cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) tumor model: recent applications in low-dose exposures to tumor initiators and promoters.

The rainbow trout has been utilized as a model for human carcinogenesis for a number of years. Trout are relatively inexpensive to maintain and exhibit (over the 9‐12-month tumor assay period) very low spontaneous tumor backgrounds. One of the most powerful applications of this model is the design and conduct of large-scale tumor studies requiring thousands of animals that address statistically challenging questions of dose-response .T wo recent examples of such applications include our studies on I3C as a tumor promoter and DBP as a tumor initiator. I3C was shown to promote AFB1initiated liver cancer at doses near those recommended for supplementation in humans. Further studies are required to determine if the mechanisms responsible for promotion in trout can be extrapolated to humans. In the second example, we report results from the largest animal tumor study ever conducted. A total of 42,000 trout were utilized to measure DBP carcinogenesis down to incidences of 1 in 5,000. The dose response model deviated significantly from linearity although the existence of a threshold could not be statistically established. Extrapolation of the data model predicts a DBP dose producing 1 in 106 cancers that is 1,000-fold higher than predicted by the conservative linear model. If these results can be confirmed with other carcinogens (genotoxic and perhaps nongenotoxic) and other targets, this could have a significant impact on the utilization of animal tumor data in human risk assessment.
Quality indicators for the care of stroke and atrial fibrillation in vulnerable elders.

Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States and a leading cause of disability.
Foundations for a Gender Based Treatment Model for Women in Recovery from Chemical Dependency

Since the first treatment program specific to women was opened in 1975, numerous demographic and outcome descriptive studies have been done to measure efficacy of substance abuse treatment for women. Randomized studies are rare, as are empirically based outcome or judgment based care models. Difficulties in comparing studies are noted, and recent literature germane to treatment of women for substance use disorders is reviewed. The Relational Cultural Model is described and suggested as a framework for nursing research. Theoretical advances in the psychology of women are included in suggestions for intervention, treatment, and ongoing care.
Cell division in the CNS: Protective response or lethal event in post-mitotic neurons?

Abstract Cell cycle events have been documented to be associated with several human neurodegenerative diseases. This review focuses on two diseases – Alzheimer's disease and ataxia telangiectasia – as well as their mouse models. Cell cycle studies have shown that ectopic expression of cell cycle markers is spatially and regional correlated well with neuronal cell death in both disease conditions. Further evidence of ectopic cell cycling is found in both human diseases and in its mouse models. These findings suggest that loss of cell cycle control represents a common pathological root of disease, which underlies the defects in the affected brain tissues in both human and mouse. Loss of cell cycle control is a unifying hypothesis for inducing neuronal death in CNS. In the disease models we have examined, cell cycle markers appear before the more well-recognized pathological changes and thus could serve as early stress markers—outcome measures for preclinical trials of potential disease therapies. As a marker these events could serve as a new criterion in human pathological diagnosis. The evidence to date is compatible with the requirement for a second “hit” for a neuron to progress cell cycle initiation and DNA replication to death. If this were true, any intervention of blocking ‘second’ processes might prevent or slow the neuronal cell death in the process of disease. What is not known is whether, in an adult neuron, the cell cycle event is part of the pathology or rather a desperate attempt of a neuron under stress to protect itself.
Common breast cancer risk variants in the post-COGS era: a comprehensive review

Breast cancer has a strong heritable component, with approximately 15% of cases exhibiting a family history of the disease. Mutations in genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53 lead to autosomal dominant inherited cancer susceptibility and confer a high lifetime risk of breast cancers. Identification of mutations in these genes through clinical genetic testing enables patients to undergo screening and prevention strategies, some of which provide overall survival benefit. In addition, a number of mutant alleles have been identified in genes such as CHEK2, PALB2, ATM and BRIP1, which often display incomplete penetrance and confer moderate lifetime risks of breast cancer. Studies are underway to determine how to use the identification of mutations in these genes to guide clinical practice. Altogether, however, mutations in high and moderate penetrance genes probably account for approximately 25% of familial breast cancer risk; the remainder may be due to mutations in as yet unidentified genes or lower penetrance variants. Common low penetrance alleles, which have been mainly identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), are generally present at 10 to 50% population frequencies and confer less than 1.5-fold increases in breast cancer risk. A number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified and risk associations extensively replicated in populations of European ancestry, the number of which has substantially increased as a result of GWAS performed by the Collaborative Oncological Gene–environment Study consortium. It is now estimated that 28% of familial breast cancer risk is explained by common breast cancer susceptibility loci. In some cases, SNP associations may be specific to different subsets of women with breast cancer, as defined by ethnicity or estrogen receptor status. Although not yet clinically established, it is hoped that identification of common risk variants may eventually allow identification of women at higher risk of breast cancer and enable implementation of breast cancer screening, prevention or treatment strategies that provide clinical benefit.
Securing Wireless Local Area Networks using Smart-Card-based Digital Certificates from the DoD Public Key Infrastructure

