cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Sheepeater Myth of Northwestern Wyoming

A tribe of diminutive and timid Sheepeater Indians thought to be the only permanent residents of Yellowstone National Park are embedded in the local history and folklore of western wyoming. Conside...
Intel(R) RealSense(TM) Stereoscopic Depth Cameras

We present a comprehensive overview of the stereoscopic Intel RealSense RGBD imaging systems. We discuss these systems' mode-of-operation, functional behavior and include models of their expected performance, shortcomings, and limitations. We provide information about the systems' optical characteristics, their correlation algorithms, and how these properties can affect different applications, including 3D reconstruction and gesture recognition. Our discussion covers the Intel RealSense R200 and RS400.
Sexual misconduct policies and administrator perceptions among 4-year colleges and universities in Georgia.

Objectives: Following changes in federal regulations, the current study was an examination of differences in institutional responses to sexual violence among Georgia colleges and universities durin...
Lawlessness Breeds Lawlessness: A Case for Applying the Fourth Amendment to Extraterritorial Searches

I. JOINT VENTURES 1922 A. Application of “Joint Venture” Analysis in Federal–State Partnerships 1922 B. Application of “Joint Venture” Analysis in Federal–Foreign Partnerships 1926 C. Condemned to Repeat the Past: Reasons to Rethink Our Current Understanding of “Joint Ventures” 1929 1. Blurry Lines Result in Inconsistent Outcomes and Jeopardize Investigations 1929 2. It Is Not Sustainable 1930 3. Current Joint Venture Analysis Undermines Our Constitutional Commitments to Justice and Fairness 1932
Consideration of the Cilioretinal Circulation

The incidence of cilioretinal arteries in 1000 consecutive patients was determined by review of stereo color fundus photographs and fluorescein angiographs. One or more cilioretinal artery was present in 49.5 per cent of all patients or in 32.1 per cent of the 2000 eyes in this series. They occurred bilaterally in 14.6 per cent and contributed to some portion of the macular circulation in 18.7 per cent of the patients. A great deal of variability of size, number and distribution of cilioretinal vessels was observed.
Online stochastic optimization in the large: application to kidney exchange

Kidneys are the most prevalent organ transplants, but demand dwarfs supply. Kidney exchanges enable willing but incompatible donor-patient pairs to swap donors. These swaps can include cycles longer than two pairs as well, and chains triggered by altruistic donors. Current kidney exchanges address clearing (deciding who gets kidneys from whom) as an offline problem: they optimize the current batch. In reality, clearing is an online problem where patient-donor pairs and altruistic donors appear and expire over time. In this paper, we study trajectory-based online stochastic optimization algorithms (which use a recent scalable optimal offline solver as a subroutine) for this. We identify tradeoffs in these algorithms between different parameters. We also uncover the need to set the batch size that the algorithms consider an atomic unit. We develop an experimental methodology for setting these parameters, and conduct experiments on real and generated data. We adapt the REGRETS algorithm of Bent and van Hentenryck for the setting. We then develop a better algorithm. We also show that the AMSAA algorithm of Mercier and van Hentenryck does not scale to the nationwide level. Our best online algorithm saves significantly more lives than the current practice of solving each batch separately.
On the Value of Dual-Firing Power Generation Under Uncertain Gas Network Access

This work is concerned with the impact of gas network disruptions on dual-firing power generation. The question is addressed through the following optimization problem. Markets drive the price of gas, oil, and electricity. The log-prices evolve as correlated mean-reverting processes in discrete time. A generating unit has dual-firing capabilities, here in the sense that it can convert either gas or oil to electricity. Oil and gas are subject to different constraints and uncertainties. Gas is obtained in real time through the gas network. Due to gas supply disruptions, gas access is not guaranteed. Oil is stored locally and available in real time. The oil storage capacity is limited onsite. Oil can be reordered to replenish the oil tank, with a lead time between the order time and the delivery time. Oil is paid for at the order time price. In this paper, we formulate the stochastic optimization problem for a risk-neutral operator, and study the sensitivity of the value of the dual-firing generating unit to the gas network availability parameters.
Trust and Advice

Trust matters to fiduciary law in a variety of ways. This chapter focuses on the importance of trust in advisory relationships, and it emphasizes two settings: categorical fiduciary relationships and ad hoc fiduciary relationships. In the categorical setting, these relationships may be appropriately treated as fiduciary in part due to the likelihood of a beneficiary’s epistemic dependence on a fiduciary’s judgements. In turn, the presence of trust supports the likelihood of that epistemic dependence. In the ad hoc fiduciary setting, advisory relationships are sometimes best seen as a kind of “involvement” (as that concept is developed in David Owens’s work). Involvements are voluntary relationships even though they may have no precise moment when they come into existence. Importantly, the existence of involvements is generally recognizable by the parties involved. Trust is relevant here as an aid in legally identifying such relationships.
A Study of Sustainability Practices of US Fashion Brands Through Dictionary-Based Text Analysis

