cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can We Improve Our Physical Health by Altering Our Social Networks

Persons with more types of social relationships live longer and have less cognitive decline with aging, greater resistance to infectious disease, and better prognoses when facing chronic life-threatening illnesses. We have known about the importance of social integration (engaging in diverse types of relationships) for health and longevity for 30 years. Yet, we still do not know why having a more diverse social network would have a positive influence on our health, and we have yet to design effective interventions that influence key components of the network and in turn physical health. Better understanding of the role of social integration in health will require research on how integrated social networks influence health relevant behaviors, regulate emotions and biological responses, and contribute to our expectations and worldviews.
A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE LOAD TEST FOR REFRACTORIES

Methods and equipment are described for making long-time load tests on refractories similar to creep tests for metals. A uniform flow rate is not established until approximately 100 hours have elapsed and shorter tests give load values considerably lower than can be used safely in design work. It is suggested that a long test of this type would be a more satisfactory standard than the short test now used.
Correction to "Structure and stability of certain chemical networks and applications to the kinetic proofreading model of T-cell receptor signal transduction"

Deals with the theory of structure, stability, robustness, and stabilization for an appealing class of nonlinear systems which arises in the analysis of chemical networks. The results given here extend, but are also heavily based upon, certain previous work by Feinberg (1977, 1979, 1987, 1995) and Horn and Jackson (1972), of which a self-contained and streamlined exposition is included. The theoretical conclusions are illustrated through an application to the kinetic proofreading model proposed by McKeithan (1995) for T-cell receptor signal transduction.
Integrated Microchannel Cooling for Three-Dimensional Electronic Circuit Architectures

The semiconductor community is developing three-dimensional circuits that integrate logic, memory, optoelectronic and radio-frequency devices, and microelectromechanical systems. These three-dimensional (3D) circuits pose important challenges for thermal management due to the increasing heat load per unit surface area. This paper theoretically studies 3D circuit cooling by means of an integrated microchannel network. Predictions are based on thermal models solving one-dimensional conservation equations for boiling convection along microchannels, and are consistent with past data obtained from straight channels. The model is combined within a thermal resistance network to predict temperature distributions in logic and memory
The spatially resolved refractometer.

PURPOSE: To investigate factors controlling the aberrations of the eye, including accommodation, wavelength, and the apodization of the optics of the eye by cone directional selectivity. METHODS: We constructed a new implementation of the Spatially Resolved Refractometer (SRR). This is an instrument, based on the Scheiner principle, that allows the rapid psychophysical measurement of the complete wavefront aberrations of the eye. We have investigated both the reproducibility of the measurements, and the effect of static accommodation and wavelength on the wavefront aberrations of the eye. In addition we combined the wave front aberrations with cone photoreceptor directionality to compute the modulation transfer function of the eye, at the retinal level. RESULTS: The SRR measurements were rapid (4 minutes per measurements, 12 minutes per patient) and reproducible. There are significant changes in wavefront quality with accommodation, with optimal image quality near the resting point of accommodation. Image quality for polychromatic (white) light is strongly affected by both longitudinal and transverse chromatic aberration. Finally, we find that incorporating the effects of cone directionality into the calculation of image quality can increase image quality by up to 50%. CONCLUSION: Calculation of a simple "optimal surgical shape" for wave-front guided refractive surgery will depend on improved understanding of the interplay between the biological and physical properties of the eye. [J Refract Surg 2000;16: S566-S569]
Matching in Auctions with an Informed Seller

In many auctions, a good match between seller and bidder raises the value of the contract for both parties. Information about the quality of this match, however, may be incomplete. Previous work has shown that both the first-price auction and first-score auction are optimal when each bidder privately observes the quality of his match with the seller. In this paper, we show that neither auction is optimal when it is the seller who privately observes the quality of the matches. In addition, we show that the performance of both auctions declines when information about the quality of the matches shifts from the bidders to the seller. The first-price auction no longer allocates the contract efficiently, causing the seller’s expected utility to decrease. The first-score auction restores efficiency by allowing the seller to account for the quality of the match in addition to the price offered. However, the asymmetry introduced by accounting for quality leads to lower price offers. The winner’s blessing may mitigate the price reduction but not by enough to prevent an overall decline in the seller’s expected utility.
Superiority of Colloid over Electrolyte Solution for Severe Normovolemic Hemodilution (NVHD) in Concurrent Treatment of Hemorrhage

Treatment of severe hemorrhage with adequate concurrent administration of plasma substitutes leads to acute normovolemic hemodilution (NVHD). Advantages of hemodilution include: l) reduced risk of infection; 2) decreased thromboembolic phenomena; 3) improved microcirculation; and 4) less use of banked blood resulting in reduced patient cost. In the 1960's, Takaori and Safar described the types of response to various degrees of hemodilution (HD) and demonstrated that dogs survived when hemodiluted with dextrans to a hematocrit (hct) of 10%. In contrast, HD with Lactated Ringers (LR) was unable to support survival.
Unforced and Group Response to a Q-Sort

