cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Space Use and Habitat Selection by Bobcats in the Fragmented Landscape of South-Central Iowa

Abstract Historically, bobcats (Lynx rufus) were found throughout the Corn Belt region, but they nearly disappeared from this area due to habitat loss and unregulated harvest that occurred during the century after European settlement. Reports of bobcat occurrences have been increasing in Iowa, USA, and biologists would like to understand the mechanisms enabling bobcats to recolonize this fragmented agricultural landscape. We determined space use and habitat selection of bobcats by radiocollaring 68 bobcats in south-central Iowa during 2003–2006. We triangulated 12,966 locations and recovered an additional 1,399 3-dimensional locations from Global Positioning System collars. We used a fixed kernel estimator to calculate 95% utilization distributions (UDs) for home ranges and 50% UDs for cores. Annual home range area of males (x = 58.6 km2, 95% CI = 49.2–69.9) was nearly 3 times that of females (x = 19.9 km2, 95% CI = 17.0–23.3). Females used smaller home ranges during April–September when they were suspe...
Heterogeneity of causes for delinquency and criminality: Lifespan perspectives

This review of family, twin, and adoption studies on offender behaviors points to the importance of a genetic predisposition as a partial explanation for criminality in some populations. Twin and adoption studies show that criminality increases with the presence of criminality in biological relatives; the environmental effects of having a criminal adoptive parent also increase the risk of adoptee criminality. Delinquency is described developmentally as a fairly typical phase for many adolescents. Because of the high base rate for delinquency, any genetic predisposition for offense behaviors may be difficult to uncover in adolescence. Three groups are differentiated that may aid in this detection: continuous antisocials are delinquents who continue to be criminal as adults; transitory delinquents are delinquents but not criminals; and late bloomers are criminals but not delinquents.
SOLUTION ALGORITHM FOR LOW-PECLET-NUMBER REACTING FLOW

SUMMARY An enhanced solution strategy based on the SIMPLER algorithm is presented for low-Peclet-number mass transport calculations with applications in low-pressure material processing. The accurate solution of highly diffusive flows requires boundary conditions that preserve specified chemical species mass fluxes. The implementation of such boundary conditions in the standard SIMPLER solution procedure leads to degraded convergence that scales with the Peclet number. Modifications to both the non-linear and linear parts of the solution algorithm remove the slow convergence problem. In particular, the linearized species transport equations must be implicitly coupled to the boundary condition equations and the combined system must be solved exactly at each non-linear iteration. The pressure correction boundary conditions are reformulated to ensure that continuity is preserved in each finite volume at each iteration. The boundary condition scaling problem is demonstrated with a simple linear model problem. The enhanced solution strategy is implemented in a baseline computer code that is used to solve the multicomponent Navier‐Stokes equations on a generalized, multiple-block grid system. Accelerated convergence rates are demonstrated for several material-processing example problems. # 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Migration Patterns and the Growth of High-Poverty Neighborhoods, 1970-1990

Using geocoded data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this article examines why the number of high‐poverty neighborhoods in American cities has increased since 1970. The main findings are (1) the migration of the nonpoor away from moderately poor neighborhoods has been a key process in forming new high‐poverty neighborhoods, although in the early 1980s increasing poverty rates were also important; and (2) African‐Americans have moved into predominately white neighborhoods at a pace sufficient to increase their numbers there, but neighborhoods with increasing black populations tend to lose white population rapidly. Implications for theories of poor neighborhoods are discussed.
AN EXPERIMENTAL EFFORT ON THE CONNECTION OF TURBULENCE STRUCTURES TO FAR-FIELD ACOUSTIC RADIATION IN A MACH 1.3 JET

This work is part of an on-going effort to relate outstanding features of the far-field acoustic signature of ideally expanded, high speed, high Reynolds number jets to the dynamic interactions of largescale structures within the jet mixing layer. It is believed that such information is essential and that it will lead to a better understanding of how turbulent mixing noise is created in high-speed jets. This, in turn, will lead to better modeling and control techniques. The characteristics of large amplitude far-field sound pressure events are examined via conditional sampling of the acoustic time signature. Based upon these results it appears that the large amplitude temporal events have distinct waveforms that collectively are responsible for the overall statistical properties of the acoustic radiation at 30°. An analysis of the sound data taken above and below the jet reveals that sometimes sound waves reach both sets of microphones with equal amplitude and no phase shift, and at other times there is attenuation and/or phase shift. Furthermore, there are also periods of relative quiet simultaneously recorded both above and below the jet. This would indicate that there are periods of asymmetric or axisymmetric, intense noise generation, and at other times there is no intense noise generation within the jet. As an example, the roll-up of a large structure is examined as a noise generation mechanism. Two cases are presented, one where the structure roll-up is in the top half of the mixing layer, and another where it is in the bottom half. It appears that structure roll-up in the top half of the mixing layer leads to the production of an intense sound wave that reaches an array above the jet. However, the roll-up of the structure below the jet centerline does not register as an intense noise source on the array above the jet. Our current and previous results have identified three mechanisms of noise generation: intense cross mixing layer interaction, tearing of large structures, and the roll-up of large structures.
Letter to the Editor-Stronger Cuts in Gomory's All-Integer Integer Programming Algorithm

