cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the anticoagulant phenindione. II. Details regarding its administration in two hundred cases.

The use of phenindione (P.I.D.) clinically as an anticoagulant has stemmed from the original findings in animals that indanediones possessed prothrombopenic properties.1,2 Clinical reports3–8 suggest a superiority over bishydroxycoumarin since control is said to be achieved with greater facility as a result of quicker and more transient effect. The finding that Vitamin K1 Emulsion rapidly reverses the effects of phenindione on the coagulation mechanism enhances its potential usefulness.9 The present report based on the routine use in two hundred hospitalized patients confirms the impression that this preparation when properly administered may be used safely and with facility. The properties of P.I.D. in relation to its clinical use are also described.
Metabolic Pathways in Tetrahymena: ESTIMATION OF RATES OF THE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE, GLYOXYLATE CYCLE, LIPID SYNTHESIS, AND RELATED PATHWAYS BY USE OF MULTIPLE LABELED SUBSTRATES

The incorporation of 14C into CO2 from ten labeled substrates: [1-14C]- and [2-14C]acetate; [1-14C]-, [3,4-14C]-, and [5-14C]glutamate; [1-14C]-, [4-14C]-, and [U-14C]aspartate, [1-14C]- and [U-14C]alanine was measured under steady state conditions in Tetrahymena pyriformis cultures at three different stages of growth. The rate of oxygen consumption and the incorporation of 14C from [1-14C]- and [2-14C]acetate into lipid and glycogen were measured under the same conditions. An isotopic and metabolic steady state model of carbon flow through the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the glyoxylate cycle, and the gluconeogenic and lipogenic pathways in Tetrahymena was developed. Fitting of the model to experimental data requires separation of mitochondrial and extramitochondrial pools of aspartate, oxalacetate, malate, and acetyl-CoA, as well as two pools of phosphoenolpyruvate. These structural requirements, necessary to fit the experimental data, were independently justified by information on enzyme compartmentation. By using the data in conjunction with the model quantitative estimates of the flux rates through the major pathways of intermediary metabolism were obtained. The pattern of intracellular flow of metabolites underlying the observed changes in glycogen content and lipid content with culture age are analyzed.
Measuring arc dynamics using a slab coupled optical sensor (SCOS)

Electric arcs are a form of electric discharge through a non-conductive media caused by a high electric potential between two points. The timing of this discharge serves as an important parameter in high pulse power applications and a short discharge time is often desirable. We put together a circuit which operates on the principle of inducing a high voltage pulse on an ignition coil controlled by a MOSFET. Slab coupled optical sensor (SCOS) technology was used to characterize arc dynamics such as the discharge time, charge time, slope of the discharge, and effects of changing spark gap distance. In triggering the spark gap, we were able to characterize the discharge of pulses with times between 100 ms and 170 ns.
Mutations in PIK3CA are infrequent in neuroblastoma.

Background Neuroblastoma is a frequently lethal pediatric cancer in which MYCN genomic amplification is highly correlated with aggressive disease. Deregulated MYC genes require co-operative lesions to foster tumourigenesis and both direct and indirect evidence support activated Ras signaling for this purpose in many cancers. Yet Ras genes and Braf, while often activated in cancer cells, are infrequent targets for activation in neuroblastoma. Recently, the Ras effector PIK3CA was shown to be activated in diverse human cancers. We therefore assessed PIK3CA for mutation in human neuroblastomas, as well as in neuroblastomas arising in transgenic mice with MYCN overexpressed in neural-crest tissues. In this murine model we additionally surveyed for Ras family and Braf mutations as these have not been previously reported.
Validity study of self-reported pesticide exposure among orchardists

Self-reported work histories are often the only means of estimating occupational exposures in epidemiologic research. The objective of this study was to examine the accuracy of recall of historical pesticide use among orchardists. All 185 orchardists in this study had participated previously in a cohort study of men occupationally exposed to pesticides. In that study (1972 to 1976), subjects were interviewed annually and asked to list pesticides used since the last interview. In 1997, 265 of the 440 presumed-living orchardists from the original cohort were successfully recontacted and asked to complete a detailed questionnaire concerning their lifetime use of pesticides; 185 (69.8% of farmers successfully contacted) agreed. Considering the 1972-1976 data as the standard, sensitivity and specificity of recall were calculated for certain pesticides and pesticide categories. Sensitivity of recall was good to excellent (0.6-0.9) for the broad categories of insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, for heavily used chemical classes, such as organophosphates and organochlorines, and for commonly used pesticides; it was lower and more variable (0.1-0.6) for specific pesticides. Recall specificity was greatest (0.7-0.9) for the least used pesticides and chemical classes, such as dithiocarbamates and manganese-containing pesticides, and was generally modest for the rest (0.5-0.6). There was no evidence of selection bias between study participants and nonparticipants. In conclusion, recall accuracy was good for commonly used pesticides and pesticide categories. This level of recall accuracy is probably adequate for epidemiologic analyses of broad categories of pesticides, but is a limitation for detecting more specific associations.
Increased variability in nuclear DNA content of testis cells and spermatozoa from mice with irregular meiotic segregation.

