cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biofilm Matrix Regulation by Candida albicans Zap1

A biofilm is a surface-associated population of microorganisms embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. Biofilms are a major natural growth form of microorganisms and the cause of pervasive device-associated infection. This report focuses on the biofilm matrix of Candida albicans, the major fungal pathogen of humans. We report here that the C. albicans zinc-response transcription factor Zap1 is a negative regulator of a major matrix component, soluble β-1,3 glucan, in both in vitro and in vivo biofilm models. To understand the mechanistic relationship between Zap1 and matrix, we identified Zap1 target genes through expression profiling and full genome chromatin immunoprecipitation. On the basis of these results, we designed additional experiments showing that two glucoamylases, Gca1 and Gca2, have positive roles in matrix production and may function through hydrolysis of insoluble β-1,3 glucan chains. We also show that a group of alcohol dehydrogenases Adh5, Csh1, and Ifd6 have roles in matrix production: Adh5 acts positively, and Csh1 and Ifd6, negatively. We propose that these alcohol dehydrogenases generate quorum-sensing aryl and acyl alcohols that in turn govern multiple events in biofilm maturation. Our findings define a novel regulatory circuit and its mechanism of control of a process central to infection.
Finite element stress analysis of a reinforced high-strength concrete column in severe fires

The objective of this study is to quantify the development of thermal stress states that account for the occurrence of moisture-induced explosive spalling of reinforced high-strength concrete structures under rapid heating conditions. Obtained from finite difference models of simulating coupled heat and mass transport phenomena in heated reinforced concrete elements, transient temperature profiles are used as prescribed boundary conditions for subsequent finite element thermo-elastic stress analysis. A computational methodology using the theory of mixtures (volume averaging) is presented to compute thermally induced effective stresses that are potentially associated with thermal spalling of high-strength concrete.
Hormonal contraception usage is associated with altered memory for an emotional story.

Substantial evidence now documents sex-related influences on the neurobiology of emotional memory. Robust sex influences exist, for example, on the amygdala’s role in emotional memory formation, as well as on retention of central information (gist) and detail for an emotional event. Evidence also suggests that the well-documented effects of stress hormones on memory depend upon sex hormone levels. Since hormonal contraception alters sex hormone levels, and must by extension alter sex/stress hormone interactions in memory, we examined whether the use of hormonal contraception also alters memory for an emotional story. Two groups of healthy female subjects—one naturally cycling, one using hormonal contraception—viewed either a brief, emotionally arousing story, or a closely matched, but more emotionally neutral story. Each subject’s eye movements and pupil dilation changes were recorded as they viewed the story. Additionally, saliva samples were taken throughout the experimental session to examine salivary alpha-amylase, a biomarker for norepinephrine. A surprise free recall test one week later measured story memory in all subjects. Naturally cycling women exhibited enhanced memory of story details, but not of central information (gist), in the emotional compared with neutral story conditions. In contrast, women using hormonal contraception exhibited enhanced memory of gist, but not story details, in the emotional compared with neutral story conditions. Analysis of eye movements made while watching the stories indicated that the differences in memory could not be attributed either to a differential attention focus or to the degree of arousal induced by the stories in the two groups. These findings suggest that the use of hormonal contraception alters memory for an emotional event, perhaps by altering sex/stress hormone interactions in memory formation. They also suggest that further investigation of the mnemonic effects of these very widely used treatments is warranted.
Primary Testicular Lymphoma

We evaluated clinical features, management and survival of 12 patients with primary testicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presented to our hematology unit between January 1992 and July 2006, retrospectively. The median age of patients was 47 years at presentation (range 29-78 years) and > 80% of them were < 50 years old. In the majority of cases, orchidectomy was performed as diagnostic and first-line therapeutic procedures. Dominant histological subtype was diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Seven patients out of 12 (58%) were Ann Arbor stages I and II, and the remaining five patients (42%) were stages III and IV. All the patients received doxorubicin-based chemotherapy and achieved complete remission. The addition of rituximab and central nervous system prophylaxis with intrathecal combined chemotherapy containing methotrexate, cytarabine and dexametasone were applied to three patients who were recently admitted. The rate of relapse was 8% and progression-free survival (PFS) at 10 years was 88%. Median duration of response was 84 months (range 14-173 months), median 97.5 months of follow-up. All patients are alive and in case remission. Because of the spreading nature and relapse probability at different sites, including central nervous system and contralateral testis, systemic treatment with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy with or without prophylaxis for contralateral testis and the central nervous system seems to improve the outcome of primary testicular lymphoma.
Diversification of genes for carotenoid biosynthesis in aphids following an ancient transfer from a fungus

