cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationship of intravenous fluid chloride content to kidney function in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock

Abstract Background Previous studies suggest a relationship between chloride-rich intravenous fluids and acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of intravenous fluid chloride content to kidney function in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed to determine (1) quantity and type of bolus intravenous fluids, (2) serum creatinine (Cr) at presentation and upon discharge, and (3) need for emergent hemodialysis (HD) or renal replacement therapy (RRT). Linear regression was used for continuous outcomes, and logistic regression was used for binary outcomes and results were controlled for initial Cr. The primary outcome was change in Cr from admission to discharge. Secondary outcomes were need for HD/RRT, length of stay (LOS), mortality, and organ dysfunction. Results There were 95 patients included in the final analysis; 48% (46) of patients presented with acute kidney injury, 8% (8) required first-time HD or RRT, 61% (58) were culture positive, 55% (52) were in shock, and overall mortality was 20% (19). There was no significant relationship between quantity of chloride administered in the first 24 hours with change in Cr ( β = −0.0001, t = −0.86, R 2 = 0.92, P = .39), need for HD or RRT (odds ratio [OR] = 0.999; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.999-1.000; P = .77), LOS >14 days (OR = 1.000; 95% CI, 0.999-1.000; P = .68), mortality (OR = 0.999; 95% CI, 0.999-1.000; P = .88), or any type of organ dysfunction. Conclusion Chloride administered in the first 24 hours did not influence kidney function in this cohort with severe sepsis or septic shock.
Less After-the-Fact: Investigative visual analysis of events from streaming twitter

News and events are traditionally broadcasted in an “After-the-Fact” manner, where the masses react to news formulated by a group of professionals. However, the deluge of information and real-time online social media sites have significantly changed this information input-output cycle, allowing the masses to report real-time events around the world. Specifically, the use of Twitter has resulted in the creation of a digital wealth of knowledge that directly associates to such events. Although governments and industries acknowledge the value of extracting events from the TwitterSphere, unfortunately the sheer velocity and volume of tweets poses significant challenges to the desired event analysis. In this paper, we present our Geo and Temporal Association Creator (GTAC) which extracts structured representations of events from the Twitter stream. GTAC further supports event-level investigative analysis of social media data through interactively visualizing the event indicators (who, when, where, and what). Using GTAC, we are trying to create a near real-time analysis environment for analysts to identify event structures, geographical distributions, and key indicators of emerging events.
The Rorschach test in clinical diagnosis--a brief commentary.

In this commentary, an attempt has been made to put the 1947 article by Garfield in historical perspective, and to make some critical references to emphases made in the review article on the Rorschach Test in Clinical Diagnosis. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 56: 431–434, 2000.
Measurement of Aperture and Multiphase Flow in Fractures using NMR Imaging

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI) techniques were employed for the measurement of the spatial distribution of apertures and two-phase fluid distributions in rock fractures. Rock models of known apertures were used to validate the NMRI technique. NMRI aperture values were in good agreement with nominal and hydraulic aperture values. The fracture signal in porous rock was isolated by NMR spin-spin relaxation times. Areal distributions of oil and water in an immiscible fracture flow were resolved on the basis of their NMR spin-lattice relaxation times.
TOWARD THE PUBLIC INTEREST: REDEFINING RURAL POLICY NEEDS

From the perspective of a political theorist, the author advances a basic concept of the public interest derived from the work of Brian Barry. Policies for rural areas are too often monopolized by agricultural income support programs which go to an assignable interest. They, however, do little to benefit or advantage the bulk of the rural populations whose interests are quite heterogenous.
Efficient learning of continuous neural networks

We describe an efficient algorithm for learning from examples a class of feedforward neural networks with real inputs and outputs in a real-value generalization of the Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) model. These networks can approximate an arbitrary function with an arbitrary precision. The learning algorithm can accommodate a fairly general worst-case noise model. The main improvement over previous work is that the running time of the algorithm grows only polynomially as the size of the target network increases (there is still an exponential dependence on the dimension of the input space, however). The main computational tool is an iterative “loading” algorithm which adds new hidden units to the hypothesis network sequentially. This avoids the difficult problem of optimizing the weights of all units simultaneously.
Effects of a fecapentaene on protein kinase C

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a Ca2(+)- and phospholipid-dependent serine and threonine protein kinase which binds and is activated by tumor promoters such as the phorbol ester 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). PKC can be activated in vitro by phosphatidylserine (PS) plus Ca2+. We report here that the compound fecapentaene-12 can replace the requirement for PS in the activation of PKC by Ca2+. In addition, at low concentrations fecapentaene-12 can enhance the activation of PKC by Ca2+ and PS. It can also either enhance or inhibit activation of PKC by the tumor promoter teleocidin, depending on the assay conditions. These results are of interest since fecapentaene is known to be a potent mutagen that is produced by Bacteroides species present in the lumen of the human colon. The present studies raise the possibility that this compound might also play a role in colon cancer by altering the activity of PKC.
Making sense: The work of Eugene Gendlin*

