cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Half rhymes in Japanese rap lyrics and knowledge of similarity

Using data from a large-scale corpus, this paper establishes the claim that in Japanese rap rhymes, the degree of similarity of two consonants positively correlates with their likelihood of making a rhyme pair. For example, similar consonant pairs like {m-n}, {t-s}, and {r-n} frequently rhyme whereas dissimilar consonant pairs like {m-∫}, {w-k}, and {n-p} rarely do. The current study adds to a body of literature that suggests that similarity plays a fundamental role in half rhyme formation (A. Holtman, 1996, A generative theory of rhyme: An optimality approach, PhD dissertation. Utrecht Institute of Linguistics; R. Jakobson, 1960, Linguistics and poetics: Language in literature, Harvard University Press, Cambridge; D. Steriade, 2003, Knowledge of similarity and narrow lexical override, Proceedings of Berkeley Linguistics Society, 29, 583–598; A. Zwicky, 1976, This rock-and-roll has got to stop: Junior’s head is hard as a rock. Proceedings of Chicago Linguistics Society, 12, 676–697). Furthermore, it is shown that Japanese speakers take acoustic details into account when they compose rap rhymes. This study thus supports the claim that speakers possess rich knowledge of psychoacoustic similarity (D. Steriade, 2001a, Directional asymmetries in place assimilation. In E. Hume, & K. Johnson (Eds.), The role of speech perception in phonology (pp. 219–250). San Diego: Academic Press.; D. Steriade, 2001b, The phonology of perceptibility effects: The P-map and its consequences for constraint organization, ms., University of California, Los Angeles; D. Steriade, 2003, Knowledge of similarity and narrow lexical override, Proceedings of Berkeley Linguistics Society, 29, 583–598).
Putative serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced spawning and parturition in freshwater bivalves is inhibited by mammalian 5-HT2 receptor antagonists.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can mimic the physiological actions of serotonin, and in bivalve molluscs they induce zebra mussel spawning and fingernail clam parturition. We have elucidated further the pharmacology of SSRI-induced spawning and part-urition by blocking these reproductive processes with two mammalian 5-HT(2) receptor antagonists, cyproheptadine and mianserin. These two antagonists were potent inhibitors of both spawning and parturition induced by the SSRIs fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, and zimelidine. In zebra mussels, both cyproheptadine and mianserin significantly blocked spawning induced by fluvoxamine and by zimelidine. In the fingernail clams Sphaerium spp., both cyproheptadine and mianserin blocked fluvoxamine-induced parturition. A possible mechanism of action for SSRI-induced spawning and parturition in bivalves is suggested.
Conditions of culture, food-size selection, and the effects of temperature and salinity on growth rate and generation time in Sagitta hispida Conant

Abstract Methods are described whereby Sagitta hispida Conant was collected, induced to spawn, and the resulting larvae raised to maturity. Selection of food by size increased with age, although the larvae ingested food larger in size relative to their head width than did mature animals. There are wide variations in the size of individuals in growing populations, but mean growth rates are directly proportional, and maximum sizes inversely proportional, to temperatures between 17 and 31 °C. Populations reached maturity in salinites from 25 to 40% and showed less variability with salinity than with temperature. The minimum and maximum time for a population to reach maturity from the egg was 18 and 50 days, respectively.
Five-year prospective study of the incidence and prognosis of peripartum cardiomyopathy at a single institution.

OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence and prognosis of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) in rural Haiti. PATIENTS AND METHODS Prospectively identified patients with PPCM treated at the Hospital Albert Schweitzer (HAS), Deschapelles, Haiti, were included in this study. Patients who presented to HAS from February 1, 2000, to January 31, 2005, were identified through a search of the HAS PPCM Registry. Clinical and serial echocardiographic data were collected on these patients. RESULTS The 5-year experience confirms the high incidence of PPCM in this area, approximately 1 case per 300 live births, which is severalfold the estimated incidence in the United States (estimated 1 case per 3000 to 4000 live births). In this population, the ratio of PPCM deaths for the 5-year period was 47.1 per 100,000 births compared with the US ratio of 0.62 per 100,000 births. The mortality rate was 15.3% (15 deaths of 98 patients), and the mean follow-up was 2.2 years (range, 1 month to 5 years). Five years after the initiation of the HAS PPCM Registry search, 26 (28%) of 92 patients with PPCM observed for at least 6 months had regained normal left ventricular function. The difference in left ventricular echocardiographic features at diagnosis between deceased patients and survivors was not statistically significant: mean end-diastolic dimension (6.2 vs 5.8 cm; P=.08), ejection fraction (22% vs 25%; P=.12), and fractional shortening (16% vs 15%; P=.46). Left ventricular echocardiographic features at diagnosis were unable to predict individually who would eventually recover, although a statistically significant difference occurred at diagnosis between the recovered group and nonrecovered group for mean ejection fraction (28% vs 23%; P CONCLUSION Peripartum cardiomyopathy occurs significantly more commonly in rural Haiti on a per capita basis than in the United States. Patients with PPCM have a higher mortality rate and a poorer return of normal ventricular function.
Cancer biology: a game of subversion.

