cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissolved inorganic and organic selenium in the Orca Basin

Abstract The vertical distributions of Se (IV), Se (VI) and dissolved organic Se have been determined in the oxic and non-sulfide-bearing anoxic zones of the Orca Basin. In the oxic waters, the concentration of Se (IV) increases with depth gradually from 0.25 nmole/kg at the surface to a maximum of 0.46 nmole/kg at 750 m and then decreases with depth to a relatively constant concentration of 0.39 nmole/ kg below 1,230 m. The concentration of Se (VI) is rather uniform in the top 250 m at about 0.24 nmole/ kg. Below 250 m it increases with depth to 0.50 nmole/kg at 1.230 m, and it stays relatively constant below this depth. The concentration of organic Se increases from 0.50 nmole/kg at the surface to 1.39 nmole/kg at 78 m. A pronounced broad maximum of organic Se exists between 78 and 250 m. The concentration decreases with depth below 250 m, dropping sharply between 250 and 380 m and more gradually at greater depths. It becomes undetectable at 1,230 m. Organic Se is the dominant species above 250 m. Se (IV) is the most abundant between 250 and 1,000 m while Se (VI) becomes the dominant species below 1,000 m. The distributions of these three species can be explained by the biological uptake of Se in the surface waters and the multi-step regeneration of Se from biogenic particles at greater depths. In suboxic waters at the oxic-anoxic interface, the concentration of Se (IV) increases while that of Se (VI) decreases reflecting a change in redox conditions in the environment. In the anoxic brine, the concentration of Se (IV) is around 0.25 nmole/kg while Se (VI) is undetectable. The concentration of organic Se increases sharply in the suboxic waters and reaches 2.6 nmole/kg in the anoxic brines probably as a result of the decomposition of organic matter and/or a diffusive flux from the underlying sediment.
General corrosion of B-strengthened Ni- and Fe-based microcrystalline alloys in de-aerated 1 M HCI solution

Abstract The general corrosion characteristics of four boride-strengthened microcrystalline alloys, two Ni-based and two Fe-based, were studied in de-aerated 1 M HCI solution at room temperature in a rotating cylinder system at three rotation speeds (600, 1200 and 1800 rpm), using electrochemical small amplitude cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance techniques. For comparison, two commercial materials, namely Alloy 600 and AISI Type 316 SS, were studied too. Good agreement was obtained between small amplitude cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance measurements of the polarization resistance. Both the corrosion potential and corrosion rate became independent of time after log exposures. In the case of Ni-based materials and in that of 316SS, both the corrosion potential and rate were not affected by changes in the speed of rotation. In the case of Fe-based microcrystalline alloys, the corrosion rate decreased while the corrosion potential increased with Re. This finding was explained by corrosion-induced surface enrichment in Mo, the extent of which increased with increasing speed of rotation. Within the range of rpm tested, the corrosion rates measured for the Fe-based materials were generally higher than those measured for the Ni-based materials and the corrosion rates decreased with increasing Ni contents in the alloy. No extraordinary resistance to general corrosion in 1 M HCl at room temperature was found for the four boride-strengthened microcrystalline alloys tested.
D-T operation on TFTR

Abstract The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) has operated safely and routinely with tritium fuel since November 1993. Experiments conducted during this time have demonstrated improved plasma confinement properties, the first measurements of alpha heating and transport and the ICRF heating and current drive of D-T plasmas. Reactor level fusion power densities up to 2.8 MW m −3 have been attained as well as more than 10 MW of fusion power and 6.5 MJ of fusion energy per pulse. In support of these accomplishments, the TFTR equipment has met or exceeded the original design values. The toroidal magnetic field has been upgraded from 5.2 to 6.0 Tesla (on-axis), the neutral beams have injected up to 40 MW with a combination of deuterium and tritium fueling and the ICRF systems have been operated at various frequencies, from 30 to 64 MHz, to support an assortment of fast wave experiments. From November 1993 through July 1996, there have been 19 725 plasma shots. These include 841 deuterium-tritium pulses which have produced a total of 4.8×10 20 D-T neutrons and 1.4 GJ of fusion energy. More than 864 kCi (almost 90 g) of tritium have been processed through the TFTR facility while constrained to a site limit (`in-process') of 50 kCi. A low tritium inventory cryogenic distillation system has been recently installed and tested to provide on-site repurification of the plasma exhaust. Maintenance and repair activities have become routine in this facility. Hundreds of calibrations, repairs and installations requiring work on tritium contaminated and activated systems have been performed. Utilizing As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principles, the radiation exposure to workers has been comparable to that experienced during the previous deuterium-only operating phase. The total annual site boundary dose, due to all pathways (prompt neutron radiation, activated air and controlled tritium release), has been less than 3 μSv, or 3% of the design limit of 100 μSv and 0.3% of the regulatory limit of 1 mSv.
Effect of the Interfacial Potential Distribution on the Measurement of the Rate Constant for Electron Transfer between Electrodes and Redox Adsorbates

The effects of the interfacial potential distribution on cyclic voltammetry of adsorbed redox molecules exhibiting slow (quasi-reversible and irreversible) electron transfer is considered in a theoretical model. Results of numerical simulations based on this model are presented and compared to cyclic voltammograms and measurements in the absence of double layer effects. The slopes of plots of peak potential versus log sweep rate are the same, i.e., RT/αnF and RT/(1 − α)nF for the cathodic and anodic reactions, respectively, as predicted in the absence of double-layer effects. The calculation of the rate constant can be greatly influenced by the double-layer effects.
Comparison of respiratory enzyme levels in tissues of mammals of different sizes.

SummaryHeart, kidney, liver, and brain of the cow, rat, and mouse were assayed for maximal activity of succinoxidase and malic dehydrogenase. The levels of the two enzymes generally reflect the inverse relationship of metabolism with body size in that the tissues of the cow were lowest, those of the rat intermediate, and those of mouse highest in activity for these enzymes. The enzyme levels did not vary as an exact power function of body weight, nor were there any intraspecific changes in enzyme levels with changes in body size.
Spatial mislocalization of EEG electrodes – effects on accuracy of dipole estimation

Abstract Objective : The estimation of cortical current activity from scalp-recorded potentials is a complicated mathematical problem that requires fairly precise knowledge of the location of the scalp electrodes. It is expected that spatial mislocalization of electrodes will introduce errors in this estimation. The present study uses simulated and real data to quantify these errors for dipole current sources in a spherical head model. Methods : A 3 dimensional digitizer was used to locate the positions of 31 scalp electrodes placed on the head according to the 10–20 system in 10 normal subjects. Dipole localizations were performed on auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) collected from these subjects. Results : Computer simulations with several dipole source configurations suggest that errors in locations and orientations on the order of 5 mm and 5°, respectively, are possible for electrode mislocalizations of about 5°. In actual experimental settings, digitized electrode positions were typically mislocalized by an average of about 4° from their standard 10–20 positions on a spherical model. These differences in electrode positions translated to mean differences of about 8 mm in dipole locations and 5° in dipole orientations. Conclusions : Dipole estimation errors due to electrode mislocalizations are within the limits of errors due to other modeling approximations and noise.
Improved DNA electrophoresis in conditions favoring polyborates and lewis acid complexation

Spatial compression among the longer DNA fragments occurs during DNA electrophoresis in agarose and non-agarose gels when using certain ions in the conductive buffer, impairing the range of fragment sizes resolved well in a single gel. Substitutions using various polyhydroxyl anions supported the underlying phenomenon as the complexation of Lewis acids to DNA. We saw significant improvements using conditions (lithium borate 10 mM cations, pH 6.5) favoring the formation of borate polyanions and having lower conductance and Joule heating, delayed electrolyte exhaustion, faster electrophoretic run-speed, and sharper separation of DNA bands from 100bp to 12 kb in a single run.
Effect of irreversible electroporation (IRE) on liver function tests following treatment of primary and metastatic liver tumors: a single center retrospective analysis

Purpose Retrospective evaluation of the effects of IRE on liver function tests (LFT), following treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and metastatic liver tumors. Materials and Methods Between Jan 2010 and Dec 2011, the LFT’s of 60 patients that had 74 IRE treatments in liver with the Nanoknife (angiodynamics, NY) were reviewed. Twenty eight patients had primary HCC and 32 patients had metastatic liver tumors. Age range was between 40-83 years, with a mean of 61 years (males-38, females-22). Total Bilirubin, AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine transaminase) and ALKP (alkaline phosphatase) levels were analyzed at baseline, 24-48 hour and 1-8 weeks post IRE. Wilcoxon signed rank test was performed using the SPSS 20.0 to assess the significance of differences in pre and 24-48 hour post procedure lab values. All lab values were categorized into normal, grade 1, grade 2, grade 3 and grade 4 according to CTCAE criteria 4.03. Results Bilirubin values increased after 54(75%) of 72 procedures (p=0.00) at 24-48 hour post-IRE (mean increase: 0.6 mg/dl, range: 0.1-3.9 mg/dl). In 43 (79.6%) of the 54 procedures with an increase, the bilirubin values still remained in the normal range. Out of 74 procedures, AST values increased significantly in 73 (98.7%) procedures (p=0.00) and exceeded the baseline AST grade in 70 (94.6%) procedures at 24-48 hour post-IRE (mean increase: 553.9 U/L, range: 16-2068 U/L). At 1-8 week follow-up AST values were available for 32 procedures, of which 26 (81.3%) returned to baseline. The ALT values increased significantly in all procedures (p=0.00) and exceeded the baseline grade in 67 (90.5%) procedures at 24-48 hour post-IRE (mean increase: 355 U/L, range: 2-1469 U/L). At 1-8 week time point, ALT values were available for 32 procedures, of which 23 (71.8%) returned to baseline. ALKP values decreased significantly in 57 (77%) of 74 procedures (p=0.00) at 24-48 hour post-IRE (mean decrease 39 U/L, range: 3-140U/L). Conclusion IRE treatments in the liver are associated with transient changes in LFT values that trend back to baseline over 1-8 weeks. Limitations of our study include the retrospective nature and unavailability of some of the values at certain time points.
Predictive values of food-specific IgE in food allergy

Summary The double-blind placebo-controlled oral food challenge is the «gold-standard for the diagnosis of food hypersensitivity. This test can be time-consuming, expensive (hospitalisation, monitoring), and entails significant risks; it is therefore difficult to perform routinely. Alternatives to this procedure must therefore be found among the other complementary investigations. Laboratory assays of food-specific IgE, using a technique which gives a reliable quantitative response, can provide an almost certain diagnosis, at some levels, and therefore avoids the need for food challenges in a proportion of patients. We tested 6 foods and found diagnostic predictive cut-off values that can be used in everyday practice for 4 of the foods: egg, milk, peanut, fish.
Factors associated with decay of colostral antibodies to bovine leukemia virus.

Abstract One hundred and sixty-one calves that had received colostrum from bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-infected cows were followed to evaluate factors associated with the decay of colostral antibodies to BLV. Three survival parametric models (Weibull, log-normal and log-logistic) were fitted to data on the age at which non-infected calves converted from a seropositive to a seronegative status (retroconversion). For 97 non-infected calves, the fit of the Weibull model for the age at retroconversion was better than those of the log-logistic and log-normal models; values for λ and α for the Weibull model were 0.014 and 1.59. Non-infected calves with high initial levels of BLV colostral antibodies became sero-negative at an older age than calves with low initial 3evels ( P P = 0.328) after adjusting for the initial level of colostral antibodies. The rate of antibody decay in most calves that seroconverted later because of active infection was within the range of that in non-infected calves. Six calves that did not exhibit any decay could have been identified as infected as early as 80 days of age. Results indicate that the use of initial BLV colostral antibody concentration in models depicting decay of colostral antibodies will improve the detectability of early BLV calfhood infection. For initial colostral antibody concentration scored from 1 to 4 (1 lowest, 4 highest), no detectable antibodies were predicted in non-infected calves after 39, 67, 115 and 196 days of age for scores 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
Neighborhood Environment Perceptions and the Likelihood of Smoking and Alcohol Use

Neighborhood characteristics are important correlates for a variety of health outcomes. Among several health risk behaviors, smoking and alcohol use have significant consequences. Perceptions of neighborhood problems are associated with depressive symptoms, lower physical activity, and lower quality of life. However, it is unclear which perceived aspects of neighborhoods might be related to smoking and drinking. We examined whether perceived neighborhood characteristics were associated with smoking and drinking patterns using data from US metropolitan Midwestern area adults. Participants completed surveys including sociodemographic characteristics, neighborhood perceptions, behavioral and psychological health. For men, negative perceptions of neighborhood infrastructures were significant predictors for smoking and binge drinking. Among women, no perceived environmental factors were associated with smoking or drinking. However, education was a significant negative predictor for smoking. As age increased, the likelihood of using cigarettes, heavy and binge drinking in women decreased significantly. Depression was a positive predictor for smoking and heavy drinking in men and women, respectively. These findings indicate that the perceived neighborhood infrastructure was predictive of health behaviors among men, even after adjusting for key confounders. Closer attention may need to be paid to the role of neighborhood environmental characteristics along with individual-level characteristics in influencing unhealthy behaviors.
Studies related to the mode of action of actinomycin D.

Abstract (1) The inhibition of growth of L. arabinosus and L. leichmannii by actinomycin D was prevented by DNA and by 2'-deoxyguanosine, while RNA, a number of purines, pyrimidines, ribonucleosides, deoxyribonucleosides, ribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleotides, amino acids, and vitamins were ineffective. The correlation between the extent of prevention of inhibition and the extent of formation of complexes with actinomycin was good. (2) Actinomycin D inhibited the incorporation of 14 C from [ 14 C]-formate, [1- 14 C]-glycine, [8- 14 C]hypoxanthine, [8- 14 C]adenine, [8- 14 C]guanine, [2- 14 C]2,6-diaminopurine, and [6- 14 C]orotic acid into RNA more than into DNA, and in a number of the experiments the incorporation into guanine was inhibited more than the incorporation into adenine. The biological systems used in these tracer experiments were L. leichmannii , Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo and in vitro , and H.Ep-2 cells in culture and in a nonproliferating system. (3) Experiments with L. leichmannii and H.Ep-2 cells indicated the actinomycin D interfered with the synthesis de novo of purine ribonucleotides, while it did not interfere with the formation of ribonucleotides from preformed purines. This interference might be a secondary effect of inhibition of synthesis of RNA. (4) An attempt has been made to draw together the experimental results of others and those presented here to formulate a hypothesis regarding the mode of action of actinomycin.
Radiation therapy as primary treatment for early stage carcinoma of the breast

A treatment program for early stage breast cancer consisting of biopsy only and primary radiation therapy is described. The treatment plan is "radical" with tumoricidal doses or radiation delivered to the breast and axillary, supraclavicular, and internal mammory lymph nodes, i.e. 6000-7000 rads to clinically involved areas and 4500-5000 rads to subclinical disease. Thirty patients have been treated with this program, with followupranging from 1-10 years. Only 1 patient has died from her disease; 1 has had a lot oflocal recurrence readily controlled with mastectomy. Twenty-six patients arealive and well; there have been 3 deaths from intercurrent illness. No significant radiation complications have occurred. Radiation therapy as the sole treatment for breast cancer has been described in the literature for at least 20 years but generally ignored byclinicians. It deserves evaluation as a treatment option in randomized therapeutic trails.
Dietary dependent distribution of acetyl CoA carboxylase between cytoplasm and mitochondria of rat liver

Biotinyl proteins in cytoplasm and mitochondria of rat liver were examined by fluorography and the quantity of acetyl CoA carboxylase was determined after sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured proteins were incubated with [14C] methyl avidin and separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results show that one-half of the total acetyl CoA carboxylase in liver of fed rats was associated with mitochondria in a relatively inactive form. Fasting shifted the distribution of the enzyme toward the mitochondrial fraction and refeeding previously fasted rats shifted the distribution towards cytoplasm. Thus, acetyl CoA carboxylase can be added to the list of ambiquitous enzymes whose subcellular distribution varies with physiological conditions.
Temporal Span and Delay of Gratification as a Function of Age and Cognitive Development

Summary Delay of gratification and temporal span were investigated in 58 girls, ages four to nine years, by estimated story durations, delay of gratification in a direct choice money test, and reproduction of a 60-second interval. All measures were highly related (p > .001) to age and cognitive-temporal stage, with the former relationships of greater magnitude.
End group transformations of RAFT-generated polymers with bismaleimides: Functional telechelics and modular block copolymers

End group activation of polymers prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was accomplished by conversion of thiocarbonylthio end groups to thiols and subsequent reaction with excess of a bismaleimide. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) was prepared by RAFT, and subsequent aminolysis led to sulfhydryl-terminated polymers that reacted with an excess of 1,8-bismaleimidodiethyleneglycol to yield maleimido-terminated macromolecules. The maleimido end groups allowed near-quantitative coupling with model low molecular weight thiols or dienes by Michael addition or Diels-Alder reactions, respectively. Reaction of maleimide-activated PNIPAM with another thiol-terminated polymer proved an efficient means of preparing block copolymers by a modular coupling approach. Successful end group functionalization of the well-defined polymers was confirmed by combination of UV-vis, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The general strategy proved to be versatile for the preparation of functional telechelics and modular block copolymers from RAFT-generated (co)polymers.
Intracellular structures involved in sendai virus replication

Abstract Viral specific RNA-containing structures released from gently disrupted Sendai virus infected chick embryo fibroblasts were separated into four rapidly sedimenting components in sucrose density gradients. Uridine- 3 H was rapidly incorporated into the RNA of each component. Component 1 (>350 S) contained virion RNA (57 S) and had physical characteristics of cell-associated virus. Component 2 (250 S) contained double-stranded RNA and the kinetics of uridine- 3 H incorporation suggested that this structure may be involved in viral RNA synthesis. Component 3 (200 S) contained 57 S RNA and was identified as viral nucleocapsid. Component 4 (150 S) contained 35 S single-stranded RNA, and within this structure the RNA was protected from RNase digestion. The exact structure of this particle and its role in virus replication must be determined. The RNA from each intracellular component annealed specifically with virion RNA. The 57 S RNAs isolated from the cell-associated virus (component 1) and from the intracellular nucleocapsid (component 3) self annealed as previously shown for virion RNA, and the annealing was RNA concentration dependent. The 57 S RNA from virions could not be separated into more than one component by equilibrium CsCl·Cs 2 SO 4 centrifugation.
Hyperactivity in anorexia nervosa: A fundamental clinical feature

Abstract Toward the goal of assessing the prevalence and chronology of heightened physical activity in primary anorexia nervosa, we reviewed the charts of 33 patients hospitalized with this illness during the past 10 years. Fifteen of these patients, or their parents, were also interviewed at least 1 year after the hospitalization. In 25 of the 33 charts, the presence of “hyperactivity” during the present illness was recorded; only one patient was specifically noted to show unremarkable physical activity. Twenty-one of the 25 patients were also described as having been unusually active physically prior to the onset of dieting and weight loss. The 15 follow-ups revealed two deaths, one patient by suicide and the other from complications of malnutrition. Among the 13 patients interviewed directly, ten described themselves as continuing to be highly active physically—this despite significant weight gain in eight and complete subsidence of both eating symptomatology and amenorrhea in three. Physical activity appeared to be more extensive, disorganized, and aimless during the acute phase of anorexia nervosa, when excessive and bizarre dieting and rapid weight loss are occurring, than during the premorbid or weight recovery phases. However, these preliminary findings suggest that “hyperactivity” is an early and enduring clinical feature of anorexia nervosa and not merely secondary to either a conscious attempt to lose weight or weight loss per se.
Petrographic evidence for nonlinear cooling rates and a volcanic origin for Apollo 15 KREEP basalts

The results of petrographic studies of Apollo 15 KREEP basalt fragments are discussed. The Apollo 15 KREEP basalts display a wide range of grain size and texture, with some samples showing evidence for a two-stage (slow early, fast late) cooling in the form of phenocrysts, glomerocrysts, and large proportions of residual quenched glass. Two-stage cooling is common in volcanic, dynamic environments. The inference that these and other Apollo 15 KREEP basalts are volcanic requires a reexamination of the chemical and isotopic constraints on the genesis and regenesis of KREEP and early lunar evolution.
The Changing Regional Structure of the U.S. Economy

This paper utilizes newly available industry-specific historical measures of Gross Regional Product to highlight the changing regional structure of the U.S. economy between 1963 and 1986. During this period, the percentage of U.S. output produced in the eight different regions changed significantly. The largest changes occurred in the Great Lakes (−3.65 percent), Mideast (−3.32 percent), and Southeast (+3.64 percent). Four major industry sectors (Agriculture, Mining, Construction, and Government) declined in relative importance in all eight regions. Five major industry sectors (TCPU, Retail Trade, Wholesale Trade, FIRE, and Services) expanded in relative importance. Somewhat surprisingly, Manufacturing output expanded for the U.S. as a whole and for six of the eight regions. The perception of decline in the relative importance of manufacturing in the U.S. is clearly based on the dramatic declines in the once dominant manufacturing base of the Mideast and Great Lakes regions.
Convolution Formulation of Fresnel Diffraction

A convolution formulation of Fresnel diffraction is presented. The diffracted amplitude is expressed as a convolution in either direct or reciprocal space. Approximations involve the use of parabolic wavefronts and the omission of the obliquity factor. The formulation is readily applied to many optical phenomena.A theory of Fresnel transforms is given. The Fresnel transforms are expressed as a convolution in either direct or reciprocal space. Two examples of their use are given.
Host-endophyte specificity of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of Oryza sativa l. at the pre-transplant stage in low or high phosphorus soil

Abstract Three varieties of rice ( Oryza saliva L.) at the pre-transplant stage grown in low or high P soil varied in the levels of colonization by isolates of indigenous vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi ( Glomus mosseae, G. microcarpum, G. fasciculatum and G. caledonium ) and the non-indigenous fungus ( G. etunicatum ). Inoculation by VAM fungi resulted in significant differences in proportions of root length colonized, specific root lengths and growth among the various fungus-plant variety combinations and non-inoculated plants. Two varieties of rice plants colonized by the non-indigenous fungus in high and low P soil had reduced growth compared to plants colonized by indigenous fungi, whereas plants of the third variety tested did not show any significant difference in growth when inoculated with either the non-indigenous or the indigenous fungi. Non-inoculated plants always had significantly lower dry weights than plants colonized by the indigenous fungi indicating that rice plants were positively responsive to colonization by the indigenous VAM fungi. This study demonstrated that different isolates of mycorrhizal fungal species colonize a specific variety of rice to varying degrees and individual isolates of mycorrhizal fungi colonize different varieties of rice to varying degrees. The results suggest that differential VAM fungal responses according to the host variety may result in selection pressures which favor certain specific fungus-host variety combinations. The evaluation of plant varieties for endophyte specificity and identification of desirable inoculant strains of endophytes is essential.
Vibrational partition functions for H2O derived from perturbation-theory energy levels

Purely vibrational energy levels and partition functions are calculated using three different potential energy surfaces for the H2O molecule. Results obtained with perturbation-theory, independent-normal-mode (INM), and harmonic approximations are compared with accurate values. For the cases considered here, the expected improvement that perturbation theory provides over the corresponding harmonic treatment is found to be substantial, while the INM approximation leads to results which are worse than the corresponding harmonic ones. In fact, we show that reliable partition functions for these potential surfaces can be obtained when resonance contributions are removed from the perturbation-theory treatment, and we propose a theoretical criterion for deciding when a particular interaction should be treated as resonant.
Surface analysis study of electrical-arc-induced wear

Abstract A fundamental study was conducted to understand the changes in electrical- arc-induced wear. 303 stainless steel and a bearing made of 52100 steel were selected for the study. An arc was drawn between the two surfaces and experiments were conducted with external voltages of 10–90 V. The arc crater and mountain volumes, the average disturbance diameters, and the maximum crater depth and mountain heights were measured and correlated with the arcing power. A relatively large amount of energy was received by a small area over a short period of time. It was found to cause considerable melting, corrosion, hardness changes and other phase changes in the heat-affected zone and possibly direct ablation of the material. Lips were formed, which were sheared or fractured during subsequent relative movement of the mating member, leading to abrasion, corrosion, surface fatigue and fretting.
Goals and emotional outcomes of revenge activities in interpersonal relationships

This study investigated reported goals involved in, and emotional outcomes resulting from, the process of enacting revenge activities against interpersonal relationship partners. Participants (N = 152) responded to questionnaires in which they described activities used to express revenge against a relational partner, the importance of several goals relevant to their retaliatory expressions, and the types of emotional outcomes they experienced upon reflecting on their activities. Results indicate that reported revenge activities are distinguished by goals reflecting an overarching desire to dominate targets. Although respondents reported experiencing anger, fearful anxiety, positivity, and remorse after enacting revenge, remorse was particularly strong following the initiation of new relationships, defaming the target’s reputation, and removing the target’s personal resources.
Source of low-frequency fluctuations in functional MRI signal.

Purpose To investigate the source of native low-frequency fluctuations (LFF) in functional MRI (fMRI) signal. Materials and Methods Phase analysis was performed on tissue-segmented fMRI data acquired at systematically varying sampling rates. Results LFF in fMRI signal were both native and aliased in origin. Scanner instability did not contribute to native or aliased LFF. Aliased LFF arose from cardiorespiratory processes and head motion. Native LFF did not arise from cardiorespiratory processes, but did so, at least in part, from head motion. Motion correction reduced native LFF, but did not eliminate them. The residual native LFF in motion-corrected fMRI data showed a systematic phase difference among different tissue structures. The native LFF in fMRI signals of cerebral blood vessels and CSF were synchronous, and preceded those of gray and white matter, indicating that the vascular fluctuations lead the metabolic fluctuations. Conclusion The primary physiologic source of native LFF in fMRI signal is vasomotion. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;27:891–897. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Acquisition of an Acoustic Template Leads to Refinement of Song Motor Gestures

Vocal learning, a key behavior in human speech development, occurs only in a small number of animal taxa. Ontogeny of vocal behavior in humans and songbirds involves acquisition of an acoustic model, which guides the development of self-generated vocalizations (sensorimotor period). How vocal development proceeds in the absence of an acoustic model is largely unknown and cannot be studied directly in humans. Here we explored the effects of an acoustic model on song motor control by comparing peripheral motor gestures (respiration and syringeal muscles) of tutored birds with those of birds raised in acoustic isolation. Although the overall use of syringeal muscles during song was similar in both groups, tutored birds displayed enhanced temporal patterns of activation in respiratory and syringeal motor gestures. Muscle activation was more uniformly distributed throughout the song of tutored birds than that of untutored birds. Similarly, the respiratory effort was similar for both groups, but the expiratory pulses of song contained more modulations and temporal complexity in tutored birds. These results indicate that the acquisition of an acoustic template guides a refinement of experience-independent motor gestures by increasing temporal fine structure, but there is no difference in bilateral activation patterns for a given sound between the two groups. Nevertheless, these subtle temporal changes in muscle activation give rise to pronounced acoustic differences between the songs of the tutored and untutored birds. Experience with song during ontogeny therefore guides a more refined use of experience-independent motor programs.
Helper‐suppressor T‐cell leukemia: Unusual phenotype controlled with low‐dose deoxycoformycin

Presented is an unusual case of chronic T-cell leukemia. Immunophenotypic profile revealed the leukemia cells to express T4 and T8 surface markers simultaneously. The patient was treated with low-dose deoxycoformycin and control of symptoms and lymphocyte levels shown to correlate with ADA and dATP/ATP levels.
Early American Relations with Formosa, 1849‐1870

(1957). Early American Relations with Formosa, 1849‐1870. The Historian: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 262-289.
Cardiac transplantation for infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Abstract Orthotopic cardiac transplantation (OCT) has been our preferred treatment for infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). This therapy was initially based on years of successful animal studies and later on continued as the results of transplantation proved encouraging. Infants with HLHS awaiting transplantation are maintained on prostaglandin E 1 . Ductal stent placement may be necessary in some patients to maintain systemic perfusion. Others may require closed or open atrial septostomy. Shortage of donor organs accounts for 25% pretransplant mortality in our series. Over the last 10 years, 137 infants with HLHS underwent OCT. The operative mortality is 10%, and there have been 20 late deaths mostly due to rejection. The actuarial survival at 1 and 7 years following OCT is 84% and 72%, respectively. Three survivors required retransplantation at 1 month, 2 years and 7 years after initial OCT. Eight recipients developed moderate or severe graft coronary vasculopathy and only one patient was diagnosed with a neoplasm. In spite of few limitations, OCT is an effective therapy for HLHS with acceptable intermediate-term results.
Marked prolongation of post-tetanic potentiation at a transition temperature and its adaptation

A UNITARY, monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potential (e.p.s.p.) can be recorded from cell R15 of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica on appropriate stimulation of the right visceropleural connective. The amplitude of this e.p.s.p. undergoes a sequence of changes with trains of one or two stimuli per second. These changes include synaptic depression, frequency facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation. As described in detail elsewhere1,2, all these phenomena are apparently due to alterations in the amount of neurotransmitter released rather than to postsynaptic mechanisms. The frequency facilitation, a relatively transient phenomenon, is believed to be limited by the rate of neurotransmitter mobilisation into the pool available for release2. In contrast, the post-tetanic potentiation, a much more sustained phenomenon, is believed to be due to a change in the fraction of the available pool of transmitter released per stimulus2.
Kinetics of CO2 absorption into uncatalyzed potassium carbonate-bicarbonate solutions: Effects of CO2 loading and ionic strength in the solutions

Abstract Potassium carbonate–bicarbonate (K2CO3–KHCO3) aqueous solutions could be used as an alternative to amines as solvents in CO2 capture from the flue gas of coal-fired power plants. The rate of CO2 absorption into K2CO3–KHCO3 solutions is governed by the reaction between CO2 and OH − , which is first order with respect to both CO2 and [ OH − ] ( r = k OH [ OH − ] [ CO 2 ] ) . Knowledge of the reaction kinetics and dynamic changes in kinetics along an absorber is essential for process design. However, this information, particularly the values of the rate constant of the reaction between CO2 and OH − , k OH , in K2CO3–KHCO3 solutions with different ionic strengths and CO2 loadings are seldom available in the literature. In this study, we investigated the kinetics of CO2 absorption into 5–40 wt% solutions with different levels of CO2 loading at 25–80 °C. The k OH values were determined by measuring rates of CO2 absorption into the solutions in a stirred cell reactor and by using the classic Danckwerts theory for interpretation of the data. The method was validated by the good agreement between the rate constants obtained for infinitely dilute solutions and those reported in the literature. The CO2 loading of K2CO3–KHCO3 solutions was found to govern the activation energy (Ea) of the absorption reaction. In K2CO3–KHCO3 solutions with the same CO2 loading, the Ea values were comparable, regardless of the concentration or total ionic strength of the solution. The Ea decreased as the CO2 loading of the solution increased. The ionic strength of the solution substantially affected the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor term [ln(A)] of kOH. Functional formulae have been developed that can be readily used to calculate kOH for K2CO3–KHCO3 solutions with different levels of CO2 loading over the applicable range. The results provide extensive information on the kinetics of the CO2 reaction in K2CO3–KHCO3 solutions, particularly in concentrated solutions (20–40 wt%) with a CO2 loading up to 40% of potassium carbonate to bicarbonate conversion at temperatures up to 80 °C.
A reevaluation of the role of cis-vaccenyl acetate, cis-vaccenol and esterase 6 in the regulation of mated female sexual attractiveness in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Gas-liquid chromatography was used to investigate the role of cis -vaccenyl acetate, cis -vaccenol and esterase 6 in the inhibition of male courtship in D. melanogaster . Results indicate that (1) cis -vaccenyl acetate is not converted to cis -vaccenol, (2) esterase 6 has no effect on the rate of cis -vaccenyl acetate loss from the reproductive tracts of mated females, (3) in vivo concentrations of cis -vaccenyl acetate transferred to females during copulation fall below effective courtship-inhibitory levels within 4 h, (4) cis -vaccenyl acetate is not translocated from the female reproductive tract to the abdominal cuticle, and that (5) mutant male flies that do not reduce the post-mating sexual attractiveness of females contain and transfer normal amounts of cis -vaccenyl acetate. Therefore, direct chemical analyses do not support the contention that esterase 6, cis -vaccenyl acetate and its hydrolysis product, cis -vaccenol, act in concert as an anti-aphrodisiac pheromone system.
Abrogation of the Antifibrotic Effects of Natural Killer Cells/Interferon-γ Contributes to Alcohol Acceleration of Liver Fibrosis

Background & Aims: Chronic alcohol drinking accelerates liver fibrosis in patients with viral hepatitis that cannot be fully explained by ethanol-enhanced liver damage. Here, we identified a novel mechanism by which alcohol accelerates liver fibrosis: inhibition of the antifibrotic effects of natural killer (NK) cells and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Methods: Alcohol administration was achieved by feeding mice with a liquid diet containing 5% ethanol for 8 weeks. Liver fibrosis was induced by administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 2 weeks. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were also isolated and cultured for in vitro studies. Results: CCl4 treatment induced greater fibrosis and less apoptosis of HSCs in ethanol-fed mice compared with pair-fed mice. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) or IFN-γ treatment inhibited liver fibrosis in pair-fed but not in ethanol-fed mice. Poly I:C activation of NK cell cytotoxicity against HSCs was attenuated in ethanol-fed mice compared with pair-fed mice, which was due to reduced natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, and IFN-γ expression on NK cells from ethanol-fed mice. In vitro, HSCs from ethanol-fed mice were resistant to IFN-γ–induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis compared with pair-fed mice. Such resistance was due to diminished IFN-γ activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) in HSCs from ethanol-fed mice caused by the induction of suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins and the production of oxidative stress. Finally, HSCs from ethanol-fed mice were resistant to NK cell killing, which can be reversed by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) neutralizing antibody. Conclusions: Chronic ethanol consumption attenuates the antifibrotic effects of NK/IFN-γ/STAT1 in the liver, representing new and different therapeutic targets with which to treat alcoholic liver fibrosis.
ARE ATRIAL ARRHYTHMIAS UNDER-RECOGNIZED IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC SARCOIDOSIS?

Patients with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) are at increased risk for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. The prevalence of atrial arrhythmias in patients with CS is unknown. We report on a cohort of patients with CS and their arrhythmia burden. Of 192 consecutive patients with extra-cardiac
Population genetics of the predatory lady beetle Hippodamia convergens

Abstract Quantifying non-target effects of augmentative releases on populations of conspecifics is key to understanding the long-term impacts of augmentation biological control. Potential deleterious (and advantageous) allelic variation carried over to augmented populations from ‘source’ populations could shape adaptive evolutionary trajectories. Variation at seven microsatellite loci was determined in 117 adults from 11 populations (2 populations from California, 1 from Arizona, 1 from South America, and 7 from regions east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States [hereafter, Eastern]) of the widely distributed predatory lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Our study was designed to examine possible introgression of genes from adult H. convergens that are mass-collected in California annually and released in eastern North America for augmentative biological control. The average observed heterozygosity was 0.44 and all loci were polymorphic (mean = 20.57 alleles/locus). The number of genetically distinct subpopulations of H. convergens was estimated to be at least two. Our analyses indicate that Californian multilocus genotypes are admixed within Eastern populations of H. convergens. We also determined the sizes of California populations to be larger than all sampled Eastern populations, suggesting recent declines in the latter. Additional study of the population demography of H. convergens and its local ecological adaptations is required to determine if these augmentative releases are causing large-scale non-target effects.
Stabilization of sawteeth by lower hybrid waves in the Alcator C tokamak

Sawteeth have been suppressed by lower hybrid current drive in high density Alcator C plasmas. At a density of 1.1 × 1014 cm−3 and q(a) = 4.7, the sawteeth were eliminated by application of PRF = 600 kW at 4.6 GHz, which represents an estimated 30% of the radiofrequency (RF) power required to fully sustain the discharge in the absence of Ohmic power. Strong electron heating is observed with both current drive phasing and anti-current drive phasing of the waveguide arrays, but sawtooth stabilization occurs only in the former case. With current drive phasing the sawtooth period increases with RF power until the sawteeth are stabilized, whereas with anti-current drive phasing the period remains unchanged. The internal inductance of the plasma increases in the case of current drive relative to the case of anti-current drive. The disappearance of sawteeth and the increase in internal inductance suggest that the RF current is driven near the q = 1 surface. At high power (PRF > 850 kW), the sawteeth return 40–60 ms into the RF pulse, indicating that an optimal power range, or RF deposition profile, exists for successful sawtooth suppression.
Inflammation gene variants and susceptibility to albuminuria in the U.S. population: analysis in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1991-1994

Background Albuminuria, a common marker of kidney damage, serves as an important predictive factor for the progression of kidney disease and for the development of cardiovascular disease. While the underlying etiology is unclear, chronic, low-grade inflammation is a suspected key factor. Genetic variants within genes involved in inflammatory processes may, therefore, contribute to the development of albuminuria.
Kondo lattice on the edge of a two-dimensional topological insulator

We revisit the problem of a single quantum impurity on the edge of a two-dimensional time-reversal invariant topological insulator and show that the zero-temperature phase diagram contains a large local moment region for antiferromagnetic Kondo coupling, which was missed by previous poor man's scaling treatments. The combination of an exact solution at the so-called decoupling point and a renormalization group analysis \`a la Anderson-Yuval-Hamann allows us to access the regime of strong electron-electron interactions on the edge and strong Kondo coupling. We apply similar methods to the problem of a regular one-dimensional array of quantum impurities interacting with the edge liquid. When the edge electrons are at half-filling with respect to the impurity lattice, the system remains gapless unless the Luttinger parameter of the edge is less than $1/2$ in which case two-particle backscattering effects drive the system to a gapped phase with long-range Ising antiferromagnetic order. This is in marked contrast with the gapped disordered ground state of the ordinary half-filled one-dimensional Kondo lattice.
Arylpentazoles Revisited: Experimental and Theoretical Studies of 4-Hydroxyphenylpentazole and 4-Oxophenylpentazole Anion

Kinetic measurements for the degradation of 4-hydroxyphenylpentazole (2a) and its salt 2b-NBu4 in CD3OD and in CD2Cl2 provided a set of activation parameters. The resulting free energies of activation in methanol (ΔG‡298 = 19.7 kcal/mol for 2a and ΔG‡298 = 20.6 kcal/mol for 2b-NBu4) were compared with previous results for the 4-chloro derivative, 2c, and collectively correlated with results of gas-phase calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. This, and another linear correlation of the seven computed ΔG‡298 values with the previously reported kinetic data of Ugi and Huisgen, gave the basis for the estimation of the stability of pentazole anion (1) and its derivatives in solutions. Thus, N5(−) is predicted to have t1/2 = 2.2 d, while the half-lifetime for HN5 is expected to be only about 10 min in methanol at 0 °C. Controlled ozonolysis of 2b-NBu4 followed by 1H and 15N NMR spectroscopy shows a preferential destruction of the N5 ring, which excludes it from possible methods for preparation o...
Measuring change in the programming process

A type of data (change data) associated with the programming process is defined. Change data is defined as the set of changes made to a program during program enhancement or development. Included in this set are changes made and later discarded. A collection of measures which are derived from change data are developed. Special attention is given to program language independence when isolating changes made to programs. A methodology for gathering change data is presented and insights into the meaning of these data are provided. The ease of gathering change data is shown through an example case. Potential application areas for use of change data and the associated measures are suggested.