cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How should we manage arrest following cardiac surgery

Perioperative arrest occurs in thousands of cardiac surgical patients annually, yet standard resuscitation methods are ineffective or potentially harmful. These "high risk, low volume" events typically occur in well-monitored patients in the highly specialized environment of the operating room or intensive care unit, with a short list of likely causes of arrest, making a protocolized approach to management feasible and desirable. An evidence-based guideline for resuscitation specific to the cardiac surgical patient was first published by Dunning et al in 2009 and adopted by the European Resuscitation Council the following year. It emphasizes important deviations from advanced cardiac life support, including immediate defibrillation or pacing of arrhythmias before external compressions, if feasible within 1 minute, and avoidance of epinephrine due to potential rebound hypertension. In standard fashion, the rapid exclusion of reversible causes of arrest is followed by chest reopening within 5 minutes. This approach is now standard of care in most European countries and is under review for use in the United States by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. The anesthesiologist, as either team leader or participant, plays a critical role in optimally managing arrests after cardiac surgery. Their familiarity with this new standard is essential to optimal patient outcomes.
Risk Factors for Increased Hospital Resource Utilization and In-Hospital Mortality in Adults With Single Ventricle Congenital Heart Disease.

Most patients with single ventricle congenital heart disease are now expected to survive to adulthood. Co-morbid medical conditions (CMCs) are common. We sought to identify risk factors for increased hospital resource utilization and in-hospital mortality in adults with single ventricle. We analyzed data from the 2001 to 2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample database in patients aged ≥18 years admitted to nonteaching general hospitals (NTGHs), TGHs, and pediatric hospitals (PHs) with either hypoplastic left heart syndrome, tricuspid atresia or common ventricle. National estimates of hospitalizations were calculated. Elixhauser CMCs were identified. Length of stay (LOS), total hospital costs, and effect of CMCs were determined. Age was greater in NTGH (41.5 ± 1.3 years) than in TGH (32.8 ± 0.5) and PH (25.0 ± 0.6; p
Is redundancy in vital signs monitoring useful

During an ongoing study of wireless vital signs monitoring of post-triage patients with SMART [1] in the waiting area of the emergency department (ED) at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, we observed that redundancy in vital signs monitoring can be advantageous.
Current Status and Prospects for Cannabidiol Preparations as New Therapeutic Agents

States and the federal government are under growing pressure to legalize the use of cannabis products for medical purposes in the United States. Sixteen states have legalized (or decriminalized possession of) products high in cannabidiol (CBD) and with restricted ∆(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (∆(9) -THC) content. In most of these states, the intent is for use in refractory epileptic seizures in children, but in a few states, the indications are broader. This review provides an overview of the pharmacology and toxicology of CBD; summarizes some of the regulatory, safety, and cultural issues relevant to the further exploitation of its antiepileptic or other pharmacologic activities; and assesses the current status and prospects for clinical development of CBD and CBD-rich preparations for medical use in the United States. Unlike Δ(9) -THC, CBD elicits its pharmacologic effects without exerting any significant intrinsic activity on the cannabinoid receptors, whose activation results in the psychotropic effects characteristic of Δ(9) -THC, and CBD possesses several pharmacologic activities that give it a high potential for therapeutic use. CBD exhibits neuroprotective, antiepileptic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and antiinflammatory properties. In combination with Δ(9) -THC, CBD has received regulatory approvals in several European countries and is currently under study in trials registered by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the United States. A number of states have passed legislation to allow for the use of CBD-rich, limited Δ(9) -THC-content preparations of cannabis for certain pathologic conditions. CBD is currently being studied in several clinical trials and is at different stages of clinical development for various medical indications. Judging from clinical findings reported so far, CBD and CBD-enriched preparations have great potential utility, but uncertainties regarding sourcing, long-term safety, abuse potential, and regulatory dilemmas remain.
The Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology of Wild Tomatillos, Physalis longifolia Nutt., and Related Physalis Species: A Review

The Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology of Wild Tomatillos, Physalis longifolia Nutt., and Related Physalis Species: A Review. The wild tomatillo, Physalis longifolia Nutt., and related species have been important wild-harvested foods and medicinal plants. This paper reviews their traditional use as food and medicine; it also discusses taxonomic difficulties and provides information on recent medicinal chemistry discoveries within this and related species. Subtle morphological differences recognized by taxonomists to distinguish this species from closely related taxa can be confusing to botanists and ethnobotanists, and many of these differences are not considered to be important by indigenous people. Therefore, the food and medicinal uses reported here include information for P. longifolia, as well as uses for several related taxa found north of Mexico. The importance of wild Physalis species as food is reported by many tribes, and its long history of use is evidenced by frequent discovery in archaeological sites. These plants may have been cultivated, or “tended,” by Pueblo farmers and other tribes. The importance of this plant as medicine is made evident through its historical ethnobotanical use, information in recent literature on Physalis species pharmacology, and our Native Medicinal Plant Research Program’s recent discovery of 14 new natural products, some of which have potent anti-cancer activity.
Mary Joan (MJ) Tooey, AHIP Medical Library Association President 2005-2006.

