cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Presurgical plasma exchange for severe factor V deficiency.

We report two patients with severe congenital factor V deficiency, one of whom also had a factor V inhibitor, who required correction of their coagulopathy prior to surgical procedures. They underwent plasma exchange (PE) with fresh frozen plasma or solvent'detergent treated plasma (S/DP), with achievement of factor V levels satisfactory for hemostasis for their procedures. PE makes it possible to raise factor levels quickly and sufficiently without volume overload. In addition, transient reduction of inhibitor titers by PE may improve the level of correction achievable during the perioperative period. The advent of S/DP promises to provide an added increment of safety in patients exposed to significant volumes of plasma during PE.
Modeling detonation waves in nitromethane

Abstract Nitromethane is a liquid explosive. It has been extensively studied as an example of a homogeneous condensed phase explosive. Moreover, small particles can be added to obtain a well characterized heterogeneous explosive for experimental studies of shock initiation due to hot spots. Corresponding mesoscale simulations of hot-spot initiation require a model with a good chemical reaction rate and an equation of state with good thermal properties. Here we describe such a model for nitromethane. Detonation wave properties of the model are compared with experimental data. In addition, we discuss issues with the accuracy to which the CJ pressure can be inferred from the available data and the stability of an underdriven or CJ detonation wave in pure nitromethane.
Ligaya Lindio-McGovern and Isidor Wallimann (eds.) 2009: Globalization and Third World Women: Exploitation, Coping and Resistance. Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate.

A review of the book "Globalization and Third World Women: Exploitation, Coping and Resistance," edited by Ligaya Lindio-McGovern and Isidor Walliman is presented.
Crystal-melt interfacial free energies and mobilities in fcc and bcc Fe

Molecular-dynamics simulations have been used to compute thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the solid-liquid interface for both the fcc and bcc phases of Fe. Pure Fe was modeled using two different interatomic potentials of the embedded atom type as well as an effective pair potential. Free solidification simulations were used to determine the kinetic coefficient $\ensuremath{\mu}$ for the different models of pure Fe. The anisotropy of $\ensuremath{\mu}$ with respect to growth direction in the bcc phase is similar to that observed in fcc systems, namely ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{100}g{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{110}\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{111},$ and the kinetic coefficient of bcc is larger than $\ensuremath{\mu}$ for the fcc phase. The kinetic coefficient results are discussed in terms of a kinetic density-functional-theory-based model of crystal growth. In addition, results for solid-liquid interfacial free energies $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ computed via the capillary fluctuation method, are summarized.
Dynamic action threshold levels for the potato leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on potatoes in Wisconsin.

Experiments were conducted in 1980 and 1981 at Arlington and Hancock, Wis., to develop action threshold levels (ATL) for Empoasca fabae (Harris) on potatoes in Wisconsin. Various levels of adult and nymphal densities were achieved with different treatments of fenvalerate, and subsequent effects on yield were determined. In 1980, when adults migrated into the state in relatively small numbers, the appropriate ATL was 25 adults per 25 sweeps when nymphal densities exceeded ca. 20 per 25 leaves. In 1981, adults entered the state in large numbers and the appropriate ATL was 100 adults per 25 sweeps when nymphal populations were ≤10 per 25 leaves. A dynamic action threshold model was developed by regressing the maximum number of adults attained without causing significant yield reductions in 1980 and 1981 against the nymphal population at various adult densities. This model describes a population of adults and nymphs with a single value, and is dependent on the age structure of the potato leafhopper population. The age structure is, in turn, largely determined by the size of influxes of adults.
Exploring cognitive modelling in engineering usability design

Engineering practice moves towards user-centred product design. Without effective computer-aided design tools, relying only on subjective guidelines in design and user testing in prototyping has made usability design expensive and time-consuming. This paper explores how modern cognitive modelling (CogM) can systematically address the challenges facing engineering usability design. A CogM-aided design paradigm is investigated for the different requirements of conceptual and detailed design stages, its procedural framework, and its special training and design modes. As the proof of concept, cognitive models are used in conjunction with empirical experiments to evaluate a set of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) designs. A group of human subjects test different settings of three design variables for several information-retrieval tasks with these GUIs. Then cognitive models, using the adaptive control of thought–rational/perceptual–motor cognitive architecture and built with distinct visual search strategies c...
Optimal tracking over an additive white noise feedback channel

This paper studies the best achievable tracking performance of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), finite dimensional, linear and time-invariant (FDLTI) system over a additive white noise (AWN) channel in the feedback path. The plant under consideration is assumed to be minimum phase but unstable. The reference input is a vector valued wide-sense stationary (WSS) random process. The power of the tracking error is adopted as the measure of the performance and is to be minimized subject to the channel power constraint. We investigate a joint design of the controller and the scaling factor, which can be interpreted as a simple compensation for the channel. It is shown explicitly that the tracking performance, which in a noise-free setting can be made as zero, depends on plant unstable poles and the power constraint of the AWN channel. It is also shown in the sequel that when the constant scaling is not available, the channel is not exploited to the maximum extent allowable under the power constraint, and the tracking performance deteriorates.
Extending innovation boundaries: corporate venture capital gives large firms a strategic option

