cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 208: Transcriptional profiling of the microenvironment in pediatric osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone tumor in pediatric and adolescent/young adult patients. Over the past three decades, significant improvements in the survival rates or therapeutic approaches for these patients have not been made, especially in the context of metastatic disease. While immune checkpoint blockade has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape in various adult malignancies, its impact in OS has been largely underwhelming. Currently, it is unknown whether the lack of therapeutic benefit of immune checkpoint inhibition observed in patients with OS is truly due to treatment inefficacy rather than a limited understanding of the tumor microenvironment that supports this aggressive disease. To address this knowledge gap, we have performed targeted gene expression profiling of metastatic and non-metastatic osteosarcoma specimens. Our profiling experiments have revealed that metastatic OS specimens are immunologically “colder” than non-metastatic OS specimens. Our data also demonstrates that T cells are largely excluded from the metastatic specimens and that this exclusion significantly correlates with markers of vascular instability. In a pathological setting, such as that of cancer, VEGF and ANG2 signaling promote vascular instability which limits leukocyte extravasation and subsequent tumor infiltration. Our data suggests that vascular destabilization mediated by VEGF/ANG2 signaling impedes T cell infiltration specifically in metastatic OS and identifies these molecules as potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Citation Format: Laurie Sorenson, Troy A. McEachron. Transcriptional profiling of the microenvironment in pediatric osteosarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 208.
Battery State of Charge Management by Voltage Feedback Modification

Due to increase in utilization of DC loads and renewable resources which mostly produce DC powers, there has been an increasing popularity in DC microgrids. In the previous research studies, the focus is more on power balancing among parallel voltage sources of the system while balancing the State of Charge (SoC) of batteries has been overlooked. In this paper, by modifying droop control method as the basis of power sharing in the DC microgrid, the objective of SoC equalization can be achieved. DC bus voltage scheduling is the core of modification to keep the batteries SoCs balanced. First, the paper discusses about an existing droop control based SoC balancing method with voltage scheduling. Then, it proposes a new DC bus voltage scheduling to overcome the drawback of the mentioned method. The methods have been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and a comparison study has been performed.
Covert/Stealth/Low Probability of Detection Communications and QKD

This chapter is devoted to covert communications, also known as low probability of detection/intercept, as well as stealth communications, and how they can improve secret-key rate for QKD applications. The chapter starts with brief introduction to covert communications, followed by the description of their differences with respect to steganography. One of the key technologies to enable covert communication over wireless channels, the spread spectrum concept, is introduced next. After that, the rigorous treatment of covert communication over an additive white Gaussian noise channel is provided, and the square root law is derived. The importance of hypothesis testing in covert communications is discussed as well. The covert communication over the discrete memoryless channels is discussed after that. The next topic is related to different approaches to overcome the square root law, including the use of friendly jammer that varies the noise power so that the square root law can be overcome, and positive covert rate be achieved. The concept of effective secrecy is introduced next, a recent secrecy measure, whose definition includes both strong secrecy and stealth communication conditions. After that, the covert/stealth communication concept is applied to optical communication systems. We further describe how the covert concept can be applied to information reconciliation step in QKD to simultaneously improve secret-key rate and extend the transmission distance.
Special educators’ knowledge of student mathematical thinking

To anticipate and respond to the diverse ways of reasoning students with disabilities use to make sense in inclusive mathematics classrooms, special educators require a deep understanding of a diverse array of student thinking. Unfortunately, historic and contemporary data suggest that opportunities for special educators to develop this knowledge prior to classroom teaching are diminutive. Further inquiry is needed into pre-service experiences that might support growth in teachers’ knowledge. We present results from a US-based semester-long course grounded in neurodiversity and students’ mathematical thinking designed to improve 20 special educators’ pedagogical content knowledge. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to determine how the pre-service teachers anticipated students’ diverse mathematical thinking before and after experience in the course along with their propensity to adapt problems to respond to diversity during instruction. Furthermore, the pre-test to post-test changes in pre-service teachers’ anticipations of students’ problem-solving strategies and adaptations of problems were statistically significant. Implications for teacher preparation and future research are shared.
Timely Gossip

A source node forwards fresh status updates as a point process to a network of observer nodes. Within the network of observers, these updates are forwarded as point processes from node to node. Each node wishes its knowledge of the source to be as timely as possible. In this network, timeliness at each node is measured by an age of information metric: how old is the timestamp of the freshest received update. This work extends a method for evaluating the average age at each node in the network when nodes forward updates using a memoryless gossip protocol. This method is then demonstrated by age analysis for a simple network.
Athlete Return-to-Play Decisions in Sports Medicine.