(1966). Unforced and Group Response to a Q-Sort. The Journal of Experimental Education: Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 19-20.
Dynamic Modeling and Analysis on Gimbal Seeker Mounted on Rotary-Missile

Inertial tensor and inertia coupling between internal-gimbal,external-gimbal and despun mechanism were studied. Dynamic model of seeker mounted on rotary missile was built based on the second lagrange equation,and the influence factors on the dynamics of seeker were analyzed.
Determination of organic germanium in natural drinking mineral water by atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Objective:To establish an accurate and sensitive method for determination of organic germanium in natural drinking mineral water by atomic fluorescence spectrometry.Methods: The organic germanium separated by an anion exchange column was determined by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry.Results: In the optimized experimental condition,the detection limit was 0.58 μg/L,the RSDs were between 1.4% to 5.1%,the recoveries ranged from 91.5% to 105.8%.Conclusion: Organic germanium was firstly enriched effectively by an anion exchange column,and then was determined by the hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry.The developed method is accurate and reliable,and suitable for promotion.
Economic Dispatch Control System of Cascade Hydropower Stations Based on a Universal Platform

To achieve the target of maximum energy reservation of cascade hydropower stations in the end of the calculation period,and in consideration of the constraints such as the joint vibration,an economic operation algorithm of cascade hydropower stations is determined,in which the starting-stopping of hydropower units and load distribution between hydropower stations are coordinated,improving the security,economy and real-time performance of real-time control of cascade hydropower stations.An economic dispatching control(EDC) software set of cascade hydropower stations based on the above algorithm and a universal platform for intelligent hydropower plant has been developed and successfully applied to the Songjianghe intelligent hydropower plant project.
Discussion on the Recycle Economy Theory and Practice in the Building of Ecological Cities

The ecological city construction is a mainstream of the city construction in the 21st century.How to do it is a common concern subject of theory researcher and practitioner.With the appearance of recycle economy,it offers thinking of development and way for construction of the ecological city.So it is necessary to probe into the relevant theories of recycle economy and possibility of practice in the ecological city construction.
CHEN Yin-ke and Herder——A Study Centred on the Idea of Empathy

This paper aims to identify the German origin of a well-known Chinese phrase “liaojie zhi tongqing” used by CHEN Yin-ke, a renowned Chinese historian. This paper argues that this phrase should be rendered from a German word Einftihlung, originally indicating a modem historical methodology in the works of an eighteenth-century German thinker J.G. Herder. CHEN elaborated it in the context of Chinese culture without indicating its German root. By closely reading CHEN's works and comparing his interpretation of the term with the German word in Herder's works, this paper documented a neglected yet significant chapter about how modem German thought had an impact on Chinese scholars in early twentieth century. Given the contact of CHEN with a Harvard professor Irving Babbitt and Babbitt's citation of Herder, this papersuggests that CHEN might have learned this German term from Babbitt during his study at Harvard. This paper continues to compare CHEN's ideas on ethnicity and national culture to Herder's influential cultural nationalism, and interestingly it illustrates that CHEN and Herder share some common ideas on ethnicity and its relationship to national culture and identity.
ANALYSIS OF PROBLEM OF CONTINUOUS CALCULATION FOR INCREMENT RATE

It is analysed and demonstrated that the value of variable A,which initial value is A 0.and which increment rate is r is alweys A 0.(1+r) t after time t,no matter whether the method of continuous calcalation is adopted or not.And the error is pointed out in so called the method of continuous calculation of increment rate.
Thrombocytopoiesis in normal and sublethally irradiated dogs: response to human interleukin-6