Just as stem cells are crucial for tissue development and regeneration, cancer stem cells underlie tumour formation and maintenance. But do cancer stem cells invariably arise from normal stem cells?
A NEW INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING TACTILE SENSITIVITY

An apparatus has been developed that measures tactile sensitivity using short, intermittent air bursts of variable intensity as the stimulus. Subjects easily learn to find their own tactile threshold as measured by an impulse of just noticeable pressure. Cost of construction of the device is modest.
Small signal analysis of resonant converters

It is known that the dc-to-dc conversion ratio of resonant converters can be controlled by changing the ratio of switching frequency to resonant frequency. In this work the small signal response of resonant converters to small signal perturbations in the switching frequency and input voltage is determined.
Panama Disease: An Old Nemesis Rears its Ugly: Head Part 2. The Cavendish Era and Beyond

Panama disease is caused by a variable fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC). A new variant of FOC, tropical race 4 (TR4), threatens export and subsistence production worldwide. The reali...
The Influence of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation on the Troposphere in Winter in a Hierarchy of Models. Part I: Simplified Dry GCMs

AbstractA dry primitive equation model is used to explain how the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of the tropical stratosphere can influence the troposphere, even in the absence of tropical convection anomalies and a variable stratospheric polar vortex. QBO momentum anomalies induce a meridional circulation to maintain thermal wind balance. This circulation includes zonal wind anomalies that extend from the equatorial stratosphere into the subtropical troposphere. In the presence of extratropical eddies, the zonal wind anomalies are intensified and extend downward to the surface. The tropospheric response differs qualitatively between integrations in which the subtropical jet is strong and integrations in which the subtropical jet is weak. While fluctuation–dissipation theory provides a guide to predicting the response in some cases, significant nonlinearity in others, particularly those designed to model the midwinter subtropical jet of the North Pacific, prevents its universal application. When the ext...
Establishing the presence of coherence in atomic fermi superfluids: spin-flip and spin-preserving Bragg scattering at finite temperatures.

We show how in ultracold Fermi gases the difference between the finite temperature $T$ structure factors, called ${S}_{\ensuremath{-}}(\ensuremath{\omega},\mathbf{q})$, associated with spin and density, reflects coherent order at all $\ensuremath{\omega}$, $\mathbf{q}$, ${k}_{F}a$, and $T$. This observation can be exploited in two photon Bragg scattering experiments on gases which are subject to variable attractive interactions. Our calculations incorporate spin and particle number conservation laws which lead to compatibility at general $T$ with two $f$-sum rules. Because of its generality a measurement of ${S}_{\ensuremath{-}}(\ensuremath{\omega},\mathbf{q})$ can be a qualitative, direct, in situ approach for establishing superfluid order.
Polarity-specific activities of retinoic acid receptors determined by a co-repressor

Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid-X receptors (RXRs) activate or repress transcription by binding as heterodimers to DNA-response elements that generally consist of two direct repeat half-sites of consensus sequence AGGTCA. On response elements consisting of direct repeats spaced by five base pairs (DR + 5 elements), RAR/RXR heterodimers activate transcription in response to RAR-specific ligands, such as all-trans-retinoic acid (RA). In contrast, on elements consisting of direct repeats spaced by one base pair (DR + 1 elements), RAR/RXR heterodimers exhibit little or no response to activating ligands and repress RXR-dependent transcription. Here we show that ligand-dependent transactivation by RAR on DR + 5 elements requires the dissociation of a new nuclear receptor co-repressor, N-CoR, and recruitment of the putative co-activators p140 and p160. Surprisingly, on DR + 1 elements, N-CoR remains associated with RAR/RXR heterodimers even in the presence of RAR ligands, resulting in constitutive repression. These observations indicate that DNA-response elements can allosterically regulate RAR-co-repressor interactions to determine positive or negative regulation of gene expression.
Effects of proline on antioxidant system in leaves of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) exposed to oxidative stress by H2O2

Abstract Although proline is one of the major computable organic solutes that accumulate in many plant species in abiotic stresses, a hot debate continues about whether proline accumulation is a reaction to abiotic stress, or a plant's response is associated with stress tolerance. The effects of proline on antioxidative system in grape leaves of Vitis vinifera L. cv., ‘Okuzgozu’ exposed to oxidative stress by H2O2 was investigated. Endogenous proline, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, percentage of electrolyte leakage (EL), and some of the antioxidant enzyme activities; such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and guaiacol peroxidase (POD) were measured spectrophotometrically. Inhibitory effect of H2O2 on antioxidant enzyme activities, MDA, and EL was found. In the presence of proline, SOD and CAT activities decreased, while POD and APX activities increased. Proline pre-treatment resulted in a decrease in cellular H2O2 content, MDA, and EL, while cellular concentration of proline increased. Based on the finding, it was suggested that proline and H2O2 could play an important role in oxidative stress injury of grapevine leaves grown in vitro culture. Also, proline might have a direct positive effect on antioxidant enzyme system, membrane phase change, MDA, and EL.
Synthesis and Characterization of 3‘,4‘-Anhydroadenosylcobalamin: A Coenzyme B12 Analogue with Unusual Properties

