cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The early history of manganese and the recognition of its neurotoxicity, 1837-1936

The history of the biomedical recognition manganese-caused neurotoxicity mirrors changing technologies as much as it does the ontology of parkinsonism. The initial 1837 report of manganese-induced neurologic injury was made by John Couper, a university-based physician in Scotland. He made clear that the outbreak occurred among workers at the Charles Tennant bleach manufactory in the environs of Glasgow. The relatively new technology of chlorine generation using manganese accounted for the novel exposure involved. At the time, this factory was the largest hypochlorite bleaching powder producer in the world. As the 19th century progressed, technological change in steel fabrication requiring higher manganese content greatly increased demand for the metal. Nonetheless, more than six decades elapsed before the next reports of manganese neurotoxicity emerged. Two unrelated outbreaks (both on Continental Europe) were reported within weeks of each other in 1901, one by von Jaksch and the other by Embden. All the cases were heavily exposed to manganese-containing dust. By the eve of the First World War, a total of 9 patients with manganese-caused neurologic illness had been reported in five separate Continental European publications. Meanwhile, new technology led to another exposure source. Magnetic separation techniques allowed the extraction of zinc from mixed ore also containing iron and manganese, leading to exploitation of a unique source of high manganese-content ore found in New Jersey. Not long after that technology's introduction, in 1912 Casamajor reported the first U.S. cases of manganism, detailing classic findings. Additional cases from the same cohort were reported a few years later, with continued exposure driven by First World War-driven demand for manganese to be used in armaments. The nosology of chronic manganese neurotoxicity remained in flux, with considerable emphasis on shared attributes with Wilson's disease, a syndrome only then recently described. A landmark 1924 primate study by Mella showed manganese-induced basal ganglion damage; human autopsy study data in the years following further supported the view that manganese toxicity represented a parkinsonian syndrome. As the 1937 centenary of Couper's first report approached, newer technologies (electric arc welding and battery making) were being linked to manganese-caused disease, even as mineral extraction was expanding as a global source of exposure.
TPD and HREELS study of the reaction of guaiacol on Zn-decorated Pt(111)

Abstract Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) were used to characterize the adsorption and reaction of guaiacol on Pt(111) and Zn-modified Pt(111) surfaces. It was found that the guaiacol molecule binds to the Pt(111) surface via the aromatic ring which facilitates unselective decomposition to produce CO, H2 and small hydrocarbon fragments at relatively low temperatures. In contrast, on Zn-modified Pt(111) surfaces, guaiacol was found to bond to surface Zn sites via the oxygen atoms in the molecule producing a bonding configuration in which the aromatic ring is tilted away from the surface. Such a binding configuration facilitates the desired C O bond cleavage while keeping the aromatic nature of the molecule intact.
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Geographic and Environmental Risk Assessment in the Balkan and Anatolian Peninsulas

ABSTRACTCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe, life-threatening viral zoonotic pathogen transmitted to humans primarily by ticks of the genus Hyalomma. The virus is geographically dive...
Invisibility, Illegibility, and Stigma: The Citizenship Experiences of Divorced Gays and Lesbians

The campaign for marriage equality emphasized that without access to legal marriage, gays and lesbians were relegated to “second-class citizenship.” Following the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in O...
Static and dynamic properties of shell-shaped condensates

Static, dynamic, and topological properties of hollow systems differ from those that are fully filled as a result of the presence of a boundary associated with an inner surface. Hollow Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) naturally occur in various ultracold atomic systems and possibly within neutron stars but have hitherto not been experimentally realized in isolation on Earth because of gravitational sag. Motivated by the expected first realization of fully closed BEC shells in the microgravity conditions of the Cold Atomic Laboratory aboard the International Space Station, we present a comprehensive study of spherically symmetric hollow BECs as well as the hollowing transition from a filled sphere BEC into a thin shell through central density depletion. We employ complementary analytic and numerical techniques in order to study equilibrium density profiles and the collective mode structures of condensate shells hosted by a range of trapping potentials. We identify concrete and robust signatures of the evolution from filled to hollow structures and the effects of the emergence of an inner boundary, inclusive of a dip in breathing-mode-type collective mode frequencies and a restructuring of surface mode structure across the transition. By extending our analysis to a two-dimensional transition of a disk to a ring, we show that the collective mode signatures are an essential feature of hollowing, independent of the specific geometry. Finally, we relate our work to past and ongoing experimental efforts and consider the influence of gravity on thin condensate shells. We identify the conditions under which gravitational sag is highly destructive and study the mode-mixing effects of microgravity on the collective modes of these shells.
Trichloroethylene perturbs HNF4a expression and activity in the developing chick heart

Exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) is linked to formation of congenital heart defects in humans and animals. Prior interactome analysis identified the transcription factor, Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 alpha (HNF4a), as a potential target of TCE exposure. As a role for HNF4a is unknown in the heart, we examined developing avian hearts for HNF4a expression and for sensitivity to TCE and the HNF4a agonist, Benfluorex. In vitro analysis using a HNF4a reporter construct showed both TCE and HFN4a to be antagonists of HNF4a-mediated transcription at the concentrations tested. HNF4a mRNA is expressed transiently in the embryonic heart during valve formation and cardiac development. Embryos were examined for altered gene expression in the presence of TCE or Benfluorex. TCE altered expression of selected mRNAs including HNF4a, TRAF6 and CYP2C45. There was a transition between inhibition and induction of marker gene expression in embryos as TCE concentration increased. Benfluorex was largely inhibitory to selected markers. Echocardiography of exposed embryos showed reduced cardiac function with both TCE and Benfluorex. Cardiac contraction was reduced by 29% and 23%, respectively at 10 ppb. The effects of TCE and Benfluorex on autocrine regulation of HNF4a, selected markers and cardiac function argue for a functional interaction of TCE and HNF4a. Further, the dose-sensitive shift between inhibition and induction of marker expression may explain the nonmonotonic-like dose response observed with TCE exposure in the heart.
Art and Value – Museum Collections as Commons: A Review of Art and Value: Art’s Economic Exceptionalism in Classical, Neoclassical and Marxist Economics by Dave Beech

Art and Value: Art’s Economic Exceptionalism in Classical, Neoclassical and Marxist Economics reveals the irreconcilable differences between the Marxist economic definition of the term ‘value’ and its other uses in relation to the art object. It corrects the faulty assumption, symptomatic of a capitalist worldview, that rare or historic objects bear intrinsic value. Beech’s analysis of art’s value-form is critical to unpacking the double ontological condition of art as both an object of collective symbolic value and as a hoard of monetary value, since the two operate in mutually exclusive spheres, yet function to constitute one another. The book can help us understand the capitalist sleight of hand that allows art to flicker between two forms of being, making profit appear as value, and value appear as significance (and vice versa), the toggling between the two facilitating the transfer of commonly-held symbolic value in support of the individual accumulation of wealth.
Model Minorities and Forever Foreigners: Chinese Americans’ Attitudes Toward the Police

In the twenty-first century, Asian Americans have the fastest growth rate of any major racial or ethnic group in the country, and among Asian groups, Chinese Americans are the largest group. This chapter describes the long, at times very thorny and strenuous path of immigration and acculturation among Chinese Americans in the U.S., and discusses how the stereotypes of forever foreigners and model minorities that Chinese Americans are commonly subject to may complicate their positions in the racial relations in American society, and their relations with the American police. The chapter also overviews the experience of crime and contact with the police among Chinese Americans, and the existing evidence regarding Chinese American evaluations of the police. Evidence suggests that Chinese Americans are more positive about some specific aspects of police performance, such as police officer effectiveness, integrity, and demeanor, than others, such as equal treatment of all persons. Chinese Americans’ assessments of the police are closely connected to experiential and contextual variables, such as police contact, media effects, and neighborhood conditions, and in certain ways, affected by immigrant-specific variables, such as length of residence, perceptions of home country police, and evaluations of immigration officials.
AC thermal conductivity measurements in dilute mixtures of 3He in superfluid 4He

In Part III of a three-part study, we report measurements of the thermal response, ΔT(ω), of 3 He-superfluid- 4 He mixtures to an ac heat flux, Q(t)=Q0eiωt. These data are for dilute concentrations, X, and they show the presence of three separate thermal resistances. One of these is the bulk-fluid resistance predicted by Khalatnikov and associated with the effective conductivity, κ eff . Results for this component of the resistance are in quantitative agreement with the Khalatnikov predictions. With parallel work by Murphy and Meyer, these experiments resolve a long-standing conflict between theory and experiment. One of the remaining resistances is the ordinary boundary resistance Rb. The third resistance, R 0 , is independent of the fluid layer height, d. This resistance is presumably the same as that seen in earlier dc measurements. Both the temperature and concentration dependences of this anomalous resistance differ from that of either R fluid or Rb. It has been ascribed recently by Murphy and Meyer to effects associated with the narrow gaps usually present in cryogenic thermal conductivity experiments. We use an ad hoc model as a convenient way to parameterize the extra thermal resistance. The present studies have been carried out with an apparatus which permits us to vary d continuously and in situ from zero to 3 mm. This feature and the ac technique are important for separating the various components of the thermal resistance. In two preceeding studies, we considered related aspects of the ac thermal response of liquid helium. Part I addresses the response of normal liquid helium. Part II, provides the theoretical backdrop for the present experimental study.
Ohio Academic Resources Network (OARnet)

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the Ohio Academic Resources Network (OARnet). OARnet was established in 1987 to provide access to users in the state of Ohio to the Ohio Supercomputer Center (OSC). The lines and modems, running mostly at 56Kbps, were subsidized by the state, and most institutions purchased their own routers. The initial topology was a star, with almost all lines coming directly into OSC in Columbus. OARnet is a state network for Ohio, serving institutions of higher education as well as businesses that engage in research and development. Access to the Internet is provided through CICNet, the regional network serving the upper Midwest, and PSCNET, the Pittsburgh Supercomputer Center's network. Since its founding, OARnet has evolved into more of a general-purpose network that connects about 25 colleges and universities. Services provided over OARnet include electronic mail, file transfer, remote login, and remote job submission to the Cray Y-MP/64 at OSC.
A Conceptual Model for Understanding Population Behavior After Disasters

