cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Measure of Life Satisfaction: The Riverside Life Satisfaction Scale.

The Satisfaction With Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) has been the dominant measure of life satisfaction since its creation more than 30 years ago. We sought to develop an improved measure that includes indirect indicators of life satisfaction (e.g., wishing to change one's life) to increase the bandwidth of the measure and account for acquiescence bias. In 3 studies, we developed a 6-item measure of life satisfaction, the Riverside Life Satisfaction Scale, and obtained reliability and validity evidence. Importantly, the Riverside Life Satisfaction Scale retained the high internal consistency, test-retest stability, and unidimensionality of the Satisfaction With Life Scale. In addition, the Riverside Life Satisfaction Scale correlated with other well-being measures, Big Five personality traits, values, and demographic information in expected ways. Although the Riverside Life Satisfaction Scale correlated highly with the Satisfaction With Life Scale, we believe it improves the Satisfaction With Life Scale by appropriately increasing construct breadth and reducing the potential for bias.
An Introduction to Contemporary Behaviorism

Behavioral psychology has its roots in the philosophical and psychological traditions of the ancient Greek civilization, was nurtured by the Renaissance and scientific revolution, and emerged finally as a formal system of psychology in the early decades of this century. Since its emergence, behaviorism has grown in several directions, the modern product we refer to as “contemporary behaviorism” (see Day, 1980). In contrast to this long-standing tradition, the development of the behavioral approaches to crime and delinquency is of relatively recent origin, having begun both in theory and in practice in the mid-1960s (e.g., Burgess & Akers, 1966; Jeffery, 1965; Schwitzgebel, 1964; see Morris, 1978). Thus, their philosophical and psychological lineage aside, the behavioral approaches to crime and delinquency represent only about 20 years of systematic conceptual and empirical development—a brief span of time in the history of science. To put it another way, they have a long history but a short past (cf. Ebbinghaus, 1908, p. 1).
Motivation und Arbeit

Nach einem ungluckseligen Samstag im Fruhjahr 2003 hat der erfahrene Bergsteiger Aron Ralston verstanden, in welchem Mase die Motivation Tatkraft verleiht und das Verhalten steuern kann.
Added value of MRI to X-ray in guiding the extent of surgical resection in diabetic forefoot osteomyelitis: a review of pathologically proven, surgically treated cases.

This study retrospectively evaluated the added value of MRI over X-ray in guiding the extent of amputation in a cohort of patients with surgically treated, pathologically proven osteomyelitis. A database search revealed 32 cases of pathology-proven diabetic forefoot osteomyelitis between 2006 and 2016, in which X-ray, MRI, and surgery occurred within 30 days. Data collection included extent of osteomyelitis reported on imaging and extent of subsequent amputation using a point system. Added value of MRI over X-ray in guiding surgical resection was stated if the X-ray was negative, MRI was positive, and there was MRI–surgical concordance; if both modalities were positive, X-ray was discordant whereas the MRI was concordant; or if MRI detected an abscess. Two-tailed Fisher’s exact test compared proportions. In 9 cases that were positive on both modalities, MRI identified an average of 1.2 additional bone segments of disease. There was surgical agreement with X-ray in 3 out of 31 cases (9.7%, 95%CI 0–20.1) and with MRI in 17 out of 31 cases (55%, 37.3–72.4; p < 0.0001). There was an added value of MRI over X-ray in guiding surgical treatment in 64.5% of cases (95% CI 47.7%–81.4%). MRI added value in 5 out of 9 X-rays positive for osteomyelitis and in 15 out of 22 negative (p value was not significant). Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated added value over X-ray in guiding surgical management in both X-ray-negative and -positive cases. Although multiple factors are involved in determining the degree of surgical excision, MRI is a clinically useful component of the diagnostic algorithm in patients who undergo surgical treatment.
Case definitions of hemolytic uremic syndrome following Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection vary in validity.

Abstract Background Multiple case definitions for post-diarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome (D+ HUS) associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are used across public health, research, and clinical practice. Methods To identify a single definition of D+ HUS for standardized use, we evaluated the comparability and validity of four common, heterogeneous definitions: the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) definition, hematology-focused and age-focused definitions from the literature, and hospital diagnosis. We reviewed medical records from 471 hospitalized E. coli O157:H7 cases reported in Washington State, 2005–2014. We assessed 1) reliability across definitions, 2) comparability of temporal trends, and 3) sensitivity and specificity using an omnibus reference standard, developed using a combination of definition agreement and clinical outcomes. With the standard, we classified cases as definite, borderline, or unlikely/not post-diarrheal D+ HUS. Results Reliability was highest between the age-focused definition and hospital diagnosis (κ = 0.84), and temporal trends were largely comparable across definitions. For definite D+ HUS cases, the age-focused definition had the highest overall validity [100% sensitivity, 95% confidence interval (CI): 94%, 100%; 96% specificity, 95% CI: 94%, 98%]. The CSTE definition had low specificity (75%, 95% CI: 70%, 79%). Conclusions In this review, the CSTE definition overestimated the burden of D+ HUS, and the age-focused definition provided the best overall reliability and validity to define post-diarrheal D+ HUS. Disease monitoring and research activities should consider using the age-focused D+ HUS definition.
Analysis of Transformer Abnormal Heating Based on Infrared Thermal Imaging Technology

