cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Sea Lamprey Egg Survival

Abstract Factors that affect recruitment of sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus are not well understood; for example, the majority (85%) of sea lamprey eggs are washed out of the nest, and the survival rate of these eggs is unknown. We examined the role of predation and substrate on egg survival in the laboratory and egg predation and dispersion of eggs outside the nest in the field. Substrate type did not influence the numbers of eggs consumed by predators, but the proportion of available eggs consumed was higher for crayfish Orconectes spp. (74%) and creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus (47%) than for white suckers Catostomus commersonii (9%) and logperch Percina caprodes (3%; F = 11.12, df = 3, P < 0.0001). Survival of eggs incubated on silt (69.2%) and sand (50.8%) in the laboratory was significantly higher than survival on gravel (19.1%). Stream sampling indicated that sea lamprey egg density outside of nests on gravel was low (1.9 eggs/m2) compared with egg density in depositional areas (105.7 eggs/m2); e...
Social work responses to terrorism: Balancing ethics and responsibility

This article presents a qualitative study that examined how Israeli social workers contend with ethical issues regarding confidentiality and disclosure in the aftermath of a terrorist attack. Respo...
Alcohol Consumption Modulates Host Defense in Rhesus Macaques by Altering Gene Expression in Circulating Leukocytes

Several lines of evidence indicate that chronic alcohol use disorder leads to increased susceptibility to several viral and bacterial infections, whereas moderate alcohol consumption decreases the incidence of colds and improves immune responses to some pathogens. In line with these observations, we recently showed that heavy ethanol intake (average blood ethanol concentrations > 80 mg/dl) suppressed, whereas moderate alcohol consumption (blood ethanol concentrations < 50 mg/dl) enhanced, T and B cell responses to modified vaccinia Ankara vaccination in a nonhuman primate model of voluntary ethanol consumption. To uncover the molecular basis for impaired immunity with heavy alcohol consumption and enhanced immune response with moderate alcohol consumption, we performed a transcriptome analysis using PBMCs isolated on day 7 post-modified vaccinia Ankara vaccination, the earliest time point at which we detected differences in T cell and Ab responses. Overall, chronic heavy alcohol consumption reduced the expression of immune genes involved in response to infection and wound healing and increased the expression of genes associated with the development of lung inflammatory disease and cancer. In contrast, chronic moderate alcohol consumption upregulated the expression of genes involved in immune response and reduced the expression of genes involved in cancer. To uncover mechanisms underlying the alterations in PBMC transcriptomes, we profiled the expression of microRNAs within the same samples. Chronic heavy ethanol consumption altered the levels of several microRNAs involved in cancer and immunity and known to regulate the expression of mRNAs differentially expressed in our data set.
Impact of Prostate Cancer Treatments on Sexual Health

Erectile dysfunction is the most commonly reported sexual dysfunction. However, there are several others that may cause significant patient bother and receive less attention including anejaculation, orgasmic disorders, sexual incontinence, and loss of penile length. Great strides have been made in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in the past few decades. Penile rehabilitation is commonly used to help preserve erectile function after radical prostatectomy. Rehabilitation has more recently been examined to be utilized after radiation therapy. Researchers are still working on new therapeutics to find new ways to help prevent or fix the neural/vascular injuries related to erectile dysfunction. Anejaculation, orgasmic changes like dysorgasmia and sexual incontinence, can be very bothersome to the patient and should be discussed prior to surgery to obtain proper patient expectations. Changes in penile length likely occur from the same process behind the erectile dysfunction and studies have shown that rehabilitation preserves length.
Foucault, Freedom, and Critical Ethics

Michel Foucault's conception of resistance is a notoriously broad concept, and perhaps one that is too implicated in the functioning of power. Power and resistance are contingent upone another; without resistance, power solidifies into domination, and without power, resistance loses coherence. Further, resistance does not indicate an intention to resist, only the location of gaps within power relations. Despite these issues, Foucault's conceptions of power and resistance retain value in that they expand the political from the communication of preferences to actions and ways of living that resist power relations. It is here that Foucault's deifnition of critique might be useful. Describing a set of resistant behaviors and actions that are still not outside of power, but functioning as intentional, directed ways of living, Foucault offers an understanding of resistance that remains within power relationships but at the same time is aimed at disrupting them. In this paper, I argue that a conception of critical ethics radically expands the scope of the political while at the same time retaining the local, heterogenous, and subject-constituting features of resistance.
A Generalized Model for the Analysis of Groundwater Radiolysis

A generalized groundwater radiolysis model which is under development at Battelle-Columbus is described. This model uses a 55 reaction basis set for the radiolysis of the solvent. The basis set of reactions was chosen from the literature after comparing several descriptions against experimental data. This basis set has been augmented with 17 additional reactions to allow the description of the radiolysis of groundwater containing iron. The development of this mechanism is described, and comparisons with experimental data are shown.
Ely’s Progressive Individualism

