cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The two ways of global governance after the financial crisis: Multilateralism versus cooperation among governments

In an ever-more interdependent world economy, the number of global and regional public goods, from financial stability to sustainable growth, quickly increase and call for greater global and regional collective action. This paper tries to understand which mechanisms, if any, have been adopted to achieve a proper degree of international cooperation after the 2008 financial crisis. The analysis shows that the movement toward a new economic global governance is not the result of a single strategy but, rather, an original blend of different solutions enhanced by flexibility and experimentalism. Some of these solutions involve efforts to strengthen multilateral agreements and the effectiveness of supranational institutions and regulatory measures; others aim to develop new forms of cooperation among governments, through a “concerted practice” form of action. Informal contacts and meetings among political leaders and the G-20 summits become the preferred rooms in which to exchange points of view, to coordinate action without assuming legal obligations, and to monitor voluntary compliance. The parallel approval of similar pieces of legislation at the national level signals the willingness of governments to cooperate effectively, while leaving space for opportunistic behaviors.
Estradiol is less potent than ethinyl estradiol for in vivo translocation of the mammalian liver estrogen receptor to the nucleus.

Estradiol (E2) or ethinyl estradiol (EE2) was administered to adult female rats, and the distribution of the mammalian liver estrogen receptor between the cytosol and the nucleus was examined 30 min later. The levels of total and occupied liver estrogen receptor (ER) in 30% ammonium sulfateprecipitated liver cytosol and purified nuclei were determined in vitro by exchange assays using [3H]E2. The redistribution of the ER from the cytosol to the nucleus was dose dependent for E2 as well as for EE2. E2 was less potent than EE2, and maximal translocation required relatively high doses. The dose necessary for a half-maximal increase in the total ER of purified nuclei was about 15 μg for EE2 and more than 100 fig for E2. In vitro, EE2 and E2 were equally effective in competing with [3H]E2 for binding to ammonium sulfate-precipitated liver cytosol ER. The redistribution of the ER by E2 and EE2 has also been examined in rats treated with drugs that may inhibit estrogen metabolism. When SKF525A (2-diethylaminoeth...
Stochastic models for the Web graph

The Web may be viewed as a directed graph each of whose vertices is a static HTML Web page, and each of whose edges corresponds to a hyperlink from one Web page to another. We propose and analyze random graph models inspired by a series of empirical observations on the Web. Our graph models differ from the traditional G/sub n,p/ models in two ways: 1. Independently chosen edges do not result in the statistics (degree distributions, clique multitudes) observed on the Web. Thus, edges in our model are statistically dependent on each other. 2. Our model introduces new vertices in the graph as time evolves. This captures the fact that the Web is changing with time. Our results are two fold: we show that graphs generated using our model exhibit the statistics observed on the Web graph, and additionally, that natural graph models proposed earlier do not exhibit them. This remains true even when these earlier models are generalized to account for the arrival of vertices over time. In particular, the sparse random graphs in our models exhibit properties that do not arise in far denser random graphs generated by Erdos-Renyi models.
Internal processes affecting surfaces of low‐density satellites: Ganymede and Callisto

Possible significant physical processes on low-density (icy) satellites, particularly Ganymede and Callisto, are outlined, and the relations of these interior processes to the formation and evolution of satellite surfaces are discussed. A variety of mechanisms is shown to lead to interior melting in early satellite history and a configuration characterized by a predominantly water ice lithosphere overlying a mantle containing liquid water. Physical processes capable of affecting the lithosphere of an ice-silicate body and thus creating observable surface features are assessed, including tectonic stresses from tidal deformation and volume changes, gravitational effects on density differences and water volcanism. The residence time of surface features on icy bodies produced by the outlined processes and by impact cratering is considered, and a tentative outline of the geologic history of Ganymede and Callisto is presented. Observations from Voyager and Galileo are expected to provide evidence on the evolution and geologic history of low-density satellites.
A new research challenge: persuasive technology to motivate healthy aging

Healthcare systems in developed countries are experiencing severe financial stress as age demographics shift upward, leading to a larger percentage of older adults needing care. One way to potentially reduce or slow spiraling medical costs is to use technology, not only to cure sickness, but also to promote wellness throughout all stages of life, thereby avoiding or deferring expensive medical treatments. Ubiquitous computing and context-aware algorithms offer a new healthcare opportunity and a new set of research challenges: exploiting emerging consumer electronic devices to motivate healthy behavior as people age by presenting "just-in-time" information at points of decision and behavior
A 29-Year-Old Man With Nonproductive Cough, Exertional Dyspnea, and Chest Discomfort

