cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visual traffic surveillance framework: classification to event detection

Visual traffic surveillance using computer vision techniques can be noninvasive, automated, and cost effective. Traffic surveil- lance systems with the ability to detect, count, and classify vehicles can be employed in gathering traffic statistics and achieving better traffic control in intelligent transportation systems. However, vehicle classification poses a difficult problem as vehicles have high intra- class variation and relatively low interclass variation. Five different object recognition techniques are investigated: principal component analysis (PCA)+difference from vehicle space, PCA+difference in vehicle space, PCA+support vector machine, linear discriminant analysis, and constellation-based modeling applied to the problem of vehicle classification. Three of the techniques that performed well were incorporated into a unified traffic surveillance system for on- line classification of vehicles, which uses tracking results to improve the classification accuracy. To evaluate the accuracy of the system, 31 min of traffic video containing multilane traffic intersection was processed. It was possible to achieve classification accuracy as high as 90.49% while classifying correctly tracked vehicles into four classes: cars, SUVs/vans, pickup trucks, and buses/semis. While processing a video, our system also recorded important traffic parameters such as the appearance, speed, trajectory of a vehicle, etc. This information was later used in a search assistant tool to find interesting traffic events. © 2013 SPIE and IS&T (DOI: 10
CONSUMERS VIEWS OF REGIONALIZED PERINATAL CARE

During the summer, 1976, all parents whose babies were admitted to intensive care nurseries in Vermont or New Hampshire between January 1, 1975, and June 30, 1976, were mailed questionnaires. The instrument was designed to obtain opinions about care that their child received under a regional perinatal care program. The population contained 610 families of which 31% responded. A reliability check indicated that poor, unemployed and under-insured people were somewhat underrepresented in the sample. But given the length of the questionnaire and the topic with which it dealt, the response rate was judged to be a good one. Issues addressed by the survey included whether or not parents' experiences affected their thinking about having more children (40% answered at least a qualified “yes”), whether or not parents understood their child's illness and its treatment (15% said they had difficulty), whether or not they wanted to see or hold their baby prior to transport (18% had reservations about doing so), and their perception of the quality of care received. Using a scaling technique which allowed parents to standardize their own responses, most parents rated care in the regional center very high. Those parents whose babies were taken to a regional center for care rated the center higher than their local hospital on indicators of quality of care. But over 90% of the sample said that they would return to their local physician.
The effects of bacterial sonicates on human keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium in vitro

Direct cytotoxicity of plaque is believed to play a role in the soft tissue destruction observed in periodontal disease. This property has been demonstrated in vitro on cell lines but appears to be dependent upon the target cell used and the plaque organism being tested. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of bacterial products on growth of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium maintained in vitro. Morphological features of these cultures closely resembled normal epidermis. Sterile sonicates of the periodontal pathogenes Bacieroides asaccharolyticus and Actinomyces, naeslundii were diluted to equal protein concentrations and added lo keratinocyte cultures. The Bacteroides sonicate caused up to 97 % inhibition of labelled thymidine uptake of cultured keratinocytes while the peak inhibition of the Actinomyces sonicate was only 39 % of untreated controls. These results indicate that products of B.asaccharolyticus were more inhibitory to the growth of cultured keratinocytes than products of A. naes lundii. and that keratinocyte cultures make a useful model for investigation of the interactions between periodontal pathogens and differentiating epidermal cells.
Magnesium-ATPase and sodium-potassium-activated ATPase activity in the proximal and distal segments of the small intestine of rats during postnatal development.

Abstract A decrease in the level of postnatal Mg ++ ATPase and Na + K + ATPase activities in proximal and distal rat intestine was observed after the rats were weaned. ATPase levels were higher in the distal intestine of the suckling rat and higher in the proximal intestine of the weanling rat.
HOCO Radical Chemistry

Free radicals are important species in atmospheric chemistry, combustion, plasma environments, interstellar clouds, and biochemistry. Therefore, researchers would like to understand the formation mechanism, structure, stability, reactivity, spectroscopy, and dynamics of these chemical species. However, due to the presence of one or more unpaired electrons, radicals are often very reactive and have short lifetimes, which makes it difficult to conduct experiments. The HOCO radical appears in the atmosphere as well as in combustion environments and plays an important role in the conversion of CO to CO2. Through the interplay between theoretical and experimental investigations, researchers have only recently understood the chemical role of the HOCO radical. In this Account, we systematically describe the current state of knowledge of the HOCO radical based on recent theoretical and experimental studies. This radical’s two stable conformers, trans- and cis-HOCO, have been identified by high-level ab initio cal...
The energetics associated with the formation of interfaces, multilayers and adlayers

