cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radioactivity of In 120 and Sb 120

An investigation of the radiations from the mass-120 isobars has been made using magnetic lens, scintillation pulse-height, and coincidence counting techniques. ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{120m}$ decays with a 5.8-day half-life by electron capture, positron emission if any 0.03%, to an 11-\ensuremath{\mu}sec level of ${\mathrm{Sn}}^{120}$ which then decays by the emission of the following gamma rays (energies in Mev): 0.089 ($E1$), 0.199 ($E2$), 1.04 ($E2$), and 1.18 ($E2$). The 1.18-Mev gamma ray also occurs in the decay of the 16-min ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{120}$, where the number of gamma rays per positron is 0.03. An activity of \ensuremath{\sim}55 sec is assigned to ${\mathrm{In}}^{120m}$. A decay scheme is proposed.
Optimal Control of Sampled Linear Systems With Control-Linear Noise

We address the problem of steering a stochastic linear system with control-linear noise from an initial condition to a final state while minimizing mean squared deviation from a target state. We assume that the controller can access noiseless, full-state sampled measurements at discrete times. The main contribution is to provide a complete solution to this optimization problem. The explicit properties of the solution are formulated as a Theorem and subsequently proven. We show that the optimal feedback control law is linear in the initial state, the target state, and the sampled measurements. Moreover, we show that the time-varying, matrix-valued feedback state gains can be computed offline before the system is launched. Numerical studies show that the mean squared deviation decreases dramatically as the number of measurements grows and converges to a nonzero limiting value.
Mapping the kinetic evolution of metastable grain boundaries under non-equilibrium processing

Abstract The kinetic evolution of a multiplicity of metastable grain boundaries (GBs) under fast driving conditions are studied by atomistic modeling. Assisted with an enhanced statistical analysis, the energetic evolution of GBs over a broad metastability-temperature space is mapped out, wherein two distinct regimes—an ageing regime and a rejuvenating regime—are retrieved with high fidelity. By comparing the results under various conditions (e.g. random perturbations, isothermal annealing, and fast heating/cooling), it is shown that such ageing/rejuvenating mechanism map is universal, irrespective of the actual stimuli used to elicit the metastable GBs. The ageing/rejuvenating phenomena are demonstrated to stem from the energy imbalance of uphill climbing and downhill dropping during sequential transitions in the system's potential energy landscape. Without the necessity of introducing free parameters, such model can reconcile experimentally measured hardness variation of nanocrystalline metals subjected to femto-second laser irradiation, and it therefore provides a novel perspective on achieving a plurality of interfacial states and facilitating previously inaccessible property regimes.
Integer-valued asymmetric garch modeling

We propose a GARCH model for uncorrelated, integer‐valued time series that exhibit conditional heteroskedasticity. Conditioned on past information, these observations have a two‐sided Poisson distribution with time‐varying variance. Positive and negative observations can have an asymmetric impact on conditional variance. We give conditions under which the proposed integer‐valued GARCH process is stationary, ergodic, and has finite moments. We consider maximum likelihood estimation for model parameters, and we give the limiting distribution for these estimators when the true parameter vector is in the interior of its parameter space, and when some GARCH coefficients are zero.
Engineered endosymbionts capable of directing mammalian cell gene expression

Modular methods for directing mammalian gene expression would enable advances in tissue regeneration, enhance cell-based therapeutics and improve modulation of immune responses. To address this challenge, engineered endosymbionts (EES) that escape endosomal destruction, reside in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells, and secrete proteins that are transported to the nucleus to control host cell gene expression were developed. Microscopy confirmed that EES escape phagosomes, replicate within the cytoplasm, and can secrete reporter proteins into the cytoplasm that were then transported to the nucleus. Synthetic operons encoding the mammalian transcription factors, Stat-1 and Klf6 or Klf4 and Gata-3 were recombined into the EES genome. Using controlled induction, these EES were shown to direct gene expression in J774A.1 macrophage/monocyte cells and modulate the host cell fates. Expressing mammalian transcription factors from engineered intracellular bacteria as endosymbionts comprises a new tool for directing host cell gene expression for therapeutic and research purposes. Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=194 SRC="FIGDIR/small/463266v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (31K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2b5935org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1edd8edorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3cb5b9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1be9b5f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG
RF reliability of MOSFETs subject to electrical stress

The impact of gate and drain voltage stress on the analog performance of MOSFETs at RF frequencies was studied systematically. 0.16-/spl mu/m NMOSFETs have been evaluated experimental to examine the RF performance metrics such as cutoff frequency, linearity, noise figure, and 1/f noise. A methodology is presented to study the reliability in MOSFETs subject to stress. Both circuit simulation and measurement data are employed to prove the finding and methodology.
Continuum regularization of quantum field theory. (I). Scalar prototype