A 29-year-old man presented with a 5-month history of worsening dry cough, exertional dyspnea, chest tightness, and palpitations. He had been treated by his primary care physician with trials of guaifenesin/codeine, azithromycin, albuterol, and omeprazole without improvement. He denied wheezing, fever, sweats, anorexia, joint pain, swelling, or rash. He had no past medical history. He denied a history of tobacco smoking or IV drug use. He kept no pets, worked as a manager in an office environment, and had no history of occupational inhalational exposure. He reported using aerosolized insect spray to eradicate bed bugs in his house shortly before the cough began but did not report any acute symptoms when using the spray.
The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR): improved gene annotation and new tools

The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR, http://arabidopsis.org) is a genome database for Arabidopsis thaliana, an important reference organism for many fundamental aspects of biology as well as basic and applied plant biology research. TAIR serves as a central access point for Arabidopsis data, annotates gene function and expression patterns using controlled vocabulary terms, and maintains and updates the A. thaliana genome assembly and annotation. TAIR also provides researchers with an extensive set of visualization and analysis tools. Recent de- velopments include several new genome releases (TAIR8, TAIR9 and TAIR10) in which the A. thaliana assembly was updated, pseudogenes and transposon genes were re-annotated, and new data from proteomics and next generation transcriptome sequencing were incorporated into gene models and splice variants. Other highlights include progress on functional anno- tation of the genome and the release of sev- eral new tools including Textpresso for Arabidopsis which provides the capability to carry out full text searches on a large body of research literature.
Evaluating preoperative weight loss, binge eating disorder, and sexual abuse history on Roux-en-Y gastric bypass outcome.

Abstract Background Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients often undergo preoperative dieting and psychological assessment before surgery. We examined preoperative weight loss, binge eating disorder (BED), and sexual abuse history and the interactions of these predictors to determine whether a cautionary approach to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is warranted. Methods Consecutive subjects undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass at our institution from January 1997 to December 2002 were reviewed. The postoperative excess weight loss (EWL) at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months and the perioperative complications were measured. EWL was compared at 12 and 24 months postoperatively in the categories of the presence/absence of preoperative weight loss, BED, and sexual abuse history. The perioperative complications were examined in the preoperative weight change groups. Results Of 154 patients, 121 were included. No significant difference in EWL or perioperative complications was observed between those who lost or gained weight preoperatively. Of the 121 patients, 32% and 17% reported a history of BED and sexual abuse, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed in the EWL between those with and without BED at 12 and 24 months postoperatively. The EWL in those with and without a sexual abuse history at 12 and 24 months was 57.67% and 66.32% ( P P = NS). No statistically significant interaction between EWL and sexual abuse*BED/sexual abuse*preoperative weight loss was observed. Conclusion Only sexual abuse history at postoperative month 12 had a negative effect on EWL. Otherwise, physicians can expect to see successful EWL in these subjects up to 24 months postoperatively. We recommend that additional investigation be done of those with BED and a sexual abuse history.
Feeling and the Filmed Body: Judy Garland and the Kinesics of Suffering

This article employs effort-shape analysis, a system for studying movement used in dance therapy and notation, to explore Judy Garland9s star image in light of its frequent association with suffering and neurosis. It presents a detailed analysis of Garland9s physiognomy and the energy and shape of her movements and gestures through space and time. In doing so, it suggests that Garland9s neurotic star image can be traced in no small part to the paradoxical relationship of her body to the demands made upon it by the conventions of both Hollywood stardom and the generic film musical and, concomitantly, to the insecurities and anxieties generated kinetically and somatically by "failure" to meet those demands.
Channel Estimation and Bit-loading in Wireless Multicarrier Systems Based on Decimated Signal Feedback

We present an effective time domain method for channel identification in wireless orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Generalizing a novel bent-pipe mechanism, the mobile receiver decimates and returns (a fraction of) its received data back to the base station. Both the downlink and uplink channel impulse response can be estimated at the base OFDM transmitter. With knowledge of the downlink channel response, the resource rich base station can employ effective adaptive modulation schemes to exploit the channel capacity. In this paper we analyze the impact of various feedback parameters on channel estimation performance. Numerical simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the approach.
Sex differences in neonatal stress reactivity

The question of whether a sexually dimorphic stress reaction exists prior to extensive socialization was addressed by examining sex differences in physiological and behavioral stress reactivity, in healthy, term neonates, after a mildly stressful behavioral assessment procedure. The Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (NBAS; Brazelton, 1973) was administered to 18 male and 18 female neonates. Heart rate (HR), salivary cortisol, and behavioral states were assessed before and after the exam. Sex differences included higher cortisol response in males and a greater change in HR and higher NBAS motor performance cluster score in females. Salivary cortisol, HR change, NBAS cluster scores, and behavioral states after NBAS provided 100% discrimination between male and female infants. These findings suggest that there are neonatal sex differences in behavioral and physiological stress reactivity prior to socialization.
Development of ERK Activity Sensor, an in vitro, FRET-based sensor of Extracellular Regulated Kinase activity.

