cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Altruism revisited: a comparison of medical, law and business students' altruistic attitudes

OBJECTIVE Although the concept of altruism in medicine has a long tradition in Western thought, little empirical research has been carried out recently in this area. This study compares the altruistic attitudes of medical, legal and business students. METHODS We used a cross-sectional survey to compare the altruistic attitudes of 3 types of contemporary professional students, those in medicine, law and business. RESULTS The results suggest that medical students report more altruistic attitudes than legal students, but not than business students. Overall, female students reported stronger attitudes consistent with altruism compared with males; African-American and Hispanic students reported more altruistic attitudes compared with White students. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the recent trend in recruiting more women and underrepresented minority group members into medicine may have a positive impact on altruism in the profession, if we can assume that attitudes correlate with behaviours.
Post-traumatic growth: finding positive meaning in cancer survivorship moderates the impact of intrusive thoughts on adjustment in younger adults.

Objective: We examined whether post-traumatic growth would moderate the impact of intrusive thoughts on a range of dimensions of well-being in a sample of younger adult survivors of various types of cancer. Methods: 167 participants completed questionnaires regarding intrusive thoughts, post-traumatic growth, mental and physical health-related quality of life, positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, and spiritual well-being. Multiple regression analyses controlling for relevant background and cancer-related variables tested the interaction effects of post-traumatic growth and intrusive thoughts. Results: Intrusive thoughts were related to poorer adjustment on all indices except physical health-related quality of life. However, post-traumatic growth moderated the effects of intrusive thoughts on positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, and spiritual well-being in a protective fashion. That is, for those higher in post-traumatic growth, higher levels of intrusive thoughts were related to better adjustment. Conclusions: The positive meaning that individuals assign to their cancer experience as reflected in their reports of post-traumatic growth appears to be important in determining the impact of intrusive thoughts on post-cancer adjustment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diversity, abundance, and consistency of microbial oxygenase expression and biodegradation in a shallow contaminated aquifer.

frequently (20% of the total) in two groundwater monitoring wells characterized by low (10 2 ppb; 1 M) ambient concentrations of naphthalene. A quantitative competitive PCR assay was used to show that abundances of nag genes (and archetypal nah genes) fluctuated substantially over a 9-month period. To contrast short-term variation with long-term community stability, in situ community gene expression (dioxygenase mRNA) and biodegradation potential (community metabolism of naphthalene in microcosms) were compared to measurements from 6 years earlier. cDNA sequences amplified from total RNA extracts revealed that nah- and nag-type genes were expressed in situ, corresponding well with structural gene abundances. Despite evidence for short-term (9-month) shifts in dioxygenase gene copy number, agreement in field gene expression (dioxygenase mRNA) and biodegradation potential was observed in comparisons to equivalent assays performed 6 years earlier. Thus, stability in community biodegradation characteristics at the hemidecadal time frame has been documented for these subsurface microbial communities.
Developing and Testing a Dynamic Model of Workplace Incivility Change

Theory and practice suggest workplace incivility is progressive and dynamic. To date, however, workplace incivility has been assessed as a between-person phenomenon by asking employees to summarize their exposure to incivility over some specific period (e.g., 1 year or 5 years). Consequently, little is known about the time-varying and progressive aspects of workplace incivility as suggested by both the referent literature and experience. Within the context of employee burnout and withdrawal, we developed a novel, dynamic mediated model of workplace incivility change and tested specific predictions about its time-sequential effects. Latent change score modeling of weekly survey data from 131 employees indicates that incivility change uniquely affects subsequent changes in burnout, which, in turn, lead to subsequent changes in turnover cognitions. We also explore whether this dynamic mediated effect varies across time and individuals.
Modal Analysis of Path Length Sensitivity in Superposition Architectures for Coherent Laser Beam Combining

An analytical model is developed to describe the modal behavior of a class of coherent beam combining resonators based on laser beam superposition. This model is used to explore the interplay between modal discrimination and tolerance to gain element path length changes. Under certain conditions, the sensitivity to the random phase fluctuations of the individual gain elements can be substantially reduced.
3-D isotropic imaging of environmental sources using a compact gamma camera

