cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Expression of Cytokeratins 7 and 20 and Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 in Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma

We studied the staining patterns of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) with antibodies to cytokeratin (CK) 7, CK20, and thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) to determine the diagnostic usefulness of this panel in differentiating BAC from metastatic adenocarcinoma in material obtained by fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the lung. We identified 16 cases of BAC. Of these, 6 were mucinous, 4 were nonmucinous, and 6 were mixed with focal mucinous differentiation. Immunohistochemical analysis with antibodies to CK7, CK20, and TTF-1 was performed on cell-block sections. Of the 6 mucinous BACs, 4 (67%) were CK7+, CK20+, and TTF-1–. All 4 nonmucinous BACs were CK7+ and CK20–, and 2 (50%) were TTF-1+. All 6 mixed BACs were diffusely positive for CK7 and focally positive for CK20; 5 (83%) were TTF-1+. Nonmucinous BACs display CK7, CK20, and TTF-1 immunoreactivity similar to conventional pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Mucinous and mixed BACs have an immunohistochemical phenotype that is different from that of conventional pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Knowledge of these staining patterns is crucial for distinguishing mucinous and mixed BACs from metastatic adenocarcinoma involving the lungs.
Reflections on antennal proteins: The evolution of pheromone binding proteins; diversity of pheromone degrading enzymes; and the distribution and behavioral roles of SNMPs

Abstract Pheromone and other odor molecules are detected by chemosensory neurons housed within olfactory and taste/contact sensilla. Proteins involved in this detection process include Odor Receptors, Odorant Binding Proteins, Odor Degrading Enzymes and membrane proteins called SNMPs. In this chapter we discuss the origins, evolution and uniqueness of the Lepidoptera specific OBPs Pheromone Binding Proteins (PBPs) and General Odorant Binding Proteins (GOBPs) whose genes are largely organized into a single gene cluster. We then comment on the diversity of Odor and Pheromone Degrading Enzymes and enzymatic activities, their roles in signal termination, and their potential as targets in insect control. Finally, we present studies examining the spatial-and co-expression of SNMP1 and SNMP2 in Drosophila, and the behavioral effects of deleting their genes: SNMP1 and SNMP2 frequently co-express in the same sensilla, both olfactory and taste, but often differentially with one expressing in neurons and the other in support cells; SNMP1 gene knockouts affect fitness and both male-female and male-male courtship, while SNMP2 knockouts affect fitness and male-male courtship but not male-female courtship. We encourage consideration of additional roles for all these proteins, and for evaluating these proteins in an ethological context.
The Vromindolines of cv. Hayden oat (Avena sativa L.) – A review of the Poeae and Triticeae indolines and a suggested system for harmonization of nomenclature

Abstract The Indolines of the Poeae and Triticeae are economically important as they control seed hardness (endosperm texture) in wheat and other cereals. Here an in silico analysis of Indolines was performed at the nucleotide and protein levels across the Avena, Aegilops, Brachypodium, Hordeum, Oryza, Sorghum, Secale, and Triticum taxa. In addition, the Vromindolines from cv. Hayden oat were isolated, cloned and sequenced. The paralogous Vromindolines Vin-1, Vin-2 and Vin-3 represent three of seven Indoline gene classes: Indoline a (Avenoindoline a, Hordoindoline a, Puroindoline a, and Secaloindoline a), Indoline b (Avenoindoline b, Hordoindoline b, Puroindoline b and Secaloindoline b), Indoline b2 (Puroindoline b2), Grain softness protein-1, and the three Vromindolines. Eight unique Vromindoline genes are present in A. sativa with two or three paralogs present in each sub-genome. The other known Indolines of oat are Avenoindoline a and b, and Grain softness protein-1. Based on these results and phylogenetic analysis, we suggest a system for the harmonization of the Indoline gene nomenclature.
The (Re)Newed Barrier to Access to Medication: Data Exclusivity

This Article is set in the background of the consequences of the WTO’s prescriptions on patenting of life-saving medications which has largely contributed to the morphing of patents on life-saving medication into a luxury. Remarkably, there has been a transformation of the role of patents in the context of pharmaceutical innovation into a strategic business tool leading to a larger interest in creation and sustenance of regulatory rights. The biggest global development in this area is an increased effort to strengthen exclusivity using regulatory protections for all chemicals, and even, biologics, involved in all stages of drug development. Consequently, pharmaceutical companies have expertly navigated this confluence of patents with regulatory data protection to leverage themselves in a manner effectively creating high protection and financial rewards for what materials that could otherwise be susceptible for generic competition. This Article concerns itself with the regulatory regime that effectively provides for exclusivity of clinical trial data. The focus of the Article will be on how and why data exclusivity works for the pharmaceutical industry to promote and/or protect market exclusivity globally. Thus, the Article examines what data exclusivity is, the international trade obligations relating to providing data exclusivity, and the impact of the data exclusivity obligations on access to medication issues, with a specific focus on developing countries while keeping the U.S. regime as the vantage point to examine these issues. The Article outlines how the data exclusivity regime can operate in parallel with the patent regime to add a layer of protection for the data, thus adding to the protection regime for chemical or biologic data. In doing so, this Article will address some of the more controversial issues that have arisen globally with reference to data exclusivity within the larger access to medication debate.
Hierarchical Relationships among Brand Equity Dimensions: The Mediating Effects of Brand Trust and Brand Love

