cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
JAK2V617F mutation in essential thrombocythaemia: clinical associations and long‐term prognostic relevance

Clinical correlates and long-term prognostic relevance of the JAK2(V617F) mutation was studied in 150 patients with essential thrombocythaemia (ET) from a single institution and followed for a median of 11.4 years. During this period, thrombotic complications were documented in 62 patients (41.3%) and transformation into acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), polycythaemia vera (PV), or myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) occurred in 4 (2.7%), 8 (5.3%), and 15 (10%) patients, respectively. JAK2(V617F) was detected in either archived bone marrow or blood cells from 73 patients (48.7%) but none were homozygous for the mutant allele. Parameters at diagnosis that were significantly associated with the presence of JAK2(V617F) included advanced age and higher counts of both haemoglobin and leucocytes. During follow-up, patients with the mutation were more likely to transform into PV but the incidences of AML, MMM, or thrombotic events were similar between patients with and without the mutation. Multivariate analysis identified advanced age, higher haemoglobin level, and thrombosis history but not the presence of JAK2(V617F) as independent predictors of inferior survival. Therefore, although the presence of JAK2(V617F) in ET appears to promote a PV phenotype, it might not carry treatment-relevant information.
Products and adjunctions of manifold stratified spaces

Abstract Basic topological constructions of manifold stratified spaces and stratified approximate fibrations are studied. These include products of manifold stratified spaces, products and compositions of stratified approximate fibrations and Euclidean stabilization of stratified approximate fibrations. The main result shows that the adjunction of two manifold stratified spaces via a manifold stratified approximate fibration is a manifold stratified space.
Fabrication of biomimetic 3-D structured diaphragms

Abstract We report on a new approach to the fabrication of 3-D structured diaphragms using integrated surface and deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) bulk silicon micromachining on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. Polysilicon diaphragms of 1 mm ×2 mm ×1.2 μm, and 1 mm ×2 mm ×2.4 μm parylene diaphragms, which are designed for a biomimetic directional microphone and a differential microphone, respectively have been successfully fabricated by our method. The membranes have 20 μm-thick silicon proof masses, solid stiffeners, hollow stiffeners, and 20 μm-deep corrugations to mimic the tympanal membranes of the fly’s ears. Acoustic measurements of the diaphragm using laser vibrometry have demonstrated high directional sensitivity of the device.
Optimal Multiple-Objective Marketing Strategies

Brand managers often design strategies to achieve multiple objectives, but how managers choose among alternatives and consequently how multiple objectives should be incorporated into models of marketing strategy have received little attention. This paper explores the incorporation of multiple objectives into models of optimal marketing strategies. We focus on one marketing strategy issue, defensive marketing strategy, and develop a multi-objective marketing strategy model. We derive optimal changes in price and advertising spending given the defending brand's multiple objectives. Our analysis produces new descriptive insights about the links between decision making and competition, as well as new insights into defensive marketing strategy. We also discuss the potential for future work along these lines and extensions in other areas of marketing strategy.
Effects of preexposure flavor concentration on conditioned aversion and neophobia

In Experiment 1, 128 experimentally naive, water-deprived rats (Rattus norvegicus) received pretraining access to either 0.25 or 1.5% saccharin, distilled water, or 2.0% saline, followed either by a pairing of 0.25 or 1.5% saccharin with an intraperitoneal injection of 0.15 M lithium chloride (LiCl) or by a pairing of distilled water with LiCl. Preexposure to either saccharin concentration reliably reduced conditioned aversion effects to 0.25% saccharin, relative to that for preexposure to distilled water or saline. But only preexposure to 1.5% saccharin reduced aversion effects to that concentration. In Experiment 2, 48 naive, water-deprived rats received preexposure procedures as in Experiment 1. Afterwards, the rats were tested for neophobia to 0.25 or 1.5% saccharin. Neophobia was reliably greater to the 1.5% concentration. However, preexposure to either saccharin concentration obliterated evidence for neophobia to saccharin, relative to that following preexposure to distilled water or saline.
Life cycle assessment integrated with thermodynamic analysis of bio-fuel options for solid oxide fuel cells

A methodology that integrates life cycle assessment (LCA) with thermodynamic analysis is developed and applied to evaluate the environmental impacts of producing biofuels from waste biomass, including biodiesel from waste cooking oil, ethanol from corn stover, and compressed natural gas from municipal solid wastes. Solid oxide fuel cell-based auxiliary power units using bio-fuel as the hydrogen precursor enable generation of auxiliary electricity for idling heavy-duty trucks. Thermodynamic analysis is applied to evaluate the fuel conversion efficiency and determine the amount of fuel feedstock needed to generate a unit of electrical power. These inputs feed into an LCA that compares energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of different fuel pathways. Results show that compressed natural gas from municipal solid wastes is an optimal bio-fuel option for SOFC-APU applications in New York State. However, this methodology can be regionalized within the U.S. or internationally to account for different fuel feedstock options.
Adaptive passive velocity field control

