cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of corneal biomechanical properties on intraocular pressure measurement: quantitative analysis.

Purpose To understand and quantify intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement errors introduced by corneal variables during applanation tonometry using a cornea biomechanical model. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, Biomedical Engineering Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. Methods The model assumed an overall resultant pressure that was based on the summation of the applanation pressure, the true IOP, and the surface tension caused by the tear film to determine the final deformation of the corneal apex during IOP measurement. Corneal resistance was varied according to the cornea's biomechanical properties, thickness, and curvature, and the effect of each variable on the accuracy of IOP tonometry readings was examined quantitatively. Results The model demonstrated that tonometry readings do not always reflect true IOP values. They deviate when corneal thickness, curvature, or biomechanical properties vary from normal values. Based on the model, predicted IOP readings have a 2.87 mm Hg range resulting from the variation in the corneal thickness in the normal population and a 1.76 mm Hg range from the variation in the corneal radius of curvature. Considering that Young's modulus of the corneal varies from 0.1 to 0.9 MPa in the normal population, the model predicts tonometry IOP readings will have a range of 17.26 mm Hg because of the variation in this corneal biomechanical parameter alone. Conclusions The simulation based on the model demonstrated quantitatively that variations in each corneal variable cause errors in tonometry IOP readings. The simulation results indicate that differences in corneal biomechanics across individuals may have greater impact on IOP measurement errors than corneal thickness or curvature.
Persister cells in biofilm associated infections.

Persister cells are phenotypic variants of a bacterial population that display tolerance to killing by bactericidal antibiotics. In this chapter we discuss the formation of persisters and their role in biofilm associated infections.
Chapter 7 – Gaussian Elimination

The basic procedure of solving a system of linear equations is presented and generalized into an algorithm known as Gaussian elimination. Python code for Gaussian elimination is given and demonstrated. The necessity for pivoting in Gaussian elimination, that is rearranging of the equations, is motivated through examples. Pivoting is then added to the Gaussian elimination function. Finally, the scaling of the time to solution for Gaussian elimination in the number of equations is derived theoretically, and shown, through numerical experiments, to be pessimistic.
Course-based exhibitions: Serendipity in the physical and digital spaces of academic libraries:

Library exhibition practices vary significantly between institutions, depending on expertise, resources and goals of the individual library. The University Libraries at Virginia Tech have supported...
Clinical outcomes of inferior vena cava filter in complicated pulmonary embolism

Background: Previous observational studies suggest that inferior vena cava filter placement in pulmonary embolism patients complicated with congestive heart failure, mechanical ventilation, and sho...
Speciesism: an obstacle to AI and robot adoption

Once artificial intelligence (AI) is indistinguishable from human intelligence, and robots are highly similar in appearance and behavior to humans, there should be no reason to treat AI and robots differently from humans. However, even perfect AI and robots may still be subject to a bias (referred to as speciesism in this article), which will disadvantage them and be a barrier to their commercial adoption as chatbots, decision and recommendation systems, and staff in retail and service settings. The author calls for future research that determines causes and psychological consequences of speciesism, assesses the effect of speciesism on the adoption of new products and technologies, and identifies ways to overcome it.
Perpendicular alignment of lymphatic endothelial cells in response to spatial gradients in wall shear stress

One-way valves in the lymphatic system form from lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) during embryonic development and are required for efficient tissue drainage. Although fluid flow is thought to guide both valve formation and maintenance, how this occurs at a mechanistic level remains incompletely understood. We built microfluidic devices that reproduce critical aspects of the fluid flow patterns found at sites of valvulogenesis. Using these devices, we observed that LECs replicated aspects of the early steps in valvulogenesis: cells oriented perpendicular to flow in the region of maximum wall shear stress (WSS) and exhibited enhanced nuclear localization of FOXC2, a transcription factor required for valvulogenesis. Further experiments revealed that the cell surface protein E-selectin was required for both of these responses. Our observations suggest that spatial gradients in WSS help to demarcate the locations of valve formation, and implicate E-selectin as a component of a mechanosensory process for detecting WSS gradients.
Quality Improvement Analyses Revealed a Hidden Shift Following a Retrospective Study on Breastfeeding Rates.

Factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding rates are complex. Evaluations for early-onset sepsis can negatively impact breastfeeding success. We sought to determine whether implementing an algorithm utilizing the sepsis risk score (SRS) in chorioamnionitis-exposed newborns would increase exclusive breastfeeding rates. We collaborated with healthcare systems experts to analyze and understand our outcomes. Methods We describe a retrospective cohort study of chorioamnionitis-exposed newborns 35 weeks and older gestation in the Mother-Baby Unit at our institution following a quality improvement project that implemented an SRS algorithm. We compared exclusive breastfeeding rates over 2 time periods, 33 months before and 15 months after SRS algorithm implementation. We completed bivariate comparisons using chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests to understand the factors contributing to exclusive breastfeeding rates. In a secondary analysis, breastfeeding rates and demographic patterns were examined using p-charts. Results Following algorithm implementation, exclusive breastfeeding rates increased from 49% to 58% (P = 0.10) in chorioamnionitis-exposed newborns. Factors associated with increased exclusive breastfeeding included Caucasian race, English as the primary language, private insurance, vaginal delivery, and positive group B Streptococcus status. In the secondary analysis, the proportion of non-Hispanic mothers increased from 63% to 80% during the study. Conclusions Despite SRS implementation, exclusive breastfeeding rates increased but not significantly, and certain sociodemographic factors remain associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Secondary analysis revealed an overall demographic shift affecting the dataset, highlighting the importance of thorough data analysis when evaluating a quality improvement project.
RBSC-NVSS Sample. I. Radio and Optical Identifications of a Complete Sample of 1500 Bright X-ray Sources

We cross-identified the ROSAT Bright Source Catalog (RBSC) and the NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) to construct the RBSC-NVSS sample of the brightest X-ray sources (>= 0.1 counts/s or ~1E-12 ergs/cm/cm/s in the 0.1-2.4 keV band) that are also radio sources (S >= 2.5 mJy at 1.4 GHz) in the 7.8 sr of extragalactic sky with |b| > 15 degrees. and delta > -40 degrees. The sky density of NVSS sources is low enough that they can be reliably identified with RBSC sources having average rms positional uncertainties = 10 arcsec. We used the more accurate radio positions to make reliable X-ray/radio/optical identifications down to the POSS plate limits. We obtained optical spectra for many of the bright identifications lacking published redshifts. The resulting X-ray/radio sample is unique in its size (N ~ 1500 objects), composition (a mixture of nearly normal galaxies, Seyfert galaxies, quasars, and clusters), and low average redshift ( ~ 0.1).
Multi-directional pathways of tobacco and marijuana use, including comorbid use, among a population-based cohort of adolescents in Texas: A six-wave cross-lagged model

Abstract Purpose Past 30-day tobacco and marijuana use commonly occur among adolescents. It is unclear whether use of one product precedes the other, especially given the new climate surrounding marijuana legalization and the increasing popularity of e-cigarettes. Methods Six-panel cross-lagged regression models, with six months between each panel/Wave (2014–17), were used to model stability paths, bi-directional paths, and comorbid paths (i.e., correlations) between past 30-day use of marijuana and tobacco products. Data were derived from three cohorts of adolescents (n = 3907; weighted N = 461,069) in 6th, 8th, and 10th grades at baseline. Results Few bidirectional relationships between past 30-day tobacco and marijuana use were observed in early adolescence (6th grade). During the middle adolescence developmental period (8th grade), past 30-day marijuana use was prospectively associated with greater risk of past 30-day tobacco use. In late adolescence (10th grade), increased odds of past 30-day marijuana use given prior past 30-day e-cigarette use, and vice versa, were observed. For all cohorts, stability paths were common, especially for past 30-day marijuana use. Comorbid use was common in middle adolescence (8th grade) but small in magnitude. Conclusions This is the first study to longitudinally situate comorbid, past 30-day use of tobacco and marijuana and simultaneously examine bi-directional past 30-day use of these products for adolescents. Marijuana use more often and more strongly predicted subsequent tobacco use than the reverse, especially during middle adolescence (13–15 years old). Marijuana use should be considered when creating interventions that address adolescent e-cigarette use in the U.S.
Use of a Design of Experiments (DoE) Approach to Optimize Large-Scale Freeze-Thaw Process of Biologics

Large volumes of protein solutions are commonly stored in a frozen state before further drug product fill and finish. This study aimed to establish a design space to perform large-scale freeze-thaw (F/T) processes of biotherapeutics without inducing protein destabilization. A response surface model was designed to evaluate the following main factors and interactions: fill volume of the protein solution in 1-L containers, distance among nine containers during both F/T, freezer set temperature, and a novel forced air flow methodology during thawing. The analysis from 46 experimental runs indicated over 4-fold increase in the freezing rate by lowering the freezing temperature from -20 to -80°C, and the forced air flow at 98 fpm doubled the thawing rate. Furthermore, multivariate linear regression modeling revealed the significant impact of all main factors investigated on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) quality attributes. The factor that most strongly affected the retention of LDH activity was the loading distance: ≥ 5 cm among containers positively affected the LDH activity response in 50.6%. The factor that most strongly retained the LDH tetramers was the set freezer temperature towards the lower range of -80°C (2.2% higher tetramer retention compared to -20°C freezing, due to faster freezing rate). In summary, this DoE-based systematic analysis increased F/T process understanding at large scale, identified critical F/T process parameters, and confirmed the feasibility of applying faster freezing and forced air thawing procedures to maintain the stability of LDH solutions subject to large-scale F/T.
Patterns of Upper Extremity Reconstruction for Patients With Tetraplegia Across the United States: A Retrospective Study.

