cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capture of Bumble Bees and Honey Bees in Traps Baited with Lures to Attract Japanese Beetles

When large numbers of bumble bees, Bombus spp., were taken in traps for Japanese beetles, popillia japonica New-man, a 3-year study was made to determine the numbers of bumble bees captured by the traps and attracted by lures. Compounds containing anethole ( p -propenyl-anisole) or geraniol ( trans -3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol) were much more attractive to bumble bees than compounds containing phenethyl butyrate or hexanoic acid, but certain rose perfume oils were also attractive. The substitution of green traps for yellow traps and the change to phenethyl butyrate+eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) (9:1) from anethole+eugenol (9:1) and geraniol+eugenol (9:1) during the 2nd and 3rd years of the study appeared to reduce the number of bumble bees captured to a small fraction of those taken the 1st season. Large numbers of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., were taken only in an occathe sional trap, but Rose Bleue perfume oil alone or with eugenol seemed especially attractive to honey bees. The distance (between 0 and 20 ft) that the traps were placed from blooming roses and privet frequented by bumble bees and honey bees did not affect the number captured per trap. Certain other pollinating Hymenoptera also were captured but the number taken was not considered large enough to be of economic importanc.
Peace communication: A survey of current attitudes, curricular practice and research priorities

This study describes a survey of the current relationship between speech communication education and peace education at the college level. Issues addressed include attitudes toward peace education, actual teaching related to peace and peacemaking, and peace research priorities. Discussion focuses on the diverse and often contradictory attitudes held by respondents and the consequent study opportunities and obligations for the SCA Peace Communication Commission.
The Locality and Globality of Instrumental Rationality: The normative significance of preference reversals

When we ask a decision maker to express her preferences, it is typically assumed that we are eliciting a pre-existing set of preferences. However, empirical research has suggested that our preferences are often constructed on the fly for the decision problem at hand. This paper explores the ramifications of this empirical research for our understanding of instrumental rationality. First, I argue that these results pose serious challenges for the traditional decision-theoretic view of instrumental rationality, which demands global coherence amongst all of one’s beliefs and desires. To address these challenges, I first develop a minimal notion of instrumental rationality that issues in localized, goal-relative demands of coherence. This minimal conception of instrumental rationality is then used to offer a more sophisticated account of the global aspects of instrumental rationality. The resulting view abandons all-or-nothing assessments of rationality and allows us to evaluate decision makers as being rational to varying degrees. My aim is to propose a theory that is both psychologically and normatively plausible.
Correlated distribution of actin, myosin, and microtubules at the leading edge of migrating Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts.

The formation of lamellipodia in migrating cells involves dynamic processes that occur in a cyclic manner as the leading edge of a cell slowly advances. We used video-enhanced contrast microscopy (VEC) to monitor the motile behavior of cells to classify protrusions into the temporal stages of initial and established protrusions (Fisher et al.: Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 11:235–247, 1988), and to monitor the fixation of cells. Multiple parameter fluorescence imaging methods (DeBiasio et al.: Journal of Cell Biology 105:1613–1622, 1987; Waggoner et al.: Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 30, Part B, pp. 449–478, 1989) were then used to determine and to map accurately the distributions of actin, myosin and microtubules in specific types of protrusions. Initial protrustions exhibited no substructure as evidenced by VEC and actin was diffusely arranged, while myosin and microtubules were absent. Newly established protrusions contained diffuse actin as well as actin in microspikes. There was a delay in the appearance of myosin into established protrusions relative to the presence of actin. Microtubules were found in established protrusions after myosin was detected, and they were oriented parallel to the direction of migration. Actin and myosin were also localized in fibers transverse to the direction of migration at the base of initial and established protrusions. Image analysis was used to quantify the orientation of actin fibers relative to the leading edge of motile cells. The combined use of VEC, multiple parameter immunofluorescence, and image analysis should have a major impact on defining complex relationships within cells.
Autoxidation of methyl linoleate initiated by the ozonide of allylbenzene.

Allylbenzene ozonide (ABO), a model for polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ozonides, initiates the autoxidation of methyl linoleate (18∶2 ME) at 37°C under 760 torr of oxygen. This process is inhibited by d-α-tocopherol (α-T) and 2,6-di-ert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT). The autoxidation was followed by the appearance of conjugated diene (CD), as well as by oxygen-uptake. The rates of autoxidation are proportional to the square root of ABO concentration, implying that the usual free radical autoxidation rate law is obeyed. Activation parameters for the thermal decomposition of ABO were determined under N2 in the presence of radical scavengers and found to be Ea=28.2 ±0.3 kcal mol−1 and log A=13.6±0.2; kd (37°C) is calculated to be (5.1±0.3)×10−7 sec−1. Autoxidation data are also reported for ozonides of 18∶2 ME and methyl oleate (18∶1 ME).
An initial intercomparison of micrometeorological and ecological inventory estimates of carbon exchange in a mid‐latitude deciduous forest

The role of mid-latitude forests in the sequestration of carbon (C) is of interest to an increasing number of scientists and policy-makers alike. Net CO2 exchange can be estimated on an annual basis, using eddy-covariance techniques or from ecological inventories of C fluxes to and from a forest. Here we present an intercomparison of annual estimates of C exchange in a mixed hardwood forest in the Morgan-Monroe State Forest, Indiana, USA for two years, 1998 and 1999. Based on eddy-covariance measurements made at 1.8 times canopy height from a tower, C uptake by the forest was 237 and 287 g C m−2 y−1 for 1998 and 1999, respectively. For the same time period, biometric and ecophysiological measures and modelled estimates of all significant carbon fluxes within deciduous forests were made, including: change in living biomass, aboveground and belowground detritus production, foliage consumption, and forest floor and soil respiration. Using this ecological inventory method for these same two time periods, C uptake was estimated to be 271 and 377 g C m−2 y−1, which are 14.3% and 31.4% larger, respectively, than the tower-based values. The relative change between this method's annual estimates is consistent with that of the eddy-covariance based values. Our results indicate that the difference in annual C exchange rates was due to reduced heterotrophic soil respiration in 1999.
Diastereoselective Formation of Chiral Tris-Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Complexes: Characterization and Photophysical Properties

Chiral, facial tris-cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes, fac-Δ-Ir(pppy)3, fac-Λ-Ir(pppy)3, fac-Λ-IrL (where pppy is (8R,10R)-2-(2‘-phenyl)-4,5-pinenopyridine and L is a tripodal ligand comprising three pppy moieties connected through a mesityl spacer) have been synthesized and characterized. In IrL, NMR and CD studies indicate that only one diastereomer is formed, with the Λ configuration at the metal center, whereas enantiopure pppy yields the fac-Λ- and the fac-Δ-stereoisomer in a ratio 2:3. fac-Λ-IrL was structurally characterized using X-ray crystallography. The luminescence properties including CPL, of the three complexes and their sensitivity to dioxygen were examined.
Bolometers: ultimate sensitivity, optimization, and amplifier coupling.

Theoretical expressions for Johnson noise and thermal noise in bolometers are considered, and optimization with respect to thermal conductivity and bias power is performed. Numerical approximations are given for the ultimate NEP of bolometers as a function of material parameters and compared with photon noise including photon correlations. A resonating capacitor is shown to improve the coupling to an amplifier, so that the amplifier need not limit performance even for very low temperature bolometers.
Parent-child symbolic pay: Three theories in search of an effect

Abstract In symbolic play, children construct increasingly sophisticated representations of the world as well as relations between symbols and their external referents as they advance upon their developing cognitions about people, actions, and objects. Presumably, more sophisticated partners, like parents, promote children′s development in this domain. Yet the empirical literature to date shows little support for the notion that child solitary symbolic play grows through adult-child symbolic play interactions. This paper first reviews empirical studies that address the role and effects of a more sophisticated partner on children′s early symbolic play. Next, the paper presents three theoretical perspectives that support a view that symbolic play and advance children′s representational competencies more broadly; they include attachment, scaffolding, and ethological theory. Finally, the paper revisits the literature on interactive influences on children′s play reconsidering the nature and role of specific independent and dependent variables in studies of the growth of children′s symbolic play.
Contamination effects and the number of parties in mixed-superposition electoral systems

Abstract The mixed-superposition system is a relatively new variant of the German electoral system. It has been adopted by emerging and established democracies without adequate understanding of its potential impact on the party system. Using the Japanese and Russian cases, our analysis demonstrates that mixed-superposition systems generate incentives and outcomes that differ from PR and SMD systems and encourage the development of a multiparty system. We test the degree to which the mechanical effect punishes small parties in mixed-superposition, PR and SMD systems and find that the mechanical effect is less punishing in mixed-superposition systems than in SMD systems. We also test whether or not there is contamination across the components of the mixed-superposition system with regression analyses of district-level voting data. Our results support the notion that mixed systems are not simple combinations of their component parts and that scholars must control for contamination when they study mixed systems.
Accuracy and repeatability of the Yale physical activity survey in assessing physical activity of older adults.

The purpose of this study was to extend the initial evaluation of the Yale Physical Activity Survey to assess physical activity in older adults. The survey yields three indicators of physical activity reflecting activities performed during a typical week of the previous month (Total Time, Total Energy Expenditure) and the past month (Total Activity Summary Index). Questionnaire validity was studied in 56 men and women, ages 56 to 86 years, by comparing the average of 3- or 7 day 24-hr. physical activity records (n=56), predicted maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) (n = 23) and the sum of three skinfold measurements. Two-week repeatability was estimated by calculating an intraclass coefficient using an analysis of variance with repeated measures. Spearman rhos were used to study questionnaire validity. Analysis showed the survey was easily administered and scored and exhibited moderate-to-good repeatability. For the first administration the Total Energy Expenditure Index was significantly associated with the physical activity diary (r = .27). On the second administration, correlations were significant for the physical activity diary with the Total Energy Expenditure Index (r = .30), the Total Activity Summary Index (r = .36), and the Total Time Index (r = .27), and for VO2 max and the Total Time Index (r = .49) and Total Activity Summary Index (r = .64). Relative to the criterion measures used in this study, some validity was evident for the second administration in this relatively active and healthy sample of older adults.
SH2 and SH3 domains: From structure to function

Tony Pawson and Gerald D. Gish Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute Mt. Sinai Hospital Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5 Canada Growth factors that function by activating receptors with protein-tyrosine kinase activity can elicit a wide range of biochemical responses, leading ultimately to changes in the proliferation, architecture, differentiation, and metabo- lism of their target cells. The means by which receptor tyrosine kinases select their targets and thereby stimulate specific intracellular signaling pathways has been illumi- nated by the identification of a conserved protein module of approximately 100 amino acids, the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, which is found in a remarkably diverse group of cytoplasmic signaling proteins (Figure 1) and plays a pivotal role in their interactions with receptor tyro- sine kinases (Koch et al., 1991). Proteins with SH2 do- mains frequently possess a distinct sequence of about 50 residues, the SH3 domain, which is also implicated in the regulation of protein-protein interactions during signal transduction (see Clark et al., 1992, and references therein). Upon binding of an external ligand, growth factor recep- tors undergo dimerization, followed by the autophosphory- lation of specific tyrosine residues. Receptor autophos- phorylation acts as a molecular switch to create binding sites for the SH2 domains of cytoplasmic signaling pro- teins (Anderson et al., 1990), which thereby become tar- gets for activation. SH2 domains directly recognize phos- photyrosine (Matsuda et al., 1990). However, high affinity binding of an SH2 domain requires that the phosphotyro- sine be embedded within a specific amino acid sequence, as originally suggested by an examination of SH2-binding sites (Cantley et al., 1991). For example, the SH2-con- taining proteins phosphatidyfinositol (PI) 3’-kinase, the Ras GTP-ase-activating protein, and phospholipase Cy each bind to different autophosphorylated sites on the f3 recep- tor for platelet-derived growth factor (Kashishian et al., 1992; Fantl et al., 1992). Inhibition studies using small phosphotyrosine-contain- ing peptides have shown that molecules containing only 5 residues can effectively block SHBmediated binding to activated receptors (Fantl et al., 1992). The residues im- mediately C-terminal to the phosphotyrosine, especially those at the +l and +3 positions, appear to provide selec- tivity for specific SH2 domains. The dissociation constants for the interactions of SH2 domains with activated recep- tors or phosphotyrosine-containing peptides of optimal se- quence are generally estimated to be in the low nanomolar range, whereas binding to phosphotyrosine alone is much weaker (e.g., Mayer et al., 1992). In principle then, the ability of a given receptor to bind specific SHP-containing proteins (and thereby activate the corresponding signaling
Vibrational self-consistent field investigation of adsorbate vibrations: Coupling of atomic adsorbates to a rigid corrugated surface

The vibrational self-consistent field method is applied to a study of coupling between an atomic adsorbate and a corrugated, rigid, solid surface. The surface motion is described by the standard Bloch formalism and the adsorbate degree of freedom by a Morse potential. The coupling to the surface motion results in a dispersion in the vibrational energies. This dispersion makes a contribution to the adsorbate IR lineshape. A model calculation for H-LiF(001) gives a maximum dispersion and hence linewidth which varies from 3 to 12 cm −1 depending on the vibrational state and surface state. In general, states with energies close to the barrier to surface migration show the greatest dispersion.
APOPTOSIS IN C3H-10T1/2 CELLS : ROLES OF INTRACELLULAR PH, PROTEIN KINASE C, AND THE NA+/H+ ANTIPORTER

Changes in intracellular ion concentrations have been correlated with the activation of an endogenous endonuclease and thus internucleosomal DNA cleavage during apoptosis in many cell types. We investigated whether intracellular pH could play a significant role in apoptotic initiation and progression in C3H-10T1/2 cells, a cell strain that does not exhibit double-stranded DNA cleavage during apoptosis. Protein kinase C and the Na+/H+ antiporter, known regulators of intracellular pH, also were assessed for their involvement in apoptosis of C3H-10T1/2 cells. When a H+ ionophore was used to clamp intracellular pH to 6.0 or below, a significant level of apoptosis was induced in these cells within 6 h, whereas clamping at pH 6.75 did not induce significant amounts of apoptosis until 36 h after acidification. The acidified cells exhibited classic apoptotic morphology and chromatin condensation, similar to serum withdrawn cells, but failed to show internucleosomal DNA cleavage with electrophoresis of genomic DNA. Our results also suggest that the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-mediated inhibition of apoptosis in serum withdrawn C3H-10T1/2 cells functions through a sequential activation of protein kinase C and the Na+/H+ antiporter; thus, an alkalinization or an inhibition of acidification is involved in this apoptotic block. Serum withdrawal itself does not appear to act through a negative effect on either protein kinase C or the Na+/H+ antiporter. TPA was also capable of inhibiting the apoptosis induced by specific inhibitors of protein kinase C and the Na+/H+ antiporter, but the inhibition was successful only if the TPA was administered at least 20 min prior to the addition of the enzyme inhibitor. These results indicate that apoptosis in C3H-10T1/2 cells follows a pathway that involves intracellular acidification, but is independent of detectable endonuclease activity.
Tensor envelopes of regular categories

Abstract We extend the calculus of relations to embed a regular category A into a family of pseudo-abelian tensor categories T ( A , δ ) depending on a degree function δ. Assume that all objects have only finitely many subobjects. Then our results are as follows: 1. Let N be the maximal proper tensor ideal of T ( A , δ ) . We show that T ( A , δ ) / N is semisimple provided that A is exact and Mal'cev. Thereby, we produce many new semisimple, hence abelian, tensor categories. 2. Using lattice theory, we give a simple numerical criterion for the vanishing of N . 3. We determine all degree functions for which T ( A , δ ) / N is Tannakian. As a result, we are able to interpolate the representation categories of many series of profinite groups such as the symmetric groups S n , the hyperoctahedral groups S n ⋉ Z 2 n , or the general linear groups GL ( n , F q ) over a fixed finite field. This paper generalizes work of Deligne, who first constructed the interpolating category for the symmetric groups S n .
Tangential flow filtration of hemoglobin

Bovine and human hemoglobin (bHb and hHb, respectively) was purified from bovine and human red blood cells via tangential flow filtration (TFF) in four successive stages. TFF is a fast and simple method to purify Hb from RBCs using filtration through hollow fiber (HF) membranes. Most of the Hb was retained in stage III (100 kDa HF membrane) and displayed methemoglobin levels less than 1%, yielding final concentrations of 318 and 300 mg/mL for bHb and hHb, respectively. Purified Hb exhibited much lower endotoxin levels than their respective RBCs. The purity of Hb was initially assessed via SDS-PAGE, and showed tiny impurity bands for the stage III retentate. The oxygen affinity (P(50)) and cooperativity coefficient (n) were regressed from the measured oxygen-RBC/Hb equilibrium curves of RBCs and purified Hb. These results suggest that TFF yielded oxygen affinities of bHb and hHb that are comparable to values in the literature. LC-MS was used to measure the molecular weight of the alpha (alpha) and beta (beta) globin chains of purified Hb. No impurity peaks were present in the HPLC chromatograms of purified Hb. The mass of the molecular ions corresponding to the alpha and beta globin chains agreed well with the calculated theoretical mass of the alpha- and beta- globin chains. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HPLC-grade Hb can be generated via TFF. In general, this method can be more broadly applied to purify Hb from any source of RBCs. This work is significant, since it outlines a simple method for generating Hb for synthesis and/or formulation of Hb-based oxygen carriers.
Maximum achievable crosstalk isolation in full-duplex single-strand fiber-optic systems

Abstract A simple theoretical derivation of the maximum cross-talk isolation achievable in full-duplex single-strand multi-mode fiber-optic systems operating at a single wavelength is performed. For a commercial fiber of 1 km length with a total attanuation of 8 dB/km and a NA of 0.16, the measured cross-talk isolation was 42 dB for a single 130 ns, 0.9 μm pulse in agreement with the theory.
Detection of CCl4-induced oxidation of hepatic tissue in vivo by oxygen-18 tracing.

Abstract Oxidation of rat hepatic tissue was measured as incorporation of oxygen-18 ( 18 O) from 18 O 2 following exposure to carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ). Anesthetized rats were injected with CCl 4 and allowed to breathe 18 O 2 for 1 hr, and then livers were homogenized, fractionated, and dried. The dried fractions were pyrolyzed to CO by an oxygen elemental analyzer, the CO was oxidized to CO 2 , and isotope ratio mass spectrometry was used to determine the abundance of 18 O in the CO 2 . Rats that breathed 18 O 2 (21% in N 2 ) for 1 hr had significant incorporation of 18 O into lipids, solutes, and macromolecules of the liver. Injection with CCl 4 increased incorporation of 18 O into all liver fractions, although this increase was significant only in the lipid fraction. Rats pretreated with phenobarbital and then given CCl 4 had significantly increased 18 O in all liver fractions although it was greatest in the lipid fraction. About 5 μmol of 18 O per gram of dry liver was incorporated in phenobarbital/CCl 4 -treated rats, of which 60% was in the water-soluble fraction, 17% in the lipids, and 16% in the macromolecules. Piperonyl butoxide administration abolished the CCl 4 -induced 18 O incorporation. Thus, 18 O incorporation appeared to provide a measure of oxidation in all tissue fractions following in vivo CCl 4 -induced liver injury.
CHARMM additive and polarizable force fields for biophysics and computer-aided drug design.

Background Molecular Mechanics (MM) is the method of choice for computational studies of biomolecular systems owing to its modest computational cost, which makes it possible to routinely perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on chemical systems of biophysical and biomedical relevance.
Compact silicon strip waveguide cantilever couplers for low-loss and broadband fiber-to-chip coupling

We demonstrate low-loss fiber-to-chip coupling using 7.3 μm long silicon strip waveguide cantilever couplers. Average coupling losses are measured to be less than 0.62 dB per connection throughout the optical telecommunications C band.
Prokaryotic infection associated with a mass mortality of the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus

Abstract. A mass mortality of the deep sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, which occurred in the autumn and winter of 1979–80, in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island was studied. Grossly the animals possessed greyish, flaccid adductor muscles and histologically they showed myodegeneration. Eighty-eight per cent of the 34 animals examined were infected with intracellular prokaryotes on the gills, plicate membranes and other epithelial surfaces of the body. The morphology of this prokaryotic organism is suggestive of rickettsia. Heavy infection was positively correlated with extensive myodegeneration.
Exploring the Impact of Parental Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation on Evidence-Based Parenting Interventions: A Transdiagnostic Approach to Improving Treatment Effectiveness

Parenting interventions, particularly those categorized as parent management training (PMT), have a large evidence base supporting their effectiveness with most families who present for treatment of childhood behavior problems. However, data suggest that PMTs are not effective at treating all families who seek services. Parental psychopathology has been identified as one important factor moderating their effectiveness, yet few PMTs pay explicit attention to the role of parental psychopathology in treatment. Given growing support for a transdiagnostic model of psychopathology, which posits that disruptions in emotions and emotion regulation (ER) may underlie various forms of psychopathology, one way to address the impact of parental psychopathology on PMT may be by targeting parental ER. This paper will review the available literature on PMT and parental psychopathology, as well as existing evidence on relations between ER and both parental psychopathology and parenting behaviors. The limited research on PMTs that include explicitly parent-focused components will be reviewed, and suggestions for augmenting existing PMT curricula by including intervention around parental ER will be presented.
An artificial intelligence technique to generate self-optimizing experimental designs

The paper describes a completed and independent module of a large-scale system, the Quasi-Optimizer (QO). The QO system has three major objectives: (i) to observe and measure adversaries' behavior in a competitive environment, to infer their strategies and to construct a computer model, a descriptive theory, of each; (ii) to identify strategy components, evaluate their effectiveness and to select the most satisfactory ones from a set of computed descriptive theories; (iv) to combine these components in a quasi-optimum strategy that represents a normative theory in the statistical sense.The measurements on the input strategies can take place either in a sequence of confrontations unperturbed by the QO, or, for efficiency's sake, in a series of environments specified according to some experimental design. The module completed first, QO-I, can perform the experiments either in an exhaustive manner---when every level of a decision variable is combined with every level of the other decision variables---or, in relying on the assumption of a monotonically changing response surface, it uses the binary chopping technique.The module discussed here, QO-3, does not assume monotonic response surfaces and can deal also with multidimensional responses. It starts with a (loosely) balanced incomplete block design for the experiments and computes dynamically the specifications for each subsequent experiment. Accordingly, the levels of the decision variables in any single experiment and the length of the whole sequence of experiments depend on the responses obtained in previous experiments. In general, QO-3 is an on-line, dynamic generator of experimental design that minimizes the total number of experiments performed for a predetermined level of precision.
An evolutionary algorithm for optimizing material flow in supply chains

Supply chain management literature calls for coordination between the different members of the chain. Materials should be moved from one supplier to the next according to a just-in-time schedule. In this paper we develop an evolutionary algorithm (EA) for optimal synchronization of supply chains. In developing our algorithm, we use the economic delivery and scheduling model and analyze supply chains dealing with multiple-components. We test the performance of the proposed EA and show that it provides optimal, or near optimal, solutions for a wide range of problems. The EA is shown to be much faster at solving large problems than an enumeration procedure and exhibits robust behavior when tested on a variety of different problem parameters.
On repeated difference sequences of a permutation of N

Abstract Let {ak} be a sequence of positive integers, and let {dk} be its difference sequence with dk = |ak − ak + 1|. Call {ak} a permutation if every positive integer appears exactly once as an ak. Having seen a construction which showed that one could construct a permutation whose difference sequence is also a permutation, Erdos asked if one could construct a permutation for which its difference sequence and all succeeding difference sequences would also be permutations. It is shown here that such a permutation exists.
Melanocortinergic control of penile erection

Melanocortin receptors in the forebrain and spinal cord can be activated by endogenous or synthetic ligands to induce penile erection in rats and human subjects. To better understand how melanocortin circuits play a role in sex behavior, we review the contribution of melanocortin receptors and/or neurons in the hypothalamus, hindbrain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves to erectile function. New information regarding neuropeptides that mediate penile erection has extended our understanding of the central control of sex behavior, and melanocortin agonists may provide alternatives to existing treatment for highly prevalent problems including erectile dysfunction.
Sessile drops of surfactant solutions on nonhorizontal solid surfaces

Abstract The effects of surface active agents on contact angle hysteresis is examined by photographing sessile drops at the point of incipient motion on an inclined solid. For solutions of anionic and cationic fluorocarbon surfactants Zonyl FSA and FSC and nonionic surfactant octanol on Teflon, contact angle hysteresis is substantially higher than that for pure water. Hydrophobic bonding of the surfactant molecules at the solid—liquid interface appears to be responsible for this change. Although inhomegeneities on the Teflon surface cause the advancing and receding contact angles to vary at a fixed surfactant concentration, their difference displays significantly lower scatter, indicating that hysteresis is a more reproducible material property than the individual contact angles. Experimental dimensionless sessile drop volumes at the critical inclination angle are compared to an analytical prediction by E. B. Dussan. (J. Fluid Mech. 151, 1 (1985)). For the cationic and anionic surfactant solutions these volumes are between three and four times the prediction from the analysis. This disagreement is especially surprising because the analysis represents a force balance on the drop at the critical configuration, and a reasonable match was obtained for pure liquids by H. V. Nguyen et al. (J. Colloid Interface Sci. 115, 410 (1987)). For solutions of the weak surfactant 1-octanol, the experimentally observed drop volumes at the critical inclination angle match the analytical predictions, indicating that the surfactant strength has an important bearing on the results. One possible explanation is that as the solid substrate is tilted from the horizontal, the sessile drop morphology is modified and the contact line shape changes from circular to one with parallel sides. Such a change must be accompanied by fluid motion. The presence of strong surfactants imposes some hydrodynamic rigidity to the solution—vapor interface and opposes this movement. Therefore, for a fixed drop volume, the inclination angle required for the drop to achieve its critical shape is greater than that predicted by the analysis.
ASOP-3: A Program for Optimum Structural Design to Satisfy Strength and Deflection Constraints

Optimally criteria are applied in the iterative resizing of the elements of a finite-element model to achieve minimum weight. In addition to materials that can be considered to be homogeneous for analysis purposes, composite laminates with layups of considerable generality can be treated. Strength resizing of composite elements is done by treating the laminate as a unit, permitting the application of criteria consistent with current design practice. In addition, the program nominally treats a single generalized deflection constraint (linear combination of nodal deflections), but multiple constraints can be accommodated in many cases of practical interest by multiple submissions of the program. Results are presented for two representative lifting-surface structures, subject to both strength and twist constraints.
Acetabular version on magnetic resonance imaging: analysis of two different measuring techniques

BackgroundBoth increased anteversion and retroversion of the acetabulum can lead to clinical problems. Although computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard in acetabular version imaging, magnetic...
Vitamin A and the role of the pigment epithelium during bleaching and regeneration of rhodopsin in the frog eye.

Abstract The distribution of 11- cis and all- trans isomers of retinol and retinyl ester was investigated in the frog eye during light-and dark-adaptation (LA and DA). It was also established that freshly isolated rod outer segments (ROS) could regenerate their rhodopsin almost completely from added 11- cis retinol, provided that NADP was also present. The DA frog eye stores vitamin A equivalent to 120–230 mol% of the rhodopsin in the ROS. About 96% is in the RPE and is concentrated mainly in the oil-droplets (which can be separated by centrifugal flotation), the remaining 4% being split roughly equally between ROS and the rest of the retina. The oil-droplet vitamin A is virtually 100% esterified. Vitamin A occurs mainly as ester elsewhere, with the notable exception of the ROS, where the alcohol predominates. As much as 60% of this retinol can be 11- cis , and probably constitutes a pool of prosthetic groups for rhodopsin biosynthesis in the dark. In frogs dark-adapted (DA) for more than a day, more than half of the oil-droplet retinyl ester can be 11- cis . Since ROS lack an esterifying capability, all- trans retinol accumulates during LA of the isolated retina. If contact with the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is maintained, however, at least 87% of this retinol leaves the ROS, is esterified in the RPE and accumulates as all- trans retinyl ester in the oil-droplets. The 11- cis isomer is gradually consumed during LA and DA. The form in which vitamin A returns to the ROS has not been established, but some lines of evidence suggest that it is as the ester, mainly in the all- trans configuration. Isomerization to 11- cis probably takes place in the ROS, and during prolonged DA this appears to “leak” back to the RPE and cause a slow rise in the proportion of 11- cis over 20–30 hr in darkness (it should be noted that this effect cannot be accounted for by an influx of prosthetic groups from phagocytized ROS particles). Since the isolated retina has only a limited regenerative capacity, it is suggested that the ROS isomerase is specific for retinyl ester, which under normal circumstances can only be provided by the RPE.
Reduced frequency of FOXP3+ CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease.

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a major complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation but the immune mechanisms leading to the diverse clinical manifestations of cGVHD remain unknown. In this study, we examined regulatory T cells (Tregs) in 57 transplant recipients (30 with cGVHD and 27 without active cGVHD) and 26 healthy donors. Phenotypic studies demonstrated decreased frequency of CD4+CD25+ T cells in patients with cGVHD compared with patients without cGVHD ( P < .001) and healthy individuals ( P < .001). Gene expression of Treg transcription factor FOXP3 was reduced in cGVHD patients compared with patients without cGVHD ( P = .009) or healthy donors ( P = .01). T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) assays for the evaluation of thymus activity revealed fewer TRECs in both transplant groups compared with healthy donors ( P < .001 and P = .02, respectively) although no difference was observed between patients with or without cGVHD ( P = .13). When tested in functional assays, Tregs from both patient cohorts and healthy individuals mediated equivalent levels of suppression. Collectively, these studies indicate that patients with active cGVHD have reduced frequencies of Tregs but the function of these cells remains normal. These findings support the development of new strategies to increase the number of Tregs following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to prevent or correct cGVHD. (Blood. 2005; 106:2903-2911)
Gap phenomenon in "the right and left bundle branch systems" during retrograde conduction in man

Gap phenomenon in right and left bundle branch systems during retrograde conduction is described in two patients with manifest reentry within the His-Purkinje System (V3 phenomenon). In this form of gap the premature impulse (S2) initially blocked in the right bundle branch system and conducted retrogradely via the left bundle branch system as manifested by sudden prolongation of S2H2 interval and appearance of V3. At close coupling intervals S2 impulse encountered retrograde block in the left bundle branch system and resumed retrograde conduction via the right bundle branch system with S2H2 intervals shorter than critical value and was not followed by V3. However, on further shortening the S1S2 intervals S2 impulse blocked again in right bundle branch system and resumed conduction via the left bundle branch system with S2H2 intervals longer than critical values and V3 reappeared. The mechanism of these gaps is not clear but we believe is similar to the one proposed in Types I and II gaps in antegrade bundle branch conduction and involves proximal delay allowing distal recovery. The similarities and differences between the gap phenomenon in bundle branches during antegrade and retrograde conduction are discussed.
Above- and below-ground biomass accumulation, production, and distribution of sweetgum and loblolly pine grown with irrigation and fertilization

Increased forest productivity has been obtained by improving resource availability through water and nutrient amendments. However, more stress-tolerant species that have robust site requirements do...
A wideband communications satellite for the National Research and Education Network

A wideband communications satellite is designed to operate in a satellite-only configuration for the National Research and Education Network (NREN). On-board processing and signal regeneration are used to increase satellite throughput and decrease satellite transmit power. Channels supporting datagram and virtual circuit routing are provided for lower data rate services. Dedicated channels are implemented for higher data rate services. Satellite power, mass and cost estimates are given. Earth station parameters and costs are also derived. A user cost per minute is given for two different types of users. >
Antitumor Agents XV: Deoxyelephantopin, an Antitumor Principle from Elephantopus carolinianus Willd

The active principle responsible for the significant inhibitory activity against the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma (ascites) in rats, isolated from the chloroform extract of the whole plant of Elephantopus carolinianus Willd., was characterized as deoxyelephantopin, a sesquiterpene lactone.
Risk factor associations with clinical distal symmetrical polyneuropathy and various neuropathy screening instruments and protocols in type 1 diabetes.

Objective To determine whether DSP and neuropathy-assessment instruments used by non-physicians have similar risk factors.
NONLINEAR DYNAMICS: A Personal Perspective

The discussion includes development of stochasticity from area-preserving transformations, limiting (resonant) frequencies for particle motion in the median plane of a strong-focusing ring, and bifurcation. (GHT)
Ethical Dilemmas of Rehabilitation Counselors: Results of an International Qualitative Study

This study reports the results of an international qualitative study conducted to inform the process of revising the Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification’s Code of Professional Ethi...
Immunohistochemical loss of LKB1 is a biomarker for more aggressive biology in KRAS mutant lung adenocarcinoma.

Purpose: LKB1 loss is common in lung cancer but no assay exists to efficiently evaluate presence or absence of LKB1. We validated an immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay for LKB1 loss and determined the impact of LKB1 loss in KRAS-mutant NSCLC. Experimental Design: We optimized and validated an IHC assay for LKB1 (clone Ley37D/G6) using a panel of lung cancer cell lines and tumors with known LKB1 mutations, including 2 patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) who developed lung adenocarcinoma. We retrospectively analyzed tumors for LKB1 using IHC from 154 KRAS-mutant NSCLC patients, including 123 smokers and 31 never-smokers, and correlated the findings with patient and tumor characteristics and clinical outcome. Results: LKB1 expression was lost by IHC in 30% of KRAS mutant NSCLC (smokers 35% vs. never-smokers 13%, P=0.017). LKB1 loss did not correlate with a specific KRAS mutation but was more frequent in tumors with KRAS transversion mutations (P=0.029). KRAS mutant NSCLC patients with concurrent LKB1 loss had a higher number of metastatic sites at the time of diagnosis (median 2.5 vs. 2, P=0.01), higher incidence of extra-thoracic metastases (P=0.01), and developed brain metastasis more frequently (48% vs. 25%, P=0.02). There was a non-significant trend to worse survival in stage IV KRAS-mutant NSCLC patients with LKB1 loss. Conclusions: LKB1 IHC is a reliable and efficient assay to evaluate for loss of LKB1 in clinical samples of NSCLC. LKB1 loss is more common in smokers, and is associated with a more aggressive clinical phenotype in KRAS-mutant NSCLC patients, accordingly to preclinical models.
Maturational Changes in Diastolic Longitudinal Myocardial Velocity in Preterm Infants.

Background Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) has been used to evaluate myocardial velocity during ventricular filling, a means of characterizing diastolic function. Previous studies in older children have shown age-related increases in early diastolic tissue velocities, but there are limited data in preterm infants. The aim of this study was to prospectively determine maturational changes in diastolic tissue velocities at two points in time: (1) 7 days of age and (2) 36 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA). It was further determined whether DTI measures were altered in infants who developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia with or without pulmonary hypertension. Methods A total of 277 preterm infants born at 2 test. Results At 7 days of age, there was a statistically significant increase in the E′/A′ ratio as a function of gestational age at birth. At 36 weeks' PMA, E′/A′ ratio was increased, but there was no association with gestational age. DTI measures were not different between infants who did or did not develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia or pulmonary hypertension at either time point. Conclusions A gestational age–related increase was found in the early diastolic tissue velocities of preterm infants. At a gestational age equivalent to near term, no difference was observed in diastolic tissue velocities, regardless of gestational age at birth. These findings suggest that maturational changes in diastolic function occur relatively independently of the timing of birth.
United States mortality from ill-defined causes, 1968-1988: potential effects on heart disease mortality trends.

Vital statistics and [U.S.] census data were used to create annual age-adjusted ill-defined rates unrevised CHD [coronary heart disease] rates and CHD rates revised to include ill-defined deaths for U.S. African Americans and whites ages 35-74 years during 1968-1988. Ill-defined and CHD mortality trends analyses were conducted....Ill-defined mortality was of sufficient magnitude to potentially contribute to substantial underestimation of racial disparities in CHD mortality. Also temporal changes in ill-defined mortality may have affected CHD trends which are used to evaluate the efficacy of public health interventions. (EXCERPT)
Feed forward RF control system of the Accelerator Test Facility

The authors report a scheme to control the amplitude and phase of the RF accelerating field in a klystron-driven electron linac (linear accelerator). The amplitude and phase distribution within the RF pulse can be controlled to follow specified functions to reduce the energy spread of the electron beam being accelerated. The scheme employs fast beam energy and phase detectors and a voltage-controlled electronic attenuator and phase shifter in the amplifier chain. The control voltages of these devices are generated by arbitrary function generators. The function generators' outputs are calculated numerically using an algorithm which takes into consideration the desired target function and the deviation from the target function. Results of preliminary tests on producing flat RF power and phase pulses from a high-power klystron indicate that amplitude variation of +or-0.2% and phase variation of +or-1 degrees can be readily achieved. >
A structural model for K2P potassium channels based on 23 pairs of interacting sites and continuum electrostatics

K(2P)O, the two-pore domain potassium background channel that determines cardiac rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster, and its homologues that establish excitable membrane activity in mammals are of unknown structure. K(2P) subunits have two pore domains flanked by transmembrane (TM) spans: TM1-P1-TM2-TM3-P2-TM4. To establish spatial relationships in K(2P)O, we identified pairs of sites that display electrostatic compensation. Channels silenced by the addition of a charge in pore loop 1 (P1) or P2 were restored to function by countercharges at specific second sites. A three-dimensional homology model was determined using the crystal structure of K(V)1.2, effects of K(2P)O mutations to establish alignment, and compensatory charge-charge pairs. The model was refined and validated by continuum electrostatic free energy calculations and covalent linkage of introduced cysteines. K(2P) channels use two subunits arranged so that the P1 and P2 loops contribute to one pore, identical P loops face each other diagonally across the pore, and the channel complex has bilateral symmetry with a fourfold symmetric selectivity filter.