cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Unified Optimal Voltage Selection Methodology for Low-Power Systems

Reduction in power consumption has been an important concern in low-power and high-performance systems. This paper addresses the problem of static voltage scaling in such systems which is a well studied technique. In this paper we present an optimal methodology for static voltage scaling. Previous techniques use path-based timing constraints in the system model which requires exponential runtime even for problem generation. Our main contribution is the unified formulation with linear number of constraints in the optimization problem as opposed to the exponential number. This methodology results in a fully polynomial time solvable problem. Our formulation can be applied to dynamic voltage scaling on single or multiple resources and moreover, it results in a convex optimization problem which can be solved in fully polynomial time. We propose a general formulation for bounded supply voltage assignments as well. Furthermore, we present two heuristics to find and/or map optimal voltages to discrete levels. We evaluated the performance of our techniques on benchmarks from TGFF and MPEG4 video encoder. An average of 43.96% power reduction was gained for unbounded supply voltage assignment along with PS 40% average power saving where discrete voltage levels are available
Classical and non-classical computation

Computers have come to play an important role in architectural practice. Nonetheless, the promise of computation as a creative partner in practice, and a means to better understand and support the design process has yet to be realized. This article considers aspects of computation, and alternative ways that these have been approached in order to make computation useful in architecture and other areas of spatial design.
Measuring Political Violence and Land Inequality in Central America

The value of cross-national quantitative studies of the relationship between mass political violence and land inequality is challenged along three lines. First, gross and systematic errors in the political violence data of the World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators (the usual data source for empirical studies) render them worthless for Central America at least and probably much of the Third World as well. Second, conceptualizations of land inequality have been too simplistic to be of much theoretical value. Third, the temporal nature of this relationship has been inadequately considered. Responding to such deficiencies, I elaborate a broader understanding of land inequality and provide a fuller discussion of the temporal nature of its relationship to political violence. Throughout, the five nations of Central America are utilized for appropriate case material.
Dating Conflicts Rethinking Dating Violence and Youth Conflict

Dating couples are tied to each other's friends who have expectations about dating, such as who constitutes an acceptable date and how to balance friendship and dating. We explore the place of friends in dating conflicts (i.e., conflicts and violence associated with heterosexual teen dating) and ask: (a) How are friends implicated in teen dating/violence not only as targets or confidants, but also as participants in conflict that stems from their friends' relationships, and (b) in what ways do dating conflicts conserve or challenge the power of gender and sexual conformity that underlies heterosexual dating and dating violence?
Carbon-13 Chemical-Shift Tensors in Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 9. 1 Biphenylene

The principal values of the 13C chemical-shift tensors of natural abundance biphenylene were measured at room temperature with the FIREMAT experiment. Of 18 crystallographically distinct positions (three sets of six congruent carbons each), the three primary bands have been resolved into seven single peaks and four degenerate peaks (two double, one triple, and one quadruple). Hence, eleven different chemical-shift tensors are reported. An interpretation of the data is made by comparison to carbon chemical-shift tensors in other molecules with similar chemical environments. Experimental and theoretical values based on a model of the asymmetric unit of the crystal unit cell are in good agreement.
Identification of Map4k4 as a Novel Suppressor of Skeletal Muscle Differentiation

Myoblast differentiation into mature myotubes is a critical step in the development and repair of human skeletal muscle. Here we show that small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based silencing of the Ste20-like mitogen-activated protein 4 kinase 4 (Map4k4) in C2C12 myoblasts markedly enhances expression of myogenic differentiation genes, myoblast fusion, and myotube diameter. In contrast, adenovirus-mediated expression of native Map4k4 in C2C12 cells attenuates each of these processes, indicating that Map4k4 is a negative regulator of myogenic differentiation and hypertrophy. Expression of a Map4k4 kinase-inactive mutant enhances myotube formation, suggesting that the kinase activity of Map4k4 is essential for its inhibition of muscle differentiation. Map4k4 regulation of myogenesis is unlikely to be mediated by classic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, because no significant difference in phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is observed in Map4k4-silenced cells. Furthermore, silencing of these other MAPKs does not result in a hypertrophic myotube phenotype like that seen with Map4k4 depletion. Uniquely, Map4k4 silencing upregulates the expression of the myogenic regulatory factor Myf5, whose depletion inhibits myogenesis. Furthermore, Myf5 is required for enhancement of myotube formation in Map4k4-silenced cells, while Myf5 overexpression rescues Map4k4-mediated inhibition of myogenic differentiation. These results demonstrate that Map4k4 is a novel suppressor of skeletal muscle differentiation, acting through a Myf5-dependent mechanism.
Laser Additive Melting and Solidification of Inconel 718: Finite Element Simulation and Experiment

