cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developments on standoff detection of explosive materials by differential reflectometry

Differential reflectometry (DR) is an effective tool to supplement existing explosives detection systems thus making the combined unit more effective than one tool alone. It is an optical technique in which the light beam (UV) emanates from an extended distance onto the substance under investigation, thus rendering it to be a standoff method. DR allows the measurement of the energies that electrons absorb from photons as they are raised into higher, allowed energy states. These electron transitions serve as a "fingerprint" for identifying substances. The device can be made portable; it is fast, safe for the public, does not require human involvement, is cost effective, and most of all, does not require ingestion of a suspicious substance into an instrument. Various embodiments are presented.
Mechanism of polymerase collision release from sliding clamps on the lagging strand

Replicative polymerases are tethered to DNA by sliding clamps for processive DNA synthesis. Despite attachment to a sliding clamp, the polymerase on the lagging strand must cycle on and off DNA for each Okazaki fragment. In the ‘collision release' model, the lagging strand polymerase collides with the 5′ terminus of an earlier completed fragment, which triggers it to release from DNA and from the clamp. This report examines the mechanism of collision release by the Escherichia coli Pol III polymerase. We find that collision with a 5′ terminus does not trigger polymerase release. Instead, the loss of ssDNA on filling in a fragment triggers polymerase to release from the clamp and DNA. Two ssDNA-binding elements are involved, the τ subunit of the clamp loader complex and an OB domain within the DNA polymerase itself. The τ subunit acts as a switch to enhance polymerase binding at a primed site but not at a nick. The OB domain acts as a sensor that regulates the affinity of Pol III to the clamp in the presence of ssDNA.
A Nonlinear Model of the Onset of Upwelling

Abstract A two-dimensional, non-dissipative, nonlinear model for the onset of upwelling is formulated. Consideration of the characteristic curves, which are complex, of the partial differential equation for the streamfunction leads naturally to the selection of new, characteristic coordinates in which the field equations become formally linear for the problem discussed. The new coordinate system is fundamentally similar to the one introduced by Hoskins and Bretherton in their study of atmospheric frontogenesis. As in the atmospheric case, the effect of nonlinearity sharpens the fields and inexorably reduces their scale below that of the deformation radius until a frontal discontinuity is formed.
5. Future Plans

Planning for the elucidation of the nature of sporadic E ionization must take into account the following factors:
The response regulator Npun_F1278 is essential for scytonemin biosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133

Following exposure to long-wavelength ultraviolet radiation (UVA), some cyanobacteria produce the indole-alkaloid sunscreen scytonemin. The genomic region associated with scytonemin biosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme includes 18 cotranscribed genes. A two-component regulatory system (Npun_F1277/Npun_F1278) directly upstream from the biosynthetic genes was identified through comparative genomics and is likely involved in scytonemin regulation. In this study, the response regulator (RR), Npun_F1278, was evaluated for its ability to regulate scytonemin biosynthesis using a mutant strain of N. punctiforme deficient in this gene, hereafter strain Δ1278. Following UVA radiation, the typical stimulus to initiate scytonemin biosynthesis, Δ1278 was incapable of producing scytonemin. A phenotypic characterization of Δ1278 suggests that aside from the ability to produce scytonemin, the deletion of the Npun_F1278 gene does not affect the cellular morphology, cellular differentiation capability, or lipid-soluble pigment complement of Δ1278 compared to the wildtype. The mutant, however, had a slower specific growth rate under white light and produced ~2.5-fold more phycocyanin per cell under UVA than the wildtype. Since Δ1278 does not produce scytonemin, this study demonstrates that the RR gene, Npun_F1278, is essential for scytonemin biosynthesis in N. punctiforme. While most of the evaluated effects of this gene appear to be specific for scytonemin, this regulator may also influence the overall health of the cell and phycobiliprotein synthesis, directly or indirectly. This is the first study to identify a regulatory gene involved in the biosynthesis of the sunscreen scytonemin and posits a link between cell growth, pigment synthesis, and sunscreen production.
Discussion on Moot Court Educational Reform Pattern

Moot court teaching activity has been widely applied in legal education, but it has many problems actually. We should take the goal to traditional pattern reform as the basic point. Based on it, we should integrate the occupational ethics education, increase activity besides moot court and the teaching activity standards, increase judge and attorne-y's real participation and the instruction, put emphasis on the skill of professional role, take the student as the main body, melt the academic discussion and moot court as one, strengthen the affirmative defence color of the UK-US genealogy of law in the procedure and the pattern, introduce teaching method of clinic to form a new moot court pattern.
The Research of Returns Distribution of Chinese Stock Market with Tsallis Theory