Stronger cuts are available, and easily calculated, than those obtained by Gomory in the construction of his all-integer integer programming algorithm.
The “Salt-Fountain” and Thermohaline Convection

A “gravitationally stable” stratification of salinity and temperature, such as is observed in the oceans, is actually unstable due to the fact that the molecular diffusivity of heat is much greater than the diffusivity of salt. We discuss this stability characteristic and the form of the convective motion in the laminar regime. Future studies of this model relative to the amplitude of the motion and the subsequent transition to turbulence should lead to the formulation of critical observational questions, which will determine whether the proposed mechanism is significant in the vertical mixing of the sea. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1960.tb01295.x
Effect of hypoxia on fatigue development in rat muscle composed of different fibre types

This study investigated the relationship between hypoxia and the rate of fatigue development in contracting rat hindlimb muscles composed primarily of different fibre types. Hindlimb muscles of 11 rats were exposed, and the soleus (SOL) and gastrocnemius/plantaris (GP) were each isolated with circulation intact and attached to individual force transducers. Rats were then equilibrated with either normoxic (N; arterial partial pressure of O(2) 87.7 +/- 1.5 mmHg) or hypoxic conditions (H; arterial partial pressure of O(2) 30.0 +/- 2.4 mmHg) using an inspired O(2) fraction of 0.21 and 0.10, respectively. The stimulation protocol consisted of 2 min each at 0.125, 0.25, 0.33 and 0.5 tetanic contractions s(-1) sequentially for both conditions. Following the 8 min stimulation period, relative developed muscle tension (% of maximal) was nearly identical for both H and N in SOL (54.2 +/- 3.5 versus 54.3 +/- 4.2%), but was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in H than N (10.8 +/- 0.9 versus 43.0 +/- 8.9%) in GP, indicating a greater amount of fatigue during hypoxia only in the GP. Soleus phosphocreatine (PCr) content fell to similar levels (24.1 +/- 1.6 versus 21.1 +/- 4.9 mmol (kg dry weight (dw))(-1)) during both H and N, but in the white portion of the gastrocnemius (WG), PCr was significantly lower following H than N (14.3 +/- 1.5 versus 34.0 +/- 6.0 mmol (kg dw)(-1)). Similarly, muscle lactate increased in both fibre types at fatigue, but only in WG was the increase significantly greater with H (SOL 7.1 +/- 2.0 versus 5.3 +/- 1.1 mmol (kg dw)(-1); WG 13.7 +/- 4.5 versus 5.3 +/- 2.2 mmol (kg dw)(-1)). Increases in calculated muscle [H(+)], free ADP and free AMP were similar between N and H in SOL but were significantly greater during H compared with N in WG. These data demonstrate that hypoxia induces greater fatigue and disruption of cellular homeostasis in rat hindlimb muscle composed primarily of fibres with low oxidative capacity compared with those of a more oxidative type.
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF POLYMER-MATRIX DEVICE TO REMODEL LEFT VENTRICULAR – MITRAL VALVE APPARATUS IN ISCHEMIC MITRAL REGURGITATION

Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) results from mitral valve (MV) tethering by ischemic left ventricular (LV) distortion. Ring annuloplasty therapy has limitations as it does not directly address LV remodeling and is associated with recurrent IMR due to continued remodeling. We aimed to explore a
The role of chemoreception in sex recognition by male crickets: Acheta domesticus and Teleogryllus oceanicus

ABSTRACT. Contact chemoreception is important in female recognition by Teleogryllus oceanicus (Le Guillou) males. Antennal contact of female conspecifics, body regions, detached antennae and conditioned substrate elicited mostly courtship responses including courtship songs. Aggressive acts were produced only in response to male conspecifics. Male body regions, detached antennae and conditioned substrate elicited very few courtship or aggressive acts and no songs. This suggests that one or several communication modes, in addition to chemical communication, are necessary to elicit aggressive responses. Acheta domesticus (L.) males cannot rely upon chemical cues for recognition of either sex. Responses to conspecifics suggest that A. domesticus males produce aggressive acts immediately after antennal contact with either sex. Aggressive response to males usually persists, but response to females often switches to courtship. Responses to body regions, detached antennae, and conditioned substrate were few, with courtship and aggressive responses elicited by both male- and female-generated stimuli. The importance of contact chemoreception in cricket communication is suggested by (1) failure of hexane-washed antennae to elicit aggressive or courtship acts, and (2) males spending more time in contact with body regions and conditioned substrates than with corresponding controls. Lack of response to male or female odour-laden air suggests that chemical signals are used by males only if directly contacted. Chemical and other signals supplement the obvious use of acoustic signals for intra- and intersexual communication in these crickets. The importance of multimodal communication in sex recognition is discussed.
Designing a Fault-Tolerant Network Using Valiant Load-Balancing

