cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ferrimagnetic nanoparticles enhance microwave heating for tumor hyperthermia therapy

Localized tumor hyperthermia therapy has been intensively studied for the past three decades. One engineering limitation has been the difficulty of specifically targeting cancerous tissues in the normal tissue surroundings. Recent attention has turned to the deposition of nanoparticles in the tumor to enhance heating relative to its surroundings. The work in magnetic nanoparticles has focused on resonant hysteresis loop heating in the 100 to 300 kHz range, where that mechanism dominates — however extremely high magnetic field strengths are required to realize an advantage, up to 105 (A/m). We introduce experimental evidence that substantial advantages in heating can also be obtained at the microwave ISM frequency of 2.45 GHz when γ-hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) is dispersed in media at concentrations on the order of 1012 particles/mL.
Adaptive imaging through far-field turbulence

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a new method for calculating the field angle dependent average OTF of anadaptive optic system and compares this method to calculations based on geometric optics. Geometricoptics calculations are shown to be inaccurate due to the diffraction effects created by far-field turbu-lence and the approximations made in the atmospheric parameters. Our analysis includes diffractioneffects and properly accounts for the effect of the atmospheric turbulence scale sizes. We show that for any atmospheric C profile, the actual OTF is always better than the OTF calculated using geometricoptics. The magnitude of the difference between the calculation methods is shown to be dependent onthe amount of far-field turbulence and the value of the outer scale dimension. 1. INTRODUCTIONIt is well known that atmospheric turbulence blurs the image of any exo-atmospheric object. However,through recent advances in adaptive optics, it is now theoretically possible to view a star at resolutionsnear the diffraction limit of the optical system. This is accomplished by measuring the wavefront phase ofa beacon such as a natural star or a laser guide star
Decoupling risk taking from income stream uncertainty: a holistic model of risk

This paper builds and tests a holistic model of risk in organizations. Using structural equations modeling, we disaggregated risk into two distinct components, managerial risk taking and income stream uncertainty, or organizational risk. This allowed us to identify an array of organizational and environmental antecedents that have either been examined in isolation or neglected in previous studies about risk. Our results suggest that both organizational and environmental factors promote risk taking. Further, we found strong support for behavioral theory of the firm and agency theory on risk but not upper echelons theory. Our data also suggest that environmental characteristics have a negligible direct effect on organizational risk. Instead, the environment’s impact on risk occurs primarily through managerial choices. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rules for coupled expression of regulator and effector genes in inducible circuits.

Abstract The induction of effector genes that encode enzymes is often controlled by the protein product of a regulator gene that is directly involved in the control of its own expression. This coupling of elementary gene circuits can lead to three patterns of regulator and effector gene expression. As effector gene expression increases, regulator gene expression can increase, remain the same, or decrease, and these are referred to as directly coupled, uncoupled, or inversely coupled patterns. To determine the relative merits of each pattern, we have constructed appropriate mathematical models for the alternative gene circuits and made well-controlled comparisons usinga prioricriteria to evaluate their functional effectiveness. We have considered both negatively and positively controlled systems that are induced by an intermediate of the regulated pathway. Different results are obtained in the two cases. Our results indicate that direct coupling is better than inverse coupling or uncoupling for negatively controlled systems, while inverse coupling is better than the other two patterns for positively controlled systems. These optimal forms of coupling promote a fast response to inducer. Our results also indicate that realization of the optimal forms of coupling is influenced by the subunit structure of regulator proteins and requires a low capacity for induction, i.e. the ratio of maximal to minimal level of effector gene expression is small. These results lead to testable predictions, which we have compared with experimental data from over 30 systems.
Paricutin revisited: A review of man's attempts to adapt to ecological changes resulting from volcanic catastrophe

Abstract During nine years of activity, the Paricutin volcano devastated forest and crop lands. Lava flow and ashfall forced thousands of Itzicuaro Valley inhabitants to migrate. To restore an ecologically valuable landscape, four zones representing the effects of volcanism on vegetation are recognized. Land use data on each of these zones were mapped and tabulated from pre-eruption photos. The success or failure of individual species is correlated to ash depth, site characteristics, and other factors. Post-eruption crop cultivation is dependent upon (1) removal of ash mantle, or (2) enrichment of infertile ash. The Upper Itzicuaro Valley is not yet recovered from the Paricutin eruption.
Talc Slurry Pleurodesis: Pleural Fluid and Histologic Analysis

Although talc slurry pleurodesis is effective for control of malignant pleural effusions and recurrent pneumothorax, the mechanisms of pleurodesis remain incompletely defined. We instilled 70 mg/kg of sterile asbestos-free talc slurry into the pleural space of New Zealand white rabbits and studied the inflammatory response at 1, 2, 3, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days by observing pleural fluid and histologic characteristics. Talc slurry caused mesothelial denudement and an exudative neutrophilic pleural effusion that resolved after 48 h. A transient mononuclear vasculitis was seen within the lung at 1, 2, and 3 days after instillation. Pleural adhesions were minimal and did not increase in number over time. Talc was found outside of the pleural space in mediastinal lymph nodes (4 of 23 animals examined), kidney (1 of 6), and spleen (4 of 10). The predominant cause of pleurodesis with talc slurry instillation is an acute pleural injury similar to the tetracycline class agents.
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction pathogen detection in patients with suspected septicemia after trauma, emergency, and burn surgery.

