cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thinking and Deciding: PROBABILITY AND BELIEF

Practically all thinking involves beliefs in some way. We make decisions on the basis of beliefs about the outcomes of each option. If I want to drive to the city, I choose my route according to my beliefs about speed and safety. When we think about the strengths of our goals, such as the relative importance of speed and safety, we do this as well on the basis of beliefs, for example, beliefs about what it would feel like to have an automobile accident. Beliefs themselves can be the objects of thought. I can think about how much the construction on the expressway is likely to slow me down, given that it is Saturday afternoon. (Is there a sports event in town?) Part II explores three major approaches to the analysis of belief formation: probability theory, the theory of hypothesis testing, and the theory of correlation. It concludes with a chapter on biases in belief formation in general. Probability theory (Chapter 5) is a normative theory for evaluating numerically the strengths of our beliefs in various propositions. Like logic, it is a theory of inference, but unlike logic, it concerns degrees of belief rather than certainty. In Chapter 6, we shall see that our belief strengths, as manifest in our judgments of probability, violate this normative model seriously. It is not just that our numbers are not exactly correct. They are often systematically out of order.
Biochemical studies on the induction of chloroplast development in Euglena gracilis. 3. Ribosome metabolism associated with chloroplast development.

Abstract Comparing the ultracentrifugal pattern of ribosomes for dark- and light-grown Euglena provides no evidence for a separate species of cytoplasmic ribosomes associated with the induction of chloroplast development. The chloroplasts themselves, however, contain ribosomes which differ in their sedimentation coefficients from those of the cytoplasm. Ribosomes and polysomes isolated from cells which were pulse-labeled with 32 P 1 do not show any appreciable incorporation of radioactivity. The radioactivity appears to reside solely in the lighter RNA fraction, presumably messenger RNA (mRNA). If cells were incubated in unlabeled medium following the 32 P 1 pulse, the radioactivity in the light RNA fraction disappeared with the concomitant appearance of radioactivity in the polysome fraction, but without concomitant appearance of radioactivity in the ribosomes. It is concluded that the induction of chloroplast development initiates the synthesis of new mRNA but not of new ribosomes. On the basis of this and previous data, a modified scheme for chloroplast induction and development has been formulated.
THE KINETICS OF TRYPSIN DIGESTION V. SCHUTZ'S RULE.

The rate of digestion of concentrated casein solutions by low concentrations of trypsin at 0 degrees has been followed. Under these conditions the enzyme is inhibited by the product of the reaction and under certain conditions this effect should lead to Schutz's rule, i.e. the amount of hydrolysis should be proportional to the square root of the product of the time into the enzyme concentration. This is the result obtained. Both Schutz's rule and Arrhenius' equation fail to hold accurately owing to the incorrect relation assumed to hold between the rate of hydrolysis and the substrate concentration.
Skeletal Changes Following Irradiation of Childhood Tumors

Skeletal aberrations may develop in patients who survive childhood tumors treated with radiotherapy. In our series of fifty-one children with Wilms' tumor and forty-six with neuroblastoma, nineteen and thirteen, respectively, survived after surgical and radiation therapy. Of these, twenty-eight patients were available for critical follow-up study three to twenty-four years after treatment. In addition, three other patients treated for retinoblastoma, a hemangiolymphangioma of the lower extremity, and a hemangioma of the wrist, respectively, are included in this study because of interesting skeletal changes following irradiation. The skeletal sequelae observed were changes in the vertebral bodies, scoliosis, hypoplasia of the ilium and rib cage, osteocartilaginous exostoses, epiphyseal destruction with limb-length discrepancy and deformity, and postirradiation sarcoma. These complications of radiotherapy were related to the age of the patient, the nature of the primary disease, and the amount and quality of the radiation administered. Because of such changes, it is our belief that all children treated with radiation should be followed carefully during their skeletal growth. Finally, it must be re-emphasized that these injurious effects should not obscure the significant role that radiotherapy played in the survival of these patients.
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and skeletal health.

This minireview on skeletal biology describes the actions of prostaglandins and cytokines involved in the local regulation of bone metabolism, it documents the role of lipids in bone biology, and i...
Genetic variation in expression of defense phenotype may mediate evolutionary adaptation of Asclepias syriaca to elevated CO2

How species interactions may modify the effects of environmental change on evolutionary adaptation is poorly understood. Elevated CO2 is known to alter plant–herbivore interactions, but the evolutionary consequences for plant populations have received little attention. We conducted an experiment to determine the effects of elevated CO2 and herbivory by a specialist insect herbivore (Danaus plexippus) on the expression of constitutive and induced plant defense traits in five genotypes of Asclepias syriaca, and assessed the heritability of these traits. We also examined changes in relative fitness among plant genotypes in response to altered CO2 and herbivory. The expression of plant defense traits varied significantly among genotypes. Elevated CO2 increased plant growth and physical defenses (toughness and latex), but decreased investment in chemical defenses (cardenolides). We found no effect of elevated CO2 on plant induction of cardenolides in response to caterpillar herbivory. Elevated CO2 decreased the expression of chemical defenses (cardenolides) to a different extent depending on plant genotype. Differential effects of CO2 on plant defense expression, rather than direct effects on relative fitness, may alter A. syriaca adaptation to changing climate.
1317 THE PERINAIAL/NEONATAL PROFILE OF SUBARACHNOID HEMOR RHAGE (SAH)