The response of megakaryocytes and platelets to the administration of recombinant human interleukin-6 (IL-6) was investigated in normal and sublethally irradiated dogs. IL-6 was administered for 2 weeks at doses of 10 to 160 micrograms/kg/d to normal animals to assess dose-response and toxicity. Subsequently, 40, 80, or 160 micrograms/kg/d for 2 weeks was administered to animals treated with 200 cG total body irradiation. Analysis of normal dogs showed a significant increment in the platelet count detectable approximately 11 days after initiation of IL-6 at all administered doses. Large platelets greater than 6.3 microns in diameter were observed 1 day after beginning IL-6, progressively increasing to as many as 19.1% of the total circulating platelets by day 10. The ploidy distribution of the marrow megakaryocytes did not differ from the normal at doses of less than or equal to 80 micrograms/kg/d, but at 160 micrograms/kg/d, a shift toward higher ploidy cells was noted. No change in total white count was noted; however, a decrease in hematocrit was seen at all doses. In the irradiated animals, the platelet count recovered earlier in the IL-6- treated dogs than in the controls, but no consistent change in the ploidy distribution was observed irrespective of dose. Large platelets were also noted in the treated animals, comprising up to 6.9% of the total platelet count. Fibrinogen levels were elevated to greater than 4 times normal. A significant decrease in hematocrit was seen in all animals, while no consistent change was noted in the white count. Elevations in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and alkaline phosphatase, together with a decline in serum albumin were observed in all the treated animals (both normal and irradiated), but clinical symptoms were observed only in the dogs receiving greater than or equal to 80 micrograms/kg/d. The data show that IL-6 alone is capable of enhancing platelet recovery in dogs with bone marrow suppression.
Particle Composition at High pT in Au+Au Collisions at SNN = 200 GeV

We report the recent results of proton and anti‐proton yields as a function of centrality and pT in Au+Au collisions at SNN = 200 GeV, measured by the PHENIX experiment at RHIC. In central collisions at intermediate transverse momenta (1.5 < pT < 4.5 GeV/c) a significant fraction of all produced particles is protons and anti‐protons. They show a different scaling behavior from that of pions. The p/π and p/π ratios are enhanced compared to peripheral Au+Au, p+p and e+e− collisions. This enhancement is limited to pT < 5 GeV/c as deduced from the ratio of charged hadrons to π0 measured in the range 1.5 < pT < 9 GeV/c.
Worlding Dance — An Introduction

We convened in Los Angeles, what Saskia Sassen and others have identified as a ‘global’ city — home to massive numbers of diverse immigrants from across the globe, who, pressured by the uneven flows of capital and ideas, are working to get ahead and co-exist within a myriad of distinctive values, ethics, and practices (Sassen, 1994).1 In this moment of global awareness, and at a time when even our small field of dance studies has grown to connect scholars from every continent and many countries, we met in Los Angeles to think collectively and with global perspective about something called ‘world’ dance.2 Our meeting was inspired by conversations over the past ten years in the Working Group in Choreography and Corporeality sponsored by the International Federation for Theater Research that brought together an international group of scholars to consider how dance studies is expanding and diversifying throughout the world.3 The department at UCLA that sponsored our meeting is called ‘World Arts and Cultures,’ and it has offered courses called ‘world dance’ practices. Many of us teach in programs where courses in various dance traditions are offered under the rubric ‘world dance.’ To what does this term refer? How and when was it implemented? How might contemporary theories of colonization, nation formation, diaspora, and globalization help us to conduct an inquiry into the term and its effects?
The role of the flagellar transition region : inferences from the analysis of a Chlamydomonas mutant with defective transition region structures

Thin-section electron microscopy of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant vfl-2 revealed striking defects in the transition region between basal body and flagellum. In place of the highly organized transition cylinders and stellate fibers characteristic of wild type, variable quantities of poorly organized electron-dense material were present. In many cases the transition region was penetrated by central pair microtubules that passed from the axoneme into the basal body. On the basis of these observations we propose that an important function of the structures present in the normal transition region is to physically exclude the central pair microtubules from the basal body. The transition region is the site of flagellar autotomy – the process by which doublet microtubules are severed and flagella are released from the cell. It has been claimed that autotomy is caused by contraction of the centrin-containing stellate fibers, resulting in the mechanical severing of the doublet microtubules and a concomitant reduction of the diameter of the axoneme adjacent to the abscission point. Our observations do not support this claim in that vfl-2 cells, which lack organized stellate fibers, display effective autotomy unaccompanied by detectable narrowing of the axoneme.
Longitudinal patterns of marijuana use across ages 18–50 in a US national sample: A descriptive examination of predictors and health correlates of repeated measures latent class membership

Abstract Background This descriptive study identified latent classes of longitudinal marijuana use from ages 18 through 50 among a national sample; examined covariate associations with class membership regarding use/non-use, use intensity, and use duration; and described associations between identified latent classes and age 50 health outcomes. Methods The study involved collection and primary analysis of data from 9831 individuals first surveyed as 12th graders in the national Monitoring the Future study and followed through modal age 50. Repeated measures latent class analysis was used to identify latent classes based on self-reported past 12-month marijuana use. Results Seven latent classes of marijuana use from ages 18 to 50 were identified including Non-users (44%), two classes characterized by shorter-term use patterns (totaling 28%), and four classes characterized by longer-term moderate or heavy use (totaling 28%). Use reduction appeared particularly likely during early and late 20s. Gender, parental education, alcohol/cigarette use, religious commitment, and marital status differentiated use/non-use, use intensity, and use duration after high school. In non-causal models controlling for covariates, longer-term marijuana use classes (where use extended into the late 20s or beyond) were associated with significantly higher odds of negative health outcomes at age 50. Conclusions Approximately 28% of the national sample reported longer-term moderate/heavy marijuana use, which was associated with negative health outcomes at age 50. The early and late 20s may be especially important periods for marijuana use prevention and intervention efforts, which may be strengthened by recognition of characteristics that appear to have significant associations with persistent use.
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)