Abstract This paper, I, is the first in a series of papers in which we present a new, presumably nonperturbative, regularization scheme for continuum quantum field theory. The higher covariant derivative method is designed to respect relevant symmetries, and is expected to provide suitable regularization for any theory of interest. We will discuss gauge theories explicitly in II. This first paper on scalar field theory is designed partly as a pedagogical vehicle to introduce the reader, in the simplest possible context, to the relevant regularized Langevin and regularized Schwinger-Dyson techniques — which extend more or less directly to gauge theory. The scalar context is also the simplest in which to study the curious feature that our scheme is not an action regularization, a fact which is crucial to its success in regulating theories with local symmetries. A renormalization program is checked through one loop, including a computation of the β-function in φ63.
Feasibility of a Mitochondrial Pyruvate Malate Shuttle in Pancreatic Islets: FURTHER IMPLICATION OF CYTOSOLIC NADPH IN INSULIN SECRETION (∗)

Previous studies indicated that in pancreatic islets the amount of glucose-derived pyruvate that enters mitochondrial metabolism via carboxylation is approximately equal to that entering via decarboxylation and that both carboxylation and decarboxylation are correlated with capacitation of glucose metabolism and insulin release. The relatively high rate of carboxylation is consistent with the current study's finding that pyruvate carboxylase is as abundant in pancreatic islets as it is in liver and kidney. Since islets do not contain phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and, therefore, cannot carry out glyconeogenesis from pyruvate, the carboxylase might be present in the islet to participate in novel anaplerotic reactions. This idea was first explored by incubating mitochondria from various tissues with pyruvate. Mitochondria from tissues, such as pancreatic islets, liver, and kidney, in which pyruvate carboxylase is abundant, exported a large amount of malate and little or no citrate, isocitrate, and aspartate to the medium. The amount of malate within the mitochondria was
New Strategies for Dealing with Staphylococcus aureus Colonization and the Emerging Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Epidemic in Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disease and a global health problem. Patients are often colonized or infected by Staphylococcus aureus, usually by toxin-producing strains. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has emerged as an important pathogen. Community-acquired MRSA, a frequent cause of skin and soft tissue infections has become epidemic. Basic skin care measures emphasizing repair and protection of the skin barrier reduce microbial colonization and decrease the need for specific antimicrobial therapy even in patients colonized by MRSA. Novel approaches directed at S. aureus colonization and prevention of infection include compounds mimicking antimicrobial peptides, vaccines targeting unique antigens and toxin-neutralizing agents.
STRESS PATH METHOD: SECOND EDITION

This paper updates the stress path method proposed by the first writer in 1967. Use of the method by the writers in their teaching and practice has helped evolve it into a systematic approach to elucidating and solving geotechnical problems. The underlying principle of the stress path method states that the behavior of a soil element depends on the stress path for the history and for the stressing the element will receive in the future. This paper presents the stress path method as a series of six steps that help identify and interrelate the fundamentals underlying a geotechnical situation involving force, deformation, stability, or fluid-flow. The paper gives desirable features and limitations of the method and illustrates the method by evaluating the likelihood of a shallow slide in the downstream face of a dam.
The Historical Roots of Citizens United v. FEC: How Anarchists and Academics Accidentally Created Corporate Speech Rights

This paper looks at how the early rhetoric around the First Amendment enabled later development of corporate political speech rights.
A Simple Interpretation of the ‘Rolling Motions’

The rolling motion phenomenon is interpreted as an apparent motion in the observations. It is caused by (i) the combined effect of the differential rotation and the bending of the galactic plane for the spiral arms beyond the solar circle, or (ii) the displacement of the spiral arms from the central galactic plane for those within the solar circle.
An engineering approach to image-based phenotyping

The explosive growth of rodent models for basic biomedical research has created a compelling need for new methods of phenotyping. Modern imaging technologies offer a number of solutions. But, simply scaling clinical systems to use on small animal models is inappropriate. We present here a method to develop imaging tools for both structural and functional phenotyping using an interdisciplinary approach. Two examples are presented: (1) in vivo microscopy of the rat lung using hyperpolarized /sup 3/He, and (2) morphologic phenotyping of the perfusion fixed mouse.
Comparative analysis of double-edge versus single-edge triggered clocked storage elements

We present a comparison of Double-Edge Triggered clocked Storage Elements (DETSE) with their single-edge triggered counterparts in terms of delay and power consumption. In general, Latch-Mux based DETSE perform better then their single-edge counterparts while double-edge triggered flip-flops exhibit performance degradation. Up to 15% improvement in Energy-Delay Product (EDP) of Latch-Mux designs is achieved when using DETSE. The presented results indicate that the use of DETSE is a good choice when low-power operation is required.
Counterfactual Thinking and Entrepreneurial Self‐Efficacy: The Moderating Role of Self‐Esteem and Dispositional Affect

Scholars have suggested that counterfactual thinking may play an important role in entrepreneurship; however, empirical research positioned to inform the nature of this relationship has been equivo...
Stability of foams and froths in the presence of ionic and non-ionic surfactants

