cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further studies on xanthine oxidase in nonpolar media

Abstract Comparison of the kinetics for xanthine oxidase catalysis in nonpolar organic media with rates of oxidation of hydroquinone in the same media suggest that the effects of solvent on v m for the enzyme probably reflect the general suitability of the solvent as a medium for redox reactions, rather than specific interactions between solvent and enzyme protein.
Performance of the spin-flip and multireference methods for bond breaking in hydrocarbons: a benchmark study.

Benchmark results for spin-flip (SF) coupled-cluster and multireference (MR) methods for bond-breaking in hydrocarbons are presented. The nonparallelity errors (NPEs), which are defined as an absolute value of the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the errors in the potential energy along bond-breaking curves, are analyzed for (i) the entire range of nuclear distortions from equilibrium to the dissociation limit and (ii) in the intermediate range (2.5−4.5 A), which is the most relevant for kinetics modeling. For methane, the spin-flip and MR results are compared against full configuration interaction (FCI). For the entire potential energy curves, the NPEs for the SF model with single and double substitutions (SF-CCSD) are slightly less than 3 kcal/mol. Inclusion of triple excitations reduces the NPEs to 0.32 kcal/mol. The corresponding NPEs for the MR-CI are less than 1 kcal/mol, while those of multireference perturbation theory are slightly larger (1.2 kcal/mol). The NPEs in the interme...
A constructional approach to stativity in Japanese

This paper deals with the relationship between the formal properties and a specific meaning associated with a class ofJapanese sentences that have the verbal gerund and iru ‘be’ (i.e., -te iru). These sentences arecharacterized by the -te iru verbal morphology on a dynamic verb and a non-volitional subject that does not participatein the event denoted by the verb. The particular stative interpretation induced by these sentences cannot be attributed to themeaning of the individual lexical items. The paper argues instead that the source of the stative meaning is better explained by aconstructional view, that the meaning is attributed to the construction itself.
Prevention of strokes.

Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for stroke have been determined through prospective epidemiologic study. Control of risk factors has been demonstrated to reduce stroke incidence, either through controlled trials or inferred from observational studies. In the past few years, new approaches to the treatment of established risk factors have been discovered. These include aggressive control of hypertension in diabetes patients, prevention of type 2 diabetes through lifestyle modification, carotid endarterectomy for moderate symptomatic carotid stenosis, encouragement of a high level of physical activity, and control of abdominal obesity and elevated body mass index. In addition, new strategies for stroke prevention have been identified, including encouragement of a diet high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and omega-3 fatty acids, the use of vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid in hyperhomocysteinemia, and moderate alcohol consumption. Clinical trial data support the use of hydroxymethyl-coenzyme A inhibitors in patients with coronary artery disease, and ramipril in high-risk patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes, for the primary prevention of stroke. New risk factors for stroke are being investigated, including the role of chronic inflammation and infection, and these may provide future strategies for stroke prevention.
Design and utilization of the colorectal and pancreatic neoplasm virtual biorepository: An early detection research network initiative

Background: The Early Detection Research Network (EDRN) colorectal and pancreatic neoplasm virtual biorepository is a bioinformatics-driven system that provides high-quality clinicopathology-rich information for clinical biospecimens. This NCI-sponsored EDRN resource supports translational cancer research. The information model of this biorepository is based on three components: (a) development of common data elements (CDE), (b) a robust data entry tool and (c) comprehensive data query tools. Methods: The aim of the EDRN initiative is to develop and sustain a virtual biorepository for support of translational research. High-quality biospecimens were accrued and annotated with pertinent clinical, epidemiologic, molecular and genomic information. A user-friendly annotation tool and query tool was developed for this purpose. The various components of this annotation tool include: CDEs are developed from the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Cancer Checklists and North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACR) standards. The CDEs provides semantic and syntactic interoperability of the data sets by describing them in the form of metadata or data descriptor. The data entry tool is a portable and flexible Oracle-based data entry application, which is an easily mastered, web-based tool. The data query tool facilitates investigators to search deidentified information within the warehouse through a point and click interface thus enabling only the selected data elements to be essentially copied into a data mart using a dimensional-modeled structure from the warehouse's relational structure. Results: The EDRN Colorectal and Pancreatic Neoplasm Virtual Biorepository database contains multimodal datasets that are available to investigators via a web-based query tool. At present, the database holds 2,405 cases and 2,068 tumor accessions. The data disclosure is strictly regulated by user's authorization. The high-quality and well-characterized biospecimens have been used in different translational science research projects as well as to further various epidemiologic and genomics studies. Conclusions: The EDRN Colorectal and Pancreatic Neoplasm Virtual Biorepository with a tangible translational biomedical informatics infrastructure facilitates translational research. The data query tool acts as a central source and provides a mechanism for researchers to efficiently query clinically annotated datasets and biospecimens that are pertinent to their research areas. The tool ensures patient health information protection by disclosing only deidentified data with Institutional Review Board and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act protocols.
Nucleotide substitutions in dengue virus serotypes from Asian and American countries: insights into intracodon recombination and purifying selection

Dengue virus (DENV) infection represents a significant public health problem in many subtropical and tropical countries. Although genetically closely related, the four serotypes of DENV differ in antigenicity for which cross protection among serotypes is limited. It is also believed that both multi-serotype infection as well as the evolution of viral antigenicity may have confounding effects in increased dengue epidemics. Numerous studies have been performed that investigated genetic diversity of DENV, but the precise mechanism(s) of dengue virus evolution are not well understood. We investigated genome-wide genetic diversity and nucleotide substitution patterns in the four serotypes among samples collected from different countries in Asia and Central and South America and sequenced as part of the Genome Sequencing Center for Infectious Diseases at the Broad Institute. We applied bioinformatics, statistical and coalescent simulation methods to investigate diversity of codon sequences of DENV samples representing the four serotypes. We show that fixation of nucleotide substitutions is more prominent among the inter-continental isolates (Asian and American) of serotypes 1, 2 and 3 compared to serotype 4 isolates (South and Central America) and are distributed in a non-random manner among the genes encoded by the virus. Nearly one third of the negatively selected sites are associated with fixed mutation sites within serotypes. Our results further show that of all the sites showing evidence of recombination, the majority (~84%) correspond to sites under purifying selection in the four serotypes. The analysis further shows that genetic recombination occurs within specific codons, albeit with low frequency (< 5% of all recombination sites) throughout the DENV genome of the four serotypes and reveals significant enrichment (p < 0.05) among sites under purifying selection in the virus. The study provides the first evidence for intracodon recombination in DENV and suggests that within codons, genetic recombination has a significant role in maintaining extensive purifying selection of DENV in natural populations. Our study also suggests that fixation of beneficial mutations may lead to virus evolution via translational selection of specific sites in the DENV genome.
Testing Theories of Doctoral Student Persistence at a Hispanic Serving Institution

Little empirical work exists which tests theories of doctoral student persistence. Among these studies, there is limited representation of minority students. To counter this state of affairs, this study uses a sample of four doctoral cohorts enrolled at a Hispanic Serving Institution. Focusing on the earlier stages of graduate study, I adapt theories of persistence previously employed for undergraduate students (Hurtado, 1992; Hurtado & Carter, 1997; Tinto, 1993). Testing the impact of student background characteristics, departmental context, and student social and academic integration on persistence, findings are mixed. Strongest support is found for the effect of academic integration, father's education, age, and being Latina/o. Weak support is found for the effect of departmental characteristics, such as department racial climate.
Application of an optical remote sensing model

A simplified two-flow model derived from the radiative transfer problem applicable to a water column is described and applied. The application of the model to reflectance signatures measured in Delaware Bay estuarine waters is described. The shapes of the reflectance signatures compare nicely with field data, although the absolute magnitudes of reflectance are different. The model could be improved if a more realistic non-homogeneous model is applied or actual absorption coefficients were measured. An analytic two-flow model was developed and the sensitivity analysis runs for estimating radiance reflectance (nadir view geometry) above the water surface suggest that the most important in-situ parameters are absorption coefficient, the internal diffuse reflectance coefficient, and the backscatter coefficient.
The Initial-Value Transport Problem for Monoenergetic Neutrons in an Infinite Slab with Delayed Neutron Production

The time-dependent behavior of the neutron density in a material body is described by a nonnegative function which satisfies a linear Boltzmann equation. In multiplying media, in which the only neutron source is fission, neutrons can be produced either instantaneously or with a finite delay time after the absorption of a neutron by a fissile nucleus. The latter are due to fission fragments which act as delayed neutron emitters (precursors), and the Boltzmann equation must be supplemented by an equation for the time rate of change of each group of precursors. It is the purpose of this paper to solve the associated initial-value problem. We restrict our attention to problems involving mono-energetic neutrons, isotropic scattering, and one group of precursors and seek the distribution of neutrons and precursors everywhere in an infinite slab of finite thickness surrounded by a vacuum or by a pure absorber. The appropriate equations for the time rate of change of the neutron density N and the precursor density C inside the slab are
EXPRESS LANE OR TOLLBOOTH IN THE DESERT? THE SEC'S FRAMEWORK FOR SECURITY ISSUANCE

U.S. companies that need capital may choose between selling securities in the private and public markets. These venues differ in terms of direct issuance costs, the required information disclosed, the liability incurred, and the mechanics of the capital-raising process itself. During the last two decades, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has deregulated private offerings by broadening their investor base and increasing secondary market liquidity. At the same time, SEC policy has bifurcated the offering process in the public market into two distinct segments based largely on company size and seasoning. Large public issuers have seen a gradual deregulation and acceleration of their capitalraising processes. Important changes for issuers include allowing them to incorporate information into registration statements by reference to Exchange Act reports, to use shelf registration to speed up offers, and to place securities offshore with less regulatory uncertainty. Though small issuers enjoy some of the benefits of these changes, deregulation of their offerings has been somewhat less pronounced. In a Commission report and a subsequent concept release, the SEC indicates it may restructure and unify these three disparate strands of capital raising through an innovative schema of registering companies rather than securities.
Interviewing International Students to Understand the Process of Expatriate Acculturation.

Globalization is the most influential trend of the early twenty-first century. However, many students have had limited direct contact with cultures other than their own. The following teaching innovation targets such students to give them an experiential learning opportunity about the process of acculturation for expatriates. This is accomplished through a semistructured interview assignment with an on-campus international student who is not known to the interviewing student. An in-class debriefing including small group discussion and full-class thematic analysis of the students' interview experience complete the "People Go Global" project. Students report an increased desire to pursue overseas travel as a result of the project.
Structure from stereo and motion

Stereopsis and motion parallax are two methods for recovering three-dimensional (3D) shapes. Theoretical analyses of each method show that neither alone can recover rigid 3D shapes correctly unless other information, such as perspective and vertical disparity, is included. The solutions for recovering rigid structure from motion have a reflection ambiguity; the depth scale of the stereoscopic solution will not be known unless the fixation distance is specified in units of interpupil separation. (Hence the configuration will appear distorted.) However, the correct configuration and disposition of a rigid 3D shape can be recovered if stereopsis and motion are integrated, for then a unique solution follows from a set of linear equations. The correct interpretation requires only three points and two stereo views.
The RCRA Exemption for Oil and Natural Gas Exploration and Production Wastes— What You May Not Know

Abstract In 1998, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ruled that wastes associated with exploration, development, and production of crude oil or natural gas were exempt from regulation under Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Along with this ruling, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency created lists of wastes related to oil and natural gas exploration, development, and production that were exempt from and not exempt from Subtitle C regulation. The key defining criteria as to whether a given waste is exempt or not exempt lies in the waste’s application to the exploration, development, or production of crude oil or natural gas. For a waste to be exempt, it must be unique to the oil and natural gas exploration, development, or production industry. This criterion has been applied and modified throughout its existence to exempt several groups of such wastes. The correct application of this exemption to offshore oil and natural gas exploration, development, or production is critical to successfully managing wastes associated with all aspects of offshore drilling. Too often, serious mistakes are made in offshore waste management due to a misunderstanding of the exemption. Although many types of offshore service company wastes are well associated with hydrocarbon exploration and production, those wastes have equally strong associations with other nonhydrocarbon industries. Many wastes commonly associated with offshore service companies are not exempt and pose detailed requirements for storage and disposal. Understanding exactly which wastes meet the exemption and which wastes do not is critical to continued, successful, and efficient offshore oil and gas exploration.
PALMPRINTS: A COOPERATIVE CO-EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM FOR CLUSTERING HAND IMAGES

The main objective of Project PalmPrints is to develop and demonstrate a special co-evolutionary genetic algorithm (GA) that optimizes (a clustering fitness function) with respect to three quantities, (a) the dimensions of the clustering space; (b) the number of clusters; and (c) and the locations of the various clusters. This genetic algorithm is applied to the specific practical problem of hand image clustering, with success. In addition to the above, this research effort makes the following contributions: (i) a CD database of (raw and processed) right-hand images; (ii) a number of novel features designed specifically for hand image classification; (iii) an extended fitness function, which is particularly suited to a dynamic (i.e. dimensionality varying) clustering space. Despite the complexity of the multi-optimizational task, the results of this study are clear. The GA succeeded in achieving a maximum fitness value of 99.1%; while reducing the number of dimensions (features) of the space by more than half (from 84 to 41).
The 230-kv ring bus for grand coulee power plant

Grand coulee power plant at coulee dam, Wash., is the largest hydroelectric power plant in the world and will have an ultimate installed capacity of over 2.3 million kw. This unprecedented concentration of generating capacity presents a real and worthwhile problem regarding the selection, design, and development of the most desirable bussing arrangement. It was concluded early in the studies of the various possible bussing arrangements that the three performance factors which should be given major consideration were: (a). Circuit-breaker interrupting capacity. (b). Stability. (c). Ease of operation and flexibility.
Development of Crystallographic Texture in RF Sputter Deposited CoCrTa/Cr Thin Films

It is well known that Cr sputtered on glass or NiP/Al substrates has either the (002) or (110) crystallographic texture (depending on the substrate temperature) and that the Co-alloy layers which are deposited on the Cr underlayers have either the (11 2 0) or (10 1 1) textures respectively. However, the dependence of the crystallographic textures on other sputtering parameters is not clear. We report here on the study of the dependence of crystallographic textures of CoCrTa/Cr films on substrate bias. It is found that both Cr (110) and Cr (002) textures can form at elevated temperature, depending on the substrate bias. The development of the crystallographic texture is discussed with a Model. It is also found that the epitaxy of CoCrTa layer depends on the sputtering conditions of both the Cr and the CoCrTa layers. The extrinsic magnetic properties (such as He, S and S*) of thin films with various textures are also presented. By controlling the sputtering procedure, the effects of crystallographic textures on magnetic properties were separated from the effects of film Morphology.
Rivest-Shamir-Adleman public key cryptosystems do not always conceal messages

Abstract To every pair p, q of distinct primes there correspond 9 positive integers x no larger than pq such that χc  χ mod (pq) for every odd positive integer c. Therefore these 9 messages x are unconcealable in any Rivest-Shamir-Adleman public key cryptosystem which has the product pq for its encoding modulus. There are, in fact, such cryptosystems which do not conceal any messages, and others which conceal less than 50% of all messages possible within them. These examples point up the need for effective criteria for evaluating the concealing power of any such cryptosystem. This paper treats these questions for a general square free encoding modulus m. It contains easy to use necessary and sufficient conditions that the function f(x) = xc be: 1. a permutation of the residue classes module m; 2. a derangement (i.e. a permutation without fixed points) of the collection of all the residue classes modulo m other than the unavoidably unconcealable ones. It also provides a construction of all such “deranging” exponents.
Dietary vitamin E reverses th effects of ultraviolet light irradiation on rat skin glycosaminoglycans

Abstract Chondroitin 4-sulfate (Ch 4-S), three dermatan sulfates (DS18, DS45a, DS45b) and hyaluronic acid (HA) were the major glycosaminoglycans (GAG) isolated from the skin of 4 groups of albino rats. The yields from Group 1 (control) were: Ch 4-S, 0.015%; HA, 0.028% and DS (total), 0.098% (w/w). Traces of herapin were detected only in rats irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light (Group II), in the GAG pool isolated with 45% ethanol. Yields increased by at least 28% (w/w) in Group II, but decreased, except HA's, also by at least 28%, below the level of the control, in irradiated rats that also ingested vitamin E (Group III). The sulfate composition of these GAG determined by infrared spectroscopy was as follows: approx. 17% (w/w) for DS18, 21–30% for DS45a, 21–35% for DS45b and 26–44% for Ch 4-S. A 60–70% (mol/mol) N-acetylation of hexosamine in DS45 was estimated by Fourier transform 1H-NMR spectroscopy; the IdUA composition of this DS was 30–46% (mol/mol), and the uronic acid/hexosamine ratio ranged from 2.50:1 to 1.6:1. The data show UV light irradiation of rat skin to result in an abnormally elevated production of the major GAG and oversulfation of Ch 4-S and DS. These effects are reversed, except for the sulfation of DS45b, when the irradiated animals also ingest vitamin E.
Space-charge-dominated mass spectrometry ion sources: Modeling and sensitivity.

The factors determining the sensitivity of space-charge-dominated (SCD) unipolar ion sources, such as electrospray (ESP) and corona atmospheric pressure ionization (API) have been studied theoretically. The most important parameters are the ion density and ion drift time in the vicinity of the sampling orifice. These are obtained by solving a system of differential equations, “the space-charge problem.” For some simple geometries, analytical solutions are known. For a more realistic “needle-in-can” geometry, a solution to the space-charge problem was obtained using a finite-element method. The results illustrate some general characteristics of SCD ion sources. It is shown that for typical operating conditions the minimum voltage required to overcome the space-charge effect in corona API or ESP ion sources constitutes a dominant or significant fraction of total applied voltage. Further, the electric field and the ion density in the region of the ion-sampling orifice as well as the ion residence time in the source are determined mainly by the space charge. Finally, absolute sensitivities of corona API ion sources were calculated by using a geometry-independent treatment of space charge.
Interaction of hemoglobin with band 3: A review

The oxygen transport protein hemoglobin interacts specifically and reversibly with the red cell membrane. pH and ionic strength dependence of these interactions indicate their electrostatic nature. The anion transport protein band 3 has been implicated as the protein to which hemoglobin binds. Hemoglobin, aldolase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase have a similar pH and ionic strength dependence in binding to 23K fragment. The three compete for the same amino-terminal 23 residue sequence region of band 3. The binding site is a highly acidic segment without any positive charge. We have recently determined the sequence of amino-terminal 23K fragment of band 3. There is a remarkable internal sequence homology between the first eleven and next eleven residues in this sequence region. Biophysical measurements in this sequence region. Biophysical measurements have revealed that 23K is a tetramer under physiological conditions. The implications of this structure of 23K is discussed with respect to the interaction of band 3 with the red cell cytoskeleton.
Federal Labor-Management Relations Reforms Under Bush Enlightened Management or Quest for Control?

The Bush administration is promoting radical change to the labor-management relations status quo in the federal sector. Provisions of the 1978 Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute already leave the federal employee unions in a disadvantageous position vis-a-vis management. The changes by President Bush would tip the balance of power even further in favor of management. Are those changes an attempt to expand presidential control over the bureaucracy, or do they simply represent an alternative, promanagement philosophy of workplace relations? The conclusion here is that Bush has adopted a political management model of governance in which operational considerations are subordinate to control considerations.
Flexible OLED display development: Strategy and status

— In this paper, the current status of flexible OLED (FOLED®) display development will be reviewed, including previous results for passive-matrix displays on plastic and current progress on active-matrix displays on steel foil. The displays incorporate high-efficiency small-molecule phosphorescence OLED (PHOLE™) technology. The ultimate goal is to develop high-information-content high-performance long-lived, and large-area FOLED displays that can be pulled or rolled out from a smaller pen-like housing. The strategy for achieving this goal will be presented.
Enhancement of expressive language in prelingually deaf children with cochlear implants.

Expressive language skills were assessed in two groups of prelingually-deafened children using the Reynell Developmental Language Scales (RDLS). Results from a group of 89 unimplanted subjects prov...
Vitreoretinal toxicity of basic fibroblast growth factor

Basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) is one of the multifunctional growth factors with important therapeutic potential in the field of ophthalmology. It is also implicated in pathogenesis of vitreoretinal proliferative diseases. In the present study, we evaluated its vitreoretinal toxicity by means of clinical observation, electroretinography (ERG), and histopathology after injection of different doses of b-FGF into the vitreous of rabbit eyes. Doses of b-FGF up to 2 μg per eye caused no toxicity; however, injection of 4 μg or more resulted in sight-threatening vitreoretinal proliferative changes. This information is important for studies aimed at evaluating the therapeutic potential of b-FGF in retinal diseases.
The Cognitive Science of Spreadsheet Errors: Why Thinking is Bad

Research has long shown that spreadsheet developers are 96% to 99% accurate when they enter information into spreadsheet cells. For large spreadsheets, unfortunately, a cell error rate of 1% to 6% will almost certainly lead to incorrect results. Can cell error rates (CERs) really be this high? General human error research has shown that when humans do simple but nontrivial cognitive tasks, they inevitably have comparable error rates. The problem is that human cognitive mechanisms have evolved to "gamble" in a way that will be correct nearly all of the time but that will fail a few percent of the time. Furthermore, our brain hides its inaccuracy from us, leaving us to believe strongly in the correctness of our work despite the presence of errors. This paper looks at cognitive science aspects of spreadsheet error commission. A subsequent paper will look at spreadsheet error detection.
Ovarian estrogen acts to feminize the female rat's corpus callosum.

Abstract The rat corpus callosum (CC) is sexually dimorphic, with the male CC being larger. Ovariectomy (Ovx) on day 12 has been shown to eliminate this sex difference, with callosal values of Ovx females approaching those of male controls. This suggested that postnatal ovarian estrogen affects the size of the female CC. In the present experiment, one group of female rats received Ovx on day 12, and a second group received Ovx followed by chronic implantation of a silastic tube containing β-estradiol on day 25. Unmanipulated males and sham females served as controls. Examination of the CC at 110 days confirmed our prior findings that males have larger callosa than females and that the Ovx group had increased CC's compared to sham controls. Our new finding was that estrogen treatment was capable of reversing the effects of Ovx. Ovx + estrogen-treated females had decreased CC size as compared to Ovx alone. Indeed, they also had smaller CC values than control females. These findings indicate that ovarian estrogen plays a role in determining CC morphology and that estrogen in the female acts to inhibit overall callosal growth as measured by changes in gross callosal size.
Treatment of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder: the impact of comorbidity

A significant percentage of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have comorbid, associated problems, such as learning disabilities, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and internalizing disorders. However, it will be argued that comorbid diagnoses are not useful in treatment planning. In order to effectively treat the problematic behaviours associated with these comorbidities, clinicians must systematically assess for the impairment related to these comorbidities and implement treatment aimed to reduce impaired functioning and increase competencies in important functional domains. Clinicians who utilize this approach will find (1) that diagnosis matters little for treatment planning, while functional impairment matters a great deal, and (2) that the systematic application of behaviour modification principles improves functioning across diagnostic categories. A case study of a multiply comorbid child with ADHD is presented to illustrate effective treatment for ADHD and comorbid disorders. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New, More Flexible Mechanism and Method of Liposuction

. We present a new system for liposuction, formed from a blend of presently existing and simple parts. It is free of the mechanical breakdown problems and is not nearly as tiring as the recently developed “syringe-cannula-only” system. The system has other benefits that will be described. We will also discuss the full use of this simple instrument so that it may be mastered immediately by the reader. Because it is a major improvement over the “syringe-cannula-only” method, we expect this system to see vast clinical utility in the future. Now every physician who is appropriately trained can perform an efficient liposuction without expensive machinery, exhaustion, or fear of a mechanical breakdown.
Conformational stability, r0 structural parameters, and vibrational assignments of mono-substituted cyclobutanes: fluorocyclobutane.

Abstract Variable temperature (−55 to −100 °C) studies of the infrared spectra (3500–400 cm −1 ) of fluorocyclobutane, c-C 4 H 7 F, dissolved in liquid xenon have been carried out as well as the infrared spectra of the gas. By utilizing eight pairs of conformers at 10 different temperatures, the enthalpy difference between the more stable equatorial conformer and the axial form has been determined to be 496 ± 40 cm −1 (5.93 ± 0.48 kJ/mol). The percentage of the axial conformer present at ambient temperature is estimated to be 8 ± 1%. The ab initio MP2(full) average predicted energy difference from a variety of basis sets is 732 ± 47 cm −1 (9.04 ± 0.44 kJ/mol) and the average value of 602 ± 20 cm −1 from density functional theory predictions by the B3LYP method are significantly larger than the experimentally determined enthalpy value. By utilizing previously reported microwave rotational constants for the equatorial and axial conformers combined with ab initio MP2(full)/6-311+G(d,p) predicted structural values, adjusted r 0 parameters have been obtained. The determined heavy atom structural parameters for the equatorial [axial] conformer are: distances (A) C–F = 1.383(3) [1.407(3)], C α –C β = 1.543(3) [1.546(3)], C β –C γ = 1.554(3) [1.554(3)] and angles (°) ∠C α C β C γ = 85.0(5) [89.2(5)], ∠C β C α C β = 89.3(5) [89.2(5)], ∠F–(C β C α C β ) = 117.4(5) [109.2(5)] and a puckering angle of 37.4(5) [20.7(5)]. The conformational stabilities, harmonic force fields, infrared intensities, Raman activities, depolarization ratios and vibrational frequencies have been obtained for both conformers from MP2(full)/6-31G(d) ab initio calculations and compared to experimental values where available. The results are discussed and compared to the corresponding properties of some other monosubstituted cyclobutanes with halogen and pseudo-halogen substituents.
Red cell alloimmunization in multitransfused HLA‐typed patients

The authors studied retrospectively the formation of clinically significant red cell (RBC) alloantibodies in 958 HLA-typed, multiply transfused patients receiving kidney (603 patients) or liver (263 patients) transplants or plateletpheresis transfusions (92 patients). RBC alloantibodies were found in 91 (9.5%) of these patients and multiple antibodies in 35 (3.7%). Rh (D, C, c, and E) antibodies accounted for 49 percent of the total and Kell antibodies for 31 percent. Antibodies were found in 15 percent of apheresis recipients and in 8.6 percent of renal and 9.5 percent of liver transplantation patients. No association was found between any HLA-A, HLA-B, or HLA-DR phenotype and the presence of RBC alloantibodies, either in general or when analyzed according to the specific antibody. Renal transplant patients with RBC alloantibodies were somewhat more broadly HLA-alloimmunized than were those without RBC alloantibodies. Patient gender did not affect these results. The authors concluded that the immune response to RBC alloantigens is independent of HLA type but is associated with an increased level of HLA antibody formation.
Fluorescein-specific hybridomas derived from primary mice exhibit more stringent growth requirements than do hybrids from pre-immune animals.

Abstract Although the generation of antigen-specific hybridoma cell lines from animals which have been multiply immunized is now a routine procedure, the derivation of hybridomas following a single in vivo antigen injection has proven to be much more difficult to accomplish. We show that the addition of an interleukin-containing supernatant derived from rat spleen cells which have been stimulated with concanavalin A (ConA SN) to hybrids after the initial cloning step results in the consistently successful isolation of IgM anti-fluorescein specific hybridomas. However, addition of the same supernatant to fused cultures simultaneously with the addition of the HAT selection medium results in the loss of growing cells In contrast to the situation with primary hybridomas, the growth of secondary hybridomas is inhibited by the addition of ConA SN at the cloning step. Following successful cloning, there is a time-dependent variation in the sensitivity of all cell lines to ConA SN.
X-band silicon double-drift IMPATT diodes using multiple epitaxy

Silicon double-drift IMPATT diodes made by consecutive epitaxial deposition have been fabricated successfully. Output power in excess of 1.7 W with 10-percent efficiency was obtained at X band.
Effects of noise and difficulty level of input information in auditory, visual, and audiovisual information processing.

Szimmary.-To examine the effects of noise in auditory (A), visual (V), and audiovisual (AV) channels with varying difficulty levels of input information, 192 seventh grade Ss were tested under six conditions: A, V, and AV with and without noise. It was determined that noise had no detrimental effects upon information processing when input was not difficult, only A was significantly deteriorated by the presence of noise, whereas noise seemed to alert Ss in the AV treatment, AV was generally found to be better than A, which in turn was generally better than V, channel difference vanished when input was very difficult. Due to the interfering nature of noise, information processing is less efficient in a noisy channel than in a noiseless one. Noise supposedly deteriorates information processing in every aspect, as ic increases error and equivocation (information loss), and hence reduces communication efficiency. Indeed, "even a small amount of noise thrown into a regularly recurrent pattern seriously interferes with the identification of that regularity" (Bruner, 1964). Some fundamental problems involved here are not necessarily the elirnination of noise, which inevitably occurs in information processing but rather the determination of rhe tolerance level for noise, the most effectively noise-resistant channel, and the redundancy function of securing the safe passage of information through a noisy channel. Conceivably when input information is below the normal information processing rate of a receiver and noise is below the intensity, density, and duration of stimuli, noise would have no effect upon information processing. This may be attributable to the built-in noise filtering capacity in the human informationprocessing mechanism. When input increases, noise begins to exert a decisive effect upon information processing, usually detrimental to information reception, and frequently resulting in loss of information and, to a lesser extent, the emergence of error. Sometimes noise also makes it possible for the more associable and familiar information with a low threshold to be processed first, at the sacrifice of other information. Sometimes varied background noise improves performance (Broadbent, 1964). Both between-channel redundancy, referring to identical information transmitted through both auditory and visual channels, and message redundancy, refer
Framework for Developing a Social Administration Concentration

Abstract Alternative curriculum models for implementing social administration concentrations are useful in Schools of Social Work for selecting options from an array of alternatives. This article presents the conceptual design and framework for developing a concentration in social administration based on a curriculum model that pools knowledge between macro disciplines. Educational outcomes based on this curriculum model focus on training and educating social workers to become incisive, analytical thinkers, as well as skilled practitioners, who can lead, manage, collaborate, and create change in both organizational and community settings. Today's social administrators need to be prepared to assume strong leadership roles in communities and to advocate for social change.
Effects of Witnessing Severe Marital Discord on Children’s Social Competence and Behavioral Problems

This study examines the clinical profile of children who have wit-nessed severe marital discord in comparison with clinic-referred and nonreferred normative children. The study attempts to increase understanding about childhood risk in the areas of behavioral problems and social competence, as well as the relationship of these factors to childhood psychological disorder. The primary question asked whether children who witness marital violence in the home are adversely affected in the areas of social competence and behavioral problems, which include both internalizing and externalizing behaviors. The results indicate that the witnessing group of children has lower social competence, has more behavior problems, and exhibits more internalizing and externalizing behaviors than the comparative normative sample.
When one cannot not communicate: A challenge to motley's traditional communication postulates

In a recent article, Motley (1990) challenges the popular axiom that one cannot not communicate by advancing five postulates from a sender perspective. From this perspective, communication is intentional, is interactive, is encoded, requires symbols, and has a fidelity dimension. After detailing nine possible types of communication, the present article offers a receiver perspective, concluding that scholars should be interested in at least six types of communication. The receiver perspective holds that communication can be unintentional, noninteractive, and symptomatic, spontaneous, and nonsymbolic, and without a fidelity requirement. Implications of these perspectives for the study of communication are provided.
Strain accumulation north of Los Angeles, California, as a function of time, 1977-1992

No significant change in the rate of strain accumulation in a 40×120 km trilateration network spanning the San Gabriel mountains was observed from 1977.5 to 1991.8 despite an apparent increase in seismicity (ML > 4.5) beginning in late 1987 in the northern Los Angeles basin immediately to the south. The observed deformation (0.13±0.01 µstrain/yr right-lateral shear across a vertical plane striking N63°W±1°) can be attributed to strain accumulation on the San Andreas fault (local strike N65°W). No significant accumulation of compression normal to the strike of the San Andreas fault was observed in the network as a whole.
Comparison of Effective Direct and Converse Magnetoelectric Effects in Laminate Composites

A theoretical analysis is used to prove that a piezoelectric/magnetostrictive laminate composite has equivalent effective direct and converse magnetoelectric (ME) coefficients. Experimentally a PZT/Terfenol-D/PZT trilayer laminate composite was fabricated and both direct and converse ME coefficients were characterized by measuring the magnetic-field-induced polarization and electric-field-induced magnetization. The laminate sample exhibits similar DC magnetic bias dependence and resonance response for both direct and converse ME effects. The magnitudes of effective ME coefficients are of the same order but significantly different and both are smaller than theoretical prediction. This raises the question as to whether these coefficients are equivalent in a layered composite or to the accuracy of ME coefficient data measurement.
A New Method for Estimating Tropical Cyclone Wind Speed Probabilities

The National Hurricane Center (NHC) Hurricane Probability Program (HPP) was implemented in 1983 to estimate the probability that the center of a tropical cyclone would pass within 60 n mi of a set of specified points out to 72 h. Other than periodic updates of the probability distributions, the HPP remained unchanged through2005.Beginningin2006,theHPPproductswerereplacedbythosefromanewprogramthatestimates probabilities of winds of at least 34, 50, and 64 kt, and incorporates uncertainties in the track, intensity, and wind structure forecasts. This paper describes the new probability model and a verification of the operational forecasts from the 2006‐07 seasons. The new probabilities extend to 120 h for all tropical cyclones in the Atlantic and eastern, central, and westernNorthPacificto1008E.Becauseoftheinterdependenceofthetrack,intensity,andstructureforecasts, a Monte Carlo method is used to generate 1000 realizations by randomly sampling from the operational forecast center track and intensity forecast error distributions from the past 5 yr. The extents of the 34-, 50-, and 64-kt winds for the realizations are obtained from a simple wind radii model and its underlying error distributions. Verification results show that the new probability model is relatively unbiased and skillful as measured by the Brier skill score, where the skill baseline is the deterministic forecast from the operational centers converted to a binary probabilistic forecast. The model probabilities are also well calibrated and have high confidence based on reliability diagrams.
A Q-study of game player aesthetics

This article investigates computer-game aesthetics using Q methodology. Four criteria (fantasy, curiosity, challenge, and interactivity) useful in evaluating computer games in past research are isolated. A naturalistic Q-sample of statements based on these criteria are then rank ordered by "frequent" and "accomplished" computer gameplayers. Factor analysis ofthe Q-sort indicates those aesthetics associated with "all games, " "video games, " and "home computer game&" Further results compare video-game aesthetics with home-computer-game aesthetics. Suggestions for further research discuss the advantages of basing game evaluation and criticism on subjective elements ofplay.
The booming scrapbooking market in the USA

Purpose – The interest in scrapbooking across the USA has boomed virtually overnight. Sales have skyrocketed from $500 million in 2000 to $2.5 billion in 2003. Is the interest based on a great deal of scrapbooking hype and investment with little long‐term industry profitability, like the electronics “dot com” boom and bust? Or is there some other scenario developing here?Design/methodology/approach – Data were developed from: a mail survey of 596 scrapbooking hobbyists; discussions with persons in the industry; and an extensive review of the available literature. The mailing yielded a surprising 30 percent return to a lengthy 58‐question instrument. All the respondents were subscribers to a scrapbooking magazine, possibly indicating persons highly involved with the hobby. The analysis focused on a better understanding of the long‐term viability of the scrapbooking market by addressing the questions posed above.Findings – Scrapbooking respondents have a family‐oriented culture, are economically upscale, ar...
Assessing the Impact of Sex Offender Registration and Community Notification On Sex-Offending Trajectories

General public sentiment and anecdotal evidence suggests that sex offenders are highly recidivistic. Furthermore, these similar beliefs have influenced a series of recent policy and legislative changes targeting sex offenders. This study examined the impact of sex offender registration and notification (SORN) on sex offender recidivism among a cohort of Iowa prisoners released prior to SORN and a cohort of Iowa prisoners released post-SORN. Results from semiparametric group-based trajectory models demonstrated that both sex offender samples had similar trajectory groups, that is, one group of nonrecidivist sex offenders, another group of very low-rate sex recidivists, and a small high-rate group of sex recidivists. Study limitations and implications for sex offender registration and community notification systems are also discussed.
Effects of Different Environmental Conditions On Leisure Time Activity of the Severely and Profoundly Handicapped

This study explores the efficacy of three different environmental conditions — Toy Proximity, Modeling, and Instructions plus Modeling — on the independent leisure activity of three severely and profoundly handicapped individuals. The effects of the three different conditions were evaluated in a combination simultaneous treatment design and ABA reversal design with each of the experimental conditions presented in a Latin Square sequence. It was found that each of the three antecedent events resulted in substantially higher levels of independent play than baseline activity. Instructions plus Modeling led to the highest level of independent play while Toy Proximity and Modeling resulted in lower but almost equivalent rates of responding. Implications of this research include more systematic approaches to behavioral assessment and stimulus-fading maintenance strategies in recreation settings.