cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Are the Host Factors That Place an Individual at Risk for Helicobacter pylori-Associated Disease?

Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with duodenal and gastric ulcer disease, gastric cancer, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Although more than half the world's population harbors H. pylori, only a proportion will develop clinically significant disease. The specific clinical outcome of an individual can be examined as the modulation of host factors by H. pylori infection. Host acid-secretory status and sensitivity to gastrin can be modulated by H. pylori infection. Once H. pylori has established itself in the stomach, virtually everyone develops gastritis, and variations in gastritis patterns have been associated with different gastric acid responses to H. pylori infection. The patterns of gastritis are important because they seem to determine disease outcome. Blood group antigens have been implicated in studies of ulcer disease. Receptors to Lewis antigens in gastric mucosa indicate that host mucosal factors influence H. pylori attachment. Conversely, H. pylori strains express Lewis antigen-like molecules, suggesting an autoimmune component for some H. pylori-associated diseases. HLA genotypes may influence the host response to H. pylori infection, and those of H. pylori-infected individuals have been correlated with histological features. The clinical outcome of H. pylori infection is most likely a result of complex interactions among host, bacterial, and environmental factors. The mechanisms by which these diverse factors influence the pathogenesis of different clinical outcomes remain under investigation.
The Influence of Acute Stress on the Response of Rabbits to Intravenous Endotoxin

Immature rabbits were subjected to an acute stress period in a modified Noble-Collip drum, alone and in conjunction with an intravenous injection of E. coli endotoxin. The lethal effects and incidence and severity of the morphologic changes were appreciably greater in the animals given endotoxin in association with stress than in those subjected to rotation alone. The similarity of these lesions to those produced by two properly spaced injections of endotoxin is discussed. The results of the study support the hypothesis that adrenal gland hormones participate in the effects produced by endotoxin.
Nonlinear Responses of Buckled Beams to Subharmonic-Resonance Excitations

We investigated theoretically and experimentally the nonlinear responseof a clamped-clamped buckled beam to a subharmonic resonance of orderone-half of its first vibration mode. We used a multi-mode Galerkindiscretization to reduce the governing nonlinear partial-differentialequation in space and time into a set of nonlinearly coupledordinary-differential equations in time only. We solved the discretizedequations using the method of multiple scales to obtain a second-orderapproximate solution, including the modulation equations governing itsamplitude and phase, the effective nonlinearity, and the effectiveforcing. To investigate the large-amplitude dynamics, we numericallyintegrated the discretized equations using a shooting method to computeperiodic orbits and used Floquet theory to investigate their stabilityand bifurcations. We obtained interesting dynamics, such as phase-lockedand quasiperiodic motions, resulting from a Hopf bifurcation,snapthrough motions, and a sequence of period-doubling bifurcationsleading to chaos. Some of these nonlinear phenomena, such as Hopfbifurcation, cannot be predicted using a single-mode Galerkindiscretization. We carried out an experiment and obtained results ingood qualitative agreement with the theoretical results.
Redescription and New Host Record of Capsala laevis (Monogenoidea: Capsalidae: Capsalinae) from Gill of Roundscale Spearfish, Tetrapturus georgii (Perciformes: Istiophoridae) in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of a capsalid collected from the gill arches of 2 roundscale spearfish, Tetrapturus georgii Lowe, 1840, (Perciformes: Istiophoridae), captured in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean were identified as Capsala laevis (Verrill, 1875) Johnston, 1929 by having the combination of papillae on the ventral surface of haptor, dorsomarginal body sclerites in a single column extending the entire body length, haptoral accessory sclerites, conical papillae distributing over the ventral body surface, and an anterior attachment organ with a fimbriated posterior margin. The new specimens plus the holotype were used to conduct a taxonomic redescription of C. laevis using light and scanning electron microscopy. We documented that the holotype (USNPC No. 7179) and the new specimens of C. laevis from roundscale spearfish each had papillae on the ventral surface of the anterior attachment organs and sensory papillae on the dorsal body surface. Although data are insufficient at this time to justify proposal of a new species, the new specimens differed from the holotype and published accounts of C. laevis by having a sinistral dorsomarginal patch comprising 27-35 sclerites whereas the holotype has a dorsomarginal patch comprising 60 sclerites. Capsala laevis morphologically most closely resembles Capsala ovalis (Goto, 1894) Price, 1938, but can be most easily differentiated from it by having dorsomarginal body sclerites. This represents the first record of any parasite from the recently taxonomically resurrected roundscale spearfish, long considered by some as a junior subjective synonym of white marlin, Tetrapturus albidus Poey, 1860 and, concomitantly, a new host record for Capsalidae Baird, 1853. An updated list of host records for C. laevis is provided. A perusal of that literature reveals that the identity of the type host for C. laevis is indeterminate beyond Istiophoridae species and that subsequent reports of the type host as 'T. albidus' are presumptuous (originally reported in 1875 by Verrill as ''bill-fish'' only). Our results indicated that 2 records of C. laevis from the swordfish, Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758, (Perciformes: Xiphiidae) are dubious, i.e., study of the museum voucher USNPC No. 8154 indicates that Linton's 1940 record from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean likely represents a new species of Capsala Bosc, 1811 and that the Kayiset al. 2010 record from the Aegean Sea likely depicts a species of Capsaloides Price, 1938. Billfishes (Xiphioidei) areamongthemost charismaticandsought after marine vertebrates, drawing considerable attention from the sport fish and seafood industries throughout their worldwide range. The billfishes are presently divided into 2 extant families comprising the monotypic Xiphiidae (for the swordfish, Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758) and the remaining billfishes of Istiophoridae, which includes 3 genera and 9 accepted species (Collette et al., 2006).
A potentiostatic study of the electrolytic formation of AgO