This study proposes a model that explores the mediating effects of brand trust and brand love on the brand equity dimensions (i.e., perceived quality, brand awareness, brand association, and brand ...
Major Media Outlets and Climate Change Action: Comparing US Media Coverage of the Green New Deal

This study analyzes the CNN and Fox News coverage of the US Green New Deal (GND) introduced in 2018 by Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (AOC) and Senator Edward J. Markey and discerns how par...
The National Consortium on Remote Sensing in Transportation-Environmental Assessments

The National Consortium on Remote Sensing in Transportation-Environmental Assessments (NCRST-E) is one of four consortia established by NASA and the US Department of Transportation. to lead in the application of remote sensing and geospatial technologies in the transportation industry. The primary mission of the Consortium for Environmental Assessment is to develop and promote the use of remote sensing & geospatial technologies, and requisite analysis products by transportation decision-makers and environmental assessment specialists to measure, monitor, and assess environmental conditions in relation to transportation infrastructure. The consortium is composed of university (Mississippi State University, Auburn University, University of Alabama in Huntsville, University of Mississippi), government (NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and Global Hydrology and Climate Center), and commercial (Intermap Technologies, Inc, & EarthWatch Incorporated) partners. The purpose of this paper is to increase the awareness of the remote sensing community of this new consortium and its mission and goals aimed at a better utilization of geospatial technologies for planning an environmentally sound transportation infrastructure.
Stress Cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy)

Background: Due to the rise in the number of reports of stress cardiomyopathy in the literature, awareness of this condition is increasing. Although different names have been used to describe this condition, the similarities in clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and angiographic features suggest that they represent the same spectrum of diseases with different underlying causes. The pathophysiology of stress cardiomyopathy remains controversial. Methods: We describe a series of four cases of stress cardiomyopathy admitted to our institution over a period of six months with different presentations, but similar clinical course, EKG, echocardiographic, and catheterization findings. The ages ranged from 22 to 81 years; all four females. All showed characteristic wall motion abnormalities by imaging in the absence of significant coronary artery disease, with spontaneous recovery of left ventricular function with conservative therapy. Results: Although the patients presented with different clinical scenarios, all four showed characteristic features of stress cardiomyopathy suggesting that the pathophysiology affecting the myocardium was the same. We present a review of the literature with a discussion of the history of this condition, characteristic clinical features, and diagnostic criteria used in the past as well as the suggested pathophysiology of this condition. Conclusion: Stress cardiomyopathy is an underdiagnosed reversible cardiomyopathy triggered by severe emotional or physical stress. It represents a spectrum of conditions with reversible severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction that includes neurogenic cardiomyopathy. It is not confined to the Japanese population and can affect people of any ethnic background or nationality.
Blood glucose control in diet controlled gestational diabetics (GODM A1) following corticosteroid administration

To study the effect of corticosteroids on glucose control in preterm pregnant patients with diet controlled gestational diabetes, and to formulate a plan for surveillance and treatment in order to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity.
Economic Development: The Meaning and Measurement of Economic Development

Scope of the Chapter This chapter discusses the meaning, calculation, and basic indicators of economic growth and development; the classification of rich and poor countries; the price-index problem; the distortion in comparing income per head between rich and poor countries; adjustments to income figures for purchasing power; alternative measures and concepts of the level of economic development besides income per head; the problems of alternative measures; and the costs and benefits of economic development. Growth and Development A major goal of poor countries is economic development or economic growth. The two terms are not identical. Growth may be necessary but not sufficient for development. Economic growth refers to increases in a country's production or income per capita (Box 2-1). Production is usually measured by gross national product (GNP) or gross national income (GNI), used interchangeably, an economy's total output of goods and services. Economic development refers to economic growth accompanied by changes in output distribution and economic structure. These changes may include an improvement in the material well-being of the poorer half of the population; a decline in agriculture's share of GNP and a corresponding increase in the GNP share of industry and services; an increase in the education and skills of the labor force; and substantial technical advances originating within the country. As with children, growth involves a stress on quantitative measures (height or GNP), whereas development draws attention to changes in capacities (such as physical coordination and learning ability, or the economy's ability to adapt to shifts in tastes and technology).
Adenocarcinoma, Adrenal Cortex, Rat

Adenocarcinomas usually distort the gland, and may extend through the capsule into the surrounding tissues. When metastatic lesions occur they are usually small and may be found in the liver or the lungs. Tumors of both types tend to be soft with little connective tissue. Areas of thrombosis and necrosis may make the tissue friable.
Interaction of pneumococcal antigens with complement in rats.