With the emergence and widespread use of digital technology at all levels, security of systems and the networks that they connect to has taken on paramount importance. The past decade has seen widespread development, innovation, and growth within the DoD, government, and commercial communities of public key infrastructure (PKI) to meet these security needs. PKI is a robust technology, supporting numerous applications including user and computer authentication, secured communications, data encryption, and digital signature. Concurrent with the emergence of PKI has been the explosion of network security issues related to the problem of proper user authentication and the protection of data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. With the expansion of ethernet protocol-based networking into the wireless realm via the IEEE 802.11 standards family, the problems of network security and user authentication have finally come to a head. In a wireless local-area network (WLAN), protecting the network requires protecting not only the communications medium, but also the authentication medium. This paper examines the problems inherent in securing an IEEE 802.11 WLAN, and discusses how PKI-based authentication of hosts and users can be used with the new WiFi protected access (WPA) and WPA-2 protocols to achieve a highly secure wireless network environment. It discusses issues, including digital certificate format, remote authentication dial-in user service (RADIUS) authentication, and client platform compatibility, that must be addressed as part of a successful implementation.
Caffeine choice prospectively predicts positive subjective effects of caffeine and d-amphetamine

Background Individuals vary in their subjective and behavioral response to psychomotor stimulants and these differences may be associated with the likelihood of developing problematic use of these drugs. The present study sought to determine whether individual differences in caffeine choice prospectively predict subjective response to acute doses of caffeine and d-amphetamine.
Cellular Redox: A Modulator of Intestinal Epithelial Cell Proliferation

Mucosal proliferation, together with differentiation and apoptosis, are a continuous homeostatic process in the intestinal epithelium. The glutathione/glutathione disulfide redox status plays a key role in intestinal growth control wherein a reduced redox potential maintains a proliferative state. An oxidative shift in this potential elicits growth arrest and cell transition to a differentiated or apoptotic phenotype.
The Basis for IL-2-Induced IL-2 Receptor α Chain Gene Regulation

Abstract The interleukin-2 receptor α (IL-2Rα) chain is an essential component of high-affinity IL-2 receptors. Accordingly, IL-2Rα expression helps to regulate T cell growth and other lymphoid functions. Lineage-restricted and activation-dependent IL-2Rα transcription is controlled by three upstream positive regulatory regions (PRRs). We now describe an additional IL-2 response element, PRRIV, within intron 1, in humans and mice. PRRIV activity requires GAS motifs that bind Stat5 proteins and additional upstream HMG-I(Y) binding sites. Moreover, IL-2 induces the binding of HMG-I(Y), Stat5a, and Stat5b in vivo to PRRIV and PRRIII, which also functions as an IL-2 response element. Thus, the IL-2 inducibility of the IL-2Rα gene is unexpectedly mediated by two widely separated regulatory Stat5-dependent elements, located both upstream and downstream of the transcription initiation sites.
Increased serum phosphate levels and calcium fluxes are seen in smaller individuals after a single dose of sodium phosphate colon cleansing solution: a pharmacokinetic analysis

Summary Background Sodium phosphate containing colonoscopy preparations may cause electrolyte disturbances and calcium-phosphate nephropathy. Decreased body weight is an unexplored risk factor for complications with sodium phosphate ingestion. Aim To perform a pharmacokinetic analysis of a single dose of Fleet Phospho-Soda in smaller and larger individuals. Methods Seven subjects weighing 100 kg (Group II) consumed 45 mL Fleet Phospho-Soda. Serum electrolytes were measured. Hydration was closely maintained by monitoring weight, fluid intake and total body water. Results Marked increases in serum phosphate were seen in Group I compared to Group II. For example, mean serum phosphate at 120 min was 7.8 ± 0.5 mg/dL in Group I and 5.1 ± 0.8 mg/dL in Group II (P < 0.001). Normalized area under the phosphate vs. time curve for Group I was 1120 ± 190 mg/dL*min and 685 ± 136 mg/dL*min for Group II (P < 0.001). Twelve-hour urine calcium was lower in Group I (16.4 ± 7.6 mg) than in Group II (39.2 ± 7.8 mg, P < 0.001). Conclusions Increased serum phosphate occurs in smaller individuals after ingestion of sodium phosphate preparations, even with strict attention to fluid intake. Smaller body weight poses a potential risk for calcium-phosphate nephropathy.
A prototype reading coach that listens

We report progress on a new approach to combatting illiteracy -- getting computers to listen to children read aloud. We describe a fully automated prototype coach for oral reading. It displays a story on the screen, listens as a child reads it, and decides whether and how to intervene. We report on pilot experiments with low-reading second graders to test whether these interventions are technically feasible to automate and pedagogically effective to perform. By adapting a continuous speech recognizer, we detected 49% of the misread words, with a false alarm rate under 4%. By incorporating the interventions in a simulated coach, we enabled the children to read and comprehend material at a reading level 0.6 years higher than what they could read on their own. We show how the prototype uses the recognizer to trigger these interventions automatically.
Desire-Induced, Innate, Insatiable?:

An explosion of interest in consumption has occurred among American and European historians. While social historians have paid the most attention to consumption a broad array including economic, communications and intellectual historians have taken up this issue. These authors have varying views of the nature of changes in consumption and of the dimensions and causes of these changes. This article attempts to summarize the historians' views.
Robust diagnosis and fault‐tolerant control of distributed processes over communication networks

This paper develops a robust fault detection and isolation (FDI) and fault-tolerant control (FTC) structure for distributed processes modeled by nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs) with control constraints, time-varying uncertain variables, and a finite number of sensors that transmit their data over a communication network. The network imposes limitations on the accuracy of the output measurements used for diagnosis and control purposes that need to be accounted for in the design methodology. To facilitate the controller synthesis and fault diagnosis tasks, a finite-dimensional system that captures the dominant dynamic modes of the PDE is initially derived and transformed into a form where each dominant mode is excited directly by only one actuator. A robustly stabilizing bounded output feedback controller is then designed for each dominant mode by combining a bounded Lyapunov-based robust state feedback controller with a state estimation scheme that relies on the available output measurements to provide estimates of the dominant modes. The controller synthesis procedure facilitates the derivation of: (1) an explicit characterization of the fault-free behavior of each mode in terms of a time-varying bound on the dissipation rate of the corresponding Lyapunov function, which accounts for the uncertainty and network-induced measurement errors and (2) an explicit characterization of the robust stability region where constraint satisfaction and robustness with respect to uncertainty and measurement errors are guaranteed. Using the fault-free Lyapunov dissipation bounds as thresholds for FDI, the detection and isolation of faults in a given actuator are accomplished by monitoring the evolution of the dominant modes within the stability region and declaring a fault when the threshold is breached. The effects of network-induced measurement errors are mitigated by confining the FDI region to an appropriate subset of the stability region and enlarging the FDI residual thresholds appropriately. It is shown that these safeguards can be tightened or relaxed by proper selection of the sensor spatial configuration. Finally, the implementation of the networked FDI–FTC architecture on the infinite-dimensional system is discussed and the proposed methodology is demonstrated using a diffusion–reaction process example. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LOBOT: Low-Cost, Self-Contained Localization of Small-Sized Ground Robotic Vehicles

It is often important to obtain the real-time location of a small-sized ground robotic vehicle when it performs autonomous tasks either indoors or outdoors. We propose and implement LOBOT, a low-cost, self-contained localization system for small-sized ground robotic vehicles. LOBOT provides accurate real-time, 3D positions in both indoor and outdoor environments. Unlike other localization schemes, LOBOT does not require external reference facilities, expensive hardware, careful tuning or strict calibration, and is capable of operating under various indoor and outdoor environments. LOBOT identifies the local relative movement through a set of integrated inexpensive sensors and well corrects the localization drift by infrequent GPS-augmentation. Our empirical experiments in various temporal and spatial scales show that LOBOT keeps the positioning error well under an accepted threshold.
Governance and Citizen Engagement in the 21st Century

This mini-symposium on governance and citizen engagement consists of two interesting and informative articles. Each article takes a different approach in urging governments to engage citizens in governance processes – public policy formulation processes in particular – in order to strengthen governance and decrease citizen alienation, and for the establishment of a multicultural organizational moral code to enable the conduct of business across national boundaries. These papers were originally presented on a panel at the annual conference of the American Society for Public Administration,” March 2, 2102, in Las Vegas, Nevada. The fundamental assumption that underlies these articles is that citizen participation in governance using shared value sets is a necessity, not a nicety (Also see Kooiman, 2003). The implications of continuing citizen estrangement and alienation from governments appear to be approaching crisis levels in the United States (Box, 1998; King, 2011; King & Stivers, 1998), in many totalitarian nations in the Middle East and Asia (Farazmand 2002; 2009), and in the recent turbulence associated with the debt crises in Europe. Likewise, the increasing globalization of businesses, NGOs, and government alliances has been complicated and restricted by clashes of culturally-based values that cannot be resolved by simply expecting participants from one country to defer to the ethical codes of another. These articles thus present conceptual frameworks for citizen engagement that are rooted in the ethics of citizenship. “Sound Governance: Engaging Citizens through Collaborative Organizations,” by Ali Farazmand addresses the framing question, “Why is the issue of citizen engagement important enough to warrant a mini-symposium?” Or, “What are the stakes and/or the potential stakes?” Farazmand’s article articulates the need for citizen engagement compellingly: Citizen disengagement and alienation from government and governing is endemic in this era of rapid global change. Farazmand proposes that globalization of capital, “a process that transcends nation-states, economies, markets, Public Organiz Rev (2012) 12:219–221 DOI 10.1007/s11115-012-0190-y
Teaching systems integration in an advanced microprocessor applications course