Abstract Cyclic voltammetry has been used to study the electrolytic formation of AgO at a silver electrode in aqueous KOH solutions. A range of sweep rates and limiting positive potentials have been used. The conditions under which an anodic peak appears on the negative-going scan have been determined. The results are interpretated in terms of two processes in the formation of AgO: nucleation and crystal growth. One of these is more energy-dependent while the other is more time-dependent. The electrode reaction mechanism is the same in 1.0 as in 6.5 M KOH.
Ridit Analysis in Dental Clinical Studies

Ridit analysis is presented as an appropriate method of analyzing dental clinical data which fall somewhere between the purely categorical (e.g., improved vs. not improved) and the bona fide quantitative (e.g., mg % salivary calcium) scales of measurement. The key feature of the method is the estimation of the probability that a randomly-selected patient from one treatment group is "better-off" than a randomly-selected patient from another. Methods are presented for testing statistical significance and constructing confidence intervals. The method is illustrated on data from a comparative clinical trial of ibuprofen, aspirin and placebo in the relief of post-extraction pain. There were no significant differences in efficacy among the active treatments, but each was significantly superior to placebo.
Modeling spatial variations in heart disease mortality: Implications of the variable subset selection process

Abstract This study concerns the general issue of variable subset selection for a multiple regression model with an application to the problem of explaining the spatial variation of heart disease mortality in Northern Ohio, U.S.A. Two variable selection processes are utilized to arrive at the “best” explanatory model of heart disease mortality for this region. The widely used stepwise technique and recently developed optimal regression method are compared according to their ability to select a “best” explanatory model. The optimal regression method proved superior. Relationships uncovered by the variable selection process indicated that in the study area, percent of population which is Black is negatively associated with heart disease mortality rates whereas poor housing, percent of population ≥65 years of age, and percent of population of foreign stock are variables positively related to rates of heart disease mortality in Northern Ohio. Discussion of underlying reasons for relationships uncovered among selected socio-economic variables and heart disease mortality rates provides a frame of reference for more detailed study of the possible socio-economic determinants of heart disease mortality. It is suggested that the poor housing variable is a reasonable surrogate for the “life stress” factor and the percent population of foreign stock may be viewed as a surrogate for dietary habits. Also illustrated are the confounding of further variable selection and differences in interpretation which may arise if the “best” model is not selected.
Payments for Ecosystem Services in Mexico: Nature, Neoliberalism, Social Movements, and the State

Prominent advocates of payments for ecosystem services (PES) contend that markets in biodiversity, carbon storage, and hydrological services can produce both conservation and sustainable development. In Mexico's national PES programs, however, conceived as models of market-based management, efficiency criteria have clashed with antipoverty goals and an enduring developmental-state legacy. Like other projects for commodification of nature, Mexico's PES is a hybrid of market-like mechanisms, state regulations, and subsidies. It has been further reshaped by social movements mobilized in opposition to neoliberal restructuring. These activists see ecosystem services as coproduced by nature and campesino communities. Rejecting the position of World Bank economists, they insist that the values of ecosystems derive less from the market prices of their services than from their contributions to peasant livelihoods, biodiversity, and social benefits that cannot be quantified or sold. These divergent conceptualizatio...
Strength and Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Composite Slabs

This research aimed to evaluate and compare the influence of 4 types of secondary reinforcement for temperature and shrinkage on the strength and behavior of composite slabs with a variety of loading conditions and span configurations. The 4 types of secondary reinforcement were welded wire fabric (WWF), and 3 types of fibers. The tests included 3-span composite slabs, with the steel deck continuous over the 3 spans but with no negative moment reinforcement used, subjected to a uniformly distributed load, and simple span slabs subjected to point and line loads. In conjunction with the slab tests, the flexural toughness and first-crack strength of the fiber-reinforced concrete mixes were determined using the ASTM C1018 standard test. The performance of the specimens reinforced with fibers is compared with that of the specimens reinforced with WWF. Results indicate that the strength, failure mode, crack initiation, and propagation, and load-deflection behavior are not much influenced by type of secondary reinforcement in the composite slab.
Platelet membrane lipid composition and the frequency of migraine.