We now turn our attention to population behavior after disasters. The aftermath of disasters is frequently portrayed as chaotic in the popular press, suggesting in some respects that population behavior in these contexts is similarly chaotic. However, we argue here that rather than being chaotic or unpredictable, population behavior after disasters is rational and predictable and emerges from the interaction between a hazard and its context that has been discussed throughout this book. Understanding this interaction allows us to identify common patterns of population behavior across disasters occurring in different contexts and at different times. These behaviors are intimately linked to the long-term consequences of disasters more generally and to the impact of disasters on population health more specifically.
When bioterrorism strikes: diagnosis and management of inhalational anthrax.

In October and November, 2001, reports of patients with inhalational anthrax reacquainted the public with this ancient disease and introduced the harsh reality of a bioterrorist act. Bacillus anthracis, a rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium, primarily infects herbivores. Humans traditionally have acquired the disease from occupational or agricultural exposure to infected animals and animal products. Recent events saw the intentional release of anthrax spores, using the U.S. postal system as an unlikely and unwilling agent. Cutaneous disease, pulmonary disease, and gastrointestinal anthrax are the known clinical manifestations of anthrax. Inhalational anthrax has the highest mortality and is the main focus of this report.
TSH-Suppression nach Operation differenzierter Schilddrüsentumoren (Wirksamkeitsbeleg einer postoperativen TSH-Suppression durch Nachweis von TSH-Receptoren und Stimulation der Adenylat-Cyclase mit TSH)

Neue Untersuchungsmethoden ermoglichen den Nachweis von TSH-Receptoren und die Stimulation der Adenylat-Cyclase (AC) mit TSH. Dadurch wird die Voraussetzung geschaffen, die spezifische TSH-Wirkung in verschiedenen Geweben zu untersuchen (1, 2, 5). Ob diesen laborchemischen Untersuchungen zukunftig klinische Bedeutung in der Einschatzung des postoperativen Rezidivrisikos zukommt, wurde bisher nicht eindeutig geklart (3, 6). In der folgenden Arbeit soll untersucht werden, ob die hochaffinen TSHReceptoren sowie die Stimulation der AC mit TSH Gewebsspezifitat fur die Schilddruse aufweisen. Auserdem soll uberpruft werden, ob die Ergebnisse der Receptoren- und AC-Versuche mit der klinischen Erfahrung eines TSH-abhangigen Tumorwachstums und einer Rezidiventwicklung ubereinstimmen.
The NCAR–FAA Snow Machine: An Artificial Snow-Generation System

The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) developed an artificial snow-generation system designed to operate in a laboratory cold chamber for testing aircraft anti-icing fluids under controlled conditions. Flakes of ice are produced by shaving an ice cylinder with a rotating carbide bit; the resulting artificial snow is dispersed by turbulent airflows and falls approximately 2.5 m to the bottom of the device. The resulting fine ice shavings mimic snow in size, distribution, fall velocity, density, and liquid water equivalent (LWE) snowfall rate. The LWE snowfall rate can be controlled using either a mass balance or a precipitation gauge, which measures the snowfall accumulation over time, from which the computer derives the LWE rate. LWE snowfall rates are calculated every 6 s, and the rate the ice cylinder is fed into the carbide bit is continually adjusted to ensure that the LWE snowfall rate matches a user-selected value. The system has been used to generate LWE snowfall rates ranging from 0 to 10 mm h(-1) at temperatures from -2 to -30 degrees C and densities of approximately 0.1-0.5 g cm(-3). Comparisons of the snow-machine fluid tests with the outdoor fluid tests have shown that the snow machine can mimic natural outdoor rates under a broad range of conditions.
A plant-based diet in overweight individuals in a 16-week randomized clinical trial: metabolic benefits of plant protein.

A plant-based diet is an effective strategy in the treatment of obesity. In this 16-week randomized clinical trial, we tested the effect of a plant-based diet on body composition and insulin resistance. As a part of this trial, we investigated the role of plant protein on these outcomes. Overweight participants (n = 75) were randomized to follow a plant-based (n = 38) or a control diet (n = 37). Dual X-ray Absorptiometry assessed body composition, Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) assessed insulin resistance, and a linear regression model was used to test the relationship between protein intake, body composition, and insulin resistance. The plant-based vegan diet proved to be superior to the control diet in improving body weight, fat mass, and insulin resistance markers. Only the vegan group showed significant reductions in body weight (treatment effect −6.5 [95% CI −8.9 to −4.1] kg; Gxt, p < 0.001), fat mass (treatment effect −4.3 [95% CI −5.4 to −3.2] kg; Gxt, p < 0.001), and HOMA-IR (treatment effect −1.0 [95% CI −1.2 to −0.8]; Gxt, p = 0.004). The decrease in fat mass was associated with an increased intake of plant protein and decreased intake of animal protein (r = -0.30, p = 0.011; and r = +0.39, p = 0.001, respectively). In particular, decreased % leucine intake was associated with a decrease in fat mass (r = +0.40; p < 0.001), in both unadjusted and adjusted models for changes in BMI and energy intake. In addition, decreased % histidine intake was associated with a decrease in insulin resistance (r = +0.38; p = 0.003), also independent of changes in BMI and energy intake. These findings provide evidence that plant protein, as a part of a plant-based diet, and the resulting limitation of leucine and histidine intake are associated with improvements in body composition and reductions in both body weight and insulin resistance.
Background cut

