cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of soil moisture depletion on stem shrinkage and photosynthesis of tree seedlings.

Effects of soil moisture depletion on stem contraction and photosynthesis of potted 3-year-old white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) and 4-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) seedlings were investigated in greenhouse experiments. White-ash seedlings transpired faster and consequently depleted soil moisture more rapidly than red-pine seedlings. Cumulative stem shrinkage occurred in both species as soils dried and appreciable stem expansion occurred only after soil was reirrigated. Following irrigation, seedlings rehydrated and their stems expanded to about their original diameters within 24 hours in white ash, and in up to 6 days in red pine seedlings. Photosynthesis was decreased in both species as soil dried, but it declined much faster in white ash than in red pine seedlings. Net emission of CO2 by red pine seedlings occurred after 13 days of soil drying. In contrast, white-ash seedlings did not show net CO2 release during severe drought. Several days after droughted white-ash and red-pine seedlings were reirrigated, photosynthesis recovered to pre-drought levels.
Psychosis NOS: search for diagnostic clarity.

Mr. C is a 27-year-old Latino father of two daughters who has a history of polysubstance abuse and antisocial behaviors and was brought to the emergency department of a community hospital after ask...
Gastric acid secretion from the mucosa in response to synthetic gastrin and pentagastrin.

The present study was undertaken to compare the gastric acid stimulatory properties of pentagastrin with those of human synthetic gastrin. Resting, isolated builfrog mucosae were exposed to pentagastrin and to human synthetic gastrin and mucosal acid secretory rates measured. Pentagastrin was found to be a more powerful stimulant of gastric acid secretion than human synthetic gastrin in this preparation.
Computer-Mediated Communication for Intellectual Teamwork: An Experiment in Group Writing

Contingency theory predicts that using computer-mediated communication to accomplish complex collaborative work will be difficult, especially for tasks that require interactive, expressive communication. This proposition was examined in an experiment in which 67 three-person groups of MBA students completed two collaborative writing projects under either Computer Only, Computer + Phone or Face-to-Face communication conditions. The effects of these manipulations on group processes and performance were examined using data obtained from questionnaires and scores on the projects themselves. Although communication modality did not affect project performance, being restricted to computer-mediated communication made completing the work more difficult and diminished the participants' satisfaction with their work and with the other members of their work groups. The results also provide partial support for the idea that tasks that require more intensive communication, such as project planning, were more difficult than those that can be completed more independently, but this premise was not consistently confirmed. Taken together, these findings tend to confirm the contingency hypothesis regarding the difficulty of accomplishing work that involves ambiguous goals, multiple perspectives, and information that is susceptible to multiple interpretations without an interactive multiperson communication medium, such as face-to-face meetings. However, the results also suggest that modifications of contingency theory are required to incorporate the evidence that individuals can, to some extent, adapt to restricted communication channels. Further research designed to examine patterns of adaptation under various task/technology combinations is recommended.
Unilateral and bilateral hybridization barriers in inter-series crosses of 4x 2EBN Solanum stoloniferum, S. pinnatisectum, S. cardiophyllum, and 2x 2EBN S. tuberosum haploids and haploid-species hybrids

Wild Mexican potato species are an important untapped source of useful variation for potato improvement. Introgression methods such as 2n gametes, chromosome doubling, and crossing with disomic 4x 2 endosperm balance number (EBN) bridge species have been used to overcome post-zygotic endosperm failure according to the EBN hypothesis. Stylar barriers can prevent zygote formation, bilaterally when zygote formation is blocked in both directions of the cross or unilaterally when zygote formation is blocked in self incompatible (SI) × self compatible (SC) crosses. In several Solanaceae species, the S-locus for SI has been implicated in interspecific incompatibility. The objectives of this research were to determine if: (1) disomic 4x 2EBN Solanum stoloniferum can be used as a bridge species for introgression of the Mexican 2x 1EBN species Solanum cardiophyllum and Solanum pinnatisectum, (2) pre- and/or post-zygotic barriers limit hybridization among EBN compatible Solanum inter-series crosses, and (3) reproductive barriers act unilaterally or bilaterally. Fruit formation and seed set was recorded for inter-pollinations of S. stoloniferum, 4x 2EBN chromosome doubled S. cardiophyllum and S. pinnatisectum, and 2x 2EBN S. tuberosum haploids (HAP) or haploid-species hybrids (H-S). In vivo pollen tube growth was analyzed for each cross combination with fluorescence microscopy. Attempts to create bridge hybrids between S. stoloniferum, and S. cardiophyllum or S. pinnatisectum were not successful. Pre- and post-zygotic barriers prevented seed formation in crosses involving S. cardiophyllum and S. pinnatisectum. Self compatibility in S. stoloniferum and S. pinnatisectum suggests that the S-locus does not contribute to the stylar barriers observed with these species. Alternatively, the presence of functional and nonfunctional (SC) S-alleles may explain interspecific incompatibility in intra- and inter-ploidy crosses. A non-stylar unilateral incongruity was discovered in H-S/HAP × S. stoloniferum crosses, indicating either a post-zygotic barrier, or a pre-zygotic barrier acting at or within the ovary. Furthermore, lack of S. stoloniferum pollen rejection may occur through absence of S. stoloniferum pollen-active genes needed to initiate pollen rejection, or through competitive interaction in S-locus heterozygous S. stoloniferum pollen. Introgression strategies using these species would benefit potato breeding by introducing genetic diversity for several traits simultaneously through co-current introgression.
What kind of computer is man

