cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Commoditization in Global ICT Industries: A Political Economy Explanation of the Rise of Apple, Google, and Industry Disruptors

The global Information and Communications Technologies industry has experienced a rapid, radical reorganization of industry leaders and business models—most recently in mobile. New players Apple and Google abruptly redefined the industry, bringing a wave of commoditization to carriers and equipment manufacturers. Technologies, corporate strategies, and industry structures are usually the first places to look when explaining these industry disruptions, but this paper argues that it was actually a set of political bargains during initial phases of telecommunications liberalization, which differed across countries, that set the trajectories of development in motion. This paper shows how different sets of winners and losers of domestic and regional commoditization battles emerged in various ICT industries around the world. Carriers won in Japan, equipment manufacturers in Europe, and eventually, computer services industry actors rather than communications firms emerged as winners in the US. These differences in industry winner outcomes was shaped by the relative political strength of incumbent communications monopolies and their will to remain industry leaders, given the political system and political dynamics they faced during initial liberalization. The US computer services industry, which developed independently of its telecommunications sector due to antitrust and government policy, eventually commoditized all others, both domestically and abroad. This paper contends that a political economy approach, tracing how politics and regulatory processes shaped industry structures, allows for a better understanding of the underlying path dependent processes that shape rapidly changing global technological and industry outcomes, with implications beyond ICT.
Rationing, defective inputs and Bayesian updates under central planning

The enterprise manager anticipates that he will be rationed in his input markets and is required to meet an output target. In order to avoid a penalty for missing the output target, he can purchase the inputs at an earlier time, when rationing is not in effect, but then he must incur an inventory cost. The inputs themselves are defective with a known mean rate but unknown variability; the manager has a prior density over this parameter. He can solve the relevant expected-cost minimisation problem in three ways: (a) by simultaneously determining the optimal amounts to be ordered on the two dates, (b) by dynamic programming, and (c) by dynamic programming combined with Bayesian learning. The paper investigates the properties of the optimal solution under the three scenarios with respect to variations in the defective rate, the level of uncertainty and the relative costs of inventories and of missing the target.
First fatty acylated dipeptides to affect muscarinic receptor ligand binding.

Abstract Fatty acylated dipeptides homologous to G i α N-termini affect ligand binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Myristylglycine-serine containing dipeptides decrease antagonist binding at both M 1 and M 2 muscarinic receptors. Palmitate on the serine analogous to native palmitoylated cysteine affords dipeptide which selectively decreases the number of high affinity agonist binding sites at M 2 but not M 1 receptor.
Directional Laser Generation and Detection of Ultrasound with Arrays of Optical Fibers

The generation and detection of ultrasound with laser beams has become a viable technique in nondestructive testing of materials [1,2]. The main advantage of the technique is its intrinsic non-contact nature. Its main limitation seems to be its fairly low efficiency as compared with that of other standard NDE techniques. An interesting recent development [3–5] consists in using optical fibers to guide the laser light and illuminate the sample under investigation in virtually any desired source configuration. Another inherent advantage of the use of optical fibers is that the optical bench is completely decoupled from the sample under investigation, thus rendering the technique practical for in-situ measurements. The objective of the present study is (1) to present some preliminary experimental results complementary of those of Vogel [4] on the generation of ultrasound with an array of optical fibers; (2) to discuss the possibility of generating directional surface waves in a very narrow frequency band, thus increasing the signal-to-noise ratio; and (3), to discuss the feasibility of the directional detection of ultrasound by using an array of optical fibers as a receiver, also with the goal of increasing the signal-to-noise ratio.
Delving Deeper into the Tumultuous Lives of Galactic Dwarfs: Modeling Star Formation Histories

The paucity of observed dwarf galaxies in the Local Group relative to the abundance of predicted dark matter halos remains one of the greatest puzzles of the ΛCDM paradigm. Solving this puzzle now requires not only matching the numbers of objects but also understanding the details of their star formation histories. We present a summary of such histories derived from the HST data using the color-magnitude diagram fitting method. To reduce observational uncertainties, we condense the data into five cumulative parameters: the fractions of stellar mass formed in the last 1, 2, 5, and 10 Gyr, and the mean stellar age. We interpret the new data with a phenomenological model based on the mass assembly histories of dark matter halos and the Schmidt law of star formation. The model correctly predicts the radial distribution of the dwarfs and the fractions of stars formed in the last 5 and 10 Gyr. However, in order to be consistent with the observations, the model requires a significant amount of recent star formation in the last 2 Gyr. Within the framework of our model, this prolonged star formation can be achieved by adding a stochastic variation in the density threshold of the star formation law. The model results are not sensitive to late gas accretion, the slope of the Schmidt law, or the details of cosmic reionization. A few discrepancies still remain: our model typically predicts too large stellar masses, only a modest population of ultrafaint dwarfs, and a small number of dwarfs with anomalously young stellar populations. Nevertheless, the observed star formation histories of Local Group dwarfs are generally consistent the expected star formation in cold dark matter halos.
Multiple-Circuit Pulse Generator for High-Repetition-Rate Rare Gas Halide Lasers