Complement activation with pneumococcal antigens was studied both in vitro and after injection of the antigens into rats. Whole pneumococci of various serotypes activated C3-C9 in rat serum treated with ethyleneglycol-bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N′-tetraacetic acid, although serotypes differed greatly in the extent of activation. Some purified pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides also activated C3-C9 in rat serum, but only when the antigens were present in concentrations of 500 to 1,000 μg/ml. Much of the activation with capsular polysaccharides was eliminated by the use of ethyleneglycol-bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N′-tetraacetic acid. Activation of C3-C9 by capsular polysaccharides did not correlate with the level of reactivity observed with whole organisms of the same serotypes. After injection of 5 × 109 pneumococci (type 3 or type 4) intravenously into rats, there was a transient decline in serum C3-C9 activity, but there was no decline in C3-C9 levels after intravenous injection of 1,000 μg of type 3 or type 4 capsular polysaccharides. As determined by immunofluorescence, circulating capsular polysaccharide was deposited in several tissues, including the vascular endothelium and glomerular mesangium of the kidney. C3 was not detectable in these deposits, and there was no histological evidence of an inflammatory response. Capsular polysaccharides appear to be only weak activators of complement. Other pneumococcal antigens may be more important in the pathogenesis of hypocomplementemia in pneumococcal infection.
Epilepsia Partialis Continua Secondary To Ischemic Stroke, Responsive To The Combination Of Levetiracetam And Lacosamide (P4.255)

BACKGROUND: Epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) is commonly resistant to anti-epileptic drugs (AED). It often is a delayed complication of ischemic stroke with no established standard effective treatment . OBJECTIVE: We present two cases of EPC; one with remote history of ischemic stroke (IS) and the other in the setting of subacute IS stroke. Both successfully treated with levetiracetam and lacosamide. METHODS: 2 case reports RESULTS: Case 1: 78 year-old right handed male with history of right temporal parietal IS two and a half years prior with residual left sided weakness and complex partial seizures for 1.5 yrs. He presented with worsening left sided weakness. On the third day of hospitalization, he developed regular left leg and abdomen twitching movements with dysarthria. A continuous EEG recorded right parieto-occipital seizures. Home anti-epileptic medications included lamotrigine 150 mg BID, levetiracetam 1500 mg BID and Phenytoin 200mg BID. Lorazepam was administered on an as needed basis and Lacosamide was initiated and titrated up to 200 mg BID. He became seizure free within five days. Case 2: 73 year-old right handed female had been in a rehabilitation facility for nine days following a right occipital lobe IS, was transferred for management of left sided shaking episodes. She was intubated and sedated for six days at the facility with continued intermittent shaking of her left side and trunk. Continuous EEG recording, while intubated and sedated, demonstrated EPC of right fronto-central origin. Seizure freedom was attained 2 days after starting and titrating levetiracetam to 1000 mg BID and lacosamide to 100mg BID. CONCLUSIONS: EPC represents a condition commonly refractory to AED. We report two cases of EPC secondary to subacute and chronic IS that showed responsiveness to the combination of levetiracetam and lacosamide. Further evaluation of this AED combination in treating this difficult condition is needed. Disclosure: Dr. Thompson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Murr has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fayad has received research support from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and St Jude Medical.
Patient learning center reduces patient readmissions

Abstract This study examined the effectiveness of a Learning Center in preparing patients to go home with a right atrial catheter. Two hypotheses related to the intended purpose of the Learning Center were examined—number of learning outcomes achieved would be higher and readmission rate for complications related to the catheter or for reinsertion of the catheter would be lower depending on Learning Center attendance. The following methods were used to gather data: patient questionnaire, retrospective chart audit and staff surveys. The two hypotheses were statistically significant. Learning Center attendance not only resulted in patients and families achieving more learning outcomes, but also in fewer hospital readmissions for reinsertion of the catheter or for catheter-related complications.
Nasal Endoscopy: Its Role in Office Diagnosis:

To clarify the role of nasal endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment planning for patients with nasal or sinus complaints, 100 consecutive new patients were evaluated. Patients were excluded if their only complaint was obstruction and they had a septal deviation as the only clinical finding. Each patient underwent a thorough history and head and neck examination, including anterior rhinoscopy before and after decongestion, and the diagnosis and treatment plans were documented. Each then underwent nasal endoscopy, and the diagnosis and treatments were compared. The most common diagnoses after anterior rhinoscopy were allergic rhinitis (21), nonallergic rhinitis (12), chronic sinusitis with polyps (19) or without polyps (9), and nonsinus pain (13). Nasal endoscopy played a role in 11% of patients, although in no case did endoscopy change the diagnosis or treatment plan. Endoscopy allowed visualization past an enlarged turbinate or septal deviation in six patients, confirmed a suspected diagnosis in three by visualization of the middle meatus, and detected the site of a large choanal polyp in one. In one case, endoscopy identified a paradoxical turbinate on the side opposite the symptoms and radiological findings. Routine nasal endoscopy need not be part of the evaluation of all patients with nasal sinus disorders but is particularly valuable in confirming diagnoses, particularly in patients where anterior rhinoscopy is limited by anatomic obstruction.
Evolution of the Universe