The New Jersey Institute of Technology's Electrical Engineering Technology program has developed an advanced microprocessor course that teaches systems integration, and develops the skills required to minimize development design time and costs. The course uses the generic technical concepts of microprocessor technology as a vehicle to learn the basic concepts of the system integration process. It also emphasizes the use of available and reusable technologies to develop systems and products as well as the importance of documentation and test planning. This paper describes the content of the course with regard to the basic steps of the systems integration process.
Intensity-tunable group delay using stimulated Raman scattering in silicon slow-light waveguides

We show that stimulated Raman scattering is a sufficiently strong effect in silicon waveguides to allow the intensity of a pump input to control the group delay of a weak Stokes-shifted signal. While the fractional change in group delay is minimal in a straight waveguide, microresonator enhancement can produce a fractional increase of 50% with respect to the linear group delay of the resonator.
Electoral Selection, Strategic Challenger Entry, and the Incumbency Advantage

We study the comparative statics of the incumbency advantage in a model of electoral selection and strategic challenger entry. The incumbency advantage arises in the model because, on average, incumbents have greater ability than challengers. This is true for two reasons: high-ability candidates are more likely to win election (electoral selection) and high-quality incumbents deter challengers (strategic challenger entry). We show that this quality-based incumbency advantage is expected to be greater for high visibility offices, in polities with relatively small partisan tides, in unpolarized electoral environments, and in electorates that are relatively balanced in their partisan preferences.
Impact of Chromatin Structures on DNA Processing for Genomic Analyses

Chromatin has an impact on recombination, repair, replication, and evolution of DNA. Here we report that chromatin structure also affects laboratory DNA manipulation in ways that distort the results of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments. We initially discovered this effect at the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HMR locus, where we found that silenced chromatin was refractory to shearing, relative to euchromatin. Using input samples from ChIP-Seq studies, we detected a similar bias throughout the heterochromatic portions of the yeast genome. We also observed significant chromatin-related effects at telomeres, protein binding sites, and genes, reflected in the variation of input-Seq coverage. Experimental tests of candidate regions showed that chromatin influenced shearing at some loci, and that chromatin could also lead to enriched or depleted DNA levels in prepared samples, independently of shearing effects. Our results suggested that assays relying on immunoprecipitation of chromatin will be biased by intrinsic differences between regions packaged into different chromatin structures - biases which have been largely ignored to date. These results established the pervasiveness of this bias genome-wide, and suggested that this bias can be used to detect differences in chromatin structures across the genome.
Dissenters in the Sanctuary Evolving Frameworks in 'Mainstream' Cognitive Science

Critiques of cognitive psychology and cognitive science prin- cipally target cognitivism, defined here as doctrinal commitment to computational processing over internal representations as a model of human intelligence. This paper reviews the principal points of critique, but argues that some prominent efforts within cognitive science currently exhibit conceptual and methodological broadening, to the point of revi- sion or rejection of the core assumptions of cognitivism. Three such efforts are highlighted: Hutchins' distributed cognitive framework, Nersessian and Newstetter's ethnographic and historical analysis of innovation in engineering laboratories, and Tomasello's account of cul- tural evolution in relation to cognitive achievement. The paper claims that such research efforts and the philosophical frameworks that support them offer unrealized opportunities for enhanced dialogue and participa- tion with cognitive science for psychologists critical of cognitivism. Conceptual and methodological advantages of critical engagement are acknowledged, with focus on the problems of innovation and cognitive failure in science.
Enhanced Group Key Generation Algorithm

Group communication is becoming increasingly popular in Internet applications such as videoconferences, online chatting programs, games, and gambling. For secure communications, the integrity of messages, member authentication, and confidentiality must be provided among group members. To maintain message integrity, all group members use the Group Key (GK) for encrypting and decrypting messages while providing enough security to protect against passive attacks. Tree-based Group Diffie-Hellman (TGDH) is one of the efficient group key agreement protocols to generate the GK. TGDH assumes all members have an equal computing power. As one of the characteristics of distributed computing is heterogeneity, the member can be at a workstation, a laptop or even a mobile computer. Therefore, the group member sequence should be reordered in terms of the member's computing power to improve performance. This research proposes a reordering of members in the group key generation tree to enhance the efficiency of the group key generation.
Bioorthogonal Turn‐On Probes for Imaging Small Molecules inside Living Cells

Glowing tags: a series of activatable ("turn-on") tetrazine-conjugated fluorescent probes was developed, which react rapidly in an inverse-electron-demand [4+2] cycloaddition with strained dienophiles such as trans-cyclooctene, thereby strongly increasing the fluorescence intensity. The novel turn-on probes were applied for intracellular live-cell imaging of a microtubuli-binding trans-cyclooctene modified taxol.
Inhibitory Control and Emotion Regulation in Preschool Children.