In treating sports injuries in athletes who may wish to return to play before fully recovering, physicians can simultaneously uphold the principles of respect for autonomy and beneficence by developing a return-to-play plan, which allows patients to take responsibility for meeting goals at each stage of their recovery.
A New Way to Teach Structural Steel to Construction Management Students

This is an informational paper that introduces a new way to teach structural steel design and construction t construction management (CM) students. The method relies on CAD and shop drawings, videos, PowerPoint presentations, Steel Sculpture, Steel Frame Model, digital project images and web resources. The paper also describes topics that are essential for education of CM students. The paper will help instructors who are currently teaching structural steel to or are planning to teach in near future.
High-Stakes Tests and Students with Disabilities

Federal statutes require states to establish high educational standards and to create and administer standards-based assessments for all students, including those with disabilities. Although states can include most students with disabilities in these tests by providing them with accommodations, including 'students for whom these adaptations are insufficient to allow for meaningful participation in the tests has been more difficult. When designing and administering these tests, policy-makers must guard against unfairly denying educational opportunities to any student in an effort to set higher standards for the general population. Alternate assessments must be based on the individualized goals and objectives of each student who requires such an assessment in order to comply with constitutional requirements and nondiscrimination policies.
Status of FEP encapsulated solar cell modules used in terrestrial applications

The Lewis Research Center has been engaged in transferring the FEP encapsulated solar cell technology developed for the space program to terrestrial applications. FEP encapsulated solar cell modules and arrays were designed and built expressly for terrestrial applications. Solar cell power systems were installed at three different land sites, while individual modules are undergoing marine environment tests. Four additional power systems are being completed for installation during the summer of 1974. These tests have revealed some minor problems which have been corrected. The results confirm the inherent utility of FEP encapsulated terrestrial solar cell systems.
Building human rights, peace and development within the united Nations

War and peace have perpetually alternated in history. Consequently, peace has always been seen as an endless project, even a dream, to be in brotherhood realized by everyone across the earth. Since the XVII century the elimination of war and armed conflict has been a political and humanitarian objective of all nations in the world. Both the League of Nations and the United Nations were conceived with the spirit of eliminating the risk of war through the promotion of peace, cooperation and solidarity among Nations. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the subsequent human rights instruments were drafted with a sincere aspiration of promoting the value of peace and human rights worldwide. International practice shows the close linkage between the disregard of human rights and the existence of war and armed conflict. It follows that the role of human rights in the prevention of war and armed conflict is very important. Since 2008 the Human Rights Council has been working on the ‘Promotion of the Right of Peoples to Peace.’ Pursuant resolutions 20/15 and 23/16 the Council decided firstly to establish, and secondly to extend the mandate of the Open-Ended Working Group (OEWG) aimed at progressively negotiating a draft United Nations declaration on the right to peace. The OEGW welcomed in its second session (July 2014) the approach of the Chairperson-Rapporteur, which is basically based on the relationship between the right to life and human rights, peace and development.
Effect of severity and duration of bladder outlet obstruction on catalase and superoxide dismutase activity.

Objectives To study the effects of partial bladder outlet obstruction on the cell's anti-oxidant defense mechanisms, superoxide dismutase and catalase, in order to elucidate how the bladder responds to oxidative stress. Methods Four groups of eight rabbits were subjected to partial bladder outlet obstruction for 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Eight sham rabbits were used as the control group. The bladders were removed under anesthesia, and the muscle and mucosa were separated, frozen and stored at −80°C for analysis. Superoxide dismutase and catalase assays were carried out on these tissues. The groups were also categorized by severity (mild, intermediate and severe) of decompensation, as well as duration. Results When separated by duration, catalase activity of the mucosa was significantly higher in the control and the 12-weeks obstructed rabbits. This activity was lower than the control in the 4- and 8-weeks obstructed rabbits. When separated by severity, catalase activity of the mucosa was significantly higher and severely decompensated than the muscle in the controls. When separated by duration or severity, superoxide dismutase activity of the muscle was significantly lower than controls for all obstructed rabbits. The activities of both superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly reduced in the severely decompensated bladder smooth muscle, but not in the 12-weeks obstructed bladder smooth muscle. Conclusions Partial bladder outlet obstruction has significant effects on the activity of both superoxide dismutase and catalase in the bladder, with variations that are dependent on the severity and duration of the obstruction.
Host immune responses after administration of inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccines—III. Kinetics for neutralizing antibody immunoglobulin class responses in donors and adoptively-immunized recipients