A combination of bulk and slab total energy calculations have been done to disentangle the energetics of metal adlayer and multilayer formation. Results have been obtained for Pd/Nb(110), Pd/Nb(001), Ag/Nb(110), Ag/Nb(001) and Nb/Pd(111) which provide a picture consistent with what is known experimentally for these systems. 3 refs., 2 figs.
Oligomeric procyanidins stimulate innate antiviral immunity in dengue virus infected human PBMCs

Oligomeric procyanidins (OPCs) have been shown to have antiviral and immunostimulatory effects. OPCs isolated from non-ripe apple peel were tested for capacity to reduce dengue virus (DENV) titers. Similar to published accounts, OPCs exhibited direct antiviral activity. The possibility of enhanced innate immune protection was also tested by measuring and characterizing gene and protein expression induced by OPCs during DENV infection. Treatment of DENV-infected human PBMCs with OPCs decreased viral titers and affected the expression of critical innate antiviral immune products. OPCs enhanced expression of MXI and IFNB transcripts in high MOI DENV infected PBMC cultures, and phosphorylation of STAT2 in response to recombinant type I IFN (IFN I). During low MOI infection, addition of OPCs increased expression of STAT1 transcripts, MHC I and TNFα protein production. Thus, OPCs exhibited innate immune stimulation of cells in DENV-infected cultures and uninfected cells treated with IFN I. While OPCs from a number of sources are known to exhibit antiviral effects, their mechanisms are not precisely defined. The capacity of OPCs to increase sensitivity to IFN I could be broadly applicable to many viral infections and two separate antiviral mechanisms suggest that OPCs may represent a novel, robust antiviral therapy.
Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on chronic allograft rejection.

Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on chronic allograft rejection Background Although chronic rejection is the most important cause of late allograft loss, none of the currently available immunosuppressive agents successfully target this problem. Clinical and laboratory studies suggest that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl co-enzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (HRIs) may decrease the incidence of and pathophysiologic factors leading to chronic rejection. Methods A number of clinical and laboratory investigations have been designed to evaluate the effect of HRIs on chronic rejection. Results Clinical trials in heart transplant patients suggest that HRIs decrease the incidence of chronic rejection in a manner that may be independent of lipid lowering. Subsequent studies in animal transplant models confirm that HRIs reduce chronic rejection. In further studies to elucidate the possible mechanisms of this effect, it has been observed that HRIs have an inhibitory effect on an number of lymphoid cell lines and vascular smooth muscle cells. HRIs may also prevent chronic rejection by protecting the endothelium from injury and dysfunction, perhaps by up-regulating nitric oxide synthesis. Conclusions HRIs may be the first agents to be effective in preventing chronic rejection. Although the mechanism behind this protective effect is unclear, it seems likely that HRIs may affect multiple factors that could lead to chronic rejection.
In vitro characterization of various heat-treated prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC).

Abstract All of 6 heat-treated prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC) tested contained adequate levels of factor IX but factor VII content was low. Levels of factors II, X, protein C and protein S were variable and antigen levels were always greater than those of functional activities. On crossed-immunoelectrophoresis factor IX showed variable anodal shift in all concentrates tested and in some activated factor IX was demonstrated by immunoblotting technique. These findings suggested some activation and/or denaturation during production and/or heating. Modest amount of factor VIII clotting activity by solid-phase amidolytic method and of factor VIII antigen was demonstrated in some concentrates but none contained more than a trace factor VIII inhibitor bypassing activity. The results suggested that heattreated PCC should provide safe therapeutic products for hemophilia B.
Direct measurement of resonant frequencies for H/sub 2/O in the range of 0.2-4.2 THz by frequency-tuning monochromatic THz source

Absorption lines in the range of 0.2-4.2 THz for the distilled water and water vapor in the atmosphere have directly been measured for the first time by tuning a coherent and monochromatic THz source.
New generation optical infrastructure technologies: “EXAT initiative” towards 2020 and beyond

Research effort of most advanced optical infrastructure technologies named “EXAT: Extremely Advanced Transmission” towards the next few decades and beyond are described, enabling well over Peta bit/s per fiber link capacity and Exa-class network throughput.
Higher order logic in reasoning about microwave controller software for the DSN

This paper presents an approach to reasoning about the microwave generic controller (UGC) software for the antenna microwave subsystem (UWV) for the Deep Space Network using the higher-order logic (HOL) proof system. The UGC is responsible for monitoring and controlling the switches and rain blowers for the UWV; the UGC also monitors signal injections, interlocks, and LNA sensors. A partial mechanization of a timed process algebra (TPA) embedded in the HOL is given. The TPA is used to write a formal specification of the manager in the Swi-Int (switches and interlocks) of the UGC. The behavior of the Swi-Int is specified as a parallel computation. Finally, the basis for formulating timing constraints on sequences of actions is presented. >
Applicability of appropriateness criteria for stress imaging: similarities and differences between stress echocardiography and single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging criteria.

