cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A non-linear dimension reduction methodology for generating data-driven stochastic input models

Stochastic analysis of random heterogeneous media (polycrystalline materials, porous media, functionally graded materials) provides information of significance only if realistic input models of the topology and property variations are used. This paper proposes a framework to construct such input stochastic models for the topology and thermal diffusivity variations in heterogeneous media using a data-driven strategy. Given a set of microstructure realizations (input samples) generated from given statistical information about the medium topology, the framework constructs a reduced-order stochastic representation of the thermal diffusivity. This problem of constructing a low-dimensional stochastic representation of property variations is analogous to the problem of manifold learning and parametric fitting of hyper-surfaces encountered in image processing and psychology. Denote by M the set of microstructures that satisfy the given experimental statistics. A non-linear dimension reduction strategy is utilized to map M to a low-dimensional region, A. We first show that M is a compact manifold embedded in a high-dimensional input space R^n. An isometric mapping F from M to a low-dimensional, compact, connected set [email protected]?R^d([email protected]?n) is constructed. Given only a finite set of samples of the data, the methodology uses arguments from graph theory and differential geometry to construct the isometric transformation F:M->A. Asymptotic convergence of the representation of M by A is shown. This mapping F serves as an accurate, low-dimensional, data-driven representation of the property variations. The reduced-order model of the material topology and thermal diffusivity variations is subsequently used as an input in the solution of stochastic partial differential equations that describe the evolution of dependant variables. A sparse grid collocation strategy (Smolyak algorithm) is utilized to solve these stochastic equations efficiently. We showcase the methodology by constructing low-dimensional input stochastic models to represent thermal diffusivity in two-phase microstructures. This model is used in analyzing the effect of topological variations of two-phase microstructures on the evolution of temperature in heat conduction processes.
Comparison of calcium and lanthanon Ions in the Avena-coleoptile growth test.

Inhibition of elongation of oat coleoptile sections by La3+, Pr3+, and Nd3+ is similar to but greater than that by Ca2+ at low and intermediate concentrations. The lanthanons might serve as probes to learn more about the manner of action of Ca2+, a normal growth-regulating agent.
Patterns of proton pump inhibitor use in clinical practice

Abstract Background Little is known about differences between gastroenterologists and primary care physicians in their patterns of prescribing proton pump inhibitors. Subjects and methods A survey of practicing primary care physicians from the American Board of Medical Specialties and practicing gastroenterologists from the American Gastroenterological Association was conducted by facsimile. The survey instrument consisted of 13 questions about pharmacokinetics and administration of proton pump inhibitors. Results The overall response rate was 15% (491 of 3273), and 80% (395 of 491) of respondents were nontrainee gastroenterologists or primary care physicians. Approximately 90% (n = 355) of eligible respondents correctly identified proton pump inhibitors as inhibitors of H + ,K + -adenosinetriphosphatase. Proton pump inhibitors were prescribed by 80% (n = 314) of each group for reflux esophagitis. They were prescribed by 67% (122 of 182) of gastroenterologists and 27% (58 of 213) of primary care physicians to prevent ulcers induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( P P P Conclusion Our survey suggests that the use of proton pump inhibitors differs between gastroenterologists and primary care physicians. Furthermore, although most physicians believe that proton pump inhibitors are safe, few believe that they should be available without a prescription.
Influence of the aluminum oxide content of chamotte gunite masses on their slag resistance

The authors investigate the influence of the aluminum oxide content of chamotte gunite masses on their slag resistance in contact with converter and synthetic slags. The refractory undergoes wear by dissolution of its surface in the fused slag; the slag does not penetrate very deeply into the refractory.
Optimal topology exploration for application-specific 3D architectures

As technology scales, increasing interconnect costs make it necessary to consider alternate ways of building integrated circuits. One promising option along this direction is 3D architectures where a stack of multiple device layers, with direct vertical tunneling through them, are put together on the same chip. In this paper, we explore how processor cores and storage blocks can be placed in a 3D architecture to minimize data access costs under temperature constraints. This process is referred to as the topology exploration. Using integer linear programming, we compare the best 2D placement with the best 3D placement, and show through experiments with both single-core and multi-core systems that the 3D placement generates much better results (in terms of data access costs) under the same temperature bounds. We also discuss the tradeoffs between temperature constraint and data access costs.
Corticospinal tract diffusion abnormalities early after stroke predict motor outcome.