Background: Study of ERK activation has thus far relied on biochemical assays that are limited to the use of phospho-specific antibodies and radioactivity in vitro, and analysis of whole cell populations in vivo. As with many systems, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) can be utilized to make highly sensitive detectors of molecular activity. Here we introduce FRET-based ERK Activity Sensors, which utilize variants of Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein fused by an ERK-specific peptide linker to detect ERK2 activity. Results: ERK Activity Sensors display varying changes in FRET upon phosphorylation by active ERK2 in vitro depending on the composition of ERK-specific peptide linker sequences derived from known in vivo ERK targets, Ets1 and Elk1. Analysis of point mutations reveals specific residues involved in ERK binding and phosphorylation of ERK Activity Sensor 3. ERK2 also shows high in vitro specificity for these sensors over two other major MAP Kinases, p38 and pSAPK/JNK. Conclusion: EAS's are a convenient, non-radioactive alternative to study ERK dynamics in vitro. They can be utilized to study ERK activity in real-time. This new technology can be applied to studying ERK kinetics in vitro, analysis of ERK activity in whole cell extracts, and high-throughput screening technologies.
IR Integrated Light Colors For Galactic GCs and An Update on Young M31 Globular Clusters

In our recent publication, Cohen, Matthews and Cameron [3], we presented observations made with the newly commissioned Keck laser-guide star adaptive optics system of 6 objects in M31 that are alleged in multiple recent studies to be young globular clusters (GCs); all are supposed to have ages ≤5 Gyr. The resulting FWHM of the PSF core in our images was ~70 mas. The four youngest of these objects are asterisms; they are with certainty not young GCs in M31. Based on their morphology, the two oldest are GCs in M31. While the M31 GCs with ages 5–8 Gyr appear to be mostly genuine, it appears that many of the alleged very young GCs in M31 are spurious identifications. This problem will be even more severe in studies of the GC systems of more distant spiral galaxies now underway, for which imaging at the spatial resolution of our observations in M31 may not be adequate to detect sample contamination by asterisms. Here we provide a brief update for this work.
Identification of small molecules rescuing fragile X syndrome phenotypes in Drosophila

Fragile X syndrome is caused by the functional loss of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Deletion of the FMR1 ortholog in Drosophila melanogaster (Fmr1) recapitulates many phenotypes associated with fragile X syndrome. We have discovered that Fmr1 mutant Drosophila die during development when reared on food containing increased levels of glutamate, which is consistent with the theory that FMR1 loss results in excess glutamate signaling. Using this lethal phenotype, we screened a chemical library of 2,000 compounds and identified nine molecules that rescued the lethality, including three that implicate the GABAergic inhibitory pathway. Indeed, GABA treatment rescued several known Fmr1 mutant phenotypes in flies, including mushroom bodies defects, excess Futsch translation and abnormal male courtship behavior. These data are consistent with GABAergic inhibition of the enhanced excitatory pathway in fragile X syndrome. In addition, our screen reveals that the muscarinic cholinergic receptors may have a role in fragile X syndrome in parallel to the GABAergic pathway. These results point to potential therapeutic approaches for treating fragile X syndrome.
Embryoid Body Morphology Influences Diffusive Transport of Inductive Biochemicals: A Strategy for Stem Cell Differentiation

Differentiation of human embryonic stem (hES) cells into cells for regenerative medicine is often initiated by embryoid body (EB) formation. EBs may be treated with soluble biochemicals such as cytokines, growth factors and vitamins to induce differentiation. A scanning electron microscopy analysis, conducted over 14 days, revealed time-dependent changes in EB structure which led to the formation of a shell that significantly reduced the diffusive transport of a model molecule (374 Da) by >80%. We found that the shell consists of 1) an extracellular matrix (ECM) comprised of collagen type I; 2) a squamous cellular layer with tight cell-cell adhesions associated with E-cadherin; and 3) a collagen type IV lining indicative of a basement membrane. Disruption of the basement membrane, by either inhibiting its formation with noggin or permeabilizing it with collagenase, resulted in recovery of diffusive transport. Increasing the diffusive transport of retinoic acid (RA) and serum in EBs by a 15-min collagenase digestion on days 4, 5, 6 and 7 promoted neuronal differentiation. Flow cytometry and quantitative RT-PCR analysis of collagenase-treated EBs revealed 68% of cells expressing neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) relative to 28% for untreated EBs. Our results suggest that limitations in diffusive transport of biochemicals need to be considered when formulating EB differentiation strategies.
Combining Dichotomizers for MAP Field Classification

A new method for combining dichotomizers like SVMs is proposed for classifying multi-class pattern fields. The novelty lays in the estimation of the style-constrained posterior field class probabilities from the frequencies of the training patterns in the regions of the feature space engendered by the pairwise decision boundaries of the dichotomizers. We show that on simulated data, this non-parametric field classifier is nearly optimal. On scanned printed digits, its accuracy is comparable to that of state-of-the-art style classifiers
Construct validation of a trait self-regulation model