Abstract In computing systems information handling components are organized into a system architecture which is exercised by a program. A system architecture and componentry for simulating human information processing is described. The system is characterized by a number of input channels containing buffer memories connected in series and a central computing device which monitors the channels. The central system contains a short term memory for information seen in the past few seconds and an intermediate term memory which holds an abstract interpretation of events observed in the past few minutes. Both the central system and the peripheral channels have access to a very large memory for permanently stored information, but only the central device can write into long term memory. Psychological studies of short term memory, language comprehension, and problem solving are interpreted as tasks for the described system.
Feasibility of frequency domain NIR spectrometer to measure fetal cerebral blood oxygenation in utero

We present a preliminary assessment of the feasibility of using a frequency domain spectrometer for measuring fetal cerebral blood oxygenation in-utero at 750 and 780 nm of modulation at 70 MHz. The amplitude and phase of the diffuse photon density wave which propagates through the tissue is detected by a photomultiplier tube. The absorption coefficient ?a and the reduced scattering coefficient ?'s are calculated based on the analytic solution of the photon diffusion equation for a semi-infinite geometry. The accuracy of the instrument and the algorithm in measuring ?a is tested by an experiment performed on a homogeneous ink/intralipid tissue phantom. Also the sensitivity of the system to the change of blood volume and oxgenation is evaluated through a homogeneous blood/intralipid tissue phantom experiment. Clinical data was recorded during the elective Cesarean section of human subjects. The measurements were made on maternal abdomen in the post-epidural stage and on the fontanel region of neonate before (pre-cord) and after (post-cord) the umbilical cord was detached. The source detector separation used were 7 and 3(or 4) cm respectively. The deoxygenated and oxygenated hemoglobin concentration, blood volume and saturation were calculated based on ?a of 2 wavelength. The averaged optical properties and blood parameters for each stage are presented. The post-epidural blood saturation value correlates well with the pre-cord saturation value. A larger number of human subjects are being evaluated to provide statistically significant results.
Fluorescence Quenching Kinetics of Py Excimer in PS Films

Excimer fluorescence of two-component thin films made of pyrene (Py) and polystyrene (PS) can be quenched by the vapor of nitro-aromatic and nitro-ester explosives with a high selectivity and sensitivity. Normally, an electrospun film can be quenched in minutes by the vapor of the explosives. In order to understand the origin of the mechanism, we have investigated the fluorescence quenching rate of the binary thin films as functions of the molecular weights (MW) of the polystyrene (from 2,500 to 900,000 g/mol) and film thicknesses (110nm and 610 nm) in presence of the vapor of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT, a type of nitro-explosives). The diffusion coefficients of 2, 4-DNT in the solid films are found nearly independent of MW but have strong dependence on the film thicknesses.
Reply to Dr. Miquel regarding velopharyngeal closure with real-time MRI.

Sir, We would like to thank Dr. Miquel and his group [1] for their comments. There has been marked progress on faster techniques for imaging a single slice repeatedly since we began this project several years ago. We appreciate Dr. Miquel’s summary of the work of other groups who have also linked audio to real-time MR imaging in speech disorders. The published reports listed include evaluation of healthy adult volunteers. Few authors have specifically applied this technique to children with known velopharyngeal insufficiency and compared MRI to more standard methods of assessment of this area, as we did. Our mission was to assess the clinical utility of this technique in a busy hospital setting, and to expose a wider audience of pediatric clinicians and radiologists to the applications ofMRI in the evaluation of speech disorders. Our aim was not to develop new sequences but rather to obtain reliable, undistorted, high-resolution, standard T1-weighted images, and the acquisition protocol that we chose was a compromise, given those constraints. By using a spoiled gradient echo (FLASH [fast low angle shot]) sequence with Cartesian encoding, we wanted to display T1 contrast at the highest resolution possible within a frame rate of 2 frames per second, without artifacts. We could have lowered the in-plane resolution and increased frame rate, but we would have sacrificed anatomical detail. We agree with Miquel et al. [1] that there are faster imaging techniques available and we urge interested readers to review the recent references he has provided.
Process simulation of dilute acid pretreatment of coastal bermudagrass for bioethanol production

