cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of antiemetic agents in acute gastroenteritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether taking antiemetic drugs reduces vomiting and decreases the need for further intervention in children with gastroenteritis without causing significant adverse effects. Data Sources Computerized databases, reference lists, and expert recommendations. Study Selection Prospective controlled trials evaluating medication use in children with vomiting from gastroenteritis. Intervention Antiemetic drug therapy. Main Outcome Measures Emesis cessation, use of intravenous fluid for rehydration, hospital admission, return to care, and medication adverse effects. Results The 11 articles that met the inclusion criteria evaluated various antiemetic agents: ondansetron (n = 6), domperidone (n = 2), trimethobenzamide (n = 2), pyrilamine-pentobarbital (n = 2), metoclopramide (n = 2), dexamethasone (n = 1), and promethazine (n = 1). Meta-analysis of 6 randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trials of ondansetron demonstrated decreased risk of further vomiting (5 studies; relative risk [RR], 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-0.62; number needed to treat [NNT] = 5), reduced need for intravenous fluid (4 studies; RR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.28-0.62; NNT = 5), and decreased risk of immediate hospital admission (5 studies; RR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.27-0.95; NNT = 14). Diarrheal episodes increased in ondansetron-treated patients in 3 studies. Ondansetron use did not significantly affect return to care (5 studies; RR, 1.34; 95% CI, 0.77-2.35). Conclusions Ondansetron therapy decreases the risk of persistent vomiting, the use of intravenous fluid, and hospital admissions in children with vomiting due to gastroenteritis. Future treatment guidelines should incorporate ondansetron therapy for select children with gastroenteritis.
An evaluation of learning in an online project-based web application design and development course

Distance education has grown significantly in the past decade and this rate of growth shows little sign of slowing in the coming years. The demand for skilled software developers with project experience is also rising. Distributed software development is one particularly difficult aspect of incorporating projects into an online software engineering course. This paper compares the performance of students on a team project in online and face-to-face sections of a project-based Web Application Design and Development course. Performance factors examined include the number of iterations and the number of days required to finalize project documents, course grades, project grades, and results of a survey that asks student opinions on the project experience and overall opinion of the course.
Complete Genome Sequence of Caulobacter crescentus Siphophage Sansa.

ABSTRACT Caulobacter crescentus is a Gram-negative dimorphic model organism used to study cell differentiation. Siphophage Sansa is a newly isolated siphophage with an icosahedral capsid that infects C. crescentus. Sansa shares no sequence similarity to other phages deposited in GenBank. Here, we describe its genome sequence and general features.
IDENTIFYING PASSWORDS STORED ON DISK

This chapter presents a solution to the problem of identifying passwords on storage media. Because of the proliferation of websites for finance, commerce and entertainment, the typical user today often has to store passwords on a computer hard drive. The identification problem is to find strings on the disk that are likely to be passwords. Automated identification is very useful to digital forensic investigators who need to recover potential passwords when working on cases. The problem is nontrivial because a hard disk typically contains numerous strings. The chapter describes a novel approach that determines a good set of candidate strings in which stored passwords are very likely to be found. This is accomplished by first examining the disk for tokens (potential password strings) and applying filtering algorithms to winnow down the tokens to a more manageable set. Next, a probabilistic context-free grammar is used to assign probabilities to the remaining tokens. The context-free grammar is derived via training with a set of revealed passwords. Three algorithms are used to rank the tokens after filtering. Experiments reveal that one of the algorithms, the one-by-one algorithm, returns a password-rich set of 2,000 tokens culled from more than 49 million tokens on a large-capacity drive. Thus, a forensic investigator would only have to test a small set of tokens that would likely contain many of the stored passwords.
Personality Disorders in the DSM-5: Current Status, Lessons Learned, and Future Challenges

Provides an introduction to a special section of Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. The purpose of this special section is to provide a discussion of the current status, lessons learned, and future challenges for the classification of personality disorders.
Abstract 5678: Design of GRP78 inhibitors as novel therapeutics for breast cancer.

Cancer cells exploit cellular stress response mechanisms, such as the unfolded protein response, to survive through cytotoxic treatments. A key mediator of the unfolded protein response, the 78kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78) chaperone, has frequently been found to be overexpressed in breast cancer. In addition to providing a growth advantage to cancer cells, GRP78 induction leads to drug resistance. Suppressing GRP78 levels using siRNA has been shown to slow cancer cell progression and overcome drug resistance. Another approach to inactivating GRP78 is by inhibiting its ATPase activity. Currently, there are only few selective GRP78 inhibitors in development despite ample evidence of its critical role in cancer cell survival and drug resistance. Here, we report a novel class of small-molecule inhibitors of GRP78 ATPase activity. We designed a focused library of compounds based on a structure-based docking approach and screened for inhibition of GRP78 ATPase activity. Based of the initial hit, we further optimized several analogues with more potent activity and selectivity for GRP78 inhibition (IC50 Citation Format: Kavya Ramkumar, Bikash Debnath, Amy S. Lee, Nouri Neamati. Design of GRP78 inhibitors as novel therapeutics for breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5678. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5678
The effect of bile salts on calcium absorption.