Background. Prognosis of long-term motor outcome of acute stroke patients with severe motor impairment is difficult to determine. Objective. Our primary goal was to evaluate the prognostic value of...
Lightweight Risk Mitigation for Software Development Projects Using Repository Mining

Many software projects fail to deliver their needed results on-time and on-budget. There are a variety of reasons why this may occur. For some of these reasons (notably deterioration of the codebase), corrective action is often difficult to cost-justify or to implement efficiently in practice. To address this, an approach of lightweight risk mitigation is proposed: mine risk data from configuration management and defect tracking systems, integrate this data with project-cost data in a flexible dashboard, and facilitate strategic refactoring with semi-custom transforms where necessary. This prescriptive information would simultaneously help the project manager to cost-justify repair efforts and lowers the cost of finding and fixing hot spots.
When Thinking Disrupts Intellectual Performance Mindfulness on an Overlearned Task

When overlearned motor acts are mindfully considered while they are being performed, performance typically is severely disrupted. The present research questioned whether a similar debilitation results when mindful consideration is given to intellectual behavior that has been overlearned. Subjects discussed either an overlearned or novel issue and did so either immediately, after a short delay, or after a short delay where a suggestion was made to think about the issue during the delay. Thinking resulted in less articulate speech when addressing an overlearned but not a novel issue.
Plasticizer compatibility testing: Dynamic mechanical analysis and glass transition temperatures

Plasticizer compatibility with the polymer, which implies that plasticizer and polymer will remain closely associated as the finished polymer product is used, is critically important in determining whether a flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) product will have an acceptably long service life. However, with traditional test methods, it is often difficult to distinguish degrees of compatibility among relatively compatible ingredients (ingredients that do not dissociate themselves from the polymer in a very short time or under very mild storage conditions). Dynamic mechanical analysis is a commonly used technique for measuring glass transition temperatures, which can be a useful property in comparing additives' compatibilities. Unlike many polymers, flexible PVC shows two glass transition temperatures, one for the polymer segments that show syndiotactic (but noncrystalline) stereochemistry, and one for the polymer segments that show atactic stereochemistry. The glass transition temperature for the atactic segments of flexible PVC provides some information about the plasticizer's compatibility. When the dynamic mechanical analysis temperature sweep for a plasticized PVC compound detects a particularly low glass transition for the atactic polymer segments, this can be an indication that the plasticizer is relatively incompatible with the PVC. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 21:7–11, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Red blood cell transfusion within the first 24 hours of admission is associated with increased mortality in the pediatric trauma population: a retrospective cohort study

Allogeneic red blood cell transfusion is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in adult trauma patients. Although studies have suggested that the adoption of a more restrictive transfusion strategy may be safely applied to critically ill adult and all-cause critically ill pediatric patients, recent developments in our understanding of the negative consequences of red blood cell transfusion have focused almost entirely on adult populations, while the applicability of these findings to the pediatric population remains poorly defined. The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of red blood cell transfusion within the first 24 hours following admission on mortality in pediatric trauma patients treated at our institution. Age, race, and mechanism of injury did not differ between transfused and non-transfused groups, although there were significantly more female patients in the transfusion group (51 vs. 37%; p < 0.01). Shock index (pulse/systolic blood pressure), injury severity score, and new injury severity score were all significantly higher in the transfused group (1.21 vs. 0.96, 26 vs. 10, and 33 vs. 13 respectively; all p ≤ 0.01). Patients who received a red blood cell transfusion experienced a higher mortality compared to the non-transfused group (29% vs. 3%; p < 0.001). When attempting to control for injury severity, goodness-of-fit analysis revealed a poor fit for the statistical model preventing reliable conclusions about the contribution of red blood cell transfusion as an independent predictor of mortality. Red blood cell transfusion within the first 24 hours following admission is associated with an increase in mortality in pediatric trauma patients. The potential contribution of red blood cell transfusion as an independent predictor of hospital mortality could not be assessed from our single-institution trauma registry. A review of state-wide or national trauma databases may be necessary to obtain adequate statistical confidence.
Estimating soil carbon fluxes following land-cover change: a test of some critical assumptions for a region in Costa Rica

Changes in soil carbon storage that accompany land-cover change may have significant effects on the global carbon cycle. The objective of this work was to examine how assumptions about preconversion soil C storage and the effects of land-cover change influence estimates of regional soil C storage. We applied three models of land-cover change effects to two maps of preconversion soil C in a 140 000ha area of northeastern Costa Rica. One preconversion soil C map was generated using values assigned to tropical wet forest from the literature, the second used values obtained from extensive field sampling. The first model of land-cover change effects used values that are typically applied in global assessments, the second and third models used field data but differed in how the data were aggregated (one was based on land-cover transitions and one was based on terrain attributes). Changes in regional soil C storage were estimated for each combination of model and preconversion soil C for three time periods defined by georeferenced land-cover maps. The estimated regional soil C under forest vegetation (to 0.3m) was higher in the map based on field data (10.03TgC) than in the map based on literature data (8.90TgC), although the range of values derived from propagating estimation errors was large (7.67‐ 12.40TgC). Regional soil C storage declined through time due to forest clearing for pasture and crops. Estimated CO2 fluxes depended more on the model of land-cover change effects than on preconversion soil C. Cumulative soil C losses (1950‐1996) under the literature model of land-cover effects exceeded estimates based on field data by factors of 3.8‐8.0. In order to better constrain regional and global-scale assessments of carbon fluxes from soils in the tropics, future research should focus on methods for extrapolating regional-scale constraints on soil C dynamics to larger spatial and temporal scales.
Dynamic Peripheral Vascular Sonography: A Novel Technique

