cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Winter rye does not increase microbial necromass contributions to soil organic carbon in continuous corn silage in North Central US

Abstract There is insufficient evidence for how cover crop-driven changes to the soil microbial community affect soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation. One mechanism by which enhanced microbial activity can contribute to SOC accrual is through the conversion of plant inputs to microbial biomass and ultimately necromass that may form organo–mineral associations with soil particles. Here we investigated the effects of winter rye as a cover crop and winter rye harvested as a forage double crop on SOC, chemically labile and complex C fractions, microbial necromass biomarkers (amino sugars), and potential extracellular enzyme activities following a seven–year continuous corn silage trial in southern Wisconsin, North Central US. Whereas SOC increased when winter rye was used as a cover crop compared to no cover, there were no changes to SOC when winter rye was harvested as a forage crop. A positive relationship between chemically labile aliphatic soil–C and total SOC indicates that higher SOC stocks may result from persistence of simple compounds rather than chemically complex, aromatic materials. However, the accumulation of microbial necromass, as inferred from amino sugar biomarker concentrations, was largely unaffected by winter rye use, despite a positive relationship between SOC and amino sugar residue concentrations. Greater potential extracellular enzyme activities indicates increased microbial activity with winter rye. Together, these results suggest that despite some microbial stimulation and potential soil health benefits, winter rye did not increase the contribution of microbial necromass to SOC accrual in this seven–year continuous corn silage field trial.
Hypomyelination leads to alterations in inhibitory function and parvalbumin-positive neuron density in the auditory cortex

Myelination of central nervous system axons increases the conduction speed of neural impulses and contributes to the function and maintenance of neural circuits. Accordingly, loss of myelin leads to axonal loss and to severe brain dysfunction. In contrast, much less is known about the functional consequences of mild hypomyelination on central network connectivity. To address this gap in knowledge, we studied mice that have mild hypomyelination due to loss of oligodendrocyte ErbB receptor signaling. We focused on the primary auditory cortex (A1) due to the crucial role that temporal precision plays in the processing of auditory information. We find that loss of oligodendrocyte ErbB receptor signaling causes reduction in myelin in A1. We mapped and quantified the intracortical inputs to L2/3 neurons using laser-scanning photostimulation combined with patch clamp recordings. We found that hypomyelination reduces inhibitory connections to L2/3 neurons without affecting excitatory inputs, thus altering excitatory/inhibitory balance. Remarkably, these effects are not associated with changes in the expression of GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic components, but with a reduction of parvalbumin (PV) neuron density and PV mRNA levels. These results demonstrate that mild hypomyelination can impact cortical neuronal networks and cause a network shift towards excitation.
Tweeting for Hearts and Minds? Measuring Candidates’ Use of Anxiety in Tweets During the 2018 Midterm Elections

This article considers whether candidates strategically use emotional rhetoric in social media messages similar to the way that fear appeals are used strategically in televised campaign advertisements. We use a dataset of tweets issued by the campaign accounts of candidates for the US House of Representatives during the last two months of the 2018 midterm elections to determine whether candidate vulnerability predicts the presence of certain emotions in social media messages. Contrary to theoretical expectations, we find that vulnerability does not appear to inspire candidates to use more anxious language in their tweets. However, we do find evidence of a surprising relationship between sad rhetoric and vulnerability and that campaign context influences the use of other forms of negative rhetoric in tweets.
Stoicism and Verbal Aggression in Serial Arguments: The Roles of Perceived Power, Perceived Resolvability, and Frequency of Arguments.

Impelled by a desire to control, suppress, and deny emotional response, stoic individuals may act out their pent-up emotions on relational partners by provoking conflict and/or engaging in partner-...
Pulsed plasma microthruster for synchronous meteorological satellite /SMS/

Two completely self contained variable thrust flight prototype plasma propulsion systems using solid teflon as propellant were designed, built and laboratory tested. The impulse bit amplitude of each thruster is 25 micro lb-sec. Impulse bits can be provided at rates varying from 50 ppm to 110 ppm. The total impulse capability is 400 lb-sec. Only 23 watts of bus power are required at maximum pulse rate. The system was subjected and passed the required vibration schedule and thermal vacuum test after a minor change in capacitor end face material. A 13 million discharge life test of the system was subsequently performed.
Dynactin 1 negatively regulates HIV-1 infection by sequestering the host cofactor CLIP170