Challenging the rationalism of his time, Pascal (1958: 78) proclaimed a different logic: "The heart has its reasons," he wrote, "which reason does not know." Disturbed by the skepticism that was beginning to take hold in the seventeenth century, he wanted to argue for a logic of the heart, a discourse born of feeling, that could make sense out of connections that reason refuses to recognize. Our own century is of course very different from Pascal's. And yet, we still seem to need the Pascalian reminder. Perhaps no-one has given the grain of truth in Pascal's assertion a more timely, more convincing demon? stration than Eugene Gendlin. To be sure, there is a crucial difference between Pascal and Gendlin: Gendlin's work involves not only a new understanding of language, of how language works, but also a new way or new ways ? of using language, to articulate certain roles that the body performs in the for? mation of meanings. Gendlin's thinking works with a different kind of experience: something that he calls our "bodily felt sense" of the situations in which we find our? selves. His theory of language ? and the way he actually works with words ? show us how new meanings can be drawn from a bodily felt sense. Everyone today, even J?rgen Habermas, the contemporary standard-bearer of the legacy of Enlightenment rationalism, speaks of the need to think of reason as intersubjective and embodied; but they all leave the question of what, very concretely and very precisely, this actually means and involves, utterly unanswered. With an extraordinary respect for embodied experience, Gendlin is almost alone in exploring the role of the body in the context of an excitingly new theory and practice of language.
Mechanism of neutralization of budded Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus by a monoclonal antibody: Inhibition of entry by adsorptive endocytosis.

Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) is characterized by two different phenotypes, each with a specific role in the life cycle of the virus in nature. They differ widely in infectivity both in vivo and in vitro, and are neutralized by different populations of antibodies. A monoclonal antibody designated AcV1 neutralizes one phenotype, BV, by reacting with a major envelope antigen not present on the other phenotype. BV can functionally enter cells by two different pathways and AcV1 neutralizes BV by preventing it from using its preferred pathway, adsorptive endocytosis. Further, a “nonneutralizable” fraction of BV in the presence of antibody excess enters by the alternative pathway. The difference in infectivity between the two phenotypes of AcNPV can be attributed to mechanisms of functional entry, as only BV can enter by the more efficient adsorptive endocytosis.
Remote sensing of crop coefficients for improving the irrigation scheduling of corn

Improved irrigation water management requires accurate scheduling of irrigations which in turn requires an accurate calculation of daily crop evapotranspiration (Et). Previous work by Neale et al. (1989) and Bausch (1993) have indicated that the reflectance-based crop coefficient (Kcr) for corn responded to crop growth anomalies and should improve irrigation scheduling. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop a new procedure for using the Kcr in irrigation scheduling and present results of simulations comparing different basal crop coefficient (Kcb) curves for corn to evaluate their effects on estimated crop Et. Irrigation scheduling simulations were performed using SCHED, the USDA-ARS Irrigation Scheduling Program, and three Kcb curves (the one in SCHED, Wright's (1982) tabular data, and the Kcr-based Kcb). Simulated crop water use using the Kcb curve in SCHED was considerably greater during vegetative growth (60 to 100 mm) than simulated crop water use using Wright's Kcb or the Kcr derived Kcb curves for three growing seasons. Crop water use between the Kcr-basedKcb and Wright's Kcb were different by approximately 20 mm each growing season. Crop water use was less in 1990 and 1992 for the Kcr derived curve and greater for 1991; crop development was directly responsible for the differences. Although the differences between the Wright and Kcr basal crop curves were minimal, irrigations with the Kcr-based Kcb were more appropriately timed. Irrigations that are correctly timed minimize overirrigation as well as underirrigation.
Effects of Tranquilizers on Bacterial Toxemias III: Chlorpromazine

Previous papers from this laboratory have indicated the role of reserpine and meprobamate in overwhelming bacterial toxemias experimentally induced in laboratory animals. The present study was primarily concerned with chlorpromazine. In rats and mice, pretreatment with chlorpromazine was shown to prolong significantly the survival of animals inoculated with lethal doses of tetanus or botulinus toxins. Similar prolongations following chlorpromazine pretreatment were demonstrated with E. coli, S. typhosa, and S. marcescens endotoxins. At identical doses, neither hydroxyzine nor methaminodiazepoxide pretreatment consistently provoked similar responses to toxin challenges.
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over reduced and unreduced iron oxide catalysts