One-hundred and four neonates with SAH diagnosed by CT scan within the first week of life admitted to the NICU over a 34 month period were studied. Mean birthweight and gestational age were 3110gm (range 1659-5290) and 38.7 weeks (31-42) respectively. Abnormal fetal heart tracings preceded delivery in 29/104 (27.8%) and resulted in 22 emergency c-sections. Mean one and five minute Apgar scores were 5.4 and 7.1 respectively. One-third had an Apgar of ≤3 at one minute and one-half of these neonates still were ≤3 at five minutes. Ninety-three (89%) were symptomatic with over one-third exhibiting more than one symptom. These included apnea and bradycardia (42%), seizures (36%), hypotonia-lethargy (30%), cyanosisdusky spells (20%). Onset of symptoms occurred within 24 hours of birth in 2/3 while the remainder became symptomatic between 24 and 48 hours. Follow-up CT scans performed in 28 infants showed a normal or resolving scan in all but one who developed posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and brain atrophy. The other infants followed during the first year showed no clinical evidence of hydrocephalus. Apneic and/or bradycardic spells, seizures, lethargy and unexplained cyanotic episodes occurring in term infants within 48 hours of birth associated with a history of fetal distress or perinatal asphyxia are characteristic of SAH. Follow-up CT scans and clinical evaluation demonstrate rapid resolution without PHH in most infants.
Attempts to alter the genetically expected caries activity in rats by manipulation of the oral flora.

Abstract Inoculation of the mouths of Harvard caries-resistant rats with faeces from caries-active Harvard caries-susceptible rats, Hunt-Hoppert caries-susceptible rats or sialoadenectomized Harvard caries-resistant rats had relatively little accelerating influence on the dental caries activity of the Harvard resistants. Small increases in dental caries experience were observed in some inoculated groups and none in others. Inoculation of the mouths of Hunt-Hoppert caries-resistant rats with faeces from caries-active Harvard or Hunt-Hoppert caries-susceptible rats led to modest increases in caries activity. These levels of caries activity in 250 days approached those expected for caries-susceptible rats in 80 days. These data indicate that the caries-resistance of the Hunt-Hoppert rats can be overcome more readily by the transmission of appropriate micro-organisms than the caries-resistance of Harvard rats. The caries activity of Harvard caries-susceptible rats can be reduced dramatically by the continuous administration of 0.05% penicillin in the diet. The feeding of this penicillin-supplemented diet for the first 14–28 days only of an experiment led to significant reductions in caries activity over a normal caries assay period. The use of the supplemented diet as infrequently as 1, 2 or 3 days per week also led to significant decreases in dental caries experience. Depression of the oral flora of Harvard caries-susceptible females during the reproductive cycle by either penicillin administration or by the extraction of all molars did not lead to dramatic reductions in dental caries activity among their offspring.
Evidence for chemisorption site selection based on an electron-donor mechanism

Abstract The orientation of NH3 chemisorbed on the Ni(110) surface indicates that an electron-donor-type adsorbate will choose electropositive ridge atom si
Stereotactic body radiation therapy for curative treatment of adrenal metastases

The detection of oligometastatic adrenal metastases is increasing and there are limited data supporting the use of curative intent stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) to treat patients with limited metastatic disease with adrenal involvement. Therefore, we utilized a prospectively maintained database of consecutive patients treated with SBRT for limited metastatic disease (<5 sites) to identify patients with adrenal metastases. Patients were either treated on a three-fraction dose escalation protocol or a ten fraction off-protocol regimen. Outcomes including treated-metastasis control (TMC), distant control (DC), and overall survival (OS) were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Ten patients with 13 adrenal metastases were identified for this case series. The median follow-up was 14.9 months. No patient experienced grade 3 toxicity. The most common grade 1–2 acute toxicities were fatigue (80%) and GI toxicity (40%). One patient experienced late grade 2 adrenal insufficiency. Overall, the 1-year ...
The tyranny of distance: Redefining relevant dyads