The thin film pressure balance (TFPB) technique was used to measure the kinetics of thinning of single foam films and disjoining pressures in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and electrolyte (NaCl). The results were analyzed in view of the Reynolds equation to determine the role of surface forces in film thinning. It was found that film thinning is controlled by surface forces at thicknesses below approximately 200 nm. It was found also that hydrophobic force plays an important role particularly at low SDS and NaCl concentrations. The values of the hydrophobic force constant (K-232) estimated from the film thinning experiments were used to predict the disjoining pressure isotherms using the extended DLVO theory, which were found to be in excellent agreement with experiment. The TFPB technique was also used to measure the equilibrium thicknesses (H-e) of the foam films stabilized by a non-ionic surfactant, n-octanol, in the presence of NaCl. At a given ionic strength, H-e increased noticeably with increasing octanol concentration at very low concentrations. This observation suggests that hydrophobic force is maximum in the absence of surfactant and decreases with increasing surfactant concentration. The results obtained with the single foam films were used to explain the stability of the three-dimensional foams. (C) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Cardiac transplantation: dental considerations

Reviewed are the medical complications faced by patients with allograft hearts, and discussed are the implications for dental practitioners.
Lysosomal peptidase measurement by sensitive fluorometric amino acid analysis.

Abstract A procedure has been developed for the measurement of lysosmal peptidase activity that is based upon highly sensitive fluorometric amino acid analysis. The fluorochrome results from the reaction of phthalaldehyde and mercaptoethanol with amino acids or similar compounds at pH 9.5. The fluorometric method is 10–100 times more sensitive than the colorimetric ninhydrin procedure for the measurement of lysosomal peptidases. The method lends itself to the measurement of any peptidase or protease that yields free amino groups in the product. The method has been applied to the measurement of cathepsin A and lysosomal dipeptidase activity.
Steady growth of a crack with a rate and temperature sensitive cohesive zone

The steady-state dynamic propagation of a crack in a heat conducting elastic body is numerically simulated. Specifically, a mode III semi-infinite crack with a nonlinear temperature dependent cohesive zone is assumed to be moving in an unbounded homogeneous linear thermoelastic continuum. The numerical results are obtained via a semi-analytical technique based on complex variables and integral transforms. The relation between the thermo-mechanical properties of the failure zone and the resulting crack growth regime are investigated. The results show that temperature dependent solutions are substantially different from purely mechanical ones in that their existence and stability strongly depends on the cohesive zone thermal properties.
Non-invasive imaging of reporter genes.

Non-invasive, quantitative and repetitive imaging of biological processes in living animals is rapidly changing the way in which many experiments in models of human disease and normal physiological processes are conducted. This review summarizes the newest molecular imaging approaches to analyzing reporter gene expression, with particular emphasis on pre-clinical cancer research. Alternative modes of imaging are summarized, followed by descriptions of the major reporter gene systems now used for radionuclide imaging in vivo of gene expression. Several somatic delivery paradigms for co-ordinate expression of therapeutic and imaging genes are presented, and our own emphasis on the dopamine D2 receptor and Herpes Simplex Virus Type I thymidine kinase reporter genes are detailed.
Transmission ratio distortion results in asymmetric introgression in Louisiana Iris

Linkage maps are useful tools for examining both the genetic architecture of quantitative traits and the evolution of reproductive incompatibilities. We describe the generation of two genetic maps using reciprocal interspecific backcross 1 (BC1) mapping populations from crosses between Iris brevicaulis and Iris fulva. These maps were constructed using expressed sequence tag (EST)- derived codominant microsatellite markers. Such a codominant marker system allowed for the ability to link the two reciprocal maps, and compare patterns of transmission ratio distortion observed between the two. Linkage mapping resulted in markers that coalesced into 21 linkage groups for each of the reciprocal backcross maps, presumably corresponding to the 21 haploid chromosomes of I. brevicaulis and I. fulva. The composite map was 1190.0-cM long, spanned 81% of the I. brevicaulis and I. fulva genomes, and had a mean density of 4.5 cM per locus. Transmission ratio distortion (TRD) was observed in 138 (48.5%) loci distributed in 19 of the 21 LGs in BCIB, BCIF, or both BC1 mapping populations. Of the distorted markers identified, I. fulva alleles were detected at consistently higher-than-expected frequencies in both mapping populations. The observation that I. fulva alleles are overrepresented in both mapping populations suggests that I. fulva alleles are favored to introgress into I. brevicaulis genetic backgrounds, while I. brevicaulis alleles would tend to be prevented from introgressing into I. fulva. These data are consistent with the previously observed patterns of introgression in natural hybrid zones, where I. fulva alleles have been consistently shown to introgress across species boundaries.
Low-frequency electrical properties of ice-silicate mixtures.

The low-frequency electrical properties of mixtures of silicates and saline H2O were measured over broad ranges of temperature and frequency to assess the subfreezing interactions between these mat...
Methodology for generating a 3D computerized breast phantom from empirical data.

