cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical models for virus adsorption and inactivation in unsaturated porous media

Abstract Analytical models for virus adsorption and inactivation in batch systems of homogeneous, isothermal, unsaturated porous media were developed. The models account for virus sorption onto liquid–solid as well as air–liquid interfaces and inactivation of viruses in the liquid phase and at both interfaces. Mathematical expressions appropriate for virus sorption onto liquid–solid and air–liquid interfaces were developed as functions of the soil moisture variation. The models were solved analytically by Laplace transform procedures. The effects of soil moisture variation on virus sorption at the liquid–solid as well as air–liquid interfaces were investigated. Available experimental data from virus adsorption-inactivation batch studies were successfully simulated by one of the models developed in this work.
Composition and thermochemistry of silver bromide vapor.

The mole fractions of AgBr and Ag3Br3 in the saturated vapor at 840 K have been evaluated from the vapor mass spectrum, by comparison with the corresponding spectrum of AgCl vapor, where the monomer/trimer ratio is known accurately from vapor molecular weight measurements. Combination of these results with new measurements of the vapor pressure of molten AgBr by the torsion-effusion method in the range 805−936 K yielded the third law enthalpies of vaporization and the standard enthalpies of formation ΔfH°298(AgBr, g) = 27.8 ± 0.3 kcal mol-1 and ΔfH°298(Ag3Br3, g) = −19.0 ± 1 kcal mol-1. The dissociation energy, D°0(AgBr), is found to be 66.4 ± 0.3 kcal mol-1, or 2.88 ± 0.01 eV, some 3.5−5 kcal mol-1 lower than previous literature values. Approximate thermochemical stabilities of the dimer species Ag2Cl2 and Ag2Br2 have also been evaluated.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands: An immunohistochemical analysis

Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a specific variant of adenocarcinoma with a characteristic cribriform appearance. The tumor may arise from salivary glands and various other sites, but the origin and cellular composition of this unique neoplasm have been controversial. A potential use of immunohistochemistry is to provide additional information on the origin of various cellular components of tumors by comparing them with corresponding normal tissues. Immunohistochemical distributions of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), keratin, low molecular weight keratin (54 kd), S100 protein, muscle-specific actin, laminin, and type IV collagen were evaluated in 20 adenoid cystic carcinomas arising in major and minor salivary glands. Anti-CEA, anti-EMA, anti-keratin, and anti-S100 antibodies strongly stained cells lining true lumina. Muscle-specific actin, a marker for myoepithelial cells, was found in lining cells of pseudocysts, in tumor cells proper, and in nonluminal cells with a tubular growth pattern. A monoclonal antibody against 54 kd keratin stained almost all cells in the neoplasms. In pseudocysts, replicated basal lamina reacted with antisera to laminin and to type IV collagen. The present study demonstrates that there are at least two populations of tumor cells in adenoid cystic carcinoma: luminal cells that express CEA and EMA, thus indicating their ductal character, and nonluminal cells that express muscle-specific actin characteristic of myoepithelium.
Color aftereffects contingent on perceived spatial frequency

Spatial frequency-contingent color aftereffects were induced by adaptation to a single color grating of a fixed spatial frequency (Experiment 1) or by alternate exposure to two different color gratings of two different spatial frequencies (Experiment 2). The test stimuli for both experiments consisted of gratings placed in two-dimensional pictorial arrays (Necker cube and corridor array) such that although the retinal spatial frequencies of the test gratings were identical, the perceived spatial frequencies were different due to implicit depth relations and size constancy. The results indicated that under these conditions the color aftereffects were contingent on perceived rather than retinal spatial frequency.
Paget-Schroetter Syndrome Diagnosed by Bedside Emergency Physician performed Ultrasound: A Case Report

Abstract Background Paget-Schroetter syndrome, or an upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT), occurs in young people after strenuous repetitive activity involving the upper extremity. The long-term morbidity and mortality of this condition is similar to the effects of lower-extremity DVT and therefore, its early diagnosis and treatment are essential. Objectives This case report describes Paget-Schroetter syndrome (effort thrombosis) diagnosed at the bedside by Emergency Physician performed ultrasound. Case Report This is a case report of an uncommon but potentially dangerous disease that carries high morbidity if not diagnosed and treated early. Emergency Physicians should be aware of this condition in any young patient who presents with upper-extremity complaints with a history of repetitive use. Although the role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of lower-extremity DVT is well described, this case report is unique because it illustrates the diagnosis of Paget-Schroetter syndrome completed at the bedside. Conclusion This article presents the case and discusses the incidence, potential causes, predisposing factors, diagnostic modalities, and the course of treatment for this particular diagnosis.
Recent advances in and results of surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Abstract The surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis has undergone no important changes in the past 5 years. The agreement that now generally exists as to the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis has resulted from (1) the advent of chemotherapy which rendered temporary collapse therapy unnecessary, (2) Pembine-type conferences which rapidly disseminated knowledge of current developments, and (3) the Veterans Administration Armed Forces cooperative studies which saved valuable time in obtaining information concerning the proper use of chemotherapy in tuberculosis. Resection and thoracoplasty collapse remain the principal surgical measures of proved value in removing and closing the remaining cavities following an adequate course of chemotherapy. The risks of these procedures are justified by the poor prognosis of the patient with a positive sputum and open cavities. Certain patients who have achieved a negative sputum but who have residual disease known to cause relapse frequently should have resections in an attempt to safeguard their future health. Resection is the surgical procedure of choice for patients having segmental or lobar disease when adequate drug coverage is still available. Thoracoplasty competes with resection when total pneumonectomy must be considered and when there is bacterial resistance to the major drugs. Cavernostomy is useful as a salvage procedure to obtain a negative sputum when other surgical measures are not feasible. The aim of surgical therapy should not be to fit the patient to a certain preferred surgical procedure but to select the surgical therapy best adapted to the problem presented by the patient.
Palate Morphogenesis: Current Understanding and Future Directions