Commercial backbone networks must continue to operate even when links and routers fail. Routing schemes such as OSPF, IS-IS, and MPLS reroute traffic, but they cannot guarantee that the resulting network will be congestion-free. As a result, backbone networks are grossly over-provisioned - sometimes running at a utilization below 10% so they can remain uncongested under failure. Yet even with such large over-provisioning, they still cannot guarantee to be uncongested, sometimes even with just a single failure. With our proposed approach, a network can be designed to tolerate an almost arbitrary number of failures, and guarantee no congestion, usually with an extremely small amount of over- provisioning. In a typical case, a 50 node network can continue to run congestion-free when any 5 links or routers fail, with only 10% over-provisioning. The key to the approach is Valiant Load-Balancing (VLB). VLB's path diversity allows it to tolerate k arbitrary failures in an N node network, with over-provisioning ratio of approximately k/N.
Monolithic widely-tunable all-optical wavelength converter with spatial filtering of input and output signals for 10 Gbps NRZ operation

This paper describes a new approach to a spatially-filtered MZI-SOA based widely-tunable wavelength converter showing error-free operation, and fabricated using our standard offset quantum well (OQW) integration platform
Optimal design and construction of a lightweight minimum-power solenoid magnet

The classic approach to design a minimum-power air-core electromagnet is to specify the dimensions of a rectangular cross-section solenoid for maximum Fabry factor. However, to reduce magnet capital costs or to ease siting requirements, it is often desirable to design the magnet to be relatively lightweight. Here, an analytical optimization approach is presented to design a minimum-power air-core electromagnet for a given conductor mass. Magnets designed with this approach require 70% less conductor volume and only 10% higher power than classic minimum-power magnets at the same field strength. Results are presented with a prototype solenoid magnet.
Are Lunar Rilles Inverted Eskers

A proposed mechanism for the formation of lunar rilles argues that escaping volatiles (CO2 and H2O) could produce a sinuous channel between an impermeable basement surface and a developing surficial permafrost layer. Concurrent with the development of the subsurface channel would be the production of a large amount of fragmented ice mixed with rock debris at the surface above and along the sides of the sinuous subsurface channel. Eventual sublimation of the ice in the surficial material down to and perhaps including the subsurface would develop a feature at the surface that would be morphologically very similar to a valley produced by running water.
A Compact SPICE Model for Carbon-Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors Including Nonidealities and Its Application—Part II: Full Device Model and Circuit Performance Benchmarking

This paper presents a complete circuit-compatible compact model for single-walled carbon-nanotube field-effect transistors (CNFETs) as an extension to Part 1 of this two-part paper. For the first time, a universal circuit-compatible CNFET model including the practical device nonidealities is implemented with HSPICE. In addition to the nonidealities included in the companion paper, this paper includes the elastic scattering in the channel region, the resistive source/drain (S/D), the Schottky-barrier resistance, and the parasitic gate capacitances. More than one nanotube per device can be modeled. Compared to silicon technology, the CNFETs show much better device performance based on the intrinsic gate-delay metric (six times for nFET and 14 times for pFET) than the MOSFET device at the 32-nm node, even with device nonidealities. This large speed improvement is significantly degraded (by a factor of five to eight) by interconnect capacitance in a real circuit environment. We performed circuit-performance comparison with all the standard digital library cells between CMOS random logic and CNFET random logic with HSPICE simulation. Compared to CMOS circuits, the CNFET circuits with one to ten carbon nanotubes per device is about two to ten times faster, the energy consumption per cycle is about seven to two times lower, and the energy-delay product is about 15-20 times lower, considering the realistic layout pattern and the interconnect wiring capacitance.
SLUSH EVAPORATION: A NEW METHOD FOR CONCENTRATION OF LIQUID FOODS

Slush evaporation involves removal of water by combined evaporation and sublimation from the partly frozen state. It provides dehydration rates considerably greater than those attainable with freeze drying, but at the same time gives very good retention of volatile flavors and aroma. Experiments are reported which quantitatively examine the retention of natural volatile compounds during slush evaporation, as a function of temperature, drying rate, mode of drying, sample thickness, initial concentration, the fraction of water removed and the presence or absence of foam. A second set of experiments investigated the effect of these variables upon dissolved-solids loss, with losses of 0.1–0.5% being found under typical conditions for concentration.
Bidirectional transcription is an inherent feature of Giardia lamblia promoters and contributes to an abundance of sterile antisense transcripts throughout the genome