SUMMARY The influence of a series of bile salts on calcium absorption was studied in the goat. Only tauro-cholic acid increased calcium absorption. A bile sequestering agent, cholestyramine, enhanced calcium absorption in the small intestine of the goat and when the same substance was administered orally to cows calcium absorption was improved.
Environmental predictors of shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa) habitat and quality as host for Maine’s endangered Clayton’s copper butterfly (Lycaena dorcas claytoni)

Population size of habitat-specialized butterflies is limited in part by host plant distribution and abundance. Effective conservation for host-specialist species requires knowledge of host-plant habitat conditions and relationships with the specialist species. Clayton’s copper butterfly (Lycaena dorcas claytoni) is a Maine state-endangered species that relies exclusively on shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa) as its host. Dasiphora fruticosa occurs in 28 wetlands in Maine, ten of which are occupied by L. d. claytoni. Little is known about environmental conditions that support large, persistent stands of D. fruticosa in Maine. We evaluated the environment (hydrology, pore water and peat nutrients) associated with D. fruticosa distribution, age, and condition in Maine wetlands supporting robust stands of D. fruticosa to compare with L. d. claytoni occurrence. Although dominant water source in D. fruticosa—containing wetlands included both groundwater discharge and surface-flow, D. fruticosa coverage was greater in wetlands with consistent growing season water levels that dropped into or below the root zone by late season, and its distributions within wetlands reflected pore water hydrogen ion and conductivity gradients. Flooding magnitude and duration were greatest during the L.d. claytoni larval feeding period, whereas, mean depth to water table and upwelling increased and were most variable following the L. d. claytoni egg-laying period that precedes D. fruticosa senescence. Oldest sampled shrubs were 37 years, and older shrubs were larger and slower-growing. Encounter rates of L. d. claytoni were greater in wetlands with larger D. fruticosa plants of intermediate age and greater bloom density. Wetland management that combines conditions associated with D. fruticosa abundance (e.g., non-forested, seasonally consistent water levels with high conductivity) and L. d. claytoni occurrence (e.g., drawdown below the root zone following egg-laying, abundant blooms on intermediate-aged D. fruticosa, nearby D. fruticosa-containing wetlands) will aid L. d. claytoni conservation.
Recommendations for Re-entry into the Schools

This chapter discusses recommendations for re-integrating sexually harmful youth into school. While school psychologists and counselors possess a wide range of skills, they typically do not have formal training in providing treatment or intervention for sexually harmful youth. The treatment methods for special populations (i.e., young children, females, and youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities) are also explored. Because most school psychologists have not had supervision or training with sexually harmful youth, school psychological services are probably not warranted to address sexually harmful behavior. Nonetheless, the school psychologist can be integral to competency development. This would entail the development of social skills, moral reasoning skills, academic skills, workforce development skills, and independent living skills.
Hypothalamic–Pituitary Regulation

The hypothalamic–pituitary unit transduces and amplifies central electrical and neurochemical signals and regulates peripheral hormonal regulatory homeostasis. Hypothalamic neuropeptides act to control pituitary and target gland responses with extensive positive and negative feedback mechanisms, all essential for neuroendocrine fine-tuning and complex brain signaling to the periphery. As anatomic inaccessibility of the human hypothalamus and pituitary usually precludes tissue biopsy, the complexity of techniques required for further unraveling mechanisms underlying regulation of these axes in humans continues to challenge discovery in the field.
Hyperactivity in 103P/Hartley 2: Chunks from the sub-surface in Type IIa jet regions