Abstract Variability in DNA content to testis cells and sperm from F 1 hybrids between the laboratory mouse ( M. muscullus ) and the tobacco mouse ( M. poschiavinus ), has been determined by flow cytometry (FMC). The F 1 hybrid mouse is known to be heterozygous for seven metacentric chromosomes produced by Robertsonian fusion. Enriched populations of nuclei from late pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids were obtained by velocity sedimentation. These nuclei, as well as epididymal sperm nuclei and spleen cells, were stained by the acriflavin-Feulgen technique for DNA and measured by FCM. Peaks in the fluorescence intensity frequency distributions resulting from these measurements were analyzed to determine their mean fluorescence intensities and their widths (coefficients of variation). Because mean intensities of corresponding cell types from M. musculus and the F 1 hybrids were identical, the average DNA contents were taken to be the same. The average coefficients of variation of the peaks to fluorescence from the pachytene, spermatid, and sperm nuclei and spleen cells from M. muscullus animals were about 5%. While the peaks of fluorescence from spleen cells and pachytene nuclei from f 1 hybrids also had average coefficients of variation of 5%, post-meiotic nuclei from spermatids and spermatozoa had coefficients of variationof 8%. From these results we conclude that, in these F 1 hybrids, abnormal meiotic segregation causes an increased variability of 6% in the amount of DNA in the spermatozoa.
Research of Experimental Simulation on Aerodynamic Character for Typed Iced Conductor

Abstract The dynamics force of iced-conductor is the driving force of conductor galloping; its variation is depended on the aerodynamic character of iced conductor. The aerodynamic character of iced conductor is the key factor of galloping of iced-conductor, but the result of theoretically analysis and numerical simulation has the certain limited, and it isn’t suited for the requirement of transmission line anti-galloping project. In the paper, basing on the development, research status and the theoretically analysis of iced-conductor aerodynamic character, the simulation tests in wind tunnel of typed iced conductor is stetted up and put into practice for typical shapes, namely, crescent-shaped and D-shaped, under different wind speeds and with different ice thicknesses, and the systemic study is carried into execution. The result of research indicated that the experimental result can not only provide the original date for the galloping analysis, but also validate the affectivity of numerical simulation, support the research of mechanism and control of galloping.
Cetacean brains: How aquatic are they?

The adaptation of cetaceans to a fully aquatic lifestyle represents one of the most dramatic transformations in mammalian evolutionary history. Two of the most salient features of modern cetaceans are their fully aquatic lifestyle and their large brains. This review article will offer an overview of comparative neuroanatomical research on aquatic mammals, including analyses of odontocete cetacean, sirenian, pinniped, and fossil archaeocete brains. In particular, the question of whether a relationship exists between being fully aquatic and having a large brain is addressed. It has been hypothesized that the large, well-developed cetacean brain is a direct product of adaptation to a fully aquatic lifestyle. The current consensus is that the paleontological evidence on brain size evolution in cetaceans is not consistent with this hypothesis. Cetacean brain enlargement took place millions of years after adaptation to a fully aquatic existence. Neuroanatomical comparisons with sirenians and pinnipeds provide no evidence for the idea that the odontocete's large brain, high encephalization level, and extreme neocortical gyrification is an adaptation to a fully aquatic lifestyle. Although echolocation has been suggested as a reason for the high encephalization level in odontocetes, it should be noted that not all aquatic mammals echolocate and echolocating terrestrial mammals (e.g., bats) are not particularly highly encephalized. Echolocation is not a requirement of a fully aquatic lifestyle and, thus, cannot be considered a sole effect of aquaticism on brain enlargement. These results indicate that the high encephalization level of odontocetes is likely related to their socially complex lifestyle patterns that transcend the influence of an aquatic environment.
Bioavailability of Phosphorus from Broiler Litter Ash for Chicks

Abstract Two experiments, each utilizing 180 Peterson × Hubbard male broiler chicks, were conducted to determine the biological value of phosphorus from broiler litter ash as compared with dicalcium phosphate dibasic dihydrate as the standard. The litter ash was produced from the burning of pine shaving-based litter that had been used for the production of one flock of broilers. Three-week body weight and tibia ash measurements were used in nonlinear bioassays to obtain the relative phosphorus biological value of the litter ash. The phosphorus biopotency from litter ash, determined from 3-wk body weight data, was estimated to be 79.1 and 82.9% of the standard in Experiment 1 and 2, respectively. Estimates based on tibia ash values were 77.6% for Experiment 1 and 81.4% for Experiment 2. Both estimates obtained in Experiment 2 were significantly different from the dicalcium phosphate standard.
Bayesian Inference on Periodicities and Component Spectral Structure in Time Series

