cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PHYLOGENIES CONSTRAINED BY THE CROSSOVER PROCESS AS ILLUSTRATED BY HUMAN HEMOGLOBINS AND A THIRTEEN-CYCLE, ELEVEN-AMINO-ACID REPEAT IN HUMAN APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I

Examination of human apolipoprotein A-I revealed a segment of eleven amino acids that repeated itself 13 times in succession without any additional intervening amino acids between the beginning of the repeats (amino acid 93) and their end at the carboxyl terminus of the sequence. The segments are not identical, but the pattern of their physical and chemical properties is highly conserved. The pattern is shown to be suitable to the formation of alpha helices with an amphipathic character consistent with the formation of a micellar structure, a process entirely appropriate to the protein's known function in the blood stream as a lipid carrier. The simplest hypothesis to account for repeated segments is a series of unequal crossovers. But such a series implies that some segments are more closely related to each other than they are to others, that is, they have a "phylogenetic" relationship. It is shown that only a small fraction of all possible phylogenies are consistent with a set of segments arising by simple unequal crossing over. Nevertheless, it is shown that the apolipoprotein A-I segments are readily interpretable as the result of simple unequal crossing over. Moreover, the crossover constraint applies with as much force to segments larger than a gene as to segments within a gene, and this is shown to require that the human gamma ( Gly ) hemoglobin gene lie to the left, rather than to the right, of the other non-alpha human hemoglobin genes, a conclusion for which there is no direct genetic evidence currently available.
DOSAS: Mitigating the Resource Contention in Active Storage Systems

Active storage provides an effective method to mitigate the I/O bottleneck problem of data intensive high performance computing applications. It can reduce the amount of data transferred as the application runs by moving appropriate computations close to the data. Prior research has achieved considerable progress in developing several active storage prototypes. However, existing studies have neglected the impact of resource contention when concurrent processes request IOoperations from the same storage node simultaneously, which happens frequently in practice. In this paper, we analyze the impact of resource contention on active storage systems. Motivated by our analysis, we propose a novel Dynamic Operation Scheduling Active Storage architecture to address the resource contention issue. It offloads the active processing operations dynamically between storage nodes and compute nodes according to the system environment. By evaluating our architecture, we observed that: (1) resource contention is a critical problem for active storage systems, (2) the proposed dynamic operation scheduling method mitigates the problem, and (3) the new active storage architecture outperforms existing active storage systems.
Prolactin and progesterone effect on specific estradiol binding in uterine and mammary tissues invitro

Summary Specific estradiol binding (SEB) in uterine and breast tissues was measured by tissue incorporation of 3 H-estradiol in the presence and in the absence of an estrogen competitor, nafoxidine hydrochloride. SEB in explants from uterus during pregnancy was much lower than that during lactation or from uterus of young rats. The presence of prolactin (5 μg/ml) in organ culture increases SEB capacity in these estrogen target tissues, and progesterone (1 μg/ml) appears to offset this prolactin-induced increase of SEB. These results represent the first in vitro demonstration of prolactin regulation on estradiol binding in estrogen target tissues. The possible mechanisms of interaction among these hormones are discussed.
ERRATUM: NON-RENORMALIZABLE TERMS FROM A SELECTION RULE IN THE THREE GENERATION MODEL

A class of non-renormalizable terms is studied in terms of the selection rule in the three generation model.
Judgment: The Nurse's Key to Knowledge.

Abstract Recently, nursing has turned more of its attention to judgment and has given it a high priority for study. A significant part of that study asks: What is judgment? How is it made? Why is it important? The ancient Greeks discovered reason and then created enduring art that demonstrates it. Three nurses are excerpted from this literature to evoke and explain how judgment is made. Euryclea, Cilissa, and Medea's nurse also illustrate the personal commitment in judgment. Human beings depend on the nurse's judgment. They depend on the nurse as knower. Nurses are obliged to move from doubt and opion towards knowledge and certitude. Judgment is the nurse's key to that knowledge.
Computers in Early Childhood Mathematics

Computers are increasingly a part of the lives of young children. This article reviews empirical studies that have investigated the implementation and use of computers in early childhood mathematics, from birth to grade 3. Major topics include general issues of children using computers, the use and efficacy of various types of computer programs for teaching and learning mathematics, and effective teaching strategies using computers.
News Content and Form Implications for Memory and Audience Evaluations

This experiment examines the effect of tabloid and standard packaging styles on calm and arousing news stories. The goal of this line of research is to investigate the combined influence of form and content on information processing and viewer evaluations of television news. Results indicate that the bells and whistles of tabloid production features enhance memory for calm news items but overburden the information processing system when applied to arousing news content. The evaluative measures produced data that show formal features have an influence on the meaning viewers derive from news content and that they rate news packaged in the tabloid format as less objective and believable than stories without these dramatic features.
The State of the Field of Criminology: Brief Essay