In this paper, we introduce background cut, a high quality and real-time foreground layer extraction algorithm. From a single video sequence with a moving foreground object and stationary background, our algorithm combines background subtraction, color and contrast cues to extract a foreground layer accurately and efficiently. The key idea in background cut is background contrast attenuation, which adaptively attenuates the contrasts in the background while preserving the contrasts across foreground/background boundaries. Our algorithm builds upon a key observation that the contrast (or more precisely, color image gradient) in the background is dissimilar to the contrast across foreground/background boundaries in most cases. Using background cut, the layer extraction errors caused by background clutter can be substantially reduced. Moreover, we present an adaptive mixture model of global and per-pixel background colors to improve the robustness of our system under various background changes. Experimental results of high quality composite video demonstrate the effectiveness of our background cut algorithm.
Love's burdens.

It's hardly startling that the store of bioethical essays concerned with the question, Who has the right to demand what from whom? dwarfs the supply of those that consider how people might use their rights admirably. Imagine someone agonizing over whether foregoing a prolonged and nasty last chance therapy would be an act of love for her beleaguered children or an expression of resentment at their half-reluctant doing of what she would eagerly do for them. It would be hard to talk to an intimate friend about such a matter. What can be said about it in a bioethicist's analysis--in the kind of thing that shows up in an intellectual journal? Isn't that analysis likely to be, at best, too blunt? In this issue of the Report, Martin Gunderson takes on just this sort of challenge. He powerfully reminds us that there's more to the moral life than acting within our rights, and that out love for those who may find themselves caring for us in our severe illnesses is double-edged: it provides a reason both to encumber them with care's burdens and to shield them. I think these are thoughtful and important insights. Yet they prompt a couple questions: Why is it that we need these reminders? Many of us spend much of our lives seeking out occasions to love and be loved--courting strangers, tending friendships, having children. In doing so, we take on simply enormous burdens, and while there are great rewards too, people are not, I hazard, generally inclined to think that the burdens are simply the heart's externalities, the down side of our personal utility calculation, a price worth paying, but to be dispensed with insofar as possible. If we need a scholar come from the stacks to tell us that in sharing our lives with others, we look to become a part of the bitter as well as the sweet, I suspect it's because there's something about health care practices, or their authoritative normative depictions, or both, that tends to distract us from what we know. What are we to do with these reminders now that we have them? Jenny and Steve know that their love gives them reason to spare each other from crushing demands, and also to expect significant sacrifices; they've been living out that knowledge for thirty years. But now that Jenny is very ill, does their relationship give her more reason to burden or to protect Steve? Gunderson recommends phronesis, practical judgment more attuned to subtle particularities than to general principles. He wants to make sure, however, that phronesis understands some tolerably general matters as it does so: the significance of such ideas as reciprocity, dependency; and autonomy; of love, self-respect, and commitment, their connections to our willingness to burden those we love. …
A gradient-damage theory for fracture of quasi-brittle materials

Abstract We present a gradient-damage theory for fracture of “quasi-brittle” materials under tensile dominated stress states. We develop our theory using the method of virtual-power. The macro- and microforce balances, obtained from the virtual power approach, together with a standard free-energy imbalance equation under isothermal conditions, when supplemented with a set of thermodynamically-consistent constitutive equations provide the governing equations for our theory. We have specialized our general theory to formulate a model for fracture of concrete – a quasi-brittle material of vast importance. We have numerically implemented our theory in a finite element program, and we present results from representative numerical calculations which show the ability of our simulation capability to reproduce the macroscopic load-deflection characteristics as well as crack-paths during failure of concrete in several technically relevant geometries reported in the literature.
Characteristics and Management of Emergency Department Patients Presenting with C2 Cervical Spine Fractures

Background. C2 cervical fractures account for approximately 18% of cervical spine injuries. Few studies have examined patients presenting to an emergency department (ED) with this injury relative to demographics, injury mechanism, and hospital course. Objectives. To compare multiple variables of ED patients presenting with these types of injuries. Methods. In this retrospective cohort study, data were obtained from the Trauma Registry of an academic trauma referral center from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2015. Patients who presented with a C2 fracture were identified. Information regarding the patient’s gender, age, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, if a procedure was required, disposition, and mortality was extracted. Comparative analyses were conducted between cases over or under age 60. Results. Between January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2015, a total of 139 patients with C2 fractures were identified. Most patients were 60 years or older (79%). Of those, 62% were female, and falls were the most common mechanism (78%). Of those under 60, 50% were female and motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) were the most common mechanism (71%). Odontoid fractures comprised 84% of C2 fractures. Only 6% had an associated spinal cord injury. Less than one-third of patients required operative intervention for their spinal injuries, and intervention was more common in older patients. Following admission, 19% of patients required placement into a nursing home or skilled nursing facility. Conclusions. C2 fractures are more common in older adults and usually resulted from falls. Odontoid fractures are most common. Most C2 fractures do not result in neurologic injury, and only a third were treated surgically. However, several patients were unable to return to their homes following their injury.
Towards Precise Robotic Grasping by Probabilistic Post-grasp Displacement Estimation