A prominent feature of transcription in Giardia lamblia is the abundant production of sterile antisense transcripts (Elmendorf et al. The abundance of sterile transcripts in Giardia lamblia. Nucleic Acids., 29, 4674–4683). Here, we use a computational biology analysis of SAGE data to assess the abundance and distribution of sense and antisense messages in the parasite genome. Sterile antisense transcripts are produced at � 50% of loci with detectable transcription, yet their abundance at a given locus does not correlate to the abundance of the complementary sense transcripts at that locus or to transcription levels at neighboring loci. These data suggest that sterile antisense transcripts are not simply a local effect of open chromatin structure. Using 5 0 RACE, we demonstrate that Giardia promoters are a source of antisense transcripts through bidirectional transcription, producing both downstream coding sense and upstream sterile antisense transcripts. We use a dual reporter system to explore roles of specific promoter elements in this bidirectional initiation of transcription and suggest that the degenerate AT-rich nature of TATA and Inr elements in Giardia permits them to function interchangeably. The phenomenon of bidirectional transcription in G. lamblia gives us insight into the interaction between transcriptional machinery and promoter elements, and may be the prominent source of the abundant antisense transcription in this parasite.
Glucose Analogues Alter the Response of Cho-Ki Cells to Gamma Irradiation

Pretreatment of CHO-KI cells with 2-deoxy-d-glucose or L-glucose, two glucose analogues, reduces their survival if subsequently exposed to 60Co irradiation. The reduction in survival is constant irrespective of the time the cells are in contact with the analogues before irradiation and occurred even when cells were irradiated 6 hours after plating, suggesting that cell cycle effects are probably not involved. Interestingly, split-dose recovery was not affected to the expected degree, despite a reduction in the extrapolation number of the primary curve. It is suggested that interference with energy production from glucose is responsible for the reduced capacity of cells to survive the irradiation.
Nopaline-type Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium encodes a VirF-like functional F-box protein

During Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of plants, several bacterial virulence (Vir) proteins are translocated into the host cell to facilitate infection. One of the most important of such translocated factors is VirF, an F-box protein produced by octopine strains of Agrobacterium, which presumably facilitates proteasomal uncoating of the invading T-DNA from its associated proteins. The presence of VirF also is thought to be involved in differences in host specificity between octopine and nopaline strains of Agrobacterium, with the current dogma being that no functional VirF is encoded by nopaline strains. Here, we show that a protein with homology to octopine VirF is encoded by the Ti plasmid of the nopaline C58 strain of Agrobacterium. This protein, C58VirF, possesses the hallmarks of functional F-box proteins: it contains an active F-box domain and specifically interacts, via its F-box domain, with SKP1-like (ASK) protein components of the plant ubiquitin/proteasome system. Thus, our data suggest that nopaline strains of Agrobacterium have evolved to encode a functional F-box protein VirF.
Examining the Third-Person Perception on News Consumers’ Intention to Pay

Examining the psycho-economics of paying intent using the third-person effect framework, this study examines the extent to which self–other asymmetry factors into news consumers’ intentions to pay for multiplatform news products. Findings from a web-based panel survey of 767 U.S. internet users suggest people consistently perceive others as more likely to pay for news across three news platforms (print, web, and app) and that the perceived difference in how much more likely others would pay for news than oneself widens from print to web and to app editions. Such findings reveal the economic nature of news as multiplatform products in the eyes of news consumers from a novel perspective and offer a theoretical understanding of the psychology behind consumers’ paying intent for multiplatform news products in the contemporary media environment.
Ultrabright and ultrafast III-V semiconductor photocathodes.

Crucial photoemission properties of layered III--V semiconductor cathodes are predicted using Monte Carlo simulations. Using this modeling, a layered GaAs structure is designed to reduce simultaneously the transverse energy and response time of the emitted electrons. This structure, grown by molecular beam epitaxy and activated to negative electron affinity, is characterized. The measured values of quantum efficiency and transverse energy are found to agree well with the simulations. Such advanced layered structures will allow generation of short electron bunches from photoinjectors with superior beam brightness.
Pelage coloration in oldfield mice (Peromyscus polionotus) : Antipredator adaptation ?

Reflectance spectra (in full light and moonlight) of dorsal pelage of 469 adult oldfield mice ( Peromyscus polionotus ) comprising nine regional samples were compared to reflectance spectra of corresponding surface and subsurface soil samples to test for a selective effect of predation on color of pelage. Mice were slightly more reddish in hue, generally had more chroma, and were less reflective than soil at all locations. Color of pelage within locations was not significantly correlated with color of soil. Among all locations, brightness of pelage and soil were significantly positively correlated. Among mainland locations, there was a significant positive correlation between pelage and subsurface soil brightness. Difference between pelage color of mice and soil color (crypsis) did not differ between island and mainland locations. Regional patterns of variation in brightness of pelage provide support for the role of predation as a selective force affecting color of pelage in oldfield mice. However, variation in hue and chroma and differences in crypsis did not support a selective-predation hypothesis.
Optimization in Choosing Gimbal Axis Orientations of a CMG Attitude Control System

Control momentum gyros (CMGs) are often chosen for satellites where high attitude precision and torque are needed while using minimal input power. Control of these types of systems is complicated and is directly dependent on the number of actuators and their gimbal axis orientations with respect to the satellite body frame. This paper discusses the potential benets of optimizing these gimbal axis congurations
Electrolysis Propulsion for CubeSat-Scale Spacecraft

