cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extended stochastic FEM for diffusion problems with uncertain material interfaces

This paper is concerned with the prediction of heat transfer in composite materials with uncertain inclusion geometry. To numerically solve the governing equation, which is defined on a random domain, an approach based on the combination of the Extended finite element method (X-FEM) and the spectral stochastic finite element method is studied. Two challenges of the extended stochastic finite element method (X-SFEM) are choosing an enrichment function and numerical integration over the probability domain. An enrichment function, which is based on knowledge of the interface location, captures the C 0-continuous solution in the spatial and probability domains without a conforming mesh. Standard enrichment functions and enrichment functions tailored to X-SFEM are analyzed and compared, and the basic elements of a successful enrichment function are identified. We introduce a partition approach for accurate integration over the probability domain. The X-FEM solution is studied as a function of the parameters describing the inclusion geometry and the different enrichment functions. The efficiency and accuracy of a spectral polynomial chaos expansion and a finite element approximation in the probability domain are compared. Numerical examples of a two-dimensional heat conduction problem with a random inclusion show the spectral PC approximation with a suitable choice of enrichment function is as accurate and more efficient than the finite element approach. Though focused on heat transfer in composite materials, the techniques and observations in this paper are also applicable to other types of problems with uncertain geometry.
Group Techniques for Idea Building

Foreword - James Kunde Techniques of Choice Nominal Group Technique Ideawriting Delphi and the Mail Questionnaire Interpretive Structural Modeling Reviewing and ISM Product Coping with a Large Number of Elements in an ISM Using a Subordinate Relation in an ISM The Role of a Process Observer Linking Techniques Criteria Beyond Techniques
The Congruence of International Children's Rights and Feminist Principles as a Foundation for Therapy with Young People

SUMMARY The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, an international treaty that supports and protects humans under age eighteen, embodies several principles that are useful in guiding mental health treatment with young people. Here we summarize relevant tenets of the Convention and offer an analysis regarding its relevance to feminist therapy. Topics covered include participation and limited self-determination, privacy and autonomy, supportive community, access to information and care, least restrictive environment, and access to protection and recovery assistance. We then deconstruct the apparent assumptions underlying the Convention through a feminist, post-modern, social constructionist perspective. We conclude that the Convention offers a useful vision for work with children and is consistent in some ways with feminist-informed practice, although attention must be given to factors about which the Convention is silent, including gender, privilege, and assumptions regarding family, child,...
SIR‐B iceberg observation

The Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR) made its second flight (called SIR-B) in October 1984. Among the 44 science projects that it was due to support were two ice-related studies, one concerning the behavior of the sea ice of the southern ocean pack and marginal ice zones and another concerning the detectability of icebergs and other navigational hazards off the east coast of Canada. The southern ocean sea ice team was led by F. Carsey of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, Calif., and consisted of B. Holt (JPL), S. Martin (University of Washington, Seattle), L. Mc-Nutt (Radarsat, Ottawa), D.A. Rothrock (Polar Science Center, Seattle), W.F. Weeks (U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, N.H.), and V. Squire (Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS), Ottawa); the iceberg team was led by A.L. Gray (CCRS) and consisted of J.Princz, C.E. Livingstone, R.K. Hawkins, M. Wong (all of CCRS), D. Pearson (Petro-Canada Exploration, Calgary, Canada), J. Gower (Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sydney, Canada), T.F. Mullane, and R.O. Ramseier (both of the Atmospheric Environment Service, Ottawa). As it happened, the SIR-B mission experienced difficulty with its data link to a geostationary relay satellite and with the SIR-B radar transmitter, with the consequences that the total amount of data taken was only about one fifth of what was planned and that the data quality was impaired in comparison to what had been anticipated. The result was that no iceberg synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images off the Canadian coast and very limited sea ice SAR images in the southern ocean were acquired; however, a few interesting SAR images of the southern ocean icebergs were acquired, and a few of these are shown in Figure 1.
Multicultural Mentoring to Increase Black Male Representation in Gifted Programs

This article explores factors that affect the decision of gifted Black males to participate in gifted programs. Ford (1996) maintains that Black students often “choose” not to participate in gifted...
ONSET OF PROPAGATION OF PLANAR CRACKS IN HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA

The dynamics of planar crack fronts in hetergeneous media near the critical load for onset of crack motion are investigated both analytically and by numerical simulations. Elasticity of the solid leads to long range stress transfer along the crack front which is non-monotonic in time due to the elastic waves in the medium. In the quasistatic limit with instantaneous stress transfer, the crack front exhibits dynamic critical phenomenon, with a second order like transition from a pinned to a moving phase as the applied load is increased through a critical value. At criticality, the crack-front is self-affine, with a roughness exponent $\zeta =0.34\pm 0.02$. The dynamic exponent $z$ is found to be equal to $ 0.74\pm 0.03$ and the correlation length exponent $\nu =1.52\pm 0.02$. These results are in good agreement with those obtained from an epsilon expansion. Sound-travel time delays in the stress transfer do not change the static exponents but the dynamic exponent $z$ becomes exactly one. Real elastic waves, however, lead to overshoots in the stresses above their eventual static value when one part of the crack front moves forward. Simplified models of these stress overshoots are used to show that overshoots are relevant at the depinning transition leading to a decrease in the critical load and an apparent jump in the velocity of the crack front directly to a non-zero value. In finite systems, the velocity also shows hysteretic behaviour as a function of the loading. These results suggest a first order like transition. Possible implications for real tensile cracks are discussed.
Thorotrast-Induced Angiosarcoma Complicated by Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia: Case Report and Review

Thorium dioxide was first used for radiographic imaging studies as early as 1915. Carcinogenesis was clearly established by the 1940s, such that by 1956 worldwide usage had ceased. Malignancies were noted to appear from 15 to 45 years after injection. A case of thorotrast-induced hepatic angiosarcoma is presented, which was complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Since multiple medical conditions existed, it was unclear which was primarily responsible for these complications. This is the first reported association between thorotrast-induced malignancy and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The world literature is reviewed.
Foraging effects of cownose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus) along barrier islands of the northern Gulf of Mexico

Large mobile predators are hypothesized to fulfill integral roles in structuring marine foodwebs via predation, yet few investigations have actually examined the foraging behavior and impact of these species on benthic prey. Limited studies from the Cape Lookout system implicate large schooling cownose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus) in the devastation of patches of commercially harvested bay scallop via strong density-dependent foraging behavior during migrations through this estuary. However, despite the extensive Atlantic range of R. bonasus, the pervasiveness of their patch-depleting foraging behavior and thus impact on shellfisheries remains unknown outside of North Carolina waters. To further understand the potential impacts of cownose rays on benthic prey and the role of bivalve density in eliciting these impacts, we conducted exclusion and manipulation experiments at two sites in the northern Gulf of Mexico frequented by rays during spring migrations. Despite a correlation in ray abundance with haustorid amphipod (primary natural prey) density at our study sites, we were unable to detect any effect of rays on amphipod densities. In addition, through manipulation of predator access, we determined the main cause of mortality to manipulated patches of hard clams was predation by smaller predators such as Callinectes sapidus and not cownose rays. While cownose rays consume hard clam in other parts of their range, we suggest rays along northern Gulf of Mexico barrier islands may prefer foraging on smaller and thinner-shelled bivalves (e.g., Donax sp.), as well as more abundant amphipod crustaceans. We caution that these preferences may have reduced our ability to detect effects of rays on manipulated prey, and thus future impact experiments should strongly consider the local diet of these predators and explore novel techniques to estimate effects on small crustaceans. Further synchronized experimentation along basin-wide scales may elucidate the environmental factors that determine the severity of cownose ray foraging impacts across their range.
SPERNER COLLECTIONS ON SETS OF REAL VARIABLES

Let X be a finite set of positive real variables. For each subset A of X, let πA =πXɛA x, and let sm denote the elementary symmetric polynomial of degree m in X. A Sperner collection on X is a family of subsets such that no one contains another. Two unrelated proofs that ΣAɛΓπA/s|A|≤ 1 are provided, where Γ is a Sperner on X, and |A| denotes the cardinality of A. This and other results which represent generalizations of a theorem of E. Sperner are discussed.
Engineering ductile fracture in brittle-matrix composites

This letter describes a newly discovered phenomenon: ductile fracture in cementitious materials. The brittle nature of materials such as concrete and ceramics has prompted the development of various approaches to enhance their fracture toughness. Fibre reinforcement has been the common focus in the toughening of the brittle materials. Two types of fracture have been observed to date in cementitious materials and ceramics: brittle and quasi-brittle fracture. Brittle fracture can be observed, for example, in hardened cement paste material. It is characterized by a very small microcrack zone at the crack tip (Fig. la), typically of submillimetre scale, low fracture energy of the order of 0.01 kJm -2, and a linear load versus load-point displacement curve from a fracture test. Quasi-brittle fracture can be observed in concrete and in most fibre-reinforced cements or concretes (FRC). It is characterized by a bridging process zone in addition to the small microcrack zone at the crack tip (Fig. lb). The bridging action provides additional energy absorption through aggregate and/or ligament bridging in concrete, and through fibre bridging in FRC, in the wake of the crack front. For quasi-brittle materials the fracture energy extends a large range, from 0.1 kJm -2 in concrete to several kJ m -z in the case of FRC. Correspondingly, the process zone size extends from the mm scale to the cm scale. The load versus load-line displacement curve from a fracture test may involve a small non-linear region near the peak load, with a significant post-peak tension-softening behaviour. Research into quasi-brittle materials in the past decade has been extensive (see, for example [1, 2] for a recent collection of papers on the subject). It must be mentioned that the classification of the fracture characteristics for cementitious materials described above may also be applicable to current monolithic and fibre-reinforced ceramics.
Art Education In a Network Ontology: Seeing Non-Humans

