cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring uncertainty in fisheries stock assessment: the delta method, bootstrap, and MCMC

Fisheries management depends on reliable quantification of uncertainty for decision-making. We evaluate which uncertainty method can be expected to perform best for fisheries stock assessment. The method should generate confidence intervals that are neither too narrow nor too wide, in order to cover the true value of estimated quantities with a probability matching the claimed confidence level. This simulation study compares the performance of the delta method, the bootstrap, and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). A statistical catch-at-age model is fitted to 1000 simulated datasets, with varying recruitment and observation noise. Six reference points are estimated, and confidence intervals are constructed across a range of significance levels. Overall, the delta method and MCMC performed considerably better than the bootstrap, and MCMC was the most reliable method in terms of worst-case performance, for our relatively data-rich scenario and catch-at-age model, which was not subject to substantial model misspecification. All three methods generated too narrow confidence intervals, underestimating the true uncertainty. Bias correction improved the bootstrap performance, but not enough to match the performance of the delta method and MCMC. We recommend using MCMC as the default method for quantifying uncertainty in fisheries stock assessment, although the delta method is the fastest to apply, and the bootstrap is useful to diagnose estimator bias.
How maps change things: a conversation about the maps we choose and the world we want

The MapAware Series, of which this book is the first, is dedicated to “exposing the hidden bias inherent in traditional world maps”. The way we represent the world matters – from where to place edg...
GETTING THE READER TO “I GET IT!”: CLARIFICATION, DIFFERENTIATION AND ILLUSTRATION

This essay discusses the process of developing theory during the review process for conceptual articles. Because conceptual work proceeds from a logic of generation rather than verification, authors and reviewers of conceptual articles face unfamiliar challenges when they are more accustomed to writing or reviewing empirical research.
An internal axis approach for the internal rotation problem in asymmetric-asymmetric molecules: Application to the microwave torsional-rotational spectra of CH2DOH and CHD2OH

Abstract The IAM theory of the previous paper is used to calculate the torsional-rotational term values for CH 2 DOH and CHD 2 OH that have been observed experimentally. The Cal. — Obs. differences are found to contain predominantly rigid rotor terms that cannot be developed from the molecular structure. These terms have their origin in the interaction of internal rotation and rotation with the other vibrations of the molecules. A slightly modified molecular structure, due to the deuterium substitution, is determined for each species from the analysis. The best potential energy coefficients are CH 2 DOH CHD 2 OH V 1 = 8.80 cm −1 V 1 = −9.21 cm −1 V 2 = 2.42 cm −1 V 2 = −2.29 cm −1 V 3 = 373.22 cm −1 V 3 = 373.28 cm −1
Control system applications in wave energy conversion

Significant improvements in the cost-effectiveness of wave energy devices may be possible with successful implementation of active control of device dynamics. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of a number of recent applications of active control in wave energy conversion. Simpler frequency domain control applications including reactive control and latching are examined first. Next the difficulties of time-domain control are outlined, and some recent applications of time-domain control are reviewed. Active control to provide an on-board reaction on deep-water floating devices is considered next. Finally, control of secondary converters is reviewed briefly. The paper concludes with some observations on possible future developments.
Research in Psychotherapy

Research in Psychotherapy is a comprehensive synthesis and assessment of the psychotherapeutic research literature for the use of both researchers and those in clinical practice. It is designed as a general reference work, an instruction guide, and a source of information about specific aspects and problems of research.The book consists of three parts. Part 1 discusses principles and methods of research as they are applied to psychotherapy. It provides general background material and principles to help non-researchers appreciate some of the important problems that are encountered. In Part 2, existing research on the effects of psychotherapy and the determinants and correlates of outcome are clustered and reviewed. Chapters 4 to 7 are concerned strictly with a review and appraisal of controlled studies that were designed to evaluate the effects of psychotherapy. Chapters 8 to 13 deal with a large body of research on various factors associated with therapeutic outcome--method, style, and technique variables; patient, therapist, and time variables. Part 3 is concerned with research on aspects of the therapeutic process and on the effect of many of these same variables on the therapeutic interchange as distinct from the outcome of therapy. Also discussed is research on various therapeutic phenomena and conditions about which so much has been written and so little really known.Research in Psychotherapy was written in the conviction that clinical practice should be influenced by research and that rigorous research that meets acceptable experimental standards can be done on the field of psychotherapy.
Web Slenderness Requirements for Curved Girders

The stress distribution in transversely, and/or longitudinally stiffened cylindrical web panels of horizontally curved girders subjected to an applied moment is studied analytically. Both the membrane state of stress in the plane of the web bending stresses resulting from the curvature of the panel are considered. A simplified model of the web as a series of arches is developed. An approximate solution for the model based on a Rayleigh-Ritz procedure is obtained. The influence of curvature and longitudinal stiffening on the resulting stresses in curved webs is presented. Design recommendations for web depth-to-thickness ratios are established.
Diminished CD3 expression is useful for detecting and enumerating Sézary cells.