Purpose The rates of upper extremity reconstruction for patients with tetraplegia remain low. We performed a retrospective study to assess recent reconstruction rates and delineate factors associated with the occurrence of reconstruction. Methods We examined the National Inpatient Sample database (2012–2017) for the rate of reconstruction for patients with tetraplegia. The details of provider distribution characteristics and neighborhood attributes were obtained from the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile and based on the area deprivation index, respectively. We calculated the mean reconstruction rate per year and generated multivariable logistic regression models to examine the influence of patient factors, hospital characteristics, and provider distribution on the odds of undergoing functional reconstruction for tetraplegia patients. Results Among 404,660 encounters with patients with tetraplegia, only 1,430 (0.4%) patients underwent upper extremity reconstruction from 2012 to 2017, with a mean rate of 238 procedures per year. We identified 5,450 hand surgeons, 12,751 physiatrists, and 444 spinal cord injury specialists, with variation in their national distribution. A greater number of surgeons near SCIS was associated with increased probability of reconstruction (odds ratio [OR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–1.12). The odds of surgery were greater for patients receiving care at urban teaching (OR 5.00, 95% CI 3.35–7.47) or urban nonteaching (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.11–2.63) hospitals, whereas those at private nonprofit (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.58-0.78) or investor-owned (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.52–0.82) hospitals had lower odds. Although most patients had insurance coverage, patients with a higher income or those who received subsidized care had greater odds of undergoing reconstruction. Conclusions Reconstruction rates remain low and are correlated with the environment of care, financial factors, and provider availability. Policies that focus on reducing these factors in addition to increasing interspecialty collaboration could improve access to surgery for patients with tetraplegia. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic I.
Predictors of body shape among populations of a stream fish (Cyprinella venusta, Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae)

Performance-related variation in fitness can manifest as morphological responses to ecological and evolutionary pressures. Eco-morphological studies often utilize stark binary comparisons, such as lentic to lotic populations of freshwater fishes, to characterize relationships between form and function despite possible complications from confounding factors. In the present study, we compared body shape variation among lotic populations of a stream fish (Cyprinella venusta Girard) to disentangle the influence of ecological and evolutionary drivers of phenotypic change. We assessed the extent to which body shape corresponded to three key environmental factors (mean channel velocity, mean discharge, and mean annual run-off), phylogeny (mitochondrial DNA divergence), and body size (centroid size). We also examined relationships between these parameters and a fineness index, which is a measure of streamlining and morphological optimization for steady swimming performance. All three environmental variables had some explanatory power, although morphological characteristics were predominantly associated with variation in mean annual run-off. Phylogeny was also a strong predictor of morphological variation, whereas body size had little predictive power. Populations experiencing higher mean annual run-off exhibited a shorter base of the dorsal fin, a more slender body and caudal peduncle, a smaller head in both horizontal and vertical dimensions, and a more anterior placement of the eye. With some exceptions, such as variation in jaw length, differences in body shape associated with phylogenetic history were similar to those associated with run-off. Notably, all clades exhibited parallel responses to variation in run-off. Populations experiencing high mean annual run-off approached a hydrodynamic optimum, suggesting a morphology optimized for steady swimming performance. In contrast to previous studies that emphasize the importance of average water velocity, the findings of the present study indicate that morphological variation among populations of stream fishes is tightly linked to more complex aspects of hydrology and evolutionary history. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, ●●, ●●–●●.
“Images for human rights: student voices”. A model design education and public outreach project

Since its inception in 2001, Designmatters, the social impact initiative at Art Center College of Design, in Pasadena, California, has developed a unique framework of curricular research methodologies and a value system for “best practices” in design education engaged in the critical issues of our time. This article features a recent exhibition project led by the Illustration Department at the college: “Human Rights: Students Voices,” which premiered at UNESCO during the 61st annual DPI/NGO Conference in September 2008, and provides insight into the salient traits of the project as an innovative and replicable approach to visual advocacy of human rights.
Global Environmental Constitutionalism

Reflecting a global trend, scores of countries have affirmed that their citizens are entitled to healthy air, water and land, and that their constitution should guarantee certain environmental rights. This book examines the increasing recognition that the environment is a proper subject for protection in constitutional texts and for vindication by constitutional courts. This phenomenon, which the authors call environmental constitutionalism, represents the confluence of constitutional law, international law, human rights and environmental law. National apex and constitutional courts are exhibiting a growing interest in environmental rights, and as courts become more aware of what their peers are doing, this momentum is likely to increase. This book explains why such provisions came into being, how they are expressed, and the extent to which they have been, and might be, enforced judicially. It is a singular resource for evaluating the content of and hope for constitutional environmental rights.
Research frontiers in advanced data mining technologies and applications