Wit, intelligence, passion for the profession—these were my very first impressions of Mary Joan (MJ) Tooey when I met her in 1986 during a job interview. I wanted to hire her on the spot! The very qualities I saw then will make her an outstanding president of the Medical Library Association. It is a pleasure for me to write this biography of MJ. Over the nearly twenty years that I have known her, I have discovered many additional traits that have made her a wonderful friend, a trusted colleague, and an inspiring leader. She has boundless energy and enthusiasm and is gracious and outgoing. Her staff appreciates her “strong sense of mission and eagerness to work and share with others” [1]. She likes to have fun and not take herself too seriously [2]—and she can turn a cartwheel, as a friend from her amateur theatre days can attest [3]!
Surgical treatment of maxillary nerve injuries. The infraorbital nerve.

Summary Although inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injuries appear to occur more often, there are undoubtedly cases of ION injury that require evaluation and possible surgical intervention by the oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Patients with ION injuries will require a neurosensory examination for the determination of the level of sensory impairment, or the localization of pain of peripheral origin (centrally mediated pain will not benefit from peripheral nerve surgery). The surgical management of ION injury might be as relatively simple as decompression of the nerve by reduction of a zygomatic complex fracture, or may require extensive mobilization of the nerve and surrounding soft tissue and bone to allow for primary anastomosis or a nerve autograft. In specific instances, improvement in ION sensory function or alleviation of pain within the distribution of the ION can be expected.
Machine learning methods in computational cancer biology

Abstract Cancer is the second leading cause of death, next only to heart disease, in both developed as well as developing countries. A major source of difficulty in addressing cancer as a disease is its bewildering variety, in that no two manifestations of cancer are alike, even when they occur in the same site. This makes cancer an ideal candidate for “personalized medicine” (also known as “precision medicine”). At present there are some high-quality public databases consisting of both molecular measurements of tumors, as well as clinical data on the patients. By applying machine learning methods to these databases, it is possible even for non-experimenters to generate plausible hypotheses that are supported by the data, which can then be validated on one or more independent data sets. A characteristic of cancer databases is that the number of measured features is many orders of magnitude larger than the number of samples. Therefore any machine learning algorithms must also perform feature selection, that is, elicit the most relevant or most predictive features from the large number of measured features. In this paper, some algorithms for sparse regression and sparse classification are reviewed, and their applications to endometrial and ovarian cancer are discussed.
The Libet “Free Will” Experiments

According to nineteenth century classical physics, reality is described in purely physical terms, and is deterministic: the world is described in terms of mathematical properties attached to space-time points, and the future is completely determined by the past, by virtue of mathematical conditions on these properties. This formerly-believed feature of nature is called the “Causal Closure of the Physical”).
Obsessional subjectivity in societies of discipline and control

Drawing on the work of the later Foucault, especially that concerning disciplinary power and bio-power, as well as Deleuze on the emergence of “societies of control,” this article traces the trajec...
Response to Intervention and Child Find: A Legally Problematic Intersection?:

This article provides a systematic and impartial analysis of the law, including hearing and review officer as well as judicial decisions, specific to the intersection of response to intervention (R...
Ichnotaxonomy: Finding Patterns in a Welter of Information

Abstract Naming trace fossils is necessary if we are to communicate ideas about them. In the absence of DNA-based molecular analysis, ichnologists must rely on morphologic characters to classify trace fossils. Careful observation and description of trace fossils are therefore essential to nomenclature in ichnology. Since 1953, trace fossils have been classified simultaneously according to several systems based on stratinomic, biologic, ethologic, and binominal systematic approaches. Each of these approaches has its uses, for example, the ethologic approach is the basis of the archetypical ichnofacies model, and the systematic (Linnean) approach, with ichnogenera and ichnospecies, is the one that is most commonly used for information retrieval. The best classifications are those that are the most objective and that allow the generation of new hypotheses and predictions, reflecting patterns in the data rather than in the mind of the observer.
Cyclic AMP control of GTP pools in Saccharomycescerevisiae

Previous studies have shown that GTP and cyclic AMP have similar effects on the regulation of sporulation in the yeast Saccharomycescerevisiae. Declines in either nucleotide can trigger sporulation. These results raise the question whether either nucleotide influences the pool of the other. The current study shows that a cyclic AMP deficiency produces a decline in GTP pools and cyclic AMP readdition quickly increases GTP pools. UTP but not CTP shows a similar pattern of control to that shown by GTP. These results suggest that cyclic AMP effects on sporulation and possibly other cell properties may be mediated in part or in whole by GTP. They provide support for the hypothesis that GTP has a general role in stimulating cellular growth and proliferation.
Charitable Gifts of Income and the Internal Revenue Code: Another View