This article suggests that although crime and deviance are subject to the dynamics of global socio-economic-political events, the field of criminology can have a marked, positive impact in this realm. To achieve this end, there is a need to advance interdisciplinary criminology and/or criminal justice education worldwide, to embrace systematic, evidence-based program and policy evaluation, and to become effective political and scientific criminologists. Criminology is not a mature science at this point, and we are not certain how to systematically respond to the crime problem. We lack accurate diagnostic instruments, a definitive body of knowledge, and an understanding of cause and effect, and we do not possess a series of generally consistent treatment modalities. In this context, criminologists are somewhat akin to physicians of the 18th century.
Magnet technology for the Engineering Test Reactor

The TIBER (Tokamak Ignition/Burn Engineering Reactor) II, being pursued as the US option for an international Engineering Test Reactor, is described. The design can accommodate the conservative Kaye-Goldston confinement scaling, double-poloidal divertors for impurity control, steady-state current drive, and nuclear testing. Minimum neutron shielding, compact structures, divertor, and high-current-density magnets all contribute to the compact size. However, the thin neutron shield (less than 50 cm in places) not only increases nuclear heating in the toroidal field coil, but requires increased radiation tolerance of the superconductors and insulators. Nominal parameters for TIBER II are given. >
A high dimensional signal space implementation of FDTS/DF

A procedure for designing FDTS/DF as a high dimensional signal space detector is presented. The procedure is applied to the three dimensional case to illustrate the resulting detector structure. An equalization and code constraint reduce the number of boundaries and eliminate the multipliers from the general case. Simulation results show this new channel outperforms EPRML for user densities of 2.25 and higher.
Alaska ecosystem carbon fluxes estimated from MODIS satellite data inputs from 2000 to 2010

Background Trends in Alaska ecosystem carbon fluxes were predicted from inputs of monthly MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) vegetation index time-series combined with the NASA-CASA (Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach) carbon cycle simulation model over the past decade. CASA simulates monthly net ecosystem production (NEP) as the difference in carbon fluxes between net primary production (NPP) and soil microbial respiration (Rh).
A Macroregional Approach

As I conducted my analyses of the house and community data, I noticed what appeared to be regionally based patterning in the data, in which spatial positioning in regional systems of cores and peripheries seemed related to housing decisions. Specifically, differences often existed between housing traditions in villages involved primarily in agricultural commodity production for local markets in the rural areas of core zones, versus those in transitional and edge zones (peripheries), where activities like long-distance trading expeditions were equally important to household economies. My previous research experience suggested that regional factors could, in fact, have an influence on households and their decisions about housing, but I would require a regionally based method in order to evaluate such a proposal.
Transionospheric Propagation of FM Signals

Communication links to earth satellites are not usually affected adversely by propagating through the ionosphere. However, the nonlinear variation of the refractive index with frequency causes a dispersion which can result in significant signal distortion under certain circumstances. Such a case occurs, for example, when a wide-band frequency-modulated (FM) signal propagating at the lower carrier frequencies traverses a low-elevation path through a disturbed ionosphere. Expansions are now available for the spectrum of the output phase of an angle-modulated signal which has been passed through a generalized linear filter. The ionosphere is modeled as such a filter in this study and the spectrum of the demodulated signal is determined. From this, formulas are obtained for the output signal-to-distortion and signal-to-crosstalk ratios. The spectral results are presented graphically for FM with a uniform baseband, and two cases of current interest are examined numerically
Evaluating the costs of a sexually selected weapon: big horns at a small price

A major assumption of sexual selection theory is that ornaments and weapons are costly. Such costs should maintain the reliability of ornaments and weapons as indicators of male quality, and therefore explain why choosy females and rival males pay attention to these traits. However, honest signalling may not depend on costs if the penalty for cheating is sufficiently high, a situation that is likely to be true for most weapons because they are frequently tested during combat. We examined and summarized the costs of producing and carrying giant horns in the rhinoceros beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus. Remarkably, we found no evidence for fitness costs. Previously we found that horns do not impair flight performance, and here we found that horns did not stunt the growth of other body structures or weaken the beetles' immune response. Finally, and most importantly, horns did not reduce male survival in the field. Collectively, our results provide strong evidence that the exaggerated horns of T. dichotomus are surprisingly inexpensive. We discuss why weapons may be inherently less costly than ornaments, and suggest that the lack of fitness costs offers a simple, yet unexpected, explanation for why rhinoceros beetle horns are both elaborate and diverse.
D-Q current signature based single winding open fault detection for SM-PMAC machine drives