The effects of exercise on circulation have been well documented in numerous published research studies using pulsed-wave Doppler. Spectral Doppler demonstration of these effects, however, has been restricted to comparisons of flow before exercise and after exercise. The very nature of the Doppler effect has limited the analysis of peripheral vascular flow to immobile structures, eliminating any extraneous movement. Could spectral Doppler be used to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of repetitive limb movement as it occurred? This was the question posed by a team of researchers investigating the hemodynamic effects of the repetitive motion created during use of the Treadwell®. The novel technique of pulsed-wave Doppler investigation during repetitive limb movement was employed to investigate and demonstrate these hemodynamic changes. Blood flow velocity was measured in the superficial femoral artery (SFA) and femoral vein (FV) to determine the hemodynamic changes occurring during repetitive, active-assiste...
Implications of a Dynamical Systems Approach to Understanding Infant Kicking Behavior

Implications of the dynamical systems approach to understanding movement dysfunction in infants are discussed. Traditional theories of motor development attribute changes in movement to the hierarchical maturation of the central nervous system. The dynamical systems approach emphasizes that movement self-organizes as the result of the interaction of the participating subsystems in developmental and real time. In this article, I discuss, from the theoretical perspective of the dynamical systems approach, the organization of leg movements in low- and high-risk preterm and full-term infants, developmental changes in movement in low-risk preterm infants from 34 weeks' gestational age to 40 weeks' postgestational age, and differences in movement between low-risk preterm infants at 40 weeks' postgestational age and full-term infants. Preliminary data on high-risk preterm infants are presented. Based on these data, the necessity to review and reinterpret traditional concepts of motor development is explored. Suggestions are offered and questions posed on how the dynamical systems perspective may influence the practice of physical therapy in the evaluation and treatment of infants at risk for movement dysfunction.
Iris Pigment Epithelium Expressing CD86 (B7-2) Directly Suppresses T Cell Activation In Vitro via Binding to Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte–associated Antigen 4

A monolayer of pigment epithelium (PE) lines the iris PE (IPE), ciliary body PE, and retina PE of the inner eye, an immune-privileged site. These neural crest-derived epithelial cells participate in ocular immune privilege through poorly defined molecular mechanisms. Murine PE cells cultured from different ocular tissues suppress T cell activation by differing mechanisms. In particular, IPE cells suppress primarily via direct cell to cell contact. By examining surface expression of numerous candidate molecules (tumor necrosis factor receptor [TNFR]1, TNFR2, CD36, CD40, CD47, CD80, CD86, PD-L1, CD95 ligand, and type I interferon receptor), we report that IPE cells uniquely express on their surface the costimulatory molecule CD86. When IPE were blocked with anti-CD86 or were derived from CD80/CD86 (but not CD80) knockout (KO) mice, the cells displayed reduced capacity to suppress T cell activation. IPE also failed to suppress activation of T cells in the presence of cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) immunoglobulin or if the T cells were obtained from CTLA-4 (but not CD28) KO mice. We conclude that iris pigment epithelial cells constitutively express cell surface CD86, which enables the cells to contact inhibit T cells via direct interaction with CTLA-4. Thus, ocular immune privilege is achieved in part by subversion of molecules that are usually used for conventional immune costimulation.
Is diabetes associated with poorer self-efficacy and motivation for physical activity in older adults with arthritis?

Objectives: The primary aim was to explore whether arthritis is associated with poorer self-efficacy and motivation for, and participation in, two specific types of physical activity (PA): endurance training (ET) and strength training (ST). A further objective was to determine whether the added burden of diabetes contributes to a further reduction in these PA determinants and types.Methods: Self-efficacy and motivation for exercise and minutes per week of ET and ST were measured in 347 older veterans enrolled in a home-based PA counselling intervention. Regression analyses were used to compare high versus low self-efficacy and motivation and PA minutes in persons without arthritis, with arthritis alone, and with arthritis plus diabetes.Results: Persons with arthritis alone reported lower self-efficacy for ET and ST than those without arthritis [odds ratio (OR)ET 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39–1.20; ORST 0.69, 95% CI 0.39–1.20]. A further reduction in self-efficacy for these two types of PA was ob...
Cycle length oscillations and reentrant rhythms