Passive velocity field control (PVFC) was previously developed for mechanical systems which have strong coordination and must interact with the physical environment. Applications include teleoperated manipulators, contouring in machining and smart exercise machines. The methodology encodes tasks using time invariant desired velocity fields instead of the more traditional method of timed trajectories and guarantees that the closed loop system behave passively with environment power as the supply rate. By maintaining the passivity property of the closed loop system, stability and robustness will be enhanced, especially when interacting with uncertain environments. The present paper extends PVFC to situations where the inertia parameters of the mechanical system are unknown. A direct adaptive control scheme is proposed which preserves the passivity of the closed loop system and ensures that the asymptotic convergence of the velocity to the direction of desired velocity field.
Aiming attention in pitch and time in the perception of interleaved melodies.

Listeners succeeded in following a melody interleaved at 6 or 8 notes/sec with distractor notes in the same pitch range and of the same timbre. Their ability to perform this auditory “hidden-figures” task depended on the rhythmic control of attention on the basis of expectancies dew, loped through perceptual learning with melodies in the listeners’ culture. Listeners appear to have aimed expectancies in pitch and time at regions where events critical to the identification of melodies are likely to occur—regions defining “expectancy windows” through which target notes are perceived. Events in pitch and time regions outside these expectancy windows were not perceived as accurately as events within the window. Listeners discerned interleaved melodies whose notes fellon the consistent temporal beat of a pattern better than they did melodies whose notes fell off the beat. Expectancies could also be aimedoffthe beat: expected target notes occurringoff the beat in a syncopated rhythm were judged more accurately than unexpected notes occurringon the beat. Listeners found it more difficult to judge the pitch of target notes that fell outside the expected pitch region than that of notes within the expected region. The interleaved distractor notes appear to be instrumental in narrowing attention to within the expectancy windows. When the interleaved distractors were removed, unexpected notes becamemore salient than expected ones.
New methods for studying hallucinated 'voices' in schizophrenia.

The mechanism of hallucinated speech or ‘voices’, a symptom commonly reported by schizophrenic patients, is poorly understood. We have undertaken two types of study to explore the hypothesis that this symptom arises from pathologically altered speech perception networks. The first consists of neural network computer simulations of narrative speech perception. We have shown that if these networks are partially disconnected or undergo a ‘monamine’ neuromodulatory disturbance, ‘hallucinated speech’ (speech percepts occurring in the absence of phonetic input) are simulated as well as specific speech perception impairments. The latter finding prompted us to conduct parallel studies of actual schizophrenic patients using a ‘masked speech tracking’ (MST) task. MST requires subjects to track narrative speech the phonetic clarity of which is reduced with superimposed multispeaker ‘babble.’ Hallucinators demonstrated speech perception impairments and experimentally induced perceptual ‘illusions’ which clearly differentiated them from non-hallucinators and normal controls. Our results support the hypothesis that ‘voices’ are spurious products of altered speech perception networks.
The Limits of Multicultural Tolerance? Liberal Democracy and Media Portrayals of Muslim Migrant Women in Germany

This article examines how Muslim migrant women's sexuality is instrumentalised to erect gendered and cultural boundaries of citizenship and liberal democracy in Germany. German newspaper articles o...
Flowfield and Far Field Acoustic Amplification Properties of Heated and Unheated Jets

The interaction of an acoustic pulse with the experimentally determined mean flow field of a spreading jet is simulated numerically. The simulation is obtained through solving the Euler equations linearized about the spreading jet. The model reveals a small, sustained oscillation long after the original pulse has passed. This remnant is considered a continual shedding of vortices from the nozzle lip, together with the generation of acoustic ripples. IT is shown that the jet also acts as an amplifier of sound. This amplification is traced to the jet's stability characteristics. It is demonstrated that some of the observed differences in the spectra of heated and unheated jets can be attributed to differences in the stability characteristics of the jets.
An X-Ray Diffraction-Based Method for Evaluating Inhomogeneous Ordering at the Grain Level of ${\rm L}1_{0}-{\rm FePt}$ Media

A technique based on x-ray diffraction (XRD) is introduced to understand the variation of the grain-to-grain L10 ordering in FePt recording media. We classify the possible ways that the grains may be ordered into three types: homogeneous ordering, inhomogeneous ordering, and bipolar ordering. We study the possible impact of each type of ordering on the XRD spectra in terms of the relative angular positions of the FePt (001) and (002) peaks. XRD peak profile fitting is carried out to identify the grain ordering type in FePt-SiOx thin films sputtered with in-situ heating.
Familial occurrence of chronic respiratory disease and familial resemblance in ventilatory capacity.