Background— Appropriateness criteria for stress imaging have been published to promote the effective use of stress nuclear scintigraphy and stress echocardiography. We sought to evaluate the application of the stress echocardiography appropriateness criteria to patients undergoing stress echocardiography in an academic medical center. Methods and Results— The stress echocardiography criteria were applied to 298 consecutive patients who underwent stress echocardiography. Patients were rated as appropriate, uncertain, inappropriate, or not classifiable. Results were compared with those of a previous analysis in the same patients using the single-photon computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT MPI) criteria. The level of agreement between 2 cardiac nurse abstractors for categorizing appropriateness by the stress echocardiography criteria was good (κ=0.72). Overall, 54% of patients were classified as appropriate, 8% as uncertain, and 19% as inappropriate; 19% were not classifiable. By the SPECT MPI criteria, 64% of patients were classified as appropriate, 9% as uncertain, and 18% as inappropriate; 9% were not classifiable ( P <0.001 compared with stress echocardiography criteria). By the stress echocardiography criteria, 6 clinical situations or indications accounted for more than 90% of the inappropriate tests; most of these involved asymptomatic patients. Conclusions— Applying stress echocardiography appropriateness criteria to a patient population is feasible, although 1 in 5 of our patients was not classifiable. Overall, the stress echocardiography criteria classified patients differently compared with the SPECT MPI criteria. Future refinements of the appropriateness criteria for stress imaging should address gaps in the criteria and disparities between the stress echocardiography and SPECT MPI criteria. Received June 10, 2008; accepted January 26, 2009.
Introduction to object-oriented database management systems (abstract)

This tutorial begins by explaining object-oriented database management systems (OODBMS) in terms of what is the value added beyond record-oriented database systems and object-oriented programming languages. It presents most of the current commercial OODBMS and several advanced prototypes with particular attention to distinguishing them in their data models, application interfaces and system architectures. It will also contrast the OODBMS approach with extended relational systems. A goal of the tutorial is to give participants an appreciation for the consequences of design choices made in the different systems. It concludes with a critique of current market offerings, and suggests there are significant regions of the design space to explore, and needs of advanced applications that are still largely unmet by any database product.This tutorial is designed both for those considering investing in OODBs and those who just want to understand the technology. It assumes knowledge of object-oriented programming concepts, and some familiarity with conventional database systems, particularly relational databases.
A Marbury v. Madison Moment on the Eve of the Civil War

On the occasion of its 150th anniversary, this article explores the background and the story of Kentucky v. Dennison, 65 U.S. (24 How.) 66 (1861), an important extradition case that the Supreme Court decided on the eve of the start of the Civil War. The case arose after Kentucky indicted a “free man of color” in Ohio for the crime of aiding the escape of a Kentucky slave. The Governor of Kentucky requested that Ohio extradite the defendant, and the Governor of Ohio refused. Kentucky brought an original mandamus action in the Supreme Court against the Ohio Governor in the fall of 1860, the case was heard in February, 1861, and decided in mid-March of that year, only a few weeks before Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter. Chief Justice Taney wrote the unanimous opinion of the Court, which held that the Ohio Governor had a clear constitutional duty to turn over the fugitive Kentucky sought, but that the Court and Congress lacked the constitutional power to compel the Ohio Governor to do so. The article examines the events surrounding the case, and offers some comments on “Marbury v. Madison moments,” the legacy of Chief Justice Taney, the subsequent career of Governor Dennison, and the principles the case established, one of which the Supreme Court expressly overruled 125 years later.
Achieving reduced EMI using microcontrollers with PLL oscillators

Microcontrollers with integrated PLL (phase-locked loop) oscillators provide significant EMI reductions as compared to microcontrollers with standard oscillators, which typically run at two or four times the frequency of the system clocks. Three microcontrollers have been evaluated: one with a standard oscillator (system clock frequency= 1/4 * oscillator frequency), one with a X1 PLL (system clock=oscillator), and one with a 32 kHz-based PLL which produces a system clock frequency equivalent to that of the other two devices. The EMI contribution of the oscillators has been measured and compared using the SAE J1752/3 method.
0.25 mu m PHEMT X-band multifunction LNA MMIC with T/R switch and attenuator achieves 1.85 dB noise figure

The performance of a 7-11-GHz LNA (low-noise amplifier) MIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuit) which advances performance and integration standards is presented. A 1.8-dB noise figure (NF), 19-dB-gain LNA is coupled with a 0.5-dB insertion loss T/R (transmit/receive) switch and switched attenuator for a MMIC with 1.85-dB NF, 18-dB gain at 10 GHz. The X-band multifunction LNA MMIC was fabricated on the GE 0.25- mu m pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistor (PHEMT) process. The noise figure for the MMIC is below 2.2 dB (minimum 1.85 dB), the gain is above 20 dB, and the input return loss is better than 13 dB from 7 GHz to 11 GHz. The T/R switch and 8-dB attenuator function as designed. This excellent performance can be attributed to careful measurement, accurate modeling of a large number of devices, thorough design, and careful, repeatable fabrication. >
Enhancing Resolution and Contrast in Coherent Raman Microscopy: Towards Superresolution Chemical Imaging