In the past, most scientists conducted their inquiries of nature via inductivism, the patient accumulation of "pieces of information" in the pious hope that the sum of the parts would clarify the whole. Increasingly, modern biology employs the tools of bioinformatics and systems biology in attempts to reveal the "big picture." Most successful laboratories engaged in the pursuit of the secrets of embryonic development, particularly those whose research focus is craniofacial development, pursue a middle road where research efforts embrace, rather than abandon, what some have called the "pedestrian" qualities of inductivism, while increasingly employing modern data mining technologies. The secondary palate has provided an excellent paradigm that has enabled examination of a wide variety of developmental processes. Examination of cellular signal transduction, as it directs embryogenesis, has proven exceptionally revealing with regard to clarification of the "facts" of palatal ontogeny-at least the facts as we currently understand them. Herein, we review the most basic fundamentals of orofacial embryology and discuss how functioning of TGFbeta, BMP, Shh, and Wnt signal transduction pathways contributes to palatal morphogenesis. Our current understanding of palate medial edge epithelial differentiation is also examined. We conclude with a discussion of how the rapidly expanding field of epigenetics, particularly regulation of gene expression by miRNAs and DNA methylation, is critical to control of cell and tissue differentiation, and how examination of these epigenetic processes has already begun to provide a better understanding of, and greater appreciation for, the complexities of palatal morphogenesis.
Relative deoxygenation in the vastus lateralis

A non-invasive, near-infrared tissue spectrophotometer has been previously described. The device utilizes the differential absorption characteristics of oxy-hemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb) at 760 and 850 nm to indicate localized changes in tissue oxygenation. The present study was undertaken to examine the relative magnitude of vastus lateralis deoxygenation in highly-trained cyclists at maximal effort. A ramp exercise to exhaustion was immediately followed by a cuff ischemia to elicit a maximal Hb signal. All of the subjects exhibited further deoxygenation upon cuff ischemia; determined to be 63%, 69%, 72%, and 56% of maximal Hb signal. This suggests that there was incomplete depletion of oxygen supply in the vastus lateralis muscles of these subjects at exhaustion.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The potential of non-invasive ventilation to decrease BPD

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the most common chronic lung disease in infancy, has serious long-term pulmonary and neurodevelopmental consequences right up to adulthood, and is associated with significant healthcare costs. BPD is a multifactorial disease, with genetic and environmental factors interacting to culminate in the characteristic clinical and pathological phenotype. Among the environmental factors, invasive endotracheal tube ventilation is considered a critical contributing factor to the pathogenesis of BPD. Since BPD currently has no specific preventive or effective therapy, considerable interest has focused on the use of non-invasive ventilation as a means to potentially decrease the incidence of BPD. This article reviews the progress made in the last 5 years in the use of nasal continuous positive airways pressure (NCPAP) and nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) as it pertains to impacting on BPD rates. Research efforts are summarized, and some guidelines are suggested for clinical use of these techniques in neonates.
The locus of forgetting of words and trigrams

Ninety-two Ss learned a word-response (r) paired-associate (PA) list, and 92 different Ss learned a consonant-syllable (CCC) r PA list Three types of recall tasks were given prior to the final recall test in order to determine the locus of forgetting for naive Ss after a retention interval of 24h. For the word list, r presentation facilitated final recall, indicating that an important locus of forgetting was loss ofr availability. For the CCC list, r presentation was not effective over appropriate controls. Stimulus (s)-r recall was found to be nearly equal to r-s recall for the word r group, however, inferior to r-s recall for the CCC r group. Repeated recall trials without informative feedback generally facilitated recall of both lists.
Spherical indentation of composite laminates with controlled gradients in elastic anisotropy