Research in data mining has two general directions: theoretical foundations and advanced technologies and applications. In this talk, we will focus on the research issues for advanced technologies and applications in data mining and discuss some recent progress in this direction, including (1) pattern mining, usage, and understanding, (2) information network analysis, (3) stream data mining, (4) mining moving object data, RFID data, and data from sensor networks, (5) spatiotemporal and multimedia data mining, (6) biological data mining, (7) text and Web mining, (8) data mining for software engineering and computer system analysis, and (9) data cube-oriented multidimensional online analytical processing.
Wireless Fully Passive Multichannel Recording of Neuropotentials Using Photo-Activated RF Backscattering Methods

Fully passive RF backscattering for wireless monitoring of neuropotentials, electrical activity generated by neurons, is a promising recording technique that may subdue some of the safety restraints observed in traditional active or passive recording schemes. The fully passive device operates without power supply or regulating elements and exhibits a highly simplified implant circuit topology. However, a critical challenge is its current limitation to single channel recording. Here, a method of integrating multiple channels onto the fully passive system is demonstrated that preserves its fully passive qualities and a single shared antenna. Multichannel recording is implemented by introducing photo-selective and photo-sensitive switches to individual channel electrodes to control the activation of individual recording operations via an external multi-band light source. These multi-modal wireless processes are simulated and implemented on Pyrex substrates that demonstrate recording of emulated neuropotential signals as low as $V_{m} \sim 0.7$ mV $_{\rm pp}$ with at least 10-dB channel isolation as tested in air.
Sulphide capacities of CaO–MgO–AlO1·5, MgO–MnO–AlO1·5 and Cao–MgO–MnO–AlO1·5 slags

Modelling of sulphide capacities of CaO–MgO–AlO1·5, MgO–MnO–AlO1·5 and CaO–MgO–MnO–AlO1·5 slag systems was investigated. The Reddy–Blander model was applied to calculate the sulphide capacities a priori with the knowledge of chemical and solution properties of oxide and sulphides for the above slag systems. The sulphide capacities were determined as a function of temperature (1500–1650°C), composition (0<<0·6) and basic oxides (CaO, MnO and MgO). Sulphide capacities of aluminates increased with increase in temperatures and decreased with the increase in alumina content in the slags. Very good agreement was observed between model and experimental data.
Somatic Sensation III

Upon entering the spinal cord and brainstem, the axons carrying information related to different sub- modalities diverge into separate pathways. Some axons enter and synapse in the dorsal horn at the level of entry; some axons branch and ascend or descend several segments, dropping off collaterals into the dorsal horn along the way; some axons join the dorsal columns and travel up the spinal cord to terminate in the dorsal column nuclei. The key point is that axons conveying different types of information take different courses, and this fact forms the basis for differential diagnosis of lesions affecting the spinal cord.
Forensic Evidence in Homicide Investigations and Prosecutions

Even though forensic evidence is collected at virtually every homicide scene, only a few studies have examined its role in investigation and prosecution. This article adds to the literature by providing the results of a study of 294 homicide cases (315 victims) occurring in Cleveland, Ohio, between 2008 and 2011. Through a logistic regression on open versus closed cases, the collection of knives, administration of gunshot residue (GSR) kits, and clothing at the scene were positively and significantly related to case closures, while collection of ballistics evidence and DNA evidence were statistically significant in the opposite direction. With regard to analysis, the clearance rate for cases with probative results (i.e., matches or exclusions) was 63.1% compared to a closure rate of 56.3% for cases without probative results. However, only 23 cases had probative results prior to arrest compared to 128 cases with probative results after arrest.
Seasonal changes in sea ice optical properties during fall freeze-up

Abstract During the seasonal transition from summer to winter conditions, a sea ice cover undergoes a profound transformation. As the air temperature drops, the ice cools, the brine volume decreases, melt ponds freeze, new ice forms in areas of open water, and the surface becomes snow-covered. There is a corresponding change in the optical properties of the ice cover with albedos increasing and transmittances decreasing. As part of the Coordinated Eastern Arctic Experiment (CEAREX), measurements of spectral albedos, reflectances and incident irradiances were made at visible and near-infrared wavelengths (400–1100 nm) during fall freeze-up. In general, albedos increased as freeze-up progressed, with the increase being most pronounced at shorter wavelengths. The greatest temporal changes occurred in a freezing lead where, in only a few days, albedos increased from 0.1 for open water to 0.9 for snow-covered young ice. The evolution of the transmitted radiation field under the ice was estimated using a two-stream, multilayer radiative transfer model in conjunction with observations of ice morphology and thickness. Transmission decreased dramatically due to ice cooling, snowfall, and declining incident solar irradiances. Light transmission through young ice was two orders of magnitude greater than through snow-covered multiyear ice.
A developmental graph for the first year of life.