Surface Mount Permanent Magnet AC (SM-PMAC) machines are widely utilized in various applications due to their unique advantages. Transportation industry (automotive and aviation ) is one of the major industries gaining interest in applications with PMAC machines due to increasing demand in fuel economy. Fault detection capability provides an additional level of reliability in all applications involving electric machines and, more specifically applications involving safety of consumers, operators or passengers. Open phase fault is one type of fault that could occur in a PMAC machine drive. A novel method of open single phase detection is proposed to overcome drawbacks in existing open single phase detection algorithms. The proposed method is based on the quadrature and direct axis current (lqsr & Idsr) behavior during the fault. Further, a simpler open phase/open winding fault simulation technique is presented for a SM-PMSM machine. Performance of fault detection scheme was verified through actual implementation on motor generator setup with Hardware-In-Loop (HIL) test capability.
Historical Species Distribution Models Predict Species Limits in Western Plethodon Salamanders

Allopatry is commonly used to predict boundaries in species delimitation investigations under the assumption that currently allopatric distributions are indicative of reproductive isolation; however, species ranges are known to change over time. Incorporating a temporal perspective of geographic distributions should improve species delimitation; to explore this, we investigate three species of western Plethodon salamanders that have shifted their ranges since the end of the Pleistocene. We generate species distribution models (SDM) of the current range, hindcast these models onto a climatic model 21 Ka, and use three molecular approaches to delimit species in an integrated fashion. In contrast to expectations based on the current distribution, we detect no independent lineages in species with allopatric and patchy distributions (Plethodon vandykei and Plethodon larselli). The SDMs indicate that probable habitat is more expansive than their current range, especially during the last glacial maximum (LGM) (21 Ka). However, with a contiguous distribution, two independent lineages were detected in Plethodon idahoensis, possibly due to isolation in multiple glacial refugia. Results indicate that historical SDMs are a better predictor of species boundaries than current distributions, and strongly imply that researchers should incorporate SDM and hindcasting into their investigations and the development of species hypotheses.
Probabilistic retrieval: new insights and experimental results

We present new insights on the relations between a recently introduced probabilistic formulation of the content-based retrieval problem and standard solutions. New experimental results are presented, providing evidence that probabilistic retrieval has superior performance. Finally, a unified representation for texture and color is introduced.
A multi-barrier osmotic dilution process for simultaneous desalination and purification of impaired water

Osmotically driven membrane processes use chemical potential difference between two aqueous solutions as a driving force for separation and concentration of feed streams or for recovery of energy. Forward osmosis was extensively studied in recent years and demonstrated that it can be successfully utilized in many applications of water treatment. In a new approach, the salinity difference between seawater and impaired water, such as reclaimed water, is used as a driving force for osmotic dilution of seawater before desalination. The osmotic dilution approach may provide at least four major benefits related to water and energy resources. These include lower energy desalination of seawater, multi-barrier protection of drinking water, reduction in reverse osmosis membrane fouling due to impurities in impaired water, and beneficial reuse of impaired water. The osmotic dilution process was investigated on both bench- and pilot-scales. Both secondary and tertiary treated effluents from a domestic wastewater treatment plant and impaired surface water were used as feed water to the process. Flux decline was minimal and under specific flow condition it was observed that membrane fouling was negligible. Additionally, the multiple membrane barriers provided high rejection of both organic and inorganic solutes and of trace organic chemicals.
Linear scleroderma and melorheostosis.

Melorheostosis is an uncommon sclerosing bone dysplasia, which has been associated with other mesenchymal abnormalities. We present a patient with linear scleroderma who has radiographic and scintigraphic confirmation of melorheostosis. Bone scintigraphy in a patient with linear scleroderma and melorheostosis has not, to the best of our knowledge, been previously described. A 65-year-old woman was admitted for treatment of bilateral plantar fasciitis. Diagnosis of melorheostosis and linear scleroderma of the left leg was made in 1945 when the patient was 23 years of age. The disease process had reportedly been present since child-hood. Owing to pain and limitation of movement in the left leg, she underwent a fasciotomy in the 1950s. Associated abnormalities include oesophageal dysmotility and Raynaud's phenomenon, for which she underwent a lumbar sympathectomy in 1953. Examination of the left leg revealed skin thickening on the medial aspect from the knee to the lower leg. Multiple scars were present, sec...
A Comparative Analysis Of C# And Java As An Introductory Programming Language For Information Systems Students

Since the introduction of the C# programming language by Microsoft, the decision to teach C# or Java or both as the introductory language for Information Systems (IS) majors has always been, and continues to be an ongoing predicament. The purpose of this paper is to submit analyses based on a comparison on which language is better as the primary language taught as an introductory language for IS majors. In this paper we intend to show an answer to the question: “C# or Java, that is the question!” Each language has pros and cons for use in an introductory programming language course; however we make a suggestion as to which is the most optimal choice.
A Milestone-Based Evaluation System-The Cure for Grade Inflation?