Many viruses directly engage and require the dynein–dynactin motor–adaptor complex in order to transport along microtubules (MTs) to the nucleus and initiate infection. HIV type 1 (HIV-1) exploits dynein, the dynein adaptor BICD2, and core dynactin subunits but unlike several other viruses, does not require dynactin-1 (DCTN1). The underlying reason for HIV-1’s variant dynein engagement strategy and independence from DCTN1 remains unknown. Here, we reveal that DCTN1 actually inhibits early HIV-1 infection by interfering with the ability of viral cores to interact with critical host cofactors. Specifically, DCTN1 competes for binding to HIV-1 particles with cytoplasmic linker protein 170 (CLIP170), one of several MT plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) that regulate the stability of viral cores after entry into the cell. Outside of its function as a dynactin subunit, DCTN1 also functions as a +TIP that we find sequesters CLIP170 from incoming particles. Deletion of the Zinc knuckle (Zn) domain in CLIP170 that mediates its interactions with several proteins, including DCTN1, increased CLIP170 binding to virus particles but failed to promote infection, further suggesting that DCTN1 blocks a critical proviral function of CLIP170 mediated by its Zn domain. Our findings suggest that the unique manner in which HIV-1 binds and exploits +TIPs to regulate particle stability leaves them vulnerable to the negative effects of DCTN1 on +TIP availability and function, which may in turn have driven HIV-1 to evolve away from DCTN1 in favor of BICD2-based engagement of dynein during early infection.
Changes in chloroplast number during pea leaf development

Protoplasts were prepared from pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves throughout development and their contents spread in a monolayer to determine the number of chloroplasts per cell. This approach permitted the rapid analysis of more than 100 cells at each stage of development. The average number of chloroplasts per cell increased from 24±10 to 64±20 during greening and expansion of the first true foliage leaves; all cells containing chloroplasts apparently increase their chloroplast number. A parallel increase in the amount of DNA per nucleus was not observed. As the leaves senesced the chloroplast number gradually decreased to 44±12. We have correlated these changes with our previous results on the percentage of chloroplast DNA per cell. Chloroplast multiplication resulted in a 2.7-fold dilution (from 272 to 102) of the number of copies of the chloroplast DNA molecule per plastid.
Optimum bias of CMOS organic field effect transistor inverter through threshold adjustment of both p- and n-type devices

A hybrid fabrication technique is reported that relies on photolithography plus mechanical peel-off and enables, for the first time, the patterning of positive and negative charges spatially on n- and p-type organic field effect transistors, respectively, on the same wafer. Using the proposed fabrication and threshold adjusting technique, the first organic FET-based CMOS inverter has been fabricated that employs threshold adjustment for both p- and n-type transistors to bias them so that the inverter has maximum gain.
Adverse Possession, Takings, and the State

Normally, the government may not seize private land without paying for that land. Yet it turns out that governmental bodies sometimes avail themselves of the laws of adverse possession, taking title to private land without paying the landowner. This phenomenon, largely ignored by the scholarly literature, raises two questions. First, should the government be allowed to adversely possess land in the same manner as private individuals? Second, when the government commits adverse possession, does this constitute a constitutional “taking” that requires the payment of just compensation? These two questions are of practical importance because they affect the resolution of numerous property claims, and they are of theoretical significance because they implicate both the appropriate scope of private property rights and the proper relationship between the individual and the state. Part I provides an introduction to adverse possession, and Part II studies the law of government adverse possession, detailing how nearly every jurisdiction permits the government to adversely possess private land in the same manner as private individuals. But as Part III demonstrates, government adverse possessors are not similarly situated to private adverse possessors, and the laws of adverse possession are built on a trio of assumptions — that the landowner has a property rule entitlement to her land, that the trespasser develops robust reliance interests, and that society’s primary interest is in quieting title — that do not necessarily hold when the government is the adverse possessor. Part IV concludes that because the current rules of adverse possession incentivize government trespass upon private land, special rules should apply to the government. When the government adverse possessor trespassed in good faith, a longer statute of limitations should apply; when the government trespassed in bad faith, it should be entirely denied the right to adverse possession. One quick fix to the problem, proposed by a federal court and endorsed by some commentators, is to call government adverse possession a constitutional taking and require the state to pay just compensation. Part V explains that the problem cannot so easily be wished away, and contends that the text of the Constitution, its history, and Supreme Court precedent all suggest that government adverse possession is not a taking. The solution to the problem presented by government adverse possession rests in righting property law, not distorting constitutional law.
Adoption of Web 2.0 in academic libraries of top African universities

Purpose – This study aims to explore the extent of Web 2.0 adoption by libraries of top universities in Africa. It focuses on identifying the extent of utilization, types of Web 2.0 technologies adopted and how these technologies are used. Design/methodology/approach – The content analysis method was used. Data was collected by analyzing library websites of 82 top universities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Also, a combination of literature review and document analysis was applied. Findings – About half of the libraries in the study adopted one or more Web 2.0 applications. Social networks were the most widely adopted while social bookmarking and tagging were the least used applications. Web 2.0 utilization in African academic libraries was still in early stages. Research limitations/implications – This study is mainly based on analysis of library websites. Web 2.0 platforms that were password protected and accessible through intranet were not studied. Therefore, studies that are based on feedback of librarians a...
The Generals: American Military Command from World War II to Today by Ricks, Thomas E