IN checking the results presented by Gamow in his recent article on "The Evolution of the Universe" [Nature of October 30, p. 680], we found that his expression for matter-density suffers from the following errors : (1) an error of not tailing into account the magnetic moments in Eq. (7) for the capture cross-section, (2) an error in estimating the value of α by integrating the equations for deuteron formation (the use of an electronic analogue computer leads to α = 1), and (3) an arithmetical error in evaluating ρ0 from Eq. (9). In addition, the coefficient in Eq. (3) is 1·52 rather than 2·14. Correcting for these errors, we find The condensation-mass obtained from this corrected density comes out not much different from Gamow‘s original estimate. However, the intersection point ρmat. = ρrad. occurs at t = 8·6 × 1017 sec. ≌ 3 × 1010 years (that is, about ten times the present age of the universe). This indicates that, in finding the intersection, one should not neglect the curvature term in the general equation of the expanding universe. In other words, the formation of condensations must have taken place when the expansion was becoming linear with time.
Calcitonin depresses amphetamine-induced locomotor activity.

Synthetic salmon calcitonin (sCT), given subcutaneously (6.4 g/kg) or intracerebroventricularly (ICV, 30–600 ng), depressed amphetamine-induced locomotor activity in rats by more than 50%. ICV injection of sCT, either three hours or immediately before intraperitoneal amphetamine (1–3 mg/kg), significantly reduced the amphetamine-induced activity. In the absence of amphetamine, sCT had no effect on locomotor activity during the first 100 minutes after treatment. These results show sCT can act centrally to modify drug-induced behavior and may be related to reports of calcitonin receptors and calcitonin-like peptides in the brain.
Testing of mode-coupling theory through impulsive stimulated thermal scattering

Abstract Impulsive stimulated thermal scattering, a time-domain light scattering technique spanning ps-ms time scales, allows a number of experimental tests of mode-coupling theory (MCT) predictions. Time-dependent acoustic responses and also slower relaxational responses to sudden heating are observed. From the acoustic responses, mechanical modulus spectra are deduced which permit testing of MCT predictions for α and β relaxation dynamics. From the relative intensities of acoustic and relaxational signals, the prediction of a cusp in the temperature-dependence of the nonergodicity parameter (Debye-Waller factor) can be tested. ISTS results from a concentrated (13 m%) aqueous LiCl solution, the molten salt [Ca(NO3)2]0.4[KNO3]0.6, and salol are reviewed.
A Comparison of Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope Far-Ultraviolet and Hα Star Formation Rates

We have used archival ultraviolet (UV) imaging of 50 nearby star-forming galaxies obtained with the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) to derive integrated near-UV and far-UV magnitudes, and have combined these data with Hα, far-infrared, and thermal radio continuum measurements to explore the consistency of UV and Hα star formation rates (SFRs). In agreement with previous studies, we find that the UV and Hα SFRs are qualitatively consistent, even before corrections for extinction are applied. The uncorrected UV SFRs are systematically lower by a factor of 1.5 (with a factor of 2 scatter) among luminous galaxies with SFR 1 M☉ yr-1, indicating a higher effective attenuation of the far-UV radiation. Among less luminous galaxies there is no significant offset between the Hα and far-UV SFR scales. This behavior is consistent with that of higher redshift samples observed by Sullivan et al., Glazebrook et al., and Yan et al. for comparable ranges of galaxy luminosities and absolute SFRs. Far-infrared and thermal radio continuum data available for a subset of our sample allow us to estimate the attenuation in the UV and at Hα independently. The UV and Hα attenuations appear to be correlated, and confirm systematically higher attenuations in the UV. Although the galaxies in our sample show modest levels of attenuation (with median values of 0.9 mag at Hα and 1.4 mag at 1550 A), the range across the sample is large, ~4 mag for Hα and 5 mag in the far-UV (1550 A). This indicates that the application of a single characteristic extinction correction to Hα or UV SFRs is only realistic for large, well-defined and well-studied galaxy samples, and that extinction bias may be important for UV or emission-line-selected samples of star-forming galaxies.
PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF EDAPHIC ALGAL COMMUNITIES IN A MISSISSIPPI SALT MARSH

Primary production rates of edaphic algae associated with the sediments beneath four monospecific canopies of vascular plants were determined over an annual cycle in a Mississippi salt marsh. The edaphic algal flora was dominated by small, motile pennate diatoms. Algal production (as measured by /sup 14/C uptake) was generally highest in spring-early summer and lowest in fall. Hourly rates ranged from a low of 1.4 mg C/m/sup 2/ in Juncus roemerianus Scheele to a high of 163 mg C/m/sup 2/ beneath the Scirpus olneyi Gray canopy. Stepwise multiple regressions identified a soil moisture index and chlorophyll a as the best environmental predictors of hourly production; light energy reaching the marsh surface and sediment and air temperature proved of little value. Adding the relative abundances of 33 diatom taxa to the set of independent variables only slightly increased R/sup 2/; however, virtually all variables selected were diatom taxa. R/sup 2/ was only 0.38 for the Spartina alterniflora Loisel. habitat but ranged from 0.70 to 0.87 for the remaining three vascular plant zones. Annual rates of algal production (g C/m/sup 2/) were estimated as follows: Juncus (28), Spartina (57), Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene (88), and Scirpus (151). The ratio of annual edaphicmore » algal production to vascular plant net aerial production (EAP/VPP) was 10-12% for the first three habitats and 61% for Scirpus. Chlorophyll a concentrations, annual algal production rates, and EAP/VPP values were comparable to those determined in Texas, Delaware, and Massachusetts salt marshes but lower than those reported for Georgia and particularly California marshes.« less
A strategic response to the financial crisis: an empirical analysis of financial services advertising before and during the financial crisis