The pea aphid genome was recently found to harbor genes for carotenoid biosynthesis, reflecting an ancestral transfer from a fungus. To explore the evolution of the carotene desaturase gene family within aphids, sequences were retrieved from a set of 34 aphid species representing numerous deeply diverging lineages of aphids and analyzed together with fungal sequences retrieved from databases. All aphids have at least one copy of this gene and some aphid species have up to seven, whereas fungal genomes consistently have a single copy. The closest relatives of aphids, adelgids, also have carotene desaturase; these sequences are most closely related to those from aphids, supporting a shared origin from a fungal to insect transfer predating the divergence of adelgids and aphids. Likewise, all aphids, and adelgids, have carotenoid profiles that are consistent with their biosynthesis using the acquired genes of fungal origin rather than derivation from food plants. The carotene desaturase was acquired from a fungal species outside of Ascomycota or Basidiomycota and closest to Mucoromycotina among sequences available in databases. In aphids, an ongoing pattern of gene duplication is indicated by the presence of both anciently and recently diverged paralogs within genomes and by the presence of a high frequency of pseudogenes that appear to be recently inactivated. Recombination among paralogs is evident, making analyses of patterns of selection difficult, but tests of selection for a nonrecombining region indicates that duplications tend to be followed by bouts of positive selection. Species of Macrosiphini, which often show color polymorphisms, typically have a larger number of desaturase copies relative to other species sampled in the study. These results indicate that aphid evolution has been accompanied by ongoing evolution of carotenogenic genes, which have undergone duplication, recombination, and occasional positive selection to yield a wide variety of carotenoid profiles in different aphid species.
Psychosocial, Cultural and Genetic Influences on Alcohol Use in Asian American Youth

Objective: Environmental and cultural factors, as well as a genetic variant of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (the ALDH2*2 allele) have been identified as correlates of alcohol use among Asian Americans. However, concurrent examination of these variables has been rare. The present study assessed parental alcohol use, acculturation and ALDH2 gene status in relation to lifetime, current and heavy episodic drinking among Chinese and Korean American undergraduates. Method: Participants (N = 428, 51% women; 52% Chinese American, age 18-19 years) were first-year college students in a longitudinal study of substance use initiation and progression. Data were collected via structured interview and self-report, and participants provided a blood sample for genotyping at the ALDH2 locus. Results: Gender, parental alcohol use and acculturation significantly predicted drinking behavior. However, none of the hypothesized moderating relationships were significant. In contrast with previous studies, ALDH2 gene status was...
Organization and long-term memory search

A recognition RT paradigm was used to assess a number of plausible search strategies in LTM for categorized lists. List length was determined by factorially combining two, three, or five categories with two, three, or five words per category, and test items could be one of four types: (1) positive, (2) a repeated positive, (3) a related negative, or (4) an unrelated negative. It was found that RT increased linearly with category size for both positive and related negatives (about 30-40 msec/item); whereas the increase was much smaller for the unrelated negatives, especially for three and five categories (about 9 msec/item). With an increase in the number of categories, RT increased at the rate of about 40 msec/category for all three test items. A theory of .high-speed scanning for categorized material was proposed in which a serial and exhaustive search of the categories, is first undertaken. If a positive category match is found, a serial and exhaustive search within the contents of the positive category is initiated; if no category match is found, the search is simply terminated. Some evidence was presented that categories recently probed may provide for a short-circuiting of the category search.
The Kähler-Ricci flow on surfaces of positive Kodaira dimension

4 Estimates 9 4.1 The zeroth order and volume estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.2 A partial second order estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.3 Gradient estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.4 The second order estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Challenges of managing local elections in transitional and developing countries: an illustrative essay

The purpose of this investigation into local elections in developing and transitional countries is to highlight typical challenges to the management of local elections, emphasizing the difficulties that appear to be peculiar to local as opposed to national elections; and help explain why they often turn out to be more difficult to manage than national elections, are of less interest to the public, and often less satisfactory in outcome. It gives attention first to differentiating between categories of subnational elections, and then deals with a number of problems faced in local elections. These are size, scale and complexity of managing such elections, lack of public interest, potential for local manipulation, challenges to fair or adequate media coverage and campaign finance arrangements. The article sets out to challenge simplification and optimism about local elections in developing and transitional societies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discussion of treatment trials in intensive care