Purpose Controversy exists over the optimal use of the Milestones in the process of resident evaluation and feedback. We sought to evaluate the performance of a Milestones-based feedback system in comparison to a traditional model. Methods The traditional evaluation system (TES) consisted of a generic 16-item survey using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5, and a free-text comments section. The Milestones-based evaluation system (MBES) was launched in July 2014, ranging from 0 to 4. Individual milestones were mapped to rotations based on resident educational goals by postgraduate year (PGY). The MBES consisted of a survey with a maximum of 7 items, followed by a free-text comment section. Within each evaluation system, an overall composite score was calculated for each categorical general surgical resident. To scale the 2 systems for comparison, TES scores were adjusted downward by 1 point. Descriptive statistics were performed. Univariate analysis was performed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. A test for trend across PGY was used for the MBES only. Results In the traditional system, the median score was 3.66 (range: 3.2-4.0). There was no meaningful difference in the median score by PGY. In the new system, the median score was 2.69 (range: 1.5-3.7, p Conclusions On using the milestones to facilitate faculty evaluation of resident knowledge and skill, there was a trend in increasing score by PGY of training. In the MBES, scores could be used to better discriminate resident skill and knowledge levels and resulted in improved differentiation in scoring by PGY. The use of the milestones as a basis for evaluation enabled the program to provide more meaningful feedback to residents and represents an improvement in surgical education.
RUNUP RECIPE FOR PERIODIC WAVES ON UNIFORMLY SLOPING BEACHES

The shoaling enhancement of small-amplitude, dispersive wave trains traveling over uniform, impermeable slopes was observed in a specially-constructed wave channel, where the reproducible wave elevation measurement accuracy was about .0005-in. These observations substantially support the enhancement predicted from linear theory (conservation of energy flux) except in very shallow water and on very steep slopes, where accelerative effects become important. On the hypothesis that small-amplitude runup theory might be similarly valid for periodic waves of finite height, provided that the positive incident wave amplitude Is replaced by the local crest height above still water, this theory was modified to include the effect of the superelevation under a wave crest due to profile asymmetry. The modified theory is shown to agree acceptably with runup observations of larger waves previously reported - both for breaking and non-breaking waves. Because solutions to the modified theory cannot conveniently be obtained by manual calculation, a nomograph chart is included, from which runup predictions can be easily made, given only the wave height, period, and water depth a wavelength or so from shore, and the beach slope.
Seasonality and the Behavior of the African Yellow-Winged Bat

The African yellow-winged bat ( Lavia frons ) was observed in Kenya, East Africa, through one wet and one dry season (December 1982 to July 1983). This opportunistic, sit-and-wait predator typically forages from the crowns of Acacia tortilis and captures insects through a broad range of elevations by brief, precise interceptions. Lavia is monogamous. Members of a pair roost together in a territory defended by the male, forage either separately or together, and share the territory for some 3 months with the single young. Acacia tortilis responds to erratic dry-season rains by flowering and growing new leaves; attending brief bursts of insect abundance may be of crucial importance to Lavia during dry-season energy bottlenecks. Many of the most distinctive aspects of the life history of Lavia —monogamy, territoriality, the division of labor, opportunistic foraging, a long mother-young association, and a close association between Lavia and A. tortilis —probably are adaptations to recurring periods of energy stress.
Open-source Forward Error Correction using GNU Radio

The purpose of this paper is to announce gr-fec, a new package for GNU Radio that allows for forward error correction (FEC) protocol implementation and performance evaluation. The intent of the gr-fec framework is to be flexible enough to allow for various FEC methods to be implemented in a general, consistent way. To demonstrate this, we describe the variety of coders that are currently available in gr-fec: repetition, convolutional, and low density parity check (LDPC) codes. The FEC API is described to illustrate that it should be straightforward to add other FEC coders to this package as well. Thus, gr-fec allows for performance comparisons of new FEC algorithms against existing methods. Also, system designers will benefit from studying how well various FEC methods perform in response to the effects of different channel models and conditions as well as impairments inherent in hardware systems. We conclude with simulation results that highlight the features of the gr-fec package.
Mental Work: Certain of Its Characteristics

1 This investigation was made under the direction of Dr. Thomas R. Garth, Professor of Psychology at the University of Denver, as a Master's thesis.
Helping My Little Brothers and Sisters

In lieu of an abstract, below is the essay's first paragraph. When I think about my trips to El Salvador, I think of peace and joy. I also think of peace and joy when I think about Christmas break and summer. In the blur of a school day, it can be so hard to find these things—why? How is it that we can accomplish so much in one day, from 8am until midnight, but still feel as though we’ve missed out on something bigger, something better? My argument is this: I think we were created to experience life to the full. I think we were made to feel joy and peace and sorrow and love in their fullest forms. I think that we came from something big before we got here, and that we’re going somewhere big when we leave here, and so, I think God created us to be something. When I experienced El Salvador, I didn’t just think these things anymore—I knew. This the world seen through the lens of faith is available in Verbum: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/verbum/vol13/iss1/2 Helping My Little Brothers and Sisters
4 Disturbance in Natural Ecosystems: Scaling from Fungal Diversity to Ecosystem Functioning