The field of powdered metal additive manufacturing is experiencing a surge in public interest finding uses in aerospace, defense, and biomedical industries. The relative youth of the technology coupled with public interest makes the field a vibrant research topic. The authors have expanded upon previously published finite element models used to analyze the processing of novel engineering materials through the use of laser- and electron beam-based additive manufacturing. In this work, the authors present a model for simulating fabrication of Inconel 718 using laser melting processes. Thermal transport phenomena and melt pool geometries are discussed and validation against experimental findings is presented. After comparing experimental and simulation results, the authors present two correction correlations to transform the modeling results into meaningful predictions of actual laser melting melt pool geometries in Inconel 718.
For better or worse: A study of auditors' practices under Auditing Standard No. 7

Abstract The PCAOB's Auditing Standard No. 7 (AS No. 7) revised guidance for Engagement Quality Reviews (EQRs). To better understand the impact of resulting changes in practice, if any, that have occurred in the nature, extent, and timing of the EQR process, and the impact of such changes on audit quality, we surveyed practicing audit partners familiar with EQRs. Results indicate that AS No. 7 changed the nature of EQRs by impacting the role and approach of the EQ Reviewer. It impacted the extent of procedures performed by the EQ Reviewer and altered communications between the EQ Reviewer and most engagement team members, but it had little impact on the timing of EQRs. Collectively, results suggest AS No. 7 changed EQRs, but such changes may not have improved audit quality. These findings provide insight to the continuing conclusion of the PCAOB that many EQ Reviewers do not fulfill their role of monitoring audit quality, and are also suggestive of opportunities to improve the EQR process.
Foie gras: animal cruelty or tasty delicacy? An exploration of firm responses to restrictive regulatory change

The authors propose a conceptual framework that highlights the process firms pursue in response to externally imposed changes in the regulatory environment. The study adapts three theories to better understand this phenomenon: sensemaking, the affect infusion model, and cognitive appraisal theory. Using the context of bans on the production and sale of foie gras, the authors present a series of propositions that delineate the process through which firms innovate in response to changes in their regulatory environment. The authors suggest that cognitive processes utilized to make sense of restrictive regulation represent strategic responses, resulting in innovations that expand an existing market, or create a new one. Alternatively, affectively infused reactions result in less innovative responses, or even non-compliance. The authors present examples of firms' innovations as support for the conceptual model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
African American Faculty Speak Out

The following papers were delivered at an African American Faculty Speak Out, sponsored by the W. E. B. Du Bois Department of Afro-American Studies, on the Clarence Thomas Confirmation Hearings at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst on November 13, 1991. The participants were: Ernest Allen, Jr., Afro-American Studies; John H. Bracey, Jr., Afro-American Studies; Vicki Crawford, Women's Studies; John Higginson, History; Joy James, Afro-American; Esther Terry, Afro-American Studies; E. Francis White, History, Hampshire College; John Wideman, English.
Blood group and tissue genetic markers in familial adenocarcinoma: potential specific immunotherapy.

Transfusion 11:103, 1971 24. Pollack M, Levine P, Cedergren B: (in preparation) 25. Hakomori S, Koscielak J, Bloch H, et al: Immunologic relationship between blood group substances and fu- case-containing glycolipid of human adenocarcinoma. J Im- munol98:31-38, 1967 26. Hakkinen I: A like blood group antigen in gastric cancer cells of patients in blood groups 0 and B. J Nat1 Cancer Inst44:1183-1193,197O 27. Landsteiner K, Levine P: On further observations on individual differences of human blood. Proc Sot Exp Med 24:941-942, 1927 28. Levine P, Hakomori S: (in preparation) 29. Levine P, Celano M, Young WW, and Hakomori S,
Timing and control of methanethiol emission from broccoli florets induced by atmospheric modification

Storage of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., Italica Group) under conditions of low O2, concentration extends its shelf life. Excessively low O2, however, leads to the formation of an offensive odour which is primarily due to the emission of methanethiol. In this study, we investigated the initial induction and control of methanethiol production of broccoli florets exposed to various levels of O2, and CO2, over short-term periods of 10 h or less. Lowering the O2 concentration surrounding the broccoli florets by continuously flowing N, through the sample containers acted to initiate the production of methanethiol within 1 h after the O2 concentration had reached 0.5%. After initiation the rate of production showed a slow but steady increase during the 10 h of experimentation. In contrast, introduction of O2 into the sample containers while the broccoli florets were actively producing methanethiol led to a rapid 79% drop in the amount of methanethiol detected within 15 min, followed by a complete absence of m...
Transformation of Rice’s small perturbation solution for rough surface scattering into the high frequency reciprocal physical and geometric optics solutions

A step by step transformation of the low frequency small height and slope perturbation solution into the high fre- quency reciprocal and dual, physical and geometrical optic solutions is presented. The familiar Kirchhoff approximations for the fields impressed by the incident plane wave upon the rough surfaces results in nonreciprocal solutions. It is shown that the surface element scattering coefficients based on the Kirchhoff approximations agree with the corresponding reciprocal physical optics solutions only at the stationary phase, specular points on the rough surfaces. While the Kirchhoff approxima- tions and physical optics approximations are based on the characterization of the surface fields by Fresnel reflection coeffi- cients, the corresponding surface element scatter coefficient derived for the small perturbation solution and the full wave solutions are based on the imposition of boundary conditions for the tangential components of the electric and magnetic fields. A flow graph schematically depicting the relationships between these solutions for the scattered fields is also pre- sented.
Erving Goffman: The Moral Career of Stigma and Mental Illness