Investigation of the causes of war requires analysis of the characteristics and behavior of only those dyads of countries that are potential belligerents. Several scholars have offered rules for delineating such “relevant dyads”. One common element of such rules is contiguity. A second common element is major power status. Any dyad involving either contiguous states or a major power is defined as relevant. Such definitions of relevant dyads are simple and useful. Nevertheless, I contend that some contiguous dyads are not relevant to study of the causes of war, while some non‐contiguous dyads are relevant. For example, Israel and Iraq are neither contiguous, nor major powers. With existing definitions this dyad is not deemed relevant. I offer an operational definition of relevant dyads that delineates which dyads are proximate enough in terms of distance and terrain to be potential war fighters, regardless of major or minor power status. Adapting existing work on the loss‐of‐strength gradient, I argue that...
The Apollonian metric: limits of the comparison and bilipschitz properties

The Apollonian metric is a generalization of the hyperbolic metric. It is defined in arbitrary domains in ℝn. In this paper, we derive optimal comparison results between this metric and the jG metric in a large class of domains. These results allow us to prove that Euclidean bilipschitz mappings have small Apollonian bilipschitz constants in a domain G if and only if G is a ball or half-space.
The biomacromolecule-nanoparticle interface

The wide variety of core materials, coupled with the ability to engineer their surface properties, make monolayer-protected nanoparticles (NPs) excellent scaffolds for targeting biomacromolecules. In this review, we focus on recent advances in NP-biomacromolecule interactions, highlighting the control of biomacromolecule structure and function through engineered interactions with NP surfaces.
Simulation Tests of FCFS and SPT Sequencing in Kanban Systems

One of the basic tenets of scheduling theory is that the SPT sequencing rule maximizes average production rates and minimizes average in-process inventories. This paper shows that on single-card kanban-controlled lines FCFS often has greater average production rates than SPT. Further, the performance of SPT declines relative to FCFS for larger queue capacities and less frequent material handling. Results for the single-card system are also compared to those of Berkley and Kiran [1]. In that article it was shown that for two-card systems with periodic material handling, SPT has larger average inventories than FCFS. This paper shows that these surprising results can be attributed to Berkley and Kiran's material-handling mechanism.
The kelch proteins Gpb1 and Gpb2 inhibit Ras activity via association with the yeast RasGAP neurofibromin homologs Ira1 and Ira2.

Summary The G protein-coupled receptor Gpr1 and associated Gα subunit Gpa2 govern dimorphic transitions in response to extracellular nutrients by signaling coordinately with Ras to activate adenylyl cyclase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Gpa2 forms a protein complex with the kelch Gβ mimic subunits Gpb1/2, and previous studies demonstrate that Gpb1/2 negatively control cAMP-PKA signaling via Gpa2 and an unknown second target. Here, we define these targets of Gpb1/2 as the yeast neurofibromin homologs Ira1 and Ira2, which function as GTPase activating proteins of Ras. Gpb1/2 bind to a conserved C-terminal domain of Ira1/2, and loss of Gpb1/2 results in a destabilization of Ira1 and Ira2, leading to elevated levels of Ras2-GTP and unbridled cAMP-PKA signaling. Because the Gpb1/2 binding domain on Ira1/2 is conserved in the human neurofibromin protein, an analogous signaling network may contribute to the neoplastic development of neurofibromatosis type 1.
The Response of a Piscivore (Micropterus salmoides) to a Venomous Prey Species (Noturus gyrinus)

ABSTRACT The tadpole madtom (Noturus gyrinus) is highly prized as bait in the upper Mississippi River valley, where it is marketed as the “willow cat,” yet it has venom glands associated with spines in its pectoral and dorsal fins. The response of a predatory fish to this defense was tested by exposing tadpole madtoms to largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Results were compared to the response by bass to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Each of four bass was used in six trials with madtoms and six trials with minnows. Trials with madtoms and minnows were alternated, and all trials were videotaped. Largemouth bass were just as likely to consume tadpole madtoms as minnows. Bass sometimes took longer to handle and consume tadpole madtoms than minnows, but the likelihood of attack did not change as the number of trials increased. Behaviors that may be associated with discomfort, such as gill flaring and coughing, occurred significantly more often after consumption of madtoms, but bass always seemed...
Programming Flash Memory with boundary scan using general purpose digital instrumentation

This paper details the on-board JTAG programming of a Flash Memory using typical digital test instrumentation found in test systems rather than various boundary scan vendor proprietary hardware. Advantages to this technique, such as reduction in required equipment and reduced integration and support costs, are discussed.
Superinduction of alpha 2u globulin by actinomycin D: evidence for drug-mediated increase in alpha 2u mRNA

Actinomycin D, an inhibitor of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis, increased the hepatic concentration of alpha 2u globulin, an androgen-inducible protein in the rat. Spayed female rats with a marginally induced state of alpha 2u synthesis showed an approximately 5-fold increase in hepatic alpha 2u globulin within 3-6 hr after treatment with actinomycin D. Initial treatment of these animals with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, followed by actinomycin D, resulted within 2-3 hr in a more than 2-fold increase in hepatic alpha 2u globulin compared to animals treated with the androgen alone. In spite of inhibition of hepatic synthesis of poly(A)-containing RNA to less than 25% of control, superinduction with actinomycin D resulted in a parallel increase in the translatable mRNA for alpha 2u globulin. These results showing increase in both alpha 2u globulin and its translatable mRNA after superinduction with actinomycin D support the concept of post-transcriptional repression of alpha2u synthesis.
Partial liquid ventilation in newborn patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia

The authors evaluated the safety and efficacy of liquid ventilation with perfluorocarbon in four newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and severe respiratory failure, who were on extracorporeal life support (ECLS). After 2 to 5 days on the ECLS, perflubron was administered into the trachea until the dependent zone of the lung was filled. The first dose was 6 +/- 1 mL/kg (range, 5 to 8 mL/kg). Gas ventilation of the perflubron-filled lung was performed (partial liquid ventilation). The administration of perflubron was repeated daily for 5 to 6 days, with total cumulative doses of 36 +/- 8 mL/kg (range, 26 to 44 mL/kg). A significant increase in PaO(2) (P = .027 by repeated-measures analysis of variance [ANOVA]), a trend toward an increase in arterial oxygen content (P = .052 by repeated-measures ANOVA), and a significant increase in specific static total pulmonary compliance (P = .007 by repeated-measures ANOVA) were observed after administration of the daily dose of perflubron. PaCO(2) data showed a decreasing trend (P = .08 by repeated measures ANOVA). The authors conclude that perflubron can be safely administered into the lungs of newborn patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and severe respiratory failure, and it may be associated with improvement in gas exchange and pulmonary compliance.
Rehabilitation for young adults with epilepsy and mild intellectual disabilities: results of a prospective study with repeated measurements.

Abstract Purpose A residential rehabilitation program of the Bethel Institute in Germany for approximately three years is offered to young adults with epilepsy and mild intellectual disabilities. Participants aim at epilepsy improvements and want to gain more independence. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of the program and their stability over the course of time. Method Ninety-seven clients completed the program between 1999 and 2011. Data with repeated measurements (T1=four weeks after admission, T2=discharge, T3=at least two years after discharge) were only available for 51 of them. Outcome variables were seizure frequency, carer-ratings on their clients' success, assistance needs after the program (supported housing vs. long-term residential care) and client-ratings on activities of daily living, problems at work, on health-related and on global quality of life (QOL), on life satisfaction and on depression and psychological distress. Results Seizure frequency was significantly reduced, more than half of the clients moved to supported housing. Clients reported improvements in activities of daily living and some aspects of their QOL. These improvements remained constant over at least two years. Baseline data scarcely correlated with outcome measures. Analyses of subgroups demonstrated that changes of client-ratings correspond to changes of external parameters such as seizure frequency and professional assistance. Conclusion Improvements with regard to more independent living, a better seizure control and more favorable self-ratings remained stable over the following years. From a social-welfare point of view, it is especially important that about half of the clients moved to supported housing after the program.
Teach the Children: Education and Knowledge in Recent Children's Fantasy

This paper examines three series centrally concerned with the education of a young witch, wizard, or otherwise magically-marked child. In all of them, the children do acquire the knowledge and understanding required to fulfill their roles, but they do so in spite, not because, of any formal schooling.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Income Volatility: Is Riskiness Inherited?

This article examines the intergenerational transmission of income risk. Do risky parents have risky kids? Income volatility—a proxy for income risk—is not observed directly; instead, it must be estimated with substantial error from the time series variability of income. I characterize an income process with individual-specific volatility parameters and estimate the joint distribution of volatility parameters for fathers and for their adult sons. In data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, fathers with higher income volatility have sons with higher income volatility. This finding is correlated with, but far from fully explained by, the intergenerational transmission of risk tolerance and of the propensity for self-employment.
Method of equivalent equations and the parameters of model intermolecular potentials

Using the method of equivalent equations we obtain improved (“true”) values for the parameters of the spherical shell potential for n-pentane.
Transesophageal echocardiography predicts mortality in critically III patients with unexplained hypotension

Objectives. This study sought to determine the prognostic yield and utility of transesophageal echocardiography in critically ill patients with unexplained hypotension. Background. Transesophageal echocardiography is increasingly utilized in the intensive care setting and is particularly suited for the evaluation of hypotension; however, the prognostic yield of transesophageal echocardiography in these patients is unknown. Methods. We prospectively studied 61 adult patients in the intensive care unit with sustained (>60 min) unexplained hypotension. Both transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography were performed, and results were immediately disclosed to the primary physician, who reported any resulting changes in management. Patients were classified on the basis of transesophageal echocardiographic findings into one of three prognostic groups: 1) nonventricular (valvular, pericardial) cardiac limitation to cardiac output; 2) ventricular failure; and 3) noncardiac systemic disease (hypovolemia or low systemic vascular resistance, or both). Primary end points were death or discharge from the intensive care unit. Results. A transesophageal echocardiographic diagnosis of nonventricular limitation to cardiac output was associated with improved survival to discharge from the intensive care unit (81%) versus a diagnosis of ventricular disease (41%) or hypovolemia/ low systemic vascular resistance (44%, p = 0.03). Twenty-nine (64%) of 45 transthoracic echocardiographic studies were inadequate compared with 2 (3%) of 61 transesophageal echocardiographic studies (p Conclusions. Transesophageal echocardiography makes a clinically important contribution to the diagnosis and management of unexplained hypotension and predicts prognosis in the critical care setting.
Differentiation of New Insulin-Producing Cells Is Induced by Injury in Adult Pancreatic Islets