The author explores the behavior of reentry that occurs in an adjustable tricuspid ring, where the size of the ring is adjusted by a delay time. When the conduction velocity of reentry is plotted against the ring size, one can locate a phase transition from which unsustained reentry emerges from sustained reentry. This transition is smooth rather than abrupt. In this region, cycle length oscillates with an interesting pattern, which becomes complex as the strength of the sodium current increases.
Distributed Revision of Belief Commitment in Composite Explanations

Abstract This paper extends the applications of belief-networks to include the revision of belief commitments , i.e., the categorical acceptance of a subset of hypotheses which, together, constitute the most satisfactory explanation of the evidence at hand. A coherent model of non-monotonic reasoning is established and distributed algorithms for belief revision are presented. We show that, in singly-connected networks, the most satisfactory explanation can be found in linear time by a message-passing algorithm similar to the one used in belief updating. In multiply-connected networks, the problem may be exponentially hard but, if the network is sparse, topological considerations can be used to render the interpretation task tractable. In general, finding the most probable combination of hypotheses is no more complex than computing the degree of belief for any individual hypothesis. Applications to medical diagnosis are illustrated.
Dubuffet avec Damisch

This article examines philosopher Hubert Damisch's extensive scholarship on Jean Dubuffet, including his editorial travails and annotations of the four volumes of the artist's complete writings, Prospectus et tous ecrits suivants. Further, it is argued that Dubuffet's art and writings influenced the development of Damisch's particular counter-historical methodological approach to the history of art.
Mechanical behavior of additive manufactured, powder-bed laser-fused materials

Abstract Mechanical behavior of four metallic alloys fabricated with layered, laser-heated methods of additive manufacturing (AM) was compared to that of similar alloys produced with conventional methods (wrought and machined). AM materials were produced by a leading commercial service provider, as opposed to incorporating material specimens produced by unique or specially-adapted equipment. The elastic moduli were measured in flexure, stress–strain characteristics were measured in tensile deformation, and fatigue strengths were measured in fully reversed bending. The effects of fabrication orientation, surface polishing, and hot isostatic pressing upon mechanical behavior were studied. The fatigue strengths exhibited by SLM AlSi10Mg and DMLS Ti6Al4V in the as-fabricated condition proved to be significantly inferior to that of conventional material. These lower fatigue strengths are a consequence of multiple fatigue cracks initiating at surface defects, internal voids and microcracks, and growing simultaneously during cyclic loading. Measured fatigue strengths of DMLS 316L and 17-4PH approached those of corresponding wrought materials when subjected to principal stresses aligned with the build planes. When cyclic stresses were applied across the build planes of the DMLS stainless steels, fatigue fractures often developed prematurely by separation of material. Post-processing the DMLS Ti6Al4V and SS316L with hot isostatic pressure elevated the fatigue strength significantly. Measurements of surface roughness with an optical profilometer, examinations of the material microstructures, and fractography contribute to an understanding of the mechanical behavior of the additive materials.
Assessing Progress towards Public Health, Human Rights, and International Development Goals Using Frontier Analysis.

Indicators to measure progress towards achieving public health, human rights, and international development targets, such as 100% access to improved drinking water or zero maternal mortality ratio, generally focus on status (i.e., level of attainment or coverage) or trends in status (i.e., rates of change). However, these indicators do not account for different levels of development that countries experience, thus making it difficult to compare progress between countries. We describe a recently developed new use of frontier analysis and apply this method to calculate country performance indices in three areas: maternal mortality ratio, poverty headcount ratio, and primary school completion rate. Frontier analysis is used to identify the maximum achievable rates of change, defined by the historically best-performing countries, as a function of coverage level. Performance indices are calculated by comparing a country’s rate of change against the maximum achievable rate at the same coverage level. A country’s performance can be positive or negative, corresponding to progression or regression, respectively. The calculated performance indices allow countries to be compared against each other regardless of whether they have only begun to make progress or whether they have almost achieved the target. This paper is the first to use frontier analysis to determine the maximum achievable rates as a function of coverage level and to calculate performance indices for public health, human rights, and international development indicators. The method can be applied to multiple fields and settings, for example health targets such as cessation in smoking or specific vaccine immunizations, and offers both a new approach to analyze existing data and a new data source for consideration when assessing progress achieved.
Metrication in the United States, A Status Report

For 200 years the advantages to America of having an international harmonized system of measurements have been reviewed in the Congress. Now the first step in the latest reopening of this subject has been taken in the Congress. No one can predict when the Congress will take final action or what that action will be. However, in view of the increasing use of the metric system not only abroad but in the U.S. also, all sectors of our society should study and determine for themselves whether increasing their metric use would be advantageous and, if so, plans will be welded into a master plan for the nation. The metric problem has gained top-level consideration; the time to prepare for the future is now.
Monitoring treatment response in high risk prostate cancer patients using C-11 choline PET/CT

