cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endothelin receptor blockade during hypothermic perfusion preservation mitigates the adverse effect of preretrieval warm ischemic injury on posttransplant glomerular filtration rate.

BACKGROUND Preretrieval warm ischemic injury predisposes to both short-term and long-term dysfunction of cadaveric renal allografts. We previously reported that the excretion of the vasoactive peptide, endothelin (ET), is significantly increased during hypothermic perfusion preservation (HPP) of kidneys subjected to preretrieval warm ischemia compared with nonischemic controls. As such, the purpose of this study was to determine if endothelin receptor (ET-R) blockade during HPP would improve glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of kidneys subjected to preretrieval warm ischemia when measured in situ at 2 weeks after transplantation (Tx). METHODS The left kidney was retrieved from 300-g Lewis rats after in situ cold perfusion and transplanted after 2 hr of HPP. A 30-min period of preretrieval warm ischemia was induced. Kidneys were divided into four groups: nonischemic controls (n=9), ischemic (isch) kidneys not receiving ET-R blockade during HPP (n=7), isch kidneys receiving the ETA receptor antagonist (n=7), and isch kidneys receiving the ETA/B receptor antagonist (n=8). ET-R blockade was induced by adding the ETA, A-147627, or the ETA/B, A-182086, receptor antagonist (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL) directly to the preservation solution (5x10-6M). The kidneys were then isografted into genetically identical Lewis rats and GFR, determined by measurement of urinary iohexol clearance, measured 2 weeks after Tx. RESULTS Two-week GFRs (mL/min) for each of the study cohorts are as follows: nonischemic controls, 1.18+/-0.11; ischemic (isch) only, 0.57+/-0.08 (P< or =0.05 vs. nonischemic controls); isch + ETA blockade, 0.95+/-0.15 (P< or =0.05 vs. isch only); isch + ETA/B blockade, 0.90+/-0.08 (P< or =0.05 vs. isch only). CONCLUSION Addition of an ETA, A-147627, or an ETA/B, A-182086, receptor antagonist to preservation solution used during HPP of kidneys subjected to preretrieval warm ischemia resulted in a normalization of GFR measured 2 weeks after Tx. The data provide a basis for further investigation of the impact of ET-R blockade on both the short- and long-term adverse effects of preretrieval warm ischemic injury in cadaveric renal Tx.
Estimating the abundance of subterranean propagules of submersed aquatic plants

SUMMARY 1. Data on sample means (x|) and variances (s2) of propagule abundance for five typos of aquatic plants growing in a variety of habitats were collected. The data set consisted of 379 values for x| and s2, based on 4942 individual sample units (sediment samples), drawn from the literature or from data collected as part of this study. 2. Regression analysis relating log s2 to log x| yielded an equation which was solved for the number of sample units (n) required to achieve a given degree of precision. For precise estimates [standard error (SE) = 20% of x|], values of n between twenty-seven and 234 are required when propagule density is low (<200m−2), whereas eight to twenty-six sample units are required when propaguie density is high (200–1000 m−2). For larger SE (i.e. 30% of x|), n decreased by about 50%. Sampler area (20 to 1600cm2) did not affect estimates of n. 3. Time required to collect and process sediment cores (collected with either a 5, 10, or 15cm corer) was approximately 7, 10, or 13min, respectively. Combining this information with the required number of samples is useful in planning studies designed to measure changes in the abundance of underground propagules of submersed aquatic plants.
Enhancements in the Livermore spectrum analysis package PIXEF

Abstract A number of enhancements have been incorporated into the Livermore particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectral fitting program PIXEF (for PIXE-Fit) in order to improve our quantitative analysis capability for data collected with Si(Li) detectors. Some of the new features include an improved description for the background which takes into account X-ray absorption effects, a better representation of the line shapes using Voigtian distributions, and a better treatment of peak fitting in regions of poor counting statistics. The implementation of these improvements into PIXEF is described.
An automated end-point microassay for adenosine-5′-triphosphate using a microplate reader

We describe a modified enzymatic microassay for adenosine-5′-triphosphate. This assay couples the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate with the product's subsequent oxidation by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH which can be measured spectrophotometrically by the increase in absorbance at 340 nm. The assay is linear in the 1μM to 3-mM range and is read in a microplate reader. This rapid, cost-effective, and sensitive microassay may be useful in studies where many replicate samples are required.
Pr and Cm in superconductor-related oxides

Abstract The electronic structures and magnetic properties of the f-element in PrBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 , CmBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 , and Cm 1.83 Th .17 CuO 4 are discussed in terms of their abilities to inhibit superconductivity in these materials. Inelastic neutron data on a variety of Pr-compounds, together with susceptibility data and magnetic ordering temperatures are used to argue for a suppression mechanism that involves shortening the lifetimes of the conduction-electron spin states.
Predicting psychological symptoms: the role of perceived thought control ability.

