cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of glucocorticoids on plasma growth hormone in man

Serial plasma growth hormone (GH) values in four normal women were found to fluctuate widely during the day with peak values as high as 32 mμg/ml. The present study established two points: (1) patients with Cushing's syndrome lack normal spontaneous peaks in plasma GH and (2) normal subjects treated for two weeks with prednisone in doses of 15 mg. per day (roughly equivalent to the amount of cortisol secreted in Cushing's syndrome) showed no significant diminution in their spontaneous plasma GH peaks. It is possible that the chronicity, the constancy, and the severity of glucocorticoid excess might all be factors in abolishing the plasma GH peaks in Cushing's syndrome.
Stress buffering effects of family support in AIDS caregiving

This study examines the effects of family support on AIDS caregiver stress over time, comparing HIV-positive and HIV-negative gay-identified men who care for a friend or partner living with HIV (PLWH). Support from the care-recipient's family of origin is assessed, and the stress buffering effects of this type of support are explored longitudinally within a stress proliferation framework for 276 men (114 were HIV-positive, 162 were HIV-negative). Among HIV-positive caregivers, emotional distress is associated with high caregiving stress and low PLWH family support. Emotional distress among HIV-negative caregivers is also associated with caregiving stress, but is not significantly influenced by support from the PLWH's family. For both groups, increasing emotional distress over a seven-month period is a function of increasing caregiver stress, but not PLWH family support. The effects of financial worry and role overload on caregiver emotional distress are conditional upon PLWH family support at Time 1 among...
Ethanol concentration by forward osmosis with solar-regenerated draw solution

Abstract Production of fuel-grade ethanol requires removing excess water following fermentation, which is typically performed by an energy intensive distillation process. This paper proposes a simple, low-cost, and scalable alternative method of removing water using forward osmosis. The draw solution is an aqueous brine that is regenerated by solar evaporation. Separation limits of this approach are calculated using the van Laar equation for the non-ideality of the ethanol/water mixture, and experimentally measured activities for aqueous solutions of NaCl, CaCl2, K2HPO4, and K4P2O7. We focus on production of 95%, 50% and 30% (w/w) ethanol solutions as fuel for cooking stoves and homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines, both of which tolerate larger amounts of water in the product. Evaporation-limited production rates are computed using long-term meteorological data for sites in Ethiopia, Thailand, Brazil, and India. These calculations can be used to determine the size requirements necessary for a given daily production rate for any desired ethanol concentration.
Protest song lyrics as rhetoric

(1983). Protest song lyrics as rhetoric. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 3-11.
Calculations of wave propagation on a helix in the attenuation region

It is a well-known fact that the attenuation region of the traveling-wave tube is very important to the performance of the tube, particularly with respect to gain and efficiency of the tube which is relatively short in terms of wavelengths. Characteristics of the attenuator in the passive tube have been measured frequently and variations of attenuation and wave velocity with respect to frequency and thickness of coating are known. In the interests of trying to understand the effect of the attenuator on efficiency, we have attempted to make certain calculations of performance of a theoretical attenuator such as is frequently used on certain spirals and the results of such calculations are presented here.
Ultrafast energy flow in hybrid plasmonic materials

Nanoscale materials absorb, propagate, and dissipate energy very differently than their bulk counterparts. Furthermore, hybrid nanostructures consisting of molecular and plasmonic materials with strongly coupled electronic states can produce new optical states and decay pathways that provide additional handles with which to externally control energy flow in complex nanostructured systems. In this talk, we discuss our recent studies of electromagnetic coupling and associated temporal dynamics of molecular excitations with plasmonic resonances supported by either localized or extended planar geometries. Recent experimental results and theoretical analysis for observing and controlling coherences between molecular excitations and plasmonic polarizations are shown. Advances will explore new directions in ultrafast manipulation of energy dissipation processes in hybrid plasmonic structures, as well as ultrafast addressing and switching in plasmonics-based circuit architectures. Also discussed are recent synthetic advances in the creation of hybrid materials. Ultimately, these studies may impact a range of next-generation optical materials and devices, of relevance to new energy conversion materials, nanoscale photocatalysis, or plasmon-enhanced sensors.
Andrew Johnson's Civil War and Reconstruction. By Paul H. Bergeron. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2011. 300 pp.