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to describe how investing in entrepreneurial ventures can help large firms pursue corporate entrepreneurship initiates. Ventures can be attractive partners due to their ability to provide a disproportionate share of radical innovations.Design/methodology/approach – Based on existing literature and information collected via 45 surveys and 72 interviews, the paper shows that strategic fit is an important variable that determines the type of benefits ventures can provide to investing firms.Findings – Three benefits large firms can reap from investing in ventures are: managing the risks and uncertainties of innovation; learning from the venture; and increasing bargaining power over ventures that supply innovative products.Research limitations/implications – Existing research does not go far enough to explain the range of benefits corporate venture capital can provide. The majority of investments were found in ventures that sell innovative products to the investing firm...
Software unbundling: a personal perspective

This article summarizes the author's invited talk at the Charles Babbage Institute conference on unbundling held in Palo Alto, California, on 23 September 2000. Humphrey, who worked at IBM for many years and was involved in many of the company's software unbundling decisions, was in a unique position to offer his perspectives on why, and how, IBM made its decisions.
Impact of Genetic Variants in Human Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I (SCARB1) on Plasma Lipid Traits

Background—Scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SCARB1) plays an important role in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) metabolism in selective cholesteryl ester uptake and in free cholestero...
Ribavirin Levels in Post Liver Transplant Patients Treated for Recurrent Hepatitis C Viral Infection

Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common indication for liver transplantation (LTx) in the United States. Ribavirin with pegylated interferon is the only treatment option for HCV recurrence in post-LTx patients. In clinical practice, for more than 50% of patients, ribavirin dose needs to be modified. Aim The aim of this study was to examine the role of ribavirin level and its relevance in the management of post-LTx patients in terms of renal dysfunction, efficacy, toxicity, and potential drug interactions. Patients and methods Thirty-four blood samples were available from 22 post-LTx patients. Ribavirin concentrations in plasma (all samples) and whole blood concentrations (16 samples) were examined. The dose of ribavirin ranged from 400 mg/d to 1000 mg/d, but concentrations were normalized to 800 mg/d. Results There was a wide variation in plasma concentration of ribavirin, ranging from 1.8 to 122.1 mg/mL. The concentrations were similar in whole blood and plasma. Dose-normalized concentration with creatinine clearance below 70 mL/min were significantly higher when compared with creatinine clearance above 70 mL/min ( P = .015). Eleven patients required erythropoietin; their mean ribavirin dosage was higher but mean ribavirin concentration was lower compared to the 11 patients who did not require erythropoietin factor. There was no difference in mean ribavirin concentration in patients who cleared the virus ( n = 7) compared and who did not clear the virus ( n = 9). Three patients were on nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) had significantly higher concentration (mean 87.1 μg/mL) compared to those who did not receive NRTI (mean 34.4 μg/mL, P = .00) Conclusion Ribavirin concentration in plasma and whole blood were similar, with a wide variation. Patients with impaired renal function and those who were on NRTI had significantly higher concentrations of ribavirin. The ribavirin concentrations did not predict either the clearance of HCV RNA or the need for erythropoitin factor.
Altering Expression Levels of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120-gp41 Affects Efficiency but Not Kinetics of Cell-Cell Fusion

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry into a host cell requires the fusion of virus and cellular membranes that is driven by interaction of the viral envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41 (gp120/gp41) with CD4 and a coreceptor, typically either CXCR4 or CCR5. The stoichiometry of gp120/gp41:CD4:CCR5 necessary to initiate membrane fusion is not known. To allow an examination of early events in gp120/gp41-driven membrane fusion, we developed a novel real-time cell-cell fusion assay. Using this assay to study fusion kinetics, we found that altering the cell surface density of gp120/gp41 affected the maximal extent of fusion without dramatically altering fusion kinetics. Collectively, these observations are consistent with the view that gp120/gp41-driven membrane fusion requires the formation of a threshold number of fusion-active intercellular gp120/gp41:CD4:CCR5 complexes. Furthermore, the probability of reaching this threshold is governed, in part, by the surface density of gp120/gp41.
Humans Learn Using Manifolds, Reluctantly

When the distribution of unlabeled data in feature space lies along a manifold, the information it provides may be used by a learner to assist classification in a semi-supervised setting. While manifold learning is well-known in machine learning, the use of manifolds in human learning is largely unstudied. We perform a set of experiments which test a human's ability to use a manifold in a semi-supervised learning task, under varying conditions. We show that humans may be encouraged into using the manifold, overcoming the strong preference for a simple, axis-parallel linear boundary.
Delinquency and Desert