The suppression of intrusive thoughts, which have been related significantly to depressive and anxious symptoms (Blumberg, 2000), has become an area of interest for those treating individuals with psychological disorders. The current study sought to extend the findings of Luciano, Algarabel, Tomas, and Martinez (2005), who developed the Thought Control Ability Questionnaire (TCAQ) and found that scores on this measure were predictive of psychopathology. In particular, this study examined the relationship between scores on the TCAQ and the Personality Assessment Inventory. Findings suggested that individuals' perceived thought control ability correlated significantly with several dimensions of commonly‐occurring psychological symptoms (e.g. anxiety) and more severe and persistent psychological symptoms (e.g. schizophrenia). Regression analyses also showed that perceived thought control ability predicted significantly a range of psychological symptoms over and above individuals' sex and perceived stress. Fi...
The differentiation of glial cells and glia limitans in organ cultures of chick spinal cord.

Differentiation of glial cells and the glia limitans in organ cultures of chick spinal cord explanted at early neural tube stages, alone or with adjacent tissues, was studied by electron microscopy. Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes comparable to those seen in the chicken in vivo were observed, mainly in areas of good neuronal differentiation. A glia limitans with basal lamina, comparable to that in vivo, was found when spinal cord was bordered by normally adjacent tissues. When it was surrounded by vitelline membrane only, a characteristic limiting layer of glial processes, but no basal lamina, was seen. Contact with a filter membrane (Millipore) elicited excessive differentiation of glial filaments and modified cell fine structure; no glia limitans was formed.
Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1990

Moment-tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 114 moderate-to-large size earthquakes occurring during 1990.
WHITHER SPATIAL STATISTICS

The results of two surveys conducted prior to the 1984 and 1988 meetings of the Working Group on Mathematical Models of the International Geographical Union are presented. These surveys explored the promise of spatial statistics both in general and in terms of specific techniques and models. The most recent survey shows a consensus emerging on the greater promise of models over specific techniques and a concern over the role of geographical information systems.
Energetics of the April 2000 magnetic superstorm observed by DMSP

Abstract During the late main phase of the April 6, 2000 storm with Dst approaching −300 nT, four Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites encountered repeated episodes of intense field-aligned currents whose magnetic perturbations exceeded 1300 nT, corresponding to |J∥| > 1 A/m. They had relatively fast rise times (∼5 min) and lasted for ∼20 min. The large magnetic perturbations occurred within the expanded auroral oval at magnetic latitudes below 60°. From Poynting-flux calculations we estimate that during each event several hundred tera-Joules of energy that dissipates in the mid-latitude ionosphere and thermosphere. Ground magnetometers at auroral and middle latitudes detected weak fluctuations that were incommensurate with magnetic perturbations observations at DMSP altitudes. Observed discrepancies between ground and satellite magnetometer measurements suggest that under storm conditions operational models systematically underestimate the level of electromagnetic energy available to the ionosphere–thermosphere. We demonstrate a transmission-line model for M-I coupling that allows calculations of this electromagnetic energy input with no a priori knowledge of ionospheric conductances.
Preservice Teachers’ Perceptions of Children’s Problem Behaviors

AbstractPreservice teachers’ perceptions of social immaturity and defiance behaviors among children were assessed in response to hypothetical situations. Dependent variables included teacher tolerance, attributions as to the causes of behavior, adverse effects or costs of problem behaviors, and choice of a strategy to manage the behaviors. Subjects were more tolerant of socially immature behaviors than defiance behaviors. Both types of behavior were attributed to internal, controllable, and unstable causes. Social defiance behaviors were seen as having more adverse effects. Subjects were oriented toward helping children with both types of behavior but were more likely to restrict children with social defiance behaviors. Level of training had little effect on the subjects’ perceptions of the problem behaviors.
DEVELOPMENT OF A TWO‐STAGE EQUIPMENT ‐ ENTERPRISE SELECTION METHOD*