In this work, the three-dimensional (3-D) position information of a radiation source is determined by a compact gamma ray imaging system. Two-dimensional (2-D) gamma ray images were obtained from different positions by the gamma camera and the third dimension, the distance between the detector and the radiation source, was calculated using triangulation. Additionally, a CCD camera is attached to the top of the gamma camera and provides associated 2-D visual information. The inferred distances from the center of the two measurement points and a radiation source had less than a 5% error for sources within 3 m and /spl plusmn/45/spl deg/ FOV. From the measured distances and camera intrinsic efficiencies /spl epsiv/(/spl theta/,/spl phi/) from MCNP simulations, the activity of the source was normally determined within 80% of the true value depending upon source position. The parallax between the two visual images was corrected using the inferred distance between the detector and the radiation source. The radiation image from gamma camera and the visual image from CCD camera are superimposed into one combined image using a maximum-likelihood (ML) algorithm to make the image alignment more precise. Energy dependent response functions were found to be better than a fixed energy response function for ML image processing.
Enhancement of thermospheric mass density by soft electron precipitation

[1] Enhancements in F-region electron density and temperature and bottomside Pedersen conductivity caused by soft electron precipitation are shown to enhance the Joule heating per unit mass and the mass density of the thermosphere atF-region altitudes. The results are derived from the coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere model (CMIT) including two types of causally specified soft electron precipitation—direct-entry cusp precipitation and Alfven-wave induced, broadband electron precipitation—the effects of which are self-consistently included for the first time in a coupled global simulation model. The simulation results provide a causal explanation of CHAMP satellite measurements of statistical enhancements in thermospheric mass density at 400 km altitudes in the cusp and premidnight auroral region.
Performance improvement obtained for thin-film transistors fabricated in prepatterned laser-recrystallized polysilicon

Thin-film transistors (TFT's) are fabricated in polysilicon films that are laser recrystallized either before or after active-area definition. We find the the performance of TPT's fabricated in active areas that are prepatterned before laser recrystallization is dramatically improved. For example, the field-effect mobility is increased by a factor of three, the threshold voltage is reduced from 5.32 V to 0.07 V, and the subthreshold slope is cut in half for W/L = 10 /spl mu/m/10 /spl mu/m TFT's. All TFT's discussed utilize gas-immersion laser-doped source and drain junctions and are unhydrogenated.
Numerical modeling of a gravity wave packet ducted by the thermal structure of the atmosphere

[1] A time-dependent and fully nonlinear numerical model is employed to solve the Navier-Stokes equations in two spatial dimensions and to describe the propagation of a Gaussian gravity wave packet generated in the troposphere. A Fourier spectral analysis is used to analyze the frequency power spectra of the wave packet, which propagates through and dwells within several thermal ducting regions. The frequency power spectra of the wave packet are derived at several discrete altitudes, which allow us to determine the evolution of the packet. This spectral analysis also clearly reveals the existence of a stratospheric duct, a mesospheric and lower thermospheric duct, and a duct lying between the tropopause and the lower thermosphere. In addition, we determine the spatially localized wave kinetic energy density and the horizontally averaged, time-resolved, normalized vertical velocity. Examination of these diagnostic variables allows us to better understand the process of wave ducting and the vertical transport of wave energy among multiple thermal ducts. The spectral analysis allows us to unambiguously identify the ducted wave modes. These results compare favorably with those derived from a full-wave model.
On the Contextual Independence of Personality: Teachers' Assessments Predict Directly Observed Behavior after Four Decades.

The continuity of personality’s association with directly observed behavior is demonstrated across two contexts spanning four decades. During the 1960s, elementary school teachers rated personalities of members of the ethnically diverse Hawaii Personality and Health Cohort. The same individuals were interviewed in a medical clinic more than 40 years later. Trained coders viewed video recordings of a subset of these interviews (N ¼ 144; 68 female, 76 male) and assessed the behavior they observed using the Riverside Behavioral Q-sort Version 3. Children rated by their teachers as ‘‘verbally fluent’’ (defined as unrestrained talkativeness) showed dominant and socially adept behavior as middle-aged adults. Early ‘‘adaptability’’ was associated with cheerful and intellectually curious behavior, early ‘‘impulsivity’’ was associated with later talkativeness and loud speech, and earlyrated tendencies to ‘‘self-minimize’’ were related to adult expressions of insecurity and humility.
Semantics: Teleaction Objects

Teleaction Objects (TAOs) possess private knowledge specific to the object instances. The user can create and modify the private knowledge of a Teleaction Object, so that the Teleaction Object will automatically react to certain events to pre-perform operations for generating timely response, improving operational efficiency and maintaining consistency. Moreover, Teleaction Objects also possess a hypergraph structure leading to the effective presentation and efficient communication of multimedia information. The Active Multimedia System (AMS) is designed to manage the Teleaction Objects. In the AMS, the private knowledge of each Teleaction Object is realized by the index cells of Active Index. The applications to smart multimedia mail and multimedia information retrieval are described to illustrate the usefulness of Teleaction Objects.
Social Relationship Identification: An Example of Social Query