Andrew Johnson's Civil War and Reconstruction. By Paul H. Bergeron. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2011. 300 pp. Since 1960, the reputation of Andrew Johnson's presidency has steadily eroded, a decline that is largely attributable to a revolution in Reconstruction scholarship. Although studies by James Sefton and Albert Castel gave Johnson his due in certain areas (Sefton, Andrew Johnson and the Uses of Constitutional Power [Little Brown, 1980]; Castel, The Presidency of Andrew Johnson [University Press of Kansas, 1979]), the author of the only modern full-length biography, Hans Trefousse (Andrew Johnson: A Biography [W. W. Norton, 1997]), was far more critical of Johnson's Reconstruction policy. According to Paul H. Bergeron, who as editor oversaw the publication of the last eight of the sixteen volumes of The Papers of Andrew Johnson (University of Tennessee Press, 1967-2000), the Tennessean "has been vilified enough" (p. 6). He argues that one can make too much of Johnson's racism, given prevailing attitudes at the time. Moreover, simply to dismiss Johnson as a racist risks overlooking other considerations that shaped his performance as president, including his commitment to preserving executive power and defending his interpretation of the Constitution. Rather, Bergeron asserts, one must set his racism in the context of his other attitudes and attributes, positive and negative, to gain a better overall assessment of Lincoln's successor in the White House. Bergeron recounts Johnson's career during the 1860s, incorporating his experiences as a senator, military governor, and vice president, as well as his four years as chief executive. As military governor of Tennessee, Johnson's energetic exercise of authority reinforced an already defiant, combative, and, at times, inflexible approach to political life. His actions earned Lincoln's approval: the president offered no objection (and, perhaps, some private encouragement) to Johnson's being named his running mate in 1864. Nearly six weeks after an embarrassing debut as vice president highlighted by a rambling harangue, Johnson assumed the presidency, courtesy of an assassin's bullet. As president, Johnson embraced a reconciliationist approach toward the former Confederates. For all of his bombast about punishing traitors, he reserved his venom for a select few prominent leaders, while embarking upon a pardon policy that proved most liberal. Accepting the destruction of slavery, he had little interest in advancing the fortunes of the freedmen, bringing talk of widespread confiscation and redistribution of plantations to a dead halt. The only time he showed any interest in enfranchising blacks was to silence his critics by extending the right to vote to a handful of freedmen. …
Retrospectives: Say's Law

What is perhaps most curious about 'Say's law' is the continuing disagreement on its substance and to whom it should be credited. John Maynard Keynes summarized the law as 'supply creates its own demand' but it is now generally agreed that Keynes did not get it quite right. The author has been unable to ascertain who coined the term 'Say's law' but it appears to be a twentieth century appellation, preceding Keynes's use. John-Baptiste Say was certainly among the earlier writers to discuss the topic at length but so far as the author can determine, none of Say's contemporaries--including Say himself--credits him with having been first to enunciate its principles.
A method for transcribing the manual components of Cued Speech

Designed to allow visual communication of speech signals, Cued Speech consists of discrete hand signals that are produced in synchrony with the visual mouth movements of speech. The purpose of this paper is to describe a method for transcribing these hand signals. Procedures are presented for identifying (1) the steady-state portion of the cue to be analyzed, (2) the cue's handshape, and (3) the cue's placement. Reliability is evaluated, using materials from 12 cuers that were transcribed on two separate occasions (either by the original rater or a second rater). Results show very good intra-rater and inter-rater reliability on average, which remained good across a variety of individual cuers, even when the cuer's hand gestures were heavily coarticulated. Given its high reliability, this transcription method may be of benefit to applications that require systematic and quantitative analysis of Cued Speech production in various populations. In addition, some of the transcription principles from this method may be helpful in improving accuracy of automatic Cued Speech recognition systems.
Evaluation of Internal Leak in Valve Using Acoustic Emission Method

This study is to estimate the feasibility of acoustic emission(AE) method for the internal leak from the valves. In this study, two types of valve(a 4 inch glove steam valve and 4 inch ball water valve) leak tests using three different leak path and various leak rates were performed in order to analyze AE properties when leaks arise in valve seat. As a result of leak test for specimens simulated valve seat, we conformed that leak sound amplitude increased in proportion to the increase of leak rate, and leak rates were plotted versus peak acoustic amplitudes recorded within those two narrow frequency bands on each spectrum plot. The resulting plots of leak rate versus peak AE amplitude were the primary basis for determining the feasibility of quantifying leak acoustically. The large amount of data attained also allowed a favorable investigation of the effects of different leak paths, leak rates, pressure differentials and AE sensors on the AE amplitude spectrum. From the experimental results, it was suggested that the AE method for monitoring of leak was feasible.
The effect of phase differences on the time-dependent variation of the zeta potential of hydroxyapatite.

The osteoconductive nature of calcium phosphate ceramics (CPC) follows from several proven effects, such as a direct bone attachment and enhanced bone tissue formation. Mechanisms leading to these phenomena are still largely undiscovered. Specifically, little is known about the CPC surface and cell-driven reactions. These atomic and molecular level events are involved in tissue attachment and enhanced tissue formation. It is hypothesized that the zeta potential of these ceramics is directly related to the surface reactivity governing osteoconductivity. As a first step in our analysis, the zeta potential of stoichiometric and Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite was determined as a function of immersion time. It is concluded that, under the conditions of the experiment, the observations support the hypothesis in a dual way. First, the absolute values of the zeta potential which were measured are related to electrokinetic potentials known to cause substantial effect on the cellular activities and bone tissue formation when applied exogenously. Second, the magnitude and duration of the changes in zeta potential are related to an ion exchange between the hydrated layer around the ceramic and the ceramic surface, and a net precipitation of new material. If these findings could be confirmed in other solutions, i.e., solutions with a substantially equivalent composition as the fluids in developing bone tissue, a basis would be provided to explain the bridging of the ceramic surface with the surrounding developing tissue.
Structure-function analysis of the Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus homologous region palindromes.