Abstract One of the main hypotheses of the Tecumseh Study is that no matter whether genetic, constitutional or environmental factors are involved, new cases of disease will occur among family members of affected persons. During the second cycle of examinations, 82 per cent of the population were examined. Eighty-nine per cent of these 9226 persons had one or most first-degree relatives who was also a member of the study population. We have found that the prevalences of chronic bronchitis, asthma and allergic rhinitis were higher in the offspring when one or both parents were affected than when neither was. Clustering of these conditions also occurred in affected sibships but there was evidence of disease aggregation among spouses only for chronic bronchitis. There were statistically significant correlations of parents' lung function variables with those of their children and these were greater at younger than older ages and when parent and child were of the same sex. Intraclass correlation coefficients of F.E.V. 1.0 scores for two-person sibships were statistically significant and varied with sex and age of the sibs. Statistically significant correlations were also found between F.E.V. 1.0 scores of spouses but these were appreciably smaller than those between first-degree relatives. The scores of the variables are age- and height-adjusted and therefore, the resemblances in lung function are not merely a reflection of resemblances in height. The patterns of clustering and resemblance vary with disease as well as with age and sex. They implicate both environmental and genetic factors as determinants of chronic bronchitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis and level of ventilatory capacity.
Heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA mutations in normal and tumour cells

The presence of hundreds of copies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in each human cell poses a challenge for the complete characterization of mtDNA genomes by conventional sequencing technologies. Here we describe digital sequencing of mtDNA genomes with the use of massively parallel sequencing-by-synthesis approaches. Although the mtDNA of human cells is considered to be homogeneous, we found widespread heterogeneity (heteroplasmy) in the mtDNA of normal human cells. Moreover, the frequency of heteroplasmic variants varied considerably between different tissues in the same individual. In addition to the variants identified in normal tissues, cancer cells harboured further homoplasmic and heteroplasmic mutations that could also be detected in patient plasma. These studies provide insights into the nature and variability of mtDNA sequences and have implications for mitochondrial processes during embryogenesis, cancer biomarker development and forensic analysis. In particular, they demonstrate that individual humans are characterized by a complex mixture of related mitochondrial genotypes rather than a single genotype.
Hopes and challenges for the new civic education in Mexico: toward a democratic citizen without adjectives

Abstract This paper presents the main goals and themes, as well as a critical analysis, of an ambitious new reform of Mexico’s secondary-level program for civic education. It begins with a brief historical review of the modern Mexican secondary school, as well as a thematic analysis of the new published curriculum and study program, which puts heavy emphasis on the development of democratic citizenship skills and habits. The paper then draws on interview research to highlight some of the challenges that national and local actors have identified for the program’s successful implementation. Because the new program espouses a progressive democratic pedagogy in the absence of a supportive democratic political culture, an appropriate structure of school governance, or adequate training for in-service teachers, many actors expressed skepticism about whether the reform could meaningfully take hold.
A DNA sequence (LD1) which occurs in several genomic organizations in Leishmania.

Leishmania DNA 1 (LD1) is a 27.5-kb sequence that occurs in all 91 stocks of twelve New and Old World Leishmania species examined; related sequences are present in some other kinetoplastid species. LD1 has no homology to several DNA sequences that are amplified in drug-resistant Leishmania. LD1 occurs in 3 different genomic organizations in Leishmania, depending on the stock. It is present within large (1.5–2 megabase) chromosomes in all stocks, and 74 stocks contain only this form. In 12 other stocks, LD1 also occurs in smaller (<550 kb) chromosomes, some of which are multicopy. Five stocks contain LD1 in multicopy circular DNA molecules in addition to the sequences found in the larger chromosome(s). Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of LD1 sequences correlate with taxonomic grouping, suggesting that LD1 is an endogenous sequence.
Tensile Strength of Multi-Year Pressure Ridge Sea Ice Samples

Thirty-six constant strain-rate uniaxial tension tests were performed on vertically oriented multi-year pressure ridge samples from the Beaufort Sea. The tests were performed on a closed-loop electro-hydraulic testing machine at two strain rates (10 V and 10 T s ) and two temperatures (-20 and -5 C). This paper summarizes the sample preparation and testing techniques used in the investigation and presents data on the tensile strength, initial tangent modulus, and failure strain of the ice.
Cisplatin and infusional cytosine arabinoside for the treatment of colorectal adenocarcinoma : A phase II trial

Based on the in vitro and in vivo synergy between cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (cisplatin), we designed a phase II trial of Ara-C with cisplatin for patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. Forty-eight eligible patients received continuous infusion Ara-C, 30 mg/m2/day over 72 hr, plus cisplatin, 30 mg/m2 for three doses at hours 12, 36, and 60 of the Ara-C infusion. The objective partial response rate for patients with colon carcinoma was 3% (1/32 patients; 95% CI, 0–16%) with a median response duration of 2.8 months. None of the 16 patients treated for rectal carcinoma responded. Myelosuppression was the most severe toxicity. Significant gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicities occurred in a small number of patients. Nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity were mild. We conclude that the prolonged infusion of Ara-C in combination with divided doses of cisplatin offers no significant therapeutic advantage.
Synchrotron diffraction studies of lead octadecanoate, tetracosanoic acid and 1-eicosanol monolayers on water

