cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multimodal Analysis Using Neuroimaging and Eye Movements to Assess Cognitive Workload

Air Traffic Control (ATC) specialists work in an environment where the proficient interaction between humans and computer systems is crucial to provide a safe and efficient flow of traffic. The complexity of this system may increase due to planned changes in operator roles and a projected rise in traffic volume. This increase, over an already highly complex system, will exacerbate the mental workload placed on the operator. The emergence of wearable sensors that measure physiological signals enables us to monitor the mental workload in real time without interfering in operational activity. However, the use of a single sensor approach may not provide a comprehensive assessment of cognitive workload while executing a complex task. Therefore, this study implemented a multimodal approach by using two sensors, namely functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and eye-tracking, to evaluate the cognitive workload changes experienced by an ATC specialist. Three retired tower controllers with over 20 years of experience, underwent three sessions of experimentation where each individual fulfilled one of the following roles - observer, a Local controller or a Ground controller. During each iteration, the fNIRS and eye tracking sensors were attached to the Local controller while they commanded aircraft through verbal clearances. The task difficulty and complexity were quantified by the number of aircraft and clearances given, respectively. The number of aircraft displayed on the screen increased across time and was positively correlated with oxygenation measures assessed by the fNIRS signals of both the right and left prefrontal cortex. On the other hand, the number of fixations was positively correlated with the number of clearances. These results suggest fNIRS and eye-tracking measures are sensitive to changes in cognitive workload, and indicates that they may be amenable to complement each other for the assessment of the multidimensionality of cognitive workload induced by task difficulty and complexity.
TELEWORKING IN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMES) BEFORE THE ONSET OF CORONAVIRUS CRISIS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC

Due to the new information and communication technologies, it is now possible to disconnect work from space and time and to take advantage of new ways of organizing work One of the options is teleworking (TW), currently being implemented throughout Europe due to the condition created by the coronavirus pandemic The aim of the paper is twofold: (i) to analyse a range of factors (size of the enterprise;foreign owner;written strategy;project-driven enterprise;disabilities;work-life balance;benefits, lack of workers, illness, lower cost, relax at work and comfort;renting space, IT level) influencing the duration of TW implementation in the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and (ii) to better define the differences between the SMEs where TW was introduced in a short time, and those introducing it over a longer period Out of the total of 31 factors, six factors have been proved to have a different impact on the duration of TW implementation (TW implementation due to higher efficiency;monitoring is performed only according to the results;the managers see the disadvantage of TW in its possible misuse;the enterprises use internal TW regulations;the managers see the main advantage as higher operational flexibility;the introduction of TW, due to the balance of work and family life) All together, 44,000 SMEs in the Czech Republic were invited into the research The data were collected from 1,018 enterprises, with 60% of the enterprises using TW actively;on average, these enterprises have been using it for seven years
Best Practice: Application Frameworks: While powerful, frameworks are not for everyone.

While frameworks can be a powerful tool, they have some disadvantages and may not make sense for all organizations. Framework maintainers need to provide standardization and well-defined behavior while not being overly prescriptive. When frameworks strike the right balance, however, they can offer large developer productivity gains. The consistency provided by widespread use of frameworks is a boon for other teams such as SRE and security that have a vested interest in the quality of applications. Additionally, the structure of frameworks provides a foundation for building higher-level abstractions such as microservices platforms, which unlock new opportunities for system architecture and automation. At Google, such frameworks and platforms have seen broad organic adoption and have had a significant positive impact.
Laying low: Unmasking the contributions of science and education to racism

Laying Low (Bailliard, 2013a) presented focused findings from an ethnographic study with immigrants from Latin America to Smalltown (pseudonym), North Carolina. After revisiting the article, we not...
Blacks weather, Whites climate

This essay explores the intersections of race, weather and climate. Earth science construes weather as the temperature and precipitation that impacts environments. Thinking about how this applies t...
The role of neighborhood disadvantage in predicting mortality in patients after transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Background Neighborhoods have a powerful impact on health. Prior investigations into disparities associated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) have focused on race and access to the procedure. We sought to investigate the role of neighborhood disadvantage on mortality post-TAVR. Methods Patients who underwent TAVR at Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center between June, 2011 and March, 2019 were evaluated. Neighborhood disadvantage was defined using the area deprivation index, an established and validated index that considers multiple socioeconomic metrics. Cutoffs used for disadvantage were national percentile ≥25% and state decile ≥6. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to assess outcomes. Results A total of 668 patients (age 82.1 ± 7.5 years, 49% female) were included, of which 215 (32.2%) were from disadvantaged neighborhoods by state decile, and 167 (25%) by national percentile. At a median follow-up of 18.8 months (interquartile range 8.7-36.5 months), neighborhood disadvantage was independently associated with increased all-cause mortality (National percentile: hazard ratio [HR] 1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35-2.69; state decile: HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.21-2.34). On propensity scored analysis, neighborhood disadvantaged remained independently associated with increased all-cause mortality (National percentile: IPTW HR 1.86, 95% CI 1.52-2.28, PSM HR 1.67, 95% CI 1.11-2.51; state decile: IPTW HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.26-1.91, PSM HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.33-2.99). Conclusion Living in a disadvantaged neighborhood was independently associated with increased mortality post-TAVR on multivariate and propensity score matched analysis. Further investigations into the role of neighborhood disadvantage are needed to address disparities and improve outcomes post-TAVR.
Multivariate Analysis Aided Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (MVA-SERS) Multiplex Quantitative Detection of Trace Fentanyl in Illicit Drug Mixtures Using a Handheld Raman Spectrometer:

Recently there has been upsurge in reports that illicit seizures of cocaine and heroin have been adulterated with fentanyl. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) provides a useful alternative to current screening procedures that permits detection of trace levels of fentanyl in mixtures. Samples are solubilized and allowed to interact with aggregated colloidal nanostars to produce a rapid and sensitive assay. In this study, we present the quantitative determination of fentanyl in heroin and cocaine using SERS, using a point-and-shoot handheld Raman system. Our protocol is optimized to detect pure fentanyl down to 0.20 ± 0.06 ng/mL and can also distinguish pure cocaine and heroin at ng/mL levels. Multiplex analysis of mixtures is enabled by combining SERS detection with principal component analysis and super partial least squares regression discriminate analysis (SPLS-DA), which allow for the determination of fentanyl as low as 0.05% in simulated seized heroin and 0.10% in simulated seized cocaine samples.
Adolescent Police Stops, Self-Harm, and Attempted Suicide: Findings From the UK Millennium Cohort Study, 2012‒2019.

Objectives. To explore associations between police stops, self-harm, and attempted suicide among a large, representative sample of adolescents in the United Kingdom. Methods. Data were drawn from t...
Systolic preejection period.

Orthogonal electrocardiograms (axial lead systerm), phonocardiograms, and indirect carotid arterial pulse tracings were recorded on 602 normal people and 44 with cardiovascular disease. From these recordings, time of systole (QS2), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and preejection period (PEP) were measured. There was no significant difference between the normal individuals and patients in QS2 or reclining heart rate but LVET tended to be shorter and PEP longer in the patients. These differences persisted when LVET and PEP were corrected for heart rate. However, as there was much overlap of the values for normals and patients, the differences between the two groups were not marked.
Context-specific adaptation of saccade gain in parabolic flight

Previous studies established that vestibular reflexes can have two adapted states (e.g., gains) simultaneously, and that a context cue (e.g., vertical eye position) can switch between the two states. Our earlier work demonstrated this phenomenon of context-specific adaptation for saccadic eye movements: we asked for gain decrease in one context state and gain increase in another context state, and then determined if a change in the context state would invoke switching between the adapted states. Horizontal and vertical eye position and head orientation could serve, to varying degrees, as cues for switching between two different saccade gains. In the present study, we asked whether gravity magnitude could serve as a context cue: saccade adaptation was performed during parabolic flight, which provides alternating levels of gravitoinertial force (0 g and 1.8 g). Results were less robust than those from ground experiments, but established that different saccade magnitudes could be associated with different gravity levels.
Plasticity and Differentiation of Retinal Precursor Cells

Publisher Summary This chapter describes plasticity and differentiation of retinal precursor cells. Retinal photoreceptors are unique cells, whose high degree of specialization and differentiation can be recognized in their shape and organization, in the presence of many unique proteins, and in their physiological activities. Visual perception is based on the cortical processing of neurochemical signals generated within the retina in response to the light entering the eye from the external world. The photoreceptors are the retinal cells that set this visual process in motion by transducing light into neurochemical signals. Most vertebrate retinas have two major photoreceptor subtypes, the rods and the cones, which share many features but also have distinctive structural, chemical, and functional differences. One of the most remarkable aspects of the differentiation of isolated photoreceptor precursor cells in culture is their capacity to develop and maintain, even when grown in the absence of intercellular contacts, a highly elongated, compartmentalized, and polarized pattern of organization.
Protein thiol modification by peroxynitrite anion and nitric oxide donors.

Abstract Oxidation and modification of protein cysteines can have profound effects on protein structure and function. Using tubulin and microtubule‐associated proteins (MAP) tau and MAP2 as examples, this chapter summarizes methods employed to characterize total cysteine modification using thiol‐specific reagent 5‐iodoacetamido‐fluorescein labeling. Western blot analysis of peroxynitrite‐damaged tubulin under nonreducing conditions reveals the formation of higher molecular weight dimers and tetramers. Disulfides in microtubule proteins are substrates for both the thioredoxin reductase system and the glutaredoxin/glutathione reductase system. The yield of disulfides formed by peroxynitrite anion is quantitated by monitoring the oxidation of NADPH, a cofactor required by the thioredoxin reductase system. Treatment of proteins with S ‐nitrosothiols, including S ‐nitrosoglutathione and S ‐nitroso‐ N ‐acetyl penicillamine, can yield either disulfides or protein S ‐nitrosation. In the case of tubulin, both types of cysteine modification were detected.
On A Semantic Interpretation Of Kant's Concept Of Number