Abstract Three-dimensional elastic analyses and experiments of indentation of thick laminated plates of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy are presented. Pointwise, the material is characterized as a linear elastic orthotropic material. The in-plane orientation of the carbon fibers is systematically varied as a function of depth. The influence of fiber orientation as a function of depth on the indentation response is considered along with the relationship between the indenter force vs depth. The fiber orientation profiles considered are those of a continuous linear variation between 90° at the outer surfaces and 0° at the center plane of the laminate, and a cross ply laminate involving alternating 90° and 0° layers through thickness. Experimentally, it is found that for the case of a cross-ply laminate, the indentation produces delaminations localized at the interfaces that separate planes of dissimilar orientation. For this case, stress concentrations at interfaces between plies of dissimilar orientation coincide with the observed sites of delamination. For the graded case, evidence of enhanced nonlinear deformation is found, without the nucleation of cracks. Computations show that for the graded material, tensile stresses perpendicular to fibers are suppressed significantly, possibly explaining the absence of matrix cracks in this material. Measured and computed indenter force-depth variations were found to be in good agreement. Experiments and computations also reveal that the orientation-graded material is more compliant when subjected to indentation than the conventional cross-ply laminate.
Sensory regulation of maternal behavior in mammals

Abstract A symposium held at the 79th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association in Washington, D. C., September 1971, examined the role of various modalities in the regulation of maternal behavior and the hormone conditions that regulate lactation. On the basis of presentations from current researchers in the field (Allin and Banks [a]; Fleming and Rosenblatt [b]; Zarrow, Schlein and Denenberg [c]; Grosvenor and Mena [d]; Findlay and Roth [e]; and Sachs [f]), it was concluded that: (1) the full maternal cycle (from parturition to weaning) involves a variety of sensory modes; (2) specific components of maternal behavior may depend upon a single modality; (3) the nature of sensory control of maternal behavior varies with the species; (4) in some species, appropriate hormonal or experiental conditions may allow previously inadequate sensory (or neural) control to become effective; and, (5) the sensory conditions that regulate lactation are not the same as those that control maternal behavior.
Hypothesis: immunologic rationale for the therapy of membranous lupus nephropathy.

Abstract Membranous nephropathy in lupus erythematosus is associated with low titers of nonprecipitating antibody to native DNA in contrast to other forms of lupus nephritis where large amounts of precipitating antibody are found. It is hypothesized that host antibody response determines the nature of the immune complex and hence the location of its deposition in the glomerulus. In addition, since effective immunosuppressive therapy of proliferative glomerulonephritis ultimately leads to disappearance of precipitating antibody and the development of an antibody profile similar to that seen in virginal membranous nephropathy, one possible rational therapy of the latter disease may be no treatment at all. This hypothesis is supported by clinical therapeutic trials insofar as the DNA antibody profiles; however, it is recognized that steroids and/or immunosuppressants may have therapeutic consequences other than those changing the type of immune complexes formed.
Polymorphisms in the 5α reductase type 2 gene and urologic measures of BPH

BACKGROUND The objective of the study was to examine associations between SRD5A2 polymorphisms and measures of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS Participants were 510 Caucasian men (median age 60 years), randomly selected from the Olmsted County, MN community to participate in a longitudinal study of BPH. From 1990 through 2000, biennial measurements of lower urinary tract symptom severity (assessed from the American Urological Association Symptom Index, AUASI), peak urinary flow rates (Qmax), and prostate volume were made. Genotyping of SRD5A2 V89L, A49T, and TA repeat polymorphisms were performed. RESULTS Compared with the VV genotype, the LL genotype was associated with an enlarged prostate (Hazard ratio (HR) = 1.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06, 2.43) but not with AUASI, Qmax, or PSA. The A49T and TA repeat polymorphisms were not associated with BPH. When the LL/VL, AT/TT, and TA(0)/TA(0) genotypes were considered high risk, the number of high risk genotypes increased with increasing prostate volume (32.3, 30.7, 34.1, and 38.7, respectively, P for trend = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS These findings do not demonstrate consistent associations between SRD5A2 genotypes and BPH. However, they suggest that the associations of V89L polymorphisms and prostate volume should be investigated further. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electronics for a high temperature superconducting receiver system for magnetic resonance microimaging

Describes an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) receiver system that incorporates a high temperature superconducting (HTS) resonator as a surface coil. Techniques for measuring the Q of the HTS resonator in a 7 Tesla field are discussed. A method for coupling a room temperature copper resonant circuit to the HTS element is covered, and it is shown that such a coupling scheme preserves the signal-to-noise gain afforded by the HTS coil. A preamplifier with a noise figure of >
Interleukin‐1 induction of type‐1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI‐1) gene expression in the mouse hepatocyte line, AML 12