The aims of this experiment were (1) toquantify the ability of grass carp to processduckweed and (2) to assess indirect changes inwater chemistry and phytoplankton community,caused by grass carp feeding. Yearling grass carp sized 126 ± 7.7 mm (TL) and19.6 g in weight were kept in 9 laminate tanksof 1 m3 for 14 days. Two stockingdensities (2 and 6 fish per m3) anda control without fish were used. Standard growthrate (SGR) of grass carp fed exclusively onduckweed was 0.70% body weight (BW) d−1and food conversion ratio (FCR) reached 2.0(average water temperature =21.1 ± 3.8 °C). Daily food intakewas 0.2 g of duckweed dry weight (DW), i.e.,1% of average BW of grass carp. SGR ofduckweed growing in 20 × 20 cm floatingenclosures, differed significantly[F(6,2) = 417.9; p = 0.002] between the twostocking densities of grass carp and thecontrol tanks (without fish). Mean SGR ofduckweed was 0.02 g g−1 day−1 and thehighest SGR was recorded in the control tanks.Both decrease in NH4-N and increase inNO2-N concentrations differedsignificantly between the treatments[F(2,2) = 45.3; p = 0.02 and F(2,2) = 19.2; p = 0.04 respectively]. Changes in other nitrogenand phosphorus components (NO3-N, TN, TPand PO4-P) caused by stocking of grasscarp were not significant. Biomass ofphytoplankton, dominated by filamentous algaeand blue-greens, increased proportionately tostocking density of grass carp. Althoughduckweed has a large potential for nutrientremoval, the most common pathway for thenutrients released through grass carp grazingif duckweed cover is loose is theirincorporation into phytoplankton biomass.
Histology of the Urogenital System in the American Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), with Emphasis on Male Reproductive Morphology.

Previous studies have revealed variations in the urogenital system morphology of amphibians. Recently, the urogenital system of salamanders was reviewed and terminology was synonymized across taxa. Discrepancies exist in the terminology describing the urogenital system of anurans, which prompted our group to develop a complete, detailed description of the urogenital system in an anuran species and provide nomenclature that is synonymous with those of other amphibian taxa. In Rana catesbeiana, sperm mature within spermatocysts of the seminiferous tubule epithelia and are transported to a series of intratesticular ducts that exit the testes and merge to form vasa efferentia. Vasa efferentia converge into single longitudinal ducts (Bidder's ducts) on the lateral aspects of the kidneys. Branches from the longitudinal ducts merge with genital kidney renal tubules through renal corpuscles. The nephrons travel caudally and empty into the Woffian ducts. Similar to salamanders, the caudal portion of the kidneys (termed the pelvic kidneys in salamanders) only possesses nephrons involved in urine formation, not sperm transport. Data from the present study provide a detailed description and synonymous nomenclature that can be used to make future comparative analyses between taxa more efficient.
Milestones in thoracic surgery.

Abstract Objective To highlight some of the legendary figures in the medical field who have paved the path of thoracic surgery today. Methods We reviewed historical articles and landmark studies published in anesthesiology, pulmonology, and thoracic surgery, and summarized them as they pertain to current practice. Results Throughout our article, we have attempted to chronologically depict how our field has evolved, starting from the development of the stethoscope to reconstructing the esophagus using an extracorporeal tube to minimally invasive complex surgeries that we practice today. Conclusions We hope that our article can inspire the young minds to further grow the field and take it to higher levels.
Magellanic Clouds Proper Motion and Rotation with Gaia DR1

We used the Gaia data release 1 to study the proper motion fields of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC, SMC) on the basis of the Tycho-Gaia Astrometric Solution (van der Marel & Sahlmann 2016). The Gaia LMC and SMC proper motions have similar accuracy and agree to within the uncertainties with existing HST proper motion measurements. Since Gaia probes the young stellar population and uses different methods with different systematics, this provides an external validation of both data sets and their underlying approaches.
Optimized computational imaging methods for small-target sensing in lens-free holographic microscopy