What is central to the progression of a sequence is the idea of succession, which is fundamentally a temporal notion. In Kant's ontology numbers are not objects but rules (schemata) for representing the magnitude of a quantum. The magnitude of a discrete quantum 11...11 is determined by a counting procedure, an operation which can be understood as a mapping from the ordinals to the cardinals. All empirical models for numbers isomorphic to 11...11 must conform to the transcendental determination of time-order. Kant's transcendental model for number entails a procedural semantics in which the semantic value of the number-concept is defined in terms of temporal procedures. A number is constructible if and only if it can be schematized in a procedural form. This representability condition explains how an arbitrarily large number is representable and why Kant thinks that arithmetical statements are synthetic and not analytic.
A possible explanation of differences between Pre- and Post-Jaramillo ice sheet growth

The response of a simple ice sheet model forced by a periodic change in the climate point exhibits a bifurcation when certain dimensionless parameters undergo realistic changes. These dimensionless parameters are related to the poleward limit of continents as well as to the frequency of the climate point variation and other parameters. It is postulated that this bifurcation may be responsible for the initiation of large glacial cycles about 900 000 years ago following smaller, higher frequency ice sheet advances and retreats before that time.
Structure of liquids

Derivations are given for several expressions relating density expansion coefficients of the net radial distribution function, the direct correlation function, and the x-ray scattering function. To the first order in density, non-additivity effects are included.
Book Reviews: General, Applied and Theoretical

Federal Health Care (With Reservations). ROBERT L. KANE and ROSALIE A. KANE. Big Brother's Indian Programs—With Reservations. SAR A. LEVITAN and BARBARA HETRICK.
The Alaska earthquake of July 10, 1958: Giant wave in Lituya Bay

Lituya Bay, a ⊺-shaped tidal inlet on the northeast shore of the Gulf of Alaska, heads in the trench along the Fairweather fault. Displacement along this fault at the time of the earthquake of July 9, 1958 (local time), triggered a rockslide into deep water in Gilbert Inlet, one of the two arms at the head of Lituya Bay. The rockslide, with a volume of 40 million cubic yards, caused water to surge to an altitude of 1,740 feet on a spur opposite the point of impact, and generated a gravity wave that swept 7 miles to the mouth of the bay at a speed probably between 97 and 130 miles per hour. The surge and wave of water destroyed the forest on the shores over an area of 4 square miles, sank two of three fishing boats in the outer part of the bay, and took two lives.
Continuous generation of Rubidium vapor in a hollow core photonic band-gap fiber

We demonstrate high optical depths of > 50 lasting over 100 minutes in a Rubidium filled PBGF using an off-resonant CW laser beam, which enables straightforward measurement of cross-phase modulation at the single photon level.
Benefits and pitfalls when using permanent magnet motors in spinning applications

For close to half a century, the textile and fiber industries have been using synchronous motors in their spinning applications. These motors have traditionally been of the synchronous reluctance-type due mostly to the cost of their nonexcited competitor: the permanent magnet (PM) motor. The steady decline in the cost of permanent magnets paired with less expensive manufacturing techniques have lowered the price of PM motors drastically. This economic attractiveness coupled with its inherent electrical advantages is making the PM motor the motor of choice in new textile and fiber spinning machine installations. The advantages of PM motors versus their synchronous reluctance counterparts, however, can quickly be negated by not thoroughly understanding the predictability of the PM motor's performance. This paper offers some insights into predicting performance of PM motors so they can be most advantageously applied in new installations.
Stability for integer actions on UHF C∗-algebras☆

On montre qu'il est possibile d'obtenir une version «norme continue» de la solution de Connes a la 1-cohomologie qui est adaptable a la situation des C*-algebres. On exhibe diverses actions modeles stables
Mundos Cambiantes: La Tecnología y la Educación 3.0

El interes que anima este ensayo, tiene que ver con una apreciacion conceptual de como nos imaginamos y entendemos las relaciones o la estructuracion de la relaciones que se suceden actualmente entre las nuevas tecnologias y la educacion, algunos criterios que se exponen a continuacion pudieran orientar una reflexion acerca de como tendrian que definirse los proximos curriculums y los perfiles de los docentes en el contexto del desarrollo de dichas tecnologias. La adaptacion en general de la escuela a las nuevas tendencias de las tecnologias de la informacion y comunicacion es una necesidad indiscutible en el marco de la nueva composicion social de las relaciones entre la formacion y desarrollo humano con calidad de vida.
Metrology and radio performance of reflector of chilbolton aerial