Type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), the major regulator of fibrinolysis, is an important component of the acute phase (AP) response, the coordinated systemic reaction of an organism to tissue injury. As part of a combined in vivo and in vitro study of AP regulation of PAI-1 gene expression in murine hepatocytes, we have characterized the cytokine regulation of PAI-1 gene expression in AML 12 cells, an established line of normal hepatocytes derived from an adult transgenic mouse overexpressing transforming growth factor alpha. Interleukin (IL)-1 caused a rapid and transient 4-fold increase in PAI-1 mRNA that was maximal at 1 h. Half-maximal induction by IL-1 was obtained at 50 U/ml and maximal effects were seen at approximately 500 U/ml. Tumor necrosis factor alpha induced PAI-1 mRNA accumulation with the same magnitude and time course as IL-1, and was not additive with IL-1. IL-6 and dexamethasone alone had no effect on PAI-1 mRNA accumulation and did not enhance the effect of IL-1. Transforming growth factor beta caused a sustained 5- to 7-fold increase in the accumulation of PAI-1 mRNA that was maximal after 2 to 4 h. The IL-1 induction of PAI-1 was inhibited by actinomycin D, but not by cycloheximide. Nuclear run-on studies demonstrated that IL-1 induced a rapid and transient increase in PAI-1 gene transcription that was maximal at 30 min. IL-1 did not stabilize PAI-1 mRNA, and might, in fact, accelerate its rate of decay. These data demonstrate that IL-1, a potent mediator of AP response, induces the accumulation of PAI-1 mRNA in murine hepatocytes, at least in part, by rapidly and transiently increasing the rate of transcription of the PAI-1 gene.
The structure of competition for office in the American States

Think of the great advantage to political parties and political candidates if there were some reliable way of knowing the best strategy to follow for winning an election. If such candidates as Senator Kennedy or Vice-President Nixon could assess the competitive structure of a state, they would be able to define one major aspect of the opportunity structure of that state. Here is an interesting attempt to develop a measure of competitiveness in party relationships—an unusual approach to a problem in political science and practical politics.
Genome-wide assessment of tandem repeat markers for biogeographical analyses of the corn smut fungus, Ustilago maydis

It has been postulated that the fungus Ustilago maydis followed its host maize around the world. In order to understand the biogeography of this fungus relative to its host, we used a bioinformatics approach to develop 86 tandem repeat markers useful for population studies of U. maydis. We characterized repeat motifs between two and 155 nucleotides using 36 isolates from USA, Mexico and South America. Our data suggested that (i) repeat motif length does not predict the number of alleles for that locus, and (ii) that the more polymorphic markers can resolve differences in a small geographical area.
The Role of Unmixedness and Chemical Kinetics in Driving Combustion Instabilities in Lean Premixed Combustors

Abstract This paper presents the results of a study of the potential causes of frequently observed combustion instabilities in low NOx gas turbines (LNGT) that burn gaseous fuels in a premixed mode. The study was motivated by indications that such systems are highly sensitive to equivalence ratio perturbations. An unsteady well-stirred reactor model was developed and used to determine the magnitude of the reaction rate and heat release oscillations produced by periodic flow rate, temperature or equivalence ratio perturbations in the combustor's inlet flow at different mean equivalence ratios. This study shows that the magnitudes of the reaction rate and heat release oscillations produced by these perturbations remains practically unchanged, decreases, and significantly (i.e., by a factor of 5-100) increases, respectively, as the equivalence ratio decreases. These results strongly suggest that equivalence ratio perturbations, which are an indication of reactants unmixedness, playa key role in the driving o...
The Triassic-Jurassic ecostratigraphic transition in the Lombardian Alps, Italy

Abstract Three paleoenvironmental phases and two declines in diversity characterize the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic history of the Lombardian Platforms. The first phase, of Late Triassic time (?Choristoceras Zone), consists of 1–5 m thick shallowing-upward subtidal cycles of molluscan, coralline, and echinoderm wackestone and packstone of the Zu Limestone. Biotic and ecostratigraphic characteristics such as typical Rhaetavicula contorta fauna and facies allow correlation to the Kossen Formation of the Northern Calcareous Alps. The second phase, of latest Triassic time (?upper Choristoceras Zone), consists of shallow restricted marine or peritidal carbonates of the Chonchodon Formation dominated by barren lime mudstone and dolostone, algal laminites, and oolitic grainstone. The Zu-Conchodon transition predates the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and represents the first, and most severe, diversity decline for the Lombardian fauna corresponding to a fall in sea-level. Where observed, the upper and lower contacts of the Conchodon Formation are conformable and do not constitute sequence boundaries as suggested by some workers. The Lower Jurassic (?Psiloceras Zone) Sedrina Limestone marks the beginning of the third phase with the onset of transgression and return of normal marine conditions. Typical microfacies include molluscan, echinoderm, and sponge wackestone and packstone with abundant anomuran microcoprolites. The second diversity decline occurred at, or just above, the Triassic-Jurassic boundary at the Conchodon-Sedrina transition, where the remaining restricted marine forms disappeared with the transgression. Anoxia was not a factor in this decline in diversity, although other mechanisms in addition to sea-level change cannot be discounted.
Quantum interference and Klein tunnelling in graphene heterojunctions