In his self-understanding, Ely is an individualist who seeks the development of every member of society. His individualism is progressive in the sense that he would have the state assist in the positive development of all by means of reformed property and contract relations, and he would have men reshape their individual moral goals so that, especially in the case of the talented few, they might become directly responsible for the elevation of the lower classes of society. Ely’s notion of progressive individualism is teleological: it aims at a progressive goal of the comprehensive and maximal individual development of all. And, as subsequent chapters demonstrate, it provides the organizing moral principle and goal by which his other ideas can be understood and integrated. As I will show in this chapter, there are some theoretical difficulties with Ely’s notion of individualism, particularly with regard to his view of the natural rights individualism he would supplant and with regard to his plans to elevate the common man and morally reorient the talented few.
Self-Terminated Cascade Reactions That Produce Methylbenzaldehydes from Ethanol

2- and 4-Methylbenzaldehyde, which are useful precursors for phthalic anhydride and terephthalic acid, form by sequential aldol condensations between acetaldehyde and enals and subsequent dehydrocyclization during ethanol upgrading reactions on hydroxyapatite catalysts. The selectivities for methylbenzaldehydes exceed 30%, as a result of rapid cyclization reactions and steric protection that hinders further growth. Such pathways compete with a set of alternating condensation and hydrogenation steps, known as the Guerbet reaction, which produces broad distributions of n- and iso-alcohols. The selectivities to C8 aromatic products increase in proportion to the ratio of the acetaldehyde to ethanol concentrations. These reactions provide new pathways for the selective conversion of bioethanol to value-added chemicals.
Predictor of left ventricular dysfunction after aortic valve replacement in mixed aortic valve disease.

Abstract Background The fate of the left ventricle (LV) after aortic valve replacement (AVR) in mixed aortic valve disease (MAVD) is unknown. Methods Patients with moderate-severe MAVD, ejection fraction ≥50%, and no coronary artery disease who underwent AVR were identified. Moderate-severe MAVD was defined as a combination of ≥moderate aortic stenosis and ≥moderate aortic regurgitation. Assessment for LVD was performed at 1 and 5years after AVR. The purpose of the study was to determine prevalence and predictors of early and late left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) defined as ejection fraction Results Patients with MAVD (n=179); age 63±8years, males 134 (75%); underwent AVR at Mayo Clinic, 1994–2010. Early LVD occurred in 38(21%). Predictors of early LVD were LVMI/LVEDD >3.1 (HR 1.83, CI 1.59–1.98); RWT >0.46 (HR 2.16, CI 1.21–4.99); and older age (HR 1.62, CI 1.23–3.02). Assessment of LV function was performed in 124 patients at 5-years post-AVR, and late LVD was present in 29(23%). Predictors of late LVD were LVMI/LVEDD >3.1 (HR 1.77, CI 1.24–2.01) and RWT >0.46 (HR 1.65, CI 1.29–2.24). All-cause mortality occurred in 21(12%), and was more common in patients with LVMI/LVEDD >3.1 (P=0.043) and RWT >0.46 (P=0.029). Patients with postoperative LVD showed less regression of LV mass after AVR even after controlling for blood pressure. Conclusions LVD can occur after AVR even in the setting of normal preoperative LV function and absence of coronary artery disease. Preoperative LV mass was predictive of LVD and should be taken into consideration when determining the timing of AVR.
SnapShot: Cartography of Intramembrane Proteolysis

Intramembrane proteases hydrolyze peptide bonds within the cell membrane as the decision-making step of various signaling pathways or during general proteostasis. Although initially thought to be rare, fourteen proteases from four superfamilies are now known to be distributed among nearly every membrane compartment of a human cell. Each protease is endowed with specific enzymatic properties that determine both substrate choice and outcome.
The Obscure, the Obscene, and the Pointed: Staging Problems in Aristophanes Or The Quest for the Naive Dildo

The phenomenon of intercultural translation reminds us that culture intervenes at every level of social life, and in all the nooks and crannies of the text.
Kruppel-Like Factor 4 Upregulates p21 and Downregulates Proliferation of Human and Mouse HSPCs, but Is Not Essential for Mouse HSPC Repopulation.

Several Kruppel-like factor family members, including KLF1, KLF2, KLF3, and KLF6 have pivotal roles in hematopoiesis. Experiments in zebrafish have suggested that KLF4 may play a similar role. Here we found that enforced expression of KLF4 in hematopoietic cells induced cell cycle arrest without triggering apoptosis. Based on the high levels of expression of KLF4 in mouse and human hematopoietic stem-progenitor cells (HSPCs), we hypothesized and demonstrated that KLF4 regulates proliferation of these cells through regulation of p21 cip1/waf1 (p21). Nevertheless, KLF4 −/− mouse fetal liver cells had normal numbers of all mature lineages and provided radioprotection, similar to wild type (wt) controls. Furthermore, in long-term competitive repopulation assays, KLF4 −/− mouse HSPCs demonstrated hematopoietic potency equivalent to wt. We found that KLF2 is expressed at higher levels than KLF4 in mouse HSPCs and is a more potent activator of p21, suggesting that KLF2 (and/or other KLF family members) may play a compensatory role in KLF4 −/− HSPCs. Thus, although is not essential for their normal development and function, KLF4 expression is sufficient to induce p21-mediated cell cycle arrest in hematopoietic cells.
Riparian erosion vulnerability model based on environmental features