Abstract Homologous regions ( hrs ), which are present at eight dispersed locations on the Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome, are composed of repeated imperfect palindromes within directly repeated sequences. Hrs act as transcriptional enhancers of RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription and as origins of DNA replication when incorporated into plasmids and tested in transient replication assays. To characterize the physical structure of these elements and to determine the role that mismatched nucleotides may play in hr function, oligonucleotides containing a consensus mismatched “imperfect” palindrome and a closely related “perfect” palindrome were synthesized. These sequences were cloned into individual plasmids and tested for their ability to form cruciform structures using nuclease P1 assays and two-dimensional (2-D) gel analyses of topoisomers. The perfect palindrome formed a cruciform structure and the energy requirement for its formation was predicted to occur under physiological conditions. In contrast, the construct containing an imperfect palindrome did not form a cruciform under these conditions. Both hr constructs were found to bind IE-1 in electrophoresis mobility shift assays and act as enhancers when cis-linked to the baculovirus 39K early gene promoter. However, a single oligonucleotide containing the palindrome sequence did not bind IE-1 when annealed under conditions conducive to hairpin formation.
PV Integrated Smart Charging of PHEVs Based on DC Link Voltage Sensing

With the proliferation in the number of PHEVs the demand on the electric grid increases appreciably. A smart charging station is proposed in which the charging of the PHEVs is controlled in such a way that the impact of charging during peak load period is not felt on the grid. The power needed to charge the plug in hybrids comes from grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) generation or the utility or both. The three way interaction between the PV, PHEVs and the grid ensures optimal usage of available power, charging time and grid stability. The system designed to achieve the desired objective consists of a photovoltaic system, DC/DC boost converter, DC/AC bi-directional converter and DC/DC buck converter. The output of DC/DC boost converter and input of DC/AC bi-directional converter share a common DC link. A unique control strategy based on DC link voltage sensing is proposed for the above system for efficient transfer of energy.
Hypoglycaemia, Elevated Liver Glycogen and Diminished Liver Amylase in Pancreatectomized–Enterectomized Dogs

DURING the course of investigations into the source and role of serum amylase, we made the surprising observation that when depancreatomized diabetic dogs are enterectomized, the typical hyperglycaemia was changed into pronounced hypoglycaemia, associated with high levels of liver and tissue glycogen.
Recognition of mouse ectromelia.

SummaryTwo viruses believed to be neurotropic human infections have been identified as mouse ectromelia. The behavior of ectro-melia in young mice inoculated intracerebrally is described.
Adventures in ASCII Art

Abstract This is an account of the author's three-and-a-half decade obsession with ASCII art in which he progresses from a manual typewriter to computers, pixel shaders, real-time animation, and a new variant of color ASCII art that can be reproduced on a manual typewriter using only three or four colored ribbons.
Response to incremental doses of ditran in abstinent alcoholics and drug users

Abstract In 1961, Vojtechovsky and Grof noted that the anticholinergic delirium induced by Benactyzine closely replicated past episodes of alcohol withdrawal psychosis in alcoholics.1 This observation led them to speculate that cholinergic mechanisms may play a pathogenic role in disorders such as delirium tremens1 and to hypothesize that alcoholics might show heightened sensitivity to anticholinergics. A subsequent study by this group confirmed that anticholinergic delirium and alcohol withdrawal states were quite similar clinically, but did not confirm the differential sensitivity that had been suspected.2 In 1970, our group3 extended these observations as to the similarities between alcohol withdrawal psychosis and the effects of Ditran. Ditran was administered in small incremental doses of 0.01 mg/kg, and a resulting continuum of responses from vague prodromata through hallucinosis-like states to delirium (after 0.03 mg/kg cumulative dose) was described. This spectrum of responses was consistent with Gross's classification of acute alcoholic psychosis.4 This study was designed to assess the hypothesis of differential sensitivity to anticholinergics in patients of various types. Ditran was administered as before, in small incremental doses of 0.01 mg/kg, so that observations could be made of patients' responses to lower dosages before gross delirium could wipe out group differences that might emerge. The drug was administered to abstinent alcoholics and drug abusers. Alcoholics were divided into a group that had experienced alcohol withdrawal psychoses in the past and a group that had not. These responses were compared with each other and with those of detoxified drug abusers of two types: amphetamine abusers and opiate addicts.
Failure modes in polymer-based light-emitting diodes

Polymeric electroluminescent devices are now being made that achieve lifetimes of several thousands of hours at room temperature, and are probably nearing commercial appearance. This article reviews what has been learned about how to achieve these lifetimes, and considers what must still be done in order to extend them. Degradation processes discussed include formation of non-emissive spots due to cathode reaction, photooxidation in air, anode reactions, shorts and current leakage due to film defects and ion migration in strong fields, and probable sources of the slow luminance decay that limits the lifetime of state-of-the-art devices.
Biodiversity and disease: a synthesis of ecological perspectives on Lyme disease transmission

Recent reviews have argued that disease control is among the ecosystem services yielded by biodiversity. Lyme disease (LD) is commonly cited as the best example of the 'diluting' effect of biodiversity on disease transmission, but many studies document the opposite relationship, showing that human LD risk can increase with forestation. Here, we unify these divergent perspectives and find strong evidence for a positive link between biodiversity and LD at broad spatial scales (urban to suburban to rural) and equivocal evidence for a negative link between biodiversity and LD at varying levels of biodiversity within forests. This finding suggests that, across zoonotic disease agents, the biodiversity-disease relationship is scale dependent and complex.
Defect interactions and canting in ferromagnets.