The observation of oscillations in the conductance characteristics of narrow graphene p–n-junctions confirms their ability to collimate ballistic carriers. Moreover, the phase of these oscillations at low magnetic field suggests the occurrence of the perfect transmission of carriers normal to the junction as a direct result of the Klein effect. The observation of quantum conductance oscillations in mesoscopic systems has traditionally required the confinement of the carriers to a phase space of reduced dimensionality1,2,3,4. Although electron optics such as lensing5 and focusing6 have been demonstrated experimentally, building a collimated electron interferometer in two unconfined dimensions has remained a challenge owing to the difficulty of creating electrostatic barriers that are sharp on the order of the electron wavelength7. Here, we report the observation of conductance oscillations in extremely narrow graphene heterostructures where a resonant cavity is formed between two electrostatically created bipolar junctions. Analysis of the oscillations confirms that p–n junctions have a collimating effect on ballistically transmitted carriers8. The phase shift observed in the conductance fringes at low magnetic fields is a signature of the perfect transmission of carriers normally incident on the junctions9 and thus constitutes a direct experimental observation of ‘Klein tunnelling’10,11,12.
Immunological studies of fetuin.

Abstract The mucoprotein fetuin has been found to be immunologically heterogeneous. This is reflected in the nature of the quantitative precipitin reaction, the antigen-antibody reactions in agar-gel systems, the immunological reactions of heated fetuin, and studies of the hexosamine contents of specific precipitates. In the rabbits studied, antibodies were found to be formed to only a small part of the protein in purified fetuin. Heating destroys the ability of the antigenic material to form specific precipitates although some of the antigenic components still react with the antibody.
#selfiesinthestacks: Sharing the Library with Instagram

This article discusses a student-guided Instagram program for first-year English composition classes at the University of Montevallo during Fall 2013. The activity engaged aspects of critical pedagogy by placing value on students’ prior experiences as creators and users of information and encouraging a classroom environment guided by student input. Since the program was meant for students in their first semester, it was also designed to be fun and social. The Instagram program helped students encounter the unfamiliar academic library environment through the familiar medium of social media, alleviating library anxiety as they produced online content representing their experience.
Professional men and women segments: Clothing catalog usage

Abstract The use of catalogs for purchasing clothing for a nationwide sample of professional men (n = 294) and professional women (n = 240) was examined in this study. Clothing items purchased from catalogs were categorized into four groups, which were defined by intended use. Items composing clothing groups differed for professional men and women. Heavy purchasers of each of the four clothing groups were predicted in terms of demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and benefits sought. Different predictors of catalog users for each clothing group were evident for professional men and women. The results indicate that catalog users should be segmented separately for professional men and women, and that market strategies should be implemented by clothing groups.
Conduction in Concentrated Solutions of Several Metals in Liquid Ammonia

Measurements are reported of the electrical conductivity of solutions of Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Yb in liquid ammonia. Cs-NH${7}_{3}$ solutions were studied at concentrations above 6 mole% metal (MPM) and at temperatures from 200 to 300 K. Cesium and ammonia can apparently be mixed in any proportion near room temperature. In the case of the other metals, the concentration range is from 2 to 7 MPM at temperatures between 190 and 250 K. The observed conductivities ranged from 200 to 16 000 ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The conductivity was observed to increase with temperature, except for Cs-N${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ solutions above 30 MPM. The present results are compared with those available on other metal-ammonia solutions, and with the behavior of simple liquid metals. In addition, the phase diagrams of the solutions are reported.
The recrystallization of 99.997% chromium

Abstract Recrystallization data were obtained on samples of warm worked 99.997% chromium that had been deformed 60% by rolling. The per-cent recrystallized as a function of time was obtained using quantitative optical microscopy techniques. Specimens in various stages of recrystallization yielded activation energies of about 80 kcal/mole. The recrystallization data were analyzed using the theory of Avrami. Deviations from the theoretical equations occurred in the initial part and latter stages of the recrystallization process. The initial deviation was attributed to the overlap of recovery with recrystallization, which was confirmed by transmission electron-microscopy studies, while the latter deviation was attributed to the lack of perfectly random nucleation. Isothermal grain-growth measurements were conducted on the growing, unimpinged, recrystallized grains. An initial decrease in the growth rates was attributed to a decrease in the strain energy by concurrent recovery and recrystallization processes occurring during the initial stages of recrystallization. When the recovery processes were essentially complete, the growth rates became constant until extensive impingement of the grains began to occur.
Lexical acquisition and acquisition of initial voiceless stops

