cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Medical Management and Operations Engineering for Systems-Based Practice to Radiology Residents

Rationale and Objectives To better prepare radiology residents for providing care within the context of the larger health care system, this study evaluated the feasibility and impact of a curriculum to enhance radiology residents' understanding and ability to apply concepts from medical management and industrial and operational engineering to systems-based practice problems in radiology practice. Materials and Methods A multiprofessional team including radiology, medical education, and industrial and operational engineering professionals collaborated in developing a seven-module curriculum, including didactic lectures, interactive large-group analysis, and small-group discussions with case-based radiology examples, which illustrated real-life management issues and the roles physicians held. Residents and faculty participated in topic selection. Pre- and post-instruction formative assessments were administered, and results were shared with residents during teaching sessions. Results Attendance and participation in case-based scenario resolutions indicate the feasibility and impact of the interactive curriculum on residents' interest and ability to apply curricular concepts to systems-based practice in radiology. Paired t test analyses (P Conclusions Our iterative curriculum development and implementation process demonstrated need and support for a multiprofessional team approach to teach management and operational engineering concepts. Curriculum topics are congruent with Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requirements for systems-based practice. The case-based curriculum using a mixed educational format of didactic lectures and small-group discussion and problem analysis could be adopted for other radiology programs, for both residents and continuing medical education applications.
Optimality equations for an all-pole model with multiple impulse excitation

Abstract This paper derives the optimality conditions for an all-pole model where the excitation consists of multiple impulses. The equations are derived as a degenerate case of a general multiple impulse pole-zero model. Included is a discussion on the similarities between the multiple impulse model and standard pole-zero methods.
Reactions of alkali-metal derivatives of metal carbonyls. IX. Preparation and properties of allyl derivatives of cyclopentadienylruthenium carbonyl

Abstract Reaction of NaRu(CO)2C5H5 with excess allyl chloride gives the yellow liquid σ-allyl derivative (σ-C3H5)Ru(CO)2C5H5. Ultraviolet irradiation of this σ-allyl derivative in hexane solution results in decarbonylation to give the pale yellow crystalline π-allyl derivative (π-C3H5)RuCOC5H5. The proton n.m.r. and infrared spectra of solutions of this π-allyl derivative at 29° both indicate the presence of two stereoisomers in a ∼4:1 ratio. The mass spectra of various allyl derivatives of cyclopentadienylmetal carbonyls of molybdenum, ruthenium, and tungsten, are compared. The σ-allyl derivatives undergo decarbonylation in the mass spectrometer at ∼210° to give the corresponding π-allyl derivatives.
Advancements in the analysis of esophageal pH monitoring in GERD

Ambulatory 24 h esophageal pH monitoring enables quantification of esophageal acid exposure and assessment of the temporal relationship between symptoms and acid reflux events. Analysis of pH monitoring is currently divided into upright and recumbent periods based on the patient's body position. However, in this Review, we demonstrate that physiologic studies have shown that sleep, and not recumbency, has a greater impact on gastroesophageal reflux during night-time. The physiologic studies are further supported by clinical trials demonstrating that gastroesophageal reflux characteristics during the recumbent-awake period are similar to those in the upright rather than the recumbent-asleep period. The introduction of the integrated pH monitoring and actigraphy data analysis program offers better separation of the recumbent-awake and recumbent-asleep periods. The physiologic studies and clinical trials, as well as the availability of a better tool to measure pH during sleep, support a paradigm shift in the analysis of pH monitoring data from body position (upright or recumbent) to state of consciousness (awake or asleep).
"A Hand upon the Throat of the Nation": Economic Sanctions and State Repression, 1976-2001

While intended as a nonviolent foreign policy alternative to military intervention, sanctions have often worsened humanitarian and human rights conditions in the target country. This article examines the relationship between economic sanctions and state-sponsored repression of human rights. Drawing on both the public choice and institutional constraints literature, I argue that the imposition of economic sanctions negatively impacts human rights conditions in the target state by encouraging incumbents to increase repression. Specifically, sanctions threaten the stability of target incumbents, leading them to augment their level of repression in an effort to stabilize the regime, protect core supporters, minimize the threat posed by potential challengers, and suppress popular dissent. The empirical results support this theory. These findings provide further evidence that sanctions impose political, social, and physical hardship on civilian populations. They also underscore a need for improvements in current strategies and mechanisms by which states pursue foreign-policy goals and the international community enforces international law and stability.
Rescuing vasculature with intravenous angiopoietin-1 and αvβ3 integrin peptide is protective after spinal cord injury