Military journalist Thomas E. Ricks, author of Fiasco, and The Gamble, has written another provocative and superbly researched book. Addressing a critical issue, American generalship, The Generals ...
How Success and Uncertainty Compel Interest in Related Goods: Playoff Probability and Out-of-Market Television Viewership in the National Football League

Professional sports league franchises are both on-field competitors and business partners. In this paper, we examine whether local franchise characteristics are associated with the consumption of goods that are produced by other franchises within the same league. Specifically, we investigate how uncertainty over whether the local market team reaches the postseason affects interest in out-of-market National Football League broadcasts. We find that consumers possess a conditional interest in other league contests depending on the degree to which the local franchise is in the race to reach the playoffs. This effect increases at a diminishing rate and reaches a maximum when local franchise playoff probability is approximately 60 %.
Ultrafast science: from femtoseconds to attoseconds

Summary form only given. The evolution of ultrafast optics has now arrived at a point where the laser pulse duration approaches the oscillation cycle of the visible/near-infrared carrier waves (T/sub OSC//spl ap/2-3 fs). For significant further progress towards pulse durations of around 1 femtosecond or less one has to resort to shorter carrier wavelengths in the UV/VUV/XUV spectral range. In the absence of laser media with sufficient bandwidth in these spectral regions, new generation techniques (other than laser mode locking) need to be developed. In addition, depending on the carrier wavelength, either the undistorted transport of sub-femtosecond pulses (e.g., through the interaction medium) or their temporal characterization issues an enormous challenge to the experimentalist. This tutorial reviews proposals and recent experimental progress towards the generation and measurement of short-wavelength pulses with sub-femtosecond or attosecond duration. Particular emphasis is placed on few-cycle-driven high-order XUV harmonics. This radiation holds promise for becoming capable of probing processes such as optical field ionization and inner-shell relaxation for the first time in the time domain. This experimental capability is expected to have significant impacts, among others, on laser-produced plasma control and X-ray laser research.
Effects of Age at Carcinogen Administration and Exposure as Neonates to 17β-Estradiol on Subsequent Gland-Pair Distribution of Murine Mammary Dysplasias

The distribution of mammary dysplasias in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-treated BALB/c female mice differed with respect to the position of mammary gland pairs. The time of life when DMBA was given affected the incidence of lesions more than it did their distribution. Giving neonates injections of 49 mug 17beta-estradiol for the first 5 days of life resulted in increased numbers of dysplasia after DMBA administration at certain ages, but there was no consistent effect on gland-pair distribution of dysplasias at those ages. Possible reasons for differential gland-pair growth and occurrence of dysplasia are discussed.
A pathway linking patient participation in cancer consultations to pain control

Objective To test a pathway through which a tailored, pain management education–coaching intervention could contribute to better cancer pain control through the effects of patients' communication about pain on physician prescribing of pain medication. Methods Secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial that tested the effects of a tailored education–coaching intervention on pain control for patients with advanced cancer. The current analysis focused on a subset of the patients (n = 135) who agreed to have their consultations audio-recorded. Patients' active communication about pain (e.g., expressing questions, concerns, and preferences about pain-related issues) was coded from audio-recordings. Change in pain medication was measured by patient self-report. Improvement in pain control was scored as the difference between baseline pain score and pain reported at 6 weeks. Results Patients' pain-related communication was a significant predictor of patient-reported changes in physician prescribing of pain medication (p < .0001) and mediated the effect of baseline pain on medication change. Other predictors of change in pain medication were age (younger) and having participated in the intervention (as opposed to usual care). Of the patients reporting adjustment in pain medications, 49% experienced better pain control compared with only 27% of patients reporting no change in pain management (p < .02). Conclusions Cancer patients who ask questions, express concerns, and state preferences about pain-related matters can prompt physicians to change their pain management regimen, which in turn may lead to better pain control. Future research should model pathways through which clinician–patient communication can lead to better cancer outcomes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative study of activation energies of conductance and desiccation rates of some marine algae

Measurements of the activation energy of electrical conductance and desiccation rates on subtidal marine algae from Florida were compared to similar data from the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, on intertidal marine algae frequently subjected to long periods of exposure to air. We have developed a method for calculating the reaction rate constant of desiccation of fully hydrated marine algae. Values of activation energies and desiccation rate constants are consistent with the requirements for survival of these algae under widely different environmental conditions.
Planar Flame Hydrolysis and Sintering of Silica Parts

An apparatus and process has been designed and developed to fabricate silica soot in a planar orientation to form preforms that are sintered to clear glass in the same process platform. Flame hydrolysis is used to combust and react silica precursors to create SiO2 particles. The silica particles are generated on the order of 100 nm in size and stick to the target through the mechanism of thermophoresis. The principle precursor used to produce the silica is an organometalic liquid, octamethylcyclotetra-siloxane. The flame is a methane/oxygen torch with additional oxygenprovided for chemical stoichiometry targets. The silica particles created are directed towards, and collected upon, a rotating circular target placed several inches downstream of the flame. Preforms of various diameters and thickness are fabricated over time.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Abstract: Trust Development in Computer-Mediated Teams: A Latent Change Score Model

Computer-mediated teams have become indispensable in organizations. Even though these teams are widespread, we lack understanding of how they function. Compared with face-to-face teams, computer-me...
Effect of lead on TRH and GRF binding in rat anterior pituitary membranes.