Abstract We have used diffraction of synchrotron radiation to study Langmuir monolayers of several different materials. Lead octadecanoate (stearate) was seen to undergo first order melting, although there is no clear indication of this in its isotherm. 1-eicosanol, which has a “kink” in its isotherm, shows diffraction peaks of similar size both above and below this kink. Tetracosanoic acid shows, at high pressure, a second peak close to the first.
Foreign Currency Credit Ratings for Emerging Market Economies

This paper examines how ratings for emerging market economies have been set. Given the high degree of autocorrelation in ratings, we use estimators that yield consistent parameters in the presence of such correlation. The results show that rating changes for emerging market economies have been dominated by variables different from those suggested by the literature. We also conclude that some deterioration in the ratings was warranted during the recent crisis episodes in view of the behavior of economic fundamentals, but that the agencies overreacted for several key countries. We find evidence of a structural break: since the Asian crisis period, ratings have been influenced by reserves in relation to short-term debt.
A method for semiautomatic differential analysis of urinary catecholamines.

Abstract A semiautomatic method for analysis of urinary catecholamines by the trihydroxyindole reaction utilizing an AutoAnalyzer is described in detail with modifications providing precision and ease of operation. Recovery of norepinephrine is 89 ± 8.9%; of epinephrine 76 ± 6.8%. Values for healthy ambulatory subjects are 27.5 ± 9.3 μg norepinephrine and 7.5 ± 2.2 μg epinephrine per 24 hr. Data regarding linearity, reproducibility, and repeatability are given.
Effects of vanadate on Na+,K+-ATPase and on the force of contraction in guinea-pig hearts.

Abstract Vanadate has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of isolated Na+,K+-ATPase. Since the inhibition of this enzyme system has been implicated in a mechanism for the positive inotropic action of cardiac glycosides, the cardiac actions of vanadate were examined in connection with its action on Na+,K+-ATPase. Vanadate inhibited isolated Na+,K+-ATPase obtained from various tissues. The differences in the vanadate sensitivity due to enzyme source were relatively small. K+-stimulated phosphatase activity was more sensitive than Na+,K+-stimulated ATP hydrolysis. The compounds was more potent than phosphate in supporting [3H] oubain binding in the presence of Mg2+, indicating a higher affinity of the enzyme for vanadate. It, however, failed to inhibit oubain sensitive 86Rb uptake in electrically stimulated atrial muscle of guinea-pig hearts in concentrations which would inhibit isolated Na+,K+-ATPase. These latter concentrations of vanadate also failed to produce positive inotropic effects in electrically stimulated left atrial preparations of guinea-pig hearts. Higher concentrations produced marked negative inotropic effects associated with a shortening of the action potential duration. These results indicate that vanadate is a potent inhibitor of isolated Na+,K+-ATPase, but cannot inhibit the enzyme in intact myocardial cells or produce positive inotropic effects when applied extracellularly. Inhibitory sites on the enzyme are probably located at the internal surface of the cell membrane which are normally inaccessible to vanadate in intact tissue.
Childhood attachment and abuse: long-term effects on adult attachment, depression, and conflict resolution.

Abstract Objective: The primary aim was to determine the relative contributions of early attachment and abuse history to adult attachment, depression, and conflict resolution behaviors. Differences between abused and nonabused respondents were also assessed. Method: A multi-scale questionnaire was completed by 879 college students. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to answer the primary research question, and analyses also compared the 26.4% of respondents who reported childhood abuse with those who did not. Results: Respondents who indicated they had been abused as children reported less secure childhood and adult relationships than their nonabused counterparts. They were also more depressed and more likely to use destructive behaviors in conflict situations. Although both adult romantic attachment and respondents' depression scores were best accounted for by childhood attachment to mother and father rather than abuse history, the opposite pattern of results emerged for conflict resolution behaviors. In this case, abuse history was the stronger predictor, and parental attachment did not account for any significant additional variance. Conclusions: Results suggest that the long-term impact of childhood abuse may be mediated by early attachment experiences, whereas the long-term impact of abuse on conflict resolution behaviors may be considerably more direct.
Sex Differences in Immunologic Reponse: Studies of Antibody Production by Individual Spleen Cells after Stimulus with Escherichia coli Antigen