Abstract Riparian erosion is one of the major causes of sediment and contaminant load to streams, degradation of riparian wildlife habitats, and land loss hazards. Land and soil management practices are implemented as conservation and restoration measures to mitigate the environmental problems brought about by riparian erosion. This, however, requires the identification of vulnerable areas to soil erosion. Because of the complex interactions between the different mechanisms that govern soil erosion and the inherent uncertainties involved in quantifying these processes, assessing erosion vulnerability at the watershed scale is challenging. The main objective of this study was to develop a methodology to identify areas along the riparian zone that are susceptible to erosion. The methodology was developed by integrating the physically-based watershed model MIKE-SHE, to simulate water movement, and a habitat suitability model, MaxEnt, to quantify the probability of presences of elevation changes (i.e., erosion) across the watershed. The presences of elevation changes were estimated based on two LiDAR-based elevation datasets taken in 2009 and 2012. The changes in elevation were grouped into four categories: low (0.5 - 0.7 m), medium (0.7 – 1.0 m), high (1.0 - 1.7 m) and very high (1.7 – 5.9 m) , considering each category as a studied “species”. The categories’ locations were then used as “species location” map in MaxEnt. The environmental features used as constraints to the presence of erosion were land cover, soil, stream power index, overland flow, lateral inflow, and discharge. The modeling framework was evaluated in the Fort Cobb Reservoir Experimental watershed in southcentral Oklahoma. Results showed that the most vulnerable areas for erosion were located at the upper riparian zones of the Cobb and Lake sub-watersheds. The main waterways of these sub-watersheds were also found to be prone to streambank erosion. Approximatively 80% of the riparian zone (streambank included) has up to 30% probability to experience erosion greater than 1.0 m. By being able to identify the most vulnerable areas for stream and riparian sediment mobilization, conservation and management practices can be focused on areas needing the most attention and resources.
Complementary Health Practitioners in the Acute and Critical Care Setting: Nursing Considerations

In response to the rising demand by patients and their families for complementary health approaches, hospitals are increasingly integrating complementary health approaches with their conventional medical practices to create healing environments. Results of the 2010 Complementary and Alternative Medicine Survey of Hospitals indicated that the top 6 inpatient modalities included pet therapy, massage therapy, music or art therapy, guided imagery, relaxation therapy, and Reiki and therapeutic touch. Whether complementary health approaches are provided by complementary health practitioners through hospital-based integrative medicine programs, volunteer practitioners, or bedside nurses, the regulatory, legal, ethical, and safety concerns remain constant. Previous articles in this column of Critical Care Nurse provided an overview of complementary health approaches that nurses may encounter in their practices, with specific attention to implications for acute and critical care nurses, as well as important legal, ethical, safety, quality, and financial implications that acute and critical care nurses should consider when integrating complementary health approaches with conventional care. This column provides the acute and critical care nurse with key information about validation of credentials, experience, and competence of nurses and volunteers providing complementary health approaches, as well as about institutional policies and scope of practice.
Varenicline modulates ethanol and saccharin consumption in adolescent male and female C57BL/6J mice

Abstract Adolescence is a critical period in brain development that coincides with the initiation of alcohol use. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) have been shown to modulate ethanol behaviors in adult humans and in animal models; however, the role of these receptors in adolescent ethanol behaviors has not been explored. Throughout adolescence, nAChR expression undergoes large-scale developmental changes which may alter behavioral responses to ethanol. Here we examined the effect of varenicline, a nAChR partial agonist, on ethanol consumption, ataxia, sedation, and metabolism in adolescent male and female C57BL/6J mice. The effect of varenicline on ethanol consumption was tested through the Drinking-in-the-Dark (DID) paradigm that models binge-like ethanol consumption. To ensure that results were specific for ethanol, we also tested the effect of varenicline on saccharin consumption. Additionally, varenicline was administered 30 min prior to an acute injection of ethanol before being tested for ataxia on the balance beam, sedation using the loss of righting reflex, or ethanol metabolism. Varenicline dose dependently decreased ethanol consumption, but also influenced saccharin intake. Varenicline showed no significant effect on ethanol metabolism, ataxia, or sedation. Unlike its effects in adult animals, varenicline is able to reduce ethanol consumption without increasing the ataxic and sedative effects of ethanol. This work suggests that the neurobiological mechanisms of ethanol behaviors may change across the lifespan and highlights the need for more research on the role of nAChRs in ethanol behaviors throughout development.
Daily intra-tumoral administration of oxygen microbubbles slows tumor growth in the absence of other therapy in a rat subcutaneous fibrosarcoma model