Abstract An investigation has been carried out of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over potassium-promoted and unpromoted iron oxide catalysts. The distribution of products over reduced and unreduced Fe2O3 are similar. The primary products are methane and linear, terminal olefins. Some C+2 paraffins are produced in parallel with olefins, but most result from hydrogenation of the olefins. Isomerization of terminal to internal olefins also occurs as a secondary reaction. The Anderson-Schulz-Flory distribution of products is characterized by two branches differing in the value of α. The average molecular weight of the product increases with decreasing temperature, decreasing H2 partial pressure, and increasing CO partial pressure. Methanol is the only oxygenated product formed over unpromoted Fe2O3. Promotion of Fe2O3 with potassium suppresses the rates of olefin hydrogenation and isomerization, and the rate of methanol formation, but enhances the rates of formation of C+2 hydrocarbons, branched hydrocarbons, and aldehydes. The kinetics for the synthesis of C1C7 hydrocarbons were determined for both promoted and unpromoted catalysts. The data show that in general the kinetics of formation of an individual product cannot be represented by simple power-law rate expressions. Based on X-ray diffraction analyses of used catalysts, it is concluded that the phase of iron active for Fe2O3 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is a mixture of χ- and e′-iron carbides, and a small amount of α-iron.
Coupling of the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor to Sphingolipid Signalinga

The neurotrophins are a family of growth factors involved in the survival and differentiation of specific populations of neurons and glial cells. Many of the trophic signals elicited by neurotrophins are initiated by the binding of these molecules to various Trk tyrosine kinase receptors. In contrast, recent data suggest that neurotrophin-mediated death signals are generated through the interaction of nerve growth factor with the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor, p75NTR, Neurotrophins may signal through p75NTR by stimulating sphingomyelin hydrolysis and generating ceramide in primary cultures of neurons and glial cells as well as in fibroblasts heterologously expressing p75NTR. The biochemical characteristics of p75NTR-dependent ceramide generation are discussed relative to the role of ceramide in p75NTR-dependent apoptosis and the activation of NF-kappa B.
N-Heterocyclic Carbene Boryl Radicals: A New Class of Boron-Centered Radical

Reduction of xanthates by N-heterocyclic carbene boranes (NHC-boranes) has been suggested to occur by a radical chain mechanism involving heretofore unknown NHC-boryl radicals. In support of this suggestion, both the expected borane dithiocarbonate product and an unexpected borane xanthate product have now been isolated. These are the first NHC-boranes with boron-sulfur bonds, and their structures have been secured by spectroscopic and crystallographic means. The first rate constants for H-atom transfer from an NHC borane complex were determined by using the ring opening of a substituted cyclobutylcarbinyl radical as a clock reaction. The rate constant for reaction of the NHC-borane with a secondary alkyl radical at ambient temperature is 4 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1), and the Arrhenius function displayed an entropic term (log A term) that was typical for a bimolecular reaction. The B-H bond dissociation energy of an NHC-borane complex has been estimated at 88 kcal/mol. The putative NHC-boryl radical in these transformations has been detected by EPR spectroscopy. Spectral analysis suggests that it is a pi-radical, analogous to the benzyl radical.
Reactively sputtered oxide optical coatings for inertial confinement fusion laser components

Abstract Results to date are presented for a study of reactively sputtered oxide optical coatings which are candidate materials for use in the NOVA Terawatt neodymium glass laser under development at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, California. Experimental details are described for the deposition of TiO 2 on fused silica substrates by r.f. diode sputtering of titanium in a reactive Ar-O 2 atmosphere. Specific deposition procedures are presented for variation of the phase composition and grain size of the coatings over wide ranges. High laser damage thresholds are reported for TiO 2 , and glassy coatings appear to be more damage resistant than polycrystalline coatings. Phase composition appears to be less important to damage resistance than grain size. Application of the reactive sputtering process to preparation of damage-resistant oxides of In-Sn and tantalum is also described and damage thresholds obtained to date are reported.
Tree‐rings, Kings, and Old World Archaeology and Environment: papers presented in honor of Peter Ian Kuniholm – Edited by Sturt W. Manning and Mary Jaye Bruce

Tree‐rings, Kings, and Old World Archaeology and Environment: papers presented in honor of Peter Ian Kuniholm STURT W. Manning and MARY JAYE Bruce ( eds ) 336 pp., 87 figures including colour, 34 t...
Triethyllead Inhibits γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Binding to Uptake Sites in Synaptosomal Membranes

Triethyllead (TEL), the active metabolite of tetraethyllead, was shown previously to inhibit selectively high-affinity Na+-dependent uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) into cerebrocortical synaptosomes. Such inhibition was not related to the Na+ gradient, Na+,K+-ATPase activity, [Cl-], or energy charge. We report here that TEL inhibits GABA binding to the presynaptic transporter involved in Na+-dependent uptake. Scatchard plot analysis of Na+-dependent [3H]GABA binding to a highly purified synaptic plasma membrane preparation revealed that 25 microM TEL reduced the Bmax by 44%, leaving the KD unchanged. This binding was reversible and predominantly involved membrane uptake sites, as characterized by pharmacological specificity to GABA ligands. Approximately 85% of specific GABA binding was considered membrane uptake site binding, as indicated by sensitivity to nipecotic acid and diaminobutyric acid, with relative insensitivity to muscimol, bicuculline methiodide, baclofen, and beta-alanine. With respect to previous data, these finding suggest that TEL inhibits Na+-sensitive high-affinity GABA uptake by interfering with GABA binding to its presynaptic transporter.
Heme degradation and oxidative stress in murine models for hemoglobinopathies: Thalassemia, sickle cell disease and hemoglobin C disease