SYNOPSIS A variety of evidence associates abnormalities in platelet function with the development of migraine. Given the pivotal role of platelet membranes in these functions, it was proposed that migraine patients have abnormalities in their platelet membrane composition. To examine this hypothesis, platelet membrane lipid composition was analyzed in 16 migraine patients and 10 control subjects. The content of phosphatidylcholine, the amount of arachidonic acid in phosphatidylcholine, and the amount of unsaturated fatty acids in most phospholipids were significantly increased in patients with infrequent migraine as compared to controls or patients with frequent migraine. These results suggest that membrane lipid composition may play a role in the frequency and severity of migraine attacks.
Structural and electrical properties of Li5TlO4

Abstract The structural and electrical properties of Li 5 TlO 5 were investigated. Li 5 TlO 4 was found to be sensitive to moisture or CO 2 in ambient environment. An electronically conducting brown to black thin layer, mainly composed of LiTlO 2 , was formed on the surface of Li 5 TlO 4 pellets during sintering and impedance measurement. The electronic conduction exceeded ionic conduction below 150°C. Above 150°C, ionic conduction became predominant with a maximum conductivity of 1×10 −3 (Ω-cm) −1 at 250°C for one of the samples. This value is high in comparison with the conductivity of other Li 5 M III O 4 isomorphs Above 400°C, a large increase in the conductivity, probably due to the presence of LiOH, was observed. Sample-to-sample differences in conductivity and variation during heating-cooling cycles were noted. These results are discussed in relation to the structural and thermal properties.
Investigation of dynamical effects for 50–600 keV argon ions stopping in silicon

Abstract Slow collisions between heavy ions and lighter target atoms can produce inner-shell vacancies through rotational coupling in the collision quasimolecule. In solid targets, multiple collisions affect the dynamics of vacancy production, vacancy lifetimes and fluorescence yields. For Ar-Si collisions these effects are investigated through measurements of total X-ray production cross sections for the Si K-shell and Ar L-shell, assuming a model of 3dδ + −3dπ + −3dσ rotational coupling for the Ar L-vacancy production and 2pπ + −2pσ rotational coupling for Si K-vacancy production.
Asymptotic distributions of the correlation integral based statistics

Data generated from some deterministic dynamical systems may appear random. This phenomenon is called chaos. Many classical test statistics cannot distinguish this type of data from IID random observations. Recently, some new test statistics based on correlation integrals were proposed in the literature. However, the statistical properties of these new test statistics have not been studied. This paper studies the asymptotic properties of these test statistics under the IID null hypothesis. Establishing the asymptotic distributions of the test statistics facilitates statistical hypothesis testing. The asymptotic null distributions derived are supported by Monte Carlo simulations.
Alternative responses to child protective services: emerging issues and concerns.

Abstract Problem: Increased calls to “do something” about child protective services (CPS) have resulted in proposals or new “paradigms” for services to at-risk or abusive families. These new paradigms call for the reform or revamping of CPS through the development of a community-based alternative response to some reports of child abuse and/or neglect. Method: This article reports on outcomes for 1,263 “low” risk CPS referrals diverted to a community-based alternative response system. Data on child, family, and case characteristics and services provided are presented as well as outcomes associated with re-referral and placement post service provision. Results: The risk level and severity of some of the referrals to alternative response systems seems inappropriately high. The rates of re-referral were similar for families who did or did not engage in assessment services, and were highest for families where domestic violence was present. Conclusions: Criteria for diversion to community alternatives to CPS must be clearly articulated and applied. Both CPS and alternative response system workers must have the skills required to address a family’s recognition of the problem and degree of motivation to engage in problem resolution, and to understand their relationship to continued risk of CA/N.
Analysis of a finite element algorithm for numerical predictions in water resources research