1263 Objectives Main objective of this study was to explore the use of C-11 choline PET (Cho-PET) to identify metastases (MET) in prostate cancer (PC) patients and to assess treatment response to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Methods 12 PC patients evaluated by bone scan (BS) and CT were enrolled. Whole body Cho-PET scan was performed prior to ADT and scan was repeated six weeks after initiating ADT (n=4). We included Cho-PET uptake outside the prostate bed for bone and soft tissue MET staging. Results Prior to hormonal therapy, all patients show a high SUVmax in the prostate, ranging from 4-7. Post ADT scans show these SUVmax decreased by 29.9±17.5% (n=4; range -13% to -48%). Of these 4 patients, initial PSA ranged from 22.6 to 916 ng/mL. The PSA decreased to a range between 0.31 and 11.4 ng/mL after ADT. The Cho-PET scans helped identify several bone and lymph node MET that were not apparent on CT or BS. For example, in one patient, the prostate uptake prior to ADT was inhomogeneous with a SUVmax of 4.8 and 2.0 in high and low C-11 uptake regions, respectively. The L4 vertebra, inguinal node, and left supraclavicular node in this patient show positive uptake (SUVmax ~2.0). In another patient, both nodal and osseous MET were identified on Cho-PET that were not seen on CT or BS. One nodal mass was biopsy confirmed to represent metastatic PC. For this patient, the Cho-PET showed equivocal bone MET in the left symphysis and right sacrum with SUVmax of ~5.3, whereas CT show no abnormality. Cho-PET and CT findings matched only in post-ADT scans for these lesions. These results indicate strong potential for Cho-PET in assessing ADT response. Although this study comprises of a small cohort of patients, it shows a strong correlation between Cho-PET data and treatment response. Conclusions Cho-PET imaging before and after administration of ADT show promise for both the evaluation of the therapeutic benefit of ADT and to identify bone and soft tissue MET in high risk prostate cancer patients
Investing in Health to Create a Third Demographic Dividend

The world is aging as a result of unprecedented successes worldwide adding 30 years of life expectancy and presenting great opportunities for all of society, but only if we invest effectively. This article, written as a requested background article for the World Health Organization 2015 World Report on Aging, proposes that creating health into the oldest ages could lay the basis for a third demographic dividend resulting from the societal benefits from the generative social capital of older adults, on top of the second demographic dividend's savings associated with longer lives. The combination would contribute to stronger and wealthier societies, greater success of the young, and increased societal ability to provide the humane supports needed at the end of life, plus a dividend that would endure. We now know that prevention works at every age and into the oldest ages. A life-course approach to prevention and health promotion is the key investment. The creation of geriatrically knowledgeable and integrated public health, medical and social care systems has the potential to amplify capabilities and well-being to the end of life. Healthy older populations bring both desire for engagement and unique talents. Institutions designed to create impactful roles for older adults to contribute to the success of the young can activate the societal benefits and further enhance health at older ages. Creating a new vision for the opportunities of an older age is the first critical step toward experiencing the benefits of our longer lives and creating a sustained third demographic dividend.
Absence of an exaggerated renal response to acute salt loading in salt-hypertensive rats.

SummaryThe response to a standard oral load of hypertonic saline was studied in two strains of rats with opposite genetic susceptibility to hypertension. Following ingestion of a chow containing 8% NaCl, the B.P. of the strain predisposed to hypertension rose to an average of 168 mm Hg, while that of the strain resistant to developing hypertension remained 114 mm Hg. Control animals of both strains ingesting a 0.38% NaCl chow remained nor mo tensive. The natriuretic and diuretic response was the same in hypertensive and normotensive rats on high salt, but a significant difference was observed between these animals and their controls on low salt in that the latter excreted more water and sodium. Reversal from a high salt to a low salt diet enhanced diuresis and natriuresis comparably in both hypertensive and normotensive rats. Evidence is summarized indicating that an exaggerated natriuresis after an acute salt load in the hypertensive rat is not constantly present, and it was proposed that the phenomenon ...
The Care of the Dying—Whose Job is it?:

Death and dying have always had deep emotional significance. But there is clearly an increasing scientific and objective interest in the process of terminal illness, dying and death, of special sig...
Crossing Frontiers: Gerontology Emerges as a Science

Introduction Two Precursors Keywords OLD AGE BECOMES A 'PROBLEM' WORTH INVESTIGATING SCIENTIFICALLY 1. Surveying the Frontiers of Aging 2. Setting Boundaries for Disciplined Discoveries 3. Establishing Outposts for Multidisciplinary Research on Aging GERONTOLOGY TAKES SHAPE IN THE ERA OF BIG SCIENCE 4. Organizing the Gerontological Society to Promote Interdisciplinary Research Amid Disciplinary and Professional Constriction 5. Risk-taking in the Modern Research University - The Fate of Multidisciplinary Institutes on Aging 6. The Federal Government as Sponsor, Producer, and Consumer of Research on Aging 7. Gerontology in the Service of America's Aging Veterans Conclusion The Current State of the Field Reconstructing Gerontology
Traveler's Dilemma: Revisited