C57B16 mice were immunized with either live, attenuated TC-83 strain VEE virus vaccine or formalin-inactivated VEE vaccine combined with Bordetella pertussis. The kinetics of specific donor and adoptively-immunized recipient anti-VEE neutralizing antibody responses were studied. Donor mice immunized with either live or inactivated VEE virus vaccine combined with potent adjuvants develop specific anti-VEE IgM and IgG responses as early as 7 days post-immunization. Anti-VEE IgM antibody responses comprise the majority of anti-VEE neutralizing antibody at this early time period. By 14 to 21 days post-immunization, anti-VEE IgG responses predominated. When adoptively-immunized recipients were studied, the anti-VEE IgM to IgG predominance seen in donors early after administration was reversed, and for each time-period studied, recipients' serum anti-VEE antibody class responses consisted principally of IgG rather than IgM antibody. Since T-cells cooperation with B-cells is critical in the IgM-IgG antibody shift, these studies support the critical role T-cells exert in adoptive transfer in a murine model of experimental VEE infection. Furthermore, immunization with either live or inactivated VEE vaccine coupled to a potent adjuvant induce comparable donor and adoptively-immunized recipient anti-VEE antibody class responses.
Home Care for Life-Supported Persons: Is a National Approach the Answer?

In France, home care services for ventilator-assisted persons are provided by 28 not-for-profit regional associations. National issues are resolved by an organization (ANTADIR) which is a federation of these associations. Each component of the system has defined, specific roles and responsibilities. This cost-saving approach has made life possible in the community for over 1,200 ventilator-assisted people. Realities in other nations may demand that a system be put in place to meet the needs of this patient population and those involved in serving them. Although differences exist between countries, there is value in scrutinizing what is already in place in France to help determine what can be developed in other nations.
3D unstructured mesh ALE hydrodynamics with the upwind discontinuous finite element method

Abstract We describe a numerical scheme to solve 3D Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) hydrodynamics on an unstructured mesh using discontinuous finite element space and an explicit Runge-Kutta time discretization. This scheme combines the accuracy of a higher-order Godunov scheme with the unstructured mesh capabilities of finite elements that can be explicitly evolved in time. The spatial discretization uses trilinear isoparametric elements (tetrahedrons, pyramids, prisms and hexahedrons) in which the primitive variables (mass density, velocity and pressure) are piecewise trilinear. Upwinding is achieved by using Roe's characteristic decomposition of the inter-element boundary flux depending on the sign of characteristic wave speeds. The characteristics are evaluated at the Roe average, of variables on both sides of the inter-element boundary, for a general equation of state. An explicit second order Runge-Kutta time stepping is used for the time discretization. To capture shocks, we have generalized van Leer's 1D nonlinear minmod slope limiter to 3D using a quadratic programming scheme. For very strong shocks we find it necessary to supplement this with a Godunov stabilization where the trilinear representation of the variables is reduced to its constant average value. The resulting numerical scheme has been tested on a variety of problems relevant to ICF (inertial confinement fusion) target design and appears to be robust. It accurately captures shocks and contact discontinuities without unstable oscillations and has second-order accuracy in smooth regions. Object-oriented programming with the C++ programming language was used to implement our numerical scheme. The object-oriented design allows us to remove the complexities of an unstructured mesh from the basic physics modules and thereby enables efficient code development.
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Summary From highly investigational to standardized therapy, allogeneic BMT has established its role in the treatment of selected diseases. Continued refinements in bone marrow transplantation will increase the number of potential candidates, reduce associated risks, and improve disease-free survival rates. With further exploration into its efficacy, allogeneic BMT will bring new challenges and opportunities for patients, families, and health care providers.
Reversible disaggregation by NaF of membrane-bound polyribosomes of mouse myeloma cells in tissue culture.

Abstract Approximately one-quarter of the ribosomes of P-3 mouse myeloma cells in tissue culture are bound to membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. Incubation with NaF causes polyribosome disaggregation; at the same time approximately 25 % of the membrane-bound ribosomes are released from membranes. After reversing the inhibition of NaF free ribosomes become associated with membranes until approximately the same proportion of free and membrane-bound ribosomes found in untreated cells is reestablished. During this time these cells resume the normal synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin. This takes place even when the synthesis of RNA is completely inhibited. These experiments have suggested that the association of a class of ribosomes with membranes is dependent on their entry into polyribosomes active in protein synthesis whereas attachment of the other ribosomes occurs independently of their participation in protein synthesis.
Comparative analysis of successful and unsuccessful candidates for the pediatric surgical matching program

Only one third of the applicants for training in pediatric surgery obtain a position through the pediatric surgery matching program. In order to identify factors that contribute to a successful outcome, we conducted a retrospective survey of all participants in the matching process for positions during the years 1983 to 1991. This survey was designed to identify characteristics associated with success in the match through comparison of successful and unsuccessful applicants. Significant factors associated with a successful match included: a greater incidence of residency-supported research (P = .012) with a greater number of publications (P = .003) and national presentations (P = .014), specifically at the annual meetings of the American Pediatric Surgical Association (P = .05) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (P = .05). In addition, successful candidates had more contact with (P = .004) and letters of recommendation from (P = .015) well-known pediatric surgeons involved in the general surgical residency program. This information should be invaluable to those counseling medical students and residents interested in a career in pediatric surgery.
Mast Cells Modulate Acute Ozone-induced Inflammation of the Murine Lung