Background The goal of this study is to determine the clinical value of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) study for enhancing pathogen detection in patients with suspected septicemia after trauma, emergency, and burn surgery. PCR-based pathogen detection quickly reveals occult bloodstream infections in these high-risk patients and may accelerate the initiation of targeted antimicrobial therapy. Methods We conducted a prospective observational study comparing results for 30 trauma and emergency surgery patients to 20 burn patients. Whole-blood samples collected with routine blood cultures (BCs) were tested using a new multiplex, PCR-based, pathogen detection system. PCR results were compared to culture data. Results PCR detected rapidly more pathogens than culture methods. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), and Multiple Organ Dysfunction (MODS) scores were greater in PCR-positive versus PCR-negative trauma and emergency surgery patients (P ≤ .033). Negative PCR results (odds ratio, 0.194; 95% confidence interval, 0.045–0.840; P = .028) acted as an independent predictor of survival for the combined surgical patient population. Conclusion PCR detected the presence of pathogens more frequently than blood culture. These PCR results were reported faster than blood culture results. Severity scores were significantly greater in PCR-positive trauma and emergency surgery patients. The lack of pathogen DNA as determined by PCR served as a significant predictor of survival in the combined patient population. PCR testing independent of traditional prompts for culturing may have clinical value in burn patients. These results warrant further investigation through interventional trials.
Kinetics of dispersion polymerization: Effect of medium composition

The effect of the medium composition (monomer and solvent) on the kinetics of dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was studied via reaction calorimetry. It was found that increasing the monomer concentration increased the reaction rate; the exponent of the dependency of the initial reaction rate on the MMA concentration was found to be 0.93. Narrow particle size distributions were achieved at the lower monomer concentrations (0.24–0.81 mol/L) and a minimum size (2.45 μm) was found at an intermediate concentration (0.44 mol/L). The average molecular weight of the PMMA increased and the molecular weight distribution broadened with increasing monomer concentration. During a dispersion polymerization, the MMA concentration was found to decrease linearly with conversion in both phases, whereas the ratio of concentrations in the particles and continuous phase ([M]p/[M]c) remained constant (0.47) with partitioning favoring the continuous phase. The average number of free radicals per particle in MMA dispersion polymerization was estimated to be high from the nucleation stage onward (>5000). The increasing rate during the first ∼ 40% conversion was primarily caused by the increasing volume of the polymer particle phase. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 3638–3647, 2008
Paleoactaea gen. nov. (Ranunculaceae) fruits from the Paleogene of North Dakota and the London Clay

Paleoactea nagelii Pigg & DeVore gen. et sp. nov. is described for a small, ovoid ranunculaceous fossil fruit from the Late Paleocene Almont and Beicegel Creek floras of North Dakota, USA. Fruits are 5-7 mm wide, 4.5-6 mm high, 10-13 mm long, and bilaterally symmetrical, containing 10-17 seeds attached on the upper margin in 2-3 rows. A distinctive honeycomb pattern is formed where adjacent seeds with prominent palisade outer cell layers abut. Seeds are flattened, ovoid, and triangular. To the inside of the palisade cells, the seed coat has a region of isodiametric cells that become more tangentially elongate toward the center. The embryo cavity is replaced by an opaline cast. This fruit bears a striking resemblance to extant Actaea, the baneberry (Ranunculaceae), an herbaceous spring wildflower of North Temperate regions. A second species, Paleoactaea bowerbanki (Reid & Chandler) Pigg & DeVore nov. comb., is recognized from the Early Eocene London Clay flora, based on a single fruit. This fruit shares most of the organization and structure of P. nagelii but is larger and has a thicker pericarp. This study documents a rare Paleocene occurrence of a member of the buttercup family, a family that is today primarily herbaceous, and demonstrates a North Atlantic connection for an Actaea-like genus in the Paleogene.
Temporal changes in the physical properties of healing fractures in rabbits

Abstract Temporal changes in the physical properties of healing fractures in rabbits were studied. The mechanical environment at the fracture site was measured and monitored during healing. Animals were sacrificed after 3 to 8 weeks. The results of healing were quantified by whole bone dynamic torsional strength tests. Torque-angle curves were recorded by computer. At maximum torque four parameters were calculated: torque, angle, energy absorbed and stiffness. Torque and stiffness increased while energy remained constant and angle decreased with time. However, values calculated by a constant deformation criteria showed the three strength parameters to increase with time. The rate of increase was highest for stiffness followed by torque and energy.
Demographic characteristics of subjective age.