The techniques used to remeasure the profile of the 25 m paraboloidal reflector on the UK Science Research Council steerable aerial at Chilbolton, Hants, England, are described, and the difficulties in obtaining such measurements are pointed out. Two methods are discussed: first, a specially constructed optical range finder for determining the co-ordinates of points on the reflector with respect to the vertex of the best-fit paraboloid, and secondly a laser system for determining the changes in reflector shape brought about by tilting the aerial through 90°. The procedures for calibrating these instruments which led to final r.m.s. errors of 0.36 and 0.4 mm, respectively, are outlined. The errors in profile of the reflector were found to be of a systematic rather than a random nature, and are discussed in relation to the radiation pattern measured at a wavelength of 3.1 cm. The change in reflector shape brought about by tilting through 90° is shown to be 1.3 mm r.m.s., which implies that, if the profile were readjusted to be perfect at the zenith, the gain at 0° elevation should be optimum (nearly 72 dB) at a wavelength of 9 mm.
Alt-Pe by Children with Autism Placed in Regular, Reversed Mainstreamed, and Adapted Physical Education Classes

Three boys with autism showed acceptable (15 to 25%) academic learning time during 5 consecutive class periods suggesting their participation was suitable in three different kinds of class organization.
Thoracic interventional radiology in children

Significant technological advancements have been achieved in radiology with the introduction of a branch speciality known as interventional radiology. Radiology has moved into the therapeutic arena, performing minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The interventional radiologist can treat certain vascular and non-vascular conditions with "keyhole" or perhaps more correctly "pinhole" techniques using catheter-based technology directed under image guidance with X-ray (including computed tomography), ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Interventional radiology can provide new treatment options for children not possible a few years ago.
The origin of honeycomb weathering

Honeycomb weathering occurs throughout the world, but the origin remains a matter of controversy. Wind erosion, exfoliation, frost shattering, and salt weathering have been proposed as explanations, although few attempts have been made to substantiate these hypotheses with chemical or mineralogical studies. Chemical analyses and field observations indicate that honeycomb weathering in coastal exposures of arkosic sandstone near Bellingham, Washington, results from evaporation of salt water deposited by wave splash. Microscopic examination of weathered surfaces show that erosion results from disaggregation of mineral grains rather than from chemical decomposition. Thin walls separating adjacent cavities seem to be due to protective effects of organic coatings produced by microscopic algae inhabiting the rock surface. Cavity walls are not reinforced by precipitation of elements released by weathering, as has often been suggested at other locations. Honeycomb weathering develops rapidly and can be observed on surfaces that were planar less than a century ago.
Transport time and single-particle relaxation time in two-dimensional semiconductors

We discuss the transport time and the single-particle relaxation time of electrons in two dimensions. New results for homogeneous background doping are presented. We explain how the measurements of these two scattering times can be used to get information about the relevant scattering mechanism in disordered semiconductors. A possible metal-insulator transition is discussed.
Activity of decitabine, a hypomethylating agent, in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

BACKGROUND. Hypomethylating agents have activity in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and have received approval for the treatment of both MDS and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). The specific efficacy in CMML has not been detailed in a large number of patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the activity and safety of decitabine in CMML. METHODS. Nineteen adults with a diagnosis of CMML treated on decitabine studies were analyzed. Decitabine was given at 100 mg/m2 per course every 4 weeks. The median number of courses given was 9 (range, 1–18). RESULTS. Overall, 11 patients (58%) achieved complete response (CR) and 2 (11%) had hematologic improvement (HI), for an overall response rate of 69% according to the modified International Working Group (IWG) criteria. Median survival was 19 months. Severe (grade 3–4) extramedullary side effects were rare. CONCLUSIONS. Decitabine is active in CMML. Studies of combinations of decitabine with topoisomerase I inhibitors or other active anti-CMML agents are indicated. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Male germ cell-associated kinase is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells and causes mitotic defects via deregulation of APC/C CDH1

Male germ cell-associated kinase (MAK), a direct transcriptional target of androgen receptor (AR), is a co-activator of AR. In this study, we determined the activating mechanism of MAK and identified a previously unknown AR-independent role of MAK in mitosis. We found that MAK kinase activity requires dual phosphorylation of the conserved TDY motif and that the phosphorylation is dynamic during cell cycle. MAK associates with CDH1 (FZR1, fizzy/cell division cycle 20 related 1) and phosphorylates CDH1 at sites phosphorylated by cyclin-dependent kinases. When MAK is overexpressed, the binding of CDH1 to anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome decreased, resulting in an attenuation of anaphase-promoting complex/C ubiquitin ligase activity and the consequential stabilization of the CDH1 targets such as Aurora kinase A and Polo-like kinase 1. As such, overexpression of MAK leads to mitotic defects such as centrosome amplification and lagging chromosomes. Our immunohistochemistry result showed that MAK is overexpressed in prostate tumor tissues, suggesting a role of MAK in prostate carcinogenesis. Taken with our previous results, our data implicate MAK in both AR activation and chromosomal instability, acting in both early and late prostate cancer development.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Nucleophilic Displacement Reactions of Chloroacetanilide Herbicides: Investigation of α-Substituent Effects