Observing patients and providers at St. Elizabeth’s Hospital in Washington DC, Goffman began the development of his basic concepts about how culturally and socially defined ‘difference’ shapes the status, roles, rewards and penalties of mental illness. His first set of articles and the book Asylums offered an overall analysis of the organisations that deal with the positive or negative reorientation of the self as monk, naval officer or physician in the first case, and mental patient, prisoner or labour camp worker in the second. Goffman outlines the pathways, rhythms, social processes and accommodations possible in the moral career of individuals who enter these organisations. And, he considers the critical role of context in shaping entrances, processes and outcomes. The follow-up, Stigma, focused directly on the aftermath of occupying a negatively valued status, where Goffman elaborated the many types, dynamics and effects of the devaluation of identities marked by social circumstances as damaged. In this chapter, the basic framework of Goffman’s ideas about the (1) organisational and community processes affecting identity that follow from mental hospitalisation, and (2) stigma that attaches and often remains after socially devalued labels are attached to mental illness are presented.
Epidemiological Analysis on Bacterial Dysentery in Dongguan City in 2003

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and outbreak risks of bacterial dysentery of Pongguan in 2003 and to take effective prevention and treatment measures. Method Cross-sectional epidemiological analysis was used. Results 1196 cases of bacterial dysentery occurred in Dongguan in 2003, with an incidence of 245.1 per million. Cases were reported from all towns, in which Changpin, Caobu and Houjie reported the most cases. The peak season was from August to October. The migrant workers aged from 15 to 40 were accounted for 70.40% of all cases. No difference of incidence was found between male and female. Conclusion The epidemiological situation of bacterial dysentery conforms to regular pattern and most outbreaks occurred in factories. The key to prevent bacterial dysentery is to make great efforts to implement comprehensive measures including management on water,feces and toilets, eliminating flies and propaganda.
Abstract 2090: GLI3 repressor levels determine Hedgehog pathway activity and predict response to Smoothened antagonist in acute myeloid leukemia

The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is activated in most hematological and solid cancers and is a promising target for therapeutic development. Deletions in the receptor Patched (PTCH) or activating mutations in the upstream positive regulator Smoothened (SMO) have been reported in a few cancers such as basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma, but are largely absent in most tumor types; therefore, the mechanism of pathway activation in most cancers remains unknown. In normal tissues, Hh pathway activation via PTCH/SMO causes an increase in the downstream activating transcription factor GLI1 and a decrease in the transcriptional repressor GLI3R. We confirm that the Hh pathway is active in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is required for cell survival, however, this activity is largely independent of the upstream activator SMO. Using siRNA knock down of GLI1, GLI3 and SMO in AML cell lines, Gli3 conditional knock out mice, and primary AML samples, we are able to show that loss of the GLI3R repressor function is sufficient to activate Hh target gene expression independent of ligand binding, and GLI3R levels correlate inversely with GLI1 levels. Importantly, we show that GLI3R is required for the therapeutic effect of SMO antagonists in AML samples and restoration of GLI3R restores sensitivity to SMO antagonists in AML cell lines. Epigenetic and gene expression analysis of the TCGA AML data set reveals that the GLI3 expression is silenced in most AML patient samples. We demonstrate in vitro and in patients that treatment with hypomethylating agents restores GLI3R levels and sensitivity to SMO antagonists in AML. In a transgenic mouse model of myeloproliferative disease (vav-Jak2V617F, gift of Joe Zhao, OUHSC) effective treatment with SMO antagonists are associated with increases in GLI3R but no changes in GLI1. Finally we show that GLI3R can directly repress expression of AKT and in vivo responses to SMO antagonists are correlated with changes in AKT expression, independent of GLI1 levels. In summary, this study provides the first evidence that GLI3R plays an essential role in SMO independent Hh signaling in AML, and suggests that GLI3R could serve as a potential biomarker for patient selection in SMO antagonist clinical trials. Furthermore, these data provide important mechanistic data to support rational combinations of hypomethylating agents with SMO antagonists in clinical trials. Citation Format: Parvesh Chaudhry, Mohan Singh, Tim Triche, Aparna Jorapur, Parkash S. Gill, Akil Merchant. GLI3 repressor levels determine Hedgehog pathway activity and predict response to Smoothened antagonist in acute myeloid leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2090. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2090
Neuroplasticity in the cat's visual system. Origin, termination, expansion, and increased coupling of the retino-geniculo-middle suprasylvian visual pathway following early ablations of areas 17 and 18.