Coastal bermudagrass is a promising lignocellulosic feedstock for bioethanol production. It is well suited for the Southeastern United States where it is currently grown for hay production and nutrient management in animal farming operations. Prior experiments have generated sugar and sugar degradation data from the dilute acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of bermudagrass over a range of pretreatment conditions. Experimentally, the yield of total glucose and xylose was maximized at 93 % of the theoretical value for the pretreatment conditions 140 oC and 1.2 % sulfuric acid (w/w) for a residence time of 30 minutes. To explore further potential optimum pretreatment conditions, an artifical neural network (ANN) was created to model both the pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis steps using the prior experimental data to train it. The ANN took the only the three pretreatment conditions as inputs and output glucose from the enzymatic hydrolysis step, with an R2 of 0.97, xylose from the pre-hydrolyzate, with an R2 of 0.95, total glucose and xylose from both steps, with an R2 of 0.97, and furfural from the pre-hydrolyzate, with an R2 of 0.93. From the ANN, several optimal sets of pretreatment conditions were found with total glucose and xylose levels greater than 93% of the theoretical yield with the maximum being just under 100% for the conditions 150 oC and 0.9 % sulfuric acid (w/w) for a residence time of 30 minutes. A simple fermentation simulation reinforced the need for co-fermenting xylose and glucose.
Solution of the “Problème des ménages”

The probleme des menages asks for the number of ways of seating n husbands and n wives at a circular table, men alternating with women, so that no husband sits next to his wife. Despite the considerable literature devoted to this problem (cf. the appended bibliography), the following simple solution seems to have been missed.
Persistence of radiation-induced double-strand breaks in the DNA of heated CHO cells.

Chinese hamster ovary cells were either heated at 45°C for 15 min or left unheated immediately prior to irradiation and incubation at 37 or 41°C for 5 h. When cellular DNA was analysed by electrophoresis of double-stranded DNA through agarose gels 5 h after irradiation, DNA fragments presumably resulting from unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (dsbs) were observed in the DNA of all cells. The frequency of the putative unrepaired dsbs was greater in cells heated at 45°C for 15 min before, or incubated at 41°C for 5 h after irradiation, than in unheated, control cells. Gel electrophoresis results were consistent with a failure of irradiated cells to rejoin dsb completely when heated at 45°C before, or incubated at 41°C for 5 h after irradiation. In contrast, nuclear DNA accessibility studies using either an exogenous or an endogenous endonuclease detected no change in the accessibility of DNA in nuclei from 41°C-heated cells. These DNA accessibility studies indicate that the dsbs observed in the DNA of 41°...
Incorporating dimensions into the classification of eating disorders: three models and their implications for research and clinical practice.

Objective: Given renewed interest in dimensional approaches in psychiatric nosology, we review evidence for the utility of including dimensions of eating disorder (ED) psychopathology, comorbid psychopathology, and neurobiology in the classification of EDs. Method: We searched on-line databases and reference lists of published papers for articles on dimensional methods in psychiatric classification, with an emphasis on EDs. Results: ED classification may be enhanced by including dimensional assessments. Specifically, some ED features appear to exist on a continuum with normality, and dimensional measures of ED severity are likely to have utility in clinical contexts. Furthermore, accumulating data support the validity of ED classification schemes that incorporate dimensions of comorbid psychopathology. Finally, neurobiological dimensions have gained increasing notice across the psychiatric literature and may be particularly salient to the classification of EDs. Discussion: An approach to ED classification that incorporates multiple dimensional measures may have the greatest utility for advancing ED treatment. © 2013 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:396–403)
The effects of aging and straining on the internal friction of hydrogen charged 1020 steel at low temperatures

Abstract It has been found that aging at room temperature or previous straining of hydrogen charged 1020 steel causes an internal friction peak at 105°K to appear, reach a maximum, decrease and finally disappear. This peak has been explained by a model which involves the dragging along of hydrogen atmospheres by oscillating dislocations. In addition another peak at 50°K has been observed which is apparently due to stress-induced diffusion of interstitial hydrogen.
Nonequilibrium Kinetic Model That Describes the Reversible Adsorption and Desorption Behavior of CO2 in a K-Promoted Hydrotalcite-like Compound

A nonequilibrium kinetic model was developed to describe the reversible adsorption and desorption behavior of CO2 in a K-promoted hydrotalcite-like compound (HTlc). The model consisted of three reversible reactions. Two of the reactions were of the Langmuir−Hinshelwood type with slow and intermediate kinetics, and one was a mass-transfer-limited chemisorption process with very fast kinetics. To calibrate and test this model, a K-promoted HTlc was synthesized and studied to determine its dynamic behavior during CO2 adsorption and desorption cycles carried out at 400 °C. A long cycle time adsorption (700 min) and desorption (700 min) experiment was carried out with a sample activated at 400 °C for 12 h in helium. With this experiment approaching equilibrium at the end of each step, it proved that the adsorption and desorption behavior of CO2 in K-promoted HTlc was completely reversible. Then, the effect of the half-cycle time (15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min) was studied with samples activated for 12 h in helium...
a tailored approach to management development