We hypothesized that mast cells modulate lung inflammation that develops after acute ozone (O3) exposure. Two tests were done: (1) genetically mast-cell-deficient (NBB6F1-W/Wv WCB6F1-SI/SId) and bone-marrow-transplanted W/WV mice were exposed to O3 or filtered air, and the inflammatory responses were compared with those of mast-cell-sufficient congenic mice (WBB6F1- + / +, WCB6F1- + / + ); (2) genetically O3- susceptible C57BL/6J mice were treated pharmacologically with putative mast-cell modulators or vehicle, and the O3-induced inflammatory responses were compared. Mice were exposed to 1.75 ppm O3 or air for 3 h, and lung inflammation was assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 6 and 24 h after exposure. Relative to O3-exposed W/WV and SI/SId mice, the mean numbers of lavageable polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and total BAL protein concentration (a marker of permeability) were significantly greater in the respective O3-exposed normal congenic + / + mice (p < 0.05). Mast cells were reconstituted in ...
A Comparative Post-Colonial Approach to Hedayat's The Blind Owl

In her article, "A Comparative Post-Colonial Approach to Hedayat's The Blind Owl," Yasamine C. Coulter discusses post-colonial theories of Edward Said, Frantz Fanon, and Jalal ale Ahmad, and relates them to the major themes of Hedayat's novel. For the most part, the fact that the text's narrator is disillusioned with his country's traditional way of life makes him an outsider within his own society. However, he fails to find peace in his other, chosen, mode of being and this implies that he is unable to fully identify with Western traditions, either. It is at this point of the text that Coulter draws a parallel between the narrator's distress and Sadegh Hedayat's personal angst, both of which stem from an inability to reconcile Western and Eastern influences and modes of existence and culture. Moreover, the narrator's inability to completely accept or disregard the notion of metaphysics is a macrocosmic manifestation of his cultural dilemma. Coulter concludes her argumentation with a discussion of how one of perhaps the most important fault lines of postcolonial discourse is very real in present-day Iran, precisely because Iranians still do not agree on how to reclaim their cultural past and assert their own identity in the real context of Western cultural omnipresence. http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb/vol2/iss3/8 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7771/1481-4374.1081 Yasamine C. Coulter, "A Comparative Post-Colonial Approach to Hedayat's The Blind Owl" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 2.3 (2000):
Theoretical Strength of Dried Green Bodies with Organic Binders

A theoretical analysis is performed to determine the intrinsic variables which affect the green strength of ideal dry bodies held together by organic binders. The parameters which influence strength (i.e. types of bonds formed, the amount of binder, the density of the ceramic, the packing density, and the cohesive or adhesive strength of the binder) are determined.
The Adaptive Response of Endothelial Transcription to Increased Shear Stress In Vitro

Previous studies have shown a substantial effect of shear stress on endothelial phenotype and functions such as production of nitric oxide, secretion of growth factors, inflammatory responses, production of reactive oxygen species, permeability to macromolecules and cytoskeletal remodeling [1–3]. However, the dynamics of the endothelial adaptive response to changes in shear stress are largely unknown. The response of vascular endothelial cells to alterations in shear stress is an essential component of normal endothelial physiology, since local shear stress can be altered in vivo by the global hemodynamic changes that are caused by daily activities such as exercise, sleep, smoking and stress. The duration of these changes ranges from minutes to hours. When adapting to the altered shear stress, endothelial cells undergo a series of structural remodeling and morphological changes, and a transient alteration of endothelial phenotype will be induced. An understanding of the transient regulation of endothelial phenotype will not only improve our knowledge of normal endothelial physiology but also yield insights into mechanisms underlying atherogenesis.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Body image in belly dance: integrating alternative norms into collective identity

This research presents survey data from a sample of 103 belly dancers in Salt Lake City, Utah, addressing issues of body image and gender identity. While research on various forms of dance has emphasized unhealthy body image influences, belly dance offers a counter-example, indicating broad and inclusive body image norms, lack of pressure for body image conformity, and high levels of body satisfaction among dancers. Data also indicate that those norms are linked to more generalized challenges to gender roles and structures. Explanations for the maintenance of alternative collective norms focus on two institutional influences: processes of socialization to collective values, and the free space provided by a gender segregated activity.
Henry Melchior Muhlenberg and the American Revolution