We used anterograde and retrograde transsynaptic pathway tracing techniques to reveal the retinal origin and the cortical termination of the expanded retino-geniculo-middle suprasylvian (MS) cortex pathway in adult cats which sustained lesions of areas 17 and 18 on the day of birth (P1) or at 1 month of age (P28). Following anterograde transsynaptic transport of tritiated amino acids from the eye, four major results were obtained: (1) a strong and specific pathway from retina through dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) to the posterior half of MS cortex was identified; this pathway is a substantial expansion of an insignificant pathway present in intact cats; (2) the terminus of the pathway was lower layer III and layer IV; (3) contralateral projections were stronger than ipsilateral projections; (4) projections in P28 cats were stronger than those in P1 cats. Following retrograde transsynaptic transport of WGA-HRP from posterior MS cortex, four additional results were obtained: (1) the pathway was enlarged and visuotopically organized; (2) the pathway arose primarily from α- and γ-retinal ganglion cells; (3) a small number of β-cells in P1 cats and a modest number in P28 cats also contribute to the pathway; (4) the combined numbers of γ- and β-cells relative to α-cells was greater in temporal retina than in nasal retina. The combined demonstration of both origin and terminus of the pathway with transsynaptic tracers argued strongly for high levels of coupling between primary and secondary pathway limbs in both P1 and P28 cats. This level of coupling, as well as other features of the pathway, have much in common with the retino-geniculo-17/18 pathway of intact cats. However, the retino-geniculo-MS system in P1 cats transmits primarily Y and W signals, in P28 cats X, Y, and W signals; whereas the retino-geniculo-17/18 pathway transmits primarily X and Y signals. These results have implications for understanding the repercussions of early visual cortex lesions in monkeys and humans.
Lipid profiles in a large cohort of Italian children with Down syndrome.

Abstract Objectives Results of epidemiological studies of lipid profiles in individuals with Down Syndrome (DS) in different settings showed discordant results but laboratory norms for this population has been lacking. The aim of our study is to evaluate lipid profiles in a large population of Italian children with DS. Methods Lipid profiles of 357 patients with diagnosis of DS were recorded. RESULTS: Multiple linear regression was employed to estimate models for each lipid fraction as a function of sex and age in patients with DS. Conclusions The main contribution of this paper is to provide data about lipid profile on a large cohort of people with Down syndrome. Long-term surveillance will be crucial to establish if this specific lipid profile may translate into increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
Generalized nucleation and looping model for epigenetic memory of histone modifications

Histone modifications can redistribute along the genome in a sequence-independent manner, giving rise to chromatin position effects and epigenetic memory. The underlying mechanisms shape the endogenous chromatin landscape and determine its response to ectopically targeted histone modifiers. Here, we simulate linear and looping-driven spreading of histone modifications and compare both models to recent experiments on histone methylation in fission yeast. We find that a generalized nucleation-and-looping mechanism describes key observations on engineered and endogenous methylation domains including intrinsic spatial confinement, independent regulation of domain size and memory, variegation in the absence of antagonists, and coexistence of short- and long-term memory at loci with weak and strong constitutive nucleation. These findings support a straightforward relationship between the biochemical properties of chromatin modifiers and the spatiotemporal modification pattern. The proposed mechanism gives rise to a phase diagram for cellular memory that may be generally applicable to explain epigenetic phenomena across different species.
History of the Study and Nomenclature of the Claustrum

This account of the progress of research on the claustrum considers it in five consecutive historical eras. The first era, 1780 to 1820 was a time of discovery by Vicq d’Azyr of a particular and curious subdivision of the forebrain, and the initial spread of this knowledge. The second era, 1820 to 1870 saw its naming, by Burdach and others, originally with several terms but ending with agreement to call it the claustrum, and its establishment in the neuroanatomical canon. In the third era, 1870 to 1950, new staining technology introduced by Golgi, Nissl, Weigert, and Marchi, and particularly the employment of the first two, by Ramon y Cajal and by Brodmann, allowed some understanding of its distinctive structure and gross anatomical relationships. In the fourth era, 1950 to 2000, an explosion of new techniques brought information about connections and possible functions, exemplified in the work of LeVay and Sherk, delineating the visual region of the claustrum of the cat, and establishing that region as a satellite of visual regions of cerebral cortex. The fifth era, beginning in the year 2000, sees even more radical technical developments, including proteomics and astrocytic analysis, that promise, at last, significant information about what this mysterious brain structure is and does.
A Literary History of Women's Writing in Britain, 1660–1789: Public women: the Restoration to the death of Aphra Behn, 1660–1689