TODAY what is generally known as management development is in vogue as never before. Among reasons cited in various publications for this increased interest are the tremendous demand for managers caused by the growth and expansion of industry throughout the world, the increase in new knowledge which is occurring at a fantastic rate, and the recognition that in a world of rapid change the preparation and development of all managers to operate effectively in a changing world is essential for the survival and progress of the firm.
Midgut Epithelium of Adult Chelisoches morio (Dermaptera: Chelisochidae) and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) following Ionizing Irradiation

The midgut epithelium of a species of earwig, Chelisoches morio (F.), and of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), were found to be rather normal in appearance following exposure to 10,000 R (X-rays) and 10,000 rad (gamma rays) respectively. This phenomenon is in contrast to the severe damage to mammalian small intestine resulting from a dose only 1 10 as great. Since there is good reason to believe that mitosis is important in maintenance of the midgut epithelium in both insect species, the radioresistance of this epithelium implies considerable radioresistance on the part of the regenerative cells.
Neural network classification of remote-sensing data

Abstract Neural nets offer the potential to classify data based upon a rapid match to overall patterns using previously calculated weighting factors, rather than point-by-point comparisons involving algorithmic logic applied to individual data values. Analytical tasks thus are greatly reduced. This paper describes an example of the use of artificial neural networks to classify remotely sensed data, determining that the networks can provide a useful level of categorization. The addition of texture data improves general discrimination ability of the network but diminishes its ability to distinguish between specific types of vegetation. Procedures for optimizing net design were successfully identified. This study validates use of neural networks by application to a larger data set than has been employed previously, and extends previous findings in several ways: 1. (1) It documents a method for designing and training networks which may be used to achieve within-class discrimination for a given data set at a level comparable to human classification. 2. (2) It incorporates texture analysis of the input data. At the expense of extra computation, this permits analysis of the spatial relationships among pixels, instead of being limited to considering the pixels individually. 3. (3) It provides a working prototype system which may be used for generalized standard classification of other land image data sets created by multispectral scanner.
Delay analysis of gate-adjusted CNTFETs for undeposited CNT defect-tolerance

The Carbon NanoTube Field Effect Transistor (CNTFET) is a promising device to supersede the MOSFET at the end of the technology roadmap of CMOS. One of the likely defect types that may occur in the manufacturing process is that the diameter of a CNT could be changed and not all CNTs are deposited. This paper deals with the degradation scenario in which different CNT parameters (the diameter, the number, and the position of the CNTs) affect the delay through the CNTFET. A solution to mitigate the change in delay is proposed; this approach is based on adjusting the gate width as part of the fabrication process for the CNTFET. Two methods as related to reducing the average delay as well as the deviation (the change of delay due to the position of the undeposited CNTs) are proposed and analyzed for different values of diameter. The first method reduces on average the delay by 7.01% but the deviation is increased by 32.94%. The second method reduces on average the deviation by 43.97% with 2.11% delay reduction.
Approximation order from bivariate C 1 -cubics on a four-directional mesh is full

Abstract We show that the space of bivariate C 1 piecewise cubic polynomial functions on a four-directional mesh of size h has the full approximation order, i.e., O( h 4 ).
Lanczos algorithm and energy-weighted sum rules for linear response

Abstract An iterative algorithm is presented for solving the RPA equations of linear response. The method optimally computes energy-weighted moments of the strength function, allowing one to match the computational effort to the intrinsic accuracy of the basic mean-field approximation, avoiding the problem of solving very large matrices. For local interactions, the computational effort for the method scales with the number of particles Np as O(Np3).
A dynamic P300-based BCI speller using a language model

The dynamic P300-based speller adjusts the number of flashes per character according to the character's probability of occurrence, as predicted by a language model. The speller consists of two modules: the modified P300 speller using a row-column paradigm, and the prediction by partial matching PPM language module. Two cases are considered, prediction hit and prediction miss, according to whether the character predicted by the model coincides with the character intended by the subject. Preliminary experimental results point to the possible advantages of the modified P300 speller which reduces total flash time, while preserving performance.
Real-world testing: using FOSS for software development courses

We designed a self-contained learning module on testing and free and open source software (FOSS) for a junior-level software engineering course. In this three-part module, students first learned software quality assurance concepts, and then used JUnit to create unit tests for their code. After being familiar with JUnit from a user perspective, students were required to investigate a defect reported in the JUnit code. Students were required to reproduce the problem, write test cases, and outline an approach for fixing the problem. In this pilot study, we conducted pre and post surveys of students' knowledge of and interest in FOSS. In the poster, visual data will be presented summarizing the results obtained.
Digitalis Use in a Retirement Community