The question of how coenzyme B12-dependent enzymes facilitate the cleavage of the Co−C bond of the cofactor is of interest. We have synthesized an analogue of 5‘-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl1) designed to stabilize the 5‘-deoxyadenosyl radical (5‘-deoxyadenosine-5‘-yl) that is produced upon homolysis of the Co−C bond. By replacement of the upper axial ligand of AdoCbl by a 3‘,4‘-anhydro-5‘-deoxyadenosyl moiety, the radical formed on the nucleoside analogue is stabilized by allylic delocalization. The compound, 5‘-deoxy- 3‘,4‘-anhydroadenosylcobalamin (3‘,4‘-anAdoCbl) was synthesized by chemical and enzymatic methods. The final step was coupling of cob(I)alamin and 3‘,4‘-anhydroATP catalyzed by CobA, an ATP:corrinoid adenosyltransferase. 3‘,4‘-anAdoCbl displays interesting properties. The compound has not been purified to homogeneity due to its thermal and oxygen sensitivity. It was characterized by UV−vis spectroscopy, ESI-MS, and NMR spectroscopy. The bond dissociation energy of the Co−C bond of the an...
The Oversea Investment Decision of a Horizontally Integrated Multinationals--A Research in View of the Monopolistic Competition Frame

This paper investigates the following factors: (1) population scale; (2) income level; (3) the expenditure proportion on industrial products; (3) wages level; (5) transaction costs; (6) elasticity of substitution; (7) marginal costs, which functions acted on the horizontal FDI scale of host country from developed country in a monopolistic competition model composed of the developed country enterprises and the host country enterprises. On this foundation trying to study whether the developing country can keep on to draw on more and more horizontal FDI. This paper mainly concludes the following: horizontal FDI flows to the flourishing countries and regions which economic development levels reach to a certain stage from developed countries generally, but the change of transaction costs would influence the location to horizontal FDI. When the transaction cost is bigger, the horizontal FDI also may be thrown to comparatively less developed countries and regions. In a certain period, the market scale of the host country is an important factor to choose location for horizontal FDI. Under the conditions for horizontal FDI entering into, as long as the growth speed of market scale is bigger than it of production cost, the host country can draw on horizontal FDI constantly. Because of the diversified characteristics of the economic development stage, China should choose and arrange in pairs or groups effectively when China makes use of the special policy to draw on foreign direct investments. For eastern littoral it is good to adopt general foreign direct investment policy to attract horizontal FDI, but not to adopt encouraging preferential policies. For the Midwestern it is good to adopt special pertinent preferential policy to promote vertical FDI steps transfer to the Midwest from the eastern littoral
Optimal endoscopic techniques to reduce the risk of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis

Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP) is the most common and feared complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Patient selection is an important variable that is important when determining the risk of PEP. The factors that may increase the risk of PEP include papillary trauma, papillary edema, and pancreatic ductal injury (mechanical or hydrostatic). Proven methods to decrease the risk of PEP include wire-guided cannulation, prophylactic short-term pancreatic duct (PD) stenting, and avoiding frequent PD cannulation, injection, or overinjection. Additional measures that might decrease the risk of PEP by decreasing cannulation time include a double guidewire technique, and early precut sphincterotomy. Certain techniques are known to have an increased risk of pancreatitis and should be implemented only when necessary. When performing measures such as large-balloon papillary dilation or pancreatic sphincterotomy, the rates of pancreatitis may be decreased with small alterations in the technique. A short biliary sphincterotomy when performed with papillary large-balloon dilation and needle-knife pancreatic sphincterotomy over a PD stent have both been shown to decrease the risk of pancreatitis.
Phylogenetic regression and the problem of extreme aggression

Abstract Early and recent views of the concept of phylogenetic regression are summarized. A recently developed theory of phylogenetic regression and progression is discussed in some detail. The role of diminished neocortical control in the regressive process is emphasized. Parallels are drawn at several junctures with Paul MacLean's theory of the triune brain. Once summarized, the phylogenetic regression-progression approach is applied to the problem of extreme aggression and senseless violence. The triune brain, the neuroanatomy of aggression, similarities between chimpanzee and human aggression, sex differences in aggression, ‘pleasure-in-aggression’, and extreme violence in ‘peaceful’ tribes are briefly discussed. It is suggested that some forms of ‘senseless’ human violence may represent phylogenetic regressions to predatory tendencies once normal and typical in our evolutionary forebears.
Network constitutive equation with internal viscosity: application to stress jump prediction