Oxygen microbubbles (OMBs) have recently been used as adjunct treatment for solid tumors. Indeed, their ability to relieve tumor hypoxia was shown to benefit sonodynamic and other treatment outcomes in vivo. However, OMBs are often administered via intratumoral injection, and the effect of repeated OMB injections in tumors has not been investigated. Here we report on the paradoxical finding that daily OMB injections significantly reduces tumor growth rate in the absence of other therapy in vivo.
Development of an oxygen-independent flavin mononucleotide-based fluorescent reporter system in Clostridium beijerinckii and its potential applications

Clostridium beijerinckii is a predominant solventogenic clostridia with great attraction for renewable liquid biofuel and biochemical production. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology can be employed to engineer the strain toward desirable phenotypes. However, current limited information such as promoter strength and gene regulation may hinder the efficient engineering of the strain. To investigate genetic information and complex cellular bioprocesses of C. beijerinckii, an in vivo fluorescence reporter system can be employed. In general, green fluorescence protein (GFP) and relative analogs have been widely used as real-time reporters. However, GFP-family proteins require molecular oxygen for fluorescence maturation. Considering the strict anaerobic growth requirement of the clostridia, an oxygen-independent fluorescence reporter such as a flavin mononucleotide-based fluorescent protein (FbFP) can be used as an alternative fluorescence reporter. In this study, we synthesized and expressed the codon-optimized FbFP gene for C. beijerinckii (CbFbFP) based on the nucleotide sequence of Bacillus subtilis YtvA variant EcFbFP in C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 wild-type. Protein expression and in vivo fluorescence of CbFbFP in C. beijeirnckii were confirmed under anaerobic growth conditions. Through fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we isolated the bright cells from the heterogenous population of C. beijerinckii cells expressing CbFbFP. Several mutations were found in the isolated plasmid which may be responsible for the high-level expression of CbFbFP in C. beijerinckii. The mutant plasmid and CbFbFP reporter were further utilized for strain selection, real-time fluorescence measurement, population analysis, and metabolic engineering in this study.
The Price (or Probability) Is Right

The Price is Right is a popular U.S. television game show in which contestants play product-pricing games in order to win prizes. Games involve some knowledge of prices, but many involve the elemen...
Selective, Ambient-Temperature C-4 Deuteration of Pyrazole Derivatives by D2O

A simple, inexpensive, and highly efficient procedure for the selective deuteration (up to >99% D atom %) of the C-4 position of pyrazole substrates activated by NH2 or OH groups at the C-3(5) position is reported. The deuteration reaction is carried out by simply dissolving the substrate in D2O or other deuterated protic solvents, either in the absence of a catalyst with heating, or under acidic catalysis at ambient temperature; the products are obtained by simple evaporation of the solvent.
Medial Epicondyle Fractures

In the past, the medial epicondyle has been referred to by many names including the inner condyle, the internal epicondyle, the epitrochlea, and the medial condyle. The redundancy of terms has made interpretation of the literature challenging. Contemporary literature, however, universally refers to the “medial epicondyle” as the medial prominence of the distal humerus. In adults, this medial prominence is completely bony, but in children, the medial epicondyle is composed of an ossification center of cartilage and bone. Because it is the site of origin of the flexor/pronator mass and the elbow lateral collateral ligaments, avulsion fractures are particularly common because of the incomplete development of this apophysis until age 14–16 years, when the medial epicondyle completely ossifies and fuses with the distal humerus proper. This chapter will focus primarily on evaluation and treatment of acute injuries. A brief discussion of repetitive stress injuries of the medial epicondyle will also be included.
A Duality in Integral Geometry

The inversion formulas in Theorems 3.1, 3.7, 3.8 and 6.2, Ch. I suggest the general problem of determining a function on a manifold by means of its integrals over certain submanifolds. This is essentially the title of Radon’s paper.
Embracing Causal Complexity in Health Disparities: Metabolic Syndemics and Structural Prevention in Rural Minority Communities

Chronic discrimination and associated socioeconomic inequalities have shaped the health and well-being of Black Americans. As a consequence of the intersection of these factors with rural deprivation, rural Black Americans live and work in particularly pathogenic environments that generate disproportionate and interacting chronic comorbidities (syndemics) compared to their White and/or urban counterparts. Traditional prevention research has been unable to fully capture the underlying complexity of rural minority health and has generated mostly low-leverage interventions that have failed to reverse adverse metabolic outcomes among rural Black Americans. In contrast, novel research approaches-such as system dynamics modeling-that seek to understand holistic system structure and determine complex health outcomes over time provide a robust framework to develop a more accurate understanding of the key factors contributing to type 2 diabetes. This framework can then be used to establish more efficacious interventions to address disparities among minorities in rural areas. This paper advocates for a unified complex systems epistemology and methodology in advancing rural minority health disparities research. Toward this goal, we (1) provide an overview of rural Black American metabolic health research, (2) introduce a complex systems framework in rural minority health disparities research, and (3) demonstrate how community-based system dynamics modeling and simulation can help us plow new ground in rural minority health disparities research and action. We anticipate that this paper can serve as a catalyst for a long-overdue discourse on the relevance of complex systems approaches in minority health research, with practical benefits for numerous disproportionately burdened communities.
The lutetium-lead system☆