The ease with which α-chloroacetanilide herbicides undergo displacement reactions with strong nucleophiles, and their recalcitrance toward weak ones, is intimately related to their herbicidal properties and environmental chemistry. In this study, we investigate the kinetics and mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution reactions of propachlor and alachlor in aqueous solution. The role played by the α-amide group was examined by including several structurally related analogs of propachlor possessing modified α substituents. The overall second-order nature of the reaction, the negative ΔS⧧ values, the weak influence of ionic strength on reactivity, and structure−reactivity trends together support an intermolecular SN2 mechanism rather than an intramolecular reaction for α-chloroacetanilides as well as the α-chlorothioacetanilide analog of propachlor. In contrast, the α-methylene analog exhibits kinetics and a salt effect consistent with anchimeric assistance by the aniline nitrogen. Electronic interactions wi...
Class B Scavenger Receptor-Mediated Intestinal Absorption of Dietary β-Carotene and Cholesterol†

There is now a general consensus that the intestinal absorption of water-insoluble, dietary lipids is protein-mediated, but the assignment of protein(s) to this function is still a matter of debate. To address this issue, we measured β-carotene and cholesterol absorption in wild-type and SR-BI knockout mice and the uptake of these lipids in vitro using brush border membrane (BBM) vesicles. From the comparison of the in vivo and in vitro results we conclude that both BBM-resident class B scavenger receptors, SR-BI and CD36, can facilitate the absorption of β-carotene and cholesterol. SR-BI is essential for β-carotene absorption, at least in mice on a high fat diet. This is due to the fact that the absorption of β-carotene is restricted to the duodenum and SR-BI is the predominant receptor in the mouse duodenum. In contrast, SR-BI may be involved but is not essential for cholesterol absorption in the small intestine. The question of whether SR-BI contributes to cholesterol absorption in vivo is still unreso...
Biology of Dendroctonus punctatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

The biology of Dendroctonus punctatus LeConte was studied in white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, forests of boreal western North America and in the laboratory. Engelmann spruce, P. engelmannii (Parry) Engelmann, was not found to be infested in nature but was used successfully for rearing in the laboratory. Life stages and behavior are described. Mating occurs between siblings before emergence from their host trees. Trees are attacked near ground level, often unsuccessfully and typically at low density (4.4 attacks per tree average). Infested trees varied in size but averaged 24.9 cm in diameter and 15 m in height. Ninety-two percent of these trees had deteriorated crowns, stem injuries (presence of resin), or a combination of those two conditions. Egg galleries averaged 6.3 cm long and varied in orientation and shape; most were directed upward at an angle. Eggs were laid in a cluster (78 eggs average) along one side of the egg gallery. After eclosion, larvae fed side by side in a common brood chamber that often extended below ground level. Larvae had four instars. Mature larvae moved throughout frass in the brood chamber and pupated in separate cells. When transformed to adults, they tunneled actively throughout the brood chamber, enlarging it and scoring the sapvvood by their feeding. They emerged through ruptures in the weakened bark. Observations indicate that one generation per year occurs in nature, but broods that originate in late summer may possibly overwinter twice. Offspring of overwintered adults reached the adult stage in the laboratory (17-22°C) in as few as 46 d. Commensal and predacious organisms are listed. Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) and Ips spp. also infested spruce trees in the study area but did not occur in trees with D. punctatus.
Pyruvate transport in isolated cardiac mitochondria from two species of amphibian exhibiting dissimilar aerobic scope: Bufo marinus and Rana catesbeiana.

Cardiac mitochondria were isolated from Bufo marinus and Rana catesbeiana, two species of amphibian whose cardiovascular systems are adapted to either predominantly aerobic or glycolytic modes of locomotion. Mitochondrial oxidative capacity was compared using VO2 max and respiratory control ratios in the presence of a variety of substrates including pyruvate, lactate, oxaloacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and octanoyl-carnitine. B. marinus cardiac mitochondria exhibited VO2 max values twice that of R. catesbeiana cardiac mitochondria when oxidizing carbohydrate substrates. Pyruvate transport was measured via a radiolabeled-tracer assay in isolated B. marinus and R. catesbeiana cardiac mitochondria. Time-course experiments described both α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate-sensitive (MCT-like) and phenylsuccinate-sensitive pyruvate uptake mechanisms in both species. Pyruvate uptake by the MCT-like transporter was enhanced in the presence of a pH gradient, whereas the phenylsuccinate-sensitive transporter was inhibited. Notably, anuran cardiac mitochondria exhibited activities of lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase. The presence of both transporters on the inner mitochondrial membrane affords the net uptake of monocarboxylates including pyruvate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and lactate; the latter potentially indicating the presence of a lactate/pyruvate shuttle allowing oxidation of extramitochondrial NADH. Intramitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase enables lactate to be oxidized to pyruvate or converted to anaplerotic oxaloacetate. Kinetics of the MCT-like transporter differed significantly between the two species, suggesting differences in aerobic scope may be in part attributable to differences in mitochondrial carbohydrate utilization. J. Exp. Zool. 307A:425–438, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Early Christian Belief in a Corporeal Deity: Origen and Augustine as Reluctant Witnesses