Cfn I N T R O D U C T I O N L(rh) = ~-[ + ~ [fnf4, + m'u'~ + s] = 0 (3) The use of numerical simulation of the differential equation systems describing fluid dynamics phenomena is rapidly expanding, as developments mature in computer In equation (1), h(x 1, x 3, t) is the description of the freehardware capability and numerical algorithm flexibility, surface, where x: is the coordinate parallel to the gravity accuracy and efficiency. One area of concentrated activity vector gl, A(xi) is the cross-sectional area distribution, and has been in water resources. ~ is the ensemble-averaged velocity vector. In equations Numerical solution algorithm development, for the (2) and (3) p is pressure, #~j is the Stokes stress tensor, th is non-linear partial differential equations governing multispecies mass fraction, s is a source term, and u~,~; and m'u~ dimensional problems in fluid dynamics, has been are ensemble-averages of fluctuating fields ~. historically based upon finite difference procedures. The For most prediction procedures, a flux-gradient approach employingfiniteelementinterpolationconcepts relationship is assumed for these fields. For example, within a Galerkin weighted-residuals formulation letting v t denote an 'effective' turbulent kinematic emerged a decade ago as an alternative theoretical basis, viscosity, The original major impetus was the geometric flexibility provided by triangulation of the solution domain. This , , _ tl~.~ dth has been rather mitigated in many instances by the m u ~ = C , v Cx~ (4) development of regularizing coordinate transformations, although triangulation procedures certainly will remain where C~ ~ are suitably selected directionally-sensitive viable for specific analyses, correlation coefficients. An expression for the Reynolds The present assertion is that. the geometry issue has stress tensor u'~u'j, that encompasses many simplified probably overshadowed what may emerge as the key models, is2: contribution of the finite element theoretical basis, i.e., a unified algorithmic development procedure based upon calculus and vector field theory. Attention has focused on u'~u~ = kai. i C,.vtE~j Cvv'Cv ~ EikEk. i (5) this issue in recent years, with definitive results now becoming available on detailed comparisons of solution accuracy, convergence and efficiency. One interesting where E~j is the symmetric strain tensor outcome is that interpolation theory can be utilized I-C~ ~fi/] directly to derive an equivalent difference operator E~j=|~--+t3x_lcxj] (6) recursion relation for comparison. Similarities must occur for linear derivative terms, for example, while other types of terms probably do not compare exactly. This paper Note that the Stokes stress tensor can be included in highlights pertinent results on assessment of accuracy, equation (5) by the definition of the effective viscosity convergence and utility of a finite element algorithm, for coefficient, application to prediction of fluid dynamics phenomena in water resources applications, v~= Ree + Cvv' (7)
Liquid Helium-3

tigated and compared with those of helium-4. It was found that helium-3 differs from helium-4 not only in its mass but also in possessing a nuclear spin of 1/2 (B.O.G.)
Coupled Solitary Waves in Neurophysics

An analytic description of single pulse propagation on a single myelinated fiber is presented and multiple pulse solutions on a single fiber are described. A structural perturbation technique is developed to study the formation of condensed pulse states on fiber bundles. It is suggested that such condensed states may serve as a mechanism for the interaction of neural systems with weak (non-ionizing) electromagnetic fields.
Effect of biological ice nucleators on insect supercooling capacity varies with anatomic site of application

Abstract Topical application of ice nucleating active (INA) bacteria or fungi decreases the cold tolerance of freeze-intolerant insects by raising their supercooling points (SCPs). However, the route by which INA agents come in contact with insect body water is unknown. To determine their effect on the SCP, we topically applied a suspension of INA Pseudomonas syringae to four anatomic sites of the freeze-intolerant lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens . Aqueous suspensions of either cultured or lyophilized, ultraviolet irradiated (UVI) P. syringae produced significantly higher mean SCPs than control treatments when applied to the thoracic spiracle of the insect, − 7.7 and − 5.6 °C, respectively, compared with the control treatment's mean SCP of − 14.9 °C. Application of an aqueous suspension of UVI P. syringae to three other anatomic sites on the beetle produced less dramatic and more varied increases in mean SCP. Application of the INA fungus Fusarium avenaceum to the thoracic spiracle significantly elevated the mean SCP to approx. − 10 °C. Application of powdered UVI P. syringae to the thoracic spiracle resulted in a SCP increase from − 14.9 to − 4.6 °C, the most dramatic increase in this study. These results indicate that the efficacy of INA microorganisms in elevating the SCP varies with the microorganism and its site of application.
Comparison of T4, T3, rT3 and TSH concentrations in cord blood and serum of infants up to 3 months of age.

Abstract T4, T3, TSH and rT3 concentrations were measured by radio immunoassay in cord and postnatal (8–94 days of age) serum samples from randomly selected normal newborn infants (Group I). T4 and TSH levels also were determined in cord and postnatal sera from an additional group of apparently healthy infants 8–260 days of age, whose cord serum T4 levels were in the upper or lower 10% of the normal range of values (Group II). Postnatal T4, T3 and TSH concentrations were stable over this age range; there were no significant differences between male and female infant samples. However, there was a significant decrease in serum rT3 concentrations from 8 to 50 days of age. For the Group I infants, there were significant positive correlations between cord serum T4 and postnatal serum T4 levels, cord serum TSH and postnatal serum TSH levels, and cord serum rT3 and postnatal serum rT3 concentrations. For Group II infants, a significant positive correlation was found for cord T4-postnatal T4 serum concentrations.
Wear resistance of WC particle reinforced copper matrix composites and the effect of porosity

The wear behavior of WC particle reinforced copper matrix composites has been determined with a pin-on-disk technique against a sintered SiC abrasive disk. The wear rate as a function of a normal wear stress and the composite porosity was investigated. Results have shown that up to a normal load of around 9 N (or 0.55 MPa pressure), the wear rate of fully dense Cu/WC (53 vol%) composites increases linearly with the applied pressure. Results also show that porosity in the Cu/WC composite increases wear. Surface pores, due to their non-load bearing characteristic, increase the effective contact wear stress. However, even with the effective stress accounted for, the pore containing composites still show a higher wear rate than the fully dense composite. Cracking of pore edges near the surface depending on the pore geometry and distribution as well as the transverse stress is responsible for such excess wear.
Determination of pazopanib (GW-786034) in mouse plasma and brain tissue by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS).