The initial process for creating a flexible three-dimensional computer-generated breast phantom based on empirical data is described. Dedicated breast computed-tomography data were processed to suppress noise and scatter artifacts in the reconstructed image set. An automated algorithm was developed to classify the breast into its primary components. A preliminary phantom defined using subdivision surfaces was generated from the segmented data. To demonstrate potential applications of the phantom, simulated mammographicimage data were acquired of the phantom using a simplistic compression model and an analytic projection algorithm directly on the surface model. The simulated image was generated using a model for a polyenergetic cone-beam projection of the compressed phantom. The methods used to create the breast phantom generate resulting images that have a high level of tissue structure detail available and appear similar to actual mammograms. Fractal dimension measurements of simulated images of the phantom are comparatively similar to measurements from images of real human subjects. A realistic and geometrically defined breast phantom that can accurately simulate imaging data may have many applications in breast imaging research.
Stiffness Testing of Hydraulic Hoses

Hydraulic hoses are used in industrial machines to transmit power. These hoses have a physical stiffness that depends upon the hose size and type. If a computer model is used to predict the path a hose will take through a machine, accurate physical stiffness properties are required for the hose. These stiffness properties are not available from hose manufacturers and hose test methods are scarce in the available literature. This paper describes methods used for testing the bending stiffness, torsion stiffness, and axial stiffness of hydraulic hoses. Plots of the stiffness data are given for a sample hose.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A study of privacy settings errors in an online social network

Access control policies are notoriously difficult to configure correctly, even people who are professionally trained system administrators experience difficulty with the task. With the increasing popularity of online social networks (OSN) users of all levels are sharing an unprecedented amount of personal information on the Internet. Most OSNs give users the ability to specify what they share with whom, but the difficulty of the task raises the question of whether users' privacy settings match their sharing intentions. We present the results of a study that measures sharing intentions to identify potential violations in users' real Facebook privacy settings. Our results indicate a serious mismatch between intentions and reality: every one of the 65 participants in our study had at least one confirmed sharing violation. In other words, OSN users' are unable to correctly manage their privacy settings. Furthermore, a majority of users cannot or will not fix such errors.
A solution to certain polynomial equations with applications to nonlinear fitting

We present a combinatorial method for solving a certain system of polynomial equations of Vandermonde type in 2N variables by reducing it to the problem of solving two special linear systems of size N and rooting a single univariate polynomial of degree N. Over C, all solutions can be found with fixed precision using, up to polylogarithmic factors, O(N 2 ) bitwise operations in the worst case. Furthermore, if the data is well conditioned, then this can be reduced to O(N) bit operations, up to polylogarithmic factors. As an application, we show how this can be used to fit data to a complex exponential sum with N terms in the same, nearly optimal, time.
The intramolecular cycloaddition of α-nitrone esters: a stereocontrolled synthesis of γ-hydroxy-α-aminoesters

Abstract The intramolecular cycloaddition chemistry, and synthetic utility of α-nitrone esters for the preparation of cyclic α-aminoesters is described.
Reproduction of the sandpaper skate, Bathyraja kincaidii (Garman 1908) in the eastern North Pacific

The sandpaper skate, Bathyraja kincaidii, is commonly taken as bycatch in trawl fisheries off central California. The impact of fisheries exploitation on this population is unknown, however little is known about its biology, including its reproductive life history. To determine reproductive aspects of B. kincaidii, 506 individuals were collected from commercial trawls, museum collections, and monthly trawl and longline surveys conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service. Males ranged from 112 to 635 mm TL, whereas females ranged from 113 to 610 mm TL. Males reach first maturity at 440 mm TL and at ~3 years, whereas females reach first maturity at 450 mm TL, approximately 1 year later. Size and estimated age at 50 % maturity were similar between sexes: 492 mm TL and 7.5 years for males and 467 mm TL and 7.1 years for females. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) values indicate a continuous reproductive cycle, with a seasonal peak in the summer and fall, and a resting period following egg case deposition.
Political Efficacy and Foreign Policy Attitudes

Data for this study, which sought to explore the association between political efficacy and militaristic or conciliatory foreign policy preferences, were obtained from two surveys of Detroit adults in 1965 and 1966. Despite the expression of overwhelmingly nationalistic sentiments, perceptions of political efficacy were related to support for multilateral disarmament. Among residents with both low and high interest in world problems, however, efficacious respondents were more likely to oppose a de-escalation of the Vietnam war than persons with weak feelings of effectiveness. The strongest support for a popular referendum on Vietnam policy was centered among persons with a low sense of efficacy but with a strong interest in world affairs. Perhaps increased opportunities to influence foreign policy decisions might alter the distribution of public attitudes on international issues.
Differential phosphorylation of SNAP-25 in vivo by protein kinase C and protein kinase A