A proliferation of objects populate classroom spaces, the newest include a long list of innovative technologies, but their presence is characterized by their instrumentality. This paper presents a shift in this thinking to one where objects are seen as heterogeneous contributors to learning and teaching. Student practices within networked computing are changing how they form connections with peers, perceive boundaries, and negotiate diverse modalities as creators. The overwhelming visual nature of these various technologies provides opportunities for a visual culture pedagogy of art education to build critical foundations in investigations of visuality and may provide insights to participation through these multimedia platforms. In trying to understand these opportunities, this paper focuses on developing an analysis of the network ontology of art education through the methodology of actor-network theory (ANT). This analysis repositions visual technologies, particularly Adobe Photoshop, beyond their instrumentality to a reconceptualization as collaborators within human-technology interactions to more fully comprehend their affordances, gaps, and hegemonies. It is an investigation of a network ontology focusing on bringing symmetry to human and non-human actors in social formations, following the effects of translation, and working through the assemblage of social ontologies to better understand their contributions to human-technology collaborations.
The accidental journalist: shifting professional boundaries in the wake of Leonardo DiCaprio's interview with former President Clinton

ABC asked actor Leonardo DiCaprio to interview former President Bill Clinton on the environment as part of an Earth Day special that aired on the network in April 2000. In this textual analysis, I apply Thomas Gieryn's work on professional boundary building and Erving Goffman's theories on front‐ and back‐stage behavior to explore the controversy caused by DiCaprio's interview. Journalists at first criticized ABC News for asking an actor to do a journalist's job. They decried the DiCaprio interview as a further encroachment of entertainment into news. But as coverage progressed, print reporters began to portray experienced broadcast journalists as out of touch—as members of the “old guard”. They attacked scholars and other journalists who pointed out the blurring of the news–entertainment boundary. They were made members of what one writer called the “journalism police”. Print reporters covering the DiCaprio controversy concluded that broadcast journalism was a lost cause. What followed was a fight over c...
Can we ensure the safe use of known human teratogens?: The iPLEDGE test case.

The prescription of known teratogenic medications requires a careful balance between allowing women access to medications that they might need and avoiding unnecessary exposure to these medications during pregnancy because of their devastating fetal effects. Isotretinoin, a potent human teratogen, is of particular concern because of its widespread use among reproductive-aged women and the dramatic increase in use from 1992 through 2000. A revised risk management system was implemented in 2002 because of concerns about the continued occurrence of isotretinoin-exposed pregnancies. However, the recent approval of three generic versions of isotretinoin in the US has further complicated risk management and raises concerns that use might increase further if the lower cost of generics serves to increase accessibility. There are now four separate isotretinoin risk management systems in the US, each with its own distinct packaging, though the requirements for and substance of each are identical. Some additional concrete steps could be taken to minimise any unnecessary use of isotretinoin and help allow an adequate assessment of the current risk management systems. In addition to being familiar with and following all aspects of the current risk management system, physicians could choose to limit the use of isotretinoin to those who meet the labelled indications in order to reduce the number of exposed pregnancies. All four companies currently marketing isotretinoin in the US could jointly and voluntarily establish a consolidated, mandatory registration and follow-up of all women of reproductive potential who receive an isotretinoin prescription. Mandatory registration has many challenges, but it could allow a clear accounting of the total number of women for whom follow-up information is and is not available. Although the companies cannot be legally compelled to use a consolidated approach, the use of a single registry for the originator’s product and all generic brands would allow identification of duplicates and also avoid the confusion that is introduced by providing materials that not only look different, but also have different addresses, contact information and names for participation in follow-up surveys. This is particularly important because women might take more than one version of isotretinoin during a single course of therapy or might receive a different programme’s materials from their doctor than from the pharmacy. Though the introduction of generic versions of isotretinoin further complicates risk management, the companies marketing isotretinoin have an opportunity to work together to demonstrate their commitment to both limit the occurrence of exposed pregnancies and conduct a meaningful evaluation of the occurrence of pregnancies exposed to isotretinoin.
Use of gel-well culture chambers as a liquid culture system to measure responses of hematopoietic colony-forming cells to growth factors

