cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and Correlation of Menopausal Symptoms, Vaginal Smear and Urinary Gonadotrophin Changes Following Castration in 27 Women1

SIMULTANEOUS clinical studies and urinary gonadotrophin assays were conducted before and after bilaterals alpingo-oophorectomy and hysterectomy in 27 women suffering from chronic pelvic inflammatory disease and/or uterine fibromyomata. Correlations made at the time of operation between the gonadotrophic titers, vaginal smears, endometrial structure and ovarian histology have been reported (1). In this communication, post-castrational changes in symptomatology, vaginal cytology and gonadotrophic output are described and correlated. PROCEDURE Following castration frequent periodic observations were made of menopausal symptoms, vaginal smears and urinary gonadotrophic output. Urine for gonadotrophin assays was collected during the 12-hour over-night period before each interview with the patient. Vaginal smears were obtained at the time of the interview. The technic of urine assay and the preparation of the vaginal smears were described in the previous article (1). These studies were made on both the sixth an...
Numerical Study of Wind-Tunnel Sidewall Effects on Circulation Control Airfoil Flows

Two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations are performed of the flow around a circulation control airfoil (using a Coanda jet blowing over a rounded trailing edge) placed in a rectangular wind-tunnel test section. The airfoil model spans the entire tunnel and the span-to-chord ratio of the model is 3.26. The objective of this numerical study, in which we solve the compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier―Stokes equations in a time-resolved manner (but the solutions eventually converge to steady states), is to investigate the physical mechanisms of wind-tunnel sidewall effects on the flow, especially in the midspan region. The three-dimensional simulations predict that the Coanda jet flow is quasi-two-dimensional until the flow separates from the trailing edge of the airfoil; however, the spanwise ends of this Coanda jet sheet then three-dimensionally roll up on the side walls of the wind tunnel to form two large streamwise vortices downstream. Careful comparisons between the two- and three-dimensional simulations reveal that the wind-tunnel stream goes below the airfoil more in the three-dimensional cases than in the two-dimensional cases due to the presence of these two streamwise vortices downstream. This results in smaller lift and larger drag being produced at the midspan of the airfoil in the three-dimensional cases than in the two-dimensional cases.
Ultrastructure of the venom gland of the scorpion, Centruroides sculpturatus (Ewing).

The venom apparatus of the scorpion, C. sculpturatus (Ewing) was studied with light and electron microscopy. Each of the paired glands is lined by secretory epithelium made up of a single layer of columnar cells. Extensive folding in the epithelial layer creates a primitive acinar gland. The secretory products are either membrane-bound or unbound vesicles with discrete morphologies and are observed in the extruded venom, within the lumen of the gland, and within single secretory cells. The venom apparatus, including connective tissues, nerve cells, and muscle tunic is described and correlations are made with observations in other Athropods.
Proof of an entropy conjecture of Wehrl

Wehrl has proposed a new definition of classical entropy, S, in terms of coherent states and conjectured that s≧ 1. A proof of this is given. We discuss the analogous problem for Bloch coherent spin states, but in this case the conjecture is still open. An inequality for the entropy of convolutions is also given.
Atom interference in a gray optical lattice

Atomic wave packets are coherently split into two components evolving on different adiabatic potentials of a near-resonant gray optical lattice. The components follow separated paths and overlap periodically. Wave-packet interference is observed at times when the components overlap. The wave-packet splitting and recombination mechanisms are quantum projection and nonadiabatic coupling. Experimental results are in agreement with the results of a detailed theoretical model.
The Biological Findings in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review1

In this paper the authors review the literature on biological and treatment studies of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and present current unifying hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology. The psychophysiological studies stress overarousal, while endocrine studies suggest a decreased Cortisol production in denial and low symptom states with increases in highly symptomatic states. Suggestive evidence is provided that PTSD is associated with permanent changes in brain mechanisms involving the locus coeruleus, amygdala, and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Drug treatments are promising but not fully satisfactory as yet. Directions for further research are provided.
Preparation of Nurses Who Precept Baccalaureate Nursing Students: A Descriptive Study

Clinical preceptorship is employed by baccalaureate nursing education programs as a capstone experience and a means of initiating the professional socialization of senior-level students who will shortly be new graduates. This quantitative, descriptive study explored the perceptions about preceptor preparation among nurses who precept baccalaureate nursing students. Mercer's Role Attainment Theory was the theoretical framework for this study, in which 75 participants from two hospitals in the Midwest completed a survey. Two key findings emerged from the data: All preceptors of senior-level nursing students want to know what their responsibilities are with regard to the student and the preceptorship experience, and nurses in critical care areas identified learning how to teach critical thinking to senior-level students as more essential than did nurses in other areas.
Configurational dependence of the optical properties of π‐conjugated polymers. I. Strong disorder limit