This paper analyses the probability distribution of stock index returns in three different time scales by using nonextensive statistical mechanics theory proposed by Tsallis,closely associated with dynamic system described by the nonlinear Fokker-Planck equations in the financial market modeling,according to the high-frequency data of Shanghai and Shenzhen stock market Index from 2004-1-1 to 2008-11-13,and suggests that Tsallis distribution can describe the characteristics of fat-tail and finite variance of the two markets,and gives the market microstructure dynamic explanation.It indicates that the stock price processes of Shanghai and Shenzhen markets is not consistent with random walk,but the anomalous diffusion process.The two markets have very similar characteristics of nonlinear dynamic systems.These results for asset allocation and pricing,risk management and institutional development in China's financial markets are of great significance.
Imaging Findings of Congestive Hepatopathy

Congestive hepatopathy (CH) refers to hepatic abnormalities that result from passive hepatic venous congestion. Prolonged exposure to elevated hepatic venous pressure may lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Liver dysfunction and corresponding clinical signs and symptoms typically manifest late in the disease process. Recognition of CH at imaging is critical because advanced liver fibrosis may develop before the condition is suspected clinically. Characteristic findings of CH on conventional images include dilatation of the inferior vena cava and hepatic veins; retrograde hepatic venous opacification during the early bolus phase of intravenous contrast material injection; and a predominantly peripheral heterogeneous pattern of hepatic enhancement due to stagnant blood flow. Extensive fibrosis can be seen in chronic or severe cases. Hyperenhancing regenerative nodules that may retain hepatobiliary contrast agents are often present. Magnetic resonance (MR) elastography can show elevated liver stiffness and may be useful in evaluation of fibrosis in CH because it can be incorporated easily into routine cardiac MR imaging. Preliminary experience with MR elastography suggests its future use in initial evaluation of patients suspected of having CH, for monitoring of disease, and for assessment after therapy. To facilitate appropriate workup and treatment, radiologists should be familiar with findings suggestive of CH at radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography, MR imaging, and MR elastography. In addition, knowledge of underlying pathophysiology, comparative histologic abnormalities, and extrahepatic manifestations is useful to avoid diagnostic pitfalls and suggest appropriate additional diagnostic testing. (©)RSNA, 2016.
Single Sign-On and the System Administrator

Large organizations are increasingly shifting critical computing operations from traditional host-based application platforms to network-distributed, client-server platforms. The resulting proliferation of disparate systems poses problems for end-users, who must frequently track multiple electronic identities across different systems, as well as for system administrators, who must manage security and access for those systems. Single sign-on mechanisms have become increasingly important in solving these problems. System administrators who are not already being pressured to provide single sign-on solutions can expect to be in the near future. Duke University has recently embarked on an enterprise-wide single sign-on project. This paper discusses the various factors involved in the decision to deploy a single sign-on solution, reviews a variety of available approaches to the problem of electronic identity proliferation, and documents Duke’s research and findings to date.
On the relative value of human and animal lives

It has become virtually a matter of dogma—among both philosophers and laypersons—that human lives are (objectively) more valuable than animal lives. One argument for this claim dominates the philosophical literature and, despite its employment by a host of philosophers, should be found wanting. I try to show that this line of reasoning, as well as one that is less popular but still with significant appeal, are faulty. The errors in each argument seem fatal: the pervasive argument begs the question, and the more selective is, at bottom, unintelligible. We should judge that the lives of humans and animals are equally valuable, an assessment that should be accompanied by major changes in some of our fundamental practices.
The Determinants of Small Banks' Use of FHLB Advances: A Tobit Analysis

This study fills a gap in the knowledge of factors determining the use of Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) advances (loans) by small banks (commercial banks with assets of $500 million or less). Using data from the Call Report and the Summary of Deposits, the study finds that in the four years ending with the first widespread symptoms of the global financial crisis — 2004 to 2007 — banks with higher levels of non-depository funds, liquidity risk, long-term interest rate risk, and credit risk had a greater likelihood of using the advances and used advances in larger amounts. Banks in rural counties were more likely to use advances and also use them in larger amounts. The likelihood of using an advance was also greater and the use of advances was also heavier for banks with low levels of net interest margin. Knowledge of these characteristics can inform regulators about the risk profiles of such banks, thereby aiding them in imposing appropriate risk controls and protecting the deposit insurance fund.
Characterizing the intersection of Co-occurring risk factors for illicit drug abuse and dependence in a U.S. nationally representative sample