A multiple‐circuit high pulse repetition frequency (PRF) pulse generator for the pumping of rare gas halide lasers is reported. With this multiple‐circuit design, high PRF can be achieved by the use of existing low PRF thyratron switches and capacitors. A two‐circuit pulse generator was constructed, and its performance is described. By means of this pulse generator and a blowdown‐type fast transverse‐flow system, high PRF laser action in XeF was obtained, typically, 6 mJ/pulse at 1 kHz or 6 W average power. High PRF laser action in N2 was also observed.
9286 Stars: An Agglomeration of Stellar Polarization Catalogs

We present an agglomeration of stellar polarization catalogs with results for 9286 stars. We have endeavored to eliminate errors, provide accurate (approximately arcsecond) positions, weight multiple observations of the same star sensibly, and provide reasonable distances. The catalog is available by anonymous ftp from the author.
Double Quasars: Probes of Black Hole Scaling Relationships and Merger Scenarios

We analyze the available sample of double quasars, and investigate their physical properties. Our sample comprises 85 pairs, selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We derive physical parameters for the engine and the host, and model the dynamical evolution of the pair. First, we compare different scaling relationships between massive black holes and their hosts (bulge mass, velocity dispersion, and their possible redshift dependences), and discuss their consistency. We then compute dynamical friction timescales for the double quasar systems to investigate their frequency and their agreement with the merger driven scenario for quasar triggering. In optical surveys, such as the SDSS, N double,qso/N qso 0.1%. Comparing typical merging timescales to expected quasar lifetimes, the fraction of double quasars should be roughly a factor of 10 larger than observed. Additionally, we find that, depending on the correlations between black holes and their hosts, the occurrence of double quasars could be redshift dependent. Comparison of our models to the SDSS quasar catalog suggests that double quasars should be more common at high redshift. We compare the typical separations at which double quasars are observed to the predictions of merger simulations. We find that the distribution of physical separations peaks at ~30 kpc, with a tail at larger separations (~100-200 kpc). The peak of the distribution is roughly consistent with the first episode of quasar activity found in equal mass mergers simulations. The tail of the quasar pairs distribution at large separations is instead inconsistent with any quasar activity predicted by published simulations. These large separation pairs are instead consistent with unequal mass mergers where gas is dynamically perturbed during the first pericentric passage, but the gas reaches the black hole only at the next apocenter, where the pair is observed.
The Emergence of a Twisted Flux Tube into the Solar Atmosphere: Sunspot Rotations and the Formation of a Coronal Flux Rope

We present a three-dimensional simulation of the dynamic emergence of a twisted magnetic flux tube from the top layer of the solar convection zone into the solar atmosphere and corona. It is found that after a brief initial stage of flux emergence during which the two polarities of the bipolar region become separated and the tubes intersecting the photosphere become vertical, significant rotational motion sets in within each polarity. The rotational motions of the two polarities are found to twist up the inner field lines of the emerged fields such that they change their orientation into an inverse configuration (i.e., pointing from the negative polarity to the positive polarity over the neutral line). As a result, a flux rope with sigmoid-shaped, dipped core fields forms in the corona, and the center of the flux rope rises in the corona with increasing velocity as the twisting of the flux rope footpoints continues. The rotational motion in the two polarities is a result of propagation of nonlinear torsional Alfven waves along the flux tube, which transports significant twist from the tube's interior portion toward its expanded coronal portion. This is a basic process whereby twisted flux ropes are developed in the corona with increasing twist and magnetic energy, leading up to solar eruptions.
The Measurement of Community Social Climate

The aim of this research was to develop an instrument capable of assessing the perceived social climate of urban settings and differentiating among the social climate of communities of varying sizes. To do this, a large item pool descriptive of a number of settings was generated, and a subset (75) of these were given to subjects to rate. Each item was rated as to how characteristic it was of (1) a large metropolis, (2) a midsized city, and (3) a small town. Factor analyses of the ratings yielded six interpretable factors and reduced the scale to 30 items. Factor indices were created and the climates of the rated environments were compared. Results indicated that there were large differences between community types and that ratings were not a function of subjects' hometown. Possibilities for further field validation of the scale are suggested as well as a variety of potential uses for the scale.
A noise source identification technique using an inverse Helmholtz integral equation method