A confirmatory factor model of trait self-regulation was tested in a sample of 246 eleventh-graders in Korea. The good model fit and the pattern of factor correlations indicated that the third-order factor, trait self-regulation, was composed of two second-order factors, trait metacognition and trait motivation; trait metacognition was composed of planning and self-checking, and trait motivation was composed of effort and self-efficacy. Trait metacognition and trait motivation were highly related, but were two distinguishable trait constructs. Importance of understanding both state and trait attributes of student characteristics in determining individual differences in learning and performance was discussed. It was suggested that teachers examine students' trait self-regulatory behaviours via measuring their trait planning and self-checking behavioural tendencies and their effort and self-efficacy levels prior to providing self-regulatory skill training. Un modele factoriel confirmatoire du trait d'autore...
CONFRONTING MULTICOLLINEARITY IN ECOLOGICAL MULTIPLE REGRESSION

The natural complexity of ecological communities regularly lures ecologists to collect elaborate data sets in which confounding factors are often present. Although multiple regression is commonly used in such cases to test the individual effects of many explanatory variables on a continuous response, the inherent collinearity (multicollinearity) of confounded explanatory variables encumbers analyses and threatens their statistical and inferential interpretation. Using numerical simulations, I quantified the impact of multicollinearity on ecological multiple regression and found that even low levels of collinearity bias analyses (r ≥ 0.28 or r2 ≥ 0.08), causing (1) inaccurate model parameterization, (2) decreased statistical power, and (3) exclusion of significant predictor variables during model creation. Then, using real ecological data, I demonstrated the utility of various statistical techniques for enhancing the reliability and interpretation of ecological multiple regression in the presence of multic...
Replacing sugar and fat in cookies : Impact on product quality and preference

Sugar and fat are two key ingredients of cookies and other baked desserts. Food writers frequently advise reducing the amount of sugar in cookie recipes as a method for arriving at a lower-calorie product. An alternative strategy, reducing the fat content of cookies, may reduce calories even further, while maintaining high overall product acceptability levels. This study showed that sweetness was the key sensory attribute that determined preferences for cookies. Acceptability ratings for cookies dropped sharply following a 25% reduction in recipe sugar levels, but were relatively unaffected following a 25% reduction in recipe fat content.
Pathogenic Complement Activation in Collagen Antibody- Induced Arthritis in Mice Requires Amplification by the Alternative Pathway

Immune complex-induced inflammation can be mediated by the classical pathway of complement. However, using mice genetically deficient in factor B or C4, we have shown that the collagen Ab-induced model of arthritis requires the alternative pathway of complement and is not dependent on the classical pathway. We now demonstrate that collagen Ab-induced arthritis is not altered in mice genetically deficient in either C1q or mannose-binding lectins A and C, or in both C1q and mannose-binding lectins. These in vivo results prove the ability of the alternative pathway to carry out pathologic complement activation in the combined absence of intact classical and lectin pathways. C3 activation was also examined in vitro by adherent collagen-anti-collagen immune complexes using sera from normal or complement-deficient mice. These results confirm the ability of the alternative pathway to mediate immune complex-induced C3 activation when C4 or C1q, or both C1q and mannose-binding lectins, are absent. However, when all three activation pathways of complement are intact, initiation by immune complexes occurs primarily by the classical pathway. These results indicate that the alternative pathway amplification loop, with its ability to greatly enhance C3 activation, is necessary to mediate inflammatory arthritis induced by adherent immune complexes.
Collective Dynamics of Belief Evolution under Cognitive Coherence and Social Conformity

Human history has been marked by social instability and conflict, often driven by the irreconcilability of opposing sets of beliefs, ideologies, and religious dogmas. The dynamics of belief systems has been studied mainly from two distinct perspectives, namely how cognitive biases lead to individual belief rigidity and how social influence leads to social conformity. Here we propose a unifying framework that connects cognitive and social forces together in order to study the dynamics of societal belief evolution. Each individual is endowed with a network of interacting beliefs that evolves through interaction with other individuals in a social network. The adoption of beliefs is affected by both internal coherence and social conformity. Our framework may offer explanations for how social transitions can arise in otherwise homogeneous populations, how small numbers of zealots with highly coherent beliefs can overturn societal consensus, and how belief rigidity protects fringe groups and cults against invasion from mainstream beliefs, allowing them to persist and even thrive in larger societies. Our results suggest that strong consensus may be insufficient to guarantee social stability, that the cognitive coherence of belief-systems is vital in determining their ability to spread, and that coherent belief-systems may pose a serious problem for resolving social polarization, due to their ability to prevent consensus even under high levels of social exposure. We argue that the inclusion of cognitive factors into a social model could provide a more complete picture of collective human dynamics.
Bioterrorism: A ‘New’ Global Environmental Health Threat