Abstract We analyze the observed radial distribution of column densities of water-ice particulates embedded in the primary jet region (J 1 ) of 103P's inner coma at altitudes between 439 and 1967 m (Protopapa et al., 2014, Icarus 238, 191–204) and determine the speed and acceleration of particles and their mass-flow within the filaments of the jet. This is done by applying a CO 2 driven (Type IIa) jet model proposed by Belton (2010, Icarus 210, 881–897). The model utilizes water-ice particles dislodged in the source regions of the jet filaments and accelerated by CO 2 to explain the radial distribution of water-ice particulates. We provide an explanation for the remarkably different radial distribution of refractory dust particles by hypothesizing that the majority of the dust originates directly from the nucleus surface in inter-filament regions of the jet complex and is accelerated by H 2 O. Our model provides a mass-flow of water from the J 1 jet complex that is ∼40 times greater than the constant speed sublimation model discussed by Protopapa et al. but is still too small to explain the hyperactivity of the comet. Speeds in the flow are increased by a factor up to ∼20 over those found by Protopapa et al. To account for the hyperactivity, most of the mass dislodged in the filament source regions must be in weakly accelerated large chunks that achieve only low speeds en route to the region of observation. These chunks soon leave the filamentary jet structure due to the rotation of the nucleus and do not contribute to the column densities observed at higher altitudes in the jet filaments. Employing the results of Kelley et al. (2015 . Icarus 262, 187–189)) on total cross-section and mass-flow in the coma we find that large chunks with the same bulk properties as the nucleus can increase the active fraction of the comet by two or three times. With the exception that the chunks do not need to be “nearly pure water ice”, these results support the hypothesis that hyperactivity in comet 103P/Hartley 2 is the result of super-volatiles that “… drag out chunks of nearly pure water ice that then sublime to provide a large fraction of the total H 2 O gaseous output of the comet (A'Hearn et al., 2011. Science 332, 1396–1400). We find that the largest chunks (effective radius ∼4 m) are probably dislodged at an average rate less than 1 chunk/filament/1–3 rotation periods near perihelion and we estimate that the filamentary source regions, if 50–100 m in diameter, could be excavated to a depth of 44–171 m in a single perihelion passage. We note similarities with groups of active pits discovered on 67P (Vincent et al. , 2015. Nature 523, 63–66) and suggest that these features may have, in the past, supported Type IIa super-volatile jet outflows that are now essentially exhausted.
A historical survey of algorithms and hardware architectures for neural-inspired and neuromorphic computing applications

Abstract Biological neural networks continue to inspire new developments in algorithms and microelectronic hardware to solve challenging data processing and classification problems. Here, we survey the history of neural-inspired and neuromorphic computing in order to examine the complex and intertwined trajectories of the mathematical theory and hardware developed in this field. Early research focused on adapting existing hardware to emulate the pattern recognition capabilities of living organisms. Contributions from psychologists, mathematicians, engineers, neuroscientists, and other professions were crucial to maturing the field from narrowly-tailored demonstrations to more generalizable systems capable of addressing difficult problem classes such as object detection and speech recognition. Algorithms that leverage fundamental principles found in neuroscience such as hierarchical structure, temporal integration, and robustness to error have been developed, and some of these approaches are achieving world-leading performance on particular data classification tasks. In addition, novel microelectronic hardware is being developed to perform logic and to serve as memory in neuromorphic computing systems with optimized system integration and improved energy efficiency. Key to such advancements was the incorporation of new discoveries in neuroscience research, the transition away from strict structural replication and towards the functional replication of neural systems, and the use of mathematical theory frameworks to guide algorithm and hardware developments.
CHARLES KINGSLEY'S the WATER-BABIES: INDUSTRIAL ENGLAND, the IRISH FAMINE, and the AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

Charles Kingsley's children's novel The Water-Babies (WB), written in the spring and summer of 1862, is a politically anxious text. In this essay I argue that although The Water-Babies’ overall structure appears to be chaotic and arbitrary – J. M. I. Klaver, for example, deems the work a “Victorian fantasy crowded with Kingsley's hobby-horses” where he “pour[s] out whatever he had on his mind” (517) – in fact Kingsley's disquietude concerning the Irish Famine, U.S. slavery, and the condition of the British working classes provides a logical framework for the text.
Abolitionizing Missouri: German Immigrants and Racial Ideology in Nineteenth-Century America

In Abolitionizing Missouri, Kristen Anderson shows how German immigrants’ views on slavery were just as multifaceted as those of their white, native-born counterparts. During the Civil War Era, the...
Do all raters value task, citizenship, and counterproductive behaviors equally: An investigation of cultural values and performance evaluations

ABSTRACTWe investigated whether individualistic and collectivistic cultural values influence the extent to which raters consider task, citizenship (OCB), and counterproductive work behaviors (CWB) when evaluating overall employee performance. Participants completed a managerial role-play exercise in which they read employee performance vignettes and rated the overall performance of each employee. A relative weights approach was used to determine to what extent raters considered task, OCB, and CWB information when evaluating employee performance. Results indicated that as compared to individualistic raters, collectivistic raters placed higher weights on OCBs and less weight on task performance when assigning an overall performance rating. However, contrary to expectations, collectivistic raters did not place significantly higher weights on CWBs as compared to individualistic raters. Future research directions and practical implications are discussed.
Complications of Partial Cystectomy in Patients with High Grade Bladder Carcinoma

AbstractWe herein analyze the results of partial bladder resection in 61 patients with stage A transitional cell carcinoma. Staging was based on preoperative evaluation, operative findings and postoperative microscopic study of the specimen. In 54 per cent of the patients with high grade malignancies local recurrences were noted and the patients eventually died of the disease. There were no recurrences in patients with low grade tumors. Therefore, the grade of bladder carcinoma should be considered when patients are chosen for this operation.
Problems of Self-reference in Self-improving Space-Time Embedded Intelligence