SNAP-25 is a key protein required for the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane during exocytosis. This study establishes that SNAP-25 is differentially phosphorylated by protein kinase C and protein kinase A in neuroendocrine PC12 cells. Using phosphopeptide mapping and site-directed mutagenesis we identified both Thr138 and Ser187 as the targets of SNAP-25 phosphorylation by protein kinase C and Thr138 as the exclusive site of SNAP-25 phosphorylation by protein kinase A in vivo. Finally, despite published data to the contrary, we demonstrate that stimulation of regulated exocytosis under physiological conditions is independent of a measurable increase in SNAP-25 phosphorylation in PC12 cells.
Minimum bacteriostatic and bactericidal concentrations of household sanitizers for Escherichia coli strains in tryptic soy broth

Abstract The minimum bacteriostatic and bactericidal concentrations of various household sanitizers were determined for four different strains of Escherichia coli grown in tryptic soy broth. The sanitizers included apple cider vinegar, white vinegar, bleach, hydrogen peroxide, and lemon and lime juices. The strains included American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 8739 (a strain used for the assay of antimicrobial preservatives), Center for Disease Control (CDC) 1932 (a nalidixic acid-resistant strain), National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) A940-1-5 (an animal isolate of O157:H7) and NVSL H8302 (human isolate of O157:H7). The minimum bacteriostatic concentrations for the strains tested ranged from 1·2–2·0% for bleach, 0·3–0·4% for commercial hydrogen peroxide solution, and 11·7–15% for white vinegar. The minimum bactericidal concentrations were 1·7–2·5% for bleach; 0·4% for commercial hydrogen peroxide solution, 16·7–20% for white vinegar, 2·7% for apple cider vinegar, and 6·7% for both lemon and lime juices. The various sanitizers tested differed significantly ( P P E. coli strains tested were for ATCC 8739, which was more resistant to bleach, and CDC 1932, which was more sensitive to white vinegar.
The Probability that a Random Real Gaussian Matrix haskReal Eigenvalues, Related Distributions, and the Circular Law

LetAbe annbynmatrix whose elements are independent random variables with standard normal distributions. Girko's (more general) circular law states that the distribution of appropriately normalized eigenvalues is asymptotically uniform in the unit disk in the complex plane. We derive the exact expected empirical spectral distribution of the complex eigenvalues for finiten, from which convergence in the expected distribution to the circular law for normally distributed matrices may be derived. Similar methodology allows us to derive a joint distribution formula for the real Schur decomposition ofA. Integration of this distribution yields the probability thatAhas exactlykreal eigenvalues. For example, we show that the probability thatAhas all real eigenvalues is exactly 2?n(n?1)/4.
Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relations in Liquid and Solid Tritium

PVT relations in liquid and solid T2 near the melting curve were measured over 20.5 K-22.1 K and 0 MPa-7 MPa (0 bar-70 bar) with a cell that used diaphragms for pressure and volume variation and measurement. Because of ortho-para self conversion, the melting pressure Pm and the liquid molar volume Vlm increased with time. The rates were consistent with a second order reaction similar to that for c the J = odd concentration: [Formula: see text]where k1 = 6-9×l0-2h-1. By extrapolation, the ortho and para forms differed by ΔPm ~6 bar and ΔVlm ~0.5%. Measurements of the volume change on melting and the thermal expansion and compressibility for liquid T2 were consistent with those for H2 and D2. Impurities such as H2, HT, DT, and 3He were removed by a technique using an adsorption column of cold activated alumina. Corrections for 3He growth during an experiment were adequate except near the triple point.
Tourette's syndrome and translational clinical science.

There is an urgent need for qualitatively new and more effective treatments in psychiatry. Recent advances in genetics are beginning to yield reproducible findings in a variety of psychiatric disorders. This engenders great optimism that using genetic variants to clarify biology will identify unexpected treatment targets (Figure 1). Here we describe a translational story in Tourette syndrome (TS), illustrating the potential for genetics and animal model research to inform our understanding of biology and lead us toward new ways to improve the lives of our patients. Figure 1 Translating genetic discoveries to treatment targets, highlighting Fragile X syndrome and Tourette syndrome
A Novel Robot-Assisted Technique for Excision of a Posterior Mediastinal Thyroid Goiter: A Combined Cervico-Mediastinal Approach

ObjectiveIntrathoracic thyroid goiter is an uncommon condition. Most goiters are found in the superior and anterior mediastinum, which can be removed either through a cervical approach or through a...
Contrasting phylogeography of sandy vs. rocky supralittoral isopods in the megadiverse and geologically dynamic Gulf of California and adjacent areas.

