cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“RASopathic” astrocytes constrain neural plasticity

Over the past decade, mutations in genes encoding RAS family members, other components of an intracellular signaling cascade that RAS controls, and proteins that modify the cascade have been recognized as causes of developmental syndromes. Collectively, these syndromes are often referred to as “RASopathies.” Not surprisingly, RASopathies have numerous manifestations, including propensity to cancer, craniofacial abnormalities, cardiac defects, cutaneous abnormalities, neurodevelopmental delay, and varying degrees of cognitive dysfunction. Uncovering the causes and developing treatments for the neurodevelopmental abnormalities are a challenge because of the myriad cellular elements in the brain and the complexity of nervous system function. A recent study by Krencik et al. ( 1 ) takes a major step toward identifying the cellular pathology underlying Costello syndrome, a RASopathy that is characterized by delayed development, craniofacial and heart problems, and cognitive impairment. The latter appears to be linked to abnormal development and function of a population of nonneuronal cells (astrocytes) in the brain.
Power of Genetic Association Studies with Fixed and Random Genotype Frequencies

Summary When estimating the power of genetic association studies, the allele and genotype frequencies are often assumed to be known, and the numbers of individuals with each genotype are set equal to their expectations under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In fact, both allele and genotype frequencies are unknown and thus random. It has previously been suggested that ignoring uncertainty in these parameters could lead to inflated power expectations. To overcome the problem, one can average power estimates over the distributions of unknown frequencies. We investigate the power-averaging method and find that, despite the intuitive appeal, it may not improve accuracy in practice, while significantly increasing computational time. For a fixed allele frequency, we show that the amount of overestimation diminishes rapidly with sample size and is completely negligible for N > 200. For an unknown frequency, the result of averaging depends on the genetic model, and may not always provide a more conservative estimate of power. We explore the effect of uncertainty in the factors that determine statistical power of association studies and propose a more economical approach to the power analysis.
In the Shadow of Daniel Webster: Arguing Appeals in the Twenty-First Century

The Solicitor General is often asked to give advice on oral advocacy. Seth P. Waxman has been reluctant to give such advice. Asking an advocate for advice about oral advocacy instead of a judge is like asking a fisherman for advice about catching fish if fish could speak. Waxman begins with a look at the life of acclaimed advocate, Daniel Webster, before giving his long reserved advice.
Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems

Rectification used to be a much simpler topic. A textbook could cover the topic simply by discussing the various circuits, such as the peak-detection and inductor-input rectifiers, the phase-controlled bridge, polyphase transformer connections, and perhaps multiplier circuits. But recently, rectifiers have become much more sophisticated, and are now systems rather than mere circuits. They often include pulse-width modulated converters such as the boost converter, with control systems that regulate the ac input current waveform. So modern rectifier technology now incorporates many of the dc-dc converter fundamentals.
Computer-Related Risks

1. The Nature Of Risks. Background on Risks. Sources of Risks. Adverse Effects. Defensive Measures. Guide to Summary Tables. 2. Reliability And Safety Problems. Communication Systems. Problems in Space. Defense. Civil Aviation. Trains. Ships. Control-System Safety. Robotics and Safety. Medical Health and Safety. Electrical Power. Computer Calendar Clocks. Computing Errors. 3. Security Vulnerabilities. Security Vulnerabilities and Misuse Types. Pest Programs and Deferred Effects. Bypass of Intended Controls. Resource Misuse. Other Attack Methods. Comparison of the Attack Methods. Classical Security Vulnerabilities. Avoidance of Security Vulnerabilities. 4. Causes And Effects. Weak Links and Multiple Causes. Accidental versus Intentional Causes. 5. Security And Integrity Problems. Intentional Misuse. Security Accidents. Spoofs and Pranks. Intentional Denials of Service. Unintentional Denials of Service. Financial Fraud by Computer. Accidental Financial Losses. Risks in Computer-Based Elections. Jail Security. 6. Threats To Privacy And Well-Being. Needs for Privacy Protection. Privacy Violations. Prevention of Privacy Abuses. Annoyances in Life, Death, and Taxes. What's in a Name? Use of Names as Identifiers. 7. A System-Oriented Perspective. The Not-So-Accidental Holist: A System View. Putting Your Best Interface Forward. Distributed Systems. Woes of System Development. Modeling and Simulation. Coping with Complexity. Techniques for Increasing Reliability. Techniques for Software Development. Techniques for Increasing Security. Risks in Risk Analysis. Risks Considered Global(ly). 8. A Human-Oriented Perspective. The Human Element. Trust in Computer-Related Systems and in People. Computers, Ethics, and the Law. Mixed Signals on Social Responsibility. Group Dynamics. Certification of Computer Professionals. 9. Implications And Conclusions. Where to Place the Blame. Expect the Unexpected! Avoidance of Weak Links. Assessment of the Risks. Assessment of the Feasibility of Avoiding Risks. Risks in the Information Infrastructure. Questions Concerning the NII. Avoidance of Risks. Assessment of the Future. 020155805XT04062001
Physical Exercise and the Human Stress Response