In this study, we aim to provide a holistic perspective of fashion brands sustainable development and investigate the sustainability practices of US fashion brands. To achieve the research goal, CSR reports of 12 US brands from all public companies of the fashion industry were collected. To identify and classify the sustainability practices in these documents, a dictionary approach by Python was used based on the Triple Bottom Line theory. The finding suggests that US fashion implement different sustainability strategies based on product categories and competitive advantages.
Multi-port Active Load Pulling for mm-Wave 5G Power Amplifiers: Bandwidth, Back-Off Efficiency, and VSWR Tolerance

The opening of spectral bands in the millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) spectrum from 26 GHz and extending up to the E-band poses new challenges to the power amplifier (PA) design for spectrally agile radios. They are expected to operate with high energy efficiency at peak and back-off levels to process signals with high peak-to-average power ratio (~10 dB), while being able to maintain their performance across a wide range of 5G bands. In addition, the PAs can experience strong load impedance mismatch conditions in a user equipment (UE) that pose additional challenges in handling strong voltage-standing-wave-ratio (VSWR) events. In this article, we present a systematic approach to exploit active load pulling in a multi-port network that synthesizes optimal impedance conditions for 1) broadband peak and back-off operation and 2) mitigating VSWR events at peak power. As proofs of concept, we present two PAs in 65-nm bulk CMOS process. The first chip demonstrates $P_{\text {sat}}$ between 16.3 and 19.3 dBm across 37–73 GHz, with an improvement in the output drain efficiency ( $\eta _{\text {out}}$ ) of up to $3.2\times \!\!/5.8\times $ at 6-/9.6-dB power back-off (PBO) across the frequency range compared to class-A operation. The second chip achieves 26–42-GHz $P_{\text {sat},\, -1 \, {\text{dB}}}$ bandwidth with $P_{\text {sat}} > 19$ dBm and PAE $_{\text {peak}}> 20$ % across all 28–40-GHz bands and with up to $3.35\times $ and $4.84\times $ enhancement in PAE at the PBO levels of 6 and 9.6 dB over class-A operation, respectively. The PA also demonstrates strong tolerance to VSWR events with only 2 dB degradation over a VSWR 4:1 load circle at a frequency of 33 GHz.
27 – SEMICONDUCTING ELEMENTS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the properties of semiconducting elements and their hydrides, oxygen compounds, and halides. It describes the three-center bonding in boron compounds, and explains the nature of bonding and conductivity in semiconductors. The chapter discusses the preparation of ultrapure silicon and germanium for the electronics industry, and the nature of semiconducting devices. It further discusses some of the natural and man-made silicon-oxygen compounds and their uses. The properties of the semiconducting elements, like their positions in the periodic table, are intermediate between those of the metals and the nonmetals. Often called the metalloids, those seven elements and their representative groups are Group III, boron; Group IV, silicon and germanium; Group V, arsenic and antimony; and Group VI, selenium and tellurium. Those elements resemble metals in appearance, but are more like nonmetals in their chemical behavior. The semiconducting elements conduct electric current, but much less effectively than metals. The chapter explains the concept of bonding and semiconductivity, and discusses the compounds of the semiconducting elements.
Abstract WP391: Management of Ischemic Stroke Following Left Ventricular Assist Device: A Retrospective Case Series

Introduction: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a common complication and an important source of morbidity and mortality in patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVAD). There are currently no...
Associations Between Alcohol Intake and Genetic Predisposition With Atrial Fibrillation Risk in a National Biobank.

Background: Excess alcohol intake and inherited predisposition may increase risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). We assessed the association between alcohol intake, polygenic predisposition to AF, and...
Effects of prolonged walking with body borne load on knee adduction biomechanics.

Abstract Background Soldiers that suffer a service-related knee musculoskeletal injury routinely develop joint osteoarthritis. Knee osteoarthritis is a substantial and costly problem among soldiers, yet it is unknown how body borne load and duration of walking impact knee adduction biomechanics linked to progression and severity of osteoarthritis. Research question This study determined the adaptations in magnitude and variability of knee adduction joint angle (KAA) and moment (KAM) during prolonged walking with body borne load. Methods Thirteen recreationally active participants had knee biomechanics quantified while walking over-ground for 60-min at 1.3 m/s with three body borne loads (0, 15, and 30 kg). Magnitude and variability of KAA and KAM measures were quantified and submitted to a RM ANOVA to test the main effect and interactions between load (0, 15 and 30 kg) and time (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min). Results Body borne load increased peak KAM (p 0.05). Significance Prolonged walking with heavy body borne load increased knee adduction biomechanics related to osteoarthritis. Adding heavy body borne load increased in peak KAM whereas duration of walking increased KAA, knee biomechanics that may increase loading of the medial knee joint compartment and risk of OA at the joint.
Synchronous Online-Delivery: A Novel Approach to Online Lab Instruction

The forced move to online learning in the arrival and persistence of the COVID-19 pandemic underscored the present lack of models for fully online general chemistry laboratory courses. While there exist a fair number of simulation platforms, video libraries, and one-off virtual experiments, a lack of complete general chemistry lab online courses necessitated the development of such an experience. By leveraging freely available simulations and videos, we were able to design two synchronous online delivery lab courses in the summer of 2020. Herein, the courses are described with accompanying analysis probing student perceptions of their experiences.
Viral Hepatitis C-Related Care in Active Duty and Reserve Service Members: A Retrospective Review.

INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, and universal screening of all adults is recommended. Treatment with new direct antiviral agents are well tolerated and highly effective and decrease morbidity and mortality from HCV. The timely treatment of active-duty Service members (SMs) is essential to prevent complications of HCV and to ensure medical readiness and safety of the Department of Defense blood supply. We performed a retrospective review of the quality of care of Navy Active Duty (AD) and reserve SMs diagnosed with HCV to assess rates of successful treatment and compliance with national guideline recommendations and identify potential challenges to receiving curative HCV therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective chart review was completed on the health records of 54 AD and reserve US Navy SMs diagnosed with HCV. The records were reviewed for timeliness of subspecialty evaluation, achievement of sustained virologic response (SVR), and documentation of the completion of HCV-associated recommendations from national organizations and guidelines. Challenges and barriers to care were identified. RESULTS Ninety-eight percent of AD and reserve Navy SMs diagnosed with HCV were prescribed treatment, 81% achieved an SVR after completing initial treatment, which reached 92% after initial nonresponders underwent a second round of treatment. Fifty percent of SMs experienced a delay in care due mostly to military-related obligations and patient noncompliance or both. There was a small number of delays in care as a result of prolonged notification of results and referral time. CONCLUSION As HCV screening recommendations expand to include all adults, more HCV infections will be identified in both the active and reserve components. Modern HCV therapies are both relatively short in duration as well as curative, allowing for the restoration of medical readiness and military service retention. Despite these advantages, we identified challenges of effecting HCV cures in a mobile military population. We recommend centralized compliance monitoring of not only HCV force screening but also HCV treatment to ensure maximized military medical readiness.
Denervation of the Humeral Epicondyles

Persistent humeral epicondylar pain is most often related to the lateral humeral epicondyle and is termed “tennis elbow.” When nonoperative or traditional orthopedic techniques to relieve this pain have proven ineffective, then it is appropriate to consider relief of pain by resection of the nerves that transmit this pain message. This approach, termed denervation, must resect branches of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm, implanting these branches into the lateral head of the triceps muscle. A similar approach is available for persistent medial epicondylitis, “thrower’s or golfer’s elbow,” resecting the nerve to the medial humeral epicondyle and implanting this nerve into the medial head of the triceps muscle. This chapter presents the anatomic and clinical evidence to support this approach.
Interleaved cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code

In this paper, we investigate interleaved cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code. The interleaved CRC can be obtained by merging independent small message blocks into one large block (merged interleaving) or by dividing the original message block into independent small sub blocks (divided interleaving) and then by alternatively dividing the resulting message block(s) using same generator polynomial. The interleaved CRC increases both the detection span and the detectable error patterns. New applications of the interleaved CRC as the error detection scheme or stopping criteria in interleaved error correction coding and iterative decoding schemes are proposed. Since each individual codeword of interleaved CRC code is mutually independent, it is possible to generate CRC in interleaved manner and to check CRC in parallel manner.
Acid neutralizing capacity of human saliva.

In this study, we evaluated the properties of human saliva relevant to its potential contribution to esophageal acid clearance. Saliva was collected by expectoration and its flow and ability to neutralize acid were assessed. In the titration of 0.1 N HCl, saliva functions as a weak base to neutralize acid. Saliva's capacity for acid neutralization was defined as the quantity of 0.1 N HCl acid neutralized by 1 ml saliva. Nasoesophageal intubation, oral lozenge, and bethanechol (5 mg subcutaneously administered) increased both saliva flow and its capacity for acid neutralization. An intubated subject with a saliva flow of 1.2 mllmin produces enough saliva in 5 min to titrate 1 ml of 0.1 N HCl from a pH of 1.2 to 4.0. Atropine in a small dose of 3 μg/kg i.v. reduced saliva flow without affecting its capacity for acid neutralization, while a larger dose of 12 μ/kg i.v. abolished salivation. The capacity of saliva for acid neutralization was linearly related to its bicarbonate concentration. Bicarbonate accounted for approximately 50% of capacity for acid neutralization for resting saliva, while about 80% of the capacity for acid neutralization for lozenge-stimulated saliva was due to bicarbonate. The increase in capacity for acid neutralization for lozenge-stimulated saliva was the result of a rise in bicarbonate concentration, while the contribution of the nonbicarbonate component remained relatively constant. We conclude: (a) Saliva produced at physiologic rates and carried into the esophagus by swallowing is capable of neutralizing small amounts of intraesophageal acid within a few minutes; (b) the effect of oral lozenge, bethanechol, and atropine on salivation may explain, at least in part, why these agents alter esophageal acid clearance; (c) because intubation stimulates salivation, pH monitoring of esophageal acid clearance may underestimate the duration of acid exposure that would occur in the absence of an indwelling pH electrode; and (d) the ability of saliva to neutralize acid is due primarily to bicarbonate.
Solving Society's Problems from the Bottom Up