Phylogeographic studies of animals with low vagility and restricted to patchy habitats of the supralittoral zone, can uncover unknown diversity and shed light on processes that shaped evolution along a continent’s edge. The Pacific coast between southern California and central Mexico, including the megadiverse Gulf of California, offers a remarkable setting to study biological diversification in the supralittoral. A complex geological history coupled with cyclical fluctuations in temperature and sea level provided ample opportunities for diversification of supralittoral organisms. Indeed, a previous phylogeographic study of Ligia, a supralittoral isopod that has limited dispersal abilities and is restricted to rocky patches, revealed high levels of morphologically cryptic diversity. Herein, we examined phylogeographic patterns of Tylos, another supralittoral isopod with limited dispersal potential, but whose habitat (i.e., sandy shores) appears to be more extensive and connected than that of Ligia. We conducted Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. These analyses revealed multiple highly divergent lineages with discrete regional distributions, despite the recognition of a single valid species for this region. A traditional species-diagnostic morphological trait distinguished several of these lineages. The phylogeographic patterns of Tylos inside the Gulf of California show a deep and complex history. In contrast, patterns along the Pacific region between southern California and the Baja Peninsula indicate a recent range expansion, probably postglacial and related to changes in sea surface temperature (SST). In general, the phylogeographic patterns of Tylos differed from those of Ligia. Differences in the extension and connectivity of the habitats occupied by Tylos and Ligia may account for the different degrees of population isolation experienced by these two isopods and their contrasting phylogeographic patterns. Identification of divergent lineages of Tylos in the study area is important for conservation, as some populations are threatened by human activities.
Sensitization Development in Austenitic Stainless Steel — Measurement and Prediction of Thermomechanical History Effects

Abstract The effects of thermal and thermomechanical treatments on sensitization development in AISI 304 and 316 stainless steels (SSs) have been measured and compared to model predictions. Sensitization development resulting from isothermal, continuous cooling, and pipe welding treatments has been evaluated. An empirically modified, theoretically based model is shown to accurately predict material degree of sensitization (DOS) as expressed by the electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) test after both simple and complex treatments.
Immediate and latent interlimb transfer of gait stability adaptation following repeated exposure to slips

The authors trained 21 participants by using blocked-and-mixed exposure to right-side slips and then caused them to slip unexpectedly on the untrained left side. Authors retested participants with a right slip and a left slip at 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 4 months. The authors found that preslip stability on the first untrained left slip improved and was significantly greater than that on the first right slip, which probably contributed to the reduction in incidence of falls from approximately 30% to approximately 10%. Postslip stability and base of support (BOS) slip velocity were similar to those on the first right slip and much lower than those on the last right slip. Increases in pre- and postslip stabilities and BOS slip velocity during the left slip led to reductions in backward balance loss (BLOB) from approximately 95% on initial left slip to approximately 60% and to approximately 25% on the 1st and 3rd retest sessions, respectively. In contrast, BLOB remained at a constant approximately 40% level on the right slip of the same retest sessions. The results indicate a partial immediate transfer and a possible latent transfer.
TU‐C‐304A‐02: The Impact of the New ICRP‐103 Recommendations On the Assessment of Effective Doses From CT Procedures

Purpose: To apply a pair of adult phantoms representing ICRP‐89 50th‐percentile adult males and females to the study of impact of the new ICRP‐103 recommendations on the assessment of Effective Dose from CT procedures. Method and Materials: a pair of mesh‐based computational phantoms, RPI Adult Male (RPI‐AM) and RPI Adult Female (RPI‐AF) that were recently developed to represent the ICRP‐89 50th‐percentile adult males and adult females. This pair of phantoms has the detailed bone structures, including the spongiosa which contains the red bone marrow. The detailed RBM distribution was adjusted according to ICRP Publication 70. The CT scanner model used in this study is an MDCT scanner which includes the source geometry and movement, the source energy spectrum, the bow‐tie filter as well and the beam shape. CT scan protocols including whole body scan were carefully modeled in this study, and tube potential of 120 kVp were considered. All simulations were performed using the Monte Carlo code, MCNPX 2.5.0. The three‐correction factor method was used to calculate the RBM dose. Effective Dose results were calculated following the algorithm from ICRP 103. Results: A new set of organ absorbed dose results has been presented using this pair of new developed reference adult phantoms from CT procedures, as well as the effective dose results. Also the new results of red bone marrow dose have been provided. The recently published ICRP 103 updated the radio‐sensitive organ list; also it improved the algorithm of effective dose calculations. Conclusion: Advanced red bone marrow dose calculation method has been used in this study due to the detailed bone structures of this pair of RPI‐AM and RPI‐AF phantoms. This new set of effective dose dataset based on the new ICRP‐103 recommendations could be used to provide latest information for clinical diagnostic dosimetry area.
CBT training of CAI developers

A computer-based training (CBT) program, Explorer, has been developed to help train faculty in computer-assisted instruction (CAI) techniques. Faculty use the menu-driven Explorer to investigate instructional design principles by previewing critically acclaimed CAI, experimenting with presentation design, evaluating sample interaction sequences, controlling external media, and running simulations. Designed to be a subject of instruction as well as a tool of instruction. Explorer incorporates modules that faculty may use in their CAI projects. That design decision reflects the industrial CBT and academic software engineering backgrounds, of the project staff. Both the Explorer program and the synergism between CBT professionals and educators that led to its creation are described. >
Agent-Based Information System for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Deployment