A stress jump, defined as the instantaneous gain or loss of stress on startup or cessation of a deformation, has been predicted by various models and has relatively recently been experimentally observed. In this paper, the internal viscosity idea is incorporated into the transient network model. Via appropriate approximations, we obtain a closed constitutive equation where the total stress equals the sum of an elastic contribution and a viscous contribution. As the latter is rate dependent, the model predicts a stress jump and we consider data on shear flow in this contribution. We successfully compare the model predictions with the stress jump measurements of Liang and Mackay [C.H. Liang, M.E. Mackay, J. Rheol. 37 (1993) 149]. The model yields good quantitative predictions of the steady, transient and dynamic material functions.
Assessing Beyond Minimal Compliance

In response to current accountability, program evaluation, and accreditation pressures, educator preparation programs are implementing electronic assessment systems (EAS). The EAS provides a means of systematic, reliable, and valid procedures for the purpose of collecting and summarizing teacher candidate performance and program data. The purpose of this case study is to explore a system to review such data for the purposes of decision-making and program improvement. The study was conducted at a large, public university utilizing an EAS in their educator preparation unit. Course and program evaluation forms, unit assessment summaries, committee minutes, and participant experiences were examined to describe and analyze the development of a framework for the systematic review of data. The resulting framework is described in detail. The findings illustrate that assessment data review must be a continuous, cyclical process that provides for course-, program-, and unit-level analyses and programmatic change.
Evidence for inhomogeneities in a glassy superconductor

Abstract Upper critical field measurements were performed on glassy Mo based alloys. A comparison is made between a neutron irradiated and a virgin sample. Neutron irradiation results in a sharper transition implying a more homogeneous material. Unusual transition width behavior in a virgin sample can be explained by a simple model involving a distribution of T c 's and critical field gradients within the sample. A correlation between inhomogeneities and enhanced H c2 (T) is observed.
Shattuck lecture--clinical research to clinical practice--lost in translation?

In the past 50 years we have made substantial progress in understanding the biology of disease and in devising new ways to prevent or treat it. However, there has been a substantial lag in applying what we know to actual patient care. In this article, based on his Shattuck Lecture, Claude Lenfant outlines the magnitude of the problem of translating research knowledge into clinical practice and offers suggestions for closing this gap.
THE EVOLUTION OF PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY TECHNIQUES IN THE TREATMENT OF INTRAOCULAR TUMORS

The techniques of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and the indications for its use in the treatment of intraocular tumors have evolved during the years in which it has been assessed in patients at our institution. It is now clear that transcorneal PDT delivered at a subthermal dose-rate to the surface of a pigmented lesion such as choroidal melanoma has little effect. In the absence of pigment, however, as in the case of retinoblastoma or amelanotic melanoma of the iris or choroid, the tumor kill attributed to PDT alone is significant. Data from animal tumor models in our institution and from patient studies elsewhere suggest that the addition of heat with the light delivery will predictably improve the outcome of the treatment of pigmented lesions. Ocular PDT delivered in conjunction with heat will be useful clinically as an adjunct to scleral plaque therapy by reducing the height of a lesion and concurrently the dose of radiation necessary at the base of the tumor for sterilization. Since the clinical tumoricidal effect of PDT is now known to be due at least in part to vascular damage, trans-scleral application of light to the base of melanomas and occlusion of its blood supply holds significant promise of efficacy with continued improvement of the light delivery system. Finally, a transpupillary approach to occlusion of the choroidal vascular supply to a melanoma by surrounding the tumor with photodynamic lesions may provide the best approach for ocular PDT as a primary therapy.
Alzheimer's Disease Neurofibrillary Tangles Contain Mitosis‐Specific Phosphoepitopes

Paired helical filaments (PHFs) are the major components of neurofibrillary lesions present in Alzheimer's disease (AD). PHFs are composed of the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) tau, which is abnormally phosphorylated in AD. Normal fetal tau is also phosphorylated and shares certain phosphoepitopes with PHF-tau. The abnormal phosphorylation of PHF-tau is considered to be involved in the formation of PHFs and subsequent degeneration of AD neurons. We have previously shown that other neuronal MAPs, such as MAP1B, contain mitosis-specific phosphoepitopes. In addition to mitotic cells, these epitopes are also expressed in fetal brain and PC12 cells during differentiation and neurite outgrowth. One hypothesis regarding the etiology of AD involves the reactivation of a fetal-like state and mitotic conditions in selected neurons. To determine if similar mitosis-associated phosphoepitopes appeared in AD, sections of hippocampal tissue were stained for immunoreactivity with antibodies recognizing both tau and mitotic phosphoepitopes. Both the MPM2 mitotic phosphoepitope antibody and the AT8 PHF-tau antibody stained neurofibrillary lesions and colocalized to pyramidal neurons in AD samples. In addition, PHFs isolated from an AD brain reacted with both antibodies. The MPM2 antibody specifically reacted with tau in the isolated PHF fraction but not normal adult tau. In addition, MPM2 failed to react with normal fetal or adult tau obtained from rat brains. The MPM2 antibody also recognized human MAP1B; however, MAP1B was not present in the PHF fraction. Our results indicate that MPM2 recognized a phosphoepitope present on PHF-tau. Because normal fetal or adult rat brain tau did not express the MPM2 epitope, it is likely that this phosphoepitope is specific for the disease state.
Large-scale synthesis and in situ functionalization of Zn3P2 and Zn4Sb3 nanowire powders