Abstract The effect of lead on binding of the hypothalamic peptides thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) and growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) to rat anterior pituitary receptors was examined in this study. Concentrations of lead ranging from 0.01 to 1 μM did not alter [3H]TRH binding; concentrations above 1 μM increased TRH association with pituitary receptors. A previously uncharacterized ligand, [125I]GRF (human 1–44 amide), was used to examine the binding of GRF to anterior pituitary receptors. A high affinity site (GRFH = 18.1%, KH = 11.5 pM) was displaced by human growth hormone releasing factor (hGRF) (1–44)-NH2 or hGRF (1–29)-NH2 but not by rat growth hormone releasing factor (rGRF) (1–29)-NH2. Use of this ligand also revealed a class of low affinity binding sites (GRFL = 81.9%, KL = 0.39 μM) which has not been previously described. The low affinity site could be displaced by hGRF (1–44)-NH2, hGRF (1–29)-NH2 and rGRF (1–29)-NH2. A synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide (GHRP) also interacted with the low affinity GRF binding site. Lead dose-dependently displaced the binding of [125I]GRF to its pituitary receptors. The IC50 of lead for inhibiting [125I]GRF binding was 0.195 mM added lead or 52 pM free lead. These data suggest that one mechanism by which lead may affect pituitary function is through inhibition of receptor binding.
Vocal gestures and auditory objects

Recent studies in human and nonhuman primates demonstrate that auditory objects, including speech sounds, are identified in anterior superior temporal cortex projecting directly to inferior frontal regions and not along a posterior pathway, as classically assumed. By contrast, the role of posterior temporal regions in speech and language remains largely unexplained, although a concept of vocal gestures may be helpful.
Bypass Techniques for Descending Thoracic Aortic Surgery

The conduct of partial left heart bypass or partial car diopulmonary bypass (CPB) during surgery involving the descending thoracic aorta or thoracoabdominal aorta is one of the most unappreciated a...
FlowChecker: configuration analysis and verification of federated openflow infrastructures

It is difficult to build a real network to test novel experiments. OpenFlow makes it easier for researchers to run their own experiments by providing a virtual slice and configuration on real networks. Multiple users can share the same network by assigning a different slice for each one. Users are given the responsibility to maintain and use their own slice by writing rules in a FlowTable. Misconfiguration problems can arise when a user writes conflicting rules for single FlowTable or even within a path of multiple OpenFlow switches that need multiple FlowTables to be maintained at the same time.In this work, we describe a tool, FlowChecker, to identify any intra-switch misconfiguration within a single FlowTable. We also describe the inter-switch or inter-federated inconsistencies in a path of OpenFlow switches across the same or different OpenFlow infrastructures. FlowChecker encodes FlowTables configuration using Binary Decision Diagrams and then uses the model checker technique to model the inter-connected network of OpenFlow switches.
Effects on sheep of the milkweeds Asclepias eriocarpa and A. labriformis and of cardiac glycoside-containing derivative material.

Abstract J. M. Benson , J. N. Seiber , C. V. Bagley , R. F. Keeler , A. E. Johnson and S. Young . Effects on sheep of the milkweeds Asclepias eriocarpa and A. labriformis and of cardiac glycoside-containing derivative material. Toxicon17, 155–165, 1979.—Some milkweeds native to the western United States are extremely toxic to range animals. As little as 0·05 and 0·25% of an animal's weight of Asclepias labriformis and Asclepias eriocarpa, respectively, may be lethal ( Kingsbury , 1964). Cardiac glycosides (cardenolides) in these species have been implicated as toxic principles. In experiments conducted to verify this toxicity, four preparations were tested on sheep: dried, ground A. labriformis and A. eriocarpa plants, a crude ethanolic A. eriocarpa extract, and a partially purified extract from which pigments and fats had been removed. In addition, labriformin (a purified cardenolide present in A. labriformis and A. eriocarpa), and digitoxin (a clinically important cardenolide) were administered. Toxic symptoms and gross and histopathological lesions were qualitatively similar regardless of whether plants, extracts, labriformin or digitoxin were administered. Results of these experiments strongly suggest that cardenolides found in A. labriformis and A. eriocarpa account for the effects of these plants on sheep.
Responses of cytochromeP-450 systems in marine crab and polychaetes to organic pollutants