A technique is developed which utilizes numerical models and field pressure information to characterize acoustic fields and identify acoustic sources. The numerical models are based on boundary element numerical procedures. Either pressure, velocity, or passive boundary conditions, in the form of impedance boundary conditions, may be imposed on the numerical model. Alternatively, if no boundary information is known, a boundary condition can be left unspecified. Field pressure data may be specified to overdetermine the numerical problem. The problem is solved numerically for the complete sound field from which the acoustic sources may be determined. The model can then be used to idenfify acoustic intensity paths in the field. The solution can be modified and the model used to evaluate design alternatives. In this investigation the method is tested analytically and verified. In addition, the sensitivity of the method to random and bias error in the input data is demonstrated.
Heliocentric distance dependence of the interplanetary magnetic field

Recent and ongoing planetary missions have provided extensive observations of the variations of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) both in time and with heliocentric distance from the sun. Large time variations in both the IMF and its fluctuations were observed. These are produced predominantly by dynamical processes in the interplanetary medium associated with stream interactions. Magnetic field variations near the sun are propagated to greater heliocentric distances, also contributing to the observed variablity of the IMF. Temporal variations on a time-scale comparable to or less than the corotation period complicate attempts to deduce radial gradients of the field and its fluctuations from the various observations. However, recent measurements inward to 0.46 AU and outward to 5 AU suggest that the radial component of the field on average decreases approximately as r to the minus second power, while the azimuthal component decreases more rapidly than the r to the minum first power dependence predicted by simple theory. This, and other observations, are discussed.
Some programming techniques for processing multi-dimensional matrices in a paging environment

Although virtual memory systems are supposed to free the programmer from space management problems, the systems do not always succeed. In fact, programmers find that by ignoring the fact that real core is limited, the cost of executing their programs sometimes makes them unusable, not to mention some of the detrimental effects the program has on the throughput of the overall system. This problem seems to be especially prevalent when large matrices of data are involved. The data are usually referenced in a cyclical pattern and when the entire matrix will not fit in core, the number of page faults encountered during execution is maximized. The focus of this paper is to analyze programming techniques which will reduce the number of page faults in matrix operations and thereby improve program performance.
The external field problem in the large N limit of QCD

Abstract Several problems in lattice gauge theories such as mean field theory or the few plaquette problem lead to the evaluation of the properties of one link in an external matrix source. This problem is solved here in the large N limit. There are two phases characterized by a single parameter, the average value of the inverse of the modulus of the eigenvalues of the external source. The third derivative of the free energy is discontinuous at the transition point.
Attachment-Line Heating in a Compressible Flow

The attachment-line boundary layer on a swept wing can be subject to either an instability or contamination by wing-root turbulence. A model of the attachment-line boundary layer is first developed including compressibility and wall heating in a Falkner–Skan–Cooke class of three-dimensional boundary layers with a Hartree parameter of 1.0. This is verified with other formulations in the literature. For cases otherwise subcritical to either contamination or instability, the destabilizing effect of leading-edge heating under a variety of sweep angles and flight conditions is demonstrated. The results correlate with the attachment-line Reynolds number. Because the required heating levels are reasonable and achievable to trip the flow over the wing to turbulent, one possible application of this work is in the establishment of a baseline turbulent flow (on demand) for the calibration of a laminar-flow-control health-monitoring system.
SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PRECURSOR ROUTES TO CERAMIC NANOCOMPOSITES

Reactive inorganic polymers and copolymers have recently been used to prepare homogeneously mixed crystalline ceramic solid solutions and composites. The polymers have considerable processing advantages over classical powders, and they may be used to obtain composite fibres, coatings, and dense or porous near net shape forms.
Tableaux and plane partitions of truncated shapes

We consider a new kind of straight and shifted plane partitions/Young tableaux - ones whose diagrams are no longer of partition shape, but rather Young diagrams with boxes erased from their upper right ends. We find formulas for the number of standard tableaux in certain cases, namely a shifted staircase without the box in its upper right corner, i.e. truncated by a box, a rectangle truncated by a staircase and a rectangle truncated by a square minus a box. The proofs involve finding the generating function of the corresponding plane partitions using interpretations and formulas for sums of restricted Schur functions and their specializations. The number of standard tableaux is then found as a certain limit of this function.
Solution-adaptive and quality-enhancing grid generation

A straightforward and effective procedure for converting any CFD code that operates on a block-structured grid into a dynamically adaptive code is presented. Coupling between the grid generation system and the flow solver is through external files, so that only minimal changes are required in the source codes. Adaptive grids are generated using elliptic equation techniques. The mechanism of grid movement is control functions, which form the right side of the system of generating equations. These control functions can be specified to include grid quality measures, flow solutions, solution gradients, solution curvature, or any combination of these. Adaptation can be static, dynamic, or periodic. Typical results for adaptation in compressible and incompressible flows are presented and compared with solutions obtained on static grids.
Computing the complete massless spectrum of a Landau-Ginzburg orbifold