IN the November, 1951, issue of this Review Dean, Griswold commented on two controversial recent rulings of the Treasury.' His remarks were partly prompted by a criticism of these rulings by Mr. Robert N. Miller, whom Dean Griswold felicitously calls "the dean of the tax bar," in the Tax Law Review.2 May I take issue with both deans and toss a brickbat in passing at the Treasury? The first ruling held that a farmer who made a gift of homegrown wheat to a charity could deduct its fair market value as a charitable contribution (subject to the usual fifteen percent limitation) but must also include that value in gross income.3 The farmer had deducted the cost of raising the wheat as a business expense and presumably had hoped to deduct its value as a charitable contribution. The Treasury allowed the two deductions, but, by requiring the value of the wheat to be included in gross income, it taxed the farmer as though he had sold the crop for cash and donated the proceeds to the charity. The ruling purports to rest upon Helvering v. Horst,4 and Mr. Miller strongly urges that its footing is weak. His criticism stems partly from his view that Horst is a "fruit and tree" 5 case that
Applying Adaptive Instruction to Enhance Learning in Non-adaptive Virtual Training Environments

This paper discusses the use of adaptive instruction to guide learning by stimulating non-adaptive virtual training environments. Adaptive instruction is sometimes referred to as differentiated instruction and is any learning experience tailored to meet the needs and preferences of an individual learner or team. An intelligent tutoring system (ITS) is the technology which delivers adaptive instruction. Adaptive instructional systems (AISs) use human variability and other learner/team attributes along with instructional conditions to develop/select appropriate strategies (domain-independent policies) and tactics (actions). The goal of adaptive instruction is to optimize learning, performance, retention, and the transfer of skills between the training environment and the work or operational environment where the skills learned during training are to be applied.
Prophylactic inferior vena cava filters for operative pelvic fractures: a twelve year experience.

Conflicting evidence exists regarding the role of inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs) in the prevention of pulmonary embolism. The aim of this study was to review an institutional policy of prophylactic IVCF placement in all operative pelvic and acetabular fractures as a means of preventing PE by comparing it to a historical prepolicy period of significantly less aggressive IVCF placement. The trauma registry of a single level 1 trauma center was retrospectively queried for all pelvic or acetabular fractures for the prepolicy and intervention periods as defined as January 2003–December 2008 and January 2009–December 2014, respectively—yielding 231 patients for analysis. The primary and secondary outcomes measured were the incidence of PE and deep vein thrombosis. The rate of prophylactic IVCF insertion significantly increased during the study period (p < 0.001). The incidence of pulmonary embolism (1.8% vs. 5.1%, p = 0.351) and DVT (19.3% vs. 10.3%, p = 0.231) were not significantly different when comparing the prepolicy and intervention cohorts. In patients with operative fractures, a nonsignificant trend of increasing incidence of DVTs was appreciated in patients with a prophylactic IVCF versus those without prophylactic IVCF (13 vs. 2, p = 0.222). A policy of increased use of prophylactic IVCFs in patients with operative pelvic and acetabular fractures failed to reduce the incidence of PE or DVT. In contrast, several case reports and institutional series have published several risks associated with IVCF placement including failure to retrieve temporary IVCF. The benefit of prophylactic IVCF in this patient population is unclear.
Civil–Military Relations and Civil War Recurrence: Security Forces in Postwar Politics:

Does restructuring security forces reduce the risk of civil war recurrence? Prior research has examined effects of military integration in alleviating commitment problems, but the evidence has been...
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Children is Safe with Most Pacemaker Systems, Including Those with Epicardial Leads.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients with pacemakers remains concerning because of possible magnetic field effects on the device. Many pacemaker models are labeled as non-conditional, or contraindicated for MRI, or do not have any specific safety guidelines listed. This study describes our experience with pacemaker function and adverse events in pediatric and young adult patients after clinically indicated MRI scanning at 1.5 Tesla (T). We hypothesized that generator battery voltage, pacemaker lead threshold, and lead impedance would not be altered by MRI. This was a retrospective review of Children’s Wisconsin clinical MRI data for all patients with pacemakers scanned between January 1, 2010 and March 31, 2018. Pacemakers were interrogated by the Electrophysiology Team before and immediately after MRI and at outpatient follow up. Twenty-one patients underwent forty-four MRI scans. No significant immediate changes were seen in any pacemaker parameter for any manufacturer/model/lead at the time of MRI. At first clinical follow up post MRI, (median 4.4 months, range 0.2–12.3), battery voltage was reduced (2.78 V pre-MRI versus 2.77 V at follow up, p = 0.02), but there were no other significant changes. No adverse events were noted. Pediatric patients with pacemakers, including those with epicardial leads, can be scanned at 1.5 T safely without alteration in pacemaker function. Using appropriate precautions, pediatric patients with pacemakers can be imaged with MRI.
Experimental demonstration of elastic analogues of nonseparable qutrits

The creation of multilevel quantum states, qudits, has revolutionized concepts for quantum computing. Classical systems that capture behavior analogous to quantum systems have been demonstrated. In this spirit, we consider a three-level classical analogue of the qudit composed of coupled acoustic waveguides. Here, we demonstrate both the experimental realization of a three-level classical analogue of the qudit and the creation and tuning of nonseparable superpositions of two of these analogues, which are classically “entangled.” Measurements of velocities and transmission inform our assignment of these nonseparable states.
Images: Polysomnographic artifacts in a child with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome.