The view that God is incorporeal, without body or parts, has been the hallmark of Christian orthodoxy, but in the beginning it was not so. In this article I show that ordinary Christians for at least the first three centuries of the current era commonly (and perhaps generally) believed God to be corporeal. The belief was abandoned (and then only gradually) as Neoplatonism became more and more entrenched as the dominant world view of Christian thinkers.
Changes in teacher salaries during the 1970s: The role of school district demographics

Abstract This paper analyzes changes in the teacher salary schedules of Michigan school districts between 1970 and 1980. We find that starting salaries, expressed in 1970 dollars, decreased by an average of 20% over the decade. Real maximum salaries decreased by 15%. The between-district variability of starting salaries increased markedly over the decade, making the average starting salary a much poorer estimate of the starting salary a particular teacher earned in 1980 than was the case in 1970. The between-district variability of maximum salaries did not increase over the decade. Student enrollment changes were a significant predictor of the changes in maximum salaries. Districts that experienced the greatest percentage losses in students tended to experience the greatest declines in real maximum salaries. Student enrollment changes were also related to changes in starting salaries, but the relationship was more complex.
The Bacterial Nucleoid Drives Cytoplasmic Dynamics

Bacterial cells exhibit complex, cell-cycle-dependent subcellular organization despite the lack of membrane-bound organelles. One of the most popular proposed mechanisms for this cellular ultrastructure is physical exclusion from the dense bacterial nucleoid. To quantitatively investigate this hypothesis, we visualized and mapped the motion of fluorescently-tagged ectopic MS2-mRNA complexes in thousands of growing E. coli cells. We find that the the molecular complexes’ motion strongly depends on their spatial position along the long-axis of the cell and that their dynamics are well characterized by a quantitative model that requires only two physical contributions: nucleoid exclusion and membrane confinement. Strikingly, we also find that the mobility of the molecular complexes is highest in regions of high nucleoid density, and that perturbations to nucleoid structure tend to increase cytoplasmic mobility. These results provide strong quantitative support for two modes of nucleoid action: (1) organizing the cell through physical exclusion forces and (2) as a facilitator of rapid motion throughout the cytoplasm. These results have potentially important biological implications and suggest that the nucleoid may play a much more direct role, than previously thought, in the organization and transport of subcellular components, including large protein complexes and plasmids.
Closer Look at the Baseflow Correlation Method

In 2003, Reilly and Kroll examined the baseflow correlation method at river sites throughout the United States. The current study reexamines Reilly and Kroll’s baseflow correlation experiment by investigating the use of different performance metrics, experimental parameters, and model assumptions that were not investigated by Reilly and Kroll. The goal of this study is to provide additional guidance on how to implement the baseflow correlation method in practice. The results confirm that baseflow measurements should be obtained during low flow seasons and as far as possible from runoff events. When one has only five baseflow measurements at the low-flow partial-record site, the correlation coefficient between baseflows at gauged and low-flow partial-record sites should be at least 0.9; when the number of baseflow measurements is 10 or more, the method performs adequately if the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.6. The performance of the baseflow correlation method improves as the number of baseflo...
Short-term transformation of applied 15NO3− prairie and cultivated soils

Abstract Studies were undertaken to trace plant uptake and microbial transformation of applied NO3− on paired prairie and cultivated soils, Microplots (225 cm2) in prairie and cultivated soils within the same soil map unit were treated with 26 mg 15NO3−N (22.36 atom% 15N) as KNO3. The KNO3 was applied as a fine mist to the soil surface with an atomizer. Plant tissue was removed and soil was excavated to a depth of 15 cm from the microplots after 24 and 72 h, Surface soils were assayed for total Kjeldahl N, and atom% 15N in total Kjeldahl N (including NO3−), NH4+, and NO3−. The subsurface soil, plant roots, and plant shoots were analyzed for total Kjeldahl N and atom% 15N. After 72 h about 75–83% of the applied 15NNO3− remained as N03 in the cultivated soil, whereas only 22–30% remained as NO3− in the prairie soil. At 24 h much of the 15N was found in the organic N pool in both prairie and cultivated soils, but by 72 h plant roots contained the greatest percentage of the immobilized 15NO3 in the prairie soils.
Sparsity penalties in dynamical system estimation