Extract: Specific antibody production by spleen cells of male and female mice during a noninvasive enteric infection with Escherichia coli and after parenteral injection of heat-killed E. coli was studied by use of the Jerne-Nordin agar plaque technique. Following experimental enteric colonization with E. coli 0127 significantly greater proportions of spleen cells produced specific anti-0 antibody in immature weanling female mice than in their male littermates. Anti-E, coli 0127 plaque-forming cells were also found in significantly greater numbers in the spleens of immature females than in males following intraperitoneal injection of small numbers of heat-killed E. coli. Although many spleens from male mice produced no cell plaques after a small dose of antigen, responses by the sexes were comparable after injection of large numbers of heat-killed bacteria. Production of plaques by spleen cells from female animals after injection of small amounts of antigen increased significantly with age, but the responses observed in adult male mice were only slightly and insignificantly greater than those of male weanlings. Studies of the sizes of plaques produced by spleen cells of male and female animals showed no statistical differences. Young ovariectomized females responded in the same way as their sham-operated male littermates to small amounts of E. coli antigen. Administration of small doses of estrogen increased plaque formation by spleen cells of weanling males. It appears that an effect of female sex hormones is production of greater numbers of antibody-producing cells; yet in the final phase of antibody production, individual cells from each sex produce on the average the same amounts of antibody. Speculation: The better ability of the immature female to respond immunologically to a small amount of E. coli 0 antigen may be a significant factor in her superior resistance to invasive disease with E. coli. Differences in the immune response of the two sexes appear to occur in the proliferative phase of antibody-producing process or steps leading up to this phase, but not in the final phases of antibody production by the cell. By mechanisms not yet defined, estrogen appears to enhance the proliferation of immunocompetent cells, and secretion of estrogen by the female may explain her superior immunologic responsiveness.
Pharmacological Evidence Suggests Acetate and Pyruvate Modulate Myocyte Systolic and Diastolic Function by Effects on Mitochondrial Ca2+ Handling

We have recently demonstrated that there may be a direct link between energy substrate utilization and contractile function. Mice that have increased cardiac lipid storage and oxidation as a result of fatty acid transport protein 1 overexpression in the heart exhibit cellular diastolic dysfunction and acute exposure of myocytes to the long chain fatty acid palmitate attenuates contractility by disrupting E-C coupling. Glucose and long chain fatty acids are typical energy substrates that support cardiac function; however, cardiac myocytes can oxidize a variety of substrates for energy generation. For example, the short chain fatty acid, acetate, can be oxidized in preference to glucose in some circumstances. In the present study, we explore the effects of acute exposure to acetate or pyruvate on contractile function of isolated mouse ventricular myocytes. Acute exposure of myocytes to Tyrode solution supplemented with 10 mM sodium acetate causes a marked, but transient, decrease in sarcomere shortening (1.49±0.20% vs. 5.58±0.49% in control) and a significant increase in diastolic sarcomere length (1.77±0.01 μm vs. 1.81±0.01 μm in control) that persists in the continued presence of acetate for up to 60 minutes. Pyruvate (the major mitochondrial substrate), and dichloroacetate (indirectly stimulates mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation) cause similar effects. Interestingly, pretreatment of cells with the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake blocker, Ru-360 (10 μM), markedly suppressed the effect of acetate on both myocyte contractile amplitude and diastolic sarcomere length. Taken together, the data suggest that 1) acute exposure to acetate or pyruvate can modulate both systolic and diastolic cardiac function and that 2) mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake seems to be a key mediator of this effect.
Parent-based treatment for childhood and adolescent OCD

Abstract Despite the efficacy of E/RP and pharmacotherapy for OCD, many children do not respond adequately to therapy. Furthermore, many children exhibit low motivation or ability to actively participate in therapy, a requirement of E/RP. Research has underscored the importance of family accommodation for the clinical course and treatment outcomes of childhood OCD. Recent studies highlighted the potential of family involvement in treatment to enhance outcomes for challenging cases. These interventions however still require child participation. The goal of this clinical report is to describe an exclusively parent-based intervention and present preliminary indications of its acceptability, feasibility and potential efficacy. The Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions (SPACE) Program is a manualized treatment focused on reducing accommodation and coping supportively with the child's responses to the process. The theoretical foundation of the intervention is presented and its practical implementation is illustrated, with excerpts from the treatment manual and a clinical vignette. Preliminary results from the parents of 6 children, who refused individual therapy, are presented. Parents participated in 10 weekly sessions and reported high satisfaction and reduced child symptoms. Research is required to investigate the potential of SPACE as a complement or alternative to other evidence based interventions for childhood OCD.
A verbal memory test with high predictive accuracy for dementia of the Alzheimer type.

• The most common early deficit in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is in recent memory. Distinguishing patients with AD from normal elderly individuals, using currently available memory tests, is limited by their lack of suitability for bedside use or for large-scale screening. We have devised a new memory test, a delayed word recall (DWR) test, that is both brief and efficient. It was designed specifically to maximize the likelihood of poor performance in patients with AD and minimize the likelihood of poor performance in normal elderly subjects. The DWR test uses required elaborative processing of to-be-remembered words and delayed free recall. Fifty-five normal elderly subjects and 28 patients with possible or probable AD were tested. The overall predictive accuracy of the DWR test was 95.2%. In addition, scores on the DWR test in normal subjects were not correlated with education or age. The inclusion of the DWR test in a previously studied cognitive detection battery for AD resulted in a considerable improvement in predictive accuracy.
High-yield growth and morphology control of aligned carbon nanotubes on ceramic fibers for multifunctional enhancement of structural composites