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to characterize whether and how the option of a treatment trial is discussed with surrogates in intensive care units. Materials and Methods We audio-recorded 72 family conferences for 72 patients at high risk for death or severe functional impairment in 5 intensive care units in San Francisco, California. We analyzed transcripts to develop a coding framework for whether and how trials were discussed. Results Trials were offered in 15% of conferences. We identified 2 types: (1) time-limited trials , defined as continuing all intensive, life-sustaining treatments, with a plan to reassess after a defined time period based on prespecified clinical milestones, and (2) symptom-limited trials , defined as using basic medical care aimed at survival (rather than purely comfort–focused treatment) once ventilatory support is withdrawn, with a plan to reassess based on patient symptoms. Clinicians frequently did not inform surrogates about key elements of the trial such as criteria by which the effectiveness of the trial would be evaluated and possible next steps based on trial results. Conclusions In this cohort of critically ill patients, trials were infrequently and incompletely discussed. Additional work is needed to improve communication about treatment trials and evaluate their impact on patient and family outcomes.
An architecture for voltage stability constrained optimal power flow using convex semi-definite programming

In this paper, a new voltage stability constrained optimal power flow (VSC-OPF) architecture is developed using semi-definite programming (SDP) which optimally calculate the loading margin and the cost of increasing stability margins. The main advantages of the proposed method are: a) it incorporates voltage stability constraints in a convex OPF formulation, b) always finds the optimal solution in comparison with probable local optimum solutions while using other non-convex methods, and c) evaluates the cost of increasing the loading margin using convex relaxation. The effectiveness of this method is evaluated using IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 57-bus test systems, considering various network constraints. The results show the effectiveness of proposed convex formulation to find the optimal operating schedule and critical loading point. The effect of incorporating voltage stability margin on the operating cost is also examined using different convex VSC-OPF formulations.
A Review of: “World City”

Britain can be summarized as “London and the rest.” The city and its extended metropolitan area squat over the nation just like a Third World primate city. The wealthy, the influential, and the mov...
Anteriorly Oriented Beam Arrangements with Daily in Vivo Range Verification for Proton Therapy of Prostate Cancer: Rectal Toxicity Rates

Abstract Purpose: To model whether in vivo range verification could reduce high-grade rectal toxicity for patients with prostate cancer treated with pencil beam scanning proton therapy by allowing novel proton beam arrangements compared to standard lateral opposed beams. Materials and Methods: Proton plans were generated for 8 patients with prostate cancer previously treated with photons by volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT). The VMAT plans were generated by using a uniform 6-mm planning target volume (PTV) expansion. For the proton plans an additional distal margin (3.5% of beam range) was added to the uniform 6-mm PTV to account for range uncertainty, using 3 beam arrangements: (1) lateral opposed beams (LAT), (2) left and right anterior oblique beams (LAO/RAO), and (3) a single anterior-posterior beam (AP). Assuming use of in vivo range verification, plans were generated by using a reduced distal PTV and distal range uncertainty expansion (2 mm each) with AP (AP–2 mm) and LAO/RAO (LAO/RAO–2 mm) be...
Stability and Performance Analysis of Time-Delayed Actuator Control Systems

Time delay is a common phenomenon in robotic systems due to computational requirements and communication properties between or within high-level and low-level controllers as well as the physical constraints of the actuator and sensor. It is widely believed that delays are harmful for robotic systems in terms of stability and performance; however, we propose a different view that the time delay of the system may in some cases benefit system stability and performance. Therefore, in this paper, we discuss the influences of the displacement-feedback delay (single delay) and both displacement and velocity feedback delays (double delays) on robotic actuator systems by using the cluster treatment of characteristic roots (CTCR) methodology. Hence, we can ascertain the exact stability interval for single-delay systems and the rigorous stability region for double-delay systems. The influences of controller gains and the filtering frequency on the stability of the system are discussed. Based on the stability information coupled with the dominant root distribution, we propose one nonconventional rule which suggests increasing time delay to certain time windows to obtain the optimal system performance. The computation results are also verified on an actuator testbed.
A peridynamic perspective on spring-mass fracture

The application of spring-mass systems to the animation of brittle fracture is revisited. The motivation arises from the recent popularity of peridynamics in the computational physics community. Peridynamic systems can be regarded as spring-mass systems with two specific properties. First, spring forces are based on a simple strain metric, thereby decoupling spring stiffness from spring length. Second, masses are connected using a distance-based criterion. The relatively large radius of influence typically leads to a few hundred springs for every mass point. Spring-mass systems with these properties are shown to be simple to implement, trivially parallelized, and well-suited to animating brittle fracture.
StructSlim: a lightweight profiler to guide structure splitting

Memory access latency continues to be a dominant bottleneck in a large class of applications on modern architectures. To optimize memory performance, it is important to utilize the locality in the memory hierarchy. Structure splitting can significantly improve memory locality. However, pinpointing inefficient code and providing insightful guidance for structure splitting is challenging. Existing tools typically leverage heavyweight memory instrumentations, which hinders the applicability of these tools for real long-running programs. To address this issue, we develop StructSlim, a profiler to pinpoint top candidates that benefit from structure splitting. StructSlim makes three unique contributions. First, it adopts lightweight address sampling to collect and analyze memory traces. Second, StructSlim employs a set of novel methods to determine memory access patterns to guide structure splitting. We also formally prove that our method has high accuracy even with sparse memory access samples. Third, StructSlim scales on multithreaded machines. StructSlim works on fully optimized, unmodified binary executables independently from their compiler and language, incurring around 7% runtime overhead. To evaluate StructSlim, we study seven sequential and parallel benchmarks. With the guidance of StructSlim, we are able to significantly improve all these benchmarks; the speedup is up to 1.37×.
V-rel and C-rel modulate the expression of both bursal and non-bursal antigens on avian B-cell lymphomas.