We will detail our efforts to extend the contrast and resolution of coherent Raman scattering microscopy through the combination of spatial light modulator generated, annular-phase masks and the two color nature of Coherent Raman scattering.
Flexible heteroarotinoid (Flex-Het) SHetA2 inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo

Flexible heteroarotinoids (Flex-Hets) compounds regulate growth, differentiation and apoptosis in cancer cells. The hypothesis of this study was that the lead Flex-Het, SHetA2, inhibits angiogenesis by blocking cytokine release from cancer cells. SHetA2 altered secretion of thrombospondin-4 (TSP-4), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) proteins from normal and cancerous ovarian and renal cultures. Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) expression was inhibited in cancer, but not normal cultures. Endothelial tube formation was stimulated by conditioned media from cancer but not normal cultures, and SHetA2 reduced secretion of this angiogenic activity. SHetA2 directly inhibited endothelial cell tube formation and proliferation through G1 cell cycle arrest, but not apoptosis. Recombinant TP reversed SHetA2 anti-angiogenic activity. SHetA2 inhibition of in vivo angiogenesis was observed in Caki-1 renal cancer xenografts. In conclusion, SHetA2 inhibits angiogenesis through alteration of angiogenic factor secretion by cancer cells and through direct effects on endothelial cells.
Linear Algebra and Minimum Relative Entropy to Investigate Contamination Events in Drinking Water Systems

A two-step approach is proposed to assist forensic investigation of possible source locations following a contaminant detection in drinking water systems. Typically this identification problem is ill posed as it has more unknowns than observations. First, linear algebra is employed to rule out potential contaminant injections. Second, an entropic-based Bayesian inversion technique, the minimum relative entropy method, solves for the remaining variables. This formulation allows for the less committed prior distribution with respect to unknown information and can include model uncertainties and measurement errors. The solution is a space-time contaminant concentration probability density function accounting for the various possible injections that may be the cause of the observed data. Besides, a probability measure quantifying the odds of being the actual location of contamination is assigned to each potential source. Effectiveness and features of the method are studied on two example networks.
The roots of black resistance: race, gender and the struggle for urban land rights in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

In Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, during the past ten years, the city has transformed its historical centre into cultural sites for leisure tourism. This process has included projects of ‘slum clearance’, negatively impacting black communities who have historically occupied these areas. In this essay, I present an ethnographic account of Gamboa de Baixo, a black coastal community in the centre of Salvador, and its political movement against urban renewal programmes. Specifically, I focus on the articulation of racial and gender politics in black women's grassroots activism against land expulsion and for access to material resources. This case in Salvador unearths one aspect of institutional racism in Brazil and the formation of an anti‐black racism resistance movement. Resistance to urban renewal plans in Salvador demonstrates how struggles for urban land rights are a crucial part of engaging in the broader national and international politics of race. In black communities in Brazil and throughout the African di...
Influence of alkaloid precursors on the alkaloid content of Nicotiana alata root cultures

Abstract Root cultures of Nicotiana alata Link and Otto, growing in a Murashige and Skoog medium, contained the following alkaloid composition: nicotine (5 %), nornicotine (58%), anabasine (10%), and anatabine (27%), all with the ( S )-configuration with high enantiomeric excess. When the root growth was carried out in the presence of increasing concentrations of [2- 3 H]nicotinic acid (0.002–5 mM), there were profound changes in the amounts and composition of the alkaloids after three days incubation. High concentrations of nicotinic acid inhibited both alkaloid formation and the demethylation of nicotine to nornicotine. Anatabine production was stimulated with increasing nicotinic acid concentration. A second series of experiments with a fixed concentration of [2- 3 H]nicotinic acid and increasing amounts of 1-methyl-Δ 1 -pyrrolinium chloride indicated that this latter compound stimulated nicotine production and also inhibited its demethylation. In a third set of experiments it was found that increasing concentrations of [2- 14 C]-Δ 1 -piperideine promoted the production of [2′- 14 C]anabasine and also stimulated nornicotine production.
Elastic constants of Nb by resonance at sonic frequencies

Abstract Elastic compliances of single crystal, high purity and commercial niobium, have been determined by sonic frequency resonance method at 25°C. The conditions under which vibration mode mixing can be avoided are discussed, and a technique to check its absence is described. Unexpectedly low damping levels were observed. It is concluded that the precision of this method is comparable to that of the very high frequency methods more commonly used.
Assessing the Potential of Paradata and other Auxiliary Data for Nonresponse Adjustments