Blood vessel loss and inflammation cause secondary degeneration following spinal cord injury. Angiopoietin-1 through the Tie2 receptor, and other ligands through αvβ3 integrin, promote endothelial cell survival during developmental or tumour angiogenesis. Here, daily intravenous injections with an αvβ3-binding peptide named C16 or an angiopoietin-1 mimetic following a spinal cord contusion at thoracic level 9 in mice rescued epicentre blood vessels, white matter and locomotor function, and reduced detrimental inflammation. Preserved vascularity and reduced inflammation correlated with improved outcomes. C16 and angiopoietin-1 reduced leukocyte transmigration in vitro . Growth factor receptors and integrins facilitate each others’ function. Therefore, angiopoietin-1 and C16 were combined and the effects were additive, resulting in almost complete functional recovery. The treatment had lasting effects when started 4 h following injury and terminated after one week. These results identify αvβ3 integrin and the endothelial-selective angiopoietin-1 as vascular and inflammatory regulators that can be targeted in a clinically relevant manner for neuroprotection after central nervous system trauma.
Weber's Protestant Ethic Revisited: An African Case

Abstract McClelland (1961) has argued that the values implicit in Weber's (1930) so-called Protestant ethic lead individuals to a concern with achievement. In order to investigate whether introduction of a Protestant ideology into a non-Western society was associated with an orientation toward achievement, East African Quaker Abaluyia were compared with non-Quaker Abaluyia on a battery of tests. The findings indicated that Quakers emphasized education, held realistic beliefs about the behaviors bound up with success in their sociocultural system, exhibited health patterns similar to those of educated individuals in developing countries, and had been exposed in childhood to socialization practices that downplayed physical punishment. These results, although consistent with the Weber-McClelland formulation, were relatively sparse in relation to the total number of comparisons undertaken.
An improved method of measurement of vaporization heat of volatile liquids with a differential scanning calorimeter

Abstract An improved method is presented to measure the latent heat of vaporization of volatile liquids at atmospheric pressure on a differential scanning calorimeter. Individual measurement errors of 8–10-mg samples were reduced to less than 2% and the average error of five runs on benzene and toluene was less than .01%.
Peptide Hydrolases of Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus

Abstract Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ 32 had more aminopeptidase and dipeptidase activity than did Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 10797 or Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC 12278, whereas L. helveticus ATCC 10797 was most proteolytic (100%), followed closely by L. helveticus CNRZ 32 (92%), and L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC 12278 (50%). Crude cell-free extracts of the three lactobacilli lacked carboxypeptidase and endopeptidase activities. Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ 32 had two aminopeptidase-active bands, whereas L. helveticus ATCC 10797 and L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC 12278 each had only one active aminopeptidase band; relative mobility values of bands differed among strains. The three lactobacilli each had two active dipeptidase bands with different relative mobilities. Intracellular protease, aminopeptidase, and dipeptidase activities of L. helveticus CNRZ 32 increased gradually at the beginning of the log phase and reached a maximum at the beginning of the stationary phase, but after 24h, enzyme activity was slightly reduced. Freezing cells at –96°C and holding them at that temperature for 1 wk reduced aminopeptidase and dipeptidase activities 10% compared with those of unfrozen cells. The freezing process also reduced the population of viable cells grown in MRS broth or skim milk by 50 or 75%, respectively. Aminopeptidase activity of cells grown in sterile skim milk or a whey-based medium did not vary markedly from that of cells grown in MRS broth, but dipeptidase activity increased 1.5-fold for cells grown in the whey-based medium. Proteolysis of skim milk by whole cells required up to 145h, whereas only 54h was needed by cell-free extracts. Extracts of L. helveticus ATCC 10797 were most proteolytic, and completely hydrolyzed α s1 -, β- and κ-caseins without preference, whereas an extract of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC 12278 hydrolyzed β- and κ-caseins completely, and partially hydrolyzed α s1 -casein. Extracts of L. helveticus CNRZ 32 partially hydrolyzed β-casein, while α s1 -casein resisted hydrolysis. The pH of milk at the end of proteolysis was below 4.0 for L. helveticus CNRZ 32 and L. helveticus ATCC 10797, but above 4.0 for L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC 12278.
Seasonal acclimatization to temperature in monk parakeets.

Metabolism and insulation of monk parakeets were determined in summer and compared with previously reported winter values. Fasting levels of metabolism were the same in winter and summer during the daytime: nighttime values were significantly lower in winter (6.11 versus 8.20 Wkg-1). Evaporative water loss at 20-30° C was significantly lower in winter (2.24 versus 3.05 mg H2O g-1 h-1). Winter birds were better able to maintain body temperature (Tb) independent of ambient temperature (Ta) below 20° C than were summer birds. Coefficients of dry heat transfer determined for Tb-Ta gradients greater than 10° C were not significantly different for the two seasons. Similarly, the slope of the line relating oxygen consumption to Ta below thermal neutrality (i.e. thermal conductance) was the same in winter and summer birds, indicating no seasonal change in overall body insulation. Literature review revealed a relation between seasonal change in fasting metabolic rate (FMR) and body size in birds. Winter FMR as a fraction of summer FMR is inversely, related to body mass (Mb) by the equation; winter FMR/summer FMR=1.49 Mb -0.077 where Mb is in grams. Thus, in small birds FMR is higher in winter than summer, while for large birds (>200 g) the converse is true.
Symbolic Array Dataflow Analysis for Array Privatization and Program Parallelization