Abstract A simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS–MS) method has been developed and validated for the quantitative determination of pazopanib in mouse plasma and brain tissue homogenate. Single liquid–liquid extraction step with ethyl acetate was employed for analysis of pazopanib and the internal standard (IS); vandetanib. HPLC separation was performed on an XTerra® MS C18 column 50 mm × 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm. The mobile phase consisted of 70% acetonitrile and 30% water with 0.1% formic acid, pumped at a flow rate of 0.25 ml/min. Analysis time was 3.5 min per run and both the analyte and IS eluted within 1.8–2.0 min. Multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode was utilized to detect the compounds of interest. The mass spectrometer was operated in the positive ion mode for detection. The precursor to product ions (Q1→Q3) selected for pazopanib and internal standard during quantitative optimization were (m/z) 438.1→357.2 and 475.0→112.2 respectively. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 3.9–1000 ng/ml in both biological matrices. Lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for mouse plasma and brain tissue was 3.9 ng/ml. The values for inter and intra day precision and accuracy were well within the ranges acceptable for analytical assessment (
Long-term effects of organic and conventional farming on soil erosion

Conventional, intensive tillage farming systems have greatly increased crop production and labour efficiency. But, serious questions are being raised about the energy-intensive nature of these systems and their adverse effects on soil productivity and environmental quality1,2. This concern has led to an increasing interest in organic farming systems because they may reduce some of the negative effects of conventional agriculture on the environment3,4. We compare the long-term effects (since 1948) of organic and conventional farming on selected properties of the same soil. The organically-farmed soil had significantly higher organic matter content, thicker topsoil depth, higher polysaccharide content, lower modulus of rupture and less soil erosion than the conventionally-farmed soil. This study indicates that, in the long term, the organic farming system was more effective than the conventional farming system in reducing soil erosion and, therefore, in maintaining soil productivity.
Cognitive Scientific Realism

Our cognitive capabilities force us into a description of the world by levels. But theories on different levels result in descriptions that differ qualitatively. Therefore, the resulting incommensurability requires ontological bridges between such theories. These are obtained uniquely when the equations of the reduced theory are compared with a suitable limit of the equations of the reducing theory. Four case studies from theoretical physics and astronomy support this claim, two for theories of composites and two for non-composites (field theories). These results a coherent view of a single real world despite its ontological pluralism. The cumulativity of scientific knowledge is thus ensured and realism is supported.
Ace is a collagen-binding MSCRAMM from Enterococcus faecalis.

A putative collagen-binding MSCRAMM, Ace, of Enterococcus faecalis was identified by searching bacterial genome data bases for proteins containing domains homologous to the ligand-binding region of Cna, the collagen-binding MSCRAMM from Staphylococcus aureus. Ace was predicted to have a molecular mass of 71 kDa and contains features characteristic of cell surface proteins on Gram-positive bacteria, including a LPXTG motif for cross-linking to the cell wall. The N-terminal region of Ace contained a region (residues 174-319) in which 56% of the residues are identical or similar when compared with the minimal ligand-binding region of Cna (Cna 151-318); the remainder of the Ace A domain has 46% similarity with the corresponding region of the Cna A domain. Antibodies raised against recombinant Ace A domain were used to verify the cell surface expression of Ace on E. faecalis. These antibodies also effectively inhibited the adhesion of enterococcal cells to a collagen substrate, suggesting that Ace is a functional collagen-binding MSCRAMM. Structural modeling of the conserved region in Ace (residues 174-319) suggested a structure very similar to that reported for residues 151-318 of the Cna collagen-binding domain in which the ligand-binding site was identified as a trench transversing a beta-sheet face (Symersky, J., Patti, J. M., Carson, M., House-Pompeo, K., Teale, M., Moore, D., Jin, L., DeLucas, L. J., Hook, M., and Narayana, S. V. L. (1997) Nat. Struct. Biol. 10, 833-838). Biochemical analyses of recombinant Ace and Cna A domains supported the modeling data in that the secondary structures were similar as determined by CD spectroscopy and both proteins bound at multiple sites in type I collagen with micromolar affinities, but with different apparent kinetics. We conclude that Ace is a collagen-binding MSCRAMM on enterococci and is structurally and functionally related to the staphylococcal Cna protein.
When Pivotal Politics Meets Partisan Politics