We detail and illustrate time series analysis and spectral inference in autoregressive models with a focus on the underlying latent structure and time series decompositions. A novel class of priors on parameters of latent components leads to a new class of smoothness priors on autoregressive coefficients, provides for formal inference on model order, including very high order models, and leads to the incorporation of uncertainty about model order into summary inferences. The class of prior models also allows for subsets of unit roots, and hence leads to inference on sustained though stochastically time-varying periodicities in time series. Applications to analysis of the frequency composition of time series, in both time and spectral domains, is illustrated in a study of a time series from astronomy. This analysis demonstrates the impact and utility of the new class of priors in addressing model order uncertainty and in allowing for unit root structure. Time-domain decomposition of a time series into estimated latent components provides an important alternative view of the component spectral characteristics of a series. In addition, our data analysis illustrates the utility of the smoothness prior and allowance for unit root structure in inference about spectral densities. In particular, the framework overcomes supposed problems in spectral estimation with autoregressive models using more traditional model-fitting methods.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced oxidative stress in female rats

Oxidative stress may play a role in the toxic manifestations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Therefore, the time-dependent effects of 100 micrograms TCDD/kg on various indices of oxidative stress including lipid peroxidation. DNA damage, membrane fluidity, calcium homeostasis, nonprotein sulfhydryl content, and NADPH content of hepatic subcellular fractions of female rats were followed for 12 days. Increases in lipid peroxidation of 400-500% occurred in mitochondrial and microsomal membranes and nuclei, with maximum increases occurring 5-6 days post-treatment. Decreases in the nonprotein sulfhydryl content of mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of approximately 80% were observed by Day 12 posttreatment. Membrane fluidity gradually decreased following administration of TCDD, with decreases of 30-40% being observed in mitochondria, microsomes, and plasma membranes. A sharp increase in the incidence of hepatic nuclear DNA single strand breaks was observed 3 days after treatment with an increase of approximately 600% by Day 9. Following the administration of TCDD, increases of 70-80% occurred in the calcium content of mitochondria and microsomes. An 18% increase in cytosolic calcium was present 12 days after the administration of TCDD. Cytosol and mitochondria both exhibited an initial increase in NADPH content following administration of TCDD, but by Day 12 both had decreased to approximately two-thirds of control values. The results clearly demonstrate that TCDD administration induces an oxidative stress in rat liver. The most pronounced effects were observed in membrane lipid peroxidation and DNA damage with gradual changes being observed in calcium and nonprotein sulfhydryl contents and membrane fluidity.
Plasmon dispersion for strong coupling

Abstract The integral equation for the frequency dependent dielectric response function as given by the Golden-Kalman strongly coupled plasma approximation scheme is solved for a one component plasma in the k → 0 limit through a simple hydrodynamical “ansatz” for the response function. The self-consistency requirement appears through algebraic relations for the plasmon dispersion and damping coefficients A(γ) and B(γ).
Intrinsic and effective sensitivities of analysis by X-ray fluorescence induced by protons, electrons, and photons

Abstract The intrinsic analytic sensitivity to trace elements of X-ray fluorescence induced by protons, electrons and photons, defined in terms of an irreducible background and a “perfect” detector, is much lower than that observed with present source strengths. As ion flux densities increase and spatial resolutions improved, the sensitivity is likely to be limited by sample heating and by the Frenkel pair radiation damage. At a proton fluence density of ∼10 20 /cm 2 , the displacement damage is complete; the sample is amorphous. If the fluence density is limited to this value, then, at 1 μm resolution, the ultimate sensitivity of proton induced X-ray analysis will be about one atom of the trace element per million atoms of the host.
Two visual systems.

Visual systems of hamster brain, discussing relative visual localization and discrimination blindness produced by ablation of cortical or tectal areas
Self-ordering in diffusion-controlled reactions: Exciton fusion experiments and simulations on naphthalene powder, percolation clusters, and impregnated porous silica.