Infection of chickens with the avian retrovirus, Reticuloendotheliosis virus-T [REV-T(CSV)], results in the rapid development of a variety of hematopoietic tumors [2, 4]. Typically, the birds die between 1 and 2 weeks bearing pauciclonal tumors with extensive metastatic disease. Examination of cell surface lineage specific markers demonstrates that these tumors can be derived from B-cells, T-cells and cells within the myeloid lineage [1,3]. Genetic experiments have demonstrated that tumor development results from the expression of the viral oncogene, v-rel [5, 6]. V-rel is related to the proteins p50 and p65 that comprise the transcriptional complex NF-kB [7, 17, 18, 21]. Extensive analysis has demonstrated that this complex regulates transcription through the formation of heterodimers that bind DNA [15, 22]. Transcriptional regulation of a number of proteins may be regulated in part through the interaction of NF-kB protein with NF-kB consensus sequence in the promoter region of these genes [7, 15]. Transcription would appear to be activated by external signals that interact with cell surface receptors and result in the conversion of NF-kB from a cytoplasmic protein complex to a nuclear complex that can bind DNA [16].
High order expanding domain methods for the solution of Poisson's equation in infinite domains

In this paper we present a discrete Fourier transform based procedure to evaluate the infinite domain solution of Poisson's equation at points in a rectangular computational region. The numerical procedure is a modification of an "expanding domain" type method where one obtains approximations of increasing accuracy by expanding the computational domain. The modification presented here is one that leads to approximations that converge with high order rates of convergence with respect to domain size. Spectrally accurate approximations are used to approximate differential operators and so the method possesses very high rates of convergence with respect to mesh size as well. Computational results on both two and three dimensional test problems are presented that demonstrate the accuracy and computational efficiency of the procedure.
Class Conflict and Diplomacy: Haitian Isolation in the 19th-Century World System

The article argues that Haiti's diplomatic isolation after its revolution and indepedence was due to two different processes, its place in the symbolic system of domestic politics in the United States, and its place in the lives and experiene of people intensely concerned with Haiti in France, Britain, and Spain. The result was that the diplomatic isolation was ended first in the 1830s by Europe, by thecountries matriallydamaged by the Hatian Revolution. It was ended later by the United States and its Spanish-American client states, who were only symbolically damaged by Haiti as an antislavery black power symbol, after the Emancipation Proclamation in the 1860s. A theory of the politics of diplomacy with two parts, the role of a foreign country as a symbol in the domestic politics of other countries, and the role of people with extensive contact and interest in particular parts of another country in the diplomatic milieux of other countries, is deueloped to explain this case.
VARIATION IN PREFERENCE AND SPECIFICITY IN MONOPHAGOUS AND OLIGOPHAGOUS SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES

Although variation in oviposition preference and specificity for host plants has been demonstrated within populations of a variety of oligophagous insect species, it is unknown whether genetic variation in host choice is lost within populations of monophagous species. Analysis of a locally monophagous butterfly species, Papilio oregonius, and a locally oligophagous species, P. zelicaon, showed significant variation in oviposition preference within populations of both species. Females of both species chose primarily their native hosts. Nonetheless, the percentages of eggs laid by individual females among the plant species and the number of plant species on which individual females laid eggs differed significantly among isofemale strains within populations. Moreover, some females within all isofemale strains of both species laid a few eggs on Foeniculum vulgare, an umbelliferous species that does not occur in the native habitats of these populations but is a host for Papilio species in other geographic areas. The results suggest that local monophagy and oligophagy in these species reflect the relative ranking among potential plant species. Both populations harbor variation in oviposition choice that could allow for host shifts if these populations invaded new habitats.
Effect of leprosy health education among country residents in Xuyi county