A number of field and laboratory studies were carried out to determine responses of the cytochromeP-450 dependent mixed-function oxygenase systems in crabs (Callinecles sapidus, Sesarma cinerum and Uca pugilaior) and polychactes (Nereis virens) to organic pollutants. Mixed function oxygenase (benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase) activity and cytochromeP-450 content generally increased in polychaetes and crabs after exposure to oil, benzo[a]pyrene or polychlorinated biphenyls. No changes were observed in the cytochrome bs or the content of NADPH cylochrome c reductase activity after the animals were exposed to pollutants. A consistent response to foreign organic compounds were changes in the binding to cytochromeP-450 reflected in the apparent binding constant, Ks. In the present rcpon, we studied the binding properties of several type I (benzphetamine and SKF-525A) and type II (aniline. n-octylamine and n-hexylamine) substrates to the cytochromeP-450 of polychaetes and crabs. In all crabs exposed to oil, both in the field and laboratory, the Ks for aniline was approximately half that of unexposed animals. In polychactes large increases in Ks with SKF-525A wert observed after exposure to both enzo[a]pyrene and Aroclor 1254. Such changes in Ks may indicate the production of new forms of cylochromeP-450 after exposure to certain classes of organic pollutants.
Characterization of the Lithium/Oxygen Organic Electrolyte Battery

The effects that electrolyte and air cathode formulation have on discharge capacity, rate capability, and the rechargeability of the lithium/oxygen organic electrolyte cell were characterized. To characterize the effects of cell formulation on the discharge reaction, we used techniques including static and dynamic gas consumption measurements and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that electrolyte formulation has the largest effect on discharge capacity and rate capability. Electrode processing is also important in determining discharge capacity at low rate. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of the carbon black used to prepare the air electrode is not a significant factor in determining discharge capacity. The discharge product was found to depend on both discharge rate and electrolyte formulation. This is understood in terms of the concentration of oxygen in the electrolyte during discharge.
Electron-tunneling studies of thin films of high- T c superconducting La-Sr-Cu-O

We report results of the study of electron tunneling into thin films of the new high-${T}_{c}$ superconductor La-Sr-Cu-O. Both sandwich-type tunneling with a Pb counterelectrode and point-contact tunneling have been successfully achieved. The results show exceptionally large energy gaps in these materials (roughly 20, 30, and possibly even 60 mV), larger than previously obtained on bulk sintered powders. We interpret these results as due to large anisotropy in this material or due to the presence of a a very high-${T}_{c}$ layer near the surface of the films. The method of preparation of this new superconductor in thin film form is also discussed.
Planar Trajectory Planning for Hopping and Swinging Along Designated Ground Contacts

The study of the dynamics of hopping robots has generated provably stable control algorithms for steady state hopping. Similar studies have been successfully undertaken for swinging from a handhold. The resulting controllers are capable of stable steady state motion. There is room in the literature for the planning of transient paths, where exact ground contacts become important.This work introduces a path planning approach targeted at transient motion for hopping and swinging robots. The dynamic and kinematics of the robot are described. The construction of a nominal path between the ground contacts is detailed beginning with energy calculations and continuing to a sequence of ballistic flights between the ground contacts.This work is aimed at online path planning where there is incomplete knowledge about the full path. Rules are introduced to adapt the nominal trajectories and select a specific set of trajectories based on current knowledge of the path. Example paths are included to demonstrate the successful application of the approach.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Mathematical Modeling of Pavement Smoothness

The vast majority of states, as well as many local agencies, now use statistical end-result specifications to encourage high-quality construction by awarding payment in proportion to the level of quality received. Because many of the specification procedures were developed by intuition and guesswork, more recent efforts have been directed at converting the specifications to true performance-related specifications, thus providing a rational and defensible basis for price-adjustment decisions. To develop practical and effective specifications of this type, it is necessary to have at least approximate quantitative (mathematical) models of the manner in which construction quality affects performance. By using pavement smoothness as an example, a method is presented by which empirical performance data can be combined with logical assumptions about mathematical form and boundary conditions to develop quantitative models sufficiently accurate for use with statistical construction specifications.
Effects of parenteral di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) on gonadal biochemistry, pathology, and reproductive performance of mice.

Male and female mice were treated subcutaneously (sc) with 1–100 ml/kg of di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on d 1, 5, and 10 of the experiment and evaluated at d 21 for reproductive performance, selected biochemical parameters of the gonads, and histological alterations of the gonads. In both male and female treated mice there was a reduction in incidence of pregnancy. There were biochemical suggestions of reduced anabolic activity in the gonads (as reflected by decreased ATPase activity and of RNA, DNA, and protein content), and of increased catabolic activity in the gonads (as reflected by an increase in lysosomal enzyme activity and histological damage). Testicular, but not ovarian, weight was reduced in treated animals. Of the other parameters examined, the ovaries exhibited histological injury at lower doses of DEHP than the testes, but unlike testes, there was not a significant dose‐related increase in histopathology. Biochemical changes were dose‐related, for the most part, in both ovaries and te...
Photochemical synthesis of 3-alkynals from 1-alkynoxy-9,10-anthraquinones.