The interaction between lexical acquisition and acquisition of initial voiceless stops was studied in two normally developing children, aged 1;9 and 1;10, by acoustically examining the token-by-token accuracy of initial voiceless stop targets in different lexical items. Production accuracy was also examined as it related to the frequency of usage of different words, as well as the time when they entered the children's lexicons. Fewer than half of the words in the children's lexicons had tokens representing the emergence of accurate voiceless stop production prior to the session at which the voicing contrast was achieved. These words were primarily ‘old’ words that had been in the children's lexicons from the beginning of data collection, as opposed to ‘new’ words, first produced in later recording sessions. Findings are discussed in reference to the ‘lexical diffusion’ model of sound change and within the framework of nonlinear underspecification theory.
Fine-resolution imagery of extended objects observed through volume turbulence using phase-diverse speckle

Space-variant blur occurs when imaging through volume turbulence over sufficiently large fields of view. This condition arises in a variety of imaging geometries, including astronomical imaging, horizontal-path imaging, and slant-path (e.g. air-to-ground) imaging. Space-variant effects are particularly severe when much of the optical path is immersed in turbulent media. We present a novel post-processing algorithm based on the technique of phase- diverse speckle (PDS) and a physical model for the space- variant blur. PDS imaging is a combination of phase diversity and speckle imaging which has proven to be an effective post-processing technique for cases with space- invariant blur. We present the details of the algorithm modified to accommodate space-variance and demonstrate its performance with results from both simulation experiments and real-data experiments. The results show that the space- variant PDS algorithm is very effective in cases involving severe space-variant blur, which cause correction techniques based on space-invariant models to fail.
Antithrombotic therapy for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a review.

Patients with atrial fibrillation who have risk factors for thromboembolism benefit from chronic oral anticoagulation therapy, and antiplatelet therapy alone is of relatively little benefit for prevention of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. Patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents require dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and a thienopyridine for 3 to 12 months or more prevention of stent thrombosis and recurrent ischemic events. When patients with atrial fibrillation undergo percutaneous coronary intervention, the need to combine dual antiplatelet therapy and warfarin raises the risk of major bleeding complications considerably. Recent trials have explored the option of omitting aspirin with promising results. The introduction of novel oral anticoagulants that specifically inhibit factor IIa (dabigatran) or factor Xa (rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban) and antiplatelet agents that inhibit the P2Y12 receptor (prasugrel and ticagrelor) makes management of these patients even more challenging, but future trials addressing myriad alternative regimens may identify better tolerated strategies.
Rapid bacterial degradation of polysaccharides in anoxic marine systems

Extracellular hydrolysis of organic macromolecules is often assumed to be the slow step in remineralization of organic matter. We tested this assumption by comparing the degradation of four polysaccharides (pullulan, laminarin, and two polysaccharides isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus WH7335) to determine whether size, linkage position, or anomeric linkage affected rates or mechanisms of carbohydrate degradation by mixed cultures of anaerobic bacteria enriched from marine sediments. Gel permeation chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were used to follow the extracellular conversion of high molecular weight polysaccharides to lower molecular weight polysaccharides and oligosaccharides which were subsequently remineralized. In all cases, substrate degradation was rapid. NMR spectra showed that preferential hydrolysis occurred at specific chemical linkages, and extracellular enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides occurred far more rapidly than bacterial uptake and remineralization of the lower molecular weight oligosaccharides produced through enzymatic hydrolysis. Substrate size was not a significant determinant of remineralization rate: high molecular weight does not always correlate with slow degradation rate. The hypothesis that extracellular enzymatic hydrolysis is a slow step in the degradation of macromolecular organic matter in marine systems needs to be critically re-examined.
In-Plane Structure of the Liquid-Vapor Interface of an Alloy: A Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction Study of Bismuth:Gallium.

The liquid-vapor interface of a bismuth-gallium mixture (0.2 percent bismuth and 99.8 percent gallium) at 36°C has been studied by grazing incidence x-ray diffraction. The data show, in agreement with thermodynamic arguments, that bismuth is heavily concentrated in the liquid-vapor interface. The x-ray diffraction data are interpreted with the assistance of a simple model that represents the interface as a partial monolayer of bismuth. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the bismuth concentration in the interface is about 80 percent, that there is no significant mixing of gallium and bismuth in the interface, and that the structure function of the interfacial bismuth is like that of supercooled bulk liquid bismuth.
Hyperimmune whooping cough serum

Summary 1. Hyperimmune whooping cough serum obtained from donors immunized with phase I pertussis vaccine has been employed in passive immunization of 308 infants and children subsequent to exposure to whooping cough and in the treatment of 442 patients with whooping cough following the onset of paroxysms. 2. The results obtained closely parallel those reported earlier in the studies which indicated that the serum was of considerable value in the prevention and treatment of the disease. 3. The possible use of toxoid and/or purified agglutinogen for the development of hyperimmune serum, either one alone or in combination with vaccine, is in the process of investigation.
Genetic and Environmental Relationships Among Efficiency, Yield, Consumption and Weight of Holstein Cows