Reactive self-ordering is demonstrated for the elementary reaction $A+A\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{product}$ in low-dimensional media, via both simulations and experiments. In one dimension, an effective spacing of excitations is created (order of 10 lattice units). The experimental verification involves excitation-time modulation, a new technique for microstructural studies. Naphthalene-impregnated porous glass (Vycor), naphthalene isotopic alloys, and naphthalene crystalline powder all show the self-ordering effect for triplet exciton annihilation.
Comparing Dentists’ Attitudes and Knowledge Concerning AIDS: Differences and Similarities by Locale

A stratified random sample of 1,351 general practitioners in the continental United States was surveyed to determine dentists' attitudes relevant to treating AIDS/HIV+ patients and knowledge regarding the transmission of HIV infection. Survey results were analyzed nationally and by practice locale: high HIV+ prevalence urban areas, other urban areas, rural areas. While there are differences in fear-related HIV attitudes among GPs in the three locales, they are not present in attitude toward willingness to treat and knowledge of AIDS transmission. For dentistry, such findings in large part refute the National Commission on AIDS charges regarding the treatment of AIDS in rural America.
Quantitation of glycosaminoglycan hexosamine using 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone hydrochloride

Abstract This procedure allows analysis of hexosamine present in glycosaminoglycans under conditions of mild acid treatment. It utilizes the color complex formed by interaction of 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone hydrochloride (MBTH) and the 2,5-anhydrohexoses produced by deamination of hexosamines. Both glucosamine and galactosamine behave equivalently in this assay.
RETHINKING AMERICAN JAIL DEATH RATES: A COMPARISON OF NATIONAL MORTALITY AND JAIL MORTALITY, 1978, 1983

This article provides insights in to the problem of jail deaths in America by drawing upon relevant data from the 1978 and 1983 National Jail Censuses and other official sources. The goal o f the research is to compare national death trends with jail death trends in order to determine (1) if the problem is as grave as the available literature suggests, and (2) if any major changes have occurred as a result of federal court activism. Indeed, we found that when an adjusted general population death rate is employed certain cause-specific rates are actually lower in jail. This generalization, while true for natural causes and homicides, was not the case for suicides. Depending upon which general population rates are compared with which jail rates, inmates committed suicide at a rate that was between five and fifteen times higher than the rate for free-world citizens. Between censuses, the general trend in jail death rates was generally downward, although once again suicide rates tended to exhibit less of a decrease than the rates for homicides and death by natural causes. Possible explanations for this anomaly and policy implications are addressed in the article.
Effect of Fermentation, Aging, and Agingsur Lieon Total and Phenol-Free Riesling (Vitis viniferaL.) Glycosides☆

Abstract Grape-derived glycosides are, in part, important aroma precursors. Quantification may offer a means of determining the impact of processing methods on potential wine quality. Several studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of four strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeon total and phenol-free Riesling glycosides during fermentation and following aging for 40 months or 40 monthssur lie(with yeast). Fermentation decreased the total and phenol-free glycoside concentrations, as estimated by the analysis of glycosyl-glucose, although the maximum difference among yeasts was only 7.6%. Fermentation had little effect on the percentage of phenol-free to total glycosides which averaged 61.5%. Aging 40 months or 40 monthssur liereduced the total glycoside concentrations by an average of 59.6 and 73.4%, respectively, resulting in no differences among yeast strains. Phenolic-free glycosides averaged 80% of the total in the aged wines.
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: weapons of neuronal destruction in models of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease whose etiology and pathogenesis remain mainly unknown. To investigate its cause and, more particularly, its mechanism of neuronal death, numerous in vivo experimental models have been developed. Currently, both genetic and toxic models of PD are available, but the use of neurotoxins such as 6-hydroxydopamine, paraquat, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, and rotenone are still the most popular means for modeling the destruction of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons seen in PD. These four neurotoxins, although distinct in their intimate cytotoxic mechanisms, kill dopaminergic neurons via a cascade of deleterious events that consistently involves oxidative stress. Herein, we review and compare the molecular mechanisms of 6-hydroxydopamine, paraquat, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine, and rotenone, placing the emphasis of our discussion on how reactive oxygen and nitrogen species contribute to the neurotoxic properties o...
The advertising effect of university athletic success: A reappraisal of the evidence

Abstract In a 1987 article appearing in the Journal of Political Economy, R.E. McCormick and M. Tinsley argued that curtailment of university athletic programs could harm academic programs by reducing average freshman SAT scores. This study uses recent data and an improved specification to provide evidence that successful athletic participation does not provide measurable academic benefits to the university. In fact, evidence is provided that a university's policy regarding admissions standards primarily determines the average level of freshman SAT scores.
Optimization with mode-directed preferences