Diaphragm pacing (DP), a modality of ventilatory support in children with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, generates respiration using the patient’s own diaphragm as the respiratory pum...
Insights into Lysosomal PI(3,5)P2 Homeostasis from a Structural-Biochemical Analysis of the PIKfyve Lipid Kinase Complex.

Summary The phosphoinositide PI(3,5)P2, generated exclusively by the PIKfyve lipid kinase complex, is key for lysosomal biology. Here, we explore how PI(3,5)P2 levels within cells are regulated. We find the PIKfyve complex comprises five copies of the scaffolding protein Vac14 and one copy each of the lipid kinase PIKfyve, generating PI(3,5)P2 from PI3P and the lipid phosphatase Fig4, reversing the reaction. Fig4 is active as a lipid phosphatase in the ternary complex, whereas PIKfyve within the complex cannot access membrane-incorporated phosphoinositides due to steric constraints. We find further that the phosphoinositide-directed activities of both PIKfyve and Fig4 are regulated by protein-directed activities within the complex. PIKfyve autophosphorylation represses its lipid kinase activity and stimulates Fig4 lipid phosphatase activity. Further, Fig4 is also a protein phosphatase acting on PIKfyve to stimulate its lipid kinase activity, explaining why catalytically active Fig4 is required for maximal PI(3,5)P2 production by PIKfyve in vivo.
Smart Active Rectifier Fed by a Variable Voltage and Frequency Source

In an effort to increase the efficiency and power density of electric vehicles and aircraft, the automobile and aerospace industries are adopting variable-speed generators as part of the powertrain. Herein, the engine directly drives a permanent magnet synchronous machine, which generates a variable-frequency/amplitude output ac-voltage. More specifically, this unique ac-voltage profile serves as the input for an ac-dc power converter that energizes the main dc-bus of the powertrain. In this paper, a smart active rectifier for hybrid/all-electric powertrains is presented. A direct model reference adaptive control (MRAC) scheme is utilized to address the rapid changes in amplitude and frequency while regulating the dc-bus voltage at unity power factor. Moreover, the MRAC requires minimal tuning due to its capability of adjusting its gains adaptively with the input voltage variations. As a result, the MRAC exhibits seamless dynamics. The performance of the MRAC is verified experimentally under accelerating and decelerating variable-frequency/amplitude input voltage ramps using a laboratory-scale 2-kW 270-V SiC-MOSFET-based power converter supplied by a programmable grid emulator. Lastly, a classic proportional-integral (PI) control scheme is implemented experimentally with the same converter as a benchmark to highlight the merits of the proposed converter.
Knockout of murine Lyplal1 confers sex-specific protection against diet-induced obesity

Human genome-wide association studies found SNPs near LYPLAL1 that have sex-specific effects on fat distribution and metabolic traits. To determine whether altering LYPLAL1 affects obesity and metabolic disease we created and characterized a mouse knockout of Lyplal1. Here we show that CRISPR-Cas9 whole-body Lyplal1 knockout (KO) mice fed a high fat, high sucrose (HFHS) diet showed sex-specific differences in weight gain and fat accumulation. Female, not male, KO mice weighed less than WT mice, had reduced body fat percentage, white fat mass, and adipocyte diameter not accounted for by changes in metabolic rate. Female, but not male, KO mice had increased serum triglycerides, decreased aspartate, and alanine aminotransferase. Lyplal1 KO mice of both sexes have reduced liver triglycerides and steatosis. These diet-specific effects resemble the effects of SNPs near LYPLAL1 in humans, suggesting that LYPLAL1 has an evolutionary conserved sex-specific effect on adiposity. This murine model can be used to study this novel gene-by-sex-by-diet interaction to elucidate the metabolic effects of LYPLAL1 on human obesity.
Automated capture of rationale for the detailed design process

The value of comprehensive rationale information for documenting a design has long been recognized. However, detailed rationale is rarely produced in practice because of the substantial time investment required. Efforts to support the acquisition of rationale have focused on languages and tools for structuring the acquisition process, but still require substantial involvement on the part of the designer. This document describes an experimental system, the Rationale Construction Framework (RCF), that acquires rationale information for the detailed design process without disrupting a designer's normal activities. The underlying approach involves monitoring designer interactions with a commercial CAD tool to produce a rich process history. This history is subsequently structured and interpreted relative to a background theory of design metaphors that enable explanation of certain aspects of the design process. Evaluation of RCF within a robotic arm design case has shown that the system can acquire meaningful rationale information in a time-and cost-effective manner, with minimal disruption to the designer.
Transcript accumulation and utilization of alternate and non-consensus splice sites in rice granule-bound starch synthase are temperature-sensitive and controlled by a single-nucleotide polymorphism.

Granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), a product of the waxy gene in rice (Oryza sativa L.), is necessary for the synthesis of amylose in the endosperm. In an extended pedigree of 89 rice cultivars, we have previously shown that all cultivars with more than 18% amylose had the sequence AGGTATA at the leader intron 5′ splice site, while all cultivars with a lower proportion of amylose had the sequence AGTTATA. This single-nucleotide polymorphism reduces the efficiency of GBSS pre-mRNA processing. It also results in alternate splicing at multiple sites, some of which have non-consensus sequences. Here we demonstrate that this same G-to-T polymorphism is also associated with differential sensitivity to temperature during the period of grain development. Cultivars with the sequence AGTTATA have a substantial increase in accumulation of mature GBSS transcripts at 18 °C compared to 25 or 32 °C. The selection of leader intron 5′ splice sites is also affected by temperature in these cultivars. A 5′ splice site −93 upstream from that used in high-amylose varieties predominates at 18 °C. At higher temperatures there is increased utilization of a 5′ splice site at −1 and a non-consensus site at +1. Potential implications of differential 5′ splice site selection and associated differences in 3′ splice site selection on transcript stability and translational efficiency are discussed.
Phylogenies of Glutathione Transferase Families

The best known glutathione transferase family, with its class-alpha, -mu, -pi, -omega, -sigma, -theta, and -zeta subdivisions, is only one of four, or perhaps five, ancient protein families that conjugate glutathione or use a glutathione intermediate: (1) the cytoplasmic family, (2) the mitochondrial (kappa) family, (3) the microsomal (MAPEG) family, which may actually be two separate families, and (4) the fosphomycin/glyoxalase family. Although the cytoplasmic family is perhaps the most diverse, all four of these families have homologs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes; it is striking that at least three, and perhaps as many as five, different protein folds capable of binding and positioning glutathione for a nucleophilic attack emerged more than 2 billion years ago. This chapter presents phylogenies for the four (or five) glutathione transferase families, focusing on the statistical evidence for homology (and non-homology).
Nonwovens in Absorbent Materials

Publisher Summary Two characteristics of nonwovens make them particularly suitable for use in an absorbent structure—high bulk for imbibing and holding large amount of fluid per unit mass of material and low cost of converting raw material into final product. Several other properties that have significant impact on the use of nonwovens in an absorbent fabric are disposability, comfort, and ease of fabrication of the absorbent product. The important role played by nonwoven materials in commercial absorbent structures has resulted in increased consumption of disposable nonwovens and absorbent products in the recent years. In discussing nonwovens, consideration must be given to the interrelationships of the four major structural elements that influence absorbency—(1) constituent fiber, (2) assembly structure; the web properties resulting from the nature of the fiber assemblage, (3) type of bonding; the chemical or mechanical means of conveying integrity to the fibrous web, and (4) finish; chemical and/or mechanical treatments conveyed to the formed and bonded web. Each of these factors can have an effect on the absorbency of the resulting structure. The wetlaid or wet form nonwoven process is derived from the paper industry and bears a considerable resemblance to the normal Fordrinier paper manufacturing process.
Security-Typed Languages and Distributed Computation

Recently there has been considerable interest in programming languages that encode security policies in type declarations. Type-checking is used to determine whether a program enforces these policies. This approach enjoys many of the benefits of static type-checking, but is particularly of interest because it can enforce information flow properties such as noninterference, for which purely dynamic mechanisms are ineffective. Enforcing information flow properties for distributed systems adds a new challenges: mutual distrust among the principals, and untrusted hosts. Our new approach, secure program partitioning, automatically rewrites a program into communicating subprograms that run securely on the set of available hosts yet collectively implement the original program. This fine-grained rewriting is based on the security types in the original program and the trust relationships among principals and hosts in the system. Computation in the original program is written in a single-host style, yet the resulting distributed system can satisfy the strong confidentiality and integrity properties specified by the program.
Overconfident Physician Opinion on the Effectiveness of BRCA1 Risk Reduction Measures