The growing tension between the American colonies and England in the decade preceding the Revolution confronted conscientious colonists with the necessity of making a difficult decision. Pressure to reach a decision was immeasurably increased when friction developed into war. It was relatively easy for some colonists to make up their minds as to whether or not they should remain loyal to the British crown. Those who were called Whigs or Tories recognized no serious problem; political ideals and allegiances, considerations of self-interest, and long standing prejudices united in various ways to make them zealous patriots or ardent loyalists. But these extremists were in a decided minority at the beginning of the Revolution. The majority of the colonists occupied ground somewhere in between; they were conservatives who hoped for a compromise solution of the differences between England and America, or wavered in distrustful indecision, or had no conviction whatsoever in the matter. It would be unjust lightly to prejudge their motives as of necessity either nobler or baser than those of the patriots and loyalists. Particularly unhappy was the lot of those who were unable to reach a conscientious decision either for or against the struggle for independence.
The synthesis and reactivity of electrophilic iridium (III) complexes containing bis (diphenylphosphino) ethane

Abstract The complex Ir(CH 3 ) (CO) (CF 3 SO 3 ) 2 (dppe) ( 1 ) has been synthesized from the reaction of Ir(CH 3 )I 2 (CO) (dppe) and silver triflate. Methane and IrH(CO) (CF 3 SO 3 ) 2 (dppe) ( 2 ) are formed when a methylene chloride solution of 1 is placed under 760 torr dihydrogen. Conductivity studies indicate that methylene chloride solutions of complexes 1 and 2 are weak electrolytes and only partially ionized at concentrations above 1 mM. Complex 2 is an effective hydrogenation catalyst for ethylene and 1-hexene while acetone hydrogenation is inhibited by the formation of [IrH 2 (HOCH(CH 3 ) 2 ) (CO) (dppe)] (OTf) ( 3 ). Linear dimerization and polymerization of styrene occurs via a carbocationic mechanism initiated by triflic acid elimination from 2 . Treatment of an acetonitrile solution of Ir(CH 3 )I 2 (CO) (dppe) with silver hexafluorophosphate produces the solvent promoted carbonyl insertion product [Ir(C(O)CH 3 ) (NCCH 3 ) 3 (dppe)] [PF 6 ] 2 ( 7 ) which readily undergoes deinsertion in methylene chloride to form [Ir(CH 3 ) (CO) (NCCH 3 ) 2 (dppe)] [PF 6 ] 2 ( 8 ) and acetonitrile.
Temporal and spatial analysis of fields generated by eddy currents in superconducting magnets: optimization of corrections and quantitative characterization of magnet/gradient systems.

We propose methods for the spatial and temporal characterization of time-dependent magnetic fields generated by eddy currents after switching gradients. For an on-line determination of the temporal variations of the fields, we extract two terms from the unresolved signal of an extended sample, describing the time evolution of a frequency shift γΔB(z)(t) and of a decay constant k(t). This procedure allows us to optimize interactively the multiexponential pre-emphasis as well as any spectral volume selection method with respect to eddy currents. Additionally, we suggest an imaging sequence which allows us to determine the spatial distribution of eddy current fields at a chosen time-point after any gradient sequence to be tested. Expansion of these eddy currents fields into spherical harmonic functions proves the existence of a higher order terms, which cannot be corrected by a standard pre-emphasis device, where time constants and amplitudes are adjusted on the X, Y, Z, and Z0 coils. The proposed numerical analysis gives a tool to characterize any magnet/gradient system quantitatively with respect to eddy current performance.
Depression of the superconducting transition temperature of the Heusler alloy Pd 2 YSn with the addition of magnetic rare-earth metals

The compound ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{2}$YSn, having the cubic Heusler L${2}_{1}$ structure, is superconducting with a transition temperature (${T}_{c}$) of 4.55 K. The effect on ${T}_{c}$ of replacing Y by other magnetic rare-earth metal has been investigated in the series ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Y}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Sn (R=Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb). The depression in ${T}_{c}$ is the largest with Gd substitution. The initial rate of depression of ${T}_{c}$ shows deviation from the de Gennes function. The results of ${T}_{c}$ measurements are analyzed in terms of Abrikosov-Gor'kov theory, taking into account the effects of crystalline electric fields acting on rare-earth ions. Values of the density of states times the exchange constant, [N(0)${J}_{\mathrm{sf}{}^{2}}$], are derived from these measurements.
Gender-Role Classification and Demographic Relationships: A Function of Type of Scoring Procedures

This study investigated the effect of different median split (combined-sex, single-sex, weighted, and unweighted) procedures on Bem Sex Role Inventory gender-role classifications and the effect of these procedures on demographic relationships. Results revealed significantly different gender-role classifications for all procedures except single-sex weighted and unweighted. No significant demographic relationships were found for men as a function of type of scoring procedures, but significant relationships for SES and marital status were found for women when single-sex weighted and unweighted median splits were used. Discussion focused on recommendations for further research using various median split procedures.
The real role of facial response in the experience of emotion: A reply to Tourangeau and Ellsworth, and others.