Few studies have attempted to characterize how co-occurring risk factors for substance use disorders intersect. A recent study examined this question regarding cigarette smoking and demonstrated that co-occurring risk factors generally act independently. The present study examines whether that same pattern of independent intersection of risk factors extends to illicit drug abuse/dependence using a U.S. nationally representative sample (National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2011-2013). Logistic regression and classification and regression tree (CART) modeling were used to examine risk of past-year drug abuse/dependence associated with a well-established set of risk factors for substance use (age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, poverty, smoking status, alcohol abuse/dependence, mental illness). Each of these risk factors was associated with significant increases in the odds of drug abuse/dependence in univariate logistic regressions. Each remained significant in a multivariate model examining all eight risk factors simultaneously. CART modeling of these 8 risk factors identified subpopulation risk profiles wherein drug abuse/dependence prevalence varied from 80% corresponding to differing combinations of risk factors present. Alcohol abuse/dependence and cigarette smoking had the strongest associations with drug abuse/dependence risk. These results demonstrate that co-occurring risk factors for illicit drug/abuse dependence generally intersect in the same independent manner as risk factors for cigarette smoking, underscoring further fundamental commonalities across these different types of substance use disorders. These results also underscore the fundamental importance of differences in the presence of co-occurring risk factors when considering the often strikingly different prevalence rates of illicit drug abuse/dependence in U.S. population subgroups.
Core–Shell Nanoparticle Coating as an Interfacial Layer for Dendrite-Free Lithium Metal Anodes

Lithium metal based batteries represent a major challenge and opportunity in enabling a variety of devices requiring high-energy-density storage. However, dendritic lithium growth has limited the practical application of lithium metal anodes. Here we report a nanoporous, flexible and electrochemically stable coating of silica@poly(methyl methacrylate) (SiO2@PMMA) core–shell nanospheres as an interfacial layer on lithium metal anode. This interfacial layer is capable of inhibiting Li dendrite growth while sustaining ionic flux through it, which is attributed to the nanoscaled pores formed among the nanospheres. Enhanced Coulombic efficiencies during lithium charge/discharge cycles have been achieved at various current densities and areal capacities.
Trade-Offs and Performance Limitations in Atomic Force Microscope Feedback System

Abstract This paper presents analysis of atomic force microscope (AFM) feedback system. It starts by reviewing our previously published results on in-contact dynamics of AFM. Experimental and simulation results are used to demonstrate several trade-offs and performance limitations. Finally feedback performance under integral and PID control is discussed.
Local Blood-Brain Barrier Damage,Cerebral Edema,and Cell Injury During Reperfusion After 2 Hours of Focal Cerebral Ischemia

Reperfusion injury is likely to involve a variety of processes. The proposition that such injury and such processes vary among brain areas was tested with a rat model of 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion plus reperfusion. Local cerebral blood flow (1CBF), blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and edema flow were measured by quantitative autoradiography and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). Tissue injury was assessed by histopathology and electron microscopy. 1CBF varied widely among brain areas during reperfusion and was very high in the caudateputamen (hyperperfusion). As indicated by α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), the BBB was open throughout the preoptic area after 1 h of reperfusion. A few small foci of AIB leakage were seen in the caudate-putamen at 4 h. Albumin was seen by LSCM to leak from postcapillaryvenules. Later the BBB opening expanded over the entire stria-turn and into the cortex. Tissue swelling began in the caudate-putamen, where 1CBF was high, after 1.0 h of reperfusion. Tissue damage varied broadly among areas, differing in cell type, ultrastructure, and pattern (scattered versus widespread). This diversity in blood flow, BBB permeability, edema, and tissue damage indicates the complexity of reperfusion injury.
Inter-Technology Backscatter: Towards Internet Connectivity for Implanted Devices

We introduce inter-technology backscatter, a novel approach that transforms wireless transmissions from one technology to another, on the air. We show for the first time that Bluetooth transmissions can be used to create Wi-Fi and ZigBee-compatible signals using backscatter communication. Since Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and ZigBee radios are widely available, this enables a backscatter design that works using only commodity devices. We build an FPGA prototype that creates 2'11 Mbps Wi-Fi or Zigbee packets by backscattering Bluetooth transmissions. We use this to demonstrate previously infeasible applications including the first contact lens form-factor antenna prototype and implantable neural recording interface that communicate directly to commodity devices, such as smartphones, thus enabling the vision of Internet-connected implanted devices
Lego Bricks: Fit for the Big Screen?