Given the theoretical promise of these auxiliary data for overcoming the challenge of nonresponse, survey researchers have shown an increased interest in collecting paradata, data from screening interviews, and other contextual information. However, very few studies have systematically assessed the use of these data for post-survey nonresponse adjustments. Those studies that do exist generally do not identify auxiliary variables that correlate with response propensity and key survey variables, a necessary condition for auxiliary data to be effective tools for reducing nonresponse bias. Using the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), this paper leverages a large set of auxiliary variables available for the full NSFG sample to assess their potential as independent tools for post-survey nonresponse adjustments. We begin by using this auxiliary information to predict response propensity (RP) for each person in the full sample. We then display descriptive estimates for a variety of attitudes and behaviors measured in the NSFG, using post-stratification weighting adjustments as well as RP adjustments followed by post-stratification. The results show that accounting for RP in the weighting adjustment often produces noteworthy differences in the estimates, thus supporting the collection of these types of auxiliary variables in practice. These results also suggest that standard post-stratification adjustments may not be entirely effective at removing nonresponse bias from all survey estimates, and that some subgroup analyses may be especially subject to bias when adjusting survey estimates using post-stratification alone.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Future Testing Intentions for HIV: United States, 2007–2010: Results from the National Health Interview Survey

This study examined racial/ethnic differences in rationale for intending to test for HIV. Data were analyzed from 98,971 adults from the 2007–2010 National Health Interview Survey. An estimated 38.5 % of respondents previously tested for HIV. Testing as part of a medical checkup or procedure was the most common reason for being tested among studied racial/ethnic groups. Non-Hispanic whites (80.7 %) and non-Hispanic Asians (71.2 %) had higher proportions (p < 0.001) of respondents that have not been tested for HIV due to believing they were unlikely exposed. Non-Hispanic blacks (ARR: 2.55; 95 % CI 2.39–2.72) and Hispanics (ARR: 1.81; 95 % CI 1.68–1.95) who ever tested for HIV were significantly more likely to report positive future testing intentions compared to non-Hispanic whites. Additional efforts to increase the availability of HIV tests by making HIV testing a routine part of medical care and increasing knowledge of HIV transmission, risk-perception, and treatment may reduce racial/ethnic disparities in HIV testing.
Action, Illusion, and Perception

Movement-related areas of the brain convey both motor and sensory signals. Neuroscientists have long pondered the question of whether such sensory signals are more closely related to sensory perception or to motor control. In their Perspective, Gottlieb and Mazzoni discuss new research showing that different brain areas are involved in the perception and execution of movement ( Schwartz et al.).
Analysis of the polysaccharide capsule of the systemic pathogen, Streptococcus iniae and its implications in virulence

Systemic pathogens have developed numerous strategies for evading the defenses of the host, permitting dissemination and multiplication in various tissues. One means of survival in the host, particularly in the bloodstream, has been attributed to the ability to avoid phagocytosis via capsular polysaccharide. To further define the virulence capacity of Streptococcus iniae, a zoonotic pathogen with the ability to cause severe systemic disease in both fish and humans, we performed an analysis of the capsule locus. The initial analysis included cloning and sequencing of the capsule synthesis operon, which revealed an approximately 21-kb region that is highly homologous to capsule operons of other streptococci. A genetic comparison of S. iniae virulent strain 9117 and commensal strain 9066 revealed that the commensal strain does not have the central region of the capsule operon composed of several important capsule synthesis genes. Four 9117 insertion or deletion mutants with mutations in the beginning, middle, or end of the capsule locus were analyzed to determine their capsule production and virulence. Virulence profiles were analyzed for each mutant using three separate criteria, which demonstrated the attenuation of each mutant in several tissue environments. These analyses also provided insight into the different responses of the host to each mutant strain compared to a wild-type infection. Our results demonstrate that capsule is not required for all host environments, while excess capsule is also not optimal, suggesting that for an "ideal" systemic infection, capsule production is most likely regulated while the bacterium is in different environments of the host.
Stromal responses to fractionated radiotherapy

AbstractPurpose: Recently, several landmark randomized trials were published that justify the use of alternative fractionation schemes, e.g., hypofractionation, in adjuvant applications of whole-breast radiotherapy following breast-conserving surgery. We are studying effects of fractionated photon radiotherapy on stromal cell biology to understand how fractionation parameters influence the cellular microenvironment.Methods and materials: Three-dimensional (3-D) collagen matrices, fibroblasts, and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) were combined to model microenvironmental components of mammary stroma. We explored the effects of fractionation schemes on collagen matrix stiffness and fibroblast activation using this culture model. Samples were exposed to 6 MV X-rays from a linear accelerator in daily fraction sizes of 90, 180 and 360 cGy over three days in a manner consistent with irradiation exposure during radiotherapy. Results: Fibroblast-cell activation and collagen sample stiffness both increas...
Preparation of 5‐Hydroxycyclopentenones Via Conjugate Addition‐Initiated Nazarov Cyclization