The unique structure and physiology of fungi make them sensitive and resilient in the face of natural disturbance. The impact of disturbance on a fungal community depends on the disturbance type, scale, and frequency. As fungi play key roles in nutrient turnover and plant nutrition, disturbances alter the fungal community feedback to impact ecosystem dynamics through changes to nutrient cycling and alterations to plant diversity. In general, small-scale disturbances increase heterogeneity in pattern and process across landscapes with great potential to increase diversity, while catastrophic disturbances decrease diversity. As communities reestablish on devastated sites, similarity to pre-disturbance fungal communities depends on the availability of propagules or transport from adjacent sources. The type of fungal community that reestablishes on a given site can alter and is further altered by the reestablishing plant community structure and nutrient dynamics across the landscape. We suggest ultimately that understanding the roles of disturbances in structuring fungal communities and the feedbacks from fungal communities to ecosystem functioning are crucial to understanding ecosystems and the impacts of larger global scale anthropogenic disturbances on natural systems.
Modelling of Crystallization of Solid Oral Drug Forms in a Dropwise Additive Manufacturing System

Abstract Melt-based solid oral drug forms are produced using a dropwise additive manufacturing process for pharmaceuticals. A model based on non-isothermal Avrami kinetic equation is developed to model the solidification and crystallization processes of the drug deposits under different cooling profiles using temperature dependent crystallization kinetics. Using the proposed model, the temperature profiles leading to the desired solid-state parameters such as the minimum mean size are determined.
‘A Radical causation’: Coleridge's Lyrics and Collective Guilt

This paper argues that the early lyrics of Samuel Taylor Coleridge explore the ethical work of collective guilt, a feeling with enormous Romantic and contemporary significance. Coleridge's lyrics formally model collective guilt while making a cautious case for its social value. By reading ‘Fears in Solitude’ and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner through recent work in social psychology and the philosophy of ethics, I show how Coleridge creates causalities of feeling, affirming meaningful relationships of responsibility that go beyond personal guilt. I conclude that Romantic lyric offers an ideal form not only for illustrating how collective guilt works as a ‘structure of feeling’, but also for examining the emotion's potential to create positive social change.
Lights, Camera, Action: The Images of Foster Care in the Movies

Movies often reflect public perceptions. The portrayal of foster care in movies provides insight regarding beliefs and attitudes children, parents, and others bring with them as they interact with ...
The Basic Structure as Subject

An essential feature of the contractarian conception of justice is that the basic structure of society is the first subject of justice. The contract view begins by trying to work out a theory of justice for this special but plainly very important case; and the conception of justice that results has a certain regulative primacy with respect to the principles and standards appropriate for other cases. The basic structure is understood as the way in which the major social institutions fit together into one system, and how they assign fundamental rights and duties and shape the division of advantages that arises through social cooperation. Thus the political constitution, the legally recognized forms of property, and the organization of the economy, and the nature of the family, all belong to the basic structure. The initial objective of the theory is to find a conception, the first principles of which provide reasonable guidelines for the classical and familiar questions of social justice in connection with this complex of institutions. These questions define the data, so to speak, for which the theory seeks an account. There is no attempt to formulate first principles that apply equally to all subjects. Rather, on this view, a theory must develop principles for the relevant subjects step by step in some appropriate sequence.
The Role of the Water Vapor Feedback in the ITCZ Response to Hemispherically Asymmetric Forcings

AbstractIn comprehensive and idealized general circulation models, hemispherically asymmetric forcings lead to shifts in the latitude of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Prior studies using comprehensive GCMs (with complicated parameterizations of radiation, clouds, and convection) suggest that the water vapor feedback tends to amplify the movement of the ITCZ in response to a given hemispherically asymmetric forcing, but this effect has yet to be elucidated in isolation. This study uses an idealized moist model, coupled to a full radiative transfer code, but without clouds, to examine the role of the water vapor feedback in a targeted manner.In experiments with interactive water vapor and radiation, the ITCZ latitude shifts roughly twice as much off the equator as in cases with the water vapor field seen by the radiation code prescribed to a static hemisperically symmetric control distribution. Using energy flux equator theory for the latitude of the ITCZ, the amplification of the ITCZ shift is...
Symmetry Properties of Finite Total Mass Solutions of Matukuma Equation

Let us consider the following problem in ℝn (n ≥ 3) and because of its invariance under orthonormal transformation, a natural question about the properties of solutions of (1) arises: (Q) Is a solution of (1) radially symmetric?
Trust and Organizational Culture in Higher Education