For years Danish toymaker LEGO had turned down multiple attempts from directors and producers to make a LEGO movie. Now the CEO of the Danish toymaker has gotten a movie pitch from Warner Brothers. The entire LEGO brand is at risk if the movie is poorly executed or received. The CEO wonders if attempting to compete with Disney and Pixar in developing a successful children's movie was another case of over-diversification. Excerpt UVA-S-0296 Jun. 15, 2017 LEGO Bricks: Fit for the Big Screen? When JOrgen Vig Knudstorp, the celebrated CEO of Danish toymaker LEGO, and his colleagues welcomed Warner Brothers (WB) producer Dan Lin and screenwriters Dan and Kevin Hageman to the company's Billund, Denmark, headquarters in 2008, it was not the first time the company had fielded a movie pitch from Hollywood creatives. In fact, for years LEGO had turned down multiple attempts from directors and producers to make a LEGO movie. During that day's pitch, Lin explained that his recent observation of his young son playing with a LEGO spaceship was what inspired the WB film proposal. His movie concept hinged on LEGO's active partnership and participation: the idea was “that anything in the movie [could] be constructed using real LEGOs.” Despite the enthusiastic pitch, Knudstorp and his colleagues conveyed their lack of interest to Lin at the meeting's conclusion. Lin summarized their aversion to the idea. “They didn't feel they needed a movie. They were already a very successful brand. Why take the risk [on a movie when] they were doing really well without [one?].” Indeed, by 2008, the iconic toy company had finally recovered from near bankruptcy several years earlier, with its revenues having grown nearly 20% over the past year. Furthermore, starting in 2003, LEGO had released several toy-centric DVDs, but the company's recent course-correcting strategy focused on its core construction products and encouraged children's active play, as opposed to over-diversifying into digital entertainment and screen time. While it was obvious that WB's motivation for attaching itself to the LEGO brand was the brand's pervasive recognition, it was far less clear what was in the deal for LEGO. As Knudstorp reflected on the pitch later that afternoon, he kept returning to the same nagging questions regarding a potential LEGO movie release. The year 2009 would kick off the growth phase of his long-term strategic plan for the company. He wondered if there was a way to find any positive opportunities within the risky undertaking of releasing a LEGO film. Was the company ready to make its Hollywood debut? Would a movie damage the brand and its quality reputation—perhaps irreparably? In addition, in the making of the movie, how could the story and characters reflect LEGO's mission, and who would be the movie's ideal audience? . . .
Building and Breaking the Cell Wall in Four Acts: A Kinesthetic and Tactile Role-Playing Exercise for Teaching Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Mechanism of Action and Resistance †

“Building and breaking the cell wall” is designed to review the bacterial cell envelope, previously learned in lower-division biology classes, while introducing new topics such as antibiotics and bacterial antibiotic resistance mechanisms. We developed a kinesthetic and tactile modeling activity where students act as cellular components and construct the cell wall. In the first two acts, students model a portion of the gram-positive bacterial cell envelope and then demonstrate in detail how the peptidoglycan is formed. Act III involves student demonstration of the addition of β-lactam antibiotics to the environment and how they inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan, thereby preventing bacterial replication. Using Staphylococcus aureus as a model for gram-positive bacteria, students finish the activity (Act IV) by acting out how S. aureus often becomes resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. A high level of student engagement was observed, and the activity received positive feedback. In an assessment administered prior to and two months after the activity, significant improvements in scores were observed (p < 0.0001), demonstrating increased understanding and retention. This activity allows students to (i) visualize, role play, and kinesthetically “build” the cell envelope and form the peptidoglycan layer, (ii) understand the mechanism of action for β-lactam antibiotics, as well as how gene acquisition and protein changes result in resistance, and (iii) work cooperatively and actively to promote long-term retention of the subject material.
Time: What Animals Know

Time is a fundamental dimension of life, and many animals have evolved the ability to time intervals from a fraction of a second to hours. Traditionally, interval timing is the ability to time short intervals and is distinguished from circadian timing, the timing of the rhythm of day and night. Recent data show that interval timing shares many properties with circadian timing. Converging approaches document that timing of targets from milliseconds to days are subserved by similar mechanisms that are conserved throughout this wide range. The conclusion is that timing is based on multiple oscillators, each with a different period.
Uveal melanomas. Conservation treatment.

Uveal melanoma is the most common primary adult ocular tumor. Approximately 1500 cases are diagnosed annually in the United States. Men and women are affected in equal proportions. Uveal melanomas are much less common than cutaneous melanomas and infrequently occur in blacks. Historically, treatment was by enucleation, which provided a histological diagnosis and effective tumor treatment. These benefits, however, were obtained at the cost of immediate visual loss. The diagnostic accuracy of current noninvasive techniques (indirect ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and ultrasonography) is sufficiently high that treatment decisions can routinely be based on clinical evaluation only. In 1532 eyes with a clinical diagnosis of choroidal melanoma enucleated in a multi-institutional study, an independent review of the histology by three independent ophthalmic pathologists confirmed the diagnosis in 99.7% (1527 eyes). Four of the five patients with a false-positive clinical diagnosis of melanoma had metastatic adenocarcinoma, while the fifth had a hemangioma. 57 Recently, an analysis of tumor location with respect to retinal topography and light dose distribution on the retinal sphere was reported, based on the study of 420 Massachusetts residents diagnosed between 1984 and 1993 in whom fundus drawings or photographs were available for review. The results suggested that tumor initiation occurred nonuniformly: tumors were concentrated in the macular area and decreased monotonically with distance from the macula to the ciliary body. This pattern correlated positively with the dose distribution of solar light on the retinal sphere. 39 An epidemiologic case-control study had suggested that sunlight exposure to the retina might be related to the development of uveal melanomas, 51 although that suggestion has been questioned. 15 A recent review has discussed the nature of uveal melanoma and its possible causes and treatment. 1
Ebrei e marrani in Italia in una commedia rinascimentale