Complex medical problems of older patients demand that particular care be taken with their use of digitalis, Although accounting for more than 5% of the top ten prescribed drugs in the United States, studies have suggested that digitalis use might be discontinued in some patients without harm. To assess the potential impact of these observations, a survey was conducted to evaluate the extent of digitalis use in a retirement community in Florida. The community under study consisted of approximately 5600 persons, mean age 72.6 years; 97% were over age 55. The sample of 463 telephone respondents reflected the local census. Digitalis preparations had been taken by 11.4% of the sample, of whom 60% (or 6.9% of the total sample) were currently taking them. Persons taking digitalis tended to be older (P < .002) and reported worse overall health status than those not taking the drug (P < .025). Seventeen percent of those who had stopped use of digitalis claimed adverse symptoms or “complications.” Of Florida's 10 million populaton, 23% are over age 60, a proportion increasing yearly. This survey suggests that digitalis use in the elderly is widespread and a potentially important area for investigating management of cardiac problems in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 34:504–506, 1986
ESR in CVD silicon and silicon-carbon alloys

Abstract Electron spin resonance (ESR) in three groups of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) silicon films is reported. Group I films are amorphous SixC100−x alloys prepared from silane and acetylene at a substrate temperature T s =630° C and have a spin density N s ≈ 3 × 10 19 cm −3 . These silicon-carbon films have been developed as structurally stable selective absorbers for photothermal solar energy conversion. Group II films are nonalloyed amorphous silicon films prepared below T s = 660° C with N s ≈ 1 × 10 19 cm −3 , while group III films are polycrystalline silicon prepraed above T s = 670° C with N s ≈ 0.5 × 10 19 cm −3 . The exchange interaction between spins is sufficiently strong in the silicon-carbon alloys (group I) so that an average g value is observed and no evidence of superposition is found in agreement with the amorphous SiGe results of Kumeda et al. ESR saturation and line broadening as a function of microwave power in samples representative of the three groups was observed. In the order group III, II, I, we find a trend of increasing spin system homogeneity, indicating that the exchange coupled spin clusters contain increasing numbers of spins.
A pattern probability model for the classification of psychiatric patients

The frequent lack of agreement among psychiatrists as t o the correct diagnosis for a particular patient may be due to the present lack of standard, accurate diagnostic categories. We still do not have a precise, objective procedure for evaluation and diagnosis of psychiatric patients. Not only would this be of great value in itself, but it is a prerequisite for adequate evaluation of the present psychiatric nomenclature. This paper describes a n approach to developing such a system.
Electromagnetically induced transparency in cold rubidium atoms

We report experimental studies of electromagnetically induced transparency in Λ-type and ladder-type atomic systems realized in 87Rb atoms cooled and confined in a magneto-optical trap. Complete transparency is observed in the Λ-type system with a moderate coupling field. Comparison between the two systems reveals that at the line center of a weak probe transition, destructive interference occurs for the Λ-type system, whereas constructive interference occurs for the ladder-type system. We discuss conditions of complete transparency in the Λ-type system that contains hyperfine magnetic sublevels. Our experimental measurements for the two systems agree with theoretical calculations based on simple three-level Λ-type and ladder-type models.
Kinetic studies of 18O exchange from inorganic phosphate catalyzed by Mg2+-activated unadenylylated glutamine synthetase (E. coli w).

Abstract Oxygen-18 exchange out of [18O]Pi catalyzed by Mg2+-activated unadenylated glutamine synthetase from E. coli was followed by 31P-NMR in the presence of the other substrates, ADP and L-glutamine. The pattern of the 16 O 18 O in the species P18O4, P18O316O1, P18O216O2, P18O116O3, P16O4 during the exchange followed a binomial distribution consistent with indiscriminate removal of any of the four oxygens of Pi. The rate constant for 16 O 18 O exchange was 410±40 min−1 while the rate constant for net reaction (ATP formation) was 62±4 min−1. Thus exchange proceeds ∼7 times faster than net reaction, a finding in accord with that of Stokes and Boyer ( J. Biol. Chem. (1976) 251 , 5558) for the Mn2+-activated adenylylated glutamine synthetase. A model for the overall catalytic events first derived from rapid kinetic fluorescence experiments (Rhee and Chock, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (1976) 73 , 476) was successfully used to fit the oxygen exchange data in this paper.
Benefit-Cost Evaluation Method for Transit Stop Removal

The introduction of wider stop spacing through the removal or the consolidation of existing stops is one method that transit agencies can use to reduce travel time and to increase reliability on many transit lines. Much research has been conducted to provide tools for determining optimal stop spacing, but tools are still needed to help service planners determine the optimal stops to remove. Stop-level bus performance data provide the information needed to develop a method for assessing the total benefits and costs to riders of removing individual stops. This tool compares the benefit to through-riders in regard to travel time savings, with the additional access cost to riders who use the stop. The tool was applied to a bus route in Portland, Oregon, with stop-level ridership data from TriMet, the regional transit agency. The case study identified three stops with high benefit-cost ratios. The effects of removing those stops are discussed. A sensitivity analysis was performed to show the effect of changing...
Anatomic and Radiographic Comparison of Arthroscopic Suprapectoral and Open Subpectoral Biceps Tenodesis Sites