It has been suggested (Chavat, Dell, & Folkow, 1964; Kraus & Rabb, 1961; Nesse, Bhatnagar, & Young, 2007) that the “wisdom of the body” dictates that the human stress response should lead to physical exertion or exercise. Indeed, physical exercise appears to be the most effective way of ventilating, or expressing, the stress response in a health-promoting manner, once it has been engendered.
Inhibition of Histone H1 Phosphorylation by Sangivamycin and other Pyrrolopyrimidine Analogues

We have examined the ability of the pyrrolopyrimidine antibiotic, sangivamycin [4-amino-5-carboxamide-7(β-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrrolo[2,3- d ]pyrimidine], to inhibit the phosphorylation of the 2% trichloroacetic acid-soluble nuclear proteins from Ehrlich ascites cells in vitro . In whole cells, sangivamycin inhibited histone H1 phosphorylation, with 50% inhibition observed at a drug concentration of 100 µM, but phosphorylation of the high-mobility group (HMG) proteins, HMG 14 and 17, was unaffected. At all concentrations, histone H1 phosphorylation was inhibited to a greater degree than nRNA synthesis. The pyrrolopyrimidine analogues toyocamycin, sangivamycin-amidine, and sangivamycin-amidoxime did not differ substantially from sangivamycin in their inhibitory effects on histone H1 phosphorylation and nRNA synthesis in whole cells, whereas thiosangivamycin was approximately 50-fold more potent. Cell-free assays with partially purified nuclear protein kinase activities, PK-I and PK-II, revealed that sangivamycin was a competitive inhibitor versus ATP with either histone H1 or casein as substrate. The 50% inhibitory concentration of thiosangivamycin for PK-I activity was 40-fold less than sangivamycin and closely paralleled their relative inhibitory activities for inhibiting histone H1 phosphorylation in intact cells in vitro . This relationship was not apparent for sangivamycin-amidine, sangivamycin-amidoxime, and toyocamycin.
Changing perspectives in highway research

The adaptability of the highway mode and its ability to serve economically a wide range of transportation needs makes it likely highway transportation will continue indefinitely to be vitally important, with emphasis shifting to maintenance and operation. Impending fuel shortages are likely to spur research to gain greater efficiency in highway operations. In the short term, research may, for example, aid ride sharing through advances in communications and identification technology. The paper covers several emerging opportunities for more efficient operation and use of vehicles through advances in electronics. Research to increase understanding of the interdependencies among highway transportation, land use, job opportunities, and the quality of life should lead to increasing public support of efforts to improve highway operations.
Infant Separation in Monkeys: Studies on Social Figures Other Than the Mother

Nearly twenty years ago, it was first reported that maternal separation in infant monkeys produced effects that bore a strong resemblance to those reported following early loss of the mother in human infants (Seay, Hansen, and Harlow, 1962; Jensen and Tolman, 1962). These findings stimulated a large and continuing research effort into the effects of maternal separation in nonhuman primates (see Mineka and Suomi, 1978 for a review). In most studies, investigators have focused exclusively on the two animals in question: The infant and the mother. However, we feel that much useful information can be gleaned from separation studies in which responses by or to a social figure other than the infant or mother are examined. In each of the three sections of this chapter, we will consider a separate class of such studies, and what each can tell us about the infant monkey’s relationship with its mother and other animals. These three classes of studies are: 1) those in which the infant has access to another adult female or “aunt” during the separation period; 2) those in which the infant is separated from an artificial maternal substitute (surrogate) upon which it has been reared; and 3) those in which the response of other animals to mother-infant separation is assessed.
Single-crystal Raman spectroscopy study of dickite

Raman spectra were obtained from the (001), (010), and (100) faces of a St. Claire dickite specimen of known orientation. Raman spectra collected from the (010) and (100) faces of dickite are reported for the first time and reveal vibrational features significantly different from the (001) spectra. Variations in intensities of the v(OH) bands in polarized spectra were used to confirm previous band assignments, to determine the shape and orientation of the local Raman tensors for the OH1 and OH3 groups. The most striking polarization effect observed in the v(OH) region of dickite was the behavior of the a(c9c9)a spectrum relative to Raman and IR spectra of other orientations. Unlike previously reported spectra, the dominant feature in this spectrum was the 3643 cm (super -1) band. This large increase in intensity of the 3643 cm (super -1) band in comparison with the other v(OH) bands was related to the fact that Raman spectra were recorded from the edge faces of dickite with the electric vector of the incident laser polarized along the c axis. This permitted observation of vibrational modes polarized along the c axis. Raman frequencies of the v(OH) bands assigned to the OH2 and OH4 groups differ from their IR counterparts by 12 cm (super -1) , suggesting that these groups may be related by a center of symmetry. For comparison, Raman spectra in the v(OH) region were also obtained from individual micro-crystals of kaolinite that were approximately 5 mu m across the (001) face.
Characterization of heat-up diesel oxidation catalysts through gas flow reactor and in-situ engine testing:

AbstractThis study characterizes the performance of several diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) formulations with respect to their ability to heat up engine exhaust for the purpose of regenerating a diesel particulate filter or desulphating a lean nitrogen oxide (NOx) trap. Platinum (Pt), platinum—palladium (Pt—Pd), and platinum—palladium+cerium oxide (Pt—Pd+CeO2) are characterized using gas flow reactor experiments and in-situ engine tests. The feed gas from conventional diesel combustion and the feed gas from low-temperature premixed charge compression ignition (PCI) combustion are compared. An in-cylinder post-injection strategy is used to add the chemical energy needed to support DOC exothermic reactions, and the effect of post-injection timing is studied. The effects of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and oxygen (O2) partial pressures on light-off characteristics are also investigated.Reactor tests show that Pt—Pd exhibits the lowest light-off temperature, followed by Pt—Pd+CeO2 and then Pt, rega...
C132. Trigonometric functions and cdmblnations from probability distributions

(1982). C132. Trigonometric functions and cdmblnations from probability distributions. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation: Vol. 15, No. 2-3, pp. 233-237.
The involvement of microfilaments and microtubules in the lateral mobility of lectin binding sites of normal and brachypod mouse limb mesenchyme

Abstract It has been demonstrated that differences exist in the lateral mobility of Con A- and WGA-binding sites in the membranes of normal and brachypod mouse limb mesenchymal cells (Hewitt et al., 1978). The work presented here investigates the involvement of microtubules and microfilaments as mediators of binding site mobility in this system. Treatment of cells with colchicine suggests that microtubules are not involved in the mobility of either type of lectin-binding site. Disruption of microfilaments with cytochalasin B prevents the redistribution of Con A-binding sites but not those of WGA. The results were found to be the same for both genotypes. This suggests that the differences which have been found between genotypes are related to some mechanism of restraining the lateral mobility of lectin binding sites other than by attachment to microtubules and microfilaments.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES OF GROWTH

Changes in many output determinants contribute to growth. An analysis of the sources of growth is an allocation of changes in output among these determinants. Total factor input and output per unit of input condense all determinants into two groupings. Misinterpretation of results is common because authors presenting either detailed or summary results often provide no complete or precise description of their classification of determinants, and readers ignore even the information provided. The classification suggested in this paper is detailed enough to bring out points at which description is required but often overlooked. Some effects of alternative estimating procedures on classification are described. The relative usefulness and practicality of possible alternative classifications also need consideration and discussion. This paper is concerned with general purpose classifications, appropriate for analysis of actual series measuring a country's total output, that are suitable for present use but will also accommodate useful detail that may later become feasible. A desirable classification will so specify determinants that (1) they both unite cause with effect and correspond to the economist's method of analysis so that his set of tools can be brought to bear; (2) they do not contribute to growth if they do not change; and (3) they conform as well as possible to practical possibility of estimation. Among several points considered fundamental are that the complete contributions of advances in knowledge and of resource reallocation each appear as an entity. They should not be dispersed among inputs or other determinants. It is less clear whether economies of scale should be a separate determinant or their contribution be dispersed.
Structural and textural factors influencing the rate of butene isomerization on aluminas

The isomerization ofn-butene was used as a model reaction on a series of aluminas in order to find relationships between their catalytic activity and their structural and textural characteristics. The results show that the nature of the precursor, either gibbsite or boehmite, from which the alumina is obtained plays an important role in the catalytic activity. If the same precursor is considered the presence of pentacoordinated aluminum on the surface generates sites which influences deeply the product selectivity. Thus, besides structural aspects, detectable by MAS NMR, and textural factors such as surface area and pore size distribution, there are more subtle effects linked to the nature of the precursor which are not explained so far.
Comparative theoretical study of Mu addition to the C=O and C=S bonds

Abstract Conventional wisdom regarding the hyperfine properties of H addition products to the C=S bond is largely inferred from a knowledge base pertaining to C=O, few actual calculations or experiments having been carried out on C=S adducts. Here for the first time the energetics, optimum geometries, and hyperfine properties of radicals formed by hydrogen atom addition to several corresponding pairs of C=O and C=S bond-containing molecules are calculated using hybrid density functional methods. The results clarify the reasons for what appear to be persistent experimental misassignments in μSR studies of C=S bond adducts.
Fault Detection and Diagnosis of an HVAC system using Artificial Immune Recognition System

Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) is essential to providing a comfortable indoor environment for the occupants in a building, while it also consumes a majority of the building energy. Operating with fault, the HVAC system can be more energy consuming and eventually lead to the degraded comfort experience of occupants. This paper is focused on applying an intelligent classification method, Artificial Immune Recognition System (AIRS), in solving the Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) problem of an HVAC system simulated by Trnsys. The AIRS classifier is run on the WEKA classification tool. Thirteen fault types for a selected zone in a multi-zone building are considered in this study. To achieve more comprehensive results, the simulation is carried out for a whole year.
Mercury in Natural Waters: A Mini-Review