Abstract Milk production, feed consumption and body weight data were collected on 661 lactations of 318 Holstein cows by 17 sires to study the genetic aspects of gross feed efficiency of milk production. Gross feed efficiency was defined as the ratio kilogram of fat-corrected milk yield per therm of estimated net energy consumed. Least squares analyses of variance were conducted on both a first and over-all parity basis. Body weight change from calving to the end of lactation had a significant effect on efficiency in both analyses. Year effects on efficiency were not significant in the first parity, but were on an over-all lactation basis. The genetic correlations between efficiency and production, efficiency and body weight, and body weight and production were 0.92, −0.17, and 0.28, respectively. The heritability of efficiency was 0.46 as opposed to 0.62 for production. It was concluded that selection on the basis of yield alone would increase the genetic potential for feed efficiency.
Method of Modified Corncob Adsorbing Heavy Metal Ions from Water

Experiment used the microwave and the adjustment of pH to modify corncob to adsorb heavy metal ions (Zn2+, Pb2+) from Water. In order to find out the best adsorption condition on the liquor which concentrations of Zn2+ and Pb2+ were 30 mg/L respective, the experiment used method of control variables and the modified corncob adsorption rate of Zn2+ was the reference index. The results indicated that when corncob diameter, dosage, absorbing time, shaking speed and the pH value of liquor zinc chloride were 1.5mm, 20mg/L, 30min, 180rpm and 6, respectively, the adsorption rate of Zn2+ and Pb2+ reached the highest by 76.67% and 98.54%. The results showed that modified corncob adsorption rate of Zn2+ and Pb2+ were more than 80% and 98% at low concentrations. In conclusion, modified corncob had a good adsorption property of heavy metal ions in water.
Magnetoresistance of Mg, Cu, Sb, and Al at Liquid Helium Temperatures

The resistance of pure samples of magnesium, copper, antimony, and aluminum was measured at temperatures between 1.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 4.22\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in transverse magnetic fields ranging from zero to 22 kg. In a magnesium specimen the dependence of the magnetoresistance on the resistance in zero field was in strict agreement with the Kohler rule, even though the temperature coefficient of the resistance in zero field was negative. The copper samples also showed negative temperature coefficient of resistance, and the temperature dependence of the magnetoresistance was qualitatively in accord with the Kohler rule. The second derivative with respect to temperature of the resistance of the copper samples in zero field was negative in the liquid helium range.
Removal of Uranium from water using terrestrial plants

Uranium (U) contamination of groundwater poses a serious environmental problem in uranium mining areas and in the vicinity of nuclear processing facilities. Preliminary laboratory experiments and t...
Tearing Algorithms for Large-Scale Network Programs

In a recent survey taken among more than 50 electric utilities and power pools, more than 30 percent expressed a need for load flow and stability programs that would be capable of representing more than 2000 buses and 3000 branches. In fact, more than 20 percent indicated a need for 3000 bus programs within the next two years, and some wanted 4000 bus programs. When using methods for network solution such as the Newton-Raphson method, the amount of computer memory required by a 2000 bus program, even when sparsity is effectively exploited, is near the limit of very large computers. There is, then, an obvious need for tearing techniques that can be applied to such solution methods as the Newton-Raphson method, the Y-bus method, the factorized Z-bus method, and other equivalent methods.
Binding of γ-aminobutyric acid by mouse brain preparations☆

Abstract Procedures were described for the study of the binding of γ-aminobutyric acid (γABA)-1- 14 C, which takes place with various brain preparations but not in similar preparations of several other tissues tested. All the binding activity, which does not require energy and is nonenzymatic, was found in the sedimentable fractions of sucrose homogenates of mouse brain, largely in the “mitochondrial” and “microsomal” fractions. The pH optimum for binding was found to be approximately between 7.3 and 7.5. γABA binding by the preparation was shown to be Na + -dependent. There is a considerable degree of specificity in the structural requirements for yABA binding, and even minor variations in structure give substances with less affinity than γABA for the binding substance of structures. Experiments with surface-active materials and with sulfhydryl reagents led to the suggestion that the binding capacity is associated with osmotically sensitive macromolecular structural elements, among the components of which may be proteins with reactive sulfhydryl groups. Two antihistamines, two phenothiazine derivatives, and imipramine and desmethylimipramine were found to inhibit γABA binding. Several other pharmacologically active substances which were tested were found to be without effect.
Combustion reaction in multilayered nickel and aluminum foils