The ability of the adult pancreas to generate new insulin (β) cells has been controversial because of difficulties in unequivocally identifying the precursor population. We recently determined that β cells were generated during development from precursors that expressed the homeodomain-containing transcription factor pancreas duodenum homeobox gene-1 (PDX-1). To investigate whether PDX-1+ stem cells are present in adult pancreas, we examined two animal models of diabetes. One model was produced by injecting adult mice with streptozotocin (SZ), a toxin that produces hyperglycemia due to rapid and massive β cell death. After SZ-mediated elimination of existing IN+/PDX-1+ cells, a population of somatostatin (SOM)+/PDX-1+ cells, a cell type thought to represent an embryonic islet precursor cell, appeared in islets. The appearance of SOM+/PDX-1+ cells was followed in time by the differentiation to SOM+/IN+/PDX-1+cells. SOM+/PDX-1+ cells also appeared in islets of nonobese diabetic mice, a strain of mice in whi...
Rey-osterrieth complex figure performance in healthy, older adults: Relationship to age, education, sex, and IQ

Abstract Despite the widespread use of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RO) in clinical practice and research protocols, minimal information is available regarding the influence of demographic factors and intellectual level on test performance, particularly in older individuals. The purpose of the present study was to provide data regarding the relationship of age, IQ, education, and sex to RO copy, 3-min recall, and percent retention in healthy middle-aged and older individuals. Data were obtained on 91 individuals screened for the absence of significant medical, neurologic, and psychiatric illness. RO performance was most closely associated with age and FSIQ; sex and education were not predictive of RO scores. Significantly poorer RO scores did not emerge until age 70 and older.
The Fifth Column: On Using Operations Research to Fund Operations Research (Economically)

The Preparation for Battle Many, many years ago in a nameless western state there existed a small but feisty operations research program (OR) of the hands-on variety. This program was renowned for requiring students to do real projects in which real costs were reduced and real profits were made. It was not long before this program attracted the attention of one of the educational arms of one of our armed services. A group of officers duly visited the site, looked upon what was going on, and found it good. They then told the director of this program that they could virtually guarantee to send a goodly number of officers to be trained and educated in the mysteries of applied OR every year. Everything went swimmingly until one of the officers mentioned that it was customary that state schools (which this school happened to be) would charge only the in-state tuition for these defenders of our country. This was because they were sent there on permanent-changeof-station orders and therefore were ordered to report there for education. The school administration had no problem with this “military discount;” however, it would require approval at the state level. This meant that a bill would have to be introduced into the legislature specifically exempting these military students from paying the full (large) out-of-state tuition. An understanding member of the legislature was found to introduce the required bill, and in the fullness of time, the bill was scheduled to appear before the feared Joint Budget Committee (JBC).
Proinflammatory role for let-7 microRNAS in experimental asthma.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNAs that target and silence protein coding genes through 3′-UTR elements. Evidence increasingly assigns an immunosuppressive role for miRNAs in immunity, but relatively few miRNAs have been studied, and an overall understanding of the importance of these regulatory transcripts in complex in vivo systems is lacking. Here we have applied multiple technologies to globally analyze miRNA expression and function in allergic lung disease, an experimental model of asthma. Deep sequencing and microarray analyses of the mouse lung short RNAome revealed numerous extant and novel miRNAs and other transcript classes. Similar to mRNAs, lung miRNA expression changed dynamically during the transition from the naive to the allergic state, suggesting numerous functional relationships. A possible role for miRNA editing in altering the lung mRNA target repertoire was also identified. Multiple members of the highly conserved let-7 miRNA family were the most abundant lung miRNAs, and we confirmed in vitro that interleukin 13 (IL-13), a cytokine essential for expression for allergic lung disease, is regulated by mmu-let-7a. However, inhibition of let-7 miRNAs in vivo using a locked nucleic acid profoundly inhibited production of allergic cytokines and the disease phenotype. Our findings thus reveal unexpected complexity in the miRNAome underlying allergic lung disease and demonstrate a proinflammatory role for let-7 miRNAs.
Estrogenic and progestagenic activities coexisting in steroidal drugs: Quantitative evaluation by in vitro bioassays with human cells