As CubeSats grow in both numbers and capability, the need to extend their reach with integrated propulsion systems is becoming clear. A water-electrolysis propulsion system for 3U CubeSats is proposed that could fill the gap in the available propulsion systems at this scale. Combining the advantages of electric propulsion with those of chemical rockets, the system is safe both to handle and to launch; it is lightweight, and it is capable of providing roughly 1000 m/s, enough V to reach lunar orbit from GTO. The efficiency of the proposed technology is at least 75% for Cornell’s prototype system, consisting of Ni electrodes and 0.5 M KOH as electrolyte. With over 1 km/s of ΔV from 1 kg of water as propellant, sample missions include compensating for drag, orbit raising and lunar exploration.
Experimental investigation of a broadband two-stage tapered gyro-TWT amplifier

A two-stage tapered gyro-TWT amplifier experiment operating in Ka-band is underway at the Naval Research Laboratory. The objective of this program is to demonstrate the stable wideband operation of a low voltage tapered gyro-TWT having high gain and good gain uniformity. Nonlinear calculations for a two-stage tapered device operating at 33 kV, 1 A with a peak alpha of 0.9 and a 2% velocity spread indicate a saturated gain of 30 dB with an efficiency of approximately 30% and an instantaneous bandwidth of 15%. In contrast with single stage operation, the amplification band is observed to be very sensitive to the beam velocity spread. A two-stage tapered gyro-TWT has been assembled and is presently under test. Initial results on amplifier stability are presented. >
Abstract P1-10-07: Prospective longitudinal study of epidermal thickening in breast cancer patients treated with conventional versus hypofractionated radiotherapy

Purpose: We conducted two prospective longitudinal studies of epidermal thickening in breast cancer (BRCA) patients treated with either conventional (CRT) or hypofractionated radiotherapy (HRT) using ultrasound images to objectively measure radiotherapy (XRT)-induced skin changes. Methods: Following breast conserving surgery, 105 consenting Stage 0-IIIA BRCA patients were enrolled on two studies of whole breast XRT without regional nodal irradiation. In the first, 66 subjects were treated with conventional fractionation (50 Gy plus a sequential 10 Gy boost at 2 Gy per fraction). In the second, subsequent study, 39 patients with characteristics under-represented in trials of HRT were treated to 39.9 Gy at 2.66 Gy per fraction with a simultaneous integrated boost of 8.1 Gy at 0.54 Gy per fraction. Inclusion criteria for this trial included breast separation >25cm, age Citation Format: Torres MA, Yang X, Mister D, Ali A, Kahn S, Liu T. Prospective longitudinal study of epidermal thickening in breast cancer patients treated with conventional versus hypofractionated radiotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-10-07.
Radio k-chromatic number of cycles for large k

For a positive integer k, a radio k-labeling of a graph G is a function f from its vertex set to the non-negative integers such that for all pairs of distinct vertices u and w, we have |f(u) − f(w)|≥ k −d(u,w) + 1 where d(u,w) is the distance between the vertices u and w in G. The minimum span over all radio k-labelings of G is called the radio k-chromatic number and denoted by rnk(G). The most extensively studied cases are the classic vertex colorings (k = 1), L(2,1)-labelings (k = 2), radio labelings (k = d, the diameter of G), and radio antipodal labelings (k = d − 1). Determining exact values or tight bounds for rnk(G) is often non-trivial even within simple families of graphs. We provide general lower bounds for rnk(Cn) for all cycles Cn when k ≥ d and show that these bounds are exact values when k = d + 1.
Beyond the Nystrom approximation: speeding up spectral clustering using uniform sampling and weighted kernel k-means

In this paper we present a framework for spectral clustering based on the following simple scheme: sample a subset of the input points, compute the clusters for the sampled subset using weighted kernel k-means (Dhillon et al. 2004) and use the resulting centers to compute a clustering for the remaining data points. For the case where the points are sampled uniformly at random without replacement, we show that the number of samples required depends mainly on the number of clusters and the diameter of the set of points in the kernel space. Experiments show that the proposed framework outperforms the approaches based on the Nystrom approximation both in terms of accuracy and computation time.
Establishing Fidelity of Occupational Performance Coaching

As the call for evidence-based practices has risen, discussions about the fidelity of those practices have received increased attention. Although research suggests that Occupational Performance Coaching (OPC) is effective, a systematic evaluation of the fidelity of OPC is needed. The purpose of this study was to test fidelity of OPC intervention through study design, training, monitoring, and intervention receipt, and to offer the structure from this study as a guide for other programs of research and practice. As part of a trial of OPC with n = 17 families of children with autism spectrum disorder, we measured specific elements of fidelity during the study intervention design, training, delivery, and receipt as outlined by Gearing et al. We established fidelity of OPC design and training from the study data. Transcription and analysis of 40% of intervention sessions showed that we maintained fidelity during intervention delivery and receipt. This study reports on the evidence of the fidelity of OPC and provides fidelity standards for OPC for occupational therapy practice and research applications.
Rural coastal community resilience: Assessing a framework in eastern North Carolina