Biological weapons represent a unique "environmental" hazard. The pathogens involved are natural in the sense that they are risks that naturally occur in our environment. However they are unnatural in the way in which they are inflicted upon society.
Lean In to the Evidence: Breaking the "Glass Slipper" of Technical Professions

Occupations, like individuals, take on social identities such as gender and race. The social identity of an occupation has profound effects, for example, on wages and prestige, degree of professionalization, and ability to recruit and retain diverse populations. Sifting the historical evidence on technical work, Dr. Ashcraft develops a new concept---the "glass slipper"---which explains how durable associations between occupations and people arise and how they circulate among us like powerful brands. Despite appearances, this process is neither natural nor determined. It is political, however, revealing a reality more daunting than recent advice to "lean in" suggests. But if the social identities of occupations are strategically constructed, they also can be challenged through creative re-branding.
A positional cloning approach to inherited renal disease.

T HERE ARE a number of approaches one can use in the search for the biochemical defect arising from an inherited mutation of DNA. For some: diseases, the abnormal protein is readily identifiable (ie, hemoglobin in inherited hemoglobinopathies, al and a2 chains of Type I collagen in osteogenesis imperfecta) and can be studied directly. However, for most disorders, such as Alport syndrome, Wilms’ tumor, and the polycystic kidney diseases (autosomal dominant, recessive, and medullary cystic), exhaustive analyses using biochemical and physiological approaches have failed to identify the primary defect encoded by the mutant sequence. An alternative approach that has evolved over the past decade has as its goal the direct identification of the mutant DNA sequences. The nucleotide sequences are then used to predict the normal and abnormal protein sequences based on the genetic code. The set of genetic and molecular strategies used to identify a mutant DNA sequence responsible for causing an inherited disorder based on its location has been termed “positional cloning.” The steps in this process are summarized in Fig 1 and are discussed in the sections below.
Raman spectroscopy in the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis.

Introduction At present, the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (UC) requires the histologic demonstration of characteristic mucosal inflammatory changes. A rapid and noninvasive diagnosis would be of value, especially if it could be adapted to a simple rectal probe. Raman spectroscopy creates a molecular fingerprint of substances by detecting laser light scattered from asymmetric, vibrating, and chemical bonds. We hypothesize that Raman spectroscopy can distinguish UC from non-UC colon tissue rapidly and accurately. Materials and Methods Colon tissue specimens were obtained from patients operated at the Children's Hospital of Michigan, United States, including UC colon and non-UC colon. The samples were examined with a Renishaw inVia Raman microscope (Gloucestershire, United Kingdom) with a 785 nm laser. Principal component analysis and discriminant function analysis were used to classify groups. Final classification was evaluated against histologic diagnoses using leave-one-out cross-validation at a spectral level. Results We compared Raman spectroscopy examination of colon specimens from four patients with UC and four patients without UC. A total of 801 spectra were recorded from colon specimens. We evaluated 100 spectra each from the mucosal and serosal surfaces of patients with UC and 260 spectra from the mucosal surface and 341 spectra from the serosal surface of the patients who did not have UC. For samples from the mucosal surface, the Raman analysis had a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 89%. For samples from the serosal surface, Raman spectroscopy had a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 93%. When considering each tissue sample and deciding the diagnosis based on the majority of spectra from that sample, there were no errors in the diagnosis. Conclusions Raman spectroscopy can distinguish UC from normal colon tissue rapidly and accurately. This technology offers the possibility of real-time diagnosis as well as the ability to study changes in UC-afflicted colon tissue that do not appear histologically.
EPISTASIS AND THE INCREASE IN ADDITIVE GENETIC VARIANCE: IMPLICATIONS FOR PHASE 1 OF WRIGHT'S SHIFTING-BALANCE PROCESS.

Central to Wright's shifting-balance theory is the idea that genetic drift and selection in systems with gene interaction can lead to the formation of "adaptive gene complexes." The theory of genetic drift has been well developed over the last 60 years; however, nearly all of this theory is based on the assumption that only additive gene effects are acting. Wright's theory was developed recognizing that there was a "universality of interaction effects," which implies that additive theory may not be adequate to describe the process of differentiation that Wright was considering. The concept of an adaptive gene complex implies that an allele that is favored by individual selection in one deme may be removed by selection in another deme. In quantitative genetic terms, the average effects of an allele relative to other alleles changes from deme to deme. The model presented here examines the variance in local breeding values (LBVs) of a single individual and the covariance in the LBVs of a pair of individuals mated in the same deme relative to when they are mated in different demes. Local breeding value is a measure of the average effects of the alleles that make up that individual in a particular deme. I show that when there are only additive effects the covariance between the LBVs of individuals equals the variance in the LBV of an individual. As the amount of epistasis in the ancestral population increases, the variance in the LBV of an individual increases and the covariance between the LBVs of a pair of individuals decreases. The divergence in these two values is a measure of the extent to which the LBV of an individual varies independently of the LBVs of other individuals. When this value is large, it means that the relative ordering of the average effects of alleles will change from deme to deme. These results confirm an important component of Wright's shifting-balance theory: When there is gene interaction, genetic drift can lead to the reordering of the average effects of alleles and when coupled with selection this will lead to the formation of the adaptive gene complexes.
Multiple capture trap associations of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)