Red blood cells with abnormal hemoglobins (Hb) are frequently associated with increased hemoglobin autoxidation, accumulation of iron in membranes, increased membrane damage and a shorter red cell life span. The mechanisms for many of these changes have not been elucidated. We have shown in our previous studies that hydrogen peroxide formed in association with hemoglobin autoxidation reacts with hemoglobin and initiates a cascade of reactions that results in heme degradation with the formation of two fluorescent emission bands and the release of iron. Heme degradation was assessed by measuring the fluorescent band at ex 321 nm. A 5.6 fold increase in fluorescence was found in red cells from sickle transgenic mice that expressed exclusively human globins when compared to red cells from control mice. When sickle transgenic mice co-express the γM transgene, that expresses HbF and inhibits polymerization, heme degradation is decreased. Mice expressing exclusively hemoglobin C had a 6.9 fold increase in fluorescence compared to control. Heme degradation was also increased 3.5 fold in β-thalassemic mice generated by deletion of murine βmajor. Membrane bound IgG and red cell metHb were highly correlated with the intensity of the fluorescent heme degradation band. These results suggest that degradation of the heme moiety in intact hemoglobin and/or degradation of free heme by peroxides are higher in pathological RBCs. Concomitant release of iron appears to be responsible for the membrane damage that leads to IgG binding and the removal of red cells from circulation.
Syntactic context and lexical access

Recent studies demonstrating that multiple meanings of an ambiguous word are initially accessed even when only one reading is syntactically appropriate with the preceding context can be criticized on at least two grounds. First, many of the syntactic contexts used were not truly restrictive, and, secondly, subjects may not have had time to integrate the context before processing the ambiguous word. In the present study, subjects listened to a sentence ending in an ambiguous word and then made a lexical decision to a target related to either the appropriate or inappropriate reading. Contexts were completely restrictive, and a pause was introduced between the context and the ambiguous word. Multiple access still obtained, providing further support for the claim that lexical access is not guided by syntactic context.
Dopamine high-affinity transport site topography in rat brain: major differences between dorsal and ventral striatum.

Abstract Investigations were conducted to determine the topography of the high-affinity dopamine uptake process within the rat striatum. [ 3 H]Dopamine uptake into crude synaptosomes prepared from micropunch samples was found to be two- to three-fold higher in dorsal caudate-putamen relative to nucleus accumbens septi. In contrast, the concentrations of dopamine in the two regions were equivalent. The recognition site associated with high-affinity dopamine uptake was labeled using [ 3 H]mazindol, and the binding of this ligand was also found to be two- to three-fold higher in homogenates from dorsal caudate-putamen samples relative to nucleus accumbens septi. Regional differences in uptake of [ 3 H]dopamine or binding of [ 3 H]mazindol were shown to be due to variations in V max or B max , not to differences in apparent affinity. Autoradiography of [ 3 H]mazindol binding in rat striatum revealed a decreasing density of the site along the dorsal-to-ventral axis, with the highest binding occurring in the dorsolateral caudate-putamen, lower binding in the ventral caudate-putamen, and lowest levels in the septal pole of the nucleus accumbens septi. Quantification showed that the extent of this gradient was two-fold. Further autoradiographic studies revealed less striatal heterogeneity in the pattern of binding of [ 3 H]ketanserin, another radioligand associated with the striatal dopaminergic innervation but not linked to the dopamine uptake process of the plasma membrane. The findings suggest that the dopaminergic fibers of the ventral striatum, especially the medial nucleus accumbens septi, may be relatively lacking in their capacity for dopamine uptake following its release. This organization may result in regional differences in the time-course of extraneuronal dopamine following transmitter release and may render the dopamine-containing terminals of the ventral striatum less susceptible to the degenerative influences of neurotoxins that are incorporated by the high-affinity dopamine uptake process.
Effect of Cigarette Smoke on Epinephrine Secretion in the Dog.