With the development of infrared heating thermal imaging technology, it plays more and more important role in fault diagnosis of power equipment. In order to facilitate on-site troubleshooting of power transformers, this paper firstly introduces the structure of common faults locations (Military Cap and end screen) and then analyzes common heating faults of transformers combined with practical cases using infrared detection technology. It can be seen that infrared detection technology is very convenient and practical for transformer fault diagnosis.
Development and initial validation of the work and human needs inventory

Abstract Recent theoretical approaches in vocational psychology, such as the Psychology of Working (Blustein, 2006; Duffy, Blustein, Diemer, & Autin, 2016), have emphasized the extent to which work meets a variety of human needs, and quantitative assessments of these constructs are needed to advance this research. The current study examines the development and initial validation of the Work and Human Needs Inventory (WAHNI), which assesses the extent to which individuals' work meets several human needs: survival, power, autonomy, social connection, and meaning. Items were constructed and refined using content analysis of relevant constructs, expert analysis, and a pilot study. Exploratory factor analysis on a sample of 338 working adults revealed five factors: Survival, Meaning, Power, Autonomy, and Connection. Confirmatory factor analyses on a separate sample of 203 working adults supported this factor structure. Scale intercorrelations with related measures provided validity evidence. Research and practical implications for the WAHNI are discussed.
Rising with the robots:Towards a human-machine autonomy for digital socialism

This essay is concerned with conceptualising digital socialism in two ways. First, this essay typifies digital socialism as a real utopian project bringing together the utopian potential of “full automation” as tied to socio-economic imperatives indicative of socialist aims. Second, in recognition of a critical gap between full automation and an emerging technological autonomy, this essay argues for a human-machine autonomy that situates autonomy as a shared condition among humans and machines. By conceiving of humans and automated technologies as autonomous subject aligned against capital, pursuing the aims of digital socialism can anticipate and avoid capitalist ideologies that hinders possibilities for autonomous pursuit of digital socialism.
A Data-Driven Dynamic State Estimation for Smart Grids under DoS Attack using State Correlations

The denial-of-service (DoS) attack is a very common type of cyber attack that can affect critical cyber-physical systems, such as smart grids, by hampering the monitoring and control of the system, for example, creating unavailability of data from the attacked zone. While developing countermeasures can help reduce such risks, it is essential to develop techniques to recover from such scenarios if they occur by estimating the state of the system. Considering the continuous data-stream from the PMUs as time series, this work exploits the bus-to-bus cross-correlations to estimate the state of the system's components under attack using the PMU data of the rest of the buses. By applying this technique, the state of the power system can be estimated under various DoS attack sizes with great accuracy. The estimation accuracy in terms of the mean squared error (MSE) has been used to identify the relative vulnerability of the PMUs of the grid and the most vulnerable time for the DoS attack.
Alcohol Policies and Motor Vehicle Crash Deaths Involving Blood Alcohol Concentrations Below 0.08

Introduction Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of injury death in the U.S. Restrictive alcohol policies protect against crashes involving alcohol above the legal blood alcohol concentration of 0.08%. Characteristics of motor vehicle crash fatalities involving blood alcohol concentrations below the limit and their relationships to alcohol control policies have not been well characterized. Methods Motor vehicle crash fatality data and crash and decedent characteristics from 2000 to 2015 came from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and were analyzed in 2018–2019. Alcohol Policy Scale scores characterized alcohol policy environments by state-year. Generalized estimating equation alternating logistic regression models assessed these scores and the odds that a fatality involved alcohol below the legal threshold. Results Of 612,030 motor vehicle crash fatalities, 223,471 (37%) died in alcohol-involved crashes, of which 33,965 (15% of alcohol-involved fatalities or 6% of all fatalities) had a blood alcohol concentration Conclusions The number of lower blood alcohol concentration fatalities is substantial. States with more restrictive alcohol policies tend to have reduced odds of lower blood alcohol concentration motor vehicle crashes than states with weaker policies.
GOMCL: a toolkit to cluster, evaluate, and extract non-redundant associations of Gene Ontology-based functions