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate how the US financial services organizations (FSOs) provided marketing information and the way they strategically used various appeals through their advertising before and during the current financial crisis.Design/methodology/approach – This takes the form of a content analysis examining a total of 2,480 financial services ads (FSA) in print magazines within two periods – the two years before the crisis (2005 to 2006) and the two years during the crisis (2007 to 2008).Findings – This study showed three significant findings: because of the economic struggle, there was a significant decline across the two periods in the total number of yearly FSA; the economic crisis led to a significant increase in the use of informational message strategies across all FSOs; and financial value and atmospherics appeals were predominant after the crisis. However, each FSO used appeals in a different way.Research limitations/implications – This study focused on only print media. A fut...
Density Functional Theory Calculations of Selected Ru(II) Two Ring Diimine Complex Dications

Geometry optimization for a series of ten, two-ring diimine Ru(II) complexes was effected using the Gaussian 98 protocol at density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP level with basis sets 3-21G*and 3-21G**. HOMO-LUMO energy difference values compared favorably to the experimental data from electrochemistry [Delta E(1/2) = (E(1/2ox) - E(1/2red))] and the lowest energy absorption maxima, which for these complexes correspond to the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) band. The HOMO and LUMO distributions from DFT support the idea that the lowest energy transitions are metal-to-ligand charge transfer and that the lowest energy LUMO for the mixed ligand complexes is located on 2,2'-bipyrazine (bpz), followed by 2,2'-bipyrimidine (bpm) and then 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy).
Recreational Demands for Maintaining Instream Flows: A Contingent Valuation Approach

Recreational uses of streams, although nonconsumptive, increasingly conflict with traditional off-stream uses of water in arid regions. Recreational demands for instream flows have collective good attributes such that the recreationists' preferences may be inadequately reflected in water allocation decisions. The contingent valuation approach was adapted to impute instream flow shadow prices from a sample of recreationists on the Cache la Poudre River in northern Colorado. During periods of relatively low flows, the estimated instream flow marginal value exceeds the marginal value of water in irrigation, suggesting a need for altered water allocation policies.
DNA biosynthesis in mitochondria: Differential inhibition of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA polymerases by the mutagenic dyes ethidium bromide and acriflavin

Abstract The DNA-intercalating dyes ethidium bromide and acriflavin strongly inhibit the enzymatic synthesis of DNA catalyzed by rat liver mitochondrial DNA polymerase. When compared with the nuclear polymerase, the mitochondrial enzyme is much more sensitive to these dyes. These observations are in accord with the well known effects of these dyes in producing cytoplasmic (mitochondrial) but not nuclear mutations in yeast and trypanosomes. A possible mechanism for the mutagenic effect of the dyes is discussed.
Recent developments in amorphous silicon solar cells

Abstract This article reviews recent advances in the development of amorphous silicon solar cells. Both the glow-discharge deposition conditions and the solar-cell structures are discussed in some detail. The performance characteristics of present amorphous silicon cells are described, and the loss mechanisms that limit performance are considered. An effort has been made to point out those areas where further research is needed. Recently, amorphous silicon p-i-n cells with areas of 1.19 cm2 have been fabricated with conversion efficiencies as high as 6.1%.
Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: current evaluation of surgical margins in clinically low-, intermediate-, and high-risk prostate cancer.

Abstract Purpose: Concern exists over a lack of tactile sensation and positive surgical margins (PSMs) in patients undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. We report our PSM rates in our mo...
Phototaxis, chemotaxis and the missing link

Phototaxis in Archaea employs an integral membrane complex composed of a photoreceptor that is similar to the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin, and a transducer protein that is similar to the familiar eubacterial chemotaxis receptors. Recent structural studies have revealed how these proteins are assembled in the membrane, and provide a heuristic framework for future work on the mechanism of signal transduction by this important class of molecules.
Hydration in cancer patients.