The structure of a population of meadow voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus ) in Massachusetts was studied by examining the composition and distribution of groups of voles in multiple capture live traps. Most voles were captured in pairs, but non-reproductives were more likely to occur in groups of three or more individuals than were reproductives. During months of declining population density, single captures were more common than pair captures, but the composition of pair groups did not differ substantially between months of increasing and declining population density. Of all groups, reproductive females were most likely to occur in single captures; non-reproductive males were least likely to occur singly. Breeding condition appeared to be more important than sex in determining the composition of multiple capture groups. Some support is given for models of female territoriality proposed for this species.
Jonson and Shakespeare: A Spirited Friendship

What sort of friends were Jonson and Shakespeare? Nicolas Rowe's account (1709) that Shakespeare prevailed on his acting company to perform Every Man In His Humor in 1598 when it might otherwise have been rejected leads Rowe to conclude that “After this they were professed friends, though I don't know whether the other [i.e., Jonson] ever made him equal return of gentleness and generosity.” The story is not otherwise substantiated. Many critics have seen the relationship as an uneasy one, pointing to the claim in The Return from Parnassus, Part II, that Jonson was “a pestilent fellow” to whom Shakespeare gave “a purge that made him bewray his credit.” The present essay argues to the contrary that the evidence for any personal or vindictive attacks by Jonson or Shakespeare is hypothetical at best. In their writings they vigorously defend their differing views of theatre but also learn from each other, refusing to capitulate on principles that matter to them but also implicitly acknowledging that honest int...
Analysis of Measles Epidemiological Characteristics and Performance of Surveillance in Qujing City,2001-2010

Objective To analyze the status of measles epidemiology and the performance of measles surveillance system,and to develop the strategies for the measles control and elimination.Method The data of measles cases reported by the surveillance system in Qujing City during the year of 2001-2010 were analyzed.Results 5686 measles cases were reported in 10 years.The reported incidence were different from 0.2/100 000 to 22.48/100 000.Both the sporadic and epidemic measles existed in some districts and the outbreaks of measles in other districts had affected the measles morbidity of the whole city.Most of the measles cases were children under 7 years old.Conclusion The failure of vaccination and without certain vaccination history were the main causes of measles incidence.It also has relation to the low immunization coverage rate and wrong diagnosis.The measles surveillance system was taking a big role in both laboratory confirmation and cases surveillance.The paper indicated that the routine immunization service level should be improved,measles vaccine mass campaign should be launched among older children timely to raise the measles immune level of the population and the sensitivity of measles surveillance system should be enhanced to prevent and control measles.
Effects of Solanum lyratum Thunb extracts on growth of HO8910 of ovarian cancer cells

Objective:To investigate the effects of Solanum lyratum Thunb extracts(STE)on HO8910 ovarian cancer cells.Methods:HO8910 cells were treated with extracts of S.lyratum,with cisplatin treatment as positive control.MTT assay was used to evaluate the cell growth rate.Morphological changes and apoptosis of HO8910 cells were observed under fluorescence microscope.Results:As compared with control group,the cell proliferation inhibitory rate and apoptosis rate of HO8910 cells were increased obviously in S.lyratum treatment groups(P0.05).STE could also elevate the sensitivity of HO8910 cells to Cisplatin(DDP).Obvious morphological change of the HO8910 cells represented as the nuclear shrinkage,chromatin condensation and margination.Conclusion: Extract of S.lyratum can dose-dependent induced apoptosis and inhibit proliferation.
Induction and adjuvant chemotherapy for head and neck cancer: future perspectives.

Induction and adjuvant chemotherapy for head and neck cancer: future perspectives. Induction and adjuvant chemotherapy have been studied in combined modality trials over the last two decades. Induction chemotherapy as a strategy has failed to improve survival or local-regional control although some studies have reported a decrease in the rate of development of distant metastases. The role of induction chemotherapy is limited to preserving the larynx for patients with larynx or hypopharynx primaries. Trials of adjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiation in resected patients suggest benefit for those with high risk features (multiple involved nodes, extracapsular extension, positive surgical margin). Definitive randomized studies are in progress in the United States and Europe. New targeted therapies will be investigated in future trials to improve survival.
Retroviral transfer of the recombinant human erythropoietin receptor gene into single hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from human cord blood increases the number of erythropoietin-dependent erythroid colonies.