The facial feedback hypothesis holds that emotional experiences are derived from facial expressions. Ten published studies indicating that manipulated facial expressions do produce corresponding emotional experience are contrasted with Tourangeau and Ellsworth's sole published failure to demonstrate this relation. Six other studies using a different but theoretically consistent paradigm also demonstrate facial feedback effects. Related results in many of these 16 studies effectively rule out experimental demand as an explanation and instead suggest similarities in process between facial feedback and hunger, attitude change and self-evaluation. Recently Tourangeau and Ellsworth (1979) failed in an attempt to show that subjects induced to adopt facial expressions of emotion, would then report feeling those emotions. The authors believed that they were testing a hypothesis related to, though not directly contained in the emotion theories of Tomkins (1962) and Izard (1977), namely, that the experience of emotion is derived from feedback from facial expressions. Tourangeau and Ellsworth (1979) concluded from their study that the "facial feedback" hypothesis was not tenable and that this cast some doubt on the larger theories as well. Subsequently, Tomkins (1981) and Izard (1981) both wrote replies to that article, in large measure disowning this empirical form of the facial feedback hypothesis on grounds that feeling required more than such simple facial movements. Hager and Ekman (1981), in the same issue, argue on methodologica l grounds that the experimental hypothesis would not be expected to be confirmed. Ellsworth and Tourangeau (1981) then found themselves defending their attack on "this authorless hypothesis" (p. 363) and their "failure to disconfirm what nobody ever said" (p. 363). The reader of the Tourangeau and Ellsworth article and the subsequent series of replies
Why You Should Not Use 'Hybrid', 'Power-Law' or Related Exponential Schemes for Convective Modelling—There Are Much Better Alternatives

In many areas of computational fluid dynamics, especially numerical convective heat and mass transfer, the «Hybrid» and «Power-Law» schemes have been widely used for many years. The popularity of these methods for steady-state computations is based on a combination of algorithmic simplicity, fast convergence, and plausible looking results. By contrast, classical (second-order central) methods often involve convergence problems and may lead to obviously unphysical solutions exhibiting spurious numerical oscillations. Hybrid, Power-Law, and the exponential-difference scheme on which they are based give reasonably accurate solutions for steady, quasi-one-dimensional flow (when the grid is aligned with the main flow direction). However, they are often also used, out of context, for flows oblique or skew to the grid, in which case, inherent artificial viscosity (or diffusivity) seriously degrades the solution. This is particularly troublesome in the case of recirculating flows, sometimes leading to qualitatively incorrect results-since the effective artificial numerical Reynolds (or Peclet) number may then be orders of magnitude less than the correct physical value. This is demonstrated in the case of thermally driven flow in tall cavities, where experimentally observed recirculation cells are not predicted by the exponential-based schemes. Higher-order methods correctly predict the onset of recirculation cells. In the past, higher-order methods have not been popular because of convergence difficulties and a tendency to generate unphysical overshoots near (what should be) sharp, monotonic transitions. However, recent developments using robust deferred-correction solution methods and simple flux-limiter techniques have eliminated all of these difficulties. Highly accurate, physically correct solutions can now be obtained at optimum computational efficiency
Radio propagation measurements in multifloor indoor stairwells