Abstract The progestin-specific stimulation of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in cells of the T47D human breast cancer line was applied to the development of a sensitive microtiter plate bioassay for the quantitative evaluation of progestagenic and antiprogestagenic potencies of natural and synthetic compounds. Some of the steroids tested (viz. progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, norethynodrel) behaved as full-agonists, capable of inducing AP activities to the same maximal levels (equal efficacy), while others (norethindrone, gestrinone, R5020, norgestrel, Org OD 14 and its 4-ene metabolite) behaved as partial agonists, eliciting lower maximal effects. Efficacy, EC 50 values (concentrations at which they induce one-half of the maximal response) and “slope factors” serve to characterize agonistic effects. Relative progestagenic potencies among the full-agonists were evaluated by comparing EC 50 concentrations. Several 19-nor synthetic progestins (norethynodrel, norethindrone, Org OD 14 and its 4-ene isomer, dl -norgestrel, levo -norgestrel, RU2323), but none of the tested progestins with the pregnane structure, showed intrinsic estrogenic activity, as evaluated by using a similar in vitro bioassay based on a previously reported estrogen-specific induction of AP in human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells of the Ishikawa Var-1 line. Maximal estrogenic effects of all tested progestins with dual activity were as high as those of estradiol. However, these compounds widely varied in their EC 50 values for estrogenic activity. Consequently, the in vitro bioassays can reveal differences in the ratio of progestagenic and estrogenic activities intrinsic to these compounds. The reduced capability of the partial agonists to exert progestagenic or estrogenic effects on AP expression may reflect an impeded, receptor-mediated action, a mechanism that would also account for their inhibitory effects on the induction of AP activity by full agonists. Partial progestagenic agonists were able to reduce the efficacy of a full agonist to their own partial maximal activity.
Populations with impulsive culling: control and identification

This paper is a numerical study of populations with dispersion (Fickian diffusion) in one or two directions and with a finite number of impulsive culling sites. The intensities and locations of the culling sites are used for optimal control of the population density. The identifications of the model parameters and location of the culling sites are determined from the given population density data. The Levenberg–Marquardt, variation of the simulated-annealing and semilinear-SOR algorithms are used.
Critical examination of Ga2Se3 phase equilibria

Abstract The Ga2Se3 phase equilibria were examined by DTA, X-ray diffractometry, visual observation, and isothermal crystal growth to resolve discrepancies in the reported binary phase diagrams. The Se-rich solid solubility extends to less than 60.5 at. % Se. There is no peritectic transformation at 880°C, nor is there a liquid immiscibility from 75 to 85 at. % Se. The rate of crystal growth influences the incorporation of lattice defects and thus determines which polymorphic form of Ga2Se3 crystallizes from the melt. The preferred liquidus curve from 60 to 100 at. % Se is presented and compared to those reported in the literature.
Poetry and Morphology: Goethe's "Parabase" and the Intensification of the Morphological Gaze

"Siehe er geht vor mir uber / ehe ich's gewahr werde, / und verwandelt sich / ehe ich's merke" (Goethe 12: 7). 1 Goethe chose these words from the Book of Job—from a section in which Job confronts the indescribability of the God of the Old Testament—as the epigraph of his 1817 collection of scientific and morphological studies. As an epigraph, the sentence simply posits a masculine something or someone that poses a challenge to the human perceptual ap- paratus—an indeterminate phenomenon that, just as it makes itself present, generates an awareness of a perceptual and temporal blind spot. The words frame the central problem, and perhaps the structural condition, of the study of morphology: how can one capture a phenomenon—or rather, the origin of phenomenality as such, the Urphanomen—when that which one seeks con- tinually eludes one's grasp? Morphology, as the study of the way in which phenomena change over time, is a science of becoming rather than being. At the core of the morpho- logical enterprise, ontology—if one may even speak of ontology in this con- text—is situated in a gap held open between the perceptual apparatus and the becoming of phenomena, a gap that frustrates the attempts of the subject qua subject to observe phenomena in their temporal totality. Such a gap has little to do with the Kantian split between subjects and things in themselves, but rather, is rooted in the difference between the temporality of human percep- tion and the temporality of phenomena. 2 Whereas morphology unfolds over an expanse of time, human perception—as concentrated in the presence of sensory intuition, or Anschauung—is necessarily temporally focalized. Even if human perception, as manifest in a particular individual, has its own history and its own future possibilities, and is therefore just as morphologically and temporally differentiated as the phenomenon it observes, the temporality of the observing subject and that of the phenomenon never coincide. The central question of morphology then seems to be: how can one observe metamor-
Nuclear design parameters for a monoenergetic neutron source

Abstract The nuclear design parameters in the construction of a monoenergetic laboratory neutron source have been evaluated. The most promising reaction was 13 C( α , n ) 16 0, employing 210P or 242 Cm, that is expected, because of strong emission anisotropy, to yield about 13,000 neutrons/ s-Ci in forward and backward 7% FWHM peaks centered at 6·45- and 4·25 MeV. The peak positions and energy spreads were obtained by use of a graphic-numerical analysis of thin target data. The efficiencies and emission properties of two source configurations are presented and discussed.
Some new Myxosporidia from Plymouth with a proposed new classification of the order.