Traditional constraint programming specifies an optimization problem by using a set of constraints and minimizing (or maximizing) objective functions. Unfortunately, general optimization problems may involve compound objectives whose optima are difficult to be represented by a simple minimization (or maximization). Even worse, for many applications, especially those defined over structural domains, it is difficult to specify any objective functions. In this paper we presents a declarative method for specifying generalized optimization problems based on comparison and selection among alternative solutions. The method introduces a formal predicate mode declaration for designating certain predicates as optimization predicates, and uses preference rules for stating the criteria for determining their optimal solutions. We illustrate their uses with two representative examples: one is matrix-chain multiplication from dynamic programming, and the other is ambiguity resolution for recursively-defined grammars. This paper also addresses how to extend a tabled Prolog system with preferences. The execution of logic programs with preferences is achieved in two steps. First, an automatic transformation is applied to embed the preferences into the problem specification to form an executable program. Second, the new program is then evaluated using tabled resolution, while the mode declaration provides a selection mechanism among the alternative solutions. We show that the transformation scheme preserves the semantics for each optimization predicate. Experimental results are shown to indicate that preferences provide a declarative approach without sacrificing efficiency.
Philanthropy: A Method for Teaching Counselors to Be Social Advocates in the Age of Modern Behavioral Health Care

Graduate counseling programs are proficient in training direct service providers but less able to teach the business of sustaining a community agency's services. Modern philanthropy emphasizes social advocacy by investing in change that benefits the local community and respects the diverse cultural experiences of potential clients and stakeholders. Teaching philanthropy in an introductory graduate counseling course provides one avenue to prepare future counselors to both understand the importance of and be actively involved in sustaining a community counseling agency's mission.
Five anthropogenic factors that will radically alter forest conditions and management needs in the Northern United States

The Northern United States includes the 20 states bounded by Maine, Maryland, Missouri, and Minnesota. With 70 million ha of forestland and 124 million people, it is the most densely forested (42% of land area) and most densely populated (74 people/km2) quadrant of the United States. Three recent, large-scale, multiresource assessments of forest conditions provide insight about trends and issues in the North, and collectively these and other supporting documents highlight factors that will be extraordinarily influential in large-scale northern forest management needs over the next 50 years. This review article discusses five of those factors: (1) northern forests lack age-class diversity and will uniformly grow old without management interventions or natural disturbances, (2) the area of forestland in the North will decrease as a consequence of expanding urban areas, (3) invasive species will alter forest density, diversity, and function, (4) management intensity for timber is low in northern forests and likely to remain so, and (5) management for nontimber objectives will gain relevance but will be challenging to implement. Suggested actions to address these factors include the following: develop quantifiable state and regional goals for forest diversity, understand the spatial and structural impacts of urban expansion on forests, develop symbiotic relationships among forest owners, forest managers, forest industry and the other stakeholders to support contemporary conservation goals, and work to understand the many dimensions of forest change. In the next several decades, climate change seems unlikely to overwhelm or negate any of the five factors discussed in this article; rather it will add another complicating dimension.
Relationships between pregnancy and vitamin B-6 nutriture on hepatic tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity in mice

Abstract The kynurenine pathway is responsible for the majority of tryptophan metabolism. Pregnant women have an abnormal distribution of tryptophan metabolites, which is suggestive of an alteration in the kynurenine pathway. The first, and rate limiting enzyme, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) is stimulated by estrogens and adrenal cortical hormones, and it has been suggested that TDO activity is increased in pregnancy as a result of hormonal stimulation. We measured TDO activity in control and pregnant A and DBA mice fed diets containing 0.5, 2.0 or 7.0 mg pyridoxine-HCl (PN-HCl). We found a significant effect of dietary level of vitamin B-6 on TDO activity that was more pronounced in the A mice. There was no effect of pregnancy on TDO activity in either strain of mouse at any dietary level of PN-HCl.
A simple method for liquid scintillation counting of 125-iodine and 51-chromium used in antigen binding and cytotoxicity studies.

A comparison of conventional gamma spectrometer and liquid scintillation counting methods was made using gamma-emitting isotopes employed in studies of antigen-antibody interactions and cell-mediated immunity. Results indicate that 125Iodine and 51Chromium can be counted with equal, if not greater efficiency by a liquid scintillation detector than with a conventional gamma spectrometer. The method described is rapid, inexpensive, sensitive and has wide application in research and clinical laboratories.
Illustrating a dynamic model of the mood‐updating process in consumer behavior

Previous research has examined mood as an antecedent of various consumption-related outcomes and has explored how consumers react to their moods via attempts at self-regulated consumption-based mood management. However, little attention has addressed mood as an affective outcome that reflects the dynamic unfolding of consumer experiences over time. The present study explores the latter issue and proposes a model of the mood-updating process wherein future mood depends on past mood as altered by evaluative judgments that are, in turn, influenced by consumption experiences, by predispositions, and by the previous mood itself. An empirical example illustrates this mood-updating model in the case of listening to music. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Phonon dynamics with a photon echo boxcar scheme