The onset of spin canting due to the interaction of defect bonds has been studied by numerical calculation, continuum theory, and discrete lattice theory. This model is relevant to the problem of canting in amorphous ferromagnets. For a square lattice with a nearest-neighbor host exchange constant J, the onset of canting has been studied for the following disordering influences: a single negative bond of strength J', a single site with two bonds J' opposite and adjacent to one another, and two bonds J' at arbitrary separation and relative orientation. In the case of interacting bonds it is convenient to think of the system as having dipole sources that can interact via a host ferromagnet: Indeed, both the continuum theory and the discrete lattice theory in the large separation limit give an effective interaction of two-dimensional dipolar form. When the system goes noncollinear, the nonlinear effects that occur at the impurity site are taken to provide the dominant self-limiting terms that keep the distortion small. When the effects of the periodic boundary conditions are taken into account, reasonable agreement is found between the numerical calculations and the theoretical predictions. Local mean-field theory has been employed throughout, and is used to obtain the temperature at which the relatively weak canting energy is overcome by the thermal energy, and canting disappears. These results are relevant to what we call ``weak'' defects in the magnetic alloying process: Individual impurities cannot cause canting, but the effective dipolar interaction is long range, and at a high enough impurity concentration should lead to a canted state with transverse ``pseudo-'' or ``semi-'' spin-glass order. A general discussion of experimental systems is given, in light of our results.
First branchial cleft fistula: A case report

Summary First branchial cleft anomalies are a rare group of congenital malformations, accounting for about 5% of branchial cleft defects. The diagnosis may not be clear since their presentation is similar to other clinical conditions such as lymphadenitis, dermoid cyst, cystic hygroma, lymphangioma, primary parotid tumor, etc. Surgical excision requires a wide exposure so as not to damage the facial nerve. We report a case of a 2-year-old boy with a first branchial cleft fistula, in which a seropurulent discharge was observed through the cleft and along the ear canal.
Supercritical combustion synthesis of titanium nitride

To increase the interstitial mass loading of nitrogen for enhanced product yield in the self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis (SHS) of metallic nitrides, the synthesis was conducted in cryogenic nitrogen at supercritical states just above the critical point. This state regime has the unique characteristic that the density increases significantly with pressure. The viability of this concept has been experimentally substantiated for loosely packed titanium powders. Results show that the bubbling that characterized the synthesis process in liquid nitrogen was avoided and that liquidlike initial densities were maintained. Yields of titanium conversion to titanium nitride of almost 75% were achieved. This level of conversion is comparable to the highest of previously reported values obtained for titanium in gaseous nitrogen at ultrahigh pressures. Analysis of the present supercritical and literature data on high-pressure gas synthesis shows that the yield does not correlate well with pressure in accordance with the previous concept that filtrational transport is the controlling mechanism, especially for the after-burn condition. The data, however, were satisfactorily correlated against fluid density. Mass diffusion is the apparent relevant process for after-burn in low-nitrogen-density environments, and nitrogen loading in the interstices of the powdered titanium controls the yield at high-initial-nitrogen densities.
Catabolism of elastase-plasma proteinase inhibitor complexes in the rat.

Abstract 1. 1. Human plasma α1-antitrypsin ( α 1 - AT )† and porcine pancreatic elastase were labeled with either 14C or 3H by reductive methylation of their free amino groups without loss of biological activities. 2. 2. Upon intravenous injection into rats the [methyl-14C]elastase disappeared from circulation with a f 1 2 of 30 min. The resulting complexes formed (which were separated by gel filtration of the plasma), namely [methyl-14C]elastase:α-AT had half-lives of 20 and 81 min, respectively. 3. 3. Injection of [methyl-14C] α1-AT: [methyl-3H]elastase showed a similar rate of disappearance from circulation of both isotopes ( t case1 2 of 80 and 90 min for 14C and 3H, respectively) indicating that the complex is relatively stable while in cirulation.
Detection of human papillomavirus-related squamous cell carcinoma cytologically and by in situ hybridization in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of cervical metastasis: a tool for identifying the site of an occult head and neck primary.