Abstract We develop techniques to compute the complete massless spectrum in heterotic string compactification on N = 2 supersymmetric Landau-Ginzburg orbifolds. This includes not just the familiar charged fields, but also the gauge singlets. The number of gauge singlets can vary in the moduli space of a given compactification and can differ from what it would be in the large radius limit of the corresponding Calabi-Yau. Comparison with exactly soluble Gepner models provides a confirmation of our results at Gepner points. Our methods carry over straightforwardly to (0, 2) Landau-Ginzburg models.
The Central Curve in Linear Programming

The central curve of a linear program is an algebraic curve specified by linear and quadratic constraints arising from complementary slackness. It is the union of the various central paths for minimizing or maximizing the cost function over any region in the associated hyperplane arrangement. We determine the degree, arithmetic genus and defining prime ideal of the central curve, thereby answering a question of Bayer and Lagarias. These invariants, along with the degree of the Gauss image of the curve, are expressed in terms of the matroid of the input matrix. Extending work of Dedieu, Malajovich and Shub, this yields an instance-specific bound on the total curvature of the central path, a quantity relevant for interior-point methods. The global geometry of central curves is studied in detail.
Anomalous Electrodeposition of Nickel‐Iron

Experiments to study anomalous codeposition of iron and nickel were conducted from and solutions with pH adjusted to 3 with , using a rotating disk electrode. The effect of adding to the plating bath was also investigated. Anomalous codeposition occurred for all electrode rotational speeds and applied potentials considered. Boric acid was found neither to affect alloy deposition current efficiency, nor to eliminate anomalous codeposition for the experimental conditions investigated. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that a borate complex formed at −1.0 Vvs. SCE when boric acid was added to the plating bath. A model used to evaluate the surface pH from the experimental results shows that a sudden rise in pH is not necessary for anomalous codeposition to occur and that boric acid does not act as a buffer during codeposition of .
The organic surface of 5145 Pholus: constraints set by scattering theory.

No known body in the Solar System has a spectrum redder than that of object 5145 Pholus. We use Hapke scattering theory and optical constants measured in this laboratory to examine the ability of mixtures of a number of organic solids and ices to reproduce the observed spectrum and phase variation. The primary materials considered are poly-HCN, kerogen, Murchison organic extract, Titan tholin, ice tholin, and water ice. In a computer grid search of over 10 million models, we find an intraparticle mixture of 15% Titan tholin, 10% poly-HCN, and 75% water ice with 10-micrometers particles to provide an excellent fit. Replacing water ice with ammonia ice improves the fits significantly while using a pure hydrocarbon tholin, Tholin alpha, instead of Titan tholin makes only modest improvements. All acceptable fits require Titan tholin or some comparable material to provide the steep slope in the visible, and poly-HCN or some comparable material to provide strong absorption in the near-infrared. A pure Titan tholin surface with 16-micrometers particles, as well as all acceptable Pholus models, fit the present spectrophotometric data for the transplutonian object 1992 QB(sub 1). The feasibility of gas-phase chemistry to generate material like Titan tholin on such small objects is examined. An irradiated transient atmosphere arising from sublimating ices may generate at most a few centimeters of tholin over the lifetime of the Solar System, but this is insignificant compared to the expected lag deposit of primordial contaminants left behind by the sublimating ice. Irradiation of subsurface N2/CH4 or NH3/CH4 ice by cosmic rays may generate approximately 20 cm of tholin in the upper 10 m of regolith in the same time scale but the identity of this tholin to its gas-phase equivalent has not been demonstrated.
Nonplanar Rh(I) in Rh(PMe2Ph)4+: Magnitude and origin of the distortion

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of Rh(PMe 2 Ph) 4 BF 4 ·0.5(tetrahydrofuran) has been determined at −144 °C. Space group P 1 with a = 11.416(2), b = 14.501(2), c = 11.195(2) A, α = 96.53(1)°, β = 102.78(1)°, γ = 85.70(1)° and Z = 2. R ( F ) = 0.0497, R w ( F ) = 0.0519. The BF 4 − and THF do not interact with the Rh(PMe 2 Ph) 4 + cation, which shows marked distortion from square planar towards tetrahedral geometry: transoid P-Rh-P angles are 150.77(8) and 150.01(8)°. Analysis of space-filling representations, and comparison to other related structures permits the conclusion that such distortions originate in the need to interleave the 12 R groups in Rh(PR 3 ) 4 + species.
The atmospheric neutrino anomaly in Soudan 2

Based on a preliminary analysis of 1.01 fiducial kiloton-years of Soudan 2 data, we measure (track/shower))measured/ (track/shower)predicted = 0.64 ± 0.17(stat) ± 0.09(sys). We discuss the implications of a neutrino oscillation interpretation of the atmospheric neutrino anomaly.
A Bimodal Model of the Solar Wind Speed