Photolysis of 1-(3-alkynoxy)-9,10-anthraquinones in deoxygenated methanol leads to moderate yields (35−45%) of 3-alkynals along with the unexpected formation of diacetals. Reaction of these 3-alkynals with Grignard and Wittig reagents occurs nearly quantitatively without rearrangement to their 2,3-dienal isomers.
Numerical investigation of lake bed seepage patterns: effects of porous medium and lake properties

Abstract Three-dimensional steady-state numerical models were used to investigate the relative significance of several factors controlling lake bed seepage patterns: lake depth, lake bed slope, orientation of an asymmetric lake with respect to a regional hydraulic gradient, lake bed sediments, and heterogeneity and anisotropy of the porous medium. We considered both inflow and flow-through lakes, and our focus was on the details of seepage flux at the lake bed (not on the surrounding porous medium). While porous medium factors (anisotropy and heterogeneity) are important, we found several conditions where lake bed factors were nearly as important in controlling the distribution of seepage. Varying lake bed slope from 0.013 to 0.04 in different simulations had a significant effect on shoreline seepage (rates were 10–40% higher for lakes of low slope than lakes of steep slope). Also, significantly elevated seepage (in some cases, a local maximum) was observed offshore at the break in bed slope between the sloping side and flat central portions of the lake bed, whenever the surrounding porous medium had a high anisotropy (1000 or 100). For flow-through lakes in media of high anisotropy, the annual volume of groundwater inseepage was significantly higher (about 20%) in lakes with steep bed slope compared to those with low slope; this effect of slope was smaller at lower anisotropy. For an asymmetric flow-through lake (a lake with a steep bed slope on one side, moderate slope on the other) the percentage of lake bed experiencing inseepage was greatest when the steep side was downgradient, and the effect was larger at higher anisotropy. These effects illustrate the complex interaction between lake bed slope and the anisotropy of the surrounding porous medium in controlling lake:groundwater exchange. Adding low-conductivity lake sediments, and decreasing their conductivity, shifted groundwater seepage further offshore in inflow lakes; increasing the anisotropy of the surrounding porous medium had the same effect. Adding sediments and increasing anisotropy also decreased nearshore seepage in flow-through lakes, but without increasing offshore seepage; in this case, the net effect was a smaller annual volume of lake:groundwater exchange. At the same time, the percentage of the lake bed experiencing inseepage increased in flow-through lakes, even as the annual volume of inseepage was decreasing. Thus, for flow-through lakes, a larger area of inseepage may not be a good indicator of a greater volume of inseepage. Lake depth did not have a significant effect on the quantity or distribution of seepage to inflow or flow-through lakes. Many of the physical factors investigated here influence the amount of lake:groundwater exchange and the proportions of nearshore and offshore seepage; therefore, they are potentially significant to lake water quality and ecology in addition to hydrology.
Prospective data on sleep complaints and associated risk factors in an older cohort.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to provide data on the prevalence of insomnia and hypersomnia among older persons, the stability of these sleep complaints over time, and factors associated with disturbed sleep, in particular age. METHOD Data on symptoms of insomnia and hypersomnia were examined for the 1994 to 1995 cohort of the Alameda County Study. In addition to age, the effects of gender, education, marital status, chronic medical conditions, functional impairment, life events, financial strain, and mood disturbance were examined using multiple logistic analyses. RESULTS Prevalence in 1994 was 23.4% for insomnia and 6.8% for hypersomnia. There was moderate concordance between sleep complaints in 1994 and 1995 (kappa=.43). There was a tendency for insomnia and hypersomnia to increase with age in 1995, but not in 1994. Only gender, mood disturbance, and chronic health problems predicted insomnia. Life events, mood disturbance, and chronic conditions predicted hypersomnia. Age, net of the effects of other factors, was not associated with risk of either insomnia or hypersomnia. CONCLUSIONS The results contribute to the expanding body of evidence concerning the important roles of psychological and somatic dysfunction in sleep disturbance. Age in and of itself is not a risk factor for insomnia or hypersomnia. That is, after adjustment for an array of putative risk factors for sleep problems, it seems the association between sleep difficulties and age is primarily due to depressed mood and physical health problems.
The Making of Ritual Specialists: What Cultural Anthropologists can Contribute to Educating Funeral Service Practitioners

