cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steady‐state and decay dynamics for impellers of varying aspect ratio in unbaffled tanks

Hydrodynamic torque measurements on impellers of square cross section were conducted for 33 different impellers in 3 different cylindrical unbaffled tanks. The tanks differed in volume by two orders of magnitude, and the Reynolds number range of the data was 104–105. A wide range of impeller sizes and aspect ratios was investigated, focusing on the decay regime where the tank walls impacted the torque measurement, and the steady state where the torque is constant on average. The number of revolutions required for spin-up to steady state is a function of the tank radius and height and the impeller radius and height, and an expression is presented that describes the spin-up time in terms of these variables and is valid for all of the data. At steady state and for a Reynolds number of 105, the torque coefficient or power number depended primarily on the height of the impeller and tank, but not on the impeller radius. During the decay regime, the measured torque coefficient decreases with a power-law relation and is proportional to the number of revolutions raised to the k power. The k value did not depend on the height of the tank, but only on the impeller radius, impeller height, and tank radius. Expressions relating the steady-state torque coefficient and the decay exponent, k, to the geometric variables model all of the data quite well. With these relations, the effects of the varying impeller aspect ratios on the energy required for mixing of momentum, and on the time required for mixing to occur, can be quantified.
Predictors and Outcomes Associated with Trajectories of Revenge Goals from Fourth Grade through Seventh Grade

The present study identified longitudinal trajectories of revenge goals in a sample of at-risk youth (N = 240; 63.3% male) followed from fourth grade through seventh grade. Three revenge goal trajectory groups were identified: a low-stable group, an increasing group, and a decreasing group. The increasing and decreasing groups were initially more behaviorally and affectively dysregulated and believed that aggression would gain them more rewards relative to the low-stable group. The increasing group was also more fearfully reactive compared to the decreasing group. Revenge goal trajectory groups also predicted trajectories of reactive and proactive aggression from 4th through 7th grade. The increasing group was more reactively aggressive and depressed and had poorer social skills in 8th grade compared to the other groups. Together, results highlight the importance of considering revenge motivations as an indicator of risk and a potential focus for intervention.
Some substantive universals in atomic phonology

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to elucidate some of the principles governing cross-linguistic variation in such phonological processes as Terminal Devoicing and Intervocalic Voicing and to show that the theory of atomic phonology provides a correct characterization of these processes and their associated constraints.
Remitting the gift: Zambian mobility and anthropological insights for migration studies.

This article brings together anthropological theories of gift exchange and ethnographic data on migrant gifting (‘remitting’) in order to understand the core of investing in social relations through remitting practices. Migration literature from throughout the developing world documents important patterns of remitting that furthers our understanding of how migrants' earnings help rural investment. In contrast to the majority of migration literature, scholars working in different regions of Zambia have documented migration patterns and remittance practices that do not echo the documented findings from other regions of the developing world. In Zambian migration, remittances consist more of food, ‘town goods’ or cash, rather than the larger sums of money or durable goods that other migration studies describe. The Zambian literature also documents cases of non-remitting. Rather than provide significant support to relatives in sending communities, Zambian migrants invest in social networks over time through ‘gift-remitting’. These ‘gift-remittances’ facilitate options to return to home communities, or to maintain mutually beneficial social ties for both migrants and relatives in home villages. These findings compel policies directed towards enhancing migrants' remitting power to consider the core social foundation of their ties to home, and how investing in social relations can be incorporated into policy development. The article draws on fieldwork with the Gwembe Tonga people of Zambia's Southern Province since 1994, and recent ethnographic literature from Zambia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of nutrition interventions in the pre-ESRD and the ESRD population.

Abstract Malnutrition is present in approximately 40% of patients treated with maintenance dialysis, and several serum proteins that are associated with malnutrition are also associated with decreased survival in this patient population. This article will review interventions to treat malnutrition in patients with chronic renal failure, as well as those treated with maintenance hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Effectiveness of the interventions, as well as the design of trials to evaluate these interventions, are discussed. (Am J Kidney Dis 1998 Dec;32(6 Suppl 4):S126-30)
Nonhuman primate transgenesis: progress and prospects

The nonhuman primate is used extensively in biomedical research owing to its close similarities to human physiology and human disease pathophysiology. Recently, several groups have initiated efforts to genetically manipulate nonhuman primates to address complex questions concerning primate-specific development and physiological adaptation. Primates pose unique challenges to transgenesis and, although this field is still in its infancy, the potential for obtaining new insights into primate physiology and gene function is unprecedented. This review focuses on the methods and potential applications of genetically altered nonhuman primates in biomedical research.
Spatial-orientation priming impedes rather than facilitates the spontaneous control of hand-retraction speeds in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Background Often in Parkinson’s disease (PD) motor-related problems overshadow latent non-motor deficits as it is difficult to dissociate one from the other with commonly used observational inventories. Here we ask if the variability patterns of hand speed and acceleration would be revealing of deficits in spatial-orientation related decisions as patients performed a familiar reach-to-grasp task. To this end we use spatial-orientation priming which normally facilitates motor-program selection and asked whether in PD spatial-orientation priming helps or hinders performance. Methods To dissociate spatial-orientation- and motor-related deficits participants performed two versions of the task. The biomechanical version (DEFAULT) required the same postural- and hand-paths as the orientation-priming version (primed-UP). Any differences in the patients here could not be due to motor issues as the tasks were biomechanically identical. The other priming version (primed-DOWN) however required additional spatial and postural processing. We assessed in all three cases both the forward segment deliberately aimed towards the spatial-target and the retracting segment, spontaneously bringing the hand to rest without an instructed goal. Results and Conclusions We found that forward and retracting segments belonged in two different statistical classes according to the fluctuations of speed and acceleration maxima. Further inspection revealed conservation of the forward (voluntary) control of speed but in PD a discontinuity of this control emerged during the uninstructed retractions which was absent in NC. Two PD groups self-emerged: one group in which priming always affected the retractions and the other in which only the more challenging primed-DOWN condition was affected. These PD-groups self-formed according to the speed variability patterns, which systematically changed along a gradient that depended on the priming, thus dissociating motor from spatial-orientation issues. Priming did not facilitate the motor task in PD but it did reveal a breakdown in the spatial-orientation decision that was independent of the motor-postural path.
Computer Mapping of Geography and Border Crossing in Scandinavia

In his article "Computer Mapping of Geography and Border Crossing in Scandinavia" Oyvind Eide discusses computer based methods for enquiry into a set of border protocols created in the mideighteenth century based on interviews with inhabitants of northern Scandinavia. Most of the interviews are with common people: semi-nomadic reindeer herders, fishers, and farmers of Sami, Norwegian, Swedish, and Finnish origin. Eide discusses the value of the interview material as source material which can be used to understand the way people spoke, especially about geographical matters. The data and their analysis suggest the relevance of mediality and materiality with not only scholarly but general knowledge impact. Accepting the shortcomings of the data, Eide demonstrates that with available methods of digital humanities the border protocol material is worth a close study as a possible source of knowledge about cognitive structures of people in the multi-ethnic area of northern Europe. Oyvind Eide, "Computer Mapping of Geography and Border Crossing in Scandinavia" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 13.3 (2011): Thematic issue New Perspectives on Material Culture and Intermedial Practice. Ed. Steven Totosy de Zepetnek, Asuncion Lopez-Varela, Haun Saussy, and Jan Mieszkowski
GP130, the shared receptor for the LIF/IL6 cytokine family in the mouse, is not required for early germ cell differentiation, but is required cell-autonomously in oocytes for ovulation

GP130 is the shared receptor for members of the IL6 family of cytokines. Members of this family have been shown to enhance the survival of migratory (E10.5) or postmigratory (E12.5) murine primordial germ cells (PGCs) in culture; however, it is uncertain what role these cytokines play during PGC development in vivo. We have examined PGC numbers in E13.5 GP130-deficient mouse embryos and found that males exhibited a slight decrease in PGC numbers; females were normal. Also, we used the Cre-loxP system to inactive GP130 specifically in germ cells and found that this resulted in a fertility defect in females. These animals were found to have a slight reduction in the number of primary follicles and a major defect in ovulation. This data suggests that GP130 is required in female germ cells for their normal function, but is dispensable in male germ cells.
PHOTONEUTRONS FROM LEAD

The photoneutrons ejected from a small lead target by 23-Mev bremsstrahlung x-rays from a betatron have been observed by means of recoil protons in nuclear emulsions. The angular distribution of the more energetic photoneutrons was nearly isotropic. The yield, in units of ${10}^{7}$ neutrons per mole-roentgen, was 1.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2. The observed energy distribution had its maximum near 1.75 Mev. A yield curve for photoneutrons was obtained using neutron counters in paraffin. A cross-section curve was derived from the yield curve with a normalization based on the nuclear-emulsion data. The calculated energy distribution which gave a satisfactory fit to the observed photoneutrons consisted of 90% "evaporation" from a compound nucleus and 10% emission by the "resonance" direct effect. In calculating the contribution of "evaporated" neutrons a nuclear "temperature" for the residual nucleus of 1.35 Mev was used, and the factors for transmission of $l=0$ neutrons through a centrifugal barrier were applied.
Movement without proprioception.

Abstract The recovery of voluntary movement following transection of dorsal roots has aroused some interest in recent years. A review of the literature describing research with this preparation indicates that such recovery is not a novel finding, having been reported by numerous investigators during the 19th and 20th centuries. Such recovery depends upon post-surgical training and care. Normal elegance is never recovered. Several sources of information that monkeys might use to substitute for lost proprioception are discussed, as is the possibility that proprioception may be preserved in ventral root afferents.
Data hiding in binary image for authentication and annotation

This paper proposes a new method to embed data in binary images, including scanned text, figures, and signatures. The method manipulates "flippable" pixels to enforce specific block-based relationship in order to embed a significant amount of data without causing noticeable artifacts. Shuffling is applied before embedding to equalize the uneven embedding capacity from region to region. The hidden data can be extracted without using the original image, and can also be accurately extracted after high quality printing and scanning with the help of a few registration marks. The proposed data embedding method can be used to detect unauthorized use of a digitized signature, and annotate or authenticate binary documents. The paper also presents analysis and discussions on robustness and security issues.
Intrinsic features of Aedes aegypti genes affect transcriptional responsiveness of mosquito genes to dengue virus infection.

Dengue virus infection causes significant morbidity and mortality in humans world-wide. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the major vector that spreads dengue virus to humans. Interaction between dengue viruses and A. aegypti is a multi-factorial phenomena that is determined by both virus and mosquito genotypes. Although, studies have suggested significant association of mosquito vectorial capacity with population variation of dengue virus, specifications of the vector factors that may influence vector–virus compatibility are very limited in the literature. Recently, we have shown that a large number of genes are differentially expressed between MOYO-S (susceptible) and MOYO-R (refractory) A. aegypti strains upon infection with dengue virus (JAM-1409 genotype). In the current study, we show that specific intrinsic features of A. aegypti genes are significantly associated with ‘responsiveness’ of mosquito genes to dengue infection. Binomial logistic regression analysis further reveals differential marginal effects of these features on gene responsiveness of mosquitoes to the viral infection. Thus, our result shows that intrinsic features of genes significantly affect differential expression of A. aegypti genes to dengue infection. The information will benefit further investigations on evolution of genes among natural populations of A. aegypti conferring differential susceptibility to dengue virus.
Interfacial tension based on-chip extraction of microparticles confined in microfluidic Stokes flows

Microfluidics involving two immiscible fluids (oil and water) has been increasingly used to produce hydrogel microparticles with wide applications. However, it is difficult to extract the microparticles out of the microfluidic Stokes flows of oil that have a Reynolds number (the ratio of inertia to viscous force) much less than one, where the dominant viscous force tends to drive the microparticles to move together with the surrounding oil. Here, we present a passive method for extracting hydrogel microparticles in microfluidic Stokes flow from oil into aqueous extracting solution on-chip by utilizing the intrinsic interfacial tension between oil and the microparticles. We further reveal that the thickness of an “extended confining layer” of oil next to the interface between oil and aqueous extracting solution must be smaller than the radius of microparticles for effective extraction. This method uses a simple planar merging microchannel design that can be readily fabricated and further integrated into a fluidic system to extract microparticles for wide applications.
The role of local models and data sets in the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study

Abstract The purpose of local studies within the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) is to determine something, typically a model with parameter values, that is useful for making regional or global estimates of fluxes. An iterative process of improvement should lead towards a model that fits available local data well, and local data that constrain the range of possible models well, so that the extrapolation from local to global can be made with confidence. This paper addresses issues in evaluating the fit of models and the constraining power of data. For illustrative purposes it treats the data and the form of the model as fixed, so that improvement is confined to the parameter values of the model. The plankton model of Fasham et al.(1990) (Journal of Marine Research, 48, 591–639) fits the data of the JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment of 1989 reasonably well, and that data set constrains the parameters of that model reasonably well. Studying their interplay suggests directions for improvement in both.
An efficient method for the calculation of generalized overlap amplitudes for core photoelectron shake-up spectra

Abstract Using a Gelfand-Tsetlin N-electron basis and a graphical unitary group approach, an efficient method is derived for the calculation of generalized overlap amplitudes of the formX(n)p = , whereψ(n)(N-1) and ψ(0)(N) denote complete active space wavefunctions and p is a core orbital index. Using this method the computational effort to obtain Xnp is negligible compared to the wavefunction optimization.
Image synthesis from a sparse set of views

The authors present an image synthesis methodology and a system built around it. Given a sparse set of photographs taken from unknown viewpoints, the system generates images from new, different viewpoints with correct perspective, and handles occlusion. It achieves this without requiring any knowledge about the 3D structure of the scene nor the intrinsic camera parameters. The photo-realistic rendering process is polygon based and can be potentially implemented as real time texture mapping. The system is robust to noise by taking advantage of duplicate information from multiple views. They present results on several example scenes.
Forecasting and leader performance: Objective cognition in a socio-organizational context

Abstract Traditionally, it has been assumed that leaders, like other people, are typically poor at forecasting. In the present effort, we argue that people can sometimes prove effective at forecasting and that effective forecasting is particularly important to performance in leadership roles. Subsequently, evidence bearing on how four key variables, mental models, objectivity, time frame, and case content, influence the effectiveness of leader forecasting is examined along with interventions that might contribute to effective forecasting on the part of leaders. The implications of these observations for understanding leader cognition are discussed.
Liver and kidney pathology in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to dietary pyrrolizidine (Senecio) alkaloids.

Abstract Duplicate groups of rainbow trout fingerlings were fed diets containing a muxture of pyrrolizidine (Senecio) alkaloids (PAs), at levels of 20 and 100 ppm, for 12 months. The 100-ppm diet resulted in severe growth depression and mortalities and one group receiving that diet was terminated at 6 months. The other 100-ppm group was placed on the control diet after 2 months and held until termination at 12 months. Both levels of PAs resulted in severe hepatic lesions including megalocytosis, necrosis, and fibrosis. In addition venoocclusive disease was present in centrolobular and hepatic veins. The high dose of PAs also caused significant thickening of glomerular basement membranes. Removal of the fish from the 100-ppm diet at 2 months and feeding the control diet for 10 months resulted in only slight improvement in growth, and hepatic, vascular, and renal lesions persisted through 12 months. No evidence of neoplastic change was observed, although some nodular hyperplasia was seen in the fish fed 100 ppm PAs for 2 months and control diet for 10 months. In vitro studies with trout liver microsomes showed that control trout liver was capable of producing the toxic pyrrole metabolites at a rate comparable to uninduced rat liver microsomes.
Reliability Generalization of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test

The present study evaluated the reliability of scores from the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in a reliability generalization study. This reliability generalization had two primary goals: (a) to characterize the typical reliability of scores for the AUDIT, and (b) to examine factors that may be related to the reliability of AUDIT scores. The median internal consistency reliability across 24 samples was .81, with a range of .59 to .91. Results suggest that the AUDIT is capable of generating generally reliable scores across some varied sample conditions. After controlling for score variability, no sample characteristic was a statistically significantly predictor of score reliability and effects were small. Only 17 of 104 empirical journal articles contained adequate psychometric information to be included in the present study.
Association studies of ALOX5 and bone mineral density in healthy adults

Animal studies suggest that arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (encoded by ALOX5) may be a genetic determinant of bone mineral density. We tested this hypothesis in a sample of healthy men and women and did not find consistent evidence for an association between variation in this gene and either lumbar spine or femoral neck BMD. Phenotypic variation in bone mineral density (BMD) among healthy adults is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. A recent mouse study implicated ALOX5, which encodes arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, as a contributing factor to areal BMD (aBMD). Fifteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed throughout ALOX5 were genotyped in three healthy groups: 1,688 European American, premenopausal sisters, 512 African American premenopausal sisters and 715 European American brothers. Statistical analyses were performed in the three groups to test for association between these SNPs and femoral neck and lumbar spine aBMD. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) evidence of association was observed with three of the SNPs. However, despite the linkage disequilibrium between SNPs, adjacent SNPs did not provide statistical evidence of association in any of the three study groups. These data do not provide consistent evidence of association between genomic variation in ALOX5 and clinical variability in aBMD in healthy subjects.
Deep levels of processing elicit a distinctiveness heuristic: Evidence from the criterial recollection task

Thinking about the meaning of studied words (deep processing) enhances memory on typical recognition tests, relative to focusing on perceptual features (shallow processing). One explanation for this levels-of-processing effect is that deep processing leads to the encoding of more distinctive representations (i.e., more unique semantic or conceptual features that can be recollected to differentiate the words). This recollective distinctiveness hypothesis predicts that deep processing should reduce false recognition errors, because expecting more distinctive recollections can facilitate retrieval monitoring accuracy (i.e., a distinctiveness heuristic). We report several experiments confirming this prediction, while ruling out explanations based on familiarity or overall memory strength. Additional support for the distinctiveness hypothesis was that a manipulation designed to selectively enhance the distinctiveness of words in the shallow condition eliminated the levels-of-processing effect on false recognition. These findings suggest that conceptual processing can elicit the distinctiveness heuristic, and that recollective distinctiveness drives levels-of-processing effects.
1055 WHOLE BODY PROTEIN TURNOVER IN CHRONICALLY HEMODIALYZED CHILDREN

Growth failure remains a concern in children on chronic hemodialysis. Inadequate intake of protein and calories is one cause. However little is known about the dynamic aspects of protein metabolism in these children. We investigated this by measuring whole body protein turnover from lysine-15N enrichment during 14 hr infusions of 15N labelled lysine, using newly developed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry micromethods. The patients had been on dialysis for 11.7 ± 10.7 months. All were below the 10th percentile for ht and wt. Prior to dialysis when BUN averaged 64.3 ± 38.8 mg/d1 and serum creatinine 9.7 ± 5.4 mg/d1, the mean protein turnover rate was 2.36 ± .34 gm protein/kg body wt/day, a value significantly below the normal of 3.8. Protein turnover was reduced even in children ingesting 2 gm protein/kg body wt/day. To determine whether decreasing the degree of azotemia would improve protein turnover rates, studies were repeated after dialysis (average BUN 23.0 ± 15.7, serum creatinine 4.2 ± 2.6 mg/d1). Protein turnover remained identical 2.36 ± .33 gm protein/kg body wt/day. This study illustrates that even with adequate dietary protein intake, children on he-modialysis have decreased protein turnover. This is not improved by dialysis. Identification of the mechanisms responsible for this decrease should help the development of methods to increase growth rates in uremic children.
Sturm sequences or law of inertia of quadratic forms

Abstract In obtaining the number of eigenvalues greater than a given constant λ 0 of the eigenvalue problem [ A ]{ x } = λ [ B ]{ x } with [ A ] and [ B ] real, symmetric, and [ B ] positive definite, one usually refers to the Sturm sequence established by the leading principal minors of [ A – λ 0 B ], the proof of which is given basically when the associated special eigenvalue problem is tridiagonal. In this work, using the law of inertia of quadratic forms , it is shown that the number of eigenvalues of [ A ]{ x }] = λ [ B ]{ x } greater than a given constant λ 0 (not an eigenvalue) is the number of positive entries of the diagonal matrix [ d ] in the identity [ A – λ 0 B ] = [ u ] T [ d ][ u ] where [ u ] is the upper triangular matrix associated with Crout-Banachievicz type decomposition of [ A – λ 0 B ], without the help of the separation theorem and the Sturm sequence .
Effects of cooling rate and annealing treatment on sensitization of austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel

Duplex stainless steel has higher corrosion resistance and better mechanical properties than conventional type 300 series stainless steel. The corrosion behavior of duplex stainless steel is strongly dependent on the ratio, shape, size and distribution of austenite and ferrite phase in the microstructure. The relationship between the microstructure and the corrosion behavior of the duplex stainless steel was studied. For this purpose, the duplex stainless steel samples were solution heal treated at 1150°C followed by either cooling at various rates (water quenching, air coooling, furnace colling with door opened and door closed) to 820°C and then water quenching to room temperature, or quenching to room temperature and annealing heat treatment at 840°C for various lengths of time. A double loop electrochemical polentiodynamic reactivation (EPR) test was carried out to examine the effect of various cooling procedures or annealing treatment on the sensitization of duplex stainless steel. The grain size, shape, and distribution of the two phases were examined under microscope. From the test results, the relationships were discussed among heat treatment, electrochemical properties and microstructure.
Egg Characteristics, Carbohydrate Metabolism, and Thyroid Hormones in Late Chick Embryos from Different Genetic Lines

Abstract Functional eggshell qualities, thyroid hormones, and carbohydrate metabolism of chick embryos at the end of incubation were compared between a modern (Arbor Acres line) and a randombred control population (Athens-Canadian Randombred). Embryos from the Arbor Acres genetic line developed in larger eggs with more albumen and less yolk than Athens Canadian Randombred lines. Percentage shell and functional eggshell properties measured as eggshell conductance constants did not differ between genetic lines. On a relative basis, hearts were generally smaller and livers heavier in Arbor Acres than in Athens-Canadian Randombred birds. Heart and liver glycogen concentrations were greater in Athens-Canadian Randombred than in Arbor Acres embryos. However, blood glucose was greater in Randombred than in Arbor Acres embryos only at internal pipping, a time of hypoxia and hypercapnia. Blood plasma concentrations of thyroxine did not differ significantly between the modern and Randombred embryos at any stage examined. Modern broiler chick embryos possessed greater concentrations of triiodothyronine as well as greater triiodothyronine to thyroxine ratios than Randombred embryos at external pipping and hatching. It can be inferred from the data that chick embryos differ in their use of carbohydrate during late development between modern and Randombred genetic lines.
Spatial and temporal variability in the geochemistry of basalts from the East Pacific Rise

Closely spaced sampling of basalts around the East Pacific Rise, made possible by a new sampling technique, reveals spatial patterns of change in the composition of the sea floor. The patterns demonstrate the scale and magnitude of temporal variability in the basalt chemistry, and suggest that the characteristic length scale of petrological segmentation can vary over time from 15 to >40 km along a single section of ridge. Patterns of basalt composition on the sea floor reveal the history of the ocean ridge with much finer resolution than do sea-floor spreading magnetic anomalies.
Sociocultural aspects of fisheries management

Abstract This paper examines specific sociocultural impacts of management decisions and outlines data needs concerning these impacts. Suggestions are made concerning the integration of sociocultural data with bio‐economic data as a means for developing models to quantitatively evaluate trade‐offs between biological, social, and economic aspects of fisheries management. Relevant aspects of the social environment of the development and implementation of fisheries management plans are also examined in an attempt to outline factors which could facilitate the process. Finally, traditional techniques of fisheries management are described as a means of indicating that, in some cases, effective systems of management have been developed by local fishermen, and that managers should use and/or learn from these systems wherever possible since they have been adapted to local needs through years of experimentation.
Some chemical and hydrographic observations along the north coast of South America—I. Cabo Tres Puntas to Curaçao, including the Cariaco Trench and the Gulf of Cariaco

Abstract Chemical and hydrographic observations were made on five north-south sections along the Caribbean coast of Venezuela in October and November, 1958. In addition, 15 stations were occupied in the Gulf of Cariaco. Chemical determinations included dissolved oxygen, total and inorganic phosphorus, nitrate, silicate and, in the anaeric waters of the Gulf of Cariaco and the Cariaco Trench, hydrogen sulphide. Except for some low-salinity near-surface water, these waters frrm a single mass, on the basis of the temperature-salinity diagram, in agreement with the findings of Parr (1937). Minimu salinities are found at 700–800 m and can be attributed to Antarctic Intermediate sources. Maximum salinities are in the upper 200 m, at depths which increase to the north. Near the coats, isopleths of salinity, temperature, density and the nutrient ions generally slope upward toward the south, particularly in the eastern sections. This is interpreted as evidence of upwelling along this coast, a phenomenon which appears to be the only important source of nutrients in the photic zone, and which accounts for the high biological productivity of the region. The Gulf of Cariaco was filled with nearly isohaline water having the same temperature correlations as the Caribbean water outside at the time of the observations. Upwelling at the eastern end of the Gulf is clearly evident from the temperature, oxygen and nutrient distributions. The water deeper than about 54 m is isolated from, and is colder than, water at equal depths outside. Past observations indicate that this deep water may be renewed some (and possibly all) years, in February. These deep waters are isolated, vertically, by a sharp temperature gradient, as stagnant, and contain sulphides. The upwelling in the east results in high biological productivity in the region, which is evident from the rich flora and fauna. An estimate of the productivity of the region has been made from the fixation of phosphate-phosphorous which upwells near the coast, north of Puerto La Cruz. The calculation indicates a production of 0·14 gm C/m2/day, a figur which is consistent with estimates made in the region by other methods. An estimate made in the Gulf of Cariaco, also on the basis of the fixation of inorganic phosphate, indicated a daily production of 2·8 to 5·7 gm C/m2.
Potential Benefits of the New Westinghouse LOCA Mass and Energy Release Methodology: Estimated Reduction in the Initial Ice Mass Required for an Ice Condenser Containment

Westinghouse has developed a new loss of coolant accident (LOCA) mass and energy (M&E) release methodology using the W COBRA/TRAC (W C/T) and GOTHIC computer codes. The new method replaces the deterministic post-blowdown steam generator and metal energy release models with a mechanistic calculation that results in significantly lower steam generator and metal energy release rates. As shown in Reference 1, these lower energy release rates result in a significantly lower post-blowdown containment pressure and temperature for the large dry containment design. This paper estimates the impact of the lower calculated post-blowdown energy release rates on the initial ice mass required to be loaded into an ice condenser containment.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Low-energy theorem for Compton scattering and the Drell-Hearn-Gerasimov sum rule: Exchange currents

The low-energy theorem for Compton scattering is derived using a nonspecific nuclear model which includes exchange currents and relativistic corrections. The Drell-Hearn-Gerasimov sum rule is also derived using this model and the subtraction problem is addressed.
A study of precision of hardware time stamping packet traces

Many standards and techniques for time synchronization have emerged in recent years. One of the applications is accurate time stamping of packet traces. However, limited attention was paid to evaluation of the precision of such time stamping. In this paper we study the accuracy of hardware and software timestamps by exploiting Linux and libpcap, and different types of NICs. Our study verifies that hardware timestamps are much more accurate than software timestamps, shows that higher-end NICs provide better timestamps, and indicates that traffic load can affect the accuracy of timestamps.
Character Analysis in Cladistics: Abstraction, Reification, and the Search for Objectivity

The dangers of character reification for cladistic inference are explored. The identification and analysis of characters always involves theory-laden abstraction—there is no theory-free “view from nowhere.” Given theory-ladenness, and given a real world with actual objects and processes, how can we separate robustly real biological characters from uncritically reified characters? One way to avoid reification is through the employment of objectivity criteria that give us good methods for identifying robust primary homology statements. I identify six such criteria and explore each with examples. Ultimately, it is important to minimize character reification, because poor character analysis leads to dismal cladograms, even when proper phylogenetic analysis is employed. Given the deep and systemic problems associated with character reification, it is ironic that philosophers have focused almost entirely on phylogenetic analysis and neglected character analysis.
The Caregiver’s Role in Alzheimer’s Disease

The majority of persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are cared for by family members in their home. Research from several studies has shown that these care providers have rates of emotional morbidity three times that seen in age-similar individuals. This paper will review the epidemiological data on the incidence and prevalence of emotional disability in caregivers. It will also review the 11 treatment studies in the literature in which blinded intervention was carried out. Nine of these 11 studies show that intervention was more beneficial than the placebo comparison treatment. Both educational and emotional support were effective. However, when compared with each other, emotional support was more effective; the combination may be more effective than either alone. Preliminary evidence suggests that intervention on behalf of caretakers may delay the need for institutionalization of family members with AD.
Crystal growth by the Electrochemical Czochralski Technique (ECT)

Abstract A technique for growing large single crystals has been developed which combines electrochemical crystallization from molten salt solutions with the crystal pulling method. This hybrid system, the electrochemical Czochralski technique (ECT), was successfully used to grow large sodium tungsten bronze (Na x WO 3 ) crystals. Crystals as large as 2.5 cm diameter and 11 cm in length were pulled from Na 2 WO 3 -WO 3 melts at 750°C. Optimal rate was 3–4 mm/h with crystal rotation rates of up to 30 rpm. Diameter control was found to be easily accomplished by varying the current and pull rate. Deposition currents were in the range of 1–150 mA. The relationship between pull rate and rotation rate was studied, as were the effects of temperature perturbations on interface instability.
SU‐FF‐T‐106: Does Intrafraction Motion Increase Dose to the Inframammary Fold Areas in Whole Breast Treatment Using Direct Machine Parameter Optimization IMRT?

Purpose: Dosimetric uncertainties in the inframmamary fold due to intrafraction breast motion are major clinical concerns for treating large or irregularly shaped breast patients as skin break‐downs commonly occurred near the regions during the course of the treatment. Direct Machine Parameter Optimization (DMPO) IMRT has been well reported for whole breast treatments. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether intrafraction motion affects skin sparing for patients treated with this technique. Method and Materials: A pair of open tangential beams (6 MV) combined with a maximum of 20 DMPO segments of mixed photon energies (6 or 18 MV) was used to create DMPO IMRT plan for a large shaped breast case which was then benchmarked against a standard wedge‐pair plan. In order to constrain the dose to the inframamary fold, a region‐of‐interest starting near the inferior border and extending 3–4 cm superiorly was contoured. Using recorded intrafraction breast movements obtained from an image‐tracked CyberKnife system, transformed treatment plans were created while scaling the average time patterns from the CyberKnife treatment to simulate DMPO IMRT delivery. Results: Transformed DMPO plans received lower dose (90.6±3.1)% to the inframammary region compared to the original DMPO plan (96.0%). V100% for the PTV was slightly reduced from the original 97.5% to 95.0±1.5%. The treatment planning effort and delivery efficiency of DMPO IMRT were found to be similar to the wedge‐pair technique. However, the DMPO method significantly reduced the maximum dose and improved the overall dose uniformity to the inframmamary region. Conclusions: DMPO is an effective and efficient planning technique in skin sparing particularly in the inframammary fold areas for the whole breast IMRTtreatments. Our study found no negative impact on such advantage due to intrafraction patient's breathing motion. In addition, the PTV dose coverage was also found to be insensitive to such motion.
Indirect evidence for Levy walks in squeeze film damping

Molecular flow gas damping of mechanical motion in confined geometries, and its associated noise, is important in a variety of fields, including precision measurement, gravitational wave detection, and microelectromechanical systems devices. We used two torsion balance instruments to measure the strength and distance-dependence of ``squeeze film'' damping. Measured quality factors derived from free decay of oscillation are consistent with gas particle superdiffusion in L\'evy walks and inconsistent with those expected from traditional Gaussian random walk particle motion. The distance-dependence of squeeze film damping observed in our experiments is in agreement with a parameter-free Monte Carlo simulation. The squeeze film damping of the motion of a plate suspended a distance $d$ away from a parallel surface scales with a fractional power between ${d}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${d}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$.
Marine electrical plant model code optimization to achieve soft real-time execution

This paper describes the process of optimizing a 450 volt shipboard power plant model. The model is developed in MathWorks® Simulink® and used for software-in-the-loop (SIL) simulation of real-time control systems. At a total block count in excess of 135,000, the model complexity reached the point it could not be compiled. Additionally, one of the project requirements was to maintain soft real-time execution when compiled. Through the use of a number of optimization techniques, these goals were achieved. The key optimizations discussed are architectural changes, legacy code conversion, and continuous to discrete conversion.
Formation of Tetrafluorobenzyne by β-Fluoride Elimination in Zirconium-Perfluorophenyl Complexes

Cp* 2 ZrH 2 (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) and Hg(C 6 F 5 ) 2 react in pentane to form Cp* 2 Zr(C 6 F 5 )H in high yield at room temperature. Cp* 2 Zr(C 6 F 5 )H reacts intramolecularly at 120 °C under an atmosphere of H 2 togive Cp* 2 Zr(o-C 6 F 4 H)F quantitatively by β-fluoride elimination and subsequent insertion of tetrafluorobenzyne into the Zr-H bond. Under vacuum, Cp* 2 Zr(C 6 F 5 )H decomposes into a mixture of Cp* 2 Zr(o-C 6 F 4 H)F and the ring methyl C-H activated product, Cp*(Fv)Zr(C 6 F 5 ) (Fv = tetramethylfulvene). Upon further heating, Cp*(Fv)Zr(C 6 F 5 ) reacts to form the novel complex Cp*(C5Me4CH2(C6F4))ZrF, formed by β-fluoride elimination and subsequent insertion of tetrafluorobenzyne into the Zr-CH 2 bond.
Synaptically driven state transitions in distal dendrites of striatal spiny neurons

Striatal spiny neurons (SPNs) associate a diverse array of cortically processed information to regulate action selection. But how this is done by SPNs is poorly understood. A key step in this process is the transition of SPNs from a hyperpolarized 'down state' to a sustained, depolarized 'up state'. These transitions are thought to reflect a sustained synaptic barrage, involving the coordination of hundreds of pyramidal neurons. Indeed, in mice, simulation of cortical input by glutamate uncaging on proximal dendritic spines produced potential changes in SPNs that tracked input time course. However, brief glutamate uncaging at spines on distal dendrites evoked somatic up states lasting hundreds of milliseconds. These regenerative events depended upon both NMDA receptors and voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels. Moreover, they were bidirectionally regulated by dopamine receptor signaling. This capacity not only changes our model of how up states are generated in SPNs, it also has fundamental implications for the associative process underlying action selection.
Scaling miscible fluid displacements in porous media

The importance of miscible displacements in the petroleum industry makes their understanding and quantitative prediction critical in decisions on the applicability of certain recovery techniques. I...
Fiberoptic colonoscopic study of experimental chemical colitis

Acute diffuse chemical colitis was produced in rats with a high degree of reproducibility by the intracolonic administration of 10% acetic acid. The evolution and progression of this colitis was followed by performing serial fiberoptic colonoscopy using a needlescope and biopsy. Hyperemia appeared at 10 hours and ulcerations appeared at 24 hours in acetic acid-treated animals. After 3 days, the ulcers were covered with a yellowish exudate. At 8 weeks there was endoscopic and histologic healing of the lesions. No changes occured in the saline-treated animals. Concomitant topical application of ∈-amino-caproic acid protected against acetic acid-induced injury.
ADP Ribosylation by PARP-1 Suppresses HOXB7 Transcriptional Activity

Interactions with cofactors regulate transcriptional activity and also help HOX proteins to achieve the specificity required for transcriptional regulation of target genes. In this study, we describe a novel protein/protein interaction of HOXB7 with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) that involves the homeodomain of HOXB7 and the first zinc finger domain of PARP-1. Upon binding to PARP-1, HOXB7 undergoes poly(ADP-ribosyl)altion resulting in a reduction of its transcriptional activity. Since aspartic acid and glutamic acid residues are acceptors of the ADP ribose moiety transferred by PARP-1, deletion of the evolutionarily conserved C-terminal Glu-rich tail of HOXB7 dramatically attenuates ADP-ribosylation of HOXB7 by PARP-1. Further, a mutant of HOXB7 without the Glu-rich tail loses the ability to be negatively regulated by PARP-1 and becomes transcriptionally more active in luciferase reporter assays. Since the homeodomain is highly conserved among HOX proteins, five other HOX proteins were tested. All six showed interaction with, and were poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated by PARP-1. However, among them, this modification altered the DNA binding activity of only HOXA7 and HOXB7. In summary, this study identifies a new interacting partner of HOX proteins. More importantly, this study reveals a novel mechanism whereby polyADP-ribosylation regulates transcriptional activities of HOX proteins such as HOXB7 and HOXA7.
Two Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinases Mediate Signaling, Linking Cell Wall Biosynthesis and ACC Synthase in Arabidopsis

The plant cell wall is a dynamic structure that changes in response to developmental and environmental cues through poorly understood signaling pathways. We identified two Leu-rich repeat receptor-like kinases in Arabidopsis thaliana that play a role in regulating cell wall function. Mutations in these FEI1 and FEI2 genes (named for the Chinese word for fat) disrupt anisotropic expansion and the synthesis of cell wall polymers and act additively with inhibitors or mutations disrupting cellulose biosynthesis. While FEI1 is an active protein kinase, a kinase-inactive version of FEI1 was able to fully complement the fei1 fei2 mutant. The expansion defect in fei1 fei2 roots was suppressed by inhibition of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase, an enzyme that converts Ado-Met to ACC in ethylene biosynthesis, but not by disruption of the ethylene response pathway. Furthermore, the FEI proteins interact directly with ACC synthase. These results suggest that the FEI proteins define a novel signaling pathway that regulates cell wall function, likely via an ACC-mediated signal.
Cultural and Ethical Relativism

American .businesspeople have become increasingly aware of cultural differences and are strivinp to be sensitive to those differences. As businesspeople are more wdling to adopt other cultures' customs, must the also ado t other cultures' values? The r P question of where the rea m of socia customs end and values begin is a difficult one, but it cannot be avoided by businesspeople involved in international exchange. In this aper an outline for teaching the difference between culture and et ! ics is developed. Current cases which illustrate the basic questions are enumerated and a framework for organizing issues is provided.