Abstract X-ray diffraction, differential thermal, and metallographic methods were used to establish the lutetium-lead phase diagram. A eutectic reaction occurs at 324 °C and less than 0.5 at.% Lu as a consequence of lutetium additions lowering the 327 °C melting point of lead. The intermetallic compounds LuPb2, Lu6Pb5 and Lu5Pb4 decompose peritectically at 570 °, 1170 °, and 1500 °C, respectively. Lu5Pb4 undergoes a polymorphic transformation at 1475 °C. Lu5Pb3 melts congruently at 1695 °C. A eutectic reaction occurs at 1285 °C and 17.5 at.%Pb. The solubility of lead in lutetium is about 1.0 at.% Pb at this temperature. The crystal structures of the compounds are discussed.
Irreversible oxidation of protein cysteine residues

Proteins with reactive sulfhydryls are central to many important metabolic reactions and also contribute to a variety of signal transduction systems. In this report, we examine the mechanisms of oxidative damage to the two reactive sulfhydryls of carbonic anhydrase III. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peroxy radicals, or hypochlorous acid (HOCI) produced irreversibly oxidized forms, primarily cysteine sulfinic acid or cysteic acid, of carbonic anhydrase III if glutathione (GSH) was not present. When GSH was approximately equimolar to protein thiols, irreversible oxidation was prevented. H2O2 and peroxyl radicals both generated S-glutathiolated carbonic anhydrase III via partially oxidized protein sulfhydryl intermediates, while HOCI did not cause S-glutathiolation. Thus, oxidative damage from H2O2 or AAPH was prevented by protein S-glutathiolation, while a direct reaction between GSH and oxidant likely prevents HOCl-mediated protein damage. In 1 Reprinted with permission of Biological Chemistry, 2002,383,649-662. 2 Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University 3 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University 4 Corresponding author
Rundreiseprobleme beim halbautomatischen Lederzuschnitt

In der textilverarbeitenden Industrie kann aufgrund des grosen Konkurrenzdruckes und der damit verbundenen Produktionsauslagerung in Billiglohnlander ein Standortvorteil lediglich noch durch Innovationen im Automatisierungssektor erzielt werden. Einen solchen innovativen Ansatz verfolgt die Firma HUMANTEC GmbH mit der Entwicklung eines halbautomatischen Systems zum Zuschnitt groser Lederhaute. Wahrend in der traditionellen Lederverarbeitung noch viele Arbeitsschritte manuell durchgefuhrt werden, stellt das von der HUMANTEC GmbH konzipierte Lasernestprogramm eine effiziente Synthese von Mensch und Technik dar. Einerseits ist wegen der Individualitat der Lederhaute das Expertenwissen des erfahrenen Mitarbeiters beim Auslegen der auszuschneidenden Teilstucke unverzichtbar, andererseits ermoglicht eine computergesteuerte Auftragsverwaltung und Digitalisierung der Schnitteile eine Laserdarstellung des Schnittbildes auf der Haut wahrend des Vernestungsprozeses (Einfugung der Schnitteile). Anschliesend last sich der Zuschnitt durch vollautomatische Schneidemaschinen (Cutter) realisieren.
Development of Multiple Unit-Fluid Processes and Bio-refineries Using Critical Fluids

Supercritical fluids and their liquefied analogues have been traditionally used in single unit operations, i.e. extraction, fractionation, using neat supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) or with appropriate modifiers. Many of the supercritical fluid extraction processes have been devoted to extraction of food and natural products. Beginning in the mid-1980s, columnar and chromatographic techniques followed by reactions in supercritical fluids were developed to facilitate supercritical fluid derived extracts or products, thereby extending the application of a critical fluids processing platform beyond SFE. These newer developments were investigated in part due to the complexity of many natural product matrices and the desire to concentrate specific target components for food and other industrial uses.
Preventing Medication Errors in Ambulatory Care: The Importance of Establishing Regimen Concordance