This article addresses the moral and legal responsibility that may fairly be attributed to mid and late adolescents who commit criminal offenses and how adolescents' responsibility should affect the law's response. It offers a robust theory of responsibility that is rooted in our current moral theories and practices of blame and punishment. Next the article reviews the psychosocial and developmental literature to determine whether or to what degree mid to late adolescents are morally responsible for their conduct and whether they are less responsible than adults. Finally, the article considers the dispositional consequences implied by the theory of responsibility in general and by what we know about adolescents in particular. It concludes that neither data nor commonsense can resolve the normative issue of juvenile responsibility.
On the adequacy of single‐stock futures margining requirements

Unlike the traditional futures contract risk-based approach to margining, new security futures contracts are margined under a strategy-based margining system similar to that which applies in the equity options markets. As a result, these new margin requirements are potentially much less sensitive to changes in market conditions. This article performs a simulation to evaluate whether these alternative margining methodologies can be expected to produce comparable outcomes. The analysis suggests that a 1-day settlement period will likely lead to collection of customer margins that are virtually always greater than that which its traditional risk-based counterpart would require. A 4-day settlement period would lead to margin requirements that both significantly under- and overmargin relative to a comparable risk-based system. This study argues that exchanges may approach the preferred probability of customer exhaustion by managing margin settlement intervals. Thus, the new strategy-based rules, in and of themselves, will not necessarily inhibit new security futures trading activity. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 23:989–1002, 2003
Factors associated with mortality in patients new to haemodialysis

Background. Patients receiving dialysis therapy for end-stage kidney failure have a high cardiovascular mortality that can only be partially explained by traditional risk factors. Methods. This study was a post hoc analysis of a prospectively gathered data set from a randomized trial comparing outcomes in new haemodialysis patients treated with sevelamer or calcium-containing phosphate binders. Patients were followed from the time of enrollment until death or censor on 31 December 2005. Median follow-up was 3.6 years. Demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, laboratory data, medication use and severity of vascular calcification were available at baseline and over the first 18 months of dialysis. Results. Baseline predictors of mortality included age, creatinine, heart rate, iPTH, C-reactive protein (CRP), coronary and aortic calcium scores and the presence of aortic valve calcification. Over the first 18 months, averages of diastolic blood pressure, BUN, creatinine, albumin, phosphorus, iPTH and CRP were all significantly different between survivors and non-survivors. A stepwise multivariable adjusted Cox regression model demonstrated that low BUN and albumin and high CRP along with the use of calcium-containing phosphate binders (rather than sevelamer) were the strongest predictors of mortality in patients new to haemodialysis. Conclusions.These findings suggest that non-traditional risk factors, such as inflammation and malnutrition measured during the first 18 months of dialysis, are important determinates of survival in new dialysis patients. In addition, the unique risk factor for dialysis patients, the use of calcium-containing phosphate binders, was associated with a higher mortality rate in patients new to dialysis.
Skill training versus 12-step facilitation for parents of substance-abusing teens

Abstract Distressed parents ( N =85) with a substance-abusing adolescent not receiving treatment were randomized to 12weeks of coping skill training (CST), 12-step facilitation (TSF), or delayed treatment control (DTC). At the end of treatment/delay, CST showed greater coping skillfulness than TSF, and both CST and TSF were more skillful than DTC. The percentage of parent problem days (PPD)—days when the adolescent's substance use caused a problem—also was reduced in CST and TSF, relative to DTC. Both CST and TSF reported significantly reduced monthly PPD by the end of a 12-month follow-up. Skill training and TSF interventions appear equally effective for this underserved parent population.
KRP3A and KRP3B: Candidate Motors in Spermatid Maturation in the Seminiferous Epithelium

We have identified KRP3, a novel kinesin-related protein expressed in the mammalian testis, and have examined the tissue distribution and subcellular localization of isoforms of this protein. Isolation of KRP3 clones, using the head domain identified in a previous PCR screen as probe, identified at least two KRP3 isoforms in the rat. We have isolated coding sequences of two highly related cDNAs from the rat testis that we have termed KRP3A and KRP3B (kinesin-related protein 3, A and B). Both cDNAs code for predicted polypeptides with the three-domain structure typical of kinesin superfamily members; namely a conserved motor domain, a region capable of forming a limited coiled-coil secondary structure, and a globular tail domain. Although almost identical in their head and stalk domains, these motors diverge in their tail domains. This group of motors is found in many tissues and cell types. The KRP3B motor contains DNA-binding motifs and an RCC1 (regulator of chromosome condensation 1) consensus sequence in its tail domain. Despite this similarity, KRP3B is not associated with the same structures as RCC1. Instead, KRP3 isoforms localize with the nuclei of developing spermatids, and their immunolocalization in the testis overlaps with that of the small GTPase Ran. Like Ran, KRP3 motors are associated in a polarized fashion with the nucleus of maturing spermatids at various stages of elongation. Our findings suggest a possible role for KRP3 motor isoforms in spermatid maturation mediated by possible interaction with the Ran GTPase. gamete biology, gametogenesis, sperm maturation, spermatid, testis
Identification of hunchback cis-regulatory DNA conferring temporal expression in neuroblasts and neurons.