Organizational culture is a topic that has become embedded in research pertaining to organizations in general and tertiary institutions in particular. Culture pertains to the norms, values and ideologies that are created, shaped, and sustained in an organization. Rather than a search for universal underlying structures or meanings that pervade all organizations, the focus is on the study of individual organizational cultures as unique and autonomous systems of meaning. Although the very notion of “organization” assumes an entity that has boundaries, students of organizational culture pay particular attention to the interactions individuals have with each other in the organization and how those boundaries are drawn and redefined.The components of an organization’s culture have been delineated (Tierney, 1988; Valimaa, 1998), but one area that has been overlooked pertains to the idea of trust. In what follows, I briefly summarize how organizational culture has been defined, and then turn to a discussion of trust. I consider how trust typically has been cast as a rational choice amongst actors in an organization and contrast that with a cultural view of trust. My purpose here is to suggest that trust is a cultural construct that plays a critical role in enabling or stymieing an innovative role in tertiary institutions.
Immunologic effects of nickel: II. Suppression of natural killer cell activity

A single intramuscular injection of nickel chloride (18.3 mg/kg) caused a significant reduction in murine splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity. This reduction in NK activity was not associated with a significant reduction in spleen cellularity nor in the production of suppressor cells. In a 4-hr 51Cr-release assay, NK cell activity was suppressed in both CBA/J and C57BL/6J mice. Administration of the nickel dose (i.e., 18.3 mg/kg total) over a 2-week period also caused a significant reduction in NK cell activity. In an in vivo NK assay, the clearance of [125I]iododeoxyuridine-labeled YAC-1 tumor cells from the lungs of nickel-treated mice was significantly reduced compared with saline injected controls. Another in vivo correlate of nickel-induced NK suppression was observed in mice injected with the B16-F10 melanoma. Mice given a single intramuscular injection of NiCl2 (18.3 mg/kg) developed significantly greater numbers of lung tumors than saline controls. The results indicate that NiCl2 is a potent suppressor of NK cell activity.
IMPERFECT PRICE ADJUSTMENT, CONTROLLED PRICE AND MULTIMARKET RATIONING MODELS: THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATION TO THE MODELLING OF TRADE IN KING AND TANNER CRAB PRODUCTS

Abstract The market equilibrium assumption of the more standard econometric approaches to agricultural trade modelling is called in to question as it applies to trade in seafood products. As an alternative, the extensive theoretical literature on disequilibrium is reviewed with emphasis on identification of the sources of disequilibrium and microeconomic application. Several models are specified for empirical use in modelling international trade in king and tanner crab products.
REHABILITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR AN UNCOMMON INJURY OF THE KNEE: A CASE REPORT.

Background and Purpose Chronic instability of the proximal tibiofibular joint (PTFJ) is an uncommon condition that accounts for <1% of knee injuries. The mechanism of injury is a high-velocity twisting motion on a flexed knee. Surgical management is controversial due to complications; however, surgeons are now utilizing ligament reconstruction to restore stability. There is a paucity of information in the literature regarding postoperative care and rehabilitation after PTFJ reconstruction. The purpose of this case report is to describe the post-surgical rehabilitation for an adolescent athlete following PTFJ ligament reconstruction using a modified anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL) post-operative rehabilitation protocol. Case Description A 15-year-old female soccer player reported left ankle and knee pain for one year after a contact injury and landing on a hyperflexed knee during a soccer game. The surgeon diagnosed the subject with chronic PTFJ instability and performed reconstruction using an allograft ligament and calcium phosphate bone graft. The subject presented to physical therapy three weeks post-operatively with complete resolution of ankle pain and mild knee pain. The subject's goal was to return to golf as she reported apprehension with a potential return to soccer. After consulting with the surgeon and because the subject was only allowed to advance weight bearing status by 20 pounds each week (to protect the graft site), the treating therapists progressed the subject using a modified ACL protocol as there is no documented post-operative rehabilitation protocol to treat patients after a PTFJ reconstruction. Outcomes Outcome measures for this subject included the patient specific functional scale (PSFS), verbal numeric pain rating scale and ability to participate in golf. The initial PSFS score was 4/30 (activities included walking, jogging and golf) and the subject's reported pain level was 3/10. Three months after surgery the subject demonstrated significant improvement to 30/30 on the PSFS, 0/10 pain, and had progressed to participation in both golf and jogging. Discussion The modified ACL protocol was effective in safely rehabilitating this adolescent athlete following a PTFJ reconstruction. This subject demonstrated some yellow flags which may have slowed her rehabilitation progression. Use of a modified ACL reconstruction protocol served as a guideline for the rehabilitation of this rare condition. Additional research is necessary to establish evidence-based guidelines for treatment of PTFJ reconstruction. Level of Evidence Level 4.
Three-Dimensional Heterogeneous Structure Formation on a Supported Lipid Bilayer Disclosed by Single-Particle Tracking