A simple method for the large-scale synthesis of gram quantities of compound semiconductor nanowires without the need for any external catalysts or templates is presented. This method is demonstrated using zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) and zinc antimonide (β-Zn4Sb3) nanowires as example systems. Large-scale synthesis of Zn3P2 and Zn4Sb3 nanowire powders was accomplished using a hot-walled chemical vapor deposition chamber by transporting phosphorus and antimony, respectively, via the vapor phase onto heated zinc foils. The zinc foils were rolled concentrically into coils to maximize the substrate surface area, and consequently, the nanowire yield. Using this method, 250 mg of Zn3P2 nanowires were obtained on 480 cm2 of zinc foil in a span of 45 minutes. Furthermore, a process of exposing the synthesized nanowires to a vapor of organic functional molecules immediately after their synthesis and before their removal from the vacuum chamber was developed to obtain large quantities of surface functionalized nanowire powders. This in situ vapor-phase functionalization procedure passivated the nanowire surfaces without adversely affecting their morphology or dimensions. Our studies revealed that both 4-aminothiophenol and 3-propanedithiol functionalized Zn3P2 nanowires were stable over a 120 day duration without any agglomeration or degradation. This method of mass producing nanowires can also be extended to other binary semiconductors.
New Three-phase Inverter with Dual-Loop Compensator

This paper proposes a new three-phase inverter [11] for voltage generation. The control of the proposed inverter is based on circuit-level decoupling instead of d/q conversion; it is implemented by appropriate rotary logic circuitry in combination with control-core and dual-loop feedback compensator. Control-core can be implemented by One-Cycle Controller (OCC) and Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) controller. Dual-loop feedback compensator is implemented with switching component of Ic as feedback variable. Superior performance such as low THD, fast dynamic response, as well as low switching loss has been demonstrated. Yet the implementation is simple and flexible. The proposed concept is supported by simulation and experimental results from a 1kW prototype. The prototype is tested under all loading conditions, i.e. no load, full load and non-linear load. With OCC control-core, it has the strength of full rejection of input voltage perturbations as well as the ability to track abrupt reference change. With dual-loop compensator, it can achieve satisfactory output voltage regulation at low switching frequency.
Arendt on Principles, the Right to Have Rights, and Democracy Response to Näsström

In her recent article, Sofia Nasstrom argues that the principle of responsibility provides a “normative basis” both for Hannah Arendt’s notion of the right to have right and for modern democracy. I...
Non-linear kernel space invariant representation for view-invariant motion trajectory retrieval and classification

View-invariant representation has been shown to be a powerful tool in classification and retrieval of motion events due to camera motions. Traditional null space representation is invariant only for linear transformations and does not yield high accuracy for camera with non-linear motions. In this paper, we propose a novel general framework for non-linear kernel space invariant representation (NKSI), which is invariant to non-linear transformations due to camera motions with standard perspective transformation. We first derive NKSI and then propose an efficient classification and retrieval system relying on NKSI for archiving and searching motion events consisting of motion trajectories. The simulation results demonstrate superior performance of the proposed systems over traditional approaches.
To Grow or to Reproduce? The Role of Life‐History Plasticity in Food Web Dynamics

abstract: The size of an individual is a key feature influencing and determined by a species' life history and ecology. Here, I consider how life‐history plasticity within a single species can influence the outcome of food web interactions along a productivity gradient. An individual can either reproduce early but remain susceptible to predators throughout its life (strategy 1) or delay reproduction and grow to a predator‐invulnerable size refuge (strategy 2). At low productivity, strategy 1 is favored because the probability of growing to a size refuge is low compared to the probability of being eaten. Here, the system is consumer controlled, and predators have large effects on the food web. At high productivity, strategy 2 is favored because high food availability increases the probability of prey attaining size refuge before being eaten. Consequently, the system becomes less consumer controlled, and predators have weaker effects on food web dynamics. At intermediate productivity, either strategy 1 or s...
Zip2, a Meiosis-Specific Protein Required for the Initiation of Chromosome Synapsis

We describe the identification and characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ZIP2 gene, which encodes a novel meiosis-specific protein essential for synaptonemal complex formation. In the zip2 mutant, chromosomes are homologously paired but not synapsed. The Zip2 protein localizes to discrete foci on meiotic chromosomes; these foci correspond to sites of convergence between paired homologs that are believed to be sites of synapsis initiation. Localization of Zip2p requires the initiation of meiotic recombination. In a mutant defective in double-strand break repair, Zip2p colocalizes with proteins involved in double-strand break formation and processing. We propose that Zip2p promotes the initiation of chromosome synapsis and that localization of Zip2p to sites of interhomolog recombination ensures synapsis between homologous chromosomes.
Improved Right Ventricular Performance with Increased Tricuspid Annular Excursion in Athlete's Heart.