Background:Arthroscopic suprapectoral and open subpectoral surgical techniques are both commonly utilized approaches for proximal biceps tenodesis of the long head of the biceps brachii. A central limitation to the widespread use of an arthroscopic approach for biceps tenodesis is that the tendon may be tenodesed too proximally in the bicipital groove, leading to persistent pain and tendinopathy.Purpose/Hypothesis:The purpose of this study was to determine the in vivo tenodesis location using arthroscopic suprapectoral and open subpectoral techniques for proximal biceps tenodesis in relation to clinically pertinent anatomic and radiographic landmarks. The null hypothesis was that arthroscopic suprapectoral biceps tenodesis would not be significantly different in terms of the location from open subpectoral biceps tenodesis.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:A total of 20 matched pairs of cadaveric shoulder specimens were randomized such that within each pair, 1 shoulder underwent a standard o...
Numerical Modeling of the Ductile-Brittle Transition

Numerical studies of the ductile-brittle transition are described that are based on incorporating physically based models of the competing fracture mechanisms into the material's constitutive relation. An elastic-viscoplastic constitutive relation for a porous plastic solid is used to model ductile fracture by the nucleation and subsequent growth of voids to coalescence. Cleavage is modeled in terms of attaining a temperature and strain rate independent critical value of the maximum principal stress over a specified material region. Various analyses of ductile-brittle transitions carried out within this framework are discussed. The fracture mode transition emerges as a natural outcome of the initial/boundary value problem solution.
Consolidation of query results in a multidatabase environment: an object-oriented approach

This research extends an existing framework for translating global queries over a heterogeneous network of databases, focusing on the consolidation of query results and the resolution of semantic differences between component databases and the global schema. The research uses an object-oriented database for the global platform and a self-describing global schema as a means for providing access to database information. During query consolidation, query results are read into object classes along with the metadata needed to resolve the semantic differences. Through encapsulated procedures, query results are transformed and merged into the global format. This research identifies the information needed in the global schema for resolution of semantic heterogeneity during consolidation of query results.
Wet chemical method to etch sophisticated nanostructures into silicon wafers using sub-25nm feature sizes and high aspect ratios

There are a number of emerging technologies such as metamaterials, photonic wave-guides, nano-imprint lithography (NIL), field emission devices and through silicon via (TSV), that require high resolution and high aspect ratio nanofabrication techniques for good performance. Unfortunately, current nanofabrication techniques, including photolithography and e-beam lithography, are limited to low aspect ratios on the order of 7:1 and cannot fabricate the high aspect ratio nanostructures needed for these emerging nanotechnologies. Deep reactive ion etching has traditionally been used to increase the aspect ratio nanostructures produced from traditional lithography techniques; however, the process is expensive, time consuming and cannot produce smooth sidewalls, lowering device performance. To overcome these obstacles our group has developed a new wet chemical nanofabrication technique that uses shaped catalysts to etch high aspect ratio nanostructures into silicon. The process is fast, does not require expensive equipment and has been used to produce features less than 25 nm wide, 25 µms long and microns deep in silicon using nanorod catalysts. 10 nm wide features were also fabricated using nano-donuts. This new, patented technique is compatible with existing silicon fabrication technologies and could be used for a wide variety of applications that require nanometer sized features and high aspect ratios.
Recent progress in quantum and nonlinear optical lithography

We review the status of the field of quantum lithography, that is, the use of quantum-mechanical effects to write lithographic features with resolution finer than that achievable according to the Rayleigh criterion. In particular, we first review the original quantum lithography proposal by Boto et al., and we then describe the status of research aimed at realizing this process.
High oxidative damage levels in the longest-living rodent, the naked mole-rat

Oxidative stress is reputed to be a significant contributor to the aging process and a key factor affecting species longevity. The tremendous natural variation in maximum species lifespan may be due to interspecific differences in reactive oxygen species generation, antioxidant defenses and/or levels of accrued oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules (such as DNA, lipids and proteins). The present study tests if the exceptional longevity of the longest living (> 28.3 years) rodent species known, the naked mole-rat (NMR, Heterocephalus glaber), is associated with attenuated levels of oxidative stress. We compare antioxidant defenses (reduced glutathione, GSH), redox status (GSH/GSSG), as well as lipid (malondialdehyde and isoprostanes), DNA (8-OHdG), and protein (carbonyls) oxidation levels in urine and various tissues from both mole-rats and similar-sized mice. Significantly lower GSH and GSH/GSSG in mole-rats indicate poorer antioxidant capacity and a surprisingly more pro-oxidative cellular environment, manifested by 10-fold higher levels of in vivo lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, mole-rats exhibit greater levels of accrued oxidative damage to lipids (twofold), DNA (approximately two to eight times) and proteins (1.5 to 2-fold) than physiologically age-matched mice, and equal to that of same-aged mice. Given that NMRs live an order of magnitude longer than predicted based on their body size, our findings strongly suggest that mechanisms other than attenuated oxidative stress explain the impressive longevity of this species.
Association of physical activity in the past year and immediately after in vitro fertilization on pregnancy