TEXTS (place of publication is London, unless otherwise indicated; dates and places of performance are given for plays). 1662 Katharine Evans. This is the Short Relation of some of the Cruel Suffering (For Truth's Sake) of Katharine Evans and Sarah Cheevers, in the Inquisition in the Isle of Malta 1662/3 Katherine Philips. Pompey, a Tragœdy (Dublin, performed; 1663 printed Dublin and London) 1666 Margaret Fell Fox. Women's Speaking Justified, proved and allowed of by the Scripture 1666 Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle. Observations upon Experimental Philosophy + The Description of a New Blazing World 1667 Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle. The Life of the Thrice Noble, High and Puissant Prince William Cavendishe, Duke, Marquess, and Earl of Newcastle 1664–71 (written) (published 1806). Lucy Hutchinson, The Life of Colonel Hutchinson 1667 Katherine Philips. Poems. By the Most deservedly Admired Mrs. Katherine Philips, The Matchless Orinda … 1677 Aphra Behn. The Rover: or, the Banish't Cavaliers (Dorset Garden) 1678 (Boston). [Anne Bradstreet], Several Poems: Compiled with great Variety of Wit and Learning 1682 (Boston) Mary Rowlandson. The Soveraignty and Goodness of God, Together, With the faithfulness of his Promises Displayed; Being a Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson ; A True History of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, A Minister's Wife in New England (London) 1684 Aphra Behn. Poems upon Several Occasions: With a Voyage to the Island of Love 1687 Aphra Behn. The Emperor of the Moon. A Farce (Dorset Garden) 1688 Aphra Behn. The Fair Jilt: or, the History of Prince Tarquin and Miranda 1688 Aphra Behn. Oronooko, or, the Royal Slave. A True History
Evolution of young oceanic lithosphere and the meaning of seafloor subsidence rate

Plate tectonics, a special class of mantle convection so far observed only on the Earth, is responsible for a vast array of geological processes, from the generation of continental crust to the modulation of atmospheric composition. Whereas conditions for its operation are still debated, the minimum requirement is generally thought that surface plates become denser than the underlying asthenosphere so that they can subduct. Recent studies, however, have raised the possibility that even mature oceanic plates remain buoyant because chemical buoyancy is too high to be overcome by negative thermal buoyancy, challenging the basic tenet of plate tectonics. Here we show that, on the basis of new integrated geophysical and petrological modeling, oceanic plates do become negatively buoyant after ∼ 30 Myr. Our modeling also indicates that the seafloor would subside at a rate of ∼ 500 m Myr − 1/2, which is considerably faster than the observed rate of ∼ 320 m Myr − 1/2. We suggest that this discrepancy in subsidence rate is best explained by the combined effect of incomplete viscous relaxation within oceanic plates, radiogenic heat production in the convecting mantle, and the secular cooling of the Earth.
Psychologically Evaluating the Youth Who Engages in Sexually Harmful Behavior

This chapter examines the academic and cognitive functioning of sexually harmful youth. Research indicates that these youth display school and academic difficulties, including disruptive behavior, truancy, and a classification of a specific learning disability. While the literature on the cognitive and intellectual functioning of sexually harmful youth is scant, two areas of weakness have been identified: executive functioning and expressive and receptive language. The risk assessment of juvenile sex offenders, and more specifically, the difference between clinical and actuarial risk assessment is explored. Specific risk assessment tools, are reviewed and are compared and contrasted. Prevention programs at various intervention levels are discussed. Finally, an argument for special education services (if appropriate) is included along with an exploration into the controversial policy of placing juvenile sex offenders on the sexual registry.
Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on lettuce, using low-energy X-ray irradiation.

Low-energy X-ray irradiation was assessed as a means of eliminating Escherichia coli O157:H7 on lettuce. Round-cut iceberg lettuce samples (2.54-cm diameter) were dip or spot inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of E. coli O157:H7, stored for 24 h at 4°C, and then irradiated at four dose levels up to 0.25 kGy using a prototype low-energy (70 kV) X-ray irradiator. E. coli O157:H7 survivors were quantified by plating on sorbitol MacConkey agar containing cefixime and tellurite. Dip inoculation yielded a D10-value of 0.040 ± 0.001 kGy, which is 3.4 times lower than a previously reported value of 0.136 kGy using gamma radiation. The D10-value for E. coli O157:H7 on spot-inoculated samples was 0.078 ± 0.008 kGy, which is about twice that of dip-inoculated samples. When 10 stacked leaves were irradiated from both sides, a dose of 0.2 kGy was achieved at the center of the stack with a surface dose of 1 kGy, corresponding to a ~5-log reduction of E. coli O157:H7 at the center of the stack. Based on these findi...
Ultrasonic decrosslinking of peroxide crosslinked HDPE in twin screw extrusion. I. Process model and simulation