When Milton Friedman claimed that a corporation's only responsibility is profits, few people knew that it would become conventional wisdom. David Colander, the always original and often iconoclastic economist, makes the refreshing case in support of for-benefit enterprises.
Effect of Hyperosmolar Therapy on Outcome Following Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: The ERICH Study (S25.007)

Objective: We aimed to identify the effect of hyperosmolar therapy on outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ERICH) study. Background: Hyperosmolar therapy reduces intracerebral pressure and improves outcome in traumatic brain injury. Its clinical efficacy in primary ICH, however, remains unproven. Design/Methods: Significant differences in baseline variables were identified between cases that received hyperosmolar therapy versus no hyperosmolar therapy. These differences were utilized to develop a propensity score that included age, initial Glasgow Coma Scale, location of ICH (lobar, deep, brainstem, cerebellar), log-transformed ICH volume, presence of intraventricular hemorrhage, and craniotomy. ERICH subjects with a pre-ICH modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤3 were included. Each case underwent chart abstraction that included use of hyperosmolar therapy (mannitol and/or hypertonic saline). Treated cases were matched 1:1 to untreated subjects based on propensity score, sex, and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, or Hispanic). The McNemar and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare 3-month mRS outcome between groups. Results: As of 12/31/2012, 791 cases had complete data for all variables of interest. Of those, 145 hyperosmolar cases were matched to 145 non-hyperosmolar subjects by propensity score variables. No significant differences were found on the propensity score variables between groups. Treated cases had significantly worse outcome at 3 months compared with untreated subjects (McNemar, p=.0055); good outcome was defined as 3-month mRS ≤3. The mean 3-month mRS was 0.32 lower in the untreated group (Wilcoxon, p=.037). Conclusions: Use of hyperosmolar therapy was associated with worse 3-month outcomes even after matching for variables associated with worse outcomes using propensity score analysis. These results question the efficacy and safety of hyperosmolar therapy in primary ICH. Our analysis is limited by cohort design and differences among regional practice and utilization of hyperosmolar therapy. Disclosure: Dr. Shah has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rasmussen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Birnbaum has received research support from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Moomaw has received research support from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Sekar has received research support from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Osborne has received research support from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Nanez has received research support from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Vashkevich has received research support from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Woo has received research support from the National Institutes of Health.
The Encoding of Natural Numbers as Nested Parentheses Strings with Associated Probability Distributions

We provide an efficient encoding of the natural numbers {0,1,2,3,...} as strings of nested parentheses {(),(()),(()()),((())),...}, or considered inversely, an efficient enumeration of such strings. The technique is based on the recursive definition of the Catalan numbers. The probability distributions arising from this encoding are explored. Applications of this encoding to prefix-free data encoding and recursive function theory are briefly considered.
Dietary intake of calcium and magnesium and the metabolic syndrome in the National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) 2001–2010 data

Higher dietary intakes of Mg and Ca, individually, have been associated with a decreased risk for the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). Experimental studies suggest that a higher intra-cellular ratio of Ca:Mg, which may be induced by a diet high in Ca and low in Mg, may lead to hypertension and insulin resistance. However, no previous epidemiological studies have examined the effects of the combined intake of Mg and Ca on MetSyn. Thus, we evaluated the association between dietary intakes of Ca and Mg (using 24-h recalls), independently and in combination, and MetSyn in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study 2001-2010 data, which included 9148 adults (4549 men and 4599 women), with complete information on relevant nutrient, demographic, anthropometric and biomarker variables. We found an inverse association between the highest (>355 mg/d) v. the lowest (<197 mg/d) quartile of Mg and MetSyn (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.57, 0.86). Women who met the RDA for both Mg (310-320 mg/d) and Ca (1000-1200 mg/d) had the greatest reduced odds of MetSyn (OR 0.59; 95% CI 0.45, 0.76). In men, meeting the RDA for Mg (400-420 mg/d) and Ca (1000-1200 mg/d), individually or in combination, was not associated with MetSyn; however, men with intakes in the highest quartile for Mg (≥ 386 mg/d) and Ca (≥ 1224 mg/d) had a lower odds of MetSyn (OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.59, 0.93). Our results suggest that women who meet the RDA for Mg and Ca have a reduced odds of MetSyn but men may require Ca levels higher than the RDA to be protected against MetSyn.
Object Reconstruction Using Third And Fourth Order Intensity Correlations