Four new species of myxosporidian parasites are described from marine fishes from Plymouth: Sinuolinea rebae n.sp., from the urinary bladder of Solea solea; Leptotheca vikrami n.sp., from the gall bladder of Zeus faber; Zschokkella russelli n.sp., from the gall bladder of Gaidropsarus tricirratus and Ciliata mustela; and Zschokkella sturionis n.sp., from the gall bladder of Acipenser sturio.The various terms used in describing the spore of Myxosporidia are reviewed and revised.A new classification is proposed of the order Myxosporidia.I wish to thank the Director of the Marine Biological Association's Laboratory for all the facilities he has enabled me to enjoy during my stay at Plymouth, by dedicating a new species of Zschokkella to him. As a mark of gratitude, and with a deep sense of respect to His Highness the Maharaja of Narsinghgarh State, C.I., I take the liberty of dedicating to him the new species of Leptotheca I have discovered. But for his encouragement and help in the early stages of my career it would have been impossible for me to apply for the India State Scholarship which I now hold. I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to Miss N. G. Sproston for her unfailing help and encouragement during the present studies and am very grateful to her for going through the manuscript critically.
Altered Central μ-Opioid Receptor Binding After Psychological Trauma

Background Functional neuroimaging studies have detected abnormal limbic and paralimbic activation to emotional probes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but few studies have examined neurochemical mechanisms that underlie functional alterations in regional cerebral blood flow. The μ-opioid neurotransmitter system, implicated in responses to stress and suppression of pain, is distributed in and is thought to regulate the function of brain regions that are implicated in affective processing. Methods Here we examined the μ-opioid system with positron emission tomography and the μ-opioid receptor–selective radiotracer [11C] carfentanil in 16 male patients with PTSD and two non-PTSD male control groups, with (n = 14) and without combat exposure (n = 15). Differences in μ-opioid receptor binding potential (BP2) were detected within discrete limbic and paralimbic regions. Results Relative to healthy controls, both trauma-exposed groups had lower μ-opioid receptor BP2 in extended amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and dorsal frontal and insular cortex but had higher BP2 in the orbitofrontal cortex. PTSD patients exhibited reduced BP2 in anterior cingulate cortex compared with both control groups. μ-Opioid receptor BP2 in combat-exposed subjects without PTSD was lower in the amygdala but higher in the orbitofrontal cortex compared with both PTSD patients and healthy controls. Conclusions These findings differentiate the general response of the μ-opioid system to trauma from more specific changes associated with PTSD.
ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE COMPACTION OF METALS AND CERAMICS BY GAS PRESSURES

AbstractTechniques have been developed for the isostatic compaction of metals, cermets, and ceramics with no appreciable variation in density throughout the compacted structure. The temperatures needed are much lower than those normally utilized for sintering, so that a fine-grain, tough structural material can be produced. The starting material may be loose powder, cold-pressed preforms, explosively impacted preforms, coated particles, spherical particles, or vibratory-packed powder.Toxic materials are easily handed. Since the process is quite adaptable to the preparation of complex shapes by direct compaction of powders, components can be produced from the more expensive materials, such as beryllium and tungsten, with a minimum loss of material during processing.
The catalytic oxidation of propylene: II. Iron-based bismuth molybdate catalysts for the partial oxidation of propylene

Abstract Catalysts containing bismuth, molybdenum, and iron were prepared by a slurry method. They were formed by reacting the α-phase of bismuth molybdate i.e., Bi 2 O 3 -3MoO 3 , with Fe(OH) 3 . The catalysts so formed exhibited activity and selectivity comparable to bismuth molybdate for the oxidation of propylene to acrolein. The activity and selectivity of the Bi-Mo-Fe catalysts tested at 400 °C were unchanged after running them under highly reducing conditions or by pretreating them at 800 °C for 12–24 hr. It is suggested that the Bi-Mo-Fe catalysts attain their catalytic behavior from the formation of a distinct chemical compound or structure, formed in the reaction between the α-phase of bismuth molybdate and Fe(OH) 3 .
Treating psychic trauma in children: A preliminary discussion

Treatment techniques for psychic trauma in children are as yet at a very preliminary stage. No generally accepted research study has established one certain technique as standard. Possibilities for treatment of childhood post-traumatic stress disorders cluster into family, group, and individual treatments. Among the individual treatment modalities available, play therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive and behavioral therapies, and medication hold the most promise. A combination of several of these treatments would, in most cases, be the best program available today.
iVIBRATE: Interactive visualization-based framework for clustering large datasets