The difficulties encountered with simultaneous equipment - enterprise solution methods led the author of this paper to develop a two-stage solution process. The unit-flow technique was revised to handle efficiently large complex problems and yet be reasonably sure of integer solutions. This solution method was applied to two large problems: 1) corn havest, storage and feed processing, and 2) hog housing and manure handling; Three least cost building-equipment systems were developed for alternative wage rates. A profit-maximizing combination of enterprises was then developed with linear programming for each building-equipment system. Comparison of net returns to the farm operator with each of the three systems allowed choice of the combination of enterprises and the building-equipment system that resulted in the largest net return. While a simultaneous equipment-enterprise selection method might have some advantages in developing solutions with slightly higher profit levels, the difficulties in constructing and solving such problems makes this technique unworkable at present. The two-stage procedure reported in this article has advantages in time required to construct the model and, unlike integer programming, an assurance that an optimum solution will be obtained. COMBINAISON OPTIMAL DE L'EQUIPEMENT ET L'ENTREPRISE - Les difficultees qui surgissent en selectionnant les meilleurs combinations de la machinerie et l'entreprise amenent l'auteur de cet article a developper une solution en deux etapes. La technique appliquee fut developpe pour deux problemes; (1) la recolte du mais, l'entreposage et le processus d'alimentation (2) les batiments de pores et le traitement d'engrais. Les methodes moins couteuses pour les batiments et l'outillage ont ete aussi developpe pour les differents taux de salaire. Pour un profit maximum d'entreprise, un programme lineaire a ete employe pour chacun des trois systemes. Tandis que la methode de selectionner l'equipment et l'entreprise a les avantages d'atteindre un degre de profit plus eleve, les difficultees qui surgissent dans la construction et la solution de ces problemes rendent cette technique inexecutable pour le moment. En temps requis, le processus en deux etapes aura les avantages de construire un models et d'y assurer une solution.
On the Preparation of Samples for Laser Microprobe Analysis

The Q-switched laser microprobe (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) apparently facilitates more sensitive procedures for some elements than are usual in ordinary emission spectroscopy. Several circumstances may be responsible. The strongly self-absorbing lines which characterize plasmas caused by the laser impact invariably disappear when the plasmas are electrically cross-excited. This suggests that most of the elemental plasma reaches full electrical excitation. The nearly adiabatic conversion of solid samples to plasma suggests that little sample is lost in boiling, sputtering or condensation before the spark is applied. We believe the conversion is in fact nearly adiabatic because a well-tuned laser will vaporize a fairly constant mass of matrix from a wide variety of materials (4). Another factor making for efficiency is the fixed position of the electrodes and spark relative to the slit. This is partly due to the high precision with which successive spurts of plasma appear at the same spot. Still another factor is the low black-body and cyanogen band noise, which permits the use of sensitive films such as 103-0 or Royal X Pan. Finally, it may be that the peculiar spectral redistribution of microprobe cross-excited spectra compared to ordinary spark or arc spectra in some way favors greater sensitivity. Whatever the reasons, the increased sensitivity of the laser microprobe (quite apart from its ability to selectively localize an inclusion in a matrix) makes it desirable to have a simple method for preparing divers samples for trace analysis with a microprobe. The following notes outline suitable procedures.
Lead poisoning in six captive avian species.

Red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus), and eastern screech-owls (Otus asio) were poisoned with a concentration of lead (Pb) acetate in the diet which was increased by 60% each week until half of the birds in each treatment group died; surviving birds and all control birds except screech-owis were then killed by euthanasia. An additional group of mallards was poisoned with Pb shot. The gizzards of mallards poisoned either way usually were stained with bile; some of these birds also had proventricular impaction. Most poisoned birds of the other species were emaciated but lacked other gross lesions caused by Pb poisoning. In birds other than mallards, Pb poisoning could not be diagnosed without histological or hematological examinations or analysis of tissues. Poisoned birds of all six species could be reliably separated from control birds by an increase in the protoporphyrin concentrations in the blood and by a decrease in the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in red blood cells. Hepatic iron (Fe) concentrations varied so much among individual birds that even though median hepatic Fe concentrations increased in poisoned birds, hepatic Fe concentrations were not useful in identifying poisoned birds. Renal intranuclear inclusion bodies occurred in 83% of all birds dying from Pb poisoning. Nephrosis, myocardial necrosis, and arterial fibrinoid necrosis were occasionally present. Median hepatic Pb concentrations varied from 20 ppm (wet wt) in male red-winged blackbirds to 111 ppm in female northern bobwhites. Median renal Pb concentrations varied from 22 ppm in redwinged blackbirds to 190 ppm in female northern bobwhites. Hepatic and renal Pb concentrations varied substantially among birds within each species. Median hepatic and renal Pb concentrations of birds that died were not statistically different (p > 0.05) from those of birds that were killed. Lead shot and Pb acetate affected mallards similarly.
Neuroprotection and Nerve Grafts in the Treatment of Neurogenic Erectile Dysfunction

ABSTRACTPurpose: The rationale for protecting the nerve supply of the penis derives mainly from the fact that neurological injury or disease states involving this organ commonly result in erectile dysfunction. Novel directions in the management of neurogenic erectile dysfunction that pertain specifically to sustaining penile neuronal function are described.Materials and Methods: The review constitutes a summary of neuroprotective strategies for penile erection that are under investigation at the basic science level or have been brought to clinical practice. The basic exercise consisted primarily of a literature search using the National Library of Medicine PubMed Services, with references made to such keywords as nerve grafts, nerve growth factors, neuroprotection and nerve regeneration.Results: Primary advances in this field have centered on repairing structural defects and restoring the functional integrity of the cavernous nerves of the penis. In the former autologous nerve conduits, such as sural nerv...
Modified Delphi Investigation of Motor Development and Learning in Physical Education Teacher Education