A phase retrieval method 1 using third and fourth order intensity correlations is employed to reconstruct the object. To study the ef feet iveness of the reconstruction technique with estimates of intensity correlations from measured data, we have developed a computer simulation of the light intensity measurement process, In this simulation, the speckle patterns of the object are generated and third and fourth order intensity correlation estimates are formed and used to recover complex spatial coherence function maps. Combining this simulation with the reconstruction procedure we have studied the behavior and efficiency of the end-to-end image reconstruct ion technique.
SU‐E‐T‐307: Methodology for Spinal Cord Retreat Calculations

Purpose: Often in the clinical arena, physicians rely on medical physicists to provide dose estimates. This project focused on evaluating the BED to the spinal cord for patients undergoing retreatment after conventionally fractionated RT. The BED calculation method is based on published research on human and animal spinal cord reirradiations. Methods: BED is calculated separately for the first and upcoming treatments using the planning system to estimate the dose to the spinal cord in the overlap region from each course. The cumulative BED is calculated as the sum of the BEDs of the first treatment and the upcoming treatment. The tolerance BED is calculated from the QUANTEC (2010) value for 0.2% rate of myelopathy of 50 Gy in 2 Gy fractions. If the reirradiation follows the initial irradiation by at least six months, the cumulative BED is compared to the tolerance BED multiplied by 1.25 to account for repair of RT‐induced subclinical damage. If an RT course was delivered BID, then an additional factor (Hm = 0.35) was used to account for incomplete repair of sublethal damage during the BID course. Results: BED calculations were performed using this method to assist clinical decisions for spinal cord reirradiations. Patients were treated to doses as high as 59 Gy to the spinal cord while BED calculations showed the dose to the spinal cord was effectively below the QUANTEC tolerance for 0.2% rate of myelopathy. Conclusion: Application of this BED calculation methodology for spinal reirradiations places retreatment dose in the context of current clinical research. The department is analyzing spinal cord BED calculations factoring in recovery observed in a primate model predicting 50%, 60%, and 70% recovery of the initial RT course dose at 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years post‐RT respectively given an initial treatment of up to 44 Gy.
Measurement of the static electric dipole polarizabilities of barium and strontium

The static electric dipole polarizabilities of barium and strontium atoms have been measured using an electric deflection technique. The results are normalized to the polarizability of lithium by comparing deflections of the alkaline-earth beams to deflections of a lithium beam passing through an inhomogeneous electrostatic field. The measured polarizabilities are (39.7 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 3.2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ for barium and (27.6 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ for strontium.
Effect of Polydentate Donor Molecules on Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide Aggregation: An X-ray Crystallographic and a Combination Semiempirical PM3/Single Point ab Initio Theoretical Study

Addition of 1 equiv of polydentate amine or ether donor solvent to hydrocarbon solutions of lithium hexamethydisilazide (LHMDS) yields a variety of complexes with different aggregation states. X-ray crystallographic analyses have been carried out on six new compounds revealing three- and four-coordinate monomers, η1-coordinated mono- and disolvated dimers, and polymers of dimers. PM3 calculations were able to locate minima for a variety of possible structures for the ligands N,N,N‘,N‘-tetramethylethylenediamine and 1,2-dimethoxyethane. However, the heats of formation from these calculations are found to be unreliable in predicting the relative stabilities of the isomers. Single point ab initio calculations at the 6-31G* level on the PM3 optimized structures give energies which correspond well to the known aggregation states of LHMDS species. Deaggregation from dimers to monomers appears to be driven by a combination of steric, electronic, and chelate effects.
Robert Letsinger: the father of synthetic DNA chemistry.

On May 26, 2014, Robert Lewis Letsinger died after a slow, progressive loss of his health. He played bridge with his family on Saturday, slipped into a coma Sunday, and died Monday. Thus ended the life of one of the most remarkable and productive scientists of his generation. All who knew him will miss his warmth and humor, his quiet energy and enthusiasm for greeting life’s challenges, and his ease in expressing gratitude for the life he had lived and was living in a given moment. Scientists will remember his clever, spot-on, and forward-looking insights on his scientific endeavors and also on the research of colleagues.
High molecular weight precursor polypeptides to structural proteins of Rauscher murine leukemia virus