For the past five decades, anthropologists have taught health practitioners about how our discipline studies and addresses health-related issues. Important curricular reforms in the education of health professionals in the late 1960's and early 1970's greatly expanded such teaching roles for social scientists (Chrisman and Johnson, 1996). While anthropological teaching of certain types of health practitioners such as physicians and nurses are well-known, anthropologists' growing roles in teaching other kinds of practitioners are also being documented today. For example, the burgeoning intellectual, collaborative teaching and practice relationships between anthropology, occupational therapy and occupational science have been discussed by Frank (2007) and Frank & Zemke (2005).
Simulated and Observed Influence of the Nocturnal Urban Heat Island on the Local Wind Field

Abstract A three-dimensional primative equation model was used to simulate the low-level wind field, given the urban heat island as the lower temperature boundary condition. The specification of the average heat island bypassed the need to calculate the surface energy budget, considerably simplifying the model. This is especially desirable since temperature is a more accurate and easily obtainable measurement. The influence of the Washington, DC urban area on the local airflow was to enhance the vertical mixing due to the increased low-level instability as the air approached the warmer city center. This resulted in the lower-level winds turning anticyclonically (clockwise) from the upwind value. The anticyclonic turning, on the order of a degree per kilometer, is due to an increase in the downward transport of momentum and is accompanied by a wind speed increase of 17%. The upwind direction is quickly reestablished downwind of the city. The influence of the terrain upon the wind field could not be determi...
Relationship between Compartmental Matrices, M-Matrices, and Markov Chains with Application in Economics

Abstract This paper presents necessary and sufficient conditions and an algorithm for a matrix A ∈ R n × n to be written as A = − D −1 KD , where K is a compartmental matrix and D is positive diagonal. This class of "compartmental related" matrices A is closely related to both M -matrices and Markov chains. The main purpose is to bridge the gap between compartmental models and other models, some arising in economics, without the preservation of mass property.
Community policing as peacemaking

This article reviews the establishment of community policing within the United States. It discusses the characteristics of the model and the prognosis for its successful implementa‐tioa In particular, we link community policing to ‘peacemaking criminology’ and suggest that the evolving police style may be a means to introduce the new criminologica] model. Evidence from studies of Santa Ana, California and its police department are presented.
Large Workspace Haptic Devices - A New Actuation Approach

Large workspace haptic devices have unique requirements, requiring increased power capabilities along with increased safety considerations. While there are numerous haptic devices available, large workspace systems are hampered by the limitations of current actuation technology. To address this, the Distributed Macro-Mini (DM2) actuation method has been applied to the design of a large workspace haptic device. In this paper, the DM2 method is described and we present experimental results which demonstrate its effectiveness. Finally, the control design is presented along with a discussion of the unique challenges associated with its robustness.
Satellite‐derived vertical dependence of tropical tropospheric temperature trends

[1] Tropical atmospheric temperatures in different tropospheric layers are retrieved using satellite-borne Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) observations. We find that tropospheric temperature trends in the tropics are greater than the surface warming and increase with height. Our analysis indicates that the near-zero trend from Spencer and Christy's MSU channel-2 angular scanning retrieval for the tropical low-middle troposphere (T2LT) is inconsistent with tropical tropospheric warming derived from their MSU T2 and T4 data. We show that the T2LT trend bias can be largely attributed to the periods when the satellites had large local equator crossing time drifts that cause large changes in calibration target temperatures and large diurnal drifts.
Detecting the Deceleration of a Lead Car during Active Control of Virtual Self Motion

Twenty-five percent of traffic accidents involve rear-end collisions. One important factor that may contribute to such collisions is a driver's ability to detect the deceleration of a lead car. Prior studies of deceleration judgments involved passive viewing rather than active control of self motion. The primary purpose of this study was to measure effects of headway and deceleration rate on the detection of deceleration during (simulated) active control. We investigated whether the pattern of such effects was similar to those we reported previously for passive viewing. Consistent with our previous study, the current results indicated that, during active control, mean response time to detect deceleration was longer when headway was relatively far or when deceleration rate was relatively slow. The implication is that collision-avoidance warning systems may have to utilize different criteria for providing warnings under different traffic conditions. Language: en
Optimal operating policy for a bottleneck with random rework

This paper presents a model of a bottleneck facility that performs two distinct types of operations: "regular" and "rework." Each job is subjected to a test after completing the regular operation at the bottleneck. If the job passes the test, then it continues its process downstream. Otherwise, the job will cycle back to the bottleneck stage for rework operation. Upon the completion of a batch of regular jobs, the decision maker observes the amount of rework and decides on whether to switch over to process the reworks or continue to process another batch of regular jobs. It is assumed that both switch-over time and cost are incurred when the facility switches from performing one type of operation to a different type. The goal of the analysis is to characterize the optimal operating policy for the bottleneck so that the average operating cost is minimized. In order to characterize the optimal operating policy, we first formulate the problem as a semi-Markov decision process. Then we show that there exists an optimal "threshold" operating policy that can be described as follows: upon completion of a batch of regular jobs, switch over to process the reworks only if the number of reworks exceeds a critical value. In addition, we develop a simple procedure to compute the critical value that specifies the optimal threshold policy. Moreover, we evaluate the impact of batch sizes, yield, and switch-over time on the optimal threshold policy.
Whistler scattering of suprathermal electrons in the solar wind: Particle-in-cell simulations