The relationships between subjective age and (a) gender, (b) marital status, (c) education, (d) income, and (e) race were examined, using data from two U.S. adult samples. None of these demographic characteristics were systematically related to any dimension of subjective age, suggesting that other characteristics are responsible for variation in subjective age.
Developmental Regulation of the Human Antibody Repertoirea

The ability to respond to antigen develops in a programmed fashion during ontogeny. In human, "fetal" immunoglobulin gene segment utilization appears biased towards a small set of evolutionarily conserved V gene segments. Many of these gene segments are also used in antibodies with antigen specificities that do not arise until after infancy. The human fetus primarily regulates the diversity of the antibody repertoire through control of the H (heavy) chain CDR 3, which is generated by VDJ joining and forms the center of the antigen-binding site. Molecular modeling suggests that limitations in the length and composition of fetal CDR 3 intervals result in antibodies that contain a relatively "flat" antigen-binding surface that could serve to maximize the number of different interactions possible between the antibody and potential antigens. We propose that these limitations in the sequence and structure of H chain CDR 3 contribute to the low affinity and multireactivity of fetal antibody repertoires. The specific mechanisms used to generate a restricted fetal repertoire appear to differ between human and mouse. Nevertheless, included in the final products of both human and mouse fetal B cells will be antibodies that are quite homologous in composition and structure. The precise role that these antibodies play in the development of immunocompetence remains to be elucidated.
Waveguide-integrated nanowire photoconductors on a non-single crystal surface

The growth of crystalline 1D nanowires of semiconductors on non-epitaxial surfaces holds the promise to overcome many of the current challenges of heteroepitaxial material synthesis and device fabrication for a wide range of electronic and photonic applications. Nano-heteroepitaxial bridging of CVD grown nanowires potentially enables a low cost and mass-manufacturable approach to nanowire based device fabrication. Here we report the synthesis and bridging of lateral silicon nanowires between a pair of vertical non-single crystal surfaces and application of this technique in the design and fabrication of waveguide-integrated photodetectors. The device consists of a number of 1D nanowires laterally grown across gaps etched into rib optical waveguides with an amorphous silicon oxynitride core and silicon oxide claddings. A pair of phosphorous-doped polysilicon electrodes was deposited on the walls of the waveguide gap for electrical interfacing of the nanowires to collect the photocurrent under optical excitation. Characterization results demonstrated good waveguide characteristics, high electrical isolation between the electrodes, low leakage current and distinct photoresponse from the bridged nanowires. This implementation of silicon nanowires on polysilicon combines the characteristics of crystalline 1D nanowires with the flexible fabrication processes on non-single-crystal silicon platforms facilitating advances in silicon photonics and beyond.
Neuroendocrine changes in patients undergoing whole body hyperthermia.

A phase I study of whole body hyperthermia (WBH) (52 treatments/12 patients) utilizing a radiant heat device has been completed. This study incorporated a temperature escalation scheme from 39.5 to 41.8°C for up to 150 min. Pain relief or a sense of well being was observed post-WBH in the first three patients entered in this study. We postulated that WBH might result in increases in the opiate peptide β-endorphin. Therefore we elected to study prospectively the next six patients entered in this study to test the hypothesis that WBH stimulates the neuro-endocrine axis. Results are reported which show thermal-induced increases in plasma levels of β-endorphin as well as prolactin, ACTH and cortisol.
On the consensus construction of an evolutionary tree

Abstract The socio-economic theorem of K. J. Arrow is extended to cover individual attitudes whose profile is a particular type of rooted tree instead of a transitive order. This rooted tree, called the phyllogram, is the evolutionary tree of living species. Axioms are given which define the phyllogram. These axioms are similar to the axioms of the transitive order, except that the fundamental relations relate three species instead of two. It is presumed that such trees may be constructed from biological or biochemical assumptions which we call ‘taxonomic criteria’. It is further presumed that different taxonomic criteria will produce different trees, and thus that a consensus composite is desirable. Four conditions on the mechanism for achieving the consensus are specified, and following Arrow, shown to be inconsistent. Some of the biological and evolutionary consequences of this theorem are discussed.
New method to measure phasic coronary blood velocity in man.