Abstract We present an in-depth study of CNT growth on commercially-available woven alumina fibers, and achieve uniform growth of dense aligned CNTs on commercially-available cloths up to 5 × 10 cm in area. By systematically varying the catalyst concentration, catalyst pre-treatment time, and sample position within the tube furnace, we isolate key factors governing CNT morphology on fiber surfaces and classify these morphologies as related to the processing conditions. Synthesis employs a low-cost salt-based catalyst solution and atmospheric pressure thermal CVD, which are highly attractive approaches for commercial-scale processing. The catalyst solution concentration determines the uniformity and density of catalyst on the fibers, H2 exposure mediates formation of catalyst clusters, and thermal decomposition of the reactant mixture activates the catalyst particles to achieve uniform aligned growth. Under conditions for aligned CNT growth, uniform radially-aligned coatings are achieved with shorter CNT length, and these split into “mohawks” as the CNT length increases. Radially-aligned growth for 5 min adds a typical CNT mass fraction of 3.8% to the initial sample mass, and a uniform morphology exists throughout the weave. Composites prepared by standard layup techniques using these CNT “fuzzy” alumina fibers are attractive as integral armor layers having enhanced ballistic and impact performance, and serve as a model system for later implementation of this technology using carbon fibers.
Impaired top–down control of visual search in schizophrenia

This study examined top-down and bottom-up control of attention in a group of 24 patients with schizophrenia and 16 healthy volunteers. Participants completed a visual search task in which they reported whether a target oval contained a gap. The target was accompanied by 5, 11, or 17 distractors. On some trials, the target was identified by a highly salient feature that was shared by only 2 distractors, causing this feature to "pop out" from the display. This feature provided strong bottom-up information that could be used to direct attention to the target. On other trials, half of the distractors contained this feature making these distractors no more salient than the other distractors requiring greater use of top-down control to restrict processing to items containing this feature. Patient visual search efficiency closely approximated control performance in the first trial type. In contrast, patients demonstrated significant slowing of search in the second trial type, which required top-down control. These results suggest that schizophrenia does not impair the ability to implement the selection of a target when attention can be guided by bottom-up information, but it does impair the ability to use top-down control mechanisms to guide attention. These results extend prior studies that have focused on aspects of executive control in complex tasks and suggest that a similar underlying deficit may also impact the performance of perceptual systems.
Comparison of MART-1 frozen sections to permanent sections using a rapid 19-minute protocol.

BACKGROUND The use of melanoma-associated antigen recognized by T cells (MART-1) immunostain has been proposed as a useful adjunct to overcome the inherent difficulties in the use of frozen sections during Mohs surgery for the treatment of melanoma, but no studies have compared MART-1 frozen sections with MART-1 permanent sections. Current MART-1 1-hour protocols add significant time to the procedure. OBJECTIVE To determine whether there is a significant difference between frozen and permanent MART-1 immunostained sections using a rapid 19-minute protocol. METHODS Frozen and permanent sections stained with MART-1 were made from dog-ears excised during 25 reconstructions. A rapid 19-minute protocol was used to stain the frozen tissue. The sections were examined blinded, and statistical analysis was performed to analyze the data. RESULTS No significant difference was found in number of keratinocytes, nuclear diameter of keratinocytes, number of melanocytes, melanocytic nuclear diameter, confluence, pagetoid spread, melanocytic nesting, or atypical melanocytes. CONCLUSIONS The 19-minute protocol is a rapid and effective MART-1 immunostain. Frozen sections stained with MART-1 provide information equivalent to that obtained from MART-1 stained permanent sections. Mohs surgeons using MART-1 can feel confident that they have the same information as they would have obtained using permanent sections using the slow Mohs method.
Testing for correspondence between coral reef invertebrate diversity and marine park designation on the Masoala Peninsula of eastern Madagascar

1. Justifying the designation of protected areas often depends on the ability to select areas in good ecological conditions, with high taxonomic richness, and unique habitats or species assemblage characteristics. 2. The ecology of scleractinian coral and prosobranch snails were examined along the Masoala Peninsula of north-eastern Madagascar using rapid assessment methods to evaluate the correspondence between unique invertebrate faunal characteristics and park designation. 3. The reefs along this peninsula are in good ecological condition and have a coral and snail fauna similar to most of the western Indian Ocean, with no indications of local endemism in these groups. There was no relationship between the taxonomic richness of snails and corals. Corals were better at distinguishing locations based on taxonomic richness while snails were better based on unique faunal characteristics. 4. Corals had the highest taxonomic richness on the extreme windward north and south and the lowest richness on the leeward side of the peninsula. The leeward side did, however, have an unusual habitat of corals growing on granite rock with a unique coral and snail fauna. A northern and southern assemblage characterized snail fauna on the windward side of the peninsula. 5. The composite findings indicate that the currently designated park areas cover two of the three areas that have either high diversity or unique faunas. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the Effects of a Parent-Implemented Language Intervention for Children With Language Impairments Using Empirical Benchmarks: A Pilot Study

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which a parent-implemented language intervention improves language skills in toddlers at risk for persistent language impairment (...
Polyploid series of mammalian cells.