BACKGROUND Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy often is the first diagnostic procedure performed in patients with head and neck masses. When squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is diagnosed, proper management and improved prognosis depends on identification of the primary tumor. Recent studies have indicated that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated closely with oropharyngeal SCC and that these tumors have a distinct nonkeratinizing morphology. In this study, the authors explored the value of identifying HPV-related tumors in neck metastases to determine the origin of occult primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS Thirty FNA biopsies of neck metastases from patients with HNSCC were recovered from the authors' files from 2004 to 2005. The primary sites included 13 oropharynx, 13 oral cavity, and 4 larynx/hypopharynx. All patients had corresponding tissue samples from the neck mass and the primary carcinoma. The FNA specimens and corresponding tissue samples were classified as either nonkeratinizing SCC (NKSCC) or keratinizing SCC (KSCC). In situ hybridization for HPV (HPV-ISH) was performed using ethanol-fixed, Papanicolaou-stained smears. A positive signal was defined as dark blue or black nuclear dots. Corresponding formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections also were processed for HPV-ISH. RESULTS Twenty of the 30 FNA specimens were KSCC, and 10 were NKSCC. Eight of the 10 NKSCCs originated in the oropharynx, and 2 had nonoropharyngeal origin. HPV was detected in 7 of 10 NKSCCs. Ten of 30 (33%) FNA biopsies were positive for HPV, and 9 of those biopsies were metastatic from the oropharynx. Nonkeratinzing morphology or HPV-positive ISH in FNA samples significantly predicted oropharyngeal origin (P < .0069 and P < .0004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS NKSCC in metastatic cervical lymph nodes predicted positive HPV-ISH and was strongly suggestive of an oropharyngeal primary tumor. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Relativistically parameterized extended Hückel calculations. 13. Energy bands for uranium compounds UB2, UB4, UC, UBC, and UPt3

The extension of the relativistically parameterized extended Hiickel method REX to systems with translational symmetry is reviewed. This extension ( REXBAND) is then applied to the description of the electronic structures of a number of heavy-element solids, namely UB2, UB4, UC, UBC, and UPt, .
On the development of an objective flow regime indicator

Abstract A high intensity dual beam X-ray system was designed and constructed to make chordal-average void fraction measurements. This X-ray system employed a DC excited tube filament, full wave rectification and high voltage filtering to produce a stable photon source. The large photon flux produced by the X-ray system allowed analog linearization of the signal. A series of chordal-average void fraction measurements were made and used to generate probability density functions (PDF) and power spectral density (PSD) functions. The first four moments associated with these distributions were studied as possible flow regime indicators. The moments of the PDF indicated the various flow regime transitions. The moments of the PSD also show some flow regime transition information, but were sensitive to liquid phase velocity. The PDF variance, or second moment about the mean, was found to be the best indicator of flow regime. A variance of 0.04 appear to adequately discriminate between the bubbly, slug and annular flow regimes for low pressure air/water flow in a 2.54 cm I.D. vertical tube.
The Effects of Family Structure of Origin on Offspring Cohabitation Duration

This study uses data from both waves of the National Survey of Families and Households to examine the effects of family structure of origin on offspring's cohabiting unions. Parental divorce substantially decreases the likelihood that these relationships end in marriage, but this effect is almost completely ameliorated by parental remarriage. Parental divorce also increases the chances that a cohabiting relationship will break up, but the effect is much smaller than the impact of parental divorce on marital stability. I explain this discrepancy by showing that cohabitation is inherently unstable compared to marriage. In a context of instability, family structure of origin makes less difference than it does in marriage.
Fat infiltration of myocardium as a cause of cardiac conduction defect

Abstract Fatty infiltration has only rarely been reported as a cause of a cardiac conduction defect. A case of chronic sinoatrial block and atrial fibrillation with severe fatty infiltration of the myocardium and the conduction system is reported. The literature on conduction defects due to fatty infiltration is reviewed.
Protectins and Maresins: New Pro-Resolving Families of Mediators in Acute Inflammation and Resolution Bioactive Metabolome

Abstract Acute inflammatory responses are protective, yet without timely resolution can lead to chronic inflammation and organ fibrosis. A systems approach to investigate self-limited (self-resolving) inflammatory exudates in mice and structural elucidation uncovered novel resolution phase mediators in vivo that stimulate endogenous resolution mechanisms in inflammation. Resolving inflammatory exudates and human leukocytes utilize DHA and other n− 3 EFA to produce three structurally distinct families of potent di- and trihydroxy-containing products, with several stereospecific potent mediators in each family. Given their potent and stereoselective picogram actions, specific members of these new families of mediators from the DHA metabolome were named D-series resolvins (Resolvin D1 to Resolvin D6), protectins (including protectin D1 –neuroprotectin D1), and maresins (MaR1 and MaR2). In this review, we focus on a) biosynthesis of protectins and maresins as anti-inflammatory–pro-resolving mediators; b) their complete stereochemical assignments and actions in vivo in disease models. Each pathway involves the biosynthesis of epoxide-containing intermediates produced from hydroperoxy-containing precursors from human leukocytes and within exudates. Also, aspirin triggers an endogenous DHA metabolome that biosynthesizes potent products in inflammatory exudates and human leukocytes, namely aspirin-triggered Neuroprotectin D1/Protectin D1 [AT-(NPD1/PD1)]. Identification and structural elucidation of these new families of bioactive mediators in resolution has opened the possibility of diverse patho-physiologic actions in several processes including infection, inflammatory pain, tissue regeneration, neuroprotection-neurodegenerative disorders, wound healing, and others. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance”.
Optineurin is an autophagy receptor for damaged mitochondria in parkin-mediated mitophagy that is disrupted by an ALS-linked mutation