Abstract Radio telemetry of phasic coronary artery blood velocity was described in 45 patients using a Doppler ultrasonic catheter flowmeter system. The influence of major vessel disease, respiration, cardiac arrhythmias, and nitroglycerin was examined. The coronary blood velocity wave form was characterized by a major diastolic wave representing maximum acceleration of blood during ventricular diastole. The systolic fraction of coronary blood velocity was normally less than 15 per cent of the diastolic component. There was no appreciable difference between the right and left coronary artery blood velocity curves. In one patient with severe obstructive lesion of the right coronary artery, the blood velocity profile was continuous throughout the cardiac cycle due to a marked increase in the systolic component. The importance of cycle length in determining the magnitude of peak diastolic blood velocity was exemplified in patients with tachycardia and extrasystoles. Administration of nitroglycerin resulted in a 10 to 15 per cent increase in both systolic and diastolic fractions in 4 6 patients. Although more experience with this technique is needed, it appears that this approach is useful in determining instantaneous, phasic coronary blood velocity from unexposed coronary arteries in conscious, unanesthetized man.
Mahatma Gandhi and his apostles

I Subtler and More Lasting Shapes Bapu Relics and Monuments Editors, Biographers, and Bibliographers Family Benefactors II In the Steps of the Autobiographer and His Biographers Banya Origins Kathiawari Boy Rajkot Student in England Banister Community Servant Satyagrabi in South Africa Satyagrahi in India Constructive Worker Martyr III The Company They Keep Non-violence: Brahmacharya and Goaes Milk Revolution: The Constructive Programme and Its Mahatmas Index
On the tensile strength and hardness relation for metals

A method for predicting the ultimate tensile strength (S u ) of a material from Brinell-type hardness tests is described for several metals including steel, aluminum, and copper alloys. The prediction of S u is based on a consistent relationship between S u and a material’s hardness coefficient, K d . A simple experimental procedure for determining K d from indentation-hardness test data is presented. The relationship between S u and K d is found to be 1/3 for all cubic metals. Comparisons between predicted and experimentally determined values of S u are made for each of the materials studied, and sources of error between the two S u values are discussed.
pK perturbations of nitrophenol-containing reporter groups at the active site of papain.

Abstract The p K perturbations exhibited by nitrophenol reporter groups linked to the active site thiol group in papain were compared in order to probe the pH dependence of the charge in the environment of the active site of this enzyme. Nitrophenol reporter groups were introduced at the active site of papain by reaction of the active site thiol group with 4-chloromercuri-2-nitrophenol ( 1a ), 2-chloromercuri-4-nitrophenol ( 2a ), and 2-chloromercuri-4,6-dinitrophenol ( 3a ) to form papain derivatives 1c–3c . Spectrophotometric titrations of these derivatives of papain yielded p K values (25 °C, Γ 2 0.15) of 7.51, 7.99, and 3.93, for the reporter groups in 1c, 2c and 3c , respectively. Comparison of these p K values with those of the corresponding 2-mercaptoethanol derivatives 1b–3b indicates that the environment at the active site of papain caused upward perturbations of 0.35 and 0.96 unit in the p K 's of the reporter groups in 1c and 2c , respectively, and a downward perturbation of 0.53 unit in the p K of the reporter group in 3c . These p K perturbations were compared to those determined previously for the nitrophenol reporter groups introduced at the active site of papain by reaction of papain with α-bromo-4-hydroxy-3-nitroacetophenone and 2-bromoacetamido-4-nitrophenol. Assuming that the phenolic function of geometrically similar reporter groups occupy similar positions at the active site of the enzyme, the observed p K perturbations exhibited by these five reporter groups indicate that the charge in the vicinity of the active site of papain (a) does not change between pH 5 and 8, and (b) becomes positive at pH values below pH 4–5. These conclusions are consistent with the view that the p K values of His-159 and Asp-158 at the active site of papain are both about 4 in forms of papain wherein the active site thiolate anion is neutralized by protonation or is blocked by chemical modification.
Potential food allergens in medications

Excipients are substances in pharmaceuticals other than the active ingredients. Some excipients are foods or substances derived from foods, raising the possibility that these substances would pose a hazard to patients with food allergy. This review describes which food-derived substances are used as pharmaceutical excipients in which medications and reviews published data regarding the safety of the administration of these medications to recipients with food allergy. Such reactions are rare, usually because the amount of food protein is not present in a large enough quantity to elicit a reaction. When a food protein appears as an unintentional contaminant, the amount, if any, that is present might be variable and might elicit reactions only from some lots of medication or only in some patients. In most circumstances these medications should not be routinely withheld from patients who have particular food allergies because most will tolerate the medications uneventfully. However, if a particular patient has had an apparent allergic reaction to the medication, potential allergy to the food component should be investigated.
Hormonal and Developmental Regulation of Adrenodoxin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Steroidogenic Tissues