Objiective To understand the change status of leprosy cognition of rural residents before and after the health education,and evaluate the effect of health education.Methods 6 villages,with history of leprosy or leprosy cases were chosen as the health education sites,for a period of 3 months.The publicity materials,propaganda poster,associated with the lecture in broadcast and TV,were provided in the targeted villages.The questionnaire survey were carried out pre-and post health education among the rural residents,chosen by random sampling method.Results Before the intervention pilot area of rural residents to leprosy,infectious etiology,symptoms and cognitive therapy for low.After the intervention,on rural residents,infectious etiology,symptoms and treatment of cognitive than before the intervention significantly improved(P0.01),and the attitude and behavior towards leprosy have changed to some extent.Conclusion Lperosy health education in rural areas should use multiple methods to get better effect.
Delirium: acute confusional state

Many clinicians do not realize the costs associated with delirium. Francis and Kapoor found that patients who had had delirium had higher two-year mortality rates and greater loss of independence than control patients. The investigators also reported a trend toward decline in cognitive performance among patients who had had delirium. Levkoff and coworkers found that delirium was associated with no change in mortality, but that it was associated with prolonged hospital stays and an increased risk of institutional placement among community dwelling elderly. Poor outcomes might be avoided, in part, with early diagnosis and appropriate management of delirium.
Mean curl formulation on quadrilaterals with application to implicit magnetics diffusion equations in Alegra 2D.

This report proposes a mean curl on quadrilateral elements for Alegra 2D magnetics calculations. The resulting quadrilateral element is an extension of the work [1, 4] to include the curl operator. The resulting quadrilateral element implementation is applicable to implicit calculations in Cartesian coordinates which use either the vector potential or B formulation. It is useful to note that in the vector potential formulation, the mean curl produces a mean flux density on the element, whereas in the B formulation the mean curl produces a mean current on the element. In both cases, the mean curl is, by construction, divergence free. The mean curl is further developed and applied to the nonlinear permeability capability that currently exists in Alegra 2D for the vector potential formulation. Using the proposed mean curl, a Jacobian operator is developed and presented which is applicable to nonlinear iterations associated with the implicit problem. Note that the existing nonlinear permeability does not include hysteresis; also, the current nonlinear implementation uses a Jacobian free solution algorithm because a Jacobian operator has neither been developed or implemented. A Jacobian for the full quadrature implementation that currently exists in Alegra 2D can be similarly derived based upon the results presented.
Parental Stress and Coping Inventory

The Parental Stress and Coping Inventory was developed for mental health professionals serving low-income and low-resource parents. A sample of 1,567 parents completed a revised Family Adjustment Measure for the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses conducted in this study. Findings resulted in three scales that explained 53% of the variance.
Application of Differentiators for Identifying a Polynomial Signal Using a Compensation Method in Parameter Converters of Two-Port RLC Circuits

We propose a method and apparatus to determine the generalized parameters of multi-component two-port RLC circuits with a balancing signal in the measuring circuit. In this device, reference voltage sources are n differentiators of test voltage pulses which vary with time as a function of degree n.
Predictive value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in diabetic wound healing.

Abstract Objective The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been used as a surrogate marker of systemic inflammation. We sought to investigate the association between NLR and wound healing in diabetic wounds. Methods The outcomes of 120 diabetic foot ulcers in 101 patients referred from August 2011 to December 2014 were examined retrospectively. Demographic, patient-specific, and wound-specific variables as well as NLR at baseline visit were assessed. Outcomes were classified as ulcer healing, minor amputation, major amputation, and chronic ulcer. Results The subjects' mean age was 59.4 ± 13.0 years, and 67 (66%) were male. Final outcome was complete healing in 24 ulcers (20%), minor amputation in 58 (48%) and major amputation in 16 (13%), and 22 chronic ulcers (18%) at the last follow-up (median follow-up time, 6.8 months). In multivariate analysis, higher NLR (odds ratio, 13.61; P = .01) was associated with higher odds of nonhealing. Conclusions NLR can predict odds of complete healing in diabetic foot ulcers independent of wound infection and other factors.
Fast Approximate Distance Queries in Unweighted Graphs Using Bounded Asynchrony

We introduce a new parallel algorithm for approximate breadth-first ordering of an unweighted graph by using bounded asynchrony to parametrically control both the performance and error of the algorithm. This work is based on the \(k\)-level asynchronous (KLA) paradigm that trades expensive global synchronizations in the level-synchronous model for local synchronizations in the asynchronous model, which may result in redundant work. Instead of correcting errors introduced by asynchrony and redoing work as in KLA, in this work we control the amount of work that is redone and thus the amount of error allowed, leading to higher performance at the expense of a loss of precision. Results of an implementation of this algorithm are presented on up to 32,768 cores, showing 2.27x improvement over the exact KLA algorithm and 3.8x improvement over the level-synchronous version with minimal error on several graph inputs.
Global Scale Hydrology: Advances in Land Surface Modeling