Abstract This research investigated the relation between individual differences in inhibitory control and emotion regulation. Preschool children (N = 53) ages 4–6 (M = 5; 0) were assessed on brief batteries of inhibitory control of prepotent responses and emotion regulation. Individual differences in inhibitory control were significantly correlated with children's ability to regulate their emotions. This relation held up even after controlling for age and verbal ability, and persisted for both Emotion Understanding and “online” control of emotional expressions that were negative (Disappointing Gift) or positive (Secret Keeping). Parent report of children's self-control and emotion regulation corroborated the behavioral results. These findings suggest that executive control of attention, action, and emotion are skills that develop in concert in the preschool period. However, there was also evidence of a quadratic relation in which emotion regulation was optimal at intermediate levels of inhibition, highlighting the interplay of both cognitive control and temperament in socio-emotional functioning.
Lowering of human serum cholesterol by an oral hydrophilic colloid.

SummaryAn oral hydrophilic colloid (9.6 g/day), after a 3-week pre-experimental control period, was fed for a 5-week experimental period to normally active young adult males on several dietary regimens with the following results: 1) For subjects on a self-selected mixed diet, the mean serum cholesterol level obtained during the last 3 weeks of the experimental period was 9% below that of the control period. 2) For subjects on an egg-supplemented regimen, the serum cholesterol level obtained during the last 3 weeks of the experimental period was 7% below that of the control period and 18% below that of a comparable group receiving the egg-supplement but no mucilloid. All the above differences were statistically significant by t-test (P ≤ 0.01).
Evaluation of Community-Level Effects of Communities That Care on Adolescent Drug Use and Delinquency Using a Repeated Cross-Sectional Design

The Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system has shown effects on reducing incidence and prevalence of problem behaviors among a panel of youth followed from 5th through 12th grade. The present report examines whether similar intervention effects could be observed using a repeated cross-sectional design in the same study. Data were from a community-randomized trial of 24 US towns. Cross-sectional samples of sixth, eighth, and tenth graders were surveyed at four waves. Two-stage ANCOVA analyses estimated differences between CTC and control communities in community-level prevalence of problem behaviors for each grade, adjusting for baseline prevalence. No statistically significant reductions in prevalence of problem behaviors were observed at any grade in CTC compared to control communities. Secondary analyses examined intervention effects within a “pseudo cohort” where cross-sectional data were used from sixth graders at baseline and tenth graders 4 years later. When examining effects within the pseudo cohort, CTC compared to control communities showed a significantly slower increase from sixth to tenth grade in lifetime smokeless tobacco use but not for other outcomes. Exploratory analyses showed significantly slower increases in lifetime problem behaviors within the pseudo cohort for CTC communities with high, but not low, prevention program saturation compared to control communities. Although CTC demonstrated effects in a longitudinal panel from the same community-randomized trial, we did not find similar effects on problem behaviors using a repeated cross-sectional design. These differences may be due to a reduced ability to detect effects because of potential cohort effects, accretion of those who were not exposed, and attrition of those who were exposed to CTC programming in the repeated cross-sectional sample.
Ideologues, Partisans and Bureaucrats: The Politics of Cabinet Decision-Making

Do cabinet ministers matter for policy? So far the literature has failed to provide a definitive answer to this question. Some argue that cabinet ministers are policy dictators, while others stress the veto power of cabinets and parliaments over individual ministers. This paper develops and empirically tests a novel theory about ministerial policy preferences and ability to implement policy. The paper argues that ministers matter for policy, but only some times. Their policy impact varies with their ideological commitment and political skill. More specifically, I propose a typology of ministers into ideologues, partisans and bureaucrats. Ideologues are those whose commitment to an ideology dominates over office perks, and who are ready to give fights over policy. Partisans are party heavy-weights and aspiring leaders who are committed to an ideology to the extent that it helps them and their party gain office, while bureaucrats are lower-rank politicians who are primarily concerned with being in office and lack an ambitious policy agenda. With the aid of a game-theoretic bargaining model, this paper shows that partisans and ideologues have the largest policy impact when confronted with veto-players such as the minister of finance. In addition, it is shown that due to variable ministerial policy impact, party leaders tend to appoint more ideologue and heavy-weights in ‘lower profile’ ministries in coalition cabinets than in single-party cabinets. The theoretical argument is tested on a new dataset, which codes ministerial ideology and political experience in eighteen parliamentary democracies from 1960 to 2009.
The Space-Sales Ratio as a Measure of Product Differentiation