Adrenodoxin is an iron-sulfur protein found in the mitochondria of steroidogenic tissues. It participates in steroidogenesis as an electron transport intermediate for mito-chondrial cytochromes P450, including P450scc, the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme. Using a human adrenodoxin cDNA probe recently cloned in our laboratory, we examined the distribution and hormonal regulation of adrenodoxin mRNA in a variety of steroidogenic tissues. Adrenodoxin mRNA was found in all steroidogenic tissues examined. In human fetal testes, adrenodoxin mRNA was more abundant in early gestation, diminishing toward midterm in a pattern closely similar to that we reported previously for P450scc. Unlike P450scc, however, significant amounts of adrenodoxin mRNA were detected in human fetal ovaries, with no discernible gestation-dependent change. The abundance of adrenodoxin mRNA was increased in cultured human granulosa cells by treatment with hCG, FSH, cAMP, and cholera toxin. In human fetal adrenal cells, ACTH and cAMP...
Lighting design by the interflection method.

Abstract Proposed international terminology 1 used in the paper is as follows: pharos F = luminous flux (lumen), pharosage D - luminous flux density (lumen m −2 , helios H = generalized brightness (pharosage per unit solid angle, expressed in blondels).
A proactive approach to improve end-of-life care in a medical intensive care unit for patients with terminal dementia.

Objectives: To compare usual care with a proactive case-finding approach for critically ill patients with terminal dementia using an inpatient palliative care service. Design: Prospective comparison to historical control. Setting: Urban, university-affiliated hospital. Patients: Total of 52 men and women with end-stage dementia, 26 subjects in each control and intervention group. Interventions: Proactive case-finding by the palliative care service was done to offer early assistance to the intensive care unit staff about the treatment of patients with terminal dementia. Results were compared with data obtained retrospectively. Measurements and Main Results: Measurements included age, gender, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Score, Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System, mortality, intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay, frequency, timing, and goals of do-not-resuscitate orders. The proactive, case-finding approach decreased hospital and medical intensive care unit length of stay. More important, a proactive palliative intervention decreased the time between identification of the poor prognosis and the establishment of do-not-resuscitate goals, decreased the time terminal demented patients remained in the intensive care unit, and reduced the use of nonbeneficial resources, thus reducing patient burden and the cost of care while having the potential to afford the patient and family increased comfort and psychoemotional support. Conclusions: Proactive interventions from a palliative care consultant within this subset of patients improved end-of-life care and decreased use of superfluous resources.
Sex control, sex preferences, and the future of the family

(1972). Sex control, sex preferences, and the future of the family. Social Biology: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 379-392.
Influence of environmental lighting on decidualization in the rat.

Adult, virgin Holtzman rats, maintained in a 14-hr light⁄day photoperiod, were transferred during proestrus to an environment of 2 hr light⁄day or 22 hr light⁄day. Pseudopregnancy (Day 0 = estrus) was induced upon transfer (0 days pre-exposure, 0 estrous cycles) or following short (1 estrous cycle) or long (5 estrous cycles) pre-exposure to an experimental photoperiod. Decidual sensitivity, assessed after surgical traumatization of the uterus, was measured as uterine weight 5 days post trauma. Sensitivity to decidualization in control animals was absent on midnight of Day 2, but developed rapidly to a peak (2000 mg⁄cornu) during the interval between midnight of Day 3 and noon of Day 4 of pseudopregnancy. A rapid loss of sensitivity occurred afterward. In relation to controls, 0 and 1 cycle of pre-exposure to 2 hr light⁄day did not significantly alter the time of onset of decidual sensitivity, though a decreased magnitude of response and a slightly earlier regression were noted. Long pre-exposure to 2 hr l...
Deadlock-free multicasting in irregular networks using prefix routing

A deadlock-free multicast scheme called prefix multicasting in irregular networks (i.e., networks with irregular topology) is studied. In prefix routing, a compact routing table is associated with each node (processor). Basically, each outgoing channel of a node is assigned a special label and an outgoing channel is selected if its label is a prefix of the label of the destination node. Node and channel labelling in an irregular network is based on a pre-defined spanning tree which may or may not be minimum. The routing process follows a two-phase process of going up and then down along the spanning tree, with a possible cross channel between two branches of the tree between two phases. It is shown that the proposed routing scheme is deadlock- and livelock-free. The approach is extended to multicasting in which the multicast packet is first forwarded up the tree to the longest common prefix (LCP) of destinations in the multicast. The packet is then treated as a multi-head worm that can split at branches of the spanning tree as the packet is sent down the tree.
Florida's Functional Literacy Test on Trial.

In Florida, charges of racial discrimination brought in the case of Debra P. v. Turlington postponed for four years a state requirement that minimum competency be demonstrated for high school graduation. The final decision, however, did legitimate the practice.
Abnormal plant development and down-regulation of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in transgenic tobacco containing a heterologous phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene.