Lens-free holographic microscopy is a promising diagnostic approach because it is cost-effective, compact, and suitable for point-of-care applications, while providing high resolution together with an ultra-large field-of-view. It has been applied to biomedical sensing, where larger targets like eukaryotic cells, bacteria, or viruses can be directly imaged without labels, and smaller targets like proteins or DNA strands can be detected via scattering labels like micro- or nano-spheres. Automated image processing routines can count objects and infer target concentrations. In these sensing applications, sensitivity and specificity are critically affected by image resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Pixel super-resolution approaches have been shown to boost resolution and SNR by synthesizing a high-resolution image from multiple, partially redundant, low-resolution images. However, there are several computational methods that can be used to synthesize the high-resolution image, and previously, it has been unclear which methods work best for the particular case of small-particle sensing. Here, we quantify the SNR achieved in small-particle sensing using regularized gradient-descent optimization method, where the regularization is based on cardinal-neighbor differences, Bayer-pattern noise reduction, or sparsity in the image. In particular, we find that gradient-descent with sparsity-based regularization works best for small-particle sensing. These computational approaches were evaluated on images acquired using a lens-free microscope that we assembled from an off-the-shelf LED array and color image sensor. Compared to other lens-free imaging systems, our hardware integration, calibration, and sample preparation are particularly simple. We believe our results will help to enable the best performance in lens-free holographic sensing.
Organizations and Associations in the United States and Canada

This information will be used solely to construct a directory of relevant organizations and associations within the Educational Media and Technology Yearbook. The data supplied here will not be intentionally shared or publicized in any other form. Thank you for your assistance
Hypophosphatemia and Glucose Intolerance

Hypophosphatemia is frequently observed in a variety of disease states including ketoacidosis, chronic alcoholism, malabsorption, severe burns, hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular defects, and re-feeding after starvation (1, 2). Since phosphate is a ubiquitous anion involved in such diverse functions as maintaining the structural integrity of the cell membrane, regulating a variety of intracellular enzymes, energy storage in the form of ATP, and regulating tissue delivery of oxygen through 2,3-DPG levels (2), it is not surprising that the clinical syndromes associated with phosphate depletion are equally diverse. Pathophysiologic disturbances associated with hypophosphatemia include hemolytic anemia, rhabdomyoly-sis, myopathy, impaired cardiac output, CNS abnormalities (encephalopathy, seizures), abnormal liver function tests, and platelet and leukocyte dysfunction (1, 2).
Development of Efficient and Robust Methods for Estimation of Transmission Line Parameters Using Synchronized PMU Data

Accurate transmission line parameters are important inputs for power system analysis, operation and planning, and protection and control system design, and are thus essential for safety and reliability of power system networks. The line parameters are affected by several factors and usually change when operating conditions vary. There are a variety of estimation methods, and each estimation method has certain restrictions and advantages. This paper proposes a new online linear method to estimate the positive-sequence line parameters using synchronized PMU data. The series impedance and shunt admittance are linearly estimated using the developed algorithm that is more computationally efficient than non-linear methods. The case study results demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, and the estimation method is applicable to both long and short transmission lines.
(161) Enhanced Suprathreshold Heat Pain Sensitivity in Healthy Hispanic Relative to Non-Hispanic White Adults: A Preliminary Examination

While clinical pain studies in the U.S. have established that Hispanic Americans experience greater levels of pain and pain-related impairments compared to Non-Hispanic White Americans, the components of pain contributing to these disparities remain unclear. Although a number of previous studies have examined the pain sensitivity to standardized laboratory pain protocols in African Americans relative to Non-Hispanic White Americans, little work has extended to other ethnic groups, including Hispanic Americans. Therefore, to examine the role of ethnicity on pain sensitivity, the present study evaluated the effect of ethnicity in healthy Hispanic American and Non-Hispanic White American adults on self-report pain intensity to thermal-heat laboratory pain. Healthy Hispanic (n = 43, n female = 28) and Non-Hispanic White (n = 26, n female = 10) volunteers recruited through a psychology subject pool completed an ascending thermal-heat laboratory pain assessment comprised of four heat pulses at low (41°C), medium (44°C), and high (47°C) heat. After each pulse, participants verbally rated their pain intensity on a 0 to 10 numerical rating scale. A three-way mixed ethnicity X gender X temperature rating repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to reveal a statistically significant two-way interaction between temperature rating and ethnicity, F(1.833, 119.113) = 5.525, p = .006, partial η2 = .078. Given the small sample size, follow-up ANOVA comparisons revealed no differences in pain intensity ratings at the low and medium temperatures (p's > .16). However, at the high temperature, self-reported pain intensity was greater for Hispanics (M = 6.13, SD = 1.86) relative to Non-Hispanic Whites (M = 5.17, SD = 1.89), F(1, 67) = 4.252, p = .043, partial η2 = .060. Consistent with previous studies of laboratory pain disparities in ethnic minorities, these preliminary findings suggest that greater sensitivity to suprathreshold pain in Hispanics may contribute to disparities evidenced in Hispanic clinical pain.
“Do Parents Matter?” Judith Rich Harris and Group Socialization Theory, a Challenge to Therapeutic Assumptions