Purpose of review To provide an overview of issues central to hydration in an oncology population while highlighting recent advances and publications in the clinical and scientific literature. Recent findings Dehydration accounts for a significant number of unplanned visits to cancer clinics and emergency rooms. The decision to provide or withhold fluid in patients with terminal cancer is strongly influenced by subjective beliefs and the decision to use of hydration at the end of life should be individualized. Chronic dehydration may play a role in the pathogenesis of cancer. Summary Cancer patients are at high risk for dehydration from both the disease and the treatment. Treating physicians should have a low threshold for providing additional fluids to prevent dehydration. For patients at the end of life, hydration may be indicated in select patients.
The prognostic significance of serial myoglobin, troponin I, and creatine kinase–MB measurements in patients evaluated in the emergency department for acute coronary syndrome

Abstract Study objective We sought to determine the value of serial measurements of myoglobin, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and creatine kinase–MB (CK-MB) to predict 30-day adverse events in patients evaluated in the emergency department (ED) for possible acute coronary syndrome. Methods Serum myoglobin, cTnI, and CK-MB levels were measured at presentation, 90 minutes, 3 hours, and 9 hours in patients evaluated in the ED for possible acute coronary syndrome. In 764 consecutive patients, the ability of each individual marker and combination of markers to predict a 30-day adverse event (death or myocardial infarction) over time was calculated. Results There were 109 (14%) patients with an adverse event at 30 days (84 myocardial infarctions and 43 deaths). The sensitivities of initial measurements of myoglobin, cTnI, and CK-MB for identifying adverse events were 60%, 47%, and 52%, respectively. The combined sensitivity of myoglobin and cTnI measurements during a 9-hour period was 94%; specificity was 50%. Measurement of CK-MB did not improve sensitivity. Conclusion The measurement of both myoglobin and cTnI during a 9-hour period was the most predictive of subsequent adverse events in patients evaluated in the ED for possible acute coronary syndrome.
Resistance to CCR5 antagonists.

Purpose of reviewCCR5 antagonists disrupt crucial interactions between HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 and CCR5, preventing virus binding and entry. Current antiretroviral agents target viral proteins, whereas CCR5 antagonists bind to the host cell. This novel mechanism of action is posing new chall
Time interval between sequential exposures to ethanol is critical for the development of neural tolerance or sensitivity.

DBA/2 and SW mice were injected sequentially with 4 g/kg body weight of ethanol five times at 24-, 48-and 72-h intervals, and the sleeping time induced by each exposure was recorded. DBA/2 mice given ethanol at 24-h and 48-h intervals developed tolerance, i.e., slept less than previously untreated animals, whereas SW mice slept longer, i.e., developed an increased neural sensitivity to ethanol. Injection of ethanol at 72-h intervals did not change the duration of sleep in either mouse strain. These data show the importance of timing of sequential ethanol injections for the induction of both tolerance and increased neural sensitivity.
The human checkpoint sensor Rad9–Rad1–Hus1 interacts with and stimulates NEIL1 glycosylase

The checkpoint protein Rad9/Rad1/Hus1 heterotrimer (the 9-1-1 complex) is structurally similar to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen sliding clamp and has been proposed to sense DNA damage that leads to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Human (h) NEIL1 DNA glycosylase, an ortholog of bacterial Nei/Fpg, is involved in repairing oxidatively damaged DNA bases. In this study, we show that hNEIL1 interacts with hRad9, hRad1 and hHus1 as individual proteins and as a complex. Residues 290-350 of hNEIL1 are important for the 9-1-1 association. A significant fraction of the hNEIL1 nuclear foci co-localize with hRad9 foci in hydrogen peroxide treated cells. Human NEIL1 DNA glycosylase activity is significantly stimulated by hHus1, hRad1, hRad9 separately and the 9-1-1 complex. Thus, the 9-1-1 complex at the lesion sites serves as both a damage sensor to activate checkpoint control and a component of base excision repair.
Optical Measurements of Muzzle Blast

The structure of the flowfields formed about the muzzle of a small caliber rifle during the firing are measured using a time-resolved, spark shadow-graph technique. The initial flow from the muzzle occurs as tube gases are forced out ahead of the projectile. The gas is air and the exit properties are Ve =945 m/sec, Me = 1.48 and Pel POO = 15. A second flowfield forms upon separation of the projectile which releases the propellant gases. After an initial, in-bore expansion, the propellant gas muzzle properties are Ve=\29S m/sec, Afe = 1.0, and Pe/Poo =600. While the exit properties are different, the flowfields develop in a similar manner. In the axial or downrange direction, strong coupling between the jet and blast fields is observed; however, along the lateral boundaries, the coupling is very weak with the jet structure remaining invariant once established. Motion of observable discontinuities along the axis of symmetry is shown to qualitatively agree with variable energy blast wave theory. At late times, the air blast and jet flows are shown to uncouple and decay independently.
Concentration dependence of the residual resistivity of Au containing Fe, Co or Mn

Abstract The deviation of the residual at 4.2 K from the linear concentration dependence is plotted against the number of solute ions in triplets or larger clusters. Au Fe shows a qualitatively different behaviour from Au Mn and Au Co .
Participation of initiation factor IF-3 in the binding of AcPhe-tRNA to the 30S ribosomal subunit.