Abstract The specification of temporal identity within single progenitor lineages is essential to generate functional neuronal diversity in Drosophila and mammals. In Drosophila, four transcription factors are sequentially expressed in neural progenitors (neuroblasts) and each regulates the temporal identity of the progeny produced during its expression window. The first temporal identity is established by the Ikaros-family zinc finger transcription factor Hunchback (Hb). Hb is detected in young (newly-formed) neuroblasts for about an hour and is maintained in the early-born neurons produced during this interval. Hb is necessary and sufficient to specify early-born neuronal or glial identity in multiple neuroblast lineages. The timing of hb expression in neuroblasts is regulated at the transcriptional level. Here we identify cis-regulatory elements that confer proper hb expression in “young” neuroblasts and early-born neurons. We show that the neuroblast element contains clusters of predicted binding sites for the Seven-up transcription factor, which is known to limit hb neuroblast expression. We identify highly conserved sequences in the neuronal element that are good candidates for maintaining Hb transcription in neurons. Our results provide the necessary foundation for identifying trans-acting factors that establish the Hb early temporal expression domain.
Interstadial conifer wood from northern Maine

Conifer wood, probably spruce (Picea sp.), of middle Wisconsinan age (29,200 ± 500 yr B.P.) was recovered from late-glacial lake sediments from Upper South Branch Pond, Maine. If the wood was derived from a local source, deglaciation of part of northern New England is suggested for this time. The occurrence also has implications for understanding the problem associated with radiocarbon dating of bulk lake sediment containing small amounts of organic matter.
The concept design of a transfer line from the recycler to the main injector for the fermilab nova project

Upon the termination of the Fermilab Collider program, the current Recycler anti-proton storage ring will be converted to a proton pre-injector for the Main Injector synchrotron. This is scheduled to increase the beam power for the 120 GeV Neutrino program to upwards of 700 KW. Due to momentum aperture requirements, a Recycler to Main Injector transport line will be constructed wholly within a horizontal dispersion free region in the 30 straight section. The concept design will be presented in this paper.
On the limits of advance preparation for a task switch: Do people prepare all the task some of the time or some of the task all the time?

This study investigated the nature of advance preparation for a task switch, testing 2 key assumptions of R. De Jong's (2000) failure-to-engage theory: (a) Task-switch preparation is all-or-none, and (b) preparation failures stem from nonutilization of available control capabilities. In 3 experiments, switch costs varied dramatically across individual stimulus-response (S-R) pairs of the tasks-virtually absent for 1 pair but large for others. These findings indicate that, across trials, task preparation was not all-or-none but, rather, consistently partial (full preparation for some S-R pairs but not others). In other words, people do not prepare all of the task some of the time, they prepare some of the task all of the time. Experiments 2 and 3 produced substantial switch costs even though time deadlines provided strong incentives for optimal advance preparation. Thus, there was no evidence that people have a latent capability to fully prepare for a task switch.
Deadlock avoidance in automated manufacturing workstations-a scheduling approach

Scheduling automated, unmanned manufacturing systems is significantly different from traditional job shops where human presence is implicitly assumed. Deadlocking has been identified as one of the critical problem in the control of automated manufacturing systems. In this paper, formulations for deadlock-free schedules are proposed and the importance of considering both material handling and buffer space availability while scheduling such an automated workstation are discussed. >
US state variation in autism insurance mandates: balancing access and fairness.

This article examines how nations split decision-making about health services between federal and sub-federal levels, creating variation between states or provinces. When is this variation ethically acceptable? We identify three sources of ethical acceptability—procedural fairness, value pluralism, and substantive fairness—and examine these sources with respect to a case study: the fact that only 30 out of 51 US states or territories passed mandates requiring private insurers to offer extensive coverage of autism behavioral therapies, creating variation for privately insured children living in different US states. Is this variation ethically acceptable? To address this question, we need to analyze whether mandates go to more or less needy states and whether the mandates reflect value pluralism between states regarding government’s role in health care. Using time-series logistic regressions and data from National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs, Individual with Disabilities Education Act,...
An Introduction to Atmospheric Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic principles are part of our understanding of the physical processes at work in the universe. Books on thermodynamics commonly begin with discussions of the basic principles that are the foundation of the discipline and are differentiated by the applications of those principles. There has been a need in recent years for a book that addresses the application of thermodynamics to meteorological problems, especially a book written for undergraduate courses emphasizing the operational aspects of meteorology. Anastasios A. Tsonis has written An Introduction to Atmospheric Thermodynamics to fill this need. The book is organized in a fairly standard pattern. The first two chapters briefly present a few basic concepts. The next three chapters develop the thermodynamics of dry air (that is, the mixture of gasses in the Earth's atmosphere minus the water vapor) from the empirical gas laws to the concept of entropy Chapters six and seven discuss the thermodynamics of water and moist air, that is, the dry air plus the water vapor. These chapters are followed by consideration of vertical stability and thermodynamic diagrams. The final chapter attempts to link ther modynamics to the larger problem of weather prediction. Most of the chapters conclude with examples and a list of problems.
Whither DSM–V?