Until the ULYSSES spacecraft reached high latitude, the only means for measuring the solar wind velocity in the polar regions was from radio scattering observations (IPS), and these remain the only way to measure the velocity near the sun. However, IPS, like many remote sensing observations, is a “line-of-sight” integrated measurement. This integration is particularly troublesome when the line-of-sight passes through a fast stream but that stream does not occupy the entire scattering region. Observations from the HELIOS spacecraft have shown that the solar wind has a bimodal character which becomes more pronounced near the sun. Recent observations from ULYSSES have confirmed that this structure is clear at high latitudes even at relatively large solar distances. We have developed a method of separating the fast and slow contributions to an IPS observation which takes advantage of this bimodal structure. In this paper I will describe the technique and its application to IPS observations made using the receiving antennas of the EISCAT incoherent backscatter radar observatory in northern Scandinavia.
Adenosyl radical: reagent and catalyst in enzyme reactions

Adenosine is undoubtedly an ancient biological molecule that is a component of many enzyme cofactors: ATP, FADH, NAD(P)H, and coenzyme A, to name but a few, and, of course, of RNA. Here we present an overview of the role of adenosine in its most reactive form: as an organic radical formed either by homolytic cleavage of adenosylcobalamin (coenzyme B(12), AdoCbl) or by single-electron reduction of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) complexed to an iron-sulfur cluster. Although many of the enzymes we discuss are newly discovered, adenosine's role as a radical cofactor most likely arose very early in evolution, before the advent of photosynthesis and the production of molecular oxygen, which rapidly inactivates many radical enzymes. AdoCbl-dependent enzymes appear to be confined to a rather narrow repertoire of rearrangement reactions involving 1,2-hydrogen atom migrations; nevertheless, mechanistic insights gained from studying these enzymes have proved extremely valuable in understanding how enzymes generate and control highly reactive free radical intermediates. In contrast, there has been a recent explosion in the number of radical-AdoMet enzymes discovered that catalyze a remarkably wide range of chemically challenging reactions; here there is much still to learn about their mechanisms. Although all the radical-AdoMet enzymes so far characterized come from anaerobically growing microbes and are very oxygen sensitive, there is tantalizing evidence that some of these enzymes might be active in aerobic organisms including humans.
Technical efficiency of carp production in Nepal: An application of stochastic frontier production function approach*

Abstract Modern aquaculture is a relatively new activity among Nepalese farmers and a small contributor to the economy. Given the abundance of water resources and fish species, rising demand for fish, and its high profitability, aquaculture has potential for future expansion if it is given appropriate attention from the government. In Nepal, productivity in aquaculture is much lower compared to other countries in the region, which suggests that there is potential for increased fish production through technological progress and improvement in farm‐level technical efficiency. However, no formal analysis has yet been conducted to assess the productive performance of Nepalese aquaculture and its potential for future improvement. Against this background, this paper examines the technical efficiency and its determinants for a sample of fish pond farms from the Tarai region of the country using a stochastic production frontier involving a model for technical inefficiency effects. The estimated mean technical eff...
Shear-induced particle diffusivities from numerical simulations

Using Stokesian dynamics simulations, we examine the flow of a monodisperse, neutrally buoyant, homogeneous suspension of non-Brownian solid spheres in simple shear, starting from a large number of independent hard-sphere distributions and ensemble averaging the results. We construct a novel method for computing the gradient diffusivity via simulations on a homogeneous suspension and, although our results are only approximate due to the small number of particles used in the simulations, we present here the first values of this important parameter, both along and normal to the plane of shear, to be obtained directly either experimentally or numerically. We show furthermore that, although the system of equations describing the particle motions is deterministic, the particle displacements in the two directions normal to the bulk flow have Gaussian distributions with zero mean and a variance which eventually grows linearly in time thereby establishing that the system of particles is diffusive. For particle concentrations up to 45%, we compute the corresponding tracer diffusivities both from the slope of the mean-square particle displacement and by integrating the corresponding velocity autocorrelations and find good agreement between the two sets of results.
Fundamental symmetries and precision measurements on trapped particles

The tests of fundamental symmetries (CPT symmetry and the equivalence principle for antiparticles) that can be deduced from high-precision frequency measurements on trapped particles are reviewed.
A practical synthesis of nonpeptide cyclic ureas as potent HIV protease inhibitors

Abstract The utilization of the oxydimethylene group to form a trioxepane ring for the protection of 1,2-diols was demonstrated. A process starting with natural L-tartaric acid as the chiral building block is utilized in the synthesis of optically active, nonpeptide cyclic ureas useful as HIV protease inhibitors.
Applying systems thinking to analyze and learn from events