A process model for ultrasonic decrosslinking of peroxide crosslinked high-density polyethylene (XHDPE) is proposed. The model is developed by modifying the earlier model describing ultrasonic devulcanization of rubber vulcanizates under static (no flow) conditions. The bubble cavitation during ultrasonic wave propagation in a viscoelastic solid containing small concentration of voids is considered. A method to calculate the ultrasonic power consumption and acoustic pressure in a bubble filled polymer is proposed based on the linear acoustic analysis. The rupture of network is modeled by considering the breakage of main chains caused by the large deformation arising during the bubble oscillation. Unlike the earlier process model for ultrasonic devulcanization of rubbers, the current model does not require kinetic parameters assigned to describe the rupture of network. The nonisothermal flow of decrosslinked XHDPE in the ultrasonic treatment zone in the twin screw extruder (TSE) is modeled by considering a helical flow of a power-law fluid with its material parameters related to the gel fraction. The simulation algorithms describing ultrasonic decrosslinking of XHDPE under static (no flow) condition and in TSE are presented. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:1035–1046, 2017. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
The Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) Framing Typology for Understanding the Structure, Function, and Outcomes of PCMHs

Introduction: Patient-centered medical homes (PCHMs) aspire to transform today9s challenged primary care services. However, it is unclear which PCMH characteristics produce specific outcomes of interest for care delivery. This study tested a novel typology of PCMH practice transformation, the PCMH framing typology, and evaluated measurable outcomes by each type. Methods: Using the Patient-Centered Primary Care Collaborative 2012 to 2013 Annual Review, this secondary analysis of the published PCMH literature extracted data from publications of 59 PCMHs. Each of the 59 sites was categorized as 1 of 4 PCMH types: add-on, renovated, hybrid, or integrated. Six outcome measures (cost reductions, decreased emergency department/hospital utilization, improved quality, improved access, increased preventive services, and improved patient satisfaction) were independently coded for each site. Practices were combined based on type, and mean outcomes scores for each measure were displayed on radar graphs for comparison. Results: While each type showed a characteristic pattern of success, only the integrated type improved in all 6 outcomes. No type achieved high success in all measures. Discussion: There seem to be 4 types of PCMH, each of which shows a distinctive outcomes profile. Within the PCMH framing typology, direction is emerging for how best to transform primary care to achieve the greatest success.
The Effects of Population-based Prostate-specific Antigen Screening Beginning at Age 40

Objective To evaluate population-based prostate cancer (CaP) testing of men in their 40s, given the paucity of prospective data evaluating the consequences of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in younger men for CaP. Materials and Methods A total of 1052 men in their 40s were followed longitudinally for prostate outcomes, from 1990 to 2010. A random subset of 268 men was selected to undergo biennial CaP testing including PSA testing, transrectal ultrasound, and a digital rectal examination. A representative population of 609 men with a subset of 159 men who also began CaP testing in their 50s was also evaluated as a comparison group. Risk of prostate biopsy (PBx), CaP, or death from CaP was compared between CaP-tested and the routine-care population cohort. Results Median follow-up was 17.2 years. Men aged 40-49, who underwent CaP testing were 2.4 times more likely to undergo a PBx (hazard ratio [HR] 2.4 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8-3.3) and 2.2 times more likely to be diagnosed with low-risk CaP (HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.12-4.0). Those initiating CaP testing a decade earlier were 2.2 times and 1.7 times more likely to be biopsied and be diagnosed with CaP for any given age (HR 2.2 95% CI 1.4-3.5 and 1.7 95% CI 1.1-2.7, respectively). Conclusion CaP testing in men beginning at age 40 resulted in a significant increase in the risk of PBx and diagnosis of low-risk CaP, without a measurable reduction in risk of CaP-death in this low-risk population. However, given the natural history of CaP, a longer follow-up is needed to confirm this finding.
Nonparametric Finite Mixture of Gaussian Graphical Models

ABSTRACTGraphical models have been widely used to investigate the complex dependence structure of high-dimensional data, and it is common to assume that observed data follow a homogeneous graphical model. However, observations usually come from different resources and have heterogeneous hidden commonality in real-world applications. Thus, it is of great importance to estimate heterogeneous dependencies and discover a subpopulation with certain commonality across the whole population. In this work, we introduce a novel regularized estimation scheme for learning nonparametric finite mixture of Gaussian graphical models, which extends the methodology and applicability of Gaussian graphical models and mixture models. We propose a unified penalized likelihood approach to effectively estimate nonparametric functional parameters and heterogeneous graphical parameters. We further design an efficient generalized effective expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to address three significant challenges: high-dimensi...
Evaluation of a therapy for Idiopathic Chronic Enterocolitis in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and linked microbial community correlates

Idiopathic chronic enterocolitis (ICE) is one of the most commonly encountered and difficult to manage diseases of captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). The etiology is not well understood, but perturbations in gut microbial communities have been implicated. Here we evaluated the effects of a 14-day course of vancomycin, neomycin, and fluconazole on animals affected with ICE, comparing treated, untreated, and healthy animals. We performed microbiome analysis on duodenal and colonic mucosal samples and feces in order to probe bacterial and/or fungal taxa potentially associated with ICE. All treated animals showed a significant and long-lasting improvement in stool consistency over time when compared to untreated and healthy controls. Microbiome analysis revealed trends associating bacterial community composition with ICE, particularly lineages of the Lactobacillaceae family. Sequencing of DNA from macaque food biscuits revealed that fungal sequences recovered from stool were dominated by yeast-derived food additives; in contrast, bacteria in stool appeared to be authentic gut residents. In conclusion, while validation in larger cohorts is needed, the treatment described here was associated with significantly improved clinical signs; results suggested possible correlates of microbiome structure with disease, though no strong associations were detected between single microbes and ICE.
Interactions of host-plant resistance and foliar insecticides for soybean aphid management

