cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orbits of Particles

If a system has only a very few degrees of freedom its equations of motion are often obvious. One writes down Newton’s laws and sets about solving them. If they are not easy to solve it is because some equations are difficult. In complicated systems, even formulating the equations presents some problems, and most of this book is devoted to more advanced and general ways of writing down such equations and constructing their exact and approximate solutions. This chapter exhibits some relatively simple systems chosen so as to illustrate various forms of dynamical behavior. The first few examples need only Newton’s laws and a little mathematics, but for the later ones it will be convenient to introduce new variables and write equations of motion in terms of generalized coordinates. This will be done using Lagrange’s technique, which leads not only to general and useful equations of motion but also to the powerful methods of solution that follow.
Amino acid substitutions in the structural or nonstructural proteins of a vaccine strain of equine arteritis virus are associated with its attenuation

Comparative sequence analysis of a series of strains of equine arteritis virus (EAV) of defined virulence for horses, ranging from the horse-adapted virulent Bucyrus (VB) strain to a fully attenuated vaccine strain derived from it, identified 13 amino acid substitutions associated with attenuation. These include 4 substitutions in the replicase proteins and 9 in the structural proteins. Using reverse genetic techniques, these amino acid substitutions were introduced into a virulent infectious cDNA clone pEAVrVBS derived from the VB strain of EAV. Inoculation of horses with the recombinant viruses clearly demonstrated that changes in either the replicase (nsp1, nsp2 and nsp7) or structural proteins (GP2, GP4, GP5 and M) resulted in attenuation of the virulent VB strain. The recombinant virus with substitutions in the structural proteins was more attenuated than the recombinant virus with substitutions only in the replicase proteins.
Media's Impact on Educational Policies and Practices: Political Spectacle and Social Control

Abstract To understand the role of the media in schooling and school reform, it is necessary to examine how the media collude in the construction of the political spectacle, which Edelman (1988) called a meaning machine of alternative realities. The media uses spectacle to generate points of view, perceptions, anxieties, aspirations, and strategies to strengthen or undermine support for specific education policies, practices, and ideologies. This article explores the mechanisms through which spectacle is constructed, with a particular emphasis on the role of the media and school reform policies and practices. These mechanisms include those laid out by Edelman, Lakoff's (2004) exploration of the cognitive frames that underlie media reporting, and Cohen's (1980) discussion of media's role in the promotion of “moral panics.” Finally, implications for how power operates in the context of the media spectacle are reviewed, as well as implications for school practitioners and school reform.
Physicochemical mechanics of the propagation of the stabilized oil bank formed during dilute surfactant flooding

Recent displacement tests have indicated that the stabilized oil bank formed during dilute surfactant flooding may be composed of three secondary oil banks which are characterized by the arrival of high oil cuts, high sulfonate concentrations, and low interfacial tensions in the effluent stream. To determine the mechanisms governing the formation of these banks, a series of core floods was designed. The experimental results, including the production histories and effluent analysis of these tests, indicate that the first two of the banks are formed by the chromatographic separation of high and low equivalent weight sulfonates, while the third is formed by the desorption of sulfonate during the injection of low saline fluids (mobility buffers). Also discussed are the means to alter the production profiles of displacement tests by manipulation of these mechanisms. 14 refs.
Reading expressively and understanding thoroughly: An examination of prosody in adults with low literacy skills

The purpose of the current study was to explore the relationship between prosody, which is the expressive quality of reading out loud, and reading comprehension in adults with low literacy skills compared to skilled readers. All participants read a passage orally, and we extracted prosodic measures from the recordings. We examined pitch changes and how long readers paused at various points while reading. Finally, for the adults with low literacy skills, we collected information on decoding, word recognition, and reading comprehension. We found several interesting results. First, adults with low literacy skills paused longer than skilled readers and paused at a substantially greater number of punctuation marks. Second, while adults with low literacy skills do mark the end of declarative sentences with a pitch declination similar to skilled readers, their readings of questions lack a change in pitch. Third, decoding and word recognition skills were related to pauses while reading; readers with lower skills made longer and more frequent and inappropriate pauses. Finally, pausing measures explained a significant amount of variance in reading comprehension among the adults with low literacy skills.
Environmental Kuznets Curve for Water Pollution: The Case of Border Countries

This paper looks for evidence of an environmental Kuznets curve for water pollution in countries that share major rivers as their border. The data in this paper consist of a panel of 21 years and 30 countries, seven of which are border countries. The turning point for the border countries is much lower than that for the other subset. A t-test comparing group means for income and biochemical oxygen demand levels for both subsets finds no statistical difference for either variable, implying that countries sharing a river may be able to enforce environmental regulations more effectively than countries not sharing a river.
Cryoscopy on sulfuric acid solutions of a heterocyclic polymer (BBB) and related compounds