Major accidents keep occurring that seem preventable and that have similar systemic causes. Too often, we fail to learn from the past and make inadequate changes in response to losses. Examining the assumptions and paradigms underlying safety engineering may help identify the problem. The assumptions questioned in this paper involve four different areas: definitions of safety and its relationship to reliability, accident causality models, retrospective vs. prospective analysis, and operator error. Alternatives based on systems thinking are proposed.
A Randomized Algorithm for 3-SAT

In this work we propose and analyze a simple randomized algorithm for 3-SAT (i.e. an algorithm to find a satisfiable assignment for a Boolean formula in conjunctive normal form (CNF) having at most 3 literals in every clause). Given a k-CNF formula \({\phi}\) on n variables, and \({\alpha \in \{0,1\}^n}\) that satisfies \({\phi}\), a clause of \({\phi}\) is critical if exactly one literal of that clause is satisfied under assignment α. Paturi et al. (Chicago J. Theor. Comput. Sci. 115, 1999) proposed a simple randomized algorithm (PPZ) for k-SAT for which success probability increases with the number of critical clauses (with respect to a fixed satisfiable solution of the input formula). Here, we first describe another simple randomized algorithm DEL which performs better if the number of critical clauses in input formula are less (with respect to a fixed satisfiable solution of the input formula). Subsequently, we combine these two simple algorithms such that the success probability of the combined algorithm is maximum of the success probabilities of PPZ and DEL on every input instance. We show that when the average number of clauses for a variable that appear as unique true literals in one or more critical clauses in \({\phi}\) is between 1 and 2/(3 · log (3/2)), combined algorithm performs better than the PPZ algorithm.
THERMAL CONVERSION OF INTERSTITIALS.

Abstract Thompson and Buckc(l) have recently reported the results of experiments in pure copper which appear to have unusual significance with regard to providing a resolution of the long-standing problem of assignment of recovery stages in metals. Their major observations are summarized in Figure 1. The most notable characteristics which may be observed from this figure or otherwise reported by Thompson and are:
String expansion as large N expansion of gauge theories

Abstract We consider string perturbative expansion in the presence of D-branes imbedded in orbifolded space-time. In the regime where the string coupling is weak and α ′ → 0, the string perturbative expansion coincides with `t Hooft's large N expansion. We specifically concentrate on theories with d = 4 and N = 0, 1, 2, 4, and use world-sheet orbifold techniques to prove vanishing theorems for the field theory β-functions to all orders in perturbation theory in the large N limit. This is in accord with recent predictions.
Property Rights and Intra-Household Bargaining

Abstract This paper examines whether an individual-level transfer of property rights increases the individual's bargaining power within the household. The question is analyzed in the context of a housing reform that occurred in China that gave existing tenants the opportunity to purchase the homes that they had been renting from their state employers. The rights to each housing unit were granted to a particular employee, so property rights were defined at the individual level rather than the household level. The results indicate that transferring ownership rights to men increased household consumption of some male-favored goods and women's time spent on chores. Transferring ownership rights to women decreased household consumption of some male-favored goods.
Electrostatic Spraying of Liquid Insulators

A method for generating drops of liquid insulators using electrostatic spraying is reported. This method differs from normal electrostatic spraying in the method of charging the liquid. A sharp needle placed in the liquid near the end of a capillary is raised to a high potential, thus injecting charge into the liquid. As the voltage is raised, a jet is formed electrostatically with the size of the jet decreasing with increasing voltage. A theoretical prediction of the jet radius as a function of current is obtained by finding the amount of electrical energy which goes into mechanical energy. Experimental results of the spraying of silicone oils are given and compared with the theory.
Open string engineering of D-brane geometry

One-loop scattering on a stack of D3 branes was considered in arXiv:0801.0218 [hep-th]. Divergence was found and its cancelation mechanism was proposed, wherein it was conjectured that the D-brane geometry be introduced in the form of counter vertex operators. Here we verify the conjecture at the first few leading orders in an expansion method that we call large-r0 expansion. We comment on the relation with the Fischler-Susskind mechanism and discuss the implications of our result for AdS/CFT.
Do elliptical galaxies have dark matter

Abstract We present constraints on the structure of dark matter halos in elliptical galaxies from the relationship between X-ray temperature and velocity dispersion observed in an optically complete sample. We demonstrate the ubiquity of dark matter in L>L ∗ galaxies, present limits on the dark matter structural parameters, and discuss the scaling of these parameters with optical luminosity. We find that the dark matter is characterized by velocity dispersions that are greater than those of the luminous stars, and that the mass-to-light ratio within six half-light radii for bright elliptical galaxies has a universal value, M / L V ≈25 h 80 M ⊙ / L V ⊙ . The latter conclusion is consistent with gravitational lensing studies, but conflicts with the simplest extension of CDM theories of large scale structure formation to galactic scales.
NMR study of pure and doped β-Lial