Because of their extreme realism, Italian Renaissance comedies can be used as historical tools, in order to gauge social, commercial, and religious customs in Sixteenth Century Italy. The Comedia SINE NOMINE, written by an unknown author, printed in Florence by the Giuntis in 1574, relates the flight of a marrano family from Barcelona to Florence. In spite of being often caught in the web of the Italian «commedia erudita», the play is of great interest because it helps us to better understand the conditions under which Jews and marranos lived in Renaissance Florence.
Evaluation of Relative Density Measurements and Applications

THE SOURCE AND TYPE OF ERRORS IN RELATIVE DENSITY ARE ASSESSED.BASED ON REPORTED VALUES OF MAXIMUM,MINIMUM,AND IN SITU DENSITY ERRORS,EXPECTED ERRORS IN RELATIVE DENSITY ARE DETERMINED.THESE VALUES MAY BE USED AS A BASIS FOR SETTING CONFIDENCE LIMITS ON THE RESULTS OF STUDIES INVOLVING RELATIVE DENSITY.ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF THE RELATIVE DENSITY PARAMETER ARE DISCUSSED,AND ALTERNATIVES TO RELATIVE DENSITY ARE GIVEN.FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM DENSITIES USED IN CALCULATING RELATIVE DENSITY ARE SUMMARIZED.EXPERIENCE IN CORRELATING RELATIVE DENSITY TO BLOW COUNT AND STRENGTH OF COHESIONLESS MATERIALS IS REVIEWED.FINALLY,BASED ON ALL OF THE INFORMATION GATHERED IN THE SYMPOSIUM,A SERIES OF RECOMMENDATIONS ARE GIVEN FOR MODIFICATIONS TO THE ASTM TEST PROCEDURES AND FOR NEEDED NEW PROCEDURES. /AUTHOR/
‘Stumped,’ by Debora Threedy: A Legal and Historical Context

This paper appeared as part of a published symposium consisting of a play and three articles that, together, tell the story of Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349 (1978). The case has entered the legal canon as the leading decision on judicial immunity, but the litigation arose from the involuntary sterilization of a minor. Linda Sparkman was sterilized at age fifteen pursuant to a court order that her mother had obtained from a state judge without any notice to her, appointment of a guardian ad litem, presentation of evidence, or opportunity to appeal. As an adult, she learned of what happened to her and sued the judge. The Supreme Court declared that judges are absolutely immune from liability for their official judicial acts, even if such acts are done maliciously or flawed by the commission of grave procedural errors. Law professor Debora Threedy's play, "Stumped," addresses the injustices of the Stump decision. This paper, presented and the 14th annual conference of the Association for the Study of Law, Culture, and the Humanities and published alongside Threedy's play in a symposium issue of the UMKC Law Review, provides a summary of the historical, social, and legal context for the litigation that inspired the play.
Eigenvalue localization under partial spectral information

Abstract This work investigates how a known eigenpair can be used to improve standard eigenvalue inclusion sets for the remaining eigenvalues, and shows the relation of this process to eigenvalue deflation techniques. The results are applied to nonnegative and real symmetric matrices and illustrated by numerical examples.
On the reaction of carboxylic acids and isonitriles with conventional heating

Control over the formation of N-formylamides versus the formation of captodative alkenes from the reaction of arylacetic acids with isonitriles has been achieved. Low temperatures and high concentrations favor alkenes, and high temperatures and low concentrations favor N-formylamides.
Consumers and evaluation of interactive health communication applications. The Science Panel on Interactive Communication and Health.

BACKGROUND Developers of Interactive Health Communication (IHC) are capable of providing great benefit by creating interactive programs that serve to protect and improve health. Conducting proper evaluation of these programs will ensure that they achieve these goals more successfully. CONCLUSIONS This article seeks to inform developers of IHC about which types of evaluation are most important to include as a part of the development process and to examine the ways in which such evaluation can be implemented to benefit the producers--and ultimately, the consumers--of IHC.
Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by PX-866 suppresses temozolomide-induced autophagy and promotes apoptosis in glioblastoma cells