Recent years have witnessed many efforts to understand legislative productivity and gridlock. However, despite theoretical and empirical contributions to how preferences and institutions shape political gridlock's level (e.g., Krehbiel 1996, 1998) and empirical evidence about how parties may affect political gridlock (e.g., Binder 1999; Coleman 1999), we lack a comprehensive perspective theoretically and empirically examining preferences, institutions, and parties. We overcome this deficiency by modeling conditions for gridlock as a function of preferences and institutions—incorporating bicameralism and presidential influence—and of parties. By generating equilibrium gridlock intervals for empirical testing using Poole's (1998) common space scores, and showing that gridlock intervals associated with models in which parties have no effect or an agenda-setting role do not explain policy gridlock but that those linked to models with party-unity effects and strong presidential leadership do, we demonstrate the importance of accounting for party and leadership roles in explaining legislative choices.
Using plant community diversity in reserve design for pothole prairie on the blackfeet Indian reservation, Montana, USA

Abstract I sampled vegetation around 82 ponds in eight areas of glacial pothole prairie on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation in north-central Montana by recording dominant species into two cover classes. I used these data to develop a community classification system and then determined the distribution of community types to calculate community richness and diversity (Shannon's H ′) for each of the eight areas in order to assess their relative value in designing a prairie pothole reserve system. Plant species richness was not strongly correlated with community richness or community diversity. I used combined values of H ′ as well as dissimilarity determined by Kendall's τ to select combinations of areas that provided optimal diversity and representativeness. These two methods yielded comparable but not identical results. Inventorying plant communities and using community diversity and dissimilarity to select sites are efficient and effective techniques for reserve design.
Groups with all proper subgroups nilpotent-by-finite rank

In this paper the authors consider the class of groups in which every proper subgroup is nilpotent-by-finite rank. There exist infinite simple groups with this property. Among the results proved is the theorem that a locally soluble-by-finite such group that is not a perfect p-group is itself nilpotent-by-finite rank, provided the group has no infinite simple images.
Nebular gas drag and planetary accretion. II. Planet on an eccentric orbit.

Abstract We study the trajectories of planetesimals whose orbits decay starward as a result of gas drag and are perturbed by the gravity of a massive planet on an eccentric orbit. Each planetesimal ultimately suffers one of three possible fates: (1) trapping in a mean motion resonance with the planet, (2) accretion by the planet, or (3) passage by the planet and continued orbital decay. At moderate to large planetary eccentricity, numerical 3-body integrations of the motion of a planetesimal in the solar nebula demonstrate that migrating planetesimals can become trapped in the 1/1 resonance. These bodies initially have large libration amplitudes (approaching 2π) which decay down to 0 at the trailing Lagrange point. With some combinations of drag rate and planetary eccentricity, over 15% of the planetesimals which encounter the planet are trapped in the 1/1 resonance. Bodies trapped in the this way could be the precursors of the Trojan asteroids. Migrating planetesimals can be caught in both pure Lindblad and combined Lindblad/corotation resonances exterior to the planet's orbit. Trapping has been found in several j/(j + k) resonances with k's ranging from 1 to 4. As one considers larger planetary eccentricities, corotation resonances become more important than Lindblad resonances, and (for a given drag rate) trapping can occur at higher k's and farther from the planet. At large planetary eccentricities, planetesimals can also be caught in (j + 1)/j Lindblad/corotation resonances interior to the planet. Interior trapping, which is dynamically forbidden in the case of a planet on a circular orbit, requires planetary eccentricity to increase both the planetesimal's semimajor axis and its eccentricity near conjunction to counter gas drag. Provided the planetesimal's and planet's apoapses are roughly aligned, and conjunction occurs while both bodies are approaching apoapse, then the planetesimal can become trapped in an interior resonance. The probability of a planetesimal avoiding accretion while migrating past the planet can be described as the probability of not being accreted in a single conjunction to the power of the number of conjunctions that a planetesimal has with the planet while passing through its feeding zone. In the nongravitating planet limit (which is valid for a low mean density planet on a highly eccentric orbit), the accretion probability increases with planetary eccentricity due to the growth of the planet's feeding zone. When the planet's gravity is considered using the 2+2-body approximation (which is valid for a dense planet on a moderately eccentric orbit), the accretion rate is nearly independent of planetary eccentricity. Numerical simulations show that at small planetary eccentricities, the 2+2-body approximation breaks down, and the accretion probability gradually increases with decreasing eccentricity in this regime.
Thinking and Feeling Poetry: Exploring Meanings Aloud.