“A crow,” it has been said, “shouts danger, on seeing a meal, to ward off its fellas”. However, it fails every time. Perhaps, suspicion is hardwired into their minds. A behavior to suspect altruism of a fellow crow earns them a meal. Traveler’s Dilemma, a simple game designed by Kaushik Basu (1994), is one problem that baffles Economists for repeatedly resulting in “non-rational” choices. In spite of sufficient proofs supporting the existence of a Nash Equilibrium (and hence a rational choice), practical experiments and empirical research shows that (time and again), people (even game theorists) choose to make non-rational choices and consistently obtain better payoffs than had they opted for the rational choice. In his article (Basu 2007), Basu tries to attribute these outcomes to behaviors like altruism, socialization and faulty reasoning. This paper revisits the problem in an attempt to force the travelers to the Nash Equilibrium and hence choose the rational option.
Analysis of ~(18)F radioactivity or radioactivy concentration in PET/CT performance tests

Objective To explore the precise radioactivity and radioactivity concentration of 18F used in PET/CT performance tests.Methods To analyze the 18F dosage employed in Philips Gemini series,GE Discovery series and Siemens Biograph series PET/CT performance tests according to the NEMA NU2-2001.Results ①Spacial resolution:Philips 1.48～2.22 GBq/ml;GE 185MBq/ml;Siemens 1.11GBq/ml.②SF,count losses,randoms measurement and accuracy(corrections for count losses and randoms):Philips 481～555 MBq;GE 900MBq;Siemens 1.07GBq.③Sensibility:Philips 7.4 MBq;GE 10MBq;Siemens 4.6 MBq.Conclusion Radioactivity or radioactivity concentration of 18F provided by technical manual of manufacturers could be used in NEMA performance tests.
5—CASHMERE AND THE UNDERCOAT OF DOMESTIC AND WILD ANIMALS

The physical characters of cashmeres by subjective and objective methods are reviewed and co-ordinated, particularly the percentages of down in goat fleeces, which heretofore have not received a considerable amount of attention. The commercial types of cashmere of the world market are described and analysed from both commercial samples and from individual goat fleeces.
Who gets evicted? Assessing individual, neighborhood, and network factors

The prevalence and consequences of eviction have transformed the lived experience of urban poverty in America, yet little is known about why some families avoid eviction while others do not. Applying discrete hazard models to a unique dataset of renters, this study empirically evaluates individual, neighborhood, and social network characteristics that explain disparities in displacement from housing. Family size, job loss, neighborhood crime and eviction rates, and network disadvantage are identified as significant and robust predictors of eviction, net of missed rental payments and other relevant factors. This study advances urban sociology and inequality research and informs policy interventions designed to prevent eviction and stem its consequences.
Feeding microalgae meal (All-G Rich; CCAP 4067/2) to beef heifers. II: Effects on ground beef color and palatability.

Citation: Phelps, K. J., Drouillard, J. S., O'Quinn, T. G., Burnett, D. D., Blackmon, T. L., Axman, J. E., . . . Gonzalez, J. M. (2016). Feeding microalgae meal (All-G Rich (TM); Schizochytrium limacinum CCAP 4067/2) to beef heifers. II: Effects on ground beef color and palatability. Journal of Animal Science, 94(9), 4030-4039. doi:10.2527/jas2016-0488
Hemolytic Anemia Associated with Fulminant Hepatitis in Wilson's Disease: Diagnosis and Management.