Cryoscopic measurements have been carried out on solutions in sulfuric acid of a heterocyclic polymer, its monomers, and certain of its oligomers. The polymer, BBB, is prepared by the polycondensation of 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid (NTC) with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB). The results show that the polymer, its oligomers and one of its monomers, DAB, are all extensively protonated in sulfuric acid, whereas its other monomer is not. The degree of protonation appears to be greater for the polymer than for its low molecular weight oligomers.
Mechanochemical synthesis of uranium sesquisilicide

Abstract Uranium sesquisilicide (U 3 Si 2 ) has been prepared by high energy ball milling of the elemental powders. Starting materials were combined in a planetary ball mill and milled with a 10:1 ball-to-powder charge for varying times between 0 and 24 h. Temperature and pressure of the milling vial were monitored to gain insight into reaction kinetics. The development of USi 3 as an intermediate phase is discussed. Starting materials and as-milled powders were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), demonstrating the viability of mechanochemical synthesis for U 3 Si 2 .
The Author's Report

The referee's report is a standard rite of passage for an author of articles in The Physics Teacher. Will the referee (and the editor) agree with the basic premise and the details of your carefully thought‐out article? I have faced this moment of truth many times; the majority of them were during the editorship of Cliff Swartz. These reminiscences are as much about the journal as Cliff, for, to many of us, the two seemed inseparable.
Isotopic OCS from high-resolution balloon-borne and ground-based infrared solar absorption spectra

Abstract Isotopic lines of carbonyl sulfide, 16O12C34S in the ν3 region (band center 2061.446 cm −1 ) are identified for the first time in balloon-borne and ground-based high-resolution ( 0.003 cm −1 ) solar absorption spectra. A quantitative analysis of the balloon-borne data is reported. The isotopic abundance may reveal the origins of the carbonyl sulfide in the atmosphere.
On the Largest Component of the Random Graph at a Nearcritical Stage

The random graphs G(n, Pr(edge)=p), G(n, #edges=M) at the critical range p=(1+?n?1/3)/n and M=(n/2)(1+?n?1/3) are studied. The limiting distribution of the largest component size is determined.
Two different O-polysaccharides from Escherichia coli O86 are produced by different polymerization of the same O-repeating unit.

Abstract The structure of a new O-polysaccharide from Escherichia coli O86:K62:B7 was determined using NMR and methylation analysis. The structure is as follows: Comparison with the previously published structure from E. coli O86:K2:H2 revealed that the O-polysaccharides from these two E. coli O86 serotypes share the same branched pentasaccharide repeating unit. However, they differ in the anomeric configuration of the linkage, the linkage position, and the identity of the residue through which polymerization occurs. The immunochemical activity of these two forms of LPS toward anti-B antibody was studied and compared. The results showed that LPS from E. coli O86:K2:H2 strain possesses higher blood group B reactivity. The immunoreactivity difference was explained by modeling of the O-repeating unit tetrasaccharide fragments. This finding provides a good system for the further study of O-polysaccharide biosynthesis especially the repeating unit polymerization mechanism.
Backscatter measurements from a vegetation-like structure

Abstract There has been renewed interest in the remote sensing community in understanding the fundamentals associated with the interaction of electromagnetic energy with natural targets. This is especially true in the microwave frequency regime, where the size of the target geometry may be of the order of the probing wavelength. In order to assess properly the performance of scattering theories, both the system and target parameters must be well defined. This is a difficult task when dealing with distributed target structures such as vegetation. The attempt of this research is to construct an artificial model for the simulation of a vegetation canopy with well-defined target parameters. Backscatter measurements can then be correlated with a known target geometry. The scattering measurements present the X-band frequency response of the simulated target for three different canopy leaf distributions.
Alteration of acetylcholinesterase activity in Semele solida (MOLLUSCA: SEMELIDAE) as a biochemical response to coastal anthropogenic impact.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was analyzed as a molecular marker indicative of exposure to organophosphorus pesticide residues in individuals of the endemic clam species Semele solida in selected coastal locations of Chile's VIII Region. AChE activity was assayed in clams from (i) Penco Beach near the mouth of the Andalien River (Concepcion Bay), (ii) Lenga Beach, near the mouth of the Lenga Estuary (San Vicente Bay), and (iii) Coliumo Beach, near the mouth of the Coliumo Estuary (Coliumo Bay). We also analyzed variations in protein content of clam hemolymph, and variability in the activity of AChE in relation to the sizes of the individual clams sampled. Collection of the clams was done using routine methods, during the spring of 2005, the period during which the use of pesticides is typically intensified in the surrounding forestry and agriculture. The results showed no significant correlation of AChE activity with either the size of the clam, or with the concentration of proteins in the hemolymp...
A practical procedure for application of 3D SRME to conventional marine data

Complex 3D multiples are a pervasive problem affecting data sets from a variety of geographic areas. 3D surface-related multiple elimination (SRME) is a powerful method capable of attenuating a large class of even the most complex 3D multiples. While SRME does not make any assumptions about the subsurface and is a data-driven procedure, its 3D implementation requires dense sampling of the wavefield on the surface, amounting to the deployment of a shot and a receiver at every surface location. Typical marine acquisition geometries deliver much sparser surface coverage, which results in severe shot- and receiver-domain aliasing in the crossline direction.
Ethylene glycol-water mixtures for use in ultrasound test objects

Ethylene glycol-water mixtures have been found suitable for use in ultrasound test objects. A plot of the required percentage of ethylene glycol with room temperature for an acoustic velocity of 1540 m/sec is presented to aid the clinical user. The velocity measurements performed are shown to be dominated by near-field transient diffraction effects. A 30 percent ethylene glycol-water mixture has been found to have a constant acoustic velocity of 1638 +/- 3.5 m/sec over a wide temperature range (15.6 degrees C-38.4 degrees C). This mixture is suitable for a test object velocity standard. Proper use of the A.I.U.M. 100-mm test object is discussed.
The electrophysiologic effects of upright posture

Abstract In order to determine the effects of upright posture on the electrophysiologic properties of the human heart, 12 patients underwent electrophysiologic studies in the supine and upright positions. Compared to supine, the upright position significantly reduced basic cycle length from 818 ± 111 to 680 ± 141 msec, sinoatrial conduction time from 186 ± 94 to 135 ± 56 msec, corrected sinoatrial recovery time from 206 ± 104 to 108 ± 55 msec, interatrial conduction time from 76 ± 17 to 70 ± 16 msec, and the AV nodal conduction time (AH interval) from 88 ± 19 to 78 ± 14 msec (all p
Strengths and Barriers in Conducting Research among Older Adults with HIV

Interviews and field notes from a qualitative study of older adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) were analyzed to identify barriers and strengths to studying this population. Self-selection bias, recruiting people with high HIV-related stigma, and test-savvy individuals were potential barriers to research.
The Scope of the Grants Economy and Income Distribution: An Examination of Intergenerational Transfers of Income

. Private transfers of income between family members have had significant equalizing effects on the distribution of income in the United States but only recently have they become a subject of research and an element of analysis. Some of the major theoretical developments in the area of income distribution and intergenerational mobility in the rich literature of the grants economy are reviewed. Among the effects of family transfers on income distribution, the most critical considerations in intra-family transfers, tentative results indicate, are those that relate, directly or indirectly, to investments in children during their formative years. Estimates of the size of family transfers include one that in a single year their total was of the magnitude of 30.7 percent of gross national product and another that in 1980 they were 70 percent of total transfers, amounting at least to 1 trillion. Trends in their level and structure are projected.
Particle size measurements using an optical variable-frequency-grid technique.

A fringe visibility method for sizing particles 10 μm and larger has been developed. As the image of a particle scans across a variable frequency grid, the transmitted light signal oscillates with varying visibility. The visibility goes through a null at a well-defined point where the particle diameter approximates the local grid spacing. Several optical arrangements implementing the variable frequency grid technique have been tested. Using classified alumina and pulverized coal particles we obtained good agreement between size distributions measured by this technique and those from a commercial off-line analyzer. However, our optical arrangement and signal processing techniques require further development to reduce them to practice.
Induction of glycoprote1n mating factors in diploid yeast of Hansenula wingei by vanadium salts or chelating agents

Abstract In the yeast H, wingei, mating is initiated by sexual agglutination between opposite mating types (strains 5 and 21). The cell wall factors responsible for this agglutination reaction are complementary glycoproteins (5-factor and 21-factor). In the diploid, the synthesis of 5-factor and 21-factor is under the control of metal ions. Addition of 0.4 mM each of sodium metavanadate and sodium molybdate to a diploid culture will induce the synthesis of 5-factor. Synthesis of 21-factor in the diploid is induced by adding a chelating agent (1 mM Na2 EDTA) to minimal medium containing 0.63 % yeast extract.
Random permutations and neutral evolution models

Abstract Permutation-valued Markov processes provide a convenient way to describe the genealogical structure of certain population models that allow immigration or mutation. Distinct cycles of the permutation correspond to binary branching trees that describe relationships among members of a particular family (or copies of an allele in the genetics setting), and the ordering of the cycles corresponds to families (or alleles) in the order of their appearance in the population. Building on the simple combinatorial structure of the Yule process with immigration, we describe the tree-valued processes that arise from linear birth and death processes and a population genetics model of Moran. This approach simplifies and explains much of the combinatorial structure of such processes, and relates genealogical (or time-reversed) processes with those running forward in time.
Interactive visualization of very large medical datasets using point-based rendering

Visualizing high-resolution volumetric datasets is a challenging task for large volumetric datasets. With every new generation of scanners the available resolution is increasing, and state-of-the-art approaches can't be extended to handle these large amounts of data, either due to the nature of the algorithm or available hardware as the limiting factor. Current off-the-shelf graphics hardware allows interactive texture-based volume-rendering of volumetric datasets up to a resolution of 512 3 datapoints only. We present a method which allows us to visualize even higher-resolution volumetric datasets. Our approach provides images similar to texture-based volume-rendering techniques at interactive frame-rates and full resolution. Our approach is based on an out-of-core point-based rendering approach. We first preprocess the data, grouping the points within the dataset according to their color on disc and read them when needed from disc to immediately stream them to the rendering hardware. The high resolution of the dataset and the density of the datapoints allows us to use a pure point-based rendering approach, the density of points with equal or similar values within the dataset can be considered as being high enough to display regions and contours using points only. With our approach we achieve interactive frame-rates for volumes exceeding 512 3 pixels. The images generated are similar to those using volume-rendering approaches combined with sharp transfer-functions where only a limited number of values selected for display. With our data-stream-based approach interactivity is not restricted to navigation through the dataset itself, it also allows us to change the values of interest to be displayed in real-time, enabling us to change display-parameters and thus looking for interesting and important features and contours interactively. For a human brain extracted from a 753×1050×910 coloured dataset (courtesy of A. W. Toga, UCLA) we achieved frame-rates of 20 frames/second and more, depending on the values selected. We describe a new way to interactively display high-resolution datasets without any loss of detail. By using points instead of textured volumes we reduce the amount of data to be transferred to the graphics hardware when compared to hardware-supported texture-based volume rendering. Using a data-organization optimized for reading from disk, we reduce the number of disk-seeks, and thus the overall update-time for a change of parameter-values.
A contributing role for anti-neuraminidase antibodies on immunity to pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus.

Background Exposure to contemporary seasonal influenza A viruses affords partial immunity to pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus (pH1N1) infection. The impact of antibodies to the neuraminidase (NA) of seasonal influenza A viruses to cross-immunity against pH1N1 infection is unknown. Methods and Results Antibodies to the NA of different seasonal H1N1 influenza strains were tested for cross-reactivity against A/California/04/09 (pH1N1). A panel of reverse genetic (rg) recombinant viruses was generated containing 7 genes of the H1N1 influenza strain A/Puerto Rico/08/34 (PR8) and the NA gene of either the pandemic H1N1 2009 strain (pH1N1) or one of the following contemporary seasonal H1N1 strains: A/Solomon/03/06 (rg Solomon) or A/Brisbane/59/07 (rg Brisbane). Convalescent sera collected from mice infected with recombinant viruses were measured for cross-reactive antibodies to pH1N1 via Hemagglutinin Inhibition (HI) or Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The ectodomain of a recombinant NA protein from the pH1N1 strain (pNA-ecto) was expressed, purified and used in ELISA to measure cross-reactive antibodies. Analysis of sera from elderly humans immunized with trivalent split-inactivated influenza (TIV) seasonal vaccines prior to 2009 revealed considerable cross-reactivity to pNA-ecto. High titers of cross-reactive antibodies were detected in mice inoculated with either rg Solomon or rg Brisbane. Convalescent sera from mice inoculated with recombinant viruses were used to immunize naive recipient Balb/c mice by passive transfer prior to challenge with pH1N1. Mice receiving rg California sera were better protected than animals receiving rg Solomon or rg Brisbane sera. Conclusions The NA of contemporary seasonal H1N1 influenza strains induces a cross-reactive antibody response to pH1N1 that correlates with reduced lethality from pH1N1 challenge, albeit less efficiently than anti-pH1N1 NA antibodies. These findings demonstrate that seasonal NA antibodies contribute to but are not sufficient for cross-reactive immunity to pH1N1.
Correlation of the yield strength and mlcrohardnesss of high-strength, high-conductivity copper alloys

Abstract Vickers microhardness and miniature tensile specimen measurements were made on AMZIRC and AMAX-MZC copper alloys in the cold-worked plus aged and annealed conditions. It was determined that a large portion of the strength of these alloys is due to their cold-worked nature and this strength is lost when recrystallization occurs. The recrystallization temperature of both alloys is about 475°C for a 1 h anneal and is estimated to be about 320°C for a 20 y anneal. A linear correlation between microhardness and yield strength was observed for AMZIRC and AMAX-MZC. namely σ y (MPa) ∼- 3.0 VHN.
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: Attempt to tune FTS and WGS by alkali promoting of iron catalysts

The effect of water on the performance of alkali-promoted, precipitated Fe catalysts was investigated during Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis in a continuously stirred tank reactor. In these studies, the added water (5–25 mol%) replaced an equivalent amount of inert gas so that all other reaction conditions remained the same before, during and after water addition. The externally added water had a positive effect on the CO conversion for all the alkali-promoted, precipitated iron catalysts. The impact of the added water is to increase the rate of the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction with up to 10–15 mol% added water, and then leveling off for further increases in the amount of water added to the feed gas. Increasing the water amount in the feed gas caused the fraction of CO converted into hydrocarbons to decrease and both the WGS activity and the oxygenate selectivity to increase. Common for all the alkali promoted iron catalysts was a decrease in C5+ selectivity and an increase in the methane selectivity with increasing amounts of water up to 10–15 mol%; with further increases of water, the C5+ selectivity increases and methane selectivity decreases. Methane selectivity is directly correlated to the CO conversion and H2/CO ratio inside the reactor. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Mature systems for small satellite missions

Abstract Over the past several years Satellites International has developed an integrated suite of satellite sub-systems and small satellite buses. The sub-systems include S-band communications, attitude sensing and control, power conversion and distribution, and on-board data handling. They are inherently modular and readily adaptable to different satellite configurations, a concept known as semi-standardisation . This concept has been adopted by two generic low-cost buses: MicroSIL for satellites in the mass range 40–80kg; and MiniSIL for satellites in the range 100–500kg. Their architecture is based on the semi-standard sub-systems, but easily modified to utilise sub-systems from other manufacturers. They can support all stabilisation methods including spinning, 3-axis control and gravity gradient and are adaptable to a wide variety of missions including Earth resources, scientific, communications and technology demonstration. The Company also manufactures a range of low cost ground support equipment and complete ground stations to complement the space-borne systems.
Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus in a competitive environment

Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 was grown in the presence of Rhizopus nigricans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Acetobacter aceti, or Brevibacterium linens and aflatoxin concentration was determined after 3,5,7, and 10 days of incubation at 28C. R. nigricans and S. cerevisiae inhibited growth and aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus. B. linens caused slight inhibition and A. aceti stimulated growth and aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus.
Numerical evaluation of propeller noise including nonlinear effects

Propeller noise in the acoustic near field is presently determined through the integration of the pressure-time history in the tangential direction of a numerically generated flowfield around a propfan of SR-3 type, including the shock wave system in the vicinity of the propeller tip. This acoustic analysis yields overall sound pressure levels, and the associated frequency spectra, as a function of observer location.
Psychology in an Age of Ecological Crisis: From Personal Angst to Collective Action

Recent technological, geophysical, and societal forces have fundamentally altered the structure and functioning of human environments. Prominent among these forces are the rise of the Internet; rapid rates of global environmental change; and widening rifts among different socioeconomic, racial, religious, and ethnic groups. The present article traces the influence of these conditions on individuals' cognition, behavior, and well-being. New theoretical questions are raised and conceptual frameworks proposed to understand how global conditions are restructuring people's relationships with their everyday environments. New directions for psychological research and practice aimed at reducing global threats to personal and societal well-being are discussed.
New features for diagnosis and prognosis of systems based on empirical mode decomposition

We present a new procedure to generate additional features for system diagnosis. The procedure is based on empirical mode decomposition of measured signals obtained by monitoring the relevant state of a system. This procedure is different from the conventional procedures for defining features, which are generally obtained using the statistics of the measured signal, the matched filter outputs, and the wavelet decomposition of measured signals. Features derived by this new procedure complement the existing features for diagnosis, and therefore they should improve performance of the classifier used to diagnose systems. We illustrate the procedure by generating new features for diagnosis of the AH64A helicopter transmission assembly.
Oleic acid stimulates rapid translocation of cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase in type II cells

Abstract Activity of cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase, the rate-limiting enzyme in phosphatidylcholine synthesis, increases rapidly in the lung after birth predominantly due to an increase in membrane-associated activity. Although there is strong evidence that enzyme translocation is a major regulatory mechanism in other cells, this mechanism has not been conclusively demonstrated in intact alveolar type II cells. In this study, we show that oleic acid stimulates rapid translocation of cytidylyltransferase activity and protein from cytosol to microsomes in both primary cultured fetal and adult type II cells and MLE12 cells, a cell line derived from murine distal respiratory epithelial cells. Shifts in subcellular distribution occurred within 5 min of exposure to 200 μM oleic acid. The magnitude of the increases in microsomal enzyme activity and immunoreactive protein levels was several-fold greater in d21 fetal cells than adult type II cells. Oleic acid-induced translocation was confirmed in in vitro translocation experiments. After incubating MLE12 cell postmitochondrial supernatants at 37°C with oleic acid and separation of enzyme isoforms on glycerol density gradients, enzyme activity was decreased in gradient fractions corresponding to both cytosolic isoforms and microsomal activity increased 7.9-fold compared to the distribution of enzyme activity in postmitochondrial supernatants incubated at 4°C without oleic acid. The increase in microsomal activity was associated with an increased incorporation of [14C]oleic acid in the membrane free fatty acid fraction. Developmental changes in type II cell membrane lipid composition may induce the rapid translocation/activation of cytidylyltransferase in the lung after birth.
A Multiterminal Network-Flow Analysis of an Unadjusted Spanish Interprovincial Migration Table:

A 52 × 52 Spanish internal migration table for 1963 is regarded as an edge-capacity matrix of a 52-vertex network. The maximum flow and the dual minimum edge cut-sets, between all pairs of vertices, are found. Those cuts which partition the vertices nontrivially—that is, into two sets each of cardinality greater than unity—are of interest. The set in each such pair with the fewer vertices is regarded as a nodal region. It has the attractive property that fewer people migrate into (from) it, as a whole, than into (from) its node. Prominent features of Spanish internal movements are revealed through the presentation of the nodal regions that are found by means of a multiterminal analysis. Badajoz, for example, has a particularly large out-migration sphere of influence, and Vizcaya an extensive in-migration field.
Filling short-term memory☆

Abstract The contents of short-term memory (STM) were measured for arrays of tachistoscopically presented unidimensional and bidimensional stimuli. The information content per stimulus in the array was manipulated by varying the alphabet size (2, 3, or 4); the arrays were exposed for durations of 0.25, 1.00, 4.00, or 8.00 sec. It was found that the contents of STM measured in bits of information were constant for the 0.25 and 1.00 sec exposures. At the long exposures there was evidence that the contents of STM were limited for items or chunks. Subjects reached an asymptotic value for items recalled more quickly with bidimensional than unidimensional stimuli. The data support the hypothesis that STM fills as a function of stimulus parameters, namely information content and dimensionality, until an item or chunk limit is reached. It is proposed that if input or identification is independent of the information content of the stimuli, then the contents of STM will reflect this independence even at very short exposures.
Hispanic residential ethnic density and depression in post–acute coronary syndrome patients: Re-thinking the role of social support

Background:The ethnic density hypothesis suggests that ethnic density confers greater social support and consequently protects against depressive symptoms in ethnic minority individuals. However, the potential benefits of ethnic density have not been examined in individuals who are facing a specific and salient life stressor.Aims:We examined the degree to which the effects of Hispanic ethnic density on depressive symptoms are explained by socioeconomic resources and social support.Methods:Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS, N = 472) completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and measures of demographics, ACS clinical factors and perceived social support. Neighborhood characteristics, including median income, number of single parent households and Hispanic ethnic density, were extracted from the American Community Survey Census (2005–2009) for each patient using his or her geocoded address.Results:In a linear regression analysis adjusted for demographic and clinical factors, Hispanic ethnic dens...
An unusual case of ectopic ossification in a finger.

A case of an unusual ectopic ossification in the distal phalanx of the left index finger in a 52-year-old man is described, and the differential diagnosis is discussed. Multiple recurrences and increasing disability eventually led to a partial amputation of the finger.
Bottom Velocity Observations Directly under the Gulf Stream.

Speeds as high as 44 centimeters per second were observed 200 meters above the ocean bottom under the Gulf Stream at 70°W longitude and were associated with time-dependent motion that had a speed range of 40 centimeters per second and a time scale of about 30 days. These deep current fluctuations appear to be coupled with fluctuations in the surface position of the Stream and with surface and bottom current fluctuations 200 kilometers to the north.
An Instrument to Objectively Measure Pharmacist Professionalism as an Outcome: A Pilot Study

Background: Historically, academic success has been a major outcome for evaluating the effectiveness of pharmacy education programs and admission criteria. In other words, students’ overall grades and/or specific course grades have determined academic success. However, there is a disconnection between students’ grades and their performance dur ing practicums or in practice. It was postulated that professionalism might be an alternative outcome for measuring graduates’ abilities. Objective: To construct an objective measure of professional attitudes and behaviours for recently graduated pharmacists. Methods: A self-report instrument was developed using the American Board of Internal Medicine’s 6-tenet definition of professionalism. Four months after completing the doctor of pharmacy degree (PharmD), pharmacists were asked to complete an online version of the profession alism instrument. The Rasch Measurement Model (Winsteps, Chicago, Illinois) was used to construct a measure from the responses. Using data that fit the model, the Rasch Measurement Model can build the interval-level measurements needed for future inferential statistical interpretations of ordinal-level data gathered with this instrument. Results: Twenty-seven PharmD graduates completed the 15-item instrument. The Rasch Measurement Model was used to construct continuous, linear measures of pharmacist professionalism from these instrument rating scale data. Most of the scales functioned without modification, but 2 of the scales functioned only after being collapsed. One person and one item “misfit” the Rasch Measurement Model and were omitted from the analysis. After these adjustments, the data fit the model well. As a measurement tool, this instrument was overwhelmingly unidimensional; the linear model explained 99.9% of the variation in the data using principal contrast analysis. Item separation was 3.64 logits, person separation was 2.31 logits, and reliability was 0.93 by Cronbach’s a. Conclusion: The Rasch Measurement Model was used to construct an objective measure of pharmacists’ professionalism. The results of this pilot project suggest a promising outcome measure for evaluating pharmacy graduates soon after completion of university.
Diabetes mellitus with hyperparathyroidism: another indication for parathyroidectomy?

Abstract Background: Patients with hyperparathyroidism have alterations in carbohydrate metabolism characterized by insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and glucose intolerance. The clinical significance of these findings in the management of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) after parathyroidectomy for hyperparathyroidism has been controversial. Methods: A retrospective review identified 87 patients with DM and hyperparathyroidism who underwent parathyroidectomy. The follow-up documentation of 70 patients who underwent diabetic management was then evaluated to assess the benefit of parathyroidectomy on glucose management. Results: Thirteen patients had type 1 DM, and 74 patients had type 2 DM. Primary hyperparathyroidism was present in 93% of patients with type 2 DM; 64% of patients with type 1 DM had secondary hyperparathyroidism. At follow-up, glucose control was stable in 40% of patients, had improved in 37% of patients, and had deteriorated in 23% of patients (P = .003). Improved glucose control was not dependent on age, duration of DM, duration of hyperparathyroidism, length of follow-up, or calcium levels. The patients with decreased requirements had a significantly lower parathyroid hormone level (P = .05). Improved glucose control was most significant in patients whose condition was managed with oral hypoglycemics (P = .05) or insulin (P = .03). Conclusions: The clinical and laboratory investigations on the influence of hyperparathyroidism on DM support the benefit of parathyroidectomy in patients with DM. Patients with type 1 and type 2 DM show improvement in glucose control after parathyroidectomy. The presence of DM and hyperparathyroidism is an indication for parathyroidectomy because it results in either stabilization or improved glucose control in 77% of patients. (Surgery 1999:126:1160-6.)
Nitidulids as vectors of the oak wilt fungus and other Ceratocystis spp. in Texas

Sap-feeding nitidulid beetles were trapped for 15 months at four oak wilt centers in central Texas and assayed for the presence of Ceratocystis fagacearum. Levels of contamination with the pathogen ranged 0.3% (Kerrville) – 2.0% (Austin); also detected were C. piceae at slightly higher levels and a low number of beetles carrying C. pluriannulata. The percentages of contaminated beetles were similar to those reported for other parts of the oak wilt range in the USA, but probable species differences in Texas were detected.
3D human action segmentation and recognition using pose kinetic energy

Human action recognition is challenging, due to large temporal and spatial variations in actions performed by humans. These variations include significant nonlinear temporal stretching. In this paper, we propose an intuitively simple method to extract action templates from 3D human joint data that is insensitive to nonlinear stretching. The extracted action templates are used as the training instances of the actions to train multiple classifiers including a multi-class SVM classifier. Given an unknown action, we first extract and classify all its constituent atomic actions and then assign the action label via an equal voting scheme. We have tested the method on two public datasets that contain 3D human skeleton data. The experimental results show the proposed method can obtain a comparable or better performance than published state-of-the-art methods. Additional experiments also demonstrate the method works robustly on randomly stretched actions.
Sol-gel processes in glass science and technology

Abstract The scientific and technological significance and importance of the sol-gel processes are evaluated. Two methods for preparing gels in the silicate systems are described. The first method is based on gelling colloidal silica sol; the second method, on the polymerization of alkoxysilane with metal alkoxides or metal salts to produce multiccomponent noncrystalline inorganic gels with network structures. The physico-chemical principles of gelling processes are discussed in terms of various process parameters. The conversion of gel to glass is described. The structures, microstructures, phase separation and crystallization behavior of gels and gel-derived glasses are discussed in relation to the methods of gel preparation. The advantages associated with the processes are examined and evaluated. Various applications in glass technology are suggested.
Body Mass Index: A Predictor of Survival in Patients Resected for Squamous Cell Cancer of the Head and Neck

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: Use body mass index to predict survival in patients undergoing primary resection for squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. Patients presenting for resection of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck are often malnourished. Mainourishment at time of surgery is suspected to be related to poor survival; however there is little data to support this notion. We studied 362 patients undergoing surgery for squamous cell cancer of the head and neck to determine if body mass index (BMI) was an independent predictor of survival. In our analysis we examined the prognostic significance of body mass index, tumor stage, disease type (primary v. recurrent), age, gender and functional status using the cox proportional regression survival analysis. Disease type appears to ,be the most important factor in predicting survival in the total population. In the 122 recurrent cases where mean survival was 26 months and mean BMI=24 results indicated that no other factors were significantly related to survival. However, in the 220 primary cases where mean survival was 37 months and mean BMI=25, body mass index (p
Alarm‐recruitment behaviour in Pheidole militicida (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

. 1 Pheidole militicida Wheeler, a seed-harvesting species of the southwestern United States, possesses a major worker caste (soldiers) with unusually large heads. Previous work suggested that these large major workers are specialized defenders against large seed-harvesting species in the genus Pogonomyrmex. 2 Experimental introductions of Pogonomyrmex maricopa Wheeler and the omnivorous fire ant, Solenopsis xyloni McCook, demonstrate that P. militicida colonies alarm-recruit major workers against S.xyloni workers but not against the larger Pogonomyrmex workers. 3 P.militicida is the second species in which enemy-specific defence against Solenopsis fire ants has been detected. I suggest that the special role of Solenopsis as both competitor and predator in ant communities frequently favours major worker specialization against this genus. 4 Major workers of P.militicida and Pheidole dentata Mayr, the other species with enemy-specific defence against Solenopsis, are morphologically very different from one another. It is suggested that interspecific variation in major worker morphology is not necessarily associated with variation in behavioural specialization.
The progressive onset of spontaneous and induced fetal breathing.

Abstract Intratracheal pressure (ITPmax) and respiratory drive (dITP/dt) from the occluded, liquid-filled trachea of term fetal lambs in utero were measured for each breath at the onset of fetal breathing (1) during spontaneous breathing, (2) during sciatic nerve stimulation, (3) during induced hypercapnia, and (4) following naloxone administration. These responses were characterized by linear increase of ITPmax and dITP/dt following which these parameters became stable. The rate of rise of ITPmax and dITP/dt was lowest and similar during spontaneous breathing and sciatic stimulation, but increased incrementally with hypercapnia and naloxone. Mechanical factors could not account for these responses in the liquid-filled lung, nor did appreciable chemical changes occur during this period. These results suggest that progressive breathing responses at the onset of fetal breathing may stem from gradual recruitment of central respiratory neurons, and that the rate of rise of such recruitment depends on facilitation by natural arousal, somatosensory stimulation and hypercapnia as well as on release from natural endorphin inhibition.
Haemocyanin concentration in the shrimp Crangon crangon (l.) after exposure to moderate hypoxia

Abstract 1. 1. The brown shrimp Crangon crangon was kept under normoxia and moderate (40% saturation) hypoxia. Haemocyanin concentrations were measured and the data segregated according to moult stage of the animals. 2. 2. The mean, normoxic haemocyanin concentration was 0.5–0.6 mM·l −1 for intermoult animals and this increased to 0.8 mM·1 −1 and 1.3mM·1 −1 after 1 and 2 week's hypoxia, respectively. 3. 3. During the moult cycle, haemocyanin concentration varied in normoxia from 0.3 mM · 1 −1 (stage A) to 0.75mM·1 −1 (stage D 3 ). 4. 4. Haemocyanin was synthesized under hypoxia in all moult stages at about 5–6% of the normoxic mean value per day. 5. 5. Starved Crangon showed a rapid drop in haemocyanin levels.
Solvent−Solute Interactions Probed by Picosecond Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Lifetime and Anisotropy Study of S1 trans-4,4‘-Diphenylstilbene

Excited-state lifetimes and rotational reorientation times were obtained for trans-4,4‘-diphenylstilbene (DPS) in a series of n-alkanes and nonalkane solvents as a function of temperature using picosecond time-resolved fluorescence lifetime and anisotropy measurements. The fluorescence lifetimes do not have a significant solvent or temperature dependence, indicating that isomerization via activated barrier crossing is not a dominant decay pathway for S1 DPS. However, the temperature dependence of the lifetime is shown to be larger in polar solvents than nonpolar solvents. Arrhenius plots for polar solvents give two different decay channels in the low-temperature and high-temperature regions. The rotational reorientation time of DPS is sensitive to solvent environments. In a given solvent the rotational reorientation times depend linearly on η/T in agreement with the Debye−Stokes−Einstein theory. The data in n-alkane solvents show that the solute−solvent coupling, as evidenced by the friction coefficient, ...
Trade and the variety of democratic institutions

Students of comparative politics have long acknowledged the importance of such institutional factors as electoral systems, parliamentary versus presidential rule, and the strength of parties; but they have either regarded the institutions as given or have explained them entirely in domestic terms (associating proportional representation, for example, with the intensity of social cleavages). In economically advanced democracies, however, these institutional aspects can be plausibly linked to dependence on trade: proportional representation, the parliamentary system, strong parties, and large electoral districts have “survival value” for developed democracies exposed to trade. That the recently revived agitation for proportional representation in the United Kingdom has been cast explicitly in terms of economic necessity and dependence on trade adds force to this argument, and suggests the need for further historical research on other cases of institutional adaptation and change.