What role can emotions play in informing readers' interpretations of poems? This think-aloud study, with an experimental design, featured 10 college freshmen randomly assigned to 2 groups. The think-aloud (TA) group verbalized thoughts while reading 2 poems, and the think-and-feel-aloud (TFA) group voiced both thoughts and feelings. Participants prompted to TFA identified more poetic devices and reported higher interest in the poems than TA participants. On average, the TFA group also made more elaborative comments than the TA group. These responses often demonstrated a deeper understanding of the poems. TFA readers used 4 different types of elaborations to help them understand poems.
Variation of upper tropospheric clouds and water vapor over the Indian ocean

Abstract. The upper tropospheric (UT) ice water content (IWC) and water vapor (H2O) observed by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) show dominant dipole mode variability over the Indian Ocean. This is characterized by the oscillating differences between the Western and Eastern Indian Ocean (WIO and EIO) with greater amplitude in JJA and SON than in other seasons. We denote δ X = X_WIO–X_EIO, with X being H2O and IWC at three UT levels (215 hPa, 147 hPa and 100 hPa) as well as sea surface temperature (SST), following the definition for previously identified Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) variability. We found a strong positive correlation of δIWC at three UT levels with δSST, and a relatively weak positive correlation of δIWC with Nino 3.4 SST, suggesting that the UT clouds over the Indian Ocean are largely controlled by local thermally-driven circulation while teleconnection to ENSO plays a secondary role. The change per degree of δSST for δIWC in SON is 5.5 mg m−3 C−1 at 215 hPa, 1.6 mg m−3 C−1 at 147 hPa and 0.13 mg m−3 C−1 at 100 hPa (the 7-yr mean δIWC is −4.7 mg m−3, −1.6 mg m−3 and −0.13 mg m−3 at 215 hPa, 147 hPa and 100 hPa respectively). For δH2O, the per degree δSST change of 41.2 ppmv C−1 corresponds to a strong increase at 215 hPa and a decrease of −0.23 ppmv C−1 (−0.18 ppmv C−1) at 100 hPa (147 hPa), respectively. The Nino 3.4 SST has a relatively weak positive (negative) correlation with δ H2O at 215 hPa (100 hPa). The increase of δH2O at 215 hPa with increasing δSST is associated with the sharper contrast in convective intensity while the decrease of δH2O at 100 hPa with increasing δSST is a signature of the "convective cold top" and temperature control of 100 hPa H2O. For H2O, the 147 hPa marks a transition from the convection-controlled 215 hPa to the temperature-controlled 100 hPa.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of Amphibian Peptides. Selectivity Changes Induced by pH

Abstract The effect of pH on the retention behavior under reversed- phase liquid chromatography conditions of a series of peptides was examined. Isocratic conditions were used with either methanol or acetonitrile as organic modifiers. The intrinsic hydrophobicity of the peptides was altered by changes in the pH of the eluent mixture. Increased retention at pH 7 relative to pH 4 was correlated with the presence of a histidine residue in a hydrophobic environment. An experimental parameter, αpH, was defined as the positive quotient of capacity factors at pH 4 and pH 7 for a given eluent. These αpH values are interpreted as reflecting changes in peptide hydrophobicity introduced by variations in solvent and pH. Identical αpH values were obtained for homologous peptides, particularly histidine containing peptides. This approach to selectivity effects yielded diagnostic conditions for the analysis of bombesin, a peptide touted as a potential marker for human small-cell lung carcinoma.
The Determinants of Privatization in Latin America

Previous work on political institutions and economic reform provide a number of testable hypotheses that have yet to be fully examined in a multivariate framework. The strength of the presidency, d...
The Spirit of Reconciliation in Ambrose Bierce's CHICKAMAUGA (1889)

Ambrose Bierce's “Chickamauga” (1889) tells the story of a six-year-old boy, a “deaf mute” (652), who experiences firsthand the horrors of the Civil War. And although the graphic details and tragic...
Social Relations, Physical Activity, and Well-Being in Older Adults☆☆☆

Abstract Background . A randomized controlled trial was conducted to examine: (a) the effect of two physical activity modes on changes in subjective well-being (SWB) over the course of a 12-month period in older, formerly sedentary adults ( N = 174, M age = 65.5 years) and (b) the role played by physical activity participation and social support in changes in SWB over time. Method . Participants were randomized into either an aerobic activity group or a stretching and toning group. Structural equation modeling was employed to conduct multiple sample latent growth curve analyses of individual growth in measures of SWB (happiness, satisfaction with life, and loneliness) over time. Results . A curvilinear growth pattern was revealed with well-being significantly improving over the course of the intervention followed by significant declines at the 6-month follow-up. Subsequent structural analyses were conducted showing that frequency of exercise participation was a significant predictor of improvement in satisfaction with life, whereas social relations were related to increases in satisfaction with life and reductions in loneliness. Improvements in social relations and exercise frequency also helped to buffer the declines in satisfaction with life at follow-up. Conclusions . It appears that social relations integral to the exercise environment are significant determinants of subjective well-being in older adults. Findings are discussed in terms of how physical activity environments might be structured to maximize improvements in more global well-being constructs such as satisfac tion with life.
Computational Modeling of Vapor Chambers With Nanostructured Wicks

