cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the microstructure of open-cell foams and its effect on elastic properties

Abstract Synthetic open-cell foams have a complex microstructure consisting of an interconnected network of cells resulting from the foaming process. The cells are irregular polyhedra with anywhere from 9 to 17 faces in nearly monodisperse foams. The material is concentrated in the nearly straight ligaments and in the nodes where they intersect. The mechanical properties of such foams are governed by their microstructure and by the properties of the base material. In this study micro-computed X-ray tomography is used to develop 3D images of the morphology of polyester urethane and Duocel aluminum foams with different average cell sizes. The images are used to establish statistically the cell size and ligament length distributions, material distributions along the ligaments, the geometry of the nodes and cell anisotropy. The measurements are then used to build finite element foam models of increasing complexity that are used to estimate the elastic moduli. In the most idealized model the microstructure is represented as a regular Kelvin cell. The most realistic models are based on Surface Evolver simulations of random soap froth with N 3 cells in spatially periodic domains. In all models the cells are elongated in one direction, the ligaments are straight but have a nonuniform cross sectional area distribution and are modeled as shear deformable beams. With this input both the Kelvin cell models and the larger random foam models are shown to predict the elastic moduli with good accuracy but the random foams are 5–10% stiffer.
Characterization of uptake of 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose by fungal-associated inflammation: the standardized uptake value is greater for lesions of blastomycosis than for lymphoma in dogs with naturally occurring disease.

Abstract Purpose: Based on limited reports, fungal lesions can have remarkably high intensity uptake of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) on positron emission tomography (PET) images. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the standardized uptake value (SUV) of naturally occurring lesions of blastomycosis with the SUV of naturally occurring lymphoma in a series of dogs. Procedures: Five dogs with naturally occurring blastomycosis and three dogs with lymphoma underwent whole-body FDG-PET prior to receiving any treatment for their disease. Results: The (mean ± SD) SUV for 13 blastomycosis lesions was 7.7 ± 2.0 versus a mean for 17 lymphomas of 4.8 ± 1.8. These values were significantly different (P = 0.0537). There was overlap between the SUV of Blastomyces-associated lesions versus lymphomas, but a cut-off SUV of 7.0 was 100% specific for Blastomyces lesions. Numerous sites of disease were detected on the FDG-PET images that were not detected clinically. Conclusions: FDG-PET is useful for determining the extent of disease in dogs with blastomycosis. The SUV for Blastomyces-associated lesions are as high or higher than for malignant lymphoma. Due to the similarities in canine and human blastomycosis and lymphomas, similar results would be predicted in human patients. In regions where blastomycosis is endemic, Blastomyces granulomas should be considered a differential diagnosis for lesions with high intensity uptake of FDG. (Mol Imag Biol 2002;4:201–207)
Introduction: Brain science in the 21st century: clinical controversies and ethical and legal implications.

Study of the brain, including cognition, intelligence, and reason, dates back to antiquity. The earliest use of the word “brain” was in the Edwin Smith Papyrus, dated 1700 B.C.E., which contains a series of 48 trauma cases, of which the first 10 are wounds of the head. These cases provide the first known descriptions of the meninges, the surface of the brain, and the cerebrospinal fluid.1 At that time, however, Egyptians believed that intelligence resides in the heart, not in the brain. More than a millennium later, Hippocrates and Plato located intelligence in the brain, but Aristotle's belief that the heart rather than the brain is the seat of intelligence was generally accepted until Galen in the second century observed the loss of mental function following brain injuries in gladiators and located intelligence in the brain, where it has remained since.2
Nearshore Spatial Distribution of Fishes in Gill Net Samples, Cayuga Lake, New York

Abstract Cayuga Lake fishes were collected monthly with experimental gill nets at depths of 2 to 31.5 m. Horizontally-placed nets were arranged to allow determinations of vertical and inshore-offshore variation in fish distribution and occupied temperatures. Warmwater species concentrated in inshore and surface waters at 19-23° C during the summer. Coldwater species concentrated in hypolimnetic waters at 9-15° C during the summer. Seasonal inshore-offshore movements were evident with all species except those which were captured only close to shore (northern pike, carp, smallmouth bass, white sucker). Depth ranges in which greatest numbers of common species occurred in the summer (July-September) were: alewife, inshore and surface to 15.3 m; lake trout, 15.3 to 30.5 m or more; northern pike, inshore and surface to 15.3 m; rainbow smelt, 7.6 to 30.5 m or more; spottail shiner, inshore and 7.6 m; trout-perch, inshore and 7.6 to 15.3 m; yellow perch, inshore and 7.6 to 15.3 m. Mean occupied temperatures (° C) of common species during the summer were: alewife 18.4 to 20.9; lake trout, 12.5 to 13.6; northern pike, 19.4; rainbow smelt, 10.4-14.4; spottail shiner, 19.6 to 21.5; trout-perch, 18.7-21.3; yellow perch, 19.4 to 21.0. Depth distribution was obviously influenced by temperature preferences and also by availability of food in certain species. Catch size was directly related to water temperatures in several species.
Effects of a frontal passage on surface salinity distribution along the Louisiana-Texas coast, USA from ocean color and model outputs