Abstract Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphidae), a major pest of soybean in the Midwest U.S., is primarily controlled with insecticides, but aphid-resistant plants are becoming available for growers. However, aphid populations can still occasionally build to economically damaging levels on resistant plants, which require treatment with insecticides to protect yields. To determine if resistant plants alter soybean aphid susceptibility to foliar insecticides, aphid populations were monitored over two years from 2014 to 2015 in field experiments with near isogenic soybean lines that were either susceptible or resistant to aphids. Field plots of each soybean line were either untreated or treated with an organophosphate (i.e., chlorpyrifos), a pyrethroid (i.e., λ-cyhalothrin), or a mixture of pyrethrum and azadirachtin. Greenhouse bioassays were also conducted with near isogenic lines and two of the insecticides to examine potential interactions under more controlled conditions. In field plots, organophosphate and pyrethroid treatments significantly reduced cumulative aphid days on at least one soybean line each year; additive effects between resistant plants and insecticides were most common. However, significant synergistic interactions between resistant plants and insecticide were found for λ-cyhalothrin in 2015. On chlorpyrifos-treated plants, a synergistic interaction occurred in 2014 and an antagonistic interaction occurred in 2015, but aphid populations did not exceed those of untreated resistant plants. Interactions between aphid-resistant plants and foliar insecticides were variable, but these tactics generally appear compatible for integrated pest management programs. Growers could benefit from additive and synergistic interactions, and the only documented instance of antagonism had a relatively small effect.
Aspects of Flow and Mixing Behavior in Fluidized Beds

Fluidization deals with the phenomena of the motion of particles and fluid and transport of heat and/or mass between the fluid and solid phases. The phenomenon occurs when the fluid is passed through the solids at a velocity of sufficient magnitude that the drag exceeds the net weight of the particle. Fluidization is typically characterized by large slip velocities between the phases and complicated motions of both phases.
Market Design and Computerized Marketplaces

Markets and marketplaces are ancient human artifacts, but in recent years they have become ever more important. In part this is because marketplaces are becoming computerized. Together with the introduction of smart phones, this also makes them ubiquitous. We can order car rides to the airport, plane rides to London, and hotel rooms for when we arrive, all on our smartphones. And as we do so we leave a data trail that is easily combined with other streams of data. This is changing not only how we interact with markets, but also how we manage and regard privacy. I'll discuss some recent developments in computerized markets and speculate about some still to come.
Ground and low-lying excited states of phenoxy, 1-naphthoxy, and 2-naphthoxy radicals via anion photoelectron spectroscopy.

We present the slow electron velocity map imaging spectroscopy of cryogenically cooled phenoxide, 1-naphthoxide, and 2-naphthoxide anions. The results allow us to examine the ground state and the lowest energy excited state in the corresponding neutral radicals. Care was taken to minimize autodetachment signals in the photoelectron spectra, allowing for more straightforward comparisons with Franck-Condon analyses. The ground states of these three aromatic oxide radicals all have the unpaired electron residing in a π orbital delocalized throughout the molecule. The electron affinity of 1-naphthoxy is measured to be 2.290(2) eV, while that of 2-naphthoxy is measured to be 2.404(2) eV, both of which are higher than that of the smaller phenoxy molecule at 2.253(1) eV. The first excited states have the unpaired electron residing in a more localized σ orbital, yielding measured term energies for the A state of 1.237(2) eV in 1-naphthoxy and 1.068(1) eV in 2-naphthoxy, while that of phenoxy is lower at 0.952(1) eV. The calculated Franck-Condon spectra generally showed good agreement with the experimental spectra, yielding assignments of the more active vibrations in each electronic state. Significant autodetachment signals arising from dipole bound states near the ground states of all three radicals were observed in our efforts to avoid them, and comparably less autodetachment signals were observed near the excited states. Besides this type of non-Franck-Condon intensities in the photoelectron spectra, we also observed minor features arising due to vibronic coupling in the ground states of all three radicals.
No conflict of interest in data monitoring.