Abstract We have measured the spin lattice relaxation time Ti of 7 Li and 27 Al as a function of temperature for a range of compositions of the alloy β-Lial and also for specimen doped with Ag and In. The results are analysed to yield diffusion coefficients and vacancy concentrations.
Shallow Structure and Geologic Development of the Southern Red Sea

A series of 34 shallow-penetration seismic-reflection profiles made across the Red Sea show that it developed in two main stages. Initially, an early or pre-Miocene uplift and lateral extension resulted in crustal thinning and eventual formation of the main Red Sea Basin. During Miocene time, the Red Sea was isolated from the Indian Ocean but possibly connected with the Mediterranean Sea, which, like the Red Sea, was an evaporite basin at that time. A distinct acoustic reflector (reflector S) in the Red Sea marks the top of the Miocene evaporite sequence and is correlative with reflector M in the Mediterranean, which is similarly identified with termination of evaporite conditions. In Pliocene time, connection with the Indian Ocean was re-established, the opening to the Mediterranean was closed, and normal marine conditions were resumed in the Red Sea. Sea-floor spreading first started in Pliocene-Pleistocene time, and resulted in the formation of the axial zone of the Red Sea.
EQUATIONS OF (1, D)-POLARIZED ABELIAN SURFACES

In this paper, we study the equations of projectively embedded abelian surfaces with a polarization of type (1, d ). Classical results say that given an ample line bundle L on an abelian surface A, the line bundle L ⊗n is very ample for n ≥ 3, and furthermore, in case n is even and n ≥ 4, the generators of the homogeneous ideal IA of the embedding of A via L ⊗n are all quadratic; a possible choice for a set of generators of IA are the Riemann theta relations. On the other hand, much less is known about embeddings via line bundles L of type (1, d ), that is line bundles L which are not powers of another line bundle on A. It is well-known that if d ≥ 5, and A is a general abelian surface, then L is very ample, while L can never be very ample for d < 5. However, even if d ≥ 5, L may not be very ample for special abelian surfaces. We will restrict our attention in what follows only to the general abelian surface and wish to know what form the equations take for such a projectively embedded abelian surface. A few special cases are well-documented in the literature: d = 4, in which case the general surface is a singular octic in P3, cf. [BLvS], and d = 5 in which case the abelian surface is described as the zero set of a section of the Horrocks-Mumford bundle [HM], whereas its homogeneous ideal is generated by 3 (Heisenberg invariant) quintics and 15 sextics (cf. [Ma]). Also, recent work by Manolache and Schreyer [MS] and by Ranestad [Ra] provides a description of the equations and syzygies in the case d = 7.
Plasma Neutron Diagnostic Techniques with Good Spatial and Energy Resolution

A neutron-detection system has been assembled to provide both spatial and energy information from the neutrons produced in advanced fusion experiments. Techniques described are applicable to experiments where the neutron pulse is on the order of one-second duration. The system gives spatial resolution of about 1 cm at distances of 1 to 2 m and energy resolution of 0.6 MeV at 14 MeV. In all cases, pulseshape discrimination is used to distinguish neutrons from gamma rays.
Neurocognitive Risk in Children With Cochlear Implants

Importance Children who receive a cochlear implant (CI) for early severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss may achieve age-appropriate spoken language skills not possible before implantation. Despite these advances, reduced access to auditory experience may have downstream effects on fundamental neurocognitive processes for some children with CIs. Objective To determine the relative risk (RR) of clinically significant executive functioning deficits in children with CIs compared with children with normal hearing (NH). Design, Setting, and Participants In this prospective, cross-sectional study, 73 children at a hospital-based clinic who received their CIs before 7 years of age and 78 children with NH, with average to above average mean nonverbal IQ scores, were recruited in 2 age groups: preschool age (age range, 3-5 years) and school age (age range, 7-17 years). No children presented with other developmental, cognitive, or neurologic diagnoses. Interventions Parent-reported checklist measures of executive functioning were completed during psychological testing sessions. Main Outcomes and Measures Estimates of the RR of clinically significant deficits in executive functioning (≥1 SDs above the mean) for children with CIs compared with children with NH were obtained based on 2 parent-reported child behavior checklists of everyday problems with executive functioning. Results In most domains of executive functioning, children with CIs were at 2 to 5 times greater risk of clinically significant deficits compared with children with NH. The RRs for preschoolers and school-aged children, respectively, were greatest in the areas of comprehension and conceptual learning (RR [95% CI], 3.56 [1.71-7.43] and 6.25 [2.64-14.77]), factual memory ( 4.88 [1.58-15.07] and 5.47 [2.03-14.77]), attention (3.38 [1.03-11.04] and 3.13 [1.56-6.26]), sequential processing (11.25 [1.55-81.54] and 2.44 [1.24-4.76]), working memory (4.13 [1.30-13.06] and 3.64 [1.61-8.25] for one checklist and 1.77 [0.82-3.83] and 2.78 [1.18-6.51] for another checklist), and novel problem-solving (3.93 [1.50-10.34] and 3.13 [1.46-6.67]). No difference between the CI and NH samples was found for visual-spatial organization (2.63 [0.76-9.03] and 1.04 [0.45-2.40] on one checklist and 2.86 [0.98-8.39] for school-aged children on the other checklist). Conclusions and Relevance A large proportion of children with CIs are at risk for clinically significant deficits across multiple domains of executive functioning, a rate averaging 2 to 5 times that of children with NH for most domains. Screening for risk of executive functioning deficits should be a routine part of the clinical evaluation of all children with deafness and CIs.
ON A THEOREM OF GOUSSAROV