In this work, propagation measurements in a multifloor indoor stairwell have been conducted at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz. Two antenna polarizations, namely VV and HH polarizations in LOS and NLOS scenarios are considered. It is observed that in the propagation environment of an indoor stairwell, the antenna polarizations effect is only noticeable for LOS scenario. In cases where NLOS scenario dominates, both VV and HH polarizations give the similar results at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz. Also, the sudden-power-drop phenomenon between the consecutive stair sections can be observed for both VV and HH polarizations at 2.4 GHz, but at 5.8 GHz it can only be observed for HH polarizations at a milder scale.
Quality by design: impact of formulation variables and their interactions on quality attributes of a lyophilized monoclonal antibody.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to use QbD approaches to evaluate the effect of several variables and their interactions on quality of a challenging model murine IgG3κ monoclonal antibody (mAb), and then to obtain an optimized formulation with predefined quality target product profile. This antibody was chosen because it has a propensity to precipitate and thus represents a challenge condition for formulation development. Preliminary experiments were conducted to rule out incompatible buffer systems for the mAb product quality. A fractional factorial experimental design was then applied to screen the effects of buffer type, pH and excipients such as sucrose, sodium chloride (NaCl), lactic acid and Polysorbate 20 on glass transition temperature ( T ′ g ), monoclonal antibody concentration ( A 280 ), presence of aggregation, unfolding transition temperature ( T m ) of the lyophilized product, and particle size of the reconstituted product. A Box–Behnken experimental design was subsequently applied to study the main, interaction, and quadratic effects of these variables on the responses. Pareto ranking analyses showed that the three most important factors affecting the selected responses for this particular antibody were pH, NaCl, and Polysorbate 20. The presence of curvature in the variables’ effects on responses indicated interactions. Based on the constraints set on the responses, a design space was identified for this mAb and confirmed with experiments at three different levels of the variables within the design space. The model indicated a combination of high pH (8) and NaCl (50 mM) levels, and a low Polysorbate 20 (0.008 mM) level at which an optimal formulation of the mAb could be achieved. Moisture contents and other analytical procedures such as size exclusion chromatography, protein A analysis and SDS-PAGE of the pre-lyophilized and final reconstituted lyophilized products indicated an intact protein structure with minimal aggregation after formulation and lyophilization. In conclusion, experimental design approach was effective in identifying optimal concentrations of excipients and pH for this challenging monoclonal antibody formulation.
Emergence characteristics of sevoflurane compared to halothane in pediatric patients undergoing bilateral pressure equalization tube insertion.

Abstract Study Objective: To compare the emergence characteristics of sevoflurane with halothane in pediatric patients having bilateral myringotomy and pressure equalization tube insertion using a highly standardized and common anesthetic technique. Design: Prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Setting: University hospital. Patients: 43 ASA physical status I and II healthy pediatric outpatients scheduled for initial ear tube placement by one surgeon. Interventions: Patients were randomized to receive either halothane or sevoflurane as their sole anesthetic drug for ear tube insertion. All patients as well as the research nurse grading emergence agitation were blinded to group assignment. No premedication was administered, and all patients received a standard dose of rectal acetaminophen for postoperative pain control. Measurement and Main Results: The primary outcome was the percentage of patients with emergence agitation, defined as thrashing behavior requiring physical restraint for greater than three minutes. Time to discharge from the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) and from the hospital were also compared. Sevoflurane patients had a greater incidence of emergence delirium: 57% versus 27% [95% CI (1.7%–58.1%) p=0.047]. Time to discharge from the PACU and the hospital were longer for patients who received sevoflurane: 62 versus 50 min [95% CI (1.4–23.6) p=0.02] and 102 versus 79 mins [95% CI (9.6–37.1) p=0.003]. Conclusion: In our institution there is a trend toward greater emergence agitation in ear tube placement patients given sevoflurane versus halothane anesthesia. Further, (with our discharge criteria) patients are actually discharged from the PACU and the hospital faster when given halothane as a sole anesthetic when compared to sevoflurane.
Skeletal age at death: the reliability of cranial and pubic age indicators.

The exact chronological age at death of an individual skeleton has recently assumed importance due to the dynamic approach iiow introduced into anthropometrical analyses. It is believed that by utilizing the ages of a skeletal population, estimates can be made of the size of the breeding group, of mortality rates, of childhood survival, of child-birth deaths, etc. Ages of individuals under 25 years can be calculated with rcla tive accuracy, based on the order of epiphysis-diaphysis closure of the long bones; the order of tooth eruption from infancy to about 17 to 20 years; the closure of the sphenooccipital suture before 20, or at the least, 25 years; and the union of the medial clavicular epiphysis between 25 and 28 years. In a skeletal series then, the question is how to make observations on age of death of adult individuals of 28 years and older. Determiiiation of the actual age of an adult skeleton at time of death was a problem which interested T. W. Todd, and one which he and his students attacked by various methods. They wished to obtain a simple and exact means of determining the age of the osseous skeleton by its niorphology, and as anatomists they did not interest themselves in the age factor as applied to the statistics of ancient populations. The method of determining age by cranial suture closure has always been more generally used, due not only to the greater interest in the skull, but also because the craniumi
Ferromagnetic and transmission resonance in magnetic metal superlattices.

