a klystron. We calculate the buildup of harmonic content as a function of distance from the input, and compare these analytic results with the CHRISTINE code. Reasonable agreement was found. A dimensionless “bunching parameter” for TWT, X = √2P in / (P b C), is identified, which characterizes the harmonic content in the AC current, where P in is the power of the input signal, P b is the DC beam power, and C is Pierce's gain parameter.
Bilateral Gluteus Maximus Myocutaneous Flap

The gluteus maximus myocutaneous flap has been popularized as a workhorse flap for reconstruction of large sacral and in certain cases of perineal defects. The flap is perfused by the inferior and superior gluteal arteries. The flap can be used as rotational or advancement flaps. It is thought that the use of advancement flap is less likely to affect the function of the muscle and thus more appropriate for ambulatory patients. Based on the size of the defect and the need for advancement, either unilateral or bilateral flaps may be used. In this section, we will focus on bilateral advancement flaps. In this design, the advancement is done in a V-Y fashion and the medial portion of the flaps are elevated and advanced to cover the sacral defect. This technique preserves the area contour and better preserves location and shape of gluteal cleft compared to other designs. Hip stability and function of the gluteus maximus is maintained, as the neurovascular supply is kept intact. Donor sites are closed primarily without tension in a V-Y fashion. With appropriate post-operative care including pressure off-loading in air-fluidized bed, culture-directed antibiotics, and aggressive rehabilitation and nutrition optimization, long-term outcomes are favorable.
Librarian-Faculty Collaboration: Effective Strategies for Embedding Online and Face-To-Face Library Services

BRIEF SESSION DESCRIPTION:Learn how to successfully embed library services to an online course by exploring different stratetiges for embedding library services for undergraduate and graduate courses. This session will demonstrate how faculty at George Mason have successfully applied these strategies and discuss different librarian-instructor models for different disciplines and courses.________________________________________________________________FULL ABSTRACT:Since the early 1990A¢â¬â¢s university libraries have shifted their services from bibliographic instruction to information literacy. However, collaboration between a course librarian and a course instructor still emphasizes one-shot instruction. This session will show how to successfully embed library services to an online course and what type of collaborative strategies should be considered before embedding library services. This panel discussion will share how university librarians and faculty at George Mason University collaborate to embed library services to online undergraduate and graduate courses. This panel session will help other faculty members and librarians to find, select, and apply effective collaborative strategies for embedding library services in their online courses. The panel discussants including GMU librarians and faculty will share and discuss different pedagogical librarian-instructor collaboration models for undergraduate and graduate levels. Presenters will share their own experiences and examples of what worked and what did not work when library services were embedded to the course. This session will begin from personal stories of how a librarian and a faculty had met and how they had communicated before they made their final decision to collaborate. First, the audience will learn effective strategies for cooperative approach to embed library services to the course. Cooperative approach is when library services are not integrated to the course instruction, for example, students can use embedded librarian services only when they need. Then, presenters will discuss how they moved from cooperative approach to collaborative approach. They will discuss collaborative approach on how library services were embedded to the course assignments, when embedded librarian participated in required course discussions, etc. Finally, the session participants will discuss what strategies will be applicable for their specific courses and how to make their own collaborations successful.
Meta-analysis of mismatch negativity to simple versus complex deviants in schizophrenia

Mismatch negativity (MMN) deficits in schizophrenia (SCZ) have been studied extensively since the early 1990s, with the vast majority of studies using simple auditory oddball task deviants that vary in a single acoustic dimension such as pitch or duration. There has been a growing interest in using more complex deviants that violate more abstract rules to probe higher order cognitive deficits. It is still unclear how sensory processing deficits compare to and contribute to higher order cognitive dysfunction, which can be investigated with later attention-dependent auditory event-related potential (ERP) components such as a subcomponent of P300, P3b. In this meta-analysis, we compared MMN deficits in SCZ using simple deviants to more complex deviants. We also pooled studies that measured MMN and P3b in the same study sample and examined the relationship between MMN and P3b deficits within study samples. Our analysis reveals that, to date, studies using simple deviants demonstrate larger deficits than those using complex deviants, with effect sizes in the range of moderate to large. The difference in effect sizes between deviant types was reduced significantly when accounting for magnitude of MMN measured in healthy controls. P3b deficits, while large, were only modestly greater than MMN deficits (d=0.21). Taken together, our findings suggest that MMN to simple deviants may still be optimal as a biomarker for SCZ and that sensory processing dysfunction contributes significantly to MMN deficit and disease pathophysiology.
Simulation-Based Science