Summary Twelve developmental steps of neuromuscular growth were chosen for study in an unselected group of 215 infants observed at a well baby clinic. Observations of the age of attainment of these steps were made and a graph depicting the average curve and the variation is presented. In our group walking alone appeared accelerated somewhat as compared with the generally accepted standard time.
Cell free synthesis of Toxoplasma gondii antigens

Functionally active poly(A)-containing mRNA was isolated from tachyzoites of the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The T. gondii mRNA was capable of directing the synthesis of proteins in a wheat germ in vitro translation system, but not in a cell free system derived from rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Efficient translation in the wheat germ system required spermine and exogenous tRNA. Amino acid incorporation was maximal at 110 mM K+ and 1.8 mM Mg2+. Tachyzoite antigens synthesized in vitro were immunoprecipitated with T. gondii antibodies from rabbits, mice and humans. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitated polypeptides yielded patterns that differed according to antibody source, but all T. gondii antibody preparations reacted with a translation product with an apparent molecular weight of 24 000.
A tracelab-based solution for identifying traceability links using LSI

An information retrieval technique, latent semantic indexing (LSI), is used to automatically identify traceability links from system documentation to program source code. The experiment is performed in the TraceLab framework. The solution provides templates and components for building and querying LSI space and datasets (corpora) that can be used as inputs for these components. The proposed solution is evaluated on traceability links already discovered by mining adaptive commits of the open source system KDE/Koffice. The results show that the approach can identify of traceability links with high precision using TraceLab components.
Efficiency of energy conversion for devices containing a piezoelectric component

Recent developments in miniaturized sensors, digital processors and wireless communication systems have many desirable applications. The realization of these applications however, is limited by the lack of a similarly sized power source. Micro-scale concepts to generate electrical power include devices which use the stored energy in fuels to those which harvest energy from the environment. Many proposed power generation systems employ a piezoelectric component to convert the mechanical energy to electrical energy. Of primary importance is the efficiency of power conversion. In this paper, an exact formula is developed that predicts the power conversion efficiency for a device that contains a piezoelectric component. This formula transparently and quantitatively reveals a trade-off effect on efficiency caused by the quality factor and electromechanical coupling factor of the device. In particular, decreasing the structural stiffness leads to the largest gains in efficiency, followed by decreasing the mechanical damping and increasing the effective mass.
Prime ideals in restricted differential operator rings

In this paper restricted differential operator rings are studied. A restricted differential operator ring is an extension of ak-algebraR by the restricted enveloping algebra of a restricted Lie algebra g which acts onR. This is an example of a smash productR #H whereH=u (g). We actually deal with a more general twisted construction denoted byR * g where the restricted Lie algebra g is not necessarily embedded isomorphically inR * g. Assume that g is finite dimensional abelian. The principal result obtained is Incomparability, which states that prime idealsP1 ⊆P2 ⊂R * g have different intersections withR. We also study minimal prime ideals ofR * g whenR is g-prime, showing that the minimal primes are precisely those having trivial intersection withR, that these primes are finite in number, and their intersection is a nilpotent ideal. Prime and primitive ranks are considered as an application of the foregoing results.
Detecting the environmental impact of nanoparticles using plant-based biosensors

The increased manufacturing of nanoparticles for use in cosmetics, foods and clothing, necessitates the need for an effective system to evaluate the potential side-effects (e.g., toxicity) of nanoparticles to the environment. A sensitive detection system would serve as a sentinel to characterize and understand the impact, and monitor the toxicity level for any potential health or safety concerns. In this paper, we proposed a plant biosensor for characterizing, monitoring, and understanding the environmental impact of both naturally occurring and man-made nanoparticles. The health of the plant sensor was monitored using an automated camera system. A machine learning-based approach was used to train the sensor to increase accuracy and adaptability with various plant sensors. The biosensor has been tested and validated in vitro. The plant sensor was proposed because it is cost-effective, and can be easily embedded into the environment. Moreover, it can detect not only exposure of water and soil, but also air. Since environmental toxicity can be measured by monitoring the health of the plant, the plant sensor can be used to monitor any potential hazard. In this study, we have demonstrated a proof-of-concept bio-sensor system for effectively detecting environmental exposure from nanoparticles. The preliminary experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the approach, and the adaptability of the proposed system.
The α4β2α5 nicotinic cholinergic receptor in rat brain is resistant to up‐regulation by nicotine in vivo