Every moment, millions of people worldwide are communicating and sharing content online. We express ourselves online to enrich existing relationships and establish new relationships that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to develop offline. Such actions are reflected in a corresponding set of digital social artifacts, such as blog posts, emails and status updates. We are accustomed to thinking of collections of digital artifacts online as repositories of information. What if we are now searching collections of digital social artifacts that reflect people's online relationships with one another and aspects of their lives? Are standard search methods sufficient? How do we want to query such data? We contend that general queries may have both informational and social components to them. We define social queries as queries about social attributes and behaviors that identify individuals, relationships or groups exhibiting such characteristics. To develop a deeper understanding of social query, we focus on the specific task of social relationship identification. In the context of two scenarios, we examine the challenges posed by the task, review an initial realization of social relationship identification and present a way forward to address the general task.
Characterization of synthetic nanocrystalline mackinawite: crystal structure, particle size, and specific surface area.

Iron sulfide was synthesized by reacting aqueous solutions of sodium sulfide and ferrous chloride for 3 days. By X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), the resultant phase was determined to be primarily nanocrystalline mackinawite (space group: P4/nmm) with unit cell parameters a = b = 3.67 A and c = 5.20 A. Iron K-edge XAS analysis also indicated the dominance of mackinawite. Lattice expansion of synthetic mackinawite was observed along the c-axis relative to well-crystalline mackinawite. Compared with relatively short-aged phase, the mackinawite prepared here was composed of larger crystallites with less elongated lattice spacings. The direct observation of lattice fringes by HR-TEM verified the applicability of Bragg diffraction in determining the lattice parameters of nanocrystalline mackinawite from XRPD patterns. Estimated particle size and external specific surface area (SSA(ext)) of nanocrystalline mackinawite varied significantly with the methods used. The use of Scherrer equation for measuring crystallite size based on XRPD patterns is limited by uncertainty of the Scherrer constant (K) due to the presence of polydisperse particles. The presence of polycrystalline particles may also lead to inaccurate particle size estimation by Scherrer equation, given that crystallite and particle sizes are not equivalent. The TEM observation yielded the smallest SSA(ext) of 103 m(2)/g. This measurement was not representative of dispersed particles due to particle aggregation from drying during sample preparation. In contrast, EGME method and PCS measurement yielded higher SSA(ext) (276-345 m(2)/g by EGME and 424 ± 130 m(2)/g by PCS). These were in reasonable agreement with those previously measured by the methods insensitive to particle aggregation.
Ranchers as a Keystone Species in a West That Works

Ranchers as a keystone species in a West that works. DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v29i5_knight
Degree Theory on Admissible Ordinals

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the degree theory on admissible ordinals. The chapter presents α -degree theory for arbitrary admissible ordinals α . An α -degree is an equivalence class under the relation: A is α -recursive in B and B is α -recursive in A . The chapter discusses several reasons for generalizing recursion theory, the lattice of α -r.e. sets, alternative notions of relative α -recursiveness, and non-regular and non-hyperregular α -r.e. sets. The chapter reviews the basic notions of α -recursion theory such as α -degree, α -r. e. sets, and the α -jump of a set. The chapter also discusses two important auxiliary notions, regularity and hyperregularity, which have no counterpart in ordinary recursion theory. The connection between α -recursion theory and Jensen's fine structure theory is also discussed in the chapter.
An Optimal Microarchitecture for Stencil Computation Acceleration Based on Nonuniform Partitioning of Data Reuse Buffers

High-level synthesis (HLS) tools have made significant progress in compiling high-level descriptions of computation into highly pipelined register-transfer level specifications. The high-throughput computation raises a high data demand. To prevent data accesses from being the bottleneck, on-chip memories are used as data reuse buffers to reduce off-chip accesses. Also memory partitioning is explored to increase the memory bandwidth by scheduling multiple simultaneous memory accesses to different memory banks. Prior work on memory partitioning of data reuse buffers is limited to uniform partitioning. In this paper, we perform an early-stage exploration of nonuniform memory partitioning. We use the stencil computation, a popular communication-intensive application domain, as a case study to show the potential benefits of nonuniform memory partitioning. Our novel method can always achieve the minimum memory size and the minimum number of memory banks, which cannot be guaranteed in any prior work. We develop a generalized microarchitecture to decouple stencil accesses from computation, and an automated design flow to integrate our microarchitecture with the HLS-generated computation kernel for a complete accelerator.
Effects of bicuculline methiodide on fast (>200 Hz) electrical oscillations in rat somatosensory cortex.