The use of computational simulation in science is now pervasive. However, while model development environments have advanced to a degree that allows scientists to build sophisticated models, there are still impediments that limit their utility within the broader context of the scientific method. Despite availability of effective tools that assist scientists in routine aspects of scientific workflow management and analytics, other steps, including explanation, evidential reasoning, and decision-making, continue to limit the process of causal reasoning in knowledge discovery and evaluation. This chapter examines the types, functions, and purposes of models in relation to the scientific method, identifies the issues and challenges pertaining to information abstraction and cognitive support for computational discovery, and delineates a model-driven cognitive systems approach for simulation-based science.
Pseudorandom dynamics of frequency combs in free-running quantum cascade lasers

Recent research has shown that free-running quantum cascade lasers are capable of producing frequency combs in midinfrared and THz regions of the spectrum. Unlike familiar frequency combs originating from mode-locked lasers, these do not require any additional optical elements inside the cavity and have temporal characteristics that are dramatically different from the periodic pulse train of conventional combs. Frequency combs from quantum cascade lasers are characterized by the absence of sharp pulses and strong frequency modulation, periodic with the cavity round trip time but lacking any periodicity within that period. To explicate for this seemingly perplexing behavior, we develop a model of the gain medium using optical Bloch equations that account for hole burning in spectral, spatial, and temporal domains. With this model, we confirm that the most efficient mode of operation of a free-running quantum cascade laser is indeed a pseudorandom frequency-modulated field with nearly constant intensity. We show that the optimum modulation period is commensurate with the gain recovery time of the laser medium and the optimum modulation amplitude is comparable to the gain bandwidth, behavior that has been observed in the experiments.
Graph-pubsub: an efficient pub/sub architecture with graph-based information relationship

Publish/Subscribe is a widely adopted communication pattern in the Internet. Yet, supporting rich information structures that are common in real life, such as graph-based relationship, has remained an open problem. In this paper, we address this challenge by proposing Graph-Pubsub, an efficient pub/sub architecture that supports graph-based information relationship. Graph-Pubsub spans across multiple layers to maximize dissemination efficiency. In particular, it achieves efficient delivery using Information-Centric Network (ICN), which is able to deliver content based on identities instead of locations. In order not to over-complicate the network with the graph logic, an information layer that works closely with both network and application layers is adopted to maintain the membership for each topic and the relationship among topics. With case studies, we show that the proposed architecture can support a variety of demanding applications with higher efficiency and better flexibility than existing solutions.
Why This Book

In this chapter, we lay out our plan for the book and the argument for the advantages of machine learning. ML algorithms use out of sample validation to identify which variables matter most for economic growth and recessions without making any heroic assumptions about the underlying distribution of the variables. Thus, it avoids problems of endogeneity. It also helps with the missing data problem by imputing missing data with validated algorithms. However, most of all, these algorithms can eliminate variables that are unlikely to be causal. Policy makers can therefore get a sense of the most important policy levers to change the path of growth.
Abstract 19787: Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in the South Texas HIV+ Cohort: Is Risk Estimation or Risk Categorization More Appropriate for Patient Counseling?

Introduction: Existing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk calculators underestimate the risk of CVD among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV+). This is the first study to compare CVD risk estimations and categories in an HIV+ cohort using AHA, Framingham (FRC), and D:A:D (Data collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs Study) calculators. Methods: Of patients seen in a public HIV clinic in South Texas ≥2 times in 2013, 668 HIV+ adults >40 years old without prevalent CVD had sufficient data for CVD risk calculations. Patients’ continuous 10 year CVD risks were estimated by three calculators and compared pairwisely using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Patients were classified into risk categories per guidelines for each risk calculation, which differ: AHA: 10y risk 20% High; D:A:D: 5y risk <1% Low, 1-5% Moderate, ≥5% High. The proportion of patients at high risk was compared with McNemar’s test. Results: Mean patient age was 49.8y (S...
Drought Indices, Drought Impacts, CO 2 , and Warming: a Historical and Geologic Perspective

Different types of methods give very conflicting impressions about whether water will become scarcer on land as Earth warms, and in what sense(s). Here, I examine how environmental records from past climate changes can be used to clarify the interpretation of these confusing results. Evidence from the last ice age and the historical era agrees that CO2-driven warming causes a runoff response dominated by regional signals of varying sign, and a vegetation response dominated by greening. This result supports comprehensive Earth system model output, while casting doubt on the interpretation of temperature-driven indices that project widespread “drying” with warming. In contrast, evidence from pre-Quaternary warm climates points to exotic features such as wet subtropics and extremely polar-amplified warming which are not found in model simulations, suggesting unknown forcings and/or feedbacks. The terrestrial eco-hydrologic response to CO2-driven warming in the recent past is consistent with comprehensive models, and not with drought indices. However, in the deeper past, it is consistent with neither.
The Nancy Hanks Years

The first decade of the National Endowment for the Arts breaks naturally into two divisions under its successive chairmen. If the first period was exciting, innovative, without a discernible pattern, often narrowly focused but full of promise, the second period began to fulfil the promise, develop patterns, and broaden the commitment to the world of the arts.
Relationship between Calcium, Arachidonic Acid Metabolites, and Neutrophil Activation