Research into global scale hydrology is an expanding area that includes researchers from the meteorology, climatology, ecology and hydrology communities. This paper reviews research in this area carried out in the United States during the last IUGG quadrennial period of 1987-1990. The review covers the representation of land-surface hydrologic processes for general circulation models (GCMs), sensitivity analysis of these representations on global hydrologic fields like precipitation, regional studies of climate that have global hydrologic implications, recent field studies and experiments whose aims are the improved understanding of land surface-atmospheric interactions, and the use of remotely sensed data for the further understanding of the spatial variability of surface hydrologic processes that are important at regional and global climate scales. 76 refs.
Appendix to the Historical Introit

The reader of this appendix is presumed to be already familiar with the assumptions and mathematical development in CARATHEODOR’S celebrated axiomatization1 of thermodynamics.
Ligand binding and multienzyme complex formation between ornithine carbamoyltransferase and arginase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses ligand binding and multienzyme complex formation between ornithine carbamoyltransferase and arginase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Multienzyme complexes are supermolecular ensembles of different classes of polypeptide chains each containing a distinct enzymatic activity. The different enzymes often catalyze consecutive reactions in metabolic pathways usually increasing the net metabolic flux of the sequence. These ensembles can be organized into two large groups, discrete and nondiscrete. The discrete complexes are held together by strong forces and have regular stoichiometries even at low protein concentrations. The association of metabolic enzymes as a consequence of these effects may well have significant influence on their intrinsic enzymatic activities as well as net metabolic fluxes. The modulation of enzymatic activity in this system has been characterized in terms of the coupling of defined extrinsic effects, the binding of small molecules, and intrinsic effects.
Synthesizing quotient lenses

Quotient lenses are bidirectional transformations whose correctness laws are “loosened” by specified equivalence relations, allowing inessential details in concrete data formats to be suppressed. For example, a programmer could use a quotient lens to define a transformation that ignores the order of fields in XML data, so that two XML files with the same fields but in different orders would be considered the same, allowing a single, simple program to handle them both. Building on a recently published algorithm for synthesizing plain bijective lenses from high-level specifications, we show how to synthesize bijective quotient lenses in three steps. First, we introduce quotient regular expressions (QREs), annotated regular expressions that conveniently mark inessential aspects of string data formats; each QRE specifies, simulteneously, a regular language and an equivalence relation on it. Second, we introduce QRE lenses, i.e., lenses mapping between QREs. Our key technical result is a proof that every QRE lens can be transformed into a functionally equivalent lens that canonizes source and target data just at the “edges” and that uses a bijective lens to map between the respective canonical elements; no internal canonization occurs in a lens in this normal form. Third, we leverage this normalization theorem to synthesize QRE lenses from a pair of QREs and example input-output pairs, reusing earlier work on synthesizing plain bijective lenses. We have implemented QREs and QRE lens synthesis as an extension to the bidirectional programming language Boomerang. We evaluate the effectiveness of our approach by synthesizing QRE lenses between various real-world data formats in the Optician benchmark suite.
Differential Effects of Isoproterenol on Regional Myocardial Mechanics in Rat Using Three-Dimensional Cine DENSE Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

The present study assessed the acute effects of isoproterenol on left ventricular (LV) mechanics in healthy rats with the hypothesis that s-adrenergic stimulation influences the mechanics of different myocardial regions of the LV wall in different ways. To accomplish this, magnetic resonance images were obtained in the LV of healthy rats with or without isoproterenol infusion. The LV contours were divided into basal, mid-ventricular, and apical regions. Additionally, the mid-ventricular myocardium was divided into three transmural layers with each layer partitioned into four segments (i.e., septal, inferior, lateral, and anterior). Peak systolic strains and torsion were quantified for each region. Isoproterenol significantly increased peak systolic radial strain and circumferential-longitudinal shear strain, as well as ventricular torsion, throughout the basal, mid-ventricle, and apical regions. In the mid-ventricle, isoproterenol significantly increased peak systolic radial strain, and induced significant increases in peak systolic circumferential strain and longitudinal strain in the septum. Isoproterenol consistently increased peak systolic circumferential-longitudinal shear strain in all mid-ventricular segments. Ventricular torsion was significantly increased in nearly all segments except the inferior sub-endocardium. The effects of isoproterenol on LV systolic mechanics (i.e., 3D strains and torsion) in healthy rats depend on the region. This region-dependency is also strain component-specific. These results provide insight into the regional response of LV mechanics to s-adrenergic stimulation in rats, and could act as a baseline for future studies on subclinical abnormalities associated with the inotropic response in heart disease.
Mathematical Modeling and Control of an Unmanned Aerial System with a Cable Suspended Payload