Functional enrichment of genes and pathways based on Gene Ontology (GO) has been widely used to describe the results of various -omics analyses. GO terms statistically overrepresented within a set of a large number of genes are typically used to describe the main functional attributes of the gene set. However, these lists of overrepresented GO terms are often too large and contains redundant overlapping GO terms hindering informative functional interpretations. We developed GOMCL to reduce redundancy and summarize lists of GO terms effectively and informatively. This lightweight python toolkit efficiently identifies clusters within a list of GO terms using the Markov Clustering (MCL) algorithm, based on the overlap of gene members between GO terms. GOMCL facilitates biological interpretation of a large number of GO terms by condensing them into GO clusters representing non-overlapping functional themes. It enables visualizing GO clusters as a heatmap, networks based on either overlap of members or hierarchy among GO terms, and tables with depth and cluster information for each GO term. Each GO cluster generated by GOMCL can be evaluated and further divided into non-overlapping sub-clusters using the GOMCL-sub module. The outputs from both GOMCL and GOMCL-sub can be imported to Cytoscape for additional visualization effects. GOMCL is a convenient toolkit to cluster, evaluate, and extract non-redundant associations of Gene Ontology-based functions. GOMCL helps researchers to reduce time spent on manual curation of large lists of GO terms, minimize biases introduced by redundant GO terms in data interpretation, and batch processing of multiple GO enrichment datasets. A user guide, a test dataset, and the source code of GOMCL are available at https://github.com/Guannan-Wang/GOMCL and www.lsugenomics.org.
Economic Evaluation of Interventions to Address Opioid Misuse: A Systematic Review of Methods Used in Simulation Modeling Studies.

Abstract Objectives Several evidence-based interventions exist for people who misuse opioids, but there is limited guidance on optimal intervention selection. Economic evaluations using simulation modeling can guide the allocation of resources and help tackle the opioid crisis. This study reviews methods employed by economic evaluations using computer simulations to investigate the health and economic effects of interventions meant to address opioid misuse. Methods We conducted a systematic mapping review of studies that used simulation modeling to support the economic evaluation of interventions targeting prevention, treatment, or management of opioid misuse or its direct consequences (ie, overdose). We searched 6 databases and extracted information on study population, interventions, costs, outcomes, and economic analysis and modeling approaches. Results Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. All of the studies considered only one segment of the continuum of care. Of the studies, 13 evaluated medications for opioid use disorder, and 5 evaluated naloxone distribution programs to reduce overdose deaths. Most studies estimated incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-years and used health system and/or societal perspectives. Models were decision trees (n = 4), Markov (n = 10) or semi-Markov models (n = 3), and microsimulations (n = 1). All of the studies assessed parameter uncertainty though deterministic and/or probabilistic sensitivity analysis, 4 conducted formal calibration, only 2 assessed structural uncertainty, and only 1 conducted expected value of information analyses. Only 10 studies conducted validation. Conclusions Future economic evaluations should consider synergies between interventions and examine combinations of interventions to inform optimal policy response. They should also more consistently conduct model validation and assess the value of further research.
Heterogeneous Integration of III–V Materials by Direct Wafer Bonding for High-Performance Electronics and Optoelectronics

III–V materials, such as InGaAs and InP, are highly attractive for high-performance electronics and optoelectronics owning to their high carrier mobilities and potential for bandgap engineering. Integration on silicon substrates, however, is a key requirement to enable widespread adoption of these materials. In this work, direct wafer bonding (DWB) of III–V materials is explored as a low-temperature enabling technology for Si integration. For high-performance logic and RF electronics, DWB is compared to competing integration technologies and is shown to exhibit higher device performance due to its relatively low process complexity and thermal impact (~300 °C). Due to the low thermal impact of DWB, it is also uniquely suitable for 3-D integration, i.e., vertical stacking of multiple functional layers. III–V optoelectronics are attractive in such 3-D stacks, where they can enable high-efficiency tunable lasers together with Si photonics integrated circuits. DWB is here compared to selective epitaxy as an integration route for InP-on-Si microdisk lasers. Plasmonics are explored as well, allowing scaling of integrated III–V photonic devices beyond the diffraction limit of light. The results of this work show that DWB is a highly promising integration route for III–V materials for both electronics and optoelectronics applications.
Analysts' Weight of Forecasts in Stock Recommendations - from The Recursive Partitioning Approach

I utilize the recursive partitioning method to extract analysts’ weight of forecasts assigned in their stock recommendation decisions. My findings suggest that in addition to analysts’ earnings forecasts, the non-earnings forecasts, such as sales forecasts and net income forecasts, also play an important role in explaining stock recommendation decisions. The overall weight from six different types of forecasts is positively related to the effectiveness recommendations and the profitability of trading on recommendations. Homogeneity in the styles of using forecasts is a result of analysts’ learning, which leads to variations in analysts’ capability of producing influential recommendations and their career outcomes.
Variation in the articulation of Russian stressed vowels and the mechanics of palatalization in consonants

A 3D/4D ultrasound study of Russian stressed vowels in the context of ‘soft’ (phonetically palatalized or palatal) versus ‘hard’ consonants reveals that vowels in these two contexts differ systematically in terms of the position of the tongue root while the tongue dorsum is less consistently modified depending on the speaker, vowel or consonant context. This paper proposes that the observed vowel allophony, as well as the softness contrast in Russian consonants, and the contrast between front and central high vowels, are all defined in terms of the feature [ATR].
Cascaded Buck-Boost converter based on energy storage unit and its control method

With the integration of distributed power sources based on wind and photovoltaic power into the grid, due to the fluctuation and uncertainty of its output, the characteristics of distributed power generation and grid load demand characteristics are not uniform on the time scale, making the distribution network integrated the increased complexity of load characteristics brings a series of problems and challenges to the distribution network. This paper proposes a cascaded Buck-Boost converter and its control method based on the energy storage unit. First, analyze the energy storage unit structure of the cascaded Buck-Boost converter and the working principle of the converter; secondly, determine the three working modes of the cascaded Buck-Boost converter, and then select the droop according to the different operating modes of the converter Control is used as the control method of each energy storage unit module. Finally, a simulation model is built to verify the energy storage unit and the selected control strategy. The simulation results verify that the proposed converter structure and its control method can well solve the distribution network factors. The instantaneous power imbalance of the system caused by distributed power access.
Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI and Spectroscopy of Gas-Exchange Abnormalities in Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia.