Fast oscillatory activity (more than ∼200 Hz) has been attracting increasing attention regarding its possible role in both normal brain function and epileptogenesis. Yet, its underlying cellular me...
The Effect of Marquee Players on Sports Demand: The Case of U.S. Major League Soccer

In 2007, Major League Soccer (MLS) changed its salary rules to allow teams to pay over the salary cap to sign high-priced talent. The first Designated Player was David Beckham. This study presents ...
Cesar Chavez: Autobiography of La Causa

CESAR CHAVEZ AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF LA CAUSA In this site isn`t the same as a solution manual you buy in a book store or download off the web. Our Over 40000 manuals and Ebooks is the reason why customers keep coming back.If you need a cesar chavez autobiography of la causa, you can download them in pdf format from our website.Basic file format that can be downloaded and read on numerous devices. You can revise this using your PC, MAC, tablet, eBook reader or smartphone.
Fluoride content in drinking water of a county of China

Objective To fully grasp the fluoride content of drinking water in Wuwei county,in order to change the water works and provide a basis for epdemic disease control.Methods Five administrative villages were chosen from each of the 23 townships of Wuwei county respectively according to their different locations,and 1 drinking water sample were taken in each of the village from five different orientations.Then the content of fluoride was determined.Results 575 water samples were detected in 115 administrative villages of 23 townships.The content of fluoride ranged from 0.05 to 0.81mg/L,with an average of 0.3mg/L.Fluoride content lower than 0.5 mg/L was found in 95.3% of the villages and 87.1% lower than 0.4mmg/L.Conclusion Wuwei county is one of the areas with low fluoride content.Measures should be taken to add fluoride to drinking water so as to prevent dental caries of children there.
Studies of the Hormonal Control of Postnatal Testicular Descent in the Rat

Dihydrotestosterone is believed to control the transinguinal phase of testicular descent based on hormonal manipulation studies performed in postnatal rats. In the present study, these hormonal manipulation experiments were repeated, and the results were compared with those obtained using the antiandrogens flutamide and cyproterone acetate. 17 beta-estradiol completely blocked testicular descent, but testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were equally effective in reversing this inhibition. Neither flutamide nor cyproterone acetate prevented testicular descent in postnatal rats despite marked peripheral antiandrogenic action. Further analysis of the data revealed a correlation between testicular size and descent. Androgen receptor blockade did not produce a marked reduction in testicular size and consequently did not prevent testicular descent, whereas estradiol alone caused marked testicular atrophy and testicular maldescent. Reduction of the estradiol dosage or concomitant administration of androgens or human chorionic gonadotropin resulted in both increased testicular size and degree of descent. These data suggest that growth of the neonatal rat testis may contribute to its passage into the scrotum.
Virtual network embedding for power savings of servers and switches in elastic data center networks

Currently, the elastic interconnection has realized the high-rate data transmission among data centers (DCs). Thus, the elastic data center network (EDCN) emerged. In EDCNs, it is essential to achieve the virtual network (VN) embedding, which includes two main components: VM (virtual machine) mapping and VL (virtual link) mapping. In VM mapping, we allocate appropriate servers to hold VMs. While for VL mapping, an optimal substrate path is determined for each virtual lightpath. For the VN embedding in EDCNs, the power efficiency is a significant concern, and some solutions were proposed through sleeping light-duty servers. However, the increasing communication traffic between VMs leads to a serious energy dissipation problem, since it also consumes a great amount of energy on switches even utilizing the energy-efficient optical transmission technique. In this paper, considering load balancing and power-efficient VN embedding, we formulate the problem and design a novel heuristic for EDCNs, with the objective to achieve the power savings of servers and switches. In our solution, VMs are mapped into a single DC or multiple DCs with the short distance between each other, and the servers in the same cluster or adjacent clusters are preferred to hold VMs. Such that, a large amount of servers and switches will become vacant and can go into sleep mode. Simulation results demonstrate that our method performs well in terms of power savings and load balancing. Compared with benchmarks, the improvement ratio of power efficiency is 5%–13%.
Highly Skilled Migration from Africa to the US: Exit Mechanisms, Demographic Determinants, and the Role of Socioeconomic Trends