Mitophagy is a cellular quality control pathway in which the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin targets damaged mitochondria for degradation by autophagosomes. We examined the role of optineurin in mitophagy, as mutations in optineurin are causative for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and glaucoma, diseases in which mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated. Using live cell imaging, we demonstrate the parkin-dependent recruitment of optineurin to mitochondria damaged by depolarization or reactive oxygen species. Parkin’s E3 ubiquitin ligase activity is required to ubiquitinate outer mitochondrial membrane proteins, allowing optineurin to stably associate with ubiquitinated mitochondria via its ubiquitin binding domain; in the absence of parkin, optineurin transiently localizes to damaged mitochondrial tips. Following optineurin recruitment, the omegasome protein double FYVE-containing protein 1 (DFCP1) transiently localizes to damaged mitochondria to initialize autophagosome formation and the recruitment of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3). Optineurin then induces autophagosome formation around damaged mitochondria via its LC3 interaction region (LIR) domain. Depletion of endogenous optineurin inhibits LC3 recruitment to mitochondria and inhibits mitochondrial degradation. These defects are rescued by expression of siRNA-resistant wild-type optineurin, but not by an ALS-associated mutant in the ubiquitin binding domain (E478G), or by optineurin with a mutation in the LIR domain. Optineurin and p62/SQSTM1 are independently recruited to separate domains on damaged mitochondria, and p62 is not required for the recruitment of either optineurin or LC3 to damaged mitochondria. Thus, our study establishes an important role for optineurin as an autophagy receptor in parkin-mediated mitophagy and demonstrates that defects in a single pathway can lead to neurodegenerative diseases with distinct pathologies.
Cell proliferation kinetics in goldfish acclimated to various temperatures.

Cell proliferation has been studied in goldfish which have been acclimated to temperatures of 6, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 37°C. Hemopoietic tissue and intestinal epithelium show similar temperature effects, but they are seen more clearly in the latter. The fraction of intestinal epithelial cells labeled by a single injection of tritiated thymidine decreases as the temperature increases above 20°C. The total tissue incorporation of DNA precursor also decreases with increasing temperature. On the other hand, the grain counts per nucleus tend to increase slightly with increasing temperature. The mean generation time as indicated by the rate of DNA turnover (loss of 125I-DNA) shows little if any change as the temperature increases above 20°C. These observations imply that in the rapidly proliferating cells of the goldfish the mitotic cycle is remarkably insensitive to temperature change, except for the DNA synthesis phase, which has a temperature dependence (Q10= 2.6) characteristic of enzyme-mediated chemical reactions.
Falsification and Demarcation in Astronomy and Cosmology.

This work inaugurates a critical inquiry into whether the ideas of Karl Popper, a philosopher of science, are used by astronomers and astrophysicists, a practicing community of scientists. It examines four basic components of Karl Popper's philosophy— falsification, prohibition, simplicity, and risk taking— and the extent that these themes become integrated into recent scientific literature on astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, and stellar evolutionary theory. It concludes that the philosophy of science is highly relevant to the practice of astronomy, and that Karl Popper plays a unique role in directing different communities of astronomers and cosmologists.
Ultralocal quantum field theory in terms of currents. I. The free theory

The paper considers the possibility of constructing ultralocal theories, whose Hamiltonians contain no gradient terms and are therefore diagonal in position space, entirely in terms of currents with an equal time current algebra replacing the canonical commutation relations. It is shown that the free current theory can be defined in terms of a certain representation of the current algebra related to the group,S L(2,R). This representation is then constructed by using certain results of Araki and in the process a new infinitely divisible state on the universal covering group ofSL(2,R) is displayed. An ultralocal free theory can also be constructed for the canonical fields, and its relation to the free current theory is shown to involve a certain renormalization procedure reminiscent of the thermodynamic limit.
Mixed (μ-alkane- and arenethiolato)(μ-phosphido)hexacarbonyldiiron complexes. Synthesis and PCl reactivity

Abstract Reactions of the Et3NH+ or Li+ salts of the [(μ-CO)(μ-RS)Fe2(CO)6]− anions (R = tBu, Et, Ph) with chlorophosphines (PCl3, Ph2PCl, PhPCl2, CH3PCl2) gave (μ-Cl2P)(μ-RS)Fe2(CO)6 (R = tBu, Et, Ph), (μ-Ph2P)(μ-RS)Fe2(CO)6 (R = tBu, Et), (μ-PhPCl)(μ-EtS)Fe2(CO)6 and (μ-CH3PCl)(μ-EtS)Fe2(CO)6. Reactions of the complexes that contain PCl bonds with NH3 and amines and with alkanethiols are described.
Coupled thermoviscoplasticity equations with temperature-dependent material properties

Coupled thermoviscoplasiicity equations for materials with temperature-dependent material properties are developed based on the rational theory of thermodynamics. It is shown that, in addition to the mechanical work due to viscoplasticity, micro-structural effects, and dilatation, a mechanical work due to the temperature dependency of the material properties contributes to the total rate of mechanical energy generation. Axisymmetric cyclic bending of a circular plate with a hole clamped at the inner edge has been solved, using fmite~element analysis, in order to investigate the effect of coupling and the temperature-dependent material properties on the thermomechanical behavior of the plate. For the material chosen (steel 1070) and under the conditions considered (infinitesimal deformation and constant ambient temperature), the effect of coupling as well as the contribution of the temperature-dependent material properties is negligible.
The lipid kinase PIP5K1C regulates pain signaling and sensitization.