We explored whether clinicians are overconfident in their judgments about the effectiveness of risk reduction measures in women with mutations in the BRCA1 gene. In this context, "overconfidence" is defined as the expression of too much certainty in subjective estimates, regardless of whether estimates are large or small. We asked physicians to estimate the percent decrease in the lifetime probability of breast and ovarian cancer in carriers who received various prophylactic interventions. Respondents were also asked to indicate their 90% plausibility interval. Subjects were breast cancer clinicians and principal investigators on NCI-sponsored Specialized Programs in Oncology Research and Education (SPOREs) in breast cancer at six US cancer centers. Clinicians varied widely in their estimates of effectiveness. Many had plausibility intervals that did not include the best estimate offered by other clinicians. It was not uncommon to find two clinicians with plausibility intervals that did not overlap. In addition, many clinicians expressed 90%-plausibility intervals that were so narrow that they did not capture findings from large robust studies of the effectiveness of prophylaxis. While, by definition, 10% of clinicians should have been surprised to learn that a scientific finding was outside their 90% plausibility interval, we found that 34-67% would have been surprised. This is because their plausibility intervals were too narrow. We found that clinicians are overconfident in their estimates of the effectiveness of BRCA1 risk-reduction measures.
Taking the bitter with the sweet: relationship of supertasting and sweet preference with metabolic syndrome and dietary intake.

Objective Results examining the effects of tasting profile on dietary intake and health outcomes have varied. This study examined the interaction of sweet liker (SL) and supertasting (ST) (bitter taste test through phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)) status with incidence of metabolic syndrome.
Blind speech separation using fractional order moments

A new contrast function based on low fractional moments is proposed for blind source separation (BSS) of speech signals. Its study is motivated by a need to perform blind speech separation over short data frames. The new contrast function is more numerically stable; its estimates over short frames have better statistical properties than higher order measures such as kurtosis. The proposed contrast function is enabled by the Laplacian distribution of speech signals. Its theoretical and statistical properties are derived and tested using pseudo-random data as well as speech. Its performance is compared to that of kurtosis and show to consistently outperform the normalized kurtosis over a wide range of frame lengths chosen between 5 and 500 ms.
Interaction of molybdenum hexacarbonyl with metallic aluminum at high temperatures: Carbide and alloy formation

The reaction of Mo(CO)6 on aluminum films grown on a Mo(1 0 0) substrate at 700 K is explored in ultrahigh vacuum using temperatureprogrammed desorption (TPD) and Auger and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopies. Reaction with Mo(CO)6 at 700 K results in some oxidation of the outer layer of the aluminum film, and the formation of a molybdenum carbide, which incorporates some oxygen. The carbide stoichiometry varies initially from approximately MoC for carbonyl reacting with the aluminum surface, to Mo2C for thicker films. Heating this film to ∼1200 K results primarily in the desorption of carbon monoxide due to a reaction between the carbide and aluminum oxide. Metallic aluminum diffuses from the bulk of the film and some aluminum is found to desorb from the surface at ∼1270 K so that aluminum is retained on the surface due to the presence of the carbonyl-derived film. It is suggested that the aluminum can form an alloy with molybdenum at these higher temperatures. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Interactions of assemblages of mycorrhizal fungi with two Florida wetland plants

Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are known to exist in wetlands, but little is known about their function in these environments. We conducted greenhouse experiments to study the effects of AM fungal assemblages—collected from different vegetation communities in a Florida wetland-under free-drained and flooded conditions, and at three phosphorus (P) levels on growth and P nutrition of Typha latifolia L. and Panicum hemitomon Schult. We also studied the effects of flooding on the spread of extraradical hyphae from P. hemitomon roots. For both plants no AM fungal assemblage had a consistent effect on plant growth and P nutrition. For T. latifolia, flooding nearly eliminated AM fungal colonization and, in the free-drained treatments, P amendment suppressed colonization. Furthermore, colonization by some mycorrhizal assemblages increased shoot- and root-P concentrations, but there were no significant plant growth responses. For P. hemitomon, the mycorrhizal association was suppressed by flooding and P amendment but, among the fungal assemblages, there were differences in root colonization. Mycorrhizal colonization improved some plant-growth and P-nutrition parameters at lower P levels relative to nonmycorrhizal controls, but generally conferred no benefit or was detrimental at higher P levels. Extraradical hyphae of most assemblages were restricted by flooding to 2.5 cm, though differences among AM fungal assemblages occurred with a maximum observed extension of 16.5 cm. We conclude that the impact of the mycorrhizal association on these wetland plants was a function of the complex interactions among the AM fungal assemblages, plant species, water condition, and P level. Future studies should focus on understanding the species composition of the assemblages, and potential adaptation to wetland conditions among these fungal species.
Childhood IQ, hearing loss, and maternal thyroid autoimmunity in the Baltimore Collaborative Perinatal Project

Childhood IQ, hearing loss, and maternal thyroid autoimmunity in the Baltimore Collaborative Perinatal Project
Recurrent deep cervical abscesses in chronic granulomatous disease: A case report and review of the literature

Abstract Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare condition that manifests as recurrent, severe and life-threatening infections. We present a rare case of recurrent multifocal abscesses and respiratory embarrassment from retropharyngeal abscesses in a child with CGD, and discuss the aetiology, presentation and management of this condition.
Exercise and Intestinal Polyp Development in APCMin Mice

ABSTRACTCOLBERT, L. H., V. MAI, S. N. PERKINS, D. BERRIGAN, J. A. LAVIGNE, H. H. WIMBROW, W. G. ALVORD, D. C. HAINES, P. SRINIVAS, and S. D. HURSTING. Exercise and Intestinal Polyp Development in APCMin Mice. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 35, No. 10, pp. 1662–1669, 2003.PurposeEpidemiological eviden
A quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics study of the catalytic mechanism and product specificity of viral histone lysine methyltransferase.

There are three reaction steps in the S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) methylation of lysine-NH2 catalyzed by a methyltransferase. They are (i) combination of enzyme·Lys-NH3+ with AdoMet, (ii) substrate ionization to provide enzyme·AdoMet·Lys-NH2, and (iii) methyl transfer providing enzyme·AdoHcy·Lys-N(Me)H2+ and the dissociation of AdoHcy. In this study of the viral histone methyltransferase (vSET), we find that substrate ionization of vSET·Lys27-NH3+, vSET·Lys27-N(Me)H2+, and vSET·Lys27-N(Me)2H+ takes place upon combination with AdoMet. The presence of a water channel allows dissociation of a proton to the solvent. There is no water channel in the absence of AdoMet. That the formation of a water channel is combined with AdoMet binding was first discovered in our investigation of Rubisco large subunit methyltransferase. Via a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach, the calculated free energy barrier (ΔG⧧) of the first methyl transfer reaction catalyzed by vSET [Lys27-NH2 + AdoMet → Lys27-N(M...
Mediastinal abscess as a complication of a fish bone in the esophagus

Swallowing a fish bone is usually an innocuous event. These two cases illustrate mediastinal abscess as a complication, and remind us to exclude this condition when patients have persistent symptoms.
A Sociological Analysis of an In/Visible Minority Group: Male Adolescent Homosexuals

This article examines the following areas of 37 Black male adolescent homosexuals' (age range: 16-21) self-identity, family relation, school/work relations, and social adjustment. Information about these areas was collected by using a Likert-type questionnaire that required the respondents to select the answers true or false. A majority of the respondents were comfortable with their sexual identity, although all of them were passing as heterosexuals. A sexual history of the respondents is presented. Even though the respondents understand their sexual minority status, it has not deterred the development of a positive and well-integrated self-perception.
Tectonics of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 6–8° South latitude

A regional geophysical traverse of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the northern South Atlantic was obtained during CIRCE cruise of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. During the traverse, four detailed surveys were made of small areas on the crest and east flank. The geomagnetic anomaly profile can be used as a time base for the interpretation of tectonic events of the ridge. The profile also suggests that the rate of sea-floor spreading in this part of the South Atlantic accelerated twice, approximately 40 and 4.5 million years ago, and decelerated at least twice, 38 and 10 million years ago. Accelerations were probably accompanied by uplift and normal faulting of the central part of the ridge, while decelerations produced subsidence with modest contraction, reflected in reverse faulting and folding. The effects of uplift are clearly present in the reflection seismic records, which are, however, not well suited to detect reverse faulting. Spreading without creation of significant relief occurred on the ridge until approximately 5 million years ago. This process produced a low relief with small rifts, strongly reminiscent of the present crestal topography of the East Pacific Rise. A markedly linear secondary relief of 100–200 m, parallel to the ridge axis, developed later by faulting of the flanks. Portions of the crust that were near the crest during periods of uplift are more intensely faulted than those that were remote at all times. The importance of the last uplift of the crest and associated faulting on the flanks is reflected by a decrease in the density of faulting away from the ridge crest. The present crestal zone is very different from the flanks and from the older crests; the relief is nearly ten times greater, transverse disturbances are common, and there is conflicting evidence regarding its age. This striking change in character indicates either a recent change in the spreading process or a recent period of strong deformation which has affected only the crestal zone.
Observation of magnetoresistance polarity reversal in 3D to 2D tunneling in an asymmetric GaMnAs resonant tunneling diode

We investigate the magnetoresistance (MR) characteristics of a GaMnAs-based asymmetric resonant tunneling structure with a 3D GaMnAs top layer and a 2D GaMnAs quantum well (QW). The incorporation of a 2D layer distinguishes our device from the many conventional devices reported in the literature in that the MR characteristics of our device result from 3D to 2D tunneling, whereas MR in a conventional device results from 3D to 3D tunneling. By observing a shift of negative differential resistance (NDR) features as an in-plane magnetic field is varied, we infer that the 3D to 2D tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) in our device has the opposite sign from conventional TMR in GaMnAs. We relate this difference to the effect of quantum confinement on the 2D density of states in the GaMnAs QW.
UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF 1,3‐DICHLOROPROPENE IN PLANTS1

Bush beans, carrots and tomatoes were shown to absorb 1,3-dichloro-propene from vermiculite, solution culture and sand. The dichloropro-pene was translocated and metabolized rapidly in the plant to 3-chloroallyl alcohol. The 3-chloroallyl alcohol itself is similarly absorbed by these plants. Subsequent metabolism involved transformation to 3-chloro-1-propanol and 3-chloroacrylic acid enroute to a central metabolite and eventual incorporation into normal plant products. The dichloropropene isomers and chloroallyl alcohol had short half-lives in the plant and were not measurable by 120 h after initial administration of these compounds to the plant. The plant residues appear to be of no environmental concern.
Contribution of Hardtack debris to contamination of the air during 1959.

A comparison of the concentrations of tungsten-185 and strontium-90 in the air at various times after the 1958 U.S. nuclear tests in the Pacific indicatesthat debris from this test series contributed less than 10 percent of the total Sr 90 content of the ground-level air at Miami and Washington during the spring of 1959.
Toughened carbon fiber/epoxy composites: the relative influence of an elastomer interphase and elastomer dispersed in the matrix

Abstract A micromechanical model based on the three-phase method of cells is used to predict the effective properties and thermo-mechanical stresses in carbon fiber/epoxy composites that have been modified by the addition of elastomer. Three composite configurations are considered: (1) carbon fiber/epoxy without elastomer, (2) carbon fiber/epoxy containing an elastomer interphase between the fiber and the matrix and (3) carbon fiber/epoxy with elastomer dispersed in the bulk matrix. The variables investigated include the elastomer volume fraction, the elastomer placement and the fiber volume fraction. Results from the parametric study indicate that the composite response is significantly influenced by all three variables. Positive aspects are identified with respect to each elastomer configuration. In general, a thin, concentric elastomer interphase surrounding each fibril appears more beneficial to the reduction of tensile residual thermal stresses. However, elastomer dispersed in the matrix can also yield favorable stress profiles with relatively less degradation of the composite stiffness. The trends established are predicted to be essentially independent of the fiber volume fraction.
Fifty ways to Notch T-ALL.

The fireworks from the spectacular emergence of Notch as the protagonist in the etiology of T-ALL are not likely to end any time soon. Indeed, in this issue of Blood , Sulis and colleagues describe yet another sophisticated mechanism by which ligand-independent activation of NOTCH1 is achieved in T-
Large momentum transfer reactions, without partons☆

Abstract Three recent experiments involving large 4-momentum transfer are compared to predictions of the hadronic bremsstrahlung model, witho t partons.
Identification of an isoform of the estrogen receptor messenger RNA lacking exon four and present in the brain

Abstract An isoform of the estrogen receptor messenger RNA (ER-mRNA) was identified in RNA from the brain of lizards and rats. Poly(A)+ RNA from brain and uteri was reverse transcribed using gene-specific primer for the ER. The resulting complementary DNA was amplified in a polymerase chain reaction followed by cloning and sequencing of the amplified products. This isoform lacks exon four and is designated delta 4 ER-mRNA. Although several isoforms of the ER have been described from cancerous cells, to our knowledge, none has been identified previously in the brain. Furthermore, the delta 4 isoform is the only isoform detected in normal tissue. The delta 4 isoform appeared most abundant in RNA from brain tissue, whereas uterine RNA contained only trace amounts of the isoform. Apparently, tissue-specific alternative splicing accounts for these differences in abundance. Because exon four encodes a part of the steroid-binding domain, we predict that the corresponding protein encoded by the isoform will not bind estradiol and may therefore belong to a growing subclass of the steroid/thyroid/vitamin superfamily known as orphan receptors. We predict that the putative delta 4 protein may function as a ligand-independent transcription factor that acts on the same DNA response elements as the conventional ER. The abundance of this isoform in the brain relative to the uterus raises fundamental questions regarding the regulation of estrogen-responsive genes in different tissues.
Sernaphorin III can function as a selective chemorepellent to pattern sensory projections in the spinal cord

Distinct classes of primary sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia subserve different sensory modalities, terminate in different dorsoventral locations in the spinal cord, and display different neurotrophin response profiles. Large diameter muscle afferents that terminate in the ventral spinal cord are NT-3 responsive, whereas small diameter afferents subserving pain and temperature are NGF responsive and terminate in the dorsal spinal cord. Previous in vitro studies showed that the developing ventral spinal cord secretes a diffusible factor that inhibits the growth of sensory axons. Here we show that this factor repels NGF-responsive axons but has little effect on NT-3-responsive axons. We also provide evidence implicating semaphorin III/collapsin, a diffusible guidance molecule expressed by ventral spinal cord cells, in mediating this effect. These results suggest that semaphorin III functions to pattern sensory projections by selectively repelling axons that normally terminate dorsally.