Background: Marathon runners (MTH) and patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) exhibit left ventricular (LV) overload, and LV geometric changes in these groups have been reported. In this study, right ventricular (RV) adaptation to chronic volume overload was evaluated in MTH and MR and normal controls together with interventricular septal remodeling and tricuspid annulus (TA) motion. Methods: A total of 60 age-matched subjects (including 19 MTH, 17 isolated chronic compensated MR patients and 24 normal subjects) underwent conventional cine and tagged cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Myocardial strain and curvature were computed on the interventricular septum and RV free wall. A dual-propagation technique was applied to construct RV volume-time curves for a single cardiac cycle. Similarly, the tricuspid annulus was tracked throughout the cardiac cycle to create displacement over time curve. Results: Septal curvature was significantly lower in MTH and MR compared to controls. No significant differences in RV free wall strain or RV ejection fraction were noted amongst the 3 groups. However, longitudinal TA excursion was significantly higher in MTH compared to controls (p=0.0061). The peak late diastolic TA velocity in MR was significantly faster than MTH (p=0.0031) and controls (p=0.020). Conclusions: Increased TA kinetics allows for improved RV performance in MTH. Septal remodeling was observed in both MR and MTH, therefore a direct relationship of septal remodeling to TA kinetics in athlete’s heart could not be elucidated in this study.
California County Administrators as Sellers and Brokers of Interlocal Cooperation

County administrators occupy a unique position from which to practice the concept of admin istrative conjunction. This article reports data on interlocal service agreements by cit ies and counties in California and evaluates the extent to which county administrators support two conjunctive roles: selling ser vices to local governments through interlo cal agreements and brokering agreements among other local governments. County administrators' support for administrative conjunction may be limited by their atti tudes toward intergovernmental relations, tenure in office, existing contracting pat terns, and other features of the local mar ket for public goods. This study finds that levels of support for broker and seller roles are distinct, highlighting the need for more detailed measures of administrative support for interlocal cooperation. The intergovernmental activities of local government administrators have gained new attention in discussions about local govern ment service organization. Local governments in U.S. metropolitan areas are often depicted as competitors for economic development, tax base expansion, and mobile citizen consumers (Schneider 1989; Sokolow 1993; Park 1997; Lewis and Barbour 1999). They are also partners who are tied together in cooperative arrangements to share or jointly produce local government services (Oakerson 1999; Feiock 2004). Prompted by the desire to improve efficiency or effectiveness, local officials forge interlocal agreements in order to provide services ranging from policing to parks (Thurmaier and Wood 2004; Chen and Thurmaier 2009). City managers have been identified as key actors in negotiating these agreements. Frederickson (1999) has advanced a theory of administrative conjunction to explain the importance of the local administrator in met ropolitan cooperation. He defines administra tive conjunction as "the array and character of horizontal formal and informal association
Aspects of allograft rejection, ii: risk factors in renal allograft rejection

Summary The most important risk factor for the development of chronic rejection is acute rejection either early or late posttransplantation. The more episodes of acute rejection that occur, the greater the likelihood that chronic rejection will eventually develop. In this light, a key to managing the long-term viability of the kidney transplant through reducing the incidence of chronic rejection may best be achieved by lowering the frequency of acute rejection episodes.
Visual Recovery in Combined Central Retinal Artery and Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

We observed two patients who had combined central retinal artery occlusion and central retinal vein occlusion with severely reduced visual acuity and characteristic retinal changes. Over the course of several months, visual acuity and ophthalmoscopic appearance returned to normal. Both patients had a transient visual loss before their occlusive events and a mild nonconcurrent central retinal vein occlusion in their fellow eye. There was no evidence of inflammatory, vascular, or myeloproliferative disease.
Activation of DUM cell interneurons by ventral giant interneurons in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana.

Dorsal unpaired median (DUM) cells in orthopteran insects are known to contain the neuromodulatory substance octopamine, and DUM cells with peripheral axons augment synaptic activity at neuromuscular junctions. One of the most studied systems in the cockroach is the giant interneuron (GI) system which controls the initial movements of a wind- mediated escape response. Our data demonstrate that DUM cells that are restricted to the central nervous system (DUM interneurons) receive inputs from ventral giant interneurons (vGIs) but not from dorsal giant interneurons (dGIs). In contrast, DUM cells that have peripheral axons consistently fail to be excited by any giant intereurons. The DUM interneurons are excited by vGIs on both sides of the CNS and, when the vGIs are excited in pairs, summation occurs. Wind fields that have been generated for two of the DUM interneurons are omnidirectional. These data, taken along with the known association of DUM cells with the neuromodulatory substance octopamine, suggest that the DUM interneurons may act to modulate central synapses.
A class of high-resolution algorithms for incompressible flows