Despite increases in research on the migration of skilled Africans to the developed world, few studies have examined the specific mechanisms of departure contributing to these trends. Previous studies further contain limited analysis of how these mechanisms respond to Africa’s changing social and demographic trends. This study uses data from various sources to examine these issues. The results indicate that, in absolute terms, overall emigration flows of highly skilled Africans to the US more than doubled between 1980 and 2010. In addition, they suggest that previous arguments indicating that the recruitment of African professionals drives these flows understate the role of student migration in driving these movements. In the past three decades, more skilled Africans migrated to the US through student migration mechanisms than through any mechanism associated with the recruitment of workers. Furthermore, in recent years, the Diversity Visa Program has become the second most important mechanism through which skilled emigration from Africa occurs. Finally, the analysis finds that trends in African student emigration are highly responsive to youth population growth and that, surprisingly, the migration of skilled professionals is less influenced by African economic trends than by economic trends in the US.
Prediction in Multivariate Linear Regression

The problem of constructing a confidence region, for the expected value of a response vector yo corresponding to a regressor vector xo, in a multivariate multiple regression model is considered. The prediction region for yo is also presented. The corres..
U.S. Dental Hygiene Students' Perceptions of Interprofessional Collaboration.

Patients with complex medical conditions require collaboration among multiple health care providers, and dental hygienists must be prepared to communicate effectively with medical providers to provide comprehensive quality patient care. The aim of this study was to assess U.S. dental hygiene students’ attitudes about interprofessional collaboration (IPC) and identify any differences based on age, year in program, and program location. Participants were limited to students enrolled in dental hygiene associate degree programs across the United States. In response to an email soliciting participation sent to all dental hygiene program directors, 504 students completed the Interdisciplinary Education Perception Scale (IEPS) online (response rate could not be calculated). The IEPS is a validated survey that measures attitudes about interprofessional collaboration. The majority of the respondents were female (97%) and under 30 years of age (74.6%). Their mean scores indicated positive attitudes about IPC. There were no statistically significant differences in scores by age (p=0.700) or program location (p=0.527). There were also no statistically significant differences between first- and second-year students for total mean scores (p=0.106); for the competency and autonomy subscale (p=0.125); and for the perception of actual cooperation subscale (p=0.890). There was a statistically significant difference between first- and second-year students on the perception of actual cooperation subscale, with first-year students scoring higher than second-year students (p=0.016). This study’s findings of positive attitudes about IPC and that age and program location had little bearing on the responses suggest that associate degree dental hygiene students may welcome the interprofessional education that will prepare them for practice in the future.
Side Effects to Antidepressant Treatment in Patients With Depression and Comorbid Panic Disorder.

Objective Side effects to antidepressant medication can affect the efficacy of treatment, but few predictors foretell who experiences side effects and which side effects they experience. This secondary data analysis examined whether depressed patients with comorbid panic disorder were more likely to experience side effects than those without panic disorder. The study also examined whether greater burden of side effects predicted a poorer treatment course for patients with panic disorder than those without panic disorder. To examine the specificity of these effects, analyses also examined 2 other anxiety disorders-social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Methods Between 2002 and 2006, a large sample (N = 808) of chronically depressed individuals (assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders [SCID-IV]) received antidepressants according to a predetermined algorithm for 12 weeks. Every 2 weeks, depressive symptoms (per the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) and side effects (specific side effects as well as several indicators of side effect burden) were assessed. Results Lifetime diagnosis of panic disorder (assessed using the SCID-IV) at baseline was associated with higher likelihood of gastrointestinal (OR = 1.6 [95% CI, 1.0-2.6]), cardiac (OR = 1.8 [95% CI, 1.1-3.1]), neurologic (OR = 2.6 [95% CI, 1.6-4.2]), and genitourinary side effects (OR = 3.0 [95% CI, 1.7-5.3]) during treatment. Increases in side effect frequency, intensity, and impairment over time were more strongly associated with increases in depressive symptoms for patients with panic disorder compared to those without panic disorder. Neither social phobia nor GAD was associated with these effects. Conclusions Potentially due to heighte​ned interoceptive awareness of changes in their body, chronically depressed individuals with panic disorder may be at greater risk than those without panic disorder for antidepressant side effects and to experience a worsening of depressive symptoms as a result of these side effects over time. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00057551​.
A Mechanism-Based Pharmacokinetic Enzyme Turnover Model for Dichloroacetic Acid Autoinhibition in Rats

Dichloroacetic acid (DCA), a halogenated organic acid, is a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor that has been used to treat congenital or acquired lactic acidosis and is currently in early-phase clinical trials for cancer treatment. DCA was found to inhibit its own metabolism by irreversibly inactivating glutathione transferase zeta 1 (GSTZ1-1), resulting in nonlinear kinetics and abnormally high accumulation ratio after repeated dosing. In this analysis, a semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic enzyme turnover model was developed for the first time to capture DCA autoinhibition, gastrointestinal region-dependent absorption, and time-dependent change in bioavailability in rats. The maximum rate constant for DCA-induced GSTZ1-1 inactivation is estimated to be 0.96/h, which is 110 times that of the rate constant for GSTZ1-1 natural degradation (0.00875/h). The model-predicted DCA concentration that corresponds to 50% of maximum enzyme inhibition (EC50) is 4.32 mg/L. The constructed pharmacokinetic enzyme turnover model, when applied to human data, could be used to predict the accumulation of DCA after repeated oral dosing, guide selection of dosing regimens in clinical studies, and facilitate clinical development of DCA.
Academic Labor in the Age of Anxiety: Autoethnography Matters:

In this autoethnographic essay, I reflect on three spheres of academic work—program administration, teaching, and scholarship—and find evidence of the effects of neoliberalism in each sphere of pra...
The Campus Wells Program: preserving and re-tasking: Monitoring wells in Boston, MA from campus construction for environmental educational purposes

I used existing groundwater monitoring wells in the Back Bay area of Boston, MA as an effective way to teach the applied aspects of integrating the natural world with the built environment. These wells were installed as part of engineering studies for construction and rehabilitation of campus buildings, and through their use in laboratory exercises, undergraduate students developed valuable, field-based insight into the physical meaning of environmental science, mathematical models of groundwater movement, and the practical knowledge of professional practice. I arranged ongoing permission to access these wells and prevent them from being plugged once construction was completed. I compiled the existing long-term well data from both the Northeastern University Physical Plant office and the geotechnical engineering firm who installed the wells, providing students with context for their field measurements in lab. This project gave undergraduate students in introductory and upper division environmental science courses an opportunity to learn about water quality issues, construction and excavation issues, architectural retrofitting, and historical water table changes through analysis of the data. Close proximity of the wells to the classroom made possible many independent student projects. Through the Campus Wells Program, I involved the working community - including the Physical Plant staff at multiple colleges, and professional geologists in the geotechnical engineering consulting firm - in the learning process. Students recognized that their class laboratory exercises contributed real data to a long-term study of the hydrogeology of the campus, giving students buy-in to the project. The Campus Wells Program is a virtually cost-free, practice-oriented teaching opportunity that any university undergoing construction or site cleanup can implement.
Suboccipital Craniotomy Versus Craniectomy: A Survey of Practice Patterns

Objective Open surgical access to the posterior fossa traditionally has been achieved by permanent bone removal and remains the mainstay of posterior fossa surgery, although craniotomy is an alternative. Considerable variation exists at both the national and international levels within a variety of neurologic and neurosurgical disciplines. In this study, we surveyed current practice patterns regarding preference of suboccipital craniotomy or craniectomy. Methods The membership directory of the American Academy of Neurological Surgeons was reviewed. SurveyMonkey was used to distribute the survey to members of the American Academy of Neurological Surgeons via a modified Dillman method for e-mail correspondence. Comparisons of frequency distributions, means, and medians, as well as multiple logistic regression were used to determine surgical preferences for craniotomy versus craniectomy. Results We received 1102 responses (19.6%). Overall, 542 (49.7%) respondents prefer craniotomy and 548 (50.3%) prefer craniectomy. Respondents who prefer craniotomy had completed a residency more recently than respondents who preferred craniectomy (15.9 vs. 21.1 years, P Conclusions Our results show that preference for suboccipital craniotomy or craniectomy varies according to geographic location of practice, time since completing residency, and age of patient population.
Capacity Building for Social Innovation: A Collective Impact Approach

Business, nonprofit, and government institutions generally agree that a vibrant economy is critical to addressing the multi-faceted, complex issues faced by urban communities. Yet, despite significant targeted efforts aimed at revitalizing economic activity over the past few decades, the state of many communities remains unchanged. A collective social entrepreneurship model, focused on building social entrepreneurial capital networks is proposed as a complement to more traditional models focused on building individual capacity for social entrepreneurship. This article contends that one way universities can play a role in building social entrepreneurial networks is by serving as conveners. The lessons learned from a university-community initiative suggests that a collective impact framework and university leadership in a convening role, can support and inform the use of the social entrepreneurship approach to more effectively address issues of economic vitality.
Identification of a 14-gene signature that predicts survival in colorectal cancer with liver metastasis.

e14037 Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer death in men and women combined in the USA. Colorectal liver metastasis (CLM), the most common metastasis of CRC, acc...
Test of English Language Learning (TELL) (Pearson, 2016)

The number of public school students who are English learners (ELs) has been increasing steadily in the United States. According to a report by Snyder, de Brey, and Dillow (2016), in the 2014–2015 ...
Discussion by Timothy C. Beers