Precise robotic grasping is important for many industrial applications, such as assembly and palletizing, where the location of the object needs to be controlled and known. However, achieving precise grasps is challenging due to noise in sensing and control, as well as unknown object properties. We propose a method to plan robotic grasps that are both robust and precise by training two convolutional neural networks—one to predict the robustness of a grasp and another to predict a distribution of post-grasp object displacements. Our networks are trained with depth images in simulation on a dataset of over 1000 industrial parts and were successfully deployed on a real robot without having to be further fine-tuned. The proposed displacement estimator achieves a mean prediction errors of 0.68 cm and \(3.42\) \(^\circ \) on novel objects in real-world experiments .
Trace element partitioning between CAI-type melts and grossite, melilite, hibonite, and olivine

Abstract We determined the mineral-melt partition coefficients (Di’s) and the compositional and/or temperature dependency between grossite, melilite, hibonite, olivine and Ca-, Al-inclusion (CAI)-type liquids for a number of light (LE), high field strength (HFSE), large ion lithophile (LILE), and rare earth (REE) elements including Li, Be, B, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, La, Ce, Eu, Dy, Ho, Yb, Hf, Ta, Th. A series of isothermal crystallization experiments was conducted at 5 kbar pressure and IW + 1 in graphite capsules. The starting compositions were selected based on the calculated and experimentally confirmed phase relations during condensation in CI dust-enriched systems (Ebel and Grossman, 2000; Ebel, 2006; Ustunisik et al., 2014). The partition coefficients between melt and gehlenite, hibonite, and grossite show that the trace element budget of igneous CAIs is controlled by these three major Al-bearing phases in addition to pyroxene. In general, LE, LILE, REE, and HFSE partition coefficients (by mass) decrease in the order of Gehlenite-MeltDi > Hibonite-MeltDi > Grossite-MeltDi. The partition coefficients between gehlenitic melilite and CAI melt are approximately Be:0.14, B:0.07, Sr:0.79, Zr:0.02, Nb:0.01–0.02, Ba:0.05, La:1.03–3.44, Ce:1.2–3.86, Eu:1.19–2.88, Dy:1.14–3.23, Ho:1.04–2.91, Yb:0.7–1.70, Hf:0.02, Ta:0.01–0.02, Th:0.31–1.71. These results suggest that Gehlenite-MeltDi vary by a factor of 2–3 in different melt compositions at the same T (∼1500 °C). Hibonite-MeltDi exhibit a range as Be:0.02–0.04, B:0.01, Sr:0.21–0.66, Zr:0.02–0.18, Nb:0.03–0.05, Ba:0.02–0.06, La:0.56–4.38, Ce:0.52–3.54, Eu: 0.33–0.84, Dy: 0.25–0.32, Ho:0.17–0.29, Yb:0.05–0.19, Hf:0.05–0.38, Ta:0.02, Th:0.31–1.71. Increased Al and Ca, relative to earlier work, increases the compatibility of Gehlenite-MeltDi, and also the compatibility of Hibonite-MeltDi, especially for La and Ce. Grossite-MeltDi of individual mineral-melt pairs are Be:0.43, Sr:0.31, Zr:0.09, Nb:0.01, Ba:0.03, La:0.06, Ce:0.07, Eu:0.13, Dy:0.04, Ho:0.04, Yb:0.03, Hf:0.01, Ta:0.01, Th:0.01 for #18 at 1550 °C and as Sr:0.29, Nb:0.03, La:0.07, Ce:0.09, Eu:0.10, Dy:0.05, Ho:0.04, Yb:0.02, Hf:0.003, Ta:0.02, Th:0.02 for #7 at 1490 °C. Olivine partitioning experiments confirm that olivine contribution to the trace element budget of CAIs is small due to the low Olivine-MeltDi at a range of temperatures while Olivine-MeltDEu, Yb are sensitive to changes in T and fO2. The development of a predictive model for partitioning in CAI-type systems would require more experimental data and use of analytical instruments capable of obtaining single phase analyses for crystals
A Cross-Sectional Study of Caregiver Perceptions of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Knowledge and Attitudes about Screening.