Objective To estimate the association of physical activity on in vitro fertilization (IVF). Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Academic infertility clinic. Patient(s) Women (n = 121) undergoing nondonor IVF embryo transfer (fresh or frozen). Intervention(s) The women completed a questionnaire on past year physical activity and wore an accelerometer from embryo transfer to serum pregnancy testing. Main Outcome Measure(s) Implantation, intrauterine gestation, and live birth. Result(s) Based on self-reported past year physical activity, the adjusted odds of intrauterine gestation was higher among those that had higher continuous active living (odds ratio [OR] 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09–3.50), sports/exercise (OR 1.48, CI 1.02–2.15), and total activity (OR 1.52, 95%CI 1.15–2.01) indices. After embryo transfer, women did almost no vigorous activity (median 0 min/d) as measured by the accelerometer. More of their time was spent in light activity (median 3.0 h/d) and sedentary behaviors (median 9.3 h/d). Accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary behavior after embryo transfer were not associated with any IVF outcome. Conclusion(s) An active lifestyle in the preceding year favorably impacted the IVF outcome. After embryo transfer, women engaged in mostly light physical activity and sedentary behaviors; therefore, the impact of vigorous physical activity on implantation could not be determined.
An Interest Inventory of Games for Older Adults

Objectives. The objectives of the study were to (1) develop an interest inventory of games for use with older adults and (2) identify older adults' preferences for specific games.Method. Focus groups identified games popular among older adults, and those games comprised a preliminary interest inventory given to 92 respondents, aged 60-95. Respondents included well-elders living independently, assisted-living residents, adult daycare clients, and nursing home residents. Forty-eight games of interest to at least 5% of respondents comprise the final interest inventory.Results. Eleven games were of interest to at least one-third of all respondents, with dominoes, checkers, and bingo of interest to more than half. Well-elders slightly favored sedentary games to physically active games, while other groups greatly favored sedentary games. Well-elders demonstrated the greatest breadth of interest in games.Conclusion. Games are a purposeful activity that hold high interest for older adults and consequently have si...
Mobile Gaia: a middleware for ad-hoc pervasive computing

Pervasive computing promotes an environment that blurs the distinction between digital and physical devices and integrates all entities in a physical space into a cohesive programmable unit. Some of the early research activities in pervasive computing focused on developing infrastructures for pervasive applications. These infrastructures successfully merged physical and digital entities in an environment to create aware homes, smart offices and active spaces. In recent years, ad-hoc pervasive computing has attracted attention with the proliferation of low cost, short-range wireless devices. Ad-hoc pervasive computing does not assume digital devices to be tied to physical environments and aims to create digital "clusters" that can be viewed as a unified entity. The user can program this cluster of devices with a single programming interface. In this paper, AVC introduce our middleware, called Mobile Gaia, for ad-hoc pervasive computing. Mobile Gaia is a services-based middleware that integrates resources of various devices. It manages several functions such as forming and maintaining device collections, sharing resources among devices and enables seamless service interactions. It also provides an application framework to develop applications for the device collection. The application framework decomposes the application into smaller components that can run on different devices in this collection. We discuss the architecture of mobile Gaia and introduce a sample application that has been designed using our middleware.
Cost of Silicon Viewed from VLSI Design Perspective

This paper provides an overview of design/test/CAD silicon cost-related issues. All major factors contributing to the rapid growth of manufacturing costs are explained and a simple cost model is introduced to assess possible impact of cost growth on the VLSI arena.
Two-step dialogue between the cladoceran Bosmina and invertebrate predators: Induction and natural selection

Aquatic prey species respond to predators with fast (developmental) and slow (selective) feedbacks. Natural selection is assumed to fashion details of induction and to modify baseline morphology, but only rarely do we catch the slower (multi-generation) process in action. Laboratory experiments with Bosmina detected predatormediated induction and estimated spine heritability (h2 5 0.2-0.5). Third Sister Lake, Michigan, U.S.A., Bosmina exhibited induction to resident (Mesocyclops) and to two nonresident, neighborhood predators (Epischura and Leptodora). However, the magnitude of induction in Third Sister Lake Bosmina to nonresident predators (Epischura, Leptodora) was muted, when compared with induction and final spine lengths in Epischura-Leptodora lakes. Inadvertent escape of Leptodora into Third Sister Lake in 1987 created a long-term (multiyear), whole-lake experiment, where resident Bosmina populations fell under intense size selection. During the interval, Leptodora suppressed a late-season smaller, short-featured species (B. freyii), favored seasonal expansion of an overwintering long-featured species (B. liederi), and selected for longer features in the latter species. Before local extinction, defensive spines of B. liederi achieved lengths comparable to populations that co-occur with Epischura and Leptodora.
Temperature Effects on Cytokinin Accumulation and Kernel Mass in a Dwarf Wheat