Mercury in fish is a concern as for human health. Understanding mercury toxicity, however, requires an understanding of mercury speciation. Monomethylmercury is known to be the most concerning mercury species. This mini-review first covers an introductory toxicology of mercury. As human exposure to monomethylmercury is mainly through fish and as monomethylmercury concentrations in fish are related to inorganic mercury loads, health and environmental preventive regulations concerning mercury in natural waters are addressed. Further, mercury geochemistry in natural waters is briefly reviewed, and the biogeochemical processes which affect mercury toxicity in natural waters are discussed.
Ambiguity Tolerance in Organizations: Definitional Clarification and Perspectives on Future Research

Ambiguity tolerance is an increasingly popular subject for study in a wide variety of fields. The definition of ambiguity tolerance has changed since its inception, and accompanying that change are changes in measurement and the research questions that interest researchers. There is a wealth of opportunity for research related to ambiguity tolerance and recent advances in neuroscience, measurement, trait research, perception, problem solving, and other fields highlight areas of interest and point to issues that need further attention. The future of ambiguity tolerance research is promising and it is expected that future studies will yield new insights into individual differences in reactions to the complex, unfamiliar, confusing, indeterminate, and incomplete stimuli that fall within the conceptual domain of ambiguity.
Coal production and socioeconomic development in Southern Appalachia: The case of Eastern Kentucky

Comparison of counties highly dependent on coal production with other counties in Appalachian Kentucky shows that the coal counties have less industrial diversity. Also, income does not associate with equality in those counties as it does in non-coal counties. Coal and non-coal counties differ little as regards income, but coal dependence associates positively with income among coal-dependent counties. These results are largely consistent with descriptions of coal-producing Appalachia as an internal colony. They are relevant to general ideas of internal or economic colonialism, but they may not apply to other coal-producing areas.
Examination of Nanoparticles via Single Large Cluster Impacts

This study deals with the determination of the relative abundance of the oxide layer in the near-surface volume of aluminum nanoparticles of 50–100 nm in diameter. They are bombarded with a sequence of single projectiles of Au4004+ accelerated to 136 keV. The ionized ejecta from each impact are recorded individually which allows identification of ions emitted from a surface volume of ∼10 nm in diameter and 5–10 nm in depth. The mode of analyzing ejecta individually from each single cluster impact is a means to apply mass spectrometry in nanovolumes.
Extracting topographic terrain features from elevation maps

Some applications such as the autonomous navigation in natural terrain and the automation of map making process require highlevel scene descriptions as well as geometrical representation of the natural terrain environments. In this paper, we present methods for building high level terrain descriptions, referred to as topographic maps, by extracting terrain features like “peaks,” “pits,” “ridges,” and “ravines” from the contour map. The resulting topographic map contains the location and type of terrain features as well as the ground topography. We present new algorithms for extracting topographic maps consisting of topographic features (peaks, pits, ravines, and ridges) and contour maps. We develop new definitions for those topographic features based on the contour map. We build a contour map from an elevation map and generate the connectivity tree of all regions separated by the contours. We use this connectivity tree, called a topographic change tree, to extract the topographic features. Experimental results on a digital elevation model (DEM) supports our definitions for topographic features and the approach. D 1994 Academic prss, Inc.
Epidemiology and prevention of cast saw injuries: results of a quality improvement program at a single institution.

Background: An investigation was conducted to establish the hospital-wide prevalence of cast saw injuries and to identify variables that put patients at increased risk, with the goal of reducing the injury rate. Methods: Information was collected from January 2010 through December 2012 on all patients who had a cast removed or cut at our institution. Locations included the operating suites, emergency department, ambulatory clinics, and hospital floors. A cast cutting log was used to capture the total number of casts cut. An adverse event form was used to document each injury. A continuous quality improvement approach was used throughout the study period to implement incremental improvements to our program. Changes included an education and certification program on cast saw use for all providers, a protocol for a plastic surgery consultation, and a cast saw blade inspection protocol with maintenance logs. Results: Twenty-nine injuries occurred in 23,615 cast cuttings over the three years, for an overall rate of 1.23 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86 to 1.76) per 1000. A minor decrease in cast saw injuries was recorded over the course of the study (eleven of 8043 [1.37 per 1000] in 2010, ten of 7885 [1.27 per 1000] in 2011, and eight of 7687 [1.04 per 1000] in 2012), but the decrease was not significant (p = 0.87). The emergency department had the highest rate of cast saw injuries (p < 0.0001), with a significantly greater rate during the night compared with the day (eleven of 1293 [8.51 per 1000] compared with fifteen of 19,419 [0.77 per 1000], respectively; p < 0.0001). The injuries were all minor. Key risk factors for a cast saw injury included provider inexperience, patient sedation, and poor cast saw blade condition. Conclusions: The rate of cast saw injuries in a busy pediatric orthopaedic department was small, but a considerably increased risk existed for those patients cared for in the emergency department by orthopaedic residents. Improving education and training in cast saw use has the potential to decrease the prevalence of cast saw injuries over time.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a Lagrangian in field theory. I. Variational approach to self-adjointness for tensorial field equations☆