The dependence of the optical properties (ππ* energy gap, polarizability, oscillator strength) of polyenes on chain length, degree of bond alternation, and backbone configuration are studied theoretically. For all‐trans polyenes a modified form of Huckel theory is proposed which is analytically simple and well behaved in the high polymer limit. Comparison with exact valence bond calculations for short polyene chains and the infinite chain limit reveals that the method is quantitatively accurate for the polarizability and qualitatively reliable for other properties and degrees of bond alternation. Modification of the optical properties by the presence of conjugation‐disrupting defects along the polymer backbone is addressed by combining molecular orbital and statistical mechanical techniques. The specific case when the rotational defects severely localize the π electrons (strong disorder) is treated in detail. The disordered polymer configurations are classified by the defect density or mean conjugation le...
Conformational flexibility of antifungal atropisomeric strobilurin analogues: a quantum mechanical investigation

Abstract Quantum mechanical calculations were performed on novel N -phenyl-triazolone inhibitors of the mitochondrial bc1 complex. Both conformational flexibility and rotational barrier were examined. For all of the triazolones investigated, there is generally a large inter-ring torsion angle. The rotational barrier varies considerably among these analogues. For example, when a 6-methyl group is substituted on the phenyl ring at a position ortho to the triazolone, the calculated barrier is large enough to allow atropisomers to be stable even at room temperature. The calculated results are in agreement with experimental studies.
Intravascular ultrasound-guided transluminal extraction atherectomy for restenosis after Gianturco-Roubin coronary stent implantation.

Two patients with restenosis following implantation of the Gianturco-Roubin stent were successfully treated with the transluminal extraction atherectomy device, with the assistance of intravascular ultrasound guidance and adjunctive balloon angioplasty. The optimal management strategy of in-stent restenosis remains unclear, but the transluminal extraction atherectomy device may be an option for the management of restenosis within the Gianturco-Roubin stent. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chondrocyte Viability in Refrigerated Osteochondral Allografts Used for Transplantation Within the Knee

PurposeTo evaluate cell viability and matrix characteristics of refrigerated osteochondral allografts implanted up to 44 days after harvest.MethodsSixteen refrigerated allografts underwent histologic and ultrastructural examination and fluorescence excitation analysis prior to implantation. The average size of the graft implanted was 6.2 cm2 (± 3.4 cm2). Refrigerated allografts averaged 30 days (range, 17 to 44 days) from donor expiration to implantation. Nine specimens underwent cell viability testing. The percent viability of refrigerated allografts prior to implantation averaged 67%.ResultsNo significant correlations were noted between histologic score, electron microscopy score, matrix staining percent (MSP) score, and viability. When time to implantation was assessed, an inverse correlation was noted with MSP score (r= .539) (P< 0.05), indicating less matrix staining in grafts refrigerated longer after harvest.ConclusionThe current data indicate that refrigerated osteochondral allografts can be maint...
Governing the Global Polity: Practice, Mentality, Rationality

Iver B. Neumann and Ole Jacob Sending. Governing the Global Polity: Practice, Mentality, Rationality. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2010. Pp. viii. 202. Nowadays, Michel Foucault's l...
Thermal properties of etched-well surface-emitting diode lasers and two-dimensional arrays

A self-consistent thermal-electrical model of etched-well GaAs/A1GaAs doubleheterostructure VCSELs is used to optimize an individual device design with the goal of reducing the relative power loss due to heating and maximizing the optical output power. An optimal active-region diameter is determined, such that the excess of supplied power over the cw lasing threshold power at the corresponding active-region temperature is maximum. The role of other structural parameters, such as thicknesses and doping levels of both cladding layers, is also discussed. The single-emitter analysis is then modified to study very-large-size two-dimensional (2-D) VCSEL arrays. Severe crosstalk is predicted for closely packed arrays and conditions are identified for an array configuration that would not suffer from the excessive cross-talk penalty.
On lateral septum-like characteristics of outputs from the accumbal hedonic “hotspot” of Peciña and Berridge with commentary on the transitional nature of basal forebrain “boundaries”

Pecina and Berridge (2005; J Neurosci 25:11777-11786) observed that an injection of the μ-opioid receptor agonist DAMGO (D-ala(2) -N-Me-Phe(4) -Glycol(5) -enkephalin) into the rostrodorsal part of the accumbens shell (rdAcbSh) enhances expression of hedonic "liking" responses to the taste of an appetitive sucrose solution. Insofar as the connections of this hedonic "hotspot" were not singled out for special attention in the earlier neuroanatomical literature, we undertook to examine them. We observed that the patterns of inputs and outputs of the rdAcbSh are not qualitatively different from those of the rest of the Acb, except that outputs from the rdAcbSh to the lateral preoptic area and anterior and lateral hypothalamic areas are anomalously robust and overlap extensively with those of the lateral septum. We also detected reciprocal interconnections between the rdAcbSh and lateral septum. Whether and how these connections subserve hedonic impact remains to be learned, but these observations lead us to hypothesize that the rdAcbSh represents a basal forebrain transition area, in the sense that it is invaded by neurons of the lateral septum, or possibly transitional neuronal forms sharing properties of both structures. We note that the proposed transition zone between lateral septum and rdAcbSh would be but one of many in the basal forebrain and conclude by reiterating the longstanding argument that the transitional nature of such boundary areas has functional importance, of which the precise nature will remain elusive until the neurophysiological and neuropharmacological implications of such zones of transition are more generally acknowledged and better addressed.
Living within dynamic social-ecological freshwater systems: System parameters and the role of ecological engineering