The DSM-V development process started with a grand ambition to provide a 'paradigm shift' in psychiatric diagnosis, based initially on the identification of biological markers. This is clearly unattainable, and so energy has now been diverted into developing other major changes, including the development of dimensional ratings and the formal diagnosis of prodromal and subthreshold disorders. It is argued that this process could lead to false positive 'epidemics' with harmful excessive treatments. The better, more modest, alternative is to reassess the text descriptions of the disorders and join with ICD-11 in creating a single nested system for both DSM-V and ICD-11.
Diurnal variation of the startle reflex in relation to HPA-axis activity in humans

Diurnal variation of baseline startle amplitude was examined in 14 normal inpatients on a research unit where behavioral activity and environmental stimuli were highly controlled. We tested a hypothesized association between diurnal variations of salivary cortisol and reflex amplitude by recording acoustic startle eyeblinks shortly before bedtime, when cortisol was near its lowest daily level, and just after awakening, when cortisol was at its peak. Results showed that startle eyeblinks were greater during evening than morning sessions, whereas the opposite was true for cortisol levels. Skin conductance levels and reaction time performance also increased from morning to evening. These findings are consistent with accumulating evidence suggesting a possible link between startle reactivity and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, and an association between diurnal variations in endogenous arousal and startle amplitude.
The effects of play materials on social play

To increase cooperative and social behaviors in children, contingency management programs have been successfully employed. This study examined the possibility that children's social behavior might also be significantly influenced by the nature of the available play materials. Children in an urban recreation center were systematically provided with toys designed for social or isolate play. It was found that social play occurred only 16% of the time when the children were provided with “isolate” toys, whereas social play occurred 78% of the time when children were provided with “social” toys. Thus, the selection of play materials should be an important consideration in any effort to teach children social behaviors.
Frequency Analysis of Streamflow Data

Principles of frequency analysis reviewed; computational procedures are outlined; frequency analysis of high flows, low flows, and all flows; group of figures illustrates methods of expressing and interpreting streamflow data subjected to frequency analysis. (27 refs.)
Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Particulate Morphology for a Light-Duty Diesel Engine

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a commonly used technique for the reduction of Nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emissions from internal combustion engines. However, it is generally known that the use of EGR will cause an increase in emissions of particulate matter (PM). The effects of EGR operating mpde on particulate morphology were investigated for a 1.7-liter light-duty diesel engine. This engine was equipped with a turbocharged and inter-cooled air induction system, a common-rail direct fuel injection system, and an EGR system. A rapid prototyping electronic control system (RPECS) was developed to operate this engine at various EGR rates under different conditions (i.e. constant boost pressure, constant oxygen-to-fuel ratio (OFR)). A unique thermophoretic sampling system was employed to collect particulates directly from exhaust manifold after exhaust valves. The collected samples were later analyzed by using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) and an image processing/data acquisition system. Diesel particulates were characterized in their morphological characteristics, such as primary particle size, aggregate particle size and fractal geometry. From analyses for the soot samples collected at 2500 rpm and 50% load, it was revealed that primary particle sizes (dp) increase with the increasing EGR rate, in general. The EGR dilution effect has more influence on primary particle sizes than thermal effect at low EGR rate. The aggregate particle sizes (radius of gyration, Rg) were measured within a narrow size range at different EGR rates. The fractal dimensions, which represent the complex geometry of diesel particulates, were measured in the range of 1.78 to 1.95. These results revealed that particulate geometry is sensitive to the changes of engine EGR rates. From this investigation, comprehensive information was obtained for effects of EGR on particulate morphology. These results will offer essential data to designers of diesel engines and aftertreatment systems.
Dynamics of a Droplet Imbibing on a Rough Surface

We consider the imbibition of a liquid droplet of finite size on a rough surface and theoretically show that the imbibition dynamics is significantly slower than the familiar Washburn diffusive dyn...
Polarity of taurine transport in cultured renal epithelial cell lines: LLC-PK1 and MDCK

We characterized taurine transport in two continuous renal epithelial cell lines: LLC-PK1, derived from the proximal tubule of the pig, and the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK), which was originate...
Multi-methods approach to characterizing the magnitude, impact, and spatial risk of Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) bycatch in small-scale fisheries in Malampaya Sound, Philippines