This paper presents an analytical model which has been used to discover systematic relationships in the complex area of consumer acceptance and product differentiation. A method is developed for quantifying the concept of product differentiation and empirically observing the degree of differentiation of competing brands. The model also provides a basis for assessing the relative importance of "brand effect" and display exposure as determinants of fluid milk sales in retail food stores. Analysis of the data presented indicates that product differentiation is an important determinant of sales and that scale economies in promotion may be important.
Molecular Theory of Optical Absorption Lineshapes of Dilute Solutes in Liquids: A Probe of Solvent Dynamics

Spectroscopy remains a powerful tool for obtaining information about structure and dynamics in liquids. One particularly useful approach uses a distinct transition of a dilute species (“chromophore” or “solute”) to probe local properties of the solvent. If the solvent is static on a time scale defined by the inverse of the chromophore absorption linewidth (in Hz) then the (inhomogeneous) lineshape provides some information about the static distribution of local environments, that is, the solute-solvent structure. If, on the other hand, the solvent is moving appreciably on this same time scale, then “motional narrowing” occurs, and the lineshape provides information about solvent dynamics as well as structure.
May-Hegglin anomaly in a pregnancy complicated by intrauterine growth restriction and ambiguous genitalia.

Objective: Thrombocytopenia as a hematologic disorder complicates up to 4% of all pregnancies. May-Hegglin anomaly is a rare cause of low platelets in pregnancy. Methods: A case of May-Hegglin anomaly complicating pregnancy and intrauterine growth restriction in a fetus with ambiguous genitalia is described. Results: The antepartum and intrapartum diagnosis and management of a patient diagnosed with May-Hegglin anomaly is discussed. The involvement and consultation of a perinatologist, neonatologist, internist, and anesthesiologist is reviewed, with emphasis on the mode of delivery. Conclusion : The potential maternal and fetal complications associated with May-Hegglin anomaly warrant early pregnancy diagnosis and access to a tertiary care facility.
Perpetuating Separate and Unequal Worlds of Educational Opportunity Through District Lines: School Segregation by Race and Poverty

School segregation has serious consequences for educational opportunity and success. Using data from the National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data, this study explores the relationship between fragmentation—the degree to which metropolitan areas are split into many separate school districts—and segregation. Three measures of segregation—exposure, concentration, and evenness—are employed to analyze state- and metropolitan-level data between 1989 and 2010 in four states with different school district structures. Findings in this exploratory study indicate that states and metropolitan areas with more fragmented district structures are associated with higher levels of segregation. In comparison to the less fragmented states of North Carolina and Virginia, in the highly fragmented states of New York and New Jersey, the typical black and Latino student are exposed to smaller shares of white students, the typical white student is more isolated with other white peers, there are greater disparities in exposure to low-income students by race, the share of non-white segregated schools is substantially larger, and levels of multiracial unevenness are higher. Highly fragmented states and metropolitan areas cannot confront segregation by exclusively focusing their efforts within districts; instead, regional strategies could be used to make progress in desegregating schools across school district lines.
Re-examining interpretations of non-ideal behavior during diagnostic fracture injection tests

Abstract Diagnostic fracture injection tests (DFITs) are performed in low permeability formations to estimate the minimum principal stress, formation pressure, permeability, and other parameters. G-function derivative plots are used for diagnosing fracture closure and “non-ideal” reservoir processes. In this study, we use a discrete fracture network hydraulic fracturing simulator to investigate non-ideal DFIT mechanisms. The simulator fully couples fluid flow with the stresses induced by fracture deformation. DFITs are simulated for six different scenarios: a single hydraulic fracture, multiple fracture strands, opening of transverse fractures, near-wellbore complexity, far-field complexity, and height recession. The results indicate that pressure transient behavior commonly ascribed to “fracture height recession,” “closure of transverse fractures,” and “fracture tip extension” are likely to be misinterpreted by conventional techniques. In previous studies, we found that a curving upward G×dP/dG plot is caused by changing fracture stiffness after closure and that the closure pressure is best picked when G×dP/dG begins to deviate upward. In contrast, the commonly used “tangent” method can significantly underestimate the minimum principal stress. The results of this study confirm those prior results. The results suggest that in most cases, it should be possible to use pump-in/flowback tests to confirm estimates of the minimum principal stress. However, if a flow bottleneck occurs at the wellbore due to near-wellbore complexity, the pump-in/flowback test may be uninterpretable.
132 THE FEMALE PHENOTYPE OF OTO-PALATO-DIGITAL SYNDROME TYPE 2— A REVIEW AND REPORT OF POSSIBLE NEW FEATURES