The objectives of this study were: (1) to quantify post-anthesis kernel cytokinin levels in ‘Tibet Dwarf’, a dwarf wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) that accumulates elevated quantities of leaf cytokinins; and (2) to measure the effects of temperature on kernel cytokinin accumulation and mature kernel mass in this wheat. Post-anthesis kernel cytokinin accumulation was measured in control plants maintained at 25/12 °C (day/night) and treated plants which received a 7 d exposure to 35/25 °C beginning at anthesis and grown to maturity at 25/15 °C. Zeatin (Z), dihydrozeatin (diHZ) and their respective ribosides were the predominant cytokinins detected in control and treated plants. Minimal quantities of isopentenyl adenine-type cytokinins were detected. Kernel cytokinin content peaked within 3 d after anthesis in both groups and returned to baseline levels within 1–2 d. Relative to controls, exposure to high temperature reduced kernel cytokinin content approx. 80% within 1 d after anthesis. Because kernel cytokinin in control Tibet Dwarf plants exceeded that previously measured in other varieties by over 100-fold, the reduced content of treated plants still exceeded that of untreated plants of other varieties. The increased cytokinin content did not enhance thermotolerance. The temperature treatment reduced mature kernel weights approx. 27%, similar to reductions measured in other wheat varieties.
Biosynthesis of defense-related proteins in transformed root cultures of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. var japonicum (Kitam.).

We have established transformed (“hairy”) root cultures from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. var japonicum Kitam. (Cucurbitaceae) and four related species to study the biosynthesis of the ribosome-inactivating protein trichosanthin (TCN) and other root-specific defense-related plant proteins. Stable, fast-growing root clones were obtained for each species by infecting in vitro grown plantlets with Agrobacterium rhizogenes American Type Culture Collection strain 15834. Each species accumulated reproducibly a discrete protein pattern in the culture medium. Analysis of the extracellular proteins from T. kirilowii var japonicum root cultures showed differential protein accumulation in the medium during the time course of growth in batch cultures. Maximum protein accumulation, approaching 20 [mu]g/mL, was observed at mid-exponential phase, followed by a degradation of a specific protein subset that coincided with the onset of stationary phase. Two major extracellular proteins and one intracellular protein, purified by ion-exchange and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, were identified as class III chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) based on N-terminal amino acid sequence and amino acid composition homologies with other class III chitinases. The Trichosanthes chitinases also showed reactivity with a cucumber class III chitinase antiserum and chitinolytic activity in a glycol chitin gel assay. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blot analysis of intracellular proteins showed that normal and transformed T. kirilowii var japonicum roots accumulated only low levels of TCN (approximately 0.5% total soluble protein). Storage roots from the plant displayed protein and antigen patterns different from root cultures and produced TCN as the dominant protein. Roots undergoing secondary growth and differentiation exhibited patterns similar to those of storage roots, including increased TCN levels, indicating that high production of TCN is associated with induction of secondary growth in roots.
When the Fences are Down; Language and Order in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn

The world of Tom Sawyer, both that of the character and of the novel which bears his name, is a world dominated by fences; the neat, straight palings that surround the Widow Dougla's property, the fence around the Teacher house over which the lovestick Tom gazes longingly after Becky, and all the other upright boundaries delineating St. Petersburg respectability. As the central icon of the novel, Aunt Polly's white-washed fence appropriately represents the care and maintenance of order to which the town is committed, an order upon which both Tom and his story depend. Although Twain first identifies St. Petersburg as a poor, shabby, frontier village, it is far from defenseless in its confrontations either with shabbiness or wilderness. Well ordered by its fences and undergirded, like Tom's story, by the central institutions of civil and cultural order — the court, the school, the church — it is a society where things have been assigned their proper places and where the primary function of the St. Petersburg elect is to tend those places. This is a world overseen by guardians and Sunday superintendents, schoolmastes, and judges, authorities who, if sometimes mistaken, or even slightly absurd, are essentially benign and nearly always reliable. Thus it is that the minister, praying for the community's children, does so in the context of a hierarchy of responsibility that from country officials to the President of the United States, an ordering presence that, among other reassuring work, is to guarantee the well-being of the young. As though to provide the fullest representation of this benevolent system, Missouri's most important senator, Thomas Hart Benton, makes a cameo appearance in the novel, albeit one in which he is judged of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer as a book about boyish freedom, it affirms at every turn an order of the most conventional sort and depends upon that order for the version of boyhood it depicts.
Mechanistic study of solubility enhancement of nifedipine using vitamin E TPGS or solutol HS-15.

The objective of our study was to find mechanisms responsible for solubility enhancement of nifedipine in solid dispersions of vitamin E TPGS and/or solutol HS-15. Solid dispersions of nifedipine w...