By considering agents to be a part of their environment, Orseau and Ring’s space-time embedded intelligence [10] is a better fit to the real world than the traditional agent framework. However, a self-modifying AGI that sees future versions of itself as an ordinary part of the environment may run into problems of self-reference. We show that in one particular model based on formal logic, naive approaches either lead to incorrect reasoning that allows an agent to put off an important task forever (the procrastination paradox), or fail to allow the agent to justify even obviously safe rewrites (the Lobian obstacle). We argue that these problems have relevance beyond our particular formalism, and discuss partial solutions.
Modeling Reserve Growth in Natural Gas Fields

This article reviews the methods used to model natural gas field growth and estimate inferred reserves. Inferred reserves are expected future additions to proved reserves beyond currently booked reserves, which are added over the commercial life of discovered conventional gas fields. The rationale for assessing future growth in discovered fields is discussed. Projections of field growth may be based on geologic inference, engineering models, expert opinion, or statistical modeling of the historical data. Although these methods are briefly surveyed, the thrust of the article is on a statistical approach to modeling reserve growth in natural gas fields. It explains available data, how to recognize and mitigate regulatory influences on the forecasts, to apply robust statistical procedures to estimate cumulative growth functions, and to calculate forecasts of natural gas field growth along with confidence bounds about those forecasts. The limitations of field-growth modeling are discussed in the final section.
The Secondary Structure

In principle we could expect that X-ray diffraction provides a complete picture of any protein that can be crystallized, with the exact position of each atom. Indeed, models displayed in showcases give the impression that the protein structure is fully known and has been found ab initio. In reality, however, stereochemical information is used in the elucidation of the structure of a protein. The knowledge of the structure of the building elements is consequently essential. Moreover, X-rays do not “see” hydrogen atoms well; the charge density of these is often determined by using the well-known structure of the amino acids. We give here a brief discussion of the secondary structure; a beautiful and clear treatment is given by Dickerson and Geis [1].
Amino acid status in dogs with protein-losing nephropathy

BACKGROUND: Proteinuria in dogs with kidney disease can contribute to protein‐energy wasting and malnutrition. Little is known about amino acid (AA) status in dogs with protein‐losing nephropathy (PLN). OBJECTIVES: The purpose of our study was to further elucidate AA status in PLN dogs, with the hypothesis that PLN dogs would have altered AA status as compared to healthy dogs. ANIMALS: Thirty client‐owned PLN dogs were compared to 10 healthy control dogs. METHODS: Prospective observational study. Dogs with PLN that were presented to the teaching hospital were enrolled. Plasma AA profiles were measured using an automated high‐performance liquid chromatography AA analyzer. RESULTS: Compared to control dogs, PLN dogs had significantly lower concentrations of leucine, threonine, histidine, glycine, proline, asparagine, tyrosine, o‐hydroxyproline, and serine, as well as sums of both essential and nonessential AA (P < .05). Dogs with PLN had significantly lower ratios of tyrosine‐to‐phenylalanine and glycine‐to‐serine (P < .05), and a significantly greater ratio of valine‐to‐glycine (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Dogs with PLN have altered AA status compared to healthy dogs. These findings could have therapeutic implications in determining optimal management of PLN dogs, such as providing AA supplementation along with other standard treatment.
Drummer's Thumb: Ulnar Digital Artery Thrombosis and Aneurismal Change From Repetitive Drumstick Trauma After Carpal-Metacarpal Arthroplasty.

We present a patient with digital artery thrombosis from repetitive trauma. Intraoperative findings suggested arterial thrombosis similar to that found in HHS. We believe this is the first published case of arterial occlusion from this process. Hand surgeons should consider repetitive trauma in occupation or hobbies a source of an atypical mass or vascular phenomenon isolated to the digit.
The potential for skills development programmes to empower poverty-affected and refugee women in rural Jordan

This paper considers the experience of local and Syrian refugee women enrolled on a skills development programme in rural Jordan from a capability perspective. It explores the value of the capabili...
Method for the determination of broad concentration range of iodide in drinking water by spectrophotometry with alkaline potassium permanganate oxidation