Oto-Palato-Digital (OPD) syndrome has recently been determined to be caused by mutations in Filamin A, encoded by the FLNA gene on Xq28. Filamin A is a structural protein which is expressed in diverse tissues and functions in cytoskeleton organization. Mutations in different functional domains of the protein result in similar but distinct disorders, including OPD types 1 and 2, Melnick-Needles syndrome, and frontometaphyseal dysplasia. OPD-1 was first characterized by Taybi in 1962 and over 30 cases have since been described in the literature. Principal features include broad forehead, hypertelorism, cleft palate, short stature, conductive hearing loss, and various anomalies of the hands and feet including broad (spatulate) toes, clinodactyly, syndactyly, and mild to moderate mental retardation. Female heterozygotes typically exhibit a milder phenotype with regard to all salient features, with normal intelligence, subtle facial dysmorphism, and mild involvement of the fingers or toes. OPD-2, first delineated by Fitch in 1976, presents a dramatically more severe phenotype in all respects, with frequent early lethality in affected males and a phenotype in female carriers that closely approximates males with OPD-1. Patients with OPD have been described whose phenotypes fall between the two disorders, suggesting a spectrum of severity rather than distinct clinical entities. We report a 22 year old female with dysmorphic features resembling OPD-2, including short stature, wide forehead, hypertelorism, antimongoloid slant to palpebral fissures, low-set, posteriorly rotated ears, small mandible, submucosal cleft palate with bifid uvula, clinodactyly and camptodactyly, broad distal digits, and flexion contractures. Radiographs reveal Klippel-Feil anomaly and spondylolysis of L5-S1, uncommon but reported findings in this condition. This patient also exhibits marked keloid formation at surgical scars, focal myocardial hypertrophy which necessitated surgical resection, and a bicornuate uterus. Neither the tissue overgrowth, nor the uterine malformation has been described previously in reported cases of females with OPD. A review of the literature will be presented with comparison of the findings in this patient to those in other reported females. Data on mutational analysis in females with this disorder is limited to date. Molecular analysis is planned and will be reported if available.
Sleep Fragmentation Does Not Explain Misperception of Latency or Total Sleep Time.

Study Objectives:Perception of sleep-wake times may differ from objective measures, although the mechanisms remain elusive. Quantifying the misperception phenotype involves two operational challeng...
Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Defects of Situs

Left-right patterning is among the least well understood of the three axes defining the body plan, and yet it is of no less importance, with left-right patterning defects causing structural birth defects with high morbidity and mortality, such as in complex congenital heart disease, biliary atresia, or intestinal malrotation. The cell signaling pathways that govern left-right asymmetry are highly conserved and involved multiple components of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily of cell signaling molecules. Central to left-right patterning is the differential activation of Nodal on the left and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling on the right. In addition, a plethora of other cell signaling pathways including sonic hedgehog (Shh), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and Notch also contribute to the regulation of left-right patterning. In vertebrate embryos such as the mouse, frog, or zebrafish, the specification of left-right identity requires the left-right organizer (LRO) containing cells with motile and primary cilia. Cilia-generated flow plays an important role in the left-sided propagation of Nodal signaling. Ultimately, it is the left-sided expression of the transcription factor paired-like homeodomain 2 (Pitx2) that drives visceral organ asymmetry. Interestingly, while this overall scheme for left-right patterning is well conserved evolutionarily, are striking differences that suggests caution in broadly generalizing conclusions on the molecular pathways regulating left-right patterning.
Targeting Immune Checkpoints in Esophageal Cancer: A High Mutational Load Tumor.

Checkpoint inhibitors (eg, programmed cell death protein 1 [PD-1], programmed cell death ligand 1 [PD-L1], cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 [CTLA-4] antibodies) are changing how we understand cancer and provide a means to develop modern immunotherapies. An emergent notion relates success with checkpoint inhibitors with high mutational load tumors. There are few studies that examine checkpoint protein expression and relate these to clinical outcomes after the conventional treatment of patients with esophageal cancer, which has a high mutational load. The objective of this review is to summarize the literature that examines checkpoint expression and clinical outcomes, as well as propose an accelerated approach to introducing these therapies into the clinic to treat patients with esophageal cancer.
Non-contrast-enhanced T1 -weighted MRI of myocardial radiofrequency ablation lesions.

Purpose To demonstrate imaging of radiofrequency ablation lesions with non-contrast-enhanced T1-weighted (T1w) MRI. Methods Fifteen swine underwent left ventricular ablation followed by MRI using different preparations: endocardial or epicardial ablation of naive animal, or endocardial ablation of animal with myocardial infarction. Lesion imaging was performed using free-breathing, non-contrast-enhanced, T1w sequence with long inversion time (TI). Also acquired were T1 maps and delayed contrast-enhanced (DCE) imaging. Hearts were excised for ex vivo imaging, and sliced for gross pathology and histology. Results All ablations were visibly enhanced in non-contrast-enhanced T1w imaging using TI = 700 ms. T1w enhancement agreed with regions of necrosis in gross pathology and histology. Enhanced lesion cores were surrounded by dark bands containing contraction band necrosis, hematoma, and edema. In animals with myocardial infarction, chronic scar was hypointense in T1w, whereas acute ablations were enhanced, allowing discrimination between chronic scar and acute lesions, unlike DCE. Contrast was sufficient to create 3D volume renderings of lesions after minor postprocessing. Conclusions Non-contrast-enhanced T1w imaging with long TI promises to be an effective method for visualizing necrosis within radiofrequency ablation lesions. Enhancement is more specific and stationary than that from DCE. The imaging can be repeated as needed, unlike DCE, and may be especially useful for assessing ablations during or after a procedure. Magn Reson Med, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Dye-Coupling in the Neostriatum of the Rat