SummaryInhalation of cigarette smoke causes a significant increase in epinephrine levels of the adrenal vein, vena cava, peripheral arterial and peripheral venous blood in the dog, the degree of increase being proportionally less in each area respectively.
Wind resource assessment and wind power potential of Mil-E Nader region in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran – Part 1: Annual energy estimation

Abstract In this paper, wind power potential of Mil-E Nader region is statistically analyzed based on 10 min measured short term wind data. Weibull parameters at 40 m height have been estimated and used to describe the distribution of wind data and its frequencies. Additionally, diurnal and monthly wind speed variations have been calculated. Based on power law model and average wind speed at three heights (10, 30 and 40 m), wind speeds at higher elevations have been extrapolated. Energy analysis has been carried out to find best hub height by comparing energy production of several wind turbines with different classes and hub heights. The energy production analysis showed that the wind turbines with 80 m height have high production in comparison to the others.
Synthetic surfaces for ribonuclease adsorption.

Intact RNA and DNA are of central importance to biochemical research and biotechnology. The preservation of these nucleic acids requires the absence of nuclease activity. Here, radical-mediated polymerization of vinylsulfonate on resin and glass surfaces is shown to produce a high-density poly(vinylsulfonate) coating that sequesters ribonucleases from aqueous solutions quickly and completely. The adsorptive efficacy of this coating exceeds that of other known coatings by ≥107-fold. Surfaces coated with poly(vinylsulfonate) could be used to maintain the integrity of ribonucleic acids in a variety of contexts.
Cerebellar glutamine synthetase in children after hypoxia or ischemia.

Background: Glutamate has been implicated in the pathophysiology of acute hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Glutamine synthetase is an enzyme found in astrocytes that converts glutamate to its nontoxic analogue, glutamine. The present study tests the hypothesis that brain glutamine synthetase activity increases in response to acute hypoxic-ischemic insults and not in response to chronic hypoxia-ischemia or non-hypoxic-ischemic neurological disease. Summary of Report: Frozen sections of cerebellum from children who died with acute or chronic hypoxic-ischemic insults or chronic non-hypoxic-ischemic neurological disease were spectrophotometrically assayed for glutamine synthetase activity by an observer who was blinded to the clinical group assignment of each specimen. Enzyme activity was elevated in specimens from children with acute hypoxic-ischemic insults (mean 6.5; range 5.4-7.2 units/g wet tissue wt) as compared with those from patients with chronic hypoxia-ischemia (mean 2.8; range 0.7-10.2 units/g wet tissue wt) or with non-hypoxic-ischemic neurological disease (mean 2.6; range 1.3-3.9 units/g wet tissue wt). This difference was not due to differences in the degree of histological astrocytosis or edema among the specimens. Statistical analysis by the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks test indicates that the three data groups do not come from one population (/><0.05). Conclusions: These results support the notion that glutamine synthetase activity increases in response to acute hypoxic-ischemic nervous system injury in children and that other compensatory mechanisms prevail in the case of chronic hypoxic-ischemic insults. (Stroke 1991^2:1312-1316)
Developmental expression of a functional TASK-1 2P domain K+ channel in embryonic chick heart

Background Background K+ channels are the principal determinants of the resting membrane potential (RMP) in cardiac myocytes and thus, influence the magnitude and time course of the action potential (AP).
The Effect of Community Linguistic Isolation on Language-Minority Student Achievement in High School

Research on language-minority student outcomes has revealed sizeable and persistent achievement gaps. The reasons for these gaps are often closely linked with other factors related to underperformance, including generational status, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Using sociocultural second-language acquisition theories and community linguistic capital as a theoretical frame, this study builds upon the extant literature to examine the relationship between community linguistic isolation and language-minority 10th-grade student achievement outcomes. I find that language minority achievement gaps are three to five tenths of a standard deviation in reading and math but that the effect is attenuated by increased levels of linguistic isolation. These results appear robust to a number of specifications. Possible reasons for the attenuation are also discussed.
Regulation of Insulin-stimulated GLUT4 Translocation by Munc18c in 3T3L1 Adipocytes

Insulin stimulates glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 vesicle translocation from intracellular storage sites to the plasma membrane in 3T3L1 adipocytes through a VAMP2- and syntaxin 4-dependent mechanism. We have observed that Munc18c, a mammalian homolog of the yeast syntaxin-binding protein n-Sec1p, competed for the binding of VAMP2 to syntaxin 4. Consistent with an inhibitory function for Munc18c, expression of Munc18c, but not the related Munc18b isoform, prevented the insulin stimulation of GLUT4 and IRAP/vp165 translocation to the plasma membrane without any significant effect on GLUT1 trafficking. As expected, overexpressed Munc18c was found to co-immunoprecipitate with syntaxin 4 in the basal state. However, these complexes were found to dissociate upon insulin stimulation. Furthermore, endogenous Munc18c was predominantly localized to the plasma membrane and its distribution was not altered by insulin stimulation. Although expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein-Munc18c primarily resulted in a dispersed cytosolic distribution, co-expression with syntaxin 4 resulted in increased localization to the plasma membrane. Together, these data suggest that Munc18c inhibits the docking/fusion of GLUT4-containing vesicles by blocking the binding of VAMP2 to syntaxin 4. Insulin relieves this inhibition by inducing the dissociation of Munc18c from syntaxin 4 and by sequestering Munc18c to an alternative plasma membrane binding site.
Studies in food allergy