The author reviews The Nurture Assumption (1998) by Judith Rich Harris against the background Magic Trees of the Mind (1998) by brain researcher Marion Diamond and science writer Janet Hopson. Harris challenges the widely respected assumption that parents form the characters of their children by offering a new model, group socialization theory, and supporting it by citing a wide variety of research.
Geomechanical characterization of gondwana shale across nano-micro-meso scales

Abstract We study multiphase and multiscale mechanical properties of the Gondwana shale samples obtained from the Raniganj Formation of central and eastern India. The mechanical properties of black and gray shale samples cored perpendicular to the bedding plane direction are analyzed across nano-to-micro scales using the nanoindentation method. We characterize the multiphase structure of the two shales in terms of three mechanical phases–quartz/feldspar/pyrite, organic matter, and kaolinite–and use that to explain the heterogeneous elastoplastic behavior observed during nanoindentation. We quantify the fracture toughness of black and gray shales at microscale using our modified energy method, which relates the energy released during a pop-in event to a radial fracture model. We extend the deconvolution approach over multiple properties to estimate the uncertainty in multiphase structure and phase volume fractions . We used the viscosity-toughness scaling analysis to study the difference in hydraulic fracturing behavior of the black and gray shales. We show the influence of nano- and micro-scale multiphase mineralogical properties on characteristic length, time and pressure scales of fracture propagation at mesoscale .
PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab administered at non-standard frequency in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

e20617Background: Pembrolizumab (P) administered every 3 weeks ± chemotherapy is a standard treatment option for advanced NSCLC. However, there have been no post-approval studies to determine the o...
Controversies on neuroprotection therapy in non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy.

Objective There has long been a great interest in neuroprotection therapy for ischaemic stroke and various types of optic neuropathies. In view of that, I reviewed the literature on the role of neuroprotection for non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION). Methods The review is based on a PubMed search of literature about the use of neuroprotectors in stroke and optic neuropathies and about current clinical trials of RPh201 and QPI-1007 in NA-AION. Results Several neuroprotection agents for ischaemic stroke and various types of optic neuropathies have been evaluated extensively in experimental studies in animals and benefits claimed. However, translation of therapeutic strategies for neuroprotection from experimental research to humans has invariably been fraught with failure. Two currently ongoing studies dealing with neuroprotection by RPh201 and QPI-1007 in NA-AION may have limitations in their rationale and study designs. Conclusions Unfortunately, in spite of all the experimental and clinical research on neuroprotection agents in NA-AION so far, we have no scientifically proven evidence of neuroprotection agents showing any benefit in the human clinical studies so far.
Mesocentrotus franciscanus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Abstract In the northeast Pacific, the sea urchins Mesocentrotus franciscanus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus are ecologically important species that play a dominant role in intertidal and subtidal rocky ecosystems. M. franciscanus are the basis for important commercial fisheries and serve as an indigenous traditional food resource as well as model species in developmental research. Both species are important ecosystem structuring species (ecosystem engineers) that control the flow of resources within marine communities. Recent work continues to reveal factors that shape their population dynamics, role in the ecosystem, and how climate change may alter both of these. Over the past decade, the coast-wide collapse of the predatory sea star Pycnopodia helianthoides and a massive, long-lasting marine heat wave corresponded with historically stable, kelp forests transitioning to species-poor barrens dominated by M. franciscanus and S. purpuratus. In contrast, some sea urchin populations have experienced declines due to disease in southern California, toxins in northern California, expanding populations of the sea otter Enhydra lutris in Alaska and British Columbia or the recovery of sea urchin predators in California's marine protected areas. Such radical changes in population dynamics have direct and indirect consequences for the productivity and diversity of kelp forests. In northern California, the recent destruction of the kelp forest by sea urchins has had cascading impacts resulting in the collapse of both the commercial M. franciscanus and recreational red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, fisheries. Currently, there are efforts to ameliorate the proliferation of barrens or poor quality of sea urchin roe include kelp restoration through culling, sea urchin ranching, and plans for rebuilding populations of sea urchin predators. A looming question for both sea urchins and kelp forests is how climate change will affect reproduction and recruitment via larval production, development, ocean transport, budding, survival and settlement, and how these processes vary across space and time. Research continues to reveal both physiological sensitivity and resilience to effects of climate change of sea urchins, such as warming, food deficiencies, hypoxia, salinity, low pH, and ocean circulation. How both climatic effects and the ecological factors that impact the dynamics of sea urchin populations, and the ecosystems they control, remains a critical area of research for these ecologically, culturally, and commercially important species.
Dammed If You Don’t, But What If You Do? Breaching the Lower Snake River Dams in Washington State