Abstract The objective of ecological engineering is to design sustainable ecosystems that integrate human communities and their natural environment for the benefit of both. In this paper, we illustrate how social-ecological modeling can be used as a tool to clarify this objective at a landscape scale for freshwater systems. Coupled social-ecological systems (SESs) are open, dynamic systems subject to both ecological and socioeconomic perturbations. Here we demonstrate the interactive effects of social and technological uncertainties on SES dynamics over time. Additionally, we integrate research on ecosystem stability, social-ecological modeling, and ecological engineering to offer guidance for research at the human-environment interface. Based on a case study of Lake Erie's Sandusky watershed, we use an integrated human-biophysical model to investigate the influence of two parameters on SES dynamics: (1) regional societal preferences that impact watershed management and (2) technological innovation that alters agricultural nutrient efficiency. Our results illustrate ways in which SES dynamics and optimum management strategies depend on societal preferences within the region, indicating a key area of uncertainty for future investigation. As guidance for SES restoration, our model results also illustrate the conditions under which technological change that increases nutrient efficiency on farms can and cannot create a win-win, or increase both human welfare and SES resistance to eutrophication simultaneously. Using these results, we elucidate the value of ecological engineering and offer guidance for assessments of ecological engineering projects using social-ecological modeling.
Levinson's theorem and the nodes of zero-energy wave functions for potentials with repulsive Coulomb tails.

Levinson's theorem relation phase shifts and bound states, developed for a short-range potential ${V}_{\mathrm{sh}}$, is extended to scattering by ${V}_{\mathrm{sh}}+{V}_{\mathrm{C}}$, where ${V}_{\mathrm{C}}$ is a repulsive Coulomb potential. The subtleties associated with $L=0$, $E=0$ bound states for ${V}_{\mathrm{sh}}$ alone are not present for ${V}_{\mathrm{sh}}+{V}_{\mathrm{C}}$. Information is also obtained on the relation between the nodal structure of the zero-incident-energy wave function and the number of bound states; some extensions to scattering by a compound target are possible.
Re-analysis of the hominid radii from Cave of Hearths and Klasies River Mouth, South Africa

Abstract Two of the few postcranial fragments from the late Early Stone Age and/or the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa are the proximal radii from the Cave of Hearths and Klasies River Mouth. The Cave of Hearths fossil is metrically indistiguishable from both archaic (e.g., Neandertals) and recent humans, and presents a mosaic of primitive and modern features. The primitive include a relatively slender neck and thick cortical bone (the latter of which distinguishes recent humans from archaic, Early Modern, and Upper Paleolithic hominids); the modern includes an anteromedially (rather than medially) facing radial tuberosity. Its extreme collo–diaphyseal angle is unusual, although it can be matched by modern homologues. The neck–shaft angle of some Neandertal and Early Modern radii also appears to match that of the Cave of Hearths specimen. The Klasies River Mouth radius also has thick cortical bone of the neck. It is morphologically indistinguishable from Early Modern and Neandertal homologues. These, and other fossils, suggest a mosaic pattern of evolution in the postcranial skeleton of the late Early Stone Age and/or Middle Stone Age inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa.
Characterization and Polyelectrolyte Precipitation of .beta.-Galactosidase Containing Genetic Fusions of Charged Polypeptides

Genetically engineered versions of beta-galactosidase were constructed through the addition of charged polypeptide fusion tails for the purpose of enhancing polyelectrolyte precipitation. Negatively charged aspartic acid tails and positively charged poly(arginine) tails were added to beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli. These fusion proteins were all shown to possess specific activity equal to that of the native enzyme. Gel permeation and ion-exchange chromatography provided evidence concerning the integrity of the tails as well as their altered charge characteristics. All enzymes containing charged tails displayed enhanced polyelectrolyte precipitation over the native enzyme. An optimal number of charged residues, beyond which no further enhancement of precipitation was observed, was found to be approximately 10 residues for each type of tail. No interference from nucleic acids was observed in the precipitation of positively tailed beta-galactosidase.
COMPENSATORY GROWTH IN FIRST 30 MONTHS IN HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE BUT NOT LENGTH AFTER IN UTERO COCAINE EXPOSURE. † 1568