Abstract 1. 1. We have demonstrated the presence of a labile antigen in fresh fruit extracts. Deterioration is rapid, occurring in largest proportion within twenty-four hours and being complete within one to three days. 2. 2. This antigen is either altered or destroyed by heat during both the canning and stewing processes. 3. 3. Rapid freezing (as in frozen fruits) seems to preserve the allergenic properties of fresh fruits. 4. 4. Seitz filtration materially reduces the potency of the freshly extracted juice. 5. 5. The lability of the antigen in fresh fruit juice probably accounts for the frequent failure to obtain positive skin reactions in clinically sensitive patients even with the concentrated stock extracts.
A Review of: "Occupational Therapy for Physical Dysfunction 6th Edition (2008)".

The purpose of Occupational Therapy for Physical Dysfunction, sixth edition (2008), edited by Mary Viking Radomski and Catherine A. Trombly Latham, is to provide a comprehensive description of occu...
Deadline scheduling for animation rendering

We describe a new class of scheduling problem with precedence constraints, the disconnected staged scheduling problem (dssp). dssp is a nonpreemptive multiprocessor deadline scheduling problem; we seek to maximize the aggregate value of jobs that complete by a specified deadline. It arises in many commercially-important domains including bioinformatics and seismic signal processing. Our interest in dssp began with the practical problem of scheduling computer animation rendering jobs. Each job represents a brief film clip and consists of several stages that must be processed in order (e.g., physical simulation, model baking, frame rendering, and clip assembly). Each stage in turn consists of computational tasks that may be run in parallel; all tasks in a stage must finish before any task in the next stage can start. A job completes if and only if all of its tasks complete. Precedence constraints exist among tasks within a job, but not among tasks in different jobs. Jobs run overnight and yield value only if they complete before the artists who submitted them return the following morning. Demand frequently exceeds available CPU capacity, making it impossible to complete all submitted jobs by the deadline. The set of jobs is known in advance but their computational demands (e.g., the run times of tasks) are not precisely known. Existing scheduling practices rely on priority schedulers, which are not well suited to dssp because ordinal priorities cannot adequately express the value of jobs. Furthermore priority schedulers make job selection decisions as byproducts of task sequencing decisions. Our approach is to assign to jobs completion rewards whose sums and ratios are meaningful, and to perform job selection and task sequencing separately. We present both theoretical analysis and empirical evaluation of our dssp solution. Our empirical results are based on an eight-week trace of 2,388 jobs collected in a 1,000-CPU production system that rendered part of film Shrek 2 in 2004. We show that our two-phase method improves aggregate reward and achieves near-optimal performance under
TV Production Techniques and Teaching Efficiency

Educators who venture into the realm of television immediately encounter this question: What equipment is required, and what can be done with it? This paper attempts to provide some basis for an intelligent answer. In designing the research from which this report derived, attention was focused upon basic television production techniques. A series of instructional segments were produced utilizing these techniques; a second series was subsequently produced with the same instructors and subject matter, but with more elaborate techniques. The two series were then presented for viewing by various student audiences. A control group viewed the first series; an experimental group was shown the second series. Preliminary knowledge of subject matter was determined by a pre-test; degree of learning and retention were measured by an immediate posttest, and a delayed post-test. Those data were then analyzed by means of standard statistical instruments. In collating and appraising the obtained results it was apparent that a one camera production, with true flat lighting, utilizing close-up camera coverage and a modicum of technical skill and imagination, was as effective as the more elaborate production in ordinary lecture-teaching situations.
CLUMPP: a cluster matching and permutation program for dealing with label switching and multimodality in analysis of population structure

Motivation: Clustering of individuals into populations on the basis of multilocus genotypes is informative in a variety of settings. In population-genetic clustering algorithms, such as BAPS, STRUCTURE and TESS, individual multilocus genotypes are partitioned over a set of clusters, often using unsupervised approaches that involve stochastic simulation. As a result, replicate cluster analyses of the same data may produce several distinct solutions for estimated cluster membership coefficients, even though the same initial conditions were used. Major differences among clustering solutions have two main sources: (1) ‘label switching’ of clusters across replicates, caused by the arbitrary way in which clusters in an unsupervised analysis are labeled, and (2) ‘genuine multimodality,’ truly distinct solutions across replicates. Results: To facilitate the interpretation of population-genetic clustering results, we describe three algorithms for aligning multiple replicate analyses of the same data set. We have implemented these algorithms in the computer program CLUMPP (CLUster Matching and Permutation Program). We illustrate the use of CLUMPP by aligning the cluster membership coefficients from 100 replicate cluster analyses of 600 chickens from 20 different breeds. Availability: CLUMPP is freely available at http://rosenberglab.
Myometrial expression of small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels depresses phasic uterine contraction