Short-term and seasonal estimates of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption at 412 nm and surface salinity were derived from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) satellite data for the Louisiana-Texas coast during 2005 using an empirical CDOM algorithm and a conservative CDOMsalinity relationship. Field measurements obtained during various seasons in 2005 indicated high correlations between field and satellite estimates of CDOM suggesting satellite estimates to be good representation of the surface CDOM and salinity fields. Discharge from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers strongly influenced the seasonal surface CDOM distribution as well as during a frontal passage. Clear satellite imagery obtained before and after the passage of a cold front in March 2005 indicated a general decrease in surface CDOM and an offshore increase of elevated CDOM suggesting that frequent frontal passages contribute to mixing of riverine CDOM and its offshore transport. A comparison of SeaWiFS-derived salinity with the salinity outputs of a three-dimensional Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) indicated similar salinity trends offshore and a region of freshwater influence along the inner shelf. Following the frontal passage, changes in the surface salinity were observed mainly closer to the coast with a general increase in mid-shelf waters, likely due to mixing of lower salinity surface waters with higher salinity sub-surface waters. Short-term salinity model simulation could be improved with daily assimilation of river discharge data. SeaWiFS derived seasonal salinity estimates provided a synoptic view of the effects of coastal circulation and riverine discharge on shelf variability.
Electron Transfer Reactions within Zeolites: Radical Cation from Benzonorbornadiene

Zeolites are being used as solid acid catalysts in a number of commercial processes. Occasionally zeolites are also reported to perform as electron transfer agents. Recently, we observed that radical cations of certain olefins and thiophene oligomers can be generated spontaneously within ZSM-5 zeolites. We noticed that these radical cations generated from diphenyl polyenes and thiophene oligomers were remarkably stable (at room temperature) within ZSM-5 and can be characterized spectroscopically at leisure. We have initiated a program on electron transfer processes within large pore zeolites. The basis of this approach is that once a cation radical is generated within a large pore zeolite, it will have sufficient room to undergo a molecular transformation. Our aim is to identify a condition under which electron transfer can be routinely and reliably carried out within large pore zeolites such as faujasites. To our great surprise, when benzonorbornadiene A and a number of olefins were included in divalent cation exchanged faujasites. they were transformed into products very quickly (<15 min). This observation allowed us to explore the use of zeolites as oxidants. Results of our studies on benzonorbornadiene are presented in this communication. 16 refs., 1 fig.
Utilization of volatile fatty acids in ruminants. I. Removal of them from portal blood by the liver.

Abstract Removal of volatile fatty acids from portal blood by the liver was studied in 20 ewes and 5 goats. When animals were fed hay, practically all of the propionate but only a small part of the acetate present in portal blood was removed by the liver. However, on a molar basis more acetate than propionate was taken up by the liver. In animals fed grain for extended periods, or grain plus fish oil, the proportion of propionate in the rumen fluid increased markedly and more propionate than acetate was taken up by the liver. The liver showed a greater capacity for removing acetate than either propionate or butyrate from the portal blood when these acids were added to the rumen. Butyrate was not present in significant amounts in right rumen vein blood or portal blood. Only acetate and propionate are absorbed from the rumen as such and presented to extraruminal tissues for metabolism. This work confirms the conclusion by others (4, 6) that propionate is metabolized mainly by the liver and acetate by extrahepatic tissues. The manner in which butyrate is utilized by ruminant tissues under normal conditions remains to be elucidated.
Comparison of Measured and Proxy-Based VS30 Values in California

This study was prompted by the recent availability of a significant amount of openly accessible measured VS30 values and the desire to investigate the trend of using proxy-based models to predict V...
Stem water relations and net CO2 uptake for a hemiepiphytic cactus during short-term drought

Abstract Hylocereus undatus is widely distributed naturally and is currently cultivated in 19 countries for fruit. Because of its relatively thin stems, H . undatus was hypothesized to respond to drought more rapidly than other cacti. Stem water potential, water content and thickness were monitored during drought to provide easily measured parameters to be correlated with net CO 2 uptake ability, allowing the development of irrigation schedules to optimize water-use efficiency. H. undatus exhibited Crassulacean acid metabolism, as maximal stomatal opening and net CO 2 uptake occurred at night. Although the soil water potential decreased to −4.2 MPa during 12 days without watering, the stem water status parameters remained near their values under wet conditions ( Ψ stem of −0.67 MPa, water content of 90.8%, thickness of 4.48 mm). The drought was accompanied by a 63% decrease in the maximal water vapor conductance and a 57% decrease in the maximal net CO 2 uptake rate, but when the roots were excised for plants under wet conditions, neither parameter decreased appreciably over a comparable time period. Injection of 100 μM abscisic acid into attached stems and placing cut ends of detached stems in such a solution substantially reduced gas exchange 1 day later; at 2 days after injecting the hormone, the maximal water vapor conductance was similar to the minimal daytime values under wet conditions and the net CO 2 uptake rate was inhibited by 97%. Abscisic acid produced in the roots apparently leads to stomatal closure for this hemiepiphyte—whose roots can occur in very limited soil volumes—as soon as the water supply starts to deplete rather than after a large fraction of its stem water is transpired.
High-Speed Scanning Electron Microscopy using Distributed-axis Electron Optics