This report presents the results of an investigation in which Gel-Well culture chambers were evaluated for their utility as a liquid culture assay system to measure the responses of hematopoietic colony-forming cells (CFC) to recombinant and cell-derived growth factors. Gel-Wells, designed for anchorage-independent cell growth and diffusion of media components, permitted the weekly replacement of media and growth factors without removing cells from the culture chambers. In these studies, changes in cellularity and CFC content in Gel-Well cultures of human umbilical cord blood cells induced by recombinant interleukin 3 (rIL-3) were quantified. After one week in culture without rIL-3, the number of erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-e) had decreased to 25 +/- 38% of pre-values. In contrast, addition of rIL-3 induced an increase in the number of BFU-e to 390 +/- 135% of pre-values. By three weeks with rIL-3, the number of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-gm) had increased to 292 +/- 58% of pre-values. Also, the presence of a bone marrow stromal cell layer under the Gel-Well helped to maintain the survival of CFC in liquid culture. These studies demonstrated that Gel-Well culture chambers provide a useful liquid culture system for studying the responses of CFC to growth factors.
An improved maximum likelihood approach to image reconstruction using ordered subsets and data subdivisions

Iterative algorithms such as maximum likelihood expectation maximization (ML-EM) algorithm are rapidly becoming the standard for image reconstruction in emission computed tomography. The maximum likelihood approach provides images with superior noise characteristics compared to conventional filtered backprojection algorithm. A major drawback of the iterative image reconstruction methods is their high computational cost. In this paper, we develop a new algorithm called the improved ordered subset expectation maximization (IOS-EM) algorithm. This algorithm modifies the number of projections in each subset and the step size (i.e., the relaxation factor) for each iteration in order to recover various frequency components in early iteration steps. In the method presented in this paper, the number of projections in a subset increases and the step size decreases after each iteration. In addition, pixel data are grouped into subdivisions to accelerate image reconstruction. Experimental results show that the IOS-EM algorithm can provide high quality reconstructed images at a small number of iterations.
Crime and Racial Composition in Contiguous Communities as Negative Externalities: Prejudiced Household's Evaluation of Crime Rate and Segregation Nearby Reduces Housing Values and Tax Revenues

. How the level of amenities in surrounding communities affects the residential location decisions of households is considered. The amenities specifically taken into account are the crime and racial composition of the household's community and the contiguous communities. The theory of the household's valuation of neighborhood amenities through a housing value equation is expanded to include how the household's valuation of amenities is affected by the amenities in surrounding areas. An empirical model using data for 71 suburban communities in the Chicago Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area is specified to measure the simultaneous interaction between housing values, crime, and police effort. A revenue equation is included to determine how the household's valuation of crime and racial composition could affect the community's revenue-raising ability. The empirical results indicate that the crime and racial composition of surrounding communities as well as within the household's community have a statistically significant negative effect on housing values. While the magnitude of the effect is small, the empirical results suggest that households consider the crime rate and racial composition of surrounding communities as negative externalities.
Tracheobronchial Injuries Caused by Blunt Trauma

Tracheobronchial injuries, once rare complications of blunt trauma to the anterior neck and chest, are becoming more common. Traffic accidents account for most of these injuries. There are several possible mechanisms for airway rupture, the site of which is dictated by the location of the trauma and the points of airway fixation. The vast majority of cervical tracheal injuries occur above the fourth tracheal ring, whereas thoracic tracheal and bronchial lesions tend to occur in the vicinity of the carina. The presence of respiratory distress and signs of air leak, such as subcutaneous emphysema and persistent pneumothorax despite thoracostomy tube drainage, characterize many of these injuries. In some patients, however, the paucity of clinical findings leads to a delay in diagnosis until a late complication, such as lung collapse or suppuration; occurs. Flexible bronchoscopy remains the most valuable tool for diagnosis. Early surgical repair is recommended except for some minor injuries, which can be mana...
Toward a Balanced Approach: Defining Police Roles in Responding to Domestic Violence

Responding to domestic violence poses unique challenges to law enforcement officers. Prior research has focused on issues such as officer safety and arrest policies but overlooked a critical component—the officers’ perception of their role in responding to domestic violence incidents. This study explores how police officers define their roles through the use of focus group interviews with detectives assigned to a domestic violence unit. Findings include the identification of three role perspectives. Recommendations for a more balanced approach of these role perspectives in responding to domestic violence crimes through the use of more effective training, supervision, and evaluation are proposed.
A spatial-temporal imputation technique for classification with missing data in a wireless sensor network

We have developed a novel method to estimate missing observations in wireless sensor networks. We use a hierarchical unsupervised fuzzy ART neural network to represent the data cluster prototypes. We then estimate missing inputs by using a new spatial-temporal imputation technique. We have evaluated this approach through experiments on both real sensor data and artificially generated data. Our experimental results show that our proposed approach performs better than nine other estimation algorithms including moving average and expectation-maximization (EM) imputation.
Effect of β-blockade on left atrial contribution to ventricular filling in dogs with moderate heart failure