Temozolomide (TMZ) is the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agent used to treat glioblastoma (GBM), which causes significant DNA damage to highly proliferative cells. Our observations have added to accumulating evidence that TMZ induces stress-responsive cellular programs known to promote cell survival, including autophagy. As such, targeting these survival pathways may represent new vulnerabilities of GBM after treatment with TMZ. Using the T98G human glioma cell line, we assessed the molecular signaling associated with TMZ treatment, the cellular consequences of using the pan-PI3K inhibitor PX-866, and performed clonogenic assays to determine the effect sequential treatment of TMZ and PX-866 had on colony formation. Additionally, we also use subcutaneous GBM patient derived xenograft (PDX) tumors to show relative LC3 protein expression and correlations between survival pathways and molecular markers which dictate clinical responsiveness to TMZ. Here, we report that TMZ can induce autophagic flux in T98G glioma cells. GBM patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumors treated with TMZ also display an increase in the autophagosome marker LC3 II. Additionally, O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) expression correlates with PI3K/AKT activity, suggesting that patients with inherent resistance to TMZ (MGMT-high) would benefit from PI3K/AKT inhibitors in addition to TMZ. Accordingly, we have identified that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrant pan-PI3K inhibitor, PX-866, is an early-stage inhibitor of autophagic flux, while maintaining its ability to inhibit PI3K/AKT signaling in glioma cells. Lastly, due to the induction of autophagic flux by TMZ, we provide evidence for sequential treatment of TMZ followed by PX-866, rather than combined co-treatment, as a means to shut down autophagy-induced survival in GBM cells and to enhance apoptosis. The understanding of how TMZ induces survival pathways, such as autophagy, may offer new therapeutic vulnerabilities and opportunities to use sequential inhibition of alternate pro-survival pathways that regulate autophagy. As such, identification of additional ways to inhibit TMZ-induced autophagy could enhance the efficacy of TMZ.
Reynolds-Averaged Turbulence Modeling Using Deep Learning with Local Flow Features: An Empirical Approach

Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stoke (RANS) models offer an alternative avenue in predicting flow characteristics when the corresponding experiments are difficult to achieve due to geometry complexity, l...
Exploring relationships between electrodermal activity, skin temperature, and performance during

Students’ academic learning, performance, and motivation are ongoing topics in engineering education. Those studies that have attempted to understand the mechanisms of motivation in authentic classroom settings and scenarios are few and limited to the methods used (e.g., self-reports, observations). This Work-in-Progress study explores the utility of electrodermal activity (EDA) and temperature sensors in accurately informing scholars about student performance during an exam in real-time. Correlations between each factor were analyzed. Initial results suggest that peripheral skin temperature has a weak, positive but significant correlation to exam question difficulty r=0.08; p<0.001). Also, electrodermal activity and temperature showed a weak, positive, but significant correlation (r=0.13; p<0.0010.05). The electrodermal activity showed a weak, positive, but significant correlation to exam question difficulty (r=0.16; p<0.0010.01). Also, skin temperature correlations with difficulty index (did not) changed across semesters (r=0.18; p<0.0010.001). We also developed a multiple regression model and found moderately significant relationships between EDA, difficulty index, and skin temperature (r=0.45; p<0.0010.05). The findings suggest that performance is tied to physiological responses among students during exam taking, indicating a possible connection between emotions and cognition via physiology.
Vulnerable Teaching in Leisure Studies

In this paper, I argue that educators who embrace vulnerability in their teaching enhance their capacity to promote social justice. Vignettes from three of my course meetings with undergraduate Rec...
Universal Function Approximation on Graphs

In this work we produce a framework for constructing universal function approximators on graph isomorphism classes. We prove how this framework comes with a collection of theoretically desirable properties and enables novel analysis. We show how this allows us to achieve state-of-the-art performance on four different well-known datasets in graph classification and separate classes of graphs that other graph-learning methods cannot. Our approach is inspired by persistent homology, dependency parsing for NLP, and multivalued functions. The complexity of the underlying algorithm is O(#edges x #nodes) and code is publicly available (this https URL).
Food Resource Management Mediates the Relationship Between Participation in a SNAP-Ed Nutrition Education Program and Diet Quality.

Abstract Objective To examine the mediating effects of food resource management skills (FRM) on the relationship between participation in a Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed) nutrition education program and diet quality. Design Secondary analysis of data from a propensity score-matched sample of participants (n = 396) and nonparticipants (n = 111) in a SNAP-Ed nutrition education program. Analysis Independent-samples t tests were used to compare entry, exit, and gain scores in FRM and diet quality between participants and nonparticipants. Structural equation modeling was used to examine direct and mediated relationships among participation, FRM, and diet quality. Main Outcome Measures Food resource management was measured as a summated rating scale, and diet quality measured as Healthy Eating Index and program participation. Results Mediated effect of FRM on the relationship between participation in a SNAP-Ed program and diet quality was statistically significant (P Conclusions and Implications Participation in a SNAP-Ed program enhanced participants’ FRM, which in turn enhanced their diet quality.
Penetrating Internal and Common Carotid Artery Injuries Shunts versus no shunts during repair effect on neurological outcomes

