cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
At the Neural Intersection Between Language and Emotion

What role does language play in emotion? Behavioral research shows that emotion words such as “anger” and “fear” alter emotion experience, but questions still remain about mechanism. Here, we review the neuroscience literature to examine whether neural processes associated with semantics are also involved in emotion. Our review suggests that brain regions involved in the semantic processing of words: (i) are engaged during experiences of emotion, (ii) coordinate with brain regions involved in affect to create emotions, (iii) hold representational content for emotion, and (iv) may be necessary for constructing emotional experience. We relate these findings with respect to four theoretical relationships between language and emotion, which we refer to as “non-interactive,” “interactive,” “constitutive,” and “deterministic.” We conclude that findings are most consistent with the interactive and constitutive views with initial evidence suggestive of a constitutive view, in particular. We close with several future directions that may help test hypotheses of the constitutive view.
Extending Expectancy Theory to Food Intake: Effect of a Simulated Fast-Food Restaurant on Highly and Minimally Processed Food Expectancies:

Unhealthy diets are widespread and linked to a number of detrimental clinical outcomes. The current preregistered experiment extended expectancy theory into the study of food intake; specifically, ...
Bank Stress Test Disclosures, Private Information Production, and Price Informativeness

Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, from 2015-2017, banks holding assets between $10 - $50 billion were required to disclose a portion of their company-run stress test results. We find that these disclosures are associated with a 5% reduction in analyst following, driven by more experienced analysts. Analysts that continue to follow these banks issue forecasts that are less dispersed and contain less firm-specific information. Furthermore, post-disclosure, bank equity returns become more synchronous with the entire stock market, indicating that returns contain less firm-specific information. Consistent with recent theory models, our results suggest that increased regulatory disclosures may have unintended consequences.
Barriers to care for short- and long-term occurrences of non-specific psychological distress.

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to investigate relationships between occurrences of self-reported non-specific psychological distress, sociodemographic characteristics, health care utilization, and barriers to care. Study design Demographic information, health-related utilization, and non-specific psychological distress are derived from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data for the period of 2000–2014. Methods NHIS data from 2000 to 2014 were used in weighted multivariate regression methods to identify patterns of mental health utilization and barriers to care in adults for two self-reported indicators of non-specific psychological distress. Results Relationships were observed with all health care barriers and some health care utilization measures for those who reported short-term occurrences of non-specific psychological distress; one health care utilization variable had a significant association with long-term occurrences of non-specific psychological distress. Conclusions More than 10 million American adults live with a mental illness or disorder, and disparities in receiving health care continue to persist despite targeted public health initiatives. Self-reported data, addressing both short- and long-term occurrences of non-specific psychological distress can better identify undiagnosed or unmet mental health needs.
Not the Last Word: Choosing Wisely

The author certifies that he, or any member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® or The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®.
Experiments on an adaptive computer model of a distribution channel

The aim of the paper is to use computer simulation models of an entire industry's distribution channel as instruments of theory development. The major phenomena to be explained center around recent developments in distribution systems, resulting from advancing technology in the logistics of distribution as well as in communications between the various levels of the channel. Dynamic instabilities and various adaptive response patterns are found to be explainable more immediately by the hierarchical nature of the feedback-control relationships prevailing between various levels of the distribution channel than by environmental changes reflected in demand patterns.
Setting the Tone at the Top: Defining Moments in Leadership From the Hebrew Bible

This study provides leadership examples from the Bible to help modern organizations implement internal controls that comply with the COSO Internal Control – Integrated Framework. The Framework's first principle is a commitment by the organization to integrity and ethical conduct, namely by setting an example through a positive, “tone at the top". This paper provides examples of, “defining moments in leadership", from the Hebrew Bible to help contemporary leaders make ethical choices when faced with such defining moments. Defining moments; which are confronted by leaders, as well as ordinary people; can shape the legacy of a person, leader, organization, or even a nation. Some leaders make the right decision and go on to become role models, heroes, and even legends; others make a bad choice and their names become synonymous with failure. This paper examines the actions and choices of several heroes from the Hebrew Bible to see how they reacted when confronted with a critical choice during such defining moments; lessons to be learned include prudence, responsibility, and justice.
Reconciling Ring v. Arizona with the CurrentStructure of the Federal Capital Murder Trial:The Case for Trifurcation