Objective To establish a simple photometric method for the determination of broad concentration range of iodide in drinking water. Methods Iodide in water was oxidized with potassium permanganate in alkaline medium to generate iodate. After excessive oxidant was eliminated with nitrite sodium in acidic medium condition and excessive nitrite was eliminated with a mixture of aminosulfonic acid and urea, iodate was used to react with potassium iodide reagent to form I_2 which further reacted with amylum to form color complex. The absorbance was determined by photometry. In determination reagent system suitable amount of iodide that acted as background and sodium chloride were added to solve the problem of the chromogenic sensitivity, i.e., when iodine concentration was < 100 μg/L in water sample the degree of iodine-starch complex color change could not be in linear proportion to the concentration of iodine in water. Results The linear range of the calibration curve of the new method for iodine was 0-1200 μg/L and the linear correlative coefficient was 0.9998. The detection limit for iodine was 4 μg/L. Results of 6 times repeated determination of water samples with iodine concentration of 76.6, 207.8, 560.4 μg/L showed that the relative standard deviations(RSD) were all under 1%. The recovery of standard addition for iodine added in 8 water samples of different iodide concentration levels was 97.0% (485.2/500.0) - 102.5% (102.5/100.0). Interference of hexavalent chromium(Cr~(6+)) in water was eliminated when treated with ferrous reagent. Interference of bromate (BrO_3~-) in water was eliminated when treated with potassium bromide and nitrite sodium reagent. Zero point two mg/L Cr~(6+), 0.1 mg/L BrO_3~- in water were noninterference. Conclusion This method can be easily performed with good precision and accuracy and has broad detection concentration range, which is suitable for measuring iodide in drinking water. Key words: Iodides; Water; Spectrophotometry
Shedding Light on Chandelier Cell Development, Connectivity, and Contribution to Neural Disorders

Chandelier cells (ChCs) are a unique type of GABAergic interneuron that selectively innervate the axon initial segment (AIS) of excitatory pyramidal neurons; the subcellular domain where action potentials are initiated. The proper genesis and maturation of ChCs is critical for regulating neural ensemble firing in the neocortex throughout development and adulthood. Recently, genetic and molecular studies have shed new light on the complex innerworkings of ChCs in health and disease. This review presents an overview of recent studies on the developmental origins, migratory properties, and morphology of ChCs. In addition, attention is given to newly identified molecules regulating ChC morphogenesis and connectivity as well as recent work linking ChC dysfunction to neural disorders, including schizophrenia, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Faster Schr\"odinger-style simulation of quantum circuits

Recent demonstrations of superconducting quantum computers by Google and IBM and trapped-ion computers from IonQ fueled new research in quantum algorithms, compilation into quantum circuits, and empirical algorithmics. While online access to quantum hardware remains too limited to meet the demand, simulating quantum circuits on conventional computers satisfies many needs. We advance Schrodinger-style simulation of quantum circuits that is useful standalone and as a building block in layered simulation algorithms, both cases are illustrated in our results. Our algorithmic contributions show how to simulate multiple quantum gates at once, how to avoid floating-point multiplies, how to best use instruction-level and thread-level parallelism as well as CPU cache, and how to leverage these optimizations by reordering circuit gates. While not described previously, these techniques implemented by us supported published high-performance distributed simulations up to 64 qubits. To show additional impact, we benchmark our simulator against Microsoft, IBM and Google simulators on hard circuits from Google.
Losing Your Home Is Bad for Your Health: Short- and Medium-Term Health Effects of Eviction on Young Adults

U.S. cities are increasingly adopting antieviction policies predicated on the belief that evictions have negative consequences for families and communities. Yet the nature and duration of many of t...
Problem Identification in a Dairy Herd

This report is the work of three senior veterinary students. Their assignment was to identify and prioritize the production problems on a dairy using the "Goal Form" from the Bovine Practitioner, No. 26, September 1991, pages 21 to 28.
FDA Emergency Use Authorization from 9/11 to COVID-19: Historical Lessons and Ethical Challenges (preprint)

Emergency use authorization (EUA) is a power granted by Congress to FDA to expedite the availability and distribution of medical countermeasures during public health emergencies. This article reviews the history of FDA’s EUA authority from its inception in the post-9/11 era to its present-day use in response to COVID-19 in order to better understand and anticipate the limitations, potential, and risks of EUAs. We offer several reflections on the history of EUAs and ethical considerations relevant to their use in connection with COVID-19 (including a potential vaccine) and future emergencies. This history and analysis center around four main themes: (i) the effects that post-9/11 counterterrorist concerns have had on FDA’s ability to deal with naturally-occurring threats to public health and safety; (ii) political interference in efforts to defend the country against those threats; (iii) the question of where the risks posed by emergency countermeasures should fall, including with respect to legal liability for vaccine-related injuries; and (iv) the key ethical and policy issues confronting FDA in public health emergencies.
CSF-1 maintains pathogenic but not homeostatic myeloid cells in the central nervous system during autoimmune neuroinflammation.