Abstract Initiation factor IF-3 is required in addition to IF-1 and IF-2 for maximal initial rate of poly(U)-directed binding of AcPhe-tRNA to 30S ribosomal subunits of E. coli . Incubation periods longer than 10 sec, by which time the reaction is virtually over, progressively obscure the requirement for IF-3 in AcPhe-tRNA binding. IF-3 also stimulates the poly(A, G, U)-directed binding of fMet-tRNA to the 30S ribosomal subunit, but in this case, significant stimulation can still be observed even with extended incubation. These results indicate that IF-3 functions similarly in the translation of synthetic mRNA, as it does with natural mRNA, participating in ribosome dissociation and in the formation of the initiation complex from the 30S ribosomal subunit.
Imagination, Pop Culture and Ministry with Youth and Young Adults1

: In this article I raise the question of whether and how Christians can become captive to a kind of constricted imagination, and how this does not serve the church well in its work with youth and young adults. I draw on examples from pop music (Kanye West, U2) to portray the theological logic of ‘check-list Christianity.’ As an alternative, I follow C. S. Lewis in reorienting the perspective from deciding if some cultural object (song, movie, TV show) is good or bad, to asking what sort of people we become by attending to this or that cultural object; specifically, does it enlarge our being-before-God or not? This requires that we also view pop culture as the domain of God's work in Christ, and that we confess that God is already working reconciliation in the midst of the world.
Fear of death and religious belief.

While some researchers have reported that religious beliefs are associated with less fear of death (Swenson, 1961), others have reported no association (Kalish, 1963). To explore this, the revised Collett-Lester fear of deatwdying scale (Lester, 1988) was given to 18 men and 18 women enrolled in college courses (M age = 22.7 yr., SD = 4.3). The mean scores were 21.4 (SD = 8.1) for fear of death of self, 29.7 (6.3) for dying of self, 27.2 (6.0) for death of others, and 30.1 (5.4) for dying of others. Scores on the four fear of death subscales were not related to belief in God, an afterlife, or that the subject would go to heaven, to church attendance, or whether the subject considered himself to be a religious person. Fear of one's own death was related to a fear of hell (Pearson r = 0.36, p<.02) even after controlling for age and sex by using partial correlation coefficients. The present analysis then gives no evidence for a strong association between fears of death and religious belief.
Justifying Materials Selection for Reinforced Concrete Structures. I: Sensitivity Analysis

A substantial amount of research has been performed on the use of high performance construction materials and their effects on the anticipated frequency of maintenance and on the time to repair or replacement. Practical implementation of this work has been limited due to the lack of useable methods and information on the life-cycle costs and benefits of alternative approaches in the preliminary design stages of projects, when decisions regarding materials selection are typically made. The lack of simple methods for making quick life-cycle economic comparisons typically results in the use of conventional materials because their impact on performance is well known, even though high-performance materials may actually be more cost effective. This paper identifies the most significant parameters for evaluating the time to corrosion of reinforced concrete structures.
Involvement of lipid mediators on cytokine signaling and induction of secretory phospholipase A2 in immortalized astrocytes (DITNC).

Our previous studies demonstrated the ability of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β(IL-1β), to stimulate NFκB/DNA binding and synthesis of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) in immortalized astrocytes (DITNC). In this study, we examined possible involvement of lipid mediators in the cytokine action. Using [14C]serine to label sphingomyelin and ceramide in these cells, subsequent exposure of cells to cytokines did not result in alteration of sphingomyelin/ceramide ratio. Furthermore, neither exogenous sphingomyelinase nor cell-permeable ceramides could stimulate NFκB/DNA binding. On the other hand, C-2 ceramide (0.3 µM) as well as other lipid mediators, such as lysophosphatidylcholine and arachidonic acid, were able to elicit a small increase in sPLA2 and potentiate the induction of sPLA2 by TNF-α. When DITNC cells were prelabeled with [32P]Pi, an increase in labeled phosphatidic acid (PA) was observed on treatment of cells with IL-1β (200 U/mL). However, despite the ability of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) to stimulate phospholipase D (PLD) and synthesis of phosphatidylethanol (PEt) in these cells, PLD activity was not affected by Il-1β. With the [32P]labeled cells, however, PA-phosphohydrolase inhibitors, such as chlorpromazine and propranolol, could elicit large increases in labeled PA, indicating active PA metabolism in these cells. Cytokines also caused an increase in levels of diacylglycerol (DG) in these cells, although the source of this lipid pool is presently not understood. Taken together, these results provide evidence for the participation of PA and DG in cytokine signaling activity. Furthermore, although cytokines did not cause the release of ceramide, lipid mediators, such as lysophospholipids, and AA could modulate cytokine-mediated induction of sPLA2 in astrocytes.
Characterization of sources and emission rates of mineral dust in Northern China