The Nazarov electrocyclization has become a versatile method for the synthesis of cyclopentenones with a broad range of substitution patterns, with excellent potential as building blocks for complex molecule synthesis. The article describes the synthesis and use of dienyl diketones as substrates in Nazarov cyclizations, initiated by 1,6-conjugate addition of an amine or malonate nucleophile. A three-step protocol is employed to prepare the dienyl diketones, and the cyclization produces 5-hydroxycyclopentenones in high yields. Keywords: 3-Buten-1-yn-1-yl-benzene; (±)-(E)-2-Hydroxy-1,3-diphenylhexa-3,5-dien-1-one; (±)-Dimethyl-2-((5-hydroxy-4-oxo-3,5-diphenylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl)methyl) malonate; Nazarov Cyclization; Dienyl Diketones
Associated Varieties and Unipotent Representations

Suppose G ℝ is a semisimple Lie group. The philosophy of coadjoint orbits, as propounded by Kirillov and Kostant, suggests that unitary rep-resentations of G ℝ are closely related to the orbits of G ℝ on the dual \( \mathfrak{g}_{\mathbb{R}}^{ * } \) of the Lie algebra g ℝ of G ℝ. One knows how to attach representations to semisimple orbits, but the methods used (which rely on the existence of nice “polarizing subalgebras” of g) cannot be applied to most nilpotent orbits.
Predicting Secondary Task Involvement and Differences in Task Modality Using Field Highway Driving Data

This study examined differences in the impact of visual-manual and auditory-vocal based radio tuning tasks on field driving performance. Engagement in visual-manual tuning tasks were associated with higher steering wheel reversal rates than baseline driving. Both visual-manual and auditory-vocal based tuning tasks were associated with higher variances in speed maintenance compared to baseline driving. Models were built to utilize driving performance measurements as input to a classifier that aimed to distinguish between the three states (i.e., baseline driving, visual-manual tuning, and auditory-vocal tuning). Baseline driving could be classified from visual-manual tuning at an accuracy of over 99% and from auditory-vocal based tuning at an accuracy of 93.3%. Models could differentiate between the modalities at an accuracy of 75.2 % and between the three classes at an accuracy of 81.2%. Results suggest that changes in driving performance associated with visual-manual based tuning are statistically distinguishable from auditory-vocal based tuning. While not being free of visual-manual demand, tasks that involve auditory-vocal interactions appear to differ from visual-manual in how they impact driving performance.
Immunotherapy for Primary Brain Tumors

Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) are represented by a wide spectrum of histological subcategories,which include: astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma,ependymoma, mixed glioma, choroid plexus tumors, neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumors,pineal tumors, and germinomas (see Chap. 2). The estimated incidence rate for all primary tumors including benign and malignant lesions in 1999 was 11.8 per 100,000 population, with malignant tumors accounting for 6.5 per 100,000 (Landis et al. 1999).This resulted in approximately 16,800 new cases of brain and other nervous system tumors in the United States (9500 males and 7300 females). Glioblastoma multiforme, high-grade oligodendroglioma, and anaplastic astrocytoma are among the most difficult primary brain tumors to control, with an annual incidence in the United States of over 10,000 patients. Their natural history is relatively short with rapid tumor progression leading to the patienti¯s death.Even though longer survival times have been obtained using better surgical techniques, contemporary radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or combinations thereof, no treatment is curative for a majority of these tumors
Introduction to Part six

To illustrate the wide spectrum of global ecological design and planning practices, seven case studies of exemplary practice are examined in this section. These practices are noteworthy applications of substantive and procedural ecological planning theories and principles that sustainably balance human use with ecological concerns in the research environment and professional practice.
Collapse of a long axis: single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer and serpin equilibrium unfolding.

The energy required for mechanical inhibition of target proteases is stored in the native structure of inhibitory serpins and accessed by serpin structural remodeling. The overall serpin fold is ellipsoidal with one long and two short axes. Most of the structural remodeling required for function occurs along the long axis, while expansion of the short axes is associated with misfolded, inactive forms. This suggests that ellipticity, as typified by the long axis, may be important for both function and folding. Placement of donor and acceptor fluorophores approximately along the long axis or one of the short axes allows single-pair Forster resonance energy transfer (spFRET) to report on both unfolding transitions and the time-averaged shape of different conformations. Equilibrium unfolding and refolding studies of the well-characterized inhibitory serpin α1-antitrypsin reveal that the long axis collapses in the folding intermediates while the monitored short axis expands. These energetically distinct intermediates are thus more spherical than the native state. Our spFRET studies agree with other equilibrium unfolding studies that found that the region around one of the β strands, s5A, which helps define the long axis and must move for functionally required loop insertion, unfolds at low denaturant concentrations. This supports a connection between functionally important structural lability and unfolding in the inhibitory serpins.
Relation of Structure to Stability, Antiesterase Activity and Toxicity With Substituted-Vinyl Phosphate Insecticides