The receptor for colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1R) is important for the survival and function of myeloid cells that mediate pathology during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). CSF-1 and IL-34, the ligands of CSF-1R, have similar bioactivities but distinct tissue and context-dependent expression patterns, suggesting that they have different roles. This could be the case in EAE, given that CSF-1 expression is upregulated in the CNS, while IL-34 remains constitutively expressed. We found that targeting CSF-1 with neutralizing mAb halted ongoing EAE, with efficacy superior to CSF-1R inhibitor BLZ945, whereas IL-34 neutralization had no effect, suggesting that pathogenic myeloid cells were maintained by CSF-1, not IL-34. Both anti-CSF-1- and BLZ945-treatment greatly reduced numbers of monocyte-derived cells and microglia in the CNS. However, anti-CSF-1 selectively depleted inflammatory microglia and monocytes in inflamed CNS areas, whereas BLZ945 depleted virtually all myeloid cells, including quiescent microglia, throughout the CNS. Anti-CSF-1 treatments reduced the size of demyelinated lesions, and microglial activation in the grey matter. Lastly, we found that bone marrow-derived immune cells were the major mediators of CSF-1R-dependent pathology, while microglia played a lesser role. Our findings suggest that targeting CSF-1 could be effective in ameliorating MS pathology, while preserving the homeostatic functions of myeloid cells, thereby minimizing risks associated with total ablation of CSF-1R-dependent cells.
Feeding state-dependent modulation of feeding-related motor patterns.

Studies elucidating modulation of microcircuit activity in isolated nervous systems have revealed numerous insights regarding neural circuit flexibility, but this approach limits the link between e...
Analytic Couple Modeling Introducing Device Design Factor, Fin Factor, Thermal Diffusivity Factor, and Inductance Factor

A set of convenient thermoelectric device solutions have been derived in order to capture a number of factors which are previously only resolved with numerical techniques. The concise conversion efficiency equations derived from governing equations provide intuitive and straight-forward design guidelines. These guidelines allow for better device design without requiring detailed numerical modeling. The analytical modeling accounts for factors such as i) variable temperature boundary conditions, ii) lateral heat transfer, iii) temperature variable material properties, and iv) transient operation. New dimensionless parameters, similar to the figure of merit, are introduced including the device design factor, fin factor, thermal diffusivity factor, and inductance factor. These new device factors allow for the straight-forward description of phenomenon generally only captured with numerical work otherwise. As an example a device design factor of 0.38, which accounts for thermal resistance of the hot and cold shoes, can be used to calculate a conversion efficiency of 2.28 while the ideal conversion efficiency based on figure of merit alone would be 6.15. Likewise an ideal couple with efficiency of 6.15 will be reduced to 5.33 when lateral heat is accounted for with a fin factor of 1.0.
Surgical Techniques: Management of High-Grade Spondylolisthesis Including Reduction Techniques

There exists significant controversy in the literature regarding the surgical treatment of high-grade spondylolisthesis: in situ fusion versus reduction, timing of surgery, and the techniques for achieving fixation are extremely varied. High-grade spondylolisthesis is a complicated, three-dimensional deformity with complex pathomechanics and secondary anatomic changes that develop over time. While the classification schemes and management modalities of high-grade spondylolisthesis continue to evolve with our understanding of these deformities, there is general agreement that surgical treatment of high-grade, unbalanced spondylolisthesis is the management of choice. While reduction and fixation of these high-grade slips is historically fraught with complications, including nerve injury and loss of fixation, in situ fusion is also not without reportedly severe complications. In the authors’ varied, multi-year experience, anatomic reduction with interbody fusion and posterior instrumentation has yielded excellent results with a relatively low complication rate.
Feasts: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics, and Power.

Feasts: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics, and Power. Michael Dietler and Brian Hayden. eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001. 432 pp.
From Authorization Logics to Types for Authorization

Web services and mashups are collaborative distributed systems built by assembling components from multiple independent applications. Such composition and aggregation involves subtle combinations of authorization, delegation, and trust. Consequently, how to do so securely remains a topic of current research. Authorization logics elegantly record the change of context from sender to receiver when messages are transmitted in distributed systems. Such logics are well suited to specify security policies since they satisfy a non-interference property: namely, that the dependencies between the statements of principals arise solely from the user-defined non-logical axioms. Building on the prior work of Abadi, Abadi and Garg, and Garg and Pfenning, we describe a semantic approach to such non-interference results. Authorization logics constitute the logical foundations of our type-and-effect system for TAPIDO, a calculus of distributed objects. The effects are "object-centric" and record the rights associated with the object. Object effects are validated at the point of creation, ensuring that the security policy permits the creation of the object. When such an object is received, the associated rights, perhaps constrained by provenance information, are delegated as a benefit accrued to the recipient. A TAPIDO program is safe if every object creation at runtime is in conformance with the security policy of the system. Well-typed programs are safe even in the face of dishonest opponent processes that aim to subvert the global authorization policy by creating unauthorized objects. This talk is based on joint work with Abramsky and joint work with Cirillo, Pitcher and Riely.
An Ethical Analysis of Corporate Bailouts

This article examines corporate bailouts from several ethical perspectives. Utilitarian analysis concludes that bailouts cannot be ethically justified because the losers exceed the winners. Applying rights theory reaches the same conclusion for different reasons.
Fully automatic analysis of the knee articular cartilage T1ρ relaxation time using voxel-based relaxometry.