In this paper, distributed-axis technology is applied to high-speed scanning electron microscopy for large scale inspection and metrology of nanostructures. Simulated results indicate that each aperture in the retarding electrode must be kept to less than 0.1mm diameter to avoid extra aberrations and that extra slots be provided to accommodate the spread in the trajectories of the secondary electrons with different energies (up to 10eV)4. Experimental verification of these simulated results is underway.
Killing in the Name of Islam: Al‐Qaeda's Justification for September 11

In the wake of the September 11 attacks, President Bush moved quickly to dismiss al-Qaeda operatives as part of the lunatic fringe, religious usurpers bent on misrepresenting and "hijacking" Islam to serve terrorism. This characterization was echoed in the Muslim world, where an assortment of government officials, religious scholars and opposition figures fervidly denounced the killing of civilians as un-Islamic. Al-Qaeda is a component of a broader "fundamentalist" community and as a result is actively engaged in debates about religious authority, the legitimacy of war and rules of engagement in combat. The debate within the Salafi community over the use of violence has divided the movement more than any other issue. A lack of credibility can undermine the effect of a religious interpretation or argument by leading an audience to question the intentions of the source and thus whether the message represents an honest assessment of Islam and the will of God.
Voting systems and strategic manipulation: An experimental study

This article presents experiments that analyze the strategic behavior of voters under three voting systems: plurality rule, approval voting, and the Borda count. Applying a level-k reasoning model ...
STATE OF THE PRACTICE IN HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE MONITORING

Performance monitoring has been an integral element of high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) system development since the first HOV facilities were opened in the late 1960s. Much of the current HOV guidance has evolved from the lessons learned from performance reporting during these initial projects, and performance monitoring remains the only effective way to determine whether a particular facility or system has accomplished desired goals and achieves benefits. The state of the practice in HOV system performance monitoring in the United States reveals that generally all areas conduct some form of performance monitoring, although the range of goals and objectives, performance measures, and analysis methodologies varies widely among areas. Often there is a disconnect between HOV goals and performance monitoring, resulting in monitoring programs that do not focus on appropriate expectations for the HOV system, making it inherently difficult to adequately address the legitimacy of the HOV system through performance o...
The Relationship of the Amino Acid Composition of a Portion of the Outer Eggshell Membrane to Eggshell Quality

Abstract A one-week sample of eggs was collected from 10 individually housed brown-egg laying hens at 43 weeks of age and again at 75 weeks of age. One egg from each hen at each age with a specific gravity nearest the mean for that hen was chosen for further analyses. Eggs laid by the younger hens had a significantly higher specific gravity than those laid by the older hens. Amino acid analysis was performed on the outer portion of the outer shell membrane. The weight percentage of amino acids in the dried membrane was significantly less for the 75-week-old hens. There was no significant correlation between egg weight and weight percentage of amino acids. Analysis of covariance using a stepwise regression procedure indicated that the changes in specific gravity are due to a combination of age and amino acids and not to age alone. Age alone did not account for a significant part of the variability in the observed specific gravity. Three amino acids — aspartic acid, proline, and phenylalanine — in conjunction with age accounted for over 80% of the variability observed in specific gravity. These studies further implicate the shell membrane as a determinant of shell quality.
Home testing of urine chloride to estimate dietary sodium intake: evaluation of feasibility and accuracy

To estimate the utility of quantab chloride titrators, a product of Ames Laboratories, in estimating urine and diet sodium, two study populations were examined. The first consisted of 56 normotensive individuals providing timed, overnight, urine collections and 24-hour food records as part of the baseline assessment for a hypertension prevention study. The second group consisted of 19 study employees, who were instructed to maintain a low sodium diet, and to self-assess diet sodium and urine chloride at home. Results showed that urine chloride measured by quantab was highly correlated with urine sodium. Neither urine chloride nor urine sodium correlated highly with the previous day's intake of dietary sodium as measured by food record. It is estimated that five overnight urine samples would be required to estimate food record sodium to within +/- 25 mEq in individuals with relatively stable diets. Home assessment of urine chloride is feasible. It seems likely that clinical procedures which combine self-monitoring of dietary sodium intake by food record and home measurement of urine chloride concentration would be an effective way of providing persons prescribed sodium restricted diets with continuous and convergent feedback about their success in dietary adherence.
Systemic effects and safety of intravenous dipyridamole in elderly patients with suspected coronary artery disease.