Purpose: As the scope of motor development and learning knowledge has successfully broadened over the years, there is an increased need to identify the content and learning experiences that are essential in preparing preservice physical educators. The purpose of this study was to generate expert consensus regarding the most critical motor development and learning competencies that prospective physical educators need to learn within the physical education teacher education (PETE) curriculum and to identify learning environments and instructional methods for delivering core knowledge. Method: The study employed a 2-round, modified Delphi procedure involving the repeated circulation of a questionnaire to a panel of motor development specialists, motor learning specialists, teacher educators, and K–12 physical education teachers. Panel members rated an initial list of theoretical and applied motor development and learning competencies derived from various curricular guidelines and textbook sources. An open-re...
Origin of flaw-tolerance in nacre

Over the past decades, our understanding of nacre's toughening origin has long stayed at the level of crack deflection along the biopolymer interface between aragonite platelets. It has been widely thought that the ceramic aragonite platelets in nacre invariably remain shielded from the propagating crack. Here we report an unexpected experimental observation that the propagating crack, surprisingly, invades the aragonite platelet following a zigzag crack propagation trajectory. The toughening origin of previously-thought brittle aragonite platelet is ascribed to its unique nanoparticle-architecture, which tunes crack propagation inside the aragonite platelet in an intergranular manner. For comparison, we also investigated the crack behavior in geologic aragonite mineral (pure monocrystal) and found that the crack propagates in a cleavage fashion, in sharp contrast with the intergranular cracking in the aragonite platelet of nacre. These two fundamentally different cracking mechanisms uncover a new toughening strategy in nacre's hierarchical flaw-tolerance design.
Continuing a legacy: collecting for a special collections library

A description of the Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan, that began in 1911, with a sizable donation from Joseph A. Labadie, an anarchist and printer, and has continued to develop as a special collection of materials on “social protest”.
To Appreciate Variation Between Scientists: A Perspective for Seeing Science's Vitality

At the heart of theoretical and practical ideas about science education is an image of scientific work. This image draws attention to particular features of scientific work, which then guides scholarship and pedagogy in science education. In the field of science education, much discussion in this vein focuses on the question, "What is the nature of science?" Most images of science found in education, psychology, and philosophy emerge from conceptual and methodological perspectives that emphasize norms, conventions, and broad trends. Some groups are motivated to distinguish science from other activities while some groups work in the opposite direction and blur the lines between science and others ways of knowing. Underlying both perspectives is an implicit focus on general qualities common to groups or subgroups (e.g. believing that ideas are subject to change, expla- nations demand evidence, science is a complex social activities, etc.). I propose that the vital qualities of science are best illuminated by just the opposite process: by appreciat- ing the uncommon, rather than common, features. By attending to individual variation, we are more likely to understand what makes science a creative, motivating, and deeply personal enterprise. In addition, appreciating these variations reveals judgment, creativity, adaptation—the hallmark of scientific work. Implications of this perspective for science education are discussed. C
Global variation of the para hydrogen fraction in Jupiter's atmosphere and implications for dynamics on the outer planets

A detailed analysis of the Voyager infrared spectrometer measurements on Jupiter's atmosphere is presented, and possible implications of para hydrogen disequilibrium for the energetics and dynamics of that atmosphere are examined. The method of data analysis is described, and results for the large scale latitude variation of the para hydrogen fraction are presented. The Jovian results show pronounced latitude variation, and are compared with other parameters including wind fields, thermal structure, and various indicators of atmospheric clouds. The problem of equilibration rate is reexamined, and it is concluded that on Jupiter the equilibration time is longer than the radiative time constant at the level of emission to space, but that this inequality reverses at greater depths. A model for the interaction of fluid motions with the ortho-para conversion process is presented, and a consistent mixing length theory for the reacting ortho-para mixture is developed. Several implications of the Jovian data for atmospheric energetics and stability on the outer planets are presented.
Particle concentration using inclined sedimentation via sludge accumulation and removal for algae harvesting

Abstract A novel technique is described that achieves particle concentration using inclined sedimentation via sludge accumulation and removal (CISSAR 1 ). In contrast to a continuous inclined sedimentation process, in which clarification via sedimentation and recovery via sediment or sludge flow occur simultaneously, the CISSAR process consists of a long, particle-deposition and fluid-clarification step, followed by a short, sludge-resuspension and sludge-recovery step. The separation of the clarification and sludge-recovery processes removes design limitations necessary for sludge flow, enabling optimization of the clarification process. While commercial settlers are typically operated at about 55° from the horizontal to ensure sludge flow, the CISSAR process is operated at a shallow angle, resulting in 70% faster clarification per plate area. Using a high-aspect-ratio inclined settler ( L / b =500) with the CISSAR process, a ∼0.7 g/L, unflocculated algal suspension was concentrated over 80-fold to 59 g/L at a bulk-average clarification velocity of nearly 500-fold greater than the algal terminal settling velocity. The extent of concentration (below a maximum value) was shown to be proportional to the settling rate and the duration of clarification, inversely proportional to the plate spacing, and independent of settling area.
Effect of HTST Pasteurization of Milk, Cheese Whey and Cheese Whey UF Retentate upon the Composition, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Whey Protein Concentrates