Abstract In this paper we identify some of the most significant references on the inverse problem of the calculus of variations for single integrals and initiate the study of the generalization of the underlying methodology to classical field theories. We first classify Lorentz-covariant tensorial field equations into nonlinear, quasi-linear, and semilinear forms, and then introduce their systems of equations of variation and adjoint systems. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the self-adjointness of class C 2, regular, tensorial, nonlinear, quasi-linear and semilinear forms are worked out. We study the Lagrange equations, their system of equations of variations (Jacobi equations) and their adjoint system by proving that, for class C 4 and regular Lagrangian densities, they are always self-adjoint. We then introduce a concept of analytic representation which occurs when the Lagrange equations coincide with the field equations up to equivalence transformations and refine the definition by particularizing it as direct or indirect and ordered or nonordered. Some of the conventional cases of tensorial fields are considered and we prove, in particular, that the conventional representation of the complex scalar field in interaction with the electromagnetic field is of the ordered indirect type. For the objective of identifying our program we recall the two classes of equivalence transformations of the Lagrangian densities which are primarily used nowadays, namely, the Lorentz (coordinate) transformations and the gauge transformations (transformations of fields within a fixed coordinate system), and postulate the existence of a third class, which we term isotopic transformations of the Lagrangian density and which consist of equivalence transformations within a fixed coordinate system and gauge. We finally outline the objectives of our program, which essentially consist of the identification of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a Lagrangian in field theories and their first application to the transformation theory within the framework of our variational approach to self-adjointness.
Nanoplasmonic resonance integrated with optofluidics for biochemical sensing and identification

Nano-Plasmonics possesses unique physical properties that enable localization of optical fields beyond the diffraction limit. These highly confined/nanoscale optical modes will enhance light/matter interactions in systems with free electrons in micro/nanoscale geometric structures. Metal-dielectric fluid interfaces can support surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), which are electromagnetic modes interacting with free electron oscillations. Research work is described on using optofluidic plasmonic chips for implementation of an optofluidic plasmonic sensor, demonstrating in situ, real time, label-free detection of protein-protein interaction. SPP lineshape is modified from Fano to Lorentz for increase of the figure of merit to increase the limit of detection. Novel metal-dielectric nanoresonator composites is presented to increase the surface sensitivity by exciting localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in combination with SPP readout, enabling higher surface field localization. In order to solve the long time challenging issue of overlapping molecule of interest onto LSPR to realize the maximal interaction cross-section, micro-nanofluidics integrated nanochip was developed. We employed electrokinetic forces to control and manipulate the nanoparticles onto the predefined positions.
Highlights of a New Ground-Based, Hourly Global Lightning Climatology

The seasonally and diurnally varying frequency of lightning flashes provides a measure of the frequency of occurrence of intense convection and, as such, is useful in describing the Earth's climate. Here we present a few highlights of a global lightning climatology based on data from the ground-based World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN), for which global observations began in 2004. Because WWLLN monitors global lightning continuously, it samples ~100 times as many lightning strokes/flashes per year as the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission's (TRMM) Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS). Using WWLLN data it is possible to generate a global lightning climatology that captures seasonal variations, including those associated with the midlatitude storm tracks, and resolves the diurnal cycle, thereby illuminating the interplay between sea breezes, mountain–valley wind systems, and remotely forced gravity waves in touching off thunderstorms in a wide variety of geographical settings. The text of the paper sho...
Characterization of glycoproteins and their associated oligosaccharides through the use of endoglycosidases

Sont passees en revue les differentes endoglycosidases d'origine bacterienne, animale ou humaine, permettant de par leur specificite d'hydrolyse, de differencier les residus glycosyles portes par les glycoproteines et donc de caracteriser ces dernieres
Mass spectral-photochemical correlations. Persistent McLafferty rearrangements in defiance of their photochemical analogies

The McLafferty rearrangements in the mass spectra of butyrophenone, l-phenyl-2-pentanone, l-phenyl-3-hexanone, 4-phenyl-4-methyl-2-pentanone, 2-butyronaphthone and 2-butyryl-anthracene are compared with photochemical Norrish Type II reactivity. As a rule, the McLafferty process occurs in these compounds even when the Norrish Type II process does not; the simple analogy of production of similar reactivities by the removal of an electron (in the McLafferty rearrangement) and the promotion of an electron to a non-interacting orbital (in the Norrish Type II process) should thereforebe viewed as complicated by the intervention of electronically excited molecular ions in which the McLafferty process can occur.
Computer-aided detection of breast masses on mammograms: dual system approach with two-view analysis