We used immunoprecipitation with subunit-specific antibodies to examine the distribution of heteromeric neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that contain the alpha5 subunit in the adult rat brain. Among the regions of brain we surveyed, the alpha5 subunit is associated in approximately 37% of the nAChRs in the hippocampus, approximately 24% of the nAChRs in striatum, and 11-16% of the receptors in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and superior colliculus. Sequential immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that the alpha5 subunit is associated with alpha4beta2* nAChRs exclusively. Importantly, in contrast to alpha4beta2 nAChRs, which are increased by 37-85% after chronic administration of nicotine, the alpha4beta2alpha5 receptors are not increased by nicotine treatment. These data thus indicate that the alpha4beta2alpha5 nAChRs in rat brain are resistant to up-regulation by nicotine in vivo, which suggests an important regulatory role for the alpha5 subunit. To the extent that nicotine-induced up-regulation of alpha4beta2 nAChRs is involved in nicotine addiction, the resistance of the alpha4beta2alpha5 subtype to up-regulation may have important implications for nicotine addiction.
A reaction product mass separator for energetic particles at MSU

Abstract A reaction product mass separator which has been designed and is under construction at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (Michigan State University) is described. Unslowed reaction products emerging from the target are dispersed according to their mass-to-charge ratio (m/q) and focused to points on a focal plane. The prototype system will transmit particles in the 1-30 MeV/u range. The design of a system for up to 200 MeV/u is also discussed. The types of experiments to be done are given as well.
The Neoliberal City: Governance, Ideology, and Development in American Urbanism by Jason Hackworth

“Neoliberalism” has always been something of a controversial term. Its advocates, the architects of a revanchist form of free-market interventionism that has been rudely ascendant for more than thr...
Interaction of purified brush-border membrane aminopeptidase N and dipeptidyl peptidase IV with lectin-sepharose derivatives.

Abstract The glycoprotein nature of two peptidases purified from the rat intestinal brush-border membrane was examined by their interaction with several lectin-Sepharose derivatives. Aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2), which contains 20% carbohydrate by weight, was bound minimally (less than 30%) by columns of Con A-, RCA 1 - and WGA-Sepharose. Alternatively, a greater proportion of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.-) was bound by these immobilized iectins with 50% of the enzyme binding to Con A-Sepharose. Treatment of both enzymes with neuraminidase enhanced the binding of aminopeptidase to RCA 1 -Sepharose by 4-fold but did not alter the binding patterns of dipeptidyl peptidase IV. A sequential fractionation of the two peptidases with columns of Con A- and RCA 1 -Sepharose gave four fractions of each enzyme with differing lectin-binding specificities. Approximately 60% of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV interacted with either one or both of the lectins while only 30% of the aminopeptidase N did so. Kinetic analysis of the four isolated fractions revealed some differences, possibly related to variations in the carbohydrate moiety. The findings confirm that these two purified rat intestinal brush-border membrane peptidases are glycoproteins and, while they share a common physiologic function and source, they apparently have very different and possibly unique asparagine-linked oligosaccharide side-chains. In addition, a considerable degree of microheterogeneity exists in the carbohydrate structure of these two enzymes.
The Structure of Job Satisfaction Among New England Fishermen and Its Application to Fisheries Management Policy

This article examines the structure of job satisfaction among New England fishermen using three different measures. The various measures of job satisfaction were found to be complexly related to other sociocultural variables such as age, education, years of fishing experience, type of fishing, ethnicity, and home port. The policy implications of these findings are discussed as they relate to fishery development and management.
Luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone antagonist Cetrorelix (SB‐75) and bombesin antagonist RC‐3940‐II inhibit the growth of androgen‐independent PC‐3 prostate cancer in nude mice

BACKGROUND Hormones like bombesin (BN)/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) might be involved in the relapse of prostate cancer under androgen ablation therapy. Interference with receptors for BN/GRP, LH-RH, or EGF might provide a therapeutic approach to inhibit tumor growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer. METHODS LH-RH antagonist Cetrorelix (SB-75) and the BN/GRP antagonist RC-3940-II were tested for their effects on the growth of the androgen-independent PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line xenografted into nude mice. Tumor growth, serum hormone levels, and receptor concentrations for BN/GRP and EGF were measured. RESULTS When the treatment was started, tumor volume in all groups was 70–80 mm3. After 4 weeks, tumor volume in the control animals injected with saline was 871 ± 233 mm3 and that of animals treated with Cetrorelix only 197 ± 61 mm3. The BN/GRP antagonist RC-3940-II also significantly reduced PC-3 tumor volume in nude mice to 122 ± 20 mm3. The combination of Cetrorelix and RC-3940-II produced no additional inhibition. High-affinity receptors for EGF were detected in the tumor membranes and their number was significantly decreased after administration of Cetrorelix or RC-3940-II. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that LH-RH antagonists and BN/GRP antagonists inhibit the growth of the androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line PC-3 in vivo. Both analogs may exert a direct inhibitory effect on tumor growth through a down-regulation of EGF receptors. Prostate 32:164–172, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interleukin-2 Expression by a Subpopulation of Primary T Cells Is Linked to Enhanced Memory/Effector Function