Abstract We describe a new form of phonon-induced coherence loss (PICOLO) using the two-pulse photon echo to study the dynamics of 29 cm -1 non-equilibrium phonons in ruby. The phonon dynamics is studied in the weakly bottlenecked, weakly trapped regime in the presence of a small (250 G) magnetic field. The phonon loss is governed by spatial diffusion modified by the presence of four phonon resonances (due to the Zeeman effect) with very different resonant phonon mean free paths.
The Influence of Alkaline Solutions on the Alteration of the Clay Minerals

The influence of an alkaline environment on clay mineral alterations in the laboratory was studied by means of one-dimensional structural analyses. Samples of illite, illite-mixed-layered material, kaolinite, and two montmorillonites (smectites) were treated with NH4OH solutions of pH 8.5, 9.5, 10.5, 11.5, and 12.5 for 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr at 60°C.
Design And Assembly Of A High Resolution Schwarzschild Microscope For Soft X Rays

Recently developed multilayer coatings permit use of normal incidence optics for soft x-rays promising a resolution that should be substantially better than that obtained with grazing incidence optics. We describe the design and assembly of a Schwarzschild objective for a scanning x-ray microscope. The Schwarzschild objective, consisting of two nearly concentric spherical mirrors promises diffraction-limited resolution for soft x-rays.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Insect Damage to Conelets, Second-Year Cones, and Seeds of Ponderosa Pine in Southeastern Nebraska

Rhyacionia spp. and Retinia metallica (Busck) annually caused conelet losses (x ± SD) of 8.2 ± 3.0% and 5.4 ± 4.9%, respectively. Abortion and disappearance of conelets caused by Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann or physiological dysfunction averaged 65.7 ± 8.2% and were reduced by 13% when conelets were protected with screen cages. Survival of conelets averaged 19.5 ± 9.4%. Of those remaining, 76.8 ± 14.3% appeared healthy after the second growing season. Dioryctria spp. annually damaged an average of 14.2 ± 7.2% of the second-year cones. Mean annual seed potentials ranged from 77.4 to 127.1 seeds per cone, but mean annual seed yields ranged from only 0.4 to 8.1 filled seeds per cone. Caging cones to exclude L. occidentalis increased seed yield and efficiency and decreased damaged and empty seed. Feeding by L. occidentalis damaged an estimated 41% of initial ovules in cones harvested in 1985. Thus, insects can significantly reduce cone production and seed yield of ponderosa pine in southeastern Nebraska.
Context of care or provider training: the impact on preventive screening practices.

Abstract Background While MD adherence to U.S. Preventive Services Task Force guidelines has been found to be uneven, nurse practitioners (NPs) and their adherence to guidelines have not been closely examined. Methods A retrospective chart review of new patients ( n = 1339) in an NP primary health care center, four MD primary health care centers, and one private NP practice. Screening and counseling were compared for NPs and MDs. Results When patient populations, resources, and administrative policies were similar in the NP and MD primary health care centers, NPs were more likely than MDs to perform primary prevention; however, MDs were more likely to document the delivery of secondary prevention screening. Private practice NPs' performance was more congruent with practice guidelines than either NP or MD primary health care center providers. Private practice NPs were more likely to perform screening, assessment, and counseling. Conclusions When context, patient population, and productivity requirements were the same, NPs and MDs differed in their use of preventive measures, and not as expected. When NPs are not constrained by productivity requirements, and when their patient population has more resources and higher expectations, NPs perform better than their primary care center counterparts, particularly in secondary prevention and assessment and counseling.
Integrating models into the planning process

Abstract Despite dramatic increases in the usage of computer based planning models since 1970, relatively few corporations have successfully integrated their planning models into the planning process. In many cases, planning models are treated as though they were merely mathematical appendages to the planning process rather than tools which should be integrated into the planning process. The failure to integrate planning models into the planning process has severely limited the usefulness of some models as planning tools. All too little attention has been given in the past to the problem of designing planning models to meet the specific planning requirements of a particular company. Drawing heavily on the experiences of companies who have integrated their planning models into the planning process (and some that have failed to do so), this paper outlines a six-step approach for integrating a corporate planning model into the planning process: 1. (1) Review of the planning environment 2. (2) Specification of planning requirements 3. (3) Definition of the goals and objectives for planning 4. (4) Evaluation of existing planning resources 5. (5) Design of an integrated planning and modeling system 6. (6) Formulation of a strategy for integrating the planning model into the planning process
Imbeddings of integral submanifolds and associated adiabatic invariants of slowly perturbed integrable Hamiltonian systems