The News Feature “Hidden conflicts?” (C. Piller, 6 July, p. [16][1]) alleges that after serving as a member of a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory panel for a nominal per diem payment, I later received inappropriate payments from the manufacturer (AstraZeneca) for serving on and chairing data monitoring committees (DMCs) overseeing AstraZeneca-sponsored research. Those assertions are inaccurate. The universities conducting clinical trials, not AstraZeneca, compensated DMC members for their time. More important, the OpenPayments database still reports inaccurate payments far in excess of the amount I received from the university. AstraZeneca has acknowledged that it mistakenly reported my name and attributed inaccurate amounts to me in its filing to the database and has agreed to correct these errors. Serving on a DMC does not involve conducting research, and I did not conduct research on any drug for AstraZeneca after serving on the FDA panel. The DMCs on which I served oversaw the safety of participants enrolled in two postapproval trials funded through research contracts with academic institutions, not contracts with AstraZeneca. Members of DMCs are required to act independently of trial sponsors; they are not investigators. Their responsibility is to ensure the safety of trial participants and scientific integrity of studies to advance research. In this case, the outcomes of both trials were unfavorable to AstraZeneca. Regardless of the outcome, however, I had no financial relationship with the company; the fees, which were nominal, came to me through the university. Serving on a DMC is not a conflict of interest but a public service. My role was to protect the interests of patients, science, and the public. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/361/6397/16
Sensitivity-based dynamic control frequency scheduling of quadcopter MAVs

Micro aerial vehicles (MAVs), in particular, quadcopters, have seen increasing adoption in many application domains due to their flexible operations and versatile functions. By taking advantages of the inherent system inertia properties of the physical platform during MAV operations, satisfactory flight performance of the vehicle can be achieved despite a variety of internal and external disturbances including environment perturbations and cyber-physical attacks, provided the fault detection and control strategy is maintained with a proper lower bound of its operating frequency. From the control design perspective, such frequency bound depends heavily on the sensitivity of the system response to its dynamic properties including inertia and dynamic couplings. For a cyber-physical system, which is subject to various cyber and physical attacks, there is usually a large sensitivity difference between physical time scale and cyber time scale. With this fact, a properly designed fault-tolerant and control strategy can leverage the inertia property of the system to arrive at an optimal control frequency to save computational power while maintaining the flight performance. For many current MAVs, their control programs are usually executed at a fixed high-frequency, which provides no significant performance gains at most of the time. In this work, we perform a sensitivity analysis and quantification of the vehicle system to guide the design and optimization of customized on-board control and computational resources. By quantifying system sensitivity and its variation across different control channels (DOFs), the computational resources can be re-distributed and optimized to detect and reject cyber-physical attacks more efficiently. With the proposed method, the cyber and physical resources of the vehicle can be allocated by system demands, which can further enhance vehicle reliability and accomplish complicated security tasks. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we have conducted the simulated flight test with the real vehicle parameters.
An Antenna System for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

A multipurpose (Wi-Fi, ISM, GPS, and Iridium bands) antenna system for communications over saltwater is introduced. Three antennas including monopole, dipole, and helix are located close to each other within a resin as a radome. In the proposed antenna design, special considerations are taken into account to not only miniaturize the antenna overall size but also maximize antenna gain in the desired directions. A full wave simulator (HFSS) is used to optimize the antenna radiation patterns and return loss for different levels of the seawater. The simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of our design.
Multi-Exchange Neighborhood Structures for the Capacitated Minimum Spanning Tree Problem

The capacitated minimum spanning tree (CMST) problem is to find a minimum cost spanning tree with an additional cardinality constraint on the sizes of the subtrees incident to a given root node. The CMST problem is an NP-complete problem, and existing exact algorithms can solve only small size problems. Currently, the best available heuristic procedures for the CMST problem are tabu search algorithms due to Amberg et al. and Sharaiha et al. These algorithms use two-exchange neighborhood structures that are based on exchanging a single node or a set of nodes between two subtrees. In this paper, we generalize their neighborhood structures to allow exchanges of nodes among multiple subtrees simultaneously; we refer to such neighborhood structures as multi-exchange neighborhood structures. Our first multi-exchange neighborhood structure allows exchanges of single nodes among several subtrees. Our second multi-exchange neighborhood structure allows exchanges that involve multiple subtrees. The size of each of these neighborhood structures grows exponentially with the problem size without any substantial increase in the computational times needed to find improved neighbors. Our approach, which is based on the cyclic transfer neighborhood structure due to Thompson and Psaraftis and Thompson and Orlin transforms a profitable exchange into a negative cost subset-disjoint cycle in a graph, called an improvement graph, and identifies these cycles using variants of shortest path label-correcting algorithms. Our computational results with GRASP and tabu search algorithms based on these neighborhood structures reveal that (i) for the unit demand case our algorithms obtained the best available solutions for all benchmark instances and improved some; and (ii) for the heterogeneous demand case our algorithms improved the best available solutions for most of the benchmark instances with improvements by as much as 18%. The running times our multi-exchange neighborhood search algorithms are comparable to those taken by two-exchange neighborhood search algorithms.
A tale of two operations: re-excision as a quality measure

Breast cancer represents one of the leading cancer diagnoses in women. Given the epidemiologic salience of the disease, a large body of research has been dedicated towards optimizing care and improving outcomes.
Atherosclerosis: Making a U Turn

The development of potent cholesterol-reducing medications in the last decade of the twentieth century has altered the approach to prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Initial ...