Phosdrin, Shell OS-1808, OS-1836 and many related substituted- vinyl phosphates were found to be mixtures of geometrical isomerides which could be separated on chromatographic columns. The major component in each case was found to be the fraction first eluted from the column (alpha) and the less stable isomerism. The alpha isomer was also the most active as an insecticide and anticholinesterase agent. The exact isomeric configuration of the alpha and beta fractions from these substituted- vinyl phosphates is as yet uncertain. An impurity present in technical Phosdrin insecticide was found to be 0,0-dimethyl 1-cnrbomethoxy-1- chloro-1-propen-2-yl phosphate. Irradiation of either the alpha or beta OS-1808 fractions with ultra-violet light yielded a mixture of the components in a ratio of about 70% beta and 30% alpha fractions. The toxicity of the alpha fraction of OS- 1808 was not affected by the beta component in ratios as high as 10 parts beta to 1 part alpha. Studies with 23 amino acids for efficiency in catalyzing the hydrolysis of alpha-Phosdin, indicated that the most active were proline and hydroxyproline. Certain pyridine aldoxime methiodides were more effective catalysts than any of the amino acids at physiological hydrogen ion concentrations. Column pure alpha fractions from 23 substituted- vinyl phosphates were compared as to alkaline stability. anti cholinesterase activity, and toxicity. Many substituents about the vinyl grouping were found to yield quite high insecticidal activity.
Strain tensor effects on SrTiO3 incipient ferroelectric phase transition

Structural distortion of ferroelectric thin films caused by film strain has a strong impact on the microwave dielectric properties. SrTiO3 thin films epitaxially grown on (110) DyScO3 substrates using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are extremely strained (i.e., ∼1% in-plane tensional strain) from 3.905 A of bulk SrTiO3. The room temperature dielectric constant and its tuning of the films are observed to be 6000 and 75% with an electric field of 1 V/μm, respectively. The control of strain in SrTiO3 provides a basis for room temperature tunable microwave applications by elevating its phase transition peak to room temperature. Also, a significant in-plane anisotropy in dielectric constant and tuning was observed in these SrTiO3 films. The observed in-plane anisotropic dielectric properties have been interpreted based on the phenomenological thermodynamics of film strain.
A Beam Theory for Progressively Elastic Damage in Fiber-Reinforced Composite Structures

A beam theory is developed for predicting the failure process and the ultimate strength of the fiber-reinforced composite beams with given damage mechanisms and failure criterion. The three-dimensional continuum is rigorously reduced to a two-dimensional crosssectional analysis and a one-dimensional beam analysis. The governing equations for the two-dimensional cross-sectional problem are derived from the rate form of the principle of virtual work. In addition, a three-dimensional anisotropic continuum damage model is proposed for fiber-reinforced polymers which is applied in the present beam model. The present theories are implemented using the finite element method. The proposed models could serve as not only an efficient high-fidelity virtual coupon testing but also an authentic predictor for the progressive failures of fiber-reinforced composite slender structures. Typical material models are used to validate the present theory.
Error Duration Models: A New Justification for Fractional Integration in Political Time Series

The primary justification for the expectation that political time series may be fractionally integrated is based upon the aggregation theorem of Granger (1980), which has been demonstrated empirically with public opinion data by Box-Steffensmeier and Smith (1996) as well as Byers, Davidson, and Peel (1997). This chapter investigates a secondary justification for the presence of fractional integration - the error duration model (EDM) of Parke (1999). The variable of interest in such a model is the sum of shocks which survive to a specific time point, T. Given a process that generates a sequence of stochastic shocks, which are themselves stochastic in terms of duration and magnitude, a process can exhibit long-memory if a small percentage of shocks survive for long durations. Such a representation potentially explains the presence of fractionally integrated political time series that are not the product of aggregation. If events generate shocks of varying duration, it is possible for these shocks to then transmit long-memory to other political variables. The EDM representation is applied to a data set capturing the post-enactment history of federal domestic spending programs from 1971 to 2004. The survival rates of federal policies are demonstrated to be fractionally integrated.
Iterative procedure for in-situ optical testing with an incoherent source

Interferometry, the long-standing method for optical characterization, is difficult to perform at EUV wavelengths due to the lack of high power coherent EUV sources and difficult experimental setup. These problems are exacerbated by systematic errors from geometrical effects as EUV tools move to higher numerical apertures (NA) which require stricter tolerances for the optical elements involved in interferometry. In this paper we propose an iterative, image-based, in-situ method for optical characterization that is independent of the operating wavelength of light, illumination coherence, and NA of the system. In this method, a known pattern is imaged through focus, and matched to an experimental model with a trial set of pupil aberrations. The aberrations are then changed iteratively until the modeled images match the ones from the experiment. The Reduced Optical Coherent Sum (ROCS) decomposition for partially coherent aerial image calculation greatly reduces the computation time of each iteration which makes this method more computationally tractable.
Using a full annual cycle model to evaluate long-term population viability of the conservation-reliant Kirtland's warbler after successful recovery