Addressing the urgent conservation threat of marine mammal bycatch in small-scale fisheries requires information on bycatch magnitude, gear types, population impacts, and risk. However, data on these proximate attributes are widely lacking in developing countries. This study used a multi-methods approach integrating boat surveys and interviews with fishermen (n = 526) to assess proximate attributes of bycatch for the Critically Endangered subpopulation of Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in Malampaya Sound, Philippines. Given an updated population estimate of 35 individuals (CV = 22.9%), the estimated rate of bycatch fatalities exceeds the potential biological removal rate. Spatial overlap scores were calculated to characterize overlap between dolphins and fisheries as a proxy of bycatch risk. These scores identified particularly high risk areas that could be prioritized for gear bans. However, completely reducing bycatch risk would require more widespread bans beyond these high risk areas. Implementing gear restrictions will be immensely challenging, given serious obstacles to fisheries management at this site. The multi-methods approach describes the urgency of the bycatch problem and the changes required for mitigation, setting the stage for identifying and evaluating potential solutions. It can be readily applied to developing country sites to guide more efficient and complete data collection and conservation efforts.
Highly Flexible Self-Assembled V2O5 Cathodes Enabled by Conducting Diblock Copolymers

Mechanically robust battery electrodes are desired for applications in wearable devices, flexible displays, and structural energy and power. In this regard, the challenge is to balance mechanical and electrochemical properties in materials that are inherently brittle. Here, we demonstrate a unique water-based self-assembly approach that incorporates a diblock copolymer bearing electron- and ion-conducting blocks, poly(3-hexylthiophene)-block-poly(ethyleneoxide) (P3HT-b-PEO), with V2O5 to form a flexible, tough, carbon-free hybrid battery cathode. V2O5 is a promising lithium intercalation material, but it remains limited by its poor conductivity and mechanical properties. Our approach leads to a unique electrode structure consisting of interlocking V2O5 layers glued together with micellar aggregates of P3HT-b-PEO, which results in robust mechanical properties, far exceeding the those obtained from conventional fluoropolymer binders. Only 5 wt % polymer is required to triple the flexibility of V2O5, and electrodes comprised of 10 wt % polymer have unusually high toughness (293 kJ/m(3)) and specific energy (530 Wh/kg), both higher than reduced graphene oxide paper electrodes. Furthermore, addition of P3HT-b-PEO enhances lithium-ion diffusion, eliminates cracking during cycling, and boosts cyclability relative to V2O5 alone. These results highlight the importance of tradeoffs between mechanical and electrochemical performance, where polymer content can be used to tune both aspects.
Strategies for training counselors in evidence-based treatments.

Evidence-based treatments (EBTs) for substance abuse and dependence have demonstrated superiority over treatment as usual when applied with strict fidelity in controlled clinical trials. Effective counselor training is critical if substance abuse programs are to realize these interventions’ full potential to enhance client outcomes in community practice. Although few empirical evaluations of training in EBTs have been conducted to date, the existing data warrant tentative conclusions concerning the appropriate roles and effectiveness of workshops, clinical supervision, distance learning, and blended learning. Among several outstanding research issues are questions of benchmarks for counselors’ performance in training and the relationships between such performance and clients’ substance abuse outcomes.
Mini-Puberty and Growth

* Abbreviation: IGF-1 — : insulinlike growth factor-1 Within the first few months of life, the human infant experiences a transient activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. First described in the 1970s, after the development of assay methodology sufficiently sensitive to detect low levels of hormones in blood,1 this process has been described as a “mini-puberty.” Its purpose remains unclear, but is most commonly thought to be an important developmental event related to subsequent reproductive function.2,3 Mini-puberty occurs in both sexes, with an increase in testosterone in boys and increase in both estradiol and testosterone in girls (testosterone concentrations in girls are ∼30% lower than those in boys at peak). Resultant effects on the reproductive organs include testicular, penile, and prostate growth in boys, uterine and breast enlargement in girls, and sebaceous gland and acne development in both sexes. Effects of this early activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis are not confined to the reproductive organs, however. Recent evidence suggests that the androgen exposure of mini-puberty also predicts later sex-typed behavior.4,5 In this issue of Pediatrics , Kiviranti et al6 describe yet another effect of this neonatal androgen … Address correspondence to Kenneth C. Copeland, MD, 1200 N. Children’s Ave, Oklahoma University Physicians Building, Ste 4500, Oklahoma City, OK 73104. E-mail: kenneth-copeland{at}ouhsc.edu
Maternal Immune Responses Affecting Pregnancy and the Fetus