Abstract We present a class of a high-resolution Godunov-type algorithms for solving flow problems governed by the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The algorithms use high-resolution finite volume methods developed in LeVeque (SIAM J Numer Anal 1996;33:627–665) for the advective terms and finite difference methods for the diffusion and the Poisson pressure equation. The high-resolution algorithm advects the cell-centered velocities using the divergence-free cell-edge velocities. The resulting cell-centered velocity is then updated by the solution of the Poisson equation. The algorithms are proven to be robust for constant-density flows at high Reynolds numbers via an example of lid-driven cavity flow. With a slight modification for the projection operator in the constant-density solvers, the algorithms also solve incompressible flows with finite-amplitude density variation. The strength of such algorithms is illustrated through problems like Rayleigh–Taylor instability and the Boussinesq equations for Rayleigh–Benard convection. Numerical studies of the convergence and order of accuracy for the velocity field are provided. While simulations for two-dimensional regular-geometry problems are presented in this study, in principle, extension of the algorithms to three dimensions with complex geometry is feasible.
'Cuente conmigo': The expression of sympathy by Peruvian Spanish speakers

Abstract Using Spencer-Oatey's (2005) rapport-management approach, this paper studies the expression of sympathy by Peruvian Spanish speakers, in a situation exhibiting both power differential and social distance between participants. Results show that participants observed their behavioral expectations in this context expressing empathy, involvement and respect. They also respected the interlocutor's identity and respectability face, which, is argued here, reflected positively on their own identity and respectability face. Their interactional goals were strongly relational and, although there was a short transactional goal interspersed in the interaction, it only reflected and emphasized their interdependent self-construals of self (Markus and Kitayama, 1991). Gender differences showed females favoring the expression of empathy while males favored the expression of respect.
Nutrition as a component of health promotion programs in the Northeast

Abstract To determine the content and comprehensiveness of nutrition components of employee health promotion programs, we sent questionnaires to 386 Association of Fitness in Business members in the northeastern United States. Follow-up phone interviews and visits with respondents provided more detailed program descriptions. Of the 122 respondents to the questionnaires, 64 were directors of employee health promotion programs. All 64 directors indicated that their programs included at least one nutrition activity, and the most frequently reported activities were distribution of nutrition brochures, nutrition classes, and a weight-control course. Half the programs had a nutritionist in some capacity, and programs with a nutritionist most frequently had a high level of nutrition activities.
Variations in lecturer task orientation and student perceptions of course effectiveness

The university professor’s power position requires the professor to provide a high degree of structure, or task orientation, in courses taught according to the literature on leadership effectiveness. Goal clarity theory suggests that the structure will then be self-motivating, which in turn reinforces the professor’s power position. It would follow that students’ high effectiveness ratings for personalized system of instruction (psi) programs could be an artifact of the structuring of the course that the method requires. Different configurations of three courses (N = 252) were used in a complex quasi-experimental design. Courses were taught by traditional lecture, with full program PSI, and traditional lecture with the high-PSI structuring only. Highly structured traditional lecture courses matched the complete PSI programs of instruction in achieving higher effectiveness ratings than those given to traditional lecture courses. If students’ ratings of course effectiveness are the sole criterion of teaching effectiveness used by administrators, professors would be wise to structure their courses carefully and thoroughly. Results were significant beyond the.01 level.
Raman spectroscopy of melamine at high pressures up to 60 GPa

In this work, the Raman scattering of melamine was studied under high pressure up to 60 GPa. The behavior of the most intensive peaks of the Raman spectrum of melamine, 677 cm−1 and 985 cm−1 modes, and their line widths do not show any phase transition or indication of formation of sp 3 bonds. Comparing the behavior of the line width of the Raman peaks of graphite under pressure and that of melamine leads us to conclude that the s-triasine (C–N) ring is more rigid than the C–C graphite ring. High pressure results with melamine suggest that the direct phase transition g-C3N4 to dense C3N4 phase should occur above 60 GPa.
Satellite-derived digital elevation model accuracy : hydrogeomorphological analysis requirements

Digital elevation models (DEMs) are currently generated using satellite imagery, but little is known about how errors in satellite-derived DEMs affect hydrogeomorphological products such as relief, elevation contours, basin boundaries and stream networks. This study identified and minimized vertical errors for a SPOT-derived DEM of the 532 km2 Little Washita River, OK, watershed and then assessed how elevation inaccuracies affected hydrogeomorphological analyses. SPOT-derived DEM errors were identified using a set of ground control points (GCPs) and by comparing the 600 000 pixels comprising the SPOT image of the study area to high and low accuracy US Geological Survey (USGS) 7·5-minute airborne-derived DEMs. The comparative analysis identified a basin-wide error structure in the SPOT product that post-processing of the SPOT image then reduced from an RMSE of 8·7 to 4·5 m. Although SPOT- and USGS-derived topographic relief images had a poor correlation at small spatial scales, at larger hillslope scales nearly 90% of the image pixels overlapped. For basin-scale descriptors, such as catchment area, stream length, stream density and Horton ratios, SPOT- and USGS-derived estimates differed by no more than 3%. At smaller spatial scales, however, an overlay of SPOT-derived vector images of basin boundaries and stream networks with equivalent higher accuracy products revealed that the products were incongruent on average at 100 m and at most up to distances of 1 km. In summary, the accuracy of the SPOT-derived DEM was adequate for deriving estimates of basin average hydrogeomorphology but was unable to match equivalent products derived from USGS 7·5-minute DEMs at scales finer than 100 m. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Au adatom superstructure on the Ag⧸Si(111)-√3 × √3 -R30° surface

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy and low energy electron diffraction are used to study the behavior of submonolayer gold deposited on a Ag covered Si (111)-√3 × √3- R 30° surface at room temperature. A superstructure with √21 × √21- R 10.9° periodicity was found at about 0.2 monolayers Au coverage. A model for this surface is described in terms of an arrangement of Au atoms on top of the Ag / Si (111)-√3 × √3 structure.
Relations between Adolescents' Text Processing and Reasoning.