The effect of high temperature-short time (HTST) pasteurization of milk, Cheddar cheese whey and cheddar cheese whey ultrafiltration (UF) retentate upon the composition, physicochemical and functional properties of whey protein concentrates (WPC) was investigated. HTST pasteurization (72°C-15 sec) of milk, whey and UF retentate caused no significant differences in chemical composition of resulting WPCs. HTST pasteurization of milk and whey had no significant effect upon WPC solubility, whereas, heating UF retentate caused significant loss of WPC solubility. HTST pasteurization of milk caused a significant lowering (P<0.10) of maximum foam expansion of WPC dispersions, but HTST pasteurization of whey and UF retentate had no significant effect upon this latter parameter.
GRSF-1: a poly(A) + mRNA binding protein which interacts with a conserved G-rich element

Computer predictions identified similarities to a 14-base G-rich element in numerous mRNAs at a variety of locations. A Northwestern screening strategy was used to obtain a cDNA clone from a HeLa cell library using the G-rich RNA element as a probe. A cellular protein (called GRSF-1), which was encoded by this cDNA, binds RNAs containing the G-rich element. GRSF-1 was distinct from DSEF-1, a nuclear protein we have previously identified that interacts with the G-rich element, based on differences in molecular weight and partial peptide maps, as well as the lack of cross-reactivity with GRSF-1 specific monoclonal antibodies. Using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, we localized GRSF-1 to the cytoplasm. In vivo UV cross-linking further demonstrated that GRSF-1 was bound to poly(A)+ mRNA in living human cells. Western blot analysis revealed four cytoplasmic proteins which expressed GRSF-1 specific epitopes. GRSF-1 contains three potential RNA recognition motifs and two auxiliary domains. Curiously, the domain organization of GRSF-1 is similar to the RNA binding proteins PUB1, ELAV, HuD, Hel-N1, mcs94-1 and RBP9.
Assessment of the immunotoxic potential of the fungicide dinocap in mice.

Abstract The immunotoxic potential of dinocap was evaluated in female C57BL/6J mice following in vivo and in vitro exposure to this fungicide. In in vivo studies, groups of mice were dosed by gavage with technical grade dinocap at dosages ranging from 12.5 to 50 mg/kg per day for 7 or 12 days and selected immune functions examined. Mice dosed at 50 mg/kg per day dinocap died after 4 days of dosing. Twelve days of dosing with dinocap at 25 mg/kg per day resulted in decreased thymus weights and cellularity, and increased spleen weights. No changes were observed in body weight, absolute differential peripheral leukocyte counts, the lymphoproliferative responses to B- or T-cell mitogens, the mixed lymphocyte reaction, or natural killer (NK) cell activity of spleen cells from mice exposed to dinocap. Lymphoproliferative responses to concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA), however, were reduced in thymocytes from mice dosed at 25 mg/kg per day dinocap. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to P815 mastocytoma cells was enhanced in mice exposed for 7 days to 25 mg/kg per day dinocap. Exposure of mice for 7 days to 25 mg/kg per day dinocap also caused a significant reduction in the IgM and IgG plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). A time-course study indicated that dinocap-induced suppression of the IgM PFC response was due to a delay in the peak PFC response to SRBC. In vitro studies using murine thymocytes cultured with dinocap (10 μg/ml for 72 h) resulted in suppression of the proliferative response to Con A and PHA. Exposure of thymocytes to dinocap in vitro for as little as 30 min resulted in suppression of the mitogen-stimulated response in the absence of any apparent direct cytotoxic effect. These results suggest that dinocap alters the immune system of the mouse, however, these effects are relatively modest in terms of adverse immune function and are only seen at relatively high exposure levels.
Formal Verification ATPG Search Engine Emulator (Abstract Only)