We have developed a mathematical formulation by which surface-impedance calculations of magnetic layered structures are significantly simplified and, hence, calculable. A transfer-function matrix is introduced in order to relate the electric and magnetic fields at one surface of a magnetic metal layer to fields at the other surface. The surface impedance of a layered structure is then expressed in terms of the four transfer-function matrix elements corresponding to surface fields of the layered structure instead of internal microwave fields corresponding to all the layers within the layered structure. The ferromagnetic resonance fields and line shapes are calculated for layered structures containing alternating dielectric and iron magnetic layers. In addition, spin-pinning boundary conditions are assumed at the surfaces of each iron layer. The calculations are of sufficient generality so that the insulating dielectric layer may be replaced by a conductive metal layer. We find that standing spin-wave resonance may be excited in the layered structure, even for zero spin pinning at the iron-layer surfaces. From calculations of internal microwave fields within each layer, we deduce that the spin-wave resonance is due to an asymmetrical magnetic field excitation of each iron layer, although the layered structure as a whole is symmetrically excited. For iron-layer thicknesses of \ensuremath{\ge}1500 A\r{} there is no discernible difference between the ferromagnetic resonance fields of the main line and the first-spin-wave\char21{}resonance mode\char22{}an accidental degeneracy. If nonzero spin pinning is assumed at each iron-layer surface, the accidental degeneracy is removed.
Characterization of a silica supported rhodium catalyst via hydrogen chemisorption, temperature programmed desorption and isotopic exchange measurements

Abstract A 10% Rh/SiO 2 catalyst has been prepared by the incipient wetness method. A temperature programmed desorption starting from a hydrogen saturated surface at 95 K shows four peaks. The shapes of the two peaks above 273 K are consistent with the desorption of hydrogen atoms for which there are repulsive interactions. The three experimental methods give consistent results. However, the exchange experiments do not permit a conclusion about the presence of associatively adsorbed hydrogen.
STYLE ISSUES AND VOTE CHOICE

It has been an assumption common in voting research that candidates must offer and voters must perceive opposing stands on issues for those issues to have a rational influence on the vote. Though apparently reasonable, this assumption eliminates analysis of the rational impact of style in voter thinking. This article argues that style issues should not be so easily dismissed and were of some importance in the 1972 presidential election. First, the data indicate that voters considered style issues as important as position issues. Second, voters were able to detect differences between the candidates on certain style issues. Third, salient style issues and salient position issues are similar in their causal relationship to the vote. These findings lend support to the general conclusion that style issues are an important and rational element of voter deliberations and have several implications for the study of public opinion, the behavior of political leaders, and the adequacy of elections as mechanisms of governmental accountability.
Florida's Sexually Violent Predator Program: An Examination of Risk and Civil Commitment Eligibility

Sex offender civil commitment (SOCC) has been enacted in 16 states amid widespread controversy. A critical component of civil commitment is the risk assessment process that determines recommendations for civil confinement once a prison term has expired. This study analyzes the first stage of a two-stage risk assessment process that determines whether eligible sex offenders are referred for clinical evaluation in Florida's Sexually Violent Predator Program. A sample of 773 offenders referred to the program between July 2000 and August 2003 is examined to identify group differences between released and referred sex offenders and the unique effects of legal, clinical, and other factors on the decision to refer for clinical evaluation. Despite considerable discretion given evaluators in assessing risk, the findings indicate substantial and salient group differences between those released and referred and that the primary factors informing referral decisions are consistent with legislative intent, actuarial in...
A Factor Analysis of Human Needs and Industrial Morale1

Summary When an interested management asks “How can employee morale be measured satisfactorily”, …“How is morale in my organization”, …“How can morale be improved”?…, the personnel man is faced with a choice of definitions of morale, a choice of methods of measuring it, and a choice of recommendations on how it can be improved. A search of the published writings shows that there is yet no one best answer to these questions. The present article reports another attempt to answer them. At the beginning of the study it was proposed that high morale be defined as the feeling of well being that an individual experiences when his needs are being filled to his satisfaction. In order to measure how well the employee needs were being filled, a confidential questionnaire was administered to groups of clerical workers at a government installation. In addition, the production records and ratings of these groups were collected. It was found that there were three separate needs that were being filled with varying degrees of satisfaction and that each of these played a different role with respect to production and to morale. The definition of morale as proposed was tentatively supported. Further studies are being made to improve the measurement of need-satisfaction and to relate these measures to turnover rate and to programs designed to improve morale, both in clerical and mechanical work.
Continuous automatic monitoring of volatile organic compounds in aqueous streams by a modified purge-and-trap system

Abstract A new inexpensive modification approach enabled continuous on-line automatic analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in small (0. 1–70 ml/min) sample streams while maintaining all capabilities on a purge-and-trap system. Commercially available automated VOC analyzers require large (liters-per-hour) sample streams. VOCs in laboratory experiments and small sample streams are usually monitored by grab analysis. This paper evaluates the performance of continuously and automatically monitoring VOCs in small sample streams on a modified purge-and-trap system. A 1 ml/min stream with 30 ppb (10 9 ) trichloroethane and 260 ppb tetrachloroethene aqueous standards was monitored unattended for 3 days with 2–3% relative standard deviations. The competitive breakthrough of VOCs through liquid chromatography carbon minicolumns was studied.