Abstract Rural coastal communities have unique vulnerabilities to the impacts caused by sea level rise and saltwater intrusion compared to coastal urban areas that have growing populations, increasing property values, and extensive infrastructure. In contrast, rural coastal communities are typically dependent on traditional natural resource livelihoods like farming, commercial fishing, forestry, and outdoor recreation opportunities. Saltwater intrusion, exacerbated by sea level rise, impacts rural livelihoods by limiting suitable agricultural land and development options, which compounds local economic difficulties. Higher rates of poverty, aging demographics, and out-migration already challenge the resilience of rural coastal communities. Informed by sociological research that addresses the local economic factors unique to rural communities and resilience research on coastal communities and natural hazards, we propose the Rural Coastal Community Resilience (RCCR) framework. We test the RCCR framework through a series of focus groups within the Albemarle Pamlico Peninsula of North Carolina (U.S.), a low-lying, rural region with nearly one-half of its land less than 1 m above sea level. Applying the RCCR framework revealed that local priorities include maintaining rural livelihoods, creating job opportunities, and addressing highly vulnerable populations. By including stakeholder voices to stimulate capacity building dialogue, the RCCR framework boosts rural coastal community resilience by focusing on locally perceived resilience needs as targets for capacity building workshops, management interventions, and climate action planning.
A Novel Method for Quantifying Human In Situ Whole Brain Deformation under Rotational Loading Using Sonomicrometry.

Abstract Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are one of the least understood injuries to the body. Finite element (FE) models of the brain have been crucial for understanding concussion and for developing injury mitigation systems; however, the experimental brain deformation data currently used to validate these models are limited. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology for the investigation of in situ three-dimensional brain deformation during pure rotational loading of the head, using sonomicrometry. Sonomicrometry uses ultrasonic pulses to measure the dynamic distances between piezoelectric crystals implanted in any sound-transmitting media. A human cadaveric head-neck specimen was acquired 14 h postmortem and was instrumented with an array of 32 small sonomicrometry crystals embedded in the head: 24 crystals were implanted in the brain, and 8 were fixed to the inner skull. A dynamic rotation was then applied to the head using a closed-loop controlled test device. Four pulses with differen...
Negotiation of ethnoracial configurations among Puerto Rican Taíno activists

ABSTRACTIn Puerto Rico, scholarly histories and common knowledge have presumed that the Taino – the pre-Columbian population of the island – became extinct at some time between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. However, various people on the island challenge this assumption by claiming to be Taino. The public reemergence of Taino groups in Puerto Rico is highly disputed by scholars, governmental institutions and non-Taino populations of the region, often on the basis of Puerto Rico’s long-documented history of creolization and state-sponsored ideology of racial blending. Within this context, the case of Taino indigenous activism in Puerto Rico offers a critical lens through which to consider interactional challenges involved in claiming belonging to a presumably “extinct” ethnoracial category.
I Am Entitled

We are an extremely expansive species. When we have staked out territory A, we eye the neighboring territory B, and soon we attempt to impose the same horticulture, or armament, or business. We lack modesty and measure. This is evident from Bosnia to Palestine to South Africa, or from New York to West Berlin to Peking— that is, north to south, and west to east.
Neodymium: YAG lasers: an FDA report

Analysis of data from four neodymium:YAG laser manufacturers submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on over 17,000 cases indicate the procedure is safe and effective for cutting opaque posterior lens capsules. A successful opening in the pupillary membrane was achieved in 98% of the cases, and vision improved in 84% of the cases. Clinically significant risks include: a rise in intraocular pressure two to four hours after treatment, damage to the intraocular lens, and rupture of the anterior hyaloid face.
Metabolism and Roles of Eicosanoids in Brain

Eicosanoids are signaling molecules generated through enzymic oxidation of arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) by cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and 2) (O’Banion, 1999; Vane et al., 1998; Phillis et al., 2006), lipoxygenases (LOX) (Kuhn and O’Donnell, 2006; Kim et al., 2008), and epoxygenases (EPOX) (Phillis et al., 2006; Spector, 2009). Eicosanoids include prostaglandins (PGs), leukotriene (LTs), lipoxins (LXs), and thromboxanes (TXs), as well as hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EETs), and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs) (Figs. 1.1 and 1.2). Numerous eicosanoids have been detected in the nervous system in neurons, astrocytes, cerebral vascular endothelial cells, and cerebrospinal fluid (O’Banion, 1999; Schaad et al., 1991; Simmons et al., 2004; Toda and Okamura, 1993; Vila, 2004; Werz, 2002; Wolfe and Horrocks, 1994). Eicosanoids produce a wide range of biological actions including potent effects on inflammation, vasodilation, vasoconstriction, apoptosis, and immune responses.
Cytokine/lymphokine regulation of IgA B cell differentiation