In thinking about the immunology of human pregnancy, it is of considerable interest to consider a variety of immunological changes, situations, and disorders in which the immune system of the mother affects the fetus. These situations are quite different from the question of materno-fetal allorecognition. They present us with insights into the pathogenesis of various conditions because of the unique nature of materno-fetal interactions. This chapter will include immune syndromes peculiar to pregnancy, such as hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) and related isoimmune syndromes, the effect of autoimmune diseases on pregnancy and on the fetus, as well as the effect of pregnancy on the autoimmune processes. It will touch on some miscellaneous topics, such as graft-vs-host disease and pre-eclampsia, which is considered by some to have an immune pathogenesis.
Upper Bounds in Affine Weyl Groups under the Weak Order

Bjorner and Wachs proved that under the weak order every quotient of a Coxeter group is a meet semi-lattice, and in the finite case is a lattice. In this paper, we examine the case of an affine Weyl group W with corresponding finite Weyl group W0. In particular, we show that the quotient of W by W0 is a lattice and that up to isomorphism this is the only quotient of W which is a lattice. We also determine that the question of which pairs of elements of W have upper bounds can be reduced to the analogous question within a particular finite subposet.
BODIES OF TECHNOLOGY: PERFORMATIVE FLESH, PLEASURE AND SUBVERSION IN CYBERSPACE

This article contextualises the body in cyberspace, using the specific examples of the performative body and the social networking site Facebook. Technology is established as a process which continually unfolds and illuminates new understandings of subjectivity, unfurling in parallel with the performative body â€“ and gendered identities â€“ that Judith Butler articulates. Here, the author conducts a close analysis of the technological affordances of Facebook as a site that fosters the construction of a phantasmic, performative subject that Butler describes. This argument relies on an understanding of technology and the body as having their meaning dynamically constituted through mutual interconnection â€“ an understanding of interface that is taken from the theoretical work of Donna Haraway and Vicki Kirby. The purpose of seeking out the performative body in cyberspace is to explore the possibility of technologically-derived, subversive bodies. This is done by examining the emergence of pleasure in human engagement with technology. This pleasure suggests that subjects are enticed by the creative possibilities which technology offers, as it leads to regenerations that, under the right conditions, yield subversive bodies.
The importance of the circadian system & sleep for bone health.

Summary Adequate sleep timed appropriately during the circadian night is important for numerous biological processes and systems. New evidence suggests that both sleep timing and duration may be important for optimal bone health as well. This review examines the diurnal variation of bone turnover markers (BTMs) and the importance of circadian clock genes in regulating bone mass. In addition, this review explores the evidence for a link between shift work (and its associated disturbances in sleep duration/quality and circadian alignment) and alterations in bone metabolism and bone health. Finally, we review how commonly used medications and over-the-counter substances (e.g. caffeine, melatonin) complicate the relationship between sleep and circadian disorders and bone health.
Aspirin as a Biological Response Modifier

For some time our laboratory has been interested in the development and control of cellular immunity, both by the thymosins and other agents. Thymosins are a family of peptide hormones produced by the thymus and thymus-derived tissues such as T lymphocytes, which modulate differentiation of a variety of T cells providing us with immunity against viruses, mycobacteria, fungi and tumors. About ten years ago, while studying thymosins, Dr. Allan Goldstein’s laboratory looked at cyclooxygenase inhibitors, among other agents, to determine whether they might influence or inhibit thymic peptides. These studies demonstrated that acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) could enhance immune responses and synergize with thymosins.
Mechanism of aromatic substitution by free radicals

hydrogen (reactions 35, 28, 32, 33 and 26). A decrease in the concentration of radicals again will favor the reactions of phenyl radical with solvent and decrease the importance of the reactions of phenyl radical with its descendants, benzyl and adduct radicals. Consequently the yields of products of reaction of benzyl and adduct radicals with themselves and with each other will increase relative to the products of reaction of these radicals with phenyl radical. As these latter reactions become of small impor­ tance, the distribution of products from the remaining reactions should become nearly independent of concentration. Two complications must be considered. First, benzyl radical results from abstraction of hydrogen from toluene not only by phenyl radical, but probably also to some extent by benzoyloxy radical. This circumstance, while it would complicate a quantitative kinetic expression, should not affect the qualitative conclusions. The existence of a separate source of benzyl radical should not alter the direction in which the yield of any product changes with decreasing concentration. A second complication is the reactions of adduct radical by coupling with or loss of hydrogen to benzoyloxy radical (reaction 27). This well may be a process of some importance at high concentration. The importance of this reaction too must decrease with di­
A rational reconstruction of nonmonotonic truth maintenance systems (research note)

Abstract The main contribution of this paper is a precise characterization of the inferences performed by nonmonotonic truth maintenance systems (TMSs), using two standard nonmonotonic formalisms: logic programming with the stable set semantics and autoepistemic logic. The paper also contains an analysis of the role of dependency-directed backtracking in dealing with contradictions, and a proof that implementing a nonmonotonic TMS is an NP-complete problem.
Sex-dependent expression and growth hormone regulation of class alpha and class mu glutathione S-transferase mRNAs in adult rat liver.