Abstract Thallium-201 myocardial imaging after coronary artery vasodilation with intravenous dipyridamole provides a useful noninvasive approach to the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients who are poorly able to exercise 1,2 and holds great potential as a substitute for stress testing in many elderly patients. This report compares the systemic effects and safety of intravenous dipyridamole in elderly and younger patients.
The c4 gene of phage P1.

Abstract The c 4 gene of phage P1 has been localized to 335 by of the Pl Eco Rl-9 fragment, within 50 by of the Eco Rl-9/14 junction. DNA sequence analysis of this fragment reveals a single open reading frame of 66 amino acids. The location of two c 4 mutations, both of which produce changes in the predicted amino acid sequence in this reading frame, suggests that the reading frame codes for the c 4 repressor. A region with high homology to the E. coli promoter consensus sequence is located approximately 50 by upstream from the reading frame. Deletion of this potential promoter region abolishes expression of c 4, as indicated by the loss of complementation of c 4 mutants for lysogeny. Complementation is restored by the introduction of a heterologous promoter (the T7φ10 promoter), indicating that c 4 expression is absolutely dependent on transcription of the 66-amino acid reading frame.
One-Size-Fits-All Role of Research Faculty

In his review of Stuart Rojstaczer's book Gone for Good: Tales of University Life After the Golden Age (Oxford University Press, 1999) ( Science 's Compass, 24 Sept., p. [2073][1]), Leo M. Chalupa does not mention one obvious way to address the problem of “develop[ing] the full capabilities of students while staying at the cutting-edge of scholarship” in research universities. It is unstated, but the implication in his review seems to be that each faculty member carries out a balancing act to receive a proper reward from a system that operates on the basis of “one size fits all” in terms of expectations of faculty performance. One problem with teaching load versus research time is the courses with large enrollments. They generate large numbers of credit hours (a benefit at budget review time), but commonly enroll a high proportion of students who are unskilled in or not interested in science. Teaching these students well is desirable from the standpoint of producing a scientifically literate public and arousing interest in science as a career in some students, but it is difficult and time-consuming to do. Most research universities hire faculty with a teaching obligation, but with little or no reward for doing it well. People who are outstanding at both teaching and research are rare. If universities were to hire an appropriate-size group of faculty who would be expected to be excellent teachers, and be rewarded as much for being so as faculty are for being excellent researchers, then the researchers could focus on upper-level and graduate teaching, which interferes less with research time. The one-size-fits-all reward system assumes an unrealistic expectation of the majority of faculty—why must it be the standard approach at research universities? # Response {#article-title-2} The solution put forth by Boohar is one that has been proposed by others. This approach, however, does not deal effectively with the problem discussed in my review because it is unrealistic for the teaching faculty to be compensated at a level equivalent to that of the research faculty. For instance, faculty on 9-month appointments with research grants can charge as much as one-third of their summer salary to their grant. In contrast, faculty who elect to teach throughout the summer months usually get a set amount corresponding, in most cases, to less than 10% of their total salary for their efforts. The underlying basis for this discrepancy is that research faculty bring in overhead money to their institutions, whereas tuition charges cover only a fraction of the cost associated with teaching students. Under this system, no institution can afford to raise the compensation of the teaching faculty to the level of the research faculty. Finally, many faculty do excel in both research and teaching. Indeed, some of the best teachers are often the best researchers. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.285.5436.2073
The E. coli Signal Recognition Particle Is Required for the Insertion of a Subset of Inner Membrane Proteins

E. coli homologs of the signal recognition particle (SRP) and its receptor are essential for viability, but their role in protein export is unclear. To elucidate their function, we devised a genome-wide screen to identify genes that encode SRP substrates. Inhibition of the SRP pathway sharply blocked the membrane insertion of several polytopic inner membrane proteins (IMPs) that were predicted to be SRP substrates, but had a smaller effect on the insertion of other IMPs and no significant effect on preprotein translocation. Our results suggest that whereas most E. coli preproteins and some IMPs can utilize SRP-independent targeting pathways effectively, the structural features of a subset of IMPs have required the conservation of an SRP-based targeting machinery.
ConsDiff: an algorithm for the detection of conserved differences between protein sequences

Proteins have been classified into families based on metrics of similarity such as sequence or structural similarity. However, there are significant differences in function even within families. Mapping these differences to individual amino-acid residues is typically done by an expert. This is a subjective and nonscalable approach. ConsDiff is an algorithm that automates this process. It is based on a set of parametric rules using amino-acid substitution matrices and a multiple sequence alignment. This allows the automated discovery of candidate residues that may be responsible for critical differences in function, which may then be experimentally verified.
Symmetry of igorance, social creativity, and meta-design

