cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of body appreciation, weight bias internalization, and disordered eating behaviors among presurgical bariatric patients

Abstract Background Body appreciation and internalized weight bias have consistently been associated with eating behaviors. However, research has yet to examine the role of these variables among presurgical bariatric patients. Objectives The present study sought to assess the relationships between body appreciation and weight bias internalization, binge eating, disinhibited eating, and symptoms of depression and anxiety among a sample of presurgical bariatric patients. The study also sought to examine the extent to which body appreciation and weight bias internalization account for unique variance in disordered eating even when controlling for depression and anxiety. Setting Academic medical center in the United States. Methods Data were collected on body appreciation, weight bias internalization, eating behaviors, depression, and anxiety as part of a standard presurgical psychological evaluation for bariatric surgery (n = 319). Pearson correlations were used to assess relationships between all study variables. Multiple regressions were conducted to assess the roles of body appreciation and weight bias internalization on disordered eating. Results Significant associations were found between low levels of body appreciation and high levels of weight bias internalization, disordered eating, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Results indicated that body appreciation and weight bias internalization each significantly accounted for unique variance in symptoms of binge eating and disinhibited eating. Depressive symptoms were also statistically significant in all analyses. Conclusion Findings indicate the importance of conducting future positive body image research, as well as continuing to examine weight-related constructs, such as internalized weight bias, among bariatric surgery patients.
Critical Audit Matters: The New Auditing Reporting Model

“A critical audit matter is defined as a matter that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved especially challenging, subjective, or complex auditor judgment.” In view of subjectivity and judgment based elements involved in the determination of critical audit matters, as well as the move to a principles based framework – critical audit matters determined using such a framework, this presentation aims to highlight why a combination of bright line rules and high level principles should be applied to the more innovative phases involving critical decision making – the application of this combination of rules not only reflecting the level of flexibility offered by such a combination, but also the priority accorded to such management decisions which may also embody tactical and strategic elements.
The Paf1 Complex: A Keystone of Nuclear Regulation Operating at the Interface of Transcription and Chromatin

The regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II is closely intertwined with the regulation of chromatin structure. A host of proteins required for the disassembly, reassembly, and modification of nucleosomes interacts with Pol II to aid its movement and counteract its disruptive effects on chromatin. The highly conserved Polymerase Associated Factor 1 Complex, Paf1C, travels with Pol II and exerts control over transcription elongation and chromatin structure, while broadly impacting the transcriptome in both single cell and multicellular eukaryotes. Recent studies have yielded exciting new insights into the mechanisms by which Paf1C regulates transcription elongation, epigenetic modifications, and post-transcriptional steps in eukaryotic gene expression. Importantly, these functional studies are now supported by an extensive foundation of high-resolution structural information, providing intimate views of Paf1C and its integration into the larger Pol II elongation complex. As a global regulatory factor operating at the interface between chromatin and transcription, the impact of Paf1C is broad and its influence reverberates into other domains of nuclear regulation, including genome stability, telomere maintenance, and DNA replication.
Characterization of Virulence Phenotypes of Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) Populations in North Dakota.

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines) continues to be the greatest threat to soybean production in the United States. Because host resistance is the primary strategy used to control SCN,...
Perioperative Management of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: A Single-Center Report of 469 Interrogations.

Abstract Objective Anesthesiologists increasingly are involved in the perioperative management of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). The variety of devices available and the ongoing advancements in technology, programming capabilities, and responses to conventional management (eg, magnet application) complicate the management of these devices. As an aid to this clinical challenge, this manuscript reviews 469 interrogations performed by a single cardiac anesthesiologist during a 4.5-year period to derive useful information with which to guide anesthesiologists who have chosen to pursue training in this area of perioperative care. Design Retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Setting Single institution, quaternary care hospital. Participants Patients with CIEDs presenting for surgery; the quality assurance (QA) reports of 469 interrogations performed between May 2015 and September 2019 were reviewed. Interventions No intervention. Measurement and Main Results The distributions of surgical procedures, device types, device manufacturers, pacing modes, rate-response sensors, special functions, and performed interventions were reviewed and analyzed. The QA reports were evaluated to identify information or experiences that demonstrated important lessons for anesthesiologists engaging in perioperative CIED management. Conclusions This database review provides general guidance for anesthesiologists managing CIEDs in the perioperative period. Concepts germane to the operating room are emphasized.
Spatiotemporal and emission characteristics of laser-induced plasmas from aluminum-zirconium composite powders

Abstract Laser-induced plasmas and reactions therein depend on the ablated target's chemical composition and morphology. Recently, we have characterized plasma properties such as spatiotemporal morphology, electron density, species temperature within the plasma, ionization degree, etc. for pure Al under variations in morphology. Here, we utilize a bi-metal powder system to study similar characteristics as a function of powder chemistry. Micron-sized ball milled Al/Zr composites of three chemistries (3Al:2Zr, Al:Zr, and Al:3Zr) are compared to similarly-sized pure Al, pure Zr, and a mixture of Al + Zr powder. We find that the introduction of increasing concentrations of Zr has several interesting effects on the plasma compared to pure Al, including a dramatic increase in the electron density (to ~3–5 × 1020 cm−3), and the earlier onset of ZrO emission bands which have a higher disassociation energy and are thermodynamically preferred over AlO at high temperatures. Differences in plume morphology, the spatial distribution of molecular species, and the emission intensities of ZrO, Zr I and Al I were observed for Al + Zr and ball-milled Al:Zr samples, indicating the influence of microstructure on the chemical reactions. We measured plasma temperatures using the Saha-Boltzmann plot method; the composites demonstrate higher temperatures than pure Zr, Al + Zr mixtures, and pure Al. We observe only minor differences in temperature as a function of increasing Zr-content within the composites. This work continues to build on our understanding of the relationships between plasma properties and microsecond-timescale chemical reactions of reactive materials.
Piers Plowman and the Reinvention of Church Law in the Late Middle Ages: By Arvind Thomas, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2019, ISBN 9781487502461, $77, 288pp.

Morton Bloomfield famously remarked that reading Piers Plowman “is like reading a commentary on an unknown text”: in this erudite and carefully argued book, Thomas persuasively demonstrates that in...
Addititive Polynomial Block Methods, Part I: Framework and Fully-Implicit Methods.

In this paper we generalize the polynomial time integration framework to additively partitioned initial value problems. The framework we present is general and enables the construction of many new families of additive integrators with arbitrary order-of-accuracy and varying degree of implicitness. In this first work, we focus on a new class of implicit-explicit polynomial block methods that are based on fully-implicit Runge-Kutta methods with Radau nodes. We show that the new integrators have improved stability compared to existing IMEX Runge-Kutta methods, while also being more computationally efficient due to recent developments in preconditioning techniques for solving the associated systems of nonlinear equations. For PDEs on periodic domains where the implicit component is trivial to invert, we will show how parallelization of the right-hand-side evaluations can be exploited to obtain significant speedup compared to existing serial IMEX Runge-Kutta methods. For parallel (in space) finite-element discretizations, the new methods obtain accuracy several orders of magnitude lower than existing IMEX Runge-Kutta methods, and/or obtain a given accuracy as much as 16 times faster in terms of computational runtime.
Obstetric comorbidity scores and disparities in severe maternal morbidity across marginalized groups.

Background A recently developed obstetric comorbidity scoring system enables comparisons of severe maternal morbidity rates independent of health status at the time of birth hospitalization. However, the scoring system has not been evaluated in racial-ethnic and socioeconomic groups or used to assess disparities in severe maternal morbidity. Objective To evaluate the performance of applying an obstetric comorbidity scoring system across racial-ethnic and socioeconomic groups and to determine the effect of comorbidity score risk adjustment on disparities in severe maternal morbidity. Study design We analyzed a population-based cohort of live births in California during 2011-2017 with linked birth certificate and birth hospitalization discharge data (n = 3,308,554). We updated a previously developed comorbidity scoring system to include ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes, and applied the scoring system in subpopulations (groups) defined by race-ethnicity, nativity, payment method, and educational attainment. We then calculated risk-adjusted rates of severe maternal morbidity (including and excluding blood transfusion-only cases) in each group and estimated disparities for these outcomes before and after adjustment for the comorbidity score using logistic regression. Results The obstetric comorbidity scores performed consistently across groups (C-statistics ranged from 0.68-0.76; calibration curves demonstrated overall excellent prediction of absolute risk). All non-White groups had significantly elevated rates of severe maternal morbidity before and after risk adjustment for comorbidities compared to the White group (1.3% before, 1.3% after): American Indian-Alaska Native (2.1% before, 1.8% after), Asian (1.5% before, 1.7% after), Black (2.5% before, 2.0% after), Latinx (1.6% before, 1.7% after), Pacific Islander (2.2% before, 1.9% after), and Multi-race groups (1.7% before, 1.6% after). Risk adjustment also modestly increased disparities for the foreign-born group and non-commercial insurance groups. Increasing educational attainment was associated with decreasing severe maternal morbidity rates, which was largely unaffected by comorbidity risk adjustment. The pattern of results was the same whether or not transfusion-only cases were included as severe maternal morbidity. Conclusion These results support the use of an updated comorbidity scoring system to assess disparities in severe maternal morbidity. Disparities in severe maternal morbidity decreased in magnitude for some racial-ethnic and socioeconomic groups and increased in magnitude for others after adjustment for the comorbidity score.
Respecting Parents’ Fundamental Rights in the Adoption Process: Parents Choosing Parents for Their Children

The Supreme Court has a long history of recognizing parents’ fundamental right to direct the upbringing of their children. While courts have recognized that this right requires deference to parents’ decisions regarding education, religion, and medical decisions, little attention has been paid to parents’ fundamental rights in the adoption process. Specifically, relatively few courts or scholars have addressed parents’ right to choose adoptive parents if the biological parents voluntarily agree to terminate their rights and place the child for adoption. Because choosing adoptive parents for their child is an exercise of the right to control the care and custody of the child, it falls within the scope of fundamental constitutional rights acknowledged by the Supreme Court. Consequently, states must recognize and respect the parents’ choice of adoptive parents even if the choice is inconsistent with state or federal statutory priorities for adoptive placements. This Article discusses the fundamental rights of parents under the United States Constitution as recognized by the United States Supreme Court, addresses how state and federal laws either vindicate or violate those rights in the context of voluntary adoption placements, and discusses how various state laws and the federal Indian Child Welfare Act should be amended, interpreted, and applied to respect the right of parents to choose adoptive parents in voluntary adoptive placements.
The temporal sequence of events in the activation of phospholipase A2 by lipid vesicles. Studies with the monomeric enzyme from Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus.

Abstract The substrate dependence of the time courses of hydrolysis of both small and large unilamellar vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) by Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus monomeric phospholipase A2 is consistent with an activation process involving enzyme aggregation on the vesicle surface. The time course of hydrolysis of large unilamellar vesicles is particularly complex; a slow initial rate of hydrolysis is followed by an extremely abrupt increase in enzyme activity. The length of this slow phase is a minimum at the phase transition temperature of the vesicles. The intrinsic fluorescence intensity of the phospholipase A2 also abruptly increases (50-60%) after a latency period revealing a strong temporal correlation between enzyme activity and the increase in fluorescence intensity. The length of the latency period before the sudden increase in fluorescence intensity is directly proportional to substrate concentration at DPPC concentrations above 20-100 microM. At lower concentrations, the length of the latency period is inversely proportional to the DPPC concentration. Such biphasic substrate dependence is predicted by a previously proposed enzyme activation model involving dimerization on the surface vesicle. Simultaneous monitoring of the protein fluorescence and hydrolysis demonstrates that the magnitude of the fluorescence change and the rate of hydrolysis are in exact temporal correlation. Furthermore, simultaneous monitoring of the fluorescence of the protein and that of a lipid probe, trimethylammonium diphenylhexatriene, indicates a change in lipid vesicle structure prior to, or coincident with, the abrupt change in protein activation. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the monomeric phospholipase A2 from A. piscivorus piscivorus initially possesses a low level of intrinsic activity toward large unilamellar DPPC vesicles and that the enzyme slowly becomes further activated on the vesicle surface via dimerization. Eventually, the vesicles undergo an abrupt transition in internal structure leading to sudden rapid activation of the enzyme.
Resistance Factor-mediated Streptomycin Resistance

Resistance (R) factor-mediated streptomycin (Sm) resistance differs from classical, high-level, chromosome-borne Sm resistance in its dominance over sensitivity and in the level of its effectiveness (in Escherichia coli ∼25 μg/ml versus >2,000 μg/ml). In addition, an R factor-containing strain, unlike high-level Sm-resistant bacteria, showed an inoculum effect with respect to its level of Sm resistance. Crude extracts of this strain destroyed the inhibitory activity of Sm and bluensomycin (Blue) on in vitro protein synthesis. The ribosomes from this strain proved to be sensitive to Sm in vitro. The requirements for in vitro inactivation of Sm (and Blue) were determined to be: extract, adenosine triphosphate or deoxyadenosinetriphosphate, and Mg++. Chromatographic techniques with radioisotopes revealed the formation of an inactivated form of Sm containing adenosine (or deoxyadenosine), phosphate, and Sm in equimolar amounts. The adenylate moiety is coupled to the streptobiosamine residue, rather than to the streptidine ring, of the Sm molecule. The adenylating enzyme, which is not induced by Sm, is located in the periplasmic space of the R factor-containing strain.
LASCO Measurements of the Energetics of Coronal Mass Ejections

We examine the energetics of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) with data from the LASCO coronagraphs on SOHO. The LASCO observations provide fairly direct measurements of the mass, velocity and dimensions of CMEs. Using these basic measurements, we determine the potential and kinetic energies and their evolution for several CMEs that exhibit a flux-rope morphology. Assuming flux conservation, we use observations of the magnetic flux in a variety of magnetic clouds near the Earth to determine the magnetic flux and magnetic energy in CMEs near the Sun. We find that the potential and kinetic energies increase at the expense of the magnetic energy as the CME moves out, keeping the total energy roughly constant. This demonstrates that flux rope CMEs are magnetically driven. Furthermore, since their total energy is constant, the flux rope parts of the CMEs can be considered to be a closed system above $\sim$ 2 $R_{\sun}$.
Z0 PHYSICS FROM THE L3 DETECTOR AT LEP

The LEP e+e− collider at CERN has been operating for more than half a year. One of the four experiments at LEP is the L3 experiment, which has excellent energy resolution for electrons, muons and photons. This article summarizes the results1–6 obtained with the L3 detector using the data taken from September to December 1989.
Semi-empirical molecular orbital energy levels of XeF4

Using recently published analytical SCF wave functions for xenon, the one-electron molecular orbital energies of xenon tetrafluoride have been re-determined in the Wolfsberg-Helmholz semi-empirical approximation. Unlike similar previous investigations, the present study takes into consideration ligand-ligand overlap, and uses the recently proposed reciprocal mean for the semi-empirical evaluation of the resonance integrals. The outcome of the study fits remarkably well with the observed electronic transitions in the far u.v. spectrum of XeF4.
A method for programming the complex general-N Winograd Fourier transform algorithm

The Winograd Fourier Transform Algorithm (WFTA) requires about 20% of the multiplications used in an optimized FFT, while the number of additions remains unchanged. This paper describes one "General-N" (i.e. many allowable DFT sizes (N) but certainly not any vector size) complex WFTA programming technique.
Cardiac troponin T in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices undergoing magnetic resonance imaging

Purpose Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been safely performed in many patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) using institution-specific protocols. A potential risk of MRI is myocardial heating and cardiac injury, which might be detectable with cardiac Troponin (cTn). We evaluated this in patients with CIEDs undergoing MRI.
Interpersonal Impact Messages Associated With Different Forms of Achievement Motivation

Two studies evaluated relations between different forms of achievement motivation and transactional interpersonal impact messages during a dyadic puzzle-solving task. In Study 1,400 college students received no formal competence feedback during the task. In Study 2, competence feedback was manipulated for 600 college students and used to create high-, low-, and mixed-status dyads. Expectancies of success had robust actor and partner effects on submission in both studies. Competence valuation was linked with communal partner effects in Study 1 and a generalized interpersonal sensitivity in Study 2. When competence was ambiguous, approach and avoidance achievement motives exhibited affectively driven actor and partner effects consistent with their roots in pride and shame, respectively; however, when competence was established formally, motives had more cognitively driven effects on person perception and behavior (e.g., rejection sensitivity). Collectively, these findings highlight the importance of the achievement motivation system for organizing interpersonal impact messages during competence pursuits.
An enhanced dropping scheme for proportional differentiated services

As the DiffServ architecture is gaining ground, traffic engineering requires major adjustments. In addition, the measurement-based strategy gas been widely adopted owing to its advantages of flexibility and easy adaptation. This article reviews measurement-based dropping schemes. Based on the definition and investigation of the "packet shortage" phenomenon, an enhanced dropping scheme for the proportional differentiated packet loss, referred to as "debt-aware," is proposed. Simulation parameters, as compared to a typical proportional dropping mechanism. More simulations have been applied to demonstrate the merits of this improved method.
Synergistic cytotoxicity and DNA strand breaks in cells and plasmid DNA exposed to uranyl acetate and ultraviolet radiation

Depleted uranium (DU) has a chemical toxicity that is independent of its radioactivity. The purpose of this study was to explore the photoactivation of uranyl ion by ultraviolet (UV) radiation as a chemical mechanism of uranium genotoxicity. The ability of UVB (302 nm) and UVA (368 nm) radiation to photoactivate uranyl ion to produce single strand breaks was measured in pBR322 plasmid DNA, and the presence of adducts and apurinic/apyrimidinic sites that could be converted to single strand breaks by heat and piperidine was analyzed. Results showed that DNA lesions in plasmid DNA exposed to UVB- or UVA-activated DU were only slightly heat reactive, but were piperidine sensitive. The cytotoxicity of UVB-activated uranyl ion was measured in repair-proficient and repair-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells and human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. The cytotoxicity of co-exposures of uranyl ion and UVB radiation was dependent on the order of exposure and was greater than co-exposures of arsenite and UVB radiation. Uranyl ion and UVB radiation were synergistically cytotoxic in cells, and cells exposed to photoactivated DU required different DNA repair pathways than cells exposed to non-photoactivated DU. This study contributes to our understanding of the DNA lesions formed by DU, as well as their repair. Results suggest that excitation of uranyl ion by UV radiation can provide a pathway for uranyl ion to be chemically genotoxic in populations with dermal exposures to uranium and UV radiation, which would make skin an overlooked target organ for uranium exposures.
The “Xylose Test” to Assess Gastrointestinal Absorption in the Elderly: A Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of the Literature

A pharmacokinetic evaluation has been made of the literature that has examined xylose absorption as a function of age. Urinary xylose recovery during a 5-hour collection declines with age after oral and intravenous dosing. Calculated values for xylose renal clearance and elimination rate constant display a similar dependence upon age. The ratio of urinary recoveries after oral compared with intravenous dosing remains constant up to age 65 years but decreases after 70 years. Age appears to explain most of the variation associated with the above parameters. This analysis supports the suggestion made previously by several investigators that the xylose test as currently used to assess absorption in the elderly has not been properly interpreted.
Direct detection of time-resolved Rabi oscillations in a single quantum dot via resonance fluorescence

Optical Rabi oscillations are coherent population oscillations of a two-level system coupled by an electric dipole transition when driven by a strong nearly resonant optical field. In quantum dot structures, these measurements have typically been performed as a function of the total pulse area $\ensuremath{\int}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{0}(t)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{d}t$ where the pulse area varies as a function of Rabi frequency. Here, we report direct detection of the time-resolved coherent transient response of the resonance fluorescence to measure the time evolution of the optical Rabi oscillations in a single charged InAs quantum dot. We extract a decoherence rate consistent with the limit from the excited state lifetime.
Assessment Adrift: Review of the Current State of Assessment of Academically Based Leadership Education Programs

Assessment is a growing priority among the academy and also appears to be of increasing interest among academic-based leadership education programs. This article offers a brief history of assessment within higher education as well as an overview of the current state of assessment in the context of academic-based leadership education programs. While there are numerous studies reporting on assignment- and course-level assessment activities, comparatively limited literature addresses program-level assessment. It is the author's assertion that we must raise the level of conversation within our emerging discipline to identify effective best practices.
An empirical examination of corporate myopic behavior: a comparison of Japanese and U.S. companies

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine whether differences in the corporate environments of Japanese and U.S. companies are associated with differences in the extent to which Japanese and U.S. managers engage in corporate myopic behavior. This paper empirically examines the management myopia issue by comparing the level of income smoothing that occurs between U.S. and Japanese companies. A system of simultaneous equations is employed to measure the extent that management uses discretionary accruals and research and development (R&D) investments to smooth income. Our results suggest that while both Japanese and U.S. managers engage in some amount of myopic behavior (i.e., smooth income), Japanese managers do so at a significantly higher level.
The Role of the Basic Scientist

CLEARLY, there are two ways in which research and the basic scientist may interact with a clinical program in otolaryngology. Classically, the basic scientist is provided space and an atmosphere in which he may do research related, at times tenuously, to problems of otolaryngology. The research performed then, in addition to providing needed knowledge for the field, brings some degree of prestige to the department. Under these circumstances, the relationship of research training to the clinical program is, in many instances—at best—fortuitous and, in some instances—at worst—the basic scientist is viewed as a "second-class citizen." Alternatively, the basic scientist may play a more immediate role in the residency training program. This can be accomplished through the organization of teaching programs incorporating basic information within a clinical context, the active participation of the scientist in rounds and journal seminars, and the development of research programs derived less with the scientist in
Restriction of nonglucosylated T-even bacteriophages by prophage P1

Abstract Glucosyl transferase ( gt ) mutants of all the T-even bacteriophages, with less than 3% of the normal complement of glucose on their DNA, fall into two groups with respect to restriction by prophage P1. Mutants of the first group, called rp1 , are restricted by P1 prophage irrespective of the nature of the hosts on which the phage has grown; mutants of the second group, called r c p 1, are restricted by P1 only if they have grown on a permissive host lacking UDPG-PPase. Mutant prophages P1 r − m + and P1 r − m − , which do not restrict unmodified λ phage, also fail to restrict gt rp1 or r c p 1 phage. The gt mutants grown on P1 r − m + lysogens are not modified. Single-step mutants of gt phage, called up1 , which are insensitive to P1 restriction have been isolated from T2 gt rp1 and T4 gt rp1 , but not from T6 gt rp1 . The up1 mutation does not arise from loss or gain of a diffusible function and probably represents an alteration in a site on the DNA recognized by the P1 restricting enzyme. The rp1 site maps outside the gt genes. Both gt rp1 and gt up1 phages are restricted by the resistance transfer factor N1.
POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS (PAGE) OF ROTAVIRUS RNA AFTER SERIAL PASSAGE AND IN CHRONIC INFECTION

POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS (PAGE) OF ROTAVIRUS RNA AFTER SERIAL PASSAGE AND IN CHRONIC INFECTION
Interphase mass transfer in cocurrent vertical two-phase channel flows with non-Newtonian liquids

Flow patterns, gas hold-up, and volumetric liquid-side interphase mass transfer coefficients were experimentally studied using aqueous solutions of Polyacrylamide as the liquid phase, pure nitrogen as the gas phase, and oxygen as the transferred species. The channel entrance effects were eliminated by performing hydrodynamically-identical tests with two different test section lengths, and using the shorter test section results for quantification of entrance effects in the longer test section. Experimental data were obtained over a range of gas and liquid superficial velocities covering the bubbly, slug and churn flow regimes and were compared with data previously obtained with pure water and aqueous sucrose solutions. The effect of the liquid-phase rheological properties on channel hydrodynamic and mass transfer processes were examined.
Nontraumatic lower-extremity acute arterial ischemia

Abstract Background: The outcome of arterial bypass reconstruction in the setting of acute arterial ischemia has not been well defined. Methods: This retrospective review consists of 71 consecutive patients (54 with native arterial thrombosis, 17 with graft thrombosis) who underwent an urgent/emergent arterial bypass reconstruction for acute arterial ischemia with threatened limb viability. Results: The 30-day mortality and major amputation rates were 9.9% and 7.1%, respectively. Death, limb loss, or both, were associated with a paralytic limb ( P = 0.001) and congestive heart failure ( P = 0.03). Overall, 45 of 71 (63%) patients were discharged with limb salvage and ambulatory function. Cumulative graft patency was 77% and 65% at 1 and 2 years, respectively, and closely approximated the 1- and 2-year limb-salvage rates of 76% and 63%, respectively. Conclusions: Arterial bypass reconstructions appear warranted in acute arterial ischemia, in that a majority of patients retain a functional viable limb. Late graft thrombotic complications limit long-term benefit.
Depolarized light scattering from fractal soot aggregates.

We have measured the depolarization ratio \ensuremath{\rho} of light scattered from three different premixed hydrocarbon-oxygen flames. The soot clusters in these flames are well described as fractals with a dimension of 1.79\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10. We show that the depolarization is due to intracluster multiple scattering. We also show that \ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{N}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0.6}$, where N is the number of monomers per cluster for scattering in the forward direction. We created simulated diffusion-limited-cluster-aggregate clusters on a computer and used a self-consistent electric-dipole-induced-dipole calculation to calculate \ensuremath{\rho} and again find \ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{N}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0.6}$. The calculated magnitude, however, is too small; various modifications are tried or suggested to bring about a quantitative agreement of theory and experiment.
Response to O'Malley

Abstract P. M. O'Malley (Prev. Med. 13, 421–426, 1984) has stimulated discussion on the issues of self-reported smoking, the use of validation procedures to enhance self-report of smoking behavior, and the question of trends toward increases in underreporting of adolescent smoking. O'Malley's analysis was prompted by an earlier report of data from the Childhood Antecedents of Smoking Study. In response to O'Malley, further analysis comparing data from the Childhood Antecedents of Smoking Study with data from the Monitoring the Future study is presented, and recent evidence on the “bogus pipeline” methodology is reviewed.
Continuous Measurement of Semivolatile Fine Particulate Mass in Provo, Utah

Ambient particles contain substantial quantities of material that can be lost from the particles during sample collection on a filter, including ammonium nitrate and semivolatile organic compounds. The real-time ambient mass sampler (RAMS) described in this paper has been developed for the accurate continuous monitoring of fine particulate material. The previously published version of the RAMS had significant problems with a variable blank correction. A series of experiments conducted in Provo, UT, during December, 1998, indicated that nitrogen oxides and water were the major contributors to a high morning blank. This blank was minimized by heating the Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (BOSS) charcoal diffusion denuder and adding multichannel annular denuders coated with triethanolamine (TEA) to remove NO 2 . This new configuration of the RAMS was used to collect samples on 5 consecutive days in Provo, UT. These results were compared to measurements made in both 6 h and 24 h integrated samp...
ASSESSING TRAINING NEEDS OF GERIATRIC SERVICE PROVIDERS: PROGRAM RATIONALE AND FOCUS GROUP OUTCOMES

To address gerontology training needs, a comprehensive, multifaceted, convergent statewide assessment was conducted in the state of Georgia as an initial step to developing a university‐based Gerontology Outreach Program for providing continuing education. This article is the first of three describing the design, implementation, and outcome of the needs assessment approach, which included focus groups, a telephone survey, and site visits. Three focus groups were organized and conducted to identify training content and issues related to training. Parallel methods were used to conduct each focus group. Participants identified and prioritized topics, target audiences, and preferred delivery methods for training in gerontology. Among the training issues identified were barriers tied to funding, time, location of training, and lack of coordination and collaboration among resources. The results underscore the need for coordinated continuing education program planning in gerontology.
Phase equilibria and crystal growth in the systems PbO·PbCrO4PbO·PbMoO4, PbO·PbCrO4PbO·PbWO4 and PbO·PbCrO4PbO·PbSO4

Abstract PbO·PbCrO4 is a paint pigment with interesting semiconductor and thermochromic properties. Preparatory to crystal growth and property measurements of this material, phase equilibria studies were made in the systems PbO·PbCrO4-PbO·PbMoO4, PbO·PbCrO4-PbO·PbWO4 and PbO·PbCrO4-PbO·PbSO4. In each case complete miscibility in the solid and liquid states was found. The small separation between solidus and liquidus in each system and rapid attainment of equilibrium permits the growth of large homogeneous crystals by pulling from the melt.
Role of mitochondrial mutations in cancer

A role for mitochondria in cancer causation has been implicated through identification of mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and in nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes. Although many mtDNA mutations were detected in common tumors, an unequivocal causal link between heritable mitochondrial abnormalities and cancer is provided only by the germ line mutations in the nuclear-encoded genes for succinate dehydrogenase (mitochondrial complex II) and fumarate hydratase (fumarase). The absence of evidence for highly penetrant tumors caused by inherited mtDNA mutations contrasts with the frequent occurrence of mtDNA mutations in many different tumor types. Thus, either the majority of diverse mtDNA mutations observed in tumors are not important for the process of carcinogenesis or that they play a common oncogenic role.
The parallel institutions of the Poverty Act: evaluating their effect on unemployed youth and on existing institutions.

The effectiveness of Job Corps programs in meeting their own goals, and as economic strategy, is examined. New research techniques now permit empirical answers to program effectiveness questions. Though parallel institutions circumvent hardened, established institutional practices, job training of poor youth, without job creation, seems a partial solution.
Using Microsoft Access® for Journal Collection Management

Abstract In the winter of 1998, a team of librarians at The Citadel conducted a journal subscription review to determine if funds were being properly allocated to meet the teaching and research needs of the college. A review was initiated due to rising journal costs; introduction of online full-text databases; overlapping title formats; availability of document delivery services; shrinking storage space; and changes in the curriculum. The journal subscription review resulted in a reallocation of 50% of the reviewed budget toward new acquisitions of journals, databases, and document delivery services. This paper will illustrate how Microsoft Access was used to collect and organize subscription information from vendor and library sources into a comprehensive review database. It will also illustrate how the library and college faculty used this database to evaluate journal subscriptions and demonstrate how the database continues to evolve to support the management of the jour nal collection.
The nuclear receptor constitutive active/androstane receptor arrests DNA-damaged human hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7 cells at the G2/M phase

Here, we have demonstrated that xenobiotic activation of the nuclear receptor (CAR, NR1I3) can result in arresting DNA-damaged human hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7 cells at the G2/M phase. Huh7 cells over-expressing CAR were either treated with dimethyl sulfoxide, the CAR activator TCPOBOP (1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene; androstenol, 16,(5α)-androsten-3α-OL), or repressor androstenol; these treatments were then followed by adriamycin treatment to damage DNA. FACS analysis revealed that CAR-activation by TCPOBOP increased the rate of arrested Huh7 cells at the G2/M phase (4N DNA content) after DNA damage by adriamycin. This increase correlated with the increase of cell viability in TCPOBOP-treated Huh7 cells, as determined by MTT assays. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis determined that, as regulated by CAR, the growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible γ (GADD45γ) and Cyclin G2 genes increased and decreased, respectively, as TCPOBOP increased the number of Huh7 cells arrested at the G2/M phase. Thus, the results suggest that CAR regulates cell cycle, increasing G2/M arrest, and delaying the death of DNA-damaged cells.
CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN : IV. HYDROLYSIS AND INACTIVATION BY ACID.

The decrease in protein nitrogen and in the activity of solutions of crystalline pepsin at pH 1.8 and 45°C. has been determined. The decrease in activity, as measured with eleven different methods, is in exact proportion to the decrease of protein nitrogen of the solution. The measurements were continued until less than 5 per cent of the original protein remained. These results indicate that none of the split products of the protein molecule possess any appreciable activity compared to that of the original protein.
Mass-transfer measurements with the technique of electrochemiluminescence

Abstract When a potential is applied between two platinum electrodes immersed in a chemiluminescent solution a blue glow appears at the surface of the anode. The parameters affecting the intensity of the glow are investigated and the limiting current conditions are obtained. In low-Reynolds-number flows, local intensities of the glow are measured on flat plates and around the circumference of a circular cylinder by the current output of a photomultiplier tube. It is found that, at limiting currents, the intensity of the glow is proportional to the calculated mass-transfer rate to the surface of the anode, and a relationship is obtained between the current output and the mass-transfer rate for the experimental system employed.
First report of blossom blight and green fruit rot of sweet cherry caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Oregon.

During May and June of 2006, 'Lapins' sweet cherry (Prunus avium) trees were observed with white fungal growth on blossoms and young fruit in two commercial orchards in central Oregon (Wasco County). Entire blossom clusters and 30% of fruit clusters were affected. Rot on the fruit was firm, light brown, and covered the entire fruit, extending halfway down the pedicel. Affected blossoms were light brown and stuck to adjacent fruit and blossoms. Six disease samples from fruit, four samples from pedicels, and four samples from blossoms were surface sterilized and plated on potato dextrose agar acidified with lactic acid ([APDA] 1.5%). A white fungus producing sclerotia measuring 4 to 8 mm in diameter was recovered from all the samples after 10 days on APDA at 25°C. Koch's postulates were satisfied by inoculating green, pea-sized 'Lapins' cherry fruit with mycelial plugs colonized by the white fungus. Symptoms and signs similar to those seen in the orchard were produced. The same sclerotium-producing fungus was recovered from all inoculated fruit. The pathogen was identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary on the basis of the size of sclerotia and nested PCR using fungal universal primer pair ITS4/ITS5 and S. sclerotiorum-specific primer pair SSFWD/SSREV (2). A negative control, devoid of DNA templates in the reaction mix, was included in the PCR assay. S. sclerotiorum is endemic on wheat in Wasco County. The affected orchards were surrounded by wheat fields in which snow mold disease that is caused by S. sclerotiorum was particularly serious in the spring of 2006 compared with previous years. Rot on cherries was first observed and very severe in May of 2005, with symptoms and signs mainly on leaves of all trees across 45 ha. New symptoms continued to appear on cherry until mid-June. During 2006, most symptoms and signs were on fruit with some leaf spotting. Both years had unusually wet springs with 12.2 cm of rainfall received from April to June 2005 and 12.4 cm from April to June 2006, which is well above the 6.81 cm average for the previous 5 years. S. sclerotiorum causes green fruit rot of stone fruits, including almond, apricot (3), nectarine, and peach (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. sclerotiorum causing blossom blight and green fruit rot on sweet cherry in Oregon. References: (1) K. M. Flint. Green fruit rot. Page 15 in: Compendium of Stone Fruit Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 1995. (2) J. Freeman et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108:877, 2002. (3) R. E. Smith. Phytopathology 31:407, 1931.
Contributions to the theory of human relations: VII. Outline of a mathematical theory of the sizes of cities

In generalization of a previous study, a mathematical approach to the theory of the average size of cities as well as of the distribution of city sizes is outlined.
Help-seeking preceding mental health clinic intake among African-American, Latino, and Caucasian youths.

ABSTRACT Objective Pathways into child mental health clinics were studied to test this hypothesis: Prior to contacting clinics for their child's problems, African-American and Latino families are less likely than Caucasian families to seek help from agencies and professionals (and more likely to contact family and community sources). Method Regression analyses, applied to a sample of 192 clinic-admitted families, assessed the impact of ethnicity and income, child gender and age, and parent perceptions of child problem severity and likely treatment benefit, on preclinic help-seeking. Results As predicted, African-American and Latino families, compared with Caucasian families, sought help from professionals and agencies much less often, as a first step and as a percentage of all their preclinic help-seeking. With income, age, gender, and parent perceptions in the model, both African-American and Latino families were 0.37 as likely as Caucasian families to seek initial help from a professional or agency. Conclusion Although many minority youths are admitted to mental health clinics, seeking help from professionals may not have been their parents' preference. The apparent reluctance of minority parents carries implications for clinical intervention and alliance formation with minority group families and for the design and evaluation of ethnic community outreach programs.
Population characteristics of historically unexploited largemouth bass in southern New England water supply reservoirs

Recreational fishing can alter the demography and life history characteristics of fish populations. Unexploited populations are useful references for fisheries managers to place into context the extent of changes in exploited populations and the outcomes of management actions. Our objective is to characterize the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides populations in two unexploited reservoirs in Connecticut and compare them with an exploited reservoir. Unexploited Hemlock Reservoir was characterized by large proportions of large fish in good condition with relatively low population mortality rates. Unexploited Easton Reservoir's bass proportional size distributions were more similar to exploited Mansfield Hollow Reservoir bass population. However, both unexploited reservoirs had higher catch per effort of stock-size and greater fish than Mansfield Hollow Reservoir indicating greater overall density of large fish. The study of long-term unexploited populations may become more important in the future as mana...
Action of a diffusible target-derived chemoattractant on cortical axon branch induction and directed growth

Abstract Cortical axons innervate their brainstem target, the basilar pons, by the initiation and extension of collateral branches interstitially along their length. To address whether a diffusible pons-derived chemoattractant controls these events, we used cocultures in collagen matrices and time-lapse microscopy. Pontine explants enhanced by 5-fold the de novo initiation of transient branches along cortical axons; most branches were directed toward pons. Of the branches extended toward pons, 2%–3% were stabilized; those extended away were not. Pontine explants also enhanced the stable bifurcation of growth cones and prompted directional changes by growth cone turning and collateral extension. These effects were distance dependent and mimicked by pons-conditioned medium. This evidence indicates that the pons activity promotes branch initiation interstitially along cortical axons, a novel property for a chemoattractant, and provides a directional cue for their growth. These findings suggest that the pons chemoattractant serves as a diffusible target-recognition molecule.
Fuzzy colorings of fuzzy hypergraphs

Attributes and problems uniquely related to fuzzy colorings of fuzzy hypergraphs are explored and clarified in relationship to a prototype example. An attempt is made to show how fuzzy colorings may be used to help analyze long range planning decisions which are inherently fuzzy. For a useful subclass of fuzzy hypergraphs, β-degree methods for extending partial colorings are carefully analyzed and efficient extension algorithms are provided. Fuzzy evaluation procedures are also included; their utility is presented through an example.