The authors previously developed a dual CAD system that merged the decision from twomass detection systems in parallel, one trained with average masses and another trained with subtlemasses, to improve sensitivity without excessively increasing false positives FPs . In this study,they further designed a two-view fusion method to combine the information from different mam-mographic views. Mass candidates detected independently by the dual system on the two-viewmammograms were ﬁrst identiﬁed as potential pairs based on a regional registration technique. Asimilarity measure was designed to differentiate TP-TP pairs from other pairs TP-FP and FP-FPpairs using paired morphological features, Hessian feature, and texture features.Atwo-view fusionscore for each object was generated by weighting the similarity measure with the cross correlationmeasure of the object pair. Finally, a linear discriminant analysis classiﬁer was trained to combinethe mass likelihood score of the object from the single-view dual system and the two-view fusionscore for classiﬁcation of masses and FPs. A total of 2332 mammograms from 735 subjects includ-ing 800 normal mammograms from 200 normal subjects was collected with Institutional ReviewBoard IRB approval.
On the occurrence of admissible representations in the real Howe correspondence in stable range

Let \(({\rm G, G'}) \subset {\rm Sp}({\rm W})\) be an irreducible real reductive dual pair of type I in stable range, with G the smaller member. In this note, we prove that all irreducible genuine representations of \(\tilde{\rm G}\) occur in the Howe correspondence. The proof uses structural information about the groups forming a reductive dual pair and estimates of matrix coefficients.
Invariant states and quantized gravitational perturbations

We study the problem of quantizing the gravitational fluctuations about a symmetric vacuum background spacetime with compact Cauchy surfaces. In the context of lowest-order perturbation theory we show that the allowed physical states must all be invariant under the symmetry transformations of the background spacetime. This constraint does not unduly restrict the range of allowed states and is consistent with temporal evolution (in the presence of a timelike symmetry) or spacial localization (for a spacelike symmetry) provided the evolution or localization is interpreted intrinsically rather than with reference to the background spacetime.
The contributions of self-motion cues and room shape during navigation through virtual environments

Spatial updating, the process of updating one's perceived orientation and location during movement, is critical to many spatial behaviors relevant to navigation. This experiment investigated the relative influences of two types of cues during spatial updating: self-motion cues and environmental shape cues. Self-motion cues by themselves are noisy and often result in cumulative spatial updating errors, and room shape cues by themselves are often ambiguous (e.g., a square room that is geometrically equivalent from four perspectives).
Three γ-Globulins in Normal Human Serum Revealed by Monkey Precipitins

Precipitating antibodies specific for three normal human γ-globulins of relatively slow electrophoretic mobility were prepared in monkeys and demonstrated by immtinoelectrophoresis in conjunction with absorption techniques in which two myeloma globulins were used as absorbents.
On the minimum number of active anchors for optimal localization

High-accuracy localization is crucial for numerous location-based applications. In wireless networks, the position information of a node (agent) can be obtained from range measurements with respect to nodes with known positions (anchors). The transmission power allocation among anchors not only affects network lifetime and throughput, but also determines the localization accuracy. In this paper, we formulate the power optimization problem that provides the best location accuracy under a total power constraint. For a given set of anchors, the minimum number of active anchors required for optimal localization in 2-D network is proven to be either two or three, depending on the network parameters. We then derive the closed-form expression for the optimal power allocation in the case of small networks and extend the results to general cases. We also develop a near-optimal strategy that requires less computational complexity, incurring negligible average performance loss. Our results provide a theoretical basis for designing anchor selection and power allocation algorithms for localization.
Tradition and Revolution in ESL Teaching

Revolutions in science, Thomas Kuhn argues, occur when the shared set of intellectual assumptions that form the tradition of a discipline (a paradigm) breaks down and gives way to another, causing controversy and insecurity in the process. This article begins by exploring the development of language teaching in the light of Kuhn's theory. It summarizes the theory, points to analogies in the field of the teaching of writing, briefly defines our positivist tradition, and describes the signs of confusion and controversy that mark a paradigm shift. Then it proposes that the current emphasis on communication, far from marking the emergence of a new paradigm, still operates very much within the positivist tradition; the fact that scholars outside and within our discipline are asking more questions about the conceptual and creative function of language indicates that we are still firmly in the middle of a paradigm shift, engaged in philosophical debate. The article concludes by identifying a cluster of mentors who are raising challenging issues and by discussing possible directions for the future in research and method.
Reference Values for Arm Muscle Area, Arm Fat Area, Subscapular Skinfold Thickness, and Sum of Skinfold Thicknesses for American Adults

Reference values for the mid-upper arm muscle area, mid-upper arm fat area, subscapular skinfold thickness, and sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses of American adults were developed from data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics during the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1971 to 1974. The reference values were compared to other reference values derived from a similarly conducted cross-sectional survey of the American population, the Health Examination Survey of 1960 to 1962. These comparisons revealed that arm muscle area and subscapular skinfold thickness of men and arm muscle area of women continuously increase with aging from 18 to 74 yr; arm fat area and sum of skinfold thicknesses of men increase with aging from 18 to 34 yr but stabilize or decrease with further aging; and arm fat area, subscapular skinfold thickness, and sum of skinfold thicknesses of women increase with aging from 18 to 64 yr but decrease thereafter. As these parameters frequently change more than 20% over the period of a single decade, it is important that age be considered in nutritional evaluations based on anthropometric measurements. Changes in these four parameters with successive generations are also frequently large. Consequently, it is imperative that the reference values used in nutritional assessment protocols be updated at regular intervals.
The involvement of Ca2+ and myosin light chain kinase in collagen-induced platelet activation.