Three-dimensional (3D) single-particle tracking was employed to study the lipid membrane morphology change at different pHs on glass supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) [1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-l-serine (sodium salt)/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 5:3:2]. Fluorescently tagged, carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles (of 100 nm) were used as the probes. At neutral pHs, the particles’ diffusion was close to two-dimensional Brownian motion, indicating a mainly planar structure of the SLBs. When the environmental pH was tuned to be basic at 10.0, transiently confined diffusions within small areas were frequently observed. These confinements had a lateral dimension of 100–200 nm. Most interestingly, they showed 3D bulged structures protruding from the planar lipid bilayer. The particles were trapped by these 3D structures for a short period of time (∼0.75 s), with an estimated escape activation energy of ∼4.2 kBT. Nonuniform distribution of pH-sens...
Biodegradable nano carbon-based smart filters for efficient remediation of pharmaceutical contaminants

Emerging chemical contaminants such as pharmaceutical residues in water resources continue to threaten the homeostasis of our ecosystem. We have developed a ‘smart-filter’ comprising tunable, biodegradable, and commercially amenable pharmaceutical-nano-carbon-scavengers (PNCSs) to efficiently and safely remediate pharmaceutical residues. The PNCS particles successfully removed 63.5 ± 0.4% of carbamazepine, 99.76 ± 0.01% of gemfibrozil and >99.9% of triclocarban from a mixture containing 0.2 μg L−1 of each by merely using 0.5 mg mL−1 of PNCS, thus out-performing commonly used scavengers.
Presentation and management of traumatic occipital spur fracture

Occipital spur is an abnormal bony outgrowth of the external occipital protuberance (EOP). We describe an interesting and previously unreported case of fracture of an occipital spur following trauma. Our 20-year-old male patient was treated in the emergency department (ED) and discharged home without complication. Neurosurgical consultation was obtained but is not requisite for these injuries. Greater awareness of this unique presentation may help to expedite future emergency department treatment.
From Pots to Pan Pipes: Specimen Exchanges between Paul S. Martin and Harold Gladwin

Specimen exchange saw widespread use in the nineteenth through mid-twentieth centuries among museum-based anthropologists as a means of collections growth and refinement. This paper examines organizational aspects of specimen exchange at the Field Museum, and presents a case study of exchanges between anthropology curator Paul Martin and Harold Gladwin of Gila Pueblo. The Field Museum’s specimen exchange policies and procedures establish norms of the practice. I use this case to demonstrates how individuals with cultural knowledge and capital are able to achieve desired outcomes for their exchange partners within bureaucratic organizations. Attention to specimen exchange contributes to the greater literature on the value of collections and deaccessioning, as this practice is essentially the movement of collection objects out of museums.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism

In the 1960s, a group of enzymes were discovered in bacteria that could degrade incoming bacteriophage DNA and would ‘restrict’ their establishment in the cell [2,6]. These enzymes, known as restriction enzymes [19], have proved very valuable in modern manipulations of DNA. The first enzymes described (type I) require various cofactors and lack sequence specificity for their sites of cleavage. However, a second class (type II) were discovered that require only Mg2+ asa cofactor and have the distinct advantage that they recognize and cleave very specific sequences. Type II restriction enzymes are therefore capable of reducing complex DNA, such as plant nuclear DNA, into a population of fragments with discrete sizes. At least 475 restriction endonucleases have been described to date [24].
Redox kinetics of nickel oxide foils: Structural evolution and rate-limiting steps

Abstract We examine the redox activity of nickel/nickel oxide foils. Thin nickel foils (2.5 µm, 10 µm, and 100 µm) were subjected to redox conditions in a fixed-bed reactor within 800–1000 °C, and samples were examined using SEM at different stages of conversion. We identify some key features or the process that are used to guide model development: (1) Oxidation starts with the nucleation of oxide grains, followed by their rapid growth leading to overlap and the attenuation of fast diffusion pathways. (2) Reduction is impacted by the evolution of macro-pores which facilitate gas-oxide contact, and dense metallic clusters that shield the reactants. (3) The transitions between stages during conversion and the characteristics of grains, pores and clusters depend on the sample thickness. Guided by these observations, analytical models are formulated. Oxidation is modeled as a nucleation nucleation-growth process while reduction is characterized by an adsorption-surface reaction process. We extract the corresponding reaction parameters by training the model using the measurements and show that the model formulation captures the controlling mechanisms of the conversion. The oxidation rate is controlled by the rapid decay of oxygen transport across the products layer, and the dependency of the oxides grain structure on the sample thickness contributes to the rate of decay. The reduction rate is largely controlled by the accessibility of lattice oxygen to surface kinetics, and mostly by slow ionic diffusion. While using different foil thicknesses is useful in extracting the kinetics, if used in rapid redox processes applicable to chemical-looping applications, oxygen carriers (foils or other forms) with characteristic active metal thickness of ∼1 µm are recommended.
In-situ characterization of multi-phase flows in a dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger using optical techniques in the visible spectrum