Ni/Al (3/1) multilayer reaction piles were heated in a vacuum furnace and the temperature (100 readings per s for a precision of 0.2°C) of the reaction pile was measured continuously during the combustion reaction. The ignition temperature (at which the combustion starts) is almost the same independent of heating rate and the thickness of the foils. This temperature corresponds to the melting of Al which triggers the reaction. For thin Ni foils, less than 25 μm thick, the maximum temperature shows a plateau with time, close to the adiabatic reaction temperature or the eutectic temperature close to Ni3Al. For thicker Ni foils, the maximum temperature decreases with the increase of foil thickness and the combustion is incomplete. The reaction time between the ignition temperature and the maximum temperature (or the beginning of the plateau temperature) increases from 8 s for a 12.5 μm Ni foil to 125 s for a 150 μm Ni foil and the relation is almost linear. For Ni foils less than 25 μm thick, the final microstructure is homogeneous with a grain size approximately equal to the combined initial Ni and Al foil thicknesses. In the range used, 1–100°C min−1, the heating rate has very little effect on the combustion reaction. From the temperature-time profile and microstructure analysis, there are evidences of melting of Al, decomposition of Al3Ni and Al3Ni2, and the formation of NiAl and Ni3Al.
Origins of serotonin innervation of forebrain structures

The tryptophan hydroxylase activity and high-affinity uptake of (3H) serotonin ((3H)5-HT) were measured in five discrete brain regions of rats following lesions of the dorsal or median raphe nuclei. Dorsal raphe lesions reduced enzyme and uptake activity in the striatum only. Median raphe lesions reduced activities in the hippocampus, septal area, frontal cortex, and, to a lesser extent, in the hypothalamus. These data are consistent with the suggestion that the dorsal and median raphe nuclei are the origins of two separate ascending serotonergic systems - one innervating striatal structures and the other mesolimbic structures, predominantly. In addition, the data suggest that measurements of high-affinity uptake of (3H)5-HT may be a more reliable index of innervation than either 5-HT content or tryptophan hydroxylase activity.
Prenatal terbutaline exposure in the rat: selective effects on development of noradrenergic projections to cerebellum.

Abstract Terbutaline, used in the treatment of premature labor and asthma, crosses the placenta and can stimulate β 2 -adrenergic receptors in the fetus. This study examines the effects of prenatal exposure to terbutaline (10 mg/kg SC on gestational days 17, 18 and 19) on the development of noradrenergic projections in brain regions of the fetal and neonatal rat, using synaptosomal uptake of [ 3 H]norepinephrine as a marker for synaptogenesis. Although terbutaline exposure did not compromise body or brain region growth, uptake was adversely affected selectively in the cerebellum, a region which also displays close coupling of fetal β 2 -receptors to control of cell development near term. These results thus provide biochemical evidence that terbutaline may be a neurobehavioral teratogen.
Roles of the Chemokine System in Development of Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Cardiovascular Disease

The escalating epidemic of obesity has increased the incidence of obesity-induced complications to historically high levels. Adipose tissue is a dynamic energy depot, which stores energy and mobilizes it during nutrient deficiency. Excess nutrient intake resulting in adipose tissue expansion triggers lipid release and aberrant adipokine, cytokine and chemokine production, and signaling that ultimately lead to adipose tissue inflammation, a hallmark of obesity. This low-grade chronic inflammation is thought to link obesity to insulin resistance and the associated comorbidities of metabolic syndrome such as dyslipidemia and hypertension, which increase risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we focus on and discuss members of the chemokine system for which there is clear evidence of participation in the development of obesity and obesity-induced pathologies.
Basin-Scale Tomography: Synoptic Measurements of a 4000-km Length Section in the Pacific

Abstract Pulse-like acoustic transmissions (133 Hz, 60 ms resolution), between a bottom-mounted source near Oahu and a bottom-mounted receiver at about 4000 km range near the coast of Northern California, are recorded during a 5-day interval in 1983 and a 21-day interval in 1987. Measurements of the acoustic travel-time change, based on the acoustic phase, are made every two minutes to a precision of about 135 μs. Power spectra of the acoustic phases, at periods less than about 34 hours, exhibit many significant peaks at nontidal periods whose equivalent rms travel times are between 1 and 10 ms. The periods and amplitudes of these peaks change significantly over intervals of five days. The 1983 dataset is used to demonstrate that the travel times along different ray paths oscillate in phase with each other at periods near the prominent nortidal periods of 15 and 20 hours. This observation leads to the conclusion that the ocean process is either barotropic or it consists of the first or the second baroclin...
Global Properties of Supermanifolds

We construct new examples of supermanifolds, and determine the vector bundle structure of the supermanifolds commonly used in physics. We show that any supermanifold admits a foliation whose leaves are locally tangent to the soul directions in the coordinate charts, and which is one of a nested sequence of foliations. We point out that the existence of these foliations implies restrictions on the possible topologies of supermanifolds. For example, a compact supermanifold with a single even dimension must have vanishing Euler characteristic. We also show that a globally defined superfield on a “nice” compact supermanifold must be constant along the leaves of the foliations. By this mechanism, the global topology of a supermanifold can be used to impose physically interesting constraints on superfields. As an example, we exhibit a supermanifold which has the local geometry of flat superspace but is such that all globally defined superfields are chiral.