Bounded Model Checking (BMC), as a formal method of verifying VLSI circuits, shows violation of a given circuit property by finding a counter-example to the property along bounded state paths of the circuit. In this paper, we present an emulation framework for Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG)-BMC model capable of checking properties on gate-level design. In our approach, counterpart to a property is mapped into a structural monitor with one output. A target fault is then injected at the monitor output, and a modified ATPG-based state justification algorithm is used to find a test for this fault which corresponds to formally establishing the property. In this paper, emulating the process of ATPG-based BMC on reconfigurable hardware is presented. The ATPG-BMC emulator achieves a speed-up over software based methods, due to the fine-grain massive parallelism inherent to hardware. As circuit sizes approach limits of even ATPG-based method feasibility, further solutions are required. In this presentation, we propose an ATPG-based algorithm for formal verification implementation on reconfigurable hardware (FPGA). This implementation is shown to have a linear relationship between the size of the circuit being verified and FPGA resource utilization. This implies a reasonable bound on the size of the implementation, as opposed to an exponential utilization explosion as circuit size increases. This method has also been shown to be 3 orders of magnitude faster than a similar software-based approach, based on the time for solving a given ATPG problem. At the same time, though, total runtime for the FPGA emulation based implementation is significantly limited by the parts of its process still in software. Further enhancement is proposed to reduce this overhead and increase the benefit over software solvers.
SIZE-CORRECTION AND PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS FOR INTERSPECIFIC COMPARATIVE STUDIES

Phylogenetic methods for the analysis of species data are widely used in evolutionary studies. However, preliminary data transformations and data reduction procedures (such as a size-correction and principal components analysis, PCA) are often performed without first correcting for nonindependence among the observations for species. In the present short comment and attached R and MATLAB code, I provide an overview of statistically correct procedures for phylogenetic size-correction and PCA. I also show that ignoring phylogeny in preliminary transformations can result in significantly elevated variance and type I error in our statistical estimators, even if subsequent analysis of the transformed data is performed using phylogenetic methods. This means that ignoring phylogeny during preliminary data transformations can possibly lead to spurious results in phylogenetic statistical analyses of species data.
The Relationship Between the Sexual Attitudes of Parents and their College Daughters' or Sons' Sexual Attitudes and Sexual Behavior

: This study determined if three selected sexual attitudes of parents were related to similar sexual attitudes of their college daughters or sons and to five sexual behaviors. Only never married, college freshmen (N = 83) with both parents participating were utilized. A self-report questionnaire was administered to students at a large midwestern university and distributed to and returned from parents by mail. The Pearson product-moment correlation and the stepwise and multiple regressions were used to test four hypotheses. Mothers' sexual attitudes had a stronger relationship than fathers' attitudes with offspring sexual attitudes and behaviors, particularly for daughters. Generally, mothers with the most positive attitudes toward sexual-self had daughters who were more responsive relative to personal sexual expression (masturbation frequency and orgasmic experience), but who were not any more involved heterosexually (frequency of coitus and number of coital partners). Fathers' sexual attitudes had little relationship to offspring sexual attitudes and behavior. None of the male students' sexual behaviors were related strongly to parent sexual attitudes. Implications for school and parent sexuality education programs are briefly discussed.
Effect of mannitol on brain metabolism and tissue oxygenation in severe haemorrhagic stroke

Background The impact of osmotic therapies on brain metabolism has not been extensively studied in humans. The authors examined if mannitol treatment of raised intracranial pressure will result in an improvement in brain metabolism together with the expected drop in intracranial pressure (ICP). Methods This is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Twenty episodes of raised ICP (>20 mm Hg) resistant to standard therapy that required infusions of mannitol were studied in 12 comatose patients with multimodality monitoring including ICP, PbtO 2 and microdialysis. The authors compared mean arterial blood pressure, ICP, cerebral perfusion pressure, PbtO 2 , brain lactate, pyruvate and glucose using cerebral microdialysis, for 3 h preceding and 4 h after hyperosmolar therapy. Time-series data were analysed using a multivariable general linear model utilising generalised estimating equations for model estimation to account for within-subjects and between-subjects variations over time. Results 20% mannitol solution (1 g/kg) was administered at the discretion of the attending neurointensivist. ICP decreased 30 min (from 27±13 to 19±16 mm Hg, p 2 did not change significantly. The peak lactate–pyruvate ratio was recorded at the time of initiating osmotherapy (44±20) with an 18% decrease over 2 h following mannitol therapy (35±16; p=0.002). Brain glucose remained unaffected. Conclusions Mannitol effectively reduces ICP and appeared to benefit brain metabolism as measured by the lactate–pyruvate ratio.
Associations Among Perceptions of Social Support, Negative Affect, and Quality of Sleep in Caregivers and Noncaregivers

The authors used structural equation modeling to examine associations among perceptions of negative affect, social support, and quality of sleep in a sample of caregivers (n = 175) and noncaregiver control participants (n = 169). The authors hypothesized that caregiver status would be related to sleep quality directly and also indirectly by way of negative affect and social support. This hypothesis was partially supported in that caregiving was found to be indirectly related to sleep quality. However, after accounting for the indirect effects of negative affect and social support, the direct effect of caregiving on sleep quality was no longer statistically significant. The structural model accounted for approximately 43% of the variance in sleep quality. The present findings may be useful in the development of successful sleep interventions for caregivers.
Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches

Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches. By Nolan McCarty, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006. 240p. $35.00. Hyperbole was rampant in the aftermath of the 2000 elections. Pundits, politicos, and journalists asserted that the United States was in the midst of a culture war. The country appeared to be polarized to many, and this polarization reached a crescendo in 2000, with the now “classic” red/blue map of the continental United States serving as the iconic image of this divide and with blabocrats and politicians alike all pronouncing the end of centrism. Notably absent in all this discussion, though, was actual empirical evidence, a sense of historical perspective, and a meaningful explanation for this apparent polarization beyond sophomoric cries of cultural wars and diverging beliefs about morality. While political science as a discipline had considerable expertise to bear on this “cultural divide,” the discipline had remained fairly quiet on this polarization.
Predicted Retardations of Concentration Fronts Using a Mass-Balance Approach

Regardless of the chemical controls for a pollutant on sediment sorption or release from an immiscible organic liquid, a simple mass balance can be used to predict the retardation of the ground water pollutant front moving downstream from a source of constant composition. The retardation is the ratio of the total molar difference of pollutant across the front to the molar difference in ground water. The mass-balance approach presented here uses a flushing factor for the entire front. It is implicit in the commonly used retardation factor for pollutants undergoing linear sorption, but does not appear to have been used to predict retardation of concentration fronts involving nonlinear sorption or partitioning in hydrochemical studies. Yet the computations require only limited experimental or field data or the use of an algorithm describing sorption or partitioning of the pollutant. Close agreement was obtained between retardations predicted using the mass-balance approach and those reported from numerical modeling and column experiments in the literature.
Underdetermined Source Separation in the Time-Frequency Domain

Underdetermined blind source separation (UBSS) is a challenging problem that has recently been formulated in the time-frequency domain. Previous work in the area of UBSS problem focuses on using sparse representations of signals, such as matching pursuit and wavelet packet decomposition, for identifying the sources. However, these methods are in general computationally expensive and rely on the choice of an appropriate basis function for obtaining a sparse representation. In this paper, we propose a new approach based on Cohen's class of distributions. The new approach takes advantage of the high resolution of time-frequency distributions for obtaining a sparse representation, and separates the sources by a simple clustering algorithm followed by a convex optimization problem. Compared to other time-frequency based separation methods, the presented approach is characterized by its simplicity and ease of implementation. Experimental results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed approach at separating the sparse signals in the time-frequency domain.
Gaucher Disease and Its Treatment Options

Objective: To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatments of Gaucher disease (GD), focusing on the role of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), andsubstrate reduction therapy (SRT). Data Sources: A literature search through PubMed (1984-May 2013) of English language articles was performed with terms: Gaucher’s disease, lysosomal storage disease. Secondary and tertiary references were obtained by reviewing related articles. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles in English identified from the data sources, clinical studies using ERT, SRT and articles containing other interesting aspects were included. Data Synthesis: GD is the most common inherited LSD, characterized by a deficiency in the activity of the enzyme acid β-glucosidase, which leads to accumulation of glucocerebroside within lysosomes of macrophages, leading to hepatosplenomegaly, bone marrow suppression, and bone lesions. GD is classified into 3 types: type 1 GD (GD1) is chronic and non-neuronopathic, accounting for 95% of ...
Use of the participatory approach to develop sustainability assessments for natural resource management

Monitoring progress toward sustainability goals requires a quantitative assessment method including indicators. Indicator sets and goals have typically been developed by experts, which may be scientifically robust but are often difficult to convey to society and may not include all societal values. A participatory assessment approach is emerging as a more holistic method for measuring sustainability. In this approach, local stakeholders play an integral part in the assessment process, assisted by experts. Here we reviewed 13 case studies from around the world that use a participatory approach to achieve sustainable natural resource management. Although similar in approach, most of them diverge in terms of methodology and extent of community engagement. The final set of indicators in each case is reflective of methodology, extent of community engagement, and amount of time and resources involved in the process. While the participatory approach is growing in popularity and increases the potential long-term ...
On the relation between grammatical number and cardinal numbers in development

This mini-review focuses on the question of how the grammatical number system of a child's language may help the child learn the meanings of cardinal number words (e.g., "one" and "two"). Evidence from young children learning English, Russian, Japanese, Mandarin, Slovenian, or Saudi Arabic suggests that trajectories of number-word learning differ for children learning different languages. Children learning English, which distinguishes between singular and plural, seem to learn the meaning of the cardinal number "one" earlier than children learning Japanese or Mandarin, which have very little singular/plural marking. Similarly, children whose languages have a singular/dual/plural system (Slovenian and Saudi Arabic) learn the meaning of "two" earlier than English-speaking children. This relation between grammatical and cardinal number may shed light on how humans acquire cardinal-number concepts. There is an ongoing debate about whether mental symbols for small cardinalities (concepts for "oneness," "twoness," etc.) are innate or learned. Although an effect of grammatical number on number-word learning does not rule out nativist accounts, it seems more consistent with constructivist accounts, which portray the number-learning process as one that requires significant conceptual change.
Mapping the neural systems that mediate the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT).