Abstract Biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid natural products in tobacco was perturbed by introduction of a heterologous (bean) phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, EC 4.3.1.5) gene, modified by inclusion of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S enhancer sequences in its promoter. These transgenic plants can exhibit a series of unusual phenotypes including localized fluorescent lesions, altered leaf shape and texture, reduced signification in xylem, stunted growth, reduced pollen viability, and altered flower morphology and pigmentation. Genetic analysis of a transformant with severe symptoms showed that symptom development was inherited as a single, partially dominant trait and cosegregated with reduced levels of PAL activity and soluble phenylpropanoid products. Accumulation of transcripts encoded by the endogenous tobacco PAL genes was suppressed. We conclude that the transgene disrupts PAL regulation and that some of the phenotypes reflect interference with putative signals dependent on phenylpropanoid biosynthesis.
Bubble growth controlled devolatilization in twin‐screw extruders

An experimental study of polymer soluticn devolatilization in a counterrotating twin-screw extruder has been undertaken. In an effort to ultimately predict mass transfer rates in such a process, this work analyzes the experimental results to determine the controlling mechanisms in the separation of volatile components from the polymer. The devolatilization process at hand encompasses the heavily foaming and nonfoaming regimes. Historically, the literature has centered primarily around the highly concentrated, bubble-free diffusion-controlled devolatilization regime. The analysis presented in this paper centers on the performance of the heavily foaming stages of the process. Recent and previously reported (1) data on the polystyrene/ethylbenzene (PS/EB) system, as well as newly collected data on the poly(methyl methacrylate)/methyl methacrylate (PMMA/MMA) system, are analyzed. In the foaming stages of the process, two regimes have been found. These regimes are differentiated by the availability of volume into which the foam can grow. Deformation and mixing effects appear to be secondary. Furthermore, temperature changes across the range of realistic operating conditions appear to affect mainly the thermodynamic driving force. It is only at extremely high temperatures that these effects are truly controlling.
Preferential utilization of free cholesterol from high-density lipoproteins for biliary cholesterol secretion in man

High- and low-density lipoproteins carrying free cholesterol labeled with 3H or 14C were administered to a patient with a bile fistula. The free cholesterol from high-density lipoproteins was more rapidly incorporated into biliary cholesterol than the free cholesterol from low-density lipoproteins. These findings show that the liver in man selectively utilizes and secretes the free cholesterol from a particular lipoprotein.
Read Performance: The Newest Barrier in Scaled STT-RAM

Spin-torque transfer RAM (STT-RAM), a promising alternative to static RAM (SRAM) for reducing leakage power consumption, has been widely studied to mitigate the impact of its asymmetrically long write latency. However, physical effects of technology scaling down to 45 nm and below, in particular, process variation, introduce the previously unreported and alarming trends in read performance and reliability due to reduced sensing margins and increasing error rates. In this brief, we study the scaling trends of STT-RAM from 65 down to 22 nm as they pertain to read performance, including a 50% increase in sensing versus peripheral circuit delay ratio and a more than 80% increase in uncorrectable read error rates. Through differential sensing, we show how 22 nm can return to sense delay ratio levels at 65 nm and uncorrectable read errors can be reduced by an order of magnitude. Through a case study of a multilevel STT-RAM cache, we show how a reconfigurable cache cell can create an extreme access mode (X-mode) based on differential sensing improve to outperform the state-of-the-art STT-RAM caching techniques in both raw performance and performance per watt by more than 10% while still reducing energy consumption over SRAM caches by more than 1/3.
Hiding Phase-Quantized Biometrics: A Case of Steganography for Reduced-Complexity Correlation Filter Classifiers

This paper introduces an application of steganography for hiding cancelable biometric data based on quad-phase correlation filter classification. The proposed technique can perform two tasks: (1) embed an encrypted (cancelable) template for biometric recognition into a host image or (2) embed the biometric data required for remote (or later) classification, such as embedding a transformed face image into the host image, so that it can be transmitted for remote authentication or stored for later use. The novel approach is that we will encode Fourier information of the template (or biometric) in the spatial representation of the host image. More importantly we show that we only need two bits per pixel in the frequency domain to represent the filter and biometric, making it compact and ideal for application of data hiding. To preserve the template (or biometric) from vulnerabilities to successful attacks, we encrypt the filter or biometric image by convolving it with a random kernel which produces an image in the spatial domain that resembles white noise, thus essentially both the frequency and spatial representation will have no visible exploitable structure. We also present results on reduced complexity correlation filter classification performance when using biometric images recovered from stego-images.
A pseudo-complete sample technique for estimation from censored samples