Abstract Background Penetrating Carotid artery injuries are rarely encountered even in busy in urban Trauma Centers. Repair is preferred over ligation for Internal (IC) and Common Carotid (CC) arteries. To date, the use of temporary shunts correlated to neurological outcomes has not been reported. Objectives are to specifically address the question In patients with penetrating IC or CC injury requiring repair, does use of temporary shunts decrease mortality and/or improve neurologic outcomes? We hypothesized that the use of temporary shunts during revascularization might produce improvements in both areas. Methods A literature search was performed through Medline Complete-PubMed, Cochrane, Ovid, and Embase for the period of 1900-2019. PRISMA guidelines were utilized. Thirty-two articles met inclusion criteria, ranging from 1960-2018. These were analyzed to determine whether surgical repair was performed with or without the use of temporary shunts. External Carotid artery injuries were excluded. Pre- and postoperative neurological outcomes and overall outcomes were analyzed. Non-parametric data were analyzed with Fisher's Exact or Chi-square tests as applicable. Statistical significance was set to a p-value Results There were a total of 973 patients with penetrating IC and CC injuries; 136 (14%) patients underwent ligation and were excluded. Our study population consisted of 837 patients; 126 (15.1%) with shunts (WS), 711 (84.9%) without shunts (WOS). Mortality stratified to patients repaired WS versus WOS was 5.6% versus 11.1% (p=0.058). Neurological improvement was noted to be similar for patients undergoing repair WS – 14.2% versus WOS – 13.7% (p=0.8). Worsening neurological status for patients shunted WS – 3.4%, versus WOS – 9.0% (p=0.038). Data were analyzed for outcome variables including neurological deficits with or without mortality. Patients shunted had an improved and/or unchanged neurological outcome compared to patients not shunted during repair – 91.3% versus 80.9% (p=0.0047). Conclusions Patients sustaining penetrating Internal and Common Carotid injuries repaired with temporary shunts have a slightly lower mortality rate and similar or unchanged neurological outcomes versus those repaired without shunts. Based on this evidence, we recommend thoughtful interoperative consideration for the use of temporary shunts for patients requiring complex repairs of these injuries.
Modern Impact and Penetration Mechanics

This graduate text is indispensable for those wanting to see and understand the mechanics of extreme dynamic events. It describes in detail the mechanics and material models used in understanding impact and penetration events. Covers continuum mechanics, the Hugoniot jump conditions, plasticity theory, damage and failure theory, shock and wave propagation in both Eulerian and Lagrangian frameworks, and the high pressure and high-rate response of materials. Nonlinearity in response of materials and systems is a common theme, showing itself in interesting and surprising ways. Materials are studied through damage to failure, since in armor and protection applications materials are utilized all the way through failure. Continuum and constitutive modelling topics required for modern large-scale numerical simulation techniques are clearly described. Extensive exercises ensure comprehension and explore new topics. This text is appropriate for a variety of graduate courses, including Continuum Mechanics, Advanced Solid Mechanics, and Plasticity and Inelasticity Theory.
Capital reallocation and liquidity

This paper studies the cyclical properties of capital reallocation and the frictions which inhibit such reallocation. We show that the amount of capital reallocation and the benefits to reallocation vary at the business cycle frequency. The amount of capital reallocation is procyclical. In contrast, the benefits to capital reallocation appear countercyclical. We measure the amount of reallocation using data on flows of capital across firms and the benefits to capital reallocation using several measures of the cross sectional dispersion of the productivity of capital. We then study a calibrated model of an economy where capital reallocation is costly and impute the cost of reallocation which is consistent with the amount of and benefits to reallocation in the data. We find that the cost of reallocation needs to be substantially countercyclical to be consistent with the observed joint cyclical properties of reallocation and productivity dispersion. The cyclical variation in this cost is interpreted as variation in the liquidity of capital, broadly defined, since physical costs are unlikely to vary countercyclically.
An Examination of Substance Use Disorder Type, Legal Status of Drug, and Treatment Outcomes.

From the anti-tobacco and anti-marijuana campaigns of the twentieth century to the current controversies surrounding vaporizer use and the opioid epidemic, substances and substance use have been at...
Multiple mechanisms drive genomic adaptation to extreme O2 levels in Drosophila melanogaster.

To detect the genomic mechanisms underlying evolutionary dynamics of adaptation in sexually reproducing organisms, we analyze multigenerational whole genome sequences of Drosophila melanogaster adapting to extreme O2 conditions over an experiment conducted for nearly two decades. We develop methods to analyze time-series genomics data and predict adaptive mechanisms. Here, we report a remarkable level of synchronicity in both hard and soft selective sweeps in replicate populations as well as the arrival of favorable de novo mutations that constitute a few asynchronized sweeps. We additionally make direct experimental observations of rare recombination events that combine multiple alleles on to a single, better-adapted haplotype. Based on the analyses of the genes in genomic intervals, we provide a deeper insight into the mechanisms of genome adaptation that allow complex organisms to survive harsh environments.
The ldquo Best rdquo way to breath