Abstract Abstract 5088 Wilson's disease presenting as fulminant hepatic failure is a rare and poorly recognized disorder, Coombs-negative hemolytic anemia with features of acute intravascular hemolysis can be a major complication, we report a rare case of Wilson's disease causing fulminant hepatic failure associated with hemolytic anemia. A 19 year old female with no significant past medical history who presented to the hospital with a chief complaint of abdominal pain and dark urine. Symptomes started about one week ago, with a mild abdominal pain, over the next two days the patient started noticing a change in the color of her urine. On presentation the patient was having generalized weakness and difficulty breathing, but she denied any fever or chills. The patient denied any medication use or abuse. She is a full time student, and she denied any chemical substance exposure. On physical examination the patient was pale, dehydrated and jaundiced. She had a right upper quadrant tenderness. The physical examination was otherwise within normal limits. Lab work showed anemia with reticulocytosis, her hemoglobin was 7, with an MCV of 103, white count was 10, and Platelets of 175. Liver function tests were abnormal with aminotransferase levels of 1480, and Alkaline phosphatase of 42, Bilirubin was elevated as well with a total of 13.3, and a direct of 8.1. Urine analysis showed heoglobinuria, LDH was elevated 1864, and Haptoglobin was Discussion Wilson's disease presenting as fulminant hepatic failure is a rare and poorly recognized disorder. According to a guideline from the American Association for the study of liver diseases, Coombs-negative hemolytic anemia with features of acute intravascular hemolysis should be considered when the diagnosis of fulminant hepatic failure due to Wilson's disease is suspected. Patients with fulminant hepatic failure from Wilson's disease are often children or young adults who have not previously been diagnosed with Wilson's disease ; they usually have an associated sever hemolytic anemia as the hepatocellular necrosis results in the release of copper ions into the circulation. This presentation may be associated with hemoglobinuria, dark urine, and renal failure, has an ominous prognosis, and is considered an indication for urgent liver transplantation, which is the only intervention that would help to stop the hemolysis. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Do Cases Teach Themselves? A Comparison of Case Library Prompts in Supporting Problem-Solving during Argumentation.

Theorists have argued instructional strategies that emphasize ill-structured problem solving are an effective means to support higher order learning skills such as argumentation. However, argumentation is often difficult because novices lack the expertise or experience needed to solve contextualized problems. One way to supplement this lack of experience is through case-library learning environments that provide detailed stories of expert problem solving. In the current study, participants were provided three different variations of case libraries when solving an argumentation task: case library with no prompts, case library with retain prompt (focused on understanding an individual case), and case library with retrieval/reuse prompt (focused on understanding similarities with others cases in the case library). This study found that the no prompt and case library with retain prompts outperformaed the case library with retrieval/reuse prompts. The finding was found on measurements of counterclaim and overall holistic scores on the transfer task. The findings suggest the design of the cases within the library impacts how the participants adopted the case as a vicarious experience and transferred the experience to solve problems.
Vaxrank: A computational tool for designing personalized cancer vaccines

Therapeutic vaccines targeting mutant tumor antigens (“neoantigens”) are an increasingly popular form of personalized cancer immunotherapy. Vaxrank is a computational tool for selecting neoantigen vaccine peptides from tumor mutations, tumor RNA data, and patient HLA type. Vaxrank is freely available at www.github.com/hammerlab/vaxrank under the Apache 2.0 open source license and can also be installed from the Python Package Index.
Profiling coping strategies in male and female rats: Potential neurobehavioral markers of increased resilience to depressive symptoms

Coping strategies have been associated with differential stress responsivity, perhaps providing a valuable neurobiological marker for susceptibility to the emergence of depressogenic symptoms or vulnerability to other anxiety-related disorders. Rats profiled with a flexible coping phenotype, for example, exhibit increased neurobiological markers of emotional regulation compared to active and passive copers (Bardi et al., 2012; Lambert et al., 2014). In the current study, responses of male and female rats to prediction errors in a spatial foraging task (dry land maze; DLM) were examined after animals were exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Brains were processed following the DLM training/assessment for fos-activation patterns and several measures of neuroplasticity in relevant areas. Behavioral responses observed during both the CUS and DLM phases of testing suggested that males and females employ different means of gathering information such as increased ambulatory exploration in males and rear responses in females. Fecal samples collected during baseline and following CUS swim exposure revealed higher corticosterone (CORT) in active copers, whereas flexible copers had higher dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA/CORT ratios, both indications of enhanced emotional regulation. Focusing on the neural analysis, flexible copers exhibited fewer fos-immunoreactive cells in the basolateral amygdala and a trend toward lower activation in the insula while encountering the prediction error associated with the DLM probe trial. Coping profiles also differentially influenced markers of neuroplasticity; specifically, flexible copers exhibited higher levels nestin-immunoreactivity (ir). Further, less hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor-ir was observed in the flexible copers than the active and passive copers. In sum, flexible coping rats exhibited evidence of emotional resilience as indicated by several neurobiological measures; however, despite increased rates of depression and related symptoms reported in human females, sex effects weren't as pervasive as coping strategy profiles in the analysis of neurobiological markers employed in the current study.
Les matrices de connexion et l'algèbre des réseaux