Complex design problems require more knowledge than any one single person can possess, and the knowledge relevant to a problem is often distributed and controversial. Rather than being a limiting factor, “symmetry of ignorance” can provide the foundation for social creativity. Bringing different points of view together and trying to create a shared understanding among all stakeholders can lead to new insights, new ideas, and new artifacts. Social creativity can be supported by new media that allow owners of problems to contribute to framing and solving these problems. These new media need to be designed from a meta-design perspective by creating environments in which stakeholders can act as designers and be more than consumers.
Semiactive Control Strategies for MR Dampers: Comparative Study

This paper presents the results of a study to evaluate the performance of a number of recently proposed semiactive control algorithms for use with multiple magnetorheological (MR) dampers. Various control algorithms used in recent semiactive control studies are considered including the Lyapunov controller, decentralized bang-bang controller, modulated homogeneous friction algorithm, and a clipped optimal controller. Each algorithm is formulated for use with the MR damper. Additionally, each algorithm uses measurements of the absolute acceleration and device displacements for determining the control action to ensure that the algorithms could be implemented on a physical structure. The performance of the algorithms is compared through a numerical example, and the advantages of each algorithm are discussed. The numerical example considers a six-story structure controlled with MR dampers on the lower two floors. In simulation, an El Centro earthquake is used to excite the system, and the reduction in the drif...
Quantitative footprinting analysis

This review outlines the steps for obtaining relative binding constants for drugs from footprinting data. After correcting the autoradiographic spot intensities for differing amounts of radioactive DNA loaded into the lanes of a sequencing gel, footprinting plots, showing individual spot intensities as a function of drug concentration, are constructed. The initial relative slopes of footprinting plots are proportional to the binding constant of the drug for its DNA site. Slopes of plots outside of drug binding sites can be used to identify locations of altered DNA structure. It illustrates the power of quantitative footprinting analysis by analyzing the binding of the antiviral agent netropsin to a 139-base pair restriction fragment in the presence of the antitumor agent actinomycin D. While two netropsin binding regions are unaffected by actinomycin D a third region experiences enhanced binding in the presence of the antitumor agent.
Gill-cleaning mechanisms of a dendrobranchiate shrimp, Rimapenaeus similis (Decapoda, Penaeidae): Description and experimental testing of function

Observations on functional morphology and results from experiments demonstrate that setiferous epipods compose the major gill-cleaning mechanism in a penaeoid shrimp, Rimapenaeus similis. Epipods on the second maxillipeds and on pereopods 1–3 are equipped with long setae bearing an array of digitate scale setules. These multidenticulate setae reach to most gills and are jostled among them during limb movements. Experiments were performed in which epipods were removed from the gill chamber on one side (experimental) but not the other (control); treated animals were exposed to fouling in a recirculating water system for 2 weeks. Particulate fouling, measured by reduction in relative gill transparency, was significantly greater on experimental than control gills. The pereopodal exopods, not previously implicated in gill cleaning in any decapod, were similarly identified as important gill-cleaning structures. Equipped with long multidenticulate setae like those on the epipods, exopods sweep back and forth over the gill filaments just under the gill cover, areas not reached by the epipods. Exopod-ablation experiments were conducted that showed that exopods prevent particulate fouling on gill surfaces over which they sweep. The similarity in action of the passive gill-cleaning system of R. similis to that of crayfish (Bauer [1998] Invert Biol 117:29–143) suggests the hypothesis that the epipodal and exopodal cleaning setae of R. similis are ineffective against epibionts. The reduction in epipodal and exopodal cleaning systems that occurs in the Penaeoidea is hypothesized to be compensated for by increased development of gill-cleaning setae on the branchiostegite, scaphognathite, or other structures. J. Morphol. 242:125–139, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lipoprotein lipase in human adipose tissue.

SummarySubcutaneous adipose tissue was obtained from 8 patients undergoing various surgical procedures. All were in good nutritional balance. In each instance it was possible to demonstrate considerable lipolytic activity in vitro in the fatty tissue. It was further possible to identify this hydrolytic enzyme as lipoprotein lipase, similar in its characteristics to that previously reported in animal blood and tissue and human blood.
Research in Ultrasound Bioeffects: A Public Health View

: A review is made of the human and laboratory studies of bioeffects of ultrasound. These include developmental, hematological, neurological, behavioral, immune and genetic effects after exposures to ultrasound in doses now used clinically. Some problems with the human and laboratory studies are described. It is questioned whether curves of intensity/exposure times can be drawn to delineate safe usage of ultrasound without more data on long- and short-term effects in animals and humans.
An improved preparation of a tertiary alcohol proline linker and its use in a synthesis of mosquito oostatic hormone

Abstract An improved synthesis of 4-(3′-hydroxy-3′-methylbutyl)phenoxyacetic acid was developed using THF to overcome solubility problems initially encountered in trying to reproduce the published preparation. This hydroxyacid linker was coupled to aminomethyl polystyrene resin and used for a synthesis of the mosquito oostatic hormone by the Fmoc protocol. Attempts to prepare this insect peptide by other techniques had failed because of loss of cyclo-Pro 2 from the resin.
Interleukin 10 (IL-10)-mediated inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production by human alveolar macrophages.