The factors regulating the differentiation of IgA B cells has been an area of great interest to mucosal immunologists as well as those interested in B cell differentiation generally. It is now clear that such differentiation involves two major steps, first, isotype switch differentiation of sIgM B cells (surface IgM-bearing B cells) into sIgA B cells (surface IgA-bearing B cells) and second, terminal differentiation of IgA B cells into IgA producing plasma cells. It has also become evident that both of these steps are regulated processes that are under the influence of various cytokines and lymphokines. In the present study we address this latter point by presenting data that further defines the role of cytokines and lymphokines in the regulation of IgA B cell differentiation. In particular, we show that IL-4 may play a role in the switch differentiation step of IgA B cells and that IL-5 and IL-6 are important in the terminal differentiation step of these B cells.
Genetic Diagnosis of Growth Failure

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on genetic defects associated with growth disorder. It explores the genetic abnormalities of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis as well as the defects of growth hormone receptor (GHR). The disturbances in each of two hormonal systems may result in growth failure. Chronic hypothyroidism, either primary or secondary can lead to severe stunting of growth in children and growth hormone (GH) deficiency on either a hypothalamic or pituitary basis can result in dramatic postnatal growth failure. The genetic pathophysiology of growth failure involve mutations or deletions of GHR genes and nearly 70 mutations of GHR is reported including missense, nonsense, frameshift and splicing defects. Mutation of IGF1R genes results in dramatic intrauterine growth retardation in animal studies, but no homozygous mutations of IGF1R have been reported in humans. The diagnosis, genetic testing and interpretation, prenatal testing are further discussed. Since majority of the disorders described are transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner, it should be amenable to prenatal testing.
Performance-Engineered Network Overlays for High Quality Interaction in Virtual Worlds

Overlay hosting systems such as PlanetLab, and cloud computing environments such as Amazon’s EC2, provide shared infrastructures within which new applications can be developed and deployed on a global scale. This paper ex-plores how systems of this sort can be used to enable ad-vanced network services and sophisticated applications that use those services to enhance performance and provide a high quality user experience. Specifically, we investigate how advanced overlay hosting environments can be used to provide network services that enable scalable virtual world applications and other large-scale distributed applications requiring consistent, real-time performance. We propose a novel network architecture called Forest built around per-session tree-structured communication channels that we call comtrees. Comtrees are provisioned and support both unicast and multicast packet delivery. The multicast mechanism is designed to be highly scalable and light-weight enough to support the rapid changes to multicast subscriptions needed for efficient support of state updates within virtual worlds. We evaluate performance using a combination of analysis and experimental measurement of a partial system prototype that supports fully functional distributed game sessions. Our results provide the data needed to enable accurate projections of performance for a variety of session and system configurations. Type of Report: Other Department of Computer Science & Engineering Washington University in St. Louis Campus Box 1045 St. Louis, MO 63130 ph: (314) 935-6160 1 Performance-Engineered Network Overlays for High Quality Interaction in Virtual Worlds
Induction of Tumor Cell Differentiation as a Mechanism of Action of DNA-Specific Antitumor Agents

Since tumor cells are characterized by their capacity for sustained proliferation at a stage of incomplete maturation, induction of their differentiation accompanied by cessation of growth constitutes a potentially promising approach for therapy. Numerous DNA-specific antitumor agents such as arabinosyl cytosine, daunomycin and actinomycin D have been shown capable of inducing tumor cell maturation [1,2,4,6,8,11,13,15,16,18–30], and we have examined the mechanism by which they initiate the maturation process.
The nexus between attribution theory and racial attitudes: a test of racial attribution and public opinion of capital punishment

Research has shown that attribution theory and racial attitudes are among the most consistent attitudinal predictors of capital punishment opinion. This study explores the overlap of these two cons...
Demand response-oriented dynamic modeling and operational optimization of membrane-based chlor-alkali plants

Abstract Power-intensive processes can potentially provide significant demand response (DR) services. Modeling such processes for demand response is not trivial as models must depict plant transient properties under highly dynamic operation while remaining computationally efficient. We develop a demand response-oriented model for an important power-intensive process i.e., chlor-alkali production using membrane cells, and demonstrate the provision of fast demand response by an industrial-size plant. Through an extensive simulation and optimization case study, we show that the fast modulation of the cell power demand is possible without adverse impact on cell concentration and temperature. Additionally, the cell temperature dynamics are found to restrict the demand response capacity of the plant and must to be explicitly accounted for to support dynamic cell operation in DR scenarios. Substantial load curtailment during peak electricity price periods can be achieved and the energy cost to the electrolysis plant can be reduced.
Book Review: Youth Development Principles and Practices in Out-of-School Time Settings

Youth Development Principles and Practices in Out-of-school Time Settings (Witt & Caldwell, 2018) is a comprehensive resource for students and professionals who work with youth in out-of-school time programs. The book weaves youth development theory and practice together so current and future practitioners can understand how to plan for, design, and evaluate youth programs that enable young people to thrive. Practitioners who work with adolescents will find the topics discussed relevant and the examples practical.
Chapter 23 – Issues in Randomization

