cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing Empirical Research in Managerial Accounting: A Value-Based Managaement Perspective

This paper applies a value-based management framework to critically review empirical research in managerial accounting. This framework enables us to place the exceptionally diverse set of managerial accounting studies from the past several decades into an integrated structure. Our synthesis highlights the many consistent results in prior research, identifies remaining gaps and inconsistencies, discusses common methodological and econometric problems, and suggests fruitful avenues for future managerial accounting research.
Changes in goat milk composition during lactation and their effect on yield and quality of hard and semi-hard cheeses

Bulk tank goat milk from the Langston University Alpine herd was used to investigate changes in composition of goat milk during lactation and their effects on the sensory quality and yield of hard and semi-hard cheeses. Milk was analyzed for fat, protein, casein, total solids and somatic cell count (SCC) and cheese was assayed for of fat, protein and moisture. Sensory evaluation of the cheeses was performed to establish the relationship between yield, quality and sensory score. The chemical composition of goat milk changed significantly over lactation, resulting in variation in yield and sensory quality of hard and semi-hard cheeses. While casein content of goat milk did not change significantly as lactation advanced, SCC increased from early to late lactation. There were no significant differences in flavor, body and texture, and total sensory scores of either cheese type among aging times of 8, 16 and/or 24 week, which indicates that the cheeses can be consumed after 8 week for similar sensory quality as with longer aging. In hard cheese, yield was highly correlated with milk fat, protein or total solids, whereas only milk total solids content was highly correlated with semi-hard cheese yield. These findings indicate need to adjust cheese making procedures over the duration of lactation to increase milk nutrient recoveries and thus increase cheese yield. However, a year-round breeding system should minimize variation in chemical composition in bulk tank goat milk during lactation and help maintain consistent quality and yield of cheeses throughout the year. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Stepfamily Education and Changes in Financial Practices

This study examined the financial management practices of 62 participants in Smart Steps stepfamily education courses 1 year following their course completion. Qualitative interviews revealed 29 participants changed their financial practices as a result of the course, 29 did not change, and 4 provided unclear responses. Common reasons for no change included having functional practices that predated the relationship education course or financial difficulties remaining, despite course participation. Common reasons for change included working together as a couple and implementing budget or saving practices. Latino participants were more likely to report change than were European Americans. Findings and implications highlight both the opportunities and challenges associated with teaching financial education as part of a relationship education program.
Breaksite batch mapping, a rapid method for assay and identification of DNA breaksites in mammalian cells

DNA breaks occur during many processes in mammalian cells, including recombination, repair, mutagenesis and apoptosis. Here we report a simple and rapid method for assaying DNA breaks and identifying DNA breaksites. Breaksites are first tagged and amplified by ligation-mediated PCR (LM-PCR), using nested PCR primers to increase the specificity and sensitivity of amplification. Breaksites are then mapped by batch sequencing LM-PCR products. This allows easy identification of multiple breaksites per reaction without tedious fractionation of PCR products by gel electrophoresis or cloning. Breaksite batch mapping requires little starting material and can be used to identify either single- or doublestrand breaks.
Phenotypic effects of apolipoprotein structural variation on lipid profiles: II. Apolipoprotein A-IV and quantitative lipid measures in the healthy women study.

Apolipoprotein A-IV (APO A-IV) is a major protein component of mesenteric lymph chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoproteins. It is found in plasma predominantly unassociated with major lipoprotein fractions and in high density lipoproteins. APO A-IV exhibits structural heterogeneity owing to two codominant alleles, APO A-IV*1 and APO A-IV*2, that occur in Caucasian and black populations. In vitro experimental evidence indicates that APO A-IV may be a cofactor for the lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase enzyme, may be involved in reverse cholesterol transport, and may play an important role in the modulation of lipoprotein lipase activity. In this study we have investigated the effect of two APO A-IV phenotypes, APO A-IV 1-1 and APO A-IV 2-1, on quantitative lipid measures in a group of 453 white women being followed through menopause for changes in cardiovascular risk. At baseline all women were premenopausal. Of the nine lipid measures, triglycerides showed a marginally significant effect caused by phenotype. The APO A-IV 2-1 heterozygotes had lower average triglycerides than the 1-1 homozygotes (P = .053).
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts and Liver Transplantation in Patients With Refractory Hepatic Hydrothorax

Hepatic hydrothorax is a relatively infrequent but potentially serious complication of cirrhosis resulting from the accumulation of ascitic fluid in the chest cavity. Medical management is initially directed at controlling ascites formation, but invasive therapeutic procedures may be required if symptoms persist. The aim of this study was to report on the long-term efficacy and safety of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement to reduce portal hypertension in 12 consecutive subjects with refractory hepatic hydrothorax. Most subjects had evidence of advanced cirrhosis of varying causes (Child-Pugh class A, 1; B, 5; C, 6). Mean subject age was 54 years, and subjects were followed up for a mean of 173 days (range, 7-926 days). The portosystemic pressure gradient after TIPS was reduced to 65 years was associated with early mortality after TIPS placement, but this trend was not statistically significant. All 4 subjects undergoing liver transplantation required perioperative pleural fluid drainage, but only 1 subject has experienced recurrent effusion. We conclude that TIPS may be a safe and effective temporizing treatment for carefully selected patients with refractory hepatic hydrothorax. However, patient survival is limited after TIPS and is primarily determined by availability of liver transplantation.
Near-neighbor calculations using a modified cell-linked list method

Abstract We have modified the conventional cell-linked list method to reduce the number of unnecessary internuclear distance calculations in molecular simulations of systems containing many particles. In the conventional method, the simulation space is partitioned into cells with edge lengths no less than the cutoff distance of the interaction potential (rcut). The atoms are assigned to cells according to their spatial positions, and all internuclear distances for atoms within a cell and atoms in the same and nearest neighbor cells are evaluated. While this method ensures that the internuclear separations between all atom pairs within rcut are calculated, it allows for unnecessary internuclear distance calculations between pairs that are within the volume encompassing the neighbor cells, but that are separated by more than rcut. The modified method presented here allows for reductions in the cell sizes and the number of atoms within the volume encompassing the neighbor cells. These reductions decrease the number of atoms that are outside of the interaction range and the number of unnecessary internuclear distance calculations while ensuring that all internuclear distances within the cutoff range are evaluated. We present algorithms to determine the volume with the minimum number of neighbor cells as a function of cell size and the identities of the neighboring cells. We also evaluate the serial performance using the modified form as functions of cell size and particle density for comparison with the performance using the conventional cell-linked list method.
Long-Range Predictability in the Tropics. Part I: Monthly Averages

Abstract The sensitivity to initial and boundary conditions of monthly mean tropical long-range forecasts (1–14 weeks) during Northern Hemisphere winter is studied with a numerical model. Five predictability experiments with different combinations of initial conditions and prescribed ocean boundary conditions are conducted in order to investigate the temporal and spatial characteristics of the perfect model forecast skill. It is shown that initial conditions dominate a tropical forecast during the first 3 weeks and that they influence a forecast for at least 8 weeks. The initial condition effect is strongest over the Eastern Hemisphere and during years when the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is weak. The relatively long sensitivity to initial conditions is related to a complex combination of dynamic and thermodynamic effects, and to positive internal feedbacks of large-scale convective anomalies. At lead times of more than 3 weeks, boundary forcing is the main contributor to tropical predi...
Kinesin Moves by an Asymmetric Hand-Over-Hand Mechanism

Kinesin is a double-headed motor protein that moves along microtubules in 8-nanometer steps. Two broad classes of model have been invoked to explain kinesin movement: hand-over-hand and inchworm. In hand-over-hand models, the heads exchange leading and trailing roles with every step, whereas no such exchange is postulated for inchworm models, where one head always leads. By measuring the stepwise motion of individual enzymes, we find that some kinesin molecules exhibit a marked alternation in the dwell times between sequential steps, causing these motors to “limp” along the microtubule. Limping implies that kinesin molecules strictly alternate between two different conformations as they step, indicative of an asymmetric, hand-over-hand mechanism.
The mitonuclear compatibility hypothesis of sexual selection

Why females assess ornaments when choosing mates remains a central question in evolutionary biology. We hypothesize that the imperative for a choosing female to find a mate with nuclear oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes that are compatible with her mitochondrial OXPHOS genes drives the evolution of ornaments. Indicator traits are proposed to signal the efficiency of OXPHOS function thus enabling females to select mates with nuclear genes that are compatible with maternal mitochondrial genes in the formation of OXPHOS complexes. Species-typical pattern of ornamentation is proposed to serve as a marker of mitochondrial type ensuring that females assess prospective mates with a shared mitochondrial background. The mitonuclear compatibility hypothesis predicts that the production of ornaments will be closely linked to OXPHOS pathways, and that sexual selection for compatible mates will be strongest when genes for nuclear components of OXPHOS complexes are Z-linked. The implications of this hypothesis are that sexual selection may serve as a driver for the evolution of more efficient cellular respiration.
Providing scalable Web service using multicast delivery

The recent growth in use of the World-Wide Web in the Internet has caused a significant increase in the demand placed on Web servers. This increased load results in noticeably longer response times for users. We propose an approach to using multicast in the delivery of Web resources that reduces the load on servers as well as the networks that connect them. We analyze the issues involved in using multicast in the Web, especially those related to routing and addressing. We also discuss the design and implementation of a system based on the existing WWW client and server architecture and the multicast support provided within IP. >
The effect of an education program on the decision to breastfeed

Abstract We designed a breastfeeding education program for low income women with a grade or high school education and implemented it during fall 1980. The program consisted of a series of five pamphlets mailed to the subjects' homes one at a time over five consecutive weeks. An evaluation examined the effects of the program on pregnant women's decisions about infant feeding. We randomly assigned 44 women to either the experimental or control group. The women in the experimental group received all five pamphlets whereas the women in the control group did not receive the information. We used individual interviews, conducted before and after the intervention, to determine the women's attitudes and knowledge about breastfeeding and collected data on infant feeding choices at the time of hospital discharge and on breastfeeding duration at two months postpartum. While the program appeared to be effective in increasing knowledge, it did not cause the women to form more positive attitudes toward breastfeeding or increase the incidence or duration of breastfeeding. These findings in combination with results of a discriminant analysis of the breastfeeders and the bottle feeders suggest that future education programs need to affect both knowledge and attitudes to influence infant feeding decisions.
Patterns of Add-on Tests for Hospitalized and for Private Patient Populations

Abstract Context.—The policy of storing clinical samples in a pathology laboratory is based on long-standing practice rather than on objective data regarding the actual use of the stored samples. Objective.—To determine the time after initial order that requests for add-on tests are submitted to the laboratory. These data might be useful for improving the efficiency of sample storage. Design.—Two hundred sixteen add-on requests evenly divided between inpatients and private practice patients were reviewed for types of tests added on and the time of the requests. Results.—Ninety-five percent of add-on test requests for inpatients were made by 0.75 day after the initial order (range, 0.01–4.3 days). However, the 95th percentile for private practice patients' add-on requests did not occur until 5.6 days later (range, 0.01–7.0 days). The pattern of add-on tests for hospitalized patients also differed from those for private practice patients. Most add-on tests for hospitalized patients were for routine hospital...
Relationship between distance running mechanics, running economy, and performance

The relationships between biocmechanical aspects of distance running, running economy (VO2 submax), and performance were investigated. A variety of biomechanical measures for 31 subjects running at 3.6 m/s was obtained, including three-dimensional angular and translational kinematics, ground reaction forces and center of pressure patterns, mechanical power, and anthropometric measures. Physiological measures obtained included maximal and submaximal O2 consumption, muscle fiber composition, and measures of the ability to store and return elastic energy during knee bends. A subset of 16 runners was also evaluated in relation to performance in a 10-km run. Biomechanical variables were identified which showed significant differences or consistent trends between groups separated on the basis of VO2 submax, establishing the importance of biomechanical influences on running economy. It appears that no single variable or small subset of variables can explain differences in economy between individuals but rather that economy is related to a weighted sum of the influences of many variables.
Measuring the Effectiveness of a Genetic Counseling Supervision Training Conference

Genetic counselors who receive formal training report increased confidence and competence in their supervisory roles. The effectiveness of specific formal supervision training has not been assessed previously. A day-long GC supervision conference was designed based on published supervision competencies and was attended by 37 genetic counselors. Linear Mixed Model and post-hoc paired t-test was used to compare Psychotherapy Supervisor Development Scale (PSDS) scores among/between individuals pre and post conference. Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) model and post-hoc McNemar’s test was used to determine if the conference had an effect on GC supervision competencies. PSDS scores were significantly increased 1 week (p < 0.001) and 6 months (p < 0.001) following the conference. For three supervision competencies, attendees were more likely to agree they were able to perform them after the conference than before. These effects remained significant 6 months later. For the three remaining competencies, the majority of supervisors agreed they could perform these before the conference; therefore, no change was found. This exploratory study showed this conference increased the perceived confidence and competence of the supervisors who attended and increased their self-reported ability to perform certain supervision competencies. While still preliminary, this supports the idea that a one day conference on supervision has the potential to impact supervisor development.
The rise of physician accountability.

Changes in society have led to an evolving role for physicians over the last thirty years. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
DIRECT COMPARISON OF DABIGATRAN, RIVAROXABAN, AND APIXABAN FOR EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY IN NONVALVULAR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

Clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy and safety of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in comparison to warfarin for the treatment of non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). However, there have been no head-to-head trials comparing the NOACs, and indirect comparison
Pelger-Huët anomaly and megaloblastic anemia.

A patient with folate-defirient megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy and coincident Pelger-Huet anomaly of leukocytes is presented. Prior to oral folate treatment, neutrophilic nuclei with three, four, and five segments were seen in the peripheral smear. After treatment, only the characteristic bilobed and “indented rod” nuclei were seen. A family study verified the presence of the Pelger-Huet anomaly. It is confirmed that Pelger-Huet subjects react in the usual way to the megaloblastic process by “hypersegmenting” neutrophils.
Determinants of Privatization in China: the Role of Foreign Competition and Regional Unemployment

This paper investigates the role of foreign competition and regional unemployment in influencing the privatization policy for domestic firms in China. Using the Enterprise Surveys by the World Bank in 2004 of more than twelve thousand Chinese firms located over 100 cities,we find that the presence of foreign competition in a sector reduces the extent of state ownership in that sector,unless domestic firms are highly inefficient relative to foreign firms. We also find a positive relationship between unemployment rate in a regional and state ownership of domestic firms in the region.
CT Characteristics of Ketamine Associated Cystitis

Objective To investigate the CT findings of ketamine associated cystitis.Materials and Methods Ten patients,abusing ketamine for 1-10 years,with ketamine associated cystitis were retrospectively analyzed.The patients underwent plain and enhanced CT scanning.Results The bladder volume showed reduced on CT images.The bladder walls showed irregular thickening,especially on bilateral walls,with 3-10mm thickness range.Seven bladders showed gourd-shap,which was called "gourd sign".The CT attenuation of bladder walls were 40-45HU on plain CT images and 52-72HU on enhanced images.Three cases were complicated with bilateral renal pelvis,ureter dilated,thickening of bilateral ureteral walls.Conclusion Ketamine associated cystitis had typical CT features.CT findings combined with clinical data and abusing ketamine history are helpful for correct diagnosis.
THE INTRAVENOUS TOXICITY OF LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENTS IN MAN.

The toxicity of ,two hydrolyzable (meprylcaine and isobucaine) and a nonhydrolyzable (mepivacaine) local anesthetic agents was determined in man. The drugs were administered continuously, intravenously at rates proportional to concentrations commonly used in regional anesthesia. Toxicity was assumed to be inversely proportional to the tolerated length of infusion. The results of this study were compared with those obtained in a similar investigation carried out with three other hydrolyzable (procaine, 2-chloroprocaine, and tetracaine) and a nonhydrolyzable (lidocaine) local anesthetic agents. The results of both studies indicate that, with onc exception (isobucaine), the rapidly hydrolyzable anesthetics (meprylcaine and 2-chloroprocaine) are less toxic than the nonhydroly.wble or more slowly hydrolyzable ones. After discontinuation of infusion, signs and symptoms of systemic tOXicity disappear most rapidly with the two rapidly hydrolyzable local anesthetics.
Pattern formation in a secondary field : a hierarchy of regulatory genes subdivides the developing Drosophila wing disc into discrete subregions

The legs and wings of insects and vertebrates develop from secondary embryonic fields that arise after the primary body axes have been established. In order to understand how the insect imaginal wing field is patterned, we have examined in detail the temporal and spatial expression patterns of, and epistatic relationships between, four key regulatory genes that are specifically required for wing formation in Drosophila. The wingless protein, in a role surprisingly distinct from its embryonic segment polarity function, appears to be the earliest-acting member of the hierarchy and crucial for distinguishing the notum/wing subfields, and for the compartmentalization of the dorsal and ventral wing surfaces. The wingless product is required to restrict the expression of the apterous gene to dorsal cells and to promote the expression of the vestigial and scalloped genes that demarcate the wing primordia and act in concert to promote morphogenesis.
Theme and Variations: Historical Contingencies in the Causal Model of Interstate Conflict

Since its establishment in 1963, the Correlates of War (COW) project has sought to build cumulative knowledge about international conflict through the application of the scientific method to the study of militarized interstate behavior. Early analyses from the COW project found substantial variation in the causal model of war across the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but COW scholars later sought to develop a general model of war that avoided post hoc historical periodization. We use out of sample cross validation to evaluate the plausibility of assuming temporal homogeneity for statistical models of international conflict that span the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Our results suggest that the causal model of war changes substantially across historical eras. In particular, great care should be taken in generalizing Cold War findings to other historical eras. Our findings demonstrate the importance of exploring temporal variation in the causal model of war.
Nutritional status of infants and young children: U.S.A.

Techniques are described which have been used to evaluate nutritional status and to summarize information derived from several studies in the United States during the past 10 years. Utilizing this data base, current problems relating to energy and nutrient intakes are examined. Attention is given to current developments in techniques for assessing nutritional status.
An approach for deciphering patient-specific variations with application to breast cancer molecular expression profiles

Display Omitted Selective-voting ensemble classification approach (SVA) is proposed.SVA is useful in discerning good-prognosis and poor-prognosis breast cancer samples.SVA adapts the features across the samples revealing patient-specific variations.Patient-specific networks reveal distinct topologies across poor-prognosis samples. Several studies have successfully used molecular expression profiling in conjunction with classification techniques for discerning distinct disease groups. However, a majority of these studies do not provide sufficient insights into potential patient-specific variations within the disease groups. Such variations are ubiquitous and manifests across multiple scales with varying resolution. There is an urgent need for novel approaches that falls within the objective of precision medicine and provide novel insights into patient-specific variations and sub-populations within disease groups while discerning the disease groups of interest so as to enable timely and targeted intervention of select subjects. This study presents a selective-voting ensemble classification approach (SVA) for discerning good and poor-prognosis breast cancer samples from their 70-gene molecular expression profile revealing patient-specific variations within the poor-prognosis group. In contrast to traditional classification, SVA adapts the feature sets in a sample-specific manner capturing the proclivity of the samples to each of the disease groups. Correlation between normalized vote counts from SVA and clinical outcomes of the subjects is elucidated. Performance of Support Vector Machine and Nave Bayes classifier is investigated within the SVA framework and compared to established clinical criteria (Nottingham Prognostic Index, Adjuvant Online, St. Gallen) and Mammaprint approach. Weighted undirected graph abstractions of the ensemble sets of the poor-prognosis test samples is also shown to exhibit markedly different topologies with varying proclivities. These patient-specific networks may reflect inherent variations in underlying signaling mechanisms in the poor-prognosis subjects and reveal potential targets for personalized therapeutic intervention.
A Unique Case of Intracranial Mucormycosis Following an Assault

Intracranial mucormycosis is a very unusual presentation of an infection after a depressed skull fracture due to an assault. Only sporadic cases have been reported in the literature previously. A 30-year-old male with a traumatic brain injury following an assault, status-post debridement and elevation of a depressed skull fracture, was discharged home several weeks postoperatively. A CT scan of the head with contrast was obtained due to mental status changes and revealed an enhancing ring-shaped lesion in the right frontal lobe consistent with a brain abscess. The patient was taken to the operating room for image-guided excisional biopsy of the lesion, with pathology revealing mucormycosis.
Quasi-experimental study designs series—paper 2: complementary approaches to advancing global health knowledge

Quasi-experiments have been infrequently used in the health sciences. Focusing on health systems implementation research, this article details key advantages of quasi-experiments and argues that they can complement (but not replace) randomized evaluations. Specifically, it may be possible to use a quasi-experiment to study the causal effect of an intervention that cannot feasibly be randomized or that would be unethical (e.g., because the intervention has become the standard of care) to test in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). In addition, because they usually take advantage of routinely collected data, quasi-experiments may be feasible when it is too costly (either financially or in terms of the required time) to carry out a RCT - an important advantage in research on health systems, which vary widely between settings. Nonetheless, we argue that RCTs will continue to be indispensable for implementation research because i) the assumptions needed to establish causality with a quasi-experiment are often unverifiable, ii) available data frequently do not allow for a rigorous quasi-experiment, and iii) randomized designs tend to lend themselves more to informing policy makers of causal effects prior to (or during) the full-scale rollout of an intervention than quasi-experiments.
The Sherman Act and Avoiding Void-for-Vagueness

In Johnson v. United States, the Supreme Court reaffirmed the viability of void-for-vagueness doctrine, including the use of facial challenges. This Article demonstrates that, under prevailing doctrine, the Sherman Act could not survive such a challenge. Although previous high-profile attempts to invalidate this core statute of antitrust law as unconstitutionally vague were unsuccessful, the landscape has changed considerably since then. Longstanding deficiencies in the statutory text in terms of notice and consistency have been exacerbated by a pattern of judicial gloss that tolerates and maintains ambiguity — between categories of analysis as well as within them. The Sherman Act’s penalties and enforcement, moreover, have been enhanced and increased, making the cost of good-faith missteps particularly high. Additionally, the Sherman Act’s tension with activities protected by the First Amendment has increased considerably, not only directly, but indirectly through the proliferation of information and communication markets. Finally, judicial attempts to incorporate a limiting mens rea requirement into the law — a saving grace in other vague statutory schemes — has proved unworkable and incomplete, if not entirely mooted in this context. In light of these trends, the Sherman Act requires some form of congressional or judicial alteration to maintain constitutionality moving forward. This Article concludes by briefly exploring such potential solutions, and likely outcomes with respect to antitrust law’s vagueness problem for the years ahead.
Pleomorphic invasive lobular breast carcinoma: Prognosis and characteristics compared with classical invasive lobular breast carcinoma.

e13094Background: Pleomorphic lobular carcinoma (PLC) is a rare type of invasive lobular breast carcinoma that has traditionally been thought to have a worse prognosis as compared to classical lobu...
Some Aspects of Information Processing by Cerebellar Cortex; A Mathematical Model

Abstract A mathematical model has been proposed based on experimental data reported in the recent literature. Additional data is reported here that was obtained following single and double click stimulation. Cerebellar response activity has been evaluted in terms of gross surface potentials and subsurface unitary activities. Response patterns evoked by clicks in cerebellar units have differential forms that have been categorized in terms of their probable cell origin and can be related to the simulated output for corresponding “cell” types predicted by the proposed model. The present study suggests the possibility of a restricted organization of activity generated by mossy fibers which would not be obvious from the diffuse anatomical distribution of mossy fibers. Mathematical and physiological evidence summarized here clearly indicates the heuristic value of these approaches to problems in cerebellar physiology.
The role of government and regulation in cancer prevention

Summary The world population is ageing and increasing in size. As a result, the numbers of people diagnosed with and dying of cancer are increasing. Cancer is also a growing problem in developing countries. Government, be it local, state, provincial, national, or even a union of nations, has clear roles in the control of cancer. It is widely appreciated that much of the research that has defined the causes and treatment of cancer was, and is, government funded. Less appreciated, the body of work about how to control cancer shows the importance of an environment that encourages individuals to adopt healthy behaviours, and government has a vitally important role. Through regulation, education, and support programmes, governments can create an environment in which tobacco use is reduced and citizens maintain good levels of physical activity, healthy bodyweight, and good nutrition. Cancer prevention and the creation of a culture of health is an essential mission of government, beyond that of the traditional health-focused departments such as health ministries; it is in the domain of governmental agencies involved in environmental protection, occupational safety, and transportation. Cancer prevention and health promotion are also in the realm of the zoning board, the board of education, and the board of health.
Adult newborn neurons interfere with fear discrimination in a protocol-dependent manner.

Introduction Significant enhancement of neurogenesis is known to occur in response to a variety of brain insults such as traumatic brain injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that injury-induced newborn neurons are required for hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory tasks like the Morris water maze, but not in contextual fear conditioning that requires both the hippocampus and amygdala. Recently, the dentate gyrus, where adult hippocampal neurogenesis occurs, has been implicated in processing information to form specific memory under specific environmental stimuli in a process known as pattern separation. Methods To test whether injury-induced newborn neurons facilitate pattern separation, hippocampus-dependent contextual fear discrimination was performed using delta-HSV-TK transgenic mice, which can temporally inhibit injury-induced neurogenesis under the control of ganciclovir. Results We observed that impaired neurogenesis enhanced the ability to distinguish aversive from naive environments. In addition, this occurs most significantly following injury, but only in a context-dependent manner whereby the sequence of introducing the naive environment from the aversive one affected the performance differentially. Conclusions Temporal impairment of both baseline and injury-induced adult neurogenesis enhances performance in fear discrimination in a context-dependent manner.
Heparin and Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Thrombosis and Inflammation: Emerging Links

Publisher Summary The discovery and introduction of heparin (HP) derivatives, such as low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), have enhanced the clinical options for the management of thromboembolic disorders while enhancing the safety of therapy. The key reason behind the success of HP in thrombosis and beyond is its polypharmacological site of action for the prevention and treatment of multifactorial diseases that will benefit only slightly with a single pharmacological mechanism-based agent. HP can effectively modulate all of these multifactorial components as well as the interface among these components. A hypercoaguable state with the generation of thrombin activates the platelets, therefore, leading to the over-expression of platelet membrane p-selectin and the shedding of soluble p-selectin, which can act as a surrogate marker of platelet activation. The significant reduction in symptoms of asthma within 10 min might be related to the ability of HP to prevent the release of histamine from mast cells. The anti-inflammatory activity of HP has been reinforced y positive, although small, clinical trials in patients suffering from a range of inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and bronchial asthma.
Diverse yeasts for diverse fermented beverages and foods

Yeasts play vital roles in food biotechnology, especially in fermented products. Yeasts are monoculture bioprocessing agents, are members of complex microbial communities, and are even consumed directly. Advances in genetic technologies, such as whole genome and environmental DNA sequencing, have shed light on the diverse yeasts used in both traditional and industrialized processes. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae plays an outsized role in fermented beverage and food production, but new research has revealed a cornucopia of yeast biodiversity that includes dozens of species. These often surprising studies have shown how yeasts are related, how they interact with other microbes, and how valuable traits are encoded in their genomes. This deeper understanding illuminates current practices in food biotechnology, while foreshadowing future innovation.
Romancing the Interstitial: Howe, Balzac, and Nineteenth-Century Legacies of Sexual Indeterminacy

Sheila Liming, “Romancing the Interstitial: Howe, Balzac, and Nineteenth-Century Legacies of Sexual Indeterminacy” (pp. 311–337) This essay links Julia Ward Howe’s infamous “lost” text, The Hermphrodite (first published in 2004), with Honore de Balzac’s Sarrasine (1830), arguing that Howe rewrites Balzac’s figure of the “tragic hermaphrodite” with the intention of protesting nineteenth-century American assumptions regarding innate sexual difference. The Hermaphrodite tells the story of Laurence, a deeply contemplative, intelligent person whose sexual identity is disputed, but Howe never employs the term “hermaphrodite” outright. This situation encourages readers to judge Laurence’s hermaphroditism by his behavior and actions in the novel, not his biology, and this is furthermore consistent with the way the term “hermaphrodite” was used and understood by mid-nineteenth-century Americans. As such, this essay examines the claims that Howe makes about the social machinery of gender in The Hermaphrodite , arguing that while Laurence has much in common with Balzac’s Sarrasine, Howe uses her protagonist as a means of revising outdated arguments about biological “truth.” Howe’s Laurence revisits and updates nineteenth-century considerations of the aesthetic androgyne in the service of a modern, political agenda concerning sexual demarcation and difference.
Examining the influence of social-environmental variables on self-injurious behaviour in adolescent boys with fragile X syndrome.

BACKGROUND Individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common known inherited form of intellectual disability, are at increased risk for showing specific forms of self-injurious behaviour (SIB) such as hand biting and head hitting, suggesting that biological factors associated with the syndrome confers increased risk for SIB. Few studies, however, have examined the extent to which social-environmental variables can influence the occurrence of these behaviours in this population. METHOD Twenty-two adolescent boys with FXS, aged 10 to 18 years were systematically exposed to seven environmental conditions in functional analyses of SIB conducted over 2 days at our research centre. RESULTS Fourteen (63.6%) boys with FXS engaged in SIB during the functional analyses. Ten (45.5%) boys engaged in SIB that was maintained by social-environmental variables, that is, gaining access to attention/tangibles and/or escaping from social interaction, task demands and/or transition demands. For two boys, SIB was undifferentiated across conditions, and for two boys, SIB appeared to be maintained by automatic reinforcement. CONCLUSIONS Social-environmental variables appeared to maintain SIB in a significant proportion of boys with FXS. Given that pharmacological treatments for SIB have limited efficacy in this population, the potential role of social-environmental factors on SIB should be examined before pharmacological treatments are implemented for these behaviours.
Thinking Machines: Art and Design in the Computer Age, 1959–1989, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, USA, November 13, 2017–April 8, 2018

Defining “The Computer Age,” let alone giving a representative sample of its works, is a monumental task that raises thorny questions. Is the Computer Age best characterized as an historical period...
MS: Clinical Features, Symptom Management, and Diagnosis

Given its potential for diffuse dissemination throughout virtually every ­portion of the central nervous system (optic nerves, brain, and spinal cord), it is perhaps not surprising that a broad array of symptoms may be reported by patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Nonetheless, the majority of patients with MS will at some point present with a stereotyped constellation of symptoms and signs constituting a first clinical “attack” of demyelination, often referred to as a Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS). CIS typically comprises unilateral optic neuritis, partial transverse myelitis, or a brainstem–cerebellar syndrome (see below). The majority of patients presenting with CIS will also have characteristic lesions on brain MRI not accounting for their clinical presentation and indicative of prior asymptomatic episodes of inflammatory demyelination. These patients should be managed based on their risk of having a second attack and thus converting to Relapsing–Remitting MS (RRMS), also termed Clinically Definite MS (CDMS). In the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT) [1], the cumulative probability of developing MS by 15 years after onset of optic neuritis was 50% (95% confidence interval, 44–56%) and strongly related to presence of lesions on the baseline non-contrast-enhanced brain (MRI). Twenty-five percent of patients with no lesions on baseline brain MRI developed MS during follow-up compared with 72% of patients with one or more lesions. In longitudinal studies of a separate cohort of CIS patients, 83% (45/54) of patients with CIS who had abnormal results on brain MRI at baseline developed CDMS after a 10-year follow-up period and baseline lesion number and lesion volume increase over the first 5 years predicted the extent of clinical disability measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) at the 14-year follow-up examination [2, 3]. These findings underscore the prognostic value of MRI early in MS. Using modern imaging criteria, it is now also possible to make a diagnosis of MS prior to a second clinical attack by demonstrating new asymptomatic lesions on MRI (i.e., dissemination in time), and most disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are utilized in both RRMS and CIS with characteristic abnormal MRI findings. In this chapter, we will discuss the signs and symptoms experienced by MS patients as well as the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of MS.
Local structure of feasible sets in nonlinear programming, Part III: Stability and sensitivity

This paper continues the local analysis of nonlinear programming problems begun in Parts I and II. In this part we exploit the tools developed in the earlier parts to obtain detailed information about local optimizers in the nondegenerate case. We show, for example, that these optimizers obey a weak type of differentiability and we compute their derivatives in this weak sense.
Use of mate-pair sequencing to characterize a complex cryptic BCR/ABL1 rearrangement observed in a newly diagnosed case of chronic myeloid leukemia.

Summary Chronic myeloid leukemia is characterized by a t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) resulting in BCR/ABL1 fusion located on the derivative chromosome 22, also known as the Philadelphia chromosome. We present the first case, to our knowledge, of chronic myeloid leukemia with 2 cryptic insertional events resulting in BCR/ABL1 fusion on the derivative chromosome 9 and FNBP1/BCR fusion on the derivative chromosome 22. These insertional events were misinterpreted as a typical balanced BCR/ABL1 translocation by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization studies and were cryptic by conventional chromosome analysis, resulting in a “normal” karyotype. Mate-pair sequencing, a novel next-generation sequencing technology that can detect and characterize structural variants with significantly higher resolution and precision compared with traditional cytogenetic methodologies, identified 2 insertional events and resolved the seemingly discrepant chromosome and fluorescence in situ hybridization results. This case demonstrates the complexities of genetic abnormalities unappreciable by traditional cytogenetic methodologies and highlights the clinical utility of mate-pair sequencing.
Commentary: Crossing Over: Musical Perceptions Within Black Adolescent Culture

Response to Venise T. Berry, “Crossing Over: Musical Perceptions Within Black Adolescent Culture,” JPMS vol. 5, 1993 “CAUTION,” warns the back cover of George Clinton’s 1986 album R&B Skeletons in the Closet, “Segments of This Album May Contain JUNGLE MUSIC!” This tongue-in cheek
An Evaluation of Nursing Student Motivation to Learn Through Holographic Mixed Reality Simulation

Manikins and standardized patients comprise traditional nursing simulation modalities. Recent innovation in immersive technology makes simulation more affordable. These modalities include virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality. Each can be used to simulate low-frequency, high-risk patient scenarios for nursing students. Early studies show the use of immersive simulation improves motivation to learn, however more research is needed. This study examined the use of immersive simulation delivered via the Microsoft HoloLens, relative to a written case study and two-dimensional video. Nursing students across three levels of experience participated. Initial analysis of the data indicates the Instructional Materials Motivation Survey is a valid research instrument for measuring nursing student motivation to learn within the context of immersive simulation. Further analysis of these data can inform using mixed reality as a means of providing simulation to nursing students through devices significantly more affordable and accessible than traditional nursing simulation devices.
The mechanisms affecting seedling establishment in restored savanna understories are seasonally dependent

Agricultural land is being increasingly abandoned on a global scale, with over 200 million hectares recovering from agricultural use. Plant community regeneration differs greatly in structure and composition after agricultural impacts, yet the mechanisms underpinning these dramatic changes are poorly understood. It is critical to determine the relative importance of abiotic and biotic factors that limit plant establishment and success during the recovery process. In particular, below‐ground competition for resources in soils affected by former agricultural uses may play an important role in limiting plant establishment. Yet, below‐ground competition is generally studied less than above‐ground, especially in the context of land‐use history. We compare plant establishment with and without below‐ground competition in the context of a large‐scale experiment manipulating land‐use histories (i.e. with and without a history of agriculture) and restoration of historical vegetation structure (i.e. thinned and unthinned canopy trees) and determine how life stage and the local environment (e.g. soil water holding capacity, vegetation cover) influence this relationship. For three of our four target species, below‐ground competition strongly limited establishment success, but did not interact with land‐use history and canopy thinning directly. Instead, land‐use history and canopy thinning interacted to affect establishment during germination and survival in spring, while below‐ground competition limited growth during the summer. The strength of below‐ground competition was affected by local resources, but the directionality of this relationship depended on agricultural history and canopy thinning. Synthesis and applications. Because adding seeds increased establishment in all cases, we recommend confronting land‐use legacies by overcoming dispersal limitation with seed additions (even in degraded sites) and ensuring that below‐ground structures are managed during restoration, especially in summer. In addition, managers should consider how the relationship between local resources and below‐ground competition at individual sites might depend on land‐use history or canopy thinning.