The paced auditory serial addition task (PASAT), in which subjects hear a number-string and add the two most-recently heard numbers, is a neuropsychological test sensitive to cerebral dysfunction. We mapped the brain regions activated by the PASAT using positron emission tomography (PET) and 15O-water to measure cerebral blood flow. We parsed the PASAT by mapping sites activated by immediate repetition of numbers and by repetition of the prior number after the presentation of the next number in the series. The PASAT activated dispersed non-contiguous foci in the superior temporal gyri, bifrontal and biparietal sites, the anterior cingulate and bilateral cerebellar sites. These sites are consistent with the elements of the task that include auditory perception and processing, speech production, working memory, and attention. Sites mediating addition were not identified. The extent of the sites activated during the performance of the PASAT accounts for the sensitivity of this test and justifies its use in a variety of seemingly disparate conditions. (JINS, 2004, 10, 26–34.)
Solving chemical problems through the application of evolutionary principles

Molecular evolution has been widely applied in the laboratory to generate novel biological macromolecules. The principles underlying evolution have more recently been used to address problems in the chemical sciences, including the discovery of functional synthetic small molecules, catalysts, materials and new chemical reactions. The application of these principles in dynamic combinatorial chemistry and in efforts involving small molecule-nucleic acid conjugates has facilitated the evaluation of large numbers of candidate structures or reactions for desired characteristics. These early efforts suggest the promise of pairing evolutionary approaches with synthetic chemistry.
The Concept of a Society

The concept of a society is central to several areas of philosophy, including social and political philosophy, philosophy of social science and moral philosophy. Yet little attention has been paid to the concept and we do not have an adequate philosophical account of it. It is a concept that is difficult to explain systematically, and it is subject to distortion or simple-minded attacks whenever it plays a major role in a philosophical theory. Methodological individualists have raised metaphysical or ontological concerns about the idea that there are such things as societies, and other philosophers have found the concept of a society to be unacceptably vague. For these reasons, I believe it worthwhile to devote this essay to an attempt to explain the concept.
Effect of zincum gluconicum nasal gel on the duration and symptom severity of the common cold in otherwise healthy adults.

Summary Background: Previous studies suggest that zinc salts may be effective in treating the common cold. Since rhinovirus infections occur primarily in the nasal cavity, an attempt to arrest the infection at the portal of entry seems logical. Aim: To assess the ability of zinc nasal gel to shorten the duration and reduce the severity of the common cold in healthy adults. Study design: Randomized, double blind, placebocontrolled study. Methods: Of 1087 patients screened by telephone, 80 patients were enrolled, all presenting within 24– 48 h of the onset of illness. They received one dose per nostril of a nasal gel spray containing either 33 mmol/l zincum gluconicum, or an identical placebo four times daily until their symptoms resolved, for a maximum of 10 days. Results: Median duration of cold symptoms in the zinc group was significantly shorter than in the placebo group (median wIQRx 4.3 days w2.5–5.5x vs. 6d aysw5–8.5x, p= 0.002). Nasal drainage, nasal congestion, hoarseness, and sore throat were the symptoms most affected. Significant reduction of total symptom scores started from the second day of the study. Adverse effects (mainly nasal stinging) were similar in both groups. Discussion: Zincum gluconicum nasal gel shortens duration and reduces symptom severity of the common cold in healthy adults, when started within 24–48 h of the onset of illness.
Modality Mix of RFID Regulation

This paper provides a general reflection on how law must manage the evolution of technology. By the example of radio frequency identification (RFID), it analyses the necessity of RFID regulation based on Lessigâ€™s four modalities law, norms, market and architecture. This paper suggests that a trade-off between or complementing of the four modalities is necessary for a holistic regulation of RFID. To support this claim, various topics of the draft recommendation on the implementation of privacy, data protection and information security principles in RFID applications by the European Commission of February 2008 are cross-examined with and attributed to one of the four modalities. This paper concludes that the draft recommendation does not provide precise supplementing legislation to justify its implementation. Many law-related issues of the draft recommendation can be traded off against or complemented by the other three modalities norms, market and architecture.
Macroscopic Magnetic Measurements on Microscopic Quantities of Materials

The principles of several of the most popular macroscopic magnetic measurement techniques are discussed for the vibrating sample magnetometer, SQUID magnetometer, ac susceptometer, ac force magnetometer, and torque magnetometers. These types of instruments are available commercially as stand-alone computer-controlled systems, Selected examples of recent measurements on thin films, small particles, and clusters of magnetic ions are presented.