Abstract In this study we have used several complementary biochemical and immunological techniques to examine the involvement of Ca 2+ and myosin light chain kinase in collagen-induced platelet activation. Our results indicate that collagen stimulates a rapid influx of external Ca 2+ (within the first 1–5 min of treatment) which is followed by phosphorylation of myosin light chains (within 10 min of treatment) and granule secretion (within 15 min of treatment). In addition, we have found that certain Ca 2+ channel entry blockers (e.g. nifedipine and bepridil) or calmodulin antagonists (e.g. W-7) specifically inhibit collagen-induced Ca 2+ influx, myosin light chain phosphorylation and subsequent granule secretion. These data suggest that Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase-mediated myosin light chain phosphorylation is necessary for regulating the actomyosin-related contractility required for normal platelet function.
On singular integrals along surfaces related to black spaces

Leth(t) be an arbitrary bounded radial function and let Γ(x) be a real measurable and radial function defined onR n−1. Forx, y∈R n−1, we establish that the singular integral along surfacex → (x, Γ(x)): $$Tf(x,x_n ) = p.\upsilon .\smallint h(y)\frac{{\Omega (y)}}{{|y|^{n - 1} }}f(x - y,x_n - \Gamma (y))dy,$$ and the associated maximal singular integral are bounded inL p(R n) for 1<p<∞,n≥3, provided that the maximal operator $${\rm M}_\Gamma g(x_n ) = \mathop {\sup }\limits_r \frac{1}{r}\smallint _{r/2< |t| \leqslant r} |f(x_n - \Gamma (t))|dt$$ is bounded onL p (R) for all 1<p.
Theory of Phase Transitions in Solid Methanes. I. Electrostatic Multipole–Multipole Interaction

A systematic method of studying the electrostatic interaction between two multipoles is presented. It is based on the quantum theory of angular momentum. A system of two interacting multipoles which have tetrahedral symmetry is worked out in detail. New expressions for the octopole–octopole, octopole–hexadecapole, and hexadecapole–hexadecapole interaction potentials are found which will be applied to the study of the molecular dynamics in solid methanes in the articles to follow.
The influence of zirconium on dynamic strengthening of niobium alloys

Abstract Tensile and creep tests on Nb-10W and Nb-10W-2.5 Zr. alloys show that the addition of Zr causes the dynamic strengthening temperature range to be increased from ~ 200°–500°C to ~ 650°–1000°C. This finding is in accord with previous data in the literature which show that a 1% Zr addition to unalloyed Nb causes a similar effect. Possible mechanisms for this effect of Zr are discussed, and it is tentatively concluded that inhibition of recovery by precipitation during deformation plays an important role.
Assessing Effects of HIV Heterogeneity and Macrophage on the HIV Pathogenesis in HIV-Infected Individuals

Model of HIV pathogenesis in HIV-infected individuals under very general conditions. In this model, we have considered five different types of CD4(
Efficient 3D simulation of photonic crystal VCSELs

An efficient modular approach is used to develop components for a 3D simulator for complex semiconductor LED and laser structures. In this approach, only drift transport is simulated in bulk regions, while the active region is simulated with models of varying complexity. The approach is tested using a basic vertical-cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) structure, and comparisons are made with experimental data. This approach is advantageous for fast simulation of complex photonic crystal LEDs and VCSELs, for which 2D simulation is inadequate.
Analysis of the lysozyme-catalyzed hydrolysis and transglycosylation of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine oligomers by high-pressure liquid chromatography

Abstract Although the enzyme lysozyme is one of the most thoroughly studied enzymes, quantitative kinetic studies of the lysozyme-catalyzed hydrolysis can only be achieved in a limited set of circumstances. The use of chromophoric substrates is beset by a number of difficulties and no low molecular weight substrate has gained acceptance in a standard assay. This report describes an efficient and rapid technique for monitoring the lysozyme-catalyzed hydrolysis and transglycosylation of β(1 → 4)-linked N-acetyl- d -glucosamine oligomers that utilizes high-pressure liquid chromatography to separate the products and liquid scintillation counting to ascertain their concentrations.
Regulation of phosphoinositide breakdown by guanine nucleotides