Objective: Miscommunications between patients and providers can have serious consequences—especially where medications are concerned. Because oral anticoagulants are associated with preventable adverse events at disproportionately high rates, we used the model of anticoagulant care to examine the extent to which regimen discordance between patient and provider contributes to unsafe medication management. Methods: We performed a study among 220 long-term users of warfarin in an anticoagulation clinic to characterize the importance of two medication assessment components. We measured (1) adherence to warfarin by asking patients to report any missed doses during the prior 30 days, and (2) concordance between patients' and providers' reports of prescribed warfarin regimens. We categorized patients as having complete adherence if they missed no doses and regimen concordance if there was patient-provider agreement in the total weekly dosage. We examined the independent relationships between (a) adherence and anticoagulant outcomes, and (b) concordance and anticoagulant outcomes. We characterized anticoagulant outcomes as unsafe if international normalized ratio (INR) values either were 4.0 (at risk for hemorrhage) over 90 days, using repeated measures analysis. Results: One hundred fifty-five patients (70.5 percent) reported no missed warfarin doses during the prior 30 days. In multivariate models, poor adherence was associated with under-anticoagulation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.56–3.45; P < 0.001), but not with over-anticoagulation (AOR = 1.36; 95% CI = 0.69–2.66; P = 0.38). One hundred ten patients (50 percent) reported warfarin regimens that were discordant with respect to the clinicians' report. Among adherent patients, discordance was associated with both under-anticoagulation (AOR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.00–2.78; P = 0.05) and over-anticoagulation (AOR = 3.44; 95% CI = 1.32–9.09; P = 0.01). There was no relationship between patients' reports of adherence and concordance (odds ratio [OR] = 1.14 95% CI = 0.64–2.04; P = 0.66). Conclusion: Discordance between clinicians and patients regarding warfarin regimens is unsettlingly common and places patients at risk for thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events. To promote safe and effective care, clinicians should sequentially determine adherence (missed doses) and regimen concordance during routine medication assessments. Systems need to be developed to ensure patient-provider concordance in medication regimens.
Ribosome Structure, Function, and Early Evolution.

Ribosomes are among the largest and most dynamic molecular motors. The structure and dynamics of translation initiation and elongation are reviewed. Three ribosome motions have been identified for initiation and translocation. A swivel motion between the head/beak and the body of the 30S subunit was observed. A tilting dynamic of the head/beak versus the body of the 30S subunit was detected using simulations. A reversible ratcheting motion was seen between the 30S and the 50S subunits that slide relative to one another. The 30S–50S intersubunit contacts regulate translocation. IF2, EF-Tu, and EF-G are homologous G-protein GTPases that cycle on and off the same site on the ribosome. The ribosome, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) enzymes, transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA), and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) form the core of information processing in cells and are coevolved. Surprisingly, class I and class II aaRS enzymes, with distinct and incompatible folds, are homologs. Divergence of class I and class II aaRS enzymes and coevolution of the genetic code are described by analysis of ancient archaeal species.
Learning-Disabled Children

Among the populations with psychological/learning problems, the newest and fastest-growing area is that of learning disabilities. In the early days of identifying and defining learning disabilites, only a few decades ago, there was a great emphasis on neurological deficits, particularly those resulting in perceptual-motor problems. The major early theories on learning disabilities either emphasized deficits in visual-perceptual processes (Hallahan & Cruickshank, 1973) or the rival hypothesis that learning disabilities are caused by language deficits (Vellutino, 1978).
Beyond the single course: teaching research throughout the curriculum.

Our STEM majors arrive on campus as rule followers—“Tell me what to do, and I’ll do it,” is their refrain. To break this mindset, we redesigned our suite of laboratory courses to scaffold research ...
Use of Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Rates of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

OBJECTIVE To estimate real-world off-label use of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in patients with type 1 diabetes, estimate rates of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and compare them with DKA rates observed in sotagliflozin clinical trials. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We identified initiators of SGLT2 inhibitors in the Sentinel system from March 2013 to June 2018, determined the prevalence of type 1 diabetes using a narrow and a broad definition, and measured rates of DKA using administrative claims data. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated using age- and sex-specific follow-up time in Sentinel and age- and sex-specific DKA rates from sotagliflozin trials 309, 310, and 312. RESULTS Among 475,527 initiators of SGLT2 inhibitors, 0.50% and 0.92% met narrow and broad criteria for type 1 diabetes, respectively. Rates of DKA in the narrow and broad groups were 7.3/100 person-years and 4.5/100 person-years, respectively. Among patients who met narrow criteria for type 1 diabetes, rates of DKA were highest for patients aged 25–44 years, especially females aged 25–44 years (19.7/100 person-years). More DKA events were observed during off-label use of SGLT2 inhibitors in Sentinel than would be expected based on sotagliflozin clinical trials (SIR = 1.83; 95% CI, 1.45–2.28). CONCLUSIONS Real-world off-label use of SGLT2 inhibitors among patients with type 1 diabetes accounted for a small proportion of overall SGLT2 inhibitor use. However, the risk for DKA during off-label use was notable, especially among young, female patients. Although real-word rates of DKA exceeded the expectation based on clinical trials, results should be interpreted with caution due to differences in study methods, patient samples, and study drugs.
A Resilient Cooperative Localization Strategy for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles in Swarms