Abstract A new method is developed for characterizing the evolution of invariant tori of slowly varying perturbations of completely integrable (in the sense of Liouville-Arnold [1–3]) Hamiltonian systems on cotangent phase spaces. The method is based on Cartan's theory of integral submanifolds, and it provides an algebro-analytic approach to the investigation of the embedding [4–10] of the invariant tori in phase space that can be used to describe the structure of quasi-periodic solutions on the tori. In addition, it leads to an adiabatic perturbation theory [3,12,13] of the corresponding Lagrangian asymptotic submanifolds via the Poincare-Cartan approach [4], a new Poincare-Melnikov type [5,11,14] procedure for determining stability, and fresh insights into the existence problem for adiabatic invariants [2,3] of the Hamiltonian systems under consideration.
Effects of uncertainties in parameters of a Lagrangian particle model on mean ground-level concentrations under stable conditions

This work evaluates the effects of uncertainties in five parameters or inputs of a source-receptor Lagrangian particle model on mean ground-level concentrations. The scope of work is short-range dispersion in the atmospheric boundary layer under weakly and moderately stable conditions over a smooth flat terrain within 3 km downwind from a continuous point source located near the ground. Model inputs include four meteorological parameters and the universal constant in the random component of the model. The meteorological parameters are friction velocity, mean surface turbulent heat flux magnitude (shortly, heat flux), surface roughness height (shortly, roughness height), and mean surface temperature (shortly, temperature). Model outputs of interest are mean ground-level concentrations at a number of receptors downwind from the source. The formal uncertainty analysis was performed for the atmospheric conditions corresponding to stability indices (defined as the ratio of mixing height to Monin-Obukhov length) of 1.2, 2.5, and 4.1. Input uncertainties were propagated through the model using Monte Carlo simulations with Latin hypercube sampling. Linear regression modeling was used to statistically partition an output uncertainty and determine the relative importance of an input to an output. It is shown that the concentration uncertainty increases with the level of meteorological uncertainty and that its magnitude varies with stability degree. Among the meteorological parameters, friction velocity is the most influential. Another important input is the universal constant whose contribution can dominate when the level of meteorological uncertainty becomes low. The overall contributions from roughness height and temperature are relatively small.
A new approach to the difficult assessment of aldosterone secretion in anephric patients

A new method for the assessment of endogenous formation of aldosterone in anephric patients is described. (1, 2-3H) aldosterone was administered i.v. to patients 1-2 days before hemodialysis, and then the specific activity (SA) of tetrahydroaldosterone glucosiduronate, the major aldosterone metabolite, was measured in the dialysate using a specific radioimmunoassay. The aldosterone secretion rate was determined from the extent of isotope dilution by endogenous metabolite. Aldosterone secretion rates measured in 10 patients were for the most part low. The secretion rate determined in blood from the aldosterone metabolic clearance rate and plasma aldosterone concentration closely approximate secretion rate values obtained by the isotope dilution method in 3 of 4 patients. In 2 patients in whom ACTH was administered chronically, radio-labeled aldosterone was administered at the start of the study and then the day to day aldosterone secretory response to ACTH was determined from the SA of tetrahydroaldosterone in blood. Aldosterone secretion continuously increased for as long as ACTH was administered.
Adrenalin, sodium amobarbital, and the kamin effect in the albino rat

Abstract The present studies were conducted to determine (a) the form of the retention curve for an incompletely learned appetitive task, and (b) the effect of adrenalin and sodium amobarbital on the “Kamin effect”. In Expt. 1, rats were tested for retention of an appetitively motivated approach response, and Expt. 2 investigated the retention of an approach-avoidance spatial conflict. No “Kamin effect” was observed in Expt. 1. The saline controls of Expt. 2 demonstrated a reliable “Kamin effect”, and adrenalin and sodium amobarbital, administered prior to retention testing, reliably increased and decreased, respectively, the behavorial indices of fear, and abolished the “Kamin effect”. The results were interpreted as demonstrating that fear initially decreases over time. Some suggestions as to the mechanism of this effect were offered.
Promotion Decisions in an Affirmative Action Environment: Can Social Accounts Change Fairness Perceptions?