COMPENSATORY GROWTH IN FIRST 30 MONTHS IN HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE BUT NOT LENGTH AFTER IN UTERO COCAINE EXPOSURE. † 1568
Radiation-induced precipitate redistribution in thin foils

Abstract Theoretical1,2 as well as experimental observations3 suggest that irradiation may alter the volume fraction of precipitate present in a two-phase alloy. Particularly appropriate to the present work, Korenko3 has irradiated an Ni-7.1 wt.% Al alloy at temperatures between 450 and 750°C using 1.0-MeV electrons in the high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM). Irradiation to doses of ∼7 displacements per atom (dpa) and temperatures near 600°C reportedly revealed drastic increases in the volume fraction of γ′, i.e., from 10 to 100% (pure γ′). The present results are consistent with Korenko's experimental observations except that the volume fraction of γ′ in the foil is not significantly altered by irradiation.
A Sensitive Assay for Inhibitory Agents of Pleuropneumonia-like Organisms

RAPID methods of measuring the potential inhibition of pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) by various agents have been evolving slowly. The phenol red serial dilution broth test has been extensively used even though certain mycoplasmas do not grow well in the broth and do not produce sufficient acid to create a sharp end-point. Griffith and Black have recently devised a haemolysis-blocking test system for comparing the activities of various antimicrobial agents against Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Eaton agent)1. This test and similar plate tests are relatively slow, requiring 3–7 days for completion. We have attempted at this laboratory to alter the phenol red tube dilution test by various manipulations of the dye and the inoculation procedures. We have found that resazurin is preferable to phenol red, 2,3,5,-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, or 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol dyes. The test system we chose may prove to be of use in other laboratories involved in investigations of PPLO inhibition. It is a simple tube dilution sequence that gives results within 18–24 h for most PPLO and in 30–36 h for M. pneumoniae. This system could most likely be shortened even further by inoculum variation. For most purposes, however, it is sufficiently rapid.
Alternative reading frames of the INK4a tumor suppressor gene encode two unrelated proteins capable of inducing cell cycle arrest

The INK4a (MTS1, CDKN2) gene encodes an inhibitor (p16INK4a) of the cyclin D-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6 that blocks them from phosphorylating the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) and prevents exit from the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Deletions and mutations involving INK4a occur frequently in cancers, implying that p16INK4a, like pRB, suppresses tumor formation. An unrelated protein (p19ARF) arises in major part from an alternative reading frame of the mouse INK4a gene, and its ectopic expression in the nucleus of rodent fibroblasts induces G1 and G2 phase arrest. Economical reutilization of coding sequences in this manner is practically without precedent in mammalian genomes, and the unitary inheritance of p16INK4a and p19ARF may underlie their dual requirement in cell cycle control.
GADZOOKS! The Future of Super-Kamiokande?

An inexpensive, effective technique is being developed to allow tagging of antineutrinos in water Cherenkov [WC] detectors via the addition to water of a solute with a large neutron cross section and energetic gamma daughters. Gadolinium is an excellent candidate since in recent years it has become very inexpensive, now less than $8 per kilogram in the form of commercially-available gadolinium trichloride. This non-toxic, non-reactive substance is highly soluble in water. Neutron capture on gadolinium yields an 8.0 MeV gamma cascade easily seen in detectors like Super–Kamiokande [Super–K, SK]. The uses of GdCl3 as a possible upgrade for the Super–Kamiokande detector — with a view toward improving its performance as an antineutrino detector for supernova neutrinos and reactor neutrinos — are discussed, as are the ongoing R&D efforts which aim to make this dream a reality within the next two years.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 226

Abstract The available nuclear structure information for all nuclei with mass number A=226 is presented. Various decay and reaction data are evaluated and compared. Adopted data, levels, spin and parities are given.
Changes in DNA methylation of tandem DNA repeats are different from interspersed repeats in cancer

Hypomethylation of DNA repetitive elements is a common finding in cancer, but very little is known about the DNA methylation changes of different types of DNA repetitive elements, such as interspersed repeats (LINE1 and Alu Yb8) and tandem repeats (Sat-alpha, NBL-2 and D4Z4). We used bisulfite-PCR Pyrosequencing to quantitatively measure the DNA methylation of five different DNA repetitive elements in normal tissue and cancer. In all we studied 10 different tissues from four individuals undergoing autopsy, 34 paired normal and tumor tissues from patients with bladder cancer, 58 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia and 23 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. We found that the DNA methylation of interspersed repeats (LINE1 and Alu Yb8) was very consistent from person to person and tissue to tissue while tandem DNA repeats appeared more variable in normal tissues. In bladder cancer we found clear hypomethylation of LINE1, Alu Yb8, Sat-alpha and NBL-2. Conversely, we found an increase in the DNA methylation levels of D4Z4 from normal to cancer. In contrast leukemia showed no significant changes in the DNA methylation of LINE1 and Alu Yb8, but DNA methylation increases in NBL-2 and D4Z4 tandem repeats. Our findings show that the changes in DNA methylation levels of individual DNA repetitive elements are unique for each repetitive element, which may reflect distinct epigenetic factors and may have important implications in the use of DNA methylation of repetitive elements as global DNA methylation biomarkers.
Plasma biomarkers of mouse aging