To test whether an enforced expression of a lineage-specific cytokine receptor would influence the proliferation/differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, retroviral vectors containing the human erythropoietin receptor (hEpoR) gene were used to transduce the hEpoR gene into phenotypically sorted subsets of cells. CD34 , CD34++CD33-, and CD34++CD33+ populations of human cord blood, highly enriched for hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, were sorted and plated as single cells per well in methylcellulose culture medium containing early acting growth factors in the presence or absence of Epo. The hEpoR gene was efficiently transduced into single high proliferative potential colony-forming cells (HPP-CFC) and multipotential (colony-forming unit granulocyte, erythroid, monocyte, megakaryocyte [CFU-GEMM]), erythroid (burst-forming unit-erythroid [BFU- E]), and granulocyte-macrophage (colony-forming unit-granulocyte- macrophage [CFU-GM]) progenitor cells. As expected in cultures grown in the absence of Epo, no BFU-E or CFU-GEMM colonies grew. In the presence of Epo, the hEpoR-gene transduced cells formed significantly more CFU- GEMM and BFU-E colonies than did the controls. A significant decrease in HPP-CFC colonies was also observed under these conditions. Little or no effect of hEpoR gene transduction was apparent in the numbers of CFU- GM colonies formed in the presence or absence of Epo. All of the above results were similar whether the cell populations assessed were CD34 or their CD33- or CD33+ subsets plated in the presence of growth factors at 200 cells/mL or after limiting dilution at 2 cells/well. These results suggest that the profile of detectable stem/progenitors can be altered by retrovirus-mediated expression of the hEpoR gene.
Friedrich Schleiermacher: Between enlightenment and romanticism: A proposal for a new Berlin university

It may surprise English-speaking specialists in modern religious thought to discover that in Germany the name Friedrich Schleiermacher resonates so strongly within the fields of educational theory and practical pedagogy. As a theologian-educator reflecting on the nature of a university, his work compares with John Henry Newman's The Idea of the University in Great Britain and the US. Hundreds of German monographs, papers, and conferences testify to Schleiermacher's contributions to Pedagogik . Among these works, Occasional Thoughts on the Universities in the German Sense became a standard text on universities in its author's lifetime, even if today it is more often cited than studied in depth. Schleiermacher's contribution to founding the University of Berlin is virtually without precedent. Few professors have lectured at a university, the ethos and structures of which they had shaped so formatively. In hindsight we can see that Occasional Thoughts is a pivotal document in his intellectual biography; it drew from all that preceded, even as it shaped his subsequent career. It is ironic that one of Schleiermacher's most accessible and relevant treatises should be examined so infrequently. If we have generally not thought of Schleiermacher as the maker of institutions, perhaps out of a mistaken sense that romantics do not do that sort of thing, the time is ripe to think differently. Theodore Ziolkowski has compellingly argued that the energies unleashed by the Romantic movement contributed to institutional life in fields that include mining, the law, insane asylums, and museums, in addition to universities.
Optical and Digital Aberration Compensation in DHM

We propose optical and digital automatic phase aberration compensation for single and multi-wavelength DHM. The optical technique employs telecentric configuration to compensate for parabolic phase distortion due to the MO and the digital technique uses Zernike polynomials model to compensate for higher order and chromatic aberrations.
Radiolucent electrode array for combined EIT and mammography

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), a non-invasive technique used to image the electrical conductivity and permittivity within a body from measurements taken on the body’s surface, could be used as an indicator for breast cancer. Because of the low spatial resolution of EIT, combining it with other modalities may enhance its utility. X-ray mammography, the standard screening technique for breast cancer, is the first choice for that other modality. Here, we describe a radiolucent electrode array that can be attached to the compression plates of a mammography unit enabling EIT and mammography data to be taken simultaneously and inregister. The radiolucent electrode array is made by depositing thin layers of metal on a plastic substrate. The structure of the array is presented along with data showing its X-ray absorbance and electrical properties. The data show that the electrode array has satisfactory radiolucency and sufficiently low resistance.
Systemic infusional chemotherapy for liver metastasis: an improved schedule for 5-fluorouracil.