Objectives To understand caregiver knowledge of and attitudes toward congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) testing in Utah. Study design We surveyed 365 caregivers whose children were being seen in an otolaryngology clinic at a tertiary pediatric hospital about their knowledge of and attitudes toward cCMV and cCMV screening. Descriptive statistics and cluster analysis were used to examine their responses. Results The majority of caregivers were unsure how cCMV was spread, the symptoms of cCMV, and why cCMV screening of infants was important. Most caregivers did not know that cCMV screening was required by law in Utah if an infant is referred after newborn hearing screening. A majority wanted to know if their child had cCMV even if asymptomatic and were willing to pay $20 for cCMV screening. Caregivers of children who had been tested for cCMV were significantly more likely to be strongly in favor of cCMV screening than expected by chance. Caregivers in the highly knowledgeable cluster were more likely to be strongly in favor of cCMV screening. Conclusions Caregivers frequently were unaware of cCMV and its implications. Attitudes toward cCMV screening generally were positive. Education on epidemiology and impact of cCMV may benefit both prevention of infection and attitudes toward screening.
Performing the New Sustainability Paradigm: The Role of Culture and Education

This chapter examines how “performance” as a concept and practice can be leveraged to re-value both culture and education in the context of the new sustainability paradigm. Artistic Research Collaboratives (ARC) on Participatory Choreographies in Our Future Cities is a set of a place-specific interventions that uses methods drawn from the arts, design, and new media in order to investigate how to involve diverse audiences in alternative modes of problem-solving, civic engagement, and public diplomacy regarding local and trans-border sustainability issues. In order for us to have a clear understanding of the increasingly delicate links between culture, place, sustainability, and our futures, we need to engage in a range of place-based research projects that heighten sensitivity to and awareness of the local and that translate it in effective ways across our many national and geographical borders. This type of performance research work, such as these pilots and others underway, can lead to innovations in cross-border cultural and arts exchange, a range of new forms of social and cultural entrepreneurship, university-community engagement, and pedagogical transformation in a global context.
Inelastic electron scattering from /sup 9/Be

The electromagnetic form factors have been measured for the lowest two $T=\frac{3}{2}$ states in $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ at 14.393 and 16.976 MeV, the positive-parity state at 17.490 MeV, and a level of previously unknown ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ at 16.671 MeV. The range of effective momentum transfer is $0.9\ensuremath{\le}{q}_{e}\ensuremath{\le}2.5$ ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The data for the $T=\frac{3}{2}$ states show considerable deviation from the results of intermediate-coupling shell-model calculations. In particular, for ${q}_{e}\ensuremath{\le}1.5$ ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where the $M1$ multipole dominates, the data lie well above these calculated values. There is some evidence that the state at 16.671 MeV has positive parity. The results of single-particle shell-model and Nilsson-model calculations are compared with the data for this state. The experimental form factor for the 17.490-MeV state can be fitted with single-particle shell-model results in the $2s\ensuremath{-}1d$ space.
Tear gas in America: Cry the Beloved Country

Tear gas agents are divided into “C” agents, and “pepper spray” and are currently being used by law enforcement. CN (1-chloroacetophenone) is more toxic, sometimes causing skin blistering in additi...
Two Dogmas of Probabilism

Lehrer’s epistemology, as articulated, for example, inRational Consensus in Science and Society(Lehrer and Wagner 1981), has always emphasized that rational decision making must take account of the total available evidence. Yet dogmatic restrictions on the representation of uncertain judgment, or on the way in which such judgment may be revised, undermine the goal of faithfully representing the evidence. In this paper we discuss two such restrictionsdogmatic Bayesianismand thedogma of precisionand outline some ways in which probabilism has begun to be liberated from their grip.
ONE OF THESE THINGS_IS_LIKE THE OTHERS: WHAT BIG TECH PLATFORMS CANLEARN FROM LIBRARIES, BOOKSTORES, AND SUPERMARKETS

Large technology platforms are facing mounting public pressure to be more transparent and proactive about their approach to content moderation. Existing research on platform governance often focuses on the ways in which the platforms are unprecedented (e.g., their size, scale, and use of algorithmic systems to sort and filter information), and thus contend with unique challenges as they attempt to manage their outsize role in shaping the contemporary public sphere. However, their distinctive features notwithstanding, platforms are currently grappling with questions that have long been fundamental to democracies with heavily marketized media systems. How can information intermediaries best operate in the public interest? Can for-profit platforms reconcile their private interests with the public good? Through what kinds of organizational infrastructures and shared value systems might this reconciliation be accomplished? Using a comparative case study approach, this paper addresses these questions by examining institutions that have historically inhabited a structural position in the public information landscape that is similar to large technology platforms. Specifically, we look at how bookstores, libraries, and supermarkets decide what to stock on their shelves and magazine racks, and how they respond when controversies arise. The study maps several considerations each of these intermediaries have faced in order to develop a typology of approaches to information curation and moderation. By examining a variety of oft-overlooked approaches to information curation and outlining their respective benefits and drawbacks, we hope to contribute a historical and conceptual perspective to scholarly and industry conversations about platform governance.
l-DOPA stimulates the dopaminergic phenotype in human retina