Normal aging is accompanied by a series of physiological changes such as gray hair, cataracts, reduced immunity, and increased susceptibility to disease. To identify novel biomarkers of normal aging, we analyzed plasma proteins of male mice longitudinally from 2 to 19 months of age. Plasma proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified using mass spectrometry (MS), MS/MS and liquid chromatography MS/MS. We found that many plasma proteins exist as multiple isoforms with different masses and/or charges. Thirty-nine protein spots (corresponding to six distinct proteins) have been identified, 13 of which exhibited significant changes with age. For example, several proteins increased significantly during aging including one isoform of transthyretin, two isoforms of haptoglobin, and three isoforms of immunoglobulin kappa chain. Conversely, several proteins decreased significantly during aging including peroxiredoxin-2, serum amyloid protein A-1, and five isoforms of albumin. Identification of these proteins provides new biomarkers of normal aging in mice. If validated in humans, these biomarkers may facilitate therapeutic interventions to identify premature aging, delay aging, and/or improve healthspan of the elderly.
Dominance of l=10 in C12(C12,)Ne (g.s.)20 at Ec.m.=13-15 MeV

In the c.m. energy region 13--15 MeV, the l = 10 partial wave dominates the cross section for /sup 12/C(/sup 12/C, ..cap alpha..) /sup 20/Ne(g.s.), frequently contributing more than 90% of the total cross section.
Effect of Particular Gain Changes upon LFM Sidelobes

The envelope variation of an LFM waveform due to transmitter droop or receiver STC tends to cause range sidelobes. A parametric analysis of the magnitude of the sidelobes has been performed. It is shown that the sidelobes can be quite high at the matched filter output, but are low at the output of the sidelobe reduction filter. 40-dB sidelobes can be achieved even with a 4-dB envelope droop. It is shown that these results are consistent with conventional paired-echo theory. Similar results are shown to hold for droop variations of the filter transfer function.
Single-shot magnetic resonance imaging: applications to angiography.

Recently developed technologies that allow the collection of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in as little as 26 msec have been explored in their application to angiography. Advantages are demonstrated in scan time reduction, insensitivity to patient motion (especially in abdominal applications), flow quantification, and temporal resolution. We demonstrate that because such single-shot techniques are inherently resistant to flow dephasing during acquisition that allow for sustained high signal intensities to be achieved when images must be combined through the cardiac cycle. Such high temporal resolution scans may be utilized for the collection of time-resolved angiograms. With these techniques we demonstrate the collection of complete MR angiograms in the course of reasonable 10–25 sec breath holds. The relative simplicity of the technique, coupled with its overall short acquisition time, allows us to incorporate angiography into other imaging protocols without adding significant time burdens. Results to date are promising for further improvements in spatial resolution, without extension of scan time.
Component-Based System Integration via (Meta)Model Composition

This paper provides three contributions to the study of functional integration of distributed enterprise systems. First, we describe the challenges associated with functionally integrating the software of these systems. Second, we describe how the composition of domain-specific modeling languages (DSMLs) can simplify the functional integration of enterprise distributed systems by enabling the combination of diverse middleware technologies. Third, we demonstrate how composing DSMLs can solve functional integration problems by reverse engineering an existing CORBA component model (CCM) system and exposing it as Web service(s) to Web clients who use these services. This paper shows that functional integration done using (meta)model composition provides significant benefits with respect to automation, reusability, and scalability compared to conventional integration processes and methods
Performance models for communication networks in manufacturing environment

The performance analysis of computer communication networks for manufacturing automation has been investigated by a number of researchers. Many analytical and simulation models have been proposed. Basically, one can classify these models as queueing models, queueing network models, simulation models and Petri net models. In this paper, an overview of various models and a Petri net method for modeling and performance of token bus local area networks are presented. In the authors' Petri net models, the four different service types in these networks are modeled and their performance can be derived for both symmetric and asymmetric cases. In order to deal with large networks, an approximation scheme is introduced. >
Policies for Habitat Fragmentation: Combining Econometrics with GIS-Based Landscape Simulations

Habitat fragmentation is widely considered a primary threat to biodiversity. In this paper, we analyze incentive-based policies designed to reduce forest fragmentation in the coastal plain region of South Carolina. Our approach integrates an econometric model of land use with simulations that predict the spatial pattern of land-use change. We analyze how subsidies for afforestation affect distributions defined over fragmentation metrics and derive the marginal costs of altering landscape patterns. We find the costs of reducing fragmentation vary greatly with initial landscape conditions and that a simple uniform subsidy performs well relative to a more complicated spatially targeted policy.
The natural history of food sensitivity.