This research examines adolescents' learning about a historical issue from multiple information sources. Adolescents read 2 contradictory texts explaining the Fall of Rome and thought out loud after each sentence. After reading, a series of questions probed their understanding and ability to reason with the information. Think-aloud protocols were coded for the type of processing they reflected, as well as the content that was utilized (e.g., prior knowledge, other text information). Paraphrases and elaborations were the most common types of processing activity. Elaborations involved connections to prior knowledge as well as other text information (both within and across texts) and often-represented self-explanations. The complexity of reasoning about the historical event was predicted by think-aloud comments that increased the coherence of the texts: self-explanations that used prior knowledge or previously processed text information as well as surface text connections. Results are discussed in terms of t...
Fabrication of on-line interface for coupling HPLC with FTIR spectrometry

An interface between a high performance liquid chromatogrpah (HPLC) and an FT-IR spectrometer was constructed that allows the collection of direct-deposition (DD) infrared spectra of components eluting from an HPLC column. The key component of the interface is a bent concentric flow nebulizer that is installed immediately above the moving window of a commercial DD GC/FT-IR interface. A convergent-divergent nozzle was used to center the inner tube with minimal disturbance of the flow characteristics of the sheath gas. The minimum identifiable quantity of typical non-volatile polar organic molecules was less than 10 ng.
Motivations, ideas and applications of ramified optimal transportation

In this survey article, the author summarizes the motivations, key ideas and main applications of ramified optimal transportation that the author has studied in recent years.
Photochemistry of a benzophenone-containing bisimide: a model for inherently photosensitive polyimides

Abstract The photochemistry of bisimide II has been studied in solution by conventional means as well as by time-resolved laser techniques. Compound II, the adduct of benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride and 2 equivalents of 2-isopropylaniline, was designed as a model for inherently photosensitive, solvent-soluble polyimides — whose photochemistry is not well understood. A low temperature phosphorescence spectrum of matrix-isolated II, along with other results, indicates that the reactivity of II following photon absorption (300 – 365 nm) is due to its lowest n,π* triplet state. Triplet II behaves in a similar fashion to triplet benzophenone, being efficiently quenched by 1,3-dienes and photoreduced by compounds containing labile CH bonds. The absorption spectrum of the intermediate ketyl in the photoreduction was observed, and phosphorescence quenching rate constants for excited II determined in the presence of 2-propanol or triethylamine. The equation for determining quenching rate constants in a “gated” quenching experiment was derived and differs from that used in normal Stern-Volmer studies.
TE-to-TM mode conversion in GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice waveguide

Intrinsic phase matching between a TE and a TM mode is obtained in a GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice waveguide, fabricated by Zn diffusion induced disordering, as a result of the birefringent waveguiding properties of the superlattice in combination with a proper choice of the waveguide geometry. As a consequence, up to 90% polarisation conversion is demonstrated without the application of phase matching techniques.
GABAergic axons in the ventral forebrain of the rat: An electron microscopic study

The ventral forebrain, including the ventral striatum, the ventral pallidum and the substantia innominata, is an important region involved in the functions of the basal ganglia and the limbic system, as well as the magnocellular corticopetal neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Although previous studies have shown that this region is richly innervated by GABAergic fibers, little is known with respect to the relative densities of GABAergic to non-GABAergic axon terminals in this region. To address this issue, we have developed a specific rabbit antiserum to GABA and used a postembedding immunocytochemical reaction to analyse the distribution of GABA-like immunoreactive axon terminals in the rat ventral striatum, ventral pallidum and substantia innominata. Of all axon terminals that form identifiable synapses within single ultrathin sections taken from these regions, 11.6% in the ventral striatum, 85.5% in the ventral pallidum and 64.8% in the substantia innominata were GABAergic. Differences were also found in the distribution patterns of these terminals with respect to the size of their synaptic target dendrites. These findings are consistent with previous findings that a majority of inputs to the ventral striatum are excitatory, and that a majority of inputs to the ventral pallidum are inhibitory. Our results provide a first approximation of the anatomical substrate for the physiology and pharmacology of GABA actions in the ventral forebrain region. These results also show that GABA may play an important role in the substantia innominata, where both the cholinergic and the non-cholinergic magnocellular corticopetal neurons reside within a neuropil innervated by many different non-cholinergic fibers.