Four dams on the lower Snake River in Washington State generate hydropower and allow for regional agriculture and barge shipping to Portland OR. However, the dams impede the migration of local salmon populations (Oncorhynchus spp.), which are in steep decline, and drastically impact the populations of salmon and orca whales, for whom salmon are a primary food source. For years, environmental groups have argued for breaching the dams; other interests counter that the dams are too critical to the economy of the region to lose; and federal agencies assert that the dams can remain and salmon populations will recover with mitigation techniques. Scientific and economic analyses, litigation, and elected officials’ efforts have not been able to move the issue towards a solution. Readers will examine the interests of primary actors in the issue, how they influence the policy process, the role of scientific and economic analyses, and possible approaches for resolving the issue.
Global spread of local cyclone damages through urban trade networks

Geophysical hazards stress urban social, economic and political systems, but many studies focus on single locations over short periods. The manner in which a natural disaster propagates across cities globally through urban trade networks remains unexplored. Starting from a novel empirical baseline model for global production and trade, here we develop a dynamical model for the spread of individual cyclone impacts across the world’s cities. We find that cities are vulnerable to economic harm even if they are geographically distant from the location of direct impacts of cyclones. These adverse secondary impacts are responsible for up to three-fourths of the effects of the largest storms and are generated primarily by cyclone exposure in North America and East Asia, in part because of the roles of these regions as principal purchasers and suppliers, respectively, of industrial materials. Vulnerability to adverse secondary impacts of cyclones is highest in cities that are strongly dependent on the global trade network but have relatively few suppliers. Our results suggest that, in addition to improvements in protective infrastructure, urban adaptation to storm damage and climate change might require modifications to trade network linkages. Hazards affect more than the area originally hit. This study finds cities distant from cyclones may still be vulnerable to secondary impacts through their trade networks.
Oxone®-Mediated TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanomaterial Ultrafiltration and Dialysis Mixed-Matrix Hollow Fiber Membranes.

Recent exploration of cellulose nanomaterials has resulted in the creation of Oxone®-Mediated TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanomaterials (OTO-CNMs). These materials, when incorporated into a polymer matrix, have properties showing increased flux, decreased membrane resistance, and improved clearance, making them an ideal material for dialysis. This study is the first to focus on the implementation of OTO-CNMs into hollow fiber membranes and a comparison of these membranes for ultrafiltration and dialysis. Ultrafiltration and dialysis were performed using bovine serum albumin (BSA), lysozyme, and urea to analyze various properties of each hollow fiber membrane type. The results presented in this study provide the first quantitative evaluation of the clearance and sieving characteristics of Oxone®-Mediated TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose-Nanomaterial-doped cellulose triacetate mixed-matrix hemodialyzers. While the cellulose nanomaterials increased flux (10–30%) in ultrafiltration mode, this was offset by increased removal of albumin. However, in dialysis mode, these materials drastically increased the mass transfer of components (50–100%), which could lead to significantly lower dialysis times for patients. This change in the performance between the two different modes is most likely due to the increased porosity of the cellulose nanomaterials.
Transition Zone Theory Compared to Standard Models: Reexamining the Theory of Crystal Growth from Melts

Ideas proposed at the beginning of the 20th century to describe the temperature dependence of crystal growth rates have become accepted as the “standard model.” Specifically, it was proposed that r...
Deoxygenative α-alkylation and α-arylation of 1,2-dicarbonyls

Construction of C-C bonds at the α-carbon is a challenging but synthetically indispensable approach to α-branched carbonyl motifs that are widely represented among drugs, natural products, and synthetic intermediates. Here, we describe a simple approach to generation of boron enolates in the absence of strong bases that allows for introduction of both α-alkyl and α-aryl groups in a reaction of readily accessible 1,2-dicarbonyls and organoboranes. Obviation of unselective, strongly basic and nucleophilic reagents permits carrying out the reaction in the presence of electrophiles that intercept the intermediate boron enolates, resulting in two new α-C-C bonds in a tricomponent process.
Taking Professional Wrestling to the Mat

Professional wrestling (PW) has gained a firm foothold in American culture and appears to be here to stay. Children comprise a large portion of its audience, much to the dismay of many parents and clinicians. Society has struggled with how to respond to their children’s fascination with PW, a novel hybrid between sports and entertainment. Parents expose children to sports, thinking they will learn healthy ways of managing conflict and aggression. However, PW is not a sport. Its values are the exact opposite of traditional sportsmanship; it demonstrates to children that cheating and verbal intimidation are effective problem-solving techniques. Because PW resembles sports, children risk applying its values to legitimate sports, as well as other realms of life. Parents can prevent this association by differentiating PW from sports, and the entertainment industry can prevent it by stopping their aggressive marketing of PW to children.
Estimating Stochastic Poisson Intensities Using Deep Latent Models