The synthesis of three structural proteins of Rauscher murine leukemia virus was examined by autoradiography of radiolabeled proteins immunoprecipitated from extracts of cells pulse-labeled with [ 35 S]methionine and fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polypeptides carrying virus-specific antigenic determinants were immunoprecipitated with monospecific antiserum directed against either the Rauscher virus envelope glyco-protein gp69/71, the major core protein p30, or a small molecular weight internal protein 15. Analysis of polypeptides immunoprecipatated by anti-gp69/71 serum revealed a 90,000mmolecular weight protein as the immediate precuror of gp69/71. Very high molecular weight proteins of 260,000 and 350,000 that appeared to carry gp69/71 antigenicity were also detected. Labeling with 3 H-labeled sugars revealed that the 90,000 molecular weight molecule was glycosylated but its carbohydrate moiety was deficient in fucose relative to the mature envelope protein. The synthesis of a 70,000 molecular weight polypeptide with gp69/71 antigenic determinants was observed when glycosylation was inhibited. Tryptic digest analysis confirmed the procursor-product relationships between the 70,000 molecular weight polypeptide, the 90,000 molecular weight protein and the mature envelope glycoprotein. Analysis of the polypeptides immunoprecipitated by anti-p30 serum and anti-p15 serum indicated that these virion proteins were both cleavage products of a 65,000 molecular weight precursor molecule. Tryptic digest analysis showed that the 65,000 molecular weight molecules precipitated by anti-p30 serum and anti-p15 serum were the same molecule and confirmed the precursor-product relationship of the 65,000 molecular weight precursor molecule to the virion protein p30. Possible very large precursors to the p30 and p15 proteins with molecular weights of 260,000 and 350,000 were also observed. These proteins migrated in electrophoretic gels parallel with the very large polypeptides immunoprecipitated by anti-gp69/71 serum. The 65,000 molecular weight precursor molecule was not detectable when viral-specific protein was synthesized in the presence of amino acid analogs which can inhibit precursor protein cleavage. However, a slightly larger polypeptide with a molecular weight of about 70,000 was observed. The concentrations of the very large possible precursors were not enhanced by amino acid analog incorporation. Released virions were found to contain precursor protein and intermediatesized cleavage products carrying antigenic determinants of virion proteins p30 and p15 in addition to the mature sized proteins. Precursor to gp69/71 was not detected in released virus particles.
Evaluating costs for the in vitro propagation and preservation of endangered plants

In vitro methods provide opportunities for propagating and preserving endangered plant species when seed-based methods are not adequate. Such species include those that produce few or no seeds, as well as species with recalcitrant seeds. Tissue culture propagation methods can be used to produce such plants for reintroduction, research, education, display, and commerce. They can also be the basis for tissue banking as a way to preserve genetic diversity when seeds cannot be banked. With some recalcitrant species, embryo banking, a method which also utilizes in vitro culture for recovery germination, is possible. The number of endangered species that will require in vitro methods is estimated to be at least 5,000 worldwide. Further information is needed to identify these species, and the ongoing collection of information into databases on endangered species and recalcitrant species will help provide this. The costs of these methods are higher than for traditional propagation and preservation, but they may be necessary for species under higher threat. The multiplication rate of a culture, as well as the rates of rooting and acclimatization, has a major effect on the number of transfers needed for producing plants or tissue for banking, and improvements that will increase the efficiency of these steps can help lower costs. Further research into factors affecting the growth of tissues in vitro, as well as coordination of efforts among institutions with infrastructure for in vitro work, should facilitate the application of in vitro methods to the endangered species that cannot be propagated or preserved using seeds.
Photoaffinity analogs for multidrug resistance-related transporters and their use in identifying chemosensitizers.

Abstract A major obstacle in cancer treatment is the development of resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents in tumor cells. The hallmark of this multidrug resistance (MDR) is overexpression of the MDR 1 P-glycoprotein or the multidrug resistance protein MRP1. It is well documented that these proteins confer MDR in cancer cells. Much evidence indicates that control of intracellular drug levels in MDR cells is determined by P-glycoprotein or MRP, and therefore these proteins are suitable targets for identifying MDR-reversing agents (MDR modulators). We originally explored the drug-binding ability of P-glycoprotein by synthesizing and using radioactive photoaffinity analogs of vinblastine. Since our initial discovery that P-glycoprotein binds to vinblastine photoaffinity analogs, many P-glycoprotein- and MRP-specific photoaffinity analogs have been developed. In this review, photoaffinity analogs which specifically bind to P-glycoprotein or MRP are discussed. Moreover, utilizing these photoprobes to identify, characterize and localize the drug binding sites of P-glycoprotein and MRP is described. Using P-glycoprotein-specific photoaffinity analogs in combination with site-directed antibodies to several domains of this protein has allowed the localization of the general binding domains of some of the cytotoxic agents an MDR modulators on P-glycoprotein. However, the molecular architecture of the drug binding sites, their exact location on the P-glycoprotein molecule, and the total number of the drug binding sites remain to be determined. This review discusses recent advances in delineating the structure of the drug-binding sites of P-glycoprotein. Moreover, novel MRP1 photoaffinity analogs are reviewed.
Rat strain-dependent effects of repeated stress on the acoustic startle response.