Hyperpolarized xenon 129 MRI and spectroscopy are sensitive to abnormal interstitial barrier uptake and red blood cell transfer in participants with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia.
MEC in Virtualized Environments

The present chapter will describe some principles of virtualization, with particular reference to the work done by ETSI in the ISG NFV (Network Function Virtualization), as the basis for the MEC deployment in virtualized environments.
Neurotrophin selectivity in organizing topographic regeneration of nociceptive afferents

Neurotrophins represent some of the best candidates to enhance regeneration. In the current study, we investigated the effects of artemin, a member of the glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family, on sensory axon regeneration following a lumbar dorsal root injury and compared these effects with that observed after either NGF or GDNF expression in the rat spinal cord. Unlike previously published data, artemin failed to induce regeneration of large-diameter myelinated sensory afferents when expressed within either the spinal cord or DRG. However, artemin or NGF induced regeneration of calcitonin gene related peptide positive (CGRP(+)) axons only when expressed within the spinal cord. Accordingly, artemin or NGF enhanced recovery of only nociceptive behavior and showed a cFos distribution similar to the topography of regenerating axons. Artemin and GDNF signaling requires binding to different co-receptors (GFRα3 or GFRα1, respectively) prior to binding to the signaling receptor, cRet. Approximately 70% of DRG neurons express cRet, but only 35% express either co-receptor. To enhance artemin-induced regeneration, we co-expressed artemin with either GFRα3 or GDNF. Co-expression of artemin and GFRα3 only slightly enhanced regeneration of IB4(+) non-peptidergic nociceptive axons, but not myelinated axons. Interestingly, this co-expression also disrupted the ability of artemin to produce topographic targeting and lead to significant increases in cFos immunoreactivity within the deep dorsal laminae. This study failed to demonstrate artemin-induced regeneration of myelinated axons, even with co-expression of GFRα3, which only promoted mistargeted regeneration.
Sensemaking in Clinical Qualitative Research

When therapists research clinical populations or situations from a qualitative research perspective, their task is different from when researchers conduct their own clinical qualitative studies. With researchers, the study at hand may be their first time "in the field." For researchers in this situation it is easier to use qualitative methods such as grounded theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) because there is a "tabula rasa" quality to this initial foray into the "unknown" as a theory from observations is constructed anew. In the case of the therapists-asqualitative-researchers, clinicians already have made some sort of sense of "the other" by virtue of their previous experiences or exposures with the population or situation in question. Instead of constructing theories like their researcher colleagues, researching clinicians must face their previous constructions (i.e., sensemaking from experience), create methods which allow for deconstruction (i.e., sensemaking challenged), and then work towards building reconstructions (i.e., sensemaking remade) (Dervin, 1992; Duffy, 1995; Shields & Dervin, 1993; Weick, 1995). In this manner, the confidence that therapist-researchers have in their observations can be both rigorously challenged and bolstered. We present ways of undertaking this triadic approach to inquiry and sensemaking along with a conceptual tool from the presenters' work, "The Y of the How," will be offered as one way this approach to clinical research can be accomplished. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Estella Martinez for her help in creating the Y of the How graphic. This article is available in The Qualitative Report: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol3/iss1/5 Sensemaking in Clinical Qualitative Research by Ronald J. Chenail and Paul Maione The Qualitative Report, Volume 3, Number 1, March, 1997
Subpopulations of human T lymphocytes. III. Distribution and quantitation in peripheral blood, cord blood, tonsils, bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen.

Abstract Human T cell subpopulations (Tμ and Tγ) were examined for their distribution in the peripheral blood, cord blood, bone marrow, tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes and spleen. The proportions of Tμ and Tγ cells are comparable in the peripheral blood, tonsils and bone marrow. The proportions of Tγ cells in cord blood are significantly higher than those in the peripheral blood. Almost complete lack of Tγ cells was observed in lymph nodes. Spleen has very high proportions of Tγ cells. Thymuses have very low proportions of both Tμ and Tγ cells when compared with peripheral blood, cord blood, tonsils, and bone marrow. The receptors for IgM on Tμ cells appear to be masked by passively absorbed IgM and require prior in vitro incubation in medium containing fetal calf serum for the full expression of this marker.
Quantification of myocardial blood flow with /sup 13/N-ammonia and /sup 82/Rb PET - OSEM vs. FBP reconstruction