In this work we address the problem of state estimation in dynamical systems using recent developments in compressive sensing and sparse approximation. We formulate the traditional Kalman filter as a one-step update optimization procedure which leads us to a more unified framework, useful for incorporating sparsity constraints. We introduce three combinations of two sparsity conditions (sparsity in the state and sparsity in the innovations) and write recursive optimization programs to estimate the state for each model. This paper is meant as an overview of different methods for incorporating sparsity into the dynamic model, a presentation of algorithms that unify the support and coefficient estimation, and a demonstration that these suboptimal schemes can actually show some performance improvements (either in estimation error or convergence time) over standard optimal methods that use an impoverished model.
An automated technique for thermoacoustimetry of solids

Abstract An automated technique for thermoacoustimetry of solids is described. The technique is illustrated by measurements on Green River and Kentucky oil shales.
Recovery (spring-back) of polyethylene from an imposed bend

Measurements have been made of the recovery of polyethylene samples from bending deformations of varying severity. The amount of spring-back from a severe bend is quite different for different densities (degrees of crystallinity), especially at short times after release, being much greater for lower-density polyethylenes. Short-term spring-back measurements thus afford a simple and rapid means of determining the approximate density. Immediate recovery is small, 5 to 15 percent, and is in rough accord with expectations for elastic-plastic solids. A major protracted recovery process follows. It is accelerated by raising the temperature, in reasonable agreement with the WLF relation for segmental mobility. It is therefore attributed to retarded molecular motions in the amorphous fraction. Final recovery is greater for lower-density materials, but it is incomplete even after very long times or for mild degrees of bending. Thus, some irreversible processes appear to take place, even when bending strains as low as 3 percent are imposed.
Do Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Cardiovascular Disease? A Review of the Randomized Clinical Trials:

Fish oil is rich in the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Numerous epidemiological studies and several large randomized clinical trials have shown that modest doses of omega-3 PUFAs significantly reduce the risk of unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death as well as death in coronary artery disease and heart failure patients. Based on the scientific evidence, the American Heart Association (AHA) has recommended all individuals eat fish at least twice a week to prevent cardiovascular disease. For individuals with coronary artery disease, the recommended dose of omega-3 PUFAs is 1 g of EPA and DHA daily. To lower triglyceride levels, much higher doses are needed. However, more recent randomized clinical trials have questioned the cardiovascular benefits of fish oil. These studies have contributed to the uncertainty health care providers face when recommending omega-3 PUFA supplementation according to clinical guidelines. The purpose of this review is to examine the randomized clinical trials and scientific evidence between omega-3 PUFAs and cardiovascular outcomes to better understand the current role of omega-3 PUFAs in improving cardiovascular health.
Electrodeposition of Al-Mo-Mn Ternary Alloys from the Lewis Acidic AlCl3 - EtMeImCl Molten Salt

The electrodeposition of Al-Mo-Mn ternary alloys was examined in the Lewis acidic 66.7-33.3% mole fraction (mol %) aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AlCl 3 -EtmeImCl) molten salt containing Mo(II) andMn(II). By adjusting the C M n (II)/C M o ( I I ) concentration ratio in the plating solution and employing different current densities, it was possible to prepare alloys with widely varying compositions and surface morphologies. All Al-Mo-Mn alloys were dense, compact, and adhered well to the copper substrate surface. The addition of small amounts of Mn to the Al-Mo alloy resulted in an improvement in the chloride pitting corrosion resistance and metallic brightness. For example, Al 9 0 . 1 Mo 9 . 9 Mn 0 and Al 8 9 . 5 Mo 9 . 1 Mn 1 . 4 displayed pitting potentials that were 725 and 837 mV more positive than that for Al, respectively. Al-Mo-Mn alloys that contained more than about 10 atom % Mo + Mn exhibited a metallic glass structure.
Poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs)—fulfilling their potential for children in poverty?

Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) are currently at the centre of devel- opment assistance and planning in many countries and donor agencies. As such, they are potentially of enormous significance for children living in poverty. Based on a review of PRSP documents, authors' experiences and other evidence, the paper explores the main policies of economic growth and social sector investment laid out in PRSPs and some likely implications for children's lives and equitable development. It examines how far PRSPs recognize child- hood poverty as a priority, and the strategies' often limited commitments to tackle it. The paper reflects on changes in policy planning, budgeting and review processes associated with PRSPs and examines their potential to contribute to effective poverty reduction. It concludes that, to date, changes in these processes are the most significant contribution of PRSPs; while the potential for more effective policy is strong, much work is required by all involved before they are a comprehensive or strategic approach to reducing childhood poverty or securing the wellbeing of future generations. Copyright # 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Irreducible dorsal epiphyseal fracture dislocation of the distal phalanx: a case report

In children, injuries about the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint most commonly are Salter–Harris I epiphyseal fractures where the joint stays congruent and is not disrupted. Extrusion of the epiphyseal fragment (or epiphyseal dislocation) is a very rare injury, and few cases have been reported in the literature. We report a case of an irreducible dorsal fracture dislocation of the DIP joint, with the epiphysis being almost devoid of soft tissues and angulated 90°. The joint capsule, volar plate, collateral ligaments and extensor tendon all appear to be intact. The extensor tendon inserts slightly more distal on the distal phalanx than usual, allowing for the epiphysis to displace, with the extensor tendon still intact. Our case demonstrates that subtle variations in anatomy can cause alternative fracture patterns about the DIP joint.
First-Principles Investigation of Adsorption and Dissociation of Hydrogen on Mg2Si Surfaces