A ldquo best rdquo way to breath is described resulting from discovering a pre Heimlich method of preventing choking Because of four episodes in three months of terrifying complete laryngospasm the physician patient writer consistent with many medical discoveries in history discovered a method of aborting the episodes Breathing has always been taken for granted as spontaneously and naturally most efficient To the contrary nasal breathing is best with first closing the mouth which enhances oxygenation and trans laryngeal respiration Physiologic aspects are reviewed including nasal and oral respiratory distinctions laryngeal musculature and structures diaphragm control and neuro functional speculations Proposed is the SAM Shut your mouth Air in nose and then Mouth cough or exhale Benefits include prevention of choking making the Heimlich unnecessary more efficient clearing of the throat and coughs improving oxygenation at molecular level of likely benefit for pre cardiac or pre stroke anoxic crises improving exertion endurance and offering a psycho physiologic method for emotional crises as panics rages and obsessive compulsive impulses This is a simple universal public health technique needing universal promulgation for the integration of care for all work forces and everyone else Most do it naturally when not needed However in dyspnea the method does not come naturally and must be learned Oral breathing is to be discouraged
Symmetries in Power Electronics

The past 50 years witnessed the inventions of more than one thousand power electronic topologies. However, we still lack a common standard to compare and classify various topologies. Moreover, topologies are often created through intuition rather than systematic approaches. The intuition of voltage and current sharing, along with modularity and scalability, gives rises to cascaded-bridge and multi-paralleled converters, respectively. Nevertheless, power converters with both high-voltage and large-current capabilities are still obscure yet important. This paper first investigates the symmetries of circuit topologies through group theory. Notably, symmetries lie in twofold—individual modules and connections. Symmetries not only help to classify topologies but also play an important role in creation of new topologies. Based on wallpaper groups, this paper proposes the lattice converters that can theoretically undertake infinite voltages and currents. The proposed lattice converters will find applications in 1) high-voltage dc/ac transmissions; 2) renewable energy generation; 3) power quality conditioning equipment; 4) electric vehicles; 5) marine and aircraft propulsion; 6) medical applications such as noninvasive magnetic stimulators; 7) high-frequency high-power power supplies; 8) plasma applications; 9) future power grids. For validations, simulation results are presented, demonstrating that the lattice converter related to p4m operates well as high-power inverters.
Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis

Fixing the thumb in a position of palmar abduction is an operation of last resort. It is reserved for those cases of paralysis in which there are no transferable muscles, where there are spastic paralysis and adduction contracture, and where there is severely scarred thumb-web space but in which there is still some chance for useful hand function if the thumb can be placed in an abducted position (Figs. 48-1 A Figs. 48-1 B Figs. 48-1 C-I).
The Family in Flux: Changing Sexual and Reproductive Practices

This chapter is an overview of how scholars of the family and of sexuality approach the family as an institution. It discusses the main theoretical perspectives and methods used by family scholars to study the role of the family in the organization and expression of sexuality and reproduction. The chapter provides a review of literature that examines the effect of various family structures on the sexual behavior and expression of family members. Information is provided about changing cultural norms and statistics regarding premarital sex, divorce, cohabitation, delayed childbearing, nonmarital childbearing, and same-sex relationships.
Cardiovascular applications of ultrasonic contrast media

Recent experiments have demonstrated the potential of an ultrasonic contrast agent, Albunex, for quantifying organ perfusion and measuring blood flow. A series of in vivo experiments performed on exposed hearts of four dogs using a modified real-time scanner show a linear relationship between the measured myocardial integrated backscatter and the dose of Albunex injected when ultrasonic backscatter from myocardium is monitored as a function of time following the injection of a bolus of Albunex. Results obtained from experiments in a mock flow loop using a high frame rate scanner also show that blood flow velocity in the physiological range can be estimated directly from frame to frame speckle tracking of B-mode images following a bolus injection of Albunex which enhances considerably the signal level from blood. >
Using SAT scores as predictors for future academic success

In the past decade, there has been a lot of scrutiny placed on the value of SAT scores. Various collegiate institutions, such as the entire California State school system have dropped the requirement for students to submit SAT scores to the admissions board for entry. Reasons for this vary from institution to institution and range from the selfish to the altruistic. On one side of the spectrum, the thought is that by making the SAT scores optional, average SAT scores at the institution rise, as the applicants well self select who submits scores. On the other end of the spectrum, some institutions believe that the SAT test is unfair, as certain socioeconomic groups tend to fair better on the test than others. Regardless of the reason, institutions are throwing away a piece of data that could possibly give some insight into an applicant's likelihood of success. This paper looks at the question of whether or not SAT scores are a reasonably good of indicator of future collegiate academic success. This theory was tested through the use of a logical rule set created using genetic algorithms. Results seem to indicate that SAT scores are in fact, good predictors of future collegiate success.
Revisioning the smiling villain: Imagetexts and intertextual expression in representations of the filmic Loki on Tumblr

Loki fandom actively negotiates this potential conflict between character as text (interpretations of Loki by those with textual authority, such as film writers, directors, and actors, and comic artists and authors) and as primarily image (in the form of visual representations repeated across Tumblr).