Abnormal left ventricular (LV) filling has been observed in patients with heart failure. One feature of this abnormality is a reduction in the left atrial (LA) contribution to filling, a feature that can adversely affect overall LV stroke output. In this study we examined the effects of early, long-term monotherapy with the beta-blocker, metoprolol, on LA contribution to ventricular filling in dogs with moderate heart failure. LV dysfunction (ejection fraction 30 percent to 40 percent) was produced in 14 dogs by multiple, sequential intracoronary microembolizations. Dogs were randomized to 3 months' therapy with metoprolol (25 mg twice daily; n = 7) or to no therapy at all (control; n = 7). Mitral inflow velocity was measured before randomization and after completion of therapy by using pulsed Doppler echocardiography. The percentage of LA contribution to LV filling was calculated as the ratio of the time-velocity integral of the LA component of mitral inflow velocity (Ai) to the time-velocity integral of total diastolic inflow velocity (Ti) times 100. In control dogs, the percentage of LA contribution to filling decreased after 3 months of follow-up compared with that before randomization (14 percent +/- 3 percent vs 23 percent +/- 5 percent; p = 0.02). In contrast, in dogs treated with metoprolol, the percentage of LA contribution to filling increased after 3 months of therapy compared with that before randomization (26 percent +/- 3 percent vs 21 percent +/- 2 percent; p = 0.001). Therapy with metoprolol produced a decrease in LV end-diastolic pressure, end-diastolic wall stress and stiffness, and an increase in LA fractional shortening compared with no therapy at all. We conclude that early, long-term therapy with metoprolol improves LA contribution to LV filling. This beneficial effect is likely caused by the ability of beta-blockers to reduce LA workload and consequently improve LA performance.
Up-regulation of Tumor Susceptibility Gene 101 Protein in Ovarian Carcinomas Revealed by Proteomics Analyses

Small GTPase RAS plays a critical role in cellular signaling and oncogenic transformation. Proteomics analysis of genetically defined human ovarian cancer models identified the tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) as a downstream target of RAS oncogene. Mechanistic studies revealed a novel post-translational regulation of TSG101 through the RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK signaling pathway and downstream molecules p14(ARF)/HDM2. Immunoanalysis using ovarian cancer samples and microtissue array revealed elevated TSG101 levels in human ovarian carcinomas. Silencing of TSG101 by short interfering RNA in ovarian cancer cells led to growth inhibition and cell death. Concurrent with the apparent growth-inhibitory effect, the levels of the CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with ED-rich tail 2 (CITED2) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha), as well as its cellular activity, were markedly reduced after TSG101 knockdown. These results demonstrate that TSG101 is important for CITED2- and HIF-1alpha-mediated cellular regulation in ovarian carcinomas.
NEW WORLD NINE-PRIMARIED OSCINE RELATIONSHIPS: CONSTRUCTING A MITOCHONDRIAL DNA FRAMEWORK

Abstract Historically, a paucity of comparative morphological characters has led to much debate regarding relationships within and among the major lineages of New World nine-primaried oscines. More recently, DNA-DNA hybridization studies have provided novel and testable hypotheses of relationships, although no consensus has been reached. For 40 songbird taxa, we obtained 1,929 base pairs (bp) of DNA sequence from the mitochondrial cytochrome-b (894 bp) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (1,035 bp) genes. Phylogenetic analyses confirm the monophyly of this assemblage as traditionally defined. The lineages delineated historically on morphological grounds are retained; finches (Fringillinae) are sister to a well-supported clade (Emberizinae) containing blackbirds (Icterini), sparrows (Emberizini), wood-warblers (Parulini), tanagers (Thraupini), and cardinal-grosbeaks (Cardinalini). However, each tribe individually is either paraphyletic or polyphyletic with respect to most recent songbird classifications. Our ...
Stochastic Modeling for Velocity of Climate Change

The velocity of climate change is defined as an instantaneous rate of change needed to maintain a constant climate. It is developed as the ratio of the temporal gradient of climate change over the spatial gradient of climate change. Ecologically, understanding these rates of climate change is critical since the range limits of plants and animals are changing in response to climate change. Additionally, species respond differently to changes in climate due to varying tolerances and adaptability. A fully stochastic hierarchical model is proposed that incorporates the inherent relationship between climate, time, and space. Space-time processes are employed to capture the spatial correlation in both the climate variable and the rate of change in climate over time. Directional derivative processes yield spatial and temporal gradients and, thus, the resulting velocities for a climate variable. The gradients and velocities can be obtained at any location in any direction and any time. In fact, maximum gradients and their directions can be obtained, hence minimum velocities. Explicit parametric forms for the directional derivative processes provide full inference on the gradients and velocities including estimates of uncertainty. The model is applied to annual average temperature across the eastern United States for the years 1963– 2012. Maps of the spatial and temporal gradients are produced as well as velocities of temperature change.
Cigarette smoking increases complications following fracture: a systematic review