Alveolar macrophages are an important source of inflammatory cytokines in the lung. IL-10 has been shown to inhibit inflammatory cytokine production by human alveolar macrophages, but mechanisms are unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether IL-10 modified cytokine production by interference with transcriptional pathways. Alveolar macrophages were obtained from healthy controls by fiberoptic bronchoscopy and incubated with LPS+/-IL-10. Results indicated that steady state mRNA levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and interleukin 1-beta (IL-1) decreased in the presence of IL-10. Consequently, electrophoretic mobility shift assays were performed using end-labelled nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) or activator protein-1 (AP-1) probe. NF-kappa B binding was decreased in extracts from macrophages incubated for 4 h with LPS+IL-10 in comparison to those incubated with LPS alone. IL-10 also inhibited TNF secretion and NF-kappa B activation induced by another stimulus, staphylococcal toxin. Supershift assays revealed the presence of both p50 and p65 subunits of NF-kappa B. AP-1 was not affected by IL-10. Further examination of mechanisms indicated that IL-10 delayed the LPS-mediated degradation of the inhibitor protein I kappa B, thus delaying the nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit. These observations provide the first evidence that IL-10 antagonizes cytokine transcription in human alveolar macrophages by impeding the nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B by delaying the degradation of I kappa B.
Innovative CCD readout technology for use in large focal plane array development

Future mission studies will be expecting Hubble-class resolution and extremely wide areal coverage in order to provide the best science return per investment dollar. The only way to combine high resolution imaging with wide areal coverage is to design large FPAs with very small pixel plate scales. The design and construction of a modular imager cell (MIC) using embedded controllers to ameliorate the power, mass, and cost for the large format CCD focal plane arrays, can provide a robust, low-risk, high-reward solution to mitigate possible mission failures by providing a way to assemble large FPAs using a modular “plug and play” solution. By placing the detector and the associated readout electronics on a single module, one can easily remove and replace any single module without adversely affecting other detectors in the FPA. We present a prototype design and results for an MIC for use with a delta-doped LBNL 3.5k × 3.5k CCD. This prototype design is comprised of the CCD preamplification circuitry and CCD control signal filtering circuitry and is scheduled for flight in an upcoming sub-orbital rocket payload.
Validation of Self-Report Measures Using Ratings By Others

A set of ratings by others was obtained in conjunction with a collection of self-report data on subjective quality of life. Respondents and two or three "relevant others" nominated by them rated the respondents' satisfaction with aspects of their life. The correlations between respondent-respondent, respondent-other, and other-other ratings provide estimates of the convergent and discriminant validity of the self-ratings and ratings by others. The results of these analyses provide evidence for the external validity of self-ratings in the quality of life area. More importantly, they illustrate the possibility of using ratings by other as a validation criterion for self-ratings in general. The validity of ratings by others who vary in their relationship with their respondents is also explored, and suggestions for further uses of ratings by others are provided
GOŹDŹ–ROSZKOWSKI, STANISŁAW (Ed.). Explorations across Languages and Corpora. Bern: Peter Lang, 2011. Pp. 622. $139.95, cloth. ISBN 978–3–63161–677–2.

The article reviews the book "Explorations Across Languages and Corpora," edited by Stanislaw Goźdź-Roszkowski.
Homogenized constitutive equations for linear viscoelastic unidirectional composites with growing transverse cracks

Three-dimensional, thermomechanical constitutive equations and an associated correspondence principle are developed for a linear viscoelastic, unidirectional composite with growing damage. The type of damage modeled is transverse cracking, which is commonly observed in laminates consisting of unidirectional fiber layers. The equations allow for aging. First, the constitutive equations without damage are summarized. They are then modified to allow for time-dependent damage by means of a correspondence principle. This principle relates elastic and viscoelastic solutions in the time-plane; the familiar correspondence principle based on the Laplace transform is not applicable because of the aging and crack growth. Some existing, simplified micromechanical models for elastic media are extended to viscoelasticity and then used to demonstrate that the requirements of the correspondence principle are quite-well satisfied for realistic material behavior. The correspondence principle is developed in the Appendix. It generalizes a previously-developed principle for plane stress in fiber-composites to three-dimensional conditions, and is not limited to the specific type of damage covered in the body of the paper.
INSTRUMENTAL STAKEHOLDER THEORY: A SYNTHESIS OF ETHICS AND ECONOMICS

This article is intended to enhance the position of stakeholder theory as an integrating theme for the business and society field. It offers an instrumental theory of stakeholder management based on a synthesis of the stakeholder concept, economic theory, behavioral science, and ethics. The core theory—that a subset of ethical principles (trust, trustworthiness, and cooperativeness) can result in significant competitive advantage—is supplemented by nine research propositions along with some research and policy implications.
Changes in Multidrug Resistance of Enteric Bacteria following an Intervention To Reduce Antimicrobial Resistance in Dairy Calves