This paper focuses on the mathematical modeling and control of an unmanned aerial system (UAS) with a payload suspended using a cable. The motion of the payload induces disturbances on the aerial platform and needs to be mitigated for stable operation. A passivity based controller is used to control the position of the UAS. Assuming only the orientation angles of the payload with respect to a UAS are measured, a disturbance attenuating nonlinear attitude and position controller is designed. The implementation of the controller requires the knowledge of higher time derivatives of the payload oscillations. These states (primarily the angular velocity) are estimated using a continuous-discrete Kalman Filter. The efficacy of the combined estimator and controller is demonstrated using a high fidelity numerical simulation.
Prison as a School of Crime: Evidence from Cell-Level Interactions

This paper investigates how interactions in prison influence post-release behavior, establishing at a fine granularity level how prison might act as a "school of crime". Using a unique French administrative dataset of all prisoners incarcerated since January, 2008, which includes cell allocation, we study interactions in own and cellmates' post-release behavior, and in particular in type of crime committed upon release, depending on self and cellmates' motive of incarceration. In French short-term prisons (which we focus on), cellmates typically spend a large portion of a day in their cells, and normal cell sizes are quite small (generally less than 6 inmates at a time), allowing us define extensively who one interacts with during the length of incarceration. By using number of days of overlap as a measure of intensity of interaction, we find evidence of peer effects for skill-intensive offenses, in case of recidivism.
Evaluating measures of combat deployment for U.S. Army personnel using various sources of administrative data.

Abstract Purpose This study’s purpose is to inform future research decisions about optimal measures for identifying combat deployments. We aim to evaluate four commonly utilized measures available in population-level administrative data to identify combat deployments in recent military operations among active duty Army personnel. Methods We compare these measures in three ways: (1) agreement (assessing the extent to which soldiers were differentially identified as combat deployed via each measure); (2) validity (calculating the sensitivity of each measure against a criterion measure); and (3) corroboration (examining how each measure predicted subsequent incidence of traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder). Results We found that using personnel records to identify deployments to Iraq, Afghanistan, and/or Kuwait captured over 98% of combat-related deployments identified via self-reported measures. The addition of Kuwait allowed for detection of nearly 100% of battle injuries, improving sensitivity from 94.5% to 99.8%. However, self-reported combat exposure measures showed the largest differential in subsequent incidence of traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder. Completeness and accuracy of different combat deployment measures varied significantly. Conclusions Using personnel records to identify deployment to Iraq, Afghanistan, and/or Kuwait was the most valid and comprehensive measure of combat deployment. However, self-reported combat exposure measures were more predictive of combat-related outcomes.
Hydrogen peroxide inhibits neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus via potassium channel activation.

The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is an important homeostatic and reflex center for neuroendocrine, respiratory, and autonomic regulation, including during hypoxic stressor chal...
Aqueous exfoliated graphene by amphiphilic nanocellulose and its application in moisture-responsive foldable actuators.

Graphene is a promising material for diverse applications, such as in composites, optoelectronics, photovoltaic cells, and energy storage devices. However, high-yielding liquid exfoliation of good-quality graphene in high concentrations remains a challenge. In this study, amphiphilic 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were demonstrated in robust aqueous exfoliation of graphite into high quality graphene in high yields and stable dispersions with graphene concentration up to 1 mg mL-1. Over 50% of graphene flakes exfoliated were 3 layers or less, of which ca. 5% were monolayer, and another 47% were multilayers, leaving only 3% as un-exfoliated graphitic platelets. Outstanding yields up to 84.2% were achieved at an optimized 0.2 g g-1 graphite : CNF feed ratio. The dispersed graphitic flakes are stabilized by Coulomb repulsion from the surface bound charged CNFs. Aqueous graphene suspensions stabilized by CNFs were easily vacuum filtered into nanopapers that exhibited rapid moisture triggered motion and spontaneous recovery in the absence of moisture, resembling actions of biological motor cells in "shame plant" leaves. Such unique moisture responsive behavior is attributed to the highly accessible, charged CNF surfaces and the recovery is due to the inherently hydrophobic graphene. This facile aqueous exfoliating approach using amphiphilic CNFs as multi-functional exfoliating, dispersing and structural-forming agents for moisture-responsive graphene nanopaper opens up a large-area of potential applications toward biologically inspired sensors and actuators.
Toward a Rich Data Future for School Finance Research

This special topic is intended to advance research in school finance using two newly produced compilations of multiple longitudinal data systems, the School Finance Indicators Database (http://scho...
Regulation of cardiac O-GlcNAcylation: More than just nutrient availability.