Purpose To develop and compare with the classical region of interest (ROI)-based approach a fully automatic, local, and unbiased way of studying the knee T1ρ relaxation time by creating an atlas and using voxel-based relaxometry (VBR) in osteoarthritis (OA) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) subjects. Materials and Methods In this study 110 subjects from two cohorts: 1) Mild OA 40 patients with mild-OA Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) ≤ 2 and 15 controls KL ≤ 1; 2) ACL cohort (a model for early OA): 40 ACL-injured patients imaged prior to ACL reconstruction and 1-year postsurgery and 15 controls are analyzed. All the subjects were acquired at 3T with a protocol that includes: 3D-FSE (CUBE) and 3D-T1ρ. A nonrigid registration technique was applied to align all the images on a single template. This allows for performing VBR to assess local statistical differences of T1ρ values using z-score analysis. VBR results were compared with those obtained with classical ROI-based technique. Results ROI-based results from atlas-based segmentation were consistent with classical ROI-based method (coefficient of variation [CV] = 3.83%). Voxel-based group analysis revealed local patterns that were overlooked by the ROI-based approach; eg, VBR showed posterior lateral femur and posterior lateral tibia significant T1ρ elevations in ACL-injured patients (sample mean z-score=9.7 and 10.3). Those elevations were overlooked by the classical ROI-based approach (sample mean z-score=1.87 and −1.73) Conclusion VBR is a feasible and accurate tool for the local evaluation of the biochemical composition of knee articular cartilage. VBR is capable of detecting specific local patterns on T1ρ maps in OA and ACL subjects. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015.
Fractionation of elements in the pelitic hornfelses of the Cashel-Lough Wheelaun intrusion, Connemara, Eire

Abstract The fractionation of major and minor elements in the pelitic hornfelses of the Cashel-Lough Wheelaun basic and ultrabasic intrusion is examined in the light of the observed mineralogical changes. Comparison with trace element fractionation in silicate magmas shows excellent agreement, except in the cases of Ga: Al and Co:Ni. The available evidence favours the hypothesis of extensive fractional melting of the aureole rocks, with the bulk chemical changes taking place as a result of the extraction of the interstitial liquid. The absence of any additive metasomatism is suggested by the lack of change in ratios among the apparently enriched elements, e.g. Mg:Mg + Fe and the ratios of Cr, Ni, Vc and Co to Mg + Fe. The progressive losses of Si, Na and K from the pelites were accompanied by important losses of Ba, Rb, Li, La and Cs. Sc, Mn, Sr and Zr losses were small at lower, but more profound at higher temperatures of alteration. Cr, V, Co, Ga and Ni, like total Fe, Mg and Ti, were enriched roughly threefold in the more intensely altered rocks, although in the extreme stages (formation of emery rocks) there is evidence of removal of Mg, Ti and Ni, together with proportionally smaller amounts of Fe. The compositions of the successive fluid or liquid fractions are estimated, using Cr content as an indicator of the absolute decrease in total number of cations in the hornfelses. The envelope hornfelses first yielded a K-rich granitic liquid and, at slightly higher temperatures, a more normal granitic or granodioritic liquid. The liquid lost by the xenoliths to the enclosing magma was rich in Si and contained appreciable Mg, Ti, Fe, Mn, Ca and K.
Larval paternity and male reproductive success of a broadcast-spawning gorgonian, Plexaura kuna

Male reproductive success of the broadcast-spawning gorgonian, Plexaura kuna Lasker, Kim and Coffroth, 1996, was measured in June 1994 and June and July 1995 at two sites in the San Blas Islands, Panama in order to determine the environmental and biotic factors affecting individual reproductive success. Developing embryos were collected in the field during natural spawning events, and paternity determined using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Analyses of F1 progeny from defined laboratory matings established that the markers were inherited in Mendelian fashion, and allowed the determination of the zygosities of the markers. P. kuna is clonal, but male reproductive success was not strictly proportional to clone size. Proximity to females appeared to have a greater effect on male reproductive success than clone size, and on both reefs the most successful male clone was the one closest to the spawning female clone. Current direction and transport of gametes by eddies explained variation in paternity assignments between nights. Clonal propagation allows clones to grow and spread toward each other, and may enhance male reproductive success.
A ZigBee indoor positioning scheme using signal-index-pair data preprocess method to enhance precision

This paper develops a ZigBee indoor positioning scheme based on the location fingerprinting approach. The proposed scheme includes four workflows: (1) creating the location fingerprint table, (2) training the locating model using neural network (NN), (3) preprocessing data through the Signal-Index-Pair method, and (4) estimating the coordinate of the mobile target instantly. Testing results show that within the error distance of 5 meters, the NN locating model with the Signal-Index-Pair data preprocess method can increase the positioning precision by 17% compared with the original NN, in terms of the cumulative error probability (CEP). It also achieves 5% CEP higher than the k (k=5) nearest neighbor method and the weighted k (k=5) nearest neighbor method. Potential applications include patient tracking in hospitals, object tracking for factory monitoring, self-navigation of autonomous robots, and visitors monitoring in military buildings, and so on.
Applying the ‘Limitation of effects’ inherently safer processing strategy when siting and designing facilities