Background: Smoking has been suggested to increase the rate of perioperative complications including soft-tissue complications, to decrease the rate of fracture union, and to prolong healing time. The purpose of our study was to systematically evaluate and analyze the literature regarding the relationship between smoking and healing following operative treatment of long-bone fractures. Methods: We searched the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases by pairing the search terms “smoking,” “tobacco,” and “nicotine” with the terms “fracture,” “nonunion,” delayed union,” and “healing.” Articles and citations were evaluated for relevance. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were established to maintain data quality for analysis. Relevant information was independently extracted and compared to ensure agreement. The methodological quality of the studies was determined. A random-effects model was used. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and frequency-weighted means for the primary and secondary outcome measures were calculated. Results: Our initial search identified 7110 articles. Of the 237 articles that underwent further evaluation of the abstract, nineteen (seven prospective and twelve retrospective cohort studies) were included. The adjusted OR of nonunion in the smoking group compared with the nonsmoking group was 2.32 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.76 to 3.06; p < 0.001). An increased nonunion rate was observed in smokers with a tibial fracture (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.55 to 3.01; p < 0.001) and those with an open fracture (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.9; p < 0.001). For all fractures, the mean healing time was longer for smokers (30.2 weeks; 95% CI, 22.7 to 37.7 weeks) than for nonsmokers (24.1 weeks; 95% CI, 17.3 to 30.9 weeks) (p = 0.18). Trends toward more superficial and deep infections of postoperative or traumatic wounds in smokers were noted; however, the differences in superficial and deep infection rates were not significant (p = 0.13 and p = 0.33, respectively). Conclusions: Smoking significantly increased the risk of nonunion of fractures overall, tibial fractures, and open fractures. Nonsignificant trends toward increased time to union in all fractures and toward increased postoperative rates of superficial and deep infections were noted in smokers compared with nonsmokers. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Short-latency vergence eye movements induced by radial optic flow in humans: dependence on ambient vergence level.

Yang, D.-S., E. J. Fitzgibbon, and F. A. Miles. Short-latency vergence eye movements induced by radial optic flow in humans: dependence on ambient vergence level. J. Neurophysiol. 81: 945–949, 1999. Radial patterns of optic flow, such as those experienced by moving observers who look in the direction of heading, evoke vergence eye movements at short latency. We have investigated the dependence of these responses on the ambient vergence level. Human subjects faced a large tangent screen onto which two identical random-dot patterns were back-projected. A system of crossed polarizers ensured that each eye saw only one of the patterns, with mirror galvanometers to control the horizontal positions of the images and hence the vergence angle between the two eyes. After converging the subject's eyes at one of several distances ranging from 16.7 cm to infinity, both patterns were replaced with new ones (using a system of shutters and two additional projectors) so as to simulate the radial flow associated with a sudden 4% change in viewing distance with the focus of expansion/contraction imaged in or very near both foveas. Radial-flow steps induced transient vergence at latencies of 80–100 ms, expansions causing increases in convergence and contractions the converse. Based on the change in vergence 90–140 ms after the onset of the steps, responses were proportional to the preexisting vergence angle (and hence would be expected to be inversely proportional to viewing distance under normal conditions). We suggest that this property assists the observer who wants to fixate ahead while passing through a visually cluttered area (e.g., a forest) and so wants to avoid making vergence responses to the optic flow created by the nearby objects in the periphery.
Beneficence, Supererogation, and Role Duty

When people are sick, they need medical treatment; as we often say, they need help. But why do doctors and other medical personnel aid the sick? Is their work an expression of some general duty of beneficence? Is there a form of beneficence which is not a duty but supererogatory? What is the relation of beneficence to other duties?
Relativity and Electrodynamics

This chapter is deliberately not called “relativistic” electrodynamics, because there really has never been a “nonrelativistic” precursor. Maxwell’s theory has always been relativistic in Einstein’s sense, though no one before Einstein realized this. To be precise, the formal transformations (of the coordinates and of the electric and magnetic field vectors) leaving Maxwell’s equations invariant had already been found by Lorentz and others (and this was the origin of the “Lorentz transformations”), but it simply was not understood that these transformations had a physical significance, namely that they related actual measurements made in different inertial frames. Since the physically relevant coordinate transformation was thought to be the Galilean transformation, Maxwell’s theory was in fact thought to be strictly true in only one inertial frame—that of still ether.
Supportive Coparenting Relationships as a Haven of Psychological Safety at the Transition to Parenthood.