The sex-dependent expression and growth hormone (GH) regulation of rat liver glutathione S-transferase (GST) was examined using oligonucleotide probes that distinguish between closely related class Alpha (Ya1, Ya2, Yc) and class Mu (Yb1, Yb2, Yb3) GST mRNAs [Waxman, Sundseth, Srivastava and Lapenson (1992) Cancer Res. 52, 5797-5802]. Northern-blot analysis revealed that the steady-state levels of GST Ya1, Yb1 and Yb2 mRNAs are 2.5-3-fold higher in male as compared with female rat liver. In contrast, GST Yc and Ya2 mRNAs were expressed at a 2-3-fold higher level in female rat liver. Microsomal GST mRNA did not exhibit significant sex-dependent differences in rat liver. Treatment of male rats with GH by continuous infusion suppressed expression of the male-dominant GST Ya1, Yb1 and Yb2 mRNAs to levels at or below those found in female rat liver. This suppressive effect of GH was liver-specific, insofar as GH treatment did not alter kidney GST Ya1 mRNA levels. Hypophysectomy increased expression of the male-dominant GSTs, particularly in female rats (e.g. 8-fold elevation of GST Ya1 mRNA). GST Yc mRNA was increased approx. 2-fold in hypophysectomized males, indicating that this mRNA is subject to negative regulation by one or more pituitary-dependent factors. Continuous GH treatment of the hypophysectomized rats suppressed the expression of mRNA of GSTs Ya1, Yb1 and Yb2 when given as a continuous infusion, but not when given by an intermittent (twice daily) GH-injection schedule. Combination of continuous exposure to GH with thyroxine treatment resulted in a more complete suppression of GSTs Ya1, Yb1 and Yb2. In contrast, thyroxine increased the expression of GST Yc in hypophysectomized rats. These studies establish that several Alpha and Mu class GSTs are expressed in a sex-dependent fashion in adult rat liver, where they are regulated by multiple pituitary-dependent hormones through pretranslational mechanisms.
Global health diplomacy and humanitarian assistance: understanding the intentional divide between military and non-military actors

Often known as ‘globalhealth diplomacy’, the provision of medical care to accomplish strategic objectives, advance public diplomacy goals and enhance soft power is increasingly emphasised in international affairs and military policies. Despite this emergent trend, there has been little critical analysis and examination of the ethics of military actors engaging in this type of work. This type of mission represents the most common form of military medical deployment within the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan and is now explicitly emphasised in many militaries’ defence doctrine. The growth of these programmes has occurred with little analysis, examination or critique. This paper examines the history of global health diplomacy as directly related to humanitarian assistance, focusing on the difference in intention to highlight ethical dilemmas related to military involvement in the humanitarian sphere. The relationship between non-military humanitarian actors and military actors will be a focal point of discussion, as this relationship has been historically complicated and continues to shift. Relevant differences between these two groups of actors, their motivations and work will be highlighted. In order to examine the morally important differences between these groups, analysis will draw on relevant international doctrine and codes that attempt to provide ethical guidance within the humanitarian sphere.
Stimulating Respiratory Activity Primes Anaerobically Grown Listeria monocytogenes for Subsequent Intracellular Infections

Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a Gram-positive, enteric pathogen and the causative agent of listeriosis. During transition through the gastrointestinal tract, L. monocytogenes routinely encounters suboxic conditions. However, how the exposure to the low oxygen environment affects subsequent pathogenesis is not completely understood. Our lab previously reported that anaerobically grown L. monocytogenes exhibited an intracellular growth defect in macrophages even though the infection took place under aerobic conditions. This phenotype suggests that prior growth conditions have a prolonged effect on the outcome of subsequent intracellular infection. In this study, to further investigate the mechanisms that contribute to the compromised intracellular growth after anaerobic exposure, we hypothesized that the lack of respiratory activity under anaerobic conditions prevented anaerobically grown L. monocytogenes to establish subsequent intracellular growth under aerobic conditions. To test this hypothesis, respiratory activity in anaerobically grown L. monocytogenes was stimulated by exogenous fumarate and subsequent intracellular pathogenesis was assessed. The results showed that fumarate supplementation significantly increased the respiratory activity of anaerobically grown L. monocytogenes and rescued the subsequent intracellular growth defect, likely through promoting the production of listeriolysin O, phagosomal escape, and cell-cell spread. This study highlights the importance of respiratory activity in L. monocytogenes in modulating the outcome of subsequent intracellular infections.
Why Is This So Hard?: An Autoethnography of Qualitative Interviewing

Researchers often struggle with power dynamics when conducting qualitative interviews. Interviewing can be emotionally exhausting, and sometimes it is difficult to tell where the interviewees’ thou...
Flexible methods for reliability estimation using aggregate failure-time data

The actual failure times of individual components are usually unavailable in many applications. Instead, only aggregate failure-time data are collected by actual users, due to technical and/or econ...