Abstract Retinal organoids derived from inducible pluripotent stem cells were used to gain insight into the role of l-DOPA during human retinal development. Dopaminergic gene expression was indicated by assessing two dopamine receptors (DRD1 and DRD2), DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction at various developmental stages. TH transcript levels started to express around day (D) 42, reached maximal expression ∼D63 and then decreased thereafter. At D29, proliferating retinal progenitors expressed DRD1, DRD2, and DDC at various levels of mRNA throughout the day. In the presence of l-DOPA, D29 retinal organoids expressed DRD1 but DRD2 mRNA expression was suppressed. Additionally, l-DOPA upregulated TH mRNA prior to dopaminergic amacrine cell (DAC) development. After the appearance of DACs, l-DOPA phase shifted expression of DRD2 and synchronized mRNA expression of DDC, DRD2, and TH. The present results suggest unique mechanisms for DA signaling at different stages of development in the human retina.
Resilient and Secure Hardware Devices Using ASL

Due to the globalization of Integrated Circuit (IC) design in the semiconductor industry and the outsourcing of chip manufacturing, Third-Party Intellectual Properties (3PIPs) become vulnerable to IP piracy, reverse engineering, counterfeit IC, and hardware trojans. To thwart such attacks, ICs can be protected using logic encryption techniques. However, strong resilient techniques incur significant overheads. Side-channel attacks (SCAs) further complicate matters by introducing potential attacks post fabrication. One of the most severe SCAs is power analysis (PA) attacks, in which an attacker can observe the power variations of the device and analyze them to extract the secret key. PA attacks can be mitigated via adding large extra hardware; however, the overheads of such solutions can render them impractical, especially when there are power and area constraints. All Spin Logic Device (ASLD) is one of the most promising spintronic devices due to its unique properties: small area, no spin-charge signal conversion, zero leakage current, non-volatile memory, high density, low operating voltage, and its compatibility with conventional CMOS technology. In this article, we extend the work in Reference [1] on the usage of ASLD to produce secure and resilient circuits that withstand IC attacks (during the fabrication) and PA attacks (after fabrication), including reverse engineering attacks. First, we show that ASLD has another unique feature: identical power dissipation through the switching operations, where such properties can be effectively used to prevent PA and IC attacks. We then evaluate the proposed ASLD-based on performance overheads and security guarantees.
Dasatinib (BMS-354825), a novel multi-targeted kinase inhibitor that blocks tumor cell migration and invasion, is a promising therapeutic agent for metastatic prostate cancer

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 3797 SRC family kinases (SFKs) are currently being investigated as targets for treatment strategies in various cancers. Dasatinib (BMS-354825) is a novel, highly potent, oral, multi-targeted kinase inhibitor of BCR-ABL and SFKs. Dasatinib has been shown to inhibit growth of BCR-ABL-dependent chronic myeloid leukemia xenografts in nude mice and has been efficacious and well tolerated in a Phase I clinical trial of patients with imatinib-resistant or -intolerant CML. Dasatinib has also demonstrated activity against cultured human prostate and breast cancer cells; however, the molecular mechanism by which dasatinib acts on epithelial tumor cells remains unknown. In this study, we show that dasatinib blocks the kinase activities of the SFKs, Lyn and Src in human prostate cancer cells at low nanomolar concentrations. Moreover, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which has been shown to be elevated in epithelial tumors, and Crk-associated substrate (p130CAS) signaling downstream of SFKs are also inhibited at similar dasatinib concentrations. Consistent with inhibition of these signaling pathways, dasatinib suppresses cell adhesion, migration, and invasion of prostate cancer cells at low nanomolar concentrations. Therefore, dasatinib has potential as a therapeutic agent for metastatic prostate cancers harboring activated SFK and FAK signaling. Phase I clinical evaluation of dasatinib in a variety of solid tumors, including prostate cancer, is currently ongoing.
The Characterization of Postoperative Mechanical Respiratory Requirement in Neonates and Infants Undergoing Cardiac Surgery on Cardiopulmonary Bypass in a Single Tertiary Institution.

Objectives Although neonates and infants undergoing cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are at high risk of developing perioperative morbidity and mortality, including lung injury, the intraoperative profile of lung injury in this cohort is not well-described. Given that the postoperative course of patients in the pediatric cardiac surgical arena has become increasingly expedited, the objective of this study was to characterize the profiles of postoperative mechanical ventilatory support in neonates and infants undergoing cardiac surgery on CPB and to examine the characteristics of lung mechanics and lung injury in this patient population who are potentially amendable to early postoperative recovery in a single tertiary pediatric institution. Design A retrospective data analysis of neonates and infants who underwent cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass. Setting A single-center, university teaching hospital. Participants The study included 328 neonates and infants who underwent cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass. Interventions A subset of 128 patients were studied: 58 patients undergoing ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair, 36 patients undergoing complete atrioventricular canal (CAVC) repair, and 34 patients undergoing bidirectional Glenn (BDG) shunt surgery. Measurements and Main Results Of the entire cohort, 3.7% experienced in-hospital mortality. Among all surgical procedures, VSD repair (17.7%) was the most common, followed by CAVC repair (11.0%) and BDG shunt surgery (10.4%). Of patients who underwent VSD repair, CAVC repair, and BDG shunt surgery, 65.5%, 41.7%, and 67.6% were off mechanical ventilatory support within 24 hours postoperatively, respectively. In all three of the surgical repairs, lung compliance decreased after CPB compared to pre-CPB phase. Sixty point three percent of patients with VSD repair and 77.8% of patients with CAVC repair showed a PaO2/FIO2 (P/F) ratio of 24 hours) postoperative mechanical ventilatory support. A higher volume of transfused platelets also was associated with postoperative ventilatory support ≥24 hours in patients undergoing VSD repair, CAVC repair, and BDG shunt surgery. Conclusions There was a high incidence of lung injury after CPB in neonates and infants, even in surgeries amendable for early recovery. Given that CPB-related factors (CPB duration, crossclamp time) and volume of transfused platelet were significantly associated with prolonged postoperative ventilatory support, the underlying cause of cardiac surgery-related lung injury can be multi-factorial.
Against Intellectual Monopoly: The Evil of Intellectual Monopoly