We present a new method for estimating the stochastic intensity of a doubly stochastic Poisson process. Statistical and theoretical analyses of traffic traces show that these processes are appropriate models of high intensity traffic arriving at an array of service systems. The statistical estimation of the underlying latent stochastic intensity process driving the traffic model involves a rather complicated nonlinear filtering problem. We develop a novel simulation method, using deep neural networks to approximate the path measures induced by the stochastic intensity process, for solving this nonlinear filtering problem. Our simulation studies demonstrate that the method is quite accurate on both in-sample estimation and on an out-of-sample performance prediction task for an infinite server queue.
Effect of Amiodarone and Hypothermia on Arrhythmia Substrates During Resuscitation.

Background Amiodarone is administered during resuscitation, but its antiarrhythmic effects during targeted temperature management are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect ...
Insider Trading - SEC v. Mark Cuban - A Litigation Saga

The Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) enforcement action against Mark Cuban for allegedly engaging in illegal insider trading was far from standard fare. Unlike the vast majority of SEC enforcement actions that are settled pursuant to the consent negotiation process, whereby the defendant neither admits nor denies the Commission's allegations of misconduct, Mr. Cuban declined overtures of settlement and proceeded to trial. After years of contentious litigation, where he incurred legal fees of $12 million, Mr. Cuban emerged victorious with a favorable jury verdict. The Commission's case against Mr. Cuban raises questions regarding the scope of our insider trading laws, the strategic decisions made, the high costs of defending one's good name, and the appropriate limits of governmental prosecutorial discretion. The author was retained as an expert witness on Mr. Cuban's behalf in the litigation. The article is based on the author's 2019 William Marshall Bullitt Memorial Lecture in Law at the University of Louisville, Brandeis School of Law.
RNAi by Soaking Aedes aegypti Pupae in dsRNA

RNA-interference (RNAi) is a standard technique for functional genomics in adult mosquitoes. However, RNAi in immature, aquatic mosquito stages has been challenging. Several studies have shown successful larval RNAi, usually in combination with a carrier molecule. Except for one study in malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, none of the previous studies has explored RNAi in mosquito pupae. Even in the study that used RNAi in pupae, double stranded RNA (dsRNA) was introduced by microinjection. Here, we describe a successful method by soaking pupae in water containing dsRNA without any carrier or osmotic challenge. The knockdown persisted into adulthood. We expect that this simple procedure will be useful in the functional analysis of genes that highly express in pupae or newly emerged adults.
HIV Infection Prevalence Significantly Intersects With COVID-19 Infection At the Area Level: A US County-Level Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Limited empirical evidence exists about the extent to which the current HIV epidemic intersects with COVID-19 infections at the area/geographic level. Moreover, little is known about how demographic, social, economic, behavioral, and clinical determinants are jointly associated with these infectious diseases. SETTING: Contiguous US counties (N = 3108). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis and investigated the joint association between new HIV infection prevalence in 2018 and COVID-19 infections (January 22, 2020 and October 7, 2020) and explore the contribution of factors such as income inequality, binge drinking, and socioeconomic deprivation. We used Bayesian multivariate spatial models to estimate the cross-disease correlations between these diseases and identified hotspots, which we defined as a county with a posterior probability greater than 80% of being in the top decile of that disease. RESULTS: New HIV infection prevalence and COVID-19 infection moderately and significantly intersect [spatial correlation = 0.37, 95% credible interval (CrI) = 0.36-0.37]. Seventy-five counties, mostly in the south, were at elevated burden for HIV and COVID-19 infections. Higher income inequality was positively associated with both COVID-19 (relative risk 1.05, 95% CrI = 1.03-1.07) and HIV infection (relative risk = 1.12, 95% CrI = 1.09-1.15). CONCLUSIONS: We found that there is a considerable intersection between the current distribution of HIV burden with COVID-19 infections at the area level. We identified areas that federal funding and vaccination campaigns should prioritize for prevention and care efforts.
Homi Bhabha

Homi K. Bhabha is not only a major postcolonial theorist, but he has also become an important thinker for education. This article reviews the major themes of Bhabha’s work as it applies to education. The article also cautions us that the pressures in scholarship are to “reify” thinkers and their concepts and then “spend” those concepts like currency in the academic marketplace. This form of commodification is antithetical to progressive scholarly work. The article encourages a resistance to this form of commodification through a more complex engagement with the theories developed by Bhabha and an appreciation of the contradictions in the process of that engagement.