The neutrophils represent the first line of defense against foreign and pathogenic elements, and in so doing must perform several functions. In response to chemotactic factors, they detect, move toward, and accumulate at the site of infection. This phenomenon is termed chemotaxis. Once at the site of infection, they ingest or phagocytize the appropriate particles. The phagocytic process is followed by the discharge of the neutrophils’ various lysosomes and granules into the phagocytic vacuole thereby promoting degradation and digestion of the engulfed particle or organism. Thus, most neutrophil functions such as motility, cell shape change, phagocytosis, and degranulation that are activated by chemotactic factors depend on the mechanical displacement of part of, or all of, the cell. Mechanochemical coupling is thus an essential component of neutrophil responsiveness. In addition to eliciting various neutrophil functions, chemotactic factors activate several biochemical events, including stimulation of certain membrane-bound enzymes, oxidative metabolism, and actin associated with the cytoskeleton [4,22,30,31,33].
Re-Writing Cartesian Student Models

A variety of research and technologies for programming education, in particular, and design, in general, has been produced by the laboratories of Elliot Soloway during the past decade: the Highly Interactive Computing Environments (HiCE) Group at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1988 — present); and, the Cognition and Programming Project (CAPP) at Yale University (1981 – 1988). Central to the work produced by HiCE and CAPP have been discussions with and about students. Some of our efforts have gone into describing or modelling students. Some of our efforts have gone into getting students to describe themselves. These descriptions have been videotaped, catalogued, refined into computational cognitive model, transformed into academic papers on computers and education and been used, implicitly and explicitly, to build educational computer systems. Over the last ten years our models of students have moved away from mainstream artificial intelligence, objectivist formulations towards a more community-responsive, constructivist understanding of students. Starting with two issues that motivated many years of student modelling work -- “bugs” and “transfer” -- we tell our story of how, as our work with computers in the classroom has changed, our theories about student knowledge and learning have been forced to change and so, reflectively, has our understanding of “bugs”, “transfer”, and student models changed. Central to our story are philosophical discussions detailing our shift in position from objectivist to constructivist.
Assessing cyber-incidents using machine learning

One of the difficulties in effectively analysing and combating cyber attacks is an inability to identify when, why and how they occur. Victim organisations do not reveal this data for fear of disclosing vulnerabilities and attackers do not reveal themselves for fear of being prosecuted. In this paper, we employ two machine-learning algorithms to identify: 1) if a text-based report is related to a cyber-incident; 2) the topic within the field of cyber-security the incident report addresses. First, we evaluate the effectiveness of our approach using a benchmark set of cyber-incident reports from 2006. Then, we assess the current state of cyber-security by applying our approach to a 2014 set of cyber-incident reports we gathered. Ultimately, our results show that the combination of automatically gathering and organising cyber-security reports in close to real-time yields an assessment technology with actionable results for intelligence and security analysts.
LGBT-Specific Education in General Psychiatry Residency Programs: a Survey of Program Directors.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) and other sexual minority individuals are at higher risk than non-LGBT individuals for multiple psychiatric conditions and suicide. However, little is known regarding LGBT-specific training among psychiatric residents. The authors sought to characterize LGBT-specific training among adult psychiatry residency programs. An anonymous, cross-sectional survey was electronically distributed to U.S.-based adult psychiatry program directors between February and April 2018. Survey topics included program demographics, characteristics of LGBT-specific training, perceived barriers to implementation, and anticipated needs. Seventy-two program directors (30.8%) provided complete survey responses. Over half (55.6%) of these programs had ≤ 5 h of LGBT-specific training (“lower-hour programs”). Lower- and higher-hour (> 5 h of LGBT-specific education) programs were similar on measured demographic variables, but lower-hour programs covered fewer LGBT-specific topics and program directors were more likely to report lack of interested or topic-expert faculty as a barrier to enhancing LGBT-specific training. Results of this survey suggest a need for the development and implementation of LGBT-specific educational curricula for use in U.S.-based adult psychiatry programs. In addition, future research may explore effective ways for programs to recruit, retain, and support teaching faculty with LGBT-specific expertise.
Information literacy instruction for pharmacy students: a pharmacy librarian reflects on a year of teaching

Librarians have ever-expanding teaching responsibilities in many academic disciplines. Assessment of learning outcomes requires longitudinal evaluation to measure true retention of skills and knowledge. This is especially important in the health sciences, including pharmacy, where librarians take an active role in teaching students to help prepare them for a profession in which solid information literacy skills are required to safely and effectively provide evidence-based care to patients. In this commentary, I reflect on a year of teaching in a pharmacy program and consider the outcomes of my instruction, areas for improvement, student retention of learning, assessment challenges, faculty-librarian collaboration, and continued support for library instruction in the pharmacy curriculum.