Abstract The post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues of nuclear, cytosolic, and mitochondrial proteins by O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) has long been seen as an important regulatory mechanism in the cardiovascular system. O-GlcNAcylation of cardiac proteins has been shown to contribute to the regulation of transcription, metabolism, mitochondrial function, protein quality control and turnover, autophagy, and calcium handling. In the heart, acute increases in O-GlcNAc have been associated with cardioprotection, such as those observed during ischemia/reperfusion. Conversely, chronic increases in O-GlcNAc, often associated with diabetes and nutrient excess, have been shown to contribute to cardiac dysfunction. Traditionally, many studies have linked changes in O-GlcNAc with nutrient availability and as such O-GlcNAcylation is often seen as a nutrient driven process. However, emerging evidence suggests that O-GlcNAcylation may also be regulated by non-nutrient dependent mechanisms, such as transcriptional and post-translational regulation. Therefore, the goals of this review are to provide an overview of the impact of O-GlcNAcylation in the cardiovascular system, how this is regulated and to discuss the emergence of regulatory mechanisms other than nutrient availability.
Unsupervised MRI Reconstruction with Generative Adversarial Networks.

Deep learning-based image reconstruction methods have achieved promising results across multiple MRI applications. However, most approaches require large-scale fully-sampled ground truth data for supervised training. Acquiring fully-sampled data is often either difficult or impossible, particularly for dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE), 3D cardiac cine, and 4D flow. We present a deep learning framework for MRI reconstruction without any fully-sampled data using generative adversarial networks. We test the proposed method in two scenarios: retrospectively undersampled fast spin echo knee exams and prospectively undersampled abdominal DCE. The method recovers more anatomical structure compared to conventional methods.
Pediatric Maxillary and Zygomatic Fractures

Pediatric maxillary and zygomatic fractures are rare due to the anatomic protection and increased bone stability. They are typically the result of high-energy trauma resulting from motor vehicle collisions. As such, they are most commonly seen with concomitant injuries. After stabilization of life-threatening injuries, a thorough history of the inciting injury and careful physical exam of the facial skeleton must be completed. Computed tomographic imaging with three-dimensional analysis of the maxilla and zygomaticomaxillary complex is essential to an accurate diagnosis and proper treatment plan. Conservative, nonsurgical management is reserved for non-displaced or minimally displaced midface fractures with no functional or esthetic deficits. When fractures of the maxilla occur and result in a malocclusion, closed reduction utilizing maxillomandibular fixation can be considered. When the maxilla or zygoma are displaced and more significant functional or esthetic deficits result, open reduction with or without fixation may be necessary. The benefit of restoring form and function must always be weighed against the consequences of operating on the pediatric patient. The soft-tissue scarring and bony trauma created during surgical access, reduction, and fixation of the facial skeleton may lead to growth disturbances in the growing child. The use of biodegradable fixation systems avoids the second surgery required to remove hardware when titanium fixation is used. However, more data is needed to assess whether this benefit carries any growth advantage. In general, bone healing is accelerated in pediatric populations and therefore the timing of conservative treatments and closed reduction techniques is shorter in comparison to that in adults. Long-term complications from pediatric maxillary and zygomatic fractures include hypoplasia of the affected bones and bony asymmetry. Close longitudinal follow-up of these patients with early recognition of growth disturbance may allow for growth modification techniques prior to skeletal maturity and alleviate the need for further surgical intervention in the adult years.
Holistic representation in juvenile defense: An evaluation of a multidisciplinary children's defense team.

This study describes the results of an evaluation of a holistic defense model for juvenile clients. Longitudinal, retrospective analysis of de-identified data from clients (N = 308) measured individual variable outcomes, relationships, and project performance. Bivariate and multivariate analyses examined the strength of association and interrelationships among client and defense team variables. Findings indicate that holistic defense was significantly associated with improved outcomes among juvenile clients, including increased mental health assessment resulting in treatment, increased employment and educational attainment, and decreased odds of recidivism. Favorable court or dispositional outcomes, including lower adjudication or early termination from custody, were also reported. Further practice-level, controlled research is necessary to evaluate these models and offer comparison to other models for holistic defense.
Efforts towards the inhibitor design for New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM-1)

Antimicrobial stewardship is imperative when treating bacterial infections because the misuse and overuse of antibiotics have caused pathogens to develop life-threatening resistance mechanisms. The New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM-1) is one of many enzymes that enable bacterial resistance. NDM-1 is a more recently discovered beta-lactamase with the ability to inactivate a wide range of beta-lactam antibiotics. Multiple NDM-1 inhibitors have been designed and tested; however, due to the complexity of the NDM-1 active site, there is currently no inhibitor on the market. Consequently, an infection caused by bacteria possessing the gene for the NDM-1 enzyme is a serious and potentially fatal complication. An abundance of research has been invested over the past decade in search of an NDM-1 inhibitor. This review aims to summarize various NDM-1 inhibitor designs that have been developed in recent years.