cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Political Radicalization: The Two-Pyramids Model

This article reviews some of the milestones of thinking about political radicalization, as scholars and security officials struggled after 9/11 to discern the precursors of terrorist violence. Recent criticism of the concept of radicalization has been recognized, leading to a 2-pyramids model that responds to the criticism by separating radicalization of opinion from radicalization of action. Security and research implications of the 2-pyramids model are briefly described, ending with a call for more attention to emotional experience in understanding both radicalization of opinion and radicalization of action. (PsycINFO Database Record
‘Eins und Alles’: Herders Spinoza-Aneignung in Gott, einige Gespräche

AbstractThe essay explores hitherto neglected aspects of Herder’s reception and appropriation of Spinoza. Focusing on the philosophical dialogue Gott, einige Gesprache (1787;1800), three decisive issues in Herder’s Spinoza interpretation are given special consideration: (1) the relation between the world of finite beings (natura naturata) and infinite, absolute Substance (natura naturans); (2) the ontological status and epistemological function of the individual not merely as a ‘modification’ of God/Nature, but as an assemblage of self-conscious reflective powers (Krafte); and (3) the possibility of scientia intuitiva or the ‘third’ level of knowledge in Spinoza, not simply in logic, metaphysics and mathematics, but also in the realm of the human sciences and in empirical natural science. In particular, the feminine figure of Theano in Gott is read as the key figure of the dialogue through which Herder is able to work through and come to terms with tensions that had become acute in the Pantheismusstreit o...
Coping With Stress as an LGBTQ+ Health Care Professional

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual/gender minority (LGBTQ+) health care providers face both general work-related stresses and working in heteronormative settings with ill-informed or hostile coworkers and patients, yet there has been little study of whether the coping strategies are specific to LGBTQ+ stress. We analyzed qualitative data from 277 health care professionals. Sources of stress included religiously and politically conservative coworkers, coworker/patient lack of knowledge, stresses of being closeted, and concerns about being out to patients. Consequences of being out as LGBTQ+ included lack of promotions, gossip, refusals of tenure, and anti-LGBTQ+ comments and behaviors in the workplace. Respondents showed mostly positive coping strategies to deal with stress, including becoming educators/advocates and self-care activities. Self-care options were common in rural areas with few LGBTQ+ social resources. Negative coping strategies were reported by 18% of respondents. The study highlights the extra burden of stress on LGBTQ+ health care providers.
Board Diversity and Employee Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Progressive Programs

While a number of previous studies have examined how the demographic diversity of corporate board members influences firm performance and diversity policies, we know little about its effects on emp...
Longitudinal Studies of Families in Advanced Old Age: The Family is “Forever”

It is a great pleasure to contribute to this volume in honor of Professor Ursula Lehr. Prof. Lehr’s work has been extremely important in increasing our understanding of continuity and change in family relationships in old age. Indeed, her work with the Bonn Longitudinal Study of Aging has been the only source of longitudinal information about family support, contact, and involvement in old age. It has inspired my own work with the Berkeley Older Generation Study, and I am happy to be able to acknowledge my debt to her and to her pioneering studies.
Brief Report: Lupus—An Unrecognized Leading Cause of Death in Young Females: A Population‐Based Study Using Nationwide Death Certificates, 2000–2015

OBJECTIVE Mortality statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are used for planning health care policy and allocating resources. The CDC uses these data to compile its annual ranking of leading causes of death based on a selected list of 113 causes. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is not included on this list. Since the ranking is a useful tool for assessing the relative burden of cause-specific mortality, this study was undertaken to rank SLE deaths among the CDC's leading causes of death to see whether SLE is a significant cause of death among females. METHODS Death counts for the female population of the US were obtained from the CDC's Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research database and then grouped by age and race/ethnicity. Data on the leading causes of death were obtained from the Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System database. RESULTS During 2000-2015, there were 28,411 deaths of females with SLE recorded as an underlying or contributing cause of death. SLE ranked among the top 20 leading causes of death in females between 5 and 64 years of age. SLE ranked tenth among those ages 15-24 years, fourteenth among those ages 25-34 years and 35-44 years, and fifteenth among those ages 10-14 years. For African American and Hispanic females, SLE ranked fifth among those ages 15-24 years, sixth among those ages 25-34 years, and eighth or ninth among those ages 35-44 years, after the 3 common external injury causes of death were excluded from the analysis. CONCLUSION SLE is among the leading causes of death in young females, underscoring its impact as an important public health issue.
Development of boron calibration via hybrid comparator method in prompt gamma activation analysis

The prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) facility at the Nuclear Engineering Teaching Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin was utilized to quantify boron concentrations in boron carbide semiconductor films deposited on silicon substrates. Calibration was complicated by the unique and varying sample geometries analyzed. In addition, there was a dearth of solid materials available with quantified boron concentrations having comparable or readily modifiable dimensions to exploit for calibration purposes. Therefore, a novel hybrid comparator method was developed for the quantification of boron utilizing aluminum as an inexpensive and easily machinable reference material. Aluminum samples were manufactured with high tolerances to match the geometry of each sample of interest. Each boron carbide film sample and its congruent aluminum sample were measured in the PGAA system. The measured aluminum responses and relevant nuclear parameters were used to standardize the measurements. A boron standard was created using a procedure derived from a similar approach used by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Quality control measurements using this standard show that the method provided accuracy to within 5% for boron quantification.
Mn speciation at nanomolar concentrations with a porphyrin competitive ligand and UV-vis measurements.

We describe the modification of the porphyrin method for low-level determination of the speciation of dissolved Mn in seawater. First, an investigation of sensitivity of the method versus the salinity, the reagent composition and the type of ligands present is described for a few micromolar of dissolved Mn. Then, using certified seawater reference standards, we demonstrate the accuracy of the method for total concentrations of manganese between 1 and 10 nM. To this aim, we report the reactivity of solutions made of Mn(II) and Mn(III) bound to Tiron and DFOB with our optimized porphyrin reagent which includes adding excess Cd2+, and compare these results with data from representative natural seawater samples. This work describes an improved method that gives the opportunity for future work to investigate Mn speciation at nanomolar concentration in the open ocean.
Should I Interfere' AI-Assistants' Interaction with Knowledge Workers: A Case Study in the Oil and Gas Industry

Artificial Intelligence (AI) assistants have been a hot topic for a few years. Popular solutions - such as Google Assistant, Microsoft's Cortana, Apple's Siri, and Amazon Alexa - are becoming resourceful AI-assistants for general users. Apart from some mishaps, those assistants have a successful history in supporting people's everyday tasks. The same cannot be said in industry-specific scenarios, in which AI-assistants are still a bet. Companies combining AI with human expertise and experience can be stand out in their industry. This is particularly important for industries that rely their strategic decision-making processes on knowledge workers actions. More than another system, AI-assistants are new players in the human-computer interaction. But how and when should an AI-assistant interfere in a knowledge worker task? In this paper, we present findings from a case study using the Wizard of Oz approach in an oil and gas company. Our findings begin to answer that question for what kind of interference knowledge workers in that domain would accept from an AI-assistant.
Reply to Rosen: Temperature-growth relationship is robust

Rosen (1) argues that because our statistical model relating temperature to economic growth does not explain all of the variation in economic growth over the last half-century it cannot uncover the relationship between temperature and growth. This is a little like saying a medicine cannot possibly be effective at reducing headaches if it does not also address all other ailments. Just as there are many determinants of overall human health, there are many causes of variation in economic output. The point of our analysis is not to explain all of these sources of variation, but rather to plausibly isolate the role of temperature from these … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: diffenbaugh{at}stanford.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Molecular Characterization and Clinical Outcomes of Primary Gleason Pattern 5 Prostate Cancer After Radical Prostatectomy.

PurposeVery high-risk prostate cancer (PC) is associated with poor response to local and systemic treatments; however, few cases have been molecularly profiled. We studied clinical outcomes and mol...
Children's Hospital ICU Resource Allocation in an Adult Pandemic.

* Abbreviation: COVID-19 — : coronavirus disease 2019 Imagine the following situation: A 25-year-old is intubated in the emergency department for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–related acute respiratory distress syndrome. The adult ICU is full. The nearby PICU has many available beds and staff. The pediatric intensivist and their administrators must decide how to respond. Do ethical considerations permit, require, or forbid extending PICU care to this adult patient? Two features of the COVID-19 pandemic make situations like this increasingly likely. First, there is significant variation in disease incidence. Adults are at much higher risk of serious COVID-19–related illness requiring ICU care than are children.1,2 Children generally have had fewer infections and milder disease.3,4 Second, there is significant variation in available capacity. According to the Society of Critical Care Medicine, there are only 68 558 adult ICU beds, 5137 PICU beds, 22 901 NICU beds, 25 157 step-down beds, and 1183 burn beds in the United States today.5 In a moderate or severe outbreak, with tens of thousands of adults requiring ICU care,1 the need will quickly outstrip available resources.6 Children’s hospitals, by contrast, likely will have surplus capacity. We are at the end of the typical influenza and respiratory syncytial virus seasons. We have canceled nearly all elective surgery nationwide, easing demand for postoperative care in the PICU. This has left … Address correspondence to Ian D. Wolfe, PhD, RN, CCRN, Children’s Mercy Bioethics Center, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO 64108. E-mail: wolfe370{at}umn.edu
HPV vaccine uptake among daughters of Latinx immigrant mothers: Findings from a cluster randomized controlled trial of a community-based, culturally relevant intervention.

Abstract Objective We examined the efficacy of a culturally relevant, community-based HPV vaccination intervention among Latinx immigrant mothers with daughters aged 9–12 in Alabama. Methods We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial with “place of residence” (e.g., apartment complexes, trailer parks) as the unit of randomization that evaluated two interventions: 1) promotion of HPV vaccination and 2) promotion of healthy eating and appropriate nutrition label interpretation. Identical baseline/post/7-month follow up questionnaires were completed by all participants and both interventions consisted of four group sessions and one individual session. A total of 40 locations were randomized with 317 mother-daughter dyads enrolled in the study between May 2013 and October 2017. Results A total of 278 mother-daughter dyads met full eligibility and initiated the intervention/control participation. Retention rate overall was 93.2% (92.6% for the intervention arm and 93.7% for the control arm). Daughters in the intervention arm were significantly more likely to receive one, two, and three doses of HPV vaccine than daughters in the control arm p Conclusions A theory-driven, culturally-relevant intervention developed through extensive formative assessments in collaboration with community members can effectively promote HPV vaccination among 9–12 years of age daughters of Latina immigrants.
Neuro-fuzzy classification

This chapter presents the applications of neuro-fuzzy classification to medical image compression and exploratory data analysis. It also reviews the basic concepts of fuzzy sets and the definitions needed for fuzzy clustering and presents several of the best-known fuzzy clustering algorithms and fuzzy learning vector quantization. The main difference between fuzzy and neural paradigms is that fuzzy set theory tries to mimic the human reasoning and thought process whereas neural networks attempt to emulate the architecture and information representation scheme of the human brain. It is therefore meaningful to integrate these two distinct paradigms by enhancing their individual capabilities in order to build a more intelligent processing system. This new processing paradigm is known under the name of neuro-fuzzy computing. The two basic components of fuzzy systems are fuzzy sets and operations on fuzzy sets. Fuzzy logic defines rules, based on combinations of fuzzy sets by these operations. The chapter also reviews the most important fuzzy clustering techniques and shows their relationship to non-fuzzy approaches. The main difference between traditional statistical classification techniques and fuzzy clustering techniques is that in the fuzzy approaches an input vector belongs simultaneously to more than one cluster while in statistical approaches it belongs exclusively to only one cluster. The chapter describes an adaptive fuzzy technique based on using different metrics to allow the detection of cluster shapes ranging from spherical to ellipsoidal clusters and an adaptive procedure similar to the generalized adaptive fuzzy n-means algorithm, but for shell prototypes.
A one‐pot radiosynthesis of [18F]PARPi

In this paper, we disclose a new strategy for the radiosynthesis of [18 F]PARPi from the corresponding, boc-protected, nitro-precursor. Using a two-step procedure, [18 F]PARPi could be isolated in radiochemical yields up to 9.6%. The reaction proceeds via an efficient one-pot, two-step process, allowing for simplification over previous methods that require complex multi-step, multi-pot strategies to be implemented.
The Opposition’s Three Territories

Territoriality plays an important role in understanding Syria’s heterogeneous opposition movement, as it has in understanding the Syrian conflict more generally. Much like other parties to the conflict, the Syrian opposition has engaged in military contests for control of territory in a very tangible sense. But territory is also at the center of important symbolic contests for legitimacy within the wider field of Syrian politics. This paper examines the territorial imaginaries in circulation within the Syrian opposition, focusing on three such classifications in particular: the liberated territories, laboratories, and safe zones. It argues that these help constitute distinctive—if anomalous—forms of political order (Jeffrey et al. Geoforum 66: 177–183, 2015), and that their dynamics shed light on how the opposition labors to justify its political project and navigate its relationships to external actors. Consequently, they offer insights into the broader geographical imagination of the opposition and its changing international entanglements as the conflict enters its seventh year. Exploring the Syrian opposition’s three territories thus reveals the evolving forces shaping the political geography of Syria in the twenty-first century.
An Attention Model for Mashup Tag Recommendation

Mashups have emerged as a popular technique to compose value-added web services/APIs, to fulfill some complicated business needs. This has increased the number of available mashups over the internet. The increase however, poses a new requirement of organizing and managing these mashups for better understanding and discovery. For this reason, tags have become highly important because they describe items and allows for easy discovery. Most existing tag recommendation methods typically follow a manual process based on controlled vocabulary, or consider tags as words in isolation contained in mashup descriptions. Such methods therefore fail to characterize the diverse functional features of mashups. This work proposes an attention model to automatically recommend mashup tags. Specifically, our proposed model has two levels of attention mechanisms applied at the word- and sentence-levels and subsequently recommend top-N words with highest attention weights as tags. Our model is based on the intuition that not every word in a mashup description is equally relevant in identifying its functional aspects. Therefore, determining the relevant sections involves modeling the interactions of the words, not just their presence in isolation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method by conducting extensive experiments on a real-world dataset crawled from www.programmableweb.com. We also compare our method with some baseline tag recommendation methods for verification.
“This is who I am and this is what I’m carrying”: examining self-disclosure in forensics

The forensic activity provides an opportunity for students to tackle a variety of topics and subjects. Many topics, specifically in individual events, can provide an outlet for competitors to self-...
Hardness of Motion Planning with Obstacle Uncertainty in Two Dimensions

We consider the problem of motion planning in the presence of uncertain obstacles, modeled as polytopes with Gaussian-distributed faces (PGDFs). A number of practical algorithms exist for motion pl...
Scientific visualization of chemical systems

Within the past few years, computer graphics has played a decisive role in transforming the field of molecular modeling into an international industry. While computer scientists are conversant in the language of their own discipline, they are often unfamiliar with the terminology and unique graphical constructs of physical scientists. Similarly, physical scientists are often unfamiliar with the latest paradigms and technological advances in graphical computing. The successful marriage of Chemistry and Computer Graphics is an outstanding model of technology transfer and cross-disciplinary fertilization. Drawing on chemistry visualizations performed at the Cornell Theory Center, this workshop covers some of the terminology, tools and current problems that have evolved at the boundary between these two fields.
Neonatal IL-4 exposure decreases adipogenesis of male rats into adulthood.

We used neonatal injections in rat to show that IL-4 decreases adipogenesis and increases browning of white fat. In adulthood, adipocyte precursors show persistently decreased adipogenesis but not ...
Global Institutional Investors and Local Equity Prices: Evidence from Japan

This paper identifies demand shocks from globally expanding institutions and investigates their impact on local equity prices. Using comprehensive firm-level ownership data from Japan, I provide two new findings. First, my analysis of annual net international institutional trading reveals that funds from international institutions tended to flow into small stocks during the period from 1976 to 1990 and that such flows intensified and shifted into large stocks from 1991 to 2001. Second, the high (low and even negative) return premium on small stocks over large stocks from 1976 to 1990 (1991 to 2001) is strongly associated with the concurrent excess demand shocks from international institutions on small (large) stocks. These results indicate the increasing importance of global institutions in local equity markets.
Revisiting Consumers’ Motivation to Process Brand Information: Leveraging the Motivation to Use Advertising Media to Improve Advertisement Persuasiveness: An Abstract

Findings from three studies demonstrate that consumers’ processing of persuasive messages is related to their motivation to use technologies (also referred to as media, device or platform) on which the persuasive messages are transmitted. A vast body of literature asserts that, in part, motivation to process information influences the extent to which consumers allocate attention and processing resources to comprehend and elaborate on information (Petty and Cacioppo 1986; Maclnnis and Jaworski 1989). Prior research in this area has focused on the effect of message executions and cues on consumers’ motivation to process brand information. These cues include music or emotional appeals, and are within the actual message. The present article examines the effect of media, which is external to the actual message, on consumers’ motivation to process advertising.
Almost-Orthogonal Bases for Inner Product Polynomials.

In this paper, we consider low-degree polynomials of inner products between a collection of random vectors. We give an almost orthogonal basis for this vector space of polynomials when the random vectors are Gaussian, spherical, or Boolean. In all three cases, our basis admits an interesting combinatorial description based on the topology of the underlying graph of inner products. We also analyze the expected value of the product of two polynomials in our basis. In all three cases, we show that this expected value can be expressed in terms of collections of matchings on the underlying graph of inner products. In the Gaussian and Boolean cases, we show that this expected value is always non-negative. In the spherical case, we show that this expected value can be negative but we conjecture that if the underlying graph of inner products is planar then this expected value will always be non-negative. We hope that these polynomials will be a useful analytical tool in settings where one has a symmetric function of a collection of random or pseudorandom vectors.
Applications of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Plastic Surgery

Plastic surgery is a broad specialty encompassing a variety of areas including the treatment of traumatic soft tissue injury, burn care, hand surgery, microsurgery and limb replantation, problem wound management, flap reconstruction, cosmetic surgery, and congenital deformity. In recent years an emphasis on less anecdotal and more scientific research has provided a better understanding of the role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) for many plastic surgical conditions. Patient selection remains the key to successful outcome. The rationale for HBO treatment of a specific plastic surgery problem should be based on scientific research if possible. If supportive research is not available or applicable to a specific case, then the decision to treat should be based on sound physiological principles. The purpose of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with several of the more common plastic surgery problems and to review the appropriate use of HBO for each condition based on a current knowledge of the literature and the author’s experience.
Parenteral magnesium sulfate and the distribution, plasma levels, and excretion of magnesium

Abstract The calibrated infusion method was used in trying to measure the apparent volumes of distribution of sucrose and magnesium in three nonpregnant, three normal pregnant, and 3 pre-eclamptic women. The data for one normal pregnant woman were vitiated by mechanical difficulties and equilibrium for sucrose was not established in one nonpregnant and two pre-eclamptic subjects. The rapid renal excretion of infused magnesium prevents accurate estimate of the apparent magnesium space. In five satisfactory observations, magnesium moved rapidly beyond the sucrose space, that is, it entered cells, bone, and probably those portions of the fetus and amniotic fluid not included in the estimate of the sucrose space. By 90 minutes, about half of the retained magnesium had moved beyond the sucrose space. The concentration in serum and the cumulative renal excretions of magnesium were measured in three eclamptic and seven severely pre-eclamptic patients given 3 Gm. of magnesium sulfate intravenously and 10 Gm. intramuscularly as the initial therapeutic dose. The highest single level in plasma, observed at 60 minutes, was 6.0 mEq per liter (7.2 mg. per 100 ml.) in an oliguric eclamptic woman. The average peak level, also at 60 minutes, was 4.5 mEq. per liter. At the end of four hours the cumulative renal excretions ranged from 38 to 53 per cent of the dose injected. Calculation of the concentration to be expected in serum (plasma) indicates that the initial dose is safe, even in anuric patients; repeated doses might not be safe.
WIYN Open Cluster Study: Photometric Determination of Binary Mass Ratios

Taking advantage of WIYN Open Cluster Survey(WOCS) precision photometry, we have developed a method using appropriate Yonsei-Yale Isochrones to determine primary masses M 1 and q (= M 2/M 1) for cluster binary stars and applied it to proper-motion members of M35.
Measurements of the Solubility of Iron and Chromium in Sodium

The solubilities of Fe, Cr and Ni have been measured in liquid Na. Iron is more soluble than Ni and Cr in Na at T>600°, yet Ni and Cr are selectively leached from stainless steels during corrosion. Concentrations of Fe and Cr in circuit Na (low oxygen) generally approximate their solubilities at Tmax, whereas concentrations of Ni are generally less than its solubility at Tmax. The location of Ni and Cr deposits as described by Roy et al. and by Bogers was shown to be consistent with the temperature dependence of the Ni and Cr solubilities.
Using shortest path algorithms to identify criminal associations

Frequently in criminal investigations, law enforcement agencies face the problem of identifying associations between a group of entities such as individuals and organizations. In this paper we present a link analysis technique to solve such a problem. This approach uses shortest path algorithms to find the strongest associations between two or more given entities. The experimental results have demonstrated that our approach is potentially useful in terms of quality and efficiency. Specifically, we found that the two-tree Priority-First Search algorithm in most cases was the fastest algorithm to find shortest paths and the paths found consisted of meaningful criminal associations around 80 percent of the time.
Structure studies of collocalia mucoid: I. Carbohydrate and amino acid composition

Abstract Quantitative analyses were made of carbohydrates and amino acids in Collocalia mucoid. The glycoprotein contains about 9% sialic acid, 7.2% galactosamine, 5.3% glucosamine, 16.9% galactose, and 0.7% fucose. The sialic acid is probably N -acetyl-4- O -acetylneuraminic acid. The most abundant amino acids are serine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, and valine.
Integration of MDCT and fluoroscopy using C-arm computed tomography to guide structural cardiac interventions in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.

Objectives Our study was aimed at evaluation of three-dimensional (3D)-CT overlay onto the catheterization laboratory fluoroscopy to guide structural cardiac interventions. Background: Current imaging for structural cardiac interventions (fluoroscopy, echocardiography) may not provide adequate guidance. The ability to integrate intracardiac 3D-CT imaging data in the cardiac catheterization laboratory may be beneficial, but has not yet been systematically studied. Methods Thirty-two patients undergoing various catheterization laboratory procedures (transcatheter aortic valve replacement, paravalvular leak (PVL) closure, pulmonary vein (PV) stenting, etc.) were prospectively enrolled. The goal was to evaluate the feasibility and benefit of overlaying pre-procedural CT data onto the real-time procedural fluoroscopic image using the Syngo DynaCT Cardiac C-arm CT system (Siemens Healthcare, Forcheim, Germany). Results The overlay was considered most helpful for patients undergoing PVL closure and PV stenting. The additional radiation exposure of the C-arm CT was a fraction of the total procedural dose (3.5% of total skin dose and 9.1% of total DAP). Conclusions Overlay of 3D-CT data onto the real-time procedural fluoroscopy in the cardiac catheterization laboratory is feasible to aide procedural guidance. The overlay was considered most helpful for patients undergoing PVL closure and PV stenting. The additional radiation dose is a small fraction of the total dose. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Left Axis Deviation in Children

SUMMARY The electrocardiograms of 3,000 patients have been reviewed for the presence of left axis deviation. This was defined as a QRS axis from 0° to −90° in the frontal plane. Variations in the diagnostic criteria were allowed if the electrocardiogram showed left axis deviation for age, according to Ziegler's criteria. The only congenital defect that appeared to be significantly biased in favor of the first year of life was that of tricuspid atresia. In the 129 pediatric patients with proved congenital cardiac anomalies, left axis deviation in the presence of left-to-right shunt was most frequently associated with isolated ventricular septal defect or atrioventricular canal. In the presence of cyanosis, or a right-to-left shunt, left axis deviation was most often associated with tricuspid atresia with or without transposition of the great vessels. It is noted that left axis deviation may be associated with a variety of other non-cardiac lesions. These include Henoch-Schoenlein's purpura, chronic lung disease, systemic diseases without known cardiac involvement, and apparently healthy children with functional murmurs who have normal findings at cardiac catheterization.
Relating Test-Taking Attitudes and Skills and Stereotype Threat Effects to the Racial Gap in Cognitive Ability Test Performance

This research extended past studies on race effects and stereotype threat (ST) effects outside the academic domain, as well as exploring the mediating role of test-related cognition, motivation, and emotionality in the Black-White cognitive ability test performance differences. One hundred seventy-two undergraduates took a simulated personnel selection test and responded to measures of attitudinal and test-taking skills prior to and after the test. Half of the participants were told that the test provided the hypothetical employer diagnostic information about their reasoning abilities and limitations; they were also asked to report their racial status prior to taking the test. Significant race differences favoring Whites were found for mathematical and logical performance, holding ability constant. A metacognitive strategy, regulation of cognition, partially mediated race effects on mathematical and verbal performance. Contrary to previous findings, no traditional significant ST effects were found; howeve...
sEMG based fuzzy control strategy with ANFIS path planning for prosthetic hand

This paper presents an intelligent adaptive neurofuzzy inference system (ANFIS) based fuzzy Mamdani controller for a multifingered prosthetic hand. The objective of the controller is to move the finger joint angles along predetermined paths representing a grasping motion. The initiation of the grasping task is evaluated via EMG-entropy data, measured at the forearm of the prosthetic user. In addition to the motion control, the finger force is regulated with a Fuzzy logic controller. Simulation results indicate good performance of the proposed controller. Results show that the outputs follow the hand/finger force and given reference trajectory closely.
Topological parameters for time-space tradeoff

In this paper we propose a family of algorithms combining tree-clustering with conditioning that trade space for time. Such algorithms are useful for reasoning in probabilistic and deterministic networks as well as for accomplishing optimization tasks. By analyzing the problem structure, the user can select from a spectrum of algorithms, the one that best meets a given time-space specification. To determine the potential of this approach we analyze the structural properties of problems coming from the circuit diagnosis domain. The analysis demonstrates how the tradeoffs associated with various hybrids can be used for each problem instance. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Localization and specificity of the phospholipid and actin binding sites on the tail of Acanthamoeba myosin IC

We used bacterially expressed beta-galactosidase fusion proteins to localize the phospholipid binding domain of Acanthamoeba myosin IC to the region between amino acids 701 and 888 in the NH2-terminal half of the tail. Using a novel immobilized ligand lipid binding assay, we determined that myosin I can bind to several different acidic phospholipids, and that binding requires a minimum of 5 mol% acidic phospholipid in a neutral lipid background. The presence of di- and triglycerides and sterols in the lipid bilayer do not contribute to the affinity of myosin I for membranes. We confirm that the ATP-insensitive actin binding site is contained in the COOH-terminal 30 kD of the tail as previously shown for Acanthamoeba myosin IA. We conclude that the association of the myosin IC tail with acidic phospholipid head groups supplies much of the energy for binding myosin I to biological membranes, but probably not specificity for targeting myosin I isoforms to different cellular locations.
Fracture mechanics of quartz-to-metal seals

Abstract The fracture mechanics of molybdenum-quartz circular seals under residual stresses resulting from the cooling process are considered. For the purpose of studying the nature of stress singularity and probable crack initiation sites and directions, the problem is approximated by a plane strain problem. The interfacial zone between the two materials is modeled by either an ideal interface or a homogeneous shear layer. The circular seal is assumed to be an elastic inclusion with a nonlinearly tapered profile, one side of which is fully debonded. The other side of the inclusion is either fully bonded or partially debonded. For the fully bonded case, the stress singularity at the tip of the tapered inclusion is studied in detail. Results for interfacial shear stress, inclusion membrane stress, stress intensity factors as well as predictions for possible crack initiation directions based on the maximum cleavage stress are presented.
Molecular evolution of human species D adenoviruses.

Adenoviruses are medium-sized double stranded DNA viruses that infect vertebrates. Human adenoviruses cause an array of diseases. Currently there are 56 human adenovirus types recognized and characterized within seven species (A–G). Of those types, a majority belongs to species D. In this review, the genomic conservation and diversity are examined among human adenoviruses within species D, particularly in contrast to other human adenovirus species. Specifically, homologous recombination is presented as a driving force for the molecular evolution of human adenoviruses and the emergence of new adenovirus pathogens.
Prisoners of the American Dream: Politics and Economy in the History of the US Working Class

Prisoners of the American Dream is Mike Davis's brilliant exegesis of a persistent and major analytical problem for Marxist historians and political economists: Why has the world's most industrially advanced nation never spawned a mass party of the working class? This series of essays surveys the history of the American bourgeois democratic revolution from its Jacksonian beginnings to the rise of the New Right and the re-election of Ronal Reagan, concluding with some bracing thoughts on the prospects for progressive politics in the United States.
Functional Properties and Convergence in Biology

Evolutionary convergence is often appealed to in support of claims about multiple realization. The idea is that convergence shows that the same function can be realized by different kinds of structures. I argue here that the nature of convergence is more complicated than it might appear at first look. Broad claims about convergence are made by biologists during general discussions of the mechanisms of evolution. In their specialized work, though, biologists are often more limited in the claims they make. I will examine a standard example to show how claims about convergence can be oversimplified.
Surface Diffusion in MgO and Cr‐Doped MgO

Surfaces diffusion affects processes such as sintering, grain growth, catalysis, and pore migration. An investigation was conducted to determine the effect of chromium dopant on the surface diffusion of MgO. For comparison, surface diffusion was also studied on undoped MgO from two sources. In all cases, surface diffusion was determined using the grain-boundary grooving method. 9 refs.
Genetic studies in inbred rats. VII. Tentative model for the major histocompatibility complex.

SUMMARY Several lines of evidence are presented which support a tentative model of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the rat. The serologically defined (SD), lymphocyte defined (LD) and immune response (Ir) loci are separate but linked, and there are probably two loci controlling the serologically defined antigens. The MHC in the rat appears to resemble that in the human more than that in the mouse.
Bringing Science Into the Classroom by Basing Craft on Research

In response to Crockett's analysis of the relation of science and the instruction of students with learning disabilities, we discuss reasons why teaching in special education is infrequently affected by science and research, and we propose a model of naturalistic decision making and make recommendations for bridging the gap between research and practice based on that model. By building an extensive experiential base in using effective practices, we propose that teachers can become experts at the craft of applying research-based methods. Bringing science into the classroom by basing craft on research in this way represents one promising alternative for improving outcomes for students with and without learning disabilities.
Subjective response of standing persons exposed to fore-aft, lateral and vertical whole-body vibration

Abstract The aims of this study were to propose multiply scale factors for evaluation of discomfort of standing persons and to investigate whether there exist differences between multiplying factors used for evaluation of discomfort of standing persons and those of seated persons exposed to WBV. Twelve male subjects were exposed to twenty-seven stimuli that comprise three acceleration magnitudes (0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 m/s 2 r.m.s.) along fore-aft ( x ), lateral ( y ) or vertical ( z ) direction. The subjects with seated or standing posture on the platform of the vibration test rig rated the subjective discomfort for each stimulus that has frequency contents ranging from 1.0 Hz to 20 Hz with a constant power spectrum density. The order of presentation of the test stimuli was fully randomized and each stimulus was repeated three times. The subjective scale for discomfort was calculated by using the category judgment method. The best combinations of multiplying factors were determined by calculating correlation coefficients of regression curves in-between subjective ratings and vibration magnitudes. In all the directions, body posture significantly influenced on subjective discomfort scales. Particularly in the fore-aft and lateral direction, the upper limit of all the categories for the standing posture resulted in higher vibration acceleration magnitudes than those for the seated posture. In contrast, in the vertical direction, only the upper limit of category “1: Not uncomfortable” for standing posture was observed to be higher than that for seated posture. The best agreement for ISO-weighted vibration acceleration occurred at x factor of 1.8 and y factor of 1.8 in the standing posture and x factor of 2.8 and y factor of 1.8 in the seated posture. The results suggest that seated people respond more sensitively and severely in perception of discomfort to fore-aft and lateral vibration than standing people do while standing people respond more sensitively and severely to vertical vibration than seated people do. Thus the effects of body postures on multiplying factors should be considered in evaluation of discomfort caused by whole-body vibration. Relevance to industry This study reports differences in subjective response of standing persons to fore-aft, lateral and vertical whole-body vibration. The results obtained in this study propose the fundamental data on the sensitivity to whole-body vibration exposed with standing posture.
Distribution of Serotonin-immunoreactive Enterochromaffin Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Least Shrew (Cryptotis parva)

La serotonina es un importante neurotransmisor del sistema nervioso central (SNC) y periferico (SNP). Esta implicado en una variedad de procesos fisiologicos, tanto en el intestino y el SNC. El presente estudio examino la distribucion de la serotonina contenida en las celulas enterocromafines del tracto gastrointestinal (TGI) de una especie competente al vomito, la musarana enana. Estas celulas se reconocen facilmente por sus granulos globulares tenidas con H-E y la inmuno-tincion positiva para serotonina. Las celulas enterocromafines inmunorreactivas (CEI) se limitan principalmente a la parte basal del epitelio glandular y se distribuyeron por todo el estomago, intestino delgado e intestino grueso de la musarana. Ninguna celula se encontro asociada al revestimiento epitelial mucoso. Ademas, su distribucion y el recuento vario en diferentes regiones del TGI sugiriendo funciones especificas de estas regiones. La mayor concentracion de CEI se encuentran en el colon seguido por el yeyuno. Numeros apreciables de CEI se encontraron en el estomago, especialmente en la union esofago-gastrica. La ubicacion de las CEI gastricas fue principalmente en la porcion basal de la glandula. Sin embargo, algunas CEI se asociaron con las celulas parietales del estomago. Dos tipos de CEI se observaron, una con granulos secretores globulares en su porcion apical del citoplasma que se encuentra dentro de las celulas epiteliales glandulares que enfrenta el lumen glandular que liberan sus secreciones en el lumen, y el segundo se encuentra basalmente, frente a la lamina propia de la mucosa. Sus granulos secretores no fueron diferentes en forma, y probablemente son mas paracrinas en su modo de secrecion.
A Test for Distributional Assumptions for the Stochastic Frontier Functions

Abstract Some asymptotic tests for testing distributional assumptions, namely, the half-normal and truncated normal distributions for the stochastic frontier functions have been proposed. The tests are Lagrangean multiplier tests based on the Pearson family of truncated distributions. The statistics can be easily computed. Simple interpretations of the statistics and two empirical examples are provided.
The Language Bowl: Theory and Practice.

ABSTRACT The popularity and frequency of academic competitions in the foreign languages (language bowls) is increasing, but literature on its organization and implementation is sparse. This article discusses the theory behind language bowl competition and demonstrates its value for students and instructors alike. The creation of question banks is described via sample questions. Various methods of question presentation are shown and their relative merits discussed, fairness to the competitors being the underlying standard. Suggestions are made for the efficient administration and conduct of all aspects of the language bowl, such as guidelines for organizers, participants, and moderators.
A hierarchical framework for stream habitat classification: Viewing streams in a watershed context

Classification of streams and stream habitats is useful for research involving establishment of monitoring stations, determination of local impacts of land-use practices, generalization from site-specific data, and assessment of basin-wide, cumulative impacts of human activities on streams and their biota. This article presents a frame-work for a hierarchical classification system, entailing an organized view of spatial and temporal variation among and within stream systems. Stream habitat systems, defined and classified on several spatiotemporal scales, are associated with watershed geomorphic features and events. Variables selected for classification define relative long-term capacities of systems, not simply short-term states. Streams and their watershed environments are classified within the context of a regional biogeoclimatic landscape classification. The framework is a perspective that should allow more systematic interpretation and description of watershed-stream relationships.
Social movements and human rights rhetoric in tobacco control

After achieving breathtaking successes in securing state and local restrictions on smoking in public places and restricting youth access to tobacco products, the tobacco movement faces difficult decisions on its future strategic directions. The thesis of this article is that the tobacco control movement is at a point of needing to secure its recent successes and avoiding any public retrenchment. To do so requires rethinking the movement's strategic direction. We use the familiar trans-theoretical model of change to describe where the movement is currently and the threats it faces. The new tobacco control strategy should encompass a focus on voluntary non-smoking strategies, use human rights rhetoric to its advantage, and strengthen the public health voice to be more effective in political battles. In developing a new strategy, tobacco control advocates need to build a social movement based on a more forceful public health voice, along with the strategic use of human rights rhetoric, to focus on the power of voluntary non-smoking efforts. Using human rights rhetoric can help frame the movement in ways that have traditionally appealed to the American public. Perhaps more importantly, doing so can help infuse the tobacco control movement with a broader sense of purpose and mission.