As the power and heat output of modern CPUs climb ever higher and the interest in compact, passively cooled devices grows, there is an urgent need for thinner and more effective vapor chamber technologies. Nanostructured wick technologies based on oxide and organic nanowires have been proposed as a method of improving heat pipe performance in such applications. This work performs finite difference simulations of a 2D heat pipe accounting for variable porosity in the wick. For heat fluxes of 10 and 100 W/cm2 , we find that temperature difference between the evaporator and condenser regions decreases by 10%, which is promising for spreading thermal energy. We find that spatially varying porosity yields improvements in spreading heat throughout the entire wick region. Finally, we observe that boiling is depressed in the evaporator region. These results verify the benefits of nanostructured wicks. This simulation tool provides the groundwork for future studies of 3D flat package heat pipes.© 2009 ASME
Polysynaptic activation of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation: An olfactory input via the lateral entorhinal cortex

The possibility that olfactory input is transmitted to specific subregions of the hippocampal formation via the entorhinal cortex was investigated electrophysiologically by analyzing the laminar profiles of potentials evoked in the hippocampal formation by stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT). LOT stimulation resulted in long latency (14–20 ms) evoked responses in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation ipsilateral to the stimulation. The variable long latency of these responses and their inability to follow stimulus rates of 40/s suggested that these potentials reflected polysynaptic activation. Analysis of the laminar profiles of the evoked potentials indicated that the responses originated from a synaptic field localized in the outer portion of the stratum moleculare of the dentate gyrus, a terminal distribution which overlaps that of the lateral entorhinal cortical (LEC) projection to the dentate gyrus. Lesions of the LEC eliminated the long latency responses in the dentate gyrus evoked by LOT stimulation. In addition, a conditioning pulse delivered either to the LOT or to the LEC produced paired pulse potentiation of the response elicited by subsequent stimulation of the other structure. No evidence was found to indicate that responses were generated in regio superior of the hippocampus proper following LOT stimulation. Taken together, these results suggest that stimulation of the LOT activates the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation by multisynaptic pathways which relay through the lateral portion of the entorhinal area. This finding is discussed with regard to entorhinal cortical organization and the known olfactory projections to the LEC.
Electrical Matching of Unidirectional Surface Wave Devices

Recent advances in surface wave device (SWD) technology have made it possible to obtain bandpass filters with insertion losses as low as 0.65 dB by implementing 3-phase unidirectional transducers. This paper discusses the techniques used for electrically matching unidirectional SWD's and shows recent experimental results obtained by using these techniques. Also included are discussions on electrical measurements of 3-phase transducer terminals, different methods of phase splitting and transducer interface, component value calculations for phase splitting and matching, and a review of sources of filter insertion loss.
The effects of different irrigation levels applied in golf courses on some quality characteristics of turfgrass

The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of different irrigation levels on evapotranspiration (ET) and quality characteristics of golf-course turfgrasses grown under Mediterranean climatic conditions and to determine the most economical irrigation level which would provide an acceptable turfgrass quality level. Four different irrigation treatments were examined: 100% (S1), 88% (S2), 75% (S3), and 50% (S4) of the evaporation measured in the Class A Pan. Treatment S2 represented the existing irrigation level practiced by golf course management. The best color quality during the experimental period was obtained from the S3 irrigation treatment, followed by S2. Results regarding the ground cover percentage and root weights in the S2 and S3 treatments were better than S1 and S4. It was concluded that Class A Pan could be used to schedule turfgrass irrigation and 75% of evaporation from Class A Pan would be enough for irrigation. Additionally, it was found that 15% of irrigation water could be conserved compared with the current irrigation schedule (S2), practiced by the owner.
Approximate relativistic correction for 10–18 electrons in atoms

The eigenvalues for the relativistic Hamiltonians for the isoelectronic series with 10 to 18 electrons and with atomic number, Z, from 10 to 36 were obtained by perturbation theory from the computed Hartree-Fock functions. To the computed relativistic energies I have added an empirical estimate of the spinorbit energy, making use of the experimental spin-orbit splitting in the atomic spectra. The data we have obtained shows that the contribution of the relativistic energy to the total energy is very important even for atomic systems which are well described in the L-S coupling scheme.
New observations on the structure and development of Nathorstianella

Abstract The loded rooting base of Nathorstianella babbagensis was divided into at least five lobes rather than four as previously thought. These lobes bore roots arranged in series and orthostichies similar to those on the corm of extant Isoetes . The maximum diameter of the rooting base was at least 19 cm, large enough to have supported an arborescent aerial portion. Growth of the upper, leaf-bearing part of the stem appears to have involved a primary thickening meristem in association with the apical meristem.
Shell model in the continuum analysis of analogue resonances in 89Y(p, p′)89Y

Abstract Excitation functions for the reactions 89 Y(p, p′) 89 Y∗ leading to the second and third excited states of 89 Y are calculated. The levels of 90 Y are calculated using a simple configuration-mixing shell model and converted into analogue resonances using a many-level multi-channel R -matrix approach. The non-analogue component of the inelastic scattering is described via Hauser-Feshbach theory and the effects of mixing of isospin on this compound contribution are investigated. Comparison with the previously published experimental results yields tentative spin and parity assignments for the analogue resonances in 90 Zr.