Long-term management planning for conservation-reliant migratory songbirds is particularly challenging because habitat quality in different stages and geographic locations of the annual cycle can have direct and carry-over effects that influence the population dynamics. The Neotropical migratory songbird Kirtland's warbler Setophaga kirtlandii (Baird 1852) is listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and Near Threatened under the IUCN Red List. This conservation-reliant species is being considered for U.S. federal delisting because the species has surpassed the designated 1000 breeding pairs recovery threshold since 2001. To help inform the delisting decision and long-term management efforts, we developed a population simulation model for the Kirtland's warbler that incorporated both breeding and wintering grounds habitat dynamics, and projected population viability based on current environmental conditions and potential future management scenarios. Future management scenarios included the continuation of current management conditions, reduced productivity and carrying capacity due to the changes in habitat suitability from the creation of experimental jack pine Pinus banksiana (Lamb.) plantations, and reduced productivity from alteration of the brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater (Boddaert 1783) removal programme. Linking wintering grounds precipitation to productivity improved the accuracy of the model for replicating past observed population dynamics. Our future simulations indicate that the Kirtland's warbler population is stable under two potential future management scenarios: (i) continuation of current management practices and (ii) spatially restricting cowbird removal to the core breeding area, assuming that cowbirds reduce productivity in the remaining patches by =41%. The additional future management scenarios we assessed resulted in population declines. Synthesis and applications. Our study indicates that the Kirtland’s warbler population is stable under current management conditions and that the jack pine plantation and cowbird removal programmes continue to be necessary for the long-term persistence of the species. This study represents one of the first attempts to incorporate full annual cycle dynamics into a population viability analysis for a migratory bird, and our results indicate that incorporating wintering grounds dynamics improved the model performance.
Innervation of Gill Lateral Cells in the Bivalve Mollusc Crassostrea virginica Affects Cellular Membrane Potential and Cilia Activity

Gill lateral cells of Crassostrea virginica are innervated by the branchial nerve, which contains serotonergic and dopaminergic fibers that regulate cilia beating rate. Terminal release of serotonin or dopamine results in an increase or decrease, respectively, of cilia beating rate in lateral gill cells. In this study we used the voltage sensitive fluorescent probe DiBAC4(3) to quantify changes in gill lateral cell membrane potential in response to electrical stimulation of the branchial nerve or to applications of serotonin and dopamine, and correlate these changes to cilia beating rates. Application of serotonin to gill lateral cells caused prolonged membrane depolarization, similar to plateau potentials, while increasing cilia beating rate. Application of dopamine hyperpolarized the resting membrane while decreasing cilia beating rate. Low frequency (5 Hz) electrical stimulations of the branchial nerve, which cause terminal release of endogenous serotonin, or high frequency (20 Hz) stimulations, which cause terminal release of endogenous dopamine, had the same effects on gill lateral cell membrane potentials and cilia beating rate as the respective applications of serotonin or dopamine. The study shows that innervation of gill lateral cells by the branchial nerve affects membrane potential as well as cilia beating rate, and demonstrates a strong correlation between changes in membrane potential and regulation of cilia beating rate. The study furthers the understanding of serotonin and dopamine signaling in the innervation and regulation of gill cilia in bivalves. The study also shows that voltage sensitive fluorescent probes like DiBAC4(3) can be successfully used as an alternative to microelectrodes to measure changes in membrane potential of ciliated gill cells and other small cells with fast moving cilia.
Iterative sparse channel estimation for acoustic OFDM systems

We propose a method for channel estimation in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with an array of receiving elements. In contrast to traditional methods, which target the equivalent sample-spaced channel taps, this method targets the physical propagation paths whose delays are not restricted to the sample-spaced grid. The path delays are estimated jointly with the path gains and the angles of arrival, exploiting coherence between the array elements. Numerical results illustrate superior performance as compared to tap-based channel estimation, as well as additional gain available from spatial correlation across the array elements.
The hands of Donald Trump: Entertainment, gesture, spectacle

Commentators from a broad range of perspectives have been at pains to explain Donald Trump’s transition from billionaire businessman to populist presidential candidate. This article draws on cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and rhetorical theory to argue that the success of Trump’s candidacy in the 2016 Republican primary was in part due to its value as comedic entertainment. We examine the ways that Trump’s unconventional political style, particularly his use of gesture to critique the political system and caricature his opponents, brought momentum to his campaign by creating spectacle. Post-structuralist and neo-Marxist scholars have asserted that late capitalism values style over content: Trump took this characteristic to new heights. The exaggerated depictions of the sociopolitical world that Trump crafts with his hands to oppose political correctness and disarm adversaries accrue visual capital in a mediatized twenty-first-century politics that is celebrity driven.