Mechanisms regulating uterine contractility are poorly understood. We hypothesized that a specific isoform of small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channel, SK3, promotes feedback regulation of ...
The Needs and Potential for Cooperation between Human Factors Specialists and Lawyers in Research and Development of Automobile Accident Law

THE GOALS OF AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT LAW ARE DESCRIBED. THEY ARE PREVENTION, INTERDICTION, SPECIAL DETERRENCE, GENERAL DETERRENCE, CORRECTION AND RESTORATION. FOR EACH GOAL, THE NEED AND POTENTIAL FOR COOPERATIVE RESEARCH BY LAWYERS AND HUMAN FACTORS SPECIALISTS ARE SUGGESTED. IF THE LEGAL SYSTEM IS TO MEET THE NEEDS OF THE PEOPLE, I.E., TO FULFILL THE PROBLEM GOALS, IT MUST BE BASED, SO FAR AS POSSIBLE, ON OUR BEST UNDERSTANDING OF THE CAPACITIES, REACTIONS AND MOTIVATIONS OF HUMAN BEINGS AND UPON THE MOST ADVANCED UNDERSTANDING OF HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN INTERRACT EFFECTIVELY WITH THE HUMAN BEING AND HIS LIMITATIONS. /AUTHOR/
Social Work with Suicidal Clients: Challenges of Implementing Practice Guidelines and Standards of Care

Practice guidelines and standards of care are detailed models of intervention processes that describe goals, objectives, processes procedures, and interactions. Disciplines other than social work have developed practice guidelines, and it is appropriate for social work to also define standards or guidelines. This article describes an attempt by hospital social work staff to enact social work standards of care for suicidal clients. The difficulties and challenge of developing standards and guidelines are discussed and reasons for the lack of success of the attempt are highlighted.
Laser-induced distortion for increased input coupling of light to droplet-cavity modes

Localized laser-induced electrostrictive distortion to liquid droplets is shown to increase the input coupling of mode-locked laser pulses to optical microcavity resonances. The increase in input coupling for a given pulse is dependent on the number of preceding laser pulses, as well as on their intensities. The electrostrictive distortion locally increases the leakage rate of light from the droplet-cavity modes. For lower input intensities, the localized distortion does not significantly degrade the quality factors of those cavity modes that spatially overlap the distortion. The increased input coupling is demonstrated by a decrease in the input intensity required to generate stimulated Raman scattering in the double-resonance condition with a train of mode-locked laser pulses. The cumulative effect of too many input pulses of too great an intensity ruins the quality factors of the resonances such that there is not sufficient feedback to support the stimulated Raman scattering.
Approach to the Patient: Transgender Youth: Endocrine Considerations

Compelling studies have demonstrated that “gender identity”—a person's inner sense of self as male, female, or occasionally a category other than male or female—is not simply a psychosocial construct, but likely reflects a complex interplay of biological, environmental, and cultural factors. An increasing number of preadolescents and adolescents, identifying as “transgender” (a transient or persistent identification with a gender different from their “natal gender”—ie, the gender that is assumed based on the physical sex characteristics present at birth), are seeking medical services to enable the development of physical characteristics consistent with their affirmed gender. Such services, including the use of agents to block endogenous puberty at Tanner stage 2 and subsequent use of cross-sex hormones, are based on longitudinal studies demonstrating that those individuals who were first identified as gender-dysphoric in early or middle childhood and who still meet the mental health criteria for being tra...
Volunteerism as purpose: examining the long-term predictors of continued community engagement

This study frames continued long-term participation in community engagement activities as indicative of a sense of ‘purpose’ as defined by Damon, Menon, and Cotton Bronk (2003). Using data from US-based National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examined factors that predict whether students participating in civic engagement activities between the ages of 12 and 18 would report similar participation six years later. Multilevel logistic regression analyses revealed no demographic differences beyond age and highest level of education attained. However, continued participation was most likely among individuals who participated in a combination of voluntary and required community-based civic activities as an adolescent, and who participated in any of a number of various types of extracurricular activities. Other factors, including religiosity, sense of belonging in school, achievement, and having parents engaged in civic activities, were also positively related to continued community engagement.
Scaling Properties of Biologically Active Scalar Concentration Fluctuations in the Atmospheric Surface Layer over a Managed Peatland