Summary Numerous pain-producing (pronociceptive) receptors signal via phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) hydrolysis. However, it is currently unknown which lipid kinases generate PIP 2 in nociceptive dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and if these kinases regulate pronociceptive receptor signaling. Here, we found that phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5 kinase type 1C (PIP5K1C) is expressed at higher levels than any other PIP5K and, based on experiments with Pip5k1c +/− mice, generates at least half of all PIP 2 in DRG neurons. Additionally, Pip5k1c haploinsufficiency reduces pronociceptive receptor signaling and TRPV1 sensitization in DRG neurons as well as thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity in mouse models of chronic pain. We identified a small molecule inhibitor of PIP5K1C (UNC3230) in a high-throughput screen. UNC3230 lowered PIP 2 levels in DRG neurons and attenuated hypersensitivity when administered intrathecally or into the hindpaw. Our studies reveal that PIP5K1C regulates PIP 2 -dependent nociceptive signaling and suggest that PIP5K1C is a therapeutic target for chronic pain.
Additional Studies on Flavor Components of Corn Tortilla Chips

Volatile components from tortilla chips were isolated by high flow dynamic headspace sampling using a closed loop system with excess anhydrous sodium sulfate and trapping the volatiles on Tenax. Capillary GC−MS was used to identify the components. Major volatiles identified included 2-methylpyrazine, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, 4-vinylguaiacol, 2-acetyltetrahydropyridine, (E,E)- and (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal, acetic acid, 3-methylbutanal, γ-butyrolactone, furfuryl alcohol, and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine. Concentration/threshold ratios indicated that the components that have the highest probability to contribute to the aroma and flavor include (E,E)- and (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, 3-methylbutanal, 2-furfurylthiol, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, 2-acetyltetrahydropyridine, 2-aminoacetophenone, 4-vinylguaiacol, (E)-2-nonenal, 2-methylbutanal, 2-propionyl-1-pyrroline, (E)-2-decenal, methional, and 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine. Keywords: Corn; tortilla chips; volatiles; flavor; identification; concentrations; odor thr...
Molecular Beam Chemistry: Formation of Benzene and Other Higher Hydrocarbons from Small Alkanes and Alkenes in a Catalytic Supersonic Nozzle

Large yields of higher hydrocarbons are produced by flowing C2, C3, or C4 alkanes or alkenes, typically at 80 Torr, 1000 °C, and 10 ms contact time, through a supersonic nozzle made of nickel or molybdenum. In the mass spectra of the products, CnHm, the most prominent peaks (extending to n = 12) contain even numbers of carbon atoms, but there are also substantial peaks with odd carbon atom numbers. The largest peaks have m ∼ n hydrogen atoms, but many others also appear. For n = 6 the mass spectrum indicates benzene is essentially the sole product. The total conversion of the parent beam is roughly 40−60%, of which typically 15−25% is benzene; the yields increase as C2 → C4 and are appreciably higher for alkenes. Under the same conditions, methane does not form higher hydrocarbons. Experiments with mixtures of CD4 and C2H6 show, however, that D atoms from methane pervade the higher hydrocarbon products.
Isolation, sequencing and expression of the gene encoding hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase of Tritrichomonas foetus.

We have cloned and expreaued the full-length gene encoding the hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGXPRTase) from the anaerobic protozoan parasite Tritrichomonas foetus. This enzyme is eauential in nucleic acid metabolism of T. foetus because the parasite is unable to synthesize purine nucleotides de novo and relies on the HGXPRTase activities for its purine requirements. Initially, a cDNA clone encoding part of the HGXPRTase was isolated by complementation of an Escherichia coli mutant, SO609, with a cDNA library of T. foetus. Northern blot analysis identified a single mRNA band of approximately 700–800 bases. The full-length genomic clone was then isolated and identified to have an open reading frame of 549 bp encoding an 183-amino acid sequence with an estimated size of 21.1 kDa. The sequence is only 27.3% identical to that of the human HGPRTase. The T. foetus HGXPRTase gene was subsequently cloned into the pBAce vector for expreauion in E. coli. This construct yields completely soluble and enzymatically active recombinant T. foetus HGXPRTase, which constitutes approximately 20% of the total cellular protein of the transformed E. coli. It has the same molecular weight as the authentic native enzyme, and the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the recombinant enzyme is identical to that predicted from the open reading frame. The high expreauion of this apparently native T. foetus HGXPRTase will provide large quantities of purified protein, neceauary for detailed kinetic and structural analysis of this enzyme for its potential value as a target for antitrichomonial chemotherapy. To our knowledge, this is also the first time a gene from T. foetus was cloned and expreaued.
Assessing goals and functions of private police