Cet article decrit une algebre des reseaux passifs lineaires reciproques au moyen des matrices de connexion. Il est en effet possible, pour l'etude de ces reseaux, d'utiliser l'algebre matricielle directement dans les matrices de connexion. Un tel procede, bien qu'il ne requiere pas d'ecrire explicitement les equations de mailles ou de nœuds, demeure suffisamment pres de la methode classique pour offrir une interpretation facile des resultats et se revele equivalent aux methodes topologiques au point de vue de la simplicite et de l'elegance. L'utilisation constante d'une matrice de connexion dans toutes les transformations matricielles presente cette caracteristique, attrayante pour les specialistes des reseaux, de fournir constamment un certain modele topologique. — Cet article comprend trois parties intitulees respectivement: 1. Les matrices de connexion et de branches, et les equations d'equilibre. II: Generalisation des matrices de connexion. III: Resolution des equations d'equilibre. La premiere partie resume la theorie classique et introduit une terminologie et une notation appropriees. La generalisation des matrices de connexion traitec dans la deuxieme partie consiste a introduire dans ces matrices, comme une modification de la topologie initiale, les relations particulieres qu'impose le transformateur ideal entre les variables a ses bornes. Il devient facile ensuite de toujours reduire la matrice des branches a une matrice diagonale et les formules de developpement des fonctions d'entree et de transfert etablies dans la troisieme partie constitutent une generalisation des regles de Kirchhoff pour les reseaux contenant des transformateurs ideaux ou des inductances mutuelles.
Assessing natural resource internships: A social cognitive analysis of national diversity programs

ABSTRACTWe assessed influences of conservation and natural resource (CNR) internships on minority students' perceptions of self-efficacy and CNR career goals and expectations, based on social cognitive career theory. We conducted six focus groups using Q methodology, surveyed 134 students, and followed up with 23 alumni and a control group of 11 candidates one year later to measure the impacts of three national programs. Results showed significant increases in knowledge, more positive perceptions and outcome expectations, higher self-efficacy, and increased interest in CNR careers. After one year, alumni continued reporting positive changes and greater perceptions of competitiveness for CNR careers than the control group despite both groups having similar rates of volunteerism/job history in CNR. Results also suggest the need to involve students earlier to encourage interest in CNR careers.
Resilience in the Face of Maternal Psychopathology and Adverse Life Events

Maternal psychopathology has long been recognized as a risk factor for psychopathology in offspring; however, some resilient youth achieve a favorable outcome in the presence of maternal psychopathology. We identified factors that predicted resilience among youth who were exposed to adverse life events, and also examined whether the same factors protected youth against maternal psychopathology and adverse life events. Main and interaction effects of child and family factors were examined employing cross-sectional data from a household probability sample of 1285 youth aged 9 through 17 collected at four sites. On average, children exhibited a greater degree of resilience when they had higher IQ, closer parental monitoring, better family functioning, higher educational aspiration, and were female. Interaction between maternal psychopathology and IQ was significant, and there was a trend between maternal psychopathology and gender. A higher IQ is a protective factor against both maternal psychopathology and adverse life events; whereas being a girl seems to be a protective factor against maternal psychopathology, but not adverse life events.
Genetic Redundancies and Their Evolutionary Maintenance

Genetic redundancy refers to the common phenomenon that deleting or mutating a gene from a genome has minimal or no impact on the phenotype or fitness of the organism because of functional compensation conferred by one or more other genes. Here I summarize studies of functional redundancies between duplicate genes and those among metabolic reactions that respectively represent genetic redundancies at the individual gene level and at the systems level. I discuss the prevalence of genetic redundancies in a genome, evolutionary origins of these redundancies, and mechanisms responsible for their stable maintenance. I show that genetic redundancies are highly abundant. While some of them may be evolutionarily transient, many are stable. The majority of the stable redundancies are likely to have been selectively kept, not because of their potential benefits in regard to future deleterious mutations, but because of their actual benefits at present or in the recent past. The rest are probably preserved by selection on nonredundant pleiotropic functions. The studies summarized here illustrate the utility of systems analysis for understanding evolutionary phenomena and the importance of evolutionary thinking in uncovering the functions and origins of systemic properties.
The Racialization of Latino Immigrants in New Destinations: Criminality, Ascription, and Countermobilization

This article analyzes patterns in Latino immigrant racialization in the U.S. South. Drawing on a unique dataset of more than 4,200 news stories from the region, we find that Latino immigrants face multifaceted racialization in the news media and that this racialization shares substantive similarities with African American racialization processes. The most dominant negative characterizations of Mexican and Latino immigrants focus on their perceived criminal tendencies. Claims of Latino criminality apply implicitly coded racial language about black criminality to new Latino arrivals. A close qualitative analysis of these trends reveals an ongoing cycle of racialization in which immigration foes challenge Latino or Mexican immigrants as criminal elements and immigration advocates respond with charges of racism and discrimination. Supplemental analyses from four African American newspapers suggest that black elites perceive Latinos as sharing a common experience of racial discrimination at the hands of whites.
Dielectric metasurfaces and metasystems (Conference Presentation)

Flat optical devices based on metasurfaces composed of sub-wavelength high index dielectric structures, promise to revolutionize the field of free-space optics. I discuss our work on optical systems composed of several metasurfaces like camera lenses, tunable lens systems actuated via micro-electro-mechanics, and on-chip spectrometers.