With continued advances in communication network technology and sensing technology, there is astounding growth in the amount of data produced and made available through cyberspace. Efficient and high-quality clustering of large datasets continues to be one of the most important problems in large-scale data analysis. A commonly used methodology for cluster analysis on large datasets is the three-phase framework of sampling/summarization, iterative cluster analysis, and disk-labeling. There are three known problems with this framework which demand effective solutions. The first problem is how to effectively define and validate irregularly shaped clusters, especially in large datasets. Automated algorithms and statistical methods are typically not effective in handling these particular clusters. The second problem is how to effectively label the entire data on disk (disk-labeling) without introducing additional errors, including the solutions for dealing with outliers, irregular clusters, and cluster boundary extension. The third obstacle is the lack of research about issues related to effectively integrating the three phases. In this article, we describe iVIBRATE---an interactive visualization-based three-phase framework for clustering large datasets. The two main components of iVIBRATE are its VISTA visual cluster-rendering subsystem which invites human interplay into the large-scale iterative clustering process through interactive visualization, and its adaptive ClusterMap labeling subsystem which offers visualization-guided disk-labeling solutions that are effective in dealing with outliers, irregular clusters, and cluster boundary extension. Another important contribution of iVIBRATE development is the identification of the special issues presented in integrating the two components and the sampling approach into a coherent framework, as well as the solutions for improving the reliability of the framework and for minimizing the amount of errors generated within the cluster analysis process. We study the effectiveness of the iVIBRATE framework through a walkthrough example dataset of a million records and we experimentally evaluate the iVIBRATE approach using both real-life and synthetic datasets. Our results show that iVIBRATE can efficiently involve the user in the clustering process and generate high-quality clustering results for large datasets.
8 What are the age-related changes in the spine?

Degenerative changes of the spinal column have long been and continue to be confused with the presence of spinal distress and pain. All parts of the spine undergo degenerative changes as we age. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the degenerative process and its clinical consequences. The disc degenerative process will be discussed; its consequences on the facet joint and osteophyte formation are considered. The prevalence of disc degeneration, the role of physically demanding work and leisure and the interference of spinal deformity is clarified. A section particularly important for the clinician deals with the clinical consequences of the degenerative process in disc herniation, degenerative spondylolisthesis, spondylolysis and stenosis. This chapter tries to put the degenerative changes of the spine into the context of a normal ageing process.
Estimating redshifts for γ-ray bursts

A test of distances to gamma-ray bursters is described that might be done with data from the BATSE experiment on the Gamma Ray Observatory. The test is equivalent to the formulation of the Hubble diagram for galactic redshifts. If the typical redshift of gamma-ray bursters is of the order of unity, the weakest bursts should have softer spectra than the strongest. There is some evidence for such a correlation in the BATSE data. If confirmed, this would provide the first spectroscopic indication that the burst sources lie at cosmological distances. There is also evidence that the redshift effect has been detected in the duration of a subset of the BATSE bursts. If confirmed, this could be evidence that not only the photons but also the light curves are stretched by the cosmological redshift.
Continuous airway access for the difficult extubation: the efficacy of the airway exchange catheter.

BACKGROUND:The American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on the Management of the Difficult Airway regards the concept of an extubation strategy as a logical extension of the intubation process, although the literature does not provide a sufficient basis for evaluating the merits of an extuba
Construction of Four-Dimensional Fermionic String Models

We present a simple set of rules for constructing ultraviolet-finite closed-fermionic-string models. In particular, the method easily gives four-dimensional models which possess $N=1$ super-symmetry, chiral fermions, and phenomenologically interesting gauge groups.
The National Practitioner Data Bank: History and Data

Abstract The purpose of this manuscript is to provide the reader with an overview of the historical development of the National Practitioner Data Bank and then to compare the malpractice cases that have closed in the past 20 years with the current trend of the past 5 years. These data provide insight into areas that nurse practitioners might wish to focus on in an attempt to keep malpractice claims as low as possible.
Boron deprivation alters rat behaviour and brain mineral composition differently when fish oil instead of safflower oil is the diet fat source.

AbstractPrimary objective : To determine whether boron deprivation affects rat behaviour and whether behavioural responses to boron deprivation are modified by differing amounts of dietary long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Research design : Female rats were fed diets containing 0.1 mg (9 μmol)/kg boron in a factorial arrangement with dietary variables of supplemental boron at 0 and 3 mg (278 μmol)/kg and fat sources of 75 g/kg safflower oil or 65 g/kg fish (menhaden) oil plus 10 g/kg linoleic acid. After 6 weeks, six females per treatment were bred. Dams and pups continued on their respective diets through gestation, lactation and after weaning. Between ages 6 and 20 weeks, behavioural tests were performed on 13–15 male offspring from three dams in each dietary treatment. The rats were euthanized at age 21 weeks for the collection of tissues and blood. Methods and procedures : At ages 6 and 19 weeks, auditory startle was evaluated with an acoustic startle system and avoidance behaviour was evaluated by usin...