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 350II. Current Structure of a Federal Capital Trial 352A. Phase One: The Guilt Phase 352B. Phase Two: The Sentencing Phase 3531. Is the Defendant Eligible for the Death Penalty? 3532. Is Death the Appropriate Punishment? 3543. Jury Deliberations 356III. Recent Supreme Court Opinions and the Adequacy of the Bifurcated Structure 358IV. The Problem 361V. A Solution: Trifurcation 363VI. Arguments for Trifurcating the Federal Capital Trial 364VII. The Rule Against Character Evidence is a Constitutional Right Under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment..... 365A. Overview 365B. What is Character Evidence? 366C. Character Evidence and the Sentencing Phase of a Federal Capital Trial 367D. Locating a Right Prohibiting the Use of Character Evidence in the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment 3681. The Prohibition of Character Evidence Enjoys a Long Common Law History 3692. Supreme Court Practice Recognizes the Importance of Preventing the Introduction of Character Evidence ....3713. Every Jurisdiction Has Enacted Evidentiary Rules Prohibiting the Use of Character Evidence 3 734. Exceptions to the Rule: Federal Rules of Evidence 413 and 414 374E. Implications for the Federal Capital Trial 376VIII. The Unique Instance Arising After the Supreme Court's Opinion in Crawfordv. Washington 377A. Overview 377B. Federal Capital Trials Post-Crawford 378C. Crawford's Impact on Trifurcation 379IX. Statutory Construction of the FDPA Compels Tri furcation 379A. United States v. Johnson 381B. The Implications of Statutory Construction for Trifurcation 384X. Trifurcation Ameliorates Problems Associated with Capital Jury Decision Making 385A. Empirical Research: The Capital Jury Project 385B. Empirical Research: State Capital cases 386XI. Conclusion 388I. IntroductionThe grieving wife attempts in vain to muffle her sobs as she recounts her final minutes with her late husband.' The long pauses between her statements create a screaming silence. Members of the gallery nervously look to the floor, trying not to make eye contact with the wife for fear that they, too, will erupt into tears. Next, the prosecution calls the victim's son to the witness stand. Stories of childhood memories follow, and a wave of sadness washes over the jury. Most of the jurors intermittently blot tears. …
Cyclical adjustments of wages, prices and employment:: A comment on Parkin, Summer and Ward

The standard theoretical rationalization for the observed, empirical relationship between the rate of wage change and the unemployment rate is that the unemployment rate measures the extent of excess supply in the labor market and that wages gradually adjust in order to eliminate this excess supply. Parkin, Sumner and Ward adopt essentially this justification for their Phillips curve relationship. In their analysis, the quarter to quarter percentage change in the wage rate is the endogeneous variable. The wage rate is assumed to adjust to eliminate the existing disequilibrium in the labor market and to correct for anticipated changes in prices and taxes. Existing disequilibrium is measured by the four quarter moving average of the unemployment rate, lagged two quarters (or by an alternative proxy for the excess supply of labor which is also calculated as a four quarter moving average, lagged two quarters). My purpose in these remarks is to develop an alternative, theoretical explanation for the observed Phillips curve relationship between wage inflation and unemployment. This alternative explanation is based on a simple mode1 of macroeconomic adjustment in which the time paths of prices, wages, employment, and output are all simultaneously and endogeneously determined.’ In this model, the basic cause of fluctuations in employment and output is the failure of those price expectations relevant to the determination of labor supply to move in phase with the prices relevant for the determination of labor demand. Given this failure, fluctuations in nominal aggregate demand, induced by fluctuations in the rate of growth of the money supply (or other exogeneous influences onaggregate demand), produce fluctuations in employment and output. The wage rate also fluctuates. But the unemployment rate is neither the proximate nor the ultimate determinant of the rate of wage change. The observed, empirical relationship between the rate of wage change and the unemployment rate is explained as a statistical artifact, not as a causal relationship.
Islamic reform and Arab nationalism: Expanding the crescent from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean (1880s–1930s)

Amal N. Ghazal, London and New York, Routledge, 2010, xiv + 171 pp. In recent years historians have recognized that African nationalisms have tangled genealogies that cannot be understood in unilin...
Portable nanoporous electrical biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of Troponin-T

Aim: To demonstrate the design, fabrication and testing of a portable, label-free biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of the cardiac Troponin-T (cTnT) from patient blood. Materials & methods: The biosensor is comprised of a nanoporous membrane integrated on to a microelectrode sensor platform for nanoconfinement effects. Charge perturbations due to antigen binding are recorded as impedance changes using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results: The measured impedance change is used to quantitatively determine the cTnT concentration from the tested sample. We were successful in detecting and quantifying cardiac Troponin-T from a 40-patient cohort. The limit of detection was 0.01 pg/ml. Conclusion: This novel technology has promising preliminary results for rapid and sensitive detection of cTnT.
Effect of aging of breakdown voltage of artificially damaged cable

The effect of flaws and thermal and radiation aging of flaws on the electrical breakdown of low-voltage cable was studied. AC breakdown voltages of XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) and EPR (ethylene-propylene rubber) cables were measured for both damaged and undamaged cable. Three types of flaws were studied: scrapes, transverse cuts, and longitudinal cuts. Some cables were radiated-aged up to 1 MGy and others were thermally aged at 130/spl deg/C for up to 50 days. Results to date indicate little effect of aging on breakdown voltage and a linear decrease in breakdown voltage with decreasing thickness beneath scrapes and transverse cuts below some threshold thickness. Calculated electric field distributions at breakdown indicate that breakdown occurs by partial discharge in pores. >
The Democracy We Left Behind in Greece and McCutcheon

The U.S. Supreme Court used to regularly police the line between political and economic spheres and the line between Church and State. The Court in 2014 abandoned both posts. As evidenced by McCutcheon v. FEC, the Supreme Court is not protecting democracy from creeping oligarchy served up one campaign contribution at a time. As evidenced by Town of Greece v. Galloway, the Supreme Court is not protecting democracy from creeping theocracy served up one public prayer at a time. In both areas of First Amendment law (Free Speech and Establishment Clause), the Court feigns neutrality when it is really picking sides and the side that the Court picks is the one that already has the most power. This short essay will explore how the modern Court’s Establishment Clause jurisprudence parallels its campaign finance jurisprudence and how both have the potential to create a privileged class and a second class.
Exercise Affects Protein Utilization in Healthy Children

Although health initiatives promote increased physical activity in children, the physiologic outcomes have not been well characterized. This investigation examined the effects of programmed aerobic exercise on protein metabolism in children (n = 7; mean +/- SEM: 9.14 +/- 0.46 y old; weight, 32.1 +/- 1.6 kg; height, 138 +/- 2.5 cm; and body mass index, 16.21 +/- 0.36 kg/m(2) ) using (15)N-glycine methodology. Boys (n = 5) and girls (n = 2) walked (5 d/wk, 3.2-6.4 km/d) for 6 wk. Criterion measures taken at baseline (Pre) and after the exercise program (Post) included anthropometric data, dietary assessment, nitrogen balance, nitrogen flux (Q), protein synthesis (PS), protein breakdown (PB) and net protein balance [(Net) = PS - PB]. After the walking program, there were no significant changes in body weight, fat-free mass or percentage of body fat, whereas height increased (P < 0.01). Energy and protein intakes were constant throughout the study. Nitrogen balance was significantly more positive Post than Pre (P < 0.05). There was a significant decrease in Q (P < 0.0001) with corresponding decreases in PS (P < 0.001) and PB (P < 0.01). These data provide the first evidence that programmed aerobic exercise alters whole-body protein utilization in healthy, nonobese children. Longitudinal studies are required to further examine changes in protein metabolism associated with increased physical activity in this population. In addition, findings suggest a need to evaluate nutrient requirements for healthy, physically active boys and girls.
Jerzy Konorski (1903–1973) on the 20th anniversary of his death

This article describes the pioneer research of Jerzy Konorski on voluntary motor conditioned reflexes type II (CRIIs or instrumental CRs). Some of his publications on topics such as four varieties of CRIIs, switching, and ability of transformation (plasticity) of CRIIs are briefly summarized. Konorski's theoretical views including criticism of some of Pavlov's interpretations are also presented. A few events connected to Konorski's scientific activities are mentioned.
Library Study Behaviors in the Age of Ubiquitous Mobile Devices: An Observational Study in Four Academic Libraries

In this study, researchers observed student study behaviors in the libraries of four post-secondary institutions. In all, 2,773 observations were made. This research replicates and expands an earlier study and addresses its limitations. The results of a logistic regression test indicate whether students had a mobile device readily available and where students chose to study in the library best predicted whether they demonstrated a study, as opposed to a non-study, behavior. Specifically, if students were found in quiet study or computer areas, they were more likely to be performing study behaviors. This research has implications for library stakeholders making decisions about the use of library space. Most importantly, this research demonstrates that library spaces are widely used for diverse purposes.
Flame spreading across liquid fuels

The various mechanisms postulated to control the rate of flame propagation across a liquid fuel surface are discussed in detail. Major consideration is given to the surface tension induced flows which control the propagation at liquid temperatures well below the closed cup flash point and the cause of the flame pulsation noted at liquid temperatures just below the flash point. Some new considerations are given to the concepts and methods of experimentally evaluating flash and fire point phenomena. Analytical developments which correctly predict the very high propagation rates across liquids at temperatures well above their flash points are discussed.
Wilmer fundus camera stimulator

The Wilmer fundus camera stimulator has been designed to allow testing of visual function at precise retinal locations under direct visualization. We use a modified fundus camera with a deep red source and IR vidicon to allow for both low levels of illumination and visualization of the fundus. The stimulus location is plotted directly on a real-time digitized image of the fundus using computer-generated graphics, and fixation can be monitored as testing proceeds. The fundus image with stimulus location can be stored on floppy disk for later retrieval and analysis. Both static and kinetic perimetry can be performed. This paper describes the fundus camera stimulator in detail, compares it to existing types of fundus perimeters, and provides clinical examples of its use.
On the connectivity of seams of conical intersection: seam curvature.

The seam of conical intersection of two electronic states is said to be curved when the span of the basis vectors describing the branching plane varies along the seam. In this work degenerate perturbation theory is used to determine an approximately diabatic Hamiltonian that can reliably reproduce the potential-energy surfaces in the vicinity of a point of conical intersection. This Hamiltonian provides a rigorous description of seam curvature, and a means for obtaining the full (Nint−2)-dimensional seam of conical intersection connected to a point of conical intersection.
Effect of forage-concentrate ratio in complete feeds fed ad libitum on energy intake in relation to requirements by dairy cows.

Abstract Energy intake for each of 37 Holstein cows from 4 wk prepartum through 44 wk of lactation was determined by measuring the quantity of feed consumed ad libitum and estimating the energy available in each of four complete feeds of: (a) 75:25, (b) 60:40, (c) 45:55, and (d) 30:70 forage:concentrate dry matter. The greatest need for energy occurred during the first trimester while peak energy consumption occurred during the second trimester. Factors affecting energy requirements accounted for 64% of the variation in consumption over a complete lactation for the 30:70 feed but only 27% in the 45:55 feed. Although none of the cows consumed enough energy to meet her requirements during the early weeks of lactation, cows in the groups fed higher concentrate feeds achieved energy balance earlier. Once energy balance was achieved, cows in each group remained in positive balance. Cows in the latter stages of lactation did not appear to regulate their intake according to physiological requirements for milk production.
Perceived competence as a moderator of the relationship between role clarity and job performance: A test of two hypotheses

Abstract This research examined the influence of perceived competence in moderating the relationship between role clarity and the job performance of employees. Data from 340 lower level managers were used to test two competing hypotheses. Results indicate that perceived competence moderates the relationship between role clarity and the job performance of employees. The job performance of employees is a joint function of their perceived competence and the role clarity they experience. Consistent with a situational-constraints perspective on work performance, the job performance of more competent employees is more strongly affected by the role ambiguity they face than is that of their less competent counterparts. The alternative, ability/adaptability, hypothesis did not receive support. Implications of the findings for future research and for remedial action by organizations are discussed.
Work function measurements and their relation to modern surface analysis techniques

Abstract Since the work function of a solid is affected by the atoms in the outermost atomic layers of that solid, it provides a very sensitive measure of the nature of the surface. Traditional methods of measuring the work function generally involved heating the solid and analyzing the density of thermionic emitted electrons in order to obtain an average value of the work function. The use of low energy incident electrons, however, can also provide a determination of the work function and, furthermore, allows the surface to be investigated below thermionic temperatures. Also, by scanning the incident electron beam, the work function can be determined with comparatively high spatial resolution at any point on the surface. Such a scanning low energy electron probe (SLEEP) system has been used to obtain a topographic work function image of the surface as well as to provide a quantitative plot of the distribution in work function of the surface. Examples are given of how such work function results can be correlated with other surface analysis techniques.
Polymethacrylate functionalized polypyrrole network films on indium tin oxide: Electropolymerization of a precursor polymer and comonomer

The electropolymerization and deposition of conjugated polypyrrole network films on planar indium tin oxide electrode surfaces is described. The precursor polymer, a polymethacrylate functionalized with pyrrole, PPHMA2, was synthesized and then electropolymerized on ITO substrates. The possibility of inter- and intramolecular polymerization resulted in a cross-linked conjugated network microstructure. The pyrrole group was chosen because of its good electropolymerizablity and organic semiconductor characteristics. To induce greater electropolymerizability toward linear polypyrrole units and control of surface morphology, PPHMA2 was copolymerized with pyrrole monomer at various composition (feed) ratios. The spectroscopic, morphological, and composition properties of the films were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. Interesting trends were observed on structure−property relationships with respect to film composition.
Compactness of a fixpoint set and optimal control

Solutions of the dynamic equations in distributed parameter systems are usually obtained as fixpoints of suitable maps, as in Picard iteration. In optimal control of distributed parameter systems, some compactness of the fixpoint set is then needed to extract a convergent minimizing sequence. Two results are obtained to show, when the family of maps is equicontractive, that one can extract such a sequence under suitable hypotheses.
The Chief Executive Officer of the Large American Industrial Corporation in 1917

T he generation of chief executives of America's largest corporations that followed the late-nineteenth-century "robber barons" is remarkably obscure, not only to the educated public but to scholars as well. Probably all readers of these pages have heard of Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and J. P. Morgan. But few can list the chief executives of United States Steel (which became the nation's largest corporation in 1901 when it was formed by the merger of Carnegie Steel and other holdings), Standard Oil (Rockefeller's company), or J. P. Morgan and Company in the early decades of the twentieth century. And if we provided the names of chief executive officers in 1917, for instance, only one, J. P. Morgan Jr., would be familiar, for an obvious reason: he shared the name, if not the stature, of his father. Elbert H. Gary, chief executive of U.S. Steel, would not be known to many people outside of Gary, Indiana, which was named after him. And the CEO of Standard Oil of New Jersey in 1917, Alfred Cotton Bedford, would be recognized by even fewer. The transformation of American business leadership from the "charismatic" to the "bureaucratic" between 19oo and 1920 had the effect of diminishing attention to the leaders themselves.' Even historians who
The cell biology of mosquito vitellogenesis

Insect vitellogenesis involves coordinated activities of the fat body and oocytes. We have studied these activities at the cellular level in the mosquito. During each vitellogenic cycle, the fat body undergoes three successive stages: 1) proliferation of biosynthetic organelles, 2) vitellogenin synthesis, 3) termination of vitellogenin synthesis and degradation of biosynthetic organelles by lysosomes. Analysis with monoclonal antibodies and radiolabelling demonstrated that the mosquito yolk protein consists of two subunits (200-kDa and 65-kDa). Both subunits are glycosylated, their carbohydrate moieties are composed of high-mannose oligosaccharides. The yolk protein subunits are derived from a single 220 kDa precursor detected by an in vitro translation. Oocytes become competent to internalize proteins as a result of juvenile hormone-mediated biogenesis of endocytotic organelles. The yolk protein is then accumulated by receptor-mediated endocytosis. A pathway of the yold protein and factors determining its routing in the oocyte have been studied.
Kinetics of environmental fatigue crack growth in nickel-copper alloy: Part I. In vacuum and oxygen

Fatigue crack growth rates have been determined in a nickel-copper alloy in the mild test environments of vacuum and oxygen. It is found that the fatigue crack growth mode in both vacuum and oxygen is ductile and the growth rate is sensibly independent of the maximum stress intensity levels and stress intensity ratio. The growth rate is found to be lower in vacuum than in oxygen, and the growth rate dependency on the cyclic stress intensity range is more pronounced in vacuum than in oxygen. These differences in behavior may be consistent with differences in crack closure behavior for the two environments.
The Effects of Diacylglycerol on POPC/POPS Lipid Membranes

Diacylglycerols (DAGs) are important second messengers in biomembranes, and their detail interactions with other lipids are still not well understood. In this study, four independent atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to systematically investigate the interactions of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (POG) with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (POPS). POG concentration varied from 0 to 25% (i.e. 0%, 6.25%, 12.5%, and 25%), and the ratio of POPC/POPS was kept at 4/1. Our results show that POG decreases the area per lipid and the average distances between the acyl chains of POPC, POPS, and POG. In addition, POG increases the bilayer thickness and the acyl chain order of lipids. Our 2D radial distribution functions show that the spacing between phospholipid headgroups increases as POG concentration increases. This increase is due to the interposition of small-headgroup POGs between large-headgroup phospholipids. Furthermore, the number density profiles show that the headgroups of POPC and POPS expand laterally at the bilayer-aqueous interface to cover POGs. This expansion avoids the otherwise unfavorable exposure of hydrophobic part of POG to water. Finally, POG also drastically slows down the lateral diffusion of phospholipids. This study shows that POG, in many aspects similar to cholesterol, has a major effect on the biophysical properties of POPC/POPS lipid membranes.
Bismarck, propaganda and public relations

Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898), the “Iron Chancellor” and master-statesman of Victorian Europe, has been viewed as one who took an appropriately rigid view of public communication activities and most especially media management. Does he have a partial claim to the title deeds of what later became public relations? This paper examines Bismarck's approach to managed public communication and the extent of its application as propaganda. We conclude that Bismarck's techniques are a part of the legacy of modern public relations as practiced by Governments.
Effects of shifts in goal origin on goal acceptance and attainment

Abstract Current models of goal setting often fail to consider the potential negative effects of goal programs. Control over goal difficulty levels may be an important source of personal control in the workplace and psychological reactance may result from a shift in control over the setting of goals. The present experiment examined the effects of initial goal origin (assigned or self-set) and shifted goal origin (shifted or not shifted) on goal acceptance and attainment over two trial blocks of a verbal task. Several hypotheses based on psychological reactance theory were tested in a laboratory experiment with 160 college undergraduates. Overall analyses revealed significant interactions for goal acceptance and goal attainment over trial blocks. Simple effect analyses isolated this interaction for both dependent variables in a disordinal crossover pattern for the shifted origin groups over trial blocks, as expected. The discussion focuses on fitting these results into the current program guiding goal-setting research and on suggesting future avenues of research. Some implications for the application of goal setting are also discussed.
Reinforcement effects on the intelligence test performance of institutionalized retarded adults: behavioral analysis, directional control, and implications for habilitation.

Abstract Forty mentally retarded individuals participated in a study designed to examine the relationship between increases and decreases in intelligence test scores and the availability of habilitative programs. Several test administrations were included to allow for analyses across successive conditions and examinations of both interest and intratest peformance were included. The results showed that reinforcement for correct responding increased IQs and reinforcement for incorrect responding decreased IQs. Concomitant with increases and decreases in IQs were increases and decreases in the availability of habilitative programs. These increases and decreases occurred independent of participant performance in the programs. The results are discussed in terms of a behavioral analysis and implications for habilitation.
A dilemma on Orchid Island.

“Ah, Indian River country,” remarked Theodore Conrad as he drove the car rental southward to Vero Beach. “Our favorite vacation spot,” affirmed Elizabeth. “I was just thinking about a potential public health conundrum that might take place in this part of the world,” added Theodore. “Tell us about it,” pleaded Thaddeus and Alexandra from the back seat. “With pleasure….” At the wheel of his new silver Volvo sat Seymour Lavin. Sy and his new bride, Joyce, were headed south on US 1 to their new home in Orchid Island. They had just left the Blue Gull Marina in Sebastian, where they had enjoyed a lunch of charbroiled shrimp over endive with balsamic-based vinaigrette and a bottle of their favorite California Chardonnay. With the solitude provided by closed windows and the stereo featuring a Mozart concerto, Sy and Joyce each quietly contemplated the future. Sy had a new lease on life, a new bride and a new home. He had finally come to grips with the loss of Ruth, his first wife, and her painful battle with the ravages of metastatic breast carcinoma. For more than a year after Ruth’s passing in 1994, Sy had been severely depressed, seemingly lost without his soulmate and partner. He had been unable to concentrate on his successful real estate business in Chicago. He barely coped with life. However, his grief had been assuaged 18 months later when he met 31-year-old Joyce through a mutual friend. A physical therapist, Joyce was bright, vivacious and sensitive. Her attentiveness, engaging personality and feminine charms had restored Sy’s peace of mind, and he felt like a young man again. Sy and Joyce were married on December 15, 1996, and chose to spend their winter months at their new home on the shores of Orchid Island in central Florida. …
The role of radionuclide cardiac imaging in coronary artery bypass surgery

The main applications of cardiac nuclear imaging in coronary artery bypass surgery include: patient selection, prediction of improvement in resting LV function after revascularization, diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction, assessment of the results of revascularization, evaluation of new or recurrent symptoms, and in risk stratification. Proper understanding of which test to be used, when, and why may be important to optimize patient management.
Identification of genes induced by oxidized phospholipids in human aortic endothelial cells.

Oxidized-l-α-1-Palmitoyl-2-Arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphorylcholine (Ox-PAPC), a component of mildly oxidized/minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (MM-LDL), accounts for many of the biological activities of MM-LDL. Having hypothesized that Ox-PAPC initiates gene expression changes in endothelial cells that result in enhanced endothelial/monocyte interactions and the subsequent development of atherosclerotic lesions, we used the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) procedure to compare mRNA isolated from PAPC-treated human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) with mRNA isolated from Ox-PAPC-treated cells. Genes induced by Ox-PAPC but not by PAPC in HAEC included genes involved in signal transduction, extracellular matrix, growth factors, chemokines and several genes with unknown functions. The observed pattern of gene induction suggests that Ox-PAPC may play multiple roles in angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and inflammation and wound healing.
Simplifying alcohol assessment: two questions to identify alcohol use disorders.

BACKGROUND: Previous work has validated a single question to screen for hazardous or harmful drinking, but identifying those patients who have an alcohol use disorder (AUD) among those who screen positive is still time consuming. We therefore sought to develop and validate a brief assessment instrument using DSM-IV criteria for use in primary care medical practice. METHODS: Four cross-sectional surveys of past-year drinkers. The developmental sample included patients presenting to emergency departments with an acute injury. The second sample, from the same study, was recruited by random-digit dialing. The third sample was recruited in 5 family medicine practices in Georgia. The fourth sample was the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Interviews with the first 3 samples used the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) used the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule. RESULTS: Two constructs with promising test characteristics were identified: recurrent drinking in hazardous situations and drinking more than intended. Among those who screened positive with the single question in the developmental sample (N=959), if either of the 2 items was positive, the sensitivity for current AUD was 95% and the specificity was 77%. In the second (N=494) and third (N=280) samples, the sensitivity was 94 and 95% and the specificity was 62 and 66%, respectively, among those with a positive screen. In the NESARC sample, including those with at least 1 occasion in the past year of drinking 5 or more drinks (N=7,890), the sensitivity and specificity were 77 and 86%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity and specificity of these 2 items across 4 samples suggest that they could be formulated into 2 questions, potentially providing busy primary care clinicians with an efficient, reasonably accurate assessment instrument to identify AUD among those patients who screen positive with the single screening question. Language: en
Application of appreciative inquiry in tourism research in rural communities

Abstract Appreciative inquiry is a participatory research method based on positive psychology. Founded upon grounded theory and the social constructivist paradigm, appreciative inquiry is a simple, effective, and epistemologically sound tool to understand the rural population’s knowledge, needs, and priorities without alienating them from research. Based on the study conducted to comprehend the interrelationships among conservation, livelihood, and tourism development in three rural communities located in the vicinity of Chitwan National Park, Nepal, this study argues that appreciative inquiry can be a useful tool for conducting tourism research in rural communities. This study employs five steps, including grounding, discovery, dream, design, and destiny.
Anthropometric measures of abdominal adiposity for the identification of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents

Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) was obtained in 65 adolescents referred for assessment of cardiometabolic risk. We found that SAD was associated with cardiometabolic risk factors independent of BMI in males, but that SAD was not superior to BMI or other measures of abdominal adiposity for the detection of metabolic syndrome.
Blockade of the sodium calcium exchanger exhibits anticonvulsant activity in a pilocarpine model of acute seizures in rats.

Recent evidence suggests that the sodium calcium exchanger (NCX) may contribute to the etiology of pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Here we further investigated the role of NCX in the etiology of seizures by quantifying the effects of KB-R7943 and SN-6, potent inhibitors of the reverse mode of NCX subtypes 3 (NCX3) and 1 (NCX1), respectively, on the occurrence of acute seizures and status epilepticus induced by intraperitoneal administration of pilocarpine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. Pretreatment with KB-R7943 significantly reduced the incidence of pilocarpine-induced seizures and status epilepticus in 22–56% of treated animals. In the remaining animals that exhibited seizures, KB-R7943 pretreatment delayed the onset of seizures and status epilepticus, and reduced seizure severity. Delayed onset of seizures and reduced seizure severity also were seen following pretreatment with SN-6. These findings suggest that altered NCX activity may contribute to the pathophysiology of pilocarpine-induced seizures and status epilepticus.
Ratio scales of the reward values and punisher aversions of depressed undergraduates

Two experiments (Ns = 116 and 154, respectively) tested theories that state that depressed people undervalue rewards or are overly averse to punishers. Rational zero-point scaling was used to obtain ratio scales of undergraduates' reward values and punisher aversions. As the theories predicted, depressed students consistently valued classmate praise about three- to six-tenths as highly as did nondepressed students; depressed females were 1.4 times more averse to all four punishers (classmate and professor criticism, incorrectness feedback, and monetary fine), while depressed males were 1.2 times more averse to the three intangible punishers. Contrary to the theories, depressed students consistently failed to undervalue the remaining three rewards (professor praise, money, and correctness feedback), and depressed males failed to be overly averse to a monetary fine. It was concluded that reward-value theories of depression received more narrow support than did the punisheraversion theories. In addition, developmental theories of reward values were supported by the finding that students from low social-status backgrounds valued the abstract rewards about seven-tenths as highly as did high status students.
IRAS observations of matter around nearby stars

A systematic search of the IRAS point-source catalog has led to the identification of eight new nearby stars that are Vega-like in terms of their large 60-micron excess. These stars are distinguished by the predominance of spectral type A and the absence of double stars in the Vega-like group. Both effects are intuitively consistent with the interpretation that the 60-micron excess radiation is due to a disk of protoplanetary material, suggesting an early phase in the evolution of a planetary system; however, this distribution can also be due to luminosity and brightness selection effects.
Performance of adaptive channel equalization techniques: DFEs, time-reversal, and connections to adaptive array processing

Several techniques for achieving coherent communications through underwater acoustic channels have been demonstrated in the recent literature. Among these include channel estimate based decision feedback equalization and active and passive time-reversal. However, no work has been appeared to date comparing the performance of these systems, either analytically or on common data. This paper will present a unified analysis of the performance of these techniques. Closed form expressions for the performance characteristics of each technique are presented. These expressions closely resemble those from the adaptive array processing literature for characterizing the performance of processors in the presence of environmental mismatch. The expressions lead to insights into the factors that impact equalizer performance. The performance of DFEs and the passive time-reversal technique is also compared using experimental data.
A Cross-Cultural Examination of Self-Leadership: Testing for Measurement Invariance Across Four Cultures