Abstract Colcemid has been used to produce polyploid sublines sequentially from clonal populations. Matched sets derived in this way include diploid, tetraploid, and octaploid strains of V79 Chinese hamster cells, as well as pig kidney sublines at 2n, 4n, 8n, and 16n levels. In each polyploid series the modal cell volume is proportional to the number of chromosome sets. Logarithmic growth rates are identical for sublines of a related group. Measurements on monolayers of pig kidney cells show that cell shape and dimensional patterns are unaltered by changes in ploidy level. The surface-volume ratio thus declines from 1.0 for diploid cells to 0.5 for 16n cells. No evidence was found to indicate that this shift affects growth rate or population mass. Polyploid cells in matched sets provide models which can be effectively used for the analysis of growth and cytogenetic changes.
Absorption by Channel Catfish of Earthy-musty Flavor Compounds Synthesized by Cultures of Blue-green Algae

Abstract An objectionable “earthy-musty” flavor is frequently found in intensively-cultured catfish which renders the fish unmarketable. Fifty-gram channel catfish were held in 150-liter stainless-steel tanks containing dense masses of either Symploca muscorum or Oscillatoria tenuis to determine the capability of these geosmin-producing blue-green algae to impart this type of offflavor in the fish. Within 2 days the fish had acquired distinct earthy-musty flavor similar to the odor of the algae. Flavor intensity reached a maximum at 10 days. When fish which had been in the algae tanks for 14 days were transferred to flowing, charcoal-filtered water, the flavor disappeared after 10 days. Fish held in tanks containing algae-free filtrate from the algae culture tanks acquired the off-flavor but at a slower rate than the fish in the culture tanks. This indicated that the fish could absorb the flavor compounds without ingesting the algae, possibly across the gill membranes.
Multi-Window Classical Least Squares Multivariate Calibration Methods for Quantitative ICP-AES Analyses

The advent of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometers (ICP-AES) equipped with charge-coupled device (CCD) detector arrays allows the application of multivariate calibration methods to the quantitative analysis of spectral data. We have applied classical least-squares (CLS) methods to the analysis of a variety of samples containing up to 12 elements plus an internal standard. The elements included in the calibration models were Ag, Al, As, Au, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Pd, and Se. By performing the CLS analysis separately in each of 46 spectral windows and by pooling the CLS concentration results for each element in all windows in a statistically efficient manner, we have been able to significantly improve the accuracy and precision of the ICP-AES analyses relative to the univariate and single-window multivariate methods supplied with the spectrometer. This new multi-window CLS (MWCLS) approach simplifies the analyses by providing a single concentration determination for each element from all spectral windows. Thus, the analyst does not have to perform the tedious task of reviewing the results from each window in an attempt to decide the correct value among discrepant analyses in one or more windows for each element. Furthermore, it is not necessary to construct a spectral correction model for each window prior to calibration and analysis. When one or more interfering elements were present, the new MWCLS method was able to reduce prediction errors compared to the single-window multivariate and univariate predictions. The MWCLS detection limits in the presence of multiple interferences are 15 ng/g (i.e., 15 ppb) or better for each element. In addition, errors with the new method are only slightly inflated when only a single target element is included in the calibration (i.e., knowledge of all other elements is excluded during calibration). The MWCLS method is found to be vastly superior to partial least-squares (PLS) in this case of limited numbers of calibration samples.
HFE, SLC40A1, HAMP, HJV, TFR2, and FTL mutations detected by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography after iron phenotyping and HFE C282Y and H63D genotyping in 785 HEIRS Study participants

We sought to identify mutations that could explain iron phenotype heterogeneity in adults with previous HFE genotyping to detect C282Y and H63D. HEIRS Study participants genotyped for C282Y and H63D were designated as high transferrin saturation (TS) and/or serum ferritin (SF) (high TS/SF), low TS/SF, or controls. We grouped 191 C282Y homozygotes as high TS/SF, low TS/SF, or controls, and 594 other participants by race/ethnicity as high TS/SF or controls. Using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC), we screened 20 regions of HFE, SLC40A1, HAMP, HJV, TFR2, and FTL in each participant. DHPLC analyses were successful in 99.3% of 791 participants and detected 117 different mutations. In C282Y homozygotes, 4.0% of high TS/SF participants had SLC40A1 Q248H, HAMP -72C>T, or HAMP R59G heterozygosity (0% Controls; P = 0.1200). In whites, 4.1% with high TS/SF and 1.3% of controls had HFE S65C or E168Q (P = 0.3049). HJV c.-6C>G and FTL L55L frequencies were greater in whites with high TS/SF than controls (0.0811 vs. 0.0200, P = 0.0144; 0.5743 vs. 0.4400, P = 0.0204, respectively). One Hispanic with high TS/SF (1.3%) had HAMP G71D heterozygosity. In blacks, SLC40A1 Q248H frequencies did not differ significantly between high TS/SF and control participants. Among Asians, 2.8% with high TS/SF were HFE V295A heterozygotes. Mutations other than HFE C282Y and H63D reported to be pathogenic were infrequently detected in high TS/SF participants. Genetic regions in linkage disequilibrium with HJV c.-6C>G and FTL L55L could partly explain high TS/SF phenotypes in whites. Am. J. Hematol., 2009. Published 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Laboratory Simulation of Mountain Effects on Large-Scale Atmospheric Motion Systems. The Rocky Mountains