The higher-order scalar concentration fluctuation properties are examined in the context of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory for a variety of greenhouse gases that have distinct and separate source/sink locations along an otherwise ideal micrometeorological field site. Air temperature and concentrations of water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane were measured at high frequency (10 Hz) above a flat and extensive peat-land soil in the San Joaquin–Sacramento Delta (California, USA) area, subjected to year-round grazing by beef cattle. Because of the heterogeneous distribution of the sources and sinks of CO2 and especially CH4 emitted by cattle, the scaling behaviour of the higher-order statistical properties diverged from predictions based on a balance between their production and dissipation rate terms, which can obtained for temperature and H2O during stationary conditions. We identify and label these departures as ‘exogenous’ because they depend on heterogeneities and non-stationarities induced by boundary conditions on the flow. Spectral analysis revealed that the exogenous effects show their signatures in regions with frequencies lower than those associated with scalar vertical transport by turbulence, though the two regions may partially overlap in some cases. Cospectra of vertical fluxes appear less influenced by these exogenous effects because of the modulating role of the vertical velocity at low frequencies. Finally, under certain conditions, the presence of such exogenous factors in higher-order scalar fluctuation statistics may be ‘fingerprinted’ by a large storage term in the mean scalar budget.
A Perturbation Approach to Robot Calibration

The forward and reverse solutions of a manipulator with six joints are expanded up to second order in the 24 joint param eters. Assuming that the 24 errors of the 24 joint parameters are independent of the setting of the six controllable joint parameters, if suffices to triangulate the six coordinates (three translational, three rotational) of the end-effector and sub tract the ideal position computed from the forward solution of the ideal error-free robot. This provides 24 equations for 24 unknowns. Calibration compensation consists of correcting the six controllable joint parameters by six controllable ad justments so that the effect of the 24 errors is compensated for.
The U nemployment Cost of Canada's Infl ation Target: A Phillips Curve Analysis

This study attempts to analyze Canada’s inflation target with a specific focus on determining the unemployment cost of their inflation target. It is hypothesized that Canada’s move towards decreased inflation results in an unemployment cost that potentially outstrips the benefits associated with price stability. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol12/iss1/14
Individualist and Multi-level Perspectives on Selection in Structured Populations

Recent years have seen a renewed debate over the importance of groupselection, especially as it relates to the evolution of altruism. Onefeature of this debate has been disagreement over which kinds ofprocesses should be described in terms of selection at multiple levels,within and between groups. Adapting some earlier discussions, we presenta mathematical framework that can be used to explore the exactrelationships between evolutionary models that do, and those that donot, explicitly recognize biological groups as fitness-bearing entities.We show a fundamental set of mathematical equivalences between these twokinds of models, one of which applies a form of multi-level selectiontheory and the other being a form of ``individualism.'' However, we alsoargue that each type of model can have heuristic advantages over theother. Indeed, it can be positively useful to engage in a kind ofback-and-forth switching between two different perspectives on theevolutionary role of groups. So the position we defend is a``gestalt-switching pluralism.''
N-Acetyl-β-d-Glucosaminidase Assay in Urine: Urea Inhibition

Urea inhibition of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) was examined with human isoenzymes and total enzyme in urine. The fluorometric substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide (MUNAG) and the colorimetric substrate m-cresolsulfonphthaleinyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide (MCPNAG) were used to determine substrate kinetics and apparent urea inhibition kinetics. Apparent KmS of 0.47 (MUNAG) and 0.35 mmol/L (MCPNAG) for human NAG isoenzyme A and 0.46 (MUNAG) and 0.30 mmol/L (MCPNAG) for human NAG isoenzyme B were determined. Apparent Kis of approximately 100 mmol/L for urea inhibition of both isoenzymes in either substrate and apparent Kis of 79 (MUNAG) and 91 mmol/L (MCPNAG) for NAG in dilute urine samples were found. The potential for urea inhibition at physiological concentrations of urea and at normal assay dilutions therefore exists. Inhibition at these dilutions was minimal when substrate concentrations of 2 x Km or greater were used, but the substrate MUNAG at 1/2 x Km gave the highest sensitivity and lower blanks and allowed better quantitation of low activity samples. Within-run CVs of 3.2% with MUNAG and 10% with MCPNAG were found for low activity samples.
The Effects of Forearm Posture, Wrist Posture, Gender, and Hand on Three Peak Pinch Force Types

In many industries the hand is utilized as a fixture, pinching in various wrist postures and forearm postures. In an effort to quantify the effects of wrist posture, forearm posture, gender, and dominant/non-dominant hand upon three peak pinch forces, a study was performed. Three pinch types were tested in this study: index pad pinch, middle pad pinch, and three-jaw chuck pinch force. For each pinch exertion condition, one of five wrist postures were employed: neutral, 45° extension, 65° extension, 45° flexion, and 65° flexion. Each pinch was also performed in one of three forearm postures: neutral, full pronation, and full supination. Ten subjects between 20–25 years of age within each gender category were tested giving a total of 20 subjects. Each subject was asked to build up to his or her maximal voluntary contraction using a modified Caldwell regimen, and hold that pinch level for three seconds. Results were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with significant effects (gender, hand, pinch typ...