The purpose of this study is to examine the cross-cultural validity of self-leadership by confirming a second-order factor structure and testing for measurement invariance in the operationalization...
Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells

Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in adults to maintain normal tissue homeostasis and during embryological development to shape tissues and organs(1,2,6,7). During development, toxic chemicals or genetic alterations can cause an increase in PCD or change PCD patterns resulting in developmental abnormalities and birth defects(3-5). To understand the etiology of these defects, the study of embryos can be complemented with in vitro assays that use differentiating embryonic stem (ES) cells. Apoptosis is a well-studied form of PCD that involves both intrinsic and extrinsic signaling to activate the caspase enzyme cascade. Characteristic cell changes include membrane blebbing, nuclear shrinking, and DNA fragmentation. Other forms of PCD do not involve caspase activation and may be the end-result of prolonged autophagy. Regardless of the PCD pathway, dying cells need to be removed. In adults, the immune cells perform this function, while in embryos, where the immune system has not yet developed, removal occurs by an alternative mechanism. This mechanism involves neighboring cells (called "non-professional phagocytes") taking on a phagocytic role-they recognize the 'eat me' signal on the surface of the dying cell and engulf it(8-10). After engulfment, the debris is brought to the lysosome for degradation. Thus regardless of PCD mechanism, an increase in lysosomal activity can be correlated with increased cell death. To study PCD, a simple assay to visualize lysosomes in thick tissues and multilayer differentiating cultures can be useful. LysoTracker dye is a highly soluble small molecule that is retained in acidic subcellular compartments such as the lysosome(11-13). The dye is taken up by diffusion and through the circulation. Since penetration is not a hindrance, visualization of PCD in thick tissues and multi-layer cultures is possible(12,13). In contrast, TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) analysis(14), is limited to small samples, histological sections, and monolayer cultures because the procedure requires the entry/permeability of a terminal transferase. In contrast to Aniline blue, which diffuses and is dissolved by solvents, LysoTracker Red DND-99 is fixable, bright, and stable. Staining can be visualized with standard fluorescent or confocal microscopy in whole-mount or section using aqueous or solvent-based mounting media(12,13). Here we describe protocols using this dye to look at PCD in normal and sonic hedgehog null mouse embryos. In addition, we demonstrate analysis of PCD in differentiating ES cell cultures and present a simple quantification method. In summary, LysoTracker staining can be a great complement to other methods of detecting PCD.
Using item analysis to facilitate interpretation of empirical findings.

Abstract Researchers often present and interpret empirical findings with reference to hypothetical constructs and diagnostic labels. Such interpretations commonly are based upon “summary” scores obtained through interview, self-report, or rating-scale assessment instruments. Although there are advantages associated with communicating empirical findings through analysis with summary scores, there also are weaknesses that may limit the interpretability of empirical findings and impede theory development. We discuss the importance of item analysis as a tool that may guide presentation of empirical findings, and we describe how it may be used to minimize these limitations of assessment, facilitate data interpretation, and increase the opportunity for theoretical advances.
Interpreting Near-Miss Events

Abstract:We examine how, why, and to what degree project managers incorporate precursor events (specifically, near-misses) into their decision-making process at key points in a program or mission. An event is considered a “near-miss” if the outcome is non-hazardous, but if a hazardous or fatal outcome could have occurred. Through two student experiments we demonstrate that a “near-miss” bias can exist when making decisions in risky environments, and further, we examine if interventions can ameliorate this bias. This article is an important first step in understanding how information about prior near-miss events influence decision-makers and what to do about it.
New devices for treating acute ischemic stroke

The past decade has witnessed an explosion of devices available for treating acute ischemic stroke. Here, we review a range of recently patented devices and the data supporting their use. These include devices to enhance thrombolysis, thrombectomy devices, stents, devices for augmenting global brain tissue perfusion, and devices that provide neuroprotection after stroke. We discuss specific design elements of these devices and directions for future research. Ultimately, individually tailored combinations of these devices will likely prove most useful in treating patients with acute ischemic stroke.
Virtual phase CCD technology

In this article a new concept of a single phase CCD, called "virtual phase", is described. Virtual phase technology employs only a single level gate electrode structure. This technology represents a new approach to fabrication of large area CCD devices which have both high performance and high yield. An example of the application of virtual phase technology to the fabrication of a 490 × 328 CCD imager is presented, and several important design and performance parameters are discussed.