OSEM is a standard for image reconstruction in positron emission tomography (PET). However, OSEM has not been compared with filtered back projection (FBP) for the quantification of myocardial blood flow (MBF) with 13N-ammonia (NH3) and 82Rb PET. 12 subjects with <5% likelihood of CAD had rest and stress (dipyridamole) dynamic PET with NH3 and Rb. Arterial blood and myocardial polar-map time activity curves were generated automatically and used with tracer kinetic models for quantification of MBF. A 1-compartment model was used for Rb and a 2-compartment model for NH3 to estimate the regional uptake rate constant K1. Normal population databases were also created for NH3 and Rb using a net retention model. The databases comprised population mean and standard deviation (SD) polar-maps at rest, stress and stress/rest. There were no consistent differences between LV-median K1 values generated with OSEM or FBP, although the rest NH3 K1 value did decrease by 16% with OSEM (p=0.01). Peak blood values were consistently reduced by 5-10% with OSEM. At rest, the normal population database SD with OSEM was 10% higher for Rb (p=0.02) and 5% higher for NH3 (p=0.02). Conversely, the stress SD was decreased by 15% with OSEM for Rb (p<0.001) and 9% for NH3 (p<0.001). Stress/rest SD also decreased with OSEM by 15% for NH3 (p<0.001), and tended to decrease by 4% for Rb (p=0.12). The measured normal range (population SD) of stress flow and stress/rest reserve appears to be smaller with OSEM vs. FBP, which may be advantageous for the diagnosis of CAD with Rb and NH3 PET
B7-H1, a third member of the B7 family, co-stimulates T-cell proliferation and interleukin-10 secretion

The B7 family members B7-1 and B7-2 interact with CD28 and constitute an essential T-cell co-stimulatory pathway in the initiation of antigen-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune response. Here, we describe a third member of the B7 family, called B7-H1 that does not bind CD28, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte A4 or ICOS (inducible co-stimulator). Ligation of B7-H1 co-stimulated T-cell responses to polyclonal stimuli and allogeneic antigens, and preferentially stimulated the production of interleukin-10. Interleukin-2, although produced in small amounts, was required for the effect of B7-H1 co-stimulation. Our studies thus define a previously unknown co-stimulatory molecule that may be involved in the negative regulation of cell-mediated immune responses.
Conformational consequences of intramolecular cyclopropanation within small bicyclic systems. Synthesis and desymmetrization of 1-methyltricyclo[2.2.2.02,6]octane-3,5-dione

Abstract Diketone 3 , available by cyclization of keto acid 2 with PPA/HOAc, undergoes intramolecular oxidative cyclization to 4 by exposure of its dienolate to FeCl 3 in DMF at −78 °C. Convenient monomethylenation of 4 with optical resolution to give optically pure (+) - and (−) - 12 is described.
Discovery, Research (Re)Design, and Theory Building

This piece sketches an approach to research design that hinges on staying open to unforeseen ideas (and even new topics of inquiry) that emerge in the course of interviewing. I use my own study of local people's congresses in the early 1990s (as well as examples drawn from more recent work on village elections, policy implementation and popular resistance) to illustrate how one young fieldworker fumbled his way toward a type of research that aims to speak to both China scholars and disciplinary audiences. The strategy espoused bears some relationship to 'grounded theory' (Glaser and Strauss 1967) and is a form of 'exploratory' analysis (Gerring 2001: 231-32). It is a modest enterprise that accepts (even revels in the fact) that the best generalizations are usually bounded. It encourages us to shop for existing theories and concepts before and after we head to the field, but not to buy much of what we find, especially when interviews make it clear that our preconceived notions have led us to miss the real question or imagine a dilemma that does not exist. This strategy treats research design as an ongoing process and emphasizes discovery rather than verification. It attaches considerable importance to the subjective experience of interviewees and regards shoe-horning evidence into 'ill-fitting a priori categories' (Gerring 2001: 231) to be just about the greatest sin imaginable.
Abstract 17951: A Care Transition Bundle for Heart Failure Patients Impacts Hospital Care Access During the 30 Days Following Discharge

Introduction: As the leading cause for hospitalization in patients ≤ 65 years in the US, HF costs are expected to rise by 30% to $9.6 billion by 2030. Medical centers are instituting strategies to improve HF patient transitions from hospital to the community and reduce 30-day all-cause readmissions. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that implementing key interventions would reduce 30-day readmissions for HF patients as well as the number of ED visits and observation (OBS) stays. Methods: For all adult primary diagnosis HF patients discharged from our center, we used EMR data to count the number of encounters (inpatient admissions, ED visits, and OBS stays) in the 30 days after discharge. We compared results for consecutive 12 month periods pre- and post-implementation of our intervention bundle, using 2-tailed Z-test to test for statistical significance. Results: Baseline group was 443 discharges, with 102 readmits, 18 ED visits, and 8 OBS stays in the 30 days post-discharge; post-intervention there were 364 di...
Dust-rainfall feedbacks in the West African Sahel