Mainstream terrestrial approaches to location awareness are curtailed underwater as radio frequency (RF) signals attenuate rapidly and accordingly invalidating reliant technologies for near bottom use. Sans RF, one predominant means for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) localization requires extrapolation from a known point. Arising from the dynamic nature of the subsurface milieu, with changing currents and obstacles, errors in these predictive calculations worsen over time; a phenomenon referred to as fading. In the event that multiple AUVs are operating in a swarm, fading is compounded and location-sensitive data collection are rendered impractical. In this paper, we contribute an approach to leverage swarm element interaction to reduce the effect of fading. An AUV ascertains a location fix when surfaced and subsequently may propagate their derived location when in proximity to peers underwater. The decision to propagate depends on the AUVs confidence in its reckoned location. Exploratory testing regarding the efficacy of the strategy was performed using a MASON based simulation platform. We found that while a naive streamlined approach had lower cumulative errors as swarm size increased, our strategy outperformed the control when error as malfunction was introduced within the test model. Our study of additionally performing purposed dispatch for scaffolding in the absence of global knowledge was unable to definitively disprove the null hypothesis for larger size swarms and behaved erratic when the search area was varied. We still include this strategy in our report as contribution to the community of negative results.
General Physiological and Anatomical Background

Electric organs have evolved in various groups of fish and are, in most cases, derived from muscle or nerve tissues (see review given by Bennett, 1971a; Waxman et al., 1972). A few species such as the electric eel, Electrophorus, can produce strong electric discharges of up to several hundred volts. However, the majority of species is limited to weak electric discharges in the range of millivolts to volts. Strong discharges are emitted infrequently, to deter enemies and to stun prey. Weak discharges are commonly emitted continually and serve in electrolocation and social communication. (With regard to social communication see papers by Mohres, 1957; Black-Cleworth, 1970;Moller, 1970, 1976;Hopkins, 1972 a, b, 1974a, b, c, 1976; Moller and Bauer, 1973; Westby, 1974a, b, 1975a, b.)
Perfect Care Across the Continuum of Care

Another day in the life of a pediatric hospitalist, another bronchiolitis quality improvement project. Or so it seems. In this issue of Hospital Pediatrics , Berg et al1 present a quality improvement project, based on the American Academy of Pediatrics 2014 clinical practice guideline (CPG),2 aimed at decreasing overused interventions across the continuum of care (COC) in urgent care clinics, emergency departments (EDs), and inpatient units. Although similar initiatives have targeted >1 care setting,3,4 this appears to be the broadest effort to date. The other striking innovation of this project is what may be termed a “perfect care metric,” a composite measure of complete CPG adherence, as the primary outcome. To be “completely adherent” to the bronchiolitis CPG, providers must not have ordered any of the following 8 medical interventions: viral panels, respiratory syncytial virus antigen testing, complete blood counts, blood cultures, chest radiographs, antibiotics, albuterol, and systemic steroids. The investigators took advantage of their setting, which comprises 2 freestanding tertiary …
Autologous Blood Patching to Mitigate Persistent Air Leaks Following Pulmonary Resection: A Novel Approach.

Background Autologous blood patch (ABP) utilized as a visceral pleural sealant for air leak post lung resection has been well documented in medical literature. Purpose To present our experience of a novel approach, we employed to instill autologous blood into the pleural space to mitigate persistent air leaks following pulmonary resection. Methods From January 2007 to September 2011, 19 patients were submitted to autologous blood patching for persistent air leaks following surgery. Demographic and surgical characteristics were collected at baseline. Blood patching measures were recorded at the time of the event. Continuous variables were summarized with median and range while categorical measures were summarized with frequency and percent. Due to the small sample size and descriptive nature of this study, no hypothesis tests were performed. All analyses were conducted using R Statistical Software. Results The median age of patients who required a blood patch for a persistent air leak was 67.9 (Range: 50.3-78.7) years and 11 (57.9%) were males and 8 (42.1%) were females. The majority (78.9%) of the patients' first surgery was mass resection and 4 (21.1%) had a lung volume reduction. Seven (36.7%) required a re-do surgery, and almost all (89.5%) had 28 mm chest tubes used during surgery. The majority or 63.2% (N=12) of the patient's air leaks were classified as moderate, 21.1% (N=4) as severe, 15.8% as mild (N=3); twelve (63.2%) required one attempt for a successful blood patch, 6 (31.6%) required two attempts, and one (5.3%) required three which were all unsuccessful. The median number of days from detecting air leaks to blood patch for the air leak that required two attempts was 9 (Range: 8, 23) days for lung volume reduction patients and 16 (Range: 6, 26 ) days for mass resection patients. Conclusion Blood patching remains an effective bedside strategy that can be carried out with minimal risk. We believe opportunities exist to further advance the method of delivering blood as an autologous sealant to mitigate persistent air leaks (PAL).
Initial clinical characteristics of gravid severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-positive patients and the risk of progression to severe coronavirus disease 2019.

