cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Total Absorption Ge(Li) Gamma Ray Spectrometer

A configuration of a large Ge(Li) detector has been developed which suppresses single, local interactions, particularly Compton scatterings. The peripheral n+ contact of a coaxial detector is split into two or more segments, and events are recorded from the central p contact if signals are coincidentally present on two segments of the n+ contact. A sum signal is derived from the central p contact through a high resolution preamplifier, and individual localization signals are taken from each segment of the n+ contact through simple voltage-sensitive preamplifiers. The maximum sensitivity of the system lies between 300 and 1300 keV where the Compton crosssection is dominant and many Compton scattered ?-rays are not sufficiently energetic to escape. The total absorption mode achieves about 20% of the photopeak efficiency of the detector operated in the normal singles mode. An increase in the ratio of the full energy peaks to the Compton continuum of 10:1 is found for 60Co ?-rays, and it is significantly greater for ?-rays of less than 1 MeV. The use of internal detector summing of the linear signal eliminates the need for complicated external preamplifier gain adjustment and stability. Capacitively coupled, voltage-sensitive preamps on each n+ segment add negligible noise and reduce the sum signal-to-noise ratio only to the extent that the input shunt capacitance used reduces the sum signal level by about 10%. Thus, a 30 cc split n+ detector yields 3.9 keV 60Co resolution in the coincidence mode compared with 3.5 keV when both n+ segments are grounded.
Conceptualizing Child Sexual Abuse in Interpersonal Context: Recovery of People, Not Memories

The controversy regarding delayed recall of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has deflected> attention from the question of whether memory recovery and other trauma-focused treatment approaches are effective for abuse survivors. More than a decade of clinical experience has convinced many experts that as a primary treatment strategy, this approach often leads to decompensation among CSA survivors. However, few treatment alternatives have been clearly articulated. One such alternative, contextual therapy, is grounded in evidence that many CSA survivors grow up in an interpersonal context that fails to transmit the capacities needed for effective daily functioning. Contextual therapy retains trauma-focused interventions as one component of a broader framework aimed at helping survivors develop adaptive capacities that, rather than having been disrupted by trauma, may never have been attained in the first place. From this perspective, abuse trauma is seen as compounding these deficits, rather than as a sole cause of them.
The Nature of the Compensatory Response to Low Thyroid Hormone in the Developing Brain

Thyroid hormone is essential for normal brain development, although the degree to which the developing brain is sensitive to small perturbations in serum thyroxin is not clear. An important concept related to this is that the developing brain possesses potent mechanisms to compensate for low serum thyroid hormone, and this concept is routinely employed in discussions concerning clinical treatments or public health. However, experimental studies have not directly tested whether (or the degree to which) putative compensatory mechanisms can ameliorate the consequences of small reductions in serum thyroxin (T(4)). To formally test this concept, we employed a model of graded T(4) reductions using doses of propylthiouracil (PTU) that were 200- to 67-fold lower than the dose traditionally used to produce hypothyroidism in rats. PTU produced a stepwise decrease in serum total T(4), and a stepwise increase in serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), in type 2 deiodinase mRNA expression and enzyme activity in the brain, and in the expression of the mRNA encoding the tri-iodothyronine (T(3)) transporter MCT8 in the postnatal day (P) 15 cortex. However, the mRNA encoding RC3/neurogranin, a direct target of T(3) action, exhibited a strong negative linear correlation with serum total T(4) despite these adaptive responses. In addition, single-cell analysis of RC3 mRNA levels in cortical neurones demonstrated that the co-expression of MCT8 did not alter the relationship between RC3 mRNA and serum T(4). These findings do not support the currently envisioned concept of the developing brain being capable of compensating for low T(4).
Differences in the Nonword Repetition Performance of Children With and Without Specific Language Impairment: A Meta-Analysis

Purpose This study presents a meta-analysis of the difference in nonword repetition performance between children with and without specific language impairment (SLI). The authors investigated variability in the effect sizes (i.e., the magnitude of the difference between children with and without SLI) across studies and its relation to several factors: type of nonword repetition task, age of SLI sample, and nonword length. Method The authors searched computerized databases and reference sections and requested unpublished data to find reports of nonword repetition tasks comparing children with and without SLI. Results Children with SLI exhibited very large impairments in nonword repetition, performing an average (across 23 studies) of 1.27 standard deviations below children without SLI. A moderator analysis revealed that different versions of the nonword repetition task yielded significantly different effect sizes, indicating that the measures are not interchangeable. The second moderator analysis found no a...
Converging Competitors? Board Interlocks in the Changing Media Landscape

Today, many media corporations are linked together through interlocking boards of directors. Are these interlocks legal, especially in an ever-converging media environment? This study of interlocks finds that over 40% of leading media corporations are interlocked with another leading media company. The majority of these interlocks are legal under current media conditions, but that may change as media formats converge. In addition, the legality of 2 board interlocks is questioned and discussed.
Vascular volume dynamics during ergometer exercise at different menstrual phases

Five female Caucasians performed cycle ergometer exercise in a hot environment (32‡ C dry bulb, 30‡ C wet bulb) both early in the follicular phase and in the middle of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. During each menstrual phase, the exercise was performed once following hyper-hydration and once after 24-h fluid deprivation. More rapid increases in hemoglobin concentration and osmoconcentration, as well as decreases in plasma volume, were observed during exercise in the follicular phase, more notably following hypohydration. The data suggest that the phase of the menstrual cycle as well as the preexercise fluid status of the subject may be important determinants of vascular volume dynamics during exercise.
ECOLOGICAL AND POPULATION STUDIES OF FIDDLER CRABS (OCYPODIDAE, GENUS UCA) ON A MANGROVE SHORE AT PHUKET ISLAND, WESTERN PENINSULAR THAILAND

Substrate characteristics, particularly grain size, and to a lesser extent presence or absence of mangrove vegetation, temperature, and tidal wetting, affect distribution, density, and sympatric associations of fiddler crabs, Uca forcipata, U. urvillei, U. vocans, U. triangularis, and U. lactea, on a mangrove shore on Phuket Island, western peninsular Thailand. Density of the small U. lactea was greater than that of the larger U. forcipata, U. urvillei, and U. vocans, and densities of sympatric species greater when the species involved differed markedly in size. Findings provide evidence suggesting interspecific competitive pressures exist between U. urvillei and U. lactea in substrates suited to both, the former restricting the density of the latter. Distances are greater between males' burrows intraspecifically (U. lactea) and interspecifically than between males' and females' burrows. Larger individual male U. vocans and U. lactea predominantly occur in the upper limits of their intertidal range, juveniles being more numerous at lower shore levels. Males were two to three times more abundant than females.
CORR Insights(®): how do different anterior tibial tendon transfer techniques influence forefoot and hindfoot motion?

This CORR Insights® is a commentary on the article “How Do Different Anterior Tibial Tendon Transfer Techniques Influence Forefoot and Hindfoot Motion?” by Knutsen and colleagues available at: DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-4057-0. The author certifies that he, or any member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR ® or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®. This CORR Insights® comment refers to the article available at DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-4057-0.
Energy transfer at high temperatures in the cyclopropane vem system. Temperature dependence of

Abstract Collisional vibrational energy transfer between cyclopropane molecules and a seasoned silica surface has been studied by the variable encounter method at temperatures from 800 to 1325 K. The average energy of a down-transition E ' > upon collision with the wall decreases monotonically with increasing temperature.
Problematic customers and turnover intentions of customer service employees

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of problematic customer behaviors on customer service employee attitudes and subsequent turnover intentions from the organization and also the occupation., – Data from five semi‐structured depth interviews and 215 quantitative surveys using structured questionnaires were used to develop and test the theoretical model. Customer service employees working in different call center companies serving American customers were approached using an established survey panel., – Results using the partial least squares (PLS) methodology showed that problematic customer behaviors drain customer service employees emotionally. Emotional exhaustion is negatively related to job satisfaction, and subsequently, employees' turnover intentions. The results also show that turnover intentions with organization and occupation are positively related to each other., – As regards implications, this study provides an understanding of the relationship between problematic customer behaviors and employees' turnover intentions. Future researchers can utilize the findings from this study for investigating other consequences and antecedents of problematic customer behaviors. A limitation of the study is its use of cross‐sectional data., – This paper provides call center managers with an understanding of the effects of problematic customer behaviors on employee attitudes. It discusses the need for understanding problematic customers and ways to manage the effects of such experiences., – The study investigates an under‐researched phenomenon, i.e. problematic customer behaviors. The study provides evidence of the relationship between problematic customer behaviors and turnover intentions in service employees. This study is also one of very few in marketing to investigate the relationship between organizational and occupational turnover intentions.
Evidence for Equatorial Kelvin Modes in Nimbus-7 LIMS

Equatorial Kelvin waves have emerged as an important source of westerly momentum for the tropical stratosphere. The present investigation is concerned with an analysis of remotely derived temperatures from Nimbus-7 LIMS (Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere). It is found that eastward propagating disturbances are present in two independent LIMS data sets. The disturbances manifest themselves consistently at several levels throughout the stratosphere and account for much of the tropical temperature variance out to latitudes where extratropical signals become large. Compelling evidence is found for several distinct phase velocities. Spectral analysis indicates isolated eastward variance at principally two frequencies for both wavenumbers.
Absorption of cesium by polycrystalline graphite-sticking coefficient studies

Abstract The interaction of metal vapors with graphite is a subject of considerable scientific and technological importance. Graphite is known to getter cesium (Cs) atomic vapor and this has found important space applications. Results of our experimental investigations of the absorption of Cs by polycrystalline graphite are reported. We measure the sticking coefficient γ of Cs on graphite using an atomic beam apparatus. For polycrystalline graphite γ starts with the initial value of 1 (every impinging Cs atom sticks to the surface) and decreases slowly with time (~days), for continuous exposure to the Cs atomic beam. This is in sharp contrast to single crystal graphite where γ is essentially 0. For polycrystalline graphite, the rate of decline of γ with time is found to be essentially independent of the incident Cs beam flux over the range of fluxes investigated experimentally. A theoretical model for the rate of decline of γ based on the diffusion of Cs into polycrystalline graphite is developed. Polycrystalline graphite consists of crystallites graphitized in a rather porous structure. In general, for such an inhomogeneous medium several types of diffusion with different activation energies come into play. We assumed that under our experimental conditions grain boundary diffusion (surface diffusion along the grains) is the single dominant mechanism of migration of Cs through polycrystalline graphite. The experimental results show a good fit with the predictions of this model. This represents the first quantitative study of the Cs gettering property of graphite at room temperature.
Probing Galactic Center Black Hole Candidates with Far-Infrared Spectroscopy

The narrow positron annihilation line source in the Galactic center has been identified with the X-ray source 1E 1740.7-2942, which is coincident in projection with a Galactic center molecular cloud and exhibits synchrotron jets in the radio spectrum. It has been suggested that the source is powered by Bondi-Hoyle accretion from the cloud onto a compact object. Here we show that, regardless of the source of the X-ray luminosity, the irradiation of the interstellar medium (ISM) in its vicinity by ~1 keV X-rays can generate substantial luminosities in a number of far-infrared atomic fine-structure lines, such as [O I] 63 μm, [C II] 158 μm, and [Si II] 35 μm. Similar predictions hold for the nearly identical (in luminosity, spectrum, and presence of radio jets) Galactic center source GRS 1758-258. The corresponding line fluxes will be easily detectable using the Infrared Space Observatory; if the sources are embedded in dense ISM, the observations will allow estimates of the gas density, column density, and volume filling factor in the vicinity of the X-ray sources, the X-ray luminosity of the source averaged over the last t ~ 100 yr, and will constrain models for accretion from the ISM.
Design of a Hybrid MPI-CUDA Benchmark Suite for CPU-GPU Clusters

In the last few years, GPUs have become an integral part of HPC clusters. To test these heterogeneous CPU-GPU systems, we designed a hybrid CUDA-MPI benchmark suite that consists of three communication- and compute-intensive applications: Matrix Multiplication (MM), Needleman-Wunsch (NW) and the ADFA compression algorithm [1]. The main goal of this work is to characterize these workloads on CPU-GPU clusters. Our benchmark applications are designed to allow cluster administrators to identify bottlenecks in the cluster, to decide if scaling applications to multiple nodes would improve or decrease overall throughput and to design effective scheduling policies. Our experiments show that inter-node communication can significantly degrade the throughput of communication-intensive applications. We conclude that the scalability of the applications depends primarily on two factors: the cluster configuration and the applications characteristics.
Aluminum speciation and equilibria in aqueous solution: I. The solubility of gibbsite in the system Na-K-Cl-OH-Al(OH)4 from 0 to 100°C

Abstract The solubility of gibbsite, Al(OH)3, has been measured in a large number of solutions in the system Na-K-Cl-OH-Al(OH)4 from 6.4 to 80°C and 0.01 to 5.0 molal ionic strength. These results have been coupled with selected literature data and modeled using the Pitzer ion interaction treatment. An eight-parameter expression is derived for the molal concentration quotient of the reaction Al(OH)4−↔ Al(OH)3 + OH− in this system from which the equilibrium constant at infinite dilution, logK4, and the stoichiometric molal activity coefficient ratio, log ( γOH − γAl(OH) 4 − ) , can be evaluated over the range 0–100°C and 0–12 molal ionic strength at 1 bar with a precision of approximately ±0.02 log units. Standard thermodynamic properties of the reaction at 25°C and 1 bar are logK4 = 1.143 ± 0.006, ΔH° = −22.5 ± 0.3 kJ/mol, ΔS° = −54 ± 1 J/K/mol, and ΔCp0 = −148 ± 6 J/K/mol. From these quantities and the standard thermodynamic properties of gibbsite, the values of ΔGf0, ΔHf0, and S0 of [Al(OH)4−]aq at 25°C and 1 bar are computed to be −1305.6 ± 1.2 kJ/mol, −1500.6 ± 1.5 kJ/mol, and 111.4 J/K/mol, respectively. Approximate values of the pure electrolyte parameters β0, β1, and Cφ for NaAl(OH)4 and KAl(OH)4 as well as the mixing parameters for aluminate ion with OH−, OH− + Na+, and OH− + K+ are also obtained.
Traceless Solid-Phase Synthesis of Chiral 3-Aryl β-Amino Acid Containing Peptides Using a Side-Chain-Tethered β-Amino Acid Building Block

A general method for the attachment of a chiral aromatic side-chain-containing β-amino acid to a polymer support using a traceless silyl linkage strategy has been developed. Using this building block, solid-phase synthesis was carried out to obtain tripeptide analogues with the aromatic ring either unsubstituted or halogenated (Br, I) at the position of the silyl group. The building blocks could generate libraries of peptidomimetics or cyclic peptides containing β-amino acids with nonpolar side chains.
Nitrogen metabolism in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus—III. Relative pool sizes of free amino acids and related compounds in various tissues of the catfish

Abstract 1. 1. Free amino acids and related compounds were determined in serum, liver, muscle, gill, gut tract, kidney, heart, brain and spleen tissues of fasting cultured channel catfish. 2. 2. Taurine and ammonia were the major constituents of all tissues studied. 3. 3. In general, the liver and kidney contained the highest concentration, expressed as μmoles/g tissue, of most of the amino acids and related compounds. However, on a per cent distribution of the total pool sizes, the muscle tissue containes by far the largest percentage of almost all compounds studied. 4. 4. Of the protein amino acids, alanine, glycine and glutamic acid were found to be present in the highest concentrations. Contrary to pervious reports, glutamine was not found as the major constituent of the various tissues.
Functional organization of the oculomotor nucleus in the baboon.

The functional organization of the oculomotor nucleus was investigated using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry. In a series of baboons, injections of HRP were made into the skeletal muscles supplied by the oculomotor nerve (medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, and the levator palpebrae superioris). After a 48-hour survival time the animals were sacrificed via perfusion-fixation and the brains treated according to the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)-HRP method of Mesulam (1978). The inferior oblique, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and levator palpebrae superioris muscles are supplied by cells located primarily in the homolateral oculomotor nucleus. Some fibers to the levator palpebrae superioris arise from cells in both caudal central nuclei. The superior rectus muscle receives fibers from cells in the contralateral oculomotor nucleus. The results were complied using a Lucite-plate reconstruction method that permits visualization of the three-dimensional configuration of the neuronal populations within the oculomotor nucleus. Oculomotor neurons are organized in a vertical column that may be anatomically divided into rostral, middle, and caudal thirds. A section through any of these levels may be further subdivided into dorsal, intermediate, and ventral zones. Each of the oculomotor skeletal muscles was found to have cells at almost all levels of the nucleus and in certain zones at each level. These functional cell groups intermingle with one another in the baboon and do not remain segregated into distinct subnuclei or subdivisions. Much overlap was evident between cells innervating the homolateral inferior rectus, homolateral inferior oblique, and the contralateral superior rectus muscles. There was also overlap between those cells supplying the homolateral levator palpebrae superioris and the homolateral medial rectus muscles.
Operator splitting scheme for 3-D temperature solution based on 2-D flow approximation

In this work, an operator splitting numerical technique is used to solve for the temperature distribution in three dimensions during non-isothermal filling of anisotropic porous media in processes such as resin transfer molding (RTM). In these processes, the parts are manufactured by injecting resin into thin cavities so the flow is primarily in the plane of the part and is modeled as two dimensional flow. However, due to importance of conduction in the out of plane direction, the energy equation needs to be solved in 3-D. Scaling of the terms in the energy balance equation allows us to determine their significance. Important terms considered for this study in such processes are advection, conduction, and heat of curing reation. The operator splitting scheme used to obtain the 3-D temperature solution takes advantage of the fact that advection is only important in the plane and conduction is only important in the thickness direction. When combined with a predictor-corrector method, this scheme converges rapidly to a stable temperature solution for the moving boundary problem. Because of its superior stability, this method uses large time steps to accelerate the calculation while maintaining good accuracy.
Calcareous deposits formed on IUDs in human exposures

Abstract We investigated the amount and morphology of deposits on plastic and copper-wound IUDs that had been present in human subjects for various periods of time. X-ray diffraction indicated that inorganic deposits were principally calcite (CaCO 3 ). Calcareous deposits on copperwound IUDs varied from 0.07 to 9.3 mg on devices present in uteri for 6 to 27 months. Frequently the distribution of the deposits were asymmetric, the cervical end of the IUDs being nearly free of deposit. Deposit weights on plastic IUDs varied from 0.6 to 64.3 mg, for devices placed in uteri for 9 months to 8-12 years. The amount of deposit tended to increase with increasing exposure, but there were marked variations in amount for devices having similar residence times. The hard, calcareous crusts were largely missing from those surfaces on plastic IUDs which most likely were in intimate contact with the motile uterine wall. In vitro carbonate deposition did not reproduce the rates or morphology of in vivo deposits.
5-hydroxymethylcytosine represses the activity of enhancers in embryonic stem cells: a new epigenetic signature for gene regulation

Recent mapping of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) provides a genome-wide view of the distribution of this important chromatin mark. However, the role of 5hmC in specific regulatory regions is not clear, especially at enhancers. We found a group of distal transcription factor binding sites highly enriched for 5-hdroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), but lacking any known activating histone marks and being depleted for nascent transcripts, suggesting a repressive role for 5hmC in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). 5-formylcytosine (5fC), which is known to mark poised enhancers where H3K4me1 is enriched, is also observed at these sites. Furthermore, the 5hmC levels were inversely correlated with RNA polymerase II (PolII) occupancy in mESCs as well as in fully differentiated adipocytes. Interestingly, activating H3K4me1/2 histone marks were enriched at these sites when the associated genes become activated following lineage specification. These putative enhancers were shown to be functional in embryonic stem cells when unmethylated. Together, these data suggest that 5hmC suppresses the activity of this group of enhancers, which we termed “silenced enhancers”. Our findings indicate that 5hmC has a repressive role at specific proximal and distal regulatory regions in mESCs, and suggest that 5hmC is a new epigenetic mark for silenced enhancers.
Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in different areas of their brain for the localization of their seizure focus and eloquent areas. After implantation, the patient must remain in the hospital until the pathological area of brain is found and possibly resected. During this time, these patients offer a unique opportunity to the research community because any number of behavioral paradigms can be performed to uncover the neural correlates that guide behavior. Here we present a method for recording brain activity from intracranial implants as subjects perform a behavioral task designed to assess decision-making and reward encoding. All electrophysiological data from the intracranial electrodes are recorded during the behavioral task, allowing for the examination of the many brain areas involved in a single function at time scales relevant to behavior. Moreover, and unlike animal studies, human patients can learn a wide variety of behavioral tasks quickly, allowing for the ability to perform more than one task in the same subject or for performing controls. Despite the many advantages of this technique for understanding human brain function, there are also methodological limitations that we discuss, including environmental factors, analgesic effects, time constraints and recordings from diseased tissue. This method may be easily implemented by any institution that performs intracranial assessments; providing the opportunity to directly examine human brain function during behavior.
CalCOFI: a half century of physical, chemical, and biological research in the California Current System

Abstract The California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) program has been sampling the physics, chemistry, and biology of the California Current System since 1949, making it the world's longest-running multi-disciplinary oceanographic field program. Founded by leading marine scientists, CalCOFI from its inception took an ecosystem approach to understanding physical–biological coupling in the ocean. Its 54-year time series (and counting) now permits an exploration of a range of oceanographic and fisheries problems across a broad temporal spectrum. As a celebration of more than half a century of CalCOFI, this issue presents 13 manuscripts that sample the breadth of integrated marine research conducted under its auspices.
Treatment intensity and reduction in drug use for cocaine-dependent methadone patients: a dose-response relationship.

Abstract This study examined the impact of treatment intensity on cocaine use. Seventy-seven cocaine-using methadone patients were enrolled in a six-month, structured, manual-driven, cognitive behavioral treatment program. Sessions consisted of five individual and/or group sessions per week. At intake subjects showed extensive polydrug abuse, psychiatric comorbidity, criminal histories, and HIV risk behaviors. Treatment intensity was measured by dividing number of sessions attended into quartiles. Paired comparisons, within treatment quartiles, were made between subjects' intake and six-month self-reports of cocaine use. Subjects in quartiles two through four showed significant reductions in frequency of cocaine use at follow-up, with subjects who received the most treatment showing the greatest reductions in cocaine use. Bivariate and multivariate analyses showed that treatment sessions attended remained a strong predictor of reduction in cocaine use at follow-up, even after controlling for drug use at i...
Presidential Vetoes in Latin American Constitutions

A portrayal of the bill-to-law provisions of Latin American constitutions as extensive game forms shows presidential veto powers to be richer, more varied, and more regionally distinctive than hith...
Hyperhydricity reversal and clonal propagation of four-wing saltbush (Atriplex canescens, Chenopodiaceae) cultivated in vitro

In vitro propagated shoots of four-wing saltbush (Atriplex canescens, Pursh Nutt) showed severe symptoms of hyperhydricity. We show that the reversion of hyperhydric A. canescens shoots to normal shoots was significantly affected by the presence of inorganic nitrogen in the culture vessel. When the culture vessel was vented or when ammonium nitrate was deleted from Murashige and Skoog basal medium, rates of reversion were significantly higher. Although statistically significant differences were evident when comparing vented v. non-vented treatments for each medium, the modified culture medium with vented closures was consistently the best treatment, showing a total cumulative frequency of 39.7% reversion to normal morphology, compared with a total cumulative frequency of 7.1% observed in the control treatment. Resulting normal shoots also showed significant improvements in further manipulations, including rooting in vitro, transplantation to soil and survival in native sites.
A testable NORA CMOS serial-parallel multiplier

The authors present a NORA CMOS serial-parallel multiplier which is testable and has the capability of self-checking. The error detection of the multiplier is done at two levels: (1) checking the entire multiplication process as a whole at the system level and (2) testing each individual cell module. Residue codes are used to detect error at the system level. A NORA CMOS testing technique is used for the error detection at the cell (or circuit) level. Both the system-level and the circuit-level error detection circuit for multipliers of different sizes are evaluated in terms of area and time. A prototype of a testable multiplier with 8-bit multiplicand and 8-bit multiplier implemented with 4 mu m-CMOS technology is also presented. The circuit-level error detection occupies only 11.5% of the total area. The additional time for error detection occupies only 11.1% of the total computational time. >
Warming of Global Abyssal and Deep Southern Ocean Waters between the 1990s and 2000s: Contributions to Global Heat and Sea Level Rise Budgets*

AbyssalglobalanddeepSouthern Oceantemperature trendsarequantifiedbetweenthe1990sand2000sto assesstheroleofrecentwarmingoftheseregionsin globalheatandsealevelbudgets.Theauthors1)compute warming rates with uncertainties along 28 full-depth, high-quality hydrographic sections that have been occupied two or more times between 1980 and 2010; 2) divide the global ocean into 32 basins, defined by the topography and climatological ocean bottom temperatures; and then 3) estimate temperature trends in the 24 sampled basins. The three southernmost basins show a strong statistically significant abyssal warming trend, with that warming signal weakening to the north in the central Pacific, western Atlantic, and eastern Indian Oceans. Eastern Atlantic and western Indian Ocean basins show statistically insignificant abyssal cooling trends. Excepting the Arctic Ocean and Nordic seas, the rate of abyssal (below 4000 m) global ocean heat content change in the 1990s and 2000s is equivalent to a heat flux of 0.027 (60.009) W m 22 applied over the entire surface of the earth. Deep (1000‐4000 m) warming south of the Subantarctic Front of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current adds 0.068 (60.062) W m 22 . The abyssal warming produces a 0.053 (60.017) mm yr 21 increase in global average sea level and the deep warming south of the Subantarctic Front adds another 0.093 (60.081)mm yr 21 . Thus, warmingin theseregions,ventilatedprimarilyby AntarcticBottomWater,accounts for a statistically significant fraction of the present global energy and sea level budgets.
SHORT-TERM MEMORY FOR COLOR NAMES USING STROOP MATERIAL '

Summary.-A modified Stroop arrangement consisting of color names printed in ink of a dXerent color was used in a release from the proactive inhibition (PI) paradigm. In Exp. 1, half of the subjects were informed prior to a trial whether they were to recall the colors or the color names while the remaining half were not informed in advance. After three trials, half of the subjects were shifted to recalling the other material while control subjects continued with the same recall material. Analysis indicated that (1) when subjects were informed in advance, PI release was found in a color name to color shift, but no PI release was found with a shift from color to color name, and (2) when subjects were not informed in advance, no PI release was observed in either shift condition. Exp. 2 replicated the not-informed condition and introduced a longer stimulus-exposure duration for 160 undergraduates. Except for higher recall scores, the same results were obtained. The results were interpreted in terms of differences in the ktnds of encoding operations performed on colors and color names. The release from proactive inhibition (PI) effect (Wickens, Born, & Allen, 1963; Wickens, 1970, 1972) has been used to identlfy what attributes of a stimulus come to be represented in short-term memory. In a typical short-term memory experiment, if a subject is given a series of trials involving similar material, performance declines over trials; however, if there is a change in the nature of the material, there is usually an abrupt improvement in recall. The decline over trials is usually attributed to interference produced by performing similar encoding operations on the similar material. Release from PI is taken to mean that the new material has been encoded differently such that there is little interference from the old material. Allen (1983, 1984) reported two experirnenrs on release from PI in which the recall material was either strips of colored paper or the names of colors printed on a card. Both experiments yielded asymmetrical release effects. Requiring subjects to shift from rechg the names of colors (N) to recahg color strips (C) resulted in PI release (an N-C shift); however, no release was found when the shift was from colors to the recall of names of colors (a C-N shift). An explanation for the effects of asymmetrical release involves explicating the differences in encoding operations which are performed on colors
Effects of Base Composition on the Negative Cooperativity and Binding Mode Transitions of Escherichia coli SSB-Single-Stranded DNA Complexes

We have examined the ability of the Escherichia coli single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB) tetramer to form its different binding modes on poly(dC), poly(U), and poly(A) over a range of NaCl and NaF concentrations for comparison with previous studies with poly(dT). In reverse titrations with poly(U) and poly(A) at 25 OC, pH 8.1, SSB forms all four binding modes previously observed with poly(dT), namely, (SSB)35, (SSB)40, (SSB)56, and (SSB)65, where the subscript denotes the site size (Le., the average number of nucleotides occluded per SSB tetramer). As with poly(dT), the low site size modes are favored at low monovalent salt concentration (<lo mM), whereas increasing salt concentration facilitates the transitions to the higher site size modes. Surprisingly, SSB does not form a stable (SSB)35 complex on poly(dC), even at 1 mM NaC1; rather, the (SSB)56 mode is formed under these conditions. Upon raising the (NaCl), the (SSB)56 complex undergoes a transition to the (SSB)65 complex (transition midpoint, 40 mM NaCl). On the basis of studies with dC(pC)w, dT(pT)34, and dA(pA)34, the inability of the SSB tetramer to form the (SSB)35 complex with poly(dC) is due mainly to a much lower degree of negative cooperativity for binding oligodeoxycytidylates to the SSB tetramer. At low salt concentration, the negative cooperativity parameter, u35, is lowest for dA(pA)34, intermediate for dT(pT)34, and highest for ~C(PC)~~, indicating that it is most difficult to saturate the SSB tetramer with two molecules of dA(pA)w. We have also measured the equilibrium constants for binding the oligodeoxynucleotides ~C(PC)~~, ~C(PC)~~, dA- PA)^^, and dA(pA)69 as a function of (NaCl) and (NaBr) and find that the salt dependencies of these oligonucleotides are dependent upon base composition. These studies also indicate that ion binding accompanies formation of these SSB-ss-DNA complexes, although there is a net release of ions upon formation of the complex. This influence of both salt concentration and base composition indicates that both electrostatic and nonelectrostatic factors contribute to the negative cooperativity associated with ss- DNA binding to the SSB tetramer.
Navigating Bereavement With Spirituality‐Based Interventions: Implications for Non‐Faith‐Based Counselors

The relationship between spirituality and bereavement has been studied in a multitude of disciplines, yet there is a significant gap in the counseling literature on this topic. The authors explore how spirituality is often avoided in secular counseling settings, discuss adverse effects of unresolved grief on clients' functioning, and propose the concept that spirituality can be used to help clients through the bereavement process. Finally, the authors offer research and clinically based interventions that counselors, particularly those who do not identify as faith-based, can use to incorporate spirituality into their work with bereaved clients.
The social organization of property and work: a study of migrants from the rural Ecuadorian sierra.

This study examines the social organization of property and work and its relationship to changes in production among migrants from the central sierra of Ecuador during 1940-70. Class and kinship determine the division of property. Work is divided within the social organization of the haciendas or large estates by social class and kinship. This study indicates the changes in the social organization of property and work between the two generations that were due to rural development and changes in demography. Interviews were conducted during 1980-81 in an area south of Quito among 26 persons from Cotopaxi and Loja provinces. A general survey was conducted among 135 households. 80% were migrants and most came from the provinces of the sierra particularly the province of Cotopaxi (20.4% of the sample) followed by the province of Loja. Findings indicate that changes in the nature of agricultural production and the delay of inheritance provided few opportunities for marriage and work for younger unmarried rural residents who migrated as a response to these structural conditions. The young and single were in a different structural position than their parents. The older married generation organized social relations based on a land distribution of long-standing duration. The migrants from Loja whose responses were not included in the analysis left the sierra due to drought conditions. It is suggested that future analyses examine the impact of the extended drought during the 1970s and the heavy rains in 1983 on migration. Cotopaxi province was unique in having a higher percentage of privately owned land than the other nine sierra provinces. The article provides a full description of the characteristics of the migrants generation inheritance and the social organization of property and work development and social organization and a comparison of the organization of work between the two generations.
Inhibition of Cellular and Viral Protein Synthesis by 3-Methyleneoxindole

The effect of 3-methyleneoxindole (MO) on mengovirus and L-cell protein synthesis was investigated. MO was found to inhibit mengovirus multiplication and the incorporation of radioactive amino acids into both viral and cellular proteins. These results suggest that the antiviral effect of this compound is not specific but rather stems from its inhibition of the cellular translational machinery upon which mengovirus depends. We have also found that MO inhibits natural messenger ribonucleic acid (mengovirus and globin messenger ribonucleic acid) translation in cell-free extracts from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells but has no significant effect on polyuridylic acid translation. Additional data which suggest that MO inhibits protein synthesis at the level of initiation are shown.
Stochastic modeling of atmospheric pollution: a spatial time-series framework. Part II: application to monitoring monthly sulfate deposition over Europe

A spatial time-series framework is adopted for stochastic modeling of monthly averaged sulfate deposition over Europe. The sulfur concentration data used in this study were measured at the European Monitoring and Evaluation Program (EMEP) monitoring network from January 1980 to December 1988. Parametric temporal trend and residual models, associated with long-term (linear trend or annual periodicity) and short-term (seasonal) concentration variability, respectively, are first established at monitoring stations. The resulting model parameters are regionalized in space to arrive at parametric trend and residual models at any unmonitored location. Stochastic simulation is performed for prediction and modeling of joint uncertainty regarding unknown sulfur concentration levels at unmonitored spatial locations and time instants. The case study illustrates the applicability of the proposed spatial time series framework to a real-world data set.
Gunshot Residue Analysis in the Undergraduate Laboratory Using Toy Cap Guns

ABSTRACT The authors developed an experiment for the undergraduate analytical or forensic chemistry laboratory in which gunshot residues (GSRs) produced from toy cap guns are analyzed by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Alternatively, the experiment is readily adaptable to any emission spectroscopy technique. This project allows students to investigate the development of a forensic method while addressing proper sampling techniques used in forensic investigations. Students were able to develop a library of blank samples, establish signal detection limits to address legal considerations for determination of false-positive and -negative error rates, and optimize an emission spectrometer.
Carbon Sources for Polytomella caeca

SUMMARY. The colorless phytomonad, Polytomella caeca, has been grown in simple media with each of the following as the sole energy source: propionate, butyrate, valerate; butyl and amyl alcohols; DL-glyceraldehyde, and alpha-ketoglutaric acid. These compounds did not support growth in simple media: caproate, caprylic acid, isobutyrate, propyl, isopropyl and isobutyl alcohols. At present, C5, seems to be the limit of length of the fatty acids that are suitable carbon and energy sources. Iso compounds were not utilized. The pH in the acid media increased during incubation; that in alcohol media decreased.
A Genetic Algorithm for the construction of optimized covariance descriptors

The problem of real-time tracking has been studied widely and many methods in very different fields of application have been developed manipulating image based elements. While all use features as a way to represent a tracked object in the image, naturally, depending on the method and the objects, some features are better than others. As part of the project presented in [1], the goal of this paper is to provide efficient descriptors to perform real-time tracking of children. Covariance descriptors are a common and convenient way to describe an object, since they compile in a single matrix several features and also their statistical interrelationships. This paper introduces a Genetic Algorithm as a way to seek the best combination among a list of features for describing a selected object in a video sequence. The implemented Genetic Algorithm is a Niched Pareto Genetic Algorithm (NPGA), and two different methods of selection/reproduction have been compared; a regular method and one based on a High Elitism process. Reliable results are obtained, since the features combined seem to match the tracked object characteristics, but dissimilarities between the two methods are also highlighted. In the end, this paper doesn't focus on the performances of the GAs themselves, but it proposes a Genetic Algorithm as a way of solving a dictionary learning problem.
Equipment and monitoring--what is in the future to improve safety?

Summary There have been a number of recent developments in the practice of anesthesia and intensive care aimed at improving outcome in terms of reducing both morbidity and mortality, as well as other less-defined factors, such as quality of service provision. Significant advances have been made in airway devices such as pediatric tracheal tube designs, Microcuff® tracheal tubes, and new laryngoscopes. Noninvasive monitoring devices, including continuous hemoglobin analysis and near infrared spectrometry, are being increasingly used in pediatric anesthesia. Other, ‘scaled-down’ versions from adult anesthesia care, however, have not universally been shown to result in improved safety and outcomes in pediatric anesthesia.
A Qualitative Approach to Estimating Cotton Spinnability Limits

Cotton spinnability, or spinning potential, is traditionally determined based on the number of ends-down occurring under controlled spinning conditions. No yarn quality considerations are included in this spinning potential concept, which is representative only of the performance of a given fiber during spinning. Using measurements of thin places in ring spun yarns as the surrogate variable representing yarn quality, a new "quality potential" component is added to the traditional spinnability notion. Spinnability limits are o determined on the basis of yarn quality, and a new spinning potential definition that captures both critical aspects of spinning performance and yarn quality is advanced.