The authors are to be congratulated for an interesting paper sure to stimulate discussion as to the applicability of the Power Spectrum Analysis (PSA) technique in the search for periodicities in astronomical data. I have no real qualms with the bulk of their mathematical analysis, but wish to make some comments on the one application which they deal with, that of the velocity structure (or lack thereof) in the Coma cluster. At my request, the authors have kindly supplied me with a copy of the data set which they have used.
Economics : patterns and levels of life in Sahel West Africa since the 1960s

John M Mbaku, Assistant Professor of Economics in the School of Business Administration at Kennesaw State College, Marietta, Georgia, looks at Sahel West Africa --a seriously underdeveloped portion of Africa that is gradually being consumed by the Sahara Desert. In this article levels and patterns of life are measured in this region since the 1960s, using the Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI). The results show that the standard of living in the Sahel has improved only marginally since the 1960s.
Transformation of Exogenous Arachidonic Acid into a New Metabolite, 12-Keto- 5,8,10,14-Eicosatetraenoic Acid by Lewis Lung Carcinoma Cells: Implications in Tumor Cell Metastasis

Tumor cell arrest is a critical event in successful tumor cell metastasis. Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites are believed to play a crucial role in this phase of the metastatic cascade. The lipoxygenase metabolite, 12(S)HETE (12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) was shown to enhance B16a cell surface expression of the integrin receptor αIIbβ3 and adhesion of B16a cells to endothelial cells and subendothelial matrix.
Liquid Chromatography: Its Use as an Analytical Tool in the Pharmaceutical Laboratory

It may be implied by the title that the pharmaceutical laboratory is faced with measurement problems which differ from those of other analytical laboratories. This is not the case. Basically, we, as all others, are confronted with the problem: How is a component isolated from interferences for its ultimate measurement? The primary difference which exists between the pharmaceutical laboratory and that of a basic chemical industry, is the degree to which a product must be researched.
Macromolecule Effects on Prostacyclin Production and Measurement

Incubation of human umbilical artery tissue in a crystalloid solution elicits the production of prostacyclin (PGI2). However, the inclusion of macromolecules in the incubation solution reduces the amount of PGI2 produced by the umbilical artery. This effect is independent of charge since serum proteins, polyglutamic acid, polylysine, or dextran all reduce PGI2 release by 50% at the same concentration of macromolecule (4.4 mg/ml). However, this effect is dependent on molecular size. Serum proteins with molecular weights (MW) below 60,000 are less effective than serum proteins above 60,000 MW (excluding albumin), and dextrans of 10,000 and 40,000 MW are not effective whereas dextrans of 70,000 and 500,000 MW are effective in reducing PGI2 release. The effective macromolecules act at the exterior surface of the cell and do not shunt arachidonic acid into other catabolic pathways. Although the presence of these macromolecules affects the radioimmunoassay measurement of 6-keto-PGF1α, this effect can be quantitatively accounted for and does not explain the observed reduction in PGI2 release. These studies appear to demonstrate a connection between receptor-independent cell surface events (adhesion of macromolecules) and the initiation of intracellular enzymatic activity (PGI2 production). We hypothesize that macromolecules associate with the cell surface and retard the lateral mobility of externally projecting cell surface components. This would decrease the formation of cell membrane complexes responsible for arachidonic acid release. The observed reduction in PGI2 release would result, then, from decreased precursor arachidonic acid release. Thus, the presence of macromolecules at the cell surface decreases the cellular response (e.g., prostaglandin production) to membrane perturbations and represents the in vivo situation. This may be an important consideration clinically (e.g., the choice between colloid or crystalloid solution for infusion) when increased prostaglandin release would be deleterious to the patient.
Humility in clinical supervision: Fundamental, foundational, and transformational

We propose that supervisor humility is a critical variable for effective supervisory practice, fundamental, foundational, and potentially transformational in its impact. We examine humility, and th...
Scientific research misconduct in social science research: What is it and how can we address it?

Scientific misconduct is on the rise with the increasing emphasis on research by many academic institutions A review of the literature shows various reasons behind this trend from the difficulty of publication to the constant pressure to publish in academia Further lack of systematic reporting standards is one of the major contributing factors towards misconduct and unethical practices in scientific research In this analysis the authors will provide a detailed narrative on scientific misconduct along with possible strategies to address this common unethical practice among social science researchers This article will define and discuss the practices of falsification fabrication and plagiarism along with suggestions about how to avoid them
White Boy Wasted: Race, Sex, and Alcohol Use in Fraternity Hazing

In the past few years, alcohol-related hazing deaths within white fraternities have received considerable attention. These deaths beg the question: what would it take to curtail such behavior and the harm that flows from it? A reasonable answer might be to impose stricter laws. However, if the goal of law is “to regulate behavior by threatening unpleasant consequences should an individual commit a harmful act,” then it is crucial that we understand what factors motivate such behavior. In this article, the authors highlight some of the major alcohol-related, white fraternity hazing incidents over the past several decades. They investigate the extent to which anxieties about race and masculinity influence hypermasculinity amongst young white men. They go on to connect the hypermasculinity to high rates of alcohol use. Given the findings at the intersection of race, sex, and alcohol use, the authors explore their collective role in hazing within white fraternity culture.
Randomized control trial of an internet-based parenting intervention for mothers of infants.