Guided by research on psychological safety, the authors used longitudinal survey data from a sample of 182 dual-earner male–female couples to examine the role of supportive coparenting in mediating relations between adult attachment orientations and parenting stress/satisfaction and further considered whether parenting self-efficacy moderated relations between supportive coparenting and parenting stress/satisfaction. Path analyses using IBM SPSS AMOS 22 and bootstrapping techniques indicated that fathers’ (but not mothers’) perceptions of supportive coparenting at 3 months postpartum mediated the associations between their attachment anxiety in the third trimester of pregnancy and their parenting stress and satisfaction at 9 months postpartum. Additional tests of moderation revealed that mothers’ perceptions of greater supportive coparenting were associated with lower parenting stress only when their parenting self-efficacy was low, but fathers’ perceptions of greater supportive coparenting were associate...
Phase diagram of magnetic vortex dynamics

The dynamics of a magnetic vortex are influenced profoundly by nonlinear effects at large and small amplitudes. For example, a strongly driven magnetic vortex is unstable with respect to internal deformation, leading to reversal of its core magnetization. At small amplitudes, a nonlinear response is associated with pinning of the vortex core. Given these phenomena, there is an acute need for a global picture of vortex dynamics over a wide range of excitation amplitudes and frequencies. We have constructed a phase diagram of vortex dynamics in permalloy (Ni${}_{80}$Fe${}_{20}$) disks by probing the response spectrum over four orders of magnitude in excitation power. We identify the boundary separating pinned and unpinned dynamics in a phase space of amplitude and frequency. Our approach allows for a highly quantitative analysis of the pinning potential for localized defects and can be used to trace the dynamics of a single vortex from deep in the pinning regime to the onset of core reversal.
Verhaltensbezogene Notfälle bei Erwachsenen

Verhaltensbezogene Notfalle sind in der Notaufnahme und der prahospitalen Notfallversorgung haufig. Sie gehen mit einem erhohten Risiko einher, dass Patienten und/oder Personal verletzt werden. Zur Gewahrleistung einer angemessenen Abklarung und Behandlung sind spezifische Schulungen notig, zu deren Themen verbale Deeskalationstechniken, der Einsatz von Medikamenten und Fixierungsmasnahmen gehoren. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, verhaltensbezogene Notfalle anhand einer systematischen Literaturubersicht zu definieren und einen Uberblick der Ursachen sowie ihrer Diagnostik zu bieten. Zudem werden Behandlungsstrategien diskutiert. In PubMed wurde auf Publikationen aus den Jahren 1980 bis 2015 zugegriffen. Zur Selektion wurden die folgenden Schlusselworter in englischer Sprache verwendet: verhaltensbezogener Notfall, Agitiertheit, Aggression, psychiatrische Notfalle, Fixierungsmasnahmen und Delir. Die Definition, Diagnostik und Behandlung verhaltensbezogener Notfalle wird in der Ubersicht dargestellt. Auf neue Behandlungsansatze wird im Detail eingegangen. Hierzu gehoren u. a. die Anwendung standardisierter Agitationsskalen zur objektiven Bestimmung der Agitation, verbale Deeskalationsverfahren und der gezielte Einsatz von oraler und parenteraler Medikationen. Verbale Deeskalationstechniken konnen in der Notaufnahme zugig angewendet werden und verhindern haufig eine weitere Verhaltenseskalation. Antipsychotika der zweiten Generation sind den Vertretern der ersten Generation in ihrer Wirksamkeit ebenburtig und haben zudem keine kardialen und extrapyramidalen Nebenwirkungen. In den meisten Fallen akuter Agitiertheit ist ihr Einsatz zu favorisieren. Soweit moglich werden orale Medikamente parenteralen Formen vorgezogen.
Monoclonal Gammopathy in Gaucher's Disease

Abnormalities in serum gamma globulin are un ­ usual in Gaucher's disease. We recently studied tw o patients over 50 years of age with chronic Gaucher's disease wh o developed monoclonal gammopathy. The bone marrow smears of one of the patients demonstrated Gaucher's cells coexisting with mul ­ tiple myeloma plasmablasts.
The First-Grade Transition in Life Course Perspective

A life course perspective prompts a decided shift in how sociologists have traditionally approached issues of schooling and educational attainment. The core assumption of life course theory—that developmental processes and outcomes are shaped by the life trajectories children follow—has increasingly focused attention on cultural differences and socioeconomic variation in school outcomes and redirected attention to the process of schooling. Children, like adults, are socially organized in ways that have strong implications for their life experiences, including those in school. A life course perspective makes it natural to think about life transitions as turning points, and about the social basis of change and continuity through the successive phases of life (see McLeod and Almazan, this volume).
Concussion knowledge among amateur motocross riders

Aim: There has been considerable increase in concussion awareness and risks; however, extreme sports such as motocross have received scant attention. The purpose of this study was to assess concussion knowledge among motocross riders and determine differences based on demographic factors. Methodology & results: 782 motocross riders responded to an Internet-based questionnaire, and participant's knowledge score was 14.3 ± 2.7 out of 20 and symptom recognition was 6.8 ± 1.4 out of 8. Riders who had performed baseline concussion testing or received formal concussion education demonstrated higher knowledge scores. Rider's demographics did not predict outcome measures. Conclusions: Considerable misconceptions and lack of symptom knowledge persist among motocross riders and these results can be used for future interventions to improve concussion reporting.
AC electrokinetics-based capacitive biosensor as a platform technology for on-site detection of biospecific interactions