[1] Solar wind observations sometimes show that suprathermal, magnetic field-aligned, strahl electrons have pitch angle distributions which become broader in width as electron kinetic energy increases. Magnetosonic-whistler waves propagating sunward at k × Bo = 0 where Bo is the background magnetic field and k is the wave number have a cyclotron resonance with electrons propagating in the anti-sunward direction. This resonance leads to pitch angle scattering which increases strahl electron energy perpendicular to Bo. The strahl response to a broadband whistler fluctuation spectrum was studied using Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations in a magnetized, homogeneous, collisionless plasma. The simulations show that enhanced whistler waves with finite damping lead to strahl pitch angle distributions which broaden in width with increasing kinetic energy, in agreement with certain observations. Results from the simulations show how the strahl is broadened as a function of wave amplitude and relative strahl density.
Pressure effects on enzyme structure and function in vitro and under simulated in vivo conditions.

Abstract 1. 1. The sources and magnitudes of pressure effects on enzymic structure and function are discussed. 2. 2. Data suggest that, except for enzyme-ligand interactions, enzymes of abyssal organisms are highly similar to the homologous enzymes of shallow water and terrestrial species. 3. 3. The magnitude of pressure effects on enzymic processes is critically dependent on the experimental conditions used, including pH, ionic strength, ionic composition, ligand concentrations and temperature. The more closely in vitro conditions approach the intracellular milieu of the enzyme, the smaller is the effect of pressure on many enzymic properties.
A Rapid Stability-Indicating HPLC Assay for the Arabinosylcytosine Prodrug, Cyclocytidine

Abstract Hydrolysis of cyclocytidine in aqueous solutions produced arabinosylcytosine which, in some cases, further reacted to form arabinosyluracil. No other degradation products were detected. A rapid isocratic reverse-phase HPLC assay for all three components in mixtures arising from cyclocytidine hydrolysis was developed. The analysis employs a 4.6 cm column together with a low methanol mobile phase containing 1-heptane sulfonic acid at pH 2.9. The ion-paring of cyclo-C, a cation, was independent of pH. However, ion-paring of arabinosylcytosine was controlled by adjusting the pH to 2.9 which is below its pKa of 4.2. The retention time of neutral arabinosyluracil (pKa = 9.2) was not affected by either the pH or the ion-pairing agent. Its separation was achieved by using a primarily aqueous mobile phase with the minimum methanol required for the other components. The time courses for cyclocytidine and its hydrolysis products were successfully defined under a variety of aqueous conditions.
Reactions of metal ions with dithizone in molten naphthalene

Abstract A comparative study has been made of the reactions of metal ions with dithizone in the two media, chloroform and molten naphthalene. The absorption spectra of several metal dithizonates, prepared in molten naphthalene, were recorded and were found to be the same as those of the dithizonates obtained by extraction of metal ions from aqueous solution with chloroform dithizone.
Closure of a Broncho-to-Neoesophageal Fistula Using an Amplatzer Septal Occluder Device

Fistulas between the airways and the digestive tract are a rare complication of esophagectomy. We describe such a fistula complicated by recurrent pneumonia. We successfully closed the fistula with an Amplatzer Septal Occluder (AGA Medical Corp, Plymouth, MN), a nitinol device designed for percutaneous closure of congenital heart defects. The device was deployed under direct visualization through rigid bronchoscopy.
Barium in Deep-sea Sediments of the Atlantic Ocean

USING a spectroanalytical technique1 we have examined the distribution of barium in the tops of cores raised in the Atlantic Ocean by the Lamont Geological Observatory.
Belief, credence, and norms

There are currently two robust traditions in philosophy dealing with doxastic attitudes: the tradition that is concerned primarily with all-or-nothing belief, and the tradition that is concerned primarily with degree of belief or credence. This paper concerns the relationship between belief and credence for a rational agent, and is directed at those who may have hoped that the notion of belief can either be reduced to credence or eliminated altogether when characterizing the norms governing ideally rational agents. It presents a puzzle which lends support to two theses. First, that there is no formal reduction of a rational agent’s beliefs to her credences, because belief and credence are each responsive to different features of a body of evidence. Second, that if our traditional understanding of our practices of holding each other responsible is correct, then belief has a distinctive role to play, even for ideally rational agents, that cannot be played by credence. The question of which avenues remain for the credence-only theorist is considered.