Abstract Early parenting home-visiting interventions have been found to be highly effective in promoting child development. Yet, there are many obstacles in the implementation of home-visiting programs, including travel and access to trained providers. Internet-based interventions can reach many parents of infants to overcome these barriers. The objective of this randomized control trial was to evaluate the impact of the Internet-adaptation of the Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) program, a preventive intervention program to strengthen effective parenting practices that promote early language, cognitive, and social development. Mothers in low-income environments (N = 164) of infants were randomized to either (a) an Internet-facilitated PALS parenting intervention or (b) an Internet-facilitated attention control condition. Measures included direct observations of maternal behavior with her infant, questionnaires about maternal functioning and parenting knowledge, and real-time program usage. Experimental participants demonstrated significantly greater increases in parenting knowledge and observed language-supportive parenting behaviors with a correlated positive change in infant language behaviors. Effects were pronounced when participants received a greater dosage of the intervention. Results suggest that the Internet-based translation of the PALS program is effective as a remotely delivered intervention for economically disadvantaged families to strengthen early parenting behaviors that promote infant social communication and child language development.
Solvent Selection for Liquid-Phase Extraction

Abstract The choice of solvents for extraction is a marriage between their bulk physicochemical properties and their capability to dissolve compounds because they possess complementary intermolecular interactions to the target compounds. Further considerations are purity, availability, mutual solubility, health and safety issues, and waste management. Bulk physical properties of interest include vapor pressure, surface tension, density, and viscosity. Density differences are required to form two-phase systems, while high viscosity may result in unfavorable mass transfer properties and difficulty in penetrating porous solids on the one hand while favorable for applications using a suspended solvent drop. Solvent classification methods organize solvents into selectivity groups in which solvents in the same group have similar extraction properties and solvents in different groups are expected to exhibit different extraction properties. The main solvent classification methods employ Hildebrand's solubility parameters, Snyder's solvent-selectivity triangle, solvatochromic parameters, Abraham's solvation parameter model, and the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS). A recent trend in extraction techniques is miniaturization and the adoption of green analytical chemistry principles in the selection of solvents and extraction techniques. Green solvents include solvents derived from biomass, surfactant-based solutions, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents. This chapter provides a summary of the abovementioned properties and explores how they impact solvent selection for extraction.
Persistent Disparities in Preemptive Kidney Transplantation.

Established in 1984 by the US Congress through passage of the National Organ Transplant Act, the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) governs the allocation of donated organs and the collection of transplant data nationwide. Effective December 4, 2014, the OPTN Kidney Allocation
System reliability of corroded ship hull girders

Reliability assessment is an indispensable task in risk-based corroding ship maintenance planning. For simplicity and computational efficiency it is commonly assumed that the reliability of a ship ...
Stress-related growth: An experimental approach to examine whether stressful events cause perceived growth

In an experimental setting, illness cognition was manipulated to determine whether there is a causal link between stressful life events and stress-related growth (SRG). Participants were 223 undergraduates (85% Caucasian; mean age = 26.00, SD = 9.63) who had the option to receive two extra-credit points or $10 for participation. As part of a cover story, participants completed general health tests (e.g., heart rate). A (fictitious) health test to evaluate thioamine acetylase (TAA) was also administered, which participants were told is related to pancreatic functioning. The experimental group (stress condition) was told they were TAA deficient; the control group (non-stress condition) was told they were not TAA deficient. Results indicated the experimental group experienced significantly more stress and more perceived SRG than did the control group. In addition, more growth was related to better mental and physical health for both groups. Overall, this study validates the notion that stress causes perceived growth and supports the contention that perceived growth is associated with better quality of life. However, whether perceived SRG is an optimistic/defensive response as a result of a sense of evoked stress remains unclear. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
Stereoselective, Multicomponent Approach to Quaternary Substituted Hydroindole Scaffolds.

The Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have been a target of synthesis for decades due to their complex architectures and biological activity. A central feature of these natural product cores is a quaternary...