Abstract Despite large increases in the growth of the private policing industry in the last four decades, very little is known about how the public perceives agents of private policing. College students in a large midwestern school were surveyed concerning their attitudes toward private security officers. Responses were received from 631 undergraduate students (of 750 distributed surveys) and summarized in this article. The findings suggest that respondents generally held positive attitudes toward private security officers though there were some observable differences based on subjects' demographic characteristics. These differences were strongest for gender, employment, and “contact” variables, with some support gained for variables related to family income and race.
THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT ON EXCITATORY JUNCTION POTENTIALS IN THE MOUSE VAS DEFERENS

1 Intracellular recordings were made from smooth muscle cells of vasa deferentia in vitro. Vasa from two groups of mice were studied; the first were naive and the second had been chronically pretreated with morphine for 3 days. The vasa from morphine-pretreated mice were maintained in Krebs solution containing normorphine (300 nM). 2 The resting membrane potentials of the smooth muscle cells were the same in both groups of mice. 3 The excitatory junction potentials (e.j.ps) evoked by stimulation of the intramural nerves were depressed by normorphine in both groups of mice. The EC50 for this action of normorphine was 560 nM for the naive group and 6.6 microM for the morphine-pretreated group. 4 The EC50 for adenosine in depressing e.j.p. amplitude was the same in the two groups. 5 Naloxone did not change the resting membrane potential in cells from either group of mice. In morphine-pretreated mice, naloxone caused a marked increase in the amplitude of the evoked e.j.p. 6 The EC50 for noradrenaline in causing a contractile response of the isolated vas deferens was the same in both groups of mice. 7 The results indicate that changes in postsynaptic sensitivity to transmitter do not occur following morphine pretreatment.
Corn Residue Supply in the Irrigated Corn Belt

The present study quantifies the profit-maximizing supply of corn stover per unit of land under alternative crop rotations in irrigated cropland with and without limits to irrigation. The model is parameterized based on growing conditions in Nebraska, USA. Our analysis quantifies a trilemma between stover supply, groundwater consumption, and food/feed supply per unit of land. In the absence of water conservation policies, higher stover prices are associated with higher supply and increased irrigation application. If an upper limit is imposed on irrigation at the baseline level (for groundwater conservation purposes), an increase in net revenue from stover sale from $15 to $25/metric ton is associated with an increase in stover supply of 5 metric tons/ha and a 2-metric ton reduction in corn yield under continuous corn. Under corn/soybean rotation, such an increase in net revenue is associated with an increase in stover supply of 10 metric tons/ha, and reductions of 0.5 metric tons in corn yield and 0.7 metric tons in soybean yield.
Immunoreactive sites and accumulation of somatomedin-C in rat Sertoli-spermatogenic cell co-cultures

Sertoli-spermatogenic cell co-cultures prepared from sexually immature rats (20-22 days old) and maintained in serum-free, hormone/growth factor-supplemented medium were used to determine the cell-specific localization of the growth factor somatomedin-C (SM-C). SM-C localization studies were carried out by indirect immunofluorescence using a monoclonal antibody (sm-1.2) to SM-C. In cultured rat hepatocytes, Sertoli and testicular peritubular cells, SM-C immunoreactivity was observed as a diffuse distribution of discrete immunofluorescent granules. Radio-immunoassay experiments using a rabbit antibody against human SM-C showed that testicular peritubular cells and Sertoli cells in primary culture accumulated SM-C in the medium. In spermatogenic cells co-cultured with subjacent Sertoli cells, immunoreactive SM-C was associated with pachytene spermatocytes but not with spermatogonia or early meiotic prophase spermatocytes (leptotene or zygotene). Both Sertoli cells and pachytene spermatocytes displayed binding sites for exogenously added SM-C. SM-C6 binding to spermatocytes reaching an advanced stage of meiotic prophase suggests a possible role of this growth factor in the meiotic process.
Carbon dioxide separation and dry reforming of methane for synthesis of syngas by a dual-phase membrane reactor

High-temperature CO2 selective membranes offer potential for use to separate flue gas and produce a warm, pure CO2 stream as a chemical feedstock. The coupling of separation of CO2 by a ceramic–carbonate dual-phase membrane with dry reforming of CH4 to produce syngas is reported. CO2 permeation and the dry reforming reaction performance of the membrane reactor were experimentally studied with a CO2–N2 mixture as the feed and CH4 as the sweep gas passing through either an empty permeation chamber or one that was packed with a solid catalyst. CO2 permeation flux through the membrane matches the rate of dry reforming of methane using a 10% Ni/γ-alumina catalyst at temperatures above 750°C. At 850°C under the reaction conditions, the membrane reactor gives a CO2 permeation flux of 0.17 mL min−1 cm−2, hydrogen production rate of 0.3 mL min−1 cm−2 with a H2 to CO formation ratio of about 1, and conversion of CO2 and CH4, respectively, of 88.5 and 8.1%. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 2207–2218, 2013