BACKGROUND: Available data suggest that the obstetric population is particularly vulnerable to severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, with a variable clinical course leading to severe respiratory failure. However, established early warning scores designed to identify patients at risk of clinical deterioration were never validated in the obstetric population. OBJECTIVE: This retrospective cohort study sought to evaluate the initial clinical characteristics of pregnant patients diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and to develop a pregnancy-specific early warning score to identify patients at risk for clinical deterioration and requiring advanced respiratory support. STUDY DESIGN: This was a single center, retrospective cohort study of pregnant patients diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection between April 2020 and December 2020. A total of 50 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection between April 2020 and November 2020 were used to create the prediction model. Initial clinical characteristics identified at the time of diagnosis were compared between patients who required advanced respiratory support and those who were asymptomatic or had mild symptoms for those diagnosed during the period of April 2020 to November 2020. Risk factors associated with a requirement for advanced respiratory support were used to create the Obstetric Warning Score system. The Obstetric Warning Score system was then validated using 30 patients diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in December 2020. A receiver operating characteristic curve was generated to evaluate the test characteristics of the Obstetric Warning Score system compared with other scoring systems including the Early Warning Score, the National Early Warning Score 2, and the Maternal Early Warning Criteria. RESULTS: Women who required advanced respiratory support were more likely to present with dyspnea (100% vs 33.3%; P 100 beats per minute, temperature of >99.0°F, C-reactive protein level of >2.0 mg/dL, respiratory rate between 20 and 24 breaths per minute, complaints of dyspnea, and a positive chest x-ray. A respiratory rate of >24 breaths per minute was assigned 2 points. The area under the curve for the Obstetric Warning Score system was 0.97 compared with 0.72 for the Early Warning Score system, 0.92 for the National Early Warning Score 2 system, and 0.85 for the Maternal Early Warning Criteria system. An Obstetric Warning Score of ≥3 was predictive of a requirement for advanced respiratory support with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity 64%, and a positive predictive value of 36%. CONCLUSION: The Obstetric Warning Score system presents a validated method for providers to identify pregnant patients who are at risk for respiratory failure and a requirement for advanced respiratory support.
The burden of opioid-related mortality in Texas, 1999 to 2019.

ABSTRACT Purpose To examine and quantify the burden of opioid-related mortality utilizing a serial cross-sectional design of individuals 15 to 64 years of age whose death was related to opioid use from January 1, 1999, to January 31, 2019. Methods Data was obtained from the CDC WONDER Multiple Cause of Death Online Database, which captures mortality and population estimates across the United States stratified by geography, age, sex, race, and ethnicity. The burden of opioid-related deaths in Texas was evaluated as the proportion of all deaths attributable to this underlying cause of death over the study period and years of potential life lost (YPLL). Results Results revealed that between 1999 and 2019, 19,039 opioid-related deaths occurred among persons age 15 to 64, resulting in an increase of 402% over the study period (from 3.8 per 100,000 in 1999 to 8.2 per 100,000 in 2019). In 2019, the number of opioid-related deaths was highest among males (67.1%), non-Hispanic whites (76.0%), and adults aged 25–54 (74.1%). Overall, in Texas in 2019, opioid-related deaths resulted in 51,743 years of potential life lost (3.2 YPLL per 1000) most of which were among males (36,318 YPLL). Additionally, premature mortality due to opioids was highest among adults aged 25 to 34 years (5.1 YPLL per 1000) , and those aged 35 to 44 years (3.8 YPLL per 1000). Conclusions We identified a steady yet significant rise in opioid-related mortality in Texas since 1999 and in particular among demographic groups considered at relatively high risk for midlife mortality. This study is also considered the first of its kind to quantify the burden of premature mortality related to opioid overdoses in Texas.
Where there's smoke: Cigarette use, social acceptability, and spatial approaches to multilevel modeling

I contribute to understandings of how context is related to individual outcomes by assessing the added value of combining multilevel and spatial modeling techniques. This methodological approach leads to substantive contributions to the smoking literature, including improved clarity on the central contextual factors and the examination of one manifestation of the social acceptability hypothesis. For this analysis I use restricted-use natality data from the Vital Statistics, and county-level data from the 2005-9 ACS. Critically, the results suggest that spatial considerations are still relevant in a multilevel framework. In addition, I argue that spatial processes help explain the relationships linking racial/ethnic minority concentration to lower overall odds of smoking.
Effects of physical education taught by a specialist on physical fitness and self-image.

Abstract The AAHPER youth fitness test and Gordon's “How I See Myself” scale were administered to 75 grade 7 students. The subjects were divided into those with elementary school physical education provided by a specialist (N=46) and those from schools with no such specialist (N=29). Those subjects who were taught by a specialist participated in experiences in rhythmic activities, group games, tumbling and gymnastics activities, and other individual and dual activities each week. The atmosphere was free from threat, providing opportunities for each child to experience a degree of success and yet be challenged further each day. Results indicated that the subjects with the experience of working with a physical education specialist performed at a higher level and were more able to assess themselves accurately than were those subjects who had not worked with a physical education specialist in the elementary school.
Closed-loop performance measures for flight controllers subject to neutron-induced upsets

It has been observed that atmospheric neutrons can produce single event upsets in digital flight control hardware. The phenomenon has been studied extensively at the chip level, and now system level experiments are underway. In this paper analytical closed-loop performance measures for the tracking error are developed for a plant that is stabilized by a recoverable computer system subject to neutron induced upsets. The underlying model is a Markov jump-linear system with process noise. The steady-state tracking error is expressed in terms of a generalized observability Gramian.