Abstract The natural history of food sensitivity has long been the subject of anecdotes about children "outgrowing" their problem, but prospective systematic studies are not easily found that document these opinions. Children who had had adverse reactions to foods during double-blind food challenges 1 to 7 yr prior to this study were evaluated. In children over 3 yr of age, 19% of the previously positive food challenges were negative at the time of the follow-up; in children 3 yr of age or younger, 44% of the food challenges that had been positive were negative. The data collected thus far suggest that children who have their food sensitivity diagnosed at older ages tend not to outgrow the problem. Skin testing was performed over a period of years on some of the subjects, and skin sensitization was found to be markedly persistent, even in subjects who could consume the sensitizing food without symptoms.
IBM supply-chain network optimization workbench: an integrated optimization and simulation tool for supply chain design

The IBM supply-chain network optimization workbench (SNOW) is a software tool that can help a company make strategic business decisions about the design and operation of its supply chain network. The tool supports supply chain analysis with integrated network optimization and simulation capability. Mathematical programming models are used to first help identify some cost-effective scenarios from a large number of candidates. Optimization results are then converted to simulation models automatically for more detailed analysis with taking into account operational policies and uncertainties. The tool was applied to analyze both IBM's internal supply chains and external clients' supply chains. The combination of optimization and simulation demonstrates great value in real business cases.
Regional analysis of the impacts of climate change on cheatgrass invasion shows potential risk and opportunity

Interactions between climate change and non-native invasive species may combine to increase invasion risk to native ecosystems. Changing climate creates risk as new terrain becomes climatically suitable for invasion. However, climate change may also create opportunities for ecosystem restoration on invaded lands that become climatically unsuitable for invasive species. Here, I develop a bioclimatic envelope model for cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), a non-native invasive grass in the western US, based on its invaded distribution. The bioclimatic envelope model is based on the Mahalanobis distance using the climate variables that best constrain the species’ distribution. Of the precipitation and temperature variables measured, the best predictors of cheatgrass are summer, annual, and spring precipitation, followed by winter temperature. I perform a sensitivity analysis on potential cheatgrass distributions using the projections of 10 commonly used atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) for 2100. The AOGCM projections for precipitation vary considerably, increasing uncertainty in the assessment of invasion risk. Decreased precipitation, particularly in the summer, causes an expansion of suitable land area by up to 45%, elevating invasion risk in parts of Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. Conversely, increased precipitation reduces habitat by as much as 70%, decreasing invasion risk. The strong influence of precipitation conditions on this species’ distribution suggests that relying on temperature change alone to project future change in plant distributions may be inadequate. A sensitivity analysis provides a framework for identifying key climate variables that may limit invasion, and for assessing invasion risk and restoration opportunities with climate change.
Pacifier Use, Finger Sucking, and Infant Sleep

Few studies to date have investigated the relationship between pacifier use or finger sucking and infant sleep. One hundred and four mothers of infants (ages 0-11 months) completed the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ). Infants who engaged in finger sucking had fewer night wakings and longer stretches of nighttime sleep, although less daytime sleep. There were no significant differences in sleep patterns between pacifier users and infants who did not engage in nonnutritive sucking. Furthermore, no significant differences were found across groups for sleep ecology, including parental involvement at bedtime and following night wakings. Finally, infants were consistently able to retrieve their pacifiers independently by 7 months of age, although this did not appear to be associated with sleep outcomes. Results suggest that when parents are deciding whether to give their infant a pacifier, sleep may not be a critical factor. In contrast, parents of finger and thumb suckers should be reassured that this nonnutritive sucking is beneficial to sleep, at least in the first year of life.
Segmented image interpolation using edge direction and texture synthesis

In this paper, we propose an adaptive interpolation method for low quality still images such as single video frames. Our method chooses different interpolation schemes according to the local image context. First, we segment the image into three types of regions: smooth regions which contain no edges, well-defined edges such as object boundaries, and textured regions which are covered by dense spurious edges. For smooth regions, we simply apply bilinear interpolation. For the well-defined edges, we develop an edge-directed interpolation scheme. For the remaining textured regions, we apply a residual error estimation method to enhance the high frequency components, hence improving the visual sharpness of these regions. Our results show a visible improvement compared to images generated by traditional interpolation methods, with sharp edges, enhanced textures, and low noise level in smooth regions.
Pathogenesis of myeloma bone disease.

