cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling and testing of a modular imaging spectrometer instrument

This paper describes a method of modeling and testing of a modular imaging spectrometer instrument (MISI), with special emphasis on system and sub-system modulation transfer function (MTF) analysis. The optical system was modeled using optical ray tracing methods. The dynamic deformation of the scan mirror was modeled using a finite element analysis method, and the image degradation due to the deformation is estimated using optical image formation theory. The detector and conditioning electronics were also modeled using the transfer function theory. This modeling approach was used as a tradeoff tool for the design of MISI. Laboratory experiments were conducted to test the performances of each sub-system on design criteria, and finally a field test is planned to test the overall optical/mechanical/electrical performance of the entire imaging chain.
Hemiarthroplasty for rotator cufftear arthropathy

Abstract Treatment of rotator cuff tear arthropathy presents a formidable challenge for the shoulder surgeon. The alteredmechanical and nutritional environment of the shoulder thought to be responsible for the development and progression of the arthropathy also may contribute to the failures of surgical intervention. In the past, several surgical procedures, including total shoulder arthroplasty, have been used to treat rotator cuff tear arthropathy. However, hemiarthroplasty seems to have the most consistent and predictable long-term results. Even so, certain technical points must be considered while performing a hemiarthroplasty to minimize pain and maximize motion and function. These surgical considerations include mobilizing the rotator cuff and attempting to repair the tear whenever possible, appropriate sizing of the humeral head prosthesis, and placing the humeral head in increased retroversion.
Tungstate: a potent inhibitor of multifunctional glucose-6-phosphatase.

Abstract The insulin-like action of tungstate in diabetic rats (A. Barbera et al., 1994, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 20047–20053) prompted us to examine the effects of tungstate on the glucose-6-phosphatase system. Our results indicate that tungstate is a potent inhibitor of glucose-6-phosphatase, with a K i in the 10–25 μM range determined with native microsomes and in the 1–7 μM range determined with detergent-treated microsomes. With both preparations, simple linear competitive inhibition was observed versus glucose 6-phosphate (glucose-6-P) as substrate with the glucose-6-P phosphohydrolase activity of the enzyme. Tungstate was a simple linear competitive inhibitor versus carbamyl phosphate (carbamyl-P) and a linear noncompetitive inhibitor versus glucose with the carbamyl-P:glucose phosphotransferase activity of the glucose-6-phosphatase system. These findings, in addition to the observation that tungstate protected the enzyme against thermal inactivation, indicate that tungstate binds with high affinity and competes at the active site of the enzyme where the substrates glucose-6-P and carbamyl-P bind prior to catalysis. Our results suggest that potent inhibition of glucose-6-P hydrolysis by tungstate is likely responsible, at least in part, for the normalization of glycemia and the rebound in hepatic glucose-6-P levels observed in earlier studies in which tungstate exhibited insulin-like action in diabetic rats.
Mobile application as a prenatal education and engagement tool: A randomized controlled pilot

Abstract Objectives Research has shown that mobile applications provide a powerful alternative to traditional paper diaries; however, little data exists in comparing apps to the traditional mode of paper as a patient education and engagement tool in the clinical setting. This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of a mobile app versus a spiral-notebook guide throughout prenatal care. Methods This randomized ( n =173) controlled pilot was conducted at an East Coast community hospital. Chi-square and repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to test intervention effects in the sample of 127 pregnant mothers who completed their prenatal care in the healthcare system. Results Patients who were distributed the mobile application used the tool to record information about pregnancy more frequently ( p =.04) and developed greater patient activation ( p =.02) than patients who were distributed notebooks. No difference was detected on interpersonal clinical communication. Conclusion A mobile application successfully activated a patient population in which self-management is a critical factor. Practice implications This study shows that mobile apps can prompt greater use and result in more activated patients. Findings may be translated to other patient populations who receive recurring care for chronic disease.
Cooperative Bayesian Self-Tracking for Wireless Networks

Self-tracking of mobile nodes in wireless networks has the potential to revolutionize the wireless communications industry. This letter presents a cooperative self-tracking algorithm for mobile nodes in wireless networks. The presented algorithm is fully distributed and cooperative. It is derived using network factor graphs (Net-FGs) and results in the sum-product algorithm over a wireless network (SPAWN). Numerical results show that it is robust and can significantly outperform conventional non- cooperative self-tracking techniques.
Late Pleistocene to Holocene sedimentation and hydrocarbon seeps on the continental shelf of a steep, tectonically active margin, southern California, USA

Small, steep, uplifting coastal watersheds are prolific sediment producers that contribute significantly to the global marine sediment budget. This study illustrates how sedimentation evolves in one such system where the continental shelf is largely sediment-starved, with most terrestrial sediment bypassing the shelf in favor of deposition in deeper basins. The Santa Barbara–Ventura coast of southern California, USA, is considered a classic area for the study of active tectonics and of Tertiary and Quaternary climatic evolution, interpretations of which depend upon an understanding of sedimentation patterns. High-resolution seismic-reflection data over >570 km2 of this shelf show that sediment production is concentrated in a few drainage basins, with the Ventura and Santa Clara River deltas containing most of the upper Pleistocene to Holocene sediment on the shelf. Away from those deltas, the major factor controlling shelf sedimentation is the interaction of wave energy with coastline geometry. Depocenters containing sediment 5–20 m thick exist opposite broad coastal embayments, whereas relict material (bedrock below a regional unconformity) is exposed at the sea floor in areas of the shelf opposite coastal headlands. Locally, natural hydrocarbon seeps interact with sediment deposition either to produce elevated tar-and-sediment mounds or as gas plumes that hinder sediment settling. As much as 80% of fluvial sediment delivered by the Ventura and Santa Clara Rivers is transported off the shelf (some into the Santa Barbara Basin and some into the Santa Monica Basin via Hueneme Canyon), leaving a shelf with relatively little recent sediment accumulation. Understanding factors that control large-scale sediment dispersal along a rapidly uplifting coast that produces substantial quantities of sediment has implications for interpreting the ancient stratigraphic record of active and transform continental margins, and for inferring the distribution of hydrocarbon resources in relict shelf deposits.
Maneuvering in an arboreal habitat: the effects of turning angle on the locomotion of three sympatric ecomorphs of Anolis lizards

Although the maximal speeds of straight-ahead running are well-documented for many species of Anolis and other lizards, no previous study has experimentally determined the effects of turning on the locomotor performance of a lizard. Anolis lizards are a diverse group of arboreal species, and the discrete paths created by networks of perches in arboreal environments often force animals to turn in their natural habitats. For three species of Anolis with similar overall body size but different shape, we quantified the escape locomotor performance for arboreal locomotion on 4.8 cm diameter perches that were straight (0°) or had turning angles of 30° and 90°. The turning angle had widespread significant effects that were often species-dependent. This was shown by measuring the average gross velocity (including the times while the lizards paused) of the three species covering the middle 30 cm of a racetrack with either 30° or 90° turns. The results were expressed as a percentage of the gross velocity over the same distance on a straight racetrack. The values obtained for A . grahami (99 % for 30° turns and 79 % for 90° turns) showed a smaller effect of turning angle than for A . lineatopus (79 % for 30° turns and 50 % for 90° turns) and A . valencienni (74 % for 30° turns and 48 % for 90° turns). Consequently, the rank order of species based on speed depended on the angle of the turn. Some of the magnitudes of decreased locomotor speed associated with turning exceeded those reported previously for the effects of decreasing perch diameter for these species. For all species, more pausing occurred with increased turning angle, with the twig ecomorph ( A . valencienni ) pausing the most. Approximately half the individuals of each species jumped to traverse the 90° turn, but some of the potential benefits of jumping for increasing speed were offset by pauses associated with preparing to jump or recovering balance immediately after a jump. The tail of Anolis lizards may facilitate the substantial rotation (>60°) of the body that often occurred in the airborne phase of the jumps.
Binary search tree complex: towards the implementation of relations

In this paper we describe a general purpose relational data base system from both user's and system's viewpoints. The system is currently being implemented for the microprogrammable computer Interdata 85 at the Department of Computer Science, University of Kansas. The long range goal of this research is to implement a distributed data base system in a computer link where the Interdata 85 is connected to a large computer of different architecture and language capability, the Honeywell 635. Toward this goal, we propose a new physical storage structure called a binary search tree complex or BST complex. Primitives to manipulate BST complexes can be easily implemented for both machines. Queries, data manipulation operations and data definition operations specified by users can be mapped into these BST complex primitives; therefore the translation process can be independent of machine hardware. In this paper, we outline the capability of a user data language UDL-1 and its implementation in terms of BST complexes. A detailed description of all BST complex primitives appears in [LTD].
Guidelines is not, and should not be, the Law of the Land

Dimarakis et al 1 present data from patients aged ≥65 years who had mitral valve replacement (MVR)±coronary artery bypass graft±concomitant tricuspid valve repair from 2001 to 2011. Data are largely from NHS hospitals in England and Wales. There were 3862 patients from 33 hospitals. The three goals of the study and the findings are straightforward: Goal 1 was to determine the per cent of patients in clinical practice in the UK aged ≥65 years who have a mechanical or bioprosthetic mitral prosthetic heart valve (PHV). Approximately 50% received a mechanical and 50% received a bioprosthetic PHV. However, there was considerable variation between hospitals with respect to the choice of PHV. Goal 2 was to establish if the guidelines2 ,3 are being followed? The two guidelines give a Class II recommendation for use of a bioprosthesis in those aged ≥65 years2 and >70 years.3 This is obviously not being followed in clinical practice. However, there was an increasing trend to use a bioprosthesis with time (28.2% in 2001–2002 to 69.0% in 2010–2011) and for increasing age (29.6% in those aged 65–70 years to 79% in those aged ≥80 years). Goal 3 was to determine whether the guidelines were appropriate? This was evaluated on the …
The meaning of liberal education

Purpose – The purpose of this essay is to comment on the philosophy of liberal education and its structure; the goal of general education and how it fulfills the goals of liberal education; and the four key elements of liberal education, including the “liberating” aspects of general education, the need for an emphasis on questions more than on answers, the meaning of a global perspective, and the connections of each of the above to extracurricular experiences and engaged citizenship. Design/methodology/approach – This essay is a review of the topics of liberal and general education, their components, and their importance. Findings – Using the design and methodology mentioned above as a way to explore the purpose, the essay reveals selected universal truths about a liberal or “liberating” undergraduate education. Research limitations/implications – The approach that is detailed can be assessed in comparison to other formulations of liberal and general education. Practical implications – The framework descr...
Place, Purpose, and Role in Rural Community Development Outreach: Lessons from the West Virginia Community Design Team

This essay examines how the social construction of community may influence faculty perceptions, roles, and actions in rural community development outreach. Special attention is given to the social construction of rural communities and how disciplinary perspective and popular culture influence these perceptions of community. The essay considers how social constructions are manifested in community development outreach by reflecting on the relevant literature, and the author’s own experiences with a long-term university-sponsored outreach program. The essay also considers how these issues related to social construction can be addressed through principle and practice as illustrated through the experiences of the West Virginia Community Design Team. Five suggestions regarding faculty roles in rural community development outreach are presented.
Stroke complicating percutaneous coronary revascularization

Abstract Percutaneous techniques have become an important method of myocardial revascularization. Although percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was originally used in healthy patients with focal stenosis of 1 coronary artery, the indications have now expanded to include those with multivessel disease, older patients, and those with acute myocardial infarction (including those in cardiogenic shock), chronic severe impairment of left ventricular function, and obstructed bypass grafts.1 There has been a marked expansion in the indications for percutaneous revascularization and in the array of devices with which a lesion may be treated. Previous reports on complications associated with percutaneous revascularization generally focused on untoward events after standard balloon angioplasty of the instrumented vessel (in particular, abrupt closure).2 Little attention has been given to stroke, which although a well-documented complication of coronary artery bypass grafting3–5 is a rarely reported complication of angioplasty. 2,6 Therefore, we report, for the first time, the incidence, clinical characteristics and outcome of stroke in a large, single-center population undergoing various percutaneous revascularization techniques.
Determination of “futility” in emergency medicine

The practice of emergency medicine routinely requires rapid decisionmaking regarding various interventions and therapies. Such decisions should be based on the expected risks and benefits to the patient, family, and society. At times, certain interventions and therapies may be considered "futile," or of low expected likelihood of benefit to the patient. Various interpretations of the term "futility" and its practical application to the practice of emergency medicine are explored, as well as background information and potential application of various legal, ethical, and organizational policies regarding the determination of "futility. "Decisions regarding potential benefit of interventions should be based on scientific evidence, societal consensus, and professional standards, not on individual bias regarding quality of life or other subjective matters. Physicians are under no ethical obligation to provide treatments they judge to have no realistic likelihood of benefit to the patient. Decisions to withhold treatment should be made with careful consideration of scientific evidence of likelihood of medical benefit, other benefits (including intangible benefits), potential risks of the proposed intervention, patient preferences, and family wishes. When certain interventions are withheld, special efforts should be made to maintain effective communication, comfort, support, and counseling for the patient, family, and friends.
High-Pressure (~2000 MPa) Kyanite- and Glaucophane-bearing Pelitic Schist and Eclogite from Cordillera de la Costa Belt, Venezuela

In the Cretaceous melange of the Cordillera de la Costa belt, INTRODUCTION north–central Venezuela, there are knockers of eclogite, barroisiteTwo belts of high-pressure (HP)–low-temperature (LT) bearing eclogite, and pelitic glaucophane schist. These occur in a metamorphic rocks are exposed in the Caribbean Mounmetamorphic melange matrix that locally consists of marble, sertain system of northern Venezuela, which is part of the pentinite, amphibolite, actinolite schist, feldspathic schist and gneiss, complex east–west-trending boundary zone between the graphitic schist, chloritoid schist, and garnet-bearing mica schist. Caribbean and South American plates (e.g. Menendez, The protoliths for these various rock types exhibit a wide age range 1966, 1967). These two belts are the Cordillera de la (Cambrian to Early Cretaceous?). Recently discovered knockers of Costa and Villa de Cura belts, both of which were pelitic glaucophane schist contain Mg-glaucophane + paragonite metamorphosed during the mid-Cretaceous, presumably + kyanite + garnet + talc + graphite + rutile + quartz. in a subduction zone related to the mid-Cretaceous The coexistence of kyanite and Mg-glaucophane suggests minimum Leeward Antilles volcanic arc (e.g. Pindell, 1993). From P ~2000 MPa at T > 600°C. Eclogite knockers from the same Jurassic to Eocene time North and South America were outcrop contain garnet and clinopyroxene which yield ~500°C for diverging and new proto-Caribbean sea-floor was created cores, ~700°C for rims, and P [ 1200 MPa. The assemblage between them (e.g. Pindell, 1993). Therefore, the Leegarnet–biotite–phengite–albite within schists of the melange matrix ward Antilles arc, as well as the entire Caribbean Mounof this locality indicates metamorphic conditions of T = tain system, are allochthonous and formed far to the 450–520°C at P = 1800 MPa. Because all lithologies in this west as part of the Farallon–North/South American plate outcrop record high-P conditions, this metamorphic melange formed boundary zone (e.g. Pindell, 1993). before or during peak metamorphism in a mid-Cretaceous subduction Although the two HP–LT belts have similar metazone. morphic ages, they differ greatly in lithology and metamorphic history. The Cordillera de la Costa belt consists of oceanic and passive continental-margin rocks intermixed with Paleozoic granites and granitic gneisses. In this belt, the eclogites and blueschists were retrograded to epidote–amphiboliteand greenschist-facies assemblages following an apparent P–T path typical for
Thickness of a submarine lava flow determined from near-bottom magnetic field mapping by autonomous underwater vehicle

Magnetic field surveys obtained near the seafloor can map the boundaries of recent volcanic eruptions and can provide thickness estimates of these lava flow units independent of bathymetry differencing methods. Magnetic thickness estimation requires knowledge of the intensity of magnetization of the new lava and surrounding terrain, but this can be satisfactorily obtained by representative sampling of the various volcanic units. While bathymetry differencing requires pre-existing data to assess the thickness of new lava eruptions, magnetic surveys can be obtained after an eruption has occurred. In this study, near-bottom magnetic surveys were obtained using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), which operates without a tether or human intervention. AUV technology offers rapid deployment and an efficient surveying approach for remotely mapping recent lava eruption sites on the seafloor.
Estimating Effect Size Under Publication Bias: Small Sample Properties and Robustness of a Random Effects Selection Model

When there is publication bias, studies yielding large p values, and hence small effect estimates, are less likely to be published, which leads to biased estimates of effects in meta-analysis. We i...
Nonextensive statistical mechanics for rotating quasi-two-dimensional turbulence

We have conducted experiments on an asymmetrically forced quasi-two-dimensional turbulent flow in a rapidly rotating annulus. Assuming conservation of potential enstrophy and energy, we maximize a nonextensive entropy function to obtain the azimuthally averaged vorticity as a function of radial position. The predicted vorticity profile is in good accord with the observations. A nonextensive formalism is appropriate because long-range correlations between small-scale vortices give rise to large coherent structures in the turbulence. We also derive probability distribution functions for the vorticity from both extensive and nonextensive entropies, and we find that the prediction from nonextensive theory is in better accord with experiment, especially in the tails of the distribution function. The nonextensive parameter q has the value 1.9 ± 0.2. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Molecular Simulations of Recognitive Polymer Networks Prepared by Biomimetic Configurational Imprinting as Responsive Biomaterials

Proteins, enzymes, and antibodies have the ability to discern specific molecules out of a whole host of species and selectively bind them with remarkable affinity. A route that would enable the creation of synthetic polymers with this binding ability would be a great advance with subsequent applications in chemical sensors, single-molecule separations, and even artificial enzymes. In this work we study the molecular imprinting process whereby a controlled nanostructure consisting of distinct binding sites is created in a polymer network through a templating procedure. Simulations were done to better understand the underlying network structure that gives rise to the increased uptake. An all-atom molecular dynamics simulation was coupled with a kinetic gelation approach to study network formation in the presence of a template. The monomers used were first studied with density-functional theory in order to parameterize a force field for various methacrylates. Simulation results showed three key functional group interactions that lead to successful imprinting and subsequent rebinding.
Patterns of gene expression and DNA methylation in human fetal and adult liver

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic control mechanism that has been shown to be associated with gene silencing through the course of development, maturation and aging. However, only limited data are available regarding the relationship between methylation and gene expression in human development. We analyzed the methylome and transcriptome of three human fetal liver samples (gestational age 20–22 weeks) and three adult human liver samples. Genes whose expression differed between fetal and adult numbered 7,673. Adult overexpression was associated with metabolic pathways and, in particular, cytochrome P450 enzymes while fetal overexpression reflected enrichment for DNA replication and repair. Analysis for DNA methylation using the Illumina Infinium 450 K HumanMethylation BeadChip showed that 42 % of the quality filtered 426,154 methylation sites differed significantly between adult and fetal tissue (q ≤ 0.05). Differences were small; 69 % of the significant sites differed in their mean methylation beta value by ≤0.2. There was a trend among all sites toward higher methylation in the adult samples with the most frequent difference in beta being 0.1. Characterization of the relationship between methylation and expression revealed a clear difference between fetus and adult. Methylation of genes overexpressed in fetal liver showed the same pattern as seen for genes that were similarly expressed in fetal and adult liver. In contrast, adult overexpressed genes showed fetal hypermethylation that differed from the similarly expressed genes. An examination of gene region-specific methylation showed that sites proximal to the transcription start site or within the first exon with a significant fetal-adult difference in beta (>0.2) showed an inverse relationship with gene expression. Nearly half of the CpGs in human liver show a significant difference in methylation comparing fetal and adult samples. Sites proximal to the transcription start site or within the first exon that show a transition from hypermethylation in the fetus to hypomethylation or intermediate methylation in the adult are associated with inverse changes in gene expression. In contrast, increases in methylation going from fetal to adult are not associated with fetal-to-adult decreased expression. These findings indicate fundamentally different roles for and/or regulation of DNA methylation in human fetal and adult liver.
Inhalation injury: Pathophysiology and clinical care. Proceedings of a Symposium Conducted at the Trauma Institute of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA on 28 March 2006

Abstract : Despite advances in critical care in general and in mechanical ventilation in particular, inhalation injury continues to impose an unacceptable burden of morbidity and mortality on burn patients. The recent conflict in Iraq has produced an increase in the number of patients with inhalation injury treated here at the U.S. Army Burn Center, and has led to new observations concerning the many complications of inhalation injury such as the risk of laryngeal sequelae. Meanwhile, ongoing research has continued to expand our understanding of the pathophysiology of inhalation injury. In March 2006, we conducted a multi-disciplinary conference under the auspices of the Trauma Institute of San Antonio (TRISAT) which was broadcast from this center at the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, via video teleconference, to our sister institutions, Wilford Hall Medical Center and the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. Our purpose was to review both current clinical practice and recent laboratory investigations.
Cell-Mediated Immunity to Viral Glycoproteins

Introduction 62 The Murine Major Histocompatibility Complex . 63 T Cell Subsets 64 M ethodology 65 The Response of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs) to Allogeneic Cells 65 The Response of CTLs to Virus-Infected Cells ... 66 Viral Requirements for Target Cell Recognition .. 67 The Response of CTLs to Viral Glycoproteins .... 68 Viral genetics 68 Viral m utants 69 Inhibition of cytolysis by antiserum 70 Stimulation of CTLs with purified viral antigens . 71 Is There a Physical Interaction Between Viral Antigens and Those of the Major Histocompatibility Com plex? 73 Conclusion 74
Dissociative Identity Disorder in the Courtroom

In Orndorff v. Commonwealth 691 S.E.2d 177 (Va. 2010), the Supreme Court of Virginia decided that the Court of Appeals of Virginia properly denied a motion for a new trial by a defendant, convicted of the murder of her husband, to present the evidence of the dissociative identity disorder diagnosed
Male and Female Reproductive Systems of Laspeyresia caryana, the Hickory Shuckworm Moth (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)

The hickory shuckworm, Laspeyresia caryana (Fitch), a native pest of hickory, has long been recognized as a major pest of pecans. Since female moths emerging in the spring do not oviposit readily in captivity, personnel of the pecan laboratory at Albany, Georgia, decided to examine the reproductive systems of these moths to determine whether nonovipositing females had mated. Although the life history of the hickory shuckworm moth has been studied extensively, the biology and morphology of its reproductive system have not been previously recorded.
Foreign Policy and Congressional Activity or, Can Congress Survive the Solicitude of Its Friends?

THE necessity for books dealing with Congress and foreign policy is not immediately apparent. The authors of both volumes under review remind us that Congress is not central to foreign policy-making, and that foreign policy-making is not central to the business of Congress. The fact that this is so poses indirectly a question important to both books. Given the increasing impact of foreign affairs on America's future, is it enough for Congress merely to lobby, to warn, to complain, to snip at budgets and attempt to modify policies set by a burgeoning, technically specialized executive? Must not Congress change its ways, or shrink into an unequivocally subordinate place in our Constitutional system, as foreign affairs occupy more and more of the landscape ?
A survey of FLS2 genes from multiple citrus species identifies candidates for enhancing disease resistance to Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri .

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-triggered immunity (PTI) is an important component of plant innate immunity. In a previous study, we showed that the PAMP flg22 from Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (Xflg22), the causal agent of citrus canker, induced PTI in citrus, which correlated with the observed levels of canker resistance. Here, we identified and sequenced two bacterial flagellin/flg22 receptors (FLS2-1 and FLS2-2) from 'Duncan' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi, CpFLS2-1 and CpFLS2-2) and 'Sun Chu Sha' mandarin (C. reticulata, CrFLS2-1 and CrFLS2-2). We were able to isolate only one FLS2 from 'Nagami' kumquat (Fortunella margarita, FmFLS2-1) and gene flanking sequences suggest a rearrangement event that resulted in the deletion of FLS2-2 from the genome. Phylogenetic analysis, gene structure and presence of critical amino acid domains all indicate we identified the true FLS2 genes in citrus. FLS2-2 was more transcriptionally responsive to Xflg22 than FLS2-1, with induced expression levels higher in canker-resistant citrus than in susceptible ones. Interestingly, 'Nagami' kumquat showed the highest FLS2-1 steady-state expression levels, although it was not induced by Xflg22. We selected FmFLS2-1, CrFLS2-2 and CpFLS2-2 to further evaluate their capacity to enhance bacterial resistance using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assays. Both FmFLS2-1 and CrFLS2-2, the two proteins from canker-resistant species, conferred stronger Xflg22 responses and reduced canker symptoms in leaves of the susceptible grapefruit genotype. These two citrus genes will be useful resources to enhance PTI and achieve resistance against canker and possibly other bacterial pathogens in susceptible citrus types.
The Next 10 Years in Voice Evaluation and Treatment

Voice disorders are thought to affect approximately one third of all individuals within the United States during their lifetime. Individuals who require the use of their voice as part of their occupations are at highest risk for developing voice problems. Unfortunately, efficient diagnosis and effective management of voice disorders can be challenged by difficulty accessing professionals with the necessary expertise to diagnose and treat voice problems efficiently. Within the next decade, technological advancements show promise for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of intervention for voice disorders. Exciting developments in laryngeal imaging, modeling of patient-specific vocal patterns, and implementation of smart mobile technology and telehealth will greatly improve the accuracy of diagnosing voice problems and enhance implementation and carryover of effective voice treatment methods to daily communication demands.
Unusual Manifestations of Monoclonal Gammopathy: I. Ocular Disease

Essential monoclonal gammopathy is usually an asymptomatic condition, the characteristics of which have been defined over approximately 70 years of study. It has a known population-attributable risk of undergoing clonal evolution to a progressive, symptomatic B-cell neoplasm. In a very small fraction of patients, the monoclonal immunoglobulin has biophysical characteristics that can lead to tissue deposition syndrome (e.g. Fanconi renal syndrome) or, by chance, have characteristics of an autoantibody that may inactivate critical proteins (e.g. acquired von Willebrand disease). In this report, we describe the very uncommon forms of ocular injury that may accompany essential monoclonal gammopathy, which include crystalline keratopathy, crystal-storing histiocytosis, hypercupremic keratopathy, and maculopathy. The first three syndromes result from uncommon physicochemical alterations of the monoclonal immunoglobulin that favor crystallization or exaggerated copper binding. The last-mentioned syndrome is of uncertain pathogenesis. These syndromes may result in decreased visual acuity. These ocular findings may lead, also, to the diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy.
Non-linear bit arrangements in genetic algorithms

Our earlier research laid a theoretical basis for the contention that genetic algorithms can succeed even if bits are arranged in configurations different from a linear sequence. In the current research we show this success happens in practice, for a number of examples.
Lengua,identidad e individualidad: el caso de Jesusa Palancares

espanolPor medio de este trabajo examino las relaciones entre lengua y sociedad utilizando las ensenhanzas de la sociolinguistica y la dialectologia en un nuevo campo: la literatura. He elegido la novela "Hasta no verte Jesus mio" de Elena Poniatowska por ser especialmente apropiada para esta empresa. Me centro sobre todo en las relaciones lengua-clase social y trato colateralmente las realciones lengua-sexo, continuo con los vinculos lengua-identidad para terminar con mis observaciones sobre la individualidad de Jesusa Palancares, personaje central de la novela. Gracias a este sistema de analisis es posible descubrir el entramado social de la clase baja mexicana, visto a traves de los ojos penetrantes y perspicaces de Jesusa Palancares, quien es vocero de Elena Poniatowska. EnglishThrough this article I examine the relationship between language and society by utilizing the teachings of sociolinguistics and dialectology in a new field- the field of literature. I have chosen Elena Poniatowska's novel, Hasta no verte Jesus mio , because it is especially appropriate for the business at hand. My main focus is on the relationship between language and social class, but I also treat the relationship between language and sex, continuing with the bonds between language and identity and concluding with my observations on the individuality of Jesusa Palancares, the main character in the novel. Due to this analytical approach, it is possible to describe the social network of the lower classes in Mexico , as seen through the penetrating and perspicacious eyes of Jesusa Palancares, who is the voice of Elena Poniatowska.
Rules, Games and Experiences: Wittgenstein’s Discussion of Rule-Following in the Light of His Development

The best clue to Wittgenstein’s ideas is their problem backgrund in Wittgenstein’s own philosophy. This is also one of the most neglected clues to Wittgenstein’s meaning. Few interpreters seem to have any inkling even of the main features of Wittgenstein’s philosophical development, and fewer still have seriously tried to see in any detail what problems Wittgenstein was struggling with and more generally how his views grew out of his own earlier ones.
Exhausted, mistreated, or indifferent? Explaining deviance from emotional display rules at work

ABSTRACTThis article explores different theoretical explanations for deviance from display rules (DDR), which occurs when employees consciously display emotions to customers that are unsanctioned by the organization. DDR is an important outcome in service organizations because it triggers strong negative reactions from customers, such as negative reputation and business losses. To better explain why DDR occurs, the author compared predictors drawn from organizational justice theory, conservation of resources theory and goal-setting theory in a comprehensive model to explore complementary and competing effects. The model was tested using hierarchical linear modelling with data from 1146 transactions performed by 51 service employees who participated in an experience sampling study over several weeks. Results demonstrated that emotional valence mediated the transaction-level relationship between customer interpersonal injustice and DDR. Similarly, negative emotions mediated the transaction-level relationshi...
Route Guidance for Satisfying Temporal Logic Specifications on Aircraft Motion

A new technique for aircraft route guidance subject to linear temporal logic specifications is presented. The proposed approach is based on workspace partitioning, and it relies on the idea of so-called lifted graphs. Briefly, edges in a lifted graph are successions of adjacent edges in the topological graph associated with the workspace partition. Edges of the lifted graph are associated with certain reachability properties of the aircraft model. The main result of this paper is the precise characterization of acceptable routes (namely, sequences of cells) that are guaranteed to be traversable by admissible state trajectories of the aircraft model while satisfying the given linear temporal logic specifications. The proposed approach incorporates nonholonomic kinematic constraints, does not require complete controllability in the presence of workspace constraints, and does not require linearization of the aircraft model. Numerical methods to implement the proposed route-planning algorithm are discussed. T...
In-stent thrombosis when switching ticagrelor to clopidogrel after percutaneous coronary intervention

Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor blocker has been proven to reduce subsequent cardiovascular events and in-stent thrombosis in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Newer P2Y12 antagonists with faster onset and greater inhibition of platelet activity have improved cardiovascular outcomes but have created uncertainty with the appropriate dosing when switching between agents. Currently, there are no evidence-based guidelines to aid clinicians when switching between P2Y12 receptor blockers. Here we describe two patients that developed in-stent thrombosis when switching from ticagrelor to clopidogrel using a 300 mg clopidogrel loading dose. Both patients presented with ST elevation myocardial infarction and underwent stent placement but then developed in-stent thrombosis 48 hours after switching from ticagrelor to clopidogrel. These cases illustrate the severe consequences of suboptimal platelet inhibition and the need for prospective trials thoroughly powered to assess clinical outcomes in order to determine the most appropriate strategy when switching from ticagrelor to clopidogrel.
Adaptive beamforming with parametric estimation of the correlation matrix

It is well known that correlation between interferers and the signal arriving from the look-direction severely degrades the output SINR for both low-rank and full-rank minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformers. Low-rank MVDR beamformers, such as conjugate gradients (CG) and principal components inverse (PCI), can yield a higher SINR than full-rank MVDR when the sample support is inadequate. However, a large drop in output SINR occurs if the low-rank beamformer operates at an improper rank. Indirect dominant mode rejection (IDMR) is proposed wherein one first employs a high-resolution spatial spectrum estimation technique to estimate the directions and powers of the dominant interferers. Subsequently, this information is used to construct an estimate of the signal-free (interference plus noise only) autocorrelation matrix (for a given look-direction.) In this process, any correlation between the interferers and the signal arriving from the look-direction, due to either finite sample averaging or true correlation amongst signals, is effectively removed. Simulations reveal that IDMR is very robust to correlation amongst signals and yields a dramatic improvement in output SINR relative to CG and PCI/DMR, even when the latter operate at the optimal rank.
EGFR receptor binding properties and internalization of copper-64-DOTA-C225 in five cervical cancer cell lines

274 Objectives: C225 (Cetuximab, ErbituxTM; ImClone Systems Incorporated/Bristol-Myers Squibb Company), a monoclonal antibody binding specifically to the extracellular domain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), is approved by the FDA for the treatment of EGFR-expressing, metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Patients receiving only C225 show an objective response rate of 10.8%, and thus far, no correlation has been found between the degree of EGFR expression and the response to C225 treatment. At least 60% of cervical cancers are EGFR positive. Here, a 64Cu-labeled C225 analog and cervical cancer cell lines with varying degrees of EGFR expression were used to investigate characteristics of the antibody-EGFR interaction (binding constants, internalization) that might correlate with patient response. Methods: C225 was conjugated with the chelator DOTA and radiolabeled with 64Cu (T1/2 = 12.7 h; β+ (17.4%)). Five cervical cancer cell lines (C-33A (negative for EGFR), HeLa, DoTc2 4510, ME-180 and CaSki ) were shown by gene chip microarray analysis to have different EGFR expression patterns. Saturation receptor binding and internalization assays were carried out in the five cell lines using whole cells with 64Cu-DOTA-C225. Receptor densities (Bmax) and binding constants (Kd) were calculated using GraphPad Prism. Results: The values for EGFR binding affinity (Kd) of 64Cu-DOTA-C225 in the five cell lines were very similar (0.1 – 0.7 nM), as was expected for the same substrate-receptor interaction. The EGFR receptor concentration (Bmax; fmol/mg total cellular protein) was found to mimic the order of EGFR expression as determined by microarray analysis and was in the order of CaSki (2133) > ME-180 (818) > DoTc2 4510 (610) > HeLa (305) > C-33A (24). The internalization of 64Cu-DOTA-C225 by these cell lines showed the same trend. Conclusions: Internalization of 64Cu-DOTA-C225 and EGFR receptor densities can be correlated with EGFR expression by microarray analysis of five cervical cancer cell lines. PET Imaging of EGFR positive tumors with 64Cu-DOTA-C225 may give further insight into the actions of C225 on EGFR positive tumors.
MPEG-2 video decoding on programmable processors: computational and architectural requirements

Design of a cost-effective microprocessor architecture for MPEG video decoding requires not only the analysis of MPEG algorithms in terms of the raw number of additions or multiplications, but more importantly, a careful study of mapping those algorithms to the target processor architecture at the instruction level. Even though smart compilers can generate fast and compact codes that rival the hand-optimized code on sequential algorithms, a more accurate evaluation of the processor performance on parallel algorithms such as the core functions in the MPEG-2 decoding is achieved by hand-optimizing the tight loop. In this paper, we analyze the computational requirements of the key MPEG-2 decoding functions from the instruction level. We use a generic sequential processor model with a RISC-like instruction set to map the tight loop of the key functions to machine instructions. We then extend our processor model to instruction-level parallel (ILP) architectures and present the speed improvement of each key function on two different ILP features and as the degree of parallel processing is increased.
Reasons youth engage in activism programs: Social justice or sanctuary?

Abstract Youth activism programs have been studied for their impact on societal change and their contribution to youth development; however, less is known about what motivates youth to engage in such programs. In this study, we draw on survey and focus group data from eight youth activism programs to understand reasons that youth attend. We find that engaging in social justice work was the highest rated reason for participation, followed closely by sanctuary, and lastly, relationships with adults and peers in the program. Analysis of qualitative data highlights the importance of sanctuary—not limited to psychological safety, but with an emphasis on celebrating aspects of identity. Findings also point to important intersections between social justice work and sanctuary, with youth expressing a desire to impact change from protected and affirming spaces that are liberating and allow them to take risks.
Understanding Variability in the Hydrogen Evolution Activity of a Cobalt Anthracenetetrathiolate Coordination Polymer

Here, a cobalt dithiolene coordination polymer (CP) based on 9,10-dimethyl-2,3,6,7-anthracenetetrathiolate was synthesized via an interfacial reaction and was electrochemically characterized on glassy carbon (GCE) and graphite (GR) electrodes. Double-layer capacitance measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies, and Tafel analyses were used to understand the role of electrochemically accessible active sites, electron and charge transfer, and electrical integration between the catalyst and the support in the resultant electrocatalytic hydrogen evolving activity. Overpotentials to achieve 10 mA/cm2 ranging from 445 to 571 mV and from 388 to 527 mV for GCE|CP and GR|CP, respectively, were observed. Changes in the double-layer capacitance, which is related to electrochemically active surface area, and charge transfer resistance were determined to be the critical factors in the observed enhancement in catalytic activity, whereas bulk catalyst loading, which had been previously used to describe...
Development of a train-to-proficiency curriculum for the technical skills component of the fundamentals of endoscopic surgery exam.

The demonstration of competency in endoscopy is required prior to obtaining American Board of Surgery Certification. To demonstrate competency, the resident must pass a national high-stakes cognitive test and a technical skills exam on a virtual reality simulator. The purpose of this preliminary study was to design a proficiency-based endoscopy simulation curriculum to meet this competency requirement. This is a mixed methods prospective cohort study at a single academic medical institution. Prior to taking the national exam, surgery residents were required to participate in a skills lab and demonstrate proficiency on 10 simulation tasks. Proficiency was based on time and percent of objects targeted/mucosa seen. Simulation practice time, number of task repetitions to proficiency, and prior endoscopic experience were recorded. Resident’s self-reported confidence scores in endoscopic skills prior to and following simulation lab training were obtained. From January 1, 2016 through August 1, 2017, 20 surgical residents (8 PGY2, 8 PGY3, 4 PGY4) completed both a faculty-supervised endoscopy skills lab and independent learning with train-to-proficiency simulation tasks. Median overall simulator time per resident was 306 min (IQR: 247–405 min). Median overall time to proficiency in all tasks was 235 min (IQR: 208–283 min). The median time to proficiency decreased with increasing PGY status (r = 0.4, P = 0.05). There was no correlation between prior real-time endoscopic experience and time to proficiency. Reported confidence in endoscopic skills increased significantly from mean of 5.75 prior to 7.30 following the faculty-supervised endoscopy skills lab (P = 0.0002). All 20 residents passed the national exam. In this preliminary study, a train-to-proficiency curriculum in endoscopy improved surgical resident’s confidence in their endoscopic skills and 100% of residents passed the FES technical skills test on their first attempt. Our findings also indicate that uniform proficiency was not achieved by real-time experience alone.