Abstract Single cell studies have identified intraclonal heterogeneity of cytokine production by activated T cells. To investigate implications of cytokine heterogeneity for cell fate, an interleukin (IL)-2 promoter-green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter transgenic model was developed to track IL-2 + and IL-2 − T cells during differentiation from naive precursors. Antigen-activated IL-2 + and IL-2 − cells had comparable proliferative capacities in primary responses. However, T cells that expressed IL-2 in primary responses demonstrated enhanced antigenic sensitivity and increased expression of effector cytokines in secondary responses in vitro and in vivo. Thus, heterogeneity of activation during a primary response translates into heterogeneous secondary responses, in which enhanced memory/effector function is linked to cells that previously exceeded an activation threshold associated with IL-2 gene transcription.
THEORETICAL OVERVIEW OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN STRONTIUM RUTHENATE

An overview of the phenomenological and microscopic theory of the superconducting state in Sr2RuO4 is presented. Existing experimental evidence will be used to demonstrate that the superconducting state is a 2D analogue of the Anderson Brinkman Morel superfluid 3He state. A discussion of the microscopic theory will be presented that focuses on the recent experimental observations that line-nodes exist in superconducting Sr2RuO4. These nodes come as a surprise since theory would predict a spin-triplet pairing state to be nodeless for this quasi-2D material. Finally, the consequences of magnetic fields on this pairing state will be described.
Multiple height calibration reference for nano-metrology

Modern nano-metrology instruments require calibration references with nanometer accuracy in the x, y, and z directions. A common problem is the accurate calibration in the z direction (height). For example, it is generally not difficult to obtain accurate x- and y- calibration references for a Scanning Probe Microscope (SPM). It is, however, much more difficult to obtain accurate z-axis results. It is difficult to control z-axis piezo dynamics because during scanning in the xy-plane the x-and y-axes move at a constant rate whiles the z axis does not. Furthermore due to the high cost of producing calibration standards, the microscope is often calibrated at only one height. However, if the relationship between the measured z height and the actual z height is not linear, then the height measurements will not be correct. In this paper, we will present a method for the fabrication of calibration references with: (i) sub-10 nm features and (ii) multiple step heights on one reference, allowing for better calibration of the non-linearity in the z direction.
Impacts of Flow Restrictions on Salt Marshes: An Instance of Acidification

The restriction of tidal flow to salt marshes, a common phenomenon in densely populated coastal areas, leads to marked changes in the hydrologic regime of the marsh, which can in turn pose water quality problems both within the marsh and for the larger estuary. We have found significant differences in marsh chemistry and water quality between a tide-gated (restricted flow) marsh and a nearby, unrestricted reference marsh. During the summer of 1995, the desiccation of the restricted marsh due to operation of the tide gate led to a disconnection among the sediments, the small drainage ditches, and the main channel. This allowed dramatic changes to take place in sediment chemistry, including lowered alkalinity and elevated nutrient levels. Re-connection of the sediments with the surface water as a result of rainstorms led to two episodes of severe acidification (pH 3−4) as well as to increases in surface water nitrogen concentrations. Clean-technique trace metal measurements showed that the acidic conditions...
Fine-tuning NK cell responses: it's a family affair.

The adaptor SAP mediates activation signals in natural killer cells. However, its family members EAT-2 and ERT are negative regulators that help to fine-tune natural killer cell recognition of viruses and tumors.
The Effect of Distributed Practice on Immediate Posttraining, and Long-Term Performance on a Complex Command-and-Control Simulation Task

Using 192 paid participants who trained on a command-and-control microworld simulation, we examined the comparative effectiveness of two distributed practice schedules in enhancing performance at the end of training as well as after an 8-week nonuse period. Longer interstudy intervals (10 hr of practice over 2 weeks) led to higher levels of skill at the end of training and after nonuse than shorter interstudy intervals (10 hr of practice over 1 week). The study begins to address gaps in the skill retention literature by using a cognitively complex task and an extended nonuse interval. The primary implication of our findings is that scheduling longer interstudy practice intervals is a viable means of enhancing immediate posttraining performance and promoting long-term skill retention for cognitively complex tasks.
Introduction: New Studies/New Organizations; Labor Organization in Latin America and Beyond