In this paper, the easier methods of my thesis are applied to give a simple proof of a theorem of Goussarov. This theorem relates two possible notions of finite type equivalence of knots, links, or string links, showing that the resulting filtrations are the same up to a degree shift by a factor of two. This is then applied to the situation of rooted claspers to show that rooted clasper surgeries of sufficiently high degree must preserve type k invariants. As a consequence, grope cobordisms of sufficiently high class must preserve type k invariants. This result is applied in [CT] to show Theorem 2 of that paper.
Observational Constraints on Disk Heating as a Function of Hubble Type

Current understanding of the secular evolution of galactic disks suggests that this process is dominated by two or more "heating" mechanisms, which increase the random motions of stars in the disk. In particular, the gravitational influence of giant molecular clouds and irregularities in the spiral potential have been proposed to explain the observed velocity dispersions in the solar neighborhood. Each of these mechanisms acts on different components of the stellar velocity, which affects the ratio σz/σR of the vertical and radial components differently. Since the relative strengths of giant molecular clouds and spiral irregularities vary with Hubble type, a study of σz/σR as function of Hubble type has the potential to provide strong constraints on disk heating mechanisms. We present major- and minor-axis stellar kinematics for four spiral galaxies of Hubble type from Sa to Sbc and use the data to infer the ratios σz/σR in the galaxy disks. We combine the results with those for two galaxies studied previously with the same technique, with Milky Way data, and with estimates obtained using photometric techniques. The results show that σz/σR is generally in the range 0.5–0.8. There is a marginally significant trend of decreasing σz/σR with advancing Hubble type, consistent with the predictions of disk heating theories. However, the errors on individual measurements are large, and the absence of any trend is consistent with the data at the 1 σ level. As a by-product of our study, we find that three of the four galaxies in our sample have a central drop in their stellar line-of-sight velocity dispersion, a phenomenon that is increasingly observed in spiral galaxies.
Predictability of short-horizon returns in international equity markets

This paper examines the predictability of equity index returns for 18 developed countries. Based on the variance ratio test, the random walk hypothesis can be rejected at conventional significance levels for 11 countries with daily data and for 15 countries with weekly data. Monthly indices may well be characterized as a random walk for the majority of countries. The excess returns from buying past winners and selling past losers are positive and particularly striking for daily data, where they are not only statistically significant but also economically important in the absence of transaction costs. Imposing a reasonable transaction cost substantially reduces the profitability.
Modeling Beams With Various Boundary Conditions Using Fully Intrinsic Equations

The fully intrinsic equations for beams comprise a relatively new set of equations for nonlinear modeling of structures comprised of beams. These equations are geometrically exact and constitute a closed set of equations even though they include neither displacement nor rotation variables. They do not suffer from the singularities and infinite-degree nonlinearities normally associated with finite rotation variables. In fact, they have a maximum degree of nonlinearity equal to 2. In spite of these and other advantages of these equations, using them for problems with certain boundary conditions may not be straightforward. This paper will examine the challenges of modeling various boundary conditions using fully intrinsic equations, thus helping future researchers to decide whether or not the fully intrinsic equations are suitable for solving a specific problem and elucidating pathways for their application to more general problems.
Electron beamline design for the Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 kW FEL

Abstract This paper describes the electron beam simulations for a 1 kW average power FEL. The experiment utilizes the existing AFEL accelerator. An expected 6% total efficiency of electron beam power to optical power gives 17 kW of electron beam power for 1 kW of optical power. A constraint on the beamline design is that the FEL electron beamline and optical components must fit on the existing AFEL 6 ft long optical table. The components include electron beam diagnostics, a 2 m long wiggler, bending magnets, and optical feedback components. The electron beam design point is 300 A peak current, 17 MeV energy, 7.5 π mm-mrad effective normalized rms emittance and 6 nC micropulse charge. The electron beamline will have greater than 99% transmission. The wiggler will have weak (natural) two-plane focusing to maintain the electron beam size in the long wiggler. The beamline after the wiggler has to transport a beam with a 14–18 MeV energy spread and an average energy of 16 MeV.