An iterative procedure is presented whereby singly right censored samples are transformed into pseudo-complete samples. This involves the use of order statistics to calculate expected “complete” values of the censored observations. Estimates of the distribution parameters are then calculated by employing standard complete sample estimators. This procedure is applicable to various types of distributions.
Impact of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs on the Cardioprotective Effects of Aspirin

OBJECTIVE:To examine the evidence of a pharmacodynamic interaction between aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); specifically, to determine whether a deleterious relationship exists with respect to the cardioprotective effects of aspirin.DATA SOURCES:Primary articles were identified by a MEDLINE search (1966—May 2004). Search terms included aspirin, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, drug interaction, mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All prospective and retrospective studies conducted in human subjects and investigating the potential interaction between aspirin and NSAIDs were included.DATA SYNTHESIS:Several controlled pharmacodynamic studies indicate that the sustained inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity by aspirin is blunted in the presence of some NSAIDs. While these data are fairly consistent, they are limited in that they rely on surrogate markers and not clinical outcomes. Observational studies have shown conflicting results rega...
Relations between the Labour Government and Industry

It is sometimes thought that the planning objectives set forth in Britain between 1945 and 1951entirely originated with and were derived from the philosophy of the Labour Party. This belief, in turn, rests on the assumption that because regulations and controls are always characteristics of a welfare state, planning and control are necessarily for a socialist purpose. It may be suggested, however, that the concept of planning leaves unanswered, and can leave unposed, the question of planning for what. Obviously, there can be planning against as well as planning for, and planning for anti-social purposes, such as war and imperialism, as well as planning for welfare objectives. In fact, as noted by E. H. Carr,' planning in the West has been associated primarily with the mobilization of resources in times of war and other international crises. In recent history the vast extension of governmental activity has been a consequence, not so much of "statism," socialism, or New Dealism, as of planning for war and quasi-war. The planning concept, in other words, connotes only an organized effort by government to achieve certain ends. In itself it tells us nothing about the ends themselves, whether good or bad, desirable or not. The historical relationship between planning and war is particularly important in the case of Britain, and this is especially true with regard to the relations between the post-war Labour Government and industry. The machinery of consultation between govern-
DEFINING AND INVESTIGATING NEW SYMMETRY CLASSES FOR THE NEXT GENERATION OF MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL ELASTOMERS

This work addresses the fundamental difference in behavior between magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) formed from soft-magnetic particles, whose behavior is driven by local demagnetizing effects and those formed with hard-magnetic particles that have a preferred magnetic axis and therefore generate magnetic torques at the particle level. This work explores the phenomena by defining and examining four classes of MREs based upon permutations of particle alignment - magnetization pairs, i.e. I-I for magnetically isotropic particles arranged isotropically (randomly, or unaligned), A-A for magnetically anisotropic particles arranged anisotropically (typically aligned in chains), etc. The distinctions are important since the particle-field interactions for each class differ substantially. The behavior of classes I-I and I-A are driven primarily by demagnetizing effects while classes I-A and A-A are driven by the torques produced in the particles. MRE materials made with barium hexaferrite (BaM) (Classes A-A and I-A) and Fe powders (Classes A-I and I-I), aligned and unaligned, served as proxies for each of the four classes in this work. BaM, with saturation magnetization Msat = 4 × 105 A/m and coercive field Hc > 3 × 105 A/m, provided the magnetically anisotropic behavior while iron, with Msat = 1.8 × 106 A/m and Hc < 2 × 103 A/m, provided the soft magnetic behavior. Experiments on materials with 30% v/v particle concentrations showed that under uniform magnetic fields class A-A (aligned BaM) MREs were capable of large deflections in cantilever beam bending (deflections of 12mm for length 50mm and magnetic field 1.2 × 105 A/m) whereas all other classes, including I-A (random BaM) MREs, showed none. Tip deflection varied linearly with applied field strength. Tip blocking-force versus deflection experiments were also conducted on cantilevered A-A specimens. These tests showed that tip force increased with decreasing free deflection and with increasing field strength.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Squid-Vibrio Symbioses: From Demes to Genes

The monospecific light organ association between the Hawaiian sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes and the marine luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri has been used as a model for the study of the most common type of coevolved animal-bacterial interaction; i.e., the association of Gram-negative bacteria with the extracellular apical surfaces of polarized epithelia. Analysis of the squid-vibrio symbiosis has ranged from characterizations of the harvesting mechanisms by which the host ensures colonization by the appropriate symbiont to identification of bacteria-induced changes in host gene expression that accompany the establishment and maintenance of the relationship. Studies of this model have been enhanced by extensive collaboration with microbiologists, who are able to manipulate the genetics of the bacterial symbiont. The results of our studies have indicated that initiation and persistence of the association requires a complex, reciprocal molecular dialogue between these two phylogenetically distant partners.
VoiceXML and the W3C speech interface framework