This special issue of International Labor and Working-Class History seeks to understand how Latin America's trade unions and other workers' organizations have responded during the last three decades to the wholesale reorganization of their economies and polities, and how the history of worker organizations in southern Africa in this era is strikingly similar, despite surface differences in political and cultural context. In Latin America, workers faced monetary stabilization and neoliberal policies; the globalization of trade, finance, and production; as well as civil wars and military regimes that eventually gave way to civilian rule. From approximately 1930-1970, Latin America's modern labor move ments became powerful social and political actors that grew with industrializ ation and the rise of proto-welfare states. Today, the picture is starkly different. With few exceptions, decades of military rule and civil war, debt crisis and hyperinflation, globalization and neoliberal policies have left Latin America's traditional labor organizations and allied political parties severely weakened. During these same decades, new movements organized around a spectrum of social identities (e.g. race and ethnicity, gender, sexuality, residen tial status, and access to land) have taken center stage in struggles for social justice, organizing working people in new ways. We seek to trace the complex pathways through which workers and their organizations got from there to here, and to examine the novel and innovative ways workers have responded to complex challenges on multiple fronts. In a previous special issue focusing on globalization and the Latin American workplace {ILWCH 70), we and our fellow contributors analyzed how government adoption of neoliberal policies as well as the broader phenom enon known as globalization had affected workers, and to a lesser extent, unions. There, we observed that the combined effects of the debt crisis, public policies favoring market competition and private enterprise, and changing global cor porate policies had eroded job quality, transformed the organization of work, and affected individuals and families involved with international migration. In this issue, that economic and social history forms the crucial context for the largely organizational and political story that we and our fellow contrib utors wish to tell. A key part of that story, however, is the evolution of
Surface relief holograms in evaporated arsenic trisulfide films

Abstract A dependence of etch rate on light exposure history has been observed for evaporated As 2 S 3 films. This observation has device implications relating to permanence and sensitivity. The dependence substantiates chemical/structural models of the As 2 S 3 light storage effect.
Historical approach to scleroderma

S cleroderma seems to be a comparatively easy dermatologic entity to trace through medical history; yet, it differs little from a multitude of other diseases for which the nomenclature and the classification have been repeatedly muddled.’ The current terminology, including morphea, scleroderma, and progressive systemic sclerosis, can sometimes lead to confusion (Table 1).2 The condition under consideration has clinical manifestations that can be recorded by patients and nonprofessional observers.3 Physicians in ancient times viewed patients who may have had the characteristic hardening of the skin, but there are often not sufficient details to confirm the diagnosis. Hippocrates, for example, records patients in whom “the skin is stretched, and parched and hard, the disease terminates without sweat.” 4 More information can be found in several reviews of the history of scleroderma.2,5-* Scattered reports from the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries are suggestive of sclerodenna but illustrate the existing confusion. A 1731 presentation before the Royal Society in London may have been scleroderma or more possibly scleredema:
Early Occupational Therapy Education in Wisconsin: Elizabeth Upham Davis and Milwaukee-Downer College

Among the early influences on the profession of occupational therapy were the founding schools and those who helped create them. The Midwest was energized by Elizabeth Upham Davis, who was instrumental in establishing the occupational therapy education program at Milwaukee-Downer College in 1918. This paper relates Mrs. Davis's efforts on behalf of occupational therapy both in the development of the program at Milwaukee-Downer and on a national level during the early years of the profession.
An existence theorem in the calculus of variations based on Sobolev's imbedding theorems

where l is an arbitrary positive integer, where x tin) denotes the vector x tin) = (x~ ml . . . . . x ~ ) of the derivatives of x of order m taken in an arbitrary but fixed order, and where f2 is a bounded open domain in the n-dimensional Euclidean space E" of points t = ( t x . . . . , t,). In certain basic aspects (e.g. in the use of convexity considerations and of the reflexitivity of the Sobolev spaces) the method of the present paper is the same as the one used in a recent paper by F. E. BROWOER [3] x, while in other aspects the treatment is different. This will be clear from the following outline of the existence proof given in the present paper: The Sobolev space W~=W~(f2) is a reflexive Banach space. Therefore, the closed ball B R c WJ with radius R and center 0 is weakly compact, i.e. compact in the relative topology of BR induced by the weak topology of WJ. Consequently for the proof of the existence of an x o e B R minimizing I ( x ) in BR it will be sufficient to show that l ( x ) is weakly lower semi-continuous (see [10]). To do this, we use the notation (1.2) f (x ; y) = f (t, x (t) . . . . , x ( t 1), y(t)),
Zinc, Iron and Copper Availability as Affected by Orthophosphates, Polyphosphates and Calcium

Male weanling tats were fed an adequate diet supplemented with 0.42% P from either hexametaphosphate or orthophosphate, each at two levels of Ca intake (0.53% or 1.06%). Polyphosphates represented 13% of the total fecal phosphorus at the 0.53% Ca intake; this fraction was increased to 27% at the 1.06% Ca intake. Hexametaphosphate caused a 15% increase in fecal iron, a 12% decrease in liver iron and a 15% decrease in fecal zinc losses. These effects were markedly enhanced by supplemental Ca. Orthophosphate was without effect at the 0.53% Ca intake, but caused an 11% increase in fecal zinc losses at the 1.06% Ca intake.