Phosphoinositide hydrolysis is coupled to receptor systems involved in the elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ and activation of protein kinase C. In cell-free systems, guanine nucleotides are required to transduce the effects of receptor activation to phosphoinositide breakdown. Non-hydrolyzable guanine nucleotides stimulate phosphoinositide breakdown in permeabilized cells as well as membranes prepared from salivary glands, GH3 cells, neutrophils, hepatocytes and cerebral cortical tissue. In blowfly salivary gland membranes, 5-hydroxytryptamine stimulates a guanine-nucleotide dependent breakdown of both endogenous and exogenous phosphoinositide substrate through activation of phospholipase C. These data suggest that a GTP-binding protein modulates phospholipase C activity. The identity of this GTP-binding protein has not been established but may resemble other regulatory GTP-binding proteins which have been identified as transducing proteins in a variety of receptor systems.
Ultrastructure of developing germ cells in the fetal rabbit testis

Testicular differentiation, as evidenced by the appearance of a distinct tunica albuginea and formation of plate-like aggregates of germ cells and mesenchymal cells, occurs at 16 days in the rabbit fetus. The germ cells at this stage of development are isolated large, round to oval cells that are easily distinguished from the smaller elongated mesenchymal elements surrounding them. The germ cell nuclei have a smooth spherical contour and a prominent eccentric nucleolus. Cytoplasmic organelles are sparse, consisting of scattered polyribosomes and spherical or ovoid mitochondria distributed singly in the cell. At 18 days, the cell groups form into distinct cords of germ cells and supporting cells, the earliest stage of seminiferous tubule formation. Between 22 and 25 days, proliferating germ cells show increasing condensation of nuclear chromatin and increased nucleolar complexity. The cytoplasm contains groups of mitochondria, dense polyribosomal complexes, lipid aggregates, scattered smooth vesicles and prominent Golgi complexes. Intercellular bridges appear between germ cells on day 22 and increase in number on succeeding days. During the last week of fetal development, germ cells become aligned in rows at the periphery of the primitive tubules. Their arrangement at this time resembles that of spermatogonia in the adult testis. However, the fetal “prespermatogonia” lack some of the characteristic ultrastructural features of adult spermatogonia.
Complex lead extraction via subclavian approach using laser technique.

Removal of fully intravascular pacing leads may be cumbersome. Herein, we report a technique that may be used to remove intravascular leads using laser technology through a subclavian approach, and discuss the process of lead removal as well as management of potential bleeding from the surgical site. We also address the advantages and pitfalls of this technique as compared to other surgical options. (J Card Surg 2010;25:243-246)
Motivation, Awareness, and Perceptions of Computational Science

To meet the urgent need for a well-prepared CS&E workforce, we must better understand how students perceive the field.
Absence of Chiral Symmetry Breaking at High Temperatures

The absence of chiral symmetry breaking for sufficiently high temperature (or chemical potential) is rigorously demonstrated in SU(2) lattice gauge theories with massless fermions in any number of dimensions.
Severe painful vaso-occlusive crises and mortality in a contemporary adult sickle cell anemia cohort study.

Background: Frequent painful vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs) were associated with mortality in the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease (CSSCD) over twenty years ago. Modern therapies for sickle cell anemia (SCA) like hydroxyurea are believed to have improved overall patient survival. The current study sought to determine the relevance of the association between more frequent VOCs and death and its relative impact upon overall mortality compared to other known risk factors in a contemporary adult SCA cohort. Methods: Two hundred sixty four SCA adults were assigned into two groups based on patient reported outcomes for emergency department (ED) visits or hospitalizations for painful VOC treatment during the 12 months prior to evaluation. Results: Higher baseline hematocrit (p = 0.0008), ferritin (p = 0.005), and HDL cholesterol (p = 0.01) were independently associated with 1 or more painful VOCs requiring an ED visit or hospitalization for acute pain. During a median follow-up of 5 years, mortality was higher in the ED visit/hospitalization group (relative risk [RR] 2.68, 95% CI 1.1-6.5, p = 0.03). Higher tricuspid regurgitatant jet velocity (TRV) (RR 2.41, 95% CI 1.5-3.9, p < 0.0001), elevated ferritin (RR 4.00, 95% CI 1.8-9.0, p = 0.001) and lower glomerular filtration rate (RR=2.73, 95% CI 1.6-4.6, p < 0.0001) were also independent risk factors for mortality. Conclusions: Severe painful VOCs remain a marker for SCA disease severity and premature mortality in a modern cohort along with other known risk factors for death including high TRV, high ferritin and lower renal function. The number of patient reported pain crises requiring healthcare utilization is an easily obtained outcome that could help to identify high risk patients for disease modifying therapies. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00011648 http://clinicaltrials.gov/
Comparison of Four Procedures of Cheese Meltability Evaluation

Two traditional cheese meltability tests, the Schreiber and Arnott, as well as two microwave modifications thereof were compared on a variety of mild and sharp cheddar, process American, and mozzarella cheeses and various process cheese products. There was a marked lack of correlation between the Schreiber and Arnott results indicating that at least two material properties control meltability. The effects of variations in heating time and oven temperature in the nonmicrowave tests and heating time in the microwave tests were determined. Differential scanning calorimetry did not reveal differences useful in predicting melting behavior.