Minimize, Substitute, Moderate, and Simplify are four primary Inherently Safer Processing (ISP) strategies. The Moderate strategy is primarily Attenuation, a strategy that emphasizes the use of materials under less hazardous conditions. Limitation of Effects is also an ISP term bantered about as being included within the purview of this Moderate strategy, although it is at times presented as a separate, unique ISP strategy. Regardless of the taxonomy, the application of such a strategy can significantly lower overall process safety risk. This study discusses the author's understanding of the meaning of the term Limitation of Effects and presents examples of the application of this strategy to the siting of plants, processes, and buildings. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2008
Preparative columns in high-speed liquid chromatography

Abstract When high-speed liquid chromatography is used to obtain pure material for subsequent investigation, it can correctly be called preparative, regardless of the sample weights employed. In this paper, the requirements for scaling up from a small-diameter analytical column to larger-diameter preparative columns are presented. An example of the use of high-speed preparative liquid chromatography to isolate and identify the components of a complex mixture is presented. General requirements of sample size for subsequent investigation are discussed.
Automated camera layout to satisfy task-specific and floor plan-specific coverage requirements

In many multi-camera vision systems the effect of camera locations on the task-specific quality of service is ignored. Researchers in Computational Geometry have proposed elegant solutions for some sensor location problem classes. Unfortunately, these solutions use unrealistic assumptions about the cameras' capabilities that make these algorithms unsuitable for many real world computer vision applications. In this paper, the general camera placement problem is first defined with assumptions that are more consistent with the capabilities of real world cameras. The region to be observed by cameras may be volumetric, static or dynamic, and may include holes. A subclass of this general problem can be formulated in terms of planar regions that are typical of building floor plans. Given a floor plan to be observed, the problem is then to reliably compute a camera layout such that certain task-specific constraints are met. A solution to this problem is obtained via binary optimization over a discrete problem space. In experiments the performance of the resulting system is demonstrated with different real indoor and outdoor floor plans.
Interaction of a high-order Bessel beam with a submerged spherical ultrasound contrast agent shell - Scattering theory.

Abstract Background and objective Acoustic scattering properties of ultrasound contrast agents are useful in extending existing or developing new techniques for biomedical imaging applications. A useful first step in this direction is to investigate the acoustic scattering of a new class of acoustic beams, known as helicoidal high-order Bessel beams, to improve the understanding of their scattering characteristics by an ultrasound contrast agent, which at present is very limited. Method The transverse acoustic scattering of a commercially available albuminoidal ultrasound contrast agent shell filled with air or a denser gas such as perfluoropropane and placed in a helicoidal Bessel beam of any order is examined numerically. The shell is assumed to possess an outer radius a = 3.5 microns and a thickness of ∼105 nm. Moduli of the total and resonance transverse acoustic scattering form functions are numerically evaluated in the bandwidth 0 ⩽ 3, which corresponds to a frequency bandwidth of 0–205 MHz that covers a wide range of applications for imaging with contrast agents. Particular attention is paid to the shell’s material, the content of its interior hollow region and the fluid surrounding its exterior. The contrast agent shell is assumed to be immersed in an ideal compressible fluid so the viscous corrections are not considered. Analytical equations are derived and numerical calculations of the total and resonance form functions are performed with particular emphasis on the effect of varying the half-cone angle, the order of the helicoidal Bessel beam as well as the fluid that fills the interior hollow space. Results and conclusion It is shown that shell wave resonance modes can be excited on an encapsulated micro-bubble. The forward and backscattering vanish for a helicoidal high-order Bessel beam. Additionally, the fluid filling the inner core affects the shell’s response significantly. Moreover, there is no monopole contribution to the axial scattering of a helicoidal Bessel beam of order m ⩾ 1 so that the dynamics of contrast agents would be significantly altered. The main finding of the present theory is the suppression or enhancement for a particular resonance that may be used to advantage in imaging with ultrasound contrast agents for clinical applications.
THE MICROWAVE SPECTRUM AND STRUCTURE OF KRYPTON-PHOSPHORUS TRIFLUORIDE*

The rotational spectrum of the weak complex between krypton and phosphorus trifluoride has been observed using a Fourier transform microwave spectrometer with a pulsed supersonic nozzle molecular beam source. The complex is an asymmetric top._The distance r,, between the krypton atom and the center of mass of the PF, molecule is 4.0722 A and the angle between the r,, vector and the C, axis of the PF, is 68.25”. Based on the centrifugal distortion constant DJ and a pseudodiatomic model, the binding energy of the complex is estimated to be 218 cm-‘.