[1] Dust aerosols can suppress rainfall by increasing the number of cloud condensation nuclei in warm clouds and affecting the surface radiation budget and boundary layer instability. The extent to which atmospheric dust may affect precipitation yields and the hydrologic cycle in semiarid regions remains poorly understood. We investigate the relationship between dust aerosols and rainfall in the West African Sahel where the dust-rainfall feedback has been speculated to contribute to sustained droughts. We find that the amount of dust loadings is negatively correlated with rainfall values, suggesting that dust entrained in the atmosphere can significantly inhibit rainfall in this region.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SENSITIVITY OF HYDROGEOMORPHIC RESPONSE AND RECOVERY TO DEFORESTATION, AGRICULTURE, AND FLOODS

Clear-cut logging followed by agricultural activity caused hydrologic and geomorphic changes in North Fish Creek, a Wisconsin tributary to Lake Superior. Hydrogeomorphic responses to changes in land use were sensitive to the location of reaches along the main stem and to the relative timing of large floods. Hydrologic and sediment-load modeling indicates that flood peaks were three times larger and sediment loads were five times larger during maximum agricultural activity in the 1920s and 1930s than prior to about 1890, when forest cover was dominant. Following logging, overbank sedimentation rates in the lower main stem increased four to six times above pre-settlement rates. Accelerated streambank and channel erosion in the upper main stem have been and continue to be primary sources of sediment to downstream reaches. Extreme floods in 1941 and 1946, followed by frequent moderate floods through 1954, caused extensive geomorphic changes along the entire main stem. Sedimentation rates in the lower main ste...
Very fast motion planning for dexterous robots

The authors show that paths for dexterous robots can be generated in a few seconds or less using parallel informed randomized search on multicomputers. The experimental results the authors present have been obtained for a simulated 7-jointed arm operating in realistic 3D workspaces. The authors also present a new method for predicting the solution times that their parallel formulation can deliver on increasing numbers of processors.
Decomposition and Pedogenesis

Decomposition of organic matter involves four component processes: photo-oxidation, leaching, comminution, and mineralization. Arthropods are key factors influencing comminution and mineralization. Decomposition most commonly is measured as respiration rate, as the ratio of litter input to litter standing crop, or as the rate of litter disappearance. Isotopic tracers also provide data on decomposition rate. Decomposition rate typically is higher in mesic than in arid ecosystems. Decomposition generally can be modeled as a multiple negative exponential decay function over time, with decay constants proportional to the quality of litter components. Detritivores affect decomposition through comminution, effects on microbial biomass, and effects on mineralization. Comminution increases detrital surface area and facilitates colonization and decay by microflora. Not all organic material is converted to CO 2 . The low oxygen concentrations characterizing warm, humid termite colonies favor incomplete reduction of organic molecules to methane and other trace gases. Detritivores often increase mineralization of nitrogen, but nitrogen released from detritus may be immobilized quickly by microorganisms. Burrowers affect soil development by redistributing soil and organic matter. Ants and termites, in particular, excavate large volumes of soil and accumulate organic material in their centralized nests, mixing soil with organic material and influencing the distribution of soil nutrients and organic matter. Surrounding soils may become depleted in soil carbon and nutrients. Detritivore and burrower effects on mineralization and soil composition can increase plant growth, alter vegetation structure, and increase herbivory.
Very Fast Template Matching

Template matching by normalized correlations is a common technique for determine the existence and compute the location of a shape within an image. In many cases the run time of computer vision applications is dominated by repeated computation of template matching, applied to locate multiple templates in varying scale and orientation. A straightforward implementation of template matching for an image size n and a template size k requires order of kn operations. There are fast algorithms that require order of n log n operations. We describe a new approximation scheme that requires order n operations. It is based on the idea of "Integral-Images", recently introduced by Viola and Jones.
Smoking motives of daily and non-daily smokers: A profile analysis

Background Non-daily or intermittent smoking is becoming common, but little is known about smoking patterns of intermittent smokers (ITS). This study assesses differences in the profile of smoking motives of non-daily, ITS and daily smokers (DS).
Metaphor and readers' attributions of intimacy.

Previous theorists have suggested that figurative language may be an especially salient means by which speakers and addressees establish and recognize specific feelings of interpersonal closeness. To explore readers’ sensitivity to this interpersonal function of figurative language use, brief stories were created that described interactions between two ambiguously related characters. In the course of these conversational narratives, one character always used either a metaphoric or literal referring expression to refer to some antecedent information from the story. Across three experiments, readers consistently judged these story characters as knowing each other better when their interactions contained metaphoric references. Moreover, this occurred even when addressees failed to give explicit evidence of having understood the critical expressions. To the extent that language use highlights assumptions about commonalities, readers may generate inferences about social relationships alongside more meaning-driven comprehension processes.
Three-Layer Approximation of Two-Layer Shallow Water Equations