Morphologically, gap junctions are intermembranous channels between cells thought to mediate electrotonic transmission and to serve as a passage for small molecules in the CNS (for a review see Sotelo and Korn, 1978). After the discovery that the fluorescent dye Lucifer yellow crosses gap junctions to label adjacent cells (Stewart, 1978), dye-coupling was used as indirect evidence for the presence of gap junctions. Dye-coupling occurs in several neural areas, including the hippocampus (Knowles et el., 1982; MacVicar et al., 1982), the neocortex (Connors et al., 1983; Gutnick and Prince, 1981) and the hypothalamus (Andrew et al., 1981; Hatton et al., 1987). In parallel ultrastructural studies, gap junctions have been shown to be present in some of these structures (Sloper and Powell, 1978; Sotelo and Korn, 1978).
Some Time Perspective-Time Perception Relationships

This study represents an effort to relate two aspects of the psychological study of time previously treated as independent. 154 Ss judged the temporal length of a series of short 1000 cps signals. Time perception scores, the number of overestimations minus the number of accurate judgments and underestimations, were obtained over 26 trials. These measures were then correlated with the scores obtained on 5 scales of time perspective. The extension, density, directionality, coherence, and valence of future time were thus assessed. 3 of the 5 perspective scales correlated positively with overestimation of the time intervals, supporting the hypothesis that time perception overestimation would relate to future time perspectives.
Pseudo-Dionysius and Paul’s Sermon to the Unknown God

For the sixth-century Christian Neoplatonist known to us as Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, ineffable does not mean what it means for us—entirely unspeakable and unpredicable. Ineffability is instead a way of correcting misconceptions about who God is: as the cause of all intelligible and perceptible beings, God is not a material idol, not a pagan divinity, not in literal possession of corporeal attributes (e.g., a rock), and not in commensurable possession of conceptual attributes (e.g., wise like us). In all these ways the Dionysian God is “ineffable,” while still being knowable and speakable as the Trinitarian cause of all. The Dionysian God is therefore ineffable much in the same way as the “unknown God” about which Saint Paul preached at the Athenian Areopagus. Just as the Dionysian God is not a being and does not participate in the things of being, so the Pauline God of Acts 17 is not an idol, not corporeal, perhaps not even person-like. Ineffability is in both cases a means of correcting misconceptions about what God is. Thus even though the sixth-century Pseudo-Dionysius was not who he pretended to be—the first-century convert mentioned at the end of Paul’s Athenian sermon (Acts 17:34)—Pseudo-Dionysius’ view and use of God’s “ineffability” are strikingly similar to those of his fictional evangelist.
Corrective re-gridding techniques for non-uniform sampling in time-domain terahertz spectroscopy

Time-domain terahertz spectroscopy typically uses mechanical delay stages that inherently suffer from non-uniform sampling positions. We review, simulate, and experimentally test, as a proof of principle, the ability of corrective cubic spline and Shannon re-gridding algorithms to mitigate the inherent sampling position noise. We experimentally confirm that sampling position uncertainty is not a leading source error in a modern time-domain terahertz spectrometer. Though modern systems are presently limited by other noise sources, our simulations and data suggest that re-gridding is an effective technique to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of a system limited by sampling position within the frequency range of 100 GHz to 2 THz. We also predict that re-gridding corrections will become increasingly important to both spectroscopy and imaging as THz technology continues to improve and higher frequencies become experimentally accessible.
Predictors of Long-Term Adherence to Multiple Health Behavior Recommendations for Weight Management

Background. We have demonstrated previously that patterns of behavioral adherence in the first 6 months of behavioral lifestyle interventions were associated with significant weight loss at 18 months. In this article, we extend this work to examine patterns of behavioral adherence over 18 months and to explore baseline demographic and psychosocial predictors. Method. Latent class analysis was applied separately to the Weight Loss Maintenance and PREMIER trials data to examine patterns of adherence to the following recommendations: (1) consuming ≥9 servings of fruits and vegetables per day, (2) ≤25% of energy from total fat, (3) ≤7% energy from saturated fat, and (4) ≥180 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week. Multinomial logistic regression was used to test demographic and psychosocial predictors of latent class membership. Results. Four distinct subgroups with common patterns of behavioral adherence were identified in each trial including, Behavioral Maintainers, who maintained adher...