Bone disease in multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by lytic bone lesions, which can cause severe bone pain, pathologic fractures and hypercalcemia. However, the lytic bone disease in MM differs from that in other cancer patients who have lytic bone metastases. Although increased osteoclastic bone destruction is involved in MM and other tumors involving bone, in contrast to other tumors, once the MM tumor burden exceeds 50% in a local area, osteoblast activity is either suppressed or absent.1 The basis for this severe imbalance between increased osteoclastic bone resorption and decreased bone formation has been a topic of intensive investigation over the last several years and will be reviewed in this article.
On inherent untestability of unaugmented microprogrammed control

Effective and efficient testing of the control part of a processor has remained a difficult problem. While several approaches have been proposed in the literature for handling unaugmented control parts, they involve questionable assumptions, and the results have not been encouraging. Here it is shown that unless some DFT (Design for Testability) approaches are taken, microprogrammed control is inherently a poorly testable structure. The considerations include lack of an elegant fault model, presence of components with low random testability, the length of a checking sequence and information-theoretic considerations. The design approaches must therefore include DFT augmentations and/or removal of sub-functional logic.
Waveform coding using time code multiplexing

A uniform amplitude sampler is presented as an alternative to uniform time-sampling systems. Time code multiplexing (TCM) consists of an encoder and a decoder. The encoder transmits the quantized time intervals corresponding to the time at which the input signal passed through uniformly spaced amplitude levels. The decoder reconstructs the signal by using a sin(x)/x convolution in the amplitude instead of time domain. Even though the channel bit stream is variable rate, TCM systems can be effectively used with the packet-switched voice/data networks of today's technology. The Nyquist rate which exists for the bandlimited uniform time-sampling systems has a parallel Nyquist rate for uniform amplitude-sampling systems. However, TCM offers the advantage of being able to change the input signal bandwidth and therefore the minimum required sampling rate, which is not easily accomplished with uniform time-sampling systems. TCM data results are discussed, showing SNR-versus-bit-rate performance. Audio recordings of computer simulations are presented for 8-, 16-, and 24-kbit/s systems. >
De Gaulle as a Father of Europe: The Unpredictability of the FTA's Failure and the EEC's Success (1956–58)

The failure of the Free Trade Area (FTA), a British ‘Greater Europe’ free-market project, has often been contrasted with the European Economic Community (EEC)'s rapid success. However, this article claims that the EEC's success was neither logical nor automatic. The FTA project was not bound to failure, but could easily have become the principal institution for European co-operation. Moreover, the French leader, Charles de Gaulle, played such a prominent role in the EEC that he could be described as a new ‘Father of Europe’. Without the EEC, France would certainly have been forced to reach agreement on the FTA, but conversely, without de Gaulle, the EEC would probably have been diluted into a larger FTA.
Fair-Weather Allies? Terrorism and the Allocation of US Foreign Aid:

While it is commonly assumed that the United States uses foreign aid as an instrument to combat global terrorism, it is unclear whether it views terrorist threats to other countries, particularly its allies, with urgency. We show that the relationship between transnational terrorism and foreign aid flows is strongly conditional on whether terrorist activity based in a potential recipient directly threatens the United States. Using data on terrorist attacks and casualties in potential recipient countries, we demonstrate that terrorist activity based within a state’s borders, which targets US interests is a strong determinant of both whether that state receives any aid and also how much aid it receives. In contrast, the presence of terrorism targeted at non-US interests, even if it targets formal allies of the United States, is generally unrelated to US aid allocation. These findings suggest that the United States' use of foreign aid to fight terrorism and political violence is narrowly tailored to assist c...
Size-dependence of the Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of GaN Nanoclusters

In this paper, we present the results of our first-principles quantum mechanical studies of the electronic structure, geometry, and linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of tetrahedral GamNm (m = 1, 4, 7, 17) atomic clusters. Our calculated results suggest that the linear and NLO properties both exhibit a strong dependence upon cluster size and shape (geometry). However, the size- and the geometry-dependences are more pronounced for the NLO properties than for the linear optical properties. For clusters containing equal numbers of Ga and N atoms, an open-structure with no network-forming ring has a much larger second-order NLO coefficient than a cluster with a closed ring structure.
Introduction to the Special Section: The Costs and Benefits of Working With Pooled Data

Five articles appear in a special section of this issue of the journal reporting analyses of data pooled from clinical trials funded by the Department of Defense on interventions for active-duty service members and veterans at risk of suicide. An overview of the studies contributing data and participant characteristics is provided. The rationale for pooling data along with the costs and benefits of such efforts is discussed. It is concluded that utilizing pooled data, in keeping with efforts being conducted by other large funders of clinical trials, is challenging but that the benefits outweigh the costs. The articles in the special section are useful for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers.
5. Atrial Tachycardia, Atrial Flutter & WPW Syndrome