Two-layer shallow water equations describe flows that consist of two layers of inviscid fluid of different (constant) densities flowing over bottom topography. Unlike the single-layer shallow water system, the two-layer one is only conditionally hyperbolic: the system loses its hyperbolicity because of the momentum exchange terms between the layers and as a result its solutions may develop instabilities. We study a three-layer approximation of the two-layer shallow water equations by introducing an intermediate layer of a small depth. We examine the hyperbolicity range of the three-layer model and demonstrate that while it still may lose hyperbolicity, the three-layer approximation may improve stability properties of the two-layer shallow water system.
The α1 and α2 domains of H-2 class I molecules interact to form unique epitopes

Mouse class I antigens are the major targets of cytolytic T lymphocytes in both major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted and allogeneic responses. Considerable evidence has recently accumulated demonstrating that MHC class I molecules encoded by genes whose α1 and α2 coding exons were interchanged are not recognized by T lymphocytes specific for parental class I products. Along with the loss of T -cell reactivity, there is a loss of recognition by some, but not all monoclonal antibodies. In this communication we report that the loss of reactivity by monoclonal antibodies is accompanied by the gain of new epitopes caused by the interaction of α1 and α2 domains. These epitopes are immunodominant. They are the major determinant recognized by polyclonal antisera raised by immunization with L cells transfected with exon-shuffled class I genes. Four new monoclonal antibodies have been produced which recognize at least two separate epitopes caused by the interaction of the α1P and α2d domains.
The role of altered mitochondrial function in citrinin-induced toxicity to rat renal proximal tubule suspensions☆

Citrinin (CTN), a mycotoxin produced by several species of Penicillium and Aspergillus, causes renal proximal tubule (RPT) cell injury and death by an unknown mechanism of action. Using suspensions of rat RPT, the cellular events preceding CTN-induced cytotoxicity were investigated. Tubule viability decreased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner after CTN exposure, with cell death beginning 1, 2, and 4 hr after exposure to 500, 125-250, and 63 microM, respectively. Basal oxygen consumption (QO2) of RPT increased from 41 to 53 nmol O2.mg protein-1.min-1 30 min after exposure to 250 microM CTN and returned to control values 1 hr after exposure. A similar concentration- and time-dependent transitory rise in basal QO2 occurred at all concentrations of CTN tested (63-500 microM). Nystatin-stimulated QO2, an indirect measure of mitochondrial state 3 respiration in RPT, decreased 11% at 0.5 and 1 hr after exposure to 500 and 250 microM CTN, respectively, but was not affected after exposure to 63 and 125 microM CTN. Adenosine triphosphate content declined 22% to 48% in RPT at 0.5 and 1.5 hr after exposure to 500 and 125-250 microM CTN, respectively. Although lipid peroxidation occurred concurrently with RPT cell death, iron-mediated oxidative stress was not a causative factor in the development of toxicity since pretreatment with 1 mM deferoxamine prevented iron-mediated lipid peroxidation but did not protect RPT from CTN-induced cell death. Further studies using RPT and isolated renal cortical mitochondria (RCM) showed that CTN had multiple effects on mitochondrial function. Direct probing of mitochondrial function within RPT showed that a 1-hr exposure to 250 microM CTN increased spontaneous respiration 55% in RPT respiring on the site I respiratory substrates glutamate/malate while state 3 respiration decreased 34%. CTN also decreased succinate supported respiration but had no effect on cytochrome c-cytochrome oxidase. With isolated RCM, a 3-min exposure to 125 and 250 microM CTN increased state 4 respiration in the absence of a phosphate acceptor 27 and 67%, respectively, while 250 microM CTN decreased state 3 respiration 23%. Respiration in the presence of a known uncoupler was reduced after CTN exposure (63-250 microM) in a concentration-dependent manner. These results indicate that CTN has multiple effects on mitochondrial function in RPT and isolated RCM which may contribute to the development of cell death in rat RPT.
Differences in emergency physician and nursing tobacco and alcohol screening patterns

Study objectives: We describe emergency department (ED) nursing and physician staff tobacco and alcohol screening behaviors before educational program implementation. Methods: This study was conducted in the ED at 1 site of a 3-site, tertiary care, community teaching hospital. We conducted a structured retrospective medical record review of 326 charts during a 3-month period during spring 2003. Patients aged 14 years and older who were alert, cooperative, not critically ill, and were discharged from the ED were included in the study. Patient tobacco and alcohol use patterns of this ED population were calculated. Screening frequency (by nurses and physicians) of patient tobacco and alcohol use was reviewed. The differences between nurse and physician screening rates were compared using the χ 2 test of association. Significance was determined by P values less than .05. Results: The median patient age range was 35 to 44 years. Smoking frequency in this population was 107 (32.8%) of 326. One hundred eighty-three patients (56.1%) out of 326 were identified as nonsmokers and 36 (11.0%) of 326 as either previous smokers or "unknown." Alcohol use was self-reported in 106 (32.5%) of 326 of the patients. One hundred ninety-seven patients (60.4%) out of 326 identified themselves as nondrinkers and in 23 (7.0%) of 326 of the patients, alcohol usage was unknown. Two hundred eighty-six (87.7%) of 326 charts were screened by nurses for patient tobacco use, which was similar to the 280 (85.9%) of 326 screening rate for alcohol use. Fewer charts, 245 (75.2%) of 326, were screened by physicians for tobacco use. Comparatively, only 208 (63.8%) of 326 patients were screened by physicians for alcohol use. The differences between screening for tobacco (87.7% for nurses and 75.2% for physicians) was statistically significant (χ 2 =17.06, P 2 =42.0, P Conclusion: In this study, nursing staff had high rates of screening patients for tobacco and alcohol use. Physician screening rates were lower than that of nurses in both categories, more substantially so in alcohol screening.
The Rise of Radio Studies: Scholarly Books Over Four Decades