We hope by now to have convinced at least a few among you that there has been, there is, and there would be plentiful innovation in the absence of intellectual monopoly. We took this as our starting point because a widespread disbelief in the ability of competitive markets to reward innovators inhibits thinking about a functioning free market economy without intellectual monopoly. After establishing that substantial amounts of money can be made, has been made, and is made by innovators in the complete absence of patents and copyright, the next fundamental doubt is, Is that money enough? It is quite a rhetorical question for the thousands of innovators who, absent legal monopoly, have nevertheless innovated: the money they expected to make must have been enough to motivate them. It is not necessarily such a rhetorical question, though, for potential innovators who chose not to innovate and for all those innovators who took advantage of intellectual monopoly in their activity. Because it is true that an innovator can generally earn more with a monopoly than without, so the profits made under competition may not be enough and some socially valuable innovations may not occur under competition. This – in principle – leaves room for government intervention to correct this market failure. Awarding intellectual monopoly is one possible form of intervention. Unfortunately, it is an especially pernicious form. Economists and decent citizens alike are suspicious of monopoly. There are many good reasons for this.
Software Engineering Beginning in the First Computer Science Course

The demand for computing and computing power is increasing at a rapid pace. With this demand, the ability to develop, enhance and maintain software is a top priority. Educating students to do competent work in software development, enhancement and maintenance has become a complex problem. Software engineering concepts are typically not introduced in beginning computer science courses. Students do not see software engineering until the third or fourth year of the curriculum. We do not believe students can acquire an adequate software engineering foundation with the present approach. We believe an emphasis on software engineering should begin in the very first course and continue throughout the curriculum. We are redesigning our curriculum to reflect this. The first course of the new curriculum is complete. This article focuses on two of the laboratory activities we have developed which deal with specific software engineering concepts.
Multiple-pronunciation lexical modeling in a speaker independent speech understanding system.

One of the sources of difficulty in speech recognition and understanding is the variability due to alternate pronunciations of words. To address the issue we have investigated the use of multiple-pronunciation models (MPMs) in the decoding stage of a speaker-independent speech understanding system. In this paper we address three important issues regarding MPMs: (a) Model construction: How can MPMs be built from available data without human intervention? (b) Model embedding: How should MPM construction interact with the training of the sub-word unit models on which they are based? (c) Utility: Do they help in speech recognition? Automatic, data-driven MPM construction is accomplished using a structural HMM induction algorithm. The resulting MPMs are trained jointlywith a multi-layer perceptron functioningas a phonetic likelihood estimator. The experiments reported here demonstrate that MPMs can significantly improve speech recognition results over standard single pronunciation models.
A Review of: “Leah Vande Berg & Nick Trujillo, Cancer and Death: A Love Story in Two Voices.”

A review of the book “Cancer and Death: A Love Story in Two Voices” by Leah Vande Berg and Nick Trujillo.
Enterprise JavaBeans, JavaBeans and XML expanding the possibilities for Web-based enterprise application development

Component-based software development (CBSD) has emerged as the best hope for building high-quality Web-based enterprise applications in a timely manner. CBSD has the potential to reduce significantly development cost and time-to-market of Web-based enterprise applications, and improve the maintainability, reliability and overall quality of those applications. A major issue in a CBSD project is the selection of a component model that is the most suitable for the project. Another major issue is providing cost-effective, cross-platform and secure data exchange. To address these issues, a new CBSD approach to building Web-based enterprise applications has been developed. This approach integrates a Java-based component model with XML. This paper focuses on the approach due to its great potential to revolutionize Web-based enterprise application development. We have adopted the approach for development of 3-tier Web-based enterprise applications for E-commerce and distance education. The lessons learned from those R&D projects are presented.
Discrete polar motion equations for high frequencies

We examine several digital filter methods designed to accurately estimate excitation axis variations from observed polar motion at frequencies exceeding 1 cycle per day. These methods are developed from a discrete time series filter equation originally presented in 1940 by Harold Jeffreys, and subsequently revised over the past two decades. The filters derived here provide improved amplitude accuracy at the highest frequencies now observable in space geodetic polar motion data.