An intervention study was conducted to determine whether discontinuing the feeding of milk replacer medicated with oxytetracycline and neomycin to preweaned calves reduced antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli bacteria. Results demonstrated that the intervention did reduce multidrug resistance in these bacteria but that other factors also influenced multidrug resistance.
ATM and GLUT1-S490 Phosphorylation Regulate GLUT1 Mediated Transport in Skeletal Muscle

Objective The glucose and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) transporter GLUT1 contains a phosphorylation site, S490, for ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). The objective of this study was to determine whether ATM and GLUT1-S490 regulate GLUT1.
Effects of paramagnetic ferrocenium cations on the magnetic properties of the anionic single-molecule magnet [Mn(12)O(12)(O(2)CC(6)F(5))(16)(H(2)O)(4)]-.

The preparation and physical characterization are reported for the single-molecule magnet salts [M(Cp‘)2]n[Mn12O12(O2CC6F5)16(H2O)4] (M = Fe, n = 1, Cp‘ = C5Me5 (2a), C5H5 (2b); M = Co, n = 1, Cp‘ = C5Me5 (2c), C5H5 (2d); M = Fe, n = 2, Cp‘ = C5Me5 (2e), C5H5 (2f)) to investigate the effects of paramagnetic cations on the magnetization relaxation behavior of [Mn12]- anionic single-molecule magnets. Complex 2a·2H2O crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Aba2, with cell dimensions at 173 K of a = 25.6292(2) A, b = 25.4201(3) A, c = 29.1915(2) A, and Z = 4. Complex 2c·2CH2Cl2·C6H14 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, with cell dimensions at 173 K of a = 17.8332(6) A, b = 26.2661(9) A, c = 36.0781(11) A, β = 92.8907(3)°, and Z = 4. These two salts consist of either paramagnetic [Fe(C5Me5)2]+ cations or diamagnetic [Co(C5Me5)2]+ cations, and [Mn12O12(O2CC6F5)16(H2O)4]- anions. The structures of the anions in the two salts are similar, consisting of a central Mn4O4 cubane moiety, surrounded ...
Conditions under which amobarbital sodium influences contrast in consummatory behavior

The effect of amobarbital sodium (ABS) on contrast effects in consummatory behavior was investigated in three experiments. In Experiment 1, rats were shifted from 32% sucrose to 4% sucrose after 11 days’ experience with the 32% solution. ABS (15, 17.5, and 20 mg/kg) was administered during the final three preshift days and throughout the postshift period. Contrast was not reduced by this treatment, and, in fact, the higher doses tended to retard recovery from contrast. In Experiment 2, ABS (17.5 mg/kg) was injected on the 1st and 2nd postshift days only. Under these administration conditions, the drug reduced degree of contrast. In Experiment 3, ABS (12, 17.5, 22 mg/kg) tended to enhance the degree of simultaneous negative contrast that occurred when rats were repeatedly shifted between 32% and 4% sucrose. Thus, the conditions under which ABS might be expected to reduce contrast in consummatory behavior are restricted. Similarities and differences in the effects of ABS, chlordiazepoxide, and ethanol on contrast are discussed.
Leadership self‐efficacy: research findings and practical applications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to review the research examining self‐efficacy's role in leadership, and second, to propose research‐based practical applications for improving leadership in organizations.Design/methodology/approach – The literature on leadership self‐efficacy (LSE) is reviewed, and research‐based organizational applications are derived therefrom.Findings – Bandura's self‐efficacy construct has been the subject of extensive research over the past 30 years, with meta‐analysis supporting its positive relationship with performance. Its specific connection to leadership has recently attracted substantial attention with the introduction and exploration of the LSE concept. Credible evidence links LSE with leaders' individual performance and their units' collective efficacy and performance. Research on LSE antecedents and Bandura's theoretical work on self‐efficacy cues support propositions for selecting and developing leaders and creating a high LSE climate.Originality/val...
Six Components Necessary for Effective Public Health Program Implementation

Public health programs succeed and survive if organizations and coalitions address 6 key areas.(1) Innovation to develop the evidence base for action; (2) a technical package of a limited number of high-priority, evidence-based interventions that together will have a major impact; (3) effective performance management, especially through rigorous, real-time monitoring, evaluation, and program improvement; (4) partnerships and coalitions with public- and private-sector organizations; (5) communication of accurate and timely information to the health care community, decision makers, and the public to effect behavior change and engage civil society; and (6) political commitment to obtain resources and support for effective action.Programs including smallpox eradication, tuberculosis control, tobacco control, polio eradication, and others have made progress by addressing these 6 areas.
Teaching IELTS Writing Module through English Debate: A Case Study in Thailand