This chapter demonstrates how AC electrokinetics capacitive sensing method is implemented to monitor protein-protein interactions, as well as to detect various bioparticle binding to an electrode. It is shown as a rapid, sensitive, quantitative and highly accessible approach to various affinity sensing needs. The development and optimization of the assay is also given with respect to AC signal and electrode dimensions.
Ventajas económicas del aprovechamiento del agua lluvia

This paper quantifies some of the economic benefits that a culture of rainwater harvesting could produce in the case of Bogota. The study makes projections of future water needs until 2035, based on local economy and population growth as determining variables of water service needs. It also discusses the appropriateness of promoting water harvesting as a strategy to manage the urgent situation caused by the limitations that climate change would provoke on the water supply of the city. Projected water supply needs for the growing population evidence the need of an increase of 37.6% in the supply capacity of drinking water for the localities that make up the urban area of Bogota. The article concludes that rainwater harvesting would generate significant savings in water and water supply costs for users and for the State.
Site conditions and earthquake ground motion – A review

Abstract Studies of the effects of local site conditions on the amplitudes and duration of strong earthquake ground motion have evolved from observations of earthquake damage to buildings. Such studies have involved different degrees of detail and sophistication in how scaling parameters are defined and used. We review the frequently used scaling parameters with an emphasis on the volume of site geology and site soil they represent, the assumptions of one-, two-, or three-dimensional modeling of the associated wave motions, and a linear versus nonlinear site response. We describe the limitations of using only one site parameter, based on the soil properties in the top 30 m, and discuss how the description of site effects could be refined by increasing the number of descriptive parameters and the extent to which those describe deeper geologic structure.
INTERNET RESOURCES: Astronomy resources on the Web: Sites for the amateur and professional astronomer

Ce guide presente une selection des nombreuses ressources internet gratuites creees par et pour des astronomes, amateurs ou professionnels : metasites, ressources educatives, bases de donnees Web d'astronomie specialisee, sites de laboratoires et de publications prealables, information de recherche et de publication, societes professionnelles, ressources historiques et biographiques, groupes de discussion et canaux de communication.
Parents who refuse or delay HPV vaccine: Differences in vaccination behavior, beliefs, and clinical communication preferences

ABSTRACTBackground: We sought to estimate the national prevalence of HPV vaccine refusal and delay in a nationally-representative sample of parents of adolescents. We also compared parents who refused versus delayed HPV vaccine in terms of their vaccination beliefs and clinical communication preferences. Methods: In 2014 to 2015, we conducted an online survey of 1,484 US parents who reported on an 11- to 17-year-old child in their household. We used weighted multinomial logistic regression to assess correlates of HPV vaccine refusal and delay. Results: Overall, 28% of parents reported that they had ever “refused or decided not to get” HPV vaccine for their child, and an additional 8% of parents reported that they had “delayed or put off getting” HPV vaccine. Compared to no refusal/delay, refusal was associated with lower confidence in adolescent vaccination (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48–0.91), lower perceived HPV vaccine effectiveness (RRR = 0.68, 95% CI, 0.50–0.91)...
Predicting life history parameters for all fishes worldwide

Scientists and resource managers need to know life history parameters (e.g., average mortality rate, individual growth rate, maximum length or mass, and timing of maturity) to understand and respond to risks to natural populations and ecosystems. For over 100 years, scientists have identified "life history invariants" (LHI) representing pairs of parameters whose ratio is theorized to be constant across species. LHI then promise to allow prediction of many parameters from field measurements of a few important traits. Using LHI in this way, however, neglects any residual patterns in parameters when making predictions. We therefore apply a multivariate model for eight variables (seven parameters and temperature) in over 32,000 fishes, and include taxonomic structure for residuals (with levels for class, order, family, genus, and species). We illustrate that this approach predicts variables probabilistically for taxa with many or few data. We then use this model to resolve three questions regarding life history parameters in fishes. Specifically we show that (1) on average there is a 1.24% decrease in the Brody growth coefficient for every 1% increase in maximum size; (2) the ratio of natural mortality rate and growth coefficient is not an LHI but instead varies systematically based on the timing of maturation, where movement along this life history axis is predictably correlated with species taxonomy; and (3) three variables must be known per species to precisely predict remaining life history variables. We distribute our predictive model as an R package, FishLife, to allow future life history predictions for fishes to be conditioned on taxonomy and life history data for fishes worldwide. This package also contains predictions (and predictive intervals) for mortality, maturity, size, and growth parameters for all described fishes.