Abstract Northern China, covering many deserts, gobi-deserts and arid loess-lands, is one of the world's largest sources of atmospheric dust. In this study, we estimate the dust annual mean emission rates and perform comparative characterization of dust sources in Northern China by combining the geographical, pedological and 30-year (1951–1980) climatological data. Multi-year averaged emission rates of PM50, PM30 and PM10 (i.e., dust particulates smaller than 0.05, 0.03 and 0.01 mm in diameter, respectively) were calculated using the modified US EPA empirical formulas. We demonstrate that the main dust sources in Northern China are the Taklimakan Desert (the annual mean PM10 emission rate, Q10, is some 0.38 ton/ha yr), the Central gobi-desert (Q10=0.24 ton/ha yr), and the deserts located on the Alxa Plateau (Q10=0.05 ton/ha yr). The Loess Plateau appears to be a weak dust source. We identify and characterize three broad types of dust sources in Northern China: Type 1. Deserts in dry-agricultural areas, Type 2. Gobi-deserts and deserts located on the plateaus, and Type 3. Deserts and gobi-deserts located in topographical lows. Types 1–3 sources contribute 1%, 35% and 64%, respectively, to the total annual mean emission of PM10 dust. Although the maximum of dust emission occurs in spring, each source type has a distinct seasonal cycle. The analysis of both the seasonal cycle pattern and spatial distribution of dust emission rates demonstrates that a combination of extreme aridity and strong winds is a key factor governing the dust emission in Northern China.
Isotopic analysis of wetland development in the American Southwest

The analysis of stable isotope and elemental fractions of organic material collected from San Bernardino Cienega was used to understand the history of vegetation composition and climate change within this desert wetland. A 4000-yr record of sediment buildup, based on four 14C measurements, provides unique opportunities for the study of environmental conditions within an arid landscape and documents climate shifts from drier to wetter conditions in the late Holocene. δ13C, δ15N, and C:N values were measured from a 3.8 m deep sedimentary section to understand the dynamics of vegetation and hydrology in desert wetlands. Through this section we observe δ 13C and C:N values indicating a shift in the dominant source of organic matter within the section: prior to 850 cal. yr BP (below 60 cm), aquatic vascular plants and occasionally terrestrial vegetation were the primary organic sources, whereas freshwater algae were the dominant organic matter source above this level. These values indicate that while condition...
Advances in the treatment of inherited coagulation disorders

Inherited coagulation disorders constitute a broad spectrum of coagulation factor deficiencies that include X-linked factor (F)VIII or FIX deficiency that causes haemophilia, and autosomal recessive disorders producing heterogeneous deficiencies in fibrinogen (FI), prothrombin (FII), FV, FVII, FX, FXI, FXIII and combined FV+FVIII. Significant advances in treatments for patients with congenital haemophilia A (FVIII deficiency) and B (FIX deficiency) over the last two decades have resulted from improvements in the production, availability and patient access to factor replacement products. Translation of advances in biotechnology, namely recombinant protein technology, targeted protein modifications to improve function and potentially reduce immunogenicity, and advanced formulations to optimize bioavailability and sustain activity offer promisingly new treatments for haemophilia as well as recessively inherited bleeding disorders in patients who otherwise have few therapeutic options. Though a theoretical risk remains for blood-borne viral infections with pooled plasma-derived products, this concern has diminished with breakthroughs in purification and viral inactivation methods. Development of inhibitory antibodies is still the most daunting problem for patients with inherited bleeding disorders, complicating treatment approaches to control and prevent bleeding, and posing risks for allergic and anaphylactic reactions in susceptible patients. The objectives of this review are to (i) highlight emerging advances in hemostatic therapies that are bioengineered to improve pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability, sustain functional activity, and possibly eliminate immunogenicity of recombinant factor proteins; and (ii) present an overview of key clinical trials of novel factor products currently in the development pipeline.
AC Conductivity of Crystalline Materials and Glasses Ascribed to ADWPs

The behavior of the frequency dependence of the conductivity, σ(ω), of numerous crystalline materials and glasses is close to an ω1.0 dependence in the limit of low temperatures and/or high frequencies (referred to as the “nearly constant loss”, or NCL, regime). Detailed analysis of this behavior, including the frequency dependence of both e′ and e″, shows that it can be described phenomenologically as produced by a broad distribution of asymmetric double-well potentials (ADWPs) with low activation energies. In order to obtain an understanding of the atomic origins of such potentials, we investigate the composition dependence of this behavior in such materials as crystalline CeO2:Y3+ ceramics with variable [Y3+] and alkali germanate glasses with variable alkali concentration. The appearance of a discrete loss peak in CeO2:1%Y3+ helps us understand the ADWPs as due to “off-symmetry” configurations that undergo wiggling motion between adjacent minimum-energy positions.
No TVD Fields for 1-D Isentropic Gas Flow

We prove that isentropic gas flow does not admit non-degenerate TVD fields on any invariant set ℳ(r 0, s 0) = {r 0 < r < s < s 0}, where r, s are Riemann coordinates. A TVD field refers to a scalar field whose spatial variation Var X (ϕ(τ(t, X), u(t, X))) is non-increasing in time along entropic solutions. The result is established under the assumption that the Riemann problem defined by an overtaking shock-rarefaction interaction gives the asymptotic states in the exact solution. Little is known about global existence of large-variation solutions to hyperbolic systems of conservation laws u t + f(u) x = 0. In particular it is not known if isentropic gas flow admits a priori BV bounds which apply to all BV data. In the few cases where such results are available (scalar case, Temple class, systems satisfying Bakhvalov's condition, isothermal gas dynamics) there are TVD fields which play a key role for existence. Our results show that the same approach cannot work for isentropic flow.