In this chapter, we discuss key concepts and issues related to randomization and its implementation in clinical trials. After presenting the motivation for and history of randomization in clinical trials, we describe several methods of randomization. Common problems that threaten the integrity of randomization also will be discussed, including violation of the intent-to-treat principle, pseudorandom procedures, and missing data. We will conclude with a number of special topics, including adaptive randomization.
Reduced-Order Modeling with Artificial Neurons for Gravitational-Wave Inference

Gravitational-wave data analysis is rapidly absorbing techniques from deep learning, with a focus on convolutional networks and related methods that treat noisy time series as images. We pursue an alternative approach, in which waveforms are first represented as weighted sums over reduced bases (reduced-order modeling); we then train artificial neural networks to map gravitational-wave source parameters into basis coefficients. Statistical inference proceeds directly in coefficient space, where it is theoretically straightforward and computationally efficient. The neural networks also provide analytic waveform derivatives, which are useful for gradient-based sampling schemes. We demonstrate fast and accurate coefficient interpolation for the case of a four-dimensional binary-inspiral waveform family and discuss promising applications of our framework in parameter estimation.
Sun Tanning Behaviors, Health Beliefs, Attitudes and Intentions among College Students

Purpose: Even though it is well known that sun tanning can cause cancer, the behavior is practiced by a significant proportion of the US population, with about 50% of white adolescents and adults engaging in the behavior. This study assessed the sun tanning behaviors and sun tanning health beliefs, attitudes, and intentions among college students at a university in a beach resort town. Methods: Students (n=632) were recruited by email and participated in an electronic survey. All students at the university were invited to participate. Results: Females and those who had higher perceived benefits of tanning, and those who had friends who sun tanned spent more time intentionally sun tanning. Also, an association existed between having a positive attitude toward tan skin and using tanning beds (OR=2.51). Those with intentions to decrease sun tanning were more often female, had higher perceived severity of tanning, and higher selfefficacy of avoiding tanning (OR=2.30). Conclusions: Females may be a prime target population for preventive interventions since they sun tan more often, but also have higher intentions to avoid the behavior. Additionally, the results of this study seem to indicate that females’ behaviors are more predictable according to the Health Belief Model (HBM). Because of this, interventions that seek to address HBM constructs might be more effective for females compared to males.
Cross-modality deep learning brings bright-field image contrast to digital holographic microscopy (Conference Presentation)

We demonstrate a deep learning-based hologram reconstruction method that achieves bright-field microscopy image contrast in digital holographic microscopy (DHM), which we termed as “bright-field holography”. In bright-field holography, a generative adversarial network was trained to transform a complex-valued DHM reconstruction (obtained without phase-retrieval) into an equivalent image captured by a high-NA bright-field microscope, corresponding to the same sample plane. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated snapshot imaging of pollen samples distributed in 3D, digitally matching the contrast and shallow depth-of-field advantages of bright-field microscopy; this enabled us to digitally image a sample volume using bright-field holography without any physical axial scanning.
Chapter 15 – Purine Biosynthesis

: All organisms, with the exception of protozoa, synthesize purines. Our knowledge of the purine biosynthetic reaction sequence largely evolved from studies in birds. PRPP availability determines the rate of purine biosynthesis in cells. Gly, Asp, and Gln are amino acids used in purine biosynthesis. All intermediates involved in purine biosynthesis are constructed on a ribose 5-phosphate “scaffold.” AMP and GMP are synthesized from IMP, the “parent” nucleotide. Regulation of purine biosynthesis occurs at the beginning and end of the pathway.
Forward flight tests of a quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicle with various spherical body diameters

This paper presents experimental results on the relation between forward airspeed, pitch angle, and power consumption of a quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicle. The quadcopter consists of an intercha...
Higher Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure Among Rural-Dwelling Versus Urban-Dwelling Adults and Children: Implications for Skin Cancer Prevention

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is a primary risk factor for the development of melanoma. However, adults and adolescents often do not engage in preventive behaviors to reduce UVR exposure. Rural residents may be at higher risk for melanoma due to lower use of sun protection strategies, which increases their overall UVR exposure compared to those who live in urban areas. The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in UVR exposure between rural and urban residents in a geographic area with high incidence of melanoma. Children (aged 8–17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) from rural and urban areas of Utah were asked to wear a UVR monitoring device for 14 days. The sample included 97 children and 97 adults. Data was collected from June to October 2018. Non-parametric Mann–Whitney tests and quantile regression were used to compare UVR exposure levels between urban and rural participants, separately for adults and children. For adults, rural residence significantly increased total UVR dose ( β: 24.6; 95% CI 3.75, 42.74) and the UVR dose during peak UVR hours among participants with the highest UVR doses (β: 16.3; 95% CI 17.4, 24.63). Rural children exhibited significantly higher UVR doses for peak UVR hours for the entire study period (β: 4.14; 95% CI 0.83, 7.46) and on weekdays (β: 0.39; 95% CI 0.05, 0.73). The findings from this study indicate that rural residents may receive higher levels of UVR exposure than urban residents, and that prevention efforts could be tailored to address these geographical differences.