We evaluated 44 peripheral blood, bone marrow, and lymph node specimens from 23 patients with the clinical diagnosis or suspicion of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by 4-color flow cytometry for the presence of altered CD3 expression and compared the results with light microscopic evidence of involvement by mycosis fungoides (MF) or Sezary syndrome (SS). In 19 specimens (15 peripheral blood, 3 lymph node, 1 bone marrow) from 6 patients, we noted reduced CD3 expression compared with normal T lymphocytes. Diminished CD3 expression correlated with morphologic evidence of MF/SS cells in all cases, although the enumeration of MF/SS cells differed. Comparison of the enumeration of MF/SS cells in the peripheral blood by CD3+CD7- phenotyping with CD3dim phenotyping suggested that CD3dim phenotyping was the most accurate method for counting MF/SS cells. Therefore, diminished CD3 expression as shown by flow cytometry may be particularly useful for detecting and enumerating MF/SS cells in hematopoietic tissue of patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Tutorial and Survey

This paper illustrates the use of the Box-Jenkins methodology by analyzing the Ohio Electrical Power Consumption time series. The three basic analytical steps discussed are the following: 1) Model identification - by matching sample autocorrelation functions against theoretical autocorrelation functions. 2) Non-linear estimation of parameters - by minimizing the sum of the squared residuals. 3) Diagnostic checking - by analyzing the pattern of the autocorrelation function of the residuals. Regular and adaptive forecasts are then developed using the appropriate model that emerges from the time series analysis.
A neuro-fuzzy tube leak detection system

Proposes a boiler tube leak detection system (TLDS) that uses monitored boiler process variables. The system uses artificial neural networks for learning and fuzzy logic for decision making. Contrary to existing TLDS the proposed design does not require any new instrumentation hardware or maintenance. The system design is discussed. In addition, the performance of the system is analyzed using field data.
International Contract‐Based Migration, Remittances, and Household Well‐Being in the Western Province of Sri Lanka

Contractual temporary international migration has become a major avenue for employment for Sri Lankans. To the extent that this migration is fuelled by demand for relatively low-skilled labour, expansion of this segment of the global labour market can be expected to benefit poor Sri Lankans disproportionately and provide them an unusually swift exit out of poverty. But is this really so? This study employs an innovative sampling design to draw a representative sample of migrant and non-migrant households in the western province of Sri Lanka. Using household survey data, the study examines key demographic correlates of migrants and their families, and computes various types of transactions costs associated with the migration process. Using the Propensity Score Matching method, it assesses the net impact of migration on several measures of household well-being. The study indicates that relatively poor households do in general gain from international contract based migration, but there are also several strong caveats. First, the upfront costs of securing an overseas employment contract and financing migration-related expenses is high, and poor households that are liquidity- or credit-constrained are less likely to take advantage of migration opportunities. Second, many poor households are also less likely have the needed social connections to facilitate effective job search. Consequently, public policy that corrects these market failures would be significantly pro-poor. On the effect of migration, the study finds the cumulative impact of migration and remittance to be significantly positive on key areas such as food consumption, health expenditures, and expenditure on basic non-food goods. Even so, there is substantial scope for integrating remittance transfer with banking services (both savings and loans), not only to reduce the cost of transfers but also to provide remittance recipients wider options to manage this important resource.
Algorithms And TCAD Software Using Parallel Computation

Progress in algorithms and simulators that exploit parallel computers are reported. Results using two generations of the Intel iPSC architecture for device analysis of 2D and 3D bipolar problems are used to illustrate substantial progress being made in parallelization. New approaches in the areas of hydrodynamic and Monte Carlo analysis are also discussed.
Antiferromagnetic Spin Seebeck Effect

We report on the observation of the spin Seebeck effect in antiferromagnetic MnF_{2}. A device scale on-chip heater is deposited on a bilayer of MnF_{2} (110) (30 nm)/Pt (4 nm) grown by molecular beam epitaxy on a MgF_{2} (110) substrate. Using Pt as a spin detector layer, it is possible to measure the thermally generated spin current from MnF_{2} through the inverse spin Hall effect. The low temperature (2-80 K) and high magnetic field (up to 140 kOe) regime is explored. A clear spin-flop transition corresponding to the sudden rotation of antiferromagnetic spins out of the easy axis is observed in the spin Seebeck signal when large magnetic fields (>9 T) are applied parallel to the easy axis of the MnF_{2} thin film. When the magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the easy axis, the spin-flop transition is absent, as expected.
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: An Isolation Order, Public Health Powers, and a Global Crisis

CENTURIES AFTER THE FORMAL CREATION OF QUARantine, the practice continues to evoke concern when implemented to halt the spread of dangerous microbes. Witness the controversy generated by US citizen Andrew Speaker, whom the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) detained and isolated because he was diagnosed with pulmonary disease caused by extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDRTB). Speaker’s case made compelling news, but it also raised questions about the emergence of XDR-TB, the adequacy of public health powers in the United States, and the international dimensions of the XDR-TB threat.
The Laser-Induced Nitrations of Several Hydrocarbons

The Army uses nitrated compounds as explosives and propellants. The ability to selectively nitrate materials is a much-needed process. Laser-induced chemistry possesses the potential to drive some reactions in an efficient and selective manner. Laser-induced chemistry may be useful in driving nitration reactions toward specific products. Reported herein are the results of several successful attempts to laser-induce the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with hydrocarbons of 3,4, and 5 carbons. Specifically, the tunable continuous wave (cw) infrared laser was used to drive the reaction between nitrogen dioxide, NO2, and propane, n-butane, isobutane, and n-pentane. The major products of the reactions were secondary (tertiary in the isobutane reaction) nitrohydrocarbons, of the same chain length as the reacting hydrocarbon. Some short-chain nitrated compounds were also identified. The yield of 2-nitrobutane observed in the nitration of butane is ~20% on the basis of the depletion of NO2. The propane reacted with NO2 to produce mostly 2-nitropropane with a smaller yield of 5-9%. The analogous reaction of pentane produced ~9% of the major product, which is believed to be 2-nitropentane. The isobutane nitration resulted in approximately a 10% yield of 2-methyl-2-nitropropane. The results of these laser-induced reactions are contrasted to the corresponding thermal reactions. The reaction mechanism is also discussed for these two processes.
Intrasubject variability of lower extremity joint moments of force during the stance phase of running

Abstract Intrasubject variability (ISV) of lower extremity joint moments of force (JMF) during the stance phase of running was evaluated. ISV was identified over four time periods: within session (C1), within day (C2), between day (C3) and between week (C4). Six, male runners performed 25 trials on each of 4 sessions from which 10 were randomly selected per session for analysis. Coefficients of variation (CV) and a single subject statistical procedure were used to quantify ISV. Average CVs of 11, 51, 16 and 11% were observed for support, hip, knee and ankle JMFs with larger values in C3 and C4. Statistical results identified 19, 29 and 46% of the comparisons as significant over periods C2–C4, indicating that ISV increased with the time between sessions. The combined results suggested that two test sessions, at least one day apart, provide an accurate assessment of an individual's JMF patterns.
Evidence that adaptation to cold water swim-induced analgesia is a learned response

Controlling for novelty of the test context, the present experiment determined if adaptation to forced cold water swim stress-induced analgesia is learned through Pavlovian conditioning. Following baseline measurement of pain sensitivity, Group A swam in Context A for 3 min and, 8 h later, sat in Context B for 3 min. The conditions were reversed for Group B. All rats were given a tail-withdrawal test immediately after swimming or sitting in each context. On the first test day, conducted 24 h after the completion of the adaptation phase, all rats swam in Context A for 3 min, and tail-withdrawal latencies were immediately obtained after the swim. On the second test day, 24 h later, all rats swam in Context B, with tail-withdrawal latencies measured immediately thereafter. Both groups showed significantly less analgesia when tested in the adaptation context in which they previously swam than in the other context. These data provide strong evidence that adaptation to stress-induced analgesia is a learned response.
The half-cycle sinusoid as an alternative defibrillating waveform in low-energy applications.

The standard Lown-type capacitor discharge waveform was compared with a single half-cycle 60-Hz sinusoid for effectiveness of defibrillation. Both shock types were used in attempts to defibrillate a series of dogs over a range of intensities from that below the minimum required for defibrillation to values well above those which consistently were successful. An on-line computer was used to monitor energy, peak current, and peak voltage of each shock. The results were plotted as percent success vs each parameter and comparisons were made at the 80% level. The half-cycle sinusoid required 18% more energy but 20% less peak current and 15% less peak voltage for 80% probability of success at these intensity levels. These results indicate that the half-cycle 60-Hz sinusoid is a reasonable alternative as a defibrillating waveform for low-energy applications (open chest surgery, some pediatric cases, and small animal applications) where its advantages of waveform unaffected by load impedance, and simplicity of circuit, may be realized.
A model for the development, conduct, and monitoring of multicenter clinical trials in the veterans administration

Abstract In the past 20–30 years, increased interest on the part of biostatisticians and medical investigators has been exhibited in clinical trial research. In the mid-1940's, the Veterans Administration Hospital system was recognized as an ideal environment for the conduct of multicenter clinical trials, with the initiation of a study to determine the effectiveness of chemotherapy in the treatment of tuberculosis, in a joint effort with the United States Armed Forces. This research effort later evolved into what is presently known as the Cooperative Studies Program of the Medical Research Service. Within the past seven years, this program has undergone considerable growth and reorganization. This paper describes a system for the review, operation, and conduct of multicenter clinical research in a wide variety of medical specialty areas. In particular, it stresses the importance of core biostatistical coordinating centers where biostatisticians and other key support personnel constitute an integral part of the planning and development, implementation, conduct, and reporting of many cooperative studies in diverse disciplines. The paper also describes the interaction of various review bodies and a check and balance system to promote sound management and opportunity for the exchange of clinical and biostatistical methodology in the cooperative study setting.
Segmental Ulcerated Perineal Hemangioma of Infancy: A Complex Case of PELVIS Syndrome Successfully Treated Using a Multidisciplinary Approach

We report a case of PELVIS (perineal hemangioma, external genital malformations, lipomyelomeningocele, vesicorenal abnormalities, imperforate anus and skin tag) syndrome in which hemangioma in the perineal area was misdiagnosed at birth as diaper rash. Investigations revealed associated vesicorenal and spinal abnormalities. We emphasize careful diagnosis of suspicious lesions at birth and confirm the successful use of propranolol in treating ulcerated segmental hemangiomas.
Enabling composite applications through an asynchronous shared memory interface

In this work we address the growing need for mechanisms for intranode application composition. We provide a novel shared memory interface that allows composite applications, two or more coupled applications, to share internal data structures without blocking. This allows independent progress of the applications such that they can proceed in a parallel, overlapped fashion. Composite applications using in-node shared memory can reduce the amount of data to be communicated between nodes, allowing data reduction or analytics to be performed locally and in parallel. To validate our approach we implemented our solution in Linux and used two proxy-applications to demonstrate how applications can be coupled and compare the performance to a traditional solution. We also compared the impact of composite applications to the performance of their unmodified versions. Our solution incurs small overhead in HPC Linux environments and significantly outperforms preexisting approaches.
Teaching NeuroImages: Reverberating TCD flow pattern in brain death

A 70-year-old man presented after being found unresponsive at home. Emergent head CT showed bilateral intracranial hemorrhages causing significant mass effect ([figure][1], A). Neurologic examination demonstrated absent brainstem reflexes and no response to noxious stimulation. Apnea testing could
The role of behavior in recent avian extinctions and endangerments

: Understanding patterns of differential extinction and predicting the relative risks of extinction among extant species are among the most important problems in conservation biology. Although recent studies reveal that behavior can be a critical component in many species’ extinctions or endangerments, current approaches to the problem of predicting extinction patterns largely ignore behavior. I reviewed how behavior can affect population persistence and then used recent avian extinctions and endangerments to illustrate behaviors relevant to extinction risk. Behaviors that affect population persistence can be grouped as aggregation, interspecific responses, dispersal, habitat selection, intraspecific behavior, and maladaptive behavior. Behavior that can affect extinction risk is not limited to birds; for example, in many taxonomic groups (vertebrate and invertebrate) there is evidence of socially facilitated reproduction in colonial species, Allee effects on reproductive success and survival, behavioral regulation of population size, and conspecific attraction to breeding sites. Incorporating specific behaviors into models predicting extinction probabilities and patterns should improve their predictions. Resumen: El entendimiento de los patrones de extincion diferencial y la prediccion de riesgos relativos de extincion entre especies existentes se encuentran entre los problemas mas importantes en biologia de la conservacion. A pesar de que recientes estudios revelan que la conducta puede ser un componente critico en muchas extinciones o procesos de amenaza de especies, las aproximaciones actuales a los problemas de prediccion de patrones de extincion ignoran grandemente a la conducta. Revise como la conducta puede afectar la persitencia poblacional y posteriormente use extinciones de aves y procesos de amenaza para ilustrar conductas relevantes a los riesgos de extincion. Las conductas que afectan la persistencia poblacional pueden ser agrupados en agregacion, respuestas interespecificas, dispersion, seleccion de habitat, conducta intraespecifica y conducats maladaptivas. Las conductas que pueden afectar los riesgos de extincion no estan limitadas a las aves, por ejemplo, en muchos grupos taxonomicos (vertebrados e invertebrados) existe evidencia de la reproduccion socialmente facilitada en especies coloniales, efectos en el exito reproductivo y supervivencia, regulacion conductual del tamano poblacional y atraccion coespecifica hacia sitios de reproduccion. La incorporacion de conductas especificas en los modelos de prediccion de patrones y probabilidades de extincion prodria mejorar las predicciones de estos modelos.
On uniform integrability and asymptotically risk-efficient sequential estimation

In the theory of asymptotically risk-efficient sequential estimation, one encounters uniform integrability of both positive and negative powers of stopping rules and moment convergence of randomly stopped statistics. We describe a simple approach to obtain these uniform integrability and moment convergence results, not only in the classical setting of i.i.d. observations but also for much more general stochastic sequences. We also use this approach to establish asymptotic risk efficiency of sequential estimators of means of stochastic sequences and to derive asymptotic approximations for the mean squared errors of ratio estimators.
A Three-Dimensional Simulation of the Hudson–Raritan Estuary. Part II: Comparison with Observation

Abstract Results from a time-dependent, three-dimensional numerical simulation of the Hudson–Raritan estuary are compared with observations. The comparison includes: 1) instantaneous salinity contours across a transect in the estuary; 2) amplitudes and phase of tidal constituents at four tide gauge and five current meter stations, 3) mean currents at nine meter locations, and mean salinity in the Hudson River, 4) kinetic energy spectra; and 5) response to wind forcing of subtidal current at an observational station near the mouth of the estuary. Observations confirm the model's prediction of existence of density advection instabilities induced by differential advection of the three-dimensional density field. These instabilities produce intense vertical mixing and should significantly modify dispersion processes in the estuary. Effects of neap–spring tides on vertical stratifications are also simulated by the model. Simulated M2 phase at three tide gauge stations show improvement over the M2 phases obtaine...
Compton Imaging of MeV Gamma-Rays with the Liquid Xenon Gamma-Ray Imaging Telescope (LXeGRIT)

The Liquid Xenon Gamma-Ray Imaging Telescope (LXeGRIT) is the first realization of a liquid xenon time projection chamber for Compton imaging of MeV γ-ray sources in astrophysics. By measuring the energy deposit and the three spatial coordinates of individual γ-ray scattering points, the location of the source in the sky is inferred with Compton kinematics reconstruction. The angular resolution is determined by the detector's energy and spatial resolutions, as well as by the separation in space between the first and second scattering. The imaging response of LXeGRIT was established with γ-rays from radioactive sources, during calibration and integration at the Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, prior to the 2000 balloon flight mission. In this paper we describe in detail the various steps involved in imaging sources with LXeGRIT and present experimental results on angular resolution and other parameters which characterize its performance as a Compton telescope.
Three-dimensional microstructure characterization of Ag3Sn intermetallics in Sn-rich solder by serial sectioning

Increasing concerns over the environmental and health hazards of Pb–Sn solders, used in electronic packaging, have prompted the need for Pb-free solder alternatives [1–3]. The eutectic Sn–3.5Ag solder system is a potential candidate for replacement of Pb–Sn solder for several reasons, including excellent mechanical properties, improved high temperature resistance compared with the Pb–Sn system, and cost effectiveness when compared with other Pb-free solder alternatives [1–8]. In the Sn–3.5Ag solder system, upon solidification, the eutectic microstructure consists of two phases: a Sn-rich matrix and Ag3Sn intermetallics that form due to the reaction between Sn and Ag [6–8]. Recently, Ochoa et al. [7,8] have determined that cooling rate has a significant effect on intermetallic size and morphology. At relatively fast cooling rates (24 jC/s), a fine distribution of spherical Ag3Sn particles was observed. At slower cooling rates (0.08 jC/s), however, the intermetallic had a needlelike morphology. Thus, to understand the physical, electrical, and mechanical properties of the solder, it is necessary to accurately characterize the intermetallic
Jarid2 is induced by TCR signalling and controls iNKT cell maturation

The transcriptional regulator PLZF controls many of the key effector functions of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells but it is not clear how PLZF itself is regulated. Here, Pereira et al. demonstrate that a methlytransferase Jarid2 regulates PLZF expression and thus controls iNKT cell maturation.
Endothelin association with cultured rat hepatic endothelial cells: functional characterization

Endothelin is a potent vasoactive peptide whose concentration increases in a number of pathophysiological states. In the intact animal, the liver is known to sequester ≈12% of an injected bolus of [125I]endothelin-1 ([125I]ET-1). Endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from rat liver were maintained in culture in order to examine their role in ET sequestration. LECs were shown to express predominantly ETB receptors both by association assays and by Northern blot analysis. In these cells the reaction between [125I]ET-1 and its receptor was essentially irreversible. Ligand binding experiments performed at 4°C showed that LECs in early culture (≈3 h) had 4.3±0.8 fmol of ET receptors per 106 cells; this number fell progressively to ≤1 fmol/106 cells during 24 h of culture. The decrease in receptor numbers could be blocked by maintaining the cells at 4°C. Northern blot analysis showed that relative to freshly isolated cells, mRNA for the ETB receptor decreased 4-fold in early culture, and recovered somewhat at 24 h. At 37°C [125I]ET-1 bound by the cells was rapidly internalized, with concomitant down-regulation of ET receptors. Recovery of down-regulated ET receptors was sensitive to cycloheximide, making short-term receptor recycling unlikely. Metabolism of [125I]ET-1 was low at short (<4 h) exposure times, and at 24 h showed a concentration dependence similar to that of ligand association, suggesting that ET-1 metabolism primarily was intracellular. ET stimulation of Kupffer cells and other hepatic cell types is known to activate phosphoinositide signaling, but no such activation was seen in LECs. Moreover, ET did not appear to stimulate protein tyrosine kinase activity in LECs. While hepatic LECs may lack some of the ET-dependent responses seen in other cell types, they likely contribute substantially to the liver's previously reported ability to sequester systemically administered ET.
Penta- and hexaruthenium carbonyl 'raft' complexes supported by monocarborane cage ligands.

Reaction between [PPh4][closo-4-CB 8 H 9 ] and [Ru 3 (CO) 12 ] in refluxing toluene affords the unprecedented hexaruthenium metallacarborane salt [PPh4][2,3,7-{Ru(CO) 3 }-2,6,11-{Ru(CO)3}-7,11,12-{Ru(CO)3}-3,6,12-(μ-H)3-2,2,7,7,11,11-(CO) 6 -closo-2,7,11,1-Ru 3 CB 8 H 6 ] (1a), which contains a planar Ru 6 'raft' supported by a {CB 8 } monocarborane cluster. Addition of [CuCl(PPh 3 )] 4 and TI[PF 6 ] to a CH 2 Cl 2 solution of 1a results in simple cation replacement, forming the analogous [Cu(PPh 3 ) 3 ] + salt (1b). The phenyl-substituted monocarborane [NEt4][6-Ph-nido-6-CB 9 H 11 ] reacts with [Ru 3 (CO) 12 ] in refluxing 1,2-dimethoxyethane to afford the pentaruthenium cluster species [N(PPh 3 ) 2 ]-[2,3,7-{Ru(CO)3}-3,4,8-{Ru(CO)3}-7,8-(μ-H)2-1-Ph-2,2,3,3,4,4-(CO)6-hypercloso-2,3,4,1-Ru 3 CB 8 H 6 ] (2), after addition of [N(PPh 3 )2]Cl. Treatment of 2 with [CuCl(PPh 3 )] 4 and TI[PF 6 ] in CH 2 Cl 2 forms the zwitterionic complex [10,12-{exo-Cu(PPh3)2}-2,3,7-{Ru(CO)3}-3,4,8-{Ru(CO)3}-7,8,10,12-(μ-H)4-1-Ph-2,2,3,3,4,4-(CO)6-hyperctoso-2,3,4,1-Ru 3 -CB 8 H 4 ] (3). Substitution of CO by PPh 3 with concomitant cation replacement occurs on introduction of [Aucl(PPh 3 )], Tl[PF 6 ], and PPh 3 to a CH 2 Cl 2 solution of 2, forming [Au(PPh3)2][2,3,7-{Ru(CO)2PPh3}-3,4,8-{Ru(CO)2PPh3}-7,8-(μ-H)2-1-Ph-2,2,3,3,4,4-(CO)6-hyperc/oso-2,3,4,1-Ru 3 CB 8 H 6 ] (4). Crystallographic studies confirmed the cluster architectures in 1b, 2, and 3.
A Stochastic Approach for Radiative Exchange in Enclosures With Directional-Bidirectional Properties

Application du concept de chaines de Markov multiples a l'etude des problemes de transfert de chaleur radiatif. Methode stochastique de calcul
Measurement of Urinary Gonadotropins Using Immuno-fluorometric Assay

Urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations were determined by immuno-fluorometric assay (IFMA) and compared with the values determined by immuno-radiometric assay (IRMA). The results of gel chromatography of urine suggested that in IFMA immunoreactive LH consisted of both intact LH and LH β-subunit, while the immunoreactive LH in IRMA was mainly intact LH. In LH measurement, IFMA was much more sensitive than IRMA. Good correlations were observed between urinary gonadotropin concentrations corrected by urinary creatinine in first morning voided urine and mean serum gonadotropin concentrations during the first three hours of sleep.The reference ranges of urinary gonadotropins in school children aged 6-17 were determined, and the change of urinary gonadotropin concentrations according to pubertal development was investigated in normal short children. Urinary LH levels and urinary LH/FSH ratios in IFMA increased 20-fold according to age and were useful in estimating pubertal development.Urinary LH and FSH measurement by IFMA is simple and noninvasive, and therefore will be suitable for investigating gonadotropin secretion in normal and abnormal pubertal development.
A nation's parks: failure and success in Fascist nature conservation

Nature conservation is a complex venture, with a great impact, among other things, on local and national power relationships. Nature conservation also depends on a wide set of variables to determine any one planned initiative's long-term success or failure. This article explores what made the difference between success and failure in the history of nature conservation under Mussolini's regime. Many parks were planned in those years in Italy, but only a handful were effectively instituted. This essay will address the following questions: What were the reasons behind the planning and creation of these national parks? What was the role of Fascist ideology in determining the long-term success of a park proposal? Was there anything specifically Fascist in Italian nature conservation in the 1920s and 1930s? Which other variables impacted on the involved decision-making processes?
Thermodynamics and Evolution

The science of thermodynamics is concerned with understanding the properties of inanimate matter in so far as they are determined by changes in temperature. The Second Law asserts that in irreversible processes there is a uni-directional increase in thermodynamic entropy, a measure of the degree of uncertainty in the thermal energy state of a randomly chosen particle in the aggregate. The science of evolution is concerned with understanding the properties of populations of living matter in so far as they are regulated by changes in generation time. Directionality theory, a mathematical model of the evolutionary process, establishes that in populations subject to bounded growth constraints, there is a uni-directional increase in evolutionary entropy, a measure of the degree of uncertainty in the age of the immediate ancestor of a randomly chosen newborn. This article reviews the mathematical basis of directionality theory and analyses the relation between directionality theory and statistical thermodynamics. We exploit an analytic relation between temperature, and generation time, to show that the directionality principle for evolutionary entropy is a non-equilibrium extension of the principle of a uni-directional increase of thermodynamic entropy. The analytic relation between these directionality principles is consistent with the hypothesis of the equivalence of fundamental laws as one moves up the hierarchy, from a molecular ensemble where the thermodynamic laws apply, to a population of replicating entities (molecules, cells, higher organisms), where evolutionary principles prevail.
Educational gaps among healthcare providers: an institution needs assessment to improve pain management for postsurgical patients.

Objective: Nurses should be educated in pain management because they are more likely than other healthcare professionals to educate patients about their pain. The authors sought to identify the knowledge gaps in postoperative pain management among postsurgical nursing staff and the existence of institutional policies and educational programs to support them in delivering optimal pain management services. Setting: Academic hospital. Participants: Two hundred seventy-seven registered nurses, nurse practitioners, nurse managers, physician assistants, and other health professionals. Interventions: Nurses participated in an online, anonymous survey that consisted of 43 questions in two broad categories: (1) knowledge and attitudes about pain management and (2) institutional pain management and assessment. Main Outcome Measure: Knowledge base of surgical nursing staff regarding postoperative pain management. Results: The overall mean knowledge score was 44.84 percent, with the highest percent of correct answers in the cancer pain category (54.03 percent). Recognition of signs and symptoms of pain had the lowest correct response rate (40.91 percent). Forty-nine percent of respondents reported that pain management protocols tailored to the specific population treated were available, 42 percent reported that patient pain education was always performed, 29 percent reported that they received regular training about pain management, and 17 percent had access to national pain management guidelines. Conclusion: The survey results demonstrate general gaps in pain management knowledge among nurses, particularly in recognizing signs and symptoms of pain. This work may guide the development of programs that improve postoperative pain management by increasing the frequency of nurses' pain education and improving the availability of pain-related policies and protocols.
Using computerized clinical nursing data bases for nursing research

Computerized clinical nursing data bases (CCNDBs) have significant potential as sources of data for research on the processes and outcomes of nursing care. The emergence of nurse-managed practice sites, in which patient care is driven predominately by nurses' decisions, has prompted renewed interest in using data from these practices to answer questions that are important to nurses. The purpose of this article is to articulate strategies for using CCNDBs for nursing research. Recognition of the differences between clinical and research data bases is essential. The steps involved in obtaining and using computerized clinical data can be grouped into three phases: (1) locating and accessing CCNDBs, (2) assessing the content and quality of the data, and (3) extracting and analyzing the data. Processes involved in phase 1 include determining the research question, identifying eligible CCNDBs, negotiating access to the CCNDB, and ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of subjects. In phase 2 the processes include determining the content of the candidate CCNDBs, assessing the quality of the data in candidate CCNDBs, and determining the technical usability of data in candidate CCNDBs. Phase 3 involves mapping CCNDB data elements to research variables; determining data and record selection criteria; writing and implementing a query to select the desired records; designing a data base and record structure for research variables; performing analytic procedures on the research data; and reporting results of the research. Phases and procedures are discussed in detail in the article.
Research on the Nature and Determinants of Marital Satisfaction: A Decade in Review

Scientific study of marital satisfaction attracted widespread attention in the 1990s from scholars representing diverse orientations and goals. This article highlights key conceptual and empirical advances that have emerged in the past decade, with particular emphasis on (a) interpersonal processes that operate within marriage, including cognition, affect, physiology, behavioral patterning, social support, and violence; (b) the milieus within which marriages operate, including microcontexts (e.g., the presence of children, life stressors and transitions) and macrocontexts (e.g., economic factors, perceived mate availability); and (c) the conceptualization and measurement of marital satisfaction, including 2-dimensional, trajectory-based, and social-cognitive approaches. Notwithstanding the continued need for theoretical progress in understanding the nature and determinants of marital satisfaction, we conclude by calling for more large-scale longitudinal research that links marital processes with sociocultural contexts, for more disconfirmatory than confirmatory research, and for research that directly guides preventive, clinical, and policy-level interventions.
Preparation and characterization of copper(ii) oxide single crystals by chemical vapor transport

Abstract Single crystals of copper(II) oxide were grown by chemical vapor transport using tellurium(IV) chloride and hydrogen chloride as transport agents. Hydrogen chloride provided better transport resulting in larger crystals. The crystals were characterized by x-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity. Crystals grown using TeCl 4 as a transport agent were p-type semiconductors with ϱ = 1300 Ω- cm at 25°C and an activation energy of 0.11 eV. Crystals grown using HCl had ϱ > 10 6 Ω- cm .
Technomobility in China: Young migrant women and mobile phones

Cara Wallis, New York, New York University Press, 2013, US$45 (soft), 288pp. The rapid diffusion of new information and communication technologies (ICTs), such as mobile phones, provides researcher...
Efficient model-based dummy-fill OPC correction flow for deep sub-micron technology nodes

Dummy fill insertion is a necessary step in modern semiconductor technologies to achieve homogeneous pattern density per layer. This benefits several fabrication process steps including but not limited to Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP), Etching, and Packaging. As the technology keeps shrinking, fill shapes become more challenging to pattern and require aggressive model based optical proximity correction (MBOPC) to achieve better design fidelity. MBOPC on Fill is a challenge to mask data prep runtime and final mask shot count which would affect the total turnaround time (TAT) and mask cost. In our work, we introduce a novel flow that achieves a robust and computationally efficient fill handling methodology during mask data prep, which will keep both the runtime and shot count within their acceptable levels. In this flow, fill shapes undergo a smart MBOPC step which improves the final wafer printing quality and topography uniformity without degrading the final shot count or the OPC cycle runtime. This flow is tested on both front end of line (FEOL) layers and backend of line (BEOL) layers, and results in an improved final printing of the fill patterns while consuming less than 2% of the full MBOPC flow runtime.
Haptoglobin Levels in Serum of Various Strains of Mice

Only a single type of haptoglobin was found in the serum of 11 strains of mice, but there were wide variations between strains with respect to the amount of haptoglobin found. In the AKR and C3H strains, in which haptoglobin was low or absent, various agents stimulated production of high levels of haptoglobin. Serum haptoglobin rose in association with the development of leukemia in AKR mice, but remained low when C3H mice developed mammary tumors.
Expression of somatostatin receptors 3, 4, and 5 in mouse kidney proximal tubules

Expression of somatostatin receptors 3, 4, and 5 in mouse kidney proximal tubules. Background Systemic infusion of somatostatin (SRIF) induces many physiological changes in human and rodent kidneys, including alterations in glomerular filtration, solute transport, and water clearance. Although somatostatin can bind to five different G-protein coupled receptors (SSTRs), only SSTR1 and SSTR2A proteins have been described convincingly in rat and/or human kidneys. Both are expressed primarily in collecting ducts, despite clear evidence that somatostatin also can bind to proximal tubules. Our aim was to characterize the expression of somatostatin receptors three to five in adult mouse kidneys. Methods Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed followed by Southern blotting on mouse kidney RNA for SSTR3, SSTR4, and SSTR5. Immunohistochemistry and dual-labeling immunofluorescence also were performed to localize the receptors in the kidney. Results Messenger RNA was detected for somatostatin receptors 3 to 5 in the mouse kidney by RT-PCR, with confirmation by Southern blotting. By immunohistochemistry and dual-labeling immunofluorescence, the proteins for all three receptors were abundantly expressed, but exclusively localized to the proximal tubules. SSTR3 was present in intracellular granules, while SSTR4 and SSTR5 were expressed on the lumenal membranes of the tubules. Conclusions Expression of SSTR3, SSTR4, and SSTR5 in mouse proximal tubules complements the expression of SSTR1 and SSTR2 in collecting ducts as seen in other species. Taken together, the kidney is one of few organs expressing all five somatostatin receptors outside of the nervous system and pancreas.
Sexual experience and drinking among women in a U.S. national survey.

A 1981 national survey of 917 women provided rates of major sexual experiences and dysfunctions for the entire sample and across alcohol abstention/consumption categories. Most women drinkers (heavier drinkers most often) reported that drinking lessens sexual inhibition and helps them feel close to others; only 8% reported becoming less particular in sexual partner choice, 22% more sexually assertive, but over half (60%) had been targets of other drinkers' sexual aggression. On a sexual dysfunction index combining lifetime lack of sexual interest, lifetime lack or low frequency of orgasm with a partner, and vaginismus, moderate drinkers scored significantly lower than lighter and heavier drinkers. The heaviest drinking women had the highest rates of lifetime sexual disinterest and lack of orgasm with a partner. "Temporary abstainers" (who drank in the past 12 months but not the last 30 days) also had elevated sexual dysfunction rates, particularly those with substantial drinking histories. Several nontraditional sexual behaviors were correlated with heavier drinking, which was also related to morally liberal sexual attitudes. The study's findings may show the effects of a generalized moral value framework in which one large portion of the nation's population, especially females, is subject to pervasive proscriptions of behavioral, including their drinking and sexuality, while others vary in the freedom they find to drink and be sexual. More suppressed traditional sexuality occurs more frequently with lighter drinking and abstention, as is also true of sexual dysfunction. At heavier drinking levels suppressed and dysfunctional sexuality and heavy drinking may be both cause and consequence in a vicious circle, sometimes escaped by temporary or lasting abstention.
Towards the Dynamical Origin of the Oligomeric Plasticity of RNA-Associated Sm Assemblies

Sm proteins are a family of ancient, structurally-conserved RNA-binding proteins. Bacterial Sm proteins self-assemble as homo-hexamers with broad RNA processing function; eukaryotic Sm proteins form hetero-heptamers that act in specific RNA-associated pathways. Archaeal Sm proteins have been found to assemble into hexamers, heptamers, and octamers. This degree of oligomeric plasticity is uniquely puzzling, given the 3D structural conservation of Sm monomers. We are exploring this unusual heterogeneity starting at the monomer level, using molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the conformational properties of Sm subunits and then rings, with the goal of elucidating the origin of this oligomeric plasticity. An Sm paralog from the thermophilic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus is known to alter its oligomeric state based on solution pH and the presence of RNA, making it a particularly interesting system for our atomistic simulations. Here we report the first steps in characterizing the dynamical nature of the Sm fold, in isolation and as part of macromolecular complexes.