Silicon can be used to destabilize MgH2 by producing Mg2Si and H2 as products. This process does not appear to be easily reversible. We have used density functional theory to investigate the adsorption and dissociation of H2 on clean and oxidized Mg2Si surfaces as a first step toward understanding the hydrogenation cycle. The surface energies of different low-index surfaces of Mg2Si have been examined and the (110) surface has the lowest surface energy of all the surfaces investigated. The energy barriers for hydrogen dissociation on the clean (110) surface along two different pathways were found to be 39.8 and 47.2 kJ/mol. Hydrogen dissociation should therefore be facile at room temperature. Oxide formation on Mg2Si(110) was calculated to be very exothermic. Our calculations indicate that the equilibrium coverage of oxygen on Mg2Si is 1.75 monolayer down to very low partial pressures of oxygen. Our calculations indicate that hydrogen dissociation is strongly inhibited on the oxide surface.
Numerical analysis of residual stresses near a weld in the course of electron-beam welding of thick plates

We propose a method for the determination of the triaxial stressed state in the process of butt welding by a rapidly moving heat source and construct three-dimensional distributions of the components of the stress field for welded joints of 1201-Т aluminum alloy with different thicknesses made by the electronbeam welding. It is shown that the residual transverse σ xx and axial σ yy stresses are maximum and constitute 80–90% of the ultimate strength of the metal. It is shown that, for plates of smaller thickness, the residual stresses are higher due the smaller sizes of the heat-and-deformation affected zone.
Abstract 1088: Differences in p53 signaling following induction of nucleotide pool deficiencies with hydroxyurea or PALA

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The tumor suppressor p53 is stabilized following the induction of deficiencies in nucleotide pool levels by antimetabolites. N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA) reversibly inhibits aspartate transcarbamylase, causing interruption of de novo pyrimidine synthesis; hydroxyurea (HU) reversibly inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, inhibiting the conversion of ribonucleotide triphosphates to deoxynucleotide triphosphates. When HCT116, a human colon carcinoma cell line, is treated with either HU or PALA, p53 accumulates and cells arrest in S-phase. Beyond these similarities, the cellular responses to PALA and HU are strikingly different. Chk1 is phosphorylated to a far greater extent in HU-treated HCT116 cells than following PALA treatment. The lack of Chk1 phosphorylation observed during PALA treatment was found to be due to the p53-dependent transcriptional activation of the Wip1 phosphatase, rather than the inactivity of ATR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies performed on PALA-treated cells demonstrated the presence of p53 at the Wip1 promoter, and both Wip1 transcript and protein levels were elevated. In contrast, the residency of p53 over the Wip1 promoter was not observed during HU treatment, nor was Wip1 protein or transcript elevated. During PALA treatment of the isogenic p53 null HCT116 cell line, Wip1 transcript levels are not elevated and Chk1 phosphorylation is restored, demonstrating the role of p53 in the elevation of Wip1 following PALA treatment. Although p53 accumulates during both HU and PALA treatment, the responses to the individual drugs differ so greatly that PALA-treated cells undergo a p53-dependent apoptosis while HU-treated cells enter a cytostatic cell cycle arrest. The post-translational modifications of p53 are dissimilar in the two treatments suggesting a variation of signaling to p53 as well as the downstream actions of the modified p53. The accumulated p53 in PALA-treated cells is phosphorylated at serine 46, an event needed to direct p53 to pro-apoptotic promoters; this phenomenon is not observed in HU-treated cells. Hence, during de novo pyrimidine synthesis inhibition, p53 promotes Wip1 transcription causing dephosphorylation of Chk1 leading to apoptosis. When deoxynucleotide triphosphate synthesis is inhibited, Chk1 is phosphorylated promoting cellular arrest in S-phase. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1088.
Monitoring the TOPEX Microwave Radiometer with GPS: Stability of columnar water vapor measurements

Using data from terrestrial global positioning system (GPS) receivers, we describe an anomalous drift in columnar water vapor measurements from the TOPEX microwave radiometer (TMR). Based on their long-occupation histories and proximity to open-water TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) ground tracks, we identified four geodetic-quality GPS stations that are suitable for calibrating the TMR. We constructed time series at each site based on the differences of instantaneous vertical wet tropospheric path delay (PD wet ) derived independently from GPS and TMR data at T/P overflight times. The ensemble results span 1992-1997 and suggest that the TMR measurements of PD wet are gradually drifting lower. Our nominal estimate of the drift is - 1.2 ± 0.4 mm yr -1 (one standard error). Accounting for this would increase the estimated rate of change in global mean sea level from T/P by the same amount.