Just before Thanksgiving 1969, the first issue of Broadcasting Bibliophile's Booknotes appeared, just three dittoed pages, one of them reviewing a host of (now long-gone) New York City second-hand ...
Supercomputing at the University of Arizona

This paper discusses supercomputing at the University of Arizona. Facilities include access to a Cyber 205 at Princeton's John von Neumann Center (JVNC), and the University of Arizona's own SCS-40 mini-supercomputer.The SCS-40 is a Cray X-MP clone running the Cray Time Sharing operating system (CTSS). It offers a quarter of the computing power of the Cray X-MP for a tenth of the price. The SCS-40 is administered by a local steering committee whose functions include software and hardware acquisition decisions and allocation of supercomputing resources. The committee consists of research faculty and the manager of the Research Support group.One of the functions of the Research Support group of Academic Computing at the Center for Computing and Information Technology, is to support supercomputing at the University of Arizona. This group concentrates on assisting faculty and researchers in modeling their problems on the supercomputers. The staff members of the group have academic backgrounds in statistics, computer science, electrical engineering and information systems.To introduce the supercomputing resources to the user community, the Research Support group conducted a graduate level seminar on supercomputing. Students developed programs on both the JVNC computer and the SCS-40.We will discuss the Research Support group's unique role in supporting and promoting supercomputer use, with specific emphasis on our SCS-40.
Oral phosphate load unmasks underlying renal phosphate leak in symptomatic and asymptomatic members of family with idiopathic hypercalciuria.

Abstract The effects of a 2 Gm oral phosphorus load in a family with idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) consisting of 3 symptomatic (DT, CS, DS) and 2 asymptomatic (MS, PD) members were compared with 12 normal control subjects. Biochemical parameters measured included: total and ionized calcium, phosphorus, intact and carboxyl-terminal parathyroid hormone, urinary calcium, phosphorus, and sodium. Water loading had no effect on these parameters. After the phosphorus load, serum phosphorus rose 1. 60 mg/dl in the control subjects but only 1.34 mg/dl in the IH family at the end of one hour. Basal tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TRP) were comparable in the control subjects and the IH family. After the phosphorus load, the TRP in the control subjects fell (average 9.2 %) accompanied by a significant (P
Development of a Surface Defect Inspection System for Cold Rolled Strip Based on Bright-Dark Filed Mode

Base on the study of the light reflectivity of steel surfaces, the interaction of CCD Camera and Illumination is investigated through experience. A new bright-dark filed defect recognition method which combines bright-filed mode and dark-filed mode is proposed. The bright-filed defect and dark-field defect on the surface of the strip steel can be detected at the same time through this new way, and the quantity of the defect information is increased. Therefore, the recognized defect type is twice the tradition way. A new algorithm of defect detection which is proper to bright-dark filed mode is proposed, too. This method is based on the image fusion. Experiment results show that detection rate of defects is more than 95% while classification rate of defects is over 85%.
Detecting Pulse from Head Motions in Video

We extract heart rate and beat lengths from videos by measuring subtle head motion caused by the Newtonian reaction to the influx of blood at each beat. Our method tracks features on the head and performs principal component analysis (PCA) to decompose their trajectories into a set of component motions. It then chooses the component that best corresponds to heartbeats based on its temporal frequency spectrum. Finally, we analyze the motion projected to this component and identify peaks of the trajectories, which correspond to heartbeats. When evaluated on 18 subjects, our approach reported heart rates nearly identical to an electrocardiogram device. Additionally we were able to capture clinically relevant information about heart rate variability.
Identification and partial characterization of six members of the kinesin superfamily in Drosophila.

Abstract Recent evidence has suggested that the principal polypeptide component of the microtubule motor protein kinesin may be a member of an extended superfamily of related motor proteins. To gain insight into how large the kinesin superfamily might be and to begin determining the potential functions in which various superfamily members might participate, we identified and partially characterized six additional members of the Drosophila kinesin superfamily. Genes encoding these proteins were identified by using the polymerase chain reaction with degenerate primers corresponding to highly conserved regions of the kinesin heavy-chain motor domain. Partial sequencing of the six genes revealed that they encode proteins that are 40-60% identical to the motor domain of the kinesin heavy-chain sequence. The cytogenetic locations as well as the developmental and tissue-specific expression patterns have been determined. The data suggest that each of these six kinesin-like proteins may have functions in a wide variety of cell types and tissues.