AbstractThe current scarcity of public charging infrastructure is one of the major barriers to mass household adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). Although most PEV drivers can recharge th...
Microarray analysis reveals that leptin induces autocrine/paracrine cascades to promote survival and proliferation of colon epithelial cells in an Apc genotype-dependent fashion

The imbalance in systemic mediators of inflammation, such as leptin, is thought to be involved in obesity-associated cancers. In addition, systemic endocrine signals can influence the local autocrine/paracrine factors produced within this microenvironment to influence epithelial cell fate. We previously demonstrated that leptin preferentially promotes the survival and proliferation of colon epithelial cells possessing an Apc mutation (IMCE) but not model normal cells (YAMC). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify leptin-induced functional gene family changes which characterize the response of colon epithelial cells possessing an Apc mutation but not normal cells. Consistent with our knowledge of colon carcinogenesis, genes regulating the Wnt/beta-catenin-mediated pathway including Mdm2, Pik3r1, and Rb1 were upregulated by leptin. Importantly, leptin induced IGF-mediated pathway gene expression changes and their protein products in IMCE cells. In the IMCE cells IGFBP-6, IGF-1, and Crim1 expression was upregulated, while IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-4, IGFBP-5, and Nov expression was downregulated by leptin treatment. These data establish a biologically plausible mechanistic link between the elevated levels of growth factors and the increased risk of colon cancer associated with obesity.
Furin-dependent intracellular activation of the human stromelysin-3 zymogen

HUMAN stromelysin-3, a new member of the matrix metalloproteinase family, is expressed in tissues undergoing the active remodelling associated with embryonic development, wound healing and tumour invasion1–3. But like all other members of the matrix metalloproteinase gene family, stromelysin-3 is synthesized as an inactive precursor that must be processed to its mature form in order to express enzymic activity4,5. Here we identify stromelysin-3 as the first matrix metalloproteinase to be discovered that can be processed directly to its enzymically active form by an obligate intracellular proteolytic event that occurs within the constitutive secretory pathway. Intracellular activation is regulated by an unusual 10-amino-acid insert sandwiched between the pro-and catalytic-domains of stromelysin-3, which is encrypted with an Arg-X-Arg-X-Lys-Arg recognition motif for the Golgi-associated proteinase, furin, a mammalian homologue of the yeast Kex2 pher-omone convertase6,7. A furin–stromelysin-3 processing axis not only differentiates the regulation of this enzyme from all previously characterized matrix metalloproteinases, but also identifies pro-protein convertases as potential targets for therapeutic intervention in matrix-destructive disease states.
Accurate circuit based non linear perturbation model of phase noise in LC oscillators

We present a circuit based model of LC oscillator phase noise due to white noise using non linear perturbation techniques. Differential equations establishing the relation between device noise and amplitude and phase deviations have been rigorously developed which lead to closed form equations for obtaining the phase and the amplitude spectra. These relations are then used to obtain the final expression for voltage noise density across the oscillator terminals. We introduce new parameters which take into account the correlations existing between amplitude and phase deviations due to noise and give better agreement with simulation results. Further, the buffer noise in oscillators is examined. We mathematically demonstrate that the noise floor of an oscillation spectrum arises due the buffer present in an oscillator circuit. The oscillator noise spectrum is shown to have a Lorentzian distribution initially, which then flattens out due to the noise floor. As a result, two distinct corner frequencies arise. The proposed model is compared with simulation results for both a practical differential oscillator as well as a Van Der Pol oscillator. For the Van Der Pol oscillator the proposed model matches perfectly with the simulation results and for the differential oscillator a close agreement of within 1.5 dB is obtained
Phases in interferometry

Abstract While interference fringes contain both amplitude and phase information, most interferometric results published to date focus solely on the amplitude data. This is because atmospheric turbulence corrupts the observed fringe phases, rendering them almost useless by themselves. Various techniques can be used to recover phase information and in this chapter we discuss the techniques of narrow-angle astrometry, differential phase, and phase closure for effectively recovering valuable and unique science from the otherwise-scrambled phase measurements. We focus especially on applications of closure phase made possible by current facilities.
Genetic effects and genetic values of fiber properties in F2 and F3 hybrids between germplasm lines and high yield cultivars