Regional chemotherapy, and particularly hepatic arterial chemotherapy, has had a resurgence of interest in the recent past because of the development of improved technology in the form of the implanted infusion pump. The history of this form of chemotherapy, however, over the past 2 decades has consistently demonstrated response rates which are superior to standard systemic chemotherapy and in fact hepatic arterial chemotherapy is effective in 25%–60% of patients not responding to the standard systemic delivery. The rationale for regional delivery relates to maximizing the dose delivery to the tumor and because of hepatic extraction minimizing host toxicity in spite of the maximal doses. However, in addition to the regional delivery of drug, there is another important distinction from standard chemotherapy, namely the infusion schedule.
Status and prospects of supercritical alcohol transesterification for biodiesel production

The growth in the global fuel consumption is expected to continue unabated. At the same time, nations around the globe are trying to reduce greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the transportation sector. These factors have led researchers to look for alternative sources of fuels. Biodiesel is one such alternative fuel that can complement or displace petroleum diesel with a potentially lower carbon footprint fuel, depending upon the feedstock and the production process. Biodiesel refers to the monoalkyl esters derived from a wide range of raw materials, like vegetable oils, animal fats, and algae lipids. Conventionally, biodiesel is produced by transesterification with the help of an acid, base or enzyme catalyst. Certain drawbacks, like slow reaction times, soap formation and intense pre- and post-processing, are associated with conventional transesterification, ultimately leading to increased capital and production costs. Supercritical transesterification is a relatively new technique promising to provide advantages, such as faster reaction times, catalyst-free operation, and higher purity of final product, over the conventional transesterification method. The most common feedstocks are virgin and used edible oils from crops like soybean, rapeseed, and African palm. There is an increasing interest in algae to avoid the utilization of food resources for energy production. Using algae as a lipid source, a more sustainable biodiesel production process could be developed to achieve large-scale production capabilities on a long-term basis without adverse effects on the food chain. This paper presents a critical review of supercritical transesterification and its prospects for biodiesel production. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e252. doi: 10.1002/wene.252 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
The Tata Nano: The People's Car (a)

Students identify promotion, price, place, segment, targeting, and positioning for marketing "the world’s cheapest car." This case is effective for MBA, undergraduate, and executive learners studying market segmentation, pricing, cannibalization risk, pricing, and break-even sales in the face of different price and cost scenarios. Has Tata chosen the right marketing strategy? Does the Nano represent an evolution or a revolution in automobile marketing?
Wilson disease: At the crossroads between genetics and epigenetics—A review of the evidence

Environmental factors, including diet, exercise, stress, and toxins, profoundly impact disease phenotypes. This review examines how Wilson disease (WD), an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, is influenced by genetic and environmental inputs. WD is caused by mutations in the copper-transporter gene ATP7B, leading to the accumulation of copper in the liver and brain, resulting in hepatic, neurological, and psychiatric symptoms. These symptoms range in severity and can first appear anytime between early childhood and old age. Over 300 disease-causing mutations in ATP7B have been identified, but attempts to link genotype to the phenotypic presentation have yielded little insight, prompting investigators to identify alternative mechanisms, such as epigenetics, to explain the highly varied clinical presentation. Further, WD is accompanied by structural and functional abnormalities in mitochondria, potentially altering the production of metabolites that are required for epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Notably, environmental exposure affects the regulation of gene expression and mitochondrial function. We present the "multi-hit" hypothesis of WD progression, which posits that the initial hit is an environmental factor that affects fetal gene expression and epigenetic mechanisms and subsequent "hits" are environmental exposures that occur in the offspring after birth. These environmental hits and subsequent changes in epigenetic regulation may impact copper accumulation and ultimately WD phenotype. Lifestyle changes, including diet, increased physical activity, stress reduction, and toxin avoidance, might influence the presentation and course of WD, and therefore may serve as potential adjunctive or replacement therapies.
Impact of highway construction on land surface energy balance and local climate derived from LANDSAT satellite data.

Abstract Extensive construction of highways has a major impact on the landscape and its structure. They can also influence local climate and heat fluxes in the surrounding area. After the removal of vegetation due to highway construction, the amount of solar radiation energy used for plant evapotranspiration (latent heat flux) decreases, bringing about an increase in landscape surface temperature, changing the local climate and increasing surface run-off. In this study, we evaluated the impact of the D8 highway construction (Central Bohemia, Czech Republic) on the distribution of solar radiation energy into the various heat fluxes (latent, sensible and ground heat flux) and related surface functional parameters (surface temperature and surface wetness). The aim was to describe the severity of the impact and the distance from the actual highway in which it can be observed. LANDSAT multispectral satellite images and field meteorological measurements were used to calculate surface functional parameters and heat balance before and during the highway construction. Construction of a four-lane highway can influence the heat balance of the landscape surface as far as 90 m in the perpendicular direction from the highway axis, i.e. up to 75 m perpendicular from its edge. During a summer day, the decrease in evapotranspired water can reach up to 43.7 m3 per highway kilometre. This means a reduced cooling effect, expressed as the decrease in latent heat flux, by an average of 29.7 MWh per day per highway kilometre and its surroundings. The loss of the cooling ability of the land surface by evaporation can lead to a rise in surface temperature by as much as 7 °C. Thus, the results indicate the impact of extensive line constructions on the local climate.