The study explores how effective teaching IELTS writing module through English debate can be for 20 students in their last year in high at a private school in Thailand. The school has acquired Ms Cynthia Luo, a debate coach of the school, to teach Grade 12B academic writing course and this has made it possible for the students to brainstorm, discuss and debate over IELTS oriented issues before they start working on draft 1 and draft 2 of their essays. Three follow-up student interviews and the debate teacher interview were conducted. Active students responded positively to the use of debate in their writing class while expressing their concerns about academic vocabulary and paraphrasing skills. Passive students need more support during debate activities. Additional English activities are introduced for students' accuracy and fluency. The student participants took their IELTS mock test and their scores reflect effectiveness of debate activities in classroom while some of the students need to develop their classroom learning motivation.
Characterization of resistivity and work function of sputtered-TaN film for gate electrode applications

Tantalum nitride (TaN) films were prepared by reactive sputtering in a gas Ar and N2 for gate electrode applications. Resistivity, crystallinity, and work function of the films were investigated as a function of nitrogen flow rate. As the nitrogen flow rate increased from 0 to 20 sccm, the resistivity of as-deposited TaN films increased from 132 to 1.4×105 μΩ cm. With a nitrogen flow rate of 8 and 10 sccm, the fcc TaN phase was obtained. The work function of the TaN films was investigated using TaN-gated nmetal–oxide–semiconductor capacitors with SiO2 gate dielectrics of various thicknesses. As the nitrogen flow rate increased from 4 to 12 sccm, the work function decreased from 4.1 to 3.4 eV for as-deposited films. After annealing at 950 °C for 1 min, the work function increased to 4.5–4.7 eV, with less dependency on the nitrogen flow rate.
A review of the TFA counseling system: From theory construction to application.

The purpose of this article is to provide counseling practitioners and researchers with an integrative review of the TFA (thinking-feeling-acting) counseling system, Tracing the 12-year evolution of the model from theory construction and instrument development to practical application provides in one place a comprehensive synthesis of published work on the TFA system. The theoretical principle guiding the model was the systematic combination of the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral domains of human functioning. The Hutchins Behavior Inventory (HBI) was developed to assess the interaction of thoughts, feelings, and actions that led to applications of the TFA system in counseling and related areas.
Revealing the Genetic Basis of Natural Bacterial Phenotypic Divergence

Divergent phenotypes for distantly related strains of bacteria, such as differing antibiotic resistances or organic solvent tolerances, are of keen interest both from an evolutionary perspective and for the engineering of novel microbial organisms and consortia in synthetic biology applications. A prerequisite for any practical application of this phenotypic diversity is knowledge of the genetic determinants for each trait of interest. Sequence divergence between strains is often so extensive as to make brute-force approaches to identifying the loci contributing to a given trait impractical. Here we describe a global linkage analysis approach, GLINT, for rapid discovery of the causal genetic variants underlying phenotypic divergence between distantly related strains of Escherichia coli. This general strategy will also be usable, with minor modifications, for revealing genotype-phenotype associations between naturally occurring strains of other bacterial species.
Lack of Elk-1 Phosphorylation and Dysregulation of the Extracellular Regulated Kinase Signaling Pathway in Senescent Human Fibroblast

Replicative senescence is characterized by numerous phenotypic alterations including the loss of proliferative capacity in response to mitogens and numerous changes in gene expression including impaired serum inducibility of the immediate-early genes c-fos and erg-1. Transcription of c-fos in response to mitogens depends on the activation of a multiprotein complex formed on the c-fos serum response element (SRE), which includes the transcription factors SRF (serum response factor) and TCF (ternary complex factor). Our data indicate that at least two defects are responsible for the decreased c-fos transcription in senescent cells, one caused by diminished DNA binding activity of the SRF and another resulting from impaired activation of the TCF, Elk-1. In nuclei isolated from serum stimulated senescent cells the activating phosphorylation of p62(TCF)/Elk-1, which is catalyzed by the members of the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) family was strikingly diminished and correlated with a decrease in the abundance of activated ERK proteins. In contrast, in total cell lysates ERK phosphorylation and ERK activity (normalized to total protein) reached similar levels following stimulation of early- and late-passage cells. Interestingly, senescent cells consistently exhibited higher ERK protein abundance. Thus, the proportion of phosphorylated (active) ERK molecules in stimulated senescent cells was lower than in early passage cells. The accumulation of unphosphorylated ERK molecules in senescent cells correlated with the diminished abundance of phosphorylated (active) MEK. These data indicate that in senescent cells there is a general dysregulation in the ERK signaling pathway, which results in the accumulation of inactive ERK molecules, decreased abundance of active ERK in the nucleus of senescent cells, and subsequent lack of activation of the transcription factor TCF(Elk-1). These impairments, together with the impaired DNA binding activity of SRF, could potentially account for the lack of c-fos expression in senescent cells and for multiple other molecular changes dependent upon this pathway.