VoiceXML is a markup language for creating voice-user interfaces. It uses speech and telephone touchtone recognition for input and prerecorded audio and text-to-speech synthesis (TTS) for output. It's based on the World Wide Web Consortium's (W3C's) Extensible Markup Language (XML) and leverages the Web paradigm for application development and deployment. By having a common language, application developers, platform vendors, and tool providers all can benefit from code portability and reuse. The paper discusses VoiceXML and the W3C speech interface framework.
Contactless Electromagnetic Excitation of Conductive Microstructures for Resonant Sensors

In the present work a contactless excitation principle for resonators is proposed. The main interest is to develop an effective way to overcome the difficulties of activation of sensors in harsh or non-accessible environments. The investigated principle focuses on the vibrations and resonances contactless induced on structures by a time-variant external magnetic field. Our proposal is based on a fully passive sensing element without any specific magnetic properties that is simply required to be electrically conductive in a suitable frequency region. A simple theoretical model has been derived and has been verified and improved by means of FEM simulations. Experimentally, cantilever and a clamped-clamped beam miniaturized structures have been used as resonators to verify the theoretical expectations. To detect the vibrations, either piezoelectric and optical readout methods have been employed at present, with the aim of implementing a contactless electromagnetic readout method in the future.
Megastigmus atedius: a Newly Discovered Pest of Eastern White Pine Seed in North America

Seed collected from eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L., in Transylvania County, N.C., in September 1972 was discovered to be infested by Megastigmus atedius Walker. This was the first record in eastern North America of pine seed being attacked by a seed chalcid.
Frailty Status and Altered Glucose-Insulin Dynamics

Background. We examined women in their 80s and 90s and evaluated the hypothesis that abnormalities in the dynamic response of glucose and insulin to a glucose load are associated with frailty status. Methods. We performed a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test in 73 community-dwelling women aged 84–95 years without known diabetes enrolled in the Women’s Health and Aging Study II. We examined the association of frailty status (nonfrail, prefrail, or frail) with oral glucose tolerance test glucose and insulin levels at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes using multiple linear regression models. Results. Using American Diabetes Association criteria, only 27% of older women had normal glucose status, 48% had prediabetes, and 25% had undiagnosed diabetes. Fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance, and Matsuda index were similar by frailty status, adjusting for age and body mass index. Conversely, mean oral glucose tolerance test glucose levels were higher at 60 minutes (44.6 ± 18.1 mg/dL higher) and 120 minutes (67.1 ± 23.5 mg/dL higher) and to a lesser extent at 180 minutes (44.3 ± 22.5 mg/dL higher) in frail versus nonfrail women as was integrated glucose area after adjustment. Mean 120-minute insulin level was also higher in frail versus nonfrail women (45.7 ± 22.4 mU/mL higher). Overall, glucose and insulin responses were more exaggerated and prolonged in frail versus nonfrail or prefrail women.
Using reconfigurable hardware to customize memory hierarchies

Over the past decade or more, processor speeds have increased much more quickly than memory speeds. As a result, a large, and still increasing, processor-memory performance gap has formed. Many significant applications suffer from substantial memory bottlenecks, and their memory performance problems are often either too unusual or extreme to be mitigated by cache memories along. Such specialized performance 'bugs' require specialized solutions, but it is impossible to provide case-by-case memory hierarchies or caching strategies on general-purpose computers. We have investigated the potential of implementing mechanisms like victim caches and prefetch buffers in reconfigurable hardware to improve application memory behavior. Based on technology and commercial trends, our simulation-based studies use a forward-looking model in which configurable logic is located on the CPU chip. Given such assumptions, our results show that the flexibility of being able to specialize configurable hardware to an application's memory referencing behavior more than balances the slightly slower response times of configurable memory hierarchy structures. For our three applications, small, specialized memory hierarchy additions such as victim caches and prefetch buffers can reduce miss rates substantially and can drop total execution times for these programs to between 60 and 80% of their original execution times. Our results also indicate that different memory specializations may be most effective for each application; this highlights the usefulness of configurable memory hierarchies that are specialized on a per-application basis.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A PLAGUE EPIZOOTIC IN THE WHITE-TAILED PRAIRIE DOGS (CYNOMYS LEUCURUS) OF MEETEETSE, WYOMING

Surveillance for sylvatic plague (Yersinia pestis) was conducted near Meeteetse, Wyoming (USA) from 24 May to 14 June 1985. Ten species of fleas were collected from white-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys leucurus), and from their burrows and associated rodents. Five of these flea species and two adult prairie dogs were positive for plague. The progression of this plague epizootic appeared to be slower and the intensity was less than in previous epizootics in other prairie dog colonies. The plague epizootic occurred within the only known colony of black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) and was a potential threat to the food source of this endangered species.