Utilization of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm for genetic improvement of fiber properties requires determination of genetic effects in the germplasm lines. A study was designed to analyze genetic populations derived from multiple crosses between nine germplasm lines as male parents and five cultivars and elite breeding lines as female parents to determine genetic values of fiber properties. Parents and F2 populations were planted at 2 field sites in 2010 and 2011 with 4 and 3 replicates, respectively, and parents and F3 populations were planted at 2 field sites in 2011 with 3 replicates. Lint yield and seven fiber properties were analyzed by an additive and dominant model with genotype by environment interaction effects. Significant additive and dominant effects were identified for both lint yield and fiber properties. Germplasm lines JC60, JC65, JC186, and SP205 were good general combiners for micronaire, elongation, strength, 50 % span length, short fiber content, and fineness. Six to fifteen crosses were detected with favorable heterozygous dominant effects for lint yield and diverse fiber traits, which suggest useful heterosis of these hybrids. Favorable additive correlations were identified between fiber properties such as micronaire versus 50 % span length (−0.57), micronaire versus fineness (0.82), strength versus 50 % span length (0.54), strength versus short fiber content (−0.69), and 50 % span length versus short fiber content (−0.78) while unfavorable additive correlations were not identified among fiber properties. These results indicated potential of simultaneous genetic improvement for these multiple properties in breeding populations derived from these germplasm lines.
Low activation braze joint of dispersion-strengthened copper

Abstract This paper presents the results of an investigation of a commercial braze alloy (BCuP-3), which was chosen because of its low activation characteristics. The braze could be used to join alumina dispersion-strengthened copper alloys in fusion reactor applications. The brazes were made using a Gleeble 1500 system with which time, temperature and stress could be precisely controlled. Excellent braze strengths were obtained by controlling the heating rate, braze hold time and cooling process. However, the brazed joints exhibited low ductility in both tensile and fatigue tests. The investigation has shown that a redistribution of the strengthening alumina particles occurs in the region near the brazed joint. This redistribution results in a higher density of alumina particles building up in a layer near the braze joint interface. Fractography showed an intergranular fracture pattern across this transition zone indicating that it is this interface that is responsible for the observed low ductility of the braze joint.
Prehistoric dental disease and the dietary shift from cactus to cultigens in northwest Mexico

Differences in dental health of prehistoric human groups are commonly attributed to specific subsistence practices, whereby food foragers generally have a lower incidence of dental disease than agriculturalists. Dental health was assessed on a sample of 135 human skeletons from northwest Mexico that date to the Early Agricultural period (1600 BC–AD 200), which coincides with the initial introduction of domesticated cultigens into the region c. 2000 BC. High rates of dental caries (13.5%) and antemortem tooth loss (17.6%) encountered in these prehistoric forager-farmers from the Sonoran Desert were determined to be the result of the consumption of highly cariogenic local wild resources such as cactus. These patterns mask the degree of reliance on agriculture in the area and highlight the importance of constructing local nutritional histories to better understand the diversity of human diets and their relationships to health and disease. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between level of adjustment and expectations for therapy

Investigated Goldstein's (1962) hypothesis of a curvilinear relationship between client expectancy and psychotherapy outcome, based partly on a similar relationship between client expectancy and adjustment. One hundred and ten new clients at a university counseling center completed self-assessments and were rated on an adjustment scale by their therapists at the beginning and end of therapy. There was no curvilinear relationship between adjustment and expectancy, but a linear relationship between expectancy and self-assessed outcome was found. Because no relationship was obtained between expectancy and therapist-defined outcome, method variance may account for the association between expectancy and outcome from the client's perspective.
Energy cost of cryptographic session key establishment in a wireless sensor network

This paper presents an energy cost analysis for session key establishment in a wireless sensor network (WSN). A session key is used to encrypt the data between two nodes and it should be established before the start of their secure data communication. In a WSN, the session key establishment is an important process in constructing a secure data communication and is preferably undertaken to minimize the energy drain on the energy-constrained sensor node. In our study, we examine the energy cost of session key establishment using a symmetric-key based protocol in a WSN. We make use of an energy consumption model for the sensor node that considers the communication cost and computational cost for implementing the protocol on a microcontroller-based sensor node. In particular, we explore the effects of session key establishment to the overall energy cost in a sensor node, especially considering the frequency of key establishment and the quality of communication channel.
Respiratory Gas Conditioning and Humidification

Respiratory gas conditioning and humidification are important but poorly understood aspects of mechanical ventilation. The physiologic principles and the best methods to achieve appropriate gas conditioning are addressed in this article.
Measurement of small absorbances by picosecond pump-probe spectrometry

The absorption sensitivity of picosecond pump-probe ground state recovery spectrometry is examined critically. It is found that the detection sensitivity is limited by the quantum noise present on the probe laser. This ultrahigh sensitivity is attainable only with lasers producing transform limited pulses and a high-frequency triple modulation detection technique. With a detection limit of 96,000 cresyl violet molecules in the sampled volume, it is shown that this technique is comparable to other trace absorption methods for sensitivity and provides the added selectivity of a two-color experiment. 10 references, 3 figures, 2 tables.
Two-channel random pulse generator

The amplification of random thermal noise is utilized to generate two channels of pulses whose frequencies are random with time. The phase relationship between the two channels is also random with time. The pulses can be used to randomize presentation of stimuli for experimentation or training.