Abstract An analysis concerning the modelling of large-scale atmospheric motions past orographic features in a linearly stratified rotating laboratory experiment is conducted; it is concluded that for an ƒ-plane model the similarity criteria include. matching the Rossby, Burger and Ekman numbers as well as a mountain height function normalized on the fluid depth. The fluid depth to topographic width parameter is not of zeroth order importance, and this allows for the use of distorted laboratory topographies; i.e., the laboratory model can employ exaggerated vertical to horizontal length scale ratios. Experiments are conducted for the westerly f-plane flow over a model of the Rocky Mountains for a range of parameters appropriate for the atmosphere. Horizontal streamline patterns at various depths and at ranges of the system parameters are presented and analyzed quantitatively. The experiments demonstrate ~ qualitative agreement concerning the ridge over the mountain, the downstream trough to the ease of th...
Recognition Within the Limits of Reason: Remarks on Pippin's Hegel's Practical Philosophy

Abstract In Hegel's Practical Philosophy (2008), Robert Pippin argues that Hegel's mature concept of recognition is properly understood as an ontological category referring exclusively to what it means to be a free, rational individual, or agent. 1 I agree with Pippin that recognition for Hegel functions in this capacity. However, I shall argue that conceiving it this way also requires that we conceive it as a political category. Furthermore, while Hegel insists that recognition must be concrete—mediated by actors who hold one another accountable according to institutional norms implicit in their actual social roles— I argue, appealing to Hegel himself, that social crisis impels actors to transcend their roles and adopt abstract points of view more in keeping with philosophical forms of reflection. Such alienation—so ardently embraced by postmodernists—need not undermine the possibility of recognition as an ontological category, as Pippin fears, but rather comports with the expressivist theory of action h...
EFFECT OF CYSTINE DIMETHYLESTER (CDM) ON RENAL TUBULAR FUNCTION, A MODEL OF FANCONI SYNDROME

EFFECT OF CYSTINE DIMETHYLESTER (CDM) ON RENAL TUBULAR FUNCTION, A MODEL OF FANCONI SYNDROME
Rorschach tempo as a schizophrenic indicator.

The basic rationale underlying psychodiagnostic attempts to identify schizophrenia is thac disordered thinking should be reflected in deviations from normally expected test patterns. This study investigates the utility of deviations in Rorschach tempo as an indicator of schizophrenia. Normative data on tempo, which pertains to fluctuations in the number of responses per card, indicate that Rorschach responses typically are evenly distributed among che cards with the exception of Cards V and X, which normally elicit fewer and more responses, respectively, than the others (Beck, Rabin, Thiesen, Molish, & Thetford, 1950; Piorrowski, 1957, p. 321). Furthermore, IX appears to be the most difficult card as measured by frequency of rejection (McKeever & Gerstein, 1959; Mensh & Matarazzo, 1954) and reaction time (Sanderson, 1951 ). On the basis of these data, four indices of deviant tempo were derived for smdy: (a) more responses to V than to IV, (b) more to V than to VI, (c) more to IX than to VIII, and (d) more to IX than to X. These particular indices were selected because rhey involve comparisons over successive cards and berween chromatic or achromatic cards only. Possible extraneous influences of color and sequence are thus minimized. It was hypothesized that schizophrenics would show greater incidence of these indices than nonschizophrenics. PROCEDURE Two independent samples, A and B, were used to evaluate the above hypothesis. Sample A, with 83 Ss, included aU patients over a 2-yr. period from an adult psychiatric clinic for whom scorable Rorschachs were available. These Ss were from 16 ro 45 yr. of age, with a mean of 25.8 yr., and had given from 11 co 51 Rorschach responses, with a mean of 25.3. According to the recorded consensus of an intake committee, 33 of these patients were schizophrenic or incipiently so, while 50 were experiencing difficulties primarily neurotic in nature. Sample B included all adults tested in the clinic and inpatient psychiatric services of a general hospital over a 1-yr. period, with the exclusion of those patients with primary organic diagnoses. These Ss, 82 in number, had a mean age of 30.2 (range 15 to 62) and a mean response coca1 of 23.8 (range 9 to 72), and 28 of them were schizophrenic. For the 47 hospital patients in Sample B, the diagnostic criterion was the discharge diagnosis. In both samples no significant differences existed between the schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic