cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Note on the Silencing of Air-Stirring Motors

Air-stirring motors are often viewed with disparagement in the laboratory because of the rather large amount of noise which attends their use. This noise may be traced to four sources: (1) that arising from the turbulent discharge of air from· the compressed air lines into tubing connecting with the motor; (2) that due to air rushing through the pipes and the connecting tubing; (3) that inherent in the use of an air motor, i.e. bearing noise and the clear tone of audio-frequency which is associated with all turbines; and (4) that resulting from the air rushing out of the small escape ports generally provided in the flat surface on top of the motor. Of these sources, the first and fourth are by far the most important because of both the intensity and the raucous character of the noise arising from them. The devices suggested here have been found very useful in reducing to a very large extent the noise from these two sources. The second and third sources enumerated are of smaller importance, but their contribution to the total noise may be minimized by suitable choice of connective tubing and by judicious oiling.
Personality disorder symptoms, gender, and age as predictors of adolescent disgust sensitivity

Abstract Disgust reactions are believed to result from a defensive, physiological, human emotion that is present from birth with the purpose of protecting individuals from harm (e.g. poisoning). Yet, disgusteliciting stimuli eventually expand to include socio-moral stimuli like sex acts (e.g. incest) and socio-cultural stimuli like social status (e.g. Hindu caste system). Inevitably, personal traits become important variables determining what is deemed disgusting. This study expanded on previous research that investigated the association between personality traits (i.e. neuroticism and psychoticism) and disgust sensitivity by examining the possible relationship between DSM III-R Axis II personality types and disgust sensitivity in a non-clinical sample of 149 college undergraduates. The current findings revealed that the degree to which respondents could be seen as having certain personality types—;Schizoid, Obsessive Compulsive, and Dependent—;was significantly related to disgust sensitivity as were participants' gender and age.
Seasonality and unit roots: the demand for fruits

Abstract We apply seasonal unit root tests to apple and pear price and quantity data. We then develop a method for testing shifts in amplitude and/or phase of the seasonal cycles. The results have implications to econometric specifications of models which use short-run data (quarterly, monthly).
Energy transfer and electronic interactions between dye molecules at an interface

Abstract The optical properties of surface adsorbed dye molecules have been used to probe their interactions with each other and with the surface. The effects of both long range non-radiative energy transfer as well as short range electronic interactions have been identified. The role of the two dimensional confinement of the dye layer, as well as the differences between an inert and an “electromagnetically active” surface have been examined.
Placentation in garter snakes. II. Transmission EM of the chorioallantoic placenta of Thamnophis radix and T. sirtalis.

Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the ultrastructure of the allantoplacenta of garter snakes during the last half of gestation. This placenta occupies the dorsal hemisphere of the egg and is formed through apposition of the chorioallantois to the inner lining of the uterus. The uterine epithelium consists of flattened cells with short, irregular microvilli and others that bear cilia. The lamina propria is vascularized and its capillaries lie at the base of the uterine epithelial cells. The chorionic epithelium consists of a bilayer of squamous cells that are particularly thin superficial to the allantoic capillaries. Neither the chorionic epithelium nor the uterine epithelium undergoes erosion during development. Although a thin remnant of the shell membrane intervenes between fetal and maternal tissue at mid-gestation, it undergoes fragmentation by the end of gestation. Thus, uterine and chorionic epithelial are directly apposed in some regions of the allantoplacenta, forming continuous cellular boundaries at the placental interface. During development, capillaries proliferate in both the uterine and chorioallantoic tissues. By late gestation, the interhemal diffusion distance has thinned in some areas to less than 2 microm through attenuation of the uterine and chorionic epithelia. Morphologically, the allantoplacenta is well adapted for its function in gas exchange. However, the presence of cytoplasmic vesicles, ribosomal ER, and mitochondria in the chorionic and uterine epithelial cells are consistent with the possibility of additional forms of placental exchange.
Does Lift-Off Occur During Deep Squat?

Kneeling, deep squatting, crouching, and gardening represent activities that require flexing the knee maximally. Yet, the present-state-of-the-art of knee mechanics does not provide an accurate understanding of how this joint functions in deep flexion in normal individuals as indicated by Kurosaka, et al. [1]. This limited understanding of the complex 3-D dynamic tibio-femoral and patello-femoral motions past 130° of knee flexion hinders the development of a prosthesis that would provide for full flexion of the knee. One of the questions that is being presently debated is whether lift-off occurs during deep squat or not [2, 3]. The purpose of this paper is to provide an answer to this question by determining the kinematics of the knee while it is maximally flexed, past 155 degrees of flexion.© 2007 ASME
Effective Hamiltonian for atomic collective spectra

A simple effective energy operator is constructed for doubly excited two-electron atoms. This operator generalizes the ``molecular'' Hamiltonian of the supermultiplet model based in approximate $O(4)$ symmetry. The Hamiltonian is compared to spectra of two-electron systems with both electrons in the $n=2$ shell. Nonlinear least-squares fits show systematic trends related to shielding, independent particle, and correlation effects. Operators for atoms with three or more outer electrons are briefly considered.
Daily growth lines in some living Pectens (Mollusca: Bivalvia), and some applications in a fossil relative: Time and tide will tell

Abstract Laboratory experiments on two species from the Pecten (Pecten) subgroup of pectinids indicated that they form growth lines with a true (solar) daily periodicity. Experimental subjects that formed growth lines in numbers equal to their days of growth were consistently those with uniform, apparently continuous shell growth, and subjects that formed fewer lines than days were those with stress marks, or disturbance lines. No subjects formed more growth lines than days. Furthermore, those specimens forming stress marks had those marks spaced out in very similar patterns, apparently in response to stressful events in their aquarium, such that the patterns could be correlated, not only between the specimens with interrupted growth, but with the others as well. In the original experiments, a natural light–dark stimulus had been present (transparent aquaria near an outside window). To test whether the subjects were responding to this stimulus, another experiment was conducted in which several individuals were subjected to an accelerated light–dark regime. These subjects responded by increasing production of their growth lines to approach the number of cycles to which they had been exposed. An opportunity to extend this work into the fossil record came with the collection of a number of Pliocene pectinids, closely related to one of the species used in the experiments, from a thin horizon that almost certainly represents a catastrophic event. Measurements of the intervals between growth lines were made across hundreds of increments on many paired (and presumably untransported) valves. Comparison of these growth rate records suggested that many, and perhaps all of these individuals died at the same time. Moreover, frequency analysis of these records revealed a regular fluctuation of about 15 days, suggesting a tidal cycle marked off by solar increments. When the growth rate patterns were compared with nearby tidal regimes, the best fit was for a regime matching the currently accepted paleogeography of the collecting site in Pliocene time. This strongly supports the experiments on the living species, for tidal patterns in the fossil group could not have been revealed without an accurate solar marker.
On the exact distributions of the extreme roots of the Wishart and MANOVA matrices

Abstract In this paper, the authors derived exact central distributions of the extreme roots of the Wishart and MANOVA matrices. The expressions for these distributions and the associated probability integrals are written as linear combinations of the products of certain double integrals. The double integrals encountered can be evaluated without any difficulty.
Autoantibody-mediated neuroinflammation: Pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus in the NZM88 murine model

Autoantibodies play an important role in central nervous system manifestations of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). Previous studies have shown that the lupus-prone NZM88 strain has major neural deficits and high titers of serum IgG to brain antigens. ELISA was performed to detect the presence of IgG in different brain regions of NZM88 mice and to compare the levels with NZM2758 mice and control strains (NZW and BALB/c). There was a substantial increase of IgG in the substantia nigra (SN) and hypothalamus (HT) of brains from NZM88 mice compared to control NZW and BALB/c mice, whereas NZM2758 mice had more IgG in the cortex. The increased presence of IgG in the NPSLE-prone NZM88 mouse brain was paralleled by increased TNF-alpha and IL-12 in the SN and HT regions; significantly elevated expression of MHC Class-II was also observed in the SN of NZM88 mice and cortex of NZM2758 mice. A co-culture system of dopaminergic neurons and microglia was used to demonstrate that NZM88 sera modifies dopaminergic cell activity only in the presence of microglia and that TNF-alpha is synthesized and released in this co-culture. This study demonstrates a functional link between the autoantibodies, the activation of microglia, and neuronal function associated dopamine production, which is suggested to be causally related to the predominant NPSLE syndromes.
Preparation and certification of a reference material for the determination of nutrients in seawater.

There is an urgent need for natural water reference materials certified for nutrients. In 1996, NRC collected seawater for a proposed CRM at a depth of 200 m in the North Atlantic; this was immediately filtered through 0.05-μm cartridge filters into 50-L carboys. The water was later homogenized in the NRC laboratories in Ottawa and stabilized via gamma irradiation. Over six years of stability testing no significant deterioration was detected. In addition to the usual customary standard colorimetric procedures, alternative analytical methods were developed to enable the certification process. The production of a CRM called MOOS-1 will be discussed. Certified values, with uncertainty components addressing the homogeneity, stability, and characterization of the material, were calculated to be: orthophosphate=1.56±0.07 µmol L−1, silicate=26.0±1.0 µmol L−1, nitrite=3.06±0.15 µmol L−1, and nitrite and nitrate=23.7±0.9 µmol L−1.
Predicting the Effect of Soil Seasonal Change on Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of Buried Pipelines at High pH

Abstract Soil seasonal change is believed to be one of the major factors that contribute to high-pH stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of underground pipelines, although the specific role and mechanisms of the soil seasonal change in the SCC susceptibility are not clearly understood. This study is directed at investigating this role and mechanisms of the soil seasonal change through mathematical modeling. The temporal and spatial variation, with seasonal changes in the soil, of the solution chemistry and the pipe steel potential and corrosion rate in a coating disbonded region is explored. With the pipe potential at the holiday varied by soil seasonal wet and dry cycles, the model results suggest that the susceptible conditions for high-pH SCC could be formed during soil wet seasons and seasonal transitions. Depending on the level of drought and the effectiveness of cathodic protection (CP) during dry seasons, the susceptible conditions of the high-pH SCC may or may not be possible to form.
Purification and structure of the host-specific toxin from Helminthosporiumcarbonum race 1

Abstract The host-specific toxin from Helminthosporium carbonum race 1 was purified from culture filtrates by solvent extraction, gel filtration, and high pressure liquid chromatography. High resolution mass spectrometry of the purified toxin gave a MW of 436.2318 and an elemental composition C 21 H 32 N 4 O 6 . Amino acid analysis and proton and 13 C-NMR indicated a peptide containing four amino acids. Their sequence was determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Finally, digestion of the amino acids with D- and L-amino acid oxidases gave the complete structure cyclo[(L-2-amino-9, 10-epoxy-8-oxodecanoyl)-D-prolyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl].
Distinct Targets of the Eco1 Acetyltransferase Modulate Cohesion in S Phase and in Response to DNA Damage

Chromosome segregation and the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) require cohesin, the protein complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion. Cohesion requires both a chromatin binding step and a subsequent tethering step called cohesion generation. Here we provide insight into how cohesion generation is restricted to S phase but can be activated in G2/M by a DSB in budding yeast. We show that Wpl1p inhibits cohesion in G2/M. A DSB counteracts Wpl1p and stimulates cohesion generation by first inducing the phosphorylation of the Mcd1p subunit of cohesin. This phosphorylation activates Eco1p-dependent acetylation of Mcd1p, which in turn antagonizes Wpl1p. Previous studies show that Eco1p antagonizes Wpl1p in S phase by acetylating the Smc3p subunit of cohesin. We show that Mcd1p and Smc3p acetylation antagonize Wpl1p only in their proper context. Thus, Eco1p antagonizes Wpl1p in distinct ways to modulate cohesion generation during the cell cycle and after DNA damage.
52 CURRENT STATUS AND GOALS OF THE COMMUNITY HOSPITAL PERINATAL SERVICE AS DETERMINED BY A SELF - INVENTORY

Regional perinatal care is often criticized because local personnel are uninvolved in determining their “level” category. To intensify local input, we developed a self-assessment inventory of desired care practices and existing resources. The inventory includes a list of 48 high-risk conditions to be classified as requiring local care or referral and a list of 179 items for hospital equipment and staffing. 21 obstetricians (O), 16 pediatricians (P), 16 family physicians, and 84 perinatal nurses from 8 rural hospitals completed the inventories. The results of the inventory were compared with data obtained from 3-day site visits to the hospitals.
Introduction to Variance Estimation

(2008). Introduction to Variance Estimation. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 103, No. 483, pp. 1324-1325.
Organic Heterojunctions for Photovoltaic Applications: C 60 Growth on Pentacene

Using atomic-scale Molecular Dynamics (MD) and energy minimization techniques in conjunction with semi-empirical MM3 potential energy functions, we consider the adsorption of a C60 molecule on a series of hypothetical pentacene structures that vary only in the tilt of the angle that the short axis of the pentacene molecules makes with the underlying surface (the long axis lying essentially flat, as on a metal substrate). Important relationships were discovered between the angle adopted by the short axis of pentacene on the surface, φ1, and the adsorption and diffusion characteristics of C60. Static energy calculations show that there is a transition of the deepest energy minima from between the pentacene rows at low values of φ1 to within the rows at high values of φ1, where φ1 is the angle the pentacene short axis makes with the surface. MD confirms this trend by the predominant residence locations at the extreme φ1 values. Furthermore, MD results suggest that the C60 traverses the pentacene surface in the east-west direction for lower φ1 values (φ1 ≤ 40°) and in the north-south direction for higher φ1 values (φ1 ≥ 70°). Taking both static and dynamic results together, the most favorable tilt angles for mono-directional nanowire growth should occur between 70o and 80o off-normal.
Median facial clefts in Xenopus laevis: Roles of retinoic acid signaling and homeobox genes

The upper lip and primary palate form an essential separation between the brain, nasal structures and the oral cavity. Surprisingly little is known about the development of these structures, despite the fact that abnormalities can result in various forms of orofacial clefts. We have uncovered that retinoic acid is a critical regulator of upper lip and primary palate development in Xenopus laevis. Retinoic acid synthesis enzyme, RALDH2, and retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARγ) are expressed in complementary and partially overlapping regions of the orofacial prominences that fate mapping revealed contribute to the upper lip and primary palate. Decreased RALDH2 and RARγ result in a median cleft in the upper lip and primary palate. To further understand how retinoic acid regulates upper lip and palate morphogenesis we searched for genes downregulated in response to RARγ inhibition in orofacial tissue, and uncovered homeobox genes lhx8 and msx2. These genes are both expressed in overlapping domains with RARγ, and together their loss of function also results in a median cleft in the upper lip and primary palate. Inhibition of RARγ and decreased Lhx8/Msx2 function result in decreased cell proliferation and failure of dorsal anterior cartilages to form. These results suggest a model whereby retinoic acid signaling regulates Lhx8 and Msx2, which together direct the tissue growth and differentiation necessary for the upper lip and primary palate morphogenesis. This work has the potential to better understand the complex nature of the upper lip and primary palate development which will lead to important insights into the etiology of human orofacial clefts.
Structural elements involved in activation of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor

Ligand-gated ion channels function as rapid signal transducers, converting chemical signals (in the form of neurotransmitters) into electrical signals in the postsynaptic neuron. This is achieved by the recognition of neurotransmitter at its specific-binding sites, which then triggers the opening of an ion channel ('gating'). For this to occur rapidly (< 1 ms), there must be an efficient coupling between the agonist-binding site and the gate, located more than 30 angstroms (1 angstroms = 0.1 nm) away. Whereas a great deal of progress has been made in elucidating the structure and function of both the agonist-binding site and the ion permeation pathway in ligand-gated ion channels, our knowledge of the coupling mechanism between these domains has been limited. In this review, we summarize recent studies of the agonist-binding site and the ion channel in the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor, and discuss those structural elements that may mediate coupling between them. We will also consider some possible molecular mechanisms of receptor activation.
Mechanism of anodic dissolution and passivation of iron—II. Comparison of the behavior in neutral benzoate and acetate buffer solutions

Abstract The kinetics of the dissolution and passivation of Fe has been studied in neutral benzoic acid/sodium benzoate buffer solution as a function of the total benzoate buffer concentration and pH. The results have been obtained from potential sweep experiments at 5 mV s−1, which corresponds to quasi steady-state conditions. Two anodic peaks were found in the active dissolution region of the anodic voltammogram. A reaction order of about −1 with respect to benzoate concentration and of about 2 with respect to pH has been found for the Tafel region of the first peak. The corresponding reaction orders were −1 and 0.7 for the second peak. Galvanostatic cathodic reduction experiments were used to characterize the surface film formed during the anodic sweep. Anodic sweep experiments were also performed using mixtures of benzoate and acetate buffers. The behavior of Fe in benzoate and acetate buffer solutions has been compared and contrasted. Benzoate buffer is found to be a much better inhibitor than acetate buffer, and the results can be understood in terms of a strong interaction between the Fe surface and benzoate-containing adsorbates.
Error self-correction and spelling: improving the spelling accuracy of secondary students with disabilities in written expression

In order to improve the spelling performance of high school students with deficits in written expression, an error self-correction procedure was implemented. The participants were two tenth-grade students and one twelfth-grade student in a program for individuals with learning disabilities. Using an alternating treatments design, the effect of error self-correction was compared with a more traditional method of spelling practice. The intervention and follow-up phases were implemented over a 6-week period with maintenance checks conducted 4 and 8 weeks after the termination of instruction. Results indicated that the error self-correction procedure was superior to the traditional method of review during the intervention and follow-up phases, but some gains were lost during the maintenance phase.
Adults with Learning Disabilities: Current and Future Research Priorities

This article presents a review of current research, or what is currently known about adults with learning disabilities. The review is organized under different settings, including the community, postsecondary, and employment environments, and is followed by a review of longitudinal studies. Based on the review of the current status of the literature, research priorities for the 1990s are presented, including (a) identifying and conducting research with specific individuals or samples within the adult (LD) population; (b) identifying successful intervention techniques within the cognitive, social, personal, and vocational domains; (c) conducting research in a variety of environments, including community, employment, and postsecondary settings and across critical periods of an individual's lifespan (such as movement from postsecondary environments into employment and from employment to retirement); and (d) examining alternative methodologies, such as single-subject, case study, group research, and so forth,...
Contra Ladyman: What Really is Right with Constructive Empiricism

James Ladyman ([2000]) argues 'what's really wrong with constructive empiricism' is that 'it requires that there be an objective modal distinction between the observable and the unobservable.' My intent is to counter Ladyman's claim that the irreducibly modal character of empirical adequacy is something that is 'really wrong with constructive empiricism'. I argue that disposition concepts refer to non-modal properties of types rather than to modal properties of tokens of those types. Solubility, for example, is an 'occurrent', though unobservable, property of a type of substance (involving the structure of associated atoms); and observability is, similarly, an 'occurrent', though unobservable, property of a type of event (involving the structure of associated physical systems). Empirical adequacy, like truth, is an objective, semantic notion; the empirical adequacy of a theory depends upon all actual tokens of the relevant observable type, not just upon the tokens that have actually been observed.
Save the planet: eliminate biodiversity

Recent work in the philosophy of biology has attempted to clarify and defend the use of the biodiversity concept in conservation science. I argue against these views, and give reasons to think that the biodiversity concept is a poor fit for the role we want it to play in conservation biology on both empirical and conceptual grounds. Against pluralists, who hold that biodiversity consists of distinct but correlated properties of natural systems, I argue that the supposed correlations between these properties are not tight enough to warrant treating and measuring them as a bundle. I additionally argue that deflationary theories of biodiversity don’t go far enough, since a large proportion of what we value in the environment falls outside bounds of what could reasonably be called “diversity”. I suggest that in current scientific practice biodiversity is generally an unnecessary placeholder for biological value of all sorts, and that we are better off eliminating it from conservation biology, or at least drastically reducing its role.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy as a tool investigating arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) sorption by an aluminum-based drinking-water treatment residual.

Historic applications of arsenical pesticides to agricultural land have resulted in accumulation of residual arsenic (As) in such soils. In situ immobilization represents a cost-effective and least ecological disrupting treatment technology for soil As. Earlier work in our laboratory showed that drinking-water treatment residuals (WTRs), a low-cost, waste by-product of the drinking-water treatment process exhibit a high affinity for As. Wet chemical experiments (sorption kinetics and desorption) were coupled with X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements to elucidate the bonding strength and type of As(V) and As(III) sorption by an aluminum-based WTR. A fast (1 h), followed by a slower sorption stage resulted in As(V) and As(III) sorption capacities of 96% and 77%, respectively. Arsenic desorption with a 5 mM oxalate from the WTR was minimal, being always <4%. X-ray absorption spectroscopy data showed inner-sphere complexation between As and surface hydroxyls. Reaction time (up to 48 h) had no effect on the initial As oxidation state for sorbed As(V) and As(III). A combination of inner-sphere bonding types occurred between As and Al on the WTR surface because mixed surface geometries and interatomic distances were observed.
Kinetics of aggregate formation in rapid mix

The growth of porous aggregates during initial mixing is investigated in a series of numerical simulations. Hydrodynamic radii of aggregates composed of i primary particles are used to calculate collision rate constants as a function of fractal dimension, D, and aggregation number, i. D is assumed to be independent of aggregate size. The rate of floc volume formation increases by several orders of magnitude as the fractal dimension decreases from 3 to 2. Neglecting aggregate porosity is estimated to introduce an error of < 10% in calculating the collision efficiency factor from particle number measurements and a coalescing-sphere model for particle aggregation. For conditions approximating those in which ferric sulfate is added to a rapid mix basin, simulations with D = 2.5 produce a volume fraction of flocs larger than 1 μm that approximates the volume fraction greater than 1 μm measured using an electronic particle counter. A fractal dimension of 2.35 produces an aggregate volume distribution that most nearly approximates the volume distribution observed in jar tests with ferric sulfate. These values of D are within the range of values reported in the literature for larger ferric hydroxide flocs. Mixing conditions in most full scale installations are likely to favor the formation of aggregates of precipitated coagulant particles that are sufficiently large for breakup and aggregate restructuring to control the size distribution of materials leaving the rapid mix basin.
“Israel” and “Jew” as Markers of Jewish Identity in Antiquity: The Problems of Insider/Outsider Classification

AbstractBuilding on K. G. Kuhn’s TWNT entry on the names “Israel” and “Jew” in post-Hebrew Bible Jewish literature, many scholars have claimed that the two ethnonyms can be classified as insider and outsider designations respectively. This essay nuances that categorization. While Kuhn and subsequent scholars have rightly noted the uneven distribution of the names, the exceptions to an insider/outsider model are too numerous to maintain it without modification. Both “Israel” and “Jew” were insider names whose usage in Jewish literature was influenced by the speech situation of the author as well as by consciousness of the biblical narrative.
Thermal conductivity of Tetryl by modulated differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract An investigation of the use of modulated differential scanning calorimeter (MDSC) to measure thermal conductivity (κ) of the explosive Tetryl using isothermal and non-isothermal methods. Issues surrounding the use of silicone oil as a heat transfer aid are discussed. Using these methods the calculated isothermal and non-isothermal properties of specific heat capacity were observed to be 0.844 and 0.863 J/(g K) and the calculated thermal conductivity values were found to be 0.165 and 0.186 W/K. Calibration experiments using polystyrene indicate that the non-isothermal method is more reproducible but has a larger offset (35%) from the true value. Our corrected values for Tetryl fall in the middle of the considerable range of values reported in the literature.
Phosphoinositide 3’-kinase delta: turning off BCR signaling in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

PI3K signaling is now targeted in first clinical trials in patients with B cell malignancies, including Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), which represent one of the first molecularly targeted therapies for B cell malignancies.
Guidelines to Faith: Instructional Literature for Russian Orthodox Clergy and Laity in the Late Eighteenth Century

In an effort to improve the work of the clergy and the religious understanding of the laity, Orthodox leaders in late eighteenth-century Russia began to publish practical manuals on the practices of the church and the path to living a Christian life and achieving salvation. Such works formed pathways from higher theological discourse to the practical modes of pastoral work and lay instruction–to promoting “enlightenment” in the day-to-day work of the church. Fitting within the new scholarly attention on religious Enlightenment, this article describes the most important of these instructional works, as well as some of the religious works produced by private publishers after 1783, in order to understand the tone, themes, and structure of these “guidelines to faith,” seeing within them the beginning of a more modern, normative foundation for the practices and teachings of the church. The works described are not well-known among Russian scholars, but they collectively constitute an important stage in the development of Russian Orthodoxy and in the dissemination of clearly stated explanations of its teachings and the role of the church in society as a whole. They represent an increased promotion of religious professionalism for the lower clergy and of religious and moral sensitivity on the part of the laity. They are, essentially, highly representative of the era of Enlightenment, trying to shape and mold the religious community into a more sophisticated, knowledgeable, and reflective entity.
Optimum holographic elements recorded with nonspherical wave fronts

The problem of designing a flat, aspheric, holographic optical element that images a finite set of input wave fronts into a finite set of output wave fronts is rigorously analyzed. The optimum phase transfer function of the holographic optical element is analytically determined. The optimum phase transfer function is defined as the one for which the element has minimum mean-squared wave-front error averaged over the set of input wave fronts. It is also shown that in general it may not be possible to obtain a low value for this average mean-squared wave-front error by using a single holographic element. Furthermore, the performance trade-off of spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism versus geometric distortion is clearly indicated by example.
Early social anthropology in South Africa

(1990). Early social anthropology in South Africa. African Studies: Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 15-48.
Assessment of the Impact of Dosing Time on the Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Prednisolone

Prednisolone is widely used for the treatment of inflammation and auto-immune diseases. It exhibits nonlinear pharmacokinetics (PK); and its induced systemic effects (pharmacodynamics (PD)) are commonly evaluated with two biomarkers, cortisol and blood lymphocytes in plasma. Circadian patterns are observed in both biomarkers. Furthermore, the disease itself may show a circadian pattern. For example, in rheumatoid arthritis patients, better therapeutic outcomes have been reported when prednisolone was administered in the very early morning. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of dosing time on the PK/PD of prednisolone with a simulation approach using an interactive algorithm. A series of simulations were performed with either intravenous or oral administration of prednisolone or prednisone. The results showed that the initial or maximum concentration and trough concentration of total prednisolone were lower when the drug was administered in the early morning around 6 am. Oscillation patterns were observed in cumulative cortisol suppression (CCS) and alteration of total lymphocyte trafficking in blood. When the drug was given in the morning within the therapeutic dose range, or around 6 pm for a small dose amount (<1 mg), the minimum CCS and maximum effect on lymphocytes were observed. These results indicated that the PK/PD of prednisolone are time- and dose-dependent, and suggested that it is necessary to consider the application of chronotherapy to achieve better clinical outcomes with fewer side effects of prednisolone, and a PK/PD simulation approach could provide a valuable tool to evaluate and predict time-dependency in the system.
A computational efficient SLAM algorithm based on logarithmic-map partitioning

Simultaneous localization and map building (SLAM) is a fundamental and complex problem in mobile robot research. In SLAM, Kalman-filter-like implementations are widely adopted to localize a mobile robot and build a map simultaneously and incrementally. However, this approach requires extensive computations of order O(N/sup 2/), where N is the total number of landmarks. To make the computations more manageable, we propose a logarithmic map partitioning algorithm that partitions the global map into one local region and several sub-maps. The size of each sub-map is based on its distance from the mobile robot, and in each sub-map, a centroid landmark is selected to represent all the landmarks in the sub-map for SLAM computations. With this logarithmic-map partitioning, it maintains correlation updates with each sub-map and provides an efficient suboptimal solution to the SLAM problem. The number of landmarks reduces from N to a logarithm-based function of N, and the computational requirement reduces from O(N/sup 3/) to O(N/sup 2/), where N/sub L/ is the number of local landmarks. Furthermore, utilizing the compressed extended Kalman filter, the real-time computational complexity reduces to O(N/sub L//sup 2/). Computer simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm is consistent and efficient for a large number of landmarks.
Network Externalities and the Structure of Terror Networks

The authors analyze the optimal network structure of two types of terrorist organizations. In the centralized network, the leadership selects the level of individual effort and the level of group connectivity so as to maximize the expected net welfare of the organization’s membership. Leaders in loosely connected networks will also seek to balance the trade-off between security and communications. However, with decentralized decision making, the individual nodes may not make optimal decisions from the group’s perspective. As a consequence, the decentralized decision-making process is suboptimal from the overall perspective of the network. In particular, the leadership in a centralized network is able to coordinate the activities of all network members and to take advantage of important network externalities.
Tapered, both in dimension and in index, velocity coupler: theory and experiment

The authors consider a tapered velocity coupler (TVC) that meets the adiabatic invariance condition with sufficiently strong coupling between the fundamental modes of individual guides in the middle region of the coupler while permitting individual excitation at the input end and sorting of the modes at the output end. This approach helps reduce the device length considerably by permitting much higher taper angle. A TVC consisting of one tapered and another straight, graded index waveguide is modeled using the normal modes of the entire, composite TVC structure. The analytical results are in excellent agreement with experimental results for a TVC fabricated in Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/. It is shown that the representation of the local normal modes as the superposition of the modes of the uncoupled guides leads to erroneous results. >
Effects of Physical Activity on Diabetes Management and Lowering Risk for Type 2 Diabetes

AbstractPhysical activity is a proven form of diabetes management and is considered a cornerstone in the prevention of diabetes. In children with diabetes, physical activity may improve insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Aerobic-based physical activity lasting 40-60 minutes daily for a minimum of four months is shown to enhance insulin sensitivity, and may reduce the risk for type 2 diabetes. An important adjunct to aerobic-based physical activity for diabetes prevention is resistance training. The American Academy of Pediatrics supports properly supervised strength/resistance training as a safe method for strength development in preadolescent children. Resistance training may increase skeletal muscle mass, therefore increasing whole-body glucose disposal capacity. In addition to immediate health benefits during childhood, increased physical activity in children and adolescents is likely to contribute to the establishment of healthy leisure habits over a lifetime and improved adult...
Predicting the Math/Science Career Goals of Low-Income Prospective First-Generation College Students.

The present study used social cognitive career theory (SCCT; Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994) to predict the math/science goal intentions of a sample of low-income prospective first-generation college students (N = 305). Structural equation modeling was used to test a model depicting relationships between contextual (i.e., social class, learning experiences, proximal supports and barriers) and person-cognitive (i.e., self-efficacy, outcome expectations, interests, goals) variables as hypothesized in SCCT and based on previous literature on low-income first-generation college students. Results indicated that the hypothesized model provided the best representation of the data. All paths in the model were statistically significant, with the exceptions of paths from self-efficacy to goals, outcome expectations to interests, and perceived barriers to self-efficacy. Bootstrapping procedures revealed that the relationships between social class, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations were mediated through learning experiences. Furthermore, the relationship between social supports and goals was mediated by self-efficacy and interests and the relationships between self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and goals were mediated by interests. Contrary to hypotheses, the relationship between barriers and goals was not mediated by self-efficacy and interests. The hypothesis that proximal contextual supports and barriers would moderate the relationship between interests and goals was not supported. The final model explained 66% and 55% of the variance in math/science interests and goals, respectively. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Curriculum Materials in Mathematics Education Reform: A Framework for Examining Teachers' Curriculum Development

AbstractThis paper presents a model of teachers’ construction of mathematics curriculum in the classroom or their curriculum development activities. The model emerged through a qualitative study of two experienced, elementary teachers during their first year of using a commercially published, reform-oriented textbook that had been adopted by their district (Remillard 1996). The aim of the study was to examine teachers’ interactions with a new textbook in order to gain insight into the potential for curriculum materials to contribute to reform in mathematics teaching. The resulting model integrates research on teachers’ use of curriculum materials (cf. Stodolsky 1989) and studies of teachers’ construction of curriculum in their classrooms (cf. Doyle 1993). The model includes three arenas in which teachers engage in curriculum development: design, construction, and curriculum mapping. Each arena defines a particular realm of the curriculum development process about which teachers explicitly or implicitly ma...
Common brachiocephalic trunk: strategies for revascularization.

Abstract Background . A common brachiocephalic trunk, in which both common carotid arteries and the right subclavian artery arise from a single trunk off the arch, is a normal variant of aortic arch branching that occurs in approximately 10% of the population. Because three of the four primary sources of cerebral blood flow arise from a single aortic branch, stenosis or occlusion of a common trunk can cause severe ischemic consequences. Common trunk revascularization has been described, but there have been no reports focusing on the management options for occlusive disease of this vascular anatomy. Methods . A retrospective review of our experience with innominate artery revascularization identified 6 patients who underwent revascularization of a common brachiocephalic trunk between 1977 and 1997. All patients were symptomatic, with either total occlusion (n = 3) or critical stenosis (n = 3) caused by atherosclerosis (n = 5) or Takayasu's arteritis (n = 1). Revascularization was achieved by a prosthetic bypass graft from the ascending aorta to the innominate or left common carotid arteries or both (n = 5); or transarterial endarterectomy (n = 1). Concomitant endarterectomy of branch vessels was performed in 3 patients. Results . There was one perioperative death from myocardial infarction, and one perioperative stroke, with death occurring 1 month after hospital discharge. One patient developed cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome 1 week after endarterectomy that resolved without sequelae with antihypertensive medications. During a follow-up period ranging from 1 to 20 years, there was one late death from congestive heart failure 5 years after operation. All surviving patients are alive and free from symptomatic recurrence. Conclusions . Revascularization for occlusive disease of a common brachiocephalic trunk can be achieved with effective and durable relief of symptoms using either a prosthetic bypass graft or endarterectomy. However, neurologic complications in 2 patients, which were fatal in 1, attest to the potential cerebral ischemic threat posed by occlusive disease of a common brachiocephalic trunk.
Introduction to Thematic Series: Protein Interactions, Structures, and Networks

Protein interactions are fundamental to the proper functioning of cells, and aberrant formation or regulation of protein interactions is at the heart of many diseases, including cancer. The advancement of methods to study the identity, function, and regulation of protein complexes makes possible the understanding of how those complexes malfunction in human diseases. New methodologies in mass spectrometry, microscopy, and protein structural analysis are rapidly advancing the amount and quality of the data, as well as the level of detail that can be obtained from experiments. With this progress, the questions that can be addressed and the biological landscape are changing. This series of minireviews highlights methodological advances and how they have been applied in novel ways to explore the function and regulation of pathways and dynamic networks in cells.
On the near field pressure of a transonic axisymmetric jet

The near field fluctuating pressure of a cold subsonic jet (Mach 0.85) issuing from a contoured convergent nozzle was studied. Conventional time series analysis (i.e., correlation and spectral analysis) as well as a wavelet analysis were used to characterize time-dependent events thereby revealing features consistent with current understandings of jet noise while also uncovering modal features consistent with previous measurements of the jet flow field itself. Specifically, the measurements reveal extensive sources of multiple frequencies in the streamwise direction. The near field information of the present investigation should help to bridge our understanding of the relationship between the velocity field and the far field acoustic emission associated with subsonic jet noise as well as supply a data set that can be used for verification of computational efforts.
The Diurnal Variation of the Wind

The equations of motion are numerically integrated under assumptions which represent the diurnal variation of the wind. The coefficient of eddy viscosity varies periodically with time as well as nonlinearly with height. The time variation is represented by two trigonometric terms giving a 20-fold change between maximum and minimum eddy viscosity. Several different functions were used to depict the vertical variation of the eddy viscosity, among which were an increasing, but bounded, exponential function, and also an exponential function which first increased with height and then decreased to a residual value. The boundary conditions imposed were, firstly, that the wind vanishes (or approaches a constant value) at the lower boundary; and, secondly, that the wind becomes geostrophic at some arbitrarily selected upper level. The solutions were in general agreement with observed data and showed the spiral characteristic of the planetary boundary layer. However, there is disagreement between theory and observation in some important features. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1959.tb00055.x
Legal implications and royalty policies: how should we deal with them?

With today's increasing awareness and use of computers on campus, a number of issues are surfacing that will need addressing. Many are related to operations, maintenance, and software. Beyond these issues, areas that are or will be of particular concern to many universities are policy issues related to copyright and security.
Como Trabajan las Calculadoras

?Que ocurre cuando un estudiante presiona la tecla de la funcion tangente en su calculadora? ?Como hace una calculadora para producir rapidamente los valores de las funciones trigonometricas? Por ejemplo: ?Como hace la TI-89 para calcular tan(1.0)? Es sorprendente saber que la calculadora no utiliza series de Taylor, ni aproximaciones polinomicas, sino que usa un simple algoritmo llamado CORDIC. El metodo de CORDIC es el que la calculadora usa para evaluar la mayoria de las funciones (trigonometricas, logaritmicas, exponenciales, hiperbolicas, funciones inversas, etc.), y aun mas, se usa el mismo metodo para efectuar multiplicaciones y divisiones. En nuestra charla se presentaran las principales ideas del metodo de CORDIC, junto con algunos ejemplos elementales.