Abstract Amplitude and habituation of the acoustic startle response were assessed in four recombinant inbred (RI) rat strains. One group from each strain underwent repeated restraint stress, the last session of which was 24 h before startle testing while, a second group from each strain was not stressed prior to testing. Additionally, prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response, and anxiety behavior in the elevated plus-maze were assessed in separate, non-stressed groups of each strain. In the non-stressed condition, these RI strains differed significantly from each other on all behaviors measured. In the two RI strains that showed the greatest habituation of the startle response, repeated stress resulted in significantly lower acoustic startle amplitude than that seen in non-stressed controls of those strains. In the strains showing low levels of habituation, repeated stressed increased the level. Neither genotype-dependent levels of startle amplitude, prepulse inhibition of the startle response, nor anxiety in the plus-maze were closely related to the effect of stress on either startle amplitude or habituation. The results suggest that genotype-dependent habituation of the startle response may be important in determining whether stress will alter startle amplitude.
Radiant cuisine: the commercial fate of food irradiation in the United States.

Shortly after the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) declared beef exposed to gamma radiation fit for human consumption in 1997, several supermarket chains began selling irradiated ground beef. Recent incidents in which thousands of Americans had been poisoned and several had died from eating hamburgers contaminated by Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 bacteria seemed to have created a market for meat that could be proved safe to eat. One of the chains, Wegmans Food Markets, distributed a pamphlet introducing its new product as a marvel of modern technology. Adorned with pictures of happy families and plump burgers, the brochure struck a nostalgic tone, inviting consumers to "stop worrying about E. coli and start enjoying great-tasting hamburgers cooked the way you like them" juicy red.1 The pamphlet did not mention the fifty-year history of food irradiation in the United States, a history fraught with high expectations, regulatory uncertainty, and determined grass-roots opposition. That would have exposed the sale of irradiated foods as a bold and economically risky experiment. Many people had predicted the imminent and wide-scale commercialization of irradiated foods during the 1950s and 1960s, but when the FDA finally began to approve irradiation as a food preservation and sterilization process in the 1980s a vocal opposition coalesced. The opposition built public resistance to irradiated foods by casting doubts on their wholesomeness, identifying potential dangers from irradiation facilities, and questioning the nuclear and food industries' role in promoting the process.2 Most food
Isolation and Characterization of Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with Increased Resistance to Growth Inhibition by Indoleacetic Acid-Amino Acid Conjugates

Two mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana that are resistant to growth inhibition by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-phenylalanine have been isolated. Both mutants were 2- to 3-fold more resistant than wild type to inhibition by IAA-phenylalanine, IAA-alanine, and IAA-glycine in root growth assays. The mutant icr1 (but not icr2) also shows some resistance to IAA-aspartate. Studies using 3H-labeled IAA-phenylalanine showed that the uptake of conjugate from the medium by icr1 was the same as wild type and was reduced by about 25% in icr2. No differences in hydrolysis of the exogenous conjugate were detected between the mutants and their wild-type parents. There was no significant metabolism of the IAA released from the [3H]IAA-phenylalanine, whereas exogenous [3H]IAA was rapidly metabolized to two unidentified products considerably more polar than IAA. Analysis of a cross between icr1 and icr2 indicated that these mutations were at distinct loci and that their effects were additive, and preliminary mapping data indicated that icr1 and icr2 were located at the top and bottom of chromosome V, respectively.
A theory for the radiation of magnetohydrodynamic surface waves and body waves into the solar corona

The Green's function for the slab coronal hole is obtained explicitly. The Fourier integral representation for the radiated field inside and outside the coronal hole waveguide is obtained. The radiated field outside the coronal hole is calculated using the method of steepest descents. It is shown that the radiated field can be written as the sum of two contributions: (1) a contribution from the integral along the steepest descent path and (2) a contribution from all the poles of the integrand between the path of the original integral and the steepest descent path. The free oscillations of the waveguide can be associated with the pole contributions in the steepest descent representation for the Green's function. These pole contributions are essentially generalized surface waves with a maximum amplitude near the interface which separates the plasma inside the coronal hole from the surrounding background corona. The path contribution to the integral is essentially the power radiated in body waves.
Toward a Dynamical Structure of DNA: Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental NOE Intensities

Comparisons of experimental and calculated interproton nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) buildup curves for duplex d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 have been made. The calculated NOEs are based on molecular dynamics simulations including counterions and water and on the single-structure canonical A, B, and crystal forms. The calculated NOE effects include consideration of the motions of individual interproton vectors and the anisotropic tumbling of the DNA. The effects due to inclusion of anisotropic tumbling are much larger than those due to the local motion, and both improve the agreement between calculated and experimental results. The predictions based on the dynamical models agree significantly better with experiment than those based on either of the canonical forms or the crystal structure.
Energy Transformations by Young‐of‐the‐Year White Bass Morone chrysops (Rafinesque) in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin

Abstract Energy budgets, based on laboratory and field studies in 1967 and 1968, were constructed for young-of-the-year white bass Morone chrysops. Major food items in the diet of the fish were cladocerans, copepods, amphipods, insect larvae and pupae. Estimates of daily food intake were based on two periods of intense feeding (early morning and late afternoon). Fish egested 39% of the food consumed during a single feeding period. Mean caloric content of this material was 3,339 and 3,760 g˙cal/g dry weight for laboratory and field samples, respectively. Measurements of the oxygen consumption of groups of fish fed meals of live zooplankton were used to calculate the energy of respiration. Oxygen consumption values were converted to gram-calories with an oxycaloric coefficient of 3.42 g˙cal released/rag oxygen consumed. Changes in the total energy content of fish were determined by converting increases in dry weight to their caloric equivalents. Daily food energy consumed by the fish represented about 6% of...
Statistics of progressive breakdown in ultra-thin Oxides

Electrical breakdown manifests itself in ultra-thin oxides by a gradual and systematic rise in gate leakage current. On average, this progressive breakdown is shown to increase the gate leakage exponentially with time, with the time constant exponentially dependent on the gate voltage. Because thin oxides do not instantaneously short at the commencement of breakdown, the definition of oxide failure may be altered from the first jump in gate current to the leakage value that disrupts circuit operation. Depending on the ratio of the defect production rate to the defect growth rate, multiple breakdowns may form in a single device. A Monte Carlo simulator combines these results and calculates the oxide failure distribution with failure defined by a leakage level. The simulations reveal that updating the definition of oxide failure increases the projected reliability by many orders of magnitude.
Computer Aided Microscopy And Image Processing: An Overview Of Studies On Cell Movement.

The revival of light microscope techniques and instrumentation has had major impact on biological studies of the mechanism of cell movements. This paper surnarizes some of the contributions of the participants in this session to this important area of biological science and gives a brief literature review of their past work.
50-GHz self-aligned silicon bipolar transistors with ion-implanted base profiles

Silicon bipolar transistors having cutoff frequencies from 40 to 50 GHz have been fabricated in a double -polysilicon self-aligned structure using a process which relies on ion implantation for the intrinsic base formation. The devices have nearly ideal DC characteristics, with breakdown voltages adequate for most digital applications. The results demonstrate that the performance limits of conventional implanted technologies are significantly higher than previously thought. >
Multiple target detection in video using quadratic multi-frame correlation filtering

Most integrated target detection and tracking systems employ state-space models to keep track of an explicit number of individual targets. Recently, a non-state-space framework was developed for enhancing target detection in video by applying probabilistic motion models to the soft information in correlation outputs before thresholding. This framework has been referred to as multi-frame correlation filtering (MFCF), and because it avoids the use of state-space models and the formation of explicit tracks, the framework is well-suited for handling scenes with unknown numbers of targets at unknown positions. In this paper, we propose to use quadratic correlation filters (QCFs) in the MFCF framework for robust target detection. We test our detection algorithm on real and synthesized single-target and multi-target video sequences. Simulation results show that MFCF can significantly reduce (to zero in the best case) the false alarm rates of QCFs at detection rates above 95% in the presence of large amounts of uncorrelated noise. We also show that MFCF is more adept at rejecting those false peaks due to uncorrelated noise rather than those due to clutter and compression noise; consequently, we show that filters used in the framework should be made to favor clutter rejection over noise tolerance.
Finite Element Modeling and Harmonic Analysis of the Bus Bodywork

The characteristics of vibration and noise of an automobile have become important factors for evaluating automobiles. In this study, finite element modal analysis and harmonic analysis were used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of the bus bodywork. The analytical results show that vibration of ceiling board and floor board is large while the engine remains the idle running. The vibration of ceiling board and floor board are large during the engine running with the idle speed or the highest speed. In addition, the vibration of ceiling board and floor board also has peak values during the engine running with the maximum torsion moment. Therefore, for prediction of vehicle bodywork vibration and vehicle interior noise, the influence of the engine vibration on them should be considered in order to avoid resonance of bodywork boards and coupling of bodywork boards and interior acoustic field.
Concerning the Ca2−xMgxTt Systems, Tt=Sn, Pb

Abstract The Ca 2 Tt –Mg 2 Tt systems for tetrel Tt =Sn, Pb each contain a single Ca 2− x Mg x Tt phase with the Co 2 Si structure ( Pnma ) over 0≤ x ≤1, beyond which Mg 2 Tt (inverse CaF 2 -type, x =2) appear. At x =1, Mg occupies the unique position in the tricapped trigonal prisms (TCTP) of cations about tin that is not involved in the formation of chains of edge-shared prisms, but rather it participates in interchain bonding via face-capping functions on adjoining trigonal prisms. This substitution produces notably less distortion in the TCTP units than in Ca 2 Tt . Resistivity data for the tin system show changes from a semiconductor for Ca 2 Sn to a poor metal at CaMgSn, ρ ∼180 μΩ cm at 240 K. Only very small and approximately temperature-independent magnetic susceptibilities are found over the same range, values that are only fractions of the standard diamagnetic core corrections. The systems behave as typical Zintl phases containing Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Tt 4− oxidation states.