Introduction Severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) is associated with a high incidence of atrial fibrillation (Afib). Afib that occurs after a successful atrial flutter (AFL) ablation may negate the potential benefits of the ablation. We hypothesized that severe LVSD increases the incidence of post-ablation Afib despite a successful AFL ablation. Methods 90 consecutive patients with LVSD who underwent ablation for AFL at Montefiore Medical Center from August 2001 to January 2005 were classified according to the severity of LVSD. Group 1 (n = 36) consisted of patients with EF ≤ 35%, and group 2 (n = 54) consisted of patients with EF 36-55%. There were no statistically significant differences in baseline patient characteristics between the 2 groups. ![Graphic][1] Results During a mean follow up of 350 days, Afib occurred in 31% (n = 11; 8 with prior history of AFib) in group 1, and 7.4% (n = 4; all with prior history of Afib) in group 2. Cumulative probability of remaining Afib-free in group 1 vs. group 2 was 75% vs. 96% at 365 days, and 69% vs. 91% at 600 days (p = 0.01). A prior history of Afib did not interact with EF when analyzed with a logistic regression analysis. ![Figure 1][2] Figure 1 Kaplan-Meier estimates of the time to atrial fibrillation occurrence post-ablation in patients with EF ≤ 35% (solid line) and EF 36-55% (dotted line). Conclusion After an AFL ablation, severe LVSD increases the incidence of AFib (31% vs. 7.4%, p = 0.004) independent of a prior history of Afib. This finding may have implications for optimal patient selection for AFL ablation, and the use of adjunctive therapies. [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif [2]: pending:yes
Social Emergencies in the Elderly

An examination of the social concerns of the elderly reinforces the importance of a thorough social assessment and the availability of skilled staff in an Emergency Department to make appropriate community referrals. The resolution of disposition problems brought about through caregiver exhaustion, patients no longer able to care for themselves in the community, and abandonment by individuals and institutions require a complex array of skills. The serious problem of drug and alcohol abuse among the elderly must be recognized by Emergency Department staff. Physical problems often disguise the existence of a problem of substance abuse. Clinicians in the Emergency Department should evaluate elderly patients using social and family history information in addition to a thorough physical assessment. Elder abuse manifests as physical abuse, psychological abuse, material abuse, and active and passive neglect. The problem is growing, and there is a need for skilled observation and detection of elderly patients presenting for emergency care. As the proportion of the elderly population in this country increases, social policies and program development must reflect these changes. Experts in fields such as gerontology, geriatric medicine, psychiatry, nursing, and social work must make recommendations for changes in the medical and social service delivery systems. The availability of coordinated, comprehensive services for the elderly will expand as the movement toward geriatric treatment centers grows. These centers will provide medical, psychiatric, social, and residential care through the concept of a continuum of care. They will employ a multidisciplinary team of geriatric specialists and include outreach as well as treatment services. Communities with a geriatric treatment center provide a valuable resource for patients identified through Emergency Department visits. The Emergency Department must play an active role in assisting hospitals, area agencies on aging, and other concerned members of the community plan programs for elderly patients with physical and social concerns. While these changes are implemented, the Emergency Department will continue to remain responsive to the social concerns of the elderly through deliberate organizational efforts designed to maintain a high quality of care for elderly patients.
Reproducibility in science

The issue of reproducibility and reliability in science has come to the forefront in light of several high-profile studies that could not be reproduced. Whereas some errors in reliability can be attributed to the application of new techniques that have unappreciated caveats, some problems with reproducibility lie in the climate of intense pressure for funding and to publish faced by many researchers.
Heidenhain Pouch Secretory Response as Affected by Gastrojejunostomy to the Main Stomach.

ConclusionUnder the conditions of this experiment, gastrojejunostomy of the main stomach of Heidenhain pouch dogs results in a significant rise in free HO secretion from the pouch.
Provenance as Text: Reading the Silences around Sexuality in Manuscript Collections

Weidensall is fifty is he? Just think of it. It seems but yesterday when we all thought we were boys. Isn't there some mistake? Why he is not even married yet. It is very unlike Robert to "put himself forward" or in any manner claim what does not belong to him. Yet here he comes and says he is fifty and this important business of life is not yet attended to. It ought to have been done at least twenty five years ago. I am sure you will agree that we would not have thought this of one so conscientious and devoted to every known duty as this dear Brother of ours has always shown himself to be. But here is another sad example of the influence of Associates. If in the early days of our association work we could have kept Weidensall away from Morse & McBurney and altogether under good wholesome western influence all this might have been different. It is some encouragement that Morse has seen his error repented and is now trying to undo the mischief of nearly a life time. But McBurney seems to be obdurate as ever. Here he is right along side of Weidensall. Fifty years and no wife yet. I think some of you Chicago Brethren ought to lay aside all other matters for a year if necessary and teach these boys a thing or two. These young gentlemen should be shown up in their true light. They will be the ruin of the country if they are not stopped. Just see already how Cree, Orr, Mather and many of our brightest and best are going in the same wretched way. Cannot something be done.'