An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of observer gender, applicants’ qualifications, and managerial accounts on justice perceptions in an affirmative action environment. As expected, MANOVA results indicated that, prior to providing an account, the promotion of a female yielded the highest fairness ratings when the female was more qualified than the male applicant and when the observer was female. In a second wave of data, MANCOVA results indicated that an ideological-gender explanation resulted in the lowest subsequent fairness ratings. Additionally, accounts interacted with applicants’ qualifications. When the promoted female was the most qualified candidate, the ideological-gender account resulted in the lowest fairness ratings.
The Influence of Male Body Size and Social Environment on the Mating Behavior of Phallichthys quadripunctatus (Pisces: Poeciliidae)

In some poeciliid fishes, variation in male size is accompanied by differences in mating behavior. Large males are preferred by females and perform courtship displays followed by copulatory thrusts, whereas small males perform copulatory thrusts with few or no displays. This phenomenon has been described in only a few genera and little is known about mating behavior in other poeciliids. Although Phallichthys quadripunctatus males display size dimorphism that has a genetic component, mating behavior of this species has not been documented. We conducted experiments using socially experienced and socially naive males to characterize the mating behavior of this species and to evaluate potential size-dependent differences in behavior. Males were tested with postpartum (presumably receptive) and midcycle (presumably unreceptive) females in different social environments. Whereas neither size class of P. quadripunctatus males performed courtship displays or altered behavior based on female receptivity, large males performed several reproductive behaviors more frequently than small males. This trend was repeatable and occurred in all social environments examined. Some males also attempted to mate with other males, with small males showing a greater tendency to perform this behavior than large males. The manner in which differences in reproductive activity translate into differences in reproductive success must be examined before inferring sexual selection favoring large males in P. quadripunctatus.
Transitional Care Strategies From Hospital to Home: A Review for the Neurohospitalist

Hospitals are challenged with reevaluating their hospital’s transitional care practices, to reduce 30-day readmission rates, prevent adverse events, and ensure a safe transition of patients from hospital to home. Despite the increasing attention to transitional care, there are few published studies that have shown significant reductions in readmission rates, particularly for patients with stroke and other neurologic diagnoses. Successful hospital-initiated transitional care programs include a “bridging” strategy with both predischarge and postdischarge interventions and dedicated transitions provider involved at multiple points in time. Although multicomponent strategies including patient engagement, use of a dedicated transition provider, and facilitation of communication with outpatient providers require time and resources, there is evidence that neurohospitalists can implement a transitional care program with the aim of improving patient safety across the continuum of care.
Influence of sodium intake on Amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity among extremely premature infants

Amphotericin B (AmphoB) remains the preferred therapy for invasive fungal infections despite many side effects, such as nephrotoxicity and electrolyte imbalance. Our previous study suggested that high sodium (Na) intake >4 mEq/kg per day may be associated with lower nephrotoxicity in extremely premature infants treated with AmphoB. Subsequently, it became a standard of care in our unit to administer Na >4 mEq/kg per day to extremely premature infants treated with AmphoB. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of high Na intake > 4 mEq/kg per day on the incidence of AmphoB-induced nephrotoxicity among extremely premature infants with birth weight 4 mEq/kg per day during AmphoB therapy. Nephrotoxicity was defined as serum creatinine levels >1 mg/dl, urinary output (UOP) 4 mEq/kg per day for extremely premature infants during Amphotericin B therapy.
Optical Bilinear Transformations: General Properties

Because of the quadratic relation between the optical field and intensity, an inherent non-linearity exists in almost all optical systems. A class of non-linear transformations which we call bilinear (quadratic with memory) is defined; its properties and relevance to optical imaging systems are discussed. For space-invariant systems, a generalized transfer function is defined which characterizes the bilinear system completely. We also examine the approximate linearization of bilinear systems for low-contrast images, and the propagation of noise through such systems. Special emphasis is given to the partially coherent system which is but a special case of this general bilinear system.
Multiple blood pressure QTL on rat Chromosome 2 defined by congenic Dahl rats.

Linkage analysis previously demonstrated a blood pressure quantitative trait locus (QTL) on rat Chromosome 2 (Chr 2) in crosses utilizing Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats. The present work dissects this QTL by using congenic strains in which segments of Chr 2 from Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) are placed on the S genetic background. Two distinct QTLs were found where one QTL was anticipated. These each accounted for a blood pressure of 15–20 mm Hg in rats fed 2% NaCl diet for 24 days. One QTL was in the <9-cM interval between D2Rat35 and D2Wox18 (Fgg), and the other was in the <7-cM interval between D2Wox18 (Fgg) and D2Mgh10. A third tentative QTL was suggested, but not clearly established, in the <3-cM interval between D2Mgh10 and D2Rat259.
Optimal stopping in a model of speculative attacks

Abstract When faced with a speculative attack, banks and governments often hesitate, attempting to withstand the attack but giving up after some time, suggesting they have some ex-ante uncertainty about the attack they will face. I model that uncertainty as arising from incomplete information about speculators' payoffs and find conditions such that unsuccessful partial defences are possible equilibrium outcomes. There exist priors over the distribution of speculators' payoffs that can justify any possible partial defence strategy. With normal uncertainty, partial resistance is more likely when there is more aggregate uncertainty regarding agents' payoffs and less heterogeneity among them.