Dynamic Scraped Surface Heat Exchangers (DSSHE) are widely used in chemical, pharmaceutical and food industries to homogenize solutions containing multiple substances in a pressurized and temperature monitored environment. This research is focused on the utilization of spectroscopy measurements in the visible spectrum to study the material phase transition characteristics in turbulent flows produced in a DSSHE to obtain information about the rate of crystallization, the freezing process, and the material phase transition, which are characteristics of rotating turbulent flows. Optical absorbance of chemical solutions containing high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and CO2 are measured in the visible range to characterize the material phase transition process at controlled pressure and temperature conditions. The results show substantial sensitivities to the physical and chemical difference of the components as well as their solubility as function of temperature and pressure. The ability to measure physical and optical properties of mixtures using spectroscopy is valuable because of the complex nature of heat exchanging in a scraped surface heat exchange and the ability to capture material phase transition details in turbulent flows. The objective of this work is to further explore optical techniques for quality control and regulation of chemical processes.
Towards Automated Hypothesis Testing in Neuroscience

Scientific data generation in the world is continuous. However, scientific studies once published do not take advantage of new data. In order to leverage this incoming flow of data, we present Neuro-DISK, an end-to-end framework to continuously process neuroscience data and update the assessment of a given hypothesis as new data become available. Our scope is within the ENIGMA consortium, a large international collaboration for neuro-imaging and genetics whose goal is to understand brain structure and function. Neuro-DISK includes an ontology and framework to organize datasets, cohorts, researchers, tools, working groups and organizations participating in multi-site studies, such as those of ENIGMA, and an automated discovery framework to continuously test hypotheses through the execution of scientific workflows. We illustrate the usefulness of our approach with an implemented example.
Measurement Properties of the MPAI-4 in Veterans With mTBI

Abstract Objectives To determine whether the measurement properties of the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory Version 4 (MPAI-4) and its participation index (M2PI), which have been adopted as 2 outcome measures in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) National Polytrauma Rehabilitation Systems of Care, are adequate in veterans with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Design Cross-sectional. Setting Outpatient rehabilitation. Participants Postdeployment veterans with blast-related mTBI (N=177). Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory Version 4 (MPAI-4) and Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ). Results The unidimensional factor structure of the MPAI-4 total and 3 index scores (abilities, adjustment, participation) were confirmed. Eight of the 30 items were removed for violating monotonicity (6 items) and exceeding Rasch infit (2 items). The rating scale was collapsed from 5 to 3 ratings because of structure issues. The remaining 22 MPAI-4 items demonstrated excellent item/person reliability (0.98/0.91) and separated person ability into 4 strata. Two of the MPAI-4 index scores (abilities and adjustment) had good measurement properties. The third index, M2PI, retained only 3 items that had adequate person reliability (0.75) but separated person ability into only 2 strata. A significant but fair association with the CIQ was demonstrated with the modified MPAI-4. Conclusions The MPAI-4 has been validated in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury but required modification when used in active military personnel with mTBI. We also identified the need for modification of the MPAI-4 to support adequate psychometrics when measuring outcomes in veterans with mTBI. Additional validation of the M2PI is needed in veterans and active military personnel with mTBI, to determine whether the M2PI should continue to be used as an outcome measure in the VHA polytrauma rehabilitation systems.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Alginate Benefits Staphylococcus aureus

In this issue of Journal of Bacteriology, Price et al. show that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa-produced exopolysaccharide alginate protects Staphylococcus aureus by dampening the expression of P. aeruginosa virulence products that usually inhibit S. aureus respiration and cell membrane integrity when the two organisms compete in other environments (C. E. Price, D. G. Brown, D. H. Limoli, V. V. Phelan, and G. A. O'Toole, J Bacteriol 202:e00559-19, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00559-19). This is the first report that exogenously added alginate affects P. aeruginosa competition and provides a partial explanation for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa coinfections in cystic fibrosis.
On verification of the new criterion of adiabaticity by numerical simulation of acoustic propagation through the polar front

To assess the adiabaticity of acoustic propagation in the ocean is very important for acoustic field calculation (forward problem) and tomographic retrieving (inverse problem). A new criterion of adiabaticity is proposed recently (Shang et al., 2001). In this paper, numerical simulation has been conducted for acoustic propagation through the Polar Front to verify the new criterion. Numerical results on the f (frequency)-m (mode number) plan demonstrate that the new criterion works very well for this extremely non-gradual ocean structure.