Array dataflow information plays an important role for successful automatic parallelization of Fortran programs. This paper proposes a powerful symbolic array dataflow analysis to support array privatization and loop parallelization for programs with arbitrary control flow graphs and acyclic call graphs. Our scheme summarizes array access information using guarded array regions and propagates such regions over a Hierarchical Supergraph (HSG). The use of guards allows us to use the information in IF conditions to sharpen the array dataflow analysis and thereby to handle difficult cases which elude other existing techniques. The guarded array regions retain the simplicity of set operations for regular array regions in common cases, and they enhance regular array regions in complicated cases by using guards to handle complex symbolic expressions and array shapes. Scalar values that appear in array subscripts and loop limits are substituted on the fly during the array information propagation, which disambiguates the symbolic values precisely for set operations. We present efficient algorithms that implement our scheme. Initial experiments of applying our analysis to Perfect Benchmarks show promising results of improved array privatization.
Tissue distribution of EDTA encapsulated within liposomes containing glycolipids or brain phospholipids

Multilameller liposomes were prepared with various asialoglycolipids, gangliosides, sialic acid, or brain phospholipids in the liposome membrane and with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) encapsulated in the aqueous compartments. The liposomes containing glycolipids or sialic acid were prepared from a mixture of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and one of the following test substances: galactocerebroside, glucocerebroside, galactocerebroside sulfate, mixed gangliosides, monosialoganglioside GM1, monosialoganglioside GM2, monosialoganglioside GM3, disialoganglioside GD1a, or sialic acid. The liposomes containing brain phospholipids were mixtures of either sphingomyelin and cholesterol or a brain total phospholipid extract and cholesterol. Distributions of 14C-labeled EDTA were determined in mouse tissues from 15 min to 6 h or 12 h after a single injection of liposome preparation. Liver uptake up encapsulated EDTA was lowest from all liposome preparations containing sialic acid or sialogangliosides, regardless of the amount of sialic acid moiety present or the identity of the particular ganglioside; highest uptake of encapsulated EDTA by liver was from liposomes containing galactocerebroside or brain phospholipids. Lungs and brain took up the largest amounts of EDTA from liposomes containing sphingomyelin and lesser amounts from liposomes containing GD1a. Use of mouse brain phospholipid extract to prepare liposomes did not increase uptake of encapsulated EDTA by the brain. EDTA in liposomes containing monosialogangliosides, brain phospholipids, galactocerebroside, or sialic acid was taken up well by spleen and marrow. Highest thymus uptake of encapsulated EDTA was from liposomes containing GD1a. These results demonstrate that inclusion of sialogangliosides in liposome membranes decreases uptake of liposomes by liver, thus making direction of encapsulated drugs to other organs more feasible. Liposomes containing glycolipids also have potential uses as probes of cell surface receptors.
The prospects for direct-writing phonocardiography; with a short critique of spectrophonocardiography.

Abstract The prospects for clinically acceptable, direct-writing phonocardiography have been examined, and found to be favorable. A pilot clinical study with presently available equipment has been pursued. Although the dynamic parameters of the galvanometer were not designed for phonocardiographic registration, the quality of the tracings was surprisingly good in many instances. Analysis of the design requirements of direct-writing phonocardiography indicates that relatively simple modifications of existing equipment can raise performance characteristics to a generally satisfactory level, and thus make the advantages of a direct-writing technique available for routine clinical use. The physical characteristics of variable-frequency vibrations are analyzed in some detail, and are found to have an interesting and important bearing on the significance of spectrophonocardiography.
Spin correlations, QCD color transparency, and heavy-quark thresholds in proton-proton scattering.

The strikingly large spin-spin correlation A/sub N//sub N/ observed in pp elastic scattering at p/sub lab/ = 2.5 and 11.75 GeVc and the unexpected energy dependence of absorptive corrections to quasielastic proton-proton scattering in a nuclear target can be interpreted in terms of two J = L = S = 1, B = 2 resonance structures associated with the strange- and charmed-particle production thresholds, interfering with a perturbative QCD background. The results provide support for the ''color-transparency'' phenomenon predicted in perturbative QCD away from resonances or heavy-quark thresholds.
Rectifying Inspection for Defects

Several kinds of rectifying inspection plans based on defects per unit are considered. Plans are found by minimizing the average cost per lot, usually subject to a side condition. For every situation the desired sampling plan can be found easily with a computer program.
Insensitivity of the Infinite-Wavelength Surface Plasmon Frequency to the Electron Density Profile

Assuming that the ground-state electron density at a jellium-vacuum interface is the self-consistent Hartree density, and using the random-phase approximation to describe the electronic excitation spectrum, we show that the infinite-wavelength surface plasmon frequency is $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$ times the bulk plasma frequency. This result is independent of the shape of the jellium background, and thus applies to a wide range of self-consistent electron density profiles.
Simultaneous focusing of terahertz and optical waves into nano-scale

We present the design of a periodic array of metallic nano-slits that supports subwavelength TEM guided modes at terahertz and optical frequencies, enabling simultaneous focusing of TM-polarized terahertz and optical waves with more than 6-octave frequency span at nano-scale dimensions.
Spectral concentration near embedded eigenvalues

Abstract Techniques of Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation theory usually employed for perturbation of isolated eigenvalues are used to obtain theorems on spectral concentration near eigenvalues which are not assumed to be isolated. If { H ϰ } is a family of self adjoint operators convergent in the strong resolvent sense to a self adjoint operator H 0 and λ 0 is an eigenvalue of finite multiplicity of H 0 , then the spectrum of { H κ } is concentrated near λ 0 . Moreover, conditions under which concentration still occurs near λ 0 without the assumption of finite multiplicity are obtained in the semibounded case.
Double torsion tests for studying slow crack growth of portland cement mortar

Abstract For studying slow crack growth in portland cement mortar 32″ (812.8 mm) long double torsion specimens were tested. During testing, the loading and reloading compliances, permanent (or inelastic) deformations and crack growth were measured. It was observed that the strain energy release rates calculated from elastic, secant or reloading compliances do not accurately represent the fracture behavior of this material. A modified definition of the strain energy release rate is developed here to include both the elastic and the inelastic strain energy absorbed during crack extension. For this method, in addition to the reloading compliance, the knowledge of the rate of change of permanent deformations with crack growth is necessary. Details of the analytical and experimental procedure are described in this paper.
Trading Strategies during Circuit Breakers and Extreme Market Movements

Abstract We study the trading strategies of NYSE market participants through their choice of venue, order type and timing during the turbulent October 1997 period. During this period, we find the implicit costs of supplying liquidity through the electronic limit order book become so high as to induce market participants to withdraw depth from the book, opting instead for the flexibility and discretion of floor trading. In addition, we find that ahead of a market-wide closure, market participants display behavior consistent with the magnet effect, while during the market-wide closure they curtail activity. Our results have implications for the viability of ECNs and electronic limit order books during turbulent periods as well as regulation aimed at maintaining the orderly working of markets during crisis periods.
Hypoglycemia in Four Dogs With Smooth Muscle Tumors

Tumor-associated hypoglycemia has been reported in dogs with pancreatic beta-cell tumors, hepatic tumors, and, rarely, with other neoplasms. This article describes 4 dogs with marked hypoglycemia associated with smooth muscle tumors (jejunal leiomyoma, gastric leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma, and splenic leiomyosarcoma). Presenting clinical signs included grand mal seizures, lethargy, weakness, ataxia, and, in 1 dog, polyuria/polydipsia. The serum insulin concentration was low in 1 dog and normal in the other dog evaluated. Immunohistochemical staining for insulin was negative in the 4 tumors; the 3 tumors arising from the stomach and jejunum stained diffusely positive for glucagon. Blood glucose concentrations rapidly returned to normal after complete surgical resection of the tumors, and clinical signs associated with hypoglycemia resolved. Long-term follow-up available in 3 of the 4 dogs found no recurrence of clinical signs related to hypoglycemia at 15, 31, and 38 months after surgery, respectively.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT BY THE CECROPIA MIDGUT. I. INHIBITORS, STIMULANTS, AND POTASSIUM-TRANSPORT.

Harvey and Nedergaard ('64 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 51: 757–765) have shown that midguts isolated from mature larvae of the Cecropia silkworm, when perfused in aerated, agitated physiological solution, exhibit a large electrical potential with the lumen-side positive to the blood-side. Isotope studies show that potassium carries 83% of the current generated by the midgut when the potential is shortcircuited. These and other data demonstrate that potassium is actively transported from blood-side to lumen-side of the midgut epithelium. Neither the potential nor the current requires sodium. The effects of various chemicals on this sodium-independent active transport of potassium were examined. The short-circuit current was rapidly and reversibly inhibited by anoxia and 2,4-dinitrophenol. An irreversible inhibition was effected by iodoacetate. No observable change was produced by cholinesterase inhibitors, adrenalin, pituitary hormones or small changes in pH. Ouabain, a cardiac glycoside which is thought to be a specific inhibitor of sodium transport, was without effect at concentrations as high as 10−4 M. Barely affected by 5% CO2, the current was strongly and reversibly depressed by 25% CO2. The carbonic anhydrase inhibitor hygroton at 10−3 M was without effect, but the related sulfonamide cardrase caused 36% inhibition at this concentration. The sulfonamides are barely soluble in water and perhaps penetrate the midgut cells with difficulty. Another type of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, sodium sulfide, caused reversible inhibitions of 31% at 10−4M and 87% at 10−3 M respectively. Clearly the potassium transporting system of Hyalophora cecropia has important differences from sodium systems, and possibly employs a potassium, hydrogen ion-linked pump.
Osteopenia in adults with cystic fibrosis

Abstract purpose: To examine the frequency and severity of osteopenia in adults with cystic fibrosis and the clinical variables associated with reduced bone mineral. patients and methods: The bone mineral status of 22 white adults (14 women) with cystic fibrosis was compared with normative data from healthy white control subjects in a university medical center. Lumbar spine, femoral neck, and whole-body bone mineral was determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and expressed as bone mineral content (g), bone mineral density (g/cm 2 ), and bone mineral apparent density (g/cm 3 ). Bone mass was related to age, body mass, gonadal function, pulmonary status, and glucocorticoid exposure to identify variables associated with reduced bone mineral in cystic fibrosis. results: Bone mineral in adults with cystic fibrosis was significantly below expected values for age and sex at all sites using all expressions of bone mass. The mean Z-score was −2.8 for the lumbar spine bone density, −2.5 for the femoral neck, and −2.0 for the whole body. Bone mineral apparent density (a term that minimizes the influence of bone dimensions) was also significantly reduced in patients at the lumbar spine (p conclusions: Osteopenia and osteoporosis occur commonly in young adults with cystic fibrosis. Age and body mass are predictive of bone mineral, although the pathogenesis of this bone mineral deficit is likely multifactorial.
Topical amitriptyline in healthy volunteers.

Background and Objectives The antidepressant amitriptyline is used as an adjuvant in the treatment of a variety of chronic pain conditions. This drug interacts with many receptors and ion channels, such as Na+ channels. In a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled trial, we investigated whether amitriptyline also is capable of providing cutaneous analgesia when applied topically in 14 healthy volunteers. Methods Amitriptyline hydrochloride was prepared as a 45% water/45% isopropanol/10% glycerin solution and titrated to pH 8.5 with sodium hydroxide. Four areas, 2 on each arm, of approximately 1 cm2 each were marked on the ventral aspect of the upper arm. A piece of gauze, placed on each of the marked areas and affixed to the arm with an occlusive plastic dressing, was saturated via syringe with placebo and amitriptyline solutions (10 mmol/L, 50 mmol/L, and 100 mmol/L). After 1 hour, the dressings and gauze were removed. A 16-G blunt needle was used to grade the pain at the marked area once per hour (1 = complete analgesia, 10 = normal pain sensation). Results The analgesic effects of 50 mmol/L and 100 mmol/L solutions of amitriptyline were significantly higher than those of the placebo or the 10 mmol/L solution. However, no significant difference was found between the analgesia provided by the placebo solution versus the 10 mmol/L solution or between the 50 mmol/L versus the 100 mmol/L solution. The only side effect observed was a concentration-dependent redness of the skin. Conclusions Topically applied amitriptyline is effective as an analgesic in humans. Different vehicles may improve its efficacy and decrease the skin redness observed.
Stage T1 renal cell carcinoma relapsing in the vagina 10 years after initial diagnosis.

Renal cell carcinoma is known for its unpredictable presentation, mode of spread, response to treatment and manner of relapse. We report on a patient with clinically localized renal cell carcinoma treated with radical nephrectomy who presented more than 10 years later with an isolated metastatic recurrence to the vagina. To our knowledge the timing and location of such a recurrence have not been described previously.
Cytokines in depression and heart failure.

Objective There is a convincing body of evidence linking depression, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. There is also growing evidence that depression is a risk factor for congestive heart failure (CHF) and that CHF patients with major depression have higher rates of mortality and repeat hospitalizations. Currently there are no proposed neurobiological or neuroimmune mechanisms for the comorbidity of heart failure and depression. Methods This review focuses on the recent literature about the role of cytokines in CHF and depression as separate conditions. This review also attempts to identify the overlapping immunological mechanisms that have a potential for future research in the pathophysiology of comorbid depression and CHF. Results Results of current studies suggest that cytokines exert deleterious effects on the heart and that soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2 leads to reversal of the cardiotoxic effects of TNF, although the clinical significance of this is unclear. Major depression has been associated with alteration of various aspects of the innate immune system, including cellular components (such as microphages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells) and soluble mediators (such as acute-phase reaction proteins and cytokines). It is inconclusive whether antidepressants have immunoregulatory effects. Conclusions The literature has not yet addressed the role of cytokines in comorbid depression and CHF. But cytokines may provide a new avenue in understanding brain-body interaction in depression and heart failure.
Risk evaluation and mitigation strategies: impact on patients, health care providers, and health systems.

Purpose. To describe the impetus for and evolution, components, and potential impact on patients, health care providers, and health systems of risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS) required by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for managing known or potential serious drug risks. Summary. A 2006 report from the Institute of Medicine criticizing FDA for drug withdrawals due to safety problems provided the impetus for FDA to enhance postmarketing surveillance and to require REMS for medications with actual or potential safety concerns. Components of REMS may include medication guides, patient package inserts, communication plans for health care providers, and elements to ensure safe use (e.g., special training or certification for prescribing or dispensing, dispensing only under certain circumstances, special monitoring, use of patient registries). Recent increases in the number of drugs with REMS requirements, MedWatch alerts, and the development of the new Sentinel Initiative reflect FDA’s commitment to drug safety. Patients may be overwhelmed by information about drugs with REMS requirements, which could deter the use of potentially beneficial therapies. Pharmacists can help patients weigh the risks and benefits of drug therapy. Pharmacists, other health care providers, and health systems may find REMS requirements challenging, but FDA is cognizant of the need to balance the goals of ensuring drug safety and providing patient access to drugs without placing an undue burden on the health system. Conclusion. The goal of improving drug safety is sought by the FDA, patients, health care providers, and health systems alike. Collaboration among health care providers may provide efficiencies in meeting FDA REMS requirements.
Superoxide dismutase decreases mortality, blood pressure, and cerebral blood flow responses induced by acute hypertension in rats.

Oxygen radicals are known to be produced by the cerebral vasculature during acute, pressor-induced hypertension and are also known to inactivate endothelium-derived relaxing factor. The objective of our present study was to determine if the oxygen radical scavenger superoxide dismutase (24,000 units/kg plus 1,600 units/kg/min) alters the pressor, cerebral blood flow, and mortality responses to systemic norepinephrine in rats. Increasing doses (0.01-30 micrograms/kg i.v.) of norepinephrine were given by bolus injection to eight rats, and changes in the cortical microcirculatory blood flow were measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Superoxide dismutase shifted the norepinephrine-blood pressure and -cerebral blood flow dose-response curves moderately, but significantly, to the right such that it took more norepinephrine to reach a given blood pressure. However, superoxide dismutase had no effect on the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Additionally, whereas five (63%) of the eight control rats died after the 10 micrograms/kg norepinephrine dose, all eight rats treated with superoxide dismutase survived this dose. The mechanism by which superoxide dismutase reduced mortality is uncertain. The blood pressure and cerebral blood flow results suggest that superoxide dismutase prevents oxygen radicals from destroying endothelium-derived relaxing factors, which reduce the pressor effects of norepinephrine.
Inhibitors of Fibrinolysis in Platelets in Polycythaemia Vera and Thrombocytosis

Summary. The role of platelets in fibrinolysis was studied in relation to their content of fibrinolytic inhibitors. An antiplasmin was present in platelets when studied by the caseinolytic method, but this antiplasmin was weak when the fibrin plate method was used. Thus the fibrin plate method could be used for the study of the inhibitory action of platelets against three different types of plasminogen activator: urokinase, human heart tissue activator and human plasma plasminogen activator. It was found that normal human platelets contained inhibitors against all three plasminogen activators with the highest inhibitory activity against urokinase. Platelets from patients with thrombocytosis due to polycythaemia vera or secondary to bronchogenic carcinoma also showed similar inhibitory activity. The platelets from one patient with polycythaemia vera had an unusually high degree of inhibitory activity. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to the relative resistance of a platelet thrombus to lysis and to its role in haemostasis.
MOLECULAR BEAM STUDY OF F2 + I2

Crossed molecular beam techniques have been used to study the endoergic reaction between F2 and I2. Above a threshold energy of 4 kcal/mole the observed products are I2F and F. At higher energies IF is also produced. Angular and velocity distributions indicate that the IF does not result from a four-center exchange reaction.
Stochastic integration for abstract, two parameter stochastic processes I. Stochastic processes with finite semivariation in banach spaces

In this paper we define the stochastic integral for two parameter processes with values in a Banach spaceE. We use a measure theoretic approach. To each two parameter processX withX st ∈L E p we associate a measureI X with values inL E p .
Mechanical characterization and modeling of graded porous stainless steel specimens for possible bone implant applications

Abstract A detailed experimental and numerical investigation was performed on graded porous stainless steel preforms for bone implant applications in order to understand the variation of mechanical properties along the graded direction. A simple powder metallurgy methodology was employed to fabricate preforms whose surfaces were later densified with a specially designed densification tool. Homogeneous preforms without densification were tested under uni-axial compression for their stress–strain response. The stress–strain responses of the preforms having various porosity levels were used in numerical modeling in an attempt to understand the porosity gradient generated during the densification process. Micro-indentation experiments were also conducted to determine the variation of Young’s modulus values along the densified layer of preforms. Numerical results indicated that the equivalent plastic strain correlated well with the porosity gradient. In addition, it was found that the diameter of the ball used as a densification tool could significantly influence the porosity gradient of the preform.
Igniting Passion and Renewing Commitment through Women's Health Joint Dynamics

Professional Issues Poster Presentation lenge was engaging the staff to provide excellent customer service, a cultural shift. Although our hospital leadership had been rounding on inpatient units on day 2 of their stay for years (maternity patients were excluded), we began rounding on these patients daily to get feedback. We systematically identified opportunities for improvement and implemented them at a rapid pace. The opening of an outpatient lactation center, which included pump rental and retail breastfeeding supplies, the afternoon magic cookie moment, and free meal ticket for the patient’s significant other were the initiatives implemented on the family unit. Bedside reporting, room readiness, and lateral accountability initiatives were started in the labor and delivery unit. Patient satisfaction scores became a standing agenda item at the obstetrician physician monthly staff meeting as well as tips on how to improve. Each member of our interdisciplinary group led an initiative on a narrow time line. As a result, we have reached our all-time high patient satisfaction score of 91.3, exceeding many units in our facility.
A knowledge-based expert system for planning and design of agroforestry systems

Computer-based Expert Systems that use knowledge, facts, and reasoning techniques to solve problems, normally requiring the abilities of human experts, are increasingly being used in many activities. The United Nations University (UNU) Agroforestry Expert System (AES) is a first attempt to apply this technique to agroforestry. UNU-AES is a prototype Knowledge-Based Expert System (KBES) designed to support land-use (agricultural, forestry, etc.) officials, research scientists, farmers, and individuals interested in maximizing benefits gained from applying agroforestry management techniques in developing countries. This prototype addresses the options for alley cropping, a promising agroforestry technology which has potential applicability when used under defined conditions in the tropics and subtropics. Alley cropping involves the planting of crops in alleys or interspaces between repeatedly pruned hedgerows of fast-growing, preferably leguminous, woody perennials. The primary benefits from this technique include nutrient enrichment, soil improvement, and erosion control. UNU-AES, which is the first known attempt at the application of expert system procedures in the field of agroforestry, uses a total of 235 decision rules to develop its recommendations. With the inclusion of more climatic and socio-economic data and improved advisory recommendations, UNU-AES can be expanded to provide advice on alley cropping in more diverse geographical and ecological conditions and eventually address other agroforestry techniques.
Pockets of responsibility in the American electorate: Findings of a research program on attitude importance

One view of American citizens suggests that attitudes about government policies play little role in shaping people's political behavior. The article summarizes a program of research suggesting that such a view is incorrect. For each citizen, a few personally important policy attitudes tend to have substantial impact on political thinking and behavior. Attitude importance is defined, and its distribution among citizens is noted. Various effects of attitude importance and the reasons why people come to perceive certain policy attitudes as personally important are then discussed. Finally, implications that the research may have for other political phenomena, such as alienation and the meanings of elections, are identified.
Acknowledgment of Ad Hoc Reviewers

The editors and Editorial Board members of the Journal of Bacteriology thank the many special reviewers who contributed to the peer review process during the period from September 2015 through August 2016. We recognize and greatly appreciate their time, effort, and expertise
Dimerization enhancement in one-dimensional Hubbard and Pariser-Parr-Pople models.

The Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model for polyacetylene (PA) is generalized to electron-electron (e-e) contributions in Hubbard and Pariser-Parr-Pople (PPP) models. The equilibrium dimerization \ensuremath{\delta} is found via the Hellmann-Feynman theorem. Exact results, computed by a valence-bond method, are presented for N\ensuremath{\le}14 site systems. N=4n+2 rings are lower bounds on the dimerization, due to a finite-size gap at \ensuremath{\delta}=0, while N=2n chains give upper bounds, thereby facilitating N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty} extrapolations. Enhanced dimerization is demonstrated in the PA regime of \ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\sim}0.05--0.10, although the enhancement is less than previous estimates. Dimerization is suppressed for \ensuremath{\delta}g0.40 in Hubbard models, as understood in terms of competing effects involving the band gap and bandwidth. Additional enhancement is found in PPP models due to the distance dependence of the potential V(R), primarily through the gradient V'(${R}_{0}$) at the spacing of the regular array. Molecular PPP parameters are then consistent with the PA ground state, including the dimerization, optical gap, and backbone vibrational frequencies.
Oxygen Increases cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase (PKG) Activity and mRNA Expression of PKG Type-Iα and Iβ in Pulmonary Veins of Term Fetal Lambs • 1596

Agonist-dependent vasorelaxation in the pulmonary circulation is thought to be mediated via PKG, following changes in intracellular cGMP levels. Our preliminary data indicate that there is an increase in vasodilator response to cGMP as well as an increase in PKG activity postnatally. The stimulus for increase in PKG activity after birth in vascular smooth muscle may be exposure to increased oxygen tension. There are no reports in the literature on the effects of changes in oxygen tension on the activity and mRNA expression of PKG. Therefore, in this study we determined PKG activity and mRNA expression of PKG type-I isoforms, Iα and Iβ, in pulmonary veins (3rd-7th generation) of near-term fetal lambs (145 d gestational age, term being 150 d) incubated for 16 h under low ( 400 mmHg) oxygen tension. PKG activity was determined in the absence or presence of exogenous cGMP (5 μM) and specific exogenous peptide substrate and is expressed as pmol 32P-incorporated into peptide/min/mg protein. mRNA expression of PKG isoforms was determined by RT-PCR (36 cycles) procedure using primers designed to match PKG type-Iα and Iβ cDNA sequence from the ovine species. High oxygen caused a 2- to 4-fold increase in PKG activity in the absence and presence of cGMP. Interestingly, cGMP did not stimulate PKG activity in vessels exposed to low oxygen. Furthermore, high oxygen also caused a 4-fold increase in the mRNA expression of both the isoforms of type-I PKG. We conclude that oxygen stimulates both the activity and mRNA expression of type-I PKG isoforms, which may augment pulmonary vasodilation with onset of oxygenation at birth.
Real-time weigh-in-motion measurement using fiber Bragg grating sensors

Overloading truck loads have long been one of the key reasons for accelerating road damage, especially in rural regions where the design loads are expected to be small and in the cold regions where the wet-and-dry cycle places a significant role. To control the designed traffic loads and further guide the road design in future, periodical weight stations have been implemented for double check of the truck loads. The weight stations give chances for missing measurement of overloaded vehicles, slow down the traffic, and require additional labors. Infrastructure weight-in-motion sensors, on the other hand, keep consistent traffic flow and monitor all types of vehicles on roads. However, traditional electrical weight-in-motion sensors showed high electromagnetic interference (EMI), high dependence on environmental conditions such as moisture, and relatively short life cycle, which are unreliable for long-term weigh-inmotion measurements. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, with unique advantages of compactness, immune to EMI and moisture, capability of quasi-distributed sensing, and long life cycle, will be a perfect candidate for long-term weigh-in-motion measurements. However, the FBG sensors also surfer from their frangible nature of glass materials for a good survive rate during sensor installation. In this study, the FBG based weight-in-motion sensors were packaged by fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) materials and further validated at MnROAD facility, Minnesota DOT (MnDOT). The design and layout of the FRP-FBG weight-in-motion sensors, their field test setup, data acquisition, and data analysis will be presented. Upon validation, the FRP-FBG sensors can be applied weigh-in-motion measurement to assistant road managements.
Prognostic factors and sites of failure in FIGO Stage I, Grade 3 endometrial carcinoma.

Abstract The results of therapy and patterns of failure were analyzed for 60 patients with Stage I, Grade 3 endometrial cancer seen at Yale-New Haven Hospital between 1960 and 1980. Fifty-eight patients were treated with a combination of surgery and radiation; one was treated with surgery only; and one received radiation only. The overall absolute 5-year survival rate was 72.9% with poorer prognosis noted for patients greater than 65 years of age, older at time of their menopause, and with Stage IA disease. Of the 14 patients who recurred, distant sites were involved in 93% (1314), with the lung the most common site of distant failure (514), followed by the upper abdomen (414). Pelvic sites were involved in 43% (614) of the treatment failures. The use of pelvic external beam radiation resulted in a reduction in pelvic recurrences, but did not improve overall survival. The predominance of distant failures despite pelvic radiation suggests the possibility of early vascular and transcoelomic spread in Stage I, Grade 3 endometrial adenocarcinomas. Thorough exploration of the upper abdomen, paraaortic nodes, and the obtaining of pelvic washings for cytology at the time of initial surgery, are recommended in addition to chest CT scans to help identify those patients with occult metastases. Prospective randomized trials in Stage I, Grade 3 patients employing adjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and/or whole abdominal-pelvic radiation, should be considered in an attempt to improve survival in high-risk patients.
Frankenstein and the subversion of the masculine voice

(1992). Frankenstein and the subversion of the masculine voice. Women's Studies: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 307-322.
Quantitative Security Metrics: Unattainable Holy Grail or a Vital Breakthrough within Our Reach?

It's long been well understood that you can calculate useful estimations of systems' reliability against accidental failure. It's also well understood that trying to calculate systems' level of security against possibly intelligent, determined, well-funded, and creative adversaries is a far greater challenge. Nevertheless, even a less-than-perfect predictive capacity, if